gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abnormal internal disparity noise in amblyopic vision (2022)

Persons with amblyopia have poor or absent stereopsis. One hypothesis is that they have increased internal disparity noise due to either abnormal topographic representation of receptive fields and/or abnormal vergence noise, which results in depth deficits in amblyopia. To test this hypothesis, we developed a psychophysical procedure to measure the equivalent internal disparity noise by adding external disparity noise (Gaussian position noise) to random-Gabor-patch (RGP) stereograms, i.e., adding position jitter to paired Gabor patches. The two RGP stereograms (3 cpd) with external disparity noise were presented in two temporal intervals, one with mean crossed and the other with mean uncrossed disparity. The task was to detect which interval was closer. We tested 7 (contrast) x 6 (external noise) conditions. For each condition, two staircases, one 3-up-1-down and the other 3-down-1-up, were interleaved to measure the minimum and maximum disparity thresholds (Dmin and Dmax). We found that at small external disparity noise, Dmin remains constant independent of the external noise, while at large external disparity noise, Dmin is proportional to the external noise. However, Dmax remains constant at all external disparity noise levels. Based on the assumption that Dmin is proportional to the combination of internal and external noise, the equivalent internal disparity noise can be estimated by fitting the model to the Dmin data. Compared to normal controls, amblyopic observers had much larger equivalent internal disparity noise, which partially explains the poor depth perception in amblyopic vision. On the other hand, Dmax is independent of the external disparity noise in both normal and amblyopic vision, providing a reasonable explanation why Dmax seems ‘normal’ even though there is much larger internal disparity noise in amblyopia. In conclusion, internal disparity noise appears to play an important role in depth perception and should be considered when treating depth deficits in amblyopia.
Thermodynamic Modulation of Light Chain Amyloid Fibril Formation (2000)

To obtain further insight into the pathogenesis of amyloidosis and develop therapeutic strategies to inhibit fibril formation we investigated: 1) the relationship between intrinsic physical properties (thermodynamic stability and hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange rates) and the propensity of human immunoglobulin light chains to form amyloid fibrils in vitro; and 2) the effects of extrinsically modulating these properties on fibril formation. An amyloid-associated protein readily formed amyloid fibrils in vitro and had a lower free energy of unfolding than a homologous nonpathological protein, which did not form fibrils in vitro. H-D exchange was much faster for the pathological protein, suggesting it had a greater fraction of partially folded molecules. The thermodynamic stabilizer sucrose completely inhibited fibril formation by the pathological protein and shifted the values for its physical parameters to those measured for the nonpathological protein in buffer alone. Conversely, urea sufficiently destabilized the nonpathological protein such that its measured physical properties were equivalent to those of the pathological protein in buffer, and it formed fibrils. Thus, fibril formation by light chains is predominantly controlled by thermodynamic stability; and a rational strategy to inhibit amyloidosis is to design high affinity ligands that specifically increase the stability of the native protein.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROID‐GRUPPE 82. MITT. DARST. VON NEUN MONO‐ UND ACHT DIOXOANDROSTANEN, 5ALPHA‐OESTRAN‐17‐ON UND 5ALPHA‐PREGNAN‐2,20‐DION (1972)

Abstract U 1704 Alle dargestellten Steroide werden jeweils über mehrere Stufen erhalten.
Synthesis and structure of cyclen hydroxylamine ligands and their zinc(ii) complexes (2003)

The synthesis of two new zinc(II) complexes with 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-ol and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1,7-diol as ligands is described. One of these complexes is characterized by X-ray structure analysis. By coordination to the metal cation the acidity of the hydroxylamine groups of the ligands is significantly increased as confirmed by potentiometric pH titrations.
Energy Moments in Time and Frequency for Two-Scale Difference Equation Solutions and Wavelets (1992)

This paper indicates how to find energy moments in direct and Fourier space of a solution to the functional equation $u(x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} {2c_k u(2x - k)} $ and shows that the Sobolev regularity of u is determined by the spectral radius of a matrix defined from the coefficients $(c_k )$. The results are applied to compactly supported orthonormal wavelets.
Motion-based segmentation and tracking of dynamic radar clutters (2002)

The aim of this study is to perform a classification and a short term spatial estimation of radar clutter. Motion-based segmentation allows one to part clutter into two sets: the static ones and the dynamic ones. A spatial segmentation can then be processed, using Doppler data, in order to obtain homogeneous clutter. The dynamic clutter can be tracked by means of adaptive algorithms based on new techniques such as active contours, front propagation combined with Kalman filtering and motion estimation. The efficiency of our methods is demonstrated on atmospheric clutter in meteorological radar images.
Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction - a review (2011)

