gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening for Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance Markers among Avian Influenza Viruses of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 Neuraminidase Subtypes (2017)

Several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are emerging as novel human pathogens, and the frequency of related infections has increased in recent years. Although neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only class of antiviral drugs available for therapeutic intervention for AIV-infected patients, studies on NAI resistance among AIVs have been limited, and markers of resistance are poorly understood. Previously, we identified unique NAI resistance substitutions in AIVs of the N3, N7, and N9 NA subtypes. Here, we report profiles of NA substitutions that confer NAI resistance in AIVs of the N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes using gene-fragmented random mutagenesis. We generated libraries of mutant influenza viruses using reverse genetics (RG) and selected resistant variants in the presence of the NAIs oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir in MDCK cells. In addition, two substitutions, H274Y and R292K (N2 numbering), were introduced into each NA gene for comparison. We identified 37 amino acid substitutions within the NA gene, 16 of which (4 in N4, 4 in N5, 4 in N6, and 4 in N8) conferred resistance to NAIs (oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, or peramivir) as determined using a fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay. Substitutions conferring NAI resistance were mainly categorized as either novel NA subtype specific (G/N147V/I, A246V, and I427L) or previously reported in other subtypes (E119A/D/V, Q136K, E276D, R292K, and R371K). Our results demonstrate that each NA subtype possesses unique NAI resistance markers, and knowledge of these substitutions in AIVs is important in facilitating antiviral susceptibility monitoring of NAI resistance in AIVs.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The frequency of human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has increased in recent years. Despite the availability of vaccines, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), as the only available class of drugs for AIVs in humans, have been constantly used for treatment, leading to the inevitable emergence of drug-resistant variants. To screen for substitutions conferring NAI resistance in AIVs of N4, N5, N6, and N8 NA subtypes, random mutations within the target gene were generated, and resistant viruses were selected from mutant libraries in the presence of individual drugs. We identified 16 NA substitutions conferring NAI resistance in the tested AIV subtypes; some are novel and subtype specific, and others have been previously reported in other subtypes. Our findings will contribute to an increased and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of NAI-induced inhibition of influenza virus and help lead to the development of drugs that bind to alternative interaction motifs.
Next generation drug-eluting stents: focus on bioabsorbable platforms and polymers (2009)

The success of drug-eluting stents in preventing restenosis has shifted the focus of new stent development toward enhancing long term safety and efficacy of these devices, while simultaneously eliminating the need for indefinite dual antiplatelet therapy. A technical advance fulfilling these aims would hold tremendous potential to reduce morbidity, mortality and economic costs associated with the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease. An attractive approach is the use of bioabsorbable stent designs. These may include stents with different bioabsorbable drugs, bioabsorbable polymers or even bioabsorbable metallic backbones. A device that could achieve excellent acute and long-term results, but disappear completely within months (thereby avoiding the need for prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy), would be a tremendous advance. Too good to be true? We explore here the scientific rationale and prospects for success with this exciting concept.
<title>Minimization of total overlay errors when matching nonconcentric exposure fields</title> (1994)

As stepper field sizes increase, integrated circuit manufacturers are faced with a new series of challenges in matching exposure tools. Existing fabrication lines with smaller field steppers must determine how to match new, large field tools to their existing steppers. For optimum efficiency, one would prefer to expose a larger number of die per field on the larger field lenses. From a manufacturing standpoint, it is also necessary to expose some layers of these devices on the smaller field tools, which are limited to a smaller number of die per field. This requires matching non-concentric fields, placing two or more exposure fields of the smaller lenses within a single exposure field of the larger lenses. This paper discusses the potential overlay problems associated with non-concentric matching, and presents our methodology for determining the overlay capability and optimum matching strategy for such a scenario. We present data and simulations showing how overlay is affected by different configurations of these non-concentric fields, and solutions to minimize total overlay errors.
Acid-Assisted Reductive Elimination as a Route to Platinum(II) Products from Platinum(IV) Tris(pyrazolyl)borate Reagents (2000)

