gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and internalization of polymeric nanoparticles in brain endothelial cells (2017)

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that protects the brain against various harmful substances. However, it is an important limitation for the development of new drugs. For this reason, there is a constant search in find new alternatives to deliver drugs to the brain. In this way, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) from (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) could be an important strategy to facilitate the transport of therapeutic molecules across the BBB; they are a drug delivery systems that is biodegradable, biocompatible and approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The main objective of this work was the encapsulation of an anti-diabetic drug in polymeric NPs of PLGA-PEG to analyze its toxicity and internalization using a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). The NPs were prepared by the solvent displacement technique. An initial study used a factorial design to modify the independent variables determining NP synthesis. Subsequently, physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and stability characterization studies were done. To evaluate the toxicity and uptake, NPs, at concentrations up to 10 µg/mL, were applied to the hCMEC/D3 cell line. Uptake was measured by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur) with rhodamine-labelled NPs. The experiment was standardized to 10,000 events on the gate and at voltage of 410 mV with respect to the control sample (untreated cells). The results demonstrated that the NPs (mean size around 160 nm and negative charge of −14.4 mV), were internalized by the cells, and showed the character of a monodisperse systems. The release profile showed a slow release with a Fick’s passive diffusion. In the toxicity assay, cells were 80% viable up to a concentration of 5 µg/mL. Fluorescence and electron microscopy indicated that NPs were primarily present in the cells’ cytosol. Taken together, the results demonstrate that these nanoparticles could be effective in delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system.
DYSFUNCTIONAL AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF THE CHOROID IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY (2017)

We demonstrated that choroidal thickness increased in response to increased perfusion pressures in patients with CSC and not in normal controls. These findings likely represent an autonomic dysregulation of choroidal blood flow in patients with CSC.
5α-reductase from radical prostatectomy tissue utilizes both testosterone and androstenedione to produce DHT: a dual isotope method and preliminary results. (2015)

e16018 Background: Previous work has shown that 5α-reductase prefers androstenedione (AD) in favor of testosterone (T) for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Yet, 5α-reductase substrate preference in the setting of localized prostate tissue has yet to be fully elucidated. We propose a novel ex-vivo method for tracking steroid handling by the prostate and report our preliminary findings. Methods: Prostate tissue from the peripheral and transitional zones of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer were incubated in media, along with (3H)-labeled AD and (14C)-labeled T. Media was collected after 7, 24 and 48 hours of incubation, treated with glucuronidaseand high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify steroids tagged with either 3H or 14C . Results: In total, 24 patients were consented for tissue procurement at the time of RP. Qualitatively, both AD and T are utilized by the prostate to produce DHT. Over time, concentrations of tritiated AD decreased over time, while concentrations of tritiated T, 5α-androstanedione and DHT rose. Similarly, concentrations of 14C-T decreased over a 48-hour period, while AD, 5α-androstanedione and DHT increased. Conclusions: We describe a dual isotope method for characterizing androgen handling by prostate tissue from patients with localized prostate cancer, using 2-channel radiolabel detection. Preliminary results show that both AD and T can be utilized by localized prostate tissue. Future work will focus on determining if different phenotypes of androgen handling exist among various patient genotypes and cancer risk types.
21210 Study on slurry degradation factors during Cu-CMP (2013)

In our study, degradation factors of slurry to determine the polishing performance were evaluated by analysis of the slurry parameters such as pH, ORP and conductivity after the polishing Cu-CMP process. From the experiment results, relationship between the parameters of the slurry and polishing performance were investigated. To control the slurry parameters such as pH and ORP, the slurry additive such as KOH and oxidizing agent were mixed with the slurry. In this CMP experiment, pH was adjusted by pH 12 constant during polishing. Base on these results, we discuss about relationship between material removal rate and the slurry parameters.
Sub-Optimum Design of a Forced Air Cooled Heat Sink for Simple Manufacturing (2007)

