gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Deep Learning Pipeline for Improved Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (2022)

The image quality of ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) images is driven by the ability to accurately detect and track the location of microbubbles (MBs) in vascular networks. This task becomes increasingly challenging in imaging environments with high MB concentrations and low signal-to-noise ratios, making it difficult to differentiate and localize individual MBs. Recent developments in deep learning (DL) have demonstrated significant improvements over conventional methods but depend on vast amounts of realistic training data with the corresponding ground truth labels, which are difficult to obtain. The alternative, simulated data, in turn, poses challenges in generalizability of the method. In this work, we present a hybrid pipeline for ULM that comprises data generation, localization, and tracking. It combines the current state-of-the-art, utilizing both conventional and DL techniques. We show that using this approach, we can create high-quality velocity maps while being able to generalize well across different domains.
Local fluid dynamics in patients with bifurcated coronary lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (2020)

Although the coronary arteries are uniformly exposed to systemic cardiovascular risk factors, atherosclerosis development has a non-random distribution, which follows the local mechanical stresses including flow-related hemodynamic forces. Among these, wall shear stress plays an essential role and it represents the major flow-related factor affecting the distribution of atherosclerosis in coronary bifurcations. Furthermore, an emerging body of evidence suggests that hemodynamic factors such as low and oscillating wall shear stress may facilitate the development of in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis after successful drug-eluting stent implantation. Drug-eluting stent implantation represents the gold standard for bifurcation interventions. In this specific setting of interventions on bifurcated lesions, the impact of fluid dynamics is expected to play a major role and constitutes substantial opportunity for future technical improvement. In the present review, available data is summarized regarding the role of local fluid dynamics in the clinical outcome of patients with bifurcated lesions.
A 7Gbps SCA-Resistant Multiplicative-Masked AES Engine in Intel 4 CMOS (2022)

A side-channel-attack (SCA) resistant AES engine with multiplicative-masked Sboxes is fabricated in Intel 4 CMOS, achieving 1.8× lower area overhead compared to conventional additive-masked implementations. Balanced dual-rail detector circuits pre-empt zero-value attacks while providing a 34,000× increase in side-channel-attack resistance, with a measured minimum-traces-to-disclose (MTD) of 850M encryption traces.
Experimental demonstration of optical colorless direct-detection OFDM signals with 16- and 64-QAM formats beyond 15 Gb/s (2008)

Both highly spectral-efficient direct-detection 15-Gb/s 64-QAM and 20-Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM signals are demonstrated. Negligible penalty is observed following 25-km SMF transmission.
Synthesis of 4,4-Disubstituted 2-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Their Incorporation into 12-Helical β-Peptides (2004)

An enantioselective synthetic route is reported for trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acids (ACPC) bearing geminal side chain pairs at the 4-position. Beta-peptides containing the 4,4-disubstituted ACPC residues adopt the 12-helical conformation, as demonstrated by 2D NMR analysis in aqueous solution. These 4,4-disubstituted ACPC residues display functional groups, including acidic and hydrogen bond donating groups, in a geometrically defined fashion, which should be useful for the design of beta-peptides for specific applications. [structure: see text]
The chemistry of o-phenylene di-isothiocyanate. Part 2. Reactions with enamines, an ynamine, and some reactive methylene compounds (1980)

Reactions of o-phenylene di-isothiocyanate with activated methylene compounds have given, with acetylacetone and benzoylacetone, 1-substituted thiocarbonyl benzimidazoline-2-thiones and with malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate 3,4-dihydro-2H-benz[d]imidazol[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines. Enamines, as exemplified by 1-pyrrolidin-1-ylcyclohexene, react with the di-isothiocyanate and give benzimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazine-11-thiones or substituted thiocarbonyl benzimidazoline-2-thiones. An ynamine, 1-diethylaminoprop-1-yne, reacted with o-phenylene di-isothiocyanate to give 2-diethylamino-3-methylbenzimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-4-thione.
Implantable hearing device performance measured by laser Doppler interferometry. (1997)

Recent application of the Doppler principle laser interferometry to audiology, acoustics and otology has facilitated the development of implantable hearing devices (IHDs). During the design and testing of two different electromagnetic middle ear implants for sensorineural hearing loss, we used single-point laser Doppler interferometry (LDI). A commercially available interferometer, internally calibrated and validated against a National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) standard, was used with both mechanical fixtures and fresh temporal bones to evaluate implant mass, shape and orientation, attachment, electromagnetic coupling and acoustic properties. At both Hough Ear Institute and Symphonix Devices, Inc., we have shown that high fidelity and amplitudes can be recorded in vitro over a frequency range of 500 Hz to 10 kHz. These data can provide greater assurance of safety and efficacy to regulatory agencies before entering clinical trials. We propose that LDI be considered as an international standard for accurate, consistent comparison of performances of all IHDs during development. Furthermore, the future availability of human IHD data will allow for the extrapolation of a mechanical bench model of the middle ear transfer function for use in quality control during manufacturing and diagnosis of failure in IHDs.
RUNX1-dependent RAG1 deposition instigates human TCR-δ locus rearrangement (2014)

V(D)J recombination of TCR loci is regulated by chromatin accessibility to RAG1/2 proteins, rendering RAG1/2 targeting a potentially important regulator of lymphoid differentiation. We show that within the human TCR-α/δ locus, Dδ2-Dδ3 rearrangements occur at a very immature thymic, CD34(+)/CD1a(-)/CD7(+dim) stage, before Dδ2(Dδ3)-Jδ1 rearrangements. These strictly ordered rearrangements are regulated by mechanisms acting beyond chromatin accessibility. Importantly, direct Dδ2-Jδ1 rearrangements are prohibited by a B12/23 restriction and ordered human TCR-δ gene assembly requires RUNX1 protein, which binds to the Dδ2-23RSS, interacts with RAG1, and enhances RAG1 deposition at this site. This RUNX1-mediated V(D)J recombinase targeting imposes the use of two Dδ gene segments in human TCR-δ chains. Absence of this RUNX1 binding site in the homologous mouse Dδ1-23RSS provides a molecular explanation for the lack of ordered TCR-δ gene assembly in mice and may underlie differences in early lymphoid differentiation between these species.
IL-17R–EGFR axis links wound healing to tumorigenesis in Lrig1+ stem cells (2018)

Lrig1 marks a distinct population of stem cells restricted to the upper pilosebaceous unit in normal epidermis. Here we report that IL-17A-mediated activation of EGFR plays a critical role in the expansion and migration of Lrig1<sup>+</sup> stem cells and their progenies in response to wounding, thereby promoting wound healing and skin tumorigenesis. Lrig1-specific deletion of the IL-17R adaptor Act1 or EGFR in mice impairs wound healing and reduces tumor formation. Mechanistically, IL-17R recruits EGFR for IL-17A-mediated signaling in Lrig1<sup>+</sup> stem cells. While TRAF4, enriched in Lrig1<sup>+</sup> stem cells, tethers IL-17RA and EGFR, Act1 recruits c-Src for IL-17A-induced EGFR transactivation and downstream activation of ERK5, which promotes the expansion and migration of Lrig1<sup>+</sup> stem cells. This study demonstrates that IL-17A activates the IL-17R-EGFR axis in Lrig1<sup>+</sup> stem cells linking wound healing to tumorigenesis.
Investigation of the effect of different cutting parameters on chip formation of low-lead brass with experiments and simulations (2013)

Poor chip breakage causes problems in machining of low-lead brass. To improve chip breakage, finite element model simulations were implemented in cutting tool design. Finite element model simulations enable high number of experiments that would be expensive and slow to perform by conventional cutting tests. Compression tests and cutting experiments under different temperatures and strain rates were performed for lead-free brass, to acquire material parameters for the finite element model. It was observed that the coupled effect of thermal softening and rate sensitivity of the material was difficult to take into account with the existing material model. Furthermore, it was found that there are no reported material models that can take rate sensitivity–temperature coupling into account. This was counteracted by fitting the model with least square method to the stress–strain data at the cutting temperature, although this causes error in simulations with temperatures higher or lower than the supposed cutting temperature. Nevertheless, the simulated results proved accurate enough to model the chip breakage. Based on the simulations and experiments, the use of a positive rake angle, high cutting speed and low cutting feed rate improve chip breakage from continuous chip to a chip of average length of 4 mm.
Cognitive Architectures and Autonomy: A Comparative Review (2012)

