gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The relative performance of ensemble methods with deep convolutional neural networks for image classification (2018)

Artificial neural networks have been successfully applied to a variety of machine learning tasks, including image recognition, semantic segmentation, and machine translation. However, few studies fully investigated ensembles of artificial neural networks. In this work, we investigated multiple widely used ensemble methods, including unweighted averaging, majority voting, the Bayes Optimal Classifier, and the (discrete) Super Learner, for image recognition tasks, with deep neural networks as candidate algorithms. We designed several experiments, with the candidate algorithms being the same network structure with different model checkpoints within a single training process, networks with same structure but trained multiple times stochastically, and networks with different structure. In addition, we further studied the over-confidence phenomenon of the neural networks, as well as its impact on the ensemble methods. Across all of our experiments, the Super Learner achieved best performance among all the ensemble methods in this study.
The Secrets of Beautiful Hair: Why is it Flexible and Elastic? (2019)

Beautiful hair, so called “SHINAYAKA” hair in Japanese, has a good appearance not only when stationary but also when in motion, and it is a highly desirable hair condition for Japanese consumers. We investigated such SHINAYAKA hair, which was selected by sensory evaluation, for the relationship between physical properties, such as flexibility and elasticity, and hair structure. It has already been reported that human hair cortical cells have two types, similar to wool: the ortho-like cortex and the para-like cortex. Microscopic observation revealed that the ortho-like cortex is distributed in the outer layer of the hair (near the hair surface) and the para-like cortex exists in the inner layer (near the center of the fiber). This cell distribution, a concentric double-layered structure, was deemed to be a characteristic of SHINAYAKA hair. Furthermore, analysis of physical properties showed the difference between the elasticity of the outer layer and inner layer, and that this difference was bigger in SHINAYAKA hair compared to other hair. This phenomenon was observed not only in Japanese hair, but also in Caucasian hair. In addition, we have developed a new technology for creating “SHINAYAKA” hair by treatment with succinic acid. Inflexible and inelastic hair can be changed by this treatment, and its flexibility and elasticity improve by selective reduction of stiffness of the outer layer.
A distortion-theoretic perspective for redundant metering security in a smart grid (2012)

In a smart grid environment some customers employ third-party meters and terminals for integrity verification of the smart meter power measurements reported by the electric utility company. We address the security issues that may arise under the presence of a third-party wireless terminal. In this paper we consider a rate-distortion perspective that contrasts the Slepian-Wolf distortionless coding approach recently presented by Varodayan and Gao [1] for integrity verification through redundant metering. We show that through the use of a limited secret key, we can impose a certain minimum distortion on the eavesdropper, while enabling the wireless terminal to retrieve the measurements losslessly with high probability. We highlight the advantages of our approach.
Pyroelectric response to near infrared radiation of a ferroelectric liquid crystal (1994)

Abstract We have explored the potential of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) for applications in the area of the pyroelectric infrared detection. In the homogeneous geometry, the pyroelectric response of an electroclinic mixture, 854E, was measured by using a near infrared light-emitting diode with the maximum intensity of 20 mW at the wavelength of 0.95 μm. In the range of the modulation frequency between 8 and 400 Hz, the pyroelectric characteristics of 854E in the current mode were determined in terms of the duration of the irradiation and the associated thermal relaxation of the detector. It is indicated that FLCs are emerged as a new class of promising candidates for pyroelectric applications.
Reaction of Cr and Cr Oxide with NaCl at Elevated Temperature (2009)

673～973 Kの大気中において，CrおよびCr2O3とNaClとの反応を調査した．NaClの存在は，Crの質量増加を著しく促進した．Cr2O3とNaClを混合して加熱すると，Na2CrO4とCl2が生成した．CrとNaClを混合して加熱すると，Na2CrO4，Cl2，CrCl2，CrCl3，Cr2O3が生成した．Na2CrO4とCl2は，CrとNaCl，O2との反応によって生成した．CrCl2とCrCl3は，CrとCl2との反応によって生成した．Na2CrO4，CrCl2，CrCl3は，Crの酸化を促進した．
Molecular Regulation of Osteoblasts for Tissue Engineered Bone Repair (2004)

