gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An adaptive threshold method for spectrum sensing in multi-channel cognitive radio networks (2010)

Opportunistic spectrum access feature of cognitive radio systems is a method to improve frequency underutilization of wireless spectrum. One of the techniques for detecting the unused bands is the energy detection for which selection of the threshold defines detection performance. In this paper, the adaptive threshold method is proposed as an alternative approach to estimate the threshold as a function of first and second order statistics of recorded signals. The proposed method does not require estimation of noise variance or signal to noise ratio and aims to minimize the effects of impairments introduced by wireless channel and non-stationary noise. The simulation results indicate that adaptive threshold has low false alarm and missed detection rates that can satisfy the detection requirements of multi-channel cognitive radios for either narrow or wideband spectrum sensing, when the standard deviation coefficient is selected properly.
The Effect of Leukocyte Hydrolases on Bacteria II. The Synergistic Action of Lysozyme and Extracts of PMN, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, and Platelets in Bacteriolysis (1974)

Extracts containing acid hydrolases and lysozyme derived from human and rabbit blood leukocytes, from rabbit peritoneal and lung macrophages and from peritoneal PMN are highly lytic for relabeled Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. On the other hand, extracts of human and rabbit platelets and of rabbit lymphocytes, thymocytes, synovia and muscle are not lytic for these bacteria. A phenomenon is described in which lysozyme which is not lytic to these bacteria collaborates with nonlytic extracts of lymphocytes platelets, thymocytes, synovia and muscle in the lysis of Gram positive bacteria. Lysozyme also enhances the lysis of bacteria by extracts of PMN and macrophages. It is postulated that the bacteriolytic system present in PMN and macrophages comprises a group of preparatory nonlytic enzymes, also present in lymphocytes, thymocytes, platelets, and other tissues that prepare the peptidoglycan to cleavage by lysozyme. The preparatory enzyme systems of leukocytes and tissues have a pH optimum of 5.0 and are strongly inhibited by heparin and chondroitin sulfate. The relationship of the synergism between lysozyme and tissue enzymes in the degradation of microbial cells is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of granulomatous inflammation.
1. Generation by Homologous Recombination and Characterization (1993)

Homozygous plasminogen activator inhibitor-i (PAI-1 )-defi- cient (PAI-1 /-I) mice were generated by homologous recombi- nation in D3 embryonic stem cells. Deletion of the genomic sequences encompassing the transcription initiation site and the entire coding regions ofmurine PAI-i was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis. A 3.0-kb PAI-i-specific mRNA was identified by Northern blot analysis in liver from PAI-1 wild type (PAI-i +1+) but not from PAI-1i-- mice. Plasma PAI-i levels, measured 2-4 h after endotoxin (2.0 mg/kg) injection were 63±2 ng/ml, 30±10 ng/ml, and undetectable (< 2 ng/ ml) in PAl-i++, heterozygous (PA-i +/-) and PAMl-/- mice, respectively (mean±SEM, n = 4-11). PAI-1-specific immunoreactivity was demonstrable in kidneys of PAI-1 +/+ but not of PAl-i-- mice. SDS-gel electrophoresis of plasma incubated with '25I-labeled recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator revealed an 115,000-M, component with plasma from endotoxin-stimulated (0.5 mg/kg)PA-i +/+ but not from PAM- -/- mice, which could be precipitated with a polyclonal anti-PAI-1 antiserum. PAM-i- mice were viable, produced similar sizes of litters as PA- +/+ mice, and showed noapparent macroscopic ormicroscopic histological abnormali-
Designing robots for optimal performance during repetitive motion (1998)

As robots assume more important roles in flexible manufacturing environments, they are expected to perform repeated motions while being able to quickly adapt to changes in the assembly line. It can not be ignored that the parameters of the robot influence the cost per cycle. This cost gets multiplied by the number of cycles to result in the operational cost over time. However, today, no attempts are made to design robots so that their parameters could be adjusted to the optimal values for a repeated sequence of motion. We propose a technique to identify the optimal parameters of a robot for a motion sequence between two given states in a prescribed time such that a cost functional is minimized. This proposed technique of solving this problem is new and does not use Lagrange multipliers. It is computationally efficient and the optimal parameters can be identified quickly. As a result, the parameters of a robot could be altered online in the execution of new sequences of motion.
Characterization of a Family of Chlorophyll-Deficient Wheat (Triticum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Mutants with Defects in the Magnesium-Insertion Step of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis (1994)

