gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From Flatland to Spaceland (1995)

Lithography has been called “a technology practised in Flatland”. This is set to change with new techniques, based on polymers and optical fibres, which are adding a third dimension to lithographic techniques. The patterning of materials by lithography is central to the fabrication of microstructures that are essential in many areas of physics, most notably microelectronics. In lithography an image is transferred from a mask to a thin film material, usually a specialized polymer called a photoresist. This is the first step in a series of physical and chemical processes that are used to construct the microstructure. When making structures like transistors in silicon, for instance, lithography is used to define the regions of the surface that are to be etched. If the polymer has been “exposed”, it can easily be removed by chemicals, and the silicon can be etched away from the areas not protected by the polymer.
Forty Years of Xylene Isomerization Technology Deployment at ExxonMobil (Case Study) (2023)

Paraxylene is by far the most industrially significant of the three xylene isomers yet the least abundant (∼24% only) in equilibrium xylenes. Commercial processes re-isomerizing paraxylene-depleted streams are therefore of paramount importance in the polyester chain. This chapter surveys 40 years of xylene isomerization process development and deployment by ExxonMobil. The two routes for ethylbenzene (EB) conversion, namely, xylenes (EB reforming) or benzene (EB dealkylation), are described and discussed. This chapter focuses on the EB-dealkylation route (the industry dominant process) and its evolution, initially from single- to dual-bed catalytic systems and later to dual-bed technologies using an ex situ selectivated catalyst in the first bed. The recent commercialization of a new liquid-phase xylene isomerization process, with associated energy savings and debottleneck capacity, is also presented.
Status of optoelectronic-VLSI technology based on electroabsorption modulators (1998)

We review recent results from the hybrid integration of silicon CMOS VLSI reticles with GaAs/AlGaAs Multiple Quantum Well modulators that have been made in conjunction with multi-project hybrid CMOS/Modulator foundry services.
Influence of immunostimulants on the effectiveness of vaccines in fish: in vitro and in vivo study (1998)

Immunostimulants activate nonspecific defence mechanisms, cell-mediated immunity and specific immune responses. Immunostimulants can be administered before, with, or after vaccines to amplify the specific immune response in generating elevations of humoral antibody levels and the number of antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Special applications of immunostimulants include assisting spray or other regimens to increase the topical uptake of vaccines. In the present study, the influence of dimerized lysozyme (KLP-602) and inosine pranobex (gro-prinosin) on the cellular and humoral immune response after in vitro and in vivo immunization of rainbow trout with Yersinia ruckeri vaccine (Yersivax) was determined. Immunostimulants were administered by injection before, with, or after the vaccine applied by immersion. ELISPOT assays were used for the quantification of total and specific ASC after in vitro and in vivo immunization. Also, the specific immune response was determined 7, 14, 18, 21, 28, 35 and 45 days after in vivo immunization. Immunostimulants administered before, with, or after the vaccine increased cell-mediated immunity and the specific immune response, compared with the control groups (vaccine only). The higher responses (adjuvant effect) after the application of dimerized lysozyme (KLP-602) were observed in each experimental study.
Synthesis and SANS Structural Characterization of Polymer-Substituted Fullerenes (Flagellenes) (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and SANS Structural Characterization of Polymer-Substituted Fullerenes (Flagellenes)G. D. Wignall, K. A. Affholter, G. J. Bunick, J. M. DeSimone, M. O. Hunt Jr., Y. Z. Menceloglu, and E. T. SamulskiCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 18, 6000–6006Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00122a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00122a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views150Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical manual of implant dentistry (2003)

Originally published in French in 1999 this manual is written for practitioners and graduates. Illustrated mainly in colour it covers the key aspects of implant dentistry from a clinical perspective.
Large increase in spectral continuum generation efficiency of silver and gold semicontinuous films near the percolation threshold (2004)

Photoluminescence continuum generation from semicontinuous silver and gold films was observed between 500 and 1050 nm, with efficiency much higher near the percolation threshold and with similar spectral dependence for the two metals.
Environmental exposures associated with elevated risk for autism spectrum disorder may augment the burden of deleterious de novo mutations among probands (2021)