One of the original goals of artificial intelligence (AI) research was to create machines with very general cognitive capabilities and a relatively high level of autonomy.It has taken the field longer than many had expected to achieve even a fraction of this goal; the community has focused on building specific, targeted cognitive processes in isolation, and as of yet no system exists that integrates a broad range of capabilities or presents a general solution to autonomous acquisition of a large set of skills.Among the reasons for this are the highly limited machine learning and adaptation techniques available, and the inherent complexity of integrating numerous cognitive and learning capabilities in a coherent architecture.In this paper we review selected systems and architectures built expressly to address integrated skills.We highlight principles and features of these systems that seem promising for creating generally intelligent systems with some level of autonomy, and discuss them in the context of the development of future cognitive architectures.Autonomy is a key property for any system to be considered generally intelligent, in our view; we use this concept as an organizing principle for comparing the reviewed systems.Features that remain largely unaddressed in present research, but seem nevertheless necessary for such efforts to succeed, are also discussed.
Controlled Metabolic Depression With Adenosine Receptor Agonists (2022)

Maintaining muscle tissue during prolonged microgravity exposure is key for long-term survival and preservation of functional capacity. A potential approach to minimize muscle loss is to slow the enzymatic processes that underly muscle atrophy. Altering the activity of adenosine receptors can create a system-wide change towards hypometabolism, thus slowing metabolic and enzymatic activity. PURPOSE: To characterize and identify the optimal dose of 5’ adenosine monophosphate (5AMP) and N6- cyclohexladenosine (CHA) to induce a state of artificial metabolic depression. METHODS: L6 skeletal muscle myoblasts were cultured in growth medium (90% DMEM 10% FBS) until they reached 90-95% confluency. Cells were then seeded onto a 96-well plate at a density of 10,000 cells/ml with fresh growth media and incubated for 24 hr prior to experimentation. Cells were then exposed to growth media containing either CHA or 5AMP at varying doses. Cell viability was assessed immediately after incubation via a Nikon live cell confocal imaging system. Oxygen consumption and glycolytic activity were assessed using ELISA based assays. RESULTS: Both 5AMP (<125 μM) and CHA (<12.5 μM) reduced metabolic activity by 15% and 20% respectively. Furthermore, at the respective doses, there was no significant change in cell viability relative to control cells (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Initial evidence suggests that a low dose of CHA and 5AMP can create a moderate degree of metabolic depression.
Accelerating Enzymatic Catalysis Using Vortex Fluidics (2016)

Enzymes catalyze chemical transformations with outstanding stereo- and regio-specificities, but many enzymes are limited by their long reaction times. A general method to accelerate enzymes using pressure waves contained within thin films is described. Each enzyme responds best to specific frequencies of pressure waves, and an acceleration landscape for each protein is reported. A vortex fluidic device introduces pressure waves that drive increased rate constants (kcat ) and enzymatic efficiency (kcat /Km ). Four enzymes displayed an average seven-fold acceleration, with deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) achieving an average 15-fold enhancement using this approach. In solving a common problem in enzyme catalysis, a powerful, generalizable tool for enzyme acceleration has been uncovered. This research provides new insights into previously uncontrolled factors affecting enzyme function.
New technique for measuring two-dimensional oxidation-enhanced diffusion in silicon at low temperatures (1994)

In this letter, a new high-resolution technique is presented for determining the lateral extent of oxidation-enhanced diffusion (OED). A periodic grid of lines and spacings is used as an oxidation mask. It will be shown that a simple secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurement permits the extraction of parameters in the lateral direction with a resolution which can be as good as 10 nm. The lateral extent of OED is depth dependent, consistent with a physical model of point-defect recombination at the Si/SiO2 interface.
Taajuusmuuttajaohjatun pumppukäytön simulointimallin kehittäminen ja testaus (2009)

