gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IEC Thrusters for Space Probe Applications and Propulsion (2009)

Earlier conceptual design studies (Bussard, 1990; Miley et al., 1998; Burton et al., 2003) have described Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) fusion propulsion to provide a high‐power density fusion propulsion system capable of aggressive deep space missions. However, this requires large multi‐GW thrusters and a long term development program. As a first step towards this goal, a progression of near‐term IEC thrusters, stating with a 1–10 kWe electrically‐driven IEC jet thruster for satellites are considered here. The initial electrically‐powered unit uses a novel multi‐jet plasma thruster based on spherical IEC technology with electrical input power from a solar panel. In this spherical configuration, Xe ions are generated and accelerated towards the center of double concentric spherical grids. An electrostatic potential well structure is created in the central region, providing ion trapping. Several enlarged grid opening extract intense quasi‐neutral plasma jets. A variable specific impulse in the range of 1000–4000 seconds is achieved by adjusting the grid potential. This design provides high maneuverability for satellite and small space probe operations. The multiple jets, combined with gimbaled auxiliary equipment, provide precision changes in thrust direction. The IEC electrical efficiency can match or exceed efficiencies of conventional Hall Current Thrusters (HCTs) while offering advantages such as reduced grid erosion (long life time), reduced propellant leakage losses (reduced fuel storage), and a very high power‐to‐weight ratio. The unit is ideally suited for probing missions. The primary propulsive jet enables delicate maneuvering close to an object. Then simply opening a second jet offset 180 degrees from the propulsion one provides a “plasma analytic probe” for interrogation of the object.
Sulfonamide based pH-sensitive polymeric micelles: physicochemical characteristics and pH-dependent aggregation (2003)

Polymeric micelles composed of block copolymers of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of which end was modified with a novel pH sensitive element of a sulfonamide, sulfadimethoxine (SD; pKa 6.1), or a polymer (PSD; Mw: 3000) of its derivative were investigated. PSD was synthesized by radical polymerization of a vinylated SD (SD monomer; SDM) using 2-aminoethanethiol as a chain transfer agent. SD or PSD was coupled to carboxylic PEG (Mw=2000)/PLLA (Mw=3500) block copolymer. The polymeric micelles were prepared by a diafiltration method and their physicochemical properties in aqueous media were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The mean diameter of all samples was smaller than 60 nm with a unimodal size distribution. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and mean aggregation number of PLLA block in one hydrophobic domain of PLLA/PEG–PSD micelle in borate buffer (pH 9.0) were slightly higher than those of PLLA/PEG and PLLA/PEG–SD micelles due to the enhanced hydrophilic nature of PSD when ionized. The pH-sensitive properties were examined by the measurement of pH-dependent solution turbidity and the size of micellar aggregates. The PLLA/PEG–PSD micelle aggregated below pH 7.0 due to deionized SDM on the surface, while the other micelles were stable. The polymeric micelle prepared in this study sharply responded to the change in pH around the physiological pH.
Transfer Learning for Multicenter Classification of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2017)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease that can be quantified using chest computed tomography scans. Recent studies have shown that COPD can be automatically diagnosed using weakly supervised learning of intensity and texture distributions. However, up till now such classifiers have only been evaluated on scans from a single domain, and it is unclear whether they would generalize across domains, such as different scanners or scanning protocols. To address this problem, we investigate classification of COPD in a multicenter dataset with a total of 803 scans from three different centers, four different scanners, with heterogenous subject distributions. Our method is based on Gaussian texture features, and a weighted logistic classifier, which increases the weights of samples similar to the test data. We show that Gaussian texture features outperform intensity features previously used in multicenter classification tasks. We also show that a weighting strategy based on a classifier that is trained to discriminate between scans from different domains can further improve the results. To encourage further research into transfer learning methods for the classification of COPD, upon acceptance of this paper we will release two feature datasets used in this study on http://bigr.nl/research/projects/copd.
Examination of the bone-metal interface of titanium implants coated by the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition method. (2003)

