gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Natural Product Synthesis: Application of Ru‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring‐Opening/Cross‐Metathesis and Cu‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation to Total Synthesis of Baconipyrone C (2007)

Chiral carbenes as major players: Two recently discovered chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes play a crucial role in a concise enantioselective total synthesis of baconipyrone C (see scheme). An (NHC)Cu complex catalyzes a double asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA), and an (NHC)Ru complex catalyzes an asymmetric ring-opening/cross-metathesis (AROM/CM) to establish the absolute configuration of the target. RCM=ring-closing metathesis. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700501_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Increased Frequency of Pre-germinal Center B Cells and Plasma Cell Precursors in the Blood of Children with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2001)

We have analyzed the blood B cell subpopulations of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls. We found that the normal recirculating mature B cell pool is composed of four subsets: conventional naive and memory B cells, a novel B cell subset with pregerminal center phenotype (IgD(+)CD38(+)centerin(+)), and a plasma cell precursor subset (CD20(-)CD19(+/low)CD27(+/++) CD38(++)). In SLE patients, naive and memory B cells (CD20(+)CD38(-)) are approximately 90% reduced, whereas oligoclonal plasma cell precursors are 3-fold expanded, independently of disease activity and modality of therapy. Pregerminal center cells in SLE are decreased to a lesser extent than conventional B cells, and therefore represent the predominant blood B cell subset in a number of patients. Thus, SLE is associated with major blood B cell subset alterations.
Heart failure treatment up‐titration and outcome and age: an analysis of BIOSTAT‐CHF (2020)

Achieving higher doses of ACEI/ARB was associated with improved outcome regardless of age. However, achieving higher doses of beta-blockers was only associated with improved outcome in younger, but not in older patients.
Electromagnetic Pelvic Floor Stimulation: Applications for the Gynecologist (2000)

The therapeutic potential of magnetic energy has been a subject of long-standing interest within both conventional and alternative medical practice. Numerous devices using magnetic fields, ranging from the dubious to truly innovative, have claimed a wide variety of clinical benefits. For gynecologists involved with the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic floor and bladder dysfunction, magnetic stimulation of the sacral nerve roots and peripheral nerves continues to evolve as a noninvasive treatment alternative. The conduction characteristics of magnetic energy confer several practical advantages for its use. This article reviews the use of electromagnetic stimulation for treatment of common urogynecologic conditions, and provides an historical overview of the therapeutic application of electromagnetic energy.
An electronically reconfigurable reflectarray element based on binary phase shifters for K-band applications (2016)

A reflectarray concept which allows electronic beam-steering by using a binary phase approximation is presented. The proposed antenna element works at 24 GHz and is comprised of an aperture-coupled patch antenna with an open-ended microstrip line on the backside to obtain the proper phase distribution on the reflectarray aperture. Electronic beam-steering is achieved by applying PIN diodes on the individual reflectarray elements. To simplify the control process of the antenna, the elements function as one-bit phase shifters either reflecting with a 0° or 180° phase shift. The reflectarray element is verified by measurements obtained with a prototype in a waveguide simulator setup.
Evaluating color difference equation performance incorporating visual uncertainty (2009)

Abstract Five thousand randomized ellipsoids for each of 19 color centers comprising the RIT‐DuPont dataset were generated based on both the tolerance median ( T 50) and visual uncertainty (fiducial limits). When plotted as two‐space projections, they provided a qualitative description of the ellipsoid reliability, this reliability was dependent on visual uncertainty. The ellipsoids were considered as local color‐difference equations. STRESS was calculated for each ellipsoid, quantifying the deviation between visual color differences and numerical color differences calculated by the T 50‐based ellipsoids, the randomized ellipsoids and three color‐difference equations: CIELAB, CIE94, and CIEDE2000. F ‐tests comparing STRESS determined statistical significance between calculated and visual color differences. The percentage of randomized ellipsoids that were beyond the critical F values was used as a metric for determining whether a color difference equation was under‐ or over‐fitting the visual data. A nonellipsoid method and an average standard error method were developed and tested for cases when the dataset may not enable ellipsoid fitting and where uncertainty has been reported only as an average standard error. In the latter case, only equation under‐fitting could be determined. Thus visual uncertainty can be used as a criterion in both equation development and evaluation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 375–390, 2009
KP544 amplifies the effects of nerve growth factor on cell differentiation and is neuroprotective (2004)

