gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Requirements of photomask registration for the 45nm node and beyond: Is it possible? (2007)

As semiconductor features shrink in size and pitch, the pattern placement error at photomask, that is, the registration
becomes more important factor to be reduced. Following ITRS roadmap, the registration for sub-45 nm node is required
to be less than 5 nm but this specification still corresponds to the challengeable goal. Among several reasons to induce
registration, here, we have focused on four major registration errors: e-beam positioning error, patterning effect, pellicle
attachment effect, and sampling error of measurement. We quantify and analyze each error with the help of finite
element modeling and by experiment. Based on these results, we present the current status and the goal of each error for
the roadmap of sub-45 nm node.
Free fatty acid perturbation of transmembrane signaling in cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1989)

Transmembrane signaling in CTL is found to be extremely sensitive to short term exposure to long chain free fatty acids (FFA). Both alloantigen specific target cells and the lectin Con A were used to stimulate cloned murine CTL. This stimulation was monitored by changes in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) using the fluorescence indicator fura-2. Treatment of the CTL cells with oleic acid (18:1) at concentrations corresponding to less than 10% (mol/mol) bound to the cell, completely inhibits target cell or Con A-mediated rise in [Ca2+]i. The inhibitory effect of oleic acid is observed within seconds of addition and the inhibition is completely reversed by treating cells with fatty acid free BSA. In addition, using the fluorescence indicator 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)carboxyfluorescein to monitor intracellular pH, it was found that oleic acid itself acidifies the cytosol by about 0.3 to 0.4 pH units. Acidification is probably necessary, but is not sufficient to inhibit the calcium rise. Stearic acid (18:0), even at concentrations that correspond to a factor of two to three more bound to the cell than for oleic acid, had no effect on either the [Ca2+]i or intracellular pH responses. Oleic acid was found to bind to cells with single site kinetics and with a number of sites and affinity corresponding to membrane lipid binding sites. Esterification of added oleic acid was negligible in the time (seconds to minutes) required to induce inhibition of the [Ca2+]i response. Inasmuch as added FFA primarily binds to membrane lipid, is not appreciably esterified, and the inhibition is reversed by treatment with fatty acid free BSA, it is likely that the oleic acid effects are due to a physical perturbation of membrane lipid. Furthermore, oleic acid does not affect Con A binding or the production of inositol phosphate metabolites, suggesting that the inhibition of the response is distal to surface recognition events or receptor-phospholipase C coupling. Given the relatively low levels of FFA at which these effects occur it is possible, under conditions in which FFA levels are elevated, that FFA perturbation may modulate CTL activity.
Characterizing non-linear microwave behavior of semiconductor materials with Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy (2016)

As semiconductor technology advances, it can benefit from characterization of more complex materials with smaller geometries. Scanning Microwave Impedance Microscopy, sMIM, provides such with its measurements of the real and imaginary components of a sample's microwave impedance as seen by the tip of an atomic force microscope. sMIM can image capacitance C and its variation with bias, C-V, a non-linear property. With such images to navigate, sMIM can measure C as a function of bias at chosen locations. Images and measurements can be made for a broad range materials, from un-doped to highly doped. C-V curves from two microelectronic samples are shown below.
HWGN2: Side-channel Protected Neural Networks through Secure and Private Function Evaluation (2022)

Recent work has highlighted the risks of intellectual property (IP) piracy of deep learning (DL) models from the side-channel leakage of DL hardware accelerators. In response, to provide side-channel leakage resiliency to DL hardware accelerators, several approaches have been proposed, mainly borrowed from the methodologies devised for cryptographic implementations. Therefore, as expected, the same challenges posed by the complex design of such countermeasures should be dealt with. This is despite the fact that fundamental cryptographic approaches, specifically secure and private function evaluation, could potentially improve the robustness against side-channel leakage. To examine this and weigh the costs and benefits, we introduce hardware garbled NN (HWGN2), a DL hardware accelerator implemented on FPGA. HWGN2 also provides NN designers with the flexibility to protect their IP in real-time applications, where hardware resources are heavily constrained, through a hardware-communication cost trade-off. Concretely, we apply garbled circuits, implemented using a MIPS architecture that achieves up to 62.5x fewer logical and 66x less memory utilization than the state-of-the-art approaches at the price of communication overhead. Further, the side-channel resiliency of HWGN2 is demonstrated by employing the test vector leakage assessment (TVLA) test against both power and electromagnetic side-channels. This is in addition to the inherent feature of HWGN2: it ensures the privacy of users' input, including the architecture of NNs. We also demonstrate a natural extension to the malicious security modeljust as a by-product of our implementation.
<title>Surface-micromachined electrostatic deflector for wideband tunable WDDM filtering</title> (1999)

