gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence Estimation of Williams Syndrome (2002)

There are limited population-based data on the occurrence of Williams syndrome. We estimated its prevalence combining data from two investigations. One was an epidemiologic study originally designed to assess the prevalence and etiology of mental retardation among 30,037 Norwegian children born between 1980 and 1985 and living in Akershus County on January 1, 1993. The other investigation was a national survey of Williams syndrome. In the first study, 213 children were referred for evaluation, whereas the second study comprised 57 cases with Williams syndrome born between 1970 and 1992, who were referred for evaluation from all Norwegian counties. The epidemiologic study revealed three children with Williams syndrome, whereas one additional case complying with our demographic criteria was identified in the national survey, thus giving a prevalence of 1 in 7500. In all cases, a typical chromosome 7q11.23 deletion was detected. We also conclude that Williams syndrome is not an uncommon cause of mental retardation, with a prevalence of approximately 6% of patients with genetic etiology.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches to 4,8‐Dimethyl‐5′‐(N‐pyridiniummethyl)‐4′,5′‐dihydropsoralens and 4,8‐Dimethyl‐5′‐(N‐aminomethyl)‐4′,5′‐dihydropsoralens. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Passive Phase Shifter for W-Band Applications using Liquid Crystals (2006)

In this paper a ridged waveguide phase shifter at W-band frequencies is presented. A taper matches the ridged waveguide phase shifter to the rectangular waveguide feed. Three different liquid crystals (LC) are used: a quasi-standard LC K15, a highly anisotropic mixture MDA-03-2844, and a dual-frequency switching LC MDA-05-1132, all synthesized by Merck KgaA. The return loss of the phase shifter device is always below -10dB in the whole W-band. The maximum achievable figure-of-merit of these materials is 78deg/dB at 108 GHz
A Contiguous 3-Mb Sequence-Ready Map in the S3–MX Region on 21q22.2 Based on High- Throughput Nonisotopic Library Screenings (1999)

Progress in complete genomic sequencing of human chromosome 21 relies on the construction of high-quality bacterial clone maps spanning large chromosomal regions. To achieve this goal, we have applied a strategy based on nonradioactive hybridizations to contig building. A contiguous sequence-ready map was constructed in the Down syndrome congenital heart disease (DS-CHD) region in 21q22.2, as a framework for large-scale genomic sequencing and positional candidate gene approach. Contig assembly was performed essentially by high throughput nonisotopic screenings of genomic libraries, prior to clone validation by (1) restriction digest fingerprinting, (2) STS analysis, (3) Southern hybridizations, and (4) FISH analysis. The contig contains a total of 50 STSs, of which 13 were newly isolated. A minimum tiling path (MTP) was subsequently defined that consists of 20 PACs, 2 BACs, and 5 cosmids covering 3 Mb between D21S3 and MX1 . Gene distribution in the region includes 9 known genes ( c21–LRP, WRB, SH3BGR, HMG14, PCP4, DSCAM, MX2, MX1 , and TMPRSS2 ) and 14 new additional gene signatures consisting of cDNA selection products and ESTs. Forthcoming genomic sequence information will unravel the structural organization of potential candidate genes involved in specific features of Down syndrome pathogenesis.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 modulates nociceptive signaling through direct phosphorylation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (2006)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a ligand-gated cation channel highly expressed in small-diameter sensory neurons, is activated by heat, protons, and capsaicin. The phosphorylation of TRPV1 provides a versatile regulation of intracellular calcium levels and is critical for TRPV1 function in responding to a pain stimulus. We have previously reported that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity regulates nociceptive signaling. In this article we report that the Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of TRPV1 at threonine-407 can modulate agonist-induced calcium influx. Inhibition of Cdk5 activity in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons resulted in a significant reduction of TRPV1-mediated calcium influx, and this effect could be reversed by restoring Cdk5 activity. Primary nociceptor-specific Cdk5 conditional-knockout mice showed reduced TRPV1 phosphorylation, resulting in significant hypoalgesia. Thus, the present study indicates that Cdk5-mediated TRPV1 phosphorylation is important in the regulation of pain signaling.
Morphological Study of Blend Thin Films of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-<i>block</i>-polyisobutylene-<i>block</i>-poly(3-hexylthiophene):Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Their Application to Photovoltaics (2019)

The detailed morphological studies of poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT)-b-polyisobutylene(PIB)-b-P3HT:P3HT blend thin films by grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) were reported. The results of GIXS experiments indicated the formation of phase separation between P3HT and PIB domains even after blending the P3HT homopolymer below 30 wt%. The change in d-spacing values of the phase-separated under strains was suppressed by increasing the weight ratio of the P3HT homopolymer, probably due to the disruption of the microphase separation. The blending the P3HT homopolymer induced the edge-on orientation during the strain process below 75%, probably by improving the interaction between P3HT domains in the blend thin films. The OPV characteristics were obtained with the device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT-b-PIB-b-P3HT:P3HT:PC61BM/Ca/Al, significantly improving the JSC and FF values by increasing the P3HT homopolymer weight ratio. The excellent elongation behavior of P3HT-b-PIB-b-P3HT:P3HT blend bulk films (P3HT < 30 wt%) could be achieved, probably due to the formation of microphase separation between semi-crystalline P3HT and rubbery PIB domains.
Role of NF-kappaB in the control of apoptotic and proliferative responses in IL-2-responsive T cells (1997)

The NF-kappaB/Rel/IkappaB family of transcription factors regulates a number of genes involved in a wide variety of biological processes. The activation of p53, c-myc and Ras genes suggests a role for NF-kappaB in cell proliferation; NF-kappaB is also important in immune and inflammatory responses. By virtue of its role in apoptosis, NF-kappaB participates in the thymus as well as in embryonic development. The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors is also involved in viral transcription, transformation and in the development of some types of human cancers. Given the pivotal role of NF-kappaB, clarification is needed of the mechanisms through which its deregulation contributes to disease. Several aspects of NF-kappaB regulation, such as phosphatase involvement, the mechanism of IkappaB ubiquitination and the regulation of nuclear translocation, remain obscure. Here, we review and discuss the function of NF-kappaB activation in IL-2-stimulation and in apoptosis induced by IL-2 deprivation in T cells.
Cuticular profiling of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti (2023)

Insecticides have made great strides in reducing the global burden of vector-borne disease. Nonetheless, serious public health concerns remain because insecticide-resistant vector populations continue to spread globally. To circumvent insecticide resistance, it is essential to understand all contributing mechanisms. Contact-based insecticides are absorbed through the insect cuticle, which is comprised mainly of chitin polysaccharides, cuticular proteins, hydrocarbons, and phenolic biopolymers sclerotin and melanin. Cuticle interface alterations can slow or prevent insecticide penetration in a phenomenon referred to as cuticular resistance. Cuticular resistance characterization of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is lacking. In the current study, we utilized solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy to gain insights into the cuticle composition of congenic cytochrome P450 monooxygenase insecticide resistant and susceptible Ae. aegypti. No differences in cuticular hydrocarbon content or phenolic biopolymer deposition were found. In contrast, we observed cuticle thickness of insecticide resistant Ae. aegypti increased over time and exhibited higher polysaccharide abundance. Moreover, we found these local cuticular changes correlated with global metabolic differences in the whole mosquito, suggesting the existence of novel cuticular resistance mechanisms in this major disease vector.
In vitro analysis of two formulations of fluticasone/ salmeterol pMDI for delivered dose uniformity and aerodynamic particle size distribution (2014)

