gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
30.2: A 4.5‐in. Full‐Color VGA Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with Integrated Drivers (1998)

Abstract We have developed a VGA poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with integrated drivers using low‐temperature (below 600°C) poly‐Si to realize a high‐performance and high‐resolution liquid crystal panel for PDA (personal digital assistants). By the development of high‐performance TFT, 10V operation voltage, 80% display area ratio and 300 contrast were achieved.
Endurance Training and Cardiorespiratory Conditioning After Traumatic Brain Injury (2010)

Assessing endurance capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness early in the TBI rehabilitation process merits consideration as a standard of care by professional rehabilitation societies. Also, providing effective, safe, and accessible training modalities would seem to be an important consideration for persons with TBI, given the mobility impairments many possess. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of cardiorespiratory training programs on overall morbidity and mortality.
Preliminary test method for the determination of surface firmness [wheelchair propulsion] (1996)

The Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) specify that ground and floor surfaces should be firm, stable, and slip-resistant. These specifications are subjective; objective methods for assessing surface firmness and stability are lacking. Objective measures are needed to assess the accessibility of walking and wheeling surfaces and to improve accessibility for people with mobility limitations. This research study focused only on the development of an objective wheelchair work measurement method to assess surface firmness. Firmness was quantified in terms of the work per meter required to propel a wheelchair across the surface. Work was determined by using a SMARTwheel to measure the forces applied to the pushrim. This measurement method was evaluated on carpet, hard trail surfaces, and various playground surfacing materials. Measurements were also taken on an adjustable ramp set at different grades, cross slopes, and grade/cross slope combinations. Reliable results were obtained on all test surfaces except two (sand and pea gravel) which could not be negotiated by the test wheelchair rider according to the test protocol. The test method was capable of measuring a wide range of surface types, produced repeatable results on nearly all test surfaces, and was sensitive enough to measure 1% changes in grade and differences in surfacing materials. Comparisons between the measurements made on level surfaces and on various ramp angles demonstrated the feasibility of using the work per meter value for a specific ramp grade as pass/fail performance criteria for short distances of accessible surfaces. For outdoor recreational environments, this work measurement method would provide an objective measure of firmness which could be used to classify surfaces into categories (e.g., hard, firm, soft).
Better than Sliced Bread (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: What is an Orphan Disease? On the Home Front The Role of Chemistry Further Reading
Role of Mitochondrial Stress Response in Cancer Progression (2022)

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles that are a hub for key biological processes, such as bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling functions. Mitochondria are implicated in all oncogenic processes, from malignant transformation to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapeutics. The harsh tumor environment constantly exposes cancer cells to cytotoxic stressors, such as nutrient starvation, low oxygen, and oxidative stress. Excessive or prolonged exposure to these stressors can cause irreversible mitochondrial damage, leading to cell death. To survive hostile microenvironments that perturb mitochondrial function, cancer cells activate a stress response to maintain mitochondrial protein and genome integrity. This adaptive mechanism, which is closely linked to mitochondrial function, enables rapid adjustment and survival in harsh environmental conditions encountered during tumor dissemination, thereby promoting cancer progression. In this review, we describe how the mitochondria stress response contributes to the acquisition of typical malignant traits and highlight the potential of targeting the mitochondrial stress response as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy.
Homologous and unique G protein alpha subunits in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. (1991)

