gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetically E-selective macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis (2017)

Macrocyclic compounds are central to the development of new drugs, but preparing them can be challenging because of the energy barrier that must be surmounted in order to bring together and fuse the two ends of an acyclic precursor such as an alkene (also known as an olefin). To this end, the catalytic process known as ring-closing metathesis (RCM) has allowed access to countless biologically active macrocyclic organic molecules, even for large-scale production. Stereoselectivity is often critical in such cases: the potency of a macrocyclic compound can depend on the stereochemistry of its alkene; alternatively, one isomer of the compound can be subjected to stereoselective modification (such as dihydroxylation). Kinetically controlled Z-selective RCM reactions have been reported, but the only available metathesis approach for accessing macrocyclic E-olefins entails selective removal of the Z-component of a stereoisomeric mixture by ethenolysis, sacrificing substantial quantities of material if E/Z ratios are near unity. Use of ethylene can also cause adventitious olefin isomerization-a particularly serious problem when the E-alkene is energetically less favoured. Here, we show that dienes containing an E-alkenyl-B(pinacolato) group, widely used in catalytic cross-coupling, possess the requisite electronic and steric attributes to allow them to be converted stereoselectively to E-macrocyclic alkenes. The reaction is promoted by a molybdenum monoaryloxide pyrrolide complex and affords products at a yield of up to 73 per cent and an E/Z ratio greater than 98/2. We highlight the utility of the approach by preparing recifeiolide (a 12-membered-ring antibiotic) and pacritinib (an 18-membered-ring enzyme inhibitor), the Z-isomer of which is less potent than the E-isomer. Notably, the 18-membered-ring moiety of pacritinib-a potent anti-cancer agent that is in advanced clinical trials for treating lymphoma and myelofibrosis-was prepared by RCM carried out at a substrate concentration 20 times greater than when a ruthenium carbene was used.
The potential for using carbocyclic nucleosides for the treatment of AIDS. Part 1. Preparation of some analogues for azidothymidine (AZT) (1991)

The tricyclic compound 10 was converted into the fluoronorbornane 11 and the norbornanol 23 using fluoride ion and water respectively. The fluoro compound 11 was converted into the carbocyclic nucleosides 5 and 7 by a series of stereocontrolled reactions. Similarly the alcohol (23) furnished the nucleoside analogue 6. Compound 5 showed weak anti-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) activity and the corresponding triphosphate 27 inhibited HIV-reverse transcriptase to a small degree. The relatively weak antiviral activity of compounds 5–7 compared to compounds 1 and 2 can be ascribed to the different preferred conformations of the two sets of compounds.
Commitment of individual Th1-like lymphocytes to expression of IFN-gamma versus IL-4 and IL-10: selective induction of IL-10 by sequential stimulation of naive Th cells with IL-12 and IL-4. (1998)

Commitment of Th lymphocytes to the Th1 phenotype, as characterized by the expression of the major proinflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma, may be critically involved in the establishment of chronic inflammation and inflammatory autoimmune disease. To date, it has been shown that in IL-12-stimulated murine Th cell lines containing a major fraction of Th1 cells, Th2 cells can be induced by IL-4 until about 2 wk after initial activation, but not later. Here we analyze, based on the magnetic isolation of viable Th1 cells according to their specific expression of IFN-gamma, the cytokine commitment of individual Th1 cells. After activation of naive Th cells with Ag and IL-12 for up to 5 wk, isolated IFN-gamma-producing cells were restimulated with Ag and IL-4. Within the first 3 to 4 wk of IL-12 stimulation, some IFN-gamma+ cells stopped expression of IFN-gamma when restimulated with IL-4. However, within only 1 to 2 wk of IL-12 stimulation, few IFN-gamma+ cells could be converted to produce IL-4. Others continued to express IFN-gamma and thus were already committed to a proinflammatory, Th1-like phenotype. Surprisingly, within 3 wk of IL-12 stimulation, many of the IFN-gamma-producing cells responded to IL-4 restimulation by expression of IL-10, but neither IFN-gamma nor IL-4, i.e., by conversion to a suppressive, anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Protein prosthesis: β‐peptides as reverse‐turn surrogates (2012)

The introduction of non-natural modules could provide unprecedented control over folding/unfolding behavior, conformational stability, and biological function of proteins. Success requires the interrogation of candidate modules in natural contexts. Here, expressed protein ligation is used to replace a reverse turn in bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) with a synthetic β-dipeptide: β²-homoalanine-β³-homoalanine. This segment is known to adopt an unnatural reverse-turn conformation that contains a 10-membered ring hydrogen bond, but one with a donor-acceptor pattern opposite to that in the 10-membered rings of natural reverse turns. The RNase A variant has intact enzymatic activity, but unfolds more quickly and has diminished conformational stability relative to native RNase A. These data indicate that hydrogen-bonding pattern merits careful consideration in the selection of beneficial reverse-turn surrogates.
Workload Characterization of a Parallel Video Mining Application on a 16-Way Shared-Memory Multiprocessor System (2006)

As video data become more and more pervasive, mining information from multimedia data sources becomes increasingly important, e.g., automatically extracting highlights from soccer game video content. However, the huge computation requirement of mining interested data limits its wide use in practice. Since the hardware imperative behind computer architecture is shifting from uniprocessors to multi-core processors, exploiting thread-level parallelism existing in multimedia mining applications is critical to utilizing the hardware resources and accelerating the complex processing of highlight events detection. In this paper we analyze the view type and playfield detection application, a widely used application in sports video mining systems, and we present several different schemes (task level, data-slicing-level, and a hybrid parallel scheme, as well as variations of the hybrid parallel scheme) for parallelizing this application. The hybrid parallel scheme, which exploits data-level and task-slicing-level parallelism, outperforms basic task-level and data-slicing-level schemes, delivering much better performance in terms of execution time and speedup. On a 16-way shared-memory multi-processing system with hardware prefetch enabled, the hybrid scheme achieves a speedup of 10.6x. Detailed performance analysis shows that because of the large working set, the workload often requires data from the off-chip memory. Therefore, the saturated bus bandwidth utilization is the likely cause of bottlenecks for achieving perfect scalability performance. With hardware prefetch enabled, the bus utilization rate on 16-processors system is about 76% for the hybrid scheme, and the projected bus bandwidth requirement for perfect scalability is about 3.1GB/s for 16 processors and 6.2 GB/s for 32 processors. In addition, our experiments also reveal that there are also no obvious scaling limiting factors, e.g., very low synchronization and load imbalance problems even with up to 16 processors
ChemInform Abstract: Ambident Reactivity of Nitro Heteroaromatic Anions. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improved Bit-Flipping Algorithm for Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes (2018)

The interest in polar codes has been increasing significantly since their adoption for use in the 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation wireless systems standard. Successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm has low implementation complexity, but yields mediocre error-correction performance at the code lengths of interest. SC-Flip algorithm improves the error-correction performance of SC by identifying possibly erroneous decisions made by SC and re-iterates after flipping one bit. It was recently shown that only a portion of bit-channels are most likely to be in error. In this paper, we investigate the average log-likelihood ratio (LLR) values and their distribution related to the erroneous bit-channels, and develop the Thresholded SC-Flip (TSCF) decoding algorithm. We also replace the LLR selection and sorting of SC-Flip with a comparator to reduce the implementation complexity. Simulation results demonstrate that for practical code lengths and a wide range of rates, TSCF shows negligible loss compared with the error-correction performance obtained when all single-errors are corrected. At matching maximum iterations, TSCF has an error-correction performance gain of up to 0.45 dB compared with SC-Flip decoding. At matching error-correction performance, the computational complexity of TSCF is reduced by up to 40% on average and requires up to 5× lower maximum number of iterations.
The Iron(II)-Methine Chromophore (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Iron(II)-Methine ChromophoreDaryle H. Busch and John C. Bailar Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 6, 1137–1142Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01587a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01587a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views839Altmetric-Citations252LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expanding Applications for Viscoelastic Surfactants (2005)

Allan Twynam BP Sunbury, England For help in preparation of this article, thanks to Curtis Boney, Ernie Brown, Steve Davies and George Hawkins, Sugar Land, Texas, USA; Jorge Gonzalez and Arthur Milne, Caracas, Venezuela; Satyaki Ray, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and David Schoderbek, Burlington Resources Canada, Calgary. ClearFRAC, ClearPAC, CoalFRAC, FMI (Fullbore Formation MicroImager), FracCADE, NODAL, OilSEEKER and PERMPAC are marks of Schlumberger. Alternate Path is a mark of ExxonMobil Corp.; technology licensed exclusively to Schlumberger. FANN is a mark of the Fann Instrument Company. Recent developments in viscoelastic surfactants have expanded application of these
Photocurrent hysteresis by ion motion within conjugated polyelectrolyte electron transporting layers (2008)

The change in photocurrent characteristics of polymer light-emitting diodes containing cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte electron transport/injection layers depends on the nature of the counterions and the rate of bias sweep. We attribute this feature to the motion of counteranions and differences in the rates of ion migration.
Cascade laser oscillation due to Ho3+ions in a (Cr,Yb,Ho):YSGG yttrium-scandium-gallium garnet crystal (1993)

We report obtaining room-temperature laser oscillation in a flashlamp-pumped (Cr,Yb,Ho):YSGG crystal. The laser action, which is due to the Ho3+ ions, is based on the cascade of transitions 5I6→5I7→5I8. We have measured the lifetimes of the working levels and the laser wavelength. The efficiency of the energy transfer process Cr3+→Yb3+→Ho3+ is 90%. We investigated the kinetics of the laser action and measured the lasing parameters for various types of output mirrors. We also measured the contribution of the laser transition 5I6→5I7 to the populating of the 5I7 level. For pump energies above 20 J, we observed saturation of the populations of the 5I6 and 5I7 levels of the Ho3+ ion. The cause of this saturation is assumed to be a stepwise sensitization of the Ho3+ ion. We obtained oscillation in a totally-reflecting resonator at 3-μm without self-limiting.
Haze prevention and phase/transmission preservation through cleaning process optimization (2005)

Several haze studies were conducted in a test environment where UV lamps and test chambers were used to simulate a wafer fab environment. This study was designed to investigate reticles experiencing different cleaning processes in a real wafer production environment. A split test was carried out to benchmark two different fabs: an 8" R & D fab and an 8" memory production fab. Reticles cleaned with UV treatment and hot DI water were exposed on ArF scanners for up to 80 hours over a period of two months. Starlight inspection before and after laser exposure confirmed no significant defect count increase after exposure. Ion chromatography (IC) results from masks cleaned on a new Steag MaskTrack cleaner suggest that hydrogenated water (H<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O) and ozonated water (O<sub>3</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O) processes can further reduce the sulfate and ammonium ion residual count by 40%. UV + hot water cleaning also shows advantages in phase and transmission preservation where less than a 0.2 degree phase angle loss per clean can be achieved.
Supercritical fluid techniques (2006)

La technique des fluides supercritiques. Ce chapitre decrit comment les proprietes specifiques des milieux fluides supercritiques ont ete utilisees au cours des quinze dernieres annees pour synthetiser des nanomateriaux inorganiques. Il est montre comment les proprietes physico-chimiques des nanomateriaux (taille, morphologie, structure et composition) peuvent etre maitrisees a partir des parametres operatoires. Une analyse critique des potentialites de la technologie des fluides supercritiques pour la synthese controlee de nanomateriaux OD et 1D est presentee pour les metaux, les semiconducteurs, les oxydes, les nitrures et le carbone. Le savoir faire sur ces nanomateriaux 0D et 1D est applique pour l'elaboration d'objets plus complexes, du type nanocomposites, resultant de la nanostructuration en surface ou en volume de materiaux. Aujourd'hui, la technologie des fluides supercritiques permet la synthese de nano-objets d'architecture maitrisee; ceci donne acces au controle des proprietes d'usage avec des applications dans de nombreux secteurs comme la catalyse, l'electronique, l'energie, l'optique, la pharmacie, etc.
Mapping the Courts: Understanding the Due Process Application in Campus Investigations (2019)

This session will address the emerging case law across the country that is shaping the future of college and university disciplinary proceedings. It will examine recent holdings on due process, the right to confrontation and cross-examination, and other investigative challenges. This session will provide an overview of investigative models and discuss the pros and cons of single investigator, hearing and hybrid models in the face of evolving expectations. The session will also consider the impact of OCR guidance and direction, provide examples of effective policies and procedures, and offer practical implementation advice.
Abstract 568: Few Carney's Triad patients have mutations in two subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDHB, SDHC) (2014)

Abstract Carney's triad (CTr) is a non-hereditary condition, primarily seen in young women, characterized by gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), extra-adrenal paragangliomas and pulmonary chondromas. Most CTr patients present with GIST and pulmonary chondroma (incomplete CTr). A marked decrease in the enzymatic activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) has been detected in these tumors, but the presence or absence of SDH mutations in CTr is controversial. A related disease, known as Carney-Stratakis Syndrome (CSS), has no female predisposition and presents with extra-adrenal paragangliomas and GIST tumors, without pulmonary chondromas. In distinction to CTr, CSS is hereditary due to germline SDH mutations in the enzyme's subunits (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD) with corresponding decreased SDH activity in associated tumors. We have investigated 64 patients with CTr for germline mutations and/or deletions in the SDH subunit genes; four patients were found to have germline mutations in SDHB or SDHC. All four patients had multifocal gastric GIST and pulmonary chondromas at diagnosis; two subsequently developed paragangliomas, confirmed by biopsy. One of the patients with CTr and a SDHB mutation had a nephew with the same mutation and a neuroblastoma, confirming a previously reported association of neuroblastoma with gist (JMG 2009; 46:215, and AJMG 2010; 152A: 1531). We conclude that few CTr patients maybe more correctly classified as having CSS; the genetic distinction of CTr from CSS needs further study. [S.A.B. and P.X. should be regarded as joint first authors.] Citation Format: Sosipatros A. Boikos, Paraskevi Xekouki, Fabio R. Faucz, Karel Pacak, Margarita Raygada, Karen Adams, Evan Szarek, Evan Ball, Su Young Kim, Elena Fumagalli, Lee J. Helman, J Aidan Carney, Constantine A. Stratakis. Few Carney's Triad patients have mutations in two subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme (SDHB, SDHC). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-568
A Fast and Scalable Algorithm for Alignment of Optical DNA Mappings (2013)

