gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Photo-cross-linked Vinylbenzylthymine Copolymers for Photoresist Applications (2006)

The success of semiconductor technology over the last few decades has clearly established the importance of photoresists in manufacture of these devices. While the fundamental focus of the development in the photoresists area has often been in obtaining smaller feature size(s) at reduced cost, the toxicity and the environmental impact of these photoresists are not always factored into the design of these resists. Here we report a new family of water-soluble photopolymers that can potentially be useful as environmentally benign “negative working” photoresists. This water-soluble polystyrene copolymer, vinylbenzylthymine−vinylphenylsulfonate (VBT−VPS) can be easily coated on a variety of substrates including flexible plastics such as polyethylterephthalate (PET). The chemistry of the cross-linking and immobilization of these “bio-inspired” photoresists has been derived from a simple photochemical transformation that occurs in nature (2π + 2π photodimerization of thymine). In this study we report the irradiation-dose dependence of cross-linking/immobilization of VBT−VPS films on PET substrates. Noncontact atomic force microscopy has been used to measure the thickness of films formed at various exposure times. In addition, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to estimate the dose-dependent progression of film thickness and qualitatively observe the change in composition of the films upon irradiation. It has been demonstrated that these techniques can provide complementary information on photoinduced immobilization of VBT−VPS films that are crucial for developing this new class of environmentally benign materials for photoresist applications.
Mirolase, a novel subtilisin-like serine protease from the periodontopathogen Tannerella forsythia (2014)

The genome of Tannerella forsythia, an etiological factor of chronic periodontitis, contains several genes encoding putative proteases. Here, we characterized a subtilisin-like serine protease of T. forsythia referred to as mirolase. Recombinant full-length latent promirolase [85 kDa, without its signal peptide (SP)] processed itself through sequential autoproteolytic cleavages into a mature enzyme of 40 kDa. Mirolase latency was driven by the N-terminal prodomain (NTP). In stark contrast to almost all known subtilases, the cleaved NTP remained non-covalently associated with mirolase, inhibiting its proteolytic, but not amidolytic, activity. Full activity was observed only after the NTP was gradually, and fully, degraded. Both activity and processing was absolutely dependent on calcium ions, which were also essential for enzyme stability. As a consequence, both serine protease inhibitors and calcium ions chelators inhibited mirolase activity. Activity assays using an array of chromogenic substrates revealed that mirolase specificity is driven not only by the substrate-binding subsite S1, but also by other subsites. Taken together, mirolase is a calcium-dependent serine protease of the S8 family with the unique mechanism of activation that may contribute to T. forsythia pathogenicity by degradation of fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and the antimicrobial peptide LL-37.
A Robustness Study on Self-Alignment of Thin-Si Dies Using Surface Tension (2013)

We found that self-alignment accuracy was better than ±2 μm in the case with an initial offset of up to 1 mm. This method, driven by the surface tension force of the liquid, offers new technical solutions for both high accuracy chip bonding and low cost placement manner. Some important points, such as wetting behaviour, die release offset, and the influence of defects on a die, were studied in order to suggest approaches to robustness in this new technique.
Antioxidant Activity of Flavanols and Flavonoid Glycosides in Oolong Tea (2001)

Fourteen flavanols and flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the extracts of Oolong tea. Their structures were determined by spectral methods (MS and NMR) and compared with authentic samples. One of them is new to the constituents of tea. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The most active compounds were found to be compounds 1-6, compound 12 and the mixture of compounds 13 and 14.
Control of molecular tilt angles in oriented monolayers deposited by a chemical adsorption technique and application of the monolayers as an alignment film (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTControl of molecular tilt angles in oriented monolayers deposited by a chemical adsorption technique and application of the monolayers as an alignment filmNorihisa Mino, K. Nakajima, and K. OgawaCite this: Langmuir 1991, 7, 7, 1468–1472Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00055a030https://doi.org/10.1021/la00055a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mathematical Models of Contrast Transport Kinetics for Cancer Diagnostic Imaging: A Review (2016)

