gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collector Receiver Design for Data Collection and Localization in Sensor-driven Networks (2007)

We consider a sensor network in which the sensors communicate at will when they have something to report, without prior coordination with other sensors or with data collection nodes. The burden of demodulating the sensor data, and localizing the sensor which is communicating, falls on a network of collector nodes which are perpetually monitoring transmissions from the sensor network. This model allows the random deployment of very large numbers of sensor nodes with minimal capabilities, while shifting the complexity to a network of collector nodes. While the philosophy is similar to prior work on "imaging" sensor nets, the key difference is that the communication model is now sensor-driven, rather than collector-driven. The two major technical challenges addressed in this paper are as follows: (a) Are there simple physical layer implementations of the collector receiver for jointly solving the tasks of detection of a sensor transmission, estimation of the direction from which it comes, and demodulating the data? (b) Given that the collectors are not time synchronized well enough to permit the use of time-difference-of-arrival techniques for sensor localization, how well can the sensors be localized with spatial information alone, assuming that each collector node has a relatively small number of antennas? The results reported in this paper indicate that the preceding issues can be addressed satisfactorily with appropriate design of the collector physical layer, together with Bayesian combining of the spatial information extracted by each collector.
Application and Accuracy of Unmanned Aerial Survey Imagery after Salvage Logging in Different Terrain Conditions (2022)

The accuracy of the positioning of the data collected by remote sensing platforms is of great importance in forest and wildlife surveys, salvage logging, soil disturbances after felling operations, fire risk management and many other forestry-based research. The significance of bark beetles in silver fir and Norway spruce stands is an essential factor that can affect the increase in biomass quantity and the reduction of its quality. Due to an Ips typographus (L.) outbreaks in the central part of Croatia from 2016 to 2021, salvage logging was performed in an area of 11,940 ha, with terrain slopes varying from 0 to 172.83%. Two plots of similar sizes (&lt;5 ha) and different terrain conditions (flat vs. sloped terrain) were chosen and were measured in June 2022. Measurements included a total station, a real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) terrestrial receiver and an unmanned aerial system (UAS) in order to determine the accuracy of a digital terrain model (DEM) generated by a photogrammetric UAS. In total, 175 checkpoints were marked in the field. Four different GCP (Ground Control Point) classes (5, 10, 15 and 20) were used to compare validation points acquired from the original point clouds, imagery and orthophotos to the reference positions. This study showed that, in terms of a forest area recognition after conducted salvage logging, the use of 10 GCPs for terrain evaluation is necessary even in small areas below 5 ha and regardless of terrain slope.
Three-Dimensional Printed Scaffolds with Controlled Micro-/Nanoporous Surface Topography Direct Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2019)

The effect of topography in three-dimensional (3D) printed polymer scaffolds on stem cell differentiation is a significantly underexplored area. Compared to two-dimensional (2D) biomaterials on which various well-defined topographies have been incorporated and shown to direct a range of cell behaviors including adhesion, cytoskeleton organization, and differentiation, incorporating topographical features to 3D polymer scaffolds is challenging due to the difficulty of accessing the inside of a porous scaffold. Only the roughened strut surface has been introduced to 3D printed porous scaffolds. Here, a rapid, single-step 3D printing method to fabricate polymeric scaffolds consisting of microstruts (ca. 60 μm) with micro-/nanosurface pores (0.2-2.4 μm) has been developed based on direct ink writing of an agitated viscous polymer solution. The density, size, and alignment of these pores can be controlled by changing the degree of agitation or the speed of printing. Three-dimensional printed scaffolds with micro-/nanoporous struts enhanced chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) without soluble differentiation factors. The topography also selectively affected adhesion, morphology, and differentiation of MSC to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages depending on the composition of the differentiation medium. This fabrication method can potentially be used for a wide range of polymers where desirable architecture and topography are required.
Efficient, Stereoselective Synthesis of Oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrazin-5-ones:  Novel Bicyclic Lactam Scaffolds from the Bicyclocondensation of 3-Aza-1,5-ketoacids and Amino Alcohols (2003)

[reaction: see text] The bicyclocondensation of 3-aza-1,5-ketoacids and amino alcohols furnished novel oxazolo[3,2-a]pyrazin-5-one scaffolds possessing angular, ring junction substituents in high yield with excellent levels of substrate-based diastereocontrol. Mild oxidation of serinol-derived scaffolds provided access to a new class of constrained dipeptide surrogates. Deprotection of the endocyclic amine contained within these scaffolds allows for further diversification via N-functionalization.
S-Figure-2 from Gemcitabine and Chk1 Inhibitor AZD7762 Synergistically Suppress the Growth of Lkb1-Deficient Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;FACS analysis of GFP positive Lkb1-null t4 cells carrying resistant Chek1&lt;/p&gt;
Signal recovery from low frequency components (2010)

