gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gate I-V characteristics degradation in AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMTs (2007)

AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is one of the most promising device structures for high frequency power applications. Although high power density was demonstrated by number of groups [1], several unresolved issues remain. One of them is the gate breakdown under forward bias. Figure 1 shows the typical gate I-V characteristics of the devices obtained by applying voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> ) between gate and drain with source floating. At certain voltage (4.5-6 V), the gate current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> ) increases instantaneously. The change is permanent with current in both forward and reverse direction increased by several orders of magnitude.
Bilateral Random Projection based High-speed Face and Expression Recognition Method (2019)

Face and expression recognition problem can be converted into superposition of low-rank matrix and sparse error matrix, which have the merits of robustness to occlusion and disguise. Low-rank matrix manifests neutral facial image and sparse matrix captures emotional expression with respect to whole image. To separate these matrices, the problem is formulated to minimize the nuclear norm and L1 norm, then can be solved by using a closed-form proximal operator which is called Singular Value Thresholding (SVD). However, this conventional approach has high computational complexity since it requires computation of singular value decomposition of large sized matrix at each iteration. In this paper, to reduce this computational burden, a fast approximation method for SVT is proposed, utilizing a suitable low-rank matrix approximation involving random projection. Basically, being associated with sampling, a low-rank matrix is modeled as bilateral factorized matrices, then update these matrices with greedy manner. Experiments are conducted on publicly available different dataset for face and expression recognition. Consequently, proposed algorithm results in the improved recognition accuracy and also further speeding up the process of approximating low-rank matrix, compared to the conventional SVT based approximation methods. The best recognition accuracy score of 98.1% in the JAFFE database is acquired with our method about 55 times faster than SVD based method.
Statistical Description for Assumption-free Single-shot Measurement of Femtosecond Laser Pulse Parameters via Two-photon-induced Photocurrents (2006)

Through examining the product of the mathematical variance of intensity with respect to time and frequency, we arrive at a temporal characterization of laser pulses through parameters for pulse duration, group delay dispersion and temporal form. These statistics, which are sufficient to predict subsequent pulse behavior, are recoverable in a simple experiment, measuring the two-photon-induced photocurrents in three nonlinear diodes. With only two photodiodes, we demonstrate that pulse durations as low as several tens of femtoseconds can be easily measured in a single shot if the usual assumptions of pulse form and dispersion are made as in the more difficult autocorrelation setup.
Synthesis and Dynamic Random Access Memory Behavior of a Functional Polyimide (2006)

The device under testing was a plastic dynamic random access memory based on a donor-functionalized polyimide (TP6F-PI), which exhibited the ability to write, read, erase, and refresh the electrical states. The device had an ON/OFF current ratio up to 105, promising minimal misreading error. Both the on and off states were stable under a constant voltage stress of 1 V and survived up to 108 read cycles at 1 V.
Composite Polymer/Oxide Hollow Fiber Contactors: Versatile and Scalable Flow Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions in Organic Synthesis (2015)

Abstract Flexible composite polymer/oxide hollow fibers are used as flow reactors for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in organic synthesis. The fiber synthesis allows for a variety of supported catalysts to be embedded in the walls of the fibers, thus leading to a diverse set of reactions that can be catalyzed in flow. Additionally, the fiber synthesis is scalable (e.g. several reactor beds containing many fibers in a module may be used) and thus they could potentially be used for the large‐scale production of organic compounds. Incorporating heterogeneous catalysts in the walls of the fibers presents an alternative to a traditional packed‐bed reactor and avoids large pressure drops, which is a crucial challenge when employing microreactors.
Abstract WMP53: Vitamin D Levels Are Lower In Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Compared To Matched Controls (2013)

