gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The natural history of prostate carcinoma based on a Danish population treated with no intent to cure (1997)

BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among Western males. In Denmark, the traditional therapeutic approach to prostate carcinoma regardless of tumor stage has been limited to palliative procedures. This conservative approach combined with a complete cancer and personal registration in Denmark provides an opportunity to describe the still debatable natural history of prostate carcinoma. METHODS The data, originating from hospital records and death certificates, included a complete prostate carcinoma population residing in Aarhus County diagnosed between January 1, 1979 and December 31, 1983. The patients were retrospectively followed from diagnosis until death (median length of follow-up, 15.0 years). RESULTS The total number of 719 new cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed without any screening programs. Forty-five percent of patients were diagnosed incidentally, and 31% of all patients had organ-confined disease (T1a-T2, Nx, M0). The disease specific survival rates at 1, 5, and 10 years were 80%, 38%, and 17%, respectively, and 62% of the patients died primarily of prostate carcinoma. A multivariate analysis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between disease specific death and T classification, tumor differentiation, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Prostate carcinoma patients have a poor survival and the majority of the patients diagnosed suffer and die from their disease rather than with it. Nevertheless, approximately one-third of patients neither suffer nor die from their disease. Therefore, the development of prognostic markers to improve the identification of patients who will benefit from early aggressive treatment is important. [See editorial on pages 827-33, this issue.] Cancer 1997; 80:917-28. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
193-nm positive-tone bilayer resist based on norbornene-maleic anhydride copolymers (2000)

We have designed and developed a high resolution 193 nm bilayer resist system based on alternating copolymers of silane substituted norbornene and maleic anhydride. We have utilized a combination of acid labile silane functionalities and acid stable silicon groups in this resist development.
Cytoprotective effects of nitrite during in vivo ischemia-reperfusion of the heart and liver (2005)

Nitrite represents a circulating and tissue storage form of NO whose bioactivation is mediated by the enzymatic action of xanthine oxidoreductase, nonenzymatic disproportionation, and reduction by deoxyhemoglobin, myoglobin, and tissue heme proteins. Because the rate of NO generation from nitrite is linearly dependent on reductions in oxygen and pH levels, we hypothesized that nitrite would be reduced to NO in ischemic tissue and exert NO-dependent protective effects. Solutions of sodium nitrite were administered in the setting of hepatic and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. In hepatic I/R, nitrite exerted profound dose-dependent protective effects on cellular necrosis and apoptosis, with highly significant protective effects observed at near-physiological nitrite concentrations. In myocardial I/R injury, nitrite reduced cardiac infarct size by 67%. Consistent with hypoxia-dependent nitrite bioactivation, nitrite was reduced to NO, S-nitrosothiols, N-nitros-amines, and iron-nitrosylated heme proteins within 1–30 minutes of reperfusion. Nitrite-mediated protection of both the liver and the heart was dependent on NO generation and independent of eNOS and heme oxygenase-1 enzyme activities. These results suggest that nitrite is a biological storage reserve of NO subserving a critical function in tissue protection from ischemic injury. These studies reveal an unexpected and novel therapy for diseases such as myocardial infarction, organ preservation and transplantation, and shock states.
Kinetic etch front instability responsible for roughness formation in plasma etching (2020)

A universal, kinetic etch front instability responsible for plasma etching induced roughness is proposed. The kinetic process of plasma rough etching is modeled based on Kinetic Monte Carlo method. The basic idea is that adatoms of etching inhibitor preferentially bond with each other rather than the substrate due to the mismatch of binding energies. This ultimately leads to the three-dimensional island growth of etching inhibitor, which, after micro-masking, induces roughness. Numerical simulations give results consistent with experimental findings on morphological characteristics as well as roughness dependencies on various etching conditions. The proposed mechanism provides a new viewpoint for understanding the roughness development in dry etching, meanwhile could be a useful tool for developing the processing recipes for both smooth etching and nano-texturing.
Modeling the Progression of HIV Infection (1991)

Abstract Statistical modeling of the progression of markers of HIV infection is complicated by three problems: (1) the times of infection are generally unknown; (2) the follow-up of infected patients is generally much shorter than the average time from infection to AIDS; and (3) the repeated measures of the markers are correlated. The marker we study in this article is T-helper cell count. As a consequence of these three problems, it is difficult to distinguish between different models for the decline in T-helper cell count over time for HIV-infected individuals. Some investigators have proposed that the decline is gradual until shortly before the onset of AIDS, yet available data do not reject models of a fairly constant decline over the entire latency period between HIV infection and onset of AIDS. The ability to discriminate between models can be enhanced by incorporating information about the distributions of the times of seroconversion (development of measurable antibodies) among HIV seropositive individuals and of markers among the seronegative. This can be achieved through the use of growth curve methods that treat time of infection as a random variable whose distribution is estimable, either from the data on progression itself or from external cohorts. Estimation of growth curve model parameters requires a generalization of existing methods for the maximization of mixture likelihoods to accommodate three different components of stochastic variation: (1) the random and unobservable times of infection, (2) individual random effects, and (3) measurement errors. We apply our proposed method to data on progression of T-helper cell count in 490 HIV-infected men from the Men's Health Study in San Francisco and use an externally available estimate of the infection time distribution for the entire city. We conclude from our analysis that models that assume a steady linear decline of T-helper cell count on the square root scale and accommodate the three sources of variation mentioned previously provide adequate fits to the study data. We also note that the linear decline does not apply near the time of seroconversion; this event seems to be accompanied by a sharp drop in T-helper cell count.
Table S1 from Growth of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Relies upon Coordinate Autocrine Expression of the Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S1 - XLSX file 14K, Significantly different (p&lt;.0001) expressed cytokine and cytokine-receptor genes in vitro and in vivo&lt;/p&gt;
Redox‐Active Monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene‐Based Rotaxane Incorporating the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photo/Thermoswitch (2019)

A dumbbell‐shaped molecule with a central monopyrrolo‐tetrathiafulvalene (MPTTF) unit and a 1,1‐dicyano‐dihydroazulene (DHA) photoswitch as one of the two end‐groups was prepared and subsequently converted into a [2]rotaxane with cyclobis(paraquat‐ p ‐phenylene) (CBPQT 4+ ) as the ring component. Investigations revealed that both the DHA and its vinylheptafulvene (VHF) photoisomer prevent deslipping of CBPQT 4+ . It was found that the presence of the CBPQT 4+ ring on the MPTTF‐DHA dumbbell changes the rate of the thermal back‐conversion of VHF into DHA, i.e., this conversion was found to be accelerated by the presence of the positively charged CBPQT 4+ ring. Studies also showed that DHA forms a weak complex with CBPQT 4+ , which seems to originate from weak interactions between the cyano group located on DHA and the bipyridinium α‐protons on CBPQT 4+ . The rotaxane was subjected to various oxidation experiments, but these were, unfortunately, accompanied by some decomposition of the molecule; yet, movement of the CBPQT 4+ ring from the MPTTF unit towards the DHA moiety seems to occur upon oxidation of the MPTTF unit, promoted by the weak interaction between the DHA moiety and CBPQT 4+ .
Haemophilus parasuis invades porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (2005)

Haemophilus parasuis, an important swine pathogen, is the aetiological agent of Glässer's disease. It is responsible for cases of polyserositis, meningitis and pneumonia in young pigs. To date, 15 serotypes have been described, although several non-typable isolates are frequently recovered from diseased animals. The pathogenesis of H. parasuis infection is poorly understood. To cause meningitis, H. parasuis would have to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of H. parasuis to interact with porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells (PBMEC). It was demonstrated that the serotype 5 reference strain of H. parasuis, Nagasaki (originally recovered from a case of meningitis), was able to adhere at very high levels to and, most importantly, invade PBMEC. These capacities were confirmed by electron microscopy. Actinobacillus pleuropnemoniae serotype 7 (strain WF 83), used as negative control, was not able to adhere to or invade PBMEC. Comparisons of the levels of adhesion and invasion by several H. parasuis field strains from different serotypes isolated from cases of either meningitis or pneumonia showed that isolates of serotypes 4 and 5 had a higher invasion capacity than isolates belonging to other serotypes. Inhibition studies demonstrated that PBMEC invasion by H. parasuis required rearrangement of actin microfilaments and microtubular cytoskeletal elements but not active bacterial DNA, RNA or protein synthesis. Characterization studies demonstrated that proteinaceous invasin(s) does not seem to play a major role in entry of H. parasuis into PBMEC. Intracellular viable H. parasuis were found in PBMEC up to 6 h after antibiotic treatment. Even at high bacterial doses, H. parasuis was not toxic to PBMEC. In swine, the invasion of endothelial cells of the BBB may play an important role in the pathogenesis of meningitis caused by H. parasuis.
Regulation of human telomerase activity: repression by normal chromosome 3 abolishes nuclear telomerase reverse transcriptase transcripts but does not affect c-Myc activity. (2001)

