gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operating Characteristics for Classical and Quantum Binary Hypothesis Testing (2021)

Binary decisions guide our everyday lives in situations both critical and trivial. The choices made by politicians and physicians may have consequential implications on a global or individual scale. Perhaps less consequential is whether or not we choose to carry an umbrella on a cloudy day. Any choice made inherently involves a conscious, subconscious, or formal tradeoff between benefits and detriments. This monograph develops and presents a framework for binary hypothesis testing as it applies to both the classical and quantum mechanical environments. The authors set the scene by first describing separately the operating characteristics associated with classical binary hypothesis testing and those within quantum mechanics. They proceed to describe in detail in subsequent chapters how quantum measurements that employ redundant, or overcomplete, representations of the state of the system being measured can be used. Written in a tutorial style, readers from both classical and quantum backgrounds will find this an enlightening treatise on the topic. Examples and problems are used throughout to enable the reader to readily grasp the new concepts and to further their own understanding. This monograph is a comprehensive and accessible overview of a complex problem for students and researchers in signal processing.
Use of Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy to Investigate the Effects of Surface Preparation on Intermetallic Particles in AA7xxx Aluminum Alloys (2012)

Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) was used to quantitatively measure the surface potentials (also referred to as Volta potential) on different intermetallic particles relative to the matrix in AA7xxx aluminum alloys, in combination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Both Cu and Fe-rich intermetallics showed rather high, positive Volta potential differences (~ +400 mV), while Mg/Si-rich one exhibited a negative potential (~ -250 mV) relative to the matrix for the Al alloys investigated. Large variations in the measured Volta potential, which appeared to be independent of particle size, were observed for these Cu and Fe-rich (Al7Cu2Fe) and Mg/Zn rich (Mg2Zn) particles in the custom Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. The effects of different surface preparation on the Volta potentials of Cu/Fe-rich and Mg/Si-rich intermetallic particles were investigated. The results indicate that the influence of surface preparation is complex, but largely depends on the type of intermetallic particles, and whether there is any particle dissolution during the surface preparation.
A layer-wise topographic study of a polymeric light-emitting diode: indium-tin oxide/poly (2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene vinylene) / Ag (1996)

Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to characterize surface topographies relevant to polymeric light-emitting diodes (LEDs) whose active medium is a thin film of poly(2,3-diphenyl-p-phenylene vinylene) (DP-PPV). We performed a sequence of topographic studies on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate, a DP-PPV film deposited on the ITO substrate, and a Ag layer of thickness of about 100 Å as evaporated on the DP-PPV film. ITO showed a granular structure, DP-PPV exhibited a fibrous-like bundled structure, and the Ag layer formed clusters whose surface roughness was comparable to the layer thickness. The different surface topographies were quantified by using the scaling of the height-height correlation functions.
Modular Transformer Converter-Based Convertible Static Transmission Controller for Transmission Grid Management (2014)

This paper investigates the concept of convertible static transmission controller (CSTC) using modular transformer converter (MTC) as the building block. The MTC is a bidirectional back-to-back ac/ac power conversion unit and the CSTC is a versatile transmission controller asset for dynamic power flow control and contingency management of the transmission grid. The proposed CSTC with new functions has several advantages compared to existing flexible ac transmission system controllers. System modularity for manufacturers and utilities/system operators using standard high power electronic systems is one of the advantages of this structure. In this paper, algebraic models of the CSTC are derived in two different operation modes (series-shunt and shunt-shunt connecting configurations). The proposed algebraic models are used to define the reference values for the CSTC converters based on the desired operating points for the meshed power system, the power transformers in particular. The dynamic performance of the CSTC with the proposed control structures and algebraic models will be investigated based on the PSCAD simulation. To prove the CSTC as a transmission asset and to verify the control structure and algorithm, ultrahigh fidelity controller hardware-in-the-loop testing has been conducted and comparative results will be presented. Finally, lab-scale experimental results are reported on the dynamic performance of the MTC-based CSTC.
Coevaporation of Doped Inorganic Carrier‐Selective Layers for High‐Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (2022)

Inorganic carrier‐selective layers (CSLs), whose conductivity can be effectively tuned by doping, offer low‐cost and stable alternatives for their organic counterparts in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a dual‐source electron‐beam co‐evaporation method for the controlled deposition of copper‐doped nickel oxide (Cu:NiO) and tungsten‐doped niobium oxide (W:Nb 2 O 5 ) as hole and electron transport layers, respectively, is used. The mechanisms for the improved conductivity using dopants are investigated. Owing to the improved conductivity and optimized band alignment of the doped CSLs, the all‐inorganic‐CSLs‐based PSCs achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.47%. Furthermore, a thin titanium buffer layer is inserted between W:Nb 2 O 5 and the silver electrode to prevent halide ingression and improve band alignment. This leads to a further improvement of PCE to 21.32% and long‐term stability (1200 h) after encapsulation. Finally, the large‐scale applicability of the doped CSLs by coevaporation is demonstrated for the device with 1 cm 2 area showing a PCE of over 19%. The results demonstrate the potential application of the coevaporated CSLs with controlled doping in PSCs for commercialization.
Efficient Semipolar (11–22) 550 nm Yellow/Green InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes on Low Defect Density (11–22) GaN/Sapphire Templates (2017)

