gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cancer stem cell-targeted therapeutics and delivery strategies (2016)

Cancer initiating or stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells in the tumor mass, which have been reported to be present in different types of cancers. CSCs usually reside within the tumor and are responsible for reoccurrence of cancer. The imprecise, inaccessible nature and increased efflux of conventional therapeutic drugs make these cells resistant to drugs. We discuss the specific markers for identification of these cells, role of CSCs in chemotherapy resistance and use of different therapeutic means to target them, including elucidation of specific cell markers, exploitation of different signaling pathways and use of nanotechnology. Area covered: This review covers cancer stem cell signaling which are used by these cells to maintain their quiescence, stemness and resistant phenotype, distinct cell surface markers, contribution of these cells in drug resistance, inevitability to cure cancer and use of nanotechnology to overcome this hurdle. Expert opinion: Cancer stem cells are the main culprit of our failure to cure cancer. In order to cure cancer along with other cells types in cancer, cancer stem cells need to be targeted in the tumor bed. Nanotechnology solutions can facilitate clinical translation of the therapeutics along with other emerging technologies to cure cancer.
A new look into the prediction of static Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength of carbonate using artificial intelligence tools (2019)

Accurate estimation of rock elastic and failure parameters plays a vital role in petroleum, civil and geotechnical engineering applications. During drilling operations, continuous logs of rock elastic and failure parameters are considered very helpful in optimizing geomechanical earth models. Commonly, rock elastic and failure parameters are estimated using well logs and empirical correlations. These are calibrated with rock mechanics laboratory experiments conducted on core samples. However, since these samples are expensive to get and time-consuming to test, artificial intelligence (AI) models based on available petrophysical well logs such as bulk density, compressional wave and shear wave travel times are utilized to predict the static Young's modulus ( E static ) and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) – with an emphasis on carbonate rocks. We present two AI techniques in this study: an artificial neural network (ANN) and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The dataset used in this study contains 120 data points obtained from a Middle Eastern carbonate reservoir from which we develop an empirically correlated ANN model to predict E static and an ANFIS model to predict the UCS. A comparison between the UCS, predicted by the proposed ANFIS model, and the published correlations show that the ANFIS model predicted the UCS with less error and with a high coefficient of determination. The error obtained from the ANFIS model was 4.5%, while other correlations resulted in up to 30% error on a published dataset. On the basis of the results obtained, we can say that the developed models will help geomechanical engineers to predict E static and the UCS using well logs without the need to measure them in the laboratory. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Naturally Fractured Reservoirs collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/naturally-fractured-reservoirs
Analysis of wavelet and contourlet transform based image watermarking techniques (2014)

Image watermarking is being used for proving the authenticity of image as well as video documents. Several web applications based on the extracted watermark are catching up fast for retrieval of information from web. These applications need a lightweight and robust watermarking method for inserting and extracting watermark from image. In this paper we propose a new image watermarking method based on contourlet transform and compared its performance with a wavelet transform based method. In this technique a watermark bit is embedded into one of the Eigenvalues of a fixed size block of the sub band coefficients obtained using contourlet transform. Watermark extraction process follows the inverse operations used in watermark embedding. The simulation results show that contourlet based method is more robust than wavelet based method even under several attacks but wavelet method gives better PSNR than contourlet based method.
Learning a Metric Embedding for Face Recognition using the Multibatch\n Method (2016)

This work is motivated by the engineering task of achieving a near\nstate-of-the-art face recognition on a minimal computing budget running on an\nembedded system. Our main technical contribution centers around a novel\ntraining method, called Multibatch, for similarity learning, i.e., for the task\nof generating an invariant "face signature" through training pairs of "same"\nand "not-same" face images. The Multibatch method first generates signatures\nfor a mini-batch of $k$ face images and then constructs an unbiased estimate of\nthe full gradient by relying on all $k^2-k$ pairs from the mini-batch. We prove\nthat the variance of the Multibatch estimator is bounded by $O(1/k^2)$, under\nsome mild conditions. In contrast, the standard gradient estimator that relies\non random $k/2$ pairs has a variance of order $1/k$. The smaller variance of\nthe Multibatch estimator significantly speeds up the convergence rate of\nstochastic gradient descent. Using the Multibatch method we train a deep\nconvolutional neural network that achieves an accuracy of $98.2\\%$ on the LFW\nbenchmark, while its prediction runtime takes only $30$msec on a single ARM\nCortex A9 core. Furthermore, the entire training process took only 12 hours on\na single Titan X GPU.\n
ChemInform Abstract: Oxetanes from the Ring Contraction of α‐Triflates of γ‐Lactones: Oxetane Nucleosides and Oxetane Amino Acids (2011)

