gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dealloying and Dealloyed Materials (2016)

A successful working model for nanoporosity evolution during dealloying was introduced 15 years ago. Since that time, the field has rapidly expanded, with research groups from across the world studying dealloying and dealloyed materials. Dealloying has grown into a rich field, with some groups focusing on fundamentals and mechanisms of dealloying, other groups creating new porous metals and alloys, and even more groups studying their properties. Dealloying was originally considered only in the context of corrosion, but now it is considered a facile self-organization technique to fabricate high-surface-area, bicontinuous nanoporous materials. Owing to their high interfacial area and the versatility of metallic materials, nanoporous metals have found application in catalysis, sensing, actuation, electrolytic and ultracapacitor materials, high-temperature templates/scaffolds, battery anodes, and radiation damage–tolerant materials. In this review, we discuss the fundamental materials principles underlying the formation of dealloyed materials and then look at two major applications: catalysis and nanomechanics.
Simultaneous Optical Recording in Multiple Cells by Digital Holographic Microscopy of Chloride Current Associated to Activation of the Ligand-Gated Chloride Channel GABAA Receptor (2012)

Chloride channels represent a group of targets for major clinical indications. However, molecular screening for chloride channel modulators has proven to be difficult and time-consuming as approaches essentially rely on the use of fluorescent dyes or invasive patch-clamp techniques which do not lend themselves to the screening of large sets of compounds. To address this problem, we have developed a non-invasive optical method, based on digital holographic microcopy (DHM), allowing monitoring of ion channel activity without using any electrode or fluorescent dye. To illustrate this approach, GABA(A) mediated chloride currents have been monitored with DHM. Practically, we show that DHM can non-invasively provide the quantitative determination of transmembrane chloride fluxes mediated by the activation of chloride channels associated with GABA(A) receptors. Indeed through an original algorithm, chloride currents elicited by application of appropriate agonists of the GABA(A) receptor can be derived from the quantitative phase signal recorded with DHM. Finally, chloride currents can be determined and pharmacologically characterized non-invasively simultaneously on a large cellular sampling by DHM.
Living Polymerization of Ethylene and Copolymerization of Ethylene/Methyl Acrylate Using “Sandwich” Diimine Palladium Catalysts (2014)

Cationic Pd(II) catalysts incorporating bulky 8-p-tolylnaphthyl substituted diimine ligands have been synthesized and investigated for ethylene polymerization and ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymerization. Homopolymerization of ethylene at room temperature resulted in branched polyethylene with narrow Mw/Mn values (ca. 1.1), indicative of a living polymerization. A mechanistic study revealed that the catalyst resting state was an alkyl olefin complex and that the turnover-limiting step was migratory insertion, thus the turnover frequency is independent of ethylene concentration. Copolymerization of ethylene and methyl acrylate (MA) was also achieved. MA incorporation was found to increase linearly with MA concentration, and copolymers with up to 14 mol % MA were prepared. Mechanistic studies revealed that acrylate insertion into a Pd–CH3 bond occurs at −70 °C to yield a four-membered chelate, which isomerizes first to a five-membered chelate and then to a six-membered chelate. Barriers to migratory insertion of both the (diimine)PdCH3(C2H4)+ (19.2 kcal/mol) and (diimine)PdCH3(η2-C2H3CO2Me)+ (15.2 kcal/mol) were measured by low-temperature NMR kinetics.
A baseline method for compiling typed unification grammars into context free language models (2001)

This paper presents a minimal enumerative approach to the problem of compiling typed unification grammars into CFG language models, a prototype implementation and results of experiments in which it was used to compile some non-trivial unification grammars. We argue that enumerative methods are considerably more useful than has been previously believed. Also, the simplicity of enumerative methods makes them a natural baseline against which to compare alternative approaches.
Intron sequences reveal evolutionary relationships among major histocompatibility complex class I genes. (1985)

