gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CMR Native T1 Mapping Allows Differentiation of Reversible Versus Irreversible Myocardial Damage in ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction (2017)

Acute native shortened modified look-locker inversion recovery T1 mapping differentiates reversible and irreversible myocardial injury, and it is a strong predictor of left ventricular remodeling in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. A single CMR acquisition of native T1 mapping could potentially represent a fast, safe, and accurate method for early stratification of acute patients in need of more aggressive treatment. Further confirmatory studies will be needed.
Atmospheric vs. anaerobic processing of metabolome samples for the metabolite profiling of a strict anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium acetobutylicum (2014)

Well-established metabolome sample preparation is a prerequisite for reliable metabolomic data. For metabolome sampling of a Gram-positive strict anaerobe, Clostridium acetobutylicum, fast filtration and metabolite extraction with acetonitrile/methanol/water (2:2:1, v/v) at -20°C under anaerobic conditions has been commonly used. This anaerobic metabolite processing method is laborious and time-consuming since it is conducted in an anaerobic chamber. Also, there have not been any systematic method evaluation and development of metabolome sample preparation for strict anaerobes and Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, metabolome sampling and extraction methods were rigorously evaluated and optimized for C. acetobutylicum by using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, in which a total of 116 metabolites were identified. When comparing the atmospheric (i.e., in air) and anaerobic (i.e., in an anaerobic chamber) processing of metabolome sample preparation, there was no significant difference in the quality and quantity of the metabolomic data. For metabolite extraction, pure methanol at -20°C was a better solvent than acetonitrile/methanol/water (2:2:1, v/v/v) at -20°C that is frequently used for C. acetobutylicum, and metabolite profiles were significantly different depending on extraction solvents. This is the first evaluation of metabolite sample preparation under aerobic processing conditions for an anaerobe. This method could be applied conveniently, efficiently, and reliably to metabolome analysis for strict anaerobes in air.
THE MECHANISM DESIGN APPROACH (2004)

The five chapters of Part I apply mechanism design theory and related methods to problems of auction design. We begin with informal descriptions of the main concepts of mechanism design theory. Although these descriptions correspond closely to the formal ones, they conceal technical details that are occasionally important, so the mathematical development is indispensable for a full understanding of the theory.
[Intracerebral grafting of cell line or patient-derived neural stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders]. (2002)

Due to the development of molecular biology techniques, several types of neurotransmitter or neurotrophic factor secreting cell line can be established. These cell lines were grafted into the brain of animal models of Parkinson's disease and cerebral ischemia after encapsulating into the hollow fiber consisted of semipermeable membrane. Immunological reaction and tumor formation were prevented and functional effects were observed histologically, chemically and behaviorally. Current issues regarding encapsulated cell grafting are: delivery of neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor simultaneously from one capsule, usage of human-derived cell lines and control of secretion from outside. There are two possible approaches regarding the usage of patient's own neural stem cells for regenerative therapy. Neural stem cells are collected from the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and these cells are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons using tyrosine hydroxylase induction cocktail (TH cocktail). Then, these neurons are grafted into the striatum of the patient. Another method is to inject TH cocktail into the patient's striatum in order to induce differentiation of dopaminergic neurons from the neural stem cells in vivo.
Imaging techniques for ultrasound contrast agents (2000)

Contrast agents are used today to enhance and aid organ (myocardium, liver, brain, etc.) perfusion studies. From the early days of contrast imaging it was understood that microbubble specific imaging modalities would have to be invented to utilize the contrast effect. The two main characteristics of contrast microbubbles that have defined today’s ultrasound modalities are (1) microbubbles are nonlinear scatterers that generate harmonic signals and (2) they exhibit a transient response, i.e., they are destroyed by ultrasound. Harmonic Doppler and imaging techniques were introduced at first to help with the detection of microbubbles in small vessels and capillaries. The harmonic response of bubbles and their Doppler signals increase with increasing acoustic amplitudes (mechanical index, MI), which results in fast bubble destruction. Triggered (intermittent) imaging, insonifying every n cardiac cycles (where n=1,2,3,...), was established to minimize destruction. Triggered imaging is a cumbersome technique. Real-time imaging techniques are now available. They are made possible by low-amplitude (MI) scanning and by more sensitive low MI techniques like pulse inversion and amplitude modulation. Both triggered and real-time techniques will be discussed in this presentation and clinical examples will be presented.
Cu/LKD-5109 damascene integration demonstration using FF-02 low-k spin-on hard-mask and embedded etch-stop (2003)

The feasibility of integrating low-k spin-on dielectrics into a Cu damascene structure using JSR's LKD-5109 (k = 2.2) has been investigated. The chemical vapor deposited embedded etch-stop (ES) and dual hard-mask (HM) are replaced by JSR's spin-on dielectrics (organic FF-02 and MSQ type LKD-2022). In this study, the capability of FF-02 as an ES and as a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) stop has been verified. In addition to electrical and mechanical film properties of FF-02, the chemical compatibility and removal rate to CMP slurries are investigated. Finally, the first successful single damascene (SD) integration with spin-on dual HM and ES is demonstrated and its electrical results including Raphael's model simulation of the k-value are reported.
Incubation of Environmental Samples in a Diffusion Chamber Increases the Diversity of Recovered Isolates (2007)

The majority of microorganisms from natural environments cannot be grown in the laboratory. The diffusion-chamber-based approach is an alternative method that allows microorganisms to grow in their natural environment. An inoculum is sandwiched between semipermeable (0.03-mum-pore-size) membranes of the chamber, which is then returned to the source environment. The chamber allows for a free exchange of chemicals with the external milieu by diffusion while restricting the movement of cells. We used freshwater pond sediment to inoculate diffusion chambers and petri dishes. The diffusion chambers were incubated on top of the sediment for 4 weeks. Both chamber and petri dish cultivation resulted in the isolation of numerous representatives of Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria; Actinobacteria; Firmicutes; and Bacteroidetes. However, the diffusion-chamber-based approach also led to the isolation of species from rarely cultivated groups, such as Deltaproteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, and Acidobacteria. Material from the chambers was also transferred to new chambers in order to learn whether this will increase the recovery of isolates. Several isolates could be obtained only from material transferred through multiple diffusion chambers. This suggests that continuous cultivation in diffusion chambers adapts some microorganisms for growth under otherwise prohibitive in vitro conditions.
The Epidemiology of Food Allergy in the Global Context (2018)

There is a lack of high-quality evidence based on the gold standard of oral food challenges to determine food allergy prevalence. Nevertheless, studies using surrogate measures of food allergy, such as health service utilization and clinical history, together with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE), provide compelling data that the prevalence of food allergy is increasing in both Western and developing countries. In Western countries, challenge-diagnosed food allergy has been reported to be as high as 10%, with the greatest prevalence noted among younger children. There is also growing evidence of increasing prevalence in developing countries, with rates of challenge-diagnosed food allergy in China and Africa reported to be similar to that in Western countries. An interesting observation is that children of East Asian or African descent born in a Western environment are at higher risk of food allergy compared to Caucasian children; this intriguing finding emphasizes the importance of genome-environment interactions and forecasts future increases in food allergy in Asia and Africa as economic growth continues in these regions. While cow's milk and egg allergy are two of the most common food allergies in most countries, diverse patterns of food allergy can be observed in individual geographic regions determined by each country's feeding patterns. More robust studies investigating food allergy prevalence, particularly in Asia and the developing world, are necessary to understand the extent of the food allergy problem and identify preventive strategies to cope with the potential increase in these regions.
What is the best time for psychosocial counselling from the perspective of cancer patients and their relatives? A multi‐centre qualitative study (2021)

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to identify at what time patients with cancer and their relatives want to be informed about and receive psychosocial counselling. Methods In a multi‐centre prospective study, both users and non‐users of psychosocial cancer counselling were asked to participate in a qualitative interview about their preferences for psychosocial counselling. A second interview was scheduled 3–6 months thereafter. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded according to content analysis. Results Altogether, 61 patients and 42 relatives participated, resulting in 183 interviews (103 at t1, 80 at t2). Most often, the optimal time‐point for cancer counselling was defined by the participants according to the treatment trajectory, and the most frequently mentioned preferred time‐point was ‘as early as possible’: at the time of cancer diagnosis (mentioned in 22% of interviews with men and 10% of interviews with women). In particular, men also said that they wanted psychosocial counselling while waiting for test results (5%), at the point of returning to work and/or when under the threat of unemployment (3%). Women especially preferred this support during therapy (4%) and ‘when one has the capacity for it’ (4%), in terms of time and emotional capacity. Conclusions Healthcare providers should inform their cancer patients and the relatives about the possibilities of professional psychosocial support early on in the disease trajectory (i.e. at the time of diagnosis) and repeatedly thereafter, especially in times of uncertainty, while ensuring the patients’ capacity to process information at each time‐point is taken into consideration.
Guest editorial: Electromagnetic crystal structures, design, synthesis, and applications (1999)

A new paradigm has emerged in which the band structure concepts of solid-state physics are applied to electromagnetics. This has led to a profusion of scientific creativity as new forms of electromagnetic crystal structures are invented for radio and microwaves as well as for optical wavelengths. These new structures are inspired by the three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of both natural crystals and those artificial crystals that can arise only in the human imagination. &#13;\n&#13;\nThese artificial electromagnetic crystals (also known as photonic crystals) are impacting the diverse domains of electromagnetics, extending from radio waves to optical wavelengths. They are bringing scientists together under a common umbrella in the fields of classical electromagnetics, solid-state band theory, semiconductor device physics, quantum optics, nanostructures, and materials science. The number of papers in this field have been growing at roughly 70% per year since the early 1990’s, and there are currently hundreds of papers per year being published on photonic crystals.
[Entrapment of the long head of the biceps: the "hourglass biceps". Another cause of pain and locking of the shoulder]. (2003)

The "hourglass biceps" is caused by a hypertrophic intraarticular portion of the tendon that is unable to slide into the bicipital groove during elevation of the arm. Loss of 10-20 degrees of passive elevation, bicipital groove tenderness, and radiographic findings of a hypertrophied tendon can aid in diagnosis. The "hourglass biceps" should not be misdiagnosed for a frozen shoulder. Definitive diagnosis is made at surgery with the "hourglass test": incarceration and squeezing of the tendon within the joint during forward elevation of the arm with the elbow extended. Simple tenotomy cannot resolve this mechanical block. Either tenotomy with excision of the intraarticular portion of the LHBT or tenodesis must be performed. The "Hourglass" biceps is an addition to the familiar pathologies of the long head of the biceps tendon (tenosynovitis, prerupture, rupture, instability), and should be considered in any case of chronic anterior shoulder pain associated with a loss of shoulder elevation.
Prediction and Preparation of Coamorphous Phases of a Bislactam (2022)

The effectiveness of a partial least squares-discriminant analysis coamorphous prediction model was tested using coamorphous screening data for a promising coamorphous former, the dimer of <i>N</i>-vinyl(caprolactam) (bisVCap) with a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The prediction model predicted 71% of the systems correctly. An experimental coamorphous screen was performed with this coformer with 13 different active pharmaceutical ingredients, and the results were compared to the predictions from the model. A total of 85% of the systems were correctly predicted. Stability assessments of three coamorphous systems showed that the prediction model score did not strongly correlate with the stability of the coamorphous material. The model performed well with small-molecule coformers, such as bisVCap, despite the difference in structure and properties compared to the amino-acid-based model training set.
Fairness-Aware Machine Learning (2019)

Researchers and practitioners from different disciplines have highlighted the ethical and legal challenges posed by the use of machine learned models and data-driven systems, and the potential for such systems to discriminate against certain population groups, due to biases in algorithmic decision-making systems. This tutorial aims to present an overview of algorithmic bias / discrimination issues observed over the last few years and the lessons learned, key regulations and laws, and evolution of techniques for achieving fairness in machine learning systems. We will motivate the need for adopting a "fairness-first" approach (as opposed to viewing algorithmic bias / fairness considerations as an afterthought), when developing machine learning based models and systems for different consumer and enterprise applications. Then, we will focus on the application of fairness-aware machine learning techniques in practice, by presenting case studies from different technology companies. Based on our experiences in industry, we will identify open problems and research challenges for the data mining / machine learning community.
Supplementary Fig. S1 from Role of placenta growth factor in malignancy and evidence that an antagonistic PlGF/Flt-1 peptide inhibits the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer xenografts (2023)

Supplementary Fig. S1 from Role of placenta growth factor in malignancy and evidence that an antagonistic PlGF/Flt-1 peptide inhibits the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer xenografts
Molecular Engineering of Push-Pull Molecules: Towards Photorefractive Materials (1998)

Abstract In low glass-transition temperature photorefractive materials, push-pull chromophores induce photorefractivity essentially via two mechanisms: optical birefringence and Pockels electrooptic effect. A 2-state 2-form description of these molecules indicates how the molecular structure can be optimized to maximize the photorefractive effect. At the optimum structure the two contributions have opposite signs. For the molecular sizes used currently the optical birefringence should dominate photorefractivity. Lengthening the conjugation path leads to a steeper increase of the Pockels electrooptic effect. Yet for the molecular sizes examined in this work, this contribution remains smaller than the optical birefringence at the optimum structure. Huge photorefractive responses could by attained if the molecular structure can be tuned towards the cyanine limit while increasing the molecular size.
Studying the Effects of Fish Muscle Incorporation on Storage Stability of a Novel Corn‐fish Snack (2015)