Aim: To compare the in vitro characteristics of fluticasone/ salmeterol HFA pMDI with an actuator having a dose indicator (Test Product) to the Reference Product. Methods: Two critical tests that qualify the performance of the product are Delivered dose uniformity and Aerodynamic particle size distribution. Delivered dose uniformity ensures that the total amount of drug emitted from the drug device and hence available to the user is consistent. The sampling apparatus used for determining the amount of delivered dose is the Dosage unit sampling apparatus manufactured by Copley scientific. Aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) of an aerosol cloud defines where the particles in that cloud are likely to deposit following inhalation. The APSD was performed on the Test Product (Cipla Ltd, India) and the Reference Product (Seretide Evohaler, UK) using an Anderson cascade impactor manufactured by Copley scientific. The fine particle dose was also estimated (i.e., the amount of the drug which is deposited into the lower airways of the lung during inhalation). Results: The delivered dose uniformity was within the acceptance criteria of 75% to 125% of delivered dose and the fine particle dose by cascade impactor is within the 15% for the test product compared with the reference product. Conclusion: These data confirmed that there were no significant differences in these critical quality performance attributes between the test product (fluticasone/ salmeterol HFA pMDI with an actuator having a dose indicator) and the reference product. These data further suggest that the in vivo performance of the test and reference product will be comparable.
A 2.4GHz class-D power amplifier with conduction angle calibration for &#x2212;50dBc harmonic emissions (2014)

We present a digitally-controlled class-D power amplifier (PA) utilizing a new conduction angle calibration technique for harmonic suppression. The optimum conduction angle is derived to minimize chosen harmonics. The calibration circuit adjusts the conduction angle by changing the voltage transfer characteristic of the input buffer. Operating at 2.4GHz, this single-ended PA achieves a drain efficiency of 39% with an output power of 1.2dBm from a 1V supply. The even-order harmonics can be suppressed to below -49dBm. Integrated with an RF frequency modulator, the PA fully meets the spectral mask requirements for Bluetooth Smart applications.
Synthesis in mesoreactors: Ru(porphyrin)CO-catalyzed aziridination of olefins under continuous flow conditions (2016)

The Ru(porphyrin)CO-catalyzed addition of aryl azides to styrenes to afford<italic>N</italic>-aryl aziridines was successfully performed for the first time in mesoreactors under continuous flow conditions.
Formation of Stylet Sheaths in āere (in air) from Eight Species of Phytophagous Hemipterans from Six Families (Suborders: Auchenorrhyncha and Sternorrhyncha) (2013)

Stylet sheath formation is a common feature among phytophagous hemipterans. These sheaths are considered essential to promote a successful feeding event. Stylet sheath compositions are largely unknown and their mode of solidification remains to be elucidated. This report demonstrates the formation and solidification of in āere (in air) produced stylet sheaths by six hemipteran families: Diaphorina citri (Psyllidae, Asian citrus psyllid), Aphis nerii (Aphididae, oleander/milkweed aphid), Toxoptera citricida (Aphididae, brown citrus aphid), Aphis gossypii (Aphididae, cotton melon aphid), Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Aleyrodidae, whitefly), Homalodisca vitripennis (Cicadellidae, glassy-winged sharpshooter), Ferrisia virgata (Pseudococcidae, striped mealybug), and Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Coccidae, pyriform scale). Examination of in āere produced stylet sheaths by confocal and scanning electron microscopy shows a common morphology of an initial flange laid down on the surface of the membrane followed by continuous hollow core structures with sequentially stacked hardened bulbous droplets. Single and multi-branched sheaths were common, whereas mealybug and scale insects typically produced multi-branched sheaths. Micrographs of the in āere formed flanges indicate flange sealing upon stylet bundle extraction in D. citri and the aphids, while the B. tabaci whitefly and H. vitripennis glassy-winged sharpshooter flanges remain unsealed. Structural similarity of in āere sheaths are apparent in stylet sheaths formed in planta, in artificial diets, or in water. The use of 'Solvy', a dissolvable membrane, for intact stylet sheath isolation is reported. These observations illustrate for the first time this mode of stylet sheath synthesis adding to the understanding of stylet sheath formation in phytophagous hemipterans and providing tools for future use in structural and compositional analysis.
Young and old genetically heterogeneous HET3 mice on a rapamycin diet are glucose intolerant but insulin sensitive (2013)

Rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, extends the life span of yeast, worms, flies, and mice. Interventions that promote longevity are often correlated with increased insulin sensitivity, and it therefore is surprising that chronic rapamycin treatment of mice, rats, and humans is associated with insulin resistance (J Am Soc Nephrol., 19, 2008, 1411; Diabetes, 00, 2010, 00; Science, 335, 2012, 1638). We examined the effect of dietary rapamycin treatment on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the genetically heterogeneous HET3 mouse strain, a strain in which dietary rapamycin robustly extends mean and maximum life span. We find that rapamycin treatment leads to glucose intolerance in both young and old HET3 mice, but in contrast to the previously reported effect of injected rapamycin in C57BL/6 mice, HET3 mice treated with dietary rapamycin responded normally in an insulin tolerance test. To gauge the overall consequences of rapamycin treatment on average blood glucose levels, we measured HBA1c. Dietary rapamycin increased HBA1c over the first 3 weeks of treatment in young animals, but the effect was lost by 3 months, and no effect was detected in older animals. Our results demonstrate that the extended life span of HET3 mice on a rapamycin diet occurs in the absence of major changes in insulin sensitivity and highlight the importance of strain background and delivery method in testing effects of longevity interventions.
Achievements and new directions in continuous renal replacement therapies. (1995)

The evolution of renal replacement therapy has permitted the treatment of critically ill patients with acute renal failure. In intensive care settings, continuous renal replacement therapies have been shown to be better tolerated and clinically useful. Continuous hemofiltration is now performed with blood pumps and double-lumen venous catheters, thus avoiding the complications found in previous arteriovenous treatments. The use of countercurrent dialysate flow has overcome problems related to low treatment efficiency. High clearances can now be obtained during continuous hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration, and adequate blood purification can be achieved even in severely catabolic patients. New replacement solutions allow for a more effective correction of acidosis and electrolyte imbalances. Finally, newly designed machines permit continuous therapies while minimizing staff workload. Continuous therapies are today moving toward newer indications and applications. The ability to remove proinflammatory substances by filtration and/or adsorption has opened a series of potential indications. The concept that renal support and protection take place during hemofiltration suggests that very early use of this technique is desirable, even before the onset of oliguria or azotemia.
IC‐P‐077: Hippocampal MRI texture is related to hippocampal glucose metabolism (2015)

We previously saw that hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) texture provided-volume independent information in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis (AAIC 2012, P1-157) and predicted conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD (AAIC 2013, P3-085). However, it is not known which biological phenomena of the disease process texture reflect. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential relationship between texture and tau-mediated neuronal injury as reflected by reduced glucose metabolism in FDG-PET. The study dataset consisted of the 215 baseline T1-weighted structural MRI scans from the “complete annual year 2 visit” 1.5T standardized Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset [62 normal controls (NC), 101 MCI subjects, and 52 AD patients] that had an associated FDG-PET measurement of hippocampus metabolic rate of glucose (MRglc) available from the Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York with a maximum of 60 days between scans. MRI analysis consisted of segmenting the hippocampi using cross-sectional FreeSurfer (v.5.1.0), computation of the hippocampal fraction (HF, hippocampal volume divided by intra-cranial volume), and texture scoring of the hippocampus using our in-house method. Left and right hippocampal MRglc were downloaded directly from the ANDI website and subsequently averaged to obtain a single score. A scatter plot revealed a linear relationship between texture and MRglc (see figure). Three linear regression models with different combinations of MRI biomarkers as covariates were fitted, all with hippocampal MRglc as outcome, and with age and sex as additional covariates (see table). Both HF (model 1) and texture (model 2) explained hippocampal MRglc, and the model using texture resulted in a better overall fit. Adding both HF and texture as covariates (model 3) resulted in an even better overall model fit, and both texture and HF had a significant contribution.
Gene structure of the human receptor tyrosine kinaseRON and mutation analysis in lung cancer samples (2000)

