gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effective Hamiltonian of the Pound-Overhauser controlled-NOT gate (1998)

In NMR-based quantum computing, it is known that the controlled-NOT gate can be implemented by applying a low-power, monochromatic radio-frequency field to one peak of a doublet in a weakly-coupled two-spin system. This is known in NMR spectroscopy as Pound-Overhauser double resonance. The ``transition'' Hamiltonian that has been associated with this procedure is however only an approximation, which ignores off-resonance effects and does not correctly predict the associated phase factors. In this paper, the exact effective Hamiltonian for evolution of the spins' state in a rotating frame is derived, both under irradiation of a single peak (on-transition) as well as between the peaks of the doublet (on-resonance). The accuracy of these effective Hamiltonians is validated by comparing the observable product operator components of the density matrix obtained by simulation to those obtained by fitting the corresponding experiments. It is further shown how both the on-transition and on-resonance fields can be used to implement the controlled-NOT gate exactly up to conditional phases, and analytic expressions for these phases are derived. In Appendices, the on-resonance Hamiltonian is analytically diagonalized, and proofs are given that, in the weak-coupling approximation, off-resonance effects can be neglected whenever the radio-frequency field power is small compared to the difference in resonance frequencies of the two spins.
AE Characterization of damage in flexible solar cells under torsional loading (2022)

Torsional tests of flexible solar cells were conducted to evaluate the electrical performance degradation caused by mechanical loading. To elucidate the degradation mechanism of solar cells, it is indispensable to detect the damage initiation and accumulation due to the applied mechanical loading and to identify which of the damage contributes to the electrical performance degradation. Therefore, the AE technique was used to monitor the damage initiation and accumulation process, and the LT method, which can detect the temperature modulation caused by leakage current generation, was used to identify the damage that contributes to performance degradation. It was shown from AE measurement that damage which is a precursor of electrical performance degradation were detected. It was also found that the damage caused by tensile stress, which was dominant at the specimen ends, contributes the initiation of performance degradation. In addition, damage caused by the principal stress near the center of the specimen, which is inclined at 45° to the specimen length direction, was also suggested to cause significant performance degradation. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the electrical performance degradation processes of flexible solar cells under torsional loading.
Viewing‐angle‐enhancement system for LCDs (1995)

Abstract— An enhanced liquid crystal display (LCD) design with minimal contrast ratio or color shift with increased viewing angle and with improved performance in high brightness environments has been developed. Contrast ratios of greater than 50:1 have been demonstrated at ±60° (vertical and horizontal) on an active matrix LCD. The operating principles of the key components of this new design will be described.
The urogenital and rectal pain syndromes (1997)

Pain syndromes of the urogenital and rectal area are well described but poorly understood and underrecognized focal pain syndromes. They include vulvodynia, orchialgia, urethral syndrome, penile pain, prostatodynia, coccygodynia, perineal pain, proctodynia and proctalgia fugax. The etiology of these focal pain syndromes is not known. A specific secondary cause can be identified in a minority of patients, but most often the examination and work-up remain unrevealing. Although these patients are often depressed, rarely are these pain syndromes the only manifestation of a psychiatric disease. This review article presents an overview of the neuroanatomy of the pelvis, which is a prerequisite to trying to understand the chronic pain syndromes in this region. We then discuss the clinical presentation, etiology and differential diagnosis of chronic pain syndromes of the urogenital and rectal area and review treatment options. The current knowledge of the psychological aspects of these pain syndromes is reviewed. Patients presenting with these pain syndromes are best assessed and treated using a multidisciplinary approach. Currently available treatment options are empirical only. Although cures are uncommon, some pain relief can be provided to almost all patients using a multidisciplinary approach including pain medications, local treatment regimens, physical therapy and psychological support, while exercising caution toward invasive and irreversible therapeutic procedures. Better knowledge of the underlying pathophysioloigical mechanisms of the urogenital and rectal pain syndromes is needed to allow investigators to develop treatment strategies, specifically targeted against the pathophysiological mechanism.
Low power and broadband 2X2 silicon thermo-optic switch. (2010)

We present a 2 x 2 silicon thermo-optic switch with a switching power of only {approx}12.5 mW and a response time of 5.4 {micro}s with an extinction ratio of {approx}>20 dB across the C and L bands.
Electrooptic sampling evaluation of 1.5 μm metal-semiconductor-metal photodiodes by soliton compressed semiconductor laser pulses (1995)

