gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leaving group effects in reductively triggered fragmentation of 4-nitrobenzyl carbamates † (2000)

The rates and extent of release of a series of substituted anilines from 4-nitrobenzyl carbamates, following nitro group reduction by radiolytic, enzymic and chemical methods, are reported. The yield of released anilines decreased over the pH range 4–7, but was independent of the basicity of the leaving aniline. Detailed studies of the fragmentation of one example identified the 4-hydroxylamine as the key intermediate. At pH greater than 5 the released aniline 3b condenses with a reactive 4-iminoquinomethane intermediate 4a to give amine 26, thus depleting the measurable amount of aniline 3b released. At pH less than 5 the release of amine proceeds to completion. The efficiency of reductively triggered release of anilines 7 varied with small changes in the leaving group, but this was not uniformly related to aniline basicity. The competing reaction of the released aniline 3b to form amine 26 lowers the efficiency of release of 3b. This reaction occurs at the relatively high concentrations (50 μM) used in the study and indicates the released effector amine should be toxic at concentrations considerably lower than 50 μM. This highlights the need for prodrugs of very potent cytotoxic effectors to be used in tumour-directed nitroreductase enzyme-prodrug therapy.
Gas phase molecular modeling of liquid crystals: Electro‐optical anisotropies (1993)

Molecular modeling of liquid crystals is important as it provides information without the need for chemical synthesis. The first ever quantitative correlation of semiempirically obtained quantities with electro‐optical parameters measured in 80 bulk liquid crystals is reported here. The Figure shows the calculated relative energy of an LC as a function of two torsion angles. magnified image
Can diet be used as an alternative to antibiotics to help control enteric bacterial infections of pigs? (1999)

In response to a need to develop alternative methods to control the major enteric bacterial infections of pigs, studies have been undertaken to investigate whether or not it is possible to reduce susceptibility to colonisation by pathogens through the use of specific diets. These diets are intended to alter the intestinal environment, including the resident microflora, such that conditions are no longer conducive to growth of the pathogens. In the case of swine dysentery, caused by the spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, it has been shown that diets with very low levels of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides and resistant starch offer complete protection against experimental disease. The only fully protective diet identified to date comprises cooked white rice and animal protein, but substituting the rice with steam-flaked maize or sorghum, or finely ground sorghum, gives a diet that tends to reduce susceptibility to experimental infection. To date the application of exogenous enzymes to standard pig diets has not produced intestinal conditions that inhibit colonisation by the spirochaete. In the case of the related intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli, the aetiological agent of porcine intestinal spirochaetosis, feeding the rice-based diet retards the rate of colonisation of the large intestine but does not completely prevent either colonisation or the development of disease in pigs after experimental challenge. The same rice-based diet reduces colonisation of the small intestine by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli after experimental infection of weaners, whilst addition of a source of soluble nonstarch polysaccharide to the rice diet results in greater colonisation by the E. coli strain. Finally, the stomachs of weaner pigs fed a finely ground wheat-based diet have been shown both to have severe ulceration of the pars oesophagea and to be colonised by Helicobacter spp. Feeding finely ground extruded wheat resulted in no ulceration and an absence of the bacteria. It is possible that the Helicobacter spp. are involved in the aetiology of the ulceration, and that their presence is influenced by the treatment of the diet consumed.&#13;\n&#13;\nFrom these studies it is clear that a number of important enteric bacterial infections can be modified by the use of specific diets. The main challenges are to understand how these effects work and to develop cost-effective diets that can be applied in the field to help supplement current control measures for these and other enteric infections of pigs.
Traitement des données par le logiciel SAS: introduction au module de base (2006)

Cette note constitue une introduction au module de base SAS. Après un bref aperçu de l'environnement de travail SAS et des principes du langage SAS, les étapes DATA et PROC d'un programme SAS sont exposées en plus en détails.
Dual frequency liquid crystal devices for infrared electro-optical applications (2002)

A dual frequency liquid crystal (DFLC) can be field-driven towards its unperturbed state, which dramatically reduces the overall electro-optical response time. DFLC materials with sub-millisecond switching speed are being used in infrared electro-optical devices at wavelengths up to 3 microns. The performance of devices such as tunable half-wave plates and optical phased arrays in agile beam steering devices, and wavefront controllers for adaptive optics are described. Device issues discussed include drive schemes, field of view, reflective direct drive backplane, infrared-transparent conductors, and antireflection coatings.
V2O5 Polysulfide Anion Barrier for Long-Lived Li–S Batteries (2014)

