gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Photographs (1971)

Regarding the question of hanging the portraits of our leaders, the Central Authorities made a clear ruling as early as 29 March 1960… “In the organizations for ehe Party, the People's Liberation Army and the people's associations of various kinds, it is permitted to hang the portrait of Mao Tse-tung alone; it is also permitted to hang the portrait of Mao Tse-tung, Liu Shao-ch'i, Chou En-lai, Chu Te, Ch'en Yun, Lin Piao, Teng Hsiao-p'ing, seven persons. The manner of hanging these portraits is: if it is desirable to hang the seven portraits of Mao, Liu, Chou, Chu, Ch'en, Lin, Teng together, the portrait of Mao Tse-tung can be placed in the centre and the others on the two sides. It is also suitable to put the portrait of Mao Tse-tung in the first place and the others in order as indicated, and from left to right. According to our understanding there are now not a few units, especially the primary level units, which have not hung the portraits as described above. We are asking these units to inspect carefully the way in which these instructions have been carried out so that we may have a unified system according to the regulations of the Central Authorities.
Advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor gene therapy: A clinical course of the first Japanese experience (2002)

A phase I study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor vaccine for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was initiated in 1998, as the first cancer gene therapy in Japan. The study is still ongoing, but the first patient is presented here as a case report. The patient was a 60-year-old man with Stage IV CRC with multiple lung metastases. After surgical resection of the tumor, autologous tumor cells were transduced and cultured to produce GM-CSF. The patient received a total of 2.2 x 108 gene-transduced autologous vaccine cells by subcutaneous injection. During the course of vaccination, growth of the largest metastatic mass slowed to some extent; however, multiple new lesions developed. About 1 month after the start of low-dose IL-2 therapy, rapid and remarkable regression in a large lung hilar metastatic mass was noticed. The patient died of progressive disease 7 months after the start of GM-CSF gene therapy. Careful histological examination by autopsy revealed that the responding mass was infiltrated by CD8 positive dominant T lymphocytes, and did not exhibit vasculitis or any other changes associated with active autoimmune disease.
Design Strategies for Reduced‐scale Surface Composition Gradients via CVD Copolymerization (2013)

A new method for generating and modeling reduced‐scale copolymer gradients by CVD is reported. By exploiting diffusion through confined channels, functionalized [2.2]paracyclophanes are copolymerized into their poly( p ‐xylylene) (PPX) analogues as a composition gradient. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to verify the gradient composition profiles. Gradients are deposited on both flat substrates and 3‐dimensional cylinders. Both the thickness and compositional profiles are fitted to a diffusion‐based model using realistic physical parameters. The derived equation can be generalized and optimized for any copolymerization gradient through a confined geometry, thus allowing for broad applicability to other copolymer systems.
A high-performance oxygen evolution catalyst in neutral-pH for sunlight-driven CO2 reduction (2019)

The efficiency of sunlight-driven reduction of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), a process mimicking the photosynthesis in nature that integrates the light harvester and electrolysis cell to convert CO<sub>2</sub> into valuable chemicals, is greatly limited by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution in pH-neutral conditions. Current non-noble metal oxide catalysts developed to drive oxygen evolution in alkaline solution have poor performance in neutral solutions. Here we report a highly active and stable oxygen evolution catalyst in neutral pH, Brownmillerite Sr<sub>2</sub>GaCoO<sub>5</sub>, with the specific activity about one order of magnitude higher than that of widely used iridium oxide catalyst. Using Sr<sub>2</sub>GaCoO<sub>5</sub> to catalyze oxygen evolution, the integrated CO<sub>2</sub> reduction achieves the average solar-to-CO efficiency of 13.9% with no appreciable performance degradation in 19 h of operation. Our results not only set a record for the efficiency in sunlight-driven CO<sub>2</sub> reduction, but open new opportunities towards the realization of practical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction systems.
Constructive Interference through Symbol Level Precoding for Multi-level Modulation (2015)

The constructive interference concept in the downlink of multiple-antenna systems is addressed in this paper. The concept of the joint exploitation of the channel state information (CSI) and data information (DI) is discussed. Using symbol-level precoding, the interference between data streams is transformed Under certain conditions into useful signal that can improve the signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) of the downlink transmissions. In the previous work, different constructive interference precoding techniques have been proposed for the MPSK scenario. In this context, a novel constructive interference precoding technique that tackles the transmit power minimization (min-power) with individual SINR constraints at each user's receivers is proposed assuming MQAM modulation. Extensive simulations are performed to validate the proposed technique.
BotProfiler: Profiling Variability of Substrings in HTTP Requests to Detect Malware-Infected Hosts (2015)

Malware is constantly evolving, which makes it difficult to prevent it from infecting hosts. Many countermeasures against malware infection, such as generating network-based signatures or templates, have been investigated. Such templates are designed to introduce regular expressions to detect polymorphic attacks conducted by attackers. A potential problem with such templates, however, is that they sometimes falsely regard benign communications as malicious, resulting in false positives, due to an inherent aspect of regular expressions. Since the cost of responding to malware infection is quite high, the number of false positives should be kept to a minimum. Therefore, we propose a system to generate templates that cause fewer false positives than a conventional system. We focused on the key idea that malicious infrastructures, such as command and control, tend to be reused instead of created from scratch. The results of implementing our system and validating it using real traffic data indicate that it reduced false positives by up to two-thirds compared to the conventional system and even increased the detection rate of infected hosts.
Enantiomeric Adsorption of Lactic Acid Mixtures in Achiral Zeolites (2014)

We studied the adsorption of chiral mixtures of lactic acid in several zeolites. All zeolite systems showed either no selectivity or heteroselectivity in which the minority enantiomer is adsorbed by a higher fraction than its fraction in the reservoir. Analysis of the mechanism showed that none of the previously identified origins of enantioselective adsorption of scalemic mixtures apply to lactic acid. However, on the basis of the lack of any ordered distribution in the adsorbed phase, we postulate a new mechanism that is likely to be very generic for chiral adsorption processes that proceed via chaotic packing of the adsorbate molecules. The new mechanism can explain several characteristics of the adsorption data and hints at new prospective separation methods with a high potential for pharmaceutical applications.
Bimodal distribution of motility and cell fate in Dictyostelium discoideum (2012)

Pre-starvation amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum exhibit random movements. Starved cells aggregate by directed movements (chemotaxis) towards cyclic AMP and differentiate into live spores or dead stalk cells. Many differences between presumptive spore and stalk cells precede differentiation. We have examined whether cell motility-related factors are also among them. Cell speeds and localisation of motility-related signalling molecules were monitored by live cell imaging and immunostaining (a) in nutrient medium during growth, (b) immediately following transfer to starvation medium and (c) in nutrient medium that was re-introduced after a brief period of starvation. Cells moved randomly under all three conditions but mean speeds increased following transfer from nutrient medium to starvation medium; the transition occurred within 15 min. The distribution of speeds in starvation medium was bimodal: about 20% of the cells moved significantly faster than the remaining 80%. The motility-related molecules F-actin, PTEN and PI3 kinase were distributed differently in slow and fast cells. Among starved cells, the calcium content of slower cells was lower than that of the faster cells. All differences reverted within 15 min after restoration of the nutrient medium. The slow/fast distinction was missing in Polysphondylium pallidum, a cellular slime mould that lacks the presumptive stalk and spore cell classes, and in the trishanku (triA(-)) mutant of D. discoideum, in which the classes exist but are unstable. The transition from growth to starvation triggers a spontaneous and reversible switch in the distribution of D. discoideum cell speeds. Cells whose calcium content is relatively low (known to be presumptive spore cells) move slower than those whose calcium levels are higher (known to be presumptive stalk cells). Slow and fast cells show different distributions of motility-related proteins. The switch is indicative of a bistable mechanism underlying cell motility.
Parameter Estimation Using a Sensor Array in a Ricean Fading Channel (1997)

The estimation of the Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) and the variance of the angular spread, using an array of sensors in the case of a Ricean channel is considered, using the Maximum- Likelihood, Least-Squares and Weighted Least Squares criteria. The Cramer-Rao bound is also obtained for the problem of interest. Simplification of the cost functions to reduce the dimension of the problem has been carried out and the performance of the methods has been studied based on numerical experiments.
OMVPE-grown GaInNAs lasers and SOAs operating at 1.3 μm region (2005)

Progress of information technology in recent years has led to a rapid expansion in data communication capacity and there has been a strong demand for constructing cost-effective and high-performance optical communication systems. Photonic integrated circuit (photonic IC) technology has offered solutions for these requirements by eliminating the individual packaging and optical connections between devices. This approach is expected not only to reduce the cost, size, and power consumption but also to realize new functions that can never be possible with conventional discrete devices. For the practical use of photonic ICs, it is desirable that they can be used under uncooled conditions and are highly productive. However, it seems difficult for conventional InP-based devices to satisfy these requirements because their temperature characteristics are insufficient due to a weak electron confinement in the active region. In addition, at present, InP substrates used for production are mainly 2 or 3 inches in diameter and it is difficult to enlarge the wafer size with maintaining the quality and mechanical strength. GaInNAs, which has been developed recently as an alternative semiconductor material in the long-wavelength region, seems to be the best candidate to satisfy these requirements. It covers bandgaps corresponding to the wavelength from 1.3 &mu;m to 1.6 &mu;m with lattic-matched to GaAs, which leads to the following advantages. First low-cost and large-scale integrations can be realized with high productivity due to the usage of large GaAs substrates of up to 6 inches in diameter and well-established Ga-As-based process technology. Second as well known in GaInNAs lasers, much stronger electron confinement in the active layer can be realized. Therefore GaInNAs-based devices are expected to have larger gain and better temperature characteristics comparing with conventional InP-based devices. In addition, the low Auger recombination rate and large effective mass of electron would also improve gain and temperature characteristics. The crystal quality of GaInNAs has been improved rapidly in several years. Threshold current densities of GaInNAs lasers have been reduced more than one figure and both molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) can provide high quality GaInNAs as shown in figure 1. The threshold current density reached 200A/cm<sup>2</sup> level at 1.3 &mu;m region which is low enough to be used for practical applications. Therefore GaInNAs is thought to be a key material in photonic ICs in the long wavelength region. Semiconductor lasers and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are key components of photonic ICs functioning as light sources, switches, amplifiers, wavelength converters and so on. In this paper, as the first study for photonic integration using GaInNAs, we present very low threshold current GaInNAs lasers and GaInNAs SOAs operating 1.3 &mu;m region with good temperature characteristics.
Enantioselective Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Enol Acetates and Enol Carbamates with Monodentate Phosphoramidites. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polymorphism (2016)

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Identification of HLA-A*0201-Restricted T Cell Epitopes Derived from the Novel Overexpressed Tumor Antigen Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel 2 (2002)

Vaccination against tumor Ags may become a promising treatment modality especially in cancer types where other therapeutic approaches fail. However, diversity of tumors requires that a multitude of Ags become available. Differential expression in normal vs cancerous tissues, both at the mRNA and the protein level, may identify Ag candidates. We have previously compared transcripts from squamous cell lung cancer and normal lung tissue using differential display analysis, and found a transcript that was overexpressed in malignant cells and was identical with the calcium-activated chloride channel 2 (CLCA2) gene. We have now selected HLA-A2-restricted peptides from CLCA2, and have generated T cell lines against the CLCA2-derived KLLGNCLPTV, LLGNCLPTV, and SLQALKVTV peptides using in vitro priming. Specificity of T cells was ascertained in ELISPOT assays. The primed T cells also recognized allogeneic tumor cells in an Ag-specific and HLA-restricted fashion. Moreover, peptide LLGNCLPTV was also independently recognized by CD8(+) T cells expanded from pancreatic carcinoma/T cell cocultures. CLCA2-specific CD8(+) T cells were absent from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. These data indicate that an immune response can be induced against CLCA2, which thus may become an important Ag for anti-tumor vaccination approaches.
Recontacting biobank participants to collect lifestyle, behavioural and cognitive information via online questionnaires: lessons from a pilot study within FinnGen (2022)

In summary, this pilot suggests that recontacting FinnGen participants with the goal to collect a wide range of cognitive, behavioural and lifestyle information without additional engagement results in a low participation rate, but with reliable data. We suggest that such information be collected at enrolment, if possible, rather than via post hoc recontacting.
On-chip interconnection beyond semiconductor roadmap: silicon microphotonics (2002)

The present paper describes an emerging field, "Si microphotonics", and its application to on-chip interconnection beyond semiconductor roadmap. Current Si-LSIs have been facing three fundamental limits associated with metal interconnection; i.e., slow clock speed, multilayer interconnection for high density interconnects, and high power consumption. These limits are induced by "slow" signal messengers, electrons. There is no solution beyond the Cu and low k technology but optical interconnection. To implement optical clock distribution on a chip, one challenge is sharp bending of waveguides. High-index contrast optics has shown their significant potentials. Right angle bends have been proto-typed whose area is less than 1 tm2. Ge directly grown on Si wafers shows an excellent characteristics as photodetectors for 1.3 and 1 .55 tm. A high-density interconnection needs wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Ultrasmall multiplexer/demultiplexer (DEMUX/DEMUX) has been achieved on a chip based on micro-ring resonators (1O tm). Minimization ofpower consumption is of importance when light sources are implemented on a chip. Microcavity resonators based on photonic crystal concepts should be a unique solution.
Sunlight or sunburn: A survey of attitudes toward online availability of US public records (2012)

Many have enthusiastically greeted the ability to search and view public records online as a great advance for transparency and accountability. Such ability, however, also creates value tensions with privacy and other important human values. In this paper, we report findings from a surv ey of 134 residents of the US Pacific Northwest on their awareness of and attitudes towards online access to political campaign records and real estate transaction histories, bringing to light some of the social implications of technological changes that increase ease of access to public records. We show that, while respondents often understood the reason behind making these records public, considerable concern about the current accessibility of these records exists, along with a precautionary indication that such open access may reduce public participation for some individuals.
An Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in the Lassa Fever Zone (2016)

Responding to the challenges of confronting 2 hemorrhagic fever viruses will require continued investments in the development of countermeasures (vaccines, therapeutic agents, and diagnostic assays), infrastructure, and human resources.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3,9‐DIHYDRO‐3,9‐DIOXO‐2H‐INDENO(2,1‐C)PYRIDINE‐4‐CARBONITRILES (1981)

Abstract Aus Inden (Ia) entsteht das Trichlorinden (Ib), das zum Chlor‐Indenon (II) verseift wird.
Shaping field correlations with quantum antennas (2017)

Quantum antennas can shape the spatial entanglement of emitted photons originating from specific initial non-Dicke entangled states of antenna emitters. In contrast to a classical antenna, a quantum antenna might not be affecting the amplitudes and intensities distribution of the field, but only shaping the second and higher order correlations. The shape and directivity of the correlations can be optimized using quantum state inference techniques. The character of the correlations can also be controlled by changing both the geometry and the initial state of the antenna. Positive and negative correlated twin-photons, as well as multi-photons entangled states can be produced from the same antenna for different initial states of the emitters. Our approach to antenna design can find applications in imaging and high-precision sensing, as well as in the development of an emitter-field interface for quantum information processing.
IL-10 Dampens TNF/Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Producing Dendritic Cell-Mediated Pathogenicity during Parasitic Infection (2009)

