gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Router Plugins: A Modular and Extensible Software Framework for Modern High Performance Integrated Services Routers (1998)

Present day routers typically employ monolithic operating systems which are not easily upgraded and extensible. WIth the rapid rate of protocol development it is becoming increasingly important to dynamically upgrade router software in an incremental fashion. We have designed and implemented a high performance, modular, extended integrated services router software architecture in the NetBSD operating system kernel. This architecture allows code modules, called plugins, to be dynamically added and configured at run time. One of the novel features of our design is the ability to bind different plugins to individual flows; this allows for distinct plugin implementations to seamlessly coexist in the same runtime environment. High performance is achieved through a carefully designed modular architecture; an innovative packet classification algorithm that is both pwerful and highly efficient; and by caching that exploits the flow-like characteristics of Internet traffic. Compared to a monolithic best-effort kernel, our implementation requires an average increase in packet processing overhead of only 8%, or 500 cycles/2.1microsecond per packet when running on a P6/233.
Spatio-Temporal Backpropagation for Training High-Performance Spiking Neural Networks (2018)

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising in ascertaining brain-like behaviors since spikes are capable of encoding spatio-temporal information. Recent schemes, e.g., pre-training from artificial neural networks (ANNs) or direct training based on backpropagation (BP), make the high-performance supervised training of SNNs possible. However, these methods primarily fasten more attention on its spatial domain information, and the dynamics in temporal domain are attached less significance. Consequently, this might lead to the performance bottleneck, and scores of training techniques shall be additionally required. Another underlying problem is that the spike activity is naturally non-differentiable, raising more difficulties in supervised training of SNNs. In this paper, we propose a spatio-temporal backpropagation (STBP) algorithm for training high-performance SNNs. In order to solve the non-differentiable problem of SNNs, an approximated derivative for spike activity is proposed, being appropriate for gradient descent training. The STBP algorithm combines the layer-by-layer spatial domain (SD) and the timing-dependent temporal domain (TD), and does not require any additional complicated skill. We evaluate this method through adopting both the fully connected and convolutional architecture on the static MNIST dataset, a custom object detection dataset, and the dynamic N-MNIST dataset. Results bespeak that our approach achieves the best accuracy compared with existing state-of-the-art algorithms on spiking networks. This work provides a new perspective to investigate the high-performance SNNs for future brain-like computing paradigm with rich spatio-temporal dynamics.
Separation of Volatile Organic Compounds in TAMOF-1 (2022)

Separation of volatile organic compounds is one of the most studied processes in industry. TAMOF-1 is a homochiral metal-organic framework with a crystalline network of interconnected ≈1 nm channels and has high thermal and chemical stability. Thanks to these features, it can resolve racemic mixtures of chiral drugs as a chiral stationary phase in chromatography. Interestingly, the particular shape and size of its channels, along with the presence of metallic centers and functional groups, allow establishing weak but significant interactions with guest molecules. This opens interesting possibilities not only to resolve racemates but also to separate other organic mixtures, such as saturated/unsaturated and/or linear/branched molecules. In search of these applications, we have studied the separation of volatile organic compounds in TAMOF-1. Monte Carlo simulations in the grand-canonical ensemble have been carried out to evaluate the separation of the selected molecules. Our results predict that TAMOF-1 is able to separate xylene isomers, hexane isomers, and benzene-cyclohexane mixtures. Experimental breakthrough analysis in the gas phase and also in the liquid phase confirms these predictions. Beds of TAMOF-1 are able to recognize the substitution in xylenes and the branching in hexanes, yielding excellent separation and reproducibility, thanks to the chemical and mechanical features of this material.
Energy Efficient Outdoor Lighting: Case Study, Economic Analysis, Model Development, and Application (2013)

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the vast majority (70%) of light bulbs in the United States are still inefficient [1]. More and more companies are converting outside lighting to state-of-the-art high efficient long lasting options such as Light-Emitting Diode (LED). Proponents of high efficiency lighting assert that upgrading older bulbs to new efficient ones will generate savings even though the installation costs may be high. Firms often compare upgrade costs and perceived benefits using different approaches and analysis methods. This project investigates one firm’s upgrade economic model, provides critical analysis, and proposes an improved model which could be used for future upgrade projects at the firm. In addition to the proposed model, three (3) different use cases are examined in an effort to better understand under what conditions lighting upgrades make the most sense.
Heteroatom-Substituted Analogues of Orphan Nuclear Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner Ligand and Apoptosis Inducer (E)-4-[3-(1-Adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic Acid (2011)

(E)-4-[3′-(1-Adamantyl)-4′-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC) induces the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. Because its pharmacologic properties—solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity—required improvement for translation, structural modifications were made by introducing nitrogen atoms into the cinnamyl ring and replacing its E-double bond with XCH2 (X = O, N, and S) with the objective of enhancing these properties without impacting apoptosis-inducing activity. Analogues having nitrogen atoms in heterocyclic rings corresponding to the cinnamyl phenyl ring displayed equal or higher biological activities. The pyrimidine and pyridine analogues were more soluble in both phosphate-buffered saline and water. While the 2,5-disubstituted pyridine analogue was the most potent inducer of KG-1 acute myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis, on the basis of apoptotic activity in KG-1 cells and solubility, the 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidine proved to be the more promising candidate for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
Biopharmaceutical and chemical compatibility of the combination of salbutamol hemisuccinate and methatropium iodide (2015)

The use of combined drugs in the treatment of diseases such as asthma and COPD improves adherence to treatment. The aim of the study was to investigate the biopharmaceutical and chemical compatibility of the new combination comprising an agonist β2 - adrenergic receptor - salbutamol hemisuccinate and a muscarinic antagonist - methatropium iodide. Experimental studies on the chemical and biopharmaceutical compatibility of the combined drug included: photolytic degradation, hydrolytic degradation and thermal studies. A test sample was studied by thin layer chromatography sorbent and different solvent systems and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by UV spectrophotometry. Samples of the drug components were tested in the form of a homogeneous mixture of dry powder and aqueous solutions in the following proportions: salbutamol hemisuccinate: methatropium iodide 20 mg: 10 mg; 50 mg: 20 mg; 100 mcg: 40 mcg. Photolytic research conducted by illuminating the specimen within 120 hours. Thermal and hydrolytic degradation was observed when the samples are heated to 100 ° C for 120 hours. It was established that all samples of the pharmaceutical compositions of matter found only 2 - salbutamol hemisuccinate and methatropium iodide. There is no chemical interaction between molecules and the degradation of salbutamol hemisuccinate and methatropium iodide impurities are not formed. Photolytic, hydrolytic, thermal studies show no degradation of the drug. [Figure 1] On the basis of data on the chemical and biopharmaceutical compatibility proposed to use a pharmaceutical composition in various dosage forms for inhalation.
A placebo-controlled trial of a depot gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (leuprolide) in the treatment of uterine leiomyomata. (1989)

Several studies have shown that treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue can reduce uterine volume in women with leiomyomata. However, no study to date has used a controlled population for comparison, nor has any study delineated the physiologic mechanism of volume reduction. We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a depot form of a GnRH analogue (leuprolide) given monthly for 24 weeks in 11 patients with symptomatic uterine leiomyomata. Patients initially treated with placebo were subsequently treated with active drug for 24 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify specifically the total uterine volume, total myoma volume, and total non-myoma volume. Treated patients had a significant reduction in total uterine and non-myoma volumes as compared with placebo patients (P less than .02). Total myoma volume was also reduced, but only to a P = .06 level. Pre- versus post-therapy values for all 11 patients showed significant reduction in all three volumes (P less than .02). Most symptoms were markedly improved. By 24 weeks post-therapy, all volumes had returned to baseline levels, although symptomatic improvement commonly persisted. The non-myoma volume was proportionally reduced to a greater extent than the myoma volume (42.7 versus 30.4%), and we therefore could explain the reenlargement seen when treatment was discontinued. Side effects were well tolerated and there were no study dropouts. We conclude that temporary hypoestrogenism induced by GnRH analogues can produce significant though temporary reduction in uterine volumes, and that the non-myoma volume is responsible for much of the reduction and reenlargement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Optical gain of single mode short Er/Yb doped fiber (2004)

Optical gain and output power as a function of pump power has been calculated for short Er/Yb doped single mode fibers for various fiber parameters. The calculation shows that long fiber lengths provide both higher small signal gain and higher output power. Gain of 14 dB has been observed in a 30 mm long fiber at 400 mW of input pump power. The observed small signal gain is found to be linearly proportional to the length of the fiber with a slope of 0.44 dB/mm at 400 mW of pump power.
Interfacial catalysis by phospholipase A2: evaluation of the interfacial rate constants by steady-state isotope effect studies (1991)

