gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Endovascular Neurosurgery (2022)

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in endovascular neurosurgery promises to transform neurovascular care. We present a review of the recently published neurosurgical literature on artificial intelligence and robotics in endovascular neurosurgery to provide insights into the current advances and applications of this technology. The PubMed database was searched for "neurosurgery" OR "endovascular" OR "interventional" AND "robotics" OR "artificial intelligence" between January 2016 and August 2021. A total of 1296 articles were identified, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 manuscripts were selected for review and analysis. These manuscripts were divided into four categories: 1) robotics and AI for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular pathology, 2) robotics and AI for the treatment of cerebrovascular pathology, 3) robotics and AI for training in neuroendovascular procedures, and 4) robotics and AI for clinical outcome optimization. The 38 articles presented include 23 articles on AI-based diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease, 10 articles on AI-based treatment of cerebrovascular disease, two articles on AI-based training techniques for neuroendovascular procedures, and three articles reporting AI prediction models of clinical outcomes in vascular disorders of the brain. Innovation with robotics and AI focus on diagnostic efficiency, optimizing treatment and interventional procedures, improving physician procedural performance, and predicting clinical outcomes with the use of artificial intelligence and robotics. Experimental studies with robotic systems have demonstrated safety and efficacy in treating cerebrovascular disorders, and novel microcatheterization techniques may permit access to deeper brain regions. Other studies show that pre-procedural simulations increase overall physician performance. Artificial intelligence also shows superiority over existing statistical tools in predicting clinical outcomes. The recent advances and current usage of robotics and AI in the endovascular neurosurgery field suggest that the collaboration between physicians and machines has a bright future for the improvement of patient care. The aim of this work is to equip the medical readership, in particular the neurosurgical specialty, with tools to better understand and apply findings from research on artificial intelligence and robotics in endovascular neurosurgery.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to Tetrachlorophthalimide‐Protected Ethyl 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The study of the influence of the layer resistivity of thin epitaxial Si cells (2002)

Epitaxial layers on heavily doped CZ substrates were grown in an APCVD epitaxial system with different epitaxial layer resistivities: 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 ohm.cm, in order to investigate the influence of the resistivity on the solar cell characteristics. Textured and untextured layers were compared. I-V characteristics under normalised AM 1.5 illumination, dark I-V and spectral response were measured. The efficiencies and the photogenerated current were found to increase with increasing layer resistivities in the range of their investigations.
MIAD: A Maintenance Inspection Dataset for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection (2022)

Visual anomaly detection plays a crucial role in not only manufacturing inspection to find defects of products during manufacturing processes, but also maintenance inspection to keep equipment in optimum working condition particularly outdoors. Due to the scarcity of the defective samples, unsupervised anomaly detection has attracted great attention in recent years. However, existing datasets for unsupervised anomaly detection are biased towards manufacturing inspection, not considering maintenance inspection which is usually conducted under outdoor uncontrolled environment such as varying camera viewpoints, messy background and degradation of object surface after long-term working. We focus on outdoor maintenance inspection and contribute a comprehensive Maintenance Inspection Anomaly Detection (MIAD) dataset which contains more than 100K high-resolution color images in various outdoor industrial scenarios. This dataset is generated by a 3D graphics software and covers both surface and logical anomalies with pixel-precise ground truth. Extensive evaluations of representative algorithms for unsupervised anomaly detection are conducted, and we expect MIAD and corresponding experimental results can inspire research community in outdoor unsupervised anomaly detection tasks. Worthwhile and related future work can be spawned from our new dataset.
Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of Curative and Filler Migration of Inner Liner Compounds (2007)

Abstract Materials of significance in the rubber industry generally consist of a complex blend of elastomers, fillers, curing agents and other additives. Elucidating the complex microstructure-to-property relationship of these materials is essential for optimal product development. This requires characterization techniques that are capable to differentiate, map, and quantify these similar materials with sufficiently high spatial resolution. A technique that can provide such chemical microspeciation is Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). STXM is a beamline based microscopy that utilizes the chemical specificity of Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) combined with zone plate optics to achieve high spatial resolution (&lt; 50 nm) and low beam damage to allow the successful characterization of multi-component materials that would be difficult or impossible with other techniques. A brief introduction to the technique will be presented along with example applications showing curative and filler distribution mapping in multi-component elastomeric systems.
Morphology, Electrical, and Rheological Properties of Silane‐Modified Silver Nanowire/Polymer Composites (2010)

