gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Method for the Preparation of Ferroelectric Supramolecular Materials via Radical End-Functionalization of Vinylidene Fluoride Oligomers (2016)

A synthetic method for the end-functionalization of vinylidene fluoride oligomers (OVDF) via a radical reaction between terminal olefins and I-OVDF is described. The method shows a wide substrate scope and excellent conversions, and permits the preparation of different disc-shaped cores such as benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs), perylenes bisimide (PBI), and phthalocyanines (Pc) bearing three to eight ferroelectric oligomers at their periphery. The formation, purity, OVDF conformation, and morphology of the final adducts has been assessed by a combination of techniques, such as NMR, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Finally, PBI-OVDF and Pc-OVDF materials show ferroelectric hysteresis behavior together with high remnant polarizations, with values as high as Pr ≈ 37 mC/m(2) for Pc-OVDF. This work demonstrates the potential of preparing a new set of ferroelectric materials simply by attaching OVDF oligomers to different small molecules. The use of carefully chosen small molecules paves the way to new functional materials in which ferroelectricity and electrical conductivity or light-harvesting properties coexist in a single compound.
Mobility enhancement in crystalline In-Ga-Zn-oxide with In-rich compositions (2015)

The electron mobility of In-Ga-Zn-oxide (IGZO) is known to be enhanced by higher In content. We theoretically investigated the mobility-enhancement mechanism by proposing an In-Ga-Zn-disorder scattering model for an In-rich crystalline IGZO (In1+xGa1−xO3(ZnO)m (0 &amp;lt; x &amp;lt; 1, m &amp;gt; 0)) thin film. The obtained theoretical mobility was found to be in agreement with experimental Hall mobility for a crystalline In1.5Ga0.5O3(ZnO) (or In3GaZn2O8) thin film. The mechanism specific to In-rich crystalline IGZO thin films is based on three types of Coulomb scattering potentials that originate from effective valence differences. In this study, the In-Ga-Zn-disorder scattering model indicates that the effective valence of the In3+ ions in In-rich crystalline IGZO thin films significantly affects their electron mobility.
Fast model‐based T2 mapping using SAR‐reduced simultaneous multislice excitation (2019)

The proposed method is a fast T<sub>2</sub> mapping technique that enables whole-brain acquisitions at 0.7-mm in-plane resolution, 3-mm slice thickness, and low specific absorption rate in 2 minutes.
Supplementary Figures 1-3, Table 1 from Molecular and Cellular Effects of NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibition in Myeloma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 116K&lt;/p&gt;
Low-Power CMOS Ramp Generator Circuit for DC-DC Converters (2006)

Ramp-signal generators are particularly critical in controlling the frequency and dutycycle of pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching supplies. They are normally implemented with a timed charging current source into a capacitor and a reset switch controlled by two comparators whose reference signals set the lower and upper limits of the ramp. A fast comparator is required to ensure the reset operation is short and therefore mitigate its adverse effects on switching supply frequency. Unfortunately, the resulting delay requirements of the comparator are often stringent and difficult to meet under low power conditions. To alleviate the comparator’s bandwidth requirement, a scheme is proposed by which the circuit generates a non-ideal ramp with its reset time to be 10% of period utilizing the fact that the ramp signal is needed in DC-DC converter’s controller feedback loop only until the duty-cycle is set. Therefore, the condition on comparator delay and its respective power is relaxed. The proposed scheme was experimentally verified with a 770 kHz ramp generator prototype embedded in a current-mode controller buck DC-DC converter built in a 0.5-μm CMOS process, which achieved 28 mV amplitude accuracy with current consumption of 256 μA.
Optical receivers using DFE-IIR equalization (2013)

