gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of a novel somatostatin analogue combined with cytotoxic drugs on human tumour xenografts and metastasis of B16 melanoma (2003)

A novel somatostatin analogue, TT-232 (which inhibits the proliferation of various cell cultures and transplantable mouse tumours), was examined regarding its effect on human melanoma and lymphoma xenografts as a single treatment or in combination with DTIC (dacarbazine) and etoposide. TT-232 inhibited the growth of HT-18 melanoma xenografts, a dose of 5 mg kg(-1) being the most effective. Combination of 1 mg kg(-1) TT-232 with 30 or 60 mg kg(-1) DTIC (administered daily) resulted in a stronger inhibitory effect compared to TT-232 or DTIC as a single modality. Antimetastatic effect of TT-232 treatment combined with DTIC was studied using the B16 mouse melanoma muscle - lung metastasis model. The number of lung metastases of B16 melanoma could be decreased by the daily administration of 1 mg kg(-1) TT-232 or 60 mg kg(-1), but not of 30 mg kg(-1) DTIC. TT-232, combined with 30 or 60 mg kg(-1) DTIC decreased the lung metastasis number significantly lower than the control. Nearly 50% growth inhibition of HT-58 lymphoma was achieved by daily treatment with 1 mg kg(-1) TT-232. 5 mg kg(-1) etoposide, administered daily, resulted in a similar effect. The combination of 1 mg kg(-1) TT-232 and 5 mg kg(-1) etoposide was significantly more effective than TT-232 or etoposide as a single treatment. The very strong tumour growth inhibitory effect of 10 mg kg(-1) etoposide could even be increased by combination with TT-232. These experimental data suggest that TT-232 may be an effective new tool in the combination chemotherapy of malignant tumours like melanoma and lymphoma.
Performance of a Repeated-Use Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer (2019)

Background:Vibrating mesh systems are more efficient than pneumatic jet nebulizers. Vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMNs) are designed for repeated use by a single patient for up to 28 days. We assessed the reliability of a VMN in terms of delivered drug dose and particle size distribution. Methods:The Aerogen Solo VMN (Aerogen, Galway, Ireland) was selected for testing. The VMN was connected to a valve mask and a reservoir (Aerogen Ultra) placed on an adult mannequin. The VMN was filled with a unit dose of salbutamol (5.0 mg/2.5 mL, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Victoria, Australia) and nebulized until no aerosol was visible. The VMN was repeatedly tested every 6 h, 84 times in total, with an assumed prescription of t.i.d. for 28 days, without cleaning between tests. The delivered drug dose distal to the bronchi was collected in a collecting filter, and the particle size distribution was measured using an Anderson Cascade Impactor (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The collected drug was analyzed using ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was calculated. Ten other nebulizers were repeatedly tested according to the protocol. Results:The average inhaled drug dose percent, residual dose percent, MMAD, and nebulization time were deviated to five sections and the results are illustrated in the table below (expressed as the mean ± standard deviation). No significant differences were found among the parameters and measurement time points. Conclusions:The performance of the VMN in terms of inhaled drug dose, residual dose, particle size, and nebulization time was similar across the 28 days of use.Comparisons among measurement time points
Supplementary Figure 1 from Ligand-Specific Antibodies to Insulin-Like Growth Factors Suppress Intestinal Polyp Formation in <i>Apc</i><sup>+/−</sup> Mice (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Ligand-Specific Antibodies to Insulin-Like Growth Factors Suppress Intestinal Polyp Formation in &lt;i&gt;Apc&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+/−&lt;/sup&gt; Mice
gp130 is important for the normal morphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage and subsequent mandibular development (2007)

gp130-mediated signaling is involved in both chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, but its direct role in the formation of embryonic Meckel's cartilage and associated mandibular development has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the influence of gp130 ablation on the developing mandibular Meckel's cartilage by evaluating the morphological and histological changes as well as the gene expression patterns in developing embryonic gp130-/- mice. The ablation of the gp130 gene showed no change in region-specific collagen mRNA expression except for a slight delay in its expression but caused shortened embryonic Meckel's cartilage, delayed hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation and subsequent bony replacement with characteristic bending of the intramandibular Meckel's cartilage. The bending of Meckel's cartilage led to a narrow mandibular arch at the rostral area with poor cortical plate formation. These findings indicate that gp130-mediated signaling is important for the normal morphogenesis of Meckel's cartilage and subsequent mandibular development.
Spectral discrimination of color input devices (2006)

