gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aire -Dependent Alterations in Medullary Thymic Epithelium Indicate a Role for Aire in Thymic Epithelial Differentiation (2007)

The prevalent view of thymic epithelial differentiation and Aire activity holds that Aire functions in terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cells (MTECs) to derepress the expression of structural tissue-restricted Ags, including pancreatic endocrine hormones. An alternative view of these processes has proposed that Aire functions to regulate the differentiation of immature thymic epithelial cells, thereby affecting tissue-restricted Ag expression and negative selection. In this study, we demonstrate that Aire impacts several aspects of murine MTECs and provide support for this second model. Expression of transcription factors associated with developmental plasticity of progenitor cells, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, by MTECs was Aire dependent. Similarly, the transcription factors that regulate pancreatic development and the expression of pancreatic hormones are also expressed by wild-type MTECs in an Aire-dependent manner. The altered transcriptional profiles in Aire-deficient MTECs were accompanied by changes in the organization and composition of the medullary epithelial compartment, including a reduction in the medullary compartment defined by keratin (K) 14 expression, altered patterns of K5 and K8 expression, and more prominent epithelial cysts. These findings implicate Aire in the regulation of MTEC differentiation and the organization of the medullary thymic compartment and are compatible with a role for Aire in thymic epithelium differentiation.
The Rayleigh integral is always positive in steadily operated combustors (2022)

The Rayleigh index has been used for decades by a large number of researchers as an indicator to determine if a flame is driving or damping thermoacoustic interaction mechanisms. The use of the Rayleigh criterion has found applications in rocket combustors, gas turbine combustion technology and basic combustion research. The global Rayleigh index or integral is obtained by integrating the product of heat release rate and pressure fluctuations over space and time. Depending on the phase between pressure oscillations and heat release rate response, the oscillations can be enhanced or damped. It is commonly assumed in literature that the sign of the Rayleigh index from steady state data can be used to determine if the thermoacoustic feedback loop is stabilizing or destabilizing. However, we show in this paper that under fairly general conditions, a correctly measured Rayleigh index is always positive if evaluated from statistically stationary data. This proves to be true even if the heat release rate response to pressure fluctuations is in phase opposition to those pressure fluctuations. This is shown in a straightforward manner by substituting the wave equation with a heat release rate source term into the Rayleigh index. This was verified experimentally on a fully premixed combustion system by measuring the flame chemiluminescence using a photo multiplier and pressure fluctuations using a microphone placed sufficiently close to the flame to ensure acoustic compactness for the frequency range of interest. A large range of operating conditions have been tested, spanning linearly stable and unstable stationary thermoacoustic states, respectively corresponding to resonance or a limit cycle driven by the inherent stochastic forcing from the turbulent combustion noise. The experimental results corroborated the analytic finding: the Rayleigh index is found to be positive for all frequencies and all operating conditions.
Breaking the glass ceiling: hollow OmniGuide fibers (2003)

Summary form only given. Telecommunications has continued to push optical fibers towards ever-more demanding applications-such as high bit rates, dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM), and long distances-and in response there has been renewed interest in alternative fiber designs to lift fundamental limitations of silica fibers. A particularly exciting departure from traditional fibers are fibers based on photonic band gaps, forbidden frequency ranges in periodic dielectric structures that can confine light even in low-index or hollow regions. Two main classes of fibers have emerged using photonic band gaps: photonic-crystal "holey" fibers that use a two-dimensional transverse periodicity, and Bragg fibers that use a one-dimensional periodicity of concentric rings. We introduce a novel class of Bragg fibers: "OmniGuide" fibers, which can guide light within a hollow core by concentric multilayer films with the property of omnidirectional reflection.
Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A Causes a Paradoxical Increase in Tumor Blood Flow and Up-Regulation of VEGF-D (2006)

Blood volume and blood flow are independent and different biomarkers of tumor perfusion. Therefore, both should be measured when characterizing the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies. Underexpression of VEGF-A does not result in complete inhibition of angiogenesis. Moreover, these tumors have a different perfusion phenotype, suggesting that angiogenesis is mediated by an alternative pathway. The results indicate that VEGF-D is a plausible alternative mediator of this angiogenesis.
Electronic Returnless Fuel System Fault Diagnosis and Isolation: A Data-Driven Approach (2013)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The Electronic Return-less Fuel System (ERFS) manages the delivery of fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. The pressure in the fuel line is electronically controlled by the fuel system control module by speeding up or slowing down the fuel pump. This allows the system to efficiently control the amount of fuel provided to the engine when compared to vehicles equipped with a standard fuel system wherein the fuel pump continuously runs at full speed. A failure in the fuel system that impacts the ability to deliver fuel to the engine will have an immediate effect on system performance. Consequently, improved reliability and availability, and reduction in the number of walk-home situations require efficient fault detection, isolation and prognosis of the ERFS system. This paper develops and implements data-driven fault detection, isolation and severity estimation algorithms for the ERFS. The HIL Fuel System Rig and a Chevrolet Silverado truck were used to collect and analyze the fuel system behavior under different fault conditions. Several data-driven classifiers, such as support vector machines, K- nearest Neighbor, Discriminant analysis, Bayes classifier, Partial- least squares, Quadratic and Linear classifiers, were implemented on a limited set of data for both training and testing. Regression techniques, such as Partial least squares regression and Principle component regression, are used to estimate the severity of faults. The resulting solution approach has the potential to be applicable to a wide variety of systems, ranging from automobiles to aerospace systems.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;
Towards the development of continuous, organocatalytic, and stereoselective reactions in deep eutectic solvents (2016)

