gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enrichment and Detection of Rare Alleles by Means of Snapback Primers and Rapid-Cycle PCR (2010)

Use of snapback primers for enrichment and detection of minority alleles is simple, is inexpensive to perform, and can be completed in a closed tube in <25 min.
Selective enhancement of low-gamma activity by tACS improves phonemic processing and reading accuracy in dyslexia (2020)

Abstract The phonological deficit in dyslexia is associated with altered low-gamma oscillatory function in left auditory cortex, but a causal relationship between oscillatory function and phonemic processing has never been established. After confirming a deficit at 30 Hz with electroencephalography (EEG), we applied 20 minutes of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to transiently restore this activity in adults with dyslexia. The intervention significantly improved phonological processing and reading accuracy as measured immediately after tACS. The effect was selective to 30 Hz stimulation, and proportional to dyslexia severity. Importantly, we observed that the focal intervention on the left auditory cortex also decreased 30 Hz activity in the right superior temporal cortex, resulting in reinstating a left dominance for the oscillatory response, as present in controls. These findings formally establish a causal role of neural oscillations in phonological processing, and offer solid neurophysiological grounds for a potential correction of low-gamma anomalies, and for alleviating of the phonological deficit in dyslexia.
tRNA Nucleotidyltransferase‐Catalyzed Incorporation of CMP and AMP into RNA‐Bacteriophage Genome Fragments (1975)

Fragments of bacteriophage RNAs R17, MS2 and Qbeta obtained by incubation with commercial snake venom phosphodiesterase become substrates of the Escherichia coli tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The transferase adds back CMP and AMP in conditions in which it remains highly specific of CCA-deprived tRNAs. The results suggest that the fragment from the 3' end of the viral genome and/or possibly one or more internal fragment(s) are recognized by the transferase. These observations might indicate that bacteriophage RNAs contain certain features probably present in all tRNAs and which are recognized by the transferase.
Finite Element Method (2017)

In this chapter, we will first develop the finite element method for a simple one-dimensional Laplace problem. FEM algorithms will then be developed for two-dimensional (2-D) Helmholtz problems, including modal eigenvalue problems and radiation and scattering. FEM will then be combined with a surface integral equation to develop the FEM-BEM algorithm.
iTRAQ data of murin melanoma tissue sample (2020)

iTRAQ data of the B16F10 murine melanoma tissue sample form the in vivo study of a highly concentrated form of fermented wheat germ extract.
Abstracts from the 2011 BNOS Conference, June 29 - July 1, 2011, Homerton College, Cambridge (2011)

INTRODUCTION: Substituted indoles and related structures have been shown to exhibit potent anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines. Here, the effects of structurally similar substituted indoles against the human glial cancer cell lines, 1321N1 and U87MG, have been investigated by comparing the effects of these compounds to conventional anti cancer drugs. METHODS: Cell viability in the presence of the test compounds was measured using an MTS assay and corroborated by an ATP cell proliferation assay as well as a Trypan blue exclusion test. The significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process was determined using an Image-iT® LIVE ROS kit from Invitrogen. RESULTS: Both cell lines were treated with four commercial anticancer drugs and IC50 values were only reached at concentrations of 20 µM for cisplatin and 50 µM for gemcitabine over 48hrs on the 1321N1 cell line. However, the more malignant U87MG cell line was resistant to all the drugs, except for cisplatin where the IC50 value was reached at 300 µM after treatment for 48hrs. Similar studies were carried out with various substituted indoles and the cytotoxicity results on both cell lines showed that the IC50 value was reached within 90 minutes for the most potent compound at a concentration of 600 µM (1321N1) and 800 µM (U87MG). The idea that the mechanism of action of these compounds may work through the generation of ROS was investigated and this was confirmed over a similar time course using a suitable fluorogenic marker. Moreover, it was shown that the addition of an antioxidant (ascorbic acid) abolished the potency of the most active compound. CONCLUSION: Here, it has been demonstrated that certain substituted indoles are able to have a rapid, deleterious effect on the viability of two glioma cell lines and indicated that ROS generation may induce cell death.
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Stimulates Association and Kinase Activity of Raf-1 with the EGF Receptor (1991)

