gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second-harmonic generation inp-type asymmetric GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs-AlAs superlattices due to excitations between valence minibands (1994)

We present full pseudopotential band-structure calculations of the frequency dependence of the second-order susceptibility due to transitions between valence minibands in p-type asymmetric stepped-well superlattices. These theoretical predictions are supported by experimental observations of second-harmonic generation. From an analysis of the theoretical results the microscopic processes that contribute to the response are identified and the features of the response are related to the superlattice band structure over a range of temperatures. We demonstrate that simple particle-in-a-box models are unable to correctly describe the positions of the peaks, or the mechanisms involved, in the second-order susceptibility. Experimental results confirming the detection of second-harmonic generation in these structures are presented and compared with the theoretical predictions. An enhancement over the response in bulk of approximately 8 times is observed. The angular dependence observed is consistent with the directional properties of the second-order susceptibility predicted by the theoretical calculations.
A multicenter effort to identify driver mutations and employ targeted therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinomas: The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC). (2013)

8019 Background: The detection of driver mutations in the EGFR and ALK genes and targeted therapy has transformed treatment of lung cancer. The LCMC was established in 2009 to assay lung adenocarcinomas for driver genomic alterations in 10 genes and to study and treat patients by their molecular subtypes. Methods: The 14-member LCMC enrolled patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung and tested their tumors in CLIA laboratories for KRAS, EGFR, HER2, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1, MEK1, and NRAS mutations using multiplexed assays, and for ALK rearrangements and MET amplifications using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Results: 1,102 eligible patients were enrolled; 1,007 underwent testing for at least one genomic alteration with 733 undergoing testing for all 10 genes. 600 patients were women (60%) with a median age of 63; 341 were never smokers (34%) and 589 former smokers (58%). A driver alteration was detected in 622 (62%) of the 1,007 with any genotyping, and in 465 (63%) of the 733 fully genotyped cases. Among the tumors with full genotyping, drivers were found as follows: KRAS 182 (25%), sensitizing EGFR 107 (15%), ALK rearrangements 56 (8%), other EGFR 43 (6%), two genes 29 (4%), BRAF 16 (2%), HER2 15 (2%), PIK3CA 6 (1%), MET amplification 5 (1%), NRAS 5 (1%), MEK1 1 (&lt;1%), and AKT1 0 (0%). Results were used to select targeted therapy or targeted trials in 279 patients with a driver alteration (28% of 1,007 total). Among 938 patients with clinical follow-up and treatment information, 264 with a driver alteration treated with a targeted agent had a median survival of 3.5 years; 313 with a driver who did not receive targeted therapy had a median survival of 2.4 years; while 361 without an identified driver had a median survival of 2.1 years (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions: An actionable driver alteration was detected in 62% of tumors from patients with lung adenocarcinomas, leading to use of a targeted therapy in 28%. The patients with an identified driver treated with a targeted agent lived longer than those patients who did not receive targeted therapy. Multiplexed genomic testing can aid physicians in matching patients with targeted treatments and appropriate clinical trials.
Warped Language Models for Noise Robust Language Understanding (2021)

Masked Language Models (MLM) are self-supervised neural networks trained to fill in the blanks in a given sentence with masked tokens. Despite the tremendous success of MLMs for various text based tasks, they are not robust for spoken language understanding, especially for spontaneous conversational speech recognition noise. In this work we introduce Warped Language Models (WLM) in which input sentences at training time go through the same modifications as in MLM, plus two additional modifications, namely inserting and dropping random tokens. These two modifications extend and contract the sentence in addition to the modifications in MLMs, hence the word "warped" in the name. The insertion and drop modification of the input text during training of WLM resemble the types of noise due to Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) errors, and as a result WLMs are likely to be more robust to ASR noise. Through computational results we show that natural language understanding systems built on top of WLMs perform better compared to those built based on MLMs, especially in the presence of ASR errors.
Finite element analysis of a cylindrical approach for shrink-fit precision gear forging dies (2003)

