gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EarSense (2020)

This paper finds that actions of the teeth, namely tapping and sliding, produce vibrations in the jaw and skull. These vibrations are strong enough to propagate to the edge of the face and produce vibratory signals at an earphone. By re-tasking the earphone speaker as an input transducer - a software modification in the sound card - we are able to sense teeth-related gestures across various models of ear/headphones. In fact, by analyzing the signals at the two earphones, we show the feasibility of also localizing teeth gestures, resulting in a human-to-machine interface. Challenges range from coping with weak signals, distortions due to different teeth compositions, lack of timing resolution, spectral dispersion, etc. We address these problems with a sequence of sensing techniques, resulting in the ability to detect 6 distinct gestures in real-time. Results from 18 volunteers exhibit robustness, even though our system - EarSense - does not depend on per-user training. Importantly, EarSense also remains robust in the presence of concurrent user activities, like walking, nodding, cooking and cycling. Our ongoing work is focused on detecting teeth gestures even while music is being played in the earphone; once that problem is solved, we believe EarSense could be even more compelling.
Scintillation Properties of Praseodymium Doped LuAG Scintillator Compared to Cerium Doped LuAG, LSO and ${\rm LaBr} _{3}$ (2009)

Properties of praseodymium and cerium doped Lutetium Aluminum Garnet (LuAG) were compared with cerium doped Lutetium Oxyorthosilicate (LSO) and Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ). Light yield, its non-proportionality relative to 662 keV gamma -rays and the dependence of the energy resolution on energy of the detected gamma -rays were measured. LuAG:Pr turned out to have good proportionality, with deviation from unity around 10% at 16.6 keV and 3% at 59.5 keV. This, together with relatively high light yield of 5600 phe/MeV results in a very good energy resolution of LuAG:Pr of 5.1% measured with 662 keV gamma-rays. The measured time resolution of 308 ps is significantly larger than that of 166 ps obtained for LSO:Ce. This can be explained by smaller light yield of LuAG:Pr and the fact that only about 25% of its scintillation is emitted in short decay time modes of 17.6 ns and 52 ns, while the rest is decaying with long time modes of 1.4 mus and 9 mus.
TNF-α and α-synuclein fibrils differently regulate human astrocyte immune reactivity and impair mitochondrial respiration (2021)

Here, we examine the cellular changes triggered by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and different alpha-synuclein (αSYN) species in astrocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Human astrocytes treated with TNF-α display a strong reactive pro-inflammatory phenotype with upregulation of pro-inflammatory gene networks, activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas those treated with high-molecular-weight αSYN fibrils acquire a reactive antigen (cross)-presenting phenotype with upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and increased human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules at the cell surface. Surprisingly, the cell surface location of MHC proteins is abrogated by larger F110 fibrillar polymorphs, despite the upregulation of MHC genes. Interestingly, TNF-α and αSYN fibrils compete to drive the astrocyte immune reactive response. The astrocyte immune responses are accompanied by an impaired mitochondrial respiration, which is exacerbated in Parkinson's disease (PD) astrocytes. Our data provide evidence for astrocytic involvement in PD pathogenesis and reveal their complex immune reactive responses to exogenous stressors.
Magnetic Structures of the Triphylite LiFePO4 and of Its Delithiated Form FePO4 (2003)

The magnetic structures of LiFePO4 and of its delithiated form FePO4 (triphylite, olivine group, space group Pnma) have been solved using neutron diffraction on polycrystalline samples. Both compounds show antiferromagnetic behavior below 52 K for LiFePO4 (Fe2+) and below 125 K for FePO4 (Fe3+), characterized by the appearance of extra peaks in the neutron diffraction patterns below the Néel temperature. These magnetic reflections are indexed with a propagation vector k = (0,0,0). The magnetic moments of the four iron atoms present in the unit cell are oriented along [010] for LiFePO4 and mostly along [100] (with a small component along [010]) for FePO4. The magnetic structures and the differences in the Néel temperatures are discussed in terms of super and super-super exchange intractions and of anisotropy of Fe2+. A comparison is made with other olivine compounds with similar cation distribution.
Lumbar Disc Arthroplasty (2005)