Future computing systems will require increasingly high bandwidth to supply data to microprocessors, FPGAs, and other computational blocks [1,2]. Increasing data rate is a common solution, as I/O pad density is not scaling with bandwidth requirements. Copper interconnect has increasingly high loss with frequency, requiring complex, power-hungry equalization to overcome the channel response at high data rates. In contrast, optical interconnect can transport signals over long distances without complex equalization. Chip-to-chip optical interconnect will require sensitive, low-power, clocked receiver (RX) circuits that operate at high data rates. Conventional TIA-based RXs [1,2] require high power to maximize gain and minimize noise while maintaining high BW. A low-noise, low-BW, low-power TIA is combined with a 2-tap DFE to achieve high sensitivity in [3], but the data rate is 4Gb/s and limited dynamic range is demonstrated. Double-sampling architectures eliminate the TIA, replacing it with a large resistor [4] or a capacitive integrator [5], which decreases the front-end BW. The BW is equalized by double sampling, which is equivalent to a 2-tap FFE. However, the use of small sampling capacitors in [4,5] adds kT/C noise, limiting sensitivity. In this work, we demonstrate an optical RX with a large input resistance to maximize gain and sensitivity, while DFE with IIR feedback (DFE-IIR) [6] eliminates the resulting ISI with minimal added noise.
The new Lugano II Convention and Swiss trust disputes (2011)

This article reviews the revised Lugano Convention’s provisions on court jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments that apply to international trust disputes, especially from the Swiss perspective.
Demystifying the RAD fad (2014)

We are writing in response to the population and phylogenomics meeting review by Andrews & Luikart (2014) entitled 'Recent novel approaches for population genomics data analysis'. Restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing has become a powerful and useful approach in molecular ecology, with several different published methods now available to molecular ecologists, none of which can be considered the best option in all situations. A&L report that the original RAD protocol of Miller et al. (2007) and Baird et al. (2008) is superior to all other RAD variants because putative PCR duplicates can be identified (see Baxter et al. 2011), thereby reducing the impact of PCR artefacts on allele frequency estimates (Andrews & Luikart 2014). In response, we (i) challenge the assertion that the original RAD protocol minimizes the impact of PCR artefacts relative to that of other RAD protocols, (ii) present additional biases in RADseq that are at least as important as PCR artefacts in selecting a RAD protocol and (iii) highlight the strengths and weaknesses of four different approaches to RADseq which are a representative sample of all RAD variants: the original RAD protocol (mbRAD, Miller et al. 2007; Baird et al. 2008), double digest RAD (ddRAD, Peterson et al. 2012), ezRAD (Toonen et al. 2013) and 2bRAD (Wang et al. 2012). With an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different RAD protocols, researchers can make a more informed decision when selecting a RAD protocol.
Learning separable transforms by inverse covariance estimation (2017)

Orthogonal transforms are one of the most important components of a video encoder system. They are applied to residual block images obtained as the difference between a target and its prediction. In this paper we propose a framework to design separable transforms from prediction residual statistics. We model the data as a 2D Gaussian Markov random field and approximate its inverse covariance by a matrix with a separable structure, thus explicitly constructing a separable orthonormal matrix that approximates the KLT. Our designed transforms can adapt to prediction residual statistics, have low complexity (compared to non separable transforms), require selecting few parameters and outperform hybrid DCT/ADST separable transform for intra coding of AV1 residuals.
Hydrocarbon conversion in the production of synthetic fuels: general discussion (2017)

Stephen McCord opened a general discussion of the paper by Avelino Corma: A key phase of your process is the pyrolysis of biomass. Did you investigate the impact of varying the heating rate applied to the biomass during pyrolysis? It has been previously reported that high heating rates have res
A Hybrid Probabilistic Model for Unified Collaborative and Content-Based Image Tagging (2010)

The increasing availability of large quantities of user contributed images with labels has provided opportunities to develop automatic tools to tag images to facilitate image search and retrieval. In this paper, we present a novel hybrid probabilistic model (HPM) which integrates low-level image features and high-level user provided tags to automatically tag images. For images without any tags, HPM predicts new tags based solely on the low-level image features. For images with user provided tags, HPM jointly exploits both the image features and the tags in a unified probabilistic framework to recommend additional tags to label the images. The HPM framework makes use of the tag-image association matrix (TIAM). However, since the number of images is usually very large and user-provided tags are diverse, TIAM is very sparse, thus making it difficult to reliably estimate tag-to-tag co-occurrence probabilities. We developed a collaborative filtering method based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) for tackling this data sparsity issue. Also, an L1 norm kernel method is used to estimate the correlations between image features and semantic concepts. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been evaluated using three databases containing 5,000 images with 371 tags, 31,695 images with 5,587 tags, and 269,648 images with 5,018 tags, respectively.
Comparative Study of In Vivo Lymphatic Sealing Capability of the Porcine Thoracic Duct Using Laparoscopic Dissection Devices (2008)

Each device tested except monopolar scissors consistently produced a supraphysiological seal and should be suitable for sealing lymphatic vessels during laparoscopic surgery.
Differential expression of cell cycle regulators in CDK5-dependent medullary thyroid carcinoma tumorigenesis (2015)

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine cancer of thyroid C-cells, for which few treatment options are available. We have recently reported a role for cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in MTC pathogenesis. We have generated a mouse model, in which MTC proliferation is induced upon conditional overexpression of the CDK5 activator, p25, in C-cells, and arrested by interrupting p25 overexpression. Here, we identify genes and proteins that are differentially expressed in proliferating versus arrested benign mouse MTC. We find that downstream target genes of the tumor suppressor, retinoblastoma protein, including genes encoding cell cycle regulators such as CDKs, cyclins and CDK inhibitors, are significantly upregulated in malignant mouse tumors in a CDK5-dependent manner. Reducing CDK5 activity in human MTC cells down-regulated these cell cycle regulators suggesting that CDK5 activity is critical for cell cycle progression and MTC proliferation. Finally, the same set of cell cycle proteins was consistently overexpressed in human sporadic MTC but not in hereditary MTC. Together these findings suggest that aberrant CDK5 activity precedes cell cycle initiation and thus may function as a tumor-promoting factor facilitating cell cycle protein expression in MTC. Targeting aberrant CDK5 or its downstream effectors may be a strategy to halt MTC tumorigenesis.
PERFECT SHUFFLE INTERCONNECTIONS USING FRESNEL COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAMS IN A PLANAR-OPTIC CONFIGURATION (1993)

Interconnects performed electronically are beginning to reach their limits as the chips are progressively increasing in size and speed. One problem is that of distribution of the same clock signal to several points on the wafer surface at the same instant. This has been addressed by the development of novel, self-focusing Fresnel-Dammann gratings, and Fresnel computer generated hologram fanout and focusing elements which have been demonstrated in a slanted axis, multiple reflection, planar optic configuration. The authors concentrate on the task of transferring data from one part of the chip to another in an optical bus i.e., transfer of an image. The optical interconnection is required to interchange the pixels between the input and the output in order to perform a perfect shuffle operation. This will enable multistage routing and sorting networks to be realised in a compact and rugged planar optic form. >
Incoherent Neutron Scattering as a Probe of the Dynamics in Molecularly Thin Polymer Films (2003)

Incoherent neutron scattering measurements were performed on polycarbonate (PC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films of variable thickness, ranging from bulklike down to 75 Å, or length scales comparable to the polymer's radius of gyration. The temperature dependencies of the incoherent elastic scattering are analyzed in terms of a Debye−Waller factor to estimate the hydrogen-weighted mean-square atomic displacement 〈u2〉. We find a general reduction of 〈u2〉 as the polymer films become increasingly thin, especially above the calorimetric glass transition temperature, Tg. However, below Tg this reduction depends strongly upon the relative amplitude of the displacement. Specifically, if 〈u2〉 in the bulk glass is especially large, as seen in PC, the extensive sub-Tg motions are strongly suppressed by thin film confinement. On the contrary, glassy PVC displays comparatively small-amplitude displacements in the glass and virtually no reduction of 〈u2〉 upon confinement. These results are discussed in terms of a caging of the atomic motions as the degree of thin film confinement increases.
17-DMAG targets the nuclear factor-κB family of proteins to induce apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical implications of HSP90 inhibition (2010)

