gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selecting Optimal Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution Systems (1988)

In spite of the fact that computers are taking over increasing amounts of the engineer's computational work, selecting pipe sizes for water distribution systems remains a process based on rules of thumb and trial and error. Computerized procedures for sizing distribution system pipe are becoming available, but acceptance is limited because few optimization models are available as user‐friendly tools that can be easily applied by engineers. This article describes a computer program developed by the authors that follows the conventional trial‐and‐error approach to pipe sizing.
Microtubules can bear enhanced compressive loads in living cells because of lateral reinforcement (2006)

Cytoskeletal microtubules have been proposed to influence cell shape and mechanics based on their ability to resist large-scale compressive forces exerted by the surrounding contractile cytoskeleton. Consistent with this, cytoplasmic microtubules are often highly curved and appear buckled because of compressive loads. However, the results of in vitro studies suggest that microtubules should buckle at much larger length scales, withstanding only exceedingly small compressive forces. This discrepancy calls into question the structural role of microtubules, and highlights our lack of quantitative knowledge of the magnitude of the forces they experience and can withstand in living cells. We show that intracellular microtubules do bear large-scale compressive loads from a variety of physiological forces, but their buckling wavelength is reduced significantly because of mechanical coupling to the surrounding elastic cytoskeleton. We quantitatively explain this behavior, and show that this coupling dramatically increases the compressive forces that microtubules can sustain, suggesting they can make a more significant structural contribution to the mechanical behavior of the cell than previously thought possible.
Particle contaminations in LPCVD polysilicon (1995)

Particle contamination of poly-Si films deposited in an LPCVD system was investigated by using the orthogonal array L8 experiment. Gas injection, temperature, pressure and flow rate were used as variable factors. The surfaces of samples were analysed by using SEM and AFM. Results indicated that the construction of the gas injection was the key parameter to suppress particle formation. Applying a multiple-hole injector at the back of the tube reduced these surface defects.
Fast simulation of standard 12-lead ECG and 3D ventricular activation (2017)

International audience
Practical and Efficient Processes for the Preparation of 4-(4-Aminophenyl)morpholin-3-ones on a Larger Scale: Precursor of Factor Xa Inhibitors (2007)

Factor Xa inhibitors are interesting targets for the development of antithrombotic agents.Our personal efforts in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors led to the compounds EMD 495235 and EMD 503982, which entered preclinical and clinical studies, respectively.Therefore, kilograms of both drugs in particular 4-(4-aminophenyl)morpholin-3-one moieties have to be provided.The scale-up results of these special P-4 ligands will be described herein.
Validity of the diffused aerial image model: an assessment based on multiple test cases (2003)

Lithography modeling is a very attractive way to predict the critical dimensions of patterned features after lithographic processing. In a previous paper, we have presented the assessment of three different simplified resist models (aerial image model, aerial image convolved with fixed gaussian noise and aerial image convolved with variable gaussian noise) by using a systematic comparison between experimental and simulated data. It has been shown that the aerial image convolved with fixed gaussian noise, or "diffused aerial image model" (DAIM), exhibits surprisingly good results of CD prediction for lines @ 193nm. Using these datasets, the DAIM appeared as an accurate model for CD prediction. This approach allows also an easy run, and because it needs only four adjustable parameters, it avoids the difficult task of resist parameters extraction associated to full resist models. In this paper, we enlarge the datasets used for the assessment of the DAIM by considering both lines and contact holes of various sizes printed at different wavelengths. The reference wafers have been printed at 248nm, 193nm and 157 nm. The procedure used to extract the model parameters has been improved and now needs less data to provide acceptable values. We will show that the validity of the DAIM extends well outside the results presented in Ref. 1. Experimental data printed using various wavelengths, resists and exposure tools can be simulated accurately with CD prediction error ranging within few percents. It is to be noted that the results that will be presented on contact holes data indicate that the model is valid for 2D features. Finally, a comparison with full resist models shows that the accuracy of DAIM is comparable to more sophisticated and heavier models.
Y.1541-QOSM: Model for Networks Using Y.1541 Quality-of-Service Classes (2010)

This document describes a QoS-NSLP Quality-of-Service model (QOSM) based on ITU-T Recommendation Y.1541 Network QoS Classes and related guidance on signaling. Y.1541 specifies 8 classes of Network Performance objectives, and the Y.1541-QOSM extensions include additional QSPEC parameters and QOSM processing guidelines.
A User's Guide to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) (2011)

The mission of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project is to enable the scientific and medical communities to interpret the human genome sequence and apply it to understand human biology and improve health. The ENCODE Consortium is integrating multiple technologies and approaches in a collective effort to discover and define the functional elements encoded in the human genome, including genes, transcripts, and transcriptional regulatory regions, together with their attendant chromatin states and DNA methylation patterns. In the process, standards to ensure high-quality data have been implemented, and novel algorithms have been developed to facilitate analysis. Data and derived results are made available through a freely accessible database. Here we provide an overview of the project and the resources it is generating and illustrate the application of ENCODE data to interpret the human genome.
Radiation signatures of laser driven wakes in plasmas (2011)

In laser driven accelerators, the interaction of laser radiation with plasma leads to a variety of scattering mechansims. The scattered radiation can be used to understand the wake structure and its effect on electron acceleration. In the case of a resonantly driven quasi-linear wake, spectral broadening due to photon acceleration and deceleration is related to the coupling of energy into plasma waves. Simultaneous time and frequency analysis of the laser fields produces distinctive features in the photon phase space that give information on wake generation in long plasma channels. The ponderomotive guiding center algorithm is advantageous for modeling such interactions because it allows for averaging over optical cycles, and can be implemented in axisymmetric geometry. In the case of the nonlinear wakes that are driven in the self-guided regime, a region of electron cavitation is formed, which emits electro-optic shocks at the second harmonic of the drive laser. The form of this radiation can be correlated with electron trapping.
Wind Energy in Missouri (1981)

Because of the rapidly increasing cost of conventional fuels many farmers are interested in the possibility of using other energy sources on the farm. This guide discusses one energy alternative, wind energy and its potential for Missouri.
Polarization memory of photoluminescence in amorphous carbon (1996)

The polarization memory of the photoluminescence in amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) has been investigated as a function of its band gap and the excitation energy. The observation of a polarization memory suggests that the excited states are well localized, with a low point symmetry. The decay of polarization memory is found to depend primarily on the energy difference between the excitation and emission energies, that is, the thermalization energy down the tail states. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Discovery of N-(Indazol-3-yl)piperidine-4-carboxylic Acids as RORγt Allosteric Inhibitors for Autoimmune Diseases (2020)

The clinical success of anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies (i.e., Cosentyx and Taltz) has validated Th17 pathway modulation for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The nuclear hormone receptor RORγt is a master regulator of Th17 cells and affects the production of a host of cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-26, and GM-CSF. Substantial interest has been spurred across both academia and industry to seek small molecules suitable for RORγt inhibition. A variety of RORγt inhibitors have been reported in the past few years, the majority of which are orthosteric binders. Here we disclose the discovery and optimization of a class of inhibitors, which bind differently to an allosteric binding pocket. Starting from a weakly active hit <b>1</b>, a tool compound <b>14</b> was quickly identified that demonstrated superior potency, selectivity, and off-target profile. Further optimization focused on improving metabolic stability. Replacing the benzoic acid moiety with piperidinyl carboxylate, modifying the 4-aza-indazole core in <b>14</b> to 4-F-indazole, and incorporating a key hydroxyl group led to the discovery of <b>25</b>, which possesses exquisite potency and selectivity, as well as an improved pharmacokinetic profile suitable for oral dosing.
Effect of annealing on the giant magnetoresistance of sputtered Co/Cu multilayers (1994)

Co/Cu multilayers with the form of glass/Cu 50 Å[Co11.5 Å/Cu(tCu)]30/Cu50 Å, prepared by rf triode sputtering, exhibit oscillatory magnetoresistance (MR), as a function of the Cu layer thickness with a period of ≂12 Å and maximum MR values of 36.8% and 22.3% at 77 and 295 K, respectively. In order to study the effect of annealing on the structural and magnetic properties, five samples with Cu thicknesses between 9 and 34 Å were heat treated at temperatures up to 300 °C and analyzed by low- and high-angle x-ray diffraction, MR, and mageto-optic Kerr effect measurements. Annealing at moderate temperatures for the samples with Cu thicknesses around the second and third MR peaks leads to an initial increase in the MR. In contrast, annealing causes only a monotonic MR decrease for the sample at the first peak with a Cu thickness of 9 Å.
Direct Observation of Strand Passage by DNA-Topoisomerase and Its Limited Processivity (2012)

Type-II DNA topoisomerases resolve DNA entanglements such as supercoils, knots and catenanes by passing one segment of DNA duplex through a transient enzyme-bridged double-stranded break in another segment. The ATP-dependent passage reaction has previously been demonstrated at the single-molecule level, showing apparent processivity at saturating ATP. Here we directly observed the strand passage by human topoisomerase IIα, after winding a pair of fluorescently stained DNA molecules with optical tweezers for 30 turns into an X-shaped braid. On average 0.51 ± 0.33 µm (11 ± 6 turns) of a braid was unlinked in a burst of reactions taking 8 ± 4 s, the unlinked length being essentially independent of the enzyme concentration between 0.25-37 pM. The time elapsed before the start of processive unlinking decreased with the enzyme concentration, being ~100 s at 3.7 pM. These results are consistent with a scenario where the enzyme binds to one DNA for a period of ~10 s, waiting for multiple diffusional encounters with the other DNA to transport it across the break ~10 times, and then dissociates from the binding site without waiting for the exhaustion of transportable DNA segments.
Advanced microwave-assisted production of hybrid electrodes for energy applications (2010)

Carbon nanotubes are one of the most prominent materials in research for creating electrodes for portable electronics. When coupled with metallic nanoparticles the performance of carbon nanotube electrodes can be dramatically improved. Microwave reduction is an extremely rapid method for producing carbon nanotube-metallic nanoparticle composites, however, this technique has so far been limited to carbon nanotube soot. An understanding of the microwave process and the interactions of metallic nanoparticles with carbon nanotubes have allowed us to extend this promising functionalisation route to pre-formed CNT electrode architectures. Nanoparticle reduction onto pre-formed architectures reduces metallic nanoparticle waste as particles are not formed where there is insufficient porosity for electrochemical processes. A two-fold increase in capacitive response, stable over 500 cycles, was observed for these composites, with a maximum capacitance of 300 F g−1 observed for a carbon Nanoweb electrode.
Noise-resilient and high-speed deep learning with coherent silicon photonics (2022)

The explosive growth of deep learning applications has triggered a new era in computing hardware, targeting the efficient deployment of multiply-and-accumulate operations. In this realm, integrated photonics have come to the foreground as a promising energy efficient deep learning technology platform for enabling ultra-high compute rates. However, despite integrated photonic neural network layouts have already penetrated successfully the deep learning era, their compute rate and noise-related characteristics are still far beyond their promise for high-speed photonic engines. Herein, we demonstrate experimentally a noise-resilient deep learning coherent photonic neural network layout that operates at 10GMAC/sec/axon compute rates and follows a noise-resilient training model. The coherent photonic neural network has been fabricated as a silicon photonic chip and its MNIST classification performance was experimentally evaluated to support accuracy values of >99% and >98% at 5 and 10GMAC/sec/axon, respectively, offering 6× higher on-chip compute rates and >7% accuracy improvement over state-of-the-art coherent implementations.
Using precise word timing information improves decoding accuracy in a multiband-accelerated multimodal reading experiment (2016)

The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal measured in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments is generally regarded as sluggish and poorly suited for probing neural function at the rapid timescales involved in sentence comprehension. However, recent studies have shown the value of acquiring data with very short repetition times (TRs), not merely in terms of improvements in contrast to noise ratio (CNR) through averaging, but also in terms of additional fine-grained temporal information. Using multiband-accelerated fMRI, we achieved whole-brain scans at 3-mm resolution with a TR of just 500 ms at both 3T and 7T field strengths. By taking advantage of word timing information, we found that word decoding accuracy across two separate sets of scan sessions improved significantly, with better overall performance at 7T than at 3T. The effect of TR was also investigated; we found that substantial word timing information can be extracted using fast TRs, with diminishing benefits beyond TRs of 1000 ms.
Green Processing of Metal Oxide Core–Shell Nanoparticles as Low‐Temperature Dielectrics in Organic Thin‐Film Transistors (2015)

TiO2 , Fe3 O4, AlOx , ITO (indium tin oxide), and CeO2 nanoparticles are tailored to exhibit excellent dispersability in deionized water and alcohols. The latter provides an ecofriendly solution for processing metal oxide nanoparticles at a neutral pH. Water-processed dielectrics from the metal oxide nanoparticles are incorporated into organic thin-film transistors fabricated on rigid and flexible substrates.
Assessment of Residual Mass Estimation Methods for Cylinder Pressure Heat Release Analysis of HCCI Engines With Negative Valve Overlap (2011)

Increased residual levels in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines employing valve strategies such as recompression or negative valve overlap (NVO) imply that accurate estimation of residual gas fraction (RGF) is critical for cylinder pressure heat release analysis. The objective of the present work was to evaluate three residual estimation methods and assess their suitability under naturally aspirated and boosted HCCI operating conditions: i) the Simple State Equation method employs the Ideal Gas Law at exhaust valve closing (EVC); ii) the Mirsky method assumes isentropic exhaust process; and iii) the Fitzgerald method models in-cylinder temperature from exhaust valve opening (EVO) to EVC by accounting for heat loss during the exhaust process and uses measured exhaust temperature for calibration. Simulations with a calibrated and validated “virtual engine” were performed for representative HCCI operating conditions of engine speed, fuel-air equivalence ratio, NVO and intake pressure (boosting). The State Equation method always overestimated RGF by more than 10%. The Mirsky method was most robust, with average errors between 3–5%. The Fitzgerald method performed consistently better, ranging from no error to 5%, where increased boosting caused the largest discrepancies. A sensitivity study was also performed and determined that the Mirsky method was most robust to possible pressure and temperature measurement errors.
Laser frequency combs for molecular fingerprinting (2009)

Measuring the beating signal between two phase-coherent frequency combs leads to a novel broadband spectroscopy, which improves a million-fold the resolution, the recording time and the accuracy of the frequency scale of Fourier transform spectroscopy, which has been up to now the most efficient technique for multiplex optical diagnostics. With a demonstrated thousand-fold enhancement of the absorption signal thanks to a high finesse cavity, the method proves promising for real-time detection of trace gases.
From Data to Recognition (2016)

The process of recognition in the digital world begins with sensors that capture raw data about the physical world. In this section, we will focus on three types of sensors (inertial, audio, and visual) to understand how these are used and how data from these types of sensors can be recognized for different purposes. Let’s start by considering a few different usage scenarios in mobile, wearable, and IoT deployments. Mobile Devices: Today’s mobile devices have many sensors to understand user context and behavior, and enable personalized interaction.
The MCT4 Gene: A Novel, Potential Target for Therapy of Advanced Prostate Cancer (2016)

MCT4-targeting ASOs that inhibit lactic acid secretion may be useful for therapy of CRPC and other cancers, as they can interfere with reprogrammed energy metabolism of cancers, an emerging hallmark of cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2721-33. ©2016 AACR.
Ratiometric analysis of optical coherence tomography–measured in vivo retinal layer thicknesses for the detection of early diabetic retinopathy (2017)

Influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) on parafoveal retinal thicknesses and their ratios was evaluated. Six retinal layer boundaries were segmented from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images using open-source software. Five study groups: (1) healthy control (HC) subjects, and subjects with (2) controlled DM, (3) uncontrolled DM, (4) controlled DR and (5) uncontrolled DR, were identified. The one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) between adjacent study groups (i. e. 1 with 2, 2 with 3, etc) indicated differences in retinal thicknesses and ratios. Overall retinal thickness, ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness, and their combination (GCL+ IPL), appeared to be significantly less in the uncontrolled DM group when compared to controlled DM and controlled DR groups. Although the combination of nerve fiber layer (NFL) and GCL, and IPL thicknesses were not different, their ratio, (NFL+GCL)/IPL, was found to be significantly higher in the controlled DM group compared to the HC group. Comparisons of the controlled DR group with the controlled DM group, and with the uncontrolled DR group, do not show any differences in the layer thicknesses, though several significant ratios were obtained. Ratiometric analysis may provide more sensitive parameters for detecting changes in DR. Picture: A representative segmented OCT image of the human retina is shown.
Surface flashover measurements in vacuill1 and N2 gas (1981)

An interferometric technique has been used to measure insulator surface charging in vacuum and high pressure nitrogen gas. Insulator surface charging has been observed in both cases. These data support the theory that insulator surface failure is caused by surface charging and intergap field enhancement.
Data from PIM Kinases Are Essential for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Survival (PIM2/3) and CXCR4-Mediated Microenvironmental Interactions (PIM1) (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Overexpression of the CXCR4 receptor is a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and is important for CLL cell survival, migration, and interaction with their protective microenvironment. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), PIM1 was shown to regulate the surface expression of the CXCR4 receptor. Here, we show that PIM (proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus) kinases 1–3 are overexpressed and that the CXCR4 receptor is hyperphosphorylated on Ser339 in CLL compared with normal lymphocytes. Furthermore, CXCR4 phosphorylation correlates with PIM1 protein expression and &lt;i&gt;PIM1&lt;/i&gt; transcript levels in CLL. PIM kinase inhibition with three different PIM kinase inhibitors induced apoptosis in CLL cells independent of the presence of protective stromal cells. In addition, PIM inhibition caused dephosphorylation of the CXCR4 receptor on Ser339, resulting in enhanced ligand-dependent CXCR4 internalization and reduced re-externalization after withdrawal of CXCL12. Furthermore, PIM inhibition in CLL cells blocked CXCR4 functions, such as migration toward CXCL12- or CXCL12-induced extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. In concordance, pretreatment of CLL cells with PIM kinase inhibitors strongly reduced homing of CLL cells toward the bone marrow and the spleen of Rag2&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt;γc&lt;sup&gt;−/−&lt;/sup&gt; mice &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. Interestingly, the knockdown of PIM kinases in CLL cells demonstrated diverging functions, with PIM1 regulating CXCR4 surface expression and PIM2 and PIM3 as important for the survival of CLL cells. Our results show that PIM kinase inhibitors are an effective therapeutic option for CLL, not only by impairing PIM2/3-mediated CLL cell survival, but also by blocking the PIM1/CXCR4-mediated interaction of CLL cells with their protective microenvironment. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 13(5); 1231–45. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;