gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organizational form and financial stability: lessons from cooperative banks in the US and UK (2017)

One of the important lessons of the Global Financial Crisis (Crisis) was that cooperative banks proved considerably more resilient than corporate ones. Many observers have noted that cooperative banks were less prone to the risky practices that led to the Crisis, and attributed this to their organizational structure, which seemingly creates less incentive for profit maximization. This chapter investigates these observations from a legal perspective. It analyses the governing laws of cooperative banks in the US and the UK in order to explain how they may influence financial stability. In doing so, the chapter points out that many of the post-Crisis reforms are already embedded in the governance structure of cooperative banks. Specifically, cooperative banks in both countries face internal limits on growth and investment. More importantly, the cooperative model includes various disciplinary mechanisms to ensure that management acts in the best interests of the firm’s customers, who have little interest in profits. These include clear statutory purposes, democratic governance, fiduciary duties, strict conflict of interest rules, independent oversight committees and restrictions on compensation. Most of these features go much further, and address the profit motive more directly, than the post-Crisis reforms.
Residual-stress relaxation and densification in CO2-laser-induced long-period fiber gratings (2012)

The first concurrent measurements of the three-dimensional refractive-index and residual-stress distributions in a CO(2)-laser-irradiated fiber are presented. A Corning SMF-28 fiber was exposed from one side to focused pulses with durations of 100-500 ms. The cross-sectional form of the index modulation is asymmetric with changes concentrated on the side of the fiber facing the exposure. The longitudinal form is Gaussian-like with a wide top and extends approximately 100 μm from the center of the exposure. Relaxation of frozen-in viscoelasticity results in a maximum index modulation of 5×10(-4) on the side of the fiber facing the exposure with mechanical stress relaxation contributing changes of less than 1×10(-4).
Globalorientalization: Globalization through the Lens of Edward Said’s Orientalism (2020)

This article aims to show, first, that Edward Said’s <i>Orientalism</i> (1978) offers a critical genealogy of globalization <i>avant la lettre</i>, an account of Orientalism in its global orientation that I call “globalorientalization.” Globalorientalization not only precedes but also resembles “globalatinization,” Jacques Derrida’s genealogy of Europe’s ascent to global power. Second, Said’s book, anticipating some of the problems posed by globalization, provides an outline of a contrapuntal humanist cosmopolitanism that can free us from static and unproductive oppositions such as that between an essentializing identitarian logic and a universalizing homogeneity, between the local and the global. Said’s contrapuntal cosmopolitanism refuses any easy passage or accommodation and emphasizes a critically interactive and restless movement not unlike Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing’s metaphor of globalization as an awkward, unstable, and uneven process of “friction.” This frictional, contrapuntal cosmopolitanism allows Said to question and unsettle identitarian claims that are still made today—claims that rely on static binary oppositions such as the Occident and the Orient, us and them, and the global and the local.
An Autonomous Electrochemical Test stand for Machine Learning Informed Electrolyte Optimization (2019)

&lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;A fully automated, computer-controlled test stand capable of rapidly creating and electrochemically characterizing any arbitrary liquid electrolyte solution is described. Hundreds of different electrolytes were studied, and the results were used to verify the precision and accuracy of the system. To test the functionality of the approach, several 2-dimensional co-solvated electrolyte solutions containing blends of aqueous sulfates and nitrates were rapidly created and examined automatically. The test stand took less than a day to conduct these searches, while conventional manual methods would have taken much longer. The demonstrated standard error of the test-stand was 0.5 mS/cm on conductivity and 0.02 V for voltage stability window measurements, and several of the combinations studied revealing surprisingly high voltage stability and conductivity values. The demonstrated success of the test-stand in a 2-dimensional search spaces shows the promise of conducting high speed co-optimization studies of liquid electrolytes in particular when used in concert with a machine learning-based real time/in-loop data assessment computational package. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Brain pathology recapitulates physiology: A network meta-analysis (2021)

Network architecture is a brain-organizational motif present across spatial scales from cell assemblies to distributed systems. Structural pathology in some neurodegenerative disorders selectively afflicts a subset of functional networks, motivating the network degeneration hypothesis (NDH). Recent evidence suggests that structural pathology recapitulating physiology may be a general property of neuropsychiatric disorders. To test this possibility, we compared functional and structural network meta-analyses drawing upon the BrainMap database. The functional meta-analysis included results from >7,000 experiments of subjects performing >100 task paradigms; the structural meta-analysis included >2,000 experiments of patients with >40 brain disorders. Structure-function network concordance was high: 68% of networks matched (pFWE < 0.01), confirming the broader scope of NDH. This correspondence persisted across higher model orders. A positive linear association between disease and behavioral entropy (p = 0.0006;R<sup>2</sup> = 0.53) suggests nodal stress as a common mechanism. Corroborating this interpretation with independent data, we show that metabolic 'cost' significantly differs along this transdiagnostic/multimodal gradient.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PERMANENT NEW JERSEY SAFETY SHAPE BARRIER – UPDATE TO NCHRP 350 TEST NO. 4-12 (2214NJ-2) (2006)

