gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined search for supersymmetry with photons in proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV (2019)

A combination of four searches for new physics involving signatures with at least one photon and large missing transverse momentum, motivated by generalized models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking, is presented. All searches make use of proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV, which were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 . Signatures with at least one photon and large missing transverse momentum are categorized into events with two isolated photons, events with a lepton and a photon, events with additional jets, and events with at least one high-energy photon. No excess of events is observed beyond expectations from standard model processes, and limits are set in the context of gauge-mediated SUSY. Compared to the individual searches, the combination extends the sensitivity to gauge-mediated SUSY in both electroweak and strong production scenarios by up to 100 GeV in neutralino and chargino masses, and yields the first CMS result combining various SUSY searches in events with photons at s = 13 TeV.
Investigation of Silicon Nanoparticle-Polystyrene Hybrids (2019)

Current LED lights are created with quantum dots made of metals like selenium, tellurium, and cadmium which can be toxic. Silicon is used as a non-toxic substance and is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. When silicon is prepared at a nanometer size, unique luminesce optical properties emerge that can be tuned using sized surface chemistry. Therefore, silicon nanoparticles can be used as an alternative emitter for LED lights. To produce hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles we must synthesize the particles. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is processed at 1100 °C for one hour causing Si to cluster and form a SiO2 matrix, also known as the composite. The composite is then manually crushed in ethanol. The solution is further ground using glass beads, then filtered to get the composite powder. The final step is the HF etching. The hydride-terminated particles are then functionalized using three different methods to synthesize silicon nanoparticle-polystyrene hybrids, which determine the magnitude of luminosity and the quality of the hybrids. We spin coat each method and results were analyzed. Method 1 uses heat to functionalize hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles with styrene. This process also causes styrene to attach to styrene to form a polystyrene chain. Method 1 gave a homogeneous mixture which yielded a consistent, bright and homogenous film. In method 2, dodecyl-terminated silicon nanoparticles are mixed with premade polystyrene. While this method gave better control of the amount of silicon nanoparticles inside the polymer hybrid, a homogeneous mixture was not created due to the different structures of polystyrene and dodecyl chains. Method 3 has dodecyl-terminated silicon with in-situ styrene polymerization. It generated a homogeneous mixture. The in-situ polymerization stabilizes the particles, allowing for brighter luminescence. Because of the stability and lower molecular weight, the mixture was easier to dissolve. We concluded that the different methods resulted in different polymer molecular weights and this created distinct properties between the polymer hybrids when spin-coating.&#x0D; &#x0D;
GWAS identifies an ortholog of the rice D11 gene as a candidate gene for grain size in an international collection of hexaploid wheat (2021)

Grain size is a key agronomic trait that contributes to grain yield in hexaploid wheat. Grain length and width were evaluated in an international collection of 157 wheat accessions. These accessions were genetically characterized using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) protocol that produced 73,784 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. GBS-derived genotype calls obtained on Chinese Spring proved extremely accurate when compared to the reference (> 99.9%) and showed > 95% agreement with calls made at SNP loci shared with the 90 K SNP array on a subset of 71 Canadian wheat accessions for which both types of data were available. This indicates that GBS can yield a large amount of highly accurate SNP data in hexaploid wheat. The genetic diversity analysis performed using this set of SNP markers revealed the presence of six distinct groups within this collection. A GWAS was conducted to uncover genomic regions controlling variation for grain length and width. In total, seven SNPs were found to be associated with one or both traits, identifying three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosomes 1D, 2D and 4A. In the vicinity of the peak SNP on chromosome 2D, we found a promising candidate gene (TraesCS2D01G331100), whose rice ortholog (D11) had previously been reported to be involved in the regulation of grain size. These markers will be useful in breeding for enhanced wheat productivity.
Discovery of a Potent and Selective Agonist of the Prostaglandin EP4 Receptor. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Correctness Proof of a Mesh Security Architecture (2008)

The IEEE 802.11s working group is tasked to provide ways of establishing and securing a wireless mesh network. One proposal establishes a Mesh Security Architecture (MSA), with a developed key hierarchy and full protocol definitions. This paper examines the correctness and security of the MSA proposal and its corresponding protocols. We utilize Protocol Composition Logic (PCL) to prove individual protocols secure, as well as their composition. We add to the structure of PCL, generalizing it for peer-to-peer applications. We also discuss two security issues we discovered with original versions of the proposals and our proposed remedies.
Pd–silicalite-1 composite membrane for direct hydroxylation of benzene (2009)

Pd membranes of excellent stability and flux were prepared with multi-legged anchors by electroless plating of Pd on a porous support modified by a zeolite barrier layer containing Pd seeds; these membranes provide stable phenol production by direct hydroxylation of benzene.
The Static Standing Postural Stability Measured by Average Entropy (2019)

