gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subtypes vs. where clauses (1995)

All object-oriented languages provide support for subtype polymorphism, which allows the writing of generic code that works for families of related types. There is also a need, however, to write code that is generic across types that have no real family relationship. To satisfy this need a programming language must provide a mechanism for parametric polymorphism, allowing for types as parameters to routines and types. We show that to support modular programming and separate compilation there must be a mechanism for constraining the actual parameters of the routine or type. We describe a simple and powerful constraint mechanism and compare it with constraint mechanisms in other languages in terms of both ease of use and semantic expressiveness. We also discuss the interaction between subtype and parametric polymorphism: we discuss the subtype relations that can exist between instantiations of parameterized types, and which of those relations are useful and can be implemented efficiently. We illustrate our points using examples in Theta, a new object-oriented language, and we describe the time- and space-efficient implementation of parametric polymorphism used in Theta.
The Effectiveness of Magnetic Shielding in High-Isp Hall Thrusters (2013)

A series of numerical simulations and experiments have been performed to assess the effectiveness of magnetic shielding in a Hall thruster operating in the discharge voltage range of 300-700 V (Isp 2000-2700 s) at 6 kW, and 800 V (Isp 3000) at 9 kW. In this paper we report on the simulation results and their validation with experimental measurements. At 6 kW the magnetic field topology with which we recently demonstrated highly effective magnetic shielding at 300 V was retained for all other discharge voltages; only the magnitude of the field was changed to achieve optimum thruster performance. It is found that magnetic shielding remains highly effective for all discharge voltages studied. Maximum erosion rates that remain fairly constant across the range of 300-700 V are computed, with values not exceeding 10-2 mm/kh. Such rates are ~3 orders of magnitude less than those observed in the unshielded version of the same thruster at 300 V. At 9 kW and 800 V, saturation of the magnetic circuit did not permit us to attain precisely the same magnetic shielding topology as that employed during the 6-kW operation since this thruster was not designed to operate at this condition. Consequently, the maximum erosion rate at the inner wall is found to be ~1 order of magnitude higher (~10-1 mm/kh) than that at the 6-kW level. At the outer wall the ion energy is below the sputtering yield threshold so no measurable erosion is expected. The reasons behind the effectiveness of magnetic shielding at higher discharge voltages are discussed.
MS-Shift: An Analysis of MS MARCO Distribution Shifts on Neural Retrieval (2022)

Pre-trained Language Models have recently emerged in Information Retrieval as providing the backbone of a new generation of neural systems that outperform traditional methods on a variety of tasks. However, it is still unclear to what extent such approaches generalize in zero-shot conditions. The recent BEIR benchmark provides partial answers to this question by comparing models on datasets and tasks that differ from the training conditions. We aim to address the same question by comparing models under more explicit distribution shifts. To this end, we build three query-based distribution shifts within MS MARCO (query-semantic, query-intent, query-length), which are used to evaluate the three main families of neural retrievers based on BERT: sparse, dense, and late-interaction -- as well as a monoBERT re-ranker. We further analyse the performance drops between the train and test query distributions. In particular, we experiment with two generalization indicators: the first one based on train/test query vocabulary overlap, and the second based on representations of a trained bi-encoder. Intuitively, those indicators verify that the further away the test set is from the train one, the worse the drop in performance. We also show that models respond differently to the shifts -- dense approaches being the most impacted. Overall, our study demonstrates that it is possible to design more controllable distribution shifts as a tool to better understand generalization of IR models. Finally, we release the MS MARCO query subsets, which provide an additional resource to benchmark zero-shot transfer in Information Retrieval.
Direct Imaging and Determination of the Uncompensated Spin Density in Exchange-BiasedCoO/(CoPt)Multilayers (2003)

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements were performed on an exchange-biased CoO/(CoPt) multilayer sample at 7.5 K. Applying an external magnetic field of up to 7 T saturates the ferromagnetic layer and the remaining uncompensated antiferromagnetic spins at the antiferromagnet-ferromagnet interfaces are imaged with high lateral resolution. The coupling between the uncompensated spins and the spins in the ferromagnet are found to be antiferromagnetic. Quantitative analysis of the MFM images revealed that 7% of the spins at the interface are uncompensated and contribute to the exchange biasing.
Polyimide Buffer Layer for STJ Photon Detector (2006)

