gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent progress on the synthesis of cyclic polymers via ring‐expansion strategies (2017)

ABSTRACT Cyclic polymers are the simplest topological isomers of linear macromolecules, but exhibit properties that differ from linear chains in ways that remain imperfectly understood. The difficulty of synthesizing appropriately pure and high molecular weight cyclic samples has hindered experimental studies. Ring‐closure methods, while versatile, are inherently limited in the range of molecular weights that can be achieved. Ring‐expansion methods are a much more promising strategy toward obtaining high molecular weight cyclic polymers. The current review focuses on recent developments in ring‐expansion polymerization strategies toward the synthesis of high molecular weight cyclic polymers. Significant progress in the last decade has made the synthesis of cyclic polymers possible by a variety of methods, such as ruthenium‐ and tungsten‐catalyzed ring‐expansion metathesis polymerization, organocatalytic and Lewis acid‐catalyzed zwitterionic polymerization, RAFT and nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization, among many others. While the study of cyclic polymers has long been hampered by synthetic challenges, the recent resurgence of interest in this field presents an exciting opportunity for chemists. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 2892–2902
An Efficient Receiver Structure for Robust Data Transmission using TxID Signal in the ATSC DTV System (2010)

In a single frequency network (SFN) for Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) terrestrial digital television (DTV) system, the interferences due to the multiple transmitters and/or repeaters using same frequency is inevitable. This interference problem can be solved by adjusting transmit power and time of each transmitter and repeater within a SFN. To assist this process, a transmitter identification (TxID) signal, which is embedded in the transmit signal from each transmitter or repeater, is recommended in the ATSC terrestrial DTV system. In this paper, we investigate the previous proposed robust data transmission schemes using the TxID signal and propose an efficient receiver structure for detection of the embedded data in TxID signals. Based on the laboratory test, we verify that the proposed scheme offers an additional reliable communication link supporting up to 160 bps data rate, which is at least 13 dB robust compared to the conventional DTV system.
Low loss HEMA/EMA copolymer waveguides with a range of wetting and optical properties (1993)

Abstract Homopolymers and copolymers of optical grade hydroxyethyl methacryiate (HEMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) were synthesized with bulk copolymer compositions of 0, 10, 43, 75, 86, 89, and 100 mol % HEMA. Attenuated total reflection IR (ATR‐IR) and X‐ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies showed an unhydrated surface composition that varied insignificantly from the bulk. Polymer surface wettability, percent swelling of the copolymers in water, and the bulk refractive index increased with increasing HEMA content. High‐quality thin‐film integrated optical waveguides (IOW) were spun cast from copolymer solutions with propagation losses of &lt; 1 dB/cm. Waveguide refractive indices determined from coupling angle measurements agreed closely with the bulk measurements. These results show that HEMA/EMA copolymers that form transparent films produce polymer IOWs with a range of bulk swellabilities, surface wettabilities, and optical densities. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Replication of adenovirus type 2 DNA in vitro. (1977)

A soluble replication system that synthesizes full-sized adenovirus DNA molecules has been developed. The extraction of infected HeLa nuclei solubilizes approximately 25% of the viral replicating DNA and leaves the HeLa chromatin associated with the insoluble nuclear material. Both the extracted viral DNA and the DNA product synthesized in vitro are intact and identical to the adenovirus DNA or its replicating intermediates produced in whole infected cells. The direction of elongation and the termini of replication of progeny DNA in vitro are essentially identical to those observed in vivo. Nuclear extract replication is dependent on Mg2+ and the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and partially stimulated by ATP.
Phase II clinical trial of multiple peptide vaccination for advanced head and neck cancer patients with induced immune responses and a prolonged OS. (2014)