The design of shrink-fit precision gear forging dies based on strength considerations using an analytical (thick-wall cylinders) approach and the finite element method are compared. While the two methods, analytical and finite element, agree well for the dies with no irregularities (gear teeth), the finite element method predicts much higher stress values than those of the analytical approach for the dies with gear teeth. These high stresses are considerably reduced by reoptimizing the geometric parameters, such as the interference between the die and the ring.
n-Type Redox-active Benzoylpyridinium-substituted Supramolecular Gel for an Organogel-based Rechargeable Device (2019)

A supramolecular benzoylpyridinium-substituted cyclohexanediamine gelator with n-type redox properties was synthesized. The gelator formed a robust supramolecular network consisting of cyclohexanediamine units. In the organogel, the stable redox reactions of the benzoylpyridinium moieties led to a reversible charge/discharge at −1.05 V (vs. Fc/Fc+). A supramolecule-based rechargeable device was fabricated using TEMPO- and benzoylpyridinium-substituted gelators as the cathode and anode, respectively, giving rise to a flexible, transparent, and even self-healable battery. An n-type redox-active supramolecular gelator was synthesized for the first time. The supramolecular intercalation by cyclohexanediamine and stable redox reaction of benzoylpyridinium were important in achieving reversible charge/discharge by the anode. A supramolecular rechargeable device was fabricated using TEMPO- and benzoylpyridinium-based gelators, giving rise to preparing a flexible, transparent, and self-healable organic secondary battery.
Undoped InP sandwiched InGaAs p-i-n photodetector with partially p-doped photoabsorption layer grown on linearly graded metamorphic In x Ga 1-x P buffered GaAs substrate (2006)

A novel top-illuminated In0.53Ga0.47As p-i-n photodiodes, with the partially p-doped photoabsorption layer, grown on GaAs substrate by using a linearly graded metamorphic In<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>P (x graded from 0.49 to 1) buffer layer is reported. The dark current, optical responsivities, noise equivalent power, and operational bandwidth of the MM-PINPD with aperture diameter of 60 &#956;m are 13 pA, 0.6 A/W, 3.4 times 10<sup>-15</sup> W/Hz<sup>1/2</sup>, and 8 GHz, respectively, at 1550 nm. Under the illumination of 1.2-ps pulse-train, the measured impulse response is 41 ps and the frequency bandwidth is up to 8 GHz with heterodyne beating measurement. The low cost InGaAs photodiode with high current bandwidth product (350 mA times GHz, at 10 GHz) and bandwidth-efficient product (4.8 GHz times A/W) have been achieved.
Formation of {[HIPTN3N]Mo(III)H}−by Heterolytic Cleavage of H2as Established by EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopy (2009)

