gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Filter sharing: Efficient learning of parameters for volumetric\n convolutions (2016)

Typical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have several millions of\nparameters and require a large amount of annotated data to train them. In\nmedical applications where training data is hard to come by, these\nsophisticated machine learning models are difficult to train. In this paper, we\npropose a method to reduce the inherent complexity of CNNs during training by\nexploiting the significant redundancy that is noticed in the learnt CNN\nfilters. Our method relies on finding a small set of filters and mixing\ncoefficients to derive every filter in each convolutional layer at the time of\ntraining itself, thereby reducing the number of parameters to be trained. We\nconsider the problem of 3D lung nodule segmentation in CT images and\ndemonstrate the effectiveness of our method in achieving good results with only\nfew training examples.\n
Control of  Listeria Monocytogenes  by Lauric Arginate on Frankfurters Formulated with or without Lactate/Diacetate (2009)

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a food safety concern that can be associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products because of its persistence in the processing environment. Listeriosis has a fatality rate of 28% in immuno-compromised individuals. RTE meats receive a lethal heat treatment but may become contaminated by Lm after this treatment. Federal regulators and manufacturers of RTE meats are working to find additional ways to control postprocess contamination by Lm in RTE meats. This research was initiated to validate combinations of antimicrobials that would produce an immediate lethality of at least 1 log of Lm on artificially contaminated frankfurters, and also suppress Lm growth to less than 2 logs throughout the extended shelf life at refrigerated temperatures (4 degrees C). Based on our studies, 22-ppm lauric arginate (LAE, ethyl-N-dodecanoyl-L-arginate hydrochloride) gave more than a 1-log reduction of Lm surface inoculated onto frankfurters within 12 h. The combination of either 1.8%/0.13% or 2.1%/0.15% potassium lactate/sodium diacetate (L/D) in combination with 22 ppm LAE caused more than a 2-log reduction at 12 h. Storage studies revealed that complementary interactions of L/D and LAE also met the 2nd requirement. This combination initially reduced Lm by 2 logs and suppressed growth to less than 2 logs even at the end of the 156-d storage life for frankfurters. These results confirmed that the combination of L/D with LAE as a postprocessing-prepackaging application could be useful in complying with the USDA's Alternative 1 that requires validation for the control of Lm on RTE frankfurters.
A stratified approach to metric self-calibration (2002)

Camera calibration is essential to many computer vision applications. In practice this often requires cumbersome calibration procedures to be carried out regularly. In the last few years a lot of work has been done on self-calibration of cameras, ranging from weak calibration to metric calibration. It has been shown that a metric calibration of the camera setup (up to scale) was possible based on the rigidity of the scene only. In this paper a stratified approach is proposed which gradually retrieves the metric calibration of the camera setup. Starting from an uncalibrated image sequence the projective calibration is retrieved first. In projective space the plane at infinity is then identified yielding the affine calibration. This is achieved using a constraint which can be formulated between any two arbitrary images of the sequence. Once the affine calibration is known the upgrade to metric is easily obtained through linear equations.
ChemInform Abstract: Function‐Oriented Synthesis, Step Economy, and Drug Design (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Synthesis of Oligo(Deoxyribonucleoside Phosphorodithioate)s by the Dithiaphospholane Approach (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Oligo(Deoxyribonucleoside Phosphorodithioate)s by the Dithiaphospholane ApproachAndrzej Okruszek, Agnieszka Sierzcha-la, Karen L. Fearon, and Wojciech J. StecCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 21, 6998–7005Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00126a060https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00126a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views382Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
High Throughput Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluating Targeted Nanoparticle Probes (2002)

