gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoholes on Silicon Surface Created by Electron Irradiation under Ultrahigh Vacuum Environment (1997)

We have found that a novel structure is formed in a thin silicon crystal. Uniform-intensity electron irradiation in an ultrahigh vacuum environment $(1.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}\mathrm{Pa})$ introduces an array of holes 2 to 3 nm in diameter and several nanometers deep at the electron exit surfaces. The holes are distributed in average 6 nm apart. The irradiation temperature is needed to be below 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The formation of the holes occurs regardless of the surfaces, i.e., ${111}$ and ${110}$. It is suggested that the phenomenon is attributed to the spinodal instability involving the surface vacancies accumulated by electron irradiation.
Optimization of Small-Delay Defects Test Quality by Clock Speed Selection and Proper Masking Based on the Weighted Slack Percentage (2020)

Classical transition delay fault (TDF) model-based delay tests cannot detect small-delay defects (SDDs) properly in many circuits because they do not set the test slack properly to match the size of the tested delay fault. In this article, we propose a new method of using faster-than-at-speed clocks to enhance a classical TDF-based test pattern set and create an optimized SDD test that can detect effective SDDs. We define effective SDDs as SDDs that can immediately fail a circuit and distinguish them from those that grow over time to fail the circuit (reliability defects). The optimized SDD test developed in this article can either target only effective SDDs or also include reliability defects that are close to fail a circuit. In order to improve the SDD test quality, the proposed optimization method uses the recently proposed weighted slack percentage (WeSPer) as the SDD test quality metric to match each pattern with an appropriate test clock speed and then generates the proper masking vector. The optimization method includes a technique for reducing the final pattern count while keeping WeSPer value high. On a set of benchmark circuits, the proposed technique is able to improve the WeSPer value by up to 32.97% (a relative improvement of 60.98%) compared to classical at-speed testing using the same pattern set. This article also discusses the application of this technique on a self-timed circuit that has previously been at-speed tested. The proposed optimization technique improved the SDD test quality from 60% to 69% for preexisting set of test clocks and patterns. Post-silicon test results for the processor are included in this article.
Effect of contrast dose in the quantification of myocardial extra-cellular volume in adenosine stress/rest perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance examinations (2016)

Background Diffuse myocardial fibrosis can be quantified by calculating extra-cellular volume (ECV) from native and post-contrast T1 values using dedicated single bolus contrast medium injection protocols. Purpose To evaluate differences in T1 maps and myocardial ECV measurements in routine stress/rest perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) examinations after injection of single and double dose of contrast medium. Material and Methods Thirty-seven consecutive patients (30 men; mean age, 62 ± 13 years) underwent clinically indicated adenosine stress/rest perfusion CMR examination to rule out myocardial ischemia following a conventional split-dose contrast medium injection strategy. Native and post-contrast T1 mapping was performed 15 min after the first (0.1 mmol/kg) and second (0.1 mmol/kg) dose of contrast medium using a breath-held Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence. Student's t-test for paired samples, Bland-Altman plots, and concordance-correlation coefficients (CCC) for agreement between T1 and ECV calculations after single and double dose of contrast medium were calculated. Intra- and inter-observer agreement for measurements was also analyzed. Results Myocardial T1 values after single and double dose of contrast medium significantly differed (mean difference of 114.1 ± 19.9 ms, P < 0.01). A single dose of contrast agent provided slightly higher ECV values (mean difference of 2.3 ± 1.1%). CCC for ECV calculations was 0.66. Intra- and inter-observer agreement for all measurements was excellent (CCC ≥ 0.83). Conclusion Quantification of myocardial ECV on conventional stress/rest perfusion CMR examination is feasible. T1 maps obtained 15 min after 0.1 mmol/kg of contrast medium provide slightly higher myocardial T1 measurements and ECV values compared with T1 maps obtained after a total dose of 0.2 mmol/kg.
A MCM-D-type module for the ATLAS pixel detector (1999)

