gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models (2022)

The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake ("eat less") and increase energy expenditure ("move more"). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on "complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals" that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, "ultra-processed" foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body's metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
Ultraviolet biexcitonic emission from AlGaN ternary alloys (2011)

Abstract AlGaN ternary mixed crystal semiconductors are promising as materials for ultraviolet emission devices. This paper reports on the optical properties resulting from AlGaN excitons. In particular, the focus is on biexcitons. Evaluations are performed using photoluminescence, time‐resolved emission measurement, and excitation spectroscopy. Biexciton emission was clearly observed over a wide range of AlN mole fractions. In the time‐resolved emissions measurements, the decay time was shown to rise along with the AlN molar fraction. This increase in decay time is likely to be caused by the localization of excitons and biexcitons resulting from increased inhomogeneity of the Al composition. We also found the Stokes shift for the biexcitons using two‐photon absorption. The Stokes shift shows the rate of localization. The Stokes shift was shown to rise along with an increase in the AlN molar fraction. This shows that the biexcitons are localized, and suggests that the inhomogeneity in the Al composition increased. Thus, an increase in the binding energy was also confirmed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(6): 41–47, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10198
CINT Microfluidic Synthesis Discovery Platform(TM). (2007)

Abstract not provided.
Abstract 16533: Carotid Vasa Vasorum Density Measured in vivo by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound is Associated with Acute Coronary Events (2012)

Background: Coronary artery adventitial vasa vasorum (VV) proliferation is a feature of the “vulnerable” plaques (VP) that cause acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Carotid contrast enhanced ultrasound...
121 Emerging Data Regarding Fungal Infections of Inflatable Penile Prostheses (2018)

Fungal infections of inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) are inadequately understood in the literature. We reviewed our multi-institution database of IPP infections to examine for common patient and surgical factors related to IPP fungal infection. This is a retrospective IRB-approved analysis of 213 patients at 25 institutions who underwent salvage procedure or device explant between 2001 and 2016. Patient data were compiled after extensive review of operative reports, nursing operative data, intraoperative wound cultures, perioperative antibiotics, inpatient notes, consult notes, and follow-up visits. Twenty patients with fungal infections were identified and additional information was requested. Fourteen patients underwent primary IPP implantation, the other 6 had previously undergone an average of 1.5 IPP-related surgeries (range 1-3, median 1). Average age at implantation was 58 (range 31-72, median 60). Thirteen of the 20 fungal infection patients were diabetic (65%), the rest were not. Of the diabetic patients mean HgbA1c was 8.7 (range 6.5-13.3, median 8.3). Mean BMI for all patients was 30.9 kg/m2 (range 23.7-45 kg/m2, median 31 kg/m2). Mean BMI for diabetic patients was 31.8 kg/m2 (range 24.1-45 kg/m2, median 32 kg/m2). Ninety percent of implants were placed with IV antibiotics consistent with current AUA guidelines. In seven of these cases, fungi and bacteria were found in culture together. Eight devices were explanted, 8 underwent malleable implant salvage (MIST), and 4 were salvaged in the classic Mulcahy technique. Of the 8 patients who underwent explant, 5 later had successful reimplantation with either a malleable prosthesis or an inflatable prosthesis. The other three remain without an implant at last follow-up. Two of the 20 fungal infection patients were incontinent at IPP implantation. One of these patients underwent simultaneous Virtue sling implantation. No patient had concomitant immunosuppressive disease aside from DM at IPP implantation. No patient had evidence of recent antibiotic exposures prior to IPP implantation.
MOBIUS: Model-Oblivious Binarized Neural Networks (2019)

A privacy-preserving framework in which a computational resource provider receives encrypted data from a client and returns prediction results without decrypting the data, i.e., oblivious neural network or encrypted prediction, has been studied in machine learning. In this work, we introduce and explore a new problem called the model-oblivious problem, where a trainer can delegate a protected model to a resource provider without revealing the original model itself to the resource provider. The resource provider can then offer prediction on a client's input data, which is additionally kept private from the resource provider. To solve this problem, we present MOBIUS (Model-Oblivious BInary neUral networkS), a new system that combines Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) and secure computation based on secret sharing as tools for scalable and fast privacy-preserving machine learning. BNNs improve computational performance by binarizing values in training to -1 and +1, while secure computation based on secret sharing provides fast and various computations under encrypted forms via modulo operations with a short bit length. However, combining these tools is not trivial because their operations have different algebraic structures. MOBIUS uses improved procedures of BNNs and secure computation that have compatible algebraic structures without downgrading prediction accuracy. We present an implementation of MOBIUS in C++ using the ABY library (NDSS 2015). Then, we conduct experiments using several datasets, including the MNIST, Cancer, and Diabetes datasets, and the results show that MOBIUS outperforms SecureML (IEEE S&P 2017), which is the only other work that can potentially tackle the model-oblivious problem, in terms of both accuracy and computational time. Compared with TAPAS (ICML 2018) as a state-of-the-art BNN-based system, MOBIUS is three orders of magnitude faster without downgrading the accuracy despite solving the model-oblivious problem.
Supermolecular stereochemistry in ferroelectric liquid crystals (2000)

