gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resonant phase-matching between a light wave and a free-electron wavefunction (2020)

As charged particles surpass the speed of light in an optical medium they produce radiation - analogously to the way jet planes surpass the speed of sound and produce a sonic boom. This radiation emission, known as the Cherenkov effect, is among the most fundamental processes in electrodynamics. As such, it is used in numerous applications of particle detectors, particle accelerators, light sources, and medical imaging. Surprisingly, all Cherenkov-based applications and experiments thus far were fully described by classical electrodynamics even though theoretical work predicts new Cherenkov phenomena coming from quantum electrodynamics. The quantum description could provide new possibilities for the design of highly controllable light sources and more efficient accelerators and detectors. Here, we provide a direct evidence of the quantum nature of the Cherenkov effect and reveal its intrinsic quantum features. By satisfying the Cherenkov condition for relativistic electron wavefunctions and maintaining it over hundreds of microns, each electron simultaneously accelerates and decelerates by absorbing and emitting hundreds of photons in a coherent manner. We observe this strong interaction in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope, achieving for the first time a phase-matching between a relativistic electron wavefunction and a propagating light wave. Consequently, the quantum wavefunction of each electron evolves into a coherent plateau, analogous to a frequency comb in ultrashort laser pulses, containing hundreds of quantized energy peaks. Our findings prove that the delocalized wave nature of electrons can become dominant in stimulated interactions. In addition to prospects for known applications of the Cherenkov effect, our work provides a platform for utilizing quantum electrodynamics for applications in electron microscopy and in free-electron pump-probe spectroscopy.
Liver macrophages: Friend or foe during hepatitis B infection? (2018)

The Hepatitis B virus chronically infects the liver of 250 million people worldwide. Over the past decades, major advances have been made in the understanding of Hepatitis B virus life cycle in hepatocytes. Beside these parenchymal cells, the liver also contains resident and infiltrating myeloid cells involved in immune responses to pathogens and much less is known about their interplay with Hepatitis B virus. In this review, we summarized and discussed the current knowledge of the role of liver macrophages (including Kupffer cells and liver monocyte-derived macrophages), in HBV infection. While it is still unclear if liver macrophages play a role in the establishment and persistence of HBV infection, several studies disclosed data suggesting that HBV would favour liver macrophage anti-inflammatory phenotypes and thereby increase liver tolerance. In addition, alternatively activated liver macrophages might also play in the long term a key role in hepatitis B-associated pathogenesis, especially through the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Therapies aiming at a transient activation of pro-inflammatory liver macrophages should therefore be considered for the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
Decision Making and Problem Solving (1987)

The MS/OR community has, as its common mission, the development of tools and procedures to improve problem solving and decision making. This report discusses the advances needed to combine human thinking with intelligent machines to achieve a more productive society. Areas of high potential include research in expert systems, conflict resolution, agenda setting, decision making in an organizational setting, and empirical studies of individual behavior. The resources currently being applied to research in decision making and problem solving are modest and are not commensurate with the opportunities or the human resources available for exploiting them.
Uniform Threshold Scalar Quantizer Performance in Wyner-Ziv Coding With Memoryless, Additive Laplacian Correlation Channel (2006)

The performance of a uniform-threshold scalar quantizer in Wyner-Ziv coding is investigated in this paper. To derive analytical expressions we assume the abstract correlation channel from the side information to the source to be encoded is memoryless, additive Laplacian. Furthermore, in order to focus our attention on the performance of the quantizer, the Wyner-Ziv coding scheme is assumed to encode the quantizer output by using perfect Slepian-Wolf coding. Analytical expressions for the operational rate-distortion function are obtained for this case. By evaluating these analytical expressions, we show that scalar quantization with a mid-tread uniform threshold quantizer, followed by perfect Slepian Wolf coding achieves performance which is close to the theoretical Wyner-Ziv rate-distortion bound at low rates
Kinetics of T cell receptor β, γ, and δ rearrangements during adult thymic development: T cell receptor rearrangements are present in CD44+CD25+Pro-T thymocytes (1998)

We performed a comprehensive analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) gamma rearrangements in T cell precursors of the mouse adult thymus. Using a sensitive quantitative PCR method, we show that TCRgamma rearrangements are present in CD44(+)CD25(+) Pro-T thymocytes much earlier than expected. TCRgamma rearrangements increase significantly from the Pro-T to the CD44(-)CD25(+) Pre-T cell transition, and follow different patterns depending on each Vgamma gene segment, suggesting that ordered waves of TCRgamma rearrangement exist in the adult mouse thymus as has been described in the fetal mouse thymus. Recombinations of TCRgamma genes occur concurrently with TCRdelta and D-Jbeta rearrangements, but before Vbeta gene assembly. Productive TCRgamma rearrangements do not increase significantly before the Pre-T cell stage and are depleted in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive cells from normal mice. In contrast, double-positive thymocytes from TCRdelta-/- mice display random proportions of TCRgamma rearranged alleles, supporting a role for functional TCRgamma/delta rearrangements in the gammadelta divergence process.
Vertebrates have conserved capping protein α isoforms with specific expression patterns (1997)

