gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective synthesis of 2-ethoxy alkanes through ethoxylation of 1-alkenes with bioethanol over zeolite beta catalyst in a liquid phase continuous process (2012)

1-Hexene was ethoxylated with ethanol and ethanol–water mixtures mimicking bioethanol in a liquid phase, continuous flow process over a fixed bed of zeolite beta catalyst at a reaction temperature of 423 K and a pressure of 6 MPa. The selectivity for ethoxy alkanes on a hexene basis exceeded 90%. GC-MS, 1H & 13C-NMR and 13C DEPT NMR confirmed the main reaction products to be 2-ethoxy hexane and 3-ethoxy hexane in molar ratio 20 : 1. Side products were diethyl ether from ethanol and dodecenes and hexanol from 1-hexene. Under optimized reaction conditions, the catalyst was stable for at least 14 hours on-stream. The 2-ethoxylation activity of 1-alkenes by zeolite beta was confirmed in reactions with 1-octene and 1-decene. 1-Alkenes can be synthesized out of biomass via conversion into synthesis gas and the Fischer–Tropsch process. The here presented ethoxylation process could contribute green chemicals to the diesel pool and presents a pathway for synthesis of high boiling solvents.
Magnetic field effects on superconductivity in alkali metal intercalates of MoS2 (1972)

The effects of a magnetic field on the superconducting transition in MoS2 intercalated with potassium and sodium were studied. It was found that the potassium intercalated MoS2 has better properties in a magnetic field. In zero magnetic field the transition to superconductivity begins near 6.4 K. Diagrams of the basic circuitry for superconducting transition studies, and charts showing critical magnetic field versus critical temperature for the intercalated MoS2 are included.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chronic elevation of norepinephrine in conscious dogs produces hypertrophy with no loss of LV reserve (1992)

Elevated plasma catecholamine levels may cause both myocardial hypertrophy and tissue damage. To determine whether the left ventricle from dogs with chronic norepinephrine infusion can sustain additional functional loads, we altered ventricular preload or afterload and determined both global and left ventricular (LV) wall function. Dogs were instrumented to measure LV wall function, LV internal base diameter, and LV pressures and were allowed to fully recover. Preload was altered by volume loading and afterload by injection of phenylephrine. Osmotic infusion pumps were implanted to continuously release norepinephrine at 0.5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 28 days, and the volume loading and phenylephrine were repeated on days 14 and 28. Heart rate decreased, whereas there were no differences in mean arterial pressure, maximum first derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt), LV dP/dt/developed pressure of 40 mmHg, LV dP/dt/end-diastolic circumference, slope of the pressure-diameter relation, peak systolic wall stress, LV/end-diastolic diameter, or LV/end-systolic diameter during norepinephrine infusion. Diastolic and systolic wall thickness and chamber weights were increased (P less than 0.05). Indexes of diastolic function, including end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic pressure-end-diastolic diameter relationship, maximum negative dP/dt, and the time constant (tau) were unchanged after chronic norepinephrine infusion, although maximum end-diastolic pressure during volume loading was increased from 17.7 +/- 2.0 to 21.7 +/- 1.0 mmHg. Chronic norepinephrine infusion did not alter tau, and tau increased equivalently with phenylephrine injection in both normal (36 +/- 1 to 62 +/- 5 ms) dogs and in those chronically infused with norepinephrine (36 +/- 1 to 56 +/- 5 ms).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optimizing search by showing results in context (2001)

We developed and evaluated seven interfaces for integrating semantic category information with Web search results. List interfaces were based on the familiar ranked-listing of search results, sometimes augmented with a category name for each result. Category interfaces also showed page titles and/or category names, but re-organized the search results so that items in the same category were grouped together visually. Our user studies show that all Category interfaces were more effective than List interfaces even when lists were augmented with category names for each result. The best category performance was obtained when both category names and individual page titles were presented. Either alone is better than a list presentation, but both together provide the most effective means for allowing users to quickly examining search results. These results provide a better understanding of the perceptual and cognitive factors underlying the advantage of category groupings and provide some practical guidance to Web search interface designers.
Preparation of the HIV Attachment Inhibitor BMS-663068. Part 9. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Process Development and Powder Properties (2017)

