gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data (2008)

This chapter is an introduction to statistical analysis. Reporting of average values relative to a trend line does not convey the significance of a measurement. Calculation of uncertainty or confidence levels is required. This chapter discusses Gaussian and Weibull distributions, which are the two most commonly used in science and engineering. The chapter concludes with a discussion of uncertainty analysis where reported values and confidence levels depend on one or more measured quantities. This chapter is not meant to be a complete work on statistical analysis. It should, however, provide the necessary background for undergraduate students to include statistical analysis when writing lab reports. The professional may also find this chapter a useful resource when writing technical reports.
Development of hydrogel coated end effector for stable cell manipulation by two-fingered micro-hand (2014)

Single cell analysis has attracted much attention to reveal the detailed and localized biological information, which is not obtained by the conventional group cell analysis due to the statistical assay on individual cells. In addition, new study field has been rapidly developing such as, aims to be applied to regenerative medicine by assembling organization like cells in vitro. In these fields, the technologies to operate single cells or mass composed of multiple cells freely are useful. In this case, the technique to manipulate the cells stable and fast was required. In such background, we developed two finger micro-hand that realized control of the sub-micro order size object. In this research we aim to achieve a stable grip and easy operation by processing the end effector of the two-fingered micro hand. Since the stabilization of grasping will be expected, if the contact surface between the object and end effector increase. We propose a simple method for coating end effector with hydrogel, which is highly biocompatible. Furthermore, we improved proposed method by using chemically cross-linked hydrogel and showed new methodology for processing an end effector of micro-hand.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Cu‐Catalyzed Amidation/Base‐Mediated Camps Cyclization: A Two‐Step Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4‐quinolones from o‐Halophenones. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sliding Mode Control of an Exothermic Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (1991)

A continuous action state-feedback sliding mode controller (SMC) is developed for nonlinear systems under the influence of disturbances not in the span of control input space. Constraints are imposed on the control action and its rate of change. These developments are then applied to the design of a SMC system to maintain a constant outlet product concentration in an exothermic continuous stirred tank reactor (ECSTR). Robustness with respect to model uncertainties of the example reactor control system is demostrated. System performance is analyzed for set-point regulation, Damköhler number variations and disturbance rejection. Simulations demonstrate fast and safe control.
Cell Association in Dense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks (2017)

Coverage evaluation of heterogeneous multi-tier cellular networks (HetNets) is often based on simplifying assumptions on cell association (CA): the resource required by, and practical limitations of pilot measurements are overlooked. Also, the base station (BS) providing the strongest signal-to-interference ratio among all BSs is always the serving BS (an ideal CA (iCA)). Consequently, the resultant analysis falls short of characterizing HetNets' coverage in practical settings. We therefore propose an analytical framework for modeling a practical CA (pCA) by considering pilot measurement, pilot sensitivity at the users, and the number of pilot measurements, KP. Using tools from stochastic geometry, we obtain the coverage with pCA in both Rayleigh and Nakagami environments. We propose an algorithm to obtain the optimal KP and its partitioning among the BSs in different tiers that maximizes the coverage. Our analysis provides key insights in designing dense HetNets. For dense networks, scale invariance achievable under iCA is shown unsustained with pCA. Also, dense HetNets are pilot-neutral, and hence their performance is not affected by pilot sensitivity. Our extensive simulations confirm the accuracy of our analysis and the proposed algorithm, and demonstrate the effect of pCA in comparison with iCA.
Two‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of intrinsic NADH in three‐dimensional tumor models (2018)

Most studies using intrinsic NAD(P)H as biomarkers for energy metabolism and mitochondrial anomalies have been conducted in routine two-dimensional (2D) cell culture formats. Cellular metabolism and cell behavior, however, can be significantly different in 2D cultures from that in vivo. As a result, there are emerging interests in integrating noninvasive, quantitative imaging techniques of NAD(P)H with in vivo-like three-dimensional (3D) models. The overall features and metabolic responses of the murine breast cancer cells line 4T1 in 2D cultures were compared with those in 3D collagen matrix using integrated optical micro-spectroscopy. The metabolic responses to two novel compounds, MD1 and TPPBr, that target metabolism by disrupting monocarboxylate transporters or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), respectively, were investigated using two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) of intracellular NAD(P)H in 2D and 3D cultures. 4T1 cells exhibit distinct behaviors in a collagenous 3D matrix from those in 2D culture, forming anastomosing multicellular networks and spherical acini in 3D culture, as opposed to simple flattened epithelial plaques in 2D culture. The cellular NAD(P)H in 3D collagen matrix exhibits a longer fluorescence lifetime as compared with 2D culture, which is attributed to an enhanced population of enzyme-bound NAD(P)H in the 3D culture. TPPBr induces mitochondrial hyperpolarization in 2D culture of 4T1 cells along with an enhanced free NAD(P)H population, which suggest an interference with OXPHOS. In contrast, 2P-FLIM of cellular NAD(P)H revealed an enhanced autofluorescence lifetime in 3D 4T1 cultures after MD1 treatment as compared with MD1-treated 2D culture and the control 3D culture. Physical and chemical microenvironmental signaling are critical factors in understanding how therapeutic compounds target cancer cells by disrupting their metabolic pathways. Integrating 2P-FLIM of intrinsic NAD(P)H with refined 3D tumor-matrix in vitro models promises to advance our understanding of the roles of metabolism and metabolic plasticity in tumor growth and metastatic behavior. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Synthesis of some analogues of cytisine: unusual reduction pathways for tertiary nitro groups in sterically constrained molecules (1995)

