gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal populations (2014)

The brain contains millions of neurons which are organized in different brain areas, within a brain area organized in different subregions, inside each small region into different layers, inside each layer into various cell types. The first two parts of this book focused on the mathematical description of an isolated neuron. Starting with this chapter, we shift our attention to the collective properties of groups of neurons, which we call “neuronal populations.” Instead of modeling the spike times of a single neuron which belongs, for example, to the cell class “pyramidal” in layer 5 of subregion C4 in brain region S1 (the numbers here are completely arbitrary), we can ask the question: Suppose a human subject or animal receives a visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimulus – what is the activity of all the cells in this layer of this subregion that are of type “pyramidal” in response to the stimulus? What is the response of this subregion as a whole? What is the response of a brain area? In other words, at any of the scales of spatial resolution (Fig. 12.1), we may be interested in the response of the neuronal population as a whole, rather than in the spikes of individual neurons.
Self‐Assemblies on Chitosan Nanohydrogels (2010)

Nanohydrogels of pure chitosan, containing neither potentially toxic solvent nor chemical cross-linker, were obtained by an ammonia-induced physical gelation of a reverse emulsion of a chitosan solution in a triglyceride mixture as an organic phase. The resulting colloids were obtained with a controlled size distribution and displayed a positive surface charge. Assemblies with various macromolecules were investigated as a first step toward new nano-carriers for bioactive molecules. Chondroitin sulfate formed polyelectrolyte complexes with the positively charged surface of the nanogels, leading to negative chitosan-based colloidal hydrogels with preservation of the original average size of the dispersion. The mode of assembly of HIV-1 p24 protein with these colloids relied on multiple interactions between the protein and the hydrogels, irrespective of their surface charges. Anyhow, the amounts of loaded protein remained limited, suggesting a surface association. The assembly of an immunoglobulin (IgG) was markedly different from p24. No association was detected with the positive colloidal hydrogels whereas a very high loading capacity could be obtained with the negative ones. So, this work reports that fully biodegradable submicrometric physical hydrogels could be obtained from naturally occurring polymers. These gels could cargo a variety of biomolecules making them versatile carriers with many potential applications in Life Sciences.
N2O-HTPB Hybrid Rocket Combustion Modeling with Mixing Enhancement Designs (2013)

One main physical feature of hybrid rocket combustion is its diffusion flame structure that requires excessively long solid grain port which often leads to undesirable large slenderness of a rocket configuration. The diffusion flame also results in generally low combustion efficiency of hybrid rockets. Some remedial designs have used liquefying solid grain, such as paraffin, or mixing enhancement mechanisms to boost the overall combustion efficiency. Thus, shortened combustion chamber can be used to deliver reasonable thrust performance of hybrid rockets. In addition to the study of multi-stage mixing enhancer effects, a compact hybrid rocket motor design concept is also proposed in the present study to provide better form factors for hybrid rocket engine designs. This design concept features in vertical-flow structures such that greatly improved combustion efficiency is obtained. A 3D computational model with finite-rate chemistry and radiative heat transfer capabilities is employed to assess the mixing effectiveness and combustion efficiency of the new design concept. The present computational model is validated for a wide range of rocket propulsion design problems, including a single-port hybrid rocket motor with and without using a mixing enhancement mechanism. The internal ballistics and flame structures in the hybrid rocket engine with mixing enhancement designs are analyzed.
22.2: RGB‐Stacked Holographic Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Device for Color Reflective Display (2001)

Abstract In stacking holographic PDLC devices, the parallax in the stack and the viewing angle should be considered. Based on a thin glass substrate (thickness = 0.1mm) assembly technique and an optical setup with a lenticular‐lens array, RGB‐stacked HPDLC devices with a low parallax and a large viewing angle (&gt;15 degrees) have been developed.
Holznutzung im Kleinprivatwald (2018)

Wird im Kleinprivatwald mehr Holz als fruher genutzt? Wie haben sich Zuwachs und Abgang auf die Vorrate ausgewirkt? In diesem Beitrag werden wichtige Kennzahlen fur den Kleinprivatwald bis 20 ha und fur den Kleinstprivatwald bis 5 ha Grose aus den Daten der Bundeswaldinventur (BWI) vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf den Zeitraum von 2002 bis 2012 bzw. auf das Stichjahr 2012.
Immunological success is predicted by enfuvirtide but not interleukin-2 therapy in immunodepressed patients (2009)

IL-2 failed to increase CD4 cell count in immunocompromised patients with multiple therapeutic failures. Enfuvirtide use was highly associated with success.
Synthesis of α,ω‐dialkenyl isotactic poly(propylene) using bis(4‐methyl‐3‐pentenyl)zinc as a chain transfer reagent (1994)

Abstract Propene polymerization was conducted with the catalyst system composed of TiCl 3 and bis(4‐methyl‐3‐pentenyl)zinc (BMPZ) in the absence or presence of Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl. The catalyst system with or without Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl gave isotactic poly(propylene) (PP) with a lower molecular weight as compared to the TiCl 3 /Al(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl system. From the 1 H and 13 C NMR analyses, it was found that the polymer produced with the TiCl 3 /BMPZ catalyst possesses a 2,6‐dimethyl‐5‐heptenyl group and a Zn‐PP bond at the initial and terminal ends, respectively. The Zn‐terminated end was then converted to a vinyl group by coupling with allyl bromide in the presence of N ‐methylimidazole to obtain isotactic PP having CC double bonds at both chain ends.
Nitrogen mineralization dynamics of meat bone meal and cattle manure as affected by the application of softwood chips biochar in soil (2012)

We studied the impact of added biochar on the N mineralization dynamics of two organic fertilizers by incubating sandy loam soil for 133 days in controlled conditions. Biochar made from softwood chips was added to soil at 0, 4.6, 9.1 and 13.6 g kg-1 soil DM either alone, or in combination with meat bone meal (MBM) and composted cattle manure (CCM) fertilizers. Soil mineral N concentration was determined on days 0, 14, 28, 56, 84 and 133. Net N mineralization in MBM treatment was much larger than in CCM and unfertilized treatments. Constant soil moisture during the incubation provided suitable aerobic soil conditions for nitrification: after day 14, soil mineral N was dominated by nitrate in all treatments. Biochar additions decreased the mineral N concentrations in all treatments, probably because of immobilization by microbes. In unfertilized soil, the immobilisation by biochar increased steadily with application rate and time, but in MBM and CCM it started to decrease or level off after two months, possibly due to the turnover of microbial biomass.
Micromanipulation of InP lasers with optoelectronic tweezers for integration on a photonic platform (2016)

The integration of light sources on a photonic platform is a key aspect of the fabrication of self-contained photonic circuits with a small footprint that does not have a definitive solution yet. Several approaches are being actively researched for this purpose. In this work we propose optoelectronic tweezers for the manipulation and integration of light sources on a photonic platform and report the positional and angular accuracy of the micromanipulation of standard Fabry-Pérot InP semiconductor laser die. These lasers are over three orders of magnitude bigger in volume than any previously assembled with optofluidic techniques and the fact that they are industry standard lasers makes them significantly more useful than previously assembled microdisk lasers. We measure the accuracy to be 2.5 ± 1.4 µm and 1.4 ± 0.4° and conclude that optoelectronic tweezers are a promising technique for the micromanipulation and integration of optoelectronic components in general and semiconductor lasers in particular.
Advanced high-K gate dielectric for high-performance short-channel In<inf>0.7</inf>Ga<inf>0.3</inf>As quantum well field effect transistors on silicon substrate for low power logic applications (2009)

This paper describes integration of an advanced composite high-K gate stack (4nm TaSiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -2nm InP) in the In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As quantum-well field effect transistor (QWFET) on silicon substrate. The composite high-K gate stack enables both (i) thin electrical oxide thickness (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OXE</sub> ) and low gate leakage (J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> ) and (ii) effective carrier confinement and high effective carrier velocity (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> ) in the QW channel. The L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> =75nm In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.7</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.3</sub> As QWFET on Si with this composite high-K gate stack achieves high transconductance of 1750¿S/¿m and high drive current of 0.49mA/¿m at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> =0.5V.
Aiming to Miss a Moving Target: Bromo and Extra Terminal Domain (BET) Selectivity in Constrained ATAD2 Inhibitors (2018)

ATAD2 is a cancer-associated protein whose bromodomain has been described as among the least druggable of its class. In our recent disclosure of the first chemical probe against this bromodomain, GSK8814 (6), we described the use of a conformationally constrained methoxy piperidine to gain selectivity over the BET bromodomains. Here we describe an orthogonal conformational restriction strategy of the piperidine ring to give potent and selective tropane inhibitors and show structural insights into why this was more challenging than expected. Greater understanding of why different rational approaches succeeded or failed should help in the future design of selectivity in the bromodomain family.
Successful combination of direct antiviral agents in liver-transplanted patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus (2018)

Our cohort of liver-transplanted patients achieved high rates of SVR12 after a 24-wk course of treatment, especially with combination of NS5A and NS5B inhibitors.
The integration of 193i and DSA for BEOL metal cuts/blocks targeting sub-20nm tip-to-tip CD (2018)

