gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets (2017)

The graphene oxide dispersions exhibited long-term stability, consisting of sheets with sizes ranging from hundreds of nm to a few µm, similar to the dispersion of graphene oxide in water. These results provide guidance while selecting solvents to disperse graphene-based materials. One of the critical challenges in using graphene nanosheets for practical applications is the lack of an efficient way to reliably produce them in both large quantities and of high qualities. To disperse graphene oxide, the organic solvents should be polar molecules, because the graphene oxide sheets contain a large quantity of polar oxygen-containing groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, etc., which would trigger a strong graphene oxide sheet–solvent interaction. Graphene oxide nanosheets in the dispersions can be directly converted to graphene nanosheets that can be dispersed in water, without precipitation. The graphene suspensions obtained in this way exhibited very high stability, which made it possible for further processing, such as spin-coating, casting or spraying to take place.
Comminution process to produce engineered wood particles of uniform size and shape with disrupted grain structure from veneer (2023)

Comminution process of wood veneer to produce wood particles, by feeding wood veneer in a direction of travel substantially normal to grain through a counter rotating pair of intermeshing arrays of cutting discs arrayed axially perpendicular to the direction of veneer travel, wherein the cutting discs have a uniform thickness (Td), to produce wood particles characterized by a length dimension (L) substantially equal to the Td and aligned substantially parallel to grain, a width dimension (W) normal to L and aligned cross grain, and a height dimension (H) substantially equal to the veneer thickness (Tv) and aligned normal to W and L, wherein the W.times.H dimensions define a pair of substantially parallel end surfaces with end checking between crosscut fibers.
Pattern transfer to silicon by microcontact printing and RIE (1996)

Microcontact printing techniques employing self-assembled alkanethiol monolayers in the production of metal masks have been combined with reactive ion etch for subsequent pattern transfer to silicon. Silicon feature sizes of about 300 nm have been demonstrated. Some inadequacies in the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)-formed metal masks have been characterized by electron microscopy. Particularly, nickel etch control and metal feature edge definition remain problems to be solved if the process is to be employed in submicron feature production. Nickel patterns produced in the process and used as masks without the gold overlayer were successful as masks in the reactive ion etching (RIE) process. They also appear to give a somewhat improved edge definition over processes in which the gold layer remains.
The impact of age on surgical goals for spinopelvic alignment in minimally invasive surgery for adult spinal deformity (2018)

OBJECTIVE Achieving appropriate spinopelvic alignment in deformity surgery has been correlated with improvement in pain and disability. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques have been used to treat adult spinal deformity (ASD); however, there is concern for inadequate sagittal plane correction. Because age can influence the degree of sagittal correction required, the purpose of this study was to analyze whether obtaining optimal spinopelvic alignment is required in the elderly to obtain clinical improvement. METHODS A multicenter database of ASD patients was queried. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 years; an MIS component as part of the index procedure; at least one of the following: pelvic tilt (PT) &gt; 20°, sagittal vertical axis (SVA) &gt; 50 mm, pelvic incidence to lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch &gt; 10°, or coronal curve &gt; 20°; and minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients were stratified into younger (&lt; 65 years) and older (≥ 65 years) cohorts. Within each cohort, patients were categorized into aligned (AL) or mal-aligned (MAL) subgroups based on postoperative radiographic measurements. Mal-alignment was defined as a PI-LL &gt; 10° or SVA &gt; 50 mm. Pre- and postoperative radiographic and clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS Of the 185 patients, 107 were in the younger cohort and 78 in the older cohort. Based on postoperative radiographs, 36 (33.6%) of the younger patients were in the AL subgroup and 71 (66.4%) were in the MAL subgroup. The older patients were divided into 2 subgroups based on alignment; there were 26 (33.3%) patients in the AL and 52 (66.7%) in the MAL subgroups. Overall, patients within both younger and older cohorts significantly improved with regard to postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back and leg pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. In the younger cohort, there were no significant differences in postoperative VAS back and leg pain scores between the AL and MAL subgroups. However, the postoperative ODI score of 37.9 in the MAL subgroup was significantly worse than the ODI score of 28.5 in the AL subgroup (p = 0.019). In the older cohort, there were no significant differences in postoperative VAS back and leg pain score or ODI between the AL and MAL subgroups. CONCLUSIONS MIS techniques did not achieve optimal spinopelvic alignment in most cases. However, age appears to impact the degree of sagittal correction required. In older patients, optimal spinopelvic alignment thresholds did not need to be achieved to obtain similar symptomatic improvement. Conversely, in younger patients stricter adherence to optimal spinopelvic alignment thresholds may be needed. https://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2018.4.SPINE171153
Transient characteristics of an M/M/∞ system (1995)

