gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobile Microphone Array Speech Detection and Localization in Diverse Everyday Environments (2021)

Joint sound event localization and detection (SELD) is an integral part of developing context awareness into communication interfaces of mobile robots, smartphones, and home assistants. For example, an automatic audio focus for video capture on a mobile phone requires robust detection of relevant acoustic events around the device and their direction. Existing SELD approaches have been evaluated using material produced in controlled indoor environments, or the audio is simulated by mixing isolated sounds to different spatial locations. This paper studies SELD of speech in diverse everyday environments, where the audio corresponds to typical usage scenarios of handheld mobile devices. In order to allow weighting the relative importance of localization vs. detection, we will propose a two-stage hierarchical system, where the first stage is to detect the target events, and the second stage is to localize them. The proposed method utilizes convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) and is evaluated on a database of manually annotated microphone array recordings from various acoustic conditions. The array is embedded in a contemporary mobile phone form factor. The obtained results show good speech detection and localization accuracy of the proposed method in contrast to a non-hierarchical flat classification model.
Aiming towards effective preventive medicine against Japanese cedar pollinosis: epidemiology, patient investigation and integrated research including genotype analyses (2005)

Summary Environmental rather than genetic factors appear to play the major role in the recent increased prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in Japan. However, investigating the genes that determine IgE levels and analysing gene polymorphisms may assist in finding new methods of treatment and establishing preventive medicine against this disease. Among a total of 219 asymptomatic individuals who were anti‐Japanese cedar pollen IgE antibody positive as determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST), only a handful subsequently developed symptoms of Japanese cedar pollinosis or secondary onset of Japanese cedar pollinosis over 5–14 years of follow‐up. Among those who subsequently developed secondary onset of disease, &gt;50% were found to have high initial RAST scores, suggesting that the incidence of Japanese cedar pollinosis is correlated with RAST score. Hence, it may be prudent to advise asymptomatic individuals with high RAST scores to avoid exposure to Japanese cedar pollen so as to delay onset of the disease. Analysis of sequence variants of the FcɛRIβ gene revealed that patients with nasal allergy exhibit a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in which the amino acid at 237 of the intracellular domain changes from glutamine to glycine more frequently than individuals without nasal allergy. Furthermore, Il homo polymorphism of the IL‐4Rα gene is associated with higher serum nonspecific IgE and Japanese cedar pollen‐specific IgE levels than are seen in individuals showing Il,Val hetero and Val homo expression types. When the age of pollinosis onset was compared among these three genotypes, it was found to be significantly lower among Il homo type than the other two expression types, suggesting that Il homo type individuals seem characteristically pre‐disposed to early onset of pollinosis. Studies comparing eosinophil‐associated gene polymorphism in healthy and pollinosis phenotypes have revealed several relationships among the various genotypes and specific disease parameters and suggest that Eotaxin G (123G/A) and IL5 (–703C/T) genotypes can affect the timing of symptom onset after sensitization as well as nasal mucosal hyper‐responsiveness.
The Role of Hole Transport between Dyes in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2015)

In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) photogenerated positive charges are normally considered to be carried away from the dyes by a separate phase of hole-transporting material (HTM). We show that there can also be significant transport within the dye monolayer itself before the hole reaches the HTM. We quantify the fraction of dye regeneration in solid-state DSSCs that can be attributed to this process. By using cyclic voltammetry and transient anisotropy spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the rate of interdye hole transport is prevented both on micrometer and nanometer length scales by reducing the dye loading on the TiO2 surface. The dye regeneration yield is quantified for films with high and low dye loadings (with and without hole percolation in the dye monolayer) infiltrated with varying levels of HTM. Interdye hole transport can account for >50% of the overall dye regeneration with low HTM pore filling. This is reduced to about 5% when the infiltration of the HTM in the pores is optimized in 2 μm thick films. Finally, we use hole transport in the dye monolayer to characterize the spatial distribution of the HTM phase in the pores of the dyed mesoporous TiO2.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF 3‐PHENYL‐1,2‐BENZISOTHIAZOLE AND ALKYNES (1983)

Abstract Die 3‐Phenyl‐l ,2‐benzisothiazole (I) reagieren bei der Bestrahlung mit den l‐Ethoxyacetylenen (II) zu den Addukten (III)‐(V).
Carrier-wavelength effect on screening in semiconductors (1969)

Abstract The validity criteria for both the Debye-Huckel and Thomas-Fermi screening length formulas are evaluated for semiconductors and shown to be unsatisfied over most interesting ranges of temperatures and carrier concentration. Then a new consideration—the wavelength of the screening carriers—is introduced and compared with the calculated screening lengths. From this comparison it is shown that values of screening length obtained in most cases are not self-consistent with the derivation of the formulas.
An overview of solvent extraction processes developed in Europe for advanced nuclear fuel recycling, part 1 — heterogeneous recycling (2020)

