gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solubility of Urea in Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Urea-Saturated Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures (2011)

The solubility of urea in mixtures of acetonitrile (MeCN) and water was measured in terms of mole fraction over the entire range of MeCN/water compositions. With respect to mole fractions of the three components, it was found that in water-rich mixtures the mole fraction of urea in urea saturated solutions showed almost no decline even after 25 mole percent water was replaced with MeCN. In the MeCN range of (77 to 86) % (v/v), the mixtures divided into two liquid phases after urea saturation. The more dense layer contained a roughly 2:2:1 mole ratio of water/MeCN/urea, while the less dense layer was primarily MeCN with small amounts of water and urea. Changing the MeCN content within the (77 to 86) % (v/v) range caused the volume ratio of the two layers to vary, but the composition of the upper and lower layers remained essentially constant. This behavior suggests that the water-rich phase is saturated in both urea and MeCN. The driving force for the phase separation is explained as the tendency for urea to promote self-association of the individual water and MeCN components. In MeCN-rich mixtures close to the limit of pure MeCN, urea solubility varied in a roughly linear fashion with water content. This behavior is explained qualitatively by the ability of water to act as a hydrogen-bond donor to urea, an interaction which is not possible with a nonprotic solvent such as MeCN.
Crystal structures of possible lysine decarboxylases from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (2004)

TT1887 and TT1465 from Thermus thermophilus HB8 are conserved hypothetical proteins, and are annotated as possible lysine decarboxylases in the Pfam database. Here we report the crystal structures of TT1887 and TT1465 at 1.8 A and 2.2 A resolutions, respectively, as determined by the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) method. TT1887 is a homotetramer, while TT1465 is a homohexamer in the crystal and in solution. The structures of the TT1887 and TT1465 monomers contain single domains with the Rossmann fold, comprising six alpha helices and seven beta strands, and are quite similar to each other. The major structural differences exist in the N terminus of TT1465, where there are two additional alpha helices. A comparison of the structures revealed the elements that are responsible for the different oligomerization modes. The distributions of the electrostatic potential on the solvent-accessible surfaces suggested putative active sites.
Supplementary Table 1 from Age and Gender Associations of Virus Positivity in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Characterized Using a Novel RNA <i>In Situ</i> Hybridization Assay (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Case details.&lt;/p&gt;
Models and algorithms for bounds on leakage in CMOS circuits (1999)

Subthreshold leakage current in deep submicron MOS transistors is becoming a significant contributor to power dissipation in CMOS circuits as threshold voltages and channel lengths are reduced. Consequently, estimation of leakage current and identification of minimum and maximum leakage conditions are becoming important, especially in low power applications. In this paper we outline methods for estimating leakage at the circuit level and then propose heuristic and exact algorithms to accomplish the same task for random combinational logic. In most cases the heuristic is found to obtain bounds on leakage that are close and often identical to bounds determined by a complete branch and bound search. Methods are also demonstrated to show how estimation accuracy can be traded off against execution time. The proposed algorithms have potential application in power management applications or quiescent current (I/sub D/DQ) testing if one wished to control leakage by application of appropriate input vectors. For a variety of benchmark circuits, leakage was found to vary by as much as a factor of six over the space of possible input vectors.
New antithrombotic 1‐Phthalazinamines with Serotonin Antagonistic Properties (2003)

We report nineteen 4-aryl- and 4-arylalkyl-1-phthalazinamines (5-8) which we prepared and tested for antithrombotic properties. All compounds were assayed for their antiplatelet activity in the "Born test" with collagen as inducer of the aggregation. N-[4-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]-4-phenyl-1-phthalazin-amine (7 c) was the most potent compound, having an IC(50) of 8 microM. When 5-HT (Serotonin) was used to start aggregation the N-(furan-2-yl-methyl)-4-phenyl-1-pthtalazinamine (8 a) had an IC(50) of 2 microM. In vivo potencies were highly significant. N-[5-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl)pentyl]-4-phenyl-1-phthalazinamine (7 d) inhibited thrombus formation by 12% (P < 0.002) in arterioles and 7% (P < 0.01) in venoles as tested with our laser thrombosis model. For compound 8 a we surprisingly found an antagonism to the 5HT(2A) receptor, which is most likely the mechanism of the inhibition of aggregation by this compound.
X-ray Raman scattering as a substitute for soft-x-ray extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (1989)

