gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum dot &#x2014; Organic polymer composite materials for X-ray detection and imaging (2010)

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals exhibit physical properties that are characteristic of intermediate size scales between molecular states and solid state materials, and are often called quantum dots. Solid state semiconductor materials have been used extensively as scintillation detectors for ionizing radiation. We describe the use of semiconductor quantum dot - organic polymer composites for use as scintillation detectors and report the first use of quantum dot - polymer composite thin films for X-ray imaging. We have prepared quantum dot - polymer thin film samples using both aqueous CdTe quantum dots in polyvinyl alcohol and non-aqueous CdSe quantum dots in polystyrene. Optical absorption spectra and emission spectra are used to characterize the quantum dot morphology in the polymer film and to evaluate the impact of the host polymer matrix on the quantum dot dopant. We report the fluorescence lifetime changes of the quantum dots in the polymer host and discuss the impact on high frame rate X-ray imaging. The emission spectrum of the X-ray induced luminescence is found to have the same spectral dependence as the laser induced fluorescence. The details of the quantum dot - polymer composite scintillator fabrication and characterization will be discussed. The thin film substrates are coupled to a CCD camera and used to record X-ray images.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight SIMS Investigations of Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives (1997)

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been employed to investigate the surface chemistry of solvent cast films of hyaluronic acid (HA) esters. Ethyl, benzyl, dodecyl, and palmityl esters were studied, as well as unmodified HA and partially esterified HA. Ions that were diagnostic of the specific type of esterification were identified within the ToF-SIMS spectra of each material. The XPS spectra were in broad agreement with the bulk stoichiometry, and evidence of surface orientation of esterified polymer was observed in partially esterified HA. Relative ion intensities in the ToF-SIMS spectra confirm that HA esterified with long aliphatic chain components has surfaces rich in the esterified polymer.
The Effect of Treatment of Vaginal Infections on Shedding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2001)

To assess the effect of treatment of vaginal infections on vaginal shedding of cell-free human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-1-infected cells, HIV-1-seropositive women were examined before and after treatment of Candida vulvovaginitis, Trichomonas vaginitis, and bacterial vaginosis. For Candida (n=98), vaginal HIV-1 RNA decreased from 3.36 to 2.86 log(10) copies/swab (P<.001), as did the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA (36% to 17%; odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-6.5). For Trichomonas vaginitis (n=55), HIV-1 RNA decreased from 3.67 to 3.05 log(10) copies/swab (P<.001), but the prevalence of HIV-1 DNA remained unchanged (22%-25%; OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.2). For bacterial vaginosis (n=73), neither the shedding of HIV-1 RNA (from 3.11 to 2.90 log(10) copies/swab; P=.14) nor the prevalence of DNA (from 21% to 23%; OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0) changed. Vaginal HIV-1 decreased 3.2- and 4.2-fold after treating Candida and Trichomonas, respectively. These data suggest that HIV-1 transmission intervention strategies that incorporate diagnosis and treatment of these prevalent infections warrant evaluation.
Radio Frequency Aspects (2011)

This chapter describes the impact of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer radio requirements on the implementation complexities of an LTE transceiver, compared to the well-known Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) system. It introduces the relevant spectrum bands for LTE. Radio requirements for the transmitter and receiver are discussed, and some of the implementation challenges are highlighted. Both the User Equipment (UE) and eNodeB are addressed, although with the greater emphasis on the UE side. The chapter also discusses the Radio Frequency (RF) impairments for both transmitter and receiver, including mathematical models of the most common impairments to help elucidate the impact of RF imperfections on the overall radio behaviour. Controlled Vocabulary Terms long term evolution; radio frequency; receivers; transmitters
Comparative Binding Specificity of Methyltrienolone in Human and Rat Prostate (1976)

