gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Performance Analysis of Dry Gas Fishbone Wells for Lower Carbon Footprint (2023)

Multilateral well drilling technology has recently assisted the drilling industry in improving borehole contact area and reducing operation time, while maintaining a competitive cost. The most advanced multilateral well drilling method is Fishbone drilling (FbD). This method has been utilized in several hydrocarbon fields worldwide, resulting in high recovery enhancement and reduced carbon emissions from drilling. FbD involves drilling several branches from laterals and can be considered as an alternative method to hydraulic fracturing to increase the stimulated reservoir volume. However, the expected productivity of applying a Fishbone well from one field to another can vary due to various challenges such as Fishbone well design, reservoir lithology, and accessibility. Another challenge is the lack of existing analytical models and the effect of each Fishbone parameter on the cumulative production, as well as the interaction between them. In this paper, analytical and empirical productivity models were modified for FbD in a dry gas reservoir. The modified analytical model showed a higher accuracy with respect to the existing model. It was also compared with the modified empirical model, which proved its higher accuracy. Finally, machine learning algorithms were developed to predict FbD productivity, which showed close results with both analytical and empirical models.
Hydrogen Atom Mediated Stone−Wales Rearrangement of Pyracyclene:  A Model for Annealing in Fullerene Formation (2005)

We have investigated the Stone-Wales (SW) rearrangement of pyracyclene (C(14)H(12)) using quantum mechanical molecular modeling. Of particular interest in this study is the effect of an added hydrogen atom on the barriers to SW rearrangement. Hydrogen atoms are found in high abundance during combustion, and their effect upon isomerization of aromatic compounds to more stable species may play an important role in the combustion synthesis of fullerenes. We have calculated the barriers for the SW rearrangement in pyracyclene using density functional theory B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-311G(d,p). Two mechanisms have been investigated: (i) a mechanism with two identical transition states of C(1) symmetry and a cyclobutyl intermediate and (ii) a mechanism with one transition state containing an sp(3) carbon (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5572-5580; Nature 1993, 366, 665-667). We find that the barriers for these mechanisms are 120.0 kcal mol(-1) for the cyclobutyl mechanism and 130.1 kcal mol(-1) for the sp(3) mechanism. Adding a hydrogen atom to the internal bridge carbon atoms of pyracyclene reduces the barrier of the cyclobutyl mechanisms to 67.0 kcal mol(-1) and the sp(3) mechanism to 73.1 kcal mol(-1). The bonding of carbon atoms in pyracyclene is similar to those found in isomers of C(60), and the barriers are low enough so that these reactions can become significant during fullerene synthesis in flames. Adding hydrogen atoms to the external bridge atoms on pyracyclene produces a smaller reduction in the SW barrier and adding hydrogen atoms to nonbridge external carbon atoms results in no reduction of the barrier.
AVANT-GUARD (2013)

Among the leading reference implementations of the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm is the OpenFlow framework, which decouples the control plane into a centralized application. In this paper, we consider two aspects of OpenFlow that pose security challenges, and we propose two solutions that could address these concerns. The first challenge is the inherent communication bottleneck that arises between the data plane and the control plane, which an adversary could exploit by mounting a "control plane saturation attack" that disrupts network operations. Indeed, even well-mined adversarial models, such as scanning or denial-of-service (DoS) activity, can produce more potent impacts on OpenFlow networks than traditional networks. To address this challenge, we introduce an extension to the OpenFlow data plane called "connection migration", which dramatically reduces the amount of data-to-control-plane interactions that arise during such attacks. The second challenge is that of enabling the control plane to expedite both detection of, and responses to, the changing flow dynamics within the data plane. For this, we introduce "actuating triggers" over the data plane's existing statistics collection services. These triggers are inserted by control layer applications to both register for asynchronous call backs, and insert conditional flow rules that are only activated when a trigger condition is detected within the data plane's statistics module. We present Avant-Guard, an implementation of our two data plane extensions, evaluate the performance impact, and examine its use for developing more scalable and resilient SDN security services.
Optimum thresholding of images using phase correlation. (1999)

Abstract: The automatic binarization of grey level images or the automatic determination of optimum threshold value that separates objects from their background is still a difficult and challenging problem in many applications in the area of digital image processing. A new algorithm is proposed for the optimum automatic thresholding of digital images. The algorithm is based on determining the best threshold value that maximizes a correlation function between the binary and original grey level images. Experimental results to compare the proposed algorithm to various thresholding techniques are also presented. 1.
Physicochemical Characterization of Simulated Intestinal Fed-State Fluids Containing Lyso-Phosphatidylcholine and Cholesterol (2009)

