gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Similar physical characteristics but distinguishable sn‐2 palmitic acid content and reduced solid fat content of chemically interesterified palm olein compared with native palm olein by dry fractionation: A lab‐scale study (2015)

The presence of solid fat content (SFC) of vegetable fats at human body temperature (37°C) has been linked to altered fat digestibility and metabolism. In this study, the possibility of reducing the SFC in chemically interesterified palm olein (CIEPO) while maintaining physical properties similar to native palm olein was explored by dry fractionation. Crystallization at 37°C for 155 min produced a CIEPO olein fraction with total fatty acid composition (FAC) broadly resembling that of native palm olein while the high proportion of sn ‐2 palmitic acid content was maintained at 39.1%. The CIEPO olein fraction has a reduced SFC at 37°C from 8.6 to 4.2%, overall decreased SFC, slip melting point (SMP) at 33°C, a reduced palmitoyl‐palmitoyl‐palmitoyl (PPP) from 6.0 to 3.7 mol% and lower heating peaks in thermal profile compared with the untreated CIEPO. Both CIEPO olein fraction and palm olein have broadly similar total FAC and SMP below 37°C but very distinguishable sn ‐2 palmitic acid content. CIEPO olein fraction and native palm olein can be used as effective comparison in human studies because the differences of both fats in PPP content and SFC at 37°C were narrowed. Practical applications: Previous human studies investigating the effects of positional distribution of fatty acids on postprandial lipaemia (abnormally high lipid levels in blood after meal) have yielded contradictory findings. Most of these studies require the use of interesterified fats to distinguish the difference in the sn ‐2 fatty acid composition when compared with the untreated form of the fats. The inconsistent findings on lipaemic response from these studies have raised the issue on the importance of using groups of test fats with different positional composition but similar physical characteristics in order to differentiate the effects of positional composition from the physical characteristics of test fats. This study serves as a potential solution to the pairing of test fats with distinguishable sn ‐2 profile by creating a CIEPO fraction from dry fractionation with lowered SFC at 37°C while maintaining the physical characteristics of its untreated form that is suitable to be used in future human clinical studies. Human lipid nutrition studies comparing natural dietary fats with interesterified fats require pairs of test fats possessing similar physical properties but distinguishable sn ‐2 specific fatty acids content. In the current study, CIEPO was fractionated into olein and stearin at 37°C. Both native palm olein and the CIEPO olein fraction have similar total C16:0 content and SMP below 37°C but distinguishable sn ‐2 C16:0 content, whilst the differences of both fats in tripalmitin and SFC at 37°C were narrowed.
Computed tomography scanogram compared to long leg radiograph for determining axial knee alignment (2015)

Although it is a reliable tool, CTS is not necessarily an accurate one for measurement of knee alignment when compared to LLR. We recommend that CTS should not be used as a substitute for LLR in measurement of the mechanical or anatomical axes of the knee.
Modelling the ferrochelatase c.315-48C modifier mutation for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) in mice (2017)

Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is caused by deficiency of ferrochelatase (FECH), which incorporates iron into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) to form heme. Excitation of accumulated PPIX by light generates oxygen radicals that evoke excessive pain and, after longer light exposure, cause ulcerations in exposed skin areas of individuals with EPP. Moreover, ∼5% of the patients develop a liver dysfunction as a result of PPIX accumulation. Most patients (∼97%) have a severe <i>FECH</i> mutation (Mut) <i>in trans</i> to an intronic polymorphism (c.315-48C), which reduces ferrochelatase synthesis by stimulating the use of an aberrant 3' splice site 63 nt upstream of the normal site for exon 4. In contrast, with the predominant c.315-48T allele, the correct splice site is mostly used, and individuals with a T/Mut genotype do not develop EPP symptoms. Thus, the C allele is a potential target for therapeutic approaches that modify this splicing decision. To provide a model for pre-clinical studies of such approaches, we engineered a mouse containing a partly humanized <i>Fech</i> gene with the c.315-48C polymorphism. F1 hybrids obtained by crossing these mice with another inbred line carrying a severe <i>Fech</i> mutation (named m1Pas) show a very strong EPP phenotype that includes elevated PPIX in the blood, enlargement of liver and spleen, anemia, as well as strong pain reactions and skin lesions after a short period of light exposure. In addition to the expected use of the aberrant splice site, the mice also show a strong skipping of the partly humanized exon 3. This will limit the use of this model for certain applications and illustrates that engineering of a hybrid gene may have unforeseeable consequences on its splicing.
Tiltmeter leveling mechanism (2023)

