gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable Device Architecture With Industrially Scalable Processes for Realizing Efficient 784 cm2 Monolithic Perovskite Solar Modules (2023)

We demonstrate the scaling up of the perovskite photovoltaic technology with minimal performance losses by developing stable device architecture with industrially compatible processes. The monofacial (aperture area: 784 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and bifacial (aperture area: 781 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) perovskite solar modules exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 13.1% and 11.9%, respectively. Moreover, the encapsulated bifacial mini-modules (aperture area: 4 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) retained ∼92% of initial PCE after 1000 h of damp heat test.
Theoretical study of the thermal conductivity of silica glass–crystal composites (2022)

Abstract The heat dissipation of silicate glasses draws much attention for various applications, and the desire for glasses with high thermal conductivity remains an unsolved challenge. The structural origin of thermal conductivity in glass remains not fully understood. The present study aims to elucidate the impact of embedding highly thermally conductive crystalline α‐quartz in a silica glass matrix. We consider both nano‐thread (NT) (1D) and nano‐plate (NP) (2D) structures and use molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the role of its connectivity on thermal conductivity in the glass–crystal composite as a function of the volume fraction of the α‐quartz region. The directional dependence of thermal conductivity was also investigated to obtain percolation threshold behavior along the cross‐sectional directions, whereas the parallel circuit model of electricity can be used to account for the change of thermal conductivity along the longitudinal direction. Incorporation of α‐quartz NTs or NPs into silica glass offers the opportunity to enhance its thermal conductivity.
Reduced Complexity Soft-Output MIMO Sphere Detectors—Part II: Architectural Optimizations (2014)

In Part I, we presented algorithmic optimizations for a soft-output (SO) tree-search MIMO detector targeted at reducing the node count complexity for a given error-rate performance. We present in this part the architecture for a hardware-efficient pipelined detector that incorporates all these optimizations. A detailed gate complexity analysis of the architecture is conducted, including arithmetic optimizations to minimize the use of multipliers for distance computations by exploiting the lattice structure, as well as efficient pointer logic for implementing child enumeration, internal node-pruning and node-skipping steps. For multitone OFDM symbol detection using multiple tree-search detectors, we propose an efficient scheduling scheme that exploits the slack in node count from tone-to-tone detection. By ordering the tones according to increasing order of their channel matrix orthogonality defect, the detector maximizes the slack of early terminating detectors and forwards it to ill-conditioned tones that require more detection time. Case studies and simulation experiments were conducted based on a 4-layer 64-QAM MIMO system for LTE. Simulations and VLSI synthesis results demonstrate that the proposed optimizations require a chip area of only 85 kGE to implement a 64-QAM SO MIMO detector for LTE capable of attaining almost ML performance with an SNR loss of only 0.85 dB.
Single cell preparations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis damage the mycobacterial envelope and disrupt macrophage interactions (2023)

For decades, investigators have studied the interaction of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) with macrophages, which serve as a major cellular niche for the bacilli. Because Mtb are prone to aggregation, investigators rely on varied methods to disaggregate the bacteria for these studies. Here, we examined the impact of routinely used preparation methods on bacterial cell envelope integrity, macrophage inflammatory responses, and intracellular Mtb survival. We found that both gentle sonication and filtering damaged the mycobacterial cell envelope and markedly impacted the outcome of infections in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Unexpectedly, sonicated bacilli were hyperinflammatory, eliciting dramatically higher TLR2-dependent gene expression and elevated secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. Despite evoking enhanced inflammatory responses, sonicated bacilli replicated normally in macrophages. In contrast, Mtb that had been passed through a filter induced little inflammatory response, and they were attenuated in macrophages. Previous work suggests that the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), dampens macrophage inflammatory responses to Mtb. However, we found that the impact of PDIM depended on the method used to prepare Mtb. In conclusion, widely used methodologies to disaggregate Mtb may introduce experimental artifacts in Mtb-host interaction studies, including alteration of host inflammatory signaling, intracellular bacterial survival, and interpretation of bacterial mutants.
Regulation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, β-Chemokine Production, and CCR5 Expression in CD40L-Stimulated Macrophages: Immune Control of Viral Entry (2001)

