gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Perfluorocarbon Emulsions on Cultured Human Endothelial Cells (1997)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and their emulsions (PFCEs) were used in organ preservation before transplantation, but not in organ perfusion. Our purpose was to achieve organ perfusion with a PFCE at room temperature or at 37 degrees C, i. e. with oxygenation, to prevent damages related to reoxygenation after hypoxia. Therefore, we first investigated the effect of such emulsions on endothelial cells, the first cells to be in contact with the emulsion. A stem emulsion was prepared from perfluorooctyl bromide (90% w/v), emulsified with egg yolk phospholipids (2% w/v) and stabilized with a mixed fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon "molecular dowel" (1.4% w/v) (droplets of ca 0.2 micron in diameter). This emulsion was found to be stable when diluted with cell culture media or organ preservation fluids. Endothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVECs) were cultured in multiwell plates in M199 medium (with growth factors, 10% foetal calf serum and 5% human serum). Confluent cells were incubated overnight with 51Cr, washed and overlayed with M199 (control) or the above PFCE diluted 2x or 4x with M199 (test). After incubation, the cytotoxicity of the PFCEs was estimated by measuring 51Cr release and observing cell morphology by electron and light microscopy. The percentages of released 51Cr were identical to those of the control cells for the 2x, 3x or 4x diluted PFCEs at 4, 25 or 37 degrees C. After return to the M199 medium, the cells grew and multiplied normally. We conclude that the diluted PFCEs were devoid of cytotoxicity. The 2x diluted PFCE was however partially taken up by the cells: by microscopy, we observed intracellular PFC droplets and by density gradient analysis we found a slight increase in cellular density. The diluted PFCEs were compared to classical organ preservation solutions : HUVECs were incubated with UW (University of Wisconsin) or EC (EuroCollins) solutions at +4 and 37 degrees C (3, 17 or 24 h of incubation). The solutions were observed to be toxic to the cells under these conditions, with cell mortality after return to the M199 medium. This cytotoxicity may be attributed to the high K+ concentration of UW and EC, since similar assays performed on HUVECs with Hank's solution adjusted to 100 mM K+ showed a similar % of 51Cr release. UW and EC are therefore not acceptable as dilution media for PFCEs.
Recycling of memory B cells between germinal center and lymph node subcapsular sinus supports affinity maturation to antigenic drift (2022)

Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or memory B cells. Here we follow the migratory pathways of B cells emerging from germinal centers (B<sub>EM</sub>) and find that many B<sub>EM</sub> cells migrate into the lymph node subcapsular sinus (SCS) guided by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). From the SCS, B<sub>EM</sub> cells may exit the lymph node to enter distant tissues, while some B<sub>EM</sub> cells interact with and take up antigen from SCS macrophages, followed by CCL21-guided return towards the GC. Disruption of local CCL21 gradients inhibits the recycling of B<sub>EM</sub> cells and results in less efficient adaption to antigenic variation. Our findings thus suggest that the recycling of antigen variant-specific B<sub>EM</sub> cells and transport of antigen back to GC may support affinity maturation to antigenic drift.
Dynamic metasurface for broadband electromagnetic modulator in reflection (2016)

This paper presents the first experimental demonstration on microfluidic metasurface which can be individually controlled for electromagnetic modulator. The polarization state and intensity of reflected light can be actively modulated in a wide range of frequency (86% of central frequency). In addition, the intensity of cross polarized light in reflection can be significantly modulated, in which the modulation depth is nearly 100% for the whole frequency range. Such proposed dynamic metasurface is a good candidate for many practical applications such as tunable imaging system and optical components.
Detecting Cancer Cells in Normal Tissue by Scanning Force Modulation Microscopy (2008)

We introduce a new application of scanning force modulation microscopy (SFMM) which we show can be used to differentiate transformed from normal live cells simply by measuring their nanomechanical properties. This technique relies on the fact that cellular elasticity changes drastically when cells become cancerous. Hence a single cancerous cell amid a culture of normal cells can be observed. This technique can also measure the mechanical properties of the underlying substrate, or the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is also known to have differences in mechanical properties between the proteins secreted by normal and cancer cells. Hence we have the ability to correlate the state of the cell in reference to that of its underlying ECM.
Chelation-Directed Asymmetric Lithiation and C-Substitution of 1,2,4-Butanetriol Acetonide (1995)

The 4-O-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxylate) 1 of (S)-1,2-O-isopropylidene-1,2,4-butanetriol is readily deprotonated by sec-butyllithium in ether with high lk-diastereoselectivity: The presumed bicyclic chelate complex 2⋅OEt 2 is trapped by various electrophiles to form optically active adducts 4 with > 95% diastereoselectivity, serving as a synthetic equivalent for the unknown (1S,3S)-1,3,4-trihydroxybutanide ion. External complexation of tertiary diamines can compete with the internal oxygen ligand, leading to modified stereoselectivities.
Interference-enhanced optical magnetism in surface high-index resonators: a pathway toward high-performance ultracompact linear and nonlinear meta-optics (2019)

