gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust TCP congestion recovery (2004)

This paper presents a new robust TCP congestion‐recovery scheme to (1) handle bursty packet losses while preserving the self‐clocking capability; (2) detect a TCP connection's new equilibrium during congestion recovery, thus improving both link utilization and effective throughput; and (3) make the TCP behavior during congestion recovery very close to that during congestion avoidance, thus “extending” the performance model for congestion avoidance to that for TCP loss recovery. Moreover, the new recovery scheme requires only a slight modification to the sender side of TCP implementation, thus making it widely deployable. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated for scenarios with many TCP flows under the drop‐tail and RED gateways in the presence of bursty packet losses. The evaluation results show that the new scheme achieves at least as much performance improvements as TCP SACK and consistently outperforms TCP New‐Reno. Furthermore, its steady‐state TCP behavior is close to the ideal TCP congestion behavior. Since the proposed scheme does not require selective acknowledgments nor receiver modifications, its implementation is simpler than SACK, and only the servers in the Internet need to be modified while keeping intact millions of clients scattered in the Internet.
Correlation between frictional heat and triboelectric charge: In operando temperature measurement during metal-polymer physical contact (2022)

In operando techniques have emerged to elucidate the fundamental mechanism of triboelectrification via relevant physical quantity measurement during the physical contact of two materials. Here, a correlation between frictional heat and triboelectric charge is reported in a metal-polymer triboelectric nanogenerator through the in operando temperature measurement. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) metal is slid back-and-forth under different contact pressures across polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers having different degrees of crosslinking, i.e., mixing ratio. Both the triboelectric charge and temperature variation increase and become saturated with different time-constants. Notably, the saturated triboelectric charge increases, while the saturated temperature decreases, with increasing mixing ratio. In contrast, both saturated triboelectric charge and temperature increase with increasing contact pressure. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals that chemical bonds are modified inhomogeneously at the surface, and that charged materials are transferred from PDMS to FTO in accordance with the mixing ratio- and sliding time-dependent triboelectric charges. Frictional heat plays a distributive role in bond rupture and temperature variation, depending on the activation energy and frictional coefficient of PDMS. In operando temperature variation measurement provides important information on the specific bonds for triboelectrification and detailed charge-transfer process during physical contact.
Interleukin-13 in Combination With CD40 Ligand Potently Inhibits Apoptosis in Human B Lymphocytes: Upregulation of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 (1997)

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is a novel T-cell-derived cytokine with IL-4-like effects on many cell types. In human B lymphocytes, IL-13 induces activation, stimulates proliferation in combination with anti-IgM or anti-CD40 antibodies, and directs Ig isotype switching towards IgE and IgG4 isotypes. We show here that IL-13 also regulates human B-cell apoptosis. IL-13 reduced spontaneous apoptosis of peripheral blood B cells in vitro, as shown by measurement of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL and Nicoletti assays. The inhibition of cell death by IL-13 alone was significant but modest, but was potently enhanced in combination with CD40 ligand (CD40L), a survival stimulus for B cells by itself. Interestingly, IL-13 increased the expression of CD40 on peripheral blood B cells, providing a possible mechanism for the observed synergy. IL-13 alone was a less potent inhibitor of apoptosis than IL-4. Moreover, there was no additive effect of combining IL-4 and IL-13 at supraoptimal concentrations, which is consistent with the notion that the IL-4 and IL-13 binding sites share a common signaling subunit. The combination of IL-13 with CD40L augmented the expression of the Bcl-2 homologues Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, suggesting this as a possible intracellular mechanism of induced survival. By contrast, levels of Bcl-2, and two other Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bak, remained unaltered. Given the importance of the CD40-CD40L interaction in B-cell responses, these results suggest a significant role of IL-13 in the regulation of B-cell apoptosis.
Deploying Two-Tiered Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks Supporting In-Network Computation (2020)

