gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electroless Deposition of NiB on 15 Inch Glass Substrates for the Fabrication of Transistor Gates for Liquid Crystal Displays (2003)

The thin-film transistor (TFT) array of liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) comprises a number of metallic, semiconducting, and insulating layers, which need to be deposited and patterned accurately with very high yields on a (large) glass substrate. We are exploring how to fabricate the gate metal lines of the TFT array in an entirely new and potentially cost-effective wayby depositing the metal layer of the TFT array using electroless deposition (ELD) and by patterning the gates using microcontact printing (μCP). To achieve this goal, we separately explore first the plating conditions to deposit a gate metal on 15 in. glass substrates, and second the printing process to finally combine them later in the work. Here, we review in depth the metallization of the glass by ELD of NiB as gate material, and we demonstrate the patterning of the gate layer using a conventional photoengraving process (PEP, i.e., photolithography and wet etching). We selected NiB because this material can fulfill the conductivity requirements for making an SXGA (1280 pixels × 1020 pixels) display having a 157 pixel per inch resolution. Because ELD requires the presence of a catalyst on the substrate, we derivatized the glass by grafting 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane (EDA-Si) from an aqueous solution, which serves as linker between the glass and colloidal Pd/Sn particles. We identify the optimum conditions for the derivatization of the glass and to activate it with colloidal Pd/Sn in a uniform manner so as to electroless deposit high-quality NiB layers. We plated uniform NiB films of 120 nm thickness on both faces of 15 in. glass substrates, and we removed the NiB from one face of the substrate using HNO3 dissolved in water. The remaining NiB layer was patterned using a mask of photoresist and an etch bath comprising an aqueous solution of 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (NBSA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) at pH ∼ 9. This etch system minimizes the galvanic coupling between the Pd/Sn particles and the NiB, and it enabled patterning the gates with an accuracy better than 1 μm. Annealing the NiB layer at 400 °C reduces its specific resistivity from 25 to 13 μΩ cm, and the roughness and adhesion of the layer to the glass enable the plasma deposition of silicon nitride (SiNx) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) layers over the patterned array of gates. Building an array of TFTs for a SXGA display using the NiB as the gate layer yielded transistors with transfer and output characteristics similar to those fabricated using a conventional gate material. The work presented here may spur the introduction of novel surface chemistry processes into flat-panel-display factories.
Application of MCLC Method for Estimating the Parameters of MEMS Sensors (2005)

This paper presents an extension of a novel identification method for MEMS parameters, known as MCLC. It is well suited for MEMS applications since it is quite easy to integrate with the sensor. Basically the method is based on the measurement of a limit cycle that appears when inserting the unknown system in a non-linear closed loop. This limit cycle can be used to estimate the parameters of the unknown system. In order to be efficient, the closed loop system is brought in a chaotic regime so that the limit cycle is infinitely long, which improves the accuracy of the MCLC method. Some results obtained by simulation are reported throughout the paper to illustrate the approach. Finally, an experimental setup is presented in order to validate this approach.
Progress towards a synthetic virus for systemic gene therapy. (1999)

Here we discuss recent progress in non-viral gene therapy with an emphasis on developments which specifically attempt to address the limitations of current systems and their inability to overcome the first barrier to systemic gene delivery, delivery to the disease site and the target cell. Other issues associated with the efficiency of transfection, such as intracellular delivery, the endosomal release of vectors internalized through endocytosis and nuclear delivery are also discussed.
Symmetry‐breaking in mammalian cell cohort migration during tissue pattern formation: Role of random‐walk persistence (2005)

