gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {s} = 0.9 $ and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC (2012)

A bstract We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {s} = 0.9 $ and 7TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p T,LT in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p T thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV /c . In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2–3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p T threshold considered. Data are compared to P ythia 6.4, P ythia 8.1 and P hojet . On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p T in the Transverse region by about 10–30%.
Epitaxial CdSe/PbSe Heterojunction Growth and MWIR Photovoltaic Detector (2023)

A novel Epitaxial Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) on Lead Selenide (PbSe) type-II heterojunction photovoltaic detector has been demonstrated by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) growth of n-type CdSe on p-type PbSe single crystalline film. The use of Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) during the nucleation and growth of CdSe indicates high-quality single-phase cubic CdSe. This is a first-time demonstration of single crystalline and single phase CdSe growth on single crystalline PbSe, to the best of our knowledge. The current-voltage characteristic indicates a p-n junction diode with a rectifying factor over 50 at room temperature. The detector structure is characterized by radiometric measurement. A 30 μm × 30 μm pixel achieved a peak responsivity of 0.06 <i>A</i>/<i>W</i> and a specific detectivity (<i>D*</i>) of 6.5 × 10<sup>8</sup> Jones under a zero bias photovoltaic operation. With decreasing temperature, the optical signal increased by almost an order of magnitude as it approached 230 K (with thermoelectric cooling) while maintaining a similar level of noise, achieving a responsivity of 0.441 <i>A</i>/<i>W</i> and a <i>D*</i> of 4.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> Jones at 230 K.
치과용 복합레진에 대한 첨가제의 영향 (2002)

2.2-Bis[P-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxyl)phenol]propane (Bis-GMA)는 광중합형 치과용 고분자 복합레진의 다관능성 유기물로 널리 사용되고 있다. Bis-GMA는 두 개의 히드록시기를 가지고 있어서 구강내에서 광중합되는 복합레진의 물흡수를 야기시켜 장기간 점진적으로 심미성이 감소하고 결국엔 복합레진의 기계적 특성까지 저하시키게 된다. 본 연구에서는 최종제품의 내구성과 저장안정성을 향상시키기 위하여 복합레진에 광안정제와 산화방지제를 첨가제로 사용하였다. 먼저 Tinuvin P의 광안정제를 첨가하면 색변화가 큰 것을 볼 수 있었으나 Irganox 245의 산화방지제를 첨가하였을 때 색안정성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 Tinuvin P와 Irganox 245가 동시에 첨가되었을 때 색안 정성이 향상되며 시료의 가속화 실험 전과 가속화 후 간접인장강도와 같은 기계적 성질도 크게 감소되지 않았다. 따라서 치과용 복합레진의 제조에 있어서 첨가제인 Tinuvin P와 Irganox 245가 각각 0.5% 및 0.1% 첨가되었을 때 내구성 및 색안정성이 향상되었으며 나아가 저장 안정성도 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 【Bis-GMA, 2.2-bis[p(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropokyl)phenyl]Propane, is an essential component as a multifunctional methacrylate prepolymer in the light-curable polymeric dental composite resins. Two hydroxyl groups of the Bis-GMA molecule are considered to induce water sorption of the photocured composite resin in a mouth, resulting in gradual long-term deterioration of aesthetics and mechanical properties of the composite resins. In this study, some additives such as light stabilizer and antioxidant were added to composite resins to promote durability and storage stability of the last product. First of all, color change increased as a light stabilizer. Tinuvin P, was added to the composed resins and color stability was improved as an antioxidant, Irganox 245, was added to ones. In addition, when Tinuvin P and Irganox 245 were added together to the composed resins. the color stability was enhanced and mechanical properties such as diametral tensile strength before and after acceleration tests were also not greatly decreased. Therefore, when 0.5 weight Percent of Tinuvin P and 0.1 weight percent of Irganox 245 were added together to dental composite resins. the durability and color stability were enhanced, and furthermore the storage stability was also improved for the composed resins.】
Synthesis of transparent conducting oxide coatings (2023)