Artificial magnetism in optical frequencies is one of the most intriguing phenomena associated with metamaterials. The Mie resonance of high-index resonators provides an alternative approach to achieving optical magnetism with simple structures. Given the generally moderate refractive index exhibited by available materials at optical frequencies, Mie resonances usually suffer from coupling between the multipole modes, and the corresponding response of the Mie metasurfaces can be analyzed based on the concept of “meta-optics.” Here, we show that the optical magnetism in high-index resonators can be significantly enhanced by adding a highly reflective back mirror to the system. To highlight the transformative ability of this approach for improving meta-optics in the linear and nonlinear regimes, two proof-of-concept demonstrations are presented. Theoretical modeling reveals that low-pump power ultrafast nonlinear optics can be realized in periodic Si nanodisk arrays backed with a gold film, a system supporting guided resonance modes. Moreover, based on the enhanced magnetism of individual high-index resonators, a pair of silicon cuboids is demonstrated as a magnetic antenna for directional excitation of surface plasmon waves. The interference-enhanced magnetism of high-index resonators provides a disruptive technology for enabling meta-optics comprising ultracompact, high-speed, and power-efficient photonic devices.
Reblurred deconvolution method for chemical shift removal in F‐19 (PFOB) MR imaging (1992)

Perfluorocarbons such as perfluoroctylbromide (PFOB) can be used as contrast agents in the vascular system for fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging or as synthetic oxygen carriers. F-19 imaging has been proposed for studying the vascular system, capillary flow, tissue perfusion, and tumor oxygenation. A major difficulty is that F-19 compounds often have complex multipeak spectra. These peaks result in chemical shift artifacts, lower signal-to-noise ratios, and blurred images. Each peak also excites a different section when a section-select gradient is applied. Direct inverse filtering is the simplest deconvolution method for correcting such artifacts; however, two major difficulties present themselves: functional singularity and noise amplification at high frequencies. The use of a new reblurred deconvolution (RED) method appears to overcome these problems. Although this method is based on iterative deconvolution in the spatial domain, the computational overhead is negligible. Since the point spread function and object data are already available in the time domain as FID data, RED appears to be useful for eliminating chemical shift artifacts and suppressing noise amplification while restoring the original image without loss of resolution.
Investigating prototyping approaches of Ghanaian novice designers (2019)

Increasingly, products are designed for global markets, yet studies of design practices primarily investigate designers from high-income countries. Specifically, the use of prototypes during design is likely affected by the background of the designer and the environment in which they are designing. To broaden our understanding of the extent to which prototyping best practices are used beyond Western designers, in this study, we conducted interviews with novice designers from Ghana, a middle-income country (MIC), to examine how Ghanaian novice designers (upper-level undergraduate students) used prototypes throughout their design courses. We compared the reported use of prototypes to best practice behaviors and analyzed the types of prototypes used. We found evidence that these Ghanaian novice designers used some critical prototyping best practice behaviors, while other behaviors were underutilized, specifically during the front-end phases of design and for the purpose of engaging with stakeholders. Additionally, virtual models dominated their prototyping choices. We discuss likely reasons for these trends based on participants’ design experiences and design contexts.
Investigation of self-heating induced hot-carrier-injection stress behavior in high-voltage power devices (2013)

In this paper, we investigate hot carrier injection (HCI) stress induced self-heating behavior for high-voltage n-type Lateral-Diffused-MOSFET (NLDMOS) multi-finger devices. A NMOS device with more poly fingers, for the first time, is found to suffer more threshold voltage drift (ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> ) but less linear current drift (ΔId <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lin</sub> ) under HCI stress at high gate and drain voltages. The experiment of monitoring device temperature is carried out and TCAD simulations are performed to investigate the physical mechanisms. The effect of poly gate finger numbers (PGFN) is attributed to higher lattice temperature with more PGFN, resulting in higher electrical field in the channel region and lower electrical field in the drift region. HCI behavior in ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> and ΔId <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lin</sub> for different PGFN devices at various ambient temperatures are verified by TCAD simulation. In addition, the effect of PGFN on AC HCI stress and DC HCI Safe-Operation-Area (SOA) are studied. All the experimental findings can be well explained by the effect of self-heating during HCI stress mode.
Minimising blood loss and transfusion in contemporary hip and knee arthroplasty (2012)

Despite advances in contemporary hip and knee arthroplasty, blood loss continues to be an issue. Though blood transfusion has long been used to treat post-operative anemia, the associated risks are well established. The objective of this article is to present two practical and effective approaches to minimising blood loss and transfusion rates in hip and knee arthroplasty: the use of antifibrinolytic medications such as tranexamic acid and the adoption of more conservative transfusion indications.
Oriented Assembly of Gold Nanorods on the Single‐Particle Level (2011)

Abstract Non‐spherical colloidal nanoparticles have great potential for applications owing to their enhanced directional properties. However, the lack of methods to precisely assemble them on surfaces has hindered exploitation of their properties for planar devices. Here, the oriented assembly of short gold nanorods with lengths below 100 nm from colloidal suspensions is demonstrated. A locally induced phase transition confines the colloidal nanorods at a receding three‐phase contact line that is controllably moved over a nanostructured surface in a capillary assembly process. Dedicated topographical trapping sites allow for aligned assembly of the nanorods on the single‐particle level. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated by assembling nanorods into long‐range‐ordered, non‐close packed arrays that could serve as anti‐counterfeit labels by virtue of their distinct optical appearance in the far‐field. Furthermore, oriented nanorod dimers that are deterministically assembled have the potential to function as nano‐plasmonic antenna devices.
Unsteady pressure loads generated by swept-shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions (1996)

An experimental research program providing basic knowledge and establishing a database on the fluctuating pressure loads produced on aerodynamic surfaces beneath three-dimensional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions is described. A turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate is subjected to interactions with swept planar shock waves generated by sharp fins at angle of attack. Fin angles from 10 to 20 deg at freestream Mach numbers of 3 and 4 produce a variety of interaction strengths from weak to very strong. Miniature pressure transducers flush mounted in the flat plate are used to measure interaction-induced wall pressure fluctuations. The distributions of properties of the pressure fluctuations, such as their rms levels and power spectra, are determined. These are combined with and explained in light of the previously known features of the interaction flowfield. In particular, physical mechanisms responsible for the generation of high levels of surface pressure fluctuations are proposed based on the present results. Attention has been focused for the first time on the aft regions of these interactions, revealing fluctuating pressure levels as high as 155 dB. These fluctuations are dominated by low-frequency components and are caused by a previously unrecognized random motion of the primary attachment line. The maximum rms levels in the interactions show an increasing trend with increasing interaction strength. On the other hand, the maximum rms levels in the forward portion of the interactions decrease linearly with increasing interaction sweepback. Nomenclature A = attachment / = frequency G(/) = power spectral density ^shock = length of region of intermittent separation shock translation M = Mach number P = pressure
Synthetic approaches to artificial photosynthesis: general discussion (2019)

Moritz F. Kuehnel opened a discussion of the paper by Andrew I. Cooper: What do you know about the HOMO and LUMO localisation on the polymers? I suppose this is strongly affected by introducing heteroatoms such as sulfur, and that this causes the changes observed when oxidising the thiophene to
1-(3-Diazo-2-oxopropyl)-4-thio-substituted Azetidine-2-ones. Versatile Intermediates for the Preparation of Bicyclic b-Lactams: Synthesis of Novel Cephem Derivatives (1983)

Metal-catalyzed thermal decomposition of dmroketones &-z afforded different subst~tuted cephems, whose format~on can be rationalized by asummg different maction pathways.Possible rnechanwnr are proposed, and the effect o f various 4-thio-substltuents on the decomposition of these diazaketones are summarised.The exploitatcon of diaroketones1 derwed from 4-thloazetcdin-1-ylacetlc acids, for the preparation of novel 0-lactam structures has been the subject of a number of recent reports from thls and other laboratories.
Comparison of transgenic and adenovirus hACE2 mouse models for SARS-CoV-2 infection (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently causing a worldwide pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. Development of animal models that recapitulate important aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for the evaluation of vaccines and antivirals, and understanding disease pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to use the same entry receptor as SARS-CoV-1, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) [1-3]. Due to amino acid differences between murine and hACE2, inbred mouse strains fail to support high titer viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, a number of transgenic and knock-in mouse models, as well as viral vector-mediated hACE2 delivery systems have been developed. Here we compared the K18-hACE2 transgenic model to adenovirus-mediated delivery of hACE2 to the mouse lung. We show that K18-hACE2 mice replicate virus to high titers in the nasal turbinates, lung and brain, with high lethality, and cytokine/chemokine production. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated delivery results in viral replication to lower titers limited to the nasal turbinates and lung, and no clinical signs of infection. The K18-hACE2 model provides a stringent model for testing vaccines and antivirals, whereas the adenovirus delivery system has the flexibility to be used across multiple genetic backgrounds and modified mouse strains.
Ischemia induces alterations in actin filaments in renal vascular smooth muscle cells (2002)

