gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiparametric dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of prostate cancer (2016)

• DCE-US can be used to extract both perfusion and dispersion-related parameters. • Multiparametric DCE-US performs better in detecting PCa than single-parametric DCE-US. • Multiparametric DCE-US might become a useful tool for PCa localization.
Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis. 6. First Use of an Acylase as Catalyst in the Irreversible Transacylation of Alcohols and Amines: Application to Selective Transformations1 (1995)

The acylase from Aspergillus species catalyzes the acylation of alcohols and amines using vinyl acetate as irreversible acyl-transfer reagent. This is the first time that this enzyme has been employed to catalyze this kind of reaction. The method has been used in chemo-, regio-, and enantioselective transformations.
Dynamic Heterogeneity and Density Scaling in 1,4-Polyisoprene (2011)

Dielectric relaxation times were measured for 1,4-polyisoprenes (PI) of different molecular weight. From the data, the number of dynamically correlated segments, Nc, was calculated using an approximation to the dynamic susceptibility. Nc increases with approach to the glass transition in the usual fashion and also increases with increasing molecular weight of the PI. The latter effect is ascribed to the loss of the configurational mobility conferred by the chain ends. The correlation volume was also estimated from calorimetry and, because PI has a dielectrically active normal mode, from the intersection of the extrapolated segmental and normal mode relaxation times. The three methods yield consistent results, although the last has large uncertainty due to the ambiguous connection between dynamic correlation lengths and volumes. Using the equation of state for the polymers, the dependence of the relaxation times on the scaling variable TVγ, where V is specific volume and γ is a material constant, was calculated. For the lowest molecular weight PI, there is a small difference in γ for the segmental and chain modes. The scaling exponent is also marginally smaller for the lower molecular weight sample, suggesting, in contrast with the behavior of other polymers, that in PI the volume dependence becomes weaker with decreasing molecular weight.
Optoelectronic fiber photodetector (2023)

The invention provides an optical fiber photodetector including a photoconductive element, such as a semiconducting element, having a fiber length. The semiconducting element is characterized as a non-composite material in at least one fiber direction. At least one pair of conducting electrodes is in contact with the semiconducting element along the fiber length, and an insulator is provided along the fiber length. An optical resonator can be disposed along the fiber length and along a path of illumination to the semiconducting element. The resonator is dimensioned to substantially reflect all illumination wavelengths except for a prescribed range of wavelengths transmitted to the semiconducting element. The fiber photodetector can be arranged in a photodetecting fiber grid, photodetecting fiber fabric, or other configuration for detecting incident illumination.
An Orientationally Ordered Hierarchical Exfoliated Clay−Block Copolymer Nanocomposite (2005)

Creation of an orientationally ordered hierarchical nanocomposite can be done by the preferential insertion of individual polymer-covered clay layers into block copolymer (BCP) microdomainsin the present instance, PS-functionalized silicate layers into the polystyrene (PS) domains of a styrene−butadiene−styrene triblock copolymer (SBS). We present here the method required to achieve such an ordered block copolymer−nanoparticle composite and report preliminary mechanical properties. PS is grafted-to or polymerized-from individual clay sheets in order to provide a neutral enthalpic interaction between the PS chains on the clay layers and the PS blocks in the SBS. The molecular weight of the PS chains tethered to the clay was varied, and we show that higher molecular weight is critical in obtaining individual clay sheets dispersed in the SBS matrix. When exfoliated, the clay sheets serve as a template for the lamellar domains. Because of their large areal dimensions and concentration, the clay particles likely form a discotic nematic that is responsible for the observed orientational flipping transition of the BCP layers during the roll-cast process. We also show through experiments and simulations that the mechanical properties of these anisotropic hierarchical nanocomposites are not significantly changed by the insertion of 2 wt % of the clay sheets for deformation parallel to the lamellae.
Supplemental legend from Dual Inhibition of IGF-1R and ErbB3 Enhances the Activity of Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel in Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental legend&lt;/p&gt;
Copeptin in the differential diagnosis of the polydipsia-polyuria syndrome – revisiting the direct and indirect water deprivation tests (2010)