The binding of methyltrienolone (R 1881) in crude human hyperplastic prostate cytosol was determined by a charcoal assay. Maximum binding was observed after 2-3 h of incubation at 0 degrees C. This binding decreased steadily thereafter and reached 41% of the 2-hour values after 96 h of incubation. In human hyperplastic prostate, the binding of 3H-R 1881 was competed by low concentrations of R 1881, R 5020 and progesterone and by high concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT. In the rat prostate, on the other hand, this binding was competed by low concentrations of DHT and 17 alpha-methyl-DHT and only by high concentrations of progesterone and R 5020. The apparent association constant (Ka) of R 1881 was determined in three human prostates and found to be 0.2-0.4 X 10(9) liters/mol; the number of binding sites ranged from 101 to 158 fmol per mg of protein. These findings constitute further evidence for the existence of relatively large amounts of a progesterone-binding component in human hyperplastic prostate.
Supplementary Figure from Silencing Expression of the Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J Gene in Human Cancer Cells Using Small Interfering RNA Induces Spontaneous Apoptosis, Reduced Growth Ability, and Cell Sensitization to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Silencing Expression of the Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J Gene in Human Cancer Cells Using Small Interfering RNA Induces Spontaneous Apoptosis, Reduced Growth Ability, and Cell Sensitization to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress
Virtual Special Issue of Recent Advances in Biofuel Production via Co-refining Route (2023)

Virtual Special Issue of Recent Advances in Biofuel Production via Co-refining Route Worldwide, the transport sector will remain dependent on liquid fuels in the medium-term, despite the current initiatives to accelerate the introduction and adoption of electric vehicles.Bio-liquids from both fast pyrolysis (FPBO) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) are sustainable near-term alternatives.Co-feeding these oils in existing refineries is in demand to exploit the existing assets in delivering biofuels.Co-treating of vegetable oils is mature technology, but applications of bio-liquids derived from ligno-cellulosic materials is immature. 22 recent years a close to market refinery application of co-feeding FPBO as is, or after hydrotreatment in FCC units has become available.This co-processing route is technically possible at low substitution ratios of < 10 % of mass with no serious technical limitations. 20,21,22Co-feeding tests using bio-liquids from lignocellulosic materials in co-hydrotreating (co-HT) with gas oils are less well developed.Disadvantageously, such cohydrotreating tests are performed in reaction systems and refinery units for gas oil hydrodesulfurization (HDS), and the limited test results available point at rapid decrease in sulfur removal catalyst activity due to competitive reactions occurring for the removal of the oxygen from the bio-liquids.Standards are needed for market introduction.A standard, EN 16900:2017, has been developed for the use of biomass derived pyrolysis liquid, here referred to as Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil (FPBO), in large-scale industrial boilers ( 1 MWth).A Technical Report (EN/TS 17103:2017) is available for the use of FPBO in internal combustion engines (both compression-ignition and gas turbines).In Europe an on-going project by NEN (The Royal Netherlands Standardization Institute) will create a draft standard for a method for co-processing FPBO in a refinery setting.Energy & Fuels publishes research reports in the area defined by the intersection of the disciplines of chemistry and chemical engineering, and the application domain of non-nuclear energy and fuels.This Special Issue invited high-quality papers presenting cutting-edge original research related to bio-oil co-refining.In addition, review (mini-review) papers that summarize research advances in a specialized topic or present clear perspectives for bio-oil co-refining were also welcome.This VSI received many submissions.
Special issue: Trichoderma – from Basic Biology to Biotechnology (2011)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Estimation of nitric oxide production and reactionrates in tissue by use of a mathematical model (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the vascular endothelium is an important biologic messenger that regulates vessel tone and permeability and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation. NO exerts its control of vessel tone by interacting with guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle to initiate a series of reactions that lead to vessel dilation. Previous efforts to investigate this interaction by mathematical modeling of NO diffusion and reaction have been hampered by the lack of information on the production and degradation rate of NO. We use a mathematical model and previously published experimental data to estimate the rate of NO production, 6.8 x 10(-14) micromol . micron-2 . s-1; the NO diffusion coefficient, 3,300 micron2 s-1; and the NO consumption rate coefficient in the vascular smooth muscle, 0.01 s-1 (1st-order rate expression) or 0.05 microM-1 . s-1 (2nd-order rate expression). The modeling approach is discussed in detail. It provides a general framework for modeling the NO produced from the endothelium and for estimating relevant physical parameters.
nmd, a novel gene differentially expressed in human melanoma cell lines, encodes a new atypical member of the enzyme family of lipases (1997)

