gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of grain-boundary structure in Al–Cu interconnects (1997)

The role of crystallographic texture in electromigration resistance of interconnect lines is well documented. The presence of a strong (111) fiber texture results in a more reliable interconnect structure. It is also generally accepted that grain-boundary diffusion is the primary mechanism by which electromigration failures occur. It has been difficult to this point, however, to obtain statistically reliable information of grain-boundary structure in these materials as transmission electron microscopy investigations are limited by tedious specimen preparation and small, nonrepresentative, imaging regions. The present work focuses upon characterization of texture and grain-boundary structure of interconnect lines using orientation imaging microscopy, and particularly, upon the linewidth dependence of these measures. Conventionally processed Al–1%Cu lines were investigated to determine the affects of a postpatterning anneal on boundary structure as a function of linewidth. It was observed that texture tended to strengthen slightly with decreasing linewidth subsequent to the anneal procedure. Grain morphology changed substantially as the narrow lines became near bamboo in character and the crystallographic character of the boundary plane changed as a function of linewidth. These results are contrasted with those obtained from Al–1%Cu lines, which were fabricated using the damascene process. The damascene lines show a marked weakening in texture as the linewidth decreases, accompanied by a more random misorientation distribution. A description of the competing energetics, which result in the observed microstructures, is included.
Reversible birefringence in microstructures fabricated by two-photon absorption polymerization (2007)

This paper reports the fabrication of birefringent microstructures using two-photon absorption polymerization. The birefringence is caused by a light-driven molecular orientation of azoaromatic molecules (Disperse Red 13) upon excitation with an Ar+ laser at 514.5nm. For an azoaromatic dye content of 1% by weight, we obtain a birefringence of 5×10−5. This birefringence can be completely erased by overwriting the test spot with circularly polarized laser light or by heating the sample. Our results open the door to the development of alternative applications in optical data storage, waveguiding, and optical circuitry.
Comparison of the OKα x-ray emission bands in micro- and mesoporous silica materials and in α-quartz (2008)

X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at the O Kalpha threshold has been used to investigate the electronic structure of a microporous pure calcined zeolite with the crystal structure of the MFI-type framework (silicalite), a deboronated MFI zeolite (DB-MFI), a pure mesoporous cubic MCM-48 material, a MCM-48 loaded with copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles (CuZnO-MCM-48), and a crystalline layered silicic acid H-RUB-18. For comparison, the XES O Kalpha spectrum of pure alpha-quartz has also been recorded. In the nonresonant energy regime the XES O Kalpha spectra for all these compounds look very similar indicating that the electronic structure of the micro- and mesoporous silica materials is very similar to that of quartz. In the resonant regime, however, the spectra exhibit significant differences. In all the materials under study, the resonant XES O Kalpha spectra recorded at photon energies close to the positions of the O K edges show Raman-type inelastic peaks with an energy loss of 11 eV, originating from electronic excitations within these insulating materials. The prominent features in the XES O Kalpha spectra of alpha-quartz and H-RUB-18 are analyzed by means of quantum chemical ab initio cluster calculations.
Three‐Dimensional Printing (3DP™) of Gradient‐Index (GRIN) Lenses (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Expreimental Procedure Results and Discussion Conclusions
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoquinolines and Pyridines by the Palladium‐ and Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling and Cyclization of Terminal Acetylenes. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors and sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primary B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells (2000)

