gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Living carbocationic polymerization of p‐halostyrenes. III. Syntheses and characterization of novel thermoplastic elastomers of isobutylene and p‐chlorostyrene (1990)

Abstract Novel linear and three‐arm star radial thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) comprising rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) center blocks connected to glassy poly( p ‐chlorostyrene) (PpClSt) outer blocks have been synthesized by sequential monomer addition. For triblock polymer synthesis isobutylene (IB) was added continuously to a bifunctional initiating system (dicumylmethyl ether/TiCl 4 ) dissolved in CH 3 Cl/methylcyclohexane solvent mixture at –80°C. After the living PIB sequence has reached the desired molecular weight p ‐chlorostyrene (pClSt) was added to produce the PpClSt end blocks. The synthesis conditions for the TPEs were developed with the help of model experiments using the 2‐chloro‐2,4,4‐trimethylpentane (TMPCl)/TiCl 4 initiating system and subsequent PIB‐PpClSt diblock syntheses. The triblock and radiol block polymers after solvent extraction exhibited excellent TPE characteristics. Copolymer compositions were determined by 1 H‐NMR and UV spectroscopy and further characterization was carried out by GPC, DSC, DMTA, and selective solvent extraction techniques. The TPEs exhibit two T g 's characteristic of glassy PpClSt (129°C) and rubbery PIB (−70°C) segments. Cast TPE films were clear and gave tensile strengths of 1.2‐21 MPa with elongations of 460–1500%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of a triblock polymer containing ca. 38 wt % PpClSt suggests cylindrical PpClSt domains of 40–70 nm length and 25–35 nm diam embedded in a PIB matrix.
Stochastic pairing of Ig heavy and light chains frequently generates B cell antigen receptors that are subject to editing in vivo (2005)

We examined the generation and selection of the B cell antibody repertoire through crossing of mice bearing distinct Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chain rearranged variable region transgenes. Ig gene knock-in and transgenic mice whose H and L chains pair to form a non-autoreactive, functional B cell antigen receptor (BCR) have significantly reduced pre-B cells in the bone marrow as their B cell progenitors rapidly differentiate into surface IgM(+) B cells. The presence of a pre-B cell compartment in these Ig transgenic mice, however, indicates the induction of receptor editing. Here, 18 distinct combinations of H and L chains were generated that we showed could pair in vitro to form BCRs of unknown specificities. Of these, nine induced receptor editing in vivo as evidenced by the presence of pre-B cells and endogenous L chain rearrangements in mice bearing these H and L chain transgenes. These data thus suggest that about half of the emerging antibody repertoire is negatively selected during B lymphopoiesis due to the likely encoding of autoreactive or non-functional BCRs.
MiRoR—Miniaturized Robotic Systems for Holistic In-Situ Repair and Maintenance Works in Restrained and Hazardous Environments (2018)

This letter presents the novel concept of a miniaturized robotized machine tool, Mini-RoboMach, consisting of a walking hexapod robot and a Slender Continuum Arm. By combining the mobility of the walking robot with the positioning accuracy of the machine tool, with its 24 + 25 degrees of freedom, camera-based calibration system, laser scanner, and two end-effectors of opposed orientations, the proposed system can provide a versatile tool for in-situ work (e.g., repair) in hazardous/unreachable locations in large installations.
Ultrafluorogenic Coumarin–Tetrazine Probes for Real‐Time Biological Imaging (2014)

We have developed a series of new ultrafluorogenic probes in the blue-green region of the visible-light spectrum that display fluorescence enhancement exceeding 11,000-fold. These fluorogenic dyes integrate a coumarin fluorochrome with the bioorthogonal trans-cyclooctene(TCO)-tetrazine chemistry platform. By exploiting highly efficient through-bond energy transfer (TBET), these probes exhibit the highest brightness enhancements reported for any bioorthogonal fluorogenic dyes. No-wash, fluorogenic imaging of diverse targets including cell-surface receptors in cancer cells, mitochondria, and the actin cytoskeleton is possible within seconds, with minimal background signal and no appreciable nonspecific binding, opening the possibility for in vivo sensing.
Improvement of HepG2/C3a cell functions in a microfluidic biochip (2011)

