gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analgesic Effect of Acupuncture Is Mediated via Inhibition of JNK Activation in Astrocytes after Spinal Cord Injury (2013)

Acupuncture (AP) has been used worldwide to relieve pain. However, the mechanism of action of AP is poorly understood. Here, we found that AP relieved neuropathic pain (NP) by inhibiting Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in astrocytes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After contusion injury which induces the below-level (L4-L5) NP, Shuigou (GV26) and Yanglingquan (GB34) acupoints were applied. At 31 d after injury, both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated by AP applied at GV26 and GB34. Immunocytochemistry revealed that JNK activation was mainly observed in astrocytes after injury. AP inhibited JNK activation in astrocytes at L4-L5 level of spinal cord. The level of p-c-Jun known, a downstream molecule of JNK, was also decreased by AP. In addition, SCI-induced GFAP expression, a marker for astrocytes, was decreased by AP as compared to control groups. Especially, the number of hypertrophic, activated astrocytes in laminae I-II of dorsal horn at L4-5 was markedly decreased by AP treatment when compared with vehicle and simulated AP-treated groups. When animals treated with SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, after SCI, both mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were significantly attenuated by the inhibitor, suggesting that JNK activation is likely involved in SCI-induced NP. Also, the expression of chemokines which is known to be mediated through JNK pathway was significantly decreased by AP and SP600125 treatment. Therefore, our results indicate that analgesic effect of AP is mediated in part by inhibiting JNK activation in astrocytes after SCI.
Cutting, Impingement, Contact, Endurance, Flexibility, and Asymmetric/Overhead Sports: Is There a Difference in Return-to-Sport Rate After Arthroscopic Femoroacetabular Impingement Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020)

Flexibility athletes had the highest rate of return to sport after hip arthroscopy for FAIS, while endurance athletes returned the fastest. The difference in rate and time to return to sport and intraoperative procedures performed did not reach statistical significance among the 6 subgroups. These results are limited by the evidence of publication bias and should be interpreted with caution. Laboratory-based studies are necessary to validate the classification of sports based on hip mechanics.
Potential antitumor agents. 21. Dialkanolamine dialkanesulfonic esters (1977)

Homologous dialkanesulfonic esters of 2,2'-iminodiethanol, 3,3'-iminodi-1-propanol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-amino-1-hexanol, and N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-amino-1-hexanol were prepared via the N-trityl derivatives and screened for L1210 activity. For each active agent significant increases in life-span in L1210 tests (ILS) were correlated by linear least-squares regression with the corresponding log doses. The maximum ILS, taken from this regression line at the determined LD10, was used as a quantitative measure of antileukemic effectivenss. Within each homologoud series log ILSmax could be correlated with a binomial expression in lipophilic-hydrophilic balance, as measured by Rm values, but all active members from the four series could not be successfully included in a single correlation. By modification of Rm values with an ionization factor, log (H+/H+ + Ka), all active compounds could then be included in a significant correlation equation.
Asleep Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Ventralis Intermedius for Essential Tremor Using Indirect Targeting and Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Single‐Institution Case Series (2020)

Asleep Vim DBS using indirect targeting and interventional magnetic resonance imaging-guided placement is safe and effective, with 6-month clinical results similar to those achieved with awake placement. These data support the use of asleep surgery in essential tremor and represent a baseline for comparison with future studies using more advanced targeting techniques.
Comparative Study of the Bandwidth of Phonon-Cooled NbN Hot-Electron Bolometers in Submillimeter and Optical Wavelength Ranges (1998)

We report the results of the bandwidth measurements of NbN hot-electron bolometers, perfomied in the terahertz frequency domain at 140 GHz and 660 GHz and in time domain in the optical range at the wavelength of 395 nm.. Our studies were done on 3.5-nm-thick NbN films evaporated on sapphire substrates and patterned into ilin-size microbridges. In order to measure the gain bandwidth, we used two identical BWOs (140 or 660 GHz), one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The bandwidth we achieved was 3.5-4 GHz at 4.2 K with the optimal LO and DC biases. Time-domain measurements with a resolution below 300 fs were performed using an electro-optic sampling system, in the temperature range between 4.2 K to 9 K at various values of the bias current and optical power. The obtained response time of the NbN hot-electron bolometer to —100fs-wide Ti:sapphire laser pulses was about 27 ps, what corresponds to the 5.9 GHz gain bandwidth. Introduction The bandwidth of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers has reached values which are record for bolometers. The gain bandwidth for phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers of 4 GHz for 140 GHz and 650 GHz frequencies [1, 2] and the noise bandwidth of 8 GHz for 650 GHz [2] have been demonstrated. For diffusion-cooled Nb HEB mixers, the bandwidth has reached 6 GHz, when measured at 20--40 GHz [3]. However, there is a definite practical interest to even further extend the bandwidth of these devices. The possibilities of the HEB mixer technology in this direction are far from being exhausted. For example, the future of the NbN HEB technology requires that critical temperature Tc > 10 K and critical current density j c > 10 6 Akm at 4.2 K are simultaneously obtained for d < 3 nm-thick films M. The reduction of the optimal power of the local oscillator PLID below 100 nW leads to the decrease of the device length down to L < 0.2 pm, which, in turn, should bring an additional cooling channel for hot electrons—diffusion into metal contacts and a further bandwidth extension.
Comparative Analysis of Magnetic-Based RISS using Different MEMS-Based Sensors (2017)