A tiltmeter device having a pair of orthogonally disposed tilt sensors that are levelable within an inner housing containing the sensors. An outer housing can be rotated to level at least one of the sensor pair while the inner housing can be rotated to level the other sensor of the pair. The sensors are typically rotated up to about plus or minus 100 degrees. The device is effective for measuring tilts in a wide range of angles of inclination of wells and can be employed to level a platform containing a third sensor.
Mechanistic Studies of Pd-Catalyzed Fluorination of Cyclic Vinyl Triflates: Evidence for in situ Ligand Modification (2021)

Pd-catalyzed nucleophilic fluorination reactions are important methods for the synthesis of fluoroarenes and fluoroalkenes. However, these reactions can generate a mixture of regioisomeric products that are often difficult to separate. While investigating the Pd- catalyzed fluorination of cyclic vinyl triflates, we observed that the addition of a substoichiometric quantity of TESCF3 significantly improves both the efficiency and the regioselectivity of the fluorination process. Herein, we report a combined experimental and computational study on the mechanism of this transformation focused on the role of TESCF3. We found that in the absence of additives such as TESCF3, the transmetalation step produces predominantly the thermodynamically more stable trans isomer of the key LPd(vinyl)F complex (L = biaryl monophosphine ligand). This intermediate, rather than undergoing reductive elimination, preferentially reacts through an intramolecular β-deprotonation to form a Pd-cyclohexyne intermediate. This undesired reactivity is responsible for the low efficiency (11% yield) and poor regioselectivity (1.8:1) of the catalytic reaction. When TESCF3 is added to the reaction mixture, the cis-LPd(vinyl)F complex is instead formed, through a pathway involving an unusual dearomatization of the ligand by nucleophilic attack from a trifluoromethyl anion (CF3–). In contrast to the trans isomer, this cis-LPd(vinyl)F complex readily undergoes reductive elimination to provide the vinyl fluoride product with desired regioselectivity, without the generation of Pd-cyclohexyne intermediates.
In vivo imaging of the Drosophila Melanogaster heart using a novel optical coherence tomography microscope (2005)

Real time in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the adult fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster heart using a newly designed OCT microscope allows accurate assessment of cardiac anatomy and function. D. melanogaster has been used extensively in genetic research for over a century, but in vivo evaluation of the heart has been limited by available imaging technology. The ability to assess phenotypic changes with micrometer-scale resolution noninvasively in genetic models such as D. melanogaster is needed in the advancing fields of developmental biology and genetics. We have developed a dedicated small animal OCT imaging system incorporating a state-of-the-art, real time OCT scanner integrated into a standard stereo zoom microscope which allows for simultaneous OCT and video imaging. System capabilities include A-scan, B-scan, and M-scan imaging as well as automated 3D volumetric acquisition and visualization. Transverse and sagittal B-mode scans of the four chambered D. melanogaster heart have been obtained with the OCT microscope and are consistent with detailed anatomical studies from the literature. Further analysis by M-mode scanning is currently under way to assess cardiac function as a function of age and sex by determination of shortening fraction and ejection fraction. These studies create control cardiac data on the wild type D. melanogaster, allowing subsequent evaluation of phenotypic cardiac changes in this model after regulated genetic mutation.
N- and K-Ras Oncogenes in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias (1994)

N- and K-ras oncogene mutations represent the most frequent molecular lesions in plasma cell dyscrasias. They are not randomly distributed since they are detectable in multiple myeloma (MM) (9-31%) and plasma cell leukemia (PCL) (30%), and not in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and solitary plasmacytoma (SP). Codons 12, 13 and 61 of N- and K-ras genes have been found mutated. Mutations affecting codon 61 of N-ras gene are the most frequent finding. A heterogeneous pattern of mutations is described with a prevalence of purine-pyrimidine transversions. Ras gene mutations have been predominantly detected in myelomas characterized by an advanced stage disease, and adverse prognostic parameters. These findings suggest that ras mutations represent a late molecular lesion and may be implicated in tumor progression rather than tumor initiation.
Investigation of Plasma Rotation in SMOLA Helical Open Trap (2021)

The SMOLA open magnetic trap was created at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BINP SB RAS) for studying the physics of suppression of plasma longitudinal losses from the system in which rotating plasma is confined in a magnetic field with helicoidal symmetry. The possibility of controlling the plasma rotation velocity is crucial in this concept. Methods of spectroscopic and magnetic diagnostics that allowed obtaining parameters of plasma rotation in the experiments are described. The angular plasma rotation velocity was found to be (0.5–1) × 106 s–1 in different regimes of system operation. The dependences of angular plasma rotation velocity on various parameters of the experiment are discussed.
Resistance Mechanisms to Methotrexate in Tumors (1996)

Abstract The mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to methotrexate (MTX) in human tumors are reviewed herein. In blasts from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, resistance mechanisms found are decreased uptake and increased dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity. A major cause of intrinsic resistance to MTX in soft tissue sarcoma cells and in acute myelocytic leukemia appears to be a lack of drug retention, due mainly to low levels of polyglutamylation. A novel association between lack of the retinoblastoma protein and intrinsic MTX resistance has been found. This has been attributed to an increase in DHFR activity, due to an increased rate of transcription of this gene, stimulated by an increase in levels of free E2F, not sequestered by hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein.
BPNet: Bézier Primitive Segmentation on 3D Point Clouds (2023)

This paper proposes BPNet, a novel end-to-end deep learning framework to learn Bézier primitive segmentation on 3D point clouds. The existing works treat different primitive types separately, thus limiting them to finite shape categories. To address this issue, we seek a generalized primitive segmentation on point clouds. Taking inspiration from Bézier decomposition on NURBS models, we transfer it to guide point cloud segmentation casting off primitive types. A joint optimization framework is proposed to learn Bézier primitive segmentation and geometric fitting simultaneously on a cascaded architecture. Specifically, we introduce a soft voting regularizer to improve primitive segmentation and propose an auto-weight embedding module to cluster point features, making the network more robust and generic. We also introduce a reconstruction module where we successfully process multiple CAD models with different primitives simultaneously. We conducted extensive experiments on the synthetic ABC dataset and real-scan datasets to validate and compare our approach with different baseline methods. Experiments show superior performance over previous work in terms of segmentation, with a substantially faster inference speed.
Localization of ambiguously identifiable wireless agents: complexity analysis and efficient algorithms (2018)

In the localization of wireless agents, ambiguous measurements have significant implications regarding the complexity and quality of the agents’ positioning. Ambiguous measurements occur, for example, in multiple source localization (MSL), in which the goal is to localize the sources of signals, although the signals themselves cannot be used to differentiate among their sources. The indifferentiability of the sources results in a combinatorial optimization problem that must be solved before a localization result can be obtained. Similar effects arise, for example, in the localization of highly resource-limited wireless agents that are subject to severe size and energy constraints, meaning that neither unique identification sequences (CDMA) nor unique frequency or time resources (FDMA, TMDA) can be used. This application scenario constitutes a more general and complex joint problem of localization and ambiguity resolution that also encompasses MSL. In this work, we focus on this more general problem and its corresponding application case while maintaining applicability to the MSL problem. More precisely, we prove the $\mathcal {NP}$ -hardness of the joint localization and ambiguity resolution problem and derive a solution framework that facilitates a comprehensive and concise formulation thereof. Thereby, we derive a minimum mean square error (MMSE)-optimal algorithm based on mixed-integer nonlinear programming and propose a relaxation of the problem with the aim of reducing the computational complexity. Additionally, simplifications are derived for the case in which bidirectional measurements are available or enforced, e.g., by the applied communication or ranging protocol.
Synthesis and Reactions of Phosphine–Methylsulfonyloxyborane Complexes (1990)