For the ATLAS experiment at the planned Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN hybrid pixel detectors are being built as innermost layers of the inner tracking detector system. Modules are the basic building blocks of the ATLAS pixel detector. A module consists of a sensor tile with an active area of 16.4 mm/spl times/60.4 mm, 16 read out ICs, each serving 24/spl times/160 pixel unit cells, a module controller chip, an optical transceiver and the local signal interconnection and power distribution busses. The dies are attached by flip-chip assembly to the sensor diodes and the local busses. In the following a module based on MCM-D technology will be discussed and prototype results will be presented.
Molecular Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Silybum marianum and Their Effect on Brassica napus Growth under Heavy Metal Stress (2023)

Silybum marianum has been used for a variety of purposes all over the world. This plant is used to treat cancer, liver disease, and inflammation. Eleven endophytic bacteria were isolated from S. marianum collected from heavy metal polluted sites and identified using 16s rRNA sequencing in the current investigation. Three isolates stood out for having many features, including heavy metal resistance, plant growth stimulation, plant hormones, heavy metal toxicity remediation, and antibacterial action. SJLC (6.06 µg/L) and SJRB (5.98 µg/L) were the greatest producers of IAA among the isolates and were identified as Bacillus sp. and Lysinibacillus sp., respectively. Root and shoot length have improved as a result of IAA production. The SJLC was found to be effective against four of the pathogens tested. The strain SJLC showed the most activity against Bacillus cereus with a 20 mm zone of inhibition, followed by the isolate SJRB, which showed a 16 mm zone of inhibition against B. cereus. The same isolates also show inhibition against X. campestris. Almost majority of the Brassica napus plants inoculated with bacterial isolates were able to translocate and degrade heavy metals like Cr. Therefore, it was concluded that these isolates are capable to grow in highly polluted environments.
A 2-D Cell Layer Study on Synergistic Combinations of High-Voltage and Low-Voltage Irreversible Electroporation Pulses (2019)

This paper is valuable for the design of improved IRE protocols and provides a hypothesis for the mechanisms involved.
Structure and dynamics of molten aluminium and gallium trihalides (1994)

Results of Raman scattering experiments combined with ab initio molecular orbital calculations are presented on the structure and vibrational properties of molten GaI3, GaBr3, AlCl3, and AlBr3. It is confirmed that, to a high degree, all of these compounds have in the molten state a dimer structure, represented by M2X6, consisting of two tetrahedra sharing a halide edge. It is shown that in AlCl3 the melting process leads to a drastic change in the vibrational spectrum, whereas in the remaining salts the crystalline peak positions are essentially preserved.
Bottom-Up Synthesis of Gold Octahedra with Tailorable Hollow Features (2011)

Gold octahedra with hollow features have been synthesized in high yield via the controlled overgrowth of preformed concave cube seeds. This Ag(+)-assisted, seed-mediated synthesis allows for the average edge length of the octahedra and the size of the hollow features to be independently controlled. We propose that a high concentration of Ag(+) stabilizes the {111} facets of the octahedra through underpotential deposition while the rate of Au(+) reduction controls the dimensions of the hollow features. This synthesis represents a highly controllable bottom-up approach for the preparation of hollow gold nanostructures.
Influence of the zeolite support on the catalytic properties of confined metal clusters: a periodic DFT study of O2 dissociation on Cun clusters in CHA (2022)

The Si/Al ratio of the zeolite support emerges as a potential parameter to tune the stability and oxidation properties of Cu clusters.
Hybrid Polyurethane/Polypyrrole Composite Coatings on Passivated 316L SS for Surface Protective Action against Corrosion in Saline Medium (2022)

Hybrid treatments consisting of surface modification and subsequent protective coatings have gained extensive attention among corrosion mitigation approaches for a wide variety of structural metallic materials. This study aims to review the enhancement of the corrosion protection performance of polyurethane (PU) coatings on 316L stainless steel (SS) specimens. This was achieved via a two-step strategic treatment, primarily by electrochemical passivation and subsequent deposition of PU composite coatings with the different feed ratio of synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles. The effect of different applied voltage on the surface features and the corrosion behavior of the passivated SS surfaces was systematically investigated using surface characterization techniques and a potentiodynamic polarization test in a NaCl solution. Surface morphological images revealed the porous structure on the passivated surface. It is inferred from the topographical surface results that homogeneous surface roughness was achieved with the applied voltage of 5 V. Infra-red spectroscopic results validate the formation of PU/PPy composite coatings and the intermolecular chemical interaction between the PU and PPy moieties. Furthermore, corrosion measurements corroborate the improved corrosion resistance of PU/30PPy coatings with higher values of charge transfer resistance, Rct (1.0869 × 107 Ω cm2), and film resistance, Rf (2.258 × 105 Ω cm2), with the lowest values of corrosion, icorr (4.7 × 10−3 µA cm−2) compared to that of the PU/Bare specimen. In conclusion, it is confirmed that the passivated surface enhances the corrosion resistance performance of PU coated SS, and this performance is further increased with the incorporation of PPy particles.
Role of carnitine in regulation of blood pressure (MAP/SBP) and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers (α/β‐MHC) during insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia: Role of oxidative stress (2020)

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycaemia and iatrogenic hypoglycaemia exacerbate several pathogenic mechanisms underlying hypertension and heart diseases. Carnitine is a potent endogenous antioxidant and cellular fatty acid transporter for antioxidative stress and energy production in the cardiovascular system. The current study aimed to find the role of carnitine in the regulation of hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Male rats received insulin glargine (InG) to induce hypoglycaemia followed by D-carnitine or acetyl-L-carnitine for carnitine depletion or carnitine supplementation, respectively. The obtained results showed that carnitine deficiency provoked hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension. Mean arterial pressure was elevated from 78.16 ± 11.4 to 100 ± 5.11 mm Hg in InG treated group, and from 78.2 ± 8.5 to 123.4 ± 28.2 mm Hg in InG + D-carnitine treated group. Acetyl-L-carnitine resisted the elevation in blood pressure in all hypoglycaemic animals and kept it within the normal values (68.33 ± 6.7 mm Hg). Acetyl-L-carnitine increased myocardial carnitine content leading to the attenuation of hypoglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, which was evaluated through measurement of the oxidative stress biomarkers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1, heme oxygenase-I, and glutathione S-transferase. Moreover, acetyl-L-carnitine prevented induction of gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers during hypoglycaemic conditions, which was assessed via the evaluation of mRNA expression of α-myosin heavy chain and β-myosin heavy chain. These findings demonstrate that carnitine might play an essential role in prevention of hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through providing energy and antioxidants to the cardiovascular system.
Mask pattern transferred transient grating technique for molecular-dynamics study in solutions (2004)

We have developed a mask pattern transferred transient grating (MPT-TG) technique by using metal grating films. Transient thermal grating is generated by an ultraviolet light pattern transfer to nitrobenzene in 2-propanol solution, and the subsequent effect is detected through its diffraction to a probe beam. The thermal diffusion coefficient is obtained by the relationship between the grating periods and the signal decay lifetime, and is well in agreement with the calculated value. This technique has many advantages, such as a simple setting, an easy alignment, accurate phase control, and high stability for molecular-dynamics study in solutions.
Dual-responsive multicompartment nanofibers for controlled release of payloads (2016)

Dual-responsive multicompartment nanofibers are designed by embedding redox-responsive nanocapsules in pH-responsive nanofibers by colloid-electrospinning and for enhanced control over the release of payloads.
Influence of imaging parameters on high-intensity cerebrospinal fluid artifacts in fast-FLAIR MR imaging. (2002)

The appropriate choice of sequence parameters in fast-FLAIR imaging reduces the incidence of high-intensity CSF artifacts that are frequently encountered in the presence of rapid CSF flow.
Structural Basis for Different Substrate Profiles of Two Closely Related Class D β-Lactamases and Their Inhibition by Halogens (2015)