An electrooptic sampling system using soliton compressed pulses from a gain switched laser diode was assembled and used to characterize an InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector at the important optical fiber wavelength of 1.55 microns. The measured rise time of the photodiode pulse was 6.5 ps. The pump and probe pulses had a FWHM of 0.6 ps as measured by autocorrelation. The sampling system rise time was evaluated to be 2.0 ps, yielding the estimated intrinsic photodiode rise time of 2.3 ps. By introducing a differential detection scheme and optical filtering, a shot noise limited sensitivity of 0.6 mV/Sqrt[Hz] was achieved. These results represent the fastest rise time, and most sensitive semiconductor laser based, electrooptic sampling system reported to date.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Transistor design for 5nm and beyond: Slowing down electrons to speed up transistors (2016)

Analysis of the key band structure properties for MOSFET channel material are investigated in a wide range for nanowires with design rules scaling from 5 nm down to 2 nm. Three-dimensional Non-Equilibrium Green's Functions (NEGF) method is employed to calculate the on-state currents for different channel band structures. Results of the analysis show that the optimal effective mass increases with transistor scaling from 0.1 at 5 nm design rules up to 0.4 at 2 nm design rules. There is a gentle performance degradation for effective masses that are heavier than optimal, and there is a steep performance penalty for the lighter electrons due to the direct source-to-drain tunneling through the source junction barrier. Different Si crystal orientations can be chosen to get close to theoretically possible optimal performance, or stress can be used to slow down the electrons. Silicon scales well down to at least 2 nm technology node, and properties of typical 2D materials like MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> are close to optimal. However, high-mobility materials like Ge or III-V are far outside of the optimal property range and do not scale well. One other key aspect of transistor scaling potential is its inherent random variability. Analysis of transistor performance sensitivity to geometry fluctuations shows that nanowires with 5 nm design rules are less sensitive than FinFETs to the channel length variation, but sharply more sensitive than FinFETs to fin width variation. Specific FinFET and nanowire sensitivity to geometry fluctuations can be used to determine the spec for future equipment that is necessary for high yield nanowire manufacturing.
Effects of Dining on Tongue Endurance and Swallowing-Related Outcomes (2010)

Young and old adults demonstrated reduced tongue strength and endurance after dining, but younger subjects showed greater declines in anterior tongue endurance, whereas older adults exhibited signs of swallowing difficulty.
Impact of fiber nonlinearity on duobinary-QPSK in super-Nyquist WDM transmission (2014)

We numerically confirm that duobinary-pulse format suffers larger nonlinear impairment than NRZ and Nyquist-pulse formats. Nonlinearity-induced penalty, however, is found to be constant against the channel spacing in super-Nyquist WDM transmission. Also, we evaluate the benefit of digital nonlinear compensation.
Measuring hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide permeation in bulk chemical distribution (2012)

Permeability (P) and diffusion (D) coefficients were measured for hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas through a tetrafluoroethylene - perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) copolymer using standard manometric techniques. These data were subsequently used to estimate the performance characteristics, such as breakthrough times and permeation rates, of a representative chemical distribution system that may be found inside a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility. Our findings suggest that breakthrough occurs in a matter of days and that steady state permeation can account for the loss of several grams of hydrogen chloride or ammonia each day. This loss rate for hydrogen chloride would be equivalent to spilling five milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acid on to the floor of a fab each day, or more likely into the secondary containment subsystem, and allowing the acid to dissipate over the course of a day. This equates to two liters per year. Everything else being equal, the loss rate of ammonium hydroxide is expected to be more than two times that of hydrochloric acid. To prevent accumulation of hydrogen chloride or ammonia, the secondary containment subsystem must be purged. The necessary purge rate can be estimated using the mass transport data from this study.
Detection of chromatin-associated single-stranded DNA in regions targeted for somatic hypermutation (2007)

After encounter with antigen, the antibody repertoire is shaped by somatic hypermutation (SHM), which leads to an increase in the affi nity of antibodies for the antigen, and classswitch recombination (CSR), which results in a change in the effector function of antibodies.Both SHM and CSR are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which deaminates deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).The precise mechanism responsible for the formation of ssDNA in V regions undergoing SHM has yet to be experimentally established.In this study, we searched for ssDNA in mutating V regions in which DNA-protein complexes were preserved in the context of chromatin in human B cell lines and in primary mouse B cells.We found that V regions that undergo SHM were enriched in short patches of ssDNA, rather than R loops, on both the coding and noncoding strands.Detection of these patches depended on the presence of DNA-associated proteins and required active transcription.Consistent with this, we found that both DNA strands in the V region were transcribed.We conclude that regions of DNA that are targets of SHM assemble protein-DNA complexes in which ssDNA is exposed, making it accessible to AID.
A KDR-binding peptide (ST100,059) can block angiogenesis, melanoma tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo (2011)