Because tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (Apo2 ligand) preferentially kills malignant cells while sparing normal cells, it may be therapeutically useful against cancers, including those of haematopoietic origin. Although the activity of TRAIL has been studied in tumour cell lines and in a limited number of different primary tumours, its overall activity in a large number of uniform cases of primary tumours is not known. We therefore studied the activity of TRAIL in 29 primary precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) samples. TRAIL was found to have a modest activity as it killed a maximum of 29% of ALL cells within 18 h compared with killing 75% of Jurkat cells. The sensitivity to TRAIL did not correlate with the pattern of TRAIL receptor expression or FLIP expression, as determined by Western blot analysis. The CD40 receptor, which can transduce survival signals in mature malignant B cells, was less frequently expressed on ALL cells, but incubation with an exogenous soluble CD40 ligand trimer did not rescue them from spontaneous apoptosis and did not mediate their resistance to TRAIL. Further, although ALL cells expressed TRAIL protein, they failed to kill target Jurkat cells in a TRAIL-dependent manner. Our data delineate major biological differences between mature and precursor malignant B cells and suggest a limited therapeutic role for TRAIL as a single agent in primary B-cell ALL.
Crystal structures of Sr(ClO4)2·3H2O, Sr(ClO4)2·4H2O and Sr(ClO4)2·9H2O (2014)

The title compounds, strontium perchlorate trihydrate {di-μ-aqua-aquadi-μ-perchlorato-strontium, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)3] n }, strontium perchlorate tetra-hydrate {di-μ-aqua-bis-(tri-aqua-diperchloratostrontium), [Sr2(ClO4)4(H2O)8]} and strontium perchlorate nona-hydrate {hepta-aqua-diperchloratostrontium dihydrate, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)7]·2H2O}, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid-liquid phase diagram. The structures of the tri- and tetra-hydrate consist of Sr(2+) cations coordinated by five water mol-ecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetra-hedra in a distorted tricapped trigonal-prismatic coordination mode. The asymmetric unit of the trihydrate contains two formula units. Two [SrO9] polyhedra in the trihydrate are connected by sharing water mol-ecules and thus forming chains parallel to [100]. In the tetra-hydrate, dimers of two [SrO9] polyhedra connected by two sharing water mol-ecules are formed. The structure of the nona-hydrate contains one Sr(2+) cation coordinated by seven water mol-ecules and by two O atoms of two perchlorate tetra-hedra (point group symmetry ..m), forming a tricapped trigonal prism (point group symmetry m2m). The structure contains additional non-coordinating water mol-ecules, which are located on twofold rotation axes. O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the water mol-ecules as donor and ClO4 tetra-hedra and water mol-ecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures.
Biomimetic Route to Calcium Phosphate Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles: Influence of Different Functional Groups and pH (2011)

Abstract The controlled synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid particles with selective morphology using polymeric nanoparticles as templates offers an effective biomimetic route to design composite materials with interesting properties for various potential applications. In this study, the formation of hybrid particles via the bio‐inspired mineralization of calcium phosphate (CaP) on the surface of different surface‐functionalized polymeric nanoparticles is reported. The versatile miniemulsion polymerization is used to prepare different surface functionalized nanoparticles with covalently bound carboxylic acid and phosphonic acid surface‐functionalities. Functional comonomers with varying hydrophilicity like acrylic acid (AA), vinylphosphonic acid (VPA), and vinylbenzylphosphonic acid (VBPA) are employed for the copolymerization with styrene. The influence of different functional groups at different pH on the crystal phase and morphology of the calcium phosphate phase in the hybrid nanoparticles is analyzed in detail by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron as well as X‐ray diffraction (ED and XRD) techniques. The calcium ion binding affinity of different surface functional groups at varying loading conditions is studied using calcium ion selective electrode to shed light on the mineralization kinetics as well as on the interfacial chemistry involved between the complexing ions and the functional groups on the particle surface. The CaP/polymer hybrid particles with well‐defined crystal phases and morphologies offering varying surface topographies are interesting candidates for cell adhesion and proliferation studies for potential tissue engineering applications. They could be used as bone fillers, building blocks for the nucleation, and the growth of new bone material or implant coatings to reduce the immune response. magnified image
Non-parametric Statistical Formulas for Factors of Safety of Plant Stems (1999)