Based on the proposed changes to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report No. 350 guidelines, NCHRP Project 22-14(2) researchers deemed it appropriate to evaluate permanent safety shape barrier systems prior to finalizing the new crash testing procedures and guidelines. For this effort, the permanent New Jersey Safety Shape barrier was selected for evaluation. One full-scale vehicle crash test was performed on the longitudinal barrier system in accordance with the Test Level 4 (TL-4) requirements presented in the Update to NCHRP Report No. 350. For the permanent barrier testing program, a 10000S single unit truck was used. The permanent safety shape barrier provided an unacceptable safety performance when impacted by the single unit truck, thus failing to meet the proposed TL-4 requirements presented in the Update to NCHRP Report No. 350.
Photocleavable Initiator Nucleotide Substrates for an Aldolase Ribozyme (2008)

We have previously reported the in vitro selection of a ribozyme that catalyzes an aldol reaction between a levulinic amide aldol donor and a benzaldehyde substrate. The selection scheme involved the priming of the RNA library with a levulinic amide aldol donor group that was introduced via transcription priming in the presence of a modified guanosine mononucleotide derivative. Here we provide a detailed description of the synthesis of the ribozyme substrates and the substrate oligonucleotides used for its isolation and characterization. The aldol donor group was attached to the phosphate moiety of guanosine monophosphate via a photocleavable linker molecule. This initiator nucleotide was efficiently incorporated into RNA molecules of differing sizes and composition by transcription priming with T7 RNA polymerase. With this method modified RNA oligonucleotides as small as a 6-mer sequence can be generated. A temperature profile of the intermolecular reaction indicates that the modified RNA hexamer binds the ribozyme largely by Watson-Crick pairing and only to a minor extent via the non-RNA moiety, whereas the ribozyme appears to have evolved a specific binding site for the aldehyde substrate.
Proceedings of the twentieth annual symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures (2008)

This volume consists of papers that were presented at the 20th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA'07), held on June 14-16, 2008, in Munich, Germany. It was sponsored by the ACM Special Interest Groups on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) and Computer (SIGARCH) and organized in cooperation with the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS). Financial support was provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG), Akamai, Intel, and Sun Microsystems.

The 36 regular presentations that appeared at the conference were selected by the program committee after an electronic discussion and a meeting of two days that took place at Sun Labs, Burlington, Massachusetts, on March 20-21. Of these papers, the paper Utilizing Shared Data in Chip Multiprocessors with the Nahalal Architecture by Zvika Guz, Idit Keidar, Avinoam Kolodny, and Uri Weiser was selected to receive the best paper award. Fourteen papers were selected by Jim Larus for the special track on Hardware and Software Techniques for Multicore Programming.

The regular presentations were selected out of 128 submitted abstracts. The mix of selected papers reflects the unique nature of SPAA in bringing together the theory and practice of parallel computing. SPAA defines parallelism very broadly to encompass any computational device or scheme that can perform multiple operations or tasks simultaneously or concurrently. This year, the selection of papers was closer to SPAA's roots, in that technical papers included a large number of papers on parallel and multicore algorithms and architectures. The technical papers in this volume are to be considered preliminary versions, and authors are generally expected to publish polished and complete versions in archival scientific journals.

In addition to the regular presentations, this volume includes 13 brief announcements and the abstracts of 4 posters that were presented at the SPAA review sessions. The committee's decisions in accepting brief announcements and posters were based on the perceived interest of these contributions, with the goal that they serve as bases for further significant advances in parallelism in computing. Extended versions of the SPAA brief announcements and posters may be published later in other conferences or journals.

Finally, this year, there were 6 invited talks by Kunle Olukotun, Arnold Rosenberg, Leslie Valiant, Hagit Attiya, Charles Leiserson, and Burton Smith, to celebrate SPAA's 20 th anniversary.
Carbonyl Sulfide Hydrolase from Thiobacillus thioparus Strain THI115 Is One of the β-Carbonic Anhydrase Family Enzymes (2013)

