gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broadband, ultralow reflectance surface structures on silica windows for high-energy laser applications (Conference Presentation) (2017)

The characteristics of broadband transmission, environmental durability, and laser damage resistance are critical for silica glass exit aperture windows for their use in kW-level, high energy laser systems. The use of conventional antireflective (AR) coatings on windows for high energy lasers operating in the near infrared is impacted by laser induced damage that occurs under high power irradiation as well as the potential for delamination in operational environments. Novel methods for fabricating antireflective surface structures (ARSS) directly on optics have resulted not only in reduced reflection loss, but also in other advantages to AR coatings as well. The ARSS approach involves sub-wavelength surface structures fabricated directly into the actual surface of the window, eliminating the need for a coating of extraneous materials. We will report on results for ARSS fabricated on silica glass windows. Recently we have reported broadband, low reflectance (&lt; 0.02% at 1 µm) for silica glass windows with random ARSS, fabricated using reactive ion etching. These windows have shown remarkably high laser damage thresholds of 100 J/cm2 at 1.06 µm, which is 5x the threshold measured for a conventional AR coating. We will also present results for MILSPEC durability tests on silica windows, both with and without ARSS, for rain and sand erosion as well as salt fog testing, conducted at a government facility. We will also report on scale up of ARSS on silica windows of large sizes (33 cm), making them practical for system implementation.
Sixty Years of Discovery (2018)

Each of us is a story. Mine is a story of doing science for 60 years, and I am honored to be asked to tell it. Even though this autobiography was written for the <i>Annual Review of Immunology</i>, I have chosen to describe my whole career in science because the segment that was immunology is so intertwined with all else I was doing. This article is an elongation and modification of a talk I gave at my 80th birthday celebration at Caltech on March 23, 2018.
Genome-resolved metagenomics reveals site-specific diversity of episymbiotic CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in groundwater ecosystems (2021)

Candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria and DPANN archaea are unisolated, small-celled symbionts that are often detected in groundwater. The effects of groundwater geochemistry on the abundance, distribution, taxonomic diversity and host association of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea has not been studied. Here, we performed genome-resolved metagenomic analysis of one agricultural and seven pristine groundwater microbial communities and recovered 746 CPR and DPANN genomes in total. The pristine sites, which serve as local sources of drinking water, contained up to 31% CPR bacteria and 4% DPANN archaea. We observed little species-level overlap of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) across the groundwater sites, indicating that CPR and DPANN communities may be differentiated according to physicochemical conditions and host populations. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy imaging and genomic analyses enabled us to identify CPR and DPANN lineages that reproducibly attach to host cells and showed that the growth of CPR bacteria seems to be stimulated by attachment to host-cell surfaces. Our analysis reveals site-specific diversity of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea that coexist with diverse hosts in groundwater aquifers. Given that CPR and DPANN organisms have been identified in human microbiomes and their presence is correlated with diseases such as periodontitis, our findings are relevant to considerations of drinking water quality and human health.
Inter‐ and intrarater scoring agreement using grades 1.0 to 3.5 of the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (1992)

We determined inter- and intrarater Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scoring agreement for four trained examining physicians who evaluated 10 clinically stable multiple sclerosis patients. These patients had previously been determined to have EDSS scores of 1.0 to 3.5 and were scheduled to participate in a funded clinical trial of intramuscular recombinant interferon-beta. Intrarater reliability was greater than interrater reliability for scoring the EDSS and all of its component functional systems scores (FSS). Specifically, individual examiners were able to reproduce three serial examination scores on the same patient on the same day (intrarater agreement) within 1.0 EDSS or 2.0 individual FSS points. Reproducible scoring across examiners (interrater agreement), however, could only be accomplished within 1.5 EDSS or 3.0 individual FSS points. Additionally, the interrater scoring variability in our patients is greater than that previously reported for patients with higher EDSS scores. We conclude that clinical trials that employ the EDSS as an outcome measure of treatment efficacy should include inter- and intrarater agreement data for all examining physicians. Most importantly, studies using a single examining physician to evaluate individual patients throughout the course of a clinical trial will require less change in the EDSS to reliably measure disease activity than will studies using more than one examining physician to evaluate individual patients throughout the trial.
The Living Room (2016)