A previously proposed statistical approach for computing factors of safety (i.e. numerical measures of mechanical reliability) for any load bearing structure, like a vertical plant stem, is here extended to cope with organic structures whose morphological or mechanical properties have Weibull frequency distributions. This approach is illustrated using the actual length L and critical buckling length Lerof flower stalks (peduncles) collected from isogenic garlic (Allium sativum) populations grown under windy field and protected glasshouse conditions. Our analyses of the data indicate that L and Lerof peduncles harvested from both populations have Weibull frequency distributions, that the factor of safety for glasshouse grown peduncles is very near unity (i.e. S=1.03), and that the factor of safety of field grown peduncles is 73% higher than that of glasshouse grown plants (i.e. S=1.73). Comparisons between the S -values computed on the basis of our formulas and on the basis of the quotient of the mean values of Lerand L for each of the two populations indicate that the statistical method gives biologically realistic S -values and that the difference in the S -values for stems grown under protected and unprotected environmental conditions likely reflects the effects of chronic mechanical perturbation (due to wind-induced drag) on normal stem growth and development. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
New technetium-99m generator technologies utilizing polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems (1995)

Two new schemes for TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}}/MoO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} separations from OH{sup {minus}} and MoO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} media using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) have been developed. The two most important salt solutions in current {sup 99m}Tc-generator technologies, OH{sup {minus}} and MoO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, also salt out PEG to form ABS. In liquid/liquid PEG- ABS, pertechnetate can be separated from molybdate with separation factors as high as 10,000. Stripping is accomplished by reduction of the TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}} and back extraction into a salt solution. the strip solution can be the salt of an imaging agent (e.g., Na{sub 4}HEDPA) and thus may, under the appropriate conditions, be injected directly into the human body. {sup 99m}TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}} can also be concentrated from a dilute load solution of {sup 99}MoO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} in NaOH using an aqueous biphasic extraction chromatographic technique (ABEC). A rinse with K{sub 2}CO{sub 3} assures that all {sup 99}MoO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} is removed from the column and this is confirmed by a rapid drop in {sup 99}Mo activity by the fourth free column volume (fcv) of rinse. The {sup 99m}TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}} is then eluted with water. This chromatographic separation affords 94% of the {sup 99m}TcO{sub 4}{sup {minus}} activity in 5 fcv, with the y spectrum showing less than 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} of the original {sup 99}Mo activity.
MIMO and massive MIMO — Analysis for a local area scenario (2015)

The performance of centralized and distributed deployments of massive MIMO in an office building is analyzed both with and without cooperation. It is shown that using twice as many base station antennas as data streams provides most of the massive MIMO benefits. A simple transmission scheme achieves user fairness and operates close to a capacity upper bound. An example scheduling algorithm improves efficiency only for less than twice the number of base station antennas as data streams. The tradeoff between performance and cost for backhauling is evaluated by comparing cooperation of distributed base stations with a single central deployment.
Access Control and Mobility Management (2019)

This chapter will provide an overview of mobility management principles for fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) in E-UTRA-NR DC with evolved packet system (EPS) and next generation RAN (NG-RAN) in 5G System. It will touch on the new requirements and challenges such as flexible mobility that must be met by 5G System with respect to mobility management. It also provides a detailed overview of radio resource control protocol (RRC) and non-access stratum (NAS) states, handover and mobility procedures in the various states, also beam management, beam level, and cell level mobility, handover procedures for Non-Standalone and Standalone mode. In addition, it provides insights on challenges due to high mobility and requirements to support ultra-reliable low latency with respect to mobility. Furthermore, it outlines the procedures for inter-system mobility. Finally, it gives an outlook for supporting enhanced mobility features in subsequent third generation partnership project (3GPP) releases.
Load balancing with energy storage systems based on co-simulation of multiple smart buildings and distribution networks (2017)

