gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SpeakerStew: Scaling to Many Languages with a Triaged Multilingual Text-Dependent and Text-Independent Speaker Verification System (2021)

In this paper, we describe SpeakerStew - a hybrid system to perform speaker verification on 46 languages. Two core ideas were explored in this system: (1) Pooling training data of different languages together for multilingual generalization and reducing development cycles; (2) A novel triage mechanism between text-dependent and text-independent models to reduce runtime cost and expected latency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of speaker verification systems at the scale of 46 languages. The problem is framed from the perspective of using a smart speaker device with interactions consisting of a wake-up keyword (text-dependent) followed by a speech query (text-independent). Experimental evidence suggests that training on multiple languages can generalize to unseen varieties while maintaining performance on seen varieties. We also found that it can reduce computational requirements for training models by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, during model inference on English data, we observe that leveraging a triage framework can reduce the number of calls to the more computationally expensive text-independent system by 73% (and reduce latency by 59%) while maintaining an EER no worse than the text-independent setup.
Reusing Code by Reasoning About its Purpose (2010)

When programmers face unfamiliar or challenging tasks, code written by others could give them inspiration or reusable pieces. But how can they find code appropriate for their goals? This paper describes a programming interface, called Zones, that connects code with natural language annotations about its purpose. The backend, called ProcedureSpace, uses the Blending technique to reason jointly over these purpose annotations, static code analysis, and a variety of natural language background knowledge. ProcedureSpace can search for code given purpose descriptions or vice versa, and can even find code that was never annotated. Since completed Zones searches become annotations, the system learns from user interaction. Users in a preliminary study found that reasoning jointly over natural language and programming language helped them reuse code.
Heightened resistance to host type 1 interferons characterizes HIV-1 at transmission and after antiretroviral therapy interruption (2021)

Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are potent innate antiviral effectors that constrain HIV-1 transmission. However, harnessing these cytokines for HIV-1 cure strategies has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of their antiviral activities at later stages of infection. Here, we characterized the IFN-I sensitivity of 500 clonally derived HIV-1 isolates from the plasma and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells of 26 individuals sampled longitudinally after transmission or after antiretroviral therapy (ART) and analytical treatment interruption. We determined the concentration of IFNα2 and IFNβ that reduced viral replication in vitro by 50% (IC<sub>50</sub>) and found consistent changes in the sensitivity of HIV-1 to IFN-I inhibition both across individuals and over time. Resistance of HIV-1 isolates to IFN-I was uniformly high during acute infection, decreased in all individuals in the first year after infection, was reacquired concomitant with CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell loss, and remained elevated in individuals with accelerated disease. HIV-1 isolates obtained by viral outgrowth during suppressive ART were relatively IFN-I sensitive, resembling viruses circulating just before ART initiation. However, viruses that rebounded after treatment interruption displayed the highest degree of IFNα2 and IFNβ resistance observed at any time during the infection course. These findings indicate a dynamic interplay between host innate responses and the evolving HIV-1 quasispecies, with the relative contribution of IFN-I to HIV-1 control affected by both ART and analytical treatment interruption. Although elevated at transmission, host innate pressures are the highest during viral rebound, limiting the viruses that successfully become reactivated from latency to those that are IFN-I resistant.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Indoles via a Sequential Olefin‐ Insertion/Ene Route. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 Protein Interactions with Novel Receptors Allow Control of Resistant Fall Armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (2019)

Two new modified <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) proteins, Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868, with activity against fall armyworms (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J.E. Smith), were evaluated for their potential to bind new insect receptors compared to proteins currently deployed as plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) in row crops. Results from resistant insect bioassays, disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays, and cell-based assays using insect cells expressing individual receptors demonstrate that receptor utilizations of the newly modified Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 proteins are distinct from each other and from those of commercially available <i>Bt</i> proteins such as Cry1F, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. Accordingly, these two proteins target different insect proteins in FAW midgut cells and when pyramided together should provide durability in the field against this economically important pest.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> There is increased concern with the development of resistance to insecticidal proteins currently expressed in crop plants, especially against high-resistance-risk pests such as fall armyworm (FAW), <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, a maize pest that already has developed resistance to <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (<i>Bt</i>) proteins such as Cry1F. Lepidopteran-specific proteins that bind new insect receptors will be critical in managing current Cry1F-resistant FAW and delaying future resistance development. Results from resistant insect assays, disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays, and cell-based assays using insect cells expressing individual receptors demonstrate that target receptors of the Cry1Da_7 and Cry1B.868 proteins are different from each other and from those of commercially available <i>Bt</i> proteins such as Cry1F, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. Therefore, pyramiding these two new proteins in maize will provide durable control of this economically important pest in production agriculture.
The Purification of Human Urinary Kallikrein with Ion-Exchange Radial Flow Membrane Chromatography (1996)

