gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Silicon for photonics</title> (1997)

The path for silicon materials development has been charted. By the year 2010 we will have fabricated integrated circuit chips contained 10<SUP>9</SUP> transistor with 40 angstrom thick gate oxides and 1000 angstrom minimum feature sizes running at 4GHz clock speeds. It is conceivable that incremental advances on the current chip architecture will satisfy the required materials and process improvements. The interconnection problem is the only challenge without a proposed solution. The signal propagation delay between devices is now longer than the individual device gate delay. The resistance and capacitance associated with fine line Al interconnects limit speed and increase power consumption and crosstalk. High power line drivers are limited by the reliability constraint of electromigration. There is no current paradigm for 4GHz electronic clock distribution. Optical interconnection can remove the electronic transmission bandwidth limit. The main challenge is development of a silicon-compatible, microphotonic technology. Rare earth doping has provided a means of sharp- line electroluminescence from silicon at (lambda) equals 1.54 micrometers . Silicons high index of refraction and low absorption in the near infrared yield an ideal optical waveguide. As with microelectronics, the silicon/silicon-dioxide materials system allows high levels of integration and functionality. The applications of silicon materials to light emission, optical waveguides, photonic switching and photon detection are reviewed. These developments are discussed in the context of systems applications to communications and computation.
Critical Roles of Complement and Antibodies in Host Defense Mechanisms againstNeisseria meningitidisas Revealed by Human Complement Genetic Deficiencies (2009)

Certain complement defects are associated with an increased propensity to contract Neisseria meningitidis infections. We performed detailed analyses of complement-mediated defense mechanisms against N. meningitidis 44/76 with whole blood and serum from two adult patients who were completely C2 or C5 deficient. The C5-deficient patient and the matched control were also deficient in mannose-binding lectin (MBL). The proliferation of meningococci incubated in freshly drawn whole blood was estimated by CFU and quantitative DNA real-time PCR. The serum bactericidal activity and opsonophagocytic activity by granulocytes were investigated, including heat-inactivated postvaccination sera, to examine the influence of antimeningococcal antibodies. The meningococci proliferated equally in C2- and C5-deficient blood, with a 2 log(10) increase of CFU and 4- to 5-log(10) increase in DNA copies. Proliferation was modestly decreased in reconstituted C2-deficient and control blood. After reconstitution of C5-deficient blood, all meningococci were killed, which is consistent with high antibody titers being present. The opsonophagocytic activity was strictly C2 dependent, appeared with normal serum, and increased with postvaccination serum. Serum bactericidal activity was strictly dependent on C2, C5, and high antibody titers. MBL did not influence any of the parameters observed. Complement-mediated defense against meningococci was thus dependent on the classical pathway. Some opsonophagocytic activity occurred despite low levels of antimeningococcal antibodies but was more efficient with immune sera. Serum bactericidal activity was dependent on C2, C5, and immune sera. MBL did not influence any of the parameters observed.
Analysis of electromagnetic scattering from doubly-periodic structures using a hybrid current model (1991)

A novel solution is presented for the problem of three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering of a time-harmonic plane wave from a piecewise homogeneous double-periodic structure. Sets of fictitious doubly-periodic properly modulated patches of magnetic current of cross polarization are used to simulate the fields in the homogeneous regions crossed by unit cell boundaries. The fields radiated by these patch-currents are represented in terms of Floquet modes. Sets of fictitious elemental electric dipoles of cross polarization are used to simulate the fields in the homogeneous regions completely enclosed within this cell. The complex amplitudes of the fictitious sources are adjusted to render the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields continuous at selected sets of points on the boundaries between the regions within the unit cell. The method is applicable to doubly-periodic gratings composed of homogeneous regions of smooth, shape. Perfectly conducting boundaries can also be handled by this procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Near-field imaging of plasmonic nanoantennas: revealing magnetic field distributions (2013)