MoN(2) (Mo = [(HIPTNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N]Mo, where HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2))(2)C(6)H(3)) is the first stage in the reduction of N(2) to NH(3) by Mo. Its reaction with dihydrogen in fluid solution yields "MoH(2)", a molybdenum-dihydrogen compound. In this report, we describe a comprehensive electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and (1/2)H/(14)N electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) study of the product of the reaction between MoN(2) and H(2) that is trapped in frozen solution, 1. EPR spectra of 1 show that it has a near-axial g tensor, g = [2.086, 1.961, 1.947], with dramatically reduced g anisotropy relative to MoN(2). Analysis of the g values reveal that this anion has the Mo(III), [d(xz), d(yz)](3) orbital configuration, as proposed for the parent MoN(2) complex, and that it undergoes a strong pseudo-Jahn-Teller (PJT) distortion. Simulations of the 2D 35 GHz (1)H ENDOR pattern comprised of spectra taken at multiple fields across the EPR envelope (2 K) show that 1 is the [MoH](-) anion. The 35 GHz Mims pulsed (2)H ENDOR spectra of 1 prepared with (2)H(2) show the corresponding (2)H(-) signal, with a substantial deuterium isotope effect in a(iso). Radiolytic reduction of a structural analogue, Mo(IV)H, at 77 K, confirms the assignment of 1. Analysis of the 2D (14)N ENDOR pattern for the ligand amine nitrogen further reveals the presence of a linear N(ax)-Mo-H(-) molecular axis that is parallel to the unique magnetic direction (g(1)). The ENDOR pattern of the three equatorial nitrogens is well-reproduced by a model in which the Mo-N(eq) plane has undergone a static, not dynamic, PJT distortion, leading to a range of hyperfine couplings for the three N(eq)'s. The finding of a nearly axial hyperfine coupling tensor for the terminal hydride bound Mo supports the earlier proposal that the two exchangeable hydrogenic species bound to the FeMo cofactor of the nitrogense turnover intermediate, which has accumulated four electrons/protons (E(4)), are hydrides that bridge two metal ions, not terminal hydrides.
The Quality-Energy Scalable OFDMA Modulation for Low Power Transmitter and VLIW Processor Based Implementation (2007)

The improvement of spectral efficiency comes at the cost of exponential increment of signal processing complexity [1]. Hence, the energy-efficiency of baseband has recently turned out to be the bottleneck when deploying advanced air interfaces such as that in 4G. We advocate the scalable baseband design as a system level technique to aggressively optimize the average computation-load and associated energy-consumption. The key technique is to dynamically scale the baseband processing itself to the user requirement, the environment, the platform, etc. In this paper, we present the scalable design and VLIW processor based implementation of the OFDMA modulator, which is one of the most energy consuming parts of OFDMA and MIMO- OFDMA transmitters (in IEEE 802.16e , 3GPP LTE, etc.). Our work enables the OFDMA modulator to scale the modulation- accuracy and computation-load, so that the OFDMA modulator can dynamically reconfigure and work with minimal number of operations, whereas the required modulation-accuracy is still firmly guaranteed. Our work brings significant reductions in the average computation-load and associated energy-dissipation on real-life programmable platforms. Specifically, when the user is working with 16QAM and 1/2 coding rate (Turbo Coding) in a half-loaded 8-user system, the proposed scheme reduces 84% of the cycle-count and the associated energy-consumption on TI TMS320C6713, whereas the resulted Relative Constellation Error (RCE) is still lOdB better than the required RCE in IEEE 802.16e specifications.
Effects of beam asymmetry on ultrasonic thermal lesions (2003)

This report describes therapeutic ultrasound transducers comprising a spherically focused annular array with a central rectangular cutout, which houses a diagnostic ultrasound array used for aiming and monitoring. Simulations have been conducted to compute the axially-asymmetric, multi-lobed beams produced by these transducers and to evaluate the spatio-temporal distribution of induced temperature rises in treated tissues. It is shown that, for typical 5-s exposures, thermal conduction can spatially smooth these temperature rises to produce useful lesion features. Thermal conduction can also reduce undesired effects due to spurious axial maxima in intensity, which can occur when the focal length of the therapy array is varied electronically.
Structuring communication software for quality-of-service guarantees (2002)

We propose architectural mechanisms for structuring host communication software to provide QoS guarantees. In particular, we present and evaluate a QoS sensitive communication subsystems architecture for end hosts that provides real time communication support for generic network hardware. This architecture provides services for managing communication resources for guaranteed QoS (real time) connections, such as admission control, traffic enforcement, buffer management, and CPU and link scheduling. The design of the architecture is based on three key goals: maintenance of QoS guarantees on a per connection basis, overload protection between established connections, and fairness in delivered performance to best effort traffic. Using this architecture we implement real time channels, a paradigm for real time communication services in packet switched networks. We evaluate the implementation to demonstrate the efficacy with which the architecture maintains QoS guarantees while adhering to the stated design goals. The evaluation also demonstrates the need for specific features and policies provided in the architecture.
DELAY-FREE AUDIO CODING BASED ON ADPCM AND ERROR FEEDBACK (2008)