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognized as a global pandemic. In longitudinal healthy population studies, vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased incidence of ischemic stroke. We compared serum 25-OH vitamin D levels between Asian ischemic stroke patients within 1 week of stroke onset with age and gender matched healthy individuals. Methods: We prospectively recruited 133 consecutive Asian acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to the Singapore General Hospital. Blood samples were collected within seven days of stroke onset. Stroke patients were matched for age and gender to individuals with no history of stroke from a database of healthy Asian controls. Serum 25-OH vitamin D was measured using Roche competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for both stroke patients and healthy controls in the same laboratory. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-OH vitamin D &lt;20 μg/L and insufficiency as 20-40 μg/L. Matched statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon and McNemar tests. Results: Among the 133 matched pairs of ischemic stroke patients and healthy controls, median age was 60 years and 75% are males. Median serum 25-OH vitamin D level was lower among stroke patients (23.2 IQR 16.65-29.60 μg/L) compared to healthy controls (28.9 IQR 21.75-35.50 μg/L) (p&lt;0.0001). Stroke patients had a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (39%) compared to healthy controls (20%) (p&lt;0.0001). A high proportion of stroke patients had insufficient vitamin D compared to healthy controls (95% vs 84%, p=0.007). Corrected serum calcium was lower in stroke patients (median 2.26 mmol/L IQR 2.21-2.35) than controls (median 2.34 mmol/L IQR 2.28- 2.41) (p&lt;0.0001). There was no difference in serum phosphate (p=0.266) and parathyroid hormone levels (p=0.807). Conclusion: This cross-sectional study of 25-OH vitamin D levels in Asian patients within 1 week of ischemic stroke onset contributes to the growing evidence that vitamin D insufficiency/ deficiency is a stroke risk factor. Vitamin D measurement within 1 week of stroke onset likely reflects pre-stroke levels and is not influenced by post-stroke effects. Our findings provide impetus for future studies to investigate if vitamin D supplementation reduces stroke incidence.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Three‐ Component Aza‐Diels—Alder Reactions of Aminopyrroles and Aminopyrazoles. (2014)

Abstract The developed Povarov reaction proceeds with high enantioselectivity and high diastereoselectivity.
Functional importance of exosome in cancer development (2014)

がん細胞とその周辺細胞の密接な関係は、これまでサイトカインやケモカインなどで説明されてきた。しかし、その複雑な関係は複数種類の分子では説明がつかず、新たな相互関係が探索されてきた。最近、エクソソームと呼ばれる100nmの細胞外小胞顆粒の存在が再注目され、特に、がん細胞における役割が近年急速に解明されている。本稿では、がん細胞がどのようにしてエクソソームを悪用しているのかを述べるとともに、エクソソームを標的とした治療と診断の展望に関して述べる。
X-ray laser holography of biological microstructures (1990)

The possibility of x-ray laser holographic imaging of biological microstructures is reviewed. The coherent energy output and pulse length necessary for achieving good three-dimensional images of gold labeled human chromosomes is derived.
Triangulation with expanded range of depth (1985)

In conventional triangulation systems for 3-D sensing there is a trade-off between range of depth and resolution. We proposed a triangulation system with a large depth of field (1 m or more) and at the same time high resolution (20 μ m or better). The system is essentially based on an arrangement of axicons in the illumination device and on the use of the Scheimpflug condition in the observation device. A suitable scanning-by-deflection geometry is described.
Accumulation of Copper and Zinc in Danish Agricultural Soils in Intensive Pig Production Areas (2005)

Abstract Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):15–22, 2005 The change of Cu and Zn concentrations in Danish agricultural soils was studied in areas with intensive pig production. Cu and Zn are found in pig manure as the metals are added to pig feed as growth promoters. The changes in concentrations of total and 0.02 MEDTA extractable Cu and Zn in soils from 1986 to 1998 were determined from samples taken at two depths (0–25 cm and 25–50 cm) from 73 sites. Pig manure and mineral fertilizer was added to 60 sites whereas fertilizer only was used on 13 sites. During the survey period soil Cu concentrations increased in both depths but mostly in the sites where pig manure was added. Furthermore, the results indicated that some plant-available Cu and Zn were transported from the topsoil to the subsoil. No significant change in soil Zn concentration was found although a slight reduction was observed. Comparing soil metal concentrations observed in 1998 to the total pig manure application in a 12-year period, it was observed that application of manure caused an accumulation of Cu and of Zn in the upper 50 cm soil. The accumulation rates correspond to the Cu and Zn concentrations in the pig manure.
ITFoM – The IT Future of Medicine (2011)

