gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MS2 Bacteriophage Reduction and Microbial Communities in Biosand Filters (2014)

This study evaluated the role of physical and biological filter characteristics on the reduction of MS2 bacteriophage in biosand filters (BSFs). Three full-scale concrete Version 10 BSFs, each with a 55 cm sand media depth and a 12 L charge volume, reached 4 log10 reduction of MS2 within 43 days of operation. A consistently high reduction of MS2 between 4 log10 and 7 log10 was demonstrated for up to 294 days. Further examining one of the filters revealed that an average of 2.8 log10 reduction of MS2 was achieved within the first 5 cm of the filter, and cumulative virus reduction reached an average of 5.6 log10 after 240 days. Core sand samples from this filter were taken for protein, carbohydrate, and genomic extraction. Higher reduction of MS2 in the top 5 cm of the sand media (0.56 log10 reduction per cm vs 0.06 log10 reduction per cm for the rest of the filter depth) coincided with greater diversity of microbial communities and increased concentrations of carbohydrates. In the upper layers, "Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus" and "Ca. Nitrospira defluvii" were found as dominant populations, while significant amounts of Thiobacillus-related OTUs were detected in the lower layers. Proteolytic bacterial populations such as the classes Sphingobacteria and Clostridia were observed over the entire filter depth. Thus, this study provides the first insight into microbial community structures that may play a role in MS2 reduction in BSF ecosystems. Overall, besides media ripening and physical reduction mechanisms such as filter depth and long residence time (45 min vs 24 ± 8.5 h), the establishment of chemolithotrophs and proteolytic bacteria could greatly enhance the reduction of MS2.
P‐191: Realizing Deep‐Blue TADF Emission with CIE of (0.16, 0.15) using a Highly Twisted Acceptor Unit (2017)

A series of pyrimidine‐based pure blue TADF emitters are developed. Among them, a deep blue emitter exhibited CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.15), a low turn‐on voltage of 3.25 V, very high EQE of 18%, and a high PE of 20 lm W –1 .
Phase unwrapping by minimizing Kikuchi free energy (2003)

Phase unwrapping in 2-dimensional topologies is an important problem that has several applications in radar and satellite imaging. The s um product algorithm (belief propagation) gives excellent results for the phase unwrapping problem. In this work, we present a gradient smoothing technique that uses higher order surface models to produce very smooth surfaces and report an improvement in the solution obtained. In a recent important work, Yedidia et. al have showed the theoretical connections between belief propagation algorithms and free energy in statistical physics. Based on this, we present a model that uses the Kikuchi technique to compute better posterior marginals than those produced by sum product algorithm.
Concepts Around Privacy-Preserving Attribute-Based Credentials (2014)

This article provides a short overview of the concepts around privacy-preserving attribute-based authentication. It then briefly discusses the cryptographic realisation of these concepts and describes an architecture implementing them.
Visual Impairment Description for MPEG-21 Digital Item Adaptation (2003)

In this paper, we propose visual Impairment descriptions for MPEG-21 digital item adaptation. The proposed visual impairment descriptions include low vision impairment and color vision deficiency. It is symptom-based description so that the description is systematic enough to sufficiently describe user's any kind of visual impairment characteristics and easy enough to describe for any user with visual impairment. In this paper, we performed some experiments with the proposed description in MPEG-21 digital item adaptation. The experiments showed that the proposed description Is effective to adapt visual resources In digital item for users with visual impairment and to give enhanced visual accessibility to them.
Diffractive Optics Technology: A Novel Detection Technology for Immunoassays (2006)

There is an increasing need for high-sensitivity immunoassays that can be used in point-of-care patient testing of complex media. For example, analytes such as the natriuretic peptides and recently discovered sepsis markers are found in blood in very low picomolar concentrations (1)(2). Although advances have been made in the use of fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and other labels to measure markers at lower detection limits, background interference from biological samples and detection instrumentation remains problematic. Optical biosensors offer the promise of label-free real-time measurements, but their application to quantification of analytes in complex media is impaired by higher detection limits and is susceptible to changes in refractive indices or nonspecific surface binding. Moreover, the costliness of these devices has largely prohibited bedside implementation. In this report, we detail the use of a novel diffractive optics technology (dot™) that takes advantage of the inherent properties of diffractive optics to deliver a cost-effective, portable, robust, optical biosensor that detects analytes at picomolar concentrations in complex media.

