gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grid-point and time-step requirements for large-eddy simulation and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes of stratified wakes (2022)

Estimates of grid-point and time-step requirements exist for many canonical flows but not for stratified wakes. The purpose of this work is to fill in this gap. We apply the basic meshing principles and estimate the grid-point and time-step requirements for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) of stratified wake flows at high Reynolds numbers, as arise in many geophysical, aircraft, and undersea vehicle systems. Scales representative of a submarine operating in a stably stratified ocean environment are considered, and the quantitative conclusions reached here can be adapted accordingly for particular applications. For a submarine, typical wake conditions are Re0=108 and Fr0=102, and wakes extend to Nt = 1000, where Re0 and Fr0 are the initial Reynolds number and the internal Froude number of the wake, respectively, and N is the buoyancy frequency. We consider both spatially developing and temporally evolving wakes. We show that the grid points required for LES and RANS do not depend on the Reynolds number. The ratio of the grid points needed for LES and RANS is proportional to (Nt2,LW)2/3, where t2,LW marks the end of the late wake and the end of a computational fluid dynamics calculation. According to the present conservative estimates, 0.36×1012 and 0.7×109 grid points are needed for LES and RANS of a spatially developing wake. The numbers are 8×109 and 3×106 for LES and RANS of a temporally evolving wake.
Design of Provider-Provisioned Website Protection Scheme against Malware Distribution (2010)

Vulnerabilities in web applications expose computer networks to security threats, and many websites are used by attackers as hopping sites to attack other websites and user terminals. These incidents prevent service providers from constructing secure networking environments. To protect websites from attacks exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications, service providers use web application firewalls (WAFs). WAFs filter accesses from attackers by using signatures, which are generated based on the exploit codes of previous attacks. However, WAFs cannot filter unknown attacks because the signatures cannot reflect new types of attacks. In service provider environments, the number of exploit codes has recently increased rapidly because of the spread of vulnerable web applications that have been developed through cloud computing. Thus, generating signatures for all exploit codes is difficult. To solve these problems, our proposed scheme detects and filters malware downloads that are sent from websites which have already received exploit codes. In addition, to collect information for detecting malware downloads, web honeypots, which automatically extract the communication records of exploit codes, are used. According to the results of experiments using a prototype, our scheme can filter attacks automatically so that service providers can provide secure and cost-effective network environments.
Towards real-time surface tracking and motion compensation integration for robotic surgery (2017)

The ability to negate tissue motion without complex physical constraints would greatly stabilize and benefit surgical operations involving frequent movements. Examples include beating heart surgery, procedures where respiration causes tissue movement, and in the case of physically unstable operating environments such as a battlefield, moving vehicle, underwater or space station. A calibrated stereo camera measures the 3-D position of an object with relation to any known frame, and subsequently its motion. Furthermore, modern stereo camera pairs can be packaged in small form factors, making them more amenable to physically constrained workspaces. In this work, a method for tracking physically simulated tissue motion was developed and analyzed to be implemented with the RAVEN II <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM1</sup> surgical research robot for tissue motion compensation. Results are promising and reveal insights regarding tracking algorithm optimization, hardware limits, and are encouraging to extending this work to real-time with the incorporation of adequate computer hardware.
Application of Active Noise Control for Reducing Snore (2006)

This paper presents an application of active noise control (ANC) for reducing snoring noise. The proposed snore ANC system can be installed on a traditional headboard, thus has potential benefits in retrofit, convenience, and is unobtrusive. Six snore ANC structures were developed using three different filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithms to achieve better performance with lower computational complexity and overall system cost. Real-time experiments using a twin-size headboard and snore samples show a reasonable size of quiet zone with satisfactory performance achieved with a low-cost ANC system
Platelets protect against myocardial dysfunction and injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. (1993)