The centralized computing model in traditional Wireless Sensor/Actuator Networks (WSANs) can lead to large delays and unbalances, which severely restricts the adoption of WSANs in applications requiring high network performance. To address this limitation, the in-network computation model has been proposed, in which the computation capability is distributed among wireless nodes in WSANs, i.e., wireless nodes perform not only data communication but also data processing. Node placement is a primary step to build the underlaying topologies of WSANs. Nevertheless, the problem of node placement to design underlaying network topologies supporting in-network computation is still unexplored. To this end, we propose an In-network-oriented Node Placement Algorithm (INPA) to build WSANs supporting in-network computation. Moreover, we investigate the time complexity of INPA and verify the efficiency of INPA through extensive simulations.
Fluorescence diffuse optical tomography for free-space and multifluorophore studies (2010)

We present two major advances in preclinical fluorescence-enhanced diffuse optical tomography (fDOT) system and assess its performance. It is now possible to perform experiments without adaptation liquid or a glass plate over the animal, and our system is equipped with a filter wheel in order to discriminate two injected fluorophores. Evaluation carried out on characterization phantoms and in vivo on mice demonstrates enriched use of the system for biological studies on small animals.
Relationship Between Quality of Life and Health-Related Measures Including Symptoms, Biochemical Markers And Tumor Burden (2010)

Objective: Our objective was to examine quality-of-life (QOL) in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), using two disease-specific questionnaires, the validated Norfolk QOL-NET and European EORTC QLQ-C30/GI.NET-21 and to correlate QOL measures to symptoms, tumor burden, serotonin and Chromogranin A (CgA). Methods: De-identified data from the Norfolk QOL-NET and EORTC QLQ-C30/GI.NET-21 questionnaires, simultaneous data on tumor burden, biochemical status and symptoms were extracted. Nonparametric correlations were used to explore the relationship between total QOL scores from both questionnaires, each individual domain of the Norfolk QOL-NET, tumor burden, biochemical markers and symptom scores. P values <0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. Results: A strong positive correlation was found between the total scores of both questionnaires; both questionnaires correlate with tumor burden and the carcinoid symptom score; in each, high circulating serotonin levels correlated with depression, GI symptoms and impaired physical functioning. There were none with CgA. Norfolk QOL-NET total score correlated positively with all its domains - physical functioning (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001), depression(r = 0.73, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal (r = 0.78, p < 0.001), flushing(r = 0.62, p < 0.0003), respiratory(r = 0.65, p < 0.0002), positive attitude(r = 0.52, p < 0.004), cardiovascular (r = 0.46, p < 0.012). Conclusions: Both tools do well in measuring QOL in NETs and may be useful guides for therapy and responses in clinical trials. Norfolk QOL-NET captures more aspects of flushing, respiratory and cardiovascular impact. Paradoxically, correlation between circulating serotonin values and depression may reflect a CNS deficiency of serotonin, which cannot cross the blood brain barrier and is deviated into tumor biosynthesis offering an opportunity to treat NETS with precursor 5-HTP which crosses the blood brain barrier.
Honey: A Biologic Wound Dressing. (2015)

Honey has been used as a wound dressing for thousands of years, but only in more recent times has a scientific explanation become available for its effectiveness. It is now realized that honey is a biologic wound dressing with multiple bioactivities that work in concert to expedite the healing process. The physical properties of honey also expedite the healing process: its acidity increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin thereby making the wound environment less favorable for the activity of destructive proteases, and the high osmolarity of honey draws fluid out of the wound bed to create an outflow of lymph as occurs with negative pressure wound therapy. Honey has a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, but there is much variation in potency between different honeys. There are 2 types of antibacterial activity. In most honeys the activity is due to hydrogen peroxide, but much of this is inactivated by the enzyme catalase that is present in blood, serum, and wound tissues. In manuka honey, the activity is due to methylglyoxal which is not inactivated. The manuka honey used in wound-care products can withstand dilution with substantial amounts of wound exudate and still maintain enough activity to inhibit the growth of bacteria. There is good evidence for honey also having bioactivities that stimulate the immune response (thus promoting the growth of tissues for wound repair), suppress inflammation, and bring about rapid autolytic debridement. There is clinical evidence for these actions, and research is providing scientific explanations for them.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: Anatomic and Technical Considerations (1998)

