gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors: Effects on Renal and Intestinal Glucose Transport (2015)

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with disabling micro- and macrovascular complications that lead to excessive morbidity and premature mortality. It affects hundreds of millions of people and imposes an undue economic burden on populations across the world. Although insulin resistance and insulin secretory defects play a major role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia, several other metabolic defects contribute to the initiation/worsening of the diabetic state. Prominent among these is increased renal glucose reabsorption, which is maladaptive in patients with diabetes. Instead of an increase in renal glucose excretion, which could ameliorate hyperglycemia, there is an increase in renal glucose reabsorption, which helps sustain hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. The sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors are novel antidiabetes agents that inhibit renal glucose reabsorption and promote glucosuria, thereby leading to reductions in plasma glucose concentrations. In this article, we review the long journey from the discovery of the glucosuric agent phlorizin in the bark of the apple tree through the animal and human studies that led to the development of the current generation of SGLT2 inhibitors.
FC 134WATER SAVING COMPARISON AT DIFFERENT DIALYSATE FLOWS IN EXPANDED HEMODIALYSIS (2021)

Abstract Background and Aims Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) improves clearance of middle molecules as a target for uremia treatment. According to previously published results, high cut off filters have high enough clearance to allow diminishing of dialysate flow (Qd) without detrimental in HD adequacy outcomes with less water waste. According to World Health Organization (WHO), globally, almost 800 million people lack access to safe water and 2.5 billion lack access to optimal sanitation. Is our duty to search for ways to avoid water waste. Our aim is to describe the differences in water use between HDX patients receiving Qd 400 mL/min (Group 1) vs 500 ml/min (group 2) in HD patients from 10 renal clinics in Colombia as an alternative to reduce water waste in chronic HD as a strategy from Blue Planet Dialysis initiatives. Method We performed a Sub-analysis of CORHEX Study: We calculated water use at different Qd from our database: prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study of 992 adult patients undergoing chronic HD from 12 renal clinics in Colombia who were switched from high-flux HD to MCO therapy and observed for 12 months. All patients were prescribed with HDX three times a week for a minimum of 4 hours. We analysed patients with weight lower than 70 Kg at different Qd prescriptions to calculate water use at different Qd prescriptions and performed a prediction analysis, adjusting to Qd 400 mL/min, the whole potential population with weight lower than 70 Kg. Results 462 patients with weight lower than 70 Kg were analysed, 127 patients received Qd 400 mL/min. When diminishing Qd from 500 to 400 mL/min, 24 litres were saved per session per patient without detriment of middle molecule clearance. There were no differences in adequacy HD parameters between Qd prescriptions (Table 1 and 2). Conclusion HDX allows lowering of Qd to 400 mL/min without harm for patients and with remarkable savings of potable water: 24 Litres were saved in each session per patient that can be translated in almost 3500 Litres of water each year by patient which is enough for one year for 47 adults. (Based on the WHO minimum for basic health protection of at least 20 L per person/day) (2). We consider our results especially relevant since the World Health Organization estimates that within the next 5 years, over 50% of world population could reside in geographies lacking sufficient access to water. We hope that our results from the Blue Planet dialysis research group, alongside with Dr. Agar`s and Dr. Barraclough`s green nephrology initiatives, can help educate the nephrology community on the ecological impact of dialysis and can present an innovative solution to offer HD therapy even in countries suffering from limited access to potable water.
PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Model (2023)

Large language models excel at a wide range of complex tasks. However, enabling general inference in the real world, e.g., for robotics problems, raises the challenge of grounding. We propose embodied language models to directly incorporate real-world continuous sensor modalities into language models and thereby establish the link between words and percepts. Input to our embodied language model are multi-modal sentences that interleave visual, continuous state estimation, and textual input encodings. We train these encodings end-to-end, in conjunction with a pre-trained large language model, for multiple embodied tasks including sequential robotic manipulation planning, visual question answering, and captioning. Our evaluations show that PaLM-E, a single large embodied multimodal model, can address a variety of embodied reasoning tasks, from a variety of observation modalities, on multiple embodiments, and further, exhibits positive transfer: the model benefits from diverse joint training across internet-scale language, vision, and visual-language domains. Our largest model, PaLM-E-562B with 562B parameters, in addition to being trained on robotics tasks, is a visual-language generalist with state-of-the-art performance on OK-VQA, and retains generalist language capabilities with increasing scale.
Location-Dependent Cobalt Deposition in Smartphone Cells upon Long-Term Fast-Charging Visualized by Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (2021)

