gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Experimentally Verified Attack on Full Grain-128 Using Dedicated Reconfigurable Hardware. (2011)

Abstract. In this paper we describe the first single-key attack which can recover the full key of the full version of Grain-128 for arbitrary keys by an algorithm which is significantly faster than exhaustive search (by a factor of about 238). It is based on a new version of a cube tester, which uses an improved choice of dynamic variables to eliminate the previously made assumption that ten particular key bits are zero. In addition, the new attack is much faster than the previous weak-key attack, and has a simpler key recovery process. Since it is extremely difficult to mathemat-ically analyze the expected behavior of such attacks, we implemented it on RIVYERA, which is a new massively parallel reconfigurable hardware, and tested its main components for dozens of random keys. These tests experimentally verified the correctness and expected complexity of the attack, by finding a very significant bias in our new cube tester for about 7.5 % of the keys we tested. This is the first time that the main compo-nents of a complex analytical attack are successfully realized against a full-size cipher with a special-purpose machine. Moreover, it is also the first attack that truly exploits the configurable nature of an FPGA-based cryptanalytical hardware.
Structural Relaxation and Fragility of Glass-Forming Miscible Blends Composed of Atactic Polystyrene and Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (1999)

Structural relaxation rates for miscible polymer blends of atactic polystyrene (a-PS) and poly(2,6-dimethy1-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) were assessed for isothermal aging in the glassy state and compared to the pure polymer relaxation rates. Specifically, volume relaxation rates were measured via dilatometry at several undercoolings from 15 to 60°C below the inflection glass transition temperature (Tg), and enthalpy relaxation rates were determined for aging at Tg-30°C. The compositional dependence was qualitatively similar for volume relaxation compared to enthalpy relaxation for aging at 30°C below Tg, and the trend featured the blend relaxation rates falling below weighted contributions from the structural relaxation rates of the pure components. The blends exhibited greater fragility values than expected based on the values of the neat materials. This suggests that the decreased structural relaxation rates for the blends aged at Tg-30°C were a consequence of an increased degree of required cooperativity between relaxing segments in the blend compared to the pure polymers.
Primary structure of human plasma fibronectin. The 29,000-dalton NH2-terminal domain. (1983)

The complete amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal domain obtained after trypsin digestion of human plasma fibronectin has been determined. It contains residues 1-259 and has a Mr of 29,000. The 29-kDa fragment was isolated from the other major tryptic cleavage products of 200, 180, and 31 kDa by affinity chromatography on gelatin- and heparin-Sepharose columns. The two high Mr fragments bound to gelatin and were easily removed; the 31-kDa fragment failed to bind to heparin while the 29-kDa fragment did and was eluted with 0.15 M NaCl. The 29-kDa domain has a blocked NH2-terminal (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) which was removed by digestion with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, and the amino acid sequence of the first 36 residues was obtained. The sequence showed a glutamine residue at position 3 which is probably the acceptor site for transglutaminase as reported for bovine fibronectin. Extensive trypsin digestion of the completely reduced and alkylated 29-kDa fragment yielded twenty-four peptides which were separated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography; their amino acid composition and amino acid sequence has been determined and the arrangement of peptides was achieved by comparison with the sequence recently reported for bovine fibronectin. The sequences in human and bovine fibronectin were nearly identical with only nine amino acid differences which can all be explained by single base substitutions. Apparently this domain is highly conserved in the two species studied thus far.
The Quiet Embryo Hypothesis: 20 years on (2022)

This article revisits the hypothesis, proposed in 2002, that the successful development of oocytes and preimplantation mammalian embryos is associated with a metabolism which is "quiet" rather than "active", within limits which had yet to be defined. A distinction was drawn between Functional Quietness, Loss of quietness in response to stress and Inter-individual differences in embryo metabolism and here we document applications of the hypothesis to other areas of reproductive biology. In order to encompass the requirement for "limits" and replace the simple distinction between "quiet" and "active", evidence is presented which led to a re-working of the hypothesis by proposing the existence of an optimal range of metabolic activity, termed a "Goldilocks zone", within which oocytes and embryos with maximum developmental potential will be located. General and specific mechanisms which may underlie the Goldilocks phenomenon are proposed and the added value that may be derived by expressing data on individual embryos as distributions rather than mean values is emphasised especially in the context of the response of early embryos to stress and to the concept of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. The article concludes with a cautionary note that being "quietly efficient" may not always ensure optimal embryo survival.
Mechanistic Insight into the Conversion of Tetrose Sugars to Novel α‐Hydroxy Acid Platform Molecules (2012)

