gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite Large Antenna Arrays for Massive MIMO: Characterization and System Impact (2017)

Massive MIMO is considered a key technology for 5G. Various studies analyze the impact of the number of antennas, relying on channel properties only and assuming uniform antenna gains in very large arrays. In this paper, we investigate the impact of mutual coupling and edge effects on the gain pattern variation in the array. Our analysis focuses on the comparison of patch antennas versus dipoles, representative for the antennas typically used in massive MIMO experiments today. Through simulations and measurements, we show that the finite patch array has a lower gain pattern variation compared with a dipole array. The impact of a large gain pattern variation on the massive MIMO system is that not all antennas contribute equally for all users, and the effective number of antennas seen for a single user is reduced. We show that the effect of this at system level is a decreased rate for all users for the zero-forcing MIMO detector, up to 20% for the patch array and 35% for the dipole array. The maximum ratio combining on the other hand, introduces user unfairness.
Non-ideal base current in bipolar transistors at low temperatures (1987)

Bipolar transistors havetraditionally been considered not useful in low-temperature applications. This assumption, however, is based upon an incomplete physical understanding of bipolar device physics at low temperatures. This paper shows experimentally that recombination mechanisms play a substantially larger role in determining base current at low temperatures than at room temperature. The results are explained and quantitatively modeled using conventional Shockley-Read-Hall theory, with the addition of the Poole-Frenkel high field effect. It is concluded that trap levels in the silicon bandgap due to bulk traps or interface states are very important in determining bipolar transistor base currents at low temperatures. Non-ideality factors larger than 2 are often observed. Such trap levels will have to be carefully controlled if low-temperature operation of bipolar transistors is to be considered.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of p‐Benzylcalix[4]arene and Its Sulfonated Water Soluble Derivative. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fault Detection on Large Slow Bearings (2016)

Large, slow turning bearings remain difficult to analyze for diagnostics and prognostics. For critical equipment, such as drilling equipment, top drives, mining equipment, wind turbine main rotors, helicopter swash plates, etc. this poses safety and logistics support problems. An undetected bearing fault can disrupt service, and causes delays, lost productivity, or accidents. This paper examines a strategy for analysis of large slow bearings to improve the fault detection of condition monitoring systems, thus reducing operations and maintenance cost associated with these bearing faults. This analysis was based on vibration, temperature and grease analysis from three wind turbines, where one turbine was suspected of having a faulted main bearing.
Evidence for functional heterogeneity of rat CD4+ T cells in vivo. Differential expression of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA in recipients of cardiac allografts (1992)

The in vivo relevance of functional dichotomy of CD4+ Th clones was studied by analyzing the induction of mRNA encoding for Th1- (IL-2) and Th2- (IL-4) specific lymphokines in a model of accelerated (24 h) cardiac allograft (Tx) rejection in presensitized rats. The polymerase chain reaction-assisted screening of total cellular RNA from cardiac Tx of otherwise untreated sensitized recipients has revealed sequential lymphokine mRNA expression, with the peak of IL-2 mRNA (6-12 h) preceding that for IL-4 mRNA, which was maximal at the time of actual Tx loss (24 h). Both IL-2 and IL-4 transcripts could be readily detected by polymerase chain reaction analysis in the spleens during the course of accelerated rejection. Treatment of prospective cardiac Tx recipients with BWH-4, a mouse anti-rat CD4 mAb, abrogated rejection at 24 h and prolonged cardiac Tx survival to ca. 11 days, coinciding with significantly diminished IL-2 mRNA expression. In contrast, CD4 targeted therapy preserved intra-Tx and splenic transcription of the IL-4 gene. Spleen lymphocytes from mAb-conditioned recipients separated by magnetic microspheres into phenotypically distinct subpopulations, showed differential induction of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA. Thus, IL-2 mRNA was at most very weakly expressed, whereas IL-4 transcription was strongly induced both in CD4+ T cells and its OX-22- subset. This study demonstrates the induction of IL-4 mRNA in situ in the rat system, describes discordant elaboration of IL-2 and IL-4 mRNA in untreated/anti-CD4 mAb-treated cardiac Tx recipients, and identifies OX-22- CD4+ T cells as the IL-4 mRNA producers. Thus, these results provide evidence for functional heterogeneity of rat CD4+ T cells in vivo, as defined by divergent mRNA lymphokine transcription profiles.
Electrical performance improvement in SiO/sub 2//HfSiO high-k gate stack for advanced low power device application (2004)

