gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL BORINIC ACID ESTERS. ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF ACYCLIC KETONES VIA ASYMMETRIC HYDROBORATION‐CARBENOIDATION (1983)

Abstract Die Darstellung der chiralen Borinsäureester (Va‐c) mit der Konfiguration R‐(Va) bzw. lR,2R‐(Vb,c) gelingt durch die erfolgreiche Synthese der chiralen, gemischten Trialkylborane (IV) über die sukzessive Hydroborierung der Olefine (II) und (III) unter Verwendung des aus (‐)‐oz‐Pinen dargestellten Monoisopinocampheylborans (I) und anschließender Eliminierung der chiralen 3‐Pinanyl‐Hilfsgruppe wie aufgezeichnet.
Multi-kilowatt average power nano pulse fiber lasers (2014)

Summary form only given: We report novel all-fiber concept based on parallel combining of multiple nanosecond pulse fiber lasers by means of fused fiber combiners. The radiation of 19 laser modules was coupled into 500 μm core delivery fiber with BPP equalled to 31.6 mm × mrad. Peak power 0.4 MW and pulse energy 40.5 mJ were achieved. Average power was 4.05 kW within 1064 nm wavelength range.
Constraints on new macroscopic forces from gravitational redshift experiments (1990)

The anomalous gravitational redshift arising from hypothetical vector and scalar fields with macroscopic, finite ranges and couplings to matter weaker than gravity is derived. The constraints which could be imposed by redshift experiments on such interactions are analyzed.
Diastereoselective Catalytic Epoxidation of Chiral Allylic Alcohols by the TS-1 and Ti-β Zeolites:  Evidence for a Hydrogen-Bonded, Peroxy-Type Loaded Complex as Oxidizing Species (1997)

The similar diastereoselectivities as for peracids implicate a pentacoordinated metal peroxy species in the epoxidation of chiral allylic alcohols by the titanium-containing zeolites TS-1 and Ti-β. In the loaded complex, the allylic alcohol substrate is fixed through hydrogen bonding to the metal center, with A1,3 strain as the dominant conformational feature. By comparison of the diastereoselectivities to those for VO(acac)2/t-BuOOH, we exclude a peroxy-type complex with direct coordination of the allylic alcohol to the titanium center by means of metal−alcoholate bonding. Neither does a peroxo-type titanium complex apply, as confirmed by comparing the diastereoselectivities with those observed for dioxiranes. With the help of tert-butyl-substituted allylic alcohols as substrates, which are not epoxidized by the TS-1 but by the Ti-β catalyst, it was unequivocally confirmed that the oxidation occurs inside of the zeolite and not on the outer surface.
Metastable and Stable Morphologies during Crystallization of Alkanes in Miniemulsion Droplets (2003)

Undercooling and crystallization of different alkanes in stable nanodroplets with narrow size distributions were analyzed by using DSC measurements. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray measurements. Alkane droplets with a defined size between 100 and 500 nm in water were prepared by using the miniemulsion process. The required undercooling to obtain crystallization in such droplets is significantly increased compared to that for the bulk material since the nucleation mechanism is shifted from heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation. For the even alkanes (C18−C24), a structure change from the triclinic in the bulk to orthorhombic structure in small droplets (100 nm) was detected and attributed to confinement effects inside the droplets. An intermediate rotator phase is of less relevance for the nanosized droplets. For odd alkanes, a strong temperature shift of the crystallization point compared to the bulk system was detected, but no structure change was observed. Both in bulk and in miniemulsion droplets an orthorhombic structure was formed.
Security for real-world networked applications (2007)

