gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal nitridation of silicon in a cluster tool (1992)

An integrated cluster tool process is described whereby stoichiometric Si3N4 films with less than 0.01 at % oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon are grown on 〈111〉 Si. The ultrahigh film purity is verified in situ with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static secondary ion-mass spectrometry depth profiles. The two-step process consists of cleaning the surface in an electron cyclotron resonance excited H2 plasma, and passing in vacuum to a second chamber where it is exposed to NH3 for 2 min at 1070 °C to promote nitridation. The films are approximately 5 nm thick with a refractive index of 2.01 at 633 nm. They are resistant to a dry O2 ambient for at least 6 h at 1050 °C. The average breakdown field of Al/Si3N4/Si capacitors is around 9 MV/cm.
Synthesis of π-Conjugated Molecules Based on 3,4-Dioxypyrroles via Pd-Mediated Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling (2011)

A general scheme for the synthesis of π-conjugated molecules based on 3,4-dioxypyrroles is presented. The π-conjugated molecules were synthesized via Pd-mediated decarboxylative cross-coupling using various 3,4-propylenedioxypyrrole carboxylic acids and aryl bromides, including the base-sensitive electron acceptor 4,7-dibromobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD). N-Methylpyrrolidone was used as solvent, Pd(acac)(2) was employed as the palladium source and P(o-tol)(3) as the ligand. The methodology was applied to 3,4-dioxypyrrole monoacids and 3,4-dioxypyrrole diacids to produce multi-ring π-conjugated systems containing phenyl, thiophenyl, BTD, and pyridinyl units. In general, the method has yielded a practical approach for the synthesis of 3,4-dioxypyrrole-based π-conjugated molecules in acceptable to high yields of 44-94%.
PARAFRASE-2: AN ENVIRONMENT FOR PARALLELIZING, PARTITIONING, SYNCHRONIZING, AND SCHEDULING PROGRAMS ON MULTIPROCESSORS (1989)

Parafrase-2 is a vectorizing/parallelizing compiler implemented as a source to source code restructurer. This paper discusses the organization of Parafrase-2 and goals of the project. Specific topics discussed are : dependence analysis, timing and overhead analysis, interprocedural analysis, automatic scheduling and the graphical user interface.
Neuronal Activity Evoked in the Inferior Colliculus of the Cat by Surface Macroelectrodes and Penetrating Microelectrodes Implanted in the Cochlear Nucleus (2010)

Persons lacking functional auditory nerves cannot benefit from cochlear implants, but an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) utilizing stimulating electrodes adjacent to or on their cochlear nucleus (CN) can restore some hearing. We are investigating the feasibility of supplementing these surface electrodes with penetrating microstimulating electrodes within the ventral CN (VCN), and how the two types of electrodes can be used synergistically. Multiunit neuronal responses evoked by VCN electrical stimulation with surface electrodes and microelectrodes were recorded in the inferior colliculus (ICC) of five cats. The findings are consistent with those from patients with type II neurofibromatosis who received ABIs with both surface and microelectrodes. The patients described percepts from their microelectrodes as more similar to pure tones than those from their surface electrodes, consistent with the greater tonotopic selectivity of microelectrodes in the cats' VCN. Also, the patients describe percepts from their surface electrodes as louder than those from the microelectrodes, while in the cat, the neuronal activity evoked in the ICC by the surface electrodes tended to be greater. This concordance helps to validate our cat model as a means of investigating the synergistic use of surface and penetrating electrodes in a clinical ABI.
Two-Pulse $C$–$V$ : A New Method for Characterizing Electron Traps in the Bulk of $ \hbox{SiO}_{2}/\hbox{high-}\kappa$ Dielectric Stacks (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}/\hbox{high-}\kappa$</tex></formula> dielectric stack is a candidate for replacing the conventional <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}$</tex></formula>-based dielectric stacks for future Flash memory cells. Electron traps in the high-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$ \kappa$</tex></formula> layer can limit the memory retention via the trap-assisted tunneling, and there is a pressing need for their characterization. A new two-pulse <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$C$</tex></formula> –<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$V$</tex></formula> measurement technique is developed in this letter, which, for the first time, allows us to probe the discharge of electron traps throughout the <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}/\hbox{high-}\kappa$</tex></formula> stack. It complements the charge pumping technique, which can only probe near-interface traps. It is demonstrated that a large number of electron traps, indeed, exist in the bulk of high-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\kappa$</tex></formula> layer. Bulk electron traps also have different discharge characteristics from those near the <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{SiO}_{2}/\hbox{high-}\kappa$</tex></formula> interface. </para>
Asymmetrische Cycloisomerisierung von 1,6-Dienen (2006)