Coordinated, cohort cell migration plays an important role in the morphogenesis of tissue patterns in metazoa. However, individual cells intrinsically move in a random walk-like fashion when studied in vitro. Hence, in the absence of an external orchestrating influence or template, the emergence of cohort cell migration must involve a symmetry-breaking event. To study this process, we used a novel experimental system in which multiple capillary endothelial cells exhibit spontaneous and robust cohort migration in the absence of chemical gradients when cultured on micrometer-scale extracellular matrix islands fabricated using microcontact printing. A computational model suggested that directional persistence of random-walk and dynamic mechanical coupling of adjacent cells are the critical control parameters for this symmetry-breaking behavior that is induced in spatially-constrained cell ensembles. The model predicted our finding that fibroblasts, which exhibit a much shorter motility persistence time than endothelial cells, failed to undergo symmetry breaking or produce cohort migration on the matrix islands. These findings suggest that cells have intrinsic motility characteristics that are tuned to match their role in tissue patterning. Our results underscore the importance of studying cell motility in the context of cell populations, and the need to address emergent features in multicellular organisms that arise not only from cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but also from properties that are intrinsic to individual cells.
Characterization of a Selective Antagonist of Neuropeptide Y at the Y2 Receptor (1997)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent inhibitor of neurotransmitter release through the Y2 receptor subtype. Specific antagonists for the Y2 receptors have not yet been described. Based on the concept of template-assembled synthetic proteins we have used a cyclic template molecule containing two beta-turn mimetics for covalent attachment of four COOH-terminal fragments RQRYNH2 (NPY 33-36), termed T4-[NPY(33-36)]4. This structurally defined template-assembled synthetic protein has been tested for binding using SK-N-MC and LN319 cell lines that express the Y1 and Y2 receptor, respectively. T4-[NPY(33-36)]4 binds to the Y2 receptor with high affinity (IC50 = 67.2 nM) and has poor binding to the Y1 receptor. This peptidomimetic tested on LN319 cells at concentrations up to 10 microM shows no inhibitory effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels (IC50 for NPY = 2.5 nM). Furthermore, we used confocal microscopy to examine the NPY-induced increase in intracellular calcium in single LN319 cells. Preincubation of the cells with T4-[NPY(33-36)]4 shifted to the right the dose-response curves for intracellular mobilization of calcium induced by NPY at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 10 microM. Finally, we assessed the competitive antagonistic properties of T4-[NPY(33-36)]4 at presynaptic peptidergic Y2 receptors modulating noradrenaline release. the compound T4-[NPY(33-36)]4 caused a marked shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of NPY 13-36, a Y2-selective fragment, yielding a pA2 value of 8.48. Thus, to our best knowledge, T4-[NPY(33-36)]4 represents the first potent and selective Y2 antagonist.
Probing Attacks on Integrated Circuits: Challenges and Research Opportunities (2017)

As a type of invasive physical attacks, probing attacks are able to access and directly monitor security critical nets of an IC and extract sensitive information. In this paper, the authors summarize the state-of-the-art probing and anti-probing technologies and their challenges, and discuss the opportunities in the relevant research.
Profiling and Application of Photoredox C(sp3)–C(sp2) Cross-Coupling in Medicinal Chemistry (2018)

Recent visible-light photoredox catalyzed C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>2</sup>) cross-coupling provides a novel transformation to potentially enable the synthesis of medicinal chemistry targets. Here, we report a profiling study of photocatalytic C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>2</sup>) cross-coupling, both decarboxylative coupling and cross-electrophile coupling, with 18 pharmaceutically relevant aryl halides by using either Kessil lamp or our newly developed integrated photoreactor. Integrated photoreactor accelerates reaction rate and improves reaction success rate. Cross-electrophile coupling gives higher success rate with broad substrate scope on alkyl halides than that of the decarboxylative coupling. In addition, a successful application example on a discovery program demonstrates the efficient synthesis of medicinal chemistry targets via photocatalytic C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>2</sup>) cross-coupling by using our integrated photoreactor.
Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular events but not hepatic events and death in patients with chronic hepatitis B (2016)

Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of cardiovascular events but not hepatic events and death; LSM was the important risk factor of hepatic events and death in CHB patients. (Hepatology 2016;64:1507-1517).
Lower numbers of circulating natural killer T (NK T) cells in individuals with human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) associated neurological disease (2009)

Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 10-20 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic; however, approximately 3% develop the debilitating neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). There is also currently no cure, vaccine or effective therapy for HTLV-1 infection, and the mechanisms for progression to HAM/TSP remain unclear. NK T cells are an immunoregulatory T cell subset whose frequencies and effector functions are associated critically with immunity against infectious diseases. We hypothesized that NK T cells are associated with HAM/TSP progression. We measured NK T cell frequencies and absolute numbers in individuals with HAM/TSP infection from two cohorts on two continents: São Paulo, Brazil and San Francisco, CA, USA, and found significantly lower levels when compared with healthy subjects and/or asymptomatic carriers. Also, the circulating NK T cell compartment in HAM/TSP subjects is comprised of significantly more CD4(+) and fewer CD8(+) cells than healthy controls. These findings suggest that lower numbers of circulating NK T cells and enrichment of the CD4(+) NK T subset are associated with HTLV-1 disease progression.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Protocol for the Oxidative Hydrolysis of Ketone SAMP Hydrazones Employing SeO2 and H2O2 under Buffered (pH 7) Conditions. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect Of Controlled-Release Oxybutynin On Neurogenic Bladder Function In Spinal Cord Injury (2003)

Oxybutynin XL is safe and effective in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to SCI. The onset of clinical efficacy occurs within 1 week, and daily dosages up to 30 mg are well tolerated.
Formal derivation of optimal active shielding for low-power on-chip buses (2006)

Passive shielding has been used to reduce the capacitive coupling effects of adjacent bus lines by inserting passive ground or power lines (shields) between them. Active shielding is another shielding technique in which the shield is allowed to switch depending on the switching pattern of its adjacent bus lines. This paper formally derives the optimal active shielding logic function for minimum power dissipation. It is also shown that this optimal active shielding architecture depends on the ratio of coupling to ground capacitance (/spl gamma/=C/sub c//C/sub g/). Optimal active shielding is shown to provide up to 25% reduction in bus power dissipation compared to conventional passive shielding. A suboptimal active shielding architecture with simpler hardware is also proposed. Theoretically, using the suboptimal shielding architecture leads to less than 6% bus power penalty compared to the optimal active shielding logic circuit. However, due to the simpler shield encoding circuitry, simulation results show that the suboptimal active shielding architecture leads to higher overall energy savings compared to the optimal active shielding architectures.
Mechanisms underlying priapism in sickle cell disease: targeting and key innovations on the preclinical landscape (2020)

<b>Introduction</b>: Priapism is prolonged penile erection in the absence of sexual arousal or desire and is a devastating condition affecting millions of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) globally. Available drug treatments for SCD-related priapism remain limited and have been primarily reactive rather than preventive. Hence, there is an unmet need for new drug targets and pharmacologic therapies.<b>Areas covered</b>: We examine the molecular mechanisms underlying SCD-associated priapism evaluated mostly in animal models. In mouse models of SCD, molecular defects of priapism operating at the cavernous tissue level include reduced tonic NO/cGMP signaling, elevated oxidative/nitrosative stress, vascular adhesion molecule derangements, excessive adenosine and opiorphin signaling, dysregulated vasoconstrictive RhoA/ROCK signaling, and testosterone deficiency. We discuss the consequences of downregulated cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) activity in response to these molecular signaling derangements, as the main effector mechanism causing unrestrained cavernous tissue relaxation that results in priapism.<b>Expert opinion</b>: Basic science studies are crucial for understanding the underlying pathophysiology of SCD-associated priapism. Understanding the molecular mechanisms could unearth new therapeutic targets for this condition based on these mechanisms. Treatment options should aim to improve deranged erection physiology regulatory signaling to prevent priapism and potentially restore or preserve erectile function.
Inhibition of lymphokine-induced macrophage microbicidal activity against Leishmania major by liposomes: characterization of the physicochemical requirements for liposome inhibition. (1986)

Resident peritoneal macrophages from untreated mice develop potent microbicidal activity against amastigotes of Leishmania major after in vitro treatment with lymphokine (LK) from mitogen-stimulated spleen cells. LK-induced macrophage microbicidal activity was completely and selectively abrogated by treatment with phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine (PC/PS) liposomes. Other macrophage effector functions (phagocytosis, tumoricidal activity) were unaffected, as was cytotoxicity by macrophages activated in vivo or by LK in vitro before liposome treatment. Activation factors in LK were not adsorbed or destroyed by liposomes. Liposome-induced inhibition was unaffected by indomethacin and was fully reversible: macrophages washed free of liposomes developed strong microbicidal activity with subsequent LK treatment. Changes in liposomal lipid composition markedly altered suppressive effects, but inhibition was not dependent on liposome size, cholesterol content, charge, or number of lamellae. Liposomes composed of PC alone or in combination with any of five different phospholipids were not suppressive. In contrast, inhibition was directly dependent on PS concentration within PC/PS liposomes. Phosphoserine was not inhibitory nor was dimyristoyl PS (synthetic saturated PS). However, the lysophospholipid metabolite of PS, lysoPS, was strongly suppressive. These studies suggest that the reversible and selective inhibition of LK-induced macrophage microbicidal activity by PC/PS liposomes is mediated by PS and its lysoPS metabolite.
The cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 are not essential in T cell anergy (2003)

