gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AQP4-dependent glioma cell features affect the phenotype of surrounding cells via extracellular vesicles (2022)

Abstract Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released systemically by all cells, including tumours. Tumour EVs have been shown to manipulate their local environments as well as distal targets to sustain the tumour in a variety of tumours, including glioblastoma (GBM).We have previously demonstrated the dual role of the glial water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) protein in glioma progression or suppression depending on its aggregation state. However, its possible role in communication mechanisms in the microenvironment of malignant gliomas remains to be unveiled. Results Here we show that, in GBM cells, AQP4 are released via EVs that are able to affect the GBM microenvironment. To explore this role, EVs derived from invasive GBM cells expressing AQP4-tetramers or apoptotic GBM cells expressing AQP4-OAPs were isolated, using a differential ultracentrifugation method, and were added to pre-seeded GBM cells. Confocal microscopy analysis was used to visualize the interaction and uptake of AQP4-containing EVs by recipient cells. Chemoinvasion and Caspase3/7 activation assay, performed on recipient cells after EVs uptake, revealed that EVs produced by AQP4-tetramers expressing cells were able to drive surrounding tumour cells toward the migratory phenotype, whereas EVs produced by AQP4-OAPs expressing cells drive them toward the apoptosis pathway. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the different GBM cell phenotypes can be transferred by AQP4-containing EVs able to influence tumour cell fate toward invasiveness or apoptosis.This study opens a new perspective on the role of AQP4 in the brain tumour microenvironment associated with the EV-dependent communication mechanism.
Harmonization of radiomic features of breast lesions across international DCE-MRI datasets (2020)

<b>Purpose:</b> Radiomic features extracted from medical images acquired in different countries may demonstrate a batch effect. Thus, we investigated the effect of harmonization on a database of radiomic features extracted from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) breast imaging studies of 3150 benign lesions and cancers collected from international datasets, as well as the potential of harmonization to improve classification of malignancy. <b>Approach:</b> Eligible features were harmonized by category using the ComBat method. Harmonization effect on features was evaluated using the Davies-Bouldin index for degree of clustering between populations for both benign lesions and cancers. Performance in distinguishing between cancers and benign lesions was evaluated for each dataset using 10-fold cross validation with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) determined on the pre- and postharmonization sets of radiomic features in each dataset and a combined one. Differences in AUCs were evaluated for statistical significance. <b>Results:</b> The Davies-Bouldin index increased by 27% for benign lesions and by 43% for cancers, indicating that the postharmonization features were more similar. Classification performance using postharmonization features performed better than that using preharmonization features ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> for all three). <b>Conclusion:</b> Harmonization of radiomic features may enable combining databases from different populations for more comprehensive computer-aided diagnosis models of breast cancer.
Synthesis and Magnetism of Neutral, Linear Metallocene Complexes of Terbium(II) and Dysprosium(II) (2019)

The divalent metallocene complexes Ln(Cp<sup>iPr5</sup>)<sub>2</sub> (Ln = Tb, Dy) were synthesized through the KC<sub>8</sub> reduction of Ln(Cp<sup>iPr5</sup>)<sub>2</sub>I intermediates and represent the first examples of neutral, linear metallocenes for these elements. X-ray diffraction analysis, density functional theory calculations, and magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate a 4f<sup><i>n</i></sup>5d<sup>1</sup> electron configuration with strong s/d mixing that supports the linear coordination geometry. A comparison of the magnetic relaxation behavior of the two divalent metallocenes relative to salts of their trivalent counterparts, [Ln(Cp<sup>iPr5</sup>)<sub>2</sub>][B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>], reveals that lanthanide reduction has opposing effects for dysprosium and terbium, with magnetic relaxation times increasing from Tb<sup>III</sup> to Tb<sup>II</sup> and decreasing from Dy<sup>III</sup> to Dy<sup>II</sup>. The impact of this effect is most notably evident for Tb(Cp<sup>iPr5</sup>)<sub>2</sub>, which displays an effective thermal barrier to magnetic relaxation of 1205 cm<sup>-1</sup> and a 100-s blocking temperature of 52 K, the highest values yet observed for any nondysprosium single-molecule magnet.
The Changing European State: Pressures from Within (2003)

Abstract This chapter deals with bottom up pressures on the state. It focuses on the challenges that cities and regions are posing to the nation state in Western Europe, rather than on the rise of ‘meso–government’ in Europe. It analyses three sets of pressures (the fragmentation of the public policy process; the competition for resources (finance) and the threat of impoverishment; and the legitimacy of the nation state – the deregulation of identity structuring), and the role that they play in the transformation of the state.
T-helper 1 and T-helper 2 paradigm in the acquisition of peripheral graft tolerance (2000)

The acquisition of transplantation tolerance is an active, highly regulated, and multistep process. In this review, we critically examine the validity and limits of the Th1/Th2 paradigm during the period of tolerance induction. We emphasize that host response to major histocompatibility complex–mismatched allografts encompasses an unusually large population of T-cell clones and involves both direct and indirect recognition of foreign major histocompatibility complex antigen. Thus, control of robust expansion of alloaggressive T-cell clones and proliferation is a critical initial step in the acquisition of transplantation tolerance.
Elucidating the role of imaging metrics for variability and after etch defectivity (2022)

Background: In extreme ultraviolet lithography, maximum printable feature density is limited by stochastic defectivity. One of the methods to reduce it is the optimization of the aerial image via source mask optimization. To guide this optimization, we need to know which aerial image metric predicts defectivity. Feature variability is linked to defectivity. Aim: Find which aerial image metric best predicts variability and defectivity. Approach: We construct seven pupils that vary aerial image metrics [normalized image log slope (NILS), depth-of-focus (DoF), maximum intensity] in a controlled way. We measure variability and defectivity after development and after two different etch processes and correlate them to aerial image metrics. Results: Stochastic critical dimension uniformity (CDU) is best predicted by NILS. Systematic CDU is determined by mask roughness through spatial frequency, with low frequencies differentiating outer and inner sigma pupils. Defectivity is best predicted by maximum intensity for missing holes and minimum intensity for merging holes. NILS and maximum intensity are strongly correlated. DoF has minimal impact. Conclusions: Optimization toward maximum intensity reduces defectivity. Outer sigma pupils reduce variability. Increasing numerical aperture in next-generation EUV lithography is expected to reduce missing hole defects.
Genetic Heterogeneity in Association of the SUMO4 M55V Variant With Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes (2005)

Association studies are a potentially powerful approach to identifying susceptibility variants for common multifactorial diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but the results are not always consistently reproducible. The IDDM5 locus has recently been narrowed to an approximately 200-kb interval on chromosome 6q25 by two independent groups. These studies demonstrated that alleles at markers in the mitogen-activating protein kinase 7 interacting protein 2 (MAP3K7IP2)/SUMO4 region were associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Subsequent studies, however, showed inconsistency in the association of the SUMO4 gene with type 1 diabetes. To clarify the contribution of the M55V polymorphism of the SUMO4 gene to type 1 diabetes susceptibility, 541 type 1 diabetic patients and 768 control subjects were studied in Asian populations. The M55V polymorphism was significantly associated with type 1 diabetes in Asian populations (summary odds ratio [OR] 1.46, P = 0.00083, Mantel-Haenszel test). Meta-analysis of published studies and the present data confirmed a highly significant association in Asian populations (summary OR 1.29, P = 7.0 x 10(-6)) but indicated heterogeneity in the genetic effect of the SUMO4/MAP3K7IP2 locus on type 1 diabetes among diverse ethnic groups. These data indicate that the MAP3K7IP2/SUMO4 locus in the IDDM5 interval is associated with type 1 diabetes in Asian populations.
New Resin Systems for 157nm Lithography. (2001)

