gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (2018)

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) is the high resolution X-ray spectrometer of the ESA Athena X-ray observatory. Over a field of view of 5' equivalent diameter, it will deliver X-ray spectra from 0.2 to 12 keV with a spectral resolution of 2.5 eV up to 7 keV on ~5 arcsecond pixels. The X-IFU is based on a large format array of super-conducting molybdenum-gold Transition Edge Sensors cooled at about 90 mK, each coupled with an absorber made of gold and bismuth with a pitch of 249 microns. A cryogenic anti-coincidence detector located underneath the prime TES array enables the non X-ray background to be reduced. A bath temperature of about 50 mK is obtained by a series of mechanical coolers combining 15K Pulse Tubes, 4K and 2K Joule-Thomson coolers which pre-cool a sub Kelvin cooler made of a 3He sorption cooler coupled with an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator. Frequency domain multiplexing enables to read out 40 pixels in one single channel. A photon interacting with an absorber leads to a current pulse, amplified by the readout electronics and whose shape is reconstructed on board to recover its energy with high accuracy. The defocusing capability offered by the Athena movable mirror assembly enables the X-IFU to observe the brightest X-ray sources of the sky (up to Crab-like intensities) by spreading the telescope point spread function over hundreds of pixels. Thus the X-IFU delivers low pile-up, high throughput (&gt;50%), and typically 10 eV spectral resolution at 1 Crab intensities, i.e. a factor of 10 or more better than Silicon based X-ray detectors. In this paper, the current X-IFU baseline is presented, together with an assessment of its anticipated performance in terms of spectral resolution, background, and count rate capability. The X-IFU baseline configuration will be subject to a preliminary requirement review that is scheduled at the end of 2018.
The Temporal Association of Robotic Surgical Diffusion with Overtreatment of the Small Renal Mass (2018)

Robotic surgical extirpation has outpaced the adoption of active surveillance of small renal masses. This raises concern that the diffusion of robotic technology propagates overtreatment, particularly among elderly and comorbid individuals.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Asymmetric Orientation of Dipolar Dendrons in an Assembled Structure (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect of Rotational Mobility on Photoelectron Transfer:  Comparison of Two Zeolite Topologies (2003)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and time-resolved diffuse reflectance (TRDR) have been combined to study the effects of constrained rotational motion on the rates of photoinduced electron-transfer reactions within zeolites. By synthesizing tris(2,2‘-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) [Ru(bpy)32+] within the large cages of zeolites Y and EMT, it was possible to directly investigate the effect of zeolite cage size on molecular motion of Ru(bpy)32+ and the influence of the cage size on the rate of intrazeolitic electron transfer. Deuterium solid-state NMR shows that zeolite Y imposes restraint on molecular rotation of Ru(bpy)32+, while zeolite EMT allows for motion. Temperature-dependent studies show the ability to freeze or induce motion of Ru(bpy)32+ within zeolite EMT while motion within zeolite Y remains unaffected, even at elevated temperatures. For zeolite EMT, an increase in the rate of the photoinduced forward and back electron transfer from Ru(bpy)32+ to methyl viologen was noted and correlated with access, rotational motion, and favorable orbital overlap. The overall photochemical charge separation efficiencies for the intrazeolitic Ru(bpy)32+-bipyridinium reactions were similar for both zeolites.
Modeling glucose control on endogenous glucose production in nonsteady state: necessity of direct and delayed signalling (2002)

So far the modalities of glucose control on endogenous glucose production (EGP) under dynamic conditions have been poorly investigated. In the present study we developed models to describe glucose control on EGP under nonsteady-state conditions. The database consisted of experiments during which insulin was maintained at the basal level, glucose concentration exhibited a meal-like profile, and a glucose tracer was infused in such a way to clamp tracer glucose specific activity. This optimal protocol allowed us: (1) to rule out the possibly confounding effect of hyperinsulinemia on the assessment of glucose control on EGP, and (2) to ensure an accurate assessment of the time course of EGP during the nonsteady state. Three models of increasing complexity were formulated, employing different combinations of two modalities of glucose control on EGP, one exerted by glucose in plasma and the other one by glucose in a remote glucose compartment. Each model providing indices measuring glucose inhibitory action on EGP (glucose effectiveness) and the delay of glucose action on EGP. The best model is the one which embodies both direct and delayed glucose control on EGP.
Effect of beet dietary fiber on lipid metabolism in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet in comparison with pectin and cellulose. (1989)