Until recently, it was an empirical fact that chiral liquid crystal phases were produced only from enantiomerically enriched liquid crystal materials. Ferroelectric smectic liquid crystals have always been composed of enantiomerically enriched molecules as well. Here we describe the first example of the formation of chiral supermolecular liquid crystalline structures from achiral bent-core molecules (bow phases or banana phases). In one case, a metastable antiferroelectric bow-phase structure is macroscopically chiral, with bulk samples composed of chiral macroscopic domains of either handedness. This system represents the first known liquid conglomerate. In addition, based upon a directed design approach exploiting control of interlayer clinicity, a ferroelectric liquid crystal conglomerate has been created from a racemic mixture. In this case bulk ferroelectricity is obtained by spontaneous polar symmetry breaking. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference-aware Distributed Precoding in Coherent Large-scale Distributed MIMO (2021)

Large-scale Distributed Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (D-MIMO) is one of the key radio technologies to support ubiquitous radio access by enabling the User Equipment (UE) having simultaneous connectivity to many highly coordinated network transmission points called Access Points (APs). In this work, coherent large-scale D-MIMO has been investigated in an industrial indoor scenario considering the frequency range from 3.5 GHz to 100 GHz assuming synchronized APs. The UE-centric AP selection has been studied to determine the subset of APs jointly serving to the UEs. Thereafter, interference aware distributed precoding is formulated and compared with centralized precoding. The simulation results show that more coordinated APs in clusters increases coherent precoding gain and enhances interference management, eventually provides more gain in spectral efficiency. Moreover, distributed, partially distributed and collocated deployment models have been compared, and trade-off between implementation complexity and deployment complexity has been shown.
Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2010)

Neurosurgeons rely on image-guidance to perform safe, successful surgery efficiently and cost-effectively. Neuronavigation involves rigid frame-based or fiducial-based frameless stereotactic guidance that derives its accuracy from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This imaging can be obtained days or immediately before surgery. Fundamentally, however these systems do not address the brain shift that results from the loss of cerebrospinal fluid once the cranium is opened. Intraoperative MRI (ioMRI) systems were developed in part to compensate for such brain shift during surgery. Like its predecessors, ioMRI affords excellent soft tissue discrimination and the ability to view the surgical site in three dimensions. Moreover, as all of these approaches use CT or MR imaging, being able to view the tumor being biopsied or resected allows the surgeon to preoperatively determine a surgical corridor that avoids critical structures. However, unlike its predecessor, ioMRI also allows the surgeon to see in real-time what the surgery has accomplished, allowing the surgeon to revisit the surgical field to exclude the presence of intraoperative hemorrhage. Although all ioMRI systems offer T1- and T2-weighted imaging, only high-field (≥ 1.5 Tesla) systems are routinely capable of MR spectroscopy (MRS), MR angiography (MRA), MR venography (MRV), diffusion- and susceptibility- weighted imaging, as well as ultrastructural (diffusion and fiber tracking) and physiologic imaging by means of MR perfusion and brain activation (fMRI) studies. Identifying vascular structures with MRA and MRV may prevent their injury during surgery. Biopsying areas of elevated phosphocholine on MRS may improve the diagnostic yield for brain biopsy. Locating brain function may affect the surgical path chosen to biopsy or resect a tumor. Despite these advantages, however, there remains debate over the optimal field strength and configuration for an ioMRI-guided system.
Regioselective synthesis, isomerisation, in vitro oestrogenic activity, and copolymerisation of bisguaiacol F (BGF) isomers (2019)

Biobased <italic>ortho</italic>-methoxy groups ameliorate classic bisphenol chemistry in terms of synthesis, safety and processing; bisguaiacol F is used as a test case.
InAugment: Improving Classifiers via Internal Augmentation (2021)

