gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Method for negating deposits using turbulence (2023)

A method for preventing fouling of an operating heat exchanger is disclosed. A carrier liquid is provided to the heat exchanger. The carrier liquid contains a potential fouling agent. The potential fouling agent is entrained in the carrier liquid, dissolved in the carrier liquid, or a combination thereof. The potential fouling agent fouls the heat exchanger by condensation, crystallization, solidification, desublimation, reaction, deposition, or combinations thereof. A gas-injection device is provided on the inlet of the heat exchanger. A non-reactive gas is injected into the carrier liquid through the gas-injection device. The non-reactive gas will not foul the heat exchanger surface and will not condense into the carrier liquid. The non-reactive gas creates a disturbance by increasing flow velocity and creating a shear discontinuity, thereby breaking up crystallization and nucleation sites on the surface of the heat exchanger. In this manner, fouling of the operating heat exchanger is prevented.
A heparin-binding growth factor secreted from breast cancer cells homologous to a developmentally regulated cytokine. (1992)

We report purification of an 18-kDa heparin-binding growth factor secreted from human cancer cells which is homologous to a developmentally regulated, neurotrophic factor, heparin-binding growth-associated molecule/pleiotrophin (HB-GAM/PTN; Merenmies, J., and Rauvala, H. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 16721-16724; Li, Y. S., Milner, P. G., Chauhan, A. K., Watson, M. A., Hoffman, R. M., Kodner, C. M., Milbrandt, J., and Deuel, T. F. (1990) Science 250, 1690-1694). We have purified the protein from tissue culture supernatants of human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB 231) and have used soft agar cloning of an epithelial cell line (SW-13) to detect its growth stimulating activity. A 32,000-fold purification was achieved by isoelectric focusing, heparin affinity chromatography, and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of the protein was confirmed by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of detergent and bioassay of the fractions. The N-terminal sequence was homologous to HB-GAM/PTN, and polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing confirmed that the respective transcript was present in the cancer cells. We conclude that HB-GAM/PTN can function as a tumor growth factor in addition to its role during neuronal development.
An isolated tunable capacitor with a linear capacitance-voltage behavior (2004)

A unique tunable capacitor has been designed that facilitates a completely isolated capacitance and a truly linear capacitance-voltage behavior. Using a low-temperature adhesive bonding process and device layer transfer techniques, a linear analog tunable capacitor has been fabricated and tested. The device shows a linear capacitance-voltage behavior using a +-10 V input voltage and tunes over a 1.78 to 3.88 pf range. The isolated design also allows greater flexibility in circuit design because the capacitor is not required to be a capacitor to ground.
Effective Hydrogen Generation from H2S by Utilizing the Sulfur Cycle (1)-Recovery of Poly Sulfide Ion from Basic Solution Produced by Carbon Cluster- (2010)

Hydrogen gas can be effectively synthesized from the electrochemical and/or photochemical decomposition process of H2S because of its low electrochemical potential. However, decomposition rate was gradually decreased with increasing the amount of poly sulfide ion, such as S22-, which simultaneously synthesized as the by-product during the reaction. Thus, poly sulfide ion should be removed from the solution, nevertheless it could not be removed from the solution by without loss of basic solution and/or dissipation of metal ion.In this study, the idea based on the interaction between fullerenes and sulfur was introduced into the development of collection method for poly sulfide ions from basic solution. Fullerenes was dissolved into toluene, and mixed with aqueous solution contained S22- ion. After 6 hours agitation, the color of the aqueous phase was changed from yellow to transparent in the case of fullerene/toluene solution treatment. Additionally, during every treatment, elemental sulfur was produced in the aqueous phase, and fullerene-sulfur compounds, such as C60S16 and C70S16, were formed in the toluene phase after 4th treatment. Thus, extracting and separating of poly sulfide ion from aqueous solution was succeeded.
Targeting the Dimerization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors with Small‐Molecule Inhibitors (2010)