A method and system for preparing a light transmitting and electrically conductive oxide film. The method and system includes providing an atomic layer deposition system, providing a first precursor selected from the group of cyclopentadienyl indium, tetrakis (dimethylamino) tin and mixtures thereof, inputting to the deposition system the first precursor for reaction for a first selected time, providing a purge gas for a selected time, providing a second precursor comprised of an oxidizer, and optionally inputting a second precursor into the deposition system for reaction and alternating for a predetermined number of cycles each of the first precursor, the purge gas and the second precursor to produce the oxide film.
Viral Resistance in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1-Infected Patients Receiving the NS3 Protease Inhibitor Faldaprevir (BI 201335) in a Phase 1b Multiple-Rising-Dose Study (2013)

Faldaprevir (BI 201335) is a selective NS3/4A protease inhibitor under development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. NS3/4A genotyping and NS3 protease phenotyping analyses were performed to monitor the emergence of resistance in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection receiving faldaprevir alone or combined with pegylated interferon alfa 2a and ribavirin (PegIFN-RBV) during a phase 1b study. Among all baseline variants, a maximum 7-fold reduction in in vitro sensitivity to faldaprevir was observed for a rare NS3 (V/I)170T polymorphism. During faldaprevir monotherapy in treatment-naive patients, virologic breakthrough was common (77%, 20/26) and was associated with the emergence of resistance mutations predominantly carrying NS3 substitutions R155K in GT1a and D168V in GT1b. D168V conferred a greater reduction in faldaprevir sensitivity (1,800-fold) than R155K (330-fold); however, D168V was generally less fit than R155K in the absence of selective drug pressure. Treatment-experienced patients treated with faldaprevir-PegIFN-RBV triple therapy showed higher viral load reductions, lower rates of breakthrough (8%, 5/62), and less frequent emergence of resistance-associated variants compared with faldaprevir monotherapy. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00793793.).
Effect of Heat Sink Assembly on Mechanical Reliability of a Wire Bonded Plastic Ball Grid Array Package (2007)

Since the advent of the transistor and integrated circuit, the performance of electronic equipment has increased significantly while footprint of systems at all levels continues to decrease. Recently, the number of transistors on a high end microprocessor has exceeded a billion. All of the above has necessitated considerable improvement in cooling technology and associated reliability. Heat sinks play an important role in cooling technology by providing an increased surface area to dissipate heat. While there has been a great deal of work related to the thermal performance of heat sinks, there has not been a corresponding effort in studying the mechanical related reliability issues of the heat sinks. Previous work has been done to study the effect of adhesively bonded heat sink on the mechanical reliability of a two-layer wire bonded plastic ball grid array (WB-PBGA) package. Stresses induced in the package have been computed for a wide range of values of the adhesive mechanical properties and Young’s modulus. Variation of interfacial peel and shear stresses at the interface between the mold compound and the adhesive and between the adhesive and the heat sink have been qualitatively assessed for propensity of interfacial de-lamination along these two interfaces. In this paper a stress analysis of described package is carried out to study the effect of heat sink assembly on the mechanical reliability of the package. A three dimensional finite element model of WB-PBGA package and Printed wiring board (PWB) is solved numerically to predict the stresses induced and assess their impact on the mechanical integrity of the die and package due to the heat sink assembly. Die and C4 interconnect stresses are examined to evaluate package reliability. Stresses induced within the die and C4 interconnect are examined for different heat sink materials and variation of force developed by heat sink attachments such as clip and screw type has been examined. Finally recommendations will be made regarding choice of heat sink material and clipping force for overall heat sink assembly design. The modeling utilizes a solid model for geometry creation and a finite element commercial program for simulation.
Culture of human cells and synthesis of extracellular matrix on materials compatible with direct analysis by mass spectrometry (2010)