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an atmospheric trace gas leading to sulfate aerosol formation, thereby participating in the global radiation balance and ozone chemistry, but its biological sinks are not well understood. Thiobacillus thioparus strain THI115 can grow on thiocyanate (SCN(-)) as its sole energy source. Previously, we showed that SCN(-) is first converted to COS by thiocyanate hydrolase in T. thioparus strain THI115. In the present work, we purified, characterized, and determined the crystal structure of carbonyl sulfide hydrolase (COSase), which is responsible for the degradation of COS to H2S and CO2, the second step of SCN(-) assimilation. COSase is a homotetramer composed of a 23.4 kDa subunit containing a zinc ion in its catalytic site. The amino acid sequence of COSase is homologous to the β-class carbonic anhydrases (β-CAs). Although the crystal structure including the catalytic site resembles those of the β-CAs, CO2 hydration activity of COSase is negligible compared to those of the β-CAs. The α5 helix and the extra loop (Gly150-Pro158) near the N-terminus of the α6 helix narrow the substrate pathway, which could be responsible for the substrate specificity. The k(cat)/K(m) value, 9.6 × 10(5) s(-1) M(-1), is comparable to those of the β-CAs. COSase hydrolyzes COS over a wide concentration range, including the ambient level, in vitro and in vivo. COSase and its structurally related enzymes are distributed in the clade D in the phylogenetic tree of β-CAs, suggesting that COSase and its related enzymes are one of the catalysts responsible for the global sink of COS.
A Hitchhiker`s Guide through the Bio-image Analysis Software Universe (2022)

Modern research in the life sciences is unthinkable without computational methods for extracting, quantifying and visualizing information derived from biological microscopy imaging data. In the past decade, we observed a dramatic increase in available software packages for these purposes. As it is increasingly difficult to keep track of the number of available image analysis platforms, tool collections, components and emerging technologies, we provide a conservative overview of software we use in daily routine and give insights into emerging new tools. We give guidance on which aspects to consider when choosing the right platform, including aspects such as image data type, skills of the team, infrastructure and community at the institute and availability of time and budget.
Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis of Silver and Silver Chloride Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity (2021)

Within the frame of this work, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and silver chloride nanoparticles (AgCl NPs) as mediated by microbes has been investigated. The nanoparticles were reduced from a silver nitrate precursor by the presence of bacteria, like Raoultella planticola and Pantoea agglomerans. The results show that the characteristic surface plasmon resonance absorption band occurs at about 440 nm. Nanoparticles were also characterized with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed the formation of spherical Ag/AgCl NPs with a centered cubic crystal structure and a mean particle size of around 10–50 nm. Assays for antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrated meaningful results against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Furthermore, this study shows that the combination of the obtained nanoparticles with standard antibiotics may be useful in the fight against emerging microbial drug resistance.
Active Transposition in Genomes (2012)

Transposons are DNA sequences capable of moving in genomes. Early evidence showed their accumulation in many species and suggested their continued activity in at least isolated organisms. In the past decade, with the development of various genomic technologies, it has become abundantly clear that ongoing activity is the rule rather than the exception. Active transposons of various classes are observed throughout plants and animals, including humans. They continue to create new insertions, have an enormous variety of structural and functional impact on genes and genomes, and play important roles in genome evolution. Transposon activities have been identified and measured by employing various strategies. Here, we summarize evidence of current transposon activity in various plant and animal genomes.
Antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects of bortezomib on systemic chronic active EBV infection (2021)

Systemic chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; sCAEBV) infection, T- and natural killer (NK)-cell type (sCAEBV), is a fatal disorder accompanied by persisting inflammation harboring clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T or NK cells. Today's chemotherapy is insufficient to resolve disease activity and to rid infected cells of sCAEBV. The currently established treatment strategy for eradicating infected cells is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this study, we focused on the effects of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib on the disease. Bortezomib suppressed survival and induced apoptosis of EBV+ T- or NK-cell lines and peripheral mononuclear cells containing EBV-infected T or NK cells of sCAEBV patients. Bortezomib enhanced binding immunoglobulin protein/78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Bip/GRP78) expression induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress and activated apoptosis-promoting molecules JNK and p38 in the cell lines. Bortezomib suppressed the activation of survival-promoting molecule NF-κB, which was constitutively activated in EBV+ T- or NK-cell lines. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that bortezomib suppressed messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in EBV+ T or NK cells from the patients. Finally, we examined the effects of bortezomib using xenograft models of sCAEBV generated by IV injection of patients' cells. The intraperitoneal administration of bortezomib significantly reduced EBV-DNA load in peripheral blood and the infiltration of EBV-infected cells in the models' livers. Moreover, the serum concentration of TNF-α and IFN-γ decreased after bortezomib treatment to the models. Our findings will be translated into the treatment of sCAEBV not only to reduce the number of tumor cells but also to suppress inflammation.
Substrate-Dependent Study of Chain Orientation and Order in Alkylphosphonic Acid Self-Assembled Monolayers for ALD Blocking (2020)

For years, many efforts in area selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) have focused on trying to achieve high-quality self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which have been shown by a number of studies to be effective for blocking deposition. Herein, we show that in some cases where a densely packed SAM is not formed, significant ALD inhibition may still be realized. The formation of octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA) SAMs was evaluated on four metal substrates: Cu, Co, W, and Ru. The molecular orientation, chain packing, and relative surface coverage were evaluated using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). ODPA SAMs formed on Co, Cu, and W showed strong angular dependence of the NEXAFS signal whereas ODPA on Ru did not, suggesting a disordered layer was formed on Ru. Additionally, EIS and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that Co and Cu form densely packed, “crystal-like” SAMs whereas Ru and W form less dense monolayers, a surprising result since W-ODPA was previously shown to inhibit the ALD of ZnO and Al2O3 best among all the substrates. This work suggests that multiple factors play a role in SAM-based AS-ALD, not just the SAM quality. Therefore, metrological averaging techniques (e.g., WCA and FTIR spectroscopy) commonly used for evaluating SAMs to predict their suitability for ALD inhibition should be supplemented by more atomically sensitive methods. Finally, it highlights important considerations for describing the mechanism of SAM-based selective ALD.
Shared activity patterns arising at genetic susceptibility loci reveal underlying genomic and cellular architecture of human disease (2018)

Genetic variants underlying complex traits, including disease susceptibility, are enriched within the transcriptional regulatory elements, promoters and enhancers. There is emerging evidence that regulatory elements associated with particular traits or diseases share similar patterns of transcriptional activity. Accordingly, shared transcriptional activity (coexpression) may help prioritise loci associated with a given trait, and help to identify underlying biological processes. Using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) profiles of promoter- and enhancer-derived RNAs across 1824 human samples, we have analysed coexpression of RNAs originating from trait-associated regulatory regions using a novel quantitative method (network density analysis; NDA). For most traits studied, phenotype-associated variants in regulatory regions were linked to tightly-coexpressed networks that are likely to share important functional characteristics. Coexpression provides a new signal, independent of phenotype association, to enable fine mapping of causative variants. The NDA coexpression approach identifies new genetic variants associated with specific traits, including an association between the regulation of the OCT1 cation transporter and genetic variants underlying circulating cholesterol levels. NDA strongly implicates particular cell types and tissues in disease pathogenesis. For example, distinct groupings of disease-associated regulatory regions implicate two distinct biological processes in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis; a further two separate processes are implicated in Crohn's disease. Thus, our functional analysis of genetic predisposition to disease defines new distinct disease endotypes. We predict that patients with a preponderance of susceptibility variants in each group are likely to respond differently to pharmacological therapy. Together, these findings enable a deeper biological understanding of the causal basis of complex traits.
Energy Metabolism and Cellular pH in Normal and Pathological Conditions. A New Look Through 31 Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1982)

Cellular energetics can be studied non-invasively using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Besides the concentration of the major phosphorus-containing metabolites, enzyme-catalysed fluxes and intracellular pH can be obtained from the NMR measurement. Metabolic acidosis in the ischaemic myocardium has been studied in the perfused rat heart. Comparison of the pH, measured from the position of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) resonance, with the pH obtained from the resonance of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate (accumulated after perfusion with 2-deoxyglucose) demonstrates that cytoplasmic pH values are being obtained. The pH changes during ischaemia are quantitatively related to the glycogen leads to lactate conversion. Preperfusion with insulin enhanced the lactate production but resulted in the maintenance of ATP for a longer period during ischaemia, even though acidosis was enhanced. In acute renal acidosis, the decrease in intracellular pH is smaller than might have been expected, as demonstrated in the perfused rat kidney. The importance of acidosis in relation to renal preservation was examined in human kidneys prior to transplantation. 31P NMR studies on human forearm muscle have been done. The pH changes measured during aerobic and anaerobic exercise demonstrate the importance of glycogenolysis in providing energy for ATP production. In a patient with suspected McArdle's syndrome, 31P NMR was used to detect the lack of glycogenolysis since during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise a pH rise was observed together with the rapid breakdown of phosphocreatine.
Realization of an Interacting Two-Valley AlAs Bilayer System (2004)

By using different widths for two AlAs quantum wells comprising a bilayer system, we force the X-point conduction-band electrons in the two layers to occupy valleys with different Fermi contours, electron effective masses, and g factors. Since the occupied valleys are at different X points of the Brillouin zone, the interlayer tunneling is negligibly small despite the close electron layer spacing. We demonstrate the realization of this system via magnetotransport measurements and the observation of a phase-coherent, bilayer nu=1 quantum Hall state flanked by a reentrant insulating phase.