gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
P3‐304: Proof‐of‐concept pharmacodynamic assessment of a prototypic BACE1 inhibitor at steady‐state using IV infusion dosing in the PDAPP transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2010)

BACE1 is a key protease involved in Abeta generation but has proven challenging as a drug target. Many early BACE1 inhibitors which were optimized for potency at the enzyme, failed to achieve sufficient brain penetration to demonstrate central pharmacodynamic (PD) effects in vivo. Young PDAPP transgenic mice (n = 10/group) were surgically implanted with a central catheter and dosed IV over a period of 22 hrs with vehicle or BACE1 inhibitor at 4.3, 8.6 or 14.4 mg/ml at 60 ul/hr rate. Doses were determined by prior pharmacokinetic measurements using a single IV bolus and calculated to reach steady-state levels exceeding their cellular IC50. Plasma and brain Aβ (1-X) levels were measured using human-specific total Aβ (1-X) ELISAs. The proximal biomarkers of BACE1 cleavage, C99 and sAPPbeta, were also measured in brain homogenates using appropriately configured sandwich ELISAs. Compound exposure was measured in plasma and remaining brain using LC/MS. Steady-state IV infusion of this small molecule BACE1 inhibitor in PDAPP transgenic mice resulted in dose-dependent decreases in Aβ, C99 and sAPPbeta measured in brain. Plasma Aβ levels were not measurable beyond the lowest dose due to the robust effect of treatment. The reductions in brain biomarkers were dose-dependent and a change of similar magnitude occurred in all three in both brain regions (∼71-85% decrease in the high dose group). The exposures measured in the plasma and brains increased with dose and were consistent with the dose-dependent efficacy observed. There were no adverse reactions to these doses in this study. IV administration of a prototypic BACE1 small molecule inhibitor to steady state produces robust reduction of brain Abeta levels by a mechanism of action consistent with BACE1 inhibition in vivo. Robust BACE1 inhibition can be maintained for 22 hours without significant adverse events offering hope for targeting this protease for the treatment of AD.
Scalable macromodelling of microwave system responses using sequential sampling with path‐simplexes (2013)

A scattered sequential sampling algorithm for the automatic construction of stable and passive scalable macromodels of parameterised system responses with a well‐conditioned refinement strategy using path‐simplexes is proposed. The method is tailored towards the local scalable macromodelling schemes on scattered grids. A pertinent numerical example validates the proposed approach.
Thin-Film Processing Routes for Combinatorial Materials Investigations—A Review (2019)

High-throughput combinatorial investigations are transforming materials discovery, phase diagram development, and processing optimization. Thin-film deposition techniques are frequently used to fabricate sample libraries employed in these studies. Various adaptations of well-known thin-film chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques utilized for the synthesis of inorganic combinatorial thin-film materials libraries are reviewed, with novel processing approaches being highlighted. Methods for developing gradients in composition of other film properties are described. Issues and considerations specific to thin-film processing of combinatorial materials libraries are discussed, with some emphasis on catalytic applications.
Complexity distortion theory (2002)

We investigate the efficiency of lossy algorithmic representations of information and show that "complexity distortion" is asymptotically equivalent to rate distortion for stationary ergodic sources.
DeepVisage: Making Face Recognition Simple Yet With Powerful Generalization Skills (2017)

Face recognition (FR) methods report significant performance by adopting the convolutional neural network (CNN) based learning methods. Although CNNs are mostly trained by optimizing the softmax loss, the recent trend shows an improvement of accuracy with different strategies, such as task-specific CNN learning with different loss functions, fine-tuning on target dataset, metric learning and concatenating features from multiple CNNs. Incorporating these tasks obviously requires additional efforts. Moreover, it demotivates the discovery of efficient CNN models for FR which are trained only with identity labels. We focus on this fact and propose an easily trainable and single CNN based FR method. Our CNN model exploits the residual learning framework. Additionally, it uses normalized features to compute the loss. Our extensive experiments show excellent generalization on different datasets. We obtain very competitive and state-of-the-art results on the LFW, IJB-A, YouTube faces and CACD datasets.
IL-6 Induced by Staphylococcus aureus Infection Prevents the Induction of Skin Allograft Acceptance in Mice (2011)

