gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Drying on Structural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Slab (2021)

Evaluating the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures during earthquakes and the resultant damage in the structures depends on an accurate load-displacement relationship. Several experimental and analytical evaluation methods for load-displacement relationships have been proposed and specified in current design standards. However, there have been few quantitative studies on the impact of drying on the yielding behavior of RC members, including evaluations of the effective stiffness of members. In this study, to investigate changes in the mechanical properties of RC beam-slab members due to drying of the concrete, cyclic loading tests are conducted on two RC beam-slab members with and without drying. It is found that the lateral structural stiffness of the specimen with drying decreased to 77% that of the specimen without drying. This is verified in the calculation of the flexural stiffness. In this calculation, it is assumed that drying shrinkage decreases the moment of inertia of the slab in tension but not in compression. Meanwhile, no difference is observed in the flexural capacity and yield displacement between the two specimens. Thus, there is no significant impact from drying shrinkage in RC beam-slab members on the lateral structural performance, while the shrinkage instead induces greater flexural cracking, which reduces the residual stresses in the specimen with drift leading to a gradual decrease in the impact of drying.
Damage to thin gate oxide during lightly doped drain spacer oxide etching (1994)

Charge buildup damage to gate oxide during lightly doped drain (LDD) spacer oxide etch was studied by measuring gate leakage of fully processed transistors over thin oxide attached to area-intensive or edge-intensive polycide antenna structures over thick oxide. Wafers were etched at the LDD spacer oxide etch step for various overetch times ranging from −7% to +35%. It was found that gate oxide damage from charge buildup depended strongly on spacer overetch time. No charge buildup was detected before endpoint (defined as the time required to completely remove oxide from flat silicon surfaces—the polycide has a cap oxide layer on it, so the gate electrode is not exposed at endpoint), but significant charge buildup occurred through the polycide surface when etching was continued past endpoint. Gate leakage failures for transistors attached to large area-intensive antennas increased monotonically with overetch time, leading to 100% failure after 20%–30% overetch. This charge buildup damage began to occur even before the cap oxide was completely removed and the gate electrode was exposed to the plasma, suggesting that either the tetraethylorthosilicate oxide itself was not perfectly insulating or it became leaky after exposure to this high-energy oxide etch plasma with a dc bias of about −600 V.
Nanocarbon based supercapacitors with reduced internal resistance (2010)

Supercapacitors, also known as electrical double layer capacitors, are promising candidates to meet the increasing power demands upon energy storage systems. They have an important role in complementing or replacing batteries in the energy storage field, possessing advantages such as high power density, rapid charge/discharge (few seconds), >100 000 cycle life, and intrinsic safety (they contain no heavy metals and have a reduced likelihood of catastrophic failure). The performance of a supercapacitor depends on charge capacitance, operating voltage and internal resistance. In this paper, particular attention is given to methods of decreasing the internal resistance of supercapacitors because for intended use in high current applications, high internal resistances cause unacceptable power loss and voltage drop. We describe two steps to decrease the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of nanocarbon based supercapacitors. First, a thin, conductive carbon layer was coated on a copper current collector to decrease the contact resistance between the active electrodes and the copper. The carbon layer formed on the copper has a rough surface, which increases both the contact area and adhesion ability between the electrode material and the copper surface. In addition, the carbon layer prevents oxidation and corrosion of the metal layer, and therefore prevents ESR increase after extended cycling, thus prolonging the supercapacitor life. Second, multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to the nanocarbon to further decrease the ESR of the device. CNTs have good electrical conductivity and a readily accessible surface area. Scanning electron microscope images show that the added CNTs cover the surface of the nanocarbon particles and bridge the gap between the particles. After surface treatment of the copper and adding CNTs to the active electrodes, the supercapacitor have a significantly reduced ESR and highly enhanced capacitance. Evaluation of capacitor performance by different techniques, such as voltammetry, charge/discharge characteristics is also discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: CC‐1065 and the Duocarmycins: Understanding Their Biological Function Through Mechanistic Studies (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CdO as the Archetypical Transparent Conducting Oxide. Systematics of Dopant Ionic Radius and Electronic Structure Effects on Charge Transport and Band Structure (2005)

A series of yttrium-doped CdO (CYO) thin films have been grown on both amorphous glass and single-crystal MgO(100) substrates at 410 °C by metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and their phase structure, microstructure, electrical, and optical properties have been investigated. XRD data reveal that all as-deposited CYO thin films are phase-pure and polycrystalline, with features assignable to a cubic CdO-type crystal structure. Epitaxial films grown on single-crystal MgO(100) exhibit biaxial, highly textured microstructures. These as-deposited CYO thin films exhibit excellent optical transparency, with an average transmittance of >80% in the visible range. Y doping widens the optical band gap from 2.86 to 3.27 eV via a Burstein−Moss shift. Room temperature thin film conductivities of 8540 and 17 800 S/cm on glass and MgO(100), respectively, are obtained at an optimum Y doping level of 1.2−1.3%. Finally, electronic band structure calculations are carried out to systematically compare the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the In-, Sc-, and Y-doped CdO systems. Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that dopant ionic radius and electronic structure have a significant influence on the CdO-based TCO crystal and band structure: (1) lattice parameters contract as a function of dopant ionic radii in the order Y (1.09 Å) < In (0.94 Å) < Sc (0.89 Å); (2) the carrier mobilities and doping efficiencies decrease in the order In > Y > Sc; (3) the dopant d state has substantial influence on the position and width of the s-based conduction band, which ultimately determines the intrinsic charge transport characteristics.
Cluster Attack: Query-based Adversarial Attacks on Graph with Graph-Dependent Priors (2022)

While deep neural networks have achieved great success in graph analysis, recent work has shown that they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Compared with adversarial attacks on image classification, performing adversarial attacks on graphs is more challenging because of the discrete and non-differential nature of the adjacent matrix for a graph. In this work, we propose Cluster Attack --- a Graph Injection Attack (GIA) on node classification, which injects fake nodes into the original graph to degenerate the performance of graph neural networks (GNNs) on certain victim nodes while affecting the other nodes as little as possible. We demonstrate that a GIA problem can be equivalently formulated as a graph clustering problem; thus, the discrete optimization problem of the adjacency matrix can be solved in the context of graph clustering. In particular, we propose to measure the similarity between victim nodes by a metric of Adversarial Vulnerability, which is related to how the victim nodes will be affected by the injected fake node, and to cluster the victim nodes accordingly. Our attack is performed in a practical and unnoticeable query-based black-box manner with only a few nodes on the graphs that can be accessed. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by fooling the node classifiers with only a small number of queries.
Current status of leukotriene A4hydrolase inhibitors (2008)

Background: Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) is a ubiquitously distributed 69-kDa zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. As a hydrolase, LTA4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA4 to the diol leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils and a chemoattractant of eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, T cells, dendritic cells, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. Inhibiting the formation of LTB4 is expected to be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and atherosclerosis. Objective: The focus of this review will be on patent applications/patents containing LTA4H inhibitors that were published between 1996 and March 2008 from four different companies. The documents reviewed are presented in a tabular manner. Method: The first part of this review focuses on the primary literature supporting LTA4H as a potential target. The second part covers the patent literature organized by applicant identified during the prescribed period. Conclusion: Activity towards identifying small molecule inhibitors of LTA4H has escalated in the last few years in line with important scientific and clinical developments involving the leukotriene pathway. One inhibitor from deCODE, DG-051, is reported to be in clinical trials for myocardial infarction and future reports of clinical efficacy will undoubtedly stimulate further work in the field by others.
Fundamental Aspects of Adhesive Strength in Coextruded Structures (1991)

For those involved in coextrusion, adhesive strength is usually synonymous with peel strength. This report brings together the phenomenology associated not only with chemical processes but also with physical processes of the coextruded structure. For example, peel strength dependency on peel rate and, as shown, dependency on adhesive thickness
Design and Injury Assessment Criteria for Blunt Ballistic Impacts (2004)

The BC can be used in the development of kinetic energy munitions and the VC for testing impact injury risk. These criteria provide much needed tools for the development and progression of less-lethal munitions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of Some Optically Active Epoxides Formally Derived from Tertiary Allylic Alcohols. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulates Secretion of Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone from the Rat Pituitary (1982)

Administration of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor led to rapid, parallel increases in adrenocorticotropin and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone concentrations in rat plasma. Prior treatment with dexamethasone almost completely blocked the adrenocorticotropin response but not the increase in melanocyte-stimulating hormone. These data demonstrate that corticotropin-releasing factor is a potent stimulator not only of adrenocorticotropin secretion from the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland but also of peptide secretion from the intermediate lobe. Such data suggest that melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin play a role in the physiological response to stress.
The Conformational Preference of the Methyl Group in 1‐Methyl‐1‐Silacyclohexane (2005)

