gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of the hard double-parton scattering contribution to inclusive four-lepton production in pp collisions at s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector (2019)

The inclusive production of four isolated charged leptons in pp collisions is analysed for the presence of hard double-parton scattering, using 20.2 fb -1 of data recorded in the ATLAS detector at the LHC at centre-of-mass energy s = 8 TeV. In the four-lepton invariant-mass range of 80 < m 4 < 1000 GeV, an artificial neural network is used to enhance the separation between single-and double-parton scattering based on the kinematics of the four leptons in the final state. An upper limit on the fraction of events originating from double-parton scattering is determined at 95% confidence level to be f DPS = 0.042, which results in an estimated lower limit on the effective cross section at 95% confidence level of 1.0 mb.
Optimization of device geometry in single-plate digital microfluidics (2009)

Digital microfluidics is a popular tool for lab-on-a-chip applications and is typically implemented in one of two formats: single-plate (“open”) devices or two-plate (“closed”) devices. Single-plate devices have some advantages relative to the more common two-plate format such as faster mixing, the capacity to move larger volumes on a given footprint, and easier access to droplets for handling or optical detection. In contrast with the two-plate format, in which ground potential is generally supplied via a top electrode, in the single-plate format, many different geometries of ground wires/electrodes have been used. Until the present study, there has been no metric to determine which of these geometries is best suited for droplet actuation. Here, we present a combination of numerical simulations and experimental tests to compare six different single-plate designs. We applied finite element analysis, using the commercially available COMSOL software package to calculate the electrodynamic actuation forces in each of the different designs and used the results to optimize device design. Forces predicted by the electrodynamic model were in agreement with forces predicted using electromechanical models. More importantly, results were verified experimentally using a unique technique that permits indirect estimation of actuation forces on digital microfluidic devices. This work illustrates the promise of using numerical modeling to enhance the design and performance of digital microfluidic devices.
Demonstration of a high-speed, multichannel, optical sampling oscilloscope (1995)

The principle of transmitting information using free-space optics poses a serious challenge to collecting diagnostic signals within large-scale digital photonic systems 1 . High concentrations of parallel optical channels and localized electronic signals bring about great difficulties in monitoring high speed operations using conventional contact techniques. Up to now, the typical diagnostic procedure was to sample a portion of the light reflected from the output modulators with a system viewport and form a remote magnified image. A high-sensitivity photodetector was then sequentially aligned with each spot to transform the signal to an electronic format that could be monitored using an electronic oscilloscope. This sampling procedure and other electro-optic sampling techniques 2,3 developed for high speed systems are too time consuming when many signals must be actively monitored.
Theroretical study of B2H+3, B2H+2, and B2H+ (1989)

An ab initio molecular orbital study is presented of B2H+3, B2H+2, and B2H+ at the G1 level of theory, including correlation energy beyond fourth-order perturbation theory and large basis sets. The structures of these ions are found to contain no hydrogen bridges in contrast to the previously studied ions (B2H+6, B2H+5, and B2H+4) in this series. Good agreement is found with a recent photoionization measurement of the appearance potentials of the B2H+3 and B2H+2 ions from B2H6.
Experimental determination of specific power losses and magnetostriction of electrical steel coils (2016)

A method for measuring the specific losses and magnetostriction of grain-oriented electrical steel coils up to six tons is presented. Since transformer core manufacturers are mainly supplied with entire steel coils, a fast incoming goods inspection is desirable. The proposed method identifies the specific losses at certain flux densities of the entire steel coils. In addition, the magnetostriction of the coiled material is measured. With the magnetostriction the main property for transformer no-load noise can be classified. The structure and setup of the developed coil measurement system (CMS) are shown. The measurement technique is explained and its requirements are identified. Initial results of specific power losses and magnetostriction of electrical steel coils as well as the reproducibility of the results are highlighted.
Continuous flow synthesis of the iodination agent 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione telescoped with semi-continuous product isolation (2016)

A synthesis for the iodination agent DIH was devised, developed, and optimized for both batch and flow mode. A concatenated semi-continuous product work-up by means of vacuum filtration was used for the isolation of a target product that precipitated during the course of the reaction.
Targeting cancer glycosylation repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages allowing effective immune checkpoint blockade (2021)