The hydrometallurgical separation concepts for the heterogeneous recycling of irradiated nuclear fuel developed in Europe are presented and discussed. Most of these concepts were developed within European collaborative projects and involve solvent extraction processes separating trivalent minor actinides (with a focus on americium) from the raffinate solution from processes such as PUREX (Plutonium Uranium Reduction Extraction) or an evolution of PUREX. Depending on the process chemistry applied, process schemes each consisting of one, two or three solvent extraction cycles are required to obtain a pure americium product. The various solvent extraction processes are briefly introduced. The most suitable choices are selected, and the process schemes are compared to one another.
A new method to analyze the variations of neural tuning and its application to primate V1 (2019)

The tuning properties of neurons are often variable, and can be modulated by internal and external factors. Various schemes have been proposed to capture such variations, e.g., gain changes, baseline shifts, tuning shifts and tuning width changes, all of which have profound coding implications. However, neural systems may exhibit a mix of these different effects. Furthermore, neural data in the form of spikes require averaging over trials to obtain the tuning curves. These issues can complicate the interpretation of experimental data. To better characterize the variations of the neural tuning, we developed a new technique based on functional principal component analysis (fPCA). Specifically, we augmented the standard fPCA method by incorporating a Poisson observation noise model. Our new method, Poisson fPCA, takes the spike count data as the inputs, and generates a set of basis functions as outputs, providing a compact summary of the tuning variations. Importantly, our method can capture latent variations of tuning for a pre-specified stimulus dimension, making it different from pure regression-based methods such as generalized linear model (GLM), or latent-based methods such as PCA and its nonlinear extensions. We apply this method to previous published datasets collected from primary visual cortex (V1) of anesthetized primates. While most neurons exhibit gain fluctuations as previously reported, we also found that gain change is not a constant, and is highly correlated with the orientation tuning curve for many neurons. Furthermore, the fluctuations of the whole neural population collectively exhibit low dimensional structure, as well as specific spatial structure. In sum, we developed a new method to extract the variations of the neural tuning. While here we only use it to analyze the variability of orientation tuning in V1, our method is general and could be applied to other brain areas or sensory modalities as well.
Remodeling of the chromatin structure of the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) locus and upregulation of FSHD-related gene 1 (FRG1) expression during human myogenic differentiation (2009)

We propose a model in which the D4Z4 array may play a critical chromatin function as an orchestrator of in cis chromatin loops, thus suggesting that this repeat may play a role in coordinating gene expression.
Computational de novo discovery of distinguishing genes for biological processes and cell types in complex tissues (2018)

Bulk tissue samples examined by gene expression studies are usually heterogeneous. The data gained from these samples display the confounding patterns of mixtures consisting of multiple cell types or similar cell types in various functional states, which hinders the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying complex biological phenomena. A realistic approach to compensate for the limitations of experimentally separating homogenous cell populations from mixed tissues is to computationally identify cell-type specific patterns from bulk, heterogeneous measurements. We designed the CellDistinguisher algorithm to analyze the gene expression data of mixed samples, identifying genes that best distinguish biological processes and cell types. Coupled with a deconvolution algorithm that takes cell type specific gene lists as input, we show that CellDistinguisher performs as well as partial deconvolution algorithms in predicting cell type composition without the need for prior knowledge of cell type signatures. This approach is also better in predicting cell type signatures than the one-step traditional complete deconvolution methods. To illustrate its wide applicability, the algorithm was tested on multiple publicly available data sets. In each case, CellDistinguisher identified genes reflecting biological processes typical for the tissues and development stages of interest and estimated the sample compositions accurately.
Correction of Experimental Data for the Ohmic Potential Drop Corresponding to a Secondary Current Distribution on a Disk Electrode (1990)

A numerical method is presented for adjusting experimental current-potential curves for the ohmic resistance corresponding to a secondary current distribution on a (rotating) disk electrode. The nonuniform current and potential distributions on the disk electrode cause the electrolyte resistance itself to be a function of measured current. The method described here is employed after the experiments are conducted and yields the Tafel slope as well as adjusted values for current density and surface overpotential that apply to the center of the disk. This facilitates the comparison of the experimental data to those obtained using mathematical models of the rotating disk electrode that, in the secondary current regime, apply strictly only to the center of the electrode. The Tafel slopes obtained agree to within 3 mV/decade with standard techniques for ohmic correction such as current interruption because, at the high current densities where the ohmic correction is most significant, the resistance correction approaches the primary resistance obtained by current interruption. The Tafel slope values for the two methods differ most for solutions of low conductivity. The major advantages of the ohmic correction method described here are that the experimental condition is never perturbed and that the method indicates the extent to which the current distribution is nonuniform.
Discovery of a cutinase-producing Pseudomonas sp. cohabiting with an apparently nitrogen-fixing Corynebacterium sp. in the phyllosphere (1987)