Mononuclear phagocytes (MP) and T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Regulation of such immune responses can be mediated, in part, through the interaction of the T-lymphocyte-expressed molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) with its receptor on MP, CD40. Upregulation of CD40L on CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells during advanced HIV-1 disease has previously been reported. Based on this observation, we studied the influence of CD40L-CD40 interactions on MP effector function and viral regulation in vitro. We monitored productive viral infection, cytokine and beta-chemokine production, and beta-chemokine receptor expression in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) after treatment with soluble CD40L. Beginning 1 day after infection and continuing at 3-day intervals, treatment with CD40L inhibited productive HIV-1 infection in MDM in a dose-dependent manner. A concomitant and marked upregulation of beta-chemokines (macrophage inhibitory proteins 1alpha and 1beta and RANTES [regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted]) and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was observed in HIV-1-infected and CD40L-treated MDM relative to either infected or activated MDM alone. The addition of antibodies to RANTES or TNF-alpha led to a partial reversal of the CD40L-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Surface expression of CD4 and the beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 was reduced on MDM in response to treatment with CD40L. In addition, treatment of CCR5- and CD4-transfected 293T cells with secretory products from CD40L-stimulated MDM prior to infection with a CCR5-tropic HIV-1 reporter virus led to inhibition of viral entry. In conclusion, we demonstrate that CD40L-mediated inhibition of viral entry coincides with a broad range of MDM immune effector responses and the down-modulation of CCR5 and CD4 expression.
A General Synthesis of N‐Hydroxyindoles. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injuries: In Reply (2004)

OBJECTIVE: Concussion in prolessional foothell was stodied with respect to impact types and injury biomechanics. A combination of viden surveillaece and laborratory recoostroction of game impacts was used to evaluate concussion biomerbanes. METHODS: Between 1996 and 2001, videctapes of concussions and sigeificant head impact were collected from National Football Leagrue games. There were clear views of the direction and location of the heimel impact for 182 cases. In 31 cases the speed of impact could be determined with analysis of multiple videos. Those cases were reconstructed in laboratory tests using helmeted hybrid III dumnies and the same impact veloxity, direction, and head kireanatics as in the garne. Translational and rotational accelerations were measured, to define concussion biomechanics. Several studes were performed to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility of the video analysis and laboratory methods used. RESULTS: Concussed players experienced head impacts of 9.3 ± 1.9 m/s (20.8 ± 4.2 miles/h). There was a rapid chapge in head velocity of 7.2 ± 1.8 m/s (1.61 ± 4.0 miles/h), which was significantly greater than that for uninjured struck players (3.0 ± 1.1 m/s, 11.2 ± 2.5 miles/h) t = 2.9, P < 0.005) or striking players (4.0 ± 1.2 m/s, 8.9 ± 2.7 milex/h) t = 7,6, P < 0,001), The peak head acceleation in concussion was 98 ± 28 g with a 15-millisecond half-sine duration, which was statistically greates than the 60 ± 24 g for uninjured struck players (t = 3.1, P < 0.005). Concussion was primarily related to translational acceleration resulting from impactis on the facemale or side or falls on the back of the helmet. Concussion could be assessed with the sererity index or head injury criterion (the conventional measures of head injury risk). Nominal tolerance levels for concussion were a severity index of 300 and a head injury criterion of 250. CONLUSION: Concussion occurs with considaciable head impact seloclty and selocity change in prolessional football. Current National Operating Committes on Standards for Athletic Equipment standards primarity address impacts to the periphery and crown of the helinet, whereas players are experioncing injuries in impact to the factimask, side and back of the helmet. New tests are needed to assess the performance of frelmets in reducing concussion risks involving high velocity and long-duration injury biomechanics.
Magnesium chloride supported bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride‐MAO catalyst for ethylene polymerization (1997)

Abstract A novel magnesium chloride supported titanocene catalyst was synthesized using a soluble tetrahydrofuran complex of magnesium chloride. The suported catalyst polymerized ethylene with high activities in presence of methylaluminoxane. The significant feature of the supported metallocene catalyst is that it shows high polymerization activity at low Al/Ti ratio and at higher temperatures compared to soluble catalyst. The role of support in stabilizing the active species on the metallocene is discussed.
Patterning Surface-bound Microtubules through Reversible DNA Hybridization (2004)

Biomolecular motors have great potential as transporters and actuators in microscale devices. Existing efforts toward harnessing kinesin motors have involved microtubule movements over immobilized motors. The reverse geometry has distinct advantages, but progress has been hindered by the difficulty of immobilizing patterned and aligned microtubules on surfaces. Here we show that microtubules can be reversibly patterned with microscale resolution through DNA hybridization, and that these DNA-functionalized microtubules support the movement of kinesin-coated beads.
Virus-Like Particles Activate Type I Interferon Pathways to Facilitate Post-Exposure Protection against Ebola Virus Infection (2015)

Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a severe hemorrhagic disease with high fatality. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising vaccine candidate against EBOV. We recently showed that VLPs protect mice from lethal EBOV infection when given before or after viral infection. To elucidate pathways through which VLPs confer post-exposure protection, we investigated the role of type I interferon (IFN) signaling. We found that VLPs lead to accelerated induction of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver and spleen of wild type mice, but not in Ifnar-/- mice. Accordingly, EBOV infected Ifnar-/- mice, unlike wild type mice succumbed to death even after VLP treatment. The ISGs induced in wild type mice included anti-viral proteins and negative feedback factors known to restrict viral replication and excessive inflammatory responses. Importantly, proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression was much higher in WT mice without VLPs than mice treated with VLPs. In EBOV infected Ifnar-/- mice, however, uninhibited viral replication and elevated proinflammatory factor expression ensued, irrespective of VLP treatment, supporting the view that type I IFN signaling helps to limit viral replication and attenuate inflammatory responses. Further analyses showed that VLP protection requires the transcription factor, IRF8 known to amplify type I IFN signaling in dendritic cells and macrophages, the probable sites of initial EBOV infection. Together, this study indicates that VLPs afford post-exposure protection by promoting expeditious initiation of type I IFN signaling in the host.
Designing a New Ionomer from Scratch - Pushing Polypoms to the Limit (2009)

We have fabricated proton conducting films using monomers based on vinyl substituted silicotungstic acid heteropoly acids (HPAs) and acrylate co-monomers. In this work we probe the limits of this system based on increasing the weight loading of the HPA to 85 wt%. Although impressive proton conductivities can be achieved with these films under hotter and drier operating conditions than in conventional proton exchange membranes, the materials have mechanical limitations. We show that very different film morphologies can be prepared based on whether or not the film is polymerized thermally or by UV light. In general the UV cured films have superior proton conductivity, but have a linear morphology resulting in a brittle film. The thermally cured films have a clustered morphology with good mechanical attributes but have poor proton conductivity.
Multiple antennas and representation theory (2002)

Multiple antennas can greatly increase the data rate and reliability of a wireless communication link in a fading environment, but the practical success of using multiple antennas depends crucially on our ability to design high-rate space-time constellations with low encoding and decoding complexity. It has been shown that full transmitter diversity, where the constellation is a set of unitary matrices whose differences have nonzero determinant, is a desirable property for good performance. We use the powerful theory of fixed-point-free groups and their representations to design high-rate constellations with full diversity. Furthermore, we thereby classify all full-diversity constellations that form a group, for all rates and numbers of transmitter antennas. The group structure makes the constellations especially suitable for differential modulation and low-complexity decoding algorithms. The classification also reveals that the number of different group structures with full diversity is very limited when the number of transmitter antennas is large and odd. We therefore also consider extensions of the constellation designs to nongroups. We conclude by showing that many of our designed constellations perform excellently on both simulated and real wireless channels.
B1.2 - HYPER-IMS: A Fully Implantable Blood Pressure Sensor for Hypertensive Patients (2009)

Hypertension and heart failures were and are increasingly two of the main diseases of modern population. As a powerful tool for long-term post surgical evaluation of heart pressure, body temperature and pulse rate, a telemetric controlled sensor-implant without battery is currently developed and evaluated in the course of preclinical in-vivo experiments.
Using pulsed power to help understand radiation-hydrodynamic behavior (1998)

Summary form only given. Pulsed power, such as the Sandia Z-machine, is contributing our understanding of where codes model reality. Fine-zoned Eulerian (and ALE) calculations, for a wide variety of geometries, show elaborate structure such as jets and instabilities, which are not calculated by Lagrangian codes. More and faster computers allow these fine-zoned (1.0 micron or less on a side) calculations to be done. The Z-machine, along with modern diagnostics, which obtain time-dependent images for more than one photon energy response, are well suited to helping us understand, in at least one case, how much of this structure is real. The geometry considered here is a CH tamped hole in a Au hohlraum for which Eulerian calculations show a jet of Au forming at a corner of the Au and moving through the CH tamping. Subsequently, large amounts of Au move into the hole. Lagrangian calculations show the Au to have only minimal motion. Here pulsed power enables us to determine the better computer model.
Elektronentransfer und elektronische Leitung durch ein Zwischenmedium (2008)

ETs unter einem Hut: Elektronentransferprozesse treten in so verschiedenen biologischen und künstlichen Materialien wie Proteinen und Halbleitern auf. Ein vereinheitlichender Ansatz zur Beschreibung dieser Prozesse kann helfen, die vielfältigen Aspekte des Elektronentransfers in kondensierter Materie zu verstehen. Das Diagramm ist eine Auftragung von Abklingkonstanten des Elektronentunnelprozesses gegen die effektive Tunnelbarriere in verschiedenen Materialien.
We value your Opinion: editorial (2021)

Editor-in-Chief, Alexandra Boltasseva, discusses Opinions, a unique article format in Optical Materials Express .
Near-field holographic display for in-situ merger of real-time tomographic data with direct vision (2007)

