gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of the Cutaneous Anaphylactoid Test to Detect Differences in Mast Cell Mediator-Releasing Activity among LHRH Peptides (1987)

The cutaneous anaphylactoid test was evaluated as a screen for assessing mast cell mediator-releasing (MCMR) activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) peptides. As expected, LHRH and D-Trp6-LHRH, an agonist of LHRH, were nonreactive at concentrations of antagonist which induced pronounced skin lesions. Differences between LHRH and antagonists were obvious, but it was difficult to detect differences among antagonists using arithmetic means. However, when the geometric means of the highest positive dilution were calculated, the MCMR activities of the antagonists differed and these differences appeared to be related to the hydrophobicities of their N-termini. Thus, it appears that the cutaneous anaphylactoid test is an appropriate screen to assess the MCMR activity of LHRH peptides and should assist in the development of clinically useful inhibitory analogs of LHRH.
Extra-Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinomas: A Population-Based Study in the Netherlands (2018)

This study is the first nationwide study presenting an increase in the incidence of EP-NEC patients from 196 to 260 cases annually in the Netherlands. The best 5-year RS was found for EP-NEC patients with local disease located in the bladder, where the worst 5-year RS was found for patients with disease located in the oesophagus.
Identification of simulants for explosives using pixellated X-ray diffraction (2013)

A new method of material identification has been developed utilising pixellated X-ray diffraction (PixD) to probe the molecular structure of hidden items. Since each material has a unique structure, this technique can be used to “fingerprint” items and has significant potential for use in security applications such as airport baggage scanning. The pixellated diffraction technique allows two distinct forms of diffraction, angular-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, to be combined, exploiting the benefits of both. Thus, fast acquisition times are possible with a small system which contains no moving parts and can be easily implemented. In this work, the capability of the system to identify specific materials within a sample is highlighted. Such an approach would be highly beneficial for detecting explosive materials which are concealed amongst or inside other masking items. The technology could easily be added to existing baggage scanning equipment and would mean that if a suspicious item is seen in a regular X-ray image, the operator of the equipment could analyse the object in detail without opening the bag. The net result would be more accurate analysis of baggage content and faster throughput, as manual searching of suspicious objects would not be required.
The 2‐Propanol Fuel Cell: A Review from the Perspective of a Hydrogen Energy Economy (2021)

The 2‐propanol fuel cell has been shown to hold several key advantages over the more established methanol fuel cell, including a comparably high real open‐circuit voltage, reduced fuel crossover through a Nafion membrane and a benign toxicological fuel profile. In addition, while the highly selective partial oxidation of 2‐propanol to acetone in a fuel cell (rather than the more typical complete combustion of organic fuels to CO 2 ) has been viewed as a disadvantage in the past, recent work has shown that the 2‐propanol/acetone couple is compatible with traditional hydrocarbon liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems though transfer hydrogenation. With this approach, a disadvantage of hydrogen LOHC logistics—the steep energy cost of dehydrogenation that must be provided during energy‐lean times—can be largely avoided. This LOHC compatibility along with the potential for high fuel‐cell performance could place the 2‐propanol fuel cell (also referred to as the direct isopropanol fuel cell or DIFC) in a position to enable a hydrogen energy economy while avoiding the drawbacks of molecular hydrogen transport and storage. In this Review, the purpose is to ascertain the state‐of‐the‐art of DIFCs—an understudied yet promising research area with unique advantages and challenges.
SAFETY EVALUATION OF REPEATED INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS OF BEVACIZUMAB AND RANIBIZUMAB IN RABBIT EYES (2010)

The electrophysiological tests and the morphologic data indicate that the repeated intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab have no cumulative long-term toxic effect on the retina in rabbits.
EvolveGraph: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Dynamic Relational Reasoning (2020)

Multi-agent interacting systems are prevalent in the world, from pure physical systems to complicated social dynamic systems. In many applications, effective understanding of the situation and accurate trajectory prediction of interactive agents play a significant role in downstream tasks, such as decision making and planning. In this paper, we propose a generic trajectory forecasting framework (named EvolveGraph) with explicit relational structure recognition and prediction via latent interaction graphs among multiple heterogeneous, interactive agents. Considering the uncertainty of future behaviors, the model is designed to provide multi-modal prediction hypotheses. Since the underlying interactions may evolve even with abrupt changes, and different modalities of evolution may lead to different outcomes, we address the necessity of dynamic relational reasoning and adaptively evolving the interaction graphs. We also introduce a double-stage training pipeline which not only improves training efficiency and accelerates convergence, but also enhances model performance. The proposed framework is evaluated on both synthetic physics simulations and multiple real-world benchmark datasets in various areas. The experimental results illustrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of prediction accuracy.
Probabilistic Vision-Based Full-Field Displacement and Strain Measurement via Uncertainty Propagation (2012)