A major goal of treatment strategies for cancer is the development of agents which can block primary tumor growth and development as well as the progression of tumor metastasis without any treatment associated side effects. Using mini peptide display (MPD) technology, we generated peptides that can bind to the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor KDR. These peptides were evaluated for their ability to block angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. A D-amino acid peptide with high serum stability (ST100,059) was found to have the most potent activity in vitro as indicated by inhibition of VEGF stimulation of endothelial cells. It was also found to be the most active of the series in blocking VEGF-mediated activity in vivo, as measured in Matrigel-filled angioreactors implanted in mice. ST100,059 blocks VEGF-induced MAPK phosphorylation, as well as inhibits VEGF-induced changes in gene expression in HUVEC cells. In in vivo studies, treatment of female C57BL/6 mice inoculated with B16 mouse melanoma cells with ST100,059 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in tumor volume and lung metastasis as compared to control groups of animals receiving vehicle alone. These studies demonstrate that by using MPD, peptides can be identified with enhanced affinity relative to those discovered using phage display. Based on these studies we have identified one such peptide ST100,059 which can effectively block tumor growth and metastasis due to its anti-angiogenic effects and ability to block intracellular signaling pathways involved in tumor progression.
Gallium Nitride Nanowire Distributed Feedback Lasers (2014)

We have demonstrated single-mode lasing in a single gallium nitride nanowire using distributed feedback by external coupling to a dielectric grating. By adjusting the nanowire grating alignment we achieved a mode suppression ratio of 17dB.
Understanding the Role of Adsorption in the Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with an Immobilized Dienophile (2000)

This paper presents a kinetic characterization for the Diels−Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with 2-mercaptobenzoquinone chemisorbed to a gold substrate. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the rate of the reaction because the quinone undergoes a reversible two-electron reduction but the product of reaction is not electroactive. Reactions were performed in 1:1 THF:H2O (2 mM phosphate and 70 mM NaCl, pH = 7.4) and monitored by voltammetric scanning between −120 and −20 mV. The rate of loss in peak current correlated with the rate of Diels−Alder reaction and was described well by an exponential decay in agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetics expected with the high concentration of cyclopentadiene relative to quinone. The first-order rate constants, however, did not increase linearly with the concentration of diene as would be expected for a second-order bimolecular reaction. Instead, the first-order rate constants reached a limiting value with higher concentrations of cyclopentadiene. The kinetic behavior was better explained by a pathway wherein the cyclopentadiene first adsorbs to the monolayer and then reacts with the immobilized quinone. The data were fit well by a rate law based on a Langmuir isotherm for adsorption of diene to the monolayer and a first-order rate constant for the Diels−Alder reaction and gave a first-order rate constant of 0.011 s-1 and an equilibrium constant for association of cyclopentadiene with the substrate of 65 M-1. The equilibrium constant for adsorption depended on the composition of solvent and was larger in an electrolyte containing 1:2 THF:H2O (163 M-1) and smaller in 2:1 THF:H2O (28 M-1). But in all cases, the first-order rate constant for cycloaddition was unchanged. The combination of self-assembled monolayers as structurally well-defined substrates and cyclic voltammetry to measure the rates of reactions provides a methodology that is well suited for studying many mechanistic features of interfacial reactions.
IMS−IMS and IMS−IMS−IMS/MS for Separating Peptide and Protein Fragment Ions (2006)

Multidimensional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-IMS and IMS-IMS-IMS) techniques have been combined with mass spectrometry (MS) and investigated as a means of generating and separating peptide and protein fragment ions. When fragments are generated inside a drift tube and then dispersed by IMS prior to MS analysis, it is possible to observe many features that are not apparent from MS analysis alone. The approach is demonstrated by examining fragmentation patterns arising from electrospray ion distributions of insulin chain B and ubiquitin. The multidimensional IMS approach makes it possible to select individual components for collisional activation and to disperse fragments based on differences in mobility prior to MS analysis. Such an approach makes it possible to observe many features not apparent by MS analysis alone.
A hardware-based computational platform for Generalized Laguerre-Volterra MIMO model for neural activities (2011)

A parallelized and pipelined architecture based on FPGA and a higher-level Self Reconfiguration Platform are proposed in this paper to model Generalized Laguerre-Volterra MIMO system essential in identifying the time-varying neural dynamics underlying spike activities. Our proposed design is based on the Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA platform and the processing core can produce data samples at a speed of 1.33 × 10(6)/s, which is 3.1 × 10(3) times faster than the corresponding C model running on an Intel i7-860 Quad Core Processor. The ongoing work of the construction of the advanced Self Reconfiguration Platform is presented and initial test results are provided.
Myocardial Expression of FOXO3a–Atrogin-1 Pathway in Human Heart Failure (2010)

Our results suggest that in human HF, the activity of AKT decreases, with activation of Foxo3a and induction of Atrogin-1, thereby leading to a molecular state that favours heart muscle loss and left ventricular dysfunction.
Multiple sound source tracking and identification via degenerate unmixing estimation technique and cardinality balanced multi-target multi-bernoulli filter (DUET-CBMeMBer) with track management (2014)

