gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Board test coverage needs to be standardized (2005)

This paper introduced the "PCOLA/SOQ" defect model of board test coverage. The ability to take any board made up of any collection of devices, enumerate all the device and connection defects and grade the effectiveness of a test is a huge step towards really understanding and communicating board test coverage. Measuring expected board quality and the risk you necessarily take when coverage is incomplete it helps board manufacturers make more informed choices.
Compact, ultra-tunable InGaSb/AlGaAsSb Si external cavity laser at the Mid-Infrared (MIR) (2019)

We present the first MIR hybrid Si external cavity laser with a tunable range below the 2 μm mark. To the best of our knowledge, we have achieved the largest tunable range of 66 nm (1881-1947 nm) near the 2 μm waveband in silicon photonics.
Small molecule CXCR4 antagonists block the HIV-1 Nef/CXCR4 axis and selectively initiate the apoptotic program in breast cancer cells (2018)

The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays an integral role in the development of highly metastatic breast cancer and in the pathogenesis of chronic HIV infection. In this study, we compared the effects of CXCR4 antagonists on apoptosis induction in hematopoietic cells and in tumor cells. We incubated cells expressing CXCR4 with a series of CXCR4 antagonists and subsequently exposed the cultures to a pro-apoptotic peptide derived from the HIV-1 Nef protein (NefM1). The NefM1 peptide contains residues 50-60 of Nef and was previously shown to be the sequence necessary for Nef to initiate the apoptotic program through CXCR4 signaling. We found that several of the compounds studied potently blocked Nef-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocyte cells. Interestingly, many of the same compounds selectively triggered apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, in some cases at sub-nanomolar concentrations. None of the compounds were toxic to lymphocyte, monocyte or macrophage cells, suggesting that aggressive breast cancer carcinomas may be selectively targeted and eliminated using CXCR4-based therapies without additional cytotoxic agents. Our results also demonstrate that not all CXCR4 antagonists are alike and that the observed anti-Nef and pro-apoptotic effects are chemically tunable. Collectively, these findings suggest our CXCR4 antagonists have promising clinical utility for HIV or breast cancer therapies as well as being useful probes to examine the link between CXCR4 and apoptosis.
<title>Physics-based models for early vision by machine</title> (1990)

Research in early (low-level) vision, tooth for machines and humans, has traditionally been based on the study of idealized images or image patches such as step edges, gratings, flat fields, and Mondrians. Real images, however, exhibit much richer and more complex structure, whose nature is determined by the physical and geometric properties of illumination, reflection, and imaging. By understanding these physical relationships, a new kind of early vision analysis is made possible. In this paper, we describe a progression of models of imaging physics that present a much more complex and realistic set of image relationships than are commonly assumed in early vision research. We begin with the Dichromatic Reflection Model, which describes how highlights and color are related in images of dielectrics such as plastic and painted surfaces. This gives rise to a mathematical relationship in color space to separate highlights from object color. Perceptions of shape, surface roughness/texture, and illumination color are readily derived from this analysis. We next show how this can be extended to images of several objects, by deriving local color variation relationships from the basic model. The resulting method for color image analysis has been successfully applied in machine vision experiments in our laboratory. Yet another extension is to account for inter-reflection among multiple objects. We have derived a simple model of color inter-reflection that accounts for the basic phenomena, and report on this model and how we are applying it. In general, the concept of illumination for vision should account for the entire "illumination environment", rather than being restricted to a single light source. This work shows that the basic physical relationships give rise to very structured image properties, which can be a more valid basis for early vision than the traditional idealized image patterns.
Enantiomeric 2-acetamido-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminoribitols as potential pyrrolidine hexosaminidase inhibitors (2010)

2-Acetamido-1,4-imino-1,2,4-trideoxy-D-ribitol (DRBNAc) and the enantiomeric LRBNAc were prepared as potential hexosaminidase inhibitors from L- and D-lyxonolactone, respectively. Neither N -benzyl-DRBNAc nor N -benzyl-LRBNAc showed any inhibition of α- or β-hexosaminidases or any other glycosidase.
Upregulation of intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+channel (IKCa1) mediates phenotypic modulation of coronary smooth muscle (2006)

A hallmark of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation in atherosclerosis and restenosis is suppression of SMC differentiation marker genes, proliferation, and migration. Blockade of intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (IKCa1) has been shown to inhibit restenosis after carotid balloon injury in the rat; however, whether IKCa1 plays a role in SMC phenotypic modulation is unknown. Our objective was to determine the role of IKCa1 channels in regulating coronary SMC phenotypic modulation and migration. In cultured porcine coronary SMCs, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) increased TRAM-34 (a specific IKCa1 inhibitor)-sensitive K(+) current 20-fold; increased IKCa1 promoter histone acetylation and c-jun binding; increased IKCa1 mRNA approximately 4-fold; and potently decreased expression of the smooth muscle differentiation marker genes smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMalphaA), and smoothelin-B, as well as myocardin. Importantly, TRAM-34 completely blocked PDGF-BB-induced suppression of SMMHC, SMalphaA, smoothelin-B, and myocardin and inhibited PDGF-BB-stimulated migration by approximately 50%. Similar to TRAM-34, knockdown of endogenous IKCa1 with siRNA also prevented the PDGF-BB-induced increase in IKCa1 and decrease in SMMHC mRNA. In coronary arteries from high fat/high cholesterol-fed swine demonstrating signs of early atherosclerosis, IKCa1 expression was 22-fold higher and SMMHC, smoothelin-B, and myocardin expression significantly reduced in proliferating vs. nonproliferating medial cells. Our findings demonstrate that functional upregulation of IKCa1 is required for PDGF-BB-induced coronary SMC phenotypic modulation and migration and support a similar role for IKCa1 in coronary SMC during early coronary atherosclerosis.
High-Performance GaAs Nanowire Solar Cells for Flexible and Transparent Photovoltaics (2015)

Among many available photovoltaic technologies at present, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is one of the recognized leaders for performance and reliability; however, it is still a great challenge to achieve cost-effective GaAs solar cells for smart systems such as transparent and flexible photovoltaics. In this study, highly crystalline long GaAs nanowires (NWs) with minimal crystal defects are synthesized economically by chemical vapor deposition and configured into novel Schottky photovoltaic structures by simply using asymmetric Au-Al contacts. Without any doping profiles such as p-n junction and complicated coaxial junction structures, the single NW Schottky device shows a record high apparent energy conversion efficiency of 16% under air mass 1.5 global illumination by normalizing to the projection area of the NW. The corresponding photovoltaic output can be further enhanced by connecting individual cells in series and in parallel as well as by fabricating NW array solar cells via contact printing showing an overall efficiency of 1.6%. Importantly, these Schottky cells can be easily integrated on the glass and plastic substrates for transparent and flexible photovoltaics, which explicitly demonstrate the outstanding versatility and promising perspective of these GaAs NW Schottky photovoltaics for next-generation smart solar energy harvesting devices.
Brillouin scattering: beyond threshold (2005)

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can be the limiting nonlinearity in an optical fiber communications system, can provide optical amplification, or can act as an optical carrier filter. However, the analytical treatment of SBS has been limited to the undepleted pump regime and only numerical analysis is available for when the pump depletion is significant. In particular, the narrowing of the Stokes linewidth is well-known, yet the suppression of narrowing under high-gain, depleted-pump conditions has not been treated. We present a heuristic analysis to quantify pump depletion, which accurately predicts an experimentally observed linewidth minimum.
Impact of processing parameters on base current in polysilicon contacted bipolar transistors (1985)

A number of models have been presented to explain the lower base current in bipolar transistors with polysilicon emitter contacts: the effects of oxides (native and chemically grown) at the polysilicon-silicon interface; dopant segregation at this interface; and minority carder transport in the polysilicon. To differentiate between these models and to determine the process sensitivity of polysilicon contacted BJT's, a series of controlled experiments correlating physical structures with electrical characteristics have been performed. We find that for anneals at low temperatures and times (e.g., 900°C/1hr) the unintentional native oxide at the polysilicon-silicon interface dominates the electrical characteristics, resulting in extremely low base currents. For higher temperature anneals or doping levels above 2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sup> /cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , the native oxide layer breaks up and epitaxial regrowth of the polysilicon layer occurs. This reduces the blocking action of the interface and allows more carriers to enter the polysilicon, increasing the base current by as much as a factor of four.
Insights into Primary Ovarian Insufficiency through Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (2011)

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure, is a form of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism that causes infertility in ~1% of women <40 years of age. POI has important health consequences for affected patients; however, the mechanisms that cause ovarian dysfunction are poorly understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is paramount to developing better testing and treatment strategies for affected girls and women. For obvious reasons, studies looking directly at the human ovary are extremely limited. Recently, numerous genetically engineered mouse models have been developed to investigate the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the pathogenesis of POI. Two potential mechanisms may be involved in the development of POI: (1) abnormalities in primordial follicle activation and (2) increased rates of apoptosis of oocytes. Each of these mechanisms may lead to early depletion of ovarian follicular reserve, and thus be a contributing factor in POI. This review addresses current knowledge of molecular mechanisms controlling primordial follicle activation and oocyte apoptosis, as evidenced from various genetic mouse models. Translation of these data into clinically effective treatments or even prevention strategies may improve fertility and quality of life for women with this form of reproductive dysfunction.
ChemInform Abstract: Designing Ordered Molecular Arrays in Two and Three Dimensions (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Femtosecond laser induced optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for harsh environment sensing applications (2015)

