gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total Performance of 32-nm-Node Ultralow-$k$/Cu Dual-Damascene Interconnects Featuring Short-TAT Silylated Porous Silica $(k = \hbox{2.1})$ (2010)

The total performance of low- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$k$</tex></formula> /Cu interconnects featuring short turnaround-time (TAT) silylated scalable porous silica (Po-SiO, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$k = \hbox{2.1}$</tex></formula> ) with high porosity (50%) is demonstrated. The TAT for the film formation process including silylation treatment is about 25% reduced by adding a promoter, causing reinforcement of the film. Applying this improved Po-SiO, a 140-nm-pitch dual-damascene structure is successfully achieved. The wiring capacitance showed 10% reduction, compared to the conventional porous SiOC (ULK, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX"> $k = \hbox{2.65}$</tex></formula> ). Sufficient interconnect reliability and packaging characteristics for the circuit-under-pad structure are also obtained. The predicted circuit performance was 8% higher than ULK in the 32-nm node.
Borosilicate glass as a matrix for immobilization of SRP high-level waste (1980)

Approximately 22 million gallons of high-level radioactive defense waste are currently being stored in large underground tanks located on the Savannah River Plant (SRP) site in Aiken, South Carolina. One option now being considered for long-term management of this waste involves removing the waste from the tanks, chemically processing the waste, and immobilizing the potentially harmful radionuclides in the waste into a borosilicate glass matrix. The technology for producing waste glass forms is well developed and has been demonstrated on various scales using simulated as well as radioactive SRP waste. Recently, full-scale prototypical equipment has been made operational at SRP. This includes both a joule-heated ceramic melter and an in-can melter. These melters are a part of an integrated vitrification system which is under evaluation and includes a spray calciner, direct liquid feed apparatus, and various elements of an off-gas system. Two of the most important properties of the waste glass are mechanical integrity and leachability. Programs are in progress at SRL aimed at minimizing thermally induced cracking by carefully controlling cooling cycles and using ceramic liners or coatings. The leachability of SRP waste glass has been studied under many different conditions and consistently found to be low. For example, the leachability of actual SRP waste glass was found to be 10/sup -6/ to 10/sup -5/ g/(cm/sup 2/)(day) initially and decreasing to 10/sup -9/ to 10/sup -8/ g/(cm/sup 2/)(day) after 100 days. Waste glass is also being studied under anticipated storage conditions. In brine at 90/sup 0/C, the leachability is about 5 x 10/sup -8/ g/(cm/sup 2/)(day) after 60 days. The effects of other geological media including granite, basalt, shale, and tuff are also being studied as part of the multibarrier isolation system.
Genetically Encoding Photoswitchable Click Amino Acids in Escherichia coli and Mammalian Cells (2014)

The ability to reversibly control protein structure and function with light would offer high spatiotemporal resolution for investigating biological processes. To confer photoresponsiveness on general proteins, we genetically incorporated a set of photoswitchable click amino acids (PSCaas), which contain both a reversible photoswitch and an additional click functional group for further modifications. Orthogonal tRNA-synthetases were evolved to genetically encode PSCaas bearing azobenzene with an alkene, keto, or benzyl chloride group in E. coli and in mammalian cells. After incorporation into calmodulin, the benzyl chloride PSCaa spontaneously generated a covalent protein bridge by reacting with a nearby cysteine residue through proximity-enabled bioreactivity. The resultant azobenzene bridge isomerized in response to light, thereby changing the conformation of calmodulin. These genetically encodable PSCaas will prove valuable for engineering photoswitchable bridges into proteins for reversible optogenetic regulation.
Vote to Link (2016)

Service providers are often reluctant to support anonymous access, because this makes it hard to deal with misbehaving users. Anonymous blacklisting and reputation systems can help prevent misbehaving users from causing more damage. However, by the time the user is blocked or has lost reputation, most of the damage has already been done. To help the service provider to recover from abuse by malicious anonymous users, we propose the vote-to-link system. In the vote-to-link system, moderators (rather than a single trusted third party) can cast votes on a user's action if they deem it to be bad. After enough moderators have voted on the action, the service provider can use these votes to link all the actions by the same user within a limited time frame and thus recover from these actions. All the user's actions in other time frames, however, remain unlinkable.
Sonochemical Application of Ultrasound to Tumor Treatment (1994)