This final communication, of a nine part publication series, details the process development history for the final synthetic step to prepare the drug substance BMS-663068 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) salt. The challenge of developing a robust commercial process to prepare BMS-663068-TRIS salt (active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) was achieved by studying the underlying mechanisms that governed key processing characteristics. Eliminating a slurry-to-slurry transformation results in predictable reaction kinetics and control of impurity formation. Key powder property aspects, such as specific surface area and bulk density, were controlled by examining the impact of seed age, crystallization relative supersaturation (RSS), and particle attrition due to agitation during drying. Ultimately, the processing parameters established for preparation of this drug substance resulted in the generation of the target compound with consistent quality, powder properties, and yield across multiple batches.
Cytotoxic T cells: Lyt phenotype and blocking of killing activity by Lyt antisera (1979)

WE REEXAMINED TWO QUESTIONS CONCERNING LYT ANTIGENS OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS OF THE MOUSE: is Lyt-1 antigen expressed on cytotoxic effector cells and can cytotoxicity be blocked by antibody to Lyt antigens in the absence of added complement? A 3-hr (51)Cr-release assay with splenic effector cells and leukemia or myeloma target cells was used to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells against allogeneic targets was abolished by exposure to Lyt-1, Lyt-2, or Lyt-3 antiserum and complement. Specificity was established by tests with C57BL/6 Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. Similarly, the cytotoxicity of effector cells directed against semisyngeneic myeloma targets was reduced by Lyt-1, -2, or -3 antiserum and complement. Effector cell cytotoxicity against another semisyngeneic target was only marginally affected by Lyt-1 antiserum and complement, but was abolished by Lyt-2 or -3 antiserum and complement. It appears likely that cytotoxic T cells are a heterogeneous population with regard to Lyt-1 expression and that past studies indicating an apparent absence of Lyt-1 on cytotoxic T cells revealed a quantitative, not qualitative, feature of these cells. With regard to the activity of Lyt antisera in the absence of added complement, selective blocking of effector cell cytotoxicity for allogeneic and semisyngeneic targets was found with Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera but not with Lyt-1 antiserum. The specificity of blocking was established by tests with Lyt congenic mice and absorption studies with thymocytes. With the exception of blocking by antisera to the H-2 haplotype expressed by the target cell, no effector cell blocking was observed with alloantisera or heteroantisera to a range of other cell surface molecules present on mouse lymphoid cells. One possibility to account for the selective blocking by Lyt-2 and Lyt-3 antisera is that Lyt-2,3 determinants on the surface of cytotoxic T cells have a close spatial relation to the T cell receptor.
Multiple-valued memory operation in SiN-based single-electron memory (2002)

Multiple-valued memory operation is one of the keys for future high-density memory devices since it significantly increases memory capacity per unit area. We previously reported a single electron memory device that utilizes traps in a silicon nitride (SiN) layer as the memory node and an ultra-sensitive Al/AlO/sub x/ single-electron transistor (SET) for readout (Sunarmura et al., 1999). In this work, we propose a new device structure in which a new layered structure is designed so that only electrons can participate in the device characteristics. With this new device structure, we successfully achieve multiple-valued single-electron memory operation of up to nine values for the first time. An oscillating behavior in SET output current (I/sub SET/) during write/read processes due to electron trapping/detrapping at the traps is used to represent multiple values.
Wisdom Literature and Lyric Poetry (2005)

This chapter contains section titled: Sententious Lore in Prose and Verse Lyric Poetry
Impaired antiviral activity of interferon alpha against hepatitis C virus 2a in Huh-7 cells with a defective Jak-Stat pathway (2010)

The cellular Jak-Stat pathway is critical for a successful IFN-alpha antiviral response against HCV 2a. HCV infection or replication did not alter signaling by the Jak-Stat pathway. GFP labeled JFH1 2a replicon based stable cell lines with IFN sensitive and IFN resistant phenotypes can be used to develop new strategies to overcome IFN-resistance against hepatitis C.
Influence of Polydispersity on the Micellization of Triblock Copolymers Investigated by Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2007)

The molecular motion in water of the poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer with the nominal composition EO97PO68EO97 (F127) was investigated with the aid of pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR). The signal decays in the PFG experiments have been recorded for 1 wt % F127 in the temperature range from 288 to 313 K and in the concentration range 0.1−35 wt % at 298 K. Below the critical micellization temperature (cmt) or the critical micellization concentration (cmc), the PFG signal decays approximately linearly when the intensities are plotted on a logarithmic scale versus the experimentally relevant parameter. At the cmt or cmc, the signal decays are curved. The NMR data were processed using inverse Laplace transformation to obtain the distribution of self-diffusion coefficients, P(D). At 288 K for a 1 wt % solution, a narrow distribution was observed, while at 302 K a bimodal distribution was observed. This observation can be explained by the polydispersity of the polymer. It implies that, at a given temperature, only the more hydrophobic compound of F127 takes part in the aggregation process, while the more hydrophilic components diffuse as free nonassociated polymer. Increasing the temperature to 313 K resulted in a monomodal distribution, suggesting that all the polymers are aggregated. It is suggested that an ideal mixing model for the Pluronic micelles can explain the self-diffusion data. The NMR self-diffusion raw data were also analyzed with the COmponent REsolved (CORE; Stilbs, P.; Paulsen, K. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1996, 67, 4380−4386) algorithm, resulting in spectra for free block copolymer and micellized block copolymer. With an increase in temperature, the intensity of the peaks for free block copolymer is reduced, whereas the intensity of the peaks for aggregated block copolymer increases. The ratios between the size of the PEO and PPO blocks (mEO/nPO) show a marked increase in free polymer compared to the ratio observed in micellized polymer when the temperature is increased. The effect of added salts to a 1 wt % F127 solution at 303 K was investigated to determine how the populations of free and micellized surfactant were changed on account of the ions present. Finally, the diffusion behavior of Pluronic F68 (EO76PO29EO76) at 35 wt % has been investigated from 298 to 313 K. Both the diffusion time and the time of the gradient have been varied. The data show that the diffusion is Gaussian in the temperature range.
Multimedia fog computing (2017)

In cloud computing, minions refer to virtual or physical machines that carry out the actual workload. Minions in the cloud hide in faraway data centers and thus cloud computing is less friendly to multimedia applications. The fog computing paradigm pushes minions toward edge networks. We adopt a generalized definition, where minions get into end devices owned by the crowd. The serious uncertainty, such as dynamic network conditions, limited battery levels, and unpredictable minion availability in multimedia fog platforms makes them harder to be managed than cloud platforms. In this chapter, we share our experience on utilizing resources from the crowd to optimize multimedia applications. The learned lessons shed some light on the optimal design of a unified multimedia fog platform for distributed multimedia applications.
Statistics and Data Science for Cybersecurity (2023)

Cybersecurity is an ever-important aspect of our interconnected world, but security defenses lag behind the adversaries who with increasing sophistication seek to disrupt cybersystems. The emergence of massively distributed systems such as the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened up new vulnerabilities that go beyond traditional protective measures such as firewalls, password protection, and single point-of-attack responses. To address these emerging vulnerabilities, data science has much to contribute, including methods of distributed statistical inference, data fusion, anomaly detection, and adversarial machine learning.
Temperature measurements in a laser-heated gas by quantitative shadowgraphy (1987)

A whole-field quantitative shadow method was used to determine the temperature in a laser ignition experiment. An ethylene-air mixture was heated by a CO(2) laser, and the hot gas was illuminated with a collimated laser beam. The resulting shadow image was recorded digitally and analyzed to determine the temperature. Very good spatial and temporal resolutions (15 microm and 10 ns) were achieved using a simple optical arrangement. A computer simulation was used to determine the sensitivity of the shadow temperatures to blurring due to diffraction and uncertainties in parameters such as the ambient pressure. Temperatures determined from Rayleigh light scattering agreed with the shadow measurements to within 1-4%.
Role of the C-terminal carboxylate in angiotensin II activity: alcohol, ketone, and ester analogs of angiotensin II (1986)

[Ac-Asn1, Val5]angiotensin II analogues containing a C-terminal alcohol (Phe-ol), methyl ketone (Pmk), methyl ester (Phe-OMe), or alpha-methyl methyl ester (Phe(alpha Me)-OMe) were prepared in order to examine the relative importance of COOH-mediated ionic vs. hydrogen bonding interactions in angiotensin activities. Based on the observation that only [Ac-Asn1,Phe-OMe8]AII (AII, angiotensin II) had significant activities (20% oxytocic and 13% pressor) in the rat, with all other analogues having negligible agonistic and antagonistic effects, it is concluded that ionic interaction of the C-terminal carboxylate with the receptor is necessary for angiotensin binding and that hydrogen bonding has little effect. Thus, the different potencies observed for the AII methyl ester and for various C-terminal analogues previously reported may simply reflect their relative abilities to generate the active carboxylate species in situ.
LOCA 1.0 Library of Continuation Algorithms: Theory and Implementation Manual (2002)

LOCA, the Library of Continuation Algorithms, is a software library for performing stability analysis of large-scale applications. LOCA enables the tracking of solution branches as a function of a system parameter, the direct tracking of bifurcation points, and, when linked with the ARPACK library, a linear stability analysis capability. It is designed to be easy to implement around codes that already use Newton's method to converge to steady-state solutions. The algorithms are chosen to work for large problems, such as those that arise from discretizations of partial differential equations, and to run on distributed memory parallel machines. This manual presents LOCA's continuation and bifurcation analysis algorithms, and instructions on how to implement LOCA with an application code. The LOCA code is being made publicly available at www.cs.sandia.gov/loca.
Risk-attitudes, Trust, and Emergence of Coordination in Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Systems: A Study of Independent Risk-sensitive REINFORCE (2022)

Trust facilitates collaboration and coordination in teams and is paramount to achieving optimality in the absence of direct communication and formal coordination devices. We investigate the influence of agents' risk-attitudes on trust and the emergence of coordination in multi-agent environments. To that end, we consider Independent Risk-sensitive Policy Gradient, Risk-sensitive REINFORCE, RL-agents in repeated 2-agent coordination games (Stag-Hunt). We experimentally validate our hypothesis that the agents' risk-attitudes influence coordination and collaboration by influencing the agents' learning dynamics and can lead to efficient learning of Pareto optimal policies. This suggests that risk-sensitive agents could achieve better results in multi-agent task environments.
Structural and electrochemical studies of novel Na7V3Al(P2O7)4(PO4) and Na7V2Al2(P2O7)4(PO4) high-voltage cathode materials for Na-ion batteries (2017)

<italic>Operando</italic> XRD studies illustrate the reversible electrochemical process in the range of 2.7–4.2 V <italic>vs.</italic> Na<sup>+</sup>/Na for new Na<sub>7</sub>V<sub>4−x</sub>Al<sub>x</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>) (<italic>x</italic> = 1, 2) compositions with increasing of the capacity at higher voltage.
4-Alkyloxyimino Derivatives of Uridine-5′-triphosphate: Distal Modification of Potent Agonists as a Strategy for Molecular Probes of P2Y 2 , P2Y 4 , and P2Y 6 Receptors (2020)

Extended N4-(3-arylpropyl)oxy derivatives of uridine-5′-triphosphate were synthesized and potently stimulated phospholipase C stimulation in astrocytoma cells expressing G protein-coupled human (h) P2Y receptors (P2YRs) activated by UTP (P2Y2/4R) or UDP (P2Y6R). The potent P2Y4R-selective N4-(3-phenylpropyl)oxy agonist was phenyl ring-substituted or replaced with terminal heterocyclic or naphthyl rings with retention of P2YR potency. This broad tolerance for steric bulk in a distal region was not observed for dinucleoside tetraphosphate agonists with both nucleobases substituted. The potent N4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propyl)oxy analogue 19 (EC50: P2Y2R, 47 nM; P2Y4R, 23 nM) was functionalized for chain extension using click tethering of fluorophores as prosthetic groups. The BODIPY 630/650 conjugate 28 (MRS4162) exhibited EC50 values of 70, 66, and 23 nM at the hP2Y2/4/6Rs, respectively, and specifically labeled cells expressing the P2Y6R. Thus, an extended N4-(3-arylpropyl)oxy group accessed a structurally permissive region on three Gq-coupled P2YRs, and potency and selectivity were modulated by distal structural changes. This freedom of substitution was utilized to design of a pan-agonist fluorescent probe of a subset of uracil nucleotide-activated hP2YRs.
An evaluation of prophylactic treatments to prevent post traumatic joint stiffness (2014)

