gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carat (2013)

We aim to detect and diagnose energy anomalies, abnormally heavy battery use. This paper describes a collaborative black-box method, and an implementation called Carat, for diagnosing anomalies on mobile devices. A client app sends intermittent, coarse-grained measurements to a server, which correlates higher expected energy use with client properties like the running apps, device model, and operating system. The analysis quantifies the error and confidence associated with a diagnosis, suggests actions the user could take to improve battery life, and projects the amount of improvement. During a deployment to a community of more than 500,000 devices, Carat diagnosed thousands of energy anomalies in the wild. Carat detected all synthetically injected anomalies, produced no known instances of false positives, projected the battery impact of anomalies with 95% accuracy, and, on average, increased a user's battery life by 11% after 10 days (compared with 1.9% for the control group).
Stochastic linearisation approach to performance analysis of feedback systems with asymmetric nonlinear actuators and sensors (2014)

This paper considers feedback systems with asymmetric (i.e., non-odd functions) nonlinear actuators and sensors. While the stability of such systems can be investigated using the theory of absolute stability and its extensions, the current paper provides a method for their performance analysis, i.e., reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Similar to the case of symmetric nonlinearities considered in earlier work, the development is based on the method of stochastic linearisation (which is akin to the describing functions, but intended to study general properties of dynamics, rather than periodic regimes). Unlike the symmetric case, however, the nonlinearities considered here must be approximated not only by a quasilinear gain, but a quasilinear bias as well. This paper derives transcendental equations for the quasilinear gain and bias, provides necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of their solutions, and, using simulations, investigates the accuracy of these solutions as a tool for predicting the quality of reference tracking and disturbance rejection. The method developed is then applied to performance analysis of specific systems, and the effect of asymmetry on their behaviour is investigated. In addition, this method is used to justify the recently discovered phenomenon of noise-induced loss of tracking in feedback systems with PI controllers, anti-windup, and sensor noise.
Bioprosthetic heart valve heterograft biomaterials: structure, mechanical behavior and computational simulation (2006)

The present review surveys significant developments in the biomechanical characterization and computational simulation of biologically derived chemically cross-linked soft tissues, or 'heterograft' biomaterials, used in replacement bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV). A survey of mechanical characterization techniques, relevant mechanical properties and computational simulation approaches is presented for both the source tissues and cross-linked biomaterials. Since durability remains the critical problem with current bioprostheses, changes with the mechanical behavior with fatigue are also presented. Moreover, given the complex nature of the mechanical properties of heterograft biomaterials it is not surprising that most constitutive (stress-strain) models, historically used to characterize their behavior, were oversimplified. Simulations of BHV function utilizing these models have inevitably been inaccurate. Thus, more recent finite element simulations utilizing nonlinear constitutive models, which achieve greater model fidelity, are reviewed. An important conclusion of this review is the need for accurate constitutive models, rigorously validated with appropriate experimental data, in order that the design benefits of computational models can be realized. Finally, for at least the coming 20 years, BHVs fabricated from heterograft biomaterials will continue to be extensively used, and will probably remain as the dominant valve design. We should thus recognize that rational, scientifically based approaches to BHV biomaterial development and design can lead to significantly improved BHV, over the coming decades, which can potentially impact millions of patients worldwide with heart valve disease.
On the influence of state selection on mass conservation in dynamic vapour compression cycle models (2017)

Many dynamic models of vapour compression systems experience nonphysical variations in the total refrigerant mass contained in the system when common modelling approaches are used. Rather than using the traditional state variables of pressure and specific enthalpy, the use of density as a state variable can eliminate these variations. The reasons for these variations are explained, and a set of test models is developed to study the effect of the state variable selection on the overall system charge. Results from both a simplified cycle model and a realistic air-source heat pump model indicate that this alternative approach has significant benefits for maintaining a fixed mass of refrigerant in the cycle.
Training Postural Balance Control with Pelvic Force Field at the Boundary of Instability (2023)

&lt;p&gt;This articles discusses the use of the Robotic Upright Stand Trainer (RobUST), a cable driven exoskeleton that actuates the trunk and pelvis independently, for postural balance control training. It examines the changes that occur in healthy patients after a perturbation based balance training session conducted in virtual reality. In addition, there are two testing conditions tested. In one condition subjects are given assistive support at the pelvis by RobUST to help resist perturbations and in the other, there is no assistive support. Data collected include electromyographic data from lower limb muscles, movement and variability of movement data. &lt;/p&gt;
<title>New techniques for manufacturing optical-fiber-based fiber Fabry-Perot sensors</title> (2002)

Optical fiber-based extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensors have been extensively deployed for sensing a number of measurands including temperature, strain, vibration and pressure. Their circular cross-section has made it relatively simple and attractive to embed them in advanced fibre reinforced composites (AFRCs) such as glass and carbon fibers. However, a typical construction of an EFPI consists of two optical fibers that are positioned and secured within a precision bore capillary. The relative outer diameters of the various key components are as follows: capillary = 300 micrometers ; optical fibre = 125 micrometers ; carbon and glass fibers = 8 and 14 micrometers respectively. This mismatch in relative diameters of the reinforcing and the sensor fibers can result in significant spatial distortion of the former. The location of the embedded sensing fibre in relation to the reinforcing fibre layers can also lead to the formation of resin-rich regions in the AFRC. These factors can have a detrimental effect on the compressive properties of the material. Therefore, there is significant attraction in reducing the overall diameter of the sensor. In this current paper, the feasibility of reducing the diameter of EFPI sensor design to that of the optical fibre is demonstrated via two techniques. The first technique involved the use of hydrofluoric acid to etch and create the Fabry-Perot cavity. In the second technique, the feasibility of using laser ablation to fabricate the Fabry-Perot cavity in silica and sapphire substrates is presented. The optical fibre-based Fabry-Perot cavity produced via acid etching was interrogated using white light interferometry.
A direct-conversion receiver for multi-carrier 3G/4G small-cell base stations in 65nm CMOS (2016)

We present a 65nm direct conversion receiver for small cell 3G/4G basestations. The receiver supports up to 100MHz of RF BW and carrier frequencies from 400MHz to 6GHz, with 80dB image rejection and 76dB in-band SFDR. The direct conversion architecture eliminates IF filtering and the need for RF filtering of images and M×N mixing products, reducing basestation size and cost.
Monte Carlo simulation of the effects of vacuum-ultraviolet radiation on dielectric materials (2005)

Radiation-induced damage during plasma processing of semiconductor materials can adversely affect device reliability. However, it has been shown that vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation (8–20 eV) can beneficially deplete previously deposited charge on the surface of dielectrics by temporarily increasing their conductivity. Incident VUV photons can cause photoemission and form electron-hole pairs in the dielectric thus producing the desired increased conductivity. To verify this, statistical information obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation is used to model VUV exposure of dielectrics. The simulation calculates the surface potential on the dielectric produced by electron photoemission, which compares favorably with experimental surface-potential measurements made using a Kelvin probe.
Effect of additives on the assembled structure in phospholipid hybrid liposomes. (1985)

脂質の相転移挙動に注目して,脂質ハイブリッド系の分子集合状態におよぼす添加物効果を高感度示差走査熱量測定および蛍光偏光解消測定から解析した。添加物として赤血球膜からの膜タンパク質,あるいは脂質類似物を用いた結果,脂質の相転移におよぼす効果は,糖タンパク質がもっとも効率よく分子運動抑制に働く。コレステロール,ガングリオシド(四糖脂質)の効果はジガラクトシルグリセリド(二糖脂質)添加系よりも大きいが,添加量が増大するにしたがって集合するため,脂質分子の転移しのエンタルピー変化におよぼす効果は,次第に低下することが明らかとなった。一方,アルキル鎖長の異なる脂質からなるハイブリッド膜において,炭素数2個の相違では均一分散するのに対し,4個以上異なる系では異種脂質間でのミクロ相分離が生起する。
Molecular analysis of lipoxygenases associated with nodule development in soybean (2008)

