gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elasticity, plasticity and fracture toughness at ambient and cryogenic temperatures of epoxy systems used for the impregnation of high-field superconducting magnets (2021)

This study evaluates the thermal expansion coefficient, as well as the elastic-, plastic- and fracture behaviour, at ambient and cryogenic (liquid nitrogen) temperatures, of four different epoxy systems that are used in high-field superconducting magnets, with the emphasis on rate-dependent plasticity as measured by uniaxial compression testing. As expected, both the elastic and plastic behaviour of the epoxy systems at room temperature depend strongly on their distance to the glass transition temperature, but become similar at cryogenic temperature. The rate dependency of the yield stress at room temperature of the four epoxy systems was similar and is well described by the Eyring model. At cryogenic temperatures the rate dependency disappears and the yield stress of all four epoxy systems approach a similar athermal value. The fracture toughness remained equal or even increased upon cooling to cryogenic temperatures for each of the four epoxies. However, the fracture toughness values of the four epoxies tested were quite different from each other, suggesting that fracture toughness not only depends on the van der Waals interactions between the segments but is also determined by other molecular characteristics, such as the network structure.
A highly parallelized H.265/HEVC real-time UHD software encoder (2014)

H.265/HEVC standard, promising up to twice the compression efficiency over H.264/AVC standard is suitable for encoding UHD videos and has garnered much attention since its inception. With increasing amount of devices supporting UHD, real-time H.265/HEVC encoder and decoder are needed to complete the UHD media ecosystem. In this paper, we present a highly parallelized HEVC software encoder suitable for broadcasting or network streaming applications. Real-time Main 10 profile encoding of 4K UHD videos at 60fps is achieved through an efficient parallel encoder platform comprising of CPUs interconnected by high speed network. The encoder core is optimized with data parallelism and GPU assisted motion estimation. Utilizing temporal parallelism of GOP and spatial parallelism of picture through slicing to encode, scalability and flexibility are achieved. Results show that our encoder system is about 15794 times faster than HEVC test model HM 11.0 and 13 times faster than ×265, an open source HEVC encoder.
Standalone LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum: Radio Challenges, Solutions, and Performance of MulteFire (2018)

The deployment of standalone LTE radio technology in unlicensed spectrum can enable new business cases, by leveraging the assets of LTE, to industry players not having access to licensed spectrum. With this objective in mind, the Multe- Fire Alliance has recently finalized the first release of the MulteFire standard specifications. MulteFire makes the deployment of standalone LTE radio technology possible in the 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum. It combines the simplicity of deployment of WiFi with the spectral efficiency and carrier- grade quality of LTE. MulteFire is targeted at enhanced mobile broadband services, but is also suited for IoT applications, as it inherently supports many connected devices. It also offers more reliable communication, as compared to competing technologies working in the unlicensed spectrum. This article provides an overview of the research challenges and solutions of deploying the LTE radio technology in unlicensed spectrum. We summarize the main regulatory requirements in the 5 GHz unlicensed band, and describe the needed modifications to the LTE specifications. We also demonstrate, by means of detailed system- level simulations, how MulteFire can improve the system capacity and coverage, as compared to WiFi, in specific propagation environments and small cell deployments.
Excretion of 4-Amino-5-Imidazolecarboxamide by Mental Patients (1963)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The ribotide of 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide is a key intermediate in the pathway of purine biosynthesis from glycine to inosinic acid.<sup>1</sup>Some breakdown of the ribotide occurs, since the free base (AIC) has been identified in urine both by Vilenkina<sup>2</sup>and in this laboratory.<sup>3</sup>Our interest in AIC was first aroused by the appearance of an unidentified fading blue spot in chromatograms of extracts of schizophrenic urines sprayed with diazotized sulfanilic acid. After the identification of this spot as AIC, a colorimetric analysis was developed, and a program undertaken to determine its excretion in normal humans and in persons suffering from a variety of mental and physical disorders. Data on AIC excretion in mentally normal humans have been reported previously<sup>4,5</sup>and are in general agreement with data obtained by Braunstein and Vilenkina,<sup>6,7</sup>using a chromatographic method of analysis. This paper will report the data obtained on AIC excretion by mental patients.
Single photon detection imaging of Cherenkov light emitted during radiation therapy (2018)

