gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-Manhattan layout extraction algorithm (2013)

Automated publishing requires large databases containing document page layout templates. The number of layout templates that need to be created and stored grows exponentially with the complexity of the document layouts. A better approach for automated publishing is to reuse layout templates of existing documents for the generation of new documents. In this paper, we present an algorithm for template extraction from a docu- ment page image. We use the cost-optimized segmentation algorithm (COS) to segment the image, and Voronoi decomposition to cluster the text regions. Then, we create a block image where each block represents a homo- geneous region of the document page. We construct a geometrical tree that describes the hierarchical structure of the document page. We also implement a font recognition algorithm to analyze the font of each text region. We present a detailed description of the algorithm and our preliminary results.
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval (2003)

Welcome to Toronto! We are pleased to host the Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on its second visit to Canada. The tutorials, keynote speech, papers, posters, demos and workshops to be given over the next five days represent current techniques, challenges, and advances in information retrieval.Since the 8th SIGIR Conference in Montreal, 1985, information retrieval applications have become ubiquitous. It is difficult to imagine using a personal computer, a library, the web, or a peer-to-peer file sharing system without relying on the results of information retrieval research. At the same time it is easy to observe limitations in the tools we use and to imagine how they might be improved. These observations provide the impetus for current and future research.Toronto, Canada's largest city with a population of 2.5 million, is home to virtually all of the world's cultural groups, boasting safe and clean streets, first class entertainment, fine dining, major league sports, parks, and recreation facilities. It may surprise you that Toronto is also a major centre for television and movie production, third in North America after Los Angeles and New York. Chicago -winner of six Academy Awards including Best Picture - was filmed here.
Discovery of substituted isoquinolinediones as potent and selective inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4: 2. Benzylenamine series (2007)

4370 Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is predicted to provide an effective therapeutic treatment for cancer. Design and discovery of small molecule inhibitors that are selective for CDK4 have been actively pursued in many laboratories. However, achieving high levels of selectivity for CDK4, versus other CDKs and ATP-dependent kinases, presents a significant challenge. We demonstrate that isoquinolinedione is an attractive scaffold for selective CDK4 inhibitors. Adding a substituted benzylenamine moiety to the scaffold yielded highly potent and selective inhibitors of CDK4. Replacing the phenyl ring of the benzylenamine moiety with a pyridyl ring also generated potent and selective CDK4 inhibitors. Molecular modeling will be presented to demonstrate the key interactions with the CDK4 enzyme. We will also present the synthesis and SAR for the series.
Active localization on the ocean floor with multibeam sonar (2008)

We present a method for infrastructure-free localization of underwater vehicles with multibeam sonar. After constructing a large scale (4 km), high resolution (1 m) bathymetric map of a region of the ocean floor, the vehicle can use the map to correct its gradual dead-reckoning error, or to re-localize itself after returning from the surface. This ability to re-localize is particularly important for deep-operating vehicles, which accumulate large amounts of error during the descent through the water column. We use a 3D evidence grid, stored in a efficient octree data structure, to fuse the multibeam range measurements and build maps that do not rely on particular features and are robust to noisy measurements. We use a particle filter to perform localization relative to this map. Both map and filter are general, robust techniques, and both run in real-time. Localization convergence and accuracy are improved, particularly over sparsely varying terrain, by deliberately selecting actions that are predicted to reduce the vehicle's position uncertainty. Our approach to this active localization is to select actions that are expected to generate sonar data that maximally discriminates between the current position hypotheses. Maximal discrimination is a very fast proxy for standard particle filter entropy-based active localization. These methods are demonstrated using a dataset provided by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute from their mapping AUV, collected near the Axial Seamount in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Though it depends on the situation, the vehicle's position estimate typically converges to within 2 m of the true position in less than 100 s of traverse, or 150 m at 1.5 m/s. We explore the limitations of our approach, particularly with a smaller number of range sensors: although performance is degraded, satisfactory results are achieved with just four sonars.
A new atomic beam source: The ‘‘candlestick’’ (1994)

The design of a novel-type of atomic beam source which provides for long term, stable operation at high emission rates is reported. The heart of the design is the ‘‘candlestick’’ where liquid source material is transported by capillary action to a localized hot emission region. A surrounding cavity kept at the melting point for the source material shields the vacuum chamber walls from this region. The atomic beam escaping from the source is collimated, and uncollimated atoms are transported back to the liquid reservoir at the bottom of the ‘‘candlestick’’ by capillary action. This design has advantages over traditional oven designs: localized heating provides for large emission rates under high vacuum conditions, collimation is combined with recycling and conservation of source material, and the use of capillarity allows any orientation of the beam source. The source has been tested with sodium, and we believe that the design is useful for a broad range of applications including thin-film evaporation, molecular beam epitaxy, and semiconductor surface doping. With the low thermal mass of the emission section, the source could be optimized for pulsed mode operation. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the design ideas presented here could form the basis for a supersonic source with very high Mach numbers.
Review of biomedical Čerenkov luminescence imaging applications (2015)

Abstract: Čerenkov radiation is a fascinating optical signal, which has been&#13;\nexploited for unique diagnostic biological sensing and imaging, with&#13;\nsignificantly expanded use just in the last half decade. Čerenkov&#13;\nLuminescence Imaging (CLI) has desirable capabilities for niche&#13;\napplications, using specially designed measurement systems that report on&#13;\nradiation distributions, radiotracer and nanoparticle concentrations, and are&#13;\ndirectly applied to procedures such as medicine assessment, endoscopy,&#13;\nsurgery, quality assurance and dosimetry. When compared to the other&#13;\nimaging tools such as PET and SPECT, CLI can have the key advantage of&#13;\nlower cost, higher throughput and lower imaging time. CLI can also provide&#13;\nimaging and dosimetry information from both radioisotopes and linear&#13;\naccelerator irradiation. The relatively short range of optical photon transport&#13;\nin tissue means that direct Čerenkov luminescence imaging is restricted to&#13;\nsmall animals or near surface human use. Use of Čerenkov-excitation for&#13;\nadditional molecular probes, is now emerging as a key tool for biosensing&#13;\nor radiosensitization. This review evaluates these new improvements in CLI&#13;\nfor both medical value and biological insight
Influence of the Headgroup on the Interaction of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(propylene oxide) Block Copolymers with Lipid Bilayers (2020)

The lipid headgroup plays an important role in the association of polymers with lipid bilayer membranes. Herein, we report how a glycerol headgroup versus a choline headgroup affects the interaction of poly(ethylene oxide)-<i>b</i>-poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-PPO) block copolymers with lipid bilayer vesicles. Unilamellar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol at various molar ratios were used as model membranes. The interactions between the block copolymers and lipid bilayers were quantified by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) based on the distinctly different mobilities of free and bound polymers. All the investigated polymer species showed significantly higher binding with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (POPG) liposomes than with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) liposomes, indicating stronger association with the glycerol headgroup compared to the choline headgroup. This effect did not become significant until the composition of mixed POPC/POPG liposomes contained more than 20 mol % POPG. A plausible explanation for the enhanced polymer binding with POPG invokes the role of hydrogen bonding between the glycerol headgroup and the ether moieties of the polymers.
Advanced turbine design for coal-fueled engines. Phase 2, Corrosion of turbine hot gas path blading: Final report, December 1988--February 1993 (1993)

The environment within the advanced industrial gas turbine is highly oxidizing and contains the compounds, salts and oxides that accelerate the rate of oxidation of structural materials. Protective coatings which differ from each other and the superalloys in composition and phase morphology, enhance the oxidation and corrosion resistance of the superalloys. As temperatures increase, the relativity stability and long term effectiveness of the coatings is of concern. The interdiffusion of coating and alloy constituents can affect chemical and mechanical properties. Long term studies are appropriate. Thermal barrier coatings, introduced at the inception of the current program will further improve the thermal efficiency of industrial gas turbine engines. The interaction between state-of-the-art thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and oxidation and corrosion in the coal fired environment is of concern and should be critically examined. The superior performance of the overlay coating is related to thickness rather than chemistry. With respect to sodium sulfate corrosion, the life of the overlay coating is 2.7 times longer than that of the platinum aluminide which in turn is 2.2 times longer than that of the simple aluminide. The ranking of the coatings is unchanged with respect to eutectic soft corrosion, however the salt is more aggressive. The life of the overlay coating is 1.4 times longer than that of the platinum aluminide which is 1.9 times longer than that of the simple aluminide.
Increased Bone Volume and Correction of HYP Mouse Hypophosphatemia in the Klotho/HYP Mouse (2009)

Inactivating mutations of PHEX cause X-linked hypophosphatemia and result in increased circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 action is dependent upon Klotho, which converts FGF receptor 1 into an FGF23-specific receptor. Disruption of Klotho results in a complex bone phenotype and hyperphosphatemia, the converse phenotype of X-linked hypophosphatemia. We examined effects of disrupting both Klotho and PHEX by creating a double-knockout (Klotho/HYP) mouse. The combined disruption corrected the hypophosphatemia in HYP mice, indicating that Klotho is epistatic to PHEX. FGF23 levels remained elevated in all groups except wild-type, indicating that Klotho is necessary for FGF23-dependent phosphaturic activity. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D levels, reduced in HYP mice, were comparably elevated in Klotho and Klotho/HYP mice, demonstrating that Klotho is necessary for FGF23's effect on vitamin D metabolism. Serum PTH levels were reduced in both Klotho and Klotho/HYP mice. Moreover, the Klotho null phenotype persisted in Klotho/HYP, maintaining the runty phenotype and decreased life span of Klotho null mice. Notably, microcomputed tomography analysis demonstrated greater trabecular bone volume fraction in Klotho/HYP mice than that in all other groups (Klotho/HYP, 56.2 +/- 6.3%; Klotho, 32.5 +/- 10.3%; HYP, 8.6 +/- 7.7%; and wild type, 21.4 +/- 3.4%; P < 0.004). Histomorphometric analysis confirmed the markedly increased trabecular bone density in Klotho/HYP mice and the well-established increase in osteoid volume in HYP mice. These observations suggest that with addition of Klotho loss of function, the overabundant osteoid typically produced in HYP mice (but fails to mineralize) is produced and mineralized in the double knockout, resulting in markedly enhanced trabecular bone density.
Automation of PET Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control (2020)