Different deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixtures were studied as reaction media for the continuous synthesis of enantiomerically enriched products by testing different experimental set-ups. L-Proline-catalysed cross-aldol reactions were efficiently performed in continuo, with high yield (99%), <i>anti-</i>stereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). Moreover, using two different DES mixtures, the diastereoselectivity of the process could be tuned, thereby leading to the formation, under different experimental conditions, to both the <i>syn</i>- and the <i>anti-</i>isomer with very high enantioselectivity. The excess of cyclohexanone was recovered and reused, and the reaction could be run and the product isolated without the use of any organic solvent by a proper choice of DES components. The dramatic influence of the reaction media on the reaction rate and stereoselectivity of the process suggests that the intimate architecture of DESs deeply influences the reactivity of different species involved in the catalytic cycle.
Integration of local orientational and positional contour features in shape discrimination (2010)

Purpose: The detection of radial deformation of circular shape may involve the pooling of both local orientational and positional contour features. Here we investigated the independent grouping mechanisms for these two features. Methods: Stimuli were Gabor patch-sampled radial frequency (GSRF) patterns. Patch carrier orientation was tangential to the deformed circle at the placement position. With the change of modulation amplitude, patches placed at zero-crossings of the sinusoidal radial modulation had only orientational change from circularity but no positional alteration (orientational GSRF); patches placed at the peaks and troughs of the modulation had only positional perturbations from circularity but no orientation change (positional GSRF). The SD of Gaussian envelope was 0.14 deg; the carrier frequency was 3 cpd; the mean radius was 1 deg and the radial frequency was 4 cyc/360 deg, resulting in 8 patches in a GSRF pattern. The number of modulated patches was 1, 4 or 8. A temporal 2AFC staircase paradigm was employed. Thresholds were estimated by a maximum likelihood fitting procedure. Results: The mean thresholds of 3 normal subjects for detecting the modulation of 1, 4 and 8 elements in orientational GSRF patterns were 2.72±0.44(SD)%, 1.16±0.45% and 0.67±0.25%, respectively. The corresponding thresholds for positional GSRF patterns were 2.25±1.0(SD)%, 1.47±0.6% and 1.83±1.0%, respectively. While the pooling of local positional perturbations reached a plateau at 4 elements of modulation, the integration of local orientation continued linearly in a log-log scale until all 8 modulated elements were pooled. The slope of orientation pooling was 0.67, more than twice that for positional pooling. Conclusions: While both orientation and position of local contour elements can encode the deformation of circular shape, the pooling of local orientation into global shape is much stronger than that of local position and involves pooling over a larger spatial extend.
Lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells differentially depend on local IL-7 for their distribution, activation, and maintenance in innate and adaptive immunity-mediated airway inflammation (2023)

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine critical for the development and maintenance of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). ILC2s are resident in peripheral tissues such as the intestine and lung. However, whether IL-7 produced in the lung plays a role in the maintenance and function of lung ILC2s during airway inflammation remains unknown. IL-7 was expressed in bronchoalveolar epithelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). To investigate the role of local IL-7 in lung ILC2s, we generated two types of IL-7 conditional knockout (IL-7cKO) mice: Sftpc-Cre (SPC-Cre) IL-7cKO mice specific for bronchial epithelial cells and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells and Lyve1-Cre IL-7cKO mice specific for LECs. In steady state, ILC2s were located near airway epithelia, although lung ILC2s were unchanged in the two lines of IL-7cKO mice. In papain-induced airway inflammation dependent on innate immunity, lung ILC2s localized near bronchia via CCR4 expression, and eosinophil infiltration and type 2 cytokine production were reduced in SPC-Cre IL-7cKO mice. In contrast, in house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation dependent on adaptive immunity, lung ILC2s localized near lymphatic vessels via their CCR2 expression 2 weeks after the last challenge. Furthermore, lung ILC2s were decreased in Lyve1-Cre IL-7cKO mice in the HDM-induced inflammation because of decreased cell survival and proliferation. Finally, administration of anti-IL-7 antibody attenuated papain-induced inflammation by suppressing the activation of ILC2s. Thus, this study demonstrates that IL-7 produced by bronchoalveolar epithelial cells and LECs differentially controls the activation and maintenance of lung ILC2s, where they are localized in airway inflammation.
Methods of combined bioprocessing and related microorganisms, thermophilic and/or acidophilic enzymes, and nucleic acids encoding said enzymes (2023)