The human RON gene (MST1R) maps to 3p21.3, a region frequently altered in lung cancer and other malignancies. It encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) closely related to MET, whose mutations are associated with neoplasia. We investigated whether RON might be involved in the development or progression of lung cancer. We first determined the exon-intron structure of the gene by direct sequencing of RON cosmid DNA and PCR products containing intronic sequences, and then developed primers suitable for mutation analysis by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. Twenty coding exons were characterized, all but the first one small (average size: 170 bp), a feature shared with other RTK genes. We performed SSCP analysis of RON in small and non-small cell lung cancer samples, upon detection of its expression in a sample of lung cancer cell lines. A mutation (T915C: L296P) was found in an adenocarcinoma specimen. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms were also found. The panel of intron-anchored primers developed in this work will be useful for mutation analysis of the RON gene in different types of human tumors.
Converting Cycloalkanones intoN-Heterocycles: Formal Synthesis of (−)-Gephyrotoxin 287C (2013)

The photochemical rearrangement of N-activated lactams enables their ring contraction concomitant with the migration of a carbon onto a nitrogen atom. When coupled with the Beckmann rearrangement, this photochemical ring contraction converts cycloalkanones into N-heterocycles in a few steps and in a stereospecific manner. To showcase the method, we performed an efficient formal synthesis of (-)-gephyrotoxin 287C.
Immunotherapy of colon cancer: Prospects for developing immunogenic vaccines based on autologous serological typing (1980)

Exploration of specific immunization as a means of cancer therapy has been hampered by the lack of knowledge of human cancer antigens. Recent progress in the serological definition of cell surface antigens of malignant melanomas, renal cancers, and astrocytomas provides a new basis for the construction of immunogenic vaccines and their clinical testing. Application of the same approach to colon cancer depends on the development of methods which permit continuous growth of colon cancer cells in tissue culture.
Challenges and progress in low defectivity for advanced ArF and EUV lithography processes using surface localized material technology (2017)

The main challenge in ArF lithography is to reduce cost of ownership (CoO) because increase in multi-patterning process is generally required to obtain a fine pattern. As a consequence, industry strongly requires ArF lithography process with a fast scan speed scanner and low defectivity material for CoO. The breakthrough technology to improve defectivity and resolution simultaneously was the polarity-change property of film surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic after alkaline development process because a property after development process should be only associated with defectivity, not fast scan speed. The materials with high polarity change function were explored to EUV process to achieve low defectivity with good lithography performances.
Pulse propagation effects at high bit rates (2006)

The constant drive to increase bit rate per channel faces significant challenges due to linear and nonlinear propagation effects. Shorter pulses increase the sensitivity to dispersion effects including higher order, polarization mode dispersion and fiber nonlinearity.
Intense Green Cathodoluminescence from Low-Temperature-Deposited ZnO Film with Fluted Hexagonal Cone Nanostructures (2009)

Intense green cathodoluminescence (CL) was obtained from zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures prepared by a post-treatment of ZnO film deposited on a silicon (Si) substrate in a reducing gas ambient at a low temperature of 450 °C. The green emission peak was centered at around 500 nm with a CL luminance as high as 10580 Cd/m2 at an excitation voltage of 10 kV. The strong green emission was ascribed to the increase in the oxygen vacancies on the surface of the fluted hexagonal cone nanostructures formed on the ZnO film during the annealing process.
Effect of polymerization temperature on the microtacticity of isotactic poly(propylene) prepared using heterogeneous (MgCl2-supported) Ziegler-Natta catalysts (1998)

A study of the effect of polymerization temperature on the microtacticity of poly(propylene) prepared using various MgCl2-supported catalysts has shown that, in almost all cases, an increase in temperature leads not only to higher proportions of isotactic polymer but also to increased stereoregularity of the isotactic fraction. The results indicate a greater relative increase in productivity, with increasing temperature, for highly isospecific as opposed to moderately isospecific centres. It is suggested that easier propagation after the occasional regioirregular (2,1-) insertion may contribute to this effect.