Arthrofibrosis is a major obstacle to restoring joint function after trauma. The objective of this study was to evaluate montelukast, forskolin, and triamcinolone as possible means of prophylaxis against the formation of arthrofibrosis. Forty-eight rats underwent surgical knee trauma with post-operative immobilization in full flexion. The treatment groups were: control (CTL), oral montelukast (3.75 mg/kg/day) (MLK), intra-articular forskolin injections (0.6 mg/kg) (FSK), and intra-articular triamcinolone injections (0.68 mg/kg) (STR). Rats were sacrificed after 14 days and femorotibial contracture angles were measured with the posterior capsule intact and with the posterior capsule cut. A 0.015Nm extension moment was applied to the knee. All treatment groups had significant reductions in contracture angle compared to the control. Mean contractures with the posterior capsule intact were 32°(CTL), 20° (MLK), 22° (FSK), and 7° (STR). Contractures with the posterior capsule cut were 28° (CTL), 19° (MLK), 20° (FSK), and 5° (STR). The STR group was significantly better than FSK and MLK. Triamcinolone injections provided dramatic reductions in stiffness. Both forskolin and montelukast provided significant, though lesser, reductions in stiffness. While the triamcinolone contracture angles were significantly better, the novel treatments of forskolin and montelukast provided encouraging results and should be studied further.
Outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa by multiple organ transplantation from a common donor1 (2003)

Transmission of bacterial infections from donor to recipient may occur with donor bacteremia. We describe a novel mechanism for transmission of Pseudomonas to multiple recipients through direct contamination of a donor innominate artery graft. Patient data were collected by chart review from the donor and the kidney, kidney-pancreas, heart, lung, and liver recipients. The donor was not bacteremic but had P. aeruginosa isolated from routine tracheal cultures. Spillage of tracheal contents onto the innominate artery and subsequent contamination of intra-abdominal organs likely occurred. Vascular anastomotic infections with graft loss caused by Pseudomonas occurred in three patients (liver, kidney, and kidney-pancreas), and the lung patient developed severe pneumonia. All Pseudomonas isolates were identical by molecular typing. Donors may transmit bacterial infections to multiple recipients by mechanisms other than donor bacteremia. Although donor tracheal cultures are commonly positive, in certain settings antimicrobial treatment of recipients may be needed.
A Study on the Fatigue Test of Truck Materials for Railway Vehicles (2014)

The truck that is used as running equipment for freight car support is a core structural part that supports the load of the car body and that greatly influences the safety of freights and vehicles, as well as their running performance. The running equipment is composed of truck frames, wheels and wheel axles, independent suspensions, and brakes. Among these components, the truck frame supporting the load of the vehicles and freights may be the most important one. This study was carried out to analyze the structure of truck frames and to determine whether they are safe when the maximum vertical load, breaking load, and front and rear loads are applied to them. This was done by subjecting the truck frames to stress tests and then measuring the stress on each of their parts. Before the load test, a structural-analysis program was used for the stress distribution analysis of the truck frame. To measure the stresses based on the results of the structural analysis, strain gages were attached to the surfaces of truck frames [1].
Rapid laser sintering of metal nano-particles inks (2016)

Fast sintering is of importance in additive metallization processes and especially on sensitive substrates. This work explores the mechanisms which set limits to the laser sintering rate of metal nano-particle inks. A comparison of sintering behavior of three different ink compositions with laser exposure times from micro-seconds to seconds reveals the dominant factor to be the organic content (OC) in the ink. With a low OC silver ink, of 2% only, sintering time falls below 100 μs with resistivity <×4 bulk silver. Still shorter exposure times result in line delamination and deformation with a similar outcome when the OC is increased.