An inert diamond layer on a metal base can become osseointegrated. Biomechanical stability increased by thinning the diamond coating.
Developing a Roadmap for Interventional Oncology (2018)

Interventional oncology is vital for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and symptom palliation. This report focuses on current interventional procedures and techniques with a look toward future improvements that will improve cancer care and patient outcomes.
Prediction of the tomato Ph-3 late blight disease resistance gene using public marker data and the re-annotated tomato NB-LRR complement (2014)

Members of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class of plant disease resistance (<em>R</em>) genes are key-receptors during the innate immunity response against a wide range of pests and diseases. Many efforts are therefore carried out to identify and annotate this gene family within genome sequencing projects of crop plants to, for example, provide plant breeders with a genomic toolbox. Genome sequencing efforts of members of the genus Solanum, which includes the crops potato and tomato, have not only aided the identification of the full <em>R</em> gene complements, but also further showed that the chromosomal location of gene subfamilies is highly conserved. In a previous publication (Andolfo et al., 2014), we exploited this fact together with publicly available genetic marker data, to predict the potential candidate for the tomato late blight <em>R</em> gene <em>Ph-3</em>. By superimposing four markers from two independent publications (Andolfo et al., 2013 and Zhang et al., 2013) over the <em>R</em> gene-annotated tomato chromosome 9, we pin-pointed to a single candidate Solyc09g092310. The recent publication of the Ph-3 sequence (Zhang et al., 2014) allowed us to compare this sequence, which is derived from <em>S. pimpinellifolium</em> L3708, with our candidate Solyc09g092310 from the tomato reference <em>S. lycopersicum</em> Heinz1706. Initial blastn searches against the Heinz1706 NB-LRR complement returned the four candidates flanked by Indel_3 and P55 (Figure A). However the highest sequence similarity with over 95% (nucleotide) over the full coding sequence was identified for our candidate Solyc09g092310 (Figure B), delimited between markers TG591 and P55. This result shows another important application of the reannotated NB-LRR gene complement in predicting <em>R</em> gene candidates in conjunction with previously derived genetic marker data that describe yet uncharacterised disease resistance loci. Andolfo G, Jupe F, Witek K, Etherington GE, Ercolano MR, Jones JDG. (2014). Defining the full tomato NB-LRR resistance gene repertoire using genomic and cDNA RenSeq. BMC Plant Biology 14(120). doi:10.1186/1471-2229-14-120 Zhang C, Liu L, Wang X, Vossen J, Li G, Li T, Zheng Z, Gao J, Guo W, Visser RGF, Li J, Bai Y, Du Y (2014). The Ph-3 gene from Solanum pimpinellifolium encodes CC-NBS-LRR protein conferring resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. doi:10.1007/s00122-014-2303-1 Andolfo G, Sanseverino W, Aversano R, Frusciante L, Ercolano MR (2013) Genome-wide identification and analysis of candidate genes for disease resistance in tomato. Mol breeding, 9928:7. doi:10.1007/s11032-013-9928-7 Zhang C, Liu L, Zheng Z, Sun Y, Zhou L, Yang Y, Cheng F, Zhang Z, Wang X, Huang S, Xie B, Du Y, Bai Y, Li J (2013) Fine mapping of the Ph‐3 gene conferring resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in tomato. Theor Appl Genet, 126:2643–2653. doi: 10.1007/s00122-013-2162-1
Correction: Colocalization of Different Influenza Viral RNA Segments in the Cytoplasm before Viral Budding as Shown by Single-molecule Sensitivity FISH Analysis (2013)

