gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Surface Crack Defects Developed on Shear Edge in High-strength Automotive Steel Sheets (2019)

Surface crack defects developed on the shear edge cause a problem in shearing of high-strength steels. The surface crack formation mechanism was clarified by microstructural examinations and numerical simulation. Two types of 780 MPa grade hot-rolled steel sheets with a thickness of 2.6 mm were chosen for the evaluations because the materials show different surface crack susceptibilities. Cleavage fracture was responsible for the surface cracks, and micro-ductile cracks with a length of 30 µm to 40 µm were detected in the interrupted punching samples. A numerical simulation demonstrated that a tensile stress was developed in the direction of the micro-ductile cracks opening during punching process. The critical length of the micro-ductile crack for cleavage fracture as a crack initiation site was given by linear fracture mechanics; for example, the critical length is 23 µm or longer under the applied tensile stress of 910 MPa. The tensile stress causing cleavage fracture decreased by reducing the tool clearances, and it was shown experimentally that surface crack defects can be prevented by controlling the clearance appropriately.
Isolation of neural precursor cells from skeletal muscle tissues and their differentiation into neuron-like cells (2007)

Skeletal muscle contains several precursor cells that generate muscle, bone, cartilage and blood cells. Although there are reports that skeletal muscle-derived cells can trans-differentiate into neural-lineage cells, methods for isolating precursor cells, and procedures for successful neural induction have not been fully established. Here, we show that the preplate cell isolation method, which separates cells based on their adhesion characteristics, permits separation of cells possessing neural precursor characteristics from other cells of skeletal muscle tissues. We term these isolated cells skeletal muscle-derived neural precursor cells (SMNPs). The isolated SMNPs constitutively expressed neural stem cell markers. In addition, we describe effective neural induction materials permitting the neuron-like cell differentiation of SMNPs. Treatment with retinoic acid or forskolin facilitated morphological changes in SMNPs; they differentiated into neuron-like cells that possessed specific neuronal markers. These results suggest that the preplate isolation method, and treatment with retinoic acid or forskolin, may provide vital assistance in the use of SMNPs in cell-based therapy of neuronal disease.
Effect of Strain Rate on Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Tempered Martensitic Steel and the Rate-Determining Process (2021)

The effect of strain rate on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of high strength tempered martensitic steel was investigated by tensile tests under cathodic hydrogen charge. Fracture elongation was decreased with a decrease in strain rate and increase in diffusible hydrogen concentration. The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility was investigated based on vacancy-type lattice defects formation by positron lifetime spectroscopy. The clear correlation was not comfirmed between strain rate and the parameters of average positron lifetime, dislocation density and vacancy density. These parameters decreased with a decrease in fracture elongation, it means that these parameters did not reflect hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility. On the other hand, vacancy clustering was promoted with a decrease in strain rate. Therefore, it is assumed that strain rate dependence of hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility is determined by vacancy clustering process.
Abstract 101 (2014)

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY PRS GLOBAL OPEN ASPS EDUCATION NETWORK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY PRS GLOBAL OPEN ASPS EDUCATION NETWORK
As plain as the noise on your face: Adaptive video compression using face detection and visual eccentricity models (2001)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
Towards an in-situ endospore detection instrument (2005)

Bacterial spores (endospores) are the most resilient form of life and as a result have been invoked as the most likely candidates capable of surviving interplanetary travel. We are designing an in situ instrument to detect and quantify endospores in extreme environments, including Martian environments (i.e., Mars endospore detector, MED). Our detection strategy is based on a chemical marker (dipicolinic acid, DPA), which is unique to bacterial spores, highly concentrated (0.1-1 moles per liter within the spore), and readily detected with a number of spectroscopic methods. In an effort to evolve an in situ instrument design, we are evaluating various extraction and detection protocols for endospores in soils. In general, the protocols consist of endospore lysis (i.e., rupture of cell) to release DPA, extraction of DPA from spores and soil, purification of the extract, and quantification of DPA in terms of spores/gram. Here we report extraction efficiencies and limits of detection for endospores embedded in lab sand, soil from JPL grounds, and soil from the Atacama Desert (Chile) for three protocols: spore lysis by autoclaving followed by aqueous extraction of DPA with (1) UV absorbance spectral determination of DPA or (2) ion chromatography coupled with inline UV absorbance detection of DPA, and (3) spore lysis by acid treatment followed by sublimation extraction of DPA with terbium-DPA luminescence detection.
Process Development for Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Production Using the Low-Pressure One-Step Gas-Phase Selective Hydrogenation of Acetone (2022)

Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is a highly valuable product in the chemical industry. It is widely used as an extracting agent for heavy metals, antibiotics, and lubricating oils. Generally, MIBK can be produced by three-step and one-step liquid-phase methods. These methods are expensive and energy-demanding due to the high pressure and low conversion of acetone. A novel nano-Pd/nano-ZnCr2O4 catalyst was developed to produce MIBK with high conversion and selectivity of 77.3% and 72.1%, respectively, at 350 °C and ambient pressure, eliminating the need for high pressure in conventional MIBK processes. This study is the first that proposes a newly developed process of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) production using the low-pressure one-step gas-phase selective hydrogenation of acetone. In this work, a novel process flow diagram has been developed for the production of MIBK using the developed nano-catalyst. The process was heat integrated, resulting in a 26% and a 19.5% reduction in the heating and cooling utilities, respectively, leading to a 12.6% reduction in the total energy demand. An economic analysis was performed to determine the economic feasibility of the developed process, which shows that the process is highly profitable, in which it reduced both the capital and operating costs of MIBK synthesis and showed a return on investment (ROI) of 29.6% with a payback period of 2.2 years. It was found that the ROI could be increased by 18% when the reactor temperature is increased to 350 °C. In addition, the economic sensitivity analysis showed that the process is highly sensitive to product prices and least sensitive to utility prices, which is due to the versatility of the process that requires only a low amount of energy.
Digital Distortion Caused by Traveling- Wave-Tube Amplifiers Simulated (2002)

Future NASA missions demand increased data rates in satellite communications for near real-time transmission of large volumes of remote data. Increased data rates necessitate higher order digital modulation schemes and larger system bandwidth, which place stricter requirements on the allowable distortion caused by the high-power amplifier, or the traveling-wave-tube amplifier (TWTA). In particular, intersymbol interference caused by the TWTA becomes a major consideration for accurate data detection at the receiver. Experimentally investigating the effects of the physical TWTA on intersymbol interference would be prohibitively expensive, as it would require manufacturing numerous amplifiers in addition to acquiring the required digital hardware. Thus, an accurate computational model is essential to predict the effects of the TWTA on system-level performance when a communication system is being designed with adequate digital integrity for high data rates. A fully three-dimensional, time-dependent, TWT interaction model has been developed using the electromagnetic particle-in-cell code MAFIA (Solution of Maxwell's equations by the Finite-Integration-Algorithm). It comprehensively takes into account the effects of frequency-dependent AM (amplitude modulation)/AM and AM/PM (phase modulation) conversion, gain and phase ripple due to reflections, drive-induced oscillations, harmonic generation, intermodulation products, and backward waves. This physics-based TWT model can be used to give a direct description of the effects of the nonlinear TWT on the operational signal as a function of the physical device. Users can define arbitrary excitation functions so that higher order modulated digital signals can be used as input and that computations can directly correlate intersymbol interference with TWT parameters. Standard practice involves using communication-system-level software packages, such as SPW, to predict if adequate signal detection will be achieved. These models use a nonlinear, black-box model to represent the TWTA. The models vary in complexity, but most make several assumptions regarding the operation of the high-power amplifier. When the MAFIA TWT interaction model was used, these assumptions were found to be in significant error. In addition, digital signal performance, including intersymbol interference, was compared using direct data input into the MAFIA model and using the system-level analysis tool SPW for several higher order modulation schemes. Results show significant differences in predicted degradation between SPW and MAFIA simulations, demonstrating the significance of the TWTA approximations made in the SPW model on digital signal performance. For example, a comparison of the SPW and MAFIA output constellation diagrams for a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signal (data shown only for second and fourth quadrants) is shown. The upper-bound degradation was calculated from the corresponding eye diagrams. In comparison to SPW simulations, the MAFIA data resulted in a 3.6-dB larger degradation.
Quantum effect of inductance on geometric Cooper-pair transport (2012)