Background: The water deprivation test with direct or indirect measurement of plasma vasopressin (AVP) is currently the method of choice for the differential diagnosis of the polydipsia-polyuria syndrome. Its diagnostic reliability, however, has never been evaluated in a larger series of patients, and measurement of AVP is known to be hampered by its high preanalytical instability. This study seeks to evaluate the diagnostic potential of copeptin, a highly stable and easy to measure surrogate of AVP secretion, in a large sample of patients with polyuria-polydipsia syndrome, and to compare its performance with the current diagnostic standard. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects and 50 consecutive patients with polydipsia-polyuria syndrome underwent the standard water deprivation test with additional, iterative measurements of plasma AVP and copeptin levels. A clinical reference standard and patients' response to therapeutic trials adjudicated on the final diagnosis, provided that any diagnostic discrepancies occurred between the water deprivation test and direct AVP measurement. Results: Twenty two patients (44%) were diagnosed with primary polydipsia, 17 patients (34%) with partial central diabetes insipidus (DI), 9 patients (18%) with complete central DI, and 2 patients (4%) with nephrogenic DI. The water deprivation test led to a correct diagnosis in 35/50 patients (70%), additional AVP measurement correctly diagnosed in 23 patients (46%), and additional copeptin measurement correctly identified 36 patients (72%). The ratio between delta copeptin [8h to 16h] and the serum sodium concentration at 16h yielded the best diagnostic accuracy, allowing even to discern mild forms of central DI from primary polydipsia (sensitivity and specificity of 87 and 100%, respectively). Conclusion: Baseline copeptin reliably identified patients with nephrogenic and complete central DI. The ratio of delta copeptin [8h-16h] to plasma osmolality [16h] during an osmotic stimulation holds great potential to considerably improve the differential diagnosis in this diagnostically demanding syndrome.
A switched-winding transformer with low quiescent loss to meet the level VI efficiency standard at high power density (2017)

Many control and monitoring applications including thermostats, doorbells, and security systems utilize 60 Hz transformers with grid-voltage inputs and 16 V to 24 V ac outputs. The new DOE Level VI efficiency standard places stringent requirements on the no-load quiescent loss of grid-interface power supplies, including these low-voltage transformers. This paper explores a low-cost but highly effective approach to reduce the quiescent loss and improve the power density of these transformers while meeting the Level VI efficiency standard. By reconfiguring windings based on the operating power level, one can achieve higher average efficiency, lower quiescent loss, and higher power density. It is experimentally demonstrated that compared to a conventional transformer design that meets the new Level VI standard, the proposed switched-winding transformer approach can more than double the achievable transformer power rating at the same size, weight and core, while requiring only a modest increase in complexity.
Phase shift between respiratory oscillations in cerebral blood flow velocity and arterial blood pressure (2017)

We aim to investigate whether phase shift between respiratory oscillations in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) is associated with changes in cerebral autoregulation (CA) or reflects the mechano-elastic properties of the cerebrovascular bed. The relationships between respiratory phase shift and slow wave phase shift versus cerebrovascular time constant (the product of cerebrovascular resistance and compliance) and the index of CA (Mx) were analyzed during breathing at 6, 10, and 15 breaths min<sup>-1</sup> in 39 volunteers. With increasing respiratory rate the time constant, Mx, and respiratory phase shift decreased, whereas slow wave phase shift increased. The time constant correlated moderately strongly with the respiratory phase shift (R = 0.49, p [Formula: see text] 0.001) and did not correlate with the slow wave phase shift. The slow wave phase shift was significantly associated with Mx (R = -0.46, p [Formula: see text] 0.001). The respiratory phase shift more accurately reflects the mechano-elastic properties of the cerebrovascular bed, whereas CA is better described by the slow wave phase shift.
Revisit of Estimate Sequence for Accelerated Gradient Methods (2020)

