gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhalation Therapy (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
[Pegaptanib sodium one-year treatment study for neovascular age-related macular degeneration]. (2008)

Intravitreal injection of sodium pegaptanib every 6 weeks produced clinically significant stabilization of visual acuity for one year in more than 70% of patients with age-related macular degeneration, with good treatment compliance.
Regulation of skin cell homeostasis by gamma delta T cells (2004)

Although innate T lymphocytes such as gamma delta T cells have been extensively studied, their biological role has remained an enigma to researchers for many years. However, recent advances have begun to explain their complex role in the immune system. Gamma delta T cells are often the major T cell population in epithelial tissues such as the skin, gut, and lung where they have been implicated in maintaining tissue integrity, defending against pathogens, and regulating inflammation. The gamma delta T cells that reside in the skin are a prototypical intra-epithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population. These skin gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR)-expressing cells are named dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) for their unique dendritic morphology. Using their gamma delta TCR, DETC recognize an unknown ligand expressed by stressed or damaged keratinocytes. Activated DETC exhibit effector functions such as cytokine production, cytolysis, and proliferation in vitro. Recent findings have shown that upon activation by damaged keratinocytes, DETC produce a key keratinocyte growth factor for wound repair called fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7). FGF-7 is produced in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that DETC might play an important role in the biological function of wound repair. Indeed a delay in wound closure and a decrease in the proliferation of keratinocytes at the wound site have been observed in mice lacking gamma delta T cells. In addition to effector functions attributed to DETC, it has also been suggested that gamma delta T cells such as DETC have regulatory roles such as initiating or inhibiting inflammation. This is supported by the findings that DETC produce chemokines and cytokines. Control of the inflammatory response in the epithelium may provide another mechanism to reestablish homeostasis after a biological insult such as wound infliction. Understanding the function of DETC may be useful in the development of future therapies for chronic wounds and the maintenance of skin homeostasis.
The preparation of nano‐scope chitosan‐oligomer copper complexes and their interaction with DNA (2005)

Abstract Water‐soluble low molecular weight chitosan of nanometer level and its copper complexes were prepared, and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The modes and mechanism of these copper complexes interaction with DNA were studied by a fluorescent probe method and electrophoresis analysis. It is suggested that there are electrostatic and intercalation modes of copper complexes interacting with DNA. At first, the cationic complex electrostaticly binds to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of DNA, and then a portion of the complex intercalates between the base pairs on the DNA duplex strand. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A STUDY OF LIQUID METAL ATOMIZATION USING CLOSE-COUPLED NOZZLES, PART 1: GAS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR (2005)

Liquid metal atomization using close-coupled nozzles is an established technique for fabricating fine (< 100-μm) metal powders for a variety of industrial uses. Despite its widespread use, however, the interrelationships among gas dynamics, nozzle geometry, processing parameters, and particle size remain ill-defined. As a result, efforts to reduce powder costs by improving particle size control and energy efficiency remain hindered. This study examines and compares examples of a convergent and a converging-diverging (c-d) close-coupled nozzle on the basis of their gas dynamic behavior (Part 1) and their liquid metal atomization performance (Part 2). In Part 1, Schlieren photography and Mach number and Pitot pressure measurements are used to characterize the gas dynamic behavior of the nozzles (without liquid metal present) operating at stagnation pressures between 2 and 5 MPa. In Part 2, their liquid metal atomization behavior is examined by high-speed Schlieren photography, and particle size distributions are measured to compare their atomization performance. Results showed that the two nozzles performed similarly in gas flow and atomization tests over most of the range of Po examined, despite their significantly different geometries. The active atomization zone appeared to extend far downstream, indicating that gas velocity decay by turbulent diffusion may play a limiting role in atomization. This also suggests that the importance of the gas-to-liquid mass flux ratio has a physical basis associated with a ratio of velocity decay length to breakup length scales. These observations have potentially important implications for designing efficient liquid metal atomization processes for producing low-cost metal powders.
Intake air heating strategy to reduce cold-start emissions from diesel engines (2017)

Diesel engine cold-start performance is influenced by the ambient temperature conditions, engine design, fuel, lubricant and engine operating conditions. This paper investigates the potential of air heating strategy in reducing the particulate emissions from the latest generation of turbocharged direct-injection diesel engines at very cold ambient temperature conditions. New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) tests were conducted at −7 °C ambient temperature conditions for the different intake air temperatures. Intake air heating reduced hydrocarbon emissions by 35 and 55% and nitrogen oxides emissions by 8 and 10% for intake air temperatures of 5 and 15 °C, respectively, during the cold-start phase of the emission driving cycle. The cold-start phase of the NEDC cycle accounted for 1/4 of the total particulates, and the use of intake air heating reduced its proportion to 1/5. More than 50% of the particulates are less than 23 nm in diameter for all the intake air temperature conditions, and the intake air heating reduced the particulate number concentration significantly. The surface area of accumulation mode particles was higher than that of the nucleation mode, and the total particle surface area decreased with the intake air heating.
Cell Therapy Using Articular Chondrocytes Overexpressing BMP-7 or BMP-10 in a Rabbit Disc Organ Culture Model (2008)

Our study demonstrates the ability of transduced articular chondrocytes to survive and promote proteoglycan accumulation when transplanted into the intervertebral disc. These data support the potential of a cell-based gene therapy approach for disc repair. Further studies using this approach in animal models are indicated as a step towards achieving disc repair in humans.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Silver Coating of Fly Ash Cenosphere Particles by Electroless Process (2001)

Electroless nanocrystalline Ag coating of fly ash cenosphere particles utilizing a Sn-Pd catalyst system is demonstrated in this article. The deposition of pure metallic nanocrystalline Ag on the fly ash cenosphere particle surface is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Under the described conditions of electroless coating, average nanocrystalline Ag-coating thickness is observed to be approximately 220 nm, using a focused ion beam technique, which is less than that observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (260-360 nm). TEM observation further reveals that the Ag-coating is made up of 50 nm Ag nanocrystallites, which is comparable with the size of approximately 37 nm obtained from the XRD data. The mechanism of the electroless Ag-coating process is discussed. Ag-coated fly ash particles find applications in manufacturing conducting polymers for electromagnetic interference shielding applications.
A study of the photo acid generator material design for chemically amplified photoresists (2009)

In current optical lithography, resolution is required to reach for 45 nm half-pitch and a chemically amplified resist (CAR) is used for a wide variety of applications. For ArF lithography beyond the 45 nm half-pitch, it is important to control pattern quality. The molecular design of a photo acid generator (PAG) is very important in the study to control not only acid strength but also acid diffusion length. Various novel PAGs that have different characteristics were synthesized for resist performance improvement. Acid molecular size was determined by molecular orbital (MO) calculation, and the acid diffusion coefficients <i>(D)</i> of these PAGs were evaluated by a bilayer method. As a result, it was found that acid diffusion coefficient <i>(D)</i> could not be controlled simply by adjusting anion molecular size. It may be presumed that the molecular interaction between acid generated by the exposure and polymer matrix areas is one of the most important key factors for controlling acid diffusion.
Surface Modification and Biomolecule Immobilization on Polymer Spheres for Biosensing Applications (2011)

Microspheres and nanospheres are being used in many of today’s biosensing applications for automated sample processing, flow cytometry, signal amplification in microarrays, and labeling in multiplexed analyses. The surfaces of the spheres/particles need to be modified with proteins and other biomolecules to be used in these sensing applications. This chapter contains protocols to modify carboxyl- and amine-coated polymer spheres with proteins and peptides.
Common-mode voltage reduction techniques of three-phase Quasi Z-Source Inverter for AC drives (2013)

This paper presents the modulation techniques to reduce the common mode voltage (CMV) and common mode current (CMC) in 3-Φ Quasi Z-Source Inverter (q-ZSI) for AC drive systems. A modified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique with reduced number of commutation per sector was used to minimize the CMV and CMC without adding extra circuitry (filters and/or leakage current isolation/bypass circuits) in a q-ZSI whilst maintaining the boost capability of q-ZSI by inserting the shoot-through vector in between the active state vector. Detailed analysis of the modified SVPWM technique to reduce the CMV and CMC of q-ZSI is presented, and performance of the proposed system has been verified using Matlab Simulink.
Vertical NPN bipolar junction transistors fabricated in silicon-on-sapphire (1991)

Vertical NPN bipolar junction transistors were fabricated on DSPE (double solid-phase epitaxy) improved SOS (silicon-on-sapphire) using conventional furnace anneals. Transistors with an effective emitter area of 40 square microns were measured for current gain ( beta /sub DC/) and Early voltage (V/sub A/). Functional devices with beta /sub DC/ values of up to 70, V/sub A/ values of 40 volts, and f/sub T/ values of 1 gigahertz were recorded. A thin SOS film (0.27 micron) was regrown with DSPE process to reduce the microtwin defect concentration. A common emitter characteristic curve for a BJT (bipolar junction transistor) fabricated in DSPE improved SOS is shown. It can be seen from this sample that the effects of enhanced diffusion along dislocations causing emitter-collector shorts are minimized by utilizing the DSPE process prior to epitaxy deposition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hybrid Inorganic‐Organic Materials Carrying Tertiary Amine and Thiourea Residues Tethered on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Co‐Operative Catalysis (2009)

