gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wavelength-Agile External-Cavity Diode Laser for DWDM (2006)

A prototype external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) has been developed for communication systems utilizing dense wavelength- division multiplexing (DWDM). This ECDL is an updated version of the ECDL reported in Wavelength-Agile External- Cavity Diode Laser (LEW-17090), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 25, No. 11 (November 2001), page 14a. To recapitulate: The wavelength-agile ECDL combines the stability of an external-cavity laser with the wavelength agility of a diode laser. Wavelength is modulated by modulating the injection current of the diode-laser gain element. The external cavity is a Littman-Metcalf resonator, in which the zeroth-order output from a diffraction grating is used as the laser output and the first-order-diffracted light is retro-reflected by a cavity feedback mirror, which establishes one end of the resonator. The other end of the resonator is the output surface of a Fabry-Perot resonator that constitutes the diode-laser gain element. Wavelength is selected by choosing the angle of the diffracted return beam, as determined by position of the feedback mirror. The present wavelength-agile ECDL is distinguished by design details that enable coverage of all 60 channels, separated by 100-GHz frequency intervals, that are specified in DWDM standards.
Measurement of the electroweak production of dijets in association with a Z-boson and distributions sensitive to vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector (2014)

Measurements of fiducial cross sections for the electroweak production of two jets in association with a Z-boson are presented. The measurements are performed using 20.3 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data collected at a centre-of-mass energy of s = 8 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. The electroweak component is extracted by a fit to the dijet invariant mass distribution in a fiducial region chosen to enhance the electroweak contribution over the dominant background in which the jets are produced via the strong interaction. The electroweak cross sections measured in two fiducial regions are in good agreement with the Standard Model expectations and the background-only hypothesis is rejected with significance above the 5 level. The electroweak process includes the vector boson fusion production of a Z-boson and the data are used to place limits on anomalous triple gauge boson couplings. In addition, measurements of cross sections and differential distributions for inclusive Z-boson-plus-dijet production are performed in five fiducial regions, each with different sensitivity to the electroweak contribution. The results are corrected for detector effects and compared to predictions from the Sherpa and Powheg event generators.
Distinct functions forAldh1 andRaldh2 in the control of ligand production for embryonic retinoid signaling pathways (1999)

During vertebrate embryogenesis retinoic acid (RA) synthesis must be spatiotemporally regulated in order to appropriately stimulate various retinoid signaling pathways. Various forms of mammalian aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) have been shown to oxidize the vitamin A precursor retinal to RA in vitro. Here we show that injection of Xenopus embryos with mRNAs for either mouse Aldh1 or mouse Raldh2 stimulates RA synthesis at low and high levels, respectively, while injection of human ALDH3 mRNA is unable to stimulate any detectable level of RA synthesis. This provides evidence that some members of the ALDH gene family can indeed perform RA synthesis in vivo. Whole-mount immunohistochemical analyses of mouse embryos indicate that ALDH1 and RALDH2 proteins are localized in distinct tissues. RALDH2 is detected at E7.5-E10.5 primarily in trunk tissue (paraxial mesoderm, somites, pericardium, midgut, mesonephros) plus transiently from E8.5-E9.5 in the ventral optic vesicle and surrounding frontonasal region. ALDH1 is first detected at E9.0-E10. 5 primarily in cranial tissues (ventral mesencephalon, dorsal retina, thymic primordia, otic vesicles) and in the mesonephros. As previous findings indicate that embryonic RA is more abundant in trunk rather than cranial tissues, our findings suggest that Raldh2 and Aldh1 control distinct retinoid signaling pathways by stimulating high and low RA biosynthetic activities, respectively, in various trunk and cranial tissues.
A review of epidural simulators: Where are we today? (2013)

Thirty-one central neural blockade simulators have been implemented into clinical practice over the last thirty years either commercially or for research. This review aims to provide a detailed evaluation of why we need epidural and spinal simulators in the first instance and then draws comparisons between computer-based and manikin-based simulators. This review covers thirty-one simulators in total; sixteen of which are solely epidural simulators, nine are for epidural plus spinal or lumbar puncture simulation, and six, which are solely lumbar puncture simulators. All hardware and software components of simulators are discussed, including actuators, sensors, graphics, haptics, and virtual reality based simulators. The purpose of this comparative review is to identify the direction for future epidural simulation by outlining necessary improvements to create the ideal epidural simulator. The weaknesses of existing simulators are discussed and their strengths identified so that these can be carried forward. This review aims to provide a foundation for the future creation of advanced simulators to enhance the training of epiduralists, enabling them to comprehensively practice epidural insertion in vitro before training on patients and ultimately reducing the potential risk of harm.
Adaptive all the way down: Building responsive materials from hierarchies of chemomechanical feedback (2013)

