gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantizing data for distributed learning (2020)

We consider machine learning applications that train a model by leveraging data distributed over a trusted network, where communication constraints can create a performance bottleneck. A number of recent approaches propose to overcome this bottleneck through compression of gradient updates. However, as models become larger, so does the size of the gradient updates. In this paper, we propose an alternate approach to learn from distributed data that quantizes data instead of gradients, and can support learning over applications where the size of gradient updates is prohibitive. Our approach leverages the dependency of the computed gradient on data samples, which lie in a much smaller space in order to perform the quantization in the smaller dimension data space. At the cost of an extra gradient computation, the gradient estimate can be refined by conveying the difference between the gradient at the quantized data point and the original gradient using a small number of bits. Lastly, in order to save communication, our approach adds a layer that decides whether to transmit a quantized data sample or not based on its importance for learning. We analyze the convergence of the proposed approach for smooth convex and non-convex objective functions and show that we can achieve order optimal convergence rates with communication that mostly depends on the data rather than the model (gradient) dimension. We use our proposed algorithm to train ResNet models on the CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets, and show that we can achieve an order of magnitude savings over gradient compression methods. These communication savings come at the cost of increasing computation at the learning agent, and thus our approach is beneficial in scenarios where communication load is the main problem.
<title>Review of halftoning techniques</title> (1999)

Digital halftoning remains an active area of research with a plethora of new and enhanced methods. While several fine overviews exist, this purpose of this paper is to review retrospectively the basic classes of techniques. Halftoning algorithms are presented by the nature of the appearance of resulting patterns, including white noise, recursive tessellation, the classical screen, and blue noise. The metric of radially averaged power spectra is reviewed, and special attention is paid to frequency domain characteristics. The paper concludes with a look at the components that comprise a complete image rendering system. In particular when the number of output levels is not restricted to be a power of 2. A very efficient means of multilevel dithering is presented based on scaling order- dither arrays. The case of real-time video rendering is considered where the YUV-to-RGB conversion is incorporated in the dithering system. Example illustrations are included for each of the techniques described.
Tuning the Formation and Structure of the Silicon Electrode/Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Interphase in Superconcentrated Ionic Liquids (2021)

The latest advances in the stabilization of Li/Na metal battery and Li-ion battery cycling have highlighted the importance of electrode/electrolyte interface [solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)] and its direct link to cycling behavior. To understand the structure and properties of the SEI, we used combined experimental and computational studies to unveil how the ionic liquid (IL) cation nature and salt concentration impact the silicon/IL electrolyte interfacial structure and the formed SEI. The nature of the IL cation is found to be important to control the electrolyte reductive decomposition that influences the SEI composition and properties and the reversibility of the Li-Si alloying process. Also, increasing the Li salt concentration changes the interface structure for a favorable and less resistive SEI. The most promising interface for the Si-based battery was found to be in P<sub>1222</sub>FSI with 3.2 m LiFSI, which leads to an optimal SEI after 100 cycles in which LiF and trapped LiFSI are the only distinguishable lithiated and fluorinated products detected. This study shows a clear link between the nanostructure of the IL electrolyte near the electrode surface, the resulting SEI, and the Si negative electrode cycling performance. More importantly, this work will aid the rational design of Si-based Li-ion batteries using IL electrolytes in an area that has so far been neglected, reinforcing the benefits of superconcentrated electrolyte systems.
Superb lifetime of blue organic light-emitting diodes through engineering interface carrier blocking layers and adjusting electron leakage and an unusual efficiency variation at low electric field (2018)

An extremely long lifetime blue organic light-emitting diode (OLED) was developed through managing the electron density and an S-shaped variation of efficiency in blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes (FOLEDs) using carrier blocking layers and systematically analyzed in conjunction with the efficiency–lifetime interrelationship.
Fourier transform infrared transmission microspectroscopy of photonic crystal structures (2009)

The detailed microscopic characterization of photonic crystal (PC) structures is challenging due to their small sizes. Generally, only the gross macroscopic behavior can be determined. This leaves in question the performance at the basic structure level. The single-incident-angle plane-wave transmittances of one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) structures are extracted from multiple-incident-angle, focused-beam measurements. In the experimental apparatus, an infrared beam is focused by a reflecting microscope objective to produce an incident beam. This beam can be modeled as multiple, variable-intensity plane waves incident on the PC structure. The transmittance of the structure in response to a multiple-incident-angle composite beam is measured. The composite beam measurement is repeated at various incident angle orientations with respect to the sample normal so that, at each angular orientation, the included set of single-angle plane-wave components is unique. A set of measurements recorded over a range of angular orientations results in an underspecified matrix algebra problem. Regularization techniques can be applied to the problem to extract the single-angle plane-wave response of the structure from the composite measurements. Experimental results show very good agreement between the measured and theoretical single-angle plane-wave transmittances.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Azepines Through the Conjugate Addition of Formamides to Nitroalkenes and Subsequent Intramolecular Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition Reaction. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Active dielectric metasurface based on phase‐change medium (Laser Photonics Rev. 10(6)/2016) (2016)

Highly tunable dielectric metasurfaces based on subwavelength thick silicon nano-posts encapsulated in a thin elastic polymer are demonstrated. The proposed platform simultaneously provides a high tuning range, high efficiency, polarization independence, and diffraction limited performance. This platform is highly versatile for developing ultra-slim and tunable optical devices with widespread applications ranging from stringent packaging consumer electronics to medical devices. (Picture: Cheng Hung Chu et al., 10.1002/lpor.201600106 pp. 986–994, in this issue)
Relation between Quality of Recovery in Hospital and Quality of Life at 3 Months after Cardiac Surgery (2001)

The QoR-40 is a valid measure of quality of recovery after surgery and anesthesia. When compared with the SF-36, it is a better measure of early postoperative recovery. A poor-quality recovery on the days after surgery can predict a poor QoL at 3 months after surgery. This may allow earlier and more effective support strategies while patients are still in the hospital (counseling, home assistance, local doctor notification, cardiac rehabilitation).
Comprehensive genomic profiling of the lung transcriptome in emphysema and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using RNA-Seq (2012)

Methods 87 LGRC lung tissue samples were sequenced on the Illumina GAIIx, generating 75 nt paired-end reads and approximately 30-40 million reads per sample. Using gapped aligner Tophat, an average of 85% of reads aligned to hg19. Gene expression was quantified using Cufflinks and Ensembl59 known gene annotation (n = 24,249 genes). All lung tissue samples used in this study, as well as additional LGRC lung tissue samples, were run on Agilent V2 human whole genome arrays and Agilent V3 human miRNA microarrays.
In Vivo Calcium Elevations in Thymocytes with T Cell Receptors That Are Specific for Self Ligands (1992)

Selection of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the thymus probably involves TCR-mediated signals transduced in developing thymocytes after interaction with thymic stromal cells bearing self ligands. TCR-transduced signals should have identifiable consequences that would distinguish thymocytes whose TCRs have been engaged by self ligands from those whose TCRs have not. Among thymocytes expressing a transgenic TCR of defined specificity, a large number had elevated intracellular calcium concentrations but only when resident in a negatively selecting thymus in which their self ligand was expressed. Thus, developing thymocytes are stimulated by endogenous ligands in vivo to mobilize intracellular calcium, and increased intracellular calcium concentrations may reflect the consequences of intrathymic signaling associated with thymic negative selection.
Retraction Note: NF-κB activation by Helicobacter pylorirequires Akt-mediated phosphorylation of p65 (2011)

Abstract Article retracted
Database derived from an electronic medical record-based surveillance network of US emergency department patients with acute respiratory illness 4-19-2023 (2023)

Abstract Background: For surveillance of episodic illness, the emergency department (ED) represents one of the largest interfaces for generalizable data about segments of the US public experiencing a need for unscheduled care. This protocol manuscript describes the development and operation of a national network linking symptom, clinical, laboratory and disposition data provides a public database dedicated to the surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in EDs. Methods: The Respiratory Virus Laboratory Emergency Department Network Surveillance (RESP-LENS) network represents the collaboration between 24 investigators, representing 109 hospitals, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to survey viral infections. All data originate from electronic medical records (EMRs) accessed by standard query language (SQL) coding. Each Tuesday, data are imported into the standard data form for acute respiratory illness (ARI) visits that occurred the prior week (termed the index file); outcomes at 30 days and ED volume are also recorded. Up to 325 data fields can be populated for each case. Data are transferred from sites into an encrypted Google Cloud Platform, then programmatically checked for compliance, parsed, and aggregated into a central database a second cloud platform prior to transfer to CDC. Results: As of April, 2023, the network has reported index and 30-day data on over 560,000 ARI cases out of over 3.7 million ED encounters. Post-contracting challenges to network execution have included local shifts in testing policies and platforms, delays in ICD-10 coding to detect ARI cases, and site-level personnel turnover. The network is addressing these challenges and is poised to begin streaming weekly data for dissemination. Conclusions: The RESP-LENS network provides a living, weekly updated database that is a public health resource to survey the epidemiology, viral causes, and outcomes of ED patients with acute respiratory infections.
Detection of inner cracks in thick steel plates using non-saturated AC magnetic flux leakage testing with a magnetic resistance gradiometer (2017)

In order to ensure the safety of social and industrial infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, dams, and chemical plants, accurate and easy inspection methods are in high demand.
Phosphate Elimination and Recovery Lightweight (PEARL) membrane: A sustainable environmental remediation approach (2021)

