gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional Fourier-Series Solution of the Quasi-Neutral Drift–Diffusion Equations (2020)

The semiconductor drift-diffusion equations describe the flow of electrons and holes in solar cells. When fully coupled using Poisson's equation, these equations are strongly nonlinear. However, with the exception of the first micrometer near each surface, the uniformly doped bulk in a solar cell is quasi-neutral, meaning that there is a nearly equal density of excess electrons and holes at each location. The drift-diffusion equations can then be reduced to two differential equations, one approximately linear in the excess carrier density and the other approximately linear in the excess electrostatic potential. The small deviations from linearity can be accommodated by initially treating the nonlinear terms as constant, updating the constants based on the solution result, and then iterating this cycle until convergence is achieved. When these linear differential equations are subject to reflective edge boundary conditions as typically occur when modeling solar cells, they can be solved efficiently using Fourier-series techniques. A specific numerical approach is described in detail and validated for the 2- and 3-D simulations of silicon-wafer solar cells with varying back contact parameters.
Optical second-harmonic generation in III-V semiconductors: Detailed formulation and computational results (1991)

In an earlier paper [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 41 (1991)], we calculated both the dielectric constant (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$) and the nonlinear optical susceptibilities for second-harmonic generation (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{(2)}$) in the static limit for AlP, AlAs, GaP, and GaAs in the local-density approximation with and without a self-energy correction in the form of a ``scissors operator,'' including local-field effects. In this paper, we expand our presentation of this calculation. Agreement with experiment to within 15% for the nonlinear susceptibility is demonstrated where experiments are available (GaP and GaAs); the dielectric constants are in no worse than 4% agreement with experiment. The ``virtual hole'' contributions are reformulated to avoid large numerical cancellations in the case of near degeneracies. The ``virtual electron'' terms dominate over the ``virtual hole'' terms by about one order of magnitude. Local-field corrections are smaller than the main terms by about one order of magnitude. The formulas needed to apply a self-energy correction in the form of a ``scissors operator'' to this problem are presented. The addition of a self-energy correction requires a renormalization of the velocity operator; a failure to include the velocity-operator renormalization leads to a factor-of-2 correction to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{(2)}$, destroying the good agreement with experiment. The neglect of the short-wave charge induced at the second-harmonic frequency is justified. The f-sum rule and another, related sum rule for second-harmonic generation is well satisfied numerically. For well-converged results, a plane-wave-basis-set energy cutoff of 9--12 hartrees is required for GaAs, but only eigenfunctions with eigenvalues less than about 1--2 hartrees need be included. Using a special-points integration scheme, 10 points are not sufficient, 28 points are typically adequate, and for the material considered with the smallest band gap, GaAs, 60 special points are marginally desirable.
Effective Shot Boundary Classification Using Video Spatial-Temporal Information (2005)

We propose in this paper a new video shot boundary classification (SBC) method. First we present a method to extract features, which exploits the spatial-temporal information of video frames in a sliding window centered at the detected shot boundary. Then feature projection and classification methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with k-nearest neighbor classification, and hierarchical discriminant regression (HDR) are proposed to classify different types of shot boundaries. Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed SBC method.
SoC-based droop method for distributed energy storage in DC microgrid applications (2012)

With the progress of distributed generation nowadays, microgrid is employed to integrate different renewable energy sources into a certain area. For several kinds of renewable sources have DC outputs, DC microgrid has drawn more attention recently. Meanwhile, to deal with the uncertainty in the output of microgrid system, distributed energy storage is usually adopted. Considering that the state-of-charge (SoC) of each battery may not be the same, decentralized droop control method based on SoC is shown in this paper to reach proportional load power sharing. With this method, the battery with higher SoC supplies more load power, while the one with lower SoC supplies less load power. Different kinds of relationship between SoC and droop coefficient are selected and their performance of power sharing speed is evaluated. Small signal model of SoC-based droop method is reached to test the system stability. Theoretical analysis is validated by both simulation and experimental results.
The flash-lag illusion: distinguishing a spatial from a temporal effect, and why that matters for interpreting visual physiology (2010)

