gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PrimeQA: The Prime Repository for State-of-the-Art Multilingual Question Answering Research and Development (2023)

The field of Question Answering (QA) has made remarkable progress in recent years, thanks to the advent of large pre-trained language models, newer realistic benchmark datasets with leaderboards, and novel algorithms for key components such as retrievers and readers. In this paper, we introduce PRIMEQA: a one-stop and open-source QA repository with an aim to democratize QA re-search and facilitate easy replication of state-of-the-art (SOTA) QA methods. PRIMEQA supports core QA functionalities like retrieval and reading comprehension as well as auxiliary capabilities such as question generation.It has been designed as an end-to-end toolkit for various use cases: building front-end applications, replicating SOTA methods on pub-lic benchmarks, and expanding pre-existing methods. PRIMEQA is available at : https://github.com/primeqa.
Mechanical Properties of Al-6061 and an Al-6061 Metal Matrix Composite Processed by High-Pressure Torsion (2010)

It is now well established that the application of high-pressure torsion (HPT) leads to exceptionally small grain sizes in bulk solids, usually in the nanometer scale. The HPT method thus attracts considerable attention and has been utilized in processing many materials such as pure metals, alloys and even ceramics. This paper describes experiments conducted on samples of an Al-6061 alloy and an Al-6061 metal matrix composite, reinforced with 20 vol.% Al2O3 particulates, in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the alloy and its composite processed by HPT. The tensile properties of the materials were obtained both at room temperature and at 773 K and representative microstructures were observed using transmission electron microscopy.
New polymers and polymer derivatives by cationic techniques. Combination of controlled elementary steps (1984)

Some key concepts available to the macromolecular engineer have been outlined. In addition to useful ultimate properties the macromolecular engineer has also to consider convenient processing characteristics. The way toward these objectives is by combining of elementary events, by exploiting the mechanistic understanding of controlled ion generation cationation/propagation and termination. Figure 14 outlines and combines some of the elements considered, and shows some representative structures that can be synthesized by utilizing carbocationic macromolecular engineering concepts.
Chip design for monobit receiver (1997)

A design for the monobit-receiver application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) will be described. The monobit receiver is a wide-band (1-GHz) digital receiver designed for electronic-warfare applications. The receiver can process two simultaneous signals and has the potential for fabrication on a single multichip module (MCM). The receiver consists of three major elements: a nonlinear RF front end, a signal sampler and formatting system (analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and demultiplexers), and a patented "monobit" algorithm implemented as an ASIC for signal detection and frequency measurement. The receiver's front end, ADC, and algorithm experimental performance results were previously presented. The receiver uses a 2-b ADC operating at 2.5 GHz whose outputs are collected and formatted by demultiplexers for presentation to the ASIC. The ASIC has two basic functions: to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and to determine the number of signals and report their frequencies. The ASIC design contains five stages: the input, the FFT, the initial sort, the squaring and addition, and the final sort. The chip will process the ADC outputs in real time, reporting detected signal frequencies every 102.4 ns.
Shifting mutational constraints in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain during viral evolution (2022)

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has evolved variants with substitutions in the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) that impact its affinity for ACE2 receptor and recognition by antibodies. These substitutions could also shape future evolution by modulating the effects of mutations at other sites—a phenomenon called epistasis. To investigate this possibility, we performed deep mutational scans to measure the effects on ACE2 binding of all single amino-acid mutations in the Wuhan-Hu-1, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Eta variant RBDs. Some substitutions, most prominently N501Y, cause epistatic shifts in the effects of mutations at other sites, thereby shaping subsequent evolutionary change. These epistatic shifts occur despite high conservation of the overall RBD structure. Our data shed light on RBD sequence-function relationships and facilitate interpretation of ongoing SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
Nonlinear Techniques for Seamless Low-Cost Portable Navigation in all Environments (2011)

This paper targets the development of nonlinear techniques for achieving an accurate, low-cost, always-available navigation solution through integration of Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors with Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) using nonlinear filtering and nonlinear error-state models. The general objective of this work is the development of nonlinear filtering-based techniques and algorithms to enable navigation of a device that can either move freely without constraints within another moving platform, move with constraints within the moving platform, or is tethered to the moving platform. One of the main applications for this is the navigation of a portable system (for example a cell phone), and the objective for such a system is to work seamlessly in outdoor and indoor environments, in walking or driving modes. The accuracy of this system should not be affected by the change in mode or environment. The used sensors are low-cost MEMS-based inertial sensors (3-axes accelerometers and 3-axes gyroscopes) integrated with GPS during its availability; optionally barometers and 3-axes magnetometers can be used. The approaches that will be used to achieve this are: (1) Utilization of Mixture Particle Filtering (PF) which is a nonlinear filter that can accommodate arbitrary sensor characteristics, motion dynamics and noise distributions; (2) Design of nonlinear error-state system model rather than the approximated linearized error models used in the literature or the nonlinear total-state system model already presented; (3) Extra modules are utilized to detect the current mode of transit (i.e. walking or driving) and to detect the portable device misalignment between the device coordinate frame and the vehicle/person platform coordinate frame. The algorithm was tested and the performance of the proposed navigation system has been verified in real-life scenarios including driving and walking. It showed very competitive performance for such low-cost sensors.
Molecular structure, reorientational dynamics, and intermolecular interactions in the neat ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (2004)

Abstract Results on the molecular and liquid structure and the reorientational dynamics are reported for the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF 6 ]). In quantum-chemical calculations for [BMIM][PF 6 ] in the gas phase, hydrogen bonding between the proton at carbon 2 in the aromatic ring and the fluorine atoms of the hexafluorophosphate anion was found. From the analysis of 13 C relaxation data, the reorientational motions were evaluated, and the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann and Arrhenius activation energies for the overall and internal reorientational motions, respectively, of the different 13 C- 1 H vectors are given as well as correlation times at 300 K. By performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, pair distribution functions between moieties in the cation and the phosphorous atom in the anion were determined. The pair distribution function for the proton at carbon 2 exhibits a particular sharp and strong maximum indicating a strong interaction with the anion. The quantum-chemical calculations, the motional parameters, and the results from the MD simulations support the existence of hydrogen bonding and the formation of ion pairs in the ionic liquid.
More Verification Case Studies (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Verification of Combinational Logic Verification of Asynchronous Pipeline Controllers Verification of Producer–Consumer Systems Verification Based on Design Approaches Verification of Toggles and Transition Counters Vending Machines Verification—Revisited Pi-Realizations A Comparison of Equivalence Relations Selected Solutions References
Optical limiting in solutions of dithienyl polyenes (1993)

The optical limiting behavior of trans-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (DPB), 2,2'-3- methyldithienylethylene (MDTE), 2,2'-dithienyl-1,3-butadiene (DTB) and trans- 2,2'-dibenzthienylethylene (DBTE) in chloroform was studied. Solutions of these compounds are nonresonant at 532 nm. The effects of laser beam spot size at 532 nm on the onset of limiting and the temporal profiles of the transmitted laser pulses were examined. The results indicate two photon absorption as the major contributor to the optical limiting. Two photon absorption cross sections were estimated from the optical limiting data.
Development of a selective americium separation process using TPAEN as a water-soluble stripping agent (2015)

International audience
Motion sickness in passenger vehicles during test track operations (2019)

As automation transforms drivers into passengers, the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has the potential to greatly increase the incidence of motion sickness. A study was conducted to quantify motion sickness response of front-seat passengers performing ecologically relevant passenger activities during conditions consistent with driving on public roadways. Fifty-two adults with a large range of self-reported levels of motion sickness susceptibility and age participated in data collection on a closed test track in a passenger sedan. Motion sickness ratings increased with task <i>vs</i>. no-task and moderate <i>vs</i>. low acceleration test conditions. Increased motion sickness susceptibility was associated with higher motion sickness ratings. In comparison to older participants (age > 60), younger participants (age < 60) experienced increased motion sickness. This is the first in-vehicle study that systematically compared normative passenger activities and acceleration magnitudes typical of normative driving conditions on motion sickness response for a large, diverse sample of passengers, enabling the exploration of the effects of covariates. <b>Practitioner summary:</b> The data demonstrate that a relatively large range of motion sickness response can be expected to result from passengers performing visual tasks in passenger vehicles. Measurement and modelling efforts should seek to elucidate relationships among the factors contributing to motion sickness for the purpose of informing and prioritising future countermeasures for automated vehicles (AVs). <b>Abbreviations:</b> AV(S): automated vehicles; BMI: body mass index; BVP: blood volume pulse; EDA: electrodermal activity; FMS: fast motion sickness scale; GPS: global positioning system; IMU: inertial measurement unit; ISO: International Organization for Standardization; MISC: misery scale; MSDV: motion sickness dose value; NDS: naturalistic driving study; SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers International; UMTRI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute <b>Key Aspect of Research:</b> Motion sickness may be an important barrier to widespread adoption of automated vehicles @UMTRI.
Performance optimization of chirped return-to-zero format in 10-Gb/s terrestrial transmission systems (2002)