Within this thesis an highly selective and active catalyst system for the cycloisomerisation of 1,6-dienes towards exo-methylenecyclopentanes could be developed. The combination of [{Ni(allyl)Br}2], Wilke´s azaphospholene and Na[BARF] led to a catalyst, which transformed diethyl diallylmalonate to 3-methyl-4-methylenecyclopentan-1,1-dicarboxylic diethylester in 91% regioselectivity and 79% enantiomeric excess. Furthermore the use of halide free precursors of the type [Ni(allyl)(cod)][Y] with weakly coordinating counterions Y led to a strong increase in activity without loss in regio- and only with small loss in enantioselectivity. With [Ni(allyl)(cod)][BARF] as precursor, a TOF of 144 h-1 and an enantiomeric excess of 72% could be reached in the cyclisation of diethyl diallylmalonate. Concerning activity and regioselectivity our catalyst system is comparable with the most successful achiral protocols. Apart from diethyl diallylmalonate, we were able to transform further 1,6-dienes into the desired exo-methylenecyclopentanes. The highest enantioselectivity was observed with 4,4-bis-(hydroxymehtyl)-1,6-heptadiene as substrate. A value of 91% ee was reached, being currently by far the highest ee known for the diene cycloisomerisation. Additionally to the already mentioned substrates leading to carbocycles, also N,N-diallyl tosylamide could be transformed into the corresponding exo-methylenepyrrolidine. With this substrate ee values up to 54%, TOFs up to 128h 1 accompanied with perfect regioselectivities (up to >99%) were achieved. These values are currently the highest reported for this class of substrates. Furthermore, we were successful in the cycloisomerisation of unsymmetric 1,6-dienes. trans-Diethyl-2-cinnamyl-2-allylmalonate and other 1-arylated 1,6-heptadienes could be converted into the corresponding (E)-exo-benzylidenecyclopentane, which arose in very high selectivity. As counterion effects are often very pronounced in olefin dimerisation, this aspect was assessed also for the new cycloisomerisation system. We observed that the catalyst activity increases strongly by decreasing the nucleophilic character of the counterion, whereas regio- and enantioselectivity are mostly independent from the catalyst anion. Apart from Wilke´s Azaphospholen, also monodentate phosphoramidites were tested as chiral ligands in the Ni-catalysed cycloisomerisation of 1,6-dienes. Here we observed that MonoPhos type ligands only show moderate activity and regioselectivity combined with no chiral induction. The use of MonoPhos derivatives containing the 3,3’-substituted binaphthol moiety resulted in an increase of the catalyst performance in terms of activity, regio- as well as enantioselectivity. The most promising results however were obtained with BINAPHOSQUIN-type ligands. With this ligand class TOF values of 40h-1, regioselectivities up to 97% and ee values up to 46% were reached. The variation of the substituent in 2-position of the dihydro-quinoline backbone does not have a major effect on the catalysis outcome.
Low‐glycemic index diets prevent type 2 diabetes in the Nile rat (2013)