Abstract Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has significantly improved the prognosis of cancer patients, but the majority experience limited benefit, evidencing the need for new therapeutic approaches. Upregulation of sialic acid-containing glycans, termed hypersialylation, is a common feature of cancer-associated glycosylation, driving disease progression and immune escape via the engagement of Siglec-receptors on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Here, we show that tumor sialylation correlates with distinct immune states and reduced survival in human cancers. The targeted removal of Siglec-ligands in the tumor microenvironment, using an antibody-sialidase conjugate, enhances anti-tumor immunity and halts tumor progression in several mouse tumor models. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we reveal desialylation mechanistically to repolarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and identify Siglec-E on TAMs as the main receptor for hypersialylation. Finally, we show genetic and therapeutic desialylation, as well as loss of Siglec-E, to synergize with ICB. Thus, therapeutic desialylation represents a novel immunotherapeutic approach, shaping macrophage phenotypes and augmenting the adaptive anti-tumor immune response.
[Bipolar disorder type 1 was the most stable bipolar subdiagnosis]. (2021)

DSM-IV subcategorises bipolar disorders into type 1, type 2, and a third not otherwise specified (NOS) category. Although previous works suggest that these subtypes remain reasonably stable over time, it is unclear if subdiagnoses endure over time or if patients are commonly recategorized within the spectrum in a real-world clinical setting. We assessed subdiagnostic stability in 6,374 individuals with bipolar disorder using data from the Swedish national quality assurance register for bipolar disorders (BipoläR). Diagnoses at baseline registration - that could occur at any time point during the course of illness - were compared with diagnoses at follow-up registration 3 years later. Changes in subdiagnoses were analysed in relation to clinical setting, diagnostic procedure, and patient features. We found that 74 %, 67 %, and 47 % of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder type 1, type 2, and NOS, respectively, retained the same subdiagnosis at the 3-year follow-up. The following factors were associated with higher rate of subdiagnostic transitions: previous suicide attempts, unemployment or low psychosocial function, treatment with antidepressants, and comorbid anxiety, neuropsychiatric, or personality disorder. Conversely, use and duration of mood stabilizer treatment, the use of structured diagnostic instruments, and treatment at an outpatient unit specialized in managing affective disorders were associated with lower likelihood of subdiagnostic transitions. Our findings confirm that bipolar disorder type 1 is the most stable subdiagnostic group, but findings also indicate a significant degree of subdiagnostic instability, particularly in the NOS group.
Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid controls Clostridium perfringens-induced chicken necrotic enteritis through attenuating inflammatory cyclooxygenase signaling (2019)

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens infection has reemerged as a prevalent poultry disease worldwide due to reduced usage of prophylactic antibiotics under consumer preferences and regulatory pressures. The lack of alternative antimicrobial strategies to control this disease is mainly due to limited insight into the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host responses. Here we showed that the microbial metabolic byproduct of secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA), at as low as 50 µM, inhibited 82.8% of C. perfringens growth in Tryptic Soy Broth (P < 0.05). Sequential Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens challenges significantly induced NE, severe intestinal inflammation, and body weight (BW) loss in broiler chickens. These negative effects were diminished (P < 0.05) by 1.5 g/kg DCA diet. At the cellular level, DCA alleviated NE-associated ileal epithelial death and significantly reduced lamina propria cell apoptosis. Interestingly, DCA reduced C. perfringens invasion into ileum (P < 0.05) without altering the bacterial ileal luminal colonization. Molecular analysis showed that DCA significantly reduced inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, Il1β, and Mmp9 mRNA accumulation in ileal tissue. Mechanism studies revealed that C. perfringens induced (P < 0.05) elevated expression of inflammatory mediators of Infγ, Litaf, and Ptgs2 (Cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) gene) in chicken splenocytes. Inhibiting the COX signaling by aspirin significantly attenuated INFγ-induced inflammatory response in the splenocytes. Consistent with the in vitro assay, chickens fed 0.12 g/kg aspirin diet protected the birds against NE-induced BW loss, ileal inflammation, and intestinal cell apoptosis. In conclusion, microbial metabolic product DCA prevents NE-induced BW loss and ileal inflammation through attenuating inflammatory response. These novel findings of microbiome protecting birds against NE provide new options on developing next generation antimicrobial alternatives against NE.
Using examples to describe categories (1983)

The successful use of menu-based information retrieval systems depends critically on users understanding the category names and partitions used by system designers. Some of the problems in this endeavor are psychological and have to do with naming large and ill-defined categories so that users can understand their contents, and effectively partitioning large sets of objects. Systems of interest (like home information systems) often consist of new and frequently changing content in large and varied domains, and are particularly prone to these problems. We explored several ways in which one might name categories in one such domain (Yellow Page category headings) - category names, category names plus examples, and examples alone. We found that three examples alone were essentially as good a way to name these categories as either an expertly chosen name or a name plus examples. Examples provide a promising possibility both as a means of flexibly naming menu categories and as a methodological tool to study certain categorization problems.
The Verasonics ultrasound system as a pedagogic tool in teaching wave propagation, scattering, beamforming, and signal processing concepts in physics and engineering. (2011)