Optical mapping by direct visualization of individual DNA molecules, stretched in nanochannels with sequence-specific fluorescent labeling, represents a promising tool for disease diagnostics and genomics. An important challenge for this technique is thermal motion of the DNA as it undergoes imaging; this blurs fluorescent patterns along the DNA and results in information loss. Correcting for this effect (a process referred to as kymograph alignment) is a common preprocessing step in nanochannel-based optical mapping workflows, and we present here a highly efficient algorithm to accomplish this via pattern recognition. We compare our method with the one previous approach, and we find that our method is orders of magnitude faster while producing data of similar quality. We demonstrate proof of principle of our approach on experimental data consisting of melt mapped bacteriophage DNA.
Pattern masking: The importance of remote spatial frequencies and their phase alignment (2012)

To assess the effects of spatial frequency and phase alignment of mask components in pattern masking, target threshold vs. mask contrast (TvC) functions for a sine-wave grating (S) target were measured for five types of mask: a sine-wave grating (S), a square-wave grating (Q), a missing fundamental square-wave grating (M), harmonic complexes consisting of phase-scrambled harmonics of a square wave (Qp), and harmonic complexes consisting of phase-scrambled harmonics of a missing fundamental square wave (Mp). Target and masks had the same fundamental frequency (0.46 cpd) and the target was added in phase with the fundamental frequency component of the mask. Under monocular viewing conditions, the strength of masking depends on phase relationships among mask spatial frequencies far removed from that of the target, at least 3 times the target frequency, only when there are common target and mask spatial frequencies. Under dichoptic viewing conditions, S and Q masks produced similar masking to each other and the phase-scrambled masks (Qp and Mp) produced less masking. The results suggest that pattern masking is spatial frequency broadband in nature and sensitive to the phase alignments of spatial components.
Closed-form analysis of channel non-reciprocity due to transceiver and antenna coupling mismatches in multi-user massive MIMO network (2014)

In this paper, we analyze the impact of channel non-reciprocity due to two implementation imperfections, namely, transceiver frequency-response and antenna mutual coupling mismatches at the base-station side in multi-user massive MIMO system context Signal models are first developed to characterize the joint effects of these two imperfections in precoded multi-user downlink transmission, covering both zero-forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) based transmitter processing. Then closed-form expressions for evaluating the resulting performance degradation are derived in terms of effective SENR at terminal receiver input as well as lower bound of maximum achievable sum-rate in the system. Based on the derived results, it is also possible to directly evaluate non-reciprocity calibration requirements at the BS with given performance targets, e.g., desired effective SENR for each user or the overall system throughput, at given SNR level. The analysis also shows that the ZF precoding can be sensitive to the channel non-reciprocity problem even in the case that large amounts of antennas are deployed while the impact of implementation imperfections on MRT precoded system is less severe.
Promoting quality and transparency in clinical research (2019)

Ramstrand, Nerrolyn1,; Fatone, Stefania2; Dillon, Michael P3; Hafner, Brian J4 Author Information
Oligonucleotide Loading Determines Cellular Uptake of DNA-Modified Gold Nanoparticles* (2020)

The cellular internalization of oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles is investigated. Uptake is dependent on the density of the oligonucleotide loading on the surface of the particles, where higher densities lead to greater uptake. The introduction and development of the oligonucleotide–nanoparticle conjugate have led to applications in molecular diagnostics, materials synthesis, and gene regulation. In the case of therapeutic applications, the use of oligonucleotides for genetic regulation holds promise for both the investigation of gene function and the treatment of disease, and thus developing new agents to both effectively deliver and utilize oligonucleotides in cellular systems is important. A hallmark of these densely functionalized oligonucleotide- modified particles is their ability to enter a wide variety of cell types, which has qualitatively been demonstrated using confocal microscopy. Quantification of the cellular uptake of these mixed monolayer particles demonstrated that uptake is highly dependent on the number of oligonucleotides immobilized on each antisense oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle agents.