gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Don't Be Fooled by Bayes (2004)

Abstract Often times the Petroleum Industry focuses on calculating the value of information using Bayesian analysis to determine a modified perception about the state of nature as a result of the new information's ability to better describe it. Some of the methods commonly used and widely published in Petroleum Engineering literature and commercial software; use the concepts of conditional probability, information sources, and the state of nature being interpreted. The interrelationships among these concepts are not systematically defined. More over, the conditional probability is freely assigned not considering the bounds that Bayes' Theorem imposes. This paper demonstrates the dependency of the value of information on how and where the conditional probability is assessed. What happens to the calculation when the initial conditional probability changes? Does it make a difference in the decision to be made after receiving the information? Using sensitivity analysis on the conditional probability term we examine published examples and show the deceiving nature of the reported results. The solution to this deception is given.
Electrical transport through a mechanically gated molecular wire (2011)

A surface-adsorbed molecule is contacted with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at a predefined atom. On tip retraction, the molecule is peeled off the surface. During this experiment, a two-dimensional differential conductance map is measured on the plane spanned by the bias voltage and the tip-surface distance. The conductance map demonstrates that tip retraction leads to mechanical gating of the molecular wire in the STM junction. The experiments are compared with a detailed ab initio simulation. We find that density functional theory (DFT) in the local density approximation (LDA) describes the tip-molecule contact formation and the geometry of the molecular junction throughout the peeling process with predictive power. However, a DFT-LDA-based transport simulation following the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism fails to describe the behavior of the differential conductance as found in experiment. Further analysis reveals that this failure is due to the mean-field description of electron correlation in the local density approximation. The results presented here are expected to be of general validity and show that, for a wide range of common wire configurations, simulations which go beyond the mean-field level are required to accurately describe current conduction through molecules. Finally, the results of the present study illustrate that well-controlled experiments and concurrent ab initio transport simulations that systematically sample a large configuration space of molecule-electrode couplings allow the unambiguous identification of correlation signatures in experiment.
Identification codes in cryptographic protocols (2010)

Identification codes were introduced by Ahlswede and Dueck more than twenty years ago. There is today a lot of studies to identify objects such as contactless devices (for instance RFID tags) but, surprisingly, no one has considered the use of this kind of codes in the literature for that purpose until the recent work of Bringer et al. at Indocrypt '09. We here show how the security of these new identification protocols is related to some well-known problems in coding theory. We also extend the original proposal to a new problem.
A one pot enzymatic reaction for the efficient conversion of citral to 6,7-epoxy melonal catalysed by the lipase b from Candida antarctica (2006)

The lipase B from Candida antarctica can efficiently convert citral into its 6,7-epoxy derivative, which then undergoes Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to form the corresponding formate. Dilution of the reaction system with buffer enables the lipase to hydrolyse the formate, thereby giving rise to 6,7-epoxy melonal in good yield.
Reducing Surface Tension To Improve Clean Up Efficiency Of Hydraulically Fractured Wells: Does It Really Work? (2012)

Abstract The main purpose of applying surfactants for hydraulically fractured wells is to reduce fracturing fluid surface tension during the leak-off process and hence improve its cleanup efficiency. Significant research has been devoted to developing such chemicals that can effectively reduce capillary forces between fracture fluid and resident rock and fluids. However, in a recent numerical study (SPE-14414), we have shown that, for some cases, reducing surface tension tends to decrease the cleanup efficiency. Following our previous study, we have conducted a comprehensive sensitivity study to identify conditions in which reduction of surface tension improves cleanup efficiency. During this exercise, the impacts of matrix permeability (km), fracture permeability (kf) and fracture fluid injection volume were investigated. Over 200 simulation runs were performed covering a wide range of variation of of these pertinent parameters for a single fractured well model. The results indicate that at the early stage of production the cleanup efficiency is relatively poor and almost independent of IFT, km and kf. At late stages of production and when kf is low, reducing surface tension decreases the cleanup efficiency. For high kf values, on the other hand, cleanup efficiency improves with such a reduction. For the cases with km values greater than 0.001, cleanup efficiency is more effective if IFT increases. Furthermore, as km decreases, the damage due to fracture fluid blockage becomes more severe. It is interesting to note that when km is less than 0.0001, cleanup efficiency always decreases with increasing surface tension, for all different kf values. The amount of gas production loss for such cases is relatively high, indicating the severity of fracture fluid damage for very tight gas reservoirs. Increasing the fracture fluid injection volume did not significantly change the above trend. The results presented here aim to help the industry in properly evaluating the added value of using surfactant to improve the cleanup process of the hydraulically fractured wells.
Large-Scale Production of Microcrystals and Precipitates of Proteins and Their Complexes (2012)