Real Time Tomographic Reflection (RTTR) is a technique developed by our laboratory that permits in situ visualization of near-field tomographic images, enabling natural hand-eye coordination to guide invasive procedures. Originally developed for the Sonic Flashlight, RTTR uses a half-silvered mirror to merge the direct view of a patient with a real-time tomographic image from within the patient by reflecting a viewpoint-independent virtual image precisely into its actual anatomic location. For example, the Sonic Flashlight displays a real-time virtual image of an ultrasound data slice at its real location inside the patient. This work presents a derivative concept that replaces the half-silvered mirror with a Holographic Optical Element (HOE). This new technique, called Real Time Tomographic Holography (RTTH), eliminates a disadvantage of RTTR, namely, that the virtual image is restricted to the size and shape of the source display. RTTH enables the tomographic projection of a large virtual image using a small LCD image source, as required for many medical and non-medical applications. The perceived location of the projected virtual image is essentially independent of viewpoint . There are no optical elements between the HOE and the virtual image, allowing unobstructed viewing of—and interaction with—both the virtual image and the patient or physical object(s) within which the virtual image may be located. This dissertation presents the design and construction of the first RTTH optical system. It also presents alignment and validation methods for the RTTH system to evaluate its inevitable distortions, in particular the blur and positional instability that must be present, to some degree, in any non-trivial RTTH system.
Condition Assessment of Short-line Railroad Bridges in Pennsylvania (2010)

Current levels of available resources to maintain and preserve the Pennsylvania short-line railroad (SLRR) bridge infrastructure require that important priority decisions be made on an annual basis. The primary objective of this study was to establish a reliable database of Pennsylvania SLRR bridges and to develop a risk-based bridge prioritization algorithm. A bridge survey of Pennsylvania SLRR owners and operators was conducted to develop a bridge database that would be as complete and accurate as possible given the available time and resources. The proposed algorithm provides a tool for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) to use in making more effective maintenance and preservation resource allocation decisions for these structures. This study consisted of a literature review, bridge survey, database update, bridge sample, assessment of the current overall SLRR bridge population, and a risk-based prioritization algorithm.
New Life for Immunotoxin Cancer Therapy (2015)

Immunotoxins are targeted anticancer therapeutics that kill cancer cells using a cytotoxic bacterial toxin payload. Their development for use in solid tumor malignancies was delayed due to issues with their immunogenicity and limited therapeutic window. However, new research has rejuvenated the field. Coadministration with a lymphocyte-depleting regimen of pentostatin and cyclophosphamide can delay antidrug antibody formation, increasing the number of treatment cycles that patients can receive and resulting in durable responses in heavily pretreated patients. In addition, a new generation of immunotoxin molecules with reduced immunogenicity and nonspecific toxicity has been developed through protein engineering techniques, and one has recently entered the clinic. In preclinical studies in mouse models, these new agents are effective against many tumor types as single agents, and also produce synergistic antitumor responses in combination with chemotherapy. These new immunotoxins have renewed excitement in the field and may prove a promising addition to the targeted therapy repertoire.
Collagen Metabolism in Human Aqueous Humor From Primary Open-angle Glaucoma (1995)

An increase of collagen synthesis and a decrease of collagen degradation may contribute to an excessive deposit of collagen with loss of the trabecular cells during the development of POAG, and aqueous humor must be considered as a microenvironment that affects the metabolism or function of the trabecular meshwork or both.
The statistical distribution of percolation current for soft breakdown in ultrathin gate oxide (2003)

Soft breakdown in ultrathin gate oxide has been studied using constant voltage stressing. The behavior of current increments resulting from a number of soft breakdown events has been characterized by statistical distribution. It is shown that the distribution of the current increment follows Weibull distribution rather than log normal distribution. The newly established Weibull slope is shown to be independent of the stressed voltage in the range investigated between 4.5 and 5.1 V. The temperature effect study shows that the Weibull slope reduces with increasing testing temperature. Furthermore, a strong dependence of the Weibull slope on the oxide thickness has been found. These observations can be explained well by geometrical configurations of the percolation path.
Effect of seed processing treatments on oil quality of Ethiopian sesame varieties (2023)

In Ethiopia, sesame is number one oilseed crop in terms of export value, but with low value addition practice. This research aimed to determine effect of varieties and pre-oil extraction treatments on yield and quality of the oil. Results showed that yield varied from 47.1 to 57.5% with iodine value (IV) from 106 to 113 g/100 g, free fatty acid (FFA) 0.47 to 1.36%, and peroxide value (PV) of 0.66 to 7.04 meq O2/kg. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid were the major fatty acids in the oil and characterized by high unsaturated (80–85%) and less saturated (15–20%) fatty acids. All pre-oil extraction treatments increased the oil content, with minor effects on color, FFA, and PV as compared to the oil from the raw seed. However, roasting enabled to extract better oil yield with low PV and less constitutes of FFA.