gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of the performance of full-scale MBR plants: design, operation and on-site experimental data (2010)

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has become an effective alternative wastewater treatment technology that produces effluent with excellent quality. Globally, a wide range of municipal and industrial MBR plants are in operation, varying both in size and complexity. The objective of this investigation was to develop a better understanding of the long term performance of MBR plants. To achieve this objective, eight full-scale municipal MBR plants were examined. The methodology included a review of plant design parameters, pre-treatment system, biological operation, membrane operation, disinfection system and nutrient removal system. In addition, on-site tests were done on permeate, final effluent and mixed liquor to understand MBR performance.
Origin of the Tunnel Anisotropic Magnetoresistance inGa1−xMnxAs/ZnSe/Ga1−xMnxAsMagnetic Tunnel Junctions of II-VI/III-V Heterostructures (2005)

We investigated spin-dependent transport in magnetic tunnel junctions made of III-V Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As electrodes and II-VI ZnSe tunnel barriers. The high tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio up to 100% we observed indicates high spin polarization at the barrier/electrodes interfaces. We found anisotropic tunneling conductance having a magnitude of 10% with respect to the direction of magnetization to linearly depend on the magnetic anisotropy energy of Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As. This proves that the spin-orbit interactions in the valence band of Ga(1-x)M(x)As are responsible for the tunnel anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) effect.
Symbiogenics: An Epigenetic Approach to Mitigating Impacts of Climate Change on Plants (2012)

We have found that plants in natural ecosystems adapt to abiotic stress by forming symbiotic associations with Class 2 fungal endophytes. Without the endophytes, plants are not stress-tolerant and do not survive in the habitats to which they are adapted. Symbiotically conferred stress tolerance typically occurs in a habitat-specific manner and is based on interactions between environmental factors and both plant and fungal genomes. For example, endophytes from geothermal plants confer heat tolerance, and endophytes from coastal plants confer salt tolerance. We have designated this phenomenon as habitat-adapted symbiosis and hypothesize that it is a ubiquitous aspect of plant ecology. Class 2 endophytes also increase plant growth and development while decreasing water consumption. We present metabolic and gene expression data to support a working model for the underlying mechanisms of endophyte-conferred benefits to plants. Although endophytes had no effect on photosynthetic rate and metabolic efficiency, they significantly increased photosynthetic efficiency. Endophytes significantly altered the ratio of upregulated to downregulated (UR:DR genes) plant genes compared with nonsymbiotic plants. Specific UR:DR gene ratios varied with endophyte species as well as habitat of origin. Collectively, these observations have allowed us to design a new symbiogenic (symbio = symbiosis; genic = gene influence) strategy for mitigating impacts of climate change on crop production.
Der ÖGB (2012)

Seit mehr als 30 Jahren befindet sich der ÖGB, einstmals eine der mächtigsten Gewerkschaften der Welt, in einer Krise. Mitgliedschaft, Finanzen und politischer Einfluss schwanden. Wie reagierten die Gewerkschaften als Großorganisationen auf diese Herausforderungen, was waren überhaupt die Ursachen ihres Niedergangs, und welche Integrationskraft für die österreichische Demokratie und Gesellschaft ist ihnen eigentlich noch zuzutrauen?
Magnetic recording on patterned media (2003)

The storage density of conventional thin film recording media, where each bit is comprised of several hundred grains, is limited by superparmagnetism, since thermal excitation of the magnetization may degrade recorded information. Patterned magnetic media where magnetic bits are recorded on pre-defined, single-domain islands is one of the proposed approaches for extending magnetic storage densities beyond the limit set by thermal decay for conventional media. In this paper we discuss writing and reading from single domain magnetic islands with a conventional recording head, compare the performance to unpatterned media, and present a possible manufacturable approach to achieving run-scale patterning over disk sized areas.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYTIC EFFECT OF SODIUM 12‐MOLYBDOSILICATE AND SODIUM 12‐MOLYBDOPHOSPHATE ON CALCINATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (1984)

Abstract Im Hinblick auf den Energieverbrauch bei Calcinierungsprozessen, etwa in der Gips‐, Zement‐, Glas‐ oder Papierindustrie, werden Gemenge der Heteropolysalze (I) und (II) mit Calcit bei Gewichtsverhältnissen zwischen 1 :5 bis 1 :200 und konstanten Temp. zwischen 650 und 800°C untersucht (DTA, IR‐Spektren).
Study On Relation Between Gold Nanorattle Core Diameter and Sensitivity to Target Proteins in Solution (2022)

Using two methods of determining the sensitivity of gold nanorattles (AuNRTs) bound to glass substrates, the relation between the diameter of the cores of the AuNRTs and their quantified sensitivity was explored. Both methods indicated an increase in sensitivity with an increase in core diameter.
Engineering metal oxide nanostructures for the fiber optic sensor platform (2014)

This paper presents an effective integration scheme of nanostructured SnO2 with the fiber optic platform for chemical sensing applications based on evanescent optical interactions. By using a triblock copolymer as a structure directing agent as the means of nano-structuring, the refractive index of SnO2 is reduced from >2.0 to 1.46, in accordance with effective medium theory for optimal on-fiber integration. High-temperature stable fiber Bragg gratings inscribed in D-shaped fibers were used to perform real-time characterization of optical absorption and refractive index modulation of metal oxides in response to NH3 from the room temperature to 500 °C. Measurement results reveals that the redox reaction of the nanostructured metal oxides exposed to a reactive gas NH3 induces much stronger changes in optical absorption as opposed to changes in the refractive index. Results presented in this paper provide important guidance for fiber optic chemical sensing designs based on metal oxide nanomaterials.
Water security: continuous monitoring of water distribution systems for chemical agents by SERS (2007)

Ensuring safe water supplies requires continuous monitoring for potential poisons and portable analyzers to map distribution in the event of an attack. In the case of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) analyzers are needed that have sufficient sensitivity (part-per-billion), selectivity (differentiate the CWA from its hydrolysis products), and speed (less than 10 minutes) to be of value. We have been investigating the ability of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to meet these requirements by detecting CWAs and their hydrolysis products in water. The expected success of SERS is based on reported detection of single molecules, the one-to-one relationship between a chemical and its Raman spectrum, and the minimal sample preparation requirements. Recently, we have developed a simple sampling device designed to optimize the interaction of the target molecules with the SERS-active material with the goal of increasing sensitivity and decreasing sampling times. This sampling device employs a syringe to draw the water sample containing the analyte into a capillary filled with the SERS-active material. Recently we used such SERS-active capillaries to measure 1 ppb cyanide in water. Here we extend these measurements to nerve agent hydrolysis products using a portable Raman analyzer.
3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl acts as an estrogen in vitro and in vivo. (1996)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the most widespread, persistent man-made products in the ecosystem giving rise to serious environmental contamination and potential hazard to health. The PCBs, in common with other compounds such as the dioxins, have been shown to exert some biological actions mediated through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Evidence for interaction of PCBs with other nuclear receptors has been sparse. Here we present evidence that 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) (PCB77), a PCB with high toxicity and significant bioaccumulation, can act as an estrogen with actions mediated through the estrogen receptor. Evidence is presented from multiple assay systems including 1) ligand binding to estrogen receptor in a competitive binding assay, 2) ligand ability to induce estrogen receptor binding to DNA, 3) ligand regulation of gene expression from a transfected exogenous (ERE-tk-CAT) or an endogenous (pS2) estrogen-regulated gene, 4) ligand regulation of cell growth in estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and ZR-75-1, and 5) ligand activity in the immature mouse uterine weight bioassay in vivo. These results demonstrate that TCB (PCB77) can be included in the increasing list of environmental pollutants that possess the ability to mimic estrogen action and be termed an environmental estrogen. Since the concentrations of TCB used here (10(-9) M; 292 ng/liter) are not incompatible with levels of PCB/TCB found in human tissues, these results may have physiological relevance. Use of multiple approaches to study estrogenic action demonstrates that one congener can act as both an agonist and antagonist of estrogen action and that the magnitude of these effects can alter according to the molecular environment.
Uromodulin mutations causing familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy lead to protein maturation defects and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (2009)

Familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN), an autosomal dominant disorder, is caused by mutations in the UMOD gene, which encodes Uromodulin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that is expressed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and excreted in the urine. Uromodulin contains three epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a cysteine-rich region which includes a domain of eight cysteines and a zona pellucida (ZP) domain. Over 90% of UMOD mutations are missense, and 62% alter a cysteine residue, implicating a role for protein misfolding in the disease. We investigated 20 northern European FJHN probands for UMOD mutations. Wild-type and mutant Uromodulins were functionally studied by expression in HeLa cells and by the use of western blot analysis and confocal microscopy. Six different UMOD missense mutations (Cys32Trp, Arg185Gly, Asp196Asn, Cys217Trp, Cys223Arg and Gly488Arg) were identified. Patients with UMOD mutations were phenotypically similar to those without UMOD mutations. The mutant Uromodulins had significantly delayed maturation, retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and reduced expression at the plasma membrane. However, Gly488Arg, which is the only mutation we identified in the ZP domain, was found to be associated with milder in vitro abnormalities and to be the only mutant Uromodulin detected in conditioned medium from transfected cells, indicating that the severity of the mutant phenotypes may depend on their location within the protein. Thus, FJHN-causing Uromodulin mutants are retained in the ER, with impaired intracellular maturation and trafficking, thereby indicating mechanisms whereby Uromodulin mutants may cause the phenotype of FJHN.
Effects of Gaseous Pollution and Thermal Conditions on the Corrosion Rates of Copper and Silver in Data Centre Environment: A Literature Review (2018)

The objectives of the present review are to: 1) summarize the existing knowledge on the mechanisms of the corrosion, identify and analyze the major factors affecting the corrosion of copper and silver; 2) compare various measurement techniques for the study of atmospheric corrosion and models of corrosion; 3) identify knowledge gaps for atmospheric corrosion; 4) recommend “realistic worst case” pollution levels for laboratory testing of humidity and temperature effects on corrosion and assessment of datacom equipment reliability in data centers. This review focuses on the five pollutants: SO2, NO2, H2S, O3 and Cl2. Results of the review include: the pollution levels and thermal environmental conditions in data centers; fundamental mechanisms of corrosion; current knowledge of the major factors affecting the corrosion rates of copper and silver; the techniques (QCM, Coulometric Reduction, SEM, XPS, FTIR and EIS) for the measurement of corrosion levels. It was found that the “realistic worst-case” concentrations for H2S, NO2, SO2, Cl2 and O3 are 10 ppb, 80 ppb, 40 ppb, 2 ppb and 60 ppb, respectively. Different levels and combinations of contaminants, temperature, relative humidity and air velocity cause different corrosion on the metal. Chloride, Nitrogen dioxide and Sulfur dioxide are the common corrosive gases for the datacom equipment. Hydrogen sulfides and ozone are very important gaseous contamination in data center environment. Each of them alone can damage the equipment, and their synergistic effects with the other compounds and humidity can cause significantly more damages, but a mechanistic model is lacking for predicting the synergistic effects and better design of the thermal environment to ensure equipment reliability while improve the energy efficiency through the use of outdoor air for free cooling.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Rearrangements and Cycloadditions Involving Ylides from Diazo Compounds (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Divalent metal phosphonates – new aspects for syntheses, in situ characterization and structure solution (2016)

Abstract Divalent metal phosphonates are promising hybrid materials with a broad field of application. The rich coordination chemistry of the phosphonate linkers enables the formation of structures with different dimensionalities ranging from isolated complexes and layered structures to porous frameworks incorporating various functionalities through the choice of the building blocks. In brief, metal phosphonates offer an interesting opportunity for the design of multifunctional materials. Here, we provide a short review on the class of divalent metal phosphonates discussing their syntheses, structures, and applications. We present the advantages of the recently introduced mechanochemical pathway for the synthesis of divalent phosphonates as a possibility to generate new, in certain cases metastable compounds. The benefits of in situ investigation of synthesis mechanisms as well as the implementation of sophisticated methods for the structure analysis of the resulting compounds are discussed.
Synthesis, modification, and application of mesoporous materials based on MCM-41 (2006)

Scope and Method of Study: The purpose of the investigation carried out in this research work was to synthesize mesoporous materials based on MCM-41 with high surface areas, large pore sizes, narrow pore size distributions, and high thermal, hydrothermal, and mechanical stabilities. This was completed by following the same procedures reported for the fabrication of the MCM-41 but with alterations in the surfactants and the additives used, and the reaction conditions employed such as the pH, the temperature, and aging time. Moreover, we aimed to modify these synthesized mesoporous materials with different functional groups of interest and evaluate their abilities in adsorption and separation of transition and heavy metal ions, and radioactive materials from aqueous medium. The functionalization of these mesoporous materials was done using different methods in order to maximize the number of groups on the surface and inside the pores. Different techniques such as infrared (IR), solid-state ^29Si and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), and scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM) were used to confirm the production of the desired products. The surface area, pore size and pore size distribution were determined using the surface area analysis (BET) method. The surface properties (e.g., number of groups on the surface) of these materials were determined by the adsorption of a proper probing molecule. The adsorption and separation abilities of these modified materials for the transition and heavy metal ions, and radioactive materials in aqueous solution were performed in the pH range from 2 to 8 at room temperature. The equilibrium concentration of the metal ions were determined using lead analysis test kit for the lead and using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), inductive couple plasma (ICP), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the rest of materials.
From Complex UML Models to Systematic Performance Simulation (2007)

The creation and deployment of a service by a telecommunication operator is a complex activity where functional correctness and performance issues are equally critical. We thus promote a methodology that associates rigorous system definition and performance analysis throughout the entire design process, based on the guaranteed availability of analysis models. In this paper, we report how we applied a Model-Driven Engineering approach to build a tool that supports the methodology. The tool provides automatic and systematic transformations of UML 2 design models of a high degree of complexity to performance models for an industrial simulator. We stress in particular how attempting to build a reliable MDE process required careful design decisions and a thorough preliminary study of syntactic and semantic concerns.
An efficient stochastic clustering auction for heterogeneous robot teams (2012)

Stochastic Clustering Auctions (SCAs) constitute a class of cooperative auction methods that enable improvement of the global cost of the task allocations obtained with fast greedy algorithms. Prior research had developed Contracts Sequencing Algorithms (CSAs) that are deterministic and enable transfers, swaps, and other types of contracts between team members. In contrast to CSAs, SCAs use stochastic transfers or swaps between the task clusters assigned to each team member and have algorithm parameters that can enable tradeoffs between optimality and computational and communication requirements. The first SCA was based on a “Gibbs Sampler” and constrained the stochastic cluster reallocations to simple single transfers or swaps; it is applicable to heterogeneous teams. Subsequently, a more efficient SCA was developed, based on the generalized Swendsen-Wang method; it achieves the increased efficiency by connecting tasks that appear to be synergistic and then stochastically reassigning these connected tasks, hence enabling more complex and efficient movements between clusters than the first SCA. However, its application was limited to homogeneous teams. The contribution of this work is to present an efficient SCA for heterogeneous teams; it is based on a modified Swendsen-Wang method. For centralized auctioning and homogeneous teams, extensive numerical experiments were used to provide a comparison in terms of costs and computational and communication requirements of the three SCAs and a baseline CSA. It was seen that the new SCA maintains the efficiency of the second SCA and can yield similar performance to the baseline CSA in far fewer iterations. The same metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the new SCA for heterogeneous teams. A distributed version of the new SCA was also evaluated in numerical experiments. The results show that, as expected, the distributed SCA continually improves the global performance with each iteration, but converges to a lower cost solution than the centralized SCA.
CXCR3 Is Required for the Efficient Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Resident Memory T Cells to Inflamed Tissues, (2011)

Abstract Abstract 3242 Although the importance of the bone marrow (BM) in hematopoiesis is well known, its function in adaptive immune responses has only recently been acknowledged. Currently it is known that the BM contains fully functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that can engage in both primary and secondary immune responses. Interestingly, most of these T cells belong to the memory T cell lineage, identifying the BM as one of the largest memory T cell reservoirs in the body. Since not much is known about the trafficking of BM T cells, we compared the homing phenotype and function of T cell subsets in the BM, blood, spleen and peripheral lymph nodes (pLN). In addition, we determined the expression of chemokine mRNA and protein levels in the BM and other lymphoid organs. We confirmed that at least 80% of the CD4+ and 60% of the CD8+ BM T cells have a memory phenotype, and that most CD4+ T cells belong to the effector memory lineage, while the CD8+ population predominantly consists of central memory T cells. Most BM T cells expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3, the adhesion molecules P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and VLA-4, and increased levels of CD44 and LFA-1, as compared to T cells from the spleen. In addition, L-selectin was absent from most CD4+ BM T cells, but present on virtually all CD8+ T cells. Notably, the percentage of CXCR3+ T cells within the effector memory and central memory subsets from BM was higher than within the same subsets from pLN. Furthermore, BM contained significant mRNA levels of the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11. An in vivo migration assay using a mixture of fluorescent-labeled T cells from CXCR3-deficient mice and control mice indicated however that during homeostasis CXCR3 does not play a major role in BM entry or retention. These data suggest that CXCR3 expressed by memory T cells is rather involved in BM exit, than in BM entry. Indeed, we observed that, as compared to control mice, CXCR3−/− mice contained significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in their BM. Additional in vitro assays demonstrated that CD4+ and CD8+ BM T cells migrated vigorously in response to CXCL9 and CXCL10, generally released in high concentrations during inflammation. Finally, we demonstrate that CXCR3−/− effector/effector memory T cells, but not wild type T cells, accumulate in the BM of mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the BM is a major reservoir of memory T cells that employ CXCR3 to quickly respond to chemotactic signals from inflamed tissues. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Control and characterization of electromagnetic emissions in wide band gap based converter modules for ungrounded grid-forming applications (2016)

Electromagnetic emissions of a 1.2kV, 120A SiC-based half-bridge switching at 100kHz that includes grounding paths and that can be extended to a 100kVA inverter and, eventually, systems of paralleled and cascaded inverters suitable for shipboard and solar farm applications is studied. This switching pole forms the basis of a test platform specifically designed to discover sensitivities to resonant paths so that design guidelines for peripheral structures and EMI mitigating components can be developed. Ungrounded grid-forming inverters are considered in this work because such systems present a worst case scenario when it comes to the effects of resonances through grounding paths being excited by “near-RF” frequencies associated with Wide Band Gap implementations.