gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Benefit of More Frequent Dialysis on Dialysis Recovery Time in Nursing Home Patients with ESRD (2021)

Background: Dialysis patients admitted to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) are characterized by advanced age, frailty, and multiple comorbidities. Based on prior studies which demonstrated shortened dialysis recovery time (DRT) with more frequent dialysis (MFD) in populations aged ∼50s living at home (FREEDOM Study 2010, FHN trial 2006), it was postulated that dialysis patients in a SNF would benefit from MFD. Methods: Patients studied were admitted to SNFs in OH, TX, FL, NY, and PA from November-December 2019 (pre-COVID) and could reliably answer questions about DRT. 80% were undergoing subacute rehabilitation and 20% were permanent residents of the SNF. Patients received NxStage on-site staff assisted MFD 5x (80%) or 4x (20%) per week. StdKt/V was ≥2.1. At every dialysis, patients were asked by their RN caregiver How long did it take you to recover from your last? HD session Responses were deemed unreliable if a patient had cognitive impairment. Reliable responses were used for outcome analysis. In the present study, DRT data was collected by a caregiver nurse, differing from the methodology of the FREEDOM/FHN studies which collected DRT data via KDQOL form or phone interview. The implications of these differences in data collection methods are currently unknown. Results: 485 unique patients were included in the study. Demographics included 53% males, mean age 67.5 +/-13 years, African American 19%, Caucasian 25%, Hispanic 5%, Asian 0.4%, unknown or other 51%. Mean DRT was 1.5 +/-2.6 hours. Mean DRT was calculated using the midpoint recovery time for intervals, or 18 hours when DRT was the next morning or beyond. In 69%, DRT was < 2 hours. Conclusions: In the FREEDOM and FHN conventional HD 3x per week study arms, DRT averaged 6-8 hours. MFD reduced DRT to ∼1.0 hour in those relatively young patients living at home. In our study, HD patients residing in a SNF and receiving MFD experienced DRT of 1.5 hours. Age, frailty and comorbid conditions therefore do not prevent DRT benefits of MFD. DRT benefits could stem from more effective, gentler fluid management by MFD. Further studies are needed to fully explore the impact of shortened DRT on rehabilitation scores, hospitalizations and deaths in elderly patients residing in SNFs.
Identification of advanced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using ML algorithms on high-frequency ultrasound data in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (2021)

Liver diseases are an ever-growing global problem. Liver fibrosis or liver steatosis are often observed accompanying liver diseases. Currently, transient elastography is often used as a non-invasive tool to assess liver health but the corresponding equipment is comparatively complex and expensive. In this work, we provide preliminary results showing how one-dimensional ultrasound radio-frequency signals can be used for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis and liver steatosis by deploying various Machine Learning algorithms. We show that a SVM model performing on Wavelet transformed ultrasound radio-frequency signals yields the best performance for fibrosis stage assessments (with an average F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> score of 85.71 %) and steatosis stage assessments (with an average average F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> score of 80.95 %).
High-Resolution Mapping for Essential Hypertension Using Microsatellite Markers (2007)

During the past decade, considerable efforts and resources have been devoted to elucidating the multiple genetic and environmental determinants responsible for hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases. The success of positional cloning, fine mapping, and linkage analysis based on whole-genome screening, however, has been limited in identifying multiple genetic determinants affecting diseases, suggesting that new research strategies for genome-wide typing may be helpful. Disease association (case-control) studies using microsatellite markers, distributed every 150 kb across the human genome, may have some advantages over linkage, candidate, and single nucleotide polymorphism typing methods in terms of statistical power and linkage disequilibrium for finding genomic regions harboring candidate disease genes, although it is not proven. We have carried out genome-wide mapping using 18,977 microsatellite markers in a Japanese population composed of 385 hypertensive patients and 385 normotensive control subjects. Pooled sample analysis was conducted in a 3-stage genomic screen of 3 independent case-control populations, and 54 markers were extracted from the original 18,977 microsatellite markers. As a final step, each single positive marker was confirmed by individual typing, and only 19 markers passed this test. We identified 19 allelic loci that were significantly different between the cases of essential hypertension and the controls.
Visual Explanations with Attributions and Counterfactuals on Time Series Classification (2023)