Abstract Review: 54 refs.
Measurements and Simulations of a 2.4 GHz Circular Waveguide Antenna for a Portable Radar Kit (2021)

A custom radar kit that integrates with a portable computer (laptop) for assembly and operation by students and researchers has been developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The assembled radar kit uses two low-cost cylindrical metal cans that serve as the antennas, one for transmitting and one for receiving radar signals. The antennas operate as linearly polarized open-ended circular waveguides (10.5 cm diameter) fed with a thin-wire monopole probe. Over the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz band, the measured reflection coefficient is less than -10 dB, the peak realized gain is greater than 7 dBi, and the half-power beamwidth is approximately 70 degrees in both the E- and H-planes. FEKO method of moments simulations of the antenna are compared with the measured data and good agreement is demonstrated.
Dopant-Modulated Conjugated Polymer Enrichment of Semiconducting SWCNTs (2018)

Conjugated polymer extraction (CPE) is a low-cost, scalable process that can enrich single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) materials in organic media. For other separation methods in aqueous phases, redox chemistry and/or pH control dramatically affect the sorting process of the SWCNTs. We have previously determined that the CPE process can be fine-tuned by adjusting the pH on the tube surface. Here, we systematically studied the effect of redox chemistry on the CPE process by adding organic p-/n-dopants. At a very strong p-/n-doping level, static repulsions dominated the interactions between the tubes and the CPE lost selectivity. When the doping level changed from a medium p-doping to a neutral state, the yield of CPE increased and the selectivity was compromised. We also observed chiral selectivity when a weak p-dopant was used. A photoluminescence excitation mapping under different titration conditions provided more insight into the doping level of the tubes relative to their diameters, chiralities, and redox potentials. We proposed a mechanism for the CPE process. The semiconducting and metallic tubes are separated because of their different solubilities, which are determined by the bundling energy between the tubes and are related to their doping level in polymer solutions.
Primary sequence determinants responsible for site‐selective dephosphorylation of the PDGF β‐receptor by the receptor‐like protein tyrosine phosphatase DEP‐1 (2002)

Site-selective dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases contributes to receptor regulation. The receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1 site-selectively dephosphorylates the PDGF beta-receptor. DEP-1 dephosphorylation of original and chimeric phospho-peptides spanning the preferred pY1021 and the less preferred pY857 and pY562 sites was analyzed. Double substitutions of basic residues at -4 and +3 of pY857 and pY562 peptides improved affinity. Substitutions of single amino acids indicated preference for an acidic residue at position -1 and a preference against a basic residue at position +3. DEP-1 site-selective dephosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptor is thus determined by the primary sequence surrounding phosphorylation sites and involves interactions with residues spanning at least between positions -1 and +3.
<i>In vitro</i> antioxidant activity of new thiophene ring-based compounds (2006)

Free radicals are implicated in causation of various histo-pathological disturbances like myocardial ischemia injury, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, hepatic disorders etc. Newer chemical entities (SMRK-1 and SMRK-10) of thiophene class were synthesized and tested for the antioxidant property by super oxide scavenging effect and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. The results indicated that SMRK-1 and SMRK-10 had shown more than 50% inhibition in the formation of blue formazan in superoxide scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation to the extent of 65% by preventing pink chromogens. These observations suggest that the newer compounds (SMRK-1 and SMRK-10) at the tested doses possess an antioxidant effect. Keywords: thiophene derivatives, synthesis, antioxidant, superoxide scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal Vol. 23 2005: 53-57
Instrument de politique publique (2022)

Les approches par les instruments ont connu un regain d’intérêt dans l’analyse des politiques publiques et de la gouvernance. Faisant l’hypothèse que le politique ne s’analyse pas uniquement à travers des finalités et des contenus, ces travaux portent l’attention sur un ensemble de « technologies invisibles », c’est-à-dire des algorithmes, des budgets, des chartes, des normes et des standards, pour en saisir les effets profondément politiques et cela tout au long de la fabrique des politique...
The application of risk assessment in animal qurantine in Australia (1993)

This paper describes the ways in which the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) uses risk assessment and risk management. Taking into account the need to meet both national and international obligations, AQIS has adopted a more systematic and transparent approach to import risk assessment by employing a procedure designed to examine each point along the importation chain at which an animal or animal product might become infected. The authors discuss the four principal factors influencing the risk involved and the three phases used by AQIS in assessing risk. Objective data are rarely available in the animal health field and most analyses rely, at least in part, on subjective estimates. The authors outline a way of overcoming this through the use of simulation, whereby probability distributions are used for many steps.
Vapor Phase Lubrication of Microfabricated Devices. (2008)

