gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composite material made of plasmonic nanoshells with quantum dot cores: loss-compensation and ε-near-zero physical properties (2012)

A theoretical investigation of loss-compensation capabilities in composite materials made of plasmonic nanoshells is carried out by considering quantum dots (QDs) as the nanoshells' cores. The QD and metal permittivities are modeled according to published experimental data. We determine the modes with real or complex wavenumber able to propagate in a 3D periodic lattice of nanoshells. Mode analysis is also used to assess that only one propagating mode is dominant in the composite material whose optical properties can hence be described via homogenization theory. Therefore, the material effective permittivity is found by comparing different techniques: (i) the mentioned mode analysis, (ii) Maxwell Garnett mixing rule and (iii) the Nicolson-Ross-Weir method based on transmission and reflection when considering a metamaterial of finite thickness. The three methods are in excellent agreement, because the nanoshells considered in this paper are very subwavelength, thus justifying the parameter homogenization. We show that QDs are able to provide loss-compensated ε-near-zero metamaterials and also loss-compensated metamaterials with large negative values of permittivity. Besides compensating for losses, the strong gain via QD can provide optical amplification with particular choices of the nanoshell and lattice dimensions.
Photoconductivity of single-crystal 3C-SiC films excited by ultrashort light pulses (1992)

Fast photoconductivity relaxation and photoconductivity against light excitation intensity in single-crystal 3C-SiC films grown on n-Si substrates have been investigated. The measurements of as-grown and polished samples in a wide range of excitation levels showed the dominant influence of surface recombination and its concurrence with carrier diffusion toward the surface on the relaxation of non-equilibrium carrier concentration. The evaluated non-equilibrium carrier mobility at concentrations of 1017-1020 cm-3 changes in a range from 630 cm2 V-1 s-1 to 6 cm2 V-1 s-1.
Evolution, Revolution and Convolution Recent Progress in Field-Programmable Logic (2001)

FPGA progress is evolutionary and revolutionary.Evolution results in bigger, faster, and cheaper FPGAs, in better software with fewer bugs and faster compile times, and in better technical support.
Hidden-Node Removal and Its Application in Cellular WiFi Networks (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper investigates the hidden-node phenomenon (HN) in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. HN occurs when nodes outside the carrier-sensing range of each other are nevertheless close enough to interfere with each other. As a result, the carrier-sensing mechanism may fail to prevent packet collisions. HN can cause many performance problems, including throughput degradation, unfair throughput distribution among flows, and throughput instability. The contributions of this paper are threefold. 1) This is a first attempt to identify a set of conditions—which we called Hidden-node-Free Design (HFD)—that completely remove HN in 802.11 wireless networks. 2) We derive variations of HFD for large-scale cellular WiFi networks consisting of many wireless LAN cells. These HFDs are not only HN-free, but they also reduce exposed nodes at the same time so that the network capacity is improved. 3) We investigate the problem of frequency-channel assignment to adjacent cells. We find that with HFD, careful assignment in which adjacent cells use different frequency channels does not improve the overall network capacity (in unit of bits per second per frequency channel). Indeed, given <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$f$</tex></formula> frequency channels, a simple scheme with <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$f$</tex></formula> overlaid cellular WiFi networks in which each cell uses all <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$f$</tex></formula> frequencies yields near-optimal performance. </para>
An Efficient Synthesis of β‐Aroylacrylic Acid Ethyl Ester by the Friedel—Crafts Reaction in the Presence of Diethyl Sulfate. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Implementing multiplexing, streaming, and server interaction for MPEG-4 (1999)

We describe the implementation of a streaming client-server system for object-based audio-visual presentations in general and MPEG-4 content in particular. The system augments the MPEG-4 demonstration software implementation (IM1) for PCs by adding network-based operation with full support for the Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF) specification, a streaming PC-based server with DMIF support (via Xbind Inc.'s XDMIF suite), and multiplexing software. We describe XDMIF, the first reference implementation of the DMIF specification. The MPEG-4 server is designed for delivering object-based audio-visual presentation. We discuss the issues in the design and implementation of MPEG-4 servers. The system also implements a novel architecture for client-server interaction in object-based audio-visual presentations, using the mechanism of command routes and command descriptors. This new concept of command routes and command descriptors is useful in developing sophisticated interactive applications.
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas: incidence of tumor involvement beyond the Whipple resection line. Histological and immunocytochemical analysis of 37 total pancreatectomy specimens. (1987)