A study on the impacts of varying base oxide thickness, Si composition and nitridation on HfSiO to the overall high-k gate stack performance was carried out in detail. Increasing base oxide thickness from 8A to 12A was found to reduce susceptibility of charge trapping within HfSiO layer and improve drive current. Also, increasing Si composition in HfSiO layer from 50% to 75% produced a higher drive current. However, this improvement was achieved at the expense of a higher gate leakage current. The HfSiO, when subjected to N/sub 2/ plasma, forms HfSiON that exhibits excellent high-k dielectric properties with low EOT, low leakage current: and high driving current. With complete understanding on the contribution from each layer, a good high-k gate stack, based on HfSiON was fabricated. Leakage current was successfully reduced to three orders lower than the conventional SiO/sub 2/.
Theoretical Bounds on Electron Energy Filtering in Disordered Nanomaterials (2019)

Electron energy filters have recently been proposed as a method of reducing the effects of thermal broadening in device and sensing applications, enabling substantial improvements in their room temperature performance. Nanostructured materials can act as electron energy filters by funneling thermally broadened electrons through discrete energy levels. In this study, we develop a theoretical model of the electron filtering properties of nanostructured materials that explicitly includes the effects of thermal broadening and size heterogeneity on the heterogeneity of nanostructure energy levels. We find that under certain conditions quantum dot solids can perform as effective electronic energy filters. We identify a material-specific length scale parameter, <i>L</i><sub>crit</sub>, that specifies the maximum mean quantum dot size that can yield effective energy filtering. Moreover, we show that energy filtering materials composed of quantum dots with size near <i>L</i><sub>crit</sub> are maximally robust to heterogeneity in quantum dot size, tolerating variations ∼10% of the mean size. The length scale <i>L</i><sub>crit</sub> can be estimated directly from the widely tabulated density of states effective mass and shows that semiconductors with light conduction band electrons, such as III-V type materials InSb and GaAs, are the most forgiving for energy filtering applications. Taken together, these results provide a practical set of quantitative design principles for semiconductor electron filters.
Emerging antibody-based therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 during the global pandemic (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapeutics are being evaluated in clinical and preclinical stages. As of 11 October 2020, 13 human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have entered clinical trials with three (REGN-COV2, LY3819253/LY-CoV555, and VIR-7831/VIR-7832) in phase 3. On 9 November 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization for bamlanivimab (LY3819253/LY-CoV555) for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This review outlines the development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on discussing various antibody discovery strategies (animal immunization, phage display and B cell cloning), describing binding epitopes and comparing neutralizing activities. Broad-neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV might be helpful for treating COVID-19 and future infections. VIR-7831/7832 based on S309 is the only antibody in late clinical development, which can neutralize both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV although it does not directly block virus receptor binding. Thus far, the only cross-neutralizing antibody that is also a receptor binding blocker is nanobody VHH-72. The feasibility of developing nanobodies as inhaled drugs for treating COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases is an attractive idea that is worth exploring and testing. A cocktail strategy such as REGN-COV2, or engineered multivalent and multispecific molecules, combining two or more antibodies might improve the efficacy and protect against resistance due to virus escape mutants. Besides the receptor-binding domain, other viral antigens such as the S2 subunit of the spike protein and the viral attachment sites such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are on the host cells are worth investigating.
Recherche de nouveaux régulateurs de la phase mitochondriale de l'apoptose : approche génétique chez la levure : approche pharmacologique in cellulo : approche biochimique sur mitochondries isolées (2005)

Apoptosis is a key event for the organism intergrity throughout life. This process is frequently implied in human diseases. Understanding of the mechanisms involved in apoptosis control and characterization of new regulators are essential for development of therapeutic strategies. The objectives of my thesis deal with identification of regulators of the mitochondrial step of apoptosis. Three research orientations have been explored: (i) Study of Bax cytotoxicity in yeast model. Surexpression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax induces cell death and itochondrial membranes permeabilization. This genetic approach in yeast highlighted the involvment of autophagy pathway in Bax’s death. (ii) Identification of nelfinavir (NFV) cellular target. This protease inhibitor of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus also presents an antiapoptotic effect, whose regulation can be a key role in apoptosis control in HIV syndrome. The biochemical and in cellulo approach we developed lead to identification of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocator (ANT), one of the components of permeability transition pore, as a target of NFV. (iii) investigation of proapoptotic function of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate deshydrogenase (GAPDH). GAPDH is a well known protein, involved into glycolysis, but can also play a role into apoptosis. In this context, we have shown that an increase in the mitochondrial GAPDH induces the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition, through its interaction with the porine VDAC. Using different but complementary approaches during this work allowed us to characterize one exogenous (NFV) and two endogenous (Bax, GAPDH) regulators of mitochondrial step of cell death.
Simple optimizations for the growth of heterogeneous networks (2013)

