gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Fearful Symmetry of Maldon: The Apocalypse, the Poet, and the Millennium (1997)

T H E F E A R F U L S Y M M E T R Y O F MALDON: THE APOCALYPSE, T H E POET, AND T H E MILLENNIUM Christopher M . Cain T h e t r o u b l e critics have had w i t h The Battle of Maldon is a reflec- t i o n o f the poet's ambiguous attitude t o w a r d his ostensible hero, ealdorman B y r h t n o t h . Frederick W h i t e h e a d w r o t e that L e profane q u i aborde p o u r la premiere fois la Bataille de Maldon a l ' i m p r e s s i o n de l i r e u n panegyrique de ce B y r h t n o t h . True—the elements o f t r a d i t i o n a l G e r m a n i c heroic p o e t r y w h i c h had been d o r m a n t f o r so l o n g seem t o f i n d t h e i r revival i n this p o e m w r i t t e n near the t u r n o f the m i l l e n n i u m . B u t also t r u e is the peculiar tone o f the p o e m en- gendered b y the often r e m a r k e d u p o n phrase e m p l o y e d b y t h e poet in reference t o the leader o f the Essex: folc: f o r his o f e r m o d . I f Maldon is an occasional p o e m c o m m e m o r a t i n g the heroic b u t u l t i - m a t e l y d o o m e d stand o f the English against Scandinavian heathen invaders, the poet's p o s t h u m o u s c r i t i c i s m o f the English leader seems t o present us w i t h a j a r r i n g c o n t r a d i c t i o n . I n the past, the f u l c r u m o f this see-saw argument over t h e poem's u l t i m a t e c o n d e m n a t i o n o r a p p r o b a t i o n o f B y r h t n o t h was t h e m o d e r n E n g l i s h gloss o f ofermod. T h a t ofermod is a t e r m o f o p p r o b r i u m n o longer seems t o be a stance against w h i c h one can argue c o n v i n c i n g l y . H e l m u t Gneuss's defini- tive s t u d y o f the w o r d ' s meaning has ended all reasonable debate that 'Frederick Whitehead, Ofermod et desmesure, Cahiers de Civilisation (I960): 116. Medievale E a r l y convictions that the poem must have been the composition of an observer of the battle have given way to more convincing arguments that the poet was not at Maldon and composed the poem sometime thereafter. F o r the argument that the poem is a much later composition, see J o h n M c K i n n e l l , O n the Date of The Battle of Mal- don Medium Azvum 44 (1975): 121-36, who posits that eorl, the O l d English render- ing of the O l d Norse jarl, can be used as a linguistic test for the date of the poem. ^The Battle of Maldon, ed. E . V . G o r d o n (Manchester: T h e University Press, 1976), line 89. A l l references to Maldon will be from this edition and cited parenthetically by line number in the text. C o m k a t u s 28 (1997): 1-16 I
Flexible Fast-Convolution Processing for Cellular Radio Evolution (2022)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected as a baseline waveform for long-term evolution (LTE) and fifth-generation new radio (5G NR). Fast-convolution (FC)-based frequency-domain signal processing has been recently considered as an effective tool for transmitter and receiver side subband filtering of OFDM-based waveforms. However, for the original continuous FC-based model, the filtering can, in general, be configured in time-direction only with the granularity of half subframe, corresponding to 7, 14, or 28 symbols with 15kHz, 30kHz, or 60kHz subcarrier spacing, respectively. In this paper, we present a symbol-synchronous FC-processing scheme flexibly allowing filter re-configuration with the time resolution equal to one OFDM symbol while supporting tight carrier-wise filtering for 5G NR in mixed-numerology scenarios with adjustable subcarrier spacings, center frequencies, and subband bandwidths, as well as providing co-existence with LTE. Proposed approach segments each stream of time-domain OFDM symbols into overlapping processing blocks of fixed size. Symbol synchronous processing is achieved by dynamically adjusting the overlap between the processing blocks while aligning the payload part of the processing blocks with the boundaries of the OFDM symbols. The proposed scheme is demonstrated to support the envisioned use cases of 5G NR and provide a flexible starting point for sixth generation (6G) development.
Endogenous production of hyaluronan, PRG4, and cytokines is sensitive to cyclic loading in synoviocytes (2022)

Abstract Synovial fluid is composed of hyaluronan and proteoglycan-4 (PRG4 or lubricin), which work synergistically to maintain joint lubrication. In diseases like osteoarthritis, hyaluronan and PRG4 concentrations can be altered, resulting in lowered synovial fluid viscosity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations within the synovial fluid increase. Synovial fibroblasts within the synovium are responsible for contributing to synovial fluid and can be targeted to improve endogenous production of hyaluronan and PRG4 and to alter the cytokine profile. We cyclically loaded SW982 synoviocytes to 0%, 5%, 10%, or 20% strain for three hours at 1 Hz. To assess the impact of substrate stiffness, we compared the 0% strain group to cells grown on tissue culture plastic. We measured the expression of hyaluronan turnover genes, hyaluronan localization within the cell layer, hyaluronan concentration, PRG4 concentration, and the cytokine profile within the media. Our results show that the addition of cyclic loading increased HAS3 expression, but not in a magnitude-dependent response. Hyaluronidase expression was impacted by strain magnitude, which is exemplified by the decrease in hyaluronan concentration due to cyclic loading. We also show that PRG4 concentration is increased at 5% strain, while higher strain magnitude decreases overall PRG4 concentration. Finally, 10% and 20% strain show a distinct, more pro-inflammatory cytokine profile when compared to the unloaded group. Multivariate analysis showed distinct separation between certain strain groups in being able to predict strain group, hyaluronan concentration, and PRG4 concentration from gene expression or cytokine concentration data, highlighting the complexity of the system. Overall, this study shows that cyclic loading can be used tool to modulate the endogenous production of hyaluronan, PRG4, and cytokines from synovial fibroblasts.
Memristor-Based Synaptic Sampling Machines (2018)

Synaptic Sampling Machine (SSM) is a type of neural network model that considers biological unreliability of the synapses. We propose the circuit design of the SSM neural network which is realized through the memristive-CMOS crossbar structure with the synaptic sampling cell (SSC) being used as a basic stochastic unit. The increase in the edge computing devices in the Internet of things era, drives the need for hardware acceleration for data processing and computing. The computational considerations of the processing speed and possibility for the real-time realization pushes the synaptic sampling algorithm that demonstrated promising results on software for hardware implementation.
Cellular Proteins in Influenza Virus Particles (2008)

Virions are thought to contain all the essential proteins that govern virus egress from the host cell and initiation of replication in the target cell. It has been known for some time that influenza virions contain nine viral proteins; however, analyses of other enveloped viruses have revealed that proteins from the host cell can also be detected in virions. To address whether the same is true for influenza virus, we used two complementary mass spectrometry approaches to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of purified influenza virus particles. In addition to the aforementioned nine virus-encoded proteins, we detected the presence of 36 host-encoded proteins. These include both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound proteins that can be grouped into several functional categories, such as cytoskeletal proteins, annexins, glycolytic enzymes, and tetraspanins. Interestingly, a significant number of these have also been reported to be present in virions of other virus families. Protease treatment of virions combined with immunoblot analysis was used to verify the presence of the cellular protein and also to determine whether it is located in the core of the influenza virus particle. Immunogold labeling confirmed the presence of membrane-bound host proteins on the influenza virus envelope. The identification of cellular constituents of influenza virions has important implications for understanding the interactions of influenza virus with its host and brings us a step closer to defining the cellular requirements for influenza virus replication. While not all of the host proteins are necessarily incorporated specifically, those that are and are found to have an essential role represent novel targets for antiviral drugs and for attenuation of viruses for vaccine purposes.
Thermally controlled droplet formation in flow focusing geometry: formation regimes and effect of nanoparticle suspension (2008)