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex three-dimensional network of macromolecules synthesized by cells and is essential for the structure and the function of a tissue. The aim of our approach was to propose a surface allowing cell culture and subsequent analysis of ECM produced by cells directly on materials compatible with Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionization-Time Of Flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry on a 96-well format. Surfaces were made of aluminium and spots of 2 mm in diameter were covered with specific chemical groups (silica, C(6) and C(12) alkyl groups, carboxyl, quaternary amine, or nitrilotriacetic acid groups). We found that among the chemically modified aluminium spots, only silica groups allowed the culture of human vascular cells. The wettability was an essential parameter for cell culture on the surfaces. Indeed, cells could only be cultured on surfaces presenting a moderate wettability with water contact angles of ca. 60 degrees. Then, by treatment of confluent cells with detergents (Triton X100 and deoxycholate), we were able to obtain ECM on the surfaces that were subsequently analyzed using a mass spectrometer, which is currently impossible with any type of cell culture system. As an example, the analysis of ECM from human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) appeared to be reproducible and evidenced different ECM patterns from the two cell types. Applications based on these materials can be proposed for biomarker discovery or characterization of cells for biomedical/diagnostic purposes.
A Design for Highly-Parallel Execution (2000)

The processor instruction-set architecture achieves a large degree of instruction-level parallelism by using speculation and predication. There are two types of speculation. Control speculation is the execution of an operation before the condition governing its execution. Data speculation refers to the execution of a memory load prior to a store that might change its value. Predication is the conditional execution of instructions that removes branches used for conditional execution eliminating associated mispredict penalties. The hardware resources are exposed to the compiler in this explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC) machine. Each memory load and store has a 2b cache hint field in which the compiler encodes its prediction of the spatial and temporal locality of the memory area being accessed. The processor uses this information to determine the placement of cache lines in the cache hierarchy. Figure 25.7.2 shows the block diagram of the microprocessor. The processor hardware is organized into a 10-stage core pipeline, shown in Figure 25.7.3, that can execute up to 6 IA-64 instructions in parallel each clock. Because of the rich IA-64 instruction set, this processor can execute in excess of 20 operations per clock. There are 11 execution units: 4 integer, 2 floating point, 3 branch and 2 load/store units. The processor implements 128 integer and floating point registers, 64 one-bit predicate registers and 8 branch registers. The cache is organized in a hierarchical manner. The Level-1 and Level-2 caches are integrated on-die. The Level-3 cache contains up to 4MB of on-cartridge memory and is accessed through a dedicated back-side bus (BSB) source-synchronous interface. Both L2 and L3 caches are completely ECC protected. The floating-point unit delivers up to 6Gflops. It provides full support for IEEE single, double and double-extended (80b) data types. Parallel IA-64 FP instructions which operate on pairs of 32b single precision numbers increase the single-precision FP computation throughput. The chip also supports multimedia instructions which treat the general registers as vectors of eight 8b, four 16b or two 32b elements.
Immunoblot analysis of platelet glyeoprotein IIb in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia in Israel (1989)

Recent studies have indicated that severe ('type I') Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a heterogeneous hereditary disorder caused by quantitative and/or qualitative abnormalities of platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) IIb and IIIa. Immunoblot analysis of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-solubilized platelets was carried out on controls and 18 patients (12 Iraqi-Jews, two Iranian Jews and four Arabs) employing three antibodies (one monoclonal and two polyclonal) directed at different sites on GPIIb. Nonreduced control platelet samples contained a major Mr approximately 140k immunoreactive protein that was split into an Mr approximately 120k (alpha) and an Mr approximately 25k (beta) band after reduction with mercaptoethanol. The nonreduced samples from all 18 patients tested had trace amounts of Mr approximately 140k band corresponding to normal GPIIb; the intensity of this band was estimated to be less than 1% of the normal amount. Unlike the control samples, however, this Mr approximately 140k band did not change electrophoretic mobility following reduction. Since GPIIb originates from a single chain precursor molecule of Mr approximately 140k that comprises both the alpha and beta chains, and which does not change mobility with reduction, our data suggest that the platelets of these patients contain small amounts of this precursor.
Oxidative Assessment of Phospholipid-Stabilized Perfluorocarbon-Based Blood Substitutes (1994)

Methods based on the HPLC separation with subsequent UV detection and spectrofluorimetry have been developed to monitor the formation of oxidative decomposition products of phospholipids in perfluorocarbon emulsions. Catalytic, as well as emulsion oxidative stability studies have been conducted utilizing egg yolk phospholipid (EYP) and perfluorocarbons of varied compositions/purity in order to assess their effect on susceptibility to oxidation. Our studies indicate that phospholipid composition, degree of unsaturation, perfluorocarbon purity and the presence of oxygen and trace metals have a significant effect on the formation of oxidative decomposition products. A combination of methods has proven useful in monitoring the levels of oxidative decomposition products of phospholipids in phospholipid-stabilized perfluorocarbon-based blood substitutes. Such an approach has proven beneficial in the development of pharmaceutical agents of potentially higher quality and storage stability.
Mycobacterial manipulation of the host cell (2005)

Phagosome biogenesis, the process by which macrophages neutralize ingested pathogens and initiate antigen presentation, has entered the field of cellular mycobacteriology research largely owing to the discovery 30 years ago that phagosomes harboring mycobacteria are refractory to fusion with lysosomes. In the past decade, the use of molecular genetics and biology in different model systems to study phagosome biogenesis have made significant advances in understanding subtle mechanisms by which mycobacteria inhibit the maturation of its phagosome. Thus, we are beginning to appreciate the extent to which these pathogens are able to interfere with innate immune responses and manipulate defense mechanisms to enhance their survival within the human host cell. Here, we summarize current knowledge about phagosome maturation arrest in infected macrophages and the subsequent attenuation of the macrophage-initiated adaptive anti-mycobacterial immune defenses.
NORM as consumer products: issue of their being (2011)

The objects of this study are only radioactive consumer products added NORM (NRCP). In Japanese current markets, many NRCP are sold claiming some effects like hormesis. The existence of NRCP in the living environments here may raise the radiation exposure dose of the user. The activity concentrations in many kinds of NRCP have been determined by gamma-ray spectrometry and the radiation exposure doses from NRCP were calculated in the case of normal use and misuse. The results show that there are some inhalation risks in the cases of NRCP misuse. Furthermore, many kinds of NRCP and ores were analysed by prompt gamma-ray activation analysis method and the results show the added radioactive materials in NRCP are monazite. The three principles of the radioprotection should be applied for users of NRCP. The Japanese NORM guideline of 2009 mentions requirements for optimisation (ALARA) and dose criteria, without justification. Justification is most important for an effective use of radioactive ores that are added in NRCP.
Genome-wide genetic characterization of bladder cancer: a comparison of high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and PCR-based microsatellite analysis. (2003)

Most human cancers are characterized by genomic instability, the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations, and allelic imbalance throughout the genome. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a common form of allelic imbalance, and the detection of LOH has been used to identify genomic regions that harbor tumor suppressor genes and to characterize different tumor types, pathological stages and progression. Global patterns of LOH can be discerned by allelotyping of tumors with polymorphic genetic markers. Microsatellites are reliable genetic markers for studying LOH, but typically only a modest number of microsatellites are tested in LOH studies because the genotyping procedure can be laborious. Here we describe the use of a new alternative approach to comprehensive allelotyping in which samples are genotyped for nearly 1500 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci distributed across all human autosomal arms. We examined the pattern of allelic imbalance in human transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder including 36 primary tumors and 1 recurrent tumor with matched normal DNAs. The call rate for all SNPs was 78.5 +/- 1.87% overall samples. Overall, the median number of allelic imbalance was 47.5, ranging from 20 to 118. The mean number of allelic imbalances was 36.58, 51.30, and 67.78 for pT(a), pT(1), and > or =pT(2), respectively, and also increased by grade. The SNP microarray analysis result was validated by comparison with microsatellite allelotype analysis of 118 markers in the same tumors. Overall, the two methods produced consistent loss patterns at informative loci. The SNP assay discovered previously undiscovered allelic imbalances at chromosomal arms 12q, 16p, 1p, and 2q. The detection of LOH and other chromosomal changes using large numbers of SNP markers should enable rapid and accurate identification of allelic imbalance patterns that will facilitate the mapping and identification of important cancer genes. Moreover, SNP analysis raises the possibility of individual tumor genome-wide allelotyping with potential prognostic and diagnostic applications.
C4NP for Pb-free solder wafer bumping and 3D fine-pitch applications (2008)