Image augmentation techniques apply transformation functions such as rotation, shearing, or color distortion on an input image. These augmentations were proven useful in improving neural networks’ generalization ability. In this paper, we present a novel augmentation operation, In-Augment, that exploits image internal statistics. The key idea is to copy patches from the image itself, apply augmentation operations on them, and paste them back at random positions on the same image. This method is simple and easy to implement and can be incorporated with existing augmentation techniques. We test InAugment on two popular datasets – CIFAR and ImageNet. We show improvement over state-of-the-art augmentation techniques. Incorporating InAugment with Auto Augment yields a significant improvement over other augmentation techniques (e.g., +1% improvement over multiple architectures trained on the CIFAR dataset). We also demonstrate an increase for ResNet50 and EfficientNet-B3 top-1’s accuracy on the ImageNet dataset compared to prior augmentation methods. Finally, our experiments suggest that training convolutional neural network using InAugment not only improves the model’s accuracy and confidence but its performance on out-of-distribution images.
Effect of Used Litter from Floor Pens of Adult Broilers on Salmonella Colonization of Broiler Chicks (1992)

Donald E. Corrier, Arthur Hinton, Jr., Billy Hargis, John R. DeLoach, Effect of Used Litter from Floor Pens of Adult Broilers on Salmonella Colonization of Broiler Chicks, Avian Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1992), pp. 897-902
Altered expression of microRNA-451 in eutopic endometrium of baboons (Papio anubis) with endometriosis (2015)

Our data suggest that the presence of ectopic lesions in baboon causes changes in EuE miR expression as early as 3 months postinduction of the disease, and some of these changes may persist throughout the course of the disease. We propose that the marked down-regulation of miR-451 in both baboons and women with endometriosis increases the expression of multiple target genes. Increased expression of one of the target genes, YWHAZ, increases proliferation, likely contributing to the pathophysiology of the disease.
p53 ACCUMULATION ASSOCIATED WITH bcl-2, THE PROLIFERATION MARKER MIB-1 AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER SUBJECTED TO WATCHFUL WAITING (2000)

We describe the association of p53 nuclear protein accumulation with bcl-2 expression, tumor cell proliferation and clinical outcome in a prostate cancer population undergoing watchful waiting.Immunohistochemical staining for p53 was semiquantitatively scored in archival formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumor tissue obtained at diagnosis in 221 patients with prostate cancer. At a median of 15 years followup was nearly complete. Eventually 57% of the patients died of prostate cancer.p53 Immunohistochemical staining was heterogeneous but in all cases at least clusters of tumor cells had nuclear staining for p53. The percent of p53 immunoreactive tumor cells was scored as 0 to 4+ in p53 positive hot spots. p53 immunoreactivity correlated with clinical stage and histopathological grade (p = 0.003 and 0.009, respectively). When dichotomized into low (0% to 50%) and high (51% to 100%) immunoreactivity groups of 40 and 181 patients, respectively, p53 accumulation was significantly associated with disease specific survival in the study population overall (p <0. 0001) and in the 125 with clinically localized disease (p = 0.0002). p53 Immunoreactivity was significantly (p <0.001) associated with the proliferation marker MIB-1 (median value 10.3, range 0 to 46.1) but insignificantly (p = 0.8) correlated with bcl-2 expression (52% positive). However, patients with combined favorable MIB-1 and bcl-2 status were stratified into significant (p = 0.02) prognostic groups by p53 immunohistochemical status. Multivariate analysis revealed that p53 immunoreactivity was a significant prognostic factor in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer (p <0.0001).p53 Nuclear protein accumulation detected by immunohistochemical study was an independent adverse prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer undergoing watchful waiting.
STEM CELL THERAPIES, GENE-BASED THERAPIES, OPTOGENETICS, AND RETINAL PROSTHETICS: (2019)

Stem cell therapies, gene-based therapies, optogenetics, and retinal prosthetic devices represent a new era of biotechnological and biomedical progress. These bring new ethical, regulatory, care delivery, and reimbursement challenges. By addressing these issues proactively, we may accelerate delivery of care to patients in a safe, efficient, and value-based manner.
Rational Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter (2007)