Abstract not provided.
Tailoring the sequence structure of polycarboxylate superplasticisers to improve the sulfate ion sensitivity (2016)

Polycarboxylate polymers (PCPs) with different sequence structures are synthesised using free radical polymerisation and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerisation. Incompatibility between PCP and sulfate ion is well known and the dispersion ability of PCP has been known to degrade by sulfate ion in a solution of fresh cement paste. Flowability and rheology studies have revealed that block PCP or gradient PCP is less sensitive to sulfate ion than random PCP when the density of side chains is 1:1. Total organic carbon and dynamic light scattering are used to reveal this difference. Results for total organic carbon illustrate that the adsorption amount of block PCP and gradient PCP is much larger than for random PCP at the same PCP concentration, because the density of exposed carboxylic groups with block distribution is higher than in random PCP, therefore there is a larger adsorption amount. Results of dynamic light scattering show the conformation of random PCP in synthetic solution is unchanged with the concentration of sulfate ion, whereas that of block PCP or gradient PCP shows shrinkage in a high sulfate ion concentration. These findings offer guidance for research and development of PCP to improve its sensitivity to sulfate competitive adsorption and subsequently its compatibility with cement.
Extra-Oral Taste Receptors—Function, Disease, and Perspectives (2022)

Taste perception is crucial for the critical evaluation of food constituents in human and other vertebrates. The five basic taste qualities salty, sour, sweet, umami (in humans mainly the taste of L-glutamic acid) and bitter provide important information on the energy content, the concentration of electrolytes and the presence of potentially harmful components in food items. Detection of the various taste stimuli is facilitated by specialized receptor proteins that are expressed in taste buds distributed on the tongue and the oral cavity. Whereas, salty and sour receptors represent ion channels, the receptors for sweet, umami and bitter belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In particular, the G protein-coupled taste receptors have been located in a growing number of tissues outside the oral cavity, where they mediate important processes. This article will provide a brief introduction into the human taste perception, the corresponding receptive molecules and their signal transduction. Then, we will focus on taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, which participate in a variety of processes including the regulation of metabolic functions, hunger/satiety regulation as well as in digestion and pathogen defense reactions. These important non-gustatory functions suggest that complex selective forces have contributed to shape taste receptors during evolution.
High Throughput Identification of Monoclonal Antibodies to Membrane Bound and Secreted Proteins Using Yeast and Phage Display (2014)

Antibodies are ubiquitous and essential reagents for biomedical research. Uses of antibodies include quantifying proteins, identifying the temporal and spatial pattern of expression in cells and tissue, and determining how proteins function under normal or pathological conditions. Specific antibodies are only available for a small portion of the proteome, limiting study of those proteins for which antibodies do not exist. The technologies to generate target-specific antibodies need to be improved to obtain high quality antibodies to the proteome at reasonable cost. Here we show that renewable, validated, and standardized monoclonal antibodies can be generated at high throughput, without the need for antigen production or animal immunizations. In this study, 60 protein domains from 24 selected secreted proteins were expressed on the surface of yeast and used for selection of phage antibodies, over 400 monoclonal antibodies were identified within 3 weeks. A subset of these antibodies was validated for binding to cancer cells that overexpress the target protein by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. This approach will be applicable to many of the membrane-bound and the secreted proteins, 20-40% of the proteome, accelerating the timeline for Ab generation while reducing the cost.
Measurement of the differential cross sections for top quark pair production as a function of kinematic event variables inppcollisions ats=7and 8 TeV (2016)

Measurements are reported of the normalized differential cross sections for top quark pair production with respect to four kinematic event variables: the missing transverse energy; the scalar sum of the jet transverse momentum (${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$); the scalar sum of the ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ of all objects in the event; and the ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$ of leptonically decaying $W$ bosons from top quark decays. The data sample, collected using the CMS detector at the LHC, consists of $5.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ and $19.7\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $\sqrt{s}=8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. Top quark pair events containing one electron or muon are selected. The results are presented after correcting for detector effects to allow direct comparison with theoretical predictions. No significant deviations from the predictions of several standard model event simulation generators are observed.
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with cobalt catalyst and zeolite multibed arrangement (2016)

