gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA promoter hypermethylation of melanocyte lineage genes determines melanoma phenotype (2022)

Cellular stress contributes to the capacity of melanoma cells to undergo phenotype switching into highly migratory and drug-tolerant dedifferentiated states. Such dedifferentiated melanoma cell states are marked by loss of melanocyte-specific gene expression and increase of mesenchymal markers. Two crucial transcription factors, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10), important in melanoma development and progression, have been implicated in this process. In this study we describe that loss of MITF is associated with a distinct transcriptional program, MITF promoter hypermethylation, and poor patient survival in metastatic melanoma. From a comprehensive collection of melanoma cell lines, we observed that MITF-methylated cultures were subdivided in 2 distinct subtypes. Examining mRNA levels of neural crest-associated genes, we found that 1 subtype had lost the expression of several lineage genes, including SOX10. Intriguingly, SOX10 loss was associated with SOX10 gene promoter hypermethylation and distinct phenotypic and metastatic properties. Depletion of SOX10 in MITF-methylated melanoma cells using CRISPR/Cas9 supported these findings. In conclusion, this study describes the significance of melanoma state and the underlying functional properties explaining the aggressiveness of such states.
Beyond strict illiteracy (2010)

One of the greatest challenges in designing applications for developing communities is that potential users may have limited literacy. Past work in UI design for low-literate users has focused on illiteracy as the inability to read per se, with little recognition to other cognitive differences between literate and non-literate users.
A Revised Standard Weight (Ws) Equation for Channel Catfish (1995)

ABSTRACT Weight and length data were obtained from state, regional, and provincial biologists for 241 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) populations, representative of the species geographic range. We randomly selected 60% of the populations to develop a new standard weight (Ws) equation and used the remainder as an independent test set. The regression-line-percentile (RLP) technique was applied to the development data set providing a 75th percentile-based metric Ws equation of log10 Ws (g) = −5.800 + 3.294 log10 total length (TL, mm). The English equivalent is log10 Ws (lb) = −3.829 + 3.294 log10 TL (in). The remaining 98 populations were used to test both current and new Ws equations for length-related changes in relative weight (Wr) values. Regression of Wr values on TL by population showed that the current equation produced 15% more slopes that were significant (H0: β = 0) than did the new equation. An analysis of significant slopes produced from the RLP-generated equation showed a ratio of 31 positive to 20 negative slopes. The current equation yielded a ratio of 58 positive to 7 negative slopes. Because of the length-related trends in Wr values associated with the current equation we recommend that researchers apply the new RLP equation to field data for further testing and validation. The new RLP Ws equation is valid for application to channel catfish having a TL of 70 mm or greater, as opposed to a minimum TL of 280 mm recommended for the current equation.
Effects of Inert Placement (Zst) on Soot and Radiative Heat Flux in Turbulent Diffusion Flames (2017)

Oxy-fuel combustion is one of the major strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from combustion sources, as well as in applications requiring high temperature and stable flames. Currently in oxy-combustion, a large amount of flue gas (∼70%) is recycled to control the heat flux by reducing the flame temperature. This reduces the efficiency of the process and is unsuitable for processes requiring high temperature gases at the outlet of the combustor, such as gas turbines and industrial furnaces. Controlling the soot formation and growth at high temperatures could offer another means of controlling the heat flux without reducing the temperature. The separation of the inert from oxygen, in oxy-combustion, offers a unique advantage for burner design. Shifting the inert from the oxidizer to the fuel side in appropriate stoichiometric proportions increases the stoichiometric mixture fraction (Zst) while maintaining the same adiabatic flame temperature. In this work, the impact of Zst on the characteristics of a nonpremixed, turbulent-jet flame was studied. With increasing Zst, soot inception is delayed, and the overall soot volume fraction and radiative heat flux are also drastically reduced. This is a consequence of not just the reduction in fuel concentration but also the change in the flame structure, which has a dramatic effect on the kinetics of soot formation. This method could provide an effective means of reducing the flue gas recycle in oxy-combustion, without resulting in drastically high heat flux.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYHALOGENDIAZABUTADIENE 4. MITT. SYNTH. VON DI‐ UND TRIHALOGENDIAZABUTADIENEN (1972)

Abstract Die Bromierung der Tetrazolyl‐(5)‐hydrazone (I) in Eisessig verläuft unter Ringspaltung zu den Diazabutadiendibromiden (II), deren Struktur durch Überführung in die Derivate (III) bestätigt wird.
Protein kinase A balances the growth factor‐induced Ras/ERK signaling (2002)

