gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) protects against Huntington’s disease through the extracellular disposal of protein aggregates (2020)

Abstract Impaired neuronal proteostasis is a salient feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting alterations in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We previously reported that targeting the transcription factor XBP1, a key mediator of the ER stress response, delays disease progression and reduces protein aggregation in various models of neurodegeneration. To identify disease-modifier genes that may explain the neuroprotective effects of XBP1 deficiency, we performed gene expression profiling of brain cortex and striatum of these animals and uncovered insulin-like growth factor 2 ( Igf2 ) as the major upregulated gene. Here we studied the impact of IGF2 signaling on protein aggregation in models of Huntington’s disease (HD) as proof-of-concept. Cell culture studies revealed that IGF2 treatment decreases the load of intracellular aggregates of mutant huntingtin and a polyglutamine peptide. These results were validated using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived medium spiny neurons from HD patients. The reduction in the levels of mutant huntingtin was associated with a decrease in the half-life of the intracellular protein. The decrease in the levels of abnormal protein aggregation triggered by IGF2 were independent of the activity of autophagy and the proteasome pathways, the two main routes for mutant huntingtin clearance. Conversely, IGF2 signaling enhanced the secretion of soluble mutant huntingtin species through exosomes and microvesicles involving changes in actin dynamics. Administration of IGF2 into the brain of HD mice using gene therapy led to a significant decrease in the levels of mutant huntingtin in three different animal models. Moreover, analysis of human post-mortem brain tissue, and blood samples from HD patients showed a reduction of IGF2 level. This study identifies IGF2 as a relevant factor deregulated in HD, operating as a disease modifier that buffers the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates. One sentence summary IGF2 reduces the load of intracellular protein aggregates through the extracellular disposal of the mutant protein.
The Use of Probiotics in Poultry Production for the Control of Bacterial Infections and Aflatoxins (2019)

In intensive poultry production, a large number of antimicrobials are frequently employed to prevent (prophylactic use) and treat (therapeutic use) diseases, as well as for growth promotion (subtherapeutic use), in order to increase productivity. However, it has been reported that the use of antimicrobials at subtherapeutic doses is closely related to the increase in bacterial resistance and with the treatment failure. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, another problem derived from the use of antimicrobials is the presence of residues in animal products. Therefore, these problems and the ban of antimicrobial as growth promoters have prompted the poultry industry to look for alternatives with similar benefits to antibiotics. Among these alternatives, probiotics are one of the most widely studied and interesting groups. Hence, in the present chapter, the effect of probiotics and direct-fed microbial against foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins will be summarized.
Supplementary Table 2 from p21-Activated Kinase 1 Is Required for Efficient Tumor Formation and Progression in a Ras-Mediated Skin Cancer Model (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 289K, Immunostaining of Pak1 and proliferative signaling markers in SCC&lt;/p&gt;
Sol-gel derived precursors to Group 14 semiconductor nanocrystals – Convenient materials for enabling nanocrystal-based applications (2009)

Semiconductor nanocrystals are intriguing because of their electronic, optical, and chemical characteristics. Silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) of sub-5 nm dimension are of particular interest due to their intense photoluminescent response and the promise of linking silicon photonics and electronics. Other related nanomaterials of technological importance include SiC and Ge. The following contribution describes key experimental findings pertaining to synthetic methodology, investigation of nanodomain formation and growth, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy for a series of sol-gel derived prepolymers suitable for preparing Group 14 based nanocrystal containing composites.
Three-dimensional silver nanostructure fabrication through multiphoton photoreduction (2012)

Metal nanofabrication techniques have become increasingly important for photonic applications with rapid developments in plasmonics, nanophotonics and metamaterials. While two-dimensional (2D) techniques to create high resolution metal patterns are readily available, it is more difficult to fabricate 3D metal structures that are required for new applications in these fields. We present a femtosecond laser technique for 3D direct-writing silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer. We induce the photoreduction of silver ions through non-linear absorption in a sample doped with a silver salt. Utilizing nonlinear optical interactions between the chemical precursors and femtosecond pulses, we limit silver-ion photoreduction processes to a focused volume smaller than that of the diffraction-limit. The focal volume is scanned rapidly in 3D by means of a computer-controlled translation stage to produce complex patterns. Our technique creates dielectric-supported silver structures, enabling the nanofabrication of silver patterns with disconnected features in 3D. We obtain 300 nm resolution.
Assessment of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Predicting Possible Cavitation and Choked Flow Inside Excess Flow Valves (2020)

Abstract Cavitation and choked flow conditions can occur when high-pressure drops are encounters in various types of valves, which prevent them to work properly and may cause severe erosion damage inside the valves that decrease their lifetime. Prediction of these critical conditions leads to the prevention of cavitation and helps to improve the design of the valve geometries to delay and prevent these critical flow conditions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that can be used to simulate flow conditions and to predict the incipient of cavitation and consequently choked flow in the valve through solving the Time Averaged Navier-Stokes equations under multi-phase flow conditions. Therefore, CFD simulations have been conducted for two types of excess flow valves. The mixture multi-phase flow solution method along with the k-ε realizable turbulence model has been utilized to solve the behavior of vapor flow inside the valve and simulate the cavitation phenomenon. It was observed that CFD could capture the inception of cavitation and choked flow inside the valve successfully. Simulated CFD results also indicated a good agreement with experimental data that were obtained under lower pressure drop conditions. The effects of various inlet pressures on the cavitation intensity have been also studied, and it was concluded that at higher inlet pressure with constant pressure outlet the cavitation strength is greater than lower inlet pressures.
Clinical Remission as Defined by the Mayo Score (2014)

in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. In this trial, the authors developed an endoscopic score called the Mayo Clinic score. In several clinical trials, such as those on adalimumab, 3 vedolizumab, 4 and more recently etrolizumab, 5 the authors defined "clinical remission" as a Mayo Clinic score #2 and no subscore .1, meaning an endoscopy subscore ,2. This definition is misleading and confusing.
Synthetic hyperspectral array video database with applications to cross-spectral reconstruction and hyperspectral video coding (2023)

In this paper, a synthetic hyperspectral video database is introduced. Since it is impossible to record ground-truth hyperspectral videos, this database offers the possibility to leverage the evaluation of algorithms in diverse applications. For all scenes, depth maps are provided as well to yield the position of a pixel in all spatial dimensions as well as the reflectance in spectral dimension. Two novel algorithms for two different applications are proposed to prove the diversity of applications that can be addressed by this novel database. First, a cross-spectral image reconstruction algorithm is extended to exploit the temporal correlation between two consecutive frames. The evaluation using this hyperspectral database shows an increase in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of up to 5.6 dB dependent on the scene. Second, a hyperspectral video coder is introduced, which extends an existing hyperspectral image coder by exploiting temporal correlation. The evaluation shows rate savings of up to 10% depending on the scene.
A complete device dedicated to ECG signal measurement with integrated 3D Hall sensor for signal correction (2010)

This paper presents a fully integrated device for ECG acquisition on an MRI environment with on chip 3D HALL sensor for signal correction submitted in standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Based on a CMOS current conveyor (60 μA @ ± 1.65 V power supply, 100 MHz bandwidth and 10 GHz equivalent GBW circuit) the instrumentation amplifier used in this IC he circuit. The 3D Hall sensor features two vertical Hall devices (VHD) to measure component of the magnetic field oriented in the plane of the chip as well as one horizontal Hall device (HHD) to measure the component of the field orthogonally oriented to the plane of the chip. The 3D Hall sensor allows measuring the static field up to 1.5 T as well as the magnetic pulses of ± 20 mT generated during the MRI acquisition. The size of the complete design makes biological signal measurement in very hostile environment such MRI possible.
Towards the Co-Simulation of Charge Qubits: A Methodology Grounding on an Equivalent Circuit Representation (2021)

This paper presents a methodology to describe quantum mechanical states of charge qubits, realized as coupled quantum dots occupied by single electrons, using equivalent electrical circuits. We explain how to construct all equations starting from low-level simulations of wave functions and interpret the relationship between the parameters appearing in the resulting model and the parameters of the physical system. An efficient methodology to obtain 2D wave functions is presented. Results obtained in this study using a circuit simulator correspond to quantum dot arrays fabricated in a CMOS technology and recently published in the literature. The generalization of quantum mechanical equations, their conversion to equivalent circuits, and numerical examples are discussed.
Fine Tuning of a Biological Machine: DnaK Gains Improved Chaperone Activity by Altered Allosteric Communication and Substrate Binding (2011)

