gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rigid P-Chiral Phosphine Ligands with tert-Butylmethylphosphino Groups for Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Functionalized Alkenes (2011)

Both enantiomers of 2,3-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline (QuinoxP*), 1,2-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)benzene (BenzP*), and 1,2-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)-4,5-(methylenedioxy)benzene (DioxyBenzP*) were prepared in short steps from enantiopure (S)- and (R)-tert-butylmethylphosphine-boranes as the key intermediates. All of these ligands were crystalline solids and were not readily oxidized on exposure to air. Their rhodium complexes exhibited excellent enantioselectivities and high catalytic activities in the asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized alkenes, such as dehydroamino acid derivatives and enamides. The practical utility of these catalysts was demonstrated by the efficient preparation of several chiral pharmaceutical ingredients having an amino acid or a secondary amine component. A rhodium complex of the structurally simple ligand BenzP* was used for the mechanistic study of asymmetric hydrogenation. Low-temperature NMR studies together with DFT calculations using methyl α-acetamidocinnamate as the standard model substrate revealed new aspects of the reaction pathways and the enantioselection mechanism.
Electrochemical and Thermal Studies of LiFePO4 Cathode in Lithium-Ion Cells (2008)

The carbon-coated LiFePO4 Li-ion cathode material was studied for its electrochemical and thermal performance. This electrode exhibited a reversible capacity corresponding to more than 90% of the theoretical capacity, when cycled between 2.5 V and 4.0 V. The material also showed good capacity retention at high powers implying that the carbon coating improves the electronic conductivity and hence the cycling of this material. Thermal studies were also investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) and compared with the commonly used lithium metal oxide cathodes with layered structure.
The Sinefit Spectral Envelope Preprocessor (2014)

This paper presents a new spectral envelope preprocessor based on sinusoid fitting and the discrete Fourier transform. This preprocessor is well-suited for nonintrusive condition monitoring and diagnostics due to its high noise resiliency and flexibility. It reduces data storage, transfer, and processing requirements by extracting only relevant harmonic signatures. This paper analyzes the resolution and accuracy benefits of spectral envelopes, including the effects of additive white Gaussian noise and presence of higher frequency spectral harmonics.
The physics of SiO2layers (1990)

The physics of silicon dioxide layers, with thicknesses below 100 nm, are presented in a review which focuses on the developments in the 1980s. The study deals with the whole range of SiO2 properties and behaviour, beginning with oxidation kinetics and the physical structure of SiO2, and ending with oxide breakdown and reliability test methods.
Design and Test of a Submillimeter-Wave Backward Wave Oscillator (2006)

Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to develop submillimeter‐wave backward wave oscillators (BWOs) for spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres, nebulas, and comets. Recently, applications related to detection of biological, chemical, and explosive agents have been identified. Submillimeter‐wave sources are also wanted for high resolution imaging. The program is tasked with developing improved BWOs operating at higher efficiency with improved mode purity and reduced weight over currently available sources. A major goal is to eliminate requirements for water cooling by including a depressed collector. The first prototype was built and tested at NASA in November 2004. While the depressed collector performance exceeded expectations, the device failed to produce RF power, Subsequent analysis indicated that the cathode surface was damaged and the cathode was misaligned with the circuit. The second prototype is addressing these issues and is currently being assembled. This paper describes the design, first prototype test and analysis, and the modifications implemented for the second prototype.
Experimentally Observed Cherenkov Light Generation in the Eye During Radiation Therapy (2019)

By quantifying the spectra and magnitude of the signal, we now have direct experimental observations that Cherenkov light is generated in the eye during radiation therapy and can contribute to perceived light flashes. Furthermore, this technique can be used to further study and measure phosphenes in the radiation therapy clinic.
Chimeras could help in the fight against leptospirosis (2018)

Understanding the structure of an antigen can guide the design of improved antigen-based vaccines.
Gradient-Leakage Resilient Federated Learning (2021)