Degenerative disc disease is the leading cause of pain and disability in adults in North America, and spinal fusion is the standard treatment. Despite this, it has been discussed among surgeons that (1) spinal fusion deserves reexamination in terms of its long-term consequences and benefits and (2) modern clinical research and development in disc arthroplasty strongly supports its emergence as an alternative. The ability to relieve pain by maintaining motion may be a critical factor in obtaining not only greater pain relief but in preventing adjacent segment degeneration. Early research in arthroplasty devices was promising but cut short. New knowledge in the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the spine has made possible the development of modern arthroplasty devices (eg, Charite Artificial Disc, ProDisc, Maverick device, FlexiCore device) of different constructions and materials (metal-on-plastic, metal-on-metal) and various ranges of motion/mobility that provide a basis for a classification of spinal mode and an assistance in implant selection. Current research also is confronting the critical obstacles of wear and tear and axial compression. Several devices currently are in clinical trials. A detailed review of their characteristics shows the exciting progress of a new treatment era of total disc replacement in spine-lumbar disc arthroplasty.
Competition of Branches (2001)

We consider a general model of branch competition that automatically leads to a critical branching configuration. This model is inspired by the $4-η$ expansion of the dielectric breakdown model (DBM), but the mechanism of arriving at the critical point may be of relevance to other branching systems as well, such as fractures. The exact solution of this model clarifies the direct renormalization procedure used for the DBM, and demonstrates nonperturbatively the existence of additional irrelevant operators with complex scaling dimensions leading to discrete scale invariance. The anomalous exponents are shown to depend upon the details of branch interaction; we contrast with the branched growth model (BGM) in which these exponents are universal to lowest order in $1-ν$, and show that the BGM includes an inherent branch interaction different from that found in the DBM. We consider stationary and non-stationary regimes, corresponding to different growth geometries in the dielectric-breakdown model.
Midwest Guardrail System with round Timber Posts (2009)

A modified Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) was developed by using small-diameter round wood posts. The barrier system was configured with three timber species: Douglas fir (DF), ponderosa pine (PP), and southern yellow pine (SYP). Barrier VII computer simulation, combined with cantilever post testing in a rigid sleeve and soil, was used to determine the required post diameter for each species. The recommended nominal sizes were 184 mm (7.25 in.) for DF, 203 mm (8 in.) for PP, and 190 mm (7.5 in.) for SYP. A grading criterion limiting knot size and ring density was established for each species. The recommended knot sizes were limited to 38 mm (1.5 in.) or smaller for DF, 89 mm (3.5 in.) or smaller for PP, and 64 mm (2.5 in.) or smaller for SYP. The minimum ring densities equaled or exceeded 6 rings per inch (rpi) for DF, 6 rpi for PP, and 4 rpi for SYP. Two guardrail systems–-one using DF posts and another using PP posts–-were crash tested according to the Test Level 3 requirements specified in NCHRP Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. Crash testing was not conducted on the SYP system because of the adequacy of previous testing on 184-mm (7.25-in.) diameter SYP posts in a standard W-beam guardrail system and post design strength comparable to that in the other two species. Both crash tests showed that the modified MGS functioned adequately for both wood species. Three round wood post alternatives were recommended as an acceptable substitute for the standard W152×13.4 (W6×9) steel post used in the MGS.
Thin film encapsulated flexible organic electroluminescent displays (2003)

We describe encapsulated passive matrix, video rate organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays on flexible plastic substrates using a multilayer barrier encapsulation technology. The flexible OLED (FOLED™) displays are based on highly efficient electrophosphorescent OLED (PHOLED™) technology deposited on barrier coated plastic (Flexible Glass™ substrate) and are hermetically sealed with an optically transmissive multilayer barrier coating (Barix™ encapsulation). Preliminary lifetime to half initial luminance (L0∼100 cd/m2) of order 200 h is achieved on the passive matrix driven encapsulated 80 dpi displays; 2500 h lifetime is achieved on a dc tested encapsulated 5 mm2 FOLED test pixel. The encapsulated displays are flexed 1000 times around a 1 in. diameter cylinder and show minimal damage.
Lubrication of SiOx via Equilibrium Adsorption of Alcohol Vapor in Humid Environments. (2008)

