gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convenient route to γ-nitro-α-amino acids: conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to dehydroalanine derivatives (1998)

γ-Nitro-α-amino acid derivatives are obtained in good yield from the base-catalysed conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to N-protected dehydroalanine esters (methyl 2-amidoacrylates). The outcome of the reaction is dependent on the N-protecting group (the ease of the product formation correlates with the electron-withdrawing ability and hence stabilising effect on the adduct α-anion of the 2-substituent in the order phthalimido > benzyloxycarbonylamino > acetamido), the nitroalkane, and on the reaction conditions. Conditions were established in reactions of methyl 2-phthalimidoacrylate 4 with nitromethane for selectively obtaining 1∶1-, 2∶1- or 3∶1-adducts. Good yields of the 1∶1-adducts are obtained when the reaction is carried out with an excess of nitroalkane. Restricting the amount of nitromethane gives rise to the higher adducts. Similarly, reactions of 4 with nitroethane can be adjusted to give 1∶1- or 2∶1-adducts selectively. These reactions occur with little or no diastereoselectivity. As a model for a dehydroalanine residue in a peptide chain, the diamide N-cyclohexyl-2-acetamidoacrylamide 7 has been prepared. This dehydroalanine reacts with 2-nitropropane and with nitromethane in refluxing tert-butyl alcohol to give reasonable yields of 1∶1-adducts. As the nitro group of the resultant γ-nitro-α-amino acid derivatives can be transformed into a variety of other functionalities, the methodology described in this paper offers a versatile entry to a range of γ-substituted α-amino acids.
Gewerkschaftsdämmerung (2013)

DIE STRUKTURGEWINNER DES INDUSTRIEZEITALTERS: DEUTSCHE GEWERKSCHAFTEN VOR DEM ERSTEN WELTKRIEGDie Geburtsstunde der deutschen Gewerkschaften ist eng mit dem Beginn industrieller Produktion verbunden.Die Industrialisierung bedeutete einen heftigen Bruch mit Vorherigem, sie war eine epochale
Dendrimers as Drug Nanocarriers: The Future of Gene Therapy and Targeted Therapies in Cancer (2018)

Synthetic polymers, such as dendrimers, play a critical role in pharmaceutical discovery and development. Advances in the application of nanotechnology in medicine have given rise to multifunctional “smart” nanocarriers that can deliver one or more therapeutic agents safely and selectively to cancer cells, including intracellular gene-specific targeting. Dendrimers with their 3D nanopolymeric architectures are highly attractive class of drug and gene delivery vector. Advances in understanding and manipulating genes gave scientists a tool to make changes in people DNA to prevent or treat diseases. Over the past decade, gene therapy has been in use in clinical trials. The inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes is the main idea of the development of gene therapy in the cancer treatment. Broad spectrum of delivery concepts, including viral vectors, liposomes, cationic polymers and dendrimers, cell-penetrating peptides and gold and magnetic nanoparticles have been investigated. A well-designed vector is the most desirable approach to increase the safety of gene therapy, which is still in its infancy stages in cancer research. More experimental and clinical trials are focused on well-designed and effective doses of vectors that are essential for therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy for its potential in clinical use against a wide variety of cancers.
Zika virus dysregulates human Sertoli cell proteins involved in spermatogenesis with little effect on tight junctions (2020)

Zika virus (ZIKV), a neglected tropical disease until its re-emergence in 2007, causes microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Its re-emergence and spread to more than 80 countries led the World Health Organization in 2016 to declare a Public Health Emergency. ZIKV is mainly transmitted by mosquitos, but can persist in infected human male semen for prolonged periods and may be sexually transmitted. Testicular Sertoli cells support ZIKV replication and may be a reservoir for persistent ZIKV infection. Electrical impedance analyses indicated ZIKV infection rapidly disrupted Vero cell monolayers but had little effect upon human Sertoli cells (HSerC). We determined ZIKV-induced proteomic changes in HSerC using an aptamer-based multiplexed technique (SOMAscan) targeting >1300 human proteins. ZIKV infection caused differential expression of 299 proteins during three different time points, including 5 days after infection. Dysregulated proteins are involved in different bio-functions, including cell death and survival, cell cycle, maintenance of cellular function, cell signaling, cellular assembly, morphology, movement, molecular transport, and immune response. Many signaling pathways important for maintenance of HSerC function and spermatogenesis were highly dysregulated. These included IL-6, IGF1, EGF, NF-κB, PPAR, ERK/MAPK, and growth hormone signaling. Down-regulation of the PPAR signaling pathway might impact cellular energy supplies. Upstream molecule analysis also indicated microRNAs involved in germ cell development were downregulated by infection. Overall, this study leads to a better understanding of Sertoli cellular mechanisms used by ZIKV during persistent infection and possible ZIKV impacts on spermatogenesis.
Thermoelastic Damping in MEMS Gyroscopes at High Frequencies (2022)

