gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrast restoration of weather degraded images (2008)

Images of outdoor scenes captured in bad weather suffer from poor contrast. Under bad weather conditions, the light reaching a camera is severely scattered by the atmosphere. The resulting decay in contrast varies across the scene and is exponential in the depths of scene points. Therefore, traditional space invariant image processing techniques are not sufficient to remove weather effects from images. We present a physics-based model that describes the appearances of scenes in uniform bad weather conditions. Changes in intensities of scene points under different weather conditions provide simple constraints to detect depth discontinuities in the scene and also to compute scene structure. Then, a fast algorithm to restore scene contrast is presented. In contrast to previous techniques, our weather removal algorithm does not require any a priori scene structure, distributions of scene reflectances, or detailed knowledge about the particular weather condition. All the methods described in this paper are effective under a wide range of weather conditions including haze, mist, fog, and conditions arising due to other aerosols. Further, our methods can be applied to gray scale, RGB color, multispectral and even IR images. We also extend our techniques to restore contrast of scenes with moving objects, captured using a video camera.
Comparing low cost speed control for single phase induction motors concerning line reaction and electromagnetic compatibility (2010)

Low cost speed control of capacitor run single phase induction motors across a wide range of speed and load continues to be of interest. In the paper at hand the line reaction as well as the electromagnetic compatibility of three different methods for speed control - Phase Control, Integral (Half) Cycle Control or Integral Switched Cycle Control - is investigated. Measurements are carried out at different rotor speed and load torque, comparing the methods at approximately the same operating points. FFT is computed for the line currents and measurements on electromagnetic compatibility are presented as well. Subsequently, a method for lowering the induction machine current’s amplitude and the magnitude of the fundamental component of the line current by combining Integral Cycle Control with Phase Control is investigated, again concerning line reaction and electromagnetic compatibility.
FC 080VARIABILITY IN SERUM PHOSPHATE ASSESSED BY DIRECTIONAL CHANGE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY (2021)

Abstract Background and Aims Prior studies showed that there is a wide variability between serial pre-dialysis measurements of serum phosphate (P). Serum P vary can be due to changes in nutritional intake, underlying bone disorders, medication use or inflammation. Various variability markers have been investigated to study the association between P variability and its association with outcomes, however, the directional trends have not been studied in depth. We aimed to study directional changes and investigated its association with outcomes. Method All adult incident HD patients treated in Fresenius Medical Care North America (FMCNA) clinics between 01/2010 and 10/2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Serum P levels were averaged from month 1 to 6 after the initiation of dialysis (baseline). Baseline absolute and directional range (DR) of serum P were calculated. DR of P was calculated as: P min/max (t2) – P max/min (t1), with P (t1) and P (t2) represents the timepoint when either the min P value or max P value was measured, whichever comes first, and with t2 happened after t1. It is positive when the minimum antedates the maximum, otherwise negative. All-cause mortality was recorded between months 7 and 18. Cox proportional hazards models with spline terms were applied to explore the association between absolute and DR of P and all-cause mortality. Additionally, tensor product smoothing splines were computed to study the interactions of P with absolute P and DR of P and their joint associations with outcomes, respectably. Results We studied 353,142 patients. The average age was 62.7 years, 58% were male, 64% were diabetic. Baseline P was 4.98 mg/dL, median absolute range was 2.40 mg/dL, median DR was 1.1 mg/dL. Across different levels of P, both higher levels of absolute range and DR of P were associated with higher risk of mortality (Figure 1, Figure 2). The associations even seemed stronger in patients with lower levels of serum P and with negative DR (Figure 1). Conclusion Lower levels of serum P are independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Whereas both a positive and negative DR of P are in general associated with increased mortality, the effects of an increase are most predominant in patients with higher levels of serum P, whereas a negative directional range are most predominant in patients with low serum P. This could be explained by the fact that patients with lower levels of P are generally malnourished or inflamed, where a further reduction indicates nutritional deterioration.
Review paper Use of diet supplements, synthetic drugs and herbal remedies with immunotropic activity during pregnancy. II. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) (2011)