A living organism is a bundle of dynamic, integrated adaptive processes: not only does it continuously respond to constant changes in temperature, sunlight, nutrients, and other features of its environment, but it does so by coordinating hierarchies of feedback among cells, tissues, organs, and networks all continuously adapting to each other. At the root of it all is one of the most fundamental adaptive processes: the constant tug of war between chemistry and mechanics that interweaves chemical signals with endless reconfigurations of macromolecules, fibers, meshworks, and membranes. In this tutorial we explore how such chemomechanical feedback - as an inherently dynamic, iterative process connecting size and time scales - can and has been similarly evoked in synthetic materials to produce a fascinating diversity of complex multiscale responsive behaviors. We discuss how chemical kinetics and architecture can be designed to generate stimulus-induced 3D spatiotemporal waves and topographic patterns within a single bulk material, and how feedback between interior dynamics and surface-wide instabilities can further generate higher order buckling and wrinkling patterns. Building on these phenomena, we show how yet higher levels of feedback and spatiotemporal complexity can be programmed into hybrid materials, and how these mechanisms allow hybrid materials to be further integrated into multicompartmental systems capable of hierarchical chemo-mechano-chemical feedback responses. These responses no doubt represent only a small sample of the chemomechanical feedback behaviors waiting to be discovered in synthetic materials, and enable us to envision nearly limitless possibilities for designing multiresponsive, multifunctional, self-adapting materials and systems.
Development of CMOS-compatible membrane projection lithography (2013)

Recently we have demonstrated membrane projection lithography (MPL) as a fabrication approach capable of creating 3D structures with sub-micron metallic inclusions for use in metamaterial and plasmonic applications using polymer material systems. While polymers provide several advantages in processing, they are soft and subject to stress-induced buckling. Furthermore, in next generation active photonic structures, integration of photonic components with CMOS electronics is desirable. While the MPL process flow is conceptually simple, it requires matrix, membrane and backfill materials with orthogonal processing deposition/removal chemistries. By transitioning the MPL process flow into an entirely inorganic material set based around silicon and standard CMOS-compatible materials, several elements of silicon microelectronics can be integrated into photonic devices at the unit-cell scale. This paper will present detailed fabrication and characterization data of these materials, emphasizing the processing trade space as well as optical characterization of the resulting structures.
Acute leucoencephalomyelopathy and quadriparesis after CAR T-cell therapy (2020)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy maybe associated with neurologic toxicity, also referred to as immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), 1,2 that typically manifests as encephalopathy.
Computer vision uncovers predictors of physical urban change (2017)

Which neighborhoods experience physical improvements? In this paper, we introduce a computer vision method to measure changes in the physical appearances of neighborhoods from time-series street-level imagery. We connect changes in the physical appearance of five US cities with economic and demographic data and find three factors that predict neighborhood improvement. First, neighborhoods that are densely populated by college-educated adults are more likely to experience physical improvements-an observation that is compatible with the economic literature linking human capital and local success. Second, neighborhoods with better initial appearances experience, on average, larger positive improvements-an observation that is consistent with "tipping" theories of urban change. Third, neighborhood improvement correlates positively with physical proximity to the central business district and to other physically attractive neighborhoods-an observation that is consistent with the "invasion" theories of urban sociology. Together, our results provide support for three classical theories of urban change and illustrate the value of using computer vision methods and street-level imagery to understand the physical dynamics of cities.
Abstract 12935: Therapeutic Silencing of Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules in Atherosclerosis and Acute Myocardial Infarction (2014)

INTRODUCTION/HYPOTHESIS: Leukocytes are a major component of atherosclerotic plaques, drive plaque progression and are continuously recruited from the blood. The leukocyte adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1/2 and E-/P-Selectin are expressed on plaque endothelial cells and are the key players in this recruitment process. We here present a novel therapeutic approach that targets leukocyte recruitment to plaques. METHODS: We tested a nanoparticle system that effectively delivered short interfering RNAs targeting VCAM-1, ICAM-1/2 and E-/P-Selectin simultaneously (siCAM5) to endothelial cells of atherosclerosis prone ApoE-/- mice and C57BL/6J mice after myocardial infarction (permanent coronary ligation) and assessed leukocyte recruitment/content and plaque phenotype by flow cytometry, histology, qPCR and fluorescence molecular tomography/computed tomography imaging. RESULTS: Efficient degradation of VCAM-1, ICAM-1/2 and E-/P-Selectin on endothelial cells attenuated neutrophil and monocyte numbers in infarcts and atherosclerotic plaques (neutrophil numbers, siControl 10,974±1,250 vs. siCAM5 6,963±1,077, p&lt;0.05; Ly6Chigh monocyte numbers, siControl 6,044±1,212 vs. siCAM5 3,770±293, p&lt;0.05), reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plaques, decreased protease activity in plaques (protease activity in pmol, siControl 49.4±2.8 vs. siCAM5 35.9±3.0, p&lt;0.01), and resulted in a less inflammatory plaque phenotype (necrotic core mm2/aortic root, siControl 0.09±0.01 vs. siCAM5 0.05±0.01, p&lt;0.05; fibrous cap μm/aortic root, siControl 36.7±9.5 vs. siCAM5 63.1±5.4, p&lt;0.05) and lower numbers of plaque macrophages (siControl 30,313±4,414 vs. siCAM5 17,198±2,070, p&lt;0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the described approach can successfully suppress leukocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic plaques and infarcted hearts. It may allow aggressive medical interventions in patients with inflammatory atherosclerosis.
Phylogenetic analysis of Culicoides species from France based on nuclear ITS 1 ‐rDNA sequences (2006)

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) play important roles in the transmission of viral diseases affecting wild and domestic ruminants and horses, including Bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) respectively. In southern Europe, BT has been largely transmitted by the classical Afro-Asian vector Culicoides imicola Kieffer. However, other species such as C. obsoletus Meigen, C. scoticus Downs & Kettle and C. pulicaris Linné may also be involved in BTV transmission. As a consequence of the discovery of C. imicola followed by BTV-2 outbreaks on the island of Corsica in October 2000, further studies on these biting midges have been carried out. To better characterize the evolution and phylogenetic relations of Culicoides, molecular analysis in parallel with a morphology-based taxonomic approach were performed. Phylogenetic analyses of French Culicoides species were undertaken using the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) as a molecular target. This region was shown to be useful in understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships between species. Construction of several trees showed that molecular phylogeny within the genus Culicoides correlates not only with morphological-based taxonomy but also with ecological patterns.
Toward a model-based Bayesian theory for estimating and recognizing parameterized 3-D objects using two or more images taken from different positions (1989)

A parametric modeling and statistical estimation approach is proposed and simulation data are shown for estimating 3-D object surfaces from images taken by calibrated cameras in two positions. The parameter estimation suggested is gradient descent, though other search strategies are also possible. Processing image data in blocks (windows) is central to the approach. After objects are modeled as patches of spheres, cylinders, planes and general quadrics-primitive objects, the estimation proceeds by searching in parameter space to simultaneously determine and use the appropriate pair of image regions, one from each image, and to use these for estimating a 3-D surface patch. The expression for the joint likelihood of the two images is derived and it is shown that the algorithm is a maximum-likelihood parameter estimator. A concept arising in the maximum likelihood estimation of 3-D surfaces is modeled and estimated. Cramer-Rao lower bounds are derived for the covariance matrices for the errors in estimating the a priori unknown object surface shape parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Introduction (1999)

In the past decade, near-infrared sampling of tissue has become a large field of study, which has been called by many names (Photon migration, photon random walk, photon density waves, photon diffusion) encompassing work in spectroscopy and imaging of tissue. In this special issue, the focus is on diffuse optical tomography as it applies to medicine and biology. Diffuse optical tomography involves processing of near-infrared light measurements taken from tissue to create images of the interior.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenges for Protein Chemical Synthesis in the 21th Century: Bridging Genomics and Proteomics (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Predicting defects using network analysis on dependency graphs (2008)

In software development, resources for quality assurance are limited by time and by cost. In order to allocate resources effectively, managers need to rely on their experience backed by code complexity metrics. But often dependencies exist between various pieces of code over which managers may have little knowledge. These dependencies can be construed as a low level graph of the entire system. In this paper, we propose to use network analysis on these dependency graphs. This allows managers to identify central program units that are more likely to face defects. In our evaluation on Windows Server 2003, we found that the recall for models built from network measures is by 10% points higher than for models built from complexity metrics. In addition, network measures could identify 60% of the binaries that the Windows developers considered as critical-twice as many as identified by complexity metrics.
National Trends in Retropharyngeal Abscess among Adult Inpatients with Peritonsillar Abscess (2015)

The incidence of RPA among adult inpatients with PTA is increasing, and patients with RPA have higher in-hospital resource utilization. Further studies may help validate factors predictive of RPA to enable prevention or earlier identification.
Modeling the channel time-variance for fixed wireless communications (2002)