We have recorded x-ray Raman-scattering spectra from graphite and diamond with high resolution and good signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio by excitation with hard x rays from synchrotron radiation. The scattering spectra show characteristics predicted by the theory. The observed scattering spectrum for graphite was not exactly the same as the absorption spectrum, possibly because of polarization effects in the anisotropic materials. In the case of diamond powder, however, oscillations identical with those found in the extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum were observed, and from an analysis employing the formula used for EXAFS, interatomic distances were obtained. Thus, it is experimentally confirmed for the first time that x-ray Raman spectroscopy by using hard x rays can supply the same information as the soft-x-ray EXAFS. X-ray Raman spectroscopy can thus be a substitute for EXAFS to determine the local structure around low-atomic-number elements whose EXAFS study is plagued with inherent experimental difficulties.
A Robust Approach for Continuous Interactive Reinforcement Learning (2020)

Interactive reinforcement learning is an approach in which an external trainer helps an agent to learn through advice. A trainer is useful in large or continuous scenarios; however, when the characteristics of the environment change over time, it can affect the learning. Robust reinforcement learning is a reliable approach that allows an agent to learn a task, regardless of disturbances in the environment. In this work, we present an approach that addresses interactive reinforcement learning problems in a dynamic environment with continuous states and actions. Our results show that the proposed approach allows an agent to complete the cart-pole balancing task satisfactorily in a dynamic, continuous action-state domain.
Abstract 428: An Unexpected Role for ACC in Lipid Droplet Formation in Macrophages in Response to Acellular Adipocyte Fat (2018)

In adipose tissues of obese mice, macrophages accumulate in crown-like structures (CLS) formed around dying adipocytes. The CLS macrophages are thought to clear the dead adipocytes by exophagy, which involves exocytosis of lysosomes and digestion of apoptotic adipocytes. After digesting the plasma membrane and other cytosolic contents of the adipocyte, CLS macrophages come in contact with the large lipid droplet, however, it is unknown how macrophages response to such acellular adipocytes. We hypothesized that the acelular adipocytes in CLSs promote inflammation and metabolically activate the macrophages to promote clearance of the lipid. To mimic the in vivo scenario, we exposed cultured murine bone marrow-derived macrophages to lipid droplets isolated from the adipocytes of high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. In response to adipocyte lipid, macrophages accumulated lipid droplets, which were similar in size and number to lipid droplets of CLS macrophages in vivo . Acellular lipid exposure significantly increased TNF-α gene expression, which was suppressed by the CD36 inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, supporting CD36-mediated inflammatory response. Moreover, lipid exposure significantly lowered metabolic activity of macrophages and impaired clearance of apoptotic bodies from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Using specific inhibitors, unexpectedly we found that lipid droplet accumulation in macrophages was independent of CD36 activity or processes involved in exophagy such as exocytosis of lysosomes, extracellular lipase activity, lipolysis and phagocytosis. Interestingly, lipid droplet accumulation was dependent on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) as determined by use of ACC inhibitors soraphen A and TOFA, and siRNA knock-down of ACC in macrophages. Furthermore, confocal microscopy of whole mount adipose tissue revealed expression of ACC in CLS macrophages. Altogether, using a novel in vitro model we demonstrate that acelular adipocytes suppress metabolic activity, but induce inflammation and de novo lipogenesis-mediated lipid droplet formation in macrophages.
New applications for antibodies (1990)

H. Field, H. L. H. Yeung, A. R. Rees, K. D. Bagshawe, A. S. Kang, D. R. Burton, G. M. Blackburn, C. R. Hill, R. J. Owens, D. J. King, A. Lyons, J. Adair, N. R. Whittle, A. Millican, S. K. Rhind, A. Phipps, J. C. Lloyd, M. W. Bodmer and G. T. Yarranton, Anal. Proc., 1990, 27, 2 DOI: 10.1039/AP9902700002
The evolving landscape of immunotherapy in solid tumors (2021)

While surgical resection, local and cytotoxic therapies have long formed the basis of cancer care, immunotherapy now plays a key role in supplementing and even replacing these agents in the first line. Here we review the early success of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 blockade and discuss biomarkers of therapeutic response. We next highlight a select group of novel targets in Phase III trials both as monotherapies and in combination with PD-1 inhibitors. Finally, we discuss innovations which seek to improve outcomes in therapy-resistant solid tumors.
Long-Term Treatment With Minoxidil in Patients With Severe Renal Failure (1980)

Clinical trials have confirmed the effectiveness of minoxidil as an antihypertensive drug in patients with normal or mildly decreased renal function. In previous studies the number of patients with severe renal failure has been small or the duration of follow-up not long. We have treated 58 patients, most of them on maintenance hemodialysis, with minoxidil for refractory hypertension. In most patients treatment of hypertension was reduced to two drugs plus minoxidil, and blood pressure decreased significantly from 205/120 $ 10/5 to 150/80 $ 5/5 mm Hg (p < 0.001) without evidence of orthostatic hypotension, and independent of the degree of renal failure. Retinopathy, when present, improved in all patients. In 5 of 11 patients with malignant hypertension, renal function improved enough so as to make maintenance dialysis unnecessary. The most common side effects were hypertrichosis and weight gain, while drowsiness and orthostatic hypotension were infrequent. Asymptomatic and uncomplicated pericardial effusions occurred in 6 patients, none of whom required discontinuation of minoxidil. Long-term minoxidil therapy is highly effective in the management of patients with refractory hypertension and advanced renal failure. Our results also suggest that the indications for minoxidil therapy may be broader than initially thought.
Capacity limits in oscillatory networks: Implications for sensory coding (2013)

Psychological studies have investigated limits in the capacity to simultaneously store multiple objects in working memory, which turns out to be approximately four. In this paper we examine the existence and origin of such a capacity limit in the sensory encoding stage, where synchronous activity can be considered to group related features of a common object. We develop a model of an object recognition network using oscillatory elements that can achieve phase synchronization. Using simulations based on this network, we show that distinct phases of oscillation can be used to label combinations of objects presented simultaneously. This allows the network to separate mixtures of objects, and identify the input elements that belong to each object. We demonstrate that there is a limit of four objects that can be separated from a mixture. Further studies are required to generalize this result by varying the size of the network and the number of objects used for training. We also show that by narrowing a tuning function that governs the dynamics of the system, we can achieve higher separation accuracy. However, this comes at the cost of utilizing a higher number of iterations over which the system settles and learns its synaptic weights. We lay down a framework for the quantitative modeling of factors affecting capacity limits, which has the potential to advance our understanding of sensory representation, attention, working memory and multitasking.
In vivo exposure to carbon monoxide causes delayed impairment of activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide in rat brain cortex and cerebellum (2004)

Carbon monoxide induces delayed neurological and neuropathological alterations, including memory loss and cognitive impairment. The bases for the delay remain unknown. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide modulates some forms of learning and memory. Carbon monoxide binds to soluble guanylate cyclase, activating it but interfering with its activation by nitric oxide. The aim of this work was to assess whether exposure of rats to carbon monoxide alters the activity of soluble guanylate cyclase or its modulation by nitric oxide in cerebellum or cerebral cortex. Rats exposed chronically or acutely to carbon monoxide were killed 24 h or 7 days later. Acute carbon monoxide exposure decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content and reduced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide. Cortex was more sensitive than cerebellum to chronic exposure, which reduced activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide in cortex. In cerebellum, chronic exposure induced delayed impairment of soluble guanylate cyclase activation by nitric oxide. Acute exposure effects were also stronger at 7 days than at 24 h after exposure. This delayed impaired modulation of soluble guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide may contribute to delayed memory loss and cognitive impairment in humans exposed to carbon monoxide.
Prolonged Release of LH and FSH and Depletion of Pituitary Gonadotropin Content after Administration of [d-LEU6, desGly-NH210]-LH-RH Ethylamide (1977)