Convergence results are given for transient characteristics of an M/M/∞ system such as the period of time the occupation process remains above a given state, the area swept by this process above this state and the number of customers arriving during this period. These results are precise in contrast to approximations derived in the framework of the Poisson clumping heuristic introduced by Aldous.
Tangent Model Composition for Ensembling and Continual Fine-tuning (2023)

Tangent Model Composition (TMC) is a method to combine component models independently fine-tuned around a pre-trained point. Component models are tangent vectors to the pre-trained model that can be added, scaled, or subtracted to support incremental learning, ensembling, or unlearning. Component models are composed at inference time via scalar combination, reducing the cost of ensembling to that of a single model. TMC improves accuracy by 4.2% compared to ensembling non-linearly fine-tuned models at a 2.5x to 10x reduction of inference cost, growing linearly with the number of component models. Each component model can be forgotten at zero cost, with no residual effect on the resulting inference. When used for continual fine-tuning, TMC is not constrained by sequential bias and can be executed in parallel on federated data. TMC outperforms recently published continual fine-tuning methods almost uniformly on each setting -- task-incremental, class-incremental, and data-incremental -- on a total of 13 experiments across 3 benchmark datasets, despite not using any replay buffer. TMC is designed for composing models that are local to a pre-trained embedding, but could be extended to more general settings. The code is available at: https://github.com/tianyu139/tangent-model-composition
Viewpoint: Flatland exposed (2008)

Graphene has been idealized as a two-dimensional electron system in which the electrons behave like massless fermions, but how “perfect” is it? Scientists now show they can prepare free-standing sheets of graphene that have some of the highest electron mobilities of any inorganic semiconductor.
On-chip bus signaling using passive compensation (2008)

A new scheme for bus signaling using on-chip lossy transmission lines with passive compensation is introduced in this paper to address the performance limitation brought by the scaling issues of on-chip global wires. The new scheme is designed and optimized based on eye-diagram prediction algorithm and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) flow. We perform a case study to demonstrate feasibility of the proposed scheme. The results show that, at 45 nm technology node, the new scheme achieves 20.58 ps/mm transmission speed and has the power efficiency of 0.106 pJ/bit considering the crosstalk effects.
Magnetic suspension techniques for precision motion control (1990)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1990.
A Study on the Fracture Test in Running System of Railway (2010)

This paper describes the results of structural analysis and loading test of a bogie frame. The purpose of the analysis and test is to evaluate the safety and functionality of the bogie frame under maximum load. The bogie system consist of the bogie frame, suspensions, wheel-sets, a brake system and a transmission system. Of these components, the bogie frame is the major component subjected to the vehicle and passenger loads. The evaluation method used the JIS E 4207 specifications throughout the FEM analysis and static load test. The test results have shown the bogie frame to be safe and stable under design load conditions.
Linking Semiconductor Nanocrystals into Gel Networks through All‐Inorganic Bridges (2015)

Abstract For colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), replacement of insulating organic capping ligands with chemically diverse inorganic clusters enables the development of functional solids in which adjacent NCs are strongly coupled. Yet controlled assembly methods are lacking to direct the arrangement of charged, inorganic cluster‐capped NCs into open networks. Herein, we introduce coordination bonds between the clusters capping the NCs thus linking the NCs into highly open gel networks. As linking cations (Pt 2+ ) are added to dilute (under 1 vol %) chalcogenidometallate‐capped CdSe NC dispersions, the NCs first form clusters, then gels with viscoelastic properties. The phase behavior of the gels for variable [Pt 2+ ] suggests they may represent nanoscale analogues of bridged particle gels, which have been observed to form in certain polymer colloidal suspensions.
Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters: an alternative to radiological monitoring films (1995)

Radiation sensitive films provide a dual purpose for monitoring the exposures received by people working with x-ray machines and radionuclides. In addition to giving quantitative estimates of radiation dose, radiological films yield images that often enable the radiation physicist to assess the physical conditions that existed during exposure. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry represents a new radiation measurement technology that promises to provide a radiological image useful for radiation protection. OSL operates on the principal that certain crystals exposed to ionizing radiation can be made to luminesce following stimulation with selected frequencies of light. The amount of luminescence is directly proportional to radiation dose. OSL eliminates many of radiographic film's disadvantage such as sensitivity to heat and humidity, the need for chemical development and limited dose measurement range. Presented are results of using sapphire powders embedded in thin acrylic sheets and employing an OSL method in which stimulation occurs under cryogenic conditions. Landauer intends to use this method in a large-scale laboratory environment.
The utilization of large-scale renewable powers with high security and efficiency in smart grid (2012)