Autonomous and Land vehicles call for continuous and robust navigation information. Such vehicles, typically depend on one of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) to provide the navigation information. However, GPS signal is vulnerable to many error sources starting such as atmospheric effects, multipath, or full signal blockage. Driving in urban canyons with high rising buildings causes an outage of the GPS signal. Therefore, another system is required to take its place to maintain the navigation information provided to the vehicle. The Inertial Navigation system (INS) such as Reduced Inertial Sensor System (RISS) is the typical choice to carry out this job. However, RISS system solution error grows with time. The RISS/GPS, integrated navigation system, benefits from both systems advantages and reduces the error. However, when there is an outage of GPS signal, the integrated system drifts because of low-cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that typically used. To solve this problem and improve the overall system performance especially during GPS signal outages, a magnetic-based RISS/GPS integrated system (Mag/RISS/GPS) is introduced. The magnetic system is a 3D-magnetometer providing measurement used for the azimuth angle calculation. The correct azimuth angle is critical in velocity and position calculations. Updating the conventional RISS/GPS system with azimuth from magnetometer enhanced the overall system performance. The introduced system Mag/RISS/GPS tested on real trajectory data from different IMU units with different specifications. The results show a significant enhancement when using the proposed system compared with the traditional RISS/GPS especially when GPS signal blocked.
Quantifying spinal cord cross-sectional area in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) (2014)

The inflammation and subsequent atrophy of the spinal cord are thought to underlie the debilitating symptoms of HAM/TSP. Although spinal cord atrophy can be qualitatively detected on routine clinical MRI, a robust and sensitive method to quantify changes in spinal cord size might capture disease processes. We have developed a novel and fast algorithm to determine the average crosssectional area in the cervical (c-spine) and thoracic (t-spine) spinal cords by tracing contours perpendicular to the edge in T1-weighted MRI images. The crosssectional areas in the c- and t-spines were determined in 11 HAM/TSP, 10 multiple sclerosis (MS), and 7 healthy control subjects. Average cross-sectional area in both the t-spine and c-spine were significantly lower in HAM/TSP patients (t-spine: 26.1 ± 5.0 mm 2 ;c -spine: 51.9 ± 6.8 mm 2 ) as compared to MS patients (t-spine: 39.7 ± 8.9 mm 2 , p=0.0004; c-spine: 68.9 ± 11.6 mm 2 , p=0.0005) and healthy controls (t-spine: 43.5 ± 5.5 mm2, p<0.0001; c-spine: 84.2 ± 10.9 mm2, p<0.0001). Appreciating the small sample size, t-spine cross-sectional area correlated with blood serum proviral loads (r=-0.62, p=0.04, n=9) and with clinical disability measured by EDSS and IPEC. These results suggest that the pattern of spinal cord tissue damage is specific to the underlying inflammatory disease, a finding that has direct implications for the use of average cross-sectional spinal cord area as a surrogate end point for clinical trials.
Catalytic Conjugate Additions of Carbonyl Anions under Neutral Aqueous Conditions (2005)

The conjugate addition of carbonyl anions catalyzed by thiazolium salts that is fully operative under neutral aqueous conditions has been accomplished. The combination of alpha-keto carboxylates and thiazolium-derived zwitterions produces reactive carbonyl anions in a buffered protic environment that readily undergo conjugate additions to substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles. The scope of the reaction has been examined and found to accommodate various alpha-keto carboxylates and beta-aryl substituted unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles. The optimal precatalyst for this process is the commercially available thiazolium salt 5, a simple analogue of thiamin diphosphate. In this process, no benzoin products from carbonyl anion dimerization are observed. The corresponding 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds can be efficiently converted into esters and amides by way of activation of the N-methylimidazole ring via alkylation.
Overexpression of IGF‐IIRα regulates cardiac remodeling and aggravates high salt induced apoptosis and fibrosis in transgenic rats (2018)