The naphthalene derivative 4 was converted into the dinitro compound 5 by a ‘double Mannich’ reaction. Reduction of the compound 5 with tributylstannane gave the hydroxylamines 6 and 7 in low yield. Treatment of 5 with methanethiolate in DMSO gave the sulfides 8, 9 and/or 10 in varying ratios, depending on the reaction conditions. Raney nickel reduction of 10 gave the cytisine analogue 1. Similarly the dinitroquinoline 13 was converted into the dinitro compound 14. Treatment of 14 with sodium methanethiolate gave a mixture of the sulfides 15–17. Reduction of the compounds 16 and 17 with Raney nickel gave the pyridoazocine 2. The mechanisms of formation of the hydroxylamines 6 and 7 and the sulfides 8–10, 15–17 are discussed.
MoD-2-3 ROBUST MOTION CONTROL USING KALMAN-FILTER-BASED INSTANTANEOUS STATE OBSERVER FOR INDUSTRIAL ROBOT (2015)

This paper proposes the force control using the instantaneous state observer (ISOB). In a two-inertia system, a conventional disturbance observer (DOB) is widely used to achieve the robust motion control. In general, the DOB is used for the force sensor-less force control. However, the DOB exhibits an estimation delay attributed to pole allocation. The estimation delay has influence on the performance of the controller. The ISOB using an acceleration sensor is proposed for the estimation load-side torque in this paper. The ISOB does not exhibit the estimation delay because the acceleration signal is used for the input signal of the observer. Therefore, the performance of the force controller is improved by using the ISOB. On the other hand, the measured acceleration signal is susceptible to the effect to noise. To address the noise problem, the variable noise-covariance (VNC) Kalman filter is used to the estimation of the load-side acceleration. Hence, the noise is suppressed by using the VNC Kalman filter. Thus, the high performance load-side torque response is achieved by using the VNC Kalman-filter-based ISOB. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by performing the numerical simulation using an industrial robot.
Effects of high hydrogen dilution at low temperature on the film properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (1997)

The effects of hydrogen dilution of up to 54:1 (=H2:SiH4) on hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium (a-SiGe:H) was investigated at a low substrate temperature, while keeping the optical gap (Eopt) constant. It was found that deterioration of the film properties, when substrate temperature decreases, can be compensated by the high hydrogen dilution method. As the substrate temperature decreases from 230 to 180 °C, the high photoconductivity, high photosensitivity, and low silicon dihydride content of a-SiGe:H can be maintained with a high hydrogen dilution ratio of 54:1, although these properties becomes worse with conventional low hydrogen dilution ratios. Probably, hydrogen radicals substitute for the surface reaction energy lost by decreasing the temperature. Besides, a-SiGe:H films deposited under higher hydrogen dilution have more germanium and less hydrogen content than those of the conventional films, despite having the same Eopt. One possible explanation for why Eopt can be kept constant is the suppression of the formation of Ge–Ge bonds at the growing surface by the energy supplied by the hydrogen radicals.
Telomerase activity is detected in pancreatic cancer but not in benign tumors. (1997)

Activation of telomerase and stabilization of telomeres are considered to be necessary for immortalization of human tumor cells. In the present study, telomerase activity was detected in 41 (95%) of 43 pancreatic cancer specimens but was detectable in none of 11 benign pancreatic tumors and only one of 3 pancreatitis samples. Low levels of telomerase activity were detected in 5 (14%) of 36 adjacent "normal" pancreatic tissues. These five telomerase-positive "normal" specimens were obtained from patients that also had pancreatic cancer and may reflect occult microinvasion. Telomerase activity was examined in 12 ex vivo brushing samples of the pancreatic duct, and 8 of 8 with pancreatic cancer had detectable telomerase activity, whereas 0 of 4 of benign lesions (cystadenoma and pancreatitis) did. These findings suggest that telomerase activity in cells derived from pancreatic ducts may be useful in the diagnosis of cancer and that telomerase activity may be a critical or rate-limiting step in pancreatic carcinogenesis.
Photonic Crystal Emitters for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion (2015)