The use of biodegradable polymers in medicine and biomedical research is increasing. A key growth area has been the use of these materials in tissue engineering, especially for guided regeneration of bone and cartilage. Our interest has been in determining the mechanisms by which cellular attachment and growth occurs on these materials. In the current study, we examined human osteoblast cell adhesion, growth, and morphologic changes on polymeric scaffolds composed of polylactic-co-glycolic acid and polylactic acid materials. We examined these characteristics in association with measurements of levels of key adhesion integrin receptors in the presence and absence of antibodies against alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, and beta1 subunits, and the adhesion ligand peptides RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) and RGE (Arg-Gly-Ser). At 2 hours, results showed initial cell adhesion was considerably decreased on polylactic-co-glycolic acid and polylactic acid in the presence of the alpha2 and beta1, antibodies with a 70% adhesion rate difference observed among the groups evaluated. Higher levels of inhibition were observed on polylactic-co-glycolic acid relative to polylactic acid, which may be correlated to a higher number of cells being able to interact with the surface initially. The presence of known competitive peptide (RGD) at 2 hours, revealed its ability to block cellular adhesion to these matrices relative to the control and noncompetitive peptide RGE on polylactic-co-glycolic acid matrices. Overall adhesion rate was affected by the presence of the integrin antibodies to the alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5, alpha6, and beta1 subunits with highest differences among polylactic-co-glycolic acid relative to its control, therefore suggesting that initial osteoblastic cell adhesion to commonly used biomaterials is regulated through integrin binding.
Online System Prognostics with Ensemble Models and Evolving Clustering (2022)

An online evolving clustering (OEC) method equivalent to ensemble modeling is proposed to tackle prognostics problems of learning and the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL). During the learning phase, OEC extracts predominant operating modes as multiple evolving clusters (EC). Each EC is associated with its own Weibull distribution-inspired degradation (survivability) model that will receive incremental online modifications as degradation signals become available. Example case studies from machining (drilling) and automotive brake-pad wear prognostics are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Integrated skin sensitization assessment based on OECD methods (I): Deriving a point of departure for risk assessment_suppl3 (2022)

Three guidelines covering key events in the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway are endorsed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). A recent guideline covers defined approaches (DA) to combine data from these tests for regulatory (sub)classification. The guideline methods provide continuous data that could characterize the sensitization potency on a more granular scale beyond (sub)classifications. We assembled a comprehensive database of in vitro and in vivo results from OECD guideline tests. Building on a previous approach using regression models, we provide quantitative models using input data from the kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA), the KeratinoSens™ (KS) assay, and the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) to calculate a point of departure (PoD) in the form of a predicted local lymph node assay (LLNA) EC3 value for use in risk assessment. Predictive models include results from either two or all three assays. Detailed analysis versus in vivo data estimates redundancy between different tests and helps guide model selection. All models were tested on a set of case studies selected for their availability of multiple LLNA reference data in the OECD database. The predicted PoDs were within or close to the range of the variation of the historical LLNA data for most of these cases studies, and overall, the models predicted the in vivo value with a median fold-misprediction factor of around 2.5. The robustness of the models was characterized by comparing a comprehensive historical database versus the curated dataset provided by the OECD working group on DA.
Lead free (K,Na)NbO3-based piezoelectric ceramics and transducers (2008)

Recent advances in (K,Na)NbO3-based ferroelectrics is reviewed, with special emphasis on the (K,Na)NbO3-LiTaO3-LiSbO3 system. Processing issues are elaborated on. The importance of precursor purity, moisture sensitivity and oxygen content on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties will be shown. Properties of prototype transducers are given and it will be shown that high performance metrics reminiscent to PZT-4 based transducers can be reached. Origins of high piezoelectric activity in the (K0.5Na0.5Li0.04)(Nb0.86Ta0.04Sb0.06)O3 is discussed, where it will be shown that this particular composition has a polymorphic phase transition in the vicinity of room temperature, and does not exhibit a morphotropic phase boundary..
Glimpsing IVA: A Framework for Overcomplete/Complete/Undercomplete Convolutive Source Separation (2010)

Independent vector analysis (IVA) is a method for separating convolutedly mixed signals that significantly reduces the occurrence of the well-known permutation problem in frequency domain blind source separation (BSS). In this paper, we develop a novel IVA-based unifying framework for overcomplete/complete/undercomplete convolutive noisy BSS. We show that in order for the sources to be separable in the frequency domain, they must have a temporal dynamic structure. We exploit a common form of dynamics, especially present in speech, wherein the signals have silence periods intermittently, hence varying the set of active sources with time. This feature is extremely useful in dealing with overcomplete situations. An approach using hidden Markov models (HMMs) is proposed that takes advantage of different combinations of silence gaps of the source signals at each time period. This enables the algorithm to “glimpse” or listen in the gaps, hence compensating for the global degeneracy by allowing it to learn the mixing matrices at periods where it is locally less degenerate. The same glimpsing strategy can be employed to the complete/undercomplete case as well. Moreover, additive noise is considered in our model. Real and simulated experiments were carried out for overcomplete convoluted mixtures of speech signals yielding improved separation results compared to a sparsity-based robust time-frequency masking method. Signal-to-disturbance ratio (SDR) and machine intelligibility of a speech recognizer was used to evaluate their performances. Experiments were also conducted for the classical complete setting using the proposed algorithm and compared with standard IVA showing that the results compare favorably.
Role of Stress Factors on the Adhesion of Interfaces in R2R Fabricated Organic Photovoltaics (2016)

