gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Titelbild: Tuning Cu/Cu2O Interfaces for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol in Aqueous Solutions (Angew. Chem. 47/2018) (2018)

Grenzflächen spielen in der heterogenen Katalyse eine entscheidende Rolle. Die aktiven Grenzflächen, die für die photoelektrische Reduktion von CO2 entscheidend sind, sind jedoch kaum verstanden. In der Zuschrift auf S. 15641 ff. erläutern J. Gong et al. die Abscheidung metallischer Kupfer-Nanopartikel auf Cu2O-Filmen und untersuchen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Nanopartikel und Film sowie den Einfluss der Cu/Cu2O-Grenzfläche auf den CO2-Reduktionspfad. Die Cu/Cu2O-Grenzflächen gleichen die Bindungsstärken der H*- und CO*-Zwischenprodukte aus, was eine effiziente Methanol-Produktion ermöglicht. Grenzflächen spielen in der heterogenen Katalyse eine entscheidende Rolle. Die aktiven Grenzflächen, die für die photoelektrische Reduktion von CO2 entscheidend sind, sind jedoch kaum verstanden. In der Zuschrift auf S. 15641 ff. erläutern J. Gong et al. die Abscheidung metallischer Kupfer-Nanopartikel auf Cu2O-Filmen und untersuchen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Nanopartikel und Film sowie den Einfluss der Cu/Cu2O-Grenzfläche auf den CO2-Reduktionspfad. Die Cu/Cu2O-Grenzflächen gleichen die Bindungsstärken der H*- und CO*-Zwischenprodukte aus, was eine effiziente Methanol-Produktion ermöglicht. MOF-Membranen Wasserspaltung Analytische Methoden
Trial watch (2013)

Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are natural compounds sharing the ability to operate as potent inhibitors of the plasma membrane Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase, hence promoting-via an indirect mechanism-the intracellular accumulation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions. In cardiomyocytes, increased intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations exert prominent positive inotropic effects, that is, they increase myocardial contractility. Owing to this feature, two CGs, namely digoxin and digitoxin, have extensively been used in the past for the treatment of several cardiac conditions, including distinct types of arrhythmia as well as contractility disorders. Nowadays, digoxin is approved by the FDA and indicated for the treatment of congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response, whereas the use of digitoxin has been discontinued in several Western countries. Recently, CGs have been suggested to exert potent antineoplastic effects, notably as they appear to increase the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells. In this Trial Watch, we summarize the mechanisms that underpin the unsuspected anticancer potential of CGs and discuss the progress of clinical studies that have evaluated/are evaluating the safety and efficacy of CGs for oncological indications.
On the Design of Graphene Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Medical Applications (2018)

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)sensors utilizing fiber optic technology have gained allot of attention due to their various medical applications. In this paper, we present the theoretical background, recent medical applications, principle of operation, analysis model and performance parameters of Graphene enhanced fiber optic SPR sensors. It is indicated that the geometrical and physical properties of the SPR sensor like the length and composition of sensing region and the fiber core diameter affect the performance of the SPR sensors and should be chosen carefully.
Dr. John Beals Instances promised in Numb. 42. and intended to shew the correspondence of the pith and timber, with the seed of the plant, and that of the bark or sap in the bark, with the pulp of the fruit, or some encompassing coat, or cod, containing the seed (1669)

Abstract The author having prefaced, that he can promise no method in the following Communications, gives these instances.
Crash Test and Evaluation of Locking Architectural Mailboxes (2014)

Some homeowners and businesses are becoming increasingly concerned about mail-identity theft. Consequently, there is a growing demand for the use of locking mailboxes for theft deterrence and vandal resistance. There are a number of mailbox products on the market that offer enhanced security for mail and small parcels. They typically feature an upper hopper for incoming mail, and a lower lockable compartment for mail retrieval. These lockable mailboxes are significantly larger and can be 4-5 times heavier permitting their use on the state highway system. Under this project, crash tests were performed following Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) guidelines and procedures to assess the impact performance of lockable, secure mailboxes on both single and multiple mount configurations. A single locking mailbox was successfully crash tested on a thin-wall steel tube support post installed in a releasable wedge-and-socket foundation. Testing of the larger, heavier locking mailboxes on multiple-mount support posts was unsuccessful due to windshield deformation and intrusion
Low latency asynchronous interface circuits (2023)

