gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of 3D photonic crystals with embedded defects (2004)

We propose a process for the fabrication of defects, such as waveguides and resonators, embedded in a three-dimensional photonic crystal. The method is both efficient and flexible. It allows for arbitrary placement of defects within a high quality photonic crystal lattice of arbitrary symmetry, and achieves that in a minimum number of steps. Our approach relies on the exploitation of particular advantages of different types of lithography. Accordingly, we use ultraviolet interferometric (holographic) lithography to define the three-dimensional lattice of the photonic crystal in a thick layer of photoresist. This method is extremely efficient, requiring only a few nanosecond-long pulses of a high power UV laser to expose areas as large as several square centimeters. In order to pattern waveguides and cavities, we use electron beam lithography. Here we take advantage of a finite penetration depth of electrons in the material. How deep an area is exposed is determined by the voltage accelerating the electrons striking the resist layer. Thus, the height of the patterned waveguides can be precisely controlled. The procedure depends on the existence of resists sensitive to both ultraviolet radiation and electron beam, such as SU8 as well as AZ5200.
SPMSMs HFI Based Self-Sensing Using Intentional Magnetic Saturation (2020)

High-frequency injection (HFI) is widely used for zero-to-low speed self-sensing in machines with saliency. HFI algorithms use inductive saliency in the d- and q-axes to estimate the rotor position in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Generally speaking, surface PMSMs (SPMSMs), which are designed without inductive saliency, are not suitable for HFI inductive based self-sensing. In this article, a method to enhance HFI algorithms at zero-to-low speed for classically designed SPMSMs with low inductive saliency is presented. The proposed method is based on using intentional magnetic saturation under flux-intensifying (FI) operation, which will temporarily enable robust self-sensing operation in the zero-to-low speed region in machines that are not suitable for traditional HFI self-sensing.
Hierarchical clustering analysis of expression patterns of androgen-responsive genes in four prostate cancer cell lines and sublines (2011)

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Transcriptional programs activated by exposure of human prostate cancer cells to androgen"Genome Biology 2002;3(7):research0032.1-research0032.12.Published online 14 Jun 2002PMCID:PMC126237.Copyright © 2002 DePrimo et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd Details are viewable at [12]. The column labels are enlarged on the right.
<title>Nonuniformity correction of infrared imaging arrays by analog techniques</title> (1995)

Analog methods to deal with the nonuniformity correction problem for infrared focal plane arrays have been addressed. On-chip neural-network based techniques and simulation results of these schemes are presented. The approach is based on one in which the nonuniformity correction of individual pixels in accomplished by the method of steepest descent and its well known special case, the least-mean-square method (LMS). Alternative learning methods can be derived from the LMS method by considering only sign of the data or sign of the error. These nonlinear versions of the LMS methods have potential hardware implementation benefits such as power dissipation and simplicity. The simulation results of the nonlinear learning algorithm along with the LMS algorithm results are presented. Analog circuit elements implementing these learning algorithms are also presented. Our simulation results are very useful in that they model the nonidealities that are associated with specific hardware circuit implementation. These include the nonlinearities, scalar multiplicative error and offsets of both feedback multipliers and the integrators. The nonideal factors that cause instability and performance degradation in learning are multiplier and integrator offsets. These factors are shown to be much more important in the pixel offset correction than in the gain correction.
Thermally Induced Healing of Electrically Insulating Ethylene–Octene Copolymers (2019)

We report on electrical insulating materials that not only have sufficient mechanical toughness to survive use conditions but also possess the ability to undergo thermally induced self-repair when damaged. By controlling the cross-link density, a modified ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) is able to retain its self-healing abilities while also being used at temperatures greater than the original, unmodified polymer. Specifically, an EOC cross-linked with 0.25 wt % dicumyl peroxide affords a material ability to recover 61% of its critical fracture energy—a value similar to thermoplastic EOC. Furthermore, as shown by dielectric spectroscopy, the cross-linked EOC retains good electrically insulating properties.
Observation of Jonscher law in ac hopping conduction of the electron-doped nanoporous crystal12CaO∙7Al2O3in a THz frequency range (2004)

