gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Residual Stress Induced from Bone Structure and Tissure in Rabbits Tibia (2000)

It is well known that bone has a capability to adapt to usual mechanical environment and to reconstruct functionally its structure and geometry. This phenomenon is called as the adaptive bone remodeling. One of the most important mechanical factor of the remodeling is the stress. To generate the bone remodeling, the stress should remain to stimulate the osteocyte in the relative long period. Thus stress will be a kind of residual stress. To verify this assumption, it is a great significance to measure the residual stress in bone tissue. This paper describes a method to measure the residual stress in rabbit's tibia using the characteristic X-ray diffraction. Bone powder with below 45μm diameter was used as non-strained specimen. As a result, it is proved that the residual stress distributes in rabbits' tibia. The residual stress will occur to not macroscopic bone structure but microscopic bone tissue.
Joining of Silicon Carbide with a Cordierite Glass‐Ceramic (1999)

A method for the joining of silicon carbide using a cordierite glass‐ceramic has been developed. Cordierite, with glass‐ceramic processing, remains amorphous and wets the SiC substrate to form a strong bond when rapidly fired. Subsequent heat treatment crystallizes a multiphase interlayer with a matching bulk thermal expansion coefficient (CTE). A benchtop tape casting method for depositing joining precursor films of varying thickness is described. The wetting characteristics of cordierite on SiC that are pertinent to the joining process are shown to be highly sensitive to processing atmosphere. Doping with a fluoride ion flux can lower the peak processing temperature without significantly altering the crystallization path. The effect of interlayer thickness is observed by monitoring indentation crack paths and with 4‐point bending tests. Controlling the degree of crystallinity is shown to tailor the mismatches in thermal expansion coefficient and elastic moduli to produce joints of high strength (σ F &gt; 500 MPa). Characterization is accomplished with XRD, SEM, and TEM.
SEXTANT: Extracting Semantics from Raw Text (1994)

Until the recent past, there have been two extreme approaches toward extracting knowledge from text. On the one hand, artificial intelligence systems have long operated under the assumption that an a priori structuring of the text domain is necessary
Understanding Support Effects of ZnO‐Promoted Co Catalysts for Syngas Conversion to Alcohols Using Atomic Layer Deposition (2020)

Abstract Co 2 C, an emerging catalyst for the conversion of syngas to oxygenates, shows support‐sensitive behavior that has not yet been fully explained. Here, we characterize Co catalysts modified with ZnO atomic layer deposition on SiO 2 , carbon, CeO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 supports. We find that under syngas conditions, ZnO‐promoted Co transforms into Co 2 C on SiO 2 , carbon, and CeO 2 , but not on Al 2 O 3 . Moreover, the support affects the extent of carburization: while the SiO 2 ‐supported catalyst carburizes completely, carbon‐ and CeO 2 ‐supported catalysts show incomplete conversion of Co to Co 2 C. These three catalysts also exhibit different oxygenate selectivities. In contrast, the modified Al 2 O 3 ‐supported catalyst retains the Fischer‐Tropsch catalytic properties of metallic Co. By depositing increasing amounts of Al 2 O 3 by ALD on the SiO 2 support, decreasing Co 2 C formation and oxygenate selectivity occurs. In‐situ XANES reveals that Al 2 O 3 prevents Co 2 C formation by enabling the ZnO to restructure into ZnAl 2 O 4 during reduction. Thus, in addition to modifying the active catalyst phase, the promoter can also strongly interact with the support, significantly impacting catalyst performance.
Extractable organic substances from New Zealand unifloral manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys (1993)

SUMMARYThe range and concentrations of extractable organic substances occurring in 14 samples of New Zealand manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey taken in the 1989–1990 season were compared with those found in some 1985–1987 samples. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography with flame ion detection and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of 69 compounds are listed. The results verify an earlier proposition that irrespective of season and geographical origin, samples of unifloral manuka honey are characterized by a combined concentration of 2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-propionic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-(41-methoxy-phenyl) propionic acid greater than 700 mg/kg honey, a combined concentration of syringic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid greater than 35 mg/kg honey, and a combined concentration of acetophenone and 2-methoxy- acetophenone greater than 20 mg/kg honey.
Highly efficient synthesis of cyclic ureas from CO2 and diamines by a pure CeO2 catalyst using a 2-propanol solvent (2013)