Controlled collapse chip connection - new process (C4NP) technology is a novel solder bumping technology developed by IBM to address the limitations of existing bumping technologies. Through continuous improvements in processes, materials and defect control, C4NP technology has been successfully implemented at IBM in the manufacturing of all 300 mm Pb-free solder bumped wafers. Both 200 mum and 150 mum pitch products have been qualified and are currently ramping up volume production. Extendibility of C4NP to 50 mum ultra-fine pitch microbump application has been successfully demonstrated with the existing C4NP manufacturing tools. Targeted applications for microbumps are three-dimensional (3D) chip integration and the conversion of memory wafers from wirebonding (WB) to C4 bumping. The metrology data on solder volume, bump height, defect and yield have been characterized by RVSI inspection. This paper reviews the C4NP processes from mold manufacturing, solder fill and solder transfer onto 300 mm wafers, along with defect and yield analysis. Reliability challenges as well as solutions in the development and qualification of flip chip Pb-free solder joint are also reviewed. In addition to a suitable under bump metallurgy (UBM), a robust lead-free solder alloy with precisely controlled composition and special alloy doping is needed to enhance performance and reliability.
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Neutrophil β-Defensins (1999)

beta-Defensins are microbicidal peptides implicated in host defense functions of phagocytic leukocytes and certain surface epithelial cells. Here we investigated the genetic structures and cellular expression of BNBD-4, -12, and -13, three prototypic bovine neutrophil beta-defensins. Characterization of the corresponding cDNAs indicated that BNBD-4 (41 residues) derives from a 63-amino acid prepropeptide and that BNBD-12 (38 residues) and BNBD-13 (42 residues) derive from a common 60-amino acid precursor (BNBD-12/13). The peptides were found to be encoded by two-exon genes that are closely related to bovine epithelial beta-defensin genes. BNBD-4 and BNBD-12/13 mRNAs were most abundant in bone marrow, but were expressed differentially in certain non-myeloid tissues. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that BNBD-4 synthesis is completed early in myelopoiesis. BNBD-12 was localized exclusively to the novel dense granules, organelles that also contain precursors of cathelicidins, antimicrobial peptides that undergo proteolytic processing during phagocytosis. In contrast to cathelicidins, Western blot analyses revealed that mature beta-defensins are the predominant organellar form in myeloid cells. Stimulation of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate induced secretion of BNBD-12, indicating that it is co-secreted with pro-cathelicidins. The exocytosis of BNBD-12 by activated neutrophils reveals different mobilization pathways for myeloid alpha- and beta-defensins.
Words in the History of a Turing Machine with a Fixed Input (1963)

No abstract available.
Delay-Bounded Packet Scheduling of Bursty Traffic Over Wireless Channels (2004)

In this paper, we study minimal power transmission of bursty sources over wireless channels with constraints on mean queuing delay. The power minimizing schedulers adapt power and rate of transmission based on the queue and channel state. We show that packet scheduling based on queue state can be used to trade queuing delay with transmission power, even on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. Our extensive simulations show that small increases in average delay can lead to substantial savings in transmission power, thereby providing another avenue for mobile devices to save on battery power. We propose a low-complexity scheduler that has near-optimal performance. We also construct a variable-rate quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)-based transmission scheme to show the benefits of the proposed formulation in a practical communication system. Power optimal schedulers with absolute packet delay constraints are also studied and their performance is evaluated via simulations.