gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The New Age of Sudomotor Function Testing: A Sensitive and Specific Biomarker for Diagnosis, Estimation of Severity, Monitoring Progression, and Regression in Response to Intervention (2015)

Sudorimetry technology has evolved dramatically, as a rapid, non-invasive, robust, and accurate biomarker for small fibers that can easily be integrated into clinical practice. Though skin biopsy with quantitation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density is still currently recognized as the gold standard, sudorimetry may yield diagnostic information not only on autonomic dysfunction but also enhance the assessment of the small somatosensory nerves, disease detection, progression, and response to therapy. Sudorimetry can be assessed using Sudoscan™, which measures electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) of hands and feet. It is based on different electrochemical principles (reverse iontophoresis and chronoamperometry) to measure sudomotor function than prior technologies, affording it a much more practical and precise performance profile for routine clinical use with potential as a research tool. Small nerve fiber dysfunction has been found to occur early in metabolic syndrome and diabetes and may also be the only neurological manifestation in small fiber neuropathies, beneath the detection limits of traditional nerve function tests. Test results are robust, accomplished within minutes, require little technical training and no calculations, since established norms have been provided for the effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. Sudomotor testing has been greatly under-utilized in the past, restricted to specialized centers capable of handling the technically demanding and expensive technology. Yet, evaluation of autonomic and somatic nerve function has been shown to be one of the best estimates of cardiovascular risk. Evaluation of sweating has the appeal of quantifiable non-invasive determination of the integrity of the peripheral autonomic nervous system, and can now be accomplished rapidly at point of care clinics with the determination of ESC, allowing intervention for morbid complications prior to permanent structural nerve damage. We review here sudomotor function testing technology, the research evidence accumulated supporting the clinical utility of measuring ESC, the medical applications of sudorimetry now available to physicians with this device, and clinical vignettes illustrating its use in the clinical decision-making process.
Tracing photon transmission in dye-doped DNA-CTMA optical nanofibers (2014)

We experimentally demonstrate the novel phenomena of photoluminescence (PL) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assisted three-color PL separating in DNA optical nanofibers consisting of the stretched and connected DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium wires. The PL experiments are performed to comparatively trace photon transmission between single dye-doped DNA-CTMA optical nanofiber and PMMA optical nanofiber. A cascade FRET including DNA minor groove binder and DNA intercalators is used to further trace photon transmission inside DNA-CTMA wire. These experimental results will help to intrigue the new applications of DNA-CTMA as molecular waveguide in optobioelectronics area.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Targeted Delivery of SOD to Endothelium: Mechanism, Synergism with NO Donors and Protective Effects In Vitro and In Vivo (2013)

Pro-inflammatory activation of vascular endothelium is implicated in pathogenesis of severe conditions including stroke, infarction and sepsis. We have recently reported that superoxide dismutase (SOD) conjugated with antibodies (Ab/SOD) that provide targeted delivery into endothelial endosomes mitigates inflammatory endothelial activation by cytokines and agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLR). The goal of this study was to appraise potential utility and define the mechanism of this effect. Ab/SOD, but not non-targeted SOD injected in mice alleviated endotoxin-induced leukocyte adhesion in the cerebral vasculature and protected brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Transfection of endothelial cells with SOD, but not catalase inhibited NFκB signaling and expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 induced by both cytokines and TLR agonists. These results affirmed that Ab/SOD-quenched superoxide anion produced by endothelial cells in response to proinflammatory agents mediates NFκB activation. Furthermore, Ab/SOD potentiates anti-inflammatory effect of NO donors in endothelial cells in vitro, as well as in the endotoxin-challenged mice. These results demonstrate the central role of intracellular superoxide as a mediator of pro-inflammatory activation of endothelium and support the notion of utility of targeted interception of this signaling pathway for management of acute vascular inflammation.
Angiopoietin-1 Requires p190 RhoGAP to Protect against Vascular Leakage in Vivo (2007)