This chapter identifies the most important milestones in the positron emission tomography (PET) industry that have led to quality control (QC) standardization and set the stage for automated solutions. It then introduces the progression of approaches to automation undertaken by different organizations. Discussion of these approaches, drivers, barriers, and opportunities should put the reader in a position to compare the automated QC solutions available today or arising in the future. This discussion is followed by a regulatory framework and mechanisms available for practical transition from traditional to automated QC. Automated solution developers need expertise in a broad range of analytical technologies involved in radiopharmaceutical QC. The three milestones of standardization of PET QC procedures, current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, and new tracer introductions have defined a typical laboratory that can be used to execute the modern QC process. The chapter also offers the author’s perspective on continued innovation and welcome readers to formulate their own.
High-Brightness InGaN–GaN Power Flip-Chip LEDs (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We report the fabrication of InGaN–GaN power flip-chip (FC) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a roughened sapphire backside surface prepared by grinding. It was found that we can increase output power of the FC LED by about 35% by roughening the backside surface of the sapphire substrate. The reliability of the proposed device was also better, as compared to power FC LEDs with a conventional flat sapphire backside surface. </para>
Room-temperature 106–053-μm second-harmonic generation with MgO:LiNbO_3 (1990)

Room-temperature 1.06-0.53-microm second-harmonic generation (SHG) achieved with LiNbO(3) doped with 7 mol. % MgO has been studied. Phase matching was achieved with angle tuning. SHG conversion efficiency of 45% was obtained with a 12-mm-long crystal and a fundamental peak-power density of 140 MW/cm (2). SHG performance of MgO:LiNbO(3) is compared with that of KTP and LBO crystals. Various phase-matching parameters of MgO:LiNbO(3) were calculated as functions of the fundamental wavelength, using the experimentally determined Sellmeier equations. It was found that room-temperature, noncritically-phase-matched Type I SHG can be achieved in this crystal at 1.053 microm, where Nd:YLF lasers operate.
Performance evaluation of a whole-body prototype PET scanner with four-layer DOI detectors (2019)

Parallax error caused by the detector crystal thickness degrades spatial resolution at the peripheral regions of the field-of-view (FOV) of a scanner. To resolve this issue, depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement is a promising solution to improve the spatial resolution and its uniformity over the entire FOV. Even though DOI detectors have been used in dedicated systems with a small ring diameter such as for the human brain, breast and small animals, the use of DOI detectors for a large bore whole-body PET system has not been demonstrated yet. We have developed a four-layered DOI detector, and its potential for a brain dedicated system has been proven in our previous development. In the present work, we investigated the use of the four-layer DOI detector for a large bore PET system by developing the world's first whole-body prototype. We evaluated its performance characteristics in accordance with the NEMA NU 2 standard. Furthermore, the impact of incorporating DOI information was evaluated with the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom. Point source images were reconstructed with a filtered back projection (FBP), and an average spatial resolution of 5.2 ± 0.7 mm was obtained. For the FBP image, the four-layer DOI information improved the radial spatial resolution by 48% at the 20 cm offset position. The peak noise-equivalent count rate (NECR) was 22.9 kcps at 7.4 kBq ml<sup>-1</sup> and the scatter fraction was 44%. The system sensitivity was 5.9 kcps MBq<sup>-1</sup>. For the NEMA NU 2 image quality phantom, the 10 mm sphere was clearly visualized without any artifacts. For the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom, we measured the phantom at 0, 10 and 20 cm offset positions. As a result, we found the image with four-layer DOI could visualize the 2 mm-diameter hot cylinder although it could not be recognized on the image without DOI. The average improvements in the recovery coefficients for the five hot rods (1-5 mm) were 0.3%, 4.4% and 26.3% at the 0, 10 and 20 cm offset positions, respectively (except for the 1 mm-diameter rod at the 20 cm offset position). Although several practical issues (such as adding end-shields) remain to be addressed before the scanner is ready for clinical use, we showed that the four-layer DOI technology provided higher and more uniform spatial resolution over the FOV and improved contrast for small uptake regions located at the peripheral FOV, which could improve detectability of small and distal lesions such as nodal metastases, especially in obese patients.
Lipocationic polyesters from ring-opening polymerization of functional lactones for efficacious siRNA delivery (2016)

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In situ small-angle neutron scattering and rheological measurements of shear-induced gelation (2007)

The microscopic structure of shear-induced gels for a mixed solution of 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose and nanometer-size spherical droplets has been investigated by in situ small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with a Couette geometry as a function of shear rate gamma. With increasing gamma, the viscosity increased rapidly at gamma approximately 4.0 s(-1), followed by a shear thinning. After cessation of shear, the system exhibited an extraordinarily large steady viscosity. This phenomenon was observed as a shear-induced sol-gel transition. Real-time SANS measurements showed an increase in the scattering intensity exclusively at low scattering angle region. However, neither orientation of polymer chains nor droplet deformation was detected and the SANS patterns remained isotropic irrespective of gamma. It took about a few days for the gel to recover its original sol state. A possible mechanism of gelation is proposed from the viewpoint of shear-induced percolation transition.
High effective neutralizer for negative hydrogen and deuterium ion beams on base of nonresonance adiabatic trap of photons (2017)

High efficiency of negative ion beam neutralization by using a photon target is presented in this work. The target was designed and manufactured on principles of nonresonance adiabatic confinement of photons. This photon trap shaped a long arc blended with end spherical mirrors. The arc part consists several cylinder mirrors. Trap sizes was about 30×50×250 mm3. A photon flux from an industrial fiber laser (λ =1070 nm, Δλ=7nm, P=2.1 kW) was injected into trap normally to one cylinder mirror through small entrance hole with angular spread about 3 degree. Test negative ion beams were passed through photon confinement region and suppressing ion current was registered. These experiments has been carried out with H-, D- beams. High neutralization degree more than 95% has been demonstrated.
Abstract 808: Functional evaluation of novel germline DNA repair variants identified in patients with early-onset renal cancer (2021)

Abstract Background: Early-onset renal cancer (eoRC) is typically associated with significant family history of cancer, and often associated with germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in ‘RC-specific' genes including VHL, MET, FLCN, TSC1, TSC2, FH, SDH, PTEN and BAP1. However, most eoRC patients lack PVs in RC-specific genes; rather, we recently identified an enrichment of likely PVs in DNA repair genes in eoRC patients. Here, using eoRC patient resources (primary and transformed lymphocytes, lymphocyte DNA, and tumor tissue), we functionally evaluated the DNA repair variants identified in eoRC patients. Methods: We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) on lymphocyte DNA from 22 patients with genetically undefined eoRC, with extensive family history of RC and/or other cancers, provided by Risk Assessment Program and Genitourinary Group at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Prioritized variants were assessed by structural, biochemical and cellular studies. Results: 70% of patients had rare, heterozygous, missense variants in genes that suppress DNA damage. ~18% of the variants were in DNA polymerase genes (POLD1, POLE, POLH, POLK), which mediate DNA replication-repair. Increased tumor mutation burden (&amp;gt;10 mutations/Mb) was observed in tumors carrying predicted damaging polymerase variants. In functional testing, induction of DNA damage in primary lymphocytes from eoRC patients and matched cancer-free controls (n=20 each) selectively elevated γH2AX foci (indicative of DNA damage) in cells from eoRC patients (P&amp;lt;0.001, pairwise T-test). DNA fiber analysis of eoRC patient-derived lymphocyte lines carrying the polymerase variants, showed significantly slower rate of DNA replication, and replication fork restoration after DNA damage versus the matched control-derived lymphocyte lines (P&amp;lt;0.01, Mann-Whitney test). Biochemical analysis of purified polymerase proteins found that the variants differ from wild type polymerase in their ability to extend DNA substrates and bypass DNA lesion(s), and exhibit dominant negative effects. Conclusion and future work: Our results indicate that germline variants in DNA repair genes impact suppression of DNA damage in cells from patients with eoRC. Biological studies testing the impact of the identified variants on renal carcinogenesis are warranted. Overall, genetic testing for variation in DNA repair genes may provide a more comprehensive risk assessment in eoRC patients, and provide novel opportunities for targeting DNA repair vulnerabilities in RC. Citation Format: Elena V. Demidova, Waleed Iqbal, Ilya G. Serebriiskii, Andrea F. Forman, Tatiana Kent, Richard T. Pomerantz, Erica A. Golemis, Michael J. Hall, David Y. Chen, Mary B. Daly, Sanjeevani Arora. Functional evaluation of novel germline DNA repair variants identified in patients with early-onset renal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 808.