gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operation of Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Validation (2010)

We theoretically and experimentally analyze the operation of Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR). First, we experimentally confirm that BOCDR is not based on stimulated Brillouin scattering but on spontaneous Brillouin scattering. Then, we theoretically prove that the spatial resolution of BOCDR is given well by the same expression as that of Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis (BOCDA). Finally, we demonstrate that the modulation amplitude of the laser frequency, which has been conventionally limited to a half of the Brillouin frequency shift, can be enhanced further by employing a sensing fiber shorter than a half of the measurement range.
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion (2021)

The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)<sup>1</sup>. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ADVANCED MULTI-PURPOSE SOLUTION FOR RIGID GAS PERMEABLE LENSES. (2001)

Monday, December 10, 2001. Posters: Academy Information, Public Health, Ocular Disease, Low Vision, Cornea and Contact Lenses: PDF Only
Electrochemotherapy for the Treatment of Human Sarcoma in Athymic Rats (2002)

Electrochemotherapy is the combined use of a chemotherapeutic agent and pulsed electric fields. Electrical treatment causes an increase in cell membrane permeability which allows the chemotherapeutic agent to more freely enter the tumor cells. Electrochemotherapy has been under development in clinical trials. This study focused on determining the applicability of electrochemotherapy for treating soft tissue sarcoma using an animal model bearing human sarcomas. The antitumor effects of several concentrations of cisplatin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, and netropsin as single agents delivered with electric pulses were investigated based on post-treatment tumor volumes and histology. Electrochemotherapy treatment resulted in 5% to 88.9% durable complete responses; ECT that employed bleomycin resulted in the highest antitumor effects. This indicates the feasibility of electrochemotherapy as a modality for limb preserving treatments for sarcoma of the extremities.
Non-Commutative Probability Models in Human Decision Making: Binary Hypothesis Testing (2019)

In this paper, we consider the binary hypothesis testing problem, as the simplest human decision making problem, using a von-Neumann non-commutative probability framework. We present two approaches to this decision making problem. In the first approach, we represent the available data as coming from measurements modeled via projection valued measures (PVM) and retrieve the results of the underlying detection problem solved using classical probability models. In the second approach, we represent the measurements using positive operator valued measures (POVM). We prove that the minimum probability of error achieved in the second approach is the same as in the first approach.
Efficient protection of microorganisms for delivery to the intestinal tract by cellulose sulphate encapsulation (2020)

Taken together, the data suggests that CS microencapsulation can protect bacteria and yeasts from viability losses due to stomach acid, allowing the use of lower oral doses of probiotics and microbiota, whilst ensuring good intestinal delivery and release.
Universal Noble Metal Nanoparticle Seeds Realized Through Iterative Reductive Growth and Oxidative Dissolution Reactions (2014)

Control over nanoparticle shape and size is commonly achieved via a seed-mediated approach, where nanoparticle precursors, or seeds, are hypothesized to act as templates for the heterogeneous nucleation of anisotropic products. Despite the wide variety of shapes that have been produced via this approach, high yield and uniformity have been more difficult to achieve. These shortcomings are attributed to limited structural control and characterization of the initial distribution of seeds. Herein, we report how iterative reductive growth and oxidative dissolution reactions can be used to systematically control seed structural uniformity. Using these reactions, we verify that seed structure dictates anisotropic nanoparticle uniformity and show that iterative seed refinement leads to unprecedented noble metal nanoparticle uniformities and purities for eight different shapes produced from a single seed source. Because of this uniformity, the first nanoparticle optical extinction coefficients for these eight shapes were analytically determined.
Maternal diet during pregnancy and islet autoimmunity in offspring (2008)

The composition of the maternal diet during pregnancy may play a role in the offspring's risk of development of IA and potentially T1DM.
Use of earth field spin echo NMR to search for liquid minerals (2023)

An instrument for measuring the spatial, qualitative and quantitative parameters of an underground nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active liquid mineral deposit, including oil and water. A phased array of excitation and receiver antennas on the surface and/or in a borehole excites the NMR active nuclei in the deposit, and using known techniques from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the spatial and quantitative distribution of the deposit can be measured. A surface array may utilize, for example, four large (50-500 diameter) diameter wire loops laid on the ground surface, and a weak (1.5-2.5 kHz) alternating current (AC) field applied, matching the NMR frequency of hydrogen in the rather flat and uniform earth magnetic field. For a short duration (a few seconds) an additional gradient field can be generated, superimposed to the earth field, by applying direct current (DC) to the grid (wire loops), enhancing the position sensitivity of the spin-echo and also suppressing large surface water signals by shifting them to a different frequency. The surface coil excitation can be combined with downhole receivers, which are much more radio-quiet compared to surface receivers, and this combination also enhances the position resolution of the MRI significantly. A downhole receiver module, for example, may have a 5.5 inch diameter and fit in a standard six inch borehole having a one-quarter inch thick stainless steel casing. The receiver module may include more than one receiver units for improved penetration and better position resolution.
Comprehensive classification of proteins based on structures that engage lipids by COMPOSEL (2023)

Structures can now be predicted for any protein using programs like AlphaFold and Rosetta, which rely on a foundation of experimentally determined structures of architecturally diverse proteins. The accuracy of such artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) approaches benefits from the specification of restraints which assist in navigating the universe of folds to converge on models most representative of a given protein's physiological structure. This is especially pertinent for membrane proteins, with structures and functions that depend on their presence in lipid bilayers. Structures of proteins in their membrane environments could conceivably be predicted from AI/ML approaches with user-specificized parameters that describe each element of the architecture of a membrane protein accompanied by its lipid environment. We propose the Classification Of Membrane Proteins based On Structures Engaging Lipids (COMPOSEL), which builds on existing nomenclature types for monotopic, bitopic, polytopic and peripheral membrane proteins as well as lipids. Functional and regulatory elements are also defined in the scripts, as shown with membrane fusing synaptotagmins, multidomain PDZD8 and Protrudin proteins that recognize phosphoinositide (PI) lipids, the intrinsically disordered MARCKS protein, caveolins, the β barrel assembly machine (BAM), an adhesion G-protein coupled receptor (aGPCR) and two lipid modifying enzymes - diacylglycerol kinase DGKε and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase FALDH. This demonstrates how COMPOSEL communicates lipid interactivity as well as signaling mechanisms and binding of metabolites, drug molecules, polypeptides or nucleic acids to describe the operations of any protein. Moreover COMPOSEL can be scaled to express how genomes encode membrane structures and how our organs are infiltrated by pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.
Methyl NFSI: atom-economical alternative to NFSI shows higher fluorination reactivity under Lewis acid-catalysis and non-catalysis (2015)

Me-NFSI is more effective for the fluorination of active methines under Lewis acid-catalysis and non-catalysis than NFSI.
ChemInform Abstract: Programmed Materials Synthesis with DNA (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 from The c-Myc Oncogene Directly Induces the H19 Noncoding RNA by Allele-Specific Binding to Potentiate Tumorigenesis (2023)

Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 from The c-Myc Oncogene Directly Induces the H19 Noncoding RNA by Allele-Specific Binding to Potentiate Tumorigenesis
2202 Tactile Roughness Display Technique using Electro-rheological Fluid (2012)

This study proposes a novel technique to display tactile sensation using electro-rheological fluid (ERF). ERF changes its Theological characteristics according to the electric field applied. The ERF used in this study generates relatively high yield stress and behaves as a solid when subjected to a strong electric field. Using this solid-liquid phase transition, we propose a device which provides a tactile sensation, i.e., tactile roughness display. Applying electric field at a specific position in an ERF chamber, the corresponding ERF turns to solid at the position. This solid-state ERF gives tactile sensation like a convex to a user. We develop in this study several prototypes, which may realize the above-mentioned idea, and characterize them. We obtained the following results through experiments. First, the tactile roughness display gives tactile sensation to a user. Second, as the strength of electric field increases, the probability of tactile sensation perception given by roughness tactile display increases. On the other hand, the quantity of increase in yield stress does not contribute to the probability.
TOPASE: Detection of brute force attacks used disciplined IPs from IDS log (2015)