Static standing postural stability has been measured by multiscale entropy (MSE), which is used to measure complexity. In this study, we used the average entropy (AE) to measure the static standing postural stability, as AE is a good measure of disorder. The center of pressure (COP) trajectories were collected from 11 subjects under four kinds of balance conditions, from stable to unstable: bipedal with open eyes, bipedal with closed eyes, unipedal with open eyes, and unipedal with closed eyes. The AE, entropy of entropy (EoE), and MSE methods were used to analyze these COP data, and EoE was found to be a good measure of complexity. The AE of the 11 subjects sequentially increased by 100% as the balance conditions progressed from stable to unstable, but the results of EoE and MSE did not follow this trend. Therefore, AE, rather than EoE or MSE, is a good measure of static standing postural stability. Furthermore, the comparison of EoE and AE plots exhibited an inverted U curve, which is another example of a complexity versus disorder inverted U curve.
A Molecular Boron Cluster-Based Chromophore with Dual Emission (2020)

Bromination of the luminescent borane, anti-B18H22, via electrophilic substitution using AlCl3 and Br2 yields the monosubstituted derivative 4-Br-anti-B18H21 as an air-stable crystalline solid. In contrast to the unsubstituted parent compound, 4-Br-anti-B18H21 product possesses dual emission upon excitation with UV light and exhibits fluorescence at 410 nm and phosphorescence at 503 nm, with Фtotal = 0.07 in oxygen-free cyclohexane. Increased oxygen content in cyclohexane solution quenches the phosphorescence signal. The fluorescent signal intensity remains unaffected by oxygen, suggesting that this molecule could be used as a ratiometric oxygen probe.
Characteristics of Thermionic Emission from Emissive Oxides (2008)

Characteristics of thermionic emission from emissive oxides were investigated by using experimental data of work function measurement of commercial fluorescent lamp electrodes presented in our previous paper. Our aims are as follows: first, to reconfirm the difference in the expression of equations describing thermionic emission current density between oxides (Wilson and Nijiboer models) and metals (the Richardson-Dushman equation). Second, we wish to further clarify the relationship between the temperature dependence of work function and the effective value of the Richardson constant.
Subspace-based parameter estimation of symmetric noncausal autoregressive signals from noisy measurements (1999)

Symmetric noncausal auto-regressive signals (SNARS) arise in several, mostly spatial, signal processing applications. We introduce a subspace fitting approach for parameter estimation of SNARS from noise-corrupted measurements. We show that the subspaces associated with a Hankel matrix built from the data covariances contain enough information to determine the signal parameters in a consistent manner. Based on this result, we propose a multiple signal classification (MUSIC)-like methodology for parameter estimation of SNARS. Compared with the methods previously proposed for SNARS parameter estimation, our SNARS-MUSIC approach is expected to possess a better tradeoff between computational and statistical performances.
Correction: Hydrophobic matrix-free graphene-oxide composites with isotropic and nematic states (2016)

Correction for 'Hydrophobic matrix-free graphene-oxide composites with isotropic and nematic states' by Martin Wåhlander, et al., Nanoscale, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01502f.
Spectra of χ(3)(−3ω;ω,ω,ω) in poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene) thin films with controlled conjugation lengths (1991)

The spectra of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ(3), of poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene) thin films were measured with third-harmonic generation in the fundamental wavelength range of 1475–2100 nm. The effect of increasing the π-conjugation length for χ(3) was investigated for both samples with varied extents of conversion and uniaxially stretched sample. The χ(3) values were intensively increased with the progress of conversion. Two χ(3) peaks at the fundamentals of 1600 and 1950 nm were found in the fully converted film. The largest χ(3) value reached 4.5×10−10 esu at 1950 nm, and the origin of the peak was ascribed to three-photon resonance with the lowest π-π* transition band. It was also found that the overall profile of the χ(3) spectrum drastically changed through uniaxial stretching. The reason for the observed change is discussed in terms of the difference in average π-conjugation length.
<title>Lightsources for small-etendue applications: a comparison of xenon and UHP lamps</title> (2005)

In terms of the Etendue, projection is a very demanding application for the light source. In order to reach sufficient brightness, the light from the lamp has to be collected into the small Etendue of nowadays' displays. This can only be achieved with lamps that provide a high luminance out of a short arc. For a long time now, Xenon-lamps are used as the light source for large-screen cinema projectors. While Xenon-lamps can offer the required high luminance, they suffer from a very low efficiency leading to the typical multi-kW power ratings of cinema projectors. Modern portable projectors show almost the same performance with much lower wattage UHP-lamps. Therefore, in applications with smaller screen sizes, UHP-lamps are nowadays most commonly used. In this article a comparison of these two different lamp technologies is given. The light-technical properties of these lamp types are compared and advantages as well as disadvantages of the lamps will be discussed for the case of projection.
Spatially Coherent Interlayer Exciton Lasing in an Atomically-Thin Heterostructure (2019)

