gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in Neuroimaging for HIV-1 Associated Neurological Dysfunction: Clues to the Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Monitoring (2004)

Persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection seek medical advice for a wide range of neurological disorders including, but not limited to, peripheral neuropathy, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cytomegalovirus retinitis progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphoma and dementia. The diagnosis of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) induced as a direct consequence of HIV infection of the brain comes commonly by exclusion. Diagnostic decisions can often be clouded by concomitant depression, motor impairments, and lethargy that follow debilitating immune suppression and weight loss. Indeed, cognitive, motor and behavior abnormalities underlie a variety of neurological dysfunctions associated with advanced HIV-1 infection. Thus, even combinations of clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging tests [for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)] often fail to provide conclusive diagnostic information. Nonetheless, the recent development of quantitative MR spectroscopic imaging has improved diagnostic possibilities for HAD. We are pleased to discuss these developments as well as taking a forward look into what will soon be made available to improve neuroimaging diagnostic precision. New MR and SPECT testing are being developed in our laboratories and elsewhere both for animal model systems and in humans with HIV-1 disease. Such tests can facilitate dynamic measures of HIV-1 neuropathogenesis providing information for disease events that even 2 years ago were unattainable.
Hollow-fibre affinity cell separation system for CD34+ cell enrichment (1996)

A hollow-fibre immunoadsorption system has been developed for the purification of CD34+ cells from mononuclear cells. This cell separation technique is based on the use of uniform surface fluid shear stress to fractionate cells that attach to the inside surface of hollow fibres. Monoclonal antibody to the CD34 antigen was covalently coupled to the lumenal surface of cuprophan minidialysers (surface area 220 cm2). After the selective adsorption of CD34+ cells (28 min), a depleted fraction was collected at 5 dynes/cm2 followed by washes at 10 and 25 dynes/cm2. Antigen-positive cells were recovered after incubation with chymopapain. The device was tested by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven patients who had received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and chemotherapy. The average number of cells processed was 1.3 +/- 0.2 x 10(8) (+/- S.E.M.), and the preselection incidence of CD34+ cells ws 1.6 +/- 0.6% (range 0.21-4.13%; n = 7). The enrichment purity was 94.4 +/- 3.1%, and 61 +/- 9% of input CD34+ cells were recovered in the enriched fraction (n = 4). Enrichment resulted in a 3.3 +/- 0.1% log10 depletion of CD34- cells (n = 4). Hollow-fibre affinity cell separation has potential as a medium to large-scale cell enrichment technology.
Online flow cytometry reveals microbial dynamics influenced by concurrent natural and operational events in groundwater used for drinking water treatment (2016)

Detailed measurements of physical, chemical and biological dynamics in groundwater are key to understanding the important processes in place and their influence on water quality - particularly when used for drinking water. Measuring temporal bacterial dynamics at high frequency is challenging due to the limitations in automation of sampling and detection of the conventional, cultivation-based microbial methods. In this study, fully automated online flow cytometry was applied in a groundwater system for the first time in order to monitor microbial dynamics in a groundwater extraction well. Measurements of bacterial concentrations every 15 minutes during 14 days revealed both aperiodic and periodic dynamics that could not be detected previously, resulting in total cell concentration (TCC) fluctuations between 120 and 280 cells μL<sup>-1</sup>. The aperiodic dynamic was linked to river water contamination following precipitation events, while the (diurnal) periodic dynamic was attributed to changes in hydrological conditions as a consequence of intermittent groundwater extraction. Based on the high number of measurements, the two patterns could be disentangled and quantified separately. This study i) increases the understanding of system performance, ii) helps to optimize monitoring strategies, and iii) opens the possibility for more sophisticated (quantitative) microbial risk assessment of drinking water treatment systems.
Smartphone-based multiplex 30-minute nucleic acid test of live virus from nasal swab extract (2020)

Rapid, sensitive and specific detection and reporting of infectious pathogens is important for patient management and epidemic surveillance. We demonstrated a point-of-care system integrated with a smartphone for detecting live virus from nasal swab media, using a panel of equine respiratory infectious diseases as a model system for corresponding human diseases such as COVID-19. Specific nucleic acid sequences of five pathogens were amplified by loop-mediated isothermal amplification on a microfluidic chip and detected at the end of reactions by the smartphone. Pathogen-spiked horse nasal swab samples were correctly diagnosed using our system, with a limit of detection comparable to that of the traditional lab-based test, polymerase chain reaction, with results achieved in ∼30 minutes.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Phenylsilane: Catalysis by Dibutyltin Dichloride. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Robust Counterfactual Inferences using Feature Learning and their Applications (2018)

