gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limbal Epithelial Side-Population Cells Have Stem Cell–Like Properties, Including Quiescent State (2005)

Corneal epithelial (CE) stem cells are believed to reside in the basal layer of the limbal epithelium but remain poorly understood due to the lack of an accepted in vivo reconstitution assay as well as definitive markers for epithelial stem cells. It has been reported that side-population (SP) cells with the ability to efflux the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 have stem cell-like properties and that the SP phenotype accurately represents a quiescent and immature stem cell population in the adult bone marrow. In the present study, we investigated whether SP cells isolated from the limbal epithelium have stem cell-like properties. SP cells, separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, comprise approximately 0.4% of all limbal epithelial cells and have markedly higher expression of the stem cell markers ABCG2, Bmi-1, and nestin but no expression of markers for differentiated CE cells compared with non-SP cells. Cell-cycle and telomerase activity analyses revealed that SP cells are growth arrested and reside in the quiescent state. Moreover, limbal epithelial SP cells did not demonstrate proliferative capabilities under typical in vitro epithelial cell culture conditions using 3T3 feeder layers. These findings present the possibility that quiescent limbal epithelial SP cells may represent an extremely immature stem cell population compared with currently defined epithelial stem or progenitor cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1H‐2‐Naphtho[2,3‐c]thiapyran‐5,10‐dione‐2,2‐dioxide, a 2‐Sulfone Analogue of Pentalongin. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Phosphorylation of microtubule‐associated protein tau by stress‐activated protein kinases (1997)

The paired helical filament, which comprises the major fibrous element of the neurofibrillary lesions of Alzheimer's disease, is composed of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. Many of the hyperphosphorylated sites in tau are serine/threonine-prolines. Here we show that the stress-activated protein (SAP) kinases SAPK1gamma (also called JNK1), SAPK2a (also called p38, RK, CSBPs, Mpk2 and Mxi2), SAPK2b (also called p38beta), SAPK3 (also called ERK6 and p38gamma) and SAPK4 phosphorylate tau at many serine/threonine-prolines, as assessed by the generation of the epitopes of phosphorylation-dependent anti-tau antibodies. Based on initial rates of phosphorylation, tau was found to be a good substrate for SAPK4 and SAPK3, a reasonable substrate for SAPK2b and a relatively poor substrate for SAPK2a and SAPK1gamma. Phosphorylation of tau by SAPK3 and SAPK4 resulted in a marked reduction in its ability to promote microtubule assembly. These findings double the number of candidate protein kinases for the hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Mechanoluminescent and efficient white OLEDs for Pt(ii) phosphors bearing spatially encumbered pyridinyl pyrazolate chelates (2013)

Three Pt(II) complexes with a formula of [Pt(Lx)2], x = 1, 2 and 3, in which the pyrazole chelate (Lx)H represents 4-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (1), 5-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (2) and 4-(tert-butyl)-2-(3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyridine (3), were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were examined. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1 and 2 reveal a planar molecular geometry with both Lx chelates adopting a mutually trans configuration. Distinctive packing arrangements within the crystal lattices are observed, e.g., complex 2 shows structural repetitions that prohibit formation of intimate π–π stacking, while complex 1 exhibits an ordered alignment along the axis of the square planar core framework and, remarkably, shows mechanoluminescence and concentration dependent photoluminescence in the poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix (PMMA). In sharp contrast, derivatives 2 and 3 show only the luminescence derived from the monomeric and aggregated state, respectively, which is attributed to the imposed substituent effect. For application, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) were also fabricated using the aforementioned blue dopant 1, attaining the peak external quantum efficiency, current and power efficiencies of ηext = 9.1%, ηc = 18.4 cd A−1 and ηp = 16.6 lm W−1 respectively. With the same device structure, devices based on 3 exhibit an extremely high efficiency orange emission (20.0%, 47.6 cd A−1, 50.8 lm W−1) due to the occurrence of extensive π–π-stacking. Upon combining blue-emitting phosphor 1 and orange-emitting phosphor 3, two white OLED devices are fabricated, one of which obtained by sequentially doping 1, 3 and then 1 into separated layers exhibits performance efficiencies of 11.3%, 28.3 cd A−1, and 21.2 lm W−1, highly stable chromaticity (CIEx = 0.41–0.40 and CIEy = 0.43–0.41), and an adequate color-rendering index (CRI) of 80 at brightness of 370 to 10 800 cd m−2. The other device obtained by co-doping 1 and 3 into a single emissive layer shows improved efficiencies of 15.0%, 44.8 cd A−1, and 46.2 lm W−1, but with a lower CRI of 63.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder Reactions of 5,6‐Dihydro‐2(1H)‐pyridones. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Cold Welding on Cogged Surfaces (2011)