The Verasonics ultrasound system is a highly programmable data acquisition and processing platform designed to facilitate development of new medical ultrasound imaging methods. In contrast to conventional commercial ultrasound systems, individual element digitized rf data are available to the developer. All beamforming and postprocessing are done in software, and both the hardware data acquisition sequence and the host computer processing flow are programmable by the user using a MATLAB interface. Because the system is designed to be highly flexible, it can also be useful as a practical tool in teaching acoustic wave physics, transducer and array design, and data processing concepts, using benchtop scale homemade acoustic and elastic media, including flow models. For script evaluation and testing, the Verasonics system includes a hardware simulator that uses a simple point scatterer numerical model to compute rf backscatter data. rf data can also be recorded during a hardware acquisition, and then reprocessed using different user-developed algorithms for comparative study. Because the system is easy to learn, many fundamental concepts can be explored in a laboratory setting, using scattering media or custom transducers fabricated as part of the student experimental plan. The system enables sophisticated hands-on experience with acoustics beyond the numerical world.
Formation of an Intermediate Layer Between Lithium Metal and Li7La3Zr2O12 to Reduce Its Interfacial Resistance (2016)

Introduction Li-ion secondary batteries have been used as energy sources of small electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop personal computers because of their high energy density. The recent progress of their application requires high safety in addition to high energy density. Hence, nonflammable Li-ion conducting ceramics have attracted much attention as safe electrolytes. We have focused on Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) with cubic garnet structure as a promising ceramic electrolyte to realize safe all-solid-state batteries due to its Li-ion conductivity higher than 10 -4 S cm -1 at room temperature and stability against lithium metal. The formation of an electrochemical interface between electrode and electrolyte with low resistance is very important to obtain good electrochemical performance of batteries. In this study, we focused on the interface between lithium-metal anode and LLZ, and investigated thoroughly the effect of Au intermediate layer on the interfacial resistance forming interface between lithium metal and LLZ. Especially, in order to reduce the interface resistance, the introduction of Au layer was investigated. Experimental LLZ pellets were prepared by sintering of LLZ powder, which was made from LiOH･H 2 O, La(OH) 3 and ZrO 2 by solid-state reaction. 2032 coin-type cells with symmetric Li/LLZ/Li and Li/Au/LLZ/Au/Li configurations were prepared by attaching lithium-metal sheets on both sides of LLZ pellets with or without a sputtered Au thin layer. A cell resistance was characterized by AC impedance measurement at several temperatures. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows Nyquist plots of the Li/Au/ LLZ/Au/Li cell and Li/ LLZ/ Li cell at 60 o C. Each Nyquist plot shows one semicircle. The edge of semi-circle at high frequency region corresponds to the resistance of LLZ pellet, and the diameter of semicircle corresponds to the interfacial resistance between LLZ and lithium metal. The latter resistance was different for each cell from 100 ohm to 3800 ohm. LLZ is not well attached to lithium leading to high resistance of Li/LLZ/Li cell. On the other hand, when a sputtered Au layer was used for current collector for impedance measurement, a good interface between Au and LLZ was easily obtained. Au alloy with lithium metal. Therefore, Li/Au/LLZ/Au/Li cell shows a smaller interfacial resistance compared with Li/LLZ/Li cell. Figure 2 (a) shows Arrhenius plot of Li ion conductivity of LLZ pellet in Li-Au/LLZ/Au-Li cell. Figure 2 (b) shows temperature dependence of interface resistance between LLZ and lithium metal. The interface resistance between LLZ and lithium metal became smaller immediately at 100 o C, indicating that alloying reaction between Au and lithium metal took place with increasing temperature. And the interface resistance reached less than 1 ohm cm -2 at 100 o C. In cooling process, the interface resistance became smaller compared with before the heating process. This indicates that the good contact between Li metal and LLZ is supported by alloy reaction between Li and Au. Figure 1
Typing of Haemophilus paragallinarum Strains by Using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction (2004)

The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique was used for fingerprinting of reference strains and Mexican isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. A total of nine ERIC patterns were given by the nine serovar reference strains of this bacteria. Two Modesto (C-2) reference strains from different sources showed the same ERIC pattern. Seventeen ERIC patterns were obtained among 29 Mexican isolates included in the study, belonging to serovars prevalent in Mexico (A-1, A-2, B-1, and C-2). Obtained results indicate that the ERIC-PCR technique could be used as a molecular laboratory tool for subtyping of H. paragallinarum.
Effects of multiple-dose ponesimod, a selective S1P<sub>1</sub> receptor modulator, on lymphocyte subsets in healthy humans (2016)