The ability to record different signals when imaging surfaces of differing spectral properties is a pre-requisite for being able to reconstruct spectra from data captured by a color imaging device. The question of which spectral differences can be discriminated between by a given input color imaging device is therefore addressed here by sampling the space of all possible surface spectral reflectances, simulating a device's response to the samples and then identifying regions in which discrimination is possible. Results of applying the technique to the model of an actual and a theoretical, narrow-band camera are also shown to illustrate the information provided by the approach presented here.
Development of X-ray-induced afterglow characterization system (2014)

To evaluate the X-ray-induced afterglow phenomenon, we developed an ionizing-radiation-induced luminescence characterization system equipped with a pulse-width-tunable X-ray source. The system consists of a pulse X-ray tube and a detector system based on photon counting. The excitation pulse width was tunable from nano- to millisecond ranges, and the dynamic range of the X-ray-induced afterglow was 106. Conventional scintillators for X-ray CT or security systems, namely, Bi4Ge3O12, CdWO4, Tl-doped CsI, and Tb and Pr-codoped Gd2O2S, were evaluated for the performance test. Results show that the afterglow time profiles of these scintillators are consistent with generally known results with high accuracy.
Kinetics of the Thermal Oxidation of Silicon in  O 2 /  H 2 O  and  O 2 / Cl2 Mixtures (1978)

The kinetics of the thermal oxidation of (111) and (100) oriented silicon in and mixtures were investigated over the temperature range 900°–1100°C. Effective values of the parabolic and linear rate constants in the general oxidation relationship and therefore over‐all oxidation rates were found to increase with increasing concentrations of . Additions of to also increased the oxidation rates, but results were more erratic. The experimental oxide thickness‐oxidation time data for the ambients were compared with those calculated from a relationship involving the simultaneous oxidation of silicon by two independent oxidation species. Since and are possible reaction products of and , the results of this investigation were compared with those previously obtained for silicon oxidations. Reaction mechanisms of the silicon oxidations, including possible effects due to the presence of and , are discussed.
32nm overlay improvement capabilities (2008)

The industry is facing a major challenge looking forward on the technology roadmap with respect to overlay control. Immersion lithography has established itself as the POR for 45nm and for the next few nodes. As the gap closes between scanner capability and device requirements new methodologies need to be taken into consideration. Double patterning lithography is an approach that's being considered for 32 and below, but it creates very strict demands for overlay performance. The fact that a single layer device will need to be patterned using two sequential single processes creates a strong coupling between the 1st and 2nd exposure. The coupling effect during the double patterning process results in extremely tight tolerances for overlay error and scanner capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to explore a new modeling method to improve lithography performance for the 32nm node. Not necessarily unique for double patterning, but as a general approach to improve overlay performance regardless of which patterning process is implemented. We will achieve this by performing an in depth source of variance analysis of current scanner performance and project the anticipated improvements from our new modeling approach. Since the new modeling approach will involve 2nd and 3rd order corrections we will also provide and analysis that outlines current metrology capabilities and sampling optimizations to further expand the opportunities of an efficient implementation of such approach.
Characterization of scintillators by modern photomultipliers &#x2014; A new source of errors (2009)

The observed discrepancy in the scintillator light output, measured by different PMTs, triggered studies to understand the problem. In that purpose the photoelectrons number were measured by two different methods: the classical one based on comparison of the full energy peak to that of single photoelectron and by a method based on the pulse height resolution of the peak due to the light pulser. Under the test significant number of different PMTs from Photonis and Hamamatsu were used. We concluded that the number of phe obtain by means of classical method was higher than the number of phe calculated from the pulse height resolution of the light pulser peak for all of the PMTs but XP2020Q. It leads to large dispersion in the estimated light output for a given scintillator. In details, the light output of BGO and LSO determined with R6231 and R2095 is comparable to those measured with XP2020Q and S3590-18 pin photodiode, when photoelectron number calculated from the pulse height resolution is used. Further carried on in-depth studies of the photoelectron number at different HV suggested that the effect is related to the space charge created over the dynode structure of PMTs. Operation of PMTs at lower HV/gain minimizes this effect, thus low noise electronics is recommended to get the single photoelectron peak at this conditions. Moreover, the absolute light output of scintillators is affected by differences in the quantum efficiency calibration at Photonis and Hamamatsu.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Transportation Options in the Illinois Basin (2004)

This report describes carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) capture options from large stationary emission sources in the Illinois Basin, primarily focusing on coal-fired utility power plants. The CO{sub 2} emissions data were collected for utility power plants and industrial facilities over most of Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. Coal-fired power plants are by far the largest CO{sub 2} emission sources in the Illinois Basin. The data revealed that sources within the Illinois Basin emit about 276 million tonnes of CO2 annually from 122 utility power plants and industrial facilities. Industrial facilities include 48 emission sources and contribute about 10% of total emissions. A process analysis study was conducted to review the suitability of various CO{sub 2} capture technologies for large stationary sources. The advantages and disadvantages of each class of technology were investigated. Based on these analyses, a suitable CO{sub 2} capture technology was assigned to each type of emission source in the Illinois Basin. Techno-economic studies were then conducted to evaluate the energy and economic performances of three coal-based power generation plants with CO{sub 2} capture facilities. The three plants considered were (1) pulverized coal (PC) + post combustion chemical absorption (monoethanolamine, or MEA), (2) integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) + pre-combustion physical absorption (Selexol), and (3) oxygen-enriched coal combustion plants. A conventional PC power plant without CO2 capture was also investigated as a baseline plant for comparison. Gross capacities of 266, 533, and 1,054 MW were investigated at each power plant. The economic study considered the burning of both Illinois No. 6 coal and Powder River Basin (PRB) coal. The cost estimation included the cost for compressing the CO{sub 2} stream to pipeline pressure. A process simulation software, CHEMCAD, was employed to perform steady-state simulations of power generation systems and CO{sub 2} capture processes. Financial models were developed to estimate the capital cost, operations and maintenance cost, cost of electricity, and CO{sub 2} avoidance cost. Results showed that, depending on the plant size and the type of coal burned, CO{sub 2} avoidance cost is between $47/t to $67/t for a PC +MEA plant, between $22.03/t to $32.05/t for an oxygen combustion plant, and between $13.58/t to $26.78/t for an IGCC + Selexol plant. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact on the CO2 avoidance cost of the heat of absorption of solvent in an MEA plant and energy consumption of the ASU in an oxy-coal combustion plant. An economic analysis of CO{sub 2} capture from an ethanol plant was also conducted. The cost of CO{sub 2} capture from an ethanol plant with a production capacity of 100 million gallons/year was estimated to be about $13.92/t.
A facile chemical method for the synthesis of 3C–SiC nanoflakes (2016)

A facile chemical method for the synthesis of high specific surface area 3C–SiC nanoflakes in a NaCl powder template is presented.
Bioisosteres of an NPY‐Y5 Antagonist (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Background Potential Bioisostere Approaches Template Molecule Preparation Database Molecule Preparation Alignment and Scoring Results and Monomer Selection Synthesis and Screening Discussion SAR and Developability Optimization Summary and Conclusion References
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE VON ANALOGA DES RADICININS 1. MITT. (1971)

Abstract Das Pyranon (I) reagiert mit Säurechloriden in Tetrachloräthan in Gegenwart von Titantetrachlorid oder Trifluoressigsäure je nach Katalysator und Reaktiontemperatur zu den Verbindungen (III) und (IV) bzw. (VI) und (VII) in unterschiedlichen Anteilen.
Enabling Reproducible Science with VisTrails (2013)