Pumppukäytöt vastaavat noin neljänneksestä Euroopan sähkömoottoreissa kulutettavasta sähkötehosta. Energian kallistumisen vuoksi energian säästämisestä ja energiatehokkuudesta on tullut yhä tärkeämpää. Taajuusmuuttajat ovat tuoneet yksinkertaisen säätötavan, jolla suurimmassa osassa pumppukäyttöjä voidaan saada huomattavia energiasäästöjä. Koko energiansäästöpotentiaalin hyödyntämiseksi täytyy kuitenkin pumppujen toimintaa tarkkailla. Tarkkailu voidaan toteuttaa käyttämällä taajuusmuuttajan sisäisiä mittauksia pumpun toimintapisteen määrittämiseen. Tässä työssä muodostetaan kaksi simulointimallia, joilla voidaan tutkia pumppukäytön toimintapistettä ja energiatehokkuutta. Pumpattavan nesteen ominaisuuksien vaikutusta malleihin tutkitaan ja tapoja korjata virhettä selvitetään. Mallien tuottamia estimaatteja verrataan laboratorio ja pilot-kohteiden mittauksiin. Pilot-kohteiden avulla tutkitaan voidaanko simulointimalleja käyttää teollisuuden energiansäästöpotentiaalia omaavien pumppukäyttöjen havaitsemiseen.
Restricted Conformation of a Hydrogen Bond Mediated Catalyst Enables the Highly Efficient Enantioselective Construction of an All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenter (2016)

A highly active catalyst for the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with β,β-disubstituted nitroalkenes is reported, allowing catalyst loadings down to 0.05 mol % for this challenging transformation, providing useful synthetic building blocks with an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. The catalyst is based on a bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex as a structural template, and through the ligand sphere it forms hydrogen bonds with the two substrates. Starting from a previous design (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 14021), the catalyst was rendered C2-symmetrical in order to maximize the atom economy of this catalyst scaffold (two catalytic centers per iridium complex), and, most importantly, rational design was applied to restrict the conformational freedom of a key hydrogen bond acceptor, being responsible for activating the indole nucleophile and bringing it in an ideal position for the presumed ternary transition state.
Impact of low-k structure and porosity on etch processes (2012)

The fabrication of interconnects in integrated circuits requires the use of porous low dielectric constant materials that are unfortunately very sensitive to plasma processes. In this paper, the authors investigate the etch mechanism in fluorocarbon-based plasmas of oxycarbosilane (OCS) copolymer films with varying porosity and dielectric constants. They show that the etch behavior does not depend on the material structure that is disrupted by the ion bombardment during the etch process. The smaller pore size and increased carbon content of the OCS copolymer films minimize plasma-induced damage and prevent the etch stop phenomenon. These superior mechanical properties make OCS copolymer films promising candidates for replacing current low-k dielectric materials in future generation devices.
Roadmap on spatiotemporal light fields (2022)

Spatiotemporal sculpturing of light pulse with ultimately sophisticated structures represents the holy grail of the human everlasting pursue of ultrafast information transmission and processing as well as ultra-intense energy concentration and extraction. It also holds the key to unlock new extraordinary fundamental physical effects. Traditionally, spatiotemporal light pulses are always treated as spatiotemporally separable wave packet as solution of the Maxwell's equations. In the past decade, however, more generalized forms of spatiotemporally nonseparable solution started to emerge with growing importance for their striking physical effects. This roadmap intends to highlight the recent advances in the creation and control of increasingly complex spatiotemporally sculptured pulses, from spatiotemporally separable to complex nonseparable states, with diverse geometric and topological structures, presenting a bird's eye viewpoint on the zoology of spatiotemporal light fields and the outlook of future trends and open challenges.
Role of Lower-Extremity Musculature in Maintaining Knee Stability During Gait (2006)

Knowledge of muscle, ligament, and joint-contact loading is important for understanding function of the normal knee and for planning surgical and/or physiotherapy interventions to treat soft-tissue injuries and degenerative joint disease. Little is known, however, about how the muscles and ligaments act to limit movements of the bones at the knee in daily activity. PURPOSE: To calculate and explain load sharing between the muscles, ligaments, and bones at the knee during normal and ACL-deficient gait. METHODS: Joint angles, ground reaction forces, and muscle forces were obtained from a three-dimensional computer simulation of normal walking. These data were input into a musculoskeletal model of the lower limb that included a three-dimensional model of the knee. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate the relative translations of the bones at the knee at each instant during the simulated gait cycle. RESULTS: The model anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was loaded throughout the stance phase of normal gait. Peak ACL force occurred at contralateral toe-off and was 303 N (0.4 times body weight (BW)). Quadriceps muscle activity dominated the pattern of force in the ACL. The medial collateral ligament was the primary restraint to increased anterior tibial translation (ATT) in the ACL-deficient knee. Increasing hamstrings muscle force reduced ATT in the ACL-deficient knee to the level calculated for the intact knee. Decreasing quadriceps force did not reduce ATT to the level calculated for the intact knee. The force transmitted between the femur and tibia remained mainly on the medial side of the knee in both normal and ACL-deficient gait. In normal gait, for example, peak compressive force acting in the medial compartment was 2.4 BW, compared to 0.8 BW transmitted on the lateral side. Medial compartment loading was dominated by the ground reaction force, which induced an adductor moment at the knee. The adductor moment was resisted mainly by activity in the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles. CONCLUSION: The hamstrings are the most effective muscles for stabilizing movements of the knee in the sagittal plane during gait. The muscles that contribute most significantly to knee stability in the frontal plane are the quadriceps and gastrocnemius.
TEM Study of Microstructural Changes in an Anisotropic Nd&ndash;Fe&ndash;Co&ndash;B&ndash;Zr Magnet Alloy during HDDR Process (1998)

Changes in microstructure of Nd–Fe–Co–B–Zr alloy powder during the hydrogenation-decomposition-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process have been investigated in detail by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the microstructural changes in the HDDR process start with the formation of cellular NdH2 and α-(Fe, Co) at a temperature between 933 and 973 K. The starting temperature is about 50 K higher than that of the Nd–Fe–B ternary system. By further annealing at 973 K, colonies of rod-shaped NdH2 and spherical grains of NdH2 grow, embedded in the α-(Fe, Co) matrix. It was confirmed by the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis that there is no specific crystallographic orientation relationship between the original Nd2(Fe, Co)14B and the decomposed phases; NdH2 and α-(Fe, Co). (Fe, Co)2B grains appear above 973 K, but the number density of the grains is very small. These features suggest that none of the NdH2, the α-(Fe, Co) and the (Fe, Co)2B transfers the c-axis of the original Nd2(Fe, Co)14B to the recombined one. The microstructure formed at 1073–1103 K consists mainly of fine spherical NdH2 particles and α-(Fe, Co) matrix. Most of the NdH2 particles are covered with rims. The SAED and EDX analyses confirmed that the rim regions are made of Nd2(Fe, Co)14B crystalline grains which are strongly correlated with one another in the crystal orientation. After a short treatment of hydrogen desorption, the rim-like phases grow up to form a microcrystalline structure of Nd2(Fe, Co)14B.
New insights in protein phosphorylation: a signature for protein phosphatase 1 interacting proteins (2004)

Protein phosphatase 1 is regulated by the interaction between a catalytic subunit (PP1c) and multiple interacting proteins that allow the specific dephosphorylation of diverse cellular targets. This communication proposes to use the simultaneous presence of distinct consensus PP1c docking motifs R/K-x(0,1)-V-x-F and F-x-x-R/K-x-R/K as a signature to identify proteins putatively interacting with the PP1c. To develop this concept, we propose a new website, http://pp1 signature.pasteur.fr, which allows the identification of putative PP1-interacting proteins containing the two distinct PP1c docking consensus motifs represented in the Swissprot library. To validate the new concept of signature, we were able to characterise, by co-immunoprecipitation, four new PP1c interacting proteins randomly selected from the database in our website.
Multiplex Tissue Imaging Harmonization: A Multicenter Experience from CIMAC-CIDC Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Network (2021)

Our results support interchangeability of protocols and platforms to deliver robust, and comparable data using similar tissue specimens and confirm that CIMAC-CIDC analyses may therefore be used with confidence for statistical associations with clinical outcomes largely independent of site, antibody selection, protocol, and platform across different sites.