gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
dUTPase in Human Neoplastic Cells as a Potential Target for Therapeutic Intervention (2001)

With the exception of brain, most human tissues analysed contain dUTPase protein detectable by immunohistochemistry. Non-dividing tissues like untreated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) contain basal levels of cytoplasmic dUTPase and express additional, nuclear dUTPase upon mitogenic stimulation. Normal, proliferating tissues like intestinal mucosa or germinal centres within tonsils contain cytoplasmic as well as nuclear dUTPase in accordance with a proposed role for dUTPase during cell division. Notably, no dUTPase is detectable during mitosis. The failure to stain dUTPase in normal brain tissue by immunohistochemistry while mRNA is readily detectable by Northern blotting cannot be explained at this moment. Epithelial tumours, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, breast, colon, vulva or nasopharynx contain cells which are either positive for both or only one of the subcellular forms of the dUTPase and show variable numbers of dUTPase-positive cells. High levels of dUTPase correlate with a poor p rognosis regarding the progression of colorectal carcinoma. Of the intracranial tumours tested, neuroepithelial tumours show almost exclusively nuclear expression whereas meningiomas of higher grades of malignancy (WHO grade II and III) also contain cells with additional cytoplasmic dUTPase. The dUTPase is detectable in other malignancies including tumours derived from lymphatic tissues like Burkitts lymphoma or non-Hodgkins-lymphoma. The downregulation of dUTPase protein during apoptosis or the inhibition of dUTPase during nerve cell development in Drosophila melanogaster suggests a possible role of the enzyme during apoptosis. In line with these observations, inhibition of dUTPase by antisense in p53-deficient tumour cells hints at a possible route of treatment of p53-deficient tumours which are otherwise resistant to therapies like irradiation. The expression of the enzyme in normal tissues indicates that sublethal levels of dUTPase inhibitors may also exert an unwanted mutagenic effect. Keywords: peripheral blood lymphocytes, dUTPase, cerebral B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma(pCNSL), ANTISENSE EXPRESSION, APOPTOSIS
Demonstration of post-growth wavelength control of VCSELs using high-contrast gratings (2015)

We demonstrate post-growth wavelength setting of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) using high-contrast gratings (HCGs). By fabricating HCGs with different duty-cycle and period, the HCG reflection phase can be varied, in effect giving different optical cavity lengths for HCGVCSELs with different grating parameters. This enables fabrication of monolithic multi-wavelength HCG-VCSEL arrays for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). The GaAs HCG is suspended in air by selective removal of an InGaP sacrificial layer. Electrically injected 980-nm HCGVCSELs with sub-mA threshold currents indicate high reflectivity from the GaAs HCGs. Lasing over a wavelength span of 15 nm was achieved, enabling a 4-channel WDM array with 5 nm channel spacing. Device design, fabrication and experimental proof-of-concept are presented.
Measurement Of Very Near Specular Scatter (1989)

Scatterometer optics create near specular scatter (instrument signature) that complicates the process of measuring near specular scatter from samples. In order to achieve measurements within one degree of specular, the instrument signature must be compared to (or subtracted from) the scatter measured from the sample/instrument combination. Because sample scatter is independent of instrument signature, high scatter samples will separate from signature closer to specular than low scatter samples. This paper reports the results of an effort to measure down to few thousandths of a degree from specular. The samples are Bragg cells designed for use in RF spectrometers and the data is taken at 0.86 microns. Data from several materials are presented. The inherent physical limitations imposed on such measurements are also discussed.
Clinical trial of the effect of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) (NSC 296961) on the toxicity of cyclophosphamide. (1983)

