gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of 48-point 3-D anechoic and diffuse sound field measurements of directivity index (2005)

The directivity index (DI) as the single best descriptor of directional hearing aid performance at a given frequency has been agreed to in ANSI Standard S3.35-2005. The standard specifies that the in situ directivity index of a hearing aid is not to be measured in a diffuse field (as in a reverberation chamber), as implied by the traditional definition, but in an anechoic chamber, where the rms average of measurements taken with the loudspeaker oriented at 48 locations spread out over an imaginary sphere is used to approximate the diffuse-field directivity index. The corresponding directivity index estimates can be labeled diffuse field and 3D, respectively. These two measurements are theoretically equivalent to within 0.2 dB for a first-order directional microphone. A round-robin series among several laboratories found three laboratories that obtained the same DI within an average of 0.13 dB between 500 and 4000 Hz. Nonetheless, no direct comparison between the 3-D and reverberation-chamber methods has been published. We will present data obtained using both methods, and speculate as to why no one likes the simpler reverberation method.
Abstract 5302: Phenotypic heterogeneity of patient-derived tumor cells visualized by unsupervised analysis in cell-based personalized drug testing (2018)

Abstract Patient-derived tumor cells are highly variable in their morphology and molecular phenotypes and after exposure to a library of drugs their heterogeneity further increases as the cells respond to the perturbations. The complete phenotypic diversity of the tumor cells and drug response patterns may remain undetectable if only few simple readouts, such as individual biomarkers in pre-defined tumor cells, are considered. Therefore, novel techniques that capture and visualize the entire spectrum of heterogeneous phenotypic changes in ex-vivo patient-derived tumor cells are needed. Here, we applied unsupervised machine learning for comprehensive visualization of cell phenotypes with the aim to improve the analysis of image-based drug screening results. We performed high content screening of patient-derived renal clear cell carcinoma cells, exposed to 36 drugs in nine concentrations applied in 384-well format. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst and cell proliferation using Ki67, and images were acquired with a high-content imaging microscope (PE Operetta, 20x). To quantitatively describe the cell phenotypes, we used CellProfiler for cell segmentation and feature extraction and then applied a large-scale data embedding method (LargeVis) to cluster the cells based on their phenotypes. Using the clustering, we created an image-based phenotype-map to describe the phenotypic landscape. Overlaying the drug treatments on different concentrations on top of the map allowed for visualization of unique phenotypic fingerprints for each drug at the single cell resolution. Visual inspection of the phenotype-map displayed visually similar cells clustering together. Likewise, a comparison with an expert trained supervised classification indicated consistency with the phenotype-map. As expected, Ki67-positive and -negative cells as well as dying cells formed clusters. Interestingly, the phenotype-map identified sub-clusters within the Ki67-positive and -negative cells. Furthermore, the map also allowed us to adjust for classification errors occurring in the supervised classification. In conclusion, we find that phenotypic signatures provide an intuitive way of linking and comparing phenotypes of distinct populations of drug-treated cells at a single-cell level. This will reveal additional systematic information of the drug responses, complementing traditional readout, such as cell viability, by highlighting the phenotypic changes over concentrations. Citation Format: Riku Turkki, Lassi Paavolainen, Piia Mikkonen, Päivi Östling, Peter Horvath, Vilja Pietiäinen, Olli Kallioniemi. Phenotypic heterogeneity of patient-derived tumor cells visualized by unsupervised analysis in cell-based personalized drug testing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5302.
High tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected pregnant mice and increased TNF-alpha gene transcription in their offspring (1995)

Since tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to be involved in the feto-maternal relationship, this cytokine was studied in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected pregnant BALB/c mice and their fetuses and offspring. Pregnant chronically infected mice displayed significantly higher levels of circulating TNF-alpha than animals either only infected or only pregnant. TNF-alpha was undetectable in sera of uninfected and nonpregnant mice as well as in breast milk obtained from infected and uninfected animals. Fetuses from infected mice exhibited significantly more cells containing TNF-alpha mRNA in their thymus than fetuses from uninfected mothers. When infected 2 months after birth, offspring born to infected and uninfected mothers displayed similar amounts of circulating TNF-alpha during chronic infection, whereas this cytokine was only weakly detectable during the acute phase of the disease. An intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide during acute infection strongly increased the production of TNF-alpha in offspring born to infected mothers to levels higher than those in progeny from uninfected mice. These results suggest that TNF-alpha is an important cytokine in the feto-maternal relationship during T. cruzi infection and that fetuses and offspring of infected mothers are primed to produce elevated levels of TNF-alpha.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Part 31. N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: A New Concept in Organometallic Catalysis (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Holographic encoding of fine-pitched micrograting structures in amorphous SiO2 thin films on silicon by a single femtosecond laser pulse (2001)