Angiogenesis plays a fundamental role in cancer growth and the formation of metastasis. Novel cancer therapies aimed at inhibiting angiogenic processes and/or disrupting angiogenic tumor vasculature are currently being developed and clinically tested. The need for earlier and improved cancer diagnosis, and for early evaluation and monitoring of therapeutic response to angiogenic treatment, have led to the development of several imaging methods for in vivo noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis. The combination of dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging with mathematical modeling of the contrast agent kinetics enables quantitative assessment of the structural and functional changes in the microvasculature that are associated with tumor angiogenesis. In this paper, we review quantitative imaging of angiogenesis with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasound.
Increasing Genotype-Phenotype Model Determinism: Application to Bivariate Reading/Language Traits and Epistatic Interactions in Language-Impaired Families (2010)

While advances in network and pathway analysis have flourished in the era of genome-wide association analysis, understanding the genetic mechanism of individual loci on phenotypes is still readily accomplished using genetic modeling approaches. Here, we demonstrate two novel genotype-phenotype models implemented in a flexible genetic modeling platform. The examples come from analysis of families with specific language impairment (SLI), a failure to develop normal language without explanatory factors such as low IQ or inadequate environment. In previous genome-wide studies, we observed strong evidence for linkage to 13q21 with a reading phenotype in language-impaired families. First, we elucidate the genetic architecture of reading impairment and quantitative language variation in our samples using a bivariate analysis of reading impairment in affected individuals jointly with language quantitative phenotypes in unaffected individuals. This analysis largely recapitulates the baseline analysis using the categorical trait data (posterior probability of linkage (PPL) = 80%), indicating that our reading impairment phenotype captured poor readers who also have low language ability. Second, we performed epistasis analysis using a functional coding variant in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene previously associated with reduced performance on working memory tasks. Modeling epistasis doubled the evidence on 13q21 and raised the PPL to 99.9%, indicating that BDNF and 13q21 susceptibility alleles are jointly part of the genetic architecture of SLI. These analyses provide possible mechanistic insights for further cognitive neuroscience studies based on the models developed herein.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Constrained Analogues of Amino Acids and Their Incorporation in the Sequence of Substance P (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polarization Speckle (2022)

The discussions of speckle in the previous chapters have implicitly assumed that the light in the speckle pattern is perfectly polarized. In many practical applications, especially when multiple scattering is present, the light scattered by the rough object or the diffuser may be partially or totally depolarized. In fact, just as the intensity of the light varies across the speckle pattern, so too the state of polarization may vary. This random fluctuation of polarization has become known as polarization speckle.
A Broader Study of Cross-Domain Few-Shot Learning (2019)

Recent progress on few-shot learning largely relies on annotated data for meta-learning: base classes sampled from the same domain as the novel classes. However, in many applications, collecting data for meta-learning is infeasible or impossible. This leads to the cross-domain few-shot learning problem, where there is a large shift between base and novel class domains. While investigations of the cross-domain few-shot scenario exist, these works are limited to natural images that still contain a high degree of visual similarity. No work yet exists that examines few-shot learning across different imaging methods seen in real world scenarios, such as aerial and medical imaging. In this paper, we propose the Broader Study of Cross-Domain Few-Shot Learning (BSCD-FSL) benchmark, consisting of image data from a diverse assortment of image acquisition methods. This includes natural images, such as crop disease images, but additionally those that present with an increasing dissimilarity to natural images, such as satellite images, dermatology images, and radiology images. Extensive experiments on the proposed benchmark are performed to evaluate state-of-art meta-learning approaches, transfer learning approaches, and newer methods for cross-domain few-shot learning. The results demonstrate that state-of-art meta-learning methods are surprisingly outperformed by earlier meta-learning approaches, and all meta-learning methods underperform in relation to simple fine-tuning by 12.8% average accuracy. Performance gains previously observed with methods specialized for cross-domain few-shot learning vanish in this more challenging benchmark. Finally, accuracy of all methods tend to correlate with dataset similarity to natural images, verifying the value of the benchmark to better represent the diversity of data seen in practice and guiding future research.
Social synchronization of circadian rhythmicity in female mice depends on the number of cohabiting animals (2015)

