gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter with Multiple Common-Mode Voltages Injection Control for Electric Vehicle Applications (2020)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) for electric vehicle applications has been studied in recent years, for its advantages such as high modularity, fault tolerant ability and capability of multi-function (motor drive, cell equalizer and on-board charger) integration. However, during the operation of MMC, specific ac harmonics will be introduced in battery cell currents, reducing battery lifetime. A multiple common-mode voltages injection control method, increasing the frequency of the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> order current harmonic and allowing the filtering through smaller filters, is proposed in this paper, to mitigate the negative influence of current harmonics on battery lifetime. To eliminate the effect of injected common-mode components on the ac side, a hybrid MMC topology is also proposed. Simulation results verify the validity of the proposed method and topology.
DTN: A Learning Rate Scheme with Convergence Rate of $\mathcal{O}(1/t)$ for SGD (2019)

This paper has some inconsistent results, i.e., we made some failed claims because we did some mistakes for using the test criterion for a series. Precisely, our claims on the convergence rate of $\mathcal{O}(1/t)$ of SGD presented in Theorem 1, Corollary 1, Theorem 2 and Corollary 2 are wrongly derived because they are based on Lemma 5. In Lemma 5, we do not correctly use the test criterion for a series. Hence, the result of Lemma 5 is not valid. We would like to thank the community for pointing out this mistake!
CE/Electrospray Ionization-MS Analysis of Underivatized d/l-Amino Acids and Several Small Neurotransmitters at Attomole Levels through the Use of 18-Crown-6-tetracarboxylic Acid as a Complexation Reagent/Background Electrolyte (2003)

A new capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry technique is introduced for attomole detection of primary amines (including several neurotransmitters), amino acids, and their d/l enantiomers in one run through the use of a complexation reagent while using only approximately 1 nL of sample. The technique uses underivatized amino acids in conjunction with an underivatized capillary, which significantly reduces cost and analysis time. It was found that when (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid (18-C-6-TCA, MW 440) was used as the background electrolyte/complexation reagent during the capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS) analysis of underivatized amino acids, stable complexes were formed between the amino acids and the 18-C-6-TCA molecules. These complexes, which exhibited high ionization efficiencies, were detectable at attomole levels for most amino acids. The detection limits of the AA/18-C-6-TCA complexes were on the average more than 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the free amino acids in solution. In addition to lower detection limits under CE/ESI-MS, a solution of 18-C-6-TCA in the concentration range of 5-30 mM provided high separation efficiency for mixtures of l-amino acids as well as mixtures of d/l-amino acids. By using a solution of 18-C-6-TCA as the background electrolyte in conjunction with an underivatized, 130-cm-long, 20-microm-i.d., 150-microm-o.d. fused-silica capillary and by monitoring the m/z range of the amino acid/18-C-6-TCA complexes (m/z 515-700), most of the standard amino acids and many of their enantiomers were separated and detected with high separation efficiency and high sensitivity (nanomolar concentration detection limits) in one run. The solutions of 18-C-6-TCA also worked well as the CE/ESI-MS BGE for low-level detection of several neurotransmitters and some of their d/l enantiomers as well as for the analysis of amino acids at endogenous levels in lysed red blood cells.
Fractal scan strategies for selective laser melting of ‘unweldable’ nickel superalloys (2017)

The high thermal gradients experienced during manufacture via selective laser melting commonly result in cracking of high γ/γ′ Nickel based superalloys. Such defects cannot be tolerated in applications where component integrity is of paramount importance. To overcome this, many industrial practitioners make use of hot isostatic pressing to ‘heal’ these defects. The possibility of such defects re-opening during the component life necessitates optimisation of SLM processing parameters in order to produce the highest bulk density and integrity in the as-built state. In this paper, novel fractal scanning strategies based upon mathematical fill curves, namely the Hilbert and Peano-Gosper curve, are explored in which the use of short vector length scans, in the order of 100 μm, is used as a method of reducing residual stresses. The effect on cracking observed in CM247LC superalloy samples was analysed using image processing, comparing the novel fractal scan strategies to more conventional ‘island’ scans. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was utilised to determine the cracking mechanisms. Results show that cracking occurs via two mechanisms, solidification and liquation, with a strong dependence on the laser scan vectors. Through the use of fractal scan strategies, bulk density can be increased by 2 ± 0.7% when compared to the ‘island’ scanning, demonstrating the potential of fractal scan strategies in the manufacture of typically ‘unweldable’ nickel superalloys.
Attack Resilient Distributed Estimation: A Consensus+Innovations Approach (2018)

