gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Conversion to Very High Order Modes in Silicon Waveguides (2019)

We demonstrate robust mode conversion up to the 12th higher order mode in silicon waveguides by using an optimized adiabatic directional coupler and using subwavelength waveguides. The conversion efficiency is better than −1.5 dB over a 75 nm bandwidth and tolerating ±30 nm fabrication variations. © 2019 The Author(s)
Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate (1993)

Abstract Two separate assay systems were used to evaluate the biodegradation potential of cellulose acetate: an in vitro enrichment cultivation technique (closed batch system), and a system in which cellulose diacetate (CDA) films were suspended in a wastewater treatment system (open continuous feed system). The in vitro assay employed a stable enrichment culture, which was initiated by inoculating a basal salts medium containing cellulose acetate with 5% (v/v) activated sludge. Microscopic examination revealed extensive degradation of CDA (DS = 2.5) fibers after 2–3 weeks of incubation. Characterization of the CA fibers recovered from inoculated flasks demonstrated a lower average degree of substitution and a change in the mol wt profiles. In vitro enrichments with CDA (DS = 1.7) films were able to degrade &gt; 80% of the films in 4–5 days. Cellulose acetate (DS = 2.5) films required 10–12 days for extensive degradation. Films prepared from cellulose triacetate remained essentially unchanged after 28 days in the in vitro assay. The wastewater treatment assay was less active than the in vitro enrichment system. For example, approximately 27 days were required for 70% degradation of CDA (DS = 1.7) films to occur while CDA (DS = 2.5) films required approximately 10 weeks before significant degradation was obtained. Supporting evidence for the biodegradation potential of cellulose acetate was obtained through the conversion of cellulose [1‐ 14 C]‐acetate to 14 CO 2 in the in vitro assay. The results of this work demonstrate that cellulose acetate fibers and films are potentially biodegradable and that the rate of biodegradation is highly dependent on the degree of substitution. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Dynamics and Deformation Response of Rod-Containing Nanocomposites (2011)

Theoretical and computational studies of polymer nanocomposites have largely focused on spherical inclusions in a polymer matrix. In order to address the influence of particle shape on nanocomposite behavior, extensive Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the structure and deformation behavior of a model polymer upon addition of rods of varying aspect ratios. It is found that, at constant temperature, nanorod length does not meaningfully affect the elastic properties of composites but does affect postyield properties, such as the strain hardening modulus. In contrast, at constant T/Tg, several trends with additive length arise. Examination of the polymer bond autocorrelation function during deformation reveals that longer, dispersed rods induce a broadening of the relaxation spectrum. Nanocomposites show longer bond orientation relaxation times than the pure polymer during all stages of deformation. For the truly nanoscale additives used in this study, polymer mobility is found to be only a weak function of distance to the nearest nanorod so long as the additives did not aggregate.
Ground plane booster antenna technology using a self‐diplexed matching network for multiband operation (2015)

ABSTRACT The non‐stop evolution of wireless handset devices together with the apparition of new communication standards encourage antenna engineers to design new concepts able to satisfy the current market demands. The objective of the present article is to provide a radiating system for a smartphone platform capable of operating at the most common mobile frequency bands (LTE‐800, GSM‐850, GSM‐900, LTE‐1700, LTE‐1800/GSM‐1800, GSM‐1900, LTE‐2100/UMTS, and LTE‐2300). The proposed design is based on a non‐resonant element only requiring a volume of 250 mm 3 able to provide radiation thanks to the ground plane and a self‐diplexed matching network. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:453–461, 2016
From Molecular Science to the Treatment of Allergy (1999)

for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Integrated analysis of anatomical and electrophysiological human intracranial data (2017)

Abstract The exquisite spatiotemporal precision of human intracranial EEG recordings (iEEG) permits characterizing neural processing with a level of detail that is inaccessible to scalp-EEG, MEG, or fMRI. However, the same qualities that make iEEG an exceptionally powerful tool also present unique challenges. Until now, the fusion of anatomical data (MRI and CT images) with the electrophysiological data and its subsequent analysis has relied on technologically and conceptually challenging combinations of software. Here, we describe a comprehensive protocol that addresses the complexities associated with human iEEG, providing complete transparency and flexibility in the evolution of raw data into illustrative representations. The protocol is directly integrated with an open source toolbox for electrophysiological data analysis (FieldTrip). This allows iEEG researchers to build on a continuously growing body of scriptable and reproducible analysis methods that, over the past decade, have been developed and employed by a large research community. We demonstrate the protocol for an example complex iEEG data set to provide an intuitive and rapid approach to dealing with both neuroanatomical information and large electrophysiological data sets. We explain how the protocol can be largely automated, taking under an hour to complete, and readily adjusted to iEEG data sets with other characteristics.
Use of Simultaneous Flow-Rate and Pressure Measurements to Replace Isochronal Gas Well Tests (1988)