コレステロール, コール酸無添加の基本飼料を用いて, これまで検討されていないビートファイバー (BDF) を中心とする食物繊維 (DF) の種類, 飼料交換, 混合量, 粒度の, ラットの脂質代謝に及ぼす影響を検討した。1) DF源の種類により脂質代謝に及ぼす影響は大きく異なる結果となった。BDFは顕著な脂質代謝改善効果を示したが, これまで血清コレステロール上昇抑制効果が強いとされていたペクチンには, 持続的抑制効果は認められなかった。また, 糞中へのステロールの排泄量と血清脂質の変動との間には関連あるデータが得られなかった。2) 飼料交換方法によると, 給与飼料中のDF源 (BDF) の有無により, ラットの血清脂質, 肝脂質, 消化管重量%等が容易に変化することが確認された。3) BDFの持続的な血清脂質上昇抑制効果は, 給与飼料への混合量および粒度差と関連がなさそうである。
Biology of Developmental and Regenerative Skeletogenesis (2004)

Embryonic skeletal development involves the recruitment, commitment, differentiation, and maturation of mesenchymal cells into those in the skeletal tissue lineage, specifically cartilage and bone along the intramembranous and endochondral ossification pathways. The exquisite control of skeletal development is regulated at the level of gene transcription, cellular signaling, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as systemic modulation. Mediators include transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, metabolites, hormones, and environmentally derived influences. Understanding the mechanisms underlying developmental skeletogenesis is crucial to harnessing the inherent regenerative potential of skeletal tissues for wound healing and repair, as well as for functional skeletal tissue engineering. In this review, a number of key issues are discussed concerning the current and future challenges of the scientific investigation of developmental skeletogenesis in the embryo, specifically limb cartilage development, and how these challenges relate to regenerative or reparative skeletogenesis in the adult. Specifically, a more complete understanding the biology of skeletogenic progenitor cells and the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing tissue patterning and morphogenesis should greatly facilitate the development of regenerative approaches to cartilage repair.
High Throughput Tribometry for KCNSC. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
LOSS OF TELOMERIC DNA DURING AGING MAY PREDISPOSE CELLS TO CANCER (REVIEW) (1993)

In normal human somatic cells, gradual shortening of telomeres may activate the complex cascade of molecular events known as cellular senescence. Experimental evidence from our laboratory suggests that cellular mortality is regulated by two separate mechanisms that we have termed mortality stage 1 (M1) and mortality stage 2 (M2). In mammary epithelial cells, the M1 mechanism involves de-regulation of p53 whereas in fibroblasts both the retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 gene products are implicated. Cells that overcome the function of these antiproliferative proteins (M1 controls) continue to divide until a second entirely independent mechanism, M2 is induced. As somatic cells age they gradually lose telomeric sequences at the termini of their chromosomes, a process that continues during the extended lifespan period between M1 and M2. Immortal and cancer cells, as well as cells that maintain telomere length (e.g. germ cells), express telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein which maintains (stabilizes) telomere length by synthesizing TTAGGG repeats. Because normal human somatic cells and cells prior to M2 do not express telomerase, we propose that the M2 mechanism involves either the direct or indirect induction of telomerase activity. In order for cells to overcome senescence and become immortal, they must first escape the checkpoints that limit the proliferative capacity of normal cells, the MI and M2 controls (a very rare event). However, the probability of immortalization and that of tumorigenesis increases with age and we propose telomere shortening and reactivation of telomerase are important components in these processes. Once immortal, cells can then follow many pathways that result in the acquisition and progression of cancer.
Defective Desmosomal Adhesion Causes Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy by involving an Integrin-αVβ6/TGF-β Signaling Cascade (2021)

Abstract Background Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) is characterized by progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty replacement, systolic dysfunction and life-threatening arrhythmias. A substantial proportion of ACM is caused by mutations in genes of the desmosomal cell-cell adhesion complex, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. So far, treatment options are only symptomatic. Here, we investigate the relevance of defective desmosomal adhesion for ACM development and progression. Methods We mutated the binding site of desmoglein-2 (DSG2), a crucial desmosomal adhesion molecule in cardiomyocytes. This DSG2-W2A mutation abrogates the tryptophan swap, a central interaction mechanism of DSG2 based on structural data. Impaired adhesive function of DSG2-W2A was confirmed by cell-cell dissociation assays and force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscopy. We next generated a DSG2-W2A knock-in mouse model, which was analyzed by echocardiography and histological and bio-molecular techniques including RNA sequencing, transmission electron and super-resolution microscopy. The results were compared to ACM patient samples and their relevance was confirmed in cardiac slice cultures. Results The DSG2-W2A mutation induced impaired binding and desmosomal adhesion dysfunction on cellular and molecular level. Mice bearing this mutation develop a severe cardiac phenotype recalling the characteristics of ACM, including cardiac fibrosis, impaired systolic function and arrhythmia. A comparison of the transcriptome of mutant mice with ACM patient data suggested deregulated integrin-αVβ6 and subsequent TGF-β signaling as driver of cardiac fibrosis. Accordingly, blocking antibodies targeting integrin-αVβ6 or inhibition of TGF-β receptor signaling both led to reduced expression of pro-fibrotic markers in cardiac slice cultures. Conclusions Here, we show that disruption of desmosomal adhesion is sufficient to induce ACM, which confirms the dysfunctional adhesion hypothesis. Mechanistically, deregulation of integrin-αVβ6 signaling was identified as a central step towards fibrosis. This highlights the value of this model to discern mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis and to identify and test novel treatment options for ACM.
Chemical Synthesis of Human Insulin‐Like Peptide‐6 (2016)

Human insulin-like peptide-6 (INSL-6) belongs to the insulin superfamily and shares the distinctive disulfide bond configuration of human insulin. In this report we present the first chemical synthesis of INSL-6 utilizing fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-based (Fmoc) solid-phase peptide chemistry and regioselective disulfide bond construction protocols. Due to the presence of an oxidation-sensitive tryptophan residue, two new orthogonal synthetic methodologies were developed. The first method involved the identification of an additive to suppress the oxidation of tryptophan during iodine-mediated S-acetamidomethyl (Acm) deprotection and the second utilized iodine-free, sulfoxide-directed disulfide bond formation. The methodologies presented here offer an efficient synthetic route to INSL-6 and will further improve synthetic access to other multiple-disulfide-containing peptides with oxidation-sensitive residues.
Temperature Dependence of GaN HEMT Small Signal Parameters (2011)

This study presents the temperature dependence of small signal parameters of GaN/SiC HEMTs across the 0–150°C range. The changes with temperature for transconductance (), output impedance ( and ), feedback capacitance (), input capacitance (), and gate resistance () are measured. The variations with temperature are established for , , , , , and in the GaN technology. This information is useful for MMIC designs.
Efficient Generation and Increased Reactivity in Cationic Gold via Brønsted Acid or Lewis Acid Assisted Activation of an Imidogold Precatalyst (2014)

Brønsted or Lewis acid assisted activation of an imidogold precatalyst (L-Au-Pht, Pht = phthalimide) offers a superior way to generate cationic gold compared with the commonly used silver-based system. It is also broadly applicable for most common gold-catalyzed reactions. For reactions that require milder conditions, milder acids can be used for optimized efficiency.
Polarisation measurements on monomode fibres using optical time-domain reflectometry (1981)

The feasibility of polarisation optical time-domain reflectometry in single-mode fibres is demonstrated. Polarisation analysis of the backscattered light clearly shows the evolution of the state of polarisation in the fibre. It is further shown that the polarised nature of the scatter return from single-mode fibres can cause errors in conventional backscatter measurements.
A novel scheme for accurate billing based on actual view-time in broadcast TV (2011)

