gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Interpretation of Constant-Phase Elements (2016)

Electrical circuits invoking constant-phase elements (CPE) are often used to fit impedance data arising from a broad range of experimental systems. The CPE is often used simply as a way to improve the fit of a model to impedance data, justified by a vague assertion that a distribution of time constants is present in the system under investigation. The development in the present work shows that the CPE parameters have a physical meaning. The CPE may be seen as a special case of time-constant dispersion in which the time constants follow a particular distribution. The interpretation of CPE parameters in terms of physically meaningful properties such as capacitance requires an understanding of the nature of the time-constant distribution. This presentation provides a review of recent work on the interpretation of constant-phase elements. A power-law distribution of resistivity in the direction normal to the electrode surface is shown to yield CPE behavior.[1-5] A formula developed by Brug et al. yields physical parameters for time–constant distributions along the surface of an electrode.[6] Work is underway to explore the physical origin of surface distributions that may give rise to a CPE.[7-9] It should be noted that not all time-constant distributions can be described by a constant-phase element. For example, the impedance of the passive layer for a stainless steel electrode presented by Frateur et al.[10] shows CPE behavior; whereas, the time-constant distribution associated with a niobium oxide covered niobium electrode [11] is not a CPE. References B. Hirschorn, M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157 (2010) C452–C457. B. Hirschorn, M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157 (2010) C458–C463. M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, S. Marcelin, N. Pébère, A. L. Bunge, E. A. White, D. P. Riemer, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 160 (2013) C215–C225. S. Amand, M. Musiani, M. E. Orazem, N. Pébère, B. Tribollet, and V. Vivier, Electrochimica Acta, 87 (2013), 693-700. M. Musiani, M. E. Orazem, N. Pébère, B. Tribollet, and V. Vivier, Progress in Organic Coatings, 77 (2014) 2076–2083. G. J. Brug, A. L. G. van den Eeden, M. Sluyters-Rehbach, and J. H. Sluyters, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 176 (1984) 275–295. C. L. Alexander, B. Tribollet, and M. E. Orazem, Electrochimica Acta, 173 (2015) 416–424. C. L. Alexander, B. Tribollet, and M. E. Orazem, Electrochimica Acta, 188 (2016) 566–573. C. L. Alexander, B. Tribollet, and M. E. Orazem, Electrochimica Acta, (2016) in press. I. Frateur, L. Lartundo-Rojas, C. M´ethivier, A. Galtayries, and P. Marcus, Electrochimica Acta, 51 (2006) 1550–1557. S. Cattarin, M. Musiani, and B. Tribollet, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 149 (2002) B457–B464.
A Proposed Integrity Equation for WAAS MOPS (1997)

Segregation analysis of discrete traits can be conducted by the classical mixed model and the recently introduced regressive models. The mixed model assumes an underlying liability to the disease, to which a major gene, a multifactorial component, and random environment contribute independently. Affected persons have a liability exceeding a threshold. The regressive logistic models assume that the logarithm of the odds of being affected is a linear function of major genotype effects, the phenotypes of older relatives, and other covariates. A formulation of the regressive models, based on an underlying liability model, has been recently proposed. The regression coefficients on antecedents are expressed in terms of the relevant familial correlations and a one-to-one correspondence with the parameters of the mixed model can thus be established. Computer simulations are conducted to evaluate the fit of the two formulations of the regressive models to the mixed model on nuclear families. The two forms of the class D regressive model provide a good fit to a generated mixed model, in terms of both hypothesis testing and parameter estimation. The simpler class A regressive model, which assumes that the outcomes of children depend solely on the outcomes of parents, is not robust against a sib-sib correlation exceeding that specified by the model, emphasizing testing class A against class D. The studies reported here show that if the true state of nature is that described by the mixed model, then a regressive model will do just as well. Moreover, the regressive models, allowing for more patterns of family dependence, provide a flexible framework to understand gene-environment interactions in complex diseases.
Impact of Supply Chain Management in Globalization (2021)