Pure cerium oxide (CeO2) acts as an effective and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for direct synthesis of cyclic ureas from CO2 and diamines even at a low CO2 pressure of 0.3 MPa. 2-Propanol is the most preferable solvent to provide good selectivity. The system composed of a CeO2 catalyst and a 2-propanol solvent is applied to various diamines to provide the corresponding cyclic ureas in high yields (78–98%), including six-membered-ring ureas that are difficult to be synthesized from CO2. Based on the kinetic studies on the effect of CO2 pressure and amine concentration and FTIR studies on adsorption of ethylenediamine and CO2 onto CeO2, the following mechanism for the synthesis of cyclic urea is proposed: (1) formation of carbamic acid and carbamate species on CeO2, (2) decomposition of carbamic acid to a free amino group and CO2, (3) nucleophilic attack of the amino group on the carbamate on CeO2 to produce the cyclic urea and (4) desorption of the product and regeneration of CeO2.
Abstract 218: R-Spondin (RSPO) signaling drives the growth of multiple human tumor types. (2013)

Abstract The R-spondin-LGR signaling axis is a recently appreciated pathway that promotes beta-catenin signaling in normal stem cell populations. Beta-catenin signaling had long been considered synonymous with Wnt signaling. We conducted a reporter-based screen for secreted beta-catenin signaling activities produced by a panel of human tumors. This exercise and further molecular characterization efforts discovered RSPO activity produced by numerous human tumors of multiple tumor types including ovarian, pancreatic, colon, breast and non-small cell lung cancer. Specific antibody antagonists of RSPO family members were developed. In minimally passaged human tumor xenograft models, anti-RSPO treatment markedly inhibited tumor growth in several tumor types. Moreover, RPSO blockade promoted tumor differentiation and reduced the frequency of tumor initiating cells. These data highlight the potential for therapeutic intervention with this newly appreciated signaling axis. Citation Format: Austin Gurney, Cecile Chartier, Fumiko Axelrod, Jennifer Cain, Wan-Ching Yen, Christopher Murriel, Janak Raval, Marcus Fischer, Jalpa Shah, May Ji, Christopher Bond, Ann Kapoun, John Lewicki, Timothy Hoey. R-Spondin (RSPO) signaling drives the growth of multiple human tumor types. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 218. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-218
Improved hierarchical planner performance using local path equivalence (2011)

This paper presents an improved speaker localization method based on the generalized cross-correlation (GCC) method weighted by the phase transform (PHAT) for binaural robot audition. The problem with the conventional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation based on the GCC-PHAT method is a multipath interference whereby a sound wave travels to microphones via the front-head path and the back-head path in binaural robot audition. This paper describes a new time delay factor for the GCC-PHAT method to compensate multipath interference on the assumption of spherical robot head. In addition, the restriction of the time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimation by the sampling frequency is also solved by applying the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in frequency domain. Experiments conducted in the SIG-2 humanoid robot show that the proposed method reduces localization errors by 17.8 degrees on average and by over 35 degrees in side directions comparing to the conventional DOA estimation.
An investigation of the structure and properties of layered copper thiolates (2001)

Copper(I) n-alkane thiolate systems have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal analyses. The diffraction pattern is composed of a series of peaks, which are indexed to (0k0) reflections of a layered structure. The tilt angle, θ, of the alkyl chains is estimated to be 13°, distinctly different from the silver thiolates, where the chains are near normal to the silver plane. The layers interpenetrate to a small (or negligible) extent. The alkyl chain assembly is different from that of crystalline alkanes. An increase in the alkyl chain order with increase in chain length is evident in the infrared spectra. The chains are essentially all-trans, but gauche conformations are seen near the sulfur end. Upon cooling, an orientational transition occurs resulting in the freezing of the local symmetry around the methyl group. The materials show high thermal stability and desorption is seen only above 500 K. High temperature phase transitions of the materials have been studied by variable temperature powder XRD, variable temperature IR and differential scanning calorimetry. Two distinct transitions; one from an original gauche–trans (g–t) to a gauche (g) phase and another subsequent one, to a columnar mesophase, have been identified. The transitions are not fully reversible, conformational changes are observed upon heating and cooling. Thiolates appear to be model systems for the investigation of molecular self-assembly on copper surfaces.
Reconstruction of rearranged T‐cell receptor loci by whole genome and transcriptome sequencing gives insights into the initial steps of T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (2019)

