gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Synthese thioanaloger Cannabis‐Derivate (1976)

Abstract Pulegon ( 3 ) wird basenkatalysiert an die Thiophenole 4a – d zu γ‐Ketothioäthern 5a – d addiert, deren Cyclisierung Dibenzo[ b , d ]thiopyrane 6a – c liefert. Als Nebenprodukte entstehen bei der Cyclisierung von 5a und b auch die Thioxanthene 7a , b . Die Thiopyrane 6a – c lassen sich mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure zu den Sulfonen 10a – c oxidieren. Sowohl 6a – c als auch 10a – c Können mit Natrium‐äthanthiolat zu den freien thioanalogen Δ 6a(10a) ‐Cannabis‐Derivaten 11a – f demethyliert werden. Mit der Dehydrierung von 11a – c durch Schwefel erhält man die analogen Cannabinole 15a – c . Die Strukturen der erhaltenen Verbindungen werden durch NMR‐, IR‐ und MS‐Spektren Charakterisiert.
Atomic layer deposition of hafnium silicate gate dielectric layers (2007)

Downscaling equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) by decreasing the physical thickness or increasing the permittivity of the gate dielectric is required to reach the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (sub) 45 nm node performance specifications. In this work, we study the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of hafnium silicate gate dielectrics from Hf Cl4, Si Cl4, and H2 O both experimentally and theoretically. Hafnium silicate is characterized by Rutherford backscattering, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interaction of the precursors with the surface sites is investigated by first-principles calculations. The electrical properties are evaluated on TaN gated capacitors. The Hf Cl4 H2 O reactions create surface sites that enable the chemisorption of Si Cl4 in doses much smaller than the doses required for Si O2 ALD from Si Cl4 H2 O. The hydrolysis of Si-Cl is slower than the hydrolysis of Hf-Cl. Optimization of the hafnium silicate deposition results in a leakage current reduction of one order of magnitude for ultrascaled hafnium silicate gate stacks. At 0.9 nm EOT, a leakage current of &lt;0.1 A cm2 is obtained for hafnium silicates with Hf content higher than 90%. © 2007 American Vacuum Society.
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Secreting Active Cathepsin S Stimulates Expression of Mature MHC Class II Molecules and Antigen Presentation in Human Macrophages (2007)

A successful Th cell response to bacterial infections is induced by mature MHC class II molecules presenting specific Ag peptides on the surface of macrophages. In recent studies, we demonstrated that infection with the conventional vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) specifically blocks the surface export of mature class II molecules in human macrophages by a mechanism dependent on inhibition of cathepsin S (Cat S) expression. The present study examined class II expression in macrophages infected with a rBCG strain engineered to express and secrete biologically active human Cat S (rBCG-hcs). Cat S activity was completely restored in cells ingesting rBCG-hcs, which secreted substantial levels of Cat S intracellularly. Thus, infection with rBCG-hcs, but not parental BCG, restored surface expression of mature MHC class II molecules in response to IFN-gamma, presumably as result of MHC class II invariant chain degradation dependent on active Cat S secreted by the bacterium. These events correlated with increased class II-directed presentation of mycobacterial Ag85B to a specific CD4(+) T cell hybridoma by rBCG-hcs-infected macrophages. Consistent with these findings, rBCG-hcs was found to accelerate the fusion of its phagosome with lysosomes, a process that optimizes Ag processing in infected macrophages. These data demonstrated that intracellular restoration of Cat S activity improves the capacity of BCG-infected macrophages to stimulate CD4(+) Th cells. Given that Th cells play a major role in protection against tuberculosis, rBCG-hcs would be a valuable tuberculosis vaccine candidate.
One-StepGem-Diphosphorylation of Amides and Lactams (2000)

Abstract We report the extension of an easy one-step synthesis of amino gem-bisphosphonates through the reaction of amides and lactams with trialkylphosphites.
RNA degradosomes existin vivoinEscherichia colias multicomponent complexes associated with the cytoplasmic membrane via the N-terminal region of ribonuclease E (2000)