We introduce a model for a flux-assisted Cooper-pair pump, the sluice, which is used to study geometric charge transport. Our model allows for a nonvanishing loop inductance going beyond the usual treatment with an exact phase bias. We derive the device Hamiltonian and current operators for different elements of the system and calculate the pumped charge carried by the ground state in the adiabatic limit. We show that extending the model beyond the exact phase bias has a weak but potentially non-negligible effect on the charge transport. This effect is observed to depend on the external flux bias. The adiabatic energy level and eigenstate structures are studied and the unusual features are explained. Finally, we discuss the requirements of adiabaticity.
Sustainable Material Life Cycles - Is Wind Energy Really Sustainable? (2013)

Renewable energies, for example wind energy, are regarded as sustainable energies. A conference at the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg (Institute for Advanced Study, HWK) in June, 2012, raised the question wether this is really the case. The conference addressed all materials involved throughout a full life cycle of a wind turbine. Sessions on the most relevant issues structured the event: material flows and sustainability, international developments, life cycle approach, logistics and rotor blades. Stimulating presentations and lively discussions characterized all sessions. With wind energy being a very young field, a lot of research still needs to be done, especially on all aspects of sustainability. Two areas were identified as especially relevant: offshore wind park maintenance and material efficiency.
Comparison of field methyl isothiocyanate flux following Pacific Northwest surface‐applied and ground‐incorporated fumigation practices (2012)

The greater adoption of shank-injection fumigation will immediately aid in reducing bystander inhalation exposure to MITC, especially in high-soil-fumigation regions existing at the rural-urban interface.
An Impedance Aptasensor with Microfluidic Chips for Specific Detection of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus (2015)

In this research a DNA aptamer, which was selected through SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to be specific against the H5N1 subtype of the avian influenza virus (AIV), was used as an alternative reagent to monoclonal antibodies in an impedance biosensor utilizing a microfluidics flow cell and an interdigitated microelectrode for the specific detection of H5N1 AIV. The gold surface of the interdigitated microelectrode embedded in a microfluidics flow cell was modified using streptavidin. The biotinylated aptamer against H5N1 was then immobilized on the electrode surface using biotin-streptavidin binding. The target virus was captured on the microelectrode surface, causing an increase in impedance magnitude. The aptasensor had a detection time of 30 min with a detection limit of 0.0128 hemagglutinin units (HAU). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the binding of the target virus onto the electrode surface. The DNA aptamer was specific to H5N1 and had no cross-reaction to other subtypes of AIV (e.g., H1N1, H2N2, H7N2). The newly developed aptasensor offers a portable, rapid, low-cost alternative to current methods with the same sensitivity and specificity.
Penile Sensitivity in Patients with Primary Premature Ejaculation (1996)

Patients with primary premature ejaculation have penile hypersensitivity, which provides further implications for an organic basis of premature ejaculation.
Synthesis of (2S)-2-Chloro-2-fluororibolactone via Stereoselective Electrophilic Fluorination (2017)

A novel and efficient route for the preparation of (2S)-2-chloro-2-fluorolactone 29 is described. This approach takes advantage of a highly efficient diastereoselective electrophilic fluorination reaction (94% yield; >50:1 dr).
Use of a combination epithelized-subepithelial connective tissue graft for closure and soft tissue augmentation of an extraction site following ridge preservation or implant placement: description of a technique. (2010)

An esthetic implant-supported rehabilitation continues to be a major challenge in patients with a thin periodontium. Ridge preservation and immediate implant placement are intended to preserve the hard tissue volume and prevent preimplant bone loss following tooth extraction. Since these techniques are almost always combined with bone grafting, primary wound closure is indispensable. Therefore, a technique for reliable wound closure was developed. This technique employs a combined epithelized-subepithelial connective tissue graft, leaves the mucogingival line in its place, and has the added advantage of thickening the buccal soft tissue with the resultant local conversion of a thin marginal gingiva to a thick marginal gingiva.
The window distribution of multiple TCPs with random loss queues (2003)

Two approximate techniques for analyzing the window size distribution of TCP flows sharing a random early detection (RED) like bottleneck queue are presented. Both methods presented first use a fixed point algorithm to obtain the mean window sizes of the flows, and the mean queue length in the bottleneck buffer. The simpler of the two methods then uses the 'square root formula' for TCP; the other method is more complicated. More often than not, the simpler method is slightly more accurate; this is probably due to the fact that window sizes of the different flows are negatively correlated.
Sulfide Precipitations in Steel and its Role of a Residual Level of Copper (2007)

