gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep ultraviolet out-of-band contribution in extreme ultraviolet lithography: predictions and experiments (2011)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) sources emit a broad spectrum of wavelengths ranging from EUV to DUV and beyond. If the deep ultraviolet (DUV) reaches the wafer it will affect imaging performance by exposing the photoresist. Hence it is critical to determine the amount of DUV out of band (OoB) present in a EUVL tool, as well as its effect on the printed features on the wafer. In this study we investigate the effect of DUV OoB in EUVL. A model is developed in order to be able to quantify the DUV/EUV ratio at wafer level and all the required input parameters are estimated in the range from 140 to 400nm, as well as for the EUV at 13.5nm. The transmission of the optical system was estimated based on the optical design and reflectivity measurements of the mirrors. The mask reflectivity for multilayer (ML) and absorber was measured at wavelengths down to 140 nm and for EUV. The sensitivity to EUV and DUV for a variety of resist platforms was measured at 13.5 nm, 157 nm, 193 nm, 248 nm and 365 nm. The source spectra were also measured. By using these inputs, it was possible to estimate the DUV/EUV ratio for two different ASML tool configurations, the EUV Alpha Demo Tool and the NXE:3100. Both NXE:3100 with LPP (laser produced plasma) source and Alpha Demo Tool with DPP (discharge produced plasma) source show less than 1% DUV/EUV ratio in resist. The modeling predictions were compared to experimental results. A methodology is introduced to measure the DUV/EUV ratio at wafer level in situ. With this aim, an aluminum coated mask was fabricated and its reflectivity was qualified in both EUV and DUV wavelength range. By comparing the dose to clear exposures of a reflective blank and of the aluminum mask, it is possible to quantify the DUV/EUV ratio. The experimental results are in order of magnitude agreement with modeling predictions. The proposed experimental approach can be used to benchmark the DUV sensitivity of different resist platforms and may be used to monitor DUV OoB.
First Diastereoselective Intramolecular Baylis—Hillman Reaction: An Easy Access to Chiral α‐Methylene‐β‐hydroxylactones. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Relationship of Retinal Vascular Caliber with Optic Disc Diameter in Children (2007)

In this population of generally healthy children, smaller vertical optic disc diameter was associated with narrower retinal arteriolar and venular calibers. The findings of this study, in conjunction with studies in adults, suggest anatomic relationships between the optic disc and retinal vasculature that may provide additional insights into the vascular etiology of glaucomatous and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. However, because the detected differences in retinal vascular caliber were small, the clinical significance of the study findings remains uncertain.
Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Activates Myeloid Dendritic Cells via a Soluble CD14-Dependent Mechanism (2016)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant health problem, as it causes progressive liver injury and liver cancer in patients with chronic HBV infection, which affects approximately 250 million individuals worldwide. Some of the infected adults and the majority of neonates fail to mount an effective immune response and consequently develop chronic infection. The viral and host factors involved in the initiation of effective HBV-specific immune responses remain poorly understood. Here we identified CD14 and TLR4 as receptors for HBsAg, the main HBV envelope antigen. HBsAg induced strong maturation of dendritic cells (DC), which have a central role in regulation of virus-specific immunity. These results provide essential novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the initiation of HBV-specific immunity. Intriguingly, since neonates have naturally low sCD14, the finding that serum-derived sCD14 is a crucial host factor for recognition of HBsAg by DC may have implications for immunity of neonates to HBV infection.
Effect of adjuvants on the humoral immune response to congopain in mice and cattle (2012)

We identified purified saponin Quil A™ as a good adjuvant for immunizations with C2. The results from this study will be useful in future attempts to develop an effective anti-disease vaccine against African trypanosomosis.
Laccase‐Mediated Deprotection of para‐Methoxyphenyl (PMP)‐Protected Amines (2007)