The HSP90 client chaperone interaction stabilizes several important enzymes and antiapoptotic proteins, and pharmacologic inhibition of HSP90 results in rapid client protein degradation. Therefore, HSP90 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach when this protein is active, a phenotype commonly observed in transformed but not normal cells. However, preclinical studies with HSP90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG demonstrated depletion of only a subset of client proteins and very modest tumor cytotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Herein, we describe another HSP90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG, which is cytotoxic to CLL but not normal lymphocytes. Treatment with 17-DMAG leads to depletion of the HSP90 client protein IKK, resulting in diminished NF-kappaB p50/p65 DNA binding, decreased NF-kappaB target gene transcription, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with 17-DMAG significantly decreased the white blood cell count and prolonged the survival in a TCL1-SCID transplant mouse model. The ability of 17-DMAG to function as an NF-kappaB inhibitor is of great interest clinically, as few currently available CLL drugs target this transcription factor. Therefore, the effect of 17-DMAG on NF-kappaB signaling pathways represents a novel therapy warranting further clinical pursuit in this and other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
Plasma-induced damage to n-type GaN (2000)

The effects of plasma etching on 1/f noise and photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of n-GaN have been investigated. A reduction of 1/f noise was observed after plasma exposure, a result of enhanced passivation of the reactive surface. This is attributed to the removal of carbon and the creation of a Ga-rich surface by the etching process. Nevertheless, the formation of nonradiative recombination centers impaired the PL intensity. Reconstruction of a stoichiometric surface was achieved by annealing. This induced the incorporation of carbon into GaN, deteriorating the PL performance further, but it could be restored by a chemical treatment of 10:1 HF:H2O.
Synthesis of monodispersed nanoparticles functionalized carbon nanotubes in plasma-ionic liquid interfacial fields (2009)

Metal nanoparticles intercalated into and encapsulated inside single-walled (SWNTs) and double-walled (DWNTs) carbon nanotubes are synthesized using a plasma technique combined with the introduction of ionic liquids under low gas pressures. Owing to the synthesis in nano-spaces of the SWNTs and DWNTs as a template, high-density and monodispersed metal nanoparticles are realized, which could be applied to specific composite-nanodevices based on carbon nanotubes.
High-Speed Stream-Centric Dense Stereo and View Synthesis on Graphics Hardware (2007)

This paper presents an efficient image-based rendering system capable of performing online stereo matching and view synthesis at high speed, completely on the graphics processing unit (GPU). Given two rectified stereo images, our algorithm first extracts the disparity map with a stream-centric dense depth estimation approach. For high-quality view synthesis, multi-label masks are then automatically generated to postprocess occlusions and ambiguously estimated regions adaptively. To allow even faster interactive view generation, an alternative forward warping method is also integrated. The experiments show that photorealistic intermediate views of high image quality are yielded by our algorithm. The optimized implementation also provides the state-of-the-art stereo analysis and view synthesis speed, achieving over 47 fps with 450x375 stereo images and 60 disparity levels on an Nvidia GeForce 7900 graphics card.
A 5.6MB/s 64Gb 4b/Cell NAND Flash memory in 43nm CMOS (2009)

Today NAND Flash memory is used for data and code storage in digital cameras, USB devices, cell phones, camcorders, and solid-state disk drives. Figure 13.6.1 shows the memory-density trend since 2003. To satisfy the market demand for lower cost per bit and higher density nonvolatile memory, in addition to technology scaling, 2b/cell MLC technology was introduced. Recently, MLC NAND flash memories with more than 2b/cell [1,2] have been reported.
Sperm Protamine-Status Correlates to the Fertility of Breeding Bulls1 (2015)