3094 Background: The peptides derived from ideal cancer-testis antigens, including LY6K, CDCA1 and IMP3 (identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses), were utilized in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). In this trial, we analyzed the immune response to and safety and efficacy of vaccine therapy. Methods: A total of 37 patients with advanced HNSCC were enrolled in this trial of peptide vaccine therapy, and the OS, PFS and immunological response were evaluated using enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) and pentamer assays. The peptides were subcutaneously administered weekly with IFA. The primary endpoints were evaluated based on differences between HLA-A*2402-positive (A24(+)) patients treated with peptide vaccine therapy and –negative (A24(-)) patients treated without peptide vaccine therapy among those with advanced HNSCC. Results: Our cancer vaccine therapy was well tolerated. The OS of the A24(+)vaccinated group (n = 37) was statistically significantly longer than that of the A24(-) group (n=18) (MST 4.9 vs. 3.5 month, respectively, p<0.05). One of the patients exhibited a complete response. In the A24(+) vaccinated group, the ELISPOT assay identified LY6K-, CDCA1- and IMP3-specific CTL responses in 85.7%, 64.3% and 42.9% of the patients, respectively. The patients showing LY6K- and CDCA1-specific CTL responses demonstrated a longer OS than those without CTL induction. Moreover, the patients exhibiting CTL induction for multiple peptides demonstrated better clinical responses. Conclusions: The immune response induced by this vaccine may improve the prognosis of patients with advanced HNSCC. Clinical trial information: 000008379.
Neo-Carbon Food concept: A pilot-scale hybrid biological–inorganic system with direct air capture of carbon dioxide (2020)

The pace at which the human population is growing raises serious concerns related to food security while at the same time conventional agriculture-based food production is becoming a major cause of environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous solutions have been proposed to boost food production among which edible microbial biomass is considered a promising alternative to conventional sources of food and feed with lower environmental footprint. This work introduces the Neo-Carbon Food concept that is a pilot-scale hybrid biological–inorganic process suitable for the production of microbial biomass. The concept includes integrated hydrogen production by water electrolysis, direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide, and its subsequent assimilation by autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB). The hydrogen production with in situ electrolysis achieved specific energy consumption just below 100 kWh/kgH2 while the specific energy consumption of DAC was around 20 kWh/kgCO2.
Supplementary Figure S2 from Androgen Receptor Signaling Regulates DNA Repair in Prostate Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S2 - PDF file 1705K, LNCaP cell cycle distribution by PI and BrdU analyses plus or minus androgen&lt;/p&gt;
Supplementary Data from Reverse Translating Molecular Determinants of Anti–Programmed Death 1 Immunotherapy Response in Mouse Syngeneic Tumor Models (2023)

Supplementary Data from Reverse Translating Molecular Determinants of Anti–Programmed Death 1 Immunotherapy Response in Mouse Syngeneic Tumor Models
Unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG combined with radioconjugated anti-CD22 IgG improves treatment responses in a nude mouse B-cell lymphoma xenograft model (2008)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA

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Radioconjugated anti-CD20 antibodies have been used successfully in treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, with a higher objective response rate than their unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG counterparts. The radioconjugate treatments include a large dose (~400 mg) of unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG, primarily to reduce uptake in the large normal B-cell sink to allow for better tumor uptake, but the combination might also evoke additional mechanisms of action that amplify the anti-tumor response. Other radioconjugates, such as radiolabeled anti-CD22 IgG, have also been effective clinically, and because a different antigen is targeted, this treatment might also benefit from a combination with an unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG. We have examined the combination of a 90Y-labeled humanized anti-CD22 IgG (epratuzumab, Immunomedics, Inc.) with an unconjugated humanized anti-CD20 IgG (veltuzumab, Immunomedics, Inc.) to determine if the combination could improve treatment responses. Nude mice bearing established s.c. Ramos human B-cell lymphoma xenografts (>0.1 cm3) were given a maximum tolerated dose of 90Y-epratuzumab (0.175 mCi) alone or pre-dosed one day earlier with the unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG, and then followed with 3 additional weekly injections of the unconjugated IgG. Tumors responded initially to the 90Y-epratuzumab alone, but after a few weeks regrew. Unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG given over 4 weeks at a total dose of 2.5 mg had no significant anti-tumor effect. However, approximately 85% of tumors in animals given the combination of a single dose of 90Y-epratuzumab with the 4 weekly injections of CD20 regressed completely with no evidence of regrowth over a period of 5 months week. This combination effect was observed with a little as 0.25 mg total dose of the unconjugated anti-CD20 IgG given over 4 weeks. The effect of the radioconjugated Ab was antigen-specific, since a non-reactive Ab labeled in the same way, and used together with the unconjugated anti-CD20, had no therapeutic effect. All animals tolerated the combination as well as they did the 90Y-eptratuzumab alone, indicating that the unconjugated antibody did not increase toxicity. The addition of anti-CD20 to radiolabeled epratuzumab did not alter epratuzumab’s tissue distribution or tumor uptake. The mechanism of action of this effect is currently under investigation. Thus, the combination of an unconjugated anti-CD20 with 90Y-epratuzumab improves anti-tumor responses and may represent an important new treatment strategy for NHL. (Supported in part from USPHS grant P01-CA103985.)
Preclinical Evaluation of 86Y-Labeled Inhibitors of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Dosimetry Estimates (2015)

