gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic expectations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second updates in reward predictions (2023)

Expectations are often dynamic: any sports fan knows that expectations are rapidly updated as games unfold. Yet expectations have traditionally been studied as static. Here, using slot machines as a case study, we provide parallel behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of sub-second moment-to-moment changes in expectations. In Study 1, we show that the dynamics of the EEG signal before the slot machine stopped differed depending on the nature of the outcome, including not only whether the participant won or lost, but also how close they came to winning. In line with our predictions, Near Win Before outcomes (the slot machine stops one item before a match) were similar to Wins, but different than Near Win After (the machine stops one item after a match) and Full Miss (the machine stops two or three items from a match). In Study 2, we designed a novel behavioral paradigm to measure moment-to-moment changes in expectations via dynamic betting. We found that different outcomes also elicited unique expectation trajectories in the deceleration phase. Notably, these behavioral expectation trajectories paralleled Study 1's EEG activity in the last second prior to the machine's stop. In Studies 3 (EEG) and 4 (behavior) we replicated these findings in the loss domain where a match entails a loss. Again, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and EEG results. These four studies provide the first evidence that dynamic sub-second updates in expectations can be behaviorally and electrophysiologically measured. Our findings open up new avenues for studying the ongoing dynamics of reward expectations and their role in healthy and unhealthy cognition.
Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide Contributes to the Regulation of Venous Tone in Humans (2000)

Human forearm capacitance veins exhibit both stimulated and basal NO activity, which indicates that NO contributes not only to the regulation of venous tone but also to resting venous tone in healthy human subjects.
The true single-port compartor in multiple channel SAR ADC (2021)

Sometimes, the high-resolution A/D converter needs more ADC cores in one A/D chip. At this time, the area of layout will become the key factor of A/D design alternative. Except layout design, it also needs some special schematic structure to decrease the layout of A/D chip. In SAR A/D convertor, the core units are SAR capacitor array and comparator. In typical comparator apply, the comparator is the two-ports comparator, and one port of compatator will connect the SAR capacitor array, another port will connect a equal capacitor array. Although this comparator has the high resolution in compare stage, it also costs more layout area. This paper will introduce a real single-port comparator unit schematic structure in SAR A/D convertor, it only need one SAR capacitor array to decraese the layout area, and it also can identifies 3uV in compare stage. At last, through simulation verification and finished circuit test, this comparator in this paper can saisfied the apply of 16-bit SAR A/D convertor.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL GRIGNARD REACTION OF α‐ARYLCINNAMONITRILES (1978)

Abstract Die Reaktion der Titelverbindungen (I) mit überschüssigen Grignardreagenzien liefert die Dialkylpropionitrile (II), vorwiegend in der erythro‐Form, neben geringen Mengen der threo‐Form.
Mutant p53L194F Harboring Luminal-A Breast Cancer Cells Are Refractory to Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Response to MortaparibPlus, a Multimodal Small Molecule Inhibitor (2021)

We previously performed a drug screening to identify a potential inhibitor of mortalin-p53 interaction. In four rounds of screenings based on the shift in mortalin immunostaining pattern from perinuclear to pan-cytoplasmic and nuclear enrichment of p53, we had identified Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup> (4-[(1E)-2-(2-phenylindol-3-yl)-1-azavinyl]-1,2,4-triazole) as a novel synthetic small molecule. In order to validate its activity and mechanism of action, we recruited Luminal-A breast cancer cells, MCF-7 (p53<sup>wild type</sup>) and T47D (p53<sup>L194F</sup>) and performed extensive biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. Molecular analyses revealed that Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup> is capable of abrogating mortalin-p53 interaction in both MCF-7 and T47D cells. Intriguingly, upregulation of transcriptional activation function of p53 (as marked by upregulation of the p53 effector gene-<i>p21<sup>WAF1</sup></i>-responsible for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis) was recorded only in Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup>-treated MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup>-treated T47D cells exhibited hyperactivation of PARP1 (accumulation of PAR polymer and decrease in ATP levels) as a possible non-p53 tumor suppression program. However, these cells did not show full signs of either apoptosis or PAR-Thanatos. Molecular analyses attributed such a response to the inability of Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup> to disrupt the AIF-mortalin complexes; hence, AIF did not translocate to the nucleus to induce chromatinolysis and DNA degradation. These data suggested that the cancer cells possessing enriched levels of such complexes may not respond to Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup>. Taken together, we report the multimodal anticancer potential of Mortaparib<sup>Plus</sup> that warrants further attention in laboratory and clinical studies.
Well-Characterized Monodisperse Latexes as Model Colloids (1973)