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), a ligand of the endothelium-specific receptor Tie-2, inhibits permeability in the mature vasculature, but the mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that Ang-1 signals Rho family GTPases to organize the cytoskeleton into a junction-fortifying arrangement that enhances the permeability barrier function of the endothelium. Ang-1 phosphorylates Tie-2 and its downstream effector phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. This induces activation of one endogenous GTPase, Rac1, and inhibition of another, RhoA. Loss of either part of this dual effect abrogates the cytoskeletal and anti-permeability actions of Ang-1, suggesting that coordinated GTPase regulation is necessary for the vessel-sealing effects of Ang-1. p190 RhoGAP, a GTPase regulatory protein, provides this coordinating function as it is phosphorylated by Ang-1 treatment, requires Rac1 activation, and is necessary for RhoA inhibition. Ang-1 prevents the cytoskeletal and pro-permeability effects of endotoxin but requires p190 RhoGAP to do so. Treatment with p190 RhoGAP small interfering RNA completely abolishes the ability of Ang-1 to rescue endotoxemia-induced pulmonary vascular leak and inflammation in mice. We conclude that Ang-1 prevents vascular permeability by regulating the endothelial cytoskeleton through coordinated and opposite effects on the Rho GTPases Rac1 and RhoA. By linking Rac1 activation and RhoA inhibition, p190 RhoGAP is critical to the protective effects of Ang-1 against endotoxin. These results provide mechanistic evidence that targeting the endothelium through Tie-2 may offer specific therapeutic strategies in life-threatening endotoxemic conditions such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Cancer Therapy: Biomimetic Diselenide‐Bridged Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles as an X‐ray‐Responsive Biodegradable Carrier for Chemo‐Immunotherapy (Adv. Mater. 50/2020) (2020)

In article number 2004385, Dan Shao, Kam W. Leong, Wen-fei Dong, and co-workers present cancer-cell-membrane-coated mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles for radiation-responsive drug delivery and cancer chemo-immunotherapy. Under low-dose X-ray radiation, such biomimetic nanotherapeutics exhibit degradation-controlled drug release and induced stronger antitumor immune responses, leading to enhanced tumor regression and metastasis inhibition with low systematic toxicity when combined with anti-PD-L1.
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex (2007)

Previous studies have suggested that complex movements can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Most recording studies in the motor cortex, however, have investigated the encoding of time-independent features of movement such as direction, velocity, position, or force. Here, we show that single motor cortical neurons encode temporally evolving movement trajectories and not simply instantaneous movement parameters. We explicitly characterize the preferred trajectories of individual neurons using a simple exponential encoding model and demonstrate that temporally extended trajectories not only capture the tuning of motor cortical neurons more accurately, but can be used to decode the instantaneous movement direction with less error. These findings suggest that single motor cortical neurons encode whole movement fragments, which are temporally extensive and can be quite complex.
Feedback enhanced thermo-electric topography sensing (2009)

Thermo-electric sensors in micro-fabricated silicon cantilevers are used in a variety of applications that exploit their temperature-dependent conductivity. While the ease and low cost of integration makes their application attractive, their low sensing bandwidth presents a significant disadvantage. In this article we present a novel scheme for enhancing the sensitivity and bandwidth of these sensors using an external feedback. This scheme demonstrates the applicability of feedback control to shape a sensor's sensing dynamics.
Performance of equalized I-Q QPSK over 2-ray Rayleigh fading (2003)

In many wideband cellular systems, the channel experiences frequency selective fading. This paper evaluates the bit error rate (BER) performance of equalized I-Q QPSK over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. I-Q trellis codes were shown to possess excellent inherent minimum time diversity over flat fading Rayleigh channels. However, they have not been examined for frequency-selective fading channels, where channel equalization is required. In this work, I-Q QPSK systems performance over these channels employing a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is evaluated. Very reliable communication over the mobile channel is obtained using I-Q QPSK combined with interleaving and adaptive equalization compared to the traditional Gray-mapped trellis codes.
InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes with a grading InN composition suppressing the Auger recombination (2014)

In conventional InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs), thin InGaN quantum wells are usually adopted to mitigate the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE), caused due to strong polarization induced electric field, through spatially confining electrons and holes in small recombination volumes. However, this inevitably increases the carrier density in quantum wells, which in turn aggravates the Auger recombination, since the Auger recombination scales with the third power of the carrier density. As a result, the efficiency droop of the Auger recombination severely limits the LED performance. Here, we proposed and showed wide InGaN quantum wells with the InN composition linearly grading along the growth orientation in LED structures suppressing the Auger recombination and the QCSE simultaneously. Theoretically, the physical mechanisms behind the Auger recombination suppression are also revealed. The proposed LED structure has experimentally demonstrated significant improvement in optical output power and efficiency droop, proving to be an effective solution to this important problem of Auger recombination.
Mid-infrared optical phased array in an InP-based platform (2022)

We develop a 16-channel aperiodic optical phased array for beam steering in the mid-infrared spectral region in an InGaAs/InP platform. The device consists of an MMI light splitting tree, thermally isolated thermo-optic phase shifters, and power-balanced emission gratings.
A Virtual Assembly Design Environment (2003)