SummaryLH and FSH releasing activities of [D-Leu6, desGly-NH210]-LH-RH ethylamide were examined using immature male rats. The gonadotropin release induced by various doses of [D-Leu6, desGly-NH210]-LH-RH ethylamide followed a different pattern than when LH-RH was given, reaching a peak at 2 hr after injections, serum LH and FSH being still elevated at 4 hr. In contrast the LH and FSH release induced by LH-RH reached a peak in 15 min and declined at 1 hr. This provides further evidence that this analog is indeed long-acting. The LH-RH analog had a potency 20-60 times greater for LH release and 10-30 times higher for FSH release than LH-RH. [D-Leu6, desGly-NH210]-LH-RH ethylamide also caused a significant depletion of the pituitary gonadotropin content.The authors express their thanks to Mrs. J. Gau-thier and Mrs. D. Pierson for their technical help, and to Dr. G. Niswender, Dr. A. Ward and NIAMDD Rat Pituitary Program for the gift of the Material used for radioimmunoassays.
The characterization of normal incidence Ge/Si avalanche photodiodes (APDs) at low temperatures (2011)

A normal incidence Ge/Si avalanche photodiode (APD) with the separate-absorption-charge-multiplication structure is characterized when the temperature ranges from 78K to 330K. At low temperature (78K), the dark current is depressed significantly as expected, which helps to detect a weak optical signal (as low as 1nW).
Grasping and Control Issues in Adaptive End Effectors (2004)

Research into robotic grasping and manipulation has led to the development of a large number of tendon based end effectors. Many are, however, developed as a research tool, which are limited in application to the laboratory environment. The main reason being that the designs requiring a large number of actuators to be controlled. Due to the space and safety requirements, very few have been developed and commissioned for industrial applications. This paper presents design of a rigid link finger operated by a minimum number of actuators, which may be suitable for a number of adaptive end effectors. The adaptive nature built into the end effector (due to limited number of actuators) presents considerable problems in grasping and control. The paper discusses the issues associated with such designs. The research can be applicable to any adaptive end effectors that are controlled by limited number of actuators and evaluates their suitability in industrial environment.
Free-Electron Triggered Superfluorescence for Resolving Collective Optical Properties of Quantum Materials (2022)

We present the first observation of superfluorescence triggered by free electrons, shown for superlattices of lead-halide perovskite quantum dots. By controlling the excitation area, the emission is switched between spontaneous to superfluorescence emission.
Game Theory in Signal Processing and Communications (2009)

Game theory is the study of the ways in which strategic interactions among rational players produce outcomes with respect to the preferences (or utilities) of those players. Games are represented in different forms, namely, the extensive form, normal form, and characteristic and partition function forms. Noncooperative games are usually defined
Randomised clinical trials: linaclotide phase 3 studies in IBS ‐C – a prespecified further analysis based on European Medicines Agency‐specified endpoints (2012)

ClinicalTrials.gov (identifiers: NCT00948818 and NCT00938717).
Anatomy of the Coronary Sinus and Epicardial Coronary Venous System in 620 Hearts: An Electrophysiology Perspective (2012)

Epicardial coronary vein anatomy is variable, and the mid-lateral LV wall can potentially be accessed through various tributaries of the epicardial veins. The orientation of the Thebesian valve favors cannulation of the CS from an anterior (ventricular) and inferior approach. Anterobasal, mid-lateral, and inferior apical LV coronary veins lie in proximity to the course of the phrenic nerve.
Mechanisms and methods for polymer conditioning of activated sludge (2016)

