gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology and prevention of diabetes mellitus (2009)

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease characterized by raised blood glucose. The current classification recognizes two main types: Type 1, due to destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas and typically requiring exogenous insulin for survival; and type 2, representing 85–95 per cent of all diabetes, and due to a combination of resistance to the action of insulin and diminished insulin production. Currently, around 250 million people worldwide have diabetes, 6 per cent of the adult population, and this figure will increase markedly over the coming years as populations age and become increasingly overweight and sedentary, the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Contrary to popular perception over 70 per cent of people with diabetes live in low- or middle-income countries, and most new cases of diabetes over the coming decades will be in such countries. Diabetes reduces life expectancy by around 15 years in type 1 diabetes and 10 years in type 2 and in many populations is the major cause of lower limb amputation, visual loss and renal failure. It is a major source of expenditure in health systems the world over and also impacts upon economic productivity. It was recently estimated that in 2007 diabetes cost India 2.1 per cent of its gross domestic product. Prevention, or at least delayed onset, of type 2 diabetes through behavioural or pharmacological measures has been convincingly demonstrated in several trials. At best these trials were able to achieve a 60 per cent reduction in incidence. The prevention of type 1 diabetes remains the subject of research. Nonetheless, a substantial reduction in the incidence of complications in people with diabetes is possible, including reductions in cardiovascular disease events, visual loss, lower limb amputation and renal failure. However, achieving these reductions requires well organized and resourced health care, and good education and support to people with diabetes in managing their condition. Diabetes is one of the major public health challenges of the twenty-first century, a fact recognized in 2006 by a United Nations resolution.
Demo: On-device Puff Detection System for Smoking Cessation (2023)

Customized, on-device applications that provide timely interventions about smoking episodes are very helpful for smoking cessation. For this, real-time detection of smoking puffs are necessary through unobtrusive wearable devices. This work demonstrates auto-generated tiny puff detection models for on-device inference on low-power wearable devices.
Regulation of histone methylation by automethylation of PRC2 (2019)

Polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a histone methyltransferase that is critical for regulating transcriptional repression in mammals. Its catalytic subunit, EZH2, is responsible for the trimethylation of H3K27 and also undergoes automethylation. Using mass spectrometry analysis of recombinant human PRC2, we identified three methylated lysine residues (K510, K514, and K515) on a disordered but highly conserved loop of EZH2. Methylation of these lysines increases PRC2 histone methyltransferase activity, whereas their mutation decreases activity in vitro. De novo histone methylation in an <i>EZH2</i> knockout cell line is greatly impeded by mutation of the automethylation lysines. EZH2 automethylation occurs intramolecularly (in <i>cis</i>) by methylation of a pseudosubstrate sequence on a flexible loop. This posttranslational modification and <i>cis</i> regulation of PRC2 are analogous to the activation of many protein kinases by autophosphorylation. We propose that EZH2 automethylation allows PRC2 to modulate its histone methyltransferase activity by sensing histone H3 tails, SAM concentration, and perhaps other effectors.
Optical chiral negative-index metamaterial design (2008)

A material parameter extraction procedure for general BI metamaterials has been presented. The retrieved material parameters correspond to those of the homogeneous BI material slab of the same thickness that produces the same transmission and reflection properties. A doubly-periodic chiral NIM design in the near-IR spectrum has been presented along with the extracted material parameters.
Changes in plasma ionized calcium and magnesium in blood donors after donation of 450 mL blood. Effects of hernodilution and Donnan equilibrium (1996)

The plasma concentration of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in 26 blood donors decreased 0.01 mmol/L during blood donation. The changes could be explained by admixture of interstitial fluid. About 162 mL or 36% of the donated blood was replaced by interstitial fluid during blood donation. From the changes in concentration and hematocrit we could estimate the composition of the added fluid. The concentration of protein was much lower than in plasma. The concentration of protein-bound and free cations was also lower, in accord with the Donnan theory. We conclude that blood donors immediately after blood donation are unsuited as a reference population for proteins and ions.
Thermococcus kodakarensis DNA replication (2013)

DNA replication plays an essential role in all life forms. Research on archaeal DNA replication began approximately 20 years ago. Progress was hindered, however, by the lack of genetic tools to supplement the biochemical and structural studies. This has changed, however, and genetic approaches are now available for several archaeal species. One of these organisms is the thermophilic euryarchaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. In the present paper, the recent developments in the biochemical, structural and genetic studies on the replication machinery of T. kodakarensis are summarized.
Modified Pyroprobe Captive Sample Reactor: Characterization of Reactor and Cellulose Pyrolysis at Vacuum and Atmospheric Pressures (2017)

With the existing analytical pyrolysis systems (e.g., thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyroprobe, drop tube furnace, etc.) that are available on the market, it is not possible to monitor the real temperature of a sample or visualize the transformation of the solids. Furthermore, typical sample preparation methods (e.g., using a powder) result in poor mass and heat transfer, because of large sample thickness and the explosion of particles during the heating regime. To study and address these problems, (i) a new experimental setup was designed to allow temperature measurement and pyrolysis sample visualization using a CDS Pyroprobe 5000; (ii) the system was completely characterized with cellulose (85.7 μm thick) as the solid sample; and (iii) preliminary results showed the propulsion of cellulose particles out of the quartz sample tube, which could be a major source of error. As a result, a thin sample film was used for further experimentation. Pyrolysis experiments using cellulose were performed under near-vacuum conditions (3.5 mbar) and at near-atmospheric pressure (950 mbar) to gain insight into the effect of pressure on pyrolysis. The temperature of the samples and the yield of solid residue (char) were measured. Results showed that the heating rate of the sample was much slower than the heating rate of the platinum coil. Furthermore, endothermic reactions suppressed the heating rate as the temperature rose above 400 °C. Data was extracted from videos of pyrolysis at both pressures to track the darkening of the solid samples. A computer simulation of these experiments including heat, mass, and momentum transport at 3.5 and 950 mbar shows how operation at different pressures and heating rates affect the generation and distribution of pyrolysis products. These simulations indicate that convective heat transfer dominates over radiative heat transfer to the cellulose sample at high and low pressures if the heating coil is wrapped tightly around the quartz sample tube. However, radiative heat transfer is somewhat more important at lower pressures where the gas-phase thermal conductivity is smaller, especially if the heating coil is loosely wrapped around the sample tube.
Ultralow jitter semiconductor based actively mode-locked laser (2006)

We report on a 10.24 GHz actively mode-locked laser with 4.65 fs of relative timing jitter and 0.0365% pulse-to-pulse amplitude fluctuation. Supermode noise spurs for this harmonically mode-locked laser are <-150 dBc/Hz
Volatile Constituents of European Bird Cherry Flowers (Padus aviumMill.) (1990)

ABSTRACT The volatiles of European bird cherry flowers were enriched by the vacuum headspace method. In the obtained odor concentrate more than 70 compounds were identified by GC/MS. The compounds, which are responsible for the typical odor, are benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylacetonitrile, linalool and a number of nitrogen-containing constituents like indole, methyl anthranilate, anthranilic aldehyde, 2-aminoacetophenone and nicotinic aldehyde. Some compounds have previously not been found in nature (methyl esters of N-formyl-leucine and N-formyl-isoleucine, N-(2-acetylphenyl)-formamide and 1, 4-dihydro-2-methyl-2H-3, 1-benzoxazine). It is remarkable that many of the additionally identified compounds are known as microbial oxidation or degradation products of terpenoids, amino acids or carotenoids.
Cowpea Mosaic Virus 32- and 60-Kilodalton Replication Proteins Target and Change the Morphology of Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes (2002)