This paper presents formulations that enable the vision-based measurement of displacement and strain fields extensively in a probabilistic manner. The proposed formulations are built on the dot centroid tracking (DCT) method by digital cameras, which measures the darkness of each pixel in gray scale, identify dots marked on a specimen, derives dot centroids using pixel darkness information and derives displacement and strain fields by tracking the centroids and interpolating the nodal displacements and strains. Under the Gaussian assumption, the proposed formulations analytically propagate the standard deviation of uncertainty in darkness measurement and estimate that in the displacement and strain field measurement. As the first step, the formulations were completed for continuous field measurement with triangular elements. Most advantageously, the proposed formulations allow discussion on measurement error bounds, which also enables the quantitative comparison of the DCT method to the other measurement techniques. For numerical validation, standard deviations of nodal displacements and strains estimated from the known darkness uncertainty were compared to those derived from large samples created with the same darkness uncertainty. The results show the validity of the proposed formulations and their potential in measurement with reliability.
Self-packaged Type II femtosecond IR laser induced fiber Bragg grating for temperature applications up to 1000 °C (2011)

We propose a thermally stable Type II grating made with ultrafast infrared radiation in a silica-based 400 &mu;m clad single mode fiber cane as a self packaged grating due to its ability to maintain good mechanical integrity after more 100 hours at 1000°C.
In situ x-ray diffraction studies of alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite in a CO2 environment (2009)

An in situ study was conducted using an x-ray diffractometer and a specially designed high pressure cell to examine the effects of carbon dioxide at different pressures and temperatures on three different modified montmorillonite species. These organoclays possessed organic pillars of quaternary ammonium surfactant with either one, two, or three long (C(16)-C(18)) alkyl chains attached to expand the galleries of the clay mineral. The three clay species were tested between 50 degrees C and 200 degrees C with carbon dioxide pressures between 0.1 and 8.4 MPa. Under these conditions, the three organoclays exhibited marked differences in their basal spacing depending on the surfactant used. The physical state of the intercalated surfactant was found to be of critical importance, with no changes in basal spacing noted until the organic component began to melt, in spite of CO(2) being present. A pressure effect was also noted which delayed melting of the surfactants as the pressure of the system increased. In all cases, further cation exchange with residual sodium cation present in the galleries was observed in the presence of CO(2) and above the melting state of the surfactant. The study included examination of the effect of rapid depressurization on the clay structure, which produced only a small change in basal spacing.
Analytic derivation of the (k/j)-order modulation envelopes in the sum of two mistuned (co)sine waves (2015)

The beating effects which may occur in the sum of two mistuned cosine (or sine) functions whose frequencies f1, f2 satisfy f2 â (k/j)f1 (where k/j is a reduced integer ratio) are known as âbeats of mistuned consonancesâ. They have already been investigated in the 19th century as for their beat frequencies; but interestingly, nothing has been said on the mathematical shapes and properties of these beats. In the present contribution we derive analytically the equations of the modulating envelope curves which accurately outline these beats. Although this may seem to be a straightforward problem, the modulating envelope curves in cases other than k = j = 1 turn out to be surprisingly complex. Denoting by n the value max(k, j), we show that for any k and j we have 2n modulating envelope curves, and that the equations of these curves are the 2n solutions of a polynomial equation of order 2n in y, whose coefficients are periodic functions of x. As expected, the simple case of k = j = 1 reduces into the classical cosine sum-to-product identity, where the modulating envelopes are cosinusoidal and have the frequency (f1 â f2)/2. Due to the complexity of the curve equations in cases other than k = j = 1, a simplified approximation using 2n cosinusoidal curves is also provided, which can be used when the exact analytic solutions are not really required. Further properties of the beating effects in question are also discussed and illustrated. Similar results hold for the modulation envelopes of mistuned sine waves, too. Applications may concern various fields, including acoustics, optics, etc.
Sub-block motion derivation for merge mode in HEVC (2016)