During thylakoid membrane biogenesis, chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis and the accumulation of Chl-binding proteins are tightly linked, light-regulated processes. We have investigated the consequences faced by mutant plants with defects in Chl biosynthesis by studying a series of five homeologous allelic chlorina mutants in wheat (Triticum) and one phenotypically related barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant that express the same pleiotropic mutant phenotype but to different extents. These mutants accumulate Chl at different rates, with the most severely affected plants having the slowest rate of Chl accumulation. Analysis of precursor pools in the Chl synthesis pathway indicates they have a partial block in Chl synthesis and accumulate protoporphyrin IX (Proto), the last porphyrin compound common to both heme and Chl synthesis. The affected plants with the most severe phenotypes accumulate the most Proto. Chloroplasts isolated from these mutants exhibit a lower activity of the enzyme Mg-chelatase, which catalyzes the first committed step in Chl synthesis. The most severely affected plants exhibit the greatest reduction in Mg-chelatase activity. Heme levels and protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity were the same for mutant and wild-type plants. We suggest that a block in Mg-chelatase activity in these mutants could account for the other traits of their pleiotropic phenotype previously described in the literature.
X‐Ray Computed Tomography Imaging of Breast Cancer by using Targeted Peptide‐Labeled Bismuth Sulfide Nanoparticles (2011)

Eine verbesserte Visualisierung von Brustkrebs mit Röntgen-Computertomographie wird durch Verwendung von Bi2S3-Nanopartikeln von 10 nm Durchmesser erreicht, die mit einem tumorerkennenden Peptid (LyP-1, CGNKRTRGC) modifiziert waren. Gegenüber unmarkierten Nanopartikeln war die Anreicherung der Nanopartikel im Tumor um 260 % erhöht.
Molecular riveting: high yield preparation of a [3]-rotaxane (1998)

A. G. Kolchinski, R. A. Roesner, D. H. Busch and N. W. Alcock, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1437 DOI: 10.1039/A800639C
Data from Mechanisms of Primary Drug Resistance in <i>FGFR1</i>-Amplified Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; The 8p12-p11 locus is frequently amplified in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC); the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) being one of the most prominent targets of this amplification. Thus, small molecules inhibiting FGFRs have been employed to treat &lt;i&gt;FGFR1&lt;/i&gt;-amplified SQLC. However, only about 11% of such &lt;i&gt;FGFR1&lt;/i&gt;-amplified tumors respond to single-agent FGFR inhibition and several tumors exhibited insufficient tumor shrinkage, compatible with the existence of drug-resistant tumor cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibition, we studied the lung cancer cell lines DMS114 and H1581. Both cell lines are highly sensitive to three different FGFR inhibitors, but exhibit sustained residual cellular viability under treatment, indicating a subpopulation of existing drug-resistant cells. We isolated these subpopulations by treating the cells with constant high doses of FGFR inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The FGFR inhibitor–resistant cells were cross-resistant and characterized by sustained MAPK pathway activation. In drug-resistant H1581 cells, we identified &lt;i&gt;NRAS&lt;/i&gt; amplification and &lt;i&gt;DUSP6&lt;/i&gt; deletion, leading to MAPK pathway reactivation. Furthermore, we detected subclonal &lt;i&gt;NRAS&lt;/i&gt; amplifications in 3 of 20 (15%) primary human &lt;i&gt;FGFR1&lt;/i&gt;-amplified SQLC specimens. In contrast, drug-resistant DMS114 cells exhibited transcriptional upregulation of &lt;i&gt;MET&lt;/i&gt; that drove MAPK pathway reactivation. As a consequence, we demonstrate that rational combination therapies resensitize resistant cells to treatment with FGFR inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; We provide evidence for the existence of diverse mechanisms of primary drug resistance in &lt;i&gt;FGFR1&lt;/i&gt;-amplified lung cancer and provide a rational strategy to improve FGFR inhibitor therapies by combination treatment. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 23(18); 5527–36. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
New Insights into the Instability of Discharge Products in Na–O2 Batteries (2016)