The development of synthetic organic poly mers for use in water and wastewater treat ment has for several years been heralded as the solution to many solids separation prob lems. One of the most promising applications of polymers is for conditioning of waste sludges to improve dewatering rates and to increase the solids concentration of the dewatered sludge. Polymers are though to have several distinct advantages over metal ion conditioners such as iron and lime. Optimal conditioning can often be achieved at much lower chem ical doses than with inorganic chemicals, thus lessening material handling and storage prob lems and maintaining the fuel value of sludge solids. In addition, polymers vary in struc ture, charge, charge intensity, and molecular weight and therefore should be capable of being tailored to the specific sludge charac teristics.
Regulation of the Epithelial Ca<sup>2+</sup> Channel TRPV5 by the NHE Regulating Factor NHERF2 and the Serum and Glucocorticoid Inducible Kinase Isoforms SGK1 and SGK3 Expressed in <i>Xenopus oocytes</i> (2004)

The epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV5 (ECaC1) plays a key role in renal and intestinal Ca2+ (re)absorption and is thus regulated by 1,25(OH) 2D3. The present study aims to explore whether TRPV5 is regulated by the serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, a kinase transcriptionally upregulated by 1,25(OH) 2D3. To this end cRNA encoding TRPV5 has been injected into Xenopus oocytes with or without additional injection of SGK1, its isoforms SGK2 and SGK3, constitutively active (S422D)SGK1, inactive (K127N)SGK1, constitutively active (T308D,S473D)PKB and/or the Na+/H+ exchanger regulating factor NHERF2. In Xenopus laevisoocytes expression of TRPV5 increases uptake of tracer Ca(S422D;) and induces a Ca2+ current (ICa). In the presence of Cl-, TRPV5 mediated Ca2+ entry leads to secondary activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive Cl- channels (ICl(Ca)). Coexpression of TRPV5 with both (S422D)SGK1 and NHERF2 stimulates tracer Ca2+ entry, ICa and ICl(Ca). The effect of (S422D)SGK1 on TRPV5 and NHERF2 expressing oocytes is mimicked by SGK1 and SGK3, but not by SGK2, constitutively active (T308D,S473D)PKB or inactive (K127N)SGK1. The observations suggest that SGK1, SGK3 and NHERF2 regulate TRPV5 and are thus likely to participate in the regulation of calcium homeostasis.
Characterization of Magnetic Nanomaterials Synthesized within Thin Centrifugally Motivated Fluid Films (2005)

Magnetic nanomaterial synthesis is commonly a batching process Spinning Disk Reactor (SDR) technology provides a novel methodology for continuous production of nanomaterials with highly variable reaction and production parameters. As demonstrated by Cafeiro, et al [4] for nonmagnetic nanomaterials, variations in these parameters can result in particle size distributions with tunable characteristics.
Orientation as a probe of photodissociation dynamics (1999)

Molecular chlorine (Cl2) was photodissociated in the wavelength range 270–400 nm with linearly polarized light, and the orientation of the excited-state chlorine atom Cl*(2P1/2) was measured by 2+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using circularly polarized light. The degree of orientation of the Cl* photofragment is found to oscillate as a function of photolysis wavelength. The oscillation is a result of quantum mechanical coherence arising from electronic states of different symmetry that correlate to the same separated-atom asymptote. A simple curve-crossing model using abinitio potential energy curves reproduces the general shape of the oscillation but fails to give a quantitative fit.
The Genome Sequence of the Crenarchaeon Acidilobus saccharovorans Supports a New Order, Acidilobales , and Suggests an Important Ecological Role in Terrestrial Acidic Hot Springs (2010)

Acidilobus saccharovorans is an anaerobic, organotrophic, thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon isolated from a terrestrial hot spring. We report the complete genome sequence of A. saccharovorans, which has permitted the prediction of genes for Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff pathways and genes associated with the oxidative tricarboxylic acid cycle. The electron transfer chain is branched with two sites of proton translocation and is linked to the reduction of elemental sulfur and thiosulfate. The genomic data suggest an important role of the order Acidilobales in thermoacidophilic ecosystems whereby its members can perform a complete oxidation of organic substrates, closing the anaerobic carbon cycle.
Volar Wrist Ganglia Cured by Carpal Tunnel Decompression (1990)

Three patients are described, each of whom had both carpal tunnel syndrome and a volar wrist ganglion. Carpal tunnel decompression caused resolution of the ganglion. This suggests that both disorders may be caused by the same pressure phenomenon.