In the first of this two-part cadaver investigation, we inserted a specially designed, pointed device (simulating a 12-mm nail) in an antegrade fashion in each of eight fresh-frozen cadaver tibial specimens; the tibial isthmus was used as a centralizing guide. The exit point was noted, and the specimen was dissected to identify the structures at risk. In all specimens, we found that the device placed the lateral plantar artery and nerve at risk (average minimal distance from device to structure, 0 mm) and that damage to the flexor hallucis brevis and plantar fascia occurred. In addition, in six of the eight specimens, the device skewered or skived the flexor hallucis longus tendon. We also noted that in each specimen the exit point was the sustentaculum tali, not the body of the calcaneus as expected. Thus, there was less calcaneal bone-to-rod interface for stability, and distal locking would be less effective in the lateral-to-medial direction because of the lack of medial bone stock. On the basis of the results of the first portion of the study, we investigated an alternative approach to retrograde tibial nailing to reduce the risk of injury to the plantar and medial structures of the foot. We performed a medial malleolar resection, medially displaced the talus, inserted the device in an antegrade fashion, and dissected the specimens to analyze the structures at risk. We found that malleolar resection and medial translation of the distal extremity an average of 9.3 mm (range, 7-11 mm) increased the average minimal distance from the tip of the device to the neurovascular bundle to 18.4 mm (range, 14-32 mm). We also found that there was no damage to the flexor hallucis longus and that all eight specimens demonstrated bony contact completely surrounding the nail device within the tuberosity portion of the calcaneus (assessed by postoperative radiographs). The results of this study suggest that malleolar resection and medial translation of the distal extremity before retrograde nailing of the tibia may reduce the risk of vital structure injury and enhance the rigidity of the fixation.
Advancing research and clinical care in the management of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: Key findings from a Canadian summit (2017)

<b>Background</b>: Optimal management of neuropathic pain (NP) is essential to enhancing health-related quality of life for individuals living with spinal cord injury (SCI). A key strategic priority for the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF) and Rick Hansen Institute (RHI) is optimizing NP management after SCI. <b>Aims</b>: A National Canadian Summit, sponsored by ONF and RHI, was held to develop a strategic plan to improve NP management after SCI. <b>Methods</b>: In a one-day meeting held in Toronto, Ontario, a multidisciplinary panel of 18 Canadian stakeholders utilized a consensus workshop methodology to (1) describe the current state of the field, (2) create a long-term vision, and (3) identify steps for moving into action. <b>Results</b>: A review of the current state of the field identified strengths including rigourously developed evidence syntheses and practice landscape documentation. Identified gaps included limited evidence on NP hindering recommendation development in evidence syntheses, absence of a national strategy, care silos with limited cross-continuum connections, limited consumer involvement, and limited practice standard implementation. The panel identified key themes for a long-term vision to improve the management of SCI NP in Canada, including establishing an integrated collaborative network; standardized care and outcome evaluation; education; advocacy; and directing resources to innovative solutions. The panel identified the next step as prioritization of areas that will have the greatest impact in a 5-year time frame. <b>Conclusion</b>: A strategic plan outlining a long-term vision to improve management of NP after SCI in Canada was developed and will inform future activities of the sponsors.
Review Article: Recommended reading list of early publications on atomic layer deposition—Outcome of the “Virtual Project on the History of ALD” (2016)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD), a gas-phase thin film deposition technique based on repeated, self-terminating gas–solid reactions, has become the method of choice in semiconductor manufacturing and many other technological areas for depositing thin conformal inorganic material layers for various applications. ALD has been discovered and developed independently, at least twice, under different names: atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) and molecular layering. ALE, dating back to 1974 in Finland, has been commonly known as the origin of ALD, while work done since the 1960s in the Soviet Union under the name “molecular layering” (and sometimes other names) has remained much less known. The virtual project on the history of ALD (VPHA) is a volunteer-based effort with open participation, set up to make the early days of ALD more transparent. In VPHA, started in July 2013, the target is to list, read and comment on all early ALD academic and patent literature up to 1986. VPHA has resulted in two essays and several presentations at international conferences. This paper, based on a poster presentation at the 16th International Conference on Atomic Layer Deposition in Dublin, Ireland, 2016, presents a recommended reading list of early ALD publications, created collectively by the VPHA participants through voting. The list contains 22 publications from Finland, Japan, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and United States. Up to now, a balanced overview regarding the early history of ALD has been missing; the current list is an attempt to remedy this deficiency.
Ca<sup>2+</sup> Binding to Proteins Containing γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Residues (2003)