A cDNA corresponding to a known G protein alpha subunit, the alpha subunit of Go (Go alpha), was isolated and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence of C. elegans Go alpha is 80-87% identical to other Go alpha sequences. An mRNA that hybridizes to the C. elegans Go alpha cDNA can be detected on Northern blots. A C. elegans protein that crossreacts with antibovine Go alpha antibody can be detected on immunoblots. A cosmid clone containing the C. elegans Go alpha gene (goa-1) was isolated and mapped to chromosome I. The genomic fragments of three other C. elegans G protein alpha subunit genes (gpa-1, gpa-2, and gpa-3) have been isolated using the polymerase chain reaction. The corresponding cosmid clones were isolated and mapped to disperse locations on chromosome V. The sequences of two of the genes, gpa-1 and gpa-3, were determined. The predicted amino acid sequences of gpa-1 and gpa-3 are only 48% identical to each other. Therefore, they are likely to have distinct functions. In addition they are not homologous enough to G protein alpha subunits in other organisms to be classified. Thus C. elegans has G proteins that are identifiable homologues of mammalian G proteins as well as G proteins that appear to be unique to C. elegans. Study of identifiable G proteins in C. elegans may result in a further understanding of their function in other organisms, whereas study of the novel G proteins may provide an understanding of unique aspects of nematode physiology.
Filtering in a High Dynamic Range (HDR) Context (2013)

Many image processing steps involve filters or filter-like constructs (such as wavelets). Filters are used for displacement, such as flowfield displacement or block displacement within codecs. Filters are used for re-sizing, and for detail-band-splitting in resolution hierarchies. Wavelets also are applied in a manner similar to filters, and can be used for detail-band-splitting in some constructions. The Discrete Cosine Transform similarly represents image spatial frequencies in an array of coefficients for such frequencies. — When applying filters to pixels, theoretical underpinnings of filter theory often require that the pixels be represented in linear light (gamma 1.0). When extending filter and wavelet techniques to High Dynamic Range (HDR), the general assumptions about acceptability of filtering errors in many common filter uses must be revised to consider very large increases in brightness value differences. Filter errors, especially from negative filter lobes, are often greatly magnified within the intended viewing range. — This paper explores filtering practices that improve filter, wavelet, DCT, and other common filtering elements when applied to HDR. Further, we examine the precision necessary to distribute HDR, and we consider quality metrics that might be appropriate for HDR systems.
Paper type classification based on a new 3D surface texture measure (2014)

A novel three‐dimensional (3D) surface texture measure (3DSTM) is presented based on the micro‐geometry of paper surfaces to classify different paper substrates. This is useful to automatically determine whether a document is printed on the correct paper substrate to help identify fraud. We use a 4‐light source photometric stereo (PS) method to recover the dense 3D geometry of paper surfaces captured using a high‐resolution sensing device. We derive a unique 3DSTM for each paper type based on the shape index (SI) map generated from the surface normals of the 3D data. We show that the proposed 3DSTM can robustly and accurately classify paper substrates with different physical properties and different surface textures. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated over a dataset comprising of 21 printed and 22 non‐printed paper types and a measure of success over 92% is achieved.
<title>Image-based multiresolution shape recovery by surface deformation</title> (2000)

This paper presents a novel approach for constructing multiresolution surface models from a set of calibrated images. The output is a texture-mapped triangular surface mesh that best matches all the input images. The mesh is obtained by deforming a generic initial mesh such as a sphere or cube according to image and geometry-based forces. This technique has the following key features: (1) the initial mesh is able to converge to the object surface from arbitrarily far away, (2) the resolution of the final mesh adapts to the local complexity of the object, (3) sharp corners and edges of object surface are preserved in the final mesh, (4) occlusion is correctly modeled during convergence, (5) re-projection error of the final mesh is optimized, and (6) the output is ideally suited for rendering by existing graphics hardware. The approach is shown is shown to yield good results on real image sequences.
Quick Learner Automated Vehicle Adapting its Roadmanship to Varying Traffic Cultures with Meta Reinforcement Learning (2021)

It is essential for an automated vehicle in the field to perform discretionary lane changes with appropriate roadmanship - driving safely and efficiently without annoying or endangering other road users - under a wide range of traffic cultures and driving conditions. While deep reinforcement learning methods have excelled in recent years and been applied to automated vehicle driving policy, there are concerns about their capability to quickly adapt to unseen traffic with new environment dynamics. We formulate this challenge as a multi-Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) adaptation problem and developed Meta Reinforcement Learning (MRL) driving policies to showcase their quick learning capability. Two types of distribution variation in environments were designed and simulated to validate the fast adaptation capability of resulting MRL driving policies which significantly outperform a baseline RL.
Design of mannosylated oral amphotericin B nanoformulation: efficacy and safety in visceral leishmaniasis (2018)

