gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy, used transcutaneously and non-invasively from a finger, to predict COVID-19: A feasibility, proof-of-concept study (2023)

Abstract BACKGROUND A definitive COVID-19 infection typically is diagnosed by laboratory tests, including real-time, reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based testing. These currently available COVID-19 tests require the patient to provide an extra-corporeal specimen and the results may not be immediate. Consequently, a variety of rapid antigen tests for COVID-19, all with a wide range of accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity, has proliferated (1,2). These rapid tests now represent a significantly larger proportion of all testing done for COVID-19, yet suffer from requiring a physical specimen from the nose or mouth and waiting 15 minutes for most. As a solution, we propose a non-invasive, trans-cutaneous, real-time viral detection device, based on the principles of Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. It does not require any extra-corporeal specimens and can be configured for self-administration. It can be easily used by non-experts and does not require medical training. Our approach suggests that our non-invasive, transcutaneous method may be broadly useful not only in COVID-19 diagnosis, but also in other diagnoses. METHODS 160 COVID positive (+) patients and 316 COVID negative (-) patients prospectively underwent nasal PCR testing concurrently with testing using our non-invasive, transcutaneous, immediate viral detector. Both the PCR and our experimental viral detector tests were performed side-by-side on outpatients (N=389) as well as inpatients (N= 87) at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, NJ between June 2021 and August, 2022. The spectroscopic data were generated using an 830nm Raman System with SpectraSoft (W2 Innovations)and then, using machine learning, processed to provide an immediate prediction. A unique patient-interface for finger insertion enabled the application of Raman spectroscopy to viral detection in humans. RESULTS The data analysis algorithm demonstrates that there is an informative Raman spectrum output from the device, and that individual Raman peaks vary between cases and controls. Our proof-of-concept study yields encouraging results, with a specificity for COVID-19 of 0.75, and a sensitivity (including asymptomatic patients) of 0.80. CONCLUSIONS The combination of Raman spectroscopy, artificial intelligence, and our unique patient-interface admitting only a patient finger achieved test results of 0.75 specificity and 0.80 sensitivity for COVID-19 testing in this first in human proof-of-concept study. More significantly, the predictability improved with increasing data.
Plasmonic Hybridization between Nanowires and a Metallic Surface: A Transformation Optics Approach (2011)

The interaction between metallic nanowires and a metal substrate is investigated by means of transformation optics. This plasmonic system is of particular interest for single molecule detection or nanolasers. By mapping such a plasmonic device onto a metal-insulator-metal infinite structure, its optical response can be fully derived analytically. In this article, the absorption cross-section of a nanowire placed close to a metallic surface is derived within and beyond the quasi-static limit. The system is shown to support several modes characterized by a different angular momentum and whose resonance red-shifts when the nanoparticle approaches the metal substrate. These resonances give rise to a drastic field enhancement (>10(2)) within the narrow gap separating the nanoparticle from the metal surface. The case of a nanowire dimer is also investigated and is closely related to the previous configuration. More physical insights are provided especially with respect to the invisibility dips appearing in the radiative spectrum. Numerical simulations have also been performed to confirm our analytical predictions and determine their range of validity.
High-resolution extreme ultraviolet laser spectroscopy of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ in the range from 91 to 98 nm (2005)

The present study shows that a coherent laser-based source in the region of the extreme ultraviolet offers great spectroscopic potential and is now applied in various spectroscopic investigations with a resolution and accuracy superior to the best classical spectrographs.
Aesop Fable for Network Loops (2016)

Detecting loops in data networks usually involves counting down a hop limit or caching data at each hop to detect a cycle. Using a hop limit means that the origin of a packet must know the maximum distance a packet could travel without loops. It also means a loop is not detected until it travels that maximum distance, even if that is many loops. Caching a packet signature at each hop, such as a hash or nonce, could require large amounts of memory at every hop because that cached information must persist for as long as a loop could forward packets. This paper presents a new distributed loop detection mechanism based on a Tortoise and Hare algorithm that can quickly detect loops without caching per-packet data at each hop with a modest amount of additional state in each packet.
Autophagy protects tumors from T cell–mediated cytotoxicity via inhibition of TNFα-induced apoptosis (2020)

Although T cell checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment of cancer, the molecular determinants of tumor cell sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing need further elucidation. Here, we describe a mouse genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen that identifies tumor cell TNFα signaling as an important component of T cell-induced apoptosis, with NF-κB signaling and autophagy as major protective mechanisms. Knockout of individual autophagy genes sensitized tumor cells to killing by T cells that were activated via specific TCR or by a CD3 bispecific antibody. Conversely, inhibition of mTOR signaling, which results in increased autophagic activity, protected tumor cells from T cell killing. Autophagy functions at a relatively early step in the TNFα signaling pathway, limiting FADD-dependent caspase-8 activation. Genetic inactivation of tumor cell autophagy enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in mouse tumor models. Thus, targeting the protective autophagy pathway might sensitize tumors to T cell-engaging immunotherapies in the clinic.
Evaluation of the Atrial Evoked Response for Capture Detection with High‐Polarization Leads (2005)

AutoCapture based on the evoked response can be confounded by electrode polarization. In this study, polarization was measured in human subjects who had chronic atrial leads. The aim of the study was to determine whether electrode polarization can be measured using a time integral atrial evoked-response integral (AERI) of the negative portion of the atrial paced ER evoked-response signal and to determine whether high-polarization atrial leads unsuitable for AutoCapture can be identified a priori. Atrial intracardiac-electrogram (IEGM) signals from 39 patients with implanted pacemakers were recorded and analyzed. The signals were recorded during conventional atrial-threshold searches. A total of 221 atrial-capture thresholds were recorded, ranging from 0.25 to 2.75 V with a mean of 0.79 V. Each evoked response was evaluated using the AERI in a 36 ms window following the 0.4 ms atrial stimulus. The polarization was estimated as a linear function of stimulus voltage using the evoked-response signal integral of captured beats identified on the IEGM. The 221 threshold-search datasets were obtained using leads with eight different electrode materials. Polarization could be measured using AERI as a function of stimulus voltage. Furthermore, this polarization measure can be used to identify high-polarization leads, which are ill suited for the atrial AutoCapture algorithm.
Distinct Molecular Mechanisms Account for the Specificity of Two Different T-Cell Receptors (2003)

Analysis of the thermodynamics of the interactions between the D3 T-cell receptor (TCR) and its natural ligand, an HIV peptide bound to a HLA-A0201 (HLA-A2) major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein, shows both similarities and striking differences when compared with the 2B4 TCR binding to its peptide-MHC ligand. The equilibrium thermodynamic parameters of both reactions are consistent with a conformational adjustment at the binding interface during the formation of specific TCR-peptide-MHC complexes. However, osmolytic reagents that dehydrate protein surfaces have profoundly different effects on the strength of the two reactions, indicating that water molecules make very different contributions-enhancing the binding of D3 TCR but weakening the binding of 2B4 TCR. The use of these different mechanisms by TCRs to recognize ligands might be an important means augmenting their inherent cross-reactivity.
Severe Asthma: Lessons Learned from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program (2011)

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) has characterized over the past 10 years 1,644 patients with asthma, including 583 individuals with severe asthma. SARP collaboration has led to a rapid recruitment of subjects and efficient sharing of samples among participating sites to conduct independent mechanistic investigations of severe asthma. Enrolled SARP subjects underwent detailed clinical, physiologic, genomic, and radiological evaluations. In addition, SARP investigators developed safe procedures for bronchoscopy in participants with asthma, including those with severe disease. SARP studies revealed that severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with varying molecular, biochemical, and cellular inflammatory features and unique structure-function abnormalities. Priorities for future studies include recruitment of a larger number of subjects with severe asthma, including children, to allow further characterization of anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, and genetic factors related to severe disease in a longitudinal assessment to identify factors that modulate the natural history of severe asthma and provide mechanistic rationale for management strategies.
Measuring the effective parameters of steering motions (2005)

The steering law model describes pointing device motion through constrained paths. Previous uses of the model are deficient because they are built using only error-free responses, ignoring altogether the path of the cursor. We correct this by proposing and validating a technique to include spatial variability, including errors. The technique is a variant of the well-known "effective target width" used in Fitts' law models. An experiment designed to test our technique demonstrates the improvement: Correlations are consistently higher when spatial variability is included in building the model. Suggestions to aid further development of the steering law model are included.
MU-MIMO downlink scheduling based on users' correlation and fairness (2014)

A scheduling algorithm based on weighted users' correlation and fairness (WUCFS) is proposed for MU-MIMO downlink broadcast channels (BC), to address the problem that traditional fairness scheduling algorithms cannot handle, i.e., they cannot accurately compute the achievable rate for each user in their iterative user selection process, thus creating an undesirable tradeoff between user fairness and system sum-rate. The proposed WUCFS is used to activate mobile subscribers by evaluating the correlation between the candidate and the selected users as well as those who may be scheduled for data transmission. Weighted inverse-correlation maximization is then employed to determine which users to be scheduled for data transmission. By estimating potential co-channel interference (CCI) a priori, our algorithm can accurately estimate the actual transmission rate of each mobile user, and fairly activate a set of users with small mutual interference. Compared to existing schemes, the proposed algorithm is shown to improve fairness among users while ensuring high system sum-rate.
Transforming Mesoscale Granular Plasticity Through Particle Shape (2019)

When an amorphous material is strained beyond the point of yielding, it enters a state of continual reconfiguration via dissipative, avalanchelike slip events that relieve built-up local stress. However, how the statistics of such events depend on local interactions among the constituent units remains debated. To address this we perform experiments on granular material in which we use particle shape to vary the interactions systematically. Granular material, confined under constant pressure boundary conditions, is uniaxially compressed while stress is measured and internal rearrangements are imaged with x rays. We introduce volatility, a quantity from economic theory, as a powerful new tool to quantify the magnitude of stress fluctuations, finding systematic, shape-dependent trends. In particular, packings of flatter, more oblate shapes exhibit more catastrophic plastic deformation events and thus higher volatility, while rounder and also prolate shapes produce lower volatility. For all 22 investigated shapes the magnitude s of relaxation events is well fit by a truncated power-law distribution Ps s - exp-s=s , as has been proposed within the context of plasticity models. The power-law exponent for all shapes tested clusters around 1.5, within experimental uncertainty covering the range 1.3-1.7. The shape independence of and its compatibility with mean-field models indicate that the granularity of the system, but not particle shape, modifies the stress redistribution after a slip event away from that of continuum elasticity. Meanwhile, the characteristic maximum event size s changes by 2 orders of magnitude and tracks the shape dependence of volatility. Particle shape in granular materials is therefore a powerful new factor influencing the distance at which an amorphous system operates from scale-free criticality. These experimental results are not captured by current models and suggest a need to reexamine the mechanisms driving mesoscale plastic deformation in amorphous systems.
Switched Allpass-to-Bandstop Absorptive Filters With Constant Group Delay (2016)

A new reconfigurable bandstop filter class is proposed, which has the unique property of possessing multiple insertion loss states with a common group delay state. These filters switch between a low-insertion-loss allpass state and a high-rejection bandstop state. The theory, synthesis, and design of these filters are presented. As a demonstration of the concept, a fourth-order constant-group-delay switched bandstop filter microstrip prototype was designed, built, and tested. The prototype has a measured bandstop-state center frequency of 1000 MHz, a 3-dB bandwidth of 119.15 MHz, a stopband rejection of 32.52 dB, a maximum allpass-state insertion loss of 4.08 dB, and a negligible group delay variation between the two states.
Collaborative defense against data injection attack in IEC61850 based smart substations (2016)

As the power distribution grid moves towards actualizing the concept of a smart grid, the dependence of reliable and secure grid operation on the communication architecture and data is increasing rapidly, along with the possible cyber-attack surface. In this paper first an agreement algorithm for a distribution substation with radial topology is presented that leverages the communication capabilities under the IEC61850 standard, along with basic power system concepts such as Kirchhoff's laws, to detect and locate a data injection attack in the communication system, a relay misconfiguration or a sensor failure that can cause an incorrect response to actual or apparent fault currents. Then a setup for a collaborative mechanism using the algorithm to detect and deter the impacts of such a data injection attack under different grid operating scenarios is introduced. The results of the demonstration of this setup, presented here, show that the proposed collaborative mechanism is consistently able to detect and deter the impacts of data injection and misconfiguration attacks as well as sensor failures in the IEC61850-based smart substation.
Analysis of a Flexible Bridge Rail System for High-Speed Roadways (2008)

