gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architectural-level error-tolerant techniques for low supply voltage cache operation (2011)

Supply voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> ) scaling is the most effective technique for reducing the energy consumption of microprocessors. Since V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> scaling increases the impact of parameter variations on circuit performance and functionality, circuits eventually fall out of specification, thus limiting the minimum operating supply voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CCMIN</sub> ) for the microprocessor. The last-level cache (LLC) often determines V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CCMIN</sub> . To maximize cache capacity, the LLC memory cell consists of near minimum-sized transistors, which are highly sensitive to process variations. For a tradition LLC, a small fraction of memory cells with large variations limit the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CCMIN</sub> for the entire microprocessor. In this paper, error-tolerant techniques dynamically reconfigure the cache to either disable or correct these failing memory cells to enable a lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CCMIN</sub> at the cost of lower cache capacity, thus enhancing the microprocessor energy efficiency. At the high-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> operating mode, the cache operates at full capacity to satisfy the high-performance target. At the low-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> operating mode, energy consumption is the primary concern, and the cache is dynamically reconfigured with lower capacity to mitigate the impact of the failing memory cells on reliability. Since the clock frequency significantly reduces for the low-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> mode as compared to the high-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> mode, the reduction in cache capacity has a smaller effect on performance. In comparison to a traditional LLC design, simulation results indicate that the error-tolerant cache techniques decrease V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CCMIN</sub> by 13-28%, corresponding to a 20-42% reduction in energy per instruction. Adding these techniques only incurs a 5-10% performance penalty at the low-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> operating mode in comparison with a hypothetical idea cache.
CAMERA Fights Back (2016)

Jimmy Carter, ex-president of the United States, claims he wrote Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid in order to provoke debate. In fact he has, though perhaps not the debate he had in mind. Critics have noted his many false, incendiary, and sometimes ludicrous charges against Israel; many of the senior staff at the Carter Center in Atlanta have resigned, providing detailed accounts of the book's misrepresentations. Neither Carter nor his publisher has been willing to acknowledge the book's many factual errors; in television interviews and op-ed columns Carter persists in claiming that the book's claims are accurate, blaming the Israel lobby for any negative reaction.
Olefin Epoxidation with Inorganic Peroxides. Solutions to Four Long-Standing Controversies on the Mechanism of Oxygen Transfer (2004)

Four controversies on the mechanism of the olefin epoxidation with Mimoun-type complexes, [MoO(O2)2(OPR3)], Herrmann-type complexes, [ReO(O2)2Me], and related inorganic peroxides have inspired industrial and academic researchers in the last three decades. First, is the oxygen transfer from the peroxo complex to the olefin concerted or stepwise? Second, does the oxidant act as an electrophile or a nucleophile? Third, is the mechanism of the stoichiometric reaction also valid for catalytic protocols? Fourth, how can stereochemical information be transferred between oxidant and substrate? In this Account, we discuss answers to the long-standing questions, focusing on recent contributions from quantum chemical calculations.
Informing additive manufacturing technology adoption: total cost and the impact of capacity utilisation (2017)

Informing Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology adoption decisions, this paper investigates the relationship between build volume capacity utilisation and efficient technology operation in an inter-process comparison of the costs of manufacturing a complex component used in the packaging industry. Confronting the reported costs of a conventional machining and welding pathway with an estimator of the costs incurred through an AM route utilising Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), we weave together four aspects: optimised capacity utilisation, ancillary process steps, the effect of build failure and design adaptation. Recognising that AM users can fill unused machine capacity with other, potentially unrelated, geometries, we posit a characteristic of ‘fungible’ build capacity. This aspect is integrated in the cost estimation framework through computational build volume packing, drawing on a basket of sample geometries. We show that the unit cost in mixed builds at full capacity is lower than in builds limited to a single type of geometry; in our study, this results in a mean unit cost overstatement of 157%. The estimated manufacturing cost savings from AM adoption range from 36 to 46%. Additionally, we indicate that operating cost savings resulting from design adaptation are likely to far outweigh the manufacturing cost advantage.
Asymmetric Conjugate Silyl Addition by Combined Copper/Chiral Amine Catalysis (2011)

The method described employs a chiral amine to activate the electrophile through an iminium intermediate and provides a chiral environment. The silyl nucleophile is simultaneously activated by copper. The resulting β-silyl aldehyde is obtained in good yield and high enantioselectivity. The method is applicable to aliphatic and aromatic R groups as well as to β-disubstituted enals. This report is an excellent contribution to organo/metal combined catalysis for asymmetric synthesis.
The Fast Skeletal Troponin Activator, CK‐2017357, Increases Skeletal Muscle Force in‐vitro and in‐situ (2009)

CK‐2017357 is a member of a class of fast skeletal troponin activators that were identified by high throughput screening of skeletal sarcomere preparations. We sought to understand how this compound altered force development in isometric muscle fibers. Treatment of skinned rabbit psoas fibers with CK‐2017357 caused a dose‐dependent shift of the force‐pCa relationship without altering the Hill slope or maximum force, consistent with a calcium sensitizing effect on force production. In living rat FDB muscle, CK‐2017357 (10 μM) increased sub‐tetanic force (150% of control at 10 Hz) without altering maximum force. Similar experiments were performed using rat EDL muscle in‐situ , where nervous and vascular connections were left intact. Infusions of 10 mg/kg increased sub‐tetanic force by 200% at 30 Hz. In summary, we have identified a skeletal troponin activator that sensitizes the sarcomere to calcium and results in increased sub‐maximal muscle force development in‐vitro and in‐situ. We believe that this may translate to improved muscle function in diseases where muscle is compromised due to injury, disease or age.
Where, When, and How mmWave is Used in 5G and Beyon (2017)

Wireless engineers and business planners commonly raise the question on where, when, and how millimeter-wave (mmWave) will be used in 5G and beyond. Since the next generation network is not just a new radio access standard, but instead an integration of networks for vertical markets with diverse applications, answers to the question depend on scenarios and use cases to be deployed. This paper gives four 5G mmWave deployment examples and describes in chronological order the scenarios and use cases of their probable deployment, including expected system architectures and hardware prototypes. The paper starts with 28 GHz outdoor backhauling for fixed wireless access and moving hotspots, which will be demonstrated at the PyeongChang winter Olympic games in 2018. The second deployment example is a 60 GHz unlicensed indoor access system at the Tokyo-Narita airport, which is combined with Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) to enable ultra-high speed content download with low latency. The third example is mmWave mesh network to be used as a micro Radio Access Network (μ-RAN), for cost-effective backhauling of small-cell Base Stations (BSs) in dense urban scenarios. The last example is mmWave based Vehicular-to-Vehicular (V2V) and Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communications system, which enables automated driving by exchanging High Definition (HD) dynamic map information between cars and Roadside Units (RSUs). For 5G and beyond, mmWave and MEC will play important roles for a diverse set of applications that require both ultra-high data rate and low latency communications.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression by neuronal cells in neurodegeneration: a link between inflammation and neuroprotection (2008)

The roles of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases in neurones have been extensively investigated; by contrast, the biological significance of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) overexpression that occurs in several pathological conditions has not yet been studied. We have started addressing this issue in a cell model of neurodegeneration, i.e. human SKNBE neuroblastoma cells transfected with a mutant form of alsin, a protein causing an early-onset type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS2. We found that eNOS, which is endogenously expressed by these cells, was activated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in ALS2 and several neurodegenerative diseases. The TNF-alpha-dependent eNOS activation occurred through generation, by sphingosine-kinase-1, of sphingosine-1-phosphate, stimulation of its membrane receptors and activation of Akt, as determined using small interference RNA and dominant negative constructs specific for the enzymes and receptors. eNOS activation by TNF-alpha conferred cytoprotection from excitotoxicity and neurotoxic cues such as reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage, and mutated alsin itself. Our results suggest that overexpression of eNOS by neurones is a broad-range protective mechanism activated during damage and establish a link of pathophysiological relevance between this enzyme and inflammation accompanying neurodegenerative diseases. These findings also question the concept that high NO output in the presence of oxidative stress leads always to peroxynitrite formation contributing to neurodegeneration.
Toward Quantum Processing in Molecules: A THz-Bandwidth Coherent Memory for Light (2013)

The unusual features of quantum mechanics are enabling the development of technologies not possible with classical physics. These devices utilize nonclassical phenomena in the states of atoms, ions, and solid-state media as the basis for many prototypes. Here we investigate molecular states as a distinct alternative. We demonstrate a memory for light based on storing photons in the vibrations of hydrogen molecules. The THz-bandwidth molecular memory is used to store 100-fs pulses for durations up to ~1 ns, enabling ~10(4) operational time bins. The results demonstrate the promise of molecules for constructing compact ultrafast quantum photonic technologies.
Real-time characterization of the spatio-temporal dynamics of deformable mirrors (2016)

Innovative technologies are needed to support and augment the development of various types of deformable mirrors (DM), such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), segmented, bimorph and membrane types that are currently used in adaptive-optic (AO) systems. The paper discusses the results of initial studies that, could, potentially, be employed for full characterization of the dynamic behavior of adaptive optics mirrors. The experimental data were obtained from a typical bimorph mirror using both, a Shack-Hartman wavefront sensor (SHWFS) and an Imaging Laser Doppler Vibrometer (ILDV) developed exclusively by AS and T Inc. These two sensors were employed for quantitative measurement of both the spatial and temporal dynamics of the DM under broadband excitation via the piezo electric drive elements. The need to characterize the spatial and temporal dynamic response of current and future DM mirror designs is essential for optimizing their performance to a level adequate for high bandwidth AO systems, such as those employed for real-time compensation of wavefront perturbations.
Simultaneously Suppressing Bandwidth and Divergence for a High-Power Laser-Diode Array with an External-Cavity Technique (2005)

We report an external-cavity technique to simultaneously suppress the bandwidth and the divergence for a high-power laser-diode array, which features a stripe mirror and a volume Bragg grating. Using this technique, we have effectively suppressed the bandwidth from 1.81 to 0.91 nm and the divergence (1/ e 2 ) from 7.5° to 2.3° with an output peak power of 9.3 W.
Boost-Integrated Phase-Shift Full-Bridge Converter for Three-Port Interface (2007)

Numerous modern systems require energy harvesting from multiple sources and the management of energy storage. The adoption of converter topologies specifically tailored for such applications offers great improvement potential over conventional systems. In this paper, two three-port converter topologies are proposed based on the integration of a boost stage into the popular phase-shift full-bridge converter. Each of the proposed converters is able to interface two bidirectional source/storage ports and an isolated loading port. They are specifically interesting due to their ability to achieve zero-voltage switching for a considerable range of operating conditions. Power flow control is performed using two degrees of freedom: duty-cycle and phase-shift of the two switching legs. Analysis of operating modes and component stresses is presented, leading to a discussion of design guidelines. A comparative study involving the proposed topologies and a conventional multi-converter system is conducted. This study formulates the constraints under which each of the three design choices is most profitable. It demonstrates the ability of the proposed converters to achieve significant savings in losses and/or costs for a range of multi-port applications. Experimental 1 kW prototypes are used to demonstrate the functionality of the proposed converters.
CSI-Based NOMA for Integrated Sensing and Communication (2023)

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a key enabler of beyond fifth-generation networks and a multitude of futuristic applications. However, the coexistence, scheduling and spectrum scarcity issues due to additional sensing signals are valid concerns. A communicating device requiring sensing can use its communication signal for sensing. However, a non-communicating device requiring sensing will need to transmit additional sensing signals, increasing traffic in the network. Thus, in this letter, a novel ISAC with iterative channel estimation (ISAC-ICE) method is proposed to provide spectral efficiency while maintaining sensing and communication performance. The proposed method attains this by enabling the multi-channel estimation from received non-orthogonal communication and sensing signals for uplink transmission. The simulation results and complexity analysis demonstrate that the proposed method enables non-orthogonal multiple accessing (NOMA) of ISAC with a linearithmic complexity.
Aplicación distribuida e-commerce B2C (Negocio - Consumidor) para la empresa de Plantaciones El Trébol (2006)

La presente tesis engloba el proceso de construccion de una aplicacion de comercio electronico tomando como objeto de estudio la empresa Plantaciones El Trebol. El objetivo es construir una solucion basada en la arquitectura multi capa
Fibre Optic Based Vibration Sensing: Nature of the Measurement (2015)

Within the industry there appears to be some confusion about what fibre optic based seismic systems are actually measuring. Using synthetic and real data we show that such systems measure instantaneous strain, which is equivalent to the sum of the perturbations of each section of the gauge length from its mean position divided by its length. The time derivative of strain, the strain rate, is proportional to the average velocity measured at all points along the gauge length. DVS measurements have the polarity of a hydrophone measurement but the directionality is highly complex and depends on wavenumber as well as the angle of incidence.
Progress Towards a Large-Scale Synthesis of Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) from Cytidine (2021)

Molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801) is a promising orally bioavailable drug candidate for treatment of COVID-19. Herein we describe a supply-centered and chromatography-free synthesis of molnupiravir from cytidine, consisting of two steps: a selective enzymatic acylation followed by transamination to yield the final drug product. Both steps have been successfully performed on decagram scale: the first step at 200 g, and the second step at 80 g. Overall, molnupiravir has been obtained in a 41% overall isolated yield compared to a maximum 17% isolated yield in the patented route. This route provides many advantages to the initial route described in the patent literature and would decrease the cost of this pharmaceutical should it prove safe and efficacious in ongoing clinical trials.
Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation for High-Ambient-Temperature Environments: R-22 and R-410A Alternatives for Rooftop Air Conditioners (2016)

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) High-Ambient-Temperature Evaluation Program for Low-Global Warming Potential (Low-GWP) Refrigerants aims to develop an understanding of the performance of low-GWP alternative refrigerants relative to hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants in packaged or Rooftop Unit (RTU) air conditioners under high-ambient-temperature conditions. This final report describes the parties involved, the alternative refrigerants selection process, the test procedures, and the final results.
ReO2Cl(S2O7), a Molecular Disulfate (2011)

A molecular metal disulfate, Re2O4Cl2(S2O7)2 forms in the reaction of ReCl5 and oleum (65 % SO3) under harsh conditions. The first of its kind, this unique ReVII compound contains two ReO2Cl fragments linked by two disulfate groups, leading to Ci-symmetric molecules (see picture; Re red, O blue, S yellow, Cl green). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Clinical-scale isolation of ‘minimally manipulated’ cytomegalovirus-specific donor lymphocytes for the treatment of refractory cytomegalovirus disease (2014)

Clinical-scale isolation of "minimally manipulated" CMV-specific donor CTLs through the use of MHC class I streptamers is feasible and yields functional CTLs at clinically relevant dosages.
Identification of KasA as the cellular target of an anti-tubercular scaffold (2016)

Phenotypic screens for bactericidal compounds are starting to yield promising hits against tuberculosis. In this regard, whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous resistant mutants generated against an indazole sulfonamide (GSK3011724A) identifies several specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-ketoacyl synthase (kas) A gene. Here, this genomic-based target assignment is confirmed by biochemical assays, chemical proteomics and structural resolution of a KasA-GSK3011724A complex by X-ray crystallography. Finally, M. tuberculosis GSK3011724A-resistant mutants increase the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration and the in vivo 99% effective dose in mice, establishing in vitro and in vivo target engagement. Surprisingly, the lack of target engagement of the related β-ketoacyl synthases (FabH and KasB) suggests a different mode of inhibition when compared with other Kas inhibitors of fatty acid biosynthesis in bacteria. These results clearly identify KasA as the biological target of GSK3011724A and validate this enzyme for further drug discovery efforts against tuberculosis.
Highly efficient silver particle layers on glass substrate synthesized by the sonochemical method for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy purposes (2016)

A fast method for preparing of silver particle layers on glass substrates with high application potential for using in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is introduced. Silver particle layers deposited on glass cover slips were generated in one-step process by reduction of silver nitrate using several reducing agents (ethylene glycol, glycerol, maltose, lactose and glucose) under ultrasonic irradiation. This technique allows the formation of homogeneous layers of silver particles with sizes from 80nm up to several hundred nanometers depending on the nature of the used reducing agent. Additionally, the presented method is not susceptible to impurities on the substrate surface and it does not need any additives to capture or stabilize the silver particles on the glass surface. The characteristics of prepared silver layers on glass substrate by the above mentioned sonochemical approach was compared with chemically prepared ones. The prepared layers were tested as substrates for SERS using adenine as a model analyte. The factor of Raman signal enhancement reached up to 5·10(5). On the contrary, the chemically prepared silver layers does not exhibit almost any pronounced Raman signal enhancement. Presented sonochemical approach for preparation of silver particle layers is fast, simple, robust, and is better suited for reproducible fabrication functional SERS substrates than chemical one.