Fossil energy depletion, environmental pollution and climate change are common problems of human kind. Therefore, to explore and utilize renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar energy, and develop smart grid is becoming the consensus of the countries in the world. In this paper, the difference between renewable energy power and conventional power is analyzed and then the concept of the alternate electrical power system with renewable energy sources and its characteristics are proposed. The main problems of the alternate electrical power system are discussed as well. Furthermore, the whole solution for the alternate electrical power system is suggested based on the responses of power supply, grid and also load. Aiming at the state of the art of the resource distribution and also Chinese power system, the basic science problems are presented in order to provide theoretical and technical support for the utilization of large scale renewable powers with security and high efficiency in China.
Optical fiber having wave-guiding rings (2023)

A waveguide includes a cladding region that has a refractive index that is substantially uniform and surrounds a wave-guiding region that has an average index that is close to the index of the cladding. The wave-guiding region also contains a thin ring or series of rings that have an index or indices that differ significantly from the index of the cladding. The ring or rings enable the structure to guide light.
Low connector-to-connector loss through silicon photonic chips using ultra-low loss splicing of SMF-28 to high numerical aperture fibers (2019)

Here we present extremely low connector-to-connector loss (≤3 dB) through silicon photonic chips using ultra-low loss (≤0.15 dB) splicing between SMF-28 and ultra-high numerical aperture (UHNA) fibers. The small MFD from the UHNA fibers enables strong coupling to hybrid TE/TM edge couplers achieving TM (TE) losses of 1.25 (2.35) dB per coupler and low polarization-dependent loss. Mode coupling simulations and tolerance are investigated to understand performance.
SPECT- and Fluorescence Image–Guided Surgery Using a Dual-Labeled Carcinoembryonic Antigen–Targeting Antibody (2014)

Thus, we showed the feasibility for assessment and image-guided resection of CEA antigen-expressing tumors using dual-labeled MN-14. Both radionuclide detection and fluorescence imaging may provide useful information to improve localization of tumors and radical excision of tumor tissue. Because humanized MN-14 (labetuzumab) is available for clinical use, translation to a clinical setting is the next step.
<title>Predicting actuation efficiency of structurally integrated active materials</title> (1999)

A method for estimating the actuation efficiency of a structurally integrated active material is presented. A background literature search revealed many different expressions for efficiency depending upon the application and discipline of interest. Following the review of the literature, an efficiency expression was developed for a piezoelectric actuator in the frequency domain. The actuation efficiency of the piezoceramic actuator was define as the ratio of total mechanical energy imparted to the structure to total electrical energy drawn by the piezoceramic from an electrical power source. The efficiency expression is a function of the piezo electromechanical coupling coefficient, the mechanical impedance ratio of the structural to the piezoceramic material, and the frequency of operation. The developed expression was then used to analytically predict the efficiency of a single degree-of- freedom system actuated by a piezoceramic actuator. Static and quasi-static efficiency results agree with analytical results found in the literature. Dynamic analysis of the efficiency expression, however, produced unexpected and interesting results. For the given definition of efficiency, there exists a combination of material parameters and drive frequency that yield efficiencies greater than one.Further analysis provided evidence that frequency domain formulation provides that while there are instances when relatively large quantities of mechanical energy in the system exist relative to the quantity of electrical energy being drawn by the actuator, total energy is always conserved. The important result of this work was the knowledge gained in the fundamental understanding of power, energy, and efficiency as it relates to dynamic actuation of an electromechanical system. The results shown here support the concept of actuation at or near a system resonance to increase efficiency. This work is on-going; the ultimate goal of which is to develop a tool for aiding active material actuation feasibility studies by using actuation efficiency as a performance metric.
Hybrid silicon DQPSK receiver (2011)

We present a monolithic 50 Gb/s DQPSK receiver on hybrid silicon, consisting of delay interferometers, phase shifters, balanced InGaAs p-i-n photodetectors, and MIS capacitors. Preliminary measurements of stand-alone PDs show 23-28 GHz 3dB bandwidth.
Cover Picture (2001)

The cover picture shows a space-filling representation of a chiral dirhodium catalyst that converts diazo-containing substrates into tricyclic adducts (artwork and three-dimensional modelling by Karl Harrison, University of Oxford). The dirhodium tetrakis(binaphtholphosphate) catalyst (octopus-like, with its eight dodecyl arms providing solubility in hydrocarbon solvents) induces up to 90 % enantiomeric excess in this newly emerging asymmetric cascade process. The evolution of the catalyst for the generation and enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides is described in detail by D. M. Hodgson et al. on p. 4465 ff.
Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board (2023)

Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted. Hot topics cover the entire scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, demonstrating the progress in the research field, and include new PET-labelling methods for <sup>11</sup>C and <sup>18</sup>F, the importance of choosing the proper chelator for a given radioactive metal ion, implications of total body PET on use of radiopharmaceuticals, legislation issues and radionuclide therapy including the emerging role of <sup>161</sup>Tb.
De Novo Mutations Causing Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome and a Founder Mutation in SBDS in the French Canadian Population (2014)