S-2-(3-Aminopropylamino)-ethylphosphorothioic acid (WR-2721) is reported to protect normal tissues from the effects of ionizing radiation and possibly alkylating agents as well. The present trial assessed the ability of this compound to modify the clinical toxicity of cyclophosphamide. Patients with advanced cancer first received a dose of 1000 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide intravenously and were observed for toxicity, principally myelosuppression. After the nadir in white blood cell counts and/or platelets had been documented and adequate recovery had occurred, a second course of cyclophosphamide was given, this time preceded by WR-2721 30 min earlier. In this fashion, each patient served as his own control. Doses of WR-2721 ranging from 250 to 1000 mg/m2 were tested. A total of 13 evaluable courses of WR-2721 were given with cyclophosphamide. In no instance did the prior administration of WR-2721 diminish the bone marrow toxicity of cyclophosphamide alone. At the end of the trial two additional patients received the WR-2721 in a split dose, one-half prior to the cyclophosphamide and one-half 6 hr later; again there was no protection. The side effects of WR-2721 included nausea, vomiting, hypotension, sneezing, and swelling of the tongue. We conclude that WR-2721 is a potentially toxic compound that produces no amelioration of cyclophosphamide toxicity in the doses used. Because of the severity of the side effects of WR-2721, principally hypotension, the trial was terminated after 1000 mg/m2 WR-2721 failed to protect against the toxicity of 1000 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide.
Electrical Architecture of the SENTINEL-1 SAR Antenna Subsystem (2008)

The Sentinel-1 Mission is part of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) initiative whose overall objective is to support Europe?s goals regarding sustainable development and global governance of the environment by providing timely and quality data, information, services and knowledge. Specifically, the all-weather imaging capability of the C-Band SAR (C-SAR) instrument carried by Sentinel-1 shall provide measurement data at high and medium resolutions for land, coastal zones and ice observations in cloudy regions and during night, coupled with radar interferometry capability for detection of small (millimetre or sub-millimetre level) ground movements, with the appropriate frequencies and operating modes required to support the GMES services. The SAR Antenna Subsystem (SAS) represents the sensor part of the C-SAR instrument and is an active phased array system with Tx and Rx gain and phase control distributed over the antenna area. These functions are provided by so called Transmit Receive Modules (TRMs) as part of the Electronic Frontend End (EFE) assemblies. The SAS is capable to perform rapid electronic beam steering, beam shaping, and also polarisation selection. The dual polarised antenna allows transmission in one single, but selectable polarisation (H or V) and simultaneous reception of both H and V polarisations. The electrical architecture of the SAS comprises equipment for DC power distribution, RF signal distribution, SAS control.
Optimization of sample preparation for plasma desorption mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins using a nitrocellulose matrix (1988)

Molecular ion yields and spectrum quality in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins have been studied as a function of the method of sample of preparation. Parameters like matrix preparation, pH of the sample solution, method of applying the sample on the matrix and sample quantity have been studied. The best matrix was found to be nitrocellulose prepared by electrospraying. Various techniques for applying the sample result in different sensitivity. The highest sensitivity is obtained using the spin-drying technique, which results in high-quality spectra with 1–2 pmol of trypsin (mol. wt 23,463). The results obtained using different sample preparation techniques are discussed and directions for an optimal procedure are given.
Study on Accelerated Life Testing of Swing Reduction Gear Box for Hybrid Excavator (2013)

하이브리드 굴삭기는 기존 굴삭기와 달리 선회구동계에 유압모터를 대신하여 선회전동기를 사용하고 있다. 하이브리드 굴삭기의 신뢰성을 평가하고 보증하기 위해서는 기계와 전기적인 고장모드가 조합되어 고려되어야 한다. 특히, 하이브리드 굴삭기용 선회감속기는 가혹한 실외환경에서 운용되므로 시작품에 대한 현장작동조건을 고려한 가속수명시험이 수행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 선회구동계 중선회감속기에 대한 가속수명시험 기법의 개발을 위하여 FMMA, FMAECA, FTA 및 QFD와 같은 정성적 신뢰성기법을 활용하였고, 개발된 가속조건에 의한 수명시험결과를 유분석 기법 등을 활용 분석하여 평가대상 시료가 목표 신뢰도를 만족함을 확인하였다.
Dry‐developed organosilicon resists for 193‐nm excimer laser lithography (1992)

Abstract Irradiation of certain organosilicon polymers with a 193‐nm excimer laser forms a latent image that contains increased amounts of oxygen. Patterning is achieved by dry development in an HBr plasma, where the oxidized polymer etches more slowly than the unexposed areas. With these polymers as the top layer in a bilayer resist scheme, 0.2 μm resolution has been demonsrated and resist sensitivities less than 50 mJ/cm 2 have been achieved. Three classes of organosilicon layers have been investigated: polysilynes; polysilanes, in particular poly(phenylmethyl) silane; and a plasma‐deposited polymer derived from tetramethylsilane (PPTMS). The PPTMS, when used with plasma‐deposited planarizing layers, opens the possibility of an all‐dry, cluster‐tool‐compatible lithographic cycle.
Microstructure and defects in a Ni-Cr-Al-Ti γ/γ’ model superalloy processed by laser powder bed fusion (2021)

Additive manufacturing (AM) of non-weldable high-γ’ Ni base superalloys is challenging due to various issues, but notably because of their inherent cracking propensity. Typically, the segregation of melting point-depressant elements to grain boundaries (GB) drastically increases the solidification interval, allowing the high processing-induced stresses in the parts to pull apart the liquid film at GBs. To achieve a better understanding of the consolidation process of nickel superalloys as well as the origin of defects and cracks, a simplified model γ/γ’-strengthened Ni-Cr-Al-Ti alloy with reduced solidification interval, related to the commercial CM247LC alloy, is investigated under a large parameter survey. The consolidation behavior is typical of nickel superalloys produced by AM, with the optimal condition being a compromise between cracking and porosity. The cracking mechanism is, however, changed to solid-state cracking, localized at high-angle GBs, and likely due to the lack of GB strengthening phases and the inherently low strength of this simplified alloy. Transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography reveal elemental segregation of Ti, and to a lower extent Cr and Al, to the solidification cell boundaries, in agreement with Calphad calculations. No γ’ precipitates are observed in the as-processed condition, indicating that all elements remain in solid solution. No chemical differences are observed between cracked and non-cracked boundaries. Trace amounts of oxygen contained in the powder lead to Al2O3 slag formation, as well as nano oxide dispersoid incorporation. Sulfur, a critical contaminant in superalloys, is detected but rendered harmless by the formation of TiS nanoprecipitates.
p73 and p63 Are Homotetramers Capable of Weak Heterotypic Interactions with Each Other but Not with p53 (1999)

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most frequent genetic alterations found in human cancers. Recent identification of two human homologues of p53 has raised the prospect of functional interactions between family members via a conserved oligomerization domain. Here we report in vitro and in vivo analysis of homo- and hetero-oligomerization of p53 and its homologues, p63 and p73. The oligomerization domains of p63 and p73 can independently fold into stable homotetramers, as previously observed for p53. However, the oligomerization domain of p53 does not associate with that of either p73 or p63, even when p53 is in 15-fold excess. On the other hand, the oligomerization domains of p63 and p73 are able to weakly associate with one another in vitro. In vivo co-transfection assays of the ability of p53 and its homologues to activate reporter genes showed that a DNA-binding mutant of p53 was not able to act in a dominant negative manner over wild-type p73 or p63 but that a p73 mutant could inhibit the activity of wild-type p63. These data suggest that mutant p53 in cancer cells will not interact with endogenous or exogenous p63 or p73 via their respective oligomerization domains. It also establishes that the multiple isoforms of p63 as well as those of p73 are capable of interacting via their common oligomerization domain.
Gender Bias in Multilingual Embeddings and Cross-Lingual Transfer (2020)

Multilingual representations embed words from many languages into a single semantic space such that words with similar meanings are close to each other regardless of the language. These embeddings have been widely used in various settings, such as cross-lingual transfer, where a natural language processing (NLP) model trained on one language is deployed to another language. While the crosslingual transfer techniques are powerful, they carry gender bias from the source to target languages. In this paper, we study gender bias in multilingual embeddings and how it affects transfer learning for NLP applications. We create a multilingual dataset for bias analysis and propose several ways for quantifying bias in multilingual representations from both the intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives. Experimental results show that the magnitude of bias in the multilingual representations changes differently when we align the embeddings to different target spaces and that the alignment direction can also have an influence on the bias in transfer learning. We further provide recommendations for using the multilingual word representations for downstream tasks.
The Effects of Predictive Features of Mobile Keyboards on Text Entry Speed and Errors (2020)

