gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Dura Mater from the Rat Brain and Spinal Cord (2008)

The dura mater is the outermost and most substantial meningial layer of central nervous system (CNS) tissue that acts as a protective membrane for the brain and spinal cord. In animal models of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, mechanical insults are often delivered directly to the dura to injure the underlying tissue. As such, including a description of the mechanical properties of dura mater is critical for biomechanical analyses of these models. We have characterized the mechanical response of dura mater from the rat brain and spinal cord in uniaxial tension. Testing was performed at low (0.0014 sec(-1)) and high (19.42 sec(-1)) strain rates. Both rat cranial dura and spinal dura demonstrated non-linear stress-strain responses characteristic of collagenous soft tissues. The non-linear increase in stress lagged in the spinal dura compared to the cranial dura. The slow rate data was fit to a one-term Ogden hyperelastic constitutive law, and significant differences were observed for the stiffness, G, and the parameter, alpha, which nominally introduces non-linearity. High strain rate stress-relaxation tests were performed to 10% strain, which was held for 10 sec. The relaxation was fit to a four-term Prony series exponential decay. Cranial dura and spinal dura demonstrated similar overall relaxation, but significant differences were identified in the distribution of the relaxation over the Prony series parameters, which demonstrated that cranial dura tended to relax faster. Polarized light microscopy revealed that the structural entities of spinal dura were aligned in the axial direction, whereas cranial dura did not demonstrate a preferential alignment. This was confirmed qualitatively with Masson's Tri-chrome and Verhoeff's Van Gieson staining for collagen and elastin, which also indicated greater elastin content for the spinal dura than for the cranial dura.
Late‐Stage Borylation Strategy for the Development of New Boron‐Based Retinoids (2023)

Abstract Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of boron‐based bexarotene analogues as potential new retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists. The synthetic strategy utilized a common intermediate to access different classes of bexarotene analogues, and subsequently these novel retinoids were borylated. The strategy accomplished synthesis of new classes of borotenoids (boron‐based retinoids) via late‐stage palladium‐catalyzed borylation which could be useful for the development of new therapeutic agents and probes to study retinoic acid signaling pathways.
RTP payload multiplexing between IP telephony gateways (2003)

We describe a new method to multiplex a number of low bit rate audio streams into a single RTP stream between IP telephony gateways. Audio frames from different users are assembled into a multiplexed RTP payload thus reducing the overhead of RTP/UDP/IP headers. To maintain distinction between the multiplexed audio streams sharing a single RTP stream, a 2-byte mini-header is added to each frame of an audio stream. A unique channel identifier is associated between the peer gateway entities by means of signaling procedures. Major applications of this method will be in the areas of IP telephony gateways that interconnect PSTN/PBX systems and cellular access networks. Results have indicated that the overhead is reduced by 50% to 80% depending on the size of the audio frame. Other advantages of the proposed scheme include fewer UDP/IP connections between gateways, a reduced possibility of congestion at intermediate IP routers, and a reduction of processing delays in multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), differentiated service (diff-serv) and IP security (IPsec) environments.
Blind signal separation using overcomplete subband representation (2001)

This paper discusses a multirate filterbank-based extended infomax algorithm for real-world signal separation, i.e., convolved mixtures separation. Since convolution in the time domain corresponds to instantaneous mixing in the frequency domain, polyphase subband projection naturally becomes an efficient alternative to the Fourier transform based frequency domain approach. The online implementation proposed is featured by a simultaneous inverse channel identification in the frequency domain and signal filtering in the time domain. It is shown that an over-representation structure reduces aliasing between different bands and results in more accurate inverse channel estimates. Therefore, it provides better performance than the Fourier transform based structure in the measures of both separation and distortion. The performance limitation of the method is also evaluated in terms of the Wiener solution.
Paxillin Binding to the α4 Integrin Subunit Stimulates LFA-1 (Integrin αLβ2)-Dependent T Cell Migration by Augmenting the Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase/Proline-Rich Tyrosine Kinase-2 (2003)