A new concept of sulfide precipitation in steel is proposed that residual level of Copper (0.01%Cu) plays an important role in the formation of copper sulfide (Cu-S), although such a small amount of Cu has not been regarded as a sulfide-former and is often regarded as an inevitable impurity, even during Blast-Furnace & LD-converter steelmaking process. The role of Cu and sulfide precipitation is investigated by using samples from ultra low carbon steel and Ti-stabilized IF steel. In ultra low carbon steel, Copper Sulfide (Cu-S) is observed as two types: (1)Coating Cu-S on MnS and (2)Free-standing Cu-S. The precipitated Sulfur as Cu-S composes about one-third of the entire amount of precipitated Sulfur as sulfides. The temperature to form Cu-S is estimated to be lower than 700 deg.C in the ferrite region. In Ti-stabilized IF-steel, Cu-S also plays an important role in sulfide precipitation in the ferrite region. It is related to a morphological change of TiS to Ti 4 C 2 S 2 during annealing. The amount of precipitated Sulfur as Cu-S is affected by heat treatment, but it is NOT negligible. For example, the precipitated Sulfur in the form of Cu-S corresponds to about 20% of the all sulfides in steel at 680 deg.C (coiling temp) & 830 deg.C (annealing temp). Cu-S, which is formed by Copper included as a tramp element, should be precisely accounted for to understand the phenomena of sulfide precipitations in steel.
Infrared investigations of the alkylation of toluene with methanol by alkali-modified zeolites (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared investigations of the alkylation of toluene with methanol by alkali-modified zeolitesElzbieta Mielczarski and Mark E. DavisCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990, 29, 8, 1579–1582Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00104a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00104a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views354Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and Ligand Properties of Stable Five‐Membered‐Ring Allenes Containing Only Second‐Row Elements (2008)

Push-push-Substitutionsmuster machen Allene so flexibel, dass die üblicherweise lineare CCC-Einheit in einen Fünfring eingebaut werden kann, der nur aus Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoffatomen besteht (siehe Struktur; C schwarz, N blau, O rot). Diese cyclischen Allene sind offenbar starke η1-Donorliganden für Alkali- und Übergangsmetalle.
Challenges in liver transplantation for common variable immunodeficiency-related liver disease: a case series and systematic review (2021)

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a rare primary B-cell immunodeficiency disorder associated with multisystem complications of impaired humoral immunity. CVID is characterized by impaired adaptive responses to pathogen challenge and a paradoxical predisposition to a wide range of autoimmune and neoplastic complications. We present a case series describing our experience of liver transplantation in two patients with CVID and perform a comprehensive literature review of post-transplant complications and survival outcomes detailing the global experience of 30 reported cases of adult liver transplantation for common variable immunodeficiency-related liver disease (CVIDrLD). Liver transplantation in CVIDrLD is frequently complicated by atypical infections, autoimmune complications and graft recurrence and is associated with suboptimal long term survival outcomes post-transplantation in comparison to established listing indications for liver transplantation; this is further compounded (median survival 3 vs. 5 years) when removing patients with concomitant chronic hepatitis C infection from the survival analysis. Liver transplantation is associated with poor overall survival outcomes and careful consideration should be given to the phenotype and severity of immunodeficiency, the presence of chronic pathogen colonisation and the extrahepatic burden of disease at the time of assessment. At present, despite careful patient selection, survival post-transplant outcomes fall below acceptable listing thresholds, necessitating a conservative approach to consideration of single organ listing in this context with current available treatments. Patients with a secondary aetiological factor for liver disease may perform better post-transplant.
Trigonal-prismatic coordination. Crystal and molecular structure of tris (cis-1,2-diphenylethylene-1,2-dithiolato)vanadium (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTrigonal-prismatic coordination. Crystal and molecular structure of tris (cis-1,2-diphenylethylene-1,2-dithiolato)vanadiumRichard Eisenberg and Harry B. GrayCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1967, 6, 10, 1844–1849Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50056a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50056a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views506Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI (1988)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More