gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Automatically Detects COVID-19 using Chest CTs in a\n Large Multicenter Cohort (2020)

Objectives: To investigate machine-learning classifiers and interpretable\nmodels using chest CT for detection of COVID-19 and differentiation from other\npneumonias, ILD and normal CTs.\n Methods: Our retrospective multi-institutional study obtained 2096 chest CTs\nfrom 16 institutions (including 1077 COVID-19 patients). Training/testing\ncohorts included 927/100 COVID-19, 388/33 ILD, 189/33 other pneumonias, and\n559/34 normal (no pathologies) CTs. A metric-based approach for classification\nof COVID-19 used interpretable features, relying on logistic regression and\nrandom forests. A deep learning-based classifier differentiated COVID-19 via 3D\nfeatures extracted directly from CT attenuation and probability distribution of\nairspace opacities.\n Results: Most discriminative features of COVID-19 are percentage of airspace\nopacity and peripheral and basal predominant opacities, concordant with the\ntypical characterization of COVID-19 in the literature. Unsupervised\nhierarchical clustering compares feature distribution across COVID-19 and\ncontrol cohorts. The metrics-based classifier achieved AUC=0.83,\nsensitivity=0.74, and specificity=0.79 of versus respectively 0.93, 0.90, and\n0.83 for the DL-based classifier. Most of ambiguity comes from non-COVID-19\npneumonia with manifestations that overlap with COVID-19, as well as mild\nCOVID-19 cases. Non-COVID-19 classification performance is 91% for ILD, 64% for\nother pneumonias and 94% for no pathologies, which demonstrates the robustness\nof our method against different compositions of control groups.\n Conclusions: Our new method accurately discriminates COVID-19 from other\ntypes of pneumonia, ILD, and no pathologies CTs, using quantitative imaging\nfeatures derived from chest CT, while balancing interpretability of results and\nclassification performance, and therefore may be useful to facilitate diagnosis\nof COVID-19.\n
MS 3 using the collision cell of a tandem mass spectrometer system (2002)

We report the feasibility of multistage fragmentation in combination with a fast background subtraction method, yielding the equivalent of MS3. The first quadrupole selects an ion of interest, and the ion is axially accelerated into Q2 to generate fragment ions. Subsequent stages of mass selection and fragmentation are obtained by quadrupolar resonant excitation within the Q2 collision cell. The fragments are analyzed downstream by either a resolving quadrupole or a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, and multistage spectra are obtained by subtraction (MS(n) - MS(n-1)) for n = 3 or 4. We discuss the characterization of this method, including product ion arrival times, fragmentation efficiencies, and ion selectivity. We report accurate TOF mass spectra of background-subtracted MS3 for protonated molecules reserpine (m/z 609), bosentan (m/z 1552), and taxol (m/z 854).
Generating Diverse and Natural Text-to-Speech Samples Using a Quantized Fine-Grained VAE and Autoregressive Prosody Prior (2020)

Recent neural text-to-speech (TTS) models with fine-grained latent features enable precise control of the prosody of synthesized speech. Such models typically incorporate a fine-grained variational autoencoder (VAE) structure, extracting latent features at each input token (e.g., phonemes). However, generating samples with the standard VAE prior often results in unnatural and discontinuous speech, with dramatic prosodic variation between tokens. This paper proposes a sequential prior in a discrete latent space which can generate more naturally sounding samples. This is accomplished by discretizing the latent features using vector quantization (VQ), and separately training an autoregressive (AR) prior model over the result. We evaluate the approach using listening tests, objective metrics of automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance, and measurements of prosody attributes. Experimental results show that the proposed model significantly improves the naturalness in random sample generation. Furthermore, initial experiments demonstrate that randomly sampling from the proposed model can be used as data augmentation to improve the ASR performance.
The Synthesis and Stability of Cytoplasmic Messenger RNA During Myoblast Differentiation in Culture (1974)

The synthesis of poly(A)-containing cytoplasmic RNA was examined in primary myoblast cultures prepared from skeletal muscle of fetal calves. After a period of cell division, these cells undergo fusion, with concomitant appearance of acetylcholine receptor and subsequent myosin synthesis. In the dividing myoblast there is a high level of messenger RNA synthesis, including a 26S RNA, the size of a putative messenger for the large subunit of myosin. In the transition period prior to fusion, there are quantitative changes in RNA synthesis. At this time, there is a pronounced production of 26S RNA, which diminishes during fusion. The possibility that 26S RNA is accumulated in the dividing myoblast was investigated by chase experiments. At fusion, there is a marked increase in the half-lives of a number of messenger RNA species, including 26 S, which increases from about 10 hr in the dividing cell to a value of more than 50 hr. The identity of the more rapidly turning over 26 S in the myoblasts, compared to that of the 26 S at fusion, was examined in terms of polysomal distribution, migration on gels, and hybridization with complementary DNA for the myosin message. The results of these analyses suggest that the 26S species are identical. Thus, it would appear that in a predetermined cell like the myoblast, the transition to the differentiated state of myotube that is synthesizing muscle specific proteins is effected by the stabilization of messenger already being actively transcribed: terminal differentiation, with respect to myosin synthesis, is preceded by the stabilization of 26S RNA.
Kinetics and Binding Sites for Interaction of the Prefoldin with a Group II Chaperonin (2004)

Prefoldin is a jellyfish-shaped hexameric co-chaperone of the group II chaperonins. It captures a protein folding intermediate and transfers it to a group II chaperonin for completion of folding. The manner in which prefoldin interacts with its substrates and cooperates with the chaperonin is poorly understood. In this study, we have examined the interaction between a prefoldin and a chaperonin from hyperthermophilic archaea by immunoprecipitation, single molecule observation, and surface plasmon resonance. We demonstrate that Pyrococcus prefoldin interacts most tightly with its cognate chaperonin, and vice versa, suggesting species specificity in the interaction. Using truncation mutants, we uncovered by kinetic analyses that this interaction is multivalent in nature, consistent with multiple binding sites between the two chaperones. We present evidence that both N- and C-terminal regions of the prefoldin beta sub-unit are important for molecular chaperone activity and for the interaction with a chaperonin. Our data are consistent with substrate and chaperonin binding sites on prefoldin that are different but in close proximity, which suggests a possible handover mechanism of prefoldin substrates to the chaperonin.
Design of a modular real time smart accessory (2015)

The use of smart devices has increased exponentially in the last few years. In this background, we predict a bright future for smart accessories like smart watches. A number of smart watches have been developed with different focus areas and objectives. The aim of this paper is the design of a modular smart accessory with focus on day to day routine functionality as well as incorporating safety features that could aid women and children safety. The idea of modularity is to demonstrate that only a set of features could be used based on the end user. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a fully functioning prototype of a modular real time smart accessory which interacts with a smart phone via Bluetooth and has add-on features like heart rate monitoring, accelerometer and GSM capability. This paper explains the need for a modular smart accessory in the current day. The system architecture that was involved in this prototype is discussed in detail. The overall implementation method as well as merits of the used approach has been discussed.
Bioorthogonal Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Continuous Long-Term Imaging and Tracking of Membrane Proteins (2019)

Real-time tracking of membrane proteins is essential to gain an in-depth understanding of their dynamics on the cell surface. However, conventional fluorescence imaging with molecular probes like organic dyes and fluorescent proteins often suffers from photobleaching of the fluorophores, thus hindering their use for continuous long-term observations. With the availability of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), which have superb biocompatibility and excellent photostability, it is now possible to conduct the imaging in both short and long terms with high temporal and spatial resolution. To realize the concept, we have developed a facile method (e.g., one-pot preparation) to produce alkyne-functionalized hyperbranched-polyglycerol-coated FNDs for bioorthogonal labeling of azide-modified membrane proteins and azide-modified antibodies of membrane proteins. The high specificity of this labeling method has allowed us to continuously monitor the movements of the proteins of interest (such as integrin α5) on/in living cells over 2 h. The results open a new horizon for live cell imaging with functional nanoparticles and fluorescence microscopy.
p53 ACCUMULATION ASSOCIATED WITH bcl-2, THE PROLIFERATION MARKER MIB-1 AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER SUBJECTED TO WATCHFUL WAITING (2000)

p53 Nuclear protein accumulation detected by immunohistochemical study was an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer undergoing watchful waiting.
Compact and Highly Efficient Single and Dual Polarized Aperture Antennas with Integrated Multiport Overmoded Excitation (2021)

This paper presents a new type of radiating horn-like radiating element which exploits a two- or four-port integrated overmoded power division depending on the aperture type and the requirement for single- or dual-polarization. The general concept is illustrated by two design examples which are proposed in this paper at Ku-Tx band (10.7 - 12.75 GHz); a single-polarized two-access rectangular aperture pyramidal horn and a dual-polarized four-access square aperture horn feed antenna. The generic operational principles call for a power divider which feeds two or four suitably flared waveguide sections which are further connected to a bi- or quad-furcated surface discontinuity for the combination of the incoming fields. Finally, a common waveguide region on top completes the total topology. This type of radiating elements exhibits a compact profile, while at the same time achieves high aperture efficiency (over 90%) due to robust materialization of the desired aperture modal content over a bandwidth of 20%.
Computing with subthreshold leakage: device/circuit/architecture co-design for ultralow-power subthreshold operation (2005)