Capping protein (CP), a ubiquitous actin binding protein composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, is important for actin assembly and cell motility. Lower organisms have one gene and one isoform of each subunit. Chickens have two very similar alpha-subunit isoforms. To determine if vertebrates in general contain multiple alpha isoforms and if those alpha isoforms have conserved sequences, we isolated and analyzed alpha subunit cDNA's in mice and humans. Both mice and humans also have two alpha isoforms. Phylogenetic analysis of the alpha isoform sequences reveals that vertebrates have two highly conserved subfamilies, alpha1 and alpha2. The alpha1 and alpha2 subfamilies are very similar to each other but can be defined and distinguished from each other by a small number of key amino acid residues. In addition, 3' untranslated cDNA sequences are conserved within the isoform subfamilies. To investigate the function of the alpha isoforms, we examined their expression in mouse cells and tissues. Endothelial cells contain only the alpha2 isoform, and erythrocytes contain almost exclusively the alpha1 isoform. Most tissues have both alpha1 and alpha2 isoforms but the ratio of alpha1:alpha2 varies widely. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that the CP alpha isoforms have conserved, unique and essential roles in vertebrates.
Low-Order Modeling of Nonlinear High-Frequency Transversal Thermoacoustic Oscillations in Gas Turbine Combustors (2016)

This paper analyzes transversal thermoacoustic oscillations in an experimental gas turbine combustor utilizing dynamical system theory. Limit cycle acoustic motions related to the first linearly unstable transversal mode of a given 3D combustor configuration are modeled, and reconstructed by means of a low order dynamical system simulation. The source of nonlinearity is solely allocated to flame dynamics, saturating the growth of acoustic amplitudes, while the oscillation amplitudes are assumed to always remain within the linearity limit. First, a Reduced Order Model (ROM), which reproduces the combustor’s modal distribution and damping of acoustic oscillations is derived. The ROM is a low-order state-space system, which results from a projection of the Linearized Euler Equations (LEE) into their truncated eigenspace. Second, flame dynamics are modeled as a function of acoustic perturbations by means of a nonlinear transfer function. This function has a linear and a nonlinear contribution. The linear part is modeled analytically from first principles, while the nonlinear part is mathematically cast into a cubic saturation functional form. Additionally, the impact of stochastic forcing due to broadband combustion noise is included by additive white noise sources. Then, the acoustic and the flame system is interconnected, where thermoacoustic non-compactness due to the transversal modes’ high frequency is accounted for by a distributed source term framework. The resulting nonlinear thermoacoustic system is solved in frequency and time domain. Linear growth rates predict linear stability, while envelope plots and probability density diagrams of the resulting pressure traces characterize the thermoacoustic performance of the combustor from a dynamical systems theory perspective. Comparisons against experimental data are conducted, which allow the rating of the flame modes in terms of their capability to reproduce the observed combustor dynamics. Ultimately, insight into the physics of high-frequency, transversal thermoacoustic systems is created.
Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (2013)

Welcome to MobiSys 2013: The Eleventh International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. As the premier forum for presenting the latest research in mobile and wireless systems, this year's conference attracted a record number of 211 submissions, a sign of continuing vibrancy and increasing maturity of our community. In addition to the strong technical program covering virtually every major topic of mobile systems research, we've incorporated a new video program showcasing innovative ideas selected from submissions, and have continued the tradition of having an interactive demo and poster fest.

The Technical Program Committee and Industrial Reviewer Panel are to be lauded for their extraordinary effort in vetting each paper with care during the rigorous review process. Each paper was assigned to three Program Committee members for a first round of reviews. Each of the 211 papers with at least one positive review (weak accept) was assigned two additional reviewers from the Program Committee in the second round. A paper with potential industrial applications was further assigned to an Industrial Reviewer Committee member. In all, the Program Committee members and industrial reviewers generated 866 reviews and the top 60 papers received at least 5 reviews.

The Program Committee met for a full day at Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. The Committee discussed the top 60 papers and accepted 33 papers for the program. Each of these 33 papers was shepherded by a member of the Program Committee, to ensure that recommendations made by the reviewers and during the Program Committee meeting were satisfactorily addressed. The resulting technical program is the fruit of labor by many. We want to thank all the authors of submitted papers. We are indebted to the Technical Program Committee and Industry Reviewer Panel for their extraordinary work in reviewing papers and providing feedback for the authors, and the Video Program Committee for reviewing and selecting the short videos.

We hope you will find the program interesting and thought-provoking, and you will take this opportunity to share your ideas while also networking with other researchers and practitioners from around the world.
Inhibition of Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 Prevents HIV-1 Tat-Mediated Neurotoxicity and Monocyte Activation (2006)

The HIV-1 gene products Tat and gp120 are toxic to neurons and can activate cells of myeloid origin, properties that are thought to contribute to the clinical manifestations of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). To investigate the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in these events, the effect of Tat and gp120 on mixed lineage kinase (MLK) 3 activation was examined. Tat and gp120 were shown to induce autophosphorylation of MLK3 in primary rat neurons; this was abolished by the addition of an inhibitor of MLK3 (CEP1347). CEP1347 also enhanced survival of both rat and human neurons and inhibited the activation of human monocytes after exposure to Tat and gp120. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type MLK3 led to the induction of neuronal death, whereas expression of a dominant negative MLK3 mutant protected neurons from the toxic effects of Tat. MLK3-dependent downstream signaling events were implicated in the neuroprotective and monocyte-deactivating pathways triggered by CEP1347. Thus, the inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK protected neurons from Tat-induced apoptosis, whereas the inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not of JNK, was sufficient to prevent Tat- and gp120-mediated activation of monocytes. These results suggest that the normal function of MLK3 is compromised by HIV-1 neurotoxins (Tat, gp120), resulting in the activation of downstream signaling events that result in neuronal death and monocyte activation (with release of inflammatory cytokines). In aggregate, our data define MLK3 as a promising therapeutic target for intervention in HAD.
Prochelator BHAPI protects cells against paraquat-induced damage by ROS-triggered iron chelation (2012)

A prochelator named BHAPI (N'-(1-(2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyloxy)phenyl)ethylidene)isonicotinohydrazide) based on the structure of experimental metal chelator HAPI (N'-[1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyliden]isonicotinoylhydrazide) has been synthesized. The prochelator, which shows limited affinity for metal ions, is converted efficiently upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide into its chelator form, which binds di- and trivalent metal ions, including Zn(2+), Cu(2+) and Fe(3+). This work shows that the prochelator has a protective effect on cells under oxidative stress induced by either hydrogen peroxide or the cytotoxic herbicide paraquat. The effect of BHAPI and HAPI on cellular iron status was assessed by monitoring the mRNA level of the transferrin receptor. Whereas the chelator HAPI induces iron deficiency in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells, the prochelator does not, providing evidence that the differential metal-binding capacity of these compounds observed in vitro is replicated in the cellular context.
Factors related to abdominal pain in gastroparesis: contrast to patients with predominant nausea and vomiting (2013)

Moderate-severe abdominal pain is prevalent in gastroparesis, impairs quality of life, and is associated with idiopathic etiology, lack of infectious prodrome, and opiate use. Pain is predominant in one fifth of gastroparetics. Predominant pain has at least as great an impact on disease severity and quality of life as predominant nausea/vomiting.
Allosteric inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase dimerization discovered via combinatorial chemistry (2000)

Potent and selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (EC ) were identified in an encoded combinatorial chemical library that blocked human iNOS dimerization, and thereby NO production. In a cell-based iNOS assay (A-172 astrocytoma cells) the inhibitors had low-nanomolar IC(50) values and thus were >1,000-fold more potent than the substrate-based direct iNOS inhibitors 1400W and N-methyl-l-arginine. Biochemical studies confirmed that inhibitors caused accumulation of iNOS monomers in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. High affinity (K(d) approximately 3 nM) of inhibitors for isolated iNOS monomers was confirmed by using a radioligand binding assay. Inhibitors were >1,000-fold selective for iNOS versus endothelial NOS dimerization in a cell-based assay. The crystal structure of inhibitor bound to the monomeric iNOS oxygenase domain revealed inhibitor-heme coordination and substantial perturbation of the substrate binding site and the dimerization interface, indicating that this small molecule acts by allosterically disrupting protein-protein interactions at the dimer interface. These results provide a mechanism-based approach to highly selective iNOS inhibition. Inhibitors were active in vivo, with ED(50) values of <2 mg/kg in a rat model of endotoxin-induced systemic iNOS induction. Thus, this class of dimerization inhibitors has broad therapeutic potential in iNOS-mediated pathologies.
Fluorine-doped SiO_2 glasses for F_2 excimer laser optics:?fluorine content and color-center formation (1999)

Color-center formation in F-doped, OH-free synthetic SiO(2) glasses by irradiation with F(2) excimer lasers (157 nm) was examined as a function of the F content. The concentration of photoinduced E(') centers was reduced to approximately 1/20 by 1 mol.% F(2) doping and remained almost constant on further doping to 7.3 mol. %. The absorption edge was considerably shifted to a lower wavelength (157.4 nm -->153 nm for a 5-mm-thick sample) by 1-mol. % doping and decreased only slightly on further doping. The intensities of the Raman bands that are due to three- and four-membered ring structures were significantly reduced by 1-mol. % F doping. These results strongly suggest that elimination of strained Si-O-Si bonds by F doping plays a central role in the improvement of radiation resistance of SiO(2) glasses to F(2) laser light.
A Sweat Gland-derived Differentiation Activity Acts through Known Cytokine Signaling Pathways (1997)

The sympathetic innervation of sweat glands undergoes a target-induced noradrenergic to cholinergic/peptidergic switch during development. Similar changes are induced in cultured sympathetic neurons by sweat gland cells or by one of the following cytokines: leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1). None of these is the sweat gland-derived differentiation activity. LIF, CNTF, and CT-1 act through the known receptors LIF receptor beta (LIFRbeta) and gp130 and well defined signaling pathways including receptor phosphorylation and STAT3 activation. Therefore, to determine whether the gland-derived differentiation activity was a member of the LIF/CNTF cytokine family, we tested whether it acted via these same receptors and signal cascades. Blockade of LIFRbeta inhibited the sweat gland differentiation activity in neuron/gland co-cultures, and extracts of gland-containing footpads stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of LIFRbeta and gp130. An inhibitor (CGX) of molecules that bind the CNTFRalpha, which is required for CNTF signaling, did not affect the gland-derived differentiation activity. Soluble footpad extracts induced the same changes in NBFL neuroblastoma cells as LIF and CNTF, including increased vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA, STAT3 dimerization, and DNA binding, and stimulation of transcription from the vasoactive intestinal peptide cytokine-responsive element. Thus, the sweat gland-derived differentiation activity uses the same signaling pathway as the neuropoietic cytokines, and is likely to be a family member.
Fabricating human tissues: How physics can help (2022)

By understanding and applying the physics of cellular self-assembly, scientists aim to predict tissue behaviors and accelerate the regeneration of human tissues and organs.
Feasibility of infrared imaging arrays using high-T c superconducting bolometers (1992)

The design of high-Tc superconducting bolometers for applications such as infrared imaging arrays is discussed. The dependence of bolometer sensitivity on excess voltage noise in the thermometer is a function of the detector area and thus of the wavelength to be detected. Measurements of the voltage noise in thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ on Si, Si3N4, and sapphire substrates are used to predict the performance of different bolometer architectures. Useful opportunities exist for bolometers made on both Si and Si3N4 membranes. A readout scheme for two-dimensional arrays of bolometers is also described in which real-time signal integration is performed on the chip.
Pulsed Positive Ion-Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Animal Drugs: Sulfonamides (1980)

Abstract The analysis of sulfa drugs, using pulsed positive ion-negative ion chemical ionization (PPINICI) mass spectrometry (MS), generates both positive and negative spectra in a single experiment. The spectra afforded by PPINICI-MS permit systematic interpretation and prediction of fragmentation for this class of compounds. Comparison of the electron impact and PPINICI spectra of 17 sulfa drugs and selected derivatives demonstrates that the useful information available with this new technique exceeds that afforded by electron impact analysis.
Quality of Experience for Large Ultra-High-Resolution Tiled Displays with Synchronization Mismatch (2011)

This paper relates to quality of experience when viewing images, video, or other content on large ultra-high-resolution displays made from individual display tiles. We define experiments to measure vernier acuity caused by synchronization mismatch for moving images. The experiments are used to obtain synchronization mismatch acuity threshold as a function of object velocity and as a function of occlusion or gap width. Our main motivation for measuring the synchronization mismatch vernier acuity is its relevance in the application of tiled display systems, which create a single contiguous image using individual discrete panels arranged in a matrix with each panel utilizing a distributed synchronization algorithm to display parts of the overall image. We also propose a subjective assessment method for perception evaluation of synchronization mismatch for large ultra-high-resolution tiled displays. For this, we design a synchronization mismatch measurement test video set for various tile configurations for various interpanel synchronization mismatch values. The proposed method for synchronization mismatch perception can evaluate tiled displays with or without tile bezels. The results from this work can help during design of low-cost tiled display systems, which utilize distributed synchronization mechanisms for a contiguous or bezeled image display.
Pinacol Cross Coupling Reactions of Ethyl 2-Alkyl-2-Formylpropionates. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,2,4-Trialkyl-3-Hydroxy-γ-Butyrolactones (2004)

Intermolecular pinacol coupling of ethyl 2-alkyl-2-formylpropionates (2) (i.e. EtOC(O)CR1MeCHO) with non-chelating aldehydes provides high yields of threo diols. The reaction is promoted by vanadium(II) ions which are conveniently generated in situ from VCl3(THF)3 and zinc dust. high diastereofacial selectivity is observed when starting with chiral 2, or chiral non-chelating aldehydes.