In this paper, we revisit the problem of minimizing a convex function f(x) with Lipschitz continuous gradient via accelerated gradient methods (AGM). To do so, we consider the so-called estimate sequence (ES), a useful analysis tool for establishing the convergence of AGM. We develop a generalized ES to support Lipschitz continuous gradient on any norm, given the importance of considering non-Euclidian norms in optimization. Traditionally, ES consists of a sequence of quadratic functions that serves as surrogate functions of f(x). However, such quadratic functions preclude the possibility of supporting Lipschitz continuous gradient defined w.r.t. non-Euclidian norms. Hence, an extension of such a powerful tool to the non-Euclidian norm setting is so much needed. Such extension is accomplished through a simple yet nontrivial modification of the standard ES. Further, our analysis provides insights of how acceleration is achieved and interpretability of the involved parameters in ES. Finally, numerical tests demonstrate the convergence benefits of taking non-Euclidean norms into account.
Plasmon‐Mediated Synthesis of Heterometallic Nanorods and Icosahedra (2011)

Bimetallic nanoparticles: Au–Ag core–shell heterometallic nanorods and icosahedra can be prepared from Au decahedral seed particles using plasmon-mediated synthetic methods and adjusting the pH value of the solution (see picture). This method allows for the preparation of icosahedral nanostructures with an asymmetric metal distribution. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multiresolution image modeling and bayesian reconstruction algorithms with applications to emission tomography (2001)

Genetic characterization of myeloma at diagnosis by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can assist with risk stratification and treatment planning. Measurable residual disease (MRD) status after treatment, as evaluated by next-generation flow cytometry or NGS on bone marrow aspirate material, is one of the most important predictors of prognosis. Less-invasive tools for MRD assessment such as liquid biopsy approaches have also recently emerged as potential alternatives.
Tunneling spin polarization measurements from ferromagnet/MgO tunnel junctions using NbN superconductor (2006)

Superconducting aluminum electrodes have typically been used to measure the spin polarization of tunneling current using superconducting tunneling spectroscopy but at temperatures well below 1K. Using NbN superconducting electrodes we show that measurements at elevated temperatures (∼1.2K) are possible, thereby eliminating the need for the He3 dilution refrigerators. Tunneling spin polarization values can be extracted from the experimental data by fits using a strong coupling theory of the quasiparticle density of states of NbN. Nb and Ta electrodes were also explored but NbN, with its much lower spin-orbit scattering rate, yet higher superconducting transition temperature, is the most attractive.
Morphology, orientation, and mechanical properties of gelatin films (1996)

Gelatin is a polypeptide derived from degradation and disorganization of collagen fibers and is the primary binder in photographic emulsions. Gelatin provides the mechanical integrity and strength to the photographic emulsion allowing for packaging, handling, and photofinishing operations. Gelatin films generated from aqueous-solution casting can exist in a semicrystalline or an amorphous state. When a gelatin solution is cooled below its helix-coil transition temperature, partial renaturation of gelatin to form triple helices can occur. The degree of renaturation in a coated film is dependent upon the drying temperature and the drying rate. During the drying process, gelatin crystals can be formed by lateral association of the triple helices through a mechanism of nucleation and growth of a fringed micelle structure. X-ray scattering techniques have been utilized to examine the morphology and orientation of gelatin films. Based on X-ray diffraction data, it is observed that aggregates of triple-helix rods lie parallel to the film plane but are symmetrically distributed within the film plane. Since a material`s physical and mechanical properties are related to its structure, it is necessary to understand and to characterize the morphological development in gelatin film formation. In this study, an X-ray diffractometer and pole figure goniometer weremore » utilized to examine the structural development and orientation anisotropy in solid-state gelatin films. Also, in this study, the in-plane mechanical properties of a gelatin film were determined from a uniaxial tensile test, and the gelatin film properties in the thickness direction were extracted from an indentation test based on the finite element analysis of the indentation results using a viscoelastic material model.« less
Enhanced diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in individuals with NAFLD using FibroScan-based Agile scores (2022)