Clinical correlations between bacterial infections and rejection suggest a hypothesis that innate immune stimulation by bacterial infections results in the production of inflammatory cytokine that facilitate bystander T-cell activation, increased alloreactivity and inhibition of tolerance induction. Previous studies demonstrated that IFNβ produced during an infection with a model bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, prevented the induction of transplantation tolerance in mice with anti-CD154 and donor-specific transfusion (DST) (1). We investigated the impact of two clinically relevant bacterial infections at the time of transplantation on the ability of anti-CD154 and DST to induce skin allograft acceptance in mice. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection prevented skin allograft acceptance whereas maximally tolerated doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection had no effect. SA induced an acute production of IL-6, which was necessary and sufficient for the prevention of skin allograft acceptance. Furthermore, a single pulse of methylprednisolone modulated IL-6 production during SA infection and facilitated skin allograft acceptance in SA-infected recipients. Taken together, our results suggest that bacterial infections elicit specific proinflammatory cytokines signatures that can serve as barriers to tolerance induction, and that inhibiting the production of or neutralizing these inflammatory cytokines can synergize with costimulatory blockade-based therapies to facilitate the development of transplantation tolerance.
The Effects of the Statical Tensile and Repeated Bending Stresses upon the Inher Structure of Mild Steel. (1943)

Applying X-rays, we have examined the effects of the statical tensile stress and those of the repeated bending stress upon the crystalline configuration of annealed mild stcel, similarly as in the previous experiments carried out by the numerous investigators. The change of its lattice dimension due to these two kinds of the mechanical stresses is also studied from the back-reflected X-ray spectra taken in a particular way. From the results of the present examination thus obtained, nothing could be found with respect to the effects of the statical tensile stress, but the continuous fragmentation of the micro-crystals and the formation of a fibrous-like structure, together with the gradual expansion of the crystal lattices, which had already been confirmed to occur:-that is, when the test piece made of this mild steel is stretched to break, the micro-crystals decreases their diameter continually from about 10-2_??_10-3cm up to 10-5_??_10-6cm and has the tendency to arrange themselves in a fibrous way, as it may be known from Photo. 3_??_4. While the crystal lattices increases their lattice constant, at least by the amount corresponding to the elongation percentage of the order 13×10-4, as shown in the third column of Table 4. In addition to these, the effect of the repeated bending stress upon the crystalline configuration is also seen by Photo. 6_??_9, to remain essentially the same as those observe already by some investigators; no marked change is made for the most part of the fatiguing process, but at the moment of its fractuation, in the micro-crystals adjacent to the fractured end of the test piece, a sudden destruction is brought up to the size about 10-4_??_10-5cm in diameter. It must be especially noticed, however, as a patent point of the consequence of the present examination, that the crystal lattice, which was innitially expanded by the amount corresponding to the elongation percentage of the order 4×10-4, is confirmed to contract gradually up to that of the normal dimension of pure iron during the imposition of the repeated bending stress, which can be seen in the third column of Table 4. Such a contraction of the crystal lattice seems to be unexpectable at the first sight, but is anticipeted to offer an event that similar structual changes of the materials as are produced by the thermal treatments, can also be given rise to by some plastic flows.
Comparison of 3D Protocols in Metastatic Breast Cancer Tumors (2020)

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Case Report Absence of orgasm-induced prolactin secretion in a healthy multi-orgasmic male subject (2002)

In several studies we have recently demonstrated that orgasm induces prolactin secretion in healthy males and females. This suggests that prolactin may form a feedback regulator of the refractory period following orgasm. To examine this position we investigated the prolactin response of a healthy multi-orgasmic male subject. Blood was drawn continuously during masturbation-induced orgasm. The prolactin response of the case-subject was compared with that of nine healthy adult men with a normal refractory period. The case-subject showed no prolactin response to three orgasms. Data from this multi-orgasmic subject support the hypothesized role of plasma prolactin in contributing to sexual-satiation mechanisms. International Journal of Impotence Research (2002) 14, 133–135. DOI: 10.1038=sj=ijir=3900823
Single‐carrier frequency domain equalisation for microwave LOS‐MIMO systems and its performance analysis (2019)

The authors analyse and investigate the effectiveness of frequency domain equalisation (FDE) for single‐carrier (SC) transmission over a line‐of‐sight multiple‐input multiple‐output (LOS‐MIMO) channel with frequency selective fading. For this purpose, they propose a LOS‐MIMO system model employing SC‐FDE techniques together with a data frame structure having a cyclic prefix and postfix (CPP) overhead. The channel capacity of the proposed system is derived taking into account system design parameters, such as symbol rate and roll‐off factor, as well as multipath fading channel parameters. An efficient channel estimation method is also proposed for implementing and simulating the proposed system. Signature curves estimated in simulations are consistent with those expected from the theoretical capacity analysis. The simulation results show that the SC‐FDE approach to the LOS‐MIMO system can, with small CPP overhead, effectively reduce intersymbol and interstream interference.
Optimal Bayesian resampling for OFDM signaling over multi-scale multi-lag channels (2012)

Underwater acoustic (UWA) communication channels suffer from long delay spreads and significant Doppler effects. Such channels are also ultrawideband in nature. Thus, the typical UWA distortion can be well-described by a multi-scale multi-lag (MSML) channel model. Many UWA communication systems employ resampling by a single-scale at the front-end to compensate for the scale effects of UWA channels. In this paper, the optimal resampling factor for OFDM signaling over MSML channels is investigated from a Bayesian perspective. The resampling factor is selected to minimize the inter-carrier interference resulting from the MSML channel. The exact interference power is computed, but is intractable for optimization, thus an upper bound is employed for optimization. Numerical results verify the tightness of the bound and the Bayesian approach is compared to deterministic methods previously derived for resampling in MSML channels.
Preventing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: the environmental challenge. Diabetes Epidemiology Research International. (1987)

The epidemiology of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated to determine the degree to which the disease results from environmental agents and therefore might be prevented. The results of research indicate that insulin dependent diabetes can be produced in animal models by environmental factors, there are major geographical variations in diabetes, certain populations have shown rapid changes in incidence over time, migrants appear to take on the risk of diabetes in their new country, and certain viruses and chemicals cause insulin dependent diabetes in humans. The results of genetic and epidemiological studies also show that at least 60% of insulin dependent diabetes world wide, and perhaps over 95%, is environmentally determined and thus potentially avoidable. It is concluded that the primary worldwide determinants of diabetes are environmental not immunogenetic and that identifying and altering the diabetogenic environmental factor(s) are likely to be more effective and less risky in preventing insulin dependent diabetes than current immunogenetic approaches.
Extreme-ultraviolet lensless Fourier-transform holography (2001)

We demonstrate 100-nm-resolution holographic aerial image monitoring based on lensless Fourier-transform holography at extreme-UV (EUV) wavelengths, using synchrotron-based illumination. This method can be used to monitor the coherent imaging performance of EUV lithographic optical systems. The system has been implemented in the EUV phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometer recently developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Here we introduce the idea of the holographic aerial image-recording technique and present imaging performance characterization results for a 10x Schwarzschild objective, a prototype EUV lithographic optic. The results are compared with simulations, and good agreement is obtained. Various object patterns, including phase-shift-enhanced patterns, have been studied. Finally, the application of the holographic aerial image-recording technique to EUV multilayer mask-blank defect characterization is discussed.
Experimental Study of Methane Fuel Oxycombustion in a Spark-Ignited Engine (2013)

An experimental investigation of methane fuel oxycombustion in a variable compression ratio, spark-ignited piston engine has been carried out. Compression ratio, spark-timing, and oxygen concentration sweeps were performed to determine peak performance conditions for operation with both wet and dry exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Results illustrate that when operating under oxycombustion conditions an optimum oxygen concentration exists at which fuel-conversion efficiency is maximized. Maximum conversion efficiency was achieved with approximately 29% oxygen by volume in the intake for wet EGR, and approximately 32.5% oxygen by volume in the intake for dry EGR. All test conditions, including air, were able to operate at the engine's maximum compression ratio of 17 to 1 without significant knock limitations. Peak fuel-conversion efficiency under oxycombustion conditions was significantly reduced relative to methane-in-air operation, with wet EGR achieving 23.6%, dry EGR achieving 24.2% and methane-in-air achieving 31.4%. The reduced fuel-conversion efficiency of oxycombustion conditions relative to air was primarily due to the reduced ratio of specific heats of the EGR working fluids relative to nitrogen (air) working fluid.
Specifically Targeting the CD22 Receptor of Human B-cell Lymphomas with RNA Damaging Agents: A New Generation of Therapeutics (2002)

Targeting CD22 on human B-cells with a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic RNAse causes potent and specific killing of the lymphoma cells in vitro. This translates to anti-tumor effects in human lymphoma models in SCID mice. RNA damage caused by RNAses could be an important alternative to standard DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics. A second generation construct with an improved recombinant cytotoxic RNAse is described. Targeted RNAses may overcome problems of toxicity and immunogenicity associated with plant or bacterial toxin-containing immunoconjugates.
Dynamic simulation tools for the analysis and optimization of novel collection, filtration and sample preparation systems (2006)

The focus of research effort described here is to develop novel simulation tools to address design and optimization needs in the general class of problems that involve species and fluid (liquid and gas phases) transport through sieving media. This was primarily motivated by the heightened attention on Chem/Bio early detection systems, which among other needs, have a need for high efficiency filtration, collection and sample preparation systems. Hence, the said goal was to develop the computational analysis tools necessary to optimize these critical operations. This new capability is designed to characterize system efficiencies based on the details of the microstructure and environmental effects. To accomplish this, new lattice Boltzmann simulation capabilities where developed to include detailed microstructure descriptions, the relevant surface forces that mediate species capture and release, and temperature effects for both liquid and gas phase systems. While developing the capability, actual demonstration and model systems (and subsystems) of national and programmatic interest were targeted to demonstrate the capability. As a result, where possible, experimental verification of the computational capability was performed either directly using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry or published results.
Impact of Donor Core Body Temperature on Graft Survival After Heart Transplantation (2018)

A lower CBT in the brain-dead donor before procurement may associate with an unfavorable clinical course after heart transplantation. More research is required, before therapeutic hypothermia can routinely be used in multiorgan donors when a cardiac transplantation is intended.
Application of a Magnetic Mirror to Increase Total Efficiency in Relativistic Magnetrons (2019)

The relativistic magnetron is the most compact and efficient high-power microwave source. In order to further increase the total efficiency of microwave generation in a relativistic magnetron with diffraction output with a low-energy state of electrons that is formed between two virtual cathodes (VCs) in the interaction space, the second VC at the downstream end of the interaction space is replaced with a magnetic mirror that reflects all leakage electrons back into the interaction space. Previously these leakage electrons were deposited on the anode surface without interacting with the microwaves. Particle-in-cell simulations show that this configuration of relativistic magnetron increases the electronic efficiency from 86% to 92%, and increases the total efficiency up to the maximal electronic efficiency. This is a record high efficiency of microwave generation in a relativistic magnetron or any other gigawatt-class, gigahertz-frequency HPM source.
Flow Properties of Solutions of Oat β‐Glucans (1987)

