gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding user goals in web search (2004)

Previous work on understanding user web search behavior has focused on how people search and what they are searching for, but not why they are searching. In this paper, we describe a framework for understanding the underlying goals of user searches, and our experience in using the framework to manually classify queries from a web search engine. Our analysis suggests that so-called navigational" searches are less prevalent than generally believed while a previously unexplored "resource-seeking" goal may account for a large fraction of web searches. We also illustrate how this knowledge of user search goals might be used to improve future web search engines.
Design and Characterization of an Active Impedance Matched Low-Noise Phased Array Feed (2011)

An L-band low-noise phased array feed antenna was designed, fabricated, and characterized experimentally. The element design was optimized for an active impedance matching condition with a given set of nonuniform amplitude beamformer coefficients associated with a formed PAF beam. Using measured array S-parameters and modeled array element patterns, the predicted boresight beam equivalent system noise temperature and aperture efficiency at prime focus with uncooled low-noise amplifiers were 42 K and 61% at 1600 MHz. Experimental measurements of receiver noise using an array Y-factor technique matched modeled predictions. The array feed was mounted on the Arecibo radio telescope for on-reflector characterization. The measured boresight beam sensitivity figure of merit ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sys</sub> /η <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ap</sub> ) was 88 K and the 1 dB sensitivity bandwidth was 450 MHz.
Total synthesis of Cephalotaxus alkaloids (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of Cephalotaxus alkaloidsM. F. Semmelhack, B. P. Chong, and L. D. JonesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 24, 8629–8630Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00779a082https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00779a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views685Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of a brain-specific isozyme. Expression and chromatin structure of the rat aldolase C gene and transgenes. (1994)

Aldolase C mRNA is detected by Northern blot in all fetal tissues in rat; it is very abundant in the adult brain and undetectable in the other adult tissues. However, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification indicates that this gene is not totally repressed in these tissues. A DNase-I hypersensitivity site located in a 115-base pair proximal promoter fragment is detectable in the brain as well as in other adult tissues. Two MspI/HpaII restriction sites located at -3800 and -450 base pairs are demethylated in the brain and totally or partially methylated in other tissues. In transgenic mice, a 12.5-kilobase genomic fragment is strongly and tissue specifically expressed in different lines, with conservation of a methylation pattern similar to that of the endogenous gene. A chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene directed by either 800 or 115 base pairs of aldolase C 5'-flanking sequences is tissue specifically expressed in transgenic mice, but the level of expression is very low. This level is greatly increased when the transgene consists of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase hybrid gene directed by 5.5 kilobases of aldolase C 5'-flanking sequences. We propose therefore that the chromatin structure around the aldolase C promoter is accessible in fetal tissues, then remains open in the adult brain, where the gene is very active, as well as in tissues in which it is practically inactive. The specificity of expression in the brain is conferred by a short 115-base pair proximal promoter fragment that needs more upstream sequences to be fully active.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Strychnine and the Wieland‐Gumlich Aldehyde. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An Interleaved Totem-Pole Power Factor Correction Converter (2010)

This paper explains about basic working principles, implementation problems, and experimental results of a new power factor correction (PFC) topology. In this proposed topology, a totem-pole boost PFC circuit that works under interleaved critical-conduction-mode (CRM) condition is presented. The circuit is developed towards high efficiency, high performance, lowcost, simple control scheme, and low conducted electro magnetic interference (EMI) PFC circuit. The application is targeted toward middle power applications that normally employs continuous or non-bridgeless interleaved boost converter.
Abstract 5606: Preclinical and clinical development of anti-CD25 recombinant immunotoxin LMB-2 in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia (2010)