Welding by cold pressing on cogged surfaces produces the joint of a component made from an easy deformable metal by pressing on the cogged surface of a harder metal component. Different welds between aluminium (the easy deformable component) and copper, brass, steel, stainless steel (harder component, cogged on the contact surface) can be obtained. The experimental results show that the weld can be achieved at lower deformation rates than in the classical cold welding case. The weld is obtained only by deforming the aluminium component at a deformation rate of 20 ... 20%. The welding on cogged surfaces of materials with different plasticity makes possible the production of bimetallic or multilayer elements. The weld tensile strength is up to 10% of aluminium ultimate tensile strength, better results being obtained for the shearing strength. A thermal treatment can be used to double the joint resistance, by activating the material's diffusion on the contact surface. The weld contact electric resistance is negligible, recommending the process for producing dissimilar elements used in electrotechnics.
The Bell-Spline, A Digital Filtering / Interpolation Algorithm (1989)

The paper describes and analyzes the Bell-Spline, a new algorithm that performs combined filtering and interpolation of a digital data set. In Digital Image Processing, the Bell-Spline algorithm can be effectively used to magnify or demagnify images of any integer or non-integer factor. Because of its inherent capability to filter the spatial frequencies of the image being interpolated, the algorithm can be tuned so as to prevent apparent loss of dynamic contrast of highly magnified images, or so as to minimize spatial aliasing of images that are demagnified or magnified by a small non-integer factor. The Bell-Spline algorithm performs the combined filtering and interpolation of an original two-dimensional pixel array with few operations per interpolated pixel. It is therefore suitable, and in fact has been used, for real-time image processing applications.
Isolation and Characterization of the β Antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1973)

The beta antigen of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been isolated from the alkaline-extracted gonococcal endotoxin by ion exchange, molecular sieve, and powder block electrophoretic chromatography. Hemagglutination inhibition studies indicate that the preparation is essentially free of common enterobacterial and gonococcal alpha antigen. Analysis of the isolated antigen by immunodiffusion and acrylamide gel electrophoresis reveal only one detectable component. Chemical studies indicate that the antigen is an acidic glycoprotein composed primarily of four major amino acids: alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, and proline. The antigen has an s(20,w) of 8.55, and spectral analysis in the ultraviolet and visible range reveals a single absorption peak at 217 nm.
Stratix™ 10 High Performance Routable Clock Networks (2016)

We present the clock architecture of the Stratix?10 FPGA, which uses a routable clock network rather than the fixed clock networks of previous generations. We describe the flexibility provided by this routable clock network and how arbitrarily sized clock trees can be synthesized and placed anywhere on the FPGA. We show how this capability to generate customized clock trees can provide better performance through reduced clock loss while maintaining the ability to handle the large number of clock domains that modern systems require. We experimentally demonstrate how a routable clock tree reduces the clock loss of the user design implementation by up to 6% of clock insertion delay.
Loudness encoding at the auditory nerve (2001)