Globalization has had a considerable impact on the logistics industry. The supply chain (SC) is the most significant concept in logistics. Managing SC operations has become more difficult as a result of globalization. Supply chains (SCs) are the pathways between suppliers and purchasers. The role of SCs is to safeguard a product from the moment of its creation till it reaches the hands of a customer. Supply chain management (SCM) is a crucial part of companies. It is the main driver of their success and customer loyalty. Marketing is becoming an increasingly important part of the process, balancing procurement by providing critical demand information and cultivating partnerships that help SC operations run more efficiently. These goods must cross international boundaries to enter as many customers as possible. SCs are important for global markets because, without them, suppliers' goods will not be able to reach global markets efficiently. The paper's objectives are to discuss the aspects of Supply Chain Management and Global Supply Chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfinic Acids and Related Compounds. Part 15. Convenient Methods for Esterifying Sensitive Sulfinic Acid Salts. (1986)

Abstract Mit den Trialkyloxoniumsalzen (II) oder mit den Alkanolen (IV) in Gegenwart von BF 3 ‐Etherat lassen sich thermolabile Sul?nsäuresalze (I) bzw. (VI) in die Sulfmsäurealkylester (III) überführen.
Identification of compounds protective against G93A-SOD1 toxicity for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2010)

The underlying cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, remains unknown. However, there is strong evidence that one pathophysiological mechanism, toxic protein misfolding and/or aggregation, may trigger motor neuron dysfunction and loss. Since the clinical and pathological features of sporadic and familial ALS are indistinguishable, all forms of the disease may be better understood and ultimately treated by studying pathogenesis and therapy in models expressing mutant forms of SOD1. We developed a cellular model in which cell death depended on the expression of G93A-SOD1, a mutant form of superoxide dismutase found in familial ALS patients that produces toxic protein aggregates. This cellular model was optimized for high throughput screening to identify protective compounds from a >50,000 member chemical library. Three novel chemical scaffolds were selected for further study following screen implementation, counter-screening and secondary testing, including studies with purchased analogs. All three scaffolds blocked SOD1 aggregation in high content screening assays and data on the optimization and further characterization of these compounds will be reported separately. These data suggest that optimization of these chemicals scaffolds may produce therapeutic candidates for ALS patients.
Adapting Collision Warnings to Real-Time Estimates of Driver Distraction (2008)

Whether a driver views an alert as useful or annoying depends on the driver's state of mind as well as the traffic situation. As a consequence, the next step in the adaptive-vehicle cockpit will be to measure not only the traffic situation, but also the driver's situation. To avoid annoying the driver, collision warning systems may need to adapt their warnings according to whether the driver is attending to the road or not. Such adaptive systems may greatly improve driver acceptance and safety. This chapter explores how forward collision warning (FCW) and lane departure warning (LDW) systems have been adapted to take into account the driver's visual orientation.
Clinical Scoring System to Predict Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Carriers (2010)

A simple prediction score constructed from routine clinical and laboratory parameters is accurate in predicting HCC development in HBV carriers. Future prospective validation is warranted.
Neutron Characterization of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 (2016)

Abstract Recent advances in neutron sources and detector technologies enable new contrast mechanisms to determine crystalline information for metal components. This new capability can help validate emerging additive manufacturing processes used to produce parts with complex geometries.
Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging of Gaviscon alginate rafts in-vivo (2002)

Liquid Gaviscon and Gaviscon Advance are established reflux suppressant formulations. This study describes the use of echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (EPI) to visualise non-invasively intragastric alginate rafts of Liquid Gaviscon and Gaviscon Advance in healthy subjects. Secondly, the feasibility of using relaxation rate (T2(-1)) measurements to monitor changes in the physicochemical properties of the rafts in-vivo is evaluated. Six subjects ingested 500 mL of a liquid meal and received a single dose of 20 mL Liquid Gaviscon or 10 mL Gaviscon Advance on 2 separate visits each and were imaged every 15 min. An alginate raft was observed in the stomach for all subjects and both treatments. The raft was observed to consist of a few large fragments on the majority of the scans for both products. At t = 60 min a raft was still present in all cases. Three-dimensional volume reconstructions showed, for the first time, the spatial distribution of the rafts within the gastric lumen. The T2(-1) data showed potential for assessment of dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties of the alginate rafts in-vivo. We conclude that EPI shows great potential in assessing alginate rafts formation in-vivo.
Impacts of high-speed waterjets on web structures (2013)