In one form, a logic circuit includes an asynchronous logic circuit, a synchronous logic circuit, and an interface circuit coupled between the asynchronous logic circuit and the synchronous logic circuit. The asynchronous logic circuit has a plurality of asynchronous outputs for providing a corresponding plurality of asynchronous signals. The synchronous logic circuit has a plurality of synchronous inputs corresponding to the plurality of asynchronous outputs, a stretch input for receiving a stretch signal, and a clock output for providing a clock signal. The synchronous logic circuit provides the clock signal as a periodic signal but prolongs a predetermined state of the clock signal while the stretch signal is active. The asynchronous interface detects whether metastability could occur when latching any of the plurality of the asynchronous outputs of the asynchronous logic circuit using said clock signal, and activates the stretch signal while the metastability could occur.
AttentionNAS: Spatiotemporal Attention Cell Search for Video Classification (2020)

Convolutional operations have two limitations: (1) do not explicitly model where to focus as the same filter is applied to all the positions, and (2) are unsuitable for modeling long-range dependencies as they only operate on a small neighborhood. While both limitations can be alleviated by attention operations, many design choices remain to be determined to use attention, especially when applying attention to videos. Towards a principled way of applying attention to videos, we address the task of spatiotemporal attention cell search. We propose a novel search space for spatiotemporal attention cells, which allows the search algorithm to flexibly explore various design choices in the cell. The discovered attention cells can be seamlessly inserted into existing backbone networks, e.g., I3D or S3D, and improve video classification accuracy by more than 2% on both Kinetics-600 and MiT datasets. The discovered attention cells outperform non-local blocks on both datasets, and demonstrate strong generalization across different modalities, backbones, and datasets. Inserting our attention cells into I3D-R50 yields state-of-the-art performance on both datasets.
Numerical simulation of backward wave oscillator having nonuniform amplitude slow wave structures (2005)

Experiments involving backward wave oscillators having nonuniform amplitude slow wave structures (NBWOs) operating in the x-band frequency range have produced 500 MW of rf power with 20% efficiency. To elucidate the processes occurring in the NBWO, and to ascertain the possible advantage of using a nonuniform amplitude sow wave structure over one that is uniform, the authors have performed a simulation study involving several different tubes, nonuniform and uniform, using the 2.5D electromagnetic particle-in-cell code TWOQUICK. The simulations model experiments performed on the SINUS-6 electron beam accelerator at the University of New Mexico. Results of the simulation study are presented. They show that the slow phase velocity surface wave that interacts with the electron beam coexists with an ordinary waveguide mode, which forms a standing wave in both nonuniform and uniform BWOs. Analysis of BWOs using a single particle phase model that accounts for both fast and slow TM waves shows that it may be possible to increase the output power of these tubes in general by choosing the length of the slow wave structure to simultaneously optimize the coupling of the beam to the slow wave, while forcing a transit time interaction between the standing wave and the electronmore » beam, which pumps beam energy directly into the ordinary waveguide mode. The authors discuss the possible advantages of using a NBWO to accomplish this. In addition, comparisons with SINUS-6 experiments are made.« less
Optical properties of GaInN/GaN heterostructures and quantum wells (2002)

Photoreflection and photoluminescence spectroscopies have been used to identify details of the electronic bandstructure in GaInN/GaN strained heterostructures and multiple quantum well structures. Franz-Keldysh oscillations in the ternary layers are identified in both systems revealing large piezoelectric fields of 240 kV/cm (x=0.079, thin film) and 0.65 MV/cm (x=0.187). From spatially resolved luminescence a very narrow distribution /spl Delta/E=28 meV of the bandgap energy is derived (x=0.187). From the variation of the field with strain a piezoelectric coefficient dP/sub z//d/spl epsiv//sub zz/=0.3 C/m/sup 2/ is obtained corresponding to e/sub 14/=0.1 C/m/sup 2/ and an equilibrium polarization of GaN of P/sub eq/=43 mCm/sup 2/ is extrapolated in qualitative agreement with recent calculations.
Site-directed spin labelling of proteins by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling via a genetically encoded aryliodide amino acid (2019)

We report site-directed protein spin labelling via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of a nitroxide boronic acid label with the genetically encoded amino acid 4-iodo-l-phenylalanine. The resulting spin label bears a rigid biphenyl linkage with lower flexibility than spin label R1. It is suitable to obtain defined electron paramagnetic resonance distance distributions and to report protein-membrane interactions and conformational transitions of α-synuclein.
Copolymerization of 2-butene and ethylene with catalysts based on titanium and zirconium complexes (2000)

The polymerization of 2-butene and its copolymerization with ethylene have been investigated using four kinds of dichlorobis(β-diketonato)titanium complexes, [ArN(CH2)3NAr]TiCl2 (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) and typical metallocene catalysts. The obtained copolymers display lower melting points than those produced of homopolyethylene under the same polymerization conditions. 13C NMR analysis indicates that 9.3 mol-% of 2-butene units were incorporated into the polymer chains with Ti(BFA)2Cl2-MAO as the catalyst system. With the trans-2-butene a higher copolymerization rate was observed than with cis-2-butene. A highly regioselective catalyst system for propene polymerization, [ArN(CH2)3NAr]TiCl2 complex using a mixture of triisobutylaluminium and Ph3CB(C6F5)4 as cocatalyst, was found to copolymerize a mixture of 1-butene and trans-2-butene with ethylene up to 3.1 mol-%. Monomer isomerization-polymerization proceeds with typical metallocene catalysts to produce copolymers consisting of ethylene and 1-butene.
Faster than Fourier-ultra-efficient time-to-frequency domain conversions for FDTD (2002)

Two highly efficient methods of computing magnitude and phase from time-domain data are demonstrated. These methods, based on solution of linear equations, are found to be equally accurate and more efficient than Fourier transform methods (DFT and FFT) for limited numbers of frequencies. These methods provide a significant savings in computation time and storage requirements for FDTD simulations which require a large number of time-to-frequency domain conversions. Although some FDTD researchers may have applied the method for single frequency simulations, it is not widely known or used. The multiple frequency extension of this method has not been used previously, to my knowledge.
Fundamental Study on Thermo-Hydraulics during Start-Up in Natural Circulation Boiling Water Reactors, (I) (1992)

Recently, many concepts, in which passive and simplified functions are actively adapted, have been proposed for the next generation LWRs. The natural circulation BWR is one such proposal. In this paper, advantages and disadvantages of the natural circulation BWR are considered from the requirements for next generation LWRs as compared with current BWRs. It is pointed out from this consideration that a thermo-hydraulic instability, which may appear during start-up, greatly influences concept feasibility because its occurrence makes operation for raising power output difficult. Thermo-hydraulic instabilities are investigated experimentally under conditions simulating normal and abnormal start-up processes. It is clarified that three kinds of thermo-hydraulic instabilities may occur during start-up in the natural circulation BWR according to its procedure and reactor configuration, which are (1) geysering induced by condensation, (2) natural circulation instability induced by hydrostatic head fluctuation in steam separators and (3) density wave instability. Driving mechanisms of the geysering and the natural circulation instability, which have never understood enough, are inferred from the results. Finally, the difference of thermo-hydraulic behavior during start-up processes between thermal natural circulation boilers and the Dodewaard reactor is discussed.
Reduced natural killer (NK) function associated with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and reduced expression of activating NK receptors (2007)