In many applications only the low frequency components of a signal can be measured due to the lowpass behavior of many physical systems. Nevertheless, if additional information on the structure of the signal is known, it might still be possible to reconstruct the signal from its low-frequency content. This paper studies signals in shift-invariant spaces with multiple generators and derives necessary conditions on the band with of the lowpass filter as well as sufficient conditions on the generators such that signal recovery is possible. If the signal can not be recovered from its low frequency components, an appropriate pre-processing of the signal is proposed which improves the reconstruction ability. In particular, it is shown that modulating the signal with one or more mixing functions prior to lowpass filtering can ensure the recovery of the signal in many cases.
Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources for conifer seedlings (2004)

Even though the capacity of plants to absorb organic N compounds has been known since&#13;\nthe 1940.s it was not until recently that these N sources were recognized as a potentially&#13;\nimportant source of N for plants. Thus, the classical paradigm that plants only use inorganic&#13;\nN compounds and are forced to play a passive role acquiring N in excess of microbial demand&#13;\nis today questioned. However, despite the accumulating amounts of studies suggesting&#13;\nthat plants have the capacity to absorb organic N at comparable rates to inorganic N the&#13;\nquantitative importance of organic-N, as opposed to inorganic N, is still not understood. In&#13;\nthis thesis the focus has been to investigate the abundancy, uptake and growth of amino acids&#13;\nin two economically important conifer species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway&#13;\nspruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Moreover, we also tried to examine to what extent amino&#13;\nacids may contribute to the N budget of field grown Scotst pine seedlings. The results show&#13;\nthat Scots pine seedlings grown in a dry heath forest have acces to comparable or higher soil&#13;\nsolution concentration of free amino acids N compare to inorganic N sources. The seedlings&#13;\nwere also able to absorb amino acid N at the same or higher rates as inorganic N sources&#13;\nboth when these were supplied at higher concentration in greenhouse grown seedlings and at&#13;\nlower more ecological relevant concentratons in field grown seedlings. Moreover, our growth&#13;\nexperiments suggested that amino acids are capable of supporting similar or even higher&#13;\ngrowth in Scots pine seedlings compared to a commercial fertilizer based on NO₃⁻ and NH₄+.&#13;\nThe use of arginine as a source of N for growth of Scots pine seedling were also recorded to&#13;\ngive a much smaller N loss compared to the commercial fertilizer due to a strong adsorption&#13;\nto the growth substrate. In all the results presented in this thesis strongly suggests that amino&#13;\nacids is an important N source in the N economy of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings&#13;\nand that these N sources may be a poteential alternative to inorganic N sources for comersial&#13;\nseedling growth.
Supplemental Figure 5 from Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> Receptors Intrinsically Regulate CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 5. Effect of A2AR signaling on T cell survival and effector differentiation in B16F10 tumors.&lt;/p&gt;
Design method for freeform optical systems containing diffraction gratings (2018)

A design method for freeform optical systems containing diffraction gratings is developed based on Fermat's principle and Ludwig's grating ray-tracing equation. The proposed method can calculate fine starting-points for diffraction-grating-based imaging spectrometers with high performance and novel geometries. It can also be extended to design optical systems that contain other dispersive elements, such as prisms and diffractive optics. Two freeform imaging spectrometers are designed by this method to meet the diffraction-limited specifications.
Out of Order: How Important Is The Sequential Order of Words in a\n Sentence in Natural Language Understanding Tasks? (2020)

Do state-of-the-art natural language understanding models care about word\norder - one of the most important characteristics of a sequence? Not always! We\nfound 75% to 90% of the correct predictions of BERT-based classifiers, trained\non many GLUE tasks, remain constant after input words are randomly shuffled.\nDespite BERT embeddings are famously contextual, the contribution of each\nindividual word to downstream tasks is almost unchanged even after the word's\ncontext is shuffled. BERT-based models are able to exploit superficial cues\n(e.g. the sentiment of keywords in sentiment analysis; or the word-wise\nsimilarity between sequence-pair inputs in natural language inference) to make\ncorrect decisions when tokens are arranged in random orders. Encouraging\nclassifiers to capture word order information improves the performance on most\nGLUE tasks, SQuAD 2.0 and out-of-samples. Our work suggests that many GLUE\ntasks are not challenging machines to understand the meaning of a sentence.\n
Characterization of a novel acetamidobenzoxazolone‐based PET ligand for translocator protein (18 kDa) imaging of neuroinflammation in the brain (2014)

