gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-quality cubic and hexagonal InN crystals studied by micro-Raman scattering and electron backscatter diffraction (2016)

Large InN microcrystals grown by molecular beam epitaxy are investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). High-quality (phonon linewidths between 1.5 and 2 cm−1) cubic and hexagonal crystals are identified with Raman mapping by the observation of the respective characteristic phonon modes. The unexpected occurrence of metastable cubic InN crystals is confirmed by EBSD measurements. The cubic microcrystals are revealed by EBSD to be single-crystalline and to exhibit <1 1 1> orientation. The transverse (TO) and longitudinal-optical (LO) zone-center phonon frequencies of cubic InN are found to be 463 and 584 cm−1, respectively. The bulk carrier density in the microcrystals lies in the range of 2–3 × 1017 cm−3 as determined by the analysis of LO phonon-plasmon-coupled modes in the Raman spectra.
Modeling Neural Mechanisms for Genesis of Respiratory Rhythm and Pattern. I. Models of Respiratory Neurons (1997)

The general objectives of our research, presented in this series of papers, were to develop a computational model of the brain stem respiratory neural network and to explore possible neural mechanisms that provide the genesis of respiratory oscillations and the specific firing patterns of respiratory neurons. The present paper describes models of single respiratory neurons that have been used as the elements in our network models of the central respiratory pattern generator presented in subsequent papers. The models of respiratory neurons were developed in the Hodgkin-Huxley style employing both physiological and biophysical data obtained from brain stem neurons in mammals. Two single respiratory neuron models were developed to match the two distinct firing behaviors of respiratory neurons described in vivo: neuron type I shows an adapting firing pattern in response to synaptic excitation, and neuron type II shows a ramp firing pattern during membrane depolarization after a period of synaptic inhibition. We found that a frequency ramp firing pattern can result from intrinsic membrane properties, specifically from the combined influence of calcium-dependent K(AHP)(Ca), low-threshold Ca(T) and K(A) channels. The neuron models with these ionic channels (type II) demonstrated ramp firing patterns similar to those recorded from respiratory neurons in vivo. Our simulations show that K(AHP)(Ca) channels in combination with high-threshold Ca(L) channels produce spike frequency adaptation during synaptic excitation. However, in combination with low-threshold Ca(T) channels, they cause a frequency ramp firing response after release from inhibition. This promotes a testable hypothesis that the main difference between the respiratory neurons that adapt (for example, early inspiratory, postinspiratory, and decrementing expiratory) and those that show ramp firing patterns (for example, ramp inspiratory and augmenting expiratory) consists of a ratio between the two types of calcium channels: Ca(L) channels predominate in the former and Ca(T) channels in the latter respiratory neuron types. We have analyzed the dependence of adapting and ramp firing patterns on maximal conductances of different ionic channels and values of synaptic drive. The effect of adjusting specific membrane conductances and synaptic interactions revealed plausible neuronal mechanisms that may underlie modulatory effects on respiratory neuron firing patterns and network performances. The results of computer simulation provide useful insight into functional significance of specific intrinsic membrane properties and their interactions with phasic synaptic inputs for a better understanding of respiratory neuron firing behavior.
Development of a versatile TEM specimen holder for the characterization of photocatalytic materials (2011)

Photocatalysts are of fundamental interest for sustainable energy research [1]. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it is possible to obtain insight into their structure, composition and reactivity. Such insight can then be used for their further optimization [2]. Here, we combine conventional TEM analysis on photocatalysts with several in situ TEM techniques including environmental TEM (ETEM), in situ photo activation and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy [3-4]. These experiments are facilitated by the construction of a specimen holder capable of illuminating samples inside the TEM with a laser diode and an optical system to guide light onto the sample with maximum power transmission. The source can be changed and tuned between the visible and the UV range. The specimen holder is equipped with five electrical contacts that can be used to perform in situ electrical, pressure and temperature measurements as well as to power custom MEMS-based in situ heaters. It can be used inside an ETEM allowing specimens to be analysed in a controlled gas atmosphere during biasing and illuminating experiments. A second, more advanced version of the holder has also been developed allowing simultaneous illumination of a specimen by several light sources using a combination of up to three monochromatic wavelengths and/or broadband light. Light sources and combinations can be changed during operation without interfering with the electron microscope operation. An additional optical probe provides the ability to collect light emitted from the sample and to perform spectroscopic analysis in real time, in parallel with all other in situ techniques and analytical capabilities offered by the specimen holder and the microscope. The holders are presently being used to study a variety of photoreactive materials and structures, including photocatalysts (Fig. 1), photonic devices and solar cells with a particular focus on LSPR spectroscopy performed by indirect nanoplasmonic sensing [3-4], a novel experimental platform for measurements of thermodynamics and kinetics in/on nanomaterials and thin films. We present results from combined ETEM-LSPR studies of thermally-induced catalytic phenomena and on metal nanoparticle sintering, an important process in catalysis, which we study in situ in both real and model systems by means of indirect nanoplasmonic sensing and ETEM.
GRIN optics for multispectral infrared imaging (2015)

Graded index (GRIN) optics offer potential for both weight savings and increased performance but have so far been limited to visible and NIR bands (wavelengths shorter than about 0.9 μm). NRL is developing a capability to extend GRIN optics to longer wavelengths in the infrared by exploiting diffused IR transmitting chalcogenide glasses. These IR-GRIN lenses are compatible with all IR wavebands (SWIR, MWIR and LWIR) and can be used alongside conventional wideband materials. Traditional multiband IR imagers require many elements for correction of chromatic aberrations, making them large and heavy and not well-suited for weight sensitive platforms. IR-GRIN optical elements designed with simultaneous optical power and chromatic correction can reduce the number of elements in wideband systems, making multi-band IR imaging practical for platforms including small UAVs and soldier handheld, helmet or weapon mounted cameras. The IR-GRIN lens technology, design space and anti-reflection considerations are presented in this paper.
Comprehensive mammalian genetics: history and future prospects of gene trapping in the mouse (1998)

Gene trapping has matured into a tool with tremendous potential for mammalian biology. It both mutates and helps identify genes and can be streamlined so that many thousands of insertions can be characterized. In only a few years most of the genome of the mouse will be tagged and mutated using the latest gene trap designs. By creating such a resource, costly and time consuming alternative methods of mutagenesis and gene identification can be avoided allowing biologists to concentrate on determining gene function in vivo. This will mean a major shift in how the genome will be mined for new drug targets. Notably, gene discovery via gene traps does not suffer from the limitations of other methods as it is not biased by expression level. Mouse strains with specific gene mutations can be easily derived from a gene trap library constructed using embryonic stem cells. These strains will help determine the role of the gene product in mammalian physiology and hence the relevance of the gene product to human disease.
Cloning of A Human Autoimmune Response: Preparation and Sequencing of A Human Anti-Thyroglobulin Autoantibody Using A Combinatorial Approach (1992)

Thyroid lymphocyte RNA from a Hashimoto patient exhibiting high titre serum IgG autoantibodies against thyroglobulin (Tg) has been used to construct a Fab library in phage lambda. Screening of this library with radioiodinated Tg has permitted the cloning of an anti-Tg antibody (MH52) with an affinity of 4.5 x 10(9) molar-1 as determined by inhibition ELISA. Sequence analysis showed MH52 to be an authentic antibody of the IgG1/K isotype with variable region genes from the VHI and VKIII families in combination with the JH3, DK4 and JK2 gene segments. The MH52 light chain gene showed high sequence homology (93%) with the germline gene used by several rheumatoid factors and some DNA autoantibodies. Greater divergence from the germline was observed in the case of the MH52 heavy chain gene which showed 86% homology with a germline heavy chain gene isolated from human liver. Overall the similarity between the genes coding for MH52 and the genes coding for some other autoantibodies of non-related specificity might suggest that similar regulatory processes control the formation of these different autoantibodies.
GaN drift-layer thickness effects in vertical Schottky barrier diodes on free-standing HVPE GaN substrates (2019)

Vertical Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) with different drift-layer thicknesses (DLT) of GaN up to 30 μm grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) were fabricated on free-standing GaN grown by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). At room temperature, SBD’s exhibited average barrier heights (ΦB) in the range of 0.73 eV to 0.81 eV. The effective barrier heights (ΦBeff) of SBDs with different DLT also exhibited a similar range of ΦB measured at room temperature. The measured reverse breakdown voltages (VBD) of SBDs increased from 562 V to 2400 V with an increase in DLT. The observation of high VBD of SBDs could be due to the lower effective donor concentration (7.6×1014 /cm3), which was measured from SIMS analysis. The measured VBD of 2400 V is the highest value ever reported for a 30 μm DLT vertical GaN SBD without additional edge termination or field plate (FP).
Pig-Neural recording and analysis-workflow v1 (2019)

Neural analysis using linear micrarray electrodes.
Holographic Antenna Using Slotted Hologram Patterns for High Efficiency (2020)