Abstract not provided.
Designing Robot Behavior in Human-Robot Interactions (2019)

In this book, we have set up a unified analytical framework for various human-robot systems, which involve peer-peer interactions (either space-sharing or time-sharing) or hierarchical interactions. A methodology in designing the robot behavior through control, planning, decision and learning is proposed. In particular, the following topics are discussed in-depth: safety during human-robot interactions, efficiency in real-time robot motion planning, imitation of human behaviors from demonstration, dexterity of robots to adapt to different environments and tasks, cooperation among robots and humans with conflict resolution. These methods are applied in various scenarios, such as human-robot collaborative assembly, robot skill learning from human demonstration, interaction between autonomous and human-driven vehicles, etc. Key Features: Proposes a unified framework to model and analyze human-robot interactions under different modes of interactions. Systematically discusses the control, decision and learning algorithms to enable robots to interact safely with humans in a variety of applications. Presents numerous experimental studies with both industrial collaborative robot arms and autonomous vehicles.
Low glycemic load diets protect against metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the male Nile rat (2017)

Measuring total food intake and the novel concept of Cum GLoad during growth generated strong correlations (up to r=0.93) between Cum GLoad and parameters of MetS and T2DM, especially during sexual maturation. The present experiments confirm the applicability of male Nile rats to diet-induced human T2DM, and suggest dietary compositions to deter MetS and T2DM in humans.
Modeling of Polarization Effects in Au Nanodots Excited With InAs Quantum Dot Emitters for Use as a HAMR Heat Source (2013)

We present modeling of a novel device structure with possible application as a heat assisted magnetic recording source. The structure consists of a mesa of GaAs containing InAs quantum dots (QD's), on a GaAs substrate. An Au dot atop the MESA is in proximity to a HAMR medium. The Au dot acts as a resonant absorber of the QD emission and also provides coupling between the optical transducer and recording medium. The device is illuminated through the substrate, with light that is absorbed by the QD's and re-emitted at a longer wavelength, characteristic of the dots. For varied polarization of the QD light emission, finite element modeling was used to compute the electromagnetic field structure of the device, along with the resultant temperature field in the recording medium and the device. We show that certain polarization emission are preferable for attaining more intense excitation of resonance in the Au dot atop the mesa. Temperature ratios (medium versus the Au dots) greater than 60 times were seen, due to the good heat sinking of the Au dot provided by the GaAs mesa and substrate. Coupling efficiencies between the device and medium were low, with typically less than 0.3% of the power emitted by all radiators coupling into the full-width half-maximum of the medium hot spot. While improvements may be possible, even at low efficiency this device shows promise in keeping the near field transducer cool relative to the medium.
Eleven-year follow-up of a Japanese retinitis pigmentosa patient with an HK1 gene mutation (2019)

<b>Background</b>: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of disorders that have a high genotypic diversity. Therefore, it is difficult to presume the genotype and/or prognosis from the presented phenotype. Establishment of a viable method for prognostic prediction requires accumulation and aggregation of long-term, follow-up data for respective RP genotypes. In this report, we present the long-term follow-up data for a patient with autosomal dominant RP resulting from a mutation in the <i>HK1</i> gene.<b>Materials and methods</b>: A Japanese patient suffering from RP that was followed-up at our hospital for 11 years consented to participate in this study. The patient's medical and family histories were gathered through patient interviews and clinical data were collected from medical records. The patient's genotype was investigated using whole exome sequencing (WES).<b>Results</b>: Although the fundus showed typical RP, the patient's visual deterioration over the 11-year follow-up period was limited. WES revealed a heterozygous, nonsynonymous variant in the <i>HK1</i> gene (NM_000188: c. 2539G>A, p. E847K). This variant has previously been reported as a pathogenic variant of autosomal dominant RP. Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was consistent with his family tree.<b>Conclusions</b>: We used WES to identify the first case of RP due to an <i>HK1</i> gene mutation in Japanese patients and presented long-term, follow-up clinical data relating to the progression of the disorder. The detailed and long-term follow-up data for this genetically diagnosed RP patient are a valuable augmentation of existing knowledge and can help inform development of a prognostic prediction method for RP.
A single-stage three-phase AC module for high-voltage photovoltaics (2012)