The progress of using DSA for metal cut to achieve sub-20nm tip-to-tip (t2t) critical dimension (CD) is reported. Small and uniform t2t CD is very challenging due to lithographic limitation but holds the key to backend-of-the-line (BEOL) scaling. An integration scheme is demonstrated that allows the combination of design flexibility and fine, rectified local CD uniformity (LCDU). The combined effect of LCDU and centroid jittering will be discussed and compared to a hole shrink process using atomic layer deposition and spacer formation. The learning from this case study can provide perspectives that may not have been investigated thoroughly in the past. By including more important elements during DSA process development, such as metal cut, the DSA maturit y can be further advanced and move DSA closer to HVM adoption.
Ligands for retinoic acid receptors are elevated in osteoarthritis and may contribute to pathologic processes in the osteoarthritic joint (2009)

These results suggest that retinoid signaling could have a central role in OA, and that components of the pathway may provide potential disease biomarkers or targets for therapeutic intervention.
Risk stratification of prostate cancer 2016 (2016)

Prostate cancer is a common malignancy in men, but its management is fraught with controversy owing to its variable biologic and clinical behavior. Despite evidence that PSA screening reduces prostate cancer specific metastasis and death, it has not gained acceptance by various health authorities. Nevertheless, recent advances in biomarker development potentially address many of the shortcomings of routine PSA testing alone, including improved specificity for the detection of clinically significant cancer, optimized risk stratification to aid clinical management decisions, and discovery of genetic variants that may guide optimized therapy of advanced disease.
Expression of a human multidrug resistance cDNA (MDR1) in the bone marrow of transgenic mice: resistance to daunomycin-induced leukopenia. (1989)

The human multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) encodes a drug efflux pump glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) responsible for resistance to multiple cytotoxic drugs. A plasmid carrying a human MDR1 cDNA under the control of a chicken beta-actin promoter was used to generate transgenic mice in which the transgene was mainly expressed in bone marrow and spleen. Immunofluorescence localization studies showed that P-glycoprotein was present on bone marrow cells. Furthermore, leukocyte counts of the transgenic mice treated with daunomycin did not fall, indicating that their bone marrow was resistant to the cytotoxic effect of the drug. Since bone marrow suppression is a major limitation to chemotherapy, these transgenic mice should serve as a model to determine whether higher doses of drugs can cure previously unresponsive cancers.
Nonparametric self-exciting models for computer network traffic (2019)

Connectivity patterns between nodes in a computer network can be interpreted and modelled as point processes where events in a process indicate connections being established for data to be sent along that edge. A model of normal connectivity behaviour can be constructed for each edge in a network by identifying key network user features such as seasonality or self-exciting behaviour, since events typically arise in bursts at particular times of day which may be peculiar to that edge. When monitoring a computer network in real time, unusual patterns of activity against the model of normality could indicate the presence of a malicious actor. A flexible, novel, nonparametric model for the excitation function of a Wold process is proposed for modelling the conditional intensities of network edges. This approach is shown to outperform standard seasonality and self-excitation models in predicting network connections, achieving well-calibrated predictions for event data collected from the computer networks of both Imperial College and Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Enhancing OCT microstructural scattering parameter imaging with angular diversity (2022)

Measuring light scattering properties using OCT stands to enhance its ability to capture clinically-relevant microstructural details, but challenges remain in accurately relating these properties to underlying tissue architecture. In this work, we demonstrate the collection of depth-multiplexed data at diverse scattering angles with a glass annulus to facilitate correction of imaging system-based signal biases and identify multiply scattering areas in tissue. Based on our promising preliminary results from phantoms and healthy excised tissue samples, we hope our approach will enhance the accuracy of quantitative scattering parameter measurements, and help to realize their potential in offering detailed microstructural characterization of biological tissues.
Two layer cakes (2006)

The penetration of the Semantic Web into bioinformatics is not like other disciplines. Given critical data resources such as the Gene Ontology (GO) and the challenges associated with the explosion in the number biological databases, biologists, as a community, are already familiar with the advantages of ontologies and the challenges of information integration. Rather than starting from the pedagogical beginnings, penetration will depend on a migration path from the Open Biomedical Ontologies language (OBO) to the Semantic Web. OBO emerged from GO, and is now host to over 60 different ontologies. We have methodically examined each of the constructs of OBO and mapped them to constructs in the Semantic Web stack. We find that most of OBO can be decomposed into layers with direct correspondence to the Semantic Web layer cake. In the process we have enumerated constructs in each system that do not have a simple syntactic equivalent in the other. Elements of OBO “missing” in the semantic web are few, and can still be expressed in OWL. Thus, OBO ontologies may be translated to the Semantic Web. Further, we believe if certain ancillary information is retained during translation, the Semantic Web representation may be translated back to OBO, and the cycle repeated without any loss of knowledge. It is our expectation that tools to automate this process will enable important legacy ontologies onto the Semantic Web. OBO Layer Cake To create a transformation mechanism between OBO flat files and Semantic Web technologies, we find it useful to create a layer cake for OBO, similar to that of the Semantic Web. OBO tags can be partitioned into three layers – OBO Core, OBO Vocabulary, and OBO Ontology Extensions. See Figure 1. The correspondence between the layers of the two systems is direct. In addition, we describe the expressivity of OBO format in terms of various versions of OWL, i.e. OWL Lite, OWL DL and OWL Full.
1.22μm 35.6Mpixel RGB Hybrid Event-Based Vision Sensor with 4.88μm-Pitch Event Pixels and up to 10K Event Frame Rate by Adaptive Control on Event Sparsity (2023)