The kinetics of hydrolysis of phospholipid vesicles by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the scooting mode can be described by the Michaelis-Menten formalism for the action of the enzyme in the interface (E*). E* + S in equilibrium E*S in equilibrium E*P in equilibrium E* + Products The values of the interfacial rate constants cannot be obtained by classical methods because the concentration of the substrate within the lipid bilayer is not easily manipulated. In the present study, carbonyl-carbon heavy atom isotope effects for the hydrolysis of phospholipids have been measured in both vesicles and in mixed micelles in which the phospholipid was present in the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. A large [14C]carbonyl carbon isotope effect of 1.12 +/- 0.02 was measured for the cobra venom PLA2-catalyzed hydrolysis of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in Triton X-100. In contrast, no isotope effect (1.01 +/- 0.01) was measured for the action of the porcine pancreatic and cobra venom enzymes on vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylmethanol in the scooting mode. In a second experiment, the hydrolysis of vesicles was carried out in oxygen-18 enriched water. Analysis of the released fatty acid product by mass spectrometry showed that it contained only a single oxygen-18. All of these results were used to estimate both the forward and reverse commitments to catalysis. The lack of doubly labeled fatty acid demonstrated that the product is released from the E*P complex faster than the reverse of the esterolysis step. The small isotope effect in vesicles demonstrated that the E*S complex goes on to products faster than substrate is released from the enzyme. The relevance of these results to an understanding of substrate specificity and inhibition of PLA2 is discussed. In addition, the conditions placed on the values of the rate constants obtained in the present study together with results obtained in the other studies described in this series of papers have led to the evaluation of most of the interfacial rate constants for the hydrolysis of phospholipid vesicles by PLA2.
BfpB, an outer membrane lipoprotein required for the biogenesis of bundle-forming pili in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1996)

The bundle-forming pili (BFP) of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli are believed to play a role in pathogenesis by causing the formation of bacterial microcolonies that bind epithelial surfaces of the small intestine. This in vivo process is mimicked in vitro by the autoaggregation and localized adherence phenotypes. Expression of BFP, a member of the type IV pilus family, requires the enteroadherence factor (EAF) plasmid, which contains bfpA, the gene that encodes the principal structural subunit of BFP. Immediately downstream of bfpA are 13 open reading frames transcribed in the same direction as bfpA; together with bfpA, these compose the bfp gene cluster. Disruption of bfpB, the second open reading frame downstream of bfpA, was performed by allelic exchange. The resulting mutant, B171-8deltaB, did not exhibit the autoaggregation or localized adherence phenotype or produce BFP filaments. Thus, BfpB is required for pilus biogenesis. However, BfpA was produced at wild-type levels and processed normally by B171-8deltaB, indicating that BfpB acts at a step in the BFP biogenic pathway after production and processing of the structural subunit. Biochemical and cell fractionation studies showed that BfpB is a 58-kDa lipoprotein that is located primarily in the outer membrane. Assays of bfpA and bfpB mRNAs and protein expression showed that both genes are cotranscribed as part of an environmentally responsive operon that is regulated by growth phase and ammonium.
A 2 GHz cycle, 430 ps access time 34 Kb L1 directory SRAM in 1.5 V, 0.18 μm CMOS bulk technology (2002)

This paper describes a high speed L1 directory (34 Kb) with read access time below 430 ps and a cycle of 2 GHz in 1.5 V, 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS bulk technology. The key features of this high performance dynamic design are fast static input/output interface with the provision of converting internal signals from static to dynamic and then back to static at the output, L1/L2 latches at the input, modular building blocks, pseudo-static circuits, robust timing plan and capability for extensive test pattern coverage and access time evaluation using a programmable "Array-Built-In-Self-Test" (ABIST).
Synthesis of biodegradable and functional block copolymers for protein delivery (2002)

A poly(/spl epsi/-caprolactone) oligomer (Mw=3000) (PCL diol) and various hydrophilic polyethers were used to formulate hydroxyl-terminated PCL/polyether triblock copolymers. The copolymers were synthesized by a multi step epoxy-hydroxyl reactions using a bifunctional epoxy compound DENACOL EX 252 as a linking reagent. /sup 1/H-NMR spectra of the copolymers showed good agreement with the proposed composition. An increase in hydrophilicity with an increasing molar ratio of polyether in the copolymers was observed. Heparin (from porcine intestinal mucosa, 1500 Daltons) was covalently coupled to the copolymers through the terminal hydroxyl groups. The heparin-bounded copolymers showed anti-coagulation activity evaluated by Activated Partially Thrombosis Time (APTT) assay. The feasibility of using the block copolymers for the controlled release of high molecular weight proteins was evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model compound. A higher and more stable release rate of BSA from copolymer films was observed compared to the PCL homopolymer films. In conclusion, a new method to synthesize hydroxy-terminated biodegradable polyester-polyether copolymers was presented. These materials can be made coagulation resistant, and they can be used for controlled delivery of proteins, peptides, and other macromolecules in to the living body.
Science, Security and Academic Literature (2017)

