gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Camera Focal Length and the Perception of Pictures (2014)

AbstractPhotographers, cinematographers, and computer-graphics engineers use certain techniques to create striking pictorial effects. By using lenses of different focal lengths, they can make a scene look compressed or expanded in depth, make a familiar object look natural or distorted, or make a person look smarter, more attractive, or more neurotic. Photographers have a rule of thumb that a 50 mm lens produces natural-looking pictures. We asked why pictures taken with a 50 mm lens look natural, while those taken with other focal lengths look distorted. We found that people's preferred viewing distance when looking at pictures leads them to view long-focal-length pictures from too near and short-focal-length pictures from too far. Perceptual distortions occur because people do not take their incorrect viewing distances into account. By following the rule of thumb of using a 50 mm lens, photographers greatly increase the odds of a viewer looking at a photograph from the correct distance, where the percept will be undistorted. Our theory leads to new guidelines for creating pictorial effects that are more effective than conventional guidelines. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank Darius Lerup for help in conducting the experiments and Lawrence Arend, James O'Shea, Maneesh Agrawala, David Whitney, and Stephen Palmer for helpful comments.FUNDINGThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant EY012851 and National Science Foundation Grant BCS-0617701 as well as National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship to Emily A. Cooper.
Abstract B181: The Chk1 inhibitor, SRA737, demonstrates chemical synthetic lethality with replication stress-inducing agents, including low-dose gemcitabine, in preclinical models of cancer (2018)

Abstract Depending on genetic and other factors, tumor cells exhibit replication stress (RS) to various extents. Low levels of RS contribute to genomic instability, an enabling hallmark of cancer, whereas high levels may be cytotoxic. The DNA damage response (DDR) checkpoint kinase 1, Chk1, is essential for managing RS by stabilizing replication forks, abrogating origin firing, pausing the cell cycle, and fostering homologous recombination DNA repair. Consequently, tumor cells become highly reliant on Chk1 to manage RS and maintain proliferation and survival. Certain chemotherapeutic drugs, including nucleoside analogs, DNA cross-linkers, and topoisomerase inhibitors, are effective extrinsic inducers of RS. Here we demonstrate that the potent, selective oral Chk1 inhibitor, SRA737, strongly synergizes with a range of extrinsic inducers of RS to kill tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. We find that clinically used drugs including the DNA crosslinking agents mitomycin C and cisplatin, as well as the nucleoside analog gemcitabine, exacerbate cellular RS markers (e.g. γ-H2A.X and p-RPA) and synergize with SRA737 to increase tumor cell death in vitro. Combination indices (CI) at various doses across a cell line panel were 0.46, 0.54, and 0.25 for mitomycin C, cisplatin, and gemcitabine, respectively. Similar results were observed with both type I and type II topoisomerase inhibitors (SN-38 and etoposide). Notably, gemcitabine potentiates SRA737 in several bladder cancer cell lines including 5637, TCCSUP, and J82 cells, as well as in human primary bladder cancer patient 3D organoids. Consistent with the observed cytotoxicity, the combination of SRA737 and gemcitabine induces γ-H2A.X and p-RPA 3- to 5-fold over gemcitabine alone in tumor xenografts. Moreover, the combination inhibits tumor growth by 64% following administration of both agents at 100 mg/kg in a gemcitabine-insensitive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of bladder cancer. Importantly, SRA737 also synergizes with subtherapeutic doses of gemcitabine (40 mg/kg) in xenograft models of colorectal adenocarcinoma and osteosarcoma, indications where gemcitabine is not standard of care. These findings support the clinical development of SRA737 in combination with gemcitabine in bladder cancer, as well as the broader application of SRA737 in combination with extrinsic inducers of RS. Citation Format: Ryan J. Hansen, Bryan Strouse, Kenna Anderes, Gregg Smith, Christian Hassig. The Chk1 inhibitor, SRA737, demonstrates chemical synthetic lethality with replication stress-inducing agents, including low-dose gemcitabine, in preclinical models of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B181.
In-situ real-time temperature control of baking systems in lithography (2008)

