gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Line edge roughness of high deprotection activation energy photoresist by using sub-millisecond post exposure bake (2013)

The semiconductor industry is facing serious challenges in LWR control at the node of 16nm feature size. One of the reasons that causes LWR is the acid diffusion during post-exposure bake of chemically amplified resists. Laser spike annealing was introduced as a post-exposure bake (PEB) step in order to solve the image blurring problem by rapidly heating up a resist system to hundreds of degrees and completing the PEB in the millisecond time frame. However, lacking detailed knowledge of chemistry and kinetics for laser PEB (<i>l</i>-PEB) becomes an obstacle for resist design. The photoresist we synthesized with high deprotection activation energy and low diffusion activation energy has proved to help reduce LER for <i>l</i>-PEB. This photoresist was compared to another classical DUV model resist in order to analyze the benefits of its chemical structure and reaction kinetics. The interpretation of LER and activation energy will help us to identify better possible resist materials for <i>l</i>-PEB.
Resolving Trap-caused Charges by Scanning Microwave Microscopy (2018)

Trapping effects are playing an essential role in semiconductor devices. The localization of trapping effects with a high spatial resolution can provide valuable information on the interface and oxide quality in state of the art semiconductor devices. On the example of a Si diode with suspected oxide traps, a method based on Scanning Microwave Microscopy (SMM) is shown to resolve charge carriers, which accumulate within the silicon due to trapping effects at the Si/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interface.
Considerations on the Equivalent Electric Models of a UHF RFID Helical Antenna Yarn (2019)

The aim of this paper is to present different ways to extract electrical models of an antenna specifically designed for Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) Ultra High Frequency (UHF) communications. More precisely the models are extracted from a helical dipole designed to operate in the European RFID band and in the context of smart textiles. This kind of antenna was chosen because its electrical properties and radiation pattern are relatively robust with respect to stretching deformation. After presenting the antenna's design, two strategies to extract antenna models are discussed and then compared. The first method is taking into account the antenna's physical dimensions and shape, and the second one, which is a general method relevant to any other antenna geometry, is based on the rational approximation of the antenna's frequency response.
Speaker tracking in reverberant environments using multiple directions of arrival (2017)

Accurate estimation of the Direction of Arrival (DOA) of a sound source is an important prerequisite for a wide range of acoustic signal processing applications. However, in enclosed environments, early reflections and late reverberation often lead to localization errors. Recent work demonstrated that improved robustness against reverberation can be achieved by clustering only the DOAs from direct-path bins in the short-term Fourier transform of a speech signal of several seconds duration from a static talker. Nevertheless, for moving talkers, short blocks of at most several hundred milliseconds are required to capture the spatio-temporal variation of the source direction. Processing of short blocks of data in reverberant environment can lead to clusters whose centroids correspond to spurious DOAs away from the source direction. We therefore propose in this paper a novel multi-detection source tracking approach that estimates the smoothed trajectory of the source DOAs. Results for realistic room simulations validate the proposed approach and demonstrate significant improvements in estimation accuracy compared to single-detection tracking.
Development and Evaluation of a Fluidic Facemask for COVID-19 Transmission Mitigation (2022)

A novel fluidic facemask, or Air-Screen, is described and demonstrated experimentally for protection against virus-laden aerosol and droplet infections, such as COVID-19. The Air-Screen employs a small, high-aspect-ratio, crossflow fan mounted on the visor of a filter-covered cap to produce a rectangular air jet, or screen, in front of the wearer’s face. A theoretical model, based on a weekly-advected jet in a crossflow, indicated its effectiveness against a wide spectrum of virus-laden aerosols and droplets. Qualitative flow visualization experiments, using a mannequin, clearly illustrated the Air-Screen’s ability to effectively block airborne droplets from the wearer’s face. Quantitative experiments to simulate droplets produced during sneezing or a wet cough, were propelled (via a transmitter) at an average velocity of 50 m/s at 1 m from the mannequin or a target. The Air-Screen blocked 62% of all droplets with a diameter of less than 150 µm. With an Air-Screen active on the transmitter, 99% of all droplets were blocked and when both mannequin and transmitter Air-Screens were active, 99.8% all droplets were blocked. In contrast to conventional facemasks, the Air-Screen is remarkably effective in protecting the wearer and others from an infected wearer.
Novel Analogues of 3‐Substituted‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,4‐dioxino[2,3‐b]pyridines: Modifications in the Dioxane Ring. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Appendix 1: Chromatographic Separation Equations and Principles for RNA Separation (2009)

