gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Initial and Cyclic Recruitment of Ovarian Follicles* (2000)

Mammalian ovaries consist of follicles as basic functional units. The total number of ovarian follicles is determined early in life, and the depletion of this pool leads to reproductive senescence. Each follicle develops to either ovulate or, more likely, to undergo degeneration. The dynamics of ovarian follicle development have interested endocrinologists and developmental biologists for many years. With the advent of assisted reproductive techniques in humans, the possibility of regulating follicle development in vivo and in vitro has gained clinical relevance. In this review, we focus upon key branching points during the development of ovarian follicles as well as factors involved in determining the eventual destiny of individual follicles. We discuss inconsistencies in the literature regarding the definitions of follicle recruitment and selection and propose to name the two major steps of follicle development as initial and cyclic recruitment, respectively. Because some of these disparities have arisen due to differences in the animal systems studied, we also compare the development of the ovarian follicles of both humans and rats. We also review the status of knowledge of several puzzling clinical issues that may provide important clues toward unlocking the mechanisms of follicle development.
Direct Measurements of the Dynamics of Self-Guided Femtosecond Laser Filaments in Air (2005)

Summary form only given. High power laser pulses propagating in air form self-guided filaments due to a balance between Kerr focusing and ionization induced defocusing. These filaments are difficult to characterize because they are intense enough to damage optics. Measurements were carried out using a novel diagnostic which allows quantitative measurements of filament characteristics despite the high intensity in the filaments. The diagnostic apparatus was aligned to a rail so that measurements could be carried out at a large number of axial positions thereby allowing the dynamics of the filament propagation to be studied. It is observed that the energy in a filament remains constant for several meters despite the fact that much of the filament's energy must be expended to create just one meter of plasma. This indicates that the filament energy is constantly replenished by the surrounding radiation. The dependence of the filament dynamics on pulse length was also measured, with the surprising result that the fluence in a filament is not a strong function of pulse length. Full scale simulations of the experiment will also be presented
Unconstrained Shoulder Arthroplasty for Treatment of Proximal Humeral Nonunions (2012)

Shoulder arthroplasty decreases pain and improves function in patients with a proximal humeral nonunion. However, the overall results are satisfactory in less than half of the patients. Tuberosity healing is inconsistent and influences the functional outcome.
Characterisation and nucleotide sequence ofogt, the O6-alkyiguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase gene ofE.coli (1987)

The plasmid pO61 that was isolated from an E. coli genomic DNA library and codes for O6-alkylguanine (O6AG) DNA alkyltransferase (ATase) activity (1) has been further characterised. Subclones of the 9 Kb insert of pO61 showed that the ATase activity was encoded in a 2Kb Pst1 fragment but a partial restriction endonuclease map of this was different to that of the E. coli ada gene that codes for O6-AG and alkylphosphotriester dual ATase protein. Fluorographic analyses confirmed that the molecular weight of the pO61-encoded ATase was 19KDa i.e. similar to that of the O6AG ATase function that is cleaved from the 39KDa ada protein but rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the latter reacted only very weakly with the pO61-encoded protein. A different set of hybridisation signals was produced when E. coli DNA, which had been digested with a variety of restriction endonucleases was probed with 2Kb Pst 1 fragment or the ada gene. These results provided evidence for the existence of a second ATase gene in E. coli. The 2Kb Pst-1 fragment of pO61 was therefore sequenced and an open reading frame (ORF) that would give rise to a 19KDa protein was identified. The derived amino acid sequence of this showed a 93 residue region with 49% homology with the O6AG ATase region of the ada protein and had a pentamer and a heptamer of identical sequence separated by 34 amino acids in both proteins. The pentamer included the alkyl accepting cysteine residue of the ada O6AG ATase. The hydrophobic domains were similarly distributed in both proteins. Shine-Dalgarno, -10 and -35 sequences were identified and the origin of transcription was located by primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was as predicted from the ORF.
Latest development in advanced sensors at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (2003)

An inexpensive space transportation system must be developed in order to make spaceflight more affordable. To achieve this goal, there is a need to develop inexpensive smart sensors to allow autonomous checking of the health of the vehicle and associated ground support equipment, warn technicians or operators of an impending problem and facilitate rapid vehicle pre-launch operations. The Transducers and Data Acquisition group at Kennedy Space Center has initiated an effort to study, research, develop and prototype inexpensive smart sensors to accomplish these goals. Several technological challenges are being investigated and integrated in this project multi-discipline sensors; self-calibration, health self-diagnosis capabilities embedded in sensors; advanced data acquisition systems with failure prediction algorithms and failure correction (self-healing) capabilities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Farnesyl Ether 2,3,5‐Trifluoro‐6‐hydroxy‐4‐ [(E,E)‐3,7,11‐trimethyldodeca‐2,6,10‐trien‐1‐yloxy]nitrobenzene, and Related Compounds Containing a Substituted Hydroxytrifluorophenyl Residue: Novel Inhibitors of Protein Farnesyltransferase, Geranylgeranyltransferase I and Squalene Synthase. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Equity-Aware Decarbonization of Residential Heating Systems (2022)