Mobile users rely on typing assistant mechanisms such as prediction and autocorrect. Previous studies on mobile keyboards showed decreased performance for heavy use of word prediction, which identifies a need for more research to better understand the effectiveness of predictive features for different users. Our work aims at such a better understanding of user interaction with autocorrections and the prediction panel while entering text, in particular when these approaches fail. We present a crowd-sourced mobile text entry study with 170 participants. Our mobile web application simulates autocorrection and word prediction to capture user behaviours around these features. We found that using word prediction saves an average of 3.43 characters per phrase but also adds an average of two seconds compared to actually typing the word, resulting in a negative effect on text entry speed. We also identified that the time to fix wrong autocorrections is on average 5.5 seconds but that autocorrection does not have a significant effect on typing speed.
Combination Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Vaccine (1986)

A comparative clinical trial was conducted in 15- to 17-month-old healthy children to compare an investigational combination measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (MMRV) vaccine v standard measles, mumps, rubella vaccine followed 6 weeks later with the varicella (MMR + V) vaccine. Both the MMRV and MMR + V vaccine schedules stimulated virtually 100% seroconversion for all component viruses. Mean antibody titers were similar for each virus component in the two vaccine groups. Clinical reactivity postimmunization was also similar with 25% to 29% morbilliform rashes, 12% to 25% mild papulovesicular (varicella) rashes, and 12.5% to 18% temperature elevations above 38.3 degrees C (101 degrees F). Antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses were persistent at 1 year of follow-up in both groups. Varicella antibody was persistent in 8/10 originally seronegative MMRV vaccinees and 5/5 MMR + V vaccine recipients tested. One MMRV vaccine recipient had a household exposure to chickenpox during the year postvaccination that resulted in a subclinical boost in varicella antibody titer. Two children in the MMR + V vaccine group had close varicella exposures; mild varicella (20 lesions) developed in one. There were no known exposures to natural measles, mumps, or rubella. Three of four MMRV vaccinees with low titer antibody to varicella prior to immunization had greater than fourfold increases in antibodies after vaccination. The combination MMRV vaccine is an immunogenic, safe, and cost-effective approach to varicella immunization of healthy children. Continued work is needed to select the appropriate dose of varicella component, to assure higher persistence rate of varicella antibody.
Robust EGNOS Availability Performances under Severe Ionospheric Conditions (2015)

The estimation of ionosphere delay and associated covariance is the key contributor to reach APV1 and LPV200 availability performance level for EGNOS above the ECAC area.

To qualify the future EGNOS system release, ESA has defined a new synthetic data scenario representative of severe ionospheric conditions. In order to be consistent with the real ionosphere behavior, ESA has also defined a new criterion to characterize the dynamics of the gradients, the Along Arc TEC Rate (AATR), that represents the rms over one hour of the particular derivative of the TEC along a path. 

Typically the value of AATR that is present into the new synthetic scenario is around 2.5 mm per second for L1 at low latitude.

To be able to follow such a gradient dynamics Thales Alenia Space France has developed a new Ionospheric Grid Computation module (IGC) to compute the EGNOS ionosphere corrections, in the scope of R&D activities. The IGC module is integrated into SPEED platform, the SBAS Operational Test-bed that fully represents EGNOS Performances in terms of accuracy, continuity, availability and integrity for Safety Of Life services. The outputs of this module is the set of GIVD, the vertical delay, and GIVE, the confidence interval of GIVD at 3.29 sigma, for each Ionospheric Grid Point (IGP).

The analyses of the performances of this new ionospheric module have shown a real significant improvement of the APV1 availability performances map (more than 100% of availability performance improvements).

These first results show that the compliance to APV1 and LPV200 availability performances can be reached with this solution under severe ionospheric condition.
Heterologous reporter expression in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea through somatic mRNA transfection (2022)

Planarians have long been studied for their regenerative abilities. Moving forward, tools for ectopic expression of non-native proteins will be of substantial value. Using a luminescent reporter to overcome the strong autofluorescence of planarian tissues, we demonstrate heterologous protein expression in planarian cells and live animals. Our approach is based on the introduction of mRNA through several nanotechnological and chemical transfection methods. We improve reporter expression by altering untranslated region (UTR) sequences and codon bias, facilitating the measurement of expression kinetics in both isolated cells and whole planarians using luminescence imaging<i>.</i> We also examine protein expression as a function of variations in the UTRs of delivered mRNA, demonstrating a framework to investigate gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Together, these advances expand the toolbox for the mechanistic analysis of planarian biology and establish a foundation for the development and expansion of transgenic techniques in this unique model system.
THE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE TO THE PHENOLIC GLYCOLIPID OF MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE IN AUSTRALIAN AND NEPALI LEPROSY PATIENTS (1987)

Antibodies to the species-specific phenolic glycolipid (PGL-1) of Mycobacterium leprae and a crude M. leprae sonicate were measured by ELISA in sera from newly diagnosed and treated leprosy patients from Sydney and Nepal. IgM anti-PGL-1 antibodies were present in 88-90% of untreated patients at the lepromatous pole of the clinical spectrum and 35-55% of those at the tuberculoid pole. In treated patients with either form of the disease, IgM anti-PGL-1 antibodies were within the normal range or minimally elevated. In contrast, high levels of IgG anti-PGL-1 antibodies were detected in both treated and untreated patients. Neither IgM nor IgG anti-PGL-1 antibodies were elevated in sera from Mantoux negative controls and only one out of 15 sera from patients with untreated tuberculosis contained significant amounts of antibody. Comparison of the data from the anti-PGL-1 assay with the antibody response to a crude M. leprae sonicate revealed that the latter assay yielded more variable results and discriminated less well between lepromatous and tuberculoid subjects and between untreated patients and those on therapy. Thus the IgM anti-PGL-1 response signifies the presence of active disease, particularly in multi-bacillary cases, and has the potential to be used not only to monitor the response of these patients to therapy, but also to detect subclinical leprosy in high-risk groups such as the relatives of patients with lepromatous disease.
Postinjection single photon transmission tomography with ordered-subset algorithms for whole-body PET imaging (2002)

We have evaluated the penalized ordered-subset transmission reconstruction (OSTR) algorithm for postinjection single photon transmission scanning. The OSTR algorithm of Erdogan and Fessler (1999) uses a more accurate model for transmission tomography than ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM) when OSEM is applied to the logarithm of the transmission data. The OSTR algorithm is directly applicable to postinjection transmission scanning with a single photon source, as emission contamination from the patient mimics the effect, in the original derivation of OSTR, of random coincidence contamination in a positron source transmission scan. Multiple noise realizations of simulated postinjection transmission data were reconstructed using OSTR, filtered backprojection (FBP), and OSEM algorithms. Due to the nonspecific task performance, or multiple uses, of the transmission image, multiple figures of merit were evaluated, including image noise, contrast, uniformity, and root mean square (rms) error. We show that: 1) the use of a three-dimensional (3-D) regularizing image roughness penalty with OSTR improves the tradeoffs in noise, contrast, and rms error relative to the use of a two-dimensional penalty; 2) OSTR with a 3-D penalty has improved tradeoffs in noise, contrast, and rms error relative to FBP or OSEM; and 3) the use of image standard deviation from a single realization to estimate the true noise can be misleading in the case of OSEM. We conclude that using OSTR with a 3-D penalty potentially allows for shorter postinjection transmission scans in single photon transmission tomography in positron emission tomography (PET) relative to FBP or OSEM reconstructed images with the same noise properties. This combination of singles+OSTR is particularly suitable for whole-body PET oncology imaging.
QoS Provisioning for 802.11 Wireless Home Networks (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Basics of Quality of Service (QoS) Provisioning QoS Provisioning in Home Wireless Networks QoS Support at the Higher Network Layers QoS Support in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs Case Study: Integrating 802.11 and Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) Cable Networks Summary References