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) replicates in close association with small membranous vesicles that are formed by rearrangements of intracellular membranes. To determine which of the viral proteins are responsible for the rearrangements of membranes and the attachment of the replication complex, we have expressed individual CPMV proteins encoded by RNA1 in cowpea protoplasts by transient expression and in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) expression vector. The 32-kDa protein (32K) and 60K, when expressed individually, accumulate in only low amounts but are found associated with membranes mainly derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 24K and 110K are freely soluble and accumulate to high levels. With the TRV vector, expression of 32K and 60K results in rearrangement of ER membranes. Besides, expression of 32K and 60K results in necrosis of the inoculated N. benthamiana leaves, suggesting that 32K and 60K are cytotoxic proteins. On the other hand, during CPMV infection 32K and 60K accumulate to high levels without causing necrosis.
Implications of HER family inhibition in targeted therapy of ovarian cancer (2006)

13120 Background: The human epidermal receptor (HER) family couples binding of extracellular ligands to intracellular tyrosine kinase (TK) signal transduction pathways, contributing to cellular proliferation. Overexpression of HER family members has been associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. There is growing evidence to support that none of the individual HER members can be considered as the stand-alone target in ovarian cancer and that cooperation between them influences therapeutic response. To evaluate this receptor cooperation in ovarian cancer our goal was to determine HER family expression and to quantify inhibition of HER1 alone compared to inhibition of HER1/HER2 combined. Methods: HER1, HER2, HER3 and HER4 expression was determined by Western blot in 9 ovarian cancer cell lines. Ovarian cancer cell proliferation was determined after inhibition of HER1 using the monoclonal antibody cetuximab, the TK inhibitor gefitinib, or combination of the two. To quantify the combined inhibition of HER1/HER2, 3 cell lines were selected with variable HER1 and HER2 expression. Cell proliferation was then determined in these 3 cell lines after treatment with cetuximab combined with the monoclonal HER2 antibody, trastuzumab. IC50 values were calculated for all treatment arms and compared. A lung cancer cell line (HCC827), with a HER1 TK mutation and sensitivity to gefitinib and cetuximab, was used as a positive control. Results: HER1 was overexpressed in 3/9 ovarian cancer cell lines, HER2 in 1/9, HER3 in 2/9, and HER4 in 4/9. Minimal to no growth inhibition was seen in the 9 cell lines after blocking HER1 with cetuximab, gefitinib, or the combination of both. In the 3 cell lines selected for HER1 and HER2 expression, there was no growth inhibition achieved despite combining cetuximab with trastuzumab. However, this treatment combination increased resistance in 1 of the 3 cell lines (HCC60), noted to overexpress HER1, 2, and 4. Conclusions: Ovarian cancer has variable HER family expression. No correlation was found between HER1 and HER2 overexpression and response to their targeted inhibition. Our findings support the concept the entire HER family plays a role in ovarian cancer growth and suggest an equilibrium shift of HER heterodimerization may play an important role in maintaining cell signaling. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
P‐173: Highly Efficient and Angular Stable White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes for Display Applications Based on Fluorescent Blue and Phosphorescent Yellow Emission (2016)

Two 3‐stack tandem white OLEDs devices with blue‐yellow‐blue and blue‐blue‐yellow structures with fluorescent blue and yellow phosphorescent materials were investigated about various performances for display applications. We report CIE coordinates of (0.335, 0.313) and 23.6 % EQE (external quantum efficiency) at 1000 cd/m 2 in blue‐blue‐yellow structure.
An Optimal Decoding Strategy for Physical-Layer Network Coding Over Multipath Fading Channels (2014)

