gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Frontispiz: Ultra‐Fast Supercritical Hydrothermal Synthesis of Tobermorite under Thermodynamically Metastable Conditions (2017)

MineralsyntheseGleich ob modern oder aus der Römerzeit – Bauwerke verdanken ihre Beständigkeit zu einem Teil dem Mineral Tobermorit, das in Zement verwendet wird. J. J. Gaitero, C. Aymonier et al. zeigen in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 3210 ff., wie Tobermorit in Sekundenschnelle synthetisiert werden kann.
The NIST Advanced Measurement Laboratory: at the leading edge of measurement science and technology (2006)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology as the U.S. National Metrology Institute has the fundamental responsibility to continuously push the limits of measurement science (metrology) to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness. In 2004, NIST finished construction of a $235 million, 49 843 m<sup>2</sup> Advanced Measurement Laboratory to enhance its measurement capabilities in response to the fast-growing metrology needs of the scientific and industrial community.
Metabolome Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots Identifies a Key Metabolic Pathway for Iron Acquisition (2014)

Fe deficiency compromises both human health and plant productivity. Thus, it is important to understand plant Fe acquisition strategies for the development of crop plants which are more Fe-efficient under Fe-limited conditions, such as alkaline soils, and have higher Fe density in their edible tissues. Root secretion of phenolic compounds has long been hypothesized to be a component of the reduction strategy of Fe acquisition in non-graminaceous plants. We therefore subjected roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under Fe-replete and Fe-deplete conditions to comprehensive metabolome analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Scopoletin and other coumarins were found among the metabolites showing the strongest response to two different Fe-limited conditions, the cultivation in Fe-free medium and in medium with an alkaline pH. A coumarin biosynthesis mutant defective in ortho-hydroxylation of cinnamic acids was unable to grow on alkaline soil in the absence of Fe fertilization. Co-cultivation with wild-type plants partially rescued the Fe deficiency phenotype indicating a contribution of extracellular coumarins to Fe solubilization. Indeed, coumarins were detected in root exudates of wild-type plants. Direct infusion mass spectrometry as well as UV/vis spectroscopy indicated that coumarins are acting both as reductants of Fe(III) and as ligands of Fe(II).
Design and Synthesis of Triblock Copolymers for Creating Complex Secondary Structures by Orthogonal Self-Assembly (2015)

We herein report the synthesis and characterization of ABC-type triblock copolymers containing two complementary association motifs and investigate their folding into well-defined polymeric nanoparticles under diluted conditions via intramolecular orthogonal hydrogen bonding. The precursor ABC-type triblock copolymers are prepared via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization bearing primary alkyl bromide on A, protected alkyne on B, and protected hydroxyl pendant groups on the C units. The dithioester groups of the RAFT polymers are quantitatively removed by radical-induced reduction before the side-chain functionalization. The complementary motifs, i.e., Hamilton wedge (HW, A block), benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA, B block), and cyanuric acid (CA, C block), are incorporated into the linear triblock copolymers side chains via postfunctionalization. The self-assembly processes of the HW and CA supramolecular motifs are followed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy at ambient and elevated temperature in various solvents. The helical BTA stack formation is monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In addition, the final aggregates formed by these two orthogonal forces, namely HW-CA pseudo-cross-linking and BTA stacking, are characterized by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS) as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM).
A NEMS-Array Control IC for Subattogram Mass Sensing Applications in 28 nm CMOS Technology (2015)

The miniaturization and cost reduction of a gas chromatograph is addressed in this paper, leveraging on nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) detectors and a mixed-signal integrated circuit. The instrument and chip architectures are thoroughly described, characterized, and compared to other approaches like thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs). The 28 nm CMOS circuit addresses the sequential and parallel driving and readout of NEMS arrays with resonance modes in the 10 MHz to 1 GHz range. It integrates an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), two digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and 4 tone DSP [lock-in amplifier (LIA) and direct digital synthesizer (DDS)] for increased throughput. Its area is 0.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and it draws 68 mW of power compared to 10 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 3 W in previous discrete implementations. Lab and field characterizations show that the combined NEMS and IC can provide down to 10 ppb limits of detection (LOD) on selected gas species.
Achieving Long Life Time Batteries: Understanding and Controlling Non-Faradaic Reactions (2016)

Characterization of electrochemical properties determines the energy content for new materials and possible viability for a potential application. Equally critical yet more challenging is determining the non-Faradaic parasitic reactions of the active materials in a battery environment and their relationship to useful battery life. In order to be successful in long calendar life battery applications, only very low levels of parasitic reactions can be tolerated. For example, calendar life is a particularly important consideration for implantable medical batteries, especially for devices powering essential life functions such as cardiac rhythm management devices. Determining stability by direct systems level testing is slow and expensive as it can require many years and many batteries to affirm. The dissolution of cathode materials including manganese, cobalt and vanadium oxides in battery systems has been identified as a specific battery failure mechanism. However, dissolution studies including kinetic analysis of the dissolution of active battery materials in non-aqueous electrolytes are largely absent from the literature. We developed a quantitative approach to assess battery materials for their solubility and then validated the approach with battery testing. In this study, a series of vanadium oxide and vanadium phosphate based cathode materials were studied relative to their dissolution in battery electrolyte. Kinetic analysis of the results provided a quantitative approach for understanding the impact of structure and composition on the dissolution of active materials. Negative electrode surfaces from cells using cathodes displaying different levels of solubility were analyzed. A conceptual model of the negative electrode surface electrolyte interphase was developed to rationalize the observed cell impedance and performance. Implications for lifetime prediction for these and other battery systems will be discussed.
Non-uniform grid time domain (NGTD) algorithm for fast evaluation of transient fields (2003)

A novel algorithm to efficiently compute transient fields produced by known time dependent source constellations is proposed. The algorithm relies on domain decomposition and comprises two steps to be repeated for each subdomain. In the first step, delay and amplitude compensated fields, produced by currents residing within each subdomain are computed over a sparse set of points of a carefully designed non-uniform spherical grid surrounding the observation domain. During the second step, total fields in the observer domain are evaluated by interpolation, delay and amplitude restoration, and aggregation of subdomain fields.
Nanosecond Thermal Processing for Self-Aligned Silicon-on-Insulator Technology (2005)

Abstract : Future radar and communications systems will have the need to use CMOS integrated circuits to provide increased analog and digital functions. Conventional CMOS technology has been locked into designing processes around polysilicon gate material because of the need for self-alignment. Low-resistance metal gates are superior for high-speed devices; however, their low melting point prevented their use in a self-aligned structure that experiences high-temperature processing (700 oC). Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology, non-refractory metal gates, and nanosecond laser processing were used to fabricate a self-aligned structure. These techniques will allow further scaling of CMOS devices and enable mixed-mode devices to be integrated on the same substrate. The laser is used to rapidly, on the order of nanoseconds, melt and redistribute the implanted dopants for the source and drain with minimal lateral diffusion, which lowers parasitic gate to drain and source overlap capacitance. Gate resistance can be lowered by at least an order of magnitude and optimal threshold control of pMOS and nMOS devices can be achieved by using an aluminum metal gate instead of a polysilicon gate. This process allows high-performance, low-power digital technology to be integrated with high Fmax, low-noise RF devices.
2013 IEEE Latin America Conference on Cloud Computing and Communications [Global Communications Newsletter] (2014)

The 2013 IEEE Latin America Conference on Cloud Computing and Communications (Latin- Cloud 2013) is the second edition of a conference that aims at becoming the premier forum for discussions of recent advances in cloud computing and communications, virtualization, utility computing, grid computing, service-oriented architectures, and software- defined networks for the datacenter in this region of the world. The Cloud Computing and Communications paradigm has defined unprecedented business models, promoting on-demand computing resource allocation, elastic scaling, and elimination of up-front costs. Capitalizing on paradigms such as virtualization, utility computing, grid computing, and service oriented architectures, cloud computing and communications has already changed the way we compute and communicate. To cope with technology challenges for the support of diverse services and applications, the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc), Latin America Region, with the support of the IEEE Cloud Computing Initiative, supported the 2013 IEEE Latin America Conference on Cloud Computing and Communications (LatinCloud 2013). The conference has the goal of establishing a scientific forum for the discussion of the rather relevant topic of cloud computing and its critically associated aspects of communications in the Latin American context.
Design of Multi Gb/s Monolithically Integrated Photodiodes and Multi-Stage Transimpedance Amplifiers in Thin-Film SOI CMOS Technology (2012)

Design of Multi Gb/s Monolithically Integrated Photodiodes and Multi-Stage Transimpedance Amplifiers in Thin-Film SOI CMOS Technology
Optical Coherence Tomography Enabling Non Destructive Metrology of Layered Polymeric GRIN Material (2013)

Gradient Refractive INdex (GRIN) optical components have historically fallen short of theoretical expectations. A recent breakthrough is the manufacturing of nanolayered spherical GRIN (S-GRIN) polymer optical elements, where the construction method yields refractive index gradients that exceed 0.08. Here we report on the application of optical coherence tomography (OCT), including micron-class axial and lateral resolution advances, as effective, innovative methods for performing nondestructive diagnostic metrology on S-GRIN. We show that OCT can be used to visualize and quantify characteristics of the material throughout the manufacturing process. Specifically, internal film structure may be revealed and data are processed to extract sub-surface profiles of each internal film of the material to quantify 3D film thickness and homogeneity. The technique provides direct feedback into the fabrication process directed at optimizing the quality of the nanolayered S-GRIN polymer optical components.
APOBEC3G is a single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminase and functions independently of HIV reverse transcriptase (2004)

