gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal gradient waveform design for projection imaging and projection reconstruction echoplanar spectroscopic imaging (1999)

The use of modulated B0 projection gradient waveforms is proposed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to shape the k-space sampling density function to match the profile of an applied reconstruction window function. This allows for a time-efficient means of maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio when, for example, a low-pass spatial filter, designed to reduce k-space truncation artifacts and corresponding point-spread function sidelobe energies, is implemented. Both the two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cases are investigated. To create the projection gradient waveforms, a design method is developed that uses nonlinear constrained optimization (NLCO) to minimize the variance of the reconstruction noise. The design is subject to both equality and inequality constraints, which include the maximum gradient magnitude and slew rate. It is shown that NLCO can also be applied to twisting the projection trajectories for purposes of reducing the data acquisition time while still maintaining the desired sampling density. Applications to 1H MRSI are investigated via simulations. Advantages and limitations of the new sampling schemes are discussed. Magn Reson Med 41:664–675, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Annotating digital text with phonemic cues to support decoding in struggling readers (2019)

An advantage of digital media is the flexibility to personalize the presentation of text to an individual’s needs and embed tools that support pedagogy and practice. The goal of this study was to develop a tablet-based reading tool, grounded in the principles of phonics-based instruction, and determine whether struggling readers could leverage this technology to improve their decoding skills. The tool presents a small icon below each vowel to represent its sound. Forty struggling child readers were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group to test the efficacy of the phonemic cues. We found that struggling readers could leverage the cues to improve pseudoword decoding: after two weeks of practice, the intervention group showed greater improvement than controls. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a text annotation, grounded in intervention research, to help children decode novel words. These results highlight the opportunity for educational technologies to support and supplement classroom instruction.
LC-MS/MS Determination of Lactobionic Acid: Application to Assessment of Nanoparticle Functionalization (2020)

The interest in lactobionic acid (LA) in nano-pharmaceuticals is growing due to its selective affinity to liver cells. Currently there is no suitable analytical method for the determination of LA in nanoparticles or other matrices. There is a need for a quantitative assay to accurately determine LA in nano-particles as well as in other matrices. In this study, a HILIC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of LA. The method was applied for the assessment of chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) functionalization. The developed method was valid for the determination of LA with a LOD and LOQ of 1 and 5 ng/mL, respectively. The method was applied for the determination of unreacted LA after nanoparticle functionalization and revealed that a loading-capacity of 24 % was achieved. In conclusion, the developed method is the first report for the quantitative determination of LA functionalization on nanoparticles. The method can be directly applied in the quality-control applications for the assessment of nanoparticle functionalization with LA and may be extended for quality control applications of other LA-containing products.
Identification of shared tumor epitopes from endogenous retroviruses inducing high-avidity cytotoxic T cells for cancer immunotherapy (2022)

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent 8% of the human genome. HERV products may represent tumor antigens relevant for cancer immunotherapy. We developed a bioinformatic approach to identify shared CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell epitopes derived from cancer-associated HERVs in solid tumors. Six candidates among the most commonly shared HLA-A2 epitopes with evidence of translation were selected for immunological evaluation. In vitro priming assays confirmed the immunogenicity of these epitopes, which induced high-avidity CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell clones. These T cells specifically recognize and kill HLA-A2<sup>+</sup> tumor cells presenting HERV epitopes on HLA molecules, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. Furthermore, epitope-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were identified by dextramer staining among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from HLA-A2<sup>+</sup> patients with breast cancer. Last, we showed that HERV-specific T cells lyse patient-derived organoids. These shared virus-like epitopes are of major interest for the development of cancer vaccines or T cell-based immunotherapies, especially in tumors with low/intermediate mutational burden.
Base Station Downlink DTX Designs for Interference Mitigation in High-Performance LTE Networks (2014)

To evolve the LTE network to cope with ever and rapidly increasing demand for mobile broadband services and traffic volumes, interference avoidance designs have been identified as one major area to address in the next LTE release. In both traditional homogeneous macro network and heterogeneous network with mix of macro and small cells, intercell interference can be substantially reduced by temporarily halting unneeded downlink transmission. In this paper, we analyze several design aspects of such base station downlink discontinuous transmission (DTX) operations. We provide extensive performance evaluation results and analysis on (1) the time scale of such DTX operations; and (2) whether the DTX operations should be restricted to the small cells only. The results provide guideline for an ideal combination of these design dimensions.
Advanced Modeling and Optimization of Piezoelectric Composites (1992)