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis with potential for progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We compared natural killer (NK) cytolytic function in 48 MDS patients with 37 healthy donors and found reduced activity in the patient population (K562 cytolysis, 19% +/- 21% SD versus 40% +/- 17%) (P < .001). NK cytotoxicity in MDS patients was reduced against 3 disparate tumor targets with differential activating receptor requirement, suggesting global defects in NK function. Reduced NK function in MDS was significantly associated with higher International Prognostic Score (P = .01), abnormal karyotype (P = .05), the presence of excess blasts (P = .01), and age-adjusted bone marrow hypercellularity (P = .04). MDS patients had a display of the activating receptor NKp30, and NKG2D down-regulation closely correlated with impaired NK function (P = .001). NKG2D ligands (MICA and MICB) were expressed on CD34(+) cells from bone marrow of 30% of MDS patients and a leukemic cell line derived from an MDS patient (MDS1). Collectively, these findings suggest that impairment of NK cytolytic function derives in part from reduced activating NK receptors such as NKG2D in association with disease progression. Evasion of NK immunosurveillance may have importance for MDS disease progression.
Investigation of extrinsic damping caused by magnetic dead layer in Ta-CoFeB-MgO multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy (2016)

We systematically investigated the influence of the dead layer, the oxidation degree of naturally oxidized MgO, the structure of adjacent nonmagnetic metal layers on the damping parameter, and the perpendicular anisotropy of Ta(Ru)/Co20Fe60B20/MgO and MgO/Co20Fe60B20/Ta films using the vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance measurement technique. MgO/Co20Fe60B20/Ta film shows almost twice larger extrinsic damping than that for Ta/Co20Fe60B20/MgO film, whereas the perpendicular anisotropy is much smaller. This two-fold enhancement of damping parameter is successfully explained by the extrinsic damping arises from the dead layer at the CoFeB-Ta interface through the Elliott-Yafet mechanism in addition to the conventional spin-pumping model. Furthermore, we found that the oxidation degree of naturally oxidized MgO has no significant impact on the damping parameter, while the perpendicular anisotropy for MgO/Co20Fe60B20/Ta film is enhanced by longer oxidation time.
Studies On The Biosynthesis Of Striatal-Type Diterpenoids And The Biological Activity Of Herical (2002)

Feeding experiments with specifically 13C-labeled glucose disclosed that the diterpenoid part of the striatals/striatins is formed via the mevalonate pathway, whereas the pentose moiety originates either via glucuronic acid (70%) or the pentose phosphate cycle (30%). Application of radioactively labeled herical to cultures of Hericium ramosum demonstrates the pivotal role of this cyathane-xyloside in striatal biosynthesis. Herical inhibits a large spectrum of fungi and bacteria and shows cytotoxic and hemolytic properties.
Surface Modification of an Organic Photoconductor in an Electrophotographic Charging Environment (2009)

Prolonged exposure of a commercial organic photoconductor in the plasma environment corresponding to an industrial electrophotographic process caused formation of a parasitic surface layer with the properties different from the original photoconductor. The parasitic film consists of a heavily oxidized surface and oxygen-free subsurface layer with the chemical composition similar to the original photoconductor but a significantly different bonding arrangement. Formation of these two regions has been correlated with damage induced by the energetic radicals and the UV photons originating from the electrophotographic plasma discharge. In-depth understanding of the formation and the properties of this parasitic layer could provide effective means to overcome its detrimental impact on the printing cost and quality.
Intestinal and Renal Effects of Low-Volume Phosphate and Sulfate Cathartic Solutions Designed for Cleansing the Colon: Pathophysiological Studies in Five Normal Subjects (2009)

(i) In equimolar doses, sulfate produced 42% more diarrheal stool weight than phosphate. (ii) Phosphate increased the propensity for calcium salt precipitation in urine at pH 6.4, whereas sulfate did not. (iii) These results suggest that a hypertonic low-volume sulfate solution would be an effective cathartic for colon cleansing and that sulfate-induced catharsis would be less likely than phosphate catharsis to produce calcium salt deposition in renal tubules.
Twin Pathways: Discerning the Origins of Multiply Twinned Colloidal Nanoparticles (2021)

The structure of multiply twinned particles (MTPs) provides an example of how specific crystallographic features dictate the geometric shape of finite-sized crystals. The formation of MTPs during colloidal synthesis can occur through at least two different pathways: 1) growth from multiply twinned seeds or 2) the stepwise formation of new twin boundaries on single-crystalline seeds (either by particle overgrowth or multiparticle attachment). By utilizing in situ transmission electron microscopy, recent studies have provided real-time evidence for both pathways. Looking forward, the knowledge of specific evolution pathways that occur under a given synthetic condition will aid in the design of robust MTP syntheses. More importantly, further studies pertaining to the structural evolution and energetics of nanoparticles are needed to provide a complete understanding of MTP formation pathways.
Intercalation of redox-active organometallic cubane clusters into layered metal oxides and related solids (1988)

