gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EMM-25: The Structure of Two-Dimensional 11 × 10 Medium-Pore Borosilicate Zeolite Unraveled Using 3D Electron Diffraction (2021)

The structure of the novel medium-pore borosilicate zeolite EMM-25 has been determined by continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED). EMM-25 crystallizes in the space group Cmcm with unit cell parameters a = 11.055, b = 22.912, and c = 24.914 Å and a composition of |C4H8(C11H25N)2|2[Si112.5B3.5O232]. The EMM-25 framework possesses a two-dimensional channel system composed of 10-ring channels connected via 11-ring windows. Its channel system is analogous to that of the medium-pore zeolite NU-87 framework but with 11- rather than 12-ring windows, suggesting a different shape selectivity. EMM-25 was first obtained using 1,4-bis(N-methyl-N,N-dihexylammonium)butane as an organic structure directing agent (OSDA). Based on a molecular docking study of the OSDA within the pores of the determined framework structure, a new ammonium dication OSDA with an improved fit was devised. By using this new OSDA, the synthesis time was reduced 80%, from 52 to just 10 days. Furthermore, cRED data revealed a structural disorder of the EMM-25 framework present as swinging zigzag chains. The introduction of the disorder, which is a consequence of geometry relaxation, was crucial for an accurate structure refinement. Lastly, the cRED data from as-made EMM-25 showed residual potential consistent with the location of the OSDA position determined from the Rietveld refinement, concluding a complete refinement of the as-made structure based on the cRED data.
A method for optimizing efficiency and power dissipations in high power microwave/ millimeter‐wave amplifiers (1990)

Abstract An alternative method for large signal characterization of microwave / millimeter‐wave power transistors suitable for high power amplifier design is presented. Constant output power contours, constant added‐power efficiency contours, and constant power dissipation contours over the full Smith chart are obtained for a NEC 71083 MESFET.
Origin of flatband voltage shift and unusual minority carrier generation in thermally grown GeO2/Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor devices (2009)

Improvement in electrical properties of thermally grown GeO2/Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors, such as significantly reduced flatband voltage (VFB) shift, small hysteresis, and minimized minority carrier response in capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics, has been demonstrated by in situ low temperature vacuum annealing prior to gate electrode deposition. Thermal desorption analysis has revealed that not only water but also hydrocarbons are easily infiltrated into GeO2 layers during air exposure and desorbed at around 300 °C, indicating that organic molecules within GeO2/Ge MOS structures are possible origins of electrical defects. The inversion capacitance, indicative of minority carrier generation, increases with air exposure time for Au/GeO2/Ge MOS capacitors, while maintaining an interface state density (Dit) of about a few 1011 cm−2 eV−1. Unusual increase in inversion capacitance was found to be suppressed by Al2O3 capping (Au/Al2O3/GeO2/Ge structures). This suggests that electrical defects induced outside the Au electrode by infiltrated molecules may enhance the minority carrier generation, and thus acting as a minority carrier source just like MOS field-effect transistors.
Observation of the Higgs boson decay to a pair of τ leptons with the CMS detector (2018)

A measurement of the H signal strength is performed using events recorded in proton-proton collisions by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 . The H signal is established with a significance of 4.9 standard deviations, to be compared to an expected significance of 4.7 standard deviations. The best fit of the product of the observed H signal production cross section and branching fraction is 1.09 +0.27 -0.26 times the standard model expectation. The combination with the corresponding measurement performed with data collected by the CMS experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV leads to an observed significance of 5.9 standard deviations, equal to the expected significance. This is the first observation of Higgs boson decays to leptons by a single experiment.
25 GHz Embedded-Gate Graphene Transistors with High-K Dielectrics on Extremely Flexible Plastic Sheets (2013)

Despite the widespread interest in graphene electronics over the past decade, high-performance graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) on flexible substrates have been rarely achieved, even though this atomic sheet is widely understood to have greater prospects for flexible electronic systems. In this article, we report detailed studies on the electrical and mechanical properties of vapor synthesized high-quality monolayer graphene integrated onto flexible polyimide substrates. Flexible graphene transistors with high-k dielectric afforded intrinsic gain, maximum carrier mobilities of 3900 cm(2)/V·s, and importantly, 25 GHz cutoff frequency, which is more than a factor of 2.5 times higher than prior results. Mechanical studies reveal robust transistor performance under repeated bending, down to 0.7 mm bending radius, whose tensile strain is a factor of 2-5 times higher than in prior studies. In addition, integration of functional coatings such as highly hydrophobic fluoropolymers combined with the self-passivation properties of the polyimide substrate provides water-resistant protection without compromising flexibility, which is an important advancement for the realization of future robust flexible systems based on graphene.
Using a 3D World to Address Perceptual Issues in Human-robot Coordination (2015)