AbstractHydroentangling, where a fabric is formed by striking of fine, closely spaced, high speed waterjets, is one of the fastest growing bonding methods in the nonwoven industry. Softness, drape, conformability, and relatively high strength are the major characteristics that make this bonding technology unique. Despite the method appeal, few understand the impact of waterjet on fabric structures. The primary function of waterjet is to produce fiber entangling, which induces web integrity. In this paper, we have analyzed the interaction of waterjets on web structures to provide a better understanding of the hydroentangling mechanism. We have successfully visualized and analyzed structures of entangled regions through 2D and 3D imaging techniques. The influence of water-jet pressure, jet diameter, and number of jets on hydroentangled web structures is reported.Keywords: nonwovenshydroentanglingthree-dimensional structuresentanglementfiber orientation AcknowledgementThe current work was supported by the Nonwovens Cooperative Research Center and its support is gratefully acknowledged.
Challenges in preparing, preserving and detecting para-water in bulk: overcoming proton exchange and other hurdles (2015)

Para-water is an analogue of para-hydrogen, where the two proton spins are in a quantum state that is antisymmetric under permutation, also known as singlet state. The populations of the nuclear spin states in para-water are believed to have long lifetimes just like other Long-Lived States (LLSs). This hypothesis can be verified by measuring the relaxation of an excess or a deficiency of para-water, also known as a "Triplet-Singlet Imbalance" (TSI), i.e., a difference between the average population of the three triplet states T (that are symmetric under permutation) and the population of the singlet state S. In analogy with our recent findings on ethanol and fumarate, we propose to adapt the procedure for Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (D-DNP) to prepare such a TSI in frozen water at very low temperatures in the vicinity of 1.2 K. After rapid heating and dissolution using an aprotic solvent, the TSI should be largely preserved. To assess this hypothesis, we studied the lifetime of water as a molecular entity when diluted in various solvents. In neat liquid H2O, proton exchange rates have been characterized by spin-echo experiments on oxygen-17 in natural abundance, with and without proton decoupling. One-dimensional exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) has been used to study proton exchange rates in H2O, HDO and D2O mixtures diluted in various aprotic solvents. In the case of 50 mM H2O in dioxane-d8, the proton exchange lifetime is about 20 s. After dissolving, one can observe this TSI by monitoring intensities in oxygen-17 spectra of H2O (if necessary using isotopically enriched samples) where the AX2 system comprising a "spy" oxygen A and two protons X2 gives rise to binomial multiplets only if the TSI vanishes. Alternatively, fast chemical addition to a suitable substrate (such as an activated aldehyde or ketone) can provide AX2 systems where a carbon-13 acts as a spy nucleus. Proton signals that relax to equilibrium with two distinct time constants can be considered as a hallmark of a TSI. We optimized several experimental procedures designed to preserve and reveal dilute para-water in bulk.
Tense Times (2006)

This chapter investigates the potential impact of tense philosophy on narratology and asks the question of whether it is possible to infer a metaphysics of time from the linguistic form of narrative. It aims to identify and analyse the ways in which the study of narrative can learn from the philosophy of tense, and the ways in which this relationship between narrative and tense map onto the debates surrounding time in the physical sciences. The distinction between A-series and B-series theories of time is capable of some important contributions to an understanding of narrative, and particularly so when it operates by moving between linguistics and metaphysics. The value of tense-based narratology would extend beyond the description of narrative fiction, and of its increasingly complex temporal structures, to an analysis of the relationship between time and narrative in general.
Preventing Pollution Attacks in Multi-Source Network Coding. (2010)

Abstract. Network coding is a method for achieving channel capacity in networks. The key idea is to allow network routers to linearly mix packets as they traverse the network so that recipients receive linear combinations of packets. Network coded systems are vulnerable to pollution attacks where a single malicious node floods the network with bad packets and prevents the receiver from decoding correctly. Cryptographic defenses to these problems are based on homomorphic signatures and MACs. These proposals, however, cannot handle mixing of packets from multiple sources, which is needed to achieve the full benefits of network coding. In this paper we address integrity of multi-source mixing. We propose a security model for this setting and provide a generic construction. 1
Charged particle multiplicities in pp interactions at $ \sqrt {s} = 0.9 $ , 2.36, and 7 TeV (2011)

Measurements of primary charged hadron multiplicity distributions are presented for non-single-diffractive events in proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of s = 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV, in five pseudorapidity ranges from || < 0.5 to || < 2.4. The data were collected with the minimum-bias trigger of the CMS experiment during the LHC commissioning runs in 2009 and the 7 TeV run in 2010. The multiplicity distribution at s = 0.9 TeV is in agreement with previous measurements. At higher energies the increase of the mean multiplicity with s is underestimated by most event generators. The average transverse momentum as a function of the multiplicity is also presented. The measurement of higher-order moments of the multiplicity distribution confirms the violation of Koba-Nielsen-Olesen scaling that has been observed at lower energies.
WEIGHT CHANGE AND GENDER (2003)

The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate. Recent findings suggest that central adiposity may be a better predictor of heart disease and metabolic disorders. Men typically store fat in the trunk (centrally) while women tend to store fat in the lower body. PURPOSE To examine the effects of weight loss on measures of central adiposity in overweight men (n = 21) and women (n = 101). METHODS All participants (BMI = 29.3 ± 3.0; Mean ± SD) were assigned to a 16-week diet and exercise program with weekly group sessions and a low fat diet of 1200–1800 kcal/d. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used to measure percent fat (PF) and trunk fat (TF); central adiposity was also assessed by measuring waist circumference (WC) and sagittal diameter (SD). RESULTS Treatment resulted in a significant reduction for both BMI (2.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2) and PF (4.2 ± 3.3%) without gender effect. However, significant (all P's < .05) baseline weight adjusted differences were observed between men and women in the reduction of TF (5.0 ± 4.9 vs 3.3 ± 2.6kg), WC (10.3 ± 6.6 vs 5.6 ± 3.7cm), and SD (4.5 ± 2.4 vs 2.4 ± 1.9cm). CONCLUSION Future investigations should examine the relationship between gender specific changes in central adiposity and disease risk. Supported by NIH Grant: RO1 DK 53907-01A1 to REA and GCRC at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center.
Synaptic Release of CCL5 Storage Vesicles Triggers CXCR4 Surface Expression Promoting CTL Migration in Response to CXCL12 (2014)

The lytic function of CTL relies on the polarized release of cytotoxic granules (CG) at the immune synapse (IS) with target cells. CTL also contain CCL5 in cytoplasmic storage vesicles (CCL5V) distinct from CG, the role of which, in regulating T cell effector functions, is not understood. Using human CD8(+) T cells specific to a lung tumor-associated Ag, we show in this article that CTL release both secretory compartments into the immune synapse with autologous tumor cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that disorganization of the T cell microtubule cytoskeleton and defects in hMunc13-4 or Rab27a abrogate CG exocytosis and synaptic secretion of the chemokine. Mechanistically, synaptic release of CCL5 cytoplasmic storage vesicles likely occurs upon their coalescence with the Rab27a-hMunc13-4 compartment and results in autocrine, CCR5-dependent induction of CXCR4 cell surface expression, thereby promoting T cell migration in response to CXCL12. We propose that CCL5 polarized delivery represents a mechanism by which CTL control immune synapse duration.
The Design, Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships of Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Materials (2002)

After nearly 20 years of intense research, ferroelectric liquid crystals are now being used in commercial devices. This timely review will consider the structural units and their specific combinations that can be used to generate the required smectic C phase, and provide the necessary physical properties for optimum operation of devices. The design features required to generate the more recent antiferroelectric phase will also be considered. Keywords: Liquid CrystalsFerroelectricAntiferroelectricMaterials
Lossless Compression of Cytometric Data (2019)

Nowadays, most cytometrists apply lossless compression by storing their FCS files in ZIP archives. Unfortunately, ZIP only achieves modest space savings in cytometric data, due to DEFLATE being used as the underlying lossless compression algorithm (LCA). Presumably, other modern LCA can outperform DEFLATE, especially in terms of space savings. Twenty-one codecs (programs implementing LCA) were evaluated in 167,131 publicly available FCS files. Within floating-point data, as produced by modern instruments, most favorable compression ratios (CRs) were achieved by ZPAQ (median 0.469), BCM (median 0.523), and LZMA (median 0.545). In comparison, the DEFLATE-based codecs only achieved median CR of 0.728 under the most optimal conditions. By default, ZIP offers nine compression level (CL) settings, where lower ZIP-CL optimizes for time efficiency, while higher ZIP-CL optimizes for space efficiency. Interestingly, the third ZIP-CL already resulted in near optimal CR in 90% of the files with floating-point data, as produced by digital cytometers. LZMA is well established, widely supported, and actively maintained (in sharp contrast to ZPAQ and BCM) and therefore arguably the most attractive alternative for ZIP. Within floating-point data, by shifting from ZIP (under optimal conditions) to LZMA (at default settings), the median CR can be improved by 25%. Based on our results, cytometrists can benefit from state-of-the-art compression by choosing the appropriate codec for their situation. Our results are likely to speed-up the adaptation of modern codecs, as CR around 0.5 were beyond all expectations, and such space savings will benefit the field of cytometry. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Pigment Identification of Artist Materials Via Multi-Spectral Imaging (2001)

Visible reflectance spectrophotometry is a valuable tool in art conservation. In particular, the spectral data can be used to evaluate potential pigment combinations for inpainting to insure metamerism is minimized. Minimizing metamerism can be a critical criterion because of the wide range of museum lighting and difficulties in image archiving caused by the mismatch between many imaging systems' and the human visual system's spectral sensitivities. Recently, a new method for pigment selection for inpainting was developed that is successful in minimizing metamerism. Normally, small-aperture spectrophotometers are used. An experiment was performed to test whether this technique could be used with direct-digital capture of artwork. If successful, it could be possible to develop spatial maps of paintings, providing tremendous insight to a given artist, and aid in pigment identification and selection. Multi-filter RGB images were used to estimate spectral reflectance factor. The accuracy of the spectral estimation depended on the spectral properties of the system calibration target. The new method of pigment selection was able to correctly identify pigments from the estimated spectra. The reported results focus on blue pigments, often a cause of significant metamerism when poorly matched.
Chemokine Receptors and Ligand Specificity (1999)

Chemokine receptors are now well established as a large gene family within the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Despite the fact that chemokines themselves are relatively large ligands, many fundamental features of the receptors are similar to those for all members of the superfamily. These features include multiple affinity states for ligand, isomerization to forms that preferentially interact with the signal transduction apparatus, phosphorylation and desensitization, and internalization.
Motexafin gadolinium: a novel radiosensitizer for brain tumors (2007)

Despite advances in the field of oncology, progress for patients with brain metastases and most primary brain tumors has been slow. New efforts to enhance the therapeutic index of radiation therapy are under way, including the use of radiosensitizers. Motexafin gadolinium (Xcytrin) is one such novel agent with several unique properties that enhance the cytotoxic potential of radiation therapy, as well as several chemotherapeutic agents, and possibly has independent cytotoxicity in certain lymphoid malignancies. Motexafin gadolinium is very well tolerated with tumor specific uptake. The rationale for the use of this drug as well as its current and future role as a radiation enhancer in the management of brain tumors is reviewed.