gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of spatial coherence uniformity in exposure tools (1998)

A novel technique to characterize variations of the spatial (partial) coherence (sigma) across the image field in modern steppers and scanners has been developed and experimentally tested. It is based on the high sensitivity of the length L of macroscopically large diamond-shaped marks printed in photoresist to (sigma) variation. Variations in the (sigma) value across the image field lead to variations in the length of marks printed at different image field locations. The mark lengths are measured rapidly with high accuracy by a built-in optical system and then converted into (sigma) values using the calibration dependence L((sigma) ) measured in the same exposure tool. Simulation and experimental studies show that the level of projection lens aberrations in modern Nikon tools have practically no effect on (sigma) measurements obtained with this technique. Our results demonstrate that in the conventional illumination scheme, (sigma) distribution can be measured with an accuracy of 2.5%. The main advantage of the presented method is that (sigma) variation over the image field is characterized by the exposure tool itself, avoiding expensive and time-consuming SEM measurements. Moreover, since the measurement procedure is based on the wedge-shaped marks and laser scanning system currently used in Nikon tools for automated focus detection, implementation of the technique does not require any hardware or software modification.
Proteomics of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (2008)

Examination of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been performed for over 100 years. Since CSF is in direct contact with the extracellular surface of the brain, the biochemical composition of this fluid is altered in disorders related to the central nervous system. Hence, it is of great interest to investigate thoroughly the human CSF proteome, to identify proteins, and to examine possible biomarkers of, for example, neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter will provide a short introduction to proteins found in CSF and describe designs and applications of proteomics methods used for the analysis of CSF.
Abstract 4560: Anti-tumor activity of a fully human anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody in a transgenic mouse model (2011)

Abstract The costimulatory molecule CD27 is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, and is constitutively expressed on the majority of mature T cells, memory B cells, and a portion of NK cells. The interaction of CD27 with its ligand CD70 plays an important role in the activation, proliferation, survival, and maturation of effector capacity and memory in T cells; in clonal B cell expansion and germinal center formation; and in NK cell cytolytic activity. Previous published work demonstrated that agonistic anti-mouse CD27 mAbs, given without a DC maturation signal, have potent anti-tumor activity through boosting of T cell immunity. To explore the therapeutic potential of this target, a panel of fully human antibodies recognizing human CD27 was generated using human Ig transgenic mice immunized with recombinant CD27. These anti-CD27 mAbs showed specific and high affinity binding to recombinant CD27 and CD27-expressing lymphoma cells. Human CD27-transgenic (hCD27-Tg) mice were generated to evaluate the anti-CD27 mAbs in vivo. The CD27-Tg mouse line was back-crossed onto a Balb/c background in order to assess anti-tumor activity using the BCL1 B-lymphoma line. Approximately 107 BCL1 cells were delivered i.v. to backcrossed animals on day 0. Doses of 150 to 600 ug of our lead anti-CD27 mAb (clone 1F5) were delivered to mice i.p. on days 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. In multiple experiments, tumor growth in mice treated with the anti-CD27 mAb 1F5 was substantially delayed compared to that of control-treated mice. Further, many anti-CD27 treated animals did not show evidence of tumor growth several weeks past the point where all control animals had been euthanized. These data confirm that anti-human CD27 mAbs can mediate similar anti-tumor effects as the anti-mouse CD27 agonist antibodies. The 1F5 antibody was also demonstrated to cross-react with CD27 from cynomolgus monkeys, and in a small pilot study was well tolerated and without evidence of significant lymphocyte activation. Taken together the data support the therapeutic potential of this anti-CD27 mAb to enhance immune responses in cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4560. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4560
Inducing Spherical Flow Conditions with Formation Testers (2010)

Abstract Permeability is one of the most important parameters for evaluating the production potential of a reservoir. Though there are several ways to determine permeability, the focus here is on formation tester pretests. The pretest is a routine measurement that provides in situ values of formation mobility (permeability/viscosity) at several depths along a wellbore. Because this measurement is easily accessible, it is of interest to maximize the value of the information obtained. Two types of mobility can be determined from a pretest, one of them is the mobility obtained using the amplitude of the pressure signal, usually referred to as drawdown mobility. This measurement has a very shallow depth of investigation; therefore, it characterizes only the formation in the immediate vicinity of the probe, i.e., it is an indicator of the mobility at the wellbore wall, where formation damage is likely to occur. The uncertainty associated with this mobility measurement decreases when the drawdown is long enough to approximate steady state flow. Another way of inferring mobility is done by analyzing the pressure transient signal during the late stage of buildup, during the so-called spherical flow period, hence it is referred to as the spherical mobility. This method has the advantage of characterizing properties deeper in the formation. However, the spherical flow regime is usually difficult to identify in the recorded pressure signal, and in the few instances where it has been claimed to be identified, the inferred formation mobility is almost always smaller than the drawdown mobility. A major problem in analyzing pressure data during the spherical flow period is that it requires quantifying a small rate of change in the signal as equilibrium is approached. In this study, we model the performance of three different tool configurations with six different formations having mobility ranging from 0.001md/cp to 100md/cp, to identify the pretest parameters that maximize the pressure signal during the spherical flow regime. The results may be used as a general guideline on the selection of pretest parameters when the objective is to evaluate formation properties away from the wellbore. When representative values of drawdown and spherical mobility are obtained, it is possible to infer the undamaged formation mobility as well as the magnitude of the formation skin.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Distribution in Chronic Hepatitis B Populations: A Systematic Review (2011)

Many patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) seek help from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM treatment is based on syndrome differentiation. This study aimed to investigate the syndrome distribution in populations of CHB patients. The pre-specific search strategy was set, and 93 studies (20,106 participants) were identified by electronic and hand searches. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed. Data on syndrome distribution and correlations between syndromes and severity of CHB, were extracted and analyzed. Forty-seven syndromes were identified under 24 different syndrome diagnosis systems for CHB. The majority of included studies reported Liver Depression and Spleen Deficiency (LDSD) (52.54% of studies) or Liver-Gallbladder Dampness Heat (LGDH)/Dampness-Heat Obstructing Middle Energizer (DHME) (32.20%) as the major syndromes in CHB patients without cirrhosis. Pooled analysis revealed that LDSD and LGDH/DHME accounted for 61.19% of participants without cirrhosis. In addition, Liver-Kidney Yin Deficiency (LKYinD) (40.99%) and Spleen-Kidney Yang Deficiency (SKYangD) (40.43%) syndromes were common in patients with severe CHB. The percentage of patients with Blood Stasis syndrome increased as the disease progressed to cirrhosis (32.09%). To conclude, LDSD and LGDH/DHME syndromes are found in a significant majority of CHB patients, particularly in the early stages. LKYinD, SKYangD and Blood Stasis dominate in patients at more advanced stages. More epidemiological studies of high methodological quality on syndrome distribution in CHB and standardization of syndrome differentiation for CHB are required to confirm the trends indicated by the studies reviewed here; confirming these trends can increase the efficacy of treatment and give guidance to doctors.
Generalized Capacity and Source-Channel Coding for Packet Erasure Channels (2008)

We study the transmission of a stationary ergodic Gaussian source over a packet erasure channel, which is a composite channel with degraded states. A broadcast channel code can be applied to a composite channel to obtain different rates in the different channel states. However, we show that a non-broadcast direct transmission strategy achieves a higher expected rate than the broadcast code, although it does not meet Shannon's definition of reliable communication since it does not guarantee which bits will be received. Each channel code has a matching source code: the multiresolution source code allows the broadcast channel code to transmit prioritized information, and the symmetric multiple description source code enables direct transmission of unprioritized information. The end-to-end expected distortions of these schemes are also compared.
Efficient numerical method for the design of microwave active circuits (2002)

The real frequency technique with the Marquardt-More optimization algorithm is probably one of the best microwave active circuit synthesis methods available for the design of amplifiers and active filters. This numerical approach was introduced to overcome the limitations of the analytical methods, when applied to the single or double matching problem.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of the Potential Mannosidase Inhibitor (V) via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Involving Cyclic Nitrone and Unsaturated Chiral γ‐Lactone. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Topological mixing study of non-Newtonian duct flows (2006)

Tracer advection of non-Newtonian fluids in reoriented duct flows is investigated in terms of coherent structures in the web of tracer paths that determine transport properties geometrically. Reoriented duct flows are an idealization of in-line mixers, encompassing many micro and industrial continuous mixers. The topology of the tracer dynamics of reoriented duct flows is Hamiltonian. As the stretching per reorientation increases from zero, we show that the qualitative route from the integrable state to global chaos and good mixing does not depend on fluid rheology. This is due to a universal symmetry of reoriented duct flows, which we derive, controlling the topology of the tracer web. Symmetry determines where in parameter space global chaos first occurs, while increasing non-Newtonian effects delays the quantitative value of onset. Theory is demonstrated computationally for a representative duct flow, the rotated arc mixing flow.
Test–retest repeatability of MR elastography for noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment in hepatitis C (2011)