This paper proposes the holographic antenna using slotted hologram patterns for high efficiency at 24 GHz. The 4 slotted quasi-Yagi antennas are arrayed as a surface-wave launcher. The proposed antenna using the slotted patterns provides the higher gain at the broadside direction and more compact size than conventional holographic antennas with metal line patterns. The proposed antenna has the maximum gain of 15.8 dBi at broadside direction and the aperture efficiency is 30.65%, which is higher than 9.25% compared to the conventional antenna.
DEVELOPING CATHETER-BASED SYSTEM TO MEASURE BLOOD FLOW IN HEMODIALYSIS GRAFTS DURING ANGIOPLASTY PROCEDURE (2000)

Effective angioplasty extends the potency of the A-V vascular access. The purpose of the study was to develop blood flow measurement technology that can give on-time estimation for results of angioplasty procedure to ensure high quality of the intervention. Methodology: Bench experiments and preliminary clinical trials were performed. Intravascular Blood Flow Monitor (IBFM) uses electrical impedance dilution technique. To perform the measurements, 5F catheter with electrodes was inserted into the graft directed to the venous anastomosis. 5% NaCl solution was infused at the rate of 10 ml/min for 6–8 sec through the side arm of the catheter introducer. The changes in impedance were recorded by the IBFM. Conditioned signals were further digitized and sent to a PC via a serial port for automatic data interpretation. Results. The two main sources of errors discovered on the bench were bad mixing and penetration of the electrical field out of the vessel. When electrical field was mostly located inside the vascular access, correlation between dilution and volumetric measurements was r=0.98 (n=32). In clinical trials reproducibility (relative difference between two consecutive measurements performed within 3 minutes) was 4.2 ± 4.3% (n=70). Pacing catheters allowed by the FDA for clinical trials gave satisfactory relative measurements, but failed to give high absolute accuracy due to penetration of the electrical field out of the vessel. Bench experiments and clinical trials demonstrated that catheter-based system allows reliable determination of intra-access blood flow changes during the angioplasty. Further development is now devoted to improving the absolute accuracy of technology by optimization of the catheter configuration.
Cooperation Between Private and Public Sectors Leads to an Intraocular Retinal Implant (2005)

The Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Translational Clinical Research for Inherited and Orphan Retinal Diseases: Sponsored by the National Neurovision Research Institute Inc.: Therapeutic Approaches in Orphan Hereditary Retinal Diseases
Response of Selected Horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) Populations to Glyphosate (2004)

Horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) seed was collected in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio to determine susceptibility of different horseweed biotypes to glyphosate. Horseweed resistant to glyphosate was found in Mississippi, Ohio, and western Tennessee. In a separate experiment examining Tennessee biotypes, a dose response curve demonstrated that four times as much glyphosate was needed to achieve a 50% fresh weight reduction (GR(50)) in resistant biotypes when compared to a susceptible biotype. Resistant biotypes from Tennessee displayed a GR(50) of 1.6 kg/ha as compared to a GR(50) of 0.4 kg/ha in a susceptible horseweed population. Although growth was reduced, the resistant plants did not completely die and could potentially produce seed. Variation in glyphosate resistance was found among the populations tested.
Inducing Hypernym Relationships Based On Order Theory. (2019)

This paper introduces Strict Partial Order Networks (SPON), a novel neural network architecture designed to enforce asymmetry and transitive properties as soft constraints. We apply it to induce hypernymy relations by training with is-a pairs. We also present an augmented variant of SPON that can generalize type information learned for in-vocabulary terms to previously unseen ones. An extensive evaluation over eleven benchmarks across different tasks shows that SPON consistently either outperforms or attains the state of the art on all but one of these benchmarks.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Elevated TNFR1 and Serotonin in Bone Metastasis Are Correlated with Poor Survival following Bone Metastasis Diagnosis for Both Carcinoma and Sarcoma Primary Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 3431K, Anti-TNFR1 antibody validation by western blot. Area Under the Curve (AUC) value changes with the data set size in the machine learning model. Anti-Serotonin antibody validation by competition assay using reverse phase protein microarray (RPMA).&lt;/p&gt;
Germline multigene panel testing revealed a BRCA2 pathogenic variant in a patient with suspected Lynch syndrome (2020)

There has been a rapid advance in germline multigene panel testing by next-generation sequencing, and it is being widely used in clinical settings. A 56-year-old woman suspected of having Lynch syndrome was identified as a <i>BRCA2</i> pathogenic variant carrier by multigene panel testing. The patient was diagnosed with endometrial cancer at the age of 39 years, and total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy were performed at the age of 49 years; however, bilateral oophorectomy was not performed at that time. As she had a family history of colorectal cancer and a history of endometrial cancer, Lynch syndrome was suspected. However, germline multigene panel testing revealed a pathogenic <i>BRCA2</i> variant rather than pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes. In this case, with conventional genetic risk assessment, we were unable to determine whether the patient had a high risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer; thus, germline multigene panel testing may provide valuable information to improve disease management strategies for patients in clinical settings. Particularly, germline multigene panel testing may be useful for detecting hereditary tumor syndromes if a patient does not present with a typical family history of cancer.
Computer-aided diagnosis of melanoma (2011)

Malignant melanoma is one of the most common and the deadliest type of skin cancer.In Australia, it represents 10% of all cancers and its incidence is four times higher than in Canada, the UK and the US.The worldwide steady increase in incidence of melanoma in recent years, its high mortality rate and the massive medical cost has made its early diagnosis a continuing priority of public health.Melanoma survival rate depends highly on its stage and thickness; advanced and thickened melanoma is still incurable, whereas early detection of thin melanoma and immediate surgical excision of the lesion shows effective prognosis.However, early diagnosis of melanoma is not trivial even for experienced dermatologists.Despite the use of advanced imaging technologies such as dermoscopy and existing clinical diagnostic algorithms such as the ABCD rule of dermoscopy, clinical diagnosis of melanoma is still challenging and its accuracy has been an issue of concern (estimated to be about 75-85%) especially with equivocal pigmented lesions.
A Guide to Predicting Spatial Distribution of Weed Emergence Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (2004)

A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines layers of spatially related information to better understand relationships that vary geographically. Scientists could benefit from the use of GIS to better explain new research, expand on prior research, and potentially develop integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Objectives of this manuscript are to demonstrate GIS applications in a posteriori weed management decision‐making. The model system utilized empirically derived temperatures for large crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis L.) germination. Numerous studies have been conducted on the germination parameters of large crabgrass; however, there have not been attempts to apply the data to a spatial context. This report compares four techniques for creation of prediction maps to determine which method would be most useful in the creation of maps that predict time of weed emergence. Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique formed distinct rings of high and low temperature values around weather station locations (producing an inaccurate prediction map). The two Spline techniques investigated had a tendency to over‐ and under‐predict temperature along the borders of Tennessee due to the procedures' fitting of a minimum curve to the data. Interpolation by Kriging produced the most accurate prediction map due to the spatial autocorrelation introduced by this geostatistical model.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of (5R,7R)‐ and (5R,7S)‐5,7‐Dimethyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenz[c,e]azepines. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improving Safety of MRI in Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation Devices (2020)

MRI is a valuable clinical and research tool for patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, risks associated with imaging DBS devices have led to stringent regulations, limiting the clinical and research utility of MRI in these patients. The main risks in patients with DBS devices undergoing MRI are heating at the electrode tips, induced currents, implantable pulse generator dysfunction, and mechanical forces. Phantom model studies indicate that electrode tip heating remains the most serious risk for modern DBS devices. The absence of adverse events in patients imaged under DBS vendor guidelines for MRI demonstrates the general safety of MRI for patients with DBS devices. Moreover, recent work indicates that-given adequate safety data-patients may be imaged outside these guidelines. At present, investigators are primarily focused on improving DBS device and MRI safety through the development of tools, including safety simulation models. Existing guidelines provide a standardized framework for performing safe MRI in patients with DBS devices. It also highlights the possibility of expanding MRI as a tool for research and clinical care in these patients going forward.
NEMS for space and terrestrial applications (2002)

Nanoscale electromechanical systems (NEMS) techniques were used to manufacture a membrane used to supply singly charged un-fractured ions for mass spectrometry. The innovative nanostructure, developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), is a major advance over micromachined 'volcano' field ionization devices and filaments or other energy-intensive devices, achieving nearly 100% ionization of gases and vapors without appreciable fracture.
Post-inflammatory Abdominal Pain in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Remission: A Comprehensive Review (2021)

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease often experience ongoing pain even after achieving mucosal healing (i.e., post-inflammatory pain). Factors related to the brain-gut axis, such as peripheral and central sensitization, altered sympatho-vagal balance, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, and psychosocial factors, play a significant role in the development of post-inflammatory pain. A comprehensive study investigating the interaction between multiple predisposing factors, including clinical psycho-physiological phenotypes, molecular mechanisms, and multi-omics data, is still needed to fully understand the complex mechanism of post-inflammatory pain. Furthermore, current treatment options are limited and new treatments consistent with the underlying pathophysiology are needed to improve clinical outcomes.