Most buildings still rely on fossil energy --- such as oil, coal and natural gas --- for heating. This is because they are readily available and have higher heat value than their cleaner counterparts. However, these primary sources of energy are also high pollutants. As the grid moves towards eliminating CO 2 emission, replacing these sources of energy with cleaner alternatives is imperative. Electric heat pumps --- an alternative and cleaner heating technology --- have been proposed as a viable replacement. In this paper, we conduct a data-driven optimization study to analyze the potential of reducing carbon emission by replacing gas-based heating with electric heat pumps 1 . We do so while enforcing equity in such transition. We begin by conducting an in-depth analysis into the energy patterns and demographic profiles of buildings. Our analysis reveals a huge disparity between lower and higher income households. We show that the energy usage intensity for lower income homes is 24% higher than higher income homes. Next, we analyze the potential for carbon emission reduction by transitioning gas-based heating systems to electric heat pumps for an entire city. We then propose equity-aware transition strategies for selecting a subset of customers for heat pump-based retrofits which embed various equity metrics and balances the need to maximize carbon reduction with ensuring equitable outcomes for households. We evaluate their effect on CO 2 emission reduction, showing that such equity-aware carbon emission reduction strategies achieve significant emission reduction while also reducing the disparity in the value of selected homes by 5X compared to a carbon-first approach.
Miniature origami-like folded MEMS TIMU (2015)

In this paper, we report implementation of a folded MEMS concept, demonstrating a prototype of Timing and Inertial Measurement Unit (TIMU) in <; 50 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> volume. The approach is based on assembling high aspect-ratio single-axis sensors into a 3-D configuration, or folding it into a 3-D prismatic shape, like a silicon origami. The fabrication process permits a significant reduction in size preserving functionality without compromising sensor performance. Fabricated TIMU prototypes feature 3 toroidal ring gyroscopes, 3 accelerometers, and a resonator, thus allowing for miniature self-contained 6-DOF inertial and timing system. Initial characterization confirmed the potential of folded MEMS approach for implementation of low-noise inertial sensors, demonstrating VRW of 0.078 m/s/√h and bias instability of <;0.2 mg for accelerometers, ARW of 0.78°/√h, and bias instability of <;17°/√h for gyroscopes.
How do you Converse with an Analytical Chatbot? Revisiting Gricean Maxims for Designing Analytical Conversational Behavior (2022)

Chatbots have garnered interest as conversational interfaces for a variety of tasks. While general design guidelines exist for chatbot interfaces, little work explores analytical chatbots that support conversing with data. We explore Gricean Maxims to help inform the basic design of effective conversational interaction. We also draw inspiration from natural language interfaces for data exploration to support ambiguity and intent handling. We ran Wizard of Oz studies with 30 participants to evaluate user expectations for text and voice chatbot design variants. Results identified preferences for intent interpretation and revealed variations in user expectations based on the interface affordances. We subsequently conducted an exploratory analysis of three analytical chatbot systems (text + chart, voice + chart, voice-only) that implement these preferred design variants. Empirical evidence from a second 30-participant study informs implications specific to data-driven conversation such as interpreting intent, data orientation, and establishing trust through appropriate system responses.
Merging Results From Isolated Search Engines. (1999)

Together, NF-κB and c-JUN were identified as promising synergistic inducers in developing anti-HCC therapies. Also, our method may provide a feasible strategy to explore new targeting space from natural compounds, opening opportunities for the rational design of combinational formulations in combatting malignant cancers.
Capacity growth of heterogeneous cellular networks (2013)

Heterogeneous cellular networks are composed of a mixture of macro and small (pico) cells embedded in the macro network. We assume uniform traffic for simplicity, and study the scaling of area spectral efficiencies (ASEs) as pico densities are increased, optimizing over transmit power and cell association bias. We found that median ASE grows linearly with the number of picos, with a slope as low as one, i.e., only one picocell per macro sector is necessary to double median ASE. The pico must be placed intelligently rather than randomly, and needs only transmit at -20 dB power equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) relative to the macro. The effectiveness of the pico at such low power is due in part to the improvement in area coverage of an omnidirectional versus a three-sectored antenna. As pico density increases five percentile, signal-to-noise and interference ratio (SINR) decreases, causing poor scaling of edge rates. However, cell association bias was found to be an effective means of restoring the otherwise poor scaling of fifth percentile rates.
SiGe/Si superlattice power generators (2005)