The preparation and solid state properties of compounds formed by intercalation of redox-active cubane cluster compounds [Fe4(η-C5H4Me)4(µ3-S)4] and [Mo4(η-C5H4Pri)4(µ3-Se)4] into MoO3 or FeOCl, and of related organometallic intercalation compounds, is described.
Do Head-Mounted Display Stereo Deficiencies Affect 3D Pointing Tasks in AR and VR? (2019)

Most AR and VR headsets use stereoscopic displays to show virtual objects in 3D. However, the limitations of current stereo display systems affect depth perception through conflicting depth cues, which then also affect virtual hand interaction in peri-personal space, i.e., within arm's reach. We performed a Fitts' law experiment to better understand the impact of stereo display deficiencies of AR and VR headsets on pointing at close-by targets arranged laterally or along the line of sight. According to our results, the movement direction and the corresponding change in target depth affect pointing time and throughput; subjects' movements towards/away from their head were slower and less accurate than their lateral movements (left/right). However, even though subjects moved faster in AR, we did not observe a significant difference for pointing performance between AR and VR headsets, which means that previously identified differences in depth perception between these platforms seem to have no strong effect on interaction. Our results also help 3D user interface designers understand how changes in target depth affect users' performance in different movement directions in AR and VR.
A comparative performance study of wireless and power line networks (2003)

Local area networks based on the IEEE 802.11a/b wireless networking standards and emerging power line communication (PLC) standards are attractive for establishing networks with no new wires for in-home and business applications. This article presents a theoretical performance comparison of the 802.11 a/b and HomePlug 1.0 PLC protocols. The article also presents comprehensive comparative field test results addressing such issues as coverage, channel stability, and reliability as well as the associated implications on the capability of these technologies to provide QoS support for multimedia traffic in typical residential settings.
Deciphering molecular and cellular ex vivo responses to bispecific antibodies PD1-TIM3 and PD1-LAG3 in human tumors (2022)

Our in vitro system reliably assessed responses to bispecific antibodies co-targeting PD-1 together with LAG-3 or TIM-3 using patients' tumor infiltrating immune cells and revealed transcriptional and phenotypic imprinting by bispecific antibody formats currently tested in early clinical trials.
Monte Carlo simulations of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes. Evidence for a structural transition in response to increasing chain ionization (1990)

Monte Carlo simulation has been used to study the configurational properties of a lattice-model isolated polyelectrolyte with attractive segment–segment interaction potentials. This model provides a simple representation of a hydrophobic polyelectrolyte. Configurational properties were investigated as a function of chain ionization, Debye screening length, and segment–segment potential. For chains with highly attractive segment–segment potentials (i.e., hydrophobic chains), large, global changes in polymer dimensions were observed with increasing ionization. The transformation from a collapsed chain at low ionization to an expanded chain at high ionization becomes increasingly sharp (i.e., occurs over a smaller range of ionization) with increasing chain hydrophobicity. The ionization-induced structural transitions for this model hydrophobic polyelectrolyte are analogous to pH-induced transitions seen in real polyelectrolytes and gels. These studies suggest a simple explanation for such transitions based on competing hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions.
Cavity Parameters of ZnCdSe/ZnSe Single-Quantum-Well Separate-Confinement-Heterostructure Laser Diodes (1993)

The cavity length dependence of the external differential quantum efficiency and the threshold current density was investigated for ZnCdSe/ZnSe single-quantum-well separate-confinement-heterostructure laser diodes at 77 K. An internal loss of 1.5 cm -1 , an internal quantum efficiency of 61% for stimulated emission, a transparency current density of 1.8 kA/(cm 2 ·µm) and a gain factor of 0.36 cm 2 ·µm/A were obtained. The transparency current density is 3-4 times larger than that for bulk GaAs. Improvement in the internal quantum efficiency for spontaneous emission will lead to reduction of the operation current.