DnaK is a member of the Hsp70 family of molecular chaperones. This molecular machine couples the binding and hydrolysis of ATP to binding and release of substrate proteins. The switches that are involved in allosteric communication within this multidomain protein are mostly unknown. Previous insights were largely obtained by mutants, which displayed either wild-type activity or reduced folding assistance of substrate proteins. With a directed evolution approach for improved folding assistance we selected a DnaK variant characterized by a glycine to alanine substitution at position 384 (G384A); this resulted in a 2.5-fold higher chaperone activity in an in vitro DnaK-assisted firefly luciferase refolding assay. Quantitative biochemical characterization revealed several changes of key kinetic parameters compared to the wild type. Most pronounced is a 13-fold reduced rate constant for substrate release in the ATP-bound state, which we assume, in conjunction with the resulting increase in substrate affinity, to be related to improved chaperone activity. As the underlying mechanistic reason for this change we propose an altered interface of allosteric communication of mutant G384A, which is notably located at a hinge position between nucleotide and substrate binding domain.
Diversification of RTH‐Type Zeolite and Its Catalytic Application (2009)

Metall macht's möglich: RTH-Zeolithe (siehe Bild) haben eine attraktive poröse Struktur, ihre Zusammensetzung lässt sich aber nur bedingt variieren. Metallosilicate mit RTH-Topologie sind nun über zwei Wege zugänglich; bei einem davon kann sogar auf strukturbestimmende Agentien verzichtet werden. So erhaltene Al-haltige RTH-Zeolithe waren wirksame Katalysatoren für die hoch selektive Umwandlung von Methanol in Propen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Application of Microbial Genomic Science to Advanced Therapeutics (2004)

Since the publication of the first complete microbial genome sequence of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995, more than 200 additional microbial genome sequences have become available in the public domain. Approximately 40% of these represent important human pathogens. Comparative in silico methods, along with large-scale approaches such as transcriptomics and proteomics, are beginning to reveal insights into new virulence genes, pathogen-host interactions, and the molecular basis of host specificity. Sequence data are also starting to accumulate from multiple isolates or strains of a single pathogen, and this type of data has proven to be quite valuable in providing new insights into the genetic variability that is present in a particular species as well as in facilitating correlations between genotype and phenotype. Ultimately, a major goal of genome-enabled infectious disease research is the development of novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
Moisture Sorption Effects on and Properties of a Carbon Fiber-reinforced Phenylethynyl-terminated Poly(etherimide) (2003)

This paper reports the results of anin vestigationof moisture sorption effects on the properties of a carbon fiber-reinforced high-performance phenylethynyl-terminated poly(etherimide). Due to the relative newness of this material, minimal information regarding its performance under the duress of environmental effects is known. Composite and neat resin specimens were cycled to effective moisture equilibrium during exposure to a 85% relative humidity/90 C environment followed by exposure to a 10% relative humidity/90 C environment. The composite through-the-thickness moisture diffusion coefficients (Dz) ranged from 2.3 × 10 -6 to 6 mm2/s. The value of Dz for moisture absorptionwas measured to be about 67% greater thanthe value of Dz for moisture desorption; residual stress-accelerated diffusion, void-assisted diffusion, and diffusion hindered by moisture–matrix interactions are discussed as possible explanations for this difference. At 85% relative humidity, the effective moisture equilibrium content of the composite and neat resin were 0.52 ± 0.02% and 1.60 ± 0.01%, respectively. The average transverse moisture expansion coefficient of the composite was 1.1 × 10 -3 ±0.7 × 10 -3 . The 1.2% retention (85% 7.0% retention (10% relative humidity) of the control 9.5 MPa. No conclusive results were obtained from open-hole compression strength and apparent interlaminar shear strength tests. The majority of the surfaces of the TFS specimens displayed moisture sorption induced damage. The dramatic impact that inadequate matrix cure can have on a composite’s ability to transverse flexural strength (TFS) specimens exhibited 60.7 ± relative humidity) and 83.6 ± value of 135.9 ± endure a single moisture sorption cycle is illustrated by comparison with a previous moisture exposure study of this material.
Friction stir weld inspection using the motion induced eddy current testing technique (2019)

