gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Writing on Superhydrophobic Nanopost Arrays: Topographic Design for Bottom-up Assembly (2012)

A well-known property of superhydrophobic surfaces, such as an array of hydrophobic nanoposts, is to allow only limited surface contact of a liquid to the tips of the nanoposts. Herein we demonstrate that material deposition from solution, whether solid precipitation, surface adsorption or colloidal adhesion in static system, or dynamic "writing", can be limited to these specific areas of the surface when in this nonwetting state. As an example of solid precipitation, we show that nucleation of CaCO(3) results in the growth of small, uniform, amorphous deposits (which can merge and recrystallize) instead of disordered, large crystals due to the abundance of identical, small heterogeneous nucleation sites. The growth of amorphous CaCO(3) can be used to trap molecules from solution, as a potential application for controlled drug release. To demonstrate the localized surface adsorption, we show that chemical functionalization of the post tips can make them "sticky" for specific attachment of species (such as colloidal particles) from solution. The electrostatic charge and relative size ratio of the particle/post diameters control the attachment of particles to the post tips with great specificity. Dynamic conditions have also been shown for writing using droplets translated across the nonwetting surface at controlled speeds during deposition. These methods offer unprecedented control over the heterogeneous nucleation and localized growth of crystals from solution and avoid nonspecific adsorption. There is selective control of colloidal or molecular attachment to the nanopost tips, whereby the contact area, time of contact, and tip surface chemistry for reaction are all independently tunable parameters.
Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere (2020)

Emphasis in the previous chapters has been on speckle that arises either from scattering from rough surfaces or scattering from diffuse volumes. In this chapter, attention is devoted to a different kind of speckle, namely, intensity fluctuations in the image of a distant incoherent object when the light from that object has propagated through random inhomogeneities associated with atmospheric turbulence. When the exposure or detection time is short compared with the fluctuation time of those inhomogeneities, atmospherically induced speckle is observed in the image. An explanation of the origin of this phenomenon will be given in the following subsections. Unlike discussions of speckle in previous chapters, which assumed reasonably monochromatic light, the speckle of interest here can occur in relatively broadband light, although if the bandwidth is too large the speckles can begin to wash out. In addition, since propagation through atmospheric turbulence does not change the polarization of the light, the speckle of interest here will be independent of polarization.
The Composition and Metabolic Phenotype of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Biofilms (2011)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shown to form biofilms during cervical infection. Thus, biofilm formation may play an important role in the infection of women. The ability of N. gonorrhoeae to form membrane blebs is crucial to biofilm formation. Blebs contain DNA and outer membrane structures, which have been shown to be major constituents of the biofilm matrix. The organism expresses a DNA thermonuclease that is involved in remodeling of the biofilm matrix. Comparison of the transcriptional profiles of gonococcal biofilms and planktonic runoff indicate that genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance are more highly expressed in biofilm. The expression of aniA, ccp, and norB, which encode nitrite reductase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and nitric oxide reductase respectively, is required for mature biofilm formation over glass and human cervical cells. In addition, anaerobic respiration occurs in the substratum of gonococcal biofilms and disruption of the norB gene required for anaerobic respiration, results in a severe biofilm attenuation phenotype. It has been demonstrated that accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the phenotype of a norB mutant and can retard biofilm formation. However, NO can also enhance biofilm formation, and this is largely dependent on the concentration and donation rate or steady-state kinetics of NO. The majority of the genes involved in gonococcal oxidative stress tolerance are also required for normal biofilm formation, as mutations in the following genes result in attenuated biofilm formation over cervical cells and/or glass: oxyR, gor, prx, mntABC, trxB, and estD. Overall, biofilm formation appears to be an adaptation for coping with the environmental stresses present in the female genitourinary tract. Therefore, this review will discuss the studies, which describe the composition and metabolic phenotype of gonococcal biofilms.
Novel Hybrid Tetracenomycins through Combinatorial Biosynthesis Using a Glycosyltransferase Encoded by the elm Genes in Cosmid 16F4 and Which Shows a Broad Sugar Substrate Specificity (1998)

Cosmid 16F4 contains 25 kb of the elloramycin biosynthetic pathway of Streptomyces olivaceus Tü2353. Transformation of this cosmid into a polyketide synthase (PKS)-deleted mutant of the urdamycin producer, Streptomyces fradiae Tü2717/ΔPKS and into the mithramycin producer Streptomyces argillaceus ATCC 12956 resulted in the production of several novel glycosylated tetracenomycins. Four of the structures of these elloramycin analogues (3, 5−7) were elucidated. They carry various deoxysugar moieties (d-olivose, l-rhodinose, d-mycarose, and a disaccharide consisting of two 1,3-linked d-olivoses) attached at C-8-O of the same aglycon, 8-demethyltetracenomycin C (4). The transfer of the sugars is not catalyzed by glycosyltransferases of the S. fradiae or S. argillaceus strains since the novel hybrid tetracenomycins are also produced by a S. argillaceus mutant carrying cosmid 16F4 but lacking all the known mithramycin glycosyltransferases. Furthermore, a Streptomyces lividans strain containing cosmid 16F4 produced the novel tetracenomycins only when a second plasmid containing the cloned mithramycin sugar biosynthetic genes but lacking glycosyltransferase genes was also present. The glycosyl transfer therefore must be catalyzed by an elloramycin glycosyltransferase encoded by cosmid 16F4. Apparently, this glycosyltransferase is able to catalyze the glycosylation of 8-demethyltetracenomycin C (4, = 12a-demethylelloramycinone) using various d- and l-sugars including a disaccharide. Its future use for combinatorial biosynthetic approaches is discussed.
<title>Ultrasonic displacement sensor for the seismic detection of buried land mines</title> (2002)

A system is under development that uses seismic surface waves to detect and image buried landmines. The system, which has been previously reported in the literature, requires a sensor that does not contact the soil surface. Thus, the seismic signal can be evaluated directly above a candidate mine location. The system can then utilize small amplitude and non-propagating components of the seismic wave field to form an image. Currently, a radar-based sensor is being used in this system. A less expensive alternative to this is an ultrasonic sensor that works on similar principles to the radar but exploits a much slower acoustic wave speed to achieve comparable performance at an operating frequency 5 to 6 decades below the radar frequency. The prototype ultrasonic sensor interrogates the soil with a 50 kHz acoustic signal. This signal is reflected from the soil surface and phase modulated by the surface motion. The displacement can be extracted from this modulation using either analog or digital electronics. The analog scheme appears to offer both the lowest cost and the best performance in initial testing. The sensor has been tested using damp compacted sand as a soil surrogate and has demonstrated a spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio comparable to those that have been achieved with the radar sensor. In addition to being low-cost, the ultrasonic sensor also offers the potential advantage of penetrating different forms of ground cover than those that are permeable to the radar signal. This is because density and stiffness contrasts mediate ultrasonic reflections whereas electromagnetic reflection is governed by dielectric contrast.
Staphylococcus aureus Mutants Lacking the LytR-CpsA-Psr Family of Enzymes Release Cell Wall Teichoic Acids into the Extracellular Medium (2013)

The LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) proteins are thought to transfer bactoprenol-linked biosynthetic intermediates of wall teichoic acid (WTA) to the peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis, mutants lacking all three LCP enzymes do not deposit WTA in the envelope, while Staphylococcus aureus Δlcp mutants display impaired growth and reduced levels of envelope phosphate. We show here that the S. aureus Δlcp mutant synthesized WTA yet released ribitol phosphate polymers into the extracellular medium. Further, Δlcp mutant staphylococci no longer restricted the deposition of LysM-type murein hydrolases to cell division sites, which was associated with defects in cell shape and increased autolysis. Mutations in S. aureus WTA synthesis genes (tagB, tarF, or tarJ2) inhibit growth, which is attributed to the depletion of bactoprenol, an essential component of peptidoglycan synthesis (lipid II). The growth defect of S. aureus tagB and tarFJ mutants was alleviated by inhibition of WTA synthesis with tunicamycin, whereas the growth defect of the Δlcp mutant was not relieved by tunicamycin treatment or by mutation of tagO, whose product catalyzes the first committed step of WTA synthesis. Further, sortase A-mediated anchoring of proteins to peptidoglycan, which also involves bactoprenol and lipid II, was not impaired in the Δlcp mutant. We propose a model whereby the S. aureus Δlcp mutant, defective in tethering WTA to the cell wall, cleaves WTA synthesis intermediates, releasing ribitol phosphate into the medium and recycling bactoprenol for peptidoglycan synthesis.
Enhancement on energy extraction from magnetic energy harvesters (2015)

This paper presents a method for enhancing performance of a magnetic energy harvester. The harvester operates with a magnetically saturating core with high magnetic permeability. If the core saturates, the effective magnetizing inductance becomes small, and little power can be harvested from the core. Energy is harvested very efficiently during an operating cycle when the core is not saturated, a time period we call the “transfer window.” It can be shown that the location and the length of a transfer window are independent of each other. Based on this property, the transfer window alignment (TWA) method is introduced for maximizing power harvest. The TWA method manipulates the location of the time window, and harvests a greater amount of power compared to passive rectification. The principle of the TWA method reveals that deeper core saturation with higher voltage stress leads to a higher level of energy extraction. The analysis of the TWA method is presented, and verified with simulation and experiments. A detailed control sequence for actual implementation is presented. The TWA method poses little burden to hardware complexity.
Non-equilibrium processing leads to record high thermoelectric figure of merit in PbTe–SrTe (2016)

The broad-based implementation of thermoelectric materials in converting heat to electricity hinges on the achievement of high conversion efficiency. Here we demonstrate a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of 2.5 at 923 K by the cumulative integration of several performance-enhancing concepts in a single material system. Using non-equilibrium processing we show that hole-doped samples of PbTe can be heavily alloyed with SrTe well beyond its thermodynamic solubility limit of <1 mol%. The much higher levels of Sr alloyed into the PbTe matrix widen the bandgap and create convergence of the two valence bands of PbTe, greatly boosting the power factors with maximal values over 30 μW cm(-1) K(-2). Exceeding the 5 mol% solubility limit leads to endotaxial SrTe nanostructures which produce extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.5 W m(-1) K(-1) but preserve high hole mobilities because of the matrix/precipitate valence band alignment. The best composition is hole-doped PbTe-8%SrTe.
Learning Predictive Models of Memory Landmarks (2004)

We describe the construction of statistical models that provide inferences about the probability that subjects will consider events to be memory landmarks. We review methods and report results of experiments probing the classification accuracy and receiver-operator characteristics of the models.
Microvascular pericytes express platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptors in human healing wounds and colorectal adenocarcinoma. (1993)

The expression of platelet-derived growth factor- beta (PDGF-beta) receptors in the microvasculature of human healing wounds and colorectal adenocarcinoma was investigated. Frozen sections were subjected to double immunofluorescence staining using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for pericytes (MAb 225.28 recognizing the high-molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen, expressed by activated pericytes during angiogenesis), endothelial cells (MAb PAL-E), laminin, as well as PDGF-beta receptors (MAb PDGFR-B2) and its ligand PDGF-B chain (MAb PDGF 007). Stained sections were analyzed by computer-aided imaging processing that allowed for a numerical quantification of the degree of colocalization of the investigated antigens. An apparent background colocalization, varying between 23 and 35%, between markers for cells not expected to co-localize was recorded. This background could be due to limitations of camera resolution, to out-of-focus fluorescence, and to interdigitations of the investigated structures. In all six tumor specimens, co-localization of PDGF-beta receptors and PAL-E was not different from the background co-localization, whereas that of PDGF-beta receptors and high-molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen was significantly higher with mean values between 57 and 71%. Qualitatively, the same pattern was obtained in the two investigated healing wounds. PDGF-B chain did not co-localize with either PAL-E or high-molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen, but PDGF-B chain-expressing cells were, however, frequently found juxtaposed to the microvasculature. The expression of PDGF-beta receptors on pericytes in activated microvessels and the presence of PDGF-B chain-expressing cells in close proximity to the microvasculature of healing wounds and colorectal adenocarcinoma is compatible with a role for PDGF in the physiology of the microvasculature in these conditions.
Novel chiral stationary phases comprising 2,4-(or 2,6)-diamino-5,6-(or 2,5)-dichlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile and 1-acyl (1R,2R)-diaminocyclohexane. (2000)

Novel chiral selectors 3-5 were prepared by regioselective nucleophilic substitution of 2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile (TCBDC, 1) at C(4) by (1R,2R)-trans-diaminocyclohexane, followed by acylation of the intermediary 2 with carboxylic acids containing pi-acid or pi-basic unit. On substitution of the second chlorine atom by the spacer 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), a 1:1 mixture of regioisomers of N-(([3, 6-dichloro-2,4-dicyano-5-(4,4,4-triethoxy-4-silabutyl)-amino]phenyl)amino) cyclo-hexylcarboxamides and N-(5,6-dichloro-2,4-dicyano-3-(4,4,4-triethoxy-4-silabutyl)-amino]pheny) amino)cyclohexylcarboxamides (6/7, 8/9, 10/11) was obtained. Their covalent binding to Nucleosil 100-5 provided three new chiral stationary phases (CSP-1-CSP-3). NMR spectra of model compounds 12-14 and MM2 calculations on model compounds 15,16 revealed pi-pi interactions between persubstituted benzene ring and second aromatic ring. The results of the evaluation of new CSPs in the separation of 23 test racemates by HPLC are reported. CSP-2 and CSP-3, that have lower conformational freedom than CSP-1, allow for better separation. In particular, good results are obtained in the separation of some 1,4-benzodiazepines and open-chain aromatic amides by CSP-2 and CSP-3.
Small-Molecule RORγt Antagonists Inhibit T Helper 17 Cell Transcriptional Network by Divergent Mechanisms (2014)

We identified three retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)-specific inhibitors that suppress T helper 17 (Th17) cell responses, including Th17-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. We systemically characterized RORγt binding in the presence and absence of drugs with corresponding whole-genome transcriptome sequencing. RORγt acts as a direct activator of Th17 cell signature genes and a direct repressor of signature genes from other T cell lineages; its strongest transcriptional effects are on cis-regulatory sites containing the RORα binding motif. RORγt is central in a densely interconnected regulatory network that shapes the balance of T cell differentiation. Here, the three inhibitors modulated the RORγt-dependent transcriptional network to varying extents and through distinct mechanisms. Whereas one inhibitor displaced RORγt from its target loci, the other two inhibitors affected transcription predominantly without removing DNA binding. Our work illustrates the power of a system-scale analysis of transcriptional regulation to characterize potential therapeutic compounds that inhibit pathogenic Th17 cells and suppress autoimmunity.
Some ideas on data types in high level languages (1976)

We explore some new and old ideas concerning data types; what a data type is, overloading operators, when and how implicit conversions between programmer data types should be allowed and so forth. The current notion that a data type is a set of values together with basic operations on that set leads us to conclude that formal parameter types need not be so explicitly stated. Given a formal parameter X with operations σ1,...,σn being performed on X within a procedure, one should be able to supply, as actual parameters in a call, a variable of any type which has operations σ1,...,σn defined on it. We introduce a notation for this, using PASCAL as a base language, illustrate the added flexibility it gives us, and show briefly how to implement the idea efficiently.
Product of Gaussians and multiple stream systems (2003)

There has been interest in the use of classifiers based on the product of experts (PoE). PoEs offer an alternative to the standard mixture of experts (MoE) framework. This paper presents a particular form of PoE, the product of Gaussians (PoG), within an hidden Markov model framework. Training and initialisation procedures are described for this PoG system. In addition, the relationship of PoG to standard multiple stream systems is explored. The PoG system performance is examined on the SwitchBoard task and is compared to standard Gaussian mixture systems and multiple stream systems.
THE SAME GENETIC REGIONS ENCODE MINOR HISTOCOMPATIBILTY ANTIGENS DETECTED IN THE CONTEXT OF DIFFERENT MHC HAPLOTYPES1 (1999)

The mammalian genome encodes numerous autosomal minor histocompatibilty (H) antigens that act as a barrier to allogeneic tissue transplantation when donor and recipient are matched for the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC). However, most of our understanding of the genetic basis of such minor H antigens is limited to analysis of mouse strains of the H2b haplotype. To broaden our understanding, we investigated minor H antigens detected in the context of other MHC alleles. As measured by graft survival and precursor cytotoxic T lymphocytes from blood, our results suggest that chromosomal segments known to encode minor H antigens detected in the context of the H2b haplotype are antigenically complex in that they also frequently encode minor H antigens that can be detected in the context of at least the H2d and H2k haplotypes. Genetic models to account for this complexity are discussed.
Simultaneous direct amplification and compression of picosecond pulses to 65-kW peak power without pulse break-up in erbium fiber (2007)

Picosecond pulses at 1.56 micro mm wavelength are directly amplified with a diffraction limited beam quality in a core-pumped Er fiber with an 875 micro m(2) effective area. The interplay between nonlinear spectral broadening and anomalous fiber dispersion compresses the input pulse duration during amplification so that 42 nJ energy pulses with approximately 65 kW peak power are achieved without pulse break-up.
Rearrangement of 1-Noradamantyl and 1-Adamantylcarbene to Bridgehead Alkenes:  Lifetimes of Two Bridgehead Carbenes in Solution (2001)

B3LYP density functional calculations with the 6-31G* basis set predict that 3-noradamantylcarbene 7 rearranges to adamantene 9 and protoadmant-3-ene 10 over barriers of 0.35 and 7.84 kcal/mol, respectively, after zero-point energy correction. The same level of theory predicts that 1-adamantylcarbene 8 rearranges to homoadamantene 11 over a barrier of 6.06 kcal/mol after zero-point energy correction. To test these predictions, the photochemistry of 3-noradamantyldiazirine 5 and 1-adamantyldiazirine 6 was studied. Photolysis of 5 and 6 in cyclohexane produces the known dimers of the strained alkenes. 1-Adamantylcarbene 8 can be trapped in solution with cyclohexane and piperidine. 1-Adamantylcarbene 8 can be trapped with pyridine to form an ylide upon laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 6. 3-Noradamantylcarbene 7 cannot be intercepted with pyridine in LFP experiments. 3-Noradamantylcarbene 7 is not trapped with cyclohexane and is trapped with piperidine in only miniscule yield. The data indicates that 1-adamantylcarbene 8 is formed more efficiently from its diazirine precursor than is 3-noradamantylcarbene 7 and that the solution-phase lifetime of 1-adamantylcarbene 8 is at least 10 times longer than that of 3-noradamantylcarbene 7.
ChemInform Abstract: (4 + 1) Radical Annulations with Isonitriles: A Simple Route to Cyclopenta‐Fused Quinolines. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Can a Drill Guide Improve the Coracoid Graft Placement During the Latarjet Procedure? A Prospective Comparative Study With the Freehand Technique (2017)

Compared with the classic freehand operative technique, the parallel drill guide can ensure more accurate placement of the CG in the axial and sagittal planes, although with inferior bone contact.