The conformational equilibrium of the title compound has been investigated experimentally in the gas phase by gas electron diffraction and in solution at low temperatures by 13C NMR, and theoretically by quantum chemical calculations. Both experimental methods result in a preference of the equatorial position of the methyl group, 68(7)% in the gas phase at 298 K and 74(1)% in solution at 110K. The calculations predict 66% equatorial conformer at room temperature.
Spectral interferometric microscopy reveals absorption by individual optical nano-antennas from extinction phase (2015)

We demonstrate a method to extract absorption and scattering from phase and intensity measurements of extinction from a single optical nano-antenna by developing a novel spectrally resolved interferometer integrated within a confocal microscope.
Preparation of Porous Poly(e-caprolactone) Structures (2002)

Porous poly(ε-caprolactone) structures have been prepared by leaching of compression moulded salt-containing polymer precipitates. Coagulation takes place when a PCL solution containing dispersed water-soluble salt particles is precipitated into an excess of non-solvent. Porous scaffolds are obtained after leaching of the compression moulded polymer-salt precipitate. This process yields scaffolds with a very homogeneous pore morphology and independent control of pore size and porosity.
Anticancer effect of curcumin on breast cancer and stem cells (2018)

Numerous studies have shown that curcumin, a natural compound, exerts anticancer effects by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In particular, curcumin exhibits potent inhibitory effects on breast cancer, the most prevalent type of cancer among women worldwide. It has low maximal inhibitory concentration for breast cancer cell lines that express the hormone receptor ER and sensitizes cell lines to anticancer drugs. Moreover, it can induce apoptosis in cell lines independently of hormone receptor expression. In addition, curcumin inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC), an important factor that influences cancer recurrence. The inhibition of BCSC proliferation suppresses metastasis and reattachment, ultimately limiting tumor formation. A xenograft study similarly showed that curcumin exerts tumor-suppression effects on cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Therefore, curcumin is a potential anticancer compound, and its concurrent application with other anticancer drugs appears promising.
Generation of 36  μm radiation and telecom-band amplification by four-wave mixing in a silicon waveguide with normal group velocity dispersion (2014)

Mid-infrared light generation through four-wave mixing-based frequency down-conversion in a normal group velocity dispersion silicon waveguide is demonstrated. A telecom-wavelength signal is down-converted across more than 1.2 octaves using a pump at 2190 nm in a 1 cm-long waveguide. At the same time, a 13 dB on-chip parametric gain of the telecom signal is obtained.
Suppression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth via Oral Immune Regulation towards Tumor-Associated Antigens Is Associated with Increased NKT and CD8+ Lymphocytes (2004)

Oral immune regulation towards HCC antigens effectively enhanced the anti-tumor immune response, thus suppressing the growth of HCC in mice. This effect was associated with an increased NKT,CD8+/CD4+ lymphocyte ratio and may be mediated via enhancement of IFNgamma production.
Spectrum stability of a broadband 1060 nm Nd-doped fibre laser (1990)

Measurements of the spectrum dependence on temperature of a broadband diode-pumped fibre laser, targeted as a source for high grade fibre gyroscopes is reported. With the proper choice of pump wavelength, the temperature of this source need only be stabilised to 0.1°C for a mean laser wavelength stability of 1 ppm, compared to 0.003°C for a superluminescent diode source.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Carrier Trapping and Recombination Dynamics in Small Semiconductor Particles. (1986)

Abstract Picosecond time‐resolved spectroscopy is applied to elucidate the dynamiCs of Charge carrier reactions within semiconductor particles (TiOz, diameter 12OÄ , in aqueous solution).
Temperature-driven self-actuated microchamber sealing system for highly integrated microfluidic devices (2012)

We present here a novel microchamber sealing valve that is self-actuated by a pressure change during the temperature change in the thermal activation of reactions. Actuation of our valve requires only the use of the same heating device as employed for the reactions. A thermoplastic UV-curable polymer is used as a device material; the polymer allows realization of the temperature-driven valve actuation as well as the fabrication of multi-layered devices. The self-actuated valve achieves effective sealing of the microchamber for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) even at 90 °C, which is essential for developing highly parallel PCR array devices without the need for complicated peripherals to control the valve operation.
Deep Learning Methods for Parallel Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction (2019)