A series of chiral cationic platinum(II) complexes of the type [κ2-((Hpz*)BHpz*2)Pt(R)(L)][BAr‘4] (R = Me, L = MeCN (3), tBuNC (4), py (5), CO (6), CH2CH2 (7), PMe2Ph (8); R = Ph, L = MeCN (10); pz* = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl, BAr‘4 = tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate) has been prepared. Protonation of Tp‘PtMe2H (1) or Tp‘PtPh2H (2) (Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) occurs selectively at a pyrazole nitrogen atom and induces reductive elimination of methane or benzene. Subsequent addition of ligand, L, traps the platinum(II) intermediate and yields 3−8 and 10. Addition of 2 equiv of PMe2Ph led to the formation of trans-[κ1-((Hpz*)BHpz*2)Pt(Me)(PMe2Ph)2][BAr‘4] (9), a square-planar complex containing a rare monodentate protonated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand. Deprotonation of the pyrazolium ring (present after protonation of 1 or 2 and trapping with added ligand) led to the synthesis of neutral platinum(II) complexes of the type Tp‘PtR(L) (R = Me, L = MeCN (11), SMe2 (12), CO (13), CH2CH2 (14); R = Ph, L = MeCN (15)). Complexes 11, 12, and 15 exhibit square-planar coordination with a bidentate Tp‘ ligand, while complex 14 is trigonal bipyramidal. Tp‘PtMe(CO) (13) is present in solution in both isomeric forms. X-ray structure determinations for the cationic complexes 3 and 6−9 and the neutral square-planar complex 12 are reported.
Synthesis of a Nucleoside Phosphoramidate Prodrug Inhibitor of HCV NS5B Polymerase: Phenylboronate as a Transient Protecting Group (2014)

A synthetic process for 2′-C-methylcytidine-5′-[2-[(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)thio]ethyl-N-benzylphosphoramidate], a nucleotide prodrug inhibitor of hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase, is described. The route developed was demonstrated on 100 g scale and featured the key application of phenylboronic acid as an effective transient means to protect the 2′,3′-hydroxyls of 2′-C-methylcytidine. This synthetic methodology resulted in a reduction in the number of isolations from five to two and an increase in the overall yield by 50% relative to the original unscalable discovery route. The synthesis and characterization of 2′-C-methylcytidine-2′,3′-O-phenylboronate is also provided.
Variable temporal sampling and tube current modulation for myocardial blood flow estimation from dose-reduced dynamic computed tomography (2017)

Quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease. However, there are no widely accepted clinical methods for estimating MBF. Dynamic cardiac perfusion computed tomography (CT) holds the promise of providing a quick and easy method to measure MBF quantitatively. However, the need for repeated scans can potentially result in a high patient radiation dose, limiting the clinical acceptance of this approach. In our previous work, we explored techniques to reduce the patient dose by either uniformly reducing the tube current or by uniformly reducing the number of temporal frames in the dynamic CT sequence. These dose reduction techniques result in noisy time-attenuation curves (TACs), which can give rise to significant errors in MBF estimation. We seek to investigate whether nonuniformly varying the tube current and/or sampling intervals can yield more accurate MBF estimates for a given dose. Specifically, we try to minimize the dose and obtain the most accurate MBF estimate by addressing the following questions: when in the TAC should the CT data be collected and at what tube current(s)? We hypothesize that increasing the sampling rate and/or tube current during the time frames when the myocardial CT number is most sensitive to the flow rate, while reducing them elsewhere, can achieve better estimation accuracy for the same dose. We perform simulations of contrast agent kinetics and CT acquisitions to evaluate the relative MBF estimation performance of several clinically viable variable acquisition methods. We find that variable temporal and tube current sequences can be performed that impart an effective dose of 5.5 mSv and allow for reductions in MBF estimation root-mean-square error on the order of 20% compared to uniform acquisition sequences with comparable or higher radiation doses.
Supplementary Figure 2 from TYK2–STAT1–BCL2 Pathway Dependence in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 68K, Cell cycle distribution after TYK2 knockdown in T-ALL cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Three-Phase Bidirectional-Flyback Differential-Inverter for Synchronous Electrostatic Machines (2020)

Synchronous electrostatic machines can deliver extremely low loss while holding rated torque, with recent direct drive demonstrations of 0.625 W/Nm holding torque. Until now, power electronics topologies have focused on the support of wide torque-speed operation of these machines, resulting in drive systems that are suboptimal for applications largely operating at stall. Leveraging the ability of these machines to support dc-voltages without saturation, bidirectional flyback DC-DC converters are arranged to form a compact three-phase differential-inverter from a line to line terminal perspective. The arrangement is analytically modelled and analyzed for the position and hold application. This topology provides large voltage-gain and reduced component count eliminating isolated gate drivers. Utilized in discontinuous conduction mode at high frequencies, the topology has reduced switching loss and reduced magnetic component sizes. These attributes provide a suitable roadmap for drive integration with the machine. For comparison to the analytical model the converter is simulated in PLECS and Vdq0 controller is utilized for charge-oriented control.
Faecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infection in Hong Kong (2019)