Abstract Mesoporous silica nanoparticles carrying different loadings of tertiary amine and thiourea residues (residues ratios 53/47, 68/32, and 22/78, respectively) were synthesized by the co‐condensation method and fully characterized by CP MAS NMR, powder XRD, SEM, BET, BJH and FT‐IR techniques. These materials were tested as bifunctional catalysts in the conjugate addition of acetylacetone to 2‐nitrostyrene, a reaction that under solvent‐free conditions occurred in quantitative yield. By carrying out several experiments with the bifunctional catalysts featuring different molar ratios of active sites, and with different combinations of monofunctional supported and non‐supported catalyst, the co‐operativity of the tertiary amine and thiourea residues in catalyzing the reaction was demonstrated. The use of the bifunctional catalyst was extended to the addition of acetylacetone to an activated imine. Catalyst recycling for a total of three reaction cycles was demonstrated without significant erosion of activity.
A real-time Internet streaming media testbed (2003)

We describe a real-time LAN-based testbed that allows us to investigate the behavior of streaming media applications under various network conditions. For commercially available streaming media applications, we are interested to see how they perform over next-generation wireline and wireless networks. For future streaming media applications, the testbed is an invaluable tool for the development and verification of new algorithms. Our testbed implementation is based on Linux Divert Sockets and supports a straightforward integration of various packet erasure and delay models. Individual IP-packets are diverted to a user process where they are delayed or deleted according to the desired channel model. The testbed has been used to investigate the flow-control behavior of existing streaming media systems over wireless networks. Our experiments confirm that flow-control algorithms that consider lost packets to be the result of network congestion, as employed today in wireline streaming, are not suited for wireless networks, where loss is mainly due to link impairments.
A small-angle neutron scattering study of biologically relevant mixed surfactant micelles comprising 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine and sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (2005)

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been employed to characterize mixed micelles comprising the surfactants 1,2-diheptanoyl--phosphatidylcholine (DHPC)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1,2-diheptanoyl--phosphatidylcholine (DHPC)/dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) using the classical model of a micelle consisting of a hydrocarbon core surrounded by a polar shell. Various constraints are applied to the data fitting, specifically the volume of the hydrocarbon core using the aggregation number determined from time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ) and the degree of micelle hydration as determined from an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment. The morphologies of the DHPC/SDS and DHPC/DTAB mixed micelles are largely invariant with composition-as might be expected given the similarity in the tail volumes of the respective surfactants, and the observed behaviour of the aggregation number-with a radius comparable to the fully extended length of a dodecyl chain, the longer of the two hydrophobic moieties. The shell thickness is also largely invariant with composition, indicating that the phosphatidylcholine headgroup lies flat at the interface. For both cases, the degree of counter-ion dissociation extracted from the fitting of the SANS data increases significantly on addition of DHPC, in a manner very similar to that observed for related binary surfactant mixtures, provided there is only a small change in micelle aggregation number (micelle curvature). The coincidence of the degrees of counter-ion dissociation for these quite different systems suggests a common underlying behaviour in which the nonionic species merely dilutes the surface charge associated with the ionic headgroups.
High Resolution FDMA MIMO Radar (2019)

Traditional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars, which transmit orthogonal coded waveforms, suffer from range-azimuth resolution tradeoff. In this article, we adopt a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) approach that breaks this conflict. We combine narrow individual bandwidth for high azimuth resolution and large overall total bandwidth for high range resolution. We process all channels jointly to overcome the FDMA range resolution limitation to a single bandwidth, and address range-azimuth coupling using a random array configuration.
Outcomes Assessment and Curriculum Improvement Through the Cyclical Review of Results - A Model to Satisfy CEAB-2009 Accreditation Requirements (2010)