Telomerase is required for the complete replication of chromosomal ends. In tumors, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT) is up-regulated, thereby removing a critical barrier for unlimited cell proliferation. To understand more about hTERT regulation, we measured hTERT RNA levels by quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Telomerase-positive cell lines were found to contain between 0.2 and 6 molecules of spliced hTERT RNA per cell, whereas in telomerase-negative cells, the number of molecules was below the sensitivity of the assay (<0.004 molecules/cell). Intron-containing, immature hTERT RNA was observed only in nuclei of telomerase-positive cells, which suggests that hTERT RNA levels are transcriptionally regulated. Microcell transfer of a normal chromosome 3 into the human breast carcinoma cell line (21NT) abolishes telomerase activity and induces senescence. Endogenous hTERT transcripts were undetectable in the nuclei of 21NT-chromosome 3 hybrids, even in cells permanently expressing a transfected hTERT cDNA. However, chromosome 3 transfer did not affect the expression of green fluorescent protein reporter constructs driven by up to 7.4 kb of noncoding DNA flanking the 5' end of the hTERT gene. Because direct up-regulation of hTERT through c-Myc overexpression had previously been reported, we investigated whether chromosome 3 transfer affected c-Myc activity. An at least 30-fold reduction of immature intron-containing hTERT RNA was observed after the introduction of a normal chromosome 3, but expression levels of c-Myc, Mad1, and other c-Myc target genes were unchanged. Our results suggest that telomerase is regulated primarily at the level of hTERT transcription by complex mechanisms involving regulatory elements distant from the 5' flanking region, and that the putative hTERT repressor on chromosome 3 does not regulate the expression of hTERT through c-Myc or one of its coregulators.
Stretching Is Good for a Cell (1997)

[HN1]
 The shape of a cell within its tissue is determined by a fibrous network called the extracellular matrix. In this issue,
 Chen
 et al.
 manipulate the shapes of cells with microfabricated patterns of extracellular matrix dots and show that cells grow better when they are stretched and flattened than when they are plump and round. In his Perspective, Ruoslahti explains how cell surface molecules, the integrins, may participate in this effect and what this means for tissue repair and regulation.
Reconfigurable base-station platform based on ETSI-standard radio virtual machine for supporting various 5G network services (2018)

This paper presents a reconfigurable base-station platform that supports the wide variety of evolution of network services required for 5G mobile communications. The new technology is based on Radio Virtual Machine concept which resolves the problem of portability between the various network service software and base-station platform hardware. Using the proposed method, base-station is capable of adopting the various network services required for the 5G mobile systems.
An immersed boundary method for Brownian dynamics simulation of polymers in complex geometries: Application to DNA flowing through a nanoslit with embedded nanopits (2012)

This work presents an immersed boundary method that allows fast Brownian dynamics simulation of solutions of polymer chains and other Brownian objects in complex geometries with fluctuating hydrodynamics. The approach is based on the general geometry Ewald-like method, which solves the Stokes equation with distributed regularized point forces in O(N) or O(NlogN) operations, where N is the number of point forces in the system. Time-integration is performed using a midpoint algorithm and Chebyshev polynomial approximation proposed by Fixman. This approach is applied to the dynamics of a genomic DNA molecule driven by flow through a nanofluidic slit with an array of nanopits on one wall of the slit. The dynamics of the DNA molecule was studied as a function of the Péclet number and chain length (the base case being λ-DNA). The transport characteristics of the hopping dynamics in this device differ at low and high Péclet number, and for long DNA, relative to the pit size, the dynamics is governed by the segments residing in the pit. By comparing with results that neglect them, hydrodynamic interactions are shown to play an important quantitative role in the hopping dynamics.
Supercapacitive paper based microbial fuel cell: High current/power production within a low cost design (2019)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with paper separators and liquid containing elements were investigated in supercapacitive mode. MFCs (15 mL) in a supercapacitive configuration, consisted of plain wrapped carbon veil anode (negative) and conductive latex cathode (positive). The internal supercapacitor is discharged galvanostatically and is self-recharged as red-ox reactions occur on both electrodes. MFCs were discharged at different current pulses varying from 1 mA to 7 mA. The MFCs had an equivalent series resistance of 41.2 ± 3.5 Ω caused mainly by the cathode. A maximum power of 1.380 ± 0.083 mW (0.092 ± 0.006 mW mL<sup>-1</sup>) was measured. Durability tests were conducted over 24 h collecting 1000 discharge cycles (0.5 s) and self-recharges (85 s) at a current of 1 mA. Over time the anode potential dropped causing a decline in performance perhaps due to evaporation of liquid from the pyramidal structure. Resistance and apparent capacitance measured during the durability test remained approximately constant during the cycles.
Identifying implicit relationships (2012)

Answering natural-language questions may often involve identifying hidden associations and implicit relationships. In some cases, an explicit question is asked by the user to discover some hidden concept related to a set of entities. Answering the explicit question and identifying the implicit entity both require the system to discover the semantically related but hidden concepts in the question. In this paper, we describe a spreading-activation approach to concept expansion, backed by three distinct knowledge resources for measuring semantic relatedness. We discuss how our spreading-activation approach is applied to address these questions, exemplified in Jeopardy!™ by questions in the “COMMON BONDS” category and by many Final Jeopardy! questions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach by measuring its impact on IBM Watson™ performance on these questions.
Supplementary document for Quantum correlations in electron microscopy - 4957042.pdf (2021)

