gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the Polishing Performance of Silicon Carbonitride (SiCN) (2016)

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) becomes a major process in IC integration as gate length shrinkage. Moreover, its usage becomes wider at sub-14nm device manufacturing due to new structure and new material introduction. Enabling new material for planarized structure, polishing performance is required. Silicon carbonitride (nitrogen-doped silicon carbide (SiC) or SiCN) thin film is one of the new materials for sub-14nm device fabrication. SiCN thin film becomes more and more attractive as capping dielectric layer and diffusion barrier in addition to etch stopping layer. We have developed a process to form SiCN with tunable carbon concentration (5-15%). And SiCN thin film is applied for poly opening CMP (POC) process scheme. In order to enable SiCN as POC, polishing performance with enough selectivity between SiCN and silicon dioxide (SiO2) need to be achieved. For this purpose, this paper provides experimental results of SiCN polishing performance with silica-based slurry. Effects of polishing variables and slurry chemistry on the removal rate are intensively explored and post CMP defect performance is investigated as well. The results suggest acidic silica slurry with optimized recipe would be suitable for SiCN polishing.
Isotopic Exchange of Atomically Precise Nanoclusters with Materials of Varying Dimensions: From Nanoscale to Bulk (2021)

We present isotopic exchange reactions of atomically precise silver nanoclusters (NCs) with materials of different dimensions, namely, NCs, plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs), and bulk metals, all made of silver. Isotopically pure 109Ag25(DMBT)18– and 107Ag25(DMBT)18– (DMBT is 2,4-dimethyl benzene thiol) were reacted with Ag NPs of different sizes in the range of ∼2–11 nm, protected with the same ligand. The exchange of 107Ag/109Ag atoms in the NC was monitored using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The reaction kinetics was analyzed by fitting the temporal evolution of the reactant concentration to a kinetic model. The reaction timescales of NC–NP reactions were significantly longer compared to those of the NC–NC exchange process under similar conditions. Differences between NC–NC exchange and NC–NP exchange highlighted the importance of the structure in controlling the reaction. Moreover, isotopic exchanges of the NC were also studied with the bulk metal to obtain a complete understanding of how the kinetics of atom transfer varies upon changing the size of the reacting partner from nanoscale to bulk.
Nonspecific defense mechanisms and disease resistance are enhanced in rainbow trout fed immunostimulants (1993)

This review discusses how understanding of functional relationships between parasitic plants and their woody hosts have benefited from a range of approaches to their study. Gross comparisons of nutrient content between infected and uninfected hosts, or parts of hosts, have been widely used to infer basic differences or similarities between hosts and parasites. Coupling of nutrient information with additional evidence of key processes such as transpiration, respiration and photosynthesis has helped elucidate host-parasite relationships and, in some cases, the anatomical nature of their connection and even the physiology of plants in general. For example, detailed analysis of xylem sap from hosts and parasites has increased our understanding of the spatial and temporal movement of solutes within plants. Tracer experiments using natural abundance or enriched application of stable isotopes ((15)N, (13)C, (18)O) have helped us to understand the extent and form of heterotrophy, including the effect of the parasite on growth and functioning of the host (and its converse) as well as environmental effects on the parasite. Nutritional studies of woody hosts and parasites have provided clues to the distribution of parasitic plants and their roles in ecosystems. This review also provides assessment of several corollaries to the host-parasite association.
Robust Velocity Controller based Motion Control Method for Multi-Joint Robot. (1996)

This paper newly proposes a simple and robust robot motion control method using the robust velocity controller. The robust velocity controller is based on H∞ control theory, and it is called H∞ velocity controller. H∞ velocity controller based motion control method is completely equivalent to the robust acceleration control method using H∞ acceleration controller, but it has simpler structure. Therefore, the proposed system can realize a fine robot motion control easily. In order to confirm the validity of the proposed method, this paper realizes the hybrid control of position and force for multi-joint robot manipulator. Further, this paper also proposes the simple realization of hybrid control considering the attitude of robot manipulator. This system realizes the hybrid control of position and force of robot manipulator while keeping the perpendicular attitude to the target environment. The experimental results in this paper show that the proposed system have the desired force and position response to the target environment.
Ultrasound-induced cavitation: applications in drug and gene delivery (2006)

Ultrasound, which has been conventionally used for diagnostics until recently, is now being extensively used for drug and gene delivery. This transformation has come about primarily due to ultrasound-mediated acoustic cavitation - particularly transient cavitation. Acoustic cavitation has been used to facilitate the delivery of small molecules, as well as macromolecules, including proteins and DNA. Controlled generation of cavitation has also been used for targeting drugs to diseased tissues, including skin, brain, eyes and endothelium. Ultrasound has also been employed for the treatment of several diseases, including thromboembolism, arteriosclerosis and cancer. This review provides a detailed account of mechanisms, current status and future prospects of ultrasonic cavitation in drug and gene delivery applications.
Present status of laser-produced plasma EUV light source (2010)

The development status of key technologies for a HVM laser-produced plasma EUV light source is presented. This includes the high-power RF-excited CO<sub>2</sub> laser, the Sn droplet target and the collector mirror lifetime enhancement technology. In this paper, we mainly discuss countermeasures for Sn ions and neutrals which cause mirror reflectivity degradation. The effectiveness of ion mitigation by a strong magnetic field was measured. We also observed that Sn neutrals were removed by etching gases and that the etching process did not degrade the effectiveness of the ion mitigation by the magnetic field. A part of this work was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.
Heat production in municipal and industrial waste as revealed by isothermal microcalorimetry (2021)

Abstract Self-ignited fires at municipal solid waste (MSW) storage sites are relatively common. The minimization of the phenomenon of self-heating in the waste can reduce the risks for smouldering combustion. The purpose of this work was to develop a method that can be used to measure and characterize the heat production in MSW. The method is based on isothermal heat conduction microcalorimetry (IMC). The heat production in MSW was determined based on sampling from two sites in two different geographical locations in Sweden. Both the original waste and milled/homogenised waste were tested. The heat production was measured at different temperatures together with gas analysis using micro-gas chromatography. The activity in the waste, in terms of its heat flow, increased when the temperature increased up to 60 °C and decreased at higher temperatures, e.g., 70 and 80 °C. The consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide, together with the heat production, indicated that aerobic metabolism was responsible for the heat production. This is further strengthened by the marginal heat production observed for ultraviolet treated waste. The results showed that IMC is a valuable tool for characterising the self-heating in municipal and industrial waste.
Fault-locating and supervisory technique for multistaged branched optical networks (1994)

A fault-locating and supervisory technique for large multistage branched optical fiber networks is proposed. The requirement of ultra-wide dynamic range of an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) to diagnose the network can be tremendously relaxed. Not only can the failure of optical splitter itself be monitored, but also any faults of the fiber links whether before, after, or between optical splitters can be located. The feasibility of this technique was experimentally demonstrated in a 128-branched network using an erbium-doped fiber-amplifier-enhanced OTDR.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pullulan microbeads/Si-HPMC hydrogel injectable system for the sustained delivery of GDF-5 and TGF-β1: new insight into intervertebral disc regenerative medicine (2017)

