gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subsets of Tissue CD4 T Cells Display Different Susceptibilities to HIV Infection and Death: Analysis by CyTOF and Single Cell RNA-seq (2022)

CD4 T lymphocytes belong to diverse cellular subsets whose sensitivity or resistance to HIV-associated killing remains to be defined. Working with lymphoid cells from human tonsils, we characterized the HIV-associated depletion of various CD4 T cell subsets using mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq. CD4 T cell subsets preferentially killed by HIV are phenotypically distinct from those resistant to HIV-associated cell death, in a manner not fully accounted for by their susceptibility to productive infection. Preferentially-killed subsets express CXCR5 and CXCR4 while preferentially-infected subsets exhibit an activated and exhausted effector memory cell phenotype. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that the subsets of preferentially-killed cells express genes favoring abortive infection and pyroptosis. These studies emphasize a complex interplay between HIV and distinct tissue-based CD4 T cell subsets, and the important contribution of abortive infection and inflammatory programmed cell death to the overall depletion of CD4 T cells that accompanies untreated HIV infection.
Freewheeling diode reverse-recovery failure modes in IGBT applications (2001)

In this paper, reverse-recovery failure modes in modern fast power diodes are investigated. By the aid of semiconductor device simulation tools, a better view is obtained for the physical process, and operating conditions at which both diode snappy recovery and dynamic avalanching occur during the recovery period in modern high-frequency power electronic applications. The work presented here confirms that the reverse-recovery process can by expressed by means of diode capacitance effects which influence the reverse-recovery characteristics. The paper also shows that the control of the carrier gradient and the remaining stored charge in the drift region during the recovery phase influence both failure modes and determine if the diode exhibits soft, snappy, or dynamic avalanche recovery characteristics.
Deletion of lysine 84 to lysine 89 enhances the cytotoxicity and the receptor binding affinity of human lymphotoxin. (1990)

Human lymphotoxin (hLT) and its mutant genes have been constructed by in vitro mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli. A deletion of Lys84 to Lys89 in hLT remarkably enhanced both the cytotoxicity against human WiDr cells (colon adenocarcinoma cell line) and the prostaglandin E2-inducing activity toward human synovial cells by approximately 1000- and 50-fold, respectively. The enhanced biological potency coincided with an increase of receptor binding affinity. Circular dichroism studies and the heat and folding stabilities were similar to those of the native form. We propose that the region of Lys84 to Lys89 forms a loop structure at the hLT molecular surface and plays an important role in modulating the receptor binding and biological activities of hLT.
Relationship between tumor size and curability of prostatic cancer by combined chemo-hormonal therapy in rats. (1989)

Nearly all men with metastatic prostatic cancer respond to androgen ablation, demonstrating that at least a portion of their cancer cells are androgen responsive. Unfortunately, however, individual prostatic cancers contain clones of androgen-independent, in addition to androgen-responsive, cancer cells. Due to this tumor cell heterogeneity, essentially all patients treated with androgen ablation alone eventually relapse to a state unresponsive to further antiandrogen therapy; cures are rarely produced. To produce cures, additional nonhormonal therapy targeted at the androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells within the patient should be combined with androgen ablation targeted at the androgen-dependent cancer cells. The validity of such combined chemo-hormonal therapy was tested using, as the experimental model, two members of the Dunning system of serially transplantable rat prostatic cancers. Specifically the slow growing, well differentiated H and the fast growing, poorly differentiated G Dunning sublines were used, since these cover the clinical extremes observed for human prostatic cancers. The chemotherapeutic agent used in combination with surgical androgen ablation (i.e., castration) in these studies was Cytoxan. These studies demonstrate that for both the H and G cancer-bearing rats, the mean survival following combined chemo-hormonal therapy was increased above that found for castrate or Cytoxan when either was used as monotherapy. In addition, an inverse relationship between tumor size at the time of initiation of therapy and the ability of the combined chemo-hormonal therapy to cure animal bearing either the H or G sublines was demonstrated. Such combined chemo-hormonal therapy could only cure a proportion (i.e., 30-40%) of H or G tumor-bearing animals if initiated when the tumor was less than or equal to 0.2 cm3 in size. In contrast, if the tumor was 1-2 cm3 in starting size when the chemo-hormonal therapy was initiated, no animal was cured. Neither of the monotherapies (i.e., castrates or Cytoxan alone) could cure any animals regardless of the starting size.
Review 1: "BNT162b2 vaccine boosts neutralizing antibodies to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 & Omicron variant in adults received 2-dose inactivated vaccine" (2022)

