gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ensemble of Example-Dependent Cost-Sensitive Decision Trees (2015)

Several real-world classification problems are example-dependent cost-sensitive in nature, where the costs due to misclassification vary between examples and not only within classes. However, standard classification methods do not take these costs into account, and assume a constant cost of misclassification errors. In previous works, some methods that take into account the financial costs into the training of different algorithms have been proposed, with the example-dependent cost-sensitive decision tree algorithm being the one that gives the highest savings. In this paper we propose a new framework of ensembles of example-dependent cost-sensitive decision-trees. The framework consists in creating different example-dependent cost-sensitive decision trees on random subsamples of the training set, and then combining them using three different combination approaches. Moreover, we propose two new cost-sensitive combination approaches; cost-sensitive weighted voting and cost-sensitive stacking, the latter being based on the cost-sensitive logistic regression method. Finally, using five different databases, from four real-world applications: credit card fraud detection, churn modeling, credit scoring and direct marketing, we evaluate the proposed method against state-of-the-art example-dependent cost-sensitive techniques, namely, cost-proportionate sampling, Bayes minimum risk and cost-sensitive decision trees. The results show that the proposed algorithms have better results for all databases, in the sense of higher savings.
Design of combined adaptive optics mirror for fast compensation of low-order aberrations (2005)

The compact adaptive optics mirror is described, which allows compensation of wave front distortions related to low-order aberrations such as tip/tilt, focus/defocus, astigmatism, etc. of the laser beam distorted, for example, because of propagation through atmospheric turbulences.
GaN HEMTs with multi-functional p-diamond back-barriers (2016)

This work for the first time explores the use of p-diamond as multi-functional back-barriers in GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). A well-calibrated self-consistent electro-thermal simulation has revealed that multi-functional p-diamond back-barriers can improve the performance of HEMTs, by achieving over 3 times higher breakdown voltage (BV), at least 30% higher thermal performance, enhanced 2DEG confinement and reduced short channel effects. These results indicate the great potential of the integration of GaN and diamond electronics for high-power and high-frequency applications.
Molecular detection of SARS-COV-2 in exhaled breath at the point-of-need (2022)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for improved technologies to help control the spread of contagious pathogens. While rapid point-of-need testing plays a key role in strategies to rapidly identify and isolate infectious patients, current test approaches have significant shortcomings related to assay limitations and sample type. Direct quantification of viral shedding in exhaled particles may offer a better rapid testing approach, since SARS-CoV-2 is believed to spread mainly by aerosols. It assesses contagiousness directly, the sample is easy and comfortable to obtain, sampling can be standardized, and the limited sample volume lends itself to a fast and sensitive analysis. In view of these benefits, we developed and tested an approach where exhaled particles are efficiently sampled using inertial impaction in a micromachined silicon chip, followed by an RT-qPCR molecular assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Our portable, silicon impactor allowed for the efficient capture (>85%) of respiratory particles down to 300 nm without the need for additional equipment. We demonstrate using both conventional off-chip and in-situ PCR directly on the silicon chip that sampling subjects' breath in less than a minute yields sufficient viral RNA to detect infections as early as standard sampling methods. A longitudinal study revealed clear differences in the temporal dynamics of viral load for nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, breath, and antigen tests. Overall, after an infection, the breath-based test remains positive during the first week but is the first to consistently report a negative result, putatively signalling the end of contagiousness and further emphasizing the potential of this tool to help manage the spread of airborne respiratory infections.
Supplementary Legends from H3B-6527 Is a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of FGFR4 in FGF19-Driven Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Legends describing each of the supplementary figures and tables&lt;/p&gt;
Cycle Slip-Mitigating Turbo Demodulation in LDPC-Coded Coherent Optical Communications (2014)

We show that an iterative demodulation with soft-decision feedback information from FEC decoder can efficiently mitigate cycle slips. With 3 % pilot insertion, the turbo QPSK demodulation achieves 1.05dB gain even in the presence of frequent cycle slips.
Melting of a DNA Hairpin without Hyperchromism (1998)