Heterogeneous cellular networks are composed of a mixture of macro and small (pico) cells embedded in the macro network. A greedy strategy is proposed to maximize network capacity. Picos placement and either macro or pico transmit power are optimized jointly, as picos are deployed. The scaling of area spectral efficiencies (ASE) as pico densities are increased is studied. Median ASEs grow linearly with density and are comparable to cell-splitting given fixed pico power -20dB EIRP relative to the macro. The effectiveness of the pico at such low power is due in part to the improvement in area coverage of an omni vs. a 3 sectored antenna.
Learning Rich Features for Image Manipulation Detection (2018)

Image manipulation detection is different from traditional semantic object detection because it pays more attention to tampering artifacts than to image content, which suggests that richer features need to be learned. We propose a two-stream Faster R-CNN network and train it endto- end to detect the tampered regions given a manipulated image. One of the two streams is an RGB stream whose purpose is to extract features from the RGB image input to find tampering artifacts like strong contrast difference, unnatural tampered boundaries, and so on. The other is a noise stream that leverages the noise features extracted from a steganalysis rich model filter layer to discover the noise inconsistency between authentic and tampered regions. We then fuse features from the two streams through a bilinear pooling layer to further incorporate spatial co-occurrence of these two modalities. Experiments on four standard image manipulation datasets demonstrate that our two-stream framework outperforms each individual stream, and also achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to alternative methods with robustness to resizing and compression.
Interstitial laser photocoagulation for the treatment of osteoid osteoma (2000)

We report the results of a prospective study of 23 patients in which interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) was used to treat an osteoid osteoma. ILP is a technique in which tumour tissue is destroyed by direct heating using low-power laser light energy delivered by thin (400 microm) optical fibres which are introduced percutaneously into the tumour under image guidance. Pain was evaluated before operation and at the latest follow-up using a visual analogue scale with 0 denoting no pain and 10 the worst pain imaginable. The mean follow-up was for 15 months. The results showed that the mean pain score decreased from 7.5 before operation to 0.95 at the latest follow-up. Fourteen patients had no pain and eight had minor discomfort, not requiring analgesia. One patient required a second procedure because placement of the fibre had not been accurate enough and one developed recurrent symptoms eight months after treatment. All patients were satisfied with the operation because of the rapid resolution of pain, the minimally invasive nature of the procedure, and the fact that there was no postoperative restriction of activity.
CHEMICAL GLYCOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS (2016)

Chemical glycoprotein synthesis started with the synthesis of short glycopeptides. Larger glycopeptides and glycoproteins became available only after the development of numerous advanced methodologies thriving on native chemical ligation (NCL) and desulfurization concepts. Post translational modifications of proteins are critical biosynthetic steps, which can enhance or alter protein functions. These extensively studied protein modifications regulate important biological events. Phosphorylation is involved in signal transduction, ubiquitination mediates proteolysis, attachment of fatty acids leads to membrane anchoring, and glycosylation assists in protein folding, trafficking, and protein–protein interactions. In order to elucidate the many unknown functions of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins, numerous biological experiments have been carried out using glycoprotein substrates isolated from mammalian sources. However, those isolated glycoproteins exhibit heter.
Empirical software engineering at Microsoft Research (2011)

We describe the activities of the Empirical Software Engi-neering (ESE) group at Microsoft Research. We highlight our research themes and activities using examples from our research on socio technical congruence, bug reporting and triaging, and data-driven software engineering to illustrate our relationship to the CSCW community. We highlight our unique ability to leverage industrial data and developers and the ability to make near term impact on Microsoft via the results of our studies. We also present the collaborations our group has with academic researchers.
Genome-wide Mapping of DNA Fragmentation in Elongating Spermatids. (2008)

Spermatozoa of many infertile men present high DNA fragmentation levels and an altered or incomplete chromatin packaging of unknown origin. However, recent findings by our group and others demonstrated a programmed DNA fragmentation and DNA damage response in elongating spermatids of mice and rats. The persistence of this DNA fragmentation in later steps may alter the fertilizing potential of the male gamete. In this study, our aims was to design a new technique to map genome-wide DNA breaks with the goal of identifying sensitive loci harboring DNA fragmentation in elongating spermatids of mice. Here we describe a new strategy to map genome-wide DNA strand breaks termed "damaged DNA immunoprecipitation" or dDIP, that uses immunoprecipitation and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin end labeling (TUNEL). The sensitivity and specificity of this approach was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in vitro, with plasmid DNA and in vivo, in transformed E. coli bacteria using a plasmid as target. The mating-type locus of the yeast S. cerevisiae was also used as an endogenous double-strand break model. Application to DNA fragmentation in spermatids is therefore straightforward. Using these models, we demonstrate the specific capture of any sequence harboring a DNA strand break. The sensitivity and specificity of this technique was also established as we isolated DNA fragments in the vicinity of the DNA damage in very low concentration of starting material and within a large pool of captured DNA sequences. When used in combination with DNA microarray, quantitative PCR or sequencing technologies, dDIP will allow researchers to map genome-wide DNA strand breaks and other types of DNA damage that can be converted as strand breaks and to establish a comprehensive profile of genes and intergenic sequences harboring DNA damage. Using this approach, we will map DNA fragmentation found in elongating spermatids to understand their importance in the chromatin remodeling process and to identify hotspots as a potential source of genomic instability. Furthermore, mapping DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa of infertile men by this technique may be the first step toward the understanding of many cases of human infertility and the identification of sensitive hotspots of male infertility.
Comparison of Three Antigenic Extracts of Eurotium amstelodami in Serological Diagnosis of Farmer's Lung Disease (2009)