We describe a V2O5 polysulfide anion barrier for a Li–S battery containing a Li metal anode, an organic solvent-based electrolyte, and a nanostructured carbon–sulfur composite cathode that cycles without degradation from dissolution of soluble polysulfide anions. Degradation is prevented by the micrometer-scale V2O5 layer that physically isolates the anode and cathode electrolytes, thus blocking diffusion of dissolved polysulfide anions while permitting solid-state transport of Li+ cations. This divided cell architecture eliminates the interaction of soluble polysulfide with the Li anode. Mechanical integrity of the thin V2O5 layer is achieved by depositing the layer on a commercial polymeric battery separator. In addition, the isolated cathode electrolyte is optimized by the intentional addition of Li2S8, which suppresses redistribution of sulfur within the nanostructured carbon–sulfur composite cathode. A 5 mA h pouch cell of this design has been cycled >300 times over ∼1 year without noticeable degradation at capacities of 800 mA h g-sulfur–1.
Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Fucoidan for Molecular MRI of Intraluminal Thrombus (2014)

In vivo thrombi can thus be evidenced by MRI with USPIO-FUCO.
Fabrication of Micro-Gratings on Inorganic Materials by Two-Beam Holographic Method Using Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses. (2002)

This paper describes the nanomachining of inorganic materials by two-beam holographic method using high peak power infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Micro-grating structures can be holographically encoded in any type of materials by colliding a pair of pulses split from a single femtosecond laser pulse. We also describe the periodic nano-structure array in crossed holographic gratings on silica glass by two femtosecond laser pulses. A variety of periodic nano-structures from a one-dimensional wire array to two-dimensional arrays of hole or island were formed by changing the energy density and the incident angle of the irradiation laser beams.
When a 17-Year-Old Girl Is Diagnosed with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: A Case Study from the Swedish Health Care System—A Parent Perspective (2022)

This case study presents different strategies that were explored by the patient’s mother (who is a researcher in music and medicine) when her 17-year-old daughter was diagnosed with ME (Myalgic Encephalomyelitis), also known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). ME is not widely recognized in the Global as well as the Swedish population at large, and within healthcare, there are no standardized recommended treatments, partly due to the lack of published evidence-based studies. This case study aims to provide insights into how the Swedish healthcare system works, how different clinics and hospitals within it operate and interconnect; and how these contribute to health outcomes after 15 months of treatment.
Efficacy of an Fc-modified anti-CD123 antibody (CSL362) combined with chemotherapy in xenograft models of acute myelogenous leukemia in immunodeficient mice (2015)

The prognosis of older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia is generally poor. The interleukin-3 receptor α-chain (CD123) is highly expressed on the surface of acute leukemia cells compared with normal hematopoietic stem cells. CSL362 is a fully humanized, CD123-neutralizing monoclonal antibody containing a modified Fc structure, which enhances human natural killer cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Six continuous acute myelogenous leukemia xenografts established from patient explants and characterized by cell and molecular criteria, produced progressively lethal disease 42-202 days after transplantation. CSL362 alone reduced engraftment of one of four and three of four acute myelogenous leukemia xenografts in the bone marrow and peripheral organs, respectively. A cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen was optimized using this model to identify potentially synergistic interactions with CSL362. Cytarabine/daunorubicin improved the survival of mice engrafted with four of four acute myelogenous leukemia xenografts by 31-41 days. Moreover, CSL362 extended the survival of cytarabine/daunorubicin-treated mice for two of two acute myelogenous leukemia xenografts, while augmentation of natural killer cell-deficient NSG mice with adoptively transferred human natural killer cells improved survival against a single xenograft. Interestingly, this enhanced CSL362 efficacy was lost in the absence of chemotherapy. This study shows that acute myelogenous leukemia xenografts provide a platform for the evaluation of new therapeutics, simulating complex in vivo interactions, and that the in vivo efficacy of CSL362 supports continued clinical development of this drug.
Comparison of the Community Integration Questionnaire, the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique, and the Disability Rating Scale in Traumatic Brain Injury (2002)

The CIQ appears to be the most appropriate instrument in quantifying rehabilitation outcome in patients with TBI at the participatory (handicap) level. The findings of this study can help clinicians gain a greater understanding of the nature, redundancy, and gaps among functional outcome measures. Monitoring outcomes can also help clinicians better understand the effectiveness of interventions.
Auditory Filter Models (2017)

The original aim of this research was to obtain a mathematical expression for the amplitude characteristic of the hypothetical auditory filter that could be used to predict the power that a tone must have to be just audible in the presence of a given noise.– “Auditory filter shape,” Patterson (1974)
Enhanced high harmonic generation in Xe, Kr and Ar using a capillary discharge (2007)

We demonstrate a significant extension of the harmonic cutoff in xenon, krypton and argon ions using a capillary discharge, up to 160 eV, 170 eV and 275 eV respectively.
Automatic Determination of Optimal FIB Operations for Improved Circuit Probing and Fast Reconfiguration (2000)

Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tools are widely used for Integrated Circuit (IC) debug and repair. With the increasing density of recent semiconductor devices, FIB operations are increasingly challenged, requiring access through 4 or more metal layers to reach a metal line of interest. In some cases, accessibility from the front side, through these metal layers, is so limited that backside FIB operations appear to be the most appropriate approach. The questions to be resolved before starting frontside or backside FIB operations on a device are: 1. Is it do-able, are the metal lines accessible? 2. What is the optimal positioning (e.g. accessing a metal 2 line is much faster and easier than digging down to a metal 6 line)? (for the backside) 3. What risk, time and cost are involved in FIB operations? In this paper, we will present a new approach, which allows the FIB user or designer to calculate the optimal FIB operation for debug and IC repair. It automatically selects the fastest and easiest milling and deposition FIB operations.
Regulation of gene 32 expression during bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli. (1976)

The gene 32 protein of the bacteriophage T4 plays an important role in genetic recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication; the protein functions in these processes by virtue of a strong binding capacity for single-stranded DNA. During infections of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage carrying amber of temperature-sensitive mutations in gene 32, the altered gene 32 protein (that is, the amber fragment of the missense polypeptide) is synthesized at greatly elevated rates. During infections by phages that are mutant in other genes (and wild type in gene 32), gene 32 expression is coupled to the quantity of single-stranded DNA produced during the infection. The data are consistent with a model in which the gene 32 protein binds preferentially to all available single-stranded DNA. When all available single-stranded DNA is complexed with gene 32 protein, free gene 32 protein represses its own synthesis. The high level expression of altered gene 32 proteins (amber fragments or missense polypeptides) is a direct consequence of the proposed autoregulation.
Antilisterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Pediocin and LAP Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles (2018)

In this study, we synthesized and assessed the antilisterial and antibiofilm properties of a novel gold nanocomposite, functionalized with antimicrobial peptide, Pediocin AcH and Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) for targeted inactivation of L. monocytogenes. The gold nanoparticle (GNP) and the gold nanocomposites (GNP-Pediocin-LAP) were characterized using spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their effect on human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells were assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-based cytotoxicity and inhibition of Listeria adhesion assay. The antilisterial and antibiofilm activities of nanocomposites on L. monocytogenes were determined by a plating method. TEM image analysis indicated that the size of GNP and the gold nanoconjugates to be about 20 nm and 40 nm, respectively; and spectroscopy indicated the successful loading of proteins onto citrate-stabilized GNPs. Gold nanocomposites were non-toxic and significantly reduced L. monocytogenes adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Relative to the GNP-Pediocin conjugate, the GNP-Pediocin-LAP conjugate showed 11.1% higher zone of inhibition in agar diffusion assay, and higher reduction (1.5 log10 CFU/mL) in L. monocytogenes counts. Same preparation also showed 24% and 31% more reduction in Listeria counts in biofilms after 24 h and 48 h of incubation, respectively. Nanocomposites were also highly effective in decontamination of L. monocytogenes on a miniature industrial conveyor system. Altogether, co-action of Pediocin and the LAP functionalized on GNP (GNP-Pediocin-LAP), demonstrated higher antilisterial and antibiofilm activities compared to the Pediocin functionalized GNP or Pediocin alone suggesting GNP can provide a platform to load multiple proteins for surface decontamination of L. monocytogenes in industrial settings.
Heat insulated diesel engine with the M-combustion system (Measurements of the combustion chamber surface temperature of heat insulated pistons and its effects on the combustion). (1987)

Heat insulated pistons were applied to a small size DI diesel engine with the M-combustion system. In this study, two heat insulated pistons were prepared ; one of them was insulated by medium heat, and another by high heat. Experiments on measurements of the combustion chamber surface terperature of each piston, the engine performances and combustion analysis were performed. The test results of each piston are compared and the influences of the piston surface temperature on the engine performances and the combustion characteristics are discussed.
Injection locked VCSELs for microwave photonic applications in analog RF links and real time arbitrary waveform generation (2012)

In this paper, we show recent results in the use of injection locked vertical cavity semiconductor lasers (VCSELs) as novel modulators and narrowband optical filters that can be exploited for applications relevant to microwave photonics. Specifically, we exploit the phase modulation that is imparted onto the injection locked signal by modulating the current to the VCSEL. Optical filtering is realized by noting that there exists a `locking range' which determines the amount of optical detuning from the free running VCSEL and the injection seed signal allowed for the injection locked process to work. Using these two salient properties of injection locked VCSELs, we show that one can simultaneously select single components from a frequency comb and realize either modulation or detection functionality. Furthermore, we show how injection locked VCSELs can be used in highly linear RF analog links and how VCSELs can be used with an optical comb to perform real time waveform generation.
Match Your Words! A Study of Lexical Matching in Neural Information Retrieval (2021)

