gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Integration of Positron Emission Tomography With Magnetic Resonance Imaging : First-generation systems that combine these two techniques have been developed offering new opportunities for integrated structural-functional imaging in vivo (2008)

A number of laboratories and companies are currently exploring the development of integrated imaging systems for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Scanners for both preclinical and human research applications are being pursued. In contrast to the widely distributed and now quite mature PET/computed tomography technology, most PET/MRI designs allow for simultaneous rather than sequential acquisition of PET and MRI data. While this offers the possibility of novel imaging strategies, it also creates considerable challenges for acquiring artifact-free images from both modalities. This paper discusses the motivation for developing combined PET/MRI technology, outlines the obstacles in realizing such an integrated instru- ment, and presents recent progress in the development of both the instrumentation and of novel imaging agents for combined PET/MRI studies. The performance of the first-generation PET/MRI systems is described. Finally, a range of possible biomedical applications for PET/MRI are outlined.
Robust high-power and wavelength-tunable femtosecond fiber system based on engineerable PPLN devices (2002)

Here we report a robust high-power, high-repetition rate and wavelength-tunable femtosecond laser system based on optical parametric generation and a compact fiber chirped pulse-amplification circuit, both implemented using engineered periodically pulsed lithium niobate (PPLN) devices.
MEMS-based and switched-capacitor approaches for miniature power supply applications (2014)

This paper summarizes work towards creating mm-scale power converters using high-frequency CMOS as well as MEMS and micro-machined passives. Reducing the converter size is largely motivated by creating power supplies for micro-robotic platforms (with millimeter and milligram scales) without negatively impacting robotic system functionality. MEMS power passives are first presented where thin-film piezoelectric transformers and resonators are shown as an electromechanical approach to achieve ultra-miniature passives at the chip scale. Piezoelectric transformers fabricated with thin-film lead zirconate titanate (PZT) on silicon are measured and show ~60% efficiencies with 240 and 75 &Omega; loads. These transformers have resonant frequencies ranging between 14 and 20 MHz. Work towards creating transmission lines fabricated with air-core inductors and ferroelectric capacitors is also presented. Finally, a fullyintegrated bi-directional converter in CMOS is shown driving mm-scale robotic wings made with PZT. The converter’s maximum efficiency is 77% at ~800&mu;W load with 9V output and demonstrates &lt;3x voltage boost in 0.13-&mu;m triple-well CMOS.
Iodine doped carbon nanotube cables exceeding specific electrical conductivity of metals (2011)

Creating highly electrically conducting cables from macroscopic aggregates of carbon nanotubes, to replace metallic wires, is still a dream. Here we report the fabrication of iodine-doped, double-walled nanotube cables having electrical resistivity reaching ∼10⁻⁷ Ω.m. Due to the low density, their specific conductivity (conductivity/weight) is higher than copper and aluminum and is only just below that of the highest specific conductivity metal, sodium. The cables exhibit high current-carrying capacity of 10⁴∼10⁵ A/cm² and can be joined together into arbitrary length and diameter, without degradation of their electrical properties. The application of such nanotube cables is demonstrated by partly replacing metal wires in a household light bulb circuit. The conductivity variation as a function of temperature for the cables is five times smaller than that for copper. The high conductivity nanotube cables could find a range of applications, from low dimensional interconnects to transmission lines.
Small force control of nonlinear systems to given orbits (1997)

Using a low frequency nonlinear electrical circuit, we experimentally demonstrate an efficient nonlinear control method based on our theoretical developments. The method works in a state space for the circuit which is reconstructed from observations of a single voltage. Assuming small control variations from the uncontrolled state, the method is fully nonlinear and "one step" optimal. It requires no knowledge of Local state space linearizations of the dynamics near the target state. Starting from various initial states within the basin of attraction of the circuit attractor, we control to a period one and to a period two target orbit. Each target orbit is an unstable periodic orbit of the uncontrolled system.
Activated Human B Lymphocytes Express Cyclooxygenase-2 and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Attenuate Ab Production (2005)