Discogenic low back pain is considered a major health concern and no etiological treatments are today available to tackle this disease. To clinically address this issue at early stages, there is a rising interest in the stimulation of local cells by in situ injection of growth factors targeting intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative process. Despite encouraging safety and tolerability results in clinic, growth factors efficacy may be further improved. To this end, the use of a delivery system allowing a sustained release, while protecting growth factors from degradation appears of particular interest. We propose herein the design of a new injectable biphasic system, based on the association of pullulan microbeads (PMBs) into a cellulose-based hydrogel (Si-HPMC), for the TGF-β1 and GDF-5 growth factors sustained delivery. We present for the first time the design and mechanical characterization of both the PMBs and the called biphasic system (PMBs/Si-HPMC). Their loading and release capacities were also studied and we were able to demonstrate a sustained release of both growth factors, for up to 28 days. Noteworthy, the growth factors biological activity on human cells was maintained. Altogether, these data suggest that this PMBs/Si-HPMC biphasic system may be a promising candidate for the development of an innovative bioactive delivery system for IVD regenerative medicine.
Supplemental Figure 2 from First-in-Human Trial of Epichaperome-Targeted PET in Patients with Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure 2. Tumor PU-H71 retention at 24 hours post-injection (quantified by standard uptake value) is not explained by plasma radiotracer exposure (quantified by plasma AUC from 10 min to 4 h post-injection, see Methods), as indicated by Spearman Test R-value.&lt;/p&gt;
1060 nm Single and multimode VCSELs for up to 50 Gb/s modulation (2017)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and multimode fiber (MMF) links are currently dominating the short-reach optical interconnects in datacenters and high-performance computing systems <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> . At the standard wavelength of 850 nm, reach requirements in large-scale datacenters, which exceed 1 km, cannot be met due to the high MMF attenuation and chromatic dispersion. Moving to a longer wavelength, such as 1060 nm to which the wavelength of GaAs-based VCSELs can be extended without comprising reliability <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and where attenuation and chromatic dispersion are much reduced in comparison with 850 nm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , allows for significant reach extension <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> . Here we present the design and performance of recently developed 1060 nm single and multimode VCSELs and results from preliminary transmission experiments using a 1060 nm optimized MMF.
Focused Ion Beam (FIB): More than Just a Fancy Ion Beam Thinner (2001)

Abstract The potential utility of FIB for routine (and novel) applications has come to forefront recently due to advances in ion optics which now allow formation of focused ion probe of better than ∼10-20 nm containing current density exceeding several A/cm2, with a liquid metal source (typically Gallium). The small ion probe size, coupled with shallow sputtering depth - yet high sputtering yield of ions, has opened several opportunities in machining, lithography and ion-assisted deposition.[1-3] These developments, including automation, multi-specimen stages, cross-compatible specimen holders for FIB/TEM/SEM, use of in-situ electron beam (so-called dual beam), coupled with innovations such as the “lift-off” process[4], have provided an invaluable set of tools for microelectronic defect characterization. However, re-deposition (contamination), ion implantation/damage especially for desirable thinner sections (&amp;lt;∼50 nm) remain major concerns for further applications. While much of the excitement in TEM community for FIB is due to thin foil specimen preparation (especially in microelectronics), we have been exploiting the site-specific micromachining aspect of FIB beyond specimen preparation for TEM, which is the focus of this contribution. Two broad themes will be presented: One exploits the site-specificity of FIB in making thin sections (including lift-off) at and across localized deformation as in indentation response of micro/nanocomposites. The other involves FIB as a fabrication tool for sputtering/drilling arbitrary shapes and sizes down to 20-50 nm, to enhance functional aspects.
Numerical Modeling of Polymer-augmented Waterflooding in Heterogeneous Reservoirs (2013)