The aim of this study was to evaluate mannose-anchored thiolated chitosan (MTC) based nanocarriers (NCs) for enhanced permeability, improved oral bioavailability and anti-parasitic potential of amphotericin B (AmB). Transgenic Leishmania donovani parasites expressing red fluorescent protein DsRed2 and imaging-flow cytometry was used to investigate parasitic burdens inside bone marrow-derived macrophages ex vivo. Cytokine estimation revealed that MTC nanocarriers activated the macrophages to impart an explicit immune response by higher production of TNF-α and IL-12 as compared to control. Cells treated with MTC NCs showed a significantly higher magnitude of nitrite and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence intensity in contrast to cells treated with AmB. Concerning to apparent permeability coefficient (P<sub>app</sub>) results, the MTC NCs formulation displayed more specific permeation across the Caco-2 cell monolayer as compared to AmB. The half-life of MTC NCs was about 3.3-fold persistent than oral AmB used as positive control. Also, t oral bioavailability of AmB was increased to 6.4-fold for MTC NCs compared to AmB for positive control. Acute oral evaluation indicated that MTC NCs were significantly less toxic compared to the AmB. Based on these findings, MTC NCs seems to be promising for significant oral absorption and improved oral bioavailability of AmB in leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
The bacterial pathogen-ubiquitin interface: lessons learned fromShigella (2014)

Shigella species are the aetiological agents of shigellosis, a severe diarrhoeal disease that is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Shigellosis causes massive colonic destruction, high fever and bloody diarrhoea. Shigella pathogenesis is tightly linked to the ability of the bacterium to invade and replicate intracellularly within the colonic epithelium. Shigella uses a type 3 secretion system to deliver its effector proteins into the cytosol of infected cells. Among the repertoire of Shigella effectors, many are known to target components of the actin cytoskeleton to promote bacterial entry. An emerging alternate theme for effector function is the targeting of the host ubiquitin system. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification restricted to eukaryotes and is involved in many essential host processes. By virtue of sheer number of ubiquitin-modulating effector proteins, it is clear that Shigella has invested heavily into subversion of the ubiquitin system. Understanding these host-pathogen interactions will inform us about the strategies used by successful pathogens and may also provide avenues for novel antimicrobial strategies.
Structure of an archaeal homologue of the bacterial Fmu/RsmB/RrmB rRNA cytosine 5-methyltransferase (2010)

One of the modified nucleosides that frequently occurs in rRNAs and tRNAs is 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C). Escherichia coli Fmu/RsmB/RrmB is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferase that forms m⁵C967 in 16S rRNA. Fmu/RsmB/RrmB homologues exist not only in bacteria but also in archaea and eukarya and constitute a large orthologous group in the RNA:m⁵C methyltransferase family. In the present study, the crystal structure of a homologue of E. coli Fmu/RsmB/RrmB from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii (PH0851) complexed with an AdoMet analogue was determined at 2.55 Å resolution. The structure and sequence of the C-terminal catalytic domain are highly conserved compared with those of E. coli Fmu/RsmB/RrmB. In contrast, the sequence of the N-terminal domain is negligibly conserved between the bacterial and archaeal subfamilies. Nevertheless, the N-terminal domains of PH0851 and E. coli Fmu/RsmB/RrmB are both α-helical and adopt a similar topology. Next to the AdoMet-binding site, a positively charged cleft is formed between the N- and C-terminal domains. This cleft is conserved in the archaeal PH0851 homologues and seems to be suitable for binding the RNA substrate.
Instruction Assignment for Clustered VLIW DSP Compilers: A New Approach (1998)