This paper studies fully distributed parameter estimation under sensor attacks. A group of agents make measurements of a bounded parameter and a fraction of the agents' sensor measurements falls under integrity attack. When a sensor is under attack, its measurement can take any value as determined by the attacker. The agents exchange messages over a communication network to ensure that all agents are able to correctly estimate the parameter of interest. This paper presents a consensus+innovations algorithm for attack resilient distributed parameter estimation. The algorithm achieves the same level of resilience as the most resilient centralized estimator - if less than half of the agents' sensors are under attack, then all agents correctly estimate the parameter of interest, regardless of the topology of the inter-agent communication network, as long as it is connected. This paper illustrates the performance of the algorithm under adversarial attack through numerical simulations.
A Framework for Structural Input/Output and Control Configuration Selection in Large-Scale Systems (2015)

This paper addresses problems on the structural design of large-scale control systems. An efficient and unified framework is proposed to select the minimum number of manipulated/measured variables to achieve structural controllability/observability of the system, and to select the minimum number of feedback interconnections between measured and manipulated variables such that the closed-loop system has no structural fixed modes. Global solutions are computed using polynomial complexity algorithms in the number of the state variables of the system. Finally, graph-theoretic characterizations are proposed, which allow a characterization of all possible solutions.
GABA‐site antagonism and pentobarbital actions do not depend on the α‐subunit type in the recombinant rat GABAA receptor (2006)

The GABA-site antagonism does not depend on the subtype of alpha-subunits. Similarly, pentobarbital activates ternary receptors composed of different alpha-subunits in a bicuculline-sensitive manner. The potencies of bicuculline to inhibit pentobarbital-activated currents are identical with receptors containing alpha1, alpha4 or alpha5-subunit. The alpha1beta2 and alpha4beta2 receptors possess higher GABA potencies compared with the alpha1beta2gamma2L and alpha4beta2gamma2L receptors.
Measured limits of detection based on thermal-mechanical frequency noise in micromechanical sensors (2007)

The authors have fabricated and tested all-optical micromechanical resonators that sense the presence of analyte molecules by monitoring the shift in the resonant frequency of a mechani-cal mode of vibration. An analysis of the measured frequency noise at the fundamental flexural mode shows that it is dominated by thermal-mechanical noise. This result demonstrates that thermal-mechanical frequency noise can set the limit of detection in actual micromechanical or nanomechanical resonance-based sensors.
A Tractable Analysis of the Blind-spot Probability in Localization\n Networks under Correlated Blocking (2018)

In localization applications, the line-of-sight between anchors and targets\nmay be blocked by obstacles in the environment. A target that is invisible\n(i.e., without line-of-sight) to a sufficient number of anchors cannot be\nunambiguously localized and is, therefore, said to be in a blind spot. In this\npaper, we analyze the blind spot probability of a typical target by using\nstochastic geometry to model the randomness in the obstacle and anchor\nlocations. In doing so, we handle correlated anchor blocking induced by the\nobstacles, unlike previous works that assume independent anchor blocking. We\nfirst characterize the regime over which the independent blocking assumption\nunderestimates the blind spot probability of the typical target, which in turn,\nis characterized as a function of the distribution of the visible area,\nsurrounding the target location. Since this distribution is difficult to\ncharacterize exactly, we formulate the nearest two-obstacle approximation,\nwhich is equivalent to considering correlated blocking for only the nearest two\nobstacles from the target and assuming independent blocking for the remaining\nobstacles. Based on this, we derive an approximate expression for the blind\nspot probability, which helps determine the anchor deployment intensity needed\nfor the blind spot probability of a typical target to be at most a threshold,\n$\\mu$.\n
Nanoparticle-Functionalized Polymer Platform for Controlling Metastatic Cancer Cell Adhesion, Shape, and Motility (2011)

Controlling and understanding the changes in metastatic cancer cell adhesion, shape, and motility are of paramount importance in cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment. Here, we used gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as nanotopological structures and protein nanocluster forming substrates. Cell adhesion controlling proteins [in this case, fibronection (Fn) and ephrinB3] were modified to AuNPs, and these particles were then modified to the layer-by-layer (LbL) polymer surface that offers a handle for tuning surface charge and mechanical property of a cell-interfacing substrate. We found that metastatic cancer cell adhesion is affected by nanoparticle density on a surface, and ∼140 particles per 400 μm(2) (∼1.7 μm spacing between AuNPs) is optimal for effective metastatic cell adhesion. It was also shown that the AuNP surface density and protein nanoclustering on a spherical AuNP are controlling factors for the efficient interfacing and signaling of metastatic cancer cells. Importantly, the existence of nanotopological features (AuNPs in this case) is much more critical in inducing more dramatic changes in metastatic cell adhesion, protrusion, polarity, and motility than the presence of a cell adhesion protein, Fn, on the surface. Moreover, cell focal adhesion and motility-related paxillin clusters were heavily formed in cell lamellipodia and filopodia and high expression of phospho-paxillins were observed when the cells were cultured on either an AuNP or Fn-modified AuNP polymer surface. The ephrin signaling that results in the decreased expression of paxillin was found to be more effective when ephrins were modified to the AuNP surface than when ephrinB3 was directly attached to the polymer film. The overall trend for cell motility change is such that a nanoparticle-modified LbL surface induces higher cell motility and the AuNP modification to the LbL surface results in more pronounced change in cell motility than Fn or ephrin modification to the LbL surface.
Data-dependence profiling to enable safe thread level speculation (2015)