Communal animals often engage in group activities that require temporal synchrony among its members, including synchrony on the circadian timescale. The principles and conditions that foster such collective synchronization are not understood, but existing literature hints that the number of interacting individuals may be a critical factor. We tested this by recording individual circadian body temperature rhythms of female house mice housed singly, in twos (pairs), or in groups of five (quintets) in constant darkness; determining the daily phases of the circadian peak for each animal; and then calculating the cycle-to-cycle phase relationship between cohabiting animals over time. Significant temporal coherence was observed in quintets: the proportion of quintets (4/7), but not pairs (2/8), that became synchronized was greater than could be achieved by the complete simulated reassortment of all individuals. We speculate that the social coupling of individual circadian clocks of group members may be adaptive under certain conditions, and we propose that optimal group sizes in nature may depend not only on species-specific energetics, spatial behaviour and natural history but also on the mathematics of synchronizing assemblies of weakly coupled animal oscillators.
Metal imbalance and compromised antioxidant function are early changes in prion disease (2002)

The prion protein (PrP) has been shown to bind copper. In the present study we have investigated whether prion disease in a mouse scrapie model resulted in modification of metal concentrations. We found changes in the levels of copper and manganese in the brains of scrapie-infected mice prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. Interestingly, we noted a major increase in blood manganese in the early stages of disease. Analysis of purified PrP from the brains of scrapie-infected mice also showed a reduction in copper binding to the protein and a proportional decrease in antioxidant activity between 30 and 60 days post-inoculation. We postulate that alterations in trace-element metabolism as a result of changes in metal binding to PrP are central to the pathological modifications in prion disease.
A QVGA-size CMOS time-of-flight range image sensor with background light charge draining structure (2006)

3-D imaging systems can be used in a variety of applications such as in automobile, medicine, robot vision systems, security and so on. Recently many kinds of range finding methods have been proposed for 3-D imaging systems. This paper presents a new type of CMOS range image sensor based on the Time-of-Flight (TOF)principle with a spatial resolution of 336 × 252 (QVGA) and pixels of 15 × 15 &#956;m<sup>2</sup> size. A pixel structure of the sensor consists of single layer polysilicon gates on thick field oxide and has a function of background light induced charge reduction. The chip was fabricated in a 0.35 &#956;m standard CMOS process with two poly and three metal layers. The presented sensor achieves a minimum range resolution of 2.8cm at framerate of 30fps and the resolution is improved to 4.2mm for 10 frames averaging, which corresponds to 3fps.
Biomechanical evaluation of CIBOR spine interbody fusion device (2016)

This study indicates an option for operative treatment of spine interbody fusion, as the CIBOR spine interbody fusion device has a hollow center. This hollow center is designed to accommodate a carbon foam insert to promote bony ingrowth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1157-1168, 2017.
IN VIVO REQUIREMENT FOR A RADIATION-RESISTANT CELL IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES (1971)

Experiments have been done to establish whether the radiation-resistant or A cell has a specific function in the initiation of an immune response in mice to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). All previous demonstrations using accessory (A) cells have involved in vitro assays and are possibly explainable as tissue culture artifacts. If A cells are essential, it should be possible to demonstrate their requirement in vivo. Therefore we first established such conditions. Two methods were found for creating an A-cell deficiency in vivo: (a) A cells disappear gradually from the spleens of irradiated mice, presumably by migration since A-cell function was shown not to be decreased by irradiation. If 3 days elapse between irradiation and transplantation of mixtures of bone marrow and thymus cells (which provide B and T but few A cells), the usual synergistic response does not occur. Addition of large numbers of freshly irradiated spleen cells to the mixture of bone marrow and thymus completely restores the immune response. (b) Injection of 10(10) horse erythrocytes into mice suppresses A-cell activity in these mice 24 hr later; a much reduced response to SRBC is obtained when they are given at this time. The response can be partially restored if irradiated spleen cells are given with the SRBC. This observation formed the basis for a quantitative in vivo assay for A cells in which the magnitude of restoration by various suspensions of irradiated cells was used to estimate the A-cell activity of that suspension. A quantitative in vitro assay for A cells was also developed. It was essential for this assay that the total cell number, B-cell number, and T-cell number be kept constant and that only the number of A cells be allowed to vary. Only under these conditions was the response a linear function of the number of A cells added. If the in vivo and in vitro assays are detecting the same class of radiation-resistant cells, the physical properties of the cells active in each assay should be identical. Spleen cells were separated on the basis of both density and sedimentation velocity. Fractions from both separation methods were tested for their content of A cells using both the in vivo and in vitro assays. The density and sedimentation profiles of A cells were similar in both assays. The demonstration that a radiation-resistant cell is required in vivo and that this cell has properties identical to the radiation-resistant cell required in vitro indicates that this cell (the A cell) is directly involved in the initiation of an immune response to erythrocyte antigens.
Generation and Intradyne Detection of Single-Wavelength 1.61-Tb/s Using an All-Electronic Digital Band Interleaved Transmitter (2018)