Federated learning(FL) is an emerging distributed learning paradigm with default client privacy because clients can keep sensitive data on their devices and only share local training parameter updates with the federated server. However, recent studies reveal that gradient leakages in FL may compromise the privacy of client training data. This paper presents a gradient leakage resilient approach to privacy-preserving federated learning with per training example-based client differential privacy, coined as Fed-CDP. It makes three original contributions. First, we identify three types of client gradient leakage threats in federated learning even with encrypted client-server communications. We articulate when and why the conventional server coordinated differential privacy approach, coined as Fed-SDP, is insufficient to protect the privacy of the training data. Second, we introduce Fed-CDP, the per example-based client differential privacy algorithm, and provide a formal analysis of Fed-CDP with the $(ε, δ)$ differential privacy guarantee, and a formal comparison between Fed-CDP and Fed-SDP in terms of privacy accounting. Third, we formally analyze the privacy-utility trade-off for providing differential privacy guarantee by Fed-CDP and present a dynamic decay noise-injection policy to further improve the accuracy and resiliency of Fed-CDP. We evaluate and compare Fed-CDP and Fed-CDP(decay) with Fed-SDP in terms of differential privacy guarantee and gradient leakage resilience over five benchmark datasets. The results show that the Fed-CDP approach outperforms conventional Fed-SDP in terms of resilience to client gradient leakages while offering competitive accuracy performance in federated learning.
Comparison of the Pathogenicity in Mice of A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Isolated between 2009 and 2015 in Japan (2020)

The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus emerged in 2009 and continues to circulate in human populations. Recent A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, that is, A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating in the post-pandemic era, can cause more or less severe infections than those caused by the initial pandemic viruses. To evaluate the changes in pathogenicity of the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during their continued circulation in humans, we compared the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ten A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in Japan between 2009 and 2015, and experimentally infected mice with each virus. The severity of infection caused by these Japanese isolates ranged from milder to more severe than that caused by the prototypic pandemic strain A/California/04/2009 (CA04/09); however, specific mutations responsible for their pathogenicity have not yet been identified.
656 Commercialized Biotechnology, Food for Thought (2000)

The promise of biotechnology has been slow to be realized, but some commercialized products are finding their way to supermarket shelves. Nevertheless, the future potential remains in the realm of speculation and may be on the verge of delivering some incredible benefits. Since the world population growth is predicted to double in the next 50 years, primarily in developing nations, food resources will become critical. In view of this prediction, we may need every trick in the book to feed the masses, which means either more land (wetlands, forests, and rain forests) will fall to the plow or there will need to be an increase in yields. Concurrently, a decrease in postharvest losses would also be crucial. Various authorities have estimated that 25% to 80% of harvested fruits and vegetables are lost due to damage and spoilage. Early biotech successes were developing plants with enhanced insect resistance (cotton, corn, and potato) and virus resistance (squash and papaya) and improved herbicide tolerance (cotton, soybean, and corn). The only commercialized transgenic fruit engineered for improved postharvest quality so far is the tomato. Future goals for biotechnology include increasing yield, extending shelf life, improving nutritional and flavor quality, and producing specialty proteins or other compounds. Genetically engineered food, however, has met rancorous resistance in Europe, New Zealand, and elsewhere; although, it is somewhat tolerated in the U.S. The U.S., Canada, and Japan lead the world in biotech acreage, with biotechnology accounting for 40% of cotton, 39% of soybeans, and 20% of corn acreage in the U.S. and 73 million acres worldwide.
Compact Integrated Tunable Filter Utilizing AWG Routing Function and Small Switches (2013)

The wavelength tunable filter will play a key role in realizing C/D/C add/drop functions in ROADMs. We fabricate a novel tunable filter for 192 optical channels on a PLC chip. Transmission experiments verify its optical characteristics.
Antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes in newborn and adult sera reactive with gram-negative bacteria (1968)