Intrapancreatic tumor spread of ductal adenocarcinoma of head of pancreas was examined histologically in 37 total pancreatectomy specimens. Five to 10 tissue blocks were prepared from grossly tumor-free tissue of each pancreas and coded by anatomic location. Step sections from each block were analyzed for carcinoma in situ lesions, invasive carcinoma, and benign ductal lesions. Immunocytochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen 95 (NCA 95) were used to help in discriminating carcinoma in situ from papillary duct hyperplasia. In 3 of 37 pancreatectomy specimens (8%) tumor was found to spread in continuity from the primary carcinoma into the body and tail. In two of these three cases with tumor beyond the usual Whipple resection line, the tumor was present as a "carcinoma in situ" lesion along the main pancreatic duct. Since discontinuous tumor growth was not observed, multicentricity of duct type adenocarcinoma seems to occur less frequently than was previously reported.
Effects of Duration of Udder Stimulation on Milking Dynamics and Oxytocin Release (1985)

For effects of varying duration of premilking manual udder massage on milking performance and oxytocin release, five Holstein cows were subjected to a) no stimulation, b) stimulation by manual udder massage before machine attachment for 15 s, c) for 30 s, d) for 60 s, and e) for 120 s. Milk yield, fat, protein, and somatic cell content were not affected by treatments. The 30-, 60-, and 120-s treatments resulted in higher peak milk flow rate as compared to no stimulation. Stimulation for 60 or 120 s did not achieve higher peak milk flow rates than 15 or 30 s. Average milk flow rate increased with duration of stimulation, and no stimulation differed from 30-, 60-, and 120-s treatments. Machine-on time decreased with increasing stimulation. However, differences in average flow rates and machine-on times became nonsignificant when premilking stimulation time was added to machine-on time. No differences were significant between treatments and mean oxytocin concentrations. The marked difference in milk flow variables and machine-on time suggested a small yet finite threshold concentration of oxytocin leads to milk ejection. Udder massage of 30 s prior to machine attachment is more than adequate for preparing cows for milking with machine stripping.
Application of stepwise regression for selecting optimal log measurements for hydraulic fracturing (2016)

Stepwise regression is used to determine the importance of different log measurements for selecting the best zones for hydraulic fracturing, and its applicability is shown using data from unconventional reservoirs (Eagle Ford, Haynesville, Barnett, and a reservoir from the Middle East). The analysis begins with single log measurements (e.g., gamma ray, compressional and shear sonic, and spectral gamma ray, which can measure the radioactivity of uranium, potassium, and thorium). Other log measurements, including density, neutron porosity, and resistivity, are added to obtain more complex logging suites. These log measurements are the “inputs” for this analysis. Parameters, such as effective porosity, brittleness, total organic carbon, production index (PI), and fracture index (FI), are referred to as the outputs for the analysis. Linear and nonlinear combinations of the inputs are investigated for the prediction of outputs. Various scenarios, beginning with the simplest cases to the most complete combination, were tested. The selection of log combinations was either based on the importance of individual logs or on industry standard combinations (such as triple-combo and quad-combo). Correlation coefficients and root-mean-square (RMS) errors in predicting the output parameters (including FI and PI) were computed for each scenario. Based on the results, the prediction accuracies generally increased as a result of increasing the number of input logs. The analysis clearly shows the importance of using SGR (for PI and FI prediction) and resistivity (for TOC prediction) logs. Log combinations for predicting/modeling a specific parameter can be ranked based on the comparison of the reconstruction results, actual values, and correlation coefficients/errors. The most challenging properties to model include TOC, effective porosity, PI, and FI; the easiest properties to predict are brittleness and Young's modulus.
Influence of Mechanical Load on the Degradation of Corneal Collagen (2008)

Collagen is one of the most important structural proteins in vertebrate animals. Over 25 different types of collagen have been identified, but type I collagen is the most abundant fibril forming collagen and contributes to the structural performance numerous connective tissues including ligaments, tendons and cornea [1]. In addition to collagen self-assembly, collagen degradation is an important step in the development, remodeling, homeostasis and pathology of load-bearing ECM. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) types I and VIII, bacterial collagenase and cathepsin are the best known enzymes capable of directly degrading the collagen triple helix [2, 3]. Several researchers have hypothesized that straining collagen fibrils makes them less susceptible to enzymatic degradation [4, 5]. This concept, which we refer to as “strain-stabilization” has important implications for our understanding of collagen as an engineering material.
Signaling alterations in oral keratinocytes in response to shisha and crude tobacco extract (2020)

This study may serve as a useful resource in understanding the early onset of oral cancer attributed to waterpipe smoking.
Anti-IL-21 monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of psoriasis and colitis (97.16) (2009)

Abstract IL-21 plays a role in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To investigate IL-21 antagonism in disease, we evaluated a neutralizing anti-mouse IL-21 mAb in a CD4+CD25- T cell transfer SCID mouse model of psoriasis and colitis. Mice treated prophylactically with IL-21 mAb had significant reductions in colitis and psoriatic-like skin symptoms compared to mice treated with PBS or isotype control mAb. IL-21 mAb-treated mice had 5-7-fold lower average lesional skin scores, 6-7-fold lower average clinical colitis scores and significant reductions in histological indices of colitis compared to controls. Mice treated with IL-21 mAb also had significantly lower serum IL-6, RANTES, TNF-α, and MIP-1β levels compared to controls, further supporting an anti-inflammatory role for IL-21 mAb. In a delayed dosing study, mice treated with IL-21 mAb starting 12 days after T cell transfer had significant reductions in colitis, with 3.5-4-fold lower average colitis scores than control-treated mice. Dose-related reductions in lesional skin scores were also observed. Efficacy of IL-21 mAb was equivalent to or better than an anti-mouse IL-12/23p40 active control mAb. These results demonstrate that IL-21 mAb reduces psoriasis-like disease and colitis in a murine model and suggest that an anti-human IL-21 mAb may have clinical utility in treatment of psoriasis and IBD.
<title>Photochemical formation of polymeric optical waveguides and devices for optical interconnection applications</title> (1991)

The formation of both passive and active optical waveguide structures in thin films of organic polymers by a direct one-step photochemical process is reported. A photochemical transformation changes the chemical composition of a polymer of dye/polymer mixture. The reaction modifies the absorption spectrum of the material and thus alters its index of refraction. This technique is used to create waveguide structures both by spatially-selected laser direct writing and contact mask exposure. It is demonstrated that passive and active waveguide structures can be delineated in thin films of organic polymers by photochemically altering the index of refraction of the materials. The formation of single or multimode devices is possible using standard lithographic procedures which are suitable for mass production.
SUPERVISED DETECTION OF ANOMALOUS LIGHT CURVES IN MASSIVE ASTRONOMICAL CATALOGS (2014)

The development of synoptic sky surveys has led to a massive amount of data for which resources needed for analysis are beyond human capabilities. In order to process this information and to extract all possible knowledge, machine learning techniques become necessary. Here we present a new methodology to automatically discover unknown variable objects in large astronomical catalogs. With the aim of taking full advantage of all information we have about known objects, our method is based on a supervised algorithm. In particular, we train a random forest classifier using known variability classes of objects and obtain votes for each of the objects in the training set. We then model this voting distribution with a Bayesian network and obtain the joint voting distribution among the training objects. Consequently, an unknown object is considered as an outlier insofar it has a low joint probability. By leaving out one of the classes on the training set, we perform a validity test and show that when the random forest classifier attempts to classify unknown light curves (the class left out), it votes with an unusual distribution among the classes. This rare voting is detected by the Bayesian network and expressed as a low joint probability. Our method is suitable for exploring massive data sets given that the training process is performed offline. We tested our algorithm on 20 million light curves from the MACHO catalog and generated a list of anomalous candidates. After analysis, we divided the candidates into two main classes of outliers: artifacts and intrinsic outliers. Artifacts were principally due to air mass variation, seasonal variation, bad calibration, or instrumental errors and were consequently removed from our outlier list and added to the training set. After retraining, we selected about 4000 objects, which we passed to a post-analysis stage by performing a cross-match with all publicly available catalogs. Within these candidates we identified certain known but rare objects such as eclipsing Cepheids, blue variables, cataclysmic variables, and X-ray sources. For some outliers there was no additional information. Among them we identified three unknown variability types and a few individual outliers that will be followed up in order to perform a deeper analysis.
Wavelength-dependent channel power transient response in broadband Raman-amplified transmission (2008)

The time evolution of uncontrolled amplifier gain transients due to dropped or cut dense-wavelength-division multiplexed channels in a broadband all-Raman amplified recirculating loop experiment is measured for different surviving channel wavelength configurations with propagation up to 7200 km. Different time signatures develop depending on whether the surviving channels are located at the long- or short-wavelength end of the spectrum. Channel power tilt and gain error within a surviving channel group can vary with distance and are shown to correlate with growth of amplified spontaneous emission noise at the dropped channel wavelengths.
Tritium Confinement in a New Tritium Processing Facility at the Savannah River Site (1992)

A new tritium processing facility, named the Replacement Tritium Facility (RTF), is nearing completion and is being prepared for startup at the Savannah River Site (SRS). The RTF has the capability to load and unload tritium from gas containers and to recover, purify and separate hydrogen isotopes. A multilayered confinement system is designed to reduce tritium losses to the environment. This confinement system is expected to confine and recover any tritium that might escape the process equipment, and to maintain the tritium concentration in the nitrogen glovebox atmosphere to less than 10−1 µCi/cc tritium during normal operation.
PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF BIFUNCTIONAL MALEIMIDES BASED ON ELECTRON-DONOR/ACCEPTOR SYSTEMS (1999)