We have proposed and been developing ultra low noise photon detector using superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs). The STJs are fabricated on polyimide (PI) layer which is prepared on sapphire substrate. The PI is coated on the substrate before making the STJ. It acts as buffer layer to suppress a great deal of phonon events which come from the substrate. For low energy application such as soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet, the STJs with PI buffer layer is a very attractive detector because the spectrum of low energy photons can measured clearly without noise that depends on phonon events in the substrate. We fabricated the STJs with PI buffer layer which are different thickness and measured X-ray spectrum of 5.9 keV. We found that polyimide of 100 nm thickness is enough to suppress phonon events in low energy range.
Characterization of glioblastoma in an orthotopic mouse model with magnetic resonance elastography (2017)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor. It is highly malignant and has a correspondingly poor prognosis. Diagnosis and monitoring are mainly accomplished with MRI, but remain challenging in some cases. Therefore, complementary methods for tumor detection and characterization would be beneficial. Using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), we performed a longitudinal study of the biomechanical properties of intracranially implanted GBM in mice and compared the results to histopathology. The biomechanical parameters of viscoelastic modulus, shear wave speed and phase angle were significantly lower in tumors compared with healthy brain tissue and decreased over time with tumor progression. Moreover, some MRE parameters revealed sub-regions at later tumor stages, which were not easily detectable on anatomical MRI images. Comparison with histopathology showed that softer tumor regions contained necrosis and patches of viable tumor cells. In contrast, areas of densely packed tumor cells and blood vessels identified with histology coincided with higher values of viscoelastic modulus and shear wave speed. Interestingly, the phase angle was independent from these anatomical variations. In summary, MRE depicted longitudinal and morphological changes in GBM and may prove valuable for tumor characterization in patients.
Expression profiles and functional characterization of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) T2Rs (2021)

Bitter taste perception is mediated by a family of G protein-coupled receptors (T2Rs) in vertebrates. Common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), which has experienced an additional round of whole genome duplication during the course of evolution, has a small number of <i>T2R</i> genes similar to zebrafish, a closely related cyprinid fish species, and their expression pattern at the cellular level or their cognate ligands have not been elucidated yet. Here, we showed through <i>in situ</i> hybridization experiments, that three common carp <i>T2R</i> (<i>ccT2R</i>) genes encoding ccT2R200-1, ccT2R202-1, and ccT2R202-2, were specifically expressed in the subsets of taste receptor cells in the lips and gill rakers. <i>ccT2R200-1</i> was co-expressed with genes encoding downstream signal transduction molecules, such as PLC-β2 and Gαia. Heterologous expression system revealed that each ccT2R showed narrowly, intermediately, or broadly tuned ligand specificity, as in the case of zebrafish T2Rs. However, ccT2Rs showed different ligand profiles from their orthologous zebrafish T2Rs previously reported. Finally, we identified three ccT2Rs, namely ccT2R200-1, ccT2R200-2, and ccT2R203-1, to be activated by natural bitter compounds, andrographolide and/or picrotoxinin, which elicited no response to zebrafish T2Rs, in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that some ccT2Rs may have evolved to function in the oral cavity as taste receptors for natural bitter compounds found in the habitats in a species-specific manner.
RAKE Receiver for Channels with a Sparse Impulse Response (2007)

We derive the optimal receiver for RAKE diversity combining on channels with a sparse impulse response. The receiver is based on the Bayesian philosophy and thus it requires the knowledge of certain a priori parameters. However, we also derive an empirical Bayesian version of our receiver, which does not require any a priori knowledge, nor the choice of any user parameters. We show that both versions of our detector can outperform a classical training-based maximum-ratio-combining detector.
An analysis of the reliability of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes in upper extremity FNS applications (1993)

Electrical stimulation through chronically indwelling percutaneous intramuscular electrodes has been utilized to restore functional grasp in paralyzed individuals. A retrospective analysis of the reliability of the electrode has demonstrated the utility of these electrodes for chronic use in functional neuromuscular stimulation of the upper extremity. The study involved 710 electrodes implanted in 38 patients in Cleveland over a 13.5 year period. Complications were infrequent and minor. The probability of an electrode surviving for six months was 88%, allowing outpatient use of an upper extremity neuroprosthetic system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
HDHumans: A Hybrid Approach for High-fidelity Digital Humans (2022)

Photo-real digital human avatars are of enormous importance in graphics, as they enable immersive communication over the globe, improve gaming and entertainment experiences, and can be particularly beneficial for AR and VR settings. However, current avatar generation approaches either fall short in high-fidelity novel view synthesis, generalization to novel motions, reproduction of loose clothing, or they cannot render characters at the high resolution offered by modern displays. To this end, we propose HDHumans, which is the first method for HD human character synthesis that jointly produces an accurate and temporally coherent 3D deforming surface and highly photo-realistic images of arbitrary novel views and of motions not seen at training time. At the technical core, our method tightly integrates a classical deforming character template with neural radiance fields (NeRF). Our method is carefully designed to achieve a synergy between classical surface deformation and NeRF. First, the template guides the NeRF, which allows synthesizing novel views of a highly dynamic and articulated character and even enables the synthesis of novel motions. Second, we also leverage the dense pointclouds resulting from NeRF to further improve the deforming surface via 3D-to-3D supervision. We outperform the state of the art quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of synthesis quality and resolution, as well as the quality of 3D surface reconstruction.
Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties of Materials (2014)

Abstract In an induction heating system, thermal and electromagnetic properties of heated materials make the greatest impact on the heat transfer and performance of induction heating process. This article focuses on major thermal properties, namely, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and specific heat. It describes the two important electromagnetic properties, electrical resistivity (electrical conductivity) and magnetic permeability, which posses the most pronounced effect on the performance of the induction heating system, its efficiency, and selection of main design parameters. The article also discusses the magnetic properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and metamagnetic materials.
Simultaneous Nanoplasmonic Sensing and Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization (2016)

We have developed a platform that allows for real time optical sensing based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) readout inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). With the TEM, we obtain insight into the structure and composition of materials by performing imaging and spectroscopy with atomic resolution [1]. However, the probed volume is rather small, and the beam‐specimen interaction is often non‐negligible and needs to be taken into account, usually by performing additional experiments. Thus, there is an increasing effort towards enabling simultaneous TEM probing and characterization with complementary techniques. Thanks to the strongly enhanced electric fields generated around metallic nanoantennas, LSPR‐based sensing is a proven tool to study processes at the nanoscale [2], and an ideal complement to TEM since it probes a much larger volume of the specimen. We have fabricated a TEM specimen holder hosting a miniaturized optical bench [3] that allows for sample illumination and spectroscopic readout. Specimens can be heated up to 1300 ºC, and the holder is compatible with differentially pumped environmental TEM (ETEM), with no prior modification to the microscope required. Comparison between signals obtained simultaneously by TEM and LSPR provides indication of the relevance of electron beam‐induced effects. Moreover, we enable for the first time direct correlation of the LSPR response with changes in physical properties of the specimen. We investigate thermally‐induced sintering of metal nanoparticles, a crucial process in deactivation of catalysts [4]. We envision the combination of LSPR sensing with probing by ETEM to become a versatile tool to study processes at the nanoscale, especially taking place on (photo)catalysts.
Review and Comparison of Resonant DC-DC Converters for Wide-Output Voltage Range Applications (2020)

In a wide-output voltage range application, the resonant converter is required to achieve high efficiency and narrow switching frequency over a wide output voltage range. Several resonant topologies have been proposed to fulfill these requirements. These topologies have been stated in this paper. A review and comparison of DC-DC resonant converters for wide-output voltage range application are presented in this paper. Different methods are used in the reported topologies, such as multi-phase bridge, dual half-bridge, and multi-secondary windings. To help providing full understanding of advantages and drawbacks of these different topologies, this paper will present a comprehensive review of these topologies and provide detailed performance comparison.
Thermo-Catalytic Reforming as Basement for a Novel Biorefining Route to Produce Chemicals and Fuels (2018)

Due to Paris climate change agreement, the replacements of fossil oil, as well as CO2 conservation are important aims. To avoid the conflict of the use of agricultural land in terms of cultivation of energy crops and food, biogenic waste is the targeted material for the biorefinery concept. The so-called Thermo-Catalytic Reforming (TCR®) process generates high quality organic liquid, hydrogen rich-syngas, and volatile free solid residue. These products are the fundament that enables the construction of a complex biorefinery system for a decentral application. In contrast to fast pyrolysis liquid, the TCR® liquid offers considerable advantages like the low water content (&lt;2 wt.%), the low oxygen content (&lt;5 wt.%), low total acid numbers (&lt;10 mgKOH/g), and high carbon content (up to 80 wt.%). The most crucial advantage, the thermal stability of the bio–oils, allows direct downstream processing. Hydrogen from TCR® gases can be extracted and can be used for the upgrading of TCR® oil. Based on the TCR® process and the unique properties of the generated TCR® oil a self-sustained biorefinery concept has been developed including the utilization of residue biomass for chemicals and fuels. Beside the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass a downstream key component of this concept is the catalytic hydrotreating of the TCR® oil. The hydrotreatment ensures the removal of heteroatoms like nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen in order to generate high quality renewable hydrocarbons and aromatics with fossil fuel like properties. The combination of the TCR® process and the upgrading step is the focus of this research report. For an optimization and scale up of the processes, two process conditions are presented and the hydrogen balance is calculated.
The Effect of Magnetic Field on Magnetotactic Bacteria Behaviors (2008)

The motion of magnetotactic bacteria was observed using an optical darkfield microscopy. The images were taken using video cameras, and measured by image processing techniques. In our experiment, it was found that the bacteria motion was found to follow to magnetic field frequency within some range. The observation results indicate the possibility of the bacteria behavior control by magnetic field.
High‐throughput, label‐free, single‐cell, microalgal lipid screening by machine‐learning‐equipped optofluidic time‐stretch quantitative phase microscopy (2017)

The development of reliable, sustainable, and economical sources of alternative fuels to petroleum is required to tackle the global energy crisis. One such alternative is microalgal biofuel, which is expected to play a key role in reducing the detrimental effects of global warming as microalgae absorb atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> via photosynthesis. Unfortunately, conventional analytical methods only provide population-averaged lipid amounts and fail to characterize a diverse population of microalgal cells with single-cell resolution in a non-invasive and interference-free manner. Here high-throughput label-free single-cell screening of lipid-producing microalgal cells with optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase microscopy was demonstrated. In particular, Euglena gracilis, an attractive microalgal species that produces wax esters (suitable for biodiesel and aviation fuel after refinement), within lipid droplets was investigated. The optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase microscope is based on an integration of a hydrodynamic-focusing microfluidic chip, an optical time-stretch quantitative phase microscope, and a digital image processor equipped with machine learning. As a result, it provides both the opacity and phase maps of every single cell at a high throughput of 10,000 cells/s, enabling accurate cell classification without the need for fluorescent staining. Specifically, the dataset was used to characterize heterogeneous populations of E. gracilis cells under two different culture conditions (nitrogen-sufficient and nitrogen-deficient) and achieve the cell classification with an error rate of only 2.15%. The method holds promise as an effective analytical tool for microalgae-based biofuel production. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Demand Response of HVACs in Large Residential Communities Based on Experimental Developments (2020)

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems contribute the largest electricity usage for a residential community. Modeling of the HVAC systems facilitate the study of demand response (DR) at both the residential and the power system level. In this paper, the equivalent thermal model of a reference house was proposed. Parameters for the reference house were determined based on the systematic study of experimental data obtained from fully instrumented field demonstrators. The aggregated HVAC load was modeled based on the reference house while considering a realistic distribution of HVAC parameters derived from data that was provided by one of the largest smart grid field demonstrators in rural America. A sequential DR as part of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) control was proposed to reduce both ramping rate and peak power at the aggregated level, while maintaining human comfort according to ASHRAE standard.
Characterization of S‐thiolation on secreted proteins from E. coli by mass spectrometry (2009)

S-thiolation is a reversible post-translational modification in which thiol metabolites of low molecular masses are linked to protein sulfhydryl groups through disulfide bonds. This modification is commonly observed in recombinant proteins secreted from E. coli cells. Since it can alter protein functions and introduce molecular heterogeneity, S-thiolation is undesirable for recombinant protein production. To date, few published studies have characterized thiol modifiers or investigated the mechanism of S-thiolation in recombinant proteins. In this work, reversed-phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to characterize four of the most abundant thiol modifiers on recombinant proteins secreted from E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain. These thiol modifiers have been identified as glutathione, 4-phosphopantetheine, gluconoylated glutathione, and dephosphorylated coenzyme A. S-thiolation by these thiol modifiers increases protein mass by 305, 356, 483, and 685 Da, respectively. These specific mass increases can be used as markers for identifying S-thiolation in recombinant proteins.
Discovery and validation of a colorectal cancer classifier in a new blood test with improved performance for high-risk subjects (2017)

The validated classifier serves as the basis of a new blood-based CRC test for symptomatic patients. The improved performance, resulting from robust concentration measures across a large sample set mirroring the ITT population, renders the new test the best available for this population. Results from a test using this classifier can help assess symptomatic patients' CRC risk, increase their colonoscopy compliance, and manage next steps in their care.