gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemoselective Electrosynthesis Using Rapid Alternating Polarity (2021)

&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Challenges in the selective manipulation of functional groups (chemoselectivity) in organic synthesis have historically been overcome using either reagents/catalysts that tunably interact with a substrate or through modification to shield undesired sites of reactivity (protecting groups). Although electrochemistry offers precise redox control to achieve unique chemoselectivity, this approach often becomes challenging in the presence of multiple redox-active functionalities. Historically, electrosynthesis has been performed almost solely by using direct current (DC). In contrast, utilization of alternating current (AC) has been considered as an option to improve reaction efficiency rather than a way to achieve distinctly different reaction outcomes. Here we show how a unique type of waveform employed to deliver electric current – rapid alternating polarity (rAP) – enables control over reaction outcomes in the chemoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds, one of the most widely used reaction manifolds. The reactivity observed cannot be recapitulated using DC electrolysis or chemical reagents. The synthetic value brought by this new method for controlling chemoselectivity is vividly demonstrated in the context of classical reactivity problems such as chiral auxiliary removal and cutting-edge medicinal chemistry topics such as the synthesis of PROTACs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Planning-Level Capital Cost Estimates for Pumping (2011)

In planning and optimization studies, engineers are often asked to provide cost estimates for facilities without have knowledge of details of the design. This paper presents a summary of published cost equations for water and wastewater pumping stations with some recommendations for application. In general, because of economies of scale, these cost equations are not linear.
Luminescent Solar Concentrator Tandem-on-Silicon with above 700mV Passivated Contact Silicon Bottom Cell (2019)

Luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) tandem-on-silicon (Si) provides a route towards achieving higher than 30% overall efficiency which can overcome the theoretical efficiency limit of a single junction Si cell. Here, we present optical coupling and performance of high V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> passivated contact Si bottom cell for LSC tandem-on-Si where the top module consists of highly efficient luminophores and an array of micro InGaP cells embedded in a poly (lauryl methacrylate) waveguide. In this device configuration, InGaP cell area coverage is only ~0.5% of the total LSC area which significantly reduces the high cost III-V material usage. The performance of Si sub-cell is investigated under LSC spectrum and is compared against the measurement done under 1 μm thick InGaP filter which mimics the spectrum seen by Si bottom cell in a conventional III-V/Si tandem. V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> of greater than 700 mV has been observed for the passivated contact Si bottom cell in these tandem applications.
A Second-Order Method for Convex $\\ell_1$-Regularized Optimization with\n Active Set Prediction (2015)

We describe an active-set method for the minimization of an objective\nfunction $\\phi$ that is the sum of a smooth convex function and an\n$\\ell_1$-regularization term. A distinctive feature of the method is the way in\nwhich active-set identification and {second-order} subspace minimization steps\nare integrated to combine the predictive power of the two approaches. At every\niteration, the algorithm selects a candidate set of free and fixed variables,\nperforms an (inexact) subspace phase, and then assesses the quality of the new\nactive set. If it is not judged to be acceptable, then the set of free\nvariables is restricted and a new active-set prediction is made. We establish\nglobal convergence for our approach, and compare the new method against the\nstate-of-the-art code LIBLINEAR.\n
Correction: Cesium carbonate mediated C–H functionalization of perhalogenated 12-vertex carborane anions (2022)

Correction for 'Cesium carbonate mediated C-H functionalization of perhalogenated 12-vertex carborane anions' by Sergio O. Lovera <i>et al.</i>, <i>Chem. Commun.</i>, 2022, <b>58</b>, 4060-4062, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC00173J.
A Subject-Specific Acoustic Collimator for Multi-Index Ultrasound Neuron Modulation System (2018)

While neuron stimulation through modulated ultrasound has already been demonstrated in various animal models, there is yet no consensus on the detailed work principle of this modality. This paper presents therefore the design, fabrication and characterization of an acoustic collimator dedicated to improving the spatial resolution of an ultrasound neuron modulation system. We designed a family of acoustic collimators to modify the focal length of a large commercial ultrasound transducer to target various focal distances and accommodate transducer and animal model (mouse)sizes. We 3D-printed the acoustic collimators and characterized their new focal distances. We achieved focal depth modification from 1mm to 5mm by simply switching different collimators. Moreover, measurement results closely matched design performances. Finally, a multi-index ultrasound neuron stimulation setup was built using these collimators.
Additive Manufacturing: The Rise of a Technology and the Need for Quality Control and Inspection Techniques (2018)

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, rapid prototyping (RP), or solid free forms (SFF), was developed back in the early 1980s. The technology was quickly commercialized in the late 1980s, and since then, the technology has been widely used in different applications at several industrial sectors. AM offers distinct advantages from traditional, subtractive manufacturing techniques. Traditional subtractive manufacturing techniques, including milling, drilling, and turning, are techniques that start with a large block of stock material, which is then subtracted from until the final desired product is reached, leaving much of the initial block as wasted scrap. In the AM process, the part is constructed by depositing material layer by layer in the Z-direction until the final product is produced, leaving little to no waste. The process starts with a computer-aided design (CAD) model that gets sliced into individual layers using software that generates instructions, known as G-code, which are sent to the AM machine. Here, this process allows complex geometry construction that traditional methods would have diffi-culty accomplishing or fail completely. In some cases, a secondary finishing process is needed such as polishing, sintering, curing, sanding, powder removal, or painting.
Resilient, UAV-embedded real-time computing (2015)

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical computational system architecture to support the target domain of realtime mobile computing in the context of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The overall architectural vision includes support for system resilience in the presence of uncertainties in the operational environment of surveillance UAVs. We report measurement-based results that are obtained from a UAV proxy demonstration apparatus. The apparatus consists of a Raspberry Pi (RPi) board that serves as an on-board UAV computer, working with support from a laptop that serves as the on-ground computing infrastructure where an operator "consumes" video information received from the UAV. We quantify the gap between the on-board UAV camera frame rate (input) and the on-ground operator-observed frame rate (output) for a specialized class of computer vision applications germane to the UAV-based aerial surveillance domain. The goal is to keep the frame rate observed by the ground operator as close (or ideally equal) to the on-board UAV camera frame rate (i.e. to preserve the real-time aspect) despite the unstable bandwidth availability in the channel connecting both ends. The proposed hierarchical approach significantly outperforms two considered baselines: one in which computation takes place entirely on the UAV computer and another in which computation takes place entirely on the ground. This improved performance is due to a more balanced resource sharing between the on-board UAV computer and UAV-to-ground communication channel. Later, we show how the observed frame rate improves when the RPi board is replaced with an NVIDIA Jetson TK1 board. Based on the observations gleaned from these "proxy" experiments, we sketch the fundamentals of our ongoing work in model-based predictive analysis of resilient "UAV swarm" computational architectures of the future.
Amyloid-binding Small Molecules Efficiently Block SEVI (Semen-derived Enhancer of Virus Infection)- and Semen-mediated Enhancement of HIV-1 Infection (2010)

Semen was recently shown to contain amyloid fibrils formed from a self-assembling peptide fragment of the protein prostatic acid phosphatase. These amyloid fibrils, termed semen-derived enhancer of virus infection, or SEVI, have been shown to strongly enhance HIV infectivity and may play an important role in sexual transmission of HIV, making them a potential microbicide target. One novel approach to target these fibrils is the use of small molecules known to intercalate into the structure of amyloid fibrils, such as derivatives of thioflavin-T. Here, we show that the amyloid-binding small molecule BTA-EG(6) (the hexa(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline) is able to bind SEVI fibrils and effectively inhibit both SEVI-mediated and semen-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. BTA-EG(6) also blocks the interactions of SEVI with HIV-1 virions and HIV-1 target cells but does not cause any inflammation or toxicity to cervical epithelial cells. These results suggest that an amyloid-binding small molecule may have utility as a microbicide, or microbicidal supplement, for HIV-1.
Characterizing the parallel performance and soft error resilience of probabilistic inference algorithms (2007)

Probabilistic reasoning has become a popular approach for modeling systems with uncertainty and solving for the most likely solution based on the data available. It has been successfully applied to many exciting fields and its applications are expanding. However, there has been little work on how they map to modern and future computing systems. Continued scaling of VLSI circuit technology is driving processor design towards explicitly parallel machines as energy constraints and diminishing return of instruction level parallelism limit the performance gain possible with monolithic processors. Using a reconfigurable chip multiprocessor (CMP) architecture as our evaluation platform, we characterize the performance of a set of probabilistic inference algorithms. 
Our results show that probabilistic inference applications have plenty of data parallelism that is easily extractable in most cases. For some applications, hardware supported multicontext processors and fine-grain synchronization are necessary to achieve efficient parallel execution. Unlike parallel scientific benchmarks, these applications have lower compute to memory ratio as well as large working sets. Thus, high memory bandwidth is required and using multi-context processors to hide some of the memory latency is desired. 
Besides the shift to CMP's, technology scaling is also fueling a growing concern on the reliability of future processor chips, as shrinking feature size and lower voltage make devices more susceptible to upsets from transient errors. Since probabilistic reasoning is designed to handle noisy or incomplete data, it raises the question of whether they are more robust than traditional programs, and if that warrants a different approach to soft error protection. 
Our fault injection experiments confirm that the robustness of approximate inference algorithms makes them more resilient against transient errors compared to traditional benchmarks. In addition, the approximate nature of the computation enables low-cost fault recovery. With simple modifications in the software, we can further improve the percentage of soft errors masked. The errors that the algorithm cannot naturally recover from often point to critical sections of the program and we find that algorithm specific software level error protection can be very effective in increasing robustness while incurring little additional overhead.
Structural Studies of Catalytic Antibodies (1996)