The aim of this project was to obtain a more complete understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in piezoelectric transducers, with the aim of obtaining optimal designs and improved manufacturability. Of key importance in design are conversion efficiency, bandwidth, and control of spurious modes. The transducer structures considered are 1: 3, 0:3, 2:2, and 1: 3: 1. Contributions to the advancement of 1:3 modeling and fabrication are: (1) finite element modeling of composite lattices with complex unit cells, (2) transmission line and reciprocity modeling of distributed period composites, (3) fabrication of test transducers for verification of the modeling principles. New modeling theory for 0:3 composites aims at replacing the empirical cubes model with a model consisting of nearly close-packed spherical particles. This approach estimates more closely the performance of 0:3 composites and points the way for further studies. The 2:2 structures considered are, in fact, multilayered electroded transducers with a single piezoelectric material. But multiple piezoelectrics and alternating piezo and nonpiezo layers may also be considered. A procedure has been developed, and confirmed experimentally, for tailoring the transducer time-domain response by applying multiple excitations. Finally, 1:3:1 transducers with a periodic addition of empty voids have been developed. This version produces a more uniform thickness mode displacement and improved coupling, predicted from finite element modeling and confirmed experimentally. Transducer, Composite, Finite Element, Piezoelectric, Multilayer, Spurious Modes, 1:3, 0:3, 2:2, 1:3:1, Time-domain Response, Thickness Mode, Optimal Designs, Improved Manufacturability.
Development of pronuclei in pig oocytes activated by a single electric pulse (1992)

Pig oocytes were matured in vitro in a modified M-199 medium for 44 h, subjected to electrical stimulation and scored for activation 6 h later. Sham pulsed oocytes, exposed to electroporation medium and an a.c. field, did not develop the female pronucleus any more frequently than occurs spontaneously (8.3% within 50 h of culture). However, a single d.c. pulse proved extremely efficient in activating pig oocytes. Pulses of 0.75-1.65 kV cm-1 lasting 30 or 100 microseconds activated at least 90% of matured oocytes. The developmental pathway taken by the activated oocytes depended on the parameters of the pulse. The lowest effective stimulation (0.45 and 0.60 kV cm-1 for 30 microseconds) frequently produced oocytes that remained in pre-pronuclear stages of activation (29.4 and 42.3%, respectively). Extrusion of the second polar body and creation of one pronucleus was the most frequent type of activation (in up to 88.2% among the activated oocytes). The strongest stimulations used (1.05-1.65 kV cm-1 for 100 microseconds) often yielded oocytes that failed to extrude the second polar body and formed two or more pronuclei (up to 56.3%). Under optimal stimulation (0.75 kV cm-1), the activated oocytes proceed synchronously to interphase of the first mitotic division. Anaphase II is reached within 30 min and telophase Ii at 1 h after application of the pulse. The second polar body is extruded about 2 h after activation. Well-defined swelling pronuclei were found in oocytes 5-6 h after activation. The relationship between the stage of oocyte maturation and susceptibility to activation was investigated. The period of culture in which the oocytes develop the activation competence (32-36 h of culture) overlapped with the period in which the oocytes complete meiosis (28-38 h). This suggests that ageing in meiotic arrest is not essential for pig oocytes to become activated by electric pulses. Activation of pig oocytes was accompanied by release of cortical granules. In sections of control (metaphase II) oocytes, an average of 7.3 intact cortical granules per 10 microns of overlying cytoplasmic membrane was found. This number dropped to 1.5 in 10 microns within 30 min after the pulse.
Technologies and Designs for Electronic Nanocomputers (1995)

Diverse space-related applications have been proposed for microscopic and sub-microscopic structures, mechanisms, and 'organisms'. To govern their functions, many of these tiny systems will require even smaller, nanometer-scale programmable computers, i.e. 'nanocomputers' on-board. This paper provides an overview of the results of a nearly two-year study of the technologies and designs that presently are in development for electronic nanocomputers. Strengths and weaknesses of the various technologies and designs are discussed, as well as promising directions for remedying some of the present research issues in this area. The presentation is a synopsis of a longer MITRE review article on the same subject.
Buccal Tablet (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
A Fully Integrated Discrete-Time Superheterodyne Receiver (2016)

