gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A randomized gossip consensus algorithm on convex metric spaces (2012)

A consensus problem consists of a group of dynamic agents who seek to agree upon certain quantities of interest. This problem can be generalized in the context of convex metric spaces that extend the standard notion of convexity. In this paper we introduce and analyze a randomized gossip algorithm for solving the generalized consensus problem on convex metric spaces. We study the convergence properties of the algorithm using stochastic differential equations theory. We show that the dynamics of the distances between the states of the agents can be upper bounded by the dynamics of a stochastic differential equation driven by Poisson counters. In addition, we introduce instances of the generalized consensus algorithm for several examples of convex metric spaces.
Preparation of polymer–ceramic composite membranes with thin defect‐free separating layers (1992)

Abstract Polymer—ceramic composite membranes with essentially defect‐free separating layers have been prepared by a solution deposition technique. Rigid polymers were used for the selective organic layer. These included high molecular weight samples of 5,5′‐[2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]bis‐1,3‐isobenzofuran‐dione, isopropylidenedianiline (6FDA‐IPDA), 5,5′‐[2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene]bis‐1,3‐isobenzofuran‐dione, methylenedianiline (6FDA‐MDA), tetramethylhexafluorobisphenol‐A polycarbonate (TMHFPC), and tetramethylhexafluoropolysulfone (TMHFPSF). Attempts to prepare composite membranes from lower molecular weight samples of bisphenol‐A polycarbonate (PC) and tetrabromohexafluorobisphenol‐A polycarbonate (TBHFPC) were unsuccessful. The PC and TBHFPC composites exhibited a decrease in the measured gas flux after polymer deposition; however, the selectivities of the composites were considerably less than that of a dense film of the same materials. A microporous ceramic membrane prepared by Anotec Separations was used as the support layer. This ceramic membrane provided minimal resistance to gas flow. The selective composite membranes were found to have high gas fluxes and gas separating abilities essentially equivalent to that of a dense isotropic film. The estimated, effective skin layer thicknesses for these membranes are on the order of 1500 Å to 1.0 μm. The formation of these composites is believed to occur through a sieving process in which large swollen polymer chains are sieved out of solution by the ceramic support. Polymer solutions that had swollen coil diameters that were smaller than that of the ceramic membrane did not produce selective composite membranes, while those solutions with swollen coil diameter that were larger than that of the ceramic membrane produced defect‐free polymer layers. © 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
COMPUTERIZED ORDERS HAVE FEWER ERRORS THAN HANDWRITTEN ORDERS (1993)

Halpem, Neil; Colucci, Robert; Alicea, Margarita; Weng, C S Wayne; Thompson, Robert; Greenstein, RobertAuthor Information
Bacterial expression and in vitro folding of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta) and functional assembly of recombinant hCG beta with hCG alpha. (1994)

A bacterial expression system for the beta-subunit of hCG (hCG beta) has been developed to produce suitable amounts of this protein for structural and biological studies. To produce hCG beta in Escherichia coli, the nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid leader sequence was removed from the hCG beta complementary DNA, and the gene was cloned into a pET expression vector. After induction of protein synthesis in host bacteria, recombinant hCG beta (rhCG beta) accumulated in inclusion bodies in an unfolded state. The inclusion bodies were purified from induced cultures of E. coli, solubilized in urea, and fractionated by reverse phase HPLC. In this way, 6-7 mg unfolded hCG beta were recovered from 1 liter culture, rhCG beta was folded in the presence of 6.4 mM cysteamine and 3.6 mM cystamine at pH 8.7 at a final concentration of 0.02 mg/ml protein. The folded protein assembled with urinary hCG alpha and the purified rhCG beta/urinary alpha dimer bound to and activated the human LH/CG receptor permanently expressed in a cell line, indicating that it was a functional hormone. The rhCG beta/urinary alpha dimer also stimulated in vivo ovulation in rats, thus confirming the biological activity of bacterially expressed hCG beta. Because E. coli lacks the ability to glycosylate proteins, these activity results indicate that the N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides of hCG beta are not required for protein folding, subunit assembly, or full biological activity. The success of producing hCG beta in bacteria and of folding it in vitro implies that the beta-subunits of the other members of the glycoprotein hormone family, LH, FSH, and TSH, can also be produced in this manner. This may facilitate structural studies of these hormones as well as lead to the production of recombinant hormones for biological studies and clinical use.
Expression of Melan-A (MART1) in Benign Melanocytic Nevi and Primary Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma (1998)