An array of simulated intestinal fed-state fluids, where phosphatidylcholine (PC) was replaced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and cholesterol (Chol) was added, were visualized with Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM). Micelles were the dominating structural features, emphasizing the micellar-forming characteristics of LPC. Upon increase of the monoglyceride (MG) level, unilamellar vesicles and multivesicular structures were formed. These findings suggest the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs might be affected by the intermediate colloidal phases produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Figure 4. Cryo-TEM images of simulated intestinal fluids containing PC instead of LPC and high ratios of MG. In all cases, (A) multilamellar, (B) internal deformed structures, and (C) multivesicular structures were identified to the presence of PC and MG in broad agreement with the structures recognized in Medium I.
Ustiloxins, fungal cyclic peptides, are ribosomally synthesized in Ustilaginoidea virens (2014)

Accession codes of the U.virens and A.flavus gene clusters in NCBI are BR001221 and BR001206, respectively. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Maximizing Net Present Value of a Series PHEV by Optimizing Battery Size and Vehicle Control Parameters (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For a series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), it is critical that batteries be sized to maximize vehicle performance variables, such as fuel efficiency, gasoline savings, and zero emission capability. The wide range of design choices and the cost of prototype vehicles calls for a development process to quickly and systematically determine the design characteristics of the battery pack, including its size, and vehicle-level control parameters that maximize the net present value (NPV) of a vehicle during the planning stage. Argonne National Laboratory has developed Autonomie, a modeling and simulation framework. With support from The MathWorks, Argonne has integrated an optimization algorithm and parallel computing tools to enable the aforementioned development process. This paper presents a study that utilized the development process, where the NPV is the present value of all the future expenses and savings associated with the vehicle. The initial investment on the battery and the future savings that result from reduced gasoline consumption are compared. The investment and savings results depend on the battery size and the vehicle usage. For each battery size, the control parameters were optimized to ensure the best performance possible with the battery design under consideration. Real-world driving patterns and survey results from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration were used to simulate the usage of vehicles over their lifetime.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Simian immunodeficiency virus macaque models of HIV latency (2010)

The macaque models of AIDS are well suited for addressing viral persistence during antiretroviral therapy, including viral latency, residual replication, and tissue organ distribution.
W613: The genomic open-source breeding informatics initiative: Developing a global community of knowledge surrounding the use of markers in genomic selection (2019)

The Genomic Open-Source Breeding informatics initiative (GOBii) is a Bill and Melinda Gates funded project with the mission to implement genomic and marker assisted selection as part of routine breeding programs for staple crops at CGIAR centers. We believe that much of the gains that have been achieved by major ag-biotech companies can also be achieved in these centers through adopting data management systems and bioinformatics pipelines that aid breeding decisions. Our challenge is to implement genomics data management and connect to breeding data management and analysis tools being developed as part of diverse projects and within different organizational structures. To achieve our goal, we have employed a global team of data curators, developers, molecular breeders and system administrators based at Cornell University, The Boyce Thompson Institute and at each of our collaborating CGIAR centers; CIMMYT, ICRISAT and IRRI. This team have experience and skill sets that cross multiple data management and curation projects with backgrounds in industry and academia and together can collaborate to find best solutions for use cases gathered in their own environments. We are partnering synergistically with adjacent data management and genotyping projects to prevent feature redundancy and promote the use of data management systems, and we are aligned with the Excellence in Breeding Program to ensure united approaches and goals. Our CGIAR center partners have now become the experts in managing and analyzing genomics and genotyping data and are training their own communities in using these systems. Together we have built Genomic Selection pipelines in Galaxy, data QC tools with Diversity Arrays Technologies and marker-assisted backcrossing, forward breeding and pedigree verification with the James Hutton Institute, based on use cases collected by our CGIAR molecular breeders. Together we are building a global community of knowledge surrounding best practices for implementing marker-assisted and genomic selection at CGIAR centers.
ChemInform Abstract: SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODES. XVIII. LIQUID JUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS BASED ON N‐GALLIUM ARSENIDE ELECTRODES AND ACETONITRILE SOLUTIONS (1979)

Abstract Redoxpaare, deren Normalpotential oberhalb 1.2 V liegt, werden unter direkter Umwandlung von Licht in elektrische Energie an einer n‐GaAs‐Elektrode photooxidiert und an einer Pt‐Gegenelektrode reduziert.
Reduction effect of line edge roughness on time-dependent dielectric breakdown lifetime of Cu/low-k interconnects by using CF3I etching (2009)

