gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic sodium loading augments natriuretic response to acute volume expansion in the preweaned rat (1995)

Positive sodium balance is necessary for normal somatic growth of the neonate, and the neonatal renal response to volume expansion (VE) is attenuated compared with the adult. To test the hypothesis that dietary sodium modulates the developmental response to VE, preweaned rats were artificially reared with either a normal (25 meq/l)- or high-sodium (145 meq/l) diet for 7-8 days and were compared with adult rats receiving normal or high sodium. Serum sodium concentration remained normal in adults on high sodium, whereas neonates became hypernatremic. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary flow (V), and urinary sodium (UNaV) were measured before and after acute saline VE (1% body wt). While remaining constant in preweaned rats, GFR increased > 50% in adult rats after VE (P < 0.05). High sodium intake augmented V and UNaV after VE but was not sustained in neonates as in adults. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate excretion (UcGMPV) were measured, and baseline UcGMPV was lower in preweaned rats receiving normal sodium but increased to levels similar to adult levels after VE. Postexpansion plasma ANP was higher in preweaned rats than in adult rats and was not affected by dietary sodium regardless of age. We conclude that the attenuated postexpansion natriuresis in the neonate is due in part to an adaptive response to limited sodium intake. However, neonatal compensation to increased sodium intake is incomplete and independent of plasma ANP.
Introduzione (2022)

The introduction aims at underlining how the Resistance movement has been dealt throughout the political debate hold in republican Italy, summing up how scholastic law deals with the topic. Eventually, it sums up the following parts of the volume.
The Validity of the Family History Method for Identifying Alzheimer Disease (1997)

Identifying dementia, in general, and AD, in particular, has an acceptable sensitivity and specificity. As is true for direct clinical diagnosis, the major issue associated with misclassifying AD in a family history assessment is the masking effects of a coexisting non-AD dementia or dementia-related disorders, such as stroke. Including mixed cases, ie, PPD and multiple infarct dementia in estimates of the familial risk for AD can reduce the extent of underestimation of PPD.
Resolution Conversion and Enhancement Technologies (1997)

The goal of the present chapter is to provide applications and system context to resolution conversion and enhancement as it is being practiced in the digital printing industry. A variety of logic-based (template-based) technologies have been developed despite the similarity of problems addressed and the similar digital document setting, We have chosen to teach this context by describing a sampling of techniques developed by various corporations. The list of corporations discussed is not all-inclusive and the methods they employ are not fully described because our goal is to present a breadth of methodology, not provide a corporation review. Inclusion or exclusion of corporations or material is not intended as an endorsement or critique. Much of the source material for this chapter comes from US patents, to which we refer the reader for more complete and detailed information. The list of references at the end of this book contains additional citations to other patents and publications on current practices.
Thermally induced phase switching in mechanically biased single crystal relaxors (2019)

In this work, we examine the time-dependent piezoelectric response of [011] poled rhombohedral [Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3]0.24[Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3]0.44[PbTiO3]0.32 single crystals under variable thermal loading. We find that thermal radiation incident on a piezoelectric crystal held under mechanical compressive bias stress generates an abrupt jump in strain with a rise time &amp;lt;1 ms, much faster than the bulk thermal time scale. This discontinuity is associated with a weak first-order ferroelectric–ferroelectric structural phase transition as confirmed by in situ X-ray diffraction results. We demonstrate that this transition can be cycled repeatedly with low thermal hysteresis (&amp;lt;3 °C) under zero applied electric field with a sizable reversible strain jump of ∼0.12%. Moreover, we show that the thermally driven phase switching behavior can be tuned by varying the bias stress and/or electric field, establishing effective control parameters and conditions for future applications such as actuators, thermally controlled transducers, and sensors.
Mortality of Feral Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Immatures in Coated Guavas (1995)

Guavas from a commercial field near Homestead, FL, that were naturally infested with Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspense (Loew), were coated with Nature Seal 2000, Nature Seal containing 4% hydroxypropyl cellulose, or Pac-Rite TFC 213 (a carnauba wax). Precoating infestation rates ranged from 0 to 3.2 larvae per guava, and the mean Caribbean fruit fly survival in guavas coated with Nature Seal (4%), Nature Seal 2000, or Pac-Rite TFC 213 was 9, 46, and 68%, respectively, compared with uncoated controls. Mean days to 50% emergence was 18.2 d for larvae in guavas coated with Nature Seal (4%); this was significantly longer (95% CL) than the mean to 50% emergence for larvae in uncoated guavas (13.4 d) or those in guavas coated with Pac-Rite TFC 213 (13.2 d). Carbon dioxide levels were generally higher and oxygen levels generally lower in Nature Seal-coated guavas compared with uncoated guavas. Coatings can lower Caribbean fruit fly survival rates in guavas and might become a component of a systems approach to allow export of guavas from Florida to parts of the world that require fruit fly treatment.
DNA electroporation in rabbits as a method for generation of high-titer neutralizing antisera (2013)