This paper provides a mechanism for allowing users to pay only for the time they are viewing the TV thus allowing for more granularities in billing structure for the consumer. The concept is similar to the “Talk-time” for cell phones. The paper uses DTH broadcast as the uses case for describing the solution based on the DVB-S2 specifications from ETSI. However, it can be applied to other broadcast technologies as well with suitable modifications.
The development of the voice read-out system for digital television receiver (2012)

We hope that every people can enjoy the convenient functions of digital broadcasting such as an Electronic Program Guide (EPG). In 2007, Mitsubishi Electric launched the mass-produced LCD television equipped with the EPG voice read-out system to Japanese domestic market. This paper describes the development of the voice read out function of a digital television receiver, background of development, the introduced speech synthesis system and the improvement degrees of every model based on end-user's opinions are summarized respectively.
The first flight of the OLIMPO experiment: instrument performance (2020)

Abstract OLIMPO is a balloon-borne experiment aiming at spectroscopic measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect in clusters of galaxies. The instrument operates from the stratosphere, so that it can cover a wide frequency range (from ∼ 130 to ∼ 520 GHz in 4 bands), including frequencies which are not observable with ground-based instruments. OLIMPO is composed of a 2.6-m aperture telescope, a differential Fourier transform spectrometer and four arrays of lumped element kinetic inductance detectors operating at the temperature of 0.3 K. The payload was launched from the Longyearbyen airport (Svalbard Islands) on July 14th, 2018, and operated for 5 days, at an altitude of 38 km around the North Pole. We report the in-flight performance of the first lumped element kinetic inductance detector arrays ever flown onboard a stratospheric balloon.
A Study on the Defense of the SSL DDoS Attack (2021)

디도스 공격은 예전부터 있어 왔었던 고전적인 공격방법으로 기업 인터넷서비스를 마비시키는 가장 쉬운 방법 중에 하나 로 오늘날까지도 지속적으로 이용되어 지고 있다. 지금까지 디도스 공격에 대해서는 많은 분석이 이루어 졌으며 다양한 디도 스 대응 장비들이 출시되어 기업의 인터넷서비스를 디도스로 부터 보호하고 있다. 하지만 데이터 보안의 이유로 인터넷서비스 에 SSL 통신 사용이 대중화되고 있으며 이를 이용한 디도스 공격에 대한 우려도 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 SSL 디도스 공격 사례를 분석하고 이를 기 운영중이었던 디도스 대응 시스템 및 SSL 가속기에서 효과적으로 대응할 수 있는 방안에 대해 제시한다.
Using the Mouse to Model Human Diseases: Cognitive Impairment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2020)

In this 2020 Dunlop-Dottridge Lecture, the authors discuss cognitive impairment (CI), one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients often report CI as the most bothersome disease-related manifestation, with a great effect on their quality of life. Nevertheless, studies focusing on CI remain scarce and no effective targeted therapy has been identified. We herein present murine models of CI in SLE with insights into the pathogenesis of this condition as well as the role of the renin angiotensin system in microglial activation. We will discuss the role of neuroimaging as a useful objective assessment tool, describing our experience in previous and ongoing clinical trials of CI in patients with SLE.
Revision Stapes Surgery (2022)

Careful evaluation of the reasons for reoperation, anticipation of the common problems, and patient education on reasonable expectations are all very important for success.
High-speed wavelength switching by using an optical single-sideband modulator (2003)

Summary form only given. Wavelength conversion by using an optical single sideband (SSB) electro optical modulator has very high-speed switching time and can be applied for high-speed WDM switching such as packet-switching.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Dichoptic Digital Therapeutic for Amblyopia (2021)

Our findings support the value of the therapeutic in clinical practice as an effective treatment. Future studies should evaluate the therapeutic compared with other methods and in additional patient populations.
Clinical pharmacology: the science of therapeutics (2007)