In order to maximize the power density of a converter, a systematic procedure for optimizing the cooling system is necessary. Solving the equations of the optimization procedure described in this paper can be performed numerically without much effort, but manufacturing the resulting optimum heat sink is often extremely difficult and expensive, and therefore impractical. Based on the optimization theory, the sensitivity of the thermal resistance of the heat sink to changes in the geometric design parameters is discussed. Diagrams show the expected increase in thermal resistance if the manufacturing process constrains the fin thickness to certain values. Based on this, one can design a sub-optimum heat sink that gives the minimum thermal resistance for a certain manufacturing procedure. Furthermore, it is shown how much additional manufacturing effort would be necessary to further improve the performance of the heat sink. The proposed procedure is verified experimentally.
Data from Preclinical Characterization of AMG 330, a CD3/CD33-Bispecific T-Cell–Engaging Antibody with Potential for Treatment of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;There is high demand for novel therapeutic options for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). One possible approach is the bispecific T-cell–engaging (BiTE, a registered trademark of Amgen) antibody AMG 330 with dual specificity for CD3 and the sialic acid–binding lectin CD33 (SIGLEC-3), which is frequently expressed on the surface of AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. AMG 330 binds with low nanomolar affinity to CD33 and CD3ϵ of both human and cynomolgus monkey origin. Eleven human AML cell lines expressing between 14,400 and 56,700 CD33 molecules per cell were all potently lysed with EC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values ranging between 0.4 pmol/L and 3 pmol/L (18–149 pg/mL) by previously resting, AMG 330–redirected T cells. Complete lysis was achieved after 40 hours of incubation. In the presence of AML cells, AMG 330 specifically induced expression of CD69 and CD25 as well as release of IFN-γ, TNF, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-6. &lt;i&gt;Ex vivo&lt;/i&gt;, AMG 330 mediated autologous depletion of CD33-positive cells from cynomolgous monkey bone marrow aspirates. Soluble CD33 at concentrations found in bone marrow of patients with AML did not significantly affect activities of AMG 330. Neoexpression of CD33 on newly activated T cells was negligible as it was limited to 6% of T cells in only three out of ten human donors tested. Daily intravenous administration with as low as 0.002 mg/kg AMG 330 significantly prolonged survival of immunodeficient mice adoptively transferred with human MOLM-13 AML cells and human T cells. AMG 330 warrants further development as a potential therapy for AML. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 13(6); 1549–57. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Fundamental band gap and direct-indirect crossover in Ge1-x-ySixSny alloys (2013)

The Ge-like indirect band gap of Ge1−x−ySixSny alloys has been determined over an extended y > x range using photoluminescence spectroscopy from films grown on Ge-buffered Si substrates. It is found that the compositional dependence of this transition can be fit with a bilinear expression of the form (in eV): Eind=(0.668±0.008)+(0.67±0.15)x−(1.77±0.16)y. These energies are significantly below the prediction from a simple linear interpolation between Si, Ge, and α-Sn, revealing a large negative bowing in the compositional dependence similar to that found earlier for direct transitions. The direct-indirect crossover boundary is found to lie along the compositional line y = (0.062 ± 0.014) + (0.76 ± 0.23)x, which in the limit x → 0 agrees with earlier results for the binary Ge1−ySny alloy.
A wavelength multiplexed interferometric inertial sensor network for nondestructive evaluation and distributed monitoring (2007)

The Fabry-Perot Interferometer based accelerometer is proposed for use in fiber optic sensor networks. Despite the potential for high performance in the detection of vibrations, previously such sensors had limited use in these networks. Since the sensor operates as an optical transmission loss filter, simple serial network implementations are difficult. However, by forming the optical resonance cavity of the sensor with wavelength dependent reflective surfaces, a simply serialized network of sensor can be demonstrated through the wavelength division multiplexing of the interferometric signal fringes. This paper summarizes the concept and experimentally demonstrates and evaluated the serialization of two acceleration sensors.
A kinetic study of interactions of (RP)- and (SP)-adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioates with type II bovine cardiac muscle adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate dependent protein kinase (1982)

The stereoselectivity of the adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) binding sites on the regulatory subunit of the type II bovine cardiac muscle cAMP-dependent protein kinase was investigated by examining the interactions of (Rp)- and (Sp)-adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphorothioates (cAMPS) with these sites. While activation of the holoenzyme and binding to the regulatory subunit of the type II kinase were observed for both of these diastereomers, there were significant differences between the interactions of the cAMPS isomers with the enzyme. In particular, the Sp isomer is more potent than the Rp species not only in the activation of reconstituted, as well as directly isolated, holoenzyme but also in the inhibition of [3H]cAMP binding to the regulatory subunit. A marked preference for the binding of the Sp isomer to site 2 in the regulatory subunit exists. Hydrogen bonding of a functional group on the regulatory subunit with preferential orientation toward the exocyclic oxygen rather than the sulfur of the thiophosphoryl residue may be involved in the observed selectivity of cAMPS binding and activation. In addition to our findings on the stereoselectivity of the binding of cAMPS to cAMP-dependent protein kinase, we have established a method for the reconstitution of holoenzyme from the purified subunits without subjecting the regulatory protein to denaturing conditions.
Steerable ELF/VLF radiation produced by an array of ionospheric dipoles generated from HF heating (1987)

A very low frequency (VLF) or extremely low frequency (ELF) dipole source has been created within the lower ionosphere by modulating the atmospheric dynamo currents with a ground-based high power HF source from the Arecibo Observatory. The authors and their colleagues have demonstrated that ELF or VLF generated in this way and injected into the earth-ionosphere waveguide could be received a few thousand kilometers away. The injection properties due to an array of ionospheric dipoles as a function of array geometry and element currents that will allow steerable ELF/VLF radiation within the earth-ionosphere waveguide are investigated theoretically. The ionospheric array factors for a linear and a planar array of Hertzian dipole sources are developed and their properties examined. The principle of pattern multiplication is then applied to include the effect of the ionospheric array element. This provides a means for predicting the field strengths at a remote receiving site due to a steerable linear or planar array of ionospheric sources generated by high power HF periodic plasma heating.
Uric Acid and Oxidative Stress (2005)

Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism in humans. The final two reactions of its production catalyzing the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and the latter to uric acid are catalysed by the enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase, which may attain two inter-convertible forms, namely xanthine dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase. The latter uses molecular oxygen as electron acceptor and generates superoxide anion and other reactive oxygen products. The role of uric acid in conditions associated with oxidative stress is not entirely clear. Evidence mainly based on epidemiological studies suggests that increased serum levels of uric acid are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease where oxidative stress plays an important pathophysiological role. Also, allopurinol, a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor that lowers serum levels of uric acid exerts protective effects in situations associated with oxidative stress (e.g. ischaemia-reperfusion injury, cardiovascular disease). However, there is increasing experimental and clinical evidence showing that uric acid has an important role in vivo as an antioxidant. This review presents the current evidence regarding the antioxidant role of uric acid and suggests that it has an important role as an oxidative stress marker and a potential therapeutic role as an antioxidant. Further well designed clinical studies are needed to clarify the potential use of uric acid (or uric acid precursors) in diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Cycloheximide sensitivity in regulation of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 1. Effect of exogenous sterols (1986)

Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in medium containing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) express high acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity as measured by an [3H]oleate pulse. Removal of LDL from the medium causes rapid inactivation of ACAT activity; the t1/2 for the initial inactivation rate is 0.8 h. Preincubation with protein synthesis inhibitors (cycloheximide or emetine) for 2 h or longer lengthens the t1/2 for the initial inactivation rate to approximately 2.1 h. When LDL is removed for more than 10 h, the cells contain only 3% of the original ACAT activity. Cycloheximide under this condition causes an 8-fold increase in ACAT activity; the increase approaches a maximum in 6-8 h. The extent of ACAT activation by cycloheximide inversely depends on exogenous sterol present in the medium; LDL diminishes the activation, while cationized LDL or 25-hydroxycholesterol completely abolishes the activation. Adding LDL back to the sterol-free medium causes a 40-70-fold increase in ACAT activity; however, the activation of LDL is not further augmented if the cells are pretreated with cycloheximide. The above observations are qualitatively confirmed by ACAT assays in vitro with cell homogenates. LDL or cycloheximide has no effect on the rates of 3H-labeled triglyceride and 3H-labeled polar lipid synthesis. Efflux of prelabeled cholesterol from cells is cycloheximide-insensitive. Rates of degradation of [3H]-leucine-pulse-labeled total protein in cells grown with or without LDL are identical. The above results imply the existence of at least one specific short-lived factor that directly or indirectly inhibits ACAT activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Classification of Bainitic Structures Using Textural Parameters and Machine Learning Techniques (2020)

Bainite is an essential constituent of modern high strength steels. In addition to the still great challenge of characterization, the classification of bainite poses difficulties. Challenges when dealing with bainite are the variety and amount of involved phases, the fineness and complexity of the structures and that there is often no consensus among human experts in labeling and classifying those. Therefore, an objective and reproducible characterization and classification is crucial. To achieve this, it is necessary to analyze the substructure of bainite using scanning electron microscope (SEM). This work will present how textural parameters (Haralick features and local binary pattern) calculated from SEM images, taken from specifically produced benchmark samples with defined structures, can be used to distinguish different bainitic microstructures by using machine learning techniques (support vector machine). For the classification task of distinguishing pearlite, granular, degenerate upper, upper and lower bainite as well as martensite a classification accuracy of 91.80% was achieved, by combining Haralick features and local binary pattern.
Development of Surgical Tool to Aid in Component Positioning of THA Surgeries (2013)

Currently, there is no universally accepted way to carry out the cup insertion process with help of an alignment tool, and, as a result, the cup is often placed incorrectly dramatically increasing the likelihood of post surgical complications. The project was developed to aid in the proper cup placement so to reduce the chances of these post-surgical complications. The project was developed for the Integrated Product Design track within Industrial Design Engineering and fits within requirements of the Medisign specialization within the faculty. Due to the nature of the project, a collaboration between the TU Delft, the company: Biomet, and Reinier de Graaf Hospital in Delft was utilized to provide appropriate resources for carrying out the research and product development.
A sparse multi-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform with stability to noise in the context of image processing and change detection (2016)