Non-invasive tests currently used to identify patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, such as fibrosis-4 index and liver stiffness measurement by vibration-controlled transient elastography, have high negative predictive values but high false positive rates, while results are indeterminate for a large number of cases. This study provides scores that will help the clinician diagnose advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. These new easy-to-implement scores will help liver specialists to better identify (1) patients who need more intensive follow-up, (2) patients who should be referred for inclusion in therapeutic trials, and (3) which patients should be treated with pharmacological agents when effective therapies are approved.
Glossary as an element of data input standardization in the CBASE32 program complex (2007)

The paper reports the release of Glossary, a reference book of chemical compounds and component of CBASE32 (32-digital version) program of graphic processing of structural data. The glossary makes it possible to standardize the representation of structural and factual data on chemical compounds and to simplify the procedure of compounds and reactions input into the VINITI Base of structural data of chemistry.
Comparison of span configurations of Raman-amplified dispersion-managed fibers (2002)

We evaluate the performance of dispersion-managed fiber transmission systems employing distributed Raman amplification with 50- and 100-km span length for three different span configurations. The evaluation considers the optical signal-to-noise ratio and the nonlinear phase shift as a measure for the impact of nonlinear effects. The simulation results indicate that a 100-km-long span with the dispersion compensating fiber placed in the span center achieves the best tradeoff between optical signal-to-noise degradation and nonlinear effects.
Outlook for high-NA EUV patterning: a holistic patterning approach to address upcoming challenges (2022)

In this talk we present core technology solutions for EUV Patterning and co-optimization between EUV resist and underlayer coating, development and plasma etch transfer to achieve best in class patterning performance. We will introduce new hardware and process innovations to address EUV stochastic issues, and present strategies that can extend into High NA EUV patterning. A strong focus will be placed on dose reduction opportunities, thin resist enablement and resist pattern collapse mitigation technologies. CAR and MOR performance for leading edge design rules will be showcased. As the first High NA EUV scanner is scheduled to be operational in 2023 in the joint high NA lab in Veldhoven, Tokyo Electron will collaborate closely with imec, ASML and our materials partners to accelerate High NA learning and support EUV roadmap extension.
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene Mutation Promotes Tumor Growth in Bladder Cancer (2008)

Mitochondria-encoded Cytochrome B (CYTB) gene mutations were reported in different cancers, but the effect of these mutations on cellular metabolism and growth is unknown. In a murine xenograft and human model of bladder cancer, we show the functional effect of overexpression of a 21-bp deletion mutation (mt) of CYTB. Overexpression of mtCYTB generated increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by increased oxygen consumption and lactate production. MtCYTB overexpression induced significant tumor growth in vitro and in vivo by triggering rapid cell cycle progression through up-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B2 signaling pathway. Tumor-generated ROS induced in vitro lysis of normal splenocytes. Thus, we present physiologic and functional evidence for the role of a bona fide mitochondrial gene mutation in cancer.
Logical Transformers: Infusing Logical Structures into Pre-Trained Language Models (2023)

Borui Wang, Qiuyuan Huang, Budhaditya Deb, Aaron Halfaker, Liqun Shao, Daniel McDuff, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Dragomir Radev, Jianfeng Gao. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. 2023.
Capacity of the Discrete-Time AWGN Channel Under Output Quantization (2008)