The Influenza A virus genome consists of eight negative sense, single-stranded RNA segments. Although it has been established that most virus particles contain a single copy of each of the eight viral RNAs, the packaging selection mechanism remains poorly understood. Influenza viral RNAs are synthesized in the nucleus, exported into the cytoplasm and travel to the plasma membrane where viral budding and genome packaging occurs. Due to the difficulties in analyzing associated vRNPs while preserving information about their positions within the cell, it has remained unclear how and where during cellular trafficking the viral RNAs of different segments encounter each other. Using a multicolor single-molecule sensitivity fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) approach, we have quantitatively monitored the colocalization of pairs of influenza viral RNAs in infected cells. We found that upon infection, the viral RNAs from the incoming particles travel together until they reach the nucleus. The viral RNAs were then detected in distinct locations in the nucleus; they are then exported individually and initially remain separated in the cytoplasm. At later time points, the different viral RNA segments gather together in the cytoplasm in a microtubule independent manner. Viral RNAs of different identities colocalize at a high frequency when they are associated with Rab11 positive vesicles, suggesting that Rab11 positive organelles may facilitate the association of different viral RNAs. Using engineered influenza viruses lacking the expression of HA or M2 protein, we showed that these viral proteins are not essential for the colocalization of two different viral RNAs in the cytoplasm. In sum, our smFISH results reveal that the viral RNAs travel together in the cytoplasm before their arrival at the plasma membrane budding sites. This newly characterized step of the genome packaging process demonstrates the precise spatiotemporal regulation of the infection cycle.
Yeasts on a Sugar High: How different types of sugar and yeast mixtures affect CO₂ production. (2017)

Fermentation and CO₂ production are two factors that play a major role in baked goods and alcoholic beverage production. We questioned if manipulating the types of sugars and strains of yeasts would increase the levels of CO₂ production, thus leading to more efficient fermentation and successful production of baked goods and alcohol. We compared the levels of CO₂ production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as Baker’s Yeast, and Rice Wine yeast when sugars such as glucose and sucrose were added, which resulted in four separate treatments that tested each sugar in each strain of yeast and compared their levels of CO₂ production. Our results showed that S. cerevisiae and glucose produced the highest levels of CO₂, which was to be expected, since glucose, a monosaccharide, is a simpler sugar to break down, and S. cerevisiae is the yeast strain of choice for ACME Brewery and Baking Company.
Review of MSR-Bing web scale speller challenge (2011)

In this paper, we provide an overview of the MSR-Bing Web Scale Speller Challenge of 2011. We describe the motivation and outline the algorithmic and engineering challenges posed by this activity. The design and the evaluation methods are also reviewed, and the online resources that will remain publicly available to the community are also described. The Challenge will culminate in a workshop after the time of the writing where the top prize winners will publish their approaches. The main findings and the lessons learned will be summarized and shared in the Industry Track presentation accompanying this paper.
Acridine orange induces translocation of phosphatidylserine to red blood cell surface (2003)

Clustering of band-3 on red blood cell (RBC) surface has been assumed to catalyze RBC phagocytosis. In studying this subject, acridine orange (AO) has commonly been employed on the assumption that it specifically induces band-3 clustering. In the present study, we show that AO strongly induces translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) to RBC surface. Because surface PS is well known to induce RBC intercellular interaction, these findings suggest that the use of AO as a specific inducer of band-3 clustering is questionable. It is possible that band-3 clustering and PS translocation are interdependent, and this interrelationship has yet to be explored.
The Effect of Spatial Coupling on Compressive Sensing (2010)

Recently, it was observed that spatially-coupled LDPC code ensembles approach the Shannon capacity for a class of binary-input memoryless symmetric (BMS) channels. The fundamental reason for this was attributed to a "threshold saturation" phenomena derived by Kudekar, Richardson and Urbanke. In particular, it was shown that the belief propagation (BP) threshold of the spatially coupled codes is equal to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding threshold of the underlying constituent codes. In this sense, the BP threshold is saturated to its maximum value. Moreover, it has been empirically observed that the same phenomena also occurs when transmitting over more general classes of BMS channels. In this paper, we show that the effect of spatial coupling is not restricted to the realm of channel coding. The effect of coupling also manifests itself in compressed sensing. Specifically, we show that spatially-coupled measurement matrices have an improved sparsity to sampling threshold for reconstruction algorithms based on verification decoding. For BP-based reconstruction algorithms, this phenomenon is also tested empirically via simulation. At the block lengths accessible via simulation, the effect is quite small and it seems that spatial coupling is not providing the gains one might expect. Based on the threshold analysis, however, we believe this warrants further study.
A morphological characterization of melanoma tumor cell interaction with a basement membrane model in the absence and presence of an anticancer agent. (1984)

