gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Ca+HF(DF) and Sr+HF(DF) reaction dynamics (1988)

A comparative study of the reaction family, Ca and Sr with rovibrationally selected HF or DF, has been carried out under single-collision conditions. A thermal beam of the alkaline earth atoms, Ca or Sr, is fired into a low-pressure gas of HF or DF in which the reagent molecules have been prepared in a selected vibration–rotation state by the use of a tunable infrared light source (optical parametric oscillator). The resulting alkaline earth monofluoride reaction products, CaF or SrF, are detected in a quantum-state-specific manner with a tunable visible light source (dye laser) using laser induced fluorescence. The HF molecule is aligned with its rotational angular momentum pointing preferentially either along or perpendicular to the metal atom beam. For both Ca+HF(v=1) and Sr+HF(v=1) the cross section and the product state distribution are found to be independent of the approach geometry, which is consistent with reaction through a bent transition state. The state-to-state reaction dynamics for Ca+HF(DF) and Sr+HF(DF) show marked differences. The Ca+HF(DF)→CaF+H(D) reaction has attributes of a statistical internal energy distribution, whereas Sr+HF(DF)→SrF+H(D) shows some deviation from this behavior. The findings for Ca+HF(DF) are consistent with a model in which the Ca atom inserts into the HF bond to form a long-lived H–Ca–F intermediate; the findings for Sr+HF(DF) are interpreted as competition between direct reaction and reaction which samples the deep H–Sr–F potential well.
Effect of vacuum ultraviolet and ultraviolet irradiation on mobile charges in the bandgap of low-k-porous organosilicate dielectrics (2011)

Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements are used to determine the effect of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and ultraviolet irradiation on mobile charges in porous low-k organosilicate (SiCOH) dielectrics. Hysteresis in the C-V characteristics shows that VUV irradiation increases the number of mobile charges in the dielectric. This is because VUV photons excite the trapped electrons from defect states to make them mobile carriers. Conversely UV reverses this effect by reducing the mobile charges through photoemission of free electrons and repopulation of trap states. Thus UV irradiation can be used to improve the electrical properties of plasma-processed dielectrics that are subjected to VUV irradiation.
The language of persuasion versus the voice of reason (1996)

Author’s reply SIR—With respect to your correspondents’ comments, I can only emphasise that the various reports that I cited were derived from—in the case of Ukraine, official sources, and in the case of Georgia, a source believed by me to be reliable. If your correspondents indeed can prove that the true situation is less alarming than these reports indicate, I would be delighted. Unfortunately, a working lifetime's experience in the former Soviet/Comecon space has taught me that, on many occasions, specialists working on joint international projects in this area do not necessarily see the full—and gloomiest—side of the picture. (The Chernobyl accident was a case in point, in which for 2 years and 10 months, no western specialist acknowledged the extent of the northward contamination into Belarus. Another was the abortive attempt of a British company to clean up the Vistula in the 1980s, which collapsed when the British side realised that their Polish “partners” were not allowed to provide them with the relevant data.) I am not saying that the old cover-up policies still exist, rather that there are still black holes and pockets of uncertainty in the dissemination of less than favourable information. Under the circumstances, it is perhaps as well that these issues have been raised if only to elicit another side of the picture. I should like to emphasise, incidentally, that I have in the past had considerable reason to be personally grateful to President Eduard Shevardnadze of Georgia.
Enhancing the gelation of .beta.-lactoglobulin (1993)

The gelation characteristics of bovine beta-lactoglobulin A (BLGA) have been enhanced by the selective introduction of cysteine substitutions to increase the free thiol content of the protein. A recombinant version of bovine beta-lactoglobulin A (rBLG) has been modified by creating R40C (substitution of arginine at position 40 with cysteine), F82C (substitution of phenylalanine at position 82 with cysteine), and the double R40C/F82C variants. As expected, the number of free thiols increased correspondingly, suggesting that additional disulfide linkages are not formed. The strength of gels formed by heating at 70-90-degrees-C was measured using a microscale penetration test. F82C and R40C/F82C displayed a gel strength equivalent to that of wild-type BLGA at a much lower concentration as compared to wild-type BLGA. R40C could not be brought to a sufficient concentration (&gt;5%) without the formation of insoluble aggregates. Increasing the free thiol content also enhanced the ability of rBLG to form high molecular weight aggregates as observed during the heating of milk. An unexpected result was that the introduction of a free thiol also increased the ability of these rBLG variants to be cleaved by chymosin. Similarly, these variants were more susceptible to acid precipitation. These latter observations may be important for improving the performance of BLGA during the renneting process.
Antibodies to variable surface antigens induce antigenic variation in the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia (2023)

The genomes of most protozoa encode families of variant surface antigens. In some parasitic microorganisms, it has been demonstrated that mutually exclusive changes in the expression of these antigens allow parasites to evade the host's immune response. It is widely assumed that antigenic variation in protozoan parasites is accomplished by the spontaneous appearance within the population of cells expressing antigenic variants that escape antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we show, both in vitro and in animal infections, that antibodies to Variant-specific Surface Proteins (VSPs) of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia are not cytotoxic, inducing instead VSP clustering into liquid-ordered phase membrane microdomains that trigger a massive release of microvesicles carrying the original VSP and switch in expression to different VSPs by a calcium-dependent mechanism. This novel mechanism of surface antigen clearance throughout its release into microvesicles coupled to the stochastic induction of new phenotypic variants not only changes current paradigms of antigenic switching but also provides a new framework for understanding the course of protozoan infections as a host/parasite adaptive process.
A DVB-T2 receiver realization based on a software-defined radio concept (2010)

When DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial) was introduced in the 1990s, it was impossible to foresee the upcoming demand for HDTV devices. Thus, a revision of this broadcasting standard, namely DVB-T2, was necessary. Recently finalized, this standard is targeting to high-definition television (HDTV). To pave the way to commercialization, an appropriate implementation concept and its corresponding validation are of utmost importance. Without a doubt, the most challenging requirements introduced by the DVB-T2 specification are an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size of up to 32k samples, 256-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check) coding with a block size of 64800 bits. Within this manuscript, the authors present a software-defined radio based realization of a demonstrator platform. This platform employs a combined DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) solution being capable of meeting these requirements.
Forensic Analysis in Access Control (2020)

We pose and study forensic analysis in the context of access control systems in a manner that prior work has not. Forensics seeks to answer questions about past states of a system, and thereby provides important clues and evidence in the event of a security incident. Access control deals with who may perform what action on a resource and is a critical security function. Our focus is access control systems that allow for changes to the authorization state to be delegated to potentially untrusted users. We argue that this context in access control is an important one in which to consider forensic analysis, and observe that it is a natural complement of safety analysis, which has been considered extensively in the literature. We pose the forensic analysis problem for such access control systems abstractly, and instantiate it for three schemes from the literature: a well-known access matrix scheme, a role-based scheme, and a discretionary scheme. We identify the computational complexity of forensic analysis, and compare it to that of safety analysis for each of the schemes. We consider also the notion of logs, i.e., data that can be collected over time to aid forensic analysis.
Cell-Extrinsic Priming Increases Permissiveness of CD4+ T Cells to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Increasing C–C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 Co-receptor Expression and Cellular Activation Status (2021)

The chemokine receptor CCR5 is expressed on multiple cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, and is the major co-receptor used during HIV transmission. Using a standard αCD3/CD28 <i>in vitro</i> stimulation protocol to render CD4+ T cells from PBMCs permissive to HIV infection, we discovered that the percentage of CCR5<sup>+</sup> T cells was significantly elevated in CD4+ T cells when stimulated in the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as compared to when stimulated as purified CD4+ T cells. This indicated that environmental factors unique to the T-PBMCs condition affect surface expression of CCR5 on CD4+ T cells. Conditioned media from αCD3/CD28-stimulated PBMCs induced CCR5 expression in cultures of unstimulated cells. Cytokine profile analysis of these media suggests IL-12 as an inducer of CCR5 expression. Mass cytometric analysis showed that stimulated T-PBMCs exhibited a uniquely activated phenotype compared to T-Pure. In line with increased CCR5 expression and activation status in stimulated T-PBMCs, CD4+ T cells from these cultures were more susceptible to infection by CCR5-tropic HIV-1 as compared with T-Pure cells. These results suggest that in order to increase <i>ex vivo</i> infection rates of blood-derived CD4+ T cells, standard stimulation protocols used in HIV infection studies should implement T-PBMCs or purified CD4+ T cells should be supplemented with IL-12.
ChemInform Abstract: Fibre Optic Microarrays (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of the Thioalkyl Chain Variation in the Efficiency of Sate Pronucleotides. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Resurgence of Software Performance Engineering (2018)

Today, most application developers write code without much regard for how quickly it will run. Moreover, once the code is written, it is rare for it to be reengineered to run faster. But two technology trends of historic proportions are instigating a resurgence in software performance engineering, the art of making code run fast. The first is the emergence of cloud computing, where the economics of renting computation, as opposed to buying it, heightens the utility of application speed. The second is the end of Moore's Law, the 50-year technology trend which has, until recently, relentlessly doubled the number of transistors on a semiconductor chip every two years. The end of Moore's Law will cause industry to look beyond semiconductor manufacturers for computing performance. As a result of these two trends, application programmers will increasingly find themselves turning to software performance engineering in order to develop innovative products and applications.
Cyclic Constraints on Conformational Flexibility in γ-Peptides: Conformation Specific IR and UV Spectroscopy (2013)

Single-conformation spectroscopy has been used to study two cyclically constrained and capped γ-peptides: Ac-γACHC-NHBn (hereafter γACHC, Figure 1a), and Ac-γACHC-γACHC-NHBn (γγACHC, Figure 1b), under jet-cooled conditions in the gas phase. The γ-peptide backbone in both molecules contains a cyclohexane ring incorporated across each Cβ-Cγ bond and an ethyl group at each Cα. This substitution pattern was designed to stabilize a (g+, g+) torsion angle sequence across the Cα-Cβ-Cγ segment of each γ-amino acid residue. Resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI), infrared-ultraviolet hole-burning (IR-UV HB), and resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectroscopy have been used to probe the single-conformation spectroscopy of these molecules. In both γACHC and γγACHC, all population is funneled into a single conformation. With RIDIR spectra in the NH stretch (3200-3500 cm(-1)) and amide I/II regions (1400-1800 cm(-1)), in conjunction with theoretical predictions, assignments have been made for the conformations observed in the molecular beam. γACHC forms a single nearest-neighbor C9 hydrogen-bonded ring whereas γγACHC takes up a next-nearest-neighbor C14 hydrogen-bonded structure. The gas-phase C14 conformation represents the beginning of a 2.614-helix, suggesting that the constraints imposed on the γ-peptide backbone by the ACHC and ethyl groups already impose this preference in the gas-phase di-γ-peptide, in which only a single C14 H-bond is possible, constituting one full turn of the helix. A similar conformational preference was previously documented in crystal structures and NMR analysis of longer γ-peptide oligomers containing the γACHC subunit [Guo, L., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5843-5846]. In the gas phase, the γACHC-H2O complex was also observed and spectroscopically interrogated in the molecular beam. Here, the monosolvated γACHC retains the C9 hydrogen bond observed in the bare molecule, with the water acting as a bridge between the C-terminal carbonyl and the π-cloud of the UV chromophore. This is in contrast to the unconstrained γ-peptide-H2O complex, which incorporates H2O into both C9 and amide-stacked conformations.
Kolonkapselendoskopie: Leitlinie der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Gastrointestinale Endoskopie (2012)