We demonstrate efficient semipolar (11-22) 550 nm yellow/green InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with In<sub>0.03</sub>Ga<sub>0.97</sub>N barriers on low defect density (11-22) GaN/patterned sapphire templates. The In<sub>0.03</sub>Ga<sub>0.97</sub>N barriers were clearly identified, and no InGaN clusters were observed by atom probe tomography measurements. The semipolar (11-22) 550 nm InGaN LEDs (0.1 mm<sup>2</sup> size) show an output power of 2.4 mW at 100 mA and a peak external quantum efficiency of 1.3% with a low efficiency drop. In addition, the LEDs exhibit a small blue-shift of only 11 nm as injection current increases from 5 to 100 mA. These results suggest the potential to produce high efficiency semipolar InGaN LEDs with long emission wavelength on large-area sapphire substrates with economical feasibility.
Coût des maladies rares en France en 2017 : une analyse des données du Système national des données de santé sur cinq pathologies (2020)

Évaluer le coût de la prise en charge médicale de certaines pathologies rares à partir des bases du système national des données de santé (SNDS) et estimer le surcoût spécifique lié à la maladie. L’étude était fondée sur l’exploitation des données du SNDS en ciblant cinq pathologies rares identifiables à partir de codes diagnostics dans le SNDS et sélectionnées de manière à illustrer des situations et manifestations morbides contrastées (Syndrome de Rett, Drépanocytose, Maladie de Willebrand, Amyotrophie spinale infantile (SMA), Syndrome de Marfan). Les patients ont été identifiés à partir des codes diagnostics des hospitalisations et/ou des motifs d’ALD (Affection de longue durée) entre 2012 et 2016. Les analyses ont permis d’identifier, sur l’année 2017, la consommation totale de soins (soins de ville et hospitaliers) des patients présentant les maladies identifiées, par postes de consommation et la consommation attribuable à la pathologie (fardeau) à travers une comparaison cas-témoins appariés sur l’année de naissance, le genre et le département de résidence. Les bases du SNDS ont permis d’identifier 694 patients atteints du syndrome de Rett (95,1 % de femmes ; 19,3 ans en moyenne), 19 016 patients drépanocytaires (60,3 % d’hommes ; 29 ans en moyenne), 5243 patients atteints du syndrome de Marfan (53,2 % d’hommes ; 37,7 ans en moyenne), 1085 patients atteints de SMA (hors type 1) (51,8 % d’hommes ; 33,9 ans en moyenne) et 8762 de patients atteints de la maladie de Willebrand (34,7 % d’hommes ; 41,1 ans en moyenne) toujours vivants au 31/12/2017. Le coût total de la consommation de soins en 2017 variait de 5003 en moyenne pour le syndrome de Marfan (médiane : 1682) à 18 762 pour les patients atteints SMA (hors type 1 et hors patients traités par Spinraza®) (médiane : 10 389), avec un surcoût attribuable à la maladie (différentiel avec les témoins) de respectivement 3375 et 17 317 en moyenne. Ce surcoût s’élevait à 3685 pour la maladie de Willebrand, 7456 pour la drépanocytose et 12 364 pour le syndrome de Rett. Malgré une méthodologie exploratoire, des difficultés d’identification des pathologies dans les bases du SNDS et une forte variabilité des résultats, l’étude a permis de mettre en évidence pour chaque pathologie un surcoût significatif lié à la maladie et à ses complications. Les dépenses non présentées au remboursement, et donc certains restes à charge, ne sont pas prises en compte mais seront estimées dans un volet complémentaire de l’étude, via un recueil auprès des patients/familles.
On the use of the instrumented Charpy Pendulum Hammer in dynamic testing of materials and structures (2000)