<sup>86</sup>Y (half-life = 14.74 h, 33% β<sup>+</sup>) is within an emerging class of positron-emitting isotopes with relatively long physical half-lives that enables extended imaging of biologic processes. We report the synthesis and evaluation of 3 low-molecular-weight compounds labeled with <sup>86</sup>Y for imaging the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) using PET. Impetus for the study derives from the need to perform dosimetry estimates for the corresponding <sup>90</sup>Y-labeled radiotherapeutics. <b>Methods:</b> Multistep syntheses were used in preparing <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>4</b>–<b>6.</b> PSMA inhibition constants were evaluated by competitive binding assay. In vivo characterization using tumor-bearing male mice was performed by PET/CT for <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>4</b>–<b>6</b> and by biodistribution studies of <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>4</b> and <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>6</b> out to 24 h after injection. Quantitative whole-body PET scans were recorded to measure the kinetics for 14 organs in a male baboon using <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>6. Results:</b> Compounds <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>4</b>–<b>6</b> were obtained in high radiochemical yield and purity, with specific radioactivities of more than 83.92 GBq/μmol. PET imaging and biodistribution studies using PSMA-positive PC-3 PIP and PSMA-negative PC-3 flu tumor-bearing mice revealed that <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>4–6</b> had high site-specific uptake in PSMA-positive PC-3 PIP tumor starting at 20 min after injection and remained high at 24 h. Compound <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>6</b> demonstrated the highest tumor uptake and retention, with 32.17 ± 7.99 and 15.79 ± 6.44 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 5 and 24 h, respectively. Low activity concentrations were associated with blood and normal organs, except for the kidneys, a PSMA-expressing tissue. PET imaging in baboons reveals that all organs have a 2-phase (rapid and slow) clearance, with the highest uptake (8 %ID/g) in the kidneys at 25 min. The individual absolute uptake kinetics were used to calculate radiation doses using the OLINDA/EXM software. The highest mean absorbed dose was received by the renal cortex, with 1.9 mGy per MBq of <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>6.</b><b>Conclusion:</b> Compound <sup>86</sup>Y-<b>6</b> is a promising candidate for quantitative PET imaging of PSMA-expressing tumors. Dosimetry calculations indicate promise for future <sup>90</sup>Y or other radiometals that could use a similar chelator/scaffold combination for radiopharmaceutical therapy based on the structure of <b>6.</b>
Automatic Hardware Trojan Insertion using Machine Learning (2022)

