gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical Enhancement and Higher-K Engineering in Ultra-Thin Atomic Layer Deposited Hf1-xAlxOyFilms (2014)

We have successfully deposited Hf1-xAlxOy with Al/(Al+Hf)% ranging from 0 to 25% using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process which incorporates a sequential metal precursor pulse method. The dielectric crystal phase was confirmed to be a mixed phase of tetragonal and monoclinic using a combination of synchrotron measurement techniques consisting of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, and grazing incidence extended X-ray absorption fine structure. The crystallization temperature as a function of Al incorporation was assessed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction with in-situ ramp annealing. In metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors we observed an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) reduction of ∼2 Å compared to HfO2 for Hf1-xAlxOy with Al/(Al+Hf)% ≤ 6% annealed near the crystallization temperature of the Hf1-xAlxOy films. In addition, the leakage current was also reduced by a factor of 10 while maintaining a flatband voltage that is comparable to post deposition annealed (PDA) HfO2 films processed under identical conditions. This study highlights the importance of understanding the crystallization temperature and its relationship to electrical performance for higher-k phase stabilized Hf1-xAlxOy films.
Solution Based Self‐Assembly of an Array of Polymeric Thin‐Film Transistors (2007)

Spontaneous self-organization of different materials from solution into an array of isolated and encapsulated thin-film-transistors (TFTs) is induced. We demonstrate the self-assembly of a 64 polymer TFT array with a yield higher than 95%. This work constitutes a first step towards self-assembly of multi-layer, multi-component circuits out of solution.
CHAPTER 5. Structure and Function of Copper Nitrite Reductase (2016)

Copper-containing nitrite reductase (CuNiR) catalyses the one-electron reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide in the denitrification pathway. Two types of copper-binding site cooperatively function in the enzyme for effective chemical reaction, electron transfer and nitrite reduction. Study of this enzyme began more than 50 years ago and important developments continue to be made. Recent experimental and computational results have revealed further details of the chemical processes. This chapter discusses the latest results in the context of the structural and functional relationships of this enzyme. In particular, knowledge of the metal-binding sites has expanded to the second coordination spheres. A comprehensive scrutiny of the data provided by both pioneering and recent workers has shed light on the still unexplained mechanism of CuNiR.
Imparting superhydrophobic and biocidal functionalities to a polymeric substrate by the sonochemical method (2018)

Multifunctional substrates with superhydrophobic and biocidal properties are gaining interest for a wide range of applications; however, the production of such surfaces remains challenging. Here, the sonochemical method is utilized to impart superhydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties to a polyethylene (PE) sheet. This is achieved by sonochemically depositing nanoparticles (NPs) of a hydrophobic fluoro-polymer (FP) on the PE sheets. The polymer is a flexible, transparent fluoroplastic composed of tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and vinylidene fluoride in the form of a powder. The NPs of polymers are generated and deposited on the surface of the PE using ultrasound irradiation. Optimizing the process results in a homogeneous distribution of 110-200 nm of NPs on the PE surface. The coated surface displays a water-contact angle of 160°, indicating excellent superhydrophobicity. This superhydrophobic surface shows high stability under outdoor conditions for two months, which is essential for various applications. In addition, metal-oxide nanoparticles (CuO or ZnO NPs) were integrated into the polymer coating to achieve antibacterial properties and increase the surface roughness. The metal oxides were also deposited sonochemically. The antibacterial activity of the FP@ZnO and FP@CuO PE composites was tested against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, and the results show that the FP@CuO PE can effectively eradicate the bacteria. This study highlights the feasibility of using the sonochemical method to deposit two separate functions, opening up new possibilities for producing "smart" novel surfaces.
Surface-micromachined resonant accelerometer (2002)

