gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Optimization and Cycle-by-Cycle Variability Through Injection Optimization and Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Fuel-Blend Ratio (2012)

The advent of common rail technology alongside powerful control systems capable of delivering multiple accurate fuel charges during a single engine cycle has revolutionized the level of control possible in diesel combustion. This technology has opened a new path enabling low-temperature combustion (LTC) to become a viable combustion strategy. The aim of the research work presented within this paper is the understanding of how various engine parameters of LTC optimize the combustion both in terms of emissions and in terms of fuel efficiency. The work continues with an investigation of in-cylinder pressure and IMEP cycle-by-cycle variation. Attention will be given to how repeatability changes throughout the combustion cycle, identifying which parts within the cycle are least likely to follow the mean trend and why. Experiments were formulated to include rail pressure, injection settings of single injection and split-injection of varying dwell times. All injection conditions were phased across several crank-angles to demonstrate the interaction between emissions and efficiency. These tests are then repeated with blends of 30% and 50% gas-to-liquid (GTL)-Diesel blends in order to determine whether there is any change in the trends of repeatability and variance with increasing GTL blend ratio. Compression-ignition has been traditionally regarded as sufficiently stable that such investigation is irrelevant. Major improvements have been made, however, both to the understanding of compression-ignition and its control. Re-assessing and investigating how pressure repeatability fluctuates over the combustion cycle, especially in atypical engine conditions will help our understanding of combustion and facilitate a more accurate optimization of the combustion process.
1,5‐Benzodiazepines. Part 14. Synthesis of New Substituted 9H‐Bis‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a:3′,4′.d][1,5]benzodiazepines and Related Compounds Endowed with in vitro Cytotoxic Properties. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preclinical Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents for Peripheral Applications (2004)

D rug-eluting stents implanted in the coronary arteries sub- stantially improve long-term outcomes for restenosis. The utility of the stents in peripheral atherosclerosis is under evaluation. Drug-eluting stent evaluation with coronary arteries appears to be an excellent method for evaluating human safety end points. Predicting clinical efficacy remains unclear, however. Because drug-eluting stents are undergoing development for human peripheral arteries, safety and efficacy questions arise in much the same context as they did for the coronary arteries. As they did with the coronary arteries, the clinical, scientific, regulatory, and commercial communities are seeking acceptable criteria for peripheral device evaluation. Substantial differences in stent requirements and biological effects for bare metal peripheral stents depend on implant site. Different anatomic locations under evaluation include femoral, renal, and neurologic arterial stents, and other peripheral applications such as outflow veins of dialysis arteriovenous fistulae are being evaluated. Peripheral in-stent restenosis is less of a problem in carotid and aortoiliac stents and in iliac veins and in the cavae. In general, the benefit:risk ratio for drug-eluting stents may be less for peripheral stents. It is for this reason that peripheral stent performance should be evaluated carefully.
The power of sampling in knowledge discovery (1994)

We consider the problem of approximately verifying the truth of sentences of tuple relational calculus in a given relation M by considering only a random sample of M. We define two different measures for the error of a universal sentence in a relation. For a set of n universal sentences each with at most k universal quantifiers, we give upper and lower bounds for the sample sizes required for having a high probability that all the sentences with error at least ε can be detected as false by considering the sample. The sample sizes are O((log n)/ε) or O((|M|1–1/k)log n/ε), depending on the error measure used. We also consider universal-existential sentences.
5'PPP-RNA induced RIG-I activation inhibits drug-resistant avian H5N1 as well as 1918 and 2009 pandemic influenza virus replication (2010)

Our findings suggest that 5'PPP-RNA mediated activation of RIG-I can suppress replication of influenza viruses irrespective of their genetic make-up, pathogenicity, and drug-sensitivity status.
Masked Modeling Duo: Learning Representations by Encouraging Both Networks to Model the Input (2023)

Masked Autoencoders is a simple yet powerful self-supervised learning method. However, it learns representations indirectly by reconstructing masked input patches. Several methods learn representations directly by predicting representations of masked patches; however, we think using all patches to encode training signal representations is suboptimal. We propose a new method, Masked Modeling Duo (M2D), that learns representations directly while obtaining training signals using only masked patches. In the M2D, the online network encodes visible patches and predicts masked patch representations, and the target network, a momentum encoder, encodes masked patches. To better predict target representations, the online network should model the input well, while the target network should also model it well to agree with online predictions. Then the learned representations should better model the input. We validated the M2D by learning general-purpose audio representations, and M2D set new state-of-the-art performance on tasks such as UrbanSound8K, VoxCeleb1, AudioSet20K, GTZAN, and SpeechCommandsV2.
<title>Situation analysis for automotive pre-crash systems</title> (2007)

According to the "World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention" jointly issued by the World Health Organization and the World Bank about 1.2 million people are killed and up to 50 million people are injured in road traffic accidents worldwide each year. While passive safety systems like the airbag are already deployed successfully to reduce fatalities and injuries, active safety systems assist the driver by issuing a warning or by taking corrective actions to either avoid a collision completely or, if impossible, to mitigate collision consequences. Today's radar sensors have the ability to detect and track objects with a high accuracy in range and velocity, therefore a collision warning system may consist of a radar sensor, a data processing unit and a model to describe possible evasion maneuvers. This allows to analyze the probability of a collision and to calculate the danger potential of the current situation. In this paper, such a system is proposed and it is verified with synthetic as well as real sensor data.
ANTINOCICEPTIVE ACTIONS OF MD-1100, A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC AGENT FOR c-IBS, IN ANIMAL MODELS OF VISCERAL PAIN (2004)

Purpose: MD-1100 is a novel therapeutic agent being developed for the treatment of c-IBS and chronic constipation. It acts by stimulating guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) on the lumenal surface of the intestine. Oral administration of MD-1100 stimulates intestinal secretion and accelerates intestinal transit in rodent models. The current study expands our understanding of the therapeutic potential of MD-1100 by characterizing its antinociceptive effects in rat models of inflammation and stress-induced hyperalgesia during rectal distension. Methods: Six groups each of male and female Wistar rats (200–225 g) were surgically prepared for electromyographic recordings. Colorectal distension (CRD) was performed using a balloon inflated from 0 to 60 mmHg using increments of 15 mmHg for 5 minutes each. For the inflammation protocol, male rats were subjected to CRD performed 1 day prior to (basal condition) and 3 days after intrarectal administration of trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS, 80 mg/kg). Forthe stress protocol, female rats received CRD directly before and 15 min after 2 hours of restraint induced stress. In both models, rats were treated orally with MD-1100 (0.3, 3 or 30 μg/kg) or vehicle (distilled water, 1 ml) 1 hour before the CRD procedure. Results: Following TNBS-induced colonic inflammation, MD-1100 reduced the abdominal response to CRD at the lowest distending pressure tested of 15 mmHg when administered at0. 3μg/kg (mean values ± SEM were 9.1 ± 1.7 vs. 18.0 ± 2.5 contractions/5min forvehicle) and 3 μg/kg (12.0 ± 3.0 vs. 18.0 ± 2.5 contractions/5min forvehicle). Similarly, MD-1100 also produced a significant reduction in stress-induced hyperalgesia when administered at a dose of 3 /ig/kg with distension pressure of 15 mmHg (4.1 ± 0.8 vs. 16.6 ± 1.5 contractions/5min forvehicle). In the basal state, MD-1100 produced no observable effect on abdominal response to CRD or change in colorectal volume regardless of the dose tested. Conclusions: Orally administered MD-1100 acts locally on the intestinal lumen to reduce colonic hypersensitivity in animal models. These data further elucidate the potential for this molecule as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of c-IBS. Thus, MD-1100 has the potential to stimulate secretion, enhance transit, and reduce pain in c-IBS patients.
The real TiO2/HTM interface of solid-state dye solar cells: role of trapped states from a multiscale modelling perspective (2014)