Photonic nanomaterials, and in particular plasmonic nanoantennas, enable the manipulation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale, opening possibilities for the development of all-optical signal processing devices, metamaterials, ultra-high sensitivity bio- and chemical- sensors, etc. The functionality of such nanophotonic devices is mainly determined by the electric and/or magnetic field interactions in the vicinity of the nanostructure's boundaries. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) is a technique, which by positioning different types of probes in the near-field of a sample, allows nowadays routine visualization of different electric field components. However imaging the magnetic field remains a challenge and only recently, Burresi et al. [1], managed to apply the technique for imaging the vertical magnetic field component. Newly emerging artificial materials are often designed to have a strong magnetic response. Consequently, characterization of the magnetic near-field with nanoscale resolution has become very relevant. We report mapping of the lateral magnetic near-field distribution in plasmonic nanoantennas by hollow-pyramid probe aperture-SNOM [2]. By means of full-field simulations we investigate how the near-field probe acts as a confined local light source and how it efficiently excites surface plasmon resonances in the nanoantennas. This excitation occurs at lateral magnetic field maxima and affects the detected light intensity, enabling the visualization of the lateral magnetic near-field distribution of surface plasmon modes with subwavelength spatial resolution. [1] M. Burresi et al., Science 326, 550-553, 2009 [2] D. Denkova, N. Verellen et al., ACS Nano 7 (4), 3168–3176, 2013
Funktionale molekulare dünne Filme: topologische Template für die chemoselektive Bindung antigener Peptide an selbstorganisierte Monoschichten (1999)

Die Kombination von Selbstorganisation und regioselektiver Oberflächenchemie ermöglichte die Immobilisierung einer Peptid-Erkennungsstelle 1 über ein Templat auf einer Goldoberfläche. Jeder der sieben Einzelschritte einschließlich der abschließenden funktionalen biomolekularen Erkennung wurde in situ durch oberflächensensitive Techniken kontrolliert. Die hier vorgestellte Strategie ist von allgemeiner Bedeutung für die Bildung komplexer supramolekularer Strukturen mit biologisch interessanten Funktionalitäten an Grenzflächen.
Evolution of Metastable Structures at Bimetallic Surfaces from Microscopy and Machine-Learning Molecular Dynamics (2020)

Restructuring of interfaces plays a crucial role in materials science and heterogeneous catalysis. Bimetallic systems, in particular, often adopt very different composition and morphology at surfaces compared to the bulk. For the first time, we reveal a detailed atomistic picture of long-timescale restructuring of Pd deposited on Ag, using microscopy, spectroscopy, and novel simulation methods. By developing and performing accelerated machine-learning molecular dynamics followed by an automated analysis method, we discover and characterize previously unidentified surface restructuring mechanisms in an unbiased fashion, including Pd-Ag place exchange and Ag pop-out, as well as step ascent and descent. Remarkably, layer-by-layer dissolution of Pd into Ag is always preceded by an encapsulation of Pd islands by Ag, resulting in a significant migration of Ag out of the surface and a formation of extensive vacancy pits within a period of microseconds. These metastable structures are of vital catalytic importance, as Ag-encapsulated Pd remains much more accessible to reactants than bulk-dissolved Pd. Our approach is broadly applicable to complex multimetallic systems and enables the previously intractable mechanistic investigation of restructuring dynamics at atomic resolution.
Compensation methods applied in current control schemes for large AC drive systems (2012)

The paper deals with modified PI current control structures for large AC drive systems which use surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines or squirrel-cage induction motors supplied with voltage source inverters. In order to reduce the power losses caused by high frequency switching of the semiconductor devices, various compensation methods are used and a modified structure for a PI current controller is proposed, to reduce the switching frequency of the inverter for the same operating frequency of the drive. Simulation, experimental development and test results are presented in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the control procedure.
Solid effect in magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (2012)

For over five decades, the solid effect (SE) has been heavily utilized as a mechanism for performing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Nevertheless, it has not found widespread application in contemporary, high magnetic field DNP experiments because SE enhancements display an ω(0)(-2) field dependence. In particular, for nominally forbidden zero and double quantum SE transitions to be partially allowed, it is necessary for mixing of adjacent nuclear spin states to occur, and this leads to the observed field dependence. However, recently we have improved our instrumentation and report here an enhancement of ε = 91 obtained with the organic radical trityl (OX063) in magic angle spinning experiments performed at 5 T and 80 K. This is a factor of 6-7 higher than previous values in the literature under similar conditions. Because the solid effect depends strongly on the microwave field strength, we attribute this large enhancement to larger microwave field strengths inside the sample volume, achieved with more efficient coupling of the gyrotron to the sample chamber. In addition, we develop a theoretical model to explain the dependence of the buildup rate of enhanced nuclear polarization and the steady-state enhancement on the microwave power. Buildup times and enhancements were measured as a function of (1)H concentration for both trityl and Gd-DOTA. Comparison of the results indicates that for trityl the initial polarization step is the slower, rate-determining step. However, for Gd-DOTA the spread of nuclear polarization via homonuclear (1)H spin diffusion is rate-limiting. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the solid effect at fields > 5 T and the requirements to address the unfavorable field dependence of the solid effect.
Design and analysis of directional front projection screens (2018)