This paper reports experimental investigations on the droplet formation of deionized water and a nanofluid in a heat-induced microfluidic flow focusing device. Besides the effect of temperature, the effects of nanoparticle suspension (nanofluid) and the flow rate of aqueous fluid on the droplet formation and size manipulation were studied. At constant flow rates of the two liquids, three different droplet breakup regimes were observed and their transition capillary numbers as well as temperatures were identified. The heat generated by an integrated microheater changes the droplet formation process. Increasing the temperature enlarges the size of the droplets significantly. These results also demonstrate that the titanium oxide (15?nm)/deionized water-based nanofluid exhibits similar characteristics in droplet formation at different temperatures and any small change in the flow rate of this nanofluid has little impact on the size of the droplets formed in a flow focusing geometry.
Impact of Grid Quantification in Radar Search Pattern Optimization (2019)

Electronic phased-array radars can perform bidimensional beam-forming and beam steering along both elevation and azimuth axes, offering new possibilities for optimization of radar search patterns. The minimization of the search pattern radar-time budget can be approximated by combinatorial set covering and solved using integer programming methods. The size of the combinatorial problem can be controlled by choosing the resolution of the quantification grid, and has a direct impact on both performances and computational cost.
Novel coordinating motifs for lanthanide(iii) ions based on 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole and 5-(2-pyridyl-1-oxide)tetrazole. Potential new contrast agents (2004)

Water-soluble and neutral Ln(III) and Zn (II) complexes of pyridine- and (pyridine-1-oxide)tetrazole have been synthesized and the Gd derivatives have great potential as high-relaxivity low-osmolarity MRI contrast agents.
Quantifying release in step-and-flash imprint lithography (2006)

Step-and-flash imprint lithography (S-FIL) is a leading candidate as the next-generation lithographic technique for replicating sub-10-nm features. The success of this technique is largely connected to the proper control of the interface formation and separation during the imprinting process. In particular, the release process of the imprinted layer from the master template is not straightforward. During release, the path of interface separation must follow precisely the complex topography of geometric features on the sub-100-nm length scale. While the issue of release is currently being addressed, more work is required to understand the underlying mechanisms in controlling release to increase the robustness of this technique in order to make it industrially viable. In this article, the authors describe a metrology for quantifying release in S-FIL. They show that the surface property and the elastic modulus of the template material control the release characteristics. They demonstrate that substituting the rigid template with a soft, elastomeric template can drastically lower the separation force necessary for release.
Quasi-phase-matched frequency conversion in chiral structures (2003)

Summary form only given. The second-order susceptibility associated with chirality has different sign for the two enantiomers of a chiral material. We demonstrate quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation in Langmuir-Blodgett films of an aggregated chiral helicenebisquinone. Our results provide the basis for new concepts for nonlinear devices where chirality, instead of polar order, gives rise to the second-order nonlinear response and phase matching. Molecular control of the film thickness allowed us also to demonstrate, for the first time, lowest-order quasi phase matching in the reflected direction, where the thickness of each stack is one coherence length and not its multiple.
Thermally induced dephasing in periodically poled KTP frequency-doubling crystals (2004)

A thermally induced spatial and temporal dephasing model of second-harmonic generation has been developed to describe the conversion efficiency and its degradation of periodically poled potassium titanium phosphate (PPKTP) in a cw, single-pass frequency conversion system. The model confirms the experimental data that show that second-harmonic power greater than 800 mW (15 kW/cm2) causes two-photon nonlinear absorption, leading to time-dependent photochromic damage in PPKTP. This added absorption degrades the conversion efficiency from an initial value of 19% to an unrecoverable asymptotic value of ∼8% in 2 h at 145 kW/cm2 of pump intensity through thermal detuning phase mismatch.
Evaluating immersive experiences during Covid-19 and beyond (2020)

status: Published online
Soft Null Hypotheses: A Case Study of Image Enhancement Detection in Brain Lesions (2013)

