gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gate leakage effects of annealing Lanthanum Oxide on Gallium Nitride (2009)

Gallium nitride, a wide band gap semiconductor, is a strong candidate for next generation power electronic devices due to its high thermal conductivity and critical electric field. It is desirable to increase the switching speed and operating voltage of power transistors and diodes to decrease loss and increase efficiency. Junction temperatures and switching speeds desired for high power field-effect transistors are approaching the limit of silicon-based devices, therefore new alternatives must be examined. Toyota has specifically stated that wide band gap semiconductor devices offer distinct and desirable advantages over silicon due to high electric field breakdown and thermal capacity. A key performance benchmark of FETs is channel sheet charge, n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> . Results for lanthanum oxide on gallium nitride yielded record breaking sheet charge, however several process integration challenges still exist.
A quantitative perspective on the minimal definition of narrative (2009)

Minimally, narrative is traditionally defined as “a sequence of two clauses which are temporally ordered [such that] a change in their order will result in a change in the temporal sequence of the original semantic interpretation” (Labov, The transformation of experience in narrative syntax, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972: 360). However, recent explorations by Herman (Text 21: 515–541 2001, Story logic: Problems and possibilities of narrative, University of Nebraska Press, 2002) have suggested that the temporal sequence in this definition be re-specified as a spatiotemporal sequence. Taking a quantitative approach to this suggestion—by applying a coding scheme developed from Levinson's (Annual Review of Anthropology 25: 353–382, 1996) descriptive classes of static spatial arrays and the scaling of spatial reference types to seven institutionalized narratives—this article demonstrates that the number, frequency, and distribution of spatial linguistic resources align with spatiotemporal narrative domains, defined as “sets of verbal or visual cues anchored in mental models” reflective of the “mental construct that encompasses the history of spatial relationships between storyworld objects” (Herman, Text 21, 2001: 519). However, while the structure and categorization of narrative domains is resolvable from spatial linguistic resources, space, while undoubtedly present, is not functionally necessary for the minimal definition of narrative. Nonetheless, analyzing spatial linguistic resources provides important insight into event resolution and cognitive explorations in narrative.
Origins of Wetting (2016)

This feature article provides an overview of wetting phenomena. Much of the analysis done on wetting in the last 100 years assumes that the phenomena are determined by molecular interactions within the interfacial area between the liquid and solid. However, there is now ample evidence that wetting is controlled by interactions in the vicinity of the contact line where the liquid and solid meet. Recent experiments and modeling that demonstrate this are reviewed.
A phase I pharmacokinetic study of PR-104, a hypoxia-activated nitrogen mustard prodrug, in patients with solid tumors (2008)

2562 Background: This dose-escalation study defined a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of PR-104. In preclinical studies PR-104 is converted systemically to the corresponding alcohol PR-104A. PR-104A is reduced selectively in hypoxic cells to a DNA-crosslinking nitrogen mustard alkylating agent. Methods: Patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy received PR-104 as a 1-hour IV infusion every 3 weeks with PK sampling on days 1–2 of cycle 1. Cohorts of >3 pts were treated starting at 135 mg/m2. With an observation of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), cohorts were expanded to 6 pts. Results: Twenty-seven pts were treated: median age 57 years (range 30–73); 15 (56%) male. Pts had a median of 2 (range 1–5) prior regimens. Seven dose levels (135, 216, 354, 550, 770, 1,100 and 1,400 mg/m2) were evaluated. Prophylactic anti-emetics were administered starting with cohort 2. Pts received a median of 3 cycles (range 1–15). Dose levels 135 and 1,100 mg/m2 were expanded to 6 pts due to DLT of grade 3 fatigue. At 1100 mg/m2, non-DLT neutropenia resulted in cycle 2 delay in 3 of 6 pts. At 1400 mg/m2, 2 of 3 pts developed DLT (neutropenic fever and infection with normal ANC). Forty-five adverse events (AEs) were considered drug-related by the investigator. The most common AEs included fatigue (56%), nausea (41%) anemia and dysgeusia (26% each). The majority of AEs were grade 1 or 2. Five pts maintained stable disease for a median of 4.5 months (range 4–11). PR-104 PK are reported in the table below. Conclusions: The MTD and recommended dose for phase II is 1,100 mg/m2 as a 1 hour infusion every 3 weeks. The primary toxicity was dose-dependent myelosuppression, predominately neutropenia. Overall, PR-104 showed manageable toxicities. PR-104A PK appeared linear and at the MTD, exposure reached levels similar to those associated with antitumor activity in animal xenograft models. A study is underway to evaluate PR-104 in combination with prophylactic neutrophil growth factors. PR-104 Dose (mg/m2) Number of pts PR-104 Cmax (ug/mL) PR-104 AUC (ug.min/mL) PR-104A Cmax (ug/mL) PR-104A AUC (ug.min/mL) 135 6 2.1 82 1.9 118 216 3 2.8 110 3.6 209 346 3 3.4 141 3.1 226 550 3 36.4 648 14.2 876 770 3 5.7 248 8.6 514 1,100 6 18 696 15.4 1,206 1,400 3 28.5 1,116 26.4 1,818 Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Proacta Therapeutics Proacta Therapeutics Proacta Therapeutics Proacta Therapeutics
An open label trial of folate receptor-targeted intraoperative molecular imaging to localize pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas (2018)

This work demonstrates that FR-IMI is potentially feasible in 70% of SCC patients, and that molecular imaging can improve localization during minimally invasive pulmonary resection. These findings complement previous data demonstrating that ∼98% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas are localized during FR-IMI and suggest broad applicability for NSCLC patients undergoing resection.
Learning curve of psychomotor skills based on ENT-examination (2018)

The acquiring and learnig of psychomotoric skills is without doubt one of the key aspects both during medical studies and becoming a resident physician in surgical departments. That is why this study focuses on students' learning curves in the ENT- examination and further resulting conclusions to teaching.
Thyroid autoantibodies, telomerase activity, vascular endothelial growth factor, and bone scanning. (1999)

The ongoing search for markers—to predict therapeutic potential or presence of metastases—continues, with promising findings in 3 studies. In addition, Staudenherz and colleagues step into the controversy over whether bone scanning has a diagnostic value in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Transcription Factor Klf4, Induced in the Lung by Oxygen at Birth, Regulates Perinatal Fibroblast and Myofibroblast Differentiation (2013)

The fluid-filled lung exists in relative hypoxia in utero (∼25 mm Hg), but at birth fills with ambient air where the partial pressure of oxygen is ∼150 mm Hg. The impact of this change was studied in mouse lung with microarrays to analyze gene expression one day before, and 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after birth into room air or 10% O(2). The expression levels of >150 genes, representing transcriptional regulation, structure, apoptosis and antioxidants were altered 2 hrs after birth in room air but blunted or absent with birth in 10% O(2). Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), a regulator of cell growth arrest and differentiation, was the most significantly altered lung gene at birth. Its protein product was expressed in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells. Klf4 mRNA was induced in lung fibroblasts exposed to hyperoxia and constitutive expression of Klf4 mRNA in Klf4-null fibroblasts induced mRNAs for p21(cip1/Waf1), smooth muscle actin, type 1 collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C. In Klf4 perinatal null lung, p21(cip1/Waf1)mRNA expression was deficient prior to birth and associated with ongoing cell proliferation after birth; connective tissue gene expression was deficient around birth and smooth muscle actin protein expression was absent from myofibroblasts at tips of developing alveoli; p53, p21(cip1/Waf1) and caspase-3 protein expression were widespread at birth suggesting excess apoptosis compared to normal lung. We propose that the changing oxygen environment at birth acts as a physiologic signal to induce lung Klf4 mRNA expression, which then regulates proliferation and apoptosis in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells, and connective tissue gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation at the tips of developing alveoli.
A3 adenosine receptor is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma: A new therapeutic target (2006)

13164 Background: The A 3 adenosine receptor (A 3 AR) belongs to the family of the Gi-protein associated receptors and is highly expressed in various solid tumor tissues. The high receptor expression is reflected also in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) of the cancer patients. Synthetic agonists to A 3 AR such as IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA (CF101 and CF102, respectively) suppress the development of melanoma, colon and prostate carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. The molecular mechanism involves de-regulation of the Wnt and the NF-kB signal transduction pathways. In this study we looked at A 3 AR expression in tumor and PBMNC of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In addition, receptor status model and the effect of CF102 on tumor development were examined in an HCC rat. Methods: A 3 AR mRNA expression level was examined in paraffin embedded slides derived from human HCC samples. A 3 AR protein expression was evaluated in human PBMNC by Western blot (WB) analysis. Rat HCC was established by inoculating N1S1 cells to the liver. Oral treatment with CF102, administered BID, was initiated 24h after tumor inoculation. A 3 AR and key growth regulatory proteins expression level in tumor lesions and PBMNC was tested by WB analysis. Results: A 3 AR was found to be highly expressed in the human HCC tumor tissue and the PBMNC compared to normal adjacent and PBMNC from healthy subjects, respectively. Similar data were found in tumor and PBMNC derived from N1S1 hepatoma bearing rats. In tumor lesions from CF102 treated animals, down-regulation of PKB/Akt, IKK, NF-κB and TNF-α, members of the NF-kB pathway was noted. In addition de-regulation of the Wnt pathway was observed by up-regulation of GSK-3β and down-regulation of β-catenin, Lef/Tcf and c-Myc, resulting in tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion: CF102, a small orally bioavailable molecule, binds to the A 3 AR which is highly expressed on tumor cells and via the de-regulation of the NF-kB and Wnt pathway induces inhibition of HCC growth. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Coherence of seismic body waves from local events as measured by a small‐aperture array (1991)