The family of proteins and natural peptides containing γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues has a limited number of members found in such diverse sources as blood plasma, bone tissue, and snail venoms. The best characterized subfamily consists of the so-called vitamin K-dependent plasma proteins found in the blood and is the topic of this chapter. In the conversion of glutamate to Gla, an extra carboxyl group is added post-translationally to the γ-carbon of a restricted number of glutamate residues in the amino-terminal Gla domain, which received its name from this unusual residue, by a vitamin K-dependent carboxylase (1). The carboxylase binds primarily to a propeptide that is cleaved off before secretion of the proteins, but the signal that limits the carboxylation to glutamate residues within the first 40 amino acid residues has not been identified. The Gla-containing plasma proteins have 9-12 Gla residues depending on how many Glu residues are encoded by the two exons covering the first approx 46 residues of the proteins because all Glu residues in this part of the protein become γ-carboxylated. The resulting dicarboxylic Gla residues have significantly higher affinity for Ca2+, compared to the precursor Glu residues, and this ability to chelate Ca2+ions under physiological conditions ([Ca2+]free = 1-1.5 mM in the blood) is pivotal for biological activity.
Comparison of the Seismic Response of Steel Buildings Incorporating Self-Centering Energy Dissipative Braces, Buckling Restrained Braced and Moment Resisting Frames (2008)

The seismic response of special moment-resisting frames (SMRF), buckling restrained braced (BRB) frames and self-centering energy dissipating (SCED) braced frames is compared when used in building structures of 2 to 12 stories in height. The study involves pushover analysis as well as 2D and 3D nonlinear time history analysis for two ground motion hazard levels. The SCED and BRB braced frames generally experienced similar peak interstory drifts. The SMRF system had larger interstory drifts than both braced frames, especially for the shortest structures. The SCED system exhibited a more uniform distribution of the drift demand along the building height and was less prone to the biasing of the response in one direction due to P-Delta effects. The SCED braced frames also had significantly smaller residual lateral deformations. The two braced frame systems experienced similar interstory drift demand when used in torsional irregular structures.
Comparison of the bronchoprotective effects of two salbutamol suplphate HFA pMDI using methacholine challenge testing (2011)

Background: Clinically, methacholine challenge has been widely used for the detection and quantitation of bronchial responsiveness. This study assessed the bronchoprotective effects of two salbutamol HFA pMDI formulations using methacholine challenge. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate equivalence between Salbutamol sulphate HFA pMDI (Cipla Ltd, India: test product) and Ventolin Evohaler HFA pMDI (Allen & Hanburys, UK: reference product) in terms of bronchoprotective effect against the methacholine challenge. Methods: This was a randomised, double blind, double dummy, four period, crossover study. At each treatment visit patients administered either one puff (100 μg) or two puffs (200 μg) of either the test or the reference product. On each of the treatment days, two methacholine challenge tests were performed, one before dosing & one 10 minutes after dosing. Other safety parameters (serum potassium, blood glucose, tremor and ECG) were also assessed at each treatment visit. Results: Out of 57 randomised patients 52 were included in the ITT & 46 in the PP population. The estimated mean difference in the PP population between the high dose (200 μg) of the two formulations was 0.2081 (95% CI -0.2400,0.6561) and between the low dose (100 μg) of the two formulations was -0.2362 (95% CI -0.6809, 0.2085). For both doses, the 95% CI was within clinically relevant equivalence limits of ± 1 DD. Conclusion: The bronchoprotective effect of salbutamol sulphate HFA pMDI (Cipla Ltd, India) against methacholine induced bronchoconstriction was equivalent to salbutamol sulphate HFA pMDI (Ventolin Evohaler, Allen & Hanburys, UK). Both the products were safe and well tolerated.
Einfluss von Morbus Wilson auf die plasmatische Blutgerinnung (2015)

