gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deriving Synchronizing and Homing Sequences for Input/Output Automata (2017)

In this paper, we study the problem of existence check and derivation of synchronizing and homing sequences for finite input/output automata. Corresponding sequences can be effectively used for the current state identification of a system under test / verification, after the input sequence is applied. In the model considered in the paper, the alphabet of actions is divided into disjoint sets of inputs and outputs; however, no sets of possible initial or final states are defined. We introduce the notions of homing and synchronizing sequences for a specific class of such machines for which at each state the transitions only under inputs or under outputs are defined, and the machine transition diagram does not contain cycles labeled by outputs, i.e. the language of the machine does not contain traces with infinite postfix of outputs. For such a class of input/output automata, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of synchronizing and homing sequences and discuss the length of such sequences. We also define some subclasses of automata for which the worst-case upper bounds (normally, exponential) are not reachable.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Claisen Rearrangement of Naphthyl 2‐Propynyl Ethers: Synthesis of Naphthofurans. (2013)

Abstract The two‐step synthesis of the title skeletons involves etherification of naphthols under Mitsunobu conditions, Claisen rearrangement and concomitant cyclization.
Neutral Endopeptidase Modulates Septic Shocka (1996)

Neutral endopeptidase (NEP; EC 3.4.24.11) is a type-2 cell-surface metalloproteinase known by a variety of eponyms, including enkephalinase, common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA), and CD10. Identified substrates are largely neural or humoral oligopeptide agonists, and the enzyme functions to terminate signaling by degrading the ligand, analogous to the acetylcholine/acetylcholinesterase system. Targeted disruption of the NEP locus in mice results in enhanced lethality to endotoxin shock with a pronounced gene-dosage effect. The site(s) of action appears downstream from release of TNF and IL-1, as NEP-deficient animals demonstrate increased sensitivity to these mediators as well. This unexpected finding indicates an important protective role for NEP in septic shock.
Predicting the surface wall pressure frequency spectra of submerged cylindrical bodies (2004)

This paper addresses the modeling of structural excitations caused by low speed turbulent boundary layer flows. When the Corcos-type cross-spectrum or its corresponding wavevector-frequency spectrum is used as the forcing function in a homogeneous turbulent flow, the point frequency spectrum is the common multiplier to the factors representing either the cross-spectral terms or the wavevector terms. The capability of accurately predicting the point frequency spectrum is the premise of obtaining an accurate cross-spectrum or wavevector-frequency spectrum. Several point-frequency spectral models have been evaluated against the measured data obtained from buoyancy propelled cylindrical bodies. It was found that predictions using the most recently published point-frequency spectral models by Smolyakov [Acoust. Phys. 46(3), 342–347; translated from Akusti. Zh. 46(3), 410–407 (2000)] and Goody [AIAA-2002-2565, 8th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference and Exhibit, Breckenridge, CO, (2002)] provide a reasonably good agreement with the measured data. [Work supported by ONR.]
Cardiovascular Changes in Preterm Infants Nursed Under Radiant Warmers (1987)

Radiant heat is known to increase insensible water loss and, to a certain extent, oxygen consumption. Little is known about its cardiovascular effects. We measured cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and lower limb and skin blood flow in 20 preterm newborn infants nursed in an incubator and under a radiant warmer at an abdominal skin temperature of 36.5 degrees C. Mean (+/- SEM) birth weight was 1.57 (0.06) kg, gestational age 31.7 (0.4) weeks, and weight at examination 1.69 (0.02) kg; median postnatal age was 15 days. Skin and limb blood flow measurements increased by 44% to 55% with radiant heat (P less than .001 and P less than .01, respectively). Cardiac output increased by 5.4% (P less than .02) under the radiant warmer secondary to a small but significant (P less than .05) increase in heart rate. The changes in cardiac output during radiant heat administration are comparable to those reported for oxygen consumption.
Sensorless PV Array Diagnostic Method for Residential PV Systems (2011)

This work proposes a temperature and irradiance sensorless diagnostic method suitable for small residential PV installations, focusing on detection of partial shadows. The method works by detecting failures in crystalline silicone PV arrays using concomitant monitoring of some of their key parameters such as series resistance, fill factor, and equivalent thermal voltage. These parameters show different deviations from their normal values in presence of a failure or disturbance (such as partial shadow) - or, changes in environmental conditions. Using this information, it is possible to differentiate environmental effects from failures.
Interleukin-3 induces antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi and tumoricidal activity in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages (1992)

The ability of interleukin-3 (IL-3) to induce antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity was evaluated. Macrophages infected with two intracellular protozoa, Leishmania amazonensis or Trypanosoma cruzi, were treated with cytokines. IL-3 induced a dose-dependent enhancement of microbistasis against leishmanias, and the activity of IL-3 (100 ng/ml) was comparable to that of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (1,000 U/ml). In addition, IL-3 in combination with either granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or macrophage CSF (M-CSF) or with IFN-gamma reduced infection and lowered the required dose. IL-3 similarly activated macrophages to inhibit intracellular replication of T. cruzi. Furthermore, IL-3 induced antibody-independent tumoricidal activity against melanoma cells that was dose dependent and comparable to that of lipopolysaccharide and GM-CSF. The mechanisms by which IL-3 induced antimicrobial activity may involve at least the augmentation of oxidative capacity. IL-3, at concentrations of 0.5 ng/ml or greater, led to a significantly increased oxidative burst which paralleled the inhibition of protozoan replication. The enhancement of oxidative capacity by IL-3 (5 ng/ml or higher) was comparable to that of IFN-gamma. The induction of tumoricidal activity was associated with the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which in this system may feed back to enhance the macrophage inhibition of leishmanias, as demonstrated by neutralization of IL-3 activation by anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Thus, peripheral blood macrophages remain responsive to IL-3, as demonstrated by enhanced antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity. IL-3 may have potential clinical applications because of these properties and its effect on myelopoiesis.
Goldilocks Effect of Base Strength on Site Selectivity in Acylation of Amphiphilic Diols (2021)

Abstract Two series of competitive acylation experiments with a polar and an apolar alcohol substrate, imitating two parts of amphiphilic diols, examined the influence of bases of varying strength on the substrate selectivity. While weakly basic 2,4,6-collidine only mildly accelerates the acylation of the polar substrate without affecting that of the apolar one, the acylation of both substrates is drastically hastened by strongly basic DBU. In both cases there is a notable, though not overwhelming, shift of the substrate selectivity towards the polar substrate, compared to the base-free acylation, which favors that of the apolar one. The extraordinarily strong change in the substrate selectivity in favor of the polar substrate was induced, however, by aliphatic tertiary amine bases, DIPEA and Et3N, of ‘Goldilocks’ moderate base strength, which strongly accelerate the acylation of the polar substrate, while almost not affecting that of the apolar one. These effects of the bases on the substrate selectivity are reflected in the site-selectivity trends observed in the acylation of a model diol amphiphile.
Spatial Density and Splicing Characteristic Optimized Few-Mode Multi-Core Fiber (2020)

Few-mode fiber design suitable for long-haul dense space division multiplexing (SDM) transmission is proposed, where the spatial density and the splicing characteristics of the fiber is optimized. We numerically investigate the impact of the number of modes per core in a multi-core structure on the total number of spatial channels possible and the splice loss property. It is shown that increased number of mode per core enables us to improve the spatial density while maintaining feasible splice-induced differential modal attenuation. We then successfully fabricate a 10-mode 12-core fiber with a cladding diameter of 217 μm, that achieves a relative core multiplicity factor (RCMF) of 101.7 and maximum number of spatial channels among the possible few-mode multi-core fiber designs with a cladding diameter of less than 250 μm. Experiments confirm that its splice-induced differential modal attenuation characteristics were better than those of previously reported 114-spatial-channel fiber.
Controlling Extra- and Intramacrophagic Mycobacterium abscessus by Targeting Mycolic Acid Transport (2017)

<i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) causing serious infections especially among cystic fibrosis patients. Extremely limited therapeutic options against <i>M. abscessus</i> and a rise in infections with this mycobacterium require novel chemotherapies and a better understanding of how the bacterium causes infection. Different from most RGM, <i>M. abscessus</i> can survive inside macrophages and persist for long durations in infected tissues. We recently delineated differences in the infective programs followed by smooth (S) and rough (R) variants of <i>M. abscessus</i>. Unexpectedly, we found that the S variant behaves like pathogenic slow growing mycobacteria, through maintaining a block on the phagosome maturation process and by inducing phagosome-cytosol communications. On the other hand, R variant infection triggers autophagy and apoptosis, reminiscent of the way that macrophages control RGM. However, the R variant has an exquisite capacity to form extracellular cords, allowing these bacteria to rapidly divide and evade phagocytosis. Therefore, new chemotherapeutic interventions against <i>M. abscessus</i> need to efficiently deal with both the reservoir of intracellular bacilli and the extracellular cords. In this context, we recently identified two chemical entities that were very effective against both <i>M. abscessus</i> populations. Although being structurally unrelated these two chemotypes inhibit the activity of the essential mycolic acid transporter, MmpL3. In this Perspective, we aimed to highlight recent insights into how <i>M. abscessus</i> interacts with phagocytic cells and how the inhibition of mycolic acid transport in this pathogenic RGM could be an efficient means to control both intracellular and extracellular populations of the bacterium.
Region-Aware Image Captioning via Interaction Learning (2021)