Sodium-oxygen batteries currently stimulate extensive research due to their high theoretical energy density and improved operational stability when compared to lithium-oxygen batteries. Cell stability, however, needs to be demonstrated also under resting conditions before future implementation of these batteries. In this work we analyze the effect of resting periods on the stability of the sodium superoxide (NaO2) discharge product. The instability of NaO2 in the cell environment is demonstrated leading to the evolution of oxygen during the resting period and the decrease of the cell efficiency. In addition, migration of the superoxide anion (O2(-)) in the electrolyte is observed and demonstrated to be an important factor affecting Coulombic efficiency.
Transmit-antenna selection for spatial multiplexing with ordered successive interference cancellation (2006)

This letter proposes a low-complexity algorithm for transmit-antenna selection in a multi-input multi-output spatial multiplexing system with per-antenna rate control and an ordered successive interference cancellation receiver. The active antenna subset and its transmission rate are determined at the receiver, and conveyed to the transmitter using limited feedback. We propose a serial antenna-selection procedure consisting of a successive process that tests whether transmit-antenna selection gain exists when the antenna with the lowest signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is discarded at each selection stage. Furthermore, we show that "reverse-detection ordering", whereby the signal with the lowest SINR is decoded at each stage of successive decoding, widens the disparities among fractions of the whole capacity allocated to each individual antenna, and thus maximizes a gain of antenna selection. Numerical results show that the proposed reverse-detection-ordering-based serial antenna selection induces a negligible capacity loss, compared with the exhaustive selection strategy, even with considerably reduced complexity.
Effect of Casting Defects Distribution on the Beginning of Tensile Fracture in Semi‐Solid Injected Magnesium AZ91D Alloy (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedure Results and Discussion Conclusions
29-Methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene Derivatives as Stereospecific Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Liver and Yeast Oxidosqualene Cyclase (1998)

Two pairs of isomers (18Z)- (8), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidohexanorsqualene (21), and (18Z)- (31), (18E)-29-methylidene-2,3-oxidosqualene (34), have been obtained in a fully stereospecific manner, as inhibitors of rat and yeast oxidosqualene cyclase. A new method for the synthesis of C22 squalene aldehyde 2,3-epoxide is reported, as well as that of other 19-modified 2,3-oxidosqualene analogues. We found that the activity is the opposite in the two series: the (E)-hexanormethylidene 21 and the (Z)-methylidene 31 are potent and irreversible inhibitors of oxidosqualene cyclase, while (Z)-hexanormethylidene 8 and (E)-methylidene 34 are almost completely inactive. Reduction of the 18,19-double bond, such as in 39, eliminates the activity, while removal of both of the 19-linked groups such as in heptanor derivative 40 greatly reduces inhibition of the enzyme. (E)-Hexanormethylidene 21 results the first irreversible inhibitor of the series toward the yeast enzyme.
Nanomotion measurement by phase conjugate interferometry (2004)

A new interferometer design for measuring nanometer-level motion is presented. Experiments show that this new design enables motion measurement at much longer distances than the current state of the art with no loss in accuracy.
Integrated scatterometry for tight overlay and CD control to enable 20-nm node wafer manufacturing. (2013)

The overlay, CDU and focus requirements for the 20nm node can only be met using a holistic lithography approach whereby full use is made of high-order, field-by-field, scanner correction capabilities. An essential element in this approach is a fast, precise and accurate in-line metrology sensor, capable to measure on product. The capabilities of the metrology sensor as well as the impact on overlay, CD and focus will be shared in this paper.
Monitoring DHA and AA Brain Uptake in ApoE4 Mice with 18F‐Fluorinated PET Tracers (2022)

Abstract Background Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the precursors of various lipid mediators of inflammation. Brain imaging techniques for monitoring the brain’s uptake of PUFAs would not only uncover the effects of risk factors for excessive neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementia but also direct the development of methods to prevent or treat AD. Radiosynthesized 11 C‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 11 C‐arachidonic acid (AA) have already been utilized in positron emission tomography (PET) studies in humans [1, 2]. Because 18 F has a longer half‐life than 11 C, fluorinated PUFA derivatives would be more favorable alternatives for PET studies of brain uptake. Methods We prepared 18 F‐fluorinated analogues of DHA ( 18 F‐FDHA) and AA ( 18 F‐FAA) as PUFA PET tracers. Radiosynthesis was performed via a nucleophilic fluorination scheme using the tosylate ester derivatives as precursors. We then performed bolus injection of each tracer into 16‐month‐old APOE4 knock‐in mice and scanned them by dynamic PET‐MRI over 45 min to assess region‐specific uptake. PUFA uptake kinetics in the cerebral region was evaluated using the time‐dependent activity in the lumen of the right ventricle as the image‐derived input function and using an irreversible two‐tissue compartment model to calculate the incorporation coefficient (K i ). Results Both 18 F‐FDHA and 18 F‐FAA were successfully synthesized in high radiochemical purity (≥98%) and were found to be stable in the formulation and mouse serum for 2 hr. The mean K i values for the cerebral region were determined to be 6.31 ± 0.98 µL mL ‐1 min ‐1 for 18 F‐FDHA ( n = 4) and 6.75 ± 0.68 µL mL ‐1 min ‐1 for 18 F‐FAA ( n = 5). Conclusion Using an image‐based method with 18 F‐fluorinated PUFA tracers, we were able to determine K i values for both AA and DHA. The use of these PUFA PET tracers has the potential to elucidate deleterious changes in PUFA metabolism during various phases of AD as well as effects due to dietary interventions and drug treatment. References 1. Yassine, H.N. et al. (2017). DHA brain uptake and APOE4 status: a PET study with [1‐ 11 C]‐DHA. Alzheimers Res Ther 9, 23. 2. Zanderigo, F. et al. (2018). [ 11 C]arachidonic acid incorporation measurement in human brain: Optimization for clinical use. Synapse 72.
ChemInform Abstract: Neutral Acylation (Protection) of the Indole Nitrogen: A Simple Synthesis of Indole‐1‐carboxylates, Indole‐1‐thiocarboxylates and Indole‐1‐carboxamides. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High reliability, high power arrays of 808 nm single mode diode lasers employing various quantum well structures - art. no. 69090S 38 (2008)

Single mode laser diode arrays operating at 808 run have been designed and fabricated using several different waveguide and quantum well combinations. In order to operate these devices at 200 mW per element a quantum well intermixing process has been used to render their facets non-absorbing and thus they do not suffer from mirror damage related failure. In this paper we demonstrate extremely high levels of reliability for GaAs and AlGaAs quantum well devices with arrays of 64 elements completing over 6000 hours continuous operation without any single laser element failure and a correspondingly low power degradation rate of &amp;lt; 1% k/hr. In contrast we show extremely high power degradation rates for arrays using InGaAs and InAlGaAs 808 nm quantum wells laser arrays
Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale arrays of nickel columns (1997)

We have fabricated arrays of high aspect ratio nickel columns in both PMMA and SiO2, and we have characterized their structure using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We have also characterized the magnetics of the columns with magnetic force microscopy. Such characterization of high aspect ratio perpendicular magnetic particles is only rarely found in the literature. This work lays a foundation for further studies to test the viability of lithographically defined arrays of magnetic particles as an alternative high density storage medium.
Field-resolved spectroscopy approaching ultimate detection sensitivity (2022)

Abstract Electric-field oscillations are now experimentally accessible in the THz-to-PHz frequency range1–11. Their measurement delivers the most comprehensive information content attainable by optical spectroscopy – if performed with high sensitivity. Yet, the trade-off between bandwidth and efficiency associated with the nonlinear mixing necessary for field sampling has so far strongly restricted sensitivity in applications such as field-resolved spectroscopy of molecular vibrations12,13. Here, we demonstrate electric-field sampling of octave-spanning mid-infrared waves in the 18-to-39 THz (600-to-1300 cm-1) spectral region, with amplitudes ranging from the MV/cm level down to a few mV/cm. Employing powerful short-wave mid-infrared gate pulses14,15, the field-measurement sensitivity approaches within a factor of 4 the ultimate detection limit of capturing all photons in the temporal gate. This combination of detection sensitivity and dynamic range enables optimum use of newly-emerging high-power waveform-controlled infrared sources12,14,16–22 for molecular spectroscopy. In a proof-of concept experiment, we performed broadband quantitative linear spectroscopy of multiple gases over more than 8 orders of magnitude in concentration, at an interaction length of only 45 cm. Our technique brings fast, label-free, quantitative multivariate detection of volatile organic compounds over the entire known physiologically-relevant molecular landscape23,24 within reach.
Pyrolysis and Gasification Experiments of Biomass under Elevated Pressure Condition (2009)