T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is an aggressive tumor with leukemic presentation of mature T-lymphocytes. Here, we aimed at characterizing the initial events in the molecular pathogenesis of T-PLL and particularly, at determining the point in T-cell differentiation when the hallmark oncogenic events, that is, inv(14)(q11q32)/t(14;14)(q11;q32) and t(X;14)(q28;q11) occur. To this end, we mined whole genome and transcriptome sequencing data of 17 and 11 T-PLL cases, respectively. Mapping of the 14q32.1 locus breakpoints identified only TCL1A, which was moreover significantly overexpressed in T-PLL as compared to benign CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, as the only common oncogenic target of aberrations. In cases with t(14;14), the breakpoints mapped telomeric and in cases with inv(14) centromeric or in the 3'-untranslated region of TCL1A. Regarding the T-cell receptor alpha (TRA) locus-TCL1A breakpoint junctions, all 17 breakpoints involved recombination signal sequences and 15 junctions contained nontemplated (N-) nucleotides. All T-PLL cases studied carried in-frame TRA rearrangements on the intact allele, which skewed significantly toward usage of distal/central TRAV/TRAJ gene segments as compared to the illegitimate TRA rearrangements. Our findings suggest that the oncogenic TRA-TCL1A/MTCP1 rearrangements in T-PLL occur during opening of the TRA locus, that is, during the progression from CD4+ immature single positive to early double positive thymocyte stage, just before physiologic TCL1A expression is silenced. The cell carrying such an oncogenic event continues maturation and rearranges the second TRA allele to achieve a functional T-cell receptor. Thereafter, it switches off RAG and DNTT expression in line with the mature T-cell phenotype at presentation of T-PLL.
Feasibility Study on a Hyperacuity Device With Motion Uncertainty: Two-Point Stimuli (2007)

Can a device that can perform hyperacuity vision tasks be built? In this paper, a feasibility study based on separation discrimination is conducted. Two types of ideal detectors are considered. The first is the stimulus defined statistically (SDS) detector by Geisler and Davilla. The second is one that estimates the uncertainty and then takes out its effect. In the first method, an array of many ideal stimulus defined exactly (SDE) detectors covers uncertainties and forms the ideal SDS detector. When the separation distance between the SDE detectors is around 1 arcmin, the SDS detector can achieve nearly optimal performance. To cover the motion uncertainty with nearly optimal performance, the SDE detector at each position needs to cover 16 directions, and at each direction, it needs to cover speeds with an increment of 0.5 degrees/s. Typically, the SDS detector needs 7776 SDE detectors to deal with a speed up to 2 degrees/s stimulus movement with a randomly selected direction and a 9 min x 9 min position uncertainty region. This ideal observer can achieve a hyperacuity threshold of 2-4 arcsec. Its threshold is almost constant over the range of speeds covered by the SDS detector. Using the second method, position estimation and motion tracking capability is examined. With perfect position estimation and motion tracking, the SDS detector can be reduced to a single SDE detector that is tuned to correct position and motion direction and speed. Two lower bounds on the estimation variance are examined, namely: 1) the Cramer-Rao bound and 2) the Ziv-Zakai bound. The results showed that if an estimation algorithm that can achieve the performance of bounds can be found, then the second method could achieve a hyperacuity capability of 1 s or less. The human visual system may more likely adopt the first method, but the second is simpler to use in building up a device using microprocessors. In this paper, dot-pair templates are used, which precisely match to dot-pair stimuli, to compute the likelihood and make a decision. The main difference between this paper and that of Geisler and Davilla lies in using a discrete sum over an array of SDE detectors to closely approximate continuous integration over the uncertain region, which makes it much easier in hardware implementation.
Compressed SRv6 Segment List Encoding in SRH (1999)

This document defines a compressed SRv6 Segment List Encoding in the
SRH. This solution does not require any SRH data plane change nor any
SRv6 control plane change. This solution leverages the SRv6 Network
Programming model.
Liquid-Crystalline Polymesomorphism in Copper(ll) Complexes of β-Diketones (1992)

Abstract The preparation of a number of copper(II) complexes of β-diketones is described. Following the unexpected discovery of a smectic A phase in bis-[l-(4′-decylbiphenyl-4-yl)-3-(4′-fluorobiphenyi-4-yl)propane-l,3-dionato]copper(II), two series of novel copper(II) complexes were prepared; one series is based on l-biphenyl-3-phenylpropane-l,3-dione and the other on l,3-di-(biphenyl)propane-l,3-dione and each incorporates polar terminal substituents in the lateral benzene and biphenyl units respectively. Many of the complexes containing polar substituents show enhanced smectic character in comparison with their non-polar analogues. Four further examples of complexes exhibiting polymesomorphism (SA, N and Sc, SA) are described and the occurrence of an Sc phase in three of the complexes are the first such examples. The liquid-crystalline properties of the β-diketone ligands are also discussed.
Insulinotropic activity of the imidazoline derivative RX871024 in the diabetic GK rat (2002)