Abstract Electrically conducting films containing AgNws, hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins were prepared. FT‐IR reveals that the interface between the AgNws and epoxy could be successfully modified by APTES. XPS shows that the AgNws were attracted by hydrogen bonds of NH 2 and NH groups after APTES modification. SEM analysis shows that the AgNws were well dispersed in the resin. The AgNws were also blended with hydrophilic and acrylic resins, and the resulting blends were compared with AgNws/epoxy blends. Results show that AgNw/PVA‐resin films possess the lowest surface electrical resistance. The AgNw/PVA‐resin and silane‐modified AgNw/epoxy resin conductive films possess a similar electrical percolation threshold. magnified image
CLUES: Few-Shot Learning Evaluation in Natural Language Understanding (2021)

Most recent progress in natural language understanding (NLU) has been driven, in part, by benchmarks such as GLUE, SuperGLUE, SQuAD, etc. In fact, many NLU models have now matched or exceeded "human-level" performance on many tasks in these benchmarks. Most of these benchmarks, however, give models access to relatively large amounts of labeled data for training. As such, the models are provided far more data than required by humans to achieve strong performance. That has motivated a line of work that focuses on improving few-shot learning performance of NLU models. However, there is a lack of standardized evaluation benchmarks for few-shot NLU resulting in different experimental settings in different papers. To help accelerate this line of work, we introduce CLUES (Constrained Language Understanding Evaluation Standard), a benchmark for evaluating the few-shot learning capabilities of NLU models. We demonstrate that while recent models reach human performance when they have access to large amounts of labeled data, there is a huge gap in performance in the few-shot setting for most tasks. We also demonstrate differences between alternative model families and adaptation techniques in the few shot setting. Finally, we discuss several principles and choices in designing the experimental settings for evaluating the true few-shot learning performance and suggest a unified standardized approach to few-shot learning evaluation. We aim to encourage research on NLU models that can generalize to new tasks with a small number of examples. Code and data for CLUES are available at https://github.com/microsoft/CLUES.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURAL STUDIES BY PROTON AND CARBON‐13 DNMR. II. ALTERNATIVE PROTONATION SITES IN CARBONYL CONJUGATED CHAIN ENAMINES OF THE TYPE R1‐C1O‐C2H=C3H‐NR2R3. A METHOD OF SYNTHESIS OF DISUBSTITUTED PYRIDINIUM SALTS (1977)

Abstract Die im Titel erwähnten Enaminoketone (I) zeigen alternierend nucleophile (O, C‐2, N) und elektrophile (C‐1, C‐3) Eigenschaften.
Genetic and clinical characteristics in Japanese hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: first report after establishment of HBOC registration system in Japan (2017)

Correction to: Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 08 November 2017; https://doi.org/10.1038/s10038-017-0355-1.
Towards Supporting Search over Trending Events with Social Media (2021)

Many search engines identify bursts of activity around particular topics and reflect these back to users as Popular Now or Hot Searches. Activity around these topics typically evolves quickly in real-time during the course of a trending event. Users’ informational needs when searching for such topics will vary depending on the stage at which they engage with an event. Through a survey and log study, we observe that interaction with content about trending events varies significantly with prior awareness of the event. Building on this observation, we conduct a larger-scale analysis of query logs and social media data associated with hundreds of trending events. We find that search and social media activity tend to follow similar temporal patterns, but that social media activity leads by a few hours. While user interest in trending event content predictably diverges during peak activity periods, the overlap between content searched and shared increases. We discuss how these findings relate to the design of interfaces to better support sensemaking around trending events by integrating real-time social media content with traditional search results.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Stannylated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives to the Carbonyl Group of Aldehydes. (1986)

Abstract Die Addition der Stannane (II) an die Aldehyde (I) unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen unter Bildung der Produkte (III) wird eingehend untersucht.
FunState—an internal design representation for codesign (1999)

In this paper, an internal design model called FunState (functions driven by state machines) is presented that enables the representation of different types of system components and scheduling mechanisms using a mixture of functional programming and state machines.It is shown here how properties relevant for scheduling and verification of specification models like boolcan dataflow, cyclostatic dataflow, synchronous dataflow, marked graphs, and communicating state machines as well as Petri nets may be represented in the FunState model. Examples of methods suited for FunState are described, such as scheduling and verification. They are based on the representation of the model's state transitions in form of a periodic graph.
The GLI-Kruppel Family of Human Genes (1988)

Previous characterization of GLI, a gene found to be amplified and expressed in a subset of human brain tumors, revealed the presence of five tandem zinc fingers related to those of Krüppel (Kr), a Drosophila segmentation gene of the gap class. We have used the GLI cDNA as a molecular probe to isolate related sequences from the human genome. Partial characterization of six related loci, including sequence determination, expression studies, and chromosome localization, revealed that each locus could encode a separate finger protein. The predicted proteins all had similar H-C links, i.e., a conserved stretch of 9 amino acids connecting the C-terminal histidine of one finger to the N-terminal cysteine of the next. On the basis of amino acid sequence and intron-exon organization, the genes could be placed into one of two subgroups: the GLI subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX3GCX3[F/Y]X5LX2HX3-4H[T/S]GEKP) or the Kr subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX2CX3FX5LX2HXRXHTGEKP). Unlike GLI or Kr, most of the newly isolated genes were expressed in many adult tissues. The predicted proteins probably control the expression of other genes and, by analogy with Kr and GLI, may be important in human development, tissue-specific differentiation, or neoplasia.
Heterozygous diploid and interspecies SCRaMbLEing (2018)