This work is motivated by a study of a population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to identify active brain lesions. At each visit, a contrast agent is administered intravenously to a subject and a series of images is acquired to reveal the location and activity of MS lesions within the brain. Our goal is to identify and quantify lesion enhancement location at the subject level and lesion enhancement patterns at the population level. With this example, we aim to address the difficult problem of transforming a qualitative scientific null hypothesis, such as "this voxel does not enhance", to a well-defined and numerically testable null hypothesis based on existing data. We call the procedure "soft null hypothesis" testing as opposed to the standard "hard null hypothesis" testing. This problem is fundamentally different from: 1) testing when a quantitative null hypothesis is given; 2) clustering using a mixture distribution; or 3) identifying a reasonable threshold with a parametric null assumption. We analyze a total of 20 subjects scanned at 63 visits (~30Gb), the largest population of such clinical brain images.
Learning to Communicate and Energize: Modulation, Coding, and Multiple Access Designs for Wireless Information-Power Transmission (2020)

The explosion of the number of low-power devices in the next decades calls for a re-thinking of wireless network design, namely, unifying wireless transmission of information and power so as to make the best use of the RF spectrum, radiation, and infrastructure for the dual purpose of communicating and energizing. This article provides a novel learning-based approach towards such wireless network design. To that end, a parametric model of a practical energy harvester, accounting for various sources of nonlinearities, is proposed using a nonlinear regression algorithm applied over collected real data. Relying on the proposed model, the learning problem of modulation design for Simultaneous Wireless Information-Power Transmission (SWIPT) over a point-to-point link is studied. Joint optimization of the transmitter and the receiver is implemented using Neural Network (NN)-based autoencoders. The results reveal that by increasing the receiver power demand, the baseband transmit modulation constellation converges to an On-Off keying signalling. Utilizing the observations obtained via learning, an algorithmic SWIPT modulation design is proposed. It is observed via numerical results that the performance loss of the proposed modulations are negligible compared to the ones obtained from learning. Extension of the studied problem to learning modulation design for multi-user SWIPT scenarios and coded modulation design for point-to-point SWIPT are considered. The major conclusion of this work is to utilize learning-based results to design non learning-based algorithms, which perform as well. In particular, inspired by the results obtained via learning, an algorithmic approach for coded modulation design is proposed, which performs very close to its learning counterparts, and is significantly superior due to its high real-time adaptability to new system design parameters.
Differentially flat design of a closed-chain planar under-actuated 2 DOF system (2012)

This paper investigates when a 2 degree-of-freedom PRRRP closed-chain system with a single actuator is both strongly accessible and feedback linearizable. It is demonstrated that for certain choices of mass distribution and addition of springs, an under-actuated 2 DOF PRRRP system is static feedback linearizable, i.e., also differentially flat.
Gamma (immune) interferon production by leukocytes from a patient with a TG cell proliferative disease (1982)

We report a patient with a disease characterized by proliferation of T cells with Fc receptors for IgG (TG). However, unlike lymphoid cells from normal individuals or from patients with other lymphoid malignancies, the patient's lymphocytes spontaneously produced gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in vitro. The peripheral lymphocytes consisted of 95% TG cells, which exhibited the morphological characteristics of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and were normal on cytochemical and chromosome analysis. The majority of TG cells were OKT3+, OKT8+, and OKT4-, 3A1-. These cells failed to express suppressor cell activity and displayed depressed levels of natural killer activity, but mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The spontaneous production of IFN-gamma by human peripheral lymphoid cells as demonstrated in this study may serve as a probe for studying the relationship between IFN-gamma and the proliferation of human T-cell subsets.
Transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics of chronically injured alveolar epithelial cells reveals similar features of IPF lung epithelium (2020)