The peritoneal catheter should be a permanent and safe access to the peritoneal cavity. Catheter-related problems are often the cause of permanent transfer to hemodialysis (HD) in up to 20% of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients; in some cases, these problems require a temporary period on HD. Advances in connectology have reduced the incidence of peritonitis, and so catheter-related complications during PD have become a major concern. In the last few years, novel techniques have emerged in the field of PD: new dialysis solutions, better connectology, and cyclers for automated PD. However, extracorporeal dialysis has continued to improve in terms of methods and patient survival, but PD has failed to do so. The main reason is that peritoneal access has remained problematical. The peritoneal catheter is the major obstacle to wide-spread use of PD. Overcoming catheter-related problems means giving a real chance to development of the peritoneal technique. Catheters should be as efficient, safe, and acceptable as possible. Since its introduction in the mid-1960s, the Tenckhoff catheter has not become obsolete: dozens of new models have been proposed, but none has significantly reduced the pre-dominance of the first catheter. No convincing prospective data demonstrate the superiority of any peritoneal catheter, and so it seems that factors other than choice of catheter are what affect survival and complication rates. Efforts to improve peritoneal catheter survival and complication rates should probably focus on factors other than the choice of catheter. The present article provides an overview of the characteristics of the best-known peritoneal catheters.
Personalized transcranial alternating current stimulation improves sleep quality: Initial findings (2023)

Insufficient sleep is a major health issue. Inadequate sleep is associated with an array of poor health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, certain forms of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Given concerns with typical sedative hypnotic drugs for treating sleep difficulties, there is a compelling need for alternative interventions. Here, we report results of a non-invasive electrical brain stimulation approach to optimizing sleep involving transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). A total of 25 participants (mean age: 46.3, S.D. ± 12.4, 15 females) were recruited for a null-stimulation controlled (Control condition), within subjects, randomized crossed design, that included two variants of an active condition involving 15 min pre-sleep tACS stimulation. To evaluate the impact on sleep quality, the two active tACS stimulation conditions were designed to modulate sleep-dependent neural activity in the theta/alpha frequency bands, with both stimulation types applied to all subjects in separate sessions. The first tACS condition used a fixed stimulation pattern across all participants, a pattern composed of stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz. The second tACS condition used a personalized stimulation approach with the stimulation frequencies determined by each individual's peak EEG frequencies in the 4-6 Hz and 9-11 Hz bands. Personalized tACS stimulation increased sleep quantity (duration) by 22 min compared to a Control condition (<i>p</i> = 0.04), and 19 min compared to Fixed tACS stimulation (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Fixed stimulation did not significantly increase sleep duration compared to Control (mean: 3 min; <i>p</i> = 0.75). For sleep onset, the Personalized tACS stimulation resulted in reducing the onset by 28% compared to the Fixed tACS stimulation (6 min faster, <i>p</i> = 0.02). For a Poor Sleep sub-group (<i>n</i> = 13) categorized with Clinical Insomnia and a high insomnia severity, Personalized tACS stimulation improved sleep duration by 33 min compared to Fixed stimulation (<i>p</i> = 0.02), and 30 min compared to Control condition (<i>p</i> < 0.1). Together, these results suggest that Personalized stimulation improves sleep quantity and time taken to fall asleep relative to Control and Fixed stimulation providing motivation for larger-scale trials for Personalized tACS as a sleep therapeutic, including for those with insomnia.
Evidence of Arteriolar Narrowing in Low-Birth-Weight Children (2008)

Children who had lower birth weight, shorter birth length, and smaller head circumference had narrower retinal arteriolar calibers. These data support the concept that poor in utero growth may have an adverse influence on microvascular structure.
Elucidating the Mechanism of the Halide-Induced Ligand Rearrangement Reaction (2012)

The formation of heteroligated Rh(I) complexes containing two different hemilabile phosphinoalkyl ligands, (κ(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)S-Aryl)(κ(1)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)O-C(6)H(5))RhCl, through a halide-induced ligand rearrangement (HILR) reaction has been studied mechanistically. The half-life of this rearrangement reaction depends heavily on the Rh(I) precursor used and the chelating ability of the phosphinoalkyl thioether (PS) ligand, while the chelating ability of the phosphinoalkyl ether (PO) ligand has less of an effect. An intermediate complex which contains two PO ligands, (nbd)(κ(1)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)O-C(6)H(5))(2)RhCl (nbd = norbornadiene), converts to (nbd)(κ(1)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)O-C(6)H(5))RhCl resulting in a free PO ligand. The free PO ligand can then react with a homoligated PS complex [(κ(2)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)S-Aryl)(2)Rh](+)Cl(-) producing the heteroligated product. The PS ligand generated during the reaction pathway can be trapped by the monoligated PO complex (nbd)(κ(1)-Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)O-C(6)H(5))RhCl, leading to the formation of the same heteroligated product. In this study, some of the key intermediates and reaction steps underlying the HILR reaction have been identified by variable temperature (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectroscopy and in two cases by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Significantly, this work provides mechanistic insight into the HILR process, which is a key reaction used to prepare a large class of highly sophisticated three-dimensional metallosupramolecular architectures and allosteric catalysts.