With the increasing amount of data and use of computation in science, software has become an important component in many different domains. Computing is now being used more often and in more aspects of scientific work including data acquisition, simulation, analysis, and visualization. To ensure reproducibility, it is important to capture the different computational processes used as well as their executions. VisTrails is an open-source scientific workflow system for data analysis and visualization that seeks to address the problem of integrating varied tools as well as automatically documenting the methods and parameters employed. Growing from a specific project need to supporting a wide array of users required close collaborations in addition to new research ideas to design a usable and efficient system. The VisTrails project now includes standard software processes like unit testing and developer documentation while serving as a base for further research. In this paper, we describe how VisTrails has developed and how our efforts in structuring and advertising the system have contributed to its adoption in many domains.
Enhancement of Luminance Characteristics in Top-Emission Organic Light Emitting Diode with Cr/Al/Cr Anodes (2007)

Top-emission organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) using chromium anode have been fabricated by employing two techniques: direct-current magnetron sputtering and e-beam evaporation. Atomic force microscopy and work function taken on the chromium film surfaces obtained from both techniques revealed that using dc magnetron sputtering is advantageous over e-beam evaporation in terms of surface characteristics particularly when the film is deposited. The anode having a triple-layer structure of Cr/Al/Cr was deposited on a Si wafer. The device structure of the TEOLED was Cr (20 nm)/Al (100 nm)/Cr (20 nm)/α-napthylphenylbiphenyl diamine (NPB) (60 nm)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) (60 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (2 nm)/Ag (20 nm)/NPB (200 nm). The TEOLED containing the Cr layer deposited by dc magnetron sputtering method showed higher luminance and efficiency than that containing the Cr layer deposited by e-beam evaporation. The superior device characteristics of the TEOLED containing the chromium layer deposited by dc magnetron sputtering have been investigated.
scFv‐based fluorogen activating proteins and variable domain inhibitors as fluorescent biosensor platforms (2009)

Single chain antibodies (scFvs) are engineered proteins composed of IgG variable heavy (V(H)) and variable light (V(L)) domains tethered together by a flexible peptide linker. We have characterized the individual V(H) or V(L) domain activities of several scFvs isolated from a yeast surface-display library for their ability to bind environmentally sensitive fluorogenic dyes causing them to fluoresce. For many of the scFvs, both V(H) and V(L) domains are required for dye binding and fluorescence. The analysis of other scFvs, however, revealed that either the V(H) or the V(L) domain alone is sufficient to cause the fluorogenic dye activation. Furthermore, the inactive complementary domains in the original scFvs either contribute nothing to, or actually inhibit the activity of these active single domains. We have explored the interactions between active variable domains and inactive complementary domains by extensive variable domain swapping through in vitro gene manipulations to create hybrid scFvs. In this study, we demonstrate that significant alteration of the fluorogenic dye activation by the active V(H) or V(L) domains can occur by partnering with different V(H) or V(L) complementary domains in the scFv format. Hybrid scFvs can be generated that have fluorogen-activating domains that are completely inhibited by interactions with other domains. Such hybrid scFvs are excellent platforms for the development of several types of genetically encoded, fluorescence-generating biosensors.
Analysis of Polymerization in Chaotic Mixers Using Time Scales of Mixing and Chemical Reactions (2007)

This study investigated the suitability of chaotic mixers as polymerization reactors by taking chain extension of thermoplastic polyurethanes as an example. The performance of chaotic mixers was analyzed in terms of the effects of mixer designs and mixer operating conditions on polymer molecular weight and properties. Specifically, the analysis involved computation of time scales of mixing and chemical reactions and finding their relationship to mixing torque, polymer molecular weight, and mechanical and thermal properties. It was found that the time scale of mixing has a strong dependence on the Liapunov exponent, a parameter used to characterize the degree of chaotic mixing. The results showed that the highest polymer molecular weight is obtained when the mixer operates under globally chaotic conditions and when the magnitudes of the time scales of mixing and chemical reactions are made comparable to each other. The study also showed that hard segment phase separation can reduce the value of the reaction rate constant and hence hinder the progress of polymerization.
A comparison of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between short and conventional stem hip replacements: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2019)

Our systematic review showed no difference in PROMs between short and conventional stem total hip replacements. This is in keeping with previous evidence but is a more comprehensive analysis. Short stems may have an important role in younger individuals as they allow preservation of proximal femoral bone, minimal access surgery and are amenable to abnormal anatomy. The current literature is hindered by non-uniform methodologies and outcome assessments across studies. Further, standardised, high quality evidence is required before widespread changes in practice.
Hydrophilic surface modification of cyclic olefin copolymer microfluidic chips using sequential photografting (2007)

The plastic material known as cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is a useful substrate material for fabricating microfluidic devices due to its low cost, ease of fabrication, excellent optical properties, and resistance to many solvents. However, the hydrophobicity of native COC limits its use in bioanalytical applications. To increase surface hydrophilicity and reduce protein adsorption, COC surfaces were photografted with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) using a two-step sequential approach: covalently-bound surface initiators were formed in the first step and graft polymerization of PEGMA was then carried out from these sites in the second step. Contact angle measurements were used to monitor and quantify the changes in surface hydrophilicity as a function of grafting conditions. As water droplet contact angles decreased from 88 degrees for native COC to 45 degrees for PEGMA-grafted surfaces, protein adsorption was also reduced by 78% for the PEGMA-modified COC microchannels as determined by a fluorescence assay. This photografting technique should enable the use of COC microdevices in a variety of bioanalytical applications that require minimal nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules.
An Orbitrap/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Photofragment Ion Imaging and High-Resolution Mass Analysis of Native Macromolecular Assemblies (2023)

We discuss the design, development, and evaluation of an Orbitrap/time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)-based instrument with integrated UV photodissociation (UVPD) and time/mass-to-charge ratio (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i>)-resolved imaging for the comprehensive study of the higher-order molecular structure of macromolecular assemblies (MMAs). A bespoke TOF analyzer has been coupled to the higher-energy collisional dissociation cell of an ultrahigh mass range hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap MS. A 193 nm excimer laser was employed to photofragment MMA ions. A combination of microchannel plates (MCPs)-Timepix (TPX) quad and MCPs-phosphor screen-TPX3CAM assemblies have been used as axial and orthogonal imaging detectors, respectively. The instrument can operate in four different modes, where the UVPD-generated fragment ions from the native MMA ions can be measured with high-mass resolution or imaged in a mass-resolved manner to reveal the relative positions of the UVPD fragments postdissociation. This information is intended to be utilized for retrieving higher-order molecular structural details that include the conformation, subunit stoichiometry, and molecular interactions as well as to understand the dissociation dynamics of the MMAs in the gas phase.
Fractional Laser Releases Tumor-Associated Antigens in Poorly Immunogenic Tumor and Induces Systemic Immunity (2017)

Currently ablative fractional photothermolysis (aFP) with CO<sub>2</sub> laser is used for a wide variety of dermatological indications. This study presents and discusses the utility of aFP for treating oncological indications. We used a fractional CO<sub>2</sub> laser and anti-PD-1 inhibitor to treat a tumor established unilaterally by the CT26 wild type (CT26WT) colon carcinoma cell line. Inoculated tumors grew significantly slower in aFP-treated groups (aFP and aFP + anti-PD-1 groups) and complete remission was observed in the aFP-treated groups. Flow cytometric analysis showed aFP treatment elicited an increase of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ vand epitope specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the ratio of CD8+ T cells to Treg increased in the aFP-treated groups. Additionally, we established a bilateral CT26WT-inoculated mouse model, treating tumors on one-side and observing both tumors. Interestingly, tumors grew significantly slower in the aFP + anti-PD-1 groups and complete remission was observed for tumors on both aFP-treated and untreated sides. This study has demonstrated a potential role of aFP treatments in oncology.