Platelets are a source of vasoactive mediators that regulate vascular tone. Platelets also play a role in intravascular thrombus formation and dynamic coronary constriction that result in myocardial ischemia. However, effects of platelets on myocardial function after ischemia and reperfusion are unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of platelets on myocardial dysfunction caused by ischemia/reperfusion. Buffer-perfused isolated rat hearts, after global ischemia (15 minutes) and reperfusion (10 minutes), developed marked myocardial dysfunction, indicated by a 65 +/- 4% decrease in the force of cardiac contraction (FCC) and a 26 +/- 7% increase in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Ischemia/reperfusion was also associated with release of creatine kinase (CK) and ATP metabolites in the coronary effluents. Perfusion of hearts with buffer containing washed rat platelets (3-8 x 10(7) cells/ml) protected hearts against dysfunction from ischemia/reperfusion, indicated by minimal changes in CPP (-1 +/- 1%) and FCC (-1 +/- 3%). Release of CK in the coronary effluent was also reduced, as was the release of ATP metabolites in the platelet-perfused hearts. Perfusion of hearts with serotonin receptor antagonist LY53,857 (10(-6) M), thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist SQ29,548 (10(-6) M), adenine nucleotide scavenger apyrase (0.4 units/ml), or nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (2 x 10(-4) M) attenuated (p < 0.05) the platelet-mediated cardioprotective effects. Perfusion of the hearts with L-arginine (2 x 10(-4) M) instead of platelets also showed modest protective effects on FCC (-4.3 +/- 13%), CPP (+18 +/- 7%), and CK release. Prolongation of the ischemic period to 30 minutes and reperfusion to 20 minutes also demonstrated marked cardiac dysfunction (FCC, -58 +/- 10%; CPP, +36 +/- 8%) in buffer-perfused hearts. Perfusion of hearts with platelets in this setting of prolonged ischemia/reperfusion also exhibited protective effects on FCC (-24 +/- 10%), CPP (+12 +/- 6%), and CK release. Thus, platelets protect myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, and these protective effects of platelets are evident regardless of the duration of ischemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, these cardioprotective effects of platelets seem to be related to the release of serotonin, thromboxane A2, and adenine nucleotides. These substances most likely elicit release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, with its attendant tissue-protective effects, from the microvascular endothelium of hearts.
Subcellular spatial resolution achieved for deep-brain imaging in vivo using a minimally invasive multimode fiber (2018)

Achieving intravital optical imaging with diffraction-limited spatial resolution of deep-brain structures represents an important step toward the goal of understanding the mammalian central nervous system<sup>1-4</sup>. Advances in wavefront-shaping methods and computational power have recently allowed for a novel approach to high-resolution imaging, utilizing deterministic light propagation through optically complex media and, of particular importance for this work, multimode optical fibers (MMFs)<sup>5-7</sup>. We report a compact and highly optimized approach for minimally invasive in vivo brain imaging applications. The volume of tissue lesion was reduced by more than 100-fold, while preserving diffraction-limited imaging performance utilizing wavefront control of light propagation through a single 50-μm-core MMF. Here, we demonstrated high-resolution fluorescence imaging of subcellular neuronal structures, dendrites and synaptic specializations, in deep-brain regions of living mice, as well as monitored stimulus-driven functional Ca<sup>2+</sup> responses. These results represent a major breakthrough in the compromise between high-resolution imaging and tissue damage, heralding new possibilities for deep-brain imaging in vivo.
Coalition formation and trust in collaborative control (2009)

We consider the collaboration of autonomous agents as a coalitional game subject to constraints, like communication, trust or reputation. We analyze the tradeoff between the benefits of collaboration and these constraints (or costs of collaboration) via dynamic, iterative stochastic games. The agents can observe locally the actions of other agents in their neighborhood and decide whether to collaborate or not in a distributed asynchronous manner. Trust values are taken into consideration when agents act and collaborate. Specifically they affect the selection of agents to collaborate with. We consider only problems where the information used for either estimating reputations or deciding on strategies is mostly local; i.e. from the neighbors of each agent. We show that randomized algorithms emerge as the agents try to reach the maximum payoff. We also investigate the topology of the formed network by studying the second largest eigenvalue of the corresponding graph, and describe its effects on control performance.
NOREPINEPHRINE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES IN BRAIN, ADRENALS AND PERIPHERAL SYMPATHETIC NERVES OF SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (1977)

Dopamine-β-hydroxylasc (DBH) activity in scrum, DBH and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activities in mesenteric vessels, and DBH and TH activities in locus coeruleus and hypothalamus of brain did not differ significantly between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKR) at 16 weeks of age when hypertension of SHR was fixed. In contrast, DBH and TH activities in vas deferens and adrenal glands were significantly higher in SHR than in WKR. These changes in SHR at 16 weeks of age after establishment of hypertension arc directly opposite those reported previously in SHR at 3 weeks of age before the onset of hypertension.
Experimental analysis of the metastatic phenotype of malignant leukocytes. (1991)

