gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the exploitation of loop-level parallelism in embedded applications (2009)

Advances in the silicon technology have enabled increasing support for hardware parallelism in embedded processors. Vector units, multiple processors/cores, multithreading, special-purpose accelerators such as DSPs or cryptographic engines, or a combination of the above have appeared in a number of processors. They serve to address the increasing performance requirements of modern embedded applications. To what extent the available hardware parallelism can be exploited is directly dependent on the amount of parallelism inherent in the given application and the congruence between the granularity of hardware and application parallelism. This paper discusses how loop-level parallelism in embedded applications can be exploited in hardware and software. Specifically, it evaluates the efficacy of automatic loop parallelization and the performance potential of different types of parallelism, viz., true thread-level parallelism (TLP), speculative thread-level parallelism and vector parallelism, when executing loops. Additionally, it discusses the interaction between parallelization and vectorization. Applications from both the industry-standard EEMBC®, 1 1.1, EEMBC 2.0 and the academic MiBench embedded benchmark suites are analyzed using the Intel® 2 C compiler. The results show the performance that can be achieved today on real hardware and using a production compiler, provide upper bounds on the performance potential of the different types of thread-level parallelism, and point out a number of issues that need to be addressed to improve performance. The latter include parallelization of libraries such as libc and design of parallel algorithms to allow maximal exploitation of parallelism. The results also point to the need for developing new benchmark suites more suitable to parallel compilation and execution. 1 Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. 2 Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
Message from the Chairman (2011)

On behalf of the Technical and Local Committee of the IEEE International Conference on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST 2011), I welcome you to the beautiful Penang Island, Malaysia. Known as the “Pearl of the Orient”, Penang is one of the most visited states in Malaysia. A fascinating fusion of the East and West, Penang embraces modernity while retaining its traditions and old world charm. George Town, the historic capital of Penang, was formally inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site alongside with Malacca. It is officially recognized as having a unique architectural and cultural townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia.
Maximise Equilibrium Conversion in Biphasic Catalysed Reactions: How to Obtain Reliable Data for Equilibrium Constants? (2006)

Abstract For the prediction and optimisation of the equilibrium conversion in biphasic catalysed reactions, the equilibrium constant of the desired reaction and the partition coefficients of all reactants have to be known. Within this contribution we have examined the alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalysed reduction of several linear and aromatic ketones in biphasic reaction media with respect to equilibrium conversion. In this example, the equilibrium constant can be expressed in terms of differences in oxidation‐reduction potentials Δ E 0 . However, for a large variety of organic compounds, these data are quite rare in the literature. To overcome this lack of data, we have utilised methods of computational chemistry to calculate data for the Gibbs free energy Δ G R leading to the equilibrium constants of a homologous series of linear ketones. To obtain comparable data for the reduction of substituted acetophenone derivatives, the Hammett relation leads to the necessary equilibrium constants. Furthermore, we compare the equilibrium conversions of a set of cofactor regeneration methods for the alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalysed reductions. These results lead to a time‐saving experimental design for the enantioselective reduction of 2‐octanone to ( R )‐2‐octanol on a preparative scale utilising biphasic reaction conditions.
Hsp90 protein interacts with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides containing hydrophobic 2′-modifications and enhances antisense activity (2016)

RNase H1-dependent antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are chemically modified to enhance pharmacological properties. Major modifications include phosphorothioate (PS) backbone and different 2'-modifications in 2-5 nucleotides at each end (wing) of an ASO. Chemical modifications can affect protein binding and understanding ASO-protein interactions is important for better drug design. Recently we identified many intracellular ASO-binding proteins and found that protein binding could affect ASO potency. Here, we analyzed the structure-activity-relationships of ASO-protein interactions and found 2'-modifications significantly affected protein binding, including La, P54nrb and NPM. PS-ASOs containing more hydrophobic 2'-modifications exhibit higher affinity for proteins in general, although certain proteins, e.g. Ku70/Ku80 and TCP1, are less affected by 2'-modifications. We found that Hsp90 protein binds PS-ASOs containing locked-nucleic-acid (LNA) or constrained-ethyl-bicyclic-nucleic-acid ((S)-cEt) modifications much more avidly than 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE). ASOs bind the mid-domain of Hsp90 protein. Hsp90 interacts with more hydrophobic 2' modifications, e.g. (S)-cEt or LNA, in the 5'-wing of the ASO. Reduction of Hsp90 protein decreased activity of PS-ASOs with 5'-LNA or 5'-cEt wings, but not with 5'-MOE wing. Together, our results indicate Hsp90 protein enhances the activity of PS/LNA or PS/(S)-cEt ASOs, and imply that altering protein binding of ASOs using different chemical modifications can improve therapeutic performance of PS-ASOs.
Distributed-Denial-of-Service Open Threat Signaling (DOTS) Architecture (2020)

