gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
System-Level Performance of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) under Various Environments (2015)

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising multiple access scheme for further improving the spectrum efficiency compared to that for orthogonal multiple access (OMA) in the 5th Generation (5G) mobile communication systems. All of the existing evaluations for NOMA focus on the macrocell deployment since NOMA fully utilizes the power domain and the difference in channel gains, e.g., path loss, between users, which is typically sufficiently large in macrocells. Currently, small cells are becoming important and being studied for future Long-Term Evolution (LTE) enhancements in order to improve further the system performance. Thus, it is of great interest to study the performance of NOMA for small cell deployment under various environments. This paper investigates the system level performance of NOMA in small cells considering practical assumptions such as the single user multiple-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) technique, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), feedback channel quality indicator (CQI). Some of the key NOMA specific functionalities, including multi-user paring and transmit power allocation are also taken into account in the evaluation. Based on computer simulations, we show that for both macrocell and small cell deployments, NOMA can still provide a larger throughput performance gain compared to that for OMA.
How does a drug-coated balloon work? Overview of coating techniques and their impact. (2016)

Paclitaxel continues to be the drug of choice, the dose varies between 2 and 3.5 µg/mm² balloon surface. Neither animal experiments nor clinical trials have demonstrated problems in vessel segments treated with overlapping balloons. Future developments are expected to improve efficacy in additional disease conditions (e.g., calcified vessels) and vessel territories.
The History of Education as the History of Reading * (2013)

My fundamental premise is simply this: that the history of reading is essential to recovering the history of education. All education involves some form of reading: that is, deciphering and extracting information from a text. It might be a printed text (like a primer), an oral text (say, a professorial lecture), a broadcast text (a television news programme), or even a musical text (you can learn a lot by listening to a concert). But all texts educate. This axiom, of course, leads to a very expansive definition of education, which would include formal, informal and self-education. It certainly presumes that education is a lifelong process that takes place both inside and outside classrooms. Such a broad remit would make the historiography of education essential to, and practically coextensive with, the historiography of culture. I, for one, have no problem with such an all-inclusive approach. However, it would probably compel historians of education to devote less attention to institutional structures and more to the intellectual experiences of actual students—because, as we all know, bureaucratic directives do not necessarily determine what goes on in the classroom, and pupils may read textbooks in ways that teachers, superintendents and cabinet ministers never imagined or intended.
Visible spontaneous emission by atoms in an optical resonator (1987)

Recently, we observed enhancement and inhibition of visible spontaneous emission by atoms in a confocal resonator. 1 In these experiments, the partial emission rate of the atom into the resonator modes is modified by a factor of 1/(1 − R ), where R is the mirror reflectivity. The change in the total spontaneous emission rate is proportional to the solid angle ΔΩ subtended by the mirrors; the change was small (+1.6%, −0.5%) because ΔΩ ≈ 0.04 sr was small. Currently we are conducting experiments in which atoms are placed in a concentric resonator of large solid angle ΔΩ ≈ 3.6 sr and finesse of ~10. We estimate that a 30% decrease and 300% increase should be observable in the total spontaneous emission rate, when the resonator is tuned off or on-resonance, respectively. Results of this new experiment are presented. In addition to studying spontaneous processes, one can also consider the stimulated emission which occurs when a cavity field builds up which contains more than one photon. We have formulated a model which describes both the spontaneous and stimulated emission by the atom into the cavity and clarifies the relationship between enhanced spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
Analytical and Simulation Study of Multibeam Electron Generation for High Power Microwave Sources (2021)

We present a novel concept for generating multibeams (multiple electron beams) with different energies from a single cathode stalk at a single potential using two nested magnetically insulated coaxial diodes (MICDs). Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are performed using an actual experimental parameter-based geometry where two thin-walled intense relativistic electron beams immersed in a strong uniform magnetic field propagate through a cylindrical vacuum channel. The analytically derived results are obtained by extending Fedosov’s 1 , 2 solution for generating a hollow electron beam from a single MICD on a cathode stalk to two MICDs on a single cathode stalk at a single potential. Two electron beams are generated and accelerated downstream assuming zero initial kinetic energy of the electrons at the cathodes. Results show both electron beam currents ranging from 66 A – 2 kA with an energy difference ranging from 6 – 27% depending on the applied potentials which range from 100-600 kV and the geometry of the two MICDs. An optimal geometry is a crucial factor in achieving the maximum energy difference between the electron beams for comparable currents. The analytical and numerical simulation results show good agreement. We are currently in the process of planning experiments using the SINUS-6 electron beam accelerator to validate the theoretical and simulation results. These results will be used to design a multibeam TWT based on the theory of Figotin. 3
Head-worn displays: Will the future come to us through new eyes or from the palms of our hands? (2011)

