gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Common Intuition to Transfer Learning Can Win or Lose: Case Studies for Linear Regression (2021)

We study a fundamental transfer learning process from source to target linear regression tasks, including overparameterized settings where there are more learned parameters than data samples. The target task learning is addressed by using its training data together with the parameters previously computed for the source task. We define a transfer learning approach to the target task as a linear regression optimization with a regularization on the distance between the to-be-learned target parameters and the already-learned source parameters. We analytically characterize the generalization performance of our transfer learning approach and demonstrate its ability to resolve the peak in generalization errors in double descent phenomena of the minimum L2-norm solution to linear regression. Moreover, we show that for sufficiently related tasks, the optimally tuned transfer learning approach can outperform the optimally tuned ridge regression method, even when the true parameter vector conforms to an isotropic Gaussian prior distribution. Namely, we demonstrate that transfer learning can beat the minimum mean square error (MMSE) solution of the independent target task. Our results emphasize the ability of transfer learning to extend the solution space to the target task and, by that, to have an improved MMSE solution. We formulate the linear MMSE solution to our transfer learning setting and point out its key differences from the common design philosophy to transfer learning.
Modeling the Nonlinear Properties of thein vitroHippocampal Perforant Path-Dentate System Using Multielectrode Array Technology (2008)

A modeling approach to characterize the nonlinear dynamic transformations of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is presented and experimentally validated. The dentate gyrus is the first region of the hippocampus which receives and integrates sensory information via the perforant path. The perforant path is composed of two distinct pathways: 1) the lateral path and 2) the medial perforant path. The proposed approach examines and captures the short-term dynamic characteristics of these two pathways using a nonparametric, third-order Poisson-Volterra model. The nonlinear characteristics of the two pathways are represented by Poisson-Volterra kernels, which are quantitative descriptors of the nonlinear dynamic transformations. The kernels were computed with experimental data from in vitro hippocampal slices. The electrophysiological activity was measured with custom-made multielectrode arrays, which allowed selective stimulation with random impulse trains and simultaneous recordings of extracellular field potential activity. The results demonstrate that this mathematically rigorous approach is suitable for the multipathway complexity of the hippocampus and yields interpretable models that have excellent predictive capabilities. The resulting models not only accurately predict previously reported electrophysiological descriptors, such as paired pulses, but more important, can be used to predict the electrophysiological activity of dentate granule cells to arbitrary stimulation patterns at the perforant path.
Proton-Ionizable Crown Compounds: Transport of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations Using Proton-Ionizable Triazolo Macrocycles (1988)

Abstract The macrocycle-mediated flaxes of the alkali and alkaline earth metal cations have been determined in a H2O-CH2Cl2-H2O bulk liquid membrane system. Water-insoluble proton-ionizable macrocycles of the triazolo type were used. The proton-ionizable feature allows the coupling of cation transport to reverse H+ transport. This feature offers promise for the effective separation and/or concentration of alkali metal ions with the metal transport being driven by a pH gradient. A counter anion in the source phase is not co-transported. Transport of the alkali cations only occurred when the source phase pH was greater than the aqueous pKa value for the carriers. Transport increased regularly with increasing source phase pH. Transport of alkaline earth cations from neutral pH source phases was minimal. The alkali cation selectivity order was K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ > Na+ > Li+ for the l8-crown-6 sized macrocycles, while little selectivity was observed with the 15-crown-5 sized macro-cycle.
Fault Diagnosis on a Digital-Displacement Pump/Motor (2013)

A Digital-Displacement Pump/Motor (DDPM) has recently been proposed as an attractive candidate for hydraulic powertrain applications. A DDPM uses solenoid-controlled valves for each cylinder. This provision offers flexibility of control that can be exploited to boost system efficiency by matching individual cylinder operations with load conditions. However, the added complexity from individual cylinder control necessitates mechanisms for fault diagnosis and control reconfiguration to ensure reliable operation of the DDPM. Furthermore, available measurements are often limited to supply and return line pressures, shaft angle and speed. In this paper, it is shown that, with only these measurements, individual cylinder faults are structurally unobservable and un-isolable by the use of a system model relating the cylinder faults to the shaft dynamics. To overcome this difficulty, the phase angles at which possible individual cylinder faults can begin to affect the shaft dynamics are tabulated for each cylinder, and a fault indicator that is akin to a shaft acceleration fault is modeled and estimated via a fast sliding mode observer. Simultaneous detection and isolation of individual cylinder faults can be achieved using this fault indicator and a table of fault begin angles. Illustrative examples are included from simulations of a 5 cylinder DDPM to demonstrate this diagnosis process.
Peridynamics for multiscale materials modeling (2008)

The paper presents an overview of peridynamics, a continuum theory that employs a nonlocal model of force interaction. Specifically, the stress/strain relationship of classical elasticity is replaced by an integral operator that sums internal forces separated by a finite distance. This integral operator is not a function of the deformation gradient, allowing for a more general notion of deformation than in classical elasticity that is well aligned with the kinematic assumptions of molecular dynamics. Peridynamics effectiveness has been demonstrated in several applications, including fracture and failure of composites, nanofiber networks, and polycrystal fracture. These suggest that peridynamics is a viable multiscale material model for length scales ranging from molecular dynamics to those of classical elasticity.
Ultrathin Hybrid Films of Polyoxohydroxy Clusters and Proteins: Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Their Optical and Mechanical Properties (2014)

The hierarchical assembly of inorganic and organic building blocks is an efficient strategy to produce high-performance materials which has been demonstrated in various biomaterials. Here, we report a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method to fabricate ultrathin hybrid films from nanometer-scale ionic clusters and proteins. Two types of cationic clusters (hydrolyzed aluminum clusters and zirconium-glycine clusters) were assembled with negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein to form high-quality hybrid films, due to their strong electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The obtained hybrid films were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated that the cluster-protein hybrid films exhibited structural homogeneity, relative transparency, and bright blue fluorescence. More importantly, these hybrid films displayed up to a 70% increase in hardness and up to a 100% increase in reduced Young's modulus compared to the pure BSA film. These hybrid cluster-protein films could be potentially used as biomedical coatings in the future because of their good transparency and excellent mechanical properties.
Ultra-Low Threshold Broadband Soliton Frequency Comb Generation (2020)

We measure a record-low threshold power of 84 pW for parametric oscillation using resonators with intrinsic Q of 31.8 ± 4.4 million and demonstrate a broadband single soliton comb spectrum spanning 1097 nm-2040 nm (126 THz). The resonator compact profile is designed to minimize higher order modes excitation.
Selective alkane activation with single-site atoms on amorphous support (2023)

The present invention relates generally to catalysts and methods for use in olefin production. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel amorphously supported single-center, Lewis acid metal ions and use of the same as catalysts.
Glomerular Disease (2014)

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases–supported Kidney Research National Dialogue asked the scientific community to formulate and prioritize research objectives aimed at improved understanding of kidney function and disease progression. Over the past 2 years, 1600 participants posted almost 300 ideas covering all areas of kidney disease. An overriding theme that evolved through these discussions is the need to move beyond pathology to take advantage of basic science and clinical research opportunities to improve diagnostic classification and therapeutic options for people with primary glomerular disease. High-priority research areas included focus on therapeutic targets in glomerular endothelium and podocytes, regenerating podocytes through developmental pathways, use of longitudinal phenotypically defined disease cohorts to improve classification schemes, identifying biomarkers, disease-specific therapeutics, autoantibody triggers, and changing the clinical research culture to promote participation in clinical trials. Together, these objectives provide a path forward for improving clinical outcomes of glomerular disease.
Study of phase transitions in ternary lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate relaxor ferroelectric morphotropic single crystals (2010)

In this work we report on the elastic hysteretic behavior observed in ferroelectric lead indium niobate-lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PIN-PMN-PT) relaxor single crystals under conditions of cooperative stress, temperature, and electric field. Room temperature elastic response displays strong and sharp discontinuity associated with stress induced phase transition. Quasistatic elastic response and ultrasonic wave propagation measurements demonstrated that this strain discontinuity in PIN-PMN-PT single crystal is associated with a ferroelectric rhombohedral (FR)—ferroelectric orthorhombic (FO) phase transition. The temperature dependent elastic response and transition strain were modeled by Devonshire theory. The crystal instability under compression is significantly improved by application of a dc bias electric field.
Power Scaling of Single-Frequency Hybrid Brillouin/Ytterbium Fiber Lasers (2009)

The proposed dual-clad fiber laser can generate 80 W of single-frequency output with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) greater than 50 dB. Beyond this limit, multi-order stimulated Brillouin scattering affects the laser efficiency and SMSR.
Varying the Electrochemical Potential and Thickness of Porphyrazine SAMs by Molecular Design (2009)

A series of multithiol-functionalized free-base and Zn-coordinated porphyrazines (pz’s) have been prepared and characterized as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au. The synthetic flexibility of the pz’s provides a unique opportunity to tune their electronic and chemical characteristics and to control the distance of the redox-active pz macrocycle from the Au surface. This allows us to study the reduction potentials of these surface-bound pz’s as a function of film thickness and molecular charge distribution using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Upon SAM formation, the reduction potentials of all pz’s show a significant positive shift from their formal potentials when free in solution (up to ∼ +1 V), with the magnitude of the shift inversely related to the Au−pz distance as determined from the film thickness of the pz SAM (thicknesses ranging from 3.5 to 11.8 Å). When the pz lies down on the surface, in a SAM of thickness ∼3.5 Å, the charge distribution within a pz macrocycle also plays a role in determining the potential shift. These observations are consistent with our originally proposed mechanism for potential shifts upon binding to a metal surface based on image charge effects and with the analysis of Liu and Newton (J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 7162).
Roadmap of optical communications (2016)

Lightwave communications is a necessity for the information age. Optical links provide enormous bandwidth, and the optical fiber is the only medium that can meet the modern society's needs for transporting massive amounts of data over long distances. Applications range from global highcapacity networks, which constitute the backbone of the internet, to the massively parallel
Reverse of Age-Dependent Memory Impairment and Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Microglia by an Overexpression of Human Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A in Mice (2008)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly susceptible to injury induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). During aging, mutations of mtDNA accumulate to induce dysfunction of the respiratory chain, resulting in the enhanced ROS production. Therefore, age-dependent memory impairment may result from oxidative stress derived from the respiratory chain. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is now known to have roles not only in the replication of mtDNA but also its maintenance. We herein report that an overexpression of TFAM in HeLa cells significantly inhibited rotenone-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and the subsequent NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) nuclear translocation. Furthermore, TFAM transgenic (TG) mice exhibited a prominent amelioration of an age-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and a decline in the activities of complexes I and IV in the brain. In the aged TG mice, deficits of the motor learning memory, the working memory, and the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) were also significantly improved. The expression level of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and mtDNA damages, which were predominantly found in microglia, significantly decreased in the aged TG mice. The IL-1beta amount markedly increased in the brain of the TG mice after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas its mean amount was significantly lower than that of the LPS-treated aged wild-type mice. At the same time, an increased mtDNA damage in microglia and an impaired hippocampal LTP were also observed in the LPS-treated aged TG mice. Together, an overexpression of TFAM is therefore considered to ameliorate age-dependent impairment of the brain functions through the prevention of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in microglia.
Fusing Dicarbollide Ions with N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (2017)

Abstract Discovered by Hawthorne in 1965, dicarbollide ions are an intriguing class of nido ‐carboranes that mimic the behavior of the cyclopentadienyl anion. Herein, we show that it is possible to directly link the dicarbollide ion to an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to form an isolable N‐dicarbollide‐substituted NHC dianion. This molecule can be accessed by the sequential double deprotonation of a mono‐ nido ‐carboranyl imidazolium zwitterion. As revealed by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study, the first deprotonation leads to a monoanionic dicarbollide ion that adopts a bis(dicarbollide) structure in the solid state. Subsequent deprotonation of this monoanion leads to the first N‐dicarbollide NHC, which was fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Data from Activated Checkpoint Kinase 2 Provides a Survival Signal for Tumor Cells (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Tumor cells often become resistant to DNA damage–based therapy; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Here, we show that tumor cells exposed to DNA damage counteract cell death by releasing the antiapoptotic protein, survivin, from mitochondria. This is independent of p53, and requires activated checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a putative tumor suppressor. Molecular or genetic targeting of Chk2 prevents the release of survivin from mitochondria, enhances DNA damage–induced tumor cell apoptosis, and inhibits the growth of resistant &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; tumors. Therefore, activated Chk2 circumvents its own tumor-suppressive functions by promoting tumor cell survival. Inhibiting Chk2 in combination with DNA-damaging agents may provide a rational approach for treating resistant tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11576-9)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Clinical review: RIFLE and AKIN – time for reappraisal (2009)

In recent years, the use of the consensus definitions of acute kidney injury (RIFLE and AKIN) in the literature has increased substantially. This indicates a highly encouraging acceptance by the medical community of a unifying definition for acute kidney injury. This is a very important and positive step in the right direction. There remains some variation in how the criteria are interpreted and used in the literature, including use/nonuse of urine output criteria, use of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate rather than change in creatinine, and choice of baseline creatinine. The present review is intended to aid the reader in critically appraising studies using these consensus definitions. Since no single definition will be perfect, a logical next step would be to reconcile existing definitions, moving the medical community towards using a single consensus definition as has been done with sepsis and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. As new data emerge, integration of novel biomarkers into the consensus definition will be a welcome refinement.
Abstract B248: Characterization and preclinical development of LCI-1, a selective and potent Chk1 inhibitor in phase 1 clinical trials (2009)

Abstract Interference of DNA damage checkpoints has been demonstrated to be a highly effective means of increasing the cytotoxicity of a wide number of anti-cancer therapies. Ionizing radiation, DNA cross-linkers, topoisomerase inhibitors and anti-metabolites all cause severe cellular DNA damage and activation of multiple DNA damage checkpoints. Cell cycle arrest at these checkpoints protects injured cells from apoptotic cell death until the DNA damage can be repaired. In the absence of functioning DNA damage checkpoints, cells with damaged DNA proceed into premature mitosis followed by rapid apoptotic death. A key protein kinase involved in activating and maintaining the S and G2/M checkpoints is Chk1. Pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 in the absence of p53 leads to abrogation of the DNA damage checkpoints and has been shown to enhance the preclinical activity of many standard of care chemotherapeutic agents. LCI-1 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of Chk1 (IC50 = 7 nM). In cell-based experiments LCI-1 inhibited doxorubicin-dependent autophosphorylation of Chk1 (IC50 = 52 nM). Treatment of cells with LCI-1 alone caused a phenotype identical to that reported for cells depleted of Chk1, demonstrating the mechanism-dependent activity of the compound. Treated with 100 nM doxorubicin, HeLa cells arrested at the G2M checkpoint. When treated 24 hours later with LCI- 1, the arrested cells traversed the G2M checkpoint, allowing cells to proceed into mitosis with unresolved replicated chromosomes. Consistent with abrogation of the Chk1-dependent G2M checkpoint, HT-29 cells (mutant p53) treated with LCI-1 were more sensitive to killing by gemcitabine then were LCI-1 treated HCT116 cells (wild-type p53). In vivo, LCI-1 effectively inhibited Chk1 autophosphorylation, as well as released the S and G2M block induced by gemcitabine treatment. When used preclinically in combination with DNA damaging agents, LCI-1 increased DNA damage and cell death over gemcitabine alone. These results indicate that LCI-1 may prove to be an effective potentiator of DNA damaging therapies in the clinic. LCI-1 is currently undergoing clinical testing in combination with gemcitabine and pemetrexed. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B248.
Imaging on the Nanoscale with Terahertz Time-Domain and Emission Microscopy (2018)

We combine Laser Terahertz Emission Microscopy (LTEM) with terahertz time-domain nanoscopy in a near-field microscopy configuration. With this, we demonstrate how the two techniques provide complementary information about the sample.
The leveraged freedom chair: a wheelchair designed for developing countries (2010)

In this work we present the Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC), a wheelchair-based mobility aid designed specifically for the developing world. People with disabilities in developing countries have needs that differ drastically from those of people in the developed world; they most often do not have access to public transportation and are forced to travel long distances on rough terrain. Existing mobility aids, such Western-styled wheelchairs, are inefficient to propel and difficult to use off-road. Hand-powered tricycles, although more efficient for long distance travel, are too large to use in the home. The LFC is designed to fully suit the needs of people with disabilities in developing countries by utilizing upper body power through a lever-drive system. The drivetrain, which is made from locally available bicycle components, enables the user to select different gear ratios by sliding his or her hand up and down the levelers. The levers are sized to optimally convert upper body power when traveling on the variety of terrains encountered in the developing world.
Lifelong Reinforcement Learning with Modulating Masks (2022)

Lifelong learning aims to create AI systems that continuously and incrementally learn during a lifetime, similar to biological learning. Attempts so far have met problems, including catastrophic forgetting, interference among tasks, and the inability to exploit previous knowledge. While considerable research has focused on learning multiple supervised classification tasks that involve changes in the input distribution, lifelong reinforcement learning (LRL) must deal with variations in the state and transition distributions, and in the reward functions. Modulating masks with a fixed backbone network, recently developed for classification, are particularly suitable to deal with such a large spectrum of task variations. In this paper, we adapted modulating masks to work with deep LRL, specifically PPO and IMPALA agents. The comparison with LRL baselines in both discrete and continuous RL tasks shows superior performance. We further investigated the use of a linear combination of previously learned masks to exploit previous knowledge when learning new tasks: not only is learning faster, the algorithm solves tasks that we could not otherwise solve from scratch due to extremely sparse rewards. The results suggest that RL with modulating masks is a promising approach to lifelong learning, to the composition of knowledge to learn increasingly complex tasks, and to knowledge reuse for efficient and faster learning.