This appendix contains sections titled: Basic Chromatographic Considerations References
Exploiting nonlinearities of micro-machined resonators for filtering applications (2017)

We demonstrate the exploitation of the nonlinear behavior of two electrically coupled microbeam resonators to realize a band-pass filter. More specifically, we combine their nonlinear hardening and softening responses to realize a near flat pass band filter with sharp roll-off characteristics. The device is composed of two near identical doubly clamped and electrostatically actuated microbeams made of silicon. One of the resonators is buckled via thermal loading to produce a softening frequency response. It is then further tuned to create the desired overlap with the second resonator response of hardening behavior. This overlapping improves the pass band flatness. Also, the sudden jumps due to the softening and hardening behaviors create sharp roll-off characteristics. This approach can be promising for the future generation of filters with superior characteristics.
Synthesis of Carbaoenems with a RXCH2-Substituent in the 3-Position (1985)

Carbapenems 6 were prepared by reacting mercaptans with bromoketone 3 followed by a Wittig sequence, or better through advanced intermediate 9.The carbapenem carboxylates were chemically unstable; stability was not improved by changing the oxidation state of sulfur.Ever since the discovery of thienamycin (la) a large number of analogues have been synthe-IV sized in an attempt to improve the chemical and metabolical instability of thienamycin while retaining its potent antibacterial activity2.Our efforts in this area have been concentrated on carbapenems with an R-I-fluoroethyl side chain in the 6-position3.In this paper we report our synthetic work on carbapenems bearing a CH 2 XR side chain in the 3-position 4 : we hoped that -1 1 CH2S02).IR 1(CH 2 CI 2 ): 1789,
CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 Transcript Stability and the Entrainment of the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis (2007)

The circadian clock is an endogenous mechanism that generates rhythms with an approximately 24-h period and enables plants to predict and adapt to daily and seasonal changes in their environment. These rhythms are generated by molecular oscillators that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have been shown to consist of interlocking feedback loops involving a number of elements. An important characteristic of circadian oscillators is that they can be entrained by daily environmental changes in light and temperature. Previous work has shown that one possible entrainment point for the Arabidopsis oscillator is the light-mediated regulation of expression of one of the oscillator genes, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1). In this article, we have used transgenic plants with constitutive CCA1 expression to show that light also regulates CCA1 transcript stability. Our experiments show that CCA1 messenger RNA is relatively stable in the dark and in far-red light but has a short half-life in red and blue light. Furthermore, using transgenic plants expressing chimeric CCA1 constructs, we demonstrate that the instability determinants in CCA1 transcripts are probably located in the coding region. We suggest that the combination of light regulation of CCA1 transcription and CCA1 messenger RNA degradation is important for ensuring that the Arabidopsis circadian oscillator is accurately entrained by environmental changes.
The Apparent Increase in Apoptosis Reported for Adalimumab, Etanercept, and Infliximab Is Actually a Reduction in Cell Proliferation (2007)

Purpose: Induction of apoptosis in lymphocytes and monocytes by signaling through membrane tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proposed mechanism of action for anti-TNFs in Crohn's disease (CD). However, certolizumab pegol, an Fc-free PEGylated Fab’ anti-TNF, is efficacious in CD but does not mediate an apparent increase in apoptosis in vitro. Although etanercept was initially reported not to cause apoptosis (and this was cited as the reason for its lack of efficacy in CD) three groups have now shown that etanercept does mediate apoptosis in a similar manner to infliximab and adalimumab. The precise mechanism of the apoptotic effect of some anti-TNFs and its importance to efficacy are unclear. This study investigated the apparent pro-apoptotic effects of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab in activated monocytes and lymphocytes. Methods: Positive selection with MACS beads was used to separate monocytes from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The negatively selected population was used as the lymphocyte preparation. Monocytes were activated with GM-CSF and interleukin-4 for 3 days; lymphocytes were activated with CD3/CD28 for 2 days. Anti-TNFs or appropriate controls were then added (final concentration: 10 μg/mL) for a further 24 hours. The ViaCount assay system (Guava Technologies) was used to ascertain absolute cell counts and cell viability. Results: The absolute number of apoptotic cells did not increase above the levels seen in the respective control samples after treatment of monocytes or lymphocytes with any of the anti-TNFs. However, adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab reduced the number of viable monocytes (36.3%, 35.6%, and 38.3%, respectively) and lymphocytes (31.7%, 32.7%, and 32.5%, respectively) relative to controls. In contrast, certolizumab pegol did not cause a significant reduction in the number of viable cells compared with control treatment. Conclusion: The anti-TNFs adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab do not appear to increase apoptosis in isolated monocytes and lymphocytes; instead, they reduce the proliferation of these cells. However, since certolizumab pegol treatment does not reduce cell proliferation, anti-proliferative activity against monocytes and lymphocytes does not seem to be required for efficacy in CD. The mechanism of this effect is unclear and requires further investigation. This research was funded by UCB.
Adaptive Dimensionality Reduction with Semi-Supervision (AdDReSS): Classifying Multi-Attribute Biomedical Data (2016)

Medical diagnostics is often a multi-attribute problem, necessitating sophisticated tools for analyzing high-dimensional biomedical data. Mining this data often results in two crucial bottlenecks: 1) high dimensionality of features used to represent rich biological data and 2) small amounts of labelled training data due to the expense of consulting highly specific medical expertise necessary to assess each study. Currently, no approach that we are aware of has attempted to use active learning in the context of dimensionality reduction approaches for improving the construction of low dimensional representations. We present our novel methodology, AdDReSS (Adaptive Dimensionality Reduction with Semi-Supervision), to demonstrate that fewer labeled instances identified via AL in embedding space are needed for creating a more discriminative embedding representation compared to randomly selected instances. We tested our methodology on a wide variety of domains ranging from prostate gene expression, ovarian proteomic spectra, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and breast histopathology. Across these various high dimensional biomedical datasets with 100+ observations each and all parameters considered, the median classification accuracy across all experiments showed AdDReSS (88.7%) to outperform SSAGE, a SSDR method using random sampling (85.5%), and Graph Embedding (81.5%). Furthermore, we found that embeddings generated via AdDReSS achieved a mean 35.95% improvement in Raghavan efficiency, a measure of learning rate, over SSAGE. Our results demonstrate the value of AdDReSS to provide low dimensional representations of high dimensional biomedical data while achieving higher classification rates with fewer labelled examples as compared to without active learning.
Bioactive Silicate Nanoplatelets for Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2023)

Figure 2b. Effect of silicate nanoplatelets on hMSCs differentiation (Day 21).hMSCs were cultured in presence or absence of silicate nanoparticles (100 µg mL -1 ) in either normal media (NM), osteoconductive (OC) media, or osteoinductive (OI) medium for 21 days.The addition of silicate significantly enhances production of extracellular matrix after 21 days.An increase in runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) was observed due to the addition of silicates (scale bar = 100 µm).Cells in normal media without silicate particles act as a negative control whereas cells in OI serve as a positive control.Cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (yellow).c) The protein production was quantified using image analysis from the fluorescence images.The intensity of protein per cell was qualified and later normalized by the control (hMSCs in normal growth media with no silicate particles) to obtain fold increase in the production of protein.The addition of silicate (100 µg mL -1 ) results in the production of RUNX2, OCN, and OPN in normal media, which indicates a strong bioactive character of silicate nanoplatelets.The addition of OC and OI media further enhances the production of osteoblast-related proteins.The results indicate that the addition of silicate promote osteogenesis of hMSCs.(one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01,
Beyond the Extracellular Vesicles: Technical Hurdles, Achieved Goals and Current Challenges When Working on Adipose Cells (2021)

Adipose tissue and its crosstalk with other organs plays an essential role in the metabolic homeostasis of the entire body. Alteration of this communication (i.e., due to obesity) is related to the development of several comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer. Within the adipose depot, adipocytes are the main cell type and thus the main source of secreted molecules, which exert modulating effects not only at a local but also at a systemic level. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as important mediators in cell-cell communication and account for part of the cellular secretome. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (Ad-EVs). However, there is still a lack of standardized methodological approaches, especially regarding primary adipocytes. In this review, we will provide an outline of crucial aspects when working on adipose-derived material, with a special focus on primary adipocytes. In parallel, we will point out current methodological challenges in the EV field and how they impact the transcriptomic, proteomic and functional evaluations of Ad-EVs.
Acceptor Gradient Polymer Donors for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells (2019)

In organic solar cells, maximizing the open-circuit voltage (VOC) via minimization of the ionization energy or electron affinity offsets of the blended donor and acceptor often comes at the expense of achieving a considerable amount of short-circuit current (JSC). To explore a hypothesis for the design of materials that may circumvent this tradeoff, eight structurally similar polymers were synthesized consisting of a fluorinated/non-fluorinated benzothiadiazole (BTDF/BTD) strong acceptor moiety, a thiophene ester (TE) weak acceptor, and various donor units composed of bithiophene (T2), biEDOT, and benzodithiophene (BDT) to form six acceptor gradient and two nongradient polymers. The acceptor gradient motif was designed and theorized to induce more facile exciton dissociation in low driving force solar cells by creating a further separated intramolecular charge-transfer state between the strong BTD acceptor and various donor units through a bridging TE component. Solar cells were fabricated using the eight polymers blended with phenyl-C71-butyric-acid methyl ester (PC71BM) to reveal two top performing isomeric polymers, T2-BTDF-(TE2) and TE2-BTDF-(T2), which were further tested with several non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs): EH-IDTBR, ITIC, and ITIC-4F. In order to fabricate optimally performing solar cells, a 0.2 eV ionization energy offset was found to be essential or the short-circuit current of the NFA cells diminished dramatically. Ultimately, optimized NFA solar cells were fabricated using ITIC-4F paired with each of the top performing polymers to produce an average PCE of 7.3% for TE2-BTDF-(T2) (nongradient) and 3.6% for T2-BTDF-(TE2) (gradient). The acceptor gradient effect was not shown to reduce the amount of charge recombination in NFA solar cells mainly due to the inability to fabricate solar cells, with minimal ionization energy or electron affinity offsets along with morphological complications. This work stresses the importance of acquiring accurate ionization energies and electron affinities when characterizing solar cell energetics, as differences as small as 0.1 eV in the offsets can make a significant impact on overall charge collection.
BCX-1812 (RWJ-270201):  Discovery of a Novel, Highly Potent, Orally Active, and Selective Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor through Structure-Based Drug Design (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTBCX-1812 (RWJ-270201): Discovery of a Novel, Highly Potent, Orally Active, and Selective Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor through Structure-Based Drug DesignY. Sudhakar Babu, Pooran Chand, Shanta Bantia, Pravin Kotian, Ali Dehghani, Yahya El-Kattan, Tsu-Hsing Lin, Tracy L. Hutchison, Arthur J. Elliott, Cynthia D. Parker, Sandya L. Ananth, LaShun L. Horn, Graeme W. Laver, and John A. MontgomeryView Author Information BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, Alabama 35244, and John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 19, 3482–3486Publication Date (Web):August 31, 2000Publication History Received22 June 2000Published online31 August 2000Published inissue 1 September 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm0002679https://doi.org/10.1021/jm0002679rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4555Altmetric-Citations325LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Crystal structure,Hydrophobicity,Inhibitors,Molecular structure,Viruses Get e-Alerts
A novel aspartylglucosaminuria mutation affects translocation of aspartylglucosaminidase (2004)

The AGA gene is mutated in patients with aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU), a lysosomal storage disease enriched in the Finnish population. The disease mechanism of AGU and the biochemistry and cell biology of the lysosomal aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) enzyme are well characterized. Here, we have investigated a novel AGU mutation found in a Finnish patient. The mutation was detected as a compound heterozygote with the Finnish major mutation in the other allele. The novel point mutation, c.44T>G, causes the L15R amino acid substitution in the signal sequence of the AGA enzyme. The mutated AGA enzyme was here analyzed by over expression in BHK and COS-1 cells. The L15R AGA protein was only faintly detectable by immunofluorescence analysis and observed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation revealed only a small amount of AGA polypeptides but the specific activity of the mutant enzyme was surprisingly high, 37% of the wild type. The amino acid substitution probably affects translocation of AGA polypeptides by altering a critical hydrophobic core structure of the signal sequence. It appears that the small amounts of active enzyme are not able to reach the lysosomes thus explaining the development of AGU disease in the patient.
Moving focus in the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air (1997)

The long light filaments generated in air by powerful ultrashort laser pulses, previously attributed to self-channeling, were investigated by use of gigawatt pulses from a Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse-amplification laser system. A filament contained only a small fraction of the pulse energy and always ended at the diffraction length of the beam (~100 m), independently of the pulse energy. These features are explained by the moving-focus model, which is presented as an alternative to the self-channeling model. Computer simulations involving ionization of the air also support the moving-focus model.