Abstract The current hypothesis suggests that Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) arises as a result of chronic injury to alveolar epithelial cells and aberrant activation of multiple signaling pathways. Dysfunctional IPF lung epithelium manifests many hallmarks of aging tissues, including cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, and loss of proteostasis. Unfortunately, this disease is often fatal within 3-5 years from diagnosis, and there is no effective treatment. One of the major limitations to the development of novel treatments in IPF is that current models of the disease fail to resemble several features seen in elderly IPF patients. In this study, we sought to develop an in vitro epithelial injury model using repeated low levels of bleomycin to mimic the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the IPF lung epithelium. Consistent with the hallmarks of the aging lung epithelium, we found that chronic-injured epithelial cells exhibited features of senescence cells, including an increase in β-galactosidase staining, induction of p53 and p21, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive ROS production, and proteostasis alteration. Next, combined RNA sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and lipidomics were performed to investigate the dynamic transcriptional, metabolic, and lipidomic profiling of our in vitro model. We identified that a total of 8,484 genes with different expression variations between the exposed group and the control group. According to our GO enrichment analysis, the down-regulated genes are involved in multiple biosynthetic and metabolic processes. In contrast, the up-regulated genes in our treated cells are responsible for epithelial cell migration and regulation of epithelial proliferation. Furthermore, metabolomics and lipidomics data revealed that overrepresented pathways were amino acid, fatty acid, and glycosphingolipid metabolism. This result suggests that by using our in vitro model, we were able to mimic the transcriptomic and metabolic alterations of those seen in the lung epithelium of IPF patients. We believe this model will be ideally suited for use in uncovering novel insights into the gene expression and molecular pathways of the IPF lung epithelium and performing screening of pharmaceutical compounds.
Comparison of Anti-pneumococcal Antibodies in Cord Blood From Australian Indigenous and Gambian Neonates and the Implications for Otitis Media (2014)

An increased risk for otitis media in Australian indigenous neonates is not primarily determined by specific antibody titers against pneumococcal bacteria. Further investigation into the possible roles of the innate immune response and Eustachian tube dysfunction in the development of chronic otitis media amongst Australian indigenous infants is warranted.
Measurement of the force required to move a neurosurgical probe through in vivo human brain tissue (1999)

The advent of high-precision magnetic and robotic computer-controlled neurosurgery systems makes it necessary to determine the range of forces that will be encountered by the probes of such devices as they are guided through the brain tissues to intraparenchymal targets. We have measured the penetration forces on 2.5-mm spheres and the drag forces on 3.0-mm ventricular shunt catheters advanced 2.0-3.5 cm deep into in vivo human brain tissues (in patients about to have those tissues resected during epilepsy surgery) at rates of approximately 0.33 mm s-1. Penetration forces of (8 +/- 2) grams were found for the spherical probe once it passed 0.5 cm below the cortical surface, and frictional drags of (2.8 +/- 0.3) grams cm-1 were exerted on the catheters. The variable nature of these forces is discussed and the results are compared with earlier studies on experimental animal tissues and brain phantom gelatins. The implications of these results for magnetic and robotic surgery systems are considered.
The Noether current in Maxwell's equations and radiation under symmetry breaking (2018)

Symmetries in physical systems are defined in terms of conserved Noether Currents of the associated Lagrangian. In electrodynamic systems, global symmetry is defined through conservation of charges, which is reflected in gauge symmetry; however, loss of charges from a radiating system can be interpreted as localized loss of the Noether current which implies that electrodynamic symmetry has been locally broken. Thus, we propose that global symmetries and localized symmetry breaking are interwoven into the framework of Maxwell's equations which appear as globally conserved and locally non-conserved charges in an electrodynamic system and define the geometric topology of the electromagnetic field. We apply the ideas in the context of explaining radiation from dielectric materials with low physical dimensions. We also briefly look at the nature of reversibility in electromagnetic wave generation which was initially proposed by Planck, but opposed by Einstein and in recent years by Zoh.This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating 125 years of Oliver Heaviside's 'Electromagnetic Theory''.