Recently, image sensors for mobile devices have shrunk in pixel size and increased in resolution, while there is a strong demand for low-light photography and high-frame-rate video recording with low power. Because smaller pixels result in reduced sensitivity, the exposure time must be increased. However, when capturing fast-moving objects with longer exposure times, blurry images are unavoidable. To solve this problem, bracketing and burst imaging have recently been reported [1]. These techniques combine multiple RGB frames into a single frame. To capture high-speed objects with the same exposure time, the number of frames and output frame rate are increased. As a result, the power consumption increases significantly. Conversely, event-based vision sensors (EVSs) have been proposed as a more efficient means to capture motion information than the existing frame-based RGB sensors [2], [3]. The possibility of effective image enhancement such as deblur and video frame interpolation using a deep neural network (DNN) with RGB and event data have been reported [4], [5]. To satisfy the required image quality, these image-enhancement techniques need RGB characteristics equivalent to advanced mobile RGB sensors and focal alignment on a sensor between RGB and event pixels. To address these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid-type sensor embedding high-frame-rate event pixels with advanced mobile <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$1.22\mu \mathrm{m}$</tex> RGB pixels in an existing mobile image sensor architecture. To allow image enhancement of the hybrid data in the mobile application processor, efficient packaging of the data in frames and accurate synchronization between RGB and EVS data are required. Therefore, the EVS part of the sensor uses a scan readout access and global detection. The scan readout type EVS has the problem that the frame rate decreases as the number of pixels increases, owing to the limited access speed of event rows and limited bandwidth of the sensor output interface. Therefore, a variable frame rate, which changes the frame rate according to the number of detected events, as well as an event drop filter and event compression to reduce and control the amount of detected data are adopted.
Strategic Planning Tools for Mountain Caribou Conservation (2004)

With the addition of nitrogen (N), agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic source of N<sub>2</sub>O, but high spatial and temporal variabilities make N<sub>2</sub>O emissions difficult to characterize at the field scale. This study used flux-gradient measurements to continuously monitor N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at two agricultural fields under different management regimes in the inland Pacific Northwest of Washington State, USA. Automated 16-chamber arrays were also deployed at each site; chamber monitoring results aided the interpretation of the flux gradient results. The cumulative emissions over the six-month (1 April-30 September) monitoring period were 2.4 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 2 kg N<sub>2</sub>O-N/ha at the no-till and conventional till sites, respectively. At both sites, maximum N<sub>2</sub>O emissions occurred following the first rainfall event after N fertilization, and both sites had monthlong emission pulses. The no-till site had a larger N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 1 emission factor of 1% of the N input, while the conventional-till site's emission factor was close to 1% of the N input. However, these emission factors are likely conservative. We estimate that the global warming potential of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions at these sites is larger than that of the no-till conversion carbon uptake. We recommend the use of chambers to investigate spatiotemporal controls as a complementary method to micrometeorological monitoring, especially in systems with high variability. Continued monitoring coupled with the use of models is necessary to investigate how changing management and environmental conditions will affect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions.
America’s Cutting Edge CNC machining and metrology training (2022)

This paper describes the workforce development activities supported by America’s Cutting Edge (ACE), a national initiative for machine tool technology development and advancement. ACE is supported by the Department of Defense Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment (IBAS) program from the Office of Industrial Policy. Both the online and in-person components of the computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining and metrology training programs are summarized and participation information is provided.
Initial Comparisons of Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self Piercing Riveting of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet (2018)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Due to the limitations on resistance spot welding of ultra-thin steel sheet (thicknesses below 0.5 mm) in high-volume automotive manufacturing, a comparison of friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting was performed to determine which process may be more amenable to enabling assembly of ultra-thin steel sheet. Statistical comparisons between mechanical properties of lap-shear tensile and T-peel were made in sheet thickness below 0.5 mm and for dissimilar thickness combinations. An evaluation of energy to fracture, fracture mechanisms, and joint consistency is presented.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Zum öffentlichen Gebrauch der Shoah in Deutschland (1999)

L'article traite des discours publics et officiels allemands sur la Shoah et des motivations politiques et sociales qui les fondent. L'A. detaille les differents modes d'approche du probleme de la Shoah et medite sur la politique qui serait souhaitable.