gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concatenated Polar Codes (2010)

Polar codes have attracted much recent attention as the first codes with low computational complexity that provably achieve optimal rate-regions for a large class of information-theoretic problems. One significant drawback, however, is that for current constructions the probability of error decays sub-exponentially in the block-length (more detailed designs improve the probability of error at the cost of significantly increased computational complexity \cite{KorUS09}). In this work we show how the the classical idea of code concatenation -- using "short" polar codes as inner codes and a "high-rate" Reed-Solomon code as the outer code -- results in substantially improved performance. In particular, code concatenation with a careful choice of parameters boosts the rate of decay of the probability of error to almost exponential in the block-length with essentially no loss in computational complexity. We demonstrate such performance improvements for three sets of information-theoretic problems -- a classical point-to-point channel coding problem, a class of multiple-input multiple output channel coding problems, and some network source coding problems.
TESTING THE GENERALIZED SHELL'S LAW WITH A PLASMONIC METASURFACE (2012)

(Abstract) The control of phase with metasurfaces (thin metamaterial layers) can play a fundamental role in generating synthetic scattering diagrams of macroscopic objects. Thin metasurfaces can introduce additional spatially non-uniform phase in the incoming wave, thereby affecting its scattering characteristics. Typically, the amount of phase change is limited by the optical properties of the materials, and significant changes typically require a propagation length comparable to or larger than the wavelength. The nanotechnology revolution in the last decade has made it possible to fabricate metamaterials that are capable of bending light in unusual ways, and hence enabled many fantastic applications such as negative refraction [1], super-resolution lenses [2, 3], and cloaking [4], yet the phase control and light wave bending at an interface was still dictated by material parameters as governed by the conventional Snell’s law. The generalized Snell’s law, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 sin sin sin sin tt i i ri i nn n qq qq -= F -= F
Genetic Footprinting for Bacterial Functional Genomics (2003)

As more complete bacterial genome sequences become available, the need for broad, genomic-scale analytical methods becomes increasingly acute. Moreover, with a sizable portion of microbial genomes encoding proteins of unknown function, tools that suggest gene function or elucidate relationships among genes are crucial for any genomic-scale evaluation. While genomics tools may be central to a basic scientist’s interests in a model organism, they will also be critical to the applied scientist’s examination of a pathogen for targets for therapeutic intervention.
Development of a Modular Hall Thruster Power Converter (2011)

Aerojet has completed the development and qualification of a 4.5 kW Hall thruster system to serve GEO satellite applications for station keeping and orbit raising as well as for use as primary propulsion on NASA missions. This 4.5 kW Hall thruster system is currently in use on the Air Force’s first Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) satellite. The system includes the BPT-4000 Hall thruster, Power Processing unit (PPU), Xenon Flow Controller (XFC) and associated electrical harnessing. Hall thruster technology is applicable to a wide range of missions that will employ a variety of power systems and as such Aerojet and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have identified the need to develop a scalable power converter that can be tailored to a given application. The envisioned PPU architecture will be able to function over a wide input voltage range (~2:1), provide efficient throttling over a wide output range (100s of Watts – 10s of kilowatts), and employ a robust topology capable of meeting stringent radiation, derating, and component quality requirements. As an added benefit, a modular power converter will reduce the development time and cost for the next generation of PPUs that will be needed to serve applications requiring variable input voltages, higher output power, and a wider power and voltage throttling range. The modular power converters are capable of accepting unregulated 70-140 V input voltages with an output voltage range of 150-400 V when operated in parallel or 150-800 V when operated in series. A full bridge, phase-shifted, zero voltage switching topology was selected as the most suitable for satisfying the wide input and output range. Two converters were fabricated to demonstrate the individual capability of the module as well as the stacked capability of modules working in series or parallel configurations. Converter power efficiency was measured over the full input and output voltage range. Peak efficiencies meeting the target of 94% were measured. Testing under parallel operation of the converters demonstrated current sharing while series operation demonstrated the full 800 V output capability. Demonstration of these power modules retires the major risk associated with converting Aerojet’s existing regulated PPU technology to an expanded architecture compatible with NASA missions and a variety of commercial platforms.
A New Method for the Preparation of Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide (1997)

The reaction of 2-chloro-3-(2-chloroethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-oxide 1 and 2-chloro-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-oxide 2 with 2-(trimethylsilyloxy)ethylamine 3 and bis-[2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethyl]amine 4, respectively, yielded the trimethylsilylated compounds 5 and 6, analogous to ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. The reaction of 5 and 6 with 2-chloro-1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2-phosphorin-4,6-dione 7 led to the diphosphorus compounds 8 and 9 which could be transformed to ifosfamide 11 and cyclophosphamide 12 by treatment with sulfuryl chloride. This synthesis shows that the alkylating agents 2- chloroethylammonium chloride and bis-(2-chloroethyl)ammonium chloride can be avoided and the chlorine atom can be introduced in the final reaction step of the synthesis of 11 and 12.
Physical Performance Measures Correlate with Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football (2019)

Generally, higher vertical jump height and faster times in speed and agility drills were associated with higher HIE, especially in games. Physical performance explained less variation in HIE in practices, where drills and other factors, such as coaching style, may have a larger influence on HIE.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Constitutive Activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Predicts Vorinostat Resistance in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (2023)

Supplementary Figure 5 from Constitutive Activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription Predicts Vorinostat Resistance in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Phase I trial of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin d(2) in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. (2002)

This Phase I study of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2), an p.o. administered vitamin D analogue, in patients with advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer was designed to assess the toxicity, pharmacokinetic and biological markers of drug activity, and lastly tumor response data to recommend a dose for Phase II studies. 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D(2) was administered daily at doses ranging from 5 to 15 microg/day. Patients were monitored for toxicity and tumor response, and blood and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetics (1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) levels) and other parameters of biological activity (bone markers, parathyroid hormone, urine calcium, and serum phosphorus levels). Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Main toxicities were hypercalcemia with associated renal insufficiency. No other significant toxicity was seen. Pharmacokinetics showed an increase in the active metabolite 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(2) that reached a plateau by week 4 despite continuous drug dosing. Elevation in daily urinary calcium excretion and serum phosphorus levels was seen, whereas a decrease in serum parathyroid hormone was evident. Two patients showed evidence of a partial response, whereas 5 others achieved disease stabilization for > or =6 months. 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D(2) was well tolerated with main toxicities being hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency. All of the toxicity was reversible with drug discontinuation. Evidence for drug activity was seen in surrogate markers, and pharmacokinetic analysis showed substantial increases in vitamin D metabolite levels among the various cohorts. Whereas the defined maximum tolerated dose was not reached, the recommended Phase II dose was 12.5 microg/day given continuously.
Representation and self-similarity of shapes (2002)

Representing shapes is a significant problem for vision systems that must recognize or classify objects. We derive a representation for a given shape by investigating its self-similarities, and constructing its shape axis (SA) and shape axis tree (SA-tree). We start with a shape, its boundary contour, and two different parameterizations for the contour. To measure its self-similarity we consider matching pairs of points (and their tangents) along the boundary contour, i.e., matching the two parameterizations. The matching, of self-similarity criteria may vary, e.g., co-circularity, parallelism, distance, region homogeneity. The loci of middle points of the pairing contour points are the shape axis and they can be grouped into a unique tree graph, the SA-tree. The shape axis for the co-circularity criteria is compared to the symmetry axis. An interpretation in terms of object parts is also presented.
Discovery of a GPR40 Superagonist: The Impact of Aryl Propionic Acid α-Fluorination (2018)

GPR40 is a G-protein-coupled receptor which mediates fatty acid-induced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and incretion release from enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine. GPR40 full agonists exhibit superior glucose lowering compared to partial agonists in preclinical species due to increased insulin and GLP-1 secretion, with the added benefit of promoting weight loss. In our search for potent GPR40 full agonists, we discovered a superagonist which displayed excellent in vitro potency and superior efficacy in the Gα<sub>s</sub>-mediated signaling pathway. Most synthetic GPR40 agonists have a carboxylic acid headgroup, which may cause idiosyncratic toxicities, including drug-induced-liver-injury (DILI). With a methyl group and a fluorine atom substituted at the α-C of the carboxylic acid group, <b>19</b> is not only highly efficacious in lowering glucose and body weight in rodent models but also has a low DILI risk due to its stable acylglucuronide metabolite.
Tunable bandgap of a single layer graphene doped by the manganese oxide using the electrochemical doping (2013)

We studied the control of the bandgap energy of graphene by doping manganese oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical method. The manganese oxide doping into the graphene was a main role for the bandgap opening and the defect generation was an effective method to increase the density of Mn doping on the graphene. The measured bandgap increased and finally saturated at 0.256 eV as the concentration of manganese oxide nanoparticles increased. The bandgap energies were 0.22, 0.244, 0.250, and 0.256 eV at the applied voltage of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 V, respectively. In addition, the defect generation by the plasma treatment resulted in improved formations of the bandgap energy up to 0.4 eV. The combination of the manganese oxide doping and the defect generation can enhance the bandgap energy effectively in the graphene. It is considered that the electrochemical doping technique is an effective way to control the bandgap energy of graphene.
“Fixation” of Dinitrogen by Molybdenum and the Formation of a Trigonal Planar Iron−Tris[molybdenum(dinitrogen)] Complex (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXT"Fixation" of Dinitrogen by Molybdenum and the Formation of a Trigonal Planar Iron−Tris[molybdenum(dinitrogen)] ComplexMyra B. O'Donoghue, Nadia C. Zanetti, William M. Davis, and Richard R. SchrockView Author Information Department of Chemistry, 6-331 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11, 2753–2754Publication Date (Web):March 19, 1997Publication History Received4 November 1996Published online19 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja963822yCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1056Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (104 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Infrared light,Iron,Ligands,Nitrogen,Transfer reactions Get e-Alerts
A learning-based hybrid tagging and browsing approach for efficient manual image annotation (2008)

In this paper we introduce a learning approach to improve the efficiency of manual image annotation. Although important in practice, manual image annotation has rarely been studied in a quantitative way. We propose formal models to characterize the annotation times for two commonly used manual annotation approaches, i.e., tagging and browsing. The formal models make clear the complementary properties of these two approaches, and inspire a learning-based hybrid annotation algorithm. Our experiments show that the proposed algorithm can achieve up to a 50% reduction in annotation time over baseline methods.
Tunable Mid-Infrared Source Based on Difference Frequency Generation of a Femtosecond Tm-fiber System in Orientation Patterned GaAs (2012)

We demonstrate a mid-infrared source tunable from 6.7–12.7 µm via difference frequency generation in orientation-patterned GaAs, with 1.3 mW average output power. The input pulses are generated from a femtosecond Tm-doped-fiber laser system.
Sildenafil citrate suppresses disease progression in patients with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (2006)

7556 Background: Responses to sildenafil citrate (Viagra), a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction, have been observed in patients with Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia (WM). Moreover, sildenafil citrate induces apoptosis of WM lymphoplasmacytic cells (Clin Lymphoma 5:205, 2004). We therefore conducted a prospective phase II study of sildenafil citrate in patients with slowly progressing WM who did not meet consensus eligibility for active therapy (Semin Oncol 2003; 30:116). Intended therapy was as follows: Week 1 25 mg po qD Week 2 50 mg po qD Week 3 75 mg po qD Week 4, then Months 2–24 100mg po qD or Maximum Tolerated Dose Methods: Thirty patients were enrolled, 18 of whom were previously untreated. All patients demonstrated progressing disease prior to enrollment. Median age was 66 (range 43–85 yrs), baseline BM involvement was 30% (range 5–90%), serum IgM was 3,640 (range 790–6,720 mg/dL), hematocrit was 37.1% (range 32.7–58.5%), and B 2 M was 2.3 (range 1.5–8.9 mg/dL). Patients were evaluable for response after 3 months of therapy. Results: At a median of 3 months, serum IgM levels declined in 19/30 (63%) patients from a median of 3,640 (range 790–6,720 mg/dL) to 2,965 (range 1,170–6,110 mg/dL). 5/30 patients (17%) demonstrated at least a minor response (≥25% IgM decrease). Two patients were taken off study for non-response to therapy. Toxicities were mild and included headaches, sinus congestion, facial flushing, dyspepsia, and generally resolved on their own with prolonged sildenafil citrate usage. Only two patients required dose modification to 25 mg and 75 mg po qD, respectively. Corollary studies to determine putative mechanisms of action for sildenafil citrate in WM were also performed and will be updated at the meeting. Conclusions: This prospective clinical trial provides preliminary evidence for activity of sildenafil citrate in patients with advancing WM. With minimal toxicity, sildenafil citrate appears to have suppressed disease progression in more than half of patients and has resulted in objective responses, thus warranting further investigation in WM and possibly other B-cell disorders. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Workshop on benchmarking adaptive retrieval and recommender systems (2013)

Evaluating adaptive and personalized information retrieval tech-niques is known to be a difficult endeavor. The rapid evolution of novel technologies in this scope raises additional challenges that further stress the need for new evaluation approaches and method-ologies. The BARS 2013 workshop seeks to provide a specific venue for work on novel, personalization-centric benchmarking approaches to evaluate adaptive retrieval and recommender systems.
B Lineage—Specific Interactions of an Immunoglobulin Enhancer with Cellular Factors in Vivo (1985)

The mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin gene contains a tissue-specific enhancer. The enhancer and flanking sequences were studied in vivo by carrying out dimethyl sulfate protection experiments on living cells, in combination with genomic sequencing. Relative to reactions on naked DNA, there are changes (protections and enhancements) in the reactivity of guanine residues to dimethyl sulfate within the enhancer sequence in myeloma, B, and early B cells, whereas virtually no alterations appear in cells of non-B lineage. Most of the affected residues are in four clusters, in sequences homologous to the octamer 5'CAGGTGGC 3' (C, cytosine; A, adenine; G. guanine; T, thymine). The alterations in the pattern of G reactivity are consistent with the tissue-specific binding of molecules to the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer.
Electron-phonon scattering in amorphous In2O3–ZnO films (2008)

For amorphous transparent conductive oxide In2O3–ZnO films over a wide range of resistivities ρ, the temperature dependences of ρ and Hall coefficient RH have been measured in the temperature range of 2.0–300 K. The low-resistivity films show a metallic characteristic (dρ/dT&amp;gt;0), although high-resistivity films show an insulating behavior (dρ/dT&amp;lt;0). Even in metallic films, however, the resistivity slightly increases with decreasing temperature below 20 K because of the term ρquanta(T) due to quantum effects. Through a careful analysis, we have found that the ρ(T) of metallic films changes in the form of ρ(T)−ρ0−ρquanta∝ρ0T2 at temperatures below ∼100 K. This temperature dependence can be explained by the interference term ρel-imp-ph between the impurity scattering and the electron-phonon scattering. At temperatures of 20–300 K, it has been found that ρ(T) agrees well with the sum of the Grüneisen–Bloch term ρel-ph(T)=βel-phF(T,Θd) and the term ρel-imp-ph(T)=Bel-imp-phG(T,Θd). From analyses, with the coefficients βel-ph and Bel-imp-ph and the Debye temperature Θd as fitting parameters, we have obtained Θd≃1013±13 K and the longitudinal sound velocity uℓ≃13 500 m/s under some assumptions.
Conformational Polymorphism in Autophagy-Related Protein GATE-16 (2015)

Autophagy is a fundamental homeostatic process in eukaryotic organisms, fulfilling essential roles in development and adaptation to stress. Among other factors, formation of autophagosomes critically depends on proteins of the Atg8 (autophagy-related protein 8) family, which are reversibly conjugated to membrane lipids. We have applied X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations to study the conformational dynamics of Atg8-type proteins, using GATE-16 (Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa), also known as GABARAPL2, as a model system. This combination of complementary approaches provides new insight into a structural transition centered on the C-terminus, which is crucial for the biological activity of these proteins.
Fiber laser front end for high energy petawatt laser systems (2006)

We are developing a fiber laser front end suitable for high energy petawatt laser systems on large glass lasers such as NIF. The front end includes generation of the pulses in a fiber mode-locked oscillator, amplification and pulse cleaning, stretching of the pulses to &gt;3ns, dispersion trimming, timing, fiber transport of the pulses to the main laser bay and amplification of the pulses to an injection energy of 150 {micro}J. We will discuss current status of our work including data from packaged components. Design detail such as how the system addresses pulse contrast, dispersion trimming and pulse width adjustment and impact of B-integral on the pulse amplification will be discussed. A schematic of the fiber laser system we are constructing is shown in figure 1 below. A 40MHz packaged mode-locked fiber oscillator produces {approx}1nJ pulses which are phase locked to a 10MHz reference clock. These pulses are down selected to 100kHz and then amplified while still compressed. The amplified compressed pulses are sent through a non-linear polarization rotation based pulse cleaner to remove background amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The pulses are then stretched by a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) and then sent through a splitter. The splitter splits the signal into two beams. (From this point we follow only one beam as the other follows an identical path.) The pulses are sent through a pulse tweaker that trims dispersion imbalances between the final large optics compressor and the CFBG. The pulse tweaker also permits the dispersion of the system to be adjusted for the purpose of controlling the final pulse width. Fine scale timing between the two beam lines can also be adjusted in the tweaker. A large mode area photonic crystal single polarization fiber is used to transport the pulses from the master oscillator room to the main laser bay. The pulses are then amplified a two stage fiber amplifier to 150mJ. These pulses are then launched into the main amplifier chain. We are currently constructing a packaged prototype of this system, which will ultimately be deployed on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). In our talk we will discuss the packaged components as well as the numerous technical challenges that needed to be overcome in order to make this system possible. Of particular interest was the quality of recompressed pulses that could be achieved with a CFBG. We will show background free auto-correlation data from pulses with a dynamic range noise limited to six orders of magnitude that were stretched with a CFBG and then recompressed in a standard compressor (figure 2). We will also discuss in detail the impact of B-integral accumulation on the recompressed pulses. Our current system is projected to run at an accumulated B-integral of 7. However, because our injected system bandwidth is much wider than the NIF system bandwidth our system can tolerate this high B-integral.