We developed the novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand 2-[5-(4-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3(2H)-yl]-N-methyl-N-phenylacetamide ([(11)C]MBMP) for translocator protein (18 kDa, TSPO) imaging and evaluated its efficacy in ischemic rat brains. [(11)C]MBMP was synthesized by reacting desmethyl precursor (1) with [(11)C]CH3 I in radiochemical purity of ≥ 98% and specific activity of 85 ± 30 GBq/μmol (n = 18) at the end of synthesis. Biodistribution study on mice showed high accumulation of radioactivity in the TSPO-rich organs, e.g., the lungs, heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands. The metabolite analysis in mice brain homogenate showed 80.1 ± 2.7% intact [(11)C]MBMP at 60 min after injection. To determine the specific binding of [(11)C]MBMP with TSPO in the brain, in vitro autoradiography and PET studies were performed in an ischemic rat model. In vitro autoradiography indicated significantly increased binding on the ipsilateral side compared with that on the contralateral side of ischemic rat brains. This result was supported firmly by the contrast of radioactivity between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in PET images. Displacement experiments with unlabelled MBMP or PK11195 minimized the difference in uptake between the two sides. In summary, [(11)C]MBMP is a potential PET imaging agent for TSPO and, consequently, for the up-regulation of microglia during neuroinflammation.
Copper Oxidation Improves Dodecanethiol Blocking Ability in Area‐Selective Atomic Layer Deposition (2022)

Abstract In recent years, area‐selective atomic layer deposition (AS‐ALD) has attracted increasing interest for its applications in back‐end interconnect processes, and selective deposition of Al 2 O 3 is of particular interest because Al 2 O 3 can serve as an etch hard mask. However, Al 2 O 3 is one of the most difficult ALD systems to block. In this work, a strategy is presented to enhance the blocking ability of dodecanethiol (DDT) self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) against Al 2 O 3 ALD. It is shown that by conducting DDT deposition on a slightly oxidized Cu surface, which is mainly composed of Cu 2 O, rather than on a freshly acid‐etched Cu surface, which mainly consists of metallic Cu, the quality of the DDT SAM can be improved. It is further shown that the DDT SAMs formed on Cu 2 O‐covered Cu substrates are about 3–4 times more effective in blocking Al 2 O 3 than that on acid‐etched Cu surfaces when ALD is performed under subsaturation condition. However, as the Cu oxidation process continues, CuO is formed and the blocking ability of DDT degrades. Finally, selective Al 2 O 3 deposition on DDT‐treated Cu/low‐ k patterns using the combined strategy of Cu oxidation and subsaturation conditions achieves selectivity of 0.99 after 4 nm of Al 2 O 3 ALD.
In vivo acoustic contrast enhancement via simultaneous production and injection of microfluidic-produced microbubbles (2014)

Microbubble production by microfluidic devices for ultrasound contrast enhancement allows for precise control over microbubble diameter but at the cost of low production rate and poor microbubble stability. In this work, we investigated whether microbubbles produced by a microfluidic device could provide sufficient ultrasound contrast enhancement when directly injected into the mouse tail vein. Microfluidic-produced microbubbles composed of nitrogen gas and stabilized with 10% dextrose and 3% bovine serum albumin were injected for 10 seconds into the tail vein of wild type C57BL/6 mice. Short-axis ultrasound images of the right and left ventricle were acquired at 12.5 MHz and image intensity over time was analyzed. Microbubble production rates ranged between 2.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> and 8.3×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> microbubbles/s, and microbubble diameters were between 9.1 and 19 µm. In all cases, microbubbles were observed in both the right and left ventricle, although the average contrast enhancement was approximately 13.5 dB lower in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle. All mice survived the procedure with no observable respiratory or heart rate distress. The results of this work suggest that on-site production and immediate administration to the murine vasculature may eliminate the necessity for high microbubble production rates, long-term stability, or small microbubble diameters.
A Structural Isomer of Nonaromatic Porphyrin:  Preparation of 20π-Conjugated Porphycene Based on Electronic Perturbation (2007)

A porphycene having four CF3 groups at the beta-pyrrolic positions affords a stable 20pi-conjugated form in the presence of a 2H+-2e- donor due to the high redox potential of the tetrapyrrole ring framework. No visible band in the UV-vis spectrum and the highly ruffled structure determined by X-ray crystallography support its nonaromatic character. The ethylene bridge moiety in the 20pi-conjugated framework displayed the olefinic reactivities.
Real-time high-velocity resolution color Doppler OCT (2001)