Data-dependence profiling is a technique that enables a compiler to judiciously decide when the execution of a loop --- which the compiler could not prove to be dependence free --- should be speculated through the use of Thread Level Speculation (TLS). The data collected by a data-dependence profiler can be used to predict if may dependencies reported by a compiler static analysis are likely to materialize at runtime. A cost analysis can then be used to decide that some loops with a lower probability of dependence should be speculatively parallelized. This paper addresses the question as to whether a loops' dependence behaviour changes when the input to the program changes --- a study of 57 different benchmarks indicates that it usually does not change. Then the paper describes SpecEval, an automatic speculative parallelization framework that uses single-input data-dependence profiles to find speculation candidates in the SPEC2006 and PolyBench/C benchmarks. This paper also presents a performance evaluation of TLS implementation in IBM's Blue-Gene/Q supercomputer and shows that the performance of TLS is affected by several factors, including the number of speculated loops, the execution-time coverage of speculated loops, the miss-speculation overhead, the L1 cache miss rate and the effect on dynamic instruction path length.
Viewpoint and Pose in Body-Form Adaptation (2013)

Faces and bodies are complex structures, perception of which can play important roles in person identification and inference of emotional state. Face representations have been explored using behavioural adaptation: in particular, studies have shown that face aftereffects show relatively broad tuning for viewpoint, consistent with origin in a high-level structural descriptor far removed from the retinal image. Our goals were to determine first, if body aftereffects also showed a degree of viewpoint invariance, and second if they also showed pose invariance, given that changes in pose create even more dramatic changes in the 2-D retinal image. We used a 3-D model of the human body to generate headless body images, whose parameters could be varied to generate different body forms, viewpoints, and poses. In the first experiment, subjects adapted to varying viewpoints of either slim or heavy bodies in a neutral stance, followed by test stimuli that were all front-facing. In the second experiment, we used the same front-facing bodies in neutral stance as test stimuli, but compared adaptation from bodies in the same neutral stance to adaptation with the same bodies in different poses. We found that body aftereffects were obtained over substantial viewpoint changes, with no significant decline in aftereffect magnitude with increasing viewpoint difference between adapting and test images. Aftereffects also showed transfer across one change in pose but not across another. We conclude that body representations may have more viewpoint invariance than faces, and demonstrate at least some transfer across pose, consistent with a high-level structural description.
Estimating Energy Expenditure from Heart Rate in Older Adults: A Case for Calibration (2014)

These findings indicate standard regression equations may be used to make population-level inferences when estimating energy expenditure from heart rate in older adults but caution should be exercised when making inferences at the individual level without proper calibration.
Infrared Thermographic Analysis of Railway Brake Disc during Braking (2011)

The temperature monitoring on the surface of the railway brake disc was performed using high-speed infrared (IR) camera. The railway brake disc was developed for disc braking of maximum train speed of 180 km/h. The braking tests were conducted with a full scale dynamometer, and a high-speed infrared camera was employed to monitor temperature evolution on the brake disc during braking operation. The high-speed IR camera provides the measurement of temperature change during braking as well as the images of temperature contour on the brake disc surface. In general, the hot spot generation has been considered the main degradation mechanism in railway brake disc. In this investigation, damage evolution due to generation of hot spots on railway brake disc was investigated using the infrared thermography method.
MDR1 Gene Expression in Lung Cancer (1989)

The MDR1 gene (also known as PGY1) is frequently overexpressed in multidrug-resistant cell lines. We investigated the role of MDR1 gene expression in lung cancer by performing RNA slot blot analysis in samples from a panel of 24 lung cancers, 10 corresponding nontumorous lung tissues, and 67 tumor cell lines of several histologic types. Almost all of the tumors, nontumorous lung tissues, and cell lines expressed low levels of MDR1 RNA. Relatively higher levels were found in only one type of lung cancer, a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancers expressing neuroendocrine markers. No evidence of MDR1 gene amplification or rearrangements was detected. We found no correlation between MDR1 gene expression in cell lines and (a) in vitro chemosensitivity of the cells, (b) prior therapy status of the patients, or (c) clinical response to therapy. We conclude that the clinical multidrug resistance of many lung cancers cannot be explained solely on the basis of expression of the MDR1 gene.
From boots to buoys: promises and challenges of dielectric elastomer energy harvesting (2011)