We generate 100-GHz wide in-phase and quadrature electrical signals via two synchronized digital band interleaved digital-to-analog converters and demonstrate single-wavelength digital band multiplexed QAM with an aggregate all-electronically generated line rate of 1.61 Tb/s.
Microscale Image Enhancement Via PCA and Well-Exposedness Maps (2022)

The restrictions of accessing high-end microscopes, microscale cameras and high-tech imaging lenses result in a high demand on low-cost microscopes. However, low-cost microscopes are facing with many image capture and quality limitations due to incompatible equipped instrumentation. This study aims at overcoming illumination and contrast problems, color aberration issues, and blur and noise corruption in low-cost microscopes at high image magnification rates. The three color channels of the input image are enhanced via principal component analysis and well-exposedness feature maps by means of cross-channel histogram matching, Laplacian and non-local means filtering. The proposed approach produces sharper, and better color and illumination fixed outputs when compared to existing methods in literature.
Abstract 1933: A novel small molecule inhibitor of MRCK shows utility in blocking radiation induced invasion of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo (2018)

Abstract Myotonic dystrophy kinase-related CDC42-binding kinases MRCKα and MRCKβ regulate actin-myosin contractility and are members of the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases. MRCKs are closely related to the Rho-regulated ROCK kinases, which is reflected in their shared abilities to phosphorylate a similar set of substrates, including myosin II light chain proteins (MLC) and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1). However, MRCK and ROCK may phosphorylate these substrates at different subcellular localisations leading to diverging effects on cell invasion and migration. Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable primary brain tumor. Patients are treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy but prognosis remains poor, with a median survival of 15 months. Complete surgical resection of GBM is difficult because these tumours are frequently invasive. Recent research has indicated that, while radiotherapy extends life expectancy of patients, it can provoke a more infiltrative phenotype in those GBM cells that survive treatment. We have developed potent and selective small molecule MRCK inhibitors exemplified by BDP-9066, which inhibits pMLC in a selective cellular assay with an EC50 28.3 nM, whilst displaying high selectivity over ROCK1 where the EC50 10.6 µM. This compound, and others in the series, have been used in numerous cellular assay systems to demonstrate that MRCK inhibition suppresses the invasion and migration of cancer cells including, breast, skin SCC and glioblastoma. We have used BDP-9066 to demonstrate that MRCK inhibition is effective at perturbing radiation-induced migration of GBM cells in culture at concentrations that block phosphorylation of MLC. Using a clinically relevant intracranial mouse model that recapitulates key histological features of the disease, we have shown that BDP-9066 inhibits the invasion of G7 GBM cells into the contralateral hemisphere of the brain. These experiments highlight the potential utility of MRCK inhibition in the treatment of GBM in patients. Citation Format: Heather J. McKinnon, Joanna Birch, Laura McDonald, Mairi Sime, Daniel Croft, Diane Crighton, Martin Drysdale, Lesley Gilmore, Christopher Gray, Jennifer Konczal, Duncan McArthur, Patricia McConnell, Mokdad Mezna, Alexander Schuettelkopf, Karen Strathdee, Justin Bower, Michael F. Olson, Anthony J. Chalmers. A novel small molecule inhibitor of MRCK shows utility in blocking radiation induced invasion of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1933.
A generalized temporal transfer matrix method and its application to modeling electromagnetic waves in time-varying chiral media (2023)

Chiral metamaterials have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties in both the microwave and optics regimes. However, most existing works rely on engineering the desired properties of spatial interfaces, and the concept of time-varying chirality has only recently begun to be explored. As a consequence, there is currently a lack of suitable tools for evaluating the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in time-varying chiral media. As such, this paper presents the theoretical formulation for temporal reflection and transmission of EM waves in time-varying chiral media using the temporal transfer matrix method (TTMM). The developed TTMM tool will then be utilized to explore several application examples including a structure with an arbitrary temporal profile, optical activity generated from time interfaces, and anti-reflection temporal coatings. In addition, we employ a specialized finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique, known as BI-FDTD, in all the scenarios to validate the proposed theory.