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Traditional display and screen are designed to maximize the perceived image quality across all viewing directions. However, there is usually a wide range of directions (e.g., toward side walls and ceiling) for which the displayed content does not need to be provided. Ignoring this fact results in energy waste due to a significant amount of light reflected toward these regions. In this work, we propose a new type of front projection screens – directional screens. They are composed of tiny, highly reflective surfaces that reflect the light coming from a projector only toward the audience. Additionally, they avoid “hot-spotting” and can support non-standard audience layouts. In this paper, we describe the design process as well as provide feasibility analysis of the new screens. We also validate the approach in simulations and by fabricating several fragments of big screens. We demonstrate that thanks to the customization, our solution can provide up to three times increased gain when compared to traditional high gain screens and up to eight times higher brightness than a matte screen.
Comparative Analysis and Classification of von Willebrand Factor/Factor VIII Concentrates: Impact on Treatment of Patients with von Willebrand Disease (2006)

von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a bleeding disorder that results from defects in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a glycoprotein essential for normal thrombus formation. vWF circulates in plasma as multimers in sizes ranging up to 20,000 kd. The high molecular weight vWF (HMWvWF) multimers are most essential for primary hemostasis, whereas the lower molecular weight multimers are less functionally active. For many patients, the treatment of choice is factor replacement with a vWF/FVIII concentrate, preferably one with a high content of HMWvWF multimers. Given that the commercially available vWF/FVIII concentrates seem to differ substantially in their biochemical properties as well as in their clinical efficacy, we did a comparative study with 12 vWF/FVIII concentrates to investigate content and activities of FVIII and vWF, as well as the content of HMWvWF multimers. The content of HMWvWF multimers varied considerably among the 12 concentrates. The specific vWF activities, as assessed by ristocetin cofactor activity (vWF:RCo) and collagen-binding activity (vWF:CB), correlated well with the HMWvWF content of the products. Of the products tested, Haemate P/Humate-P had the highest content of HMWvWF multimers (with a multimer pattern closest to that of normal human plasma), the highest specific vWF activities, and the highest values of vWF:RCo and vWF:CB per unit of FVIII:coagulant (C). The goal of bleeding prophylaxis and treatment in type 2, severe type 1, and type 3 vWD patients is to normalize vWF activities (vWF:RCo and vWF:CB) and FVIII:C preferentially by vWF/FVIII concentrates containing the high vWF multimers and a high vWF:RCo/FVIII ratio to achieve normal primary and secondary hemostasis. Based on the present study of a comparative analysis of currently available vWF/FVIII concentrates, a classification of vWF/FVIII products is proposed.
Main-Chain Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers for Electronic Nonlinear Optics Applications (2004)

We report the synthesis of organic polymer optical fibers with the following interesting supermolecular stereochemistry: 1) A thermodynamically stable macroscopic polar axis oriented approximately normal to the fiber axis; and 2) A nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore oriented along the polar axis. Such a polymer fiber has been created using a main-chain ferroelectric liquid crystal polymer (FLCP) frozen in the glassy state at room temperature. The material is composed of “side-by-side twin” mesogens wherein the DR-1 NLO chromophore is oriented normal to the director. The polymer, which possesses excellent liquid crystal and glass transition temperatures for the present study, was prepared by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of a liquid crystal diene. Details of the layer and director structure in the FLCP glasses are under investigation.
P38 SNP PROFILING OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS: HIGHLIGHTING THE DIFFERENCES IN THE GENETICAL BACKGROUND TO MAXIMALIZE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPIES (2016)

Acute renal allograft rejection is define as a sudden decline in the function of the transplanted kidney that gives rise to the creatinine levels. Whenever acute rejection is confirmed, the possibility of inadequate immunosuppression, whether due to inadequate dosing or noncompliance, must be addressed. The failure to recognize this contributing factor increases the risk of continued acute rejection episodes and, due to inadequate long-term immunosuppression, may eventually lead to graft failure.
Correlating Large-Format AM Print Parameters to Fiber Length and Mechanical Performance of Reinforced Polymer Composites (2021)

This paper aims to correlate processing conditions to fiber length and mechanical properties in fiber-reinforced composites on the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The processing of fiber-reinforced composites has a significant influence on their microstructure, which dictates the properties of the final product. The effect of processing is poorly documented in systems like the BAAM, leaving significant opportunities to improve the mechanical performance of printed structures. In this work, fiber length distributions from pelletized feedstock were compared against those of specimens extruded under different processing speeds. The mechanical strength of each specimen was evaluated to correlate processing speed to fiber length and mechanical properties. Experimental results showed that fiber length decreases slightly with increasing screw speed. Mechanical performance was not found to be affected by the decrease in fiber length. This research will guide future modifications to hardware design and print parameters to maintain fiber length and maximize mechanical performance.
Retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation at multiple sites is associated with neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer disease. (2008)

The re-expression of multiple cell cycle markers representing various cell cycle phases in postmitotic pyramidal neurons suggests that neurons in Alzheimer disease (AD) attempt to re-enter the cell cycle. Entry into the cell cycle requires activation of G1 to S phase cell cycle proteins, among which retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key regulator. pRb inhibits the transcription of cell cycle proteins in the nucleus of healthy cells by interaction and consequent blocking of the active site of E2F, dependent upon the phosphate stoichiometry and combination of the locations of their 16 potential phosphorylation sites on pRb. Therefore, to determine whether pRb is involved in the aberrant cell cycle phenotype in AD neurons, a systematic immunocytochemical evaluation of the phosphorylation status of pRb protein using antibodies specific for multiple phosphorylation sites (i.e., pSpT249/252, pS612, pS795, pS807, pS811 and pT821) was carried out in the hippocampal regions of brains from AD patients. Increased levels of phospho-pRb (ppRb) for all these phosphorylation sites were noted in the brains of AD patients as compared to control cases. More importantly, redistribution of ppRb from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of susceptible neurons, with significant localization in neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, was observed. Additional studies revealed extensive co-localization between phospho-p38 and ppRb, implicating that p38 activation may contribute to cell cycle abnormalities through pRb phosphorylation. Taken together, these data supports the concept of neuronal cell cycle re-entry in AD and indicates a crucial role for pRb in this process.
Characterization of the 12S globulin complex of Brassica napus (1991)

Cruciferin (12S globulin) is the major seed protein in Brassica napus (oil seed rape). It is synthesized during seed development and consists of six subunit pairs. Each of these pairs is synthesized as a precursor containing one alpha and one beta chain. At least three different precursors exist (P1-3), giving rise to four different mature subunits (cru1-4). Several cruciferin clones were isolated from a seed mRNA cDNA library. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of these clones to amino acid sequences of purified cruciferin chains and peptides identified them as coding for cru2/3 and cru4 subunits. From the amino acid sequences deduced from two overlapping cDNA clones, the precursor of the cru4 subunit was shown to consist of 465 amino acid residues. Comparison of cruciferin and cruciferin-related sequences from B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively, suggested that early during evolution the Brassicaceae family only possessed two types of 11-12S globulin genes, like the present-day Fabaceae.
On the Use of Delay-Decorrelated I/Q Test Sequences for QPSK and QAM Signals (2012)

We report on limitations of the commonly used method to generate complex optical signal constellations from delay-decorrelated copies of a bit sequence to modulate in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a signal constellation. Using closed-form analytical solutions, numerical simulations, and an experimental verification, we show that I/Q delays shorter than the combined channel and adaptive equalizer length can result in artificial improvements of the measured bit-error ratio.
Stable haptic interaction using the Excalibur force display (2002)

Creating a compelling haptic sense of immersion in a virtual environment is a challenging task for the control engineer. A haptic display must render both low impedance free-space motion and high impedance rigid constraints while ensuring stable interaction. This paper outlines a control design approach for the most common haptic display implementation, the impedance display. Two-port absolute stability criteria are used to develop explicit design bounds for virtual coupling networks which guarantee system stability for a broad class of human operators and virtual environments. The technique is applied to the Excalibur three-axis force display. The resulting absolutely stable haptic interface is the centerpiece of a virtual building block simulation which emulates the behavior of LEGO/sup TM/ bricks in a virtual environment.
Toward Foraging for Understanding of StarCraft Agents (2018)

Assessing and understanding intelligent agents is a difficult task for users that lack an AI background. A relatively new area, called "Explainable AI," is emerging to help address this problem, but little is known about how users would forage through information an explanation system might offer. To inform the development of Explainable AI systems, we conducted a formative study -- using the lens of Information Foraging Theory -- into how experienced users foraged in the domain of StarCraft to assess an agent. Our results showed that participants faced difficult foraging problems. These foraging problems caused participants to entirely miss events that were important to them, reluctantly choose to ignore actions they did not want to ignore, and bear high cognitive, navigation, and information costs to access the information they needed.
The Influence of General Anesthetics on Water and Solute Excretion in Man (1959)

APRAHAMIAN, H. ARTO M.D.; VANDERVEEN, JAMES L. M.D.; BUNKER, JOHN P. M.D.; MURPHY, ANNA J. B.S.; CRAWFORD, JOHN D. M.D. Author Information