A method was developed for the purification of kallikrein from human urine. The procedure consisted of three steps: ultradialysis, diethyl-(2-hydroxypropyl) aminoethyl (QAE) ion exchange radial flow membrane chromatography and affinity chromatography on aprotinin agarose. It is simple and suitable for large-scale purification. The purified product was checked by SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption:ionization mass spectrometery (MALDI). A single band with apparent molecular weight (MW) 42,000 in SDS-PAGE and a single monomer peak with MW33,000 in MALDI were observed, respectively. The biological activity tested by ELISA showed positive immunological identity of the purified product compared with human urinary kallikrein standard.
Clinical Effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Results of a Preliminary Study (2022)

Anatomical and physiological considerations indicate that the oral cavity is a primary source of the lung microbiota community, and recent studies have shown that the microbiota in the lungs contributes to immunological homeostasis, potentially altering the organ's susceptibility to viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. It has been proposed that, in the case of viral infection, lung Gram-negative bacteria could promote the cytokine cascade with a better performance than a microbiota mainly constituted by Gram-positive bacteria. Recent observations also suggest that <i>Prevotella</i>-rich oral microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In comparison, <i>Streptococcus</i>-rich microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of healthy people. To verify if the modulation of the oral microbiota could have an impact on the current coronavirus disease, we administered for 14 days a well-recognized and oral-colonizing probiotic (<i>S. salivarius</i> K12) to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The preliminary results of our randomized and controlled trial seem to prove the potential role of this oral strain in improving the course of the main markers of pathology, as well as its ability to apparently reduce the death rate from COVID-19. Although in a preliminary and only circumstantial way, our results seem to confirm the hypothesis of a direct involvement of the oral microbiota in the construction of a lung microbiota whose taxonomic structure could modulate the inflammatory processes generated at the pulmonary and systemic level by a viral infection.
Combined Antegrade and Retrograde Endoscopic Approach for the Management of Urinary Diversion-Associated Pathology (2000)

Combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic access to the area of interest is our preferred method of approaching pathologic problems in patients with a urinary diversion. An antegrade nephrostogram provides better delineation of anatomy, while through-and-through access enables rapid and easier identification of stenotic segments that may be hidden by mucosal folds. Furthermore, this approach allows the use of larger semirigid or flexible endoscopes in conjunction with more efficient fragmentation devices, resulting in enhanced vision from better irrigation. Finally, an initial endoscopic approach may be preferred because its failure does not compromise the success of future open surgery.
Turn-on process in 4H-SiC thyristors (1997)

Detailed turn-on measurements of 4H-Silicon Carbide (SiC) npnp thyristors are presented for a wide range of operating conditions. Comparisons with similarly-rated silicon and Gallium Arsenide thyristors show a superior rise time and pulsed turn-on performance of SiC thyristors. Rise time for a 400 V blocking voltage, 4 V forward drop (2.8/spl times/10/sup 3/ A/cm/sup 2/) SiC thyristor has been found to be of the order of 3-5 ns. Pulsed turn on measurements show a residual voltage of only 50 V when a current density of 10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ (35 A) was achieved in 20 ns.
Effects of commonly used cryoprotectants on glycogen phosphorylase activity and structure (1999)

The effects of a number of cryoprotectants on the kinetic and structural properties of glycogen phosphorylase b have been investigated. Kinetic studies showed that glycerol, one of the most commonly used cryoprotectants in X-ray crystallographic studies, is a competitive inhibitor with respect to substrate glucose-1-P with an apparent Ki value of 3.8% (v/v). Cryogenic experiments, with the enzyme, have shown that glycerol binds at the catalytic site and competes with glucose analogues that bind at the catalytic site, thus preventing the formation of complexes. This necessitated a change in the conditions for cryoprotection in crystallographic binding experiments with glycogen phosphorylase. It was found that 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD), polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of various molecular weights, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated glycogen phosphorylase b to different extents, by stabilizing its most active conformation, while sucrose acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor and ethylene glycol as an uncompetitive inhibitor with respect to glucose-1-P. A parallel experimental investigation by X-ray crystallography showed that, at 100 K, both MPD and DMSO do not bind at the catalytic site, do not induce any significant conformational change on the enzyme molecule, and hence, are more suitable cryoprotectants than glycerol for binding studies with glycogen phosphorylase.
Sudden unexpected cardiac death as the first symptom in young people (2016)