In this work, we investigate the transition-metal dissolution of the layered cathode material LiCoO2 upon repeated fast-charging of three smartphone batteries from different manufacturers using synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF). Using this spatially resolved technique, dissolution of Co and subsequent location-dependent deposition on the anode are observed. μ-XRF mapping of selected parts of the anode electrode sheets, such as electrode folds and edges of the jelly roll, reveals the difference in the way Co is deposited on specific regions of the anode electrode. While some folds show no depositions, edges of the anode show gradually accumulating Co depositions. Careful quantification of the dissolved Co reveals that the capacity loss scales with the amount of deposited Co on the anode, that is, total Co loss from within the cathode. Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the Co depositions on the anode shows that Co is mainly deposited in a reduced 2+ state. While optimization of the fast-charging protocol mitigates Li plating on the anode, no significant difference in the amount of deposited Co can be observed between an optimized and a nonoptimized fast-charging algorithm.
Superconducting Properties of Y-Ba-Cu-O Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering with a Grid Electrode (1989)

Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films were prepared by an RF sputtering method with a DC-biased grid electrode inserted between a target and a substrate. When the grid was negatively biased at about -70 V, as-sputtered superconducting films with a c -axis orientation were obtained, while the films prepared without the grid electrode but under the same condition showed neither superconductivity nor c -axis crystal orientation.
Clinical Development of Gene Therapy Needs a Tailored Approach: A Regulatory Perspective from the European Union (2014)

Gene therapy is a rapidly evolving field that needs an integrated approach, as acknowledged in the concept article on the revision of the guideline on gene transfer medicinal products. The first gene therapy application for marketing authorization was approved in the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) region in 2012, the product being Alipogene tiparvovec. The regulatory process for this product has been commented on extensively, highlighting the challenges posed by such a novel technology. Here, as current or previous members of the Committee for Advanced Therapies, we share our perspectives and views on gene therapy as a treatment modality based on current common understanding and regulatory experience of gene therapy products in the European Union to date. It is our view that a tailored approach is needed for a given gene therapy product in order to achieve successful marketing authorization.
Fusicoccin Synthesis by Intramolecular [4+4] Photocycloaddition of 2-Pyridones: Stereocontrol of the Cycloaddition and Elaboration of the Pentacyclic Product (2002)

Intramolecular photocycloaddition of a three-carbon tethered pyrindinone–pyridone system yields the 5-8-5 ring system of the fusicoccin/ophiobolin/ceroplastol families. The stereoselectivity of the cycloaddition was found to be dependent on nitrogen substitution; <i>N</i>-methylation led to exclusively <i>trans</i> products while an absence of nitrogen substitution resulted in solvent-dependent stereoselectivity. Solvent and concentration effects for this cycloaddition were consistent with a hydrogen-bonded dimer that enforces a pro-<i>cis</i> conformation in nonpolar solvents and at higher concentrations. The <i>cis</i>-isomer, a fusicoccin synthesis intermediate, underwent a Cope rearrangement at ambient temperature but could be trapped efficiently as the mono epoxide, yielding a product with six new stereogenic centers. A four-step transformation of an amide carbonyl to a methyl group was achieved using a carbamoyl group to activate the amide for cleavage.
Carbon Dioxide-Contrasted Computed Tomography Angiography: High Pitch Protocols and Adapted Injection Parameters Improve Imaging Quality (2012)