This paper presents a novel design methodology for ultralow-power design using subthreshold leakage as the operating current (suitable for medium frequency of operation: tens to hundreds of millihertz). Standard design techniques suitable for super-threshold design can be used in the subthreshold region. However, in this study, it has been shown that a complete co-design at all levels of hierarchy (device, circuit, and architecture) is necessary to reduce the overall power consumption while achieving acceptable performance (hundreds of millihertz) in the subthreshold regime of operation. Simulation results of co-design on a five-tap finite-impulse-response filter shows /spl sim/2.5/spl times/ improvement in throughput at iso-power compared to a conventional design.
Pharmacokinetics in Early Drug Research (1997)

This is the report of the twenty-second of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). ECVAMs main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation, and the potential for the possible incorporation of alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward (1). The workshop on Pharmacokinetics in Early Drug Research was held in Bath, UK, on 2729 March 1996, under the co-chairmanship of David Leahy (ZENECA Pharmacokinetics in Early Drug Research
Pre-operative planning for reverse shoulder replacement: the surgical benefits and their clinical translation (2019)

With the increasing use of reverse shoulder arthroplasty and its expanding indications, surgeons today are facing tougher reconstructive challenges while still providing the patient with a good clinical outcome. There are a greater number of primary and revision cases where glenoid vault deformity is encountered. This presents a challenge to the surgeon during glenoid component positioning. He or she must place the implants in a location and orientation that optimizes range of motion and stability while minimizing impingement. In order to address this, surgeons can look to the use of 3D imaging in order to better understand each patient’s pathology. With the use of virtual planning the surgeon has the ability to arrive in the operating room with an established surgical plan in order to better address the deformity present. This can help in determining if glenoid bone grafting, eccentric reaming, or the use of augmented/lateralized components is the best choice in addressing bony deformity and maximizing impingement-free range-of-motion. Furthermore, with the advent of patient specific instrumentation and navigation the surgeon has the means to translate the preoperative plan into the operating room with increased accuracy, thus, decreasing the likelihood of component malposition and its associated complications. In the future, custom implants may grant the surgeon the means to address severe glenoid bone loss that would otherwise not be reconstructable and potentially give the patient improved function.
Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Antidripping Properties of Intumescent Polybutylene Succinate Combining Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Zinc Borate (2022)

Developing flame-retarded polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a challenging task owing to its high flammability, noncharring, and melt-dripping during burning. In this work, based on the synergistic combination between piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and zinc borate (ZnB), a promising intumescent PBS system was developed as an efficient strategy to impart PBS with improved flame retardancy and antidripping properties. The results showed that PBS/PAPP15%/ZnB5% passed V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test (3 mm), while only a V-2 rating was achieved for PBS/PAPP20%. Compared to PBS/PAPP20%, the combination of PAPP and zinc borate (ratio of 15:5) led to significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (pHRR, −55%), fire growth rate index (FIGRA, −40%), and maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE, −47%) evaluated by mass loss cone calorimetry. Meanwhile, the flame retardancy index of PBS/PAPP15%/ZnB5% reached up to 5.18 and the flameout time significantly increased to 1049 s. Fourier transform infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were employed to gain insight into the reaction-to-fire mechanism in the condensed phase. The results confirmed the fact that the formation of a crack-free protective intumescent char layer, reinforced by thermally stable inorganic species (boron–zinc phosphates), effectively restricted the heat and fuel transfer between condensed and gas phases, hence resulting in the excellent enhancement in flame retardancy.
The Effect of Media Composition, pH, and Formulation Excipients on the In Vitro Lipolysis of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) (2010)

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effects of pH, ions, and excipients on the in vitro lipolysis of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). Studies were performed in bio-relevant media using a pH stat autotitrator for analysis. The results demonstrated that alkaline media were essential for lipolysis, which was enhanced by divalent CaCl2 ions and medium chain glycerides. Monovalent NaCl and the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of the surfactant had insignificant effect on lipolysis. Consequently, it was concluded that the activity of lipase, at an optimum pH of 6.5, is the predominant factors for digestion of SEDDS.
P16-positive esophageal squamous cell cancer as an interdisciplinary challenge: A case report (2019)

