gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating Mass Transport Limitations on Xylan Hydrolysis During Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Poplar (2014)

Mass transport limitations could be an impediment to achieving high sugar yields during biomass pretreatment and thus be a critical factor in the economics of biofuels production. The objective of this work was to study the mass transfer restrictions imposed by the structure of biomass on the hydrolysis of xylan during dilute acid pretreatment of biomass. Mass transfer effects were studied by pretreating poplar wood at particle sizes ranging from 10 micrometers to 10 mm. This work showed a significant reduction in the rate of xylan hydrolysis in poplar when compared to the intrinsic rate of hydrolysis for isolated xylan that is possible in the absence of mass transfer. In poplar samples we observed no significant difference in the rates of xylan hydrolysis over more than two orders of magnitude in particle size. It appears that no additional mass transport restrictions are introduced by increasing particle size from 10 micrometers to 10 mm. This work suggests that the rates of xylan hydrolysis in biomass particles are limited primarily by the diffusion of hydrolysis products out of plant cell walls. A mathematical description is presented to describe the kinetics of xylan hydrolysis that includes transport of the hydrolysis products through biomass into the bulk solution. The modeling results show that the effective diffusion coefficient of the hydrolysis products in the cell wall is several orders of magnitude smaller than typical values in other applications signifying the role of plant cell walls in offering resistance to diffusion of the hydrolysis products.
One‐Pot Encapsulation of Luminescent Quantum Dots Synthesized in Aqueous Solution by Amphiphilic Polymers (2011)

A simple one-pot polymer encapsulation method is developed for group II-VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in aqueous solution. The micelles of amphiphilic polymers, such as octadecylamine-modified poly(acrylic acid), capture and encapsulate the QDs when the original hydrophilic ligands, namely 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), capped on the CdTe/CdS core/shell QDs are partially or fully exchanged by the hydrophobic ligands, 1-dodecanethiol. The molar ratio of the amphiphilic polymer to QDs plays a crucial role in determining the final morphology of the encapsulated structures, including the number of QDs encapsulated in one polymeric micelle. Importantly, the polymer coating significantly improves the optical properties of the QDs, which enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield by about 50%. Furthermore, the photostability of the amphiphilic polymer-coated QDs is much better than that of the synthesized QDs capped with MPA.
All-optical tuning of symmetry protected quasi bound states in the continuum (2019)

We demonstrate all-optical switching of high quality factor quasibound states in the continuum resonances in broken symmetry GaAs metasurfaces. By slightly breaking the symmetry of the GaAs nanoresonators, we enable leakage of symmetry protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) to free space that results in sharp spectral resonances with high quality factors of ∼500. We tune the resulting quasi-BIC resonances with ultrafast optical pumping at 800 nm and observe a 10 nm spectral blue shift of the resonance with pump fluences of less than 100 μJ cm−2. The spectral shift is achieved in an ultrafast time scale (&amp;lt;2.5 ps) and is caused by a shift in the refractive index mediated by the injection of free carriers into the GaAs resonators. An absolute reflectance change of 0.31 is measured with 150 μJ cm−2. Our results demonstrate a proof-of-concept that these broken symmetry metasurfaces can be modulated or switched at ultrafast switching speeds with higher contrast at low optical fluences (&amp;lt;100 μJ cm−2) than conventional Mie-metasurfaces.
Measurements of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Stranded Cables (1987)

ABSTRACT The Naval Coastal Systems Center performed a series of cable tests in the high speed tow basin at the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. The test program was intended to provide data to aid in the design of marine cable systems and the development of predictive methods. Lift and drag characteristics and strum responses were measured for five stranded cables. Cable samples 14 feet long were tensioned between two struts and towed over a velocity range of 2 to 10 knots with yaw angles varying from 20 to 90 degrees. Lift and drag loading functions were developed from the mean steady force data. The force and strum characteristics of the cables were compared with results from previous tests of yawed cables. INTRODUCTION A wide variety of marine systems use stranded cables, also referred to as wire ropes. Moored platforms and oceanographic buoys are examples of stationary systems using cables. Ship and helicopter towed systems consist of cables and hydrodynamic bodies. Such systems are used for naval defense purposes, underwater environmental tests, and seabed mapping. The performance of stationary and towed cable systems can be significantly affected by the lift, drag, and strum properties of the cables. Yet the stranding geometry of a cable is rarely chosen to optimize the system's performance. This is due to the lack of analytic methods for arbitrary cablegeometries and to the relatively small data base available for cable hydrodynamic properties. The placement of a mine sweep device is one technology issue illustrating the need for improved understanding of cable hydrodynamics. The capability to position accurately a mine sweep device requires the design of a sweep wire that produces a specific lift component allowing it to remain in the horizontal plane while under tow. Analytic methods to predict the force and strum characteristics of arbitrary cable geometries have not been developed. Therefore, experimental measurements are relied upon for the design of cable systems. Various tests have been conducted on stranded cables to characterize their hydrodynamic properties. The three-dimensional forces developed by several cables at yaw angles were measured in a wind tunnel at the David Taylor Model Basin in 1945 and 1962. Other wind tunnel measurements of cable forces have been performed at Imperial College of Science and Technology in the United Kingdom. 3 The strum properties of stranded cables have been measured by several investigators. The unique aspect of the present test program is that both the hydrodynamic forces and the strum properties have been measured for several stranded cables over a range of incidence angles and towspeeds. This wide range of test parameters allows the cables to be well characterized.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR SYNTHESIS OF JACOBSEN'S CATALYST (2001)

Abstract The improved synthesis of Jacobsen catalyst 1 was developed. For both enantiomers the obtained overall yield starting from commercially available 4 was 80–85%. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Belupo Ltd. Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics for the financial support of this research.
An Efficient Gene Excision System in Maize (2020)

Use of the morphogenic genes Baby Boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2), along with new ternary constructs, has increased the genotype range and the type of explants that can be used for maize transformation. In addition, altering the ectopic expression pattern for Bbm/Wus2 has resulted in rapid maize transformation methods that are faster and applicable to a broader range of inbreds. However, expression of Bbm/Wus2 can compromise the quality of regenerated plants, leading to sterility. We reasoned excising morphogenic genes after transformation but before regeneration would increase production of fertile T0 plants. We developed a method that uses an inducible site-specific recombinase (Cre) to excise morphogenic genes. The use of developmentally regulated promoters, such as Ole, Glb1, End2 and Ltp2, to drive Cre enabled excision of morphogenic genes in early embryo development and produced excised events at a rate of 25%-100%. A different strategy utilizing an excision-activated selectable marker produced excised events at a rate of 53.3%-68.4%; however, the transformation frequency was lower (12.9%-49.9%). The use of inducible heat shock promoters (e.g. Hsp17.7, Hsp26) to express Cre, along with improvements in tissue culture conditions and construct design, resulted in high frequencies of T0 transformation (29%-69%), excision (50%-97%), usable quality events (3.6%-14%), and few escapes (non-transgenic; 14%-17%) in three elite maize inbreds. Transgenic events produced by this method are free of morphogenic and marker genes.
Pure-Silica-Zeolite MEL Low-k Films from Nanoparticle Suspensions (2005)

Following our previous works on pure-silica-zeolite (PSZ) MFI, in this study we explore PSZ MEL as a new option for low-k dielectric films. Our motivation has been to increase the microporosity of the spin-on films by moving to structures with a framework density (FD) lower than MFI. Nanoparticle PSZ MEL suspensions were synthesized by a two-stage method that allowed the yield of nanocrystals to be significantly enhanced, while the zeolite nanocrystals remain small. For the first time zeolite nanocrystals of about 50 nm were synthesized with a yield as high as 57%. Nanoparticle suspensions with different particle sizes and crystallinities were spun on silicon wafers to prepare continuous thin films. An ultralow-k value as low as 1.5 was obtained with MEL nanoparticle suspension of high relative crystallinity. The surface roughness of the PSZ MEL film with high relative crystallinity is greatly improved (R(rms) approximately 5.6 nm) compared to MFI films with high relative crystallinity (R(rms) approximately 12 nm).
Comparison of Cell Expression Formats for the Characterization of GABA A Channels Using a Microfluidic Patch Clamp System (2012)

Ensemble recording and microfluidic perfusion are recently introduced techniques aimed at removing the laborious nature and low recording success rates of manual patch clamp. Here, we present assay characteristics for these features integrated into one automated electrophysiology platform as applied to the study of GABA(A) channels. A variety of cell types and methods of GABA(A) channel expression were successfully studied (defined as I(GABA)>500 pA), including stably transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, frozen ready-to-assay (RTA) HEK cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) or α(3)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, transiently transfected HEK293T cells expressing α(1)β(3)γ(2) GABA(A) channels, and immortalized cultures of human airway smooth muscle cells endogenously expressing GABA(A) channels. Current measurements were successfully studied in multiple cell types with multiple modes of channel expression in response to several classic GABA(A) channel agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators. We obtained success rates above 95% for transiently or stably transfected HEK cells and frozen RTA HEK cells expressing GABA(A) channels. Tissue-derived immortalized cultures of airway smooth muscle cells exhibited a slightly lower recording success rate of 75% using automated patch, which was much higher than the 5% success rate using manual patch clamp technique by the same research group. Responses to agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators compared well to previously reported manual patch results. The data demonstrate that both the biophysics and pharmacologic characterization of GABA(A) channels in a wide variety of cell formats can be performed using this automated patch clamp system.
Self-Starting Additive Pulse Mode-Locking of a Nd:Glass Laser (1990)

Additive pulse mode-locking (APM) has been a powerful technique for femtosecond pulse generation in solid state lasers. 1 Recently, APM was found to be self-starting in a Ti : Al 2 O 3 laser. 2 Motivated by this discovery we have developed a cw passively mode locked Nd:glass laser using a nonlinear external cavity. The laser generates stable subpicosecond pulses of 850 fs duration.
High-$Q$ Fully Reconfigurable Tunable Bandpass Filters (2009)

In this paper, the authors present a design technique that enables inter-resonator and external coupling control for high-quality-factor ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> ) tunable bandpass filters. The design incorporates low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> varactors as part of the inter-resonator and external coupling mechanisms without degrading the overall high <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> of the original filter. Detailed design methodology and equations are presented to illustrate the concepts. A first-time demonstration of these concepts is presented for a widely tunable high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> evanescent-mode cavity bandpass filter. The cavities are integrated in a low-loss substrate with commercially available piezoelectric actuators and solid-state varactors for frequency and bandwidth tuning. This technique allows for reduced bandwidth variation over large tuning ranges. As one example, a constant 25-MHz absolute-bandwidth filter in the 0.8-1.43-GHz tuning range with loss that is as low as 1.6 dB is presented as an example. The filter third-order intercept point is between 32.8 and 35.9 dBm over this tuning range. To further show the impact of the technique on high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> filters, a filter <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> that is as high as 750 is demonstrated in the range of 3-5.6 GHz, while using low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> varactors (Q < 30 at 5 GHz for a 0.4-pF capacitance) to achieve more than 50% reduction in bandwidth variation over the tuning range.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Desymmetrized meso‐Tartrate Derivatives. Synthesis and Utility of (R′,R′,R,S)‐2,3‐Butane Diacetal Protected Dimethyl Tartrate. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A symbol-by-symbol based adaptive interference canceller for asynchronous DS/CDMA systems in multipath fading channels (2002)

We propose a new interference cancellation scheme called the symbol-by-symbol based adaptive interference canceller (SAIC). The SAIC adaptively estimates and removes both multiple access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) at the output of the RAKE receiver. It requires neither respreading nor the evaluation of partial cross-correlation. In addition, its complexity is independent of the number of fingers of the RAKE receiver. Consequently, the SAIC is considerably simpler to implement than existing techniques. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the SAIC can perform much better than a conventional RAKE receiver.
Limitation of the short-circuit ruggedness of high-voltage IGBTs (2009)

In this paper, the destruction mechanism, which limits the short-circuit capability of high voltage IGBTs utilizing N-buffer structures will be described. The failure mechanism was studied using a combination of device simulations and experimental investigations of 3.3 kV, 4.5 kV and 6.5 kV IGBTs. It was found that the limiting short-circuit failure in these IGBTs is caused by a current filamentation mechanism, which is associated to a distortion of the electric field triggered by a positive feedback effect between the carrier drift velocities and the electric field and the resulting potential distribution in the IGBT N-base.
An Interdisciplinary Investigation of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome and Associated Symptoms (2021)

Background/Purpose Many patients with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) report a combination of somatic and psychosocial symptoms, however, only a subset meet heart rate criteria associated with true autonomic dysfunction. We compared patients in the following groups: 1) POTS diagnosis, but did not meet heart rate criteria (POTS-HR-Not-Met); 2) participants who met POTS diagnostic HR criteria (POTS-HR-Met); and 3) healthy controls (HC). Methods Patients with an undifferentiated diagnosis of POTS and HCs ages 12-21 years old were invited to participate in a study of autonomic dysfunction and related symptoms. Subjects were asked to hydrate prior to arrival. Orthostatic …
A color imaging system by the lens with chromatic aberrations (1996)

An image restoration based on a color synthesis method is applied to the color imaging system by the lens with chromatic aberration. Using the continuous-discrete model in which spatial and spectral distribution of the object is considered continuously, the color imaging system with chromatic aberration is mathematically modeled and the technique of reconstructing an arbitrary color band image from the observed color images is present. Moreover, the focus adjustment can be done after the capture of the image by using the proposed imaging system.
HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cell Function in Children with Vertically Acquired HIV-1 Infection Is Critically Influenced by Age and the State of the CD4+ T Cell Compartment (2003)

The immunology of vertical HIV transmission differs from that of adult infection in that the immune system of the infant is not fully matured, and the factors that influence the functionality of CD8(+) T cell responses against HIV in children remain largely undefined. We have investigated CD8(+) T cell responses in 65 pediatric subjects with vertically acquired HIV-1 infection. Vigorous, broad, and Ag dose-driven CD8(+) T cell responses against HIV Ags were frequently observed in children who were older than 3 years of age and maintained CD4(+) T cell counts >400 cells/ micro l. In contrast, younger age or a CD4(+) T cell count <400 cells/ micro l was associated with poor CD8(+) T cell responses and high HIV loads. Furthermore, subjects with a severely depleted and phenotypically altered CD4(+) T cell compartment had circulating Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells with impaired IFN-gamma production. When viral load was not suppressed by antiviral treatment, subjects that fell below the putative age and CD4(+) T cell count thresholds had significantly reduced CD8(+) T cell responses and significantly higher viral loads. Thus, the data suggest that fully effective HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses take years to develop despite an abundance of Ag in early life, and responses are further severely impaired, independent of age, in children who have a depleted or skewed CD4(+) T cell compartment. The results are discussed in relation to differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems in the ability to respond to HIV infection.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Amine-Bridged Cyclic Enkephalin Analogues via On-Resin Cyclization Utilizing the Fukuyama−Mitsunobu Reaction (2002)

An efficient solid-phase synthetic route is described for the preparation of 13-membered amine-bridged cyclic enkephalin analogues (ABEs) 1a and 1c-1j (Figure 1) resulting from a sulfonamide-containing peptide whose backbone is bound to a resin. The Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reaction of the 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl-protected amine bound to the solid support with protected aminoethanol in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) is utilized to prepare a resin-bound sulfonamide-protected secondary amine. After peptide cyclization, this protected amine functionality becomes the "amine bridge" of the target molecule. In addition, the reagent DIAD was found to be a superior reagent compared to diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) in the solid-phase Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reaction.
Correction to “Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes” (2022)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to "Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes"Jonas SchaabJonas SchaabMore by Jonas Schaab, Shuyang ShiShuyang ShiMore by Shuyang Shi, Moon Chul JungMoon Chul JungMore by Moon Chul Junghttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7571-3767, Caleb CoburnCaleb CoburnMore by Caleb Coburn, Abegail TadleAbegail TadleMore by Abegail Tadlehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3802-6818, Daniel Sylvinson M. R.Daniel Sylvinson M. R.More by Daniel Sylvinson M. R.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3336-1983, Peter I. DjurovichPeter I. DjurovichMore by Peter I. Djurovichhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6716-389X, Stephen R. ForrestStephen R. ForrestMore by Stephen R. Forresthttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-1903, and Mark E. ThompsonMark E. ThompsonMore by Mark E. Thompsonhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-4096Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 1, 746–747Publication Date (Web):December 27, 2022Publication History Received28 November 2022Published online27 December 2022Published inissue 11 January 2023https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c12676https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c12676correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2022 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1359Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (1023 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts