gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A continuity theory for lossless source coding over networks (2008)

A continuity theory of lossless source coding over networks is established and its implications are investigated. In the given model, source and side-information random variables X and Y have finite alphabets, and the input sequences are drawn i.i.d. according to a generic distribution P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> on (X,Y). We consider traditional source coding, where all demands equal source random variables. We define a family of lossless source coding problems that includes prior example network source coding problems as special cases. We show that the lossless rate region R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> ) is inner semi-continuous in P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> . We further show that for a special type of networks called super-source networks, where there is a super source node v <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> that has access to (X,Y) and any other node with access to some source random variable X <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> is directly connected to v <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">*</sup> , R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> ) is also outer semi-continuous in P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> . Based on the continuity of super-source networks with respect to P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> , we conjecture that R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</sub> (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> ) is also outer semi-continuous and therefore continuous in P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X,Y</sub> for general networks.
Electromigration in Pb-free solders (2008)

Electromigration (EM)-induced damage in lead-free solders strongly depend on the Sn grain orientation in the Pb-free solder joint. Significant damage can develop at a very early stage when the c-axis of a Sn-grain is oriented close to the current direction. Rapid dissolution of both intermetallic compounds (IMC) and under-bump metallurgy (UBM) that led to significant cavitations at interface is caused by fast diffusion of Cu and Ni through the Sn crystal along the c-axis. On the other hand, when the c-axis of a Sn grain is not aligned with the current direction, cavitations at solder-IMC interface are formed mostly due to Sn-self diffusion which is correlated with failures at a much longer stress time. This is a direct proof of the highly anisotropic diffusion behavior of Cu and Ni in Sn, reported by Turnbull and Huntington many years ago. The stable Ag <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn network and cyclic twinning in SnAg solder contributed to the better EM performance of Sn1.8Ag compared to that of Sn0.7Cu solder. The ranking of the three surface finishes, from best to worst, is Ni(P)/Cu, Ni(P)/Au, and Cu, when electrons are entering from the tested surfaces. A Ni barrier layer is needed to retard the electromigration damage. However, the addition of Cu at an optimized level to the Sn-Ag solder drastically improved the electromigration performance.
Highly Enhanced Raman Scattering on Carbonized Polymer Films (2017)

We have discovered a carbonized polymer film to be a reliable and durable carbon-based substrate for carbon enhanced Raman scattering (CERS). Commercially available SU8 was spin coated and carbonized (c-SU8) to yield a film optimized to have a favorable Fermi level position for efficient charge transfer, which results in a significant Raman scattering enhancement under mild measurement conditions. A highly sensitive CERS (detection limit of 10<sup>-8</sup> M) that was uniform over a large area was achieved on a patterned c-SU8 film and the Raman signal intensity has remained constant for 2 years. This approach works not only for the CMOS-compatible c-SU8 film but for any carbonized film with the correct composition and Fermi level, as demonstrated with carbonized-PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)) and carbonized-PVP (polyvinylpyrollidone) films. Our study certainly expands the rather narrow range of Raman-active material platforms to include robust carbon-based films readily obtained from polymer precursors. As it uses broadly applicable and cheap polymers, it could offer great advantages in the development of practical devices for chemical/bio analysis and sensors.
Surveillance of Vector-Borne Infections (Chikungunya, Dengue, and Malaria) in Bo, Sierra Leone, 2012–2013 (2017)

Malaria remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in West Africa, but the contribution of other vector-borne infections (VBIs) to the burden of disease has been understudied. We used rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for three VBIs to test blood samples from 1,795 febrile residents of Bo City, Sierra Leone, over a 1-year period in 2012-2013. In total, 24% of the tests were positive for malaria, fewer than 5% were positive for markers of dengue virus infection, and 39% were positive for IgM directed against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) or a related alphavirus. In total, more than half (55%) of these febrile individuals tested positive for at least one of the three VBIs, which highlights the very high burden of vector-borne diseases in this population. The prevalence of positives on the Chikungunya IgM and dengue tests did not vary significantly with age (<i>P</i> > 0.36), but higher rates of malaria were observed in children < 15 years of age (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Positive results on the Chikungunya IgM RDTs were moderately correlated with rainfall (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.599). Based on the high prevalence of positive results on the Chikungunya IgM RDTs from individuals Bo and its environs, there is a need to examine whether an ecological shift toward a greater burden from CHIKV or related alphaviruses is occurring in other parts of Sierra Leone or the West African region.
Request to move Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds (6to4) to Historic status (2011)

