gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peripheral effects of neurokinins: functional evidence for the existence of multiple receptors (1987)

The ability of six neurokinins (substance P, neurokinin A, neurokinin B, physalaemin, eledoisin and kassinin) to induce hypotension, salivary secretion and to activate motility of the duodenum and of the urinary bladder was investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. A comparison of the relative potency of these substances in producing a given biological effect yielded results consistent with the hypothesis of the existence of three distinct types of receptor in rat peripheral tissues, namely SP-P, SP-K and SP-E according to the nomenclature proposed by Buck, Burcher, Shults, Lovenberg & O'Donohue (1984), or NK-P, NK-A and NK-B according to that of Regoli, D'Orleans-Juste, Drapeau, Dion & Escher (1985). An NK-P receptor is responsible for the production of the hypotensive effect and for the activation of salivary secretion. An 'NK-P like' receptor subtype may be involved in determining the direct contractile effects on muscle cells of neurokinins in the rat isolated urinary bladder and the 'phasic' contraction of the rat duodenum. An NK-A receptor mediates the 'tonic' contraction of the rat duodenum while an NK-B receptor mediates the activation of the micturition reflex. Evidence is presented that multiple neurokinin receptors are present in the same organ and participate with different modalities to the regulation of smooth muscle function.
Oxidative Polymerization of 2,6-Dimethylphenol by Copper(II)Chloride-Amine Complexes: Effect of Amines on Polymerization Activity (1991)

Abstract 2, 6-Dimethylphenol (2, 6-DMP) undergoes oxidative polymerization with CuCl2.2H2O-aliphatic amine complexes in a 70:30(v/v) o-dichlorobenzene-ethanol solvent. Unlike pyridine, polymerization occurs even in the absence of added base. Apart from basicity, factors such as steric effects and nature of ligand coordination to Cu(II) have profound effect on catalyst reactivity.
Cladionol A, a Polyketide Glycoside from Marine-Derived Fungus Gliocladium Species (2005)

A new polyketide glycoside, cladionol A (1), was isolated from the cultured broth of a fungus Gliocladium sp., which was separated from sea grass Syringodium isoetifolium, and the structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data. The relative stereochemistry of C-2-C-3 was assigned by mainly J-based configuration analysis, while those of two sugar units were elucidated to be beta-mannopyranoside and arabitol on the basis of NOESY data and/or 1H-1H couplings. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of the mannose moiety was determined as the D-form on the basis of chiral HPLC analysis of a benzoyl derivative of the acid hydrolysate of 1. Cladionol A (1) exhibited modest cytotoxicity.
Improved Collision-Induced Dissociation Analysis of Peptides by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry through 3-Sulfobenzoic Acid Succinimidyl Ester Labeling (2006)

The sulfonation reagent, a succinimidyl ester of 3-sulfobenzoic acid, has been synthesized for effective peptide sequencing. It is capable of incorporating an additional mobile proton into the peptide backbone, thus, facilitating efficient collision-induced dissociation. This reagent is easily and inexpensively prepared in short time. Tandem mass spectra of the guanidinated and reagent-sulfonated peptides consist mainly of the y-ion series with higher intensities than those observed for solely guanidinated peptides. These enhanced tandem MS attributes significantly improved MASCOT total-ion scores, thus, allowing more confident peptide sequencing. This derivatization was also very effective for the analysis of tryptic digest of human blood serum proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. When used in LC-MALDI/MS/MS format, this type of derivatization does not adversely affect chromatographic efficiencies.
Coffee (2002)

Abstract This article presents a description of coffee processing technology; coffee chemistry and coffee consumption trends. Special attention is given to green coffee processing, the chemistry of green coffee, the effects of roasting and brewing upon chemistry, as well as the chemistry of instant or soluble coffee. Processing and packaging of roasted, ground, instant and decaffeinated coffees are discussed. The economics of green coffee, as well as the import and world production figures for 1999–2000, are included. Emerging activity in coffee biotechnology is also discussed.
Material platforms for integrated quantum photonics (2016)

On-chip integration of quantum optical systems could be a major factor enabling photonic quantum technologies. Unlike the case of electronics, where the essential device is the transistor and the dominant material is silicon, the toolbox of elementary devices required for both classical and quantum photonic integrated circuits is vast. While III-V materials have been shown to host most quantum photonic components, the issues of their intercompatibility, scalability and performance are far from being solved. Therefore, many material platforms are being examined to host the future quantum photonic computers and network nodes. We discuss the pros and cons of several platforms for realizing various elementary devices, compare the current degrees of integration achieved in each platform and review several composite platform approaches.
The making and breaking of symmetry in virus capsid assembly: glimpses of capsid biology from cryoelectron microscopy (1997)