SCRaMbLE (Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution) is a genome restructuring technique that can be used in synthetic genomes such as that of Sc2.0, the synthetic yeast genome, which contains hundreds to thousands of strategically positioned loxPsym sites. SCRaMbLE has been used to induce rearrangements in yeast strains harboring one or more synthetic chromosomes, as well as plasmid DNA in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe a collection of heterozygous diploid strains produced by mating haploid semisynthetic Sc2.0 strains to haploid native parental strains. We subsequently demonstrate that such heterozygous diploid strains are more robust to the effects of SCRaMbLE than haploid semisynthetic strains, rapidly improve rationally selected phenotypes in SCRaMbLEd heterozygous diploids, and establish that multiple sets of independent genomic rearrangements are able to lead to similar phenotype enhancements. Finally, we show that heterozygous diploid SCRaMbLE can also be carried out in interspecies hybrid strains.
Sound velocity and index of refraction of AlAs measured by picosecond ultrasonics (1988)

We use picosecond optics techniques to generate and detect acoustic pulses in an epitaxially grown film of AlAs. From the round trip time of the acoustic pulse we find a sound velocity in the [100] direction of 6.4×105 cm s−1. We also show how measurements of this type can be used to determine the refractive index.
Combination therapy with anti-ErbB3 monoclonal antibodies and EGFR TKIs potently inhibits Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (2013)

Personalized therapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been improved by the introduction of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib. EGFR TKIs induce dramatic objective responses and increase survival in patients bearing sensitizing mutations in the EGFR intracytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. However, virtually all patients develop resistance, and this is responsible for disease relapse. Hence several efforts are being undertaken to understand the mechanisms of resistance in order to develop combination treatments capable to sensitize resistant cells to EGFR TKIs. Recent studies have suggested that upregulation of another member of the EGFR receptor family, namely ErbB3 is involved in drug resistance, through increased phosphorylation of its intracytoplasmic domain and activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. In this paper we first show, by using a set of malignant pleural effusion derived cell cultures (MPEDCC) from patients with lung adenocarcinoma, that surface ErbB3 expression correlates with increased AKT phosphorylation. Antibodies against ErbB3, namely A3, which we previously demonstrated to induce receptor internalization and degradation, inhibit growth and induce apoptosis only in cells overexpressing surface ErbB3. Furthermore, combination of anti-ErbB3 antibodies with EGFR TKIs synergistically affect cell proliferation in vitro, cause cell cycle arrest, up-regulate p21 expression and inhibit tumor growth in mouse xenografts. Importantly, potentiation of gefitinib by anti-ErbB3 antibodies occurs both in de novo and in ab initio resistant cells. Anti-ErbB3 mAbs strongly synergize also with the dual EGFR and HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. Our results suggest that combination treatment with EGFR TKI and antibodies against ErbB3 should be a promising approach to pursue in the clinic.
ChemInform Abstract: High Surface Area Crystalline Titanium Dioxide: Potential and Limits in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Catalysis (2012)

Abstract Review: 396 refs.
Effects of dietary salt intake on plasma arginine (2001)

Because L-arginine is degraded by hepatic arginase to ornithine and urea and is transported by the regulated 2A cationic amino acid y(+) transporter (CAT2A), hepatic transport may regulate plasma arginine concentration. Groups of rats (n = 6) were fed a diet of either low salt (LS) or high salt (HS) for 7 days to test the hypothesis that dietary salt intake regulates plasma arginine concentration and renal nitric oxide (NO) generation by measuring plasma arginine and ornithine concentrations, renal NO excretion, and expression of hepatic CAT2A, and arginase. LS rats had lower excretion of NO metabolites and cGMP, lower plasma arginine concentration (LS: 83 +/- 7 vs. HS: 165 +/- 10 micromol/l, P < 0.001), but higher plasma ornithine concentration (LS: 82 +/- 6 vs. HS: 66 +/- 4 micromol/l, P < 0.05) and urea excretion. However, neither the in vitro hepatic arginase activity nor the mRNA for hepatic arginase I was different between groups. In contrast, LS rats had twice the abundance of mRNA for hepatic CAT2A (LS: 3.4 +/- 0.4 vs. HS: 1.6 +/- 0.5, P < 0.05). The reduced plasma arginine concentration with increased plasma ornithine concentration and urea excretion during LS indicates increased arginine metabolism by arginase. This cannot be ascribed to changes in hepatic arginase expression but may be a consequence of increased hepatic arginine uptake via CAT2A.
Simulating mechanical seals to improve coolant circulation (1999)