Eight local earthquakes were recorded during the operation of a small‐aperture seismic array at Pinyon Flat, California. The site was chosen for its homogeneous granitic geology and its planar topography. Amplitude spectral ratios for the same signal measured at different stations had average values of less than 2 and maximum values of 7. Magnitude‐squared coherences were estimated for all station pairs. These estimates were highest for the P wave arrivals on the vertical component and lowest for the P wave recorded on the transverse component. At 500 m station separation the P and S waves were incoherent above 15 Hz and 10 Hz, respectively. Coherence for both the P and S waves decrease as frequency increases and as distance increases. The coherence of signals from borehole sensors located at 300 and 150 m depth displays higher average coherence than equally spaced sites located on the surface. The results here suggest that even for sites that appear to be very similar, that is, those which are located on a planar surface within a few meters of granite bedrock, the measured seismic wavefield can be distorted substantially over scale lengths of 500 m. Coherence properties were calculated from synthetic seismograms which were computed for velocity models with exponential and self similar distribution perturbations. Standard deviations of 10% are not sufficient for the random velocity distributions to approximate the results from the small‐aperture array.
Chest-worn health monitor based on a bistatic self-injection-locked radar (2015)

This paper presents a chest-worn health monitor based on continuous-wave Doppler radar technology. To achieve low complexity, low power consumption and simultaneous wireless transmission of Doppler information, the radar architecture is bistaic with a self-injection-locked oscillator (SILO) tag and an injection-locked oscillator (ILO) based frequency demodulator. In the experiments with a prototype operated in the 2.36-2.4 GHz Medical Body Area Networks (MBAN) band, the SILO tag is attached to the chest of a subject to transform the movement of the chest due to cardiopulmonary activities and body exercises into a transmitted frequency-modulated wave. The ILO-based frequency demodulator that is located 30 cm away from the subject receives and demodulates the wave to provide a waveform associated with the chest movement. This waveform is further analyzed using short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and ultimately displayed as time-frequency spectrograms. Promisingly, the experimental results as presented in this paper reveal that the proposed monitor is capable of tracking cardiopulmonary activity of a subject during exercise.
Breathing and tilting: mesoscale simulations illuminate influenza glycoprotein vulnerabilities (2022)

Influenza virus has resurfaced recently from inactivity during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, raising serious concerns about the nature and magnitude of future epidemics. The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented. Here, we investigate the dynamics of influenza glycoproteins in a crowded protein environment through mesoscale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of two evolutionary-linked glycosylated influenza A whole-virion models. Our simulations reveal and kinetically characterize three main molecular motions of influenza glycoproteins: NA head tilting, HA ectodomain tilting, and HA head breathing. The flexibility of HA and NA highlights antigenically relevant conformational states, as well as facilitates the characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody, derived from human convalescent plasma, that binds to the underside of the NA head. Our work provides previously unappreciated views on the dynamics of HA and NA, advancing the understanding of their interplay and suggesting possible strategies for the design of future vaccines and antivirals against influenza.
Type-dependent action modes of TtAA9E and TaAA9A acting on cellulose and differently pretreated lignocellulosic substrates (2017)

We show type-dependent action modes of <i>Tt</i>AA9E and <i>Ta</i>AA9A for cellulose oxidation together with substrate-dependent synergistic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. The results obtained from this study indicate the different behaviors of AA9s on cellulose and pretreated lignocellulose, suggesting a selection of AA9 proteins specific to substrates is required for industrial utilization.
Burst analysis spectroscopy: A versatile single-particle approach for studying distributions of protein aggregates and fluorescent assemblies (2008)

