gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Support Effects for Pt and Rh-Based Catalysts for Partial Oxidation of n-Tetradecane (2006)

Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of liquid fuels is an attractive option for producing a hydrogen-rich gas stream for fuel cell applications. However, the high sulfur content along with aromatic compounds present in liquid fuels may deactivate reforming catalysts. Deactivation of these catalysts by carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning is a key technical challenge. The relationship between catalyst supports and deactivation have been studied here for three catalysts (Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2, Pt/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2, and Pt/Al2O3) in a fixed bed catalytic reactor using a mixture of n-tetradecane, 1-methylnaphthalene, and dibenzothiophene to simulate logistic fuels. Carbon production during CPOX reforming was directly related to olefin formation. Olefins, which are known coke precursors, were observed on the Pt catalysts during CPOX of n-tetradecane with no sulfur (particularly from Pt/Al2O3), but not on Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2. For the Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2, yields of H2 and CO dropped to a stationary level after the introduction of sulfur-containing feed (1000 ppm sulfur) or aromatic-containing feed (5 wt%), however, the catalyst activity was restored after removing the sulfur or aromatics from the feed. For the Pt catalysts, H2 and CO yields dropped continuously over time in the presence of sulfur or aromatics in feed. The superior performance of Rh/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 can be attributed to the higher oxygen-ion conductivity of the Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 support as well as the activity of the Rh sites.
A Study of Erosion by High-Pressure Cavitating and Noncavitating Waterjets (1979)

A study was made of erosion by high-pressure noncavitating and cavitating waterjets issuing from five different arrangements of nozzles, consisting of (A) jet in air, (B) submerged jet, (C) jet surrounded by another of lower velocity, (D) jet from long nozzles, and (E) jet from a nozzle containing a cylindrical body insert. The purpose was to evaluate the two methods of erosion for jet cutting applications. Simple visual examination of the craters on specimens of copper showed distinct type (size, shape, depth, etc.) of erosion. However, microscopic examination did not reveal clearly any characteristics peculiar to cavitating or noncavitating jets. Quantitative experimental results were obtained by measuring the mass loss of lead specimens as a function of time of exposure for the conditions where either the nozzle pressure or the standoff distance was held constant. By comparing the different arrangements on the basis of material loss, it is concluded that Arrangement B performed best for all periods of exposure and standoff distances followed by Arrangement C for short periods of exposure, smaller standoff distance, and for certain flow conditions.
Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6 (2023)

Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (~30 kb). Here, we present a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and rescue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.
Benchtop Assessment of a New Single-Use Flexible Ureteroscope (2020)

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Single-use flexible ureteroscopes are an increasingly popular alternative to reusable ureteroscopes. In this study, we performed a benchtop examination of the physical and optical properties of the new Dornier Axis™ (Webling, Germany) single-use ureteroscope. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Ten new, never-used Dornier Axis ureteroscopes were assessed for optical performance, maximal tip deflection, and irrigation flow rate with an empty working channel and with insertion of 200 and 365 μm laser fibers, and a 1.9F nitinol basket. All ureteroscopes were then fully deflected 100 times in each direction, and maximal deflection angles were re-measured with and without instruments in the working channel. All measurements were performed in duplicate. <i>In vitro</i> optical testing for resolution, image distortion, and depth of field was performed and compared <i>vs</i> the LithoVue™ (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) single-use ureteroscope. Statistical analyses using paired Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Kruskal-Wallis multiple-group comparison tests were performed in R. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Median maximal deflection angles exceeded 300° in both directions before and after 100 full deflection cycles for all groups except the 365 μm laser fiber group. After 100 deflection cycles, there was no change in the majority of working instruments, except a decrease in upward flexion with an empty channel and 200 μm Moses™ laser fiber, and downward flexion with 200 μm Flexiva™ laser fiber (all <10°). After excluding the 365 μm fiber, there was no difference in multi-group comparison for upward and downward flexion pre- and post-cycling. Median flow rate through an empty channel was 48.0 mL/min, and it decreased significantly with all used instruments (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Compared with the LithoVue, the Axis demonstrated superior resolution at all tested distances and less distortion. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The new Dornier Axis single-use ureteroscope demonstrates excellent tip deflection, which remains unchanged after 100 manual flexions in each direction. The Axis also demonstrates superior optical performance compared with the LithoVue in benchtop testing.
An Overview of Ultra-precision Diamond Machining of Microstructured Freeform Surfaces (2013)

