gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O1‐07‐06: A genome‐wide association study of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) (2010)

Background. PSP and CBD are related disorders with prominent tau neuropathology. While both are seemingly sporadic, previous work showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near MAPT influence risk for developing these two diseases. MAPT encodes the protein tau that is in fibrillary tangles in tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify additional genes that contribute to susceptibility to PSP and CBD. Methods. We collected DNA from autopsy-documented PSP (n = 1,212) and CBD (n = 168) cases and genotyped these samples using an Illumina 660Quad array. We used principal component analysis to remove non-Caucasian samples and identity by state to detect duplicate and familial samples. We used genetic matching to identify 3 controls for each case. After filtering, 1,234 cases were matched to 3,317 controls. The genomic inflation factor (based on median chi-squared) was 1.0125. Results. Multiple SNPs in or near MAPT generated genome wide significant results (e.g. rs8070723, p = 6.28E-61) for the entire sample (PSP + CBD). For PSP or CBD alone, the same site yielded significant evidence for association (2.78E-56 and 3.62E-08, respectively). Four other sites yielded genome-wide evidence for a significant association. On chromosome 1, multiple SNPs at the genes MR1 and STX6 were significant (e.g. rs1411478, 7.33E-12). On chromosome 3, SNPs at MOBP gave significant results (e.g. rs9820623, 3.43E-10). On chromosome 11, SNPs in or near FAM76B, CEP57, and MTMR2 give significant results (e.g. rs1727165, 9.13E-08). On chromosome 12, SNPs in or near Nell2 yielded significant results (e.g. rs7299371, 6.47E-08). Conclusion. MAPT is a susceptibility gene for both PSP and CBD. In addition, four other loci contribute to PSP/CBD risk. To replicate and extend these findings, we are genotyping an independent group of 139 PSP and 24 CBD autopsy cases, and 1,153 cases with a clinical diagnosis of PSP. These new risk loci will provide insight not only into PSP and CBD pathogenesis, but will also contribute to understanding other tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease. Funded by the CurePSP Society, the Charles D. Peebler Jr. PSP and CBD Genetics Program, and NIH.
Low threshold voltage vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (1993)

Vertical-cavity surface emitting laser diodes with threshold voltages as low as 1.48 V are demonstrated. The devices have low-resistance epitaxial mirrors, and current passes through the entire mirror stack. The low threshold voltage results from both low threshold current densities and mirrors with low resistivities even at low current densities. The laser fabrication sequence is relatively quick and simple and allows for the rapid characterisation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser material.
Hydrogen Isotope Separation Using a Metal–Organic Cage Built from Macrocycles (2022)

Abstract Porous materials that contain ultrafine pore apertures can separate hydrogen isotopes via kinetic quantum sieving (KQS). However, it is challenging to design materials with suitably narrow pores for KQS that also show good adsorption capacities and operate at practical temperatures. Here, we investigate a metal–organic cage (MOC) assembled from organic macrocycles and Zn II ions that exhibits narrow windows (&lt;3.0 Å). Two polymorphs, referred to as 2α and 2β , were observed. Both polymorphs exhibit D 2 /H 2 selectivity in the temperature range 30–100 K. At higher temperature (77 K), the D 2 adsorption capacity of 2β increases to about 2.7 times that of 2α , along with a reasonable D 2 /H 2 selectivity. Gas sorption analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy suggest a gate‐opening effect of the MOCs pore aperture. This promotes KQS at temperatures above liquid nitrogen temperature, indicating that MOCs hold promise for hydrogen isotope separation in real industrial environments.
Feasibility of Dialysate Bolus-Based Absolute Blood Volume Estimation in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients (2022)

We demonstrate feasibility of ABV-calculation by an automated algorithm after dialysate bolus-administration, based on the BVM-curve. Based on our results from this simple "abridged" calculation approach with routine clinical measurements, we encourage the use of multi-compartment modeling and comparison with reference methods of ABV-determination. Hopes are high that clinicians will be able to use ABV to inform target weight prescription, improving hemodynamic stability.
Composition for Enhanced SIP Presence (2007)

Presence has taken shape as a way to present a comprehensive view of the communications capabilities of a user or resource. Standardized protocols allow for receiving presence data from a variety of sources, such as a user's communication devices, cellular provider, online calendar and sensors in his environment. This data can describe many different aspects of his communication capability, such as his device characteristics, activities, and even physical locations. The large number of presence sources may lead to irrelevant or inconsistent data. Also, the data may be incomplete and not as usable as it could be to the presence watcher. This paper proposes the use of presence composition to remove unusable data and create new more usable data. We discuss the details of this composition and present a format with which a user can specify a policy for composition.
The complex puzzle of dietary silver nanoparticles, mucus and microbiota in the gut (2020)

Hundreds of consumer and commercial products containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently used in food, personal-care products, pharmaceutical, and many other applications. Human exposure to AgNPs includes oral intake, inhalation, and dermal contact. The aim of this review was to focus on oral intake, intentional and incidental of AgNPs where well-known antimicrobial characteristics that might affect the microbiome and mucus in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This critical review summarizes what is known regarding the impacts of AgNPs on gut homeostasis. It is fundamental to understand the forms of AgNPs and their physicochemical characterization before and during digestion. For example, lab-synthesized AgNPs differ from "real" ingestable AgNPs used as food additives and dietary supplements. Similarly, the gut environment alters the chemical and physical state of Ag that is ingested as AgNPs. Emerging research on <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> rodent and human indicated complex multi-directional relationships among AgNPs, the intestinal microbiota, and the epithelial mucus. It may be necessary to go beyond today's descriptive approach to a modeling-based ecosystem approach that might quantitatively integrate spatio-temporal interactions among microbial groups, host factors (e.g., mucus), and environmental factors, including lifestyle-based stressors. It is suggested that future research (1) utilize more representative AgNPs, focus on microbe/mucus interactions, (2) assess the effects of environmental stressors for longer and longitudinal conditions, and (3) be integrated using quantitative modeling.
Components of a Curriculum for Molecular Imaging Scientists (2011)

Molecular imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biologic processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems (1). It comprises an emerging set of technologies that builds on advances in imaging procedures (e.g., PET, SPECT, MRI, ultrasound, optical, and photoacoustic), improved understanding of biology, and the development of molecularly targeted agents. These continuously expanding sets of imaging methods are often used in combination, and advances in data acquisition and analyses facilitate a more complete understanding of biology. Molecular imaging aims to improve our understanding of mammalian biology and lead to advances in patient care by providing targeted therapies that will enable personalized medicine and the imaging tools to assess outcome. Implementation of these new technologies in clinical care has many educational, technical, and regulatory challenges that must be overcome before molecular imaging reaches its full potential. The impact of molecular imaging has been significant in several disciplines, because it represents a paradigm shift in how scientists and clinicians can observe biology in real time and in a relatively noninvasive manner to enable the power of repeated measures in living organisms.
Microvascular actions of histamine: synergism with leukotriene B4 and role in allergic leucocyte recruitment (1997)

We conclude that threshold concentrations of histamine can strikingly potentiate chemoattractant-induced leucocyte responses, and that in order to reduce allergic leucocyte recruitment it may be necessary to use antihistamines in doses high enough to abolish the microvascular actions of histamine.
Radiation force and shear motions in inhomogeneous media (2007)

An action of radiation force induced by ultrasonic beam in waterlike media such as biological tissues (where the shear modulus is small as compared to the bulk compressibility) is considered. A new, nondissipative mechanism of generation of shear displacement due to a smooth (nonreflecting) medium inhomogeneity is suggested, and the corresponding medium displacement is evaluated. It is shown that a linear primary acoustic field in nondissipative, isotropic elastic medium cannot excite a nonpotential radiation force and, hence, a shear motion, whereas even smooth inhomogeneity makes this effect possible. An example is considered showing that the generated displacement pulse can be significantly longer than the primary ultrasound pulse. It is noted that, unlike the dissipative effect, the nondissipative action on a localized inhomogeneity (such as a lesion in a tissue) changes its sign along the beam axis, thus stretching or compressing the focus area.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Yang Cyclizations of α‐Amido Ketones. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
NO generation and action during changes in salt intake: roles of nNOS and macula densa (1998)

Micropuncture studies of single nephrons have shown that macula densa solute reabsorption via a furosemide-sensitive pathway activates nitric oxide (NO) generation via neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). This pathway is enhanced during salt loading. We investigated the hypothesis that changes in NO generation via nNOS in the macula densa contribute to changes in whole kidney NO generation and action during alterations in salt intake. Groups of rats (n = 6-10) were equilibrated to high-salt (HS) or low-salt (LS) diets and were administered a vehicle (Veh), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; a relatively selective inhibitor of nNOS), or furosemide (F; an inhibitor of macula densa solute reabsorption) with volume replacement. Compared with LS, excretion of the NO metabolites, NO2 plus NO3 (NOX) was increased during HS (LS: 9.0 +/- 0.5 vs. HS: 15.7 +/- 0.8 micromol/24 h; P < 0.001), but this difference was prevented by 7-NI (LS: 7.4 +/- 1.3 vs. HS: 9.4 +/- 1.6 micromol/24 h; NS). During nonselective blockade of NOS with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased more in HS than LS (HS: +160 +/- 17 vs. LS: +83 +/- 10%; P < 0.001). This difference in response to nonselective NOS inhibition was prevented by pretreatment with 7-NI (HS: +28 +/- 6 vs. LS: +34 +/- 8%; NS) or F with volume replacement (HS: +79 +/- 11 vs. LS: +62 +/- 4%; NS). In conclusion, compared with salt restriction, HS intake increases NO generation and renal action that depend on nNOS and macula densa solute reabsorption.
Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Mini-Mental State Examination in detecting multi-domain mild cognitive impairment in a Chinese sub-sample drawn from a population-based study (2013)

Both screening tests had good discriminant validity and can be used in detecting md-MCI in a sub-sample of Chinese drawn from a population-based study.
ICA-based efficient blind dereverberation and echo cancellation method for barge-in-able robot audition (2009)

This paper describes a new method that allows ldquoBarge-Inrdquo in various environments for robot audition. ldquoBarge-inrdquo means that a user begins to speak simultaneously while a robot is speaking. To achieve the function, we must deal with problems on blind dereverberation and echo cancellation at the same time. We adopt Independent Component Analysis (ICA) because it essentially provides a natural framework for these two problems. To deal with reverberation, we apply a Multiple Input/Output INverse-filtering Theorem-based model of observation to the frequency domain ICA. The main problem is its high-computational cost of ICA. We reduce the computational complexity to the linear order of reverberation time by using two techniques: 1) a separation modelbased on observed signal independence, and 2) enforced spatial sphering for preprocessing. The experimental results revealed that our method improved word correctness of reverberant speech by 10-20 points.
Why is Porphobilinogen the Biological Substrate for the Formation of Porphyrins? Calculations on the Conformation of Acyclic Tetrapyrroles and the Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Hydroxymethylpyrroles (1993)

The substitution patten of pyrrole is crucial for the ready conversion of porphobilinogen (1) into uroporphyrinogen III (6). This was indicated by model reactions with hydroxymethylpyrroles 2–5 and the results of semiempirical calculations. These calculations showed that the acyclic tetramer from 3, formulated as intermediate, has a preferred cyclic conformation as a result of 1,3-allylic strain; cyclization of this conformation should be quite facile. P=(CH2)2CO2H, A=CH2CO2H.
Performance of Coded Systems with Generalized Selection Diversity in Nakagami Fading (2008)

We investigate the performance of coded diversity systems employing generalized selection combining (GSC) over Nakagami fading channels. In particular, we derive a numerical evaluation method for the cutoff rate of the GSC systems. In addition, we derive a new union bound on the bit-error probability based on the code's transfer function. The proposed bound is general to any coding scheme with a known weight distribution such as convolutional and trellis codes. Results show that the new bound is tight to simulation results for wide ranges of diversity order, Nakagami fading parameter, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Cryptographically Secure CRC for Lightweight Message Authentication. (2015)

A simple and practical hashing scheme based on Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is presented. Similarly to previously proposed cryptographically secure CRCs, the presented one detects both, random and malicious, errors without increasing bandwidth. However, we use a product of irreducible polynomials instead of a single irreducible polynomial for generating the CRC. This is an advantage since smaller irreducible polynomials are easier to compute. The price we pay is that the probability that two different messages map into the same CRC increases. We provide a detailed quantitative analysis of the achieved security as a function of message and CRC sizes. The presented method seems to be particularly attractive for the authentication of short messages.
Direction- and speed-defined spatial contours; one mechansim or two? (2010)

Purpose. The visual system integrates local orientation information across space to define spatial contours (Field, etal V.R. 33, 1993). More recently, it has been shown that a similar integration occurs for the direction of local motion signals in different parts of the field if they are aligned along a spatial contour (Ledgeway & Hess ARVO, 2001). Here we ask whether similar spatial-linking rules hold for contours defined by a common speed different from that of the background. Methods Using a standard 2AFC task, observers were asked to choose which interval contained the elongated contour (path). One interval chosen at random on each trial contained 158 micropatterns of random position and direction (background micropatterns) and in the other interval (path plus background)the motion directions of some (8) of the background micropatterns were arranged to lie along the invisible backbone of an elongated contour. The directions/speeds of motion of the micropatterns making up this contour could be varied independently from those of the background micropatterns. Performance was measured for direction-defined or speed-defined contours of varying straightness.Results The results for speed-defined paths do not follow the specialized rules for detecting or disambiguating 2-D spatial contours because they do not depend on the curvature of the contour to be detected and operate under conditions where directional-linking has been rendered ineffective (e.g. when all motion directions are either random or all the same. Conclusions The results show that while speed does enhance performance for motion-defined contours, it does so via a different route to that of directional-linking. For motion-defined contours, the Gestalt notion of “common fate” and “good continuity” occur via separate underlying mechanisms.
Elimination of leakage and ground-bounce effects in ground-penetrating radar data (2002)

We address the problem of removing specular ground surface reflections and leakage/cross-talk from downward looking stepped frequency ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data. A new model for the ground-bounce and the leakage/cross-talk is introduced. An algorithm that jointly estimates these effects from collected data is presented. The algorithm has the sound foundation of a nonlinear least squares (LS) fit to the presented model. The minimization is performed in a cyclic manner where one step is a linear LS minimization and the other step is a non-linear LS minimization where the optimum can efficiently be found using, e.g., the chirp-transform algorithm. The results after applying the algorithm to measured GPR data, collected at a US army test range, are also shown.
Improved X-ray computed tomography reconstruction of the largest fragment of the Antikythera Mechanism, an ancient Greek astronomical calculator (2018)

The Antikythera Mechanism is an extraordinarily complex ancient Greek astronomical calculating device whose mode of operation is now relatively well understood particularly since imaging studies in 2005 revealed gears and inscriptions which were previously illegible. Unfortunately, the highest resolution X-ray computed tomography image of the largest fragment had some errors which meant that the reconstructed images were not as clear as had been expected. Here, the original X-ray data have been reanalysed and reconstructed. The new X-ray computed tomography images have improved contrast and resolution, leading to better clarity and legibility. The improvement in image quality is characterised and some examples of writing on the Mechanism which can now be read with increased confidence are given.
Structure in errors: a case study in fingerprint verification (2003)

Measuring the accuracy of biometrics systems is important. Accuracy estimates depend very much on the quality of the test data that are used: including poor quality data will degrade the accuracy estimates. Factors that determine the good quality data and poor quality data can not be revealed by simple accuracy estimates. We propose a novel methodology to analyze how the overall accuracy estimate of a system relates to the specific quality of biometrics samples. Using a large collection of fingerprint samples, we present an analysis of system accuracy, which suggests that a significant part of the error is due to few fingers.
Nonlinear Thermoelastic Model for SMAs and SMA Hybrid Composites (2004)

A constitutive mathematical model has been developed that predicts the nonlinear thermomechanical behaviors of shape-memory-alloys (SMAs) and of shape-memory-alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures, which are composite-material structures that contain embedded SMA actuators. SMAHC structures have been investigated for their potential utility in a variety of applications in which there are requirements for static or dynamic control of the shapes of structures, control of the thermoelastic responses of structures, or control of noise and vibrations. The present model overcomes deficiencies of prior, overly simplistic or qualitative models that have proven ineffective or intractable for engineering of SMAHC structures. The model is sophisticated enough to capture the essential features of the mechanics of SMAHC structures yet simple enough to accommodate input from fundamental engineering measurements and is in a form that is amenable to implementation in general-purpose structural analysis environments.
Nitroxyl Disulfides, Novel Intermediates in Transnitrosation Reactions (2003)

A novel anionic RSN(O)SR species, the intermediate in transnitrosation reactions, was explored computationally with B3LYP and CBS-QB3 methods. The species resembles a nitroxyl coordinated to a highly distorted disulfide, and it differs significantly from intermediates in nucleophilic acyl substitution. Reactions of the following species were computed for comparison: MeS(-) + MeSNO; MeO(-) + MeONO; MeS(-) + MeSCHO; MeO(-) + MeOCHO. The last two have very different intermediates from the first two. Mass spectrometric experimental evidence is presented that is consistent with the formation of a nitroxyl disulfide in the gas phase. The calculated proton affinity and redox potentials of the intermediate are also reported.
Neutron radiation can activate K-ras via a point mutation in codon 146 and induces a different spectrum of ras mutations than does gamma radiation. (1990)

Neutron radiation is known to produce tumors in animals and cause cell transformation. We have developed a protocol to efficiently induce thymic lymphomas in RF/J mice by a single acute dose of neutron irradiation. Activated ras genes were detected in 17% (4 of 24) of the tumors analyzed. One of the tumors contained a K-ras gene activated by a point mutation in codon 146. Activating ras mutations at position 146 have not been previously detected in any known human or animal tumors. The spectrum of ras mutations detected in neutron radiation-induced thymic lymphomas was different from that seen in thymic lymphomas induced by gamma radiation in the same strain of mice. These results may have important implications for the mechanisms by which different types of radiation damage DNA.
The sonochemical approach improves the CuO–ZnO/TiO2 catalyst for WGS reaction (2014)

The CuO-ZnO composite was deposited onto two kinds of titania supports, which are synthetic mesoporous TiO2 and commercial TiO2 P25 (Degussa), via the ultrasound assisted precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) methods, respectively. The catalysts were tested for WGS reaction in the temperature range of 200-400 °C, and the best catalytic performance was achieved for the sonochemically prepared catalysts supported on the commercial TiO2 P25, which contains well crystallized anatase and rutile phases. Although the synthetic mesoporous TiO2 has a higher surface area, its textural structure is not stable under the reaction conditions, leading to gradual deactivation of the CuO-ZnO/TiO2 catalyst. It is found that the sonochemical preparation offers at least two advantages: (1) generation of mesopores on the catalyst surface and (2) doping of ZnO into the CuO phase. The doping of ZnO, particularly in the case of commercial TiO2 P25, provides high activity and extra stability to the active phase of Cu(0). These new findings provide new insights into the design and development of better heterogeneous catalysts for WGS reaction.