During fertilization, spermatozoa make essential contributions to embryo development by providing oocyte activating factors, centrosomal components, and paternal chromosomes. Protamines are essential for proper packaging of sperm DNA; however, in contrast to the studies of oocyte-related female infertility, the influence of sperm chromatin structure on male infertility has not been evaluated extensively. The objective of this study was to determine the sperm chromatin content of bull spermatozoa by evaluating DNA fragmentation, chromatin maturity/protamination, PRM1 protein status, and nuclear shape in spermatozoa from bulls with different fertility. Relationships between protamine 1 (PRM1) and the chromatin integrity were ascertained in spermatozoa from Holstein bulls with varied (high vs. low) but acceptable fertility. Sperm DNA fragmentation and chromatin maturity (protamination) were tested using Halomax assay and toluidine blue staining, respectively. The PRM1 content was assayed using Western blotting and in-gel densitometry, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry. Fragmentation of DNA was increased and chromatin maturity significantly reduced in spermatozoa from low-fertility bulls compared to those from high-fertility bulls. Field fertility scores of the bulls were negatively correlated with the percentage of spermatozoa displaying reduced protamination and fragmented DNA using toluidine blue and Halomax, respectively. Bull fertility was also positively correlated with PRM1 content by Western blotting and flow cytometry. However, detection of PRM1 content by Western blotting alone was not predictive of bull fertility. In immunocytochemistry, abnormal spermatozoa showed either a lack of PRM1 or scattered localization in the apical/acrosomal region of the nuclei. The nuclear shape was distorted in spermatozoa from low-fertility bulls. In conclusion, we showed that inadequate amount and localization of PRM1 were associated with defects in sperm chromatin structure, coinciding with reduced fertility in bulls. These findings are highly significant because they reveal molecular and morphological phenotypes of mammalian spermatozoa that influence fertility.
Automated Task-Based Synthesis and Optimization of Field Robots (2018)

We present Darwin2K, a widely-applicable, extensible software tool for synthesizing and optimizing robot configurations. The system uses an evolutionary optimization algorithm that is independent of task, metrics, and type of robot, enabling the system to address a wide range of synthesis problems. Darwin2K can synthesize fixed-base and mobile robots (including free-flying robots, mobile manipulators, modular robots, and multiple or bifurcated manipulators), and includes a toolkit of simulation and analysis algorithms which are useful for many synthesis tasks. Some of these capabilities, such as dynamic simulation, are novel in automated synthesis of robots. An extensible software architecture enables new synthesis tasks to be addressed while maximizing use of existing system capabilities; this extensibility is a key contribution of the system. A key challenge is effectively optimizing multiple performance metrics; we present a method called Requirement Prioritization that guides the evolutionary algorithm through the design space. We apply Darwin2K to a robot synthesis tasks that includes synthesis of robot kinematics, dynamics, structural geometry, and actuator selection to meet and optimize multiple performance requirements.
Google Neural Network Models for Edge Devices: Analyzing and Mitigating\n Machine Learning Inference Bottlenecks (2021)

Emerging edge computing platforms often contain machine learning (ML)\naccelerators that can accelerate inference for a wide range of neural network\n(NN) models. These models are designed to fit within the limited area and\nenergy constraints of the edge computing platforms, each targeting various\napplications (e.g., face detection, speech recognition, translation, image\ncaptioning, video analytics). To understand how edge ML accelerators perform,\nwe characterize the performance of a commercial Google Edge TPU, using 24\nGoogle edge NN models (which span a wide range of NN model types) and analyzing\neach NN layer within each model. We find that the Edge TPU suffers from three\nmajor shortcomings: (1) it operates significantly below peak computational\nthroughput, (2) it operates significantly below its theoretical energy\nefficiency, and (3) its memory system is a large energy and performance\nbottleneck. Our characterization reveals that the one-size-fits-all, monolithic\ndesign of the Edge TPU ignores the high degree of heterogeneity both across\ndifferent NN models and across different NN layers within the same NN model,\nleading to the shortcomings we observe.\n We propose a new acceleration framework called Mensa. Mensa incorporates\nmultiple heterogeneous edge ML accelerators (including both on-chip and\nnear-data accelerators), each of which caters to the characteristics of a\nparticular subset of NN models and layers. During NN inference, for each NN\nlayer, Mensa decides which accelerator to schedule the layer on, taking into\naccount both the optimality of each accelerator for the layer and\nlayer-to-layer communication costs. Averaged across all 24 Google edge NN\nmodels, Mensa improves energy efficiency and throughput by 3.0x and 3.1x over\nthe Edge TPU, and by 2.4x and 4.3x over Eyeriss~v2, a state-of-the-art\naccelerator.\n