The performance of the chirped return-to-zero format varies significantly with slight changes in the link dispersion. Penalty reduction from more than 8 dB to 3 dB has been demonstrated by either adjusting the chirp or using tunable dispersion compensation.
Estimation of spatial resolution for high-frequency imaging systems using a novel anechoic-sphere phantom. (2010)

A new method has been developed to estimate the spatial resolution of high-frequency ultrasound (HFU, &amp;gt;20 MHz) imaging systems in 3-D using a tissue-mimicking phantom (TMP). The TMP is divided into eight adjacent compartments containing anechoic spheres (6 vol %) with diameters increasing from 0.1 to 1.09 mm, suspended in an echogenic background consisting of 3.5-μm-diameter glass beads. The ability of an HFU imaging system to detect these spheres against a speckle background provides a realistic estimation of its minimum 3-D resolution. Here, the TMP was scanned using a 40-MHz single-element transducer and a linear array (VisualSonics™ Vevo 770 and 2100, respectively), and a custom HFU annular-array-based system with a 40-MHz nominal center frequency. Depth-of-field and penetration depth of the custom system were increased using synthetic focusing and chirp-coded excitation. Resulting B-mode images indicated that the custom system could resolve spheres down to 0.2 mm, while the commercial systems resolved spheres down to 0.3 mm. In addition, the annular array provided a larger depth-of-field and higher contrast-to-noise ratios at all depths versus the commercial transducers. [Work supported by NIH Grant EB008606.]
Development of a tomographic cavitation sensor for quality assessment of clinical high intensity focused ultrasound systems. (2009)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields are known to nucleate and excite inertial and noninertial cavitation in tissue and tissue-mimicking materials once a threshold negative acoustic pressure is reached. In the context of ablative HIFU treatment, inertial cavitation has been correlated with significantly enhanced rates of heating, while in histotripsy, cavitation is the very mechanism that causes tissue damage. Characterizing the extent of the cavitation region produced by clinical HIFU devices is therefore important to ensure safe, efficient, and effective treatment. A novel, multielement sensor is being developed to enable accurate axial and radial mapping of the cavitation region during HIFU exposure by passive detection and tomographic reconstruction of the broadband emissions arising from bubble collapse. Computational modeling has shown that the application of a cross-correlation algorithm to simulated received signals has the potential to localise individual sources of emissions with submillimeter accuracy. Initial experimental validation of models has been conducted using a prototype device developed in collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory. Future work will involve the refinement of the sensor design and reconstruction algorithm to improve spatiotemporal resolution, along with the development of a tissue mimicking material which matches the acoustic properties and cavitation threshold of real tissue.
The role of dilation and confining stresses in shear thickening of dense\n suspensions (2010)

Many densely packed suspensions and colloids exhibit a behavior known as\nDiscontinuous Shear Thickening in which the shear stress jumps dramatically and\nreversibly as the shear rate is increased. We performed rheometry and video\nmicroscopy measurements on a variety of suspensions to determine the mechanism\nfor this behavior. Shear profiles and normal stress measurements indicate that,\nin the shear thickening regime, stresses are transmitted through frictional\nrather than viscous interactions, and come to the surprising conclusion that\nthe local constitutive relation between stress and shear rate is not\nnecessarily shear thickening. If the suspended particles are heavy enough to\nsettle we find the onset stress of shear thickening tau_min corresponds to a\nhydrostatic pressure from the weight of the particle packing where neighboring\nparticles begin to shear relative to each other. Above tau_min, dilation is\nseen to cause particles to penetrate the liquid-air interface of the sheared\nsample. The upper stress boundary tau_max of the shear thickening regime is\nshown to roughly match the ratio of surface tension divided by a radius of\ncurvature on the order of the particle size. These results suggest a new model\nin which the increased dissipation in the shear thickening regime comes from\nfrictional stresses that emerge as dilation is frustrated by a confining stress\nfrom surface tension at the liquid-air interface. When instead the suspensions\nare confined by solid walls and have no liquid-air interface, we find tau_max\nis set by the stiffness of the most compliant boundary which frustrates\ndilation. This rheology can be described by a non-local constitutive relation\nin which the local relation between stress and shear rate is shear thinning,\nbut where the stress increase comes from a normal stress term which depends on\nthe global dilation.\n
Waveform-Based Speaker Representations for Speech Synthesis (2018)

Speaker adaptation is a key aspect of building a range of speech processing systems, for example personalised speech synthesis. For deep-learning based approaches, the model parameters are hard to interpret, making speaker adaptation more challenging. One widely used method to address this problem is to extract a fixed length vector as speaker representation, and use this as an additional input to the task-specific model. This allows speaker-specific output to be generated, without modifying the model parameters. However, the speaker representation is often extracted in a task-independent fashion. This allows the same approach to be used for a range of tasks, but the extracted representation is unlikely to be optimal for the specific task of interest. Furthermore, the features from which the speaker representation is extracted are usually pre-defined, often a standard speech representation. This may limit the available information that can be used. In this paper, an integrated optimisation framework for building a task specific speaker representation, making use of all the available information, is proposed. Speech synthesis is used as the example task. The speaker representation is derived from raw waveform, incorporating text information via an attention mechanism. This paper evaluates and compares this framework with standard task-independent forms.
CD163+ tumor‐associated macrophage accumulation in breast cancer patients reflects both local differentiation signals and systemic skewing of monocytes (2020)

Altogether, our results suggest that systemic factors skew BC patient blood monocytes towards a pro-metastatic profile, resulting in the accumulation of further polarised CD163<sup>high</sup> TAMs resembling type-2 MΦ (M2-MΦ) in the local BC microenvironment. These data indicate that monitoring circulating monocytes in BC patients may provide an indication of early systemic alterations induced by cancer and, thus, be instrumental in the development of improved personalised immunotherapeutic interventions.
Accelerating Advances in Science, Engineering, and Medicine through Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2017)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTAccelerating Advances in Science, Engineering, and Medicine through Nanoscience and NanotechnologyWarren C. W. Chan, Ali Khademhosseini, Helmuth Möhwald, Wolfgang J. Parak, Jeff F. Miller, Aydogan Ozcan, and Paul S. Weiss*View Author Information California NanoSystems Institute Director, UCLA*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: ACS Nano 2017, 11, 4, 3423–3424Publication Date (Web):April 25, 2017Publication History Published online25 April 2017Published inissue 25 April 2017https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.7b02616https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02616editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2017 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views3421Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Bacteria,Nanoscience,Nanotechnology,Organic compounds Get e-Alerts
HMM Sequential Hypothesis Tests for Intrusion Detection in MANETs Extended Abstract (2003)

Abstract : Most of the work for securing the routing protocols of mobile ad hoc wireless networks has been done in prevention. Intrusion detection systems play a complimentary role to that of prevention for dealing with malicious insiders, incorrect implementation and attack models. We present a statistical framework that allows the incorporation of prior information about the normal behavior of the network and of network attacks in a principled way for the detection of known and unknown attacks. For detecting an attack as soon as possible we use quickest change detection algorithms. We use hidden Markov models (HMMs) as a generative view of the dynamic evolution of the hop count distribution. Our results show that simple attacks can be detected by an anomaly detection framework. However, detection of more complex attacks requires incorporation of prior knowledge in the HMMs.
<title>Mueller matrix measurements of several optical components</title> (1993)

The Stokes/Mueller approach provides complete characterization of sample induced polarization changes to both specular and scattered light that is reflected or transmitted from optical components. Ellipsometry is a subset of this more complete approach to polarization analysis. In this paper, Mueller matrices of several samples are found and compared to the matrix of ideal elements. Samples include optical mirrors that scatter both topographically and non-topographically, waveplates, and optical windows.
Uniform circular broadband beamformer with selective frequency and spatial invariant region (2009)

Most existing frequency-invariant (FI) beamformer algorithms design array beampattern response across the entire frequency bands. In this paper, the design of array gain response is extended to both selective frequency and spatial region. The algorithm consists of an objective function that has a two-dimensional constraint. One dimension constraint is on frequency range; this is to ensure a selective frequency invariant region is formed. The second dimension constraint is on spatial direction; this is to maintain the array response of the beamformer constant for a small amount of angle centered at the desired direction. Having such constant gain response over a selective spatial region makes the array beamformer less sensitive to the exact position of the source. Advanced optimization method such as second order cone programming (SOCP) is used to solve this complex optimization problem with high efficiency and accuracy. Simulation results are compared with other existing algorithms. It demonstrates that the proposed method is able to achieve a constant gain over the specified sector of angle and at the same time having a lower mean square error on the FI performance over the specified frequency region.