gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bias and temperature-dependent photocurrent spectroscopy of a compressively strained GaInP/AlGaInP single quantum well (1995)

Photocurrent (PC) spectroscopy, as a function of temperature and applied voltage, of a compressively strained 100 AA Ga0.44In0.56P/(Al0.5Ga0.5)0.52In0.48P single quantum well reveals (a) the quantum-confined Stark effect for heavyand light-hole excitons and a parity-forbidden exciton transition at 200 K and (b) evidence for carrier recombination dominating over carrier escape at moderate to low temperature, i.e. <or=200 K and at small applied bias. However, a PC can be observed at low temperature with a large reverse bias ( approximately 10 V), indicating an inhibition of the recombination process due to spatial separation of electrons and holes.
Surface Charge Visualization at Viable Living Cells (2016)

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is demonstrated to be a powerful technique for quantitative nanoscale surface charge mapping of living cells. Utilizing a bias modulated (BM) scheme, in which the potential between a quasi-reference counter electrode (QRCE) in an electrolyte-filled nanopipette and a QRCE in bulk solution is modulated, it is shown that both the cell topography and the surface charge present at cellular interfaces can be measured simultaneously at high spatial resolution with dynamic potential measurements. Surface charge is elucidated by probing the properties of the diffuse double layer (DDL) at the cellular interface, and the technique is sensitive at both low-ionic strength and under typical physiological (high-ionic strength) conditions. The combination of experiments that incorporate pixel-level self-referencing (calibration) with a robust theoretical model allows for the analysis of local surface charge variations across cellular interfaces, as demonstrated on two important living systems. First, charge mapping at Zea mays root hairs shows that there is a high negative surface charge at the tip of the cell. Second, it is shown that there are distinct surface charge distributions across the surface of human adipocyte cells, whose role is the storage and regulation of lipids in mammalian systems. These are new features, not previously recognized, and their implications for the functioning of these cells are highlighted.
Identification of Parametric Underspread Linear Systems and Super-Resolution Radar (2011)

Identification of time-varying linear systems, which introduce both time-shifts (delays) and frequency-shifts (Doppler-shifts), is a central task in many engineering applications. This paper studies the problem of identification of underspread linear systems (ULSs), whose responses lie within a unit-area region in the delay-Doppler space, by probing them with a known input signal. It is shown that sufficiently-underspread parametric linear systems, described by a finite set of delays and Doppler-shifts, are identifiable from a single observation as long as the time-bandwidth product of the input signal is proportional to the square of the total number of delay-Doppler pairs in the system. In addition, an algorithm is developed that enables identification of parametric ULSs from an input train of pulses in polynomial time by exploiting recent results on sub-Nyquist sampling for time delay estimation and classical results on recovery of frequencies from a sum of complex exponentials. Finally, application of these results to super-resolution target detection using radar is discussed. Specifically, it is shown that the proposed procedure allows to distinguish between multiple targets with very close proximity in the delay-Doppler space, resulting in a resolution that substantially exceeds that of standard matched-filtering based techniques without introducing leakage effects inherent in recently proposed compressed sensing-based radar methods.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: an emerging cause of insulin-dependent diabetes (2019)

PD-1 inhibitors can lead to insulin deficiency presenting as new-onset diabetes or worsening of pre-existing type 2 diabetes, with a frequency of 1.8 %. The underlying mechanism appears similar to spontaneous type 1 diabetes but there is a faster progression to severe insulin deficiency. Better characterization of ICI-induced diabetes will improve patient care and enhance our understanding of immune-mediated diabetes.
Thalamic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging: localization of cortical and subcortical activation with implanted electrodes (1999)

The utility of functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging in patients with implanted thalamic electrodes has not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to establish the safety of performing fMR imaging in patients with thalamic deep brain stimulators and to determine the value of fMR imaging in detecting cortical and subcortical activity during stimulation. Functional MR imaging was performed in three patients suffering from chronic pain and two patients with essential tremor. Two of the three patients with pain had undergone electrode implantation in the thalamic sensory ventralis caudalis (Vc) nucleus and the other had undergone electrode implantation in both the Vc and the periventricular gray (PVG) matter. Patients with tremor underwent electrode implantation in the ventralis intermedius (Vim) nucleus. Functional MR imaging was performed during stimulation by using a pulse generator connected to a transcutaneous extension lead. Clinically, Vc stimulation evoked paresthesias in the contralateral body, PVG stimulation evoked a sensation of diffuse internal body warmth, and Vim stimulation caused tremor arrest. Functional images were acquired using a 1.5-tesla MR imaging system. The Vc stimulation at intensities provoking paresthesias resulted in activation of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Stimulation at subthreshold intensities failed to activate the SI. Additional stimulation-coupled activation was observed in the thalamus, the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the insula. In contrast, stimulation of the PVG electrode did not evoke paresthesias or activate the SI, but resulted in medial thalamic and cingulate cortex activation. Stimulation in the Vim resulted in thalamic, basal ganglia, and SI activation. An evaluation of the safety of the procedure indicated that significant current could be induced within the electrode if a faulty connecting cable (defective insulation) came in contact with the patient. Simple precautions, such as inspection of wires for fraying and prevention of their contact with the patient, enabled the procedure to be conducted safely. Clinical safety was further corroborated by performing 86 MR studies in patients in whom electrodes had been implanted with no adverse clinical effects. This is the first report of the use of fMR imaging during stimulation with implanted thalamic electrodes. The authors' findings demonstrate that fMR imaging can safely detect the activation of cortical and subcortical neuronal pathways during stimulation and that stimulation does not interfere with imaging. This approach offers great potential for understanding the mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation and those underlying pain and tremor generation.
Hydrophobic functional liquids based on trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and carboxylic acids (2020)

Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) is a hydrophobic extracting agent used in a number of commercially important separations of valuable solutes from aqueous streams (with examples ranging from lanthanides, through gallium, to carboxylic acids). TOPO is traditionally used as a solute in kerosene, its extraction efficiency limited by its solubility in the organic diluents. In this work, eighteen hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were screened for their capacity to liquefy TOPO, employing strategies used to design deep eutectic solvents (DES). The selected HBDs were all useful in separations and were designed to formulate solvent-free, hydrophobic, bi-functional liquid extracting agents. Some TOPO:HBD mixtures yielded hydrophobic liquids that offer potential to be extremely efficient extractants, incorporating high intrinsic concentrations of TOPO. Following this initial screening, two systems: TOPO:malonic acid and TOPO:levulinic acid, were selected for detailed physico-chemical characterisation across their complete compositional ranges. Phase diagrams, thermal stabilities and the mechanism of thermal decomposition are reported, along with densities and insights from <sup>31</sup>P NMR spectroscopic studies. The work was concluded with a proof-of-concept demonstration of the use of the TOPO:malonic acid (2 : 1 mol ratio) mixture for the extraction of gallium from acidic chloride feedstock (simulated pre-digestate of zinc leach residue). The loading capacity of the TOPO:malonic acid extractant was three orders of magnitude greater than that of the literature benchmark, encouraging further application-oriented studies.
Comparison of Protein Primary Structures: Peptide Mapping (2003)

The comparison of the primary structure of proteins is an important facet in the characterization of families of proteins from the same organism, similar proteins from different organisms, and cloned gene products. There are many methods available to establish the similarity/dissimilarity of proteins. A relatively uncomplicated approach is to compare the peptide fragments of proteins generated by enzymatic or chemical cleavage; e.g., peptide mapping (see ref. for previous review).
Optimal Lempel-Ziv based lossy compression for memoryless data: how to make the right mistakes (2012)

Compression refers to encoding data using bits, so that the representation uses as few bits as possible. Compression could be lossless: i.e. encoded data can be recovered exactly from its representation) or lossy where the data is compressed more than the lossless case, but can still be recovered to within prespecified distortion metric. In this paper, we prove the optimality of Codelet Parsing, a quasi-linear time algorithm for lossy compression of sequences of bits that are independently and identically distributed (\iid) and Hamming distortion. Codelet Parsing extends the lossless Lempel Ziv algorithm to the lossy case---a task that has been a focus of the source coding literature for better part of two decades now. Given \iid sequences $\x$, the expected length of the shortest lossy representation such that $\x$ can be reconstructed to within distortion $\dist$ is given by the rate distortion function, $\rd$. We prove the optimality of the Codelet Parsing algorithm for lossy compression of memoryless bit sequences. It splits the input sequence naturally into phrases, representing each phrase by a codelet, a potentially distorted phrase of the same length. The codelets in the lossy representation of a length-$n$ string ${\x}$ have length roughly $(\log n)/\rd$, and like the lossless Lempel Ziv algorithm, Codelet Parsing constructs codebooks logarithmic in the sequence length.
Full discharges in Fermilab's electron cooler (2005)

Fermilab's 4.3 MeV electron cooler is based on an electrostatic accelerator, which generates a DC electron beam in an energy recovery mode. Effective cooling of the antiprotons in the Recycler requires that the beam remains stable for hours. While short beam interruptions do not deteriorate the performance of the Recycler ring, the beam may provoke full discharges in the accelerator, which significantly affect the duty factor of the machine as well as the reliability of various components. Although cooling of 8 GeV antiprotons has been successfully achieved, full discharges still occur in the current setup. The paper describes factors leading to full discharges and ways to prevent them.
Service fabric (2018)

We describe Service Fabric (SF), Microsoft's distributed platform for building, running, and maintaining microservice applications in the cloud. SF has been running in production for 10+ years, powering many critical services at Microsoft. This paper outlines key design philosophies in SF. We then adopt a bottom-up approach to describe low-level components in its architecture, focusing on modular use and support for strong semantics like fault-tolerance and consistency within each component of SF. We discuss lessons learned, and present experimental results from production data.
Vascular Mechanisms of Sudden Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Including Blood Pressure Responses to Exercise (2002)

Approximately a third of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy fail to increase blood pressure appropriately during exercise, a consequence of an inappropriate vasodilator response in nonexercising beds, leading to an exaggerated fall in systemic vascular resistance. The precise mechanism responsible for this abnormal vascular control in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is still unclear, but is thought to be secondary to enhanced cardiac baroreceptor activity. However, alternate or synergistic mechanisms, including enhanced release of brain natriuretic peptide, may be involved. Normal exercise blood pressure responses have been shown to have a high (97%) negative predictive accuracy for sudden death during an average follow-up of approximately 3 years, providing considerable reassurance. Patients with abnormal blood pressure responses on exercise were at markedly increased risk of sudden cardiac death, although the positive predictive accuracy during this brief follow-up period was low (15%). It is likely that vascular instability may act as a trigger for sudden cardiac death in patients with an underlying electrophysiologic substrate. Recent evidence suggests that this vascular instability may also result in hypotension during ordinary daily activity, or even at rest, and may be an important cause of syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Further studies are required to identify mechanisms of attenuating or reversing this vascular instability. Such measures might have the potential to improve symptoms of recurrent syncope and perhaps reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death.
Monoclonal Lym-1 antibody-targeted lysis of B lymphoma cells by neutrophils. Evidence for two mechanisms of FcgammaRII-dependent cytolysis. (2000)

Human neutrophils incubated with the anti-HLA-DR mAb Lym-1, plus PMA, induced significant cytolysis of B lymphoma cells compared with Lym-1 and PMA alone. The effect of PMA was independent of the ability of the compound to stimulate neutrophil-respiratory burst. In fact, first, neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease were cytolytically effective in spite of their inability to produce oxidants. Second, various kinase inhibitors exerted different effects on the PMA-stimulated cytolytic system and neutrophil-oxidative burst. Previous studies have shown the involvement of the FcgammaRII, CD11b-CD18 integrins, and CD66b glycoproteins in the Lym-1 mAb-dependent cytolysis by GM-CSF-stimulated neutrophils. The present PMA-stimulated system was inhibited by the anti-FcgammaRII mAb IV.3, the anti-CD18 mAb MEM 48, and the anti-CD11b mAb 2LPM19c but not by the anti-CD66b mAb 80H3 and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Furthermore, the PMA- and GM-CSF-stimulated cytolysis was insensitive and sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin, respectively. Thus, the use of PMA and GMCSF as neutrophil stimulants uncovers the existence of distinct mechanisms of Lym-1 mAb-mediated cytolysis.
Double grating shearing interferometry for X-ray free-electron laser beams (2020)

The advancements in bright and coherent X-ray free-electron lasers (XFEL) have in the last decade revolutionized diverse fields of study, leading to an ever-increasing demand in more intense X-ray pulses. The accurate knowledge of the wavefront and the focal profile of such pulses ultimately dictates much of the experimental outcome. Here we present a single-shot shearing interferometry method to measure the wavefront of a focused hard XFEL pulse. Two identical transmission gratings are placed near the focus, and the interference pattern of overlapping diffraction orders is analyzed, resulting in a two-dimensional reconstruction of the X-ray wavefront. The spatial resolution and wavefront sensitivity can be tuned in-situ during the measurement. The method is non-invasive (i.e., the zeroth order or transmitted pulse is not modified in intensity or profile), allowing for either a simultaneous intensity measurement at high resolution or a fully characterized transmitted pulse for general experimental use.
Spatiotemporal parameters for energy efficient kilohertz-frequency nerve block with low onset response (2023)

Our data provide novel information about block threshold and onset response at the boundary of frequencies that can block. Our results also show an interaction between spatial (cuff geometry) and temporal (frequency and waveform shape) parameters. Finally, while previous studies suggested that temporal parameters could reduce onset response only in exchange for increased block threshold (or vice versa), our results show that waveform shape influences KHF response in ways that can be exploited to reduce both energy and onset responses.
Pharmacological postconditioning of the rabbit heart with non-selective, A1, A2A and A3 adenosine receptor agonists (2014)

Non-selective and A1 but not A2A and A3 ARs agonists are essential for triggering cardioprotection. The molecular mechanism involves both RISK and the JAK/STAT pathways.
Optical critical points of thin-filmGe1−ySnyalloys: A comparativeGe1−ySny∕Ge1−xSixstudy (2006)

The ${E}_{0}$, ${E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$, ${E}_{1}$, ${E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$, ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${E}_{2}$ optical transitions have been measured in ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{y}$ alloys $(y&lt;0.2)$ using spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoreflectance. The results indicate a strong nonlinearity (bowing) in the compositional dependence of these quantities. Such behavior is not predicted by electronic structure calculations within the virtual crystal approximation. The bowing parameters for ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{y}$ alloys show an intriguing correlation with the corresponding bowing parameters in the ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{x}$ system, suggesting a scaling behavior for the electronic properties that is the analog of the scaling behavior found earlier for the vibrational properties. A direct consequence of this scaling behavior is a significant reduction (relative to prior theoretical estimates within the virtual crystal approximation) of the concentration ${y}_{c}$ for a crossover from an indirect- to a direct-gap system.
Immunodeficiencies (2011)

Trustworthy guidance spanning every aspect of adolescent health care. Unlike other adolescent medicine references, the all-new AAP Textbook of Adolescent Care is an action-oriented working tool expressly built for efficient, on-target clinical problem-solving. Broad scope - Nearly 200 chapters cover physical growth and development, examination and laboratory screening, sexual development, puberty, obesity, sleep disorders, adolescent dermatology and much more. Clear management guidelines - Provides step-by-step recommendations: What to do, How to do it; When to admit, When to treat, When to refer. Evidence-based approach - Treat patients and counsel parents with high confidence. Excellent study reference - for the pediatric or internal medicine boards. Integrated companion resources - Use with complementary AAP resources: AAP Textbook of Pediatric Care, Tools for Practice, and Pediatric Care Online.
Supplementary Data Legends from Spatial Mapping and Immunomodulatory Role of the OX40/OX40L Pathway in Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

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Applied x-ray computed tomography with high resolution in paleontology using laboratory and synchrotron sources (2014)

X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become an established technique in the biomedical imaging or materials science research. Its ability to non-destructively provide high-resolution images of samples makes it attractive for diverse fields of research especially the paleontology. Exceptionally, the Precambrian is a geological time of rocks deposition containing several fossilized early animals, which still need to be investigated in order to predict the origin and evolution of early life. <i>Corumbella werneri</i> is one of those fossils skeletonized in Corumbá (Brazil). Here, we present a study on selected specimens of <i>Corumbella werneri</i> using absorption-based contrast imaging at diverse tomographic setups. We investigated the potential of conventional laboratory-based device and synchrotron radiation sources to visualize internal structures of the fossils. The obtained results are discussed as well as the encountered limitations of those setups.
096 Contraction and Remodeling of Collagen Gels by Fetal and Adult Fibroblasts (2008)

Scarless fetal wound healing in connective tissue is characterized by organized collagen deposition that leads to regeneration and apparently normal tissue structure and function. In contrast, adult wound healing is characterized by the deposition of unorganized collagen that leads to scar formation and a loss of functionally relevant structural organization. Fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis and deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix molecules, and the subsequent remodeling and contraction during the wound healing process. Therefore, fibroblasts play a key role in the different outcomes observed in fetal and adult wound healing. The hypothesis is that fetal fibroblasts, relative to adult fibroblasts, have an altered capacity to contract collagen gels and remodel collagen fibrils due to inherent differences in their contractile phenotype. In this study, an anchored collagen gel model was used to evaluate matrix contraction and remodeling by these different fibroblast phenotypes. Video microscopy was used to measure the changes in surface area of contracting collagen gels. Collagen gel reorganization was evaluated using a fitting algorithm to predict the distribution and orientation of collagen fibrils from scanning electron microscopy images. In addition, fibroblast morphology and proliferation on contracting collagen gels were examined. Understanding these phenotypic variations will elucidate key differences in the wound healing process that can be used for potential clinical applications involving cell therapy and tissue engineered constructs. Acknowledgments: Support was provided by the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Tissue Engineering Initiative.
Intrinsic Factor, Free of R Proteins, Can Be Prepared from Mouse Stomach and Used in a Ligand Assay Specific for “True” Cobalamin (1981)

A ligand assay specific for cobalamin that uses mouse stomach as the source of intrinsic factor has been developed. When mouse stomach extract incubated with radiocobalamin is fractionated by gel chromatography, the radioactive complex elutes as a single peak with apparent molecular weight of 54,900. Formation of the complex is greater than 98% inhibited by human anti-intrinsic factor antibody. When the equivalent of 10,000 pg/ml of cobinamide is added to serum, the apparent cobalamin concentration detected averages 8.5 pg/ml. Correlation with the Lactobacillus leichmannii microbiologic assay results in the regression equation y = 0.97x + 20. In six patients who had megaloblastic anemia the serum cobalamin by the mouse intrinsic factor ligand assay ranged from 0 to 9 pg/ml. Because the primary source of intrinsic factor is free of R proteins, there is no need for extensive purification of the extract. The assay is sensitive, precise, and accurate, and no more difficult to perform than other conventional ligand assay procedures.