Augmented mobile viewing systems that are compact, low cost, and convenient with resolution that approaches that of the human visual system are back in the news. I will review key technology paths to compact eyeglass-format head worn displays and contrast them with some of the largest ﬁeld of view designs to-date.
Design of Dithienopyran-Based Conjugated Polymers for High-Performance Electrochromic Devices (2023)

Numerous conjugated polymer-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been developed, but the correlation between electronic properties of electrochromic polymers (ECPs) and their EC performance, especially response speeds, has been rarely explored. In this work, we propose two new dithienopyran-based ECPs containing different heteroatoms with distinct electronic characteristics to elucidate the effect of the electronic structure of ECPs on EC performance. When electron-donating alkoxy groups are fused into ECPs (P(DT-P)), their highest occupied molecular orbital energy level becomes higher than the alkylthio (electron withdrawing group)-containing ECPs (P(DT-TP)) and the oxidation of P(DT-P) is easier. In addition, the P(DT-P) in the oxidized state is relatively stable due to the stabilization through the resonance of the lone-pair electron of the oxygen atom. These features contribute to the rapid bleaching of the P(DT-P) (∼0.5 s). In contrast, the alkylthio group of P(DT-TP) pulls electrons and destabilizes the radical cation in the oxidized state. Thus, when the P(DT-TP) is oxidized (bleached), the recovery to the neutral state (colored state) is preferred, leading to fast coloration (∼0.4 s) and unprecedentedly high coloration efficiency (∼1323 cm2/C). Both systems can retain more than 90% of their initial optical contrast after 5000 cyclic switchings, indicating their high feasibility for commercialization.
In Vitro Cell-Mediated Biomineralisation of 3D Porous Carriers – A Biomimicry Strategy Towards Bone Regeneration (2012)

Introduction: In vitro engineering of tissue intermediates that are highly recognised by in vivo systems may guide tissue regeneration more effectively than using fully-matured tissue engineering constructs. Essentially, these intermediates should contain engineered modalities that comprise biomimetic hierarchical structures and signaling motifs capable to initiate the full cascade of tissue/organ development upon implantation. In this study, we examined if the deposition of a biologically-derived extracellular mineralised matrix onto 3D open porous scaffolds via a novel in vitro cell-mediated biomineralisation process (CMBio), would support osteoinduction. Methods: We first screened for the osteogenicity of synthetic calcium phosphate (CaP) 2D substrates [prepared through chemical precipitation by mixing equal volume of various concentrations of Ca2+ and PO43- -enriched media (ranges from 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mM) on cell culture plastics] and studied the in vitro proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of a MSC-like osteoprogenitors derived from human periosteum (i.e. hPDCs) on these substrates. The optimum [Ca2+] and [PO43-] were then identified and translated into the formulations of biomineralisation medium (BM) to facilitate CMBio of 3D porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds after seeding with 150 x 103 hPDCs per scaffold and culturing for 21 days. The cell growth in BM was monitored by metabolic activity measurements. After 21 days, samples were harvested and decellularised via three freeze-thaw cycles in liquid nitrogen and 37 oC water bath. Two million freshly expanded hPDCs were seeded onto the decellularised carriers and implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Implants were retrieved after 8 weeks for histological analysis. Results: In vitro study showed that CaP 2D substrates induced significantly higher cell growth (p<0.001) (figure 1b) and alkaline phosphatase activity (data not shown) than the controls after 21 days of culture. This allowed us to select 6 and 4 mM of Ca2+ and PO43- to formulate three types of BM1, 2 and 3 (figure 1a), and successfully induce a range of 3D cell and mineralised matrix depositions on Ti6Al4V porous scaffolds (figure 1C). Ectopic bone formation assay showed that all decellularised carriers (in combination with freshly seeded hPDCs) induced new bone formation along the surface of scaffolds (figure 1d). Interestingly, under condition BM2 produced carriers resulted in bone formation that covered the scaffold struts with presented bone marrow compartments. In contrast, non-mineralised scaffold (OM-) seeded with fresh cells failed to induce bone formation. Discussion & Conclusion: In this study, we showed that the proposed CMBio process has potential as novel surface functionalisation strategy to enhance the osteoinductivity of 3D porous biomaterials, through the introduction of a biologically-derived matrix that contain biomimetic and functional modalities.
RASLseqTools: open-source methods for designing and analyzing RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and, Ligation sequencing (RASL-seq) experiments (2016)

RNA-mediated oligonucleotide Annealing, Selection, and Ligation (RASL-seq) is a method to measure the expression of hundreds of genes in thousands of samples for a fraction of the cost of competing methods. However, enzymatic inefficiencies of the original protocol and the lack of open source software to design and analyze RASL-seq experiments have limited its widespread adoption. We recently reported an Rnl2-based RASL-seq protocol (RRASL-seq) that offers improved ligation efficiency and a probe decoy strategy to optimize sequencing usage. Here, we describe an open source software package, RASLseqTools, that provides computational methods to design and analyze RASL-seq experiments. Furthermore, using data from a large RRASL-seq experiment, we demonstrate how normalization methods can be used for characterizing and correcting experimental, sequencing, and alignment error. We provide evidence that the three principal predictors of RRASL-seq reproducibility are barcode/probe sequence dissimilarity, sequencing read depth, and normalization strategy. Using dozens of technical and biological replicates across multiple 384-well plates, we find simple normalization strategies yield similar results to more statistically complex methods.
Flow patterns in the sedimentation of an elliptical particle (2009)

We study the dynamics of a single two-dimensional elliptical particle sedimenting in a Newtonian fluid using numerical simulations. The main emphasis in this work is to study the effect of boundaries on the flow patterns observed during sedimentation. The simulations were performed using a multi-block lattice Boltzmann method as well as a finite-element technique and the results are shown to be consistent. We have conducted a detailed study on the effects of density ratio, aspect ratio and the channel blockage ratio on the flow patterns during sedimentation. As the channel blockage ratio is varied, our results show that there are five distinct modes of sedimentation: oscillating, tumbling along the wall, vertical sedimentation, horizontal sedimentation and an inclined mode where the particle sediments with a non-trivial orientation to the vertical. The inclined mode is shown to form a smooth bridge between the vertical and horizontal modes of sedimentation. For narrow channels, the mode of sedimentation is found to be sensitively dependent on the initial orientation of the particle. We present a phase diagram showing the transitions between the various modes of sedimentation with changing blockage ratio of the channel.
Effect of UV Pretreatment on the Nanopore Formation within Organosilicate Thin Films (2007)

We have investigated the low-temperature cure process to realize nanoporous organosilicate thin films at temperature below 150°C&#13;\nby adding a small amount of photoacid generator PAG followed by UV irradiation. The Gemini surfactant, which decomposes&#13;\nin the temperature range from 170 to 420°C, was used as a pore-generating material porogen for organosilicate matrix. The UV&#13;\npretreatment in the presence of PAG lowers the condensation temperature of poly methyl silsesquioxane matrix and leads to the&#13;\nfast matrix vitrification enabling the addition of increased amount of porogens. Because the full vitrification of the matrix 150°C &#13;\nby UV pretreatment in the presence of PAG below the decomposition temperature of porogens 170°C prevents the pore collapse,&#13;\nthe porosity up to 35.5% was achieved with an average pore size of 3.4 nm, as measured from X-ray reflectivity as well as&#13;\nellipsometric porosimetry. It is shown that both dielectric constant and refractive index continue to decrease to 2.0 and 1.26,&#13;\nrespectively. The present experimental system demonstrates that porogens with low degradation temperature can be successfully&#13;\nincorporated to realize nanoporous films without pore collapse. Consequently, this process can widen the choice of porogens to&#13;\nprepare nanoporous films.
T Cell Inactivation by Poxviral B22 Family Proteins Increases Viral Virulence (2014)

Infections with monkeypox, cowpox and weaponized variola virus remain a threat to the increasingly unvaccinated human population, but little is known about their mechanisms of virulence and immune evasion. We now demonstrate that B22 proteins, encoded by the largest genes of these viruses, render human T cells unresponsive to stimulation of the T cell receptor by MHC-dependent antigen presentation or by MHC-independent stimulation. In contrast, stimuli that bypass TCR-signaling are not inhibited. In a non-human primate model of monkeypox, virus lacking the B22R homologue (MPXVΔ197) caused only mild disease with lower viremia and cutaneous pox lesions compared to wild type MPXV which caused high viremia, morbidity and mortality. Since MPXVΔ197-infected animals displayed accelerated T cell responses and less T cell dysregulation than MPXV US2003, we conclude that B22 family proteins cause viral virulence by suppressing T cell control of viral dissemination.
Experiments on Incremental Burring Process of Branched PipeUsing a Bar Tool (2009)

Branched tubes are an important component of the piping system. A new incremental burring process for manufacturing branched tubes is developed to enhance the formability, product quality and process flexibility of large branched tubes. A significantly crucial process history using a bar tool is proposed suitably on the basis of features of conventional forming processes. Concerning incremental burring processes, proper forming conditions were decided using FE simulation, as previously reported. In this study, to put a new burring method to practical use, a large branched pipe is studied. In the experiment, the following branched tubes are used: A5083-O, SUS304 and SS400 with diameters of 300 and 400 mm and wall thicknesses of 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0mm. The equipment is remodeled to achieve new processes and a bar tool with diameter of 65 mm is used. The method consists of three stages. The history of thickness reduction ratio distribution is almost the same as that in the analysis. Moreover, the thickness reduction ratio distribution at the edges of the branched tubes is hardly affected by the materials and thicknesses of the work. The results show that branched tube can be burred under a cold condition and its use can flexibly reduce the die cost related to the diameter of the branched tube with a bar tool.
Melatonin suppresses doxorubicin‐induced premature senescence of A549 lung cancer cells by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction (2012)