Abstract LMB-2, previously called anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38, is a recombinant immunotoxin containing the variable domains of the anti-CD25 Mab and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin. LMB-2 binds and internalizes via CD25, and a processed toxin fragment translocates to the cytosol where catalytic ADP-ribosylation leads to cell death. LMB-2 induces complete and partial responses (CR + PR) in patients with CD25+ hairy cell leukemia, and partial responses were reported in other hematologic malignancies including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). While nearly all ATL cells express CD25 at high levels, clinical efficacy was limited by rapid progression between cycles and immunogenicity. Recently, preclinical studies using the anti-mesothelin recombinant immunotoxin SS1P indicated that soluble receptor is ∼10-fold higher in the interstitial space of the tumor xenograft than in the serum (PNAS, 104:17099, 2007) and that gemcitabine was synergistic against the xenografts when used prior to SS1P to deplete interstitial soluble receptor (Clin Cancer Res, 13:7166, 2007). To determine if soluble CD25 (sCD25) in the interstitial space of tumors could be a limiting factor in the antitumor activity of LMB-2 in ATL, xenografts of CD25+ human ATAC-4 cells were grown subcutaneously in nude mice and harvested so that the serum and intratumoral sCD25 concentrations could be compared. Intratumoral sCD25 concentrations were 21-159 (median 43) ng/ml, compared to between undetectable and 0.33 (median 0.093) ng/ml in serum (p=0.0008, n=8). Thus, intratumoral sCD25 was 86-2200 (median 610)-fold higher than serum sCD25 in this model. To determine if chemotherapy would improve the efficacy of LMB-2 towards these tumors, groups of ATAC-4-bearing mice (tumor implantation day −3) were treated with gemcitabine on days 1 and 3, and then LMB-2 on days 3, 5 and 8. Mice treated on this schedule with gemcitabine 40 mg/Kg x2 and LMB-2 50 ug/Kg x3 had smaller tumors than mice treated with twice the dose of either agent alone, confirming in vivo synergy, with the mechanisms currently under study. A clinical trial in ATL is now underway with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide on days 1, 2, and 3 followed by LMB-2 on days 3, 5 and 7, to determine if chemotherapy can prevent immunogenicity, enhance the antitumor activity of the immunotoxin, and when possible, determine if intratumoral sCD25 is depleted. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5606.
Immunogenicity and safety of a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered as a 2 + 1 schedule to healthy infants in The Gambia: a single-centre, double-blind, active-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial (2023)

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Discovery and Chemical Development of Amcenestrant: An Oral Selective Estrogen Receptor Degrader (SERD) for the Treatment of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer (2022)

This chapter describes the research program that led to the discovery of amcenestrant, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader for the treatment of patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. We discuss the medicinal chemistry strategy that led to the selection of this clinical candidate. Additionally, we describe the optimized synthetic route that provided the final process for multikilogram preparations.
Interleukin-12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of 44-kD mitogen-activated protein kinase in human T cells (1994)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a novel cytokine that enhances numerous functional activities of human T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The present studies were undertaken to characterize some of the early signaling events following IL-12 stimulation of mitogen-activated normal T cells. In these cells, IL-12 induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins of 21, 44, and 54 kD. However, IL-12 does not induce tyrosine phosphorylation in normal resting T cells. In conjunction with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates, IL-12 stimulation resulted in increased in vitro kinase activity of immunoprecipitated tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. The 44-kD protein has been characterized as one isoform of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase following IL-12 stimulation was also associated with enhanced enzymatic activity of this protein in vitro as measured by myelin basic protein phosphotransferase assay. These studies identify MAP kinase as one of the intracellular elements of the IL-12 signaling pathway in human T cells.
Organometallic Compounds and Polymers with Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optical Properties (1993)

The chemistry carried out with AFOSR support was aimed at exploring new materials with potentially interesting nonlinear optical properties. All of our work involved transition metal complexes. In these materials we can alter either the the metal ion or the ligands independently. In this way it is possible to alter the electronic properties of a given complex without altering its molecular or solid-state structure. Second and third order NLO properties were investigated in these materials. Both molecular and bulk nonlinearities were examined as second order candidates, while only molecular nonlinearities were examined for the third order materials. Second order properties in coordination compounds were found to scale Sc approx. Cr approx. &gt; 5 Fe &gt; Co- Polar coordination polymers were prepared in which excellent polar order was found in the polyermic chains, however, the adjacent chains pack antiparallel in the crystal leading to no bulk second order activity. Group 4 organometallic complexes were examined for their third order properties. Here the order based on metal was found to be Ti &gt; Zr &gt; Hf. The nonlinearity is thought to arise from extended molecular orbitals.
Multiple moving speaker tracking by microphone array on mobile robot (2005)

Real-world applications often require tracking multiple moving speakers for improving human-robot interactions and/or sound source separation. This paper presents multiple moving speaker tracking using an 8ch microphone array system installed on a mobile robot. This problem is difficult because the system does not assume that sound sources and/or the microphone array are fixed. Our solutions consist of two key ideas – time delay of arrival estimation, and multiple Kalman filters. The former localizes multiple sound sources based on beamforming in real time. Non-linear movements are tracked by using a set of Kalman filters with different history lengths in order to reduce errors in tracking multiple moving speakers under noisy and echoic environments. For quantitative evaluation of the tracking, motion references of sound sources and a mobile robot, called SIG2, were measured accurately by ultrasonic 3D tag sensors. As a result, we showed that the system tracked three simultaneous sound sources even when SIG2 moved in a room with large reverberation due to glass walls.
Organic nonvolatile memory devices with charge trapping multilayer graphene film (2012)

We fabricated an array-type organic nonvolatile memory device with multilayer graphene (MLG) film embedded in polyimide (PI) layers. The memory devices showed a high ON/OFF ratio (over 10(6)) and a long retention time (over 10(4) s). The switching of the Al/PI/MLG/PI/Al memory devices was due to the presence of the MLG film inserted into the PI layers. The double-log current-voltage characteristics could be explained by the space-charge-limited current conduction based on a charge-trap model. A conductive atomic force microscopy found that the conduction paths in the low-resistance ON state were distributed in a highly localized area, which was associated with a carbon-rich filamentary switching mechanism.
Requirements for compatibility between local and multipartite quantum states (2003)

We consider a partial trace transformation which maps a multipartite quantum state to collection of local density matrices. We call this collection a mean field state. The necessary and sufficient conditions under which a mean field state is compatible with at least one multipartite pure state are found for the system of $n$ qubits and for the tripartite system with the Hilbert space of dimension 2x2x4. Compatibility of mean field states with more general classes of multipartite quantum states is discussed.
Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage. (1996)

In his book Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage Jurg Ott laid out the principles by which geneticists perform studies of genetic linkage in humans. Here, in the Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, Joseph Terwilliger and Jurg Ott provide a companion piece to the previous work, showing how its principles may be applied in practice. Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage contains detailed instructions on how to carry out linkage analysis, guiding the reader through each process on a step-by-step basis. The chapters are grouped into three main sections: two-point linkage analysis, multi-point linkage analysis, and such advanced topics as mutation rates, gene frequencies, linkage disequilibrium, complex diseases and computer simulation. Each chapter ends with exercises that can be performed on an IBM PC-compatible computer. The solutions are supplied at the end of each section.
Isolation of bat sarbecoviruses of SARS-CoV-2 clade, Japan (2022)

ABSTRACT Betacoronaviruses have caused 3 outbreaks in the past 2 decades. SARS-CoV-2, in particular, has caused a serious pandemic. As the betacoronaviruses are considered to originate from bats, surveillance of bat betacoronaviruses is crucial for understanding the mechanism of cross-species transition and potential for future outbreaks. We previously detected and characterized a SARS-CoV-2-related sarbecovirus, Rc-o319, from Rhinolophus cornutus in Japan. Here, we detected several bat sarbecoviruses of the SARS-CoV-2 clade from R. cornutus in multiple locations in Japan, and successfully isolated them using Vero/TMPRSS2 cells stably expressing R. cornutus ACE2 (Vero-RcACE2). The coding sequences of S1 region varied among isolates, whereas other genetic regions were highly conserved. Isolates were efficiently grown in Vero-RcACE2 cells, but did not replicate in Vero/TMPRSS2 cells stably expressing human ACE2, suggesting a narrow host range. Further long-term epidemiological studies of sarbecoviruses in wildlife are expected to facilitate the assessment of the risk of their spillover potential.
Value of cell cycle progression (CCP) score to predict biochemical recurrence and definitive post-surgical pathology. (2013)