Real-time bidirectional audio applications, like microphones and monitor speakers in live performances, typically require communication systems with minimum latency. When digital transmission with limited bit rate is desired, this poses tight constraints on the algorithmic delay of the audio coding scheme. We present a delay-free approach employing adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) and adaptive spectral shaping of the coding noise. To achieve zero-delay operation, both prediction and quantization logic of the ADPCM structure are realized in a backwardadaptive fashion. Noise shaping is accomplished via two feedback loops around the quantizer for efficient exploitation of the auditory selectivity and masking phenomena, respectively. Due to automatic optimization of the involved parameters, the performance of the proposed system is on par with that of prior low-delay approaches. 1.
Lipophilic bis(monoazacrown ether)s as phase-transfer catalysts under solid–liquid two-phase conditions (1988)

Bis(monoazacrown ether)s (1) and (2), made lipophilic by the presence of an alkyl chain, are efficient complexing agents for alkali halides in a solid–liquid two-phase system. Under these conditions they have been studied as phase-transfer catalysts in the OMs–Y (Y = I, Br, or Cl) exchange of N-octyl methanesulphonate. Catalytic activities of (1) and (2) are much greater than those obtained with macrocyclic ligands (5)–(7) when Br– or Cl– is the nucleophile, suggesting that sandwich complexes are most likely formed by (1) and (2).
Molecular markers for four leaf rust resistance genes introgressed into wheat from wild relatives (1995)

Near-isolines carrying four different genes for resistance to leaf rust were used to find linked molecular markers for these genes. Clones used to detect polymorphism were selected on the basis of the reported chromosomal location of the resistance genes. Both Lophopyron-derived resistance genes, Lr19 and Lr24, cosegregated with eight molecular markers assigned to chromosomes 7DL and 3DL, respectively. One clone cosegregated with Lr9 and two closely linked RFLP markers were found for Lr32, mapping at 3.3 +/- 2.6 and 6.9 +/- 3.6 cM from the resistance gene. The Lophopyron-chromatin segment in isolines carrying chromosomes 7E (Lr19) and 3E (Lr24) replaced a large portion of chromosome 7D and the distal portion of chromosome 3D, respectively. Clones assigned to these chromosomes on the basis of aneuploid analysis hybridized to 7E and 3E segments, thus confirming cytological results that these introgressed segments represent homoeologous chromosomes. The linked RFLP markers could be used to identify the resistance genes and generate new combinations in breeding populations, especially in the absence of disease in the environment or when virulence is lacking.
Methoxydiphenylamin‐substituiertes Carbazol‐Zwillingsderivat: ein effizienter organischer Lochleiter für Perowskit‐Solarzellen (2015)

Abstract Wir präsentieren einen neuen organischen Lochleiter basierend auf der Struktur von Methoxydiphenylamin‐substituiertem Carbazol, der sehr gute Wirkungsgrade (bis zu 16.91 %) in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ‐Perowskitsolarzellen aufweist. Für ein kleines Molekül ist dies, gleich nach dem gängigen Lochleiter Spiro‐OMETAD, der bisher höchste gemessene Wirkungsgrad. Anders als bei Spiro‐OMETAD ist die Synthese dieses Lochleiters (V886) unkompliziert, weil zweistufig und aufbauend auf relativ billigen kommerziell verfügbaren Edukten. Das Molekül wurde durch verschiedene elektrooptische Messungen (UV/Vis, IV, Dünnschicht‐Leitfähigkeit, Lochbeweglichkeit, DSC, TGA und Ionisierungspotential) charakterisiert.
Synthesis of laterally attached side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polynorbornenes with high mesogen density by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (2006)