Engineers at A W Chesterton used computer simulation to improve the design of a mechanical seal and extend the performance limits established through laboratory testing. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to simulate the flow of fluid within the seal, it was determined that the barrier fluid, which also functions as a coolant, was not circulating to areas of the seal where heat is generated.
Self-scheduled H control of autonomous vehicle in collision avoidance maneuvers (2021)

This article presents the development of a control law for vehicle steering, acceleration and braking in the autonomous driving context. A self-scheduled robust feedback control design strategy is proposed for the stabilization of the vehicle along a predefined reference collision avoidance maneuver. A non-linear vehicle model with tire forces saturation is developed. Its linearization along the reference trajectory leads to a Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) model. An LPV H ∞ control law with pole placement is computed for the LPV model. Simulation results illustrate the stabilization of the vehicle along the reference trajectory.
Effect of conductor crossings on propagation margins (1980)

The effects of conductor delineation technique on magnetic bubble propagation across the conductor edge are described. Propagation margins are obtained for bubble circulation around 18-μm diameter Permalloy discs which cross four edges of an Al-Cu feature. Specifically investigated are isotropic wet etching, anisottopic wet etching to achieve a uniform taper, ion beam milling, and metal lift-off to provide a planar structure. Margins are obtained at ± 40°C, with the most significant degradation observed at the lower temperature. Permalloy magnetic continuity in the crossings can be inferred from hysteresis loop measurements of a Permalloy sheet deposited over a grating pattern formed by the above processing techniques. Although the least anisotropic loops are invariably obtained with smoothly tapered Al-Cu edges under the Permalloy, propagation margins are not maximized with such structures, but rather favor a planar crossing. The results suggest that although patterned stress is still an important concern in functional operation, other geometric effects can be more significant. In particular, poor magnetic step coverage as inferred from loop measurements leads to spurious pole formation from the drive field, while even with adequate step coverage, static bias-field distortions can result because of the component of the field along the step.
Analysis of underivatized amino acid mixtures using high performance liquid chromatography/dual oscillating nebulizer atmospheric pressure microwave induced plasma ionization-mass spectrometry (2001)

A dual oscillating capillary nebulizer (OCN) in conjunction with an atmospheric pressure microwave induced plasma ionization (AP-MIPI) source was applied to the analysis of underivatized amino acid mixtures. It was found that, compared to the single OCN, the dual OCN enhanced the sensitivity of detection several fold. Enhanced sensitivity was compound dependent. For small molecules, such as amino acids, it was 2-5 times more sensitive, while for larger molecules such as peptides it was more than an order of magnitude. The increase in sensitivity was attributed to the enhanced nebulization of the new torch. By using water/ acetonitrile containing 0.1% nonafluoropentanoic acid as the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mobile phase and a C18 column, all common amino acids were separated and detected. A comparison between the results obtained using microwave induced plasma, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) at flow rates compatible with micro LC (10-100 microL/min) showed a higher sensitivity of detection with the AP-MIPI technique for the analysis of underivatized amino acids.
EVM Analysis for Broadband OFDM Direct-Conversion Transmitters (2013)

Low-cost orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) direct-conversion transceivers suffer from signal degradation through the impairments of the analog front end, e.g., due to in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance, phase noise, and nonlinear power amplifier (PA) effects. This paper analyzes joint performance degradation due to these key transmitter imperfections. Error vector magnitude (EVM) is chosen as the figure of merit, which is motivated by its frequent use in the standards for specifying transmitter requirements. In particular, we derive closed-form EVM expressions for the challenging problem of wideband OFDM transmitter design and validate the analysis through simulations. Based on the study, it is possible to conclude that EVM is governed by the memory effects associated with the PA and the reciprocal of the image rejection ratio (IRR), which is defined by the IQ modulator. We also demonstrated that intercarrier interference (ICI) due to the local oscillator phase noise shows an approximately frequency-flat response.
A CPW-fed polarization diversity antenna for UWB systems (2008)

A CPW-fed polarization diversity monopole antenna on flexible PET film for UWB systems is proposed. The antenna consists of two heptagonal monopoles orthogonally and symmetrically printed on the two sides of the extended Vshape ground plane. It covers the entire UWB bandwidth from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and shows a good port isolation under −20 dB over the entire UWB bandwidth. Also, it has a band-notch function of 5 GHz WLAN band. It can be easily mounted on conformal shape, because it is fabricated on PET film having the flexible characteristic. From the results, it is observed that the proposed antenna can provide the polarization diversity for UWB communications.