Individual units of the mammalian auditory nerve fall into three categories, depending on their spontaneous firing rate. Units of high, medium and low spontaneous rates respond to low, medium and high sound levels respectively (Liberman, 1978). Hence, one might suggest that sound level is coded by the recruitment of subgroups of fibers in response to increasing sound levels. Nevertheless, if loudness were to be preserved amongst these fibers, each fiber would be required to encode the psychophysical growth of loudness, regardless of the limited dynamic range per fiber. We propose that in each fiber of the auditory nerve, the loudness of atone can be represented as an information such that the greater the loudness, the greater the information. Within information theory, information is defined as the difference between the stimulus uncertainty and the stimulus equivocation
Katalytische Hydrierung in Mehrphasensystemen auf Basis von ionischen Flüssigkeiten und Kohlendioxid (2008)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and ionic liquids (ILs) have been intensively studied as solvents in catalysis. The combination of ILs and CO2 and its interaction with third components has attracted only sparse interest in research. In the literature, the IL/CO2 system is discussed as a promising technique for continuous flow reactions. In order to improve the process design a broadening of knowledge on the interaction between CO2 and ILs as well as related effects is required. Gas solubility is a critical physical property in reaction involving a gaseous substrate. Due to its very low solubility and very low molar mass, H2 solubility in ILs is below the detection limit of commonly used measurement techniques. In this work a method is optimised to reliably detect H2 concentrations in ILs and also in the presence of a third component such as CO2 or C2H4. This technique has been applied on various ILs for measurements under pure H2-atmosphere and under CO2/H2 and C2H4/H2 gas mixtures. One further important physical property in the IL/CO2 system is the viscosity of the IL. Viscosity is directly related to the mass transport. For example, reaction rates in highly viscous solvents can be limited by mass transport. In this work, the viscosity of the IL is studied as a function of CO2 pressure. For this, various ILs have been tested to assess the influence of cations or anions. The impact of the change in H2 solubility and the IL viscosity on hydrogenation reactions is validated by kinetic measurements. The model reaction is an iridium-catalysed imine-hydrogenation, which has been successfully applied in the IL/CO2 system by Solinas et al. In the second part of the thesis, a continuous flow set up has been installed and tested for enantioselective hydrogenation. Here the IL is used as a stationary phase supported on silica and immobilising the homogenous rhodium catalyst. The CO2 is the mobile phase delivering the substrate to and extracting the product from the stationary phase. For the optimisation of the process, various catalysts and system parameters such as CO2 flow and system pressure have been examined.
Palmitate-Induced Impairments of β-Cell Function Are Linked With Generation of Specific Ceramide Species via Acylation of Sphingosine (2014)

Prolonged exposure to palmitate impairs β-cell function and mass. One of the proposed mechanisms is alteration in ceramide (Cer) generation. In the present study, exposure to palmitate induced the level of palmitoyl transferase and Cer synthases, enzymes of the Cer de novo and salvage pathways, and doubled total Cer levels, which was associated with decreased insulin secretion and augmented apoptosis in MIN6 cells and human islets. By inhibiting enzymes of the pathways pharmacologically with myriocin (ISP-1) or fumonisin B1 or by small interfering RNA (siRNA), we showed that Cer(14:0), Cer(16:0), Cer(20:1), and Cer(24:0) species, generated by the salvage pathway, are linked to the harmful effect of palmitate on β-cells. Oleate attenuates negative effects of palmitate on β-cells. When oleate was included during culture of MIN6 cells with palmitate, the palmitate-induced up-regulation of the enzymes of the de novo and salvage pathways was prevented resulting in normalized levels of all Cer species except Cer(20:1). Our data suggest that enhanced Cer generation in response to elevated palmitate levels involves both de novo and salvage pathways. However, the negative effects of palmitate on β-cells are attributed to generation of Cer species Cer(14:0), Cer(16:0), and Cer(24:0) via acylation of sphingosine.
A high dynamic range SPAD pixel for time of flight imaging (2017)

Direct time of flight (TOF) pixels implemented with single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are the most suitable candidates for high sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution TOF sensors. However, their performance is severely limited in high dynamic range (HDR) applications such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and gesture recognition. Sampling the full dynamic range of the SPAD detector requires high bit-depth counters which until now has resulted in large pixel area and low fill-factor (FF). We present a SPAD-based tOf pixel in 40nm CMOS achieving the highest dynamic range over the state of the art. Dual time-gate sampling with two in-pixel 14-bit ripple counters achieves a counter-limited dynamic range of 84dB. The dynamic range of the pixel can be further extended by chaining the counters sampling with one time-gate to reach the intrinsic SPAD dynamic range limit of 119dB in a single exposure. The pixel has a 40pm × 20pm pitch and 16% FF. It generates 7 selectable sub-nanosecond time-gates down to 330ps with differential nonlinearity (DNL) smaller than 1 % of the time-gate width and a total temporal range tunable between 1.65ns to 40ns.
STUDIES ON A NEW ANTIBIOTIC, EXFOLIATIN, PRODUCED BY A STRAIN OF STREPTOMYCES. (1952)

Numerous antibiotics have been obtained from the broth culture of streptomyces, however, none of the antibiotics consisting of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and oxygen has yet been found. A strain recently isolated from the soil produces an antibiotic which inhibits the growth of Gram positive bacteria. This antibiotic is a new one, because it consists of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and oxygen. The characters of the strain are similar to those of Streptomyces exfoliatus described by Waksman, therefore, the writers named this antibiotic “Exfoliation”.The characters of the strain and the antibiotic are described in the present paper.
Sucrose transport in plants (1987)

Abstract Physiological studies show that the driving force for long distance transport and the control of nutrient movement in plants resides largely in the regulated, membrane transport of a few carbohydrates, principally sucrose. The evidence is reviewed here and biochemical studies on sucrose carrier proteins are discussed.
Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent HIV-1 Subtype C gp120 Protein Boost for Proof-of-Concept HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials in Southern Africa (2016)

The viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the major target for antibody (Ab)-mediated vaccine development against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Although several recombinant Env antigens have been evaluated in clinical trials, only the surface glycoprotein, gp120, (from HIV-1 subtype B, MN, and subtype CRF_01AE, A244) used in the ALVAC prime-AIDSVAX gp120 boost RV144 Phase III HIV vaccine trial was shown to contribute to protective efficacy, although modest and short-lived. Hence, for clinical trials in southern Africa, a bivalent protein boost of HIV-1 subtype C gp120 antigens composed of two complementary gp120s, from the TV1.C (chronic) and 1086.C (transmitted founder) HIV-1 strains, was selected. Stable Chinese Hamster Cell (CHO) cell lines expressing these gp120s were generated, scalable purification methods were developed, and a detailed analytical analysis of the purified proteins was conducted that showed differences and complementarity in the antigenicity, glycan occupancy, and glycan content of the two gp120 molecules. Moreover, mass spectrometry revealed some disulfide heterogeneity in the expressed proteins, particularly in V1V2-C1 region and most prominently in the TV1 gp120 dimers. These dimers not only lacked binding to certain key CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and V1V2 epitope-directed ligands but also elicited reduced Ab responses directed to those epitopes, in contrast to monomeric gp120, following immunization of rabbits. Both monomeric and dimeric gp120s elicited similarly high titer Tier 1 neutralizing Abs as measured in standard virus neutralization assays. These results provide support for clinical evaluations of bivalent preparations of purified monomeric TV1.C and 1086.C gp120 proteins.
Nitrogen Profile and Dielectric Cap Layer (Al2O3, Dy2O3, La2O3) Engineering on Hf-Silicate (2007)

We have investigated Al2O3, Dy2O3, and La2O3 as dielectric cap layers for use in low Vt CMOS integration schemes. The cap layers are found to reduce the Vt by 0.2 V for pFET, and with 0.2 V and 0.5 V for nFET, respectively. Subsequently, we report on the benefits of performing the nitridation (by means of DPN) after cap deposition, instead of before. This allows better control of the nitrogen profile in the stack, resulting in improvement of Vt reduction, Vt wafer uniformity, mobility and BTI characteristics. Finally, we observe that the Vt shift induced by the dielectric cap layer significantly depends on the N-content of the metal gate. After reporting on these three key stack characteristics, we propose two practical single metal CMOS integration schemes.
Distributed measurements of chromatic dispersion and nonlinear coefficient in low-PMD dispersion-shifted fibers (2003)

We report on the investigation of distributed chromatic dispersion (CD) and distributed nonlinear coefficient (NLC) measurements based on phase mismatched four-wave mixing in dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs). Experimental results of the distributed CD maps for low polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) DSF fibers are discussed. We also report how nonnegligible values of PMD can adversely affect the distributed CD measurements. A new method to measure the distributed NLC map in low-PMD DSF fibers is also proposed and demonstrated experimentally.
Prolonged Prophylaxis With Valganciclovir Is Cost Effective in Reducing Posttransplant Cytomegalovirus Disease Within the United States (2010)

Prolonged prophylaxis with valganciclovir reduces the incidence of events associated with CMV infection in high-risk kidney transplant recipients and is a cost-effective strategy in CMV disease management.
Efficient AV1 Video Coding Using a Multi-layer Framework (2018)

This paper proposes a multi-layer multi-reference prediction framework for effective video compression. Current AOM/AV1 baseline uses three reference frames for the inter prediction of each video frame. This paper first presents a new coding tool that extends the total number of reference frames in both forward and backward prediction directions. A multi-layer framework is then described, which suggests the encoder design and places different reference frames within one Golden Frame (GF) group to different layers. The multi-layer framework leverages the existing coding tools in the AV1 baseline, including the tool of "show_existing_frame" and the reference frame buffer update module of a wide flexibility. The use of extended ALTREF_FRAMEs is proposed, and multiple ALTREF_FRAME candidates are selected and widely spaced within one GF group. ALTREF_FRAME is a constructed, no-show reference obtained through temporal filtering of a look-ahead frame. In the multi-layer structure, one reference frame may serve different roles for the encoding of different frames through the virtual index manipulation. The experimental results have been collected over several video test sets of various resolutions and characteristics both texture- and motion-wise, which demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a consistent coding gain compared to the AV1 baseline. For instance, using PSNR as the distortion metric, an average bitrate saving of 5.57+% in BDRate is obtained for the CIF-level resolution set, some of which has a gain of up to 13+%, and 4.47% on average for the VGA-level resolution set, some of which up to 18+%.
Assessing trust over uncertain rules and streaming data (2013)

Decision makers (humans or software agents alike) are increasingly faced with the challenge of examining large volumes of information originating from heterogeneous sources requiring them to ascertain trust in various pieces of information. While several authors have explored various trust computation models on static data and certain rules, past work has typically assumed: (i) a statistically significant number of ratings are available prior to trust assessment, and (ii) assessed trust values tend to vary slowly over time. In contrast, military settings warrant: (i) trust assessment over partial, uncertain and streaming (live and real-time) information from heterogeneous sources, (ii) coping up with the dynamic and evolving nature of the ground truth, and (iii) and more importantly, rules used for making inferences may by themselves be uncertain. Within the context of executing the OODA loop for decision making our research objective is to develop a family of trust operators for dynamic information flows for assessing trust over data-in-motion rather than a large corpus of static data. In this paper, we show how to exploit the computational toolset of subjective logic to build a framework for trust assessment in this case. Furthermore, we describe an implementation of the framework (using Information Fabric [6] and Controlled English Fact Store[5]) and present an experimental evaluation that quantifies the efficacy with respect to accuracy and overhead of the proposed framework.