gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection (2006)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism by which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) operate to specifically and potently downregulate the expression of a target gene. This downregulation has been demonstrated by targeting siRNAs to the mRNA (posttranscriptional gene silencing) as well as to the gene promoter, regulating gene expression epigenetically by transcriptional gene silencing. These observations significantly broaden the role RNA plays in the cell and suggest that siRNAs could prove to be a potent future therapeutic for the treatment of diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The specificity and simplicity of design and the ability to express siRNAs from mammalian promoters make the use of siRNAs to target and suppress virtually any gene or gene promoter of interest a soon-to-be-realized technology. However, the delivery and stable expression of siRNAs to target cells remain an enigma that could be surmounted, at least regarding the treatment of HIV-1 infection, by the application of lentiviral vectors to deliver and express anti-HIV-1 siRNAs in target cells. This review focuses on the development, delivery, and potential therapeutic use of antiviral siRNAs in treating HIV-1.
Low Frequency Electrical Properties of Corroded Iron Barrier Cores (2006)

We investigated the electrical signatures of iron corrosion and mineral precipitation in angle cores from an Fe(0) barrier installation in operation for eight years. The real and imaginary parts of the complex electrical conductivity measured between 0.1 and 1000 Hz were 2-10 times higher (varying between cores) in the reacted zone at the upgradient edge of the barrier relative to less altered locations inside the barrier. Scanning electron microscopy identified iron surface alteration with the thickest corrosion rinds closest to the upgradient soil/iron interface. Surface area of iron minerals was also greatest at the upgradient interface, gradually decreasing into the cores. X-ray diffractometry identified precipitation of iron oxide/hydroxide, carbonate minerals, iron sulfide, as well as green rusts, with mineral complexity decreasing away from the interface. The electrical measurements correlate very well with the solid-phase analyses, and they verify that electrical methods could be used to assess or monitor iron corrosion and mineral precipitation occurring in Fe(0) barriers.
Plasma Levels of Sodium Valproate in Childhood Epilepsy (1982)

Sodium Valproate levels in plasma have been measured in 207 children with epilepsy, only 21 of whom were in-patients. No significant correlation could be found between plasma levels and dose of Sodium Valproate expressed as mg/day, mg/kg body weight or mg/m2 surface area. This finding could not be attributed to irregular compliance, concomitant administration of other anticonvulsant drugs, time of sampling after last dose, duration of treatment or age of the child. We could find no evidence of a therapeutic range of plasma levels of Sodium Valproate and the ranges associated with poor (17%), moderate (44%) or good control (39%) of fits were not significantly different. The average daily dose producing an improvement in seizure control was calculated to be 30 mg/kg.
A new transport scheme for hybrid delivery of content over broadcast and broadband (2011)

This paper presents a new media transport scheme that flexibly combines media components on broadcast channels and broadband networks so that end users can conveniently consume favorite content without being aware of its delivery channels. By taking advantage of the different delivery characteristics of broadcast channels and broadband networks, hybrid delivery offers an effective means of stably providing customized content to each user. In hybrid delivery systems, generic components for a wide range of users are delivered on broadcast channels, and additional components customized to users' interests or locations are delivered on broadband networks. Our proposed scheme enables each user to flexibly combine those components. We have implemented the proposed scheme in a prototype hybrid delivery system. The experimental results demonstrate that the scheme achieves hybrid delivery of content on broadcast channels and broadband networks.
Liquid Crystal Elastomer with Integrated Soft Thermoelectrics for Shape Memory Actuation and Energy Harvesting (2022)

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have attracted tremendous interest as actuators for soft robotics due to their mechanical and shape memory properties. However, LCE actuators typically respond to thermal stimulation through active Joule heating and passive cooling, which make them difficult to control. In this work, LCEs are combined with soft, stretchable thermoelectrics to create transducers capable of electrically controlled actuation, active cooling, and thermal-to-electrical energy conversion. The thermoelectric layers are composed of semiconductors embedded within a 3D printed elastomer matrix and wired together with eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) liquid metal interconnects. This layer is covered on both sides with LCE, which alternately heats and cools to achieve cyclical bending actuation in response to voltage-controlled Peltier activation. Moreover, the thermoelectric layer can harvest energy from thermal gradients between the two LCE layers through the Seebeck effect, allowing for regenerative energy harvesting. As demonstrations, first, closed-loop control of the transducer is performed to rapidly track a changing actuator position. Second, a soft robotic walker that is capable of walking toward a heat source and harvesting energy is introduced. Lastly, phototropic-inspired autonomous deflection of the limbs toward a heat source is shown, demonstrating an additional method to increase energy recuperation efficiency for soft systems.
A Closed-form Expression for the Directivity of Planar Arrays with Arbitrary Topologies and Element Patterns (2022)