Abstract Waterflooding is by far the most widely used method to increase oil recovery. All petroleum reservoirs are heterogeneous with varying degree of heterogeneity. Waterflooding could be less effective in heterogonous, channeled reservoirs as injected water moves easily through the channels leaving most oil behind in unswept regions. The reservoir fractures and high permeability channels can create expeditious breakthrough pathways from injectors to producers. Polymer-augmented waterflooding can enhance oil recovery in channel-dominated reservoirs. Polymer helps to reduce high conductivity in the channels, thus diverting injection fluid to the unswept regions of the reservoir. Proper design of polymer flood should be inclusive of the entire drainage volume of the selected well clusters in order to enhance oil recovery while minimizing water cut at the producing wells. In this study, a finite difference numerical model was formulated and implemented, using implicit pressure-explicit saturation (IMPES) and explicit calculations for polymer concentrations and adsorption effects. The implemented approach was used to study the performance of polymer-augmented waterflooding by varying relevant reservoir parameters. Both homogenous and heterogonous variations of reservoir permeability were considered with more emphasis on channeling. A Langmuir adsorption as a function of polymer concentration was used to account for the irreversible adsorption of polymer during flooding. The effect of polymer adsorption on mobility and permeability was accounted for by a viscosity adjustment and residual resistance factor formulae. With the model’s help, the proper time, to switch back from polymer injection to waterflooding, was determined by analyzing the water cut profile.
Influencia del diseño de referencia en la linealidad de los ADC por SAR (2008)

Los convertidores analogico-digital (Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC) se utilizan en numerosas aplicaciones para digitalizar una tension analogica. El rendimiento no depende solo del diseno de la circuiteria de la entrada analogica, sino tambien del diseno de referencia, ya que cualquier imprecision se conecta directamente a la ruta de la senal. La influencia de unas conexiones de referencia inadecuadas en el rendimiento del ADC se muestra en el ejemplo de un ADC con arquitectura de registros de aproximaciones sucesivas (SAR), en el que se muestra el efecto sobre la linealidad del ADC.
Type C botulinum toxin causes degeneration of motoneurons in vivo (2009)

All botulinum toxins (BoNTs, types A-G) inhibit synaptic transmitter release from motoneurons, and thus result in respiratory arrest and death. Rapid treatment with anti-BoNT antibodies can prevent progression, but recovery still requires weeks on a ventilator. Even after recovery, there is a potential for persistent fatigue in some cases of botulism even years after the insult, possibly because of motoneuron dropout for previously unknown reasons. Unique among BoNTs, the C-type (BoNT/C) cleaves two proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, syntaxin and SNAP-25, and induces apoptotic cell death in cultured cerebellar neurons. It is not clear, however, whether BoNT/C also affects neurons that encounter toxin in vivo, namely motoneurons. Here, we provide experimental evidence that BoNT/C causes a slow degeneration of motoneurons both in vitro and in vivo. This novel form of BoNT/C-induced cell death may require new treatment strategies.
The measurement of second-harmonic generation in novel ferroelectric liquid crystal materials (1991)

We present the analysis of experimental results on second-harmonic generation in a novel ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) material, o- nitroalkoxyphenyl biphenylcarboxylate 1, synthesized specifically for large nonlinear coefficients. All nonzero dij coefficients have been measured, with the largest being d22 = 0.6 ± 0.3 pm/V. Relative values of refractive indices are also given suggesting uniaxial optical properties with large birefringence (nz − nx≊ 0.20 at λ=1.064 μm). This material demonstrates the flexibility of FLC molecular synthesis to form thermodynamically stable macroscopically aligned materials for second-order nonlinear optics applications.
Laser powder-bed fusion of a high entropy alloy with outstanding intrinsic mechanical properties (2023)

In the past few years, laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) of high entropy alloys (HEAs) has gained significant interest. We investigated a HEA (PdPtRhIrCuNi) elaborated by LPBF, and studied its microstructure and mechanical properties. This alloy has potential applications in luxury industries, as well as in medical technologies. The microstructure consists of two coherent FCC phases behaving as a single-phase structure, with strong segregation of different elements in the dendritic and inter-dendritic regions. It is much finer than that inherited from arc-melting, as reported in the literature, because of the much higher cooling rate of the LPBF process. Two cracking mechanisms were identified: solidification and liquation, and in both of them, the cracks propagate through grain boundaries and inter-dendritic regions. Despite the presence of micro-cracking, the mechanical properties in compression, bending, and wear resistance are outstanding. A new hybrid technique, called 3D laser shock peening (3D LSP), was effective in reducing crack density.
Pulsed Optical Reflection Filter Dynamically-Tuned by the Amplitude Modulation of a Fiber Bragg Grating in a Suspended-Core Fiber (2018)