In recent years, there exists stealthy brute force attacks that can avoid the security rules and detection by IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) and IDS (Intrusion Detection System). Attackers tend to arrange innumerable hosts and allocate them fewer login trials than the limitations the administrators have set. In this paper, we report a brute force attack event (Brute force attacks with disciplined IPs, DBF) by analyzing log with site-federated viewpoint analysis. The analyses can lead us to the structure of DBF and the existence of attackers behind the DBF. We also present TOPASE, which detect victim hosts of DBF. Combining TOPASE and shutting down based on the regularity of DBF can mitigate the DBFs to those victims.
Effects of Rosemary Extract on C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation and 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide Ribonucleoside (AICAR)-Induced Muscle Cell Atrophy (2023)

Sarcopenia is an aging-related disease that involves the gradual loss of muscle mass and function. However, no suitable therapeutic drugs are currently available. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rosemary extract (RE) in inducing myotube differentiation and inhibiting 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR)-induced muscle atrophy in mouse C2C12 cells. Morphological changes associated with the onset of RE-induced differentiation were evaluated by measuring myotube diameter, and the expression of proteins related to muscle differentiation and atrophy was measured using western blot analysis. Treatment with RE increased myotube thickness and the expression of the myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD) and myogenin proteins. The effect of RE treatment on 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), MyoD, myogenin, muscle atrophy factors forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a), MAFbx/atrogin-1, and muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF-1) protein expression in AICAR-induced muscle-atrophied C2C12 cells was evaluated using western blot analysis. Treatment with RE reduced FoxO3a, MAFbx/atrogin-1, and MuRF-1 expression and significantly increased MyoD and myogenin expression. These findings suggest that RE has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in sarcopenia treatments.
Response: Why had long-lived electron-transfer states of donor-substituted 10-methylacridinium ions been overlooked? Formation of the dimer radical cations detected in the near-IR region (2008)

Photoexcitation of an acetonitrile solution of the 9-(1-naphthyl)-10-methylacridinium ion results in formation of the electron-transfer state that forms the long-lived dimer radical cation with the acridinium ion, which was clearly detected as the transient absorption spectrum in the near-IR region.
Discovery of Diaryl Imidazolidin-2-one Derivatives, a Novel Class of Muscarinic M3 Selective Antagonists (Part 2) (2007)

Synthesis and biological activity of a novel class of quaternary ammonium salt muscarinic M3 receptor antagonists, showing high selectivity versus the M2 receptor, are described. Selected compounds exhibited potent anticholinergic properties, in isolated guinea-pig trachea, and good functional selectivity for trachea over atria. In vivo, the same compounds potently inhibited acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction after intratracheal administration in the guinea pig.
Analysis of T cells in mouse lymphoid tissue and blood with flow cytometry (2021)

T cells play a key role in adaptive immunity. Defects in specific T cell receptors or signaling proteins can alter their frequency and activation status, which may be associated with immune disease or cancer. Monitoring of T cell frequency and function in genetically modified mice or murine models of disease is therefore of high interest. Here, we provide a detailed protocol to analyze regulatory T cells, T cell activation, and cytokine production in thymus, spleen, or blood via flow cytometry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Demeyer et al. (2020).
E-240 Intracranial large bore guide catheter placement is associated with excellent reperfusion: a single institution experience (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> The introduction of large-bore guide catheters has improved reperfusion rates over smaller lumen devices. This single-institution retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate the association between guide catheter position and final reperfusion in patients who received aspiration thrombectomy. <h3>Methods</h3> The study cohort included patients treated by four neurointerventionalists with an aspiration first approach without balloon guide catheters from August 2020 to February 2022 for intracranial ICA, M1, and M2 occlusions. Patients were allocated into two groups: 1. those in whom distal tip of the guide catheter was positioned in the petrous segment or further distal (n=52, intracranial group), and 2. those in whom distal tip of the guide catheter was positioned in the cervical ICA or more proximal (n=40, control group). The rate of final excellent reperfusion (TICI 2C or better), first-pass effect (TICI 2C or better after one pass), access to final reperfusion time, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were evaluated. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) and percentage (counts). The unpaired t-test and Fisher’s exact test were used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means and proportions of the two groups, respectively. <i>P</i> value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant for both tests. <h3>Results</h3> The baseline and disease-related characteristics were well balanced between the two groups (Table 1). Intracranial guide catheter placement in the petrous ICA segment or further distal vs. in the cervical ICA segment or proximal was associated with a better rate of final excellent reperfusion (82.7%, 43/52 vs. 60.0%, 24/40, <i>p</i>=0.019), and a better first-pass effect (51.9%, 27/52 vs. 27.5%, 11/40, <i>p</i>=0.021, respectively). Access time to final recanalization in the intracranial guide catheter group was quicker compared to the group with proximal guide catheter placement 23.8 (17.4) minutes vs. 33.9 (19.7) minutes, <i>p</i>=0.011, respectively). The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was 0% (0/52) in the intracranial guide catheter group and 6.3% (2/32) in the control group, <i>p</i>=0.142. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Intracranial guide catheter positioning was associated with improved final TICI 2C or better reperfusion rate, better first-pass effect, and quicker access to final reperfusion time in patients suffering emergent large vessel occlusion. <h3>Disclosures</h3> <b>J. Milburn:</b> 2; C; Microvention, Imperative Care. 4; C; Optimize Neurovascular. <b>G. Vidal:</b> None. <b>P. Gulotta:</b> None. <b>S. Milburn:</b> None. <b>M. Poongkunran:</b> None. <b>V. Fennell:</b> None.
PSGL-1 is a novel macrophage checkpoint in immuno-oncology. (2020)