Summary The interpretation of gas well pressure-transient tests differs from that of oilwell tests in two important respects: the nonlinearity of the governing equations and the presence of a rate-dependent (non-Darcy) skin. The nonlinearities are commonly avoided by use of pseudofunctions, and the non-Darcy skin effect is handled by use of flow-after-flow, isochronal, or modified isochronal tests. Recent investigations have shown that the simultaneous measurement of well flow rate with well pressure can significantly shorten the test duration required for accurate interpretation. These methods rely on use of the straight-line approach, however, and in some cases on trial and error. This paper describes a computer-automated interpretation approach that can be applied generally for any type curve without trial and error. The use of this interpretation technique can reduce the test duration to only that required for a standard drawdown or buildup test, and will allow the estimation of the stabilized deliverability potential without flowing the well until stabilization is reached. Examples of use of the method on both simulated and real data demonstrate its effectiveness.
A Novel Approach to Specific Allergy Treatment: The Recombinant Fusion Protein of a Bacterial Cell Surface (S-Layer) Protein and the Major Birch Pollen Allergen Bet v 1 (rSbsC-Bet v 1) Combines Reduced Allergenicity with Immunomodulating Capacity (2004)

Counterregulating the disease-eliciting Th2-like immune response of allergen-specific Th lymphocytes by fostering an allergen-specific Th1-like response is a promising concept for future immunotherapy of type I allergy. The use of recombinant allergens combined with more functional adjuvants has been proposed. In this respect, we present a novel approach. The gene sequence encoding the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, was fused with the gene encoding the bacterial cell surface (S-layer) protein of Geobacillus stearothermophilus, resulting in the recombinant protein, rSbsC-Bet v 1. rSbsC-Bet v 1 contained all relevant Bet v 1-specific B and T cell epitopes, but was significantly less efficient to release histamine than rBet v 1. In cells of birch pollen-allergic individuals, rSbsC-Bet v 1 induced IFN-gamma along with IL-10, but no Th2-like response, as observed after stimulation with Bet v 1. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that rSbsC-Bet v 1 promoted IFN-gamma-producing Th cells. Moreover, rSbsC-Bet v 1 induced IFN-gamma synthesis in Bet v 1-specific Th2 cell clones, and importantly, increased IL-10 production in these cells. In conclusion, genetic fusion of an allergen to S-layer proteins combined reduced allergenicity with immunomodulatory capacity. The strategy described in this work may be generally applied to design vaccines for specific immunotherapy of type I allergy with improved efficacy and safety.
Neural networks and Markov models for the iterated prisoner's dilemma (2009)

The study of strategic interaction among a society of agents is often handled using the machinery of game theory. This research examines how a Markov decision process (MDP) model may be applied to an important element of repeated game theory: the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Our study uses a Markovian approach to the game to represent the problem of in a computer simulation environment. A pure Markov approach is used on a simplified version of the iterated game and then we formulate the general game as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). Finally, we use a cellular structure as an environment for players to compete and adapt. We apply both a simple replacement strategy and a cellular neural network to the environment.
Altered A-to-I RNA Editing in Human Embryogenesis (2012)

Post-transcriptional events play an important role in human development. The question arises as to whether Adenosine to Inosine RNA editing, catalyzed by the ADAR (Adenosine Deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes, differs in human embryogenesis and in adulthood. We tested the editing of various target genes in coding (FLNA, BLCAP, CYFIP2) and non-coding sequences at their Alu elements (BRCA1, CARD11, RBBP9, MDM4, FNACC), as well as the transcriptional levels of the ADAR1 enzymes. This analysis was performed on five fetal and adult human tissues: brain, heart, liver, kidney, and spleen, as well as on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which represent the blastocyst stage in early human development. Our results show substantially greater editing activity for most adult tissue samples relative to fetal ones, in six of the eight genes tested. To test the effect of reduced A-to-I RNA editing activity in early human development we used human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a model and tried to generate hESC clones that overexpress the ADAR1-p110 isoform. We were unable to achieve overexpression of ADAR1-p110 by either transfection or lentiviral infection, though we easily generated hESC clones that expressed the GFP transgene and overexpressed ADAR1-p110 in 293T cells and in primary human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells. Moreover, in contrast to the expected overexpression of ADAR1-p110 protein following its introduction into hESCs, the expression levels of this protein decreased dramatically 24-48 hr post infection. Similar results were obtained when we tried to overexpress ADAR1-p110 in pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells. This suggests that ADAR1 protein is substantially regulated in undifferentiated pluripotent hESCs. Overall, our data suggest that A-to-I RNA editing plays a critical role during early human development.
Mass Spectrometric Detection and Characterization of Atypical Membrane-Bound Zinc-Sensitive Phosphatases Modulating GABAA Receptors (2014)