This paper discusses the design and testing of a resonant accelerometer developed for integrated surface-micromachining processes. First- and second-generation designs are presented. The sensors use leverage mechanisms to transfer force from a proof mass to double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonators used as force transducers. Each fork forms the basis of an integrated oscillator to provide the output waveforms. The DETFs on the first-generation device have a nominal frequency of 175 kHz, and the sensor has a scale factor of 2.4 Hz/g. The oscillators on this device exhibit a root Allan variance floor of 38 mHz (220 ppb). The second-generation, higher-sensitivity sensor uses DETFs with a nominal frequency of 68 kHz and has a measured scale factor of 45 Hz/g.
Biosensor libraries harness large classes of binding domains for construction of allosteric transcriptional regulators (2018)

The ability of bacteria to sense specific molecules within their environment and trigger metabolic responses in accordance is an invaluable biotechnological resource. While many transcription factors (TFs) mediating such processes have been studied, only a handful have been leveraged for molecular biology applications. To expand the repertoire of biotechnologically relevant sensors we present a strategy for the construction and testing of chimeric TF libraries, based on the fusion of highly soluble periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) with DNA-binding domains (DBDs). We validate this concept by constructing and functionally testing two unique sense-and-respond regulators for benzoate, an environmentally and industrially relevant metabolite. This work will enable the development of tailored biosensors for novel synthetic regulatory circuits.
Highly Sensitive Detection Method of Verotoxins Produced by Enterohaemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> O-157 : H7 Using a Protein Chip (2010)

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O-157 : H7 produces verotoxins called Shiga toxin or Shiga-like toxin. The type 1 and type 2 toxins present different immunological and physicochemical characteristics, and cause symptoms such as watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, severe stomach ache, fever and vomiting. The toxins can be assayed by several methods, including ELISA and PCR, with some limitations as to sensitivity. In the present study, we used a ProteoChip, which requires smaller volumes of reagents and allows detection of lower concentrations of the toxins, compared with the conventional assay.
Flexible Fast Multipole Method for Magnetic Simulations (2004)

The public-domain /spl psi/-Mag toolset uses generic-programming techniques to provide the computational magnetic-materials community an excellent opportunity for code reuse without loss of efficiency. /spl psi/-Mag provides a flexible implementation of the fast multipole method (FMM) for dipole-dipole calculations that does not depend on the geometry of the problem and is suitable for high-performance, parallel computers. Theoretically, the execution time for such a calculation should grow only linearly with the number of spins, and this is confirmed here for up to order 10/sup 5/ spins. In addition, the implementation efficiently uses a large number of processors. For a test case of 64 000 dipoles, the measured speedup is over 25 for 40 processors on a four-processor-per-node IBM SP; this compares quite favorably with less-flexible FMM implementations. The generic implementation allows for easy changes of the basis functions used to expand potentials specific to particular applications, facilitating direct comparison of different approaches. Here, the traditional spherical-harmonic expansions are compared to Cartesian expansions which reflect the cubic symmetries of meshes used in typical micromagnetic simulations.
The temporal and contextual stability of activity levels in hippocampal CA1 cells (2023)

Recent long-term optical imaging studies have demonstrated that the activity levels of hippocampal neurons in a familiar environment change on a daily to weekly basis. However, it is unclear whether there is any time-invariant property in the cells' neural representations. In this study, using miniature fluorescence microscopy, we measured the neural activity of the mouse hippocampus in four different environments every 3 d. Although the activity level of hippocampal neurons fluctuated greatly in each environment across days, we found a significant correlation between the activity levels for different days, and the correlation was higher for averaged activity levels across multiple environments. When the number of environments used for averaging was increased, a higher activity correlation was observed. Furthermore, the number of environments in which a cell showed activity was preserved. Cells that showed place cell activity in many environments had greater spatial information content and more stable spatial representation, and thus carried more abundant and stable information about the current position. In contrast, cells that were active only in a small number of environments provided sparse representation for the environment. These results suggest that each cell has not only an inherent activity level but also play a characteristic role in the coding of space.
Structural Basis for Dual Functionality of Isoflavonoid O-Methyltransferases in the Evolution of Plant Defense Responses (2006)

In leguminous plants such as pea (Pisum sativum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum), 4'-O-methylation of isoflavonoid natural products occurs early in the biosynthesis of defense chemicals known as phytoalexins. However, among these four species, only pea catalyzes 3-O-methylation that converts the pterocarpanoid isoflavonoid 6a-hydroxymaackiain to pisatin. In pea, pisatin is important for chemical resistance to the pathogenic fungus Nectria hematococca. While barrel medic does not biosynthesize 6a-hydroxymaackiain, when cell suspension cultures are fed 6a-hydroxymaackiain, they accumulate pisatin. In vitro, hydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase (HI4'OMT) from barrel medic exhibits nearly identical steady state kinetic parameters for the 4'-O-methylation of the isoflavonoid intermediate 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone and for the 3-O-methylation of the 6a-hydroxymaackiain isoflavonoid-derived pterocarpanoid intermediate found in pea. Protein x-ray crystal structures of HI4'OMT substrate complexes revealed identically bound conformations for the 2S,3R-stereoisomer of 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone and the 6aR,11aR-stereoisomer of 6a-hydroxymaackiain. These results suggest how similar conformations intrinsic to seemingly distinct chemical substrates allowed leguminous plants to use homologous enzymes for two different biosynthetic reactions. The three-dimensional similarity of natural small molecules represents one explanation for how plants may rapidly recruit enzymes for new biosynthetic reactions in response to changing physiological and ecological pressures.
Tamm plasmons in metal/nanoporous GaN distributed Bragg reflector cavities for active and passive optoelectronics (2020)

We theoretically and experimentally investigate Tamm plasmon (TP) modes in a metal/semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) interface. A thin Ag (silver) layer with a thickness (55 nm from simulation) that is optimized to guarantee a low reflectivity at the resonance was deposited on nanoporous GaN DBRs fabricated using electrochemical (EC) etching on freestanding semipolar (2021¯) GaN substrates. The reflectivity spectra of the DBRs are compared before and after the Ag deposition and with that of a blanket Ag layer deposited on GaN. The experimental results indicate the presence of a TP mode at ∼ 454 nm on the structure after the Ag deposition, which is also supported by theoretical calculations using a transfer-matrix algorithm. The results from mode dispersion with energy-momentum reflectance spectroscopy measurements also support the presence of a TP mode at the metal-nanoporous GaN DBR interface. An active medium can also be accommodated within the mode for optoelectronics and photonics. Moreover, the simulation results predict a sensitivity of the TP mode wavelength to the ambient (∼ 4-7 nm shift when changing the ambient within the pores from air with n = 1 to isopropanol n = 1.3), suggesting an application of the nanoporous GaN-based TP structure for optical sensing.
The Association of Systemic Microvascular Changes with Lung Function and Lung Density: A Cross-Sectional Study (2012)

Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction and systemic microvascular disease with resultant end-organ damage in the kidneys, eyes and heart. Little is known about microvascular changes in smoking-related lung disease. We tested if microvascular changes in the retina, kidneys and heart were associated with obstructive spirometry and low lung density on computed tomography. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis recruited participants age 45-84 years without clinical cardiovascular disease. Measures of microvascular function included retinal arteriolar and venular caliber, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and, in a subset, myocardial blood flow on magnetic resonance imaging. Spirometry was measured following ATS/ERS guidelines. Low attenuation areas (LAA) were measured on lung fields of cardiac computed tomograms. Regression models adjusted for pulmonary and cardiac risk factors, medications and body size. Among 3,397 participants, retinal venular caliber was inversely associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) (P<0.001) and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (P = 0.04). Albumin-to-creatinine ratio was inversely associated with FEV(1) (P = 0.002) but not FEV(1)/FVC. Myocardial blood flow (n = 126) was associated with lower FEV(1) (P = 0.02), lower FEV(1)/FVC (P = 0.001) and greater percentage LAA (P = 0.04). Associations were of greater magnitude among smokers. Low lung function was associated with microvascular changes in the retina, kidneys and heart, and low lung density was associated with impaired myocardial microvascular perfusion. These cross-sectional results suggest that microvascular damage with end-organ dysfunction in all circulations may pertain to the lung, that lung dysfunction may contribute to systemic microvascular disease, or that there may be a shared predisposition.
Low-Distortion Signal Generation for Analog/Mixed-Signal IC Testing Using Digital ATE Output Pin and BOST (2018)