Cherenkov imaging during radiation therapy has been developed as a tool for dosimetry, which could have applications in patient delivery verification or in regular quality audit. The cameras used are intensified imaging sensors, either ICCD or ICMOS cameras, which allow important features of imaging, including: (1) nanosecond time gating, (2) amplification by 10<sup>3</sup>-10<sup>4</sup>, which together allow for imaging which has (1) real time capture at 10-30 frames per second, (2) sensitivity at the level of single photon event level, and (3) ability to suppress background light from the ambient room. However, the capability to achieve single photon imaging has not been fully analyzed to date, and as such was the focus of this study. The ability to quantitatively characterize how a single photon event appears in amplified camera imaging from the Cherenkov images was analyzed with image processing. The signal seen at normal gain levels appears to be a blur of about 90 counts in the CCD detector, after going through the chain of photocathode detection, amplification through a microchannel plate PMT, excitation onto a phosphor screen and then imaged on the CCD. The analysis of single photon events requires careful interpretation of the fixed pattern noise, statistical quantum noise distributions, and the spatial spread of each pulse through the ICCD.
Heat distribution in AMOLEDs (2005)

Abstract— Thermal models and tests of active‐matrix OLEDs (AMOLEDs) show that thermal effects can significantly reduce the lifetime of an OLED device. A comparison of the experimental heat distribution in an AMOLED with thermal models demonstrates that the thermal resistivity of the organic layers in an OLED is surprisingly high. Experiments with AMOLEDs show that the lifetime of OLED devices can be significantly improved through the use of heat‐spreading layers in the OLED devices.
A Database for a Long-Term Developmental Study of the Personality Traits of XXY and XYY Children (1980)

A database differs from a set of data in machine-readable form in that it also includes an organizing structure that allows for the expansion, modification, retrieval, and analysis of the information. This paper describes how database concepts have been applied in a specific longitudinal study. Data structures (hierarchical vs. relational), security and integrity, data communications (electronic transfer to another computer at a remote site), and statistical analysis are some database issues which are addressed. The overall logical schema of the database is described. Other concepts such as data redundancy, logical and physical data independence, backup and backout routines, and communications protocols are introduced as they relate to our research.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise, Efficient New Synthesis of Pipercide, an Insecticidal Unsaturated Amide from Piper nigrum, and Related Compounds. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A framework for investigating the interaction in information retrieval (1999)

. To increase retrieval effectiveness, information retrieval systems must offer better support to users in their information-seeking activities. To achieve this, one major concern is to obtain a better understanding of the nature of the interaction between a user and an information retrieval system. For this, we need a means to analyse the interaction in information retrieval, so as to compare the interaction processes within and across information retrieval systems. We present a framework for investigating the interaction between users and information retrieval systems. The framework is based on channel theory, a theory of information and its flow, which provides an explicit ontology that can be used to represent any aspect of the interaction process. The developed framework allows for the investigation of the interaction in information retrieval at the desired level of abstraction. We use the framework to investigate the interaction in query reformulation and standard web searching. 1
List Decoding of Burst Errors (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A generalization of the Reiger bound is presented for the list decoding of burst errors. It is then shown that Reed–Solomon codes attain this bound. </para>
Serum homocysteine levels in relation to clinical progression in multiple sclerosis (2008)

Serum total homocysteine levels are associated with several measures of disease progression in MS but are not elevated in patients with MS compared with controls. The association of homocysteine levels with cognition in patients with progressive MS raises the question of whether homocysteine directly impacts on MS or reflects a more general neurodegenerative process.
Regioselective synthesis of methyl 5-(N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates as new amino acid-like building blocks (2022)

A convenient and efficient synthesis of novel achiral and chiral heterocyclic amino acid-like building blocks was developed. Regioisomeric methyl 5-(<i>N</i>-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates were prepared by the reaction of β-enamino ketoesters (including azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperidine enamines) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Unambiguous structural assignments were based on chiral HPLC analysis, <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C, and <sup>15</sup>N NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.
Seasonal variations in integumental glycoconjugates of Rana rugosa (1997)

Background Although environmental conditions can influence the expression of glycoconjugates (GCs) in the epidermis and cutaneous gland of amphibians, seasonal features regarding GCs in frogs have rarely been studied. In the present study, we report the seasonal variations of the integumental GCs in Rana rugosa. Methods GCs were investigated at the light microscopic level using conventional and lectin histochemistry. Results During the pre- through posthibernating periods, stronger periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive GCs were observed in the stratum corneum and transitional layer of the epidermis. At the same time, alcian blue and PAS-positive GCs filled the lumen of the mucous gland. The affinity for PNA in the transitional layer, UEA-1 in stratum germinativum, and SBA in the mucous glands increased significantly during the same periods. In addition, new GCs, which are specific for SBA in the stratum corneum, BSL-1, RCA-1, sWGA, and LCA in some cells of the transitional layer, were detected. Conclusions Elevated GCs and a diversity of lectin affinities may be a result of seasonal adaptations related to hibernation. An affinity for PNA, UEA-1, and SBA in the frog skin may be useful as a marker of seasonal changes. Anat. Rec. 249:24-31, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geometric imaging of borophene polymorphs with functionalized probes (2019)

A common characteristic of borophene polymorphs is the presence of hollow hexagons (HHs) in an otherwise triangular lattice. The vast number of possible HH arrangements underlies the polymorphic nature of borophene, and necessitates direct HH imaging to definitively identify its atomic structure. While borophene has been imaged with scanning tunneling microscopy using conventional metal probes, the convolution of topographic and electronic features hinders unambiguous identification of the atomic lattice. Here, we overcome these limitations by employing CO-functionalized atomic force microscopy to visualize structures corresponding to boron-boron covalent bonds. Additionally, we show that CO-functionalized scanning tunneling microscopy is an equivalent and more accessible technique for HH imaging, confirming the v<sub>1/5</sub> and v<sub>1/6</sub> borophene models as unifying structures for all observed phases. Using this methodology, a borophene phase diagram is assembled, including a transition from rotationally commensurate to incommensurate phases at high growth temperatures, thus corroborating the chemically discrete nature of borophene.
Discovery of Indole‐Containing Tetracycles as a New Scaffold for Androgen Receptor Ligands. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supersonic beam studies of carbon condensation (1989)

In the course of the current rage of fascination with how diamond growth may be nucleated and controlled, it is probably wise to consider in some detail the nature of the beast with which diamond growth must compete. The best in this case is the growth graphite either in its perfect crystalline form, or more typically in one of its less flat, often more tortuous morphologies. After all graphite is the most stable form of carbon under moderate pressure conditions, and diamond growth can dominate only as a result of some kinetic trick. Unfortunately, this will have to be a very powerful trick indeed, since it turns out that the kinetics of nucleation and growth of graphitic type objects are sensationally facile. This short paper considers some of the newest evidence of just how formidable this graphitic beast is. Strangely, much of this new evidence has come from the rarified and esoteric environment of supersonic beams and laser spectroscopy. Advances in laser and supersonic molecular beam techniques over the past 5-10 years have produced a flood of new results and insights as to the nature of small clusters. Within the sub-field of strongly bound (non van der Waals) clusters, certainlymore » one of the most active and intellectually exciting areas has been the study of carbon. Although many of these new experiments are still in the process of verification, extension, and further interpretation, a remarkable new picture is beginning to emerge as to some of the dominant processes of carbon condensation and the nature of the (largely graphitic) species involved.« less
Applications of Common Entropy for Causal Inference (2018)

We study the problem of discovering the simplest latent variable that can make two observed discrete variables conditionally independent. The minimum entropy required for such a latent is known as common entropy in information theory. We extend this notion to Renyi common entropy by minimizing the Renyi entropy of the latent variable. To efficiently compute common entropy, we propose an iterative algorithm that can be used to discover the trade-off between the entropy of the latent variable and the conditional mutual information of the observed variables. We show two applications of common entropy in causal inference: First, under the assumption that there are no low-entropy mediators, it can be used to distinguish causation from spurious correlation among almost all joint distributions on simple causal graphs with two observed variables. Second, common entropy can be used to improve constraint-based methods such as PC or FCI algorithms in the small-sample regime, where these methods are known to struggle. We propose a modification to these constraint-based methods to assess if a separating set found by these algorithms is valid using common entropy. We finally evaluate our algorithms on synthetic and real data to establish their performance.
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene Borane: A Readily Available, Liquid N-Heterocyclic Carbene Borane Reagent (2017)

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene borane has been synthesized directly from two inexpensive commercial reagents: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and sodium borohydride. This NHC-borane reagent is a stable, free-flowing liquid that shows promise for use in radical, ionic, and metal-catalyzed reactions.
Improvement on Cylinder-to-Cylinder Variation Using a Cylinder Balancing Control Strategy in Gasoline HCCI Engines (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion offers significant efficiency improvements compared to conventional gasoline engines. However, due to the nature of HCCI combustion, traditional HCCI engines show some degree of sensitivity to in-cylinder thermal conditions; thus higher cylinder-to-cylinder variation was observed especially at low load and high load operating conditions due to different injector characteristics, different amount of reforming as well as non-uniform EGR distribution.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To address these issues, a cylinder balancing control strategy was developed for a multi-cylinder engine. In particular, the cylinder balancing control strategy balances CA50 and AF ratio at high load and low load conditions, respectively. Combustion noise was significantly reduced at high load while combustion stability was improved at low load with the cylinder balancing control.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Simplifying checkpoint inhibitor delivery throughin vivogeneration of synthetic DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) (2019)

Checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) have revolutionized the treatment of many solid tumors. However, difficulties in production, stability, the requirement of frequent high doses for antibody administration and long intravenous administration are recurring issues. Synthetically designed DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) are a novel delivery method for antibody therapy which could potentially address many of these issues, simplifying design and implementation of MAb-based therapies. DMAbs delivered through plasmid DNA injection and electroporation have been used in preclinical models for the treatment or prophylaxis of infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Our group has recently reported that immune checkpoint blockers can be optimized and delivered <i>in vivo</i> advancing further DMAb technology by optimization, expression and <i>in vivo</i> functional characterization of anti-CTLA4 antibodies. Here we report optimization, expression and binding of DMAbs based on anti-PD1 CPI and discuss the potential of DMAbs in checkpoint immunotherapy.
Effects of Cr, W, and Mo on the High Temperature Oxidation of Ni-Based Superalloys (2019)

The oxidation behavior of Ni-9.5Co-(8~12)Cr-(2.5~5.5)Mo-(4~8)W-3Al-5Ti-3Ta-0.1C-0.01B alloys was investigated at 850 °C and 1000 °C The mass change, the phase of oxides, and the cross-sectional structure of specimens were analyzed after cyclic oxidation tests. The oxide scale was composed mainly of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and NiCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, but NiO, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CrTaO<sub>4</sub> were also found. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was formed beneath the Cr oxide layer. The Cr oxide layer and internal Al oxide acted as barriers to oxidation at 850 °C, while Al oxide was predominantly protective at 1000 °C. Cr increased the mass gain after oxidation test at both temperatures. Mo increased the oxidation rate at 850 °C but decreased the oxidation rate at 1000 °C. W slightly increased the mass gain at 850 °C but did not produce a significant effect at 1000 °C. The effects of Cr, Mo, W, and the temperature were discussed as well as the volatilization of oxides, the valence number of elements, and diffusion retardation.
Electrostatic-inertial plasma confinement (1990)

Summary form only given. Electrostatic-inertial confinement offers several significant advantages, including a highly non-Maxwellian plasma which is capable of burning advanced fuels, a relatively simple structure capable of high power density, and a natural connection to direct energy conversion. The plasma is confined in an electrostatic well that is created by injecting electrons through a semitransparent, high-voltage, grid-type anode in spherical geometry. Oscillation of the electrons about the anode forms a negative potential well that provides effective confinement of injected high-energy ions. As the ions pass back and forth on trajectories through the center of the device, a very-high-density central reaction core region is formed. The experimental apparatus consists of a spherical, stainless steel vacuum vessel 61 cm in diameter; mounted concentric is a 51 cm anode that is approximately 95% transparent, operating at a maximum voltage of 30 kV. Several electron guns mounted on the outside of the vessel will supply electrons with an energy of 1.5 kV, and a total current of 10 A
Properties of the DNA-Binding Domain of the Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen (1989)

T antigen (Tag) from simian virus 40 binds specifically to two distinct sites in the viral origin of replication and to single-stranded DNA. Analysis of the protein domain responsible for these activities revealed the following. (i) The C-terminal boundary of the origin-specific and single-strand-specific DNA-binding domain is at or near amino acid 246; furthermore, the maximum of these DNA-binding activities coincides with a narrow C-terminal boundary, spanning 4 amino acids (246 to 249) and declines sharply in proteins with C termini which differ by a few (4 to 10) amino acids; (ii) a polypeptide spanning residues 132 to 246 of Tag is an independent domain responsible for origin-specific DNA binding and presumably for single-stranded DNA binding; and (iii) a comparison of identical N-terminal fragments of Tag purified from mammalian and bacterial cells revealed differential specificity and levels of activity between the two sources of protein. A role for posttranslational modification (phosphorylation) in controlling the DNA-binding activity of Tag is discussed.
A New Approach for Construction of Quarternary Chiral Centers: Preparation of a-Branched Serine Derivatives (2000)

In the presence of a Lewis acid, the Michael-type reaction of (3R)-5tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo [1,2-c]oxazole (1) with nitro olefins smoothly occurred to give 7a-alkylated pyrrolo[1,2-c]oxazol-5-ones (2) in good yields.The products (2) were successfully transformed to a α-branched serine derivatives via reductive denitration followed by lactam-ring cleavage.
Texture-less object tracking with online training using an RGB-D camera (2011)

We propose a texture-less object detection and 3D tracking method which automatically extracts on the fly the information it needs from color images and the corresponding depth maps. While texture-less 3D tracking is not new, it requires a prior CAD model, and real-time methods for detection still have to be developed for robust tracking. To detect the target, we propose to rely on a fast template-based method, which provides an initial estimate of its 3D pose, and we refine this estimate using the depth and image contours information. We automatically extract a 3D model for the target from the depth information. To this end, we developed methods to enhance the depth map and to stabilize the 3D pose estimation. We demonstrate our method on challenging sequences exhibiting partial occlusions and fast motions.