Due to the current horizontal business model that promotes increasing reliance on untrusted third-party Intellectual Properties (IPs), CAD tools, and design facilities, hardware Trojan attacks have become a serious threat to the semiconductor industry. Development of effective countermeasures against hardware Trojan attacks requires: (1) fast and reliable exploration of the viable Trojan attack space for a given design and (2) a suite of high-quality Trojan-inserted benchmarks that meet specific standards. The latter has become essential for the development and evaluation of design/verification solutions to achieve quantifiable assurance against Trojan attacks. While existing static benchmarks provide a baseline for comparing different countermeasures, they only enumerate a limited number of handcrafted Trojans from the complete Trojan design space. To accomplish these dual objectives, in this paper, we present MIMIC, a novel AI-guided framework for automatic Trojan insertion, which can create a large population of valid Trojans for a given design by mimicking the properties of a small set of known Trojans. While there exist tools to automatically insert Trojan instances using fixed Trojan templates, they cannot analyze known Trojan attacks for creating new instances that accurately capture the threat model. MIMIC works in two major steps: (1) it analyzes structural and functional features of existing Trojan populations in a multi-dimensional space to train machine learning models and generate a large number of "virtual Trojans" of the given design, (2) next, it binds them into the design by matching their functional/structural properties with suitable nets of the internal logic structure. We have developed a complete tool flow for MIMIC, extensively evaluated the framework by exploring several use-cases, and quantified its effectiveness to demonstrate highly promising results.
Buffer management for rate-varying 3G wireless links supporting TCP traffic (2004)

Radio resource management functions in third generation cellular systems allocate capacity based on both demand and available capacity. A 3G wireless link may therefore be subject to considerable rate variations. These rate variations impose particular challenges on the buffer design. A well performing buffer should secure a high degree of link utilization without introducing excessive buffering delays. Meeting both objectives under highly varying link conditions is not possible with a conventional, fixed-size buffer. In this work, we evaluate a novel active queue management scheme tailored to the specific characteristics of 3G links. The method uses a simple algorithm to achieve favorable interaction with TCP. At the same time, the link state is reflected in the buffer control parameters. Based on an analysis of the pipe capacity of wireless links, we evaluate the required buffer size for different link rates. The analysis is verified using simulations. We show that the proposed method of using adaptive buffer sizes is a feasible approach resulting in adequate performance at different link conditions.
Microdevices for Microdialysis and Membrane Separations (2003)

Microdialysis is a commonly used technique for separating small biomolecules within a complex biological mixture for continuous biochemical monitoring. Microdialysis is based upon controlling the mass transfer rate of small biomolecules diffusing across a semipermeable membrane into a dialysis fluid while excluding larger molecules such as proteins. These small molecules are subsequently sensed using a biosensor. Since many biosensors are extremely susceptible to fouling, their stability and lifetime can be extended if metabolites are filtered through a microdialysis membrane before the dialysis fluid is moved into the sensor. Dialysis is also used commonly in biological laboratories to desalt high ionic strength protein solutions. As biochemical analysis systems become more integrated for μTAS systems there is a need to automate this process. Thus, an on-chip dialysis system is useful for biochemical reaction engineering where very tight control of ionic conditions must be maintained for effective enzymatic activity. This work demonstrates the ability to integrate polymer microdialysis membranes with microfluidic systems. Microchannels are bonded with a regenerated cellulose membrane. After microchannels are produced using standard processing techniques, they are integrated with these membranes. The cellulose is activated in an oxygen plasma followed by a lamination bond to the microchannels at moderate pressure and elevated temperature. Devices were placed in a solution of rhodamine dye, and dialysis fluid was allowed to flow through the microchannels. The outlet dye concentration was measured by fluorescence intensity as a function of flow rate and follows analytically predicted results.
Optical inspection of EUV and SCALPEL reticles (2001)

Next Generation Lithography (NGL) reticle inspection poses some difficult problems. The masks dictate that reflection images, rather than the more usual transmission images, be used for inspection. The smaller linewidths and feature sizes of NGL will require the optical inspection images to have better resolution than has been needed for conventional masks. In this paper we present inspection images and inspection results for EUV and EPL programmed defect test reticles using both UV and DUV reticle inspection systems. Our emphasis has been on providing feedback to the mask manufacturing process to help optimize the inspectability of NGL masks, as well as determining whether the required sensitivity for the 100 nm and 70 nm nodes can be met with optical inspection. Simulated and actual images of NGL masks have proven useful in identifying the important factors in optimizing image contrast. We have found that image contrast varies markedly with inspection wavelength, and that the inspection wavelength must be considered in the design of NGL masks if optimum defect sensitivity is to be obtained. This research was sponsored in part by NIST-ATP and KLA-Tencor Cooperative Agreement #70NANB8H44024.
P4490Safety and feasibility of non invasive transthoracic pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy (PCUT) on a swine aortic valve model (2019)

Abstract Background Aortic valve stenosis is associated with age and comorbidities, which require exploring less invasive therapeutic approach to improve patient outcome. We previously demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy (PCUT) can improve calcified bioprosthesis stenosis by softening leaflets remotely. To apply this technique noninvasively we aim to test PCUT transthoracicalyin a swine model targeting aortic valve. Because calcified aortic valve model doesn't exist, we tested this technique on a normal valve. Objective Primary objective was to estimate the feasibility and safety of PCUT. Secondary objectiveswere to evaluate occurrence, severity and evolution of cardiovascular side effects during therapy and within follow-up period (30±5 days) with and without double antithrombotic treatment. Methods All the experiments were performed on normal aortic valves (n=19) of swine. The system was composed of a high-power multi-element transducer with electronic steering and 2D echocardiographic probe embedded in the center. Swine were divided in three groups: one with PCUT and no anti thrombotic treatment (n=10), a second with PCUT and one-month treatment of aspirin and clopidogrel (n=5) and third group sham (n=4). All groups were followed up after 30 days. Results The primary feasibility endpoint was successful in 100% of tests performed (n=16). A maximal amplitude of 70 MPa and −19 MPa respectively for positive and negative peak pressure was found at the focus point. Survival at 30 days was 100% and no life-threatening arrhythmia was recorded and no sustained ventricular arrhythmia (SVT &gt;30 s) was noticed. For the secondary safety objectives,we recorded acutely, at the time of procedure, NSVT in 7 pigs which corresponded to a cumulated duration of 2.1 out of the 485.3 min of the total US delivery (0.4% of time). Mean cycle of NSVT was slow 428.9 ms in average (139.6 bpm). The interruption or decrease of power of US delivery allowed immediate cessation of cardiac arrhythmia in all cases. There was no evidence of damage to the valve and no observation of impairment of valvular function by echocardiography. Only one animal showed side effects (RV dilatation) and the RV returned to normal after cessation of the therapy with no sequelae at follow up. At follow up no significant findings biology disturbance or valve thrombosis was observed (creatinine, CK MB, hemoglobin, hematocrit, haptoglobin or red blood cell numbers). Antithrombotic treatment didn't demonstrate any advantage at follow up. Conclusion We demonstrated in vivo feasibility and safety of transthoracic PCUT targeting aortic valve without any serious adverse event and no significant histopathology damage. We hope that this first-time transthoracic delivery of very focused ultrasound at high power will pave the way to new non invasive approach of valve softening in case of human aortic valve calcified stenosis.
In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen (1997)

Abstract Recent studies support the importance of investigating a DNA vaccination approach for the immunologic control of HIV-1. In this regard, it may be important to specifically engineer immune responses in order to improve on first generation vaccine attempts. Especially for HIV, induction of cell-mediated immunity may be an important feature for any candidate vaccine. In an attempt to engineer in vivo the enhancement of cellular immune response and to direct Ag-dependent immune response from Th2 to Th1 type, we investigated the role of codelivery of genes for IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF along with DNA vaccine formulations for HIV-1 Ag. We found that codelivery of IL-12 expression cassettes with DNA vaccines for HIV-1 in mice resulted in splenomegaly as well as a shift in the specific immune responses induced. The codelivery of IL-12 genes resulted in the reduction of specific Ab response, while the coinjection of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF genes resulted in the enhancement of specific Ab response. In addition, we observed a significant Ag-specific stimulation of T cells with codelivery of both cytokines. Most importantly, we observed a dramatic increase in specific CTL response from the group coimmunized with the HIV-1 DNA vaccine and IL-12 genes. This work demonstrates the power of DNA delivery in vivo for both the production of a new generation of more effective and targeted vaccines or immunotherapies as well as an analytic tool for the molecular dissection of the mechanisms of immune function.