This work presents a new analytical (i.e., closed-form) solution to the directivity of a planar array with arbitrary topology. The derived method also makes use of a novel element pattern model which can take into account radial asymmetries in both θ and ϕ: a generic pattern suitable for a wide range of applications. The analytical method is validated by numerical integration using Simpson's 1/3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> method. The analytical method enables fast topology optimization of phased array designs by avoiding time-consuming numerical integration.
A Comparative Study of Ovine Placental Lactogen and Prolactin Secretion Patterns in Genetically Dissimilar Fetal Co-Twins1 (1987)

Simultaneous fetal and maternal ovine placental lactogen (oPL) and prolactin (oPRL) measurements were determined from blood samples collected from six mixed breed (MB; gestation = 141.5 +/- .7 d) pregnancies and single Rambouillet (n = 2; Ra gestation = 148 and 149 d) and Finnish Landrace (n = 2; Finn gestation = 141 and 143 d) pregnancies for the purpose of examining a possible relationship between fetal-maternal oPL and oPRL levels in the prepartal period. The MB pregnancies were produced by embryo transfer and consisted of genetically different fetuses co-existing in a common uterine environment. Despite the apparent prematurity of Ra co-twins in MB pregnancies, similar oPL and oPRL patterns during the final 14 d of gestation were observed for both Ra and Finn co-twins. Fetal oPL levels decreased at parturition (range 23 to 90 ng/ml) to approximately 60% of values recorded 8 d prepartum (range 100 to 150 ng/ml) in both fetal siblings. Increases in fetal oPRL concentrations, first observed at approximately 4 d prepartum in all fetuses, reached peak concentrations (40 to 60 ng/ml) at term. Results of this study suggest a similarity in regulation of fetal oPL and oPRL secretion, despite genetic differences for gestation period, in fetuses in the M.B. pregnancy.
Altered Reward Circuitry in the Norepinephrine Transporter Knockout Mouse (2013)

Synaptic levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are modulated by their respective plasma membrane transporters, albeit with a few exceptions. Monoamine transporters remove monoamines from the synaptic cleft and thus influence the degree and duration of signaling. Abnormal concentrations of these neuronal transmitters are implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including addiction, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This work concentrates on the norepinephrine transporter (NET), using a battery of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging techniques and histological correlates to probe the effects of genetic deletion of the norepinephrine transporter on brain metabolism, anatomy and functional connectivity. MRS recorded in the striatum of NET knockout mice indicated a lower concentration of NAA that correlates with histological observations of subtle dysmorphisms in the striatum and internal capsule. As with DAT and SERT knockout mice, we detected minimal structural alterations in NET knockout mice by tensor-based morphometric analysis. In contrast, longitudinal imaging after stereotaxic prefrontal cortical injection of manganese, an established neuronal circuitry tracer, revealed that the reward circuit in the NET knockout mouse is biased toward anterior portions of the brain. This is similar to previous results observed for the dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mouse, but dissimilar from work with serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice where Mn(2+) tracings extended to more posterior structures than in wildtype animals. These observations correlate with behavioral studies indicating that SERT knockout mice display anxiety-like phenotypes, while NET knockouts and to a lesser extent DAT knockout mice display antidepressant-like phenotypic features. Thus, the mainly anterior activity detected with manganese-enhanced MRI in the DAT and NET knockout mice is likely indicative of more robust connectivity in the frontal portion of the reward circuit of the DAT and NET knockout mice compared to the SERT knockout mice.
Notched velocity profiles and the radial electric field in high ion temperature plasmas in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (1998)

A large “notch,” or non-monotonic feature, appears in measured toroidal velocity profiles of the carbon impurity in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 26, 11 (1984)], centered near the radius of strongest ion temperature gradient. This is explained as a consequence of radial momentum transport dominated by anomalous diffusion together with parallel heat friction on the impurity ions arising from the hydrogenic neoclassical parallel heat flow. The toroidal velocity profile of the hydrogenic species is predicted to be monotonic, from measurements of the impurity toroidal velocity, consistent with the anomalous radial diffusion of toroidal momentum. This supports a neoclassical calculation of the radial electric field for near-balanced beam injection. In supershot plasmas [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1004 (1987)], a well structure in the radial electric field profile is found in the enhanced confinement region. An associated shear layer separates the core, where the local confinement trends are favorable, from the degraded outer region. This provides a mechanism for the nonlinear coupling of the ion temperature gradient, ion thermal confinement, and the radial electric field, which may help explain the favorable core confinement trends of very high temperature supershot plasmas.
Corporate policy at Cable & Wireless enhances business efficiency and improves quality of working life (1996)