It is commonly believed that systems that are not designed with security aspects in mind are difficult to secure later. This thesis argues that there are many situations in which security aspects can be retrofitted into such systems without significant effort, or impact to users of these systems. 
In support of this thesis we consider three broad computer system areas: data communication, addressing (name lookup), and data storage. These aspects are by no means new, and in fact are core components of any networked computer system. 
First, we present Datagram Transport Security Layer (DTLS), a protocol that can be used for securing unreliable datagram transport such as UDP. Prior to DTLS, the standard options available to a system designer were SSL/TLS or IPsec, neither of which are well suited for securing delay sensitive applications such as Internet telephony. DTLS is based on the TLS protocol and consequently provides a familiar programming model. DTLS was adopted by the IETF as RFC 4347. 
Second, we, present P2Pns, a fully-distributed name service. Traditional name services, such as DNS, are centralized in two important respects: (1) authority - the question of who gets assigned a name, and (2) distribution - the question of how a name database is distributed. Both of these aspects have been receiving scrutiny - authority because ICANN (the governing body overseeing DNS) is seen to have too much influence over the running of DNS, and distribution following denial of service attacks on the DNS root servers. P2Pns runs over a distributed hash table and allows panics to be multiply registered. Conflicts are resolved via a resolution algorithm that, in most situations, is capable of determining the earliest registration. 
Finally, we present the design of SiRiUS, a secure filesystem. SiRiUS enables users to store data on a remote untrusted server, without requiring modification to server software or configuration. The data thus stored can be shared between groups of the owner's choosing, without relying on the server to enforce access control. Previous secure filesystems have either placed trust in the remote file server, or if not, fail to provide mechanisms for sharing files.
High-Responsivity Low-Voltage 28-Gb/s Ge p-i-n Photodetector With Silicon Contacts (2014)

We report a high-performance germanium waveguide photodetectors (WPDs) without doping in germanium or direct metal contacts on germanium, grown on and contacted through a silicon p-i-n diode structure. Wafer-scale measurements demonstrate high responsivities larger than 1.0 A/W across the C-band and low dark current of ~3 nA at -1 V and ~8 nA at -2 V. Owing to its small dimensions, the Ge WPD exhibits a high optoelectrical 3-dB bandwidth of 20 and 27 GHz at low-bias voltages of -1 and -2 V, respectively, which are sufficient for operation at 28 Gb/s. The reduced processing complexity at the tungsten contact plug module combined with the high responsivity makes these Ge WPD devices particularly attractive for emerging low-cost CMOS-Si photonics transceivers.
NONCODING RNAS IN THE MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2006)

The central nervous system (CNS) is arguably one of the most complex systems in the universe. To understand the CNS, scientists have investigated a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, and various small molecules. However, one large class of molecules, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), has been relatively unexplored. ncRNAs function directly as structural, catalytic, or regulatory molecules rather than serving as templates for protein synthesis. The increasing variety of ncRNAs being identified in the CNS suggests a strong connection between the biogenesis, dynamics of action, and combinatorial regulatory potential of ncRNAs and the complexity of the CNS. In this review, we give an overview of the diversity and abundance of ncRNAs before delving into specific examples that illustrate their importance in the CNS. In particular, we cover recent evidence for the roles of microRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, retrotransposons, the NRSE small modulatory RNA, and BC1/BC200 in the CNS. Finally, we speculate why ncRNAs are well adapted to improving organism-environment interactions.
Electron Transfer through DNA in the Course of Radical-Induced Strand Cleavage (1998)

No benefit from base stacking is observed for rates of electron transfer in DNA. This conclusion was drawn from experiments with a new DNA assay in which a radical cationic site, generated by strand cleavage, can be reduced by the guanine bases in the same DNA (the electron transfer is indicated by arrows in the diagram). The distance dependence of this electron transfer step is determined by the chemical yield of the reduction product.
Gain-bandwidth-limited response in long-wavelength avalanche photodiodes (1984)

The gain-bandwidth(GB)-limited response of In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</inf> As/ InP heterostructure avalanche photodiodes (APD's) and related devices used in long-wavelength digital optical receivers is calculated. We find that these diodes, as currently designed, are useful at bit rates <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B \lsim 2</tex> Gbit/s when employed in conjunction with high-sensitivity optical receivers. Response at higher bit rates may be obtained depending on the details of device design. On the other hand, use of poor-quality receivers that require moderate-to-high values of optimum gain can significantly degrade the performance of heterostructure APD's at high bit rates due to GB limitations. We also show that APD receiver bandwidth can be expressed in terms of the sensitivity obtained using the receiver in conjunction with a p-i-n photodiode. It is found that the response speed of optimized receivers is lowest for an APD effective ionization rate ratio of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k = 0.5</tex> .
Loss of viability in rye embryos at different levels of hydration: senescence with apoptotic nucleosome cleavage or death with random DNA fragmentation. (2009)