In a wide variety of applications, including personalization, we want to measure the difference in outcome due to an intervention and thus have to deal with counterfactual inference. The feedback from a customer in any of these situations is only 'bandit feedback' - that is, a partial feedback based on whether we chose to intervene or not. Typically randomized experiments are carried out to understand whether an intervention is overall better than no intervention. Here we present a feature learning algorithm to learn from a randomized experiment where the intervention in consideration is most effective and where it is least effective rather than only focusing on the overall impact, thus adding a context to our learning mechanism and extract more information. From the randomized experiment, we learn the feature representations which divide the population into subpopulations where we observe statistically significant difference in average customer feedback between those who were subjected to the intervention and those who were not, with a level of significance l, where l is a configurable parameter in our model. We use this information to derive the value of the intervention in consideration for each instance in the population. With experiments, we show that using this additional learning, in future interventions, the context for each instance could be leveraged to decide whether to intervene or not.
Host plants influence susceptibility of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) to the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) (2015)

ABSTRACTWe quantified the tritrophic effect of host plant on the susceptibility of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) to a fungal pathogen in the laboratory. Second-instar whiteflies reared on cucumber, eggplant, tomato and bean plants for six generations were exposed to conidial suspensions of Isaria fumosorosea isolate IF-1106. Our results did not detect differences in response (proportional survival or median lethal time, LT50 days) among insect populations derived from different plants that were treated with 107 conidia/ml. However, at concentrations ≤ 5×106 conidia/ml, whiteflies reared on bean and tomato died significantly more quickly (i.e. LT50 of 4–5 days) compared with cucumber and eggplant reared populations (5–7 days). Bean and tomato-reared populations were also more susceptible to mycosis (LC50 ≈ 6 × 105 conidia/ml) compared with those reared on cucumber (1.9 × 106 conidia/ml) and eggplant (1.5 × 106 conidia/ml). A separate study confirmed that this differential response of whitefly populations to I. fumosorosea was not explained by differences in deposition rate of conidia on leaf surfaces (i.e. a dosage effect). Our findings show that host plants affect the pathogenicity and virulence of a herbivore pathogen, but depend on the rate of exposure (inoculum) applied.KEYWORDS: Isaria fumosoroseaBemisia tabacipathogenicityhost plant AcknowledgementsThe authors are grateful to Huajie Qu, Xudong Zhang and Na Li for providing assistance.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThis research was supported by Major Science Research Project based on coal of Shanxi [FT201402]; SXAU- BJRC [No. 201201]; Lvliang University fund project [ZRXN201409], Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture China [KFK-2015001] and the USDA-NIFA multistate project S1052.
Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Cancer (2006)

For eligible patients, the value of immunotherapy for metastatic clear-cell renal cancer is its curative potential, as demonstrated by long-term follow-up after interleukin-2. Advances in cellular therapies, manipulation of activating and inhibitory receptors on T cells and modification of allotransplantation regimens have all produced new tumor regressions in patients who did not respond to conventional interleukin-2 regimens. It is clear that renal cancer remains one of the most immunoresponsive of human malignancies and that advances in immune modulation are again translating into clinical responses for patients with this disease. As the array of biologic therapies for renal cancer expands with the approval of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, the only modality that can cure widespread renal cancer, must not be overlooked.
N- and P-type dopant profiles in distributed Bragg reflector structures and their effect on resistance (1992)

We report the n- and p-type dopant profiles obtained in AlAs/GaAs structures. When structures were doped with Si or C, targeted dopant profiles were achieved. However, when Be was used, significant redistribution of the dopant occurred, which resulted in an accumulation of Be on the GaAs side of the heterointerfaces, and a maximum incorporation of Be of ∼5×10−17 cm−3 in the AlAs layers. Similar results were obtained for Be dopant profiles in AlGaAs/AlAs quarter-wave distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR). Be segregation and diffusion during growth resulted in a high electrical resistance in these DBR structures. The resistance was significantly reduced when the structure was doped with C.
Clarifying the role ofATOH7in glaucoma endophenotypes (2014)

This study finds that ATOH7 is associated with optic disc size but not independently with CDR.
New Urea Derivatives Are Effective Anti-senescence Compounds Acting Most Likely via a Cytokinin-Independent Mechanism (2018)

