gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal Alloy Catalysts with Pt Surface Coating by Atomic Layer Deposition for Intermediate Temperature Ceramic Fuel Cells (2009)

We have tested atomic layer deposition (ALD) of platinum layers onto various sputtered porous metals including silver, palladium, ruthenium and gold as catalysts of ceramic fuel cells expecting good surface alloying. We investigated thermal and chemical stability against oxidation using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fuel cell tests were conducted using the metal-ALD Pt cathodes with 200μm-thick 8% yttria stabilized zirconia electrolytes and sputtered platinum anodes. Performance of the fuel cells was measured by comparing the current-voltage curves and maximum power densities with varying temperature.
A phased array coil for human cardiac imaging (1995)

A prototype cardiac phased array receiver coil was constructed that comprised a cylindrical array and a separate planar array. Both arrays had two coil loops with the same coil dimensions. Data acquisition with the cylindrical array placed on the human chest, and the planar array placed under the back, yielded an overall enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over the entire heart by a factor of 1.1-2.85 over a commercially available flexible coil and a commercially available four-loop planar phased array coil. This improvement in SNR can be exploited in cardiac imaging to increase the spatial resolution and reduce the image acquisition time.
In vitro growth of murine T cells. I. Production of factors necessary for T cell growth. (1978)

Supernatants of murine lymphoid cultures stimulated with Concanavalin A contain factor(s) capable of sustaining continuous growth of murine lymphoid cells in vitro. Methods for the optimal generation of these growth factors (GM) have been defined, including number of cells required, optimal concentration of Concanavalin A, incubation time, and strain differences in GM production. With GM, cells have been grown for over 15 10-fold generations over a 2-month period. The growing cells express the theta surface marker and do not express surface Ia antigens.
The incretin hormones GIP and GLP‐1 in diabetic rats: effects on insulin secretion and small bowel motility (2008)

Incretin hormones often display inhibitory actions on gut motility. The aim of this study was to investigate if altered responsiveness to glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as regards insulin release and small bowel motility could bring further clarity to the pathophysiology of diabetes in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. The isolated perfused pancreas was studied in male GK and Wistar rats (controls) under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (10 nmol L(-1)) or GLP-1 (10 nmol L(-1)) were added to the medium and perfusate was collected and analysed for insulin. Moreover, GK and Wistar rats were supplied with bipolar electrodes in the small bowel and myoelectric activity was recorded during intravenous administration of GIP (1-400 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) or GLP-1 (0.1-20 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)). Finally, tissue was collected from GK and Wistar rats for RNA extraction. Under euglycemia, GIP and GLP-1 stimulated the initial insulin response by 10-fold in GK rats (P < 0.05). At later hyperglycemia, the insulin response to GIP and GLP-1 was blunted to about one-third compared with controls (P < 0.05). In the bowel GLP-1 was about 2.6-16.7 times more potent than GIP in abolishing the migrating myoelectric complex in the GK and control rats. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed GIP and GLP-1 receptor gene expression in pancreatic islets and in small bowel. The initially high, but later low insulin responsiveness to stimulation with GIP and GLP-1 along with inhibition of small bowel motility in the GK rat indicates a preserved incretin response on motility in diabetes type 2.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESES VIA HETEROCYCLIC INTERMEDIATES. XIV. ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (R)-SERINE USING L-VALINE OR O,O-DIMETHYL-α-METHYLDOPA AS CHIRAL AUXILIARY REAGENTS (1983)

Aus den chiralen Dihydropyrazin-Derivaten (Ia) und (Ib) entstehen nach Metallierung und Alkylierung Ether (IIa) bzw. (IIb), die durch Hydrolyse in (R)-Serin (V) übergeführt werden.
Automatic lesion tracking for a PET/CT based computer aided cancer therapy monitoring system (2008)

Response assessment of cancer therapy is a crucial component towards a more effective and patient individualized cancer therapy. Integrated PET/CT systems provide the opportunity to combine morphologic with functional information. However, dealing simultaneously with several PET/CT scans poses a serious workflow problem. It can be a difficult and tedious task to extract response criteria based upon an integrated analysis of PET and CT images and to track these criteria over time. In order to improve the workflow for serial analysis of PET/CT scans we introduce in this paper a fast lesion tracking algorithm. We combine a global multi-resolution rigid registration algorithm with a local block matching and a local region growing algorithm. Whenever the user clicks on a lesion in the base-line PET scan the course of standardized uptake values (SUV) is automatically identified and shown to the user as a graph plot. We have validated our method by a data collection from 7 patients. Each patient underwent two or three PET/CT scans during the course of a cancer therapy. An experienced nuclear medicine physician manually measured the courses of the maximum SUVs for altogether 18 lesions. As a result we obtained that the automatic detection of the corresponding lesions resulted in SUV measurements which are nearly identical to the manually measured SUVs. Between 38 measured maximum SUVs derived from manual and automatic detected lesions we observed a correlation of 0.9994 and a average error of 0.4 SUV units.
Photothermal Refraction For Scanning Laser Microscopy (1984)