Within this work, a novel metaphor, haunted design, is explored to challenge the definitions of "display" used today. Haunted design draws inspiration and vision from some of the most multi-modal and sensory diverse experiences that have been reported, the paranormal and hauntings. By synthesizing and deconstructing such phenomena, four novel opportunities to direct display design were uncovered, e.g., intensity, familiarly, tangibility, and shareability. A large-scale design probe, The Living Room, guided the ideation and prototyping of design concepts that exemplify facets of haunted design. By combining the opportunities, design concepts, and survey responses, a framework highlighting the importance of objects, their behavior, and the resulting phenomena to haunted design was developed. Given its emphasis on the odd and unusual, the haunted design metaphor should great spur conversation and alternative directions for future display-based user experiences.
Generation of synthetic sequential benchmark circuits (1997)

Programmable logic architectures increase in capacity before commercial circuits are designed for them, yielding a distinct problem for FPGA vendors: how to test and evaluate the effectiveness of new architectures and software. Benchmark circuits are a precious commodity, and often cannot be found at the correct granularity, or in the desired quantity. In previous work, we have defined important physical character-istics of combinational circuits. We presented a tool (CIRC) to extract them, and gave an algorithm and tool (GEN) which generates random circuits, parameterized by those characteristics or by a realistic set of defaults. Though a promising first step, only a small portion of real circuits are fully combinational. In this paper we extend the effort to model sequential circuits. We propose new characteristics and generate circuits which are se-quential. This allows for the generation of truly useful benchmark circuits, both at and beyond the sizes of next-generation FPGAs. By comparing the post-layout properties of the generated circuits with already existing circuits, we demonstrate that the synthetic circuits are much more realistic than random graphs with the same number of nodes, edges and I/Os. 1
Effect of epidermal growth factor on cell proliferation in normal and wounded connective tissue (1993)

Epidermal growth factor has been previously shown to stimulate connective tissue repair in the perforated rat mesentery. The mechanism by which epidermal growth factor accelerates closure of mesenteric perforations has not been established, but epidermal growth factor may stimulate mitosis, contraction, migration, or angiogenesis. In the present investigation, the effect of epidermal growth factor on connective tissue cell proliferation was studied during the initial phase of repair of mesenteric perforations and in unwounded mesentery. Laparotomies were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats, and standardized perforations were made with a scalpel in the center of the mesenteric "windows," leaving every second window as an internal control. Twice daily for 4 consecutive days, beginning on the day of surgery, the animals received by intraperitoneal injection either 10 microg of epidermal growth factor dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline solution or phosphate-buffered saline solution alone. Cell proliferation was measured by either mitotic index of fibroblasts and mesothelial cells or DNA content of individual fibroblast cell nuclei in the wound area or in unperforated control windows. Laparotomy alone was found to enhance proliferation during the early postoperative period, as shown by increased numbers of S + G2 fibroblasts and a greater mitotic index. Epidermal growth factor treatment increased the mitotic index in perforated windows on the third postoperative day, compared with controls treated with phosphate-buffered saline solution, but did not significantly increase either the number of S + G2 fibroblasts or the mitotic index in unwounded tissue. Also, the proliferative response after epidermal growth factor treatment was significantly higher in wounded tissue. This study shows that epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation of connective tissue cells in wounded but not unwounded tissue, and such enhancement of fibroblast proliferation might be of importance in epidermal growth factor-stimulated connective tissue repair.
Lattice parameters, deviations from Vegard’s rule, and E2 phonons in InAlN (2008)

The lattice parameters of InxAl1−xN in the whole compositional range are studied using first-principle calculations. Deviations from Vegard’s rule are obtained via the bowing parameters, δa=0.0412±0.0039Å and δc=−0.060±0.010Å, which largely differ from previously reported values. Implications of the observed deviations from Vegard’s rule on the In content extracted from x-ray diffraction are discussed. We also combine these results with x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies on InxAl1−xN nanocolumns with 0.627⩽x⩽1 and determine the E2 phonon frequencies versus In composition in the scarcely studied In-rich compositional range.
Planar Miniaturized Balanced-to-Single-Ended Power Divider Based on Composite Left- and Right-Handed Transmission Lines (2017)

A planar asymmetrical miniaturized circuit based on composite left- and right-handed transmission lines (CLRHTLs) is proposed to design a new balanced-to-single-ended (BTSE) power divider (PD) in this letter. The CLRHTLs are used to realize circuit miniaturization and positive-phase response. Conversion between the mixed-mode scattering parameters and the standard scattering parameters, and circuit analytical methods are discussed to realize the equal power division in phase from one differential input to two SE outputs. To verify the correctness of the proposed theory, a practical BTSE PD, which operates at 0.95 GHz, is designed and fabricated. The measured relative bandwidth is 26.3%, and the final circuit size is only <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.021~\lambda _{g}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> .
Sub 150 °C processed meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency (presentation video) (2014)

The ability to process amorphous or polycrystalline solar cells at low temperature (&lt;150 °C) opens many possibilities for substrate choice and monolithic multijunction solar cell fabrication. Organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells have evolved rapidly over the last two years, and the CH3NH3PbX3 (X= Cl, I or Br) material is processed at low temperature. Until now however, the most efficient solar cells have employed 500 ºC sintered TiO2 compact layers as charge selective contacts. With our optimized formulation we demonstrate full sun solar power conversion efficiencies exceeding 16 % in an all low temperature processed solar cell.
Subcell Models with Application to Split-Ring Resonators. (2011)

Abstract not provided.
Spectrum Sharing Radar: Coexistence via Xampling (2016)

This paper presents a spectrum sharing technology enabling interference-free operation of a surveillance radar and communication transmissions over a common spectrum. A cognitive radio receiver senses the spectrum using low sampling and processing rates. The radar is a cognitive system that employs a Xampling-based receiver and transmits in several narrow bands. Our main contribution is the alliance of two previous ideas, CRo and cognitive radar (CRr), and their adaptation to solve the spectrum sharing problem.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Highly Organosoluble Poly(ether imide)s Bearing a Noncoplanar 2,2‘-Dimethyl-4,4‘-biphenyl Unit and Kink Diphenylmethylene Linkage (2001)

Two new bis(ether anhydride)s, 2,2‘-dimethyl-4,4‘-bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)]biphenyl dianhydride (4A) and bis[4-(3,4-dicarboxy phenoxy)phenyl]diphenylmethane dianhydride (4B), were prepared in three steps starting from nitrodisplacement of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with 2,2‘-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4‘-diol and bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane, respectively, followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate bis(ether dinitrile)s and subsequent dehydration of the resulting bis(ether diacid)s. A series of new highly organosoluble poly(ether imide)s were prepared from the bis(ether anhydride)s and various diamines by conventional two-stage synthesis. The resulting poly(ether imide)s had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.55−0.81 dL·g-1. GPC measurement revealed that the polymers exhibited number-average molecular weight and weight-average molecular weight up to 45 000 and 82 000, respectively. All the polymers showed typical amorphous diffraction patterns. Almost all the poly(ether imide)s showed excellent solubility and readily dissolved in various solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide, pyridine, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, and chloroform. These polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 224−256 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all polymers were stable, with 10% weight loss recorded above 489 °C in nitrogen. The isothermal gravimetric analysis results demonstrated that these poly(ether imide)s showed weight losses of 7.0−10.5% after isothermal aging at 350 °C in static air for 20 h. These tough and flexible polymer films could be easily obtained by solution cast from the DMAc solution. These polymer films had tensile strength of 84−116 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.9−2.7 GPa.
A capacitively coupled clock distribution network with correction for process dependent skew (2013)

In this paper, a capacitively coupled 1-level H-tree clock distribution network (CC-CDN) is described. A novel delay line which is less variant to process is employed as the receiver for the proposed clock distribution. The clock skew is reduced by a factor of 2 by employing the proposed skew correction technique. The overall power consumption of the circuit is 1.42mW which is 77.28% less than the power consumption of a current mode- clock distribution network(CM-CDN) in [1]. The duty cycle variation of the clock signals at the output of the proposed H-tree is 42.6% less than in the CM-CDN.
Benefits of Digital Backpropagation in Coherent QPSK and 16QAM Fibre Links (2010)

We investigate the transmission performance, with and without digital backpropagation, in wavelength-division-multiplexed- (WDM) transmission systems using polarisation-division-multiplexed (PDM) differentially-encoded quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM). We consider transmission at 56GBd, 28GBd, 14GBd and 7GBd per WDM-channel while varying the channel spacing from 100GHz to 12.5GHz to maintain constant spectral efficiency per modulation format. The symmetrical split-step method based on the Manakov equation was employed to backpropagate the central WDM-channel with the help of receiver based digital signal processing. Performance of digital backpropagation was found to decrease with reduced symbol-rate, owing to the smaller proportion of the overall spectrum which is backpropagated in these cases. At higher symbol-rates digital backpropagation is up to 0.5dB more effective for 16QAM than for the QPSK format, which we attribute to the increased influence of intra-channel nonlinearities for formats with multiple intensity values leading in turn to a higher benefit when intra-channel effects are compensated for. Improvement in launch power @ BER=3x10−3 amounts to 1.9dB for 56GBd QPSK and 2.4dB of 56GBd 16QAM.
Heat-Transfer-Enhancement Measurement for Microfabricated Electrostatic Fluid Accelerators (2008)

Air cooling, because of its simplicity, remains as the most popular cooling solution for microelectronics in the consumer market. However, the trend of increasing heat generation in microelectronics and the demand for compact devices result in heat fluxes approaching the limit of conventional rotary-fan air-cooling technology. Electrostatic fluid accelerators (EFAs), also known as electrohydrodynamic ionic wind pumps, have the potential of becoming a critical element of electronic thermal-management solutions. In this technique, application of voltage to a sharp electrode ionizes air molecules, which are propelled by the electric field, transferring part of their energy to neutral air molecules, thus creating airflow and cooling effects. The airflow, so-called ldquocorona wind,rdquo can be used discretely for hot-spot cooling or integrated into a compact thermal-exchange surface to decrease the fluid boundary layer and increase heat transfer. The EFA investigated in this paper consists of a microfabricated atomic force microscopy (AFM)-cantilever corona electrode and a flat collecting electrode that doubles as the thermal-exchange surface. The fabrication results, as well as electrical and thermal performance characterization of microfabricated EFAs, are presented in this paper. Air-gap separation distances of 2, 3, 4, and 5 mm between the corona electrode and the thermal-exchange surface were examined under constant surface-to-ambient-temperature difference of approximately 38.3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> C.
Process Economic Evaluation of Resource Valorization of Seawater Concentrate by Membrane Technology (2017)

In this study, a process design consisting of chemical precipitation, electrodialysis with monovalent-selective membranes, and bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) is proposed to valorize seawater concentrate discharged from an RO (reverse osmosis) plant for the production of acid/base and coarse salt with high purity. After pre-precipitation and electrodialysis with monovalent-selective membranes, a high purity of coarse salt (∼92%) was obtained. Furthermore, the effect of current density and feed concentration of the BMED process on the production of acid/base with high purity was investigated. It is acceptable to attain acid/base with a purity of ∼95%/∼85% when operating at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and a feed conductivity of 100 mS/cm by applying the screened BMED stack. Finally, the total process cost for the acid/base production was estimated at $0.50/kg at the current density of 10 mA/cm2, which is appropriate and competitive for industrial application.
Theoretical and experimental study of electrostatic forces applied to micromanipulations: influence of surface topography (2008)

Le lois qui regissent le monde macroscopique ne s’appliquent pas toujours aux nanodomaines.Beaucoup de problemes sont rencontres lors de micromanipulations. Ces problemes necessitent d’etre etudies afin de pouvoir concevoir et produire des outils performants en micromecanique. A l’´echelle microscopique,les forces qui predominent sont les forces de van derWaals, de capilarite et electrostatiques.Ce travail a pour theme les forces electrostatiques car elles sont les moins etudiees.Le but de ce projet est le developpement d’un outil de simulation afin d’etudier les forces electrostatiques adhesives. Ce probleme implique la comprehension de certains mecanismes comme l’electrification de contact. En pratique, le but sera de trouver des solutions pour controler les forces electrostatiques lors de la conception de micromanipulateurs et de developper des strategies pour la micromanipulation. Ceci est possible grâce a un outil de simulation et a l’etude de la litterature. La particularitedes simulations repose sur la prise en compte des parametres de rugosite grâce a l’utilisation de lafonction fractale de Weierstrass-Mandelbrot.La premiere partie est dediee a la revue de la litterature afin de comprendre les principes fondamentaux de l’electrostatique, les applications, et de repertorier les modeles de prediction existants. Un outil de simulations est presente et valide dans la seconde partie ainsi que le choix de la representation fractale de la rugosite. Enfin, un banc de mesures de nano-forces est presente qui permet de validerles resultats des simulations.
Optical Analysis of Planar Multicrystalline Perovskite Solar Cells (2017)

Organometal halide perovskites are attracting strong interest as light‐harvesting absorber materials in single‐ and multijunction solar cells. In order to advance the technology, careful optical design of the device architecture and elaborate analysis of optical losses are essential. In this work, a detailed optical analysis of semitransparent and opaque planar CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 solar cells is reported. Using a combination of variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectrophotometry data, the complex refractive indices of all involved materials in the device architecture are accurately determined, taking the underlying layer stack explicitly into account. The optical properties of partial and complete layer stacks of solar cells, comprising CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films with different CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 surface topography roughnesses, are simulated using the transfer‐matrix method. Very good agreement between simulated and experimental data is demonstrated. Sub‐bandgap absorption is observed in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 layer stacks, which is by means of a ray‐tracing model shown to be related to diffuse scattering at the multicrystalline CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /air interface. Finally, the optical losses of all layers are discriminated for opaque and semitransparent CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 solar cells and four‐terminal perovskite/Si tandem solar cells.
Volatile Organic Compound Detection by Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Functionalized with Fly Olfactory Receptor Mimetic Peptides (2023)

An olfactory receptor mimetic peptide-modified graphene field-effect transistor (gFET) is a promising solution to overcome the principal challenge of low specificity graphene-based sensors for volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing. Herein, peptides mimicking a fruit fly olfactory receptor, OR19a, were designed by a high-throughput analysis method that combines a peptide array and gas chromatography for the sensitive and selective gFET detection of the signature citrus VOC, limonene. The peptide probe was bifunctionalized via linkage of a graphene-binding peptide to facilitate one-step self-assembly on the sensor surface. The limonene-specific peptide probe successfully achieved highly sensitive and selective detection of limonene by gFET, with a detection range of 8–1000 pM, while achieving facile sensor functionalization. Taken together, our target-specific peptide selection and functionalization strategy of a gFET sensor demonstrates advancement of a precise VOC detection system.