Virus capsids constitute a diverse and versatile family of protein-bound containers and compartments ranging in diameter from approximately 200 A (mass approximately 1 MDa) to >1500 A (mass>250 MDa). Cryoelectron microscopy of capsids, now attaining resolutions down to 10 A, is disclosing novel structural motifs, assembly mechanisms, and the precise locations of major epitopes. Capsids are essentially symmetric structures, and icosahedral surface lattices have proved to be widespread. However, many capsid proteins exhibit a remarkable propensity for symmetry breaking, whereby chemically identical subunits in distinct lattice sites have markedly different structures and packing relationships. Temporal differences in the conformation of a given subunit are also manifested in the large-scale conformational changes that accompany capsid maturation. Larger and more complex capsids, such as DNA bacteriophages and herpes simplex virus, are formed not by simple self-assembly, but under the control of tightly regulated programs that may include the involvement of viral scaffolding proteins and cellular chaperonins, maturational proteolysis, and conformational changes on an epic scale. In addition to its significance for virology, capsid-related research has implications for biology in general, relating to the still largely obscure assembly processes of macromolecular complexes that perform many important cellular functions.
In vitro uptake of vitamin A from the retinol-binding plasma protein to mucosal epithelial cells from the monkey's small intestine. (1976)

The in vitro uptake of retinol from its plasma carrier protein, the retinol-binding protein (RBP), to the cells of the monkey's small intestine has been studied. [3H]Retinol was readily delivered from the RBP to the cells without a concomitant cellular uptake of the RBP. The [3H]retinol accumulation in the cells was dependent on the temperature and was virtually abolished at 0 degrees. Several metabolic inhibitors could not impede the uptake process. The cellular [3H]retinol accumulation was linear for about 45 min and exhibited characteristic saturation kinetics. The uptake of [3H]retinol by the cells could be inhibited by RBP containing unlabeled retinol, vitamin A-depleted RBP, and Fab' fragments against RBP. In contrast, free, unlabeled retinol and the metabolite form of RBP, lacking retinol and affinity for prealbumin, were inactive. It is therefore suggested that there is a receptor for vitamin A on the cell surface which recognizes the protein part of the protein-ligand complex.
Symbol Error Probability Analysis for Multihop Relaying over Nakagami Fading Channels (2010)

In this paper, we derive closed-form expressions for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of arbitrary rectangular I × J-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in cooperative amplify-and-forward (A&F) relaying systems, when no direct line-of-sight exists between the source and the destination nodes and when the links between the K successive nodes forming the multihop cooperation chain (including the source and the destination nodes) follow independent but not-necessarily identical Nakagami-m fading distributions with arbitrary real indexes {m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> } <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k=1</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</sup> not less than 1/2 and arbitrary average power levels {γ̅k} <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k=1</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</sup> . The average SEP of rectangular QAM for this set-up is provided in closed-form as a linear combination of the first Lauricella's multivariate hypergeometric function, F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(K+1)</sup> , K being the number of multihop links, which can be efficiently evaluated using standard numerical softwares. Simulation results sustaining our analysis are provided, and the impacts of various parameters on the overall multihop system performance are investigated.
A New Synthesis of Acenaphthobenzoporphyrin and Fluoranthobenzoporphyrin (2006)

Benzoporphyrins fused with acenaphthylene or fluoranthene (3) and (4) were prepared by the condensation of bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene(BCOD)-fused tripyrrane (5) with appropriate pyrrole dialdehydes ( 13) or ( 14) and the subsequent retro Diels-Alder reaction.The absorptions of these new porphyrins were very intense at both Soret and Q bands, which might be useful as organic dyes for solar cells.
Blimp-1 and systemic lupus erythematosus (2014)

