gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Reduced GWP Refrigerant Compositions for Stationary Air Conditioning (2014)

The current fluids most widely used for small and mid-sized air conditioning systems globally are R-410A and R-22. While these fluids have many positive attributes for cooling, they are the subject of valid criticisms regarding their high direct global warming potential (GWP) and, in the case of R-22, ozone depletion potential (ODP) also. In the interest of improved environmental sustainability, a new class of refrigerant molecule has been developed, the hydrofluoroolefin, or HFO. While the very low direct GWP values of these molecules are attractive, none of the HFOs by themselves are fully satisfactory for use in conventional stationary AC system designs, for reasons of concern about low capacity and flammability. Blended refrigerant candidates have been developed to provide better overall safety and performance, while retaining significant environmental sustainability properties versus the legacy refrigerants. There is as yet no universal agreement on what are the most critical properties for air conditioning fluids. No single candidate has yet been developed that meets every proposed requirement for a refrigerant fluid. This paper discusses three candidate fluids that have been developed to meet three of the most often cited sets of environmental, physical and performance properties for air conditioning. Each of these candidate fluids possesses desirable, but different sets of properties. The trade-offs and relative performance and environmental merits of each will be discussed. The three fluids vary in direct GWP values, flammability, capacity, and critical temperature. One is a 2L flammable gas that gives capacity performance near that of R-410A. One is a nonflammable composition for use to replace R-22 in high ambient temperature environments. The third is a 2L flammable replacement for R-22 with a direct GWP of less than 150. In designing and evaluating these new compositions, the trade-offs that exist between refrigeration capacity, efficiency (COP), temperature glide, GWP value, and flammability have been explored and assessed. We report on the comparisons of these compositions in AC measurement and modeling work. The new compositions have been evaluated with thermodynamic refrigeration cycle models at standard AC conditions, and at high ambient temperature operating conditions, and show good performance. Testing is underway to evaluate performance of these new compositions in laboratory equipment and in actual operating systems, as compared to R-22 performance in the same or similar systems. The status of the testing and some results generated to date will be reported in this paper. These new compositions should provide useful options to help maintain the quality of life and health benefits that accrue from air conditioning and refrigeration, but in an energy efficient and environmentally sustainable manner.
Application of the QCTO technique to design flat fresnel GRIN lenses (2016)

The quasi-conformal transformation optics (QCTO) technique is employed to design flat TO gradient-index (GRIN) Fresnel-type lenses. Because the targeted Fresnel lenses possess complex curvatures and contour profiles with sharp corner boundaries, the QCTO algorithm cannot be applied directly to transform them into a flat TO GRIN lens. This is due to the fact that the QCTO technique is based on a discrete coordinate transformation (DCT) strategy, which relies on the property that the local coordinates of the virtual space and physical space systems remain as near-orthogonal meshes. A novel approach is proposed here to solve the limitations of the application of QCTO to the design of Fresnel lenses, that is: (a) the Fresnel lens is first divided into several sections; (b) the QCTO method is then applied to each section of the lens with homogeneous media and curved shapes; (c) the resulting flat TO GRIN lenses sections are partially truncated on the left/right end sides, then; (d) followed by a stretching transformation along the horizontal direction to yield the same size as the original TO lens sections. Next, (e) the refractive index of the resulting flat TO GRIN lens sections are multiplied by an optimized scaling factor; (f) finally all the modified flat TO lens sections are integrated to form the final flat TO GRIN lens. The imaging performances of the Fresnel lenses and their flat TO GRIN lens counterparts are simulated by use of an in-house graphical processing unit (GPU)-based body of revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) code. Numerical results demonstrate that flattened TO GRIN lenses have the same focusing properties as free-space Fresnel lens or one mounted on a substrate, for both normally and obliquely incident plane waves.
New constructions of SD and MR codes over small finite fields (2016)

Data storage applications require erasure-correcting codes with prescribed sets of dependencies between data symbols and redundant symbols. The most common arrangement is to have k data symbols and h redundant symbols (that each depends on all data symbols) be partitioned into a number of disjoint groups, where for each group one allocates an additional (local) redundant symbol storing the parity of all symbols in the group. A code as above is maximally recoverable, if it corrects all erasure patterns that are information theoretically correctable given the dependency constraints. A slightly weaker guarantee is provided by SD codes. One key consideration in the design of MR and SD codes is the size of the finite field underlying the code as using small finite fields facilitates encoding and decoding operations. In this paper we present new explicit constructions of SD and MR codes over small finite fields.
One‐Pot Conversion of Azido Arenes to N‐Arylacetamides and N‐Arylformamides: Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzodiazepine‐2,5‐diones and Fused [2,1‐b]Quinazolinones. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
ROAD NETWORK INVESTMENT SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1991)