Antiparasite responses are associated with the recruitment of monocytes that differentiate to macrophages and dendritic cells at the site of infection. Although classically activated monocytic cells are assumed to be the major source of TNF and NO during Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection, their cellular origin remains unclear. In this study, we show that bone marrow-derived monocytes accumulate and differentiate to TNF/inducible NO synthase-producing dendritic cells (TIP-DCs) in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes of T. brucei brucei-infected mice. Although TIP-DCs have been shown to play a beneficial role in the elimination of several intracellular pathogens, we report that TIP-DCs, as a major source of TNF and NO in inflamed organs, could contribute actively to tissue damage during the chronic stage of T. brucei brucei infection. In addition, the absence of IL-10 leads to enhanced differentiation of monocytes to TIP-DCs, resulting in exacerbated pathogenicity and early death of the host. Finally, we demonstrate that sustained production of IL-10 following IL-10 gene delivery treatment with an adeno-associated viral vector to chronically infected mice limits the differentiation of monocytes to TIP-DCs and protects the host from tissue damage.
Nanomechanical probing and strain tuning of the Curie temperature in suspended Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ heterostructures (2021)

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials with strong magnetostriction are interesting systems for strain-tuning the magnetization, enabling potential for realizing spintronic and nanomagnetic devices. Realizing this potential requires understanding of the magneto-mechanical coupling in the 2D limit. In this work, we suspend thin Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ layers, creating nanomechanical membrane resonators. We probe its mechanical and magnetic properties as a function of temperature and strain. Pronounced signatures of magneto-elastic coupling are observed in the temperature-dependent resonance frequency of these membranes near $T_{\rm C}$. We further utilize Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ in heterostructures with thin layers of WSe$_2$ and FePS$_3$, which have positive thermal expansion coefficients, to compensate the negative thermal expansion coefficient of Cr$_2$Ge$_2$Te$_6$ and quantitatively probe the corresponding $T_{\rm C}$. Finally, we induce a strain of $0.016\%$ in a suspended heterostructure via electrostatic force and demonstrate a resulting enhancement of $T_{\rm C}$ by $2.5 \pm 0.6$ K in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Publisher’s Note: “Respiratory droplet resuspension near surfaces: Modeling and analysis” [J. Appl. Phys. 130, 024702 (2021)] (2021)

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3-Methylindole-Induced Toxicity to Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Lines (2003)

Transfected BEAS-2B cells that express different cytochrome P450 enzymes were used to assess whether human bronchial epithelial cell lines are target cells for 3-methylindole (3MI)-induced damage. Four different transfected BEAS-2B lines overexpressing P450s 2A6, 3A4, 2F1, and 2E1 (B-CMV2A6, B-CMV3A4, B-CMV2F1, and B-CMV2E1), respectively, were compared. The B-CMV2F1 and B-CMV3A4 cells were the most susceptible to 3MI-mediated cytotoxicity, measured by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase into the medium after a 48-h incubation. The toxicity was ameliorated by pretreatment with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT). Depletion of glutathione with diethylmaleate decreased the onset and increased the extent of cell death with 3MI. Thus, 3MI is cytotoxic to immortalized bronchial epithelial cells overexpressing 2F1 without concomitant depletion of GSH, but depletion of GSH modestly enhances the cytotoxicity of 3MI to human lung cells. Additional studies clearly demonstrated that a low concentration of 3MI (10 micro M) induced apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells that was measured by DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis was inhibited by the presence of ABT. The B-CMV2F1 cells overexpressing 2F1 demonstrated increased apoptosis (measured by Annexin-V binding) at 24 h with 100 micro M 3MI. Therefore, CYP2F1 in human bronchial epithelial lung cells may bioactivate 3MI to 3-methyleneindolenine, which induces programmed cell death at relatively low concentrations. Human lung cells may be susceptible to this prototypical pneumotoxicant.