In Source Separation research, "cocktail party problem" is a challenging problem that research into source separation aims to solve. Many attempts have been made to solve this complex problem. A logical approach would be to break down this complex problem into several smaller problems which are solved in different stages - each considering various aspects. In this paper, we are providing a robust solution to a part of the problem by localizing and tracking multiple moving speech sources in a room environment. Here we study the separation problem for unknown number of moving sources. The DUET-CBMeMBer method we outline is capable of estimating the number of sound sources as well as tracking and labelling them. This paper proposes a track management technique that identifies sound sources based on their trajectory as an extension to the DUET-CBMeMBer technique.
Postmortem retrieval of total joint replacement components (1999)

Improved understanding of the clinical outcomes of orthopedic implants requires the study of implants at the end of their service life. Previous studies focused on the retrieval of so-called failed implants during surgical revision. Interest is now moving to the study of successful implants, which are those still in place at the patient's death. A procedure was developed for recruitment of implant patients and their families and for safe and effective device and tissue retrieval after death. More than 50 retrievals were performed to support various research efforts.
Porous Polymer Monolithic Column with Surface-Bound Gold Nanoparticles for the Capture and Separation of Cysteine-Containing Peptides (2010)

A new porous polymer monolithic capillary column modified with gold nanoparticles that enables the selective capture of cysteine-containing peptides has been developed to reduce the complexity of peptide mixtures generated in bottom-up proteomic analysis. The column is prepared from a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith through reaction of some of its epoxide moieties with cysteamine to afford a monolith rich in surface thiol groups. In situ reduction of chloroauric acid within the column is then used to form gold nanoparticles attached to the surface of the pores of the monolith. This process preserves the excellent hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic column while providing a means to selectively retain cysteine-containing peptides from an analyte due to their high affinity for gold. Release of the retained peptides is subsequently achieved with an excess of 2-mercaptoethanol. The loading capacity determined for l-cysteine using frontal elution is 2.58 mumol/m. Since the gold-thiol link is less stable at elevated temperatures, the adsorption capacity is recovered by washing the column at 80 degrees C for 2 h. While regeneration is easy, the multiplicity of bonds between the monolithic support and the gold nanoparticles prevents their elution even under harsh conditions such as treatment with pure 2-mercaptoethanol or treatment with boiling water for 5 h. Application of the gold modified monolith in tandem with a packed C18 capillary column is demonstrated with baseline separation of a peptide mixture achieved in a two step process. The first involves retention of cysteine-containing peptides in monolith with reversed phase separation of all other peptides, while the retained peptides are released from monolith and separated in the second step.
Amino acid turnover by human oocytes is influenced by gamete developmental competence, patient characteristics and gonadotrophin treatment (2013)

This project was funded by the UK Biology and Biotechnology Research Council (BB/C007395/1) and the Medical Research Council (G 0800250). K.E.H was in receipt of a British Fertility Society/Merck Serono studentship. H.J.L. is a shareholder in Novocellus Ltd, a company which seeks to devise a non-invasive biochemical test of embryo health.
TRENDS IN THE USE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION (1994)

Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Biochemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
Lunar Contour Crafting - A Novel Technique for ISRU-Based Habitat Development (2005)

1. Habitat Structures at MSFC is one element of the In-Situ Fabrication and Repair (ISFR) Program: ISFR develops technologies for fabrication, repair and recycling of tools, parts, and habitats/structures using in-situ resources. ISRU - based habitat structures are considered Class III. 2. Habitat Structure Purpose: Develop Lunar and/or Martian habitat structures for manned missions that maximize the use of in-situ resources to address the following agency topics: bioastronautics critical path roadmap; strategic technical challenges defined in H&amp;RT formulation plan: margins and redundancy; modularity, robotic network, space resource utilization; autonomy, affordable logistics pre-positioning.
Experimental Results on an OPCPA Seed System for a Laser-Plasma Acceleration Drive Laser (2019)

We present results of a white light seeded OPCPA, developed to seed a Ti:SA CPA system driving a laser-plasma accelerator. The development focuses on overall stability to extend long term operation of the drive laser.
Hard Failures and PCB Protection Devices (2015)

This chapter focuses on the prevention of hard failures, and the protection products which can be used to prevent hard failures resulting from electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress, although protection devices can be a key element in the mitigation of soft failures as well. It starts with silicon based transient voltage suppressor (TVS) devices since they are the most popular, especially for advanced high-speed circuits. TVS devices on PCBs often work in conjunction with the device level ESD protection built into ICs. Other technologies are available and are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Protection devices not used for ESD protection are discussed briefly. The chapter explains how surge protection devices play a role in the prevention of physical damage when systems are exposed to an electrical stress, with an emphasis on ESD.