OXA-163 and OXA-48 are closely related class D β-lactamases that exhibit different substrate profiles. OXA-163 hydrolyzes oxyimino-cephalosporins, particularly ceftazidime, while OXA-48 prefers carbapenem substrates. OXA-163 differs from OXA-48 by one substitution (S212D) in the active-site β5 strand and a four-amino acid deletion (214-RIEP-217) in the loop connecting the β5 and β6 strands. Although the structure of OXA-48 has been determined, the structure of OXA-163 is unknown. To further understand the basis for their different substrate specificities, we performed enzyme kinetic analysis, inhibition assays, X-ray crystallography, and molecular modeling. The results confirm the carbapenemase nature of OXA-48 and the ability of OXA-163 to hydrolyze the oxyimino-cephalosporin ceftazidime. The crystal structure of OXA-163 determined at 1.72 Å resolution reveals an expanded active site compared to that of OXA-48, which allows the bulky substrate ceftazidime to be accommodated. The structural differences with OXA-48, which cannot hydrolyze ceftazidime, provide a rationale for the change in substrate specificity between the enzymes. OXA-163 also crystallized under another condition that included iodide. The crystal structure determined at 2.87 Å resolution revealed iodide in the active site accompanied by several significant conformational changes, including a distortion of the β5 strand, decarboxylation of Lys73, and distortion of the substrate-binding site. Further studies showed that both OXA-163 and OXA-48 are inhibited in the presence of iodide. In addition, OXA-10, which is not a member of the OXA-48-like family, is also inhibited by iodide. These findings provide a molecular basis for the hydrolysis of ceftazidime by OXA-163 and, more broadly, show how minor sequence changes can profoundly alter the active-site configuration and thereby affect the substrate profile of an enzyme.
System and method for determining the net output torque from a waste heat recovery system (2023)

The disclosure provides a waste heat recovery system with a system and method for calculation of the net output torque from the waste heat recovery system. The calculation uses inputs from existing pressure and speed sensors to create a virtual pump torque sensor and a virtual expander torque sensor, and uses these sensors to provide an accurate net torque output from the WHR system.
Review of Soluble Biomarkers of Osteoarthritis: Lessons From Animal Models (2016)

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability within the adult population. Currently, its diagnosis is mainly based on clinical examination and standard radiography. To date, there is no way to detect the disease at a molecular level, before the appearance of structural changes and symptoms. So an attractive alternative for monitoring OA is the measurement of biochemical markers in blood, urine, or synovial fluid, which could reflect metabolic changes in joint tissue and therefore disease onset and progression. Animal models are relevant to investigate the early stage of OA and metabolic changes occurring in joint tissues. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize the scientific data available in the literature on soluble biomarkers in animal models of OA. Design A literature search was conducted using the PubMed/Medline and Scopus databases between February 1995 and December 2015. All original articles, systematic and narrative reviews published in French or in English were considered. Results We summarized the data of 69 studies and proposed a classification scheme for OA biomarkers in animal studies, largely inspired by the BIPEDS classification. Conclusions Studies about biomarkers and animal models indicate that some markers could be valuable to monitor OA progression and assess therapeutic response in some animal models.
A Novel Route to 6-Perfluoroalkyluracils (1989)

Perfluoroalkyllithiums generated in situ from perfluoroalkyl iodides and methyllithium add to 2,4-dichloropyrimidines in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate to give 4-perfluoroalkyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidines, which are converted to 6-perfluoroalkyl-5,6-dihydrouracils on hydrolysis, and to 6-perfluoroalkyluracils by oxidation with dichlorodicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) followed by hydrolysis.
The Quenching Effect of Flavonoids on 4-Methylumbelliferone, a Potential Pitfall in Fluorimetric Neuraminidase Inhibition Assays (2011)