Protein kinase A (PKA) has been proposed to regulate the signal transduction through the Ras/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Here we demonstrate that when the PKA activity was inhibited prior to growth factor stimulus the signal flow through the Ras/ERK pathway was significantly increased. Furthermore, the data indicated that this PKA-mediated regulation was simultaneously targeted to the upstream kinase Raf-1 and to the ERK-specific phosphatase mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Moreover, our data suggested that the level of PKA activity determined the transcription rate of mkp-1 gene, whereas the Ras/ERK signal was required to protect the MKP-1 protein against degradation. These results point to a tight regulatory relationship between PKA and the growth factor signaling, and further suggest an important role for basal PKA activity in such regulation. We propose that PKA adjusts the activity of the Ras/ERK pathway and maintains it within a physiologically appropriate level.
Quad-Band Inverted-F Antenna System Tuned by Hybrid C-Tuner (2021)

A quad-band inverted-F antenna (IFA) system tuned by two dual voltage handling class aperture tuning networks is presented in this paper. Each of the two aperture tuners comprises a monolithically integrated hybrid C-Tuner in parallel with an off-chip high-Q inductor. The C-Tuner fabricated in a dedicated CMOS RF switch-technology fulfils the requirements for both mid- and high-voltage handling classes and can be brought to the required voltage class on the application level. The C-tuner is configured to 371 fF – 1.8 pF and 80 V RF voltage range when attached to the open end of the antenna and to 668 fF – 6 pF and 40 V RF voltage range when connected close to the feed point. The measured quad-band IFA covers cellular low-, low-mid, mid- and high-bands with the 6 dB return loss at the feed over the 85 % of the whole target frequency range.
Correction of Spatial Bias in Oligonucleotide Array Data (2013)

Background . Oligonucleotide microarrays allow for high-throughput gene expression profiling assays. The technology relies on the fundamental assumption that observed hybridization signal intensities (HSIs) for each intended target, on average, correlate with their target’s true concentration in the sample. However, systematic, nonbiological variation from several sources undermines this hypothesis. Background hybridization signal has been previously identified as one such important source, one manifestation of which appears in the form of spatial autocorrelation. Results . We propose an algorithm, pyn , for the elimination of spatial autocorrelation in HSIs, exploiting the duality of desirable mutual information shared by probes in a common probe set and undesirable mutual information shared by spatially proximate probes. We show that this correction procedure reduces spatial autocorrelation in HSIs; increases HSI reproducibility across replicate arrays; increases differentially expressed gene detection power; and performs better than previously published methods. Conclusions . The proposed algorithm increases both precision and accuracy, while requiring virtually no changes to users’ current analysis pipelines: the correction consists merely of a transformation of raw HSIs (e.g., CEL files for Affymetrix arrays). A free, open-source implementation is provided as an R package, compatible with standard Bioconductor tools. The approach may also be tailored to other platform types and other sources of bias.
Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling as a target for cancer intervention strategies. (2001)

In multicellular organisms, communication between individual cells is essential for the regulation and coordination of complex cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. The plethora of signal transduction networks mediating these biological processes is regulated in part by polypeptide growth factors that can generate signals by activating cell surface receptors either in paracrine or autocrine manner. The primary mediators of such physiological cell responses are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that couple ligand binding to downstream signalling cascades and gene transcription. Investigations over the past 18 years have revealed that RTKs are not only key regulators of normal cellular processes but are also critically involved in the development and progression of human cancers. Therefore, signalling pathways controlled by tyrosine kinases offer unique opportunities for pharmaco logical intervention. The aim of this review is to give a broad overview of RTK signalling involved in tumorigenesis and the possibility of target-selective intervention for anti-cancer therapy.
Size Dependent χ(3) for Conduction Electrons in Ag Nanoparticles (2004)

Our theoretical study of the third-order susceptibility (χ(3)) for Ag dielectric composite reveals a critical role of saturation of optical transitions between discrete states of conduction electrons in metal quantum dots. The calculated size dependence of the χ(3) for Ag nanoparticles reproduces the published experimental results. Saturation effects lead to a decrease of the local field enhancement factor that is of particular importance for surface-enhanced phenomena, such as Raman scattering and nonlinear optical responses.
Plasmon–emitter interactions at the nanoscale (2020)

Plasmon-emitter interactions are of central importance in modern nanoplasmonics and are generally maximal at short emitter-surface separations. However, when the separation falls below 10-20 nm, the classical theory deteriorates progressively due to its neglect of quantum effects such as nonlocality, electronic spill-out, and Landau damping. Here we show how this neglect can be remedied in a unified theoretical treatment of mesoscopic electrodynamics incorporating Feibelman [Formula: see text]-parameters. Our approach incorporates nonclassical resonance shifts and surface-enabled Landau damping-a nonlocal damping effect-which have a dramatic impact on the amplitude and spectral distribution of plasmon-emitter interactions. We consider a broad array of plasmon-emitter interactions ranging from dipolar and multipolar spontaneous emission enhancement, to plasmon-assisted energy transfer and enhancement of two-photon transitions. The formalism gives a complete account of both plasmons and plasmon-emitter interactions at the nanoscale, constituting a simple yet rigorous platform to include nonclassical effects in plasmon-enabled nanophotonic phenomena.
Assessment of COTS IR image simulation tools for ATR development (2005)