Raising high titer antibodies in animals is usually performed by protein immunization, which requires the long and sometimes difficult step of production of the recombinant protein. DNA immunization is an alternative to recombinant proteins, only requiring the building of an eukaryotic expression plasmid. Thanks to efficient DNA delivery techniques such as in vivo electroporation, DNA vaccination has proven useful the last few years. In this work, we have shown that it is possible to raise very high antibody titers in rabbit by DNA electroporation of an antigen encoding plasmid in the skeletal muscle with the right set of electrodes and rabbit strain. In a model of botulinum toxins types A and E, the neutralizing titers obtained after three treatments were high enough to fit the European Pharmacopeia, while it did not for type B toxin. Furthermore, the raised antibodies have high avidity and are suitable for in vitro and in vivo immunodetection of proteins.
Unsupervised Classification Techniques for Multipitch Estimation (2004)

In this paper, we present a fast and e‐cient technique for multipitch estimation of musical signals. We dealwithmixtureswhereseveralinstrumentsarepresentinamonophonicrecording. Theapproachconsists in clustering the spectral peaks of the mixture to obtain a spectral representation of each musical note. These spectra are then used to estimate the fundamental frequencies. We compare two techniques for the classiflcationofthespectralpeaks: a K-meansprocedureandasimpleraggregationtechniqueassociatedtoa criterionthatrepresentstheclosenesstoharmonicityforanycoupleoffrequencypeaks. Thiscomparisonis madeoncomplexmixturesholdingvariousmusicalinstrumentsandpianochordmixtures. Theefiectiveness of the two estimation methods is presented using computation of pitch recognition rates and mean source number estimate.
Cardiac susceptibility artifacts arising from the heart-lung interface (2001)

Cardiac MRI studies often show susceptibility artifacts along the inferoapical myocardial margin in both human and in vivo animal experiments at field strengths of 1.5T and greater. This study was designed to determine the cause of these artifacts in porcine myocardium at 3T. Gradient echo images were obtained under various anatomic and physiologic conditions to systematically study potential sources of local susceptibility gradients. Lung resection in the open-chested, euthanized swine was the only intervention that eliminated the artifact. The data suggest that in the porcine model, the heart-lung interface is the primary cause of these artifacts. Magn Reson Med 45:341-345, 2001.
Research on Surface Roughness Prediction Model Based on Genetic Algorithm for Optical Ultra-Precision Machining (2007)

In this paper a dynamic non-linear mathematics model is proposed to predict the surface roughness in optical ultra-precision machining, which can be automatically built by evoling computer program of genetic algorithm. The new model can improve the fitting and predicting accuracy, compared with the traditional linear regression model. The numerical simulation test proves the effectiveness and accuracy of new model.
Low-power communication with a photonic heat pump (2014)

An optical communication channel is constructed using a heated thermo-electrically pumped, high efficiency infrared light-emitting diode (LED). In these devices, electro-luminescent cooling is observed, resulting in greater than unity (> 100%) efficiency in converting electrical power to optical power. The average amount of electrical energy required to generate a photon (4.3 meV) is much less than the optical energy in that photon (520 meV). Such a light source can serve as a test-bed for fundamental studies of energy-efficient bosonic communication channels. In this low energy consumption mode, we demonstrate data transmission at 3 kilobits per second (kbps) with only 120 picowatts of input electric power. Although the channel employs a mid-infrared source with limited quantum efficiency, a binary digit can be communicated using 40 femtojoules with a bit error rate of 3 x 10<sup>-3</sup>.
Performance bounds of estimators in molecular communications under structural constraints (2017)

Parameter estimation is a key task in many aspects of communication systems including molecular communications (MC). The performance of parameter estimators involved in MC has been so far assessed using the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). However, for the discrete-amplitude parameters associated with the released "information molecules" in MC, pertinent regularity conditions do not hold, and consequently the CRLB does not exist. In this context, the present paper advocates the more general Hammersley-Chapman-Robinson lower bound (HCRLB), for MC parameter estimation. As a special case of practical importance, estimation of the number of released molecules, N, is investigated. A simple yet tight approximation of the HCRLB is developed by solving a non-convex optimization problem. A more accurate lower bound is also derived after accounting for the structural constraints inherent to the model under consideration. The resultant approach does not require the aforementioned regularity conditions to be satisfied.
Capturing salience with a trainable cache model for zero-anaphora resolution (2009)

This paper explores how to apply the notion of caching introduced by Walker (1996) to the task of zero-anaphora resolution. We propose a machine learning-based implementation of a cache model to reduce the computational cost of identifying an antecedent. Our empirical evaluation with Japanese newspaper articles shows that the number of candidate antecedents for each zero-pronoun can be dramatically reduced while preserving the accuracy of resolving it.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched 2-Alkyl Piperidine Derivatives through Asymmetric Reduction of Pyridinium Salts (2016)