This mini-review summarizes some experimental and clinical data about safety of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) treatment during pregnancy. Ginger is used in many cultures in the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. There is some evidence from animal and human studies that Ginger is not teratogenic. However, the mutagenicity of ginger extracts is a controversial subject, because they contain mutagenic and anti-mutagenic compounds. Experimental studies in mice and fish revealed immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of ginger.
Unmanned aerial vehicles: Communications challenges and future aerial networking (2015)

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) will grow rapidly in the next decade. These remotely piloted or preprogrammed aircraft are envisioned for applications in numerous civil settings, including industrial monitoring, scientific data gathering, agriculture, public safety, and search and rescue. Many other applications - presently unforeseen - will inevitably also arise. These vehicles, also known as unmanned aerial systems (UAS), and by the unfortunate misnomer of "drones," must be integrated into the national airspace system in the United States, and into the airspace worldwide. A natural concern in the use of UAS is safety, and this has direct implications for the control and non-payload communication (CNPC) systems that must be used to operate UAS. Similarly, navigation and surveillance functions must be made more reliable and more accurate. Because of these factors, many UAS research, development, testing, and standardization efforts are underway by governments, industries, and academia. Despite the fact that piloted civil aircraft have been flying safely for decades, UAS CNPC presents distinct new challenges in the form of different flight profiles, e.g., low-elevation flights and more high-dynamic maneuvers; wider required bandwidths, e.g., for video; and different ground site characteristics such as locations in cluttered areas and lower elevation antennas. In this paper we first review our work for NASA on the characterization of the UAS air-ground channel, and our ongoing efforts in evaluation of radio technologies and UAS networking performance. We highlight related significant work in the area and identify the newest challenges in UAS communications and networking. The final part of the paper presents information on trends and opportunities in the vibrant field of UAS communications and networking.
Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen. [Polypeptide content] (1977)

Purified 22-nm forms of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB/sub s/Ag) representing the three major antigenic subtypes (adw, ayw, and adr) were analyzed for their constituent polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No consistent difference in either the number or relative distributions of the polypeptides was observed for the various subtypes. Seven polypeptides were designated as P-1 through P-7 in order of their decreasing mobilities. By comparison with protein standards, their molecular weights were estimated as 23, 29.5, 36, 41.5, 53.5, 72, and 97 thousand. The P-1 and P-2 components represented the major polypeptides; P-2 and P-5 might be glycoproteins, based on their reaction with periodic acid-Shiff reagent. Each polypeptide contains cysteine residues. HB/sub s/Ag was radiolabeled with /sup 3/H or /sup 14/C by reductive methylation or iodinated with /sup 125/I by the chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase procedures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled HB/sub s/Ag yielded patterns identical to those obtained with protein stain. Comparison of HB/sub s/Ag labeled by the chloramine-T and lactoperoxide procedures indicated that there was no distinction between internal or external components within the 22-nm structure.
Continuous-Time Quadrature Bandpass Sigma-Delta Modulator for GPS/Galileo Low-If Receiver (2007)

In this paper, starting from theoretical considerations on the chosen architecture, chip design and measurement results are presented for a continuous-time quadrature bandpass sigma-delta (SigmaDelta) modulator for a combined GPS and Galileo low-IF receiver. The modulator chip was designed in a standard 0.25 mum CMOS technology. The designed CT quadrature bandpass SigmaDelta modulator has a power consumption of 20.5 mW with 1.8-V supply voltage, a dynamic range of 57.5 dB and 50.2 dB and a peak SNDR of 52.9 dB and 48.4 dB for GPS/Galileo, respectively. The core area of the chip is 0.37 times 0.54 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON PHENYLTETRAFLUOROPHOSPHORAN MIT ALPHA‐ ODER BETA‐HYDROXYESTERN, ‐KETONEN, ‐NITRILEN UND ‐AETHERN SOWIE NITROALKOHOLEN, ZUGANG ZU EINIGEN ALPHA‐ ODER BETA‐FLUORIERTEN DERIVATEN (1975)