In this paper, we present a co-simulation framework that combines two main simulation tools, one that provides detailed multiple building energy simulation ability with Energy-Plus being the core engine, and the other one that is a distribution level simulator, Matpower. Such a framework can be used to develop and study district level optimization techniques that exploit the interaction between a smart electric grid and buildings as well as the interaction between buildings themselves to achieve energy and cost savings and better energy management beyond what one can achieve through techniques applied at the building level only. We propose a heuristic algorithm to do load balancing in distribution networks affected by service restoration activities. Balancing is achieved through the use of utility directed usage of battery energy storage systems (BESS). This is achieved through demand response (DR) type signals that the utility communicates to individual buildings. We report simulation results on two test cases constructed with a 9-bus distribution network and a 57-bus distribution network, respectively. We apply the proposed balancing heuristic and show how energy storage systems can be used for temporary relief of impacted networks.
ChemInform Abstract: ENEHYDRAZINES. II. CYCLOACYLATION OF TAUTOMERIZABLE ENEHYDRAZINES (1982)

Abstract Die entsprechenden Enhydrazine (I) und (IV) werden bei der Acylierung mit Chlorthioameisensäurechlodd, N‐Methyl‐iminodicarbonylchlorid, dem Malonsäuredichlorid (VI) bzw. Cl?orcarbonylisocyanat zu den Thiazolonen (II), den Aminouracil‐Deriva‐ LCII V ), UUII YYIIULHUIUIICH [V 11), U611 fy11U111l11U1IU1l V 111) ULW.
Calibration of Astronomical Spectrographs with Laser Frequency Combs (2016)

Laser frequency combs have found their way from laboratory spectroscopy into astronomy to serve as calibrators for spectrographs. Boosting the precision available in astronomical spectroscopy, this might pave the way to many new discoveries. In this tutorial we give an overview on this recent development
Assembly and packaging of non-bumped 3D chip stacks on bumped substrates (2014)

In this paper, a novel assembly and packaging approach is proposed for 3D/2.5D chip stacks based on bumped substrates. The thinned chips are stacked using thermal compression bonding with “flat” metallization to reduce assembly complexity associated with conventional controlled-collapse-chip-connection (C4) solder bumps. Meanwhile, the laminate substrates are bumped with C4s using injected molten solder (IMS) processes. The pre-stacked chips are then assembled and packaged on the bumped laminates successfully.
Autoantibody Landscape in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer (2020)

We present the first large-scale profiling of autoantibodies in advanced prostate cancer, utilizing a new antibody profiling approach to reveal novel cancer-specific antigens and epitopes. Our study recovers antigens of known importance and identifies novel tumor-specific epitopes of translational interest.
Investigations with the Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide Swath Mode (2015)

The contribution focuses on the current status of the ESA study entitled “INSARAP: Sentinel-1 InSAR Performance study with TOPS Data”. The study investigates the performance of the interferometric wide swath (IW) mode of Sentinel-1, which is implemented using the terrain observation by progressive scans (TOPS) mode. The key aspects of the TOPS mode that need to be considered for accurate interferometric processing will be presented, and first analyses with Sentinel-1 time series will be shown. The interferometric processing chain used to process the data will be expounded in detail. The interferometric results will focus on different pilot sites, namely, Campi Flegrei/Vesuvius area and Mount Etna, both located in Italy, Istanbul city in Turkey, and Mexico City. The evaluation of the results will be performed using in-situ geodetic measurements based on continuous GPS stations located on the different sites. For Mexico City and Istanbul a cross-check using TSX TOPS time series will be also used. Other relevant interferometric aspects will be also addressed, e.g., phase jumps due to azimuthal motion and ionospheric artefacts.
Automatic Prostate Zonal Segmentation Using Fully Convolutional Network With Feature Pyramid Attention (2019)