We utilized transcriptional profiling to identify genes associated with nodule development in soybean. Many of the candidate genes were predicted to be involved in processes such as defense, metabolism, transcriptional regulation, oxidation, or iron storage. Here, we describe the detailed characterization of one specific class of genes that encode the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX). The LOX9 and LOX10 genes identified by microarray analysis represent novel soybean LOXs expressed in developing nodules. LOX expression during nodulation was relatively complex, with at least eight different LOX genes expressed in soybean nodules. Histochemical analyses utilizing LOX9 promoter::beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion constructs in transgenic soybean hairy roots suggest that this gene is involved in the growth and development of specific cells within the root and nodules. In soybean roots, LOX9 was expressed specifically in the developing phloem. In nodules, the expression of LOX9 was correlated with the development of cells in the vasculature and lenticels. The use of RNAi in transgenic hairy roots reduced LOX expression by approximately 95%. Despite this significant reduction in LOX expression, there was no detectable effect on the development of roots or nodules. Our findings are discussed with respect to the potential function of LOXs in nodulation.
Transmitter diversity effect in TDMA/TDD mobile radio transmission (1992)

Transmitter diversity, which employs a single transmit/ receive antenna at the portable stations and two transmit/ receive antennas at the base station, is experimentally investigated for a TDMA/TDD (time division duplex) mobile radio system. Experimental results show that transmitter diversity can significantly improve the BER (bit error rate) performance of the portable station, due to AWGN (additive white gaussian noise), delay spread, and CCI (cochannel interference) in Rayleigh fading environments.
Identification of a natural ligand of the hazel allergen Cor a 1 (2019)

Abstract Hazelnut is one of the most frequent causes of food allergy. The major hazel allergen in Northern Europe is Cor a 1, which is homologous to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Both allergens belong to the pathogenesis related class PR-10. We determined the solution structure of Cor a 1.0401 from hazelnut and identified a natural ligand of the protein. The structure reveals the protein fold characteristic for PR-10 family members, which consists of a seven-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, two short α-helices arranged in V-shape and a long C-terminal α-helix encompassing a hydrophobic pocket. However, despite the structural similarities between Cor a 1 and Bet v 1, they bind different ligands. We have shown previously that Bet v 1 binds to quercetin-3-O-sophoroside. Here, we isolated Cor a 1 from hazel pollen and identified the bound ligand, quercetin-3-O-(2“-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside, by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR experiments were performed to confirm binding. Remarkably, although it has been shown that PR-10 allergens show promiscuous binding behaviour in vitro , we can demonstrate that Cor a 1.0401 and Bet v 1.0101 exhibit highly selective binding for their specific ligand but not for the respective ligand of the other allergen.
Monolithic integration of RF-MEMS and semiconductor devices for the K-band (2003)

In this paper a process for complete monolithic integration of semiconductor devices and radio-frequency micro-electro-mechanical systems (RF-MEMS) on a single substrate is presented. Our attempt was to combine RF-Schottky-Diodes to form sub-harmonic mixer and RF-MEMS-phaseshifters on a single chip. The diodes were etched from a molecular beam epitaxy grown silicon stack using two mesa etching steps. Nickel forms a nickel-silicon alloy (nickel silicide) during a rapid thermal processing step acting as Schottky-metallisation. On this stack, the RF-MEMS-fabrication starts with its metallisation layers as a back-end process. To insulate the relatively high actuation voltage (20-40 V) from the RF circuitry, a new concept for bias decoupling is presented. To demonstrate the functionality of the semiconductor integration approach, a mixer for 24 <i>GHz</i> has been designed in coplanar waveguide technology, the local oscillator frequency is at 12 <i>GHz</i>. Fabricated within the same run, switched line phaseshifters are used to show the MEMS capabilities. First tests of diodes revealed good results in their DC- and RF characteristics, the conversion loss of the subharmonic zero biased mixer reached 20 <i>dB</i> for 6 <i>dBm</i> power of the local oscillator. Fabricated teststructures of the phaseshifters achieved good results showing that transmission losses lower than 3 dB at a phaseshift of 180&deg; can be reached.
The Often-Overlooked Power of Summary Statistics in Exploratory Data Analysis: Comparison of Pattern Recognition Entropy (PRE) to Other Summary Statistics and Introduction of Divided Spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE) (2021)

Unsupervised exploratory data analysis (EDA) is often the first step in understanding complex data sets. While summary statistics are among the most efficient and convenient tools for exploring and describing sets of data, they are often overlooked in EDA. In this paper, we show multiple case studies that compare the performance, including clustering, of a series of summary statistics in EDA. The summary statistics considered here are pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the mean, standard deviation (STD), 1-norm, range, sum of squares (SSQ), and X4, which are compared with principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and/or cluster analysis. PRE and the other summary statistics are direct methods for analyzing data—they are not factor-based approaches. To quantify the performance of summary statistics, we use the concept of the “critical pair,” which is employed in chromatography. The data analyzed here come from different analytical methods. Hyperspectral images, including one of a biological material, are also analyzed. In general, PRE outperforms the other summary statistics, especially in image analysis, although a suite of summary statistics is useful in exploring complex data sets. While PRE results were generally comparable to those from PCA and MCR, PRE is easier to apply. For example, there is no need to determine the number of factors that describe a data set. Finally, we introduce the concept of divided spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE) as a new EDA method. DS-PRE increases the discrimination power of PRE. We also show that DS-PRE can be used to provide the inputs for the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm. We recommend PRE and DS-PRE as rapid new tools for unsupervised EDA.
P62 Pre-clinical pharmacological and skin penetration profile of LDE255, a novel and specific Smoothened antagonist (2010)

Introduction Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway via uncontrolled Smoothened (Smo) activity is a pivotal abnormality in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). LDE225 is a novel and selective low molecular weight (MW: 485) antagonist of Smo. In this study, the preclinical pharmacological profile of LDE225 was investigated. Methods Specific binding of LDE225 to human and mouse Smo protein was investigated in competitive displacement assays using a labeled small molecule Smo agonist (Hh-Ag 1.5). Inhibition of formation and induction of regression of basaloid tumors was determined in skin punch cultures derived from Ptch±heterozygous knock-out mice. Inhibition of hair growth and Hh-target gene expression during early anagen phase was assessed after topical application of 0.3 or 1% solutions of LDE225 to depilated back skin of C57/BL6 mice twice daily for 7 days. Moreover, the penetration properties of LDE225 into and through human skin in vitro and pig skin in vitro and in vivo were tested. Results LDE225 binds to human and mouse Smo with high affinity (IC50 ∼11 nmol/l), exceeding the affinity of cyclopamine by a factor of>20-fold. Induction of basaloid tumor nests by a Smo agonist in embryonic or neonatal skin punches from Ptch1±heterozygous knock-out mice was dose-dependently inhibited by LDE225 (IC50 of<150 nmol/l). In comparison, cyclopamine induced<50% inhibition at the highest concentration tested (10 μmol/l). LDE225 also induced the regression of preformed basaloid lesions with an IC50 of <150 nmol/l and almost complete regression at 1.5 μmol/l. Topical application of a 1% LDE225 solution to depilated skin of C57/BL6 mice completely inhibited hair growth during anagen phase as well as the expression of the Hh-pathway target genes (Gli1, Gli2, Sox9, and N-Myc) and partial inhibition was obtained when applying a 0.3% solution. In vitro, LDE225 solutions penetrated well into human (27±8 μg/g) and pig (11±3 μg/g) skin but showed low permeation through human and pig skin in static Franz cell chambers (6 ng/cm2/h). In vivo, a 0.75% formulation topically applied to pigs resulted in dermal concentrations of 1–1.5 μg/g at time points between 1 and 24 h and blood levels ≤0.15 ng/ml measured at 24 h. Conclusion Based on the favorable skin penetration/permeation properties and its pharmacological profile, LDE225 holds the promise to be efficacious as a topical drug in the treatment of BCC.
Crystalline property analysis of semipolar (20–21) GaN on (22–43) patterned sapphire substrate by X‐ray microdiffraction and transmission electron microscopy (2015)