The multigene family of the class I histocompatibility antigens is unusual in that allelic and intergenic differences often are of equal magnitude. It has been suggested that this is due to gene conversion events, which would produce allelic variation but at the same time reduce intergenic differences. We compared the sequences of 11 class I genes in an attempt to elucidate the evolutionary history of this gene family. Our analysis shows that the intron sequences can be used to establish the order of divergence of various class I genes from each other. The results obtained agree with the order of divergence deduced from major insertion and deletion events. It appears that certain genes in the murine TL antigen-encoding region diverged very early from the H-2 and Qa-2,3 genes. The latter can be subgrouped as H-2 and Qa-2,3 genes by both sequence homology and insertion patterns. In contrast to the introns, exon sequences provide less information on evolutionary relationships. Thus, these analyses are consistent with the view that concerted evolution due to gene conversion occurs preferentially in exons.
Neurally plausible sparse coding via competitive algorithms (2007)

Christopher J. Rozell, Don H. Johnson, Richard G. Baraniuk, and Bruno A. Olshausen Rice University, University of California, Berkeley Recent evidence indicates that many sensory systems employ sparse population codes [1]. However, neurally plausible mechanisms capable of efficiently finding sparse approximations are currently unknown. Signal processing researchers often employ suboptimal greedy sparse approximation algorithms [2] that iteratively select the single best vector. Though these algorithms work well in practice, they have two significant drawbacks making them implausible for neural systems: they would be difficult to implement in parallel architectures, and they have erratic temporal variations when coding smooth time-varying stimuli. We have developed and studied a new class of neurally plausible sparse approximation algorithms based on
High-throughput validation of ceRNA regulatory networks (2017)

Our results suggest that the expression of a significant fraction of cancer genes may be regulated by ceRNA interactions in each of the two tumor contexts.
Lithium‐Associated Hypercalcemia: Pathophysiology, Prevalence, Management (2017)

The high prevalence of LAH justifies the regular monitoring of calcium homeostasis, particularly in high-risk groups. If surgery is necessary, bilateral neck exploration should be considered in patients on chronic lithium treatment. Prospective studies are needed.
Active tunable substrate integrated evanescent-mode cavity resonator using negative resistance (2016)

A new active tunable substrate integrated evanescent-mode cavity resonator with gain is presented. Gain is achieved through loading the resonator with a negative resistance circuit. The negative resistance is realized using a single transistor circuit implemented on an extra circuit-board layer and coupled into the resonator using aperture coupling. A co-simulation of the electromagnetic structure and active circuit is used for the design of the active tunable resonator. The frequency tuning range of the resonator is from 2259 MHz to 2963 MHz (1.31:1). The resonator exhibits a gain of around 1 dB and a maximum loaded quality factor of 253.
Single mRNA detection of Wnt signaling pathway in the human limbus (2023)

Limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LSCs) are adult stem cells located at the limbus, tightly regulated by their close microenvironment. It has been shown that Wnt signaling pathway is crucial for LSCs regulation. Previous differential gene profiling studies confirmed the preferential expression of specific Wnt ligands (WNT2, WNT6, WNT11, WNT16) and Wnt inhibitors (DKK1, SFRP5, WIF1, FRZB) in the limbal region compared to the cornea. Among all frizzled receptors, frizzled7 (Fzd7) was found to be preferentially expressed in the basal limbal epithelium. However, the exact localization of Wnt signaling molecules-producing cells in the limbus remains unknown. The current study aims to evaluate the in situ spatial expression of these 4 Wnt ligands, 4 Wnt inhibitors, and Fzd7. Wnt ligands, DKK1, and Fzd7 expression were scattered within the limbal epithelium, at a higher abundance in the basal layer than the superficial layer. SFRP5 expression was diffuse among the limbal epithelium, whereas WIF1 and FRZB expression was clustered at the basal limbal epithelial layer corresponding to the areas of high levels of Fzd7 expression. Quantitation of the fluorescence intensity showed that all 4 Wnt ligands, 3 Wnt inhibitors (WIF1, DKK1, FRZB), and Fzd7 were highly expressed at the basal layer of the limbus, then in a decreasing gradient toward the superficial layer (P < 0.05). The expression levels of all 4 Wnt ligands, FRZB, and Fzd7 in the basal epithelial layer were higher in the limbus than the central cornea (P < 0.05). All 4 Wnt ligands, 4 Wnt inhibitors, and Fzd7 were also highly expressed in the limbal stroma immediately below the epithelium but not in the corneal stroma (P < 0.05). In addition, Fzd7 had a preferential expression in the superior limbus compared to other limbal quadrants (P < 0.05). Taken together, the unique expression patterns of the Wnt molecules in the limbus suggests the involvement of both paracrine and autocrine effects in LSCs regulation, and a fine balance between Wnt activators and inhibitors to govern LSC fate.
Discrimination of direction in the free field (1988)