Melatonin is an indolamine that is synthesized in the pineal gland and shows a wide range of physiological functions. Although the anti-aging properties of melatonin have been reported in a senescence-accelerated mouse model, whether melatonin modulates cellular senescence has not been determined. In this study, we examined the effect of melatonin on anticancer drug-induced cellular premature senescence. We found that the doxorubicin (DOX)-induced senescence of A549 human lung cancer cells and IMR90 normal lung cells was substantially inhibited by cotreatment with melatonin in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the DOX-induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and the decrease in cyclinB and cdc2 expression were not affected by melatonin. However, the DOX-induced increase in intracellular levels of ROS, which is necessary for premature senescence, was completely abolished upon melatonin cotreatment. In addition, the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential that occurs upon DOX treatment was inhibited by melatonin. An aberrant increase in mitochondrial respiration was also significantly suppressed by melatonin, indicating that melatonin ameliorates the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by DOX treatment. The treatment of A549 cells with luzindole, a potent inhibitor of melatonin receptors, failed to prevent the effects of melatonin treatment on mitochondrial functions and premature senescence in cells also treated with DOX; this suggests that melatonin suppresses DOX-induced senescence in a melatonin receptor-independent manner. Together, these results reveal that melatonin has an inhibitory effect of melatonin on premature senescence at the cellular level and that melatonin protects A549 cells from DOX-induced senescence. Thus, melatonin might have the therapeutic potential to prevent the side effects of anticancer drug therapy.
A New Approach to Proving the Correctness of Multiprocess (1979)

A new, nonassertional approach to proving multiprocess program correctness is described by proving the correctness of a new algorithm to solve the mutual exclusion problem. The algorithm is an improved version of the bakery algorithm. It is specified and proved correct without being decomposed into indivisible, atomic operations. This allows two different implementations for a conventional, nondistributed system. Moreover, the approach provides a sufficiently general specification of the algorithm to allow nontrivial implementations for a distributed system as well.
Rapid Quantification of Plasma Creatinine Using a Novel Kinetic Enzymatic Assay (2020)

Our novel and versatile enzymatic assay to measure plasma creatinine using kinetic analysis with SOX as the limiting enzyme is rapid (<2 mins), sensitive, and specific and demonstrates excellent concordance with the laboratory standard. We anticipate this rapid kinetic assay to be compatible with emerging technologies in the field of portable diagnostic devices, such as the usage of silicon photonics to monitor biochemical reactions.
The Challenges of Electronic Cooling: Past, Current and Future (2004)

This paper represents my personal recapitulation of my 4 decades of continuous involvement in all phases of electronic cooling, from conceptual design, through engineering development to product implementation. The cooling designs that we applied successfully in the past are reviewed chronologically. The challenges we are currently facing are also discussed and an attempt is made to forecast the challenges that will confront the electronics cooling community in the near and distant future. The paper includes a summary of IBM sponsored research spanning a period of 25 years at 12 universities on a wide range of topics related to electronic cooling technology.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Hierarchical Porous Architectures (2019)

Concurrent advances in the programmable synthesis of nanostructured materials and additive three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing have created a rich and exciting opportunity space to fabricate novel materials and devices. In particular, creating complex hierarchical device geometries from mesoporous materials presents several scientifically interesting and technologically relevant challenges. Here, we show how digital light processing of photoresponsive building block defined by an oxozirconium methacrylate cluster with 12 methacrylic acid ligands can be used to enable the creation of complex superstructures characterized by multilevel porous networks. Inspired by similarly complex 3D hierarchical mesoporous structures ubiquitous in nature, we demonstrated the fabrication of a 3D leaf as a proof of concept. This work demonstrates how exciting opportunity space emerging at the intersection of inorganic building blocks, mesoporous materials, and 3D digital light processing opens new pathways to create functional hierarchical superstructures and devices with complex geometries.
On Communicating Computational Research (2013)

Prof. Ellis's presentation focuses on the challenges, and the benefits, of sharing the results of computational research through various methods, including: traditional publications, public talks, interactive online demos, APIs and libraries, and code sharing. He particularly emphasizes the potential of code sharing in a world where commodity machines can make reproducibility increasingly affordable and attainable.