Elizabeth P. Ryan, Stephen J. Pollack, Thomas I. Murant, Steven H. Bernstein, Raymond E. Felgar, and Richard P. Phipps. Activated Human B Lymphocytes Express Cyclooxygenase-2 and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors Attenuate Antibody Production. [ The Journal of Immunology , 2005, 174: 2619–2626][1] . The
Genotype 1 and global hepatitis C T-cell vaccines designed to optimize coverage of genetic diversity (2010)

Immunological control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is possible and is probably mediated by host T-cell responses, but the genetic diversity of the virus poses a major challenge to vaccine development. We considered monovalent and polyvalent candidates for an HCV vaccine, including natural, consensus and synthetic 'mosaic' sequence cocktails. Mosaic vaccine reagents were designed using a computational approach first applied to and demonstrated experimentally for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-Delta). Mosaic proteins resemble natural proteins, but are assembled from fragments of natural sequences via a genetic algorithm and optimized to maximize the coverage of potential T-cell epitopes (all 9-mers) found in natural sequences and to minimize the inclusion of rare 9-mers to avoid vaccine-specific responses. Genotype 1-specific and global vaccine cocktails were evaluated. Among vaccine candidates considered, polyvalent mosaic sequences provided the best coverage of both known and potential epitopes and had the fewest rare epitopes. A global vaccine based on conserved proteins across genotypes may be feasible, as a five-antigen mosaic cocktail provided 90, 77 and 70% coverage of the Core, NS3 and NS4 proteins, respectively; protein coverage diminished with increased protein variability, dropping to 38% for NS2. For the genotype 1-specific vaccine, the H77 prototype vaccine sequence matched only 50% of the potential epitopes in the population, whilst a polyprotein three-antigen mosaic cocktail increased potential epitope coverage to 83%. More than 75% coverage of all HCV proteins was achieved with a three-antigen mosaic cocktail, suggesting that genotype-specific vaccines could also include the more variable proteins.
Nonlinear quantum logic with colliding graphene plasmons (2023)

We present a theoretical study of a quantum logic gate based on two colliding plasmons in a single graphene nanoribbon with an intrinsic optical nonlinearity. The gate performance is only limited by the plasmon lifetime.
Genome-scale analysis of resveratrol-induced gene expression profile in human ovarian cancer cells using a cDNA microarray (2003)

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a natural compound found in large quantities, most notably in grapes and red wine, which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and anti-angiogenic effects. We examined whether resveratrol has any effect on growth and gene expression in the human ovarian cancer PA-1 cells. We show that resveratrol inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in PA-1 human ovarian cancer cells. We also investigated the effect of resveratrol on changes of global gene expression during resveratrol-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in PA-1 cells using a human cDNA microarray with 7,448 sequence-verified clones. Out of the 7,448 genes screened, 118 genes were founded to be affected in their expression levels by more than 2-fold after 24-h treatment with 50 micro M resveratrol. Resveratrol treatment of PA-1 cells at the final concentration of 50 micro M for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h and gene expression patterns were analyzed by microarray. Clustering of the genes modulated more than 2-fold at three of the above times points divided the genes into 2 groups. Within these groups, there were specific subgroups of genes whose expressions were substantially changed at the specified time points. One of the most highly up-regulated genes found in this study was NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO-1), which has recently been shown to be involved in p53 regulation. Although the precise roles of genes whose expression levels were found to fluctuate after resveratrol treatment remain to be elucidated, we hope that the new view of gene expression in human ovarian cancer cells following resveratrol exposure, as offered by this study, provides clues for the mechanism of resveratrol action.
Rotational spectrum and structure of the linear CO2–HCN dimer: Dependence of isomer formation on carrier gas (1989)

A linear hydrogen-bonded dimer, OCO–HCN, has been identified and characterized via its microwave rotational spectrum. The study was made using the pulsed nozzle Fourier transform method with the Flygare/Balle Mark II spectrometer. A T-shaped HCN–CO2 dimer was reported earlier by the Klemperer group. Rotational constants have been determined for all seven monoisotopically substituted species of the linear form. B0 , DJ , and χaa (14 N) for the normal isotopic dimer are 1057.9397(2) MHz, 1.372(8) kHz, and −4.2466(5) MHz, respectively. The average torsional displacements of the OCO and HCN monomers about their center of mass (c.m.) are found to be 7.66° and 12.40°, based on the substitution O–C and C–N bond distances for the dimer. With these values for α and γ, the B0 for the normal isotopic dimer corresponds to a c.m. to c.m. distance R=5.035 Å. Bending and stretching force constants and the well depth (ε∼590 cm−1 ) are estimated from the centrifugal distortion. The relative concentrations of the linear and T-shaped isomers are unusually sensitive to the carrier gas used in the supersonic jet expansion. The linear form could not be detected at all with argon as the carrier gas but gave a strong signal in neon first run (70% Ne, 30% He). In contrast, the T form gave strong signals in both carrier gases. However, a carrier-gas effect was not found for the N2 O/HF dimer pair, which has a high barrier between the bent NNO–HF and linear FH–NNO isomers. Similar results were obtained for chlorocyclohexane (CCH) and ethyl formate (EF), which have two conformational isomers. In CCH which has a high barrier to a↔e interconversion, the two conformers gave strong signals in both Ar and He. In EF, with a low barrier, the gauche conformer could not be detected in Ar but gave a strong signal in He, while the trans form gave strong signals in both carrier gases.
Convergence and scalarization for data-parallel architectures (2013)

Modern throughput processors such as GPUs achieve high performance and efficiency by exploiting data parallelism in application kernels expressed as threaded code. One draw-back of this approach compared to conventional vector architectures is redundant execution of instructions that are common across multiple threads, resulting in energy inefficiency due to excess instruction dispatch, register file accesses, and memory operations. This paper proposes to alleviate these overheads while retaining the threaded programming model by automatically detecting the scalar operations and factoring them out of the parallel code. We have developed a scalarizing compiler that employs convergence and variance analyses to statically identify values and instructions that are invariant across multiple threads. Our compiler algorithms are effective at identifying convergent execution even in programs with arbitrary control flow, identifying two-thirds of the opportunity captured by a dynamic oracle. The compile-time analysis leads to a reduction in instructions dispatched by 29%, register file reads and writes by 31% memory address counts by 47%, and data access counts by 38%.
Effects of Droplet Diameter and Fluid Properties on the Leidenfrost Temperature of Polished and Micro/Nanostructured Surfaces (2015)

An experimental investigation of the effects of droplet diameters and fluid properties on the Leidenfrost temperature of polished and nano/microstructured surfaces has been carried out. Leidenfrost experiments were conducted on a stainless steel 304 polished surface and a stainless steel surface which was processed by a femtosecond laser to form above surface growth (ASG) nano/microstructures. Surface preparation resulted in a root mean square roughness (Rrms) of 4.8 μm and 0.04 μm on the laser processed and polished surfaces, respectively. To determine the Leidenfrost temperatures, the droplet lifetime method was employed using deionized (DI) water and HFE 7300DL. A precision dropper was used to vary the size of DI water droplets from 1.5 to 4 mm. The Leidenfrost temperature was shown to display increases as high as 100 °C on the processed surface over the range of droplet sizes, as opposed to a 40 °C increase on the polished surface. Average increases of the Leidenfrost temperature between polished and processed samples were as high as 200 °C. The experiment was repeated with HFE 7300DL; however, with no noticeable changes of the Leidenfrost temperatures with droplet size whether on the polished or the processed surface. The difference in the Leidenfrost behavior between DI water and HFE 7300DL and among the various droplet sizes can be attributed to the nature of the force balance and flow hydrodynamics at a temperature slightly below the Leidenfrost point (LFP).
Exploratory Randomized Clinical Study of Pagoclone in Persistent Developmental Stuttering (2010)