The authors investigated the etching of grooves in low-k in Cu technology. Correlation between the line edge roughness (LER) and the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) reliability for 100nm pitch Cu interconnects was investigated. They controlled LER by using various gases to etch multilayer photoresist. CF3I gas was found to reduce LER better than conventional gases such as CF4 and CHF3 because CF3I has higher etching selectivity of photoresist against spin-on glass film. The LER did not affect measures of electrical performance such as wiring resistance, capacitance, and leakage current, but did affect TDDB lifetime because, according to their simulation, the electric field was strongly enhanced at curvatures in the interconnects. The maximum electric field (Emax) was also determined to evaluate the effect of LER on TDDB lifetime. All their results show that CF3I etching is promising for creating reliable Cu interconnects with smaller pitches.
Short-term synaptic plasticity optimally models continuous environments. (2020)

Biological neural networks operate with extraordinary energy efficiency, owing to properties such as spike-based communication and synaptic plasticity driven by local activity. When emulated in silico, such properties also enable highly energy-efficient machine learning and inference systems. However, it is unclear whether these mechanisms only trade off performance for efficiency or rather they are partly responsible for the superiority of biological intelligence. Here, we first address this theoretically, proving rigorously that indeed the optimal prediction and inference of randomly but continuously transforming environments, a common natural setting, relies on adaptivity through short-term spike-timing dependent plasticity, a hallmark of biological neural networks. Secondly, we assess this theoretical optimality via simulations and also demonstrate improved artificial intelligence (AI). For the first time, a largely biologically modelled spiking neural network (SNN) surpasses state-of-the-art artificial neural networks (ANNs) in all relevant aspects, in an example task of recognizing video frames transformed by moving occlusions. The SNN recognizes the frames more accurately, even if trained on few, still, and untransformed images, with unsupervised and synaptically-local learning, binary spikes, and a single layer of neurons - all in contrast to the deep-learning-trained ANNs. These results indicate that on-line adaptivity and spike-based computation may optimize natural intelligence for natural environments. Moreover, this expands the goal of exploiting biological neuro-synaptic properties for AI, from mere efficiency, to computational supremacy altogether.
In situmechanical property measurements of amorphous carbon–boron nitride nanotube nanostructures (2011)

To understand the mechanical properties of amorphous carbon (a-C)/boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) nanostructures, in situ mechanical tests are conducted inside a transmission electron microscope equipped with an integrated atomic force microscope system. The nanotube structure is modified with amorphous carbon deposited by controlled electron beam irradiation. We demonstrate multiple in situ tensile, compressive, and lap shear tests with a-C/BNNT hybrid nanostructures. The tensile strength of the a-C/BNNT hybrid nanostructure is 5.29 GPa with about 90 vol% of a-C. The tensile strength and strain of the end-to-end joint structure with a-C welding is 0.8 GPa and 5.2% whereas the lap shear strength of the side-by-side joint structure with a-C is 0.25 GPa.
Low-level plight capability of a future military transport aircraft based on commercial avionics (2002)

There is a need for a new military transport aircraft, which can cope with the operational requirements to improve the current airtransport forces of the European countries to satisfy tactical, logistic and future operations, at the beginning of the next century. Significant requirements, which relate to the avionics and mission systems, are for instance: low-level flight capability and board-autonomous approach and landing capability enabling adverse weather operations by day and night. This paper describes a system concept for low-level flight capability based on commercial avionics as used in AIRBUS aircraft. First, the essential functions and features of the flight control and flight guidance system are highlighted. Then, the additional functions and system elements related to controls/displays and operational modes, which are required for low-level night, are discussed. Finally, the first results of a demonstration and pilot evaluation performed in the flight simulator at Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus in Hamburg are presented. The investigations described in this paper have been performed within the context of technology studies, which are partially sponsored by the German Ministry of Defence.
Microbial responses to xenobiotic compounds. Identification of genes that allow Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to cope with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (2009)

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 grows in M9 minimal medium with glucose in the presence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at a similar rate than in the absence of TNT, although global transcriptional analysis using DNA microarrays revealed that TNT exerts some stress. Response to TNT stress is regulated at the transcriptional level, as significant changes in the level of expression of 65 genes were observed. Of these genes, 39 appeared upregulated, and 26 were downregulated. The identity of upregulated genes suggests that P. putida uses two kinds of strategies to overcome TNT toxicity: (i) induction of genes encoding nitroreductases and detoxification-related enzymes (pnrA, xenD, acpD) and (ii) induction of multidrug efflux pump genes (mexEF/oprN) to reduce intracellular TNT concentrations. Mutants of 13 up- and 7 downregulated genes were analysed with regards to TNT toxicity revealing the role of the MexE/MexF/OprN pump and a putative isoquinoline 1-oxidoreductase in tolerance to TNT. The ORF PP1232 whose transcriptional level did not change in response to TNT affected growth in the presence of nitroaromatic compounds and it was found in a screening of 4000 randomly generated mutants.
Injury Reduction and Bounce Characteristics of Safety Baseballs and Acceptability by Youth Leagues (2001)

The only reasonable way to reduce the potential for ball-related youth baseball injuries sustained by the defensive players (the majority of ball-related injuries) is to make the ball less injurious. The American Academy of Pediatrics' 1994 statement on youth baseball injuries in this regard reads, "Consideration should be given to utilizing low-impact NOCSAE-approved baseballs and softballs for children 5 to 14 years of age, if these balls demonstrate satisfactory playing characteristics and reduce injury risk. A variety of studies should be undertaken to determine the efficacy of low-impact balls in reducing serious impact injuries." The purpose of this study, in accordance with this AAP policy, is to investigate the following: A) injury reduction potential of softer baseballs, B) their bounce characteristics, and C) their acceptability by youth leagues. Six simple injury models were studied, baseball bounce characteristics were analyzed, and attitudes of safety baseballs among statewide Little League district presidents were surveyed. Injury models demonstrated less injury potential with safety baseballs compared to that with standard hard baseballs. Safety baseballs bounced higher after vertical drops and slow throws, but during fast throws (with the greatest injury potential), the bounce heights were similar for all ball types. Of 27 survey cards sent out, 13 were returned. While 9 respondents indicated that they were already using safety baseballs for the younger players, none of the 13 respondents indicated that they were planning to expand the use of safety baseballs in their leagues. In conclusion, safety baseballs are less injurious in these models. The bounce characteristics of safety baseballs are satisfactory. Youth baseball league officials are not very willing to expand the use of safety baseballs. We recommend using safety baseballs as a standard for all youth baseball leagues because these balls are safer.
Uncoupling Action of Fatty Acids on Heart Muscle Mitochondria and Submitochondrial Particles is Mediated by the ATP/ADP Antiporter (1992)

Effect of the ATP/ADP-antiporter inhibitors on the palmitate-induced uncoupling is studied in heart muscle mitochondria and the inside-out submitochondrial particles. In both systems palmitate is found to decrease the respiration-generated membrane potential. In mitochondria this effect is specifically abolished by carboxyatractylate (CAtr), non penetrating inhibitor of antiporter. In the particles CAtr does not abolish the palmitate-induced potential decrease. At the same time, bongkrekic acid, penetrating inhibitor of the antiporter, suppresses palmitate effect on the potential both in mitochondria and particles. Palmitoyl-CoA which is known to inhibit the antiporter in mitochondria as well as in particles decreases the palmitate uncoupling efficiency in both systems. Palmytoyl carnitine does not substitute for either palmitate or palmitoyl-CoA. The data are in agreement with hypothesis that the ATP/ADP-antiporter is involved in the action of free fatty acids as natural uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
Brain cell type–specific enhancer–promoter interactome maps and disease - risk association (2019)

Noncoding genetic variation is a major driver of phenotypic diversity, but functional interpretation is challenging. To better understand common genetic variation associated with brain diseases, we defined noncoding regulatory regions for major cell types of the human brain. Whereas psychiatric disorders were primarily associated with variants in transcriptional enhancers and promoters in neurons, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) variants were largely confined to microglia enhancers. Interactome maps connecting disease-risk variants in cell-type-specific enhancers to promoters revealed an extended microglia gene network in AD. Deletion of a microglia-specific enhancer harboring AD-risk variants ablated <i>BIN1</i> expression in microglia, but not in neurons or astrocytes. These findings revise and expand the list of genes likely to be influenced by noncoding variants in AD and suggest the probable cell types in which they function.
Selenium nucleophiles for the preparation of antiviral nucleosides (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelenium nucleophiles for the preparation of antiviral nucleosidesNicholas D. P. Cosford and Raymond F. SchinaziCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 6, 2161–2165Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00006a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00006a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views303Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts