gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient coding of video sequences by non-local in-loop denoising of reference frames (2011)

The compression efficiency of coding noisy image sequences is highly dependent on the noise itself and on the used quantization parameter. For very high quality near lossless compression a promising approach to save bitrate is to introduce an in-loop denoising filter in the codec. In this paper, we enhance our in-loop denoising scheme by a low complexity noise variance estimation algorithm. Additionally, we compare three different algorithms for denoising of the reference frame for medium to high quality compression of noisy videos. We use a low complexity adaptive Wiener filter, the NonLocal Means algorithm, and the BM3D algorithm for denoising of the reference frame only. We show that maximum bitrate savings up to 18% can be achieved using a sophisticated algorithm like the BM3D and up to 12% using a low complexity algorithm like the adaptive Wiener filter.
Carbon nanotube metrology in a CD SEM (2007)

In the Nantero NRAM process, a carbon nanotube film is patterned using conventional photolithography and etch techniques. CD SEM metrology of the printed resist image is straightforward. However, challenges arise when SEM inspecting an etched nanotube pattern. Under conventional SEM inspection, a nanotube pattern is nearly invisible. In order to facilitate nanotube pattern characterization, metrology structures have been developed which use passive voltage contrast to cause electron emission from the nanotube pattern and associated conducting structures. These enable manual inspection of the nanotubes, along with automated pattern recognition and automated CD measurement. The voltage contrast is achieved by connecting the nanotubes to a remote "charge-sink" outside the image field consisting of a large rectangle of metal. The voltage contrast occurs with no extra electrical connection to the wafer, and without special SEM components or beam adjustment. The metrology structures are used in two general ways: 1. Nanotubes are clearly imaged, enabling inspection, CD measurement, coat-quality characterization, etc. 2. Indicator structures in associated process layers light up when contacted by nanotubes, enabling measurements of line-end shortening; etch bias; overlay; etc. Various structures have been developed: 1. CD cells for manual and automated CD measurement. 2. Vernier structures for characterization of overlay, line-end shortening and etch-bias. 3. Serpentine structures for characterization of nanotube coat quality using conduction length.
Constitutive and inducible granulocyte-macrophage functions in mouse, rat, and human myeloid leukemia-derived continuous tissue culture lines. (1978)

Fourteen continuous tissue culture cell lines derived from mouse, rat, or human granulocyte-macrophage cancers were studied for expression of spontaneous and inducible markers of differentiated cells. Five cell lines (two mouse, two rat, and one human) synthesized myeloperoxidase spontaneously, and a fifth mouse line showed biochemically inducible enzyme. Twelve lines (6 mouse, 3 rat, and 3 human) produced lysozyme (muramidase), and all had detectable beta-glucuronidase. Superoxide generation was detected in one mouse, and three human cell lines following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. Maturation to differentiated polymorphonuclear leukocyte or macrophage morphology was induced in 3 cell lines (2 mouse and 1 human) following culture in diffusion chambers in total-body-irradiated rats. In vitro morphological differentiation was inducible in one (mouse) cell line exposed to casein, thioglycolate, or plasma from irradiated rats or mice. These findings indicate that mammalian cell lines derived from granulocyte-macrophage cancers stably express several combinations of differentiation markers. The patterns of expression of these markers did not always correlate with the morphological stage of differentiation.
Tweezers for the Nanotool Kit (1999)

All advances in nanotechnology will continue to rely on the development of new analytical tools for making, manipulating, and probing structures on the nanometer length scale. Scanning probe techniques have revolutionized the field but must be complemented by analogs for macroscopic tools--such as tweezers, pipettes, and pens. A new analytical device--nanotube nanotweezers--described by Kim and Lieber (page
 2148) is likely to become an integral part of the nanotechnologist9s tool kit for manipulating structures with nanoscopic dimensions.
Control of apoptosis by using small molecule regulators of Bcl-2 family proteins (2006)

ConclusionThe potent biological activity of CPM-1285 suggests that it may represent a promising lead for the development of new anticancer agents. The cell permeable Bcl-2 inhibitor can also be used as a chemical probe to study the in vivo mechanism and signaling pathway of the Bcl-2 family. Unlike other peptides that are active only in vitro or in the cell-free system, the cell-permeable peptide approach described here provides a new tool to analyze the function of the Bcl-2 family in living cells and animals.
The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection (2022)

Abstract It is well-established that chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system in HIV patient including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells. To uncover the reasons of gradually diminished potency of CD8 T cells from chronically HIV infected people, we have analyzed cellular morphology and dynamics of the synaptic interface followed exposure of peripheral polyclonal CD8 T cells at various differentiation stages to planar lipid bilayers. The above parameters were linked to pattern of degranulation that determines efficiency of CD8 T cells cytolytic response. We found a large fraction of naive T cells from HIV infected people developing mature synapses and demonstrating focused degranulation, a signature of a differentiated T cells. Further differentiation of aberrant naïve T cells leads to development of anomalous effector T cells undermining their capacity to control HIV and other viruses that could be contained otherwise.
In vivowater state measurements in breast cancer using broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (2008)

Structural changes in water molecules are related to physiological, anatomical and pathological properties of tissues. Near infrared (NIR) optical absorption methods are sensitive to water; however, detailed characterization of water in thick tissues is difficult to achieve because subtle spectral shifts can be obscured by multiple light scattering. In the NIR, a water absorption peak is observed around 975 nm. The precise NIR peak's shape and position are highly sensitive to water molecular disposition. We introduce a bound water index (BWI) that quantifies shifts observed in tissue water absorption spectra measured by broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS). DOS quantitatively measures light absorption and scattering spectra and therefore reveals bound water spectral shifts. BWI as a water state index was validated by comparing broadband DOS to magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted MRI and conductivity in bound water tissue phantoms. Non-invasive DOS measurements of malignant and normal breast tissues performed in 18 subjects showed a significantly higher fraction of free water in malignant tissues (p < 0.0001) compared to normal tissues. BWI of breast cancer tissues inversely correlated with Nottingham-Bloom-Richardson histopathology scores. These results highlight broadband DOS sensitivity to molecular disposition of water and demonstrate the potential of BWI as a non-invasive in vivo index that correlates with tissue pathology.
Effects of High-Pressure Torsion on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum&ndash;Iron Alloys (2013)

The effects of reducing the grain size by high-pressure torsion (HPT) on the pitting corrosion resistance of Al–Fe alloys with Fe contents of 0.5, 2 and 5 mass% were investigated by means of polarization curves in solutions containing 0.1 mol·dm−3 Na2SO4 and 8.46 mmol·dm−3 NaCl (300 ppm Cl−) at 298 K and by surface analysis. The potentials for pitting corrosion of the Al–Fe alloys were clearly shifted to the noble direction by HPT, leading to an improvement in pitting corrosion resistance. This improvement was larger in the Al–0.5%Fe and Al–2%Fe alloys and smaller in the Al–5%Fe alloy. The Al–Fe alloys contained precipitates of Al–Fe intermetallic compounds, around which pitting corrosion occurred. The Al–5%Fe alloy, in particular, contained large precipitates tens of micrometers in size, and pitting corrosion was significant around these large precipitates. It is evident from the time-dependence of the corrosion potential and the polarization resistance of the corrosion reaction that the formation rate of Al oxide films increases as a result of HPT. It was therefore concluded that the improvement in pitting corrosion resistance of the Al–Fe alloys with HPT is caused by increasing the oxidation rate of Al.
Performance Analysis and Power Optimization for Spectrum-Sharing Mixed RF/FSO Relay Networks With Energy Harvesting (2019)

In this paper, the energy harvesting in mixed multiple-input-single-output radio frequency (RF)/free space optical (FSO) networks is studied. Assuming underlay mode, the secondary user (SU) source with limited battery communicates with its destination via a hybrid SU relay. The SU source harvests energy from both the hybrid relay and the primary network. The hybrid SU relay node is equipped with two antennas; one for energy transmission to the secondary user and the other for data reception. The SU source transmits its data over an RF link to the relay. Then, the relay decodes the SU data before retransmitting it to the SU destination over an optical link. The RF/FSO channels are assumed to follow Nakagami-m/Málaga-M fading models with pointing errors on the FSO link. Closed-form expressions for the exact outage probability, average bit error rate, and ergodic capacity are derived. For high signal-to-noise ratio values, closed-form expressions for the asymptotic outage probability and average bit error rate are derived. Based on the asymptotic results, a power allocation model is proposed to enhance the system outage performance. Some simulation and numerical results are employed to validate the derived expressions.
The Efficacy of Omeprazole‐Based Short‐Term Triple Therapy in Helicobacter pylon ‐Positive Older Patients with Dyspepsia (1999)

A 1-week OCT triple therapy is well tolerated and effective as first line therapy for H. pylori among older people. It is less effective in patients previously treated.
Interaction Forces Between a Glass Surface and Ceria-Modified PMMA-Based Abrasives for CMP Measured by Colloidal Probe AFM (2008)

Interaction forces between a glass surface and two types of ceria-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based terpolymer abrasive particles were investigated using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy and correlated with relevant chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) and post-CMP parameters. The composite particles were achieved by either creating chemical bonds by silane coupling agents (composite A) or tuning the pH in order to form electrostatic attractive interactions between the core and shell composite (composite B). Based on the average values of the pull-off force vs pH, a qualitative agreement between the measured adhesion forces and the material removal rate (MRR) was found. For pH 3, both the MRR and adhesion forces are larger for composite B with respect to composite A. Interestingly, for pH 10, composite B and ceria give almost the same MRR and similar adhesion force values. Nevertheless, in general, the adhesion forces measured at pH 10 are significantly smaller than those monitored at pH 3, whereas the MRR is significantly larger for pH 10. This suggests that factors other than adhesion, such as an enhanced silica dissolution rate, dominate and define the MRR at pH 10. The increase in repulsive force with increasing pH corresponds to a decrease in composite-glass adhesion. For pH between 2 and 7, the electrostatic attractive forces between polymer particles and the silica surface are responsible for high particle counts. To improve the particle removal efficiency after CMP with the ceria-based slurry, pH values higher than 7 are recommended.
Antibody‐based methods for the measurement of α‐synuclein concentration in human cerebrospinal fluid – method comparison and round robin study (2018)

α-Synuclein is the major component of Lewy bodies and a candidate biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases in which Lewy bodies are common, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. A large body of literature suggests that these disorders are characterized by reduced concentrations of α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), with overlapping concentrations compared to healthy controls and variability across studies. Several reasons can account for this variability, including technical ones, such as inter-assay and inter-laboratory variation (reproducibility). We compared four immunochemical methods for the quantification of α-synuclein concentration in 50 unique CSF samples. All methods were designed to capture most of the existing α-synuclein forms in CSF ('total' α-synuclein). Each of the four methods showed high analytical precision, excellent correlation between laboratories (R<sup>2</sup> 0.83-0.99), and good correlation with each other (R<sup>2</sup> 0.64-0.93), although the slopes of the regression lines were different between the four immunoassays. The use of common reference CSF samples decreased the differences in α-synuclein concentration between detection methods and technologies. Pilot data on an immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry (IP-MS) method is also presented. Our results suggest that the four immunochemical methods and the IP-MS method measure similar forms of α-synuclein and that a common reference material would allow harmonization of results between immunoassays.
Genetic and DNA Methylation Changes in Cotton (Gossypium) Genotypes and Tissues (2014)

In plants, epigenetic regulation is important in normal development and in modulating some agronomic traits. The potential contribution of DNA methylation mediated gene regulation to phenotypic diversity and development in cotton was investigated between cotton genotypes and various tissues. DNA methylation diversity, genetic diversity, and changes in methylation context were investigated using methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) assays including a methylation insensitive enzyme (BsiSI), and the total DNA methylation level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DNA methylation diversity was greater than the genetic diversity in the selected cotton genotypes and significantly different levels of DNA methylation were identified between tissues, including fibre. The higher DNA methylation diversity (CHG methylation being more diverse than CG methylation) in cotton genotypes suggest epigenetic regulation may be important for cotton, and the change in DNA methylation between fibre and other tissues hints that some genes may be epigenetically regulated for fibre development. The novel approach using BsiSI allowed direct comparison between genetic and epigenetic diversity, and also measured CC methylation level that cannot be detected by conventional MSAP.
Modeling CO2 Injection in a Fractured Chalk Experiment (2009)

Abstract This paper presents a modeling study of CO2 injection in a chalk core based on experimental data reported by Karimaie (2007). The experiment consisted of a vertically-oriented 19.6 cm long chalk outcrop core initially saturated with reservoir synthetic oil consisting of C1 and n-C7 at a temperature of 85°C and pressure of 220 bar. After saturating the core with the oil mixture by displacement a small "fracture" volume surrounding the core was created by heating the solid Wood's metal which originally filled the volume between the core and core holder. Gas injection was first conducted using an equilibrium C1-n-C7 gas at 220 bar, resulting in no recovery by (thermodynamic) mass transfer but only from immiscible displacement with Darcy flow driven by induced pressure gradients and a minor impact of gravity-capillary equilibrium. Once oil production ceased in this first displacement, a second period with pure CO2 gas injection followed. Our modeling was conducted with a compositional reservoir simulator. The 2-dimensional r-z model used fine grids for the core matrix and surrounding fracture. Automated history matching is used to match experimental data. The match to reported production data gave a high degree of confidence in the model. Oil recovery improved significantly by CO2 injection. Our model study indicates that the recovery mechanism in the Karimaie experiment was dominated by Darcy displacement because of a low conductivity in the surrounding fracture. Another observation made in our study was the strong influence of surface separator temperature on surface oil production. Finally, gas injection rate changes had a significant impact on recovery performance for CO2 injection. Gravity-capillary recovery mechanism was of minor importance in the Karimaie experiments.
Lateral migration of an elastic capsule by optical force in a uniform flow (2012)

The lateral migration of an elastic capsule under an optical force in a uniform flow was studied to show the separation characteristics according to the elastic properties in the cross-type optical separator. The initially spherical capsule was moved through the fluid flow using a laser beam with a Gaussian distribution focused along the direction normal to the flow device surface. To simulate such a system, a penalty immersed boundary method was adopted to enable fluid-membrane coupling, and a dynamic ray tracing method was applied to the optical force calculation. The effects of the elastic properties of the capsule membrane (the surface Young's modulus and the bending modulus) on the lateral migration were studied. By increasing the surface Young's modulus, the capsule deformed less and the migration distance increased; however, buckling occurred in the capsule with a high surface Young's modulus. Buckling could be suppressed by increasing the bending rigidity. The effects of the flow velocity and the laser beam power were also examined. In the simulation, the S number, i.e., the ratio of the optical force to the viscous force, was adjusted by decreasing the flow velocity or increasing the laser beam power. The migration distance increased as the S number increased, and a constant lateral migration distance was obtained for a rigid particle for a given S number. An elastic capsule under conditions intermediate between a fixed flow velocity and a fixed laser beam power, however, did not yield a constant lateral migration distance due to the extent of the deformation in the different situations. To predict the lateral migration distance of an elastic capsule, a nondimensional parameter, S_{e}, was defined to include the effects of the optical force, the elastic force, and the fluid viscous force. A unified tendency of the lateral migration distance with S_{e} was obtained for capsules with intermediate elasticity, by varying either the flow velocity or the laser beam power.
From Ideas to Innovation: Nanochemistry as a Case Study (2010)

Is academia selling its soul to the devil? The effects of the rise of entrepreneurship on the academic practice are here discussed from the perspective of a senior faculty member and a senior graduate student, using nanochemistry as a case history.
Fixed-Length Arbitrary-Phase Tunable NRI-TL Metamaterial Phase Shifter for Antenna Beam-Steering Applications (2023)

A fixed-length arbitrary-phase tunable phase shifter, based on the concept of negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterials for sub-6 GHz antenna beam steering applications is proposed. The design consists of a fixed microstrip transmission line which is reconfigured by loading varactor diodes in both the series and shunt branches. A continuously tunable phase of 210° at 3.2 GHz for the transmitted signal is achieved at the output by varying the biasing voltage from 0 – 7 V for the varactor diodes. The insertion loss varies from 0.9 – 2.5 dB for the design in the frequency range of 3.2 – 3.6 GHz. The total length of the tunable NRI-TL metamaterial phase shifter is λg/4.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Trial Evaluating Water-Soluble Chicken Eggshell Membrane for Improvement in Joint Health in Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis (2019)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition that impacts quality of life and functionality for which consumers often seek dietary supplements to provide some relief. The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to assess the safety and efficacy of a water-soluble chicken eggshell membrane hydrosylate (WSEM) dietary supplement (BiovaFlex<sup>®</sup>) 450 mg daily on knee function, mobility, and general health and well-being in 88 adults with OA randomized into intervention (<i>n</i> = 44) or placebo (<i>n</i> = 44) groups. Outcomes were assessed periodically over 12 weeks, including the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the six-minute walk test (6MWT), knee range of motion (ROM) testing, and safety. Normalized analysis (improvement over baseline) showed that the poorest initial performers benefited the greatest from the WSEM by day 5 in the 6MWT, with the rest of the population showing significant improvement over placebo by week 12. The normalized WOMAC Stiffness score was also significantly improved over placebo by day 5 (<i>P</i> < .05). Without normalization, no statistically significant improvements were seen in WOMAC, 6MWT, and ROM testing. The Product was also found to be safe in this study. In conclusion, daily consumption of WSEM significantly enhanced average individual physical capacity (walking distance and ability), reduced stiffness by the fifth day of supplementation with the greatest benefit seen by the most compromised individuals, and was maintained over 12 weeks. A WSEM dietary supplement may offer a safe option for relief from symptoms and increased mobility for those with OA.
Tunable differential interferometer for optical tomography (1989)

We report the use of a tunable differential interferometer for optical tomography. This interferometer has several advantages over other methods for phase measurements in optical tomography, including good stability, variable sensitivity, and the elimination of fringe ambiguity. Quantitative images of the gas concentrations in subsonic jets of methane and oxygen issuing into air are presented, with absolute accuracies better than 3.5% and 4.5%, respectively.
ASK1 promotes the contact hypersensitivity response through IL-17 production (2014)

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a form of delayed-type hypersensitivity triggered by the response to reactive haptens (sensitization) and subsequent challenge (elicitation). Here, we show that ASK1 promotes CHS and that suppression of ASK1 during the elicitation phase is sufficient to attenuate CHS. ASK1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited impaired 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced CHS. The suppression of ASK1 activity during the elicitation phase through a chemical genetic approach or a specific inhibitory compound significantly reduced the CHS response to a level similar to that observed in ASK1 KO mice. The reduced response was concomitant with the strong inhibition of production of IL-17, a cytokine that plays an important role in CHS and other inflammatory diseases, from sensitized lymph node cells. These results suggest that ASK1 is relevant to the overall CHS response during the elicitation phase and that ASK1 may be a promising therapeutic target for allergic contact dermatitis and other IL-17-related inflammatory diseases.