The new state-of-the-art video coding standard, H.265/HEVC, has been finalized in 2013 and it achieves roughly 50% bit rate saving compared to its predecessor, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. In this paper, two additional merge candidates, advanced temporal motion vector predictor and spatial-temporal motion vector predictor, are developed to improve motion information prediction scheme under the HEVC structure. The proposed method allows each Prediction Unit (PU) to fetch multiple sets of motion information from multiple blocks smaller than the current PU. By splitting a large PU into sub-PUs and filling motion information for all the sub-PUs of the large PU, signaling cost of motion information could be reduced. This paper describes above-mentioned techniques in detail and evaluates their coding performance benefits based on the common test condition during HEVC development. Simulation results show that 2.4% performance improvement over HEVC can be achieved.
Sculpting humoral immunity through dengue vaccination to enhance protective immunity (2012)

Dengue viruses (DENV) are the most important mosquito transmitted viral pathogens infecting humans. DENV infection produces a spectrum of disease, most commonly causing a self-limiting flu-like illness known as dengue fever; yet with increased frequency, manifesting as life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Waning cross-protective immunity from any of the four dengue serotypes may enhance subsequent infection with another heterologous serotype to increase the probability of DHF. Decades of effort to develop dengue vaccines are reaching the finishing line with multiple candidates in clinical trials. Nevertheless, concerns remain that imbalanced immunity, due to the prolonged prime-boost schedules currently used in clinical trials, could leave some vaccinees temporarily unprotected or with increased susceptibility to enhanced disease. Here we develop a DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) DNA vaccine with the immunodominant cross-reactive B cell epitopes associated with immune enhancement removed. We compare wild-type (WT) with this cross-reactivity reduced (CRR) vaccine and demonstrate that both vaccines are equally protective against lethal homologous DENV-1 challenge. Under conditions mimicking natural exposure prior to acquiring protective immunity, WT vaccinated mice enhanced a normally sub-lethal heterologous DENV-2 infection resulting in DHF-like disease and 95% mortality in AG129 mice. However, CRR vaccinated mice exhibited redirected serotype-specific and protective immunity, and significantly reduced morbidity and mortality not differing from naїve mice. Thus, we demonstrate in an in vivo DENV disease model, that non-protective vaccine-induced immunity can prime vaccinees for enhanced DHF-like disease and that CRR DNA immunization significantly reduces this potential vaccine safety concern. The sculpting of immune memory by the modified vaccine and resulting redirection of humoral immunity provide insight into DENV vaccine-induced immune responses.
264 (2012)

Introduction: A practical approach for achieving continuous and minimally invasive cardiac output (CO) monitoring in critically ill patients is to analyze an arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform obtained with an existing arterial line. However, current pulse contour analysis (PCA) devices may not be able to adequately predict CO reductions during blood loss. Recently, a new PCA technique was introduced that aims to enhance accuracy by analyzing the slow, inter-beat variations in the waveform wherein confounding physiologic effects are minimal. Hypothesis: The aim was to test this technique against gold standard aortic flow probe measurements in hemorrhaging animals. Methods: Six healthy swine were studied under a protocol approved by the Michigan State All-University Committee on Animal Use and Care. During an open-chest recovery surgery, an ultrasonic flow probe was implanted around the ascending aorta for reference CO. After about a week of recovery, general anesthesia and mechanical ventilation were instituted. A fluid-filled catheter was placed in a radial artery for the ABP waveform for analysis. The measurements were recorded during graded hemorrhage (to about 50% of the estimated total blood volume) and re-transfusion of the shed blood. The new technique and competing PCA devices were applied to the ABP waveforms. The CO estimates of each technique were then calibrated using the mean aortic flow probe value per subject. The agreement between the calibrated estimates and reference measurements was assessed via Bland-Altman analysis. Results: On average, CO dropped to 36% of its baseline value during the hemorrhage, while heart rate increased by 150% perhaps due to a central ischemic response. The new technique correctly predicted CO reductions in all animals and then a CO increase after the blood re-transfusion. The CO error ranged between 9 to 21% per subject, with an average of 14%. Two competing devices did not predict CO reductions during the hemorrhage, whereas the average CO error of a third device was 33%. Conclusions: The new PCA technique was able to reliably track CO changes during major hemorrhage. Future efforts will focus on the integration of the technique into a real-time device.
Prospective validation of a simple laboratory score to predict outcome after orthotopic liver transplantation (2011)

Aims: Early identification of patients with adverse outcome after liver transplantation remains difficult. The aim of the present study was to establish a score to predict 30 day mortality and graft loss retrospectively and to validate the score prospectively. Methods: Retrospectively, from 296 liver transplanted patients a score was developed that included peak-AST within the first week, gamma-GT at day 7 and bilirubin at day 7 to predict graft loss or patient death within 30 days. The score obtained was then prospectively validated in 86 patients undergoing liver transplantation. Results: From the retrospective training cohort, cut-off values to predict adverse outcome for peak-AST (&gt;1870 IU/mL), gamma-GT (&lt;214 IU/mL) and bilirubin (&gt;5.75mg/dL) were determined by ROC curve analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of the score to predict an endpoint from the retrospective cohort were excellently reproduced in the prospective cohort. Overall, fulfilment of ≥ 2 criteria predicted graft loss or death within 30 days with a sensitivity of 0.697 and a specificity of 0.779. Importantly, none of the patients that stayed below all three thresholds experienced death or graft loss within 30 days. Conclusions: This simple score calculated from standard laboratory values within the first week after liver transplantation allows prediction of graft loss and patient death within 30 days after transplantation. Early identification of patients at risk might help to improve outcome by following these patients more closely and allocating resources towards these patients.
Evolutionary Approaches To Minimizing Network Coding Resources (2007)

We wish to minimize the resources used for network coding while achieving the desired throughput in a multicast scenario. We employ evolutionary approaches, based on a genetic algorithm, that avoid the computational complexity that makes the problem NP-hard. Our experiments show great improvements over the sub-optimal solutions of prior methods. Our new algorithms improve over our previously proposed algorithm in three ways. First, whereas the previous algorithm can be applied only to acyclic networks, our new method works also with networks with cycles. Second, we enrich the set of components used in the genetic algorithm, which improves the performance. Third, we develop a novel distributed framework. Combining distributed random network coding with our distributed optimization yields a network coding protocol where the resources used for coding are optimized in the setup phase by running our evolutionary algorithm at each node of the network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by carrying out simulations on a number of different sets of network topologies.
Discovery of a Highly Selective in vitro and in vivo M4 Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM) (2010)

Clinical trials with xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtype orthosteric agonist, have demonstrated its efficacy as both a cognition-enhancing agent and an antipsychotic agent. Although multiple studies suggest that M1 may also play an important role in the antipsychotic effects of mAChR agonists, the relative contributions of M1 and M4 to the antipsychotic efficacy of xanomeline or antipsychotic-like effects of this compound in animal models remain relatively unknown. Unfortunately, highly selective centrally penetrant activators of either M1 or M4 have not as yet been made available to date, thus making it difficult to determine the in vivo effects of selective activation of these receptors. Only recently did we develop a highly selective M1 allosteric agonist probe (CID-25010775) to study the role of selective M1 activation in vitro and in vivo; however, no such probe exists for M4. The currently identified probe ML108 (CID-864492) possesses unprecedented selectivity for the M4 receptor against M1, M2, M3 and M5, as well as a large panel of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels and transporters. Moreover, the probe is centrally penetrant, possesses excellent PK, is active in preclinical antipsychotic behavioral models, and shows good solubility in acceptable vehicles. Thus, ML108 can be used both in vitro and in vivo to study the role of selective M4 receptor activation. In conjunction with the M1 allosteric agonist probe, CID-25010775, this potent and selective M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) will enable the biomedical community to dissect the pharmacology of xanomeline, and determine the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of selective M1 and M4 activation.
Knock in Various Combustion Modes in a Gasoline-Fueled Automotive Engine (2011)

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offers great potential for improved fuel economy and dramatically reduced NOx emissions, compared to typical spark ignition (SI) combustion. However the benefits of HCCI are limited to low and medium loads by the simultaneous occurrence of combustion instability and knock at a maximum load that is too low for conventional SI combustion. To provide smooth operation in the intermediate range between HCCI and SI requires alternative combustion strategies. One such strategy is spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) which uses a spark plug to initiate a flame which consumes a portion of the mixture, followed by autoignition of the remaining charge. This moderates the rapid heat release and allows higher loads to be achieved without exceeding knock and stability limits. In a recent study we have explored this region and have found that spark assist at first dramatically reduces knock as load is raised above the HCCI limit; however with further load increase, knock returns, but in a form which resembles spark ignited knock rather than the HCCI knock. This study investigates in detail the knocking conditions observed in that work. The objectives of this study are twofold: first, to explore the differences between the two forms of knock; and second, to apply and compare a number of commonly used metrics for knock and noise over the range of HCCI, SACI and SI combustion. Experimental data were acquired on a single-cylinder DI research engine equipped with a fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) system and fueled by research-grade gasoline. Cycle to cycle results based on filtered pressure traces are shown and compared with a number of knock measures including a widely used correlation for ringing intensity for HCCI combustion. Although based on a limited set of data, the results identify important qualitative features of the two forms of knock and point out significant differences among the knock metrics. The results suggest that further investigations are needed to fully understand both the knocking phenomenon and how best to quantify it.