Abstract α‐Hydroxy acids (AHAs) such as lactic acid are considered platform molecules in the biorefinery concept and have high‐end applications in solvents and biodegradable polyester plastics. The synthesis of AHAs with a four‐carbon backbone structure is a recently emerging field. New biomass‐related routes towards their production could stimulate their practical use in new polyester plastics. Herein, we report the unique catalytic activity of soluble tin metal salts for converting tetroses, namely erythrulose and erythrose, into new four‐carbon‐backbone AHAs such as methyl vinylglycolate and methyl‐4‐methoxy‐2‐hydroxybutanoate. An in situ NMR study together with deuterium labeling experiments and control experiments with intermediates allowed us to propose a detailed reaction pathway.
Ivabradina, insufficienza cardiaca e malattia renale cronica (2015)

Ivabradine, heart failure and chronic kidney disease Incidence and prevalence of congestive heart failure are raising, especially in western countries. In Europe and in the United States it represents a disabling clinical disease for all injured people and it's accountable for the increase of hospitalization and sanitary costs. European guidelines have underlined the importance of the optimization of pharmacological treatment to improve both patients' outcomes and quality of life. SHIFT trial's results, based on the evaluation of ivabradine's efficacy if added to conventional congestive heart failure's therapy, seem to proceed in that direction.&nbsp;(Cardionephrology)
<title>Real-time color Doppler optical coherence tomography using an autocorrelation technique</title> (1999)

Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a functional extension of optical coherence tomography that can image flow in turbid media. We have developed a CDOCT system capable of imaging flow in real time. Doppler processing of the analog signal is accomplished in hardware in the time domain using a novel autocorrelation technique. This Doppler processing method was implemented arm of the interferometer. Image data was acquired, processed, and displayed in real time. We have demonstrated, for the first time, imaging of bi-directional flow with CDOCT in real time in a tissue-simulating phantom consisting of intralipid solution flowing in a glass capillaries submerged in intralipid solution. Issues of velocity resolution, imaging speed, and range of velocity measurement are discussed, as well as potential applications of real-time CDOCT.
Spatial diversity processing for underwater acoustic telemetry (1991)

A large increase in the reliability of shipboard or stationary underwater acoustic telemetry systems is achievable by using spatially distributed receivers with aperture sizes from 0.35 to 20 m. Output from each receiver is assigned a quality measure based on the estimated error rate, and the data, weighted by the quality measure, are combined and decoded. The quality measure is derived from a Viterbi error-correction decoder operating on each receiver and is shown to perform reliability in a variety of non-Gaussian noise and jamming environments and reduce to the traditional optimal diversity system in a Gaussian environment. The dynamics of the quality estimator allow operation in the presence of high-power impulsive interference by exploiting the signal and noise differential travel times to individual sensors. The spatial coherence structure of the shallow water acoustic channel shows relatively low signal coherence at separations as short as 0.35 m. Increasing receiver spacing beyond 5 m offers additional benefits in the presence of impulsive noise and larger-scale inhomogeneities in the acoustic field. A number of data transmission experiments were carried out to demonstrate system performance in realistic underwater environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Investigation into Stereoselective Pharmacological Activity of Phenotropil (2011)

Phenotropil [N-carbamoylmethyl-4-aryl-2-pyrrolidone (2-(2-oxo-4-phenyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide; carphedon)] is clinically used in its racemic form as a nootropic drug that improves physical condition and cognition. The aim of this study was to compare the stereoselective pharmacological activity of R- and S-enantiomers of phenotropil in different behavioural tests. Racemic phenotropil and its enantiomers were tested for locomotor, antidepressant and memory-improving activity and influence on the central nervous system (CNS) using general pharmacological tests in mice. After a single administration, the amount of compound in brain tissue extracts was determined using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) method in a positive ion electrospray mode. In the open-field test, a significant increase in locomotor activity was observed after a single administration of R-phenotropil at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg and S-phenotropil at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In the forced swim test, R-phenotropil induced an antidepressant effect at doses of 100 and 50 mg/kg, and S-phenotropil was active at a dose of 100 mg/kg. R-phenotropil significantly enhanced memory function in a passive avoidance response test at a dose of 1 mg/kg; the S-enantiomer did not show any activity in this test. However, the concentrations of R- and S-phenotropils in brain tissue were similar. In conclusion, the antidepressant and increased locomotor activity relies on both R- and S-phenotropils, but the memory-improving activity is only characteristic of R-phenotropil. These results may be important for the clinical use of optically pure isomers of phenotropil.
Defect Tolerance and Nanomechanics in Transistors that Use Semiconductor Nanomaterials and Ultrathin Dielectrics (2008)

Abstract This paper describes experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanics of free‐standing nanoribbons and membranes of single‐crystalline silicon transfer printed onto patterned dielectric layers. The results show that analytical descriptions of the mechanics agree well with experimental data, and they explicitly reveal how the geometry of dielectric layers (i.e., the width and depth of the features of relief) and the silicon (i.e., the thickness and widths of the ribbons) affect mechanical bowing (i.e., “sagging”) in the suspended regions of the silicon. This system is of practical importance in the use of semiconductor nanomaterials for electronic devices, because incomplete sagging near defects in gate dielectrics provides a level of robustness against electrical shorting in those regions which exceeds that associated with conventional deposition techniques for thin films. Field effect transistors formed using silicon nanoribbons transferred onto a range of ultrathin gate dielectrics, including patterned epoxy, organic self‐assembled monolayers, and HfO 2 , demonstrate these concepts.
Effect of pentosan, a novel cancer chemotherapeutic agent, on prostate cancer cell growth and motility (1992)

Pentosan is a new chemotherapeutic drug which is currently in Phase I clinical trials. In our experimental systems, in vivo, pentosan inhibits the growth of the highly metastatic MAT-LyLu (MLL) Dunning R3327 prostate cancer cell line only at toxic doses and has no apparent effect on growth in vitro. The mechanism of tumor inhibition of this drug is unknown; however, in vitro, pentosan exhibits a potent inhibition of cell motility. Cell motility is essential for tumor cell metastasis and angiogenesis. By blocking cell motility, pentosan has the potential to inhibit both tumor growth and metastasis. We have characterized the mechanism of motility inhibition by pentosan and believe it alters cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The mechanism of motility inhibition by pentosan appears to be independent of cytoskeletal structural alterations, including changes in microfilament and microtubule networks. Pentosan acts through a different mechanism than suramin, a drug which inhibits motility through inhibition of growth factor effects. In vitro, pentosan alters cellular contacts with the extravascular matrix and inhibits cell motility. In vivo, pentosan prolongs survival of rats injected with MLL cells by 25%, but did not appear to decrease the rate of primary tumor growth or the number of metastatic lesions in the treated animals. These data suggest that, in vivo, pentosan acts through an as yet undefined mechanism.
New Polychromatic X-Ray Method for Stress Measurements along the Depth Direction in a Subsurface Layer. (1994)

The characteristic X-ray method is one of the most effective nondestructive measurement methods for residual stress. However, the classical sin2ψ method of the characteristic X-ray is difficult to use for measuring the three-dimensional stress distribution and the steep gradient of residual stress which occurs along the depth direction in a subsurface layer of the material after cold rolling and grinding. On the other hand, the possible use of polychromatic mixed X-rays of different wavelengths has been proposed for another type of residual stress measurement. This paper presents a new polychromatic X-ray method for stress measurement. Since the relationship between the diffracted beam peak of the polychromatic X-ray and the strain along the depth direction was confirmed by many tests of steel plates, the steep gradient along the depth direction of the residual stress in the subsurface layer could be estimated by means of formulas derived from this relation.
A single mutation in the first transmembrane domain of yeast COX2 enables its allotopic expression (2010)

During the course of evolution, a massive reduction of the mitochondrial genome content occurred that was associated with transfer of a large number of genes to the nucleus. To further characterize factors that control the mitochondrial gene transfer/retention process, we have investigated the barriers to transfer of yeast COX2, a mitochondrial gene coding for a subunit of cytochrome c oxidase complex. Nuclear-recoded Saccharomyces cerevisiae COX2 fused at the amino terminus to various alternative mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTS) fails to complement the growth defect of a yeast strain with an inactivated mitochondrial COX2 gene, even though it is expressed in cells. Through random mutagenesis of one such hybrid MTS-COX2, we identified a single mutation in the first Cox2 transmembrane domain (W56 --> R) that (i) results in the cellular expression of a Cox2 variant with a molecular mass indicative of MTS cleavage, which (ii) supports growth of a cox2 mutant on a nonfermentable carbon source, and that (iii) partially restores cytochrome c oxidase-specific respiration by the mutant mitochondria. COX2(W56R) can be allotopically expressed with an MTS derived from S. cerevisiae OXA1 or Neurospora crassa SU9, both coding for hydrophobic mitochondrial proteins, but not with an MTS derived from the hydrophilic protein Cox4. In contrast to some other previously transferred genes, allotopic COX2 expression is not enabled or enhanced by a 3'-UTR that localizes mRNA translation to the mitochondria, such as yeast ATP2(3)('-UTR). Application of in vitro evolution strategies to other mitochondrial genes might ultimately lead to yeast entirely lacking the mitochondrial genome, but still possessing functional respiratory capacity.
Figure S2 from Spatial Architecture and Arrangement of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Predicting Likelihood of Recurrence in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S2. Kaplan-Meier plots for clinical characteristics of patients a) Sex, b) Tumor stage, c) T stage, and d) N stage using recurrence free survival as endpoint. Columns 1, 2, and 3 correspond to D1, D2, and D3, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;
The fracture toughness of small animal cortical bone measured using arc-shaped tension specimens: Effects of bisphosphonate and deproteinization treatments (2017)