Although the full aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unknown, familial and twin studies demonstrate high heritability of 60-90%, indicating a predominant role of genetics in the development of the disorder. The genetic architecture of ASD consists of a complex array of rare and common variants of all classes of genetic variation usually acting additively to augment individual risk. The relative contribution of heredity in ASD persists despite selective pressures against the classic autistic phenotype; a phenomenon thought to be explained, in part, by the incidence of spontaneous (or de novo) mutations. Notably, environmental exposures attributed as salient risk factors for ASD may play a causal role in the emergence of deleterious de novo variations, with several ASD-associated agents having significant mutagenic potential. To explore this hypothesis, this review article assesses published epidemiological data with evidence derived from assays of mutagenicity, both in vivo and in vitro, to determine the likely role such agents may play in augmenting the genetic liability in ASD. Broadly, these exposures were observed to elicit genomic alterations through one or a combination of: (1) direct interaction with genetic material; (2) impaired DNA repair; or (3) oxidative DNA damage. However, the direct contribution of these factors to the ASD phenotype cannot be determined without further analysis. The development of comprehensive prospective birth cohorts in combination with genome sequencing is essential to forming a causal, mechanistic account of de novo mutations in ASD that links exposure, genotypic alterations, and phenotypic consequences.
Foreign Policy: the Realism of Idealism (1952)

World politics today is admittedly bipolar, and it seems destined to remain so within the foreseeable future. Beset by its sustained tension, Americans have been led to debate, sometimes acrimoniously, the proper foundations, scope, and content of an effective foreign policy. Since presumably the central theme and central purpose of this debate is the definition of what constitutes the American national interest, the first objective is to define the idea of national interest. Thereafter it is necessary to draw proper deductions relevant to the total world situation, and in turn to apply these deductions as policy to the forces there at work. These forces—political, economic, ideological, and military—in their interconnectedness collectively constitute the raw materials for assessment, judgment, planning, and action in our policy-making. Resultant differences of opinion therefore can take place at different levels. Initially there are vastly divergent concepts of the characteristics of a nation, of the role of nations in the world, and of the nature of interests proper to a nation. The scope of these divergencies is often hidden by our tendency to find in the term “national interest” connotations of particularism, of exclusiveness, of the nation as against, or superior to, the rest of the world.
Frequency of breast cancer subtypes among African American women in the AMBER consortium (2018)

Our findings indicate that automated IHC-based classification produces tumor subtype frequencies approximating those from PAM50-based classification and highlight high frequency of basal-like and low frequency of luminal A breast cancer in a large study of African American women.
Tolerant Compressed Sensing With Partially Coherent Sensing Matrices (2016)

Most of compressed sensing (CS) theory to date is focused on incoherent sensing, that is, columns from the sensing matrix are highly uncorrelated. However, sensing systems with naturally occurring correlations arise in many applications, such as signal detection, motion detection and radar. Moreover, in these applications it is often not necessary to know the support of the signal exactly, but instead small errors in the support and signal are tolerable. Despite the abundance of work utilizing incoherent sensing matrices, for this type of tolerant recovery we suggest that coherence is actually beneficial. We promote the use of coherent sampling when tolerant support recovery is acceptable, and demonstrate its advantages empirically. In addition, we provide a first step towards theoretical analysis by considering a specific reconstruction method for selected signal classes.
Dispersion polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide (2000)

Herein we report a successful dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in a carbon dioxide continuous phase with a block copolymer consisting of polystyrene and poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) as a stabilizer. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) was effectively emulsified in carbon dioxide with the amphiphilic diblock copolymer surfactant, and the successful stabilization of the polymerization simultaneously gave spherical particles in the submicrometer range with relatively narrow particle size distributions. The initial concentrations of HEMA and the stabilizer and the pressure had substantial effects on the size of the colloidal particles. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3783–3790, 2000
Indoor dense depth map at drone hovering (2019)

Autonomous Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) gained tremendous attention in recent years. Autonomous flight in indoor requires a dense depth map for navigable space detection which is the fundamental component for autonomous navigation. In this paper, we address the problem of reconstructing dense depth while a drone is hovering (small camera motion) in indoor scenes using already estimated cameras and sparse point cloud obtained from a vSLAM. We start by segmenting the scene based on sudden depth variation using sparse 3D points and introduce a patch-based local plane fitting via energy minimization which combines photometric consistency and co-planarity with neighbouring patches. The method also combines a plane sweep technique for image segments having almost no sparse point for initialization. Experiments show, the proposed method produces better depth for indoor in artificial lighting condition, low-textured environment compared to earlier literature in small motion.
Modeling and evaluating leadframe CSPs for RFICs in wireless applications (2002)