Abstract Functionalizations of the boranato group of phosphine–boranes have been investigated. Trimethylphosphine–borane readily reacted with methanesulfonic acid in dichloromethane with evolution of hydrogen. The resulting trimethylphosphine–methylsulfonyloxyborane was subjected to nucleophilic substitution reaction on the boron atom with arenethiols or secondary phosphine–boranes in the presence of NaH. The reactivities of the substitution products obtained were also investigated. A new phosphine–borane having a P–B–P–B–P–B–P–B bond linkage was synthesized.
Ceria/Bismuth Oxide Bilayer Electrolyte based Low-Temperature SOFCs with Stable Electrochemical Performance (2017)

In this work, we report on the fabrication and performance of anode supported cells based on gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) and stabilized bismuth oxide (xSB) bilayer electrolyte that can operate at low temperatures (450-650 °C). Thickness of GDC and xSB layers was varied between 23-70 μm and 0-25 μm, respectively. The results showed the addition of xSB layer was effective in blocking electronic conduction which increased the OCV compared to the baseline single layer GDC cell. Further, the relative and total thickness of the two layers showed a significant impact on the OCV of the cell at different temperatures with best performance obtained with cells with lower GDC thickness and higher xSB thickness. Long-term stability tests showed exceptionally low degradation rates for OCV of the bilayer GDC/xSB cells. At 650 oC, a GDC/xSB bilayer fuel cell showed a maximum power density and total area specific resistance (ASR) of 1.06 W/cm2 and 0.17 Wcm2, respectively.
Open Architecture Framework for Integrated Virtual Product Development Systems (1997)

In the current marketplace, products are required to proceed rapidly from conceptualization to production. This has put a great deal of pressure on the current state of computer software systems. These include computer-aided design and manufacturing systems, design for assembly systems, design for manufacture systems, and manufacturing simulation systems. Modern product development processes call for rapid designs and adapting designs to suit ever changing customer requirements. Virtual prototyping is allowing engineers to quickly create digital prototypes, allowing for quick evaluation of conceptual designs. New technologies such as virtual reality are now being used to aid engineers in the area of virtual prototyping. Existing systems using virtual reality technology are limited in their expandability, customization, or usability with current design software systems. This paper discusses an expandable and customizable architecture aimed at integrating virtual product development tools.
Curcumin potentiates the growth-inhibitory effect of celecoxib in human colorectal cancer cells (2005)

2475 Background: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the western world. Multiple studies have indicated that specific COX-2 inhibitors may prevent CRC. However, the long-term use of COX-2 inhibitors is not toxic free and may be limited due to its gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects. The chemopreventive efficacy of the phytochemical, curcumin has been demonstrated in several in vitro and animal models. We have developed a unique in vitro model consisting of normal rat emterocytes (IEC18) and their ras transformed derivatives (IEC18-ras) (Arber et al. Oncogene 1996). Aim: Can curcumin potentiate the growth inhibition effect of a COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib, Pfizer, NY, USA) in human colon cancer cells? Methods: HT-29 and IEC18-ras (expressing high levels of COX -2), Caco-2 (Expressing low levels of COX-2) and SW-480 (no expression of COX -2) cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of celecoxib (0-40μM), curcumin (0-20μM) and their combination. COX-2 activity was assessed by measuring PGE2 production by enzyme-linked immunoassay. COX-2 mRNA levels were assessed by RT-PCR. COX-1 and COX-2 expression was measured by western blotting analysis. Results:.Exposure to physiological doses of celecoxib (5 μM) and curcumin (10-15 μM) resulted in a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell growth. Growth inhibition was associated with inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Curcumin augmented celecoxib inhibition of PGE2 synthesis. The drugs synergistically down-regulated COX-2 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis showed that the level of COX-1 was not altered by treatment with celecoxib, curcumin or their combination. Conclusions: Curcumin can potentiates the growth inhibitory effect of celecoxib by shifting the dose-response curve to the left. The synergistic growth inhibition effect was mediated through a mechanism that involves both COX-2 and non-COX-2 pathways. This synergistic effect is clinically important since it can be achieved in the serum of patients receiving standard anti-inflammatory or anti-neoplastic dosages of celecoxib.
Serum antibodies to phosphatidylcholine in MS (2020)