Abstract To investigate the effect of minced fish incorporation on storage stability of a puffed corn‐fish snack, treatments including 15% silver carp ( H ypophthalmichthys molitrix ) meat and 85% corn (seasoned and unseasoned) were produced by a twin screw extruder. The peroxide values ( PVs ) of treatments increased ( P &lt; 0.05) with storage time and reached a peak in the 12th week, then the values declined following a quadratic model. The fish was the least significant factor ( P &lt; 0.05), meaning that incorporation of minced fish slightly affected the PV . Conversely, the seasoning was the most significant factor ( P &lt; 0.05) followed by storage time. The total volatile base nitrogen and free fatty acid concentration of treatments increased linearly during storage. No significant difference ( P &gt; 0.05) was found for crispiness and color. Also, no microbial growth was observed during storage. The storage stability of the seasoned corn‐fish snack and the control was obtained 28 and 33 weeks, respectively. Practical Applications Starch‐based snacks are widely used. They are high in calories and low in protein. Our previous study has developed a novel extruded puffed corn‐fish snack by incorporation of fish muscle (silver carp) and corn grits using extrusion technology to improve the nutritional properties of the ordinary corn snacks and to add value to silver carp, an underutilized fish species in Iran. To commercialize the product, studying the effect of fish meat incorporation on storage stability of the developed puffed corn‐fish snack and determining the shelf life are required.
LiNi0.33+δMn0.33+δCo0.33-2δO2 (0.025 ≤ δ ≤ 0.075) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: Electrochemical Features (2011)

Electrochemical features of LiNi0.33+δMn0.33+δCo0.33-2δO2 (0≤δ≤0.075) oxides (LNMCOs) have been studied as a function of the composition. The cation mixing was characterized by a set of methods including Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns and magnetic experiments. It is observed that the decreasing amount of cobalt favouring the presence of Ni2+ ions in the Li(3b) site affects the electrochemical performance of lithium cells.
Cigarette smoking and external locus of control among young adolescents. (1982)

Despite its widely publicized negative health effects, children entering their earlx teens continue to initiate the cigarette habit. This study suggests that seventh gra(ders with externa1l locus of control perception represent the group at greatest risk to start smoking early, to smoke at high JrequencY, adti to plan continuation of smoking behavior. However, the relation between smoking and locus of control appears to be nonlinear. Instead, early adolescents who never smoked exhibit a decidedly more internal orientation than do persons having any smoking experience regardless ojtirequency. These findings suggest that deterrence programs should (aim (Iirectly tit individuals with personality characteristics and attributes associated wi'ith externalitx, so aS to reduce the contribution offatalism or learned helplessness to early smoking onset. Future reseaIrch should account for differences in locus of control when investicgating the effectiveness o( different program alternatives in smoking deterrence.
Super-self-aligned back-gate/double-gate planar transistors with thick source/drain and thin silicon channel (2006)

This work presents a reproducible super-self-aligned approach to the fabrication of back-gate/double-gate transistors with thin silicon channels and thick source/drain poly-silicon access regions. Both n-channel and p-channel devices exhibit high drive currents, strong back-gate control and high effective carrier mobility. The unique attributes of our approach include a very effective control of 1) the silicon channel thickness, 2) thick source/drain formation, 3) solidstate diffused junctions from the doped poly-silicon source/drain into the un-doped Si channel, and 4) super-self-alignment between the back gate and the front gate with additional buried interconnections among devices. This approach eliminates the need of epitaxial growth of silicon and irreproducibility of wet etching to form back gate under cut of previous studies.
A protein related to a proteasomal subunit binds to the intracellular domain of the p55 TNF receptor upstream to its ‘death domain’ (1995)

A novel protein that binds specifically to the intracellular domain of the p55 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor was cloned by two-hybrid screening of a HeLa cell cDNA library. Data bank searches revealed high sequence similarity of the protein (55.11) to yeast, nematode and plant proteins, whose functions are yet unknown. Significant similarity was also found between 55.11 and SEN3, the yeast equivalent of the p112 subunit of the 26S proteasome. Deletion analysis showed that the protein binds to the p55 receptor upstream to the region involved in induction of cell death.
Supplementary Figure 8 from Personalized Chemotherapy Profiling Using Cancer Cell Lines from Selectable Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 1893K, FM108 ovarian cell line production.&lt;/p&gt;
Wavelength conversion of high-order QAM signals for future transparent all-optical networks (2014)

With the recent trend of employing spectrally efficient multi-level modulation formats in optical communication systems, it is highly desirable to exploit the all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) schemes for formats, such as 16- or 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. Since the linear and nonlinear phase noise is transferred with the data to the converted wavelength in AOWC subsystem, it is imperative to optimize the operation condition in AOWC to suppress noise to allow compatibility phase-noise sensitive high-order QAM formats. We first investigate the performance optimization of AOWC for high-order QAMs like 64QAM through four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fiber, and then discuss our proposed AOWCs schemes for high-order QAM signals such as 16/64-QAM using coherent pumps which is free of phase noise from pumps.