gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Light emission by free electrons in photonic time-crystals (2022)

Photonic time-crystals (PTCs) are spatially homogeneous media whose electromagnetic susceptibility varies periodically in time, causing temporal reflections and refractions for any wave propagating within the medium. The time-reflected and time-refracted waves interfere, giving rise to Floquet modes with momentum bands separated by momentum gaps (rather than energy bands and energy gaps, as in photonic crystals). Here, we present a study on the emission of radiation by free electrons in PTCs. We show that a free electron moving in a PTC spontaneously emits radiation, and when associated with momentum-gap modes, the electron emission process is exponentially amplified by the modulation of the refractive index. Moreover, under strong electron-photon coupling, the quantum formulation reveals that the spontaneous emission into the PTC bandgap experiences destructive quantum interference with the emission of the electron into the PTC band modes, leading to suppression of the interdependent emission. Free-electron physics in PTCs offers a platform for studying a plethora of exciting phenomena, such as radiating dipoles moving at relativistic speeds and highly efficient quantum interactions with free electrons.
A High-Rate Manganese Oxide for Rechargeable Lithium Battery Applications (2001)

made by ion exchange of glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis-processed (GNP) orthorhombic has been cycled in lithium/liquid electrolyte cell configurations at room temperature and lithium/polymer cell configurations at 85°C over one hundred times without showing capacity fading or phase conversion to spinel. At 2.5 mA/cm2 in liquid cells (5C rate) or 1 mA/cm2 (1.5C rate) in polymer cells, 80-95% of the expected capacity is delivered. The remarkable stability is attributable to the unusual double tunnel structure, which cannot easily undergo rearrangement to spinel. The enhanced rate capability of compared to conventionally prepared materials is attributable to the shorter particle length, which allows faster diffusion of lithium ions along the tunnels. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
A Cancer Cell Spheroid Assay to Assess Invasion in a 3D Setting (2015)

The invasive nature of cancer cell lines is thought to correlate with their metastatic potential. Most traditional assays, however, do not examine these invasive features in a three-dimensional environment and the resulting data suffer from reduced biological applicability. Here an approach is presented to visualize the invasive ability of cell lines in a physiologically relevant setting. The cancer cell spheroid invasion assay first utilizes gravity to generate spheroids within drops of media that hang from the lid of a cell culture dish. Next, these spheroids are embedded in a 3D matrix consisting of a mixture of basement membrane materials and type I collagen. Cancer cell egression from the spheroids into the surrounding matrix is then monitored over time. The method described here can be modified to examine invasion after coculture of different cell types, inclusion of drugs/inhibitors, or alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents.
INDEPENDENT SYNTHESIS OF LIGHT AND HEAVY CHAINS (1974)

The rates of immunoglobulin synthesis have been examined in two MFC-11 cell lines which were independently adapted to tissue culture and in light-chain-producing variants derived from each of them. One cell line synthesized 2.5 pg immunoglobulin/cell/h, while the other synthesized 3.6 pg immunoglobulin/cell/h. The ratio of heavy and light chains in the two cell lines was approximately the same, and the size of the intracellular pool of immunoglobulin was proportioned to the rate of synthesis. Variants which had spontaneously lost the ability to produce heavy chains continued to synthesize light chains at approximately the same rate as their parent cell line.
Surgical resection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma after response to interleukin-2-based immunotherapy (1992)

Thirty-one patients with disseminated melanoma or renal cell cancer (RCC) who had a limited relapse or persistent disease after a partial or complete response to interleukin-2 (IL-2)-based immunotherapy underwent resection of progressing tumors or residual sites of disease. There were no surgery-related deaths. The median time to disease progression after resection for patients with RCC (n = 16) and melanoma (n = 15) was 11 and 5 months, respectively. All patients with melanoma had tumor progression within 10 months of surgery. Seven of 16 patients with RCC were free of tumor progression 4 to 44 months after surgery. Three of 12 patients with RCC rendered disease-free by surgery remain disease-free after 2 years. These data suggest that surgical resection is a reasonable option in selected patients who have a relapse after responding to IL-2-based immunotherapy. Although this retrospective study could not determine the relative survival benefits of surgery and immunotherapy, it showed that resection of metastatic disease after a response to immunotherapy can result in significant disease-free survival in patients with RCC but not melanoma.
Bimodal age distribution at diagnosis in breast cancer persists across molecular and genomic classifications (2019)

Bimodal age distribution at diagnosis was detected in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, similar to national cancer registry data. Our data support two fundamental age-defined etiologic breast cancer subtypes that persist across molecular and genomic characteristics. Better criteria to distinguish etiologic subtypes could improve understanding of breast cancer etiology and contribute to prevention efforts.
A Hybrid Robotic System for Arm Training of Stroke Survivors: Concept and First Evaluation (2019)

The presented hybrid robotic system is highly customizable, allows to monitor the daily performance, requires low supervision of the therapist, and might have the potential to enhance arm recovery after stroke.
Nanocomposite thin films for optical gas sensing (2023)

The disclosure relates to a plasmon resonance-based method for gas sensing in a gas stream utilizing a gas sensing material. In an embodiment the gas stream has a temperature greater than about 500.degree. C. The gas sensing material is comprised of gold nanoparticles having an average nanoparticle diameter of less than about 100 nanometers dispersed in an inert matrix having a bandgap greater than or equal to 5 eV, and an oxygen ion conductivity less than approximately 10.sup.-7 S/cm at a temperature of 700.degree. C. Exemplary inert matrix materials include SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and Si.sub.3N.sub.4 as well as modifications to modify the effective refractive indices through combinations and/or doping of such materials. Changes in the chemical composition of the gas stream are detected by changes in the plasmon resonance peak. The method disclosed offers significant advantage over active and reducible matrix materials typically utilized, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or TiO.sub.2.
Targeted agents for the systemic treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Abstract The prognosis for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma is poor and systemic therapy has historically been of limited benefit. However, novel targeted agents offer promise in improving patient outcomes. In a recent phase III study the oral multi‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib was demonstrated to have a survival advantage over a placebo in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Similar efficacy was demonstrated in a phase III trial limited to an Asian–Pacific group of patients. While these results are encouraging, it is vital to make further progress. In this review we examine current knowledge of targeted agents in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. We also address some of the key issues that require exploration regarding the use of targeted agents in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
HIGH PRESSURE EJECTOR TEST (1957)

A commercial jet ejector was operated over a range of pressures up to 1500 psi to determine its characteristics. The purpose of the test was to establish head-capacity and efficiency curves to serve as a guide in sizing much larger lets for high pressure applications. Presumably, larger jets would have similar characteristics except for flow rate. Water, circulated by a canned- rotor pump, was the motive fluid; the driven fluid was N gas. All tests were run at room temperature. Both gas head and efficiency varied directly with systcm pressure up to 1000 psi and dropped slightly at 1500 psi. The optimum operating point was not reached, but efficiencies ot approximately 25% were attained at 1000 to 1500 psi. The ejector appears attractive as a simple and efficient device for pumping gas at high pressure. (auth)
<title>Design review of a unique out-of-plane polarimetric scatterometer</title> (1993)

This paper reviews a scatterometer which is capable of measuring scatter throughout most of the sphere surrounding the sample. The instrument can be configured to operate at many different laser wavelengths, or with a broadband source, at virtually any angle of incidence. Automated polarization control of both source and receiver has been accomplished, which allows calculation of incident and scattered Stokes vectors as well as the Mueller matrix associated with either reflective or transmissive samples. This paper forms the background material for the two papers that follow it in this proceeding.
Production and Purification of Viruses for Structural Studies (2010)

Advances in protein production and purification techniques over the past two decades have allowed the structural study of numerous proteins and macromolecular assemblages that would have otherwise been intractable to the necessary approaches (detailed in the following chapters). This chapter focuses...
Machine learning meets visualization – Experiences and lessons learned (2022)

Abstract In this article, we discuss how Visualization (VIS) with Machine Learning (ML) could mutually benefit from each other. We do so through the lens of our own experience working at this intersection for the last decade. Particularly we focus on describing how VIS supports explaining ML models and aids ML-based Dimensionality Reduction techniques in solving tasks such as parameter space analysis. In the other direction, we discuss approaches showing how ML helps improve VIS, such as applying ML-based automation to improve visualization design. Based on the examples and our own perspective, we describe a number of open research challenges that we frequently encountered in our endeavors to combine ML and VIS.
GPC1-Targeted Immunotoxins Inhibit Pancreatic Tumor Growth in Mice via Depletion of Short-lived GPC1 and Downregulation of Wnt Signaling (2022)

Abstract Glypican-1 (GPC1) is a cell surface proteoglycan that is upregulated in multiple types of human cancers including pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigated whether GPC1 could be a target of antibody-toxin fusion proteins (i.e., immunotoxins) for treating pancreatic cancer. We constructed a panel of GPC1-targeted immunotoxins derived from a functional domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. An albumin-binding domain was also introduced into the anti-GPC1 immunotoxin to improve serum half-life. Small-molecule screening was performed to identify irinotecan that shows synergistic efficacy with the immunotoxin. We showed that GPC1 was internalized upon antibody binding. Anti-GPC1 immunotoxins alone inhibited tumor growth in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model. The immunotoxin treatment reduced active β-catenin expression in tumor cells. Furthermore, immunotoxins containing an albumin-binding domain in combination with irinotecan caused pancreatic tumor regression. GPC1 expression was reduced by the immunotoxin treatment due to the degradation of the internalized GPC1 and its short cellular turnover rate. Our data indicate that the GPC1-targeted immunotoxin inhibits pancreatic tumor growth via degradation of internalized GPC1, downregulation of Wnt signaling, and inhibition of protein synthesis. The anti-GPC1 immunotoxin in combination with irinotecan thus provides a potential new treatment strategy for patients with pancreatic tumors.
A Model for Gas Coning and Rate-Dependent Gas/Oil Ratio in an Oil-Rim Reservoir (2008)

Summary In oil-rim fields, a thin oil layer lies between an aquifer and a gas cap. Oil may be produced from such fields by use of horizontal wells. Production will lower the local gas/oil contact (GOC) near the well in a process called gas coning. After gas breakthrough, the gas/oil ratio (GOR) from the well may vary strongly with the production rate. The ability to predict this dependency is essential for production optimization for such fields. We have developed a mathematical model that can predict gas-coning behavior and the resulting rate-dependent GOR for periods of several months or more. Despite a simple model structure and short computation times, the accuracy of the predictions is good. We combine a dynamic model that describes the essential reservoir behavior with a highly simplified description of the interaction between the well and the surrounding reservoir. The full model has three adjustable parameters that allow us to fit the behavior to individual wells, using historical oil-and gas-production rates. The model forms the basis of the GORM (gas/oil ratio model) computer program that, since early 2003, is in regular use for production planning and optimization at the Troll field. We also have tested the model on wells in other fields, with encouraging results. Note that the model describes the behavior of individual wells only. The focus is short-and medium-time production optimization, not reservoir management.
A New 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole‐Based Hole‐Transport Material for Efficient CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

A new hole-transport material (HTM) based on the 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety (H1) was prepared through a single-step synthetic pathway starting from commercially available products. Thanks to a deep HOMO level, H1 was used as HTM in CH3 NH3 PbBr3 perovskite solar cells yielding an efficiency of 5.8%. The reference HTM (Spiro-OMeTAD), under the same testing conditions, furnished a lower efficiency of 5.1%. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence of the thin films showed good charge-extraction dynamics for H1 devices. In addition, H1 shows a large thermal stability and completely amorphous behavior (as evaluated by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry).
Space-Time Trellis Coded 8PSK Schemes for Rapid Rayleigh Fading Channels (2002)

This paper presents the design of 8PSK space-time (ST) trellis codes suitable for rapid fading channels. The proposed codes utilize the design criteria of ST codes over rapid fading channels. Two different approaches have been used. The first approach maximizes the symbol-wise Hamming distance (HD) between signals leaving from or entering to the same encoder′s state. In the second approach, set partitioning based on maximizing the sum of squared Euclidean distances (SSED) between the ST signals is performed; then, the branch-wise HD is maximized. The proposed codes were simulated over independent and correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Coding gains up to 4 dB have been observed over other ST trellis codes of the same complexity.
Using Direct Metal Deposition to Fabricate Mold Plates for an Injection Mold Machine Allowing for the Evaluation of Cost Effective Near-Sourcing Opportunities in Larger, High Volume Consumer Products (2014)

ORNL collaborated with Radio Systems Corporation to investigate additive manufacturing (AM) of mold plates for plastic injection molding by direct metal deposition. The team s modelling effort identified a 100% improvement in heat transfer through use of conformal cooling lines that could be built into the mold using a revolutionary design enabled by additive manufacturing. Using the newly installed laser deposition system at the ORNL Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF) a stainless steel mold core was printed.
New olefinic interlevel dielectric materials for multi-chip modules (2002)

A new class of materials derived from addition polymers of cyclic olefins is described. The general properties of these polymers include Tg greater than 350/spl deg/C, dielectric constant less than 2.6, low moisture absorption and good elongation-to-break. These materials have also been modified to have excellent adhesion to commonly used materials such as silica and aluminum. In addition, excellent adhesion has been achieved to copper and noble metals such as gold and silver. These polymers are shown to adhere even in the absence of an adhesion promoter or tie layer on the metal (e.g. titanium, tantalum, chromium) and to remain as adherent films even after being placed in boiling water for 2 hours. These materials are expected to demonstrate utility in electronic applications and interconnection by offering superior performance over traditional materials while reducing the device manufacturing cost.
Nanoparticles presenting clusters of CD4 expose a universal vulnerability of HIV-1 by mimicking target cells (2020)

CD4-based decoy approaches against HIV-1 are attractive options for long-term viral control, but initial designs, including soluble CD4 (sCD4) and CD4-Ig, were ineffective. To evaluate a therapeutic that more accurately mimics HIV-1 target cells compared with monomeric sCD4 and dimeric CD4-Ig, we generated virus-like nanoparticles that present clusters of membrane-associated CD4 (CD4-VLPs) to permit high-avidity binding of trimeric HIV-1 envelope spikes. In neutralization assays, CD4-VLPs were >12,000-fold more potent than sCD4 and CD4-Ig and >100-fold more potent than the broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) 3BNC117, with >12,000-fold improvements against strains poorly neutralized by 3BNC117. CD4-VLPs also neutralized patient-derived viral isolates that were resistant to 3BNC117 and other bNAbs. Intraperitoneal injections of CD4-CCR5-VLP produced only subneutralizing plasma concentrations in HIV-1-infected humanized mice but elicited CD4-binding site mutations that reduced viral fitness. All mutant viruses showed reduced sensitivity to sCD4 and CD4-Ig but remained sensitive to neutralization by CD4-VLPs in vitro. In vitro evolution studies demonstrated that CD4-VLPs effectively controlled HIV-1 replication at neutralizing concentrations, and viral escape was not observed. Moreover, CD4-VLPs potently neutralized viral swarms that were completely resistant to CD4-Ig, suggesting that escape pathways that confer resistance against conventional CD4-based inhibitors are ineffective against CD4-VLPs. These findings suggest that therapeutics that mimic HIV-1 target cells could prevent viral escape by exposing a universal vulnerability of HIV-1: the requirement to bind CD4 on a target cell. We propose that therapeutic and delivery strategies that ensure durable bioavailability need to be developed to translate this concept into a clinically feasible functional cure therapy.
The tRNA Pyrophosphorylase Activity of Escherichia coli. A Study on Substrate Specificity (1970)

tRNA pyrophosphorylase was partially purified from Escherichia coli MRE 600 cells. Upon chromatography on a DEAE‐cellulose column, two enzymatic activity peaks were partially resolved. Gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of approx. 42000 dalton for both. Some general properties are reported. The only consistent difference between the two enzyme fractions was that the first incorporated more AMP‐residues for a given tRNA preparation, as if the second has a more restricted specificity with respect to the acceptor tRNA molecules in the adenylation reaction. Partial degradation of tRNA by combined digestion with ribonuclease T 1 and spleen exo‐nuclease indicated a rapid removal of approx. 16 nucleotides per tRNA molecule, presumably from more exposed regions. The amino acid acceptor activity was more sensitive to this nuclease pretreatment than the 3′‐terminal adenylic acid acceptor activity. Direct analysis showed that RNA fragments of chain length approx. 40 and even 10 were still functional in accepting terminal adenylic acid.
Emergent Decarboxylase Activity and Attenuation of α/β-Hydrolase Activity during the Evolution of Methylketone Biosynthesis in Tomato (2012)

Specialized methylketone-containing metabolites accumulate in certain plants, in particular wild tomatoes in which they serve as toxic compounds against chewing insects. In Solanum habrochaites f. glabratum, methylketone biosynthesis occurs in the plastids of glandular trichomes and begins with intermediates of de novo fatty acid synthesis. These fatty-acyl intermediates are converted via sequential reactions catalyzed by Methylketone Synthase2 (MKS2) and MKS1 to produce the n-1 methylketone. We report crystal structures of S. habrochaites MKS1, an atypical member of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily. Sequence comparisons revealed the MKS1 catalytic triad, Ala-His-Asn, as divergent to the traditional α/β-hydrolase triad, Ser-His-Asp. Determination of the MKS1 structure points to a novel enzymatic mechanism dependent upon residues Thr-18 and His-243, confirmed by biochemical assays. Structural analysis further reveals a tunnel leading from the active site consisting mostly of hydrophobic residues, an environment well suited for fatty-acyl chain binding. We confirmed the importance of this substrate binding mode by substituting several amino acids leading to an alteration in the acyl-chain length preference of MKS1. Furthermore, we employ structure-guided mutagenesis and functional assays to demonstrate that MKS1, unlike enzymes from this hydrolase superfamily, is not an efficient hydrolase but instead catalyzes the decarboxylation of 3-keto acids.
Unknown Pathogen Detection in Clinical Samples: A Novel Hyperspectral Imaging and Single Cell Sequencing Approach. (2015)

Abstract not provided.
Activation and fusion induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and their relation in alveolar macrophages. (1984)

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3] induces fusion of murine alveolar macrophages. This effect was observed in growth medium containing 5% human serum but not in the medium with 5% fetal bovine serum. Unlike 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) did not induce fusion of alveolar macrophages. However, both 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 and LPS activated alveolar macrophages, as measured by glucose consumption, increase in Fc receptors, and induction of cytotoxicity. The number of Fc receptors on the surface of multinucleated giant cells induced by 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 was much smaller than that on the surface of mononuclear macrophages treated with the hormone. These results indicate that 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 induces both fusion and activation of alveolar macrophages, whereas LPS elicits activation only.