Abstract The ability of endogenous neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), to promote the survival and development of neurons provides convincing evidence for their therapeutic potential, despite significant barriers to their successful clinical use. Many of these barriers might be surmountable, however, by strategies that enhance endogenous neurotrophin signaling. We evaluated a series of substituted pyrimidines for their ability to enhance the effects of NGF. KP544 [2‐amino‐5‐(4‐chlorophenylethynyl)‐4‐(4‐trans‐hydroxycyclohexylamino) pyrimidine] amplified NGF‐induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells approximately 2‐fold at 2 µM. KP544 also enhanced choline acetyltransferase activity, a marker of differentiation induced by either NGF or by cyclic AMP, by 3‐ to 8‐fold, with a 2‐fold amplification at 0.12–0.3 µM. This amplification occurred at all concentrations of NGF used including those that maximally stimulated the cells. KP544 did not increase the levels of phosphorylated mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) above that seen with NGF alone. These studies suggested that KP544 functions within the cell at a site that is downstream from or independent of MAPK signaling. NGF‐induced neurite outgrowth in a human cell line (SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells) was also enhanced with KP544 treatment. Primary embryonic rat cortical cultures were used to extend the observations beyond the studies with the immortalized cell lines. In addition to effects on neurite outgrowth, KP544 protected these cells from glutamate‐induced death. Overall, the data suggest that KP544 can selectively interact in the differentiation pathway downstream of MAPK in a manner that amplifies nerve growth factor and cyclic AMP effects and is also neuroprotective. Drug Dev. Res. 62:49–59, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and Performance of an Ultra-Compact Low-Speed Low-Turbulence Level Wind Tunnel for Aerodynamic and Animal Flight Experiments (2020)

The paper presents a novel closed-circuit ultra-compact wind tunnel with an 8:1 contraction ratio and high flow quality. Its key design features include a 2D-type main diffuser, a minimum length contraction, and a screened expanding vane cascade in the last corner. These features reduce the overall tunnel footprint area to less than half of the area of a conventional tunnel design with the same test section size and same contraction ratio. The test section turbulence level is a very low 0.03% over a 4Hz–8500Hz bandwidth.
High performance, wide angle, macro focus, zoom lens for 35mm cinematography (1998)

Today, zoom lenses dominate many optically dependent consumer and industrial products including photocopiers, point and shoot still cameras and video camcorders, to name just a few. However, in high performance applications, such as motion picture feature films, their acceptance has been limited due to a specific blend of optical and physical requirements; for example, high contrast image quality, continuous focusing to macro magnifications, minimal optical ‘breathing’ and small size, volume and weight.
In vitro assay for theBacillus subtilissignal peptidase SipS: Systems for efficient in vitro transcription-translation and processing of precursors of secreted proteins (1993)

The signal peptidase (SPase) SipS of Bacillus subtilis is responsible for the processing of precursors of secreted proteins. It differs from the SPases of Gram-negative bacteria in structure and specificity. To assay the activity of SipS in vitro, two efficient transcription-translation systems for the synthesis of radio-labelled precursors were developed. The systems were completely derived from B. subtilis. Post-translational in vitro processing of pre-staphylokinase by SipS was demonstrated. SipS activity was stimulated in vitro by several non-ionic detergents, whereas it was not affected by a large variety of proteinase inhibitors. SipS shares the latter property with other SPases.
On the value of temporal information in information retrieval (2007)

Time is an important dimension of any information space and can be very useful in information retrieval. Current information retrieval systems and applications do not take advantage of all the time information available in the content of documents to provide better search results and user experience. In this paper we show some of the areas that can benefit from exploiting such temporal information.
Effect of electrolyte on the nanostructure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and performance of lithium metal anodes (2018)

Nanostructure of the SEI may be as important as the molecular composition of the SEI for good cycling performance of lithium metal anodes.
Steering Damper Effect on Brake Roughness and Bump Steer Feedback (1996)

Abstract This paper presents the effect of a steering damper on brake roughness and bump steer feedback. Brake roughness (brake judder) refers to the tactile vibrations that occur during braking, and bump steer feedback is the steering wheel feedback perceived by the driver during vehicle bump steer. The paper attempts to capture the significant characteristics of the transfer path of brake roughness and bump steer feedback in the steering system. An analytical model was derived and an experimental study was performed. Both quantitative road test data and qualitative analysis were presented to show the influence of the application of a steering damper. The experimental study verifies the source of brake roughness and shows the improvement in the steering system with the application of a steering damper. The paper further discusses how the steering system can be tuned to be more robust against brake roughness and bump steer feedback. Conclusions are made for steering damper effect and recommendations are made for brake roughness problem.
Reverse Leakage Mechanism of Dislocation-Free GaN Vertical p-n Diodes (2023)

The reverse leakage mechanism of threading dislocation (TD)-free gallium nitride (GaN) vertical p-n diode was investigated in various temperature range, and it was compared with that of the p-n diode having a threading dislocation density (TDD) of around <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^{{6}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . The reverse leakage current was increased markedly by increasing the temperature from 400 K, the dominant mechanism was explained by thermionic and Poole-Frenkel emissions for TD-free and high-TDD p-n diodes, respectively. At high temperatures and electric fields, the leakage current of the high TDD p-n diode showed 2 times higher than the TD-free p-n diode. These results indicate that the performance of vertical GaN devices, especially when employed at high temperatures and electric fields, can be enhanced by removing TDs.
Three-sided pyramid wavefront sensor, part 1: simulations and analysis for astronomical adaptive optics (2021)

The Giant Segmented Mirror Telescopes (GSMTs) including the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), and the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), all have extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) instruments planned that will use pyramid wavefront sensors (PWFS). The ExAO instruments all have common features: a high-actuator-count deformable mirror running at extreme speeds (>1 kHz); a high-performance wavefront sensor (WFS); and a high-contrast coronagraph. ExAO WFS performance is currently limited by the need for high spatial sampling of the wavefront which requires large detectors. For ExAO instruments for the next generation of telescopes, alternative architectures of WFS are under consideration because there is a trade-off between detector size, speed, and noise that reduces the performance of GSMT-ExAO wavefront control. One option under consideration for a GSMT-ExAO wavefront sensor is a three-sided PWFS (3PWFS). The 3PWFS creates three copies of the telescope pupil for wavefront sensing, compared to the conventional four-sided PWFS (4PWFS), which uses four pupils. The 3PWFS uses fewer detector pixels than the 4PWFS and should therefore be less sensitive to read noise. Here we develop a mathematical formalism based on the diffraction theory description of the Foucault knife-edge test that predicts the intensity pattern after the PWFS. Our formalism allows us to calculate the intensity in the pupil images formed by the PWFS in the presence of phase errors corresponding to arbitrary Fourier modes. We use these results to motivate how we process signals from a 3PWFS. We compare the raw intensity (RI) method, and derive the Slopes Maps (SM) calculation for the 3PWFS, which combines the three pupil images of the 3PWFS to obtain the X and Y slopes of the wavefront. We then use the Object Oriented MATLAB Adaptive Optics toolbox (OOMAO) to simulate an end-to-end model of an AO system using a PWFS with modulation and compare the performance of the 3PWFS to the 4PWFS. In the case of a low read noise detector, the Strehl ratios of the 3PWFS and 4PWFS are within 0.01. When we included higher read noise in the simulation, we found a Strehl ratio gain of 0.036 for the 3PWFS using RI over the 4PWFS using SM at a stellar magnitude of 10. At the same magnitude, the 4PWFS RI also outperformed the 4PWFS SM, but the gain was only 0.012 Strehl. This is significant because 4PWFS using SM is how the PWFS is conventionally used for AO wavefront sensing. We have found that the 3PWFS is a viable WFS that can fully reconstruct a wavefront and produce a stable closed-loop with correction comparable to that of a 4PWFS, with modestly better performance for high read-noise detectors.
Speaker independent speech recognition method with constrained time alignment near phoneme discriminative frame (2002)

We present constrained time alignment acoustic models based on phonetic knowledge and a speaker independent speech recognition method with the models. Japanese syllable and isolated word recognition experiments show that the models have robustness to intra- and inter-speaker varieties such as acoustic diversity. Furthermore we apply the models to a large vocabulary recognizer which works on a PC in real time. It reveals the feasibility of the models in a 5168 word recognition experiment under practical conditions such as endpoint-free matching and nonstationary noise environments.
An Integrated Approach to a Portable and Low‐Cost Immunoassay for Resource‐Poor Settings (2004)

Alles im Kasten: Ein preisgünstiger, tragbarer Proteindetektor, der unter Feldbedingungen wie direktem Sonnenlicht arbeitet, wurde entwickelt. Der „POCKET-Immunoassay“ (siehe Bild) besteht aus kommerziellen Bauteilen und hat eine analytische Performance ähnlich der von herkömmlichen Laborgeräten. Er könnte z. B. für die Diagnose von HIV-Infektionen in Entwicklungsländern eingesetzt werden. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2004/z53016_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Statistical Control Schemes: Methods, Applications and Generalizations (1993)

Summary Statistical control schemes are widely used in industry for monitoring the quality of manufactured products. These schemes provide statistically motivated criteria for detecting deviations in behavior of incoming data from some expected or desirable patterns. The present work considers some theoretical and graphical aspects of control charting and relations between this area and the field of engineering process control. The emphasis of the paper is on the Cusum technique and its relation to other statistical tools, such as the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA). Also discussed are generalizations of this technique that enable one to incorporate concomitant information in the decision making process, as well as introduce weights which not only enhance the statistical performance of a Cusum chart with respect to drifts in the process mean, but also lead to a type of chart suitable for the purpose of multivariate statistical process control. Use of the discussed techniques is illustrated by means of several examples.
Modelling subject-specific childhood growth using linear mixed-effect models with cubic regression splines (2016)

Through this stepwise approach, we provide a set of tools to model longitudinal childhood data for non-statisticians using linear mixed-effect models.
Flexible top-emitting OLEDs for lighting: bending limits (2013)

Flexible OLED light sources have great appeal due to new design options, being unbreakable and their low weight. Top-emitting OLED device architectures offer the broadest choice of substrate materials including metals which are robust, impermeable to humidity, and good thermal conductors making them promising candidates for flexible OLED device substrates. In this study, we investigate the bending limits of flexible top-emitting OLED lighting devices with transparent metal electrode and thin film encapsulation on a variety of both metal and plastic foils. The samples were subjected to concave and convex bending and inspected by different testing methods for the onset of breakdown for example visible defects and encapsulation failures. The critical failure modes were identified as rupture of the transparent thin metal top electrode and encapsulation for convex bending and buckling of the transparent metal top electrode for concave bending. We investigated influences from substrate material and thickness and top coating thickness. The substrate thickness is found to dominate bending limits as expected by neutral layer modeling. Coating shows strong improvements for all substrates. Bending radii &lt;15mm are achieved for both convex and concave testing without damage to devices including their encapsulation.
Tamarin alpha-interferon is active in mouse liver upon intramuscular gene delivery (2001)

The present study demonstrates that the delivery of tIFN-alpha DNA via intramuscular injection yields a functional protein able to produce biological effects inside a remote target organ, the liver. This finding, besides the specific purpose of the present study, is of general relevance with a view to establishing therapeutic protocols based on EGT.
Acromegaly : renal functions before and 2 months after successfull adenomectomy (1986)

peer reviewed
Exfoliation targeted toughness enhancement in polypropylene‐blend‐ montmorillonite nanocomposites (2008)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Both exfoliated and toughened polypropylene‐ blend ‐montmorillonite (PP/MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by melt extrusion in a twin‐screw extruder. Special attention was paid to the enhancement of clay exfoliation and toughness properties of PP by the introduction of a rubber in the form of compatibilizer toughener: ethylene propylene diene‐based rubber grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM‐ g ‐MA). RESULTS: The resultant nanocomposites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis and Izod impact testing methods. It was found that the desired exfoliated nanocomposite structure could be achieved for all compatibilizer to organoclay ratios as well as clay loadings. Moreover, a mechanism involving a decreased size of rubber domains surrounded with nanolayers as well as exfoliation of the nanolayers in the PP matrix was found to be responsible for a dramatic increase in impact resistance of the nanocomposites. CONCLUSION: Improved thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of the resultant nanocomposites promise to open the way for highly toughened super PPs via nanocomposite assemblies even with very low degrees of loading. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The third restriction–modification system from Thermus aquaticus YT-1: solving the riddle of two TaqII specificities (2017)

Two restriction-modification systems have been previously discovered in Thermus aquaticus YT-1. TaqI is a 263-amino acid (aa) Type IIP restriction enzyme that recognizes and cleaves within the symmetric sequence 5'-TCGA-3'. TaqII, in contrast, is a 1105-aa Type IIC restriction-and-modification enzyme, one of a family of Thermus homologs. TaqII was originally reported to recognize two different asymmetric sequences: 5'-GACCGA-3' and 5'-CACCCA-3'. We previously cloned the taqIIRM gene, purified the recombinant protein from Escherichia coli, and showed that TaqII recognizes the 5'-GACCGA-3' sequence only. Here, we report the discovery, isolation, and characterization of TaqIII, the third R-M system from T. aquaticus YT-1. TaqIII is a 1101-aa Type IIC/IIL enzyme and recognizes the 5'-CACCCA-3' sequence previously attributed to TaqII. The cleavage site is 11/9 nucleotides downstream of the A residue. The enzyme exhibits striking biochemical similarity to TaqII. The 93% identity between their aa sequences suggests that they have a common evolutionary origin. The genes are located on two separate plasmids, and are probably paralogs or pseudoparalogs. Putative positions and aa that specify DNA recognition were identified and recognition motifs for 6 uncharacterized Thermus-family enzymes were predicted.