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two facing work pieces without melting the work piece material. A non-consumable rotating tool with a specially designed pin and shoulder is inserted into the abutting edges of sheets or plates to be joined and traversed along the line of joint. The tool serves two primary functions, heating of the workpiece, and stirring of material to produce the joint. The heating is accomplished by friction between the tool and the workpiece, leading to plastic deformations in the weld seam. The localized heating softens the material around the pin and combination of tool rotation and translation leads to movement of material from the front of the pin to the back of the pin. As a result, a joint is produced in solid state. During FSW process, the material undergoes intense plastic deformation at elevated temperature, resulting in generation of fine and regular recrystallized grains. The fine microstructure in friction stir welds produces good mechanical properties. Despite considerable interests in the FSW technology in past decade, the basic physical understanding of the process is adverse. Some important aspects, including material flow, tool geometry design, wear of welding tool, microstructural stability, welding of dissimilar alloys and metals, still require deeper understanding. However, it can be observed that new technologies are often commercialized before a fundamental science emphasizing the underlying physics has been developed. Thus, there is a need for nondestructive testing methods which allow to study these changes in the welding zone as well as to detect imperfections or defects in this region. Due to the complex structure of these materials, traditional NDT methods do not always satisfy the measurement requirements. In this paper, the capabilities of the application of the motion-induced eddy current testing technique to evaluation of friction stir welding are investigated. The specimen moves with constant velocity through a magnetic field, which is created by a fixed permanent magnet. The interaction of induced eddy currents and the primary magnetic field results in the Lorentz force acting on the specimen, but the reaction force acts in opposite direction on the magnet system as well. Here the magnetic force is measured in all three spatial dimensions. Every force component has a characteristic profile for a certain defect-free specimen. Anomalies in the specimen affect the eddy currents due to variations of local conductivity. These deviations influence the measured force profiles from which the location, size and type of the defect in the specimen may be determined.
What technologies will impact deepwater appraisal and development 10 years from now? (2001)

Prognosticating the future in our industry is problematic at best and totally maddening and futile at worst. However, assessing what the trends of the future will be is critical to our success as an industry, and especially to our success in technology development. The range of technologies that our industry employs and will employ in deepwater operations is vast and impossible to cover in the space provided. However, I would like to glimpse at some technologies that will probably have significant impact on deepwater appraisal and development (A&amp;D) in the coming years.
Experimental Demonstration of the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework Using Physiological Data as Inputs (2020)

While many studies have attempted to characterize the mechanical behavior of passive prosthetic feet to understand their influence on amputee gait, the relationship between mechanical design and biomechanical performance has not yet been fully articulated from a fundamental physics perspective. A novel framework, called lower leg trajectory error (LLTE) framework, presents a means of quantitatively optimizing the constitutive model of prosthetic feet to match a reference kinematic and kinetic dataset. This framework can be used to predict the required stiffness and geometry of a prosthesis to yield a desired biomechanical response. A passive prototype foot with adjustable ankle stiffness was tested by a unilateral transtibial amputee to evaluate this framework. The foot condition with LLTE-optimal ankle stiffness enabled the user to replicate the physiological target dataset within 16% root-mean-square (RMS) error. Specifically, the measured kinematic variables matched the target kinematics within 4% RMS error. Testing a range of ankle stiffness conditions from 1.5 to 24.4 N·m/deg with the same user indicated that conditions with lower LLTE values deviated the least from the target kinematic data. Across all conditions, the framework predicted the horizontal/vertical position, and angular orientation of the lower leg during midstance within 1.0 cm, 0.3 cm, and 1.5 deg, respectively. This initial testing suggests that prosthetic feet designed with low LLTE values could offer benefits to users. The LLTE framework is agnostic to specific foot designs and kinematic/kinetic user targets, and could be used to design and customize prosthetic feet.
In vivo and in vitro antitumor activity of butyroyloxymethyl‐diethyl phosphate (AN‐7), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in human prostate cancer (2005)

AN-7, a prodrug of butyric acid, induced histone hyperacetylation and differentiation and inhibited proliferation of human prostate 22Rv1 cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In nude mice implanted with these cells, 50 mg/kg AN-7 given orally thrice a week led to inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, tumor regression in >25% of animals and increased survival. Median time to the experimental end point (tumor volume 2 cm3 or death) in the untreated was 52 days, and average tumor volume was 0.8 +/- 0.18 cm3. At the same time, 94.4% of AN-7-treated mice survived and had average tumor volumes of 0.37 +/- 0.1 cm3. PSA expression was a useful marker for 22Rv1 lung metastasis detection. Sizeable metastases positively stained for PSA and limited air gaps were found in lungs of untreated mice. In animals treated with AN-7, lung morphology appeared normal. Primary tumors of treated animals were highly positive for PSA and had an elevated level of p21 and the proapoptotic protein Bax. Sections taken from AN-7-treated animals, examined under an electron microscope, exhibited condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies. PSA serum levels were higher in untreated compared to treated animals and correlated with tumor volume. Since prolonged oral administration with 50 mg/kg or a single oral dose of 1.2 g/kg AN-7 did not cause adverse effects and the former exhibited significant anticancer activity, AN-7 is likely to display a high therapeutic index and may be beneficial for prostate cancer patients.