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes are widely used, e.g. in modern automotive and consumer applications, and require signal stability and accuracy in rather harsh environmental conditions. In many use cases, device reliability must be guaranteed under large external loads at high frequencies. The sensitivity of the sensor to such external loads depends strongly on the damping, or rather quality factor, of the high frequency mechanical modes of the structure. In this paper, we investigate the influence of thermoelastic damping on several high frequency modes by comparing finite element simulations with measurements of the quality factor in an application-relevant temperature range. We measure the quality factors over different temperatures in vacuum, to extract the relevant thermoelastic material parameters of the polycrystalline MEMS device. Our simulation results show a good agreement with the measured quantities, therefore proving the applicability of our method for predictive purposes in the MEMS design process. Overall, we are able to uniquely identify the thermoelastic effects and show their significance for the damping of the high frequency modes of an industrial MEMS gyroscope. Our approach is generic and therefore easily applicable to any mechanical structure with many possible applications in nano- and micromechanical systems.
Identification and characterization of 9D7, a novel human protein overexpressed in renal cell carcinoma (2001)

Abstract With the objective of discovering novel tumor‐associated antigens of the cancer/testis type, we compared the transcriptional profiles of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and non‐tumorous kidney and further screened for genes expressed in RCC and testis, but not other normal tissues. In a first step, a representational difference analysis library consisting of approximately 1,900 RCC cDNA clones was generated. Clones were then spotted onto filters and hybridized with cDNA probes derived from a testis‐specific cDNA library, a pool of RCCs and a pool of 10 healthy normal tissues, respectively. Based on strong hybridization signals with both RCC and testis, but not normal tissue probes, 185 clones were sequenced and annotated. After EST‐database comparison, 35 clones were selected for experimental analysis, including conventional and quantitative RT‐PCR as well as Northern blotting. Clone 9D7 showed strong mRNA expression in RCC as well as in several other major tumor types. In normal tissues there was little or no mRNA expression with the exception of heart. 9D7 was cloned to full‐size and found to represent a novel human gene containing 5 exons residing on chromosome 14. Alternative splicing within exon 1 generates 2 open‐reading‐frames consisting of 717 or 435 bp corresponding to predicted proteins of 239 or 145 amino acids. 9D7 shows high homology (227/239 amino acids or 95% identity) to a growth factor‐inducible gene of Rattus norvegicus involved in apoptosis. In situ hybridization as well as immunohistochemical analysis using 9D7‐specific antisera confirmed overexpression of 9D7 in RCCs as compared to normal kidney tissue. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between Visual Acuity and Retinal Layer Metrics in Diabetics with and without Macular Edema (2018)

Alterations in retinal layer thickness and reflectance metrics derived from enface OCT images were associated with reduced VA with and without presence of DME, suggestive of their potential for monitoring development, progression, and treatment of DME.
Visual plasticity and exercise revisited: no evidence for a “cycling lane” (2018)

Abstract Experiments using enriched environments have shown that physical exercise modulates visual plasticity in rodents. A recent study (Lunghi &amp; Sale, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.026) investigated whether exercise also affects visual plasticity in adult humans. The plastic effect they measured was the shift in ocular dominance caused by 2 hours of monocular deprivation (e.g. by an eye patch). They used a binocular rivalry task to measure this shift. They found that the magnitude of the shift was increased by exercise during the deprivation period. This effect of exercise was later disputed by a study that used a different behavioural task (Zhou et al. , 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/4780876). Our goal was to determine whether the difference in task was responsible for that study’s failure to find an exercise effect. We set out to replicate Lunghi &amp; Sale (2015). We measured ocular dominance with a rivalry task before and after 2 hours of deprivation. We measured data from two conditions in 30 subjects. On two separate days they either performed exercise or rested during the deprivation period. Contrary to the previous study, we find no significant effect of exercise. We hypothesise that exercise may affect rivalry dynamics in a way that interacts with the measurement of the deprivation effect.
Thermodynamic Interactions in Blends of Polydienes (1999)

Abstract Thermodynamic interactions and phase behavior in binary blends of model mixed microstructure polybutadienes with model 1,4-polyisoprene were studied using small angle neutron scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The microstructure of the polybutadiene ranged from 8% 1,2 (92% 1,4) to 90% 1,2 (10% 1,4) units, while the polyisoprene contained 93% 1,4 and 7% 3,4 units. The blends of protonated polybutadienes (HPB) with deuterated 1,4 polyisoprene (DPI) exhibited lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior when the polybutadiene contained 38 mol % or more of 1,2 units. Below this 1,2 content of the polybutadiene, all HPB/DPI blends were found to be phase separated at all temperatures above 25 °C. The DSC measurements revealed that other than a blend containing 8% 1,2-polybutadiene and (protonated) 1,4 polyisoprene, all other blends were single phase at room temperature. These results are understood in the context of previous work performed by Han and coworkers on deuterated polybutadiene-protonated polyisoprene blends.
The selective estrogen receptor modulator trioxifene (LY133314) inhibits metastasis and extends survival in the PAIII rat prostatic carcinoma model. (2003)

Trioxifene (LY133314) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with competitive binding activity against estradiol for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and antagonistic activity against ERalpha-mediated gene expression. The PAIII rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) is an androgen receptor-negative, ERalpha- and ERbeta-positive, spontaneously metastatic rodent tumor cell line. After s.c. implantation of 10(6) PAIII cells in the tail, s.c. administration of trioxifene (2.0, 4.0, 20.0, or 40.0 mg/kg-day) for 30 days produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of PAIII metastasis from the primary tumor in the tail to the gluteal and iliac lymph nodes (maximum nodal weight decreases, 86% and 88% from control values, respectively). PAIII metastasis to the lungs was significantly inhibited by trioxifene treatment. Numbers of pulmonary foci in PAIII-bearing rats were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by trioxifene administration in a dose-related manner (maximal reduction, 98% from control values). Continual administration of the compound significantly (P < 0.05) extended survival of PAIII-bearing rats. Trioxifene inhibited the proliferation of PAIII cells at micromolar levels in vitro but did not slow growth of the primary tumor growth in the tail. Trioxifene administration also produced regression of male accessory sex organs. In PAIII-tumor-bearing animals, trioxifene administration produced a maximal regression of 76% for ventral prostate and 64% for seminal vesicle (P < 0.05 for both). SERMs may be preferable to estrogens given their efficacy in experimental PCa models and relative lack of side effects observed in clinical trials. Our data support the contention that trioxifene represents a SERM with potential antimetastatic efficacy for the treatment of androgen-independent, metastatic PCa.
The direct and indirect costs of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in Singapore (2020)

The disease burden of axSpA in Singapore is not trivial given that the disease is relatively common. This highlights the need for measures to accommodate patients with axSpA economically in Singapore.
Relative importance of polaron activation and disorder on charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistors (2007)

The charge transport properties of conjugated polymer semiconductors are governed by strong electron phonon coupling, leading to polaron formation as well as the presence of structural and electronic disorder. However, the relative contribution which polaronic relaxation and disorder broadening make to the temperature activation of the mobility of these materials is not well understood. Here we present a combined study of the temperature and concentration dependences of the field-effect mobility and the optically induced electron-transfer transitions of a series of poly(3-hexylthiohene) field-effect transistors of different molecular weight. We apply a vibronic coupling model to extract the reorganization energy and the strength of electronic coupling from the optical spectra. We observe a transition from a localized to a delocalized transport regime as a function of molecular weight and crystalline quality. Polaron activation is comparable to disorder-induced activation in the low-mobility regime $[\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕(\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s})]$ and needs to be taken into account when interpreting the field-effect mobility, while disorder becomes the dominant mechanism to limit charge transport in the high-mobility regime with mobilities $&gt;{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}∕(\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s})$.
Diversity Gain Analysis of Distributed CDD Systems in Non-Identical Fading Channels (2020)

This paper investigates the diversity gain of a distributed cyclic delay diversity (dCDD) scheme for cyclic-prefixed single carrier systems in non-identical fading channels. Non-identical small-scale fading is assumed in the environment, in which non-identical line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight fading coexist. A condition for dCDD resulting in intersymbol interference free reception at the receiver, is extended to this new channel environment. For an overpopulated system setup, a generalized performance analysis, is not available from existing works, is conducted after developing closed-form expressions for the distribution of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) realized at the receiver. Since the order statistics are involved in the statistical properties of the SNR, the corresponding spacing statistics are utilized to derive feasible closed-form expressions. The finalized closed-form expressions are shown to provide very reliable outage probability and spectral efficiency of dCDD for underpopulated and overpopulated systems. An asymptotic performance analysis verifies the maximum achievable diversity of the dCDD even in the overpopulated case within the considered channel environment. Link-level simulations are conducted and these verify the maximum achievable diversity gain.
A Novel, Label-Free Method for Quantifying Collagen Fibril Formation and Degradation Using DIC Microscopy, Electromagnetic Wave Theory, and Image Processing (2009)