Abstract Die Silyläther (I), die aus den entsprechenden Alkoholen dargestellt werden (Ausbeute 69‐83%), reagieren mit der Titelverbindung zu den Alkoxyfluorphosphoranen (II).
Amination of Alcohols with Ammonia in Water over Rh–In Catalyst (2014)

Abstract Amination of various C3 alcohols such as 1,2-propanediol with ammonia was catalyzed by Rh–In/C in water while Rh/C was totally inactive. Activated carbon FAC-10 was the best support in terms of activity and resistance to metal leaching. In the amination of 1,2-propanediol, Rh–In/C produced amino alcohols in 68% total selectivity and 38% conversion. XRD and TEM measurements showed that Rh–In alloy particle with size of 3–4 nm was formed on the carbon support.
A human monoclonal autoantibody to breast cancer identifies the PDZ domain containing protein GIPC1 as a novel breast cancer-associated antigen (2008)

We have determined that GIPC1 is a novel breast cancer-associated immunogenic antigen that is overexpressed in breast cancer. Its role, however, in the initiation and/or progression of breast cancer remains unclear and needs further clarification.
Hierarchical Bayes Models for the Progression of HIV Infection Using Longitudinal CD4 T-Cell Numbers: Rejoinder (1992)

Nicholas Lange, Bradley P. Carlin, Alan E. Gelfand, Hierarchical Bayes Models for the Progression of HIV Infection Using Longitudinal CD4 T-Cell Numbers: Rejoinder, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 87, No. 419 (Sep., 1992), pp. 631-632
Small Molecule Inhibitors Promote Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells From Human Skeletal Myoblasts (2012)

Human somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by ectopic expression of key transcription factors. iPSCs have been generated from a variety of cell types. However, iPSC induction from human myoblasts has not yet been reported. Human primary skeletal myoblasts can be cultured from diagnostic muscle biopsy specimens, and thousands of lines are frozen and stored in biobanks, and are a valuable source for iPSC-based etiological and pathogenic studies. Our aim was to generate iPSCs from human skeletal myoblasts enriched from muscle biopsy samples. We used retro- or Sendai virus vector-mediated reprogramming of enriched human myoblasts from 7 donors. We show that stable iPSC lines can be generated from human myoblasts at efficiency similar to that of fibroblasts when appropriate media is used, and the efficiency of the feeder-free iPSC generation can be significantly improved by inhibitors of histone deacetylase (sodium butyrate) and TGF-β signaling (SB431542).
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Enterocytozoon bieneusi Purified from Rhesus Macaques (2005)

Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores derived from rhesus macaque feces were purified by serial salt-Percoll-sucrose-iodixanol centrifugation, resulting in two bands with different specific densities of 95.6% and 99.5% purity and with a recovery efficiency of 10.8%. An ultrastructural examination revealed typical E. bieneusi spores. Twenty-six stable hybridomas were derived from BALB/c mice immunized with spores and were cloned twice by limiting dilution or growth on semisolid medium. Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), reacting exclusively with spores, were further characterized. These MAbs specifically reacted with spores present in stools of humans and macaques, as visualized by immunofluorescence, and with spore walls, as visualized by immunoelectron microscopy. A blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting revealed that the epitope recognized by 8E2 was different from those recognized by 7G2, 7H2, and 12G8, which identified the same 40-kDa protein. These MAbs will be valuable tools for diagnostics, for epidemiological investigations, for host-pathogen interaction studies, and for comparative genomics and proteomics.
Supplementary Table 3 from Characteristics of Lung Cancers Harboring <i>NRAS</i> Mutations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 65K, Supplemental Table 3. Characteristics of NRAS mutant lung cancer cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;
Optimized Synthesis of the Elusive ε-Fe2O3 Phase via Sol−Gel Chemistry (2004)

ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles embedded in a SiO2 matrix have been synthesized by sol−gel chemistry and high temperature heat treatments. Virtually pure ε-Fe2O3 (in excess of 93%) is obtained, although a two-phase mixture, ε-Fe2O3 + α-Fe2O3, is observed for Fe2O3/SiO2 ratios greater than 37 wt %. The ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are stable up to ∼1600 K. Optimized ε-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are ferrimagnetic, with a Curie temperature TC ≈ 510 K, and remarkably high values of room-temperature coercivity, HC = 20 kOe.
Spin-Flop Transition in a Nickel–Octacyanidotungstate Chain Magnet (2023)

Crystal engineering of molecular magnetic materials often leads to novel magnetic functionalities. In this study, we synthesized an ionic chain magnet, i.e., [NiII(imi)6]{[NiII(imi)4][WV(CN)8]}2·4H2O (imi = imidazole; NiW) comprising anionic cyanido-bridged [NiII(imi)4WV(CN)8]nn– chains and cationic mononuclear [NiII(imi)6]2+ complexes. Ferromagnetic coupling between NiII and WV with S = 1 and 1/2, respectively, via a bridging cyanido ligand is found within the chain. However, the total magnetization of NiW is canceled out by a notable antiferromagnetic interchain interaction below a Néel temperature of 8.5 K. Such an antiferromagnetic interaction can be overcome by applying an external magnetic field of 0.9 T at 2 K, and a steep spin-flop transition is observed. From a crystal engineering perspective, we attribute this metamagnetic behavior to the isolated [NiII(imi)6]2+ complex that attracts the chains to be close to each other. Additionally, the complex operates as an independent paramagnetic spin source that offers an extra magnetization state of this compound.
Fast, Label-Free Tracking of Single Viruses and Weakly Scattering Nanoparticles in a Nanofluidic Optical Fiber (2015)

High-speed tracking of single particles is a gateway to understanding physical, chemical, and biological processes at the nanoscale. It is also a major experimental challenge, particularly for small, nanometer-scale particles. Although methods such as confocal or fluorescence microscopy offer both high spatial resolution and high signal-to-background ratios, the fluorescence emission lifetime limits the measurement speed, while photobleaching and thermal diffusion limit the duration of measurements. Here we present a tracking method based on elastic light scattering that enables long-duration measurements of nanoparticle dynamics at rates of thousands of frames per second. We contain the particles within a single-mode silica fiber having a subwavelength, nanofluidic channel and illuminate them using the fiber's strongly confined optical mode. The diffusing particles in this cylindrical geometry are continuously illuminated inside the collection focal plane. We show that the method can track unlabeled dielectric particles as small as 20 nm as well as individual cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) virions-26 nm in size and 4.6 megadaltons in mass-at rates of over 3 kHz for durations of tens of seconds. Our setup is easily incorporated into common optical microscopes and extends their detection range to nanometer-scale particles and macromolecules. The ease-of-use and performance of this technique support its potential for widespread applications in medical diagnostics and micro total analysis systems.
Susceptibility ofAedes aegypti,Culex quinquefasciatusSay, andAnopheles quadrimaculatusSay to 19 Pesticides with Different Modes of Action (2008)

To access the relative potency of pesticides to control adult mosquitoes, 19 pesticides with various modes of action were evaluated against Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values after topical application, the only pesticide that had higher activity than permethrin was fipronil, with LD50 values lower than permethrin for 107-, 4,849-, and 2-fold against Ae. aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say, and An. quadrimaculatus Say, respectively. Abamectin, imidacloprid, spinosad, diazinon, and carbaryl showed slightly lower activity than permethrin (<20-fold). However, bifenazate showed very low activity against the three mosquito species tested, with LD50 values higher than permethrin for >1000-fold. On the basis of 24-h LD50 values, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the least susceptible species to nine pesticides tested (DNOC, azocyclotin, chlorfenapyr, carbaryl, spinosad, imidacloprid, diazinon, abamectin, and permethrin), whereas Ae. aegypti was the least susceptible species to six pesticides tested (dicofol, amitraz, propargite, hydramethylnon, cyhexatin, and diafenthiuron), and An. quadrimaculatus was the least susceptible species to four pesticides tested (bifenazate, pyridaben, indoxacarb, and fipronil). Our results revealed that different species of mosquitoes had different susceptibility to pesticides, showing the need to select the most efficacious compounds for the least susceptible mosquito species to achieve successful mosquito control.
A health-related quality of life questionnaire for multiple sclerosis Patients (2009)