A genetically modified organism comprising: at least one nucleic acid sequence and/or at least one recombinant nucleic acid isolated from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and encoding a polypeptide involved in at least partially degrading, cleaving, transporting, metabolizing, or removing polysaccharides, cellulose, lignocellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, sugars, sugar oligomers, carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, chitin, heteroxylans, glycosides, xylan-, glucan-, galactan-, or mannan-decorating groups; and at least one nucleic acid sequence and/or at least one recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide involved in fermenting sugar molecules to a product. Additionally, enzymatic and/or proteinaceous extracts may be isolated from one or more genetically modified organisms. The extracts are utilized to convert biomass into a product. Further provided are methods of converting biomass into products comprising: placing the genetically modified organism and/or enzymatic extracts thereof in fluid contact with polysaccharides, cellulose, lignocellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, sugars, sugar oligomers, carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, chitin, heteroxylans, glycosides, and/or xylan-, glucan-, galactan-, or mannan-decorating groups.
Testbed Verification of New Fronthaul Technology for 5G Systems (2019)

The fronthaul for 5th generation mobile systems (and beyond) has evolved with new splits for the radio access network functions defined, and the transport for these split interfaces having very different requirements. Testing of the transport for such split interfaces is reported, and it is shown that an Ethernet fronthaul transport network, which is capable of bringing efficiency gains through statistical multiplexing, can meet stringent latency and latency variation requirements, assuming buffering and playout of the radio waveforms and that timing/synchronization signals are prioritized. An aggregation technique for a 100 Gb/s Ethernet trunk which provides for such timing signals is demonstrated. Real-time monitoring of the Ethernet fronthaul for software-defined networking control and performance optimization is also shown.
Harmonic elimination switching through modulation (2006)

Harmonic elimination methods create discrete-valued switching control waveforms with explicit harmonic content. A major drawback is that these methods do not allow dynamic adjustment as frequencies and amplitudes change continuously. Harmonic elimination is constructed in a general manner here, leading to infinite numbers of solutions. A modified carrier approach that closely approximates the performance of harmonic elimination is introduced. The modified approach can produce even lower weighted total harmonic distortion than conventional harmonic elimination, and supports dynamic PWM with low harmonics.
Design and development of optical fiber joining techniques for efficient construction of aerial distribution cable systems (2000)

Two new optical fiber joining techniques have been developed for aerial distribution cables. One employs a compact mass-fusion splicer and the other involves a small mechanical splice. This paper describes their design and performance. These techniques are excellent for use in aerial sites and enable aerial distribution cable systems to be constructed efficiently. They will be useful for the economical construction of optical access networks for fiber-to-the-home.
Grid support of a wind farm with active stall wind turbines and AC grid connection (2005)

Abstract One of the main concerns in the grid integration of large wind farms is their ability to behave as active controllable components in the power system. This article presents the design of a new integrated power control system for a wind farm made up exclusively of active stall wind turbines with AC grid connection. The designed control system has the task of enabling such a wind farm to provide the best grid support. It is based on two control levels: a supervisory control level, which controls the power production of the whole farm by sending out reference signals to each individual wind turbine, and a local control level, which ensures that the reference power signals at the wind turbine level are reached. The ability of active stall wind farms with AC grid connection to control the power production to the reference power ordered by the operators is assessed and discussed by means of simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A New High-Sensitivity Package-Leak Testing Method for MEMS Sensors (2009)

A new high-sensitivity package-leak testing method has been developed for micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) sensors such as a vibrating angular-rate sensor housed in a vacuum package. Procedures of the method to obtain high leak-rate resolution are as follows. (1) A package filled with helium gas is kept in a small and closed chamber to accumulate helium gas leaking out of the package. (2) The chamber is chilled with liquid-N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> after the accumulation to reduce background gases except the helium gas. (3) The helium gas is transported to a mass spectrometer in a short time and recorded as a transient waveform. The leak-rate resolution of 1times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-17</sup> Pamiddotm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> /s was obtained. This resolution was 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> times superior to that of the conventional method.
139. Priming and Boosting Efficiency of Chimp and Human Adenoviral Vectors in the Setting of Pre-Existing Immunity in Non-Human Primates (2005)

The high prevalence of preexisting immunity against commonly used adenoviral vectors in humans, limits their use as vaccines, especially when re-administration is required. In order to overcome this problem, we have identified and characterized Chimpanzee derived-Adenoviral vectors, to which human exposure is limited, thus enabling their potential use in prime/boost regimens and in the presence of preexisting AdH5 immunity.
Mechanical damage and thermal effect induced by ultrasonic treatment in olive leaf tissue. Impact on polyphenols recovery (2021)

The influence of ultrasound treatment (US) on cellular damage of olive leaf tissue was studied. Mechanical damage and thermal effect of US were characterized. The level of tissue damage was defined by the diffusivity disintegration index Z<sub>D</sub> based on the diffusivity of solutes extracted from olive leaves differently treated. The Arrhenius form using the temperature dependences of the thermal treatment time within the temperature interval 20-90 °C was observed for the thermal process. The corresponding activation energy ΔUT was estimated as 57 kJ/mol. The temperature dependences of electrical conductivity were measured for extracts of intact and maximally treated olive leaves. Then the diffusivity disintegration index Z<sub>D</sub> and total phenolic compounds recovery for three studied US powers were calculated (100, 200, and 400 W). The results evidenced that the mechanically stimulated damage in olive leaf tissue can occur even at a low US power of 100 W if treatment time is long enough (t = 3.5 h). The US treatment noticeably accelerated the diffusion process mechanically in addition to its thermal effect. Trials in aqueous solution revealed the dependence of polyphenols extraction on damage level with respect to the US power applied.
A New Approach to Determine Filter Cake Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids (2011)

Abstract Previous studies indicated that the filter cake was heterogeneous and contained two layers with different properties such as thickness, porosity, and permeability. The difference in properties will affect the filtration process and the filter cake buildup for each layer. Previous models of filter cake buildup assumed that the filter cake was homogenous and contained one layer, which undergoes compression followed by buildup. The objective of this study is to measure the thickness of the two layers of the filter cake and its effect on the filtration process by using a new approach. Our objective also is to develop a valid method to determine local filtration properties, porosity and specific resistance, for each layer in the filter cake. A HPHT filter press was used to perform the filtration process under static conditions (225 °F and 300 psi). CT (computed tomography) scanner was used to measure the thickness and porosity of the filter cake. The results obtained from the CT scan showed that there was an inflection time at 7.5 min of filtration at which the process changed from the compression to buildup. Compression region before 7.5 min, in which the thickness of the external and internal layer decreased and there is a great change in the average porosity in both layers. Buildup region after 7.5 min, in which the thickness of the internal layer increased from 0.03 to 0.07 in. and the average porosity decreased from 35 to 15%. The thickness of the external layer also increased from 0.04 to 0.09 in. and the average porosity decreased from 25 to almost 0.0% due to poor sorting in this layer, which prevented more filtration thereof. The new approach better explained the change in thickness and porosity of each layer of the filter cake with time.
Wetting Resistance of Commercial Membrane Distillation Membranes in Waste Streams Containing Surfactants and Oil (2017)

Water management is becoming increasingly challenging and several technologies, including membrane distillation (MD) are emerging. This technology is less affected by salinity compared to reverse osmosis and is able to treat brines up to saturation. The focus of MD research recently shifted from seawater desalination to industrial applications out of the scope of reverse osmosis. In many of these applications, surfactants or oil traces are present in the feed stream, lowering the surface tension and increasing the risk for membrane wetting. In this study, the technological boundaries of MD in the presence of surfactants are investigated using surface tension, contact angle and liquid entry pressure measurements together with lab-scale MD experiments to predict the wetting resistance of different membranes. Synthetic NaCl solutions mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used as feed solution. The limiting surfactant concentration was found to be dependent on the surface chemistry of the membrane, and increased with increasing hydrophobicity and oleophobicity. Additionally, a hexadecane/SDS emulsion was prepared with a composition simulating produced water, a waste stream in the oil and gas sector. When hexadecane is present in the emulsion, oleophobic membranes are able to resist wetting, whereas polytetrafluoretheen (PTFE) is gradually wetted by the feed liquid.
Performance of multiple description coders on a real channel (1999)

We explore the ability of multiple description (MD) source coders to achieve good performance on channels other than ideal MD channels. We examine both the overall system design and compare the performance of a system with MD source coder to that of a more traditional system using a layered source coder. For the memoryless channels we consider, MD source coding cannot achieve acceptable performance for a memoryless Gaussian source without appropriate channel coding. Also, in memoryless channels, a system with MD source coding outperforms a layered source coding system only in very poor channels. The introduction of memory in the channel degrades the performance of both systems equally. Using interleaving to reduce the impact of memory in the channel has more influence on performance than the choice of source coder.