There is a growing body of evidence that human perception is “active”, in the sense that it is largely goal-oriented and top-down. Task goals appear to influence how people perceive their environment. Effective interaction between people and unmanned systems requires that the unmanned systems’ perceptions be comprehensible to people, and this means that the unmanned systems should also perceive the world in an active manner. Recent evidence in cognitive psychology and neuroscience supports the proposition that simulation, the “re-enactment of perceptual, motor and introspective states” is a central cognitive mechanism. Cognitive functions such as anticipation and planning operate through a process of internal simulation of actions and environment. Indeed there is a history in the field of Artificial Intelligence of using “simulated action” as an algorithmic search procedure, e.g., game trees, though such an approach typically has problematic computational complexity. The simulations include not just the effect of actions, but also the understood laws of physics (e.g., will a falling object continue to fall). We are building a robot cognitive architecture that is based on a unified cognitive architecture - Soar - and that uses active perception and simulation in planning. Our system constructs a 3D virtual copy of itself and its environment, including people, and updates this model in realtime to agree with changes in its environment. This 3D model is a qualitative description of the world, and includes physics simulation capabilities so that effects of actions can be simulated before being executed in the real world. This allows the unmanned system to predict and plan its interactions with people. This paper describes the structure of this architecture, and provides examples and videos showing its performance in dynamic environments.
The Cellular Localization of the Murine Serine/Arginine-rich Protein Kinase CLK2 Is Regulated by Serine 141 Autophosphorylation (1998)

Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by a multitude of proteins including serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, which are thought to play a crucial role in the formation of spliceosomes and in the regulation of alternative splicing. SR proteins are highly phosphorylated, and their kinases are believed to regulate the recruitment of SR proteins from nuclear storage compartments known as speckles. Recently, a family of autophosphorylating kinases termed CLK (CDC2/CDC28-like kinases) was shown to phosphorylate SR proteins and to influence alternative splicing in overexpression systems. Here we used endogenous CLK2 protein to demonstrate that it displays different biochemical characteristics compared with its overexpressed protein and that it is differentially phosphorylated in vivo. Furthermore, CLK2 changed its nuclear localization upon treatment with the kinase inhibitor 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. We have also identified a CLK2 autophosphorylation site, which is highly conserved among all CLK proteins, and we show by site-directed mutagenesis that its phosphorylation influences the subnuclear localization of CLK2. Our data suggest that CLK2 localization and possibly activity are influenced by a balance of CLK2 autophosphorylation and the regulation by CLK2 kinases and phosphatases.
Effect of synthetic protease inhibitors of the amidine type on cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii (1984)

To evaluate the importance of proteolytic activity in the pathogenesis of cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii, a series of four aromatic amidine inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases were introduced into the plaque model. The compounds were shown to be active toward plaque reduction with their order of effectiveness parallel to their antitrypsin activity. One of the compounds, bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-methane, at a concentration of 10(-5) M demonstrated complete inhibition of plaque formation on day 6. Bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane at the same concentration reduced cell injury even when added to the system after 72 h of rickettsial infection. The reduction in morbidity in guinea pigs experimentally infected with R. rickettsii and treated with bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane as compared with morbidity in infected, untreated animals, comprised delay in the onset of fever and slightly fewer febrile animals. Because bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane had no effect on phospholipase A2, the enzyme activity associated with penetration-induced cell injury, it is likely that a trypsin-like protease also plays an essential role either in the physiology of R. rickettsii or as its pathogenic mechanism.
A novel facile synthesis of dihalogenoruthenium(IV) porphyrins (1995)

Dihalogenoruthenium(IV) porphyrins, versatile precursors to the unique organometallic chemistry of ruthenium porphyrins, are prepared directly from carbonylruthenium(II) porphyrins by reaction with CCl4 and CBr4 under extremely simple and mild reaction conditions.
Biology of the human malignant lymphomas. IV. Functional characterization of ten diffuse histiocytic lymphoma cell lines (1978)

Ten consecutive diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (DHL) cell lines established in our laboratory were studied for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes, lysozyme, nonspecific esterase and other cytochemical reactions, phagocytic activity, cytoplasmic immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, and surface receptors to sheep erythrocytes, complement, and the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin. In agreement with previous studies performed on biopsy specimens, our results indicate that the diffuse histiocytic lymphomas, as a histopathologic entity, represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, the majority of which are B-lymphocyte in origin. The cell lines appear to fall into three categories based on the following criteria: 1) presence of monoclonal cytoplasmic immunoglobulins (B-lymphocytic type, 6/10 cell lines); 2) presence of non-specific esterase, phagocytic activity, and/or lysozyme (histiocytic type, 2/10 cell lines); and 3) absence of all lymphoid and histiocytic cell characteristics (null cell type, 2/10 cell lines). Despite the fact that many of the lymphoma patients had positive serologies to EBV antigens, all of the DHL cell lines were negative for the presence of EBV genomes. Both of the two B-lymphocytic type and one of the two histiocytic type lines tested were susceptible to infection with EBV, as indicated by synthesis of early antigen and also, in a small proportion of the infected cells, of viral capsid antigen. These prototypic DHL cell lines may permit the development of new criteria for the differential diagnosis and treatment of this highly malignant and diverse group of lymphomas.
The development of the hypothalamo–pituitary axis in the neonatal rat: sexual maturation in male and female rats as assessed by hypothalamic LHRH and pituitary and serum LH and FSH concentrations (1977)

Using specific radioimmunoassay techniques, we have measured hypothalamic LHRH concentration and pituitary and serum LH and FSH concentrations in neonatal rats from 0 to 60 days after birth. There were no sex differences demonstrable for hypothalamic LHRH concentration, which rose from minimal values at 2 days to peak concentrations at 22–28 days and declined significantly with the approach of puberty. Pituitary LH concentration in the two sexes rose to peak values at 19–25 days, with significantly higher values observed in females (p &lt; 0.01). Serum LH concentration was high in both sexes at birth, the values in females being significantly higher than those observed in males (p &lt; 0.01). While the serum LH concentration remained relatively stable throughout the study period in males, it declined rapidly to a nadir at 28 days in females. Pituitary FSH concentration was low at birth in both sexes. Females demonstrated a marked rise to peak concentrations at 16 days while males achieved significantly lower peak prepuberal values (p &lt; 0.01) at 28 days. Serum FSH concentration was significantly higher in females (p &lt; 0.01) at birth and rose further to peak values at 16 days. Males attained peak serum FSH concentrations at 35 days. These data demonstrate that the maturation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis develops in the neonatal period in the rat and confirm the presence of significant differences in hypothalamic sexual differentiation and control. The possibility of this developmental process in the neonatal rat as a model for the study of the midgestational hypothalamic maturation of the human foetus is discussed.
Model-based sensor fault detection and isolation in gas turbine (2012)

This paper studies an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Multi-Model Hypothesis Testing (MMHT) based sensor fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme. The discussion is focused on fault signature generation and MMHT rather than EKF design. The proposed FDI logic is designed in the model parameter space that works for both input sensors, (i.e. sensing instruments of ambient and actuators), and output sensors from a model standpoint. A Filter bank is designed for robustness to separate the disturbances from sensor faults by utilizing their differences in dynamics. The proposed algorithm is verified throughout the entire gas turbine operation envelope with Monte Carlo simulation including measurement noise and bias, transients, heat soak dynamic inaccuracy and parameter variations. Numerical simulation results show that the technique can produce acceptable performance in terms of fault detection, false alarm and isolation.
Considering Cost Asymmetry in Learning Classifiers (2005)

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves are a standard way to display the performance of a set of binary classifiers for all feasible ratios of the costs associated with false positives and false negatives. For linear classifiers, the set of classifiers is typically obtained by training once, holding constant the estimated slope and then varying the intercept to obtain a parameterized set of classifiers whose performances can be plotted in the ROC plane. We consider the alternative of varying the asymmetry of the cost function used for training. We show that the ROC curve obtained by varying both the intercept and the asymmetry, and hence the slope, always outperforms the ROC curve obtained by varying only the intercept. In addition, we present a path-following algorithm for the support vector machine (SVM) that can compute efficiently the entire ROC curve, and that has the same computational complexity as training a single classifier. Finally, we provide a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the asymmetric cost model assumed when training a classifier and the cost model assumed in applying the classifier. In particular, we show that the mismatch between the step function used for testing and its convex upper bounds, usually used for training, leads to a provable and quantifiable difference around extreme asymmetries.
The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants (2015)

In the past 50 years, the application of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer to farmland resulted in a dramatic increase in crop yields but with considerable negative impacts on the environment. New solutions are therefore needed to simultaneously increase yields while maintaining, or preferably decreasing, applied N to maximize the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops. In this review, we outline the definition of NUE, the selection and development of NUE crops, and the factors that interact with NUE. In particular, we emphasize the challenges of developing crop plants with enhanced NUE, using more classical genetic approaches based on utilizing existing allelic variation for NUE traits. The challenges of phenotyping, mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and selecting candidate genes for NUE improvement are described. In addition, we highlight the importance of different factors that lead to changes in the NUE components of nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE).
Hybrid-Designed Inhibitors of p38 MAP Kinase UtilizingN-Arylpyridazinones (2002)

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl N-arylpyridazinones were hybridized from the classic pyridinylimidazoles and the more recent dual hydrogen bond acceptors, resulting in a new structural class of selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors.
Reboxetine Maintenance Treatment in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study (2007)

The results suggest the long-term effectiveness and safety of reboxetine maintenance treatment in children with ADHD. Future large-scale, long-term, placebo/comparator-controlled studies should assess the benefit/risk ratio of reboxetine in ADHD children.
Three-dimensional coupled-wave theory for the guided mode resonance in photonic crystal slabs: TM-like polarization (2014)

A general coupled-wave theory is presented for the guided resonance in photonic crystal (PhC) slabs with TM-like polarization. Numerical results based on our model are presented with finite-difference time-domain validations. The proposed analysis facilitates comprehensive understanding of the physics of guided resonance in PhC slabs and provides guidance for its applications.
The Results of β-tricalcium Phosphate Coated Hydroxyapatite (β-TCP/HA) Grafts for Interbody Fusion After Anterior Cervical Discectomy (2008)

Although there was a loss of the initially obtained neural foraminal and disc height, the application of beta-TCP/HA graft after ACD resulted in a high rate of fusion and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the cervical and segmental lordosis was preserved. We concluded that it is a good alternative to current methods to maintain cervical alignment and fusion after ACD.
Interconnection of heterogeneous knowledge bases and its application on Knowledge Grid (2010)

Abstract Recently, the number of users who use search engines for not only retrieving Web pages but also understanding or learning an arbitrary concept has been increasing. However, it is difficult to understand and learn an arbitrary concept by using the existing search engines. This paper presents a method for the interconnection of heterogeneous knowledge bases on Knowledge Grid for knowledge sharing and provision. In this paper, for realizing the proposed method, we introduce two types of services—intra‐operation services and inter‐operation services—on Knowledge Grid. The system dynamically creates a semantic associative network that connects the user's interests and concepts, and provides correlation views that represent various relationships for connecting related resources. In addition, we employ a link‐free browsing system by this method called correlation browsing, which represents the semantic association utilizing collective knowledge by connecting various knowledge bases. The current web browsing has two actions—browsing and jumping by static hyperlinks. It is difficult to understand the relationship between each page that is connected by static hyperlink. The system navigates the related contents while repeatedly switching between a content browsing mode and a correlation browsing mode. Therefore, a user can access various contents while understanding the relationships. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Design and optimisation of magnetic structures for lumped Inductive Power Transfer systems (2009)

A solution which enables safe, efficient and convenient overnight recharging of electric vehicles is needed. Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) is capable of meeting these needs however the main limiting factor is the performance of the magnetic structures (termed power pads) which help transfer the power efficiently. These pads are required to transfer 2-5 kW with a large air gap and have good tolerance to misalignment. They also need to be as light-weight, durable and cost effective as possible. An approach using 3D finite-element analysis modelling is used here to optimise the power pads. This technique is viable since measured and simulated results differ by 10% at most. Power pads have been built which allow 2 kW of power to be transferred over a 200 mm air gap with a tolerance of 130 mm in the horizontal direction. The leakage magnetic flux is also investigated via simulation showing that the designed pads comply with human exposure regulations.
Artificial Intelligence in Nuclear Medicine: Opportunities, Challenges, and Responsibilities Toward a Trustworthy Ecosystem (2022)

Trustworthiness is a core tenet of medicine. The patient-physician relationship is evolving from a dyad to a broader ecosystem of health care. With the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine, the elements of trust must be revisited. We envision a road map for the establishment of trustworthy AI ecosystems in nuclear medicine. In this report, AI is contextualized in the history of technologic revolutions. Opportunities for AI applications in nuclear medicine related to diagnosis, therapy, and workflow efficiency, as well as emerging challenges and critical responsibilities, are discussed. Establishing and maintaining leadership in AI require a concerted effort to promote the rational and safe deployment of this innovative technology by engaging patients, nuclear medicine physicians, scientists, technologists, and referring providers, among other stakeholders, while protecting our patients and society. This strategic plan was prepared by the AI task force of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
Reliable Millimeter Wave Beam Prediction with Confidence Measure (2022)

Machine learning aided beam prediction has been a primary study item in 3GPP 5G Advanced evolution. To improve the reliability of beam selection, we propose a neural network approach to predict not only the mean reference signal received power (RSRP) of a future beamformed channel, but also its standard deviation as a confidence measure for the prediction. The predicted mean RSRP and standard deviation are further applied to decide which beams to measure at each step, to achieve an optimal trade-off between the accuracy of beam selection and the cost of measurements. Leveraging ray-tracing data, we show in simulation that the standard deviation output from our proposed algorithm well predicts the mean RSRP prediction error. Numeral results show that knowing the confidence measure of beam prediction is essential to reduce the error in beam selection.