In the dotLab™ System, coherent light striking a nonrandom pattern of capture molecules on the dotLab Sensor creates constructive and destructive interferences that produce a well-defined diffraction image. As molecules bind to the capture molecules, the height of the diffraction pattern is increased, which in turn increases the diffraction efficiency and the diffractive order intensity. A photodiode monitors the intensity of the diffractive order, which is correlated to analyte concentrations. Because diffraction is inherently self-referencing, the transduction of binding events is dependent on the initial pattern, and an increase in diffractive order intensity will occur only if molecules bind exclusively to the patterned capture reagents. Therefore, nonspecific binding to both the patterned and nonpatterned regions will not affect the signal, a characteristic that offers an important advantage over other …
Wind Power Output Performance Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for Isolated Small Applications in Saudi Arabia (2014)

The study evaluated the energy output and plant capacity factor of small wind turbines in the category of 3–10 kW rated power. The effects of hub height on energy output and the PCF have been studied. To achieve the set objectives, hourly average wind speed data measured at 10, 20, 30, and 40 meter and wind direction at 30 and 40 meter above ground level during July 01, 2006 to July 10, 2008 has been utilized. The highest percentage change in annual energy yield (AEY) was obtained for an increase in hub height from 20 to 30 m for both horizontal and vertical wind turbines used in this study. Horizontal axis wind turbines HAWT-1, HAWT-2, and HAWT-6; and vertical axis wind turbines VAWT-1, VAWT-2, and VAWT-4 are recommended for various ranges of loads. Horizontal axis wind turbines were found generally more efficient than the vertical axis wind turbine in the present case. In general, all the turbines showed a maximum increase in energy yield for an increase of 10 m in hub height from 20 to 30m and the annual mean energy yield usually followed the load pattern in the study area. Lastly, the mean turbulence intensity was always less than the value recommended in IEC64100-1 standard.
Development of Advanced Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Systems and its Industrial Applications (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Present Development of Advanced SPS Manufacturing Systems Examples of Parts and Tool Fabrications using SPS Development of Large-Size Binderless WC Hard Alloy and WC/Co/Ni System Hard-Alloy FGMs Screw Componenets for Extruding Machine Conclusion
Advanced MRI Methods for Assessment of Chronic Liver Disease (2009)

MRI plays an increasingly important role in assessment of patients with chronic liver disease because of the lack of ionizing radiation and the possibility of performing multiparametric imaging.
Data from Novel Calcium-Binding Ablating Mutations Induce Constitutive RET Activity and Drive Tumorigenesis (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Distinguishing oncogenic mutations from variants of unknown significance (VUS) is critical for precision cancer medicine. Here, computational modeling of 71,756 &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt; variants for positive selection together with functional assays of 110 representative variants identified a three-dimensional cluster of VUSs carried by multiple human cancers that cause amino acid substitutions in the calmodulin-like motif (CaLM) of RET. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that CaLM mutations decrease interactions between Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and its surrounding residues and induce conformational distortion of the RET cysteine-rich domain containing the CaLM. &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-CaLM mutations caused ligand-independent constitutive activation of RET kinase by homodimerization mediated by illegitimate disulfide bond formation. &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt;-CaLM mutants possessed oncogenic and tumorigenic activities that could be suppressed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RET. This study identifies calcium-binding ablating mutations as a novel type of oncogenic mutation of &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt; and indicates that &lt;i&gt;in silico&lt;/i&gt;–driven annotation of VUSs of druggable oncogenes is a promising strategy to identify targetable driver mutations.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;Comprehensive proteogenomic and &lt;i&gt;in silico&lt;/i&gt; analyses of a vast number of VUSs identify a novel set of oncogenic and druggable mutations in the well-characterized &lt;i&gt;RET&lt;/i&gt; oncogene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Machine Translation Decoding beyond Beam Search (2021)

Rémi Leblond, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Laurent Sifre, Miruna Pislar, Lespiau Jean-Baptiste, Ioannis Antonoglou, Karen Simonyan, Oriol Vinyals. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. 2021.
1/f noise in poly-Si MOSFET and strong correlation with oxide traps and grain boundaries (2002)

The poly-Si MOSFET has become a key device for mega-bit SRAMs. Performance and stability are, however, still insufficient owing to the poor quality of active poly-Si films, gate oxides and their interfaces. We have studied 1/f noise in poly-Si MOSFETs, since this noise measurement is an effective approach to characterizing the MOS interface and gate oxides. We found the noise very strong compared with that in single crystalline-Si (bulk-Si) MOSFETs. It is important to clarify the generation mechanism of such large noise, in order to realize high-performance, high-stability, low-noise devices. In this paper, we introduce a noise-generation mechanism that is characteristic of poly-Si MOSFETs. It is related to the quality of gate oxides and poly-Si films, that is, the oxide trap and grain boundary properties. Also we explain a method for reducing the noise. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 1/f noise measurement is very useful for process monitoring.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cost-Optimized Submarine Cables Using Massive Spatial Parallelism (2018)

We study the techno-economics of submarine systems constrained by a fixed electrical power supply. We show significant cost savings for high-capacity submarine systems using massive space-division multiplexing (SDM), even without assuming any savings from SDM-specific subsystem integration. Systems with about 100 parallel optical paths, e.g., ~50 fiber pairs are shown to provide minimum cost/bit, operating at reduced spectral efficiencies and deep within the linear regime. While advanced nonlinearity-optimized fibers and digital nonlinearity compensation schemes provide little to no gain in such systems, SDM integration of amplifiers and transponders is shown to be a source for significant additional cost savings. We further examine the permissible cost premium for multicore fibers in such massively parallel systems and revisit various design tradeoffs for optical amplifiers, showing that a reduced noise figure can be traded for better power conversion efficiency. We also evaluate potential gains from increasing the available electrical supply power and discuss reliability aspects of massively parallel submarine systems.
MicroRNA regulation via DNA methylation during the morula to blastocyst transition in mice† (2011)

Epigenetic regulation is responsible for transcriptional silencing of genes and parental imprinting. This study addresses the question whether microRNAs (miRNAs) could be affected by DNA methylation during morula-blastocyst transition. Mouse embryos were treated with/without a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 5-aza-dC, 10 nM-5 μM). Changes of miRNAs were analyzed by quantitative real-time (Q-PCR)-based megaplex pre-amp microRNA assays. Development from morula to blastocyst in mice was inhibited by 5-aza-dC in a dose-dependent manner (10 nM-5 μM), with half of the embryos arrested at morula stage when treated with levels of 5-aza-dC as low as 50 nM. In total, 48 down-regulated microRNAs and 17 up-regulated microRNAs (≥5-fold changes) were identified after 5-aza-dC treatment, including let-7e, mir-20a, mir-21, mir-34b, mir-128b and mir-452. Their predicted targets were selected based on software analysis, published databases and further confirmed by Q-PCR. At least eight targets, including dnmt3a, jagged 1, sp1, edg2, abcg4, numa1, tmsb10 and csf1r were confirmed. In conclusion, 5-aza-dC-modified microRNA profiles and identification of the microRNA's targets during the morula to blastocyst stage in mice provide information that helps us to explore the relationship between fertility, microRNA regulation and epigenetic intervention.
Managing Foreign R&D in China (2018)