RNase E isolated from Escherichia coli is contained in a multicomponent "degradosome" complex with other proteins implicated in RNA decay. Earlier work has shown that the C-terminal region of RNase E is a scaffold for the binding of degradosome components and has identified specific RNase E segments necessary for its interaction with polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), RhlB RNA helicase, and enolase. Here, we report electron microscopy studies that use immunogold labeling and freeze-fracture methods to show that degradosomes exist in vivo in E. coli as multicomponent structures that associate with the cytoplasmic membrane via the N-terminal region of RNase E. Whereas PNPase and enolase are present in E. coli in large excess relative to RNase E and therefore are detected in cells largely as molecules unlinked to the RNase E scaffold, immunogold labeling and biochemical analyses show that helicase is present in approximately equimolar amounts to RNase E at all cell growth stages. Our findings, which establish the existence and cellular location of RNase E-based degradosomes in vivo in E. coli, also suggest that RNA processing and decay may occur at specific sites within cells.
Towards Biocompatible Vaccine Delivery Systems: Interactions of Colloidal PECs Based on Polysaccharides with HIV-1 p24 Antigen (2008)

This work reports on the interactions of a model protein (p24, the capside protein of HIV-1 virus) with colloids obtained from polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) involving two polysaccharides: chitosan and dextran sulfate (DS). The PECs were elaborated by a one-shot addition of default amounts of one counterpart to the polymer in excess. Depending on the nature of the excess polyelectrolyte, the submicrometric colloid was either positively or negatively charged. HIV-1 capsid p24 protein was chosen as antigen, the ultrapure form, lipopolysaccharide-free (endotoxin-, vaccine grade) was used in most experiments, as the level of purity of the protein had a great impact on the immobilization process. p24 sorption kinetics, isotherms, and loading capacities were investigated for positively and negatively charged particles of chitosans and dextran sulfates differing in degrees of polymerization (DP) or acetylation (DA). Compared with the positive particles, negatively charged colloids had higher binding capacities, faster kinetics, and a better stability of the adsorbed p24. Capacities up to 600 mg x g(-1) (protein-colloid) were obtained, suggesting that the protein interacted within the shell of the particles. Small-angle X-rays scattering experiments confirmed this hypothesis. Finally, the immunogenicity of the p24-covered particles was assessed for vaccine purposes in mice. The antibody titers obtained with immobilized p24 was dose dependent and in the same range as for Freund's adjuvant, a gold standard for humoral responses.
CpG Methylation Directly Regulates Transcriptional Activity of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus Family HERV-K(HML-2) (2004)

A significant proportion of the human genome consists of stably inherited retroviral sequences. Most human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) became defective over time. The HERV-K(HML-2) family is exceptional because of its coding capacity and the possible involvement in germ cell tumor (GCT) development. HERV-K(HML-2) transcription is strongly upregulated in GCTs. However, regulation of HERV-K(HML-2) transcription remains poorly understood. We investigated in detail the role of CpG methylation on the transcriptional activity of HERV-K(HML-2) long terminal repeats (LTRs). We find that CpG sites in various HERV-K(HML-2) proviral 5' LTRs are methylated at different levels in the cell line Tera-1. Methylation levels correlate with previously observed transcriptional activities of these proviruses. CpG-mediated silencing of HERV-K(HML-2) LTRs is further corroborated by transcriptional inactivity of in vitro-methylated 5' LTR reporter plasmids. However, CpG methylation levels do not solely regulate HERV-K(HML-2) 5' LTR activity, as evidenced by different LTR activities in the cell line T47D. A significant number of mutated CpG sites in evolutionary old HERV-K(HML-2) 5' LTRs suggests that CpG methylation had already silenced HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses millions of years ago. Direct silencing of HERV-K(HML-2) expression by CpG methylation enlightens upregulated HERV-K(HML-2) expression in usually hypomethylated GCT tissue.
Online Active Calibration for a Multi-LRF System (2015)

Multi-LRF(Laser Range Finder) systems have been broadly utilized in sensor fusion for automobile. In order to convert multiple LRF data into a unified coordinate system, we have to obtain the rigid transformation among multi-LRF. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for online extrinsic calibration of multi-LRFs by observing a planar checkerboard pattern and solving for transformation between the views of a planar checkerboard from a camera and multi-LRF. Existing LRF calibration is achieved by freely moving a checkerboard pattern and conducting much offline optimization. Compared with traditional algorithm, the advantages of our approach are twofold. Firstly, adopting the noise of images and LRF depth readings, we can exactly calculate the exact position and pose of the checkerboard that can largely reduce the transformation error. Secondly, the complete calibration process is online, which means the exact position and pose of the checkerboard can be obtained in real-time and manipulated by robotic arm. In the end, our calibration approach is validated through real experiments that show the superiority with respect to the state-of-art methods.
Planar infrared binary phase reflectarray (2008)

A reflective, binary phase reflectarray is demonstrated in the infrared, at a wavelength of 10.6 microm. The unique aspect of this work, at this frequency band, is that the specific desired phase shift is achieved using an array of subwavelength metallic patches on top of a ground-plane-backed dielectric stand-off layer. This is an alternative to the usual method of constructing a reflective Fresnel zone plate by means of a given thickness of dielectric. This initial demonstration of the reflectarray approach at infrared is significant in that there is inherent flexibility to create a range of phase shifts by varying the dimensions of the patches. This will allow for a multilevel phase distribution, or even a continuous variation of phase, across an optical surface with only two-dimensional lithography, avoiding the need for dielectric height variations.
TheR304Xmutationofthearylhydrocarbonreceptorinteracting proteingeneinfamilialisolatedpituitaryadenomas:Mutational hot-spotorfoundereffect? (2011)

Background:Mutationsinthearylhydrocarbonre- ceptorinteractingprotein(AIP)genehavebeendescribedin about15%ofkindredswithfamilialisolatedpituitaryadeno- masandinaminorityofearlyonsetsporadicpituitaryadeno- mas(PA).Amongthe AIPmutationsreportedsofar,theR304X (AIPR304X) represents, together with the Finnish mutation Q14X,themostcommonone. Methods:Three AIPR304XItalian families,includinganewlyreportedkindred,havebeengeno- typedfor12geneticmarkerssurroundingthe AIPgeneinor- dertolookforapotentialfoundereffectinItaly.Diseasepen- etranceandgenotype-phenotypecorrelationswerealsoad- dressed. Results:Analysisofchromosome11'geneticmarkers revealedacommonhaplotypein2 AIPR304Xkindredsoriginat- ingfromcentralItaly.Overall,17mutationscarrierswereiden- tified,including7patientsand10unaffectedsubjects,respec- tively,arguinginthiscaseforadiseasepenetranceof41%. Meanageatdiagnosiswas19.1±6.7yrold,withfemalestend- ing to be older than males. Though most PA were soma- totropinomas(6/7),agreatvariabilityindiseaseseveritywas observed,evenbetweensubjectssharingthesameat-riskhap- lotype. Conclusion:Thesedataprovidestrongevidencefora newfoundereffectofthe AIPR304XmutationincentralItalyand theobservedvariationsindiseaseseveritypointouttheroleof additionalgeneticorenvironmentalfactorsinsuchkindreds. (J.Endocrinol.Invest.33:800-805,2010) ©2010,EditriceKurtis
Reciprocal Space Constraints Create Real-Space Anomalies in Doped Carbon Nanotubes (2007)

When graphite is doped with electrons, carbon-carbon bonds lengthen and Raman-active phonons soften as antibonding states fill. However, in semiconducting carbon nanotubes, one Raman-active G-band mode increases in frequency at low doping levels. We show how phase constraints on the conduction-band wave function expose a latent bonding character in the conduction band of certain nanotubes. In these tubes, filling the lowest conduction band shortens the axial bonds even as it lengthens the circumferential bonds. The A{1}{LO} phonon, which preferentially stretches the axial bonds, then hardens even as the other phonons soften. Quantum confinement eliminates the angular averaging taken for granted in higher-dimensional systems and develops a new class of states, neither bonding nor antibonding, whose character depends on the angular orientation of the bonds in question.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Thermal Rearrangement of Allylic Nitro Derivatives into Allylic Alcohols. (1990)

Abstract Thermolysis of the allylic nitro compounds (I), (III), and (V) results in the formation of the allylic alcohols (II), (IV), or (VI) and (VII).
Capivasertib, an AKT Kinase Inhibitor, as Monotherapy or in Combination with Fulvestrant in Patients with AKT1 E17K-Mutant, ER-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (2020)

Capivasertib demonstrated clinically meaningful activity in heavily pretreated patients with <i>AKT1</i> <sup>E17K</sup>-mutant ER<sup>+</sup> MBC, including those with prior disease progression on fulvestrant. Tolerability and activity appeared improved by the combination.
Pressure dependence of the optical-absorption edge of diamond (1991)

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the optical-absorption edge of type-IIa diamond has been measured at room temperature to 2.3 GPa using a sapphire anvil cell. The absorption edge shifts toward higher energy at a rate of 6.0 meV/GPa, in fair agreement with the first-principles calculations of Fahy et al. [Phys. Rev. B 35, 5856 (1986); 36, 3373 (1987)].
Diabetic macular oedema: evidence‐based treatment recommendations for Asian countries (2017)

Diabetic macular oedema is the most common cause of diabetic retinopathy-induced vision loss. Efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in diabetic macular oedema has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. An Asian-specific guideline for diabetic macular oedema treatment is needed as patients in Asia tend to present with far more advanced disease than seen elsewhere in the world. Previous reviews of diabetic macular oedema management lacked a broader assessment of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment choices and newer trials. Recent clinical trial data allow head-to-head comparisons between the different anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents and treatment regimens. This review aims to summarize the clinical evidence related to various treatment regimens for clinicians, with a focus on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies, and to provide guidance on the treatment of diabetic macular oedema in Asian patients.
Smoothed embedded finite-volume method (sEFVM) for modeling contact mechanics in deformable faulted and fractured porous media (2022)

A smoothed embedded finite-volume modeling (sEFVM) method is presented for faulted and fractured heterogeneous poroelastic media. The method casts a fully coupled strategy to treat the coupling between fault slip mechanics, deformation mechanics, and fluid flow equations. This ensures the stability and consistency of the simulation results, especially, as the fault slip is implicitly found through an iterative prediction-correction procedure. The computational grid is generated independently for embedded faults and rock matrix. The efficiency is further enhanced by extending the finite-volume discrete space by introducing only one degree of freedom per fault element. The embedded approach can lead to an oscillatory stress field at the fault, which damages the robustness of the implicit slip detection strategy. To resolve this challenge, a smoothed embedded strategy is devised, in which the stress and slip profiles are post processed within the iterative loops by fitting the best curve based on a least-square error criterion. The sEFVM provides locally conservative mass flux and stress fields, on staggered grid. Its performance is further investigated for several proof-of-the-concept test cases, including a multiple fault system in a heterogeneous domain. Results indicate that the method develops a promising approach for field-scale relevant simulation of induced seismicity.
Drosophila gastrulation: analysis of cell shape changes in living embryos by three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy (1991)

The first event of Drosophila gastrulation is the formation of the ventral furrow. This process, which leads to the invagination of the mesoderm, is a classical example of epithelial folding. To understand better the cellular changes and dynamics of furrow formation, we examined living Drosophila embryos using three-dimensional time-lapse microscopy. By injecting fluorescent markers that visualize cell outlines and nuclei, we monitored changes in cell shapes and nuclear positions. We find that the ventral furrow invaginates in two phases. During the first 'preparatory' phase, many prospective furrow cells in apparently random positions gradually begin to change shape, but the curvature of the epithelium hardly changes. In the second phase, when a critical number of cells have begun to change shape, the furrow suddenly invaginates. Our results suggest that furrow formation does not result from an ordered wave of cell shape changes, contrary to a model for epithelial invagination in which a wave of apical contractions causes invagination. Instead, it appears that cells change their shape independently, in a stochastic manner, and the sum of these individual changes alters the curvature of the whole epithelium.
Electric Agents (2011)

Electric Agents is a cross-media game that presents new ways for children to actively engage with television content. In the game Manny, a member of the Pranksters, steals words out of the mouth of Hector, a member of The Electric Company team, and hides them to prevent the story from progressing. Children collaborate through a mobile augmented reality experience to find and collect the missing vocabulary words relevant to the show narrative. The players return the stolen words back to the show by "throwing" the words towards the television using their mobile devices. This blend of a narrative and a game strives to make educational television content more engaging and participatory while fostering collaborative play and use of specific vocabulary words.
Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Atherosclerosis (1998)

Overall, our data revealed that transfection of ribozyme against the apo(a) gene resulted in the selective inhibition of the apo(a) but not the plasminogen gene, providing novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of high Lp(a), a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α‐(1→3)‐Gal(NAc)‐Terminating Glycosides of Complex Tertiary Sugar Alcohols. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pancreatogastrostomy Versus Pancreatojejunostomy for RECOnstruction After PANCreatoduodenectomy (RECOPANC, DRKS 00000767) (2015)

Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. [email protected]
Kallikrein-Kinin System and Blood Pressure Sensitivity to Salt (1997)

We evaluated the blood pressure response to chronic salt loading in a rat strain inbred for low urinary kallikrein excretion. Low-kallikrein rats showed greater systolic blood pressure values (130 +/- 1 versus 114 +/- 2 mm Hg in controls; P < .05) at 9 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure was increased after 10 days of dietary sodium loading in the low-kallikrein group and remained unchanged in controls (153 +/- 1 versus 112 +/- 2 mm Hg, P < .01). In additional experiments, blood pressure sensitivity to salt was tested in low-kallikrein rats receiving a chronic infusion of rat glandular kallikrein (1.7 micrograms/day per 100 g body weight, IV) or vehicle. Systolic blood pressure of vehicle-treated rats was increased by salt loading (from 138 +/- 1 to 158 +/- 2, 153 +/- 1, and 145 +/- 2 mm Hg at 5, 10, and 15 days, respectively; P < .01), while it remained unchanged in the kallikrein-treated group (from 136 +/- 2 to 146 +/- 5, 140 +/- 2, and 134 +/- 4 mm Hg at 5, 10, and 15 days, respectively; P = NS). Urinary kallikrein excretion was increased by kallikrein infusion (from 13.6 +/- 1.4 to 17.8 +/- 2.1 nanokatals per 24 hours; P < .01). Plasma immunoreactive kallikrein levels were higher in the kallikrein-treated group (66.4 +/- 4.4 versus 57.7 +/- 1.4 ng/mL in vehicle-treated rats; P < .05). On normal sodium diet, the ratio of kidney weight to body weight was lower in low-kallikrein rats (329 +/- 5 versus 370 +/- 8 mg/100 g body weight in controls; P < .01). This difference was associated with a decreased number of glomeruli per unit square area and increased width of Bowman's space. These results indicate that kallikrein replacement prevents the exaggerated blood pressure increase observed in rats with a genetically determined defect in urinary kallikrein excretion. Histological abnormalities are present at different levels in the nephron, and they may be functionally related to the altered cardiovascular and renal phenotype of this strain.
Geographic Disparities in Access to Syringe Services Programs Among Young Persons With Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States (2017)

Using commercial laboratory data, we found 80% of 29382 young persons currently infected with hepatitis C virus lived >10 miles from a syringe services program. The median distance was 37 miles, with greater distances in rural areas and Southern and Midwestern states. Strategies to improve access to preventive services are warranted.
Generation of electron carriers in insulating thin film of MgIn2O4 spinel by Li+ implantation (1994)

Li+ implantation at room temperature of insulating thin films of polycrystalline MgIn2O4 spinel (∼1.3 μm thick) was found to generate electron carriers efficiently. Li+ ions were implanted at 80 keV to a fluence of 1×1016 cm−2 and subsequently at 160 keV to the same fluence. Some implanted films were subjected to a post-annealing at 300 °C. Depth profiles of implanted Li+ ions measured with secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy agreed with that calculated with the trim code. Conductivity at room temperature increased from σ&amp;lt;10−7 to ∼101 S cm−1 upon the Li+ implantation. The generation yield of electron carriers in the as-implanted film was ∼20% and increased up to ∼40% upon post-annealing. Two optical-absorption bands were induced upon the implantation, one at about ∼500 nm and another above ∼1000 nm extending to the IR region, which was attributed to plasma oscillation of electron carriers. The former band faded and the latter absorption increased its intensity upon post-annealing. He+ implantation, which was done for comparison, induced no change in electrical conductivity and no absorption band above ∼1000 nm.