Our main objective in the paper is to develop a novel deep learning-based algorithm for automatic segmentation of prostate zones and to evaluate the performance of the algorithm on an additional independent testing dataset in comparison with inter-reader agreement between two experts. With IRB approval and HIPAA compliance, we designed a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic segmentation of the prostatic transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ) on T2-weighted (T2w) 3 Tesla (3T) MRI. The total study cohort included 359 MRI scans of patients in subcohorts; 313 scans from a deidentified publicly available dataset (SPIE-AAPM-NCI PROSTATEX challenge) and 46 scans from a large U.S. tertiary referral center (external testing dataset (ETD)). The TZ and PZ contours were manually annotated by research fellows, supervised by expert genitourinary (GU) radiologists. The model was developed using 250 patients and tested internally using the remaining 63 patients from the PROSTATEX (internal testing dataset (ITD)) and tested again (n=46) externally using the ETD. The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) was used to evaluate the segmentation performance. DSCs for PZ and TZ were 0.74±0.08 and 0.86±0.07 in the ITD respectively. In the ETD, DSCs for PZ and TZ were 0.74±0.07 and 0.79±0.12, respectively. The inter-reader consistency (Expert 2 vs. Expert 1) were 0.71±0.13 (PZ) and 0.75±0.14 (TZ). This novel DL algorithm enabled automatic segmentation of PZ and TZ with high accuracy on both ITD and ETD without a performance difference for PZ and less than 10% TZ difference. In the ETD, the proposed method can be comparable to experts in the segmentation of prostate zones. Part of our source code and datasets with annotations is available at https://github.com/ykl-ucla/prostate_zonal_seg.
A Comprehensive Survey of Voice over IP Security Research (2011)

We present a comprehensive survey of Voice over IP security academic research, using a set of 245 publications forming a closed cross-citation set. We classify these papers according to an extended version of the VoIP Security Alliance (VoIPSA) Threat Taxonomy. Our goal is to provide a roadmap for researchers seeking to understand existing capabilities and to identify gaps in addressing the numerous threats and vulnerabilities present in VoIP systems. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to vulnerabilities reported in a variety of VoIP products. We identify two specific problem areas (denial of service, and service abuse) as requiring significant more attention from the research community. We also find that the overwhelming majority of the surveyed work takes a black box view of VoIP systems that avoids examining their internal structure and implementation. Such an approach may miss the mark in terms of addressing the main sources of vulnerabilities, i.e., implementation bugs and misconfigurations. Finally, we argue for further work on understanding cross-protocol and cross-mechanism vulnerabilities (emergent properties), which are the byproduct of a highly complex system-of-systems and an indication of the issues in future large-scale systems.
Cytotoxicity on Cancer Cells according to Average Molecular Weight of Chitosan Hydrolysates (2022)

To confirm the molecular characteristics of chitooligosaccharides (COS) derived from the hydrolysis of high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC), measuring average molecular weight (MW) using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and their cytotoxicity was confirmed by treatment with several cancer cells. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of Chi-S according to different MW on various cancer cells, two types of chitooligosaccharide (COS) named Chi-S and COS-S were subjected in a concentration-dependent manner. It was divided into chitinous active substance (Chi-S) containing N-acetylglucosamine and chitosan oligosaccharide substance (COS-S), respectively. The average MW of Chi-S obtained by enzymatic treatment of HMWC for 24 h was confirmed to be about 2.7 kDa. Chi-S showed no cytotoxicity against all treated cancer cells. However, rather than showing cytotoxicity in immune macrophages RAW264.7, significant cell proliferation was observed. On the other hand, COS-S (average MW of approximately 7.3-kDa) obtained by enzymatic treatment of HMWC for 12 h showed significant cytotoxicity against all cancer cells including immune macrophages RAW264.7 at a high concentration range of 100 mg/mL or more. Furthermore, no significant changes were observed in breast cancer cells and normal cells treated with the control group. Therefore, based on the results, we estimate that Chi-S may be involved in indirect anticancer activity by selective or adaptive immunological activity according to the molecular characteristics. Our data will be a good guide for subsequent studies that can focus on the particular activity of molecules according to the difference between chitosan MW and the deacetylation degree (DD) of HMWC.