Engagement of very late Ag-4 (integrin alpha(4)beta(1)) by ligands such as VCAM-1 markedly stimulates leukocyte migration mediated by LFA-1 (integrin alpha(L)beta(2)). This form of integrin trans-regulation in T cells requires the binding of paxillin to the alpha(4) integrin cytoplasmic domain. This conclusion is based on the abolition of trans-regulation in Jurkat T cells by an alpha(4) mutation (alpha(4)(Y991A)) that disrupts paxillin binding. Furthermore, cellular expression of an alpha(4)-binding fragment of paxillin that blocks the alpha(4)-paxillin interaction, selectively blocked VCAM-1 stimulation of alpha(L)beta(2)-dependent cell migration. The alpha(4)-paxillin association mediates trans-regulation by enhancing the activation of tyrosine kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and/or proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2), based on two lines of evidence. First, disruption of the paxillin-binding site in the alpha(4) tail resulted in much less alpha(4)beta(1)-mediated phosphorylation of Pyk2 and FAK. Second, transfection with cDNAs encoding C-terminal fragments of Pyk2 and FAK, which block the function of the intact kinases, blocked alpha(4)beta(1) stimulation of alpha(L)beta(2)-dependent migration. These results define a proximal protein-protein interaction of an integrin cytoplasmic domain required for trans-regulation between integrins, and establish that augmented activation of Pyk2 and/or FAK is an immediate signaling event required for the trans-regulation of integrin alpha(L)beta(2) by alpha(4)beta(1).
Highly selective generation of urethanes from amines, carbon dioxide and alkyl chlorides (1994)

Generation of carbamate anions from either a primary or secondary amine, carbon dioxide and a stoichiometric amount of a pentaalkylguanidine followed by the addition of alkyl chlorides gives high yields of urethanes.
Catalyst Degradation: Nanoparticle Population Dynamics and Kinetic Processes (2013)

Nanoparticle catalysts dispersed on high surface area electronic support materials are used in a wide range of low-temperature applications. Nano-sized particles afford a high active surface area per unit volume of an electrocatalytic medium. However, the gain in active surface area for desired surface reactions is offset, in part, by enhanced rates of degradation processes that cause losses in catalyst mass, catalyst surface area and electrocatalytic activity. We present a dynamic model of surface area loss phenomena utilizing population balance equations in particle space to account for nanoparticle dissolution, redeposition, coagulation and detachment. Dissolution emerges as a key mechanism of degradation and for Pt-based nanoparticles, we examine the underlying kinetics of Pt oxidation that dictate the rates of Pt dissolution.
Odor identification deficit of the parkinsonism‐dementia complex of Guam (1991)

Olfactory dysfunction is among the first signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD), idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), and the parkinsonism-dementia complex (PDC) of Guam. We have recently demonstrated that the odor identification and detection deficits of patients with PD are equivalent to those of patients with mild AD when subtle differences in cognitive function are statistically controlled for by analysis of covariance. In contrast, patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and patients with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism evidence olfactory function much more similar to that of normal controls. In the present study, we administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and the Picture Identification Test to 24 patients with early signs of the PDC of Guam and statistically compared their test scores to those of 24 early-stage AD and 24 early-stage PD patients of similar age and gender from the United States mainland. Although the PDC group evidenced slightly more difficulty in identifying pictures than did the other 2 groups, the odor identification deficit associated with this disorder was of the same magnitude as that observed in AD and PD, suggesting that olfactory testing cannot be used to distinguish among these 3 diseases and that the olfactory dysfunction of these disorders may reflect a common neurologic substrate.
A Hybrid Method for the Prediction of Dispersed Multi-Phase Flows (Integration of Interface Tracking and Fluid-Particle Tracking Methods) (2005)

A hybrid numerical method for solving dispersed multi-phase flows was developed. The method is the integration of an interface tracking method (ITM) based on a volume tracking scheme, a new fluid particle tracking method (PTM) based on a one field formulation (OFPT), a PTM based on the jump condition (BCPT) and a PTM based on volume averaging (VAPT). This hybrid integration made it possible to cover a wide range of spatial resolution within the context of continuum dynamics. The validity of OFPT was confirmed through comparisons of predicted bubble wake velocity distributions between OFPT and ITM. It was also verified through a simulation of two inline air bubbles and that of air-water bubbly flow in a duct that OFPT can seamlessly connect to ITM.
A Nondeletional Mechanism for Central T-Cell Tolerance (2001)

To be positively selected, immature thymocytes must receive signaling through their T-cell receptor (TCR), and engagement of relatively low-affinity self-peptides permits further T-cell maturation. However, mature T cells no longer overtly respond to such low-affinity antigens, indicating that T cells acquire a higher threshold for activation during thymopoiesis. We wondered whether partial interference in positive selection could produce T cells that respond to the selecting self-peptide. This possibility was tested by injecting procainamide-hydroxylamine (PAHA), a lupus-inducing drug, into the thymus of adult normal mice. Three weeks after the second injection, IgG antichromatin antibodies appeared in the circulation and remained for several months. The murine antichromatin antibodies reacted with the (H2A-H2B)-DNA subnucleosome complex, the predominant specificity in patients with procainamide-induced lupus. In thymus organ and reaggregate cultures, PAHA had no effect on negative selection of T cells with high affinity for a co-present antigen, but acted on CD4+ CD8+ immature T cells as they underwent positive selection. TCR transgenic T cells specific to cytochrome c peptide 88-104 acquired the capacity to respond to the low-affinity analogue at position 99 (lys-->ala) if PAHA was present during their development. PAHA also blocked the capacity of a T-cell line to become anergic after anti-CD3 treatment, suggesting that PAHA prevents the production of negative regulators that accumulate in response to partial signaling through the TCR. These results are consistent with the view that T cells acquire self-tolerance during positive selection, and disruption of this process can result in autoreactive T cells and systemic autoimmunity.
Achieving formations under medium access, relative position and velocity constraints (2008)