We have investigated the microscopic crystalline morphology such as lattice plane tilting and defects in semipolar (20–21) GaN films grown on (22–43) patterned sapphire substrates (PSS) by using position‐dependent ω –2 θ map measurement of X‐ray microdiffraction (XRMD) combined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of the position‐dependent ω –2 θ map measurement for the GaN (20–21) plane showed periodic variation of the diffraction spot shapes depending on the patterning pitch of the PSS. Broadening of the diffraction spots in the terrace area and single diffraction spots in the grooved one were also observed. These results indicate that the lattice plane tilting of the GaN film depends on the PSS structure and the presence of the defective GaN film on the terrace area where basal plane stacking‐fault generation occurred, as confirmed by TEM.
Evaluation of steer response and vehicle maneuverability of steer-by-wire system (2006)

A SBW actuator that applied a conventional EPS motor turns out to yield a large delay of front wheel angle from steering wheel angle as compared with a conventional hydraulic PS. A new concept SBW using a double powered actuator on a lightweight vehicle can demonstrate an equal performance to the hydraulic PS. A closed-loop simulation shows that the decrease of delay is crucial in reducing mental workload for the driver to manipulate SBW.
Improving the Pathogenicity of a Nematode-Trapping Fungus by Genetic Engineering of a Subtilisin with Nematotoxic Activity (2002)

Nematophagous fungi are soil-living fungi that are used as biological control agents of plant and animal parasitic nematodes. Their potential could be improved by genetic engineering, but the lack of information about the molecular background of the infection has precluded this development. In this paper we report that a subtilisin-like extracellular serine protease designated PII is an important pathogenicity factor in the common nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. The transcript of PII was not detected during the early stages of infection (adhesion and penetration), but high levels were expressed concurrent with the killing and colonization of the nematode. Disruption of the PII gene by homologous recombination had a limited effect on the pathogenicity of the fungus. However, mutants containing additional copies of the PII gene developed a higher number of infection structures and had an increased speed of capturing and killing nematodes compared to the wild type. The paralyzing activity of PII was verified by demonstrating that a heterologous-produced PII (in Aspergillus niger) had a nematotoxic activity when added to free-living nematodes. The toxic activity of PII was significantly higher than that of other commercially available serine proteases. This is the first report showing that genetic engineering can be used to improve the pathogenicity of a nematode-trapping fungus. In the future it should be possible to express recombinant subtilisins with nematicidal activity in other organisms that are present in the habitat of parasitic nematodes (e.g., host plant).
High LYVE-1–Positive Lymphatic Vessel Numbers Are Associated with Poor Outcome in Breast Cancer (2004)

A high peritumoral lymph vessel density is associated with a poor outcome in ductal breast cancer.
Polymeric nanoparticles for therapy and imaging (2014)

Polymeric nanoparticles and their applications have been studied over the long period. Polymeric nanoparticles have been shown to be promising carriers for drug delivery because of their potential in encapsulating drugs hence protecting them from excretion and metabolism. Different polymers have been used, and different strategies such as surface modification have been carried out to increase the retention time of nanoparticles and to increase therapeutic benefit while minimizing side effects. Here, we review aspects of polymeric nanoparticles and their application in magnetic resonance imaging technology, disease therapy, drug delivery systems, and gene transfer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
BAW Technologies for radiofrequency filters and duplexers (2008)

The growth of wireless communications worldwide has led to the emergence of several cellular wireless standards such as GSM, DCS, PCS and UMTS. These standards, together with the more recent wireless data systems, as WLAN standards, drive the development in the wireless domain. In order to obtain low-cost solutions, the optimal multi-standard terminal should be as simple and small as possible and should offer the integration of heterogeneous technologies. The advent of high-yield bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technology compatible with VLSI process, offers some new opportunities for radiofrequency (RF) circuit integration. In this talk, we detail issues concerning the implementation of BAW filters and duplexer and their potential impact on the RF receiver and transmitter performances.