Abstract A novel enzymatic procedure for the oxidative deprotection of p ‐methoxyphenyl (PMP)‐protected amines is described. By using laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) under mildly acidic conditions, a variety of PMP‐protected amines were successfully deprotected. The rate of deprotection was solvent‐ and pH‐dependent, and the reaction scope could be increased by using so‐called mediators.
<i>H</i><sub>∞</sub>Control for Vibrations of a Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine (2014)

This paper proposes a Hinfinity controller for current harmonics in a wound rotor synchronous machine. By reducing some specific current harmonics, it will be able to decrease the level of the corresponding harmonics in of the magnetic field and so of the vibration level induced by the force on the machine stator created by this field.
Enhanced backscatter fibers for sensing in telecom networks (2022)

We discuss the application of enhanced backscattering fiber in telecom networks. Such fibers can greatly increase the potential of telecom networks to be used as sensors of network health and its surrounding environment.
A cross-polarized freeform illumination design for glare reduction in fruit quality inspection (2015)

Common illumination systems in short wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) include direct or indirect tungsten halogen lights. While direct lights provide more radiation onto the samples than dome setups, thus being more energy efficient, the acquired images often suffer from specular reflections and gloss. Glare artifacts in images increase variability in the data limiting the accuracy of machine vision algorithms for defect detection and quality inspection, or even providing false positives. Although domes are known to provide a near Lambertian illumination and glare free images, glossy regions and heterogeneities may remain in the data in practice. More particularly, in the field of fruit and vegetable quality inspection, due to their waxy surface, it remains challenging to design an efficient realistic lighting system. This paper suggests a new approach to optimize the illumination of fruit and vegetables based on measurements of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), shape and Stokes parameters. From these measured values, a BRDF model is loaded into ray-tracing software for realistic illumination engineering in order to determine the most suitable illumination scheme. This concept is applied to apples and a cross polarizer (CP) with freeform optics (FO) optical configuration is proposed, which allows the FO to be optimized to maximize uniformity in the field of view of the imager and removes the parallel polarized gloss on the apples. The performance of this CP illumination system was determined experimentally for a set of apples. This cross polarized (CP) illumination system provided a uniformity (U) of 92% and an efficiency (&nu;) of 90%, while U = 87% and &nu; = 14% for an ideal dome configuration when illuminating a rectangular target. The simulated imaged apples with assigned optical properties performed better with CP (U=80%) than when using a dome (U=73%) by 7%. Finally, the sensitivity of the design for the light positioning and spectral tolerance are investigated.
Modification of myc gene amplification in human somatic cell hybrids. (1989)

In order to study whether cell fusion would modify the DNA copy number of an amplified oncogene, somatic cell hybrids were made between the human neuroepithelioma cell line MCIXC and HeLaCOT human adenocarcinoma cells. MCIXC contains approximately 21 copies of the c-myc oncogene and HeLaCOT contains approximately 5 copies relative to the control. All hybrid clones investigated displayed a marked decrease in the number of copies of c-myc DNA (an average of 5 copies), while the level of c-myc RNA in the hybrids was similar to that found in both parents. All eight hybrid clones were found to be completely nontumorigenic even though both parent cells formed tumors in 100% of the nude mice treated by injection. This loss of oncogene amplification in the hybrids was shown not to be due to either heterogeneity of c-myc amplification in the MCIXC parent or segregation of a copy of the chromosome 22 from the hybrids. This loss most likely resulted from the breakdown of a homogeneously staining region (containing the amplified gene copies) into double minutes, which were subsequently lost from the cells. The HeLaCOT cell line was also fused to the human neuroblastoma BE(2)C, which contains approximately 123 copies of the N-myc oncogene relative to control. Ten hybrid clones were found to contain an average of 47 copies of N-myc DNA, significantly less than the 91 copies predicted had no loss occurred. These BE(2)C x HeLaCOT hybrids expressed on average about 15% the N-myc RNA seen in the BE(2)C parent and, as with the MCIXC x HeLaCOT hybrids, were found to be completely nontumorigenic. However, upon passage in culture, one BE(2)C x HeLaCOT hybrid eventually became tumorigenic. This hybrid also displayed reduced copies of N-myc DNA in comparison to its parent hybrid but surprisingly showed a 2-fold increase in N-myc RNA. Thus, the expression of N-myc, but not the amplification state of either myc gene, appears to correlate with the tumorigenicity of the cells.
Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications (2021)