Aqueous phosphate pollution can dramatically impact ecosystems, introducing a variety of environmental, economic, and public health problems. While novel remediation tactics based on nanoparticle binding have shown considerable promise in nutrient recovery from water, they are challenging to deploy at scale. To bridge the gap between the laboratory-scale nature of these nanostructure solutions and the practical benchmarks for deploying an environmental remediation tool, we have developed a nanocomposite material. Here, an economical, readily available, porous substrate is dip coated using scalable, water-based processes with a slurry of nanostructures. These nanomaterials have tailored affinity for specific adsorption of pollutants. Our Phosphate Elimination and Recovery Lightweight (PEARL) membrane can selectively sequester up to 99% of phosphate ions from polluted waters at environmentally relevant concentrations. Moreover, mild tuning of pH promotes at will adsorption and desorption of nutrients. This timed release allows for phosphate recovery and reuse of the PEARL membrane repeatedly for numerous cycles. We combine correlative microscopy and spectroscopy techniques to characterize the complex microstructure of the PEARL membrane and to unravel the mechanism of phosphate sorption. More broadly, through the example of phosphate pollution, this work describes a platform membrane approach based on nanostructures with specific affinity coated on a porous structure. Such a strategy can be tuned to address other environmental remediation challenges through the incorporation of other nanomaterials.
Rapid Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Pulsed Currents (2006)

Lithium-ion batteries are typically charged using constant current that is applied until the cell voltage reaches about , at which time, charging continues at a constant voltage until the full battery capacity is attained. This process is slow, typically requiring . Empirically selected pulse-charging sequences have been shown to provide enhanced charging; however, no model exists to explain and optimize the pulse-charging protocols. Modeling the lithium diffusion into a homogeneous intercalant layer indicates that the lithium concentration reaches saturation at the graphite∕electrolyte interface after about under conventional constant current charging, mandating the shift to the lower rate constant voltage charging. It is shown here that charging the lithium battery using non-dc waveforms with properly selected parameters may circumvent this lithium saturation, enabling charging at significantly higher rates. A nonlinearly decreasing current density profile which conforms to the mass transfer coefficient variation was shown to provide complete charging in less than of an hour, faster than any other pulse-charging profile studied.
Transient Response Improvement in DC-DC Converters Using Output Capacitor Current for Faster Transient Detection (2007)

Demanding high power applications, such as fast processors, and pulsed loads are requiring new levels of performance from DC/DC converters. The requirements of high slew rate of load current with minimal output voltage deviation along with high conversion efficiency, small size and low cost, are all contradicting requirements for the DC/DC converter design. Proposed is a new approach to significantly limit the voltage overshoot and undershoot during load transient and reduce the number of capacitors, without compromising on the efficiency, cost or size of the DC/DC converter. It allow to optimize the power stage efficiency for the DC operation with less concern of dynamic performance, while an additional switching circuit; that utilizes the output capacitor current to detect load transient; is activated during load step up to deliver the shortage charge to the output capacitor, and also to pull out the extra charge from the output capacitor during load step down. Therefore, lower voltage deviation is achieved during load transient. The principle of operation and experimental results are presented.
Locating hardware faults in a data communications network of a parallel computer (2023)

Hardware faults location in a data communications network of a parallel computer. Such a parallel computer includes a plurality of compute nodes and a data communications network that couples the compute nodes for data communications and organizes the compute node as a tree. Locating hardware faults includes identifying a next compute node as a parent node and a root of a parent test tree, identifying for each child compute node of the parent node a child test tree having the child compute node as root, running a same test suite on the parent test tree and each child test tree, and identifying the parent compute node as having a defective link connected from the parent compute node to a child compute node if the test suite fails on the parent test tree and succeeds on all the child test trees.
Flexible InGaP/(In)GaAs tandem solar cells with very high specific power (2013)

In this work, we demonstrate a new scheme for realizing flexible double-junction InGaP/(In)GaAs tandem solar cells with very high specific power of ~2000W/kg at one sun intensity. The controlled spalling technique is employed because of its simplicity to separate the solar cell structure from the growth substrate. Furthermore, the entirety of the elements used for the layer transfer process is incorporated in the final device structure. The combination of our new integration scheme with the possibility of the substrate reuse offers a viable pathway to further reducing the processing cost associated with the fabrication of III-V solar cell devices. Furthermore, the strikingly high specific power of our devices makes them suitable for portable applications with stringent requirements on the size and weight of the photovoltaic solar cells.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers on C-Fiber Textiles by Thermal CVD Using Fe Catalyst (2013)

This research was conducted to synthesize carbon nanofibers on C-fiber textiles by thermal CVD using Fe catalyst. The substrate which was a carbon textile consisting of non woven carbon fibers and attached graphite particles, was oxidized by nitric acid before the deposition process. Hydroxyl groups were created on the C-fiber textile due to the oxidization step. Fe (III) hydroxide was subsequently deposited on the oxidized surface of the C-fiber textile. To deposit ferric particles two different methods were tested: i) deposition-precipitation, ii) dip-coating. For the experiments using both type of catalyst deposition the weight ratio of Fe to C-fiber textile was also varied. Ferric particles were reduced to iron after deposition by using H 2 /N 2 gas and CNFs were grown by flowing ethylene gas. Properties of carbon nanofibers created like this were analyzed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), N 2 -sorption (BET), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectoscopy (XPS). In the case of deposition-precipitation method the result shows that the diameter of carbon nanofibers grew up to 40~60nm and 30~55nm at which the weight ratios of Fe catalyst to C-fiber textiles are 1:30 and 1:70 respectively. If Fe particles were deposited by dip-coating method, the diameter of carbon nanofibers grew up to 40~60nm and 25~30nm for the ratios of Fe catalyst to C-fiber textiles 1:10 and 1:30.
Software-based instruction caching for embedded processors (2006)

While hardware instruction caches are present in virtually all general-purpose and high-performance microprocessors today, many embedded processors use SRAM or scratchpad memories instead. These are simple array memory structures that are directly addressed and explicitly managed by software. Compared to hardware caches of the same data capacity, they are smaller, have shorter access times and consume less energy per access. Access times are also easier to predict with simple memories since there is no possibility of a "miss." On the other hand, they are more difficult for the programmer to use since they are not automatically managed.In this paper, we present a software system that allows all or part of an SRAM or scratchpad memory to be automatically managed as a cache. This system provides the programming convenience of a cache for processors that lack dedicated caching hardware. It has been implemented for an actual processor and runs on real hardware. Our results show that a software-based instruction cache can be built that provides performance within 10% of a traditional hardware cache on many benchmarks while using a cheaper, simpler, SRAM memory. On these same benchmarks, energy consumption is up to 3% lower than it would be using a hardware cache.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Substituted Allylic Cyanodiazoacetates (2005)

Abstract A chiral rhodium catalyst, Rh 2 [4 S ‐(4′)‐FBNAZ] 4 , was synthesized and was shown to catalyze the intramolecular cyclopropanation of substituted allylic cyanodiazoacetates. Alkenes bearing an electron‐deficient substituent including carbonyl and halogens are converted into the corresponding cyclopropanes in high yields with both chiral and achiral rhodium catalysts. The cyclopropane derivatives were generated with an enantioselectivity of up to 91% ee. For the asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation, cis ‐halogen‐substituted substrates afforded cyclopropanes with higher enantioselectivities than the corresponding trans diastereomers. However, only moderate enantioselectivities were observed with alkenes bearing electron‐donating groups such as alkyls. The cyclopropanation of 3‐substituted 2‐propenyl cyanodiazoacetates was strongly influenced by steric and electronic factors arising from substituents on the alkenes. For the first time, we demonstrated that the intramolecular reaction of gem ‐dihaloallylic cyanodiazoacetate afforded highly functionalized gem ‐dihalocyclopropanes. This reaction is an appealing alternative to the addition of dihalocarbenes to alkenes for the formation of gem ‐dihalocyclopropanes.
Effects of H2 impregnation on excimer-laser-induced oxygen-deficient center formation in synthetic SiO2 glass (2002)

We examined the effect of H2 impregnation on defect formation upon F2 laser (7.9 eV) and ArF excimer laser (6.4 eV) irradiation. It was revealed that H2 impregnation enhanced the formation of oxygen-deficient center (Si–Si bond) as well as suppressed the formation of E′ center and nonbridging oxygen hole center. A Si–Si bond gives an intense absorption band peaking at 7.6 eV, which contributes the absorption at the wavelength of F2 laser light. These results indicate that H2-free SiO2 glass, which is clearly inappropriate for KrF and ArF excimer laser optics, is more suitable for F2 laser optics than H2-impregnated glass.
Defect tolerant in-memory analog computing with CMOS-integrated nanoscale crossbars: Invited (2021)

There is an increasing amount of effort to build a fast, energy-efficient, large-scale, and, most importantly, reliable memristor crossbar system for in-memory analog computing. Silicon transistors are used as selectors and on-chip control peripheral circuits to fully unleash the power of the emerging devices. Still, unexpected computing errors occur because of non-ideal device performance. Herein, we review two promising solutions. The first one is the in-situ training of memristor neural networks to self-adapt various defects, and the second one is an analog error-correcting code that detects and corrects unexpected errors with minimum hardware overhead.