In order to study the invasive characteristics of a patient-derived malignant melanoma cell line (C8146A), interactions of the tumor cells with a basement membrane model were studied in vitro with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Tumor cells were cultured on amniotic basement membranes for 1, 2, and 3 day intervals and exposed to the anticancer agent Actinomycin D (Act D). Localization of the subcellular sites of drug-cell interaction was performed with protein A sepharose-purified rabbit anti-Act D IgG and immunofluorescence microscopy. The action of the rRNA inhibitor prevented a significant number of C8146A cells from invading the membrane as compared with the untreated cells. These data support the utilization of Act D as an anticancer agent, but pose several considerations regarding the mechanism of anti-inhibitory activity.
Restoration Strategies In Mesh Optical Networks: Cost Vs. Service Availability (2006)

Availability is an important attribute of optical transport networks, and is enabled through many alternative restoration schemes. Different restoration schemes tradeoff network cost, as measured by provisioned capacity, and network reliability to match diverse application needs. We provide a systematic quantification of these tradeoffs for commonly employed restoration schemes and illustrate them for several networks. In this paper, we analyze a dedicated capacity 1+1 protection scheme and two commonly employed shared capacity mesh restoration schemes: path and link based restoration
In Vitro Metabolic Stability and in Vivo Biodistribution of 3-Methyl-4-furoxancarbaldehyde Using PET Imaging in Rats (2016)

Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a type of peripheral neuropathic pain that is currently difficult to treat using clinically available analgesics. Recent work suggests a progressive depletion of nitric oxide (NO) in nerve cells may be responsible for the pathobiology of PDN. The nitric oxide donor, 3-methyl-4-furoxancarbaldehyde (PRG150), has been shown to produce dose-dependent analgesia in a rat model of PDN. To gain insight into the mechanism of analgesia, methods to radiolabel PRG150 were developed to assess the in vivo biodistribution in rats. The furoxan ring was labeled with (13)N to follow any nitric oxide release and the 3-methyl substituent was labeled with (11)C to track the metabolite using PET imaging. The in vitro metabolic stability of PRG150 was assessed in rat liver microsomes and compared to in vivo metabolism of the synthesized radiotracers. PET images revealed a higher uptake of (13)N over (11)C radioactivity in the spinal cord. The differences in radioactive uptake could indicate that a NO release in the spinal cord and other components of the somatosensory nervous system may be responsible for the analgesic effects of PRG150 seen in the rat model of PDN.
A Multi-Institutional Evaluation of Active Surveillance for Low Risk Prostate Cancer (2009)

With a median followup of 29 months active surveillance for select patients appears to be safe and associated with a low risk of systemic progression. Cancer at restaging biopsy and a higher total number of cancerous cores are associated with a lower likelihood of remaining on active surveillance. A restaging biopsy should be strongly considered to finalize eligibility for active surveillance.
Perpendicular Spin Torques in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2008)

We quantitatively determine a perpendicular spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions by measuring the room-temperature critical switching current at various magnetic fields and current pulse widths. We find that the magnitude of the torque is proportional to the product of the current density and the bias voltage, and the direction of the torque reverses as the polarity of the voltage changes. By taking into account the energy-dependent inelastic scattering of tunnel electrons, we formulate the bias dependence of the perpendicular spin torque which is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Sequential EMT-MET induces neuronal conversion through Sox2 (2017)