The zero/low intermediate frequency (IF) receiver (RX) architecture has enabled full CMOS integration. As the technology scales and wireless standards become ever more challenging, the issues related to time-varying dc offsets, the second-order nonlinearity, and flicker noise become more critical. In this paper, we propose a new architecture of a superheterodyne RX that attempts to avoid such issues. By exploiting discrete-time (DT) operation and using only switches, capacitors, and inverter-based gm-stages as building blocks, the architecture becomes amenable to further scaling. Full integration is achieved by employing a cascade of four complex-valued passive switched-cap-based bandpass filters sampled at 4× of the local oscillator rate that perform IF image rejection. Channel selection is achieved through an equivalent of the seventh-order filtering. A new twofold noise-canceling low-noise transconductance amplifier is proposed. Frequency domain analysis of the RX is presented by the proposed DT model. The RX is wideband and covers 0.4-2.9 GHz with a noise figure of 2.9-4 dB. It is implemented in 65-nm CMOS and consumes 48-79 mW.
Author response: Post-transcriptional regulation of satellite cell quiescence by TTP-mediated mRNA decay (2015)

When muscles are damaged, they can repair themselves to some extent by making new muscle cells. These develop from groups of cells called satellite cells, which are found near the surface of muscle fibers. Once the muscle is injured, the satellite cells are activated and can divide to form two cells with different properties. One remains a satellite cell, while the other forms a ‘myoblast’ that eventually fuses into a mature muscle fiber. Under normal conditions the satellite cells remain in a dormant state and do not divide, but it is not clear how they maintain this dormant state. To create a protein, the gene that encodes it is first ‘transcribed’ to produce a molecule called mRNA, which is then used as a template to build the protein. A protein called Tristetraprolin (TTP) can bind to mRNA molecules and cause them to break down or decay, and so TTP can prevent the mRNA from being used to make a protein. Hausburg, Doles et al. analyzed satellite cells from uninjured muscle and compared them with those from injured tissue. This revealed that when injured, the satellite cells reduced the abundance of several mRNAs, including TTP. Further investigation found that in satellite cells from uninjured tissue, TTP causes the decay of mRNA molecules that are used to produce a protein called MyoD. As MyoD helps the satellite cells to specialize, this decay therefore prevents the formation of myoblasts and keeps the satellite cells in a dormant state. In contrast, damage to the muscle tissue activates a signaling pathway that ultimately inactivates TTP. This enables more of the MyoD protein to be made and the myoblast population to expand. When Hausburg, Doles et al. experimentally reduced the levels of TTP inside satellite cells, the cells developed into myoblasts even when the tissue was uninjured. Thus, TTP is an important regulator that allows satellite cells to remain in a dormant state. In dormant adult stem cells, regulation of protein availability by RNA binding proteins, such as TTP, may co-ordinate rapid changes in metabolic state to promptly repair injured tissue. A major challenge will be to identify the group of proteins involved and determine the precise mechanisms involved in regulating their availability.
Protection by a Commercial Arkansas-Type Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine against a Field Isolate of the Same Serotype (1997)

A late-breaking infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-associated respiratory disease was a chronic problem in Georgia broilers in 1995. The predominant virus isolated from diseased birds was the Arkansas (Ark) type of IBV. Because broilers in Georgia are currently vaccinated with the Arkansas serotype, there was concern that a phenotypic and/or genotypic change had occurred in the field virus so it could break through immunity conferred by commercial vaccines. The purpose of this study was to determine if a commercially available vaccine for IBV as currently used in the field still protected broilers against those viruses. We obtained 108 1-day-old broilers from a commercial source and assigned them randomly to 12 groups. One-half of the groups of birds were vaccinated at 1 day of age and again at 18 days of age with commercially available B1/Mass/Ark vaccine. One-half of both vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups of birds were challenged at 35 and 42 days of age with a recent IBV Ark field isolate. Serologic titers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at time of challenge and at the end of the trial. A necropsy was performed on birds at 56 days and pathogenicity was assessed. Seroconversion was statistically significant in all birds exposed to vaccine or challenge by 56 days of age. Gross airsacculitis was significantly more severe in broilers challenged without prior exposure to vaccine.
Blockade of non-opioid excitatory effects of spinal Dynorphin A at bradykinin receptors (2015)

