gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of a chemical genetic model for JAK3 (2021)

Janus Kinases (JAKs) have emerged as an important drug target for the treatment of a number of immune disorders due to the central role that they play in cytokine signalling. 4 isoforms of JAKs exist in mammalian cells and the ideal isoform profile of a JAK inhibitor has been the subject of much debate. JAK3 has been proposed as an ideal target due to its expression being largely restricted to the immune system and its requirement for signalling by cytokine receptors using the common γ-chain. Unlike other JAKs, JAK3 possesses a cysteine in its ATP binding pocket and this has allowed the design of isoform selective covalent JAK3 inhibitors targeting this residue. We report here that mutating this cysteine to serine does not prevent JAK3 catalytic activity but does greatly increase the IC50 for covalent JAK3 inhibitors. Mice with a Cys905Ser knockin mutation in the endogenous JAK3 gene are viable and show no apparent welfare issues. Cells from these mice show normal STAT phosphorylation in response to JAK3 dependent cytokines but are resistant to the effects of covalent JAK3 inhibitors. These mice therefore provide a chemical-genetic model to study JAK3 function.
Arrhenius-type domain growth in Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 crystals (2011)

Single crystals of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) poled along [001] were investigated by dielectric, x-ray, and polarized light (PLM) and piezo-force microscopy (PFM) methods. PLM revealed {100} macro-domain plates that formed after poling, whose size increased on heating between room temperature and a rhombohedral \rightarrow tetragonal phase transition, above which point a break-up of the macro-domain plates was observed. Corresponding PFM studies demonstrated that poling reduced the size of stripe-like domains that were internal to the macro-domain plates, whose size also increased on heating to TR-T. The temperature dependence of both the size of the macro-domain plates and internal sub-domains followed the Arrhenius relation with the activation energy of 0.4-0.5eV. The coercive field displays an abnormal increase on heating below TR-T, different than that for PMN-PT. The anomalously increased coercive field can be ascribed to the Arrhenius-type domain growth, indicating a simple thermally activated process and an important role of hierarchial domains in the improved performance of PIN-PMN-PT.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐3‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)indole (5‐Amino‐ N,N‐dimethyltryptamine). (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Architectured helically coiled scaffolds from elastomeric poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) copolyester via wet electrospinning (2019)

Electrospinning is one of the most investigated methods used to produce polymeric fiber scaffolds that mimic the morphology of native extracellular matrix. These structures have been extensively studied in the context of scaffolds for tissue regeneration. However, the compactness of materials obtained by traditional electrospinning, collected as two-dimensional non-woven scaffolds, can limit cell infiltration and tissue ingrowth. In addition, for applications in smooth muscle tissue engineering, highly elastic scaffolds capable of withstanding cyclic mechanical strains without suffering significant permanent deformations are preferred. In order to address these challenges, we report the fabrication of microscale 3D helically coiled scaffolds (referred as 3D-HCS) by wet-electrospinning method, a modification of the traditional electrospinning process in which a coagulation bath (non-solvent system for the electrospun material) is used as the collector. The present study, for the first time, successfully demonstrates the feasibility of using this method to produce various architectures of 3D helically coiled scaffolds (HCS) from segmented copolyester of poly (butylene succinate-co-dilinoleic succinate) (PBS-DLS), a thermoplastic elastomer. We examined the role of process parameters and propose a mechanism for the HCS formation. Fabricated 3D-HCS showed high specific surface area, high porosity, and good elasticity. Further, the marked increase in cell proliferation on 3D-HCS confirmed the suitability of these materials as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor -mediated Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Proliferation (2006)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) plays animportantroleininsulinsensitivity,tissuehomeostasis,andregulatingcellular functions. We found high-level expression of PPAR inembryo mouse brain and neural stem cells (NSCs), in contrast toextremelylowlevelsinadultmousebrain.Here,weshowthatPPAR mediatestheproliferationanddifferentiationofmurineNSCsviaup-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and activation oftheERKpathway.CellgrowthratesofNSCspreparedfromheterozy-gous PPAR -deficient mouse brains, PPAR -RNA-silenced NSCs,and PPAR dominant-negative NSCs were significantly decreasedcomparedwiththoseofwild-typeNSCs.Physiologicalconcentrationsof PPAR agonists, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, stimulated NSCgrowth, whereas antagonists caused cell death in a concentration-de-pendentmannerviaactivationofthecaspasecascade.Thestimulationof cell growth by PPAR was associated with a rapid activation of theERK pathway by phosphorylation and up-regulation of epidermalgrowthfactorreceptorandcyclinBproteinlevels.Incontrast,activa-tion of PPAR by agonists inhibited the differentiation of NSCs intoneurons.Theinhibitionofdifferentiationwasassociatedwithanacti-vationofSTAT3.ThesedataindicatethatPPAR regulatesthedevel-opment of the central nervous system during early embryogenesis viacontrolofNSCproliferation.It has recently been reported that peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR )
Coin Transfer Unlinkability Under the Counterparty Adversary Model (2022)