e15090 Background: Macrophages are both antigen presenting and effector cells of the innate immune system and play an important role in tissue homeostasis as well as in activation and modulation of the adaptive immune response in disease. They display phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue environments but can be broadly subdivided into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, which promote immune response, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are associated with immune suppression. Under steady-state conditions, the populations of immune-stimulatory and immune-regulatory macrophages are balanced, but disruption of this balance can result in disease. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) acquire an M2-like phenotype and maintain suppression of the immune system and promotion of tumor progression. Methods: For functional screening of anti-PSGL-1 antibodies, monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from healthy donors and differentiated into M2 macrophages in the presence or absence of anti-PSGL-1 antibodies. On day 8 of the assay, phenotypic profile of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and chemokines / cytokines were measured by Luminex. Mixed-lymphocyte reaction assay, SEB assay and an ex vivo tumor model were used to further assess antibody functionality in a multi-cellular assay format. For T cell assays, purified T cells from PBMC were stimulated in the presence or absence of anti-PSGL-1 antibodies and responses were characterized by flow cytometry and Luminex. Results: We have identified PSGL-1 as a novel macrophage checkpoint. Our work demonstrates that targeting PSGL-1 via an antagonistic antibody re-polarizes human primary M2 macrophages to a more M1-like state both phenotypically and functionally. We observe this M2-to-M1 switch to have an impact on immune cell communication in complex multi-cellular assays. Moreover, targeting of PSGL-1 in an ex vivo tumor system demonstrates that anti-PSGL-1 treatment can increase pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production known to be associated with beneficial clinical response. These effects can be predominantly attributed to macrophage modulation, as antibody targeting PSGL-1 on purified T cells has a very small, if any, impact on their activation and effector function. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that treatments inducing macrophage phenotypic switches can promote an immune response in a tumor setting across multiple tumor types and provide support for targeting the novel macrophage checkpoint PSGL-1 across multiple cancer indications.
Metabolic imaging of human extremity musculoskeletal tumors by PET. (1988)

The measurement of glucose utilization rate (GUR) by positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is a valuable method to assess the grade of malignancy of brain tumors. We have designed a feasibility trial to determine whether PET could be used to image and predict the grade of malignancy of human extremity musculoskeletal tumors. Five patients with extremity tumors (four soft-tissue tumors and one osteogenic tumor) were studied. Peak and mean apparent GURs were determined in the tumor region. All tumors were subsequently resected and graded in a standard fashion using the NCI grading system. Peak apparent GURs ranged from 3.3 mg/100 g/min to 15.2 mg/100 g/min, with the highest values found in the high grade tumors. Although the number of patients studied was small, a good correspondence was shown between GURs and histopathologic grading. Our results indicate that PET can be used to image and evaluate the metabolic activity of human musculoskeletal tumors.