With the rising necessity of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), we see an increase in task-dependent XAI methods on varying abstraction levels. XAI techniques on a global level explain model behavior and on a local level explain sample predictions. We propose a visual analytics workflow to support seamless transitions between global and local explanations, focusing on attributions and counterfactuals on time series classification. In particular, we adapt local XAI techniques (attributions) that are developed for traditional datasets (images, text) to analyze time series classification, a data type that is typically less intelligible to humans. To generate a global overview, we apply local attribution methods to the data, creating explanations for the whole dataset. These explanations are projected onto two dimensions, depicting model behavior trends, strategies, and decision boundaries. To further inspect the model decision-making as well as potential data errors, a what-if analysis facilitates hypothesis generation and verification on both the global and local levels. We constantly collected and incorporated expert user feedback, as well as insights based on their domain knowledge, resulting in a tailored analysis workflow and system that tightly integrates time series transformations into explanations. Lastly, we present three use cases, verifying that our technique enables users to (1)~explore data transformations and feature relevance, (2)~identify model behavior and decision boundaries, as well as, (3)~the reason for misclassifications.
Fast-switching dual energy cone beam computed tomography using the on-board imager of a commercial linear accelerator (2019)

To evaluate fast-kV switching (FS) dual energy (DE) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using the on-board imager (OBI) of a commercial linear accelerator to produce virtual monoenergetic (VM) and relative electron density (RED) images. Using an polynomial attenuation mapping model, CBCT phantom projections obtained at 80 and 140 kVp with FS imaging, were decomposed into equivalent thicknesses of aluminum (Al) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). All projections were obtained with the titanium foil and bowtie filter in place. Basis material projections were then recombined to create VM images by using the linear attenuation coefficients at the specified energy for each material. Similarly, RED images were produced by replacing the linear attenuation values of Al and PMMA by their respective RED values in the projection space. VM and RED images were reconstructed using Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) and an iterative algorithm (iCBCT, Varian Medical Systems). Hounsfield units (HU), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and RED values were compared against known values. The results after VM-CBCT production showed good material decomposition and consistent HU<sub>VM</sub> values, with measured root mean square errors (RMSE) from theoretical values, after FDK reconstruction, of 20.5, 5.7, 12.8 and 21.7 HU for 50, 80, 100 and 150 keV, respectively. The largest CNR improvements, when compared to polychromatic images, were observed for the 50 keV VM images. Image noise was reduced up to 28% in the VM-CBCT images after iterative image reconstruction. RED values measured for our method resulted in a mean percentage error of 0.0% ± 1.8%. This study describes a method to generate VM-CBCT and RED images using FS-DE scans obtained using the OBI of a linac, including the effects of the bowtie filter. The creation of VM and RED images increases the dynamic range of CBCT images, and provides additional data that may be used for adaptive radiotherapy, and on table verification for radiotherapy treatments.
Pulsatile Flow Into a 45-Degree Tube Bifurcation (2001)

Abstract In this study, we use numerical simulation to investigate the pulsatile flow into a 45°-tube bifurcation. There is a well-known analytical solution for the pulsatile flow in a straight pipe. However, to study the pulsatile flow into a branched pipe only numerical solution or experimental techniques are available. The unsteady, three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite volume solver. A time periodic flow is established. As compared to the straight tube flow case, it is found that the introduction of bifurcation changes the periodic flow structure upstream and downstream of the bifurcation. The periodic flow in the forward flow and the reverse flow part of the cycle are very different. The forward flow part of the cycle is a problem of splitting the mother tube flow into the two daughter tubes. The reverse flow part of the cycle is the problem of two jets coming out of the daughter tubes mixing in the mother tube chamber.
Energy-Aware Web Browsing in 3G Based Smartphones (2013)

Smartphone based web browsing wastes a lot of power when downloading webpages due to the special characteristics of the 3G radio interface. In this paper, we identify these special characteristics, and address power consumption issues through two novel techniques. First, we reorganize the computation sequence of the web browser when loading a webpage, so that the web browser can first run the computations that will generate new data transmissions and retrieve these data from the web server. Then, the web browser can put the 3G radio interface into low power state, release the radio resource, and then run the remaining computations. Second, we introduce a practical data mining based method to predict the user reading time of webpages, based on which the smartphone can switch to low power state when the reading time is longer than a threshold. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our energy-aware approaches, we develop a testbed with Android phones on T-Mobile UMTS network. Experimental results show that our approach can reduce the power consumption of smartphone by more than 30% during web browsing, and reduce the webpage loading time by 17%.
Effect of combination between various polyimide coating materials and molding compounds on the reliability of integrated circuits (ICs) (2002)