The ability to image specific molecular targets in vivo would have significant impact in allowing earlier disease detection and in tailoring molecular therapies. One of the rate-limiting steps in the development of novel compounds as reporter probes has been the lack of cell-based, biologically relevant, high throughput screening methods. Here we describe the development and validation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a technique to rapidly screen compounds that are potential MR reporter agents for their interaction with specific cellular targets. We show that MR imaging can (1) evaluate thousands of samples simultaneously and rapidly, (2) provide exceedingly accurate measurements, and (3) provide receptor binding/internalization data as validated by radioactive assays. The technique allows the screening of libraries of peptide-nanoparticle conjugates against target cells and the identification of conjugates that may be subsequently used as reporter agents in vivo. The technology should greatly accelerate the development of target-specific or cell-specific MR contrast agents.
Error location in Python: where the mutants hide (2015)

Dynamic scripting programming languages present a unique challenge to software engineering tools that depend on static analysis. Dynamic languages do not benefit from the full lexical and syntax analysis provided by compilers and static analysis tools. Prior work exploited a statically typed language (Java) and a simple \(n\)-gram language model to find syntax-error locations in programs. This work investigates whether \(n\)-gram-based error location on source code written in a dynamic language is effective without static analysis or compilation. UnnaturalCode.py is a syntax-error locator developed for the Python programming language. The UnnaturalCode.py approach is effective on Python code, but faces significantly more challenges than its Java counterpart did. UnnaturalCode.py generalizes the success of previous statically-typed approaches to a dynamically-typed language.
Computer-aided design of power electronic circuits (1985)

The general purpose circuit simulation package SPICE is used as a design tool for power electronic circuits. The process involves simulation of the complete circuit in the microsecond timescale, by which circuit behaviour under different operating conditions can be studied. Semiconductor device models and interconnection inductances are examined. The simulation process is applied to a 50 kVA transistorised chopper circuit and the results are discussed and compared with experimental results.
A versatile tomographic forward- and back-projection approach on multi-GPUs (2014)

Iterative tomographic reconstruction gets more and more into the focus of interest for x-ray computed tomography as parallel high-performance computing finds its way into compact and affordable computing systems in form of GPU devices. However, when it comes to the point of high-resolution x-ray computed tomography, e. g. measured at synchrotron facilities, the limited memory and bandwidth of such devices are soon stretched to their limits. Especially keeping the core part of tomographic reconstruction, the projectors, both versatile and fast for large datasets is challenging. Therefore, we demonstrate a multi-GPU accelerated forward- and backprojector based on projection matrices and taking advantage of two concepts to distribute large datasets into smaller units. The first concept involves splitting up the volume into chunks of slices perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The result is many perfectly independent tasks which then can be solved by distinct GPU devices. A novel ultrafast precalculation kernel prevents unnecessary data transfers for cone-beam geometries. Datasets with a great number of projections can additionally take advantage of the second concept, a split-up into angular wedges. We demonstrate the portability of our projectors to multiple devices and the associated speedup on a high-resolution liver sample measured at the synchrotron. With our splitting approaches, we gained factors of 3.5 - 3.9 on a system with four and 7.5 - 8.0 with eight GPUs. The computing time for our test example decreased from 23:5 s to 2:94 s in the latter case.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of the Monomeric Phosphinogallanes tBu2GaPR′R′′ (R′,R′′: Bulky Aryl or Silyl Groups) and Related Compounds. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Glial cell survival is enhanced during melatonin‐induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia (2000)