P16-positive squamous cell carcinomas were first described in the anogenital region. Since the publication by Hayes in 2012, p16 association has also been characterized in oropharynx carcinomas. These regions have to therefore be initially considered in primary tumor detection in cases of p16-positive squamous cell cancer metastasis. Despite this trend, p16-positive primary tumors have also been found in other areas of the body.
Density of States for a Specified Correlation Function and the Energy Landscape (2012)

The degeneracy of two-phase disordered microstructures consistent with a specified correlation function is analyzed by mapping it to a ground-state degeneracy. We determine for the first time the associated density of states via a Monte Carlo algorithm. Our results are explained in terms of the roughness of an energy landscape, defined on a hypercubic configuration space. The use of a Hamming distance in this space enables us to define a roughness metric, which is calculated from the correlation function alone and related quantitatively to the structural degeneracy. This relation is validated for a wide variety of disordered structures.
Efficient distributed restoration path selection for shared mesh restoration (2003)

In MPLS/GMPLS networks, a range of restoration schemes will be required to support different tradeoffs between service interruption time and network resource utilization. In light of these tradeoffs, path-based end-to-end shared mesh restoration provides a very attractive solution. However, efficient use of bandwidth for shared mesh restoration strongly relies on the procedure for selecting restoration paths. We propose an efficient restoration path selection algorithm for restorable connections over shared bandwidth in a fully distributed MPLS/GMPLS architecture. We also describe how to extend MPLS/GMPLS signaling protocols to collect the necessary information efficiently. To evaluate the algorithm's performance, we compare it via simulation with two other well-known algorithms on a typical intercity backbone network. The key figure of merit for restoration bandwidth efficiency is restoration overbuild, i.e., the extra bandwidth required to meet the network restoration objective as a percentage of the bandwidth of the network with no restoration. Our simulation results show that our algorithm uses significantly less restoration overbuild (63%-68%) compared with the other two algorithms (83%-90%).
Major histocompatibility complex class II DNA polymorphisms in chicken strains selected for Marek's disease resistance and egg production or for egg production alone (1997)

The objective of this study was to investigate frequencies of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restriction fragments in two groups of White Leghorn strains. Each group consisted of an unselected control, a strain selected for egg production traits, and a strain selected for egg production traits and Marek's disease (MD) resistance. PvuII-digested genomic DNA was hybridized with a chicken genomic MHC class II probe. The MHC class II DNA fragment frequencies in the selected strains differed from those in the related unselected control and in the strain selected using the same criteria from a different base population. Based on the sizes of the breeding populations, particularly those in the control strain and in the strain selected for egg production, it was considered unlikely that the observed changes of the MHC class II fragment frequencies were due to random genetic drift. The data suggested that some MHC class II bands are associated with production traits or with MD resistance, and that these associations tend to be unique to each genetic background. Hence, MHC class II genes are likely candidates for the investigation of quantitative trait loci in egg production and disease resistance traits such as those for which the studied strains were selected.
Role for Chitin and Chitooligomers in the Capsular Architecture of Cryptococcus neoformans (2009)

Molecules composed of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and deacetylated glucosamine units play key roles as surface constituents of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of chitin and chitooligomers, which participate in the connection of capsular polysaccharides to the cryptococcal cell wall. In the present study, we evaluated the role of GlcNAc-containing structures in the assembly of the cryptococcal capsule. The in vivo expression of chitooligomers in C. neoformans varied depending on the infected tissue, as inferred from the differential reactivity of yeast forms to the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in infected brain and lungs of rats. Chromatographic and dynamic light-scattering analyses demonstrated that glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major cryptococcal capsular component, interacts with chitin and chitooligomers. When added to C. neoformans cultures, chitooligomers formed soluble complexes with GXM and interfered in capsular assembly, as manifested by aberrant capsules with defective connections with the cell wall and no reactivity with a monoclonal antibody to GXM. Cultivation of C. neoformans in the presence of an inhibitor of glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase resulted in altered expression of cell wall chitin. These cells formed capsules that were loosely connected to the cryptococcal wall and contained fibers with decreased diameters and altered monosaccharide composition. These results contribute to our understanding of the role played by chitin and chitooligosaccharides on the cryptococcal capsular structure, broadening the functional activities attributed to GlcNAc-containing structures in this biological system.
Capsule endoscopy : diagnosis of intestinal localisation of systemic follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (2020)

We report the case of a 58 year old man with occult obscure gastro-intestinal bleeding (OGIB) without other significant symptoms, in which systemic localisation of follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma was discovered trough capsule endoscopy. This case reflects the clinical significance of performing capsule endoscopy in patients with OGIB.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron(IV) Corroles Are Potent Catalysts for Aziridination of Olefins by Chloramine‐T. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.