A new pulsed sampled fiber Bragg grating filter is dynamically induced by amplitude modulated acoustic waves in a suspended-core fiber. Up to ~800 µs pulse width at the 500 Hz repetition rate are achieved.
Anti-Tau Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Soluble and Filamentous Tau Show Diverse Functional Properties in vitro and in vivo (2018)

The tau spreading hypothesis provides rationale for passive immunization with an anti-tau monoclonal antibody to block seeding by extracellular tau aggregates as a disease-modifying strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and potentially other tauopathies. As the biochemical and biophysical properties of the tau species responsible for the spatio-temporal sequences of seeding events are poorly defined, it is not yet clear which epitope is preferred for obtaining optimal therapeutic efficacy. Our internal tau antibody collection has been generated by immunizations with different tau species: aggregated- and non-aggregated tau and human postmortem AD brain-derived tau fibrils. In this communication, we describe and characterize a set of these anti-tau antibodies for their biochemical and biophysical properties, including binding, tissue staining by immunohistochemistry, and epitope. The antibodies bound to different domains of the tau protein and some were demonstrated to be isoform-selective (PT18 and hTau56) or phospho-selective (PT84). Evaluation of the antibodies in cellular- and in vivo seeding assays revealed clear differences in maximal efficacy. Limited proteolysis experiments support the hypothesis that some epitopes are more exposed than others in the tau seeds. Moreover, antibody efficacy seems to depend on the structural properties of fibrils purified from tau Tg mice- and postmortem human AD brain.
Transferring the Full-Duplex Radio Technology from Wireless Networking to Defense and Security (2018)

Classically, the in-band full-duplex (IBFD) radio technology that has recently been revolutionizing modern wireless communications was used in the form of same-frequency simultaneous transmit and receive (SF-STAR) operation in continuous-wave radars. Thus far, the main motivation for IBFD operation in commercial wireless communication systems has been to improve their spectral efficiency. In this invited paper, we suggest that IBFD/SF-STAR radios could bring about a paradigm shift in defense applications in the form of a multifunction military full-duplex radio (MFDR) by integrating tactical communications, signals intelligence, and electronic warfare as well as investigate the prospects of transferring the concept to civilian/commercial security and privacy applications in the form of a radio shield.
Numerical finite-key analysis of quantum key distribution (2020)

Abstract Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for secure communications safe against attacks by quantum computers. QKD protocols are performed by sending a sizeable, but finite, number of quantum signals between the distant parties involved. Many QKD experiments, however, predict their achievable key rates using asymptotic formulas, which assume the transmission of an infinite number of signals, partly because QKD proofs with finite transmissions (and finite-key lengths) can be difficult. Here we develop a robust numerical approach for calculating the key rates for QKD protocols in the finite-key regime in terms of two semi-definite programs (SDPs). The first uses the relation between conditional smooth min-entropy and quantum relative entropy through the quantum asymptotic equipartition property, and the second uses the relation between the smooth min-entropy and quantum fidelity. The numerical programs are formulated under the assumption of collective attacks from the eavesdropper and can be promoted to withstand coherent attacks using the postselection technique. We then solve these SDPs using convex optimization solvers and obtain numerical calculations of finite-key rates for several protocols difficult to analyze analytically, such as BB84 with unequal detector efficiencies, B92, and twin-field QKD. Our numerical approach democratizes the composable security proofs for QKD protocols where the derived keys can be used as an input to another cryptosystem.
33.3: Applications of New Fluorinated Liquid Crystals of Fused Ring Systems for Active Matrix LCD (2001)

Abstract We have prepared new series of liquid crystals of fused ring systems. By using the advanced LC materials, we have achieved LC mixtures having low birefringence for a reflective LCD and showing 10 ms of very quick response for LCD‐TV.