Supplementary material
Derivatization in trace organic analysis: use of an all-glass conical reaction vial (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatization in trace organic analysis: use of an all-glass conical reaction vialSamy. Abdel-Baky, Kariman. Allam, and Roger W. GieseCite this: Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 22, 2882–2884Publication Date (Print):November 15, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00046a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00046a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Design and Synthesis of Pyridone-Containing 3,4-Dihydroisoquinoline-1(2 H )-ones as a Novel Class of Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) Inhibitors (2016)

A new enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor series comprising a substituted phenyl ring joined to a dimethylpyridone moiety via an amide linkage has been designed. A preferential amide torsion that improved the binding properties of the compounds was identified for this series via computational analysis. Cyclization of the amide linker resulted in a six-membered lactam analogue, compound 18. This transformation significantly improved the ligand efficiency/potency of the cyclized compound relative to its acyclic analogue. Additional optimization of the lactam-containing EZH2 inhibitors focused on lipophilic efficiency (LipE) improvement, which provided compound 31. Compound 31 displayed improved LipE and on-target potency in both biochemical and cellular readouts relative to compound 18. Inhibitor 31 also displayed robust in vivo antitumor growth activity and dose-dependent de-repression of EZH2 target genes.
Practical Correction of Three Fold Astigmatism in the Philips CM TEM (1996)

With the improvement of the optical properties of the modern TEM objective lenses the point resolution is pushed beyond 0.2 nm. The objective lens of the CM300 UltraTwin combines a Cs of 0. 65 mm with a Cc of 1.4 mm. At 300 kV this results in a point resolution of 0.17 nm. Together with a high-brightness field-emission gun with an energy spread of 0.8 eV the information limit is pushed down to 0.1 nm. The rotationally symmetric part of the phase contrast transfer function (pctf), whose first zero at Scherzer focus determines the point resolution, is mainly determined by the Cs and defocus. Apart from the rotationally symmetric part there is also the non-rotationally symmetric part of the pctf. Here the main contributors are not only two-fold astigmatism and beam tilt but also three-fold astigmatism. The two-fold astigmatism together with the beam tilt can be corrected in a straight-forward way using the coma-free alignment and the objective stigmator. However, this only works well when the coefficient of three-fold astigmatism is negligible compared to the other aberration coefficients. Unfortunately this is not generally the case with the modern high-resolution objective lenses. Measurements done at a CM300 SuperTwin FEG showed a three fold-astigmatism of 1100 nm which is consistent with measurements done by others. A three-fold astigmatism of 1000 nm already sinificantly influences the image at a spatial frequency corresponding to 0.2 nm which is even above the point resolution of the objective lens. In principle it is possible to correct for the three-fold astigmatism a posteriori when through-focus series are taken or when off-axis holography is employed. This is, however not possible for single images. The only possibility is then to correct for the three-fold astigmatism in the microscope by the addition of a hexapole corrector near the objective lens.
On the Roll-Off of the Activation Energy Plot in High-Temperature Flash Memory Retention Tests and its Impact on the Reliability Assessment (2008)

In this letter, we discuss the experimental behavior of high-kappa interpoly dielectrics in floating gate memory devices with respect to the activation energy plot. It is shown that the Arrhenius extrapolation may overestimate the ten-year lifetime predictions. However, a clear correlation between the activation energy plot and the trap levels in the interpoly dielectric can be established, based on theoretical grounds. It is shown that a single-trap level typically follows an 1/T law, while a roll-off of the activation energy plot suggests the existence of various trap levels in the interpoly dielectrics. These findings have practical implications on the high-temperature retention testing methodology of novel nonvolatile memory with high-kappa interpoly dielectrics.
Coverage and Capacity Analysis for Machine Type Communications in LTE (2012)

Machine type communications (MTC) is defined as data communication among devices without the need for human interaction. Examples of MTC services include security, tracking, payment, smart grid, and remote monitoring. With the widespread introduction of LTE and decommissioning of legacy systems, migration of MTC devices to LTE is under investigation by many cellular operators. This paper examines LTE uplink coverage and capacity for machine type communications. It is seen that LTE provides similar coverage to other cellular systems but significantly higher capacity for MTC services. Capacity, however, may be significantly reduced for devices with lower maximum transmit power devices or QPSK-only modulation. MTC on LTE is also shown to be robust to interference and can be deployed in unlicensed band with only a moderate reduction in capacity.