Die Pillcam-Kolonkapselendoskopie (CCE) ist eine innovative, nicht invasive peroral applizierbare Kapseltechnik, die die Untersuchung des Kolons ohne Sedierung und Gasinsufflation ermöglicht. Obwohl sie in Europa und anderen Ländern bereits verfügbar ist, sind die klinischen Indikationen der CCE, die Befundung und das Vorgehen bei detektierten Veränderungen bisher nicht standardisiert. Das Ziel dieser evidenzbasierten, konsensuellen Leitlinie, die von der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Gastrointestinale Endoskopie (ESGE) in Auftrag gegeben worden ist, ist es, Anbieter im Gesundheitssystem mit einem umfassenden Rahmen für die potenzielle Implementierung dieser Technik in klinische Abläufe auszustatten.
The protective effect of the TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 against LPS-induced M1 pro-inflammatory activation of microglia (2020)

We have shown previously, that the 18 ​kDa translocator protein (TSPO) synthetic ligands quinazoline derivatives (2-Cl-MGV-1 and MGV-1) can inhibit activation of in BV-2 microglial cells. In the present study we assessed the impact of novel TSPO ligands on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation as expressed by release of pro-inflammatory molecules, including cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, interferon- γ (IFN-γ)] nitric oxide (NO), CD8, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). The TSPO ligands 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1, CB86, and CB204 counteracted with the LPS-induced microglial activation. Exposure to LPS along with the TSPO ligand 2,4-Di-Cl-MGV-1 (25 ​μM) reduced significantly the release of NO by 24-, IL-6 by 14-, IL-β by 14-, IFN- γ by 6-, and TNF-α by 29-folds, respectively. In contrast to the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of the TSPO ligands, the effect of diclofenac sodium (DS; 25 ​μM) did not reach statistical significance. No alterations in IL-10 and IL-13 were detected (M2 anti-inflammatory pathway) during the inhibition of M1 pro-inflammatory pathway.
Nonpolar GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2017)

We demonstrate electrically injected III-nitride VCSELs with ion implanted apertures, tunnel junction intracavity contacts, and a dual dielectric DBR flip-chip design. Precise cavity length control has been achieved using photoelectrochemical band gap selective etching of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells.
Loop-based interconnect modeling and optimization approach for multigigahertz clock network design (2003)

A highly efficient loop-based interconnect modeling methodology is proposed for multigigahertz clock network design and optimization. Closed-form loop resistance and inductance models are proposed for fully shielded global clock interconnect structures, which capture high-frequency effects including inductance and proximity effects. The models are validated through comparisons with electromagnetic simulations and measured data taken from a Power4 chip. This modeling methodology greatly improves the clock interconnect simulation efficiency and enables fast physical design exploration. Examples of interconnect performance optimization are demonstrated and design guidelines are proposed.
Mutual illumination photometric stereo without calibration (2015)

Recovering three-dimensional shape from two-dimensional images is a long-standing problem in computer vision. First proposed in the 1980s, photometric stereo has matured to the point that accurate recovery of complex shapes and surfaces has become achievable. However, such methods typically demand multiple image captures, highly controlled scene conditions and elaborate experiment designs which require calibration. Building on previous work, we propose using a variant of photometric stereo which needs only a single image of an object in a colourful environment and we now remove the requirement of a calibration step. Instead we build an entirely synthetic graphics model of our capture environment (a colourful box) and carry out a synthetic calibration. The validity of this approach is demonstrated by benchmarking real world experiments against ground truth data and comparison with previous work.
SOA Gate Array Recirculating Buffer for Optical Packet Switching (2008)

A compact recirculating buffer using an InP-based 2×2 switch with gain and a fiber delay line is demonstrated at 40 Gb/s. Packet throughput of 98% is measured for up to 8 circulations, or 0.18 μs.
Inference for Generalized Linear Models via alternating directions and Bethe Free Energy minimization (2015)

Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), where a random vector x is observed through a noisy, possibly nonlinear, function of a linear transform z = Ax arise in a range of applications in nonlinear filtering and regression. Approximate Message Passing (AMP) methods, based on loopy belief propagation, are a promising class of approaches for approximate inference in these models. AMP methods are computationally simple, general, and admit precise analyses with testable conditions for optimality for large i.i.d. transforms A. However, the algorithms can easily diverge for general transforms. This paper presents a convergent approach to the generalized AMP (GAMP) algorithm based on direct minimization of a large-system limit approximation of the Bethe Free Energy (LSL-BFE). The proposed method uses a double-loop procedure, where the outer loop successively linearizes the LSL-BFE and the inner loop minimizes the linearized LSL-BFE using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM). The proposed method, called ADMM-GAMP, is similar in structure to the original GAMP method, but with an additional least-squares minimization. It is shown that for strictly convex, smooth penalties, ADMM-GAMP is guaranteed to converge to a local minima of the LSL-BFE, thus providing a convergent alternative to GAMP that is stable under arbitrary transforms. Simulations are also presented that demonstrate the robustness of the method for non-convex penalties as well.
Membrane separations in chemical processing (1982)

Rapidly rising energy and operating costs have underscored the need for novel energy efficient separations processes, such as mem- brane processes, which avoid the energy consuming phase change step of many conventional separations (e.g., distillation, absorption, stripping).
Concise Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Peduncularine via Ring‐Closing Metathesis. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Genetic Approach to Define the Importance of Rheb in Tuberous Sclerosis (2006)

Abstract : This report summarizes our accomplishments in characterizing the TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway that is altered in tuberous sclerosis. We have generated mice with decreased expression of Rheb1. We have succeeded in raising an antibody against mouse Rheb2. Effects of the TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling on cell cycle progression have been investigated and we have obtained results suggesting the involvement of p27 and AMPK. Novel activating mutations of mTOR have been identified and they were used to investigate the consequences of the activation of the TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway on cell physiology. Our study makes significant contribution to understand how the TSC/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway is regulated. The results we obtained make important contribution to the understanding of tuberous sclerosis.
Suppression Rather Than Visual Acuity Loss Limits Stereoacuity in Amblyopia (2020)

Suppression rather than visual acuity loss limits stereoacuity in observers with abnormal vision development. Stereopsis can be improved when interocular sensory dominance is neutralized.
Fabrication and mechanism of relaxed SiGe-on-insulator by modified Ge condensation (2005)

We have developed a modified technique to fabricate silicon–germanium on insulator (SGOI) starting with a sandwiched structure of Si∕SiGe∕Si. By means of oxidation and annealing, relaxed SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) with a Ge fraction of 34% has been produced. Our results indicate that oxidation of the silicon cap suppresses Ge loss at the initial stage of the SiGe oxidation and the subsequent annealing process homogenizes the Ge fraction and also reduces Ge enrichment under the oxide. It is found that the strain in the SiGe layer is almost fully relaxed at high oxidation temperature (∼1150°C) without generating any dislocations and crosshatch patterns that are commonly observed on the surface of a relaxed or partially relaxed SiGe layer on bulk Si substrate.
12× bit-error acceptable, 300× extended data-retention time, value-aware SSD with vertical 3D-TLC NAND flash memories for image recognition (2017)

Value-Aware SSD with Vertical 3D-TLC (Triple-Level Cell) NAND flash for the image recognition is proposed to increase the acceptable bit-error rate (BER) by 12-times and extend the data-retention time by 300times. In addition to the reliability improvement, the read time reduces by 26%. The proposed SSD combines new data-aware techniques with deep neural network's error tolerance. 10% BER of NAND flash is allowed while providing the accurate and fast image recognition. The design overhead in the SSD controller is negligibly small.