Funding for road improvements has not been able to keep pace with needs in most, if not all, developing coountries. Consequently, it has become more and more necessary to develop systems for managing the road network, including the efficient programming of projects so as to make the best possible use of limited funds available. The development of models to aid investment decisions for the road sector in developing countries began to receive impetus in the late 1960s through work initiated by the World Bank. Today, such comprehensive models as the Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model (HDM-III) are available. What is needed in addition are management systems for taking over after the basic investment decision has been made so that specific and optimal network rehabilitation and maintenance programs can be produced. A methodology in the form of the Road Network Investment System (RONIS) for establishing road investment priorities is adjustable and suitable to low-income, developing countries. The system was applied to an actual sample network of paved, gravel-surfaced, and earth roads in Sierra Leone, West Africa, to illustrate the following: determination of the present status of the network, identifying improvement needs, developing priority programs for specified funding levels, and analyses to assess the impacts of different funding levels on future serviceability of the network.
Feasible stabilization of chondroitinase abc enables reduced astrogliosis in a chronic model of spinal cord injury (2018)

Usage of aqueous sucrose solutions may be a feasible strategy, in combination with rehabilitation, to ameliorate ChABC-based treatments to promote the regeneration of central nervous system injuries.
Fundamental Studies of Crystal Growth of Microporous Materials (2003)

Microporous materials are framework structures with well-defined porosity, often of molecular dimensions. Zeolites contain aluminum and silicon atoms in their framework and are the most extensively studied amongst all microporous materials. Framework structures with P, Ga, Fe, Co, Zn, B, Ti and a host of other elements have also been made. Typical synthesis of microporous materials involve mixing the framework elements (or compounds, thereof) in a basic solution, followed by aging in some cases and then heating at elevated temperatures. This process is termed hydrothermal synthesis, and involves complex chemical and physical changes. Because of a limited understanding of this process, most synthesis advancements happen by a trial and error approach. There is considerable interest in understanding the synthesis process at a molecular level with the expectation that eventually new framework structures will be built by design. The basic issues in the microporous materials crystallization process include: (a) Nature of the molecular units responsible for the crystal nuclei formation; (b) Nature of the nuclei and nucleation process; (c) Growth process of the nuclei into crystal; (d) Morphological control and size of the resulting crystal; (e) Surface structure of the resulting crystals; and (f) Transformation of frameworks into other frameworks or condensed structures.
Slow Colonic Transit in Systemic Sclerosis: An Objective Assessment of Risk Factors and Clinical Phenotype (2021)

Distinct clinical features are associated with slow colonic transit in SSc. Such features may provide insight in risk stratification and the study of disease mechanism in more homogeneous subgroups.
Test generation using cross-observability calculations (1991)

The authors propose a symbolic algorithm for test generation of combinational circuits based on a sweep from the outputs to the inputs that calculates the relation between the values on the lines cut by this sweep along the way. The algorithm may generate the entire set of test vectors for a particular fault, or only a subset of this set, as required. A simple Boolean version of the algorithm is introduced to generate tests under the stuck-at-0/stuck-at-1 model and then a more complex version using multivalued logic is presented for generating tests for stuck-open faults in CMOS circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Exploring Enhanced BPR and Increased Yield with Glycerin at Five Full-Scale BNR Facilities (2013)

Exploring Enhanced BPR and Increased Yield with Glycerin at Five Full-Scale BNR FacilitiesThis paper presents observations and lessons learned from using glycerin for enhanced denitrification at five biological nutrient removal (BNR) plants in Virginia; and documents findings that indicate that (a) extended glycerin use in full-scale facilities results in increased carbon demand per pound of nitrate removed, and (b) glycerin addition improves biological phosphorus removal (BPR) in...Author(s)Katya BilykWendell KhunjarJoe RohrbacherRon LatimerPaul PittTheresa BrutonCharles BottBill BalzerSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Oct, 2013ISSN1938-6478DOI10.2175/193864713813668312Volume / Issue2013 / 18Content sourceWEFTECCopyright2013Word count190
Correction of Laminin-5 Deficiency in Human Epidermal Stem Cells by Transcriptionally Targeted Lentiviral Vectors (2008)

Deficiency of the basement membrane component laminin-5 (LAM5) causes junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), a severe and often fatal skin adhesion defect. Autologous transplantation of epidermal stem cells genetically corrected with a Moloney leukemia virus (MLV)-derived retroviral vector reconstitutes LAM5 synthesis, and corrects the adhesion defect in JEB patients. However, MLV-derived vectors have genotoxic characteristics, and are unable to reproduce the physiological, basal layer-restricted expression of LAM5 chains. We have developed an alternative gene transfer strategy based on self-inactivating (SIN) or long terminal repeat (LTR)-modified lentiviral vectors, in which transgene expression is under the control of different combinations of promoter-enhancer elements derived from the keratin-14 (K14) gene. Analysis in human keratinocyte cultures and in fully differentiated skin regenerated onto immunodeficient mice showed that gene expression directed by K14 enhancers is tissue-specific and restricted to the basal layer of the epidermis. Transcriptionally targeted lentiviral vectors efficiently transduced clonogenic stem/progenitor cells derived from a skin biopsy of a JEB patient, restored normal synthesis of LAM5 in cultured keratinocytes, and reconstituted normal adhesion properties in human skin equivalents transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. These vectors are therefore an effective, and potentially more safe, alternative to MLV-based retroviral vectors in gene therapy of JEB.Molecular Therapy (2008) 16 12, 1977-1985 doi:10.1038/mt.2008.204.
Control of the LED Thermal Parameters for Display and Lighting Systems of On-Board Equipment (2018)

The experimental results of measuring the p-n junction temperature of super bright LEDs for aircraft equipment are presented.
Elucidation of Biomass Pyrolysis Products Using a Laminar Entrained Flow Reactor and Char Particle Imaging (2010)

We have mapped the formation of tars during white oak thermochemical conversion using a bench scale laminar entrained flow reactor (LEFR). White oak particles (80 mesh, <180 μm) were pyrolyzed under conditions not limited by heat transfer. Measurements were made with residence times of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 s, between 500 and 900 at 100 °C increments, and with residence times of 1 s at temperature from 450 to 950 °C at 25 °C increments. Products were monitored with a molecular beam mass spectrometer (MBMS), and the mass spectra were analyzed using model-free multivariate analysis (multivariate curve resolution). Six groups of correlated masses were identified that suggest the mechanisms of pyrolysis and gasification. The first group of masses (lowest temperature) is associated with primary species from lignin and hemicellulose, followed by cellulose products. The next two groups (increasing temperature) are composed of secondary products resulting from the cracking of carbohydrate vapors and the cracking of lignin in the gas or solid phase. Molecular weight growth products are seen in the next two groups including substituted aromatic compounds in the fifth group and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sixth group. The results of this study show that as the temperature of pyrolysis is increased, the molecular weight of the tars decreases up to 750 °C, because the pyrolysis vapors are cracked. As the temperature increases beyond 750 °C, molecular weight growth is seen with increasing temperature. The analysis also shows that as the temperature increases from 450 to 950 °C, oxygen is lost from the tars and converted into CO and CO2. The char samples were collected and analyzed with light and electron microscopy. This analysis revealed that micropores develop in the cell wall around 550 °C and increase in size and coalesce into a cenosphere morphology with increasing temperature. Above 850 °C, these cenospheres appear to rupture, releasing their contents into the gas phase. This rupture event correlates with increased MBMS signals from PAH-associated masses.
General method for the synthesis of [n.3.3]propellanes, n ≥ 3 (1978)

Reaction of alicyclic-1,2-diones (2a–d) with dimethyl 3-ketoglutarate 1 at room temperature in aqueous buffer (pH = 5.6) provided good yields of the tetramethylpropellanedione tetracarboxylates (3a–d), respectively. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation of the β-ketoester functions, followed by Wolff–Kishner reduction of the corresponding propellanediones (4a–d) has resulted in synthesis of [10.3.3]-, [6.3.3]-, [4.3.3]-, and [3.3.3]propellanes (5a–d). The 13 C nmr of propellanes 5a–c are also reported.[Formula: see text]
Water-soluble-template-derived nanoscale silicon nanoflake and nano-rod morphologies: Stable architectures for lithium-ion battery anodes (2017)

Earth abundant and economical rock salt (NaCl) particles of different sizes (<3 μm and 5–20 μm) prepared by high energy mechanical milling were used as water-soluble templates for generation of Si with novel nanoscale architectures via low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Si nanoflakes (SiNF) comprising largely amorphous Si (a-Si) with a small volume fraction of nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si), and Si nanorods (SiNR) composed of a larger volume fraction of crystalline Si (c-Si) and a small volume fraction of a-Si resulted from modification of the NaCl crystals. SiNF yielded first-cycle discharge and charge capacities of ∼2,830 and 2,175 mAh·g−1, respectively, at a current rate of 50 mA·g−1 with a first-cycle irreversible loss (FIR loss) of ∼15%–20%. SiNR displayed first-cycle discharge and charge capacities of ∼2,980 and ∼2,500 mAh·g−1, respectively, at a current rate of 50 mA·g−1 with an FIR loss of ∼12%–15%. However, at a current rate of 1 A·g−1, SiNF exhibited a stable discharge capacity of ∼810 mAh·g−1 at the end of 250 cycles with a fade rate of ∼0.11% loss per cycle, while SiNR showed a stable specific discharge capacity of ∼740 mAh·g−1 with a fade rate of ∼0.23% loss per cycle. The morphology of the nanostructures and compositions of the different phases/phase of Si influence the performance of SiNF and SiNR, making them attractive anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
OOV detection by joint word/phone lattice alignment (2007)

We propose a new method for detecting out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. Our method is based on performing a joint alignment between independently generated word and phone lattices, where the word-lattice is aligned via a recognition lexicon. Based on a similarity measure between phones, we can locate highly mis-aligned regions of time, and then specify those regions as candidate OOVs. This novel approach is implemented using the framework of graphical models (GMs), which enable fast flexible integration of different scores from word lattices, phone lattices, and the similarity measures. We evaluate our method on switchboard data using RT-04 as test set. Experimental results show that our approach provides a promising and scalable new way to detect OOV for LVCSR.
Bin1 is linked to metastatic potential and chemosensitivity in neuroblastoma (2009)

Bin1 appears to function as a metastasis suppressor and chemosensitizer in NB, and resistance to anoikis may be an important metastatic mechanism. Thus, Bin1 expression status could serve as a marker for metastatic potential and chemosensitivity thereby allowing for more accurate classifications of high-risk NB patients.
System impairment of birefringence in fiber Bragg gratings in optical networks (2008)

Considering the presence of birefringence in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), the spectral polarization mode dispersion and polarization-dependent-loss-induced power penalty of eye opening is simulated for a network consisting of cascaded FBGs with various index apodization profiles. It is shown that with the same FBG length, 3dB bandwidth, and the birefringence value, FBGs with Gaussian index apodization profiles introduce the highest power penalty compared to FBGs with other apodization profiles, such as raised cosine, Blackman, etc. When there is wavelength misalignment up to 0.1nm between the central FBG's resonance and the wavelength of the laser source, the birefringence-induced power penalty can be up to a few times higher than the case with no wavelength misalignment.
355-nm photodissociation of CH/sub 4/ and production of hydrogen (2001)

Summary form only given. Methane gas is available as a cheap source for heating purposes as well as for converting into higher hydrocarbons using steam reforming and other processes to produce syn-gas. Research has been directed towards the development of alternative techniques to convert methane into more valuable hydrocarbons such as ethylene and propylene as well as for generation of hydrogen. Hydrogen is forecast to become the major source of energy in future. Molecular hydrogen is a clean burning fuel and can be stored as liquid or gas. The ethylene and propylene are raw materials for producing polyethylene and polypropylene and the demand for these polymers is increasing at an immense growth rate. In spite of many research programs, there is no direct conversion process so far reported which is capable of large scale production of these products from methane which could be described as high yield and highly selective process. At present, there are three different photochemical-process based techniques, which have been used for methane conversion with some degree of success. These include UV light, plasma and microwave irradiation in the presence of different catalyst. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on photodissociation of methane at 355 nm. The aim of the present study is to develop a technique for direct conversion of methane into hydrogen and higher hydrocarbon and to analyze the regenerated products as a result of laser-photodissociation.
Analysis of Drugs in Saliva of US Military Veterans Treated for Substance Use Disorders Using Supported Liquid Extraction and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis (2023)

According to the Center for Disease Control, there were more than 107,000 US drug overdose deaths in 2021, over 80,000 of which due to opioids. One of the more vulnerable populations is US military veterans. Nearly 250,000 military veterans suffer from substance-related disorders (SRD). For those seeking treatment, buprenorphine is prescribed to help treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Urinalysis is currently used to monitor buprenorphine adherence as well as to detect illicit drug use during treatment. Sometimes sample tampering occurs if patients seek to generate a false positive buprenorphine urine test or mask illicit drugs, both of which can compromise treatment. To address this problem, we have been developing a point-of-care (POC) analyzer that can rapidly measure both medications used for treatment and illicit drugs in patient saliva, ideally in the physi-cian’s office. The two-step analyzer employs (1) supported liquid extraction (SLE) to isolate the drugs from the saliva and (2) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect the drugs. A prototype SLE-SERS-POC analyzer was used to quantify buprenorphine at ng/mL concentrations and identify illicit drugs in less than 1 mL of saliva collected from 20 SRD veterans in less than 20 min. It correctly detected buprenorphine in 19 of 20 samples (18 true positives, 1 true negative and 1 false negative). It also identified 10 other drugs in patient samples: acetaminophen, amphetamine, cannabidiol, cocaethylene, codeine, ibuprofen, methamphetamine, methadone, nicotine, and norbuprenorphine. The prototype analyzer shows evidence of accuracy in measuring treatment medications and relapse to drug use. Further study and development of the system is warranted.