This paper describes a low-distortion signal generation method which uses digital output pins and additional analog circuits. This combines digital signals (binary signals) delayed by different analog delay values and then suppresses specified harmonics, targeted for low cost and high quality testing of analog/mixed-signal ICs. We previously investigated a similar method, which uses a digital phase control and whose harmonics suppression is limited. Hence, here we propose an analog phase control method using trigonometric function calculation for substantial harmonics suppression. Controlling the amplitudes of sine and cosine waves, analog delay values can be controlled, based on the trigonometric function formula. Then by making them binary, rectangular waves with the delay values can be obtained. We present the principle, architecture and simulation results of our proposed method.
Binding of prenylated and polybasic peptides to membranes: affinities and intervesicle exchange (1995)

The small GTP-binding protein G25K and the protein K-Ras 4B contain prenyl groups (geranylgeranyl and farnesyl, respectively) that are thioether linked to a C-terminal cysteine which is methylated on its alpha-carboxyl group. These proteins, like many other prenyl proteins, also have a string of basic residues near their C-termini. A series of prenylated peptides based on the C-terminal sequences of human brain G25K and human K-Ras 4B were synthesized and analyzed for their membrane binding affinities. G25K peptides containing an N-terminal N-acetyltryptophan group were studied because their binding to membranes containing a trace of dansylated phospholipid could be detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The G25K peptide lacking a prenyl group and a C-terminal methyl ester did not detectably bind to vesicles, and binding was enhanced by more than 500-fold if the peptide was geranylgeranylated. For the farnesylated peptide, methylation of the C-terminus increased membrane affinity by at least 60-fold if the vesicles contained phosphatidylserine and by 3-fold if they lacked this acidic lipid. The geranylgeranylated and methylated G25K peptide remains irreversibly attached to vesicles over several minutes only if the vesicles contain phosphatidylserine, whereas the corresponding nonmethylated or farnesylated and methylated peptides dissociate rapidly (less than a few seconds) from neutral or anionic vesicles. Farnesylation of the nonmethylated K-Ras 4B peptide enhances its affinity to vesicles containing acidic phospholipids (phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylserine) by 70-fold, and methylation leads to an additional dramatic (150-fold) increase in membrane affinity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estrogen Attenuates P2X7‐R—Mediated Apoptosis of Uterine Cervical Cells by Blocking Calcium Influx (2004)

Estrogen blocks apoptosis of human ectocervical epithelial cells by modulating P2X7/Ca2+ influx. The effect involves decreased Ca2+-influx and cytosolic-calcium-increase via ATP-activated P2X7 pores. This mechanism may have physiological significance in the human cervix, in-vivo, and the results suggest a physiological role for estrogen in the cervix as an anti-apoptotic factor.
An investigation of inter-domain control aggregation procedures (2003)

Current quality of service models such as those embodied in the differentiated services proposal, rely on data path aggregation to achieve scalability. Data path aggregation bundles into a single aggregate multiple flows with the same quality requirements, hence decreasing the amount of state to be kept. A similar scalability concern exists on the control path, where the state required to account for individual reservations needs to be minimized. There have been several proposals aimed at control path aggregation, and the goal of the paper is to expand on these works in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the various parameters that influence the efficiency of different approaches. In particular, we focus on inter-domain control aggregation, and compare an autonomous system (AS) sink-tree based approach with two examples of a shared AS segment based approach, in terms of the amount of state kept, both per AS and per edge router Our main contributions are in providing a greater understanding into the design of efficient control path aggregation methods.
Rapid prototyping of compliant human aortic roots for assessment of valved stents (2008)

