gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Seebeck coefficient perpendicular to SiGe superlattice (2003)

Seebeck coefficient is one of the key parameters to evaluate the performance of thermoelectric coolers. However, it is very difficult to directly measure Seebeck coefficient perpendicular to thin film devices because of the difficulty of creating a temperature gradient and measuring localized temperature and voltage change simultaneously. In this paper, a novel method is described and it is used to measure the Seebeck coefficient of SiGe superlattice material perpendicular to the layers. Successful measurement was achieved by integrating a thin film metal wire as a temperature sensor and heat source on top of the SiGe superlattice micro coolers. Extensive thermoreflectance imaging characterization was performed to ensure uniform temperature distribution on top of the thin film device. Details of the experimental set-up and measurement technique are discussed. By analyzing the measured thermoelectric voltage for various device sizes and superlattice thickness, Seebeck coefficient of the superlattice material perpendicular to the layers is deduced.
Wenn Ladung wie Wasser fließt (2020)

Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren wurden in elektrischen Leitern Anzeichen von hydrodynamischem Ladungstransport beobachtet. Dazu gehören die starke Abhängigkeit des Widerstands von der Leiterbreite, Verwirbelungen oder das Brechen des Wiedemann‐Franz‐Gesetzes. Die Messung dieser schon lange vorhergesagten Eigenschaften erlaubt neue Einblicke in das Elektronensystem. Zum Teil lässt sich die Viskosität der Elektronenfluide direkt mit Stoßprozessen zwischen Ladungsträgern erklären. In Wolframphosphid ist die Energiedissipation durch Stoßvorgänge durch das sogenannte Planksche Dissipationslimit begrenzt, das Ähnlichkeit mit der quantenmechanischen Energie‐Zeit‐Unschärfe hat. Aktuell wird an einem möglichen technischen Einsatz von hydrodynamischen Ladungstransport geforscht, in Form neuartiger elektronischer Bauteile.
Glycosylation system investigation, Terra et al. Table S1 ;Glycosylation system investigation, Terra et al. Table S2;Glycosylation system investigation, Terra et al. Figure S1;Glycosylation system investigation, Terra et al. Figure S2 from The N-linking glycosylation system from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is required for adhesion and has potential use in glycoengineering (2017)

Strains and plasmids used in this study; Primers used in this study for reverse transcriptase analysis of RNA extracts from A. pleuropneumoniae HS143, complementation of ngt and agt mutants and construction of A. pleuropneumoniae deletion mutants; Expression analyses of ngt and sodC. Reverse transcriptase PCR results of RNA extracted from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 at various time points and in various mutants. 1, 1.5 hr cDNA template; 2, 1.5 hr RNA template; 3, 3.0 hr cDNA template; 4, 3.0 hr RNA; 5, 5.0 hr cDNA template; 6, 5.0 hr RNA template; 7, Δngt overnight culture cDNA template; 8, Δngt overnight culture RNA template; 9, Δngt complemented with pMKExpressNGT overnight culture cDNA template; 10, Δngt complemented with pMKExpressNGT overnight culture RNA template; 11, genomic DNA template (positive PCR control).; Predicted transcriptional promoter and Rho-independent terminators identified by bioinformatics analysis. V. Solovyev, A Salamov (2011) Automatic Annotation of Microbial Genomes and Metagenomic Sequences. In Metagenomics and its Applications in Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environmental Studies (Ed. R.W. Li), Nova Science Publishers, p. 61-78
Quantum-Confined Stark Effect Analysis of GeSn/SiGeSn Quantum Wells for Mid-Infrared Si-Based Electroabsorption Devices Based on Many-Body Theory (2015)

Quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) of group IV Ge(Sn)/SiGe(Sn) quantum wells (QWs) on Si substrate is analyzed by microscopic many-body theory for mid-infrared (mid-IR) Si-based electroabsorption devices. To show the validity of the theory, QCSE of Ge/SiGe QW is investigated and very good agreement between theory and reported measured results is obtained. Next, the QCSE of GeSn/SiGeSn QWs is analyzed and the QW design for electroabsorption modulators to obtain large extinction ratio in mid-IR region is presented. It is shown that compressive and tensile strained well and barrier layers is preferable to obtain large extinction ratio due to its large conduction band offset.
Unfolding perfumes using an optoelectronic nose (2022)

Every perfume is composed of different notes which describe its odor over time, from the top notes which contain the most volatile components to the base notes which are what remain once the fragrance has fully settled. In this study, we measure with an optoelectronic nose several perfumes over time to capture each step of their odor evolution. To put this idea into practice, we compare different perfumes at different moments of their evolution. We show that the differentiation of two products can be quite difficult at the very beginning of the fragrance release but becomes easier with time.
The Impact of Elevation Angle on MIMO Capacity (2006)

Many channel models for MIMO systems have appeared in the literature. However, with the exception of a few recent results, they are largely focussed on two dimensional (2D) propagation, i.e., propagation in the horizontal plane, and the impact of elevation angle is not considered. The assumption of 2D propagation breaks down when in some propagation environments the elevation angle distribution is significant. Consequently, the estimation of ergodic capacity assuming a 2D channel coefficient alone can lead to erroneous results. In this paper, for cross polarized channels, we define a composite channel model and channel coefficient that takes into account both 2D and 3D propagation. Using this composite channel coefficient we assess the ergodic channel capacity and discuss its sensitivity to a variety of different azimuth and elevation power distributions and other system parameters.
Chiroptical properties and conformation of chiral enamines of 2-(2?-pyrido, or quinolino) acetophenone (1996)

CD study of the chiral enamines 4-9 revealed the presence of the azastil-bene-like chromophore, and exciton coupling between this chromophore (A) and aromatic chromophore B. Coupled excitons in 5 and 8 suggest M (−) absolute conformation between chromophores A and B. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of informational masking in complex real-world environments (2013)

Spatial release from masking (SRM) is believed to be an essential auditory mechanism aiding listeners in reverberant multi-talker environments. However, SRM is often measured in simplified spatial configurations using speech corpora with exaggerated talker and/or context confusions. Besides energetic better-ear listening and binaural unmasking, the perceived spatial separation of target and masking speech signals is thought to aid listener's segregation of speech signals, resulting in a so-called release from informational masking. This study aims to estimate the amount of informational masking that is apparent in complex real-world environments. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured by presenting Bamford-Kowal-Bench (BKB) sentences in a simulated cafeteria environment recreated by a spherical array of 41 loudspeakers placed in an anechoic chamber. Three maskers with varying degree of informational masking were realized: one with talkers different from the target, one with an unintelligible noise vocoder (minimal informational masking) and one with the same talker as the target (maximum informational masking). The maskers were constructed with either two or seven two-talker conversations and were either spatially distributed in the simulated cafeteria or colocated with the target. Seven normal hearing listeners were tested. All conditions showed improved thresholds for the spatialized condition compared to the colocated condition. However there was no significant difference between the different talker speech and vocoded masker. Only the same talker masker showed increased thresholds and this was only substantial in the two conversation colocated condition. These results suggest that informational masking is of low relevance in real-life listening and is exaggerated in listening tests by target/masker similarities and the colocated spatial configuration. However, this may be different in (aided) hearing impaired listeners where spectral and spatial cues can be significantly disturbed.
Detailed Analysis of the Acoustic Mode Shapes of an Annular Combustion Chamber (1999)

To get a better understanding of the formation of thermoacoustic oscillations in an annular gas turbine combustor, an analysis of the acoustic eigenmodes has been conducted using the finite element method. The influence of different boundary conditions and a space-dependent velocity of sound has been investigated. The boundary conditions actually define the eigenfrequency spectrum. Hence, it is crucial to know, e.g., the burner impedance. In case of the combustion system without significant mixing air addition considered in this paper, the space-dependence of the velocity of sound is of minor importance for the eigenfrequency spectrum leading to a maximum deviation of only five percent in the eigenvalues. It is demonstrated that the efficiency of the numerical eigenvalue analysis can be improved by making use of symmetry, by splitting the problem into several steps with alternate boundary conditions, and by choosing the shift frequency ωs in the range of frequencies one is interested in.
Influence of thermodynamic effects on rotor–stator cavity flow in liquid oxygen turbopump (2023)