This report proposes a new heuristic/model driven approach to assign nodes of a computational DAG to clusters for a VLIW machine with a partitioned register file. Our approach exploits a heuristically found initial clustering to speed up the convergence of a deterministic descent algorithm. The initial configuration is determined through a longest path driven strategy that collects a number of paths or sub-dags starting from the DAG's leaves. The initial node assignment problem is then simplified to the assignment of these partial components to one of the k clusters. We approach the component assignment problem in two different ways depending upon some heuristically detected DAG symmetries. The descent algorithm starts from the initial configuration and modifies the assignment for each partial component by minimizing a cost function being an estimate of the schedule length for all nodes in the DAG on a given machine. The estimate is carried out by a simplified list scheduler taking quantitatively into account things like register pressure, resources allocation, etc. We compared our approach with a common heuristic known as BUG (Bottom Up Greedy) on a set of scientific and multimedia-like computational kernels. Experimental results show a reduction from 5 to 50% in the static schedule length depending from the DAG's complexity, symmetry and intrinsic parallelism and from architectural parameters like number of clusters, registers banks size, etc. Best results were obtained for large DAGs (hundreds of nodes) where the assignment of nodes to clusters is determinant to reduce the inter-cluster copies and the resource conflicts; another important factor is sometimes the reduction in register spills to/from memory due to the load balancing between clusters. These results and the low computational complexity of this approach show how the proposed method can be a viable solution for node assignment in a VLIW compiler for clustered machines.
Energy and Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems (2011)

A multiplicity of autonomous terminals simultaneously transmits data streams to a compact array of antennas. The array uses imperfect channel-state information derived from transmitted pilots to extract the individual data streams. The power radiated by the terminals can be made inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of base station antennas with no reduction in performance. In contrast if perfect channel-state information were available the power could be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas. Lower capacity bounds for maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection are derived. A MRC receiver normally performs worse than ZF and MMSE. However as power levels are reduced, the cross-talk introduced by the inferior maximum-ratio receiver eventually falls below the noise level and this simple receiver becomes a viable option. The tradeoff between the energy efficiency (as measured in bits/J) and spectral efficiency (as measured in bits/channel use/terminal) is quantified. It is shown that the use of moderately large antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency with orders of magnitude compared to a single-antenna system.
A non-covalent antibody complex for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs (2019)

Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), which are obtained by coupling a potent cytotoxic agent to a monoclonal antibody (mAb), are traditionally bound in a random way to lysine or cysteine residues, with the final product's heterogeneity having an important impact on their activity, characterization, and manufacturing. A new antibody drug delivery system (ADS) based on a non-covalent linkage between a Fc-binding protein, in this case Protein A or Protein G, and a mAb was investigated in the effort to achieve greater homogeneity and to create a versatile and adaptable drug delivery system. Recombinant staphylococcal Protein A and streptococcal Protein G were chemically PEGylated at the N-terminus with a 5 kDa and a 20 kDa PEG, respectively, yielding two monoconjugates with a mass of ≈50 and ≈45 kDa. Circular dichroism studies showed that both conjugates preserved secondary structures of the protein, and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments demonstrated that their affinity for mAb was approximately 10<sup>7</sup> M<sup>-1</sup>. Upon complexation with a mAb (Trastuzumab or Rituximab), in vitro flow-cytometry analysis of the new ADSs showed high selectivity for the specific antigen expressing cells. In addition, the ADS complex based on Trastuzumab and Protein G, conjugated with a heterobifunctional 20 kDa PEG carrying the toxin Tubulysin A, had a marked cytotoxic effect on the cancer cell line overexpressing the HER2/neu receptor, thus supporting its application in cancer therapy.
Innentitelbild: Induced‐Fit Binding of the Macrocyclic Noncovalent Inhibitor TMC435 to its HCV NS3/NS4A Protease Target (Angew. Chem. 9/2010) (2010)