In experiments with embryos of rye seeds which have been held at different moisture contents, different fragmentation patterns of DNA occur as a result of DNAse activities operating at different levels of water activity. Embryos of seed held in the dry state (c. 9% moisture content) show a progressive accumulation of random DNA fragments with time associated with a progressive loss of viability and death within 4 years. In contrast, embryos of seeds held under accelerated aging conditions (75% relative humidity, 40°C, embryos reaching c. 14% moisture content) remain viable for less than 15 days. These embryos show an accumulation of DNA nucleosome multimers rather than random fragmentation. The evidence suggests that different specific nucleases are activated at different levels of embryo hydration. This means that the results of accelerated aging of seeds can not be used as a model system to represent a fast achievement of natural aging. The relevance of these results to priming is discussed.
Generating LOD3 building models from structure-from-motion and semantic segmentation (2022)

This paper describes a pipeline for automatically generating level of detail (LOD) models (digital twins), specifically LOD2 and LOD3, from free-standing buildings. Our approach combines structure from motion (SfM) with deep-learning-based segmentation techniques. Given multiple-view images of a building, we compute a three-dimensional (3D) planar abstraction (LOD2 model) of its point cloud using SfM techniques. To obtain LOD3 models, we use deep learning to perform semantic segmentation of the openings in the two-dimensional (2D) images. Unlike existing approaches, we do not rely on complex input, pre-defined 3D shapes or manual intervention. To demonstrate the robustness of our method, we show that it can generate 3D building shapes from a collection of building images with no further input. For evaluating reconstructions, we also propose two novel metrics. The first is a Euclidean–distance-based correlation of the 3D building model with the point cloud. The second involves re-projecting 3D model facades onto source photos to determine dice scores with respect to the ground-truth masks. Finally, we make the code, the image datasets, SfM outputs, and digital twins reported in this work publicly available in github.com/eesd-epfl/LOD3_buildings and doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6651663. With this work we aim to contribute research in applications such as construction management, city planning, and mechanical analysis, among others.
Effect of oxygen on aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits. (1985)

A study was made in albino rabbits of the effect on aqueous humor dynamics of 100% oxygen, administered by face mask. A mean decrease in intraocular pressure of 4.9 mm Hg was found. This was accompanied by a decrease in episcleral venous pressure of 4.5 mm Hg. Anterior chamber aqueous humor flow decreased transiently after oxygen administration but returned to pre-oxygen levels after about 60 min. It was concluded that the sustained decrease in intraocular pressure which was caused by oxygen was secondary to the decrease in episcleral venous pressure and not to a decrease in the production of aqueous humor.
The Human CD38 Monoclonal Antibody Daratumumab Improves the Anti-Myeloma Effect of Lenalidomide with Dexamethasone in Vitro (2011)