FBGs made with femtosecond lasers have shown promise for sensing in extreme environments like high temperature, pressure or ionizing radiation. This presentation will give a review of some of the more recent developments.
Abstract 4019: High TERT expression in NSCLC is associated with poor prognosis (2019)

Abstract Background: Activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been linked to tumorigenesis and aggressive tumor behavior. This study was undertaken to evaluate if TERT expression was correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: TMA slides made from 254 NSCLC patients (cohort 1 and cohort 2), including 127 adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 78 squamous carcinomas (LUSC) and 46 other types, were included. TMA Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections were stained using the immunohistochemistry stain (IHC). The percentage of positive nuclei was determined for each case and the cut-off value was set as 5%, 20% and 50% positive tumor cells. TERT expression levels were analyzed for associations with patient survival rates and clinicopathological parameters (such as age, gender, tumor grade, tumor stage, metastasis). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: TERT was positive in 199/254 (78%) of the samples. High TERT expression was seen in tumor specimens compared with normal adjunct tissues (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that high TERT expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in NSCLC patients (p &amp;lt; 0.001 and p &amp;lt; 0.0001, 20% and 50% cut-off, respectively). Multivariate analysis of survival demonstrated that TERT expression at 50% cutoff was an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC patients (HR = 0.1461, 95% CI: 0.0862-0.2475, p &amp;lt; 0.0001). High TERT expression was also associated with short survival of LUSC and LUAD patients at 50% cutoff (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). No significant association with OS was observed at 5% cutoff. There was also significant correlation between TERT expression with metastasis but no correlation with clinical stage, histological type and tumor differentiation. Conclusion: Our study showed that high TERT expression is present in 78% of NSCLC tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. TERT may serve as a prognostic biomarker and novel drug target for NSCLC. Citation Format: Tianhong Li, Weijie Ma, Qianping Li, Sixi Wei, Tao Wang, Jingyi Xiang, Cheng Liu. High TERT expression in NSCLC is associated with poor prognosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4019.
Efficient linear programming algorithm to generate the densest lattice sphere packings (2013)

Finding the densest sphere packing in d-dimensional Euclidean space R(d) is an outstanding fundamental problem with relevance in many fields, including the ground states of molecular systems, colloidal crystal structures, coding theory, discrete geometry, number theory, and biological systems. Numerically generating the densest sphere packings becomes very challenging in high dimensions due to an exponentially increasing number of possible sphere contacts and sphere configurations, even for the restricted problem of finding the densest lattice sphere packings. In this paper we apply the Torquato-Jiao packing algorithm, which is a method based on solving a sequence of linear programs, to robustly reproduce the densest known lattice sphere packings for dimensions 2 through 19. We show that the TJ algorithm is appreciably more efficient at solving these problems than previously published methods. Indeed, in some dimensions, the former procedure can be as much as three orders of magnitude faster at finding the optimal solutions than earlier ones. We also study the suboptimal local density-maxima solutions (inherent structures or "extreme" lattices) to gain insight about the nature of the topography of the "density" landscape.
Transgenic rats carrying copies of the human c-Ha- ras proto-oncogene exhibit enhanced susceptibility to N -butyl- N -(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine bladder carcinogenesis (2000)

We have established a transgenic rat line carrying three copies of the human c-Ha-ras proto-oncogene with its own original promoter region, Jcl/SD-TgN(HrasGen)128Ncc (Hras128) rat. c-Ha-ras protein from expression of transduced and endogenous c-Ha-ras genes could be detected in the bladder epithelium of untreated transgenic rats. To examine their susceptibility to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN)-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis, male transgenic and wild-type littermates were treated with 0.05% BBN in their drinking water for 10 weeks and then killed at week 20. The numbers and volumes of total macroscopic bladder tumors including both transitional cell papillomas and carcinomas (TCC) per rat were much greater in Hras128 rats than in their wild-type counterparts. The numbers of carcinomas per rat were also significantly greater in Hras128 rats. Two cases of TCC exhibiting invasion of the bladder muscle layer, which is extremely rare in the wild-type animals under the experimental conditions used, were also observed in Hras128 rats. The GGC-->GAC mutations at codon 12 of the transgene were observed in only two TCC out of 21 bladder tumors (9.5%), assessed by RFLP analysis and direct sequencing. SSCP analysis did not show any endogenous c-Ha-ras gene mutations. One of 25 tumors (4.0%) in wild-type rats had an endogenous c-Ha-ras gene mutation at codon 12 that was detected (GGA-->GAA) by single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing. These results indicate that the Hras128 rat is highly susceptible to BBN carcinogenesis and may be utilized as a rat model for analysis of bladder tumor development. The mutation findings indicate that the enhanced tumor development is not primarily due to mutations occurring in the transgene.
Nitrogen removal and functional bacteria distribution of ANAMMOX at ambient temperature (2016)

In this study, an up-flow anaerobic biofilter (AF) was operated to investigate the efficiency of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) in treating low strength ammonia (46.5 mg/L) at ambient temperatures (20.3–23.2 °C). Microbial compositions and functional populations of the upper (140–190 cm), middle (40–140 cm), and lower (0–40 cm) parts of the biofilter were monitored using scanning electron microscopy, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), clone and sequence. The results show that stable biofilter performance was achieved with an average nitrogen removal rate of 2.26 kg/(m3·d) and a total nitrogen removal efficiency of 75.9%. Approximately 67% of the ammonia and nitrite disappeared in the middle part of the biofilter. The spherical bacteria, similar to ANAMMOX bacteria, dominated the middle part of the biofilter. There were eight bacterial DGGE bands; clone and sequence results showed that they included Oxalicibacterium sp., Ignavibacterium album, Bacterium rJ15, Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Hippea maritima, Thioprofundum lithotrophica, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The genus of ANAMMOX bacterium remaining at constant levels in different parts of the biofilter was identified as Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. The AF bioreactor maintained high activity due to the ANAMMOX bacteria's ability to adapt to ambient temperature and low matrix influent conditions.
Using Optimized Butterworth-Based $\Sigma\Delta$ Bitstreams for the Testing of High-Resolution Data Converters (2020)

Testing high-resolution data converters is often performed using Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) that has lower resolution Integrated Chips (ICs). Hence, indirect voltage measurements are required. To perform these measurements programmable DC voltage sources are essential. An area efficient technique in generating DC voltage sources is the one that saves a ΣΔ bitstream generated in software in the memory of an ATE and apply it periodically to a low-pass filter (LPF). The Noise Transfer Function (NTF) of the ΣΔM has been selected from the Butterworth, Butterworth with zeros, Bessel and Gaussian families for ΣΔM orders from 1 to 4. An investigation was conducted to figure out the best ΣΔM type and order that should be used. It will be shown that using a high-order Butterworth-based ΣΔ bitstream yields the lowest settling time. This means the DC voltage levels will be available for usage quicker than the other ΣΔM types. Hence, reducing the time taken to test an IC, which in-turn minimizes the time to market and maximizes profit margins.
Demonstration of equivalence of a generic glatiramer acetate (Glatopa™) (2015)

Glatiramer acetate (GA) has been available under the brand name Copaxone® for nearly two decades. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first generic GA, Glatopa™, as fully substitutable for all indications for which Copaxone 20mg is approved; Glatopa also represents the first FDA-approved "AP-rated," substitutable generic for treating patients with MS. Glatiramer acetate is a complex mixture of polypeptides and, consequently, its characterization presented challenges not generally encountered in drug development. Despite its complexity, and without requiring any clinical data, approval was accomplished through an Abbreviated New Drug Application in which equivalence to Copaxone was evaluated across four criteria: starting materials and basic chemistry; structural signatures for polymerization, depolymerization, and purification; physicochemical properties; and biological and immunological properties. This article describes the rigorous overall scientific approach used to successfully establish equivalence between Glatopa and Copaxone, and presents key representative data from several of the comprehensive sets of physicochemical (structural) and biological (functional) assays that were conducted.
Influence of age and sex steroids on bone density and geometry in middle-aged and elderly European men (2010)

There is age-related change in bone density and geometry at the midshaft radius in middle-aged and elderly European men. In older men bioE(2) may maintain cortical and trabecular BMD. BioT may influence bone health through associations with muscle mass and bone area.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Aza‐4‐oxaprostaglandin Analogues. (1985)

Abstract Die Titelverbindung (V) wird über das in 6 Schritten (Literaturhinweis) aus dem kommerziellen Lacton (I) erhältliche Lactol (II) dargestellt.