Thermodynamic effects of the cryogenic medium have not been researched adequately for the accurate solution of the turbopump axial thrust, which is a key technique for the reusable rocket engine. In this paper, a liquid oxygen turbopump was chosen to reveal the influence of thermodynamic effects. Experimental tests using liquid nitrogen were carried out to verify the numerical model, and the numerical results under liquid oxygen were discussed to reveal the thermodynamic effects. The results show that the head coefficients and the efficiencies decrease under all operating conditions due to the alterations of the physical properties caused by the thermodynamic effects of the cryogenic medium. The total axial thrusts decrease in the range of 1.63% to 3.22%, and the maximum variations of the axial thrust acting on the impeller shroud and hub are 2.96% and 2.69%, separately, owing to the divergences of the cavity structure. The entropy generation rate was chosen to analyze the power loss, and the minimum deviation caused by the thermodynamic effects is 5.01% at the normal condition; the distributions of the entropy generation rate in the rotor–stator cavities are obviously changed due to the addition of the thermodynamic effects. The new omega method was selected to compare the vortex distribution. The vortex strength changes slightly, owing to the reduction of the medium viscosity caused by the temperature rise. It is critical to consider the thermodynamic effects of cryogenic media for accurately calculating the axial thrust of a high power-density turbopump.
Collision-activated dissociation, infrared multiphoton dissociation, and electron capture dissociation of the Bacillus anthracis siderophore petrobactin and its metal ion complexes (2007)

Siderophores are high-affinity iron-chelating ligands produced by microorganisms to scavenge vital Fe(3+) from the environment. Thus, siderophores constitute potential therapeutic targets and their structural determination is important for exploiting their therapeutic value. Here, the virulence-associated siderophore petrobactin from Bacillus anthracis was characterized with electron capture dissociation (ECD). Fragmentation of doubly protonated petrobactin was investigated and compared to sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-activated dissociation (SORI CAD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) of both the singly and doubly protonated species. These experiments demonstrate that ECD provides additional information (complementary bond cleavages) on the structure of petrobactin compared to both SORI CAD and IRMPD. Furthermore, complexes of petrobactin with divalent (Ca(2+), Fe(2+), and Co(2+)) and trivalent (Fe(3+) and Ga(3+)) metal cations were also subjected to SORI CAD and ECD. Again, most structural information was obtained from the ECD spectra. However, significant differences were found in both SORI CAD and ECD of metal complexes, dependent on the nature of the metal ion. Intriguingly, unique behavior, consistent with a recently proposed solution-phase structure, was observed for the highly preferred Fe(3+)-petrobactin complex.
Generalizing Swendsen–Wang for Image Analysis (2007)

Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used in many fields (physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science) for simulation, inference, and optimization. In many applications, Markov chains are simulated for sampling from target probabilities π(X) defined on graphs G. The graph vertices represent elements of the system, the edges represent spatial relationships, while X is a vector of variables on the vertices which often take discrete values called labels or colors. Designing efficient Markov chains is a challenging task when the variables are strongly coupled. Because of this, methods such as the single-site Gibbs sampler often experience suboptimal performance. A well-celebrated algorithm, the Swendsen–Wang (SW) method, can address the coupling problem. It clusters the vertices as connected components after turning off some edges probabilistically, and changes the color of one cluster as a whole. It is known to mix rapidly under certain conditions. Unfortunately, the SW method has limited applicability and slows down in the presence of “external fields;” for example, likelihoods in Bayesian inference. In this article, we present a general cluster algorithm that extends the SW algorithm to general Bayesian inference on graphs. We focus on image analysis problems where the graph sizes are in the order of 103–106 with small connectivity. The edge probabilities for clustering are computed using discriminative probabilities from data. We design versions of the algorithm to work on multi grid and multilevel graphs, and present applications to two typical problems in image analysis, namely image segmentation and motion analysis. In our experiments, the algorithm is at least two orders of magnitude faster (in CPU time) than the single-site Gibbs sampler.
A critical comparison of reflectometry methods for location of wiring faults (2006)

Aging wiring in buildings, aircraft and transportation systems, consumer products, industrial machinery, etc. is among the most significant potential causes of catastrophic failure and maintenance cost in these structures. Smart wire health monitoring can therefore have a substantial impact on the overall health monitoring of the system. Reflectometry is commonly used for locating faults on wire and cables. This paper compares Time domain reflectometry (TDR), frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), mixed signal reflectometry (MSR), sequence time domain reflectometry (STDR), spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) and capacitance sensors in terms of their accuracy, convenience, cost, size, and ease of use. Advantages and limitations of each method are outlined and evaluated for several types of aircraft cables. The results in this paper can be extrapolated to other types of wire and cable systems.
Injectable conductive hydrogel restores conduction through ablated myocardium (2020)

This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that conductive hydrogel can be injected into acutely disrupted myocardium to restore conduction. Future experiments should focus on evaluating long-term retention and biocompatibility of the hydrogel through in vivo experimentation.
The study on vertical division with inheritance of traditional townhouses‘ façade in a Nepali historic city. (2019)

相続にともなう家屋の分割とそれによる外観の分割は、ネパールの歴史都市においては一般的にみられる事例である。こうした分割は、伝統的町家の保存には大きな障害となっている。分割されたそれぞれのパーツが個別に更新されると、構造的な一体性・連続性が失われる。外観では伝統的町家の特徴である。も木彫窓配置の対称性と、水平方向の連続性が失われ、町並み景観に大きな影響を及ぼす。本研究は、世界文化遺産登録都市でもあるバクタプルに対象地区を設定し、1934年地震以来の家屋の分割経過をおい、垂直分割が町家の外観に及ぼす影響を明らかにしようとした。その結果、当該時期の町家意匠の変遷が深く垂直分割に影響されていること、2015年地震以降の復興過程で、分割パートの更新が進み、町並み景観に重大な影響がでていること等が明らかになった。
Ultrafluorogenic Coumarin–Tetrazine Probes for Real‐Time Biological Imaging (2014)

Abstract We have developed a series of new ultrafluorogenic probes in the blue‐green region of the visible‐light spectrum that display fluorescence enhancement exceeding 11 000‐fold. These fluorogenic dyes integrate a coumarin fluorochrome with the bioorthogonal trans ‐cyclooctene(TCO)–tetrazine chemistry platform. By exploiting highly efficient through‐bond energy transfer (TBET), these probes exhibit the highest brightness enhancements reported for any bioorthogonal fluorogenic dyes. No‐wash, fluorogenic imaging of diverse targets including cell‐surface receptors in cancer cells, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton is possible within seconds, with minimal background signal and no appreciable nonspecific binding, opening the possibility for in vivo sensing.
Solid-state carbon-13 NMR studies of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin (1984)

Solid-state 13C magic-angle sample spinning (MASS) NMR has been used to study lyophilized dark-adapted purple membrane containing 13C-labeled retinals. C-10-, C-11-, and C-12-labeled derivatives each showed two lines, assigned to the coexisting 13-cis and all-trans isomers. The isotropic chemical shifts, particularly of C-11, indicate that the Schiff base is protonated. Shift anisotropies are also similar to those of model compounds, indicating that this part of the chromophore is rigid and immobile and possesses the same degree of in-plane bending as crystalline retinal derivatives. Purple membrane samples labeled on the C-19- and C-20-methyl groups both give single lines from the retinal, upfield shifted by 2.1 and 1.0 ppm, respectively, from model compounds. In all cases, high-quality spectra were obtained from approximately 50-mg samples in modest signal-averaging times. These results suggest that it is now practical to exploit the enormous potential of MASS NMR for structural studies of 13C-labeled membrane proteins.
Borehole NMR Permeability Estimates and Uncertainty in an Unconsolidated Fluvial Aquifer, Kansas, USA (2012)

Borehole nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements may be used to estimate permeability at several depth intervals in the saturated zone. The empirical Schlumberger‐Doll Research (SDR) equation utilizes NMR‐derived porosity and an average NMR relaxation time (representative of surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio) to estimate permeability (kSDR) using three fitting parameters. While it would be possible to optimize the fitting parameters for each depth, it is more useful to have SDR equation parameter values that are valid for the entire length of a borehole or for a study site. Traditional experimentally derived values can be utilized for the fitting parameters, however we explore the uncertainty in these values by calibrating the NMR permeability estimates using a bootstrapping Monte Carlo simulation with direct measurements of hydraulic conductivity at discrete depth intervals. We used borehole NMR measurements and direct hydraulic conductivity measurements acquired at the Geohydrological and Experiment and Monitoring Site (GEMS) near Lawrence Kansas to calibrate the permeability estimates by fitting one, two or three parameters in the SDR equation. Our statistical evaluation suggested that in many instances, acceptable parameter values are obtained by optimizing just one of the parameters in the SDR equation. This method also reveals when the optimization fails to converge on a preferred parameter value while fitting two parameters simultaneously, therefore justifying the use of the single‐parameter fitting scheme. Fitting all three parameters never yielded a superior result compared with one‐ or two‐ variable fits. By using about half of the coincident NMR and DPP data from each borehole for the bootstrap resampling, we show the range of plausible best‐fit kSDR results and a distribution of the corresponding parameter values. Our results are useful for assigning kSDR uncertainty due to the model and may yield insight into discrepancies between traditional hydrogeological estimates and NMR‐derived estimates of permeability. This material is based upon work supported, in part, by the DOE under Grant DE‐SC000423. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Energy.
Antibacterial therapeutics for the treatment of chytrid infection in amphibians: Columbus’s egg? (2012)

We thus conclude that, despite marked anti B. dendrobatidis activity in vitro, the florfenicol treatment used is not capable of eliminating B. dendrobatidis infections from amphibians.
Evaluation of liver tissue damage and grasp stability using finite element analysis (2014)

Minimizing tissue damage and maintaining grasp stability are essential considerations in surgical grasper design. Most past and current research analyzing graspers used for tissue manipulation in minimally invasive surgery is based on in vitro experiments. Most previous work assessed tissue injury and grasp security by visual inspection; only a few studies have quantified it. The goal of the present work is to develop a methodology with which to compute tissue damage magnitude and grasp quality that is appropriate for a wide range of grasper-tissue interaction. Using finite element analysis (FEA), four graspers with varying radii of curvature and four graspers with different tooth sizes were analyzed while squeezing and pulling liver tissue. All graspers were treated as surgical steel with linear elastic material properties. Nonlinear material properties of tissue used in the FEA as well as damage evaluation were derived from previously reported in vivo experiments. Computed peak stress, integrated stress, and tissue damage were compared. Applied displacement is vertical and then horizontal to the tissue surface to represent grasp and retraction. A close examination of the contact status of each node within the grasper-tissue interaction surface was carried out to investigate grasp stability. The results indicate less tissue damage with increasing radius of curvature. A smooth wave pattern reduced tissue damage at the cost of inducing higher percentage of slipping area. This methodology may be useful for researchers to develop and test various designs of graspers. Also it could improve surgical simulator performance by reflecting more realistic tissue material properties and predicting tissue damage for the student.
Spatially redundant, precision-constrained transmit precoding for mmWave LoS MIMO (2022)

Line of sight (LoS) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems have attractive scaling properties with increase in carrier frequency, with the potential for 100+Gbps links over 10s to 100s of meters with the reasonable form using the millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands. We propose and investigate an approach to all-digital LoS MIMO which addresses the difficulty of limited available precision for digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). In order to reduce dynamic range requirements at the receiver, we consider spatially redundant transmit precoding (more transmit antennas than number of spatially multiplexed data streams) with 1-bit DACs. We introduce a novel approach for attaining the higher dynamic range required for precoding over the air (OTA), which we term OTA-DAC: the 1-bit DACs for clusters of transmit elements synthesize approximations to zero-forcing precoding across clusters. We illustrate our ideas for 64×4 and 16×4 LoS MIMO systems, comparing with a benchmark approach of 1-bit quantized ZF precoding for transmit elements evenly spaced across the aperture. Our OTA-DAC approach substantially outperforms the benchmark, and does not exhibit the error floors incurred by the latter.