In the flash-lag illusion (FLI), a flash aligned with a moving object appears to be offset. Previously, we presented evidence that visual information from ~80 ms after an event can be used by the visual system to attribute a perceptual decision to the time of the event (Eagleman & Sejnowski, 2000, Science, 287: 2036). The attributed position of the moving object is an interpolation of its previous positions, which suggests that the FLI is a spatial illusion. Our framework contrasts with the latency difference (LD) hypothesis, which assumes that a flash takes a longer time to reach awareness than a continuously moving object; this would make the FLI a temporal illusion. A consequence of the LD framework is that a flash and a moving object presented simultaneously will be perceived with illusory temporal order. We tested this prediction and found that, in contrast to the LD hypothesis, subjects do not perceive mis-ordered stimuli, even under the same experimental conditions that produce the FLI. Our framework of spatial interpolation after a perceptual delay explains other, seemingly-unrelated illusions, such as the Frohlich effect. Being clear on whether the visual system suffers temporal vs. spatial difficulties is critical when interpreting the known physiology. Specifically, if the system does not generally exhibit temporal illusions, and yet different stimuli cause neural responses with different latencies, there must be some mechanism for correctly “time-stamping” the onset of different stimuli. We suggest that in order to compensate for the different latencies, the cerebral cortex waits for slower information to arrive before committing to a perceptual decision. In this way, widely varying stimulus-evoked latencies can be reconciled with precise psychophysical temporal detection.
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of 2-Ethenyl and 2-Ethanyl Derivatives of 5-Nitroimidazole and Antimicrobial Activity against Giardia lamblia (2009)

Infections with the diarrheagenic pathogen, Giardia lamblia, are commonly treated with the 5-nitroimidazole (5-NI) metronidazole (Mz), and yet treatment failures and Mz resistance occur. Using a panel of new 2-ethenyl and 2-ethanyl 5-NI derivatives, we found that compounds with a saturated bridge between the 5-NI core and a pendant ring system exhibited only modestly increased antigiardial activity and could not overcome Mz resistance. By contrast, olefins with a conjugated bridge connecting the core and a substituted phenyl or heterocyclic ring showed greatly increased antigiardial activity without toxicity, and several overcame Mz resistance and were more effective than Mz in a murine giardiasis model. Determination of the half-wave potential of the initial one-electron transfer by cyclic voltammetry revealed that easier redox activation correlated with greater antigiardial activity and capacity to overcome Mz resistance. These studies show the potential of combining systematic synthetic approaches with biological and electrochemical evaluations in developing improved 5-NI drugs.
Fate of Kepone and mirex in the aquatic environment (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFate of Kepone and mirex in the aquatic environmentJames N. Huckins, David L. Stalling, Jimmie D. Petty, Denny R. Buckler, and B. Thomas JohnsonCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1982, 30, 6, 1020–1027Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00114a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00114a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views159Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A four-Layer depth of interaction detector block for small animal PET (2004)

We are now planning to develop a positron emission tomograph dedicated to small animals, such as rats and mice, which meets the demand for higher sensitivity. For the positron emission tomography (PET), we newly designed a four-layer depth of interaction (DOI) detector, which is constructed of all the same crystal elements. In this DOI detector, appropriate insertion of the reflector controls the behavior of scintillation photons by inserting the reflectors between crystal elements so that the DOI information of four layers can be extracted from one two-dimensional (2-D) position histogram made by Anger-type calculation. As a preliminary experiment, we measured crystal identification performance of the DOI detector, which consists of four layers of a 16 /spl times/ 16 crystal array using Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ crystals with Ce concentration of 0.5 mol %. Each crystal is in dimensions of 1.42 mm /spl times/ 1.42 mm /spl times/ 4.5 mm. A crystal block is optically coupled to a 256-channel flat panel position sensitive photomultiplier tube whose opening area is 52.0 mm /spl times/ 52.0 mm. We obtained sufficient positioning performance for this four-layer DOI detector on the 2-D position histogram. We concluded that it would be a promising device to realize a small animal PET scanner with high sensitivity and high resolution.
GEOMETRY AND BIAS DEPENDENCE OF LOW-FREQUENCY RANDOM TELEGRAPH SIGNAL AND 1/f NOISE LEVELS IN MOSFETS (2005)

