gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of perfusion measurements at 7 T using pulsed ASL with simultaneous multi-slice EPI readouts at multiple post-labelling delays (2023)

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) at 7T is beneficial due to the higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the longer T 1 of blood and tissues. A whole-brain 7T pulsed ASL approach with simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) echo planar imaging readouts at multiple inversion times is presented. The interplay between the number of inversion times acquired, the total acceleration factor employed, and the temporal SNR was investigated. In summary, a protocol with in-plane acceleration factor 2 and SMS factor 2 offers the best compromise between perfusion tSNR and number of inversion times and can be used in clinical applications investigating perfusion parameters beyond CBF.
In-situ insulator surface charge measurements in dielectric bridged vacuum gaps using an electrostatic probe (1988)

Surface charge measurements on alumina and polymer insulators were carried out after stressing them with DC voltages in a high vacuum. The order of magnitude of surface charge density was found to be the same for materials with supposedly widely varying secondary-emission yields. Surface coatings on alumina insulators reduced charge accumulation because of increased surface conductivity and/or reduced secondary-emission yield, which led to significant improvement in voltage hold-off for alumina ceramics. Removing the cathode triple junction from the main body of the cylindrical insulator, reducing the X-ray activity in the gap, or relieving the stress at the critical junction did not significantly alter the surface charge characteristics of cylindrical insulators. Wet hydrogen firing of plain alumina reduced the voltage hold-off by 25% without altering the surface charge density. It is postulated that the charging of insulators in bridged vacuum gaps with DC stresses is due to internal secondary emission produced by ionization of the lattice in the surface layer of the insulating material, by primary electrons injected at the cathode triple junction. This mechanism of charge production differs from the current models where charging is believed to occur due to electrons hopping along the surface/vacuum interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Alterations in amino acid metabolism during growth by Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to H2O2 – A multifactorial approach (2018)

Temperature and pH are known to vary in a wound site due to the immune response and subsequent healing processes. This study used a multifactorial design to examine the cellular responses of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> to hydrogen peroxide (0-100 mM) when bacteria were grown in temperatures of 37 ± 2 °C and pH 7 ± 1, conditions potentially encountered in wound sites. A centroid sample was included in the design which represented the mid-point values of all three environmental parameters (37 °C, pH 7, 50 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Cytoplasmic extracts and corresponding medium supernatants were analysed for amino acid composition by gas chromatography. Exposures of <i>S. aureus</i> to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> during the inoculation process resulted in extended lag phases lasting well after the peroxide had been neutralised by the bacterium's antioxidant systems, after which the bacteria eventually resumed growth at equivalent rates to the controls. Even though the subsequent growth rates appeared normal, the cells exhibited a variant metabolic regime at the mid-exponential phase of growth as a result of the initial exposure to peroxide. The alterations in metabolism were reflected by the differential amino acid profiles measured in the cytoplasmic extracts (P < 0.0001). The data indicated that the metabolic responses to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> challenge were uniquely different depending on the variations of temperature and pH. The uptake patterns of amino acids from the media also altered depending on prevailing environmental conditions. From these results, it was proposed that a specific reproducible homeostasis could be induced under a specific set of defined environmental conditions. It was also evident that early toxic insults on the bacterial culture could have lasting impacts on cellular homeostasis after successive generations, even after the offending chemical had been removed and initial cell integrity restored. It was concluded that metabolic homeostasis would be continually adjusting and responding to changing environmental conditions to deploy defensive proteins as well as optimising processes for survival. The powerful ability to continually and rapidly adapt to the environment may represent the key feature supporting the virulence of <i>S. aureus</i> as an opportunistic pathogen invading the wound site.
Stereoselektive Mukaiyama-Michael/Michael/Aldol-Dominocyclisierung als Schlüsselschritt der Synthese pentasubstituierter Arene – ein effizienter Zugang zu hochwirksamen Inhibitoren des Cholesterinester-Transferproteins (CETP) (1999)

Was das Herz des Stereochemikers bluten läßt, der einstufige, selektive Aufbau einer Stereopentade und deren prompte Vernichtung durch Aromatisierung, erweist sich als effiziente Strategie zur Synthese fünffach substituierter, pharmakologisch hochaktiver Arene (siehe Schema).
Oxytocin is an anabolic bone hormone (2009)

We report that oxytocin (OT), a primitive neurohypophyseal hormone, hitherto thought solely to modulate lactation and social bonding, is a direct regulator of bone mass. Deletion of OT or the OT receptor (Oxtr) in male or female mice causes osteoporosis resulting from reduced bone formation. Consistent with low bone formation, OT stimulates the differentiation of osteoblasts to a mineralizing phenotype by causing the up-regulation of BMP-2, which in turn controls Schnurri-2 and 3, Osterix, and ATF-4 expression. In contrast, OT has dual effects on the osteoclast. It stimulates osteoclast formation both directly, by activating NF-kappaB and MAP kinase signaling, and indirectly through the up-regulation of RANK-L. On the other hand, OT inhibits bone resorption by mature osteoclasts by triggering cytosolic Ca(2+) release and NO synthesis. Together, the complementary genetic and pharmacologic approaches reveal OT as a novel anabolic regulator of bone mass, with potential implications for osteoporosis therapy.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Tcl1 Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Regulated by <i>miR-29</i> and <i>miR-181</i> (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 6KB&lt;/p&gt;
An Evaluation of Knock Determination Techniques for Diesel-Natural Gas Dual Fuel Engines (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The recent advent of highly effective drilling and extraction technologies has decreased the price of natural gas and renewed interest in its use for transportation. Of particular interest is the conversion of dedicated diesel engines to operate on dual-fuel with natural gas injected into the intake manifold. Dual-fuel systems with natural gas injected into the intake manifold replace a significant portion of diesel fuel energy with natural gas (generally 50% or more by energy content), and produce lower operating costs than diesel-only operation. Diesel-natural gas engines have a high compression ratio and a homogeneous mixture of natural gas and air in the cylinder end gases. These conditions are very favorable for knock at high loads. In the present study, knock prediction concepts that utilize a single step Arrhenius function for diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines are evaluated. A heavy duty diesel engine with the capability of running both natural gas and diesel is operated at points where knock occurs and the cylinder pressure traces are recorded. Constants of the Arrhenius function for dual-fuel operation are determined empirically based on the cylinder pressure and temperature histories. Several methods for knock prediction and coefficient fitting are evaluated, and their accuracy is compared. Results indicate that Arrhenius integral methods can determine if a cycle will knock with accuracy up to 72% using coefficients similar to those for methane.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Rapid Evolution of Virulence and Drug Resistance in the Emerging Zoonotic Pathogen Streptococcus suis (2009)

The genomic inventories of genetically related S. suis strains, isolated from distinct hosts and diseases, exhibit high levels of conservation. However, the genomes provide evidence that horizontal gene transfer has contributed to the evolution of drug resistance.
Magnesium Todorokite: Influence of Morphology on Electrochemistry in Lithium, Sodium and Magnesium Based Batteries (2020)

Samples of Mg-todorokite with mixed nanosheet & nanowire (referred to as nanosheets for the sake of simplicity) and pure nanowire morphology were prepared to probe the morphological impact on battery relevant electrochemistry. The samples had similar physicochemical properties where the Mg-todorokite nanosheets had a composition of Mg<sub>0.20</sub>MnO<sub>2</sub> with a crystallite size of 9 nm and water content of 0.29 moles of H<sub>2</sub>O per formula unit, while the nanowires had a composition of Mg<sub>0.19</sub>MnO<sub>2</sub> with a crystallite size of 14 nm and water content of 0.28. The electrochemistry of the Mg-todorokite materials was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and rate capability testing. The Mg-todorokite nanosheets showed higher discharge capacity than the nanowires in lithium, sodium and magnesium-based electrolytes. Notably, the nanowire materials exhibited excellent cycling stability compared to the nanosheets in lithium and sodium-based batteries. Finally, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of lithiated samples suggests that Mn in the nanosheet containing material was more highly reduced to Mn<sup>3+</sup> after the 1st full discharge explaining the higher initial capacities observed. However, a MnO-like structural distortion was observed after extended cycling in the nanosheet material consistent with its poorer capacity retention.
Industrial frying trials with high oleic sunflower oil (1996)

High oleic sunflower oil has been developed for some special purposes where a good oxidation stability is needed and a healthy fatty acid profile is preferred. The oil is especially suitable for deep fat frying. These industrial frying trials with high oleic sunflower oil were part of the AIR-project CT 920687 "Utilisation of Sunflower Oils in Industrial Frying Operations". High oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) was tested against the traditional oils and fats in two industrial deep fat frying applications, namely crisps and prefried frozen french fries. The frying trials took place in Raisio Groups factories in Pyhanta and Vihanti, Finland in 1993 and 1994. According to the trials, high oleic sunflower oil is very suitable for deep fat frying. Problems occurred when a hard fat was substituted for a liquid oil in the preparation of prefrozen French Fries. These problems could be partly overcome by adjustments in the processing line.
A dendritic iron porphyrin as a novel haemoprotein mimic: effects of the dendrimer cage on dioxygen-binding activity (1996)

An iron(II) porphyrin 1-methylimidazole (mim) complex covalently encapsulated within a large aryl ether dendritic cage, FeII(mim)2L5, displays reversible dioxygen-binding activity, in which the dioxygen adduct survives over a period of months even in the presence of water, and exhibits a half-life of 50 h upon exposure to carbon monoxide.
Continuous-Flow Electrokinetic Enrichment/Separation of Nanoparticles Using 3d Microelectrode Tracks (2021)

Continuous-flow electrokinetic enrichment/separation of nanoparticles is demonstrated in a device based on target nanoparticles railing along 3D microelectrode tracks. The device utilizes dielectrophoresis and electrohydrodynamic drag including electrothermal flow in high-conductive media and AC electroosmosis in low-conductive media. An enrichment efficiency of ~100% is noted for 500 nm and 1 μm polystyrene spheres in media at a conductivity of 0.2 and 0.01 S/m. Size-based separation of the two is also shown efficient in deionized water using a modified design.
Ideal Partition of Resources for Metareasoning (2021)

We can achieve significant gains in the value of computation by metareasoning about the nature or extent of base-level problem solving before executing a solution. However, resources that are irrevocably committed to metareasoning are not available for executing a solution. Thus, it is important to determine the portion of resources we wish to apply to metareasoning and control versus to the execution of a solution plan. Recent research on rational agency has highlighted the importance of limiting the consumption of resources by metareasoning machinery. We shall introduce the metareasoning-partition problem--the problem of ideally apportioning costly reasoning resources to planning a solution versus applying resource to executing a solution to a problem. We exercise prototypical metareasoning-partition models to probe the relationships between time allocated to metareasoning and to execution for different problem classes. Finally, we examine the value of metareasoning in the context of our functional analyses.
Paramagnetic Intrinsic Point Defects in Alkali Phosphate Glasses: Unraveling the P3 Center Origin and Local Environment Effects (2021)

International audience
Systemic hypertension : with special reference to etiology of essential hypertension (1934)

from 110 mm. to 140 mm. of Hg. systolic and from 70 mm.to 85 mm. of Hg. diastolic pressures , gradually rising to the higher figures with increasing age (58).JIQaenthal gives 120 over 80 as s.tandard pressure readings ( 85).As will be shown, blood pressure is a fluctuating state of normality; it is dynamic and not static.To state definite values for normal :blood pressure is of value only to insurance companies.Very recently, c.P. Clark {85) has formulated a meth<td of establiehing theoretical blood pressure values.Having devised a. constant and inserting it in the following equation, he is able to rea..<;h theo.reticalreading.a.
Supplementary Figure 8 from Dual mTORC1/2 and HER2 Blockade Results in Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Breast Cancer Resistant to Anti-HER2 Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 281KB, Trastuzumab treatment in trastuzumab-resistant patient derived-xenografts.&lt;/p&gt;
Scalable Electric Vehicle Charging Protocols (2016)

Although electric vehicles are considered a viable solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, their uncoordinated charging could have adverse effects on power system operation. Nevertheless, the task of optimal electric vehicle charging scales unfavorably with the fleet size and the number of control periods, especially when distribution grid limitations are enforced. To this end, vehicle charging is first tackled using the recently revived Frank-Wolfe method. The novel decentralized charging protocol has minimal computational requirements from vehicle controllers, enjoys provable acceleration over existing alternatives, enhances the security of the pricing mechanism against data attacks, and protects user privacy. To comply with voltage limits, a network-constrained EV charging problem is subsequently formulated. Leveraging a linearized model for unbalanced distribution grids, the goal is to minimize the power supply cost while respecting critical voltage regulation and substation capacity limitations. Optimizing variables across grid nodes is accomplished by exchanging information only between neighboring buses via the alternating direction method of multipliers. Numerical tests corroborate the optimality and efficiency of the novel schemes.
Highly Sensitive 56 Gbps NRZ O-band BiCMOS-Silicon Photonics Receiver using a Ge/Si Avalanche Photodiode (2020)

A hybrid BiCMOS-Silicon Photonics receiver with a waveguide-coupled Ge/Si avalanche photodiode is demonstrated with OMA sensitivities of −14.4dBm for error-free operation at 50 Gbps and -18.6 dBm under the KP4-FEC limit at 56 Gbps NRZ-OOK.
Epitope spreading toward wild-type melanocyte-lineage antigens rescues suboptimal immune checkpoint blockade responses (2021)

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), can deliver durable antitumor effects, most patients with cancer fail to respond. Recent studies suggest that ICI efficacy correlates with a higher load of tumor-specific neoantigens and development of vitiligo in patients with melanoma. Here, we report that patients with low melanoma neoantigen burdens who responded to ICI had tumors with higher expression of pigmentation-related genes. Moreover, expansion of peripheral blood CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell populations specific for melanocyte antigens was observed only in patients who responded to anti-PD-1 therapy, suggesting that ICI can promote breakdown of tolerance toward tumor-lineage self-antigens. In a mouse model of poorly immunogenic melanomas, spreading of epitope recognition toward wild-type melanocyte antigens was associated with markedly improved anti-PD-1 efficacy in two independent approaches: introduction of neoantigens by ultraviolet (UV) B radiation mutagenesis or the therapeutic combination of ablative fractional photothermolysis plus imiquimod. Complete responses against UV mutation-bearing tumors after anti-PD-1 resulted in protection from subsequent engraftment of melanomas lacking any shared neoantigens, as well as pancreatic adenocarcinomas forcibly overexpressing melanocyte-lineage antigens. Our data demonstrate that somatic mutations are sufficient to provoke strong antitumor responses after checkpoint blockade, but long-term responses are not restricted to these putative neoantigens. Epitope spreading toward T cell recognition of wild-type tumor-lineage self-antigens represents a common pathway for successful response to ICI, which can be evoked in neoantigen-deficient tumors by combination therapy with ablative fractional photothermolysis and imiquimod.
Concentration of Vinegar by Electrodialysis (1996)

ABSTRACT Vinegar (9–12% w/v acetic acid) was concentrated by electrodialysis (ED) to produce triple‐strength vinegar (30–33% acetate). At a current density of 174 Amps/m 2 , acetate flux was 520 g/m 2 /hr (GMH) for 9.1% acetate and increased to 920 GMH at 31% acetate. Increasing feed concentration decreased water flux from 2.6 to 1.3 L/m 2 /hr and energy consumption from 1.2 to 0.7 kWh/kg acetate transported. Increasing current increased acetate flux, energy consumption and water flux. A multi‐stage ED system could produce triple‐strength vinegar at much lower costs per unit of single‐strength vinegar.
Deformations Within Moving Kinetochores Reveal Different Sites of Active and Passive Force Generation (2012)