We propose a new stochastic model for the time-variance of channels for fixed wireless communications. In the classical Jakes' Doppler spectrum, the receiver (or the transmitter) is assumed to move at a certain speed. However, in fixed wireless communication systems, both the transmitter and the receiver are stationary and time-variations are actually due to moving scatterers. A novel stochastic model for this sort of time-varying channels is introduced specifically for indoor environments, which can be employed to more accurately simulate the performance of fixed wireless communications.
Nature of System Calls in CPU-centric Computing Paradigm (2019)

Modern operating systems are typically POSIX-compliant with major system calls specified decades ago. The next generation of non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies raise concerns about the efficiency of the traditional POSIX-based systems. As one step toward building high performance NVM systems, we explore the potential dependencies between system call performance and major hardware components (e.g., CPU, memory, storage) under typical user cases (e.g., software compilation, installation, web browser, office suite) in this paper. We build histograms for the most frequent and time-consuming system calls with the goal to understand the nature of distribution on different platforms. We find that there is a strong dependency between the system call performance and the CPU architecture. On the other hand, the type of persistent storage plays a less important role in affecting the performance.
Development of molecular inversion probes for soybean progeny genomic selection genotyping (2022)

Increasing rate of genetic gain for key agronomic traits through genomic selection requires the development of new molecular methods to run genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The main limitation of current methods is the cost is too high to screen breeding populations. Molecular inversion probes (MIPs) are a targeted genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method that could be used for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that is both cost-effective, high-throughput, and provides high data quality to screen breeder's germplasm for genomic selection. A 1K MIP SNP set was developed for soybean with uniformly distributed markers across the genome. The SNPs were selected to maximize the number of informative markers in germplasm being tested in soybean breeding programs located in the northern-central and middle-southern regions of the United States. The 1K SNP MIP set was tested on diverse germplasm and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Targeted sequencing with MIPs obtained an 85% enrichment for the targeted SNPs. The MIP genotyping accuracy was 93% overall, whereas homozygous call accuracy was 98% with <10% missing data. The accuracy of MIPs combined with its low per-sample cost makes it a powerful tool to enable genomic selection within soybean breeding programs.
Mode Transitions in Hall-Effect Thrusters Induced by Variable Magnetic Field Strength (2016)

Mode transitions in a 6 kW laboratory Hall-effect thruster were induced by varying the magnetic field intensity while holding all other operating parameters constant. Ultrafast imaging, discharge current, and thrust measurements were used to characterize the change in discharge channel current density and thruster performance through mode transitions. The modes are described here as global oscillation mode and local oscillation mode. In global mode, the entire discharge channel is oscillating in unison and spokes are either absent or negligible with discharge current oscillation amplitude (root mean square) greater than 10% of the mean value and can even be as high as 100%. In local oscillation mode, perturbations in the discharge current density are seen to propagate in the direction. Spokes are localized oscillations that are typically 10–20% of the mean discharge current density value. The discharge current oscillation amplitude and mean values are significantly lower than global mode. The mode transitions changed with operating conditions, where the transition between global mode and local mode occurred at higher relative magnetic field strengths for higher mass flow rate or higher discharge voltage. The thrust was approximately constant through the mode transition, but the thrust-to-power ratio and anode efficiency decreased significantly in global mode. The peaks in thrust to power and anode efficiency typically occur near the transition point. Thruster performance maps should include variation in discharge current, discharge voltage, and magnetic field, known as maps, at different flow rates to identify transition regions throughout the life of a thruster. These results are used to calculate a transition surface for use by operators to keep the thruster operating in an optimal mode.
Hydrophobic mismatch sorts SNARE proteins into distinct membrane domains (2015)

The clustering of proteins and lipids in distinct microdomains is emerging as an important principle for the spatial patterning of biological membranes. Such domain formation can be the result of hydrophobic and ionic interactions with membrane lipids as well as of specific protein-protein interactions. Here using plasma membrane-resident SNARE proteins as model, we show that hydrophobic mismatch between the length of transmembrane domains (TMDs) and the thickness of the lipid membrane suffices to induce clustering of proteins. Even when the TMDs differ in length by only a single residue, hydrophobic mismatch can segregate structurally closely homologous membrane proteins in distinct membrane domains. Domain formation is further fine-tuned by interactions with polyanionic phosphoinositides and homo and heterotypic protein interactions. Our findings demonstrate that hydrophobic mismatch contributes to the structural organization of membranes.