5043 Background: Prostate cancer (PCA) has a highly variable natural history and better tools are needed to more appropriately match treatment to a patient’s risk of progression. A prognostic mRNA expression signature composed of genes involved in cell cycle progression (CCP) has been previously developed. Here, we tested the utility of this signature to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) and definitive post-surgical pathological stage. Methods: The eligible patient population was treated for PCA by radical prostatectomy at a single high volume center (2005-2006). We randomly selected 390 patients for the study. From each patient we prepared a ‘simulated biopsy’ by removing a tissue cylinder (0.6mm) from the post-surgical FFPE block containing the largest tumor foci. 249 patients remained eligible for analysis after excluding patients for either insufficient tumor in the biopsy, poor quality molecular data, or receiving neoadjuvant therapy. The median follow-up time for patients who did not recur was 60.8 months. 46 patients experienced BCR. CCP scores were generated as in previous studies. Cox PH models and logistic regression were used to evaluate CCP associations with outcome. Results: The CCP signature was a highly significant univariate predictor of BCR (HR=2.03; 95%CI: 1.48-2.79; p=3.1x10 -5 ). After adjusting for clinical parameters including biopsy Gleason and PSA, the hazard ratio for CCP score remained significant (HR=1.6; 95%CI: 1.15-2.24; p=0.0068). In a multivariate model including PSA, biopsy Gleason, and clinical stage, CCP score was also an independent predictor of pathological stage (pT2 vs. pT3, p=0.029). In this analysis, PSA was the most predictive variable, but CCP score and clinical stage also provided important and non-redundant information. Conclusions: The CCP score has predicted PCA outcomes in multiple patient cohorts and different clinical settings. In this study, we have extended the demonstrated clinical utility to a modern patient cohort from Europe, and for the first time, provided evidence that the score can be used to predict definitive post-surgical tumor stage. The CCP expression score is an emerging and important component in evaluating PCA prognosis.
Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Chemistry Can Endow Unique In Vivo RNA Delivery Fates within the Liver That Alter Therapeutic Outcomes in a Cancer Model (2022)

Within the field of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for RNA delivery, the focus has been mainly placed on organ level delivery, which can mask cellular level effects consequential to therapeutic applications. Here, we studied a pair of LNPs with similar physical properties and discovered how the chemistry of the ionizable amino lipid can control the endogenous LNP identity, affecting cellular uptake in the liver and altering therapeutic outcomes in a model of liver cancer. Although most LNPs accumulate in the liver after intravenous administration (suggesting that liver delivery is straightforward), we observed an unexpected behavior when comparing two similar LNP formulations (5A2-SC8 and 3A5-SC14 LNPs) that resulted in distinct RNA delivery within the organ. Despite both LNPs possessing similar physical properties, ability to silence gene expression <i>in vitro</i>, strong accumulation within the liver, and a shared p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> of 6.5, only 5A2-SC8 LNPs were able to functionally deliver RNA to hepatocytes. Factor VII (FVII) activity was reduced by 87%, with 5A2-SC8 LNPs carrying FVII siRNA (siFVII), while 3A5-SC14 LNPs carrying siFVII produced baseline FVII activity levels comparable to the nontreatment control at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg. Protein corona analysis indicated that 5A2-SC8 LNPs bind apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which can drive LDL-R receptor-mediated endocytosis in hepatocytes. In contrast, the surface of 3A5-SC14 LNPs was enriched in albumin but depleted in ApoE, which likely led to Kupffer cell delivery and detargeting of hepatocytes. In an aggressive MYC-driven liver cancer model relevant to hepatocytes, 5A2-SC8 LNPs carrying let-7g miRNA were able to significantly extend survival up to 121 days. Since disease targets exist in an organ- and cell-specific manner, the clinical development of RNA LNP therapeutics will require an improved understanding of LNP cellular tropism within organs. The results from our work illustrate the importance of understanding the cellular localization of RNA delivery and incorporating further checkpoints when choosing nanoparticles beyond biochemical and physical characterization, as small changes in the chemical composition of LNPs can have an impact on both the biofate of LNPs and therapeutic outcomes.
Design of packet-fair queuing schedulers using a RAM-based searching engine (1999)

The implementation of packet-fair queuing (PFQ) schedulers, which aim at approximating the generalized processor sharing (GPS) policy, is a central issue for providing multimedia services with various quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in packet-switching networks. In the PFQ scheduler, packets are usually time stamped with a value based on some algorithm and are transmitted with an increasing order of the time-stamp values. One of the most challenging issues is to search for the smallest time-stamp value among hundreds of thousands of sessions. In this paper, we propose a novel RAM-based searching engine (RSE) to speed up the searching process by using the concept of hierarchical searching with a tree data structure. The time for searching the smallest time stamp is independent of the number of sessions in the system and is only bounded by the memory accesses needed. The RSE can be implemented with commercial memory and field programmable gate array (FPGA) chips in a cost-effective manner. With the extension of the RSE, we propose a two-dimensional (2-D) RSE architecture to implement a general shaper-scheduler. Other challenging issues, such as time-stamp overflow and aging, are also addressed in the paper.