gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray dark-field imaging of the human lung—A feasibility study on a deceased body (2018)

Disorders of the lungs such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality and the third leading cause of death in the world. The absence of sensitive diagnostic tests for early disease stages of COPD results in under-diagnosis of this treatable disease in an estimated 60-85% of the patients. In recent years a grating-based approach to X-ray dark-field contrast imaging has shown to be very sensitive for the detection and quantification of pulmonary emphysema in small animal models. However, translation of this technique to imaging systems suitable for humans remains challenging and has not yet been reported. In this manuscript, we present the first X-ray dark-field images of in-situ human lungs in a deceased body, demonstrating the feasibility of X-ray dark-field chest radiography on a human scale. Results were correlated with findings of computed tomography imaging and autopsy. The performance of the experimental radiography setup allows acquisition of multi-contrast chest X-ray images within clinical boundary conditions, including radiation dose. Upcoming clinical studies will have to demonstrate that this technology has the potential to improve early diagnosis of COPD and pulmonary diseases in general.
Supplementary Methods from Intestinal Bacteria Modify Lymphoma Incidence and Latency by Affecting Systemic Inflammatory State, Oxidative Stress, and Leukocyte Genotoxicity (2023)

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Multi-offset Seismic Acquisition Using Optical Fiber Behind Tubing (2012)

A new emerging technology is the Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) or Distributed Vibration Sensing (DVS) whose principle is to use the optical fiber as a sensor to measure the acoustic field every meter over the entire length of the fiber. The Rousse-1 well located south-west of France, currently an injector well for a CO2 storage pilot and equipped with a fiber for optical P/T gauges, was selected for a DVS field trial, simultaneously with a micro-seismic calibration campaign. Although the fiber was clamped on tubing, compressional direct arrivals could be detected down to 4 km depth, with source-wellhead distances ranging from the wellhead to 2 km. The optical fiber could become the next generation technology for cost-effective, complete coverage of reservoir monitoring and there is significant scope for further improvement in both operational and data quality.
A Fully Coordinated New Radio-Unlicensed System for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Applications (2020)

Communications over the unlicensed spectrum are susceptible to be delayed by mandatory channel access mechanisms. Based on the need for improving the latency-reliability performance of New Radio-Unlicensed for supporting new usecases, such as industrial applications, different types of channel access are evaluated in this paper. By using asynchronous and demand-driven channel access, it is shown that approximately 50% of the delay experienced by a downlink packet is due to listen before talk (LBT). Furthermore, UEs might be blocked by an unsuccessful uplink LBT losing the opportunity to transmit their previously scheduled data. As an alternative, synchronous channel access is evaluated. By using a coordinated LBT among the nodes, the channel access delay is reduced to a constant value. However, UEs can still be blocked when initiating their uplink transmissions due to neighbours transmissions. Motivated by this fact, an approach in which a central node is in charge of the frame selection is proposed. Therefore, all the nodes in the system are coordinated in both the channel access and the frame configuration. In this case, a latency reduction of 70% as compared to the previously mentioned alternatives is achieved at high loads and 99.9999% reliability.
From positive- to negative-index materials: Transitional phenomena (2008)

We investigate light propagation through a transition layer between the positive- and negative-index materials with linearly changing material parameters. Strong enhancement of TE-and TM-wave components near the point of zero refractive index is predicted.
Post-COVID sequelae: an emerging problem of pandemic (2020)

COVID-19, a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, initially started from Wuhan, China and gradually spread across the world. Countries across the world are in different stages of COVID-19 with some declaring their states as COVID free while others are going through the peak of the pandemic. As more and more patients continue to recover, physicians across the world will encounter the long term complications of COVID-19. Some of these complications are infectious while others are non infectious but they continue to cripple the lives of the people who have recovered from COVID-19. Few of these sequelae are discussed here.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐4‐Ethyl‐7,8‐dihydro‐4‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrano [3,4‐f]indolizine‐3,6,10(4H)‐trione, a Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Irinotecan and Other Camptothecin Analogues. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Neural Networks for Signal Intelligence (2019)

This chapter provides readers with a comprehensive account of how machine learning (ML) techniques, specifically artificial neural networks, have been applied to solve some of the key problems related to gathering signal intelligence. To accomplish this, it begins by presenting an overview of artificial neural networks. Then, the chapter discusses the influence of ML on the physical layer in the context of signal intelligence. ML techniques for signal intelligence typically manifest themselves as solutions to discriminative tasks. That is, many applications focus on multi-class or binary classification tasks. Perhaps the most prevalent signal intelligence task solved using ML techniques is that of automatic modulation classification. In short, this task involves determining what scheme was used to modulate the transmitted signal given the raw signal observed at the receiver. Other signal intelligence tasks that employ ML solutions include wireless interference classification. The chapter also discusses directions taken by the community towards hardware implementation.
Detecting free radicals during the hot wire chemical vapor deposition of amorphous silicon carbide films using single-source precursors (2006)

A vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization technique has been used to probe gas-phase species important in the hot wire chemical vapor deposition (HW-CVD) of amorphous silicon carbide(a-SiC:H) films using different single-source precursors. This study focuses on monomethylsilane, dimethylsilane, trimethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, and 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane, and the reactions of these precursors on tungsten and rhenium filaments between 1000 and 1950°C. Silane is also considered for comparison. Si radicals are found to be major products of hot wire decomposition for all the organosilicon precursors; CH3 is also observed. C and H radicals are expected to be produced as well but are not detected at the ionization energy used in these experiments. Within the series of methylsilanes, the reaction rate on the filament is found to decrease with increasing number of methyl groups on the precursor. We propose a model in which Si–H bonds are cleaved with lower activation barriers than Si–CH3 bonds as the molecule adsorbs onto the hot metal surface. 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane produces Si with a lower apparent activation energy than the other molecules. Coverage-dependent reaction pathways are proposed to play a role in the temperature profile of CH3 generation. Infrared spectra of films deposited by HW-CVD show that the film composition and growth rate for the different precursors correlate with the hot wire chemistry studied by single photon ionization.
Deep Eutectic Solvents forCandida antarcticaLipase B-Catalyzed Reactions (2010)

Many deep eutectic solvents (DES’s) are mixtures of ammonium salts and hydrogen-bond donors; e.g., a 1:2 mixture of choline chloride and urea. Like room temperature ionic liquids, DES’s are polar, viscous solvents with low vapor pressure and flammability. However, synthesis of DES’s is simpler – requiring only mixing of components – and the components are non-toxic and approximately ten-fold less expensive than the components for ionic liquids. Even though components of DES’s can include protein denaturants like urea, we found that immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B retains activity in a wide range of DES’s. Rates of transesterification, aminolysis of esters, perhydrolysis were similar to those in organic solvents and several-fold faster than those in ionic liquids. In a few cases, side reactions with the components of the DES occurred. DES’s containing sugars were highly viscous and required temperatures ≥60 °C to permit stirring.
Dendritic mast cells in the human nasal mucosa. (1998)

Human mast cells can be divided into two subtypes: MCTC cells, which contain tryptase and chymase, and MCT cells, which contain tryptase only. Herein we have used a combination of histamine, tryptase and chymase immunohistochemistry as a novel approach to the study of mast cells. Using this technique, we have discovered a new type of MCTC mast cell in biopsies of the nasal mucosa from healthy subjects and allergic patients. These mast cells have histamine-positive, dendrite-like cellular processes. Some cells have only one slender process, whereas other cells have several long processes extending from different parts of the cell body. Some of the cellular processes divide into two or three terminal branches, and histamine is sometimes found in small swellings along the course of the processes. Our findings contribute new aspects to the concept of mast cell heterogeneity. Thus, human mast cells may vary not only with respect to mediator content, but also with respect to gross morphologic features such as the presence of dendrite-like cellular processes. The recognition of this extreme heterogeneity may be an important step toward a better understanding of mast cell biology.
Symbolon-a Novel Concept For Secure E-Commerce (2005)

Electronic-banking applications (EBAs), like other e-commerce applications, require sophisticated security mechanisms and intuitive usability so customers put trust in them and therefore use EBAs. Although EBAs have been existing for a long time and their concepts are well understood, current EBAs have severe security and usability restrictions. The paper shows the usability and security problems of related technologies and introduces a new approach that is based on asymmetric encryption. The evaluation shows that it meets the intended criteria. Finally the work also includes examples that show how this approach can be used to build secure e-business and e-commerce applications while retaining intuitive usability.
Beery VMI performance in autism spectrum disorder (2015)

Few studies have examined the visuomotor integration (VMI) abilities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An all-male sample consisting of 56 ASD participants (ages 3-23 years) and 36 typically developing (TD) participants (ages 4-26 years) completed the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Participants were also administered standardized measures of intellectual functioning and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), which assesses autism and autism-like traits. The ASD group performed significantly lower on the Beery VMI and on all IQ measures compared to the TD group. VMI performance was significantly correlated with full scale IQ (FSIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and verbal IQ (VIQ) in the TD group only. However, when FSIQ was taken into account, no significant Beery VMI differences between groups were observed. Only one TD participant scored 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the Beery VMI normative sample mean, in comparison to 21% of the ASD sample. As expected, the ASD group was rated as having significantly higher levels of social impairment on the SRS compared to the TD group across all major domains. However, level of functioning on the SRS was not associated with Berry VMI performance. These findings demonstrate that a substantial number of individuals with ASD experience difficulties compared to TD in performing VMI-related tasks, and that VMI is likely affected by general cognitive ability. The fact that lowered Beery VMI performance occurred only within a subset of individuals with ASD and did not correlate with SRS would indicate that visuomotor deficits are not a core feature of ASD, even though they present at a higher rate of impairment than observed in TD participants.
Material saving and cost reduction with hot forming of U‐shaped titanium part (2014)