Following the tendency of increased use of imaging sensors in military aircraft, future fighter pilots will need onboard artificial intelligence e.g. ATR for aiding them in image interpretation and target designation. The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) in Germany has developed an advanced method for automatic target recognition (ATR) which is based on adaptive neural networks. This ATR method can assist the crew of military aircraft like the Eurofighter in sensor image monitoring and thereby reduce the workload in the cockpit and increase the mission efficiency. The EADS ATR approach can be adapted for imagery of visual, infrared and SAR sensors because of the training-based classifiers of the ATR method. For the optimal adaptation of these classifiers they have to be trained with appropriate and sufficient image data. The training images must show the target objects from different aspect angles, ranges, environmental conditions, etc. Incomplete training sets lead to a degradation of classifier performance. Additionally, ground truth information i.e. scenario conditions like class type and position of targets is necessary for the optimal adaptation of the ATR method. In Summer 2003, EADS started a cooperation with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) from Norway. The EADS/KDA approach is to provide additional image data sets for training-based ATR through IR image simulation. The joint study aims to investigate the benefits of enhancing incomplete training sets for classifier adaptation by simulated synthetic imagery. EADS/KDA identified the requirements of a commercial-off-the-shelf IR simulation tool capable of delivering appropriate synthetic imagery for ATR development. A market study of available IR simulation tools and suppliers was performed. After that the most promising tool was benchmarked according to several criteria e.g. thermal emission model, sensor model, targets model, non-radiometric image features etc., resulting in a recommendation. The synthetic image data that are used for the investigation are generated using the recommended tool. Within the scope of this study, ATR performance on IR imagery using classifiers trained on real, synthetic and mixed image sets was evaluated. The performance of the adapted classifiers is assessed using recorded IR imagery with known ground-truth and recommendations are given for the use of COTS IR image simulation tools for ATR development.
Applying the Noninferiority Paradigm to Assess Exposure‐Response Similarity and Dose Between Pediatric and Adult Patients (2021)

The use of extrapolation of efficacy in pediatric drug development programs is possible when disease progression and treatment response are similar in adult and pediatric populations. Historically, the exposure-response (E-R) similarity was assessed by visual inspection of 2 E-R curves to support pediatric extrapolation. The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative framework to describe the E-R relationship and the difference in E-R between pediatric and adult patients based on accumulated experience in pediatric drug development programs. Using clinical data for 8 drugs with either a linear or nonlinear E-R relationship, we adapted the methodology used in noninferiority testing to assess the E-R similarity between adult and pediatric patients at the targeted drug exposure. We implemented bootstrap-based and Bayesian-based methodologies to estimate the probability of concluding noninferiority of the E-R relationship. This approach provides objective criteria that can be applied to an assessment of E-R noninferiority in 2 populations to support extrapolation of efficacy in drug development programs from adults to pediatric populations.
A new sliding mode flux and speed observer for speed sensorless control of induction machine (2002)

In this paper a new sliding mode flux and speed observer is proposed for induction machine drive systems. The error between the actual and observed currents converges to zero which guarantees the accuracy of the flux observer. The rotor speed and the rotor time constant are estimated based on the estimated stator currents and rotor flux. The estimated rotor time constant is used in slip calculation and observer structures and the estimated speed is used as feedback to the speed regulation. Computer simulation results of the speed control verify the validity of the proposed speed estimation algorithm.
Electrically Driven Unidirectional Optical Nanoantennas (2017)

Directional antennas revolutionized modern day telecommunication by enabling precise beaming of radio and microwave signals with minimal loss of energy. Similarly, directional optical nanoantennas are expected to pave the way toward on-chip wireless communication and information processing. Currently, on-chip integration of such antennas is hampered by their multielement design or the requirement of complicated excitation schemes. Here, we experimentally demonstrate electrical driving of in-plane tunneling nanoantennas to achieve broadband unidirectional emission of light. Far-field interference, as a result of the spectral overlap between the dipolar emission of the tunnel junction and the fundamental quadrupole-like resonance of the nanoantenna, gives rise to a directional radiation pattern. By tuning this overlap using the applied voltage, we record directivities as high as 5 dB. In addition to electrical tunability, we also demonstrate passive tunability of the directivity using the antenna geometry. These fully configurable electrically driven nanoantennas provide a simple way to direct optical energy on-chip using an extremely small device footprint.
Prostaglandin E2 Impairs CD4+ T Cell Activation by Inhibition of lck: Implications in Hodgkin's Lymphoma (2006)