Fine-pitched micrograting structures were holographically encoded in amorphous (a-) SiO2 thin films on silicon wafers by colliding a pair of focused pulses split from a single, mode-locked Ti: sapphire, femtosecond laser. A method enhancing the third-harmonic generation resulting from the nonlinearity of air adjusted the optical paths of the two pulses. Surface-relief-type gratings were formed on SiO2 glasses due to laser ablation when the laser power exceeded more than 0.3 mJ/pulse, while shallow grating structures were imprinted on a-SiO2 thin films by volume compaction (∼3%) when the irradiation power was reduced to ∼50 μJ/pulse. The postirradiation deepening of the valley of the grating structure was possible with chemical etching. The minimal spacing of 430 nm was encoded using the 800 nm laser.
THE FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION SPECTRUM OF $NO_{2}$ ROTATIONALLY COOLED IN A SUPERSONIC MOLECULAR BEAM (1975)

Close examination of medical and surgical literature shows that significant proportions of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery do not achieve an angina-free state; of those who do, a large proportion will relapse over the ensuing 4-6 years. It is apparent from the literature that coronary bypass surgery does not reverse the underlying processes of atherosclerosis. Therefore, aviators who have undergone this surgery are at increased risk for angina and other unpredictable coronary events and should not be favorably considered for continued military flying duties.
Selective, Room-Temperature Transformation of Methane to C1 Oxygenates by Deep UV Photolysis over Zeolites (2011)

Methane can directly be transformed into liquid C(1) oxygenated products with selectivities above 95% at 13% conversion by deep UV photocatalysis, in the presence of H(2)O and air. Pure silica zeolites, and more specifically, beta zeolite with a large number of internal silanol groups is active and selective, while amorphous silica with no micropores is much less efficient. Irradiation produces the homolytic cleavage of surface hydroxyl groups, leading to silyloxyl radicals that will generate methyl radicals from methane. The selectivity arises from the occurrence of the reaction in a confined space restricting the mobility of the radical intermediates that will be mostly attached to the solid surface. Energy consumption of the process is in the order of 7.2 Gcal × mol(-1) that compares very favorably with the energy required for transforming methane to synthesis gas (15.96 Gcal × mol(-1)).
Crystal Structure of the Organic Free Radical Perchlorotriphenylmethyl From Powder X-Ray Diffraction Data. Comparison with its Clathrate Structures (1990)

Abstract The perchlorotriphenylmethyl radical (PTM) is an exceptionally stable carbon free radical with considerable bulkiness showing a propeller-like conformation. Due to its inherent interest and since no large enough single-crystals were available, its crystal structure has been determined “ab initio” from powder X-ray diffraction data. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first molecular structure solved by powder methods. The crystal structure of pure PTM is also compared with the crystal structures of the clathrates that it forms with benzene and halogenobenzenes.
Alkynyl-Functionalized Head-to-Head Linkage Containing Bithiophene as a Weak Donor Unit for High-Performance Polymer Semiconductors (2017)