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the control of cell proliferation, and its overexpression is strongly associated with a variety of aggressive cancers. For example, 70-80% of metaplastic (cancer cells of mixed type) breast carcinomas overexpress EGF receptors. In addition, the EGF receptor is a highly significant contributor to common brain tumors (glioblastoma multiforme), both in initiation and progression (Huang P.H., Xu A.M., White F.M. (2009) Oncogenic EGFR signaling networks in glioma. Sci Signal;2:re6.). Brain metastases, an unmet medical need, are also common in metastatic cancer associated with overexpression of EGF receptors. Formation of EGF receptor homodimers is essential for kinase activation and was the basis for exploring direct inhibition of EGF receptor activation by blocking dimerization with small molecules. While inhibitors of protein/protein interactions are often considered difficult therapeutic targets, NSC56452, initially identified by virtual screening, was shown experimentally to inhibit EGF receptor kinase activation in a dose-dependent manner. This compound blocked EGF-stimulated dimer formation as measured by chemical cross-linking and luciferase fragment complementation. The compound was further shown to inhibit the growth of HeLa cells. This first-generation lead compound represents the first drug-like, small-molecule inhibitor of EGF receptor activation that is not directed against the intracellular kinase domain.
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation and Photodynamic Therapy for Infections (2010)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was initially discovered over 100 years ago by its ability to kill microorganisms, but its use to treat infections clinically has not been much developed. However, the present relentless increase in antibiotic resistance worldwide and the emergence of strains that are resistant to all known antibiotics has stimulated research into novel antimicrobial strategies such as PDT that are thought to be unlikely to lead to the development of resistance. In this chapter we will cover the use of PDT to kill pathogenic microbial cells in vitro and describe a mouse model of localized infection and its treatment by PDT without causing excessive damage to the host tissue.
Comparative analysis of linear six-port receiver calibration techniques (2013)

This paper presents a comparative analysis of existing linear six-port based receiver (SPR) calibration techniques. Modeling and calibration approaches for three different linear calibration techniques (two steps look-up-table based linearization and receiver calibration, single step linear calibration, and single step wideband calibration) for SPR systems are explained and their performances are evaluated using a real SPR system and signal. Different case scenarios have been devised to compare their performances in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM). Limitations and advantages of each of these calibration techniques are highlighted. Performance of wideband SPR calibration technique is found out to be the best amongst the existing linear calibration techniques in terms of evaluated metrics.
Nanotechnology Education for the Global World: Training the Leaders of Tomorrow (2016)

Nanoscience is one of the fastest growing and most impactful fields in global scientific research. In order to support the continued development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, it is important that nanoscience education be a top priority to accelerate research excellence. In this Nano Focus, we discuss current approaches to nanoscience training and propose a learning design framework to promote the next generation of nanoscientists. Prominent among these are the abilities to communicate and to work across and between conventional disciplines. While the United States has played leading roles in initiating these developments, the global landscape of nanoscience calls for worldwide attention to this educational need. Recent developments in emerging nanoscience nations are also discussed. Photo credit: Jae Hyeon Park.
Multiphoton imaging in the detection of malignancy in the oesophagus (2003)

A preliminary investigation of tissue autofluorescence and uptake of the photosensitiser protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has been investigated using multiphoton imaging of excised oesophageal tissue. The technique has indicated that changes in collagen structure may be a potential marker for high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Changes in the localisation of PpIX with the development of malignancy in oesophageal tissue were also visualised.
Realization of giant optical nonlinearities in a quantum dot coupled to a nanocavity (2008)

We coherently probe a quantum dot that is strongly coupled to a photonic crystal nano-cavity by scattering of a resonant laser beam. The coupled systempsilas response is highly nonlinear as the quantum dot saturation with nearly one photon per cavity lifetime. This coherent probing method has applications for classical and quantum information processing.
Mechanistic Elucidation of the Structure and Reactivity of Bare and Hydride-Protected Ag17+ Clusters (2019)

We report an approach to create bare silver cluster Ag17+ and hydride-rich Ag17H14+ separately, as pure species uncontaminated with other entities, in the gas phase starting from a solution-phase monolayer-protected cluster, Ag18H16(PPh3)102+. These clusters can be synthesized just by applying a small potential on the cone of the mass spectrometer, during electrospray mass spectral analysis. Both the clusters were trapped and reacted with reactive gases like carbon monoxide and acetylene. Unusual products like Ag17(CO)7+ were observed when Ag17+ was reacted with CO in the trap. No intermediate species were found. Transfer of H from acetylene to the cluster during reaction was observed, which later reduced acetylene. All of the structures formed were calculated using density functional theory and show interesting facts about the composition of the products and the mechanism of their formation. Most of the structures were observed for the first time.
Preparation of acetaldehyde (2023)

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of acetaldehyde by the hydrogenation of ketene in the presence of a transition metal hydrogenation catalyst.
Asymptotic Theory for Linear-Chain Conditional Random Fields (2011)

In this theoretical paper we develop an asymptotic theory for Linear-Chain Condi- tional Random Fields (L-CRFs) and apply it to derive conditions under which the Max- imum Likelihood Estimates (MLEs) of the model weights are strongly consistent. We first define L-CRFs for infinite sequences and analyze some of their basic properties. Then we establish conditions under which ergodic- ity of the observations implies ergodicity of the joint sequence of observations and labels. This result is the key ingredient to derive con- ditions for strong consistency of the MLEs. Interesting findings are that the consistency crucially depends on the limit behavior of the Hessian of the likelihood function and that, asymptotically, the state feature functions do not matter. In this paper, we study asymptotical properties of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLEs) for the model weights. More specifically, we assume that we are given a sequence of observations and labels where the distribution of the labels conditional on the observa- tions follows an L-CRF with known feature functions but unknown weights. In this setting, we investigate conditions under which the MLEs converge to the true weights as the length of the sequences goes to infinity. Note that, to state and to analyze this problem, a def- inition of L-CRFs for infinite sequences is required. Our research is motivated by the following questions: How can the weights and feature functions be jointly estimated in the case where both are unknown? How robust is the training and inference towards a sampling bias (that is, when training and test data come from dierent distributions)? How well is the model iden- tifiable in the presence of noisy data? To tackle these problems of great practical importance, the present paper aims to achieve a better understanding of the simplest case, namely, when the feature functions are known and a sampling bias or noisy data is absent. Furthermore, it provides a theoretical framework and useful techniques to study the more complicated cases. This paper is structured as follows: In Sec. 2 we in- troduce some notation and review the definition of L- CRFs for finite sequences. In Sec. 3 we define L-CRFs for infinite sequences and derive some of their basic properties. Sec. 4 establishes conditions under which ergodicity of the sequence of observations implies er- godicity of the joint sequence of observations and la- bels. In Sec. 5 we apply the previous results to derive conditions under which the MLEs are strongly consis- tent. Sec. 6 concludes the paper.
Solar variations in extremely low frequency propagation parameters: 2. Observations of Schumann resonances and computation of the ELF attenuation parameter (2003)

Observations of resonant electromagnetic fields caused by global lightning activity are employed in determining the averaged parameters of the lower ionosphere. Using the two‐dimensional telegraph equation (TDTE) transmission line model described by Ku ak et al. [2003] , we have computed the attenuation rate of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide from diurnal observations of the N‐S magnetic component of the ELF field performed irregularly for 6 years in the East Carpathian mountains. As the measurements were carried out during both the minimum and the maximum of the solar cycle 23 we present how solar activity influence the first Schumann resonance frequency and the attenuation rate. The analysis of all the data indicates that the first Schumann resonance frequency increases from 7.75 Hz at solar minimum to about 7.95 Hz at solar maximum while the global mean attenuation rate α at 8 Hz varies from 0.31 dB/Mm at minimum to about 0.26 dB/Mm at maximum.
Hippocampal deafferentation: transplantderived reinnervation and functional recovery (1982)

A brief review is provided of the capacity of neural tissue transplants to reinnervate the deafferented hippocampus and repair functional deficits induced by the lesion. The techniques for transplantation of solid pieces of embryonic septum, locus coeruleus or raphe nuclei, or tissue suspensions of embryonic septum, to the adult rat hippocampus are described. Such grafts manifest good long‐term survival, provide a good reinnervation of the hippocampus that is histochemically and biochemically appropriate and specific, can establish ultrastructural synaptic contacts with the host, and are electrophysiologically active. Rats with septal grafts manifest recovery of the capacity to learn certain aspects of radial 8‐arm maze, T‐maze alternation and Morris water‐maze tasks. Rats with locus coeruleus grafts manifest an amelioration of lesion‐induced hyperactivity. It is concluded that neural tissue transplantation provides a powerful new tool in the study of the functional organization of the hippocampus and its various neurotransmitter‐specific afferent systems.
Persistent Inhibition of the Pressor and Aldosterone Responses to Angiotensin-II by TCV-116 in Normotensive Subjects (1995)

TCV-116 is an orally active, nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin-II type-1 receptor. The angiotensin-II antagonistic potency of TCV-116 was evaluated in normal volunteers. TCV-116 was administered at single doses of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg orally on separated days. Before, and 4, 8, and 24 h after the drug administration, angiotensin-II was infused intravenously at the rate of 2.5 to 40 ng/kg/min for 5 min each. At 2.5 mg of TCV-116, the pressor response to angiotensin-II was significantly suppressed at 4 and 8 hours after drug administration. TCV-116 at 5 mg produced a reduction of basal blood pressure and a suppression of pressor response to angiotensin-II, which persisted for 24 h. Aldosterone response to exogenous angiotensin-II was suppressed to 10% at 8 h after 5 mg of TCV-116 administration and remained suppressed to 48% until 24 h. These results suggest that TCV-116 is a highly potent and long-lasting antagonist of angiotensin-II receptor in man. The renin-angiotensin system may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure even in normotensive subjects.
Detection of Lassa Virus, Mali (2010)

To determine whether Lassa virus was circulating in southern Mali, we tested samples from small mammals from 3 villages, including Soromba, where in 2009 a British citizen probably contracted a lethal Lassa virus infection. We report the isolation and genetic characterization of Lassa virus from an area previously unknown for Lassa fever.
Rethinking Visualization: A High-Level Taxonomy (2005)