The protracted diagnostic period and variable disease presentation not only complicate diagnosing SLE but also the epidemiologic study of it. Coupled with the remitting and relapsing nature of the disease and the challenges in managing it, clinical research in lupus requires careful attention to study design, control selection, temporality, and many often overlooked issues in the analysis phase. Between "big data" and the impressive advances in the basic sciences, it is tempting to either oversimplify methods to take advantage of "big data" or overcomplicate because the problem itself is complicated. As we revisit the building blocks of epidemiologic research, we will uncover opportunities to move epidemiology and clinical research forward in SLE. Why do we care about effect modification and what is it? Why can we not just adjust for everything that we want to? And perhaps, most importantly, going back to the very beginning and asking ourselves: does this matter? During this talk we will discuss issues relating to case identification methods, potential biases associated with control selection, and return to the basics of epidemiologic research. Although we shall discuss these issues in the context of environmental (nongenetic) factors, these concerns extend across the worlds of observational data analysis, can impact randomized trials, and are relevant for all types of exposures and outcomes.
ChemInform Abstract: First Syntheses of Caerulomycin E and Collismycins A and C. A New Synthesis of Caerulomycin A. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Vaporization, thermodynamics and structures of species in the tellurium + oxygen system (1969)

High-temperature mass-spectrometric investigations of the equilibrium vapours over crystalline tellurium dioxide have shown the existence of the molecular species (TeO2)n and (TeO)n, where n= 1, 2, 3, 4 as well as Te2 and O2. Under these conditions the most abundant species are TeO2(g) and TeO(g). Second- and third-law heats of reaction and entropies for the various equilibria among these species have been obtained. Fundamental frequencies obtained from infra-red absorption studies of the species isolated in rare-gas matrices were used for calculations of thermodynamic functions at various temperatures. Heats of atomization for (TeO2)2 and (TeO)2 were obtained. Using the average of the second and third-law heats, ΔH°298= 2.5 ± 2 kcal mol–1, for the reaction TeO(g)=½Te2(g)+½O2(g) one obtains the dissociation energy for TeO(g), D°0= 92.5 ± 2 kcal mol–1. A bent geometry (110°) is indicated for TeO2 and evidence for cyclic structures of (TeO2)2 and (TeO)2 is given.
On the Ethics of Building AI in a Responsible Manner (2020)

The AI-alignment problem arises when there is a discrepancy between the goals that a human designer specifies to an AI learner and a potential catastrophic outcome that does not reflect what the human designer really wants. We argue that a formalism of AI alignment that does not distinguish between strategic and agnostic misalignments is not useful, as it deems all technology as un-safe. We propose a definition of a strategic-AI-alignment and prove that most machine learning algorithms that are being used in practice today do not suffer from the strategic-AI-alignment problem. However, without being careful, today's technology might lead to strategic misalignment.
The failure of the embryonic epidermis affects seed maturation and embryo growth in pea. (2003)

Pea plants were grown under a light/dark regime of 16/8 h at 16/19°C. Because the recessive E2748 seeds were lethal, the plants were maintained as heterozygotes. The endospermal vacuolar liquid volume was determined. The E2748 seed mutation affected embryo growth during maturation. Mutant embryos grew slowly and reached only ∼10% of the wild-type values. The endospermal vacuoles increased similarly up to ∼150 mg in both wild-type and mutant, then decreased continuously in the wild-type when their place was occupied by the fast-growing embryo. Within the mutant, endospermal vacuoles further increased until the seeds reached ∼250 mg. Endospermal vacuoles bearing mutant or wild-type embryos contained similar sugar concentrations. The hexose:sucrose ratio within the endospermal vacuole was unaltered in the mutant and was independent of normal embryo growth. Mutant embryos did not accumulate normal sucrose levels. Mutant cotyledonary epidermal cells de-differentiated at the beginning of seed maturation. A sucrose transporter-specific probe (VfSUT1) was used for in situ hybridizations on wild-type cotyledons of 60-mg seeds. SUT1-specific signals were present within the outermost layer, indicating gene expression within the epidermal cell layer. In wild-type cotyledons of 200-mg seeds, SUT1-specific signal was present within the outer layer with higher intensity in the abaxial region where transfer cells were formed. A steep gradient of label intensity was present, decreasing from the abaxial towards the interior, indicating lower expression in the parenchyma cells. In the mutant, the pattern was completely irregular. A stronger label occurred within the parenchyma, while it was much weaker in the outermost cell layer.
Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates with the Aid ofN-Chloroacetamidohexyl Phosphoramidite Reagent (1999)

Abstract A novel phosphoramidite building block derived from N-chloroacetyl-6-aminohexanol is attached at the 5′-terminus on the last step of oligonucleotide synthesis. Postsynthetic treatment of support-bound modified oligonucleotides with a variety of amines and mercaptanes affords oligonucleotide conjugates in a high yield.
Achieving planar plasmonic subwavelength resolution using alternately arranged insulator-metal and insulator-insulator-metal composite structures (2015)

This work develops and analyzes a planar subwavelength device with the ability of one-dimensional resolution at visible frequencies that is based on alternately arranged insulator-metal (IM) and insulator-insulator-metal (IIM) composite structures. The mechanism for the proposed device to accomplish subwavelength resolution is elucidated by analyzing the dispersion relations of the IM-IIM composite structures. Electromagnetic simulations based on the finite element method (FEM) are performed to verify that the design of the device has subwavelength resolution. The ability of subwavelength resolution of the proposed device at various visible frequencies is achieved by slightly varying the constituent materials and geometric parameters. The proposed devices have potential applications in multi-functional material, real-time super-resolution imaging, and high-density photonic components.
Supplementary Methods from Predicting Responses to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: ACRIN 6691 Trial of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (2023)

&lt;p&gt;List of Chemotherapy regimens used in this study.&lt;/p&gt;
The ricean K factor: Estimation and performance analysis (2003)

In wireless communications, the relative strength of the direct and scattered components of the received signal, as expressed by the Ricean K factor, provides an indication of link quality. Accordingly, efficient and accurate methods for estimating K are of considerable interest. In this paper, we propose a general class of moment-based estimators which use the signal envelope. This class of estimators unifies many of the previous estimators, and introduces new ones. We derive, for the first time, the asymptotic variance (AsV) of these estimators and compare them with the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). We then tackle the problem of estimating K from the in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) components of the received signal and illustrate the improvement in performance as compared with the envelope-based estimators. We derive the CRBs for the I/Q data model, which, unlike the envelope CRB, is tractable for correlated samples. Furthermore, we introduce a novel estimator that relies on the I/Q components, and derive its AsV even when the channel samples are correlated. We corroborate our analytical findings by simulations.
Roles of vascular and metabolic components in cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer disease: short- and long-term modification by non-genetic risk factors (2013)

It is well known that a specific set of genetic and non-genetic risk factors contributes to the onset of Alzheimer disease (AD). Non-genetic risk factors include diabetes, hypertension in mid-life, and probably dyslipidemia in mid-life. This review focuses on the vascular and metabolic components of non-genetic risk factors. The mechanisms whereby non-genetic risk factors modify cognitive dysfunction are divided into four components, short- and long-term effects of vascular and metabolic factors. These consist of (1) compromised vascular reactivity, (2) vascular lesions, (3) hypo/hyperglycemia, and (4) exacerbated AD histopathological features, respectively. Vascular factors compromise cerebrovascular reactivity in response to neuronal activity and also cause irreversible vascular lesions. On the other hand, representative short-term effects of metabolic factors on cognitive dysfunction occur due to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Non-genetic risk factors also modify the pathological manifestations of AD in the long-term. Therefore, vascular and metabolic factors contribute to aggravation of cognitive dysfunction in AD through short-term and long-term effects. β-amyloid could be involved in both vascular and metabolic components. It might be beneficial to support treatment in AD patients by appropriate therapeutic management of non-genetic risk factors, considering the contributions of these four elements to the manifestation of cognitive dysfunction in individual patients, though all components are not always present. It should be clarified how these four components interact with each other. To answer this question, a clinical prospective study that follows up clinical features with respect to these four components: (1) functional MRI or SPECT for cerebrovascular reactivity, (2) MRI for ischemic lesions and atrophy, (3) clinical episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, (4) amyloid-PET and tau-PET for pathological features of AD, would be required.
FPGA-based predictive current control of a three-phase active front end rectifier (2009)

A predictive current controller for a active front end rectifier is presented in this paper. The predictive algorithm is implemented on a FPGA platform, using a state machine and taking advantages of the parallel processing provided by these devices. The next step model calculations and cost function evaluation required by the predictive controller are executed, for all the possible witching states, in only one clock cycle each one. The optimization procedure is implemented using a three step algorithm based on successive comparisons. Using these approaches, the execution time is drastically improved compared to a sequential predictive algorithm implementation. Simulations results using a current control of an active front end rectifier shows that the algorithm performs a very small execution time. Therefore, it is possible to increase the sampling frequency, improving the harmonic content of the input currents.
The Design of Optimal L>inf<1>/inf<Linear Phase FIR Digital Filters (2006)

This paper addresses the problem of designing linear-phase finite impulse response digital filters using an L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> optimality criterion. An efficient procedure for the design of such filters is proposed and it is shown that the resulting filter has several desirable properties. Specifically, the L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</inf> filter possesses flat passbands and stopbands while keeping the transition band comparable to that of the leastsquares filters. A comparison with existing methods is made, and it is shown that our method is as efficient as the celebrated Remez exchange algorithm.