An Ir-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of 2-alkyl-pyridines has been developed using ligand MeO-BoQPhos. High levels of enantioselectivities up to 93:7 er were obtained. The resulting enantioenriched piperidines can be readily converted into biologically interesting molecules such as the fused tricyclic structures 5, 6, and 7 in 99:1 er, providing a novel, concise synthetic route to this family of chiral piperidine-containing compounds.
Spin conversion induced by the spin-orbit interaction in positronium collisions (2009)

The positronium spin conversion reaction induced by spin-orbit interaction is investigated. We obtain the reaction rates during positronium-Xe and positronium-Kr collisions by using the Zeeman mixing of positronium states. At thermal energies corresponding to room temperature, the reaction rate for spin conversion due to spin-orbit interaction is found to be almost twice that for the positronium pick-off reaction. We also study the energy dependence of the reaction rate. The mean energy of positronium is controlled by changing the gas temperature and using positronium in thermal equilibrium. We found that the reaction rate increases with the collision energy.
Conus Peptides and Their Iodinated Derivatives as Probes for Ion Channels and Receptors (2000)

The genus of venomous marine snails known as Conus has been a very rich resource for the development of biochemical tools in cell biology. Since the isolation of a-conotoxin GI from the venom of the fish-hunting species Conus geographus (Cruz et al., 1978), many other peptides have been purified from its venom. Among these are several peptides that inhibit acetylcholine receptors (α-conotoxins), peptides that block voltage-sensitive sodium channels (μ-conotoxins), peptides which block voltage-sensitive calcium channels (ω-conotoxins), an inhibitor of the NMDA receptor (conantokin-G), and an agonist of the vasopressin receptor (conopressin) (Gray et al., 1988 Olivera et al., 1990; Myers et al., 1993). Examination of the venom components of other species has revealed new classes of peptides with different modes of action.
Scenarios and Case Studies: Examples for Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction 1D Ligand-Based Virtual Screening 2D Ligand-Based Virtual Screening 3D Ligand-Based Virtual Screening Summary References
Bringing letters to life (2018)

In this paper, we present a robotic approach to improve the teaching of handwriting using the tangible, haptic-enabled and classroom-friendly Cellulo robots. Our efforts presented here are in line with the philosophy of the Cellulo platform: we aim to create a ready-to-use tool (i.e. a set of robot-assisted activities) to be used for teaching handwriting, one that is to coexist harmoniously with traditional tools and will contribute new added values to the learning process, complementing existing teaching practices.
3-D Stacked Tier-Specific Microfluidic Cooling for Heterogeneous 3-D ICs (2013)

Cooling is a significant challenge for high-performance and high-power 3-D ICs. In this paper, tier-specific microfluidic cooling technology is proposed and experimentally evaluated in a 3-D stack. Different stacking scenarios are experimentally evaluated including: 1) a memory-on-processor stack; 2) a processor-on-processor stack with equal power dissipation; 3) a processor-on-processor stack with different power dissipations; and 4) a two-tier 3-D stack with each tier containing four cores along the flow direction. Compared with conventional microfluidic cooling, the tier-specific cooling is shown to reduce the pumping power by 37.5% by preventing overcooling when an operating temperature is specified. The results are benchmarked with an air-cooled heat sink. The impact of the lateral thermal gradient along the flow direction on the electrical performances, including leakage power and clock frequency, is analyzed.
The Kinetics of Pig Brain Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (1971)

1 The enzyme kinetics of semi-purified pig brain aldehyde dehydrogenase have been investigated. 2 The form of the basic double reciprocal plots and plots in the presence of known concentrations of NADH are consistent with a compulsory order reaction pathway in which NAD+ is bound first, followed by the aldehyde. The products are released in a fixed order, acid first then NADH. 3 The overall reaction is irreversible, and proceeds to completion. Acid products are not inhibitory. This is consistent with the release of acid products being irreversible. 4 The form of inhibition by high aldehyde concentrations is consistent with the proposed reaction pathway. 5 Apparent substrate activation is observed with acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde.
Principles of total hip replacement (2014)

Total hip replacement (THR) is an operation that is highly successful because it permits the patient to return to their social world. An arthritic hip forces the patient to give up more and more: first their discretionary activities such as sports or exercise, then activities that require effort such as traveling, and lastly their elective activities of daily living. Lawrence D Dorr grew up in Iowa before THR was available. Nearly every home in the small towns had a rocking chair on the porch for the elderly inhabitants. The life of a patient with a severely arthritic hip was home-to-car-to-store-to-chair. On Sundays, these elderly patients would go to church, but they could not attend any activities that required them to have any endurance.
Genetic risk of Parkinson disease and progression: (2019)