Unlinkability is a crucial property of cryptocurrencies that protects users from deanonymization attacks. However, currently, even anonymous cryptocurrencies do not necessarily attain unlinkability under specific conditions. For example, Mimblewimble, which is considered to attain coin unlinkability using its transaction kernel offset technique, is vulnerable under the assumption that privacy adversaries can send their coins to or receive coins from the challengers. This paper first illustrates the privacy issue in Mimblewimble that could allow two colluded adversaries to merge a person’s two independent chunks of personally identifiable information (PII) into a single PII. To analyze the privacy issue, we formulate unlinkability between two sets of objects and a privacy adversary model in cryptocurrencies called the counterparty adversary model. On these theoretical bases, we define an abstract model of blockchain-based cryptocurrency transaction protocols called the coin transfer system, and unlinkability over it called coin transfer unlinkability (CT-unlinkability). Furthermore, we introduce zero-knowledgeness for the coin transfer systems to propose a method to easily prove the CT-unlinkability of cryptocurrency transaction protocols. Finally, we prove that Zerocash is CT-unlinkable by using our proving method to demonstrate its effectiveness.
A case for superconducting accelerators (2019)

As scaling of CMOS slows down, there is growing interest in alternative technologies that can improve performance and energy-efficiency. Superconducting circuits based on Josephson Junctions (JJ) is an emerging technology that provides devices which can be switched with pico-second latencies and consumes two orders of magnitude lower switching energy compared to CMOS. While JJ-based circuits can operate at high frequencies and are energy-efficient, the technology faces three critical challenges: limited device density and lack of area-efficient technology for memory structures, low gate fanout, and new failure modes of Flux-Traps that occurs due to the operating environment.
Investigation of Interaction of an Electron Beam and Metallic Grating in a Smith-Purcell Free Electron Laser (SPFEL) (2007)

Summary form only given. Smith-Purcell (SP) radiation is produced when an electron beam passes over a metallic periodic structure and a continuous spectrum of modes associated with the beam is scattered by the grating. Most of the scattered modes are evanescent, while some may propagate. The SP radiation wavelength is found to be proportional to the grating period, L, and inversely proportional to beam velocity, V. Therefore, the SP radiation wavelength can be varied by changing L and V. Based on recent experimental reports and theoretical calculations, a compact SP-FEL promises to be an attractive and affordable source of THz radiation. The major drawback of the traditional SP-FEL approach is that the electron beam must propagate very close to the grating surface. Furthermore, as one scales the concept to the THz regime, the metallic gratings become more lossy. We had proposed to improve the coupling of the beam to the grating by taking advantage of surface plasma waves in the grating. Here, we evaluate several models for the SP-FEL, including the effects of coupling to the surface plasma wave. Parametric scans are made to suggest optimal regimes to test the concept of a SP-FEL invoking surface plasma wave coupling.
<title>Hybrid bidirectional optical backplane with multiple bus lines</title> (1997)

The architectural design and performance of bi-directional optical backplanes with multi-bus lines are presented and analyzed. Previously, we have reported a general purpose bi- directional optical backplane with single bus line. With the integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and photodetector arrays, in this paper, we further propose and demonstrate an optical backplane with multi-bus lines. With the multi-bus line structure, the bandwidth of the bus system is greatly increased. The performance related issue, such as the power budget consideration, the misalignment, etc., are also discussed, and related experiments are presented.
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to High G on Blood Oxygen Saturation and Performance (1992)

The effects of long term exposure to a high g simulated aerial combat maneuver (SACM, or alternating peaks of +4.5Gz to +7.0Gz) were examined using blood oxygen saturation (SAO2) levels and performance measures (RTs, error rates, and comfort ratings). Four different anti-g protection device configurations were evaluated: the standard issue CSU-13 B/P anti-g suit, an experimental retrograde inflation anti-g suit (RIAGS), the RIAGS with capstan sleeves, and the RIAGS with occlusion cuffs. Overall, RIAGS with sleeves allowed subjects to endure much longer times at high g. However, when SA0 2 levels were correlated with time to exhaustion, there were no differences between protective suit configurations. RIAGS with sleeves appeared to lead to a slower decrement in blood oxygen saturation levels during long term exposure, allowing subjects to remain at high g longer. It was also shown that SA0 2 levels “rebounded” to some extent before each of the next +7Gz onsets, but when subjects approached their endurance limits this rebound effect diminished. It seems the longer subjects endured high g, the less able they were to physiologically compensate. The simplest task condition showed an increased in RT when subjects neared their exhaustion point. The more difficult task conditions showed too much variability in RTs to discern any performance patterns. It seemed enough effort and attention was directed to the task to maintain stable performance in the easy condition, but was not enough to maintain performance in the more difficult conditions. Error rates also increased as subjects neared exhaustion, as expected. However, error rates were sensitive to differences among suit configurations, whereas RTs were not. Error rates covaried with time at SACM and comfort ratings. In summary, subjects wearing RIAGS with sleeves withstood high g for longer periods of time, had less error in their performance, and rated the suit most comfortable.
Video Analysis and Compression on the STI Cell Broadband Engine Processor (2006)

With increased concern for physical security, video surveillance is becoming an important business area. Similar camera-based system can also be used in such diverse applications as retail-store shopper motion analysis and casino behavioral policy monitoring. There are two aspects of video surveillance that require significant computing power: image analysis for detecting objects, and video compression for digital storage. The new STI CELL broadband engine (CBE) processor is an appealing platform for such applications because it incorporates 8 separate high-speed processing cores with an aggregate performance of 256Gflops. Moreover, this chip is the heart of the new Sony Playstation 3 and can be expected to be relatively inexpensive due to the high volume of production. In this paper we show how object detection and compression can be implemented on the CBE, discuss the difficulties encountered in porting the code, and provide performance results demonstrating significant speed-up
Measurements of Third Order Optical Nonlinearities of Nematic Liquid Crystals (1991)

Abstract In order to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the large observed optical nonlinearities of nematic liquid crystals, we have carried out nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction measurements on the pure liquid crystals 5CB and 8CB, and the liquid crystal mixture E7 using picosecond, nanosecond and millisecond pulses. We have used the recently developed Z-scan method1–2, a sensitive single-beam technique which allows the determination of the sign and magnitude of the nonlinear refraction and the magnitude of the nonlinear absorption for aligned samples3. We have performed these measurements on aligned samples at wavelengths of 514nm and 532nm. In addition, we have studied the temperature dependence of the nonlinear refractive indices. Possible mechanisms responsible for the observed nonlinearities are discussed.
Student‐Centered and Dynamic Interfaces that Enrich Technical Learning for Online Science Learners: A Review of the Literature (2014)

Abstract Communicating complex scientific and technical information presents a challenge for food science educators. The most efficient learning occurs when all senses are engaged, one reason that many educators believe that scientific principles are best taught with hands‐on laboratory experiences. Today there are many challenges to the continuation of these “wet labs” including the cost of building the labs as well as equipment, materials, and personnel to run them. Many current e‐learning technologies are based on 2‐dimensional delivery systems, and are often inadequate to provide a substitute for a laboratory exercise. However, recent advances in technology have evolved to more closely reflect the kinds of learning experiences that students typically have in a laboratory class. This review describes the role of these emerging technologies as teaching tools for educators, with the clear understanding that similar concepts can be utilized by management of technical teams in the work place.
Judging of machining feasibility and calculation of midsection for the five-axis milling of shrouded centrifugal impeller (2020)

Cavities with various geometries are widely used in the aircraft industry, spacecraft industry, ships, petrochemical engineering, and so on. As a typical example of the representative and difficult cavities, shrouded centrifugal impeller has been studied to meet the higher requirements for the high-grade advanced products. For the five-axis milling, geometric modeling parameterized by the double three-cubed Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines form of the shrouded centrifugal impeller was set up as the base of this study. The target machining cavity of the shrouded centrifugal impeller channel was calculated. The methods to judge any point in the midsection exhibiting the projection point on the inlet surface and every point in the midsection showing the projection point on the inlet surface were obtained. Moreover, the method to calculate the final midsection was proposed. For verifying these methods, the simulation of machining of a shrouded centrifugal impeller was finally proposed.
Parasitic Reactions in Nano-Sized Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2017)

When designing nano-Si electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, the detrimental effect of the c-Li 15 Si 4 phase formed upon full lithiation is often a concern. In this study, Si nanoparticles with controlled particle sizes and morphology were synthesized and the parasitic reactions of the metastable c-Li 15 Si 4 phase with the non-aqueous electrolyte was investigated. The use of smaller Si nanoparticles (~ 60 nm) as well as the addition of fluoroethylene carbonate additive played decisive roles in the parasitic reaction such that the c-Li 15 Si 4 phase could disappear at the end of lithiation. This suppression of c-Li 15 Si 4 improved cycle life of the nano-Si electrodes but with a little loss of its specific capacity. In addition the characteristic c-Li 15 Si 4 peak in the dQ/dV plots can be used as an early-stage indicator to the cell capacity fade during cycling. Our findings can contribute to the design guidelines of Si electrodes and allow us to quantify another factor to the performance of the Si electrodes.
Suppressing Electron Exposure Artifacts: An Electron Scanning Paradigm with Bayesian Machine Learning (2016)

Electron microscopy of biological, polymeric, and other beam-sensitive structures is often hampered by deleterious electron beam interactions. In fact, imaging of such beam-sensitive materials is limited by the allowable radiation dosage rather that capabilities of the microscope itself, which has been compounded by the availability of high brightness electron sources. Reducing dwell times to overcome dose-related artifacts, such as radiolysis and electrostatic charging, is challenging due to the inherently low contrast in imaging of many such materials. These challenges are particularly exacerbated during dynamic time-resolved, fluidic cell imaging, or three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction-all of which undergo additional dosage. Thus, there is a pressing need for the development of techniques to produce high-quality images at ever lower electron doses. In this contribution, we demonstrate direct dose reduction and suppression of beam-induced artifacts through under-sampling pixels, by as much as 80% reduction in dosage, using a commercial scanning electron microscope with an electrostatic beam blanker and a dictionary learning in-painting algorithm. This allows for multiple sparse recoverable images to be acquired at the cost of one fully sampled image. We believe this approach may open new ways to conduct imaging, which otherwise require compromising beam current and/or exposure conditions.
Synergistic interaction between the agonism of cebranopadol at nociceptin/orphanin FQ and classical opioid receptors in the rat spinal nerve ligation model (2018)

Cebranopadol (trans-6'-fluoro-4',9'-dihydro-<i>N,N</i>-dimethyl-4-phenyl-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1'(3'H)-pyrano[3,4-b]indol]-4-amine) is a novel analgesic nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) and classical opioid receptor (MOP, DOP, and KOP) agonist with highly efficacious and potent activity in a broad range of rodent models of nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain as well as limited opioid-type side effects such as respiratory depression. This study was designed to explore contribution and interaction of NOP and classical opioid receptor agonist components to cebranopadol analgesia in the rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Assessing antihypersensitive activity in SNL rats intraperitoneal (IP) administration of cebranopadol resulted in ED <sub>50</sub> values of 3.3 and 3.58 μg/kg in two independent experiments. Pretreatment (IP) with J-113397 (4.64 mg/kg) a selective antagonist for the NOP receptor or naloxone (1 mg/kg), naltrindole (10 mg/kg), or nor-BNI (10 mg/kg), selective antagonists for MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, yielded ED <sub>50</sub> values of 14.1, 16.9, 17.3, and 15 μg/kg, respectively. This 4-5 fold rightward shift of the dose-response curves suggested agonistic contribution of all four receptors to the analgesic activity of cebranopadol. Combined pretreatment with a mixture of the antagonists for the three classical opioid receptors resulted in an 18-fold potency shift with an ED <sub>50</sub> of 65.5 μg/kg. The concept of dose equivalence was used to calculate the expected additive effects of the parent compound for NOP and opioid receptor contribution and to compare them with the observed effects, respectively. This analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the expected additive and the observed effects suggesting intrinsic synergistic analgesic interaction of the NOP and the classical opioid receptor components of cebranopadol. Together with the observation of limited respiratory depression in rats and humans the synergistic interaction of NOP and classical opioid receptor components in analgesia described in the current study may contribute to the favorable therapeutic index of cebranopadol observed in clinical trials.
Optical vortices generated by dislocations in a cholesteric liquid crystal (2000)

We report the observation of optical vortices in a laser beam propagating through the stripe pattern of a cholesteric liquid crystal. The liquid crystal is confined in a cell with homogeneous boundary conditions and forms a diffraction phase grating. Optical vortices are produced by edge dislocations of the cholesteric grating. The vortices show up as spots of zero light intensity in the diffraction maxima. There is one spot in each +1 and -1 diffraction maximum and two spots in diffraction maxima +2 and -2.
Starch Synthesis in Potato Tubers: Identification of the in vitro and the in vivo Acceptor Molecules of Soluble Starch Synthase Activity (1991)

Abstract A soluble starch synthase preparation obtained from potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum L.) was used to identify the acceptor molecules of the enzyme in vitro. Maltose was the shortest effective primer molecule, and several straight and branched glucose polymers were also able to serve as primer. Osmotically permeabilized potato tissue slices were used to identify the acceptor molecules of granule‐bound and soluble starch synthases under semi in vivo conditions. Specific assay conditions were employed to differentiate between the different starch synthesizing enzyme activities. Both the granule‐bound and the primed soluble starch synthases elongated amylose and amylopectin molecules which were already deposited into starch granules. Soluble malto‐oligosaccharides also functioned as acceptor molecules. In the presence of 0.5 M sodium citrate, starch synthase activity was enhanced. Both amylose and amylopectin accepted more glucose units than in the absence of sodium citrate, indicating that the citrate stimulated soluble starch synthase elongated both starch components as well. The acceptor molecules of the citrate stimulated reaction are probably partly soluble. The elongation patterns of the different starch synthases are dealt with in view of some of the models explaining the side‐by‐side synthesis of amylose and amylopectin in higher plants.