Molecular medicine is undergoing a revolution, creating a data fog that may obscure understanding. The functioning human is analogous to a biological factory controlled by an incredibly complex Information and Communication (IC) network. It is proposed that 7 billion computational replicas be made of those 7 billion human IC networks to enable interrogation and manipulation, for understanding and personalized healthcare. This requires a revolutionary ICT that follows the organization of the biological information and communication flows, with implications for hardware, software and connectivity.
LEGATO: A LayerwisE Gradient AggregaTiOn Algorithm for Mitigating\n Byzantine Attacks in Federated Learning (2021)

Federated learning has arisen as a mechanism to allow multiple participants\nto collaboratively train a model without sharing their data. In these settings,\nparticipants (workers) may not trust each other fully; for instance, a set of\ncompetitors may collaboratively train a machine learning model to detect fraud.\nThe workers provide local gradients that a central server uses to update a\nglobal model. This global model can be corrupted when Byzantine workers send\nmalicious gradients, which necessitates robust methods for aggregating\ngradients that mitigate the adverse effects of Byzantine inputs. Existing\nrobust aggregation algorithms are often computationally expensive and only\neffective under strict assumptions. In this paper, we introduce LayerwisE\nGradient AggregatTiOn (LEGATO), an aggregation algorithm that is, by contrast,\nscalable and generalizable. Informed by a study of layer-specific responses of\ngradients to Byzantine attacks, LEGATO employs a dynamic gradient reweighing\nscheme that is novel in its treatment of gradients based on layer-specific\nrobustness. We show that LEGATO is more computationally efficient than multiple\nstate-of-the-art techniques and more generally robust across a variety of\nattack settings in practice. We also demonstrate LEGATO's benefits for gradient\ndescent convergence in the absence of an attack.\n
Synthesis and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition Activity of Functionalized Pyrophosphate Analogues (1993)

Abstract A new approach, ketone derivatization, for introducing desired functionality into the α-keto pyrophosphate analogues oxophosphonoacetic acid (COPAA) and oxomethanediphosphonic acid (COMDP) is exemplified in the synthesis of several COPAA and COMDP hydrazones with specific functional groups. The preparation of tetraalkyl COMDP esters is also described. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (isolated enzyme) and of p24 production by HIV-1 (virus-infected H9 cells) by hydrazone derivatives of COPAA and COMDP is briefly discussed.
Guest editorial (1999)

A new paradigm has emerged, in which the band structure concepts of solid-state physics are applied to electromagnetics. This has led to a profusion of scientific creativity as new forms of electromagnetic crystal structures are invented for radio and microwaves, as well as for three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of both natural crystals and those artificial crystals that can arise only in the human imagination.
PLC Keynote (2015)

Summary form only given. Heterogeneous designs are becoming ubiquitous across many new systemarchitectures as architects are turning to accelerators to deliver increased system performance and capability. In order to realize the potential of these heterogeneous designs, a framework is needed to support applications to take advantage of system capabilities. A suitable framework will depend on a combination of hardware primitives and software programming models. Together, hardware and software for heterogeneous multicore designs have to address the four "P"s of modern system design: Productivity, Portability, Performance, and Partitioning. To support current software deployment models, hardware primitives and programming models must ensure application isolation for partitioned virtual machine environments and application portability across a broad range of heterogeneous system design offerings. Hardware primitives and programming models must enable data center architects to build systems that continue scaling up performance and application developers to develop their applications with the necessary productivity. The Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI) provides the basis for such a framework as integration point of accelerators into the POWER system architecture. CAPI accelerators can access application data directly using an integrated MMU. The CAPI MMU also provides partition isolation. Enabling accelerators to manage and pace their data access simplifies programming and prevents the CPUs from becoming serial bottlenecks. Finally, CAPI provides pointer identify, i.e., it enables the same address to be used in both CPU and accelerator to retrieve the same objects from memory. Pointer identity lays the foundation for high performance and high productivity accelerator programming models.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Chemical and structural studies provide a mechanistic basis for recognition of the MYC G-quadruplex. (2018)