This study investigated the extent of the BNT162 third dose's protection in patients who received two doses of inactivated vaccines. The study found that the booster increased antibody levels against the ancestral strain and the Omicron VoC. Reviewers deem the claims reliable.
Process and apparatus for burning solid fuel (1995)

Abstract of NL 9301828 (A) Described is a process for burning solid fuel, in which nitrogen in the form of NH3 is released from said fuel, for example by gasification, said NH3 being excluded from the combustion process but being admixed, together with CO likewise released, to the gases released in the combustion process proper. This ensures, by relatively simple means, that the emission of noxious substances such as SO2, NOx and N2O can be reduced to a minimum. Also described is an apparatus 1, 2 for carrying out the process. In a simple and compact embodiment, the apparatus can consist of a main combustor 21 and a gasifier 11 linked thereto
Wool deconstruction using a benign eutectic melt (2016)

Wool fibre is deconstructed in a facile ‘top down’ fabrication process into functional, nano-dimensional α-keratin chains using a benign choline chloride-urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) melt.
<title>Very high resolution scanner and image processing system</title> (1992)

A high-resolution imaging system employing a CCD line scan camera has been constructed with a resolution of 6000 x 6000 x 12 bits per pixel per color component with a variable pixel aspect ratio. The raw image data is processed in real time to correct for one dimensional artifacts arising from the sensor dark current signal as well as gain and integration control nonuniformities. The gain nonuniformity correction includes second order effects. Two dimensional artifacts attributable to sensor window defects are also removed. The system''s noise performance is found to be limited primarily by sensor shot noise and uncorrected sensor nonuniformities. For most images the system noise is below the visible threshold. This still imaging system has been used to digitize color transparencies up to 6 X 6cm including 35 and 70mm motion picture film for HDTV motion test sequences. 1. OVERVIEW AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The CCD line scan camera described in this paper was designed as a laboratory system to be used as a source of high quality image data for visual communications research. A block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 1. The intent was to produce digital images of sufficient resolution and quality to meet the needs of HDTV researchers for the foreseeable future in fact the scanner''s resolution far exceeds that of present display technology. Output image quality was the primary design consideration and attention
Functional imaging of hemodynamic stimulus response in the rat retina with ultrahigh-speed spectral / Fourier domain OCT (2013)

Measuring retinal hemodynamics in response to flicker stimulus is important for investigating pathophysiology in small animal models of diabetic retinopathy, because a reduction in the hyperemic response is thought to be one of the earliest changes in diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we investigated functional imaging of retinal hemodynamics in response to flicker stimulus in the rat retina using an ultrahigh speed spectral / Fourier domain OCT system at 840nm with an axial scan rate of 244kHz. At 244kHz the nominal axial velocity range that could be measured without phase wrapping was +/-37.7mm/s. Pulsatile total retinal arterial blood flow as a function of time was measured using an <i>en face</i> Doppler approach where a 200&mu;m &times; 200&mu;m area centered at the central retinal artery was repeatedly raster scanned at a volume acquisition rate of 55Hz. Three-dimensional capillary imaging was performed using speckle decorrelation which has minimal angle dependency compared to other angiography techniques based on OCT phase information. During OCT imaging, a flicker stimulus could be applied to the retina synchronously by inserting a dichroic mirror in the imaging interface. An acute transient increase in total retinal blood flow could be detected. At the capillary level, an increase in the degree of speckle decorrelation in capillary OCT angiography images could also be observed, which indicates an increase in the velocity of blood at the capillary level. This method promises to be useful for the investigation of small animal models of ocular diseases.
Cannabinoids and Neuropathic Pain (2003)

After a brief overview of the endocannabinoid system (CB receptors, and endocannabinoids) and of the cannabinergic ligands, some general issues related to cannabinoids and pain are commented. Finally, the most important findings regarding cannabinoids and neuropathic pain are discussed in detail.
Flunitrazepam Excretion Patterns using the Abuscreen OnTrak and OnLine Immunoassays: Comparison with GC-MS (1997)

A study was conducted to compare the performance of the OnLine and OnTrak immunoassays for benzodiazepines with gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis in detecting flunitrazepam (FNP) and its metabolites in human urine. Urine was collected over a 72-h period from six individuals (four male and two female) who had taken a single oral dose of either 1 or 4 mg of FNP. The OnTrak assay was run at a 100-ng/mL cutoff of nordiazepam (NDP), and the OnLine assay was run with a standard curve from zero to 200 ng/mL of NDP with and without beta-glucuronidase treatment. Each sample was analyzed by GC-MS using FNP, 7-amino-FNP, 3-hydroxy-FNP, desmethyl-FNP, 7-amino-3-hydroxy-FNP, and desmethyl-3-hydroxy-FNP as standards with beta-glucuronidase treatment. The specimens from the 1-mg dose did not yield a positive result by immunoassay over the 72-h collection period. Specimens from the 4-mg dose did yield positive results in both immunoassays. The time of the first positive result ranged from 4 to 12 h, and the time to the last positive result ranged from 18 to 60 h. Treatment of the samples with beta-glucuronidase increased the OnLine values between 20 and 60%, but it did not appreciably increase the detection time. GC-MS analysis showed no detectable levels of FNP, 3-hydroxy-FNP, desmethyl-FNP, 7-amino-3-hydroxy-FNP, and desmethyl-3-hydroxy-FNP. However, all samples collected past time zero showed detectable levels of 7-amino-FNP (> 2 ng/mL) with peak concentrations at 12-36 h. The peak levels of 7-amino-FNP by GC-MS paralleled the peak levels of the immunoassay response. The amount of 7-amino-FNP metabolite quantitated by GC-MS, however, accounted for only 15-20% of the total immunoassay crossreactive FNP metabolites.
Increasing Doxorubicin Loading in Lipid-Shelled Perfluoropropane Nanobubbles via a Simple Deprotonation Strategy (2020)

Drug delivery to solid tumors using echogenic nanobubbles (NBs) and ultrasound (US) has recently gained significant interest. The approach combines attributes of nanomedicine and the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect with the documented benefits of ultrasound to improve tumor drug distribution and treatment outcomes. However, optimized drug loading strategies, the drug-carrying capacity of NBs and their drug delivery efficiency have not been explored in depth and remain unclear. Here, we report for the first time on the development of a novel deprotonated hydrophobic doxorubicin-loaded C<sub>3</sub>F<sub>8</sub> nanobubble (hDox-NB) for more effective US-mediated drug delivery. In this study, the size distribution and yield of hDox-NBs were measured <i>via</i> resonant mass measurement, while their drug-loading capacity was determined using a centrifugal filter technique. <i>In vitro</i> acoustic properties including contrast-imaging enhancement, initial echogenic signal, and decay were assessed and compared to doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded-NBs (Dox.HCl-NBs). In addition, <i>in vitro</i> therapeutic efficacy of hDox-NBs was evaluated by cytotoxicity assay in human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3). The results showed that the hDox-NBs were small (300.7 ± 4.6 nm), and the drug loading content was significantly enhanced (2 fold higher) compared to Dox.HCl-NBs. Unexpectedly, the <i>in vitro</i> acoustic performance was also improved by inclusion of hDox into NBs. hDox-NB showed higher initial US signal and a reduced signal decay rate compared to Dox.HCl-NBs. Furthermore, hDox-NBs combined with higher intensity US exhibited an excellent therapeutic efficacy in human ovarian cancer cells as shown in a reduction in cell viability. These results suggest that hDox-NBs could be considered as a promising theranostic agent to achieve a more effective noninvasive US-mediated drug delivery for cancer treatment.
The importance of anode protection towards lithium oxygen batteries (2020)

An overview is presented of the recent advances on Li anode protection in aprotic Li–O<sub>2</sub> batteries.
Solid-state NMR study of various mono- and divalent cation forms of the natural zeolite natrolite (2013)

Here we present the one-dimensional (29)Si and (27)Al MAS NMR and two-dimensional (27)Al MQMAS and DQF-STMAS NMR spectra of the monovalent (Na(+), K(+), Rb(+), Cs(+) and NH4(+)) and divalent (Ca(2+), Sr(2+) and Ba(2+)) cation forms of the natural zeolite natrolite (framework type NAT) with complete Si-Al ordering over the crystallographically distinct tetrahedral sites and with the same hydration state (hydrated, partially dehydrated or fully dehydrated). In the case of monovalent cation-exchanged natrolites, the differences in their crystal symmetry evidenced by (29)Si MAS NMR were found to be in good agreement with those determined by crystallographic analyses. However, (27)Al DQF-STMAS NMR spectroscopy shows the presence of two distinct Al sites in dehydrated K-NAT, Rb-NAT and NH4-NAT, suggesting that their actual crystal symmetry is lower than the reported one (i.e., orthorhombic Fdd2). The MAS NMR results also show that the space group of hydrated Ca-NAT is lower than that (monoclinic F1d1) of hydrated scolecite, the natural calcium counterpart of natrolite, which is also the case with hydrated Sr-NAT and Ba-NAT. We believe that the unexpected diversity in the crystal symmetry of natrolite caused by exchange of various mono- and divalent ions, as well as by dehydration, may be inherently due to the high framework flexibility of this natural zeolite.
ChemInform Abstract: A Dramatic Solvent Effect During Aromatic Halogen‐Metal Exchanges. Different Products from Lithiation of Polyfluorobromobenzenes in Ether and THF. (1990)

Abstract The lithiation of the trifluorobromobenzene (I) with LDA in THF followed by carboxylation yields the tetrahalobenzoic acid (III).
A High-Power-Density High-Efficiency Single-Phase Universal-Input to 28V Isolated AC-DC Converter Designed to Meet MIL-STD EMI Specifications (2021)

This paper presents a high-power-density high-efficiency single-phase universal-input to 28V isolated ac-dc converter. The proposed two-stage converter utilizes a totem-pole bridgeless boost converter followed by an isolated LLC resonant converter. A new comprehensive design methodology is presented, which compares various designs and operating modes for the power stage and selects the optimal design based on overall power density and efficiency. For the selected design, a control strategy is also presented which enables reduction in input current distortion and improves the input power factor. To validate the proposed design and control strategy, a 1-kW universal-input to 28V ac-dc converter is built and tested. The prototype converter achieves a high power density of 84 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and a peak efficiency of 93.3%.
Maternal Total β-Endorphin Immunoreactivity During Labor and Delivery (1993)

Circulating plasma β-endorphin (BIR) levels underestimate the BIR levels in the blood. To determine the effect of epidural anesthesia on BIR, we measured total blood (plasma + erythrocytes) BIR during labor and delivery (19 epidural, 6 control patients). Total BIR levels seem to predict the anesthetic need in patients during labor. Acute changes in the pain status in patients were better predicted by the plasma than the total BIR activity.
Beam dithering: Acoustic feedback control using a modulated-directivity loudspeaker array (1993)

Acoustic feedback instability is a fundamental limitation in public address systems and hands-free full duplex teleconferencing systems; it occurs at the resonant peaks of the acoustic signal path. These resonances can be reduced by modulating the directivity of the loudspeaker or microphone, as in a digital beamforming loudspeaker array with time-varying shading coefficients. Beam dithering can be accomplished by time-stepping through a sequence of discrete Chebyshev taps. For each time interval, the array is weighted with a distinct set of Chebyshev coefficients. As the taps change, the beam pattern changes, thus continually altering the modal excitation of the room and thereby smoothing the room response. The authors include a summary of linear beamformer theory, a mathematical development of the array weighting scheme, an analysis of the dithering method, a diagrammatic explanation of the beamformer implementation and some experimental data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Proteomic analysis and 2-D-Gel electrophoresis of bile-duct bile: A new diagnostic approach (2009)

Aims: Extensive research has been performed on the lipid composition of bile and its mucin content, but not on differences in protein composition. Though this could identify new molecular players and markers of disease.
Development of chipscale chalcogenide glass based infrared chemical sensors (2010)

In this paper, we review the design, processing, and characterization of novel planar infrared chemical sensors. Chalcogenide glasses are identified as the material of choice for sensing given their wide infrared transparency as well as almost unlimited capacity for composition alloying and property tailoring. Three generations of on-chip spectroscopic chemical sensor devices we have developed: waveguide evanescent sensors, micro-disk cavity-enhanced sensors and micro-cavity photothermal sensors are discussed.
Author Correction: Chemokine receptor trafficking coordinates neutrophil clustering and dispersal at wounds in zebrafish (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Starting configuration design method of freeform imaging and afocal systems with a real exit pupil (2016)

Optical system configurations with a real exit pupil have important applications. However, there are few effective design methods of these systems for choice, especially for the systems using freeform surfaces. In this paper, we propose a novel starting configuration design method of freeform optical systems with a real exit pupil before the image plane. This method works for both the cases of imaging systems with optical power and afocal systems. Each single freeform surface in the starting configuration is generated directly using the light rays of multiple fields and different pupil coordinates. With a proposed multi-step design strategy, not only the given system specifications and the desired object-image relationships (or magnification for the afocal system) are achieved, the generation of a real, small-distorted exit pupil with a given size and shape (which means the imaging relationships of the pupils) can be also considered. The system generated by this method can be taken as a good starting configuration for further optimization. The benefits and feasibility of this design method are demonstrated by two design examples. One example is a freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system. The other example is a freeform off-axis three-mirror afocal telescope. Both of the systems have a modulation transfer function (MTF) that is closed to the diffraction limit.
Wheat Bran for Colon Cancer Prevention: The Synergy between Phytochemical Alkylresorcinol C21 and Intestinal Microbial Metabolite Butyrate (2019)

There is convincing evidence that consuming whole grains (WGs) may decrease the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Wheat bran (WB) is a rich source of dietary fiber and phytochemicals with health-promoting properties. However, the active components especially the interaction between different components in WG wheat have not been fully explored. Here, we investigated whether one of the major WB phytochemicals, alkylresorcinol (AR) C21, and the major active intestinal microbial metabolite of fiber, butyrate, could synergistically suppress human colon cancer cells. Our results demonstrated for the first time that the combination of C21 and butyrate synergistically inhibited the growth of human colon cancer cells and induced apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the cotreatment of C21 and butyrate induced significant up-regulations in cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase 3, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), cytochrome C, lipid-conjugated membrane-bound form of microtubule-associated protein 1<i>A</i>/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expressions, indicating the synergistic anticancer effects of C21 and butyrate were associated with induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and ER stress pathways. Notably, the C21 concentrations in the large intestinal tract of mice treated with human relevant doses of C21, were from 0.86 to 1.78 μmol/g, suggesting the C21 doses used in vitro may be achievable after daily WG wheat intake. These results provide novel insights into the dietary prevention of CRC regarding the potential interaction of bioactive WG wheat phytochemicals and the microbial metabolites of fiber.
A Codebook-Based Concept for Hybrid CSI Feedback in FDD Massive MIMO Systems (2016)

In this paper we discuss the pros and cons of non-precoded and beamformed Channel State Information (CSI) downlink (DL) reference signal schemes for Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) massive MIMO systems. We propose a hybrid mode of operation between the two, factorizing the antenna ports into a set of slow and fast ports with different update rates using a codebook with factorized precoders designed for a dual-polarized Uniform Planar Array (UPA). We show with simulation results that the proposed hybrid CSI feedback scheme can increase both average and 5th percentile spectral efficiency compared to the non-precoded CSI reference signal scheme. Compared to the beamformed CSI reference signal scheme, it can significantly increase the 5th percentile spectral efficiency with only a small loss in average spectral efficiency.