UV absorbance spectroscopy is the most common method for detecting nucleic acid structural transitions and obtaining thermodynamic parameters. UV-detected melting has been used to determine stabilities of nucleic acid hairpins, duplexes, triplexes, and higher order structures and to determine thermodynamic effects of unusual or modified bases and mismatched base-pairs. We report that in some cases UV absorbance spectroscopy is an inadequate analytical technique for these purposes. Some critical transitions are invisible to UV absorbance spectroscopy. For example, the conversion of dodecamer d(CGCAAATTCGCG) from hairpin to random coil is not accompanied by hyperchromism. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy (263 nm) clearly detects two transitions for this dodecamer, each giving a pronounced change in ellipiticity. The concentration dependence of the low-temperature transition and the concentration independence of the high-temperature transition indicate that the predominant state converts from duplex to hairpin to random coil as the temperature increases. These assignments are confirmed by comparison to oligonucleotides of similar sequence that undergo a hairpin to coil transition only. In contrast to CD spectroscopy, UV absorbance spectroscopy shows only a single transition. The transition detected by UV absorbance spectroscopy corresponds to the low-temperature transition detected by CD. UV absorbance spectroscopy does not detect the second transition at any wavelength (from 218 to 310 nm) (by changes) in either absorbance or its derivative with temperature.
Coding the Beams: Improving Beamforming Training in mmWave Communication System (2011)

The mmWave communication system is operating at a regime with high number of antennas and very limited number of RF analog chains. Large number of antennas are used to extend the communication range for recovering the high path loss while fewer RF analog chains are designed to reduce transmit and processing power and hardware complexity. In this regime, typical MIMO algorithms are not applicable. Before any communication starts, devices are needed to align their beam pointing angles towards each other. An efficient searching protocol to obtain the best beam angle pair is therefore needed. It is called BeamForming (BF) training protocol. This paper presents a new BF training technique called beam coding. Each beam angle is assigned unique signature code. By coding multiple beam angles and steering at their angles simultaneously in a training packet, the best beam angle pair can be obtained in a few packets. The proposed BF training technique not only shows the robustness in non-line- of-sight environment, but also provides very flat power variation within a packet in contrast to the IEEE 802.11ad standard whose scheme may lead to large dynamic range of signals due to beam angles varying across a training packet.
Viral Antigen and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients With COVID-19 Infection and Neurologic Symptoms Compared With Control Participants Without Infection or Neurologic Symptoms (2022)

In this study of Swedish adults with COVID-19 infection and neurologic symptoms, compared with control participants, viral antigen was detectable in CSF and correlated with CNS immune activation. Patients with COVID-19 had signs of neuroaxonal injury, and neurosymptomatic patients had a more marked inflammatory profile that could not be attributed to differences in COVID-19 severity. These results highlight the clinical relevance of neurologic symptoms and suggest that viral components can contribute to CNS immune responses without direct viral invasion.
Rejuvenation of Senescent Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (2020)

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation is a form of the stem-cell therapy that has shown beneficial effects for many diseases. The use of stem-cell therapy, including MSC transplantation, however, has limitations such as the tumorigenic potential of stem cells and the lack of efficacy of aged autologous cells. An ideal therapeutic approach would keep the beneficial effects of MSC transplantation while circumventing the limitations associated with the use of intact stem cells. This study provides proof-of-concept evidence that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles represent a promising platform to develop an acellular therapeutic approach that would just do that. Extracellular vesicles are membranous vesicles secreted by MSCs and contain bioactive molecules to mediate communication between different cells. Extracellular vesicles can be taken up by recipient cells, and once inside the recipient cells, the bioactive molecules are released to exert the beneficial effects on the recipient cells. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, shows that extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs recapitulate the beneficial effects of MSCs on vascular repair and promote blood vessel regeneration after ischemic events. Furthermore, MSCs from aged donors can be engineered to produce extracellular vesicles with improved regenerative potential, comparable to MSCs from young donors, thus eliminating the need for allogenic young donors for elderly patients.
The Relationship Between the Electrophoretic Mobility and the A dsorption of Ions on Polystyrene Latex (1981)