The T6 tubular W-beam bridge rail has seen widespread use across the state of Texas. However, because it was unable to satisfy Test Level 3 (TL-3) impact performance requirements of NCHRP Report 350, it is no longer eligible for use on high-speed roadways. A new flexible bridge rail system, referred to herein as the T8 rail, has been designed for use on culverts and thin deck structures as a replacement for the T6 rail in high-speed applications. The T8 rail incorporates a tubular thrie beam rail element. Use of a tubular thrie beam provides additional rail height to improve stability for light truck vehicles, reduced clear opening to minimize the potential for vehicle underride, and a standard rail shape for ease of transitioning to approach guardrail. The anchor bolt pattern or “footprint” for the T8 post is the same as that used for the T6 post. This facilitates upgrade of existing T6 installations. Finite element impact simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the new tubular thrie beam bridge rail. The simulations indicated that the T8 rail should be capable of meeting TL-3 impact conditions of NCHRP Report 350. It is recommended that full-scale crash testing be conducted to verify the impact performance of the T8 bridge rail. Details of the recommended T8 bridge rail system are included in the report.
Absorbable biopolymers derived from dimer fatty acids (1993)

Abstract A new class of aliphatic copolyanhydrides was synthesized from nonlinear hydrophobic dimers (FAD) of erucic acid and sebacic acid which possessed the desired physico‐chemical and mechanical properties for use as a carrier for drugs. The polymers were synthesized by melt condensation to yield film‐forming polymers with molecular weights of 250,000. The copolymer composition was determined by 1 H‐NMR and gravimetric methods. In vitro degradation studies showed that these polymers degrade following a first‐order kinetics with a rapid degradation in the first 10 days leaving a residue which is mostly the FAD comonomer. The drug release from the polymer also followed a first‐order kinetics which correlates with the degradation process of the polymer. Drugs like carboplatin, methotrexate, tetracycline, and gentamicin were released in vitro for over 2 weeks and in some cases over 6 weeks. In vivo biocompatibility tests in rats and rabbits in the brain, muscle, and subcutaneously, demonstrated their toxicological inertness and biodegradability. The 1 : 1 copolymer of FAD : SA was selected as a carrier for various applications including a gentamicin‐releasing implant which is now undergoing human clinical trials for the treatment of osteomyelitis. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Federated AirNet: Hybrid Digital-Analog Neural Network Transmission for Federated Learning (2022)

A key issue in federated learning over wireless channels is how to exchange a large number of the model parameters via time-varying channels. Two types of solutions based on digital and analog schemes are used typically. The digital-based solution takes quantization and entropy coding for compression, whereas transmissions via wireless channels may cause catastrophic errors owing to the all-or-nothing behavior in entropy coding. The analog-based solutions such as AirNet and AirComp use analog modulation for the parameter transmissions. However, such an analog scheme often causes significant distortion due to the source signal's large power without compression gain. This paper proposes a novel hybrid digital-analog transmission-Federated AirNet--for the model parameter transmissions in federated learning. The Federated AirNet integrates low-rate digital coding and energy-compact analog modulation. The digital coding offers the baseline of the model parameters and compacts the source signal power. In addition, the residual parameters, which are obtained from the original and encoded model parameters, are analog-modulated to enhance the baseline according to the instantaneous wireless channel quality. We show that the proposed Federated AirNet yields better image classification accuracy compared with the digital-based and analog-based solutions over a wide range of wireless channel signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).
ChemInform Abstract: A Non‐Obvious Reaction Pathway in the Formation of 2‐Aminobenzene‐1,3‐ dicarbonitriles from α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones or Aldehydes. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sanitizing and Minimizing Databases for Software Application Test Outsourcing (2014)

Testing software applications that use nontrivial databases is increasingly outsourced to test centers in order to achieve lower cost and higher quality. Not only do different data privacy laws prevent organizations from sharing this data with test centers because databases contain sensitive information, but also this situation is aggravated by big data - it is time consuming and difficult to anonymize, distribute, and test with large databases. Deleting data randomly often leads to significantly worsened test coverages and fewer uncovered faults, thereby reducing the quality of software applications. We propose a novel approach for Protecting and mInimizing databases for Software TestIng taSks (PISTIS) that both sanitizes and minimizes a database that comes along with an application. PISTIS uses a weight-based data clustering algorithm that partitions data in the database using information obtained using program analysis that describes how this data is used by the application. For each cluster, a centroid object is computed that represents different persons or entities in the cluster, and we use associative rule mining to compute and use constraints to ensure that the centroid objects are representative of the general population of the data in the cluster. Doing so also sanitizes information, since these centroid objects replace the original data to make it difficult for attackers to infer sensitive information. Thus, we reduce a large database to a few centroid objects and we show in our experiments with two applications that test coverage stays within a close range to its original level.