The metastatic phenotype (M+) is determined by the expression of the invasive (I+) and growth (G+) phenotypes at various sites along the metastatic pathway. The G, I and M phenotypes are not confined to tumor cells and may be expressed by normal cells, such as leukocytes, under certain physiological conditions. The study of the I and M phenotypes of leukocytes may yield valuable information on common mechanisms, underlying invasion and metastasis of normal and malignant cells. In this review we summarize experimental approaches that were developed for the analysis of the I and M phenotypes of normal and malignant leukocytes.
Transmit Beampattern Shaping via Waveform Design in Cognitive Mimo Radar (2020)

This paper is focused on designing a set of constant modulus waveform for cognitive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar systems. The aim is to shape the beam-pattern in transmitter to minimize the Integrated Side-lobe Level (ISL) in spatial domain in a cognitive paradigm. This minimization leads to a NP-hard and non-convex optimization problem. To address this, the problem is formulated based on Coordinate Descent (CD) framework with constant modulus constraint. Subsequently, an low-complexity and fast method based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is proposed which monotonically decreases the spatial ISL. Finally, we show some numerical results and assess the performance of the proposed technique.
Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amines depletion and brain atrophy in adult patients with phenylketonuria (2019)

Biogenic amines synthesis in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients with high phenylalanine (Phe) concentration is thought to be impaired due to inhibition of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylases and competition with amino acids at the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine and serotonin deficits might explain brain damage and progressive neuropsychiatric impairment in adult PKU patients. Ten early treated adult PKU patients (mean age 38.2 years) and 15 age-matched controls entered the study. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Phe, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were analyzed. Voxel-based morphometry statistical nonparametric mapping was used to test the age-corrected correlation between gray matter atrophy and CSF biogenic amines levels. 5-HIAA and 5-HTP were significantly reduced in PKU patients compared to controls. Significant negative correlations were found between CSF 5-HIAA, HVA, and 5-HTP and Phe levels. A decrease in 5-HIAA and 5-HTP concentrations correlated with precuneus and frontal atrophy, respectively. Lower HVA levels correlated with occipital atrophy. Biogenic amines deficits correlate with specific brain atrophy patterns in adult PKU patients, in line with serotonin and dopamine projections. These findings may support a more rigorous Phe control in adult PKU to prevent neurotransmitter depletion and accelerated brain damage due to aging.
Weight bias and linguistic body representation in anorexia nervosa: Findings from the BodyTalk project (2020)

Our observations suggest that patients with both typical and atypical AN affectively and visually represent body descriptions not differently from healthy women. We conclude that overvaluation of low body weight and fear of weight gain cannot be explained by generally distorted perception or cognition, but require individual consideration.
Enhanced Coupling Strength Gratings for Couplers in III–V Compound Dielectric Waveguides (2017)

The use of a thin, low-index liner layer over a surface grating covered by a high-index cover layer in a III-V alloy waveguide significantly improves the coupling efficiency of grating couplers, and therefore, reduces the length of such couplers by an order of magnitude. The same low-index liner and high-index cover layer can also reduce losses between transition sections of photonic integrated circuits or between a laser region and a distributed Bragg reflector or grating coupler region.
Modulation of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by adjuvants that elicit different T cell responses. (166.18) (2012)

Abstract The use of an adjuvant within a vaccine can influence and direct the immune response to enable a desired outcome. A T helper 1 (Th1) response, including antigen-specific production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), is needed to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A successful subunit vaccine should include not only an appropriate antigen but also a proper adjuvant to ensure that a Th1 mediated cellular response is induced. Only a few adjuvants have been approved for use in human vaccines such as Alum and oil-in-water (o/w) based emulsions, including MF59 (Novartis), AS03 (GSK Biologics), AF03 (Sanofi) and liposomes (Crucell). These adjuvants primarily induce humoral responses. A new adjuvant in approved products is AS04, which combines the TLR-4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) with Alum. In this study we combine our candidate TB vaccine, ID93, with a synthetic TLR-4 agonist, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) mixed with a stable o/w emulsion (SE). Both SE and GLA-SE induce potent cellular responses when combined with ID93 in mice. ID93/GLA-SE induced multifunctional CD4+ Th1 cell responses (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) in mice and protected both mice and guinea pigs against M. tuberculosis. In contrast, ID93/SE in the absence of GLA induced IL-5 and provided no protection, as assessed by bacterial burden, survival, and pathology. These results demonstrate the importance of properly formulating subunit vaccines with effective adjuvants for use against TB.
Fast DNA Sieving through Self-enclosed Submicron Glass Capillary Segments (2013)

Here we present a novel artificial sieving matrix based on the highly regular submicron cylindrical glass capillary segments monolithically integrated on silicon through a unique process that does not require high-resolution advanced lithography or meticulous wafer-bonding techniques. The matrix is shown to separate λ-DNA fragments in below two minutes, an order of magnitude faster than slit-well motifs and in far less number of configurational entropic barriers (&lt;100).
Requirements for reticle and reticle material for 157-nm lithography: requirements for hard pellicle (2001)

Since conventional pellicle material is not transparent to 157nm light, we are developing a thick pellicle made of fused silica. The effect of aberration due to the pellicle on the optics of an exposure tool has been estimated by simulation, and requirements for the pellicle dimensions have been proposed. It was found that a thick pellicle generates spherical aberration, and this has to be corrected in the system optics. It was indicated that the tilt of the pellicle gives an image shift and coma aberration. Sagging of the membrane causes tilting, and the use of a thicker membrane improves the degree of sagging. However, the requirements for tilt angle are then tighter. It was also noted that wedge due to the thickness change generates an image shift and a coma aberration. The effect of wedge is reduced by having a lower pellicle stand-off, but this also increases the printability of particles. We need to consider the total effect of using a thick pellicle as a component of an exposure tool or an inspection tool in order to define the specification of a hard pellicle for 157nm lithography.
Method and system for a gas tube switch-based voltage source high voltage direct current transmission system (2023)

A voltage source converter based high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission system includes a voltage source converter (VSC)-based power converter channel. The VSC-based power converter channel includes an AC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter electrically coupled to the AC-DC converter. The AC-DC converter and a DC-AC inverter include at least one gas tube switching device coupled in electrical anti-parallel with a respective gas tube diode. The VSC-based power converter channel includes a commutating circuit communicatively coupled to one or more of the at least one gas tube switching devices. The commutating circuit is configured to "switch on" a respective one of the one or more gas tube switching devices during a first portion of an operational cycle and "switch off" the respective one of the one or more gas tube switching devices during a second portion of the operational cycle.
Experimental Demonstration of Stray-Field Immunity beyond 5 mT for an Automotive-Grade Rotary Position Sensor (2018)

This paper experimentally demonstrates the stray-field robustness capability of a novel Hall-based rotary position sensor concept (Huber, S., et al, 2018). The sensor targets safety-related automotive applications, for example powertrain and power steering. In these applications, the safety requirement specifies a maximum stray-field induced error of 0.4°. Therefore, the robustness in corner cases needs to be assessed. We demonstrate the stray-field immunity in multiple corner cases for temperature from −40 °C up to 160 °C and over lifetime. The impact of a uniform 5 mT stray field over all conditions (3σ) is shown to be less than 0.25°. The fully-integrated automotive-qualified sensor is implemented in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology, and achieves 0.7° of angular accuracy.
Reduced adhesion of human blood platelets to polyethylene tubing by microplasma surface modification (2004)

A hollow-cathode microplasma modified the lumenal surface of small-diameter polyethylene (PE) tubing. A microwave cavity diagnostic was used to measure the density of the microplasma. Plasma light output was observed with a monochromator at various positions along the PE tube to assess uniformity. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by measuring the variation in capillary rise at various positions along the tubing. A correlation between the properties of the inner surface of the PE tubing and the emitted light intensity was found. A poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant was immobilized to the lumenal surface of the PE tubing with an argon microplasma discharge. To test hematocompatibility, an in vitro blood-flow loop circulated heparinized human blood through both a plasma-treated and -untreated PE tubes, simultaneously. After blood exposure, the tubes were examined with a scanning electron microscope to assess the density of adhering platelets along the length of the tubes. By modifying the plasma parameters, the uniformity of the microplasma treatment along the tubing can be optimized.
The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection (2020)

Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8 TRM, there has been recently an increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4 TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4 T cells seed tissue CD4 TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4 TRM and blood CD4 T cells. CD4 TRM are more mobile than CD8 TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8 TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4 and CD8 TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8 T cells. The exact role of the CD4/CD8 TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4 TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4 TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4 TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.