We present the novel high-level visualization taxonomy. Our taxonomy classifies visualization algorithms rather than data. Algorithms are categorized based on the assumptions they make about the data being visualized; we call this set of assumptions the design model. Because our taxonomy is based on design models, it is more flexible than existing taxonomies and considers the user's conceptual model, emphasizing the human aspect of visualization. Design models are classified according to whether they are discrete or continuous and by how much the algorithm designer chooses display attributes such as spatialization, timing, colour, and transparency. This novel approach provides an alternative view of the visualization field that helps explain how traditional divisions (e.g., information and scientific visualization) relates and overlap, and that may inspire research ideas in hybrid visualization areas
On-product overlay solutions for DUV and EUV mix-scanner usage in an EPE-driven patterning world (2022)

With EUV lithography moved into volume production, it allows for a reduction of manufacturing complexity by minimizing the amount of pattern splits for critical layers. A key metric describing patterning capability , the total Edge Placement Error (EPE), scales with the technology nodes. As discussed in previous papers, overlay and OPC requirements are requested to scale faster than the EPE metric, in order to allow more room for stochastics in the total EPE budget. While the on product overlay (OPO) performance requirements continue to scale, these need to be met in a mix-andmatch mode of EUV and immersion DUV scanners. In this paper we will examine both EPE and OPO requirements for DUV and EUV scanners for advanced nodes. We will describe how multiple overlay metrology sources can be used to infer scanner corrections, how these systems are set up against a common reference and how we maintain this ‘matched state’ over time. As stated, these overlay improvements link back to the EPE budget and thus to its other components. We will describe how an enhanced view on EPE contributors will allow us to combine cross domain degrees of correction, during layer setup and control. Moreover, this EPE component breakdown will enable the ability to monitor this ‘EPE state’ by combining various sources of metrology; ultimately high spatial EPE variations may lead to a different scanner setup state. The need to describe the stability of all EPE constitutes warrants combining e-beam inspection systems with scanner, optical and SEM metrology to support diverse overlay, CD and control use models and process fingerprint mapping.
Transactional memory support in the IBM POWER8 processor (2015)

With multi-core processors, parallel programming has taken on greater importance. Traditional parallel programming techniques based on critical sections controlled by locking have several well-known drawbacks. To allow for more efficient parallel programming with higher performance, the IBM POWER8™ processor implements a hardware transactional memory facility. Transactional memory allows groups of load and store operations to execute and commit as a single atomic unit without the use of traditional locks, thereby improving performance and simplifying the parallel programming model. The POWER8 transactional memory facility provides a robust capability to execute transactions that can survive interrupts. It also allows non-speculative accesses within transactions, which facilitates debugging and thread-level speculation. Unique challenges caused by implementing transactional memory on top of the Power ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) weakly consistent memory model are addressed. We detail the Power ISA transactional memory architecture, the POWER8 implementation of this architecture, and two practical uses of this architecture—Transactional Lock Elision (TLE) and Thread-Level Speculation (TLS)—and provide performance results for these uses.
Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Geometry (2009)

Abstract An optimized design for hydraulic fracturing is of great importance especially with the growing demand for this method as a means of production enhancement from tight gas reservoirs. The first optimum fracture design (OFD) approach, which maximizes well productivity for a given fracture volume, was introduced by Prats in 1960 for single-phase Darcy flow systems. This method, which was later modified and presented in the form of Unified Fractured Design (UFD) charts by other investigators, is widely used in the petroleum industry, even for gas condensate systems. Recently some methodologies have been proposed to modify UFD considering the two-phase region around the fracture as a damage zone with reduced permeability. These methods are generally oversimplified as they neglect the phase change and variation of relative permeability with interfacial tension (IFT) and velocity for these low IFT systems. They also require data that are not readily available, in particular the pressure profile (the two-phase boundary) around the wellbore. We introduce an explicit formulation and a more general methodology for OFD that includes the important gas condensate flow parameters in both matrix and fracture. The optimum fracture dimensions are obtained by maximizing the effective wellbore radius, using the recently developed correlation by Mahdiyar et al. (2009). This formulation accounts for the mechanical and flow skins based on quite readily available information at wellbore conditions. In this paper, the integrity of the introduced formulation has been verified for many different prevailing conditions, whilst highlighting the errors of using conventional approaches with some important practical guidelines. In this exercise, the maximum productivity calculated using the proposed formulation is compared with results of the literature or our in-house simulator. This program, using a fine grid approach, simulates gas condensate flow around a hydraulically fractured well for various fracture length-width ratios and identifies the optimum fracture dimensions, for a given fracture volume, providing maximum mass flow rate.