Kinetochores mediate chromosome segregation at mitosis. They are thought to contain both active, force-producing and passive, frictional interfaces with microtubules whose relative locations have been unclear. We inferred mechanical deformation within single kinetochores during metaphase oscillations by measuring average separations between fluorescently labeled kinetochore subunits in living cells undergoing mitosis. Inter-subunit distances were shorter in kinetochores moving toward poles than in those moving away. Inter-subunit separation decreased abruptly when kinetochores switched to poleward movement and decreased further when pulling force increased, suggesting that active force generation during poleward movement compresses kinetochores. The data revealed an active force-generating interface within kinetochores and a separate passive frictional interface located at least 20 nanometers away poleward. Together, these interfaces allow persistent attachment with intermittent active force generation.
A three-state model for the regulation of telomerase by TERRA and hnRNPA1 (2013)

Telomeres, the physical ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, are transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), a large non-coding RNA, which forms an integral part of telomeric heterochromatin. In vitro, naked TERRA molecules are efficient inhibitors of human telomerase, base-pairing via their 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats with the template sequence of telomerase RNA, in addition to contacting the telomerase reverse transcriptase protein subunit. In vivo, however, TERRA-mediated inhibition of telomerase can be prevented by unknown mechanisms. Also, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1) has been implicated in telomere length control. In vivo, TERRA is partially associated with hnRNPA1, and hnRNPA1 is also detected at telomeres. We demonstrate that on binding of TERRA, hnRNPA1 can alleviate the TERRA-mediated inhibition of telomerase. However, when in excess over TERRA, hnRNPA1 becomes itself an inhibitor of telomere extension, on binding of the telomeric DNA substrate. Yet, hnRNPA1 has no notable direct effects on the telomerase catalysis. Our in vitro results suggest that TERRA-mediated telomerase inhibition may be prevented by hnRNPA1 in vivo. Telomere extension by telomerase may require balanced levels of TERRA and hnRNPA1 at telomeres. Thus, TERRA and hnRNPA1 can function as a bimolecular regulator to turn telomerase and the telomere on and off.
Assessment of Enchroma Filter for Correcting Color Vision Deficiency (2017)

Purpose: Color vision deficiency (CVD) especially the Red-Green type (RG), affects 8% of the male and 0.5% of the female population. There is no cure for color deficiency. However, there are specially-tinted lenses marketed to enhance the color contrast for CVD individuals. Recently, EnChroma Filters claim to enhance color perception. The aim of this study was to examine EnChroma Cx-14, red, and green filters subjectively on subjects with RG CVD.\nMethods: Nine males and one female (aged 19 – 52 years) with RG CVD were recruited. Five were severe deutans, two moderate deutans, and two were severe protans. Subjective responses to EnChroma were tested using ColorDx software on a tablet and online Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue tests. Error scores of the ColorDx and FM 100 Hue tests with EnChroma CX-14, Red and Green filters were calculated and compared against Placebo (untinted glasses).\nResults: In only two subjects , EnChroma filters resulted in CVD improvement from severe protan to moderate protan and from severe deutan to moderate deutan using ColorDx. Neither EnChroma nor green filters improved the mean error scores of ColorDx (p = 0.39) and (p = 1.00), respectively. However, red filter significantly improved color discrimination from severe deutan to mild deutan in all deutan subjects, and in one subject, from severe protan to mild deutan (p = 0.013). Similarly, EnChroma did not significantly improve the error score of FM 100 Hue test. Also, none of the other filters showed significant improvement in the error scores of the FM 100 Hue.\nConclusions: EnChroma Cx-14 filters are multi-notch filters that modify the wavelength transmission to the observer. To our knowledge this is the first study to measure the effectiveness of EnChroma Cx-14 on digital version of Ishihara (ColorDx). Our results showed that the EnChroma filters had no significant effect on the performance of any of the CVD subjects, but improved the error score in only two subjects.
Chemical Tools for Inhibiting Glycosylation (2009)

This chapter discusses various types of inhibitors, including natural products, substrate-based tight-binding inhibitors, glycoside primers, monosaccharide analogs for chemically tagging glycans, inhibitors found through screening chemical libraries, and examples of rationally designed inhibitors based on three-dimensional structures of enzymes (Table 50.1).