The main limitation of this study was the adequacy of the number of subjects who participated because this study was conducted as a pilot investigation. Furthermore, as this condition waxes and wanes, the assessment of stuttering within the clinic setting may not be an adequate reflection of the stuttering of the patients within the community.
User interaction torque monitoring of a 7-DOF upper-limb exoskeleton with IMU-based motion input (2017)

Assistive robots, such as upper-limb exoskeletons, require sophisticated online trajectory planning to ensure user 
safety during operation. In order to recognize the user intention, system integrated sensors are necessary to 
measure the interaction with the robotic device. In this work, the concept of a remotely controlled exoskeleton 
using an inertia measurement unit (IMU) motion capturing system is introduced, where the interaction between 
the human arm and the exoskeleton is measured with structurally integrated torque sensors. The motion capture 
system consists of four IMUs, placed on the torso, upper- and lower arm, and the hand of the operator, who 
performs the arm motion for the exoskeleton worn by the user. The upper-limb exoskeleton consist of a seven 
actuated joints, where each joint axis is collinear to their respective joint axis of the human arm. First, the joint 
angles of the motion capture system and exoskeleton are calibrated. The coordinate system alignment of the 
IMUs is based on a gravity-vector and omega calibration. For the exoskeleton, mechanical stops at the maximal 
joint angles define the zero positions. Once both systems are synchronized, the operator is able to remotely 
control the joint angles of the exoskeleton. The motion capture system detects movements of the arm with 100 
Hz sample rate and a RMSE smaller than two degrees for static positioning and five degrees for dynamic 
movements to determine joint angles of the human arm during activities of daily living. The user interaction 
torque is derived from the measured torque and the dynamic properties of the exoskeleton. The overall goal of 
this work is to assist joint motion and monitor joint torques of a patient during continuous passive motion 
therapy, where a therapist teaches online movements with the IMU motion capture system.
High content screening and computational prediction reveal viral genes that suppress innate immune response (2021)

ABSTRACT Suppression of the host innate immune response is a critical aspect of viral replication. Upon infection, viruses may introduce one or more proteins that inhibit key immune pathways, such as the type I interferon pathway. However, the ability to predict and evaluate viral protein bioactivity on targeted pathways remains challenging and is typically done on a single virus/gene basis. Here, we present a medium-throughput high-content cell-based assay to reveal the immunosuppressive effects of viral proteins. To test the predictive power of our approach, we developed a library of 800 genes encoding known, predicted, and uncharacterized human viral genes. We find that previously known immune suppressors from numerous viral families such as Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae recorded positive responses. These include a number of viral proteases for which we further confirmed that innate immune suppression depends on protease activity. A class of predicted inhibitors encoded by Rhabdoviridae viruses was demonstrated to block nuclear transport, and several previously uncharacterized proteins from uncultivated viruses were shown to inhibit nuclear transport of the transcription factors NF-κB and IRF3. We propose that this pathway-based assay, together with early sequencing, gene synthesis, and viral infection studies, could partly serve as the basis for rapid in vitro characterization of novel viral proteins. IMPORTANCE Infectious diseases caused by viral pathogens exacerbate healthcare and economic burdens. Numerous viral biomolecules suppress the human innate immune system, enabling viruses to evade an immune response from the host. Despite our current understanding of viral replications and immune evasion, new viral proteins, including those encoded by uncultivated viruses or emerging viruses, are being unearthed at a rapid pace from large scale sequencing and surveillance projects. The use of medium- and high-throughput functional assays to characterize immunosuppressive functions of viral proteins can advance our understanding of viral replication and possibly treatment of infections. In this study we assembled a large viral gene library from diverse viral families and developed a high content assay to test for inhibition of innate immunity pathways. Our work expands the tools that can rapidly link sequence and protein function, representing a practical step towards early-stage evaluation of emerging and understudied viruses.
Polymers Composed of Alternating Anthracene and Pyridine Containing Units by Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Controlled Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Metal Complexes (2013)