Abstract Monodisperse polystyrene latexes prepared with persulfate-ion initiator can be ion exchanged to remove the adsorbed emulsifier and solute electrolyte. Rigorous purification of the ion-exchange'resins is necessary to avoid contamination with leached polyelectrolytes. These ion-exchanged latexes are stabilized with the residual sulfate end-groups of the polymer molecules, the number of which is determined by conductoroetric titration. The result is a dispersion of monodisperse spheres with-a constant and known surface charge due to chemically-bound strong-acid groups. These latexes are ideal models for colloidal studies. Preliminary experiments of stability, adsorption, sedimentation, viscosity, interference colors, and conductance give consistent results, e.g., the particle double-layer interactions determined by viscosity are in accord -with the particle spacings estimated from interference colors, the double-layer parameters estimated from conductometric titration and conductance measurements account for the measured decrease in sedimentation rate due to double-layer interactions, and the molecular area of sodium dodecyl sulfate measured by adsorption in latex is in agreement with literature values.
Methods for Cross‐Linking Nucleic Acids (2003)

Peer Reviewed
47.2: Solid‐State Lasers Emitting at Red, Green and Orange Wavelengths for Projection Applications (2011)

Abstract Lasers will bring a further step in terms of compactness and efficiency for projection systems. However, the availability of suitable green laser sources limits the advent of laser projection. Blue diode pumped solid‐state lasers are presented here as one promising way to realize green, red and orange lasers that are specifically suited for projection applications.
Introducing Resource Awareness to SR Segments (2020)

This document describes the mechanism to associate network resource
attributes to Segment Routing Identifiers (SIDs). Such SIDs are
referred to as resource-aware SIDs in this document. The resource-
aware SIDs retain their original forwarding semantics, but with the
additional semantics to identify the set of network resources
available for the packet processing action. The resource-aware SIDs
can therefore be used to build SR paths or virtual networks with a set
of reserved network resources. The proposed mechanism is applicable to
both segment routing with MPLS data plane (SR-MPLS) and segment
routing with IPv6 data plane (SRv6).
Misperceptions in stereoscopic displays (2008)

3d shape and scene layout are often misperceived when viewing stereoscopic displays. For example, viewing from the wrong distance alters an object's perceived size and shape. It is crucial to understand the causes of such misperceptions so one can determine the best approaches for minimizing them. The standard model of misperception is geometric. The retinal images are calculated by projecting from the stereo images to the viewer's eyes. Rays are back-projected from corresponding retinal-image points into space and the ray intersections are determined. The intersections yield the coordinates of the predicted percept. We develop the mathematics of this model. In many cases its predictions are close to what viewers perceive. There are three important cases, however, in which the model fails: 1) when the viewer's head is rotated about a vertical axis relative to the stereo display (yaw rotation); 2) when the head is rotated about a forward axis (roll rotation); 3) when there is a mismatch between the camera convergence and the way in which the stereo images are displayed. In these cases, most rays from corresponding retinal-image points do not intersect, so the standard model cannot provide an estimate for the 3d percept. Nonetheless, viewers in these situations have coherent 3d percepts, so the visual system must use another method to estimate 3d structure. We show that the non-intersecting rays generate vertical disparities in the retinal images that do not arise otherwise. Findings in vision science show that such disparities are crucial signals in the visual system's interpretation of stereo images. We show that a model that incorporates vertical disparities predicts the percepts associated with improper viewing of stereoscopic displays. Improving the model of misperceptions will aid the design and presentation of 3d displays.
Mutational Analysis and Biochemical Characterization of theBurkholderia thailandensisDW503 Quorum-Sensing Network (2004)

Numerous gram-negative bacteria communicate and regulate gene expression through a cell density-responsive mechanism termed quorum sensing (QS), which involves the synthesis and perception of diffusible N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL). In this study we genetically and physiologically characterized the Burkholderia thailandensis DW503 QS network. In silico analysis of the B. thailandensis genome revealed the presence of at least three AHL synthases (AHS) and five transcriptional regulators belonging to the LuxIR family of proteins. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that wild-type B. thailandensis synthesizes N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (C6-HSL), N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL), and N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone (C10-HSL). Mutation of the btaI1 (luxI) AHS gene prevented accumulation of C8-HSL in culture supernatants, enhanced beta-hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, increased lipase production, and altered colony morphology on swarming and twitching motility plates. Disruption of the btaI3 (luxI) AHS prevented biosynthesis of C6-HSL and increased lipase production and beta-hemolysis, whereas mutagenesis of the btaI2 (luxI) allele eliminated C10-HSL accumulation and reduced lipase production. Complementation of the btaI1 and btaI3 mutants fully restored the synthesis of C8-HSL and C6-HSL to parental levels. In contrast, mutagenesis of the btaR1, btaR3, btaR4, and btaR5 (luxR) transcriptional regulators had no effect on AHL accumulation, enhanced lipase production, and resulted in extensive beta-hemolysis on sheep blood agar plates. Furthermore, interruption of the btaI1, btaR1, and btaR3 genes altered colony morphology on twitching and swarming motility plates and induced pigmentation. Additionally, phenotypic microarray analysis indicated that QS in B. thailandensis both positively and negatively affects the metabolism of numerous substrates, including citric acid, formic acid, glucose 6-phosphate, capric acid, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and d-arabinose. These results demonstrate that mutagenesis of the B. thailandensis QS system affects various cellular processes, including lipase production, swarming and twitching motility, beta-hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, and carbon metabolism and/or transport.
Verbesserung der Dysfunktion der primären Hämostase nach erfolgreicher Lebertransplantation: Eine Analyse der in-vitro Blutungszeit mittels des Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100) (2013)