Cardiogenic shock is characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion due to cardiac dysfunction and is the leading cause of death in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Mortality from cardiogenic shock still remains high. The development of cardiogenic shock is rarely unexpected; most patients who develop cardiogenic shock do so within 48 hrs of admission, with only 10% shocked on arrival. Mortality rate is exceedingly high and reaches 70-80% in those treated conservatively. Early revascularization is the cornerstone treatment of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. According to the guidelines, revascularization is effective up to 36 hours after the onset of cardiogenic shock and performed within 18 hours after the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the most efficient therapy to restore coronary flow in the infarct-related artery. However, invasive strategy in a developing country like ours is not only costly but also technically demanding. We present a case of acute myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock that underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention and also review the incidence, pathophysiology, management and outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Segmentation Errors in the Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer and Macular Ganglion Cell Complex in Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography Images (2017)

Although segmentation failure was common in both RNFL and GCC scans, it was less frequently observed in GCC scans. SSI, disc area, and disease type were significantly associated with segmentation failure. Predictive performance of baseline factors for failure was poor, underlining the importance of reviewing raw OCT images before using OCT parameters.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Deprotection of Methylene Acetals in Combination with Trimethylsilyl Triflate‐2,2′‐bipyridyl. (2010)

Abstract The presented method tolerates acid‐sensitive functional groups.
Lowering interfacial chemical reactivity of oxide materials for lithium batteries. A molecular grafting approach (2009)

This paper proposes a molecular grafting approach as a way to modify the interfacial chemical reactivity of oxide materials, which is detrimental to their long-term energy storage properties. The present study demonstrates that diazonium chemistry offers an efficient path to graft molecules at the surface of a powder oxide material. Indeed, surface derivatization of Li1.1V3O8 nanograins was accomplished by in situ electrografting of a diazonium salt during Li-ion intercalation. The results show that aryl molecules are strongly bonded to the surface forming an organic multilayer the thickness of which can be modulated. Based on TEM, XPS and electrochemical probing of the surface reactivity, the results demonstrate the interest of the proposed surface modifications as a way to tailor both electrochemical and chemical reactivities of oxide electrode materials. Interestingly, charge transfer at the surface of the material is not impeded, while electrolyte decomposition is inhibited. It is anticipated that molecular derivatization of electrode surfaces is a new research direction which will be developed in the field of battery science in the near future, in order to prevent targeted side reactions occurring at different steps of battery manufacturing and use, such as storage, electrode processing, simple contact with electrolyte, and cycling.
Detection of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV positive patients in urine with hydrogel nanoparticles (2021)

Our results demonstrate nanoparticle technology's potential for a noninvasive diagnostic test for TE. Moving forward, GRA1 is a promising target for antigen based diagnostics for TE.
Low Complexity Two-Dimensional Weight-Constrained Codes (2012)

Two low complexity coding techniques are described for mapping arbitrary data to and from <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$ m\times n $</tex></formula> binary arrays in which the Hamming weight of each row (respectively, column) is at most <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ n/2 $</tex></formula> (respectively, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ m/2 $</tex></formula> ). One technique is based on flipping rows and columns of an arbitrary binary array until the Hamming weight constraint is satisfied in all rows and columns, and the other is based on a certain explicitly constructed “antipodal” matching between layers of the Boolean lattice. Both codes have a redundancy of roughly <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$ m{+}n $</tex></formula> and may have applications in next generation resistive memory technologies.
CFD analysis of the thermal interruption process of gases with low environmental impact in high voltage circuit breakers (2015)

Gases and gas mixtures with lower environmental impact are being investigated as possible alternatives to SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> as the switching medium in high voltage circuit breakers. One of the most important aspects of the investigation is the thermal interruption characteristic which depends on flow acceleration, and efficient cooling of the arc around current zero. In the present work, the influence of the gas properties on the thermal interruption capability is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A gas mixture of fluroketones with CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as background gas is considered. The underlying thermal interruptions behavior of this gas mixture is compared with that of SF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> . The individual influence of the axial flow parameters namely pressure, velocity, Mach number and density on thermal interruption is studied. A thermal interruption proxy parameter is derived by combining the axial flow variables, which can better characterize the thermal interruption. The differences between the different gases using this proxy are presented. The design parameters influencing the pressure build-up and thermal interruption behavior are investigated and discussed.
Patternable Semi‐Transparent Cathode using Thermal Evaporation for OLED Display Applications (2021)

Abstract A new patternable semi‐transparent metal cathode, Zn:Mg (4:1 and 10:1) using the thermal evaporation process for organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display applications is reported. A new Zn:Mg alloy film shows good surface morphology and almost no temperature effect on the shadow mask. The Zn:Mg layer with ratio of 4:1 and 10:1 shows sheet resistance of 33.2 and 39.2 Ω ϒ −1 , respectively, at the thickness of 12 nm. The fabricated green top‐emitting OLED (TEOLED) with Zn:Mg cathode shows current efficiency of 79.3 cd A −1 and a color coordinates of (0.166, 0.755). These results show the possibility of high‐quality cathode patterning for various OLED display and sensor applications.
Adaboost and Support Vector Machines for White Matter Lesion Segmentation in MR Images (2005)

The use of two powerful classification techniques (boosting and SVM) is explored for the segmentation of white-matter lesions in the MRI scans of human brain. Simple features are generated from Proton Density (PD) scans. Radial Basis Function (RBF) based Adaboost technique and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are employed for this task. The classifiers are trained on severe, moderate and mild cases. The segmentation is performed in T1 acquisition space rather than standard space (with more slices). Hence, the proposed approach requires less time for manual verification. The results indicate that the proposed approach can handle MR field inhomogeneities quite well and is completely independent from manual selection process so that it can be run under batch mode. Segmentation performance comparison with manual detection is also provided.
Tetracrystalline Tetrablock Quarterpolymers: Four Different Crystallites under the Same Roof (2019)

Abstract Multicrystalline block polymers having three or more crystalline segments are essential materials for the advancement of physics in the field of crystallinity. The challenging synthesis of multicrystalline polymers has resulted in only a limited number of tricrystalline terpolymers having been reported to date. We report, for the first time, the synthesis of polyethylene‐ b ‐poly(ethylene oxide)‐ b ‐poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)‐ b ‐poly( l ‐lactide) (PE‐ b ‐PEO‐ b ‐PCL‐ b ‐PLLA), a tetracrystalline tetrablock quarterpolymer, by combining polyhomologation, ring‐opening polymerization, and an organic/metal “catalyst switch” strategy. 1 H NMR spectroscopy and gel‐permeation chromatography confirmed the formation of the tetrablock quarterpolymer, while differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and wide‐line separation solid‐state NMR spectroscopy revealed the existence of four different crystalline domains.
The Zimm model applied to extended single polymers (1994)

A mean field theory is developed for the Zimm model and compared to the exact solution, computed numerically, for the case of a single extended polymer. An analytic calculation in the dumbbell approximation extends the preaveraging treatment. We find that the dynamic scaling of the preaveraged Zimm model is preserved for short polymers, but that the relaxation function is inhomogeneous in length for long polymers. These calculations can be applied to recent experimental results.
Consistent updates in software defined networks: On dependencies, loop freedom, and blackholes (2016)

We consider the problem of finding efficient methods to update forwarding rules in Software Defined Networks (SDNs). While the original and updated set of rules might both be consistent, disseminating the rule updates is an inherently asynchronous process, resulting in potentially inconsistent states. We highlight the inherent trade-off between the strength of the consistency property and the dependencies it imposes among rule updates at different switches; these dependencies fundamentally limit how quickly the SDN can be updated. Additionally, we consider the impact of resource constraints and show that fast blackhole free migration of rules with memory limits is NP-hard for the controller. For the basic consistency property of loop freedom, we prove that maximizing the number of loop free update rules is NP-hard for interval-based routing and longest-prefix matching. We also consider the basic case of just one destination in the network and show that the greedy approach can be nearly arbitrarily bad. However, minimizing the number of not updated rules can be approximated well for destination-based routing. For applying all updates, we develop an update algorithm that has a provably minimal dependency structure. We also sketch a general architecture for consistent updates that separates the twin concerns of consistency and efficiency, and lastly, evaluate our algorithm on ISP topologies.
Hyperpolarization of Deuterated Metabolites via Remote Cross-Polarization and Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (2014)

In deuterated molecules such as [1-(13)C]pyruvate-d3, the nuclear spin polarization of (13)C nuclei can be enhanced by combining Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization (CP) at low temperatures (1.2 K) with dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP). The polarization is transferred from remote solvent protons to the (13)C spins of interest. This allows one not only to slightly reduce build-up times but also to increase polarization levels and extend the lifetimes T1((13)C) of the enhanced (13)C polarization during and after transfer from the polarizer to the NMR or MRI system. This extends time scales over which metabolic processes and chemical reactions can be monitored.
Pressure gradients in the brain in an experimental model of hydrocephalus (2005)

Precise monitoring of pressure before and during the development of hydrocephalus did not detect pressure gradients between the ventricle, brain, and subarachnoid space. This was true for long-term measurements over weeks and for real-time measurements that allowed accurate assessment of pulse pressures. Theories predicting pressure gradients greater than the resolution of these sensors (0.5 mm Hg) across brain tissue have to be reevaluated in light of these findings.
Mitofusins and the mitochondrial permeability transition: the potential downside of mitochondrial fusion (2012)

