gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quality improvement by worker filtering and development in crowdsourcing (2016)

Current crowdsourcing platforms provide an attractive solution for processing of high-volume tasks at low cost. However, problems of quality control remain a major concern. In the present work, we developed a private crowdsourcing system (PCSS) running in an intranetwork, which allows us to devise quality control methods. We introduce four worker selection methods and a grade-based training method. The four worker selection methods consist of preprocessing filtering, real-time filtering, post-processing filtering, and guess-processing filtering. In addition to a basic approach involving initial training or the use of gold-standard data, these methods include a novel approach, utilizing collaborative filtering techniques. We collected a large amount of vocabulary data for natural language processing (NLP), such as voice recognition and text to speech using PCSS. The quality control methods increased accuracy 32.4 points in collecting vocabulary tasks. We also implemented the grade-based training method to avoid claims of unfair dismissal and shrinkage of the market of crowdsourcing caused by excluding workers. This training method uses Bayesian networks to calculate correlations between tasks based on workers’ records, and then allocates learning tasks to the workers to raise the results of target tasks according to the correlations. In an experiment, the method automatically allocated learning tasks for target tasks, and after the training of the workers, we confirmed that the workers raised the accuracy of target task 10.77 points on average. Therefore, by combining the filtering methods and the training method, task requesters in microtask crowdsourcing can obtain higher-quality results without dismissing valuable workers.
p-STAT3 in luminal breast cancer: Integrated RNA-protein pooled analysis and results from the BIG 2-98 phase III trial (2017)

In the present study, in order to investigate the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer prognosis, we evaluated the phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) status and investigated its effect on the outcome in a pooled analysis and in a large prospective adjuvant trial. By using the TCGA repository, we developed gene signatures that reflected the level of p-STAT3. Using pooled analysis of the expression data from luminal breast cancer patients, we assessed the effects of the p-STAT3 expression signature on prognosis. We further validated the p-STAT3 prognostic effect using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence staining of p-STAT3 tissue microarrays from a large randomised prospective trial. Our analysis demonstrated that p-STAT3 expression was elevated in luminal A-type breast cancer (Kruskal-Wallis test, P<10e-10) and was significantly associated with a good prognosis (log-rank, P<10e-10). Notably, the p-STAT3 expression signature identified patients with a good prognosis irrespective of the luminal subtype (log-rank: luminal A, P=0.026; luminal B, P=0.006). p-STAT3 staining by IHC in the stroma or tumour was detected in 174 out of 610 ER-positive samples (28.5%) from the BIG 2-98 randomised trial. With a median follow-up of 10.1 years, p-STAT3 was associated with a reduced risk of recurrence in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer (Cox univariate HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98; P=0.04). On the whole, our data indicate that p-STAT3 is associated with an improved outcome in ER-positive breast cancer.
Influence of metal inclusions on AC breakdown strength in EPDM (2002)

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of metallic particles on the AC breakdown strength in EPDM rubber. Filled and unfilled EPDM rubbers were contaminated with two different particle sizes (50 /spl mu/m and 165 /spl mu/m) and different particle concentrations, to ascertain their influence on the breakdown strength. The inclusions were irregularly shaped iron particles. The breakdown tests were carried out by using /spl sim/0.7 mm thick circular rubber slabs between cylindrical electrodes. The result yielded the characteristic AC breakdown strengths of 78 kV/mm and 86 kV/mm respectively for non-contaminated filled and unfilled rubbers. The electric strength was considerably lowered for larger inclusions but not in the case of smaller ones. A statistical evaluation of the results is also provided.
O2‐13‐01: Therapeutic Potential of Pd‐1 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models (2016)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which chronic neuroinflammation contributes to disease escalation. Nevertheless, although anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies have demonstrated some efficacy in neurodegenerative disease models, these treatments have largely failed in the clinic. Here, we hypothesized that in AD, systemic immune suppression may curtail the ability to mount the protective, cell-mediated immune responses that are needed for brain repair. We used the 5XFAD and APP/PS1 AD mouse models, and tested the effect on pathology of immune checkpoint blockade directed against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway. We show that PD-1 blockade in AD mouse models is followed by amyloid-β plaque clearance, mitigation of the neuroinflammatory response and reversal of cognitive decline. We further characterize that this process is associated with mounting an interferon (IFN)-γ–dependent systemic immune response, which affects the brain’s choroid plexus, a selective gateway for immune cell trafficking to the CNS, and supports the subsequent recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the brain. Our findings suggest that much like the situation in cancer immunotherapy, in order to mobilize immune cells to fight pathology, peripheral immunity should be boosted, rather than suppressed. Taken together, these findings identify immune checkpoint blockade as a novel therapeutic strategy for AD and, potentially, for other neurodegenerative diseases.
Ion‐Exclusion Chromatography (2000)

This chapter contains sections titled: Principles Separation of Organic Acids Determination of Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate Separation of Bases Determination of Water Simultaneous Separation of Cations and Anions Separation of Saccharides and Alcohols
Diastereo‐ und enantioselektive Aldolreaktionen via α‐Silylketone, asymmetrische Synthese des Aggregationspheromons Sitophilur (1988)

Hochdiastereo‐ und enantiomerenreine β‐Hydroxyketone syn 2 sind durch asymmetrische Aldolreaktion über die chirale Methylenkomponente ( R )‐ 1 in guten Ausbeuten zugänglich. Dies ermöglichte z.B. eine effiziente Synthese beider Enantiomere von Sitophilur (R  C 2 H 5 ), dem Aggregationspheromon der REis‐ und Maiskäfer, die bei der Lagerhaltung große Schäden anrichten. magnified image
Comparison Analysis of Outdoor Channel Characteristics at 28 GHz and 2 GHz Using 3D Ray-Tracing Technique (2014)

Broadband wireless systems operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band has been used for short-range wireless communication and point-to- point wireless backhaul. Due to lack of research work on outdoor radio propagation characteristics in mmWave frequency band, the question of feasibility of cellular communication including long-range and non-line of sight (NLoS) environments in mmWave frequency band is unanswered. In this paper, we investigate the radio propagation characteristics at 28 GHz and 2 GHz using 3D ray-tracing simulation based on Manhattan-like grid model. LoS and NLoS results of outdoor radio propagation characteristics considering beamforming effects at 28 GHz are provided. Results of 2 GHz in the same geometry are also provided. In LoS environment, the radio propagation with 25 dBi beamforming gain at 28 GHz has similar characteristics with 2 GHz. In NLoS environment, even if the transmitter has 25 dBi beamforming gain at 28 GHz, the received power is 10 to 25 dB lower than 2 GHz. The received power loss because of narrow beam usage at 28 GHz is negligible in both LoS and NLoS environments.
Efficient VLSI architectures for a high-performance digital image communication system (1990)

A typical digital image communication system based on a number of ASIC architectural designs is currently under development. After partitioning the complete system into several stages, each selected algorithm can be implemented on a single ASIC based on an efficient architectural style. The required throughput for high-performance data compression and channel coding has been obtained due to the optimization of the critical path in the architectural design. Input/output (I/O) operations, which create the bottleneck for many image-processing algorithms, are handled by a dedicated I/O interface unit. Construction of each dedicated data path in the architecture is based on a limited parameterizable functional building block (FBB) library. The dedicated data paths have been constructed by partitioning the initial signal flow graph (SFG) into compatible graphs and by matching the graphs in each partition onto a collection of time-multiplexed FBBs. Hierarchically partitioned controllers were used to meet the high-throughput requirements. The ASIC architectures proposed are oriented to broadband integrated services digital networks (B-ISDN) as well as high-performance digital image compression systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for lung transplant recipients with primary severe donor lung dysfunction (2008)

Abstract Primary severe donor lung dysfunction (DLD) is a significant complication after lung transplantation (LTx), and a high mortality is reported with conventional therapy. The purpose of this report is to review the experience of the University of Pittsburgh with extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for primary severe DLD after LTx. From September 1991 to May 1995, 220 LTx were performed at our center. Eight patients (8/220 = 3.6 %) with severe DLD after LTx required ECMO support. The age of LTx recipients was 44 ± 5 years (mean ± SD); seven patients were female and one was male. Indications for LTx were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in four patients, bronchiectasis in two, and pulmonary hypertension in two. There were three single LTx and five bilateral LTx. The interval from LTx to institution of ECMO was 5.6 ± 3.2 h (range 0–10 h). Three patients were supported with veno-ve-nous (v-v) ECMO and five had veno-arterial (v-a) ECMO. The duration of ECMO support was 7.3 ± 4.8 days (range 3–15 days). activated glotting time (ACT) was maintained between 110 and 180 s with intermittent use of heparin. Seven patients (7/8 = 87 Yo) were successfully weaned from ECMO and six patients (6/8 = 75%) were discharged home; they are currently alive after a follow-up of 17 ± 10.1 months. One patient died on ECMO support for refractory DLD and another died 2 months after ECMO wean from multisystem organ failure. At 6 months follow-up, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is 2.35 ± 0.9 1 (75 %± 17.4 % predicted) and mean forced vital capacity (FVC) is 2.53 ± 0.8 1 (64 %± 14 % predicted). We conclude that ECMO can be lifesaving when instituted early after primary severe DLD. The v-v ECMO support is preferred when the patient is hemo-dynamically stable and adequate long-term function of the allograft is anticipated.
Language Evolution in Social Media: a Preliminary Study (2012)

Language, as a social phenomenon, is in constant evolution. New words are added, disused ones are forgotten, and some others change their morphology and semantics to adapt to a dynamic World. Today we are leaving a new “Social Media” revolution, that is changing many languages. The pace with which new words are created in social media is unprecedented. People from different demographic groups are often “speaking different languages”, in that not only they use a different set of words, but also assign different meanings to the same words.&#13;\nIn this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to lower the “linguistic barrier”,&#13;\nby analyzing the phenomenon of language evolution in social media, and by&#13;\nevaluating to what extent the use of cooperative on-line dictionaries and natural&#13;\nlanguage processing techniques can help in tracking and regulate the evolution of&#13;\nlanguages in the social media era. We report a study of language evolution in a&#13;\nspecific social media, Twitter; and we evaluate whether cooperative dictionaries&#13;\n(specifically Urban Dictionary) can be used to deal with the evolving language. We&#13;\ndiscover that this method partially solves the problem, by allowing a better&#13;\nunderstanding of the behavior of new words and expressions. We then analyze&#13;\nhow natural language processing techniques can be used to capture the meaning of&#13;\nnew words and expressions.
Modulation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced microvascular dysfunction by nitric oxide (1995)

The objectives of this study were to determine 1) whether the leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in postcapillary venules elicited by copper-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Cu-LDL) is accompanied by enhanced vascular albumin leakage and mast cell degranulation and 2) whether nitric oxide (NO) donors attenuate the Cu-LDL-induced microvascular dysfunction. Infusion of Cu-LDL, but not normal LDL, caused significant increases in leukocyte rolling, adherence, emigration, mast cell degranulation, and an enhanced albumin leakage in rat mesenteric venules. Treatment with the NO donors sodium nitroprusside and spermine-NO or pretreatment with superoxide dismutase or L-arginine significantly reduced the Cu-LDL-induced leukocyte adherence, emigration, mast cell degranulation, and albumin leakage, whereas spermine and D-arginine had no effect. These results indicate that NO protects the microvasculature against the deleterious effects of oxidized LDL, an effect that may be related to NO's ability to reduce leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and/or prevent mast cell degranulation.
Selectivity Targets for Batch Reactive Distillation (2000)

Reactive distillation has proved to be an important process alternative to the conventional reactor−separator configuration. Advantages of reactive distillation and flexibility of a batch process can be combined in batch reactive distillation. We present a simple method to estimate the advantage of using batch reactive distillation over conventional technology. For the examples studied, we determine yield and selectivity targets for a batch reactive distillation device. This method also determines the effect of operating parameters on yield and selectivity. We show that the advantage of using batch reactive distillation equipment is more significant for systems with fast side reactions. Comparison of these estimates with those for conventional reactors is useful for quick screening of process alternatives during process synthesis.
Glutamate 264 modulates the pH dependence of the NAD(+)-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase. (1992)

Recently, we amplified the Lactobacillus bulgaricus NAD(+)-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase gene by the polymerase chain reaction, cloned and overexpressed it in Escherichia coli (Kochhar, S., Chuard, N., and Hottinger, H. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185, 705-712). Polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA fragments may contain base changes resulting in mutant gene products. A comparison of specific activities of D-lactate dehydrogenase in the crude extracts of 50 recombinant clones indicated that one of the clones had drastically reduced enzyme activity. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the insert DNA showed an exchange of A to G at position 795 resulting in substitution of Glu264 to Gly in the D-lactate dehydrogenase. The purified mutant D-lactate dehydrogenase showed a shift of 2 units in its optimum pH toward the acidic range. The dependence of kcat/Km on the pH of the mutant enzyme showed that the pKa of the free enzyme was around 4, at least 2 pH units lower than that of the wild-type enzyme. Both the wild-type and the mutant enzyme at their respective optimum pH values showed similar kcat and Km values. The data suggest that the highly conserved Glu264 is not critical for enzyme catalysis, but it must be situated within hydrogen bonding distance to amino acid residue(s) involved in substrate binding as well as in catalysis.
Intelligent Anomaly Detection and Mitigation in Data Centers (2019)

Data centers play a key role in today's Internet. Cloud applications are mainly hosted on multi-tenant warehouse-scale data centers. Anomalies pose a serious threat to data centers' operations. If not controlled properly, a simple anomaly can spread throughout the data center, resulting in a cascading failure. Amazon AWS had been affected by such incidents recently. Although some solutions are proposed to detect anomalies and prevent cascading failures, they mainly rely on application-specific metrics and case-based diagnosis to detect the anomalies. Given the variety of applications on a multi-tenant data center, proposed solutions are not capable of detecting anomalies in a timely manner. In this paper we design an application-agnostic anomaly detection scheme. More specifically, our design uses a highly distributed data mining scheme over network-level traffic metrics to detect anomalies. Once anomalies are detected, simple actions are taken to mitigate the damage. This ensures that errors are confined and prevents cascading failures before administrators intervene.
ICONE15-10779 A STUDY OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY PROFILE MEASUREMENT ON BOILING TWO-PHASE FLOW (2007)

This paper describes the velocity profile measurement in boiling two-phase flow using pulse ultrasound. The high temperature transducer, which has an allowable temperature limit of 120℃, was developed, and the applicability to boiling two-phase flow under the atmospheric pressure was confirmed. In addition, for measurements of the velocity profiles, a Plexiglas wedge was used to incline the ultrasonic beam path in fluid. The intensity of the ultrasonic transmission through the wedge and the radiation angle were clarified by measuring the sound field, and the optimal angle of the wedge was found. In the boiling two-phase flow under the atmospheric pressure, the velocity profiles of vapor bubbles generated by a cartridge heater were measured by the ultrasonic Doppler method, and the possibility of the ultrasonic velocity profile measurement in boiling two-phase flow was confirmed.
Comparison of multimodal interactions in perspective-corrected multi-display environment (2010)

This paper compares multi-modal interaction techniques in a perspective-corrected multi-display environment (MDE). The performance of multimodal interactions using gestures, eye gaze, and head direction are experimentally examined in an object manipulation task in MDEs and compared with a mouse operated perspective cursor. Experimental results showed that gesture-based multimodal interactions provide performance equivalent in task completion time to mouse-based perspective cursors. A technique utilizing user head direction received positive comments from subjects even though it was not as fast. Based on the experimental results and observations, we discuss the potential of multimodal interaction techniques in MDEs.
Development of a fiber-optic sensor for trace metal detection in aqueous environments (1993)

The availability and speciation of a number of metals widely dispersed in the aquatic environment intimately affect the biogeochemistry of the ocean and its inhabitants. Much research has been focused on the development of analytical methodologies to elucidate better the background concentrations, variability, and contaminant effects of metal species. The purpose of this research is to investigate the viability of a fiber-optic sensor that will be a sensitive and selective probe for trace metals in natural waters.
Controlled drug delivery with nanoparticles : current possibilities and future trends (1995)

Numerous investigations have shown that the distribution profile of a drug can be modified at the cellular and tissular level by entrapment in submicronic colloidal systems (nanoparticles). This review provides an update on the technologies available for nanoparticles preparation. Their in vivo fate after intravascular administration is discussed, especially the strategies which are currently considered to avoid the uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. The paper also provides information about the existence of nanoparticles translocation after oral administration. Further, toxicological aspects are examined. Finally, the last part of this review is focused on the application of nanoparticles in therapeutics
Memory performance attacks: denial of memory service in multi-core systems (2007)

We are entering the multi-core era in computer science. All major high-performance processor manufacturers have in-tegrated at least two cores (processors) on the same chip — and it is predicted that chips with many more cores will become widespread in the near future. As cores on the same chip share the DRAM memory system, multiple programs executing on different cores can interfere with each others ’ memory access requests, thereby adversely affecting one an-other’s performance. In this paper, we demonstrate that current multi-core processors are vulnerable to a new class of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks because the memory system is “unfairly ” shared among multiple cores. An application can maliciously destroy the memory-related performance of another application running on the same chip. We call such an application a memory performance hog (MPH). With the widespread deployment of multi-core systems in commodity desktop and laptop computers, we expect MPHs to become a prevalent security issue that could affect almost all computer users. We show that an MPH can reduce the performance of another application by 2.9 times in an existing dual-core system, without being significantly slowed down itself; and this problem will become more severe as more cores are in-tegrated on the same chip. Our analysis identifies the root causes of unfairness in the design of the memory system that make multi-core processors vulnerable to MPHs. As a solution to mitigate the performance impact of MPHs, we propose a new memory system architecture that provides fairness to different applications running on the same chip. Our evaluations show that this memory system architecture is able to effectively contain the negative performance impact of MPHs in not only dual-core but also 4-core and 8-core systems.
A Repeater Encryption Unit for IPv4 and IPv6 (2006)

IPsec is a powerful mechanism for protecting network communications. However, it is often viewed as difficult to use due to the elaborate configuration that is needed to ensure correct (and secure) operation. In this paper, we seek to answer the question of how to build IPsec VPNs without affecting the network assets. We exploit "repeater-encryption", which is similar to the IPsec bump-in-the-wire mode of operation. Our IPsec encryption unit works at Layer-2 of the network stack and does not encrypt control packets that are used for routing, address resolution and resource reservation. Although this is fairly straightforward for IPv4 networks, IPv6 introduces several new features and messages that complicate the operation of such a box. We report our findings of implementing transparent, repeater-based IPsec protection for IPv4 and IPv6. Our approach requires no configuration changes to other devices in the network, making it an attractive mechanism for security network traffic. We discuss the features of our IPsec encryption unit and show how it adapts to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. We also implement our approach on the OpenBSD IPsec stack to demonstrate its feasibility. We show that our transparent IPsec box can easily support speeds in excess of 100 Mbps.