SiGe is one of the best thermoelectric materials for high temperature applications. Superlattice structures can further enhance the thermoelectric properties by reducing the thermal conductivity and by increasing the Seebeck coefficient via selective emission of hot electrons through thermionic emission. SiGe/Si superlattice structures were grown on a silicon wafer using molecular beam epitaxy. A single element SiGe/Si superlattice thermoelectric power generator was fabricated and characterized. The device element, a 3 /spl mu/m thick SiGe/Si superlattice on a 3.95 /spl mu/m SiGe buffer layer, was grown on 5 inch diameter 650 microns thick silicon substrate. Output power of 0.1 W/cm with a resistive load was measured with a temperature drop of 220/spl deg/C across the generator element. There was a significant parasitic lead resistance. Simulations show that if the temperature drop is increased to 300/spl deg/C, a power density of 1 W/cm can be achieved when working in impedance matching condition.
Fabrication of TiO<sub>2</sub>–SiO<sub>2</sub> glasses containing Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu<sup>2+</sup> phosphor using the sol–gel process (2013)

We prepared titanosilicate glasses by the sol–gel method and studied its ability to disperse Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor, which is a typical yellow phosphor and applicable for white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). xTiO2–(100 − x)SiO2 glasses dispersed with SiAlON powders were obtained by sintering at 900°C with x ranging from 10 to 30; the glasses changed to black after sintering at 1000°C. Diffuse reflectance spectra suggested that the colorization was caused by the formation of Ti3+ ions in the samples. The local structures of Ti and Eu were measured by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Ti K-edge spectra showed that the local structure of Ti was 5-coordinated in the glass where x = 10 and 6-coordinated in the glass where x = 30. Eu LIII-edge spectra indicated that both Eu2+ and Eu3+ were present and the ratio of Eu2+ to Eu3+ depended on the heating temperature. The reduction atmosphere might affect the colorization of the glasses sintered at 1000°C. The quantum efficiencies (QE) of the glasses sintered at 900°C were estimated and that of the glass with x = 10 was the highest among of the samples, higher than that of the SiAlON powders. It is suggested from the measurement of refractive index and XRD patterns that the improvement in QE is caused by the decrease in the light scattering at the interface between the phosphor and the glasses due to differences in refractive indices and the formation of crystals.
Cell therapy for stress urinary incontinence: Present‐day frontiers (2017)

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) significantly diminishes the quality of patients' lives. Currently available surgical and nonsurgical therapies remain far from ideal. At present, advances in cellular technologies have stirred growing interest in the use of autologous cell treatments aimed to regain urinary control. The objective was to conduct a review of the literature and analyse preclinical and clinical studies dedicated to various cell therapies for SUI, assessing their effectiveness, safety, and future prospects. A systematic literature search in PubMed was conducted using the following key terms: "stem," "cell," "stress," "urinary," and "incontinence." A total of 32 preclinical studies and 15 clinical studies published between 1946 and December 2014 were included in the review. Most preclinical trials have used muscle-derived stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells. However, at present, the application of other types of cells, such as human amniotic fluid stem muscle-derived progenitor cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells, is becoming more extensive. While the evidence shows that these therapies are effective and safe, further work is required to standardize surgical techniques, as well as to identify indications for their use, doses and number of doses. Future research will have to focus on clinical applications of cell therapies; namely, it will have to determine indications for their use, doses of cells, optimal surgical techniques and methods, attractive cell sources, as well as to develop clinically relevant animal models and make inroads into understanding the mechanisms of SUI improvement by cell therapies.
Radiation and scattering from thin toroidally knotted wires (1999)

The electromagnetic radiation and scattering properties of thin knotted wires are considered in this paper. A special class of knots, called torus knots, are introduced for the purpose of this investigation. The parameterizations available for torus knots are used in conjunction with Maxwell's equations to formulate useful mathematical representations for the fields radiated by these knots. These representations are then used to derive simple closed form far-field expressions for electrically small torus knots. The derivation of a new electric field integral equation (EFIE) suitable for analysis of toroidally knotted wires is also outlined. Finally, it is demonstrated that the well-known expressions for the electromagnetic fields radiated by a circular loop antenna (canonical unknot) may be obtained as degenerate forms of the more general torus knot field representations.
Schema matching over relations, attributes, and data values (2014)

Automatic schema matching algorithms are typically only concerned with finding attribute correspondences. However, real world data integration problems often require matchings whose arguments span all three types of elements in relational databases: relation, attribute and data value. This paper introduces the definitions and semantics of three additional correspondence types concerning both schema and data values. These correspondences cover the higher-order mappings identified in a seminal paper by Krishnamurthy, Litwin, and Kent. It is shown that these correspondences can be automatically translated to tuple generating dependencies (tgds), and thus this research is compatible with data integration applications that leverage tgds.
Adaptive Slicing With the Sanders Prototype Inkjet Modeling System 259 (2000)