The field of theranostics has been rapidly growing in recent years and nanotechnology has played a major role in this growth. Nanomaterials can be constructed to respond to a variety of different stimuli which can be internal (enzyme activity, redox potential, pH changes, temperature changes) or external (light, heat, magnetic fields, ultrasound). Theranostic nanomaterials can respond by producing an imaging signal and/or a therapeutic effect, which frequently involves cell death. Since ultrasound (US) is already well established as a clinical imaging modality, it is attractive to combine it with rationally designed nanoparticles for theranostics. The mechanisms of US interactions include cavitation microbubbles (MBs), acoustic droplet vaporization, acoustic radiation force, localized thermal effects, reactive oxygen species generation, sonoluminescence, and sonoporation. These effects can result in the release of encapsulated drugs or genes at the site of interest as well as cell death and considerable image enhancement. The present review discusses US-responsive theranostic nanomaterials under the following categories: MBs, micelles, liposomes (conventional and echogenic), niosomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanocapsules, dendrimers, hydrogels, nanogels, gold nanoparticles, titania nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, fuel-free nano/micromotors.
PRELIMINARILY DEVELOPMENT OF A MOISTURE-ACTIVATED BIORESORBABLE POLYMERIC PLATFORM FOR DRUG DELIVERY (2015)

Bioresorbable polymeric films were prepared by solvent casting using a tyrosine-derived polycarbonate and metronidazole (MDZ) as the model drug at 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w). Drug loading did not affect the water uptake, drug release, polymer degradation or erosion profiles. All devices released approximately 85% (w/w) of the drug within a 1.5 h period. This may be attributed to the rapid water uptake of the polymer. An increase in the water uptake correlated with a linear rate increase of the polymer degradation (0.968 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.999). Moreover, MDZ presented a remarkable plasticizing effect for the polymer and drug loading exerted a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the obtained films. The results obtained can be used to further the development of novel biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric platforms for the delivery of metronidazole and other drugs in a broad range of pharmaceutical applications.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (2014)

This chapter discusses the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), which is a valuable component of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) today. Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an essential enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV. Several high-resolution structures representing the different intermediates in the polymerization reaction are available for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT. Rilpivirine is currently in phase IIb clinical trials for treatment of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naïve subjects. With the widespread use of anti-HIV therapy, resistance has grown steadily and is now common among treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients, with NNRTI resistance occurring in 20 to 30% of patients. This has changed with the DUET-1 and DUET-2 trials, two large phase III clinical trials that examined the efficacy of etravirine in treatment-resistant HIV-1-infected patients. K103N and Y181C were the first NNRTI mutations to be identified and to date are among the most prevalent in clinical HIV-1 isolates. They have been observed in patients failing on nevirapine, efavirenz, or delavirdine, and the clinical utility of these drugs is hampered by the presence of a single K103N or Y181C mutation. Recently, predictors of virologic response to etravirine were identified based on pooled data from DUET-1 and DUET-2.
Role of Mitogen activated-kinase (MAPK)-phosphatase (MKP)-5 in pulmonary fibrosis (2018)