We report a surface-micromachined electrostatic deflector as a controlling element for a novel micro-opto-electro- mechanical (MOEM) bandpass tunable filter for a wavelength- division-multiplexed optical-fiber sensor system. Such a tunable MOEM filter involves multiplexed volume holograms, a surface micromachined electrostatic deflector, and an array of Si photodetectors. The micromachined electrostatic deflector, providing fast and repeatable adjustments, greatly enhances the dynamic tuning range of the filter. To micromachine the electrostatic deflector, we use thick photoresist as a sacrificial layer that is patterned using conventional microlithography, followed by electroplating. Ten deflectors with different lengths have been fabricated, and the electrostatic actuation of each device has been demonstrated. DuPont photopolymer film is employed for forming multiplexed volume holograms, which in conjunction with a photodetector array will allow the filter to operate at many wavelength windows. The incorporation of the multiplexed volume hologram with the electrostatic deflector will allow us to tune dynamically the filter.
A fast and efficient method for sequential cone‐beam tomography (2001)

Sequential cone‐beam tomography is a method that uses data of two or more parallel circular trajectories of a cone‐beam scanner to reconstruct the object function. We propose a condition for the data acquisition that ensures that all object points between two successive circles are irradiated over an angular span of the x‐ray source position of exactly 360° in total as seen along the rotation axis. A fast and efficient approximative reconstruction method for the proposed acquisition is presented which uses data from exactly 360° for every object point. It is based on the Tent‐FDK method which was recently developed for single circular cone‐beam CT. The measurement geometry does not provide sufficient data for exact reconstruction but it is shown that the proposed reconstruction method provides satisfying image quality for small cone angles.
Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder (2021)

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun's electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
Bending losses and modal properties of serpentine and bent waveguides (2012)

Conformal transformation and the beam propagation method are employed for the simulation of deeply-etched bent and serpentine waveguides on an InP substrate with an active region consisting of double InGaAs quantum wells. The modal properties are analyzed and the bending and transition losses are extracted from the propagation results. For the serpentine waveguides, the transition losses increase significantly for waveguides with bending radii less than 12 &#956;m, yet careful choice of the transition point at which the curvature reverses is shown to minimize the losses induced by the transition. Effects of etch depth are also considered and conclusion that it is necessary to etch through the active region for deeply-etched bent waveguides is drawn.
Characterization of the chemical composition of a block copolymer by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization (2007)

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in the positive and negative ion modes was used for the characterization of a block copolymer consisting of methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (mPEO), an epsilon-caprolactone (CL) segment and linoleic acid (LA), used as surfactant in water-based latex paints. Chromatographic separation was obtained based on the number of CL units in the polymer species and the presence of an mPEO and/or LA tail. Different ionization methods were found to be complementary and only their combination allowed the qualitative profiling of the chemical composition. The LC/MS method has proven valuable for following the reaction in time, as well as for comparison of different polymeric surfactants.
A 2.125-Gb/s BiCMOS fiber channel transmitter for serial data communications (2002)

A 2.125-Gb/s transmitter, meeting the specifications of the emerging ANSI fiber channel standard, has been developed using BiCMOS technology. The LSI serializes 32-bit-wide data through an 8B10B encoder. The power dissipation is 860 mW.
Data Compression with Restricted Parsings (2006)

We consider a class of algorithms related to Lempel-Ziv that incorporate restrictions on the manner in which the data can be parsed with the goal of introducing new tradeoffs between implementation complexity and data compression ratios. Our main motivation lies within the field of compressed memory computer systems. Here requirements include extremely fast decompression and compression speeds, adequate compression performance on small data block lengths, and minimal hardware area and energy requirements. We describe the approach and provide experimental data concerning its compression performance with respect to known alternatives. We show that for a variety of data sets stored in a typical main memory, this direction yields results close to those of earlier techniques, but with significantly lower energy consumption at comparable or better area requirements. The technique thus may be of eventual interest for a number of applications requiring high compression bandwidths and efficient hardware implementation.
Retinoid‐mediated stimulation of steroid sulfatase activity in myeloid leukemic cell lines requires RARα and RXR and involves the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase and ERK‐MAP kinase pathways (2005)

All-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid stimulate the activity of steroid sulfatase in HL60 acute myeloid leukemia cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Neither of these 'natural retinoids' augmented steroid sulfatase activity in a HL60 sub-line that expresses a dominant-negative retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha). Experiments with synthetic RAR and RXR agonists and antagonists suggest that RARalpha/RXR heterodimers play a role in the retinoid-stimulated increase in steroid sulfatase activity. The retinoid-driven increase in steroid sulfatase activity was attenuated by inhibition of phospholipase D (PLD), but not by inhibitors of phospholipase C. Experiments with inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) show that PKCalpha and PKCdelta play an important role in modulating the retinoid-stimulation of steroid sulfatase activity in HL60 cells. Furthermore, we show that pharmacological inhibition of the RAF-1 and ERK MAP kinases blocked the retinoid-stimulated increase in steroid sulfatase activity in HL60 cells and, by contrast, inhibition of the p38-MAP kinase or JNK-MAP kinase had no effect. Pharmacological inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, and PDK-1 also abrogated the retinoid-stimulated increase in steroid sulfatase activity in HL60 cells. These results show that crosstalk between the retinoid-stimulated genomic and non-genomic pathways is necessary to increase steroid sulfatase activity in HL60 cells.
Oxidative polymerization to form poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) in water (2003)

An engineering plastic, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO), was prepared via oxidative polymerization in water. 4-(2′,6′-Dimethylphenoxy)-2,6-dimethylphenol was stirred in an aqueous alkaline solution with a metal catalyst to yield PPO with a molecular weight of three to four thousand. The formation of diphenoquinone as the side-product was inhibited in this reaction. This reaction is slow but also proceeded under oxygen without a catalyst. The oxidative polymerization in water provides a new polymerization procedure for PPO.
Evaluation of the Performance of Manganese Phthalocyanines as Superoxide Dismutase Mimics (2009)

Full text available Keywords: Cyclic voltammetry, UV visible spectrophotometry, Fluorescence, Manganese phthalocyanine, Superoxide radical, SOD mimic, HL-60
Inferring Spike Trains, Learning Tuning Curves, and Estimating Connectivity from Calcium Imaging (2015)

Vogelstein JT, Paninski L. Inferring Spike Trains, Learning Tuning Curves, and Estimating Connectivity from Calcium Imaging. Integrative Approaches to Brain Complexity, 2008
Preparation of alkyl-surface functionalized germanium quantum dots via thermally initiated hydrogermylationElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: FT-IR spectra of the hydride terminated reaction intermediate and n-undecyl surface Ge nanoclusters. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b314887d/ (2004)

A new, thermally initiated hydrogermylation-based method for the synthesis and surface functionalization of air- and moisture-stable germanium quantum dots is reported.
120-GHz-band Close Proximity Wireless Communication Using Metamaterial Integrated Glass Substrate (2022)

We have investigated 120-GHz-band high-speed contactless communication that enables to connect to LAN by only placing devices on the desk. We propose a 120-GHz-band waveguide whose upper part is replaced by a glass substrate on which split ring resonators (SRRs) are integrated. We prototyped a waveguide whose upper side is replaced by SRR-integrated glass substrate, and measured the transmission loss of the waveguide with the glass substrate. The transmission loss of the waveguide was about 5 dB, and 1/100 of the 120-GHz-band signal transmitted through the waveguide can be guided to the dielectric sheet in contact with the glass substrate.
Hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7: a new molecularly defined risk factor for monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance of the IgM type and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (2011)

We recently described paratarg-7 (P-7), a protein of unknown function, as the target of 15% of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG paraproteins in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma. To determine the frequency of P-7 as a paraprotein target in IgM-MGUS and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM), sera from patients with IgM-MGUS/WM were tested for reactivity with recombinant P-7 by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. The specificity of the paraprotein-mediated reaction was shown by absorption studies and cloning of the respective B-cell receptor. The paraproteins of 18 (9 WM and 9 IgM-MGUS) of 161 patients (11%) reacted with P-7. Isoelectric focusing and phosphatase treatment showed that P-7 was hyperphosphorylated (pP-7) in all patients with an anti-P-7-specific IgM paraprotein tested. Because only 4 of 200 healthy controls (2%) were carriers of pP-7, pP-7 carrier state is associated with a significantly increased risk (odds ratio = 6.2; P = .001) for developing IgM-MGUS/MW. Family analyses showed that the pP-7 carrier state is inherited as a dominant trait. After IgA/IgG-MGUS and multiple myeloma, IgM-MGUS/WM is the second neoplasia associated with pP-7 carrier state. The dominant inheritance of pP-7 explains cases of familial IgM-MGUS/WM and enables the identification of family members at increased risk.
Electrosynthesis of ReS4. XAS Analysis of ReS2, Re2S7 and ReS4. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interaction induced AC-Stark shift of exciton-polaron resonances (2023)

Laser induced shift of atomic states due to the AC-Stark effect has played a central role in cold-atom physics and facilitated their emergence as analog quantum simulators. Here, we explore this phenomena in an atomically thin layer of semiconductor MoSe$_2$, which we embedded in a heterostructure enabling charge tunability. Shining an intense pump laser with a small detuning from the material resonances, we generate a large population of virtual collective excitations, and achieve a regime where interactions with this background population is the leading contribution to the AC-Stark shift. Using this technique we study how itinerant charges modify -- and dramatically enhance -- the interactions between optical excitations. In particular, our experiments show that the interaction between attractive polarons could be more than an order of magnitude stronger than those between bare excitons.
Nanodiagnostics for tuberculosis detection (2017)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading killer worldwide. End TB strategy aims at ending the TB epidemic by 2030. Early, accurate, and affordable diagnosis represents a cornerstone to achieve this goal. Innovative strategies for TB diagnostics have been introduced. However, the ideal assay is yet unavailable and conventional methods remain necessary for diagnosis. Unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have allowed their utilization in TB detection via targeting disease biomarkers. Area covered: Until now, around thirty-five TB NP-based assays have been partially or fully characterized. Accuracy, low-cost, and short time-to-result represent the common properties of proposed platforms. TB nanodiagnostics now encompass almost all clinical aspects of the disease including active TB, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, rifampicin resistant TB, TB/HIV co-infection, latent TB, and extra-pulmonary TB. This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of TB nanodiagnostics for the last 10 years. Special consideration is given for fabrication concepts, detection strategies, and clinical performance using various clinical specimens. The potential of TB nanodiagnostics to fulfill the need for ideal MTB testing is assessed. Expert commentary: TB nanodiagnostics show promise to be ideal detection tools that can meet the rigorous demands to end the TB epidemic by 2030.
Rotation invariant fast features for large-scale recognition (2012)

We present an end-to-end feature description pipeline which uses a novel interest point detector and Rotation- Invariant Fast Feature (RIFF) descriptors. The proposed RIFF algorithm is 15× faster than SURF<sup>1</sup> while producing large-scale retrieval results that are comparable to SIFT.<sup>2 </sup>Such high-speed features benefit a range of applications from Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) to web-scale image retrieval and analysis.
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema Without Appropriate Action Progresses to Right Ventricular Strain: A Case Study (2016)

Mills, Logan, Chris Harper, Sophie Rozwadowski, and Chris Imray. High altitude pulmonary edema without appropriate action progresses to right ventricular strain: A case study. High Alt Med Biol. 17:228-232, 2016.-A 24-year-old male developed high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) after three ascents to 4061 m over 3 days, sleeping each night at 2735 m. He complained of exertional dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, fever, nausea, vertigo, and a severe frontal headache. Inappropriate continuation of ascent despite symptoms led to functional impairment and forced a return to the valley, but dyspnea persisted in addition to new orthopnea. Hospital admission showed hypoxemia, resting tachycardia, and systemic hypertension. ECG revealed right ventricular strain and a chest X-ray revealed right lower zone infiltrates. This case demonstrates that HAPE can develop in previously unaffected individuals given certain precipitating factors, and that in the presence of HAPE, prolonged exposure to altitude with exercise (or exertion) does not confer acclimatization with protective adaptations and that rest and descent are the appropriate actions. The case additionally demonstrates well-characterized right ventricular involvement.