Abstract Current developments in tissue engineering and microtechnology fields allow the use of microfluidic biochip as microtools for in vitro investigations. In the present study, we describe the behavior of HepG2/C3a cells cultivated in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic biochip coupled to a perfusion system. Cell culture in the microfluidic biochip for 96 h including 72 h of perfusion provoked a 24 h delay in cell growth compared to plate cultures. Inside the microfluidic biochip, few apoptosis, and necrosis were detected along the culture and 3D cell organization was observed. Regarding the hepatic metabolism, glucose and glutamine consumptions as well as albumin synthesis were maintained. A transcriptomic analysis performed at 96 h of culture using Affymetrix GeneChip demonstrated that 1,025 genes with a fold change above 1.8 were statistically differentially expressed in the microfluidic biochip cultures compared to plate cultures. Among those genes, phase I enzymes involved in the xenobiotic's metabolism such as the cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1/2, 2B6, 3A4, 3A5, and 3A7 were up‐regulated. The CYP1A1/2 up‐regulation was associated with the appearance of CYP1A1/2's activity evidenced by using EROD biotransformation assay. Several phase II enzymes such as sulfotransferases (SULT1A1 and SULT1A2), UDP‐glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1, UGT2B7) and phase III transporters (such as MDR1, MRP2) were also up‐regulated. In conclusion, microfluidic biochip could and provide an important insight to exploring the xenobiotic's metabolism. Altogether, these results suggest that this kind of biochip could be considered as a new pertinent tool for predicting cell toxicity and clearance of xenobiotics in vitro. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1704–1715. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supplementary Fig. S8 from <i>Salmonella</i>-Based Therapy Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Coupled with Enzymatic Depletion of Tumor Hyaluronan Induces Complete Regression of Aggressive Pancreatic Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Detection of PMN in extracted tumors of PEGPH20/shIDO-ST treated mice. Mice treated with PEGPH20/shScr-ST or PEGPH20/shIDO-ST were euthanized and tumors extracted 96 hours post-ST treatment. One hour prior to euthanization, mice were injected with NS-NIR reagent. Tumors were imaged using a Xenogen 100 equipped with an ICG filter set.&lt;/p&gt;
Charakterisierung von mutiertem IFN-alpha mit einer erhöhten Bindungsaffinität gegenüber dem IFN Rezeptor im HCV Replikonmodell (2008)

Einleitung: Interferon abhängige Signalkaskaden werden über membranständige IFN Rezeptoren (IFNR) vermittelt. Im folgenden Projekt untersuchten wir die antivirale Wirksamkeit von mutiertem IFN-alpha (IFN-HEQ) mit einer 30-fach höheren Bindungsaffinität zum IFNR–1, mit dem Ziel die virale Hemmfunktion zu verstärken. Methodik: Als HCV-Replikationsmodell diente eine Hepatomzellinie (Huh7-HCVluc) mit stabil replizierender subgenomischer HCV-RNA und einem Luciferase-Gen Insert. In Huh7-HCVluc steht die HCV Replikation daher in direkter Beziehung zur Expression des Luciferase Reporters. Nach Inkubation der Huh7-HCVluc mit IFN-alpha–2a, IFN-HEQ sowie einer Positivkontrolle (Intron-A®, IFN-alpha–2b) wurde die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zwischen IFN und HCV Replikation anhand eines Luciferase-Assays quantifiziert. Verglichen wurden steigende Konzentrationen zwischen 5×10–3 fmol/ml und 2×104 fmol/ml. Die Vergleichsexperimente wurden in zwei Wiederholungen mit je drei Messungen (Luciferase Assays) durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Unbehandelte Huh7-HCVluc zeigten eine Luciferase Aktivität von 2×104 relative light units (RLU). Bei maximaler Hemmung fand sich ein Hintergrundsignal der Luciferase um 100 RLU. Nach Inkubation mit IFN konnte im Konzentrationsbereich zwischen 0,03 und 0,07 fmol/ml eine lineare Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung zwischen den Interferonen (IFN-alpha–2a, IFN-HEQ und Intron-A®) und der HCV Replikation beobachtet werden. Im linearen Hemmbereich fand sich ein Abfall der Luciferase Aktivität (RLU) um zwei Log Stufen. Der Vergleich von IFN-alpha–2a, IFN-HEQ und Intron A erbrachte allerdings keine signifikanten Unterschiede der jeweiligen 50%-Hemmkonzentrationen. Diskussion: Mutiertes IFN-alpha (IFN-HEQ) mit erhöhter Affinität gegenüber IFNR–1 verbesserte im untersuchten HCV-Replikonsystem die antivirale Aktivität nicht. In wieweit der stabile ternäre Komplex zwischen IFN-HEQ und IFNR–1 antivirale Effekte prolongiert bzw. die Restimulation mit IFN moduliert ist Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen.
Mechanisms of perceptual learning for vernier acuity (2002)

Purpose. To understand the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual learning in Vernier acuity. Methods. Our training protocol was divided into three phases: namely pre-training, training and post-training. A three-alternative forced-choice interleaved staircase paradigm was used to measure vernier acuity in noise in ten normal adult observers. The Vernier stimulus was comprised of two segments with a 12 minute gap between the two segments. Each segment consisted of eight discrete Gabor patches (carrier SF, 10 cpd). Positional noise was produced by distributing each Gabor patch around the mean line position according to a Gaussian probability function. Observers were tested and trained at five noise levels (including zero). Vernier threshold was defined as the offset at which 66% correct responses were obtained. Trial-by-trial feedback was provided. Each observer had given more than 10000 responses at the end of the experiment. Results. Vernier acuity gradually improved across training sessions. With no noise, it improved, on average, by about 35%. Vernier acuity also gradually improved across training sessions at all spatial noise settings. We used several models (including the LAM model and the PTM model) to fit the data. All of the models were consistent in showing no statistically significant changes in additive internal noise across training sessions, but a significant increase in efficiency. Our observers showed no significant transfer of learning either across eyes or orientations. Conclusions. Vernier performance in noise can be improved after repetitive training. The improvement in Vernier acuity with practice can be mainly attributed to the improved efficiency. In our laboratory, we are currently studying the mechanisms of perceptual learning in amblyopes.
miR-34a directly targets tRNA i Met precursors and affects cellular proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis (2018)

It remains unknown whether microRNA (miRNA/miR) can target transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Here we provide evidence that miR-34a physically interacts with and functionally targets tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> precursors in both in vitro pulldown and Argonaute 2 (AGO2) cleavage assays. We find that miR-34a suppresses breast carcinogenesis, at least in part by lowering the levels of tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> through AGO2-mediated repression, consequently inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, miR-34a expression is negatively correlated with tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> levels in cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we find that tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> knockdown also reduces cell proliferation while inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Conversely, ectopic expression of tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> promotes cell proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, and accelerates the S/G2 transition. Moreover, the enforced expression of modified tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> completely restores the phenotypic changes induced by miR-34a. Our results demonstrate that miR-34a directly targets tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> precursors via AGO2-mediated cleavage, and that tRNA<sub>i</sub><sup>Met</sup> functions as an oncogene, potentially representing a target molecule for therapeutic intervention.
Experimental and computational modeling of traumatic brain injury: In vivo thresholds for mechanical disruption of the blood-brain barrier (1998)

Mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the underlying mechanism for the most common form of closed head injury--cerebral contusions. In vivo thresholds for mechanical disruption of the BBB were identified with a dual experimental and computational modeling approach. A new experimental model of traumatic brain injury in the rat was developed. Termed dynamic cortical deformation (DCD), the model induces graded injury by applying a dynamic vacuum pulse to the cortex, and is the model that produces an injury pattern that consists solely of a focal contusion. The purely focal pathology was confirmed with a histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the neuronal, axonal, and glial consequences of DCD. A subsequent experimental study assessed the mechanical response of the cortex and the extent of mechanically-mediated BBB breakdown ten minutes after injury over a range of biofidelic loading conditions. BBB injury was identified by the extravasation of Evans blue-tagged serum albumin (a 60 KD protein), and was statistically dependent on both the magnitude and the duration of the insult vacuum pulse. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of DCD in the rat was performed and validated with in vivo experimental cortical displacement data across the range of loading conditions applied experimentally. The results of the computational study were compared to the experimental data of BBB injury using logistic regression analysis. Four mechanical parameters were investigated as potential mediators of BBB injury--maximum principal logarithmic strain, maximum principal stress, strain energy density, and von Mises stress. While all four measures demonstrated significant logistic regression fits at each of the nine loading conditions, only maximum principal logarithmic strain was statistically invariant across loading. These studies demonstrate that mechanical injury to the BBB is strain-mediated, and that injury occurs at natural strain of 17.2%. Identification of this threshold is a vital step in understanding the circumstances that cause traumatic brain injury and can lead to improved means of injury prevention.
A Model for the Design and Construction of a Resource for the Validation of Prognostic Prostate Cancer Biomarkers (2012)

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) provide unique resources for rapid evaluation and validation of tissue biomarkers. The Canary Foundation Retrospective Prostate Tissue Microarray Resource used a rigorous statistical design, quota sampling, a variation of the case-cohort study, to select patients for inclusion in a multicenter, retrospective prostate cancer TMA cohort. The study is designed to definitively validate tissue biomarkers of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Tissue samples from over 1000 participants treated for prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy between 1995 and 2004 were selected at 6 participating institutions in the United States and Canada. This design captured the heterogeneity of screening and clinical practices in the contemporary North American population. Standardized clinical data were collected in a centralized database. The project has been informative in several respects. The scale and complexity of assembling TMAs with over 200 cases at each of 6 sites involved unanticipated levels of effort and time. Our statistical design promises to provide a model for outcome-based studies where tissue localization methods are applied to high-density TMAs.
Significant Polar Comonomer Enchainment in Zirconium‐Catalyzed, Masking Reagent‐Free, Ethylene Copolymerizations (2019)

In principal, the direct copolymerization of ethylene with polar comonomers should be the most efficient means to introduce functional groups into conventional polyolefins but remains a formidable challenge. Despite the tremendous advances in group 4-centered catalysis for olefin polymerization, successful examples of ethylene + polar monomer copolymerization are rare, especially without Lewis acidic masking reagents. Here we report that certain group 4 catalysts are very effective for ethylene + CH<sub>2</sub> =CH(CH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>n</sub> NR<sub>2</sub> copolymerizations with activities up to 3400 Kg copolymer mol<sup>-1</sup> -Zr h<sup>-1</sup> atm<sup>-1</sup> , and with comonomer enchainment up to 5.5 mol % in the absence of masking reagents. Group 4 catalyst-amino-olefin structure-activity-selectivity relationships reflect the preference of olefin activation over free amine coordination, which is supported by mechanistic experiments and DFT analysis. These results illuminate poorly understood facets of d<sup>0</sup> metal-catalyzed polar olefin monomer copolymerization processes.
Electrochemical nitrogen reduction to ammonia under mild conditions enabled by a polymer gel electrolyte (2018)

A novel gel electrolyte approach has been implemented to enable the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to ammonia at low temperature and pressure.
Spread of Practical Application in Optical Fiber Current Sensing Technology (2010)

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Silicon based Integrated Photonic Devices for optical Interconnects and Biosensing Application (2014)

On chip devices for intra-chip and inter-chip optical interconnects with clock-rate 0.88 THz at 1.55-micron are demonstrated. Utilization of slow light on photonic-crystal-waveguide for early breast and lung cancer detection and drug screening are presented. Article not available.
Extraction, denaturation and hydrophobic Properties of Rice Flour Proteins (2001)

ABSTRACT: Rice proteins were extracted from defatted rice flour. Turbidity measurement of supernatants revealed isoelectric points of albumin (pH 4.1), globulin (pH 4.3 and pH 7.9), and glutelin (pH 4.8), at which they were precipitated with 82.3 to 93.2% recovery efficiency. Prolamin did not aggregate and precipitate upon pH adjustment, but was precipitated by acetone. Denaturation temperatures (73.3, 78.9, and 82.2 °C) as well as enthalpy values (2.88, 3.14, and 3.79 J/g), of albumin, globulin, and glutelin were different. Prolamin did not show any thermographic denaturation peak. Heat‐denaturation of globulin and glutelin resulted in progressive increases in their surface hydrophobicities. Measurement of surface hydrophobicity would be an effective parameter to evaluate rice protein denaturation.
Electrospray Encapsulation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Drugs in Poly(L‐lactic acid) Nanoparticles (2009)

An electrospray method is developed for preparation of beclomethasone-dipropionate- and salbutamol-sulfate-loaded biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) nanoparticles. Different set-up parameters for electrospraying are examined on particle size, and preparation conditions are optimized for producing spherical-drug-loaded nanoscale particles by controllable processing parameters. Polylactide (PLA)-drug nanoparticles with average diameters of around 200 nm are achieved in a stable cone-jet mode with a flow rate of 4 microL min(-1), polymer concentration of 1%, and ammonium hydroxide content of 0.05%. Morphology and size of the drug-polymer nanoparticles are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Changes in the crystallinity of the PLA polymer and the model drugs are detected by X-ray powder diffraction, and the absence of molecular interactions are confirmed by thermal analyses. The results indicate clearly that electrospraying is a potential method for producing polymeric nanoparticles and for encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs efficiently into the nanoparticles.
Impact of HIV-1 infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy on the kinetics of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell turnover in HIV-infected patients (2000)

To evaluate the effects of HIV infection on T cell turnover, we examined levels of DNA synthesis in lymph node and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by using ex vivo labeling with BrdUrd. Compared with healthy controls (n = 67), HIV-infected patients (n = 57) had significant increases in the number and fraction of dividing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Higher percentages of dividing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were noted in patients with the higher viral burdens. No direct correlation was noted between rates of T cell turnover and CD4(+) T cell counts. Marked reductions in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation were seen in 11/11 patients 1-12 weeks after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These reductions persisted for the length of the study (16-72 weeks). Decreases in naive T cell proliferation correlated with increases in the levels of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles. Division of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells increased dramatically in association with rapid increases in HIV-1 viral loads in 9/9 patients 5 weeks after termination of HAART and declined to pre-HAART-termination levels 8 weeks after reinitiation of therapy. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that HIV-1 infection induces a viral burden-related, global activation of the immune system, leading to increases in lymphocyte proliferation.
Design and Optimization of a Fast Risetime Pulsed-Power Generator to Drive a High-Power Relativistic S-Band Magnetron (2007)

Summary form only given. One source of high-current relativistic high-power microwaves (HPM) is a relativistic magnetron that provides a low-impedance load that requires proper matching to a low-impedance Gigawatt pulsed power supply to operate at maximum efficiency. A Marx generator is one of the most reliable pulsed power drivers used to accomplish this task. UNM researchers are modifying a PulseradR' 110A electron beam accelerator to produce HPM from a low-impedance relativistic magnetron. The Marx generator is the main part of the Pulserad assembly. A pulse forming line (PFL) in series with an oil spark gap and a vacuum-insulator interface is the preferred choice to transfer energy from the Marx generator to the low-impedance relativistie magnetron. This presentation describes the design and optimization of a pulsed power Marx generator to drive a high-power relativistic magnetron. Transient analysis and computer simulations are used to reduce the Marx generator impedance, to define PFL coaxial transmission line parameters, and to design the vacuum-insulator interface. This pulsed-power driver upgrade will permit studies of the UNM transparent cathode invention applied to a low-impedance relativistic magnetron. Computer simulations have shown that the new cathode design will improve the magnetron's output power, efficiency and pulse length, and these simulations now await experimental verification.
Effect of Cr and Al alloying on the oxidation resistance of a Ti 5 Si 3 -incorporated MoSiBTiC alloy (2021)

Abstract The effects of adding Cr and Al on the oxidation behavior of a Ti 5 Si 3 -incorporated MoSiBTiC alloy (46Mo–28Ti–14Si–6C–6B, at%) were investigated at 800 and 1,100°C. The addition of Cr and Al largely improved the oxidation resistance of the MoSiBTiC alloy at 800°C due to the formation of Cr 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 and Al 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 in the oxide scales. These protective molybdates mainly formed on the molybdenum solid solution (Mo ss ) and Mo 3 Si phases that show poor oxidation resistance in the Cr- and Al-free alloy and consequently increased the oxidation resistance of the alloys. However, accelerated oxidation occurred on the 10Al alloy after the long-term oxidation test, suggesting that the formed oxide scale has limited protection ability. At 1,100°C, the addition of Cr and Al also enhanced the oxidation resistance to some extent by forming Cr 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 in the oxide scales.