Recent evidence suggests that the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 are important factors in T cell anergy, but it has remained unclear whether anergy can be induced in their absence. We therefore induced anergy by stimulation of purified T cells from wild-type, p21Cip1-/-, and p27Kip1-/- mice with anti-CD3 antibodies. Anergic wild-type T cells were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle with a high p27Kip1 protein level and low Cdk2 activity. In p27-/- and p21-/- T cells, the pattern of protein expression was preserved, but Cdk2 activity was increased. To confirm the in vivo relevance of these data, anergy was induced by repeated injection of mice with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), which leads to partial deletion of the responsive Vbeta8+ T cell population and anergy in the remaining T cells. p21-/- mice and wild-type mice reacted similarly to this treatment. p27-/- mice showed reduced deletion of SEB-responsive T cells, but persisting T cells were anergic. These data indicate that other cell cycle regulators contribute to the cell cycle arrest of anergic T cells, as neither Cdk inhibitor is required for the induction of anergy.
Search for hep solar neutrinos and the diffuse supernova neutrino background using all three phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (2020)

A search has been performed for neutrinos from two sources, the hep reaction in the solar $pp$ fusion chain and the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), using the full dataset of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with a total exposure of $2.47\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kton}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{years}$ after fiducialization. The hep search is performed using both a single-bin counting analysis and a likelihood fit. We find a best-fit flux that is compatible with solar model predictions while remaining consistent with zero flux, and set a one-sided upper limit of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{hep}&lt;30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ [90% credible interval (CI)]. No events are observed in the DSNB search region, and we set an improved upper bound on the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component of the DSNB flux of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}}^{\mathrm{DSNB}}&lt;19\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (90% CI) in the energy range $22.9&lt;{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}&lt;36.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$.
Deprotection reaction kinetics in chemically amplified photoresists determined by sub-millisecond post exposure bake (2012)

Chemically amplified photoresists require a post exposure bake (PEB) to induce deprotection using a UV generated acid-catalyst. While reaction pathways for deprotection have been proposed, key challenges remain in modeling the reaction kinetics. In this work, we used a scanning line-focused laser beam as an alternate PEB method, to quantify the deprotection reaction kinetics of an ESCAP-type and a 193 nm model resist system at high temperatures in millisecond time frames. Results were compared with conventional PEB at 115&deg;C for seconds time frames. Results show that the deprotection kinetics follow simple first-order reaction models only under laser PEB conditions, with more complex kinetics observed under hot plate PEB. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies were used to characterize the reaction byproducts. Results suggest potential differences in deprotection mechanisms between the two PEB temperature and time regimes. The deprotection behavior obtained using this <i>l</i>-PEB technique enables a deeper understanding of the reaction kinetics of photoresists, critical for current DUV and future EUV technologies.
The Potential Economic Feasibility of Direct Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction as a Route to Ammonia (2019)

&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Haber-Bosch synthesis produces ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases in a globally important energy-intensive process that uses coal or natural gas as a fuel and as a hydrogen source. Direct electrochemical ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and water using renewable energy sources presents an alternative to the Haber-Bosch process that would be sustainable and environmentally benign. Additionally, the different production structure of direct electrochemical nitrogen reduction technology suggests a supply chain alternative to the ammonia industry, and a method for load-leveling of the electrical grid. This alternative route to ammonia from dinitrogen would not require the same large capital investments as does the Haber-Bosch process, nor would it require access to a fossil fuel supply. We show that under certain scenarios, at feasibly achievable levels of energy efficiency with a future electrocatalyst, direct nitrogen reduction would be economically competitive or advantageous compared with Haber-Bosch-based ammonia production.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna (2017)

This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment.
Ultra-High Peak Power Fiber Amplifiers (2006)

Rare-earth doped fibers are most widely used as optical amplifiers in telecommunications and as cw laser sources. These applications deal with relatively low energy pulses and low peak power levels.
Provable Advantages for Graph Algorithms in Spiking Neural Networks (2021)

We present a theoretical framework for designing and assessing the performance of algorithms executing in networks consisting of spiking artificial neurons. Although spiking neural networks (SNNs) are capable of general-purpose computation, few algorithmic results with rigorous asymptotic performance analysis are known. SNNs are exceptionally well-motivated practically, as neuromorphic computing systems with 100 million spiking neurons are available, and systems with a billion neurons are anticipated in the next few years. Beyond massive parallelism and scalability, neuromorphic computing systems offer energy consumption orders of magnitude lower than conventional high-performance computing systems. We employ our framework to design and analyze neuromorphic graph algorithms, focusing on shortest path problems. Our neuromorphic algorithms are message-passing algorithms relying critically on data movement for computation, and we develop data-movement lower bounds for conventional algorithms. A fair and rigorous comparison with conventional algorithms and architectures is challenging but paramount. We prove a polynomial-factor advantage even when we assume an SNN consisting of a simple grid-like network of neurons. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first examples of a provable asymptotic computational advantage for neuromorphic computing.