The role of zeolite in transformations of hydrocarbons produced from CO and H2 over a Fischer–Tropsch cobalt catalyst under the conditions of multibed arrangement of the cobalt catalyst and the zeolite has been determined. Hydrocarbon conversion over the HBeta zeolite occurs via the bimolecular mechanism, as evidenced by a low methane yield and a high yield of unsaturated gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. The conversion over the CaA zeolite obeys the unimolecular mechanism, as evidenced by the formation of increased amounts of methane and saturated gaseous C2–C4 hydrocarbons.
Excited state geometry changes from preresonance Raman intensities: Isoprene and hexatriene (1982)

A method is presented for using a single preresonance Raman spectrum and an absorption spectrum to obtain changes in equilibrium geometry upon electronic excitation. The relative displacements along each of the vibrational normal coordinates are obtained from the Raman intensities, while the overall scaling of the displacements is determined by the absorption band shape. The absorption spectra, as well as Raman excitation profiles, are calculated using either a sum over vibronic states or a formally equivalent time-dependent method [S.-Y. Lee and E. J. Heller, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 4777 (1979)]. The time-dependent method is computationally much faster than the vibronic sum for large multidimensional systems. Our analysis, which assumes isolated molecules and separable, harmonic surfaces, yields a good fit to the vapor phase absorption spectrum of trans-hexatriene with a Lorentzian linewidth of 175 cm−1. However, the diffuse absorption spectrum of isoprene cannot be adequately reproduced using Lorentzian line shapes, even when all 33 normal modes are included. Finite temperature and excited state frequency changes are also found to have little effect on the calculated band shapes. These results suggest that inhomogeneous broadening may be a major factor, but calculations using Gaussian broadening fail to accurately reproduce the experimental spectrum.
Bioavailability and Recent Advances in the Bioactivity of Flavonoid and Stilbene Compounds (2010)

Polyphenols such as flavonoids and stilbenes are abundant in our daily diet, and their roles in the protection and prevention of various diseases are substantial. However, bioavailability varies among polyphenols and the actual compounds acting on the designated tissues are often not the native molecules consumed in the diet. Hereby, we review the bioavailabilty of the main classes of stilbenes and flavonoids, namely flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, flavanols, flavonols and anthocyanins, emphasizing on their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The bioavailability summary can be useful for future experimental design, especially research studies emphasizing the bioactivity on targeted tissues and organs. In addition, we review the bioefficacy of the polyphenols, focusing on the recent advances on health benefits both in vivo and in vitro. Other issues of importance, such as structure, food source and synthesis methods, are also considered.
MHC-restricted phosphopeptide antigens: preclinical validation and first-in-humans clinical trial in participants with high-risk melanoma (2020)

NCT01846143.
Data from Circulating Markers of Interstitial Lung Disease and Subsequent Risk of Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt; Inflammation and pulmonary diseases, including interstitial lung diseases, are associated with increased lung cancer risk. Circulating levels of surfactant protein-D (SP-D) and Krebs von Lungren-6 (KL-6) are elevated in interstitial lung disease patients and may be useful markers of processes contributing to lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; We conducted a nested case–control study, including 532 lung cancer cases, 582 matched controls, and 150 additional controls with chest X-ray (CXR) evidence of pulmonary scarring, in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Serum SP-D and KL-6 levels were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Logistic regression was used to estimate the associations of SP-D and KL-6 with lung cancer and CXR scarring.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Cases had higher levels than controls for SP-D (median 118.7 vs. 105.4 ng/mL, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.008) and KL-6 (372.0 vs. 325.8 μg/mL, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.001). Lung cancer risk increased with SP-D (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.0003) and KL-6 levels (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.005). Compared with the lowest quartile, lung cancer risk was elevated among those with the highest quartiles of SP-D (OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.32–2.64) or KL-6 (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–2.25). Among controls, participants with CXR scarring were more likely than those without scarring to have elevated levels of SP-D (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1: OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04–2.70, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.05) but not of KL-6 (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.64–1.68, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;trend&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.99).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Circulating levels of SP-D and KL-6 are associated with subsequent lung cancer risk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Impact:&lt;/b&gt; Our findings support a potential role for interstitial lung disease in lung cancer etiology or early detection, but additional research is needed. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(10); 2262–72. ©2011 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Long-term Follow-up of Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Receiving High-Dose Adenovirus Herpes Simplex Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir Suicide Gene Therapy (2005)

Intrapleural Ad.HSVtk/ganciclovir is safe and well tolerated in mesothelioma patients and resulted in long-term durable responses in two patients. Given the limited amount of gene transfer observed, we postulate that Ad.HSVtk may have been effective due to induction of antitumor immune responses. We hypothesize that approaches aiming to augment the immune effects of Ad gene transfer (i.e., with the use of cytokines) may lead to increased numbers of therapeutic responses in otherwise untreatable pleural malignancies.