Einleitung: Patienten mit Leberzirrhose weisen Veränderungen der Thrombozytenzahl und des von Willebrand-Faktor (vWF) auf. Beide sind entscheidend an der primären Hämostase beteiligt.
Ultralow-threshold cryogenic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (2000)

Data are presented characterizing a low-threshold vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser designed for cryogenic operation. A threshold current of 12 μA and current density of 25 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are obtained at 77 K with the low-loss cavity design. From 77 K to 160 K, the threshold increases linearly with temperature, but only approximately tracks the detuning of the cavity resonance from the minimum energy transition of the quantum well. At 77 K, we estimate that the 25-A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> threshold current density is about twice that required for transparency.
Delayed classic and protracted phenotypes of compound heterozygous juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1999)

JNCL can manifest as at least three different phenotypes: classic, delayed classic, and protracted JNCL with predominantly ocular symptoms. Finnish compound heterozygotes have the delayed classic or the protracted form of JNCL.
Single‐cell zeroth‐order protein degradation enhances the robustness of synthetic oscillator (2007)

In Escherichia coli, protein degradation in synthetic circuits is commonly achieved by the ssrA-tagged degradation system. In this work, we show that the degradation kinetics for the green fluorescent protein fused with the native ssrA tag in each cell exhibits the zeroth-order limit of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, rather than the commonly assumed first-order. When measured in a population, the wide distribution of protein levels in the cells distorts the true kinetics and results in a first-order protein degradation kinetics as a population average. Using the synthetic gene-metabolic oscillator constructed previously, we demonstrated theoretically that the zeroth-order kinetics significantly enlarges the parameter space for oscillation and thus enhances the robustness of the design under parametric uncertainty.
Differential effects of the incorporation of 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D- arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU) on the binding of the transcription factors, AP-1 and TFIID, to their cognate target DNA sequences (1996)

The thymidine analog, 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabino-furanosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU), is incorporated into DNA in cell culture and in vivo. To investigate the effect of incorporation of FIAU into DNA on the binding of transcription factors, oligonucleotide duplexes which bind specifically to activator protein 1 (AP-1) or to TFIID were synthesized and binding of these oligonucleotides to their respective proteins was studied using gel-shift analysis. When thymidine at position -3, -1, 1 or 7 (relative to the first thymidine of the core binding sequence) was replaced with FIAU, binding to AP-1 was approximately 82, 28, 86 and 51%, respectively, of the binding to the non-substituted oligonucleotide to AP-1. When thymidine at position 3 or 5 (each adjacent to the center of dyad symmetry) was replaced with FIAU, binding to AP-1 was abrogated. Oligonucleotides containing FIAU at positions -1, 3 or 5, were much less able to compete with radiolabeled wild-type oligonucleotides for binding to AP-1. In contrast, the presence of FIAU, depending on its location, resulted in the increased binding of TFIID to its consensus target DNA sequence. These results indicate that incorporation of FIAU into DNA may induce local conformational changes resulting in the altered ability of transcriptional factors to bind to their cognate DNA sequences. Additional studies demonstrated that the presence of FIAU at a position 5' to the cleavage site in the consensus sequence T*TAA (where * is the cleavage site) inhibited restriction of the oligomeric duplex by MseI.
Highly Reflective and Low Resistance Indium Tin Oxide/Ag Ohmic Contacts to p-Type GaN for Flip-Chip Light Emitting Diodes (2005)

We report on the formation of high-quality Ag contacts to by using indium-tin oxide (ITO) interlayers. The contacts give specific contact resistances of when annealed at for in air. The reflectance of the is measured to be 85% at , which is much better than that of the and the single Ag contacts. Light-emitting diodes fabricated with the contact gives much higher output power than those with the and single-Ag reflective contacts.
Rethinking Softmax Cross-Entropy Loss for Adversarial Robustness (2019)

Previous work shows that adversarially robust generalization requires larger sample complexity, and the same dataset, e.g., CIFAR-10, which enables good standard accuracy may not suffice to train robust models. Since collecting new training data could be costly, we focus on better utilizing the given data by inducing the regions with high sample density in the feature space, which could lead to locally sufficient samples for robust learning. We first formally show that the softmax cross-entropy (SCE) loss and its variants convey inappropriate supervisory signals, which encourage the learned feature points to spread over the space sparsely in training. This inspires us to propose the Max-Mahalanobis center (MMC) loss to explicitly induce dense feature regions in order to benefit robustness. Namely, the MMC loss encourages the model to concentrate on learning ordered and compact representations, which gather around the preset optimal centers for different classes. We empirically demonstrate that applying the MMC loss can significantly improve robustness even under strong adaptive attacks, while keeping state-of-the-art accuracy on clean inputs with little extra computation compared to the SCE loss.
Post‐translational protein modifications of transthyretin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2010)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common form of motor neuron disease, is progressive, fatal and poorly understood. Currently, established and objective molecular markers for diagnosis and monitoring of ALS are lacking. Our laboratory previously identified transthyretin (TTR) as a candidate protein biomarker for ALS using mass spectrometry‐based proteomics. We observed decreased TTR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients compared to controls. To further characterize the role of TTR, longitudinal CSF samples were analyzed. Using mass spectrometry, alterations in specific post‐translationally modified forms were observed. In particular, oxidative modifications of TTR at the sole cysteine residue [including adducts with cysteine or cysteinylglycine] were altered in ALS. These modified forms did not change over the course of the disease nor did they correlate with measures of disease progression. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) specific for total TTR showed no significant change in TTR protein levels over the course of the disease suggesting that altered post‐translational protein modifications as opposed to total protein levels are important. As modifications of TTR at this residue are critical for stabilization of the tetrameric form of the protein, the functional importance of these alterations and their impact on protein aggregation are being further investigated. Research Support: NIH grant ES013469 (RB); NIH T32 EB001026 (CK); NIH T32 05 TL1 RR024155‐02 (CK)
Source-pulsed dynamic-threshold CMOS SRAMs for fast, portable applications (2000)

A novel quad-rail CMOS SRAM cell architecture that doubles cell read current, improves cell static noise margin (SNM) by 70%, increases cell immunity to SER, and lowers cell standby power by over an order of magnitude is proposed. These improvements over conventional 6T CMOS SRAM cells, verified with HSPICE simulations on a 0.18µm industrial process are achieved by implementing a scheme of WL transition triggered pulses on power, ground and substrate terminals of cell transistors that share a common WL.
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and correlations with clinical prognostic factors in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). (2017)

186 Background: Sequencing of ctDNA is a minimally invasive method to study somatic DNA alterations. Quantitation and characterization of ctDNA may correlate with tumor burden and poor risk clinical features, but this is unproven in mCRPC. Methods: We performed deep targeted sequencing of 73 mCRPC-related genes in plasma ctDNA from 136 treatment naïve mCRPC patients. Fraction of ctDNA was determined by quantifying somatic mutant allele frequency and the deviation from heterozygosity for germline single nucleotide polymorphisms at regions of somatic copy number alterations. Baseline clinical factors were correlated with ctDNA fraction and genomic aberrations. Results: ctDNA could be quantified in 86/136 (63%) patients. Increasing fraction correlated with elevated ALP (chi 2 , p &lt; 0.001), LDH (p &lt; 0.001) and presence of liver metastasis (p = 0.01). Patients with any one of these factors were more likely to have a ctDNA fraction ≥ 40% (67% vs 36% of patients with neither factor, p = 0.001) and less likely to have unquantifiable ctDNA (26% vs 49%, p = 0.006). A decreased ctDNA fraction was associated with metastases only to lymph nodes (p = 0.012). Among the most frequently aberrant genes were Androgen Receptor (AR), p53, RB1, and PTEN, present in 38%, 30%, 23% and 22% of patients, respectively. Aberrations were associated with poor prognosis factors, including: AR and p53 alterations, which both correlated with presence of liver metastasis (p = 0.020 and p = 0.004 respectively), elevated LDH (p = 0.001, p &lt; 0.001), and presence of ≥ 10 bone metastasis (p = 0.018, p = 0.017); PTEN deletion which correlated with elevated ALP (p &lt; 0.001), elevated LDH (p = 0.001), ≥ 10 bone metastasis (p = 0.009) and time to CPRC of &lt; 12 months (p = 0.021); and RB1 correlated with ≥ 10 bone metastasis (p = 0.009). Conclusions: We found an association between poor prognostic factors and increasing ctDNA fraction in patients with mCRPC. Genomic aberrations, particularly alteration in AR, p53 and PTEN, correlated with poor prognostic factors. These data show that clinical factors may help predict ctDNA yield in patients with mCRPC, and also provide insight into the role of deleterious genetic alterations.