OVERVIEW:China has become one of the most desired locations in which to do R&D. However, it has little innovation of its own, and intellectual property protection is weak. This raises questions: Is China R&D more hype than reality? Do cost advantages really outweigh the risk of losing technology to Chinese competitors? Lessons learned from managing R&D in China show that in order to avoid the typical pitfalls of managing R&D in a developing country, any China-based R&D must be part of an overall China strategy and must also be part of a global R&D effort.
Poly(N-heterocyclic-carbene)s and their CO2 Adducts as Recyclable Polymer-Supported Organocatalysts for Benzoin Condensation and Transesterification Reactions (2011)

The synthesis of poly(N-heterocyclic carbene)s, denoted poly(NHC)s, and of their poly(NHC−CO2) adducts for a use in organocatalysis is described. Poly(NHC)s were readily obtained in a three-step sequence of reactions, involving i) the free-radical polymerization of ionic liquid monomers, that is, 1-vinyl-3-alkylimidazolium-type monomers with bromide (Br−) as counteranion, followed by ii) anion exchange of Br− for bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (−NTf2), of the poly(1-vinyl-3-alkylimidazolium bromide) precursors, affording poly(1-vinyl-3-alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) derivatives, and iii) deprotonation of the latter polymeric ionic liquids with a strong base. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was found to reversibly react with poly(NHC)s forming relatively air-stable and thermolabile poly(NHC−CO2) adducts. Both poly(NHC)s and their poly(NHC−CO2) adducts were used as polymer-supported organic catalysts and precatalysts, respectively, in transesterification and benzoin condensation reactions under homogeneous conditions. Both types of polymer-supported NHCs were recycled and used several times, but the manipulation of poly(NHC)s −like their molecular NHC analogues- was more complicated owing to their air and moisture sensitivity. In this regard, zwitterionic poly(NHC−CO2) adducts like their molecular NHC−CO2 analogues could be easier manipulated than their bare poly(NHC) counterparts, providing good to excellent yields even after several organocatalytic cycles, in particular toward the transesterification reaction.
Regulation of GH3-cell function via adenosine A1 receptors. Inhibition of prolactin release, cyclic AMP production and inositol phosphate generation (1988)

We examined the mechanism by which adenosine inhibits prolactin secretion from GH3 cells, a rat pituitary tumour line. Prolactin release is enhanced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), which increases cyclic AMP, and by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which increases inositol phosphates (IPx). Analogues of adenosine decreased prolactin release, VIP-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and TRH-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and IPx generation. Inhibition of InsP3 production by R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) was rapid (15 s) and was not affected by the addition of forskolin or the removal of external Ca2+. Addition of adenosine deaminase or the potent adenosine-receptor antagonist, BW-A1433U, enhanced the accumulation of cyclic AMP by VIP, indicating that endogenously produced adenosine tonically inhibits adenylate cyclase. The potency order of adenosine analogues for inhibition of cyclic AMP and IPx responses (measured in the presence of adenosine deaminase) was N6-cyclopentyladenosine greater than R-PIA greater than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine. This rank order indicates that inhibitions of both cyclic AMP and InsP3 production are mediated by adenosine A1 receptors. Responses to R-PIA were blocked by BW-A1433U (1 microM) or by pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin. A greater amount of toxin was required to eliminate the effect of R-PIA on inositol phosphate than on cyclic AMP accumulation. These data indicate that adenosine, in addition to inhibiting cyclic AMP accumulation, decreases IPx production in GH3 cells, possibly by directly inhibiting phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
La politique d’ajustement budgétaire en France (2007-2012). Institutions et stratégies d’évitement du blâme (2015)