Abstract Small animal models, and especially transgenic models, have become widespread in the study of bone mechanobiology and metabolic bone disease, but test methods for measuring fracture toughness on multiple replicates or at multiple locations within a single small animal bone are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a method to measure cortical bone fracture toughness in multiple specimens and locations along the diaphysis of small animal bones. Arc-shaped tension specimens were prepared from the mid-diaphysis of rabbit ulnae and loaded to failure to measure the radial fracture toughness in multiple replicates per bone. The test specimen dimensions, crack length, and maximum load met requirements for measuring the plane strain fracture toughness. Experimental groups included a control group, bisphosphonate treatment group, and an ex vivo deproteinization treatment following bisphosphonate treatment (5 rabbits/group and 15 specimens/group). The fracture toughness of ulnar cortical bone from rabbits treated with zoledronic acid for six months exhibited no difference compared with the control group. Partially deproteinized specimens exhibited significantly lower fracture toughness compared with both the control and bisphosphonate treatment groups. The deproteinization treatment increased tissue mineral density (TMD) and resulted in a negative linear correlation between the measured fracture toughness and TMD. Fracture toughness measurements were repeatable with a coefficient of variation of 12–16% within experimental groups. Retrospective power analysis of the control and deproteinization treatment groups indicated a minimum detectable difference of 0.1 MPa·m1/2. Therefore, the overall results of this study suggest that arc-shaped tension specimens offer an advantageous new method for measuring the fracture toughness in small animal bones.
Noise radiated from a rotating submerged elastic cylindrical thin shell (2002)

Although the aeroacoustics of high Reynolds number boundary layers is reasonably well understood, less is known about the hydroacoustics of such flows, and the effect of fluid loading. The noise generated by the turbulent boundary layer around an elastic, thin-walled and cylindrical shell rotating in quiescent water was studied in the Georgia Tech. Underwater Acoustic Tank for Reynolds numbers up to 200&amp;lt;th&amp;gt;000. The steel shell, which is filled with air, has a diameter D of 0.625 m, a wall thickness of 0.004D, and an aspect ratio of unity; the tank dimensions are 19D by 12D by 11D. Extraneous noise sources (e.g., bearing and motor vibration) were isolated from the net signal to estimate flow noise. Radiated noise power was calculated from hydrophone data under a diffuse field assumption. To our knowledge, these results are unique in both their structural acoustics and fluid mechanics scaling.
Image Recognition Systems Based on Random Local Descriptors (2006)

Two image recognition systems based on random local descriptors are described. Random local descriptors play the role of features that have to be extracted from the image. The advantage of this type of features is a possibility to create sufficiently general description of the image. This approach was tested in different image recognition tasks: handwritten digit recognition, face recognition, metal surface texture recognition and micro work piece shape recognition. The best result for handwritten digit recognition on the MNIST database is the error rate of 0.37% and for face recognition on the ORL database is the error rate of 0.1%. The results for texture and micro work piece shape recognition are also promising.
Limb force and non-sagittal plane joint moments during maximum-effort curve sprint running in humans (2012)

Compared with running straight, when human runners sprint along a curve, the ability of the inside leg to generate force is compromised. This decreased force generation has been suggested to limit the overall performance of the runner. One theory for this force loss is that the large non-sagittal plane joint moments of the inside leg reach their operating limits, thus prohibiting further generation of the performance-related sagittal plane joint moments. We investigated the inside leg force generation and the ankle and knee joint moments when 13 subjects sprinted with and without an additional mass of 12.4 kg along a curve of 2.5 m radius. The increase in the subjects' mass evoked a significant increase in the resultant ground reaction force. The peak non-sagittal plane moments increased significantly for both the ankle and knee joints. This observation suggests that when sprinting normally with maximum effort, the non-sagittal plane joint moments are not operating at their limits. The large increases in ground reaction force were associated with greater extension moments generated at the knee joint. In contrast, the peak ankle plantarflexion moment remained unchanged across conditions. It is possible that for the specific joint configuration experienced, the overall ability to generate plantarflexion moment reaches the limit. Future studies with interventions increasing the ability of the muscle-tendon units to generate plantarflexion moment may provide an experimental opportunity to further examine this speculation.
Unidirectional hybrid silicon ring laser with an intracavity S-bend (2015)

We demonstrate a hybrid silicon ring laser with an internal amplifying S-bend that couples a fraction of the counter-clockwise circulating light into the the clockwise direction. The device supported single-mode, unidirectional laser oscillation at certain bias conditions. A spatial field distribution model is derived to describe the unidirectional operation. A unidirectional clockwise laser output with a suppression ratio up to 18.6 dB over the counter-clockwise mode was achieved.