Einleitung: Morbus Wilson ist eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbbare Erkrankung des Kupferstoffwechsel und führt unbehandelt zu hepatischen Komplikationen bis hin zu Leberzirrhose oder akutem Leberversagen, sowie zu neuropsychiatrischen Störungen. Veränderungen des Kupfermetabolismus scheinen zudem mit Störungen der plasmatischen Blutgerinnung assoziiert zu sein. Ziel dieser Studie ist daher die Analyse der plasmatischen Blutgerinnungsfaktoren bei Patienten mit kompensiertem Morbus Wilson.
KINEMATICS OF POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (PCL) AND POSTEROLATERAL CORNER (PLC) DEFICIENT HUMAN CADAVER KNEE RECONSTRUCTED WITH TWO DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF POSTEROLATERAL CORNER RECONSTRUCTIONS. (2008)

Aim: To compare the ability of two different PLC reconstruction techniques to restore the kinematics of a PCL & PLC deficient knee to PCL deficient condition. Methods: 8 fresh frozen cadaver knees were used. A custom rig with electromagnetic tracking system measured knee kinematics. Each knee was tested with posterior & anterior drawer forces of 80N, external rotation moment of 5Nm & varus moment of 5Nm when intact, after dividing PCL, PLC (lateral collateral ligament & popliteus tendon), after PLC reconstruction type1 (1PLC) & PLC reconstruction type 2 (2PLC). 1PLC was modification of Larson’s technique with semitendinosus graft. 2PLC was performed with semitendinosus graft to reconstruct the lateral collateral ligament & the pop-liteofibular ligament, gracillis used to reconstruct pop-liteus tendon. Results: The one-tailed paired student’s t test with Bon-ferroni correction was used to analyse the data. Only in deep flexion 2PLC reconstruction was significantly better than the 1PLC reconstruction in restoring the posterior laxity to PCL deficient condition (p=0.02). (Figure1) In deep flexion 1PLC could not restore the rotational laxity to PCL deficient condition (p=0.02). In mid flexion the 2PLC was unable to restore the rotational laxity to PCL deficient condition (p=0.048) (Figure 2). Conclusion: The 2PLC reconstruction was better than the 1PCL in controlling the posterior drawer. The 1PLC technique though not significant tended to over constrain the external & varus rotations.
Influence of Nebulizer Type With Different Pediatric Aerosol Masks on Drug Deposition in a Model of a Spontaneously Breathing Small Child (2012)

In this model using ventilatory parameters associated with a 2-4-year-old child, breath-actuated nebulization was not as effective as continuous nebulization. Aerosol mask design can impact inhaled drug dose across the range of nebulizers tested.
Measurement of genetic instability in breast cancer by confocal microscopy and 3D image analysis (2003)

Genetic instability (GI) is frequently associated with solid tumors including cancers of the breast. We hypothesize that the degree of GI, as evidenced by the cell-to-cell variations in the copy number of specific DNA loci, can be used as a marker for cancer prognosis. We present a computer-aided method for GI measurement in thick tissue sections based on confocal microscopy and 3D image analysis and visualization. The results, based on the analysis of breast tissue sections show considerable cell-to-cell variability in the copy number of the centromere of chromosome 1 and the 20q13 locus in invasive cancer but the normal 2 copies per cell in histologically normal tissue.