gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel, Orally Delivered Antibody Therapy and Its Potential to Prevent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pre-clinical Models (2020)

<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) is a toxin-mediated infection in the gut and a major burden on healthcare facilities worldwide. We rationalized that it would be beneficial to design an antibody therapy that is delivered to, and is active at the site of toxin production, rather than neutralizing the circulating and luminal toxins after significant damage of the layers of the intestines has occurred. Here we describe a highly potent therapeutic, OraCAb, with high antibody titers and a formulation that protects the antibodies from digestion/inactivation in the gastrointestinal tract. The potential of OraCAb to prevent CDI in an <i>in vivo</i> hamster model and an <i>in vitro</i> human colon model was assessed. In the hamster model we optimized the ratio of the antibodies against each of the toxins produced by <i>C. difficile</i> (Toxins A and B). The concentration of immunoglobulins that is effective in a hamster model of CDI was determined. A highly significant difference in animal survival for those given an optimized OraCAb formulation versus an untreated control group was observed. This is the first study testing the effect of oral antibodies for treatment of CDI in an <i>in vitro</i> gut model seeded with a human fecal inoculum. Treatment with OraCAb successfully neutralized toxin production and did not interfere with the colonic microbiota in this model. Also, treatment with a combination of vancomycin and OraCAb prevented simulated CDI recurrence, unlike vancomycin therapy alone. These data demonstrate the efficacy of OraCAb formulation for the treatment of CDI in pre-clinical models.
Photoplethysmography Fast Upstroke Time Intervals Can Be Useful Features for Cuff-Less Measurement of Blood Pressure Changes in Humans (2021)

This study offers important information towards achieving non-invasive and passive BP monitoring without a cuff.
Selective Oxygenation of 4,4‘-Dimethylbiphenyl with Molecular Oxygen, Catalyzed by 9-Phenyl-10-methylacridinium Ion via Photoinduced Electron Transfer (2005)

Photooxygenation of 4,4'-dimethybiphenyl with oxygen occurs efficiently in the presence of 9-phenyl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate (AcrPh(+)ClO(4)(-)) under visible light irradiation in O(2)-saturated chloroform (CHCl(3)) to yield 4-(4'-methylphenyl)benzaldehyde as a main oxygenated product. Prolonged photoirradiation afforded the further oxygenated product, 4,4'-diformylbiphenyl. The reactive radical intermediates involved in the photocatalytic cycle have successfully been detected by laser flash photolysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. The photocatalytic mechanism for the oxygenation of 4,4'-dimethybiphenyl via photoinduced electron transfer from 4,4'-dimethybiphenyl to the singlet excited state of AcrPh(+) is clarified based on the dependence of quantum yields on concentrations of substrates and the detected radical intermediates.
Triple sorbent thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of vapor phase organic contaminants (1994)

A thermal desorption/ps chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) has been evaluated for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCS) in vapor phase samples using Carbosieve S-III/Carbotrap/Carotrap C triple sorbent traps (TST) similar to those available from a commercial source. The analysis was carried out with a Hewlett-Packard 5985A or 5995 GC/MS system with a modified injector to adapt an inhouse manufactured short-path desorber for transferring desorbate directly onto a cryofocusing loop for subsequent GC/MS analysis. Vapor phase standards generated from twenty six compounds were used for method validation, including alkanes, alkyl alcohols, alkyl ketones, and alkyl nitrites, a group of representative compounds that have previously been identified in a target airborne matrix. The method was validated based on the satisfactory results in terms of reproducibility, recovery rate, stability, and linearity. A relative, standard deviation of 0.55 to 24.3 % was obtained for the entire TD process (generation of gas phase standards, spiking the standards on and desorbing from TST) over a concentration range of 20 to 500 ng/trap. Linear correlation coefficients for the calibration curves as determined ranged from 0.81 to 0.99 and limits of detection ranged from 3 to 76 ng. For a majority of standards, recoveries of greater than 90% were observed. For three selected standards spiked on TSTS, minimal loss (10 to 22%) was observed after storing the spiked in, a 4{degree}C refrigerator for 29 days. The only chromatographable artifact observed was a 5% conversion of isopropanol to acetone. The validated method been successfully applied, to the determination of VOCs collected from various emission sources in a diversified concentration range.
Black Box Anomaly Detection: is it Utopian? (2018)

Automatic identification of anomalies on network data is a problem of fundamental interest to ISPs to diagnose incipient problems in their networks. ISPs gather diverse data sources from the network for monitoring, diagnostics or provisioning tasks. Finding anomalies in this data is a huge challenge due to the volume of the data collected, the number and diversity of data sources and the diversity of anomalies to be detected. In this paper we introduce a framework for anomaly detection that allows the construction of a black box anomaly detector. This anomaly detector can be used for automatically finding anomalies with minimal human intervention. Our framework also allows us to deal with the different types of data sources collected from the network. We have developed a prototype of this framework, TrafficComber, and we are in the process of evaluating it using the data in the warehouse of a tier-1 ISP.
Do size-tuned mechanisms help discount the illumination? (1987)

The luminance pattern presented to the eye is the product of separate patterns of illumination and object reflectance. In many situations, the viewer is at least moderately successful in factoring this product into its components and separately perceiving the pattern of illumination and the pattern of object reflectance. Approximate lightness constancy is one aspect of this ability. One necessary condition is that illumination and reflectance have different spatial distributions, and this fact suggests that size-tuned mechanisms may play an important role. The nature of any such role is complicated by the fact that, in the space domain, the illumination and reflectance patterns are multiplied. Consequently, in the frequency domain, where the selectivities of tuned mechanisms are most conveniently defined, the spectra of the illumination and reflectance patterns are convolved with one another.
Laser Additive