We proposed an in-situ method to control the wafer spatial temperature uniformity during thermal cycling of silicon substrate in the lithography sequence. These thermal steps are usually conducted by the placement of the substrate on the heating plate for a given period of time. We have previously proposed an approach for controling the steady-state wafer temperature uniformity in steady-state. In this paper, we extend the approach by considering the dynamic properties of the system. A detailed physical model of the thermal system is first developed by considering energy balances on the system. Next, by monitoring the bake-plate temperature and fitting the data into the model, the temperature of the wafer can be estimated and controlled in real-time. This is useful as production wafers usually do not have temperature sensors embedded on it, these bake-plates are usually calibrated based on test wafers with embedded sensors. However, as processes are subjected to process drifts, disturbances, and wafer warpages, real-time correction of the bake-plate temperatures to achieve uniform wafer temperature is not possible in current baking systems. Any correction is done based on run-to-run control techniques which depends on the sampling frequency of the wafers. Our approach is real-time and can correct for any variations in the desired wafer temperature performance during both transient and steady state. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
Improved Discrimination of Bacterial Spore Species With Ft-Ir Spectroscopy by Pretreatment With Autoclaving (2005)

Fourier transform infrared reflectance microspectroscopy was applied to the identification of bacterial endospores. Mid-infrared vibrational spectra were collected following minimal sample preparation from five species of bacterial endospores: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus globigii, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Clostridium perfringens. Discrimination among these species is enhanced when the endospores are autoclaved prior to data collection. This pre-measurement autoclaving technique is attractive by itself as it places the samples obtained, even false positives, into a safe state for handling. Speciation of these microorganisms can be accomplished by multivariate techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent method of class analogy (SIMCA).
Doce años de investigación, desarrollo y tecnología ferroviaria en Metro de Madrid (2008)

Desde hace ya mas de doce anos, Metro de Madrid tomo la decision de posicionarse a la vanguardia tecnologica en los diversos campos cientificos de su actividad: la construccion civil, las instalaciones y equipamientos, y el material movil. Ello, gracias a un enorme impulso interno y a la decidida colaboracion con un gran numero de Universidades, ha hecho posible encontrarse en una situacion de referencia mundial en el sector ferroviario, haber aportado su tecnologia a otras ciudades espanolas, haberla exportado a muy diversos paises y haber registrado un buen numero de patentes. Salvo, lamentablemente, en la planificacion, el proyecto y la construccion de las infraestructuras civiles, que no ha sido posible aplicar en ninguna otra ciudad por comprensibles intereses locales. Sin este esfuerzo innovador habria sido muy dificil realizar los planes de ampliacion de la Red con la calidad, costes y plazos en que se han realizado, conteniendo y hasta reduciendo los costes posteriores relativos de explotacion. 

En la actualidad Metro de Madrid tiene 35 proyectos de I+D+i activos y mas de 20 Doctorandos entre su plantilla de Ingenieros que estan desarrollando sus estudios y Tesis en el campo del ferrocarril. En este breve articulo se pretende aportar un resumen del camino abordado y el que nos queda por recorrer.
Solution Phase Conformational Studies of the Cyclic Peptide RA-VII: Lithium Chloride Perturbation of the Conformational Equilibria (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolution Phase Conformational Studies of the Cyclic Peptide RA-VII: Lithium Chloride Perturbation of the Conformational EquilibriaDale L. Boger, Michael A. Patane, and Jiacheng ZhouCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 28, 7357–7363Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00133a009RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views174Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Akt-Mediated Activation of HIF-1 in Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Cells by S-Nitrosoglutathione (2007)

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) stabilizes the alpha-subunit of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in normoxic cells, but not in the presence of PI3K inhibitors. In this report, the biochemical pathway by which GSNO alters PI3K/Akt activity to modify HIF-1 expression was characterized in Cos cells and primary pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. GSNO increased Akt kinase activity--and downstream HIF-1alpha protein accumulation and DNA-binding activity--in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, blocked these responses. Neither glutathione nor 8-bromo-cyclic GMP mimicked the GSNO-induced increases in Akt kinase activity. GSNO-induced Akt kinase activity and downstream HIF-1alpha stabilization were blocked by acivicin, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), a transmembrane protein that can translate extracellular GSNO to intracellular S-nitrosocysteinylglycine. Dithiothreitol blocked GSNO-induced Akt kinase activity and HIF-1alpha stabilization. Moreover, the 3'-phosphatase of phosphoinositides, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) was S-nitrosylated by GSNO in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, which was reversed by dithiothreitol and ultraviolet light. Interestingly, the abundance of S-nitrosylated PTEN also correlated inversely with PTEN activity. Taken together, these results suggest that GSNO induction of Akt appears to be mediated by S-nitrosylation chemistry rather than classic NO signaling through guanylate cyclase/cGMP. We speculate that gammaGT-dependent activation of Akt and subsequent activation of HIF-1 in vascular beds may be relevant to the regulation of HIF-1-dependent gene expression in conditions associated with oxyhemoglobin deoxygenation, as opposed to profoundly low Po(2), in the pulmonary vasculature.
Platelet-Derived CD40L (CD154) Mediates Neutrophil Upregulation of Mac-1 and Recruitment in Septic Lung Injury (2009)