Various polyimide coatings used on integrated circuits (ICs) were investigated for crack and molding compound interface separation caused by heat stress. As factors influencing the occurrence of cracking or delamination, the authors examined heat resistance, mechanical properties, moisture absorption, and adhesion strength to the silicon wafer or molding compound of four polyimide resins, both photosensitive and non-photosensitive. The crack occurrence and interface adhesion properties of conventional IC packaging containing polyimide-coated chips and an epoxy molding compound were also investigated. It was found that every polyimide studied had good adhesion strength to silicon wafers and to the molding compound and that the coating of IC chips with polyimides reduced package cracking considerably. However, there were some differences in properties among these polyimide types; the ester-type photosensitive polyimide resin had very poor mechanical properties and large internal stress.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Genes of the Pseudoviridae (Ty1/copia Retrotransposons) (2002)

A comprehensive survey of the Pseudoviridae (Ty1/copia) retroelement family was conducted using the GenBank sequence database and completed genome sequences of several model organisms. Plant genomes were the most abundant sources of Pseudoviridae, with the Arabidopsis thaliana genome having 276 distinct elements. A reverse transcriptase amino acid sequence phylogeny indicated that the Pseudoviridae comprises highly divergent members. Coding sequences for a representative subset of elements were analyzed to identify conserved domains and differences that may underlie functional divergence. With the exception of some fungal elements (e.g., Ty1), most Pseudoviridae encode Gag and Pol on a single open reading frame. In addition to the nearly ubiquitous RNA-binding motif of nucleocapsid, three new conserved domains were identified in Gag. pol-encoded aspartic protease was similar to the retroviral enzyme and could be mapped onto the HIV-1 structure. Pol was highly conserved throughout the family. The greatest divergence among Pol sequences was seen in the C-terminus of integrase (IN). We defined a large motif (GKGY) after the IN catalytic domain that is unique to the Pseudoviridae. Additionally, the extreme C-terminus of IN is rich in simple sequence motifs. A distinct lineage of Pseudoviridae in plants have envlike genes. This lineage has undergone a large expansion of Gag characterized by an alpha-helix-rich domain containing coiled-coil motifs. In several elements, this domain is flanked on both sides by RNA-binding domains. We propose that this monophyletic lineage defines a new Pseudoviridae genus, herein referred to as the AGROVIRUS:
Formation of Vacancy-type Defects in Cold-drawn Pearlitic Steel during Tensile Deformation with Hydrogen Charging (2022)

The effects of hydrogen charge on the formation of vacancy-type defects in cold-drawn pearlitic steel were investigated by using positron lifetime spectroscopy, and the correlation between vacancy-type defects and susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement was discussed. Pearlitic steels aged at 300°C and 450°C after cold-drawing were used. Both tensile deformed and subsequently fractured samples were prepared by slow strain rate tests (SSRT) with and without cathodic hydrogen charge. Average positron lifetime increased with increasing tensile strain both in the case of the 300°C-aged and 450°C-aged steels. There is no remarkable effect of hydrogen charge on the average positron lifetime of both steels. The results mean applying tensile strain increases the amount of lattice defects such as dislocation or vacancy, although hydrogen has little effect. On the contrary, positron lifetime of vacancy cluster component was increased by hydrogen-charged SSRT, and an increase in hydrogen concentration in both steels promoted vacancy clustering furthermore. The 450°C-aged steel showed more remarkable vacancy clustering than the 300°C-aged steel, implying that the lamellar structure in the 300°C-aged steel prevented vacancy clustering. Fracture strains after SSRT were decreased by hydrogen charge due to hydrogen embrittlement, and an increase in hydrogen concentration decreased the fracture strain in both steels. Fracture strains of all tested samples with and without hydrogen charge showed a strong dependence on the degree of vacancy clustering. That means vacancy clustering has a big effect on fracturing of steels, and a detrimental effect of hydrogen is attributable to the promotion of the vacancy clustering.
Phase change behavior of Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 thin films (2010)

The electrical resistance on the crystallization process of sputtered(deposited Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 film was investigated by a two(point probe method. It was found that the amorphous Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 film crystallized into a single Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 phase with a chalcopyrite structure, which lead to a large resistance drop. The crystallization temperature of the Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 amorphous film was about 240 °C, which was about 70 °C higher than the conventional Ge 2Sb 2Te 5 amorphous film. The activation energy for the crystallization of the Ge 1Cu 2Te3 amorphous film was higher than that of the Ge 2Sb 2Te 5 amorphous film. The Ge 1Cu 2Te 3 compound with a low melting point can be expected to be suitable as a phase change material for PCRAM.
BRIDGE RAILING END TREATMENTS AT INTERSECTING STREETS AND DRIVES. FINAL REPORT (1992)