The Nile rat (NR) is a novel model for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome sensitive to metabolic stress from simple carbohydrates (CHO). Three experiments assessed the effects of a low‐glycemic index CHO (green lentils, GL) on T2DM. Expt 1 compared a GL diet directly with a semipurified hiCHO diet having identical %En from CHO:fat:protein (70:10:20). Expt 2 assessed reversibility of hyperglycemia by comparing a modCHO‐GL diet (45:25:30) to diabetogenic semipurified hiCHO (70:10:20) or lab chow (#5020) diets in 3 separate studies. Expt 3 examined young Nile rats “primed” from weaning for 7wks with the modCHO‐GL diet (45:25:30) before being challenged with stressful semipurified hiCHO (70:10:20) or modCHO (40:40:20) diets based on glucose and starch. 1. Compared to the hiCHO semipurified diet with the same macronutrient composition, the GL diet induced significantly less diabetes. 2. GL substantially reversed hyperglycemia, especially in young (&lt;4mo) diabetic rats. 3.”Priming” rats with GL prior to hiCHO resulted in less severe diabetes compared to previous studies without priming. Positive influences on other metabolic parameters such as liver and kidney weight and plasma lipids also were observed. Since the NR mimics T2DM in humans, GL or components therein may represent a potentially useful adjunct for T2DM control in humans. Funding source: Foster Biomed Res Lab and the Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Image contrast slope and line edge roughness of chemically amplified resists for postoptical lithography (2007)

The reduction of line edge roughness (LER) or linewidth roughness is the most challenging issue associated with the development of resist processes for the next generation lithography. The extent of LER has been reported to correlate with the image contrast slope. Although the postoptical lithography such as electron beam and extreme ultraviolet lithographies can create high contrast images, low-energy electrons degrade image contrasts in these lithographies. The precise prediction of image contrasts requires the incorporation of the effects of low-energy electrons into process simulators. For the reduction of LER, better understanding of LER formation is needed. In this work, the authors proposed a simulation method for the calculation of latent images for postoptical lithographies on the basis of the sensitization mechanisms of chemically amplified resists.
Autonomic dysreflexia in a rat model spinal cord injury and the effect of pharmacologic agents (1995)

The object of this study was to develop a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model for autonomic dysreflexia (AD), assessing the effect of alpha-adrenergic and calcium channel blockade and to determine the relationship of detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) to the development of AD. A laminectomy was performed in male rats at the T4 or T10 level and a controlled 50 g cm blunt SCI was induced using an impounder. Four weeks after injury, changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored while simultaneous cystometry (CMG) and pelvic floor electromography (EMG) were performed in vivo in sham (control) and spinal cord injured rats. The effects of terazosin (0.1 mg/kg), diltiazem (0.5 mg/kg), and oxybutynin chloride (0.1 mg/kg) on hemodynamic changes were assessed independently. Both T4 and T10 SCI rat displayed evidence of DESD (enhanced pelvic floor EMG activity at cystometric capacity) while control rats did not. Only T4 injured rats exhibited evidence of AD, with mean blood pressure elevations from 82.9 +/- 13.6 to 93.9 +/- 11.3 mm Hg (P < 0.01) and a mean heart rate decrease from 332.2 +/- 56.5 to 311.1 +/- 54.5 beats/min (P = 0.02) at cystometric capacity. The intravenous administration of terazosin or diltiazem abolished the AD response during CMG. The administration of oxybutynin exhibited the ability to increase bladder capacity and improve compliance in all 3 groups but did not blunt AD. The rat model of SCI effectively reproduced hemodynamic changes consistent with the AD complex in T4 level SCI but not T10 level SCI animals, despite incomplete lesions. Blockade with either an alpha-1 or a calcium channel antagonist effectively ablated the AD response to bladder distention. Anticholinergic agents had no effect on AD. DESD frequently accompanies autonomic dysreflexia, although the development of AD is not a prerequisite for DESD.
Stereoselective Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Addition of Aryl Grignards to Diphenylacetylene in the Synthesis of Zuclomiphene (2022)

Stereoselective synthesis of zuclomiphene was developed using nickel-catalyzed addition of 4-fluorophenylmagnesium bromide to 1,2-diphenylacetylene, followed by quenching with a chlorinating reagent. Since the aryl fluoride addition and chlorination reactions occur consecutively in one pot, the cis orientation of the two phenyl groups of 1,2-diphenylacetylene is conserved, leading to the highly selective synthesis of zuclomiphene. The use of the Grignard reagent resulted in the presence of bromide ions in the reaction mixture, which led to the formation of the bromo-analog of zuclomiphene. Alternative routes were then explored to overcome this issue to yield high-purity zuclomiphene.
The Impact of ABO Blood Grouping on COVID-19 Vulnerability and Seriousness: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Controlled Study among the Arab Community (2021)