CD40L derived from platelets is a potent activator of neutrophils and mediates sepsis-induced neutrophil recruitment and lung edema. The neutrophil activating mechanism of CD40L is indirect and mediated via MIP-2 formation and CXCR2 signaling. Targeting CD40L may be an effective approach to limit pulmonary damage in abdominal sepsis.
Delamination of a thin sheet from a soft adhesive Winkler substrate (2018)

A uniaxially compressed thin elastic sheet that is resting on a soft adhesive substrate can form a blister, which is a small delaminated region, if the adhesion energy is sufficiently weak. To analyze the equilibrium behavior of this system, we model the substrate as a Winkler or fluid foundation. We develop a complete set of equations for the profile of the sheet at different applied pressures. We show that at the edge of delamination, the height of the sheet is equal to sqrt[2]ℓ_{c}, where ℓ_{c} is the capillary length. We then derive an approximate solution to these equations and utilize them for two applications. First, we determine the phase diagram of the system by analyzing possible transitions from the flat and wrinkled to delaminated states of the sheet. Second, we show that our solution for a blister on a soft foundation converges to the known solution for a blister on a rigid substrate that assumed a discontinuous bending moment at the blister edges. This continuous convergence into a discontinuous state marks the formation of a boundary layer around the point of delamination. The width of this layer relative to the extent length of the blister, ℓ, scales as w/ℓ∼(ℓ_{c}/ℓ_{ec})^{1/2}, where ℓ_{ec} is the elastocapillary length scale. Notably, our findings can provide guidelines for utilizing compression to remove thin biofilms from surfaces and thereby prevent the fouling of the system.
Quantum speed-ups in reinforcement learning (2021)

As the field of artificial intelligence is pushed forward, the question arises of how fast autonomous machines can learn. Within artificial intelligence, an important paradigm is reinforcement learning, where agents - learning entities capable of decision making - interact with the world they are placed in, called an environment. Thanks to these interactions, agents receive feedback from the environment and thus progressively adjust their behaviour to accomplish a given goal. An important question in reinforcement learning is how fast agents can learn to fulfill their tasks. To answer this question we consider a novel reinforcement learning framework where quantum mechanics is used. In particular, we quantize the agent and the environment and grant them the possibility to also interact quantum-mechanically, that is, by using a quantum channel for their communication. We demonstrate that this feature enables a speed-up in the agent's learning process, and we further show that combining this scenario with classical communication enables the evaluation of such an improvement. This learning protocol is implemented on an integrated re-programmable photonic platform interfaced with photons at telecommunication wavelengths. Thanks to the full tunability of the device, this platform proves the best candidate for the implementation of learning protocols, where a continuous update of the learning process is required.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Lowering Bone Mineral Affinity of Bisphosphonates as a Therapeutic Strategy to Optimize Skeletal Tumor Growth Inhibition <i>In vivo</i> (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Lowering Bone Mineral Affinity of Bisphosphonates as a Therapeutic Strategy to Optimize Skeletal Tumor Growth Inhibition &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;
When Machine Learning Meets Wireless Cellular Networks: Deployment,\n Challenges, and Applications (2019)

Artificial intelligence (AI) powered wireless networks promise to\nrevolutionize the conventional operation and structure of current networks from\nnetwork design to infrastructure management, cost reduction, and user\nperformance improvement. Empowering future networks with AI functionalities\nwill enable a shift from reactive/incident driven operations to\nproactive/data-driven operations. This paper provides an overview on the\nintegration of AI functionalities in 5G and beyond networks. Key factors for\nsuccessful AI integration such as data, security, and explainable AI are\nhighlighted. We also summarize the various types of network intelligence as\nwell as machine learning based air interface in future networks. Use case\nexamples for the application of AI to the wireless domain are then summarized.\nWe highlight on applications to the physical layer, mobility management,\nwireless security, and localization.\n
Anionic and zwitterionic carboranyl N-heterocyclic carbene Au(i) complexes (2016)

The syntheses of the first carboranyl N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with transition metals are reported. Both unsymmetrical mono-anionic and symmetrical dianionic NHCs readily react with ClAuSMe2 to afford unusual zwitterionic and anionic Au(i) dimethyl sulfide adducts. The compounds are characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Percent buried volume (%Vbur) calculations indicate that replacement of an adamantyl group by a hydride substituted icosahedral carborane anion results in a 3.7% increase in %Vbur.
Interface options for 100 GbE from a physical layer perspective (2007)

Due to the tenfold capacity increase of Ethernet from one generation to the next, 100 Gbps will be the straight forward next step after 10 Gbps. Demand can be predicted for the following years based on increasing internet data traffic and the lack of efficient packet based link aggregation mechanisms in the Ethernet protocol. Solutions have to be found for short haul intra-office and long haul inter-office interconnections of large routers. This contribution focuses on options for physical layer interfaces. Optical component aspects are discussed as well as transmission aspects. The selection of a suitable modulation format in combination with equalizer technologies opens a path towards robust transmission systems for this ultra-high datarate.
Efficient Resource Allocation Strategies for Multicast/Broadcast Services in 3GPP Long Term Evolution Single Frequency Networks (2009)

In this paper, we consider the single frequency network (SFN) operation of broadcast/multicast services, and develop resource allocation schemes to minimize the amount of resource over-provisioning. Over-provisioning is required when SFN areas are overlapping because all the cells in the SFN area should use the same resource to transmit a given MBMS service. We first develop an optimal resource allocation scheme that minimizes the over-provisioning. Due to the computational complexity of this scheme, we develop sub-optimal schemes whose complexity is quadratic in the number of services. In addition, we develop an incremental resource allocation scheme for newly arriving services that does not alter the resources allocated to existing services. We present numerical results showing the benefits of our proposed schemes. Motivated by these numerical results, we design a hierarchically overlapping SFN areas scheme that strikes the right balance between complexity and resource over-provisioning.
Functionalization of heterocyclic diphenylamino-based two-photon absorbing materials for microfabrication, data storage, and upconverted imaging (2003)

Two-photon absorption (TPA), a molecular excitation process by the simultaneous absorption of two photons, has recently attracted growing interest in many photonic and optical applications because of the availability of chromophores that exhibit large, effective TPA cross-sections. Over the past 6-7 years, we have successfully synthesized a family of TPA molecules (designated as AFX) that possess large nonlinear optical properties, including unsymmetrical and multi-branched chromophores comprised of 'electron acceptor-aromatic bridge-electron donor’ structural motif. These chromophores are excitable with useful wavelengths around 800 nm and fluoresce in the 400-450 nm region. However, practical uses of these chromophores depend on developing functionalization chemistry pertinent to specific applications. We are particularly interested in incorporating these TPA active molecules into polymeric or low melting glassy materials that are amenable to easy processing and fabrication. Our recent results in this direction will be discussed in this paper.
Robust topology optimization considering geometric imperfections (2011)

1. Abstract This paper presents a robust approach for the design of macro-, micro-, or nano-structures by means of topology optimization, accounting for spatially varying manufacturing errors. The focus is on structures produced by milling or etching; in this case overor under-etching may cause parts of the structure to become thinner or thicker than intended. This type of errors is modeled by means of a projection technique: a density filter is applied, followed by a Heaviside projection, using a low projection threshold to simulate under-etching and a high projection threshold to simulate over-etching. In order to simulate the spatial variation of the manufacturing error, the projection threshold is represented by a (nonGaussian) random field. The random field is obtained as a memoryless transformation of an underlying Gaussian field, which is discretized by means of an EOLE expansion. The robust optimization problem is formulated in a probabilistic way: the objective function is defined as a weighted sum of the mean value and the standard deviation of the structural performance. The optimization problem is solved by means of a Monte Carlo method: in each iteration of the optimization scheme, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed, considering 100 random realizations of the manufacturing error. A more thorough Monte Carlo simulation with 10000 realizations is performed to verify the results obtained for the final design. The proposed methodology is successfully applied to a test problem involving the design of a compliant mechanism. 2.
A house with many rooms: how the heart got its chambers with foxn4: Figure 1. (2008)

The vertebrate heart is initially formed from two lateral domains of cardiogenic mesoderm that fuse at the ventral midline to form a simple heart tube that is similar to the hearts or dorsal vessels of invertebrates. As development proceeds, this initial heart tube undergoes a series of morphogenetic rearrangements that subdivides the heart into the distinct chambers found in adult vertebrates. In this issue of Genes & Development, Chi et al. (2008) describe a novel transcriptional pathway required for separation of the outflow (ventricular) portion from the inflow (atrial) portion of the two-chambered zebrafish heart. This separation takes place at the atrioventricular (AV) canal, which forms the valves separating the ventricular and atrial compartments required for unidirectional blood flow, as well as the electrical conduction system required for proper cardiac rhythm. Chi et al. (2008) identify a member of the forkhead box (fox) family of transcription factors, foxn4, which works in concert with tbx5 to direct the development of the AV boundary by regulating the expression of tbx2b. This study sheds new light on how the AV canal myocardium became specialized during vertebrate evolution to perform its function as both the gatekeeper of blood flow and regulator of cardiac rhythm.