The electrical models of leadframe plastic CSPs (Chip Scale Packages) for RFICs have been established based on the S-parameter measurement. To evaluate their RF performance, an on-chip 50 ohm microstrip line was housed in a 32-pin BCC (Bump Chip Carrier) package. The insertion and return losses were calculated against frequency and compared to measurement. Excellent agreement has been observed up to 15 GHz. The package acts as a low-pass filter to cause a sharp cut off for the 50 ohm microstrip line operating above a certain frequency, which was predicted successfully from the established package models.
45 degrees loaded-line phase shifter using switchable slow wave transmission lines (2007)

The phase shifter design proves the RF principle of the EFFA based switchable slow-wave line. The EFFA can however be used as switch or tunable device in many other high-frequency applications in which a low capacitance value and moderate capacitance ratio suffices.
Supplementary Figures 1-3, Table 1 from Identification of Hypermethylated Genes Associated with Cisplatin Resistance in Human Cancers (2023)

Supplementary Figures 1-3, Table 1 from Identification of Hypermethylated Genes Associated with Cisplatin Resistance in Human Cancers
Standards (2011)

Contents 4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................88 4.2 Introduction ...............................................................................................88 4.3 TV Station Databases ................................................................................89 4.4 White Space Availability ............................................................................91
Auxiliary Electron Heating and Plasma Control in GDT Device with Electron Beam: The Results of Initial Experiments (2013)

The results of preliminary experiments with relatively low power electron beam interacting with plasma in GDT device are discussed. The beam was injected into the device through one of the end mirrors. In the experiments, the problems related to the beam transport through the magnetic mirror were addressed.
Investigation into the thermal effects of thinning stacked dies in three-dimensional integrated circuits (2015)

In three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs) aggressive wafer-thinning can lead to large thermal gradient, including spikes in individual device temperatures. In a non-thinned circuit the large bulk silicon wafer on which devices are built works as a very good thermal conductor, enabling heat to diffuse laterally. In this paper we experimentally examine the thermal resistance from an active heater to the heatsink in a two-tier bump-bonded 3D stacked system. A simplified structure is introduced to enable such measurements without the time and cost associated with the full fabrication of such a system. Die thinning is seen to have a pronounced effect on the thermal response. Thinning the top tier from 725 μm to 20 μm results in a nearly 7 times increase in the thermal resistance from heater to heatsink.
Location and characterization of genes involved in binding of starch to the surface of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (1992)

Previous studies of starch utilization by the gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron have demonstrated that the starch-degrading enzymes are cell associated rather than extracellular, indicating that the first step in starch utilization is binding of the polysaccharide to the bacterial surface. Five transposon-generated mutants of B. thetaiotaomicron which were defective in starch binding (Ms-1 through Ms-5) had been isolated, but initial attempts to identify membrane proteins missing in these mutants were not successful. We report here the use of an immunological approach to identify four maltose-inducible membrane proteins, which were missing in one or more of the starch-binding mutants of B. thetaiotaomicron. Three of the maltose-inducible proteins were outer membrane proteins (115, 65, and 43 kDa), and one was a cytoplasmic membrane protein (80 kDa). The genes encoding these proteins were shown to be clustered in an 8.5-kbp segment of the B. thetaiotaomicron chromosome. Two other loci defined by transposon insertions, which appeared to contain regulatory genes, were located within 7 kbp of the cluster of membrane protein genes. The 115-kDa outer membrane protein was essential for utilization of maltoheptaose (G7), whereas loss of the other proteins affected growth on starch but not on G7. Not all of the proteins missing in the mutants were maltose regulated. We also detected two constitutively produced proteins (32 and 50 kDa) that were less prominent in all of the mutants than in the wild type. Both of these were outer membrane proteins.
Research Note: Fate and dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar reading in turkeys at processing using an oral gavage challenge model (2021)

This study aimed to evaluate the fate and dissemination of Salmonella Reading (SR) in turkeys using an oral gavage challenge model. One hundred twenty-eight-week-old commercial turkey hens were moved from commercial production to research facilities. Upon arrival, a combination of enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg, and florfenicol, 20 mg/kg, were orally administered sequentially before comingled placement on fresh pine shavings. Turkeys were challenged with 10<sup>8</sup> cfu SR by oral gavage on d 4 and 7 postplacement. Subsets were subjected to simulated commercial processing on d 14 (n = 40), 21 (n = 40) and 28 (n = 32) postplacement (corresponding to 10, 11, and 12 wk of age). Stifle joint, skin, trachea, crop, lung, liver + spleen (LS), and ceca were aseptically sampled and cultured for Salmonella recovery and serotyping. SR could not be recovered from stifle joint 14 d post inoculation (PI). However, at 14 d PI, recovery of SR were: Skin 80%; crop 75%; LS 67.5%; lungs 60%; and ceca 57.5%. (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the lowest recovery of SR was observed from trachea (40%). At 21 d PI, the highest rate of positive samples to SR were observed in ceca (87.5%) and crop (67.5%). By 28 d PI, SR was only recovered from ceca (75%); crop (43.8%); lung (34.4%); and LS (21.9%). The results of this study confirms that SR is an emerging problem for the turkey industry and immediate measurements to reduce foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella should target all parts of the supply chain and consumer education about food safety.
Efficient Direct Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Silicon Substrate (2015)