This study addressed the problem of bridge ends on primary roads that are near intersecting roads. At these sites, standard guardrail treatments for the bridge end cannot be used because of insufficient run-out length and, therefore, alternate treatments are needed. The study approach consisted of (a) a survey of typical sites to identify the nature of the problem, (b) design of preliminary short radius guardrail treatments, (c) a benefit/cost analysis of available systems, plus proposed new short radius guardrail treatments that could potentially be used at these sites, (d) development and crash testing of a short radius guardrail treatment, and (e) identification of recommended solutions to the problem for various types of roadways. From the survey, key design parameters were identified. In the preliminary design phase, three short radius guardrail treatments were detailed, consisting of two 60 mph designs and a 45 mph design. One of the 60 mph designs used the standard W-beam and the other used the thrie beam. The 45 mph design used nested W-beams. The B/C analysis was applied to evaluate various safety treatment options in terms of site conditions and roadway type. From this analysis, recommended use guidelines for the various options were developed. A 60 mph short radius W-beam treatment was selected for further evaluation and development through full-scale crash testing. A nested W-beam system successfully passed all but one of the four tests selected as design impact conditions. In the failed test, a 4,500 lb vehicle impacting the center of the curved portion of rail at approximately 60 mph and 25 deg, rode under the guardrail. A new research project has been approved to test a 60 mph thrie-beam system which, it is believed, will satisfy all design impact conditions.
Neuromorphic computing architecture with dynamically accessible contexts (2023)

Various technologies pertaining to allocating computing resources of a neuromorphic computing system are described herein. Subgraphs of a neural algorithm graph to be executed by the neuromorphic computing system are identified. The subgraphs are each executed by a group of neuron circuits serially. Output data generated by execution of the subgraphs are provided to the same or a second group of neuron circuits at a same time or with associated timing data indicative of a time at which the output data was generated. The same or second group of neuron circuits performs one or more processing operations based upon the output data.
Isolation and sequence of cDNA clones coding for the precursor to the γ subunit of mouse muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1986)

cDNA libraries have been constructed in plasmid (pBR322) and bacteriophage lambda gammagt10) vectors with poly (A+) RNA isolated from the nonfusing mouse muscle cell line BC3H-1. The libraries were screened with a restriction fragment derived from a genomic clone coding for a human acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit. Several clones were obtained whose cDNA inserts possessed nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence homology with acetylcholine receptor gamma subunits from Torpedo californica, chick, calf, and human. One isolate, lambda BMG419, has 88 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated sequence, an open reading frame of 1,557 nucleotides coding for the precursor to the mouse acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit, and 144 nucleotides of 3'-untranslated sequence. Alignment of the lambda BMG419-deduced amino acid sequence with homologs from other species predicts a precursor peptide of 519 amino acids and a mature protein of 497 amino acids, with nonglycosylated molecular weights of 58,744 and 56,424 daltons, respectively. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse gamma subunit with Torpedo, chick, calf, and human sequences showed overall homologies of 54%, 67%, 90%, and 90%, respectively; however, significantly higher homologies were found in several putative functional domains. Radiolabeled lambda BMG419 has been used to identify homologous RNA species, one of approximately 2 kb and one of about 3.5 kb, in poly (A+) RNA prepared from BC3H-1 cells and denervated mouse limb muscle. gamma Subunit-coding RNA species are considerably more abundant in denervated than in innervated muscle, suggesting that neural regulation of the abundance of the gamma subunit is exerted through regulation of the amount of its mRNA.
Visual Retinocortical Function in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (2002)

Our results indicate that while the inner retina appears to be spared by the disease process, the visual function is altered upstream in the retinocortical visual pathways of individuals with DAT.
Synthesis of C8-N-Acetylarylamine 2'-dG-adducts and their sitespecifically incorporation into oligonucleotides (2008)

Beside the predominately found C8-NH-arylamine-dG damages also C8-N-acetylarylamine-lesions of 2'-dG seems to play an important role in the induction of the chemical carcinogenesis. A new synthetic pathway leading to these DNA-adducts using different aromatic amines have been developed. The C8-dG-adducts were converted into the corresponding phosphoramidites and incorporated site-specifically into oligonucleotides giving damaged DNA-strands. With damaged DNA hybrids studies with respect to their thermal stability (UV melting temperature analysis) and circular dichroism were performed.
Cross-Sectional Imaging Method A System to Compare Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance with Histologic Findings (1987)

Studies comparing imaging modalities require a precise knowledge of the type and location of tissue structures. When comparing cross-sectional techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, the images must be obtained through the same tissue section that is examined histologically. An experimental system that permits comparison of these modalities with histologic sections of precisely corresponding tissue is described. Application in 30 gastrointestinal tissue specimens shows a high degree of correspondence between cross-sectional images and histologic sections. This method should be useful in tissue imaging research for anatomic correlation and for comparisons between imaging modalities.