A phyllospheric bacterial culture, previously reported to partially replace nitrogen fertilizer (B. R. Patti and A. K. Chandra, Plant Soil 61:419-427, 1981) was found to contain a fluorescent pseudomonas which was identified as Pseudomonas putida and a Corynebacterium sp. The P. putida isolate was found to produce an extracellular cutinase when grown in a medium containing cutin, the polyester structural component of plant cuticle. The Corynebacterium sp. grew on nitrogen-free medium but could not produce cutinase under any induction conditions tested, whereas P. putida could not grow on nitrogen-free medium. When cocultured with the nitrogen-fixing Corynebacterium sp., the P. putida isolate grew in a nitrogen-free medium, suggesting that the former provided fixed N2 for the latter. These results suggest that the two species coexist on the plant surface, with one providing carbon and the other providing reduced nitrogen for their growth. The presence of cutin in the medium induced cutinase production by P. putida. However, unlike the previously studied fungal systems, cutin hydrolysate did not induce cutinase. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the products released from labeled apple fruit cutin showed that the extracellular enzyme released all classes of cutin monomers. This enzyme also catalyzed hydrolysis of the model ester substrates, p-nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids, and optimal conditions were determined for a spectrophotometric assay with p-nitrophenyl butyrate as the substrate. It did not hydrolyze triacyl glycerols, indicating that the cutinase activity was not due to a nonspecific lipase. It showed a broad pH optimum between 8.0 and 10.5 with 3H-labeled apple cutin as the substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The conjugation strategy affects antibody orientation and targeting properties of nanocarriers (2021)

Antibody-modified drug delivery systems in the nano-range have the ability to overcome current challenges for treating diseases due to their high specificity towards the targeted body region. However, no antibody-bound nanocarrier has been clinically approved to date. This missing clinical approval may be a result of the conjugation strategy that influences the spatial orientation of the attached antibody on the nanocarriers' surface. What is not missing, however, is a diverse selection of antibody to nanocarrier conjugation strategies that determine the success of an antibody functionalized drug delivery system. In this paper, two antibody conjugation strategies were compared by conjugating the surface of cross-linked starch iron oxide nanocarriers with specifically modified CD11c monoclonal antibodies. The antibody nanocarrier conjugates, synthesized either by the chemistry of thiol-maleimide coupling or copper-free click chemistry, were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine their binding affinity towards a murine dendritic cell line (DC2.4). In the cell uptake, different antibody amounts on the nanocarrier could induce a dendritic cell uptake for both conjugation strategies. However, blocking experiments further highlighted the importance of the orientation of the antibody on to the nanocarriers' surface. While the antibodies which were attached via the copper-free click chemistry were oriented, maleimide synthesized conjugates presented their antibodies randomly on the surface. Lastly, to evaluate the in vivo properties of the antibody modified nanocarriers, targeting experiments with mouse plasma were performed, and it was proven that the biomolecular corona does not diminish the targeting efficiency.
Design of 650 GHz helical BWO using CST studio suite (2008)

The overall goal of the program is to build and test a prototype tuneable signal source, nominally centered at 650 GHz, with power output between 0.1 and 1.0 Watt. The device is based on a helical slow-wave circuit with the beam propagating outside of the helix. This paper describes the component designs using CST Studio, including the slow-wave circuit, output transition/antenna, beam focusing magnet, electron gun, and collector.
Transgenic cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) over-expressing alcohol dehydrogenase shows increased ethanol fermentation but no increase in tolerance to oxygen deficiency (2000)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was transformed with constructs for the over-expression of two enzymes involved in ethanol fermentation, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), with the goal of increasing waterlogging tolerance. Four independent transgenic lines transformed with the cotton Adh2 cDNA driven by the CaMV 35S promoter showed ectopic expression of this isozyme in leaves and up to 20-fold greater in vitro ADH activity in roots. Under conditions of O2 deficiency, excised roots from these transgenic plants showed up to 80% increase in ethanol evolution compared to untransformed roots. Conversely, one line transformed with a construct containing the Adh2 coding region in the antisense orientation showed a 65% decrease in ADH activity and a 25% decrease in ethanol production from anaerobic roots relative to untransformed cotton. Lines transformed with a rice Pdc1 cDNA driven by the CaMV 35S promoter showed high levels of expression of the transgene-encoded protein in leaves, but only very low levels of protein and no in vitro enzyme activity detectable in the roots of these plants. Roots from plants transformed with the 35S- Pdc construct did not produce more ethanol than roots from untransformed controls. We tested the ability of cotton roots to withstand low O2 treatments under hydroponic conditions. Neither the ‘ADH’ nor the ‘PDC’ transgenics showed more tolerance than the wild-type on the basis of root growth under a mild stress (5% O2), a strong stress (0% O2 with or without a 5% O2 pretreatment), or in recovery growth following these treatments. Our results show that over-expression of ADH can lead to ethanol over-production (even though the activity of this enzyme by far exceeds that of PDC, its precursor in the pathway), but this is not sufficient to increase waterlogging tolerance in cotton.
Dissecting Kinase Profiling Data to Predict Activity and Understand Cross-Reactivity of Kinase Inhibitors (2012)