MRE is a highly reproducible modality for assessing liver stiffness in HCV patients and healthy subjects and can discriminate between moderate fibrosis and healthy liver. MRE is a promising modality for noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis (CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT00896233).
Design of an Advanced Heavy Tactical Truck: A Target Cascading Case Study (2001)

The target cascading methodology is applied to the conceptual design of an advanced heavy tactical truck. Two levels are defined: an integrated truck model is represented at the top (vehicle ) level and four independent suspension arms are represented at the lower (system ) level. Necessary analysis models are developed, and design problems are formulated and solved iteratively at both levels. Hence, vehicle design variables and system specifications are determined in a consistent manner. Two different target sets and two different propulsion systems are considered. Trade-offs between conflicting targets are identified. It is demonstrated that target cascading can be useful in avoiding costly design iterations late in the product development process.
Intensity noise in long-wavelength superluminescent sources (1991)

Noise in broadband 1.3- mu m superluminescent diodes (SLDs) is investigated experimentally, using a balanced detector arrangement to determine the excess noise factor as a function of photodetector current. Measurements were made in both the low-frequency 1/f, regime (<500 kHz) and the high-frequency quantum noise spectral region. The data at higher frequencies are in agreement with predictions of the quantum amplifier model, with values of the spontaneous emission coupling factors ranging from 1.2 to 1.9. It is also found that noise for one polarization of the light is uncorrelated with the noise for the orthogonal polarization over the 0-1 MHz frequency range. This implies that the 1/f, noise is not related to carrier density (gain) fluctuations in the active region of the device. An integrated optic chip design to compensate for the excess intensity noise in fiber gyroscopes is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
On Quantum Entropy (2022)

Quantum physics, despite its intrinsically probabilistic nature, lacks a definition of entropy fully accounting for the randomness of a quantum state. For example, von Neumann entropy quantifies only the incomplete specification of a quantum state and does not quantify the probabilistic distribution of its observables; it trivially vanishes for pure quantum states. We propose a quantum entropy that quantifies the randomness of a pure quantum state via a conjugate pair of observables/operators forming the quantum phase space. The entropy is dimensionless, it is a relativistic scalar, it is invariant under canonical transformations and under CPT transformations, and its minimum has been established by the entropic uncertainty principle. We expand the entropy to also include mixed states. We show that the entropy is monotonically increasing during a time evolution of coherent states under a Dirac Hamiltonian. However, in a mathematical scenario, when two fermions come closer to each other, each evolving as a coherent state, the total system’s entropy oscillates due to the increasing spatial entanglement. We hypothesize an entropy law governing physical systems whereby the entropy of a closed system never decreases, implying a time arrow for particle physics. We then explore the possibility that as the oscillations of the entropy must by the law be barred in quantum physics, potential entropy oscillations trigger annihilation and creation of particles.
Stochastic Resonance (2004)

Abstract Noise is usually considered a nuisance or a laboratory curiosity, better avoided, in most practical applications. However, certain nonlinear dynamic systems in nature (the most ubiquitous of these being, of course, the central nervous system) appear to utilize the background noise as an aid to the analysis of low‐intensity signals embedded in the noise floor. A phenomenon known as stochastic resonance (SR) has been studied in the context of this amplification of weak signals in a noise background; the effect is only one of a plethora of diversified behavior that is displayed by nonlinear dynamic systems in the presence of noise, and can actually lead to an energy transfer from the noise floor to the signal feature (in the response), under the appropriate operating conditions.
Supplementary Table 2 from Tumor Suppressor Functions of miR-133a in Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 45K, Characteristics of the CRC patients for miRNA validation.&lt;/p&gt;
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study with the Cancer Vaccine IGN101 in Patients with Epithelial Cancers (2004)

s for the 19th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer, San Francisco, California, November 4-7, 2004: Dendritic Cells and Vaccines
A fluorescence nanosensor for Cu2+ on silica particlesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental procedure; TEM images; NMR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectra; fluoresence titration. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b310582b/ (2003)

A fluorescence nanosensor for Cu2+ ions has been obtained by surface functionalization of silica particles with trialkoxysilane derivatized ligand and fluorescent dye.
Condensation of free volume in structures of nematic and hexatic liquid crystals (2018)

Eight novel liquid crystalline materials were prepared containing highly branched terminal chains, either 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl or 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl. All materials exhibit nematic mesophases, with additional smectic (Sm) C, hexatic B and SmI phases for certain homologues. Analysis by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals continual build-up of the correlation length within the nematic phases, where we also observe splitting of the small angle peak into four lobes, indicating pretransitional Sm fluctuations. Connoscopy confirms the nematic phase to be uniaxial and optically positive. We observe that in the solid state, the molecules exist as staggered antiparallel pairs as a consequence of the sterically demanding bulky terminal group, and this would also appear to manifest in the hexatic B phase, where the layer spacing was found to be greater than the molecular length. If true, this is an example of pair formation driven by sterics rather than dipole–dipole interactions and suggests that reentrant systems driven purely by steric frustration may be found.
Acute cerebral infarction in monkeys: an experimental study using MR imaging. (1987)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in five monkeys with experimentally induced acute cerebral infarction to define the MR imaging features and correlate these with computed tomographic (CT) findings, laboratory analysis, and histopathologic studies. Acute infarct (2-4 hours after embolization) was generally visible on MR images but not on CT scans. CT at 24 and 48 hours did show the infarcts. In all cases the infarct was more clearly depicted with MR imaging and was visualized as an area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Spectrometric nuclear MR measurements of the postmortem cerebral tissue confirmed prolongation of both T1 and T2 values similar to that calculated from MR images. At postmortem laboratory testing, the area of infarction detected with MR imaging had decreased specific gravity and increased water content, reflecting edema.
Elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: A phase I study. (2010)

8003 Background: Elotuzumab is a humanized antibody against a cell surface glycoprotein, CS1, which is highly expressed in multiple myeloma (MM). This phase I study was designed to determine MTD, safety, PK and response of elotuzumab in combination with bortezomib in relapsed/refractory MM patients (pts) following 1-3 prior therapies. Methods: Four escalating doses of elotuzumab (2.5 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg) were administered on D 1 and 11 and bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2) on D 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a 21-day cycle. Pts with ≥ stable disease after 4 cycles continued treatment until progression. Key entry criteria included age ≥ 18 years; confirmed MM diagnosis with 1 to 3 prior therapies including prior bortezomib and refractory MM; measurable M-protein in serum and/or urine. Results: In this fully enrolled study, 28 MM pts were treated; 3 each at 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg and 19 at 20 mg/kg elotuzumab. The 26 pts with completed analysis had a median of 3.4 years from initial MM diagnosis and a median of 2 prior lines of therapy. Eight pts (31%) had previously been treated with bortezomib and nine (35%) were refractory to the last MM therapy. No DLT was observed during the first treatment cycle and the MTD was not reached. Twelve SAEs were reported in 9 pts; two G3 events, chest pain and gastroenteritis, were assessed as elotuzumab- related. Unrelated SAEs included G4 hypercalcemia, G3 myocardial infarction, sepsis, vomiting, pneumonia (2 pts), G2 dehydration, G1 ileus and G1 incoherence. Most common AEs included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, thrombocytopenia, constipation, anemia, peripheral neuropathy, lymphopenia, neutropenia, and leukopenia. Best response (≥ MR) by combined EBMT and uniform criteria in 20 evaluable pts with ≥ 2 treatment cycles was 60% including 40% ≥ PR. Median time to progression (TTP) is currently 9.6 months. Preliminary analysis of bone marrow plasma cells indicated that ≥ PR correlate well with complete or near complete saturation of CS1 sites by elotuzumab. Conclusions: The combination of elotuzumab with bortezomib has a manageable safety profile and shows encouraging activity in relapsed and refractory MM with ≥MR in 60% pts and a median TTP of 9.6 months. Updated safety and efficacy data will be presented at the meeting. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Facet Biotech Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor Ortho Biotech, Exelixis, Millennium, Novartis, PDL BioPharma Facet Biotech Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centocor Ortho Biotech, Exelixis, Millennium Celgene, Facet Biotech, Millennium, Novartis
Learning to Disambiguate Strongly Interacting Hands via Probabilistic Per-pixel Part Segmentation (2021)

In natural conversation and interaction, our hands often overlap or are in contact with each other. Due to the homogeneous appearance of hands, this makes estimating the 3D pose of interacting hands from images difficult. In this paper we demonstrate that self-similarity, and the resulting ambiguities in assigning pixel observations to the respective hands and their parts, is a major cause of the final 3D pose error. Motivated by this insight, we propose DIGIT, a novel method for estimating the 3D poses of two interacting hands from a single monocular image. The method consists of two interwoven branches that process the input imagery into a per-pixel semantic part segmentation mask and a visual feature volume. In contrast to prior work, we do not decouple the segmentation from the pose estimation stage, but rather leverage the per-pixel probabilities directly in the downstream pose estimation task. To do so, the part probabilities are merged with the visual features and processed via fully-convolutional layers. We experimentally show that the proposed approach achieves new state-of-the-art performance on the InterHand2.6M dataset. We provide detailed ablation studies to demonstrate the efficacy of our method and to provide insights into how the modelling of pixel ownership affects 3D hand pose estimation.