摘要： 回顾了超精密加工技术的发展，主要包括超精密加工设备的开发历程，以及超精密单点金刚石切削技术基础，并对微工程技术作一简要介绍；重点论述微结构自由曲面的微纳切削技术，包括单点金刚石车削(Single point diamond turning, SPDT)，快刀伺服加工(Fast tool servo, FTS)，金刚石微凿切(Diamond micro chiseling, DMC)，光栅铣削等技术。指出微结构自由曲面测量领域面临的挑战和存在的问题，包括接触式测量和非接触式测量。通过几个典型微结构自由曲面的加工及测量的应用进行举例说明；最后介绍我国在超精密加工机床领域内的研制情况，展望了超精密切削技术未来发展趋势。
Advanced si and sige strained channel NMOS and PMOS transistors with high-k/metal-gate stack (2004)

Sustaining Moore's Law of scaling Si CMOS transistors requires not only shrinking the transistor dimensions, but also the introduction of new materials and structures. In the future, advanced high performance CMOS transistors are likely to incorporate highly strained Si and SiGe channels for enhanced carrier transport and high-k/metal-gate stacks for low gate leakage. This work describes the recent advances made in integrating strained Si and SiGe channel transistors with high-k/metal-gate stacks for future high performance, low power logic applications.
Rational Design of Soft, Thermally Conductive Composite Liquid‐Cooled Tubes for Enhanced Personal, Robotics, and Wearable Electronics Cooling (2019)

Abstract Thermoregulatory garments composed of liquid‐cooled plastic tubes have users ranging from astronauts to multiple sclerosis patients and are emerging as a flexible cooling solution for wearable electronics and high‐power robotics. Despite the plethora of applications, the current cooling systems are cumbersome to use due to their excessive size. In this work this issue is resolved by developing soft, thermally conductive silicone–aluminum composite tubes. To achieve optimal device performance, the material must be designed to balance the decrease in bulk thermal resistance and the increase in interfacial tube‐substrate resistance due to composite stiffening. Thus, to enable the rational design of such tubes, a closed form thermomechanical model that predicts cooling performance as a function of tube geometry and filler fraction is developed and experimentally validated. Predictions via this model and experiments are used to reveal how the tube's geometrical and material design can be adjusted to minimize the required length of tubing and maximize the heat extracted from a metallic surface and skin. Lastly, through a holistic analysis, this work demonstrates that besides significantly increasing overall cooling capability, the use of low‐resistance tubing can provide a multifold reduction in the cooling system size and enable novel operating modes.
Surgical facial rejuvenation in younger patients (2006)

Gordon H. Sasaki, MD





Nicanor G. Isse, MD





Thomas A. B. Bell, MD





Gregory L. Ruff, MD



Dr. Sasaki: I am pleased to moderate this panel about surgical facial rejuvenation in younger patients. We will focus solely on surgical procedures, ignoring treatments such as radiofrequency, laser, chemical peels, soft tissue fillers, and Botox.

Aesthetic plastic surgeons are seeing an increased number of younger patients for surgical facial rejuvenation. This trend is related to greater personal and societal acceptance of aesthetic surgical procedures and to more acceptable and available surgical options for the younger patient. Another factor has been the increase in discretionary income to meet such goals.

Younger patients present unique demands, including the request for procedures that produce less visible scars and have a quicker recovery time. They may also expect the less invasive procedures to yield the same long-lasting effects that are observed after more extended procedures. These patients are also concerned about the impact of surgeries performed when they are young on their aging and on future surgical procedures.

The first patient is a 31-year-old woman who has concerns about her angry appearance, lower lid puffiness, midface irregularities, and weak chin (Figure 1). She has had no prior surgical procedures, Botox, or soft tissue fillers. Dr. Isse, how would you evaluate and treat this patient?