The role of glial cells in neuronal death has become a major research interest. Glial cell activation has been demonstrated to accompany cerebral ischemia. However, there is disagreement whether such gliosis is a cell death or a neuroprotective response. In the present study, we examined alterations in glial cell responses to the reported neuroprotective action of the free radical scavenger, melatonin, against cerebral ischemia. Adult male Wistar rats were given oral injections of either melatonin (26 μmol/rat) or saline just prior to 1 h occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), then once daily for 11 or 19 consecutive days. At 11 and 19 days after reperfusion of the MCA, randomly selected animals were killed and their brains removed for immunohistochemical assays. Melatonin significantly enhanced survival of glial cells (as revealed by glial cell specific markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein and aquaporin‐4 immunostaining) at both time periods postischemia, and the preservation of these glial cells in the ischemic penumbra corresponded with a markedly reduced area of infarction (detected by immunoglobulin G and hematoxylin‐eosin staining), as well as increased neuronal survival. The ischemia‐induced locomotor deficits were partially ameliorated in melatonin‐treated animals. In vitro replications of ischemia by serum deprivation or by exposure to free radical‐producing toxins (sodium nitroprusside and 3‐nitropropionic acid) revealed that melatonin (10 μg/ml or 100 μM) treatment of pure astrocytic cultures significantly reduced astrocytic cell death. These results suggest a potential strategy directed at enhancing glial cell survival as an alternative protective approach against ischemic damage.—Borlongan, C. V., Yamamoto, M., Takei, N., Kumazaki, M., Ungsuparkorn, C., Hida, H., Sanberg, P. R., Nishino, H. Glial cell survival is enhanced during melatonin‐induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. FASEB J. 14, 1307–1317 (2000)
Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxides on sp2-Graphitic Carbon Substrates (2014)

Abstract : This research concentrated on the growth and characterization of metal oxide ALD films on sp2-graphitic carbon substrates. Metal oxide ALD films on sp2-graphitic carbon were also evaluated for their ability to serve as electrodes for Li ion batteries and for pseudocapacitance supercapacitors. The research explored the ALD nucleation procedure based on NO2 and TMA. Al2O3 ALD films resulting from the nucleation procedure were analyzed using electrochemical methods with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Other metal oxide ALD films such as TiO2 and ZnO were used for electrodes for Li ion batteries and pseudocapacitance supercapacitors.
Dietary Flavonoids Activate the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) (2010)

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is known as a xeno-sensor that regulates genes involved in xenobiotic excretion and energy metabolism. This study tested a variety of polyphenols for their ability to modulate CAR activity. HepG2 cells were transfected with a CAR expression plasmid and a reporter plasmid containing the human CYP2B6 regulatory region and then treated with flavonoids, catechins, and other bioactive polyphenols. Luciferase assays revealed that baicalein (5,6,7-OH flavone) was a potent activator of both human and mouse CAR. Catechin gallates also activated human and mouse CAR. Wild-type and CAR knockout mice were treated with baicalein and chrysin (5,7-OH flavone), and their liver mRNA was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A significant increase in cyp2b10 mRNA content was observed only in wild-type mice fed chrysin. These results suggest that dietary flavonoids regulate CAR activity and thereby accelerate both detoxification and energy metabolism.
A general constraint-based control framework with examples in modular self-reconfigurable robots (2003)

In this paper, we advocate a general constraint-based control framework that is highly promising for building control systems with complex dynamic structures, such as modular self-reconfigurable robots. In this framework, a controller consists of constraint solving components distributed in a network of embedded processors. Constraint solvers are goal oriented deliberative agents that can be used as control regulators or as information retrievers. The framework is built on the attribute/service model (ASM), a middleware for coordinating actuators, sensors and tasks in distributed real-time embedded systems. The communications and coordination among the services are realized via shared attributes. Examples of controlling a modular self-reconfigurable robot are illustrated in the paper.
Organoselenium chemistry. Alkylation of acid, ester, amide, and ketone enolates with bromomethyl benzyl selenide and sulfide. Preparation of selenocysteine derivatives (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganoselenium chemistry. Alkylation of acid, ester, amide, and ketone enolates with bromomethyl benzyl selenide and sulfide. Preparation of selenocysteine derivativesHans J. Reich, Craig P. Jasperse, and James M. RengaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 15, 2981–2988Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00365a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00365a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1047Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Complexes Correlates with Inhibitory Activity (1998)

The tryptophan time-resolved fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of the HIV-1 protease dimer is shown to be a quick and efficient method for the conformational characterization of protease inhibitor complexes. Four fluorescence lifetimes were needed to adequately describe the fluorescence decay of the two tryptophan residues, W6 and W42, per protease monomer. As a result of the wavelength dependence of the respective amplitudes, the 2.06 ns and the 4.46 ns decay constants were suggested to be the intrinsic fluorescence lifetimes of the more solvent-exposed W6 and the less exposed W42 residues, respectively. Analysis of the fluorescence anisotropy decay yielded a short correlation time of 250 ps corresponding to local chromophore motions, and a long correlation time of 12.96 ns resulting from overall rotation of the protease enzyme. Fluorescence lifetimes and rotational correlation times changed when inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease were added. The effects of 11 different inhibitors including statine-derived, hydroxyethylamine-derived, and 2 symmetrical inhibitors on the protease fluorescence dynamics were investigated. Inhibitor binding is shown to induce an increase of the mean fluorescence lifetime taumean, an increase of the short rotational correlation time phi1, as well as a decrease of the long rotational correlation time phi2. The mean rotational correlation time phimean was identified as the global dynamic parameter for a given molecular complex, which correlates with the inhibitor dissociation constant Ki, and therefore with the activity of the inhibitor.
Investigation of low pressure capacitively coupled plasma behavior using PIC-MCC simulation (2011)

Summary form only given. Capacitively coupled plasmas in the sub-20 mTorr range have gained importance in recent years for advanced micro-electronic device fabrication. Due to long electron mean free path and large bias voltages in this regime, kinetic effects play an important role in the behavior of low pressure plasmas. To consider the kinetic effects, a 1D hybrid plasma model has been developed that uses particle in cell (PIC) technique [1] for charged species, and the fluid method for neutral species. The PIC model includes Monte Carlo Collision (MCC) method to calculate collision frequencies for various processes using a database of collision cross-sections. The fluid model for neutral species takes into account species transport in the plasma, chemical reactions, and surface processes. Capacitively coupled Ar plasma is simulated at low pressure (5-10 mTorr) at 60 MHz. The rf voltage (200-400 V) has been applied to the right electrode, and the left electrode is grounded. The secondary electron emission coefficient for ions is 0.3 on both electrodes. The inter-electrode gap is varied from 5.0 cm to 2.1 cm. In the plasma, electrons primarily absorb power from the external power supply at the sheath edge during sheath acceleration [2]. Energetic beam electrons are generated at the sheath edge during electron heating, which are responsible for plasma production and sustenance through collisions. With decrease in gap, electron density is first observed to decrease due to increase in surface loss to volume generation ratio. However, as the gap is further narrowed, the electron density starts increasing again. This increase in electron density occurs at a narrow gap as the beam electron transit time from one sheath to the opposite one becomes commensurate with the sheath oscillation period, resulting in enhanced power deposition. The peak in electron density is observed at the narrow gap at different pressures and rf voltages.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (2012)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis induced by pressure overload in mice. Although cardiac fibrosis is attributed to excess pathological deposition of extracellular matrix components, the mechanism remains unclear. Recent reports revealed that α-smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts are primarily responsible for fibrosis. It is believed that myofibroblasts are differentiated from resident fibroblasts, whereas the transformation of vascular endothelial cells into myofibroblasts, known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition, has been suggested to be intimately associated with perivascular fibrosis. Thus, we hypothesized that HGF prevents cardiac fibrosis by blocking these pathways. We analyzed the pressure-overloaded HGF-transgenic mouse model made by transverse aortic constriction. Human coronary artery endothelial cells and human cardiac fibroblasts were examined in vitro after being treated with transforming growth factor-β1 or angiotensin II with or without HGF. The amount of cardiac fibrosis significantly decreased in pressure-overloaded HGF-transgenic mice compared with pressure-overloaded nontransgenic controls, particularly in the perivascular region. This was accompanied by a reduction in the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes and by significant preservation of echocardiographic measurements of cardiac function in the HGF-transgenic mice (P<0.05). The survival rate 2 months after transverse aortic constriction was higher by 45% (P<0.05). HGF inhibited the differentiation of human coronary artery endothelial cells into myofibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor-β1 and the phenotypic conversion of human cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. We conclude that HGF reduced cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial-mesenchymal transition and the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts.