gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bidding strategy in energy and spinning reserve markets for aluminum smelters' demand response (2015)

Aluminum smelting is an energy-intensive electrolytic process that is widely used to produce aluminum. The electricity cost thereby constitutes a significant portion of the total operation cost. At the same time, the smelting process is able to change its power consumption both accurately and quickly by controlling the pots' DC voltage, without affecting the production quality. Hence, an aluminum smelter has both the motivation and the ability to participate in demand-side management. By bidding into the electricity market, the smelter provides flexibility to the power system operator and gets compensation which reduces the overall electricity cost. In this paper, we focus on determining the optimal bidding strategy in the day-ahead energy and spinning reserve markets for an aluminum smelter. The approach is based on stochastic programming in which the market prices are the stochastic variables. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach and provide insights into the demand-side management for industrial plants.
Monitoring of peripheral nerve regeneration by means of a biomagnetic sensor (2003)

Nerve bundle compound action signals measured near a nerve block or a cut end of a peripheral nerve bundle show characteristics specific for the nonstationary action potential propagation that occurs in these situations. Similar signals measured near a regenerating end of a peripheral nerve bundle contain information on the speed and quality of peripheral nerve regeneration after surgical repair of a nerve trauma. Preliminary results of the monitoring of peripheral nerve regeneration within only weeks after surgical nerve repair are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sum-frequency-photon generation from an entangled photon pair (2013)

We report sum-frequency-photon generation from an entangled photon pair, which is an important step toward the realization of photon pairs with ultra-short (monocycle) temporal correlation.
Heck Reactions without Salt Formation: Aromatic Carboxylic Anhydrides as Arylating Agents (1998)

Environmentally benign and economical production of arylated olefins can be achieved by a new variant of the Heck reaction in which no halogen salts are formed. The trick is the use of aromatic carboxylic anhydrides 1 as arylating agents. With halide-activated palladium chloride as catalyst, which requires no phosphane ligands, the olefins 2 can be prepared according to Equation (a) in good yields.
Applications of Large Optical 3D MEMS Switches in Radio-over-Fiber In-building Networks (2010)

We describe the advantages of using large 3D MEMS switches in in-building Radio-over-Fiber networks, where the large number of users can be interconnected through the switch, thus avoiding hardware intensive and expensive electro-optic conversions.
Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Using Opto-Nanofluidic Slot-Waveguide for Label-Free On-Chip Chemical Sensing (2013)

A mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrometer for label-free on-chip chemical sensing was developed using an engineered nanofluidic channel consisting of a Si-liquid-Si slot-structure. Utilizing the large refractive index contrast (Δn ∼ 2) between the liquid core of the waveguide and the Si cladding, a broadband mid-IR lightwave can be efficiently guided and confined within a nanofluidic capillary (≤100 nm wide). The optical-field enhancement, together with the direct interaction between the probe light and the analyte, increased the sensitivity for chemical detection by 50 times when compared to evanescent-wave sensing. This spectrometer distinguished several common organic liquids (e.g., n-bromohexane, toluene, isopropanol) accurately and could determine the ratio of chemical species (e.g., acetonitrile and ethanol) at low concentration (<5 μL/mL) in a mixture through spectral scanning over their characteristic absorption peaks in the mid-IR regime. The combination of CMOS-compatible planar mid-IR microphotonics, and a high-throughput nanofluidic sensor system, provides a unique platform for chemical detection.
Iron Porphyrins Catalyze the Synthesis of Non‐Protected Amino Acid Ester from Ammonia and Diazoacetates. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (1999)

JCV viruria was found as frequently in HIV-positive individuals as in control subjects, suggesting that its detection has no clinical value. JCV detection in the blood correlates with immunosuppression and not with PML. The presence of JCV in the CSF is highly sensitive and specific for PML, and a high CSF JC viral load was associated with poor clinical outcome in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. JCV quantification in the CSF constitutes a potentially important tool for monitoring clinical PML treatment trials.
Catalytic supercritical fluid extraction: selective hydroformylation of olefin mixtures using scCO2 solubility for differentiation (2010)

A new reaction concept that allows one to control the substrate selectivity of a catalytic reaction by supercritical fluid extraction is demonstrated for the hydroformylation of long-chain olefins as a prototypical example.
Herbal flavonoids inhibit the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice: proposed mechanisms of action in the example of PADMA 28 (2010)

Padma 28 is a multicompound herbal preparation based on the camphor formulas from traditional tibetan medicine (TTM). It contains a variety of different secondary plant substances, which include terpenes and polyphenols such as flavonoids and tannins. The formula is used in various chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether secondary plant substances as present in Padma 28 are able to prevent the development of autoimmune diabetes. Female NOD mice were administered an aqueous Padma 28 extract intraperitonneally (i.p.), subcutaneously (s.c.) or per os (p.o.) over a period of 13 weeks. The development of autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1 was monitored over 24 weeks. Untreated and saline treated mice served as controls. After 24 weeks, 20% of the control groups were free of diabetes while 100% and 80% of the animals administered aqueous extracts from Padma 28 i.p. or s.c., respectively, were diabetes-free. In the p.o. group, 33% were diabetes-free. In controls, only a few pancreatic islets had survived. Animals treated i.p. with Padma 28 had preserved islets with minimal lymphocyte infiltrations. Spleen cells from animals treated i.p. or s.c. with Padma 28 and stimulated with concanavalin A showed significant elevations in the levels of interleukins (IL)-10, IL-6 and IL-4. In the plasma, the level of the Th1 cytokine IL-12 was decreased in the i.p. group. Padma 28 treatment by the i.p. route of administration showed a significant decrease in CD8 cytotoxic cells, which have been implicated in the destruction of the islets. The findings support the use of secondary plant substances such as flavonoids in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. The results suggest that Padma 28 has immuno­modulatory effects associated with a shift from Th1 to Th2 immune response and may have protective effects against autoimmune diabetes.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of (α‐((tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)amino)alkyl) boronates from (α‐Haloalkyl)boronates. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Assessing White Matter Microstructure in Brain Regions with Different Myelin Architecture Using MRI (2016)

Multimodal assessment of WM microstructure was possible within clinically feasible scan times using a broad combination of quantitative microstructural MRI sequences. By assessing new microstructural WM parameters we were able to provide normative data and discuss their interpretation in regions with different myelin architecture, as well as their possible application as biomarker for WM disorders.
New fast response in‐plane switching liquid crystal mode (2018)

Abstract This study aims to develop a novel in‐plane switching liquid crystal display with a fast response time, known as short‐range lurch control in‐plane switching (SLC‐IPS) mode. We found that the distance l , which is orthogonal to the liquid crystal layer thickness, affects the response properties of the liquid crystal display mode. The distance l was obtained using a simple electrode structure. The SLC‐IPS obtained by this structure exhibits a response that is approximately three times faster than that of a conventional IPS. We applied the SLC‐IPS to virtual reality head‐mounted displays and confirmed that its response properties satisfy the requirements for moving picture quality.
Indole diterpene synthetic studies. 2. First-generation total synthesis of (-)-paspaline (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIndole diterpene synthetic studies. 2. First-generation total synthesis of (-)-paspalineRichard E. Mewshaw, Michael D. Taylor, and Amos B. Smith IIICite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 14, 3449–3462Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00275a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00275a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1826Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Actinomycin D facilitates transition of AT domains in molecules of sequence (AT)nAGCT(AT)n to a DNAse I detectable alternating structure (1987)

The interaction of actinomycin D with (AT)nAGCT(AT)n (where n = 2, 3, or 4) was investigated using a combination of imino proton NMR and DNAse I digestion. The stoichiometry of the interaction appears to be one:one with the actinomycin chromophore intercalated between the two GC base pairs. This binding event facilitates the conversion of the flanking repetitive AT regions to an alternating conformation characterized by induced sensitivity of the ApT sequences to attack by DNAse I. The neighboring TpA sequences do not exhibit rate changes as a function of binding of the drug. The potential relevance of such ligand induced DNA structural alterations is discussed.
Group delay measurement of 1.3 μm quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier over 120 nm of spectral bandwidth (2010)

This work presents group delay measurements for a 1.3 &#956;m quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifier at various injection currents. White-light interferometry is used to obtain group delay data spanning both ground state and first excited state transitions, ranging from 1200 nm to 1320 nm. The group delay, group velocity dispersion and existence of higher order dispersion is observed and quantified.
Nondestructive metrology by optical coherence tomography empowering manufacturing iterations of layered polymeric optical materials (2013)

In recent years, there has been an ever-growing interest in exploring different optical materials and components to develop compact and effective optical systems. The design and fabrication of high-performance optics require nondestructive metrology techniques to inspect the samples. We have investigated the capability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to nondestructively characterize layered polymeric materials. Using a custom developed Gabor-domain optical coherence microscopy system centered at 800 nm with 120 nm full width at half maximum enabling unprecedented 2 μm resolution both laterally and axially in an 8 mm 3 volume, we investigated the internal structure of 50 μm thick films and layered sheets, which prompted the manufacturing process to adopt a compatibilization technique. Based on a custom swept-source OCT system centered at 1320 nm with expanded imaging field-of-view and latest depth of imaging extended to ∼5 mm , we performed nondestructive metrology of the layer thickness profiles over the depth of a monolithic layered sheet and diagnosed a film compression issue within the sheet. With the OCT metrology, the manufacturing process has been advanced and the layer thickness profile of a recent layered gradient refractive index sheet shows improved uniformity through depth.
Limited factor VIIa surface localization requirement of the factor VIIa–induced overall thrombin generation in platelet‐rich hemophilia A plasma (2019)

The good general responses to clinically effective concentrations of FVIIa (25 and 75 nmol L<sup>-1</sup>) seen in TEG analyses, as well as for TGA lag time, were accompanied by far-from-normal thrombin peaks. A near-normal thrombin peak response required the presence of considerably higher FVIIa activity but, intriguingly, relied only marginally on a functional Gla domain (ie, on platelet surface localization).
<title>Effect of decorrelation on butterfly search velocity estimator performance</title> (2001)

The effect of signal decorrelation on the performance of the Butterfly Search velocity estimator is examined. An analytical approximation for the expected value of the Butterfly Search L(v) function is developed for three cases of interest. The approximations are verified against synthesized echo data. It is found that the peak value of the L(v) function is limited by the rate of signal decorrelation. The results show that improved performance may be obtained by processing and averaging subsets of echo ensembles, rather than applying the Butterfly Search to the entire ensemble simultaneously. For lower SNRs, processing the entire ensemble at once produces equivalent or better results than subset processing. Results from echo data obtained in-vitro are presented which confirm the simulations.
Types of Brassinosteroids and Their Bioassays (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO BOOKPREVChapterNEXTTypes of Brassinosteroids and Their BioassaysL. KohoutL. Kohout Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, CzechoslovakiaMore by L. Kohout, M. StrnadM. Strnad Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 772 00 Olomouc, CzechoslovakiaMore by M. Strnad, and M. KaminekM. Kaminek Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 166 30 Prague, CzechoslovakiaMore by M. KaminekDOI: 10.1021/bk-1991-0474.ch006Publication Date (Print):November 4, 1991Publication History Published online23 July 2009Published inprint 4 November 1991RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSBrassinosteroidsChapter 6pp 56-73ACS Symposium SeriesVol. 474ISBN13: 9780841221260eISBN: 9780841213302 Copyright © 1991 American Chemical SocietyChapter Views43Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSChapter Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) SUBJECTS:Biochemistry,Organic chemistry,Plant biology,Structure activity relationship Get e-Alerts
Observation of Singular Points in Defect-Induced Far-Infrared Spectra of KBr (1969)

Far-infrared absorption spectra of KBr crystals containing ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{++}$, ${\mathrm{OH}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are shown all to have sharp discontinuities at 74.8, 75.2, 85.5, and 89.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. It is shown by comparison with dynamical models for the lattice and the defect that these frequencies correspond closely to expected van Home singularities in the host lattice. These experiments, when extrapolated to zero defect concentration, provide accurate measurements of certain phonon frequencies in the pure lattice.
Pareto Characterization of the Multicell MIMO Performance Region With Simple Receivers (2012)

We study the performance region of a general multicell downlink scenario with multiantenna transmitters, hardware impairments, and low-complexity receivers that treat interference as noise. The Pareto boundary of this region describes all efficient resource allocations, but is generally hard to compute. We propose a novel explicit characterization that gives Pareto optimal transmit strategies using a set of positive parameters—fewer than in prior work. We also propose an implicit characterization that requires even fewer parameters and guarantees to find the Pareto boundary for every choice of parameters, but at the expense of solving quasi-convex optimization problems. The merits of the two characterizations are illustrated for interference channels and ideal network multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO).
Electrical characterization of carrier trapping behavior of defects created by plasma exposures (2017)

Defect creation in Si substrates during plasma exposure was investigated by means of a capacitance–voltage technique employing various modulation frequencies. We focused on the frequency-dependent capacitance near the flat-band voltage of the damaged structures on its depletion/inversion side. The proposed technique provides the density of defects (ndam) and characteristic damaged layer thickness (λdam) for various modulation frequencies. We characterized carrier capture and emission processes governed by the created defects—responsible for the key performances of electronic devices such as noise behavior—from the obtained frequency-dependent ndam. In the case of Ar plasma exposure, ndam was shown to increase as the average energy of impinging ions increases. The trap time constants for the defects to capture and emit carriers were found to be on the order of 10−7 s. The proposed technique provides the detailed carrier trapping feature of defects which is indispensable for future plasma process and electronic device designs.
EUV photolithography: resist progress in metal–organic complex photoresists (2018)

With the rapid development of semiconductors, today’s optical lithography is approaching its physical limits, and thus alternative patterning technology is urgently needed. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, using a wavelength of 13.5 nm, is considered one of the most prominent candidates for next-generation lithography. The main challenge for EUV resists is to simultaneously satisfy resolution, line-width roughness, and sensitivity requirements following the ITRS roadmap. Though polymer-based chemically amplified resist is the current standard photoresist, entirely new resist platforms are required due to the performance targets of future process nodes. Our recent progress in metal oxide nanoparticle photoresist research will be discussed with a focus on zirconium and hafnium oxides. A brief discussion of a number of important structural and material properties pertaining to key characteristics affecting resist performance is also included.
Exciplex Mediated Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Phthalocyanine-Fullerene Dyads (2008)

Evidences of an intramolecular exciplex intermediate in a photoinduced electron transfer (ET) reaction of double-linked free-base and zinc phthalocyanine-C60 dyads were found. This was the first time for a dyad with phthalocyanine donor. Excitation of the phthalocyanine moiety of the dyads results in rapid ET from phthalocyanine to fullerene via an exciplex state in both polar and nonpolar solvents. Relaxation of the charge-separated (CS) state Pc(*+)-C60(*-) in a polar solvent occurs directly to the ground state in 30-70 ps. In a nonpolar solvent, roughly 20% of the molecules undergo transition from the CS state to phthalocyanine triplet state (3)Pc*-C60 before relaxation to the ground state. Formation of the CS state was confirmed with electron spin resonance measurements at low temperature in both polar and nonpolar solvent. Reaction schemes for the photoinduced ET reactions of the dyads were completed with rate constants obtained from the time-resolved absorption and emission measurements and with state energies obtained from the fluorescence, phosphorescence, and voltammetric measurements.
Integrated Complementary Resistive Switches for Passive High-Density Nanocrossbar Arrays (2010)

Recently, the sneak-path obstacle in passive crossbar arrays has been overcome by the invention of complementary resistive switches (CRSs) consisting of two bipolar antiserially connected memristive elements. Here, we demonstrate the vertical integration of CRS cells based on Cu/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Pt bipolar resistive switches. CRS cells were fabricated and electrically characterized, showing high resistance ratios (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> /R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> >; 1500) and fast switching speed (<; 120 μs). The results are one step further toward the realization of high-density passive nanocrossbar-array-based gigabit memory devices.
Neuroanatomical Pathways for Thyroid Hormone Feedback in the Human Hypothalamus (2005)

Based on these findings, we propose three possible routes for thyroid hormone feedback on TRH neurons in the human PVN: 1) local thyroid hormone uptake from the vascular compartment within the PVN, 2) thyroid hormone uptake from the cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle followed by transport to TRH neurons in the PVN or IFN neurons projecting to TRH neurons in the PVN, and 3) thyroid hormone sensing in the IFN of the mediobasal hypothalamus by neurons projecting to TRH neurons in the PVN.
ERSPC: features and preliminary results of France (2003)

The specific details of the French national programme are based on the design of a local mass screening programme. Men in the screening group are repeatedly invited by mail to be screened while no information other that the national available guidelines on the use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) is offered to the control group. The protocol includes randomization before information and consent. In addition, knowledge of any pre‐existing PSA test is obtained through the health insurance database. This will allow separate analysis, if necessary, between groups with previous PSA testing (low participation rate expected) and without (higher participation rate expected).