This study provides Class III evidence that serum antibodies to PC are elevated in patients with MS. The study is rated Class III because of the case control design and the risk of spectrum bias: antibody levels in patients with MS were compared with healthy controls.
Partial least squares regression as a powerful tool for investigating large combinatorial polymer libraries (2008)

Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression is an established analytical tool in surface science, particularly for relating multivariate ToF-SIMS data to a univariate surface property. Herein we construct a PLS model using ToF-SIMS and surface energy data from a 496 copolymer micro-patterned library. Using this 496 copolymer library we investigate how changing the number of samples used to construct the PLS model affects the identity of the most influential ions identified in the regression vector. The regression coefficients vary in magnitude, but the general relationship between ion structure and surface energy is maintained. As expected, if copolymers containing monomers with unique chemistries are removed from the training set, secondary ions specific to these copolymers are not present in the regression vector. The use of PLS to obtain quantitative predictions has not been actively explored in the surface analytical field. We investigate whether the PLS model obtained can be used to predict the surface energies of polymers within and outside of the training set. The model systematically underestimated the surface energy of a group of acrylate copolymers synthesised using monomers common to the training set, but in different compositions. The predictions for a group of acrylate copolymers that were synthesised from monomers not used in the training set were very poor. When the model was used to obtain predictions for six commercially available polymers the values obtained were all close to the mean surface energy of the training set. This exercise suggests that PLS may be able to predict the surface energy of polymers synthesised from monomers common to the training set, confirming the importance that the training set reflects the chemistry of the samples to be predicted.
Introduction (2013)

The chapter gives an introduction to the book. It presents some basic data about global poverty and inequality. It highlights a tension in moral thinking between the universal nature of moral duties and particularistic distributive requirements. It identifies various normative functions for institutions in theories of justice. Finally, the chapter outlines the argument of the book.
Residual bulk image quantification and management for a full frame charge coupled device image sensor (2011)

Residual bulk image (RBI) is significant in the KAF09000 CCD. Residual images are observed 2 h after illumination at −20C. Trap leakage and capacity are studied as a function of temperature. A flood-flush protocol is evaluated for eliminating RBI artifacts. A substrate trap fixed pattern noise is observed and is removed by dark-subtraction. An increase of dark current shot noise due to trap leakage will occur but can be minimized by deep cooling. Operating temperature targets are set as a function of target noise levels. An operating temperature of -87C for a 30 min exposure is projected to support a read noise constraint of 5 e-.
Structural and optical properties of axial silicon-germanium nanowire heterojunctions (2015)

Detailed studies of the structural and optical properties of axial silicon-germanium nanowire heterojunctions show that despite the 4.2% lattice mismatch between Si and Ge they can be grown without a significant density of structural defects. The lattice mismatch induced strain is partially relieved due to spontaneous SiGe intermixing at the heterointerface during growth and lateral expansion of the Ge segment of the nanowire. The mismatch in Ge and Si coefficients of thermal expansion and low thermal conductivity of Si/Ge nanowire heterojunctions are proposed to be responsible for the thermally induced stress detected under intense laser radiation in photoluminescence and Raman scattering measurements.
Total lymphoid irradiation for graft-versus-host disease protection (2009)

This review summarizes the evolution of the preclinical TLI protocols and their recent translation to clinical trials, and discusses the mechanisms involved in protection from GvHD and the induction of tolerance following mixed chimerism.