Photopolymerization of three bifunctional N-phenylmaleimide derivatives consisting of a maleimide and a methacrylate or a styryl moiety within the same molecule such as N-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl)oxyphenyl]maleimide (GMAPMI), N-(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl)maleimide (MAPMI) and 4-(4-maleimidobenzoyloxy)styrene (MIBOSt) has been studied based on electron-donor/acceptor (EDA) polymerization. The photoinduced homo- and copolymerizations of GMAPMI with N-vi-nyl-2-pyrrolinone (NVP) and styrene (St) as an electron-donor or maleic anhydride (MAh) as an electron-acceptor were carried out with or without using photoinitiators. Self-photopolymer-izations were possible even without photoinitiators but higher polymerization yields were obtained using benzoin methyl ether (BME) as a photoinitiaor. The copolymerization of GMAPMI with NVP or styrene was mainly undergone with participation of the maleimide moiety to give higher yields. The reactivity for photoinduced homopolymerization of MIBOSt is superior to GMAPMI and MAPMI since it has an electron-rich styryl moiety. All of the obtained polymers were insoluble in organic solvents due to crosslinking between different functional groups. The progress of photopolymerization was monitored by differential photocalorimetry and IR spectral analysis, and the results were compared with thermal free radical polymerizations. The mixtures of GMAPMI and commercial dimethacrylates revealed the acceptable photopolymerization tendency in the preliminary evaluation for application as photocurable dental materials.
Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein ligand inhibitor blunts excessive weight gain in genetically obese Zucker rats and rats during nicotine withdrawal (1996)

Elevation of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain is associated with a reduction of food intake and body weight gain in normal and obese animals. A protein that binds CRF and the related peptide, urocortin, with high affinity, CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP), may play a role in energy homeostasis by inactivating members of this peptide family in ingestive and metabolic regulatory brain regions. Intracerebroventricular administration in rats of the high-affinity CRF-BP ligand inhibitor, rat/human CRF (6-33), which dissociates CRF or urocortin from CRF-BP and increases endogenous brain levels of "free" CRF or urocortin significantly blunted exaggerated weight gain in Zucker obese subjects and in animals withdrawn from chronic nicotine. Chronic administration of CRF suppressed weight gain nonselectively by 60% in both Zucker obese and lean control rats, whereas CRF-BP ligand inhibitor treatment significantly reduced weight gain in obese subjects, without altering weight gain in lean control subjects. Nicotine abstinent subjects, but not nicotine-naive controls, experienced a 35% appetite suppression and a 25% weight gain reduction following acute and chronic administration, respectively, of CRF-BP ligand inhibitor. In marked contrast to the effects of a CRF-receptor agonist, the CRF-BP ligand inhibitor did not stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion or elevate heart rate and blood pressure. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the CRF-BP may function within the brain to limit selected actions of CRF and/or urocortin. Furthermore, CRF-BP may represent a novel and functionally selective target for the symptomatic treatment of excessive weight gain associated with obesity of multiple etiology.
P-221 Atg16l1 Deficiency Leads to Defects in Autophagy in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages (2013)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is postulated to result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to host microflora in genetically susceptible individuals. Genetic studies identified several autophagy genes including ATG16L1 and IRGM to be associated with IBD. Autophagy describes a biological process that involves trafficking and handling of macro-molecules including bacteria. Studies show that autophagy plays an important role in the clearance of microbial pathogens. Alterations in the autophagic machinery such as in ATG16L1 and IRGM may result in the ineffective elimination of pathogens and the persistent activation of the inflammatory cascade in the intestine, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. This study examines the role of autophagy in the function of macrophages and dendritic cells. We generated mice deficient in Atg16l1 in dendritic cells (Atg16l1f/f x CD11c-cre) and macrophages (Atg16l1f/f x LysM-cre). Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were isolated. Autophagy function was assessed with LC3 and P62 immunoblotting. Uptake of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium carrying GFP was assessed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen (ROS) production and intracellular S. typhimurium killing in dendritic cells and macrophages were assessed. Atg16l1f/f x CD11c-cre and Atg16l1f/f x LysM-cre mice exhibit defective autophagy in dendritic cells and macrophages, respectively. There were no differences in S. typhimurium uptake in Atg16l1f/f x CD11c-cre dendritic cells and Atg16l1f/f x LysM-cre macrophages when compared to control Atg16l1f/f counterparts. Higher ROS production in response to S. typhimurium infection is observed in Atg16l1 deficient dendritic cells and macrophages as compared to WT macrophages or dendritic cells. Interestingly, although there was higher ROS production with Atg16l1 deficiency, we observe reduced S. typhimurium killing with Atg16l1 deficiency. Our data show that Atg16l1 is an essential component of the autophagic machinery and plays a role in the clearance of microbial organisms in dendritic cells and macrophages. The dichotomy between increased ROS production and reduction in intracellular bacteria killing suggests impaired trafficking of bacteria or its processed antigen to the appropriate autophagy vesicle(s) and is currently being investigated further.