The optimum conditions for the formation of plate-like and urchin-like microcrystals of biomolecules and their transfer to rotors for solid-state NMR spectroscopy depend on a variety of factors, of which minimizing the manipulation of the microcrystals and storing the sample for several months at 277 K (4 °C) play an important role. Three biological systems were investigated: Hen Egg-White (HEW) lysozyme (129 residues), the lengthened C-terminal domain (LCter) of Human centrin 2 (89 residues), and the complex between the C-terminal domain (Cter) of Human centrin 2 (79 residues) and the P17-XPC peptide (17 residues).
QRDLSL ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS SUITABLE FOR FIXEDPOIN T IMPLEMENTATION (2009)

In a previous study we proposed a modified version of the recursive leastsquare (RLS) adaptive algorithm suit able for fixedpoint implementation. Using an asymptotically unbiased estimator for the algorithm's cost function we reduced the dynamic range of this parameter. In this paper, we extend the procedure for the case of QRdecompos ition� based leastsquares lattice (QRDLSL) adaptive algor ithm, a fast member of RLS family, with good numerical properties. The reduced dynamics of the algorithm's parameters leads to facility for fixedpoint implem entation. The simulations performed on a fixedpoint digital signal processor (DSP) sustain the practical aspects of the theoretical findings.
An investigation into the three‐dimensional stress‐birefringence‐strain relationship in elastomers (1995)

Abstract The statistical theory of the birefringence of an individual non‐Gaussian elastomer chain is used together with a chain network description of rubber elasticity to develop a relationship among the strain, birefringence, and stress in elastomers, valid for large deformations under generalized strain states. The result is a fully three‐dimensional internal variable based constitutive model of rubber elasticity in which measurement of the elastomeric birefringence during straining in one deformation state characterizes the optically anisotropic response of the elastomer. Simultaneous measurement of the stress vs. strain response provides the rubbery modulus and limiting network extensibility properties needed to completely characterize the mechanical anisotropy of the material. Once characterized using the single, large deformation experiment, the birefringence and stress responses of the elastomer in other deformation states may then be predicted without adjusting any model parameters. The theory is compared to experimental studies from the literature of large strain deformations of elastomers in uniaxial tension and compression for which the exhibited birefringence and stress responses of deforming elastomers have been simultaneously recorded.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Zaragozic Acid A/Squalestatin S1. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Lyonium Ion (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Stabilization of intrinsic cardiac neuronal processing mitigates neurally induced atrial arrhythmias (2008)

Our objective was to determine whether neuronally‐induced atrial arrhythmias can be suppressed by stabilizing the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. In anaesthetized dogs, trains of 5 electrical stimuli (1 mA; 1 ms) were delivered immediately after the P wave of the ECG to mediastinal nerves associated with the superior vena cava. Regional atrial electrical events were monitored with 191 right and left atrial epicardial unipolar electrodes. Mediastinal nerve sites that reproducibly initiated atrial arrhythmias were identified. These sites were re‐stimulated following hexamethonium (1 mg/kg, iv) blockade or pre‐emptive spinal cord stimulation (SCS: the dorsal aspect of the T1–T3 spinal cord was stimulated electrically at 50 Hz; 0.2 ms; 90% of motor threshold) with parameters sufficient to reduce intrinsic cardiac neuronal activity by 70% for up to 1 hour. Stimulating select mediastinal nerves sites consistently elicited atrial tachyarrhythmias (85% of which progressed to atrial fibrillation, AF) with dispersion of epicardial breakthrough sites. Either hexamethonium or pre‐emptive SCS reduced the incidence of mediastinal nerve‐induced AF (to 11% and 40%, respectively) while increasing pacemaker stability. We conclude that excessive and heterogeneous activation of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system results in atrial arrhythmias. The anti‐arrhythmic effects of stabilizing intrinsic cardiac neuronal processing, via either pharmacological or electrical neuromodulation, indicates a potential novel therapeutic approach to atrial arrhythmia suppression. Supported by the CIHR, the Québec Heart &amp; Stroke Foundation and the NIH.
How to Keep Your Secrets in a Post-Quantum World (2019)

Cryptography is the science of keeping secrets. But it is more than that. It is now a flourishing branch of mathematics that, in addition to encryption, also provides other tools to protect security and privacy of individuals, enterprises, data, systems, and transactions. Cryptographic protocols enable us, for example, to create secure communication channels, to guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of messages and data, to authenticate the identity of the sender of a message or the endpoint in a transaction. Cryptography is the foundation of secure e-commerce in the world today, providing the trustworthy systems that allow enterprises and consumers to transact business online. Digital signatures and key exchange are two important building blocks for public-key cryptography, in addition to encryption.
Temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation (XRT) for aggressive pediatric CNS malignancies (2004)

8566 Background: TMZ combined with XRT has gained widespread use in CNS tumors secondary to low toxicity, good CSF penetration and possible synergy. Prior reports have focused on adult patients. Thus, the outcomes of several uncommon and therapeutically challenging pediatric diagnoses treated with regimens combining TMZ and XRT are presented. Methods: Toxicity, survival, and response rate (CR, PR, SD, PD) were determined by chart review. Diagnoses were pathologically confirmed. Patient 1 (P1) (9 yr) had pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) exhibiting rapid local recurrences in spite of multiple resections. P2 (6 yr) presented with PA having both rapid local regrowth and CSF dissemination. P3 (15 yr) had glioblastoma. P4 (2 yr), presented with rapidly progressing recurrence and CSF dissemination of medulloblastoma. Patients with focal disease were treated with concomitant TMZ (daily 75 mg/m2) and 3D-conformal XRT (54–60 Gy) followed by TMZ (200 mg/m2 5 days / month). Those with disseminated disease were also treated with craniospinal XRT (39.6 Gy) prior to conformal boost, followed by TMZ (200 mg/m2 5 days / month). P4 was further treated with TMZ (90 mg/m2) concomitant to XRT. Results: P1 had grade 3 lymphopenia during treatment, initially demonstrated a PR with marked improvement of neurologic deficits, but died at 0.5 years from CSF dissemination. P2 suffered grade 3 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia, but is alive with an ECOG PS of 1 at 1.8 years post-diagnosis with a PR at all sites. P3 had increased neurologic symptomology (grade 2) during XRT, initially with SD, but died at 0.8 years from PD. P4 exhibited grade 1 lymphopenia with a PR, then died at 0.5 years from PD. No XRT related dermatologic toxicity beyond the expected (grade 1–2) was seen. Conclusions: TMZ combined with XRT is well tolerated in aggressive pediatric malignancies, even when full dose craniospinal radiation is utilized. Patient numbers are small, but outcomes appear to be at least as good as expected with frequent PR. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Terephthalic Acid Production via Greener Spray Process: Comparative Economic and Environmental Impact Assessments with Mid-Century Process (2014)

Researchers at the University of Kansas, Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis (CEBC) recently reported a spray process concept as a greener alternative to the conventional Mid-Century (MC) process to produce high-purity terephthalic acid (TPA) [<25 ppm 4-carboxybenzaldehyde] in a single step at 200 °C and 15 bar pressure. Plant-scale simulations of the MC process and the spray process, which considers four cases involving different amounts of acetic acid in the feed, are performed assuming a production rate of 500,000 t/yr of high-purity TPA. Comparative economic analyses and life cycle assessments (gate-to-gate and cradle-to-gate) show that the CEBC spray process significantly reduces capital and operating costs by 55% and 16%, respectively, (when using an identical amount of acetic acid in both processes) and also lowers some (such as global warming, acidification, and human health noncancer air potential) but not all adverse environmental impacts when compared to the MC process. These benefits of the CEBC spray process are mainly derived from the avoidance of a subsequent hydrogenation step required in the conventional process for purifying the crude TPA. These results provide valuable guidance for the rational design and development of a continuous spray process that has the potential to be a greener and more sustainable process for making polymer-grade dicarboxylic acids in one step.
HoloHDR: Multi-color Holograms improve Dynamic Range (2023)

Holographic displays generate Three-Dimensional (3D) images by displaying single-color holograms time-sequentially, each lit by a single-color light source. However, representing each color individually limits peak intensity (brightness) and dynamic range in holographic displays. This paper introduces a new driving scheme, HoloHDR, for realizing higher dynamic range images in holographic displays. Unlike the conventional driving scheme, HoloHDR utilizes three light sources to illuminate each displayed hologram simultaneously at various brightness levels. In this way, HoloHDR reconstructs a multiplanar three-dimensional target scene using consecutive multi-color holograms and persistence of vision. We co-optimize multi-color holograms and required brightness levels from each light source using a gradient descent-based optimizer with a combination of application-specific loss terms. We experimentally demonstrate that HoloHDR can increase the brightness levels in holographic displays up to three times with support for a broader dynamic range, unlocking new potentials for perceptual realism in holographic displays.
Nonlinearity Cancellation: Experimental Demonstration of Two New Techniques based on Optical Phase Conjugation (2006)

We experimentally demonstrate two simple techniques, based on a modified phase conjugation setup, that allow obtaining nonlinearity compensation even in an embedded link with asymmetrical power profiles. These techniques are particularly well-suited for system upgrade.
Synthesis of [125I]‐, [2H]‐, and [3H]‐Labeled 3‐Iodothyronamine (T1AM). (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Continuous plating/stripping behavior of solid-state lithium metal anode in a 3D ion-conductive framework (2018)

The increasing demands for efficient and clean energy-storage systems have spurred the development of Li metal batteries, which possess attractively high energy densities. For practical application of Li metal batteries, it is vital to resolve the intrinsic problems of Li metal anodes, i.e., the formation of Li dendrites, interfacial instability, and huge volume changes during cycling. Utilization of solid-state electrolytes for Li metal anodes is a promising approach to address those issues. In this study, we use a 3D garnet-type ion-conductive framework as a host for the Li metal anode and study the plating and stripping behaviors of the Li metal anode within the solid ion-conductive host. We show that with a solid-state ion-conductive framework and a planar current collector at the bottom, Li is plated from the bottom and rises during deposition, away from the separator layer and free from electrolyte penetration and short circuit. Owing to the solid-state deposition property, Li grows smoothly in the pores of the garnet host without forming Li dendrites. The dendrite-free deposition and continuous rise/fall of Li metal during plating/stripping in the 3D ion-conductive host promise a safe and durable Li metal anode. The solid-state Li anode shows stable cycling at 0.5 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> for 300 h with a small overpotential, showing a significant improvement compared with reported Li anodes with ceramic electrolytes. By fundamentally eliminating the dendrite issue, the solid Li metal anode shows a great potential to build safe and reliable Li metal batteries.
United States Environmental Protection Agency Perchlorate Method 332.0 via Microbore and Capillary Chromatographic Formats: Statistical Evaluation of the Use of 18O-Perchlorate Internal Standard with Deionized-Water Matrices (2009)

A statistically sound evaluation is made of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's perchlorate Method 332.0 by tandem ion chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Two microbore formats and one capillary format are used with a deionized-water matrix. The evaluation is made for raw peak-area data and for analyte responses scaled by the internal standard, over an analyte concentration range of 0.25 to 200 microg/L. Results indicate that: (i) the internal-standard signal is suppressed by the analyte in both microbore formats; (ii) the analyte signal is not affected by the internal standard; (iii) models for the calibration curves usually contain bias; (iv) the measurement uncertainty is similar in magnitude for both the peak-area- and ratio-based curves.
Large three-dimensional photonic crystals based on monocrystalline liquid crystal blue phases (2017)

Although there have been intense efforts to fabricate large three-dimensional photonic crystals in order to realize their full potential, the technologies developed so far are still beset with various material processing and cost issues. Conventional top-down fabrications are costly and time-consuming, whereas natural self-assembly and bottom-up fabrications often result in high defect density and limited dimensions. Here we report the fabrication of extraordinarily large monocrystalline photonic crystals by controlling the self-assembly processes which occur in unique phases of liquid crystals that exhibit three-dimensional photonic-crystalline properties called liquid-crystal blue phases. In particular, we have developed a gradient-temperature technique that enables three-dimensional photonic crystals to grow to lateral dimensions of ~1 cm (~30,000 of unit cells) and thickness of ~100 μm (~ 300 unit cells). These giant single crystals exhibit extraordinarily sharp photonic bandgaps with high reflectivity, long-range periodicity in all dimensions and well-defined lattice orientation.Conventional fabrication approaches for large-size three-dimensional photonic crystals are problematic. By properly controlling the self-assembly processes, the authors report the fabrication of monocrystalline blue phase liquid crystals that exhibit three-dimensional photonic-crystalline properties.
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Giant cell type. (1978)

This report presents a rare histological variation of medullary (C-cell) carcinoma of the thyroid, referred to as giant cell type, which is similar to that found in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid, or choriocarcinoma. The giant cells in this case possessed specific immunofluorescence for calcitonin and secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The giant cells were tumor cells of medullary carcinoma and could be distinguished from anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid by various histological characteristics, such as nuclear invagination, an intermingled pattern of giant cells with typical small solid cells, infrequency of mitosis, and the existence of amyloid stroma.