Many tumors, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, are associated with decreased cellular immunity and elevated levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a known inhibitor of CD4+ T cell activation, suggested to be involved in immune deviation in cancer. To address the molecular mechanisms tumor-derived PGE(2) might have on primary human CD4+ T cells, we used a whole genome-based transcriptional approach and show that PGE(2) severely limited changes of gene expression induced by signaling through the T cell receptor and CD28. This data suggests an interference of PGE(2) at an early step of T cell receptor signaling: indeed, PGE(2) stimulation of T cells leads to inactivation of lck and reduced phosphorylation of ZAP70. Antiapoptotic genes escaped PGE(2)-induced inhibition resulting in partial protection from apoptosis in response to irradiation or Fas-mediated signaling. As a functional consequence, PGE(2)-treated CD4+ T cells are arrested in the cell cycle associated with up-regulation of the cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1). Most importantly, CD4+ T cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma show similar regulation of genes that were altered in vitro by PGE(2) in T cells from healthy individuals. These data strongly suggest that PGE(2) is an important factor leading to CD4+ T cell impairment observed in Hodgkin's lymphoma.
System and method for conditioning intake air to an internal combustion engine (2023)

A system for conditioning the intake air to an internal combustion engine includes a means to boost the pressure of the intake air to the engine and a liquid cooled charge air cooler disposed between the output of the boost means and the charge air intake of the engine. Valves in the coolant system can be actuated so as to define a first configuration in which engine cooling is performed by coolant circulating in a first coolant loop at one temperature, and charge air cooling is performed by coolant flowing in a second coolant loop at a lower temperature. The valves can be actuated so as to define a second configuration in which coolant that has flowed through the engine can be routed through the charge air cooler. The temperature of intake air to the engine can be controlled over a wide range of engine operation.
A persistent graphics facility for the ICL PERQ (1986)

Abstract The facilities of the PS‐algol programming language are described in this paper to show how they may be used to provide an integrated programming support environment. The persistent store mechanism and the secure transaction facilities provide the basic environment in which an integrated system may be implemented. In particular the paper makes use of the data type picture of PS‐algol to show how such an environment may be built for a graphics system ideal for use with a medium range computer workstation. An implementation of a picture editor on the ICL PERQ workstation is described to show the utility of the system.
Voice quality manipulation for humanoid robots consistent with their head movements (2009)

This paper presents voice-quality control of humanoid robots based on a new model of spectral envelope modification corresponding to the vertical head motions, and left-right sound-pressure modulation corresponding to the horizontal head motions. We assume that a pitch-axis rotation, or a vertical head motion, and a yaw-axis rotation, or a horizontal head motion, affect the voice quality independently. Spectral envelope modification model is constructed based on the analysis of human vocalizations. Left-right sound-pressure modulation model is established through the measurements of impulse responses using a pair of microphones. The experiments are carried out using two humanoid robots HRP-2 and Robovie-R2. Experimental results show that our method presents the change in the voice quality derived from pitch-axis head movement in a robot-to-robot dialogue situation when the interval between the robots are 50 cm. It is also confirmed that an observable modulation in the voice quality declines as the distance between the robots becomes large. The voice-cast directionality caused by yaw-axis rotation is observable using our model even when the robots stand as far as 150 cm away.
Evolution of Fe/S cluster biogenesis in the anaerobic parasite Blastocystis (2012)

Iron/sulfur cluster (ISC)-containing proteins are essential components of cells. In most eukaryotes, Fe/S clusters are synthesized by the mitochondrial ISC machinery, the cytosolic iron/sulfur assembly system, and, in photosynthetic species, a plastid sulfur-mobilization (SUF) system. Here we show that the anaerobic human protozoan parasite Blastocystis, in addition to possessing ISC and iron/sulfur assembly systems, expresses a fused version of the SufC and SufB proteins of prokaryotes that it has acquired by lateral transfer from an archaeon related to the Methanomicrobiales, an important lineage represented in the human gastrointestinal tract microbiome. Although components of the Blastocystis ISC system function within its anaerobic mitochondrion-related organelles and can functionally replace homologues in Trypanosoma brucei, its SufCB protein has similar biochemical properties to its prokaryotic homologues, functions within the parasite's cytosol, and is up-regulated under oxygen stress. Blastocystis is unique among eukaryotic pathogens in having adapted to its parasitic lifestyle by acquiring a SUF system from nonpathogenic Archaea to synthesize Fe/S clusters under oxygen stress.