We present the sparse multidimensional FFT (sMFFT) for positive real vectors with application to image processing. Our algorithm works in any fixed dimension, requires an (almost)-optimal number of samples (O (Rlog (N/R))) and runs in O (Rlog (N/R)) complexity (to first order) for N unknowns and R nonzeros. It is stable to noise and exhibits an exponentially small probability of failure. Numerical results show sMFFT's large quantitative and qualitative strengths as compared to ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -minimization for Compressive Sensing as well as advantages in the context of image processing and change detection.
Enantioselective crystallization using chiral ionic liquids (2008)

The resolution of chiral compounds has been of enormous interest to pharmaceutical, agricultural and food industries. The need for efficient techniques for the production of enantiomerically pure compounds is increasing due to the recent high demand for single enantiomers [1]. Resolution of racemates can be realized by using various methods such as kinetic resolution (chemical catalysis and biocatalysis), diastereomeric salts formation, (preparative) chromatography, preferential crystallization, and enantioselective membranes (molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes). In this work, a new approach for chiral separation based on enantioselective crystallization using chiral solvents will be presented. In principle, it is expected that a chiral solvent can create some selective interactions which will enable differentiation between the two single enantiomers. This differentiation can be used for the resolution of racemates. The chiral solvents are classified into two main groups that are a) classical chiral solvents and b) non-classical chiral solvent (ionic liquids and liquid crystals). In literature a few work do exist in the field of classical chiral solvents [2], but none for using chiral ionic liquids for enantioselective crystallization. However, recently Reichert and co-workers reviewed the general possibilities and the potential of ionic liquids as solvents in crystallization processes [3].\nThe work to be presented is concerned with studying the potential of both classical chiral solvents and chiral ionic liquids in enantioselective crystallization on the example of two selected pharmaceutical model systems. The effect of the used chiral solvent on thermodynamics and crystallization kinetics will be shown. The results obtained for each of the systems will be discussed and comparatively evaluated.
Chapitre 8. La réforme des collectivités territoriales sous Sarkozy (2012)

Resume Ce chapitre presente la reforme des collectivites territoriales entreprise sous la presidence de Nicolas Sarkozy, en analyse quelques effets et met en evidence les contributions reelles ou revendiquees par le president aux actions entreprises. La premiere partie presente la reforme de l’intercommunalite decidee dans le cadre de la loi du 16 decembre 2010, et met en evidence la tres forte continuite qui prevaut dans ce domaine. La seconde partie analyse le « conseiller territorial » comme une mesure de rationalisation institutionnelle ambigue : censee preparer la fusion des conseils regionaux et generaux, elle s’inscrit aussi dans des visees de restructuration/bipolarisation du systeme partisan. La troisieme partie rappelle les considerations d’attractivite fiscale a l’origine de la suppression de la taxe professionnelle et souligne ses consequences negatives pour l’autonomie des collectivites. Enfin, la conclusion revient sur la hierarchie des priorites presidentielles.
Phoneme-less hierarchical accent classification (2005)

This paper introduces a novel accent classification method. Compared with existing methods, it has two unique features. First, it does not explicitly utilize phoneme information. Second, it is built on top of the gender classification. We have tested the proposed algorithm on datasets that are completely independent of training data. The accuracy of distinguishing American accent and British accent is 83%. We have also compared the accent classification with the gender classification in terms of accuracy and the saturation behavior with respect to length of utterance.
Unexpected Precatalyst σ-Ligand Effects in Phenoxyimine Zr-Catalyzed Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymerizations (2019)

Recent decades have witnessed intense research efforts aimed at developing new homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts, with a primary focus on metal-Cl or metal-hydrocarbyl precursors. Curiously, metal-NR<sub>2</sub> precursors have received far less attention. In this contribution, the Zr-amido complex FI<sub>2</sub>ZrX<sub>2</sub> (FI = 2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-((isobutylimino)methyl)phenolate, X = NMe<sub>2</sub>) is found to exhibit high ethylene polymerization activity and relatively high 1-octene coenchainment selectivity (up to 7.2 mol%) after sequential activation with trimethylaluminum, then Ph<sub>3</sub>C<sup>+</sup>B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>. In sharp contrast, catalysts with traditional hydrocarbyl ligands such as benzyl and methyl give low 1-octene incorporation (0-1.0 mol%). This unexpected selectivity persists under scaled/industrial operating conditions and was previously inaccessible with traditional metal-Cl or -hydrocarbyl precursors. NMR, X-ray diffraction, and catalytic control experiments indicate that in this case an FI ligand is abstracted from FI<sub>2</sub>Zr(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> by trimethylaluminum in the activation process to yield a catalytically active cationic mono-FIZr species. Heretofore this process was believed to serve only as a major catalyst deactivation pathway to be avoided. This work demonstrates the importance of investigating diverse precatalyst monodentate σ-ligands in developing new catalyst systems, especially for group 4 olefin polymerization catalysts.