In this paper we present a multiscale simulation of charge transport in a solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell, where the real morphology between TiO2 and the hole transport material is included. The geometry of the interface is obtained from an electron tomography measurement and imported in a simulation software. Charge distribution, electric field and current densities are computed using the drift-diffusion model. We use this approach to investigate the electrostatic effect of trap states at the interface between the electron and hole transport materials. The simulations show that when the trapped electrons are not screened by external additives, the dynamics of holes is perturbed. Holes accumulate at the interface, enhancing recombination and reducing cell performance.
Development of Quinic Acid-Conjugated Nanoparticles as a Drug Carrier to Solid Tumors (2013)

Nanometer-sized drug carriers including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to increase biodistribution of a drug in tumors, thereby reducing the effective dose of chemotherapy. NPs increase drug delivery to tumors to a certain extent, but the amount reaching tumors is only a small fraction of the total administered NPs because they depend on passive accumulation via the leaky vasculature surrounding tumors. In an attempt to further increase the drug delivery to tumors, we develop a polymeric NP system that interacts with an endothelial tumor marker. The NPs are decorated with quinic acid, a synthetic mimic of sialyl Lewis-x, which binds to E-selectin, overexpressed on the surface of endothelial cells surrounding solid tumors. The NPs selectively bind to endothelial cells activated with tumor necrosis factor-α, with weak affinity at a relatively high shear stress. These properties may help NPs reach tumors by increasing the encounter of NPs with the peritumoral endothelium without hindering subsequent transport of the NPs.
Motion Compensated Ultrasound Imaging Allows Thermometry and Image Guided Drug Delivery Monitoring from Echogenic Liposomes (2016)

Ultrasound imaging is widely used both for cancer diagnosis and to assess therapeutic success, but due to its weak tissue contrast and the short half-life of commercially available contrast agents, it is currently not practical for assessing motion compensated contrast-enhanced tumor imaging, or for determining time-resolved absolute tumor temperature while simultaneously reporting on drug delivery. The objectives of this study were to: 1) develop echogenic heat sensitive liposomes (E-LTSL) and non-thermosensitive liposomes (E-NTSL) to enhance half-life of contrast agents, and 2) measure motion compensated temperature induced state changes in acoustic impedance and Laplace pressure of liposomes to monitor temperature and doxorubicin (Dox) delivery to tumors. LTSL and NTSL containing Dox were co-loaded with an US contrast agent (perfluoropentane, PFP) using a one-step sonoporation method to create E-LTSL and E-NTSL. To determine temperature induced intensity variation with respect to the state change of E-LTSL and E-NTSL in mouse colon tumors, cine acquisition of 20 frames/second for about 20 min (or until wash out) at temperatures of 42°C, 39.5°C, and 37°C was performed. A rigid rotation and translation was applied to each of the "key frames" to adjust for any gross motion that arose due to motion of the animal or the transducer. To evaluate the correlation between ultrasound (US) intensity variation and Dox release at various temperatures, treatment (5 mg Dox/kg) was administered via a tail vein once tumors reached a size of 300-400 mm(3), and mean intensity within regions of interest (ROIs) defined for each sample was computed over the collected frames and normalized in the range of [0,1]. When the motion compensation technique was applied, a > 2-fold drop in standard deviation in mean image intensity of tumor was observed, enabling a more robust estimation of temporal variations in tumor temperatures for 15-20 min. due to state change of E-LTSL and E-NTSL. Consequently, a marked increase in peak intensity at 42°C compared to 37°C that corresponded with enhanced Dox delivery from E-LTSL in tumors was obtained. Our results suggest that echogenic liposomes provide a predictable change in tumor vascular contrast with temperature, and this property could be applicable to nanomonitoring of drug delivery in real time.
SegGuard: Segmentation-based Anonymization of Network Data in Clouds for Privacy-Preserving Security Auditing (2019)