Many assays aimed to test the inhibitory effects of synthetic molecules, and naturally occurring products on the neuraminidase activity exploit the hydrolysis of 2'-O-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4-MUNANA). The amount of the released product, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), is then measured fluorimetrically. The authors attempted an analysis of the inhibitory properties of 35 naturally occurring flavonoids on neuraminidase N3, where only 29 of them were sufficiently soluble in the assay medium. During the analysis, the authors noticed a strong quenching effect due to the test compounds on the fluorescence of 4-MU. The quenching constants for the flavonoids were determined according to the Stern-Volmer approach. The extent of fluorescence reduction due to quenching and the magnitude of the fluorescence reduction measured in the inhibition assays were comparable: for 11 of 29 compounds, the two values were found to be coincident within the experimental uncertainty. These data were statistically analyzed for correlation by calculating the pertinent Pearson correlation coefficient. Inhibition and quenching were found to be positively correlated (r = 0.71, p(uncorr) = 1.5 × 10(-5)), and the correlation was maintained for the whole set of tested compounds. Altogether, the collected data imply that all of the tested flavonoids could produce false-positive results in the neuraminidase inhibition assay using 4-MUNANA as a substrate.
Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) on Thermo Mechanical Performance of AISI H13 Tool Steel (2017)

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is one of the most recent processes being used to treat tool steels. It is a supplementary treatment where components are treated below subzero temperatures for several cryo-soaking hours. This paper focuses on to study the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on Thermo mechanical properties of AISI H-13 tool steel. Deep cryogenic treatment at 32 hours of cryo-soaking time is applied and thermo mechanical performance of tool steel was analyzed by using pin on disk high temperature wear testing and stress rupture testings. The microstructural evolutions during DCT were evaluated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was observed that microstructural modifications like increase in carbide density, fine and uniform martensitic structure during DCT had significantly improved properties.
A new class of multi‐bandgap high‐efficiency photovoltaics enabled by broadband diffractive optics (2014)

Abstract A semiconductor absorber with a single bandgap is unable to convert broadband sunlight into electricity efficiently. Photons with energy lower than the bandgap are not absorbed, whereas those with energy far higher than the bandgap lose energy via thermalization. In this Article, we demonstrate an approach to mitigate these losses via a thin, efficient broadband diffractive micro‐structured optic that not only spectrally separates incident light but also concentrates it onto multiple laterally separated single‐junction semiconductor absorbers. A fully integrated optoelectronic device model was applied in conjunction with a nonlinear optimization algorithm to design the optic. An experimental demonstration is presented for a dual‐bandgap design using GaInP and GaAs solar cells, where a 20% increase in the total electric power is measured compared with the same cells without the diffractive optic. Finally, we demonstrate that this framework of broadband diffractive optics allows us to independently design for the number of spectral bands and geometric concentration, thereby enabling a new class of multi‐bandgap photovoltaic devices with ultra‐high energy conversion efficiencies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Cell-mediated immune responses induced by BHV-1: rational vaccine design (2007)

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is one of the major respiratory pathogens in cattle worldwide. Although antibodies have been correlated with protection and recovery from BHV-1 infection, the cell-mediated immune response is also a critical defense mechanism because cell-to-cell spread occurs before hematogenous spread. Furthermore, induction of robust T-cell memory is critical for the long-term duration of immunity. Among current commercial vaccines, the attenuated conventional vaccines induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory but may result in viral shedding. By contrast, inactivated vaccines primarily elicit a humoral immune response and relative short-term memory. These vaccines do not allow differentiation of vaccinated from infected cattle. Recent efforts are focusing on the development of vaccines that induce a balanced immune response and long-term memory, as well as having differentiation markers. This includes well-defined genetically engineered gene-deleted, subunit and vectored vaccines.
Architecture to Deploy and Operate a Digital Twin Optical Network (2022)

We propose an architecture to deploy Digital Twin Optical Networks (DTON), which provide a virtual representation of the physical optical network. DTON allow the assessment of specific behaviors before actual implementation in the physical network. © Optica Publishing Group 2022, © 2022 The Author(s)