Our results confirm that FMT is a safe, efficacious, and feasible intervention for patients with refractory or recurrent CDI in Hong Kong. Given the increasing disease burden and the lack of effective alternatives in Hong Kong for difficult-to-treat cases of CDI, we recommend that a territory-wide FMT service be established to address increasing demand for this treatment.
Introduction:  Frontiers in Organic Synthesis (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTIntroduction: Frontiers in Organic SynthesisPaul A. WenderView Author Information Stanford UniversityCite this: Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1, 1–2Publication Date (Web):February 1, 1996Publication History Published online1 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9500803https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9500803editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views4504Altmetric-Citations149LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (31 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Addition reactions,Biology,Molecules,Organic synthesis,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
High Quality Thin Body III-V-On-Insulator Channel Layer Transfer on Si Wafer Using Direct Wafer Bonding (2010)

Integration of III-V semiconductor compounds into Si wafers has been paid match attention because of requirements of the high electron mobility and low effective mass channel materials instead of Si and requirements for monolithic integration of the electrical and optical integration. However, it has been still challenging due to several differences between III-V semiconductor compounds and Si in material properties: lattice constant, thermal tolerance, and material toughness. Therefore, for fabricating thin body III-V-on-insulator (III-V-OI) on Si wafers with retaining the high crystal quality, we have developed low damage and low temperature direct wafer bonding (DWB) processes using buried oxide protection layers. We have demonstrated high electron channel mobility thin body III-V-OI metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on Si substrates. The transistor property has exceeded the Si MOSFETs and comparable to the bulk III-V MOSFETs, indicating that we can transfer the high crystal quality III-V-OI channel layers using these DWB processes.
Formal refinement and model checking of an echo cancellation unit (2004)

This article presents an approach, which combines theorem proving-based refinement with model checking for state based real-time systems. Our verification flow starts from UML state diagrams, which are translated to the formal B language and are model checked for real-time properties. By means of the B language and a B theorem prover, refined state diagrams are verified against their abstract representation. The approach is presented by means of the refinement of a digital echo cancellation unit.
Supplementary table 8 from Low Cancer Stem Cell Marker Expression and Low Hypoxia Identify Good Prognosis Subgroups in HPV(−) HNSCC after Postoperative Radiochemotherapy: A Multicenter Study of the DKTK-ROG (2023)

&lt;p&gt;A. Correlation of hypoxia gene-signatures and HPV16 DNA. B. Correlation of CSC marker expression and HPV16 DNA.&lt;/p&gt;
Progenitor‐Derived Endothelial Cell Therapy Restores Erectile Function (2008)

Introduction We examined whether endothelial cell therapy could restore normal erectile function in a diabetic rat model. We investigated the feasibility of using endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), obtained from peripheral blood, as a source of endothelial cells for therapy. Materials and Methods EPC, isolated from peripheral blood of donor rats, were induced into an endothelial cell lineage. The culture expanded endothelial cells were labeled with red fluorescent dye and injected directly into the dysfunctional corpora of diabetic rats, and followed for up to 12 weeks. Erectile function was assessed by intracavernous pressure and the corporal tissues were retrieved for analyses. Results and Discussion The progenitor and differentiated endothelial cell phenotypes were confirmed with cell specific antibodies. The animals injected with cells showed a substantial improvement in intracavernous pressure and their erectile function was restored to normal levels. Histologically, the implanted cells that were labeled with the fluorescent dye tracer PKH26 survived and integrated into the corporal tissue within the injected region. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the EPC‐derived endothelial cells are able to restore normal erectile function in a diabetic rat model. This cell‐based technology may be a viable treatment modality for diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction.
Workshop on the bone‐joint implant interface (1985)

A workshop on the bone-implant interface, as related to loosening of total joint implants, was held in Chicago on September 14-16, 1983. More than 60 orthopaedic clinicians and researchers and basic connective tissue biologists met to review problems and potential solutions to joint implant loosening. The following is a synopsis of the presentations and discussions.
Scented Material (2016)

Communication between designer and user is a challenge when designing for a wider spectrum of experiences and interfaces (e.g., tangible, multimodal, multisensory interaction). Our research aims to explore non-verbal communication methods for expressing olfactory experiences. In this paper, we present preliminary findings on the effect of scented material on physical creations using scented and unscented modeling clay. We compare features of abstract creations of three groups (i.e., vanilla scented, lemon scented, or unscented material). Our preliminary results confirm pre-existing mappings across shapes and scents. We discuss the various properties of the creations and discuss their relevance based on previous work and in particular its potential for HCI in the design of future interactive experiences.
[100] and [111] Si MOS transistors fabricated with low growth temperature (400°C) gate oxide by Kr/O/sub 2/ microwave-excited high-density plasma (2001)

A drastic reduction in the growth temperature (400/spl deg/C) of highly reliable SiO/sub 2/ gate oxides grown by a Kr/O/sub 2/ microwave-excited high-density plasma technique is shown to yield MOS I-V characteristics comparable to those obtained in transistors with conventionally grown dry gate oxides at 900/spl deg/C. The benefits of this technique are summarized.
Peripheral nerve regeneration using autologous porcine skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells (2011)

Porcine skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pSMSCs) were evaluated on their biological MSC characterizations and differentiation into mesenchymal lineages, along with in vitro and in vivo neural inductions. Isolated pSMSCs showed plate-adherent growth, expression of various MSC-marker proteins and transcriptional factors, and differentiation potential into mesenchymal lineages. Neuron-like cell morphology and various neural markers were highly detected at 6 h and 24 h after in vitro neural induction of pSMSCs, but their neuron-like characteristics disappeared as induction time extended to 48 and 72 h. To evaluate the in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration potential of pSMSCs, a total of 5 × 10(6) autologous pSMSCs labelled with tracking dye, supplemented with fibrin glue scaffold and collagen tubulization, were transplanted into the peripheral nerve defected miniature pigs. At 2 and 4 weeks after cell transplantation, well-preserved transplanted cells and remarkable in vivo nerve regeneration, including histologically complete nerve bundles, were observed in the regenerated nerve tissues. Moreover, S-100 protein and p75 nerve growth factor receptor were more highly detected in regenerated nerve fibres compared to non-cell grafted control fibres. These results suggest that autologous pSMSCs transplanted with fibrin glue scaffold can induce prominent nerve regeneration in porcine peripheral nerve defect sites.
Adaptive data rate multi-carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum in rayleigh fading (2005)

We propose an adaptive data rate multi-carrier direct sequence spread spectrum system for transmission over frequency selective, slowly fading channels. Adaptation is via the transformation used to distribute symbols across the subcarriers. Initially, the transformation is either a serial-to-parallel conversion of the incoming data into M parallel streams, or a split of each symbol across M subcarriers. By keeping the subcarrier symbol and chip rates constant, in split mode, we obtain a bit rate R/sub b/ equal to the symbol rate R/sub s/, and frequency diversity through maximal ratio combining. Conversely, when the channel is not deeply fading, the S:P transformation is used, and we treat each subcarrier as a single-carrier one, obtaining a bit rate R/sub b/=MR/sub s/. The adaptive transformation is analyzed using order statistics, and we use these analytical and computer simulation results to show that our proposed system has a higher data rate than a pure "split" system, and better error performance than a pure S:P system, and can operate anywhere between these two extremes via selection of an appropriate threshold.
Atmospheric Deposition and Critical Loads for Nitrogen and Metals in Arctic Alaska: Review and Current Status (2013)

To protect important resources under their bureau’s purview, the United States National Park Service’s (NPS) Arctic Network (ARCN) has developed a series of “vital signs” that are to be periodically monitored. One of these vital signs focuses on wet and dry deposition of atmospheric chemicals and further, the establishment of critical load (CL) values (thresholds for ecological effects based on cumulative depositional loadings) for nitrogen (N), sulfur, and metals. As part of the ARCN terrestrial monitoring programs, samples of the feather moss Hylocomium splendens are being collected and analyzed as a cost-effective means to monitor atmospheric pollutant deposition in this region. Ultimately, moss data combined with refined CL values might be used to help guide future regulation of atmospheric contaminant sources potentially impacting Arctic Alaska. But first, additional long-term studies are needed to determine patterns of contaminant deposition as measured by moss biomonitors and to quantify ecosystem responses at particular loadings/ ranges of contaminants within Arctic Alaska. Herein we briefly summarize 1) current regulatory guidance related to CL values 2) derivation of CL models for N and metals, 3) use of mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition and loadings, 4) preliminary analysis of vulnerabilities and risks associated with CL estimates for N, 5) preliminary analysis of existing data for characterization of CL values for N for interior Alaska and 6) implications for managers and future research needs.
Manual Correction of CT-Derived Airway Segmentations for Artificial Intelligence Applications: A Technical Note (2021)

Poster: ECR 2021 / C-10975 / Manual Correction of CT-Derived Airway Segmentations for Artificial Intelligence Applications: A Technical Note by: I. Dudurych 1, A. Garcia-Uceda Juarez2, R. Vliegenthart1, M. de Bruijne2; 1Groningen/NL, 2Rotterdam/NL