Direct neuronal conversion can be achieved with combinations of small-molecule compounds and growth factors. Here, by studying the first or induction phase of the neuronal conversion induced by defined 5C medium, we show that the Sox2-mediated switch from early epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to late mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) within a high proliferation context is essential and sufficient for the conversion from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to TuJ<sup>+</sup> cells. At the early stage, insulin and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced cell proliferation, early EMT, the up-regulation of <i>Stat3</i> and <i>Sox2</i>, and the subsequent activation of neuron projection. Up-regulated <i>Sox2</i> then induced MET and directed cells towards a neuronal fate at the late stage. Inhibiting either stage of this sequential EMT-MET impaired the conversion. In addition, Sox2 could replace sequential EMT-MET to induce a similar conversion within a high proliferation context, and its functions were confirmed with other neuronal conversion protocols and MEFs reprogramming. Therefore, the critical roles of the sequential EMT-MET were implicated in direct cell fate conversion in addition to reprogramming, embryonic development and cancer progression.
Development of a new tissue injector for subretinal transplantation of human embryonic stem cell derived retinal pigmented epithelium (2017)

Subretinal cell transplantation is a challenging surgical maneuver. This paper describes the preliminary findings of a new tissue injector for subretinal implantation of an ultrathin non-absorbable substrate seeded with human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hESC-RPE). Ultrathin Parylene-C substrates measuring 3.5 mm × 6.0 mm seeded with hESC-RPE (implant referred to as CPCB-RPE1) were implanted into the subretinal space of 12 Yucatan minipigs. Animals were euthanized immediately after the procedure and underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and histological analysis to assess the subretinal placement of the implant. Evaluation of the hESC-RPE cells seeded on the substrate was carried out before and after implantation using standard cell counting techniques. The tissue injector delivered the CPCB-RPE1 implant through a 1.5 mm sclerotomy and a 1.0–1.5 mm retinectomy. SD-OCT scans and histological examination revealed that substrates were precisely placed in the subretinal space, and that the hESC-RPE cell monolayer continued to cover the surface of the substrate after the surgical procedure. This innovative tissue injector was able to efficiently deliver the implant in the subretinal space of Yucatan minipigs, preventing significant hESC-RPE cell loss, minimizing tissue trauma, surgical complications and postoperative inflammation.
Definition of Managed Objects for Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Entities (2006)

This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB), for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes managed objects for Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) entities, independently of the interconnect subsystem layer. Table of Contents
PTH-117 Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Primarily Reduced In Refractory Coeliac Disease Duodenal Mucosa (2014)

Introduction Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine released by enterocytes and gut dendritic cells, promotes the development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and at the same time inhibits the development of pro-inflammatory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells. While mucosal TSLP expression is down-regulated in untreated coeliac disease (CD), its levels are unknown in refractory CD (RCD), in which the transformation of aberrant intraepithelial T cells predisposes to the emergence of enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of TSLP and its receptor (TSLP-R) in the duodenal mucosa of patients affected by RCD. Methods Duodenal biopsies were collected from 12 RCD patients, 16 uncomplicated CD patients before and after 12 months of gluten-free diet, and 14 control subjects. The gene expression of TSLP and TSLP-R was evaluated on biopsy homogenates by quantitative RT-PCR, and the data were normalised for cytokeratin 18 expression. The protein expression of TSLP and TSLP-R was studied on biopsy homogenates by immunoprecipitation and on biopsy sections by confocal microscopy. Results In vivo mucosal TSLP expression was significantly reduced both at the mRNA and protein levels in the duodenum of RCD and untreated CD patients compared to treated CD patients and controls, without differences between RCD and untreated CD patients and between treated CD patients and controls. TSLP transcript down-regulation in untreated CD mucosa was confirmed after normalisation for cytokeratin 18. TSLP-R was expressed in the duodenal mucosa both at the gene and the protein level, without significant differences between RCD, untreated and treated CD patients and control subjects. Confocal microscopy analysis confirmed these findings. Conclusion TSLP expression is primarily reduced in the duodenal mucosa of RCD patients. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of TSLP reduction on the process of immunosurveillance in RCD. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.