This study provides evidence that alleles associated with Parkinson disease risk, in particular <i>GBA</i> variants, also contribute to the heterogeneity of multiple motor and nonmotor aspects. Accounting for genetic variability will be a useful factor in understanding disease course and in minimizing heterogeneity in clinical trials.
Coronary microembolization causes long-term detrimental effects on regional left ventricular function (2011)

Microembolization causes long-term, regional LV dysfunction and this study confirmed the need of a comprehensive MRI-protocol for the detection of microinfarcts. These findings suggest that even small microemboli (40-120 μm in diameter), which may escape the distal protective devices influence cardiac function.
Cell Adhesion and Migration Assays (2006)

Adhesion and migration are basic responses of living cells to environmental stimuli. Such responses are central to a broad range of physiological processes, such as the immune response, repair of injured tissues, and prevention of excessive bleeding. Cell adhesion and migration also contributes to pathologies, including vascular and inflammatory diseases, as well as tumor growth and metastasis. These cellular responses depend on engagement of adhesion receptors by components of the extracellular matrix or molecules present on the surface of other cells. Hence, cell adhesion and migration assays are crucial methods in cell biology. In this chapter, several detailed protocols describing cell adhesion and migration assays are presented, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part II: Effect of Platinum Dispersion (2020)

We investigated the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism on Pt nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on several carbon blacks with various physicochemical properties (i. e. specific surface ranging from 80 to 900 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> , different graphitization degree, etc.). Using the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) along with various electrochemical characterizations, we determined that the rate determining step (RDS) of the ORR is a proton-independent step when the density of Pt NPs on the surface of the carbon support is high. Upon decrease of the density of Pt NPs on the surface, the RDS of the ORR starts involving a proton, as denoted by an increase of the KIE >1. This underlined the critical role played by the carbon support in the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis by Pt supported on high surface area carbon.
Fast three-dimensional laser scanning using acousto-optic deflectors (2005)

A scheme for fast three-dimensional laser scanning using acousto-optic deflectors is proposed and demonstrated. By employing counter-propagating acoustic waves that are both chirped and offset in their frequencies, it is possible to simultaneously scan both in the axial and lateral directions. This scheme also has the added benefit of inherently compensating for spatial dispersion when ultra-fast laser pulses are used in acousto-optic multi-photon microscopy.
Genetic characterization of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from chickens in Indonesia in 2010 (2012)

Since 2003, highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have caused outbreaks among poultry in Indonesia every year, producing the highest number of human victims worldwide. However, little is known about the H5N1 influenza viruses that have been circulating there in recent years. We therefore conducted surveillance studies and isolated eight H5N1 viruses from chickens. Phylogenic analysis of their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes revealed that all eight viruses belonged to clade 2.1.3. However, on the basis of nucleotide differences, these viruses could be divided into two groups. Other viruses genetically closely related to these two groups of viruses were all Indonesian isolates, suggesting that these new isolates have been evolving within Indonesia. Among these viruses, two distinct viruses circulated in the Kalimantan islands during the same season in 2010. Our data reveal the continued evolution of H5N1 viruses in Indonesia.
The regulatory role of naturally occurring CTLA-4 splice variants:the suppressive function of short splice variant 1/4 WT CTLA-4 (B91) (2007)

Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an important cell surface molecule that inhibits T cell activation. Four splice variants of CTLA-4 have been identified, indicating the regulatory complexity of CTLA-4. In this study, we characterized the biology of the shortest splice variant 1/4WT CTLA-4 and its functional correlation to full length (FL CTLA-4). 1/4WT CTLA-4 mRNA was found in quiescent CD4+ T cells and upregulated after immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. The kinetic expression of 1/4WT was opposite to FL CTLA-4. To test functions of 1/4WT CTLA-4, we transduced CD4 T cells with a retroviral vector coexpressing 1/4WT CTLA-4 and the green fluorescent protein (GFP). FL CTLA-4 was downregulated on the cell surface by 1/4WT overexpression, which consequently enhanced antigen specific T cell responses by enhancing T cell proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. This functional correlation between 1/4WT and FL CTLA-4 had profound influence on effector CD4 T cell function. Mice adoptively transferred with MOG35-55 specific CD4 T cells containing ectopically expressed 1/4WT CTLA-4 showed dramatically exacerbated EAE disease, increased CD4 T cell proliferation, and increased IFN gamma and IL-17 production. These data suggest that 1/4WT CTLA-4 plays an important role in regulating T cell activation by affecting expression and/or function of FL CTLA-4.
Choledocholithiasis: comparison of MR cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. (1996)

Non-breath-hold MR cholangiography is as accurate for the evaluation of choledocholithiasis as ERC.