gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ADVERSE EVENTS OF THE ARGUS II RETINAL PROSTHESIS (2018)

Reducing occurrence of conjunctival erosion in patients with the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis requires identification and minimization of risk factors before and during implantation. Implementing inverted sutures at the implant tabs, use of graft material at these locations as well as Mersilene rather than nylon sutures, and accurate Tenon's and conjunctiva closure are recommended for consideration in all patients.
Selective ultrasound‐assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds (2020)

In this study, the optimization of ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds was conducted. A 10-min sonication (tu) pre-treatment (≈60 W) accelerated the extraction kinetics and intensified the polyphenol recovery from peels and seeds. Ultrasound pre-treatment permitted the selective recovery of polyphenols from peels by maintaining a constant concentration of the total soluble matter (°Brix) before and after sonication. Two different near-linear correlations were found between soluble matter and polyphenol extraction for the peels’ and the seeds’ extracts. Luminescence emission spectra showed significant differences between peels and seeds extracts (tu = 10 min then diffusion for 200 min) below 450 nm and above 600 nm. Ultrasound pre-treatment enhanced the quantity of the extracted molecules from peels and seeds without affecting their diversity. The optimal ultrasound pre-treatment duration was 10 min, since it ameliorated the polyphenol extraction compared to 5 min, and gave the same yield as 20 min. Practical applications Pomegranate fruits are valuable sources of bioactive compounds (vitamins, antioxidants, flavonoids, and tannins). Their processing results in the formation of byproducts containing peels (78%) and seeds (22%), discarded as waste by the food industry. Pomegranate peels and seeds are rich sources of polyphenols that have high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimutagenic, and anticancer properties. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds can be used as a “green” technique to intensify the extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate byproducts. An optimized sonication time can prevent the degradation of the bioactive compounds and enhance the extraction of selective polyphenols from pomegranate peels and seeds. The extracts will then be spray dried to obtain highly bioactive powder with many industrial applications.
N-Borane-Substituted Cyclic Phosphine Imides (BCPIs) (2023)

Phosphine imides are ubiquitous nucleophiles/Lewis bases in modern organic chemistry. The introduction of unexplored substituents on the phosphine imidoyl nitrogen and/or phosphorus atoms should facilitate the discovery of unprecedented utility for phosphine imides. Herein, we have designed and prepared a novel class of phosphine imides known as N-borane-substituted cyclic phosphine imides (BCPIs). Experimental and theoretical analyses of the electronic structure of BCPIs demonstrate the existence of substantial negative hyperconjugation between the nitrogen and the phosphorus atoms. Given a characteristic nucleophilic/Lewis basic reactivity of BCPIs, we represent the first experimental demonstration that a 5-oxazaphosphetane species is a key intermediate in the transformation of CO2 using phosphine imides. Moreover, although it has been previously considered unlikely, the spontaneous heterolysis of a BCl bond in a BCPI-coordinated chloroborane has been directly observed, suggesting that such process is a plausible key step in the Lewis acid-promoted generation of borenium species from chloroboranes. These results thus provide evidence of two species that have been missing in contemporary organic chemistry.
Ni&gt;inf&lt;2&gt;/inf&lt;Si and NiSi Formation by Low Temperature Soak and Spike RTPs (2006)

As the size of metal oxide semiconductor devices continues to be scaled down to sub-90 nm, novel materials must be integrated successfully in order to meet the technical demands. Nickel silicide (NiSi) is being considered as an alternative material to cobalt silicide (CoSi/sub 2/) for the self-aligned silicide process, because it forms at lower temperatures with less silicon consumption and is compatible with SiGe. In order to prevent excessive silicidation in narrow gate lines and at the edges of source/drain regions, NiSi integration requires limiting silicidation kinetics via reduced thermal budgets followed by forming the low resistance phase. This paper focuses on the low temperature regime of the Ni-Si reaction through the use of soak RTP at 300/spl deg/C and spike RTP at 300 /spl sim/ 400/spl deg/C. In order to study the formation of Ni/sub 2/Si and NiSi and the transformation from Ni/sub 2/Si to NiSi, the silicide films are characterized by Rs sheet resistance measurements, XRD for phase identification, and TEM for microstructure. The intermediate phase of Ni/sub 2/Si is formed at 270/spl deg/C and its growth is observed with increasing anneal time. At temperatures above 300/spl deg/C, the NiSi phase is found in addition to the Ni/sub 2/Si phase, and the transformation from Ni/sub 2/Si to NiSi is observed. The sequence of the Ni/sub 2/Si-NiSi transformation involves the initial formation of NiSi and the change in the alignment of the crystal planes as the low resistance phase of NiSi forms. Two RTP schemes, soak RTP and spike RTP, follow parallel trends in the sequence of the Ni/sub 2/Si-NiSi transformation with marked differences in the reaction kinetics.
Challenging the Major/Minor Concept in Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2015)

Herein, we provide evidence showing that the long-held major–minor concept for catalytic asymmetric reactions needs to be readdressed. The asymmetric hydrogenation of enamide 1 catalyzed by the chiral Rh(I) complex of (R,R)-BenzP* quantitatively yields the corresponding hydrogenated R-product 2 with 89.6% ee. The most abundant catalyst–substrate species in the reaction pool was found to be [Rh((R,R)-BenzP*)(Ph(MeCONH)C═CH2)]+SbF6– (5). This species is also the most reactive to hydrogen among the various Rh complexes. Low-temperature hydrogenation experiments showed direct transformation of 5 to 2 with over 98% ee (R). However, the oxidative addition of H2 to 5 would yield the S-product. Computation has now revealed a low-energy R-enantioselective route, whereby H2 addition to 5 is followed by π-bond dissociation, isomerization of nonchelating Rh species, and recoordination of the double bond before C–H bond formation occurs.
Critical Analysis of Kinetic Modeling Procedures (2011)

In this work, issues related to the mathematical modeling and statistical analyses of kinetic data are discussed. Firstly, problems related to the combinatorial explosion of the number of plausible kinetic models are analyzed, when complex reaction mechanisms are taken into consideration and distinct rate determining steps are assumed. Although modeling procedures based on rate-determining steps can lead to oversimplification of kinetic models, these procedures are still very popular because the existence of multiple rate-determining steps usually renders the analytical derivation of kinetic rate expressions impossible. However, if the derived kinetic models are too simple, one can face serious difficulties to fit the proposed models to available experimental data. Secondly, problems related to the statistical analyses of experimental data are discussed. Particularly, very often statistical tools are used even when some of the fundamental assumptions required for their validity are violated. For this reason, the fundamental grounds that support some of the most popular statistical tools are discussed in the framework of the kinetic analysis.
Near-field optical microscopy/spectroscopy of discrete quantum emitters (1994)

A subwavelength sized source or detector of visible light can be raster scanned in close proximity to the surface of a sample to generate images at a resolution well beyond the classical diffractional limit. Applications of the resultant technique, near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), include fluorescence imaging of fixed cells, mode profiling of semiconductor lasers, and high density magnetooptic data storage. The focus of this presentation, however, will be on the more recent use of NSOM in the identification and characterization of discrete quantum emitters from within an ensemble. Two such systems will be discussed. The first involves the detection and characterization of single fluorescent molecules. The usual difficulty with single molecule detection is not the inherently weak luminescence signal from each molecule, but rather the large background from impurity luminescence and Raman scattering within the excitation volume. NSOM greatly reduces this volume and hence the resultant background, yielding sensitivity of 0.005 molecules.
Uniformity of Distribution of Anhydrous Ammonia into Shelled Corn in a Continuous Ammoniator (2007)

Cost-effective recovery of non-fermentable, insoluble parts of the corn kernel before fermentation may increase the efficiency of fermentation and lower the overall cost of producing ethanol fuels. Treating whole corn with ammonia gas may weaken the physical structure of the kernel, and improve grinding and separations sufficiently to make fractionation of the non-fermentable components of the kernel cost-effective. The quick and even distribution of a controlled amount of ammonia into a batch of corn is problematic because the absorption of ammonia is rapid and exothermic. A device to continuously and evenly treat 2.3 kg/min (5 lb/min) of corn with ammonia gas (1000 mg N per kg corn) was designed, built, and tested. Ammonia was trapped and recycled within the treatment section of the ammoniator by feeding continuous streams of buffer solution and air flowing counter-current to the corn through the device. The kernel residence time in the treatment section was approximately 8 min. An assay for the ammonia content of individual corn kernels was developed, and the standard deviation among kernels from samples of ammoniated corn showed that ammonia was much more evenly distributed in the continuous ammoniator than in a bench-scale batch ammoniator.
New High Performance, Low GWP Refrigerants for Stationary AC and Refrigeration (2010)

In response to concerns about global climate change, and in consideration of probable legislation that may impact the production and use of refrigerants with high global warming potential, a set of new refrigerant candidates has been developed for evaluation.Some candidates are designed for stationary air conditioning in residential and light commercial end uses.Other refrigerant candidates were designed more specifically for use in medium temperature refrigeration applications.These candidates all have GWP values that are reduced significantly from R-134a, R-410A and R-404A values, and have good predicted performance characteristics as determined by cycle modeling.Model results must always be validated by actual system tests, and that work has been underway for some time now.System tests are indeed showing that the predicted model results are achievable.This presentation will describe these candidates and show some results from evaluations of their cooling and heating performance properties and LCCP (Life Cycle Climate Performance) comparisons.
Translation of Poliovirus RNA by an E. coli Cell-free System (1969)

Poliovirus RNA is an ideal mammalian mRNA for in vitro studies of protein biosynthesis because it can be prepared in fairly large quantities in an undegraded form from virions. It is known to direct the synthesis of several poliovirus proteins in infected HeLa cells. The tryptic peptides of these proteins can be identified (Jacobson, Asso, and Baltimore, in prep.; Baltimore, Jacobson, Asso, and Huang, this volume) and compared with those made in vitro. In vivo, it apparently codes for only a single polypeptide which is subsequently cleaved to form the functional proteins (Jacobson and Baltimore, 1968b; Baltimore et al., this vol.).
Electrochemical Determination of Adsorption Isotherm of Mordant Red 19 on Mercury and Its Analytical Application for the Indirect Determination of Uranium (2000)

A voltammetric method for the determination of trace level of uranium is described. The method is based on an adsorptive accumulation of the uranium-Mordant red 19 (MR19, 4-[(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-phenyl)azo]-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-pyrazole, sodium salt) complex on a hanging mercury drop electrode followed by the reduction of the adsorbed complex. A detection limit of 8.0×10–11 M uranium can be obtained with a controlled adsorptive accumulation for 10 min. A linear response is obtained from 4.0×10–8 M to 5.0×10–6 M concentration of uranium with the relative standard deviation of 3.9 % at 5.0×10–8 M uranium. The interfacial and redox behavior are characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Chronocoulometry has been used to evaluate the surface coverage vs. the concentration of MR19 in 0.05 M KHP buffer. The surface excess obeys Langmuir isotherm over the concentration range from 1.0×10–8 M to 1.0×10–6 M with a saturation limit of 1.08×10–10 mol/cm2, which corresponds to the cross-sectional area of 154 Å2 /molecule. The effect of various operational parameters on the stripping response is discussed. Also interferences from other metal ions are examined.
Designing the color palette for textile material printing process (2002)

The textile printing process uses a specific set of inks, deposited on the material in a certain order, through individual ink masks. Designing the textile material printing process requires to find the ink color set, named the primary color palette, the sequence of ink mask printing, and the individual ink masks. A secondary color palette is defined as the set of all the color combinations resulted by overlapping the ink masks. The paper provides a color separation method which converts the input color components to the ink mask values. The color separation uses tetrahedral interpolation and a decomposition process, based on the hierarchy structure of the secondary color palette.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The effects of synthesis procedures on the morphology and photocatalytic activity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/TiO2nanocomposites (2008)

This study investigates the microstructures of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/TiO(2) nanocomposites, obtained by sol-gel and hydrothermal processes. The synthesized nanocomposite materials were characterized by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption analysis, transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of the synthetic procedures and MWNTs on the morphology and photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites were studied. The photocatalytic activity of the MWNTs/TiO(2) nanocomposite was elucidated based on the photooxidation of NO(x) under UV light illumination. A fleck-like and well dispersed TiO(2) microstructure on the surface of the MWNTs was observed in the sol-gel system, while compact and large aggregated particles were found in the hydrothermal procedure. The nanocomposite prepared by the sol-gel system exhibits better photocatalytic activity for NO oxidation (from 20.52 to 32.14%) than that prepared by the hydrothermal method (from 22.58 to 26.51%) with the same MWNT loading (from 0 to 8 wt%), respectively. The optimal MWNT content in the nanocomposite was considered at 8 wt%. Additionally, results confirm that the introduction of MWNTs will cause the NO(2) to be more consumed than NO in the photocatalytic experiments, leading to more complete NO(x) photooxidation. These observations indicate that the different TiO(2) distributions on the MWNT surfaces and MWNT contents in the materials would determine the morphology, the physicochemical and photocatalytic characteristics for the nanocomposite materials.
On Emergent Communication in Competitive Multi-Agent Teams (2020)