Photothermal refraction is a novel thermo-optical technique that measures absorbance from localized regions within larger samples. In this technique, a modulated pump laser beam and a coplanar continuous-wave probe laser beam cross at right angles within the sample. Absorbance of the pump laser beam generates a time-varying localized temperature rise within the sample. This heated region acts as a thermal cylindrical lens that periodically defocuses the probe beam and results in a change in the probe beam center intensity. Since the pump and probe beams interact only in their intersection volume, a localized measure of sample absorbance is produced. A high spatial resolution image of sample absorbance may be made by recording the photothermal refraction signal as the sample is scanned through the intersection of the laser beams.
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: an Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee for Primary Immunodeficiency 2015 (2015)

We report the updated classification of primary immunodeficiencies compiled by the Primary Immunodeficiency Expert Committee (PID EC) of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). In the two years since the previous version, 34 new gene defects are reported in this updated version. For each disorder, the key clinical and laboratory features are provided. In this new version we continue to see the increasing overlap between immunodeficiency, as manifested by infection and/or malignancy, and immune dysregulation, as manifested by auto-inflammation, auto-immunity, and/or allergy. There is also an increased number of genetic defects that lead to susceptibility to specific organisms which reflects the finely tuned nature of immune defense systems. This classification is the most up to date catalogue of all known and published primary immunodeficiencies and acts as a current reference of the knowledge of these conditions and is an important aid for the genetic and molecular diagnosis of patients with these rare diseases.
A Bluetooth Low-Energy Transceiver With 3.7-mW All-Digital Transmitter, 2.75-mW High-IF Discrete-Time Receiver, and TX/RX Switchable On-Chip Matching Network (2017)

We present an ultra-low-power Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) transceiver (TRX) for the Internet of Things (IoT) optimized for digital 28-nm CMOS. A transmitter (TX) employs an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) with a switched current-source digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) featuring low frequency pushing, and class-E/F2 digital power amplifier (PA), featuring high efficiency. Low 1/f DCO noise allows the ADPLL to shut down after acquiring lock. The receiver operates in discrete time at high sampling rate (~10 Gsamples/s) with intermediate frequency placed beyond 1/f noise corner of MOS devices. New multistage multirate charge-sharing bandpass filters are adapted to achieve high out-of-band linearity, low noise, and low power consumption. An integrated on-chip matching network serves to both PA and low-noise transconductance amplifier, thus allowing a 1-pin direct antenna connection with no external band-selection filters. The TRX consumes 2.75 mW on the RX side and 3.7 mW on the TX side when delivering 0 dBm in BLE.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-Binding Protein: Reduction in the Adrenocorticotropin-Releasing Activity of Placental but not Hypothalamic CRH* (1990)

This study is the first to use CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP) purified from human plasma to investigate how the CRH-BP affects the physiological activity of CRH. After incubation at 37 C for 15 min, purified CRH-BP reduced the ACTH-releasing activity of synthetic human (h) CRH in a dose-dependent fashion; using hCRH and CRH-BP at concentrations commonly found in late gestational maternal plasma, (1.5 and 100 ng/mL, respectively) an average 76% reduction in ACTH release was obtained. No effect was observed under the same conditions on ACTH release induced by ovine (o) CRH, which does not bind to CRH-BP. Kinetic estimations are presented to show that the extent of binding of CRH to its BP (and, hence, the reduction in its bioactivity) depends on the time available for binding and the concentration of reactants. Equilibrium between CRH and its BP at the concentrations used in the bioactivity studies take place within 400 s. Since long term secretion of placental CRH into the peripheral circulation occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy, we suggest that the presence of circulating CRH BP may partly explain how markedly elevated plasma levels of CRH coexist with normal ACTH levels at this time. We also propose that stress-induced CRH release will not be similarly quenched by the CRH-BP in the hypothalamic portal system, as the concentration of CRH released will be high, and the exposure time before reaching pituitary corticotropes will be low. Using pituitary cells constantly bathed in BP premixed with hCRH or BP alone (to mimic the situations in pregnancy and nonpregnancy, respectively), we show that short concentrated pulses of synthetic CRH (10 ng in 5 s) or rat stalk median eminence extract (one tenth stalk median eminence in 5 s) retain their ability to induce ACTH secretion despite the presence of CRH-BP. It is, thus, possible that CRH can still exert its role as a stress hormone in late gestation.
A robust host-response-based signature distinguishes bacterial and viral infections across diverse global populations (2022)

Limited sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostics lead to the erroneous prescription of antibiotics. Host-response-based diagnostics could address these challenges. However, using 4,200 samples across 69 blood transcriptome datasets from 20 countries from patients with bacterial or viral infections representing a broad spectrum of biological, clinical, and technical heterogeneity, we show current host-response-based gene signatures have lower accuracy to distinguish intracellular bacterial infections from viral infections than extracellular bacterial infections. Using these 69 datasets, we identify an 8-gene signature to distinguish intracellular or extracellular bacterial infections from viral infections with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) > 0.91 (85.9% specificity and 90.2% sensitivity). In prospective cohorts from Nepal and Laos, the 8-gene classifier distinguished bacterial infections from viral infections with an AUROC of 0.94 (87.9% specificity and 91% sensitivity). The 8-gene signature meets the target product profile proposed by the World Health Organization and others for distinguishing bacterial and viral infections.
MicroRNA-21 is overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinoma and regulates programmed cell death 4 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 # (2009)

MiR-21 is overexpressed in human CCAs. Furthermore, miR-21 may be oncogenic, at least in part, by inhibiting PDCD4 and TIMP3. Finally, these data suggest that TIMP3 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in the biliary tree.
A Four-FET Method for Extracting Mobility in FETs Without Field Oxide (2014)

Many fabricated III-V MOSFETs have electrically thin field oxide (FOX) that leads to parasitic currents and parasitic capacitances. When extracting long-channel mobility of such devices using the conventional two-FET method, some of these parasitic components are not subtracted out. In this paper, we present a simple four-FET method for extracting long-channel mobility that works well even when the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the FOX is equal to the EOT of the FET gate oxide.
Oxygen Permeability and Phase Transformation of Sr0.9Ca0.1CoO2.5 + δ (1999)

Oxygen permeation properties of (A'=Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mg) were investigated. The oxides with ≤ 0.2 had hexagonal structure at room temperature. The disk membranes (1.0 mm thick) made of these oxides, when cooled from high temperature, showed significant rates of oxygen permeation down to critical temperatures characteristic of the kind of oxides, below which the rates sharply diminished. Among the oxides tested, showed the largest rate ( at standard temperature and pressure ) at 900°C. As indicated by the X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetry‐differential thermal analysis, this oxide underwent phase transformation between the above structure (low‐temperature phase) and a cubic perovskite structure (high‐temperature phase), which were oxygen nonpermeable and oxygen permeable, respectively. On heating, the oxygen content (2.5 +δ) of the oxide decreased in two steps, i.e., first from 2.75 to 2.6 over the temperature range 400 to 600°C without changing the structure, and then from 2.6 to 2.5 at the temperature of transformation to the high‐temperature phase (about 900°C). The rate of oxygen permeation of the oxide at 900°C was found to depend on the membrane thickness. Based on these results, oxygen permeation and its relevance to phase transformation are discussed. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Vector set partitioning with classified successive refinement VQ for embedded wavelet image and video coding (2002)

The set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) approach for still image compression proposed by Said and Pearlman (see IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.6, no.3, 1996) is one of the most efficient embedded gray image compression schemes to date. The algorithm relies on a very efficient scanning cum bit-allocation scheme for quantizing the coefficients obtained by a wavelet decomposition of an image. We adopt this scheme to scan vectors of wavelet coefficients, and use successive refinement VQ techniques with staggered bit-allocation to quantize several wavelet coefficients at once. The new scheme is named VSPIHT (vector SPIHT). We present some coding results comparing VSPIHT to the scalar counterpart in the mean-squared-error sense. The method readily generalizes to color images and video where the vector-based approach makes more sense. We present the coding results on intra frames of QCIF sequences as compared against H.263.
Microelectronic interconnects based on carbon nanotubes (2004)

Carbon nanotubes have emerged as a possible new material for electronic applications. They show promising characteristics for transistors as well as for interconnects. Here we review their basic properties and focus on the status of nanotubes with respect to their application as interconnects and discuss the challenges facing their integration.
Friction Micro-dynamics Simulation Codes (2018)

This is data relating to friction micro-dynamic behavior. The simulation codes are to compare the frictional behavior between the Coulomb model and the Generalized Maxwell-Slip (GMS) model.
Field experiment of 800× off-axis XR-Kohler concentrator module on a carousel tracker (2013)