Experience with the Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds
(6to4) IPv6 transitioning mechanism has shown that the mechanism is
unsuitable for widespread deployment and use in the Internet. This
document requests that RFC3056 [RFC3056] is moved to historic status.
Synthesizing schedules through heuristics for hard real-time workflows (2015)

Task assignment and subsequent schedule synthesis in distributed real time systems is a problem that arises in many fields of industry, such as factory automation or the automotive or avionic sector. Monolithic and bus-based approaches, while easy to schedule in the aforementioned context, are giving way to more flexible hardware environments, either because of increased pressure for flexibility (factory automation) or hardware consolidation (automotive and avionics). This paper presents an approach for synthesizing schedules of a distributed hard real time workflow based on existing heuristics. This approach can find a solution for over 85% of all feasible tested system configurations while being orders of magnitude faster than an approach based on a satisfiability solver. We obtained these results by simulating over 1 million different workflows and system configurations.
Effect of the Q207D Mutation in HIV Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on Zidovudine Susceptibility and Replicative Fitness (2005)

Although present as polymorphisms in HIV-1 sequences from untreated patients, mutations at reverse transcriptase (RT) codon 207 are found at higher frequency in samples from zidovudine-treated patients. Introduction of the Q207D mutation into the RT of a zidovudine (ZDV)-resistant isolate by site-directed mutagenesis increased ZDV resistance 2.7-fold but had no effect on ZDV susceptibility when introduced into wild-type RT. Zidovudine-resistant recombinant HIV-1 with and without 207D showed comparable fitness in growth competition assays in the absence of ZDV, but this mutation enhanced the fitness of ZDV-resistant recombinants in the presence of drug. These results suggest that when present with other thymidine analogue resistance mutations, 207D serves as a resistance mutation that improves the fitness of ZDV-resistant HIV-1. Analyzing viral fitness can provide important insights into the role of polymorphisms in drug resistance.
CLINICAL SYNDROMES AMONG CHILDREN. (1963)

As more newly recovered viruses are shown to be associated with infections of the respiratory system, it appears that many of these agents .may affect a child in a way. Further, a single agent may result in clinical syndromes of varying severity' or extent. Thus, it is impossible to segregate completely those agents which affect the upper respiratory tract from those which affect the lower respiratory tract, and it becomes equally impossible to fit our growing knowledge about new viral agents into the traditional descriptions of respiratory tract syndromes. None of this is actually surprising since the respiratory tract represents a system of many parts in continuity and since these various parts are limited in the ways in which they can respond to invading organisms. Further, one might well expect variation in the host response to v~ral agents infecting the first time or a second, t~lrd, or subsequent time. Other ... host and environmental conditions would also be expected to influence the child's response to infection. All of this would suggest that the clinician and epidemiologist throwaway the book in regard to previous descriptions of respiratory tract syndromes in children (and perhaps adult~ as well) and start over again as simply as possible, Perhaps, first, it would be best to try to describe respiratory tract illness on the basis of the location of the major observable pathology. We should then speak of rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonitis, or some' combination of these, in describing respiratory tract illness. Perhaps the terms common cold, or ARD, or URI could then be discarded. Second in respiratory tract illness so classified, we would' be concerned with the contribution of the different viral and other agents to these
Nanoparticle Preparation and Its Application &#8212; A Nanotechnology Particle Project in Japan (2006)

Nanoparticles such as metals, semiconductors and metal oxides are of great interest for a wide variety of applications in the field of information, energy, environmental and medical technologies due to their unique or improved properties determined primarily by size, composition and structure along with their self-organized film structures. In this presentation, Japan’s national project on nanoparticle synthesis and its applications in nanotechnology programs is reviewed along with some new findings on synthesis technologies and the related nanoparticle-based nano-structures developed during the project. The synthesis methods include liquid phase, gas phase, liquid-based gas phase such as novel spray methods and sol-gel assisted in-situ techniques and continuous mass production method.
Strain in the Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle (1988)

Strain was measured in the normal anterior talofibular ligament (ATF) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CF) using Hall effect strain transducers in five cadaveric ankles. These measurements were made in both ligaments with the ankle in neutral position and with the foot moving from 10 degrees dorsiflexion to 40 degrees plantarflexion in an apparatus that permits physiologic motion. The ankle ligaments were then tested with the foot placed in six different positions that combined supination, pronation, external rotation, and internal rotation. In the neutral position, through a range of motion of 10 degrees dorsiflexion to 40 degrees plantarflexion, the anterior talofibular ligament underwent an increasing strain of 3.3%. No significant strain increase was found with internal rotation. The only significant difference from the strains at the neutral position was in external rotation, which decreased strain 1.9%. In all positions, increased strain occurred with increased plantarflexion. The calcaneofibular ligament was essentially isometric in the neutral position throughout the flexion arc. The calcaneofibular ligament strain was significantly increased by supination and external rotation. However, with increasing plantarflexion in these positions, the strain in the calcaneofibular ligament decreased. Therefore, plantarflexion has a relaxing effect on the calcaneofibular ligament. Thus, the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments are synergistic, such that when one ligament is relaxed, the other is strained and vice versa.
Simplified Analytical Models for Forced Convection Heat Transfer From Cuboids of Arbitrary Shape (2000)

Three analytical models are presented for determining laminar, forced convection heat transfer from isothermal cuboids. The models can be used over a range of Reynolds number, including at the diffusive limit where the Reynolds number goes to zero, and for a range of cuboid aspect ratios from a cube to a flat plate. The models provide a simple, convenient method for calculating an average Nusselt number based on cuboid dimensions, thermophysical properties and the approach velocity. Both the cuboid and the equivalent flat plate models are strongly dependent upon the flow path length which is bounded between two easily calculated limits. In comparisons with numerical simulations, the models are shown to be within ±6 percent over the range of 0⩽ReA⩽5000 and aspect ratios between 0 and 1.
La vie révélée du follicule de cheveu humain (2006)

The human hair follicle is a unique appendage which results from epithelio-mesenchymal interactions initiated around the 3rd month of development. This appendage has a very complex structure, with a dermal compartment and an epithelial compartment. The dermal compartment comprises the connective tissue sheath and the dermal papilla, both of which are irrigated by microvessels. The epithelial compartment is made of highly replicating matrix cells giving rise to three concentrical domains, namely the outer root sheath, the inner root sheath and the hair shaft. The pigmentation unit, responsible for hair color, is made of fully active melanocytes located on top of the dermal papilla. Altogether a hair follicle contains more than 20 different cell types, engaged in different differentiation pathways and/or interacting with each other. This complex appendage has a unique behavior in mammals since, after a hair production phase, it involutes in place before entering a resting phase after which it renews itself under a cyclical but stochastic way, out of a double reservoir of pluripotent stem cells able to also regenerate epidermis. For yet unknown reasons, this well ordered process can be disturbed, provoking alopecia. The pigmentation unit also renews itself under a cyclical way, out of a melanocyte progenitor reservoir which progressively declines with time, provoking the hair whitening process. Finally, the shape of the hair shaft is programmed from the bulb. What makes this appendage unique and fascinating is its high degree of autonomy, its incredibly complex though stable structure, the number of different cell types interacting under an equilibrated way and its potential of regeneration. It represents a true paradigm of tissue homeostasis, exemplifying in a small living cylinder all the fundamental laws of cell-cell and tissue interactions. This life is revealed in this short synthesis.
Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis (2008)

Synapses locally recycle vesicles to ensure the maintenance of neuronal communication critical for normal brain function. While several modes of vesicle regeneration are thought to exist, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the best studied mechanism of synaptic vesicle recycling. During CME, the membrane bends, invaginates, and forms a new vesicle that is pinched from the synaptic membrane. As this is not easily achieved, numerous proteins and lipids have been identified that orchestrate vesicle formation from the presynaptic membrane and by integrating structural, biochemical, and in vivo loss of function studies in various organisms a molecular description of the process is starting to emerge.
Designing analog and RF circuits in nanoscale CMOS technologies: Scale the supply, reduce the area and use digital gates (2009)