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of 2D photonic crystal (PhC) thermal emitters for a millimeter-scale hydrocarbon TPV microgenerator as a possible replacement for batteries in portable microelectronics, robotics, etc. In our TPV system, combustion heats a PhC emitter to incandescence and the resulting radiation is converted by a low-bandgap TPV cell. The PhC tailors the photonic density of states to produce spectrally confined thermal emission that matches the bandgap of the TPV cell, enabling high heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency. The work builds on a previously developed fabrication process to produce a square array of cylindrical cavities in a metal substrate. We will present ongoing incremental improvements in the optical and thermo-mechanical properties, the fabrication process, and the system integration, as recently combined with fabrication using novel materials, such as sputtered coatings, to enable a monolithic system.
Estimating the Total Organic Carbon for Unconventional Shale Resources During the Drilling Process: A Machine Learning Approach (2021)

Abstract Total organic carbon (TOC) is an essential parameter that indicates the quality of unconventional reservoirs. In this study, four machine learning (ML) algorithms of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), support vector regression (SVR), functional neural networks (FNN), and random forests (RFs) were optimized to evaluate the TOC. The novelty of this work is that the optimized models predict the TOC from the bulk gamma-ray (GR) and spectral GR logs of uranium, thorium, and potassium only. The ML algorithms were trained on 749 datasets from Well-1, tested on 226 datasets from Well-2, and validated on 73 data points from Well-3. The predictability of the optimized algorithms was also compared with the available equations. The results of this study indicated that the optimized ANFIS, SVR, and RF models overperformed the available empirical equations in predicting the TOC. For validation data of Well-3, the optimized ANFIS, SVR, and RF algorithms predicted the TOC with AAPEs of 10.6%, 12.0%, and 8.9%, respectively, compared with the AAPE of 21.1% when the FNN model was used. While for the same data, the TOC was assessed with AAPEs of 48.6%, 24.6%, 20.2%, and 17.8% when Schmoker model, ΔlogR method, Zhao et al. correlation, and Mahmoud et al. correlation was used, respectively. The optimized models could be applied to estimate the TOC during the drilling process if the drillstring is provided with GR and spectral GR logging tools.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Complement-Dependent Tumor Cell Lysis Triggered by Combinations of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Complement-Dependent Tumor Cell Lysis Triggered by Combinations of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibodies
Real-Time Interactive 3D Tumor Segmentation Using a Fast Level-Set Algorithm (2015)

A new level-set based interactive segmentation framework is introduced, where the algorithm learns the intensity distributions of the tumor and surrounding tissue from a line segment drawn by the u ...
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Replication by Pyrimidines Bearing an Acyclic Moiety:  Effect on Wild-Type and Mutant HBV (2006)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide. The main clinical limitation of a current antiviral drug for HBV, lamivudine, is the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains upon prolonged therapy. A group of 5-, 6-, or 5,6-substituted acyclic pyrimidine nucleosides with a 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl] moiety were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activities. The target compounds were prepared by the reaction of silylated uracils possessing a variety of substituents at the C-5 or C-6 positions or both with 1,3-dioxolane in the presence of potassium iodide and chlorotrimethylsilane by a convenient and single-step synthesis. Among the compounds tested, 5-chloro and 5-bromo analogues possessing an acyclic glycosyl moiety were the most effective and selective antiviral agents in the in vitro assays against wild-type duck HBV (EC50=0.4-2.2 and 3.7-18.5 microM, respectively) and human HBV-containing 2.2.15 cells (EC50=4.5-45.4 and 18.5-37.7 microM, respectively). These compounds were also found to retain sensitivity against lamivudine-resistant HBV containing a single mutation (M204I) and double mutations (L180M/M204V). The compounds investigated did not show cytotoxicity to host HepG2 and Vero cells, up to the highest concentration tested. The results presented here confirm and accentuate the potential of acyclic pyrimidine nucleosides as anti-HBV agents and extend our previous observations. We herein report the capability of acyclic pyrimidine nucleosides to inhibit the replication of both wild-type and drug-resistant mutant HBV.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular (4 + 4) Photocycloaddition of 2‐Pyridones Tethered by a Three‐Carbon Chain: Studies on the Formation of Cycloadducts and Control of Stereogenesis. Part 3. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Semitransparent screen for cutoff of the far fields in the shadow domain (2017)