IGF-IIR activation regulates cardiac remodeling leading to apoptosis. Here, we identified the novel IGF-IIRα (150 KDa), a truncated IGF-IIR transcript enhances cardiac apoptosis under high-salt uptake in transgenic rat model. Echocardiographic analysis revealed decline in ejection fraction and fractional shortening percentage in IGF-IIRα (TG) rats. We found that IGF-IIRα TG rats developed severe apoptosis and fibrosis as identified through TUNEL assay and Masson's trichrome staining. Importantly, the heart functioning, apoptosis, and fibrosis were significantly affected under high-salt conditions in IGF-IIRα (TG) rats. Significant upregulation of apoptosis was evident from decreased Bcl-2, p-AKT, and p-PI3K expressions with concomitant increase in Bad, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase 3 levels. We found that, IGF-IIRα highly induced tissue fibrosis through collagen accumulation (col I, col III) and up regulated various fibrotic markers such as tPA, uPA, TGF-β, and vimentin expressions. The observed upregulation of fibrosis were significantly regulated under high-salt conditions and their over regulation under IGF-IIRα over expressions shows the key role of IGF-IIRα in promoting high-salt induced fibrosis. During IGF-IIRα over expression induced cardiotoxicity, under high salt condition, and it destroys the interaction between CHIP and HSF1, which promotes the degradation of HSF1 and results in upregulation of IGF-IIR/IGF-IIRα expressions. Altogether, the study unveils novel IGF-IIRα in the regulation of cardiac apoptosis and fibrosis under high-salt diet.
Anisotropy of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg: threads and surface integrity (2020)

Abstract Implementing additive manufacturing in an industry, particularly for critical applications of lightweight aluminum (AlSi10Mg), requires part properties that are both accurate and precise to conform to the intent of a robust design. In this experimental study, the objective was to evaluate anisotropy in part properties (i.e., flatness, surface roughness, surface porosity, surface hardness, pre-hole shrinkage, drilling thrust force, and thread-stripping force) when the part orientation (i.e., print inclination and recoater angle) was independently changed. This study developed and investigated an innovative procedure for determining anisotropy in part properties. The part properties were evaluated by designing specific features on a tailor-made flat plate. The replicas of the aluminum plate were additively manufactured at varying orientations using two commercial EOS parameter sets for the laser-based powder bed fusion technique. Conventional measurement equipment was used to analyze all the part properties, except the thread-stripping force, which was measured using a custom-made setup. All the part properties indicated a considerable degree of anisotropy, excluding the drilling thrust force. The printing parameters dictate the significance of the anisotropy. The anisotropy in flatness and pre-hole shrinkage decreases with an increased substrate temperature and a decrease in energy input and thermal gradient. The presence of surface overlapping contours in the scan strategy and an increased energy input can reduce anisotropy in surface roughness and hardness. No significant anisotropy was detected when the recoater angle was changed. This study helps designers establish and substantiate design for additive manufacturing that is within the limits of appropriate anisotropy for a robust design.
A Stabilized β-Oxaphosphoniumbetaine:  An Elusive Zwitterion (2007)

A beta-oxaphosphoniumbetaine stabilized by two tert-butyl groups at the phosphonium part of the betaine and two trifluoromethyl groups at the carbon adjoined to the oxa part of the betaine was isolated and structurally characterized. Additional stabilization results from the solvation of the betaine by a parent phosphonium salt, as in 4, or by protonation with methanol, as in 10. According to X-ray analysis, the betaine exhibits a sterically strained "gauche" conformeric form, with torsion angles in the P-C-C-O moiety of 32.2 degrees for 4 and 28.1 degrees for 10. The P...O separations of 3.121 A for 4 and 3.086 A for 10 are just under the sum of the O and P van der Waals radii (3.32 A). The fast H/D exchange of alpha hydrogen atoms to the phosphonium center was observed in the solution of 10 in deuterium oxide and MeOH-d4. The beta-oxaphosphoniumbetaine has long been suspected as an intermediate in the Wittig reaction, but this is the first time a stabilized derivative has been isolated.
Ten things to know about oomycete effectors (2009)

Long considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant-microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs manifesting attaching and effacing lesions (1996)

Thirteen Escherichia coli isolates from dogs manifesting attaching and effacing lesions were characterized genetically with respect to the presence of the following virulence determinants associated with human enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC): eaeA, encoding the outer membrane protein intimin; eaeB, which is necessary for inducing signal transduction; bfpA, encoding the bundle-forming pilus; and the EAF (stands for EPEC adherence factor) plasmid. These isolates were also analyzed phenotypically with respect to adherence to mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro. Nine of these 13 isolates were found to be eaeA positive by PCR: four of these nine were eaeB positive. The 5' end, but not the 3' end, of the eaeA gene was amplified by PCR when primers derived from the eaeA gene of EPEC were used. Six and eight of these 13 isolates were found to be bfpA positive and EAF positive, respectively. The bfpA gene and EAF locus were found on high-molecular-weight plasmids, whereas the eaeA and eaeB genes were chromosomally located when present. Only one canine E. coli isolate, 4221, which was positive for eaeA, eaeB, bfpA, and EAF, adhered to HEp-2 cells in a localized manner and was positive in the fluorescence actin staining test. The nine eaeA-positive isolates adhered to the mucosal surface of piglet ileal explants and induced some microvillus effacement. However, when tested in experimentally inoculated gnotobiotic piglets, isolate 4221 did not induce attaching and effacing lesions at any level of the intestinal tract. Our results indicate that canine E. coli isolates associated with attaching and effacing lesions share some properties with human EPEC but form a heterogeneous group.
Nonlinear Phenomena in Microfluidics (2022)

This review focuses on experimental work on nonlinear phenomena in microfluidics, which for the most part are phenomena for which the velocity of a fluid flowing through a microfluidic channel does not scale proportionately with the pressure drop. Examples include oscillations, flow-switching behaviors, and bifurcations. These phenomena are qualitatively distinct from laminar, diffusion-limited flows that are often associated with microfluidics. We explore the nonlinear behaviors of bubbles or droplets when they travel alone or in trains through a microfluidic network or when they assemble into either one- or two-dimensional crystals. We consider the nonlinearities that can be induced by the geometry of channels, such as their curvature or the bas-relief patterning of their base. By casting posts, barriers, or membranes─situated inside channels─from stimuli-responsive or flexible materials, the shape, size, or configuration of these elements can be altered by flowing fluids, which may enable autonomous flow control. We also highlight some of the nonlinearities that arise from operating devices at intermediate Reynolds numbers or from using non-Newtonian fluids or liquid metals. We include a brief discussion of relevant practical applications, including flow gating, mixing, and particle separations.
Ants, To-Go: A Portable Demonstration of Large Infrastructure Cyber Defense (2013)

Creating a self-organizing system of agents to defend large cyber infrastructures presents many challenges, one of which is demonstrating the system without trying to host it on a large real net-work of tens of thousands of machines. This abstract describes a portable demonstration of PNNL's Ant-Based Cyber Defense (ABCD) that can run on one or a few physical machines with sufficient resources. We have chosen to run the framework on hundreds of virtual machines whose number is limited only by the available memory and processing power. We collect the distributed logs and visualize the results on a large-scale visualization created to represent up to a million nodes. Our approach should be useful for other decentralized adaptive and self-organizing systems that span large numbers of physical machines.
Characterizing turbine inflow during a stability transition using dual-Doppler radar measurements (2020)

Abstract Measurements from two specialized Doppler radars are used to construct a dual-Doppler synthesis of the boundary layer wind flow during an unstable-to-stable transition. Three rotor sweep concepts are inserted into the flow to evaluate turbine inflow variability across the rotor sweeps. One-second turbine inflow forecasts are constructed using an advanced advection correction technique at each rotor grid point allowing for detailed statistical analysis of shear, veer, and turbulence intensity across the three rotor sweeps.
Exposure characteristics of character projection-type low-energy electron-beam direct writing system (2007)

We have developed a character projection (CP)-type low-energy electron beam (EB) direct writing (EBDW) system called EBIS (Electron Beam Integrated System). A low-energy EB of less than 5 keV has the potential to expose by the CP-method without intra- and inter-layer proximity effect corrections. In this paper, the advantages of the proximity effect of the low-energy EBDW system of 5 keV with the CP exposure are discussed. The experimental results to compare the intra-layer proximity effect between 5 keV and 50 keV showed that the low-energy EB has an advantage over high-energy EB in terms of small shot size deviation at the pattern edge. The experimental results of inter-layer proximity effect of 5 keV indicate that no proximity effect corrections for structures in underlying layers are necessary in the case of the combination of low-energy EB and multi-layer resist. On the other hand, in response to concern about the Coulomb interaction effect, which is a critical problem of low-energy EB, a dose correction function of each shot was proposed for the EBIS system. We are convinced that the low-energy EBDW is useful for exposure of practical patterns of logic devices by the CP exposure with higher throughput, because the proximity effect is so small that complicated corrections due to the adjacent pattern and structures of substrate under exposure layer are unnecessary.
Cathodoluminescence of small silicon nanoparticles under electron-beam excitation (2005)

The temperature (300–25K) behavior of visible luminescence from silicon nanoparticles in thin films under electron-beam bombardment [cathodoluminescence (CL)] is reported. Emission signals occur near 420, 450, 630, and 750nm. Unlike cathodoluminescence of fused silica or heavily oxidized porous layers, which is known to fade with cooling, the nanoparticle films are found to exhibit luminescence that variously fade away or grow with cooling. The CL bands of the film are also observed in the photoluminescence spectra under 365- and 254-nm excitations. There is an approximate coincidence of the peak energy observed for the photoluminescence and CL spectra. The temperature behavior of the cathodoluminescence points to a strong contribution from spatial quantum confinement at nanostructures.