Graphene has been studied for various applications due to its excellent properties. Graphene film fabrication from solutions of graphene oxide (GO) have attracted considerable attention because these procedures are suitable for mass production. GO, however, is an insulator, and therefore a reduction process is required to make the GO film conductive. These reduction procedures require chemical reducing agents or high temperature annealing. Herein, we report a novel direct and simple reduction procedure of GO by silicon, which is the most widely used material in the electronics industry. In this study, we also used silicon nanosheets (SiNSs) as reducing agents for GO. The reducing effect of silicon was confirmed by various characterization methods. Furthermore, the silicon wafer was also used as a reducing template to create a reduced GO (rGO) film on a silicon substrate. By this process, a pure rGO film can be formed without the impurities that normally come from chemical reducing agents. This is an easy and environmentally friendly method to prepare large scale graphene films on Si substrates.
Real space visualization of thermal fluctuations in a triangular flux-line lattice (2010)

The temperature-dependent properties of a triangular flux-line lattice (FLL) in the low-flux density regime were investigated by evaluating the imaged flux-line (FL) size and the lattice regularity observed in real space utilizing magnetic force microscopy (MFM). At low temperatures, pinning by randomly distributed point defects in the anisotropic type-II superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ results in curved FLs and lateral disorder within the FLL (Bragg glass). Above 30 K, depinning of pancake vortices (PVs) leads to straightening of FLs and a better-ordered lattice. Evaluation of the temperature-dependent imaged FL size allows us to determine the stiffness of the potential, in which FLs in the lattice are caged due to mutual repulsion between them. At 54.1 K, far below melting temperatures reported so far, thermal fluctuations plus the lateral force exerted by the scanning tip facilitate decoupling of PVs near the surface and the image contrast exhibit a liquid-like behavior. Our analysis demonstrates the ability of MFM to obtain three-dimensional information on the arrangement of PVs.
AI on the Edge: Characterizing AI-based IoT Applications Using Specialized Edge Architectures (2020)

Edge computing has emerged as a popular paradigm for supporting mobile and IoT applications with low latency or high bandwidth needs. The attractiveness of edge computing has been further enhanced due to the recent availability of special-purpose hardware to accelerate specific compute tasks, such as deep learning inference, on edge nodes. In this paper, we experimentally compare the benefits and limitations of using specialized edge systems, built using edge accelerators, to more traditional forms of edge and cloud computing. Our experimental study using edge-based AI workloads shows that today's edge accelerators can provide comparable, and in many cases better, performance, when normalized for power or cost, than traditional edge and cloud servers. They also provide latency and bandwidth benefits for split processing, across and within tiers, when using model compression or model splitting, but require dynamic methods to determine the optimal split across tiers. We find that edge accelerators can support varying degrees of concurrency for multi-tenant inference applications, but lack isolation mechanisms necessary for edge cloud multi-tenant hosting.
Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Al/RDX/NC Nanostructured Microparticles (2020)

Nanostructured microparticles composed of nanoaluminum, 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX), and nitrocellulose (NC) were produced using electrospray assembly and studied in an experimental investigation of their ignition and combustion characteristics. All particles contained 5% NC by weight, while the nanoaluminum content ranged from 23.75 to 85.5% by weight, with the balance being RDX. T-jump wire ignition and laser ignition experiments were conducted with pressures ranging from 0.101 to 5.17 MPa. The T-jump experiments demonstrated that the aluminum component of the particle at least partially combusted anaerobically with the combustion products of the RDX and NC. This was further verified by laser ignition experiments in an inert environment via emission spectroscopy. Broad band light emission was used during laser ignition experiments to characterize ignition delay in both air and inert environments (nitrogen or argon). Ignition delay was independent of gaseous environment suggesting that particle ignition was driven by the decomposition/combustion process of RDX and NC. Ignition delay decreased with decreasing RDX content at 0.101 MPa and decreased asymptotically with increasing pressure.