gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Visualization with Data Fusion (2002)

We discuss a fusion-based visualization method to analyze a multivariate climate dataset and its metadata. The primary difference between a conventional visualization and a fusion-based visualization is that the former draws on a single image whereas the latter draws on multiple see-through layers, which are then overlaid on each other to form the final visualization. We propose optimized colormaps to highlight subtle features that would not be shown with conventional colormaps. We present fusion techniques that integrate multiple single-purpose visualization techniques into the same viewing space. Our highly flexible fusion approach allows scientists to explore multiple parameters concurrently by mixing and matching images without frequently reconstructing new visualizations from the data for every possible combination. Although our primary visualization application is climate modeling, we show with examples that our fundamental design - fusing layers of data images for multivariate visualization - can be generalized for other information visualization applications.
High contrast grating mirrors for radiation-pressure optomechanics (2013)

Subwavelength diffraction gratings patterned into a silicon nitride membrane offer a novel new platform for cavity optomechanics. The monolithic device combines high reflectivity, high mechanical quality factor, and low mass. Here we survey results we have obtained using such a device as one mirror of a Fabry-Perot cavity. With a cavity finesse of <i>F</i> ≈ 2000, we are able to optically cool hundreds of mechanical modes of the membrane. The lowest effective temperature we achieve, by detuning a laser to the red side of an optical resonance, is approximately <i>T<sub>eff</sub></i> = 1 K. The cooling is accompanied by an optically-induced shift of the mechanical frequency, as expected; both the degree of cooling and frequency shift are proportional to the power of the cooling laser. When we detune the laser to the blue side of the resonance, the resulting optical “antidamping” causes the dynamics of the mechanical system to change from thermal to oscillatory, with a well-defined phase. Finally, we computationally investigate the feasibility of a proposal to realize radiation pressure optomechanics without a cavity, by use of a subwavelength grating with a rapid variation of reflectivity with wavelength.
Stress and the Reproductive Axis (2014)

There exists a reciprocal relationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes, wherein the activation of one affects the function of the other and vice versa. For example, both testosterone and oestrogen modulate the response of the HPA axis, whereas activation of the stress axis, especially activation that is repeating or chronic, has an inhibitory effect upon oestrogen and testosterone secretion. Alterations in maternal care can produce significant effects on both HPG and HPA physiology, as well as behaviour in the offspring at adulthood. For example, changes in reproductive behaviour induced by altered maternal care may alter the expression of sex hormone receptors such as oestrogen receptor (ER)α that govern sexual behaviour, and may be particularly important in determining the sexual strategies utilised by females. Stress in adulthood continues to mediate HPG activity in females through activation of a sympathetic neural pathway originating in the hypothalamus and releasing norepinephrine into the ovary, which produces a noncyclic anovulatory ovary that develops cysts. In the opposite direction, sex differences and sex steroid hormones regulate the HPA axis. For example, although serotonin (5-HT) has a stimulatory effect on the HPA axis in humans and rodents that is mediated by the 5-HT1A receptor, only male rodents respond to 5-HT1A antagonism to show increased corticosterone responses to stress. Furthermore, oestrogen appears to decrease 5-HT1A receptor function at presynaptic sites, yet increases 5-HT1A receptor expression at postsynaptic sites. These mechanisms could explain the heightened stress HPA axis responses in females compared to males. Studies on female rhesus macaques show that chronic stress in socially subordinate female monkeys produces a distinct behavioural phenotype that is largely unaffected by oestrogen, a hyporesponsive HPA axis that is hypersensitive to the modulating effects of oestrogen, and changes in 5-HT1A receptor binding in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of social subordinate female monkeys that are restored or inverted by oestrogen replacement. This review summarises all of these studies, emphasising the profound effect that the interaction of the reproductive and stress axes may have on human reproductive health and emotional wellbeing.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Addition of Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone to Aldehydes and Various Transformations of the Resulting Alcohols. (1989)

Abstract The title reaction is performed in a two phase system using a phase‐transfer catalyst to give the sulfonyl alcohols (III).
The arginine-rich carboxy-terminal domain of the hepatitis B virus core protein mediates attachment of nucleocapsids to cell-surface-expressed heparan sulfate (2004)

Binding of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsids to mouse B cells leads to production of nucleocapsid-specific antibodies, class II presentation of peptides and the generation of T helper-1 immunity. This T-cell-independent activation of B cells is thought to result from cross-linking of cell-surface immunoglobulin molecules, if these contain a specific motif in the framework region 1-complementarity determining region 1 junction. In the present study, it was observed that nucleocapsids bound to different B-cell lines, an interaction that was not dependent on cell-surface-expressed immunoglobulins. Furthermore, binding to several non-B-cell lines was observed. Capsids that lacked the carboxy-terminal protamine-like domains did not bind to cells. Treatment of nucleocapsids with ribonucleases enhanced the attachment of nucleocapsids to cells. Various soluble glycosaminoglycans inhibited attachment of nucleocapsids, while treatment of cells with heparinase I also reduced binding. These observations demonstrated that the arginine-rich protamine-like regions of the core proteins are responsible for the attachment of nucleocapsids to glycosaminoglycans expressed on the plasma membranes of cells.
(BO)2‐Doped Tetrathia[7]helicene: A Configurationally Stable Blue Emitter (2022)

Abstract Helicenes combine two central themes in chemistry: extended π‐conjugation and chirality. Hetero‐atom doping preserves both characteristics and allows modulation of the electronic structure of a helicene. Herein, we report the (BO) 2 ‐doped tetrathia[7]helicene 1 , which was prepared from 2‐methoxy‐3,3′‐bithiophene in four steps. 1 is formally derived by substituting two (Mes)B−O moieties in place of (H)C=C(H) fragments in two benzene rings of the parent tetrathia[7]helicene. X‐ray crystallography revealed a dihedral angle of 50.26(9)° between the two terminal thiophene rings. The ( P )‐/( M )‐ 1 enantiomers were separated by chiral HPLC and are configurationally stable at room temperature. The experimentally determined enantiomerization barrier of 27.4±0.1 kcal mol −1 is lower than that of tetrathia[7]helicene (39.4±0.1 kcal mol −1 ). The circular dichroism spectra of ( P )‐ and ( M )‐ 1 show a perfect mirror‐image relationship. 1 is a blue emitter ( λ em =411 nm) with a photoluminescence quantum efficiency of Φ PL =6 % ( cf . tetrathia[7]helicene: λ em ≈405 nm, Φ PL =5 %).
Real-Time Radar for the THz Region (2020)

We implement a 2D real-time radar system for the THz region using a leaky parallelplate waveguide. The radar can locate a target within 200ms with an accuracy of 1mm in range and 1.2° in angle. © 2020 The Author(s)
Production, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (2009)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9, which is under development for gene-delivery applications, shows significantly enhanced capsid-associated transduction efficiency in muscle compared with other AAV serotypes. With the aim of characterizing the structural determinants of this property, the purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses of the AAV9 viral capsid are reported. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 2.8 A resolution using synchrotron radiation and belonged to the trigonal space group P3(2), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 251.0, c = 640.0 A. There are three complete viral capsids in the crystal unit cell. The orientation and position of the asymmetric unit capsid have been determined by molecular-replacement methods and structure determination is in progress.
Ionized hypomagnesemia in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: A complication of citrate intoxication (1996)

Using a new ion-selective electrode, plasma concentration of ionized magnesium was measured in nine adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Baseline plasma ionized magnesium (IMg2+) concentration (0.49 +/- 0.07 mmol/L) was slightly below normal values (0.55-0.66 mmol/L, 95% CI): Six patients had ionized hypomagnesemia and two of these had total hypomagnesemia. Ionized IMg2+ concentration progressively decreased during the dissection (0.45 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and anhepatic stage (0.38 +/- 0.07 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and returned toward baseline values by 2 hours after graft reperfusion. Plasma ionized calcium levels and acid-base status were maintained within normal limits during surgery. Serum citrate concentration increased during the dissection (0.58 +/- 0.60 mmol/L) and anhepatic stages (1.18 +/- 0.78 mmol/L), the result of transfusion of citrate-rich blood products in the absence of adequate hepatic function, and gradually returned toward baseline values after graft reperfusion. IMg2+ concentration inversely correlated with the plasma citrate concentration (r2 = 0.54). The results of this study demonstrate that ionized hypomagnesemia invariably occurs during liver transplantation and suggest that this derangement may be a clinical concern, because magnesium is an important cofactor for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. The data further suggest the clinical importance of supplementation with magnesium based on the monitoring of plasma IMg2+ concentration.
The Effect of Self-Heating in LDMOSFET Expansion Regime (2012)

In this paper, it is the first time that the effect of self-heating of LDMOS transistors operating in the so-called expansion regime of the output characteristics is studied. Experimental characterization and numerical simulations are used to demonstrate that, in order to explain the origin of the current enhancement phenomenon observed in the output characteristics of LDMOS transistors biased at high gate and drain voltages (which is named as the expansion regime), the thermal effect of the device self-heating, in addition to the proposed intrinsic MOSFET saturation, has to be considered. This is supported by analyzing the temperature, charged carrier velocity, impact ionization rate, and electric field at different positions in the LDMOS transistors biased at different gate and drain voltages.
Multi-Drive Stacked-FET Power Amplifiers at 90 GHz in 45 nm SOI CMOS (2014)

Gate resistance significantly limits the output power and power-added efficiency of stacked-FET power amplifiers in 45 nm SOI CMOS above 60 GHz. A multi-drive stacked-FET approach is proposed to improve the output power and efficiency. An analysis of conventional and multi-drive stacked-FET PAs demonstrates the performance improvement. A multi-drive three-stack PA is implemented in 45 nm SOI CMOS for 90 GHz operation occupying 0.23 mm 2 . This PA achieves more than 19 dBm output power with peak PAE of 14% and 12 dB gain at 90 GHz using a 3.4 V power supply.
"Aleppo" and "Sunset" (2017)

IntroductionDaniel DouekWe are very fortunate to introduce two poems from two great immunologists, Alex Whelan and Irun Cohen. Alex’s poem, titled “Aleppo,” is a stark insight into the horrors which scar the population of that blighted city. Irun has written a haiku in response which evokes the interminable nature of that horror. When I walked into Irun’s lab at the age of 18, one of the technicians took one look at me and said in Arabic “Enta Halabi” —You are from Aleppo. And indeed, without knowing who I was, he recognized that I have the features of an Aleppine Jew. My great-great-grandfather was the chief rabbi of that city’s once flourishing Jewish community. As for the great synagogue from which he preached—I do not know if it exists today. And if it does exist today, I do not know if it will exist tomorrow.
Supplemental Figure 3 from Long-term Follow-up and Correlative Analysis of Two Phase II Trials of Rituximab and Lenalidomide Followed by Continuous Lenalidomide in Untreated and Relapsed/Refractory Indolent Lymphoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Flow cytometric analysis of NK, NK T cell and Treg subpopulations.&lt;/p&gt;
Inferring gene regulatory networks using ensembles of feature selection techniques (2012)

Motivation: One of the long-standing open challenges in computational systems biology is the inference of gene regulatory networks from expression data. Recently, two community-wide efforts have been established to benchmark network inference techniques (DREAM4 and DREAM5), where it was shown that a feature selection method using variable importance scores obtained from tree-based ensemble methods (GENIE3) achieved top performance. Despite the success of this algorithm, little research has been carried out to understand why this approach works so well, and if equally good or better results could be obtained using other types of feature selection techniques.
On the Influence of Fuel Distribution on the Flame Structure of Bluff-Body Stabilized Flames (2013)

This paper describes recent learning on the flame structure associated with bluff-body stabilized flames and the influence of the fuel distribution with nonpremixed, jet-in-crossflow fuel injection. Recent experimental and analytical results disclosing the flame structure are discussed in relation to classical combustion reaction zone regimes. Chemiluminescence and planar fluorescence imaging of OH* radicals as an indicator of the flame zone are analyzed from various tests conducted at Georgia Tech using a two-dimensional vane-type bluff-body with simple wall-orifice fuel injectors. The results described in this paper support the view that combustion occurs in separated flame zones aligned with the nonpremixed fuel distribution associated with the fuel jets that are very stable and contribute to flame stability at low fuel flow rates. The experimental data is also compared with computational reacting flow large-eddy simulations and interpreted in terms of the fundamental reaction zone regimes for premixed flames. For the conditions of the present experiment, the results indicate combustion occurs over a wide range of flame regimes including the broken reaction zone or separated flamelet regimes.
Label-free, High-Resolution Optical Metabolic Imaging of Human Cervical Precancers Reveals Potential for Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diagnosis (2020)

While metabolic changes are considered a cancer hallmark, their assessment has not been incorporated in the detection of early or precancers, when treatment is most effective. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic changes are detected in freshly excised human cervical precancerous tissues using label-free, non-destructive imaging of the entire epithelium. The images rely on two-photon excited fluorescence from two metabolic co-enzymes, NAD(P)H and FAD, and have micron-level resolution, enabling sensitive assessments of the redox ratio and mitochondrial fragmentation, which yield metrics of metabolic function and heterogeneity. Simultaneous characterization of morphological features, such as the depth-dependent variation of the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, is demonstrated. Multi-parametric analysis combining several metabolic metrics with morphological ones enhances significantly the diagnostic accuracy of identifying high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Our results motivate the translation of such functional metabolic imaging to <i>in vivo</i> studies, which may enable improved identification of cervical lesions, and other precancers, at the bedside.
Green semipolar III-nitride light-emitting diodes grown by limited area epitaxy (2016)

The performance of multiple quantum well green and yellow semipolar light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is limited by relaxation of highly strained InGaN-based active regions and the subsequent formation of nonradiative defects. Limited area epitaxy was used to block glide of substrate threading dislocations and to reduce the density of misfit dislocations (MDs) directly beneath the active region of (202¯1) LEDs. Devices were grown and fabricated on a 1D array of narrow substrate mesas to limit the MD run length. Reducing the mesa width from 20 μm to 5 μm lowered the density of basal plane and non-basal plane MDs on the mesas and limited the number of defect-generating dislocation intersections. This improvement in material quality yielded a 73% enhancement in peak external quantum efficiency for the devices with the narrowest mesas compared to the devices with the widest mesas.
The Otto-Atkinson Cycle Engine-Fuel Economy and Emissions Results and Hardware Design (1995)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Otto-Atkinson cycle engine operates on the Otto cycle at full load, for good power density, and on the Atkinson cycle at part loads, for reduced fuel consumption. The Atkinson cycle has a larger expansion ratio than compression ratio. This is achieved by increasing the geometric compression ratio and employing late intake valve closing.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A modified 1.6L I-4 engine was tested with retarded, but fixed, valve timings and increased, but fixed, geometric compression ratios to simulate the Otto-Atkinson cycle. The engine demonstrated 15% improvement in BSFC relative to the standard spark-ignition engine with 10% EGR at 1500 RPM, 2.62 Bar BMEP. Tests also revealed 50% reductions in BSNO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and BSCO emissions but a 60% increase in BSHC.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A variable compression piston and a coaxial camshaft were designed and fabricated for the Otto-Atkinson cycle engine. Tests demonstrated the piston to be functional under motoring conditions, although the response was slower than required.&lt;/div&gt;
An analytical model relating FPGA architecture and place and route runtime (2009)

This paper presents an analytical model that relates the architectural parameters of an FPGA to the place-and-route runtimes of the FPGA CAD tools. We consider both a simulated annealing based placement algorithm employing a bounding box wirelength cost function, and a negotiation based A <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> router. We also show an example application of the model in early architecture evaluation.
Impact of interfacial polymer morphology on photoexcitation dynamics and device performance in P3HT/ZnO heterojunctions (2009)

To understand the critical factor(s) that influence short-circuit current in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/ZnO solar cells, we investigate the morphology of the interfacial polymer layer and the photoexcitation dynamics in the picosecond regime. Thin (∼6 nm) films of P3HT deposited on bare ZnO and ZnO modified with an alkanethiol monolayer are used as model systems for the heterojunction interface. Results are compared with thin P3HT films on glass for the behavior of the polymer alone. Synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray diffraction spectra of P3HT thin films deposited on glass and on an alkanethiol-modified ZnO surface identify a crystalline P3HT interfacial layer, while an amorphous interfacial layer of P3HT is found on unmodified ZnO. To investigate the decay dynamics of initial photoexcited states, the samples are interrogated by pump–probe spectroscopy with sub-picosecond time resolution. Compared to P3HT/ZnO composite films, the decay behavior for both polarons and excitons over a 500 ps time interval becomes significantly slower with alkanethiol modification, indicating a reduction in early-stage charge recombination. These experiments demonstrate how the interfacial polymer morphology has a critical role in determining device performance.
New single-layer positive photoresists for 193-nm photolithography (1997)

New series of chemically amplified, single layer, positive tone photoresists for 193 nm lithography have been developed. These resists were formulated from a series of cycloaliphatic co- and terpolymers of 2-methyl propyl bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2- ene-5-carboxylate (carbo-tert-butoxynorbornene), bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-ene carboxylic acid (norbornene carboxylic acid), 8-methyl-8-carboxy tetracyclo(4,4,0.1<SUP>2,5</SUP>,1<SUP>7,10</SUP>)dodec-3-ene (methyltetracyclododecene carboxylic acid), norbornenemethanol, and maleic anhydride, which were synthesized by free radical, vinyl addition and ring opening metathesis polymerization techniques. The polymers derived from ring opening metathesis polymerization have bee successfully hydrogenated to provide yet another member of this group of materials. The cycloaliphatic polymer backbones provide etch resistance, mechanical properties and stability to radiation. The lithographic function is provided by carefully tailored pendant groups, which include an acid functionality that is masked by protecting groups that undergo acid catalyzed thermolysis as well as polar groups that influence the adhesion, wetability and dissolution properties of the polymer. The polymers are soluble in common organic solvents and have glass transition temperatures ranging from less than 60 degrees Celsius to higher than 250 degrees Celsius depending on their specific structure and mode of polymerization. They are at least as transparent at 193 nm as the corresponding acrylics. Their dry etch resistance varies with the formulation, but the base polymers etch more slowly than novolac under conditions typically used to pattern polysilicon. Upon exposure and baking, the resists have demonstrated high sensitivities (9-25 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>), and 0.16 micrometer features have bean resolved.