gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Use and Cost of Compounded Menopausal Hormone Therapy [306] (2015)

INTRODUCTION: Compounded menopausal hormone therapy (HT), which is not U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved, is often prescribed without disclosure of potential class-based risks of menopausal HT (eg, endometrial or breast cancers, thromboembolism). Inconsistencies in the potency and purity of compounded menopausal HT have been reported, potentially increasing the risks or decreasing the efficacy of menopausal HT. Thus, understanding the magnitude of use of compounded menopausal HT products is important. METHODS: Data from the National Community Pharmacist Association and IBISWorld were used to extrapolate annual compounded prescriptions and revenue for U.S. community and compounding pharmacies. The Professional Compounders Centers of America estimates that one in four compounded drugs is for menopausal HT; these estimates were used to calculate compounded menopausal HT use and cost. RESULTS: The nation's approximately 23,000 community pharmacies fill $6 billion in compounded prescriptions yearly, of which $600 million to $1.2 billion may be for compounded menopausal HT. This suggests community pharmacies fill 10–15 million compounded menopausal HT prescriptions for 500,000 to one million women. Additionally, the 3,600 dedicated U.S. compounding pharmacies fill $5 billion in compounded prescriptions annually, of which an estimated $530 million to $1.1 billion is for compounded menopausal HT. Extrapolations suggest dedicated compounding pharmacies fill 10–15 million compounded menopausal HT prescriptions for 500,000 to one million women. Accordingly, cumulative data suggest at least one to two million U.S. women use compounded menopausal HT annually. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Each year, an estimated one to two million U.S. women use compounded menopausal HT. Quantifying the prevalence and cost of compounded menopausal HT is important to fully comprehend the implications of large numbers of U.S. women taking compounded products that are not FDA-approved with their associated risks of unknown purity, potency, and efficacy.
Task-Specific Ionic Liquids Incorporating Novel Cations for the Coordination and Extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+:  Synthesis, Characterization, and Extraction Studies (2002)

A series of hydrophobic task-specific ionic liquids designed to extract Hg2+ and Cd2+ from water were prepared by appending urea-, thiourea-, and thioether-substituted alkyl groups to imidazoles and combining the resulting cationic species with PF6-. The new ionic liquids were characterized and investigated for their metal ion extraction capabilities. When used in liquid/liquid extraction of Hg2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solutions, the metal ion distribution ratios increased several orders of magnitude, regardless of whether the ionic liquids were used as the sole extracting phase or doped into a series of [1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium][PF6] (alkyl = n-C4-C8) ionic liquids to form a 1:1 solution. In the 1:1 mixtures, as the length of the alkyl chain increased from butyl to hexyl to octyl, the metal ion distribution ratios increased. Increasing the ratio TSIL/[C4mim][PF6] resulted in higher distribution ratios for both Hg2+ and Cd2+. Overall, the thiourea- and urea-derivatized cations yielded the highest distribution ratios, and those for Hg2+ were higher than those for Cd2+; however, a change in aqueous-phase pH does not promote the stripping of metal ions from the extracting phase. The combination of these imidazolium cations and PF6- produced ionic liquids with decreased thermal stability in comparison to [C(n)mim]-[PF6]. Gaussian98 restricted Hartree-Fock geometry optimizations for one of the thiourea-appended cations shows the charge delocalization around the ring and suggests that the thiourea group may aid in deprotonating the imidazolium ring and may be responsible for the lowered thermal stability of these cations.
PCR for identification of spirochaetes associated with intestinal spirochaetosis (1994)