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT), also called Optical Doppler Tomography) is a noninvasive optical imaging technique, which allows for micron-scale physiological flow mapping simultaneous with morphological OCT imaging. Current systems for real-time endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) would be enhanced by the capability to visualize sub-surface blood flow for applications in early cancer diagnosis and the management of bleeding ulcers. Unfortunately, previous implementations of CDOCT have either been sufficiently computationally expensive (employing Fourier or Hilbert transform techniques) to rule out real-time imaging of flow, or have been restricted to imaging of excessively high flow velocities when used in real time. We have developed a novel Doppler OCT signal-processing strategy capable of imaging physiological flow rates in real time. This strategy employs cross-correlation processing of sequential A-scans in an EOCT image, as opposed to autocorrelation processing as described previously. To measure Doppler shifts in the kHz range using this technique, it was necessary to stabilize the EOCT interferometer center frequency, eliminate parasitic phase noise, and to construct a digital cross correlation unit able to correlate signals of megahertz bandwidth by a fixed lag of up to a few ms. The performance of the color Doppler OCT system was demonstrated in a flow phantom, demonstrating a minimum detectable flow velocity of ~0.8 mm/s at a data acquisition rate of 8 images/second (with 480 A-scans/image) using a handheld probe. Dynamic flow as well as using it freehanded was shown. Flow was also detectable in a phantom in combination with a clinical usable endoscopic probe.
Enhancing Indacenodithiophene Acceptor Crystallinity via Substituent Manipulation Increases Organic Solar Cell Efficiency (2017)

The post-fullerene indacenodithiophene acceptor ITIC is a highly effective n-type component of high-performance bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) for reasons that are not well-understood. Here, the impact of the ITIC alkyl substituent architecture on PSC active layer film morphology, charge transport, and photovoltaic (PV) performance is investigated with the donor polymers PBDB-T and PBDB-TF. On progressing from n-propyl to n-hexyl to n-nonyl ITIC substituents, PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from <0.1 % to 9.31% to 10.24%, respectively. BHJ blend morphology, carrier recombination dynamics, and PV performance with both donor polymers as probed by AFM, XRD, GIWAXS, and light intensity dependence correlate with marked differences in ITIC acceptor crystallinity. The DSC cold crystallization temperatures of the nhexyl and n-nonyl-functionalized acceptors are found to closely track the annealing temperatures for optimum PSC performance. These results identify a promising strategy for optimizing the performance of post-fullerene acceptor PSCs.
Machine Learning Prediction of Accurate Atomization Energies of Organic Molecules from Low-Fidelity Quantum Chemical Calculations (2019)

Recent studies illustrate how machine learning (ML) can be used to bypass a core challenge of molecular modeling: the tradeoff between accuracy and computational cost. Here, we assess multiple ML approaches for predicting the atomization energy of organic molecules. Our resulting models learn the difference between low-fidelity, B3LYP, and high-accuracy, G4MP2, atomization energies, and predict the G4MP2 atomization energy to 0.005 eV (mean absolute error) for molecules with less than 9 heavy atoms and 0.012 eV for a small set of molecules with between 10 and 14 heavy atoms. Our two best models, which have different accuracy/speed tradeoffs, enable the efficient prediction of G4MP2-level energies for large molecules and are available through a simple web interface.
Isolation, identification, and chemical synthesis of 8 alpha,25-dihydroxy-9,10-seco-4,6,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-one. A new metabolite of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 produced by mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1). (1987)

It is known that phagocytic cells such as monocyte-macrophages and myeloid leukemia cells metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to 10-oxo-19-nor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Now we have found that phagocytic cells metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 not only to 10-oxo-19-nor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 but also to a new metabolite eluted just after 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on straight phase high pressure liquid chromatography with a 2-propanol-hexane solvent system. The new metabolite, produced by murine myeloid leukemia cells (M1), was isolated in pure form and identified as 8,25-dihydroxy-9,10-seco-4,6,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-one on the basis of mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and proton magnetic resonance spectra. The 8 alpha-hydroxy epimer of the putative metabolite was chemically synthesized in two steps starting from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The spectral data and chromatographic behavior of chemically synthesized 8 alpha,25-dihydroxy-9,10-seco-4,6,10(19)-cholestatrien-3-one coincided exactly with those of the isolated metabolite, indicating that the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group at the 8-position is alpha. On the basis of the structural characteristics of the two metabolites produced from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (the present metabolite and 10-oxo-19-nor-25-hydroxyvitamin D3), it is suggested that dioxygenases are involved in the production of these metabolites from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in phagocytic cells.
Controlling Spatial Organization of Multiple Cell Types in Defined 3D Geometries (2012)

A simple method to control spatial organizations of multiple cell types in predefined geometries by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based dynamic microwells is described. Dynamic microwells are used to pattern two different cell types in a spatially controlled manner by exploiting their shape changing properties at two different temperatures. Both spatial organization of two different cell types and control of pattern geometry are achieved with circular and square dynamic microwells.