Abstract A panel of catalytic antibodies which catalyze ester hydrolysis, transesterification, porphyrin metallation, Diels‐Alder, and redox reactions has been selected for crystallographic study. While these examples are only a handful of the catalytic antibodies generated to date, they represent distinct and important aspects of antibody catalysis. Since the first reports of catalysis, a great deal of progress has been made with respect to the scope, selectivity, and efficiency of antibody catalysis and strategies for generating catalytic antibodies. However, it is clear that further progress in the field will benefit greatly from a detailed understanding of the molecular interactions occurring in the combining site. High‐resolution crystallographic data should allow the importance of general base catalysis, entropy effects, electrophilic catalysis, and transition‐state stabilization to be evaluated. Antibody and enzyme active sites have been shown to share considerable structural and mechanistic similarity, and ongoing structure‐function studies of catalytic antibodies may enhance our understanding of the mechanisms and evolution of enzymatic catalysis. Structural studies of antibodies which perform a biological or highly selective reactions should enhance our ability to generate catalysts for important synthetic applications. Finally, the combination of high‐resolution crystallographic analysis with rational mutagenesis should provide a basis for engineering antibodies with enhanced properties.
Delivering Alcohol Neurotoxicity into Nucleus, When Clusterin Meets BclXL: A Commentary (2011)

The study by Kim and colleagues (in press) demonstrated that the expression of nuclear isoform of clusterin is induced by ethanol (EtOH) to participate in apoptotic cell death of neurons in developing rodent brain. EtOH-induced nuclear clusterin interacts with Bcl(XL), thereby liberating proapoptotic Bax. This study indicates the proapoptotic role of nuclear clusterin in EtOH-exposed neurons, linking specific nuclear events to alcohol neurotoxicity. The study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
Efficient Almost Secure 1-Round Message Transmission Schemes for 3t+1 Channels (2010)

In the model, a sender S wants to send a message to a receiver R secretly and reliably in r-round. They do not share any information like keys, but there are n independent communication channels between S and R, and an adversary A can observe and/or substitute the data which goes through some channels (but not all). In this paper, we propose almost secure (1-round, 3t+1 -channel) MTSs which have following two properties where t is the number of channels A can observe and/or forge. (1) The running time of message decryption algorithm is polynomial in n. (2) Communication cost is smaller than the previous MTSs, if the message is large to some degree.
Design of Wideband SIW Beamforming Circularly Polarized Antennas for 5G-band (2019)

In this paper, we design a 5G beamforming antennas which operates at 5G mobile communication and can be mounted on a mobile phone. The SIW ring slot antenna is combined with the SIW butler matrix. The structure size is 58.8mm x 30mm x 0.5mm, which is suitable for mounting on mobile phones. The structure has a beam angle over 90° with the antenna gain from 8.8 dBi to 9.8 dBi at RHCP.
Low Complexity Multichannel Nonlinear Predistortion for Passive Optical Networks (2015)

Multichannel, digital predistortion for nonlinearity in a single span (80 km) optical transmission system is investigated. The technique is verified in experiment and simulation for 3×3.125 GBd QPSK subchannels, realising a 4 dB power budget increase.
Abstract 17080: The Anesthetized Rat Model of Exercise Faithfully Simulates Respiratory Abnormalities in Chronic Heart Failure (2015)

Background: Abnormal respiration during exercise is one of the major manifestations and a powerful predictor of survival in chronic heart failure (CHF). There have not been proposed the appropriate animal model to investigate the mechanism of respiratory abnormalities in CHF during exercise. In this study, we developed an experimental model using anesthetized CHF rats to evaluate exercise-induced abnormal respiration and central chemoreflex control function during exercise in CHF. Methods: We used anesthetized 16 weeks old rats with/without myocardial infarction induced CHF. To mimic exercise, we induced muscle contraction by stimulating bilateral distal sciatic nerves. We recorded the respiratory change in response to sciatic nerve stimulation (SNS) with ramp (5 Hz, 0.01 Volts/sec) and step (5 Hz, 0.5 Volts) protocols. We also evaluated the change of the central chemosensitivity (ventilatory response to partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood; PaCO2) by CO2 gas inhalation (0, 3 and 5%) during exercise in normal and CHF. Results: In ramp protocol, SNS significantly increased minute ventilation (VE) in CHF to a greater extent than in that of normal (normal 155.2±27.9, CHF 211.2±48.6 mL/min, p&lt;0.01). CHF markedly steepened the VE-carbon dioxide production relationship (VE/VCO2 slope) (normal 26.8±12.7, CHF 38.5±5.9, p&lt;0.05) (Fig. 1). CHF shifted the relationship of tidal volume (TV) to respiratory rate (RR) rightward reflecting the rapid and shallow breathing during exercise (Fig. 2). The SNS-induced upward shift of the VE-PaCO2 line observed in CHF indicated that exercise-related respiratory abnormalities arise from pathophysiological change in the central chemoreflex control (Fig. 3). Conclusion: Anesthetized rat exercise model simulated respiratory abnormalities in CHF reasonably well. It will provide us an opportunity to clarify the physiological mechanisms of exercise-induced abnormal respiration in CHF.
Fig S2 from <i>Frizzled-7</i> Is Required for Wnt Signaling in Gastric Tumors with and Without <i>Apc</i> Mutations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S2. Gastric cancer cell xenografts treated with vehicle or OMP-18R5.&lt;/p&gt;
EMERGING CONCEPTS: A LOOK‐AHEAD TO ENGINEERING'S FUTURE (1993)