Abstract Abstract 5106 Multiple myeloma (MM) represents an incurable malignancy of antibody-producing clonal plasma cells. Over the past decade significant progress has been made in MM treatment using novel immunomodulating agents such as lenalidomide (LEN) and bortezomib (BORT). Daratumumab (DARA) is a human CD38 antibody with broad spectrum killing activity. DARA mediates MM cell death via ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity), CDC (complement dependent cytotoxicity) and apoptosis. We are currently exploring the possibility to further improve MM therapy by combining novel MM therapeutics with DARA. Our initial in vitro work already showed significantly improved MM cell killing by combining DARA with LEN and BORT treatment, especially in patient samples which showed poor responses to the LEN-BORT combination. We now investigated whether DARA can also further improve therapy of lenalidomide or bortezomib in combination with corticosteroids. In ex vivo assays, which allow us to address MM cell lysis directly in BM-MNC isolated from MM patients, DARA significantly enhanced killing of MM cells that were treated with LEN or dexamethasone (DEX). Importantly, DARA was also able to enhance lysis of MM cells that were poor responders to the LEN-DEX combination. This suggests that patients might benefit from a DARA-LEN-DEX combination therapy. Experiments showing effects of DARA on killing of BORT-DEX treated cells are currently underway. The results of this study extend our previous results with LEN-BORT-DARA, showing that MM cells lysis is enhanced by DARA, especially in in samples from patients that are refractory or poorly responding to existing and novel emerging combination therapies. These results support the hypothesis that powerful and complementary effects may be achieved when DARA is combined with LEN and cortocosteroids in clinical MM studies. Disclosures: Weers: Genmab: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents &amp; Royalties. Veer:Genmab: Research Funding. van Kessel:Genmab: Research Funding. Bakker:Genmab: Employment, Equity Ownership. Parren:Genmab: Employment, Equity Ownership, Patents &amp; Royalties. Lokhorst:Genmab: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Mutis:Genmab: Research Funding.
A large-scale drug screen identifies selective inhibitors of class I HDACs as a potential therapeutic option for SHH medulloblastoma (2019)

Our data provide strong evidence that quisinostat or other class I HDAC inhibitors might be therapeutically useful for patients with SHH MB, including those resistant to SMO inhibition.
Chiral electrochromatography with a ‘moulded’ rigid monolithic capillary column (1998)

Several monolithic chiral stationary phases for reversed-phase electrochromatography have been prepared within the confines of untreated fused silica capillaries by the direct copolymerization of the chiral monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (N-L-valine-3,5- dimethylanilide) carbamate with ethylene dimethacrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and butyl or glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of a porogenic solvent. The hydrophilicity of the stationary phase, which may be enhanced further by the hydrolysis of the epoxide functionalities of the glycidyl methacrylate moieties within the monolith, was found to have a pronounced effect on the enantioseparation. Using the most hydrophilic monolithic capillary column and optimized elution conditions, a separation of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine diallylamide enantiomers with an efficiency of 61000 plates m–1 and a resolution of 2.0 was achieved.
A temperature-resistant wide-dynamic-range CMOS image sensor (2007)

A temperature resistant wide dynamic range (WDR) CMOS image sensor has been developed using the very low dark current front-end of line (VLDC FEOL) and the metal hermetic seal ceramic leadless chip carrier (CLCC) package suppressing the degradation of the spectra response of the on-chip micro lens and color filter (OCML/OCCF). A 1/4 inch VGA 5.6 &mgr;m pixel pitch WDR CMOS image sensor has been fabricated through 0.18 &mgr;m 2P3M process with the VLDC FEOL which contains the pinned photodiode with less electrical fields, the less plasma etching damages, the transfer gate with the suppressed current at Si-SiO<sub>2</sub> interface and the furnace temperature process for the re-crystallization. The sensor chips with the conventional OCML/OCCF assembled into the metal hermetic seal package by the low residual oxygen vacuum welding machine has finally received the thermal stress test (150 deg.C/500 hours). The dark current is 350 pA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 85 deg.C (50 pA/cm<sup>2</sup> at 60 deg.C). No degradation of the spectra response in any of R/G/B pixels is observed after the thermal stress test. It is found that the thermal decomposition of the OCML/OCCF (phenol resin) is not caused easily in nitrogen with the low residual oxygen concentration. The sample images captured by the WDR CMOS image sensor assembled camera keep good quality up to 85 deg.C.
ChemInform Abstract: ENOLATE ALKYLATION WITH BROMOMETHYL SULPHIDES, SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA‐METHYLENE KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1974)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Phenylessigsäure (I) mit Lithiumamiden und anschließende Reaktion mit Benzylbrommethylsulfid (II) in Dimethoxyäthan bei 0°C ergeben das Sul= ?d (III), das mit Natriumperjodat in das Sulfoxid (IV) übergeführt wird.
Heteroepitaxial film crystal silicon on Al2O3: new route to inexpensive crystal silicon photovoltaics (2011)