The role of the common stress factors such as high temperature, humidity, and UV irradiation on interface adhesion of roll‐to‐roll fabricated organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is investigated. The samples range from bare front electrodes to complete devices. It is shown that applying single stress or combinations of stresses onto the samples variably affect the adhesion properties of the different interfaces in the OPV device. It is revealed that while the exposure of the complete devices to the stresses results in the loss of photovoltaic performance, some interfaces in the devices present improved adhesion properties. Depth profiling analysis on the fractured samples reveals interdiffusion of layers in the structure, which results in the increase of adhesion and change of the debond path. It is shown that through diffusion and intermixing of internal interfaces coupled stresses can increase the adhesion of OPV interfaces by over tenfold. The results are additionally compared to the photovoltaic performance of the complete devices.
Return to Golf After Lumbar Fusion (2016)

This investigation offers insight into when golfers return to sport after lumbar fusion surgery and provides surgeons with information to set realistic expectations postoperatively.
Measurement of facet reflectivity of antireflection-coated electroabsorption modulator using induced photocurrent (2001)

A new method to measure the facet reflectivity of an antireflection (AR)-coated electroabsorption (EA) modulator in the region of operating wavelengths is proposed. First, by measuring the induced photocurrent and reflectance simultaneously at the front facet of an EA waveguide, the cleaved facet reflectivity and propagation loss are determined. After coating the facet with AR, the residual reflectivity of AR-coated facet is obtained from the measured photocurrent spectra and the predetermined facet reflectivity. We demonstrate the reflectivity of a double-layer AR-coated EA modulator can be measured to be /spl sim/4×10/sup -4/ at 1.55 μm for TE polarization by using the proposed technique.
Antihypertensive Effects and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Activation by Intake of Chicken Collagen Hydrolysate in Pre- and Mild-Hypertension (2009)

Chicken collagen hydrolysate was given to 15 mildly hypertensive subjects for 4 weeks. Blood pressure was significantly decreased by 11.8 mmHg (P<0.01). A reduction in plasma renin activity was observed in blood test after intake. A colony assay of endothelial progenitor cells in blood samples from non-smokers revealed an approximately 30% increase in the number of colonies.
Blind Separation for Multiple Moving Sources With Labeled Random Finite Sets (2021)

This paper proposes a novel solution for separating an unknown and time-varying number of moving acoustic sources in a blind setting using multiple microphone arrays. A standard steered-response power phase transform method is applied to extract source position measurements, which inevitably contain noise, false detections, missed detections, and are not labeled with the source identities. The imperfect measurements lead to the space-time permutation problem, as there is no information on how the measurements are associated to the sources in space, nor how the measurements are connected across time, if at all. To solve this problem, a labeled random finite set tracking framework is adopted to jointly estimate the source positions and their labels or identities. Based on these trajectory estimates, a corresponding set of time-varying generalized side-lobe cancellers is constructed to perform source separation. The overall algorithm operates in a block-wise or an online fashion and is scalable with the number of microphone arrays. The quality of the measurements, tracking, and separation, are evaluated respectively, with the OSPA metric, OSPA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(2)</sup> metric, and ITU-T P.835 based listening tests, on both real-world and simulated data.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Targeting Nucleocapsid or Spike Protein by Four High-Throughput Immunoassays Authorized for Emergency Use (2020)

A total of 1,200 serum samples that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody using the Abbott Architect immunoassay targeting the nucleocapsid protein were run in 3 SARS-CoV-2 IgG immunoassays targeting spike proteins (DiaSorin Liaison, Ortho Vitros, and Euroimmun). Consensus-positive and consensus-negative interpretations were defined as qualitative agreement in at least 3 of the 4 assays. Agreement of the 4 individual assays with a consensus-negative interpretation (<i>n</i> = 610) ranged from 96.7% to 100%, and agreement with a consensus-positive interpretation (<i>n</i> = 584) ranged from 94.3% to 100%. Laboratory-developed inhibition assays were utilized to evaluate 49 consensus-negative samples that were positive in only one assay; true-positive reactivity was confirmed in only 2 of these 49 (4%) samples. These findings demonstrate very high levels of agreement among 4 SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays authorized for emergency use, regardless of antigen target or assay format. Although false-positive reactivity was identified, its occurrence was rare (no more than 1.7% of samples for a given assay).
Optimal Hopping in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (2006)

Gupta and Kumar showed that throughput in a static random wireless network increases with the amount of hopping. In a subsequent paper (2004), it was shown that although throughput benefits from a large number of hops, this comes at the expense of higher delay. Separately, several studies have shown that in ad hoc networks, transmission energy decreases as hopping increases. However, when transceiver circuit energy is also taken into account, hopping as much as possible no longer maximizes energy efficiency and the optimal amount of hopping depends on the topology and size of the network. This paper attempts to unify these earlier results by estab- lishing the optimal hopping for energy efficiency along with throughput and delay. A random network model with n nodes in area A(n) is considered. The effect of interference is captured by the Physical model and the signal is assumed to decay with distance r as r �δ ,δ> 1. Both transmission and transceiver circuit energy are taken into account. Optimal trade-offs between throughput, delay and energy-per-bit scaling for this random network model are established. These results show that the amount of hopping still determines the optimal trade-off and yield the amount of hopping that should be used to achieve any point of the optimal trade-off. In a constant area network, where A(n )=1 , Θ(1) hops result in the best energy and delay scaling
The First [2.1]Paracyclo-(3,5)-naphthalinophane-1-enes (1993)

The first representatives of the as yet unknown group of [2.1] paracyclonaphthalinophanes, hydrocarbons 5, 7 and 10, have been obtained by ZnCl2 induced dehydration/rearrangement of penta-1,4-dien-3-ols containing [2.2]paracyclophane-1,9-diene units; 5 has been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Focusing attention on critical elements of the pediatrics clerkship (1998)

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Data from Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Hypersensitivity in Aggressive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; DNA repair defects have been previously reported in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Inhibitors of PARP have shown activity in solid tumors with defects in homologous recombination (HR). This study was performed to assess MPN sensitivity to PARP inhibitors &lt;i&gt;ex vivo&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; HR pathway integrity in circulating myeloid cells was evaluated by assessing the formation of RAD51 foci after treatment with ionizing radiation or PARP inhibitors. Sensitivity of MPN erythroid and myeloid progenitors to PARP inhibitors was evaluated using colony formation assays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Six of 14 MPN primary samples had reduced formation of RAD51 foci after exposure to ionizing radiation, suggesting impaired HR. This phenotype was not associated with a specific MPN subtype, &lt;i&gt;JAK2&lt;/i&gt; mutation status, or karyotype. MPN samples showed increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitors veliparib and olaparib compared with normal myeloid progenitors. This hypersensitivity, which was most pronounced in samples deficient in DNA damage–induced RAD51 foci, was observed predominantly in samples from patients with diagnoses of chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, or unspecified myelodysplastic/MPN overlap syndromes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Like other neoplasms with HR defects, MPNs exhibit PARP inhibitor hypersensitivity compared with normal marrow. These results suggest that further preclinical and possibly clinical study of PARP inhibitors in MPNs is warranted. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 22(15); 3894–902. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Temporal characterization of attosecond wave forms in the sub-optical-cycle regime (2008)

We present a temporal characterization of sub-optical-cycle extreme ultraviolet radiation generated in a hollow-core waveguide. This generation scheme permits the use of relatively long $13\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{fs}$ driving laser pulses to generate sub-optical-cycle bursts of high-order harmonic light. Using two-color cross-correlation and phase retrieval techniques, we extract the extreme ultraviolet wave form and show that it consists of chirped $470\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{as}$ bursts, spaced by $\ensuremath{\sim}1.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$, within a $1.4\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{fs}$ intensity envelope. The radiation is spectrally narrow and energy tunable, making it a useful tool to investigate state-selective molecular and materials dynamics.
Chemical reactions under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature to fabricate photo-luminescent Ga2O3 nanocrystals and their coatings (2011)

Nanocrystalline (<20 nm) gallium oxide coating on in situ formed amorphous carbon spheres is achieved by the controlled chemical reaction of gallium triacetylacetonate under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (700 °C) in an inert atmosphere. The as-prepared nanocomposite was further heated to 500 °C for 1 h in an air atmosphere to produce neat Ga2O3 nanocrystals. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirmed that the neat Ga2O3 nanocrystals exhibited enhanced PL intensity compared to Ga2O3 nanocrystals coated on carbon spheres. Moreover, the diverse ability of the autogenic process to coat pristine stainless steel plate with micron sized (<1 μm) Ga2O3 particles is demonstrated. This is a noteworthy advancement in the field of nanofabrication processes. The methodical morphological, compositional and structural characterizations of the products are carried out and plausible mechanistic elucidation of their formation is reported.