Major advances in fundamental mechanisms underlying (patho)physiology over the past decades have generated a robust therapeutic armamentarium; exemplifi ed by synthetic hormones, multigenerational antibiotics, and recombinant vaccines, off ering eff ective interventions across a range of diseases. Th e exponential ascent of the new biology has transformed the comprehension of human health and disease and revolutionized technology; redefi ning clinical pharmacology in the context of discovery and translation, and the role of the clinical pharmacologist as the bridge between the laboratory and the patient, and thence to the population at large. Th e integration of cross-disciplinary concepts emerging from discovery and driving therapeutic solutions has imposed an evolutionary pressure on clinical pharmacology to focus on the identifi cation and application of tools for prognosis, prediction, cure, and, ultimately, prevention in pursuit of personalized medicine. Th e promise of clinical pharmacology and its impact on the future of therapeutics, in the emerging areas of combinatorial pharmacogenetics, targeted interference with disease, as well as stem cell–based tissue engineering and regeneration (to name a few), extends
Fully reconfigurable WDM optical crossconnect: feasibility validation and preparation of prototype crossconnect for ACTS “OPEN” field trials (1997)

This paper will present the results of the modelling and experimental activities carried out within the ACTS OPEN project to validate the feasibility of reconfigurable optical crossconnects to prepare on-coming field trials. Details of the crossconnect prototype implementation will also be given.
GarNet++: Improving Fast and Accurate Static3D Cloth Draping by Curvature Loss (2020)

In this paper, we tackle the problem of static 3D cloth draping on virtual human bodies. We introduce a two-stream deep network model that produces a visually plausible draping of a template cloth on virtual 3D bodies by extracting features from both the body and garment shapes. Our network learns to mimic a Physics-Based Simulation (PBS) method while requiring two orders of magnitude less computation time. To train the network, we introduce loss terms inspired by PBS to produce plausible results and make the model collision-aware. To increase the details of the draped garment, we introduce two loss functions that penalize the difference between the curvature of the predicted cloth and PBS. Particularly, we study the impact of mean curvature normal and a novel detail-preserving loss both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our new curvature loss computes the local covariance matrices of the 3D points, and compares the Rayleigh quotients of the prediction and PBS. This leads to more details while performing favorably or comparably against the loss that considers mean curvature normal vectors in the 3D triangulated meshes. We validate our framework on four garment types for various body shapes and poses. Finally, we achieve superior performance against a recently proposed data-driven method.
Detection of organic gases using TiO2 nanotube-based gas sensors (2009)

We fabricated porous gas sensing films composed of TiO2 nanotubes prepared by a hydrothermal treatment for the detection of organic gases, such as alcohol and toluene. The morphology of the sensing films was controlled with a ball-milling treatment and calcination at high temperature to improve the sensitivity of the films. The sensor using nanotubes with the ball-milling treatment exhibited the improved sensor responses to toluene at 500oC. The results obtained indicated the importance of the microstructure control of sensing layers in terms of particle packing density, pore size distribution, and particle size and shape for detecting large sized organic gas molecules.
Biosimilars: The Need, The Challenge, The Future: The FDA Perspective (2014)

Biosimilar development is a consequence of the financial success of biologic therapies and their eventual patent expiration. The pharmaceutical industry must now develop complex biosimilars that resemble FDA-approved biologic agents and invent analytical tools and end points to demonstrate similarity to regulatory authorities. Already in development is a new wave of "biobetter" or "biosuperior" drugs that mimic but also improve upon a biologic drug's chemistry, formulation, or delivery.
Small Cell Lung Cancer: Will Recent Progress Lead to Improved Outcomes? (2015)

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a unique natural history characterized by a short doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Although a chemotherapy- and radiation-sensitive disease, SCLC typically recurs rapidly after primary treatment, with only 6% of patients surviving 5 years from diagnosis. This disease has been notable for the absence of major improvements in its treatment: Nearly four decades after the introduction of a platinum-etoposide doublet, therapeutic options have remained virtually unchanged, with correspondingly little improvement in survival rates. Here, we summarize specific barriers and challenges inherent to SCLC research and care that have limited progress in novel therapeutic development to date. We discuss recent progress in basic and translational research, especially in the development of mouse models, which will provide insights into the patterns of metastasis and resistance in SCLC. Opportunities in clinical research aimed at exploiting SCLC biology are reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing trials. SCLC has been described as a recalcitrant cancer, for which there is an urgent need for accelerated progress. The NCI convened a panel of laboratory and clinical investigators interested in SCLC with a goal of defining consensus recommendations to accelerate progress in the treatment of SCLC, which we summarize here.