A single-stage three-phase voltage source inverter for high-voltage PV modules is presented. The benefits of the proposed design are simplicity, low cost, high efficiency, and high reliability. The inverter is intended for module integration and is designed for a relatively low power rating of approximately 250W. Analytical models and dynamic simulation are used to calculate expected efficiency. The mean time to failure is estimated using established methods. Component costs are approximated with a linear regression which relates device ratings with price data. It is shown that in comparison to conventional single-phase module-integrated converters, the power component cost reduction is approximately 60%, peak efficiency is increased above 98%, and longer life is anticipated. Experimental results are shown.
Orbit Verification of Small Sat Constellations (2021)

We present a scheme for verifiable location reporting of small satellites, or small sats. The decreasing size of small sats makes them harder to track optically. We propose to verify satellite locations by having the satellites verify the correctness of each other's positions by occasionally completing cryptographically-secure, telemetry-based challenges that are secured on a permissioned blockchain.In the scheme, we update an a posteriori position estimate using self-reporting. The self-reported data is verified by requiring that satellites periodically complete challenges through which it becomes possible to determine the correctness of position using bilateration. To avoid equivocation, the challenges are cryptographically secured by wrapping a challenge in layers that can be removed only by the satellite that is targeted by the challenger. The blockchain is used to secure a list of locations so that verification can be done asynchronously. This is necessary because satellite communication can be significantly delayed. The blockchain is permissioned and operated by constellations, not individual satellites, and does not require that any satellite host a node.
The Efficient Preparation and Diels-Alder Reactions of 1,2-Bis[methylthio]-1, 3-Butadiene (1981)

Abstract The base catalyzed rearrangements of 1,4 bis-heteroatom substituted 3-butynes have been extensively studied by Brandsma, et al. 2,3 Frequently, complex mixtures of products have been obtained. We wish to report an efficient, selective preparation of 1,2-bis(methylthio)-1, 3-butadiene 1 and its use in two Diels-Alder reactions.
Diffusion of injected macromolecules within the cytoplasm of living cells. (1981)

The diffusion of macromolecules introduced into the cytoplasm of human fibroblasts by erythrocyte-mediated microinjection was measured by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. The apparent diffusion coefficients for fluorescein-labeled IgG and fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin were approximately 10(-8) cm2/sec at 22 degrees C, consistent with the kinetics of spreading of the fluorescent probe following microinjection and approximately 1/70 the values in aqueous buffer. The diffusion of labeled bovine serum albumin was shown to be strongly dependent on temperature and, in fact, similar to that expected in a 61% aqueous sucrose solution. However, the marked reduction in diffusion at 5 degrees C could be fully reversed by incubation with 0.1 mM colchicine. These findings suggest that cytoplasmic diffusion rates are reduced relative to rates in aqueous media as a result of increased aqueous phase viscosity or the impedence provided by structural elements. Several simple models to account for the data are presented.
Lead‐Free Highly Efficient Blue‐Emitting Cs3Cu2I5 with 0D Electronic Structure (2018)