This document describes an architecture for establishing and
maintaining Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Open Threat Signaling
(DOTS) within and between domains. The document does not specify
protocols or protocol extensions, instead focusing on defining
architectural relationships, components and concepts used in a DOTS
deployment.
Rac1/NAD(P)H Oxidase‐derived Reactive Oxygen Species in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius are Involved in the Neural Mechanisms of Hypertension of SHRSP (2007)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the central nervous system (CNS) are thought to contribute to sympathoexcitation in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) has an important role in cardiovascular regulation, however, the role of ROS in the NTS remains unclear. We examined whether increased oxidative stress in the NTS of stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) is the result of enhanced ROS production or suppressed ROS clearance. NAD(P)H oxidase, which is a major source of ROS in the CNS, was activated in the NTS of SHRSP. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) protein expression and activity were decreased in the NTS of SHRSP. More importantly, selective inhibition of Rac1, a small G‐protein involved in the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, in the NTS decreased blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary norepinephrine excretion in SHRSP, but not in Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats. In addition, overexpression of Cu/Zn‐SOD in the NTS of SHRSP, but not WKY rats, also decreased blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary norepinephrine excretion. These observations indicate that both enhanced ROS production and suppressed scavenging of cytosolic ROS contribute to increased oxidative stress in the NTS of SHRSP. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress in the NTS of SHRSP might contribute to the neural mechanisms of hypertension.
Establishing Security in a Multi‐platform, Multi‐vendor Enterprise‐wideIT Environment (1994)

Establishing information security in a downsized multi‐platform, multi‐vendor, enterprise‐wide information technology environment is emerging as the greatest challenge yet to confront the information security industry. Outlines the problems, describes the ideal solution and suggests some currently possible solutions.
Comparative Pull-Out and Cyclic-Loading Strength Tests of Anchorage of Hamstring Tendon Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (1999)

This study examined four devices for anchorage of hamstring tendons used as anterior cruciate ligament grafts: a stirrup, a clawed washer and screw, and "soft" and round-headed interference screws. Ultimate strength tests were performed using bovine tendons and bones. The stirrup was significantly stronger than the other anchorage devices, failing at 898 N. The clawed washer failed at 502 N, the soft screw at 691 N, and the round-headed screw at 445 N. Cyclic loading to 150 N (to simulate walking) caused elongation of 2.1 mm with the stirrup by 1100 cycles, and 6.7 mm with the clawed washer by 300 cycles. Different hole and soft screw diameters and placements (inside-out versus outside-in) allowed 1-to 3-mm slippage (no significant differences) by 1100 cycles. The round-headed screw allowed 6.8-mm slippage by 1100 cycles, and a sharp edge below the screw head caused tendon damage. Cyclic loads to 450 N (to simulate jogging) were then imposed until failure, and all specimens failed rapidly; only stirrup fixation kept all specimens intact after 300 load cycles. We concluded that anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using hamstring tendons will slacken if rehabilitation is too aggressive, so forces on the reconstructed ligament should be minimized until tendon-to-bone healing occurs.
Deliberations on Natural Products and Future Directions in the Pharmaceutical Industry (2021)

Natural Products (NPs) are molecular' special equipment ' that impart survival benefits on their producers in nature. Due to their evolved functions to modulate biology these privileged metabolites are substantially represented in the drug market and are continuing to contribute to the discovery of innovative medicines such as the recently approved semi-synthetic derivative of the bacterial alkaloid staurosporin in oncology indications. The innovation of low molecular weight compounds in modern drug discovery is built on rapid progress in chemical, molecular biological, pharmacological and data sciences, which together provide a rich understanding of disease-driving molecular interactions and how to modulate them. NPs investigated in these pharmaceutical research areas create new perspectives on their chemical and biological features and thereby new chances to advance medical research. New methods in analytical chemistry linked with searchable NP-databases solved the issue of reisolation and enabled targeted and efficient access to novel molecules from nature. Cheminformatics delivers high resolution descriptions of NPs and explores the substructures that systematically map NP-chemical space by sp³-enriched fragments. Whole genome sequencing has revealed the existence of collocated gene clusters that form larger functional entities together with proximate resistance factors thus avoiding self-inhibition of the encoded metabolites. The analysis of bacterial and fungal genes provides tantalizing glimpses of new compound-target pairs of therapeutic value. Furthermore, a dedicated investigation of structurally unique, selectively active NPs in chemical biology demonstrates their extraordinary power as shuttles between new biological target spaces of pharmaceutical relevance.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of RYBP-PRC1 complexes mediate H2A ubiquitylation at polycomb target sites independently of PRC2 and H3K27me3. (2012)

Polycomb-repressive complex 1 (PRC1) has a central role in the regulation of heritable gene silencing during differentiation and development. PRC1 recruitment is generally attributed to interaction of the chromodomain of the core protein Polycomb with trimethyl histone H3K27 (H3K27me3), catalyzed by a second complex, PRC2. Unexpectedly we find that RING1B, the catalytic subunit of PRC1, and associated monoubiquitylation of histone H2A are targeted to closely overlapping sites in wild-type and PRC2-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), demonstrating an H3K27me3-independent pathway for recruitment of PRC1 activity. We show that this pathway is mediated by RYBP-PRC1, a complex comprising catalytic subunits of PRC1 and the protein RYBP. RYBP-PRC1 is recruited to target loci in mESCs and is also involved in Xist RNA-mediated silencing, the latter suggesting a wider role in Polycomb silencing. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding recruitment and function of Polycomb repressors.
Intramedullary spinal cord lipomas (1995)

Spinal cord lipomas are rare lesions, accounting for approximately 1% of all spinal cord tumors. True intramedullary spinal cord lipomas are extremely rare and are represented in the literature as scattered, single case reports. The authors present a series of six patients with intramedullary spinal cord lipomas managed at our institution from July, 1985 to July, 1993. The patients' ages ranged from 8 to 45 years. Four patients presented with newly diagnosed tumors and two had undergone previous surgery. Patients usually presented with long histories of disability followed by rapid progression of their symptoms. Most patients were in poor neurological condition on presentation. Presenting symptoms included spinal pain, dysesthetic sensory changes, gait difficulties, weakness, and incontinence. Three patients had cervical tumors, two had cervicothoracic tumors, and one patient had a thoracic tumor. Diagnostic studies, including magnetic resonance imaging, were obtained in all patients. No patient exhibited any form of spinal dysraphism or had a dural defect. All patients underwent decompressive, subtotal resections of 40% to 70% of their lesions. Follow-up times ranged from 12 to 96 months. All patients had resolution of their pain, but they generally showed no neurological improvement. As of their most recent follow-up visit, none of the patients was neurologically normal; three can function independently, although with neurological deficits. The other three patients cannot function independently and have severe neurological deficits. The authors conclude that patients with intramedullary spinal cord lipoma who present with significant neurological compromise have a very poor prognosis with regard to neurological function and generally show no improvement with surgical resection.
Factors associated with airway responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatic children and their families (2001)

AIM: Investigate factors associated with methacholine responsiveness in a population of asthmatic families. DESIGN: Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), skin prick test (SPT), spirometry and log methacholine dose response slope (DRS) were measured in families with an asthma-affected sibling pair aged between 7 and 35 years. RESULTS: 230 subjects (54 Families) were recruited. 118 (51%) were male and 112 (49%) were female. Of 124 siblings, 59 (48%) were female, 116 (94%) were asthmatic and 34 (27.4%) SPT negative. Of 106 parents, 57 (53.8%) were asthmatic and 32 (30.2%) were SPT negative. DRS was the dependent variable in a linear regression model with stepwise consideration of parameters: log- FEV FVC, PEF, FEF 35.75, age, height, weight, eNO and FEF 25.75 /FVC, sex, SPT, serum IgE, wheezy episodes and years of cough. In 58 subjects aged less than 12 years, DRS was associated with FEV| (b=-2.24,p=0.005) and eNO (b=0.371,p=0.021). In 40 subjects aged 12-16 years, DRS was associated with male sex (b=0.347, p=0.005) and eNO (b=0.411, p=0.002). In 26 subjects aged 16-27 years, DRS was associated with wheezy episodes (b=O.OOI, p=0.025) and eNO (b=0.427, p=0.001).In 22 subjects aged 35-40 years, DRS was associated with FEF 25.75 /FVC (b=-1.172, p=0.006). In 84 subjects aged 40-58 years, DRS was significantly associated with age, years of cough, FEF and eNO. CONCLUSIONS: The methacholine DRS is associated with different variables when grouping the study subjects into different ages. Associations vary across age when symptoms, atopy, parameters of airway function and body size are considered.
ChemInform Abstract: The Solid State and Solution Structures of Tin(IV) Alkoxide Compounds and Their Use as Precursors to Form Tin Oxide Ceramics via Sol‐Gel Type Hydrolysis and Condensation (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A RANDOMIZED PHASE 3 STUDY OF INTRAOPERATIVE CAVERNOUS NERVE STIMULATION WITH PENILE TUMESCENCE MONITORING TO IMPROVE NERVE SPARING DURING RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY (2000)

CaverMap assisted prostatectomy led to improved erectile function as assessed by RigiScan testing with no associated adverse events. A response to stimulation immediately after removal of the prostate accurately predicted return of erectile function.
Hyperventilation with Maintenance of Isocapnia. An “Old New” Method in Carbon Monoxide Intoxication (2017)

The elimination T½ of CO during IH was comparable with the values reported during HOT, and lower than can be achieved with NOT or NIH. No serious adverse effects were reported during IH procedures. Further studies, especially direct comparisons with NOT and HOT, are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of IH in the treatment of acute CO poisoning.
Development of Photocrosslinked Poly(glycerol dodecanedioate)—A Biodegradable Shape Memory Polymer for 3D‐Printed Tissue Engineering Applications (2021)

Surgical procedures increasingly use minimally invasive techniques, which often use shape memory materials for device deployment. Poly(glycerol‐dodecanedioate) (PGD), a biodegradable shape memory thermosetting polymer with melt transition ( T m ) ≥ 37 ± 1.1 °C, is well positioned for this application. However, the use of thermosetting crosslinks limits potential applications for PGD. Herein is described a UV‐curable polymer developed via acrylation of PGD (APGD), which removes the need for thermal curing while retaining its shape memory properties. Control of APGD thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties is shown across a range of acrylation percentage (Acr%) and two molecular weights (MW). In vitro APGD biocompatibility is demonstrated through cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and attachment assays. APGD resin is used to 3D print biodegradable shape memory samples on an extrusion printer. Few biodegradable shape memory polymers (SMPs) are 3D printed, and they exhibit significant translational limitations due to a shape memory transition range well outside body temperature. In contrast, the photocurable APGD developed and 3D printed herein retains shape memory transition behavior at body temperature. APGD shows promise as a novel material for use in the development of patient‐specific devices for the structural repair of soft tissue via minimally invasive procedures.
Thickness-induced morphology changes in lamellar diblock copolymer ultrathin films (1997)

We have investigated the morphology of lamellar polystyrene-polymethylmetha cry late diblock copolymers in the ultrathin-film limit, spin-cast and annealed on silicon nitride substrates. Our experiments show evidence for a morphology change from lamellar domains parallel to the substrate to perpendicular domains that appears to be unique to a thickness of one lamellar repeat spacing and low annealing temperatures. We find that in these ultrathin films phase separation occurs well before thickness quantization, suggesting effective confinement as a possible mechanism. A model for the free energy of this system is developed which takes into account termination ("capping") of the perpendicular lamellae inside the film and at its top surface.
Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in s=8 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector (2014)

Results from a search for supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons including electrons, muons and taus are presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to 20.3 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider at s=8 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Signal regions are designed to target supersymmetric scenarios that can be either enriched in or depleted of events involving the production of a Z boson. No significant deviations are observed in data from standard model predictions and results are used to set upper limits on the event yields from processes beyond the standard model. Exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level on the masses of relevant supersymmetric particles are obtained. In R-parity-violating simplified models with decays of the lightest supersymmetric particle to electrons and muons, limits of 1350 and 750 GeV are placed on gluino and chargino masses, respectively. In R-parity-conserving simplified models with heavy neutralinos decaying to a massless lightest supersymmetric particle, heavy neutralino masses up to 620 GeV are excluded. Limits are also placed on other supersymmetric scenarios.
Science and Engineering Beyond Moore's Law (2012)

In this paper, the historical effects and benefits of Moore's law for semiconductor technologies are reviewed, and it is offered that the rapid learning curve obtained to the benefit of society by feature size scaling might be continued in several different ways. The problem is that as features approach the range of a few nanometers, electron-based devices depart radically from the ideal switch and, in fact, become very leaky in the off state. It is argued that there are some short-term solutions involving more highly parallel manufacturing, increased design efficiency, and lower cost packaging technologies that could continue the steep learning curve for cost reductions that have historically been achieved via Moore's Law scaling. Another alternative might be to increase chip functionality by integrating devices that offer broadened chip functionality including, e.g., sensors, energy sources, oscillators, etc. A third alternative would be to invent an entirely new information processing state variable based on different physics, using electron spin, magnetic dipoles, photons, etc., to improve the performance and reduce switching energy for devices whose smallest features are on the order of a few nanometers. Each of these alternatives is being actively explored and an overview of each strategy and progress to date is given in the paper. A final alternative offered in the paper is to learn from information processing examples in nature, specifically in living systems. An E.coli cell of about one cubic micrometer volume is shown to be an incredibly powerful and energy-efficient information processor relative to the performance of an end-of-scaling silicon processor of the same volume. The paper concludes by pointing out some of the crucial differences between E.coli information processing and conventional approaches with the hope technologies can be invented using the hints offered by biosystems.