In Canada, engineering programs will soon have to&#x0D; show that: i. graduates possess specific attributes,&#x0D; ii. outcomes are assessed in their context, iii. results&#x0D; are used to improve the program. This paper presents&#x0D; a model to meet all three criteria, and provides&#x0D; curriculum control options to fulfil CEAB conditions.&#x0D; &#x0D; It defines proficiency levels and information flow,&#x0D; from stakeholders’ surveys to the fusion of data.&#x0D; Control modules, pre-graduation work experience and&#x0D; post-graduation reviews gather internal and external&#x0D; observations. Coverage of the CEAB attributes by the&#x0D; CDIO Syllabus is summarised. Its utility for meeting&#x0D; objectives about the 12 attributes is clarified. An XML&#x0D; tool upholds coherence between learning objectives&#x0D; and targeted proficiency levels. More than merely&#x0D; instructive, this model displays the characteristics of a&#x0D; convincing demonstration for the CEAB.
Supplementary Document from Inhibition of FGFR Reactivates IFNγ Signaling in Tumor Cells to Enhance the Combined Antitumor Activity of Lenvatinib with Anti-PD-1 Antibodies (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary materials and methods&lt;/p&gt;
Scattering of acoustic energy from rough deep ocean seafloor: A numerical modeling approach (1995)

The highly heterogeneous and anelastic nature of deep ocean seafloor results in complex reverberation as acoustic energy incident from the overlaying water column interacts and scatters from it. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms causing the reverberation in sonar and seafloor scattering experiments, we have developed numerical simulation techniques that are capable of modeling the principal physical properties of complex seafloor structures. A new viscoelastic finite-difference technique for modeling anelastic wave propagation in 2-D and 3-D heterogeneous media, as well as a computationally optimally efficient method for quantifying the anelastic properties in terms of viscoelastic mechanics are presented. A method for reducing numerical dispersion using a Galerkin-wavelet formulation that enables large computational savings is also presented. The widely different regimes of wave propagation occurring in ocean acoustic problems motivate the use of hybrid simulation techniques. HARVEST (Hybrid Adaptive Regime Visco-Elastic Simulation Technique) combines solutions from Gaussian beams, viscoelastic finite-differences, and Kirchhoff extrapolation, to simulate large offset scattering problems.\nSeveral scattering hypotheses based on finite-difference simulations of short-range acoustic scattering from realistic seafloor models are presented. Anelastic sediments on the seafloor are found to have a significant impact on the backscattered field from low grazing angle scattering experiments. In addition, small perturbations in the sediment compressional velocity can also dramatically alter the backscattered field due to transitions between pre- and post-critical reflection regimes.\nThe hybrid techniques are employed to simulate deep ocean acoustic reverberation data collected in the vicinity of the northern mid-Atlantic ridge. In general, the simulated data compare well to the real data. Noise partly due to side-lobes in the beam-pattern of the receiver-array is the principal source of reverberation at lower levels. Overall, the employed seafloor models were found to model the real seafloor well. Inaccurately predicted events may partly be attributed to the intrinsic uncertainty in the stochastic seafloor models. For optimal comparison between real and HARVEST simulated data the experimental geometry should be chosen so that 3-D effects may be ignored, and to yield a cross-range resolution in the beam-formed acoustic data that is small relative to the lineation of the seafloor.
NAAG peptidase inhibitor increases dialysate NAAG and reduces glutamate, aspartate and GABA levels in the dorsal hippocampus following fluid percussion injury in the rat (2006)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces a rapid and excessive elevation in extracellular glutamate that induces excitotoxic brain cell death. The peptide neurotransmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is reported to suppress neurotransmitter release through selective activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Therefore, strategies to elevate levels of NAAG following brain injury could reduce excessive glutamate release associated with TBI. We hypothesized that the NAAG peptidase inhibitor, ZJ-43 would elevate extracellular NAAG levels and reduce extracellular levels of amino acid neurotransmitters following TBI by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated mechanism. Dialysate levels of NAAG, glutamate, aspartate and GABA from the dorsal hippocampus were elevated after TBI as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Dialysate levels of NAAG were higher and remained elevated in the ZJ-43 treated group (50 mg/kg, i.p.) compared with control. ZJ-43 treatment also reduced the rise of dialysate glutamate, aspartate, and GABA levels. Co-administration of the group II mGluR antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) partially blocked the effects of ZJ-43 on dialysate glutamate and GABA, suggesting that NAAG effects are mediated through mGluR activation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of NAAG peptidase may reduce excitotoxic events associated with TBI.
Transient hypercapnia reveals an underlying cerebrovascular pathology in a murine model for HIV-1 associated neuroinflammation: role of NO-cGMP signaling and normalization by inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase-5 (2012)

Taken together, these data show that HIV-associated neuroinflammation can cause cerebrovascular pathology through effects on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) metabolism and possibly on PDE5 metabolism.