This paper presents the design and preliminary experimental results of a concentrator-type photovoltaic module based on a free-form off-axis 800×XR-Köhler concentrator. The off-axis XR-Köhler concentrator is one of the advanced concentrators that perform high concentration with a large acceptance angle and excellent irradiance uniformity on a solar cell. As a result of on-sun characterization of the unglazed single-cell unit test rig, the temperature-corrected DC module efficiency was 32.2% at 25 °C without an anti-reflective (AR) coating on the secondary optics, and the acceptance angle was more than ±1.0°. In addition, the non-corrected DC efficiency of an individual cell in a glazed 8-cell unit module mounted on a carousel tracking system was measured. The individual efficiency deviated in the range of 24.3-27.4%, owing to the mirror shape and alignment errors. The resultant series-connected efficiency was approximately 25% at direct normal irradiation (DNI) of 770 W/m2.
Mechanistic Support for Combined MET and AR Blockade in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2016)

A recent phase III trial of the MET kinase inhibitor cabozantinib in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) failed to meet its primary survival end point; however, most men with CRPC have intact androgen receptor (AR) signaling. As previous work supports negative regulation of MET by AR signaling, we hypothesized that intact AR signaling may have limited the efficacy of cabozantinib in some of these patients. To assess the role of AR signaling on MET inhibition, we first performed an in silico analysis of human CRPC tissue samples stratified by AR signaling status ((+) or (-)), which identified MET expression as markedly increased in AR(-) samples. In vitro, AR signaling inhibition in AR(+) CRPC models increased MET expression and resulted in susceptibility to ligand (HGF) activation. Likewise, MET inhibition was only effective in blocking cancer phenotypes in cells with MET overexpression. Using multiple AR(+) CRPC in vitro and in vivo models, we showed that combined cabozantinib and enzalutamide (AR antagonist) treatment was more efficacious than either inhibitor alone. These data provide a compelling rationale to combine AR and MET inhibition in CRPC and may explain the negative results of the phase III cabozantinib study in CRPC. Similarly, the expression of MET in AR(-) disease, whether due to AR inhibition or loss of AR signaling, suggests potential utility for MET inhibition in select patients with AR therapy resistance and in AR(-) prostate cancer.
How is cyber threat evolving and what do organisations need to consider? (2014)

Organisations and members of the public are becoming accustomed to the increasing velocity, frequency and variety of cyber-attacks that they have been facing over the last few years. In response to this challenge, it is important to explore what can be done to offer commercial and private users a reliable and functioning environment. This paper discusses how cyber threats might evolve in the future and seeks to explore these threats more fully. Attention is paid to the changing nature of cyber-attackers and their motivations and what this means for organisations. Finally, useful and actionable steps are provided, which practitioners can use to understand how they can start to address the future challenges of cyber security.
Intracellular Responses to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in a Clonal Cell Line of the Gonadotrope Lineage (1991)

We recently derived a GnRH-responsive pituitary cell line of the gonadotrope lineage (alpha T3-1) by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice. Here, we report studies characterizing the GnRH receptors present in these cells and the intracellular responses to GnRH treatment. The receptors in alpha T3-1 cells show specificity for different GnRH analogs, with dissociation constants very similar to those found in normal rat and mouse pituitary. The concentration of receptors is within the range found in normal pituitary. The addition of GnRH or GnRH agonists increases phosphoinositide turnover and protein kinase-C translocation to membranes, and enhances activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. However, GnRH does not affect cAMP levels. Analysis of alpha-subunit mRNA levels demonstrated induction by GnRH and phorbol esters. Our results indicate that GnRH initiates a cascade of intracellular events that generate a set of second messengers, one or more of which is involved in the regulation of gene expression. The responses of alpha T3-1 cells to GnRH appear to have characteristics equivalent to those of primary pituitary gonadotropes, indicating the utility of this cell line as a model system for the study of GnRH responses.
Medizinphysik: Rekonstruktive Röntgenbildgebung: Tomographische Verfahren in drei Dimensionen (1999)

Abstract Bildgestützte Gehirnoperation durchs Bein, virtueller Flug durchs Körperinnere, 3D‐Visualisierung des sich bewegenden Herzens und Ganzkörperscan in wenigen Sekunden — dies sind Szenarien, die teils schon heute Wirklichkeit werden, teils aber noch Zukunftsvisionen sind. Sie verdeutlichen, welchen Fortschritt die Röntgenbildgebung seit Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlen gemacht hat. Das erste voll digitale Bildsystem zur Darstellung von überlagerungsfreien Schnitten des Körperinneren, die Computertomographie (CT), wurde in den 70er Jahren entwickelt. Heute besteht die Herausforderung an Gerätetechnik und Algorithmen darin, diese Methode auf drei Raumdimensionen zu erweitern. Bei allen CT‐Verfahren handelt es sich um eine inhärent mathematische Methode, welche die Inversion einer Integraltransformation beeinhaltet. Für die Bildrekonstruktion aus Projektionsdaten muß jedoch nicht nur der mathematische Algorithmus formuliert werden, sondern auch die Numerik auf dem Computer effizient implementiert und die Physik der Datenaufnahme verstanden werden.