This study investigated the effects of ponesimod, a selective S1P<sub>1</sub> receptor modulator, on T lymphocyte subsets in 16 healthy subjects. Lymphocyte subset proportions and absolute numbers were determined at baseline and on Day 10, after once-daily administration of ponesimod (10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg each consecutively for 3 days) or placebo (ratio 3:1). The overall change from baseline in lymphocyte count was -1,292±340×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L and 275±486×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L in ponesimod- and placebo-treated subjects, respectively. This included a decrease in both T and B lymphocytes following ponesimod treatment. A decrease in naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (CD45RA<sup>+</sup>CCR7<sup>+</sup>) from baseline was observed only after ponesimod treatment (-113±98×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L, placebo: 0±18×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L). The number of T-cytotoxic (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup>) and T-helper (CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>) cells was significantly altered following ponesimod treatment compared with placebo. Furthermore, ponesimod treatment resulted in marked decreases in CD4<sup>+</sup> T-central memory (CD45RA<sup>-</sup>CCR7<sup>+</sup>) cells (-437±164×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L) and CD4<sup>+</sup> T-effector memory (CD45RA<sup>-</sup>CCR7<sup>-</sup>) cells (-131±57×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L). In addition, ponesimod treatment led to a decrease of -228±90×10<sup>6</sup> cells/L of gut-homing T cells (CLA<sup>-</sup>integrin β7<sup>+</sup>). In contrast, when compared with placebo, CD8<sup>+</sup> T-effector memory and natural killer (NK) cells were not significantly reduced following multiple-dose administration of ponesimod. In summary, ponesimod treatment led to a marked reduction in overall T and B cells. Further investigations revealed that the number of CD4<sup>+</sup> cells was dramatically reduced, whereas CD8<sup>+</sup> and NK cells were less affected, allowing the body to preserve critical viral-clearing functions.
Improved Gradient-Based Optimization Over Discrete Distributions (2018)

In many applications we seek to maximize an expectation with respect to a distribution over discrete variables. Estimating gradients of such objectives with respect to the distribution parameters is a challenging problem. We analyze existing solutions including finite-difference (FD) estimators and continuous relaxation (CR) estimators in terms of bias and variance. We show that the commonly used Gumbel-Softmax estimator is biased and propose a simple method to reduce it. We also derive a simpler piece-wise linear continuous relaxation that also possesses reduced bias. We demonstrate empirically that reduced bias leads to a better performance in variational inference and on binary optimization tasks.
SWAM (2019)

The waste recycling industry has grown considerably in the recent years and many solutions have become democratized around smart waste collection. However, existing decision support systems generally rely on a limited flow of information and offer an often static or statistically based approach, focusing on specific use-cases (e.g., individuals, municipalities). This paper introduces SWAM, a new smart waste collection platform currently being elaborated in Luxembourg that targets businesses and large entities (e.g., restaurants, shopping centers). SWAM aims to consider multiple sources of combined information in its decision-making process and go further in the routing optimization process. The platform notably uses ultrasonic sensors to measure the filling level of containers, and smartphones with embedded intelligence to understand a driver's actions. This paper presents our experience on the development and deployment of this platform in Luxembourg, as well as the relevant options on the choice of sensing and communication technologies available in the market. It also presents the system architecture and two fundamental components. Firstly, a data management layer, which implements models for analyzing and predicting the filling patterns of the containers. Secondly, a multi-objective optimization layer, which compiles the collection routes that minimize the impact on the environment and maximize the service quality. This paper is intended to serve as a practical reference for the deployment of waste management systems, which have many technological components and can greatly fluctuate depending on the use cases to be covered.
High isolation in antenna arrays for simultaneous transmit and receive (2013)

Simultaneous transmit and receive requires extremely high isolation between the transmitters and receivers. By designing an antenna array to have high isolation between elements, it is possible to enable simultaneous transmit and receive at the same frequency. In this paper, a technique to achieve over 70 dB of inter-element isolation using tunable resonators placed between antenna elements is demonstrated. The effects of these tunable resonant baffles on the active scan impedance and array patterns is then discussed.
Natalizumab (2012)

Natalizumab has been available as a multiple sclerosis treatment for more than 5 years in Europe and the United States. Natalizumab was granted approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2004, only 12 years after its molecular target was cloned. Shortly after initial approval, natalizumab use was suspended pending a safety review when several natalizumab recipients were diagnosed as having progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. After the safety review, natalizumab was reintroduced to the market in 2006. Since then, more than 92,000 patients have been treated with the drug. Risk stratification algorithms and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy management strategies have been developed, which facilitate more personalized decision making and safer natalizumab use. This review article summarizes the evolution of natalizumab from target molecule discovery through regulatory approval, voluntary suspension, reapproval, and clinical use. The natalizumab story highlights both the opportunities and risks inherent in a novel biological therapy for a progressive neurologic disease.