A higher pitch, shorter delay and higher injection pressure improve image quality in CO2-enhanced CTA. Since commercially available, clinically approved equipment was used. The protocol is now ready for use in human subjects.
Quadrupolar $^{23}$Na$^{+}$ NMR Relaxation as a Probe of Subpicosecond Collective Dynamics in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions (2022)

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry represents a powerful tool for extracting dynamic information. Yet, obtaining links to molecular motion is challenging for many ions that relax through the quadrupolar mechanism, which is mediated by electric field gradient fluctuations and lacks a detailed microscopic description. For sodium ions in aqueous electrolytes, we combine ab initio calculations to account for electron cloud effects with classical molecular dynamics to sample long-time fluctuations, and obtain relaxation rates in good agreement with experiments over broad concentration and temperature ranges. We demonstrate that quadrupolar nuclear relaxation is sensitive to subpicosecond dynamics not captured by previous models based on water reorientation or cluster rotation. While ions affect the overall water retardation, experimental trends are mainly explained by dynamics in the first two solvation shells of sodium, which contain mostly water. This work thus paves the way to the quantitative understanding of quadrupolar relaxation in electrolyte and bioelectrolyte systems.
Piezoelectric transduction of flexural modes in pre-stressed microbeam resonators (2014)

This paper reports on the optimization of the design of piezoelectric transducer elements integrated on doubly-clamped microbeam resonators utilized as (bio)chemical sensors. We report and emphasize the often forgotten influence of membrane stresses on defining the dimensions and optimal position of the piezoelectric transducer elements. The study takes into account stress induced structural changes and provides models for the equivalent motional parameters of resonators with particular shapes of the transducers matching the flexural modes of vibration. The above is analyzed theoretically using numerical models and is confirmed by impedance measurements and optical measurements of fabricated doubly-clamped beam resonators. We propose various transducer designs and highlight the advantages of using higher order vibration modes by implementing specially designed mode matching transducer elements. It is concluded that the paper describes and highlights the importance of accounting for the membrane stresses to optimize the resonator performance and the low power in electronic feedback of resonating sensing systems.
Optimization of Turbulence Phase Screen Distribution for Wave-Optics Analysis of Laser Beam Propagation over Extended-Range Atmospheric Paths (2020)

A mathematical model for optimal positioning of turbulence phase screens of nearly equal strength along long-range, slant laser beam propagation paths is presented and analyzed. The proposed technique is evaluated using wave-optics numerical simulations.
Optical communications using orbital angular momentum beams (2015)

Orbital angular momentum (OAM), which describes the &#x201C;phase twist&#x201D; (helical phase pattern) of light beams, has recently gained interest due to its potential applications in many diverse areas. Particularly promising is the use of OAM for optical communications since: (i) coaxially propagating OAM beams with different azimuthal OAM states are mutually orthogonal, (ii) inter-beam crosstalk can be minimized, and (iii) the beams can be efficiently multiplexed and demultiplexed. As a result, multiple OAM states could be used as different carriers for multiplexing and transmitting multiple data streams, thereby potentially increasing the system capacity. In this paper, we review recent progress in OAM beam generation/detection, multiplexing/demultiplexing, and its potential applications in different scenarios including free-space optical communications, fiber-optic communications, and RF communications. Technical challenges and perspectives of OAM beams are also discussed.
Impact of genomic polymorphisms on the repertoire of human MHC class I-associated peptides (2014)

For decades, the global impact of genomic polymorphisms on the repertoire of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has remained a matter of speculation. Here we present a novel approach that enables high-throughput discovery of polymorphic MHC class I-associated peptides (MIPs), which play a major role in allorecognition. On the basis of comprehensive analyses of the genomic landscape of MIPs eluted from B lymphoblasts of two MHC-identical siblings, we show that 0.5% of non-synonymous single nucleotide variations are represented in the MIP repertoire. The 34 polymorphic MIPs found in our subjects are encoded by bi-allelic loci with dominant and recessive alleles. Our analyses show that, at the population level, 12% of the MIP-coding exome is polymorphic. Our method provides fundamental insights into the relationship between the genomic self and the immune self and accelerates the discovery of polymorphic MIPs (also known as minor histocompatibility antigens).
All-Conjugated Block Copolymers (2008)

All-conjugated block copolymers of the rod-rod type came into the focus of interest because of their unique and attractive combination of nanostructure formation and electronic activity. Potential applications in a next generation of organic polymer materials for photovoltaic devices ("bulk heterojunction"-type solar cells) or (bio)sensors have been proposed. Combining the fascinating self-assembly properties of block copolymers with the active electronic and/or optical function of conjugated polymers in all-conjugated block copolymers is, therefore, a very challenging goal of synthetic polymer chemistry. First examples of such all-conjugated block copolymers from a couple of research groups all over the world demonstrate possible synthetic approaches and the rich application potential in electronic devices. A crucial point in such a development of novel polymer materials is a rational control over their nanostructure formation. All-conjugated di- or triblock copolymers may allow for an organization of the copolymer materials into large-area ordered arrays with a length scale of nanostructure formation of the order of the exciton diffusion length of organic semiconductors (typically ca. 10 nm). Especially for amphiphilic, all-conjugated copolymers the formation of well-defined supramolecular structures (vesicles) has been observed. However, intense further research is necessary toward tailor-made, all-conjugated block copolymers for specific applications. The search for optimized block copolymer materials should consider the electronic as well as the morphological (self-assembly) properties.
Evolutionary trade-offs at the Arabidopsis WRR4A resistance locus underpin alternate Albugo candida recognition specificities (2021)

Summary The oomycete Albugo candida causes white rust of Brassicaceae, including vegetable and oilseed crops, and wild relatives such as Arabidopsis thaliana . Novel White Rust Resistance ( WRR )-genes from Arabidopsis enable new insights into plant/parasite co-evolution. WRR4A from Arabidopsis accession Col-0 provides resistance to many but not all white rust races, and encodes a nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) (NLR) immune receptor protein. Col-0 WRR4A resistance is broken by a Col-0-virulent isolate of A. candida race 4 (AcEx1). We identified an allele of WRR4A in Arabidopsis accession Oy-0 and other accessions that confers full resistance to AcEx1. WRR4A Oy-0 carries a C-terminal extension required for recognition of AcEx1, but reduces recognition of several effectors recognized by the WRR4A Col-0 allele. WRR4A Oy-0 confers full resistance to AcEx1 when expressed as a transgene in the oilseed crop Camelina sativa . Significance A C-terminal extension in an allele of the Arabidopsis resistance-protein WRR4A changes effector recognition specificity, enabling the WRR4A Oy-0 allele to confer immunity to Albugo candida races that overcome the WRR4A Col-0 allele. This resistance can be transferred to the oil-producing crop Camelina sativa . Graphical abstract
Macroscale Electrostatic Rotating Machines and Drives: A Review and Multiplicative Gain Performance Strategy (2020)

The development of electrostatic rotating machines for macroscale power conversion has been largely sidestepped, given the uncertainty of its capabilities and place in the technological hierarchy. This article reviews prior and present works in macroscale electrostatic rotating machinery and identifies the relevant machine types, their limitations, and strategies for performance improvement. The separately excited synchronous electrostatic machine presents the greatest opportunity for competitive macroscale category-two machinery, and a strategy of multiplicative gains is established. The strategy spans machine modeling, optimization, gap media (gases, liquids, and vacuum), gap maintenance, advanced manufacturing techniques, and power electronic drives/control. Ultimately, the product of innovation gains across all these areas reveals that macroscale electrostatic machinery is possible and potentially competitive with magnetic machinery for specific areas, including position and hold, low-speed direct drive, and high-voltage utility generation applications.
Impact of Material Shade and Distance from Light Curing Unit Tip on the Depth of Polymerization of Composites (2017)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the composite shade and distance from the light-curing unit (LCU) tip on the irradiance reaching the bottom of composite disks and on the depth of polymerization. Composites of three shades (opaque - OXDC, bleach - BXL, and A2) were inserted into molds with 3-mm of thickness positioned over a spectrometer and photo-activated with the LCU (Bluephase) tip placed at 0 or 1 cm from the composite surface. The mean irradiance reaching the bottom of composite was recorded during the entire photo-activation (30 s). Specimens (2 x 2 x 4 mm) were polymerized and used to map the degree of conversion achieved in different depths from irradiated surface. Specimens were sectioned into slices that were positioned over the platform of the infra-red microscope connected to the spectrometer to map the conversion. The conversion was measured in eight different depths every 500-µm. Increasing the distance of LCU tip reduced the irradiance only for A2. Interposing OXDC disks resulted in lowest values of irradiance and A2 the highest one. A tendency to decrease the conversion was observed towards the bottom of specimens for all experimental conditions, and the slope was more accentuated for OXDC. Differences among shades and distances from LCU tip were evident only beyond 1.5-2.0 mm of depth. In conclusion, both composite shade and distance from LCU tip might affect the light-transmission and depth of polymerization, while the effect of last was more pronounced.
I1.3: Invited Paper: Immersive Applications based on Depth‐Imaging and 3D‐Sensing Technology (2015)

The recent developments in depth‐imaging and 3D computer vision techniques allow efficient and real‐time acquisition, reconstruction, and understanding of the 3D environment, which enable an array of life‐like and immersive applications. We show here an excerpt of some of the key technologies spanning sensors, algorithms, and system integration based on depth imaging and 3D sensing technology. The small form factor, the low power and the real‐time depth image capture are the key enablers. We talk here about emerging trends in this burgeoning field and new enabled applications that include immersive and interactive gaming, virtual home and office decoration, virtual cloth fitting, video conferencing with custom background and synthetic environment, education and training, and numerous other new entertainment and productivity usages with natural and intuitive interactions.
HERITABILITY OF IN VITRO REGENERATION IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) (1990)

This study measured the heritability of in vitro regeneration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Immature embryos of 28 F 2 -derived families of the spring wheat cross HY912 × HY320 were cultured in the F 3 , F 4 , and F 5 generations. Highly significant (P &lt; 0.01) genotypic differences were observed for embryo germination, callus induction, embryogenic callus formation, and plantlet regeneration. Comparisons of generation means and mid-parent values suggest that additive variance is an important factor in the inheritance of in vitro regeneration.Key words: Regeneration, in vitro, heritability, Triticum aestivum, wheat
Improving Neural Abstractive Text Summarization with Prior Knowledge (Position Paper). (2016)

Summarization is a complex task whose goal is to generate a concise version of a text without necessarily reusing the sentences from the original source, but still preserving the meaning and the key contents. In this position paper we address this issue by modeling the problem as a sequence to sequence learning and exploiting Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). Moreover, we discuss the idea of combining RNNs and probabilistic models in a unified way in order to incorporate prior knowledge, such as linguistic features. We believe that this approach can obtain better performance than the state-of-The-Art models for generating well-formed summaries.
TREC Deep Learning Track: Reusable Test Collections in the Large Data\n Regime (2021)

The TREC Deep Learning (DL) Track studies ad hoc search in the large data\nregime, meaning that a large set of human-labeled training data is available.\nResults so far indicate that the best models with large data may be deep neural\nnetworks. This paper supports the reuse of the TREC DL test collections in\nthree ways. First we describe the data sets in detail, documenting clearly and\nin one place some details that are otherwise scattered in track guidelines,\noverview papers and in our associated MS MARCO leaderboard pages. We intend\nthis description to make it easy for newcomers to use the TREC DL data. Second,\nbecause there is some risk of iteration and selection bias when reusing a data\nset, we describe the best practices for writing a paper using TREC DL data,\nwithout overfitting. We provide some illustrative analysis. Finally we address\na number of issues around the TREC DL data, including an analysis of\nreusability.\n