Adequate in-vitro training in valved stents deployment as well as testing of the latter devices requires compliant real-size models of the human aortic root. The casting methods utilized up to now are multi-step, time consuming and complicated. We pursued a goal of building a flexible 3D model in a single-step procedure. We created a precise 3D CAD model of a human aortic root using previously published anatomical and geometrical data and printed it using a novel rapid prototyping system developed by the Fab@Home project. As a material for 3D fabrication we used common house-hold silicone and afterwards dip-coated several models with dispersion silicone one or two times. To assess the production precision we compared the size of the final product with the CAD model. Compliance of the models was measured and compared with native porcine aortic root. Total fabrication time was 3 h and 20 min. Dip-coating one or two times with dispersion silicone if applied took one or two extra days, respectively. The error in dimensions of non-coated aortic root model compared to the CAD design was <3.0% along X, Y-axes and 4.1% along Z-axis. Compliance of a non-coated model as judged by the changes of radius values in the radial direction by 16.39% is significantly different (P<0.001) from native aortic tissue--23.54% at the pressure of 80-100 mmHg. Rapid prototyping of compliant, life-size anatomical models with the Fab@Home 3D printer is feasible--it is very quick compared to previous casting methods.
Accessible Superchiral Near-Fields Driven by Tailored Electric and Magnetic Resonances in All-Dielectric Nanostructures (2019)

Detection and differentiation of enantiomers in small quantities are crucially important in many scientific fields, including biology, chemistry, and pharmacy. Chiral molecules manifest their handedness in their interaction with the chiral state of light (e.g., circularly polarized light), which is commonly leveraged in circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. However, compared to the linear refractive index molecular chirality is extremely weak, resulting in low detection efficiencies. Recently, it has been shown that these weak chiroptical signals can be enhanced by increasing the optical chirality of the electromagnetic fields interacting with chiral samples. Here, we show numerically and analytically that dielectric structures can provide an optimum chiral sensing platform by offering uniform superchiral near-fields. To illustrate this, we first study a simple dielectric dimer and show that circularly polarized light can induce parallel and out of phase electric and magnetic fields, which are spectrally and spatially overlapped, and therefore produce superchiral fields at the midpoint of the dimer. This behavior is in contrast to, for example, a plasmonic dimer, where the optical chirality is limited by the electric dipolar field, which is not completely out of phase with the incident magnetic field. With the insights gained from this analysis, next we develop an approach for overlapping electric and magnetic fields in a single particle, based on Kerker effect. In particular, we introduce a Kerker-inspired metasurface consisting of holey dielectric disks, which offers uniform and accessible superchiral near-fields with CD signal enhancements of nearly 24 times.
ChemInform Abstract: Promotion in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Topic Requiring a New Approach? (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Structure—Activity Relationships of Novel Antimalarial Agents. Part 7. N‐(3‐Benzoyl‐4‐tolylacetylaminophenyl)‐3‐(5‐aryl‐2‐furyl)acrylic Acid Amides with Polar Moieties. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Variational delay metrics for interconnect timing analysis (2004)

In this paper we develop an approach to model interconnect delay under process variability for timing analysis and physical design optimization. The technique allows for closed-form computation of interconnect delay probability density functions (PDFs) given variations in relevant process parameters such as linewidth, metal thickness, and dielectric thickness. We express the resistance and capacitance of a line as a linear function of random variables and then use these to compute circuit moments. Finally, these variability-aware moments are used in known closed-form delay metrics to compute interconnect delay PDFs. We compare the approach to SPICE based Monte Carlo simulations and report an error in mean and standard deviation of delay of 1% and 4% on average, respectively.