We recently found that chemical agents such as hematoporphyrin can be activated by ultrasound, producing significant antitumor effects. This was demonstrated with plane wave insonation at 2 MHz in experiments of killing isolated tumor cells. The efficacy of focal ultrasound at 750 kHz to localize sonochemical reactions was also demonstrated in insonation of a specially developed agarose gel phantom and in treatments of inoculated experimental tumors.
Convergence of an iterative edge directed image interpolation algorithm (2002)

We consider the convergence of an iterative edge directed image interpolation algorithm with feedback, subject to a fixed edge map and some mild technical conditions (such as the probability of finding an edge) for the source image. A non-empty region for the feedback parameter is established so that the algorithm converges.
All ink-jet-printed carbon nanotube thin-film transistor on a polyimide substrate with an ultrahigh operating frequency of over 5 GHz (2008)

We report a flexible carbon nanotube (CNT) thin-film transistor (TFT) fabricated solely by ink-jet printing technology. The TFT is top gate configured, consisting of source and drain electrodes, a carrier transport layer based on an ultrapure, high-density (&amp;gt;1000 CNTs/μm2) CNT thin film, an ion-gel gate dielectric layer, and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) top gate electrode. All the TFT elements are ink-jet printed at room temperature on a polyimide substrate without involving any photolithography patterning or surface pretreatment steps. This CNT-TFT exhibits a high operating frequency of over 5 GHz and an on-off ratio of over 100. Such an all-ink-jet-printed process eliminates the need for lithography, vacuum processing, and metallization procedures and thus provides a promising technology for low-cost, high-throughput fabrication of large-area high-speed flexible electronic circuits on virtually any desired flexible substrate.
Enhancement of Solubilization and Biodegradation of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by the Bioemulsifier Alasan (1999)

Alasan, a high-molecular-weight bioemulsifier complex of an anionic polysaccharide and proteins that is produced by Acinetobacter radioresistens KA53 (S. Navon-Venezia, Z. Zosim, A. Gottlieb, R. Legmann, S. Carmeli, E. Z. Ron, and E. Rosenberg, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3240-3244, 1995), enhanced the aqueous solubility and biodegradation rates of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the presence of 500 microg of alasan ml-1, the apparent aqueous solubilities of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were increased 6.6-, 25.7-, and 19.8-fold, respectively. Physicochemical characterization of the solubilization activity suggested that alasan solubilizes PAHs by a physical interaction, most likely of a hydrophobic nature, and that this interaction is slowly reversible. Moreover, the increase in apparent aqueous solubility of PAHs does not depend on the conformation of alasan and is not affected by the formation of multimolecular aggregates of alasan above its saturation concentration. The presence of alasan more than doubled the rate of [14C]fluoranthene mineralization and significantly increased the rate of [14C]phenanthrene mineralization by Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA505. The results suggest that alasan-enhanced solubility of hydrophobic compounds has potential applications in bioremediation.
Imaging the Assembly Process of the Organic-Mediated Synthesis of a Zeolite (1999)

The formation and consumption of precursors during zeolite crystallisation has been followed by small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. The nanometer-scale precursors are specific for the zeolite topology formed, and their aggregation is an essential step in the nucleation process shown here.
Transmutations et traces de monopoles obtenues lors de decharges (2009)

Experiments presented here follows those of (1). That concerns the transmutation of elements, at low energy level, which results from an electrical explosion of a titanium wire in confined wa- ter. Our experiments ensure to observe copper macroscopic particles amongst residual powders. Those powders, placed near a photographic plate, allow to see spiral traces, corresponding to expected properties of the magnetic monopoles produced by the discharge.
Planar array antennas for sub-arrays of electronic beam-scanning systems in millimeter-wave band (2015)

Two types of millimeter-wave planar array antennas for electronic beam-scanning systems are developed in this work. Several vertically-long sub-arrays are arranged horizontally for beam forming in array signal processing of horizontal plane. On the other hand, the vertically-long sub-arrays are developed in travelling-wave design. The travelling-wave feeding system is advantageous for simple configuration and low-loss operation in millimeter-wave band. Waveguide antennas and microstrip antennas are developed for sub-arrays of electronic beam-scanning systems. Features and advantages of microstrip antennas and waveguide antennas designed for beam-scanning systems are discussed in this paper.
ChemInform Abstract: Morpholinoalkylindenes as Antinociceptive Agents: Novel Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of combination of sotalol and verapamil on initiation, maintenance, and termination of ventricular fibrillation in swine hearts (2018)

The combination of sotalol and verapamil increased VFT but accelerated LDVF termination.
Photochemical Image Generation in a Cyanogel System Synthesized from Tetrachloropalladate(II) and the Trimetallic Mixed-Valence Complex [(NC)5FeII−CN−PtIV(NH3)4−NC−FeII(CN)5]4-:  Consideration of Photochemical and Dark Mechanistic Pathways of Prussian Blue Formation (2002)