Abstract Like pieces in an unfinished jigsaw puzzle, emerging concepts in the workplace can give us a glimpse of what systems engineering will look like in the future. This paper introduces a number of highly interconnected concepts that are emerging in the areas of process, technology, education, metrics, and paradigm shifts. To ensure continued growth in years ahead, it is essential that we use these new concepts as building blocks to architect a systems engineering vision highly suited to the workplace of tomorrow.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix‐Isolation Studies of the Iron/Cyclopentadiene System: Infrared Detection of Cyclopentadienyliron Hydride. (1986)

Abstract The 1 :l reaction of iron atoms with cyclopentadiene in an argon matrix at 14 Kresults in the formation of (I).
Work Design (2018)

This book gives readers the tools they need to achieve work design that is ergonomically effective while remaining economically feasible. Whether studying work design/ergonomics in a college classroom, preparing for the Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics (BCPE) exam, or working as a professional in the field, readers can depend on this book to provide them with the information they need. Work Design is a single source for ergonomics, work design, and work measurement. Its engineering orientation equips readers with practical design information and procedures; its explicit organization, conversational style, and clear explanations make it easy to read and understand. The book's many charts and graphics dynamically illustrate important concepts and principles, and its extensive references give readers confidence in the material.
Efficient characterization of electrically evoked responses for neural interfaces (2019)

Future neural interfaces will read and write population neural activity with high spatial and temporal resolution, for diverse applications. For example, an artificial retina may restore vision to the blind by electrically stimulating retinal ganglion cells. Such devices must tune their function, based on stimulating and recording, to match the function of the circuit. However, existing methods for characterizing the neural interface scale poorly with the number of electrodes, limiting their practical applicability. This work tests the idea that using prior information from previous experiments and closed-loop measurements may greatly increase the efficiency of the neural interface. Large-scale, high-density electrical recording and stimulation in primate retina were used as a lab prototype for an artificial retina. Three key calibration steps were optimized: spike sorting in the presence of stimulation artifacts, response modeling, and adaptive stimulation. For spike sorting, exploiting the similarity of electrical artifact across electrodes and experiments substantially reduced the number of required measurements. For response modeling, a joint model that captures the inverse relationship between recorded spike amplitude and electrical stimulation threshold from previously recorded retinas resulted in greater consistency and efficiency. For adaptive stimulation, choosing which electrodes to stimulate based on probability estimates from previous measurements improved efficiency. Similar improvements resulted from using either non-adaptive stimulation with a joint model across cells, or adaptive stimulation with an independent model for each cell. Finally, image reconstruction revealed that these improvements may translate to improved performance of an artificial retina.
Cocrystals of Atomically Precise Noble Metal Nanoclusters (2020)

Cocrystallization is a phenomenon involving the assembly of two or more different chemical entities in a lattice, occurring typically through supramolecular interactions. In this concept, recent advancements in the cocrystallization of atomically precise noble metal clusters and their potential future directions are presented. Different strategies to create coassemblies of thiolate-protected noble metal nanoclusters are presented first. An approach is the simultaneous synthesis, and cocrystallization of two clusters having similar structures. A unique pair of clusters found recently, namely Ag<sub>40</sub> and Ag<sub>46</sub> with same core but different shell are taken to illustrate this. In another category, the case of the same core is presented, namely Ag<sub>116</sub> with different shells, as in a mixture of Ag<sub>210</sub> and Ag<sub>211</sub> . Next, an intercluster reaction is presented to create cocrystals through selective crystallization of the reaction products. The coexistence of competing effects, magic sizes, and magic electron shells in a coassembly of alloy nanoclusters is discussed next. Finally, an assembly strategy for nanoclusters using electrostatic interactions is described. This concept is concluded with a future perspective on the emerging possibilities of such solids. Advancements in this field will certainly help the development of novel materials with exciting properties.