In the absence of the viral vif gene, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be restricted by the APOBEC3G gene on chromosome 22. The role of the HIV Vif protein is to exclude host cell APOBEC3G from the budding virion. As APOBEC3G shows sequence homology to cytidine deaminases, it is presumed that in the absence of Vif, cytidine residues in the cDNA are deaminated yielding uracil. It is not known if additional proteins mediate APOBEC3G function or if deamination occurs in concert with reverse transcription. This report describes an in vitro assay showing that Baculovirus derived APOBEC3G alone extensively deaminates cDNA independently of reverse transcriptase. It reproduces the dinucleotide context typical of G --> A hypermutants derived from a Delta(vif) virus. By using an RNaseH- form of reverse transcriptase, it was shown that the cDNA has to be free of its RNA template to allow deamination. APOBEC3G deamination of dC or dCTP was not detected. In short, APOBEC3G is a single-stranded DNA cytidine deaminase capable of restricting retroviral replication.
Highly efficient enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction of 1,2-amino-alcohols using SPINOL based phosphoric acid hosts (2017)

Access to enantiopure compounds on large scale in an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient manner remains one of the greatest challenges in chemistry. Resolution of racemates using enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction has great potential to meet that challenge. However, a relatively feeble understanding of the chemical principles and physical properties behind this technique has hampered the development of hosts possessing sufficient resolving power for their application to large scale processes. Herein we present, employing the previously untested SPINOL based phosphoric acids host family, an in depths study of the parameters affecting the efficiency of the resolution of amino-alcohols in the optic of further understanding the core principles behind ELLE. We have systematically investigated the dependencies of the enantioselection by parameters such as the choice of solvent, the temperature, as well as the pH and bring to light many previously unsuspected and highly intriguing interactions. Furthermore, utilizing these new insights to our advantage, we developed novel, highly efficient, extraction and resolving protocols which provide remarkable levels of enantioselectivity. It was shown that the extraction is catalytic in host by demonstrating transport in a U-tube and finally it was demonstrated how the solvent dependency could be exploited in an unprecedented triphasic resolution system.
Wavefield separation for borehole acoustic reflection survey using parametric decomposition and waveform inversion (2019)

We have developed a wavefield separation filter for borehole acoustic reflection surveys (BARS) that uses parametric decomposition and waveform inversion, which we call the PWI filter. A BARS survey uses a sonic logging tool in a fluid-filled borehole to image near-borehole structure. Signals from a monopole or dipole source are reflected from geologic interfaces and recorded by arrays of receivers of the same tool. Because amplitudes of direct head waves and borehole modes are significantly larger than those of the event signals, wavefield separation to extract the event signals is crucial for BARS processing. The PWI filter estimates the direct head waves and borehole modes using the parametric decomposition, which is based on a 1D wave propagation model in the frequency domain. The wave-propagation model is calibrated using waveform inversion, which solves for the slowness and attenuation of the waves. The inversion is regularized using the assumption that the slowness and attenuation smoothly vary with frequency; the nonlinear system of equations is iteratively solved using the Newton method. An example of wavefield separation is shown for field data for a very fast formation for a monopole source. After using the PWI filter to separate the S-waves and direct and reflected Stoneley waves, we obtain the final filtered waveforms by further applying a median filter to separate the residual waveforms, which are not separated by the PWI filter.
Solvothermal flow synthesis of zinc phosphate pigment (2018)

Synthesis of phase pure hopeite pigment through a solvothermal flow method is reported here for the first time. The products show two-step dehydration behaviour from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a higher degree of purity and homogeniety than commercial zinc phosphate pigment. By increasing the reaction temperature stepwise from room temperature to 350 °C it was possible to decrease the size of the individual crystallite sheets and to tune their packing into larger assemblies. The conversion of reactants to product proved to be significantly higher at increased temperature with a measured yield of 98.7% at 250 °C versus 85.4% at room temperature. The synthesis route demonstrated here is environmentally sustainable, increases cost-efficiency through minimization of waste, and is compatible with a scale-up strategy.
Statins increase thrombomodulin expression and function in human endothelial cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism and counteract tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced thrombomodulin downregulation (2003)

Expression of functionally active thrombomodulin (TM) on the luminal surface of endothelial cells is critical for vascular thromboresistance. TM maintains thrombohemorrhagic homeostasis by forming a complex with thrombin, which subsequently loses its procoagulant properties and instead activates protein C. Acquired deficiency of endothelial TM is of particular pathophysiological significance in sepsis and related disorders. We show here that two different 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), atorvastatin and simvastatin, strongly increase the expression and functional activity of TM in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human coronary artery endothelial cells, and EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The increase in endothelial TM conferred by statin was prevented by the addition of mevalonic acid, geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate, and nitric oxide scavenger, and was mimicked by the addition of a specific inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase, as well as by nitric oxide donors. Moreover, statin counteracted tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced downregulation of endothelial cell TM. The increase in endothelial cell TM activity in response to statin constitutes a novel pleiotropic (non-lipid-related) effect of these commonly used compounds, and may be of clinical significance in disorders where deficient endothelial TM and protein C activation play a pathophysiological role.
Encapsulation and backsheet adhesion metrology for photovoltaic modules (2016)

Abstract Photovoltaic modules are designed to operate for decades in terrestrial environments. However, mechanical stress, moisture, and ultraviolet radiation eventually degrade protective materials in modules, particularly their adhesion properties, eventually leading to reduced solar cell performance. Despite the significance of interfacial adhesion to module durability, currently there is no reliable technique for characterizing module adhesion properties. We present a simple and reproducible metrology for characterizing adhesion in photovoltaic modules that is grounded in fundamental concepts of beam and fracture mechanics. Using width‐tapered cantilever beam fracture specimens, interfacial adhesion was evaluated on relevant interfaces of encapsulation and backsheet structures of new and 27‐year‐old historic modules. The adhesion energy, G c [J/m 2 ], was calculated from the critical value of the strain energy release rate, G, using G = βP 2 , where β (a mechanical and geometric parameter of the fracture specimen) and P (the experimentally measured critical load) are constants. Under some circumstances where testing may result in cracking of brittle layers in the test specimen, measurement of the delamination length in addition to the critical load was necessary to determine G . Relative to new module materials, backsheet adhesion was 95% and 98% lower for historic modules that were exposed (operated in the field) and unexposed (stored on‐site, but out of direct sunlight), respectively. Encapsulation adhesion was 87–94% lower in the exposed modules and 31% lower in the unexposed module. The metrology presented here can be used to improve module materials and assess long‐term reliability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
청소년의 분노반추와 학교분노의 관계에서 지각된 정서적 유능성의 조절효과 (2015)

본 연구는 청소년의 분노반추와 학교분노의 관계에서 지각된 정서적 유능성의 조절효과를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 경기도 소재 3개 중학교 남녀 2, 3학년에 재학 중인 524명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 첫째, 학교분노는 분노반추 중 분노 후 사고와 보복사고와는 정적상관을 그리고 원인이해와 지각된 정서적 유능성과는 부적인 상관을 보였다. 둘째, 분노반추와 지각된 정서적 유능성의 하위요인에 따라 학교분노에 미치는 영향력에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 분노반추와 학교분노와의 관계에서 지각된 정서적 유능성의 조절효과를 검증한 결과, 하위요인 중 사고촉진에서 조절효과의 가능성이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과에 기초하여 청소년의 학교분노 수준을 감소시킬 수 있는 보다 효과적인 개입방법을 모색하고, 학교기반의 분노조절 프로그램을 시행하는데 있어서 지각된 정서적 유능성을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안과 제안점을 논의하였다.
Tunable S-band erbium-doped triple-ring laser with single-longitudinal-mode operation (2007)

We propose and demonstrate a tunable and stable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium fiber laser with a passive triple-ring cavity structure in S-band operation. The proposed laser is fundamentally structured by using three different lengths of ring cavities, which serve as the mode filters. When a mode-restricting intracavity fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter (FFP-TF) is combined, the proposed resonator can guarantee a tunable and stable SLM laser oscillation. Moreover, the performances of the output power, wavelength stability, tuning range, and side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) are studied.
Network Glasses Under Pressure: Permanent Densification in Modifier-Free Al2O3−B2O3−P2O5−SiO2 Systems (2017)

Is your phone's screen cracked, or your car's windshield? Making tougher glass is an important challenge for applications. It is known that modifying the structure of an amorphous solid at high pressure and temperature yields properties unattainable under normal conditions, but deeper physical insight is crucial for designing damage-resistant glasses. In studying modifier-free quaternary glasses, the authors establish a unified picture of the role of atomic structure in opposing densification, demonstrating that crack resistance can be controlled at the atomic scale.
Measuring quality of gout management in residential aged care facilities (2022)

Nearly one-third of residents with gout did not receive ULT. In those receiving ULT, recurrent short courses were common. Overall, management of gout in aged care residents appears to be suboptimal, largely owing to intermittent and short exposure to ULT, and with female residents at greater risk of poor gout management.