Many essential cellular functions depend on the assembly and disassembly of macromolecular complexes. The size, form, and distribution of these assemblies can be heterogeneous and complex, rendering their detailed characterization difficult. Here we describe a simple non-correlation-based method capable of directly measuring population distributions at very low sample concentrations. Specifically, we exploit the highest signal-to-noise light bursts from single fluorescent particles transiting a confocal excitation spot to recursively determine the brightness and size distribution of complex mixtures of fluorescent objects. We refer to this method as burst analysis spectroscopy (BAS) and demonstrate the sensitivity of this technique by examining the free-solution, time-resolved distribution of assembled protein aggregates by using two fluorescently labeled proteins: the aggregation-prone, chaperonin-dependent, folding model protein ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), and an amyloidogenic fragment of the yeast prion protein Sup35. We find that the assembly kinetics of both proteins display complex multimodal behavior not readily quantifiable with other methods.
Data from AZD5438, a potent oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, and 9, leads to pharmacodynamic changes and potent antitumor effects in human tumor xenografts (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Deregulation of the cell cycle has long been recognized as an essential driver of tumorigenesis, and agents that selectively target key cell cycle components continue to hold promise as potential therapeutics. We have developed AZD5438, a 4-(1-isopropyl-2-methylimidazol-5-yl)-2-(4-methylsulphonylanilino) pyrimidine, as a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 1, 2, and 9 (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;, 16, 6, and 20 nmol/L, respectively). &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt;, AZD5438 showed significant antiproliferative activity in human tumor cell lines (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; range, 0.2–1.7 μmol/L), causing inhibition of the phosphorylation of cdk substrates pRb, nucleolin, protein phosphatase 1a, and RNA polymerase II COOH-terminal domain and blocking cell cycling at G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-M, S, and G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; phases. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, when orally administered at either 50 mg/kg twice daily or 75 mg/kg once daily, AZD5438 inhibited human tumor xenograft growth (maximum percentage tumor growth inhibition, range, 38–153; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, AZD5438 reduced the proportion of actively cycling cells. Further pharmacodynamic analysis of AZD5438-treated SW620 xenografts showed that efficacious doses of AZD5438 (&gt;40% tumor growth inhibition) maintained suppression of biomarkers, such as phospho-pRbSer&lt;sup&gt;249&lt;/sup&gt;/Thr&lt;sup&gt;252&lt;/sup&gt;, for up to 16 hours following a single oral dose. A comparison of different schedules indicated that chronic daily oral dosing provided optimal cover to ensure antitumor efficacy. These data indicate that broad cdk inhibition may provide an effective method to impair the dysregulated cell cycle that drives tumorigenesis and AZD5438 has the pharmacologic profile that provides an ideal probe to test this premise. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(7):1856–66]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Effects of impurity-free intermixing on InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs broad-area diode-laser characteristics (2001)

Broad-area InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs double-quantum-well graded- index separate-confinement heterostructure diode lasers with non-intermixed and intermixed active regions were fabricated and characterized. Their light-current characteristics were used to extract information about the effects of impurity- free vacancy diffusion intermixing process on threshold current density, internal optical loss, internal quantum efficiency, material gain, etc. Comparison between these parameters indicates comparable device performance, even though lasers with intermixed active region underwent annealing at 1000 degrees C for 30 s and showed 42 nm wavelength blue shift.
Two-Dimensional Structure of Disulfides and Thiols on Gold(111) (1998)

In order to find factors which determine the two-dimensional structure of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), several classes of thiols and disulfides on gold (111) have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). SAMs were formed from a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical diethylalkanoate disulfides, -hydroxy- and -carboxyalkanethiols, diacetylene disulfides, and different anthracene terminated thiols and disulfides. In all the cases, two-dimensional crystalline structures could be resolved; even for an asymmetrical diethylalkanoate disulfide that had a chain length difference of five methylene units. The lattices were analyzed quantitatively. Two distinctly different types of crystalline structures were observed, namely, a hexagonal and a centered rectangular lattice. For the diethylalkanoate disulfides with short alkyl chains (n &lt;- 10) both structural phases were observed, domains with a hexagonal lattice existing simultaneously with centered rectangular domains. The length of the alkyl chain determined the probability of finding disulfides in the hexagonal structure. This dependence on the shape of the molecules as well as the clear contrast of SAMs of asymmetric disulfides suggest that the AFM tip penetrates into the SAMs and probes, at least partially, the interior of the layers. With the atomic force microscope no difference was observed between SAMs formed from thiols and those from disulfides.
A preconditioned mixed-FE scheme with stabilized Lagrange multiplier for frictional contact mechanics of crossing fractures in porous media. (2021)

Simulation of contact mechanics in fractured media is of paramount important in the scope of computational mechanics. In this work, a preconditioned mixed-finite element scheme with Lagrange multipliers is proposed in the framework of constrained variational principle, which has the capability to handle frictional contact mechanics of the multi-crossing fractures. The slippage, opening and contact traction on fractures are calculated by the resulted saddle-point algebraic system. A novel treatment is devised to guarantee physical solutions at the intersected position of crossing fractures. A preconditioning technique is introduced to re-scale the resulting saddle-point algebraic system, to preserve the robustness of the system. An iteration strategy, namely monolithic-updated contact algorithm, is then designed to update the two primary unknowns (displacement and Lagrange multiplier) in one algebraic block. A series of numerical tests is conducted to study the contact mechanics of single- and multi-crossing fractures. Benchmark study is presented to verify the presented numerical method. Two tests with crossing fractures are studied, in which the slippage and opening can be calculated. The effects of crossing fractures on the deformation field can be observed in the calculated results, in which the variation of slippage/opening is analyzed by different loading conditions.