Dynorphin A (Dyn A) is an endogenous opioid ligand that possesses neuroinhibitory (antinociceptive) effects via μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. However, under chronic pain conditions, up-regulated spinal Dyn A can also interact with bradykinin receptors (BRs) to promote hyperalgesia through a neuroexcitatory(pronociceptive) effect. These excitatory effects cannot be blocked by an opioid antagonist, and thus are non-opioid in nature. On the basis of the structural dissimilarity between Dyn A and endogenous BR ligands, bradykinin(BK) and kallidin (KD), Dyn A's interaction with BRs could not be predicted, and provided an opportunity to identify a novel potential neuroexcitatory target. Systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies discovered a minimum pharmacophore of Dyn A, [des-Arg<sup>7</sup>]-Dyn A-(4-11) LYS1044 for antagonist activity at the BRs, along with insights into the key structural features for BRs recognition, i.e., amphipathicity. The des-Tyr fragment of dynorphin does not bind to opioid receptors. Intrathecal administration of des-Tyr dynorphin produces hyperalgesia reminiscent of behaviors seen in peripheral n europathic pain models and at higher doses, neurotoxicity. Our lead ligand LYS1044 negatively modulated Dyn A-(2-13)-induced neuroexcitatory effects in naïve animals and blocked mechanical hypersensitivity and thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner in animals with experimental neuropathic pain. Based on these results, ligand LYS1044 might prevent abnormal pain states by blocking the neuroexcitatory effects of increased levels of Dyn A that are seen in experimental models of neuropathic pain and that likely promote excitation mediated by BRs in the spinal cord.
Flexible Storage of Images for Digital Cameras (2001)

Currently, digital still image cameras offer the user little flexibility. After initially selecting the number of images to be stored (from a limited number of possible settings), this selection cannot easily be changed at a later time. Furthermore, when only a few pictures have been taken, a large part of the storage capacity may remain unused (whereas it could have been used to improve image quality). Finally, allocating a fixed amount of storage to each image causes the image quality to vary: more complex images will be stored at a lower than average quality. To overcome these three limitations, we propose a new storage method that efficiently uses all of the available storage capacity and offers the user maximal flexibility. It is based on the application of bit-rate scalable image compression methods. These scalable compression methods have the feature that the bit string that describes the image can be cut off at any point, while the bits that are not cut off always provide the best possible reconstruction quality for the image, given the number of bits used to represent it. This feature allows us to cut the encoded bit string into a number of equal-sized blocks and drop blocks from the end of the string. Scalable image compression further has the property that the bits that occur first in the compressed image string provide a larger reduction of the distortion in the reproduction made by the decoder than the bits that occur later in the bit string. Therefore, a block of compressed data from the beginning of the bit string is more important for the image quality than a block of data from the end of the string. By computing the quality contribution for each block, we can compare the blocks of each new image to be stored with the already stored blocks of previous images. The previously stored blocks can be overwritten by new blocks that have a higher quality contribution. Our storage method fully uses the available storage capacity to store the images at the highest overall quality. Initially, when only a few pictures have been taken, they are stored losslessly (or near-losslessly). When more images have to be added, the storage space occupied by the previously stored images is adjusted optimally, in the rate-distortion sense, to fit in each new image. Thus, a variable amount of space is allocated to each image, depending on its complexity. The method allows the selected data of each new image to simply overwrite part of the data of one or more previous images, so it operates without any decoding and re-encoding of image data on the storage medium.
A simplified averaged dynamic model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor driven by a two-level, three-phase, self- controlled transistorized voltage source inverter under 120° conduction mode (2008)

This paper proposes an averaged dynamic model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) exhibiting sinusoidal flux distribution, while fed from a two-level voltage source inverter (VSI), operating in 120° conduction mode. This averaged model is formulated in the light of a conventional permanent magnet DC motor with mechanical commutator and is found similar. A "Detailed Numerical Model", which is totally numerical in nature and which more accurately models the inverter device switchings of 120° conduction mode, is initially developed. The results, predicted by this model are first validated against experiments done on a laboratory prototype PMSM, developed in recent past, which nearly exhibits a sinusoidal back EMF distribution. They are found to match closely. Thereafter, the results predicted by the proposed averaged dynamic model are compared against those predicted by the &apos;Detailed Numerical Model&apos; under identical operating conditions. The results are found to be close and are presented.
A Selection for Assembly Reveals That a Single Amino Acid Mutant of the Bacteriophage MS2 Coat Protein Forms a Smaller Virus-like Particle (2016)

Virus-like particles are used to encapsulate drugs, imaging agents, enzymes, and other biologically active molecules in order to enhance their function. However, the size of most virus-like particles is inflexible, precluding the design of appropriately sized containers for different applications. Here, we describe a chromatographic selection for virus-like particle assembly. Using this selection, we identified a single amino acid substitution to the coat protein of bacteriophage MS2 that mediates a uniform switch in particle geometry from T = 3 to T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. The resulting smaller particle retains the ability to be disassembled and reassembled in vitro and to be chemically modified to load cargo into its interior cavity. The pair of 27 and 17 nm MS2 particles will allow direct examination of the effect of size on function in established applications of virus-like particles, including drug delivery and imaging.