Methods to assay fibrillar growth and degradation at sub-light scales include: fluorescence assays using FITC-collagen or FRAP, destructive preparation and measurement using electron microscopy, and light occlusion methods including turbidity and absorption methods. Many of these methods require the outright destruction, or at least modification via labelling, of the sample in question. This requirement can slow experimentation and introduce additional variability or even alter the reaction rate kinetics. The two methods (absorption and turbidity) which are label-free are bulk averaging methods and cannot isolate subsets of fibrils (e.g. fibrils under load).
PICOSECOND-RESOLUTION FLUORESCENCE LIFETIME MEASUREMENTS WITH A CW LASER AND A RADIO (1977)

Author Institution: Xerox Research Centre of Canada
Gene therapy, cell transplantation and stroke (2006)

The use of neuroteratocarcinoma cells for transplantation therapy in stroke has emerged as a strategy for cell replacement therapy that has begun its transition from basic science laboratories to a clinical setting. Procurement logistics and novel neuroprotective functions associated with these cells allow neuroteratocarcinoma cells to serve as efficacious alternatives to using fetal cells as donor cell grafts for stroke therapy, although the optimal transplantation regimen must still be determined. In particular, the limitations of current stroke treatments and management reveal an urgent need to examine the efficacy of experimental treatments, such as neural transplantation, in order to develop better treatment therapies. This chapter will discuss the characteristics of NT2N cells, the role of the host brain microenvironment and NT2N cell grafts, laboratory research and clinical trials for the intracerebral transplantation of NT2N cells in stroke, the mechanisms underlying the grafts' effects, and NT2N cell grafts and the need for immunosuppression. This chapter will also highlight some of the most recent findings regarding NT2N cells.
Maspin acts at the cell membrane to inhibit invasion and motility of mammary and prostatic cancer cells. (1996)

Maspin, a novel serine protease inhibitor (serpin), inhibits tumor invasion and metastasis of mammary carcinoma. We show here that recombinant maspin protein blocks the motility of these carcinoma cells in culture over 12 h, as demonstrated by time-lapse video microscopy. Lamellopodia are withdrawn but ruffling continues. Both exogenous recombinant maspin and maspin expressed by tumor transfectants exhibit inhibitory effects on cell motility and cell invasion as shown in modified Boyden chamber assays. In addition, three prostatic cancer cell lines treated with recombinant maspin exhibited similar inhibition of both invasion and motility, suggesting a similar mode of maspin action in these two glandular epithelial cancers. When mammary carcinoma cells were treated with recombinant maspin, the protein was shown by immunostaining to bind specifically to the cell surface, suggesting that maspin activity is membrane associated. When pretreated with antimaspin antibody, maspin loses its inhibitory effects on both invasion and motility. However, when maspin is added to these cells preceding antibody treatment, the activity of maspin is no longer inhibited by subsequent addition of the antibody. It is concluded therefore that the inhibition of invasion and motility by maspin is initially localized to the cell surface.
Scalable Improvement of the Strength Properties of Chemimechanical Pulp Fibers by Eco-Friendly Catalysis (2018)

The sustainable improvement of the strength properties of chemimechanical pulp by eco-friendlycatalysis is disclosed. Significant research activities have been performed on the use of cationic star ...
Efficient Non-polymeric Heterojunctions in Ternary Organic Solar Cells (2018)

We describe the use of a near IR non-fullerene low molecular weight organic semiconductor molecule, as electron acceptor, in combination with a wide band gap organic semiconductor electron donor, in efficient bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The electron acceptor is a 2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-based molecule while the electron donor is a carbazole derivative. These two small molecules have complementary absorption spectra, and, thus, the heterojunction absorbs from 450 to 950 nm. The optimized photoactive layer shows power conversion efficiency of 7.44% under standard measurement conditions with an estimated energy loss as low as 0.55 eV. Identical solar cells, but using fullerene derivative, PC71BM, result in lower efficiency values (PCE = 5.07%) and greater energy losses (0.86 eV). The better performance of the non-fullerene-based small molecule organic solar cells is due to the higher LUMO energy level for the electron acceptor. Moreover, to improve further the efficiency of the solar cell, we carried out the study of mixing both the electron acceptor and the electron donor. The ternary organic heterojunction formed results in panchromatic absorption spectra. The overall efficiency of the organic solar cell based on solvent vapor treated ternary active layer showed power conversion efficiency of 8.94% due to the efficient light harvesting, improved energy levels alignment, and better charge balance of electronic holes and electrons.