Mitofusins (Mfn-1 and Mfn-2) are transmembrane proteins that bind and hydrolyze guanosine 5'-triphosphate to bring about the merging of adjacent mitochondrial membranes. This event is necessary for mitochondrial fusion, a biological process that is critical for organelle function. The broad effects of mitochondrial fusion on cell bioenergetics have been extensively studied, whereas the local effects of mitofusin activity on the structure and integrity of the fusing mitochondrial membranes have received relatively little attention. From the study of fusogenic proteins, theoretical models, and simulations, it has been noted that the fusion of biological membranes is associated with local perturbations on the integrity of the membrane that present in the form of lipidic holes which open on the opposing bilayers. These lipidic holes represent obligate intermediates that make the fusion process thermodynamically more favorable and at the same time induce leakage to the fusing membranes. In this perspectives article we present the relevant evidence selected from a spectrum of membrane fusion/leakage models and attempt to couple this information with observations conducted with cardiac myocytes or mitochondria deficient in Mfn-1 and Mfn-2. More specifically, we argue in favor of a situation whereby mitochondrial fusion in cardiac myocytes is coupled with outer mitochondrial membrane destabilization that is opportunistically employed during the process of mitochondrial permeability transition. We hope that these insights will initiate research on this new hypothesis of mitochondrial permeability transition regulation, a poorly understood mitochondrial function with significant consequences on myocyte survival.
Akt Signaling Regulates Side Population Cell Phenotype via Bcrp1 Translocation (2003)

Akt is an important regulator of cell survival, growth, and glucose metabolism in many cell types, but the role of this signaling molecule in hematopoietic stem cells is poorly defined. Side population (SP) cells are enriched for hematopoietic stem cell activity and are defined by their ability to efficiently efflux Hoechst 33342. Bone marrow from Akt1-null mice exhibited a reduced SP fraction. However, bone marrow cellularity, growth factor-responsive progenitor cultures, and engraftable stem cells were normal in these mice. Treatment of bone marrow with LY294002, an inhibitor of the Akt effector protein phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, led to a reversible loss of the SP fraction. Bcrp1, which encodes the Hoechst dye transporter, was translocated from the membrane to the intracellular compartment under conditions that promote the SP-depleted state. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of Akt1 in bone marrow markedly increased the SP fraction, whereas there was no effect on bone marrow from Bcrp(-/-) mice. These data suggest that Akt signaling modulates the SP cell phenotype by regulating the expression of Bcrp1.
Optimal global interconnecting devices for GSI (2003)

Size of global interconnects is optimized to have a large bisectional bandwidth as well as small latency. Using physical models it is shown that by maximizing the bandwidth-reciprocal latency product, the delay variation due to different switching patterns decreases to less than 3%. The required silicon area for global repeaters is also less than 1% of the chip area. Compact physical models are derived for far inductive noise, which show that noise remains small and constant (less than 0.2 V/sub dd/) for all technology generations if optimal wire width is used.
Integration of Photogrammetric and Spectral Techniques for Advanced Drone-Based Bathymetry Retrieval Using a Deep Learning Approach (2022)

Shallow bathymetry mapping using proximal sensing techniques is an active field of research that offers a new perspective in studying the seafloor. Drone-based imagery with centimeter resolution allows for bathymetry retrieval in unprecedented detail in areas with adequate water transparency. The majority of studies apply either spectral or photogrammetric techniques for deriving bathymetry from remotely sensed imagery. However, spectral methods require a certain amount of ground-truth depth data for model calibration, while photogrammetric methods cannot perform on texture-less seafloor types. The presented approach takes advantage of the interrelation of the two methods, in order to predict bathymetry in a more efficient way. Thus, we combine structure-from-motion (SfM) outputs along with band-ratios of radiometrically corrected drone images within a specially designed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that outputs a reliable and robust bathymetry estimation. To achieve effective training of our deep learning system, we utilize interpolated uncrewed surface vehicle (USV) sonar measurements. We perform several predictions at three locations in the southern Mediterranean Sea, with varying seafloor types. Our results show low root-mean-square errors over all study areas (average RMSE ≅ 0.3 m), when the method was trained and tested on the same area each time. In addition, we obtain promising cross-validation performance across different study areas (average RMSE ≅ 0.9 m), which demonstrates the potential of our proposed approach in terms of generalization capabilities on unseen data. Furthermore, areas with mixed seafloor types are suitable for building a model that can be applied in similar locations where only drone data is available.