This paper reports on the pyrolysis and CO2-gasification of various biomass materials in a pressurized thermobalance. In particular, the primary yields of total volatiles, tar and non-condensable gases, together with the composition of non-condensable gases, are measured as a function of temperature at 1 atm and 10.8 ata. The use of a high-intensity infrared heating source, in conjunction with a non-absorbing carrier gas (viz. argon), is reported to reduce the significance of secondary gas-phase pyrolysis reactions. Linear trends with atomic H/C ratio are observed in the tar yield, CH4 yield and total volatile yield during pyrolysis. The gasification kinetics of biomass chars (pyrolysed to 700°C at a medium heating rate) have also been measured by measuring the rate of weight loss during reaction with CO2, as a function of temperature. First-order kinetic rate constants are then determined by fitting the weight loss data using a random pore model. The results indicate that the gasification rate of biomass char increases as pressure increases.
Detection characterization of Cd 1-x Zn x Te detectors for x-ray linear arrays (1998)

In this paper, the detected signal-to-noise was measured and related to the tube current (mA) setting. The line spread function amplitude (LSF) dependence on drift distance of a 3 mm thick detector, for 100 kVp, 100 mA, with an applied electric field of 50 V/mm, and 100 V/mm, were measured. In addition, the dependence of the modulation transfer function [MTF(f)] of the x-ray detector system on the applied bias voltage has been experimentally determined. The experimental setup, although is not offered for large field-of-view imaging applications, offers capabilities for feasibility studies, research and evaluation of the temporal response and noise characteristics of a Cd<SUB>1-x</SUB>Zn<SUB>x</SUB>Te detector, for fast digital radiographic and CT applications. The experimental results indicate that Cd<SUB>1-x</SUB>Zn<SUB>x</SUB>Te detectors exhibit both a high signal-to-noise ratio and linear response, as well as a good spatial resolution within the diagnostic energy range. Tor system improves both with increasing applied bias voltage and decreasing detector thickness. A study is in process aimed at improving the spatial resolution of the x-ray system by suitable optimization of the system geometry as well as the system temporal response.
Amyloid Proteins (2004)

A proven collection of readily reproducible techniques for studying amyloid proteins and their involvement in the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of amyloid diseases. The contributors p
Donor–Acceptor–Acceptor's Molecules for Vacuum‐Deposited Organic Photovoltaics with Efficiency Exceeding 9% (2018)

Abstract Three vacuum‐deposited donor–acceptor–acceptor (d–a–a') small molecule donors are studied with different side chains attached to an asymmetric heterotetracene donor block for use in high efficiency organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The donor with an isobutyl side chain yields the highest crystal packing density compared to molecules with 2‐ethylhexyl or n ‐butyl chains, leading to the largest absorption coefficient and short circuit current in an OPV. It also exhibits a higher fill factor, consistent with its preferred out‐of‐plane molecular π–π stacking arrangement that facilitates charge transport in the direction perpendicular to the substrate. A power conversion efficiency of 9.3 ± 0.5% is achieved under 1 sun intensity, AM 1.5 G simulated solar illumination, which is significantly higher than 7.5 ± 0.4% of the other two molecules. These results indicate that side chain modification of d–a–a' small molecules offers an effective approach to control the crystal packing configuration, thereby improving the device performance.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Multiphoton Photoemission from Gold and Carrier-Envelope Phase Sensitivity (2005)

Multiphoton-induced photoelectron emission from gold as a potential candidate for a direct carrier-envelope phase stabilization scheme of CPA lasers was investigated. Since previous experiments showed unexpectedly low carrier-envelope phase sensitivity of the overall photoemission electron yield, we used ultrashort pulses and an autocorrelation method to assess additional effects influencing carrier-envelope phase dependence. The third-order interferometric autocorrelation curve taken by using the gold surface as the higher order detector showed short side-wings indicating ultrafast hot electron dynamics reducing the phase contrast.