We have performed terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of carrier-doped nanoporous crystal $12\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{O}∙7{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ showing the Mott variable range hopping at room temperature. The real part of the dielectric constant clearly demonstrates the nature of localized carriers. The frequency dependence of both the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant can be simply explained by assuming two contributions: a dielectric response by the parent compound with no carriers and an ac hopping conduction with the Jonscher law generally reported up to GHz range. The possible obedience to the Jonscher law in the THz range suggests a relaxation time of the hopping carriers much faster than $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ps}$ in the carrier-doped $12\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{O}∙7{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Supplementary Methods, Figures S1-S11, and Table Legends from Enhanced Targeting of the EGFR Network with MM-151, an Oligoclonal Anti-EGFR Antibody Therapeutic (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Methods, Figures S1-S11, and Table Legends. Supplementary Methods: description of methods used in the Supplementary figures, expanded description of ELISA assays, and description of the computational model of multiple EGFR ligand antagonists. Supplementary Figure S1: Monoclonal EGFR antibodies poorly block signal amplification by high-affinity EGFR ligands. Supplementary Figure S2: Hierarchical clustering of EGFR ligand expression in primary colon, head and neck, and lung tumors. Supplementary Figure S3: Trends observed in EGFR ligand expression in TCGA data set are similarly apparent in primary colorectal samples analyzed by RT-qPCR. Supplementary Figure S4: Relative expression of EGFR ligands varies across cancer indications. Supplementary Figure S5: Simulated activity of a combination of two ligand antagonists versus single antagonists as a function of ligand affinity. Supplementary Figure S6: MM-151 antibodies have non-overlapping epitopes and can simultaneously engage the same EGF receptor molecule. Supplementary Figure S7: MM-151 elicits superior ligand antagonism. Supplementary Figure S8: MM-151 promotes potent down-regulation of EGFR that is dependent upon the oligoclonal combination of bivalent antibodies. Supplementary Figure S9: MM-151 promotes both antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC) and complement-dependent (CDC) cytotoxicity. Supplementary Figure S10: Cell proliferation stimulated by high-affinity ligands is partially or completely resistant to cetuximab treatment but still sensitive to MM-151 treatment. Supplementary Figure S11: MM-151 overcomes signal amplification driven by high-affinity ligand. Legends for Supplementary Tables S1-S8.&lt;/p&gt;
Assessment of T-Cell Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (2001)

Functional T cells are the central component of an effective antitumor immune response. However, in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the growth of antigenic tumors proceeds in the absence of significant T-cell responses, posing a distinct obstacle to the development of effective immunotherapy strategies and cancer vaccines. The minimum required elements of a functional antitumor immune T-cell response have been identified, including T cells that can preferentially recognize tumor-associated antigens (1). However, despite increasing evidence that T-cells recognize discrete tumor antigen, transformed cells continue to evade immune destruction, and tumors thereby progress. There is now little doubt that the immune response to tumor antigens is altered in patients with cancer (2). This rarely manifests clinically as generalized immune suppression, which may reflect the antigen specificity of the immune dysfunction in the initial stages of the disease.
High performance 7.4-micron interline transfer CCD platform for applied imaging markets (2013)

Technology developed for a 5.5 μm pixel interline transfer CCD family has been incorporated into a new family of highperformance 7.4 μm pixel CCDs, providing significant improvements in several key performance parameters compared to both the 5.5 μm family as well as the previous generation of 7.4 μm pixel products. Smear in the new platform has been reduced to -115 dB, and frame rate has been doubled relative to the previous generation of 7.4 μm pixel products. Dynamic range in normal operation has been improved to 70 dB, and the platform supports a new extended dynamic range mode which provides 82 dB when binning 2 × 2. The new family leverages the package and pin-out configurations used in the 5.5 μm pixel family, allowing easy integration into existing camera designs.
Nonlinear optics in photonics nanowires (2009)

Nonlinear optical processes benefit from high field intensities and long interaction lengths between light and the media within which it propagates. In bulk media, high optical intensities can be achieved by tightly focusing the light, but this leads to reduced interaction lengths, which usually results in no net efficiency increase. Waveguiding geometries, such as optical fibers, enable high optical intensities over extended interaction lengths as long as kmpsilas, but dispersion and loss can act to cap the effective interaction length for nonlinear processes. Integrated, sub-micron silicon waveguides, on the other hand, have been shown to enable nonlinear processes at the chip scale due to the fact that their engineered dimensions increases the effective nonlinearity. Such waveguides, when compared to other Si and silica waveguides, offer exceptional confinement significantly below the wavelength of light due to the high index contrast between the Si core and the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> cladding. As a result of the strong confinement and the large nonlinear refractive index of Si, the effective nonlinearity gamma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Si</sub> ~ 300 (Wmiddotcm) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> of Si nanowaveguides is extremely high and is typically more than 4,000 times that of conventional optical fiber. Driven by the 3 orders of magnitude increased effective nonlinearity, silicon structures can now be envisioned to encompass complete optical-domain processing functionalities within a single integrated platform, with complexities that were simply unimaginable in prior material systems.
Transition Metal Mediated Routes to Cyclopentenones (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Kinase Inhibitor CC-223 (2015)

We report here the synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a novel series of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitors. A series of 4,6- or 1,7-disubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrazino[2,3-b]pyrazine-2(1H)-ones were optimized for in vivo efficacy. These efforts resulted in the identification of compounds with excellent mTOR kinase inhibitory potency, with exquisite kinase selectivity over the related lipid kinase PI3K. The improved PK properties of this series allowed for exploration of in vivo efficacy and ultimately the selection of CC-223 for clinical development.
Optimal reconfiguration and distributed generator allocation in distribution network using an advanced adaptive differential evolution (2017)

Power loss in an electrical network is unavoidable due to its inherent resistance. However, for economical and efficient operation, the network loss shall be minimized to the extent possible. Construction of the distribution network is usually closed loop, though operation is radial with opening of a suitable sectionalizing switch that disconnects a branch in the loop. This process of reconfiguration i.e. selection of sectionalizing switch is done in a way such that system loss in minimized. Another effective way of reducing power loss is addition of distributed generators (DGs) locally to the system nodes (buses). DG size and location also need to be optimized for minimization of real power loss. This paper presents an application of a metaheuristic to simultaneously allocate DGs and perform reconfiguration of a couple of standard radial distribution networks. Both location and placement of the DG are optimized by the algorithm. As an obvious fact, the optimization problem is a combination of discrete (location) and continuous (rating) variables. Linear population size reduction technique of success history based adaptive differential evolution (L-SHADE) is implemented to perform the optimization task with objective of minimizing network real power loss. The algorithm is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution networks. The simulation results are found to be promising and highly competitive when compared with results of other equivalent algorithms.
Quantitative Thermometry of Nanoscale Hot Spots (2012)

A method is described to quantify thermal conductance and temperature distributions with nanoscale resolution using scanning thermal microscopy. In the first step, the thermal resistance of the tip-surface contact is measured for each point of a surface. In the second step, the local temperature is determined from the difference between the measured heat flux for heat sources switched on and off. The method is demonstrated using self-heating of silicon nanowires. While a homogeneous nanowire shows a bell-shaped temperature profile, a nanowire diode exhibits a hot spot centered near the junction between two doped segments.
A Novel Negative-tone Photopolymer Based on the Photo-initiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxides in a Polymer Film (2005)

A novel image formation system was created using a photo-initiated ring-opening cationic polymerization of epoxides. This photopolymer incorporates cationic amplification based on acid catalysis as a route to high sensitivity, using a unique photo-acid generator (PAG) to induce the formation of a soft acid. The films formed from these photopolymers consist of various polymers, epoxide monomers, and 4-cumenyl-4'-tolyliodonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (CTI-TB). The reactions and rates of the polymerizations in the polymer film were characterized using FT-IR spectra and RT-IR spectra. A preliminary lithographic evolution of this material revealed that negative images with features in the 0.75 μm range could be resolved.
Comparison of continuous-and discrete-time modelling of polynomial-based interpolation filters (2004)

Polynomial-based interpolation filters provide a flexible means for arbitrary and asynchronous sample rate conversion. They can be modelled with a continuous-time piecewise-polynomial impulse response. In sample rate conversion by rational factors, however, only discrete points of the impulse response affect the output signal. This leads to a discrete-time model of the interpolator. In this paper, properties of the continuous- and discrete-time models in optimisation of filters for sample rate conversion are discussed and compared so that the best model can be chosen for each filter design task. Interpolators optimised using the discrete-time model are optimal when a rational conversion factor is fixed. However, interpolators optimised using the continuous-time model can be more robust against changes of the conversion factor, which property is useful in applications that require flexibility.
Fabrication of micro‐meltblown filtration media using parallel plate die design (2015)

ABSTRACT Meltblown fibers are typically produced using a die technology based on the slot concept, an extension of the sheet die technology with a series of holes substituting the center rectangular slot of the sheet die. While this prevalent technology has met with considerable success, an economical, facile design would be desirable. In this study a new parallel plate die concept to fabricate micro‐meltblown fibers that offers simplicity, ease of use, and low cost was examined. The new die concept had parallel plates forming channels for polymer melt to flow through with a set of air holes surrounding them. This die design produced meltblown fibrous media with fibers in the range of 3–10 μm with pore size between 20 and 60 microns. The underlying mechanisms leading to such large fiber size formation and its implication in air filtration performance has been discussed. While conventional meltblown die generates fibers of smaller diameter and webs with higher filtration efficiency than the parallel plate geometry, design modifications could enhance the parallel plate meltblown die performance and make it a viable alternative. These die adaptations that include reducing air flow resistance, increasing the number of air nozzles around the polymer nozzles, recessing the polymer spinnerets above the die face, and having inclined air channels to increase the drag force on the fibers has been discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 42998.
Rho-A Is Critical for Osteoclast Podosome Organization, Motility, and Bone Resorption (2000)

Rho plays a regulatory role in the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, and it is also involved in integrin-mediated signaling events. To study the role of Rho in alpha(v)beta(3)/gelsolin-dependent signaling, the HIV-Tat peptide, hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged Rho(Val-14) (constitutively active) and Rho(Asn-19) (dominant negative) were transduced into avian osteoclasts. Protein transduction by HA-Tat was highly efficient, and 90-100% of the cells were transduced with HA-tagged proteins. We demonstrate here that Rho(Val-14) transduction (100 nM) stimulated gelsolin-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, podosome assembly, stress fiber formation, osteoclast motility, and bone resorption, mimicking osteoclast stimulation by osteopontin/alpha(v)beta(3.) The effects of Rho(Val-14) transduction stimulation was time-dependent. C3 exoenzyme blocked the effects of Rho(Val-14) and induced podosome disassembly, loss of motility, and inhibition of bone resorption. Transduction of Rho(Asn-19) produced podosome disassembly, and blocked osteopontin stimulation. These data demonstrate that integrin-dependent activation of phosphoinositide synthesis, actin stress fiber formation, podosome reorganization for osteoclast motility, and bone resorption require Rho stimulation.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 3-Aralkylamino-2-aryl-2H-1,2,4-pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides as Potential CCK-Receptor Ligands (1997)

A series of 2-aralkyl-4H-pyridothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides and 3-aralkylamino-2-aryl-2H-pyrido[4,3-e]-1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides structurally related to quinazolinone CCK receptor antagonists were synthesized and evaluated as CCK-A and CCK-B receptor ligands. The compounds were effective as cholecystokinin-ligands in the micromolar range of concentration, c.f. the cholecystokinin receptor antagonists asperlicin, lorglumide or benzotript, and were thus less potent than the best quinazolinones previously reported. Although the compounds were unsuitable for drug use, the work contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of unusual 2,3-disubstituted pyridothiadiazinedioxides.
Investigation of Three-phase Relative Permeabilities and Hysteresis Effects Applicable to Water Alternating Gas Injection (2011)

Large quantities of oil usually remain in oil reservoirs after conventional water floods. A significant part of this remaining oil can still be recovered economically by Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection. Accurate numerical simulation of complex three
A New Cost Effective and Reliable Water Shutoff System: Case Study in Kuwait (2017)

Abstract Increased water cut represents one of the biggest challenges to the oil industry, with more than 75% of the produced fluid being water that brings an increased cost per barrel of oil through water handling, scale deposition, corrosion, and mainly the bypassed oil reserve. Water shut off solutions range from mechanical solutions like bridge plugs to chemical treatments that include cement, resins and polymer gels. Cement applied as a plug or a squeeze treatment is often the preferred option to the operating company for isolating unwanted production intervals near the wellbore, and crosslinked polymer systems are also commonly used when deeper penetration is required. However, the success of these treatments often suffers from mixed fluid quality, zonal isolation (cementing quality), proper placement, numerous downhole conditions and more importantly backflow of unset cement slurry or immature gels while cleaning up leftover slurries in the wellbore or pulling out the work string after the treatment. In this paper, a new system based on a single nano-additive is described to shut off a water zone in a South Kuwait regional oil producer. The new system, which does not require curing but acts rapidly in porous media, addresses the concern of backflow associated with unset cement or crosslinked polymer fluids. The objective of this treatment was to seal off the upper zone that produces mostly water, reduce overall water cut from 90% to less than 10%, and test the productivity of the lower zone. The well configuration does not allow zonal isolation without a rig, so cement and other known chemical treatments were unsuitable for this application. Eighteen barrels of the water shut-off treatment was pumped through coiled tubing (CT) and injected into a 34 ft zone resulting in nearly immediate response through increased wellhead pressure. The injection was resumed every three to four hours to ensure a complete sealing of the target interval. The fluid starts workingupon injection into porous media but always remains as liquid phase when kept in the wellbore or surface tanks, so there is no concern about sticking or plugging the coil. The operational time was reduced compared to normal water shut off jobs, and the single additive fluid is low viscosity making surface mixing simple. The novelty of this water shut-off system is efficient sealing of a high permeability formation with minimal fluid and achieving a drastic water cut from 90% to1%. This new system, unlike polymer-based systems, doesn't degrade with temperature, water hardness or salinity, and plugging of the porous media works by acompletely different mechanism leading to a more robust barrier against water production with reduced interventional risk.