Crystal silicon (c-Si) film photovoltaics (PV) fabricated on inexpensive substrates could retain the desirable qualities of silicon wafer PV—including high efficiency and abundant environmentally-benign raw materials—at a fraction of the cost. We report two related advances toward film c-Si PV on inexpensive metal foils. First, we grow heteroepitaxial silicon solar cells on 2 kinds of single-crystal Al2O3 layers from silane gas, using the rapid and scalable hot-wire chemical vapor deposition technique. Second, we fabricate heteroepitaxial c-Si layers on large-grained, cube-textured NiW metal foils coated with Al2O3. In both experiments, the deposition temperature is held below 840 °C, compatible with low fabrication costs. The film c-Si solar cells are fabricated on both single-crystal sapphire wafer substrates and single-crystal γ-Al2O3-buffered SrTiO3 wafer substrates. We achieve ∼400 mV of open-circuit voltage despite crystallographic defects caused by lattice mismatch between the silicon and underlying substrate. With improved epitaxy and defect passivation, it is likely that the voltages can be improved further. On the inexpensive NiW metal foils, we grow MgO and γ-Al2O3 buffer layers before depositing silicon. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm that the silicon layers are epitaxial and retain the ∼50 μm grain size and biaxial orientation of the foil substrate. With the addition of light-trapping, >15% film c-Si PV on metal foils is achievable.
Measurement of harmonic losses in transformers supplying nonsinusoidal load currents (2000)

The spread of the load control techniques based on power electronics is causing the increase of harmonic losses in power distribution systems. A digital method for the evaluation of these losses in power transformers, which only requires measurements taken at the transformer output terminals, is discussed. The accuracy of the method, along with the performance of a virtual-instrumentation-based instrument implementing it, is also discussed. The results of some experimental work are reported.
Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (2008)

Amyloid aggregation is associated with numerous protein misfolding pathologies and underlies the infectious properties of prions, which are conformationally self-templating proteins that are thought to have beneficial roles in lower organisms. Amyloids have been notoriously difficult to study due to their insolubility and structural heterogeneity. However, resolution of amyloid polymers based on size and detergent insolubility has been made possible by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (SDD-AGE). This technique is finding widespread use for the detection and characterization of amyloid conformational variants. Here, we demonstrate an adaptation of this technique that facilitates its use in large-scale applications, such as screens for novel prions and other amyloidogenic proteins. The new SDD-AGE method uses capillary transfer for greater reliability and ease of use, and allows any sized gel to be accomodated. Thus, a large number of samples, prepared from cells or purified proteins, can be processed simultaneously for the presence of SDS-insoluble conformers of tagged proteins.
Supercritical Fuel Injection in Multi-Species Systems (2012)

Supercritical uid injection using a single round injector into a quiescent atmosphere at subcritical and supercritical conditions was investigated experimentally with particular attention to supercritical-into-subcritical injection and the reassertion of surface tension. The entire system was binary since the atmosphere comprised an inert gas of a di erent composition than that of the injected uid. Density and density-gradient values were quanti ed and a novel method was applied for calculating the core lengths using the structures detected across the entire jet center plane. Jet spreading angles were also calculated and a model was proposed for the spreading angle dependence on chamber-to-injectant density ratio. A detailed comparison was provided with existing theoretical models and experimental data for both core lengths and spreading angles. This work complements the limited experimental studies dedicated to (i) supercritical-into-subcritical injection and subsequent nucleation, and (ii) spreading angle as well as core length dependence on density ratio.
Interindividual variability in average glucose‐glycated haemoglobin relationship in type 1 diabetes and implications for clinical practice (2022)

In this type 1 diabetes cohort, ethnicity and age, but not gender, alter the HbA1c-glucose relationship with even larger interindividual variations found within each group than between groups. Clinical application of personalized HbA1c-glucose relationships has the potential to optimize glycaemic care in the population with diabetes.