Security auditing allows cloud tenants to verify the compliance of cloud infrastructure with respect to desirable security properties, e.g., whether a tenant’s virtual network is properly isolated from other tenants’ networks. However, the input to the auditing task, such as the detailed topology of the underlying cloud infrastructure, typically contains sensitive information which a cloud provider may be reluctant to hand over to a third party auditor. Additionally, auditing results intended for one tenant may inadvertently reveal private information about other tenants, e.g., another tenant’s VM is reachable due to a misconfiguration. How to anonymize both the input data and the auditing results in order to prevent such information leakage is a novel challenge that has received little attention. Directly applying most of the existing anonymization techniques to such a context would either lead to insufficient protection or render the data unsuitable for auditing. In this article, we propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SegGuard</i> , a novel anonymization approach that prevents cross-tenant information leakage through per-tenant encryption, and prevents information leakage to auditors through hiding real input segments among fake ones; in addition, applying property-preserving encryption in an innovative way enables <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SegGuard</i> to preserve the data utility for auditing while mitigating semantic attacks. We implement <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SegGuard</i> based on OpenStack, and evaluate its effectiveness and overhead using both synthetic and real data. Our experimental results demonstrate that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SegGuard</i> can reduce the information leakage to a negligible level (e.g., less than 1 percent for an adversary with 50 percent pre-knowledge) with a practical response time (e.g., 62 seconds to anonymize a cloud infrastructure with 25,000 virtual machines).
Organic ferroelectric/semiconducting nanowire hybrid layer for memory storage (2016)

Ferroelectric materials are important components of sensors, actuators and non-volatile memories. However, possible device configurations are limited due to the need to provide screening charges to ferroelectric interfaces to avoid depolarization. Here we show that, by alternating ferroelectric and semiconducting nanowires over an insulating substrate, the ferroelectric dipole moment can be stabilized by injected free charge carriers accumulating laterally in the neighboring semiconducting nanowires. This lateral electrostatic coupling between ferroelectric and semiconducting nanowires offers new opportunities to design new device architectures. As an example, we demonstrate the fabrication of an elementary non-volatile memory device in a transistor-like configuration, of which the source-drain current exhibits a typical hysteretic behavior with respect to the poling voltage. The potential for size reduction intrinsic to the nanostructured hybrid layer offers opportunities for the development of strongly miniaturized ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices.
Near THz radiation from optically-induced plasma sources (2004)

Summary form only given. Short pulse lasers can be used to generate two types of short-lived, radiating plasmas. When absorbed by a semiconductor, a sudden optical pulse creates a charge-neutral, electron-hole plasma that radiates as the carriers relax in local crystal, surface, or applied electric fields. When focused onto the surface of an insulator or metal, the electric fields in an intense optical pulse break down the solid surface and surrounding gas. The charged particles in this surface-breakdown plasma radiate as they are created at the solid-gas (air) interface. The sudden creation of either of these types of plasmas with a sub-picosecond optical pulse produces a non-equilibrium distribution of charges that radiates with an extremely wide bandwidth in the THz regime. This paper reports the radiated electric field intensities, spectra, and associated radiation patterns for electron-hole plasmas from gallium arsenide and silicon, and for surface-breakdown plasmas from aluminum, glass (BK-7), gallium arsenide, and silicon. The plasmas are created and diagnosed with a chirped-pulse regenerative amplifier laser that produces a 1 kHz train of 120 fs wide pulses with up to 2 mJ of energy per pulse at a wavelength of 800 nm. To explore the wide bandwidth of these plasma radiation sources, two electric field diagnostics were used. A conventional electric field probe (D-dot) with a 40 GHz bandwidth and a 70 GHz sampling oscilloscope measured the low frequency tail of the radiation spectrum. To measure the high frequency range of the spectrum, electro-optic crystals (zinc telluride) sampled the radiated electric field as it co-propagated with an optical probe beam that was split off the excitation (pump) beam. The bandwidth of the electro-optic sampling is limited by the thickness of the electro-optic crystals, so a range of thicknesses was employed to demonstrate source-limited measurements. The fundamental differences between electron-hole and surface-breakdown plasmas will be discussed. Similarities and contrasts in radiation patterns and efficiencies will be described for all of these plasma radiation sources. Simple models for the picosecond carrier motion in these sources will be presented and compared with measurements. The advantages and challenges of using a kilohertz, millijoule, short-pulse laser for plasma generation and electro-optic sampling will also be mentioned.
[Regulation of content of cytokines in blood serum and of caspase-3 activity in brains of old rats in model of sharp hypoxic hypoxia with Cortexin and Pinealon]. (2014)

While studying the effects of Cortexin and Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) on the caspase-3 activity in the brain, an interleykin-6 and a factor of tumor necrosis in blood serum of old rats under the sharp hypoxic hypoxia it was suggested that in hypoxia of brain conditions Pinealon forwards the increase of the neurogenesis and the decrease neuroinflammatory reactions to a reference level. With the sharp hypoxic hypoxia Cortexin reduces an ability of brain tissue of programmed cells death, but saves the content of interleykin-6 at high level.
Fungi are colder than their surroundings (2020)

Abstract Fungi play essential roles in global ecology and economy, but their thermal biology is widely unknown. Mushrooms were previously noticed to be colder than surrounding air via evaporative cooling or evapotranspiration. Here we applied infrared imaging to reveal that not just mushrooms, but also molds and yeasts maintain colder temperatures than their surroundings via evapotranspiration. On average, fungal specimens are ~2.5 °C colder than the surrounding temperature. The relatively cold temperature of mushrooms can be observed throughout the whole fruiting process and at the level of mycelium. The mushroom’s hymenium appeared the coldest and different areas of the Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom appear to dissipate heat differently. Evapotranspiration in yeast and mold biofilms can be measured from the accumulation of condensed water droplets above biofilms; which is significantly higher than the surrounding agar. We also present a mushroom-based air-cooling system (MycoCooler™) capable of passively reducing the temperature of a closed compartment by approximately 10 °C in 25 minutes. These findings suggest that the fungal kingdom is characteristically cold. Since fungi make up ~2% of Earth biomass, their evapotranspiration may contribute to planetary temperatures in local environments. This study present new research avenues in fungal biology, biomedicine, microclimate, and sustainable energy.
Genomic profiling and functional analysis implicates CRKL amplification at 22q11 in lung cancer pathogenesis (2007)

5681 DNA amplification, leading to overexpression of oncogenes, frequently contributes to the initiation and progression of lung cancer. To discover novel amplifications, we performed array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on a set of 33 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines using cDNA microarrays containing 22,000 mapped genes. Among our findings, we identified a focal recurrent amplification at 22q11 harboring CRKL (encoding the adaptor protein CRKL) in 3 of 33 cell lines (9%). CRKL is known to mediate BCR-ABL oncogenic signaling in chronic myelogenous leukemia and to effect cell dispersal via breakdown of adherens junctions in breast cancer cell lines, but its role in lung carcinogenesis has not been explored. In lung cancer cell lines with CRKL amplification, we found CRKL to be over-expressed at both the RNA and protein level. Knocking-down CRKL expression by RNA interference in cell lines with amplification (as compared to a cell line without amplification) led to decreased cell proliferation, as well as decreased motility and invasion (measured by Boyden chamber). By aCGH analysis, we also identified CRKL amplification in a subset of primary NSCLC specimens. Taken together, our findings implicate a role for CRKL amplification in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and suggest a potential novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Water Removal from Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells via Electroosmotic Pumping (2006)

We have developed proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with integrated planar electroosmotic (EO) pumping structures that actively remove liquid water from cathode flow channels. EO pumps have no moving parts, scale appropriately with fuel cells, can operate across a wide range of conditions, and consume a small fraction of fuel cell power. We demonstrate and quantify the efficacy of EO water pumping using controlled experiments in a single channel cathode flow structure. Our results show that, under certain operating conditions, removing water from the cathode using integrated EO pumping structures improves fuel cell performance and stability.