Although altered renal vascular reactivity is known to occur after ischemia, the structural basis explaining the phenomenon has not been clarified. To evaluate for structural damage to the renal vasculature in ischemic acute renal failure (ARF), F-actin in the renal vasculature of rat kidneys and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The left renal artery was clamped for 15 or 45 min in Sprague-Dawley rats. In other experimental groups, 45 min of renal arterial clamping was followed by 1 or 3 h of reperfusion. Control kidneys were procured without any preceding interventional procedure. F-actin was labeled with either fluorescein or Texas red-conjugated phalloidin. Serial optical sections were collected by confocal microscopy, and image volumes were rendered three dimensionally. The degree of cytoskeletal damage in the vasculature was assessed by semiquantitative scoring of the staining for F-actin. Disorganization/disarray of F-actin, reflected by disruption and clumping of the actin filaments, was observed in arteries, arterioles, and the vasa rectae of the kidney after ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Smooth muscle cells from arteries and arterioles showed significant damage to F-actin after either 15 or 45 min of ischemia in a duration-dependent manner. The actin cytoskeleton tended to recover from damage from 45 min of ischemia 1 and 3 h after reperfusion. The vasa rectae did not demonstrate significant damage to F-actin after 15- or 45-min ischemia. However, significant damage to the vasa rectae was manifest 3 h after the reperfusion following 45 min of ischemia. In summary, disorganization/disarray of F-actin in vascular smooth muscle cells of the kidney was observed after ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. A similar finding was observed in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. We suggest that this disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton may play a contributory role in the loss of autoregulation of renal blood flow and the aberrant vascular reactivity in postischemic ARF.
Profiling the Glycoforms of the Intact α Subunit of Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by High-Resolution Capillary Electrophoresis−Mass Spectrometry (2009)

With the rapid growth of complex heterogeneous biological molecules, effective techniques that are capable of rapid characterization of biologics are essential to ensure the desired product characteristics. To address this need, we have developed a method for analysis of intact glycoproteins based on high-resolution capillary electrophoretic separation coupled to an LTQ-FT mass spectrometer. We evaluated the performance of this method on the alpha subunit of mouse cell line-derived recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (r-alpha hCG), a protein that is glycosylated at two sites and is part of the clinically relevant gonadotrophin family. Analysis of r-alpha hCG, using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a separation time under 20 min, resulted in the identification of over 60 different glycoforms with up to nine sialic acids. High-resolution CE-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) allowed separation and analysis of not only intact glycoforms with different numbers of sialic acids but also intact glycoforms that differed by the number and extent of neutral monosaccharides. The high mass resolution of the FT-MS enabled a limited mass range to be targeted for the examination of the protein glycoforms, simplifying the analysis without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, the limited mass range resulted in a fast scan speed that enhanced the reproducibility of the relative quantitation of individual glycoforms. The intact glycoprotein analysis was complemented with the analysis of the tryptic glycopeptides and glycans of r-alpha hCG to enable the assignment of glycan structures to individual sites, resulting in a detailed characterization of the protein. Samples of r-alpha hCG obtained from a CHO cell line were also analyzed and briefly shown to be significantly different from the murine cell line product. Taken together, the results suggest that the CE coupled to high-resolution FT-MS can be one of the effective tools for in-process monitoring as well as for final product characterization.
Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials Provokes Inflammation of an in Vitro Human Immune Construct (2009)

Nanoparticle technology is undergoing significant expansion largely because of the potential of nanoparticles as biomaterials, drug delivery vehicles, cancer therapeutics, and immunopotentiators. Incorporation of nanoparticle technologies for in vivo applications increases the urgency to characterize nanomaterial immunogenicity. This study explores titanium dioxide, one of the most widely manufactured nanomaterials, synthesized into its three most common nanoarchitectures: anatase (7-10 nm), rutile (15-20 nm), and nanotube (10-15 nm diameters, 70-150 nm length). The fully human autologous MIMIC immunological construct has been utilized as a predictive, nonanimal alternative to diagnose nanoparticle immunogenicity. Cumulatively, treatment with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the MIMIC system led to elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and increased maturation and expression of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells. Additionally, these treatments effectively primed activation and proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells in comparison to dendritic cells treated with micrometer-sized (>1 microm) titanium dioxide, characteristic of an in vivo inflammatory response.
Organic Electroluminescence (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction OLED Fundamentals Key OLED Trends and Innovations Electroluminescence from Vapor-deposited Organic Films Electroluminescence from Solution-Deposited Organic Films Prospects for General Illumination A First OLED Lighting Demonstration Downconversion for White Light Generation Scattering for Outcoupling Efficiency Enhancement A Scalable Monolithic Series Architecture Efficiency Challenge for General Illumination Conclusions Acknowledgements