Image captioning is one of the primary goals in computer vision which aims to automatically generate natural descriptions for images. Intuitively, human visual system can notice some stimulating regions at first glance, and then volitionally focus on interesting objects within the region. For example, to generate a free-form sentence about “boy-catch-baseball”, the visual region involving “boy” and “baseball” could be first attended and then guide the salient object discovery for the word-by-word generation. Till now, previous captioning works mainly rely on the object-wise modeling and ignore the rich regional patterns. To mitigate the drawback, this paper proposes the region-aware interaction learning method, which aims to explicitly capture the semantic correlations in the region and object dimensions for the word inference. First, given an image, we extract a set of regions which contain diverse objects and their relations. Second, we present the spatial-GCN interaction refining structure which can establish the connection between regions and objects to effectively capture contextual information. Third, we design the dual-attention interaction inference procedure, which enables attention to be calculated in region and object dimensions jointly for the word generation. Specifically, the guidance mechanism is proposed to selectively emphasize semantic inter-dependencies from region to object attentions. Extensive experiments on the MSCOCO dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. Additional ablation studies and visualization further validate its effectiveness.
Effect of Chemical Compositions on Embrittlement Properties of Stainless Steels in Highly Pressurized Gaseous Hydrogen Environments (2008)

オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼の母材および溶接金属の水素脆化特性に及ぼす化学組成の影響を45 MPaの高圧水素ガス環境における低ひずみ速度引張試験 (Slow Strain Rate Testing, SSRT) により調査し，ひずみ誘起マルテンサイト (α′) 相生成およびδフェライト相有無の観点から機構を考察した．固溶化熱処理を施した母材および凝固ままの溶接金属ともに，脆化特性はα′相の生成量に依存した．Md30が高い化学組成ほど，また試験温度が低いほどα′相の生成量が増し，脆化感受性は増大した．また，溶接金属部に生成したδフェライト相は20％以下であったが，脆化に顕著な影響を与えなかった．α′相は亀裂先端部で連続生成することから，脆化特性に強く影響すると推定された．一方，あらかじめ溶接金属中に生成するδフェライト相は，本検討の範囲内では亀裂を連結させる作用は無いことから，脆化に影響しなかったと推定された．
Inclusive J/ψ production in Xe–Xe collisions at sNN=5.44 TeV (2018)

Inclusive J/ production is studied in Xe-Xe interactions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of s NN = 5.44 TeV, using the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The J/ meson is reconstructed via its decay into a muon pair, in the centre-of-mass rapidity interval 2.5 < y < 4 and down to zero transverse momentum. In this Letter, the nuclear modification factors R AA for inclusive J/, measured in the centrality range 0-90% as well as in the centrality intervals 0-20% and 20-90% are presented. The R AA values are compared to previously published results for Pb-Pb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV and to the calculation of a transport model. A good agreement is found between Xe-Xe and Pb-Pb results as well as between data and the model.
Turkey Versus Guinea Pig Red Blood Cells: Hemagglutination Differences Alter Hemagglutination Inhibition Responses Against Influenza A/H1N1 (2014)

For influenza hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays, species selection of red blood cells (RBCs) is critical to determine antibody titers to influenza viruses reliably. We compared pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1 (pdH1N1) HAI titers using turkey or guinea pig RBCs. Turkey RBCs appear to be the more appropriate species choice for influenza A/pH1N1 HAI assays.
CF[sub 4] Plasma Treatment for Fabricating High-Performance and Reliable Solid-Phase-Crystallized Poly-Si TFTs (2005)

A plasma treatment on solid-phase-crystallized (SPC) poly-Si thin-film transistors (TFTs) has been demonstrated. Using this technique, fluorine atoms can be introduced into the poly-Si film to passivate the defects, and hence, the device performance of the SPC poly-Si TFTs can be significantly improved. The fluorinated SPC poly-Si TFTs exhibit a good subthreshold slope, low threshold voltage, and high field effect mobility. Moreover, the fluorinated SPC poly-Si TFTs also exhibit an improved hot-carrier-stress immunity, which is due to the strong Si-F bonds formed in the poly-Si channel region.
Facile Synthesis of a Selectivity Protected Triazamacrocycle. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Relationship Between Plasma Concentrations of Certolizumab Pegol and Clinical Efficacy: Results From the PRECiSE 2 Trial (2012)

We retrospectively evaluated the relationship of certolizumab pegol plasma concentrations following induction therapy and clinical efficacy using data from the PRECiSE 2 trial. Patients aged ≥18 years with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease who enrolled in PRECiSE 2 were given open-label (OL) induction of subcutaneous certolizumab pegol 400 mg at Weeks 0, 2, and 4. Clinical remission, defined as a Crohn’s disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of ≤150 points, was evaluated at Week 6. Plasma certolizumab pegol concentration was measured at Week 6 (2 weeks after the last induction dose) and was assessed by quartile. This post hoc analysis evaluated potential associations between certolizumab pegol plasma concentration and remission rates at 6 weeks. A multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to determine if certolizumab pegol plasma concentration at Week 6 is influenced by baseline factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP), body weight, immunosuppressant use, CDAI, and sex. 572 patients had certolizumab pegol plasma concentrations available at Week 6 (n = 143 per quartile) following OL certolizumab pegol induction. Patients with certolizumab pegol plasma concentration in quartiles 1 and 2 had clinical remission rates of 41% and 44%, respectively, while those with a certolizumab pegol concentration in quartiles 3 and 4 had clinical remission rates of 57% and 55%, respectively (Table 1). A significant statistical correlation between plasma quartile and clinical remission was observed (P = 0.0036). CRP level and body weight were inversely associated with certolizumab pegol quartile. A multivariable analysis showed that baseline CRP level and body weight were significant predictors of plasma certolizumab pegol concentration at Week 6 (Table 2). Baseline CRP level and body weight are significantly correlated with certolizumab pegol plasma concentration. Certolizumab pegol plasma concentration in the top 2 quartiles may predict a greater likelihood of achieving clinical remission following standard induction therapy. Further research to better understand these relationships for induction therapy as well as maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol is warranted.
High‐resolution optical mapping of gastric slow wave propagation (2018)

Optical mapping of slow wave propagation in the stomach is feasible.
Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of 2-Methoxyestradiol Exhibits Enhanced Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activities in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells (2022)

(1) Background: 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a metabolite of estrogens and possesses promising anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities. However, it suffers unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics such as absorption after oral administration. The aim of this study was to prepare an optimized 2ME self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (2ME-SNEDDS) and evaluate its cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activities in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (2) Methods: For optimization of the 2ME-SNEDDS, a three-component system was used in the D-optimal mixture experimental study. MCF-7 cells were incubated with the 2ME-SNEDDS and subjected to an assessment of growth inhibition, cell cycle progression, annexin V staining, caspase-3 concentration, Bax, Bcl-2, and cyclin D1 mRNA expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. (3) Results: The optimized formula had a globule size of 94.97 ± 4.35 nm. Zeta potential was found to be -3.4 ± 1.2 mV with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.34. In addition, 96.3 ± 4.3% of 2ME was released from the 2ME-SNEDDS within 24 h using the activated analysis bag technique. Moreover, the prepared 2ME-SNEDDS exhibited a significant enhancement of the anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells in comparison to raw 2ME. This was associated with cyclin D1 expression down-regulation and the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. The pro-apoptotic activities of the 2ME-SNEDDS were confirmed by annexin V staining, which indicated enhanced early and late cell death. This accompanied modulation of the mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in favor of apoptosis. The 2ME-SNEDDS significantly enhanced cleaved caspase-3 concentration in comparison to raw 2ME. In addition, the 2ME-SNEDDS significantly increased the generation of ROS in MCF-7 cells. (4) Conclusions: The 2ME-SNEDDS exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic activity in MCF-7 cells. This is mediated by, at least partially, ROS generation.
Photochemical Synthesis of N-Arylbenzophenanthridine Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) (2001)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators are an emerging class of pharmaceutically important molecules. Many compounds in this class contain an aminoethoxyaryl moiety attached to a polycyclic framework at an asymmetric carbon atom. To assess whether this carbon atom can be replaced by nitrogen, we have employed a Ninomiya enamide photocyclization for the rapid synthesis of a novel N-arylbenzophenanthridine framework, 4. Further elaboration of 4 into a new structural class of achiral, nonsteroidal estrogen receptor modulators is described.
Cortical plasticity contributing to child development. (2001)

How does the brain change its representations of inputs and actions as 
we learn? What is the nature of the processes that control the progressive 
elaboration of performance abilities? What are the sources of variance for 
emergent performance abilities in different individuals? The answers to these 
fundamental questions are the subject of this review.
RESTORE: Robust intEnSiTy nORmalization mEthod for multiplexed imaging (2020)

Recent advances in multiplexed imaging technologies promise to improve the understanding of the functional states of individual cells and the interactions between the cells in tissues. This often requires compilation of results from multiple samples. However, quantitative integration of information between samples is complicated by variations in staining intensity and background fluorescence that obscure biological variations. Failure to remove these unwanted artifacts will complicate downstream analysis and diminish the value of multiplexed imaging for clinical applications. Here, to compensate for unwanted variations, we automatically identify negative control cells for each marker within the same tissue and use their expression levels to infer background signal level. The intensity profile is normalized by the inferred level of the negative control cells to remove between-sample variation. Using a tissue microarray data and a pair of longitudinal biopsy samples, we demonstrated that the proposed approach can remove unwanted variations effectively and shows robust performance.