Stress-induced senescence is a global agro-economic problem. Cytokinins are considered to be key plant anti-senescence hormones, but despite this practical function their use in agriculture is limited because cytokinins also inhibit root growth and development. We explored new cytokinin analogs by synthesizing a series of 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea derivatives. The most potent compound, 1-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-3-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl urea (ASES - Anti-Senescence Substance), strongly inhibited dark-induced senescence in leaves of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. The inhibitory effect of ASES on wheat leaf senescence was, to the best of our knowledge, the strongest of any known natural or synthetic compound. <i>In vivo</i>, ASES also improved the salt tolerance of young wheat plants. Interestingly, ASES did not affect root development of wheat and Arabidopsis, and molecular and classical cytokinin bioassays demonstrated that ASES exhibits very low cytokinin activity. A proteomic analysis of the ASES-treated leaves further revealed that the senescence-induced degradation of photosystem II had been very effectively blocked. Taken together, our results including data from cytokinin content analysis demonstrate that ASES delays leaf senescence by mechanism(s) different from those of cytokinins and, more effectively. No such substance has yet been described in the literature, which makes ASES an interesting tool for research of photosynthesis regulation. Its simple synthesis and high efficiency predetermine ASES to become also a potent plant stress protectant in biotechnology and agricultural industries.
Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2019 Update (2019)

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the guidelines published in 2014.
Recombination dynamics in ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with Si-doped AlxGa1−xN∕AlyGa1−yN multiple quantum well active regions (2007)

Ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes with AlxGa1−xN∕AlyGa1−yN multiple quantum well active regions, doped in the barriers with different Si doping levels, show a sharp near-band edge emission line (UV luminescence). Some samples have a broad subband gap emission band centered at about 500 nm (green luminescence) in addition to the near-band edge emission. The electroluminescence intensities of the UV and green emission line are studied as a function of the injection current. For the sample grown on the AlN substrate under optimized growth conditions, the UV luminescence intensity increases linearly with the injection current, following a power law with an exponent of 1.0, while the green luminescence intensity increases sublinearly with the injection current. On the contrary, the samples grown on the sapphire substrate show a superlinear (to the power of 2.0) and linear (to the power of 1.0) dependence on the injection current for the UV and green luminescence, respectively. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the relationship between the luminescence intensities and the injection current. The results obtained from the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The model provides a method to evaluate the dominant recombination process by measuring the exponent of the power-law dependence.
Venous Gangrene of the Upper Extremity (1998)

Venous gangrene of the upper extremity is a rare entity and is the result of massive occlusion of all venous outflow of the extremity. The syndrome is strongly associated with hypercoagulable states including malignancy, low cardiac output states, and hereditary or acquired hematological abnormalities. Diagnosis can be straightforward but must be made early in the course of the process for treatment to be effective. Treatment has historically produced only modest results, and patients continue to suffer a high morbidity and mortality. We present a series of 6 patients with venous gangrene or impending venous gangrene of the upper extremities--a relatively large series. Two patients suffered from malignancy, 3 patients suffered from low-flow cardiac states, and 1 patient suffered from an overdose of calcium channel blockers. Hematological abnormalities included heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in 3 patients, activated protein C resistance in 1 patient, and lupus anticoagulant in 1 patient. Three patients experienced other major venous thrombotic complications, two of whom died (renal and cerebral venous infarction). Venous gangrene of the upper extremity remains a rare occurrence but one in which early identification and intervention may lead to improved outcomes.
Supplementary Table 1 from <i>ETV6</i> Deficiency Unlocks ERG-Dependent Microsatellite Enhancers to Drive Aberrant Gene Activation in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 1 lists oligonucleotide sequences and cell line information&lt;/p&gt;
The Application of Molecular Orbital Calculations to Wood Chemistry. V. The Formation and Reactivity of Quinone Methide Intermediates (1988)

Article The Application of Molecular Orbital Calculations to Wood Chemistry. V. The Formation and Reactivity of Quinone Methide Intermediates was published on January 1, 1988 in the journal Holzforschung (volume 42, issue 4).
Dichotomous Effects of IFN-γ on Dendritic Cell Function Determine the Extent of IL-12–Driven Antitumor T Cell Immunity (2011)

Sustained intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF can overcome tumor immune suppression and promote T cell-dependent eradication of established disease in murine tumor models. However, the antitumor effector response is transient and rapidly followed by a T suppressor cell rebound. The mechanisms that control the switch from an effector to a regulatory response in this model have not been defined. Because dendritic cells (DC) can mediate both effector and suppressor T cell priming, DC activity was monitored in the tumors and the tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) of IL-12/GM-CSF-treated mice. The studies demonstrated that therapy promoted the recruitment of immunogenic DC (iDC) to tumors with subsequent migration to the TDLN within 24-48 h of treatment. Longer-term monitoring revealed that iDC converted to an IDO-positive tolerogenic phenotype in the TDLN between days 2 and 7. Specifically, day 7 DC lost the ability to prime CD8(+) T cells but preferentially induced CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. The functional switch was reversible, as inhibition of IDO with 1-methyl tryptophan restored immunogenic function to tolerogenic DC. All posttherapy immunological activity was strictly associated with conventional myeloid DC, and no functional changes were observed in the plasmacytoid DC subset throughout treatment. Importantly, the initial recruitment and activation of iDC as well as the subsequent switch to tolerogenic activity were both driven by IFN-γ, revealing the dichotomous role of this cytokine in regulating IL-12-mediated antitumor T cell immunity.
ASK1 Is Activated by Treatment with Arsenic Trioxide through Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species and May Suppress Apoptosis through NF-kappaB in Leukemia Cells. (2006)

Abstract Arsenic trioxide (ATO), a remarkably effective reagent for treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), is reported to induce differentiation of APL cells at low concentrations and apoptosis at high concentrations. Induction of granulocytic differentiation is considered to be a specific effect of ATO on APL cells. By contrast, ATO commonly induces apoptosis of various tumor cells of hematological malignancies, including chronic myeloid leukemia cells expressing the BCR/ABL fusion kinase, as well as those of solid tumors. It was reported that ATO treatment induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting glutathione peroxidase activity. Accumulated ROS induced a decline in cellular mitochondrial membrane potential, followed by cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation, and apoptosis of cells. On the other hand, it is well known that adequate dose of ROS is indispensable for proliferation and survival of a variety of cells, including hematopoietic cells. Thus, various intracellular signaling pathways are strictly regulated and activated downstream of ROS to promote or suppress apoptosis, and the signaling pathways activated by ROS accumulation induced by ATO need to be defined to understand the mechanisms for ATO-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a ubiquitously expressed mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that activates the JNK and p38 signaling pathways and is involved in regulation of apoptosis. Here we find that ATO treatment of NB4 and K562 leukemia cells induces activation of ASK1. ATO induced accumulation of ROS, and the ASK1 activation was suppressed by cotreatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Although the Rho family GTPases Rac and cdc42 were activated by ATO, overexpression of their dominant-negative mutants did not suppress ATO-induced ASK1 activation. ASK1 activation was induced most significantly at low concentrations of ATO, where G2/M arrest but not apoptosis was induced. On the other hand, ASK1 activation induced by ATO was barely detectable at high concentrations, where apoptosis was induced significantly. By contrast, JNK and p38 were activated in dose-dependent manners by ATO. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from ASK1-deficient mice were more prone to ATO-induced apoptosis than control MEFs. Moreover, ASK1 was activated by ATO in a more sustained manner in ATO-resistant leukemia cell lines than in sensitive cell lines. Finally, a dominant-negative ASK1 mutant reduced ATO-induced NF-kappaB activation in leukemia cells. Together, the results indicate that ASK1 is activated by ATO through ROS generation independent of activation of Rac and cdc42 and may play a negative role in induction of apoptosis, possibly through activation of NF-kappaB.
Antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of morin against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress are associated with the induction of Nrf-2-mediated HO-1 expression in V79-4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (2017)

Natural phytochemicals of plant origin, including flavonoids, have been found to be potent antioxidants providing beneficial effects against oxidative stress-related diseases. The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant properties of morin, a flavonoid originally isolated from the flowering plants of the Moraceae family. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)‑like activity and 2,2'‑azino‑bis‑(3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical scavenging activity were determined. We also investigated the cytoprotective effects of morin against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced DNA damage and apoptosis in V79‑4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Our results demonstrated that morin had strong scavenging effects against ABTS•+ radicals with enhanced SOD activity, which varied in a dose-dependent manner. Morin was found to reduce H2O2‑induced intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear DNA damage, and it recovered cell viability damaged by H2O2 via inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction‑mediated apoptosis. Notably, the treatment of V79‑4 cells with morin markedly enhanced the expression of heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) but not quinone oxidoreductase-1, which was associated with the increased expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the downregulation of Kelch‑like ECH‑associated protein 1 expression. Based on our findings, we conclude that morin effectively ameliorated oxidative stress‑induced DNA damage through intrinsic free radical scavenging activity and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.