Describes how the business networks division of Cable &amp; Wireless has pioneered a teleworking programme called “Global Office” which enables portable computer-using managers and staff who travel extensively between the company’s worldwide office locations to work anywhere and at any time, to their greater convenience and at reduced cost to the company. Gives a detailed description of the global office hardware, software and architecture.
LOP09 (2014)

Sandberg, L. J.; Clemens, M. W.; Koshy, J. C.; Symmans, W. F.; Caudle, A. S.; Wei, C.; Kuerer, H. M.; Valero, V.; Buchholz, T. A.; Kronowitz, S. J. Author Information
Fabrication and Characterization of Pt/(Bi, La)4Ti3O12/Si3N4/Si Metal Ferroelectric Insulator Semiconductor Structure for FET-Type Ferroelectric Memory Applications (2001)

For field effect transistor (FET)-type ferroelectric memories, c -axis oriented (Bi, La) 4 Ti 3 O 12 films with small remanent polarization Pr of 4 µC/cm 2 were investigated. Bi 3.25 La 0.75 Ti 3 O 12 films were prepared by the sol-gel method on amorphous Si 3 N 4 layers formed on Si substrates using atomic nitrogen radicals. It was found that the films formed using stoichiometric sol-gel solution did not crystallize even after annealing at 800°C in O 2 ambient. Therefore, 2.5 to 7.5% excess-Bi solutions were used and such parameters as pre annealing and crystallization temperatures, film thickness and crystallization ambient were optimized. As a result, the well c -axis-oriented Bi 3.25 La 0.75 Ti 3 O 12 films with good crystallinity and good surface morphology were obtained at temperatures higher than 600°C. It was also found in a Pt/100 nm-Bi 3.25 La 0.75 Ti 3 O 12 /3 nm-Si 3 N 4 /Si (metal/ferroelectric/insulator/semiconductor) structure that C – V characteristics showed a hysteresis loop with a memory window of about 1 V and both high and low capacitance values kept at zero bias voltage did not change for more than 3 h.
Nitro End Groups: Remarkable Vibrational Reporters for Charge Transfer in the Excited States of Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene)-Bridged Donor–Acceptor Dyads (2020)

The D−π–A dyads [(n-Hex)2N(1,4-C6H4)]C≡C[(1,4-C6H4)NO2] (1) and [(n-Hex)2N(1,4-C6H4)]C≡C(1,4-C6H4)C≡C[(1,4-C6H4)NO2] (2) have been studied by ultrafast time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy. After excitation into their singlet charge-transfer (1CT) state, a fast decay (ca. 6 ps for 1 and 1 ps for 2) of the initially populated singlet state into a ground state (major pathway) and a longer lived excited state (possibly the triplet state) is observed. The nitro and alkyne groups were used as vibrational reporters to probe the changes induced by the charge-transfer process. For the first time, we confirm experimentally that these changes are consistent with expectations based on the traditional valence-bond representations of the CT states of these push–pull chromophores. An almost identical charge transfer takes place in the two dyads, despite π-bridges of different lengths between the donor and acceptor groups. Complementary DFT calculations support the experimental assignments and have helped clarify the photophysical behavior of 1 and 2.
Flux Pinning by Barium Stannate Nanoparticles in MOD YBCO Coated Conductors (2009)

Tin-based nanoparticles, proposed to be barium stannate, have been formed in YBCO films fabricated by metal-organic deposition, through modification of the precursor solution. These randomly-oriented 30-50 nm particles are dispersed throughout the film thickness, providing an enhancement in the isotropic flux pinning relative to undoped YBCO. For a low level of nanoparticle addition of 2 vol%, a flux-pinning force enhancement of up to 32% is achieved. We report field and field-angle dependence of the transport critical current, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction of our YBCO films on RABiTS substrates, and compare with similar barium zirconate additions.
XPOMET Tag 3: Spannende Assistenz-Technologie der Zukunft (2018)

Assistenztechniken bieten Patienten enorme Vorteile für Therapie und Alltag – das zeigen die Präsentationen auf der XPOMET. So spricht John S. Pezaris, Ph.D., vom Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School über innovative Sehprothetik. Constantin Wiesener, Wissenschaftler an der TU Berlin / Startups stimyo, erläutert wie Neurotechnologien Querschnittsgelähmte unterstützen.
Decoupling of folded‐end dipole antenna elements of a 9.4 T human head array using an RF shield (2020)

Dipole antennas have recently been introduced to the field of MRI and successfully used, mostly as elements of ultra-high field (UHF, ≥ 7 T) human body arrays. Usage of dipole antennas for UHF human head transmit (Tx) arrays is still under development. Due to the substantially smaller size of the sample, dipoles must be made significantly shorter than in the body array. Additionally, head Tx arrays are commonly placed on the surface of rigid helmets made sufficiently large to accommodate tight-fit receive arrays. As a result, dipoles are not well loaded and are often poorly decoupled, which compromises Tx efficiency. Commonly, adjacent array elements are decoupled by circuits electrically connected to them. Placement of such circuits between distantly located dipoles is difficult. Alternatively, decoupling is provided by placing passive antennas between adjacent dipole elements. This method only works when these additional components are sufficiently small (compared with the size of active dipoles). Otherwise, RF fields produced by passive elements interfere destructively with the RF field of the array itself, and previously reported designs have used passive dipoles of about the size of array dipoles. In this work, we developed a novel method of decoupling for adjacent dipole antennas, and used this technique while constructing a 9.4 T human head eight-element transceiver array. Decoupling is provided without any additional circuits by simply folding the dipoles and using an RF shield located close to the folded portion of the dipoles. The array reported in this work demonstrates good decoupling and whole-brain coverage.
Low power ADC's for wireless communications (2012)

Recent advances in ADCs have enabled the development of low power receivers for wireless communication applications. In this paper we will discuss a specific class of ADCs, namely sigma delta ADCs. A brief overview of challenges in the design of these ADC's will be discussed along with the recent advances and techniques in overcoming these challenges. Two specific examples in the context of narrow and wide bandwidth systems will be discussed that demonstrate the viability of the recent techniques.
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Hemorrahagic Adrenal Pseudocyst Discovered During Pregnancy (2013)

Adrenal pseudocysts are rare cystic masses usually nonfunctional and asymptomatic, discovered incidentally during diagnostic imaging or when complicated by rupture and hemorrhage or infection. Few cases of hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst during pregnancy are reported, but a causal relationship between pregnancy and pseudocyst formation has not been shown. We describe a case of a 30-year-old pregnant woman referred to our surgical unit at the 20th week of gestation for incidental detection of left-side upper abdominal cystic mass, with signs of intralesion hemorrhage. The lesion was monitored and the woman gave birth at the 39th week, without complications. After 3 months from delivery, a multislide computed tomography scan confirmed a cystic mass measuring 10×7×10 cm. An elective transperitoneal laparoscopy was performed and a well-capsulated, hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst was removed. The optimal surgical treatment for hemorrhagic adrenal pseudocyst during pregnancy is still controversial. The present case shows that adrenal pseudocyst should be carefully monitored and can be treated by elective laparoscopic surgery after delivery.
Structural Dynamics of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase during Catalysis (2020)

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are industrially important oxidoreductases employed in lignocellulose saccharification. Using advanced time-resolved mass spectrometric techniques, we elucidated the structural determinants for substrate-mediated stabilization of the fungal LPMO9C from <i>Neurospora</i><i>crassa</i> during catalysis. LPMOs require a reduction in the active-site copper for catalytic activity. We show that copper reduction in <i>Nc</i>LPMO9C leads to structural rearrangements and compaction around the active site. However, longer exposure to the reducing agent ascorbic acid also initiated an uncoupling reaction of the bound oxygen species, leading to oxidative damage, partial unfolding, and even fragmentation of <i>Nc</i>LPMO9C. Interestingly, no changes in the hydrogen/deuterium exchange rate were detected upon incubation of oxidized or reduced LPMO with crystalline cellulose, indicating that the LPMO-substrate interactions are mainly side-chain mediated and neither affect intraprotein hydrogen bonding nor induce significant shielding of the protein surface. On the other hand, we observed a protective effect of the substrate, which slowed down the autooxidative damage induced by the uncoupling reaction. These observations further complement the picture of structural changes during LPMO catalysis.
Preface/Front Matter (1993)

This book invokes a prebiotic RNA world that existed some 3.8 billion years ago, only 50 times more ancient than the dinosaur era. The essence of this RNA world was RNA-catalyzed replication, which ultimately gave rise to the predecessor of the DNA-based organisms of modern life. The notion that prebiotic evolution absolutely depended on RNA replication has intrigued many since the early suggestions by Woese, Orgel, and Crick. Those of us with interests in the current function of RNA were especially fascinated as we, of course, hoped that RNA was the pivotal molecule. However, no one predicted the richness of apparent relics from the RNA world that have been discovered in present-day organisms. In fact, the overwhelming stimulus for the new wave of interest in the RNA world comes from discoveries of catalytic functions and structural diversity among contemporary RNAs. Experiments with catalytic RNAs reveal the potential for RNA to possess the plasticity of functions needed for complex evolution — functions which could have resulted in the “breakthrough organism” that was the predecessor of all life. The plasticity of RNA is critically dependent on 2′-hydroxyl groups; it is remarkable that this distinction between RNA and DNA can so dramatically influence versatility of function. New technologies allow iterative selective examination of large numbers of RNA sequence variants with altered binding properties, novel catalytic activities, or perhaps even replicating functions, opening the door to real-time exploration of RNA molecular evolution. If the current rate of experimental progress continues, we anticipate, in the near