<i>Background and Objectives:</i> Studies have noted that some ABO blood types are more susceptible to COVID-19 virus infection. This study aimed to further confirm the relationship between different blood groups on the vulnerability, symptoms, cure period, and severity among COVID-19 recovered patients. <i>Subjects and Methods:</i> This cross-sectional study approached the participants from the Arab community via social media (mainly Facebook and WhatsApp). The data were collected through two Google Form questionnaires, one for COVID-19 recovered patients (COVID-19 group, <i>n</i> = 726), and the other for the healthy people (Control group, <i>n</i> = 707). <i>Results:</i> The subjects with blood group O were the least likely to be infected with the COVID-19 virus, while those with blood group A were not likely to be the most susceptible. There were significant differences among different ABO blood groups regarding the distribution of oxygen saturation percentage, myalgia, and recovery time after COVID-19 infection (<i>p</i> < 0.01, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively). The blood group A showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 90-100%, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who experienced an oxygen saturation range of 70-80%. The blood group A showed the lowest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration, whereas the blood group O showed the highest percentage of patients who required artificial respiration. The blood group B showed the lowest percentage of patients who experienced myalgia and exhibited the lowest percentage of patients who needed 3 weeks or more to recover. <i>Conclusion:</i> The people of blood group O may be the least likely to be infected with COVID-19, however, they may be the more in need of treatment in hospital and artificial respiration compared to the other blood groups.
Irradiation of infected root canals with a diode laser in vivo: Results of microbiological examinations (1997)

Compared with the results achieved with the conventional bactericidal technique in the control group, the high power diode laser seems to be highly suitable for killing bacteria in infected root canals.
Correction for heart rate variability improves coronary magnetic resonance angiography (2005)

Preliminary results suggest that HRV correction improves objective and subjective image quality in coronary MRA. Continued studies in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease are warranted to investigate the clinical impact of this technique.
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Functional Analyses of Two Isoforms of the SnRK2 inhibitor AtSCS (2019)

ABSTRACT SNF1-related protein kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are key signaling elements that regulate abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant development and responses to environmental stresses. Our previous data showed that the SnRK2-interacting Calcium Sensor (SCS) is an inhibitor of SnRK2 activity. In Arabidopsis thaliana , the use of alternative transcription start sites located within AtSCS gene results in two in-frame transcripts and subsequently two proteins, which differ only by the sequence position of the N-terminus. We described the longer AtSCS-A earlier, and now we describe the shorter AtSCS-B and compare both isoforms. The two forms differ significantly in their expression profiles in plant organs and in response to environmental stresses, in calcium binding properties, and conformational dynamics in the presence and absence of Ca 2+ . The results show that only AtSCS-A has the features of a calcium sensor. Both forms inhibit SnRK2 activity, but differ with respect to calcium dependence, as AtSCS-A requires calcium for inhibition, while AtSCS-B does not. Analysis of Arabidopsis plants stably expressing 35S::AtSCS-A-c-myc or 35S::AtSCS-B-c-myc in the scs-1 knockout mutant revealed that in planta both forms are negative regulators of the SnRK2 activity induced in response to ABA and regulate plant defense against water deficit. Moreover, the data present biochemical, biophysical, and functional properties of EF-hand-like motifs in plant proteins. One sentence Summary Two isoforms of SnRK2-interacting calcium sensor are expressed in Arabidopsis; they differ in calcium binding properties, but both of them inhibit SnRK2s and subsequently fine tune ABA signaling.
Low Resistance Ohmic Contacts to Bi[sub 2]Te[sub 3] Using Ni and Co Metallization (2010)

A detailed study of the impact of surface preparation and postdeposition annealing on contact resistivity for sputtered Ni and Co contacts to thin-film Bi2 Te3 is presented. The specific contact resistivity is obtained using the transfer length method. It is observed that in situ sputter cleaning using Ar bombardment before metal deposition gives a surface free of oxides and other contaminants. This surface treatment reduces the contact resistivity by more than 10 times for both Ni and Co contacts. Postdeposition annealing at 100°C on samples that were sputter-cleaned further reduces the contact resistivity to &amp;lt; 10-7 cm2 for both Ni and Co contacts to Bi2 Te3. Co as a suitable contact metal to Bi2 Te3 is reported. Co provided similar contact resistance values as Ni, but had better adhesion and less diffusion into the thermoelectric material, making it a suitable candidate for contact metallization to Bi2 Te3 based devices. © 2010 The Electrochemical Society.
Current aspects on bonding effectiveness and stability in adhesive dentistry (2011)

Improved dental adhesive technology has extensively influenced modern concepts in restorative dentistry. In light of minimal-invasive dentistry, this new approach promotes a more conservative cavity design, which basically relies on the effectiveness of current enamel-dentine adhesives. Nowadays, the interaction of adhesives with the dental substrate is based on two different strategies, commonly described as an etch-and-rinse and a self-etch approach. In an attempt to simplify the bonding technique, manufacturers have decreased the number of steps necessary for the accomplishment of the bonding procedure. As a consequence, two-step etch-and-rinse and one-step (self-etch) adhesives were introduced and gained rapid popularity in the dental market due to their claimed user-friendliness and lower technique sensitivity. However, many concerns have been raised on the bonding effectiveness of these simplified adhesives, especially in terms of durability, although this tends to be very material dependent. In order to blend all the adhesive components into one single solution, one-step adhesives were made more acidic and hydrophilic. Unfortunately, these properties induce a wide variety of seemingly unrelated problems that may jeopardize the effectiveness and stability of adhesion to the dental substrate. Being more susceptible to water sorption and thus nanoleakage, these adhesives are more prone to bond degradation and tend to fail prematurely as compared to their multi-step counterparts. Incidentally, another factor that may interfere with the bonding effectiveness of adhesives is the technique used for caries removal and cavity preparation. Several tools are on the market today to effectively remove carious tissue, thereby respecting the current trend of minimum intervention. Despite their promising performance, such techniques modify the tooth substrate in different aspects, possibly affecting bonding effectiveness. Altogether, we may conclude that not only the adhesive formulation, but also substrate nature must be taken into account to achieve a stable bonding interface, rendering the restorative treatment more predictable in terms of clinical performance. In this review, we analyse the current theoretical and clinical aspects of adhesion to enamel and dentine, and discuss the diverse possibilities to overcome problems which nowadays still challenge clinicians in their achievement of a more stable and effective bond to tooth enamel and dentine.
Effects of SBS and Rayleigh scattering in densely-spaced bidirectional transmission using Raman amplification (2003)

Summary form only given. We demonstrate 10 Gb/s bidirectional transmission over an 80-km dispersion compensated SMF fiber link using bidirectionally pumped Raman amplification. We measure the Rayleigh and SBS degrading effects that occur for channel spacings less than 25 GHz for different Raman gains and input signal levels. No penalty is seen for channel spacings 25 GHz and larger. We show that for gains up to 17 dB the Rayleigh degradation decreases with gain. And in order to avoid the SBS penalty at 12.5 GHz spacing, the highest signal power inside the fiber should be designed to be less than the SBS threshold. In this case, transmission with less than a 2 dB power penalty can be achieved at 12.5 GHz spacing.
Selective Hydrogenation of Benzophenones to Benzhydrols. Asymmetric Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diarylmethanols (2000)

[reaction: see text] trans-RuCl2[P(C6H4-4-CH3)3]2(NH2CH2CH2NH2) acts as a highly effective precatalyst for the hydrogenation of a variety of benzophenone derivatives to benzhydrols that proceeds smoothly at 8 atm and 23-35 degrees C in 2-propanol containing t-C4H9OK with a substrate/catalyst ratio of 2000-20000. Use of a BINAP/chiral diamine Ru complex effects asymmetric hydrogenation of various ortho-substituted benzophenones and benzoylferrocene to chiral diarylmethanols with consistently high ee.