Weakly haemolytic intestinal spirochaetes, distinct from both Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Serpulina innocens, have been reported to cause a disease called intestinal spirochaetosis, or spirochaetal diarrhoea, in weaned pigs (1, 2, 3, 4) . Infected animals develop a sloppy mucoid diarrhoea and a reduction in growth rate. These spirochaetes are slightly more slender than S. innocens, and characteristically only have 4-6 axial flagellae ( 5). Strain P43/6/78, which was isolated from the first recorded case of porcine intestinal spirochaetosis ( 1), has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (as ATCC 51139) as the type strain of a possible new genus and species of spirochaete ( "Anguillina coli") ( 5). In the current study we have used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a section of the region encoding the 16s ribosomal RNA gene as a rapid and specific means of identifying these bacteria.
ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (EUS) IN IDENTIFYING PANCREATIC ABSCESS MASQUERADING AS PANCREATIC NEOPLASIA (2003)

s Submitted for the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology October 10-15, 2003, Baltimore, Maryland: ENDOSCOPY: PDF Only
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Pyrrolopyrazolyl-Substituted Oxazolidinone RWJ-416457 (2006)

RWJ-416457, an investigational pyrrolopyrazolyl-substituted oxazolidinone, inhibited the growth of linezolid-susceptible staphylococci, enterococci, and streptococci at concentrations of < or =4 microg/ml, generally exhibiting two- to fourfold-greater potency than that of linezolid. Time-kill studies demonstrated bacteriostatic effects for both RWJ-416457 and linezolid.
Quasi-complementary turbo codes (QCTC) for applications in high-data-rate systems (2004)

The quasi-complementary turbo codes (QCTC) proposed by Kim [M.G. Kim, Oct. 2000] is used for a fast hybrid ARQ scheme with incremental redundancy and adaptive modulation coding in the cdma2000 IxEV-DV [May 2002]. The QCTC provides various code rates with good performance, a very simple encoder structure, and an inherent channel interleaving. It is shown that the QCTC is a unified scheme of channel coding and channel interleaving. In this paper, we introduce the properties of QCTC and various hybrid ARQ-QCTC schemes for the system.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Development and Validation of a Gene Profile Predicting Benefit of Postmastectomy Radiotherapy in Patients with High-Risk Breast Cancer: A Study of Gene Expression in the DBCG82bc Cohort (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Flowchart of patients included in the validation set.&lt;/p&gt;
Endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aortic rings by leukotriene D4: importance of the magnitude of preload. (1989)

Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) generally constricts vascular smooth muscle resulting in reduction in blood flow in a variety of blood vessels which can be blocked by specific LT-receptor antagonists. LTD4 has also been shown to cause vasodilation in some animal species. To examine the basis of vasodilation, we evaluated the effects of LTD4 (10(-9) to 2 X 10(-6) M) on precontracted rat thoracic aortic rings in a tissue bath. LTD4 caused relaxation of the rat thoracic rings in a concentration-dependent fashion. This relaxant effect of LTD4 on rat aortic rings was observed regardless of the stimulus used for precontraction, such as l-epinephrine, l-norepinephrine, KCl, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, or non-pharmacologic manual stretch. This relaxant effect of LTD4 was not blocked by inhibition of vascular eicosanoid synthesis with indomethacin or LT-receptor blockade with two different agents FPL-55712 or LY171883. However, de-endothelialization of rat thoracic aortic rings or treatment of aortic rings with the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid abolished the relaxant effect of LTD4. In addition, pretreatment of rings with an inhibitor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), free hemoglobin, also resulted in inhibition of LTD4-induced vascular relaxation. These observations suggest that the rat aortic ring relaxation by LTD4 is endothelium-dependent and is probably related to the release of EDRF.
Grassmann Averages for Scalable Robust PCA (2014)

As the collection of large datasets becomes increasingly automated, the occurrence of outliers will increase -- "big data" implies "big outliers". While principal component analysis (PCA) is often used to reduce the size of data, and scalable solutions exist, it is well-known that outliers can arbitrarily corrupt the results. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art approaches for robust PCA do not scale beyond small-to-medium sized datasets. To address this, we introduce the Grassmann Average (GA), which expresses dimensionality reduction as an average of the subspaces spanned by the data. Because averages can be efficiently computed, we immediately gain scalability. GA is inherently more robust than PCA, but we show that they coincide for Gaussian data. We exploit that averages can be made robust to formulate the Robust Grassmann Average (RGA) as a form of robust PCA. Robustness can be with respect to vectors (subspaces) or elements of vectors, we focus on the latter and use a trimmed average. The resulting Trimmed Grassmann Average (TGA) is particularly appropriate for computer vision because it is robust to pixel outliers. The algorithm has low computational complexity and minimal memory requirements, making it scalable to "big noisy data." We demonstrate TGA for background modeling, video restoration, and shadow removal. We show scalability by performing robust PCA on the entire Star Wars IV movie.
Sequence specific peptidomimetic molecules inhibitors of a protein–protein interaction at the helix 1 level of c‐Myc (2005)

Our work is focused in the broad area of strategies and efforts to inhibit protein-protein interactions. The possible strategies in this field are definitely much more varied than in the case of ATP-pocket inhibitors. In our previous work (10), we reported that a retro-inverso (RI) form of Helix1 (H1) of c-Myc, linked to an RI-internalization sequence arising from the third alpha-helix of Antennapedia (Int) was endowed with an antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity toward the cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HCT-116. The activity apparently was dependent upon the presence of the Myc motif. In this work, by ala-scan mapping of the H1 portion of our molecules with D-aa, we found two amino acids necessary for antiproliferative activity: D-Lys in 4 and D-Arg in 5 (numbers refer to L-forms). In the natural hetero-dimer, these two side chains project to the outside of the four alpha-helix bundle. Moreover, we were able to obtain three peptides more active than the original lead. They strongly reduced cell proliferation and survival (RI-Int-VV-H1-E2A,S6A,F8A; RI-Int-VV-H1-S6A,F8A,R11A; RI-Int-VV-H1-S6A,F8A,Q13A): after 8 days at 10 muM total cell number was approximately 1% of the number of cells initially seeded. In these more potent molecules, the ablated side chains project to the inside in the corresponding natural four alpha-helix bundle. In the present work, we also investigated the behavior of our molecules at the biochemical level. Using both a circular dichroism (CD) and a fluorescence anisotropy approach, we noted that side chains projecting at the interior of the four alpha-helix bundle are needed for inducing the partial unfolding of Myc-H2, without an opening of the leucine zipper. Side chains projecting at the outside are not required for this biochemical effect. However, antiproliferative activity had the opposite requirements: side chains projecting at the outside of the bundle were essential, and, on the contrary, ablation of one side chain at a time projecting at the inside increased rather than decreased biological activity. We conclude that our active molecules probably interfere at the level of a protein-protein interaction between Myc-Max and a third protein of the transcription complex. Finally, CD and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, plus dynamic simulations, suggest a prevalent random coil conformation of the H1 portion of our molecules, at least in diluted solutions. The introduction of a kink (substitution with proline in positions 5 or 7) led to an important reduction of biological activity. We have also synthesized a longer peptido-mimetic molecule (RI-Int-H1-S6A,F8A-loop-H2) with the intent of obtaining a wider zone of interaction and a stronger interference at the level of the higher-order structure (enhanceosome). RI-Int-H1-S6A,F8A-loop-H2 was less active rather than more active in respect to RI-Int-VV-H1-S6A,F8A, apparently because it has a clear bent to form a beta-sheet (CD and NMR data).
Application of Thanatos in Creating Thyroid Cancer Registry (1999)

The aim of this paper is to present the practical results of processing data from biopsy findings by Thanatos the Information System developed for Department of Clinical Patology Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. After completing the Thyroid Cancer Registry which is a part of the Hospital Cancer Registry we are able to make distribution of histological representation of each type od thyroid cancer. From age distribution at diagnosis advansed informations are gained souch as increasing of average age for patients with follicular cancer. By comparing data from our Thyroid Cancer Registry wiht Croatian Cancer Registry for follow up purposes it is possible to calculate 5-year survival rate. We expected that all these advanced informations will makes possible to better predict behavior of thyroid diseases and to use more efficient prevention or cure.
A mechanical deployment structure for the PowerSphere concept [space power] (2002)

The development of Picosatellites and Nanosatellites for low Earth orbits requires the collection of sufficient power for onboard instruments with a low-weight, low-volume spacecraft. Because the overall surface area of these satellites is small, body-mounted solar cells are incapable of providing enough power. Deployment of traditional, rigid, solar arrays necessitates larger satellite volumes and weights, and also requires extra apparatus needed for pointing. A solution to this "power choke" problem is the deployment of a thin-film solar array with omni-directional solar collection capabilities. The array would have a high collection area, low weight and low stowage volume, and eliminates the need for a pointing mechanism. This paper considers several omni-directional deployable array geometries and details a mechanism for deploying them. The packaged size, deployed size and expected minimum illuminated area are compared using an DARPA-Aerospace Picosatellite as the anticipated host satellite.
Resveratrol Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence and Proliferative Dysfunction by Activating the AMPK-FOXO3 Cascade in Cultured Primary Human Keratinocytes (2015)

The aging process is perceived as resulting from a combination of intrinsic factors such as changes in intracellular signaling and extrinsic factors, most notably environmental stressors. In skin, the relationship between intrinsic changes and keratinocyte function is not clearly understood. Previously, we found that increasing the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) suppressed senescence in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated human primary keratinocytes, a model of oxidative stress-induced cellular aging. Using this model in the present study, we observed that resveratrol, an agent that increases the activities of both AMPK and sirtuins, ameliorated two age-associated phenotypes: cellular senescence and proliferative dysfunction. In addition, we found that treatment of keratinocytes with Ex527, a specific inhibitor of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), attenuated the ability of resveratrol to suppress senescence. In keeping with the latter observation, we noted that compared to non-senescent keratinocytes, senescent cells lacked SIRT1. In addition to these effects on H2O2-induced senescence, resveratrol also prevented the H2O2-induced decrease in proliferation (as indicated by 3H-thymidine incorporation) in the presence of insulin. This effect was abrogated by inhibition of AMPK but not SIRT1. Compared to endothelium, we found that human keratinocytes expressed relatively high levels of Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), a downstream target of both AMPK and SIRT1. Treatment of keratinocytes with resveratrol transactivated FOXO3 and increased the expression of its target genes including catalase. Resveratrol's effects on both senescence and proliferation disappeared when FOXO3 was knocked down. Finally, we performed an exploratory study which showed that skin from humans over 50 years old had lower AMPK activity than skin from individuals under age 20. Collectively, these findings suggest that the effects of resveratrol on keratinocyte senescence and proliferation are regulated by the AMPK-FOXO3 pathway and in some situations, but not all, by SIRT1.
A pretreatment nomogram predicting biochemical failure after salvage cryotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer (2009)

A pretreatment nomogram based on several diagnostic variables (serum PSA level at diagnosis, biopsy Gleason grade, and initial clinical T stage) was developed and might allow the selection of ideal candidates for SC.
10GHz All-Optical Gate on a Silicon Chip (2010)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text R. Kumar, L. Liu, G. Roelkens, E. Geluk, T. de Vries, P. Regreny, D. Van Thourhout, R. Baets, and G. Morthier, "10GHz All-Optical Gate on a Silicon Chip," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optica Publishing Group, 2010), paper JWA44. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Carbon Nanodots in Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review (2020)

Abstract This Review presents the latest advances in designing electrochemical sensors by using carbon nanodots (CNDs), carbon dots (CDs), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), as a new class of photoluminescent nanomaterials, which can be employed in a vast number applications, such as biomedicine, biosensing, optical sensing, catalysis, solar cells, imaging, and electrochemical sensing. Recently, the application of CDs and GQDs in electrochemical sensing has increased significantly because of their unique features such as quantum size, excellent biocompatibility, enzyme‐like activity, high active area, and abundance of hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or amine functionalities. The applications of CDs and GQDs for the electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, other organic molecules, as well as metal ions are presented. The utilization of CDs and GQDs for immunosensing and aptasensing is also reported.
Impact of soluble sugar concentrations on the acquisition of freezing tolerance in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with contrasting cold adaptation – evidence for a role of raffinose in cold acclimation (2004)

ABSTRACT In the present study the cold acclimation potential of two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Significant variation was found for basic tolerance as well as the capacity to acclimate to freezing temperatures. During cold acclimation, levels of soluble sugars increased in both genotypes, but raffinose accumulation discriminated the more tolerant accession Col‐0 from C24. Concentrations of other compatible solutes such as proline and glutamine were also higher in cold‐acclimated Col‐0 than C24 plants. Changes of invertase activity during cold exposure corresponded to changes in sucrose and fructose, but not glucose concentrations and were consistent with an initial chilling response and a later decline in hexose metabolization. When vacuolar invertase was suppressed by siRNA expression, reduced sucrolytic activity resulted in elevated leaf sucrose concentration, whereas the fructose content was strongly reduced. This led to elevated freezing tolerance in the cold‐tolerant genotype Col‐0, but not in C24. The most pronounced metabolic changes in invertase‐inhibited Col‐0 plants occurred for proline and glutamine concentrations, indicating indirect metabolic effects of altered sugar concentrations.
Building efficient query engines in a high-level language (2014)

In this paper we advocate that it is time for a radical rethinking of database systems design. Developers should be able to leverage high-level programming languages without having to pay a price in efficiency. To realize our vision of abstraction without regret , we present LegoBase, a query engine written in the high-level programming language Scala. The key technique to regain efficiency is to apply generative programming: the Scala code that constitutes the query engine, despite its high-level appearance, is actually a program generator that emits specialized, low-level C code. We show how the combination of high-level and generative programming allows to easily implement a wide spectrum of optimizations that are difficult to achieve with existing low-level query compilers, and how it can continuously optimize the query engine. We evaluate our approach with the TPC-H benchmark and show that: (a) with all optimizations enabled, our architecture significantly outperforms a commercial in-memory database system as well as an existing query compiler, (b) these performance improvements require programming just a few hundred lines of high-level code instead of complicated low-level code that is required by existing query compilers and, finally, that (c) the compilation overhead is low compared to the overall execution time, thus making our approach usable in practice for efficiently compiling query engines.
Polymeric Nano/Microcapsules of Liquid Perfluorocarbons for Ultrasonic Imaging:  Physical Characterization (2006)

Ultrasonic imaging is a widely available, noninvasive, and cost-effective diagnostic modality, but vessels smaller than 200 mum in diameter are impossible to visualize. Commercial ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), consisting of encapsulated gas microbubbles injected intravenously, enable only a qualitative visualization of the microvascularization for a short period of time since they are rather unstable. In a strategy to develop more stable UCAs, we designed a process to obtain nano/microcapsules with a single core of liquid perfluorocarbons within a biodegradable polymeric shell of homogeneous thickness. The polymer shell should improve the stability of the capsules as compared to UCAs stabilized by a monomolecular layer, while the acoustic impedance of the perfluorocarbons should ensure their echogenicity. These capsules have been optimized to encapsulate several liquid perfluorocarbons: perfluorohexane, perfluorodecalin, and perfluorooctyl bromide. The system is rather versatile: the mean size of the capsules can be adjusted between 70 nm and 25 microm and the thickness-to-radius ratio (T/R) can be easily modulated by simply modifying the polymer-to-perfluorocarbon ratio. T/R does not depend on the size of the capsules and is between 0.2 and 0.6. The dependence of the echogenic properties of the capsules with their size and their T/R has yet to be studied experimentally before this system can be evaluated in vivo.