This paper presents one of the first known in depth studies of the Sanders Prototype inkjet modeling process. A process capability study was performed in order to determine the relationship between process parameter levels and the resulting surface roughness. The data was used to create a predictive model of surface roughness using a backpropagation neural network. Test results indicate that the network is quite effective at generalizing to new process configurations. The predictive surface roughness model is used in a newly developed inkjet modeling adaptive slicing algorithm. On a region-by-region basis, the algorithm determines the fastest machine configuration that can be used to build a part while satisfying the surface roughness requirements. The adaptive slicing system has been tested, and results documenting substantial time and cost savings are presented.
Global emergent behaviors in clouds of agents (2011)

Networks of biological agents (for example, ants, bees, fish, birds) and complex man-made cyberphysical infrastructures (for example, the power grid, transportation networks) exhibit one thing in common - the emergence of collective global phenomena from apparently random local interactions. This paper proposes a distributed graphical model of interacting agents (a stochastic network type model) and studies its appropriate asymptotics. We show that metastability may occur - i.e., under certain conditions, the agents act in synchrony and may exhibit collectively possibly different stable equilibria - these are the global emergent behaviors of the cloud of interacting agents. We characterize these global behaviors as synchronous fixed points determined from ordinary differential equations that arise as mean field limits of the adopted stochastic model.
Modeling and direct visualization of temperature rise induced by high-intensity ultrasound in tissue (2001)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) creates localized heating deep in tissues which can be used to necrose tumors or cauterize vessels. Imaging of the temperature field in tissue is important for guiding HIFU treatment. Temperature rise in excised and degassed bovine liver exposed to high-intensity focused ultrasound was visualized experimentally and simulated numerically. An infrared camera, which records surface temperature only, was used to measure spatial temperature distribution. Two blocks of tissue were stacked, and their interface was placed along the axis of the ultrasound beam. A single element concave transducer (2 MHz, 35-mm aperture, 51-mm radius of curvature) was used. After exposure to ultrasound, the upper piece was immediately removed, and the temperature on the axial plane was infrared imaged. The absorption coefficient of liver was measured and then used for numerical simulations. The theoretical model employs a KZK-type equation for the acoustic pressure field combined with a bioheat equation. It is shown that experiment and theory agree well on the location, shape, and dimensions of the heated region. The dependence of absorption coefficient in liver on exposure to ultrasound, to air, and to degassing process was studied. [Work supported by NIH Fogarty, NSF, and CRDF.]
Nanoporous aluminosilicate mediated transacetalization reactions: application in glycerol valorization (2012)

Nanoporous silicate materials, produced using an evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) approach, are highly effective catalysts for transacetalization reactions. Both acyclic acetals and ketals undergo rapid exchange in the presence of low loadings of nanoporous aluminosilicate materials and diols and triols to generate the corresponding cyclic acetals and ketals in excellent yield. The protocol is rapid, employs mild conditions, and the catalyst can be recycled a number of times without loss of activity.
Highly efficient desalination performance of carbon honeycomb based reverse osmosis membranes unveiled by molecular dynamics simulations (2021)

Seawater desalination is vital to our modern civilization. Here, we report that the carbon honeycomb (CHC) has an outstanding water permeability and salt rejection in the seawater desalination, as revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. More than 92% of ions are rejected by CHC at applied pressures ranging from 50 to 250 MPa. CHC has a perfect salt rejection at pressures below 150 Mpa. On increasing the applied pressure up to 150 MPa, the salt rejection reduces only to 92%. Pressure, temperature and temperature gradient are noted to play a significant role in modulating the water flux. The water flux increases with pressure and temperature. With the introduction of a temperature gradient of 3.5 K nm<sup>-1</sup>, the seawater permeability increases by 33% as compared to room temperature. The water permeability of the CHC is greater than other carbon materials and osmosis membranes including graphene (8.7 times) and graphyne (2.1 times). It indicates the significant potential of the CHC for commercial application in water purification.
Biological impact of lead from halide perovskites reveals the risk of introducing a safe threshold (2020)

Regulations currently in force enable to claim that the lead content in perovskite solar cells is low enough to be safe, or no more dangerous, than other electronics also containing lead. However, the actual environmental impact of lead from perovskite is unknown. Here we show that the lead from perovskite leaking into the ground can enter plants, and consequently the food cycle, ten times more effectively than other lead contaminants already present as the result of the human activities. We further demonstrate that replacing lead with tin represents an environmentally-safer option. Our data suggest that we need to treat the lead from perovskite with exceptional care. In particular, we point out that the safety level for lead content in perovskite-based needs to be lower than other lead-containing electronics. We encourage replacing lead completely with more inert metals to deliver safe perovskite technologies.