Tandis que le régime français semi-présidentiel et le renforcement de la « présidentialisation » sous Nicolas Sarkozy ont souvent été associés à l’idée de changements radicaux et héroïques, la politique budgétaire française après la crise de 2008 apparaît à la fois très fortement contrainte par les engagements initiaux pris par le Président Sarkozy et repose en grande partie sur des mesures de nature graduelle et discrète, sans bouleversements de grande ampleur. Pour expliquer ce résultat, cet article met en évidence l’influence des institutions françaises sur les capacités de l’État à agir sur les dépenses publiques, sur l’imputation de la responsabilité et sur l’allocation du blâme et sur les stratégies politiques connexes liées au cycle électoral et au calendrier. L’article analyse également les caractéristiques spécifiques de la crise nationale française et la façon dont elle a été perçue par les hauts fonctionnaires, de même que la nature des contraintes globales externes qui ont influencé la politique budgétaire française, qu’elles émanent des marchés, d’organisations internationales ou de l’Union européenne. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Cet article souligne l’importance des institutions et des stratégies politiques dans la gestion des mesures d’austérité. L’argument principal défendu est que les politiques de réduction des dépenses publiques sont enchâssées dans des contraintes électorales et politiques, qui influencent considérablement leur définition et les choix réalisées en leur sein. L’article offre un grand nombre d’éléments empiriques concernant les différentes caractéristiques de la crise budgétaire française et la manière dont les gouvernements français ont réagi à la crise de 2008. Il met l’accent sur les particularités des institutions politiques françaises et sur l’importance des enjeux d’imputation de la responsabilité et d’évitement du blâme. Les stratégies politiques françaises d’évitement du blâme adoptées de 2008 à 2012 sont examinées, de même que la nature des contraintes globales externes qui ont influencé la politique budgétaire française, qu’elles émanent des marchés, d’organisations internationales ou de l’Union européenne.
Effect of ammonia fiber expansion on the available energy content of wheat straw fed to lactating cattle and buffalo in India (2018)

The seasonal lack of availability of lush green forages can force dairy farmers in developing nations to rely on crop residues such as wheat and rice straw as the major feed source. We tested whether ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) treatment of wheat straw would increase the energy available to Murrah buffalo and Karan-Fries cattle consuming 70% of their diet as wheat straw in India. Forty lactating animals of each species were blocked by parity and days in milk and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment diets (n = 10). Treatments were a nutrient-rich diet with 0 to 20% straw (positive control; PC) and 3 high-straw diets with various levels of AFEX-treatment: (1) 70% untreated straw (no AFEX), (2) 40 to 45% untreated straw with 25 to 30% AFEX-treated straw (low AFEX), and (3) 20% untreated straw with 50% AFEX-treated straw (high AFEX). The AFEX-treated straw was pelleted. Urea was added to the no and low AFEX diets so they were isonitrogenous with the high AFEX diet. Animals were individually fed the PC diet for 14 d followed by 7 d of adaptation to treatments, full treatments for 28 to 35 d, and finally PC diets for 21 d. Compared with buffalo fed the PC diet, those fed high-straw diets consumed 29% less feed dry matter, put out 16% less milk energy, and lost 0.8 kg/d more body weight; the AFEX treatment of straw did not alter intake or milk production but greatly ameliorated the body weight loss (-1.0 kg/d for no AFEX and -0.07 kg/d for high AFEX). In Karan-Fries cattle, high-straw diets decreased dry matter intake by 39% and milk energy by 24%, and the high AFEX diet increased intake by 42% and milk energy by 18%. The AFEX treatment increased digestibilities of organic matter, dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein by 6 to 13 percentage points in buffalo and 5 to 10 points in cattle. In conclusion, AFEX treatment increased the digestibility and energy availability of wheat straw for lactating buffalo and cattle and has commercial potential to improve milk production and feed efficiency when high-quality forages or grains are not available.
Macrocyclic coordination chemistry (2013)

This chapter reviews the literature published on macrocyclic coordination chemistry during 2012. The aim is to describe the key advances, focusing on complexes formed with transition metal and lanthanide ions. Porphyrin ligands and supramolecular chemistry are not covered. New chelator design, coordination complex formation and characterisation are presented along with details on the most common applications including luminescent compound formation, MRI contrast agents and radiopharmaceuticals.