We will present our recent research that has centered around three themes aimed at facilitating the design of analog and RF interface circuits in digital nanoscale CMOS processes. Nanometer CMOS is operating with supply voltages of about 1 V or less and for low power operation in future deeply scaled nodes supply voltages as low as 0.5 V are projected. Supply reductions are needed to maintain reliability for scaled devices, but are further strongly driven by the requirement to improve energy efficiency, so that functional density can increase without raising power density. In our research we have investigated the scaling of the supply voltage of analog and RF interfaces down to 0.5 V. Keeping these interfaces compatible with the core digital technology and supply is eventually always preferred for high volume applications and can offer advantages in low power system-on-chip applications with large digital signal processing cores. We will show that this research track offers ample opportunities for innovations in device biasing, circuit topologies, system architectures and signaling. Our ultra-low voltage prototypes include reference circuits, filters, analog-to-digital converters and fully integrated RF front-ends including baseband filtering and frequency synthesis. A second important theme is circuit design techniques to reduce area used by RF integrated circuits. Recent RFIC designs rely substantially on the use of on-chip spiral inductors, but these structures do not scale sufficiently with technology and become progressively more expensive. We will show design and layout techniques that allow to reuse the space under spiral inductors without affecting the performance of the building blocks. Examples include voltage-controlled oscillators and fully integrated phase-locked loops. Finally we will discuss the use of digital gates to improve the performance of analog and RF integrated circuits. Digital signal processing blocks are reducing much faster in area and power than analog or RF circuits and whenever possible the assistance of digital computation should be exploited to reduce the need for analog/RF circuits or enhance their performance. In particular we will discuss the opportunities for using digital intelligence to improve the linearity performance of RF front-ends while making them more robust to process variations and simplifying their design. We will point out the need for a different approach for digital assistance for RF functions compared to mixed signal functions.
Crystal Structure of a Monomeric Form of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Endonuclease nsp15 Suggests a Role for Hexamerization as an Allosteric Switch (2007)

Mature nonstructural protein-15 (nsp15) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) contains a novel uridylate-specific Mn2+-dependent endoribonuclease (NendoU). Structure studies of the full-length form of the obligate hexameric enzyme from two CoVs, SARS-CoV and murine hepatitis virus, and its monomeric homologue, XendoU from Xenopus laevis, combined with mutagenesis studies have implicated several residues in enzymatic activity and the N-terminal domain as the major determinant of hexamerization. However, the tight link between hexamerization and enzyme activity in NendoUs has remained an enigma. Here, we report the structure of a trimmed, monomeric form of SARS-CoV nsp15 (residues 28 to 335) determined to a resolution of 2.9 A. The catalytic loop (residues 234 to 249) with its two reactive histidines (His 234 and His 249) is dramatically flipped by approximately 120 degrees into the active site cleft. Furthermore, the catalytic nucleophile Lys 289 points in a diametrically opposite direction, a consequence of an outward displacement of the supporting loop (residues 276 to 295). In the full-length hexameric forms, these two loops are packed against each other and are stabilized by intimate intersubunit interactions. Our results support the hypothesis that absence of an adjacent monomer due to deletion of the hexamerization domain is the most likely cause for disruption of the active site, offering a structural basis for why only the hexameric form of this enzyme is active.
Data from Combined PET Imaging of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment Identifies Margins of Unique Radiotracer Uptake (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The tumor microenvironment is highly heterogeneous. For gliomas, the tumor-associated inflammatory response is pivotal to support growth and invasion. Factors of glioma growth, inflammation, and invasion, such as the translocator protein (TSPO) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), may serve as specific imaging biomarkers of the glioma microenvironment. In this study, noninvasive imaging by PET with [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]DPA-714 (TSPO) and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]BR-351 (MMP) was used for the assessment of localization and quantification of the expression of TSPO and MMP. Imaging was performed in addition to established clinical imaging biomarker of active tumor volume ([&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]FET) in conjunction with MRI. We hypothesized that each imaging biomarker revealed distinct areas of the heterogeneous glioma tissue in a mouse model of human glioma. Tracers were found to be increased 1.4- to 1.7-fold, with [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]FET showing the biggest volume as depicted by a thresholding-based, volumes of interest analysis. Tumor areas, which could not be detected by a single tracer and/or MRI parameter alone, were measured. Specific compartments of [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]DPA-714 (14%) and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]BR-351 (11%) volumes along the tumor rim could be identified. [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]DPA-714 (TSPO) and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]BR-351 (MMP) matched with histology. Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAM) were identified as TSPO and MMP sources. Multitracer and multimodal molecular imaging approaches may allow us to gain important insights into glioma-associated inflammation (GAM, MMP). Moreover, this noninvasive technique enables characterization of the glioma microenvironment with respect to the disease-driving cellular compartments at the various disease stages. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 77(8); 1831–41. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;