Neural Information Retrieval models hold the promise to replace lexical matching models, e.g. BM25, in modern search engines. While their capabilities have fully shone on in-domain datasets like MS MARCO, they have recently been challenged on out-of-domain zero-shot settings (BEIR benchmark), questioning their actual generalization capabilities compared to bag-of-words approaches. Particularly, we wonder if these shortcomings could (partly) be the consequence of the inability of neural IR models to perform lexical matching off-the-shelf. In this work, we propose a measure of discrepancy between the lexical matching performed by any (neural) model and an 'ideal' one. Based on this, we study the behavior of different state-of-the-art neural IR models, focusing on whether they are able to perform lexical matching when it's actually useful, i.e. for important terms. Overall, we show that neural IR models fail to properly generalize term importance on out-of-domain collections or terms almost unseen during training
Understanding structure and composition of thermally rearranged polymers based on small‐molecule chemistry: a perspective (2019)

ABSTRACT We provide a critical perspective of the burgeoning literature on microporous polymers prepared using thermal rearrangement (TR) processes based on the learning derived from analogous chemistry involving small‐molecular‐weight compounds. TR polymers have shown interesting permeability–selectivity relationships in gas separation and, thus, have generated wide interest as potential membrane materials for industrial applications. The intractable nature of the products obtained by TR processes has precluded rigorous structural elucidation of the polymers. Based on small‐molecule chemistry, we conclude that structures are likely to be more complex than generally depicted in the published literature. Interestingly, a simpler chemistry, namely thermal dehydrocyclization (TCD), leads to products identical to those derived from TR, but at significantly lower temperatures. However, TCD chemistry does not involve a skeletal rearrangement of the kind purported in TR during the conversion of imide to oxazole ring resulting in spatially confined heterocyclic ring polymers. Yet, they show similar fractional free‐volume elements as exhibited by TR polymers. This is intriguing and points to a need for more careful examination of the factors responsible for microporosity in such materials. TR chemistry as currently practiced appears limited to only benzoxazole‐type structures. The ability to precisely control and reproducibly produce materials with well‐defined structure and properties will be a key to large‐scale manufacture and industrial applications of such materials. Seen from this perspective, TR processes leave much to be desired and further improvements are clearly warranted. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF A BENZENOID INTERMEDIATE FOR USE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MAYTANSINE (1977)

Abstract Zur Synthese von Maytansin (I) wird der Enon‐ester (II) mit N‐Methybenzylamin in das Enamin (IIIa) übergeführt, das zu (IIIb) chloriert wird.
A Highly Efficient and Linear Broadband Common-Drain CMOS Power Amplifier With Transformer-Based Input-Matching Network (2015)

A broadband common-drain power amplifier (PA) with a transformer-based input matching network that is implemented in a 0.13 μm CMOS process is presented. This structure provides sufficient power gain along with high linearity and efficiency in comparison to other topologies. This is shown to be due to the low dependency of the power gain to the transistor transconductance and the smaller voltage variations across the gate-source capacitance. The proposed PA achieves an output 1 dB compression point of 11.5 dBm with a 3 dB bandwidth of 3.2 GHz, i.e., from 2.8 to 6 GHz. The PA has a 17.5 dB peak power gain and a 25% peak power-added efficiency at the 1 dB compression point. It occupies a 0.49 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area.
Indications Contributing to the Increasing Cesarean Delivery Rate (2011)

Primary cesarean births accounted for 50% of the increasing cesarean rate. Among primary cesarean deliveries, more subjective indications (nonreassuring fetal status and arrest of dilation) contributed larger proportions than more objective indications (malpresentation, maternal-fetal, and obstetric conditions).
Recovery of hydrophobicity on RTV coatings in vacuum (2002)

The effects of hydrophobicity loss by water immersion and hydrophobicity recovery in vacuum at elevated temperature were evaluated on two types of RTV insulator coatings by receding angle and DC leakage current measurements. The loss and recovery treatments were repeated five times until signs of material deterioration appeared. An increase of the leakage current was noticed as a result of the deterioration despite the fact that the hydrophobicity recovered well. A possible application of water immersion and vacuum resting is foreseen in the testing of composite and silicone rubber coated insulators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Liver fibrosis progression is uncommon in patients with inactive chronic hepatitis B: A prospective cohort study with paired transient elastography examination (2013)

Liver fibrosis progression within 3-4 years is rare in HBeAg-negative patients with HBV DNA <20,000 IU/mL and normal ALT, but a significant proportion of patients develop treatment indications during follow-up. The study supports the EASL's definition of inactive carriers and its recommendation of regular monitoring.