The development of selective and multitargeted kinase inhibitors has received much attention, because cross-reactivity with unintended targets may cause toxic side effects, while it can also give rise to efficacious multitargeted drugs. Here we describe a deconvolution approach to dissecting kinase profiling data in order to gain knowledge about cross-reactivity of inhibitors from large-scale profiling data. This approach not only enables activity predictions of given compounds on a kinome-wide scale, but also allows to extract residue-fragment pairs that are associated with activity. We demonstrate its effectiveness using a large-scale public chemogenomics data set and also apply our proposed model to a recently published bioactivity data set. We further illustrate that the preference of given compounds for kinases of interest is better understood by residue-fragment pairs, which could provide both biological and chemical insights into cross-reactivity.
Dynamic modelling and experimental validation of three wheeled tilting vehicles (2011)

The present paper describes the study of the stability in the straight running of a three-wheeled tilting vehicle for urban and sub-urban mobility. The analysis was carried out by developing a multibody model in the Matlab/SimulinkSimMechanics environment. An Adams-Motorcycle model and an equivalent analytical model were developed for the cross-validation and for highlighting the similarities with the lateral dynamics of motorcycles. Field tests were carried out to validate the model and identify some critical parameters, such as the damping on the steering system. The stability analysis demonstrates that the lateral dynamic motions are characterised by vibration modes that are similar to that of a motorcycle. Additionally, it shows that the wobble mode is significantly affected by the castor trail, whereas it is only slightly affected by the dynamics of the front suspension. For the present case study, the frame compliance also has no influence on the weave and wobble.
Hole and Interface Traps in Mg-doped Al0.1Ga0.9N/GaN Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (2002)

Deep level traps in Mg-doped Al0.1Ga0.9N/undoped GaN heterostructures grown by metalorganic vapor deposition with different Cp2Mg molar flow rates are studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Two distinct hole traps were observed, one with an activation energy of 0.18 eV (AD1) and the other with an activation energy of 0.88 eV (AD2) above the valence band maximum. From an analysis of the voltage dependence of DLTS spectra, the AD1 trap is associated with a defect in the Al0.1Ga0.9N/GaN interface based on the Poole–Frenkel model to interpret the enhancement of the thermal emission rate due to potential barrier lowering. The DLTS peak intensity of the AD2 trap steadily decreases with decreasing the Cp2Mg molar flow rate. It appears that the AD2 hole trap is strongly related to Mg-related deep levels, which contribute to the strong blue emission observed by photoluminescence measurements.
Synthesis of full-length homodimer αD-VxXXB that targets human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (2022)

αD-Conotoxin VxXXB is a pseudo-homodimer that allosterically inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with high potency and selectivity. However, challenges in synthesizing αD-conotoxins have hindered further structure-function studies on this novel class of peptides. To address this gap, we synthesized and characterized its C-terminal domain (CTD) and N-terminal domain (NTD). The CTD inhibited α7 nAChRs (IC<sub>50</sub> of 23 nM, measured <i>via</i> FLIPR assays) and bound at the acetylcholine binding protein (<i>Ls</i>-AChBP) through an allosteric binding mode determined from radioligand binding assays. The anti-parallel dimeric NTD synthesised <i>via</i> a regioselective strategy also inhibited α7 nAChRs but with reduced potency (IC<sub>50</sub> of 30 μM). The α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) method generated CTD linked to the NTD (VxXXB-NC; α7 IC<sub>50</sub> of 27 nM) and full-length synthetic VxXXB variant (α7 IC<sub>50</sub> of 11 nM), while the three other native chemical ligation approaches proved unsuccessful. This work underpins further characterisation of the structural components contributing to αD-conotoxin affinity, selectivity and allosteric inhibition of nAChR function that may prove useful in the development of new treatments for nAChR-related disorders.