gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using Relative Humidity Indicator Paper to Measure Seed and Commodity Moisture Contents (2016)

Core Ideas Low seed and commodity moisture contents are critical for safe storage. Equipment for measuring moisture content is often unavailable in rural locations. Commodity moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity are uniquely related. Relative humidity can be measured easily using electronic meters or indicator paper. Commodity moisture content can be conveniently measured using such indicator strips. Declines of seed viability in storage and losses of stored commodities due to fungal spoilage and insect pests are promoted by high moisture content. However, measuring seed or grain moisture content in the field can be difficult, particularly in rural locations in developing countries. Because seed/commodity moisture content is uniquely related to equilibrium relative humidity at a given temperature, moisture content can be estimated by measuring the relative humidity of a sample enclosed in a sealed container. Relative humidity can be measured using electronic meters, or even more inexpensively using indicator paper that changes color in response to relative humidity. We describe this method and provide a spreadsheet to convert relative humidity to moisture content for many common seeds and commodities. This simple method can be used in the field for quickly estimating seed or commodity moisture content to determine whether further drying is needed or is suitable for storage, milling or other uses.
Organ burden of inhaled nanoceria in a 2-year low-dose exposure study: dump or depot? (2020)

No detailed information on <i>in vivo</i> biokinetics of CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles (NPs) following chronic low-dose inhalation is available. The CeO<sub>2</sub> burden for lung, lung-associated lymph nodes, and major non-pulmonary organs, blood, and feces, was determined in a chronic whole-body inhalation study in female Wistar rats undertaken according to OECD TG453 (6 h per day for 5 days per week for a 104 weeks with the following concentrations: 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, animals were sacrificed after 3, 12, 24 months). Different spectroscopy methods (ICP-MS, ion-beam-microscopy) were used for the quantification of organ burden and for visualization of NP distribution patterns in tissues. After 24 months of exposure, the highest CeO<sub>2</sub> lung burden (4.41 mg per lung) was associated with the highest aerosol concentration and was proportionally lower for the other groups in a dose-dependent manner. Imaging techniques confirmed the presence of CeO<sub>2</sub> agglomerates of different size categories within lung tissue with a non-homogenous distribution. For the highest exposure group, after 24 months in total 1.2% of the dose retained in the lung was found in the organs and tissues analyzed in this study, excluding lymph nodes and skeleton. The CeO<sub>2</sub> burden per tissue decreased from lungs > lymph nodes > hard bone > liver > bone marrow. For two dosage groups, the liver organ burden showed a low accumulation rate. Here, the liver can be regarded as depot, whereas kidneys, the skeleton, and bone marrow seem to be dumps due to steadily increasing NP burden over time.
Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in adults and children (2022)

Different neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and children and their impact have not been well characterized. We aimed to determine the prevalence of neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and ascertain differences between adults and children. We conducted a prospective multicentre observational study using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) cohort across 1507 sites worldwide from 30 January 2020 to 25 May 2021. Analyses of neurological manifestations and neurological complications considered unadjusted prevalence estimates for predefined patient subgroups, and adjusted estimates as a function of patient age and time of hospitalization using generalized linear models. Overall, 161 239 patients (158 267 adults; 2972 children) hospitalized with COVID-19 and assessed for neurological manifestations and complications were included. In adults and children, the most frequent neurological manifestations at admission were fatigue (adults: 37.4%; children: 20.4%), altered consciousness (20.9%; 6.8%), myalgia (16.9%; 7.6%), dysgeusia (7.4%; 1.9%), anosmia (6.0%; 2.2%) and seizure (1.1%; 5.2%). In adults, the most frequent in-hospital neurological complications were stroke (1.5%), seizure (1%) and CNS infection (0.2%). Each occurred more frequently in intensive care unit (ICU) than in non-ICU patients. In children, seizure was the only neurological complication to occur more frequently in ICU versus non-ICU (7.1% versus 2.3%, P < 0.001). Stroke prevalence increased with increasing age, while CNS infection and seizure steadily decreased with age. There was a dramatic decrease in stroke over time during the pandemic. Hypertension, chronic neurological disease and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were associated with increased risk of stroke. Altered consciousness was associated with CNS infection, seizure and stroke. All in-hospital neurological complications were associated with increased odds of death. The likelihood of death rose with increasing age, especially after 25 years of age. In conclusion, adults and children have different neurological manifestations and in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19. Stroke risk increased with increasing age, while CNS infection and seizure risk decreased with age.
ChemInform Abstract: Relative and Absolute Stereochemistry of the Fumonisin B2 Backbone. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High Quality Factor Photonic Crystal Nanocavities in “Impossible Scenarios”: Dual-polarization, Low-index Materials and Air-band Modes (2009)

We for the first time present designs of high-Q photonic crystal nanocavities in the cases previously rendered “impossible”, including an ultra-high Q dual-polarized nanocavities, high Q/V cavities based on low-index materials, and high-Q air-band-mode cavities.
Dynamics and Balance Control of the Reaction Mass Pendulum: A Three-Dimensional Multibody Pendulum With Variable Body Inertia (2013)

Pendulum models have been studied as benchmark problems for development of nonlinear control schemes, as well as reduced-order models for the dynamics analysis of gait, balance and fall for humanoid robots. We have earlier introduced the reaction mass pendulum (RMP), an extension of the traditional inverted pendulum models, which explicitly captures the variable rotational inertia and angular momentum of a human or humanoid. The RMP consists of an extensible “leg”, and a “body” with moving proof masses that gives rise to the variable rotational inertia. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of the RMP, which is treated as a three-dimensional (3D) multibody system in its own right. We derive the complete kinematics and dynamics equations of the RMP system and obtain its equilibrium conditions. We show that the equilibria of this system consist of an unstable equilibrium manifold and a stable equilibrium manifold. Next, we present a nonlinear control scheme for the RMP, which is an underactuated system with three unactuated degrees of freedom (DOFs). This scheme asymptotically stabilizes this underactuated system at its unstable equilibrium manifold, with a vertically upright configuration for the “leg” of the RMP. The domain of convergence of this stabilization scheme is shown to be almost global in the state space of the RMP. Numerical simulation results verify this stability property of the control scheme and demonstrate its effectiveness in stabilizing the unstable equilibrium manifold.
Surgical management of failed colon interposition☆ (2008)

Complications that develop after colon bypass present major challenges for surgeons to maintain swallowing and quality of life. We present successful strategies to manage these devastating complications. It is the largest report dealing with a wide variety of complications of colon bypass.
Image Color Transfer with Naturalness Constraints (2011)

In consumer imaging applications involving photo collages or composition of user photos with professional artwork, inconsistent color appearance of photos and artwork from different sources can result in compositions that do no look aesthetically pleasing. Users often express a desire to modify individual images to achieve a more consistent color appearance. Prior work in color transfer that extract the color properties of one image and apply it to another have shown very interesting results [1,2]. These works focused on achieving an artistic effect, usually without the constraint of conserving object color. In consumer imaging, we have to be more conscious about conserving general object color and especially skin tones, which are not amenable to aggressive color change. In this paper we describe an algorithm to estimate the color and tone properties of an image and transfer these properties to another image under a strong naturalness constraint. In our method, color changes are constrained to correspond to incomplete adaptation under natural illuminants. We use a simple Bayesian method to characterize scene color properties, expressed as scene color temperature and illumination levels. An existing color adaptation model RLAB [3] is used to apply color changes by simulating incomplete adaptation to a colored target illuminant. We emphasize that this is not a method of white point estimation nor a white balance procedure Rather, we use color adaptation models as a means to ensure color adjustments to be &#x201C;plausible&#x201D;, and therefore maintain a natural appearance to the images even after significant color adjustments.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides with Amines (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Review—“Knees” in Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Trajectories (2022)

Lithium-ion batteries can last many years but sometimes exhibit rapid, nonlinear degradation that severely limits battery lifetime. In this work, we review prior work on “knees” in lithium-ion battery aging trajectories. We first review definitions for knees and three classes of “internal state trajectories” (termed snowball, hidden, and threshold trajectories) that can cause a knee. We then discuss six knee “pathways”, including lithium plating, electrode saturation, resistance growth, electrolyte and additive depletion, percolation-limited connectivity, and mechanical deformation—some of which have internal state trajectories with signals that are electrochemically undetectable. We also identify key design and usage sensitivities for knees. Finally, we discuss challenges and opportunities for knee modeling and prediction. Our findings illustrate the complexity and subtlety of lithium-ion battery degradation and can aid both academic and industrial efforts to improve battery lifetime.
Nanotexturation-induced extreme wettability of an elemental tellurium coating (2011)

A combination of microscale and nanoscale texturation has been achieved in hierarchically structured Te coatings deposited onto a variety of substrata via self-catalyzed vapor transport. The coating thickness and roughness of the deposited Te surfaces are tunable via control over the reaction temperature and diffusion flux. The intricately structured surfaces exhibit sub-40 ms flash spreading of water to eventual macroscopic contact angles of 0° without any need for surface cleaning. The wettability characteristics of the surface are ascribed to the role of the hierarchical roughness in stabilizing the droplet/surface interactions in the Wenzel regime. The surfaces retain their hydrophilic properties over several months and are especially notable as a conductive addition to materials exhibiting unusual superwetting behaviour.
Stabilizing a Double Gyroid Network Phase with 2 nm Feature Size by Blending of Lamellar and Cylindrical Forming Block Oligomers (2022)

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study binary blends of an AB-type diblock and an AB<sub>2</sub>-type miktoarm triblock amphiphiles (also known as high-χ block oligomers) consisting of sugar-based (A) and hydrocarbon (B) blocks. In their pure form, the AB diblock and AB<sub>2</sub> triblock amphiphiles self-assemble into ordered lamellar (LAM) and cylindrical (CYL) structures, respectively. At intermediate compositions, however, the AB<sub>2</sub>-rich blend (0.2 ≤ <i>x</i> <sub>AB</sub> ≤ 0.4) forms a double gyroid (DG) network, whereas perforated lamellae (PL) are observed in the AB-rich blend (0.5 ≤ <i>x</i> <sub>AB</sub> ≤ 0.8). All of the ordered mesophases present domain pitches under 3 nm, with 1 nm feature sizes for the polar domains. Structural analyses reveal that the nonuniform interfacial curvatures of DG and PL structures are supported by local composition variations of the LAM- and CYL-forming amphiphiles. Self-consistent mean field theory calculations for blends of related AB and AB<sub>2</sub> block polymers also show the DG network at intermediate compositions, when A is the minority block, but PL is not stable. This work provides molecular-level insights into how blending of shape-filling molecular architectures enables network phase formation with extremely small feature sizes over a wide composition range.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cyclizations of Silyl Enol Ethers: Application to the Synthesis of (+)‐Lycopladine A (2006)

In control: Gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular addition of silyl enol ethers to alkynes and allenes allows for the diastereoselective synthesis of cyclopentenes with control of the position of the double bond. The utility of these reactions is demonstrated by an efficient total synthesis of (+)-lycopladine A that takes advantage of the orthogonal reactivity of AuI and Pd0 towards unsaturated iodides (see scheme).
Drosophila melanogaster GRD and LCCH3 subunits form heteromultimeric GABA‐gated cation channels (2004)

In addition to its action as a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is thought to mediate excitatory action by activating cation currents in some cell types in invertebrates. However, to date no GABA receptor capable of mediating such action has been identified at the molecular level in insects. Using a systematic expression screening approach, we found that the Drosophila ligand-gated ion channel subunits GRD and LCCH3 combine to form cation-selective GABA-gated ion channels when coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The heteromultimeric receptor is activated by GABA (EC50=4.5 microm), muscimol (EC50=4.8 microm) and trans-4-aminocrotonic acid (EC50=104.5 microm), and partially by cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (EC50=106.3 microm). Picrotoxin effectively blocked the GABA-gated channel (IC50=0.25 microm), but bicuculline, TPMTA, dieldrin and lindane did not. The benzodiazepines flunitrazepam and diazepam did not potentiate the GABA-evoked current. Our data suggest that heteromultimeric channels composed of GRD and LCCH3 subunits form GABA-gated cation channels in insects.
Techniques for efficient information transfer in sensor networks (2007)

Efficient information delivery in sensor networks is one major research area in the community. In one dimension, efficiency for information delivery in sensor networks includes energy efficiency, capacity efficiency and scalability. In another dimension, the efficiency can be achieved at different network layers: application layer, transport layer or routing layer. 
These two dimensions describe a design space for efficient information delivery in wireless sensor networks. 
We have made several contributions to this design space. First, we have proposed and studied utility-based sensor selection framework to maximize the lifetime of sensor networks at all three layers. Then, we have theoretically studied the problem of energy-efficient broadcasting in a realistic network model. Next, we have proposed and evaluated QCRA, a quasi-static centralized rate control for sensor networks, which achieves capacity efficiency at the transport layer. Finally, we have proposed and evaluated HLR, a data-centric routing protocol that achieves scalability at the routing layer without requiring accurate geographic locations.
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Polymerization Astronomy. Synthesis of Polymer Stars by Cationic Means (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Amine‐Reactive Monolayers on Scribed Silicon with Controlled Levels of Functionality: Reaction of a Bare Silicon Surface with Mono‐ and Diepoxides (2003)

The reaction of epoxides with a bare silicon surface is reported (see scheme). Diepoxides yield amine-reactive monolayers on scribed silicon. Controlled levels of epoxide functionality are obtained in mixed monolayers of 1,2-epoxyoctane and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z50846_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Self-assembly of (111)-oriented tensile-strained quantum dots by molecular beam epitaxy (2018)

The authors report on a comprehensive study of the growth of coherently strained GaAs quantum dots (QDs) on (111) surfaces via the Stranski–Krastanov (SK) self-assembly mechanism. Recent reports indicate that the long-standing challenges, whereby the SK growth mechanism could not be used to synthesize QDs on (111) surfaces, or QDs under tensile strain, have been overcome. However, a systematic study of the SK growth of (111)-oriented, tensile-strained QDs (TSQDs) as a function of molecular beam epitaxy growth parameters is still needed. Here, the authors explore the effects of deposition amount, substrate temperature, growth rate, and V/III flux ratio on the SK-driven self-assembly of GaAs(111)A TSQDs. The authors highlight aspects of TSQD SK self-assembly on (111) surfaces that appear to differ from the SK growth of traditional compressively strained QDs on (100) surfaces. The unique properties of (111) QDs and tensile-strained QDs mean that they are of interest for various research areas. The results discussed here offer a practical guide for tailoring the size, shape, density, uniformity, and photon emission wavelength and intensity of (111) TSQDs for future applications.
Transmitter release from presynaptic terminals of electric organ: inhibition by the calcium channel antagonist omega Conus toxin. (1987)

Cholinergic synaptosomes from electroplax of the ray Ommata discopyge release both ATP and ACh when depolarized with high K+ concentration in the presence of Ca2+. Others have shown that the ATP and ACh are released in the molar ratio found in isolated synaptic vesicles. Thus, it is assumed that the release of ATP reflects exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, and that transmitter release can be indirectly monitored by assaying ATP release. We present further evidence for this assumption and examine the effects of presynaptic neurotoxins on this ATP release. As expected for transmitter release, we find that depolarization-evoked ATP release is supported by Sr2+ and Ba2+ and is inhibited by the Ca channel antagonists Co2+ and Mn2+. Likewise, the presynaptic toxins omega-CmTX and omega-CgTX, omega peptides from the venom of the marine snails Conus magus and Conus geographus, respectively, inhibit 80% of the depolarization-evoked ATP release. Half-maximal inhibition of ATP release occurs with approximately 0.5 microM of either toxin. The toxins' effects are reversible, and when toxin is washed away, the time dependence of recovery of release is approximately first order and half complete within 40 min with omega-CmTX and 15 min with omega-CgTX. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 induces Ca2+-dependent ATP release from resting synaptosomes. As would be expected of a Ca channel antagonist, omega-CmTX does not affect this ionophore-induced release. Leptinotarsin-d (LPTd), a putative Ca channel agonist from the Colorado potato beetle, evokes Ca2+-dependent ATP release from resting synaptosomes. omega-CmTX does not block LPTd-evoked release of ATP, which suggests that omega-CmTX and LPTd act at different sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Data from Intrinsic Immunogenicity of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Revealed by Its Cellular Plasticity (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is highly mutated, yet durable response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is rare. SCLC also exhibits cellular plasticity, which could influence its immunobiology. Here we discover that a distinct subset of SCLC uniquely upregulates MHC I, enriching for durable ICB benefit. &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; modeling confirms epigenetic recovery of MHC I in SCLC following loss of neuroendocrine differentiation, which tracks with derepression of STING. Transient EZH2 inhibition expands these nonneuroendocrine cells, which display intrinsic innate immune signaling and basally restored antigen presentation. Consistent with these findings, murine nonneuroendocrine SCLC tumors are rejected in a syngeneic model, with clonal expansion of immunodominant effector CD8 T cells. Therapeutically, EZH2 inhibition followed by STING agonism enhances T-cell recognition and rejection of SCLC in mice. Together, these data identify MHC I as a novel biomarker of SCLC immune responsiveness and suggest novel immunotherapeutic approaches to co-opt SCLC's intrinsic immunogenicity.&lt;/p&gt;Significance:&lt;p&gt;SCLC is poorly immunogenic, displaying modest ICB responsiveness with rare durable activity. In profiling its plasticity, we uncover intrinsically immunogenic MHC I&lt;sup&gt;hi&lt;/sup&gt; subpopulations of nonneuroendocrine SCLC associated with durable ICB benefit. We also find that combined EZH2 inhibition and STING agonism uncovers this cell state, priming cells for immune rejection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Controlling leukocyte trafficking in disease (2006)

ConclusionThe pharmaceutical industry has made amazing progress in developing candidate drugs against the chemokine receptors, bringing agents into clinical trials only a decade after the cloning of the first target (e.g., CCR1 and BX471). These efforts utilizing this strategy continue to expand with an increasing number of chemokine receptor small molecule antagonists entering the clinic each year. Although none have yet made the leap to marketed drug, there is hope that this will be seen soon, especially in the therapeutic area of HIV. It may be that new strategies will be required, however, to see optimum efficacy in preventing leukocyte trafficking. Many of these strategies, such as the viral proteins, are only now making their way into clinical trials. The additional efforts that biologists and medicinal chemists are now placing on promiscuous small molecule antagonists should only increase the potential for market therapeutics that control human disease by controlling leukocyte trafficking.