ABSTRACT The flow properties of aqueous solutions of oat β‐glucans were studied using a Bohlin rheometer (concentric cylinder geometry) over the shear rate range 0.734–1500 1/sec at temperatures between 15 and 75 °C. The β‐glucan powder concentrations employed were 0.20–1.56% (w/w). The power law model was satisfactory for describing the flow behavior of β‐glucans over the shear rate range 18.6–232 1/sec. The magnitudes of activation energy were in the range 2.41–4.61 (kcal/ mol). Sucrose decreased the flow behavior index and increased the consistency index of β‐glucans and decreased the activation energy at lower β‐glucan concentrations, these effects being most pronounced at a sucrose concentration of 25%. The D‐value for solutions of β‐glucans (0.65%) at 100 °C was 145 hr.
Benchmarking Invertible Architectures on Inverse Problems (2021)

Recent work demonstrated that flow-based invertible neural networks are promising tools for solving ambiguous inverse problems. Following up on this, we investigate how ten invertible architectures and related models fare on two intuitive, low-dimensional benchmark problems, obtaining the best results with coupling layers and simple autoencoders. We hope that our initial efforts inspire other researchers to evaluate their invertible architectures in the same setting and put forth additional benchmarks, so our evaluation may eventually grow into an official community challenge.
A Novel FN Erasable Undercut Device Containing Two Physically Separated Nitride Storage Nodes Per Cell Suitable for Advanced NOR Flash Memory Technology (2011)

A novel NOR Flash cell with a build-in 2-bit capability consisting of two physically isolated ONO charge-storage nodes separated by an oxide dielectric in between over the channel region is demonstrated. This memory cell employs the virtual ground array architecture, much like NROM arrays, is sensed with the reverse read scheme. However, comparing to NROM, this novel cell offers a wider Vt window due to the reduction of the 'second bit' effect which is a concern in NROM cell scaling. The two separated storage nodes are fabricated by a self-aligned 'undercut' process. The undercut cell is programmed by channel hot electron and erased by Fowler-Nordheim (FN) electron tunneling thus removing any concern with hole-injection induced degradation. The FN erase is made possible by the introduction of a band-gap engineered nitride material as the charge storage medium. Another important merit is its immunity to cell over erasure owing to the presence of the 'enhancement-mode' oxide channel region.
Voicemoji: Emoji Entry Using Voice for Visually Impaired People (2021)

Keyboard-based emoji entry can be challenging for people with visual impairments: users have to sequentially navigate emoji lists using screen readers to find their desired emojis, which is a slow and tedious process. In this work, we explore the design and benefits of emoji entry with speech input, a popular text entry method among people with visual impairments. After conducting interviews to understand blind or low vision (BLV) users’ current emoji input experiences, we developed Voicemoji, which (1) outputs relevant emojis in response to voice commands, and (2) provides context-sensitive emoji suggestions through speech output. We also conducted a multi-stage evaluation study with six BLV participants from the United States and six BLV participants from China, finding that Voicemoji significantly reduced entry time by 91.2% and was preferred by all participants over the Apple iOS keyboard. Based on our findings, we present Voicemoji as a feasible solution for voice-based emoji entry.
Electrical isolation design rule for GaAs integrated circuits fabricated on semi-insulating substrates (1991)

The characteristics of n-semi-insulating-n (n-si-n) structures that dictate the design rules for electrical isolation between active devices of GaAs integrated circuits fabricated on semi-insulating substrates are studied by one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical simulations. It is found that the I-V characteristics of these structures are characterized by sharp current-rising regions which result from a potential barrier lowering effect caused by the punchthrough phenomenon. Simplified expressions are derived for quick evaluation of the punchthrough voltages for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional analyses. For a given operating voltage, the one-dimensional calculation gives a larger spacing between n regions in a n-si-n structure for onset of large current flow than does the two-dimensional analysis. Therefore, the spacing obtained from one-dimensional results can be used as a conservative design criterion for device isolation. For more aggressive electrical isolation design, two-dimensional simulation is necessary since it provides more accurate results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>