Building blocks having a high degree of backbone planarity, good solubilizing characteristics, and well-tailored physicochemical properties are highly desirable for constructing high-performance polymer semiconductors. Due to the detrimental steric hindrance created by alkyl chain substituents at the 3- and 3′-positions of bithiophene, “head-to-head” linkage containing 3,3′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiophenes (BTR) are typically avoided in materials design. Replacing alkyl chains with less steric demanding alkynyl chains should greatly reduce steric hindrance by eliminating two H atoms at the sp-hybridized carbon center. Here we report the synthesis of a novel electron donor unit, 3,3′-dialkynyl-2,2′-bithiophene (BTRy), and its incorporation into conjugated polymer backbones. The alkynyl-functionalized head-to-head bithiophene linkage yields polymers with good solubility without sacrificing backbone planarity; the BTRy-based polymers show a high degree of conjugation with a narrow bandgap of ∼1.6 eV. When incorporated into organic thin-film transistors, the polymers exhibit substantial hole mobility, up to 0.13 cm2 V–1 s–1 in top-gated transistors. The electron-withdrawing alkynyl substituents lower the frontier molecular orbitals, imbuing the difluorobenzothiadiazole and difluorobenzoxadiazole copolymers with remarkable ambipolarity: electron mobility > 0.05 cm2 V–1 s–1 and hole mobility ∼0.01 cm2 V–1 s–1 in bottom-gated transistors. In bulk-heterojunction solar cells, the BTRy-based polymers show promising power conversion efficiencies approaching 8% with very large Voc values of 0.91–1.04 V, due to the weak electron-withdrawing alkynyl substituents. In comparison to the tetrathiophene-based polymer analogues based on the unsubstituted π-spacer design, the BTRy-based polymers have comparable light absorption but with 0.14 V larger open-circuit voltage, translating to enhanced optoelectronic properties for this attractive design strategy. Thus, alkynyl groups are versatile semiconductor substituents, offering good solubility, substantial backbone planarity, optimized optoelectronic properties, and film crystallinity, for materials innovation in organic electronics.
1842-P: Enhanced TGF-ß1 Signaling in the Ducts of Cystic Fibrosis Pancreas Increases Basal Insulin Secretion by Islets (2019)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multi-organ disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CFTR protein is most highly expressed in pancreatic ductal epithelium, where loss of its function leads to ductal plugging, acinar destruction, and eventual diabetes. We hypothesize that exocrine pancreas remodeling in CF alters ductal paracrine signals to the endocrine pancreas. To test this hypothesis, we established primary ductal epithelium grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) from WT and CFTR-KO ferret pancreas. Carbachol or IBMX/Forskolin (I/F) stimulated basolateral and apical secretions were analyzed for differentially secreted proteins using quantitative mass spectroscopy. Upon carbachol secretion 39 apical and 15 basolateral proteins were differentially secreted (P&amp;lt;0.05) by CFTR-KO ducts. Similarly, 26 and 6 differentially secreted proteins (P&amp;lt;0.05) were identified from I/F stimulated apical and basolateral secretions, respectively. TGF-β1 was one of the top upstream regulators of the differentially secreted proteins, P=5.02E-13 by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization of TGF-β1 mRNA on CFTR-KO and WT ferret pancreas indicated increased expression in CFTR-KO ducts compared to age matched controls. Likewise, expression of IGFBP7, a TGF-β1 signaling target, was augmented in fibroblasts surrounding pancreatic ducts and also in endocrine cells in CFTR-KO pancreas relative to controls. In cultured WT ferret islets, IGFBP7 treatment enhanced basal insulin secretion (2-fold, P&amp;lt;0.05) and attenuated glucose stimulated insulin secretion. This IGFBP7-dependent insulin secretion phenotype was similar to that observed in cultured CFTR-KO islets, suggesting TGF-β1 signaling may be partly responsible for altered insulin secretion in CF. Disclosure P. Rotti: None. I. Apak-Evans: None. Y. OMalley: None. A. Norris: None. A. Uc: None. J. Engelhardt: None. Funding National Institutes of Health
A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for Key Press Stimulus (KPML) (2006)

This document describes a SIP Event Package that enables
monitoring of Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals and uses
Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents referred to as Key Press
Markup Language (KPML). The kpml Event Package may be used to support
applications consistent with the principles defined in the document
titled A Framework for Application Interaction in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP). The event package uses SUBSCRIBE messages
and allows for XML documents that define and describe filter
specifications for capturing key presses (DTMF Tones) entered at a
presentation-free User Interface SIP User Agent (UA). The event
package uses NOTIFY messages and allows for XML documents to report
the captured key presses (DTMF tones), consistent with the filter
specifications, to an Application Server. The scope of this package is
for collecting supplemental key presses or mid-call key presses
(triggers). [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Randomized Controlled Trial of Adjuvanted Versus Nonadjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients (2015)

Adjuvanted vaccine was safe and had similar immunogenicity to standard vaccine in the overall transplant cohort but did show a potential immunogenicity benefit for the 18 to 64 years age group.
Risk Factors for Nonresilient Outcomes in Older Adults After Total Knee Replacement (2021)

We operationalized physical resilience and identified factors predicting resilience after TKR. This approach may aid clinical risk stratification, guide further investigation of causes, and ultimately aid patients through the design of interventions to enhance physical resilience.
Extending Nodal Aberration Theory to include mount-induced aberrations with application to freeform surfaces (2012)

This paper introduces the path forward for the integration of freeform optical surfaces, particularly those related to φ-polynomial surfaces, including Zernike polynomial surfaces, with nodal aberration theory. With this formalism, the performance of an optical system throughout the field of view can be anticipated analytically accounting for figure error, mount-induced errors, and misalignment. Previously, only misalignments had been described by nodal aberration theory, with the exception of one special case for figure error. As an example of these new results, three point mounting error that results in a Zernike trefoil deformation is studied for the secondary mirror of a two mirror and three mirror telescope. It is demonstrated that for the case of trefoil deformation applied to a surface not at the stop, there is the anticipated field constant contribution to elliptical coma (also called trefoil) as well as a newly identified field dependent contribution to astigmatism: field linear, field conjugate astigmatism. The magnitude of this astigmatic contribution varies linearly with the field of view; however, it has a unique variation in orientation with field that is described mathematically by a concept that is unique to nodal aberration theory known as the field conjugate vector.
Bcl-2 and GDNF Delivered by HSV-Mediated Gene Transfer after Spinal Root Avulsion Provide a Synergistic Effect (2002)

Proximal spinal nerve injury results in the death of motor neurons in ventral horn. We have previously demonstrated this cell death can be prevented by HSV-mediated transfer of the gene coding for the antiapoptotic peptide Bcl-2 7 days prior to injury, but that expression of Bcl-2 does not preserve ChAT expression in the lesioned cells. In the current study, we examined two related issues: whether Bcl-2 delivered by HSV-mediated gene transfer 30 min after injury could similarly protect motor neurons from cell death, and whether the additional HSV-mediated expression of the glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) could improve the result. At 30 min after avulsion of the L4, L5, and L6 spinal nerves, replication defective genomic HSV-based vectors coding for Bcl-2, GDNF, a reporter transgene (lacZ), or the Bcl-2 and GDNF vectors together were injected into spinal cord. Transduction of motor neurons with either the Bcl-2-expressing vector or the GDNF-expressing vector resulted in a substantial increase in the number of surviving motor neurons, and coinjection of the two vectors together resulted in cell survival that was similar to the result obtained with either vector alone. Neither the Bcl-2-expressing vector nor the GDNF-expressing vector delivered alone protected choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression in lesioned neurons. However, simultaneous injection of the Bcl-2- and the GDNF-expressing vectors together resulted in a substantial increase in the number of ChAT in cells in the lesioned ventral horn. Together, these findings suggest an approach to improving cell survival and regeneration following proximal root injury.
Factor 30 pulse compression by hybrid multi-pass multi-plate spectral broadening (2021)

As Ultrafast laser technology advances towards ever higher peak and average powers, generating sub-50 fs pulses from laser architectures that exhibit best power-scaling capabilities remains a major challenge. Here, we present a very compact and highly robust method to compress 1.24 ps pulses to 39 fs by means of only a single spectral broadening stage which neither requires vacuum parts nor custom-made optics. Our approach is based on the hybridization of the multi-plate continuum and the multi-pass cell spectral broadening techniques. Their combination leads to significantly higher spectral broadening factors in bulk material than what has been reported from either method alone. Moreover, our approach efficiently suppresses adverse features of single-pass bulk spectral broadening. We use a burst mode Yb:YAG laser emitting pulses with 80 MW peak power that are enhanced to more than 1 GW after post-compression. With only 0.19 % rms pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuations, the technique exhibits excellent stability. Furthermore, we have measured state-of-the-art spectral-spatial homogeneity and good beam quality of M$^2 = 1.2$ up to a spectral broadening factor of 30. Due to the method's simplicity, compactness and scalability, it is highly attractive for turning a high-power picosecond laser into an ultrafast light source that generates pulses of only a few tens of femtoseconds duration.
Elimination versus Ring Opening: A Convergent Route to Alkylidene-Cyclobutanes (2011)

Functionalized alkylidene-cyclobutanes have been prepared from 2-fluoropyridinyl-6-oxy precursors derived from vinyl cyclobutanols by a radical addition-elimination process. A wide range of functional groups is tolerated, and the alkylidene-cyclobutanes can be further elaborated into cyclopentanones. The limitation of this approach resides in the competition with opening of the cyclobutane ring.
Minimal models in meal-like protocols: simulation studies to assess precision and physiological plausibility of parameter estimates (2002)

In the present study the authors evaluated the impact of different experimental protocols on glucose minimal models identification. They used a realistic comprehensive nonlinear model of the glucose-insulin system to generate unlabeled and labeled glucose data during an IVGTT and a meal-like study. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare the values and precision of the estimates of the minimal models indices obtained from the two experimental protocols. The authors' results demonstrate that both the values and the precision of the minimal model parameters are influenced by the experimental protocol. In particular, they found that the minimal model parameters estimated from the meal-like study are less precise but probably more physiologically plausible than those obtained from the IVGTT. The lower precision achieved with the meal-like study protocol is probably due to both the relatively unfrequent sampling schedule and the non-optimality of the glucose and insulin profiles for minimal model analysis.
Error Propagation due to Dust on a Thin-Substrate Disk (1992)

An optical disk generally has a substrate with a thickness of 1.2 mm, which makes it difficult to realize a compact read-write head and double-sided magneto-optical (MO) disk drive capable of direct overwriting using magnetic field modulation. We propose a system using a disk with a thinner substrate to overcome the problems. In the new system, a very small piece of dust on the surface of the substrate can cause data errors, but error length is shorter than in the conventional system. This paper clarifies the influence of dust on the thin substrate on error propagation.