Raf-1 serine- and threonine-specific protein kinase is transiently activated in cells expressing the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor upon treatment with EGF. The stimulated EGF receptor coimmunoprecipitates with Raf-1 kinase and mediates protein kinase C-independent phosphorylation of Raf-1 on serine residues. Hyperphosphorylated Raf-1 has lower mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and has sixfold-increased activity in immunocomplex kinase assay with histone H1 or Raf-1 sequence-derived peptide as a substrate. Raf-1 activation requires kinase-active EGF receptor; a point mutant lacking tyrosine kinase activity in inactive in Raf-1 coupling and association. It is noteworthy that tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Raf-1 induced by EGF was not detected in these cells. These observations suggest that Raf-1 kinase may act as an important downstream effector of EGF signal transduction.
Unexcitable zones as a source of spiral waves initiation and cardiac arrhythmias (2002)

The initiation of a 2-D spiral wave rotation around a periodic lattice of unexcitable zones (obstacles) is studied numerically by the finite-difference method. The lattice consists of thin asymmetrical filaments formed by unexcitable (diseased) portions of heart tissue. A spiral-like wave rotation originates from the incident wavefront break which occurred at the obstacles. The conditions are found when a rotation frequency of the broken wavefront fragments is several times greater than the frequency of a normal heart rhythm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Master Hand Technology For The HMI Using Hand Gesture And Colour Detection (2012)

Master Hand Technology uses different hand gestures and colors to give various commands for the Human-Machine(here Computer) Interfacing. Gestures recognition deals with the goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithm. Gestures made by users with the help of a color band and/or body pose , in two or three dimensions , get translated by software/image processing into predefined commands .The computer then acts according to the command. There have been a lot work already developed in this field either by extracting hand gesture only or extracting hand with the help of color segmentation. In this project, both hand gesture extraction and color detection used for better, faster, robust, accurate and real-time applications. Red, Green, Blue colors are most efficiently detected if RGB color space used. Using HSV color space, it can be extended to any no of colors. For hand gesture detection, the default background is captured and stored for further processing. Comparing the new captured image with background image and doing necessary extraction and filtering, hand portion can be extracted. Then applying different mathematical algorithms different hand gestures detected. All this work done using MATLAB software. By interfacing a portion of Master hand or/and color to mouse of a Computer, the computer can be controlled same as the mouse. And then many virtual (Augmented reality) or PC based application can be developed (e.g. Calculator, Paint). It does not matter whether the system is within your reach or not; but a camera that is linked with the system must have to be near-by . Showing different gestures by your Master-Hand , the computer can be controlled remotely. If the camera can be set-up online, then the computer can be controlled even from a very far place online.
Surface properties of poly(ethylene oxide)‐based segmented block copolymers with monodisperse hard segments (2009)

Abstract The surface properties of segmented block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) segments and monodisperse crystallizable tetra‐amide segments were studied. The monodisperse crystallizable segments (T6T6T) were based on terephthalate (T) and hexamethylenediamine (6). Due to the crystallinity of T6T6T being high (∼ 85%), the amount of amorphous T6T6T dissolved in the polyether phase was limited. The length of the PEO segments was varied (between 600 and 4600 g/mol) and effect of extending the PEO segments with terephthalic groups was investigated. Studied was the hydrophilicity of the surface by contact angle measurements and of the bulk copolymers by water absorption measurements The results were compared with data of PEO‐poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEO‐PBT) copolymers. For a given hydrophilicity of the bulk copolymer, the surface hydrophilicity decreased in the order PEO‐PBT, PEO‐T6T6T, and (PEO‐T)‐T6T6T. The use of short monodisperse hard segments resulted in low contact angles, with a lowest observed value of ∼ 29°. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
POLICY, PRACTICE AND PERCEPTIONS OF QINGZHEN (HALAL) IN CHINA (2014)

This article examines how Muslims and non-Muslims share halal values in everyday life by exploring top-down standardisation of halal and bottom-up daily food practices in non-Muslim society, specifically, case study among the Hui and Han people in the People’s Republic of China. As global awareness of the halal market has increased, local governments in China and around the world have introduced regulations to manage halal food production. This policy environment also facilitates the entry of various actors into business — and uses international connections and co-operation to ensure the reliability and authority of halal marks in China. Additionally, in terms of access to and the culinary image of halal food in everyday life, it was found that Muslims prioritise service providers’ honesty and responsibility, while non-Muslims consume halal food as an alternative to local cuisine or as an economic tool.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Molecular Modeling Study on Mycophenolic Acid:  Implications for Binding to Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (1996)

The conformation of the sodium salt of mycophenolic acid (MPA), a potent inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPD), derived from 1D DIFNOE and 2D ROESY experiments in water and molecular dynamics (MD) is described. The hexenoic acid side chain conformation consistent with the NMR data was similar to that seen in the X-ray structure of MPA. The solution conformation was applied in a molecular modeling study in order to explore the potential features of enzyme binding. Our results, based on striking similarities in molecular volume and electrostatic isopotential between MPA and cofactor NAD+, lead to the suggestion that MPA is capable of binding to the nicotinamide site of IMPD and mimicking the NAD+ inverse regulation of the enzyme. In addition, our proposed model is in good agreement with the observed high affinity of the dinucleotide analogues thiazole- and selenazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide to IMPD.
Sulfur‐based functional groups in agrochemistry (2023)

The element sulfur has an outstanding role in the crop protection chemistry because it is used in its elemental form as a multisite fungicide, but is also part of agrochemicals in the form of aromatic or aliphatic sulfur-containing rings or sulfur-based functional groups. This review gives an exhaustive overview over the latter category. Several fundamental agrochemical compound classes are named after a sulfur-based functionality, such as the dithiocarbamate fungicides and sulfonylurea herbicides. Altogether, 16 different sulfur-based functional groups are presented with their typical synthesis approaches and most important representatives in crop protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Supplementary Figures 7-8 from PlGF/VEGFR-1 Signaling Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Accelerated Tumor Progression in Obesity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 7 - Effects of VEGFR-1 signaling ablation on IGF-1R/IR signaling pathways in PAN02 and E0771 tumors implanted in obese mice; Supplementary Figure 8 - Additional effects of VEGFR-1 signaling ablation and metformin on tumor metabolism and vessel density in obese mice.&lt;/p&gt;
Skin Delivery of siRNA Using Sponge Spicules in Combination with Cationic Flexible Liposomes (2020)

We report the topical administration of sponge Haliclona sp. Spicules (SHS) combined with cationic flexible liposomes (CFL) to increase the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into viable skin cells in vitro and in vivo. SHS can be applied topically as novel microneedles to overcome skin barrier by creating plenty of new microchannels in stratum corneum. Subsequently, well-designed CFL can be also utilized topically as nanocarriers to overcome skin cells membrane by delivering siRNA to skin deep layers through these microchannels and thereby facilitating their cell internalization. The topical application of SHS in combination with CFL (0.05% of lipids, w/v), referred to as CFL(0.05%), enhanced siRNA skin penetration in vitro by 72.95 ± 2.97-fold compared to control group (p < 0.001). Further, the topical application of SHS in combination with CFL(0.05%) on female BALB/c mice skin resulted in 29.21% ± 1.41% of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) knockdown at all application area in vivo, which was not significantly different from the GAPDH protein knockdown rate in the subcutaneous injection center. However, the high knockdown rate only appears in the vicinity (<0.5 cm) of the injection center. In sum, this study provides a promising strategy of topical delivery of siRNA by the combined used of SHS and well-designed CFL.
Resection and Surgically Targeted Radiation Therapy for Initial or Salvage Treatment of Aggressive Meningioma (2020)

Rogers, Leland; Nakaji, Peter MD; Youssef, Emad; Smith, Kris; Zabramski, Joseph M MD; Thomas, Terry; Dardis, Christopher; Pinnaduwage, Dilini; Brachman, David Author Information
Renormalization group for the large-Nstrongly commensurate dirty boson model (1999)

The large-$N$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model, in $D&lt;4$ space-time dimensions, with disorder a function of d space dimensions, is analyzed via a renormalization-group treatment. Critical exponents for average quantities are calculated, first to lowest order and then to all orders, in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=D\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{-}d/2.$ In particular, it is found that $\ensuremath{\nu}d=2.$ When $D=d+1,$ this model is equivalent to a large-$N$ limit of the strongly commensurate dirty boson problem.
Structural basis of a public antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

Molecular-level understanding of human neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 could accelerate vaccine design and facilitate drug discovery. We analyzed 294 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and found that IGHV3-53 is the most frequently used IGHV gene for targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. We determined crystal structures of two IGHV3-53 neutralizing antibodies +/- Fab CR3022 ranging from 2.33 to 3.11 Å resolution. The germline-encoded residues of IGHV3-53 dominate binding to the ACE2 binding site epitope with no overlap with the CR3022 epitope. Moreover, IGHV3-53 is used in combination with a very short CDR H3 and different light chains. Overall, IGHV3-53 represents a versatile public VH in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, where their specific germline features and minimal affinity maturation provide important insights for vaccine design and assessing outcomes.
Discovery of Phosphonic Diamide Prodrugs and Their Use for the Oral Delivery of a Series of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase Inhibitors (2008)

Like most phosphonic acids, the recently discovered potent and selective thiazole phosphonic acid inhibitors of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) exhibited low oral bioavailability (OBAV) and therefore required a prodrug to achieve oral efficacy. Syntheses of known phosphonate prodrugs did not afford the desired OBAV; hence, a new class of prodrugs was sought. Phosphonic diamides derived from amino acid esters were discovered as viable prodrugs, which met our preset goals: excellent aqueous stability over a wide pH range, benign byproducts (amino acids and low molecular weight alcohols), and most importantly good OBAV leading to robust oral glucose lowering effects. These desirable properties of phosphonic diamides represent significant improvements over existing prodrug classes. Optimization of the diamide prodrugs of phosphonic acid 2a (MB05032) led to the identification of diamide 8 (MB06322), the first reported orally efficacious FBPase inhibitor.
Elucidation of the Pumping Effect during Microwave Drying of Lignite (2016)

Lignite could be a potentially valuable energy resource, but high moisture contents in the raw material hinder its use in industrial applications. While various studies have investigated the use of microwave radiation for pretreating and dehydrating lignite, the drying mechanism has still not been clearly elucidated. In this study, a digital video recorder was used to document progressive moisture migration on the surface of subdecimeter-sized lignite particles and track the reduction in moisture contents. The temperature and pressure history inside the samples during microwave drying was also investigated. The results showed that the drying process could be categorized into the following three stages: preheating, constant-rate drying, and falling-rate drying. The microwave pumping effect was observed on the surface of the samples at the constant-rate drying stage, thus indicating that the moisture inside the samples could be partly driven out in liquid form. An interesting observation was that the moisture content at the exterior zone of the sample was even higher than the initial moisture content at the constant-rate drying stage. Meanwhile, the highest temperature at the center core of the particles reached 120 °C and the corresponding internal vapor pressure equaled 2 atm, according to the acceptable vapor–liquid equilibrium. This high internal vapor pressure may have been responsible for generation of the jet flow of moisture in the solid matrix, namely, the microwave pumping effect. This knowledge should be very instructive for the development of efficient lignite drying technologies, especially from the perspective of energy conservation.
Automated Detection and Localization of Counterfeit Chip Defects by Texture Analysis in Infrared (IR) Domain (2020)

Today's globalized supply chain for electronics design, fabrication, and distribution has resulted in a proliferation of counterfeit chips. Recycled and remarked chips are the most common counterfeit types in the market, and prior work has shown that physical inspection is the best approach to detect them. However, it can be time-consuming, expensive, and destructive while relying on the use of subject matter experts. This paper proposes a low-cost, automated detection technique that examines surface variations within and between chips to identify defective chips. Further, it can estimate the location of the defects for additional analysis. The proposed method only requires a cheap IR camera-based setup to capture images of the chip package surface and is completely unsupervised and non-destructive. Experimental results on 25 chips in our lab demonstrate 100% detection accuracy.
High-strength glass-ceramics in the system MgO/Al2O3/SiO2/ZrO2/Y2O3 – microstructure and properties (2013)

Glasses with the composition 51.9SiO2·21.2MgO·21.2Al2O3·5.7ZrO2 (in mol%) were crystallized in different annealing steps at 950 °C and 1060 °C. Using X-ray diffractometry and high resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it is found that the annealing-induced devitrification results in glass-ceramics with α-quartz solid solution as the main crystal phase, with a few additional ZrO2 and MgAl2O4 crystals as secondary crystal phases. If 2.5 mol% Y2O3 are added to the base glass, however, an identical heat treatment leads to glass-ceramics with dendritic ZrO2 crystals as the main crystal phase, and subsequently grown MgAl2O4 as the secondary crystal phase. The quartz solid solution was found to be absent in those Y2O3-bearing samples, as Y2O3 is incorporated in the residual glass matrix, thus stabilizing it. It was observed that the bending strength was comparable for both sample sets, thus indicating that the existence of α-quartz is not necessarily an important prerequisite for excellent mechanical properties of glass-ceramic materials based on the MgO/Al2O3/SiO2 system. Strengthening mechanisms for both Y2O3-bearing and Y2O3-free glass-ceramics are discussed.
Supplementary Figures 1-5 from Inhibition of Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 Reduces Collagen-mediated Tumorigenicity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1: 7rh reduces collagen-mediated signaling in a concentration-dependent manner in vivo; Supplementary Figure 2: 7rh inhibits Ddr1 activation in Pan02 tumors; Supplementary Figure 3: Inhibition of Ddr1 with 7rh does not induce observable toxicity; Supplementary Figure 4: 7rh in combination with chemotherapy reduced collagen deposition and AsPC-1 tumor weight; Supplementary Figure 5: 7rh in combination with chemotherapy reduced collagen deposition and KPC tumor weight&lt;/p&gt;
Interactive Repositioning of Bone Fracture Segments (2001)

This paper presents an application for semiautomatic repositioning of bone fractures that allows the merging of several fragments. This application has been developed with regard to orthopaedic surgeons who want to simulate the position and orientation of bone fragments preoperatively. The interactive algorithm includes volumetric collision detection for intuitive navigation and coarse manual positioning. Additionally, an optimization process for the mathematically exact repositioning of the bone fragments is implemented.
Interleaved echo planar phase contrast angiography (1994)

Technical aspects of a new rapid 2D multiplanar phase contrast angiographic sequence are presented. The sequence uses multiple excitation echo planar imaging concepts. The advantage of using multiple excitations is that the resolution can be increased over that obtainable with single shot echo planar imaging. By combining phase contrast measurements with echo planar imaging, the measurement time is considerably reduced compared with conventional phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography. The present implementation still requires some improvements before being suitable for clinical applications. Future embodiments could, however, permit angiograms of vessels subject to respiratory motion.
Simultaneous administration of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in children: a randomized double-blind study. (2002)

The meningococcal C conjugate vaccine can be safely and effectively administered at the same visit as the other vaccine antigens routinely given to infants in Canada.