Abstract (±)‐ exo,endo ‐5,6‐Bis{[[11′‐[2″,5″‐bis[2‐(3′‐fluoro‐4′‐ n ‐alkoxyphenyl)ethynyl]phenyl]undecyl]oxy]carbonyl}bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene ( n = 1–12) monomers were polymerized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature with Mo(CHCMe 2 Ph)( N ‐2,6‐ i Pr 2 Ph)(O t Bu) 2 as the initiator to produce polymers with number‐average degrees of polymerization of 8–37 and relatively narrow polydispersities (polydispersity index = 1.08–1.31). The thermotropic behavior of these materials was independent of the molecular weight and therefore representative of that of a polymer at approximately 15 repeat units. The polymers exhibited an enantiotropic nematic mesophase when n was 2 or greater. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4076–4087, 2006
Intrathecal Corticoids in Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Part I: A New Therapeutic Approach in the Acute Phase (2009)

Intrathecally, triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) was suggested to have neuroprotective efficacy on infarction volume in acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats. In the first dose-finding study, TCA in five different doses or saline was administered into the cisterna magna of 12 rats, each 30 mins after endovascular occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). In the second magnet resonance controlled confirmation study, the most neuroprotective dose was compared with controls in each of the 15 rats. Infarction volume was calculated at 24 h by 2.3.5 triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride staining. Compared with controls (18.2%), infarction volume was significantly reduced using TCA at a dose of 0.012 mg/kg body weight (BW) (13.4%, P=0.04). TCA at doses of 0.03 (17.7%, P=0.84), 0.006 (15.9%, P=0.24), and 0.003 mg/kg BW (14.5%, P=0.11) did not significantly reduce infarction size. TCA 0.3 mg/kg BW resulted in bilateral infarction with increased infarction volume (19.8%, P=0.49). Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed successful MCAO and intrathecal administration. In experiment 2 compared with controls (20.0%), infarction volume was significantly reduced using TCA 0.012 mg/kg (13.4%, P=0.02). Intrathecally, TCA may significantly reduce infarction volume in acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Further studies are necessary to define the value of this therapy.
Slow Flow: Exploiting High-Speed Cameras for Accurate and Diverse Optical Flow Reference Data (2017)

Existing optical flow datasets are limited in size and variability due to the difficulty of capturing dense ground truth. In this paper, we tackle this problem by tracking pixels through densely sampled space-time volumes recorded with a high-speed video camera. Our model exploits the linearity of small motions and reasons about occlusions from multiple frames. Using our technique, we are able to establish accurate reference flow fields outside the laboratory in natural environments. Besides, we show how our predictions can be used to augment the input images with realistic motion blur. We demonstrate the quality of the produced flow fields on synthetic and real-world datasets. Finally, we collect a novel challenging optical flow dataset by applying our technique on data from a high-speed camera and analyze the performance of the state-of-the-art in optical flow under various levels of motion blur.
Superparamagnetic nanoadsorbents for the removal of trace As(III) in drinking water (2021)

A series of novel zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) decorated superparamagnetic graphene oxide hybrid nanoadsorbents were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their As(III) adsorbed amount in simulated drinking water. The three composite nanomaterials are based each on three isostructural and water stable ZIFs, (C-1 based on ZIF-8, C-2 based on ZIF-67, and C-3 based on ZIF-Zn/Co). The composite nanomaterials and there parent materials were characterized through pXRD, TEM, FTIR, BET and magnetometry methods (SQUID), and were tested as adsorbents in a representative drinking water matrix containing arsenite (As(III)) at an initial trace concentration (realistic in some natural drinking water sources) of 35 µg/L. The nanoadsorbents were magnetically captured and removed after adsorption in batch conditions. Out of the three composites, C-2 shows the highest As(III) adsorbed amount at an initial concentration of 35 µg/L (q0) of 202 µg/g, followed by C-3 with 102 µg/g and C-1 with 82 µg/g.