The development of sufficiently transparent resin systems is one of the key elements required for a successful and timely introduction of 157nm lithography. This paper reports on the "Simple Transmission Understanding and Prediction by Incremental Dilution" (STUPID) model, a quick back-of-the-envelope increment scheme to estimate the absorption of polymers at 157nm. A number of promising candidate resins based on norbornenes are discussed, and results with a first 157nm resin system developed at the University of Austin are presented. The new system is based on copolymers of norbomene-5-methylenehexafluoroisopropanol (NMHFA) and t-butyl norbornene carboxylate (BNC), formulated with an acetal additive obtained by copolymerization oftbutyl norbomene-5-trifluoromethyl-5-carboxylate (BNTC) with carbon monoxide. Lithographic performance of this system extends to 110nm dense features using standard illumination and a binary mask, or 80nm semi-dense and 60nm isolated features with a strong phase shift mas . The dry etch resistance of this resist is found to be slightly lower than APEX-E DUV resist for polysilicon but superior to it for oxide etches.
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine–elicited human sera (2022)

The globally circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern Omicron (B.1.1.529) has a large number of mutations, especially in the spike protein, indicating that recognition by neutralizing antibodies may be compromised. We tested Wuhan (Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), or Omicron pseudoviruses with sera of 51 participants who received two or three doses of the messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2. After two doses, Omicron-neutralizing titers were reduced >22-fold compared with Wuhan-neutralizing titers. One month after the third vaccine dose, Omicron-neutralizing titers were increased 23-fold relative to their levels after two doses and were similar to levels of Wuhan-neutralizing titers after two doses. The requirement of a third vaccine dose to effectively neutralize Omicron was confirmed with sera from a subset of participants using live SARS-CoV-2. These data suggest that three doses of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 may protect against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.
Design, Fabrication, and Application of Three Dimensional Dispersion Engineered Photonic Crystal Devices (2006)

Three-dimensional self-collimation and subwavelength imaging by full 3D negative refraction were experimentally demonstrated by 3D dispersion engineering. The experiment also realized microwave electromagnetic trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using the full 3D negative-refraction flat lens.
Reply to Kascsak: Definition of the PrP 3F4 Epitope Revisited (2010)

This is a response to a letter by Kascsak (1) We appreciate the comments of Richard Kascsak on our new study (2) and regret the omission of a paper by him and co-workers (3) in our references.The fundamental importance of their work on the 3F4 antibody was recognized by our citation of two of their other relevant papers (4,5).This reagent has greatly facilitated research on PrP and prion diseases.We fully agree with Dr. Kascsak that PrP residues Met 109 and Met 112 are contributory to the 3F4 epitope based on all observations including ours.We also offer the following responses to his other comments.Based on the absence of reactivity of 3F4 with 109 MKHM 112 and 107 TNMKHM 112 as observed by Lund et al. (6), we respectfully question whether TNMKHM is the "currently accepted" 3F4 epitope.We show that there is 3F4 immunoreactivity with 106 KTNMK 110 that lacks Met 112 (2), suggesting that these 5 residues constitute a minimal 3F4 epitope.In the Rubenstein paper from 1999 (3), the KTNMK reactivity might have been missed since peptides were evaluated only with low 3F4 concentrations.Nevertheless, Lys 106 proved to be a critical residue as evidenced by a marked reduction of 3F4 binding following its deletion in the 12-mer PrP peptide 107 (see Fig. 3 of Rubenstein et al. (3)), corroborating the conclusions of our study (2) as well as that of Lund et al. (6).
Flexible Processor Based on Full-Adder/D-Flip-Flop Merged Module (FDMM) (2001)

A flexible processor based on the full-adder/D-flip-flop merged module (FDMM) has been proposed and fabricated. The developed FDMM has a unique ability to perform both logic and flip-flop functions with a small number of transistors by merging the common parts of both circuits, which will improve hardware efficiency. We have also developed a context memory block (CMB) to reconfigure the hardware dynamically. It enables us to write the next configuration in parallel into the flexible processor during processing, which reduces the overhead of actual reconfiguration time and improves the performance.
Syllable and language model based features for detecting non-scorable tests in spoken language proficiency assessment applications (2014)

This work introduces new methods for detecting non-scorable tests, i.e., tests that cannot be accurately scored automatically, in educational applications of spoken language proficiency assessment. Those include cases of unreliable automatic speech recognition (ASR), often because of noisy, off-topic, foreign or unintelligible speech. We examine features that estimate signalderived syllable information and compare it with ASR results in order to detect responses with problematic recognition. Further, we explore the usefulness of language model based features, both for language models that are highly constrained to the spoken task, and for task independent phoneme language models. We validate our methods on a challenging dataset of young English language learners (ELLs) interacting with an automatic spoken assessment system. Our proposed methods achieve comparable performance compared to existing non-scorable detection approaches, and lead to a 21% relative performance increase when combined with existing approaches.
Inline Photothermal Surface Plasmon Detector Integrated in Titanium Dioxide Waveguides (2023)

Densely integrated photonic integrated circuits (PICs) require efficient solutions for monitoring the light intensity on chip in order to implement control and configuration operations to set and stabilize the working point of the circuit. To this end, waveguides supporting the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are good candidates to realize small-footprint light detectors. In this work, we report on the realization of an in-line Surface Plasmon Detector (SPD) that exploits the photothermal effect to monitor the optical power in a titanium dioxide (TiO2) optical waveguide. Detailed design guidelines are provided to maximize the responsivity of the SPD, taking into account the effects of the metal geometry on the coupling between the dielectric and plasmonic modes, the power dissipated in the metal, and the equivalent thermal resistance of the structure. Experimental validation of the proposed device is provided demonstrating an ultra-compact 1.6-<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-long SPD operating at a wavelength of 1550 nm with a sensitivity of–20 dBm and a bandwidth higher than 100 kHz. The proposed device concept can be ported to generic dielectric platforms and to other wavelength ranges where SPP propagation is supported.
Improvements to the Conservation Properties of FE-Based Models (2002)

Abstract : The ultimate goal of this work is to upgrade the forecast capability of finite element-based (FE) coastal circulation models by implementing improvements that result in the local conservation of modeled quantities, a long-term deficiency of such models in certain environmental regimes.
Abstract 639: Site specific conjugation of ARX-788, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting HER2, generates a potent and stable targeted therapeutic for multiple cancers (2015)

Abstract Creation of ADCs by conjugating drug linkers and toxin payloads to available native lysines or cysteines generates ADCs with highly variable drug to antibody loading and linker stability profiles. Variable drug loading, amino acid position, conjugation chemistry and linker design affect the pharmacokinetic characteristics, potency and toxicity of the ADC. We describe here the synthesis and pharmacology of an ADC comprising a site-specifically conjugated dolastatin analog to an antibody targeting the EGF family receptor, HER2. To specify the site of conjugation and drug loading, a non-natural amino acid, para acetyl phenylalanine (pAcF), was incorporated at defined sites within the antibody primary sequence. This non-natural amino acid provides a linkable platform for covalent conjugation of a diverse array of payloads through a stable oxime bond. The dolastatin analog, MMAF, was coupled via a non-cleavable linker to the HER2 antibody at two specific sites to generate the ADC; ARX-788. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of ARX-788 generated picomolar IC50's across a spectrum of HER2 + cell lines from breast, ovarian, lung and gastric cancer. Multiple in vivo murine xenograft studies demonstrated a potent increase in anti-tumor activity when compared to T-DM1. A single injection of ARX-788 in established xenograft models of HER2 positive ovarian, gastric and breast cancer cell lines (SKOV3, BT474, N-87, and HCC1954) induced rapid regression in all models. ARX-788 induced regression in a Herceptin-resistant derived breast xenograft (JIMT-1) and was significantly more effective than T-DM1 at equivalent doses. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ARX-788 in rodent and non-human primates (NHP) revealed long term stability of 12 and 8 days respectively. Importantly, the conjugated form of ARX-788 remained intact over the course of the 3 week study in NHP. Precise payload stability and effective half-life of ARX-788 due to site-specific conjugation provides an improved therapeutic window for this HER2-targeting ADC. ARX-788 is currently completing non-human safety and PK studies in anticipation of clinical trial evaluation in 2015. Citation Format: Robin C. Humphreys, Jessica Kirtely, Amha Hewit, Sandra Biroc, Nick Knudsen, Lillian Skidmore, Alan Wahl. Site specific conjugation of ARX-788, an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting HER2, generates a potent and stable targeted therapeutic for multiple cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-639
D38 Study on laser melting quenching with added carbon of low-carbon steel (2014)

Quenching is a useful heat treatment which changes the mechanical properties of the steels. Because narrow laser beam is irradiated on the surface of the local region, local surface layer is quenched by laser quenching. Carbon is indispensability element for martensite transformation of iron. Laser quenching of low carbon steel with thin carbon layer was investigated in this study. The effect of carbon surface layer on laser quenching was evaluated by the hardness distribution.
Three-particle entanglement from entangled photon pairs and a weak coherent state (1999)

We show that a three-photon entangled state can be selected from the product state of an entangled photon pair and a weak coherent state. An experiment producing about 20 counts/sec of three-photon events can be extrapolated from existing results.
Separation of related opiate compounds using capillary electrochromatography (2000)

Capillary electrophoretic separations have been investigated for six controlled narcotic analgesic compounds having related structures. Owing to the similar charge-to-mass ratios of these compounds, capillary zone electrophoresis failed to provide a satisfactory separation, whereas a baseline-resolved separation was achieved in 10 min using micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Column efficiencies of 40 000—150 000 plates/m were obtained with a 50 cm long, 50 μm inner diameter (ID) capillary using 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a 50 mM borate solution containing 12% isopropanol. In contrast, separation of this mixture by capillary electrochromatography proved to be significantly superior. The capillary was 15 cm long, with an ID of 75 μm, and was packed with 1.5 μm nonporous octadecyl silica (ODS) particles. The mobile phase consisted of 80% 10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) and 20% acetonitrile, and contained 5 mM SDS. A complete separation was obtained in 2.5 min with an efficiency of 250000—500000 plates/m.
Methods for preparation of concentrated graphene ink compositions and related composite materials (2023)

A rapid, scalable methodology for graphene dispersion and concentration with a polymer-organic solvent medium, as can be utilized without centrifugation, to enhance graphene concentration.
Relationship between smoking and olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (2017)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by a combination of motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms (NMS) based on clinical symptoms. More and more attention has been drawn to olfactory dysfunction as an early NMS in PD. It is believed that nicotine in cigarettes may lower the risk of getting PD and people with smoking history may have lower risk of olfactory dysfunction. So smoking may have protective effect on PD. The effect of smoking on olfactory function in PD patients may lead us to have a better understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. <strong>DOI: </strong>10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.02.004
Directional emissivity from two-dimensional infrared waveguide arrays (2015)

Fabrication and optical characterization of surfaces covered with open-ended metallic waveguides are presented along with numerical modeling of these structures. Both modeling and measurement of the structures indicate that the 2-D array of 3D metallic waveguides modify both the direction and spectral content of the emissivity, resulting in directionality normal to the surface due to the optical axis of the waveguides and spectrally narrow emissivity due to the lateral dimensions of the waveguides. Furthermore, the optical behavior of these structures is placed in the broader context of other structured emission/absorption surfaces such as organ pipe modes, surface plasmon modes, and coherent thermal emission from gratings.