Die Anti-HCV-Aktivität des Wirkstoffs TMC435, der sich gegenwärtig in klinischen Phase-2b-Studien befindet, beruht auf der Hemmung der NS3/4A-Protease des Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV). Wie M. D. Cummings und Mitarbeiter in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1696 ff. erklären, bindet TMC435 in induzierter Passform an das Zielenzym, was zur Besetzung einer erweiterten S2-Subbindungsstelle führt. (Gestaltung des Bildes unter Mithilfe von J. M. Berke, E. Fransen, und L. Geeraert)
A possible role for fumagillin in cellular damage during host infection by Aspergillus fumigatus (2018)

Virulence mechanisms of the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus are multifactorial and depend on the immune state of the host, but little is known about the fungal mechanism that develops during the process of lung invasion. In this study, microarray technology was combined with a histopathology evaluation of infected lungs so that the invasion strategy followed by the fungus could be described. To achieve this, an intranasal mice infection was performed to extract daily fungal samples from the infected lungs over four days post-infection. The pathological study revealed a heavy fungal progression throughout the lung, reaching the blood vessels on the third day after exposure and causing tissue necrosis. One percent of the fungal genome followed a differential expression pattern during this process. Strikingly, most of the genes of the intertwined fumagillin/pseurotin biosynthetic gene cluster were upregulated as were genes encoding lytic enzymes such as lipases, proteases (DppIV, DppV, Asp f 1 or Asp f 5) and chitinase (chiB1) as well as three genes related with pyomelanin biosynthesis process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fumagillin is produced in an in vitro pneumocyte cell line infection model and that loss of fumagillin synthesis reduces epithelial cell damage. These results suggest that fumagillin contributes to tissue damage during invasive aspergillosis. Therefore, it is probable that A. fumigatus progresses through the lungs via the production of the mycotoxin fumagillin combined with the secretion of lytic enzymes that allow fungal growth, angioinvasion and the disruption of the lung parenchymal structure.
Inverse Solution for Bolt Preload Using Surface Deformation (2017)

In this paper, an inverse biharmonic axisymmetric elasticity problem is solved by invoking measured out-of-plane surface deformation values at discrete locations around a preloaded bolt head, in order to calculate the underhead contact stress and joint clamp load that would have caused that out-of-plane surface deformation. Solution of this type of inverse problem promises to improve the automation process of bolted joint system assembly, especially in critical and safety-related applications. For example, a real-time optically measured joint surface deformation can be utilized for automating process control of bolted joint assembly in a reliable fashion. This would be a significant reliability improvement as compared to the commonly used method in mass production using torque-only control method in which there is wide scatter in the torque–tension correlation due to the normal scatter in frictional variables. Finite element analysis (FEA) method is used to validate the inverse problem solution provided in this paper.
An improved model for B12-dependent diol dehydrase (1990)

R. J. Anderson, S. Ashwell, R. M. Dixon and B. T. Golding, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 70 DOI: 10.1039/C39900000070
Rational design of small molecules as vaccine adjuvants (2014)

Adjuvants increase vaccine potency largely by activating innate immunity and promoting inflammation. Limiting the side effects of this inflammation is a major hurdle for adjuvant use in vaccines for humans. It has been difficult to improve on adjuvant safety because of a poor understanding of adjuvant mechanism and the empirical nature of adjuvant discovery and development historically. We describe new principles for the rational optimization of small-molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) targeting Toll-like receptor 7 as adjuvants with a predicted increase in their therapeutic indices. Unlike traditional drugs, SMIP-based adjuvants need to have limited bioavailability and remain localized for optimal efficacy. These features also lead to temporally and spatially restricted inflammation that should decrease side effects. Through medicinal and formulation chemistry and extensive immunopharmacology, we show that in vivo potency can be increased with little to no systemic exposure, localized innate immune activation and short in vivo residence times of SMIP-based adjuvants. This work provides a systematic and generalizable approach to engineering small molecules for use as vaccine adjuvants.