Following the success of deep learning in a wide range of applications, neural network-based machine learning techniques have received interest as a means of accelerating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A number of ideas inspired by deep learning techniques from computer vision and image processing have been successfully applied to non-linear image reconstruction in the spirit of compressed sensing for both low dose computed tomography and accelerated MRI. The additional integration of multi-coil information to recover missing k-space lines in the MRI reconstruction process, is still studied less frequently, even though it is the de-facto standard for currently used accelerated MR acquisitions. This manuscript provides an overview of the recent machine learning approaches that have been proposed specifically for improving parallel imaging. A general background introduction to parallel MRI is given that is structured around the classical view of image space and k-space based methods. Both linear and non-linear methods are covered, followed by a discussion of recent efforts to further improve parallel imaging using machine learning, and specifically using artificial neural networks. Image-domain based techniques that introduce improved regularizers are covered as well as k-space based methods, where the focus is on better interpolation strategies using neural networks. Issues and open problems are discussed as well as recent efforts for producing open datasets and benchmarks for the community.
Helical Twist Senses, Liquid Crystalline Behavior, Crystal Microtwins, and Rotation Twins in a Polyester Containing Main-Chain Molecular Asymmetry and Effects of the Number of Methylene Units in the Backbones on the Phase Structures and Morphologies of Its Homologues (2002)

A nonracemic chiral main-chain liquid crystalline (LC) polyester was synthesized from (R)-(−)-4‘-{ω-[2-(p-hydroxy-o-nitrophenyloxy)-1-propyloxy]-1-undecyloxy}-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid via an A−B type condensation polymerization. The polymer was abbreviated as PET(R*-11), where 11 is the number of methylene units in the chain backbone. Other PETs(R*-n) (n = 7−11) in this series were also studied. PET(R*-11) exhibited a LC chiral smectic C (SC*), a chiral smectic A (SA*), and a twist grain boundary smectic A (TGBA*) phase with increasing temperatures as identified by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Flat-elongated lamellae were observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for thin-film melt crystallized samples. Its crystal structure was determined to be a monoclinic basic unit cell with a = 1.03 nm, b = 0.47 nm, c = 6.43 nm, and γ = 83° via selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and these measurements were confirmed by two-dimensional WAXD fiber patterns. Furthermore, SAED results showed that two kinds of crystal twins existed in this polymer: “microtwinning” within one single lamellar crystal and “rotation-twinning” between two lamellae. This rotation-twinning was possibly a result of a mechanism of a soft epitaxy between two contacting folded surfaces along the {3̄10} planes. Right-handed helical lamellar crystals were also found under the same crystallization conditions, and their pitch lengths were on the micrometer scale as observed by TEM and atomic force microscopy. The helical crystal structure was found to be identical to that of the flat-elongated counterparts. It was particularly surprising that in this series of PETs(R*-n) the odd−even methylene unit number effects existed on broad length scales. This included not only thermodynamic properties of the SC* and the SA* LC transitions but also the helical crystal handedness and the crystal structures.
Synthetic Silica Nano‐Organelles for Regulation of Cascade Reactions in Multi‐Compartmentalized Systems (2021)

In eukaryotic cells, enzymes are compartmentalized into specific organelles so that different reactions and processes can be performed efficiently and with a high degree of control. In this work, we show that these features can be artificially emulated in robust synthetic organelles constructed using an enzyme co-compartmentalization strategy. We describe an in situ encapsulation approach that allows enzymes to be loaded into silica nanoreactors in well-defined compositions. The nanoreactors can be combined into integrated systems to produce a desired reaction outcome. We used the selective enzyme co-compartmentalization and nanoreactor integration to regulate competitive cascade reactions and to modulate the kinetics of sequential reactions involving multiple nanoreactors. Furthermore, we show that the nanoreactors can be efficiently loaded into giant polymer vesicles, resulting in multi-compartmentalized microreactors.
Stem cell divisions, somatic mutations, cancer etiology, and cancer prevention (2017)

Cancers are caused by mutations that may be inherited, induced by environmental factors, or result from DNA replication errors (R). We studied the relationship between the number of normal stem cell divisions and the risk of 17 cancer types in 69 countries throughout the world. The data revealed a strong correlation (median = 0.80) between cancer incidence and normal stem cell divisions in all countries, regardless of their environment. The major role of R mutations in cancer etiology was supported by an independent approach, based solely on cancer genome sequencing and epidemiological data, which suggested that R mutations are responsible for two-thirds of the mutations in human cancers. All of these results are consistent with epidemiological estimates of the fraction of cancers that can be prevented by changes in the environment. Moreover, they accentuate the importance of early detection and intervention to reduce deaths from the many cancers arising from unavoidable R mutations.