Our results provide new insights on the regulation of GABAAR endogenous phosphorylation and function by several and atypical membrane-bound phosphatases specific to the α1 subunit of the receptor. By identifying specific inhibitors of these enzymes, novel development of antiepileptic drugs in patients with drug-resistant epilepsies may be proposed.
GE intelligent personal radiation locator system (2009)

The GE Intelligent Personal Radiation Locator (IPRL) system consists of multiple hand held radiation detectors and a base station. Each mobile unit has a CZT Compton camera radiation detector and can identify isotopes and determine the direction from which the radiation is detected. Using GPS and internal orientation sensors, the system continuously transforms all directional data into real-world coordinates. Detected radiation is wirelessly transmitted to the base station for system-wide analysis and situational awareness. Data can also be exchanged wirelessly between peers to enhance the overall detection efficiency of the system. The key design features and performance characteristics of the GE IPRL system are described.
IL-4 inhibits growth factor-stimulated rheumatoid synoviocyte proliferation by blocking the early phases of the cell cycle. (1993)

A major feature of rheumatoid arthritis is an uncontrolled proliferation of synoviocytes. This is consistent with the active production of factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and IL-1 by the synovitis, which act in vivo as well as in vitro as potent synoviocyte growth factors. We have previously shown that IL-4 is able to inhibit growth factor production in an ex vivo model of synovitis. Herein, we show that IL-4 strongly inhibited PDGF and IL-1 beta stimulated rheumatoid arthritis synoviocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and through its 130 kDa receptor. This antiproliferative effect of IL-4 directly correlated with a blockade of the synoviocyte cell cycle at the G0 + G1 phases. We also observed that IL-4 induced striking morphologic changes in IL-1 beta or PDGF-stimulated synoviocytes, including increased volume and granulosity. These changes led to major perturbations of the cell monolayer, associated with a marked decrease of synoviocyte viability. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-4 inhibits growth factor-induced proliferation of synoviocytes by interfering with the cell cycle, and by decreasing cell survival.
GaN PCB Integrated Sensing System for Switch and Capacitor Currents (2019)

Gallium nitride (GaN) devices are often installed in a PCB based power electronic system. The parasitic inductance, the lack of galvanic isolation and the large size of existing PCB integrated current sensing techniques degrade the GaN system. Non-invasive giant magnetoresistive (GMR)-based current sensing systems have been integrated in power modules for closed-loop control. The GMRs have also been integrated in load inductors of wide bandgap (WBG) systems for MHz level current sensing. The prior researches haven't integrated GMRs in the PCBs for currents such as the switch and capacitor currents. To sense these PCB currents without degrading the original system, this paper introduces methodologies for GMR integration in the GaN PCBs. The multi-layer PCBs are divided into several basic structures that can be utilized for sensing. Based on the field properties of the basic structures, optimized detector layout of a multi-GMR sensing system can be decided to achieve accurate current sensing. Switch, DC-link capacitor and AC node currents in a GaN Systems evaluation board are experimentally sensed with the multi-GMR system. The methodologies can be readily applied to a variety of PCB based power converters for current sensing.
Genetic Downregulation of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 Dampens the Reactive and Neurotoxic Phenotype of Adult ALS Astrocytes (2023)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs). Astrocytes display a toxic phenotype in ALS, which results in MN damage. Glutamate (Glu)-mediated excitotoxicity and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play a pathological role in the disease progression. We previously demonstrated that in vivo genetic ablation or pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 reduced astrocyte activation and MN death, prolonged survival and ameliorated the clinical progression in the SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mouse model of ALS. This study aimed to investigate in vitro the effects of mGluR5 downregulation on the reactive spinal cord astrocytes cultured from adult late symptomatic SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mice. We observed that mGluR5 downregulation in SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> astrocytes diminished the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload under resting conditions and after mGluR5 simulation and reduced the expression of the reactive glial markers GFAP, S100β and vimentin. In vitro exposure to an anti-mGluR5 antisense oligonucleotide or to the negative allosteric modulator CTEP also ameliorated the altered reactive astrocyte phenotype. Downregulating mGluR5 in SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> mice reduced the synthesis and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and ameliorated the cellular bioenergetic profile by improving the diminished oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis and by lowering the excessive lactate dehydrogenase activity. Most relevantly, mGluR5 downregulation hampered the neurotoxicity of SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> astrocytes co-cultured with spinal cord MNs. We conclude that selective reduction in mGluR5 expression in SOD1<sup>G93A</sup> astrocytes positively modulates the astrocyte reactive phenotype and neurotoxicity towards MNs, further supporting mGluR5 as a promising therapeutic target in ALS.
Acylpyrazoline-Based Third-Generation Selective Antichlamydial Compounds with Enhanced Potency (2023)

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria and widespread pathogens in humans and animals. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are currently used to treat chlamydial infections. However, broad-spectrum drugs also kill beneficial bacteria. Recently, two generations of benzal acylhydrazones have been shown to selectively inhibit chlamydiae without toxicity to human cells and lactobacilli, which are dominating, beneficial bacteria in the vagina of reproductive-age women. Here, we report the identification of two acylpyrazoline-based third-generation selective antichlamydials (SACs). With minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 10-25 μM against <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Chlamydia muridarum</i>, these new antichlamydials are 2- to 5-fold more potent over the benzal acylhydrazone-based second-generation selective antichlamydial lead <b>SF3</b>. Both acylpyrazoline-based SACs are well tolerated by <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, and <i>Salmonella</i> as well as host cells. These third-generation selective antichlamydials merit further evaluation for therapeutic application.
Effects of voluntary exercise on cerebral microcirculation and oxygenation in aged mice (2022)

Effects of exercise on cerebral microcirculation and oxygenation were investigated in the aged mice. Large increases in the capillary RBC flux and PO2 due to exercise were observed in the white matter and deep cortex.
Variable sensitivity online optical fibre radiation dosimeter (2009)

The use of Poly Methyl MethAcrylate (PMMA) optical fibres for monitoring a wide range of radiation doses, for a multi-functional dosimeter, is being investigated. The sensitivity of the fibre to ionising radiation is shown to be dependant on wavelength, with the sensitivity increasing with decreasing wavelength. The fibres exhibit high sensitivity, as high as 0.6dBm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> /kGy, and are capable of monitoring dose ranges between 30Gy and 45kGy. This exceeds the sensing range of all currently commercially available PMMA slab sensors. By carefully selecting the monitoring wavelength, the exact sensitivity and dose range can be achieved, thereby allowing the dosimeter to be suitable for a wide range of applications.
Transmembrane Regions V and VI of the Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Are Required for Constitutive Activation by a Mutation in the Third Intracellular Loop (1996)

Gonadotropin receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane (TM) receptor family. Several point mutations in TM V and VI and the intracellular loop 3 (i3) have been identified in the luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor gene, leading to constitutive activation of the receptor. Because gonadotropin receptors are highly conserved, we mutated the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor at the corresponding amino acids. However, the FSH receptor mutants showed minimal increases in basal cAMP production. Taking advantage of this difference between the two receptors, we designed chimeric receptors with or without a point mutation in the i3 to identify the region in the LH receptor important for its constitutive activation. Introduction of the point mutation into chimeric receptors containing only TM V to VI from the LH receptor led to major increases in ligand-independent cAMP production. Furthermore, a chimeric receptor with only TM V and VI derived from the LH receptor can be rendered constitutively active by the mutation in the i3 from the FSH receptor. These results suggest that interactions between TM V and VI of the FSH receptor are essential for maintaining the receptor in the more constrained state, whereas interactions between these domains of the LH receptor are permissive for constitutively activating mutations in the i3.
Dual heuristic programming excitation neurocontrol for generators in a multimachine power system (2003)

The design of nonlinear optimal neurocontrollers that replace the conventional automatic voltage regulators for excitation control of turbogenerators in a multimachine power system is presented in this paper. The neurocontroller design is based on dual heuristic programming (DHP), a powerful adaptive critic technique. The feedback variables are completely based on local measurements from the generators. Simulations on a three-machine power system demonstrate that DHP-based neurocontrol is much more effective than the conventional proportional-integral-derivative control for improving dynamic performance and stability of the power grid under small and large disturbances. This paper also shows how to design optimal multiple neurocontrollers for nonlinear systems, such as power systems, without having to do continually online training of the neural networks, thus avoiding risks of neural network instability.
Polarization Tensors and the Photon Field (2004)

A direct calculation of the elements of the photon polarization vector for arbitrary momentum in the helicity basis shows that it is not a vector but a complex bivector. The bivector real and imaginary parts can be directly equated with electromagnetic field amplitudes and the associated field equations are the Maxwell equations in time-imaginary space. The bivector field exhibits a phase freedom (Berry, or geometric phase) dependent on the rotation history of the field or observer. Phase freedom is not intrinsically present in the longitudinal excitations of the field and a general argument connects quantization of angular momentum with the observation of phase changes associated with frame rotation. Current and translation operators can be defined for bivector fields that are free of defects associated with a quantized vector potential.
Integrated microarchitectures (2005)

Trends in CMOS technology point to an era of high-performance microprocessor design in which problems such as power consumption and cooling, deviceand chip-level variability, and hard and soft errors threaten to slow down historically established performance growth rates.