We consider the distributed control of multi-agent systems that must collaborate to achieve a formation specified by relative positions between agents and a constant velocity. The control law uses information exchange commensurate with redundancy for fault tolerance, is scalable, and respects medium access control (MAC) constraints, that prohibit two agents from simultaneously broadcasting to the same agent. Unlike this paper, our prior work under MAC constraints did not permit the specification of the formation velocity.
Design and implementation of a direct digitization GPS receiver front end (1996)

A direct digitization approach greatly reduces the hardware requirements in traditional front end design. Further, the hardware that has been eliminated is typically the source of a number of potential difficulties including age-based, temperature-based, and/or nonlinear performance. This paper presents a case study on the design and implementation of direct digitization Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver front end. First, sensitivity and dynamic range issues for a generic front end are discussed with particular attention given to the unique requirements in the direct digitization approach. Second, two GPS front end implementations are compared. The first is the direct digitization of the input signal at radio frequency (RF) as is the case in the true digital receiver or software radio. The second uses a more standard approach of downconverting the input signal to an intermediate frequency (IF) for further processing of digitization. Experimental data is presented which characterizes the relative signal-to-noise ratio for both implementations as well as the results of initial acquisition processing of true GPS data.
Multi-Task CTC for Joint Handwriting Recognition and Character Bounding Box Prediction (2023)

Deep learning based models continue to push the frontier of OCR and Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) both in terms of increasing accuracy and minimizing the burden of data annotation. For example, the CTC loss [3] allows for line-level training without the explicit spatial positions of the characters and words. Other recent works have further reduced the annotation effort by training systems on entire paragraphs or pages of text without line-level annotations. While these techniques have greatly increased accuracy and significantly reduced the data collection burden, useful outputs beyond just the Unicode character prediction have been lost. Because these systems have fewer explicit segmentation steps, they do not produce character-level or word-level bounding boxes. As a result, downstream applications such as highlighting, redaction tools, and basic document correction, are not provided and must be obtained with other methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzyl and t‐Butyl Sulfoxides as Sulfenyl Halide Equivalents: A Convenient Preparation of Benzisothiazolones. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Application-informed radio duty-cycling in a re-taskable multi-user sensing system (2009)

As sensor networks mature, there will be an increasing need for re-usable, dynamically taskable software systems that support multiple concurrent applications. In this paper, we consider the problem of energy management in such systems, taking Tenet as a case study. Our work considers energy management under three new constraints: dynamic multi-hop routing and tasking, multiple concurrent applications, and reliable end-toend data delivery. We present AEM, an energy management system that satisfies these constraints. AEM statically analyzes and infers the traffic profile for the application and accordingly tunes the duty-cycling protocol to provide the best trade-off in latency and data delivery performance. Furthermore, unlike other duty-cycling protocols with pre-computed or fixed transmission and reception time slots, AEM uses elastic schedules that allows it to adapt to dynamics while enabling bounded latency of event detection. Our experiments show that AEM achieves 1–3% duty-cycles, while allowing concurrent applications to transmit 100% of the sensor data in a multi-hop 40-node network testbed.
How the osteoclast degrades bone (1998)

Osteoclasts are multinucleated monocyte-macrophage derivatives that degrade bone. Their specialized role is central to a process that continuously removes and replaces segments of the skeleton in the higher vertebrates. Osteoclasts allow skeletal mineral to be used to manage extracellular calcium activity, which is an important adaptation for life on land, and solid skeletal structure to be replaced by hollow architecture that has a superior strength-to-weight ratio. Degrading bone also allows periodic repair and remodeling for ordered growth and efficient response to mechanical loads. A fairly comprehensive view of osteoclastic ontogeny and function is emerging from recent studies. Osteoclasts dissolve bone mineral by massive acid secretion and secrete specialized proteinases that degrade the organic matrix, mainly type I collagen, in this acidic milieu. The site of bone dissolution is a high-calcium environment; removal of degradation products by transcytosis of membrane vesicles allows the osteoclast to maintain a normal intracellular calcium. Osteoclastic differentiation is normally balanced with bone formation, although bone formation is the function of unrelated stromal cell-derived osteoblasts. Interactions between osteoclast precursors and bone-forming cells are believed to control osteoclast differentiation under most circumstances, preserving bone architecture over many cycles of bone replacement. BioEssays 20:837–846, 1998. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
34-GBd Linear Transimpedance Amplifier for 200-Gb/s DP-16-QAM Optical Coherent Receivers (2018)

High spectral efficiency offered by the coherent optical communication links makes them attractive for the nextgeneration optical communication links. Using advanced modulation schemes such as dual-polarization quadrature-amplitude modulation (DP-QAM) data rates beyond 200 Gb/s can be achieved. A key component of such links is the wide-bandwidth and high-linearity coherent optical receiver. In this paper, we present a fully differential (FD) optical receiver architecture consisting of a variable-gain transimpedance amplifier (VG-TIA) followed by a VG amplifier (VGA). The proposed optical receiver employs a dual-feedback automatic gain control (AGC) loop that controls both the front-end VG-TIA and the following VGA to achieve both low-noise and high-linearity operation. A new photodiode (PD) dc current cancellation scheme is developed and implemented for the full differential front-end TIA. A prototype dual-TIA chip is fabricated in a 0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS √ process. The presented TIA achieves 20-pA√Hz input-referred noise (IRN) density, 27-GHz, 3-dB bandwidth, and 1.5% total harmonic distortion (THD) at 1-mApp input PD current and 500-mV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> output voltage swing. This enables the 34-GBd operation with the bit error rate (BER) of 10-10 and 5.4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> using DP-QPSK and DP-16-QAM formats at optical signal-tonoise ratios (OSNRs) of 25 and 30 dB, respectively, demonstrating the 100and 200-Gb/s single wavelength optical coherent receiver operation. The dual-TIA chip occupies an area of 1.4 mm × 1.6 mm and consumes 313 mW per channel at 34 GBd from a 3.3-V supply.
Asymptotic properties and covariance expressions of kth-order sample moments and cumulants (2002)

Consistency and asymptotic normality of kth-order sample moments and cumulants of stationary processes is established. Further, asymptotic covariance expressions along with their computable forms are derived and special cases for k=2, 3 and 4 are explicitly discussed. This analysis generalizes the results of Bartlett and provides tools for performance evaluation and comparison of algorithms based on sample moments and cumulants. Simulations verify the given covariance expressions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
High-Throughput miRNA and mRNA Sequencing of Paired Colorectal Normal, Tumor and Metastasis Tissues and Bioinformatic Modeling of miRNA-1 Therapeutic Applications (2013)

MiRNAs are discussed as diagnostic and therapeutic molecules. However, effective miRNA drug treatments with miRNAs are, so far, hampered by the complexity of the miRNA networks. To identify potential miRNA drugs in colorectal cancer, we profiled miRNA and mRNA expression in matching normal, tumor and metastasis tissues of eight patients by Illumina sequencing. We validated six miRNAs in a large tissue screen containing 16 additional tumor entities and identified miRNA-1, miRNA-129, miRNA-497 and miRNA-215 as constantly de-regulated within the majority of cancers. Of these, we investigated miRNA-1 as representative in a systems-biology simulation of cellular cancer models implemented in PyBioS and assessed the effects of depletion as well as overexpression in terms of miRNA-1 as a potential treatment option. In this system, miRNA-1 treatment reverted the disease phenotype with different effectiveness among the patients. Scoring the gene expression changes obtained through mRNA-Seq from the same patients we show that the combination of deep sequencing and systems biological modeling can help to identify patient-specific responses to miRNA treatments. We present this data as guideline for future pre-clinical assessments of new and personalized therapeutic options.
Conductive carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer composites and their characterization (2016)

New electrically conductive composites reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes were studied in this work. The main properties of conductive composites, which were developed, such as electrical (dielectric spectroscopy and volume resistivity), mechanical (elongation at break, Young's modulus, yield strength), and rheological (melt flow index (MFI)) were evaluated. Loading single-walled carbon nanotubes into carbon black/polymer composites lowers the volume resistivity of such composites. The application of a small quantity of single-walled carbon nanotubes in carbon black/polymer composites allows reducing the carbon black content and improving the rheological and processing properties. The conductive polymer composites developed as part of this study can be processed by conventional processing methods such as injection molding or extrusion. Ternary conductive composites can be applied as materials with improved processing properties in electrical engineering.