In many cases it is desirable to achieve a sharp decay (cutoff) of the far field in the shadow domain. For the purpose, electrically thin semitransparent screen with a smooth impedance profile has been considered. Within the geometrical optics approximation the profile is synthesized analytically. The approximation is valid for a distance from the source to the screen that is much larger than the wavelength; the respective impedance is pure resistive. For shorter distances the geometrical optics is not valid and a numerical optimization procedure is applied; the impedance occurs to be complex. It is shown that it is the distance from the source to the screen that defines the achievable cutoff: for the distances on the order of 10 ... 20 wavelengths, a 40 dB cutoff is achievable within an angular sector of +/- 10 degrees around a desirable light-shadow boundary, at 0.5 ... 1 wavelength distances the related figure is 20dB. The screen is realized in the form of a grid, with the characteristic period being much smaller than the wavelength. The approach is relevant to electromagnetic interference, radar and satellite positioning.
Towards an internet of energy (2016)

The current model of centralized electricity generation, transmission and distribution is under pressure to change for a variety of reasons; environmental concerns are driving a shift away from large coal-fired generation systems to increasing adoption of renewable energy sources, which tend to be distributed and not always available on demand, and hence requiring distributed storage support. Moreover, to support electric vehicles, energy needs to be provided as a service to consumers independent of location, rather than a product delivered and billed to a fixed location. In this work, we compare and contrast modern internet and energy networks and services, identifying key functionalities and the main technical challenges to be faced in transforming the electricity distribution system to a flexible yet reliable and robust platform for the exchange of electrical energy.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF A MIXED YEAST-BACTERIAL FERMENTATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF A SPECIAL BELGIAN ACIDIC ALE (1997)

The evolution of the microbial population during the industrial fermentation of a Belgian acidic ale was followed, and the most important micro-organisms were identified. In essence, the process can be considered to be a tandem fermentation, as a period of ethanolic fermentation is followed by a period of lactic acid fermentation. The process consists of three stages. The first stage is a seven day fermentation mainly by Saccharomyces; the second is a four to five week fermentation in which Lactobacilli become important; in the third stage a twenty to twenty-four month fermentation in cask, Brettanomyces species, Lactobacilli, Pediococcus parvulus and Acetic Acid bacteria are all present. The evolution of the Brettanomyces-Pediococcus coculture during the tertiary fermentation shows a remarkable similarity with the evolution during a gueuze fermentation.
Femtosecond near‐field scanning optical microscopy study of molecular thin films (2001)

A near-field scanning optical microscope has been combined with a two-colour time-resolved pump-probe measurement system. It has a noise-equivalent transmittance change of 5.0 x 10-5 for a probe pulse with an intensity of 30 nW. The system has been used for evaluating molecular thin films that have a domain structure, particularly for observing a gate action of the single domains. The results include key features to understand an origin of the domains and suggest that the film composition is uniform over a distance of several micrometres.
The Minor Pilin Subunit Sgp2 Is Necessary for Assembly of the Pilus Encoded by thesrtGCluster ofStreptococcus suis (2010)

Gram-positive pili are composed of covalently bound pilin subunits whose assembly is mediated via a pilus-specific sortase(s). Major subunits constitute the pilus backbone and are therefore essential for pilus formation. Minor subunits are also incorporated into the pilus, but they are considered to be dispensable for backbone formation. The srtG cluster is one of the putative pilus gene clusters identified in the major swine pathogen Streptococcus suis. It consists of one sortase gene (srtG) and two putative pilin subunit genes (sgp1 and sgp2). In this study, by constructing mutants for each of the genes in the cluster and by both immunoblotting and immunogold electron microscopic analysis with antibodies against Sgp1 and Sgp2, we found that the srtG cluster mediates the expression of pilus-like structures in S. suis strain 89/1591. In this pilus, Sgp1 forms the backbone, whereas Sgp2 is incorporated as the minor subunit. In accordance with the current model of pilus assembly by Gram-positive organisms, the major subunit Sgp1 was indispensable for backbone formation and the cognate sortase SrtG mediated the polymerization of both subunits. However, unlike other well-characterized Gram-positive bacterial pili, the minor subunit Sgp2 was required for polymerization of the major subunit Sgp1. Because Sgp2 homologues are encoded in several other Gram-positive bacterial pilus gene clusters, in some types of pili, minor pilin subunits may contribute to backbone formation by a novel mechanism.
<title>Microspectrometer for the infrared range</title> (1996)

By the LIGA technique it is possible to fabricate the optical part of a microspectrometer system for the NIR. It is based on a plate-type waveguide whereas on top of one of these plates a self-focusing reflection grating and structures for coupling in and out of the radiation are microstructured. Two prototypes, one for the wavelength range between 1.6 micrometer and 2.0 micrometer and the second for the range from 2.7 micrometer to 3.3 micrometer, have been fabricated and evaluated. The efficiency of both is in the range of 20%, the resolution is 9.8 nm, res. 34 nm. Both components have been designed in a way that they can be combined with a detector array. Thus it is evident that microspectrometer units without movable parts and sizes in the range of several cubic centimeter can be fabricated using LIGA technique. In the paper the fabrication process as well as the evaluated results are described.