nmd, a novel gene, was isolated by applying the differential mRNA display method to human melanoma cell lines with different metastatic capacity. In a panel of 17 other human tumor cell lines, nmd RNA expression could only be detected at low levels in T24 (bladder carcinoma) and Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma). Furthermore, it was found in placenta and liver, but not in skin, colon, spleen, lung, muscle, prostate and kidney. Sequence analysis classified the nmd gene product as a new member of the enzyme family of lipases (almost 30% identity in amino acid sequence with other human lipases). Active site residues of lipases were conserved in NMD, but NMD lacks the regulatory lid domain, which controls entry to the active site in classical lipases. A similar deletion was earlier reported by others in the guinea pig pancreatic (phospho)lipase GPLRP2 and the phospholipase A1 from hornet venom (DolmI).
Large-scale malware analysis, detection, and signature generation (2011)

As the primary vehicle for most organized cybercrimes, malicious software (or malware) has become one of the most serious threats to computer systems and the Internet. With the recent advent of automated malware development toolkits, it has become relatively easy, even for marginally skilled adversaries, to create and mutate malware, bypassing Anti-Virus (AV) detection. This has led to a surge in the number of new malware threats and has created several major challenges for the AV industry. AV companies typically receive tens of thousands of suspicious samples daily. However, the overwhelming number of new malware easily overtax the available human resources at AV companies, making them less responsive to emerging threats and leading to poor detection rates. To address these issues, this dissertation proposes several new and scalable systems to facilitate malware analysis and detection, with the focus on a central theme: “automation and scalability”. 
This dissertation makes four primary contributions. First, it builds a large-scale malware database management system called SMIT that addresses the challenges of determining whether a suspicious sample is indeed malicious. SMIT exploits the insight that most new malicious samples are simple syntactic variations of existing malware. Thus, one way to ascertain the maliciousness of an unknown sample is to check if it is sufficiently similar to any existing malware. SMIT is designed to make such decisions efficiently using malware's function call graph—a high-level structural representation that is less susceptible to the low-level obfuscation employed by malware writers to evade detection. Second, the dissertation develops an automatic malware clustering system called MutantX. By quickly grouping similar samples into clusters, MutantX allows malware analysts to focus on representative samples and automatically generate labels based on samples' association with existing groups. Third, this dissertation introduces a signature-generation system, called Hancock, that automatically creates high-quality string signatures with extremely low false-positive rates. Finally, observing that two widely used malware analysis approaches—i.e., static and dynamic analyses—have their respective pros and cons, this dissertation proposes a novel system that optimally integrates static-feature and dynamic-behavior based malware clusterings, mitigating their respective shortcomings without losing their merits.
In vitro fibroblast response to polyurethane organosilicate nanocomposites (2007)

The term nanocomposite refers to organic:inorganic composites where one phase, typically the inorganic phase, has dimensions on the nanoscale. Several authors have noted the potential benefit of biomedical application of nanocomposite technology, and have suggested using quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) as an organic modification to enhance dispersion of nanoparticles within polymer matrices. This study aimed to examine fibroblast responses in vitro to a range of nanocomposites using different organic modifiers. Composite materials were prepared from a polyether urethane (PEU) and various unmodified and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles. QAC and amino undecanoic acid (AUA) modified-MMT were added to PEU at loadings ranging from approximately 1 to 15 wt %. Composites with organically modified QAC and AUA particles displayed partially exfoliated and intercalated silicate morphology, respectively. Nanocomposites showed increases in ultimate tensile properties for materials with lower QACMMT loadings. However QAC was shown to significantly inhibit cell growth following release from PEU-QACMMT under extraction conditions mimicking those of the physiological environment. Materials containing silicate modified using AUA were cytocompatible. The results of this study suggest that QAC may be unsuitable as organic modifiers for nanoparticles destined for biomedical use. Alternative modifiers based on AUA confer equivalent dispersion and are of low toxicity.
Genomic Sequence Diversity and Population Structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Assessed by RAD-seq (2013)

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for human food production and as a model organism for biological research. The genetic diversity contained in the global population of yeast strains represents a valuable resource for a number of fields, including genetics, bioengineering, and studies of evolution and population structure. Here, we apply a multiplexed, reduced genome sequencing strategy (known as RAD-seq) to genotype a large collection of S. cerevisiae strains, isolated from a wide range of geographical locations and environmental niches. The method permits the sequencing of the same 1% of all genomes, producing a multiple sequence alignment of 116,880 bases across 262 strains. We find diversity among these strains is principally organized by geography, with European, North American, Asian and African/S. E. Asian populations defining the major axes of genetic variation. At a finer scale, small groups of strains from cacao, olives and sake are defined by unique variants not present in other strains. One population, containing strains from a variety of fermentations, exhibits high levels of heterozygosity and mixtures of alleles from European and Asian populations, indicating an admixed origin for this group. In the context of this global diversity, we demonstrate that a collection of seven strains commonly used in the laboratory encompasses only one quarter of the genetic diversity present in the full collection of strains, underscoring the relatively limited genetic diversity captured by the current set of lab strains. We propose a model of geographic differentiation followed by human-associated admixture, primarily between European and Asian populations and more recently between European and North American populations. The large collection of genotyped yeast strains characterized here will provide a useful resource for the broad community of yeast researchers.
Group delay recovery using iterative processing of amplitude of transmission spectra of fibre Bragg gratings (2004)

A new method of recovering the group delay of a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) by iterative processing of the amplitude of the measured transmission spectrum is described. This method is extremely simple, fast and accurate, and works well for any type of FBG, even when the measured spectra are fairly noisy.
Hybrid PV-Wind, Micro-Grid Development Using Quasi-Z-Source Inverter Modeling and Control—Experimental Investigation (2018)

This research work deals with the modeling and control of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-Wind micro-grid using Quasi Z-source inverter (QZsi). This inverter has major benefits as it provides better buck/boost characteristics, can regulate the phase angle output, has less harmonic contents, does not require the filter and has high power performance characteristics over the conventional inverter. A single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) module used as DC-DC switched power apparatus is employed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions which provide high voltage gain throughout the process. Moreover, a modified power ratio variable step (MPRVS) based perturb &amp; observe (P&amp;O) method has been proposed, as part of the PV MPPT action, which forces the operating point close to the maximum power point (MPP). The proposed controller effectively correlates with the hybrid PV, Wind and battery system and provides integration of distributed generation (DG) with loads under varying operating conditions. The proposed standalone micro grid system is applicable specifically in rural places. The dSPACE real-time hardware platform has been employed to test the proposed micro grid system under varying wind speed, solar irradiation, load cutting and removing conditions etc. The experimental results based on a real-time digital platform, under dynamic conditions, justify the performance of a hybrid PV-Wind micro-grid with Quasi Z-Source inverter topology.
Statistical aspects of fouling processes (2001)

Fouling in heat exchangers is traditionally characterized by deterministic (linear or nonlinear) kinetic models of fouling deposition and removal processes. This deterministic approach to fouling does not reflect the real situation of heat exchangers subject to fouling. The observations in a real situation of fouling of heat exchangers, when compared with the results obtained from predictive models, show a large discrepancy. This discrepancy in the fouling literature is normally referred to as uncertainty of the process. In this paper an attempt is made to model this uncertainty by characterizing the fouling as a correlated random process. The deterministic kinetic models (available in the literature) are randomized by treating their parameters as random quantities. Three fouling patterns are characterized by R f (t) = Bt for the linear process, R f (t) = mt n for the power law process with a falling rate (0 n ≤ 1) and R f (t) = R f ∗[1 − exp (—t/τ)] for an asymptotic process, where t &gt; 0 and B, m, R f ∗ and τ are the random process parameters with associated distributions. Fouling causes the performance loss of heat exchangers which can be tolerated up to a certain limit (i.e. critical level of fouling, R fc ), and thus it is of interest to find P[R(t) ≤ R fc ] = P(T &gt; t) where T is the time to reach R fc . Such distributions are developed in this paper, which are validated against the available data in the literature. It is demonstrated that alpha, modified alpha and Weibull are the most appropriate models to characterize the time to reach a critical level of fouling, if the underlying random fouling growth laws are linear, power law and asymptotic respectively. Knowledge of these distributions and the methods to determine their parameters is useful for devising appropriate maintenance and cleaning schedules in a probabilistic framework.