In France and Finland, farmer's lung disease (FLD), a hypersensitivity pneumonitis common in agricultural areas, is mainly caused by Eurotium species. The presence of antibodies in patients' serum is an important criterion for diagnosis. Our study aimed to improve the serological diagnosis of FLD by using common fungal particles that pollute the farm environment as antigens. Fungal particles of the Eurotium species were observed in handled hay. A strain of Eurotium amstelodami was grown in vitro using selected culture media; and antigen extracts from sexual (ascospores), asexual (conidia), and vegetative (hyphae) forms were made. Antigens were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which was used to test for immunoglobulin G antibodies from the sera of 17 FLD patients, 40 healthy exposed farmers, and 20 nonexposed controls. The antigens were compared by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and a threshold was then established. The ascospores contained in asci enclosed within cleistothecia were present in 38% of the hay blades observed; conidial heads of aspergillus were less prevalent. The same protocol was followed to make the three antigen extracts. A comparison of the results for FLD patients and exposed controls showed the area under the curve to be 0.850 for the ascospore antigen, 0.731 for the conidia, and 0.690 for the hyphae. The cutoffs that we determined, with the standard deviation for measures being taken into account, showed 67% for sensitivity and 92% for specificity with the ascospore antigen. In conclusion, the serological diagnosis of FLD by ELISA was improved by the adjunction of ascospore antigen.
Voltage‐dependent conductances of solitary ganglion cells dissociated from the rat retina. (1987)

1. Ganglion cells were dissociated from the enzyme-treated rat retina, identified with specific fluorescent labels, and maintained in vitro. Electrophysiological properties of solitary retinal ganglion cells were investigated with both conventional intracellular and patch-clamp recordings. Although comparable results were obtained for most measurements some important differences were noted. 2. The input resistance of solitary retinal ganglion cells was considerably higher when measured with 'giga-seal' suction pipettes than with conventional intracellular electrodes. Under current-clamp conditions with both intracellular and patch pipettes, these central mammalian neurones maintained resting potentials of about -60 mV and displayed action potentials followed by an after-hyperpolarization in response to small depolarizations. The membrane currents during this activity, analysed under voltage clamp with patch pipettes, consisted of five components: Na+ current (INa), Ca2+ current (ICa), and currents with properties similar to the delayed outward, the transient (A-type), and the Ca2+-activated K+ currents (IK, IA and IK(Ca), respectively). 3. Ionic substitution, pharmacological agents, and voltage-clamp experiments revealed that the regenerative currents were carried by both Na+ and Ca2+. 100 nM-1 microM-tetradotoxin (TTX) reversibly blocked the fast spikes carried by the presumptive INa, which under voltage-clamp analysis had classical Hodgkin-Huxley-type activation and inactivation. 4. Single-channel recordings of the Na+ current (iNa) permitted comparison of these 'microscopic' events with the 'macroscopic' whole-cell current (INa). The inactivation time constant (tau h) fitted to the averaged single-channel recordings of iNa in outside-out patches was slower than the tau h obtained during whole-cell recordings of INa. 5. In the presence of 1-40 microM-TTX and 20 mM-TEA, slow action potentials appeared in intracellular recordings and were probably mediated by Ca2+. The potentials were abrogated by 3 mM-Co2+ or 200 microM-Cd2+; conversely, increasing the extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 2.5 to 10-25 mM or substitution of 1 mM-Ba2+ for 2.5 mM-Ca2+ enhanced their amplitude. ICa was measured directly in whole-cell recordings with patch pipettes after blocking INa with extracellular 1 microM-TTX and K+ currents with intracellular 120-mM Cs+ and 20 mM-TEA. 6. During whole-cell recordings with patch electrodes, extracellular 20 mM-TEA suppressed IK and, to a lesser extent, IA. Extracellular 5 mM-4-AP or a pre-pulse of the membrane potential to -40 mV prior to stronger depolarization completely blocked IA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)