We investigate the limits of communication over the discrete-time Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, when the channel output is quantized using a small number of bits. We first provide a proof of our recent conjecture on the optimality of a discrete input distribution in this scenario. Specifically, we show that for any given output quantizer choice with K quantization bins (i.e., a precision of log2 K bits), the input distribution, under an average power constraint, need not have any more than K + 1 mass points to achieve the channel capacity. The cutting-plane algorithm is employed to compute this capacity and to generate optimum input distributions. Numerical optimization over the choice of the quantizer is then performed (for 2-bit and 3-bit symmetric quantization), and the results we obtain show that the loss due to low-precision output quantization, which is small at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as expected, can be quite acceptable even for moderate to high SNR values. For example, at SNRs up to 20 dB, 2-3 bit quantization achieves 80-90% of the capacity achievable using infinite-precision quantization.
MOVER approximated CV: A tool for quantifying precision in ratiometric droplet digital PCR assays (2022)

Droplet digital PCR is a particularly valuable tool for ratiometric assays because it provides simultaneous absolute quantification of two target sequences in a single assay. This manuscript addresses a challenge in establishing a new ratiometric droplet digital PCR assay for use in sputum, the rRNA synthesis ratio. In principle, the methods established to evaluate precision and determine the limit of quantification for a single measurand cannot be applied to a ratiometric assay. The precision of a ratio depends on precision in both the numerator and denominator. Here, we evaluated the MOVER approximated coefficient of variation as indicator of assay precision that does not require technical replicates. We estimated the MOVER approximated coefficient of variation in dilution series and routine assays and evaluated its agreement with the traditional coefficient of variation. We found that the MOVER approximated coefficient of variation was able to recapitulate the traditional coefficient of variation without the requirement for replicate assays. We also demonstrated that the MOVER approximated coefficient of variation threshold can be used to define the limit of quantification of the rRNA synthesis Ratio. In conclusion, the MOVER approximated coefficient of variation may be useful not only for the rRNA synthesis ratio but for other assays that measure ratios via droplet digital PCR.
Design of a Symmetric Lumped-Element Bandpass Filtering Attenuator (Filtenuator) (2022)

This paper presents a novel filtering attenuator (filtenuator) concept, which allows for adjustable passband attenuation and filtering characteristics in a single design. The mathematical equations relating the desired passband loss to required resistance values are provided and validated with ideal circuit simulations. A third-order Chebyshev static filtenuator is designed at 1 GHz with multiple values of attenuation using lumped-element components as a proof of concept. Simulated and measured results for a 3 dB filtenuator show good agreement and several attenuation levels are shown to validate the concept. The proposed static filtenuator has advantages of ease of modification, compact size, and low cost, which are necessities in meeting the needs of reducing cost, size, weight, and power (C-SWaP) in future radio frequency transceivers.
Protection against Retrovirus Pathogenesis by SR Protein Inhibitors (2009)

Indole derivatives compounds (IDC) are a new class of splicing inhibitors that have a selective action on exonic splicing enhancers (ESE)-dependent activity of individual serine-arginine-rich (SR) proteins. Some of these molecules have been shown to compromise assembly of HIV infectious particles in cell cultures by interfering with the activity of the SR protein SF2/ASF and by subsequently suppressing production of splicing-dependent retroviral accessory proteins. For all replication-competent retroviruses, a limiting requirement for infection and pathogenesis is the expression of the envelope glycoprotein which strictly depends on the host splicing machinery. Here, we have evaluated the efficiency of IDC on an animal model of retroviral pathogenesis using a fully replication-competent retrovirus. In this model, all newborn mice infected with a fully replicative murine leukemia virus (MLV) develop erythroleukemia within 6 to 8 weeks of age. We tested several IDC for their ability to interfere ex vivo with MLV splicing and virus spreading as well as for their protective effect in vivo. We show here that two of these IDC, IDC13 and IDC78, selectively altered splicing-dependent production of the retroviral envelope gene, thus inhibiting early viral replication in vivo, sufficiently to protect mice from MLV-induced pathogenesis. The apparent specificity and clinical safety observed here for both IDC13 and IDC78 strongly support further assessment of inhibitors of SR protein splicing factors as a new class of antiretroviral therapeutic agents.