The cyanogel system involving PdCl(4)(2-) and the mixed-valence complex [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(4)-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)](4-) is reported. The system has been characterized by UV-vis absorption, diffuse reflectance infrared, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Gelation occurs through coordination of Pd(II) to the nitrogen atom of terminal cyanide ligands in the mixed-valence complex. Irradiation into the Fe(II) --> Pt(IV) intervalent electron transfer (IT) band of [(NC)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Pt(IV)(NH(3))(4)-NC-Fe(II)(CN)(5)](4-) results in the formation of a variety of Prussian-blue-like species within the rigid cyanogel matrix. Photochemical and dark mechanisms involving coupled cyanide loss and Fe(II) oxidation are proposed for the formation of Prussian-blue-like species. The optical contrast between irradiated and nonirradiated regions of the gel enables photochemical image generation with at least 12 microm resolution. This capability is demonstrated through the production of a series of diffraction gratings in cyanogel samples.
Prokineticin Receptor 1 as a Novel Suppressor of Preadipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation to Control Obesity (2013)

These results suggest PKR1 to be a crucial player in the preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our data should facilitate studies of both the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity in humans.
Direct Observation of Early-stage Quantum Dot Growth Mechanisms with High-temperature Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (2015)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit highly desirable size- and shape-dependent properties for applications from electronic devices to imaging. Indium phosphide QDs have emerged as a primary candidate to replace the more toxic CdSe QDs, but production of InP QDs with the desired properties lags behind other QD materials due to a poor understanding of how to tune the growth process. Using high-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we report the first direct observation of the early stage intermediates and subsequent formation of an InP cluster from separated indium and phosphorus precursors. In our simulations, indium agglomeration precedes formation of In-P bonds. We observe a predominantly intercomplex pathway in which In-P bonds form between one set of precursor copies while the carboxylate ligand of a second indium precursor in the agglomerated indium abstracts a ligand from the phosphorus precursor. This process produces an indium-rich cluster with structural properties comparable to those in bulk zinc-blende InP crystals. Minimum energy pathway characterization of the AIMD-sampled reaction events confirms these observations and identifies that In-carboxylate dissociation energetics solely determine the barrier along the In-P bond formation pathway, which is lower for intercomplex (13 kcal/mol) than intracomplex (21 kcal/mol) mechanisms. The phosphorus precursor chemistry, on the other hand, controls the thermodynamics of the reaction. Our observations of the differing roles of precursors in controlling QD formation strongly suggests that the challenges thus far encountered in InP QD synthesis optimization may be attributed to an overlooked need for a cooperative tuning strategy that simultaneously addresses the chemistry of both indium and phosphorus precursors.
Combining EM accuracy with the speed of analytical models for simulation of arbitrary passive microwave components (2003)

An automated circuit-modeling tool is developed for arbitrary passive components. The tool builds compact, parameterized, analytical models based on full-wave EM simulations. The scattering parameters (or the transmission line parameters) of the components are stored as a multidimensional function of frequency and geometrical parameters. The modeling algorithm combines adaptive data selecting and modeling techniques. The circuit models guarantee EM-accuracy and generality, and circuit simulation speed and flexibility.
Theoretical and experimental study of growth sector boundaries in deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals (1983)

An analytical model is applied to describe the lattice deformation of a growth sector boundary. The theoretical results are compared with precision lattice parameter measurements and with contrast distributions in double crystal topographs. A good qualitative agreement can be stated. The width of the area where a strong lattice parameter change appeares can be estimated. Ein analytisches Modell wird zur Beschreibung der Gitterdeformation einer Wachstumssektorengrenze benutzt. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden mit Präzisionsmessungen des Gitterparameters und mit der Kontrastverteilung in Doppelkristalltopogrammen verglichen. Dabei wird gute qualitative Übereinstimmung festgestellt. Die Breite des Gebietes, in dem eine starke Gitterparameterveränderung auftrit, kann abgeschätzt werden.
DOE Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Subcommittee (ASCAC) Report: Top Ten Exascale Research Challenges (2014)

Exascale computing systems are essential for the scientific fields that will transform the 21st century global economy, including energy, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and materials science. Progress in these fields is predicated on the ability to perform advanced scientific and engineering simulations, and analyze the deluge of data. On July 29, 2013, ASCAC was charged by Patricia Dehmer, the Acting Director of the Office of Science, to assemble a subcommittee to provide advice on exascale computing. This subcommittee was directed to return a list of no more than ten technical approaches (hardware and software) that will enable the development of a system that achieves the Department's goals for exascale computing. Numerous reports over the past few years have documented the technical challenges and the non¬-viability of simply scaling existing computer designs to reach exascale. The technical challenges revolve around energy consumption, memory performance, resilience, extreme concurrency, and big data. Drawing from these reports and more recent experience, this ASCAC subcommittee has identified the top ten computing technology advancements that are critical to making a capable, economically viable, exascale system.
Tuning Diffusion Permeability of an Anti-Retroviral Drug, Emtricitabine, via Multicomponent Crystallizations (2021)

Emtricitabine (ECB) is an anti-retroviral drug that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase and prevents transcription of RNA to DNA. ECB exhibits high solubility and low permeability (log P < 0). To modify the diffusion behavior of ECB, a high throughput cocrystal screening has been carried out with coformers that contain carboxylic acid/amide functionalities via solvent assisted grinding. The screening study resulted in the formation of cocrystals with benzoic acid (BA), caprolactam (CPR), and salts with 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), malonic acid (MLN), maleic acid (MLE), and saccharin (SAC), which were confirmed with single crystal X-ray diffraction. In addition, 15N solid state NMR spectroscopy was exploited to define the ionization state of the multicomponent systems. The 2-aminopyrimidine homodimer of the cytosine analogue in the ECB is replaced by aminopyrimidine···carboxylic acid/amide in the cocrystals and aminopyrimidinium···carboxylate/saccharinate heterosynthons in the salts. The terminal hydroxyl group of the ECB forms a hydrogen bond with its carbonyl group, which is consistent in the ECB–BA cocrystal, ECB–DHBA and ECB–MLN salts. In addition, the hydroxyl group of ECB is hydrogen bonded with the relatively stronger acceptors like the carbonyl/sulfonyl group of caprolactam, maleate, and saccharinate in their corresponding multicomponent crystals. The diffusion studies of ECB multicomponent crystals using a Franz diffusion cell suggest that the ECB–BA cocrystal exhibited an enhanced diffusion and flux compared to that of native drug and other multicomponent crystals. An inverse correlation was observed partially between the flux values with crystal densities and binding energies of the ECB multicomponent systems.
Predictors of response to synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder (2018)

Participants with greater severity of depression and higher anxiety had superior responses to active sTMS, whereas treatment naïve individuals exhibited a greater response to sham. These results lend support to the primary efficacy findings, and support further investigation of sTMS as a therapeutic noninvasive brain stimulation modality.
Do NSAIDs Prevent Colorectal Cancer? (2000)

There is increasing evidence to suggest that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. This observation is supported by animal studies that show fewer tumours per animal and fewer animals with tumours after administration of several different NSAIDs. Studies in humans consistently support this hypothesis. Intervention data from familial adenomatosis coli establish that the process of human colonic adenoma polyp formation is affected. Supportive evidence comes from 21 of 23 human studies - both case-control and cohort. The reduced risk has been found in men and women, for cancers of the colon and the rectum and for the use of both ASA and the other NSAIDs. Earlier detection of lesions as a result of drug-induced bleeding does not seem to account for these findings. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive action of this class of drugs is not completely established. Protection may affect several pathways, including cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Because of the consistency of epidemiological, clinical and experimental data, there is no need for further placebo trials. At the same time, there is a need to establish the dose, duration and frequency of use required for cancer-preventive activity.
Common path optical design for 2D inspection system with the capability of auto-focusing (2011)

This paper developed an optical design approach to combine the auto-focusing and image sensing in the 2D inspection system. The focusing principle here employed the chromatic confocal microscopy due to the one-shot focusing capability. The system held a special issue that the chromatic confocal microscopy has the higher optical dispersion characteristic than the 2D image sensor which captures a clear image for the optical inspection. Hence, the system here must be designed to be characterized with both the higher and lower optical dispersion, which was called as the common path optical design in this study. That is, an optical approach must be developed to divide and switch the above totally different dispersion conditions. Accordingly, the higher dispersion device, the chromatic confocal sensor, examined the object surface height to vertically vary the focused position of the 2D inspection system. Furthermore, the lower dispersion device, the 2D image sensor, can be adjusted to focus onto the object surface so that a clearly focusing image can be acquired. The experimental results were also provided to ensure this approach can automatically focus the object surface and then the clear image can be captured to perform optical inspection to obtain the position, dimension or area.