gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hard convex lens-shaped particles: metastable, glassy and jammed states (2018)

We generate and study dense positionally and/or orientationally disordered, including jammed, monodisperse packings of hard convex lens-shaped particles (lenses). Relatively dense isotropic fluid configurations of lenses of various aspect ratios are slowly compressed via a Monte Carlo method based procedure. Under this compression protocol, while 'flat' lenses form a nematic fluid phase (where particles are positionally disordered but orientationally ordered) and 'globular' lenses form a plastic solid phase (where particles are positionally ordered but orientationally disordered), 'intermediate', neither 'flat' nor 'globular', lenses do not form either mesophase. In general, a crystal solid phase (where particles are both positionally and orientationally ordered) does not spontaneously form during lengthy numerical simulation runs. In correspondence to those volume fractions at which a transition to the crystal solid phase would occur in equilibrium, a 'downturn' is observed in the inverse compressibility factor versus volume fraction curve beyond which this curve behaves essentially linearly. This allows us to estimate the volume fraction at jamming of the dense non-crystalline packings so generated. These packings are nematic for 'flat' lenses and plastic for 'globular' lenses, while they are robustly isotropic for 'intermediate' lenses, as confirmed by the calculation of the τ order metric, among other quantities. The structure factors S(k) of the corresponding jammed states tend to zero as the wavenumber k goes to zero, indicating they are effectively hyperuniform (i.e., their infinite-wavelength density fluctuations are anomalously suppressed). Among all possible lens shapes, 'intermediate' lenses with aspect ratio around 2/3 are special because they are those that reach the highest volume fractions at jamming while being positionally and orientationally disordered and these volume fractions are as high as those reached by nematic jammed states of 'flat' lenses and plastic jammed states of 'globular' lenses. All of their attributes, taken together, make such 'intermediate' lens packings particularly good glass-forming materials.
Quality-Energy Scalable Chip Level Equalization for HSDPA (2006)

Quality-Energy scalability has been proved to be an effective technique toward the cost reduction for signal processing. However, although it has large potentials for reducing signal processing energy in wireless transceivers, it has not yet been applied to them. In this paper, we elaborate an example and present a feedback control scheme to achieve Quality-Energy scalability for the chip level equalization in High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) receivers. In conventional equalizers, the coefficients are updated according to the worst-case assumption that the channel is very dynamic. In our proposed approach, we take into account the speed of the channel variation to adapt the updating frequency. Specifically, a low-complexity closed-loop controller is designed to vary the update-interval while limiting the maximum equalization error. The proposed control scheme takes high order channel statistics implicitly into account without the need for an explicit estimator. Simulation results show that the Quality-Energy scalability for the equalizer results in significant energy reduction with minor quality degradation for channels with large coherence times. Specifically, for a pedestrian channel, 60% of the signal processing operations, and hence energy, can be saved with only 0.25dB BER loss.
Data from Nrf2 and Keap1 Abnormalities in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Association with Clinicopathologic Features (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; To understand the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we studied their expression in a large series of tumors with annotated clinicopathologic data, including response to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We determined the immunohistochemical expression of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Keap1 in 304 NSCLCs and its association with patients' clinicopathologic characteristics, and in 89 tumors from patients who received neoadjuvant (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 26) or adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 63). We evaluated &lt;i&gt;NFE2L2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;KEAP1&lt;/i&gt; mutations in 31 tumor specimens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; We detected nuclear Nrf2 expression in 26% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in squamous cell carcinomas (38%) than in adenocarcinomas (18%; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001). Low or absent Keap1 expression was detected in 56% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in adenocarcinomas (62%) than in squamous cell carcinomas (46%; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0057). In NSCLC, mutations of &lt;i&gt;NFE2L2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;KEAP1&lt;/i&gt; were very uncommon (2 of 29 and 1 of 31 cases, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Nrf2 expression was associated with worse overall survival [&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0139; hazard ratio (HR), 1.75] in NSCLC patients, and low or absent Keap1 expression was associated with worse overall survival (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0181; HR, 2.09) in squamous cell carcinoma. In univariate analysis, nuclear Nrf2 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma patients who received adjuvant treatment (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0410; HR, 3.37).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Increased expression of Nrf2 and decreased expression of Keap1 are common abnormalities in NSCLC and are associated with a poor outcome. Nuclear expression of Nrf2 in malignant lung cancer cells may play a role in resistance to platinum-based treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3743–53. ©2010 AACR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Rapid and Sensitive HPLC Method for the Determination of Polyphenols in Various Lichen Species of Himalayan Origin (2006)

Abstract A reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with photodiode array detection method was developed to determine bioactive polyphenolic substances, methyl β‐orcinolcarboxylate (MBO) and ethyl haematommate (EH) in thalli of various lichen species. The MBO and EH were separated by RP‐HPLC (C18 column, 150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) using isocratic elution systems of acetonitrile:water (0.1% acetic acid). Base line separation of the compounds was obtained in less than 20 min. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD), and limits of quantification (LOQ). Repeatability (inter‐ and intra‐day, n=6) showed less than 1.5% relative standard deviation (RSD). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 5.97 and 15.51 ng for MBO and 42.63 and 69.03 ng for EH, respectively. The validated HPLC method was employed to quantify MBO and EH in eleven lichen species, used in folklore/traditional systems of medicine collected from the Himalayan region of India.
MASSIVE: A 1M-Example Multilingual Natural Language Understanding Dataset with 51 Typologically-Diverse Languages (2023)

Jack FitzGerald, Christopher Hench, Charith Peris, Scott Mackie, Kay Rottmann, Ana Sanchez, Aaron Nash, Liam Urbach, Vishesh Kakarala, Richa Singh, Swetha Ranganath, Laurie Crist, Misha Britan, Wouter Leeuwis, Gokhan Tur, Prem Natarajan. Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2023.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosynthesis of Esperamicin A1, an Enediyne Antitumor Antibiotic. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Direct-Detected RF-Tone-Assisted Optical OFDM Systems (2009)

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a radio frequency (RF)-tone-assisted optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. By inserting an RF tone at the edge of the signal band and biasing the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) at the null point, the proposed system has a better sensitivity and chromatic dispersion (CD) tolerance compared to the previous intensity-modulated single-sideband OFDM (SSB-OFDM). We show analytically that the majority of the linear channel impairments, such as the transmitter, CD, optical filtering, and receiver, can be compensated for by a simple zero-forcing equalizer. Besides, the optimum value of the important parameter, carrier-to-signal-power ratio (CSPR), is analytically obtained and supported via the experimental results. We also observe that the relatively worse sensitivity of the previous SSB-OFDM can be attributed to the limited CSPR. We experimentally demonstrate a 10-Gb/s, 8 quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) RF-tone-assisted OFDM transmission, and show that our system has a ~ 5-dB better sensitivity compared to the previous intensity-modulated SSB-OFDM and exhibits a negligible transmission penalty after 260-km uncompensated standard single-mode fiber (SSMF).
Electrical Impedance Tomography of Electrolysis (2015)

The primary goal of this study is to explore the hypothesis that changes in pH during electrolysis can be detected with Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). The study has relevance to real time control of minimally invasive surgery with electrolytic ablation. To investigate the hypothesis, we compare EIT reconstructed images to optical images acquired using pH-sensitive dyes embedded in a physiological saline agar gel phantom treated with electrolysis. We further demonstrate the biological relevance of our work using a bacterial E.Coli model, grown on the phantom. The results demonstrate the ability of EIT to image pH changes in a physiological saline phantom and show that these changes correlate with cell death in the E.coli model. The results are promising, and invite further experimental explorations.
Dietary choice affects Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 colonization and disease (2013)

The likelihood that a single individual infected with the Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing, food-borne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 will develop a life-threatening sequela called the hemolytic uremic syndrome is unpredictable. We reasoned that conditions that enhance Stx binding and uptake within the gut after E. coli O157:H7 infection should result in greater disease severity. Because the receptor for Stx, globotriaosylceramide, is up-regulated in the presence of butyrate in vitro, we asked whether a high fiber diet (HFD) that reportedly enhances butyrate production by normal gut flora can influence the outcome of an E. coli O157 infection in mice. To address that question, groups of BALB/c mice were fed high (10%) or low (2%) fiber diets and infected with E. coli O157:H7 strain 86-24 (Stx2+). Mice fed an HFD exhibited a 10- to 100-fold increase in colonization, lost 15% more body weight, exhibited signs of morbidity, and had 25% greater mortality relative to the low fiber diet (LFD)-fed group. Additionally, sections of intestinal tissue from HFD-fed mice bound more Stx1 and expressed more globotriaosylceramide than did such sections from LFD-fed mice. Furthermore, the gut microbiota of HFD-fed mice compared with LFD-fed mice contained reduced levels of native Escherichia species, organisms that might protect the gut from colonization by incoming E. coli O157:H7. Taken together, these results suggest that susceptibility to infection and subsequent disease after ingestion of E. coli O157:H7 may depend, at least in part, on individual diet and/or the capacity of the commensal flora to produce butyrate.
Developing Language-tagged Corpora for Code-switching Tweets (2015)

Code-switching, where a speaker switches between languages mid-utterance, is frequently used by multilingual populations worldwide. Despite its prevalence, limited effort has been devoted to develop computational approaches or even basic linguistic resources to support research into the processing of such mixedlanguage data. We present a user-centric approach to collecting code-switched utterances from social media posts, and develop language universal guidelines for the annotation of codeswitched data. We also present results for several baseline language identification models on our corpora and demonstrate that language identification in code-switched text is a difficult task that calls for deeper investigation.
TiSi(Ge) Contacts Formed at Low Temperature Achieving Around $2 \,\, \times \,\, 10^{-{9}}~\Omega $ cm2 Contact Resistivities to p-SiGe (2017)

This paper reports ultralow contact resistivities (ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> ) achieved on highly doped p-SiGe with two low-temperature contact formation methods. One method combines precontact amorphization implantation with ~500 °C rapid thermal processing (RTP)-based Ti germano-silicidation; ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> achieved was ~2.9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The other method combines codeposited TiSi-Ti:Si = 1:1-with ~450 °C RTP-based Ti silicidation; ρ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> achieved was ~1.7 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> Ω·cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . When Pc reaches minimum, the TiSi(Ge) alloy is generally amorphous with embedded small crystallites, similar to the previous observations on pure Si substrates.
Mutual Lewis Acid–Base Interactions of Cations and Anions in Ionic Liquids (2012)

Solute properties are known to be strongly influenced by solvent molecules due to solvation. This is due to mutual interaction as both the properties of the solute and of the solvent strongly depend on each other. The present paper is based on the idea that ionic liquids are cations solvated by anions and anions solvated by cations. To show this (in this system strongly pronounced) interaction the long time established donor-acceptor concept for solvents and ions in solution by Viktor Gutmann is extended to ionic liquids. A number of solvent parameters, such as the Kamlet-Abboud-Taft and the Dimroth-Reichardt E(T) scale for ionic liquids neglect this mutual influence, which, however, seems to be in fact necessary to get a proper description of ionic liquid properties. It is shown how strong such parameters vary when the influence of the counter ion is taken into account. Furthermore, acceptor and donor numbers for ionic liquids are presented.
Abstract CT045: Hyleukin-7, a long-acting interleukin-7, increased absolute lymphocyte counts after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration in healthy subjects (2019)

Higher lymphocyte counts predict lower mortality in patients with various oncologic malignancies. Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a homeostatic cytokine, plays a critical and non-redundant role in developing T-cells and maintaining immune functions after development. IL-7 is a potent T-cell amplifier, thereby contributing to immune reconstitution, which may result in clinical benefits. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation, Phase I study was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and biological properties of Hyleukin-7 (human IL-7 fused to hyFcTM) administered subcutaneously (SC) and intramuscularly (IM) to healthy volunteers.Ten subjects randomly received Hyleukin-7 or its matching placebo in an 8:2 ratio in each of three cohorts at 20 and 60 μg/kg SC and 60 μg/kg IM. Dose escalation and switch from SC to IM was determined on 28 days after study drug administration based on the safety and tolerability data. Subjects were followed up to 56 days after dose.Hyleukin-7 was well tolerated and no subject developed cytokine release syndrome. Injection site reactions were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events, which resolved spontaneously without treatment. Hyleukin-7 was slowly but steadily absorbed and its terminal half-life ranged 48-112 hours. Furthermore, Hyleukin-7 increased absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) in a dose-dependent manner which lasted during the observed period of 56 days after dose. The mean maximum increase in ALC from baseline was seen 3 weeks after dose. IM Hyleukin-7 increased ALC greater than SC Hyleukin-7 did at the same dose (111.4% IM vs. 75.1% SC). In all of the doses, Hyleukin-7 markedly increased the numbers of all peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets (i.e., naïve, EM, CM and TEMRA). These increases are attributed to enhanced expression of Ki-67.SC and IM Hyleukin-7 was safe and well-tolerated in a dose range of 20 to 60 μg/kg in healthy subjects. A single SC and IM dose of Hyleukin-7 increased ALC dose-dependently. The results of this study warrant further investigation of Hyleukin-7 as a potential immune-oncology therapeutics to treat patients with compromised T-cell immunity.Citation Format: Sang Won Lee, Donghoon Choi, MinKyu Heo, Eui-Cheol Shin, Su-Hyung Park, So Jeong Kim, Byung Ha Lee, Se Hwan Yang, Young Chul Sung, Howard Lee. Hyleukin-7, a long-acting interleukin-7, increased absolute lymphocyte counts after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration in healthy subjects [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT045.
Comparison of Hotelling observer models and human observers in defect detection from myocardial SPECT imaging (1999)