Furlanello, Francesco; Inama, Giuseppe; Inama, Lorenza; Cappato, Riccardo Author Information
Enantioselective Functionalization of Radical Intermediates in Redox Catalysis: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxytrifluoromethylation of Alkenes (2013)

Something radical: An efficient enantioselective oxytrifluoromethylation of alkenes has been developed using a copper catalyst system. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a metal-catalyzed redox radical addition mechanism in which a CO bond is formed by the copper-mediated enantioselective trapping of a prochiral alkyl radical intermediate derived from the initial trifluoromethyl radical addition.
Contribution Evaluation of the Structure to the Vibration based on Transfer Path Analysis (2017)

In a typical mechanical product, it is a general method that identify the deformation mode in which significant improvement target of contributing to the response from the experiments and analysis solution and consider the improvement structure in the way of high rigidity by using a technique such as strain energy method in the conventional design and development. However in the above-mentioned method, it is often a conflicting results with weight saving and cost reduction of development requirements. Transfer path analysis (TPA) using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is an effective method of reducing noise and vibration of the automobile with respect to these issues. TPA can reveal that the transfer path from the input to the response of the evaluation point and the contribution of the path and consider the response improvement efficiently. TPA using FEM was applied to mechanical structure with a variety of transfer paths and evaluated the contribution of the vibration transfer path for the vibration response reduction. The previous research have reported that it is effective to reduce the vibration response of the evaluation point by modifying the structure of the path in the case of a path has the dominant contribution. However, there are problems that the structural change guideline for the contribution analysis result is unclear and it is not possible to propose the modification guideline for the mechanical structure when the contributions of multiple paths are dispersed. In order to solve these problems, it is proposed to evaluate contribution in each degree of freedom by utilizing characteristics of the TPA. Then, it is verified that whether the vibration response of the evaluation point can be reduced by controlling the contribution by suppressing the transfer force with large degree of freedom of contribution. As a result, reduction of the vibration response at the evaluation point was realized by controlling the contribution to the frequency at which the contributions of multi paths were dispersed, which was the conventional problem by the proposed method.
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produces microsclerotia‐like pellets mediated by oxidative stress and peroxisome biogenesis (2019)

Several filamentous fungi are known to produce macroscopic pigmented hyphal aggregates named sclerotia. In recent years, some entomopathogenic fungi were reported to produce small sclerotia termed 'microsclerotia', becoming new potential propagules for biocontrol strategies. In this study, we described the production of microsclerotia-like pellets by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. The carbon: nitrogen ratio equal to or higher than 12.5:1 amended with Fe<sup>2+</sup> induced the germination of conidia, producing hyphal aggregate that formed sclerotial structures in submerged liquid cultures. These aggregates were able to tolerate desiccation as they germinated and subsequently produced viable conidia. Conidia derived from microsclerotial aggregates formulated with diatomaceous earth effectively kill Tribolium castaneum larvae. Optical and transmission microscopical imaging, qPCR and spectrophotometric analysis revealed that an oxidative stress scenario is involved in conidial differentiation into microsclerotia-like pellets, inducing fungal antioxidant response with high peroxidase activity - mainly detected in peroxisomes and mitochondria - and progress with active peroxisome proliferation. The results provide clues about B. bassiana microsclerotial differentiation and indicate that these pigmented aggregates are promising propagules for production, formulation and potentially application in the control of soil-inhabiting arthropod pests.
Electrochemical top-down synthesis of C-supported Pt nano-particles with controllable shape and size: Mechanistic insights and application (2020)

Abstract In this work, we demonstrate the power of a simple top-down electrochemical erosion approach to obtain Pt nanoparticle with controlled shapes and sizes (in the range from ~ 2 to ~ 10 nm). Carbon supported nanoparticles with narrow size distributions have been synthesized by applying an alternating voltage to macroscopic bulk platinum structures, such as disks or wires. Without using any surfactants, the size and shape of the particles can be changed by adjusting simple parameters such as the applied potential, frequency and electrolyte composition. For instance, application of a sinusoidal AC voltage with lower frequencies results in cubic nanoparticles; whereas higher frequencies lead to predominantly spherical nanoparticles. On the other hand, the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal was found to affect the particle size; the lower the amplitude of the applied AC signal, the smaller the resulting particle size. Pt/C catalysts prepared by this approach showed 0.76 A/mg mass activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction which is ~ 2 times higher than the state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.42 A/mg) from Tanaka. In addition to this, we discussed the mechanistic insights about the nanoparticle formation pathways.
Prediction of surface exposed proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes , with a potential application to other Gram‐positive bacteria (2008)