We present an optimal decoder for physical-layer network coding (PNC) in multipath fading channels. Previous studies on PNC have largely focused on the single-path case. For PNC, multipath introduces not only intersymbol interference (ISI) but cross-symbol interference (Cross-SI) between signals simultaneously transmitted by multiple users as well. To overcome these problems, the decoder at the relay of our PNC design makes use of a belief propagation (BP) algorithm to decode the multipath-distorted signals received from multiple users into a network-coded packet. We refer to our multipath decoding algorithm as MP-PNC. Our simulation results show that, benchmarked against synchronous PNC over a one-path channel, the bit-error-rate (BER) performance penalty of MP-PNC under a two-tap International Telecommunication Union (ITU) channel model can be kept within 0.5 dB. Moreover, it outperforms a multiuser detection (MUD)- xor algorithm by 3 dB (MUD- xor decodes the individual information from both users explicitly before performing the xor network-coding mapping). Although the framework of fading-channel PNC presented in this paper is demonstrated based on two- and three-path channel models, our algorithm can be extended to cases with more than three paths.
Ellipsometric analysis of computer disk structures (1990)

We have used variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) to analyze the materials surfaces and interfaces in multilayer sputtered media computer disks. Specifically, the system C/CoNiCr/Cr/NiP/Al has been investigated for layer thicknesses, interfacial and surface roughness, and radial and circumferential uniformity. By first characterizing the Cr/NiP/Al then CoNiCr/Cr/NiP/Al structures, we were able to fully characterize the complete disk structure. The interface width between the carbon layer and CoNiCr magnetic layer was determined to be approximately 260 Å. This is reasonable considering typical surface roughness present on magnetic disks, and that the carbon ‘‘fills’’ in this surface roughness. VASE is a nondestructive technique and used at atmospheric pressure, and is thus suitable for use in a production environment.
Field Testing of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzers Measuring Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor (2012)

Abstract Prevalent methods for making high-accuracy tower-based measurements of the CO2 mixing ratio, notably nondispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR), require frequent system calibration and sample drying. Wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) is an emerging laser-based technique with the advantages of improved stability and concurrent water vapor measurements. Results are presented from 30 months of field measurements from WS-CRDS systems at five sites in the upper Midwest of the United States. These systems were deployed in support of the North American Carbon Program’s Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) from May 2007 to November 2009. Excluding one site, 2σ of quasi-daily magnitudes of the drifts, before applying field calibrations, are less than 0.38 ppm over the entire 30-month field deployment. After applying field calibrations using known tanks sampled every 20 h, residuals from known values are, depending on site, from 0.02 ±0.14 to 0.17 ±0.07 ppm. Eight months of WS-CRDS measurements collocated with a National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA)/Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) NDIR system at West Branch, Iowa, show median daytime-only differences of −0.13 ±0.63 ppm on a daily time scale.
Reference Management for Aftertreatment Temperature Control of Automotive Diesel Engines (2013)

This paper describes aftertreatment temperature control of automotive diesel engine based on reference governor (RG). The RG algorithm computes a modified reference of a catalyst temperature so that the predicted output of the closed-loop system on a finite prediction horizon does not exceed the constraint of its maximal temperature. We apply a bisectional search algorithm to the RG in which the search region is extended in order to take account of model discrepancy. We show the effectiveness of the present method through an experiment with a production vehicle.
Emissions from Fixed-Roof Storage Tanks:  Modeling and Experiments (2001)

The two significant types of emissions from fixed-roof storage tanks are “storage” and “working” losses. While the former arise from changes in environmental parameters, the latter result from liquid level changes in the tank. Optimizing the storage policy requires the prediction of the influence of the main operating parameters on the overall emissions. The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical model able to represent the main phenomena involved in such emissions and to validate it by comparison with both laboratory-scale and real-size experimental data. Moreover, because semiempirical relations are available to estimate monthly or annual emissions, a comparison with these relations has been carried out both to further validate the model and to discuss the range of reliability of such relations.
Context-Dependent Duration Modeling (2006)

The paper proposes a context-dependent duration model and discusses its integration into a first-order hidden Markov model-based speech recognizer. The duration model allows the application of conditional duration probabilities that depend on the durations of neighboring HMM states. This way, it is capable of penalizing or fully preventing unusual durational relations of succeeding states. As the duration model is compiled into a dedicated first-order model topology it can be applied in a single-pass 1-best Viterbi decoder. In addition, this topology facilitates the integration of duration-dependent density functions. In experiments on connected digit recognition we see a relative word error reduction of about 16% with the proposed duration model and another 12% due to duration-dependent densities.
1/f noise in giant magnetoresistive materials (1994)

The main source of 1/f resistance noise in materials exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is the GMR effect itself. Large 1/f noise from fluctuations in the parallel vs antiparallel alignment appears when ‖dR/dH‖ is large. We have studied this noise as a function of the number of Co/Cu bilayers in multilayer samples and discuss the implications for devices. Barkhausen noise in the resistance as the field is swept through the GMR transition is used to estimate coherent domain sizes between 0.1 and 10 μm2 for a single Co layer in the multilayers. GMR noise is also seen in a Co/Ag granular system.
Summary of the Mayo clinic experience with direct left ventricular puncture (1998)

Hemodynamic assessment of patients with prosthetic valves can be challenging. Noninvasive techniques may be limited by interference from the prosthetic material, whereas access to the left ventricle for direct pressure measurements often is not possible using common methods. The technique of direct, percutaneous left ventricular puncture has been proven to be a safe method that often provides needed data to help manage difficult clinical situations. We report our 8-yr experience with this technique for assessment of patients with valvular prostheses. Direct left ventricular puncture is a safe technique in patients with prior cardiac surgery and provided significant diagnostic information in the set of patients with multiple valvular prostheses.
The X‐ray Crystal Structure of a Cuprate–Carbonyl π‐Complex (2013)

Why is it π? The first X-ray crystal structure of a cuprate–carbonyl π-complex has been obtained for the intermediate prepared from Me2CuLi and fluorenone (see scheme). It is also the first structure of a π-complex between an organocuprate and a double bond of any kind. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase at serine-615 contributes to nitric oxide synthesis (2009)

Insulin stimulates endothelial NO (nitric oxide) synthesis via PKB (protein kinase B)/Akt-mediated phosphorylation and activation of eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) at Ser-1177. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that stimulation of eNOS phosphorylation at Ser-1177 may be required, yet is not sufficient for insulin-stimulated NO synthesis. We therefore investigated the role of phosphorylation of eNOS at alternative sites to Ser-1177 as candidate parallel mechanisms contributing to insulin-stimulated NO synthesis. Stimulation of human aortic endothelial cells with insulin rapidly stimulated phosphorylation of both Ser-615 and Ser-1177 on eNOS, whereas phosphorylation of Ser-114, Thr-495 and Ser-633 was unaffected. Insulin-stimulated Ser-615 phosphorylation was abrogated by incubation with the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin, infection with adenoviruses expressing a dominant-negative mutant PKB/Akt or pre-incubation with TNFalpha (tumour necrosis factor alpha), but was unaffected by high culture glucose concentrations. Mutation of Ser-615 to alanine reduced insulin-stimulated NO synthesis, whereas mutation of Ser-615 to aspartic acid increased NO production by NOS in which Ser-1177 had been mutated to an aspartic acid residue. We propose that the rapid PKB-mediated stimulation of phosphorylation of Ser-615 contributes to insulin-stimulated NO synthesis.
PRODUCTION OF THE CLINKER AGGREGATE WHICH ASSUMED INDUSTRIAL WASTE RAW MATERIALS AND CHARACTERISTICS (2015)

産業副産物を原料にカルシウムシリケートを主成分とするクリンカ骨材を焼成した。クリンカ骨材はアルカリシリカ反応性試験において無害であり、湿度変化による寸法変化が一般的な骨材に比べて極めて小さかった。クリンカ骨材を使用したコンクリートは、一般的な骨材を使用したコンクリートに比べ材齢28日における圧縮強度は1割程度小さかった。乾燥に伴う質量変化率は同程度であるにもかかわらず乾燥収縮は小さい。骨材自体の収縮が小さいことが寄与していると考えた。クリンカ骨材はセメントペーストとの界面を改善する効果を有する。