The Virtual Assembly Design Environment (VADE) is a virtual reality (VR) based engineering application which allows engineers to evaluate, analyze, and plan the assembly of mechanical systems. This system focuses on utilizing an immersive virtual environment tightly coupled with commercial computer aided design (CAD) systems. Salient features of VADE include: data integration (two-way) with a parametric CAD system; realistic interaction of the user with parts in the virtual environment; creation of valued design information in the virtual environment; reverse data transfer of design information back to the CAD system; significant interactivity in the virtual environment; collision detection; and physically-based modeling. This paper describes the functionality and applications of VADE. A discussion of the limitations of virtual assembly and a comparison with automated assembly planning systems are presented. Experiments conducted using real-world engineering models are also described.
Analyzing Convex Relaxations for MAP Estimation (2011)

When faced with a difficult-to-solve problem, it is standard practice in the optimization community to resort to convex relaxations, that is, approximate the original problem using an easier (convex) problem. The widespread use of convex relaxations can be attributed to two factors: (i) recent advances in convex optimization imply that the relaxation can be solved efficiently; and (ii) the relaxed problem readily lends itself to theoretical analysis that often relieves interesting properties. In this chapter, we will focus on theoretical analysis for MAP estimation of discrete MRFs, with the aim of highlighting the importance of designing tight relaxations. The next chapter will illustrate the efficiency afforded by this approach. We review three standard convex relaxation approaches that have been proposed in the literature:
Specificity in DNA interactions: An nmr investigation of the interaction of propidium with oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing normal and G · T base pairs (1986)

Abstract The interaction of propidium with three self‐complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been investigated by 1 H‐ (base‐pair imino proton assigned by 1D NOE and saturation transfer methods) and 31 P‐nmr as a function of ratio of propidium to oligomer (from zero to saturation) and temperature. The three oligomers are dTATATGCGCATATA (1), dTATATGTGCATATA (2), which has the same sequence as 1 except for the mismatched base pair at position 7, and dTATGTGCATA (3), which is a shortened version of 2. The imino proton chemical‐shift changes of 1 on titration with propidium can be explained by the effects of the ring‐current anisotropy of propidium at intercalation (3.4 Å) and next‐neighbor sites (6.8 Å). The results indicate that propidium binds with neighbor exclusion but with no significant specificity for any intercalation site in the sequence of 1. The addition of propidium to 1 results in general downfield shifts of all 31 P signals, as expected for a nonspecific intercalator. Imino and 31 P‐nmr spectra for 2 indicate that this oligomer forms a hydrogen‐bonded G · T base pair at position 7 with little change in base pairing and stacking of base pairs 1–6 compared to 1. The results for addition of propidium to 2 and 3 are quite different than with 1. At low ratio only secondary shifts (6.8 Å) are seen for the G and T imino protons of base‐pair 7 on addition of propidium. At higher ratios of propidium, the signals for these G and T protons are lost in 2 and severely broadened in 3, even at low temperature. The other potential intercalation sites in 2 and 3 appear to bind propidium strongly and without significant specificity as with 1. 31 P spectra of 2 in the presence of propidium show the expected downfield shifts and broadening. Thus, the minor differences in local helix geometry in 1, and in 2 and 3, away from the G · T base pair do not significantly affect propidium intercalation specificity. Having one or two G · T base pairs at a site, however, makes intercalation in the standard manner significantly less favorable.
Growing Carbon Nanotubes from Both Sides of Graphene (2016)

The design and synthesis of hybrid structures between graphene and carbon nanotubes is an intriguing topic in the field of carbon nanomaterials. Here the synthesis of vertically aligned CNT carpets underneath graphene and from both sides of graphene is described with continuous ordering over a large area. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopic characterizations show that CNT carpets grow underneath graphene through a base-growth mechanism, and grow on top of graphene through a tip-growth mechanism. Good electrical contact is observed from the top CNT carpets, through the graphene layer, to the bottom CNT carpets. This sandwich-like CNT/graphene/CNT hybrid structure could provide an approach to design and fabricate multilayered graphene/CNTs materials, as well as potential applications in the fields of nanomanufacturing and energy storage.
Change in Muscle Synergies during Stairmill Ascent with External Forces on the Pelvis (2022)