The psychophysics of direct comparison (two-alternative, forced choice) was applied to the study of localization. For complex signals, the interaural parameters presented by stimuli in the free field are more “natural” than those heard through earphones though more difficult to control. In this study, digital preprocessing was used to reverse the spectral characteristics of each loudspeaker to make its response uniform and indiscriminable. The listener sat in an anechoic chamber with his or her head optically fixed at the center of a semicircular array of speakers. The stimuli were trains of n filtered clicks (n = 1, 9, or 18) whose center frequencies were either 2050, 4050, or 6050 Hz. Interclick intervals (ICIs) were either 4 or 12 ms and levels were set so that a single click was 10 dB SL. Minimum audible angles (MAAs) were found to increase as the azimuth increased from 0 to 60 deg; performance was best at 2050 Hz. Studies of lateralization with earphones have led to speculations about “binaural adaptation,” a process whereby improvements in threshold with increased n depend on the click rate (1/ICI). Similar analyses show this also to be true for free-field listening. [Research supported by the NIH.]
Foraging and navigations, fundamentally: developers' predictions of value and cost (2016)

Empirical studies have revealed that software developers spend 35%–50% of their time navigating through source code during development activities, yet fundamental questions remain: Are these percentages too high, or simply inherent in the nature of software development? Are there factors that somehow determine a lower bound on how effectively developers can navigate a given information space? Answering questions like these requires a theory that captures the core of developers' navigation decisions. Therefore, we use the central proposition of Information Foraging Theory to investigate developers' ability to predict the value and cost of their navigation decisions. Our results showed that over 50% of developers' navigation choices produced less value than they had predicted and nearly 40% cost more than they had predicted. We used those results to guide a literature analysis, to investigate the extent to which these challenges are met by current research efforts, revealing a new area of inquiry with a rich and crosscutting set of research challenges and open problems.
N‐Phenyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline: An Alternative Scaffold for the Design of 17β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 Inhibitors (2020)

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyse interconversion at the C17 position between oxidized and reduced forms of steroidal nuclear receptor ligands. The type 1 enzyme, expressed in malignant cells, catalyses reduction of the less-active estrone to estradiol, and inhibitors have therapeutic potential in estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast and ovarian cancers and in endometriosis. Synthetic decoration of the nonsteroidal N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) template was pursued by using Pomeranz-Fritsch-Bobbitt, Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Napieralski approaches to explore the viability of this scaffold as a steroid mimic. Derivatives were evaluated biologically in vitro as type 1 enzyme inhibitors in a bacterial cell homogenate as source of recombinant protein. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. THIQs possessing a 6-hydroxy group, lipophilic substitutions at the 1- or 4-positions in combination with N-4'-chlorophenyl substitution were most favourable for activity. Of these, one compound had an IC<sub>50</sub> of ca. 350 nM as a racemate, testifying to the applicability of this novel approach.
Electrohysterographic conduction velocity estimation (2009)