<b>Background:</b> MAP kinase phosphatase 5 (MKP5) is a negative regulator of P38 and JNK and a vitamin D responsive gene. Recent data demonstrate that MKP5 knockout mice exhibit improved muscle repair with minimal fibrosis in an animal model of muscular dystrophy. <b>Objective:</b> To determine the role of MKP5 in lung fibrosis <b>Methods and Results:</b> MKP5 knockdown through siRNA or MKP5 inhibition through a pharmacologic inhibitor of the catalytic domain reduced responsiveness of normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) to pro- fibrotic stimuli (10 ng/ml TGFB1) leading to significant reductions in:cell survival,(increased activated caspase-3, 2-fold increase, p <b>Conclusion:</b> Intact MKP5 is required for induction of changes in lung fibroblasts in-vitro and during bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in-vivo. MKP5 inhibition represent a promising therapeutic target for experimental and lung fibrosis.
In vivo and in vitro binding of [125I]I‐R‐(+)‐TISCH: A dopamine D1 receptor ligand for studying pancreatic β‐cell mass (2022)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and insulinoma are mainly affected by the status of pancreatic β-cell mass (BCM). Development of imaging agents for BCM allows to study pancreatic β cells and the relationship between β cells and DM or insulinoma. In this study, we investigated the density of dopamine D<sub>1</sub> receptor on the β cells and measured BCM by statistical image processing. The pancreatic uptakes of [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-1-(3'-iodopheny1)-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine ([<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH), dopamine D<sub>1</sub> receptor tracer, in normal and diabetic rats displayed significant differences at 30 min (1.11 ± 0.08% ID/g vs. 0.63 ± 0.09% ID/g, p < 0.0001). In the presence of SCH23390, the pancreatic uptake of [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH at 30 min in normal rats was lower (1.01 ± 0.04% ID/g, p < 0.05). Although the blocking was not complete, [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH showed specific binding signals to the pancreas. Furthermore, the uptakes of [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH in INS-1 cells were reduced in the presence of SCH23390 at different concentrations. [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH displayed a respectable uptake in insulinoma. Overall, [<sup>125</sup> I]I-R-(+)-TISCH provided specific binding signals to pancreatic β cells. Although the specific signal may not be sufficient for imaging in vivo, the dopamine D<sub>1</sub> receptor can still be considered as a potential target for studying BCM. Further investigation will be required to optimize the ligand.
Fabrication of Pt−Si Schottky Diodes Using Soft Lithographic Patterning and Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition (1999)

This work demonstrates the feasibility of using soft lithographic patterning in conjunction with additive metallization to fabricate micron-scale electronic devices. Specifically, the fabrication of platinum/platinum silicide/silicon Schottky diodes is demonstrated using a unique combination of soft lithographic patterning and additive metallization techniques. The diode architecture provides a useful means through which to demonstrate the specific characteristics and general utility of this fabrication technique. A 30 × 10 array of micron-scale diode features was patterned on a silicon substrate using a polymeric film prepared by micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), a soft lithographic patterning technique. Following etching to remove oxide from the substrate surface, metallization by selective platinum chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was used to form rectifying contacts to the substrate. The polymeric film successfully served both as an oxide etch resist before metallization and as a deposition-inhibiting surface for the selective deposition of platinum. The selectivity of the deposition was confirmed by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Electrical characterization of the metallized areas showed expected diode behavior. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and Auger sputter-depth profiling revealed the presence of significant amounts of both Pt and Si at the surface of the platinum film, suggesting that silicide formation accompanies the thin film growth. An unusual feature of the platinum−silicon microstructures obtained in this work was the presence of a platinum concentration gradient within the film instead of the well-defined interfaces between intermetallic phases that are typically seen in platinum silicide layers. A backscattering simulation was used to extract the elemental depth profiles from the RBS data.
Fentanyl and Its Analogue N-(1-Phenylpyrazol-3-yl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]propanamide: 1H- and 13C-NMR Spectroscopy, X-Ray Crystallography, and Theoretical Calculations (2003)

The oxalate salts and free bases of fentanyl and N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide, a new lead compound for long-acting analgesia, have been characterized by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the hydrochloride of N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyl]-N-(1-phenyl-4-pyrazolyl)propanamide monohydrate has been determined. Two centrosymmetrically related cations, joined through C(phenyl)-H em leader pi contacts, encapsulate a large void that contains pairs of anions and bridged water molecules into a zero-dimensional (0D) supramolecular motif. The cations are linked to this framework via N(+)H em leader Cl(-) contacts. GIAO/B3LYP calculations have been carried out to compare the experimental (13)C chemical shifts with the absolute shieldings thus calculated. The protonation of both molecules takes place on the piperidine ring (axial protonation), as has been verified both in the solid state (X-ray) and in solution (NMR).
ChemInform Abstract: VERTEILUNGSGLEICHGEWICHTE BEI FLUORDERIVATEN VON ELEMENTEN DER 4. GRUPPE 3. MITT. DIE RELATIVE AFFINITAET VON FLUOR UND CHLOR FUER ZENTREN DIE KOHLENSTOFF, SILICIUM, GERMANIUM, ZINN, PHOSPHOR ODER ARSEN ENTHALTEN (1974)

Abstract Die Untersuchung des Fluor‐Chlor‐Austausches zwischen zwei der Zentren (I)‐(III) zeigt, daß in der 4. Gruppe Fluor eine größere Affinität zu Silicium als zu Kohlenstoff und Gennanium hat.
Capillary underfill and mold encapsulation materials for exposed die flip chip molded matrix array package with thin substrate (2004)

This paper discusses the work on capillary underfill and mold technology to assemble exposed die backside Flip Chip Molded Matrix Array. Parts were successfully assembled and subjected to reliability stress test. The interaction between capillary underfill and mold compound materials are crucial for assembly and reliability performances of this configuration. Both materials need to be chemically and physically compatible to achieve high reliability performance.
Integrated on chip platform with quantum emitters in layered materials (2019)

Integrated quantum photonic circuitry is an emerging topic that requires efficient coupling of quantum light sources to waveguides and optical resonators. So far, great effort has been devoted to engineering on-chip systems from three-dimensional crystals such as diamond or gallium arsenide. In this study, we demonstrate room temperature coupling of quantum emitters embedded within a layered hexagonal boron nitride to an on-chip aluminium nitride waveguide. We achieved 1.2% light coupling efficiency of the device and realise transmission of single photons through the waveguide. Our results serve as a foundation for the integration of layered materials with on-chip components and for the realisation of integrated quantum photonic circuitry.
A Cell-permeable Fusion Protein for the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (2011)

Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are the only mesenchymal stem cells in pulp tissue that can differentiate into osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and adipose cells. The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) protein has been reported to modulate osteogenic differentiation in mouse MSCs. Therefore, we examined whether the TAZ protein plays the same role in human pulp stem cells. In this study, TAZ was applied to cells directly with low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP) as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). The LMWP-TAZ fusion proteins were expressed in an E. coli system with a pET-21b vector and efficiently transferred into hDPSCs without producing toxicity in the cells. The efficient uptake of TAZ was shown by Western blot with an anti-TAZ antibody, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal microscopy in live cells. The delivered TAZ protein increased osteogenic differentiation, as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In addition, TAZ also inhibited adipogenic differentiation, regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA levels. These in vitro studies suggest that cell-permeable TAZ may be used as a specific regulator of hard-tissue differentiation.
Generation and analysis of clonal IgM- and IgG-producing human B cell lines expressing an anti-DNA-associated idiotype. (1991)

This study describes a methodology for generating stable, cloned, EBV-transformed IgG- and IgM-producing human B cell lines. Using these lines we have characterized immunoglobulin V gene utilization in an anti-DNA-associated idiotypic system. The 31 anti-DNA-associated idiotype is encoded preferentially by the VK1 gene family, and, in all probability, reflects a germ line gene-encoded framework determinant. Analysis of these lines indicates that the DNA-binding antibodies produced by B cell lines from SLE patients may differ from DNA binding myeloma proteins and from natural autoantibodies.