Surfactant protein D (SP-D, CP4) is a collagenous surfactant-associated glycoprotein synthesized by lung type II epithelial cells. SP-D can be selectively and efficiently eluted from isolated rat surfactant with glucose, maltose, and certain other saccharides. We therefore examined the ability of the purified protein to interact with carbohydrates in vitro. Saccharide-substituted bovine serum albumins (BSA neoglycoproteins) were adsorbed to plastic wells, and binding of purified SP-D was quantified with monospecific antibodies to SP-D using an indirect immunoassay. SP-D showed specific calcium-dependent binding to alpha-D-glucosidophenyl isothiocyanate-BSA and maltosyl-BSA, but negligible binding to beta-D-glucosidophenyl isothiocyanate-BSA or unconjugated BSA. The most efficient inhibitors of SP-D binding were alpha-glucosyl-containing saccharides (e.g. isomaltose, maltose, malotriose). SP-D showed quantitative binding to maltosyl-agarose and was specifically eluted with maltose or EDTA. High affinity binding to maltosyl-BSA was also demonstrated using a solution-phase polyethylene glycol precipitation assay. These studies demonstrate that SP-D is a calcium dependent lectin-like protein and that the association of SP-D with surfactant is mediated by carbohydrate-dependent interactions with specificity for alpha-glucosyl residues.
Moving refractive optical low pass filter for digital cameras (2010)

As with any sampling process, image acquisition is subject to spatial domain aliasing. Many designs of optical filters have been proposed that reduce the amount of aliasing in image acquisition. Still, the most common systems are based on birefringent optical materials. Unfortunately, these filters are expensive and the actual filter response curve can only partially be influenced. We propose a new refractive optical low-pass filter (ROLPF) based on refraction at a structured glass plate. The transparent plate features a single surface with a defined structure. This leads to refraction and will lead to a modified light distribution on the sensor. The plate is placed in front of the sensor and is moved in the image sensor plane during an exposure. This causes an averaging process and results in a spatial domain filtering. The response curve of this setup can be controlled by designing the gradient of the surface. This filter will be easy to manufacture, it offers a true low-pass characteristic which can be specifically designed and the bandwidth can be adjusted at runtime by variation of the distance to the sensor.
Effect of Myeloma Light Chains on Phosphate and Glucose Transport in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells (1994)

Primary cultures of cells derived from the rat proximal tubule were exposed to up to 200 microM lambda- or kappa-light chain obtained from myeloma patients. Light chains inhibited the uptake of both phosphate and glucose by the cells while albumin had no effect. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of both the lambda- and kappa-light chains on phosphate transport were similar, 34 and 35 microM respectively. The IC50 of the kappa-light chain on glucose transport was 360 microM. The inhibitory effect of light chains was dose-dependent (r = 0.90, p < 0.01 for the lambda-light chain and r = 0.93, p < 0.001 for the kappa-light chain, on phosphate transport; and r = 0.93, p < 0.001 for glucose transport). Dixon and Line-weaver-Burk plot analyses were characteristic for noncompetitive inhibition. The inhibition constant 89 microM for phosphate uptake derived from the Dixon plot was similar to the IC50 calculated from the dose-response curves. These findings indicate that light chains, at concentrations found in the tubule fluid of a typical myeloma patient, are potent inhibitors of phosphate and glucose transport in proximal tubular cells, and that direct cell toxicity is a major mechanism of light chain nephrotoxicity.
Dynamic heating in submicron size magnetic tunnel junctions with exchange biased storage layer (2005)

The dynamic heating of submicron size junctions developed for the thermomagnetic write scheme was investigated. The dependency of the heating power density with the voltage pulse width (Δt) was measured and shows a [1−exp(−Δt∕t0)] phenomenological variation in the investigated range of pulse widths (5ns–1s). For submicron junction areas and constant pulse width, the heating power required for writing decreases as the junction area is reduced. The thermomagnetic write scheme was demonstrated through cycling of the cell between the two low and high resistance levels. This scheme was also shown to be insensitive to stray magnetic fields even in absence of any magnetic shielding of the memory.
Towards Autonomous Electron Microscopy for High-throughput Materials Discovery (2023)

Journal Article Towards Autonomous Electron Microscopy for High-throughput Materials Discovery Get access Carolin B Wahl, Carolin B Wahl Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United StatesInternational Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Chad A Mirkin, Chad A Mirkin Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United StatesInternational Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States Corresponding authors: chadnano@northwestern.edu, v-dravid@northwestern.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Vinayak P Dravid Vinayak P Dravid Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United StatesInternational Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United StatesThe NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States Corresponding authors: chadnano@northwestern.edu, v-dravid@northwestern.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 29, Issue Supplement_1, 1 August 2023, Pages 1913–1914, https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozad067.988 Published: 22 July 2023
Preparation of poly(N‐isopropylmethacrylamide) latexes kinetic studies and characterization (1999)

Thermosensitive crosslinked polymer latexes have been synthesized by precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM) as a main monomer, methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator. Polymerizations kinetics were first investigated by studying both the influence of crosslinker (MBA) and initiator (KPS) concentrations and temperature effects on the polymerization conversion, the particle size, and water-soluble polymer (WSP) as a function of time. Particle size analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that a short nucleation step afforded the synthesis of highly monodispersed latexes. In addition, a strong dependence of WSP formation on MBA and KPS concentration and polymerization temperature was found, as well. Comparison of particle size by SEM and quasielastic light scattering clearly evidenced the dramatic effect of temperature on particle size. Lower critical solubility temperatures (LCST) of latexes were determined and compared. Finally, based on these results, the mechanism of particle formation in this polymerization process is discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 1823–1837, 1999
High efficiency quadruple junction, four-terminal solar cells and modules by transfer printing (2014)

Conventional multi-junction (MJ) cells are limited by requirements in epitaxial growth and current-matching. Mechanically stacked MJ cells circumvent these disadvantages, but existing approaches lack scalable manufacturing processes and suitable interfaces between the stacked cells. Here we present materials and strategies designed to bypass these limitations. The schemes involve (1) printing of microscale solar cells, (2) advanced optical/electrical/thermal interface materials and (3) packaging techniques, electrical matching networks, and compact ultrahigh concentration optics. We demonstrate quadruple junction, four-terminal solar cells with measured efficiencies of 43.9% at concentrations exceeding 1000 suns, and modules with efficiencies of 36.5%.
The neuropathology of autism: defects of neurogenesis and neuronal migration, and dysplastic changes (2010)

Autism is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations including qualitative impairments in social interactions and communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Abnormal acceleration of brain growth in early childhood, signs of slower growth of neurons, and minicolumn developmental abnormalities suggest multiregional alterations. The aim of this study was to detect the patterns of focal qualitative developmental defects and to identify brain regions that are prone to developmental alterations in autism. Formalin-fixed brain hemispheres of 13 autistic (4-60 years of age) and 14 age-matched control subjects were embedded in celloidin and cut into 200-mum-thick coronal sections, which were stained with cresyl violet and used for neuropathological evaluation. Thickening of the subependymal cell layer in two brains and subependymal nodular dysplasia in one brain is indicative of active neurogenesis in two autistic children. Subcortical, periventricular, hippocampal and cerebellar heterotopias detected in the brains of four autistic subjects (31%) reflect abnormal neuronal migration. Multifocal cerebral dysplasia resulted in local distortion of the cytoarchitecture of the neocortex in four brains (31%), of the entorhinal cortex in two brains (15%), of the cornu Ammonis in four brains and of the dentate gyrus in two brains. Cerebellar flocculonodular dysplasia detected in six subjects (46%), focal dysplasia in the vermis in one case, and hypoplasia in one subject indicate local failure of cerebellar development in 62% of autistic subjects. Detection of flocculonodular dysplasia in only one control subject and of a broad spectrum of focal qualitative neuropathological developmental changes in 12 of 13 examined brains of autistic subjects (92%) reflects multiregional dysregulation of neurogenesis, neuronal migration and maturation in autism, which may contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype.
Clinical disability in posterior cruciate ligament deficient patients does not relate to knee laxity, but relates to dynamic knee function during stair descending (2006)

We investigated the factors which influence clinical subjective symptoms during activities in PCL deficient patients by evaluating knee laxity, muscle strength and knee mechanics during level walking, stair ascent and descent. Twenty-two subjects with isolated PCL deficient knees and 20 healthy volunteers were involved. The PCL deficient patients were divided into two subgroups based on previous history of experiencing giving-way during stair descent; a giving-way group (10 subjects) and a non giving-way group (12 subjects). Giving-way during activities of daily living is a key symptom in isolated PCL deficient patients. No statistically significant differences in the knee laxity, muscle strength and knee mechanics during level walking and were observed between the giving-way group and the non giving-way group. However, we found significant differences in the knee mechanics during stair ascent and descent between the two groups, and these differences were more remarkable during stair descent. Peak values of knee flexion angle, external knee flexion moment and posterior knee force during early stance phase were significantly lower in the giving-way group than in the non giving-way group. This study indicated that the symptom of giving-way during stair descent was related to knee mechanics during stair descent, unlike other quantitative evaluations such as KT-2000 or Biodex.
A fission fragment reactor concept for nuclear space propulsion (1991)

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has proposed a new nuclear thermal propulsion concept that uses fission fragments to directly heat the propellant up to 1000K or higher above the material tempera...
Innate-like self-reactive B cells infiltrate human renal allografts during transplant rejection (2021)

Intrarenal B cells in human renal allografts indicate transplant recipients with a poor prognosis, but how these cells contribute to rejection is unclear. Here we show using single-cell RNA sequencing that intrarenal class-switched B cells have an innate cell transcriptional state resembling mouse peritoneal B1 or B-innate (Bin) cells. Antibodies generated by Bin cells do not bind donor-specific antigens nor are they enriched for reactivity to ubiquitously expressed self-antigens. Rather, Bin cells frequently express antibodies reactive with either renal-specific or inflammation-associated antigens. Furthermore, local antigens can drive Bin cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells expressing self-reactive antibodies. These data show a mechanism of human inflammation in which a breach in organ-restricted tolerance by infiltrating innate-like B cells drives local tissue destruction.