Monitoring and analysis of the fetal-heart and the uterine-muscle activity, referred to as electrohysterogram (EHG), is essential to permit timely treatment during pregnancy. While remarkable progress is reported for monitoring of the fetal cardiac activity, the EHG measurement and interpretation remains challenging, and limited knowledge is available on the underlying physiological processes. In particular, little attention has been paid to the analysis of the EHG propagation, whose characteristics might indicate the presence of coordinated uterine contractions leading to intrauterine pressure increase. Therefore, this study focuses for the first time on the noninvasive estimation of the conduction velocity of EHG action potentials by means of multichannel EHG recording and surface high-density electrodes. A maximum likelihood algorithm, initially proposed for skeletal-muscle electromyog-raphy, is modified for the required EHG analysis. The use of clustering and weighting is introduced to deal with poor signal similarity between different channels. The presented methods were evaluated by specific simulations, proving the combination of weighting and clustering to be the most accurate method. A preliminary EHG measurement during labor confirmed the feasibility of the method. An extensive clinical validation will however be necessary to optimize the method and assess the relevance of the EHG conduction velocity for pregnancy monitoring.
Society Position Statement Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society Joint Position Statement on the Use of Remote Monitoring for Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Follow-up (2013)

Remote monitoring (RM) is a form of telemedicine technology that permits implanted pacemakers and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators to transmit diagnostic information for review by health care professionals without patients needing to visit the device followup clinic. A bedside transmitter in the patient’s home conveys the device data using standard telecommunication protocol to a protected
RE: RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INCIDENTALLY DEFECTED TUMORS (2001)

No AccessJournal of UrologyCLINICAL UROLOGY: Letters to the Editor1 Apr 2001RE: RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INCIDENTALLY DEFECTED TUMORS Lorenzo G. Luciani, K.-H. Tsui, O. Shvarts, R.B. Smith, R. Figlin, J.B. deKernion, and A. Belldegrun Lorenzo G. LucianiLorenzo G. Luciani More articles by this author , K.-H. TsuiK.-H. Tsui More articles by this author , O. ShvartsO. Shvarts More articles by this author , R.B. SmithR.B. Smith More articles by this author , R. FiglinR. Figlin More articles by this author , J.B. deKernionJ.B. deKernion More articles by this author , and A. BelldegrunA. Belldegrun More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66488-9AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "RE: RENAL CELL CARCINOMA: PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF INCIDENTALLY DEFECTED TUMORS." The Journal of Urology, 165(4), p. 1223 References 1 : Incidental renal cell carcinoma—age and stage characterization and clinical implications: study of 1092 patients (1982–1997). Urology2000; 56: 58. Google Scholar 2 : Small renal parenchymal neoplasms: further observations. Radiology1995; 197: 589. Google Scholar 3 : Clinically unrecognized renal cell carcinoma. Diagnostic and pathological aspects. Eur Urol1990; 18: 2. Google Scholar 4 : Clinically unrecognized, silent renal-cell carcinoma in elderly cancer patients. J Am Geriatr Soc1970; 18: 443. Google Scholar 5 : Increase of renal cell carcinoma incidence in central Europe. Eur Urol1998; 33: 538. Google Scholar 6 : Natural history of small renal masses. J Urol2000; 164: 1143. Abstract, Google Scholar Via Gramsci 2Trento 38100Italy© 2001 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 165Issue 4April 2001Page: 1223 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2001 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Lorenzo G. Luciani More articles by this author K.-H. Tsui More articles by this author O. Shvarts More articles by this author R.B. Smith More articles by this author R. Figlin More articles by this author J.B. deKernion More articles by this author A. Belldegrun More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Sensitive quantitation of isoglobotriaosylceramide in the presence of isobaric components using electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (2007)

Isoglobotriaosylceramide (iGb3) is a stimulatory antigen for a unique type of T cell, Natural Killer T cells. Produced in the lysosomal compartment by mammalian antigen-presenting cells, iGb3 is one of the few clearly identified carbohydrate ligands for biological receptors. A major source of glycoconjugate structural diversity arises from the possibility of forming different linkages between the same monosaccharide units. Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) exists as a natural isomer for iGb3, and both isomers are frequently found together in mixtures of glycosphingolipids extracted from mammalian cell membranes. Discriminating these isomers has been feasible using monoclonal antibodies raised against specific carbohydrate epitopes, or by unambiguous structural characterization, which requires relatively large amounts of pure compounds isolated from grams, or tens of grams, of biological samples. However, the precise detection of iGb3 from small amounts of biological samples, where it may be mixed with Gb3 present in much higher abundance, is a prerequisite for answering further important biological questions such as stimulation of NKT cells. Here we describe a specific and sensitive method based on ion trap mass spectrometry to discriminate iGb3 from Gb3. We also demonstrate its application to quantifying the amount of iGb3 in a prototype antigen-presenting cell, rat RBL-CD1d cells, using a chemically synthesized short N-acyl chain iGb3 as internal standard. This methodology may have wide implications for functional glycosphingolipidomics of immune cells and glycosphingolipid biomarker analysis.
β-Lactams with antiproliferative and antiapoptotic activity in breast and chemoresistant colon cancer cells (2020)

A series of novel 1,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone analogues of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) have been designed, synthesised and evaluated in vitro for antiproliferative activity, antiapoptotic activity and inhibition of tubulin polymerisation. Glucuronidation of CA-4 by uridine 5-diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase enzymes (UGTs) has been identified as a mechanism of resistance in cancer cells. Potential sites of ring B glucuronate conjugation are removed by replacing the B ring meta-hydroxy substituent of selected series of β-lactams with alternative substituents e.g. F, Cl, Br, I, CH<sub>3</sub>. The 3-phenyl-β-lactam 11 and 3-hydroxy-β-lactam 46 demonstrate improved activity over CA-4 in CA-4 resistant HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC<sub>50</sub> = 9 nM and 3 nM respectively compared with IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.16 μM for CA-4), while retaining potency in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC<sub>50</sub> = 17 nM and 22 nM respectively compared with IC<sub>50</sub> = for 4 nM for CA-4). Compound 46 binds at the colchicine site of tubulin, and strongly inhibits tubulin assembly at micromolar concentrations comparable to CA-4. In addition, compound 46 induced mitotic arrest at low concentration in both cell lines MCF-7 and HT-29 together with downregulation of expression of antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and survivin in MCF-7 cells. These novel antiproliferative and antiapoptotic β-lactams are potentially useful scaffolds in the development of tubulin-targeting agents for the treatment of breast cancers and chemoresistant colon cancers.
Bone marrow-transforming activity of linker insertion mutants of Abelson murine leukemia virus. (1992)

Two sets of mutants of the Abelson murine leukemia virus, generated by linker insertion mutagenesis of a cloned proviral DNA, were tested for their ability to transform bone marrow cultures in vitro. All the viruses retained an intact tyrosine kinase domain and were competent for transformation of NIH3T3 fibroblasts in culture. One series contained 12-bp linker insertions in the regions flanking the kinase domain, and the other contained frameshift mutations that truncated the gene product downstream of the kinase domain. The majority of the 12-bp insertion mutants retained full bone marrow-transforming activity; only one insertion in the SH2 domain showed reduced activity. This mutant suggests that some aspect of the SH2 domain may be more important in transformation of lymphocytes than fibroblasts. In contrast to the first set of mutants, the bone marrow-transforming activity of the majority of the truncation mutants was significantly reduced or completely lost. We conclude that there is a broad requirement for an intact C-terminal domain of the v-abl protein for the transformation of pre-B cells, but that no single part of this domain is critical.