We summarize the molecular findings in a patient cohort with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome that underwent genetic diagnostic testing. We could confirm a molecular diagnosis in 81 individuals. Our data is consistent with previous findings that the most common mutations in SBDS are recurrent gene conversion mutations in exon 2, c.258+2T>C or c.183_184delinsCT. The patients diagnosed either had two recurrent mutations (78%), or one recurrent mutation and a rare family-specific mutation (22%). We identified six unrelated individuals with SDS of French Canadian decent with the c.120del (p.Arg39fsX) mutation. Molecular analysis revealed that this mutation occurs with a founder haplotype. The opposing SBDS mutation present in these individuals was the common c.258+2T>C mutation, which was on a different haplotype in all five families. In addition, we estimated that approximately 9% (5 out of a subset of 54 patients with parent information) of the SDS individuals had a de novo mutation on one allele and an inherited mutation on the other allele. The de novo mutations were either recurrent gene conversion mutations (n=3) or rare point mutations (n=2). The occurrence of de novo mutation requires that parental carrier testing be performed for accurate familial risk assessment.
Basal dislocations in MAX phases: Core structure and mobility (2021)

The MAX phases, layered ternary carbides and nitrides, plastically deform via exclusively basal slip systems. This constraint leads to their well-documented plastic anisotropy and deformation mechanisms such as kinking. Basal dislocations govern the incipient plastic deformation, and therefore understanding them is a key step to utilizing the unique properties of MAX phases. As such, we performed the first fully atomistic calculations of the core structures and mobilities of basal dislocations using a bond-order interatomic potential. Calculations show that the weakly bonded A-layer can have a large impact on core structure, with several configurations exhibiting non-planar cores and being an order of magnitude less mobile than their planar counterparts. Additionally, due to the unique stacking sequence and stacking faults in MAX phases, basal dislocations preferentially nucleate and glide as same-signed pairs on adjacent slip planes. These pairs dissociate as zonal dislocations over much larger distances, enabling greater core spreading and therefore increased mobility. Edge pairs have Peierls stresses more closely resembling those in metals than in ceramics, suggesting they control the incipient plasticity of MAX phases at lower temperatures. Overall, these results provide a foundation for better understanding MAX phase incipient plasticity through basal dislocations and thus enabling them to be better engineered for specific applications.
A Small Molecule That Inhibits the Interaction of Paxillin and α4 Integrin Inhibits Accumulation of Mononuclear Leukocytes at a Site of Inflammation (2010)

Extracellular antagonists of alpha 4 integrin are an effective therapy for several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases; however, these agents that directly block ligand binding may exhibit mechanism-based toxicities. Inhibition of alpha 4 integrin signaling by mutations of alpha 4 that block paxillin binding inhibits inflammation while limiting mechanism-based toxicities. Here, we test a pharmacological approach by identifying small molecules that inhibit the alpha 4 integrin-paxillin interaction. By screening a large (approximately 40,000-compound) chemical library, we identified a noncytotoxic inhibitor of this interaction that impaired integrin alpha 4-mediated but not alpha L beta 2-mediated Jurkat T cell migration. The identified compound had no effect on alpha 4-mediated migration in cells bearing the alpha 4(Y991A) mutation that disrupts the alpha 4-paxillin interaction, establishing the specificity of its action. Administration of this compound to mice led to impaired recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes to a site of inflammation in vivo, whereas an isomer that does not inhibit the alpha 4-paxillin interaction had no effect on alpha 4-mediated cell migration, cell spreading, or recruitment of leukocytes to an inflammatory site. Thus, a small molecule inhibitor that interferes with alpha 4 integrin signaling reduces alpha 4-mediated T cell migration in vivo, thus providing proof of principle for inhibition of alpha 4 integrin signaling as a target for the pharmacological reduction of inflammation.
BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT (2001)

The goal of an activity-directed isolation process is to isolate bioactive compounds which may provide structural leads of therapeutic importance. Whereas the traditional process of drug development is long and expensive, simple and rapid bioassays can serve as the starting point for drug discovery. This book presents a range of "bench top" bioassa
Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored H7 and H5 Live Vaccines Protect Chickens from Challenge with H7N9 or H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses (2015)

Sporadic human infections by a novel H7N9 virus occurred over a large geographic region in China. In this study, we show that Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-vectored H7 (NDV-H7) and NDV-H5 vaccines are able to induce antibodies with high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and completely protect chickens from challenge with the novel H7N9 or highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, respectively. Notably, a baculovirus-expressed H7 protein failed to protect chickens from H7N9 virus infection.