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical DNA structures that frequently occur in the promoter regions of oncogenes, such as MYC, and regulate gene expression. Although G4s are attractive therapeutic targets, ligands capable of discriminating between different G4 structures are rare. Here, we describe DC-34, a small molecule that potently downregulates MYC transcription in cancer cells by a G4-dependent mechanism. Inhibition by DC-34 is significantly greater for MYC than other G4-driven genes. We use chemical, biophysical, biological, and structural studies to demonstrate a molecular rationale for the recognition of the MYC G4. We solve the structure of the MYC G4 in complex with DC-34 by NMR spectroscopy and illustrate specific contacts responsible for affinity and selectivity. Modification of DC-34 reveals features required for G4 affinity, biological activity, and validates the derived NMR structure. This work advances the design of quadruplex-interacting small molecules to control gene expression in therapeutic areas such as cancer. PMID: 30315240 Funding information This work was supported by: Intramural NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: ZIA BC011065 Intramural NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: ZIA BC011585 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI), International Grant ID: 1 ZIA BC011065 Intramural NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: ZIA BC011490 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI), International Grant ID: 1 ZIA BC011490
Herstellen feinteiliger Emulsionen in viskosen Flüssigkeiten (2006)

Dehnströmungen führen zum verzögerten Zerfall von Flüssigkeitsfäden in Flüssig/Flüssig-Systemen. Man kann damit Tropfen erzeugen, deren Abmessung bis zu zwei Größenordnungen unter dem Durchmesser des Zulaufkanals liegt. Beim Durchtritt einer Vielzahl gedehnter Flüssigkeitsfäden gemeinsam mit der kontinuierlichen Phase durch kurze Blenden lässt sich mit geringer Dissipation eine eng verteilte Tropfendispersion in viskosen Systemen herstellen.
Direct evidence of leukocyte adhesion in arterioles by angiotensin II (2004)

Although leukocytes adhere in arteries in various vascular diseases, to date no endogenous proinflammatory molecule has been identified to initiate leukocyte adhesion in the arterial vasculature. This study was undertaken to assess angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced leukocyte adhesion in arterioles in vivo. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of Ang II; 4 hours later, leukocyte recruitment in mesenteric microcirculation was examined using intravital microscopy. Ang II (1 nM) produced significant arteriolar leukocyte adhesion of mononuclear cells. Using function-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different rat cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), we discovered that this effect was dependent on P-selectin and beta(2)-integrin. In postcapillary venules, Ang II also induced leukocyte infiltration, which was reduced by P-selectin and by beta(2)- and alpha(4)-integrin blockade. Interestingly, neutrophils were the primary cells recruited in venules. Although beta(2)-integrin expression in peripheral leukocytes of Ang II-treated animals was not altered, it was increased in peritoneal cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in response to Ang II in arterioles and venules. These findings provide the first evidence that Ang II causes leukocyte adhesion to the arterial endothelium in vivo at physiologically relevant doses. Therefore, Ang II may be a key molecule in cardiovascular diseases in which leukocyte adhesion to the arteries is a characteristic feature.
Comparative Study of the Effects of Three Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on the Cough Reflex (1991)