We demonstrate lasing in WSe2-MoSe2 heterostructure integrated in a silicon nitride grating cavity. Signatures of lasing include sharp increase in spatial coherence and super-linear increase in the emission intensity as photon number increases above unity.
Cerebellum Implicated in Sensory Acquisition and Discrimination Rather Than Motor Control (1996)

Recent evidence that the cerebellum is involved in perception and cognition challenges the prevailing view that its primary function is fine motor control. A new alternative hypothesis is that the lateral cerebellum is not activated by the control of movement per se, but is strongly engaged during the acquisition and discrimination of sensory information. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lateral cerebellar output (dentate) nucleus during passive and active sensory tasks confirmed this hypothesis. These findings suggest that the lateral cerebellum may be active during motor, perceptual, and cognitive performances specifically because of the requirement to process sensory data.
A geometry for detection theory (1993)

The optimal detector for a binary detection problem under a variety of criteria is the likelihood ratio test. Despite this simple characterization of the detector, analytic performance analysis in most cases is difficult because of the complexity of integrals involved in its computation. When the two hypotheses are signals in additive Gaussian noise, performance analysis leads to a geometric notion, whereby the signals are considered as elements of a Euclidean space and the distance between them being a measure of the performance. We extend this notion to non-Gaussian problems, assuming only that the nominal densities are mutually absolutely continuous. We adopt a completely non-parametric approach, considering the two hypotheses as points in the space of all the probability measures over the observation space. Employing the tools of differential geometry, we induce a manifold structure on this space of all probability measures, and enforce a detection theoretic specific geometry on it. The only Riemannian metric on this manifold is the Fisher information, whenever it exists. Because the detection theoretic covariant derivative is incompatible with this metric the manifold for the space of probability measures is non-Riemannian. We show that geodesics on this manifold are the exponential mixture densities. Despite not being able to define distance metric on our non-Riemannian manifold, we show that the Kullback information can play the role of "squared" distance. Because the Kullback information is asymptotically related to the performance of the optimal detector, geometry and performance are linked.\nWe apply this geometry to solve some classic problems in detection theory. Using the Kullback information to define the contamination neighborhoods around the nominals, the likelihood ratio of the nominals is shown to yield the robust detector. We obtain a density "halfway" between the nominals to employ as the importance sampling biasing density. Using this density, we demonstrate that the importance sampling gain is inversely related to probability of error. In an M-ary hypotheses testing problem in communications, the M signals constitute a "signal constellation" in the space of all probability measures and the underlying geometry can be employed in signal set design.
Derivation of the Small Signal Response and Equivalent Circuit Model for a Separate Absorption and Multiplication Layer Avalanche Photodetector (2010)

A small signal analysis for a separate-absorption-charge-multiplication (SACM) avalanche photodetector (APD) is presented for the general case when the electrons and the holes have different ionization coefficients and different velocities. The analytic expressions for the impedance and frequency response are given and a simplified equivalent circuit (including an inductance with a series resistance in parallel with a capacitance) for the APD is obtained. The calculation and experimental results show that the impedance of the APD operated at high bias voltages has a maximal value at a certain frequency due to the resonance of the LC-circuit, and this is the origin for a peak-enhancement of the frequency response.
HIV-1 Cross-Reactive Primary Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited by Immunization in Nonhuman Primates (2017)

Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses is a major goal for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Current HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccine candidates elicit predominantly tier 1 and/or autologous tier 2 virus neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, as well as weak and/or sporadic cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses with unknown specificity. To delineate the specificity of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses, we performed single memory B cell sorting from the peripheral blood of a rhesus macaque immunized with YU2gp140-F trimers in adjuvant, using JR-FL SOSIP.664, a native Env trimer mimetic, as a sorting probe to isolate monoclonal Abs (MAbs). We found striking genetic and functional convergence of the SOSIP-sorted Ig repertoire, with predominant VH4 or VH5 gene family usage and Env V3 specificity. Of these vaccine-elicited V3-specific MAbs, nearly 20% (6/33) displayed cross-reactive tier 2 virus neutralization, which recapitulated the serum neutralization capacity. Substantial similarities in binding specificity, neutralization breadth and potency, and sequence/structural homology were observed between selected macaque cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination and prototypic V3 NAbs derived from natural infections in humans, highlighting the convergence of this subset of primate V3-specific B cell repertories. Our study demonstrated that cross-reactive primary virus neutralizing B cell lineages could be elicited by vaccination as detected using a standardized panel of tier 2 viruses. Whether these lineages could be expanded to acquire increased breadth and potency of neutralization merits further investigation.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Elicitation of antibody responses capable of neutralizing diverse HIV-1 primary virus isolates (designated broadly neutralizing antibodies [bNAbs]) remains a high priority for the vaccine field. bNAb responses were so far observed only in response to natural infection within a subset of individuals. To achieve this goal, an improved understanding of vaccine-elicited responses, including at the monoclonal Ab level, is essential. Here, we isolated and characterized a panel of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive neutralizing MAbs targeting the Env V3 loop that moderately neutralized several primary viruses and recapitulated the serum neutralizing antibody response. Striking similarities between the cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination in macaques and natural infections in humans illustrate commonalities between the vaccine- and infection-induced responses to V3 and support the feasibility of exploring the V3 epitope as a HIV-1 vaccine target in nonhuman primates.
Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Tautomycetin Thioesterase: Analysis of a Stereoselective Polyketide Hydrolase (2010)

Ein enger Tunnel: Struktur- und biochemische Analyse der Tautomycetin-Thioesterase (TE) lieferten die erste hoch aufgelöste Struktur einer TE mit einer linearen Kette als Endstück in der Polyketidbiosynthese und zeigten, dass das Enzym stereoselektiv ist und eine engere Substratkammer aufweist als Makrolactone bildende Thioesterasen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Subsequent Event Risk in Individuals With Established Coronary Heart Disease (2019)

GENIUS-CHD is a global collaboration seeking to elucidate genetic and nongenetic determinants of subsequent event risk in individuals with established CHD, to improve residual risk prediction and identify novel drug targets for secondary prevention. Initial analyses demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of a federated analysis approach. The consortium now plans to initiate and test novel hypotheses as well as supporting replication and validation analyses for other investigators.
Accelerating Optimal Elemental Configuration Search in Crystal using Ising Machine (2023)

This research demonstrates that Ising machines can effectively solve optimal elemental configuration searches in crystals, with Au-Cu alloys serving as an example. The energy function is derived using the cluster expansion method in the form of a QUBO function, enabling efficient problem-solving via Ising machines. We have successfully obtained reasonable solutions for crystal structures consisting of over 10,000 atoms. Notably, we have also obtained plausible solutions for optimization problems with constrained solutions, such as situations where the composition ratio of atomic species is predetermined. These findings suggest that Ising machines can be valuable tools for addressing materials science challenges.
Glucose-Responsive Nanoparticles for Rapid and Extended Self-Regulated Insulin Delivery (2019)

To mimic native insulin activity, materials have been developed that encapsulate insulin, glucose oxidase, and catalase for glucose-responsive insulin delivery. A major challenge, however, has been achieving the desired kinetics of both rapid and extended release. Here, we tune insulin release profiles from polymeric nanoparticles by altering the degree of modification of acid-degradable, acetalated-dextran polymers. Nanoparticles synthesized from dextran with a high acyclic acetal content (94% of residues) show rapid release kinetics, while nanoparticles from dextran with a high cyclic acetal content (71% of residues) release insulin more slowly. Thus, coformulation of these two materials affords both rapid and extended glucose-responsive insulin delivery. <i>In vivo</i> analyses using both streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic and healthy mouse models indicate that this delivery system has the ability to respond to glucose on a therapeutically relevant time scale. Importantly, the concentration of human insulin in mouse serum is enhanced more than 3-fold with elevated glucose levels, providing direct evidence of glucose-responsiveness in animals. We further show that a single subcutaneous injection provides 16 h of glycemic control in diabetic mice. We believe the nanoparticle formulations developed here may provide a generalized strategy for the development of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems.
Dynamic Switch Migration in Distributed Software-Defined Networks to Achieve Controller Load Balance (2019)

Multiple distributed controllers have been used in software-defined networks (SDNs) to improve scalability and reliability, where each controller manages one static partition of the network. In this paper, we show that dynamic mapping between switches and controllers can improve efficiency in managing traffic load variations. In particular, we propose balanced controller (BalCon) and BalConPlus, two SDN switch migration schemes to achieve load balance among SDN controllers with small migration cost. BalCon is suitable for the scenarios where the network does not require a serial processing of switch requests. For other scenarios, BalConPlus is more suitable, as it is immune to the switch migration blackout and does not cause any service disruption. Simulations demonstrate that BalCon and BalConPlus significantly reduce the load imbalance among SDN controllers by migrating only a small number of switches with low computation overhead. We also build a prototype testbed based on the open-source SDN framework RYU to verify the practicality and effectiveness of BalCon and BalConPlus. Experiment confirms the results of the simulations. It also shows that BalConPlus is immune to switch migration blackout, an adverse effect in the baseline BalCon.