A recent paper (Oakland 2017) discussed science and security research in the context of the government-funded Science of Security movement, and the history and prospects of security as a scientific pursuit. It drew on literature from within the security research community, and mature history and philosophy of science literature. The paper sparked debate in numerous organizations and the security community. Here we consider some of the main ideas, provide a summary list of relevant literature, and encourage discussion within the Moving Target Defense (MTD) sub-community1.
Network Channel Estimation in Cooperative Wireless Networks (2003)

In distributed wireless networks, where nodes actively participate in helping communication for other nodes, they are typically unaware of their neighourhood and hence have to "estimate" it before sending any useful data.In this paper, we formalize the concept of node neighbourhood by introducing the notion of network channel, in which all nodes become part of a large channel.The notion of network channel is then used to study routing in decode and forward networks.To do the same, we introduce the concept of network coherence time, which denotes the time for which the network topology remains approximately constant.The new concepts are used to study the tradeoffs between encoding rate of route discovery packets, number of discovered routes and accuracy of subsequent network channel estimation.Finally, we propose a simple adaptive algorithm for route selection using outage capacity as the metric for route selection, and show that our algorithm outperforms the existing route selection based on the minimum hop count.
Quorum Sensing Regulates Type III Secretion inVibrio harveyiandVibrio parahaemolyticus (2004)

In a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria communicate with one another by producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to signal molecules called autoinducers. Vibrio harveyi, a marine pathogen, uses two parallel quorum-sensing circuits, each consisting of an autoinducer-sensor pair, to control the expression of genes required for bioluminescence and a number of other target genes. Genetic screens designed to discover autoinducer-regulated targets in V. harveyi have revealed genes encoding components of a putative type III secretion (TTS) system. Using transcriptional reporter fusions and TTS protein localization studies, we show that the TTS system is indeed functional in V. harveyi and that expression of the genes encoding the secretion machinery requires an intact quorum-sensing signal transduction cascade. The newly completed genome of the closely related marine bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is a human pathogen, shows that it possesses the genes encoding both of the V. harveyi-like quorum-sensing signaling circuits and that it also has a TTS system similar to that of V. harveyi. We show that quorum sensing regulates TTS in V. parahaemolyticus. Previous reports connecting quorum sensing to TTS in enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli show that quorum sensing activates TTS at high cell density. Surprisingly, we find that at high cell density (in the presence of autoinducers), quorum sensing represses TTS in V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus.
Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging (2015)

Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer nanoparticles with high photostability and strong photoacoustic brightness are designed and synthesized, which results in 5.3-fold photoacoustic signal enhancement in tumor xenografts after systemic administration.
Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing (2013)

This paper discusses fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic analysis setup. These structures are based on the formation of a fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) coating on the channel surface of a conventional microcapillary. Silicon QDs are especially attractive for this application, owing in part to their negligible toxicity compared to the II-VI and II-VI compound QDs, which are legislatively controlled substances in many countries. While the ensemble emission spectrum is broad and featureless, an Si-QD film on the channel wall of a capillary features a set of sharp, narrow peaks in the fluorescence spectrum, corresponding to the electromagnetic resonances for light trapped within the film. The peak wavelength of these resonances is sensitive to the external medium, thus permitting the device to function as a refractometric sensor in which the QDs never come into physical contact with the analyte. The experimental methods associated with the fabrication of the fluorescent-core microcapillaries are discussed in detail, as well as the analysis methods. Finally, a comparison is made between these structures and the more widely investigated liquid-core optical ring resonators, in terms of microfluidic sensing capabilities.
Rehabilitating the ColorChecker Dataset for Illuminant Estimation (2018)

In a previous work, it was shown that there is a curious problem with the benchmark ColorChecker dataset for illuminant estimation. To wit, this dataset has at least 3 different sets of ground-truths. Typically, for a single algorithm a single ground-truth is used. But then different algorithms, whose performance is measured with respect to different ground-truths, are compared against each other and then ranked. This makes no sense. We show in this paper that there are also errors in how each ground-truth set was calculated. As a result, all performance rankings based on the ColorChecker dataset - and there are scores of these - are inaccurate. In this paper, we re-generate a new 'recommended' set of ground-truth based on the calculation methodology described by Shi and Funt. We then review the performance evaluation of a range of illuminant estimation algorithms. Compared with the legacy ground-truths, we find that the difference in how algorithms perform can be large, with many local rankings of algorithms being reversed. Finally, we draw the readers attention to our new 'open' data repository which, we hope, will allow the ColorChecker set to be rehabilitated and once again to become a useful benchmark for illuminant estimation algorithms.
Biopsy Core Features are Poor Predictors of Adverse Pathology in Men with Grade Group 1 Prostate Cancer (2017)

There is little basis for excluding patients with otherwise low risk prostate cancer on biopsy from active surveillance based on criteria such as the number of positive cores or the maximum cancer involvement of biopsy cores.