Figure 1 
This 31-year-old woman has had no previous surgeries. She is concerned with her angry appearance, lower lid puffiness and hollow deepening of the nasolabial line, flattened cheeks, and lack of chin definition.



Dr. Isse: In general, the patient has symmetrical facial structures. The “angry” appearance results from a low-medial brow position in relation to the central and lateral brow.

This condition is due to overactive glabella muscles (medial portion of orbicularis oculi muscle, depressor supercilli, and procerus). My treatment of choice would …
Comparison of Phospholipid-Based Particles for Sustained Release of Ciprofloxacin Following Pulmonary Administration to Bronchiectasis Patients (2019)

The rapid clearance of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from the lungs following administration as an aerosol leads to poor efficacy in the treatment of pulmonary infections. The development of formulations capable of sustaining ciprofloxacin concentrations in the lungs has the potential to significantly improve antibacterial activity. The present review compares two approaches for sustaining levels of ciprofloxacin in the lungs, a liposomal formulation where ciprofloxacin is encapsulated in small unilamellar vesicles, and a dry powder formulation of the practically insoluble zwitterionic form of the drug. These two formulations recently completed large multicenter, phase 3 clinical studies in bronchiectasis patients. As such, they present a unique opportunity to examine the chemistry, manufacturing, and control of the dosage forms in addition to their tolerability and efficacy in more than 1000 bronchiectasis patients. Both formulations were generally well tolerated with most adverse events found to be mild to moderate in intensity. While the formulations were effective in reducing and/or eradicating infections, this did not lead to reductions in pulmonary exacerbations, the primary endpoint. The failures speak more to the heterogeneous nature of the disease and the difficulty in identifying bronchiectasis patients likely to exacerbate, rather than an inherent limitation of the formulations. While the formulations are similar in many respects, they also present some interesting differences. This review explores the implications of these differences on the treatment of respiratory infections.
Photonic crystal microcavity enhanced LEDs (1998)

One of the main motivations of pursuing research into photonic crystals is to modify the spontaneous emission rate in active material. In particular, the aim is to a) increase the extraction efficiency in LEDs, which is typically around 3-5% in commercial devices and b) to decrease the spontaneous emission lifetime, which is currently in the ns-regime, in order to enable high speed modulation. These goals can be achieved by suppressing the undesired electromagnetic modes into which the emitter can radiate, and by, concurrently, enhancing the desired modes [1].
Reflection Spectra of Vibronic Excitons in NaNO2 (1988)

Characteristics of the lowest singlet exciton in NaNO 2 have been studied by the high resolution measurement of reflection spectra on the cleaved surface of the single crystal at 2 K. Several sharp reflection lines which correspond to the vibronic levels in NaNo 2 have been observed in the near uv region. The observed spectra are discussed by using the dispersion relation for the exciton of the L-T mixed mode in an anisotropic medium. Basic quantities of the vibronic excitons, such as the exciton energies, oscillator strengths and damping constants are obtained by the curve fitting analysis based on a simple oscillator model.
Elimination Chemistry in the Solution‐ and Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction β-Eliminations in Combinatorial Chemistry The Hofmann Elimination Solid-phase Synthesis of Tertiary Amines Via a Regenerated Michael Acceptor (REM) Resin Via a Safety-catch Resin Via a Hydroxylamine Resin Alternative Cleavage Techniques β-Elimination on Selenyl Resins β-Elimination on Sulfone Resins β-Elimination on Silyl Resins β-Elimination on Fluorenyl Resins β-Elimination on 2-(2-Nitrophenyl)ethyl Resins Radical-based β-Eliminations β-C,O Bond Scission β-C,Se Bond Scission-release of Olefins Conjugate Eliminations 1,6-Conjugate Eliminations 1,4-Conjugate Eliminations Addition–Elimination Reactions Addition–Elimination on Vinylogous Systems Entry to Aminomethyleneoxazolones Entry to Benzopyrones 2,3-Dihydro-4-pyridone Libraries Cycloreversions Pyrrole Libraries Imidazole Libraries Traceless Solid-phase Synthesis of Furans 1,2-Diazines Summary References
Abstract 3098: Structure-based design rules for potent quadruplex-binding compounds based on the naphthalene diimide core (2023)

Abstract Quadruplex nucleic acids (G4s) are four-stranded arrangements formed by guanine-rich tracts of DNA or RNA, held together by Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonded guanine quartets. G4 sequences are widely though not randomly distributed in the human genome. They are over-represented in telomeres and in the regulatory regions of many cancer-related genes such as KIT, MYC, VEGF, RAS and HIF. G4 structures can be unwound by helicase activity but can be stabilized by the binding of high-affinity small molecules. The compound QN-302, a tetra-substituted naphthalene diimide (ND) derivative, has nanomolar affinity and selectivity for several DNA and RNA G4s over duplex DNA. QN-302 has single-digit nM anti-proliferative activity in a panel of human pancreatic cancer (PDAC) cell lines (Ahmed et al., ACS Med Chem Lett, 2020, 11, 1634-1644). It has significant anti-tumor activity in several models for PDAC - in a MIA-PACA2 xenograft, in the genetic KPC model and in an orthotopic BX-PC3 model. QN-302 is currently in an advanced stage of pre-IND development by Qualigen Inc as a novel anti-cancer agent. QN-302 is the latest in several generations of NDs developed by us and designed by computer modelling based on earlier G4 co-crystal structures determined in this laboratory. The database of seven ND-containing crystal structures includes four different NDs with distinct side chain end groups, all with intramolecular telomeric parallel G4s. End-groups include N-methyl piperazine, hydroxyl, morpholino and N-dimethyl. These structures have been systematically compared for example using least-squares overlays of the structures. All the structures have their four substituents positioned each in a G4 groove, although there are significant differences in orientations of the end groups. Surprisingly, the naphthalene diimide cores do not retain the same orientation in each structure, with three distinct orientations being apparent. Examination of ND core overlap with the adjacent G-quartet has revealed variation in the degree of heterocycle-guanine base overlap, which is dependent on the nature and size of each substituent. However, all structures show minimal ND-guanine overlap, with typically just one out of four guanines in a G-quartet being involved. This strongly implies that most of the contribution to ND-G4 affinity comes from the side chains, and especially from the protonated end groups. These and other observations have led us to develop a structure-activity framework for tetra-substituted NDs, which has culminated in their optimization and the design of QN-302, with enhanced cellular potency and G4 affinity compared to previous NDs. Citation Format: Stephen Neidle. Structure-based design rules for potent quadruplex-binding compounds based on the naphthalene diimide core [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3098.
Radiofrequency therapy improves exercise capacity of mice with emphysema (2021)

Emphysema is a common phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although resection of emphysematous tissue can improve lung mechanics, it is invasive and fraught with adverse effects. Meanwhile, radiofrequency (RF) treatment is an extracorporeal method that leads to tissue destruction and remodeling, resulting in "volume reduction" and overall improvement in lung compliance of emphysematous lungs. Whether these changes lead to improved exercise tolerance is unknown. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of RF treatment to improve the exercise capacity of mice with emphysema. Fifty-two mice (7 weeks of age) were used in this experiment. A bilateral emphysema model was created by intratracheally instilling porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) (1.5U/100 g body weight). RF treatment (0.5 W/ g body weight) was administered extracorporeally 14 days later and mice were sacrificed after another 21 days. The exercise capacity of mice was measured using a treadmill. Treadmill runs were performed just before PPE instillation (baseline), before RF treatment and before sacrifice. Following sacrifice, lung compliance and mean linear intercept (Lm) were measured and fibrosis was assessed using a modified Ashcroft score. There were 3 experimental groups: controls (instilled with saline, n = 12), emphysema (instilled with porcine pancreatic elastase, PPE, n = 11) and emphysema + treatment (instilled with PPE and given RF, n = 9). At endpoint, the maximum velocity of the emphysema + treatment group was significantly higher than that of the emphysema group, indicating improved exercise tolerance (86.29% of baseline vs 61.69% of baseline, p = 0.01). Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in emphysema as denoted by Lm between the two groups (median 29.60 µm vs 35.68 µm, p = 0.03). The emphysema + treatment group also demonstrated a higher prevalence of lung fibrosis (≧Grade 3) compared with the emphysema group (11.7% vs 5.4%, p < 0.01). No severe adverse events from RF were observed. RF treatment improved the exercise capacity of mice with emphysema. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of RF treatment in improving the functional status of patients with COPD.
Microchip‐sized InSb photodiode infrared sensors operating at room temperature (2006)

A novel microchip-sized InSb photodiode infrared sensor (InSb PDS) operating at room temperature is reported. There is no power consumption on the InSb PDS itself, since it works in photovoltaic mode to output an open-circuit voltage. The InSb PDS has a typical responsivity of 1,900 V/W and an output noise of 0.15 µV/Hz1/2. A detectivity (D*) of 2.8x108 cmHz1/2/W has been obtained at 300 K. The InSb PDS is finally molded with plastic on a Quad Flat Non-leaded (QFN) package, having performance high enough for applications such as mobile electronic equipments, personal computers and consumer electronics. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and Optical Properties of Nonpolar InGaN/GaN Multiple Quantum Wells Grown on Planar and Lateral Epitaxially Overgrown m-Plane GaN Films (2007)

The structural and optical properties of nonpolar (1100) m-plane InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs), grown simultaneously on reduced-defect lateral epitaxially overgrown (LEO) m-plane GaN and high-defect-density planar m-plane GaN, were investigated. Atomic force microscopy images of the LEO m-plane MQW sample revealed the presence of smooth steps on the Ga-face wings. The presence of stacking-fault-related defects was observed in the window and the N-face wing regions. Transmission electron microscopy on the sample revealed abrupt quantum well interfaces. High-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the In incorporation was the same in the LEO sample and in the planar sample. Spot-excitation cathodoluminescence measurement revealed a similar emission wavelength for the nearly defect-free laterally overgrown regions and the defective window regions. However, the emission from the reduced-defect-density wings of the LEO m-plane GaN was more than six times stronger than the emission from the neighboring defective windows. Wide-area photoluminescence measurement showed a similar emission wavelength for the LEO sample and the planar MQW sample.
Peptides from Second Extracellular Loop of C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 (CCR5) Inhibit Diverse Strains of HIV-1 (2012)

To initiate HIV entry, the HIV envelope protein gp120 must engage its primary receptor CD4 and a coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4. In the absence of a high resolution structure of a gp120-coreceptor complex, biochemical studies of CCR5 have revealed the importance of its N terminus and second extracellular loop (ECL2) in binding gp120 and mediating viral entry. Using a panel of synthetic CCR5 ECL2-derived peptides, we show that the C-terminal portion of ECL2 (2C, comprising amino acids Cys-178 to Lys-191) inhibit HIV-1 entry of both CCR5- and CXCR4-using isolates at low micromolar concentrations. In functional viral assays, these peptides inhibited HIV-1 entry in a CD4-independent manner. Neutralization assays designed to measure the effects of CCR5 ECL2 peptides when combined with either with the small molecule CD4 mimetic NBD-556, soluble CD4, or the CCR5 N terminus showed additive inhibition for each, indicating that ECL2 binds gp120 at a site distinct from that of N terminus and acts independently of CD4. Using saturation transfer difference NMR, we determined the region of CCR5 ECL2 used for binding gp120, showed that it can bind to gp120 from both R5 and X4 isolates, and demonstrated that the peptide interacts with a CD4-gp120 complex in a similar manner as to gp120 alone. As the CCR5 N terminus-gp120 interactions are dependent on CD4 activation, our data suggest that gp120 has separate binding sites for the CCR5 N terminus and ECL2, the ECL2 binding site is present prior to CD4 engagement, and it is conserved across CCR5- and CXCR4-using strains. These peptides may serve as a starting point for the design of inhibitors with broad spectrum anti-HIV activity.