The in silico prediction of bacterial surface exposed proteins is of growing interest for the rational development of vaccines and in the study of bacteria-host relationships, whether pathogenic or host beneficial. This interest is driven by the increase in the use of DNA sequencing as a major tool in the early characterization of pathogenic bacteria and, more recently, even of complex ecosystems at the host-environment interface in metagenomics approaches. Current protein localization protocols are not suited to this prediction task as they ignore the potential surface exposition of many membrane-associated proteins. Therefore, we developed a new flow scheme, SurfG+, for the processing of protein sequence data with the particular aim of identification of potentially surface exposed (PSE) proteins from Gram-positive bacteria, which was validated for Streptococcus pyogenes. The results of an exploratory case study on closely related lactobacilli of the acidophilus group suggest that the yogurt bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) dedicates a relatively important fraction of its coding capacity to secreted proteins, while the probiotic gastrointestinal (GI) tract bacteria L. johnsonii and L. gasseri appear to encode a larger variety of PSE proteins, that may play a role in the interaction with the host.
Hydrolysis and Oxidation of an Epoxy Resin in Sub- and Supercritical Water (2000)

Hydrolysis and oxidation in sub- and supercritical water has been widely studied as methods to convert organic wastes into carbon dioxide and water. This technique could be applied to destroy epoxy resin, a polymer easily used in nuclear plants. This paper deals with the behavior of an epoxy resin tested in a batch reactor. The organic network is hydrolyzed and oxidized. The influence of temperature, pressure, and residence time is studied. Low-molecular-degradation compounds are characterized by the GC/MS technique. The epoxy resin is completely destroyed by way of oxidation at 410 °C and 24 MPa.
A CT scan protocol for the detection of radiographic loosening of the glenoid component after total shoulder arthroplasty (2013)

The CT scan protocol we used is of clinical value in routine assessment of glenoid periprosthetic lucency after TSA. The technique improves the ability to detect and monitor radiolucent lines and, therefore, possibly implant loosening also.
Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos. (1976)

Cell membrane and cell junctions in differentiation of preimplanted mouse embryos, (membrana celular y uniones celulares en la diferenciación del embrión de ratón antes de la implantación). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 130-134, 1976. The development of cell junctions that seal the peripheral blastomeres could be a decisive step in the differentiation of morulae into blastocysts. The appearance of these junctions is studied by electron microscopy of late morulae and initial blastocysts. Zonulae occludentes as well as impermeability to lanthanum emulsion precedes the appearance of the blastocel and hence might be considered as one of its necessary causes.
Nanotechnology Meets Plant Sciences: Gold Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Mediated Protein and DNA Codelivery to Plant Cells Via the Biolistic Method (Adv. Funct. Mater. 17/2012) (2012)

The cell wall of plant cells is a physical barrier for nanoparticle uptake that limits nanotechnology development in plant sciences. On page 3576, Brian G. Trewyn, Kan Wang, and co-workers report using gold-plated mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which have increased performance as projectiles through the biolistic method, to co-deliver proteins and plasmid DNA into walled plant cells.
Internal field distributions in multilayer polycarbonate/poly(vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropylene films at onset of breakdown (2014)

Multilayer polymer films comprising alternating layers of polycarbonate (PC) and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) show enhanced dielectric strength relative to single component films of either source polymer. Previous failure analysis on films subjected to breakdown under divergent field conditions revealed that multilayer films produced distinct surface treeing patterns whereas monolithic films did not. The choice of surface layer (PC or PVDF-HFP) contacted by a needle electrode influenced the nature of these treeing patterns. Additionally, damage within the film was largely localized to the interfaces between layers. To help explain these empirical results, we model the divergent field based on the geometry of our experimental setup and calculate the internal electric field distribution using the boundary integral equation method (BIEM). All fundamental charges, including: free, bound, trapped, and space charges are accounted for in the calculations, based on current and voltage data recorded during prior breakdown measurements. The calculations show that when PC is used as the surface layer in contact with the needle anode, there is significant field intensification in the top PC layer, in excess of 2000 V/μm. This is many times higher than the measured dielectric strength of monolithic PC and is at least partially due to charge injection from the needle anode. In contrast, the PVDF-HFP sub-layer in this configuration has very low field. These observations are consistent with breakdown occurring near the surface of the film, resulting in large-range surface treeing. When PVDF-HFP is the top layer, field intensification occurs deeper in the film, which is again consistent with the observed optical and FIB/SEM imaging results where less surface treeing and more internal damage is observed. The calculations suggest that the large contrast in field between adjacent layers generates a nexus for localized breakdown at the layer interfaces, again consistent with large internal voids formed by layer delamination in films subjected to divergent field breakdown.