The final questionnaire adequately measured 2 dimensions of HRQoL. The length of the questionnaire is acceptable for patients with MS in view of respondent burden.
Ultra-fast LIGBTs and superjunction devices in membrane technology (2005)

Back-side etching of the entire silicon substrate under part of the drift region of a SOI power device was first proposed by Udrea and Amararunga (2004) and experimentally reported by Udrea et al. (2005). This technology concept enables high voltage devices to be embedded in a thin silicon/oxide membrane resulting in very significant improvements in breakdown ability and switching speed. This paper presents new results from advanced membrane high power devices and fully functional power ICs. Furthermore, record switching speeds for the LIGBT are reported. The feasibility of realising superjunction structures (3D Resurf) with breakdown capability in excess of 700V using this technology are also demonstrated
Coma full-field display for freeform imaging systems (2015)

With the recent advances in optical fabrication technology, the manufacturing of freeform optical surfaces is no longer prohibitive. To spur the development of freeform systems, however, optical designers must be given the necessary tools to efficiently design, analyze, and tolerance these systems. The process for designing freeform imaging systems is enhanced by the knowledge of the individual aberration contributions across the full field-of-view. As shown in the recent aberration theory for freeform surfaces, identifying the field dependence of the dominant aberrations is critical for a controlled freeform optimization. Coma, an often system-limiting aberration and an aberration that has recently been directly addressed with freeform surfaces, is of specific interest. Currently, a coma full-field display (FFD) of a system can be generated in commercial ray-tracing software by fitting the wavefront at the exit pupil with Zernike polynomials, but this process can involve tracing thousands of rays. Moreover, the circular coma FFDs are inherently separate from the elliptical coma FFDs. In this research, we use nodal aberration theory to develop a method to generate a coma FFD that requires only a few (less than 10) rays per field point to be traced through the optical system. Both the magnitude and orientation of the coma aberrations at the image plane are shown in our FFDs, including the effects of elliptical coma. These coma FFDs save computation time during the design and offer valuable insight to the designer. Examples of the plots will be shown for multiple freeform optical systems.
The effect of collagen hydrogel on 3D culture of ovarian follicles (2016)

The in vivo function and phenotype of ovarian follicle cells are determined by many factors. When these cells are removed from the in vivo microenvironment and grown in a 2D in vitro environment, the function of the follicular cells is difficult to preserve. A collagen hydrogel was used to examine the hormone and oocyte maturation of ovary follicles in a 3D culture system. Ovarian follicles from rats were isolated and cultured in various concentration of type I collagen hydrogels ranging from 1% to 7% (weight/volume). Differences in cell survival, follicle growth and development, sex hormone production, and oocyte maturation were seen with the modifications in the collagen hydrogel density and elasticity. The results show the significance of the collagen hydrogel properties on phenotype and function maintenance of the ovarian follicles in a 3D culture system.
Densest local sphere-packing diversity: General concepts and application to two dimensions (2010)

The densest local packings of N identical nonoverlapping spheres within a radius Rmin(N) of a fixed central sphere of the same size are obtained using a nonlinear programming method operating in conjunction with a stochastic search of configuration space. The knowledge of Rmin(N) in d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd allows for the construction both of a realizability condition for pair-correlation functions of sphere packings and an upper bound on the maximal density of infinite sphere packings in Rd. In this paper, we focus on the two-dimensional circular disk problem. We find and present the putative densest packings and corresponding Rmin(N) for selected values of N up to N=348 and use this knowledge to construct such a realizability condition and an upper bound. We additionally analyze the properties and characteristics of the maximally dense packings, finding significant variability in their symmetries and contact networks, and that the vast majority differ substantially from the triangular lattice even for large N. Our work has implications for packaging problems, nucleation theory, and surface physics.