Dielectric elastomers offer the promise of energy harvesting with few moving parts. Power can be produced simply by stretching and contracting a relatively low-cost rubbery material. This simplicity, combined with demonstrated high energy density and high efficiency, suggests that dielectric elastomers are promising for a wide range of energy harvesting applications. Indeed, dielectric elastomers have been demonstrated to harvest energy from human walking, ocean waves, flowing water, blowing wind, and pushing buttons. While the technology is promising, there are challenges that must be addressed if dielectric elastomers are to be a successful and economically viable energy harvesting technology. These challenges include developing materials and packaging that sustains long lifetime over a range of environmental conditions, design of the devices that stretch the elastomer material, as well as system issues such as practical and efficient energy harvesting circuits. Progress has been made in many of these areas. We have demonstrated energy harvesting transducers that have operated over 5 million cycles. We have also shown the ability of dielectric elastomer material to survive for months underwater while undergoing voltage cycling. We have shown circuits capable of 78% energy harvesting efficiency. While the possibility of long lifetime has been demonstrated at the watt level, reliably scaling up to the power levels required for providing renewable energy to the power grid or for local use will likely require further development from the material through to the systems level.
BIER-TE-based OAM, Replication and Elimination (2018)

This specification leverages Bit Index Explicit Replication - Traffic
Engineering to control in the data plane the DetNet Replication and
Elimination activities, and to provide traceability on links where
replication and loss happen, in a manner that is abstract to the
forwarding information.
In-Situ Thermochemical Shock-Induced Stress at the Metal/Oxide Interface Enhances Reactivity of Aluminum Nanoparticles (2022)

Although aluminum (Al) nanoparticles have been widely explored as fuels in energetic applications, researchers are still exploring approaches for tuning their energy release profile via microstructural alteration. In this study, we show that a nanocomposite (∼70 nm) of a metal ammine complex, such as tetraamine copper nitrate (Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>/TACN), coated Al nanoparticles containing only 10 wt. % TACN, demonstrates a ∼200 K lower reaction initiation temperature coupled with an order of magnitude enhancement in the reaction rate. Through time/temperature-resolved mass spectrometry and ignition onset measurements at high heating rates, we show that the ignition occurs due to a condensed phase reaction between Al and copper oxide (CuO) crystallized on TACN decomposition. TEM and XRD analyses on the nanoparticles at an intermediate stage show that the rapid heat release from TACN decomposition in-situ enhances the strain on the Al core with induction of nonuniformities in the thickness of its AlO<sub>x</sub> shell. The thinner region of the nonuniform shell enables rapid mass transfer of Al ions to the crystallized CuO, enabling their condensed phase ignition. Hence, the thermochemical shock from TACN coating induces stresses at the Al/AlO<sub><i>x</i></sub> interface, which effectively switches the usual gas phase O<sub>2</sub> diffusion-limited ignition process of Al nanoparticles to become condensed phase Al ion transfer controlled, thereby enhancing their reactivity.
Predicting relative agronomic efficiency of phosphorus-rich organic residues (2021)

Relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) of phosphorus (P) in nutrient-rich residues with different chemical characteristics must be known in order to optimize their use as fertilizers, to avoid underfertilization of crops or eutrophication of surface waters due to overfertilization. In this study, we determined the chemical characteristics and RAE of manures (cattle, pig, fox) and sewage sludges subjected to different treatments (anaerobic digestion, composting, lime stabilization, thermal hydrolyzation, pyrolyzation, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)) by growing barley (Hordeum vulgare, var. Elmeri) to maturity in three independent growth trials. All manures had high RAE (up to 189% in pig slurry), while RAE was only 6-17% for digested and composted sewage sludges when precipitation with Fe used for P removal from wastewater. Pyrolyzation and HTC further depressed RAE to 1-6%. Alternative wastewater treatment processes are therefore needed to increase P recycling potential. For cattle and pig manures and anaerobically digested or composted sewage sludges, molar ratio of (Fe + Al)/P, varying from 0.08 to 2.69, was the best predictor of RAE (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99), with negative correlations with grain yield. Sources in which calcium was more influential for P solubility (fox manure and lime-stabilized sewage sludge) and pyrolyzed and HTC-treated residues did not follow this trend. Conventional extraction methods (2% formic acid, 2% citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, water and 0.5 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub>) either underestimated or overestimated RAE of P-rich organic residues, depending on their chemical characteristics.
5.8 GHz high sensitivity rectenna array (2011)

This paper presents the 5.8 GHz high sensitivity rectenna array with advanced microstrip-type rectifiers and circularly patch antennas achieving a good balance between a high-efficiency and RF weak power operation. The fabricated rectenna element has achieved RF-DC conversion efficiency of 54% at input RF power of 1mW. Furthermore, we have proposed the novel structure which enhances robustness to the breakdown of the diodes when the rectenna elements are arrayed.