The Melan-A (MART1) gene encodes an antigen recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Although its expression in metastatic melanoma has been documented in the literature by several investigators, little is known about its distribution in primary melanomas and benign melanocytic nevi. In this study, we evaluated Melan-A expression immunohistochemically on sections from paraffin-embedded material of 50 benign nevi and 40 primary cutaneous melanomas using the monoclonal antibody A103. To evaluate a potential role of A103 in the differential diagnosis of melanocytic from nonmelanocytic tumors, we also analyzed a number of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, fibrohistiocytic tumors, and leiomyosarcomas. Immunoreactivity with A103 was present in all "nonneurotized" nevi and in all nondesmoplastic primary melanomas, both in the intraepidermal and the dermal component. Only two nevi that underwent prominent neurotization showed no staining with A103. Although all melanomas with epithelioid cells tended to be strongly positive with A103, only 4 of 13 spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas (all positive with anti-S-100 and negative with HMB-45) were immunoreactive with A103 (two focally, two diffusely). None of the nonmelanocytic lesions expressed Melan-A. Our results confirm that Melan-A protein is broadly expressed in the majority of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions and suggest that A103 can be helpful diagnostically, not only for metastatic tumors, but also for primary skin lesions. Its use in distinguishing between melanocytic and peripheral nerve sheath tumors, however, is limited because of the low or absent expression of Melan-A in nevi that underwent neurotization and spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas.
Numerical Analysis on the Coupled Operation of Ventilation Window System and Central Cooling System (2015)

Abstract This study evaluated indoor environmental characteristics in an office room equipped both with ventilation win-dow system and central cooling system. Fresh air is supplied only by the central cooling system whereas indoor air is discharged outside through both ceiling diffuser and a ventilation window system. Numerical study is conducted by changing the volumetric flow rates of exhaust ports of each system. For estimating the performance of this cou-pled system, CO 2 concentration and Predicted Mean Vote(PMV) were calculated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The more the ceiling diffuser exhausts indoor air, the more the CO 2 concentration decreases. However, when the ventilation window system exhausts more indoor air, thermal comfort level gets improved in the office room with cooling system. Therefore, when the ventilation window system is operated, the coupled operation with central cooling system should be considered for enhancing indoor air quality and thermal comfort, together.
Limitations of Fluorine 18 Fluoromisonidazole in Assessing Treatment-induced Tissue Hypoxia after Transcatheter Arterial Embolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Pilot Study (2022)

Purpose To determine the variance and correlation with tumor viability of fluorine 18 (<sup>18</sup>F) fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) uptake in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prior to and after embolization treatment. Materials and Methods In this single-arm, single-center, prospective pilot study between September 2016 and March 2017, participants with at least one tumor measuring 1.5 cm or larger with imaging or histologic findings diagnostic for HCC were enrolled (five men; mean age, 68 years; age range, 61-76 years). Participants underwent <sup>18</sup>F-FMISO PET/CT before and after bland embolization of HCC. A tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) was calculated by using standardized uptake values of tumor and liver. The difference in mean TLR before and after treatment was compared by using a Wilcoxon rank sum test, and correlation between TLR and tumor viability was assessed by using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results Four participants with five tumors were included in the final analysis. The median tumor diameter was 3.2 cm (IQR, 3.0-3.9 cm). The median TLR before treatment was 0.97 (IQR, 0.88-0.98), with a variance of 0.02, and the median TLR after treatment was 0.85 (IQR, 0.79-1), with a variance of 0.01; both findings indicate a narrow range of <sup>18</sup>F-FMISO uptake in HCC. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.87, indicating a high correlation between change in TLR and nonviable tumor. Conclusion Although there was a correlation between change in TLR and response to treatment, the low signal-to-noise ratio of <sup>18</sup>F-FMISO in the liver limited its use in HCC. <b>Keywords:</b> Molecular Imaging-Clinical Translation, Embolization, Abdomen/Gastrointestinal, Liver Clinical trial registration no. NCT02695628 © RSNA, 2022.
Cytotoxic antibody responses in astrocytoma patients (1979)

Early diagnosis of brain tumors may be facilitated by a microcytotoxicity assay which the authors have used to detect a humoral immune response against an allogeneic glioblastoma cell line. Sixty-seven of 82 serum samples (82%) from astrocytoma patients elicited significant cytotoxicity, while only six of 65 samples (9%) from normal blood-bank donors demonstrated a similar response. Positive results were more frequently obtained in lower-grade astrocytomas. Meningiomas, acoustic schwannomas, pituitary adenomas, and metastatic tumors were positive in variable numbers of cases. A small series of serum samples were platelet-absorbed to insure that cytotoxicity was not merely due to histocompatibility antigens, and seven of eight samples, when retested on the target cell line, remained significantly positive. The assays were performed under strictly monitored conditions that afforded optimum reliability and minimal experimental variability. As the specificity of this test increases, it may lead to early detection of astrocytomas.
Clinical Trial to Evaluate an Approved ITP Therapy Targeting Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Related Complications (2020)

Fostamatinib is a potent SYK inhibitor that targets activation of both the innate and acquired immune systems caused by tissue damage or pathogen signals via C-type lectin receptors (CLR) as well as by antibody-antigen immune complexes via Fc receptors (Figure 1). SYK is also a key modulator of pathways involved in thrombosis formation. Fostamatinib is FDA-approved for chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and has been evaluated in over 4000 patients for treatment of allergic, autoimmune, and neoplastic disorders. Fostamatinib is well tolerated, with a consistent safety profile across a number of diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis patients, fostamatinib reduced the plasma levels of IL-6.1 The active metabolite (R406) was protective in mouse models of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI)2 and LPS- or antibody-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).3 SYK inhibition decreased the incidence of thrombosis in mouse models of thromboembolism,4 and the incidence of thromboembolic events was decreased in patients treated with fostamatinib compared with other treatments for ITP. These immunomodulatory effects suggest that SYK inhibition represents a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of COVID-19, which led to design of a clinical study of fostamatinib in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients are at risk for a potentially fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cytokine storm, severe systemic capillary leak syndrome, thromboembolic events, and multi-organ dysfunction/failure. SYK is a master regulator of signal transduction pathways implicated in these COVID-19 associated complications, which involves hyperactivation of both innate and acquired immune systems. Targeting SYK could prevent the cytokine storm, downstream activation of endothelial cells and platelets, and influx of neutrophils and monocytes into lungs or kidney leading to ALI and AKI, respectively. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, Phase 3 study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of fostamatinib in adult, hospitalized, high-risk COVID-19 patients. Patients will be treated with fostamatinib 150mg BID for up to 28 days plus standard of care. Improvement in clinical status will be assessed using the 8-point ordinal scale. References 1. Weinblatt ME et al.Arth Rheum2008;58:3309-18 2. Nadeem A et al.Int Immunopharm2019;68:39-47 3. Al-Harbi NO, et al.Biochimie2019;158: 102-10 4. Van Eeuwijk JMM et al.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2016;36:1247-53 Results and Conclusions: Trial in Progress Disclosures Dummer: Rigel:Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.Markovtsov:Rigel:Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.Tong:Rigel:Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.Masuda:Rigel:Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company.
Synthesis of acyl fluorides via photocatalytic fluorination of aldehydic C–H bonds (2018)

Acyl fluorides are versatile acylating agents owing to their unique stability. Their synthesis, however, can present challenges and is typically accomplished through deoxyfluorination of carboxylic acids. Here, we demonstrate that acyl fluorides can be prepared directly from aldehydes via a C(sp<sup>2</sup>)-H fluorination reaction involving the inexpensive photocatalyst sodium decatungstate and electrophilic fluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. This convenient fluorination strategy enables direct conversion of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into acylating agents.
Rigidity Comparison of Locking Plate and Intramedullary Fixation for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis (2008)

Screw augmented IM nail fixation and augmented locking plate fixation may offer similar rigidity clinically for TTC arthrodesis.
Computational magnetohydrodynamics in the simulation of gas circuit breakers (2014)

This paper summarises recent simulation approaches to compute the flow and field conditions in gas circuit breakers during the high current phase. The gas circuit breakers under consideration are low voltage circuit breakers that operate in air, as well as SF6 filled high voltage circuit breakers and generator circuit breakers. We give a general introduction into gas circuit breakers and explain the numerical methods that are used for simulation. Finally, some simulation results are presented for each type of circuit breaker.
Plant-based CO2 drawdown and storage as SiC (2021)

Since the 1950's the Earth's natural carbon cycle has not sufficiently sequestrated excess atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> contributed by human activities. CO<sub>2</sub> levels rose above 400 ppm in 2013 and are forecasted to exceed 500 ppm by 2070, a level last experienced during the Paleogene period 25-65 MYA. While humanity benefits from the extraction and combustion of carbon from Earth's crust, we have overlooked the impact on global climate change. Here, we present a strategy to mine atmospheric carbon to mitigate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and create economically lucrative green products. We employ an artificial carbon cycle where agricultural plants capture CO<sub>2</sub> and the carbon is transformed into silicon carbide (SiC), a valuable commercial material. By carefully quantifying the process we show that 14% of plant-sequestered carbon is stored as SiC and estimate the scale needed for this process to have a global impact.
Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a Zn2SnO4 Compact Layer (2019)

In the present work, a new reflux condensation route has been developed for synthesizing a Zn<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>4</sub> film, which was first used as a compact layer in a perovskite solar cell (PSC) and achieved an efficiency of 20.1%. The high efficiency of PSC could be contributed to the following: (i) as a compact layer in a PSC, Zn<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>4</sub> exhibits high electron mobility and has an appropriate energy band structure, resulting in the efficient extraction of carriers and transport of electrons; (ii) the surface of the FTO substrate is completely covered by a Zn<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>4</sub> compact layer, and the direct contact between a perovskite layer and FTO is prevented, leading to a significantly efficiently suppression of charge recombination. Consequently, the cell consisting of a Zn<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>4</sub> compact layer exhibits excellent photovoltaic performance.
Transmembrane Protein 147 (TMEM147) Is a Novel Component of the Nicalin-NOMO Protein Complex (2010)

Nicastrin and its relative Nicalin (Nicastrin-like protein) are both members of larger protein complexes, namely gamma-secretase and the Nicalin-NOMO (Nodal modulator) complex. The gamma-secretase complex, which contains Presenilin, APH-1, and PEN-2 in addition to Nicastrin, catalyzes the proteolytic cleavage of the transmembrane domain of various proteins including the beta-amyloid precursor protein and Notch. Nicalin and its binding partner NOMO form a complex that was shown to modulate Nodal signaling in developing zebrafish embryos. Because its experimentally determined native size (200-220 kDa) could not be satisfyingly explained by the molecular masses of Nicalin (60 kDa) and NOMO (130 kDa), we searched in affinity-purified complex preparations for additional components in the low molecular mass range. A approximately 22-kDa protein was isolated and identified by mass spectrometry as transmembrane protein 147 (TMEM147), a novel, highly conserved membrane protein with a putative topology similar to APH-1. Like Nicalin and NOMO, it localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is expressed during early zebrafish development. Overexpression and knockdown experiments in cultured cells demonstrate a close relationship between the three proteins and suggest that they are components of the same complex. We present evidence that, similar to gamma-secretase, its assembly is hierarchical starting with the formation of a Nicalin-NOMO intermediate. Nicalin appears to represent the limiting factor regulating the assembly rate by stabilizing the other two components. We conclude that TMEM147 is a novel core component of the Nicalin-NOMO complex, further emphasizing its similarity with gamma-secretase.
A search map for organic additives and solvents applicable in high-voltage rechargeable batteries (2016)

Chemical databases store information such as molecular formulas, chemical structures, and the physical and chemical properties of compounds. Although the massive databases of organic compounds exist, the search of target materials is constrained by a lack of physical and chemical properties necessary for specific applications. With increasing interest in the development of energy storage systems such as high-voltage rechargeable batteries, it is critical to find new electrolytes efficiently. Here we build a search map to screen organic additives and solvents with novel core and functional groups, and thus establish a database of electrolytes to identify the most promising electrolyte for high-voltage rechargeable batteries. This search map is generated from MAssive Molecular Map BUilder (MAMMBU) by combining a high-throughput quantum chemical simulation with an artificial neural network algorithm. MAMMBU is designed for predicting the oxidation and reduction potentials of organic compounds existing in the massive organic compound database, PubChem. We develop a search map composed of ∼1 000 000 redox potentials and elucidate the quantitative relationship between the redox potentials and functional groups. Finally, we screen a quinoxaline compound for an anode additive and apply it to electrolytes and improve the capacity retention from 64.3% to 80.8% near 200 cycles for a lithium ion battery in experiments.
Imaging systems and applications (2012)

Imaging systems are used in consumer, medical, and military applications. Designing, developing, and building imaging systems requires a multidisciplinary approach. This issue features current research in imaging systems that ranges from fundamental theories to novel applications. Although the papers collected are diverse, their unique compilation provides a systems perspective to imaging.
Characterization and modeling of rigid branched polycyanates (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization and modeling of rigid branched polycyanatesAnshu M. Gupta and Christopher W. MacoskoCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 10, 2455–2463Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00062a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00062a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
TSG101 exposure on the surface of HIV-1 infected cells: implications for monoclonal antibody therapy for HIV/AIDS. (2010)

HIV infection remains a major global public health problem, in part because of the ability of the virus to elude antiretroviral therapies. Most conventional drugs were designed to directly target virus-encoded mechanisms. However, there is increasing appreciation that certain host-encoded molecules are comparably important for the viral life cycle and could therefore represent potential antiviral targets. Prominent among these is TSG101, a cytoplasmic molecule that is "hijacked" by HIV and used to facilitate viral budding and release. In our present report, we demonstrate thatTSG101 is uniquely exposed on the surface of HIV-infected cells and is available to antibody-based therapies. We also characterize the development of a monoclonal antibody, CB8-2, which reduces virus production from infected cells. These studies demonstrate the potential of TSG101-directed antibodies to combat HIV/AIDS.