The insulinotropic activity of the imidazoline derivative RX871024 was compared in pancreatic islets from nondiabetic Wistar rats and spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. RX871024 significantly stimulated insulin secretion in islets from both animal groups. The insulinotropic activity of RX871024 was higher than that of the sulfonylurea glibenclamide. This difference was more pronounced in islets from GK rats compared with Wistar rat islets. More importantly, RX871024 substantially improved glucose sensitivity in diabetic beta-cells, whereas glibenclamide stimulated insulin secretion about twofold over a broad range of glucose concentrations in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. RX871024 induced a faster increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration and faster inhibition of ATP-dependent K(+) channel activity in GK rat islets compared with Wistar rat islets. RX871024 also induced a more pronounced increase in diacylglycerol concentration in GK rat islets. These data support the idea that imidazoline compounds can form the basis for the development of novel drugs for treatment of type 2 diabetes, which can restore glucose sensitivity in diabetic beta-cells.
‘Hot topic’ – combined energy and process modeling in thermal hydrolysis systems (2019)

The thermal hydrolysis process (THP) is applied to enhance biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD), reduce viscosity for improved mixing and dewatering and to reduce and sterilize cake solids. Large heat demands for steam production rely on dynamic effects like sludge throughput, gas availability and THP process parameters. Here, we propose a combined energy and process model suitable to describe the dynamic behaviour of THP in a full-plant context. The process model addresses interactions of THP with operational conditions covered by the AD model obeying mass continuity. Energy conservation is considered in balancing and converting various energy species dominated by thermal heat and calorific energy. The combined energy and process model was then applied on the THP at Blue Plains advanced WWTP (DC Water) to analyse the process and assess potential energy optimizations. It was found that dynamic effects like mismatched steam production and consumption, temporary gas shortages and underloaded units are responsible for energy inefficiencies with losses in electricity-production up to 29%.
Multi-Community Detection in Signed Graphs Using Quantum Hardware (2019)

Signed graphs serve as a primary tool for modelling social networks. They can represent relationships between individuals (i.e., nodes) with the use of signed edges. Finding communities in a signed graph is of great importance in many areas, for example, targeted advertisement. We propose an algorithm to detect multiple communities in a signed graph. Our method reduces the multi-community detection problem to a quadratic binary unconstrained optimization problem and uses state-of-the-art quantum or classical optimizers to find an optimal assignment of each individual to a specific community.
Antibody Response of Healthy Adults to Recombinant Thrombospondin-Related Adhesive Protein of Cryptosporidium 1 after Experimental Exposure to Cryptosporidium Oocysts (2004)

Thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium 1 (TRAP-C1) belongs to a group of proteins that are also found in Toxoplasma gondii, Eimeria tenella, and Plasmodium species. TRAP-related proteins are needed for gliding motility, host-cell attachment, and invasion. The objective of this study was to characterize the antibody response to recombinant TRAP-C1 (rTRAP-C1) in healthy volunteers exposed to C. parvum and their association with clinical illness. A total of 31 healthy adult volunteers participated. Seven volunteers received the C. parvum TAMU isolate (inocula, 10 to 300 oocysts), and 24 volunteers received the C. parvum UCP isolate (500 to 10(5) oocysts). The total antibody (immunoglobulin M [IgM], IgG, and IgA) response to rTRAP C-1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays prior to and after exposure to Cryptosporidium parvum (days 0 to 45). Results of this study showed that individuals who were uninfected demonstrated higher reactivity at baseline compared to those who became infected. After challenge, increases in antibody reactivity were seen on days 30 and 45 compared to the results seen on days 0 to 5. The increases in antibody reactivity were statistically significant in subjects with diarrhea and with or without detectable oocysts compared to the results seen with those who were uninfected and asymptomatic. These findings suggest that increases in antibody reactivity to rTRAP-C1 occur after recent exposure to C. parvum.
Nine Enzymes Are Required for Assembly of the Pacidamycin Group of Peptidyl Nucleoside Antibiotics (2011)

Pacidamycins are a family of uridyl peptide antibiotics that inhibit the translocase MraY, an essential enzyme in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis that to date has not been clinically targeted. The pacidamycin structural skeleton contains a doubly inverted peptidyl chain with a β-peptide and a ureido linkage as well as a 3'-deoxyuridine nucleoside attached to DABA(3) of the peptidyl chain via an enamide linkage. Although the biosynthetic gene cluster for pacidamycins was identified recently, the assembly line of this group of peptidyl nucleoside antibiotics remained poorly understood because of the highly dissociated nature of the encoded nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) domains and modules. This work has identified a minimum set of enzymes needed for generation of the pacidamycin scaffold from amino acid and nucleoside monomers, highlighting a freestanding thiolation (T) domain (PacH) as a key carrier component in the peptidyl chain assembly as well as a freestanding condensation (C) domain (PacI) catalyzing the release of the assembled peptide by a nucleoside moiety. On the basis of the substrate promiscuity of this enzymatic assembly line, several pacidamycin analogues were produced using in vitro total biosynthesis.