Several recent works have found the emergence of grounded compositional language in the communication protocols developed by mostly cooperative multi-agent systems when learned end-to-end to maximize performance on a downstream task. However, human populations learn to solve complex tasks involving communicative behaviors not only in fully cooperative settings but also in scenarios where competition acts as an additional external pressure for improvement. In this work, we investigate whether competition for performance from an external, similar agent team could act as a social influence that encourages multi-agent populations to develop better communication protocols for improved performance, compositionality, and convergence speed. We start from Task &amp; Talk, a previously proposed referential game between two cooperative agents as our testbed and extend it into Task, Talk &amp; Compete, a game involving two competitive teams each consisting of two aforementioned cooperative agents. Using this new setting, we provide an empirical study demonstrating the impact of competitive influence on multi-agent teams. Our results show that an external competitive influence leads to improved accuracy and generalization, as well as faster emergence of communicative languages that are more informative and compositional.
SmartPulse: Automated Checking of Temporal Properties in Smart Contracts (2021)

Smart contracts are programs that run on the blockchain and digitally enforce the execution of contracts between parties. Because bugs in smart contracts can have serious monetary consequences, ensuring the correctness of such software is of utmost importance. In this paper, we present a novel technique, and its implementation in a tool called SMARTPULSE, for automatically verifying temporal properties in smart contracts. SMARTPULSE is the first smart contract verification tool that is capable of checking liveness properties, which ensure that "something good" will eventually happen (e.g., "I will eventually receive my refund"). We experimentally evaluate SMARTPULSE on a broad class of smart contracts and properties and show that (a) SMARTPULSE allows automatically verifying important liveness properties, (b) it is competitive with or better than state-of-the-art tools for safety verification, and (c) it can automatically generate attacks for vulnerable contracts.
Paraphrastic language models (2012)

Natural languages are known for their expressive richness.Many sentences can be used to represent the same underlying meaning.Only modelling the observed surface word sequence can result in poor context coverage and generalization, for example, when using n-gram language models (LMs).This paper proposes a novel form of language model, the paraphrastic LM, that addresses these issues.A phrase level paraphrase model statistically learned from standard text data with no semantic annotation is used to generate multiple paraphrase variants.LM probabilities are then estimated by maximizing their marginal probability.Multi-level language models estimated at both the word level and the phrase level are combined.An efficient weighted finite state transducer (WFST) based paraphrase generation approach is also presented.Significant error rate reductions of 0.5%-0.6%absolute were obtained over the baseline n-gram LMs on two state-of-the-art recognition tasks for English conversational telephone speech and Mandarin Chinese broadcast speech using a paraphrastic multi-level LM modelling both word and phrase sequences.When it is further combined with word and phrase level feed-forward neural network LMs, a significant error rate reduction of 0.9% absolute (9% relative) and 0.5% absolute (5% relative) were obtained over the baseline n-gram and neural network LMs respectively.
Building the Field Development Plan for a new gas field, located in Algeria, Reggane Trend (2007)

Abstract One of the most critical stages after a field discovery is to define the Field Development Plan (FDP) for the new field; usually with limited information, managers must define the marketability of a prospect by taking as input the Hydrocarbon In Place (HIP), Hydrocarbons Rate of Production (HRP), Number of Wells (NW) and Drainage Location (DL), Plateau, Well Completion, Surfaces Facilities (SF) including pipelines and separation/compression systems; all these elements have to be economically evaluated and finally a decision must be taken based on most probable production scenario and economic optimization. In the last five years the importance of hydrocarbons gas has increased due to the increase in oil prices, the limited number of new big oil fields discoveries, the environmental contamination due to oil combustion and the development of new technologies to use gas as a competitive energy source. In this paper we implement a methodology to build an FDP for a gas field, Reggane, located in the South-West of Algeria. Reggane concession is a structural trend including Azrafil, Reggane, Sali, Tiouliline and Tif-Taf fields. Some of these fields have been tested in Devonian, Ordovician and Carboniferous formations with mixed results. Here we will focus on Devonian formation, Azrafil and Reggane fields, which has been tested in 5 wells and shown remarkable results. The methodology uses an Integrated Asset Management (IAM) approach, linking geological with reservoir information to model hydrocarbon flow going from the reservoir to wells, wellbore, through the pipeline network and the compressor system up to the point of delivery based on defined HIP, HRP and plateau; uncertainties associated with these parameters were identified and ranked to be included in the FDP. As a conclusion, the FDP shows that around 30 wells must be drilled during the life cycle with a plateau of about 8.5 MM3/D of production gas for more than 10 years.
Photochemical and Thermal Reactions of C60 with N-Succinimidyl 4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate: A New Method for Functionalization of C60 (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemical and Thermal Reactions of C60 with N-Succinimidyl 4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoate: A New Method for Functionalization of C60Mingdi Yan, Sui Xiong Cai, and John F. W. KeanaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 20, 5951–5954Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00099a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00099a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views570Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts