gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Image Compression Based on a Partially Rotated Discrete Cosine Transform With a Principal Orientation (2021)

Image transforms are necessary for image and video compression. Analytic transforms are powerful in compacting natural signals for wider exploitation. Various methods have been introduced to represent such data as a small number of bases, and several of these methods use machine learning, usually based on sparse coding, to outperform analytic transforms. They show sufficient data compaction abilities. However, these methods focus only on data compaction and reconstruction performance, without considering computational issues during implementation. We introduce a new framework for a more efficient transform based on a two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT) and its characteristics. We aimed to improve the data compaction ability of transforms to levels better or similar to that of the DCT and other data-driven transforms, with fast and efficient implementation. We focused on the properties of the DCT, including horizontal and vertical directional information, and approximated its direction using the transform. Our framework was designed by rotating some of the DCT bases to fit this direction. As expected, our framework achieves a transform design with minimized computation for efficient implementation. It does not require an iterative algorithm or brute-force methods to find the best transform matrix or other parameters, thereby making it much faster than other methods. Our framework is 10 times faster than the steerable DCT (SDCT) and twice as fast as the eight-level SDCT with minimum performance reduction. Experimental validation with various images indicates that the proposed method sufficiently approaches the performance of the other transforms despite faster implementation.
ChemInform Abstract: Pinacol Closure of Oxygenated Taxane Skeleta at C‐1‐C‐2 with Stereoinduction by Oxygen Substituents at C‐9 and C‐10. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Probing cilia-driven flow in living embryos using femtosecond laser ablation and fast imaging (2009)

Embryonic development strictly depends on fluid dynamics. As a consequence, understanding biological fluid dynamic is essential since it is unclear how flow affects development. For example, the specification of the left-right axis in vertebrates depends on fluid flow where beating cilia generate a directional flow necessary for breaking the embryonic symmetry in the so-called left-right organizer. To investigate flow dynamics in vivo proper labeling methods necessitate approaches that are compatible with both normal biology and in vivo imaging. In this study, we describe a strategy for labeling and analyzing microscopic fluid flows in vivo that meets this challenge. We developed an all-optical approach based on three steps. First we used sub-cellular femtosecond laser ablation to generate fluorescent micro-debris to label the flow. The non-linear effect used in this technique allows a high spatial confinement and a low invasiveness, thus permitting the targeting of sub-cellular regions deep inside the embryo. Then, we used fast confocal imaging and 3D-particle tracking were used to image and quantify the seeded flow. This approach was used to investigate the flow generated within zebrafish left-right organizer, a micrometer scale ciliated vesicle located deep inside the embryo and involved in breaking left-right embryonic symmetry. We mapped the velocity field within the vesicle and surrounding a single beating cilium, and showed that this method can address the dynamics of cilia-driven flows at multiple length scales. We could validate the flow features as predicted from previous simulations. Such detailed descriptions of fluid movements will be valuable in unraveling the relationships between cilia-driven flow and signal transduction. More generally, this all-optical approach opens new opportunities for investigating microscopic flow in living tissues.
Omnidirectional Reflector with Total Internal Reflective Interface for Light Extraction Enhancement of Solid‐State Light Source (2018)

Light extraction efficiency is key to the performance of solid‐state light sources such as the light‐emitting diode. The reflectance of the bottom mirror has a significant impact on the light extraction efficiency because a large difference in the refractive index between the light source and air leads to multiple internal reflections and optical loss. Therefore, efficiency can be drastically improved with even a slight increase in the bottom mirror reflectance. This paper focuses on wide angular light incidences. An omnidirectional reflector (ODR) is then designed that included a low‐index thick layer (MgF 2 ), a pair of quarter‐wavelength‐thick layers (Ta 2 O 5 /MgF 2 ), and a metal layer (Ag) on a solid‐state light source with n = 2.4. The first thick layer works as a perfect reflector for wide angular and broadband incident light since total internal reflection (TIR) occurs at the interface. In the simulations, the angular integrated reflectance for our designed reflector (TI‐ODR) reaches 99.7%. The reflectance is higher than the typical ODR that is composed of a quarter‐wavelength‐thick layer and Ag (98.6%) or an Ag reflector alone (97.9%). The TI‐ODR is then fabricated onto a gallium nitride (GaN)‐based light‐emitting diode and obtained a light extraction efficiency enhancement factor of approximately 1.1.
Enabling artificial intelligence in high acuity medical environments (2019)

Acute patient treatment can heavily profit from AI-based assistive and decision support systems, in terms of improved patient outcome as well as increased efficiency. Yet, only very few applications have been reported because of the limited accessibility of device data due to the lack of adoption of open standards, and the complexity of regulatory/approval requirements for AI-based systems. The fragmentation of data, still being stored in isolated silos, results in limited accessibility for AI in healthcare and machine learning is complicated by the loss of semantics in data conversions. We outline a reference model that addresses the requirements of innovative AI-based research systems as well as the clinical reality. The integration of networked medical devices and Clinical Repositories based on open standards, such as IEEE 11073 SDC and HL7 FHIR, will foster novel assistance and decision support. The reference model will make point-of-care device data available for AI-based approaches. Semantic interoperability between Clinical and Research Repositories will allow correlating patient data, device data, and the patient outcome. Thus, complete workflows in high acuity environments can be analysed. Open semantic interoperability will enable the improvement of patient outcome and the increase of efficiency on a large scale and across clinical applications.
Characterization of an Inertial-Electrostatic Confinement Glow Discharge (IECGD) Neutron Generator (1992)

AbstractThere is considerable demand in the scientific community for a neutron generator with an output of 105–106 n/s that can be turned on or off, emits fusion neutrons, is self-calibrating, and can offer portable operation [1,2]. This paper will describe how an IEC-based neutron generator could satisfy these demands. Experimental data and modeling is presented for operation to the 105 n/s range. Direct extrapolation of the results indicate that with modest extension of operating parameters operation can be achieved in the 106–107 n/s range; with more aggressive modifications operation in the 108–10 n/s range can be possible.
Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) As a Regulator of Immune Check-Point Molecules in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) (2014)

Abstract Co-inhibitory receptors and ligands such as PD-1, PD-L1, TIM3 and LAG3 are commonly over expressed in malignancies resulting in immune-surveillance evasion and generation of a tumorigenic microenvironment. Targeting of these molecules has become a new therapeutic strategy demonstrating promising and favorable clinical outcomes in a variety of human cancers. Although, inhibitory antibody therapy has been successful for many patients, other subsets of patients receive no clinical benefit. This is potentially due to the activation of redundant untargeted co-inhibitory pathways. In CLL, an immunosuppressive phenotype enables the malignant B-cell to evade immune detection and obtain a vast array of immune regulatory mechanisms, causing T-cell dysfunction and ultimately immunosuppression. In fact CD8+ effector and terminal memory subsets are skewed and over-express PD-1, LAG3 and TIM3 in a Eu-TCL1 CLL mice model. Epigenetic changes triggered by proteins such as histone deacetylases are gaining special attention particularly because of their active role in the regulation of pathogenesis and immune-related pathways in CLL; however the exact mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. Recently, we have identified one member of the HDAC family, HDAC6 which plays a role in the regulation of immunogenicity in CLL. Utilizing CLL murine models, CLL patient samples, and CLL cell lines we have found the following: First, HDAC6 is overexpressed in human CLL Second, using selective HDAC6 inhibitor (ricolinostat) we have been able to modulate the expression of co-inhibitory molecules in CLL. Indeed, treatment of MEC1 cells with varying doses of ricolinostat for 48hrs resulted in decreased expression of PD-L1 Interestingly in primary B-cells isolated from CLL patient samples; PD-1 expression was decreased when exposed to various concentrations of ricolinostat for 48hrs. Third, silencing of HDAC6 in the Eu-TCL1 mice (Eu-TCL1/HDAC6KO mouse model) results in 1) significantly lower levels of PD-L1 expression and 2) a restoration of the T-cell CD4:CD8 ratio, from 8:10 (Eu-TCL1) to 1:1 (Eu-TCL1/HDAC6KO). Although the overall absolute count of T-cells was observed to be higher than the wild-type, the memory compartment was returned to mostly naive T-cells, doubling in numbers from 4% of total lymphocytes to 9%. Consequently, a total reduction in surface expression of co-inhibitory molecules was observed on all T-cell memory subsets, but with substantial reduction in the CD8+ effector and terminal memory phenotype. In conclusion, selective inhibition of HDAC6 in both B and T-cell compartment of CLL results in the reduction of co-inhibitory molecules, which in combination with subsequent therapeutic regimen could provide a successful immunotherapeutic strategy for this disease. Disclosures Quayle: Acetylon Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Jones:Acetylon Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Employment.
Signal Transfer and Transduction between Cells (2022)

Cell-to-cell communication has a critical role during tumor development and progression, allowing cancer cells to reprogram not only the surrounding tumor microenvironment, but also cells located at distant sites. This chapter focuses on the potential role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as signaling/communication agents that exchange over relatively long distances between cells and/or from one cell to another destination. The chapter also discusses VOC signaling as an alternative and/or complementary perspective to proteomic and genomic approaches in monitoring cancer development.
Monolithic integration of fine cylindrical glass microcapillaries on silicon for electrophoretic separation of biomolecules (2012)

We demonstrate monolithic integration of fine cylindrical glass microcapillaries (diameter ∼1 μm) on silicon and evaluate their performance for electrophoretic separation of biomolecules. Such microcapillaries are achieved through thermal reflow of a glass layer on microstructured silicon whereby slender voids are moulded into cylindrical tubes. The process allows self-enclosed microcapillaries with a uniform profile. A simplified method is also described to integrate the microcapillaries with a sample-injection cross without the requirement of glass etching. The 10-mm-long microcapillaries sustain field intensities up to 90 kV/m and limit the temperature excursions due to Joule heating to a few degrees Celsius only.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic Pull-In in MEMS Resonators Actuated Electrostatically (2010)

We present experimental and theoretical investigations of dynamic pull-in of electrostatically actuated resonators. Several experimental data are presented, showing regimes of ac forcing amplitude versus ac frequency, where a resonator is forced to pull in if operated within these regimes. Results are shown for primary and secondary resonance excitations. The influences of the initial conditions of the system, the ac excitation amplitude, the ac frequency, the excitation type, and the sweeping type are investigated. A shooting technique to find periodic motions and a basin-of-attraction analysis are used to predict the limits of the pull-in bands. When compared with the experimental data, the results have shown that the pull-in limits coincide with 30%-40% erosion lines of the safe basin in the case of primary resonance and 5%-15% erosion lines of the safe basin in the case of subharmonic resonance. Bifurcation diagrams have been constructed, which designers can use to establish factors of safety to reliably operate microelectromechanical-systems resonators away from pull-in bands and the danger of pull-in, depending on the expected disturbances and noise in the systems.
Determination of the Luciferin Contents in Luminous and Non-Luminous Beetles (2008)

The contents of firefly luciferin in luminous and non-luminous beetles were determined by the methods of HPLC with fluorescence detection and the luminescence reaction of luciferin and firefly luciferase. Luminous cantharoids and elaterids contained various amounts of luciferin in the range of pmol to hundreds of nmol, but no luciferin was detected in the non-luminous cantharoids and elaterids.
Activated L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis and Its Association with Pancreatic Insufficiency, Liver Involvement and Nourishment: An Overview and New Results (2020)

Cystic fibrosis (CF; OMIM 219700) is a rare genetic disorder caused by a chloride channel defect, resulting in lung disease, pancreas insufficiency and liver impairment. Altered L-arginine (Arg)/nitric oxide (NO) metabolism has been observed in CF patients' lungs and in connection with malnutrition. The aim of the present study was to investigate markers of the Arg/NO pathway in the plasma and urine of CF patients and to identify possible risk factors, especially associated with malnutrition. We measured the major NO metabolites nitrite and nitrate, Arg, a semi-essential amino acid and NO precursor, the NO synthesis inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and its major urinary metabolite dimethylamine (DMA) in plasma and urine samples of 70 pediatric CF patients and 78 age-matched healthy controls. Biomarkers were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. We observed higher plasma Arg (90.3 vs. 75.6 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.0001), ADMA (0.62 vs. 0.57 µM, <i>p</i> = 0.03), Arg/ADMA ratio (148 vs. 135, <i>p</i> = 0.01), nitrite (2.07 vs. 1.95 µM, <i>p</i> = 0.03) and nitrate (43.3 vs. 33.1 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.001) concentrations, as well as higher urinary DMA (57.9 vs. 40.7 µM/mM creatinine, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and nitrate (159 vs. 115 µM/mM creatinine, <i>p</i> = 0.001) excretion rates in the CF patients compared to healthy controls. CF patients with pancreatic sufficiency showed plasma concentrations of the biomarkers comparable to those of healthy controls. Malnourished CF patients had lower Arg/ADMA ratios (<i>p</i> = 0.02), indicating a higher NO synthesis capacity in sufficiently nourished CF patients. We conclude that NO production, protein-arginine dimethylation, and ADMA metabolism is increased in pediatric CF patients. Pancreas and liver function influence Arg/NO metabolism. Good nutritional status is associated with higher NO synthesis capacity and lower protein-arginine dimethylation.
Single site catalysts for stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of lactides (2010)

Poly(lactide) (PLA) is the most well known biodegradable and biocompatible material among the aliphatic polyesters nowadays explored for biomedical, pharmaceutical and environmental applications. Different poly(lactide)s are distinguished, namely stereoregular PLLA and PDLA, atactic, heterotactic, syndiotactic and stereoblock PLAs. Because the stereochemistry of the monomeric units in the polymer chains plays a decisive role in the mechanical, physical and degradation properties of PLA materials, stereospecific catalysts to prepare different polylactide architectures are a major topic. In this review, after a general introduction on metal catalyzed ring opening polymerization, we mainly focus on single site catalyst systems inducing stereoselective polymerization of lactides.
Direct coronary stenting by transradial approach: Rationale and technical issues (2004)

Direct stent implantation using radial approach represents to date the less invasive, less traumatic strategy to perform a percutaneous coronary intervention, rendering its adoption an attraction for many interventional cardiologists. A growing series of reports suggests the feasibility of transradial direct stenting in a variety of clinical situations. Here we discuss the main advantages of the adoption of this technique. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the technical issues specifically related with each phase of transradial direct stenting procedures is reported.
Semantic Segmentation of Thigh Muscle using 2.5D Deep Learning Network Trained with Limited Datasets (2019)

Purpose: We propose a 2.5D deep learning neural network (DLNN) to automatically classify thigh muscle into 11 classes and evaluate its classification accuracy over 2D and 3D DLNN when trained with limited datasets. Enables operator invariant quantitative assessment of the thigh muscle volume change with respect to the disease progression. Materials and methods: Retrospective datasets consist of 48 thigh volume (TV) cropped from CT DICOM images. Cropped volumes were aligned with femur axis and resample in 2 mm voxel-spacing. Proposed 2.5D DLNN consists of three 2D U-Net trained with axial, coronal and sagittal muscle slices respectively. A voting algorithm was used to combine the output of U-Nets to create final segmentation. 2.5D U-Net was trained on PC with 38 TV and the remaining 10 TV were used to evaluate segmentation accuracy of 10 classes within Thigh. The result segmentation of both left and right thigh were de-cropped to original CT volume space. Finally, segmentation accuracies were compared between proposed DLNN and 2D/3D U-Net. Results: Average segmentation DSC score accuracy of all classes with 2.5D U-Net as 91.18% and Average Surface distance (ASD) accuracy as 0.84 mm. We found, mean DSC score for 2D U-Net was 3.3% lower than the that of 2.5D U-Net and mean DSC score of 3D U-Net was 5.7% lower than that of 2.5D U-Net when trained with same datasets. Conclusion: We achieved a faster computationally efficient and automatic segmentation of thigh muscle into 11 classes with reasonable accuracy. Enables quantitative evaluation of muscle atrophy with disease progression.
In Vivo Fluoroscopic Analysis of the Normal Human Knee (2003)

The objective of the current study was to use fluoroscopy and computed tomography to accurately determine the three-dimensional, in vivo, weightbearing kinematics of five normal knees. Three-dimensional computer-aided design models of each subject's femur and tibia were recreated from the three-dimensional computed tomography bone density data. Three-dimensional motions for each subject then were determined for five weightbearing activities. During gait, the lateral condyle experienced -4.3 mm (range, -1.9--10.3 mm) of average motion, whereas the medial condyle moved only -0.9 mm (range, 3.4--5.8 mm). One subject experienced 5.8 mm of medial condyle motion. On average, during deep flexion activities, subjects experienced -12.7 mm (range, 1.4--29.8 mm) of lateral condyle motion, whereas the medial condyle motion only was -2.9 mm (range, 3.0--9.0 mm). One subject experienced 5.8 and 9.0 mm of medial condyle motion during gait and a deep knee bend, respectively leading to the occurrence of a lateral pivot motion. During the deep flexion activities, the subjects experienced significantly more axial rotation (> 13 degrees) than gait (< 5 degrees). During all five activities, the lateral condyle experienced significantly more anteroposterior translation, leading to axial rotation of the tibia relative to the femur.
STT-RAM device performance improvement using CMP process (2017)

Current scaling challenges for memory technology have led to fast-paced development of alternative memory technologies. STT-RAM is the leading potential candidate to replace static RAM, dynamic RAM and embedded memory due to its non-volatility, high speed, and unlimited endurance. The performance of STT-MRAM such as memory signal strength (TMR) and data retention (coercivity) is primarily determined by the MTJ film. The deposition of MTJ film requires an underlayer with Angstrom-scale smoothness to achieve good device performance. The Applied Materials Reflexion® LK Prime™ CMP system was used to develop a CMP process to achieve such Angstrom-scale smoothness on the patterned bottom plug-oxide boundary. This degree of smoothness on the bottom plug helped to significantly improve the device performance.
Relationship between blood pressure response during hemodialysis and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery measured using cardio-pulmonary exercise testing in maintenance hemodialysis patients (2020)

Abstract Background This study investigated the association between the blood pressure response during hemodialysis (HD) and exercise tolerance or heart rate recovery (HRR) measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). Methods The study enrolled 23 patients who had been undergoing 4-h regular maintenance HD. The maximum workload (Load peak ), peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak ), workload and oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (Load AT and VO 2AT, respectively), and HRR were measured with CPX. The average systolic blood pressure during HD (SBP av ) was measured, and the number of times the SBP was less than 100 mmHg was determined in the 2-week period after CPX. Results The SBP av showed a significant correlation with Load AT ( r = 0.46) and Load peak ( r = 0.43, p &lt; 0.05). The number of times the SBP was less than 100 mmHg showed a significant correlation with the HRR ( r = − 0.44, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion Exercise intolerance and HRR in HD patients may be associated with blood pressure instability during HD.