To compare the effects of three different angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on the cough reflex, capsaicin and citric acid challenge tests were done in normal subjects and hypertensive patients before and after administration of delapril, captopril, or enalapril. Two groups of 7 normal subjects (single dose study: 15 mg delapril v 18.75 mg captopril or 2.5 mg enalapril) and a group of 6 mildly hypertensive patients (1 week study: cross-over administration of 30 mg/day delapril, 37.5 mg/day captopril, or 5 mg/day enalapril) were studied. Another group of 6 patients with essential hypertension was treated with three ACE inhibitors for 4 weeks in a randomized order, with a 2 week washout period between active therapies. Aerosols of 1 mumol/L and 3 mumol/L capsaicin and 0.68% citric acid in 0.9% NaCl were generated by an ultrasonic nebulizer, and the frequency of cough was counted during inhalation. Delapril treatment resulted in substantially fewer patients with a significant increase (greater than or equal to 4 coughs during treatment than during the control period) in the frequency of cough than did captopril treatment. In the 1 and 4 week studies, enalapril and captopril had substantially more occurrences of significantly increased capsaicin-induced cough than did delapril. These results indicate that delapril has the least cough stimulatory effect among these ACE inhibitors, which may be clinically beneficial.
A comparison of linear and non-linear strategies for energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations (2023)

Energy Harvesting strategies coupled with the improvement of electronics and the progressive reduction of power requirements have been widely recognized as fundamental to enable self-powered (or autonomous) devices. Among all the potential energy sources, kinetic energy stemming from mechanical vibrations has been particularly extensively investigated for EH purposes due to its characteristics of heterogeneity and ubiquity. To exploit such energy sources, a suitable coupling mechanism to convert vibrations into electric charge is required; it must take into account the wide frequency bandwidth of mechanical vibrations as encountered in everyday scenarios. This review offers an overview of linear vs. non-linear strategies for EH, with a specific focus on different approaches to implement efficient coupling mechanisms; the performances of the specific solutions covered in this work are discussed.
Modeling and characterization of tunable photonic crystal waveguides based on two-dimensional periodic arrays of silicon pillars (2010)

Highly dense two-dimensional periodic arrays of nano-scaled silicon pillars present the capacity for acting as photonic crystals which can mould, manipulate and guide light. We demonstrate finite element modelling of silicon pillars based photonic crystals and their effective use in applications like waveguides, multiplexers and switches. The optical wave propagation through these structures was thoroughly simulated and analysed, confirming their high efficiency. Later the fabrication of highly periodic two-dimensional arrays of silicon pillars through the process of etching is also explained. High quality of fabricated silicon pillars is displayed in various scanning electron microscope images. The arrays with pillar radius of 50 nm and lattice constant of 400 nm were successfully utilised as optical waveguides with sharp turns. The experimental results are presented showing a good match with the simulation band gap results. Finally we also present the concept of utilising liquid crystals as an anisotropic medium around the silicon nano-pillars to establish tuneable photonic crystals waveguides. The cell geometry for such a hybrid device is suggested in which by application of voltage the dielectric constant of liquid crystals can be controlled and essentially the waveguides can be tuned.
Real-Time Economic Dispatch and Reserve Allocation Using Merit Order Loading and Linear Programming Rules (1989)

This paper presents a real-time economic dispatch algorithm suitable for on-line generation control and for study programs. The method is based on the rules of Linear Programming and the classical method of merit order loading. The basis for the algorithm is shown as a natural progression of classical optimization algorithms. Comparison with Linear Programming is included to exhibit the flexibility of the algorithm. The inclusion of a constraint for a unit or for a system wide margin (e.g., Spinning reserve) is shown. The procedure is fast, in part, since the Simplex Tableau is not explicitly stored. The method is shown in pseudo-code. This method is very suitable for real-time economic dispatch on any Energy Management System. The method requires little computer resource and is appropriate for personal computer implementation as part of a back-up automatic generation control system. The algorithm presented in this paper had been labeled the Merit Order Reduced Gradient (MORG) since it is a combination of the Merit Order Loading and the Reduced Gradient with Linear Constraints algorithms. The present implementation uses the linearized representation of the incremental heat rate curve. However, the Merit Order Reduced Gradient (MORG) algorithm can be used with any monotonically increasing incremental heat rate curve. The implicit handling of the sparse Simplex Tableau is accomplished by accounting for the contribution of each unit to each constraint.