Titanium alloy sheets are widely used for highly loaded components in the aerospace industry as well as spacecrafts. The unique combination of high strength, outstanding corrosion resistance and thermal endurance makes titanium alloys the preferred material for applications with severe requirements. Due to the limited formability at room temperature, forming processes have to be conducted in a multitude of steps what is costly and labour intensive. Additionally, typical titanium alloy sheets show a significant anisotropy of mechanical properties and material flow. Undesired earing, wall thickness variation and residual stresses are the result. Complex shaped parts can be produced at elevated temperatures to avoid named drawbacks. The present work introduces a newly developed hot deep drawing process, applied to titanium sheets at FormTech. In comparison with conventional superplastic forming processes via gas pressure, hot deep drawing comes with a significantly reduced process time and hence, increased output over time. Titanium sheets of the work horse alloy Ti–6Al–4V were formed in a single stroke to a U‐shaped component at process temperatures ranging from 750 to 890 °C. Specimens were extracted to validate the neglectable influence of the hot forming process on mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour. In conclusion, hot deep drawing of titanium sheets offers a cost efficient alternative to a gas pressure superplastic forming process, while maintaining its main benefits such as significantly improved formability, low residual stresses and tight tolerances.
Bradykinin regulates the expression of kininogen binding sites on endothelial cells (1993)

The vasoactive compound bradykinin (BK) is liberated by proteolytic cleavage from high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and low molecular weight kininogen (LK). Expression of kininogens on cell surface receptors may affect the delivery of BK at sites of inflammation. Therefore, we investigated whether BK itself alters the expression of binding sites for its parent molecules, HK and LK, on the surface of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). 125I-LK and 125I-HK each bind to a single class of sites on HUVEC in reactions that are saturable, reversible, and zinc-dependent (Bmax = 9.7 +/- 0.2 x 10(5) sites/cell; kd = 43.3 +/- 8 nmol/L; n = 5 and Bmax = 10.3 +/- 0.4 x 10(5) sites/cell; kd = 40.3 +/- 0.9 nmol/L; n = 3 for LK and HK, respectively). HK and LK compete for the same binding site (Ki = 19.4 +/- 5 nmol/L HK v 125I-LK; Ki = 24.5 +/- 4 nmol/L LK v 125I-HK, n = 3). Moreover, 50-fold molar excess light chain of HK inhibits 125I-LK binding 51% and 50-fold molar excess LK and the heavy chain of HK inhibit 125I-light chain of HK binding 92% and 76%, respectively. Preincubation of HUVEC with BK produces a transient, concentration-dependent increase in the binding of HK and LK, reaching a maximum 3 to 4 hours after addition of BK (46% increase over control for HK; 57% increase over control for LK; P < .005 for each ligand). Des-Arg9-bradykinin, a B1 receptor agonist, increases kininogen binding to the same extent as BK; the upregulation of kininogen binding sites by BK is partially blocked by a B1 but not by a B2 receptor antagonist. The protein kinase C inhibitors (PKC), sphingosine and H7, completely block the induction of HK receptors by BK. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which also activates PKC, stimulates the binding of HK and the purified light chain of HK to HUVEC as well. However, unlike HK and its light chain, binding of LK and the heavy chain of HK are increased by PMA only in the presence of added calcium ion. These studies show that BK upregulates a common binding site for HK, LK, and each chain of HK on HUVEC. Induction of kininogen receptors on endothelial cells by BK may modulate the generation of this vasoactive compound at sites of vascular injury.
Some Guidelines on the Use of Profile Reliefs of High Contact Ratio Spur Gears (2005)

Abstract With reference to the previous articles of the author(s) based on the systematic approach to the profile relief design of both low contact ratio and high contact ratio spur gears, some guidelines are drawn for the use of short and double reliefs of the HCRG profile design under the effect of realistic parameters like variable tooth stiffness and manufacturing errors regarding the profile relief values. Root stress of the double relief can be minimized by optimizing the maximum tooth load value, hence the tooth load diagram with constant and variable tooth stiffness. Interaction of the manufacturing errors with the relief parameters is put into a form of analytical relation between manufacturing grades, hence the manufacturing tolerance and some gear parameters such as contact ratio, base pitch, and the load at which the smooth transmission error curve is required. In case of double relief, design load plays a major role in its selection. A relation and also a tabular form of guideline are given: for the required manufacturing grade if the contact ratio and other gear parameters are known and for the minimum contact ratio required if the manufacturing grade of the gears are known for either of the two cases short and double reliefs.
Selective low‐temperature chemical vapor deposition of copper from (hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(I)trimethylphosphine, (hfa)CuP(Me)3 (1991)

Communication: The deposition of smooth, dense, fine‐grained, low resistivity copper films has been achieved at temperatures as low as 150°C from an organometallic precursor. It is suggested that the films (see figure) are formed as the result of thermal disproportionation of the precursor without decomposition of the ligand. Substrate‐selective deposition at rates of over 1000 Åμmin is demonstrated. magnified image
HMG I/Y regulates long-range enhancer-dependent transcription on DNA and chromatin by changes in DNA topology (2020)

The nature of nuclear structures that are required to confer transcriptional regulation by distal enhancers is unknown. We show that long-range enhancer-dependent β-globin transcription is achieved in vitro upon addition of the DNA architectural protein HMG I/Y to affinity-enriched holo RNA polymerase II complexes. In this system, HMG I/Y represses promoter activity in the absence of an associated enhancer and strongly activates transcription in the presence of a distal enhancer. Importantly, nucleosome formation is neither necessary for long-range enhancer regulation in vitro nor sufficient without the addition of HMG I/Y. Thus, the modulation of DNA structure by HMG I/Y is a critical regulator of long-range enhancer function on both DNA and chromatin-assembled genes. Electron microscopic analysis reveals that HMG I/Y binds cooperatively to preferred DNA sites to generate distinct looped structures in the presence or absence of the β-globin enhancer. The formation of DNA topologies that enable distal enhancers to strongly regulate gene expression is an intrinsic property of HMG I/Y and naked DNA.
Event report: Sunrayce 97 (1998)

Thirty-five university teams from Canada and the USA raced their solar-powered cars 2000 km from Indiana to Colorado over a 10-day period during June 1997. The event, called Sunrayce 97, was designed to provide a stimulating educational opportunity for students of science and engineering, while educating the public about the exciting prospect of environmentally clean photovoltaic energy. Favourable weather produced a very fast race, with the winner, Cal State LA, averaging 70 km h1 and with the top four teams separated by only 66 min. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on downlink transmission timing shift for TDD radio access network (2015)

We propose a downlink transmission timing shift in the centralized radio access network architecture that advances the downlink transmission timing in order to improve the frame efficiency for time-division duplex radio access network with the optical transmission line. We evaluate the frame efficiency of the proposed downlink transmission timing shift with numerical simulation.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Enhanced Contractility in Microvessels From Ovariectomized Rats (2014)

Ovarian hormone loss increases reactive oxidative species, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease. Because perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) regulates endothelial function, we hypothesized that reactive oxidative species in PVAT mediate adverse microvascular effects of ovarian hormone deficiency. Rats were ovariectomized or sham operated and given vehicle or tempol for 6 weeks. Mesenteric resistance arterioles from ovariectomized compared with sham-operated rats had dysfunctional responses to acetylcholine (ACh) including decreased ACh-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (50±6% versus 72±2%) and endothelium-dependent relaxation factor (17±4% versus 37±2%) and increased endothelium-dependent contracting factor (27±5% versus 9±3%). OVX rat mesenteric arterioles had increased contractions to the thromboxane/prostanoid receptor agonist U-46 619 (58±3% versus 40±5%) and increased reactive oxidative species (tempo-9-AC fluorescence) with U-46 619 (0.65±0.17 versus 0.14±0.06 Δ unit) or ACh (0.49±0.09 versus 0.09±0.05 Δ unit) and increased p22(phox) protein expression (0.89±0.05 versus 0.18±0.04 Δ unit), whereas nitric oxide activity (DAF-FM [4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate] fluorescence) with ACh was reduced (0.39±0.1 versus 0.70±0.10 Δ unit). No differences were found in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factor or contractile responses to phenylephrine. PVAT enhanced ACh-induced relaxation, endothelium-dependent relaxation factor, and nitric oxide only in sham-operated rats. Tempol prevented ovariectomy-induced endothelial dysfunction and restored the enhancing effects of PVAT on ACh-induced relaxation, endothelium-dependent relaxation factor, and nitric oxide in ovariectomized rat vessels, but both tempol and PVAT were required to normalize the enhanced U-46 619 contractions after ovariectomy. In conclusion, ovariectomy redirects endothelial responses from relaxation to contraction by reducing vascular nitric oxide, augmenting thromboxane/prostanoid receptor signaling, and attenuating the vasodilatory effects of PVAT, all of which were dependent on reactive oxidative species.