Stair ascent is a challenging daily task that requires fine muscle coordination to complete the task while avoiding falls. However, there is little information on training paradigms that could improve stair ascent. This study investigates how external forces applied on the pelvis in different directions and different magnitudes affect the muscle coordination during stairmill ascent. We used a Tethered Pelvic Assist Device (TPAD) to apply external forces on the pelvis during continuous ascent on a stairmill. Ten young healthy subjects participated in sessions where external forces were applied on the pelvis laterally, vertically, forward, and along the incline of the stairmill. Each session was over a duration of two minutes with force magnitudes starting from 0% body weight (BW). The applied force was held constant and increased by 5% BW every 30 seconds up to 15% BW. Muscle activation signals from fifteen muscles were measured and the structure of muscle synergy was calculated under these altered forces. The results show five muscle synergies during the stair ascent motion. We found that vertical and forward external forces on the pelvis affected the quadriceps group during knee extension. Additionally, the muscle activation timings of the thigh and back shank muscles were significantly different during different force conditions. These findings provide insights into muscle responses when external forces are applied on the pelvis in different directions and magnitudes. These results may help clinicians and physical therapists to design customized rehabilitation strategies to suit patient needs to improve performance during stair climbing.
Insights into catalysis by gold nanoparticles and their support effects through surface science studies of model catalysts (2011)

One important aid in understanding catalysis by gold nanoparticles would be to understand the strength with which they bond to different support materials and the strength with which they bond adsorbed intermediates, and how these strengths depend on nanoparticle size. We present here new measurements of adsorption energies by single crystal adsorption calorimetry, and new analyses of other recent measurements by this technique in our lab, which imply that: (1) small nanoparticles of metals like Au bind much more strongly to supports like titania and iron oxide which are generally observed to be effective in making Au nanoparticles active in catalysis than to supports like MgO which are considered less effective, (2) the thermodynamic stability of adsorbed intermediates for catalytic reactions can either increase strongly or decrease strongly with decreasing metal nanoparticle size below 8 nm, depending on the system, and (3) the reaction to insert O2 into the Au-H bond of adsorbed H on the Au(111) surface to make Au-OOH (O2,g + H(ad) --> OOH(ad)) is exothermic by -80 kJ mol(-1). This adsorbed hydroperoxy species is thought to be a key intermediate in selective oxidation reactions over Au nanoparticle catalysts, but its production by this reaction may also provide a route for O2 activation in less demanding reactions (like CO oxidation) as well. Its stability would be even higher on Au nanoparticles below 3 nm in diameter, but even there it is too unstable to be formed by combining adsorbed OH with an O adatom (OH(ad) + O(ad) --> OOH(ad)), which is estimated to be endothermic by 175 kJ mol(-1). The implications of the stability of metal nanoparticles versus particle size on different supports and of the stability and potential reactions of OOH(ad) in Au catalysis will be discussed.
Replicability of proton MR spectroscopic imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury: Implications for clinical applications (2023)

We replicated findings of diffuse WM injury, which correlated with clinical outcome (supporting H1-H2, H4). These findings, however, were among the glial markers Cho and Cr, not the neuronal marker NAA (not supporting H3). No differences were found in regional GM and WM metabolite levels (supporting H5-H6), nor in putaminal mI (not supporting H7). Unidirectional effect sizes of higher patients' Cho and Cr within all WM analyses suggest widespread injury, and are in line with the conclusion from the previous publications, i.e., that detection of WM injury may be more dependent upon sensitivity of the <sup>1</sup>H MRS technique than on the selection of specific regions. The findings lend further support to the corollary that clinic-ready <sup>1</sup>H MRS biomarkers for mTBI may best be achieved by using high signal-to-noise-ratio single-voxels placed anywhere within WM. The biochemical signature of the injury, however, may differ and therefore absolute levels, rather than ratios may be preferred. Future replication efforts should further test the generalizability of these findings.
Synthesis and Characterization of Lipooligosaccharide-Based Conjugates as Vaccine Candidates for Moraxella ( Branhamella ) catarrhalis (1998)

Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a major surface antigen of the bacterium and elicits bactericidal antibodies. Treatment of the LOS from strain ATCC 25238 with anhydrous hydrazine reduced its toxicity 20,000-fold, as assayed in the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. The detoxified LOS (dLOS) was coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) or high-molecular-weight proteins (HMP) from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae through a linker of adipic acid dihydrazide to form dLOS-TT or dLOS-HMP. The molar ratios of dLOS to TT and HMP conjugates were 19:1 and 31:1, respectively. The antigenicity of the two conjugates was similar to that of the LOS, as determined by double immunodiffusion. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of both conjugates elicited a 50- to 100-fold rise in the geometric mean of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the homologous LOS in mice after three injections and a 350- to 700-fold rise of anti-LOS IgG in rabbits after two injections. The immunogenicity of the conjugate was enhanced by formulation with monophosphoryl lipid A plus trehalose dimycolate. In rabbits, conjugate-induced antisera had complement-mediated bactericidal activity against the homologous strain and heterologous strains of M. catarrhalis. These results indicate that a detoxified LOS-protein conjugate is a candidate for immunization against M. catarrhalis diseases.
Strain wave pathway to semiconductor-to-metal transition revealed by time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction (2021)

journal article