The objective of this study was to compare defect detection performance using a channelized Hotelling observer with radially symmetric channel (RSC) and oriented channels (OC) to that found in a previously reported human observer ROC study (see K.J. LaCroix and B.M.W. Tsui, "An evaluation ofthe effect of nonuniform attenuation compensation on defect detection for Tc-99m myocardial SPECT images," J. Nucl. Med., vol. 38, p. 19P, 1997). The observer's task involved the detection of left-ventricular myocardial perfusion defects for Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT images. The images were reconstructed using the filtered-backprojection (FBP) algorithm without attenuation compensation or the maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithm with non-uniform attenuation compensation (AC). This was performed for cases with and without significant attenuation artifacts. The areas under the ROC curves for the Hotelling observers were calculated and compared to those for the human observers. The ML-EM reconstructed images (with AC) had high defect detectability across all anatomy types, while with FBP, a lower detectability was found for cases where the reconstructed images contained attenuation artifacts in the myocardium. Similar trends between the channelized Hotelling observer and those from the human observer study were found with both radially symmetric channel (RSC) and oriented-channel (OC) models. Further investigation of the channel models is needed to determine the number and alignment of orientations and the number and cutoff of frequency bands to improve agreement between human and Hotelling observer results.
Application of EB repair for high durable MoSi PSM (2014)

Recently there has been a demand for high durability MoSi masks. There are some candidates for MoSi mask materials. They are preferable for both mask user and mask manufacture because they show not only high durability against exposure or cleaning process but also process compatibility in production line[1]. They are gaining momentum to practical application. However, there is a drawback for manufacturing regarding the mask repair process. Because ebeam repair employs pure chemical reaction, it faces severe etching difficulty due to higher chemical stability. Meanwhile, the tool supplier has looked into that chemical reaction in detail since the problem was unveiled. They developed a dedicated etching process for high durable materials. It’s so important for the mask manufacturer to evaluate this process properly before they transfer conventional MoSi to new high durability MoSi. A comprehensive understanding of this new process should be acquired by trying several kinds of etching tests. In this paper we will report the results ranging from basic etching rate, selectivity, repair accuracy to flexibility for complicated shaped defects. This data tells us a lot about if it can be applied for practical use. The experiment was performed with e-beam repair tool “MeRiT<sup>Ⓡ</sup>”, which was released as the latest version from ZEISS last year. An improved new etching process was applied to “A6L2” type high durable blanks provided by HOYA corporation. A wide variety of programmed defects were arranged on a line and space featured test mask. These programmed defects were repaired with the procedure developed by ZEISS. After repair, printed image was evaluated by AIMS<sup>TM</sup> system. This paper will discuss the initial results of these first steps into the uncharted territory of high durability MoSi repair.
Contamination control challenges on SHJ solar cell processing (2017)

We have studied the conversion of thin film photovoltaic factory to Silicon Heterojunction (SHJ) technology adapting thin film PECVD reactors for deposition of passivation layers. In the transition from thin film to SHJ cells, it is crucial to study the impact of defectiveness on cell efficiency due to several factors such as transportation and handling of wafers. By performing photoluminescence maps and particle contamination analysis on the surface of wafers and cells different defectiveness sources have been studied. Once the sources of defects have been identified, we elaborated solutions to mitigate effects and we were able to increase the efficiency of SHJ solar cells by an absolute gain of 4.3%.
Impact of two independent bone marrow samples on minimal residual disease monitoring in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2006)

Minimal residual disease (MRD) diagnostics are used for risk group stratification in several acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment protocols. It is, however, unclear whether MRD is homogeneously distributed within the bone marrow (BM) and whether this affects MRD diagnostics. We, therefore, analysed MRD levels in 141 paired BM samples (two independent punctures at different locations) from 26 ALL patients by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements. MRD levels were comparable in 112 paired samples (79%), whereas two samples (both taken at day 15) had MRD levels that differed more than threefold. In the remaining 27 paired samples, MRD could be quantified or detected in one sample only. In four patients, MRD-based risk group classification was dependent on the site of BM puncture. Repetition of MRD analyses using 10-fold replicates instead of triplicates resolved most differences. In conclusion, MRD levels in paired BM samples were highly comparable, indicating that it is sufficient to analyse MRD in a single sample only. Nevertheless, MRD-based risk group classification can differ between paired BM samples, mainly because of variation below the quantitative range of the PCR assay rather than to a different distribution of leukaemic cells within the BM.