The stability of latexes is important for many industrial applications and in theoretical research. One of the measures of the stability is the electrophoretic mobility or zeta potential of the latex particle. Thus far the chemisorbed surface charge groups have been considered as the dominant factor determine the ζ potential. In a previous paper (1), we concluded that the origin of surface charge on polystyrene latex was not simply the charged ionizable groups on the surface of the latex particle,and that the hydrophobic surface of the latex might be playing a more significant role in the origination of the surface charge. In this work, the relationship between electrophoretic mobility and surface charge of latexes, especially the effect of the adsorption of ions from solution on the electrophoretic mobility of polystyrene latex particles, was investigated in more detail. The possible mechanisms of the origination of the surface charge on latex particles
High Frequency Thalamic Stimulation for Inoperable Mesial Temporal Epilepsy (2007)

High-frequency, periodic, round-the-clock thalamic stimulation seems safe, well tolerated and efficacious for inoperable mesial temporal epilepsy. Identification of clinically useful parameters may be facilitated by brief closed-loop trials. Selective stimulation of a single structure may not be feasible at certain intensities, nor required for efficacy. Evoked responses may be useful for verification of uniformity of target acquisition.
Scale-invariant perturbations in ekpyrotic cosmologies without fine-tuning of initial conditions (2015)

Ekpyrotic bouncing cosmologies have been proposed as alternatives to inflation. In these scenarios, the Universe is smoothed and flattened during a period of slow contraction preceding the bounce while quantum fluctuations generate nearly scale-invariant superhorizon perturbations that seed structure in the post-bounce Universe. An analysis by Tolley and Wesley (2007) showed that, for a wide range of ekpyrotic models, generating a scale-invariant spectrum of adiabatic or entropic fluctuations is only possible if the cosmological background is unstable, in which case the scenario is highly sensitive to initial conditions. In this paper, we analyze an important counterexample: a simple action that generates a Gaussian, scale-invariant spectrum of entropic perturbations during ekpyrotic contraction without requiring fine-tuned initial conditions. Based on this example, we discuss some generalizations.
Piezoresistance of top-down suspended Si nanowires (2011)

Measurements of the gauge factor of suspended, top-down silicon nanowires are presented. The nanowires are fabricated with a CMOS compatible process and with doping concentrations ranging from 2 × 10(20) down to 5 × 10(17) cm(-3). The extracted gauge factors are compared with results on identical non-suspended nanowires and with state-of-the-art results. An increase of the gauge factor after suspension is demonstrated. For the low doped nanowires a value of 235 is measured. Particular attention was paid throughout the experiments to distinguishing real resistance change due to strain modulation from resistance fluctuations due to charge trapping. Furthermore, a numerical model correlating surface charge density with the gauge factor is presented. Comparison of the simulations with experimental measurements shows the validity of this approach. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the piezoresistive effect in Si nanowires.
Snow Parameter Estimation with Multi-Frequency and Multi-Constellation Global Navigation Satellite System Signals (2022)

The Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) describes the amount of water stored in snow. The SWE is a key parameter for various applications including meteorological information systems, run-off predictions for hydro power plants, and roof load monitoring. The SWE as well as the snow height and liquid water content can be determined with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. The set-up consists of two GNSS antennas where as one antenna is placed on the ground below the snow and the second one is placed on a pole above the snow, and serves as reference antenna. The differential GNSS signals are affected by the relative position between the antennas, the snow and the GNSS carrier phase ambiguities. The GNSS signals are refracted at the air-snow interface, and attenuated and delayed in the snow pack. The contribution of this talk is three-fold: First, we have extended our snow parameter estimation [2,3] from a single-frequency, dual constellation (GPS + Galileo) solution to a multi-frequency, triple-constellation (GPS + Galileo + Beidou) solution [1]. Secondly, we have used a Kalman filter to continuously estimate the SWE and carrier phase ambiguities [1] instead of a least-squares estimation. Third, the float ambiguity estimates are now fixed to integer numbers with the Least-Squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) method. The first results are very promising and indicate that the measurement period for snow parameter estimation can be reduced from several hours to less than 30 minutes. References: [1] Julian Weiss: “Snow Parameter Estimation with Multi-Frequency and Multi-Constellation GNSS”, Master thesis, Techn. Univ. Muenchen, Germany, 2021. [2] Patrick Henkel, Franziska Koch, Florian Appel, Heike Bach, Monika Prasch, Lino Schmid, Juerg Schweizer, and Wolfram Mauser: “Snow Water Equivalent of Dry Snow Derived from GNSS Carrier Phases“, in: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 56, issue 6, pp. 3561 – 3572, Jun. 2018. [3] Franziska Koch, Patrick Henkel, Florian Appel, Lino Schmid, Heike Bach, Markus Lamm, Monika Prasch, Juerg Schweizer, and Wolfram Mauser: “Retrieval of snow water equivalent, liquid water content, and snow height of dry and wet snow by combining GPS signal attenuation and time delay“, in Water Resources Research, vol. 55, issue 5, pp. 4465 – 4487, May 2019.
Real-time signal acquisition based on optical excitable response by pre-designing single-tone preamble waveform (2023)

Real-time acquisition of target signals is preferred for mobile communication systems. However, under the requirement of ultra-low latency for next-generation communication, traditional acquisition methods need to temporally locate the target signal from a large amount of raw data with correlation-based computing, introducing extra latency. We propose a real-time signal acquisition method based on an optical excitable response (OER) by pre-designing a single-tone preamble waveform. The preamble waveform is designed to be within the amplitude and bandwidth of the target signal, so no extra transceiver is required. The OER generates a corresponding pulse to the preamble waveform in the analog domain, which simultaneously triggers an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to acquire target signals. The dependence of OER pulse on the preamble waveform parameter is studied, leading to a pre-design of the preamble waveform for an optimal OER. In the experiment, we demonstrate a millimeter-wave (26.5-GHz) transceiver system with target signals of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) format. Experimental results show that the response time is less than 4 ns, which is far lower than the ms-level response time of traditional all-digital time-synchronous acquisition methods.
Dielectric Conduction Mechanisms of Advanced Interconnects: Evidence for Thermally- Induced 3D /2 D Transition (2006)

Electrical, electro-optical, mechanical and microstructural characterizations explain why the leakage currents in advanced Cu/ultra-low K interconnects can change from bulk (3D) to mostly interfacial (2D) above 150degC. A physical model consistent with all these results is proposed
Dosimetry for the study of medical radiation workers with a focus on the mean absorbed dose to the lung, brain and other organs (2018)

The use of leaded aprons during exposure to lower energy X rays encountered in fluoroscopically based radiology adds complexity to account for the shielding of the organs located in the torso when dosimeters were worn over leaded aprons. Estimating doses to unshielded tissues such as the brain and lens of the eye become less challenging when dosimeters are worn at the collar above the apron. The absence of leaded aprons in the higher energy photon settings lead to a more straightforward process of relating dosimeter results to mean organ doses.
NavStick: Making Video Games Blind-Accessible via the Ability to Look Around (2021)

Video games remain largely inaccessible to visually impaired people (VIPs). Today’s blind-accessible games are highly simplified renditions of what sighted players enjoy, and they do not give VIPs the same freedom to look around and explore game worlds on their own terms. In this work, we introduce NavStick, an audio-based tool for looking around within virtual environments, with the aim of making 3D adventure video games more blind-accessible. NavStick repurposes a game controller’s thumbstick to allow VIPs to survey what is around them via line-of-sight. In a user study, we compare NavStick with traditional menu-based surveying for different navigation tasks and find that VIPs were able to form more accurate mental maps of their environment with NavStick than with menu-based surveying. In an additional exploratory study, we investigate NavStick in the context of a representative 3D adventure game. Our findings reveal several implications for blind-accessible games, and we close by discussing these.
Intra Coding With Prediction Mode Information Inference (2010)

In a typical competition-based coding, the pertinence of a prediction mode does not only depend on its own efficiency but also on the fact that it is complementary with the other modes. The method proposed in this paper to improve the intra coding of the H.264/AVC standard relies on this remark; it shows how the cost of signaling predictors that are quite similar can be avoided. Indeed, at low bitrates, the information related to the predictor signaling in intra coding reaches up to 25% of the total bitrate for the whole set of standard VCEG test sequences. In order to reduce this cost, a method reproducible at the decoder side is proposed to eliminate some predictors from the intra predictor set. The proposed method exploits the proximity of the predictors in the transform domain in order to obtain a representative and non-redundant set of predictors.
Komplexchemie reaktiver organischer Verbindungen, XXI: Über eine einfache Synthese der Rhenium‐Halbsandwich‐Komplexe (η‐C5H4)Re(CO)3 [X Cl, Br, I] (1978)

Complex Chemistry of Reactive Organic Compounds, XXI: On a Simple Synthesis of the Halfsandwich Rhenium Complexes (η‐C 5 H 4 X)Re(CO) 3 [X = Cl, Br, I] Tricarbonyl(η‐chlorocyclopentadienyl)rhenium ( 3a ), (η‐bromocyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylrhenium ( 3b ), and tricarbonyl(η‐iodocyclopentadienyl)rhenium ( 3c ) are formed in one‐step, high‐yield syntheses by cyclopentadienylation of the corresponding pentacarbonylrhenium halides (CO) 5 ReX [X  Cl ( 1a ), Br ( 1b ), I ( 1c )] with diazocyclopentadiene ( 2 ).
813 Cancer vaccine triple synergistic combination immunotherapy enhances anti-cancer efficacy (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> The discovery of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment, but many cancers remain resistant. In many cases, resistant tumors are considered “cold” because they lack infiltrating T cells that can be reinvigorated by the CPIs. Cancer vaccines may overcome this resistance by inducing the needed T cell immune response against the tumor. Conversely, cancer vaccines may not be effective alone if immunoregulatory mechanisms inhibit the immune response. Overcoming such regulatory mechanisms by CPIs or other immunomodulatory agents can improve vaccine efficacy. Thus, these complementary therapies can synergize <h3>Methods</h3> Here we used a B6 mouse tumor model, TC1, expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes, and utilized a vaccine consisting of an E7 synthetic long peptide 43-77 combined with alpha-galactosylceramide (a potent NKT cell agonist) and GM-CSF as adjuvants. We examined combinations of CPIs with the vaccine for increased efficacy in control of TC1 tumor growth. <h3>Results</h3> We found triple synergy among the E7 vaccine, anti-TIGIT, and anti-PD-L1, more effective than any pairwise combination. Further, whereas the protection was dependent on CD8 T cells, depletion of CD4 T cells surprisingly improved the vaccine response, suggesting it was removing a suppressive CD4 T cell. Experiments are in progress to determine whether this putative suppressive cell is a Foxp3+ Treg cell. The triple therapy enhanced the number of E7-specific T cells infiltrating the tumors by tetramer staining. Further, the triple therapy was effective, although slightly less so, in aged mice as in young mice, suggesting it may be effective in older humans in whom cancer is more frequent. <h3>Conclusions</h3> These studies show proof-of-concept for use of a synergistic combination of cancer vaccine immunotherapy to generate tumor-specific T cells and multi-checkpoint inhibitor therapy to overcome resistance in order to inhibit tumor growth and improve survival in mouse cancer models that is translatable to human cancer patients. <h3>Ethics Approval</h3> This study was approved by the NCI Animal Care and Use Committee under ACUC Protocol METB-033.