Umbilical cord serum and adult serum antibodies reactive with heat-stable somatic antigens of Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhosa) were assayed by using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Reactive IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were identified by using fluoresceinconjugated antisera specific for these immunoglobulin classes.IgG antibody titers in cord serum approximated those found in the corresponding maternal sera. IgM and IgA antibodies were present in adult sera but were not demonstrable or were present only in small amounts in cord sera. The presence of IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with Gram-negative bacteria was confirmed by the testing of purified 7S and 19S fractions. In addition, both IgG and IgM reactivities were inhibited by the prior incubation of serum with purified specific lipopolysaccharide preparations. The ubiquity and magnitude of these natural IgG antibodies in the sera of both adults and neonates have apparently eluded detection in previous studies. The use of bactericidal and agglutination tests, which are apparently more sensitive to the presence of IgM than to IgG antibodies, may account for the failure of previous studies to detect adult and cord IgG antibodies reactive with somatic antigens of Gram-negative bacteria. The presence of these IgG antibodies may be correlated with the resistance to infection demonstrated by most newborns as they are challenged by the septic extrauterine environment.
The recombinant Link module of human TSG-6 suppresses cartilage damage in models of osteoarthritis: a potential disease-modifying OA drug (2021)

ABSTRACT Objectives To investigate the role of endogenous TSG-6 in human osteoarthritis (OA) and assess the disease-modifying potential of a TSG-6-based biological treatment in cell, explant and animal models of OA. Methods Knee articular cartilages from OA patients were analysed for TSG-6 protein and mRNA expression using immunohistochemistry and RNAscope, respectively. The inhibitory activities of TSG-6 and its isolated Link module domain (Link_TSG6) on cytokine-induced glycosaminoglycan loss in OA cartilage explants were compared. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-derived chondrocyte pellet cultures were used to determine the effects of Link_TSG6 and full-length TSG-6 on IL-1α-, IL-1β- or TNF-stimulated ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5 and MMP13 mRNA expression. Link_TSG6 was administered i.a . to the rat ACLTpMMx model and cartilage damage and tactile allodynia were assayed. Results TSG-6 is predominantly associated with chondrocytes in regions of cartilage damage and its expression is negatively correlated with MMP13, the major collagenase implicated in OA progression. Link_TSG6 is more potent than full-length TSG-6 at dose-dependently inhibiting cytokine-mediated matrix breakdown in human OA cartilage explants; about 50% of donor cartilages, from 59 tested, were responsive to Link_TSG6 treatment. Similarly, Link_TSG6 displayed more potent effects in 3D pellet cultures, suppressing aggrecanase and collagenase gene expression. Link_TSG6 treatment reduced touch-evoked pain and dose-dependently inhibited cartilage damage in a rodent model of surgically-induced OA. Conclusions Native TSG-6 is associated with a low catabolic chondrocyte phenotype in OA cartilage. Link_TSG6, which has enhanced chondroprotective activity compared to the full-length TSG-6 protein, demonstrates potential as a disease modifying OA drug (DMOAD) and warrants further investigation and development. KEY MESSAGES What is already known about this subject? TSG-6, a protein with anti-inflammatory and protective effects in other tissues, is expressed in joints affected by osteoarthritis – a condition for which there are no disease-modifying drugs. What does this study add? A novel protective mechanism has been identified, whereby TSG-6 inhibits inflammatory cytokine-induced catabolic pathways in cartilage. The Link module of TSG-6 (Link_TSG6) has been shown to have greater potency than TSG-6 as an inhibitor of cartilage damage and is efficacious in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Data from cartilage explants indicate that OA patients can be stratified for Link_TSG6 responsiveness. How might this impact on clinical practice or future developments? Link_TSG6 has been identified as potential disease-modifying OA drug that mimics an intrinsic protective process.
Synaesthesia in its protean guises (2011)

This article is a commentary on the article ‘Defining synaesthesia’ ().
Carbon nanotube lateral field emission devices (2004)

Fabrication and operation of a carbon nanotube lateral field emission device is reported. Compared to vertical field emitters using carbon nanotube cathodes, it has less alignment problems since the anode is fabricated at the same time as the cathode and the gates, and also may have reduced leakage since the electrodes are well separated. We use thermally oxidised S as the substrate. Initially, Cr/Au alignment marks are deposited to use as reference markers. Then a thin layer of Al is evaporated, which act as the sacrificial layer. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were synthesised by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition and dispersed on the Al surface. Electron beam lithography is used to define the anode, gates and the cathode contacts of the devices. After Cr/Al metal deposition and lift-off the sacrificial Al is etched away leaving the carbon nanotube suspended. An scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a carbon nanotube lateral field emitter was showed.
Effects of Elevated Free-Stream Turbulence on Active Control of a Separation Bubble (2004)

The Effects of elevated free-stream turbulence (FST) on the natural and periodically excited separation bubbles were studied experimentally, due to the relevance of this flow to low-pressure turbine blades at low Reynolds numbers. A bubble was formed at the leading edge of a flat plate and the FST level was altered by placing a grid across the flow at different locations upstream of the plate. The mixing across the separated shear-layer, forming the free boundary of the bubble, increased due to the elevated FST and due to nominally two-dimensional periodic excitation, both flattening and shortening the bubble. Periodic excitation at frequencies that were at least an order of magnitude lower than those associated with the initial shear-layer instability, were very effective at low FST, because the amplitudes of the excitation frequency and its harmonic were amplified over the bubble. High frequency excitation (F+ 3, based on the length of the baseline low FST bubble) had a major effect close to the separation location, while farther downstream the excited fluctuations rapidly decayed in the reattachment region. Low frequency excitation, that generated waves comparable to the length of the unperturbed bubble (F+ 1) were less effective and their magnitude decayed at a slower rate downstream of reattachment. An increase in the level of the FST reduced the net effect of the periodic excitation on the mixing enhancement and subsequent reattachment process, probably due to a destructive interference between the nominally 2D excitation and the random (in space and time) FST, reducing the spanwise coherence and therefore the effectiveness of the current control strategy. However, even at the reduced effectiveness of 2D periodic excitation at elevated FST, it accelerated the reattachment process and the recovery rate of the reattached boundary layer, enhancing the boundary layer resistance to repeat separation and reducing its momentum loss further downstream.
Photophysical Properties of Cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes: Counterintuitive Blue Shift in Emission with an Expanded Ligand π System (2013)

A detailed examination was performed on photophysical properties of phosphorescent cyclometalated (C(^)N)Pt(O(^)O) complexes (ppy)Pt(dpm) (1), (ppy)Pt(acac) (1'), and (bzq)Pt(dpm) (2) and newly synthesized (dbq)Pt(dpm) (3) (C(^)N = 2-phenylpyridine (ppy), benzo[h]quinoline (bzq), dibenzo[f,h]quinoline (dbq); O(^)O = dipivolylmethanoate (dpm), acetylacetonate (acac)). Compounds 1, 1', 2, and 3 were further characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structural changes brought about by cyclometalation were determined by comparison with X-ray data from model C(^)N ligand precursors. The compounds emit from metal-perturbed, ligand-centered triplet states (E(0-0) = 479 nm, 1; E(0-0) = 495 nm, 2; E(0-0) = 470 nm, 3) with disparate radiative rate constants (kr = 1.4 × 10(5) s(-1), 1; kr = 0.10 × 10(5) s(-1), 2; kr = 2.6 × 10(5) s(-1), 3). Zero-field splittings of the triplet states (ΔE(III-I) = 11.5 cm(-1), 1'; ΔE(III-I) < 2 cm(-1), 2; ΔE(III-I) = 46.5 cm(-1), 3) were determined using high resolution spectra recorded in Shpol'skii matrices. The fact that the E0-0 energies do not correspond to the extent of π-conjugation in the aromatic C(^)N ligand is rationalized on the basis of structural distortions that occur upon cyclometalation using data from single crystal X-ray analyses of the complexes and ligand precursors along with the triplet state properties evaluated using theoretical calculations. The wide variation in the radiative rate constants and zero-field splittings is also explained on the basis of how changes in the electronic spin density in the C(^)N ligands in the triplet state alter the spin-orbit coupling in the complexes.
Etched and Regrown Vertical GaN Junction Barrier Schottky Diodes. (2021)

Abstract not provided.
Fresh Water Generation from Aquifer-Pressured Carbon Storage: Annual Report FY09 (2009)

This project is establishing the potential for using brine pressurized by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) operations in saline formations as the feedstock for desalination and water treatment technologies including reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF). The aquifer pressure resulting from the energy required to inject the carbon dioxide provides all or part of the inlet pressure for the desalination system. Residual brine is reinjected into the formation at net volume reduction, such that the volume of fresh water extracted balances the volume of CO{sub 2} injected into the formation. This process provides additional CO{sub 2} storage capacity in the aquifer, reduces operational risks (cap-rock fracturing, contamination of neighboring fresh water aquifers, and seismicity) by relieving overpressure in the formation, and provides a source of low-cost fresh water to offset costs or operational water needs. This multi-faceted project combines elements of geochemistry, reservoir engineering, and water treatment engineering. The range of saline formation waters is being identified and analyzed. Computer modeling and laboratory-scale experimentation are being used to examine mineral scaling and osmotic pressure limitations. Computer modeling is being used to evaluate processes in the storage aquifer, including the evolution of the pressure field. Water treatment costs are being evaluated by comparing the necessary process facilities to those in common use for seawater RO. There are presently limited brine composition data available for actual CCS sites by the site operators including in the U.S. the seven regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (CSPs). To work around this, we are building a 'catalog' of compositions representative of 'produced' waters (waters produced in the course of seeking or producing oil and gas), to which we are adding data from actual CCS sites as they become available. Produced waters comprise the most common examples of saline formation waters. Therefore, they are expected to be representative of saline formation waters at actual and potential future CCS sites. We are using a produced waters database (Breit, 2002) covering most of the United States compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In one instance to date, we have used this database to find a composition corresponding to the brine expected at an actual CCS site (Big Sky CSP, Nugget Formation, Sublette County, Wyoming). We have located other produced waters databases, which are usually of regional scope (e.g., NETL, 2005, Rocky Mountains basins).
H2GaN3 and Derivatives:  A Facile Method to Gallium Nitride (1998)

We describe the formation and properties of H(2)GaN(3) (1), which is a very simple and stable molecular source for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of GaN heterostructures. Compound 1 and the perdeuterated analogue D(2)GaN(3) (2) are prepared by the LiGaH(4) and LiGaD(4) reduction of Br(2)GaN(3) (3), respectively. Compound 3 is obtained from the thermal decomposition of the crystalline adduct SiMe(3)N(3).GaBr(3) (4) via loss of SiMe(3)Br. A single-crystal X-ray structure of 4 reveals that the molecule is essentially a Lewis acid-base complex between SiMe(3)N(3) and GaBr(3) and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2(1), with a = 14.907(5) Å, b = 7.759(3) Å, c = 10.789(5) Å, V = 1248(1) Å,(3) and Z = 4. The new azidobromogallane HBrGaN(3) (5) is also prepared by reaction of appropriate amounts of 3 and LiGaH(4). Both H(2)GaN(3) (1) and D(2)GaN(3) (2) are volatile species at room temperature and can be readily distilled at 40 degrees C (0.20 Torr) without decomposition. Normal-mode analysis and ab initio theoretical calculations suggest that the vapor phase IR spectra of 1 and 2 are consistent with a trimeric (H(2)GaN(3))(3) and (D(2)GaN(3))(3) molecular structure of C(3)(v)() symmetry. On the basis of the mass spectrum, 1 is a trimer in the vapor phase and decomposes readily at low temperatures by elimination of only H(2) and N(2) to yield pure and highly stoichiometric GaN thin films. Crucial advantages of this new and potentially practical CVD method are the significant vapor pressure of the precursor that permits rapid mass transport at 22 degrees C and the facile decomposition pathway that allows film growth at temperatures as low as 200 degrees C with considerable growth rates up to 800 Å/min.