Low-frequency noise in MOSFETs is considered to originate from two distinctive sources: Random Telegraph Signal caused by carrier traps at the border of the SiO 2 / Si interface and 1/f fluctuation due to inherent nature of lattice scattering in a Si crystal. It is very important to distinguish these two mechanisms. Relative amplitude of RTS and 1/f noise depends on the number of carriers under the gate electrode, which makes it channel size as well as gate-bias dependent. In this paper, we discuss the dependence of the amplitudes of RTS and 1/f noise in MOSFETs on sample geometry and gate bias condition. We discuss low-frequency noise reduction by utilizing low electron-temperature plasma for gate oxidation as well.
Energy profile for a nonconcerted SN2 reaction in solution (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnergy profile for a nonconcerted SN2 reaction in solutionJayaraman Chandrasekhar and William L. JorgensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 10, 2974–2975Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00296a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00296a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views789Altmetric-Citations141LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Binding characteristics and antitumor properties of 1A10 bispecific antibody recognizing gp40 and human transferrin receptor. (1996)

The bispecific murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1A10 has specificity for the human transferrin receptor (TfR) and the human tumor-associated antigen gp40. This antibody, therefore, functions as an "antigen fork" by binding to two distinct antigens on the same malignant cell. Highly purified 1A10 inhibits the growth of cells coexpressing high levels of human TfR and the tumor-associated antigen gp40 by binding to both target antigens. In SW948 cells, the majority of 1A10 binding is via its gp40 specificity, and half-maximal inhibition of cell growth by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay requires 20-30-micrograms/ml concentrations of 1A10. The binding of 1A10 correlates with growth inhibition in the cell lines HT-29, SK-OV-3, OVCAR-2, and OVCAR-3. The growth of OVCAR-10 cells, which express little gp40 and TfR, is not inhibited by 1A10. However, SK-BR-3 cells, which express abundant gp40 and extremely high levels of TfR, are insensitive to the effects of 1A10. In some cell lines, combined exposure to 1A10 and the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate has synergistic antiproliferative effects. A single i.p. dose of 600 micrograms 1A10 is sufficient to achieve an estimated tumor concentration of at least 30 micrograms/ml for 7 days in C.B17/Icr-scid mice bearing SW948 human tumor xenografts. Treatment of scid mice bearing day 2 or day 4 SW948 xenografts with single or multiple 1A10 doses inhibits tumor growth in a dose-related fashion. Antitumor effects are not seen with therapy using either parental antibody of 1A10. The antiproliferative properties of 1A10 in tumor cells overexpressing gp40 and TfR suggest avenues for the development of new bispecific antibody-promoted treatment strategies.
Effects of Supervised Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Adiponectin and Parameters of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Moderate Dyslipidemia (2010)

These results suggest that supervised aerobic exercise training two to three times/week in the presence of body weight loss increases serum adiponectin with an improved lipid profile and insulin sensitivity at week 16 in non-obese moderate dyslipidemic patients, and that VLDL-cholesterol is markedly decreased by supervised aerobic exercise training.
Modular Multilevel Converter for a Linear Generator for Wave Energy Converter (2022)

In this paper we propose a modular multilevel converter for a linear generator for a wave energy converter. The coils of this generator are individually controlled to improve energy harvesting performance. This topology involves two stages. The first stage uses a full-bridge to control the harvested current with a reference generated by means of an MPPT method. The second stage uses a half-bridge to control the voltage of the DC-link and the output current. Furthermore, multilevel modular converters allow the generation of a medium DC voltagethat reduces the losses in energy transmission lines from offshore to a coupling common point on the shore.
Electronic Structure of the Electrochemically Delithiated Li[sub 1−x]FePO[sub 4] Electrodes Investigated by P K-edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (2006)

P K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been carried out to investigate the electronic structure of the electrochemically delithiated for Li rechargeable batteries. The gradual shift of main edge features to higher energy side showed that bonds become less covalent during delithiation due to the more covalent bonds via the inductive effect. A principal component analysis of P K-edge XAS spectra of the electrochemically delithiated reveals that this set of spectra can be well represented by two primary components, in good agreement with a first-order phase transition involving the and phases. From the observation of pre-edge peaks, it is concluded that electrochemical delithiation of results in the hybridization of states with the states.
Age-Related Tortuosity of Carotid and Vertebral Arteries: Quantitative Evaluation With MR Angiography (2022)

Vascular auto-segmentation, centerline tracking, and phase mapping provide promising quantitative assessments of tortuosity and its effects on blood flow. The neck arteries demonstrate quantifiable and significant age-related morphological and hemodynamic alterations. Moreover, females showed more distinct vascular changes with age. Our work is built upon a comprehensive quantitative investigation of a large cohort of populations covering adult lifespan using MRI, the results can serve as reference ranges of each decade in the general population.
A comparison of two methods for advancing time in parallel discrete event simulation (2005)

We compare the design and implementation of a parallel simulation of a traffic flow network using two different approaches: event-driven and time-driven. Our experiments with the sequential implementation of the two approaches correlates with previous research (Nance, 1971). We design a conservative parallel implementation of the traffic flow problem where we obtain a maximum speedup of 9.27 using 16 Sun workstations running under parallel virtual machine or PVM (Geist et al., 1993). We use wall-clock time as a measure of execution speed. We show that appreciable speedup can be achieved in parallelizing either the event-driven or time-driven approach. We also show that speedup is a misleading metric when used to compare the parallelizability of the two approaches. Parallel performance, as measured by speedup, may be better when the sequential performance is poor. For example, the time-driven implementation achieved better speedup than the event-driven implementation for few cars in the system; however the sequential time-driven implementation required longer to execute than the event-driven implementation for few cars in the system. Similarly for many cars in the system, the event-driven implementation achieved better speedup than the time-driven implementation.
Laser print quality: practically continuous addressability (2007)

A novel method for resolution enhancement of Electro Photographic (EP) printers is presented. The proposed method is applicable for laser printers that have a partial-pixel exposure capability such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). By coupling partial exposure with anti-aliasing rendering, the proposed technology enables practically continuous addressability, namely, placement resolution. Using this technology we can show significant print quality improvement, such as the ability to render lines with arbitrary width and location. This would allow printing smooth line art at any angle with a relatively coarse pixel grid. The proposed method will thus provide better print quality compared to post process type resolution enhancement alternatives used today. The method has been tested theoretically using a Liquid EP (LEP) model, and experimentally confirmed.
Do Memory CD4 T Cells Keep Their Cell-Type Programming: Plasticity versus Fate Commitment? (2017)

The wide range of effector and memory T cells is instrumental for immune regulation and tailored mechanisms of protection against pathogens. Here, we will focus on human CD4 T cells and discuss T-cell plasticity and intraclonal diversification in the context of a progressive and selective model of CD4 T-cell differentiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild, Reversible C‐H Oxidative Addition/Reductive Elimination in a Dinuclear Iridium Complex. (1987)

Abstract On heating of the hydrido‐η3‐allyl‐Ir complex (I) in benzene the hydride‐bridged μη1,η3‐allyl‐Ir2 complex (II) is formed.
Constructing 3D city models by merging ground-based and airborne views (2003)

In this paper, we present a fast approach to automated generation of textured 3D city models with both high details at ground level, and complete coverage for bird's-eye view. A close-range facade model is acquired at the ground level by driving a vehicle equipped with laser scanners and a digital camera under normal traffic conditions on public roads; a far-range Digital Surface Map (DSM), containing complementary roof and terrain shape, is created from airborne laser scans, then triangulated, and finally texture mapped with aerial imagery. The facade models are first registered with respect to the DSM by using Monte-Carlo-Localization, and then merged with the DSM by removing redundant parts and filling gaps. The developed algorithms are evaluated on a data set acquired in downtown Berkeley.