Halide perovskites, including CsPbX<sub>3</sub> (X = Cl, Br, I), have gained much attention in the field of optoelectronics. However, the toxicity of Pb and the low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these perovskites hamper their use. In this work, new halide materials that meet the requirements of: (i) nontoxicity, (ii) high PLQY, and (iii) ease of fabrication of thin films via the solution process are explored. In particular, copper(I) halide compounds with low-dimensional electronic structures are considered. Cs<sub>3</sub> Cu<sub>2</sub> I<sub>5</sub> has a 0D photoactive site and exhibits blue emission (≈445 nm) with very high PLQYs of ≈90 and ≈60% for single crystals and thin films, respectively. The large exciton binding energy of ≈490 meV explains well the 0D electronic nature of Cs<sub>3</sub> Cu<sub>2</sub> I<sub>5</sub> . Blue electroluminescence of Pb-free halides is demonstrated using solution-derived Cs<sub>3</sub> Cu<sub>2</sub> I<sub>5</sub> thin films.
Podoplanin-Rich Stromal Networks Induce Dendritic Cell Motility via Activation of the C-type Lectin Receptor CLEC-2 (2012)

To initiate adaptive immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) move from parenchymal tissues to lymphoid organs by migrating along stromal scaffolds that display the glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN). PDPN is expressed by lymphatic endothelial and fibroblastic reticular cells and promotes blood-lymph separation during development by activating the C-type lectin receptor, CLEC-2, on platelets. Here, we describe a role for CLEC-2 in the morphodynamic behavior and motility of DCs. CLEC-2 deficiency in DCs impaired their entry into lymphatics and trafficking to and within lymph nodes, thereby reducing T cell priming. CLEC-2 engagement of PDPN was necessary for DCs to spread and migrate along stromal surfaces and sufficient to induce membrane protrusions. CLEC-2 activation triggered cell spreading via downregulation of RhoA activity and myosin light-chain phosphorylation and triggered F-actin-rich protrusions via Vav signaling and Rac1 activation. Thus, activation of CLEC-2 by PDPN rearranges the actin cytoskeleton in DCs to promote efficient motility along stromal surfaces.
Synthesis and thermal analysis of sugar based polyesters as candidate of high performance biopolymers (2011)

Synthesis and characterization of polyesters based on isosorbide/isoidide derived AB-monomers were reported. The homopolymers were prepared respectively by melt polycondensation of isosorbide 2(4-carbomethoxybenzoate), isosorbide 5(4-carbomethoxybenzoate) and isoidide (4-carbomethoxyphenyl ether). The chemical structure and properties of the synthesized polyesters were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> H NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction. It was found that these renewable bio-based thermoplastics present promising high Tg and excellent crystallinity. By increasing the maximum temperature attained in the polymerization, the molecular weight of polyesters went up with their increased Tg. Because of their thermal stability, it provides the opportunity of melt processability of those homopolymers, which is often the major challenge arising from processing biopolymers on industrial scale. Meanwhile, the monomers can also be used as backbone modifier for many commercial polymers such as PET or PLA etc. Those high performance copolyesters with their processing versatility could be utilized in many different applications such as hot filling food packaging, implantable catheters and orthopedic prosthesis. In this article, transesterification of isosorbide 5(4-carbomethoxybenzoate) with PET was done and showed the Tg of PET could be raised by adding a small amount of those sugar derived AB monomers.
Mass Production of Rubusoside Using a Novel Stevioside-Specific β-Glucosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus (2012)

Rubusoside (R) is a natural sweetener and a solubilizing agent with antiangiogenic and antiallergic properties. However, currently, its production is quite expensive, and therefore, we have investigated nine commercially available glycosidases to optimize an economically viable R-production method. A stevioside (ST)-specific β-glucosidase (SSGase) was selected and purified 7-fold from Aspergillus aculeatus Viscozyme L by a two-step column chromatography procedure. The 79 kDa protein was stable from pH 3.0 to pH 7.0 at 50-60 °C. Hydrolysis of ST by SSGase produced R and steviol monoglucosyl ester as determined by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Importantly, SSGase showed higher activity toward ST than other β-linked glucobioses. The optimal conditions for R production were 280 mM ST and 16.6 μL of SSGase at pH 5.1 and 63 °C. This is the first discussion detailing the production of R by enzymatic hydrolysis of ST and is useful for the food additive and pharmaceutical industries.