Novel polymers composed of alternating anthracene and pyridine containing units were synthesized by radical ring-opening polymerization of pyridine-containing cyclic monomers via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process. The ring-opening polymerization proceeded predominantly to afford well-defined polymers (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.30), which exhibited the characteristic absorption and fluorescence due to the anthracene unit. On the other hand, fluorescence quenching was observed in chloroform and acidic aqueous solutions. The quenching was explained by charge transfer from the excited anthracene units to the coordinated or protonated pyridine units. Additionally, fluorescence quenching independent of external ambient conditions was conducted by quaternization. In the thin film state, the obtained polymers exhibited fluorescence due to the formation of excimers. The formation of complexes between the anthracene-containing polymers and metal species (Zn, Cu, and Co) led to the change in the optical properties compared to those of pristine polymers. These results demonstrate that the unique optical properties could be developed under various conditions due to the interactions between the anthracene and pyridine units in the well-defined polymers.
What is the Rate of Lumbar Adjacent Segment Disease after Percutaneous versus Open Fusion? (2014)

Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no significant difference in incidence of ASD in patients who had underwent open versus percutaneous instrumentation following anterior lumbar interbody fusion.
The Use of Adhesive for the Closure of Corneal Perforations (1968)

The surgical adhesive n-heptyl 2-cyanoacrylate was used successfully to seal corneal perforations in two patients. There was prompt and permanent restoration of the anterior chamber, with minimal inflammatory response to the adhesive. The procedure of application was simple, performed at the slit lamp, and required only topical anesthesia. The adhesive acted as a tamponade allowing the normal healing process to occur beneath it, and eliminated the complications of suturing in diseased tissue. The encouraging results in these two cases may herald an even broader use of adhesives in ocular surgery.
Localized Dielectric Sintering With Magnetron for Microwave Material Processing (2022)

Abstract The process of sintering occurs when enough heating energy is applied on the particles of precursor powders to coalesce together and form a solid material without melting. Solidification takes place through cross mass diffusion along common interfaces and this technique has been used extensively by the materials processing community for ceramic part manufacturing. However, in most cases, furnaces are being used to elevate the temperature of material powder precursors globally throughout the entire volume of the intended parts. Instead of this approach, the present work explores the feasibility of using localized heating induced by coherent microwave radiation. Microwave-based material processing involves coupling between thermal and electromagnetic physics where the microwave radiation heats the sample locally via volumetrically tailored heat fluxes. However, changes in temperature change the dielectric properties of the sample, which then in turn affect microwave propagation. The nonlinearity introduced by the temperature dependence of the material properties into the relevant partial differential equations of this coupled system is further complicated by poorly defined dielectric, thermal, and thermo-electric properties of the dielectric precursor powders at temperatures required for sintering. This work focuses on analyzing a TE106 2.45 GHz microwave cavity used for processing BaTiO3, or BTO, precursor powder. Both a physical and a virtual experiment were carried out in tandem to understand the microwave propagation and dielectric property evolution with respect to temperature. It was demonstrated that appropriate tuning of the material properties (i.e., density, specific heat, heat conductivity, dielectric permittivity and loss tangent) relative to temperature enabled localized heating predicted by our model to match that of the physical experiment.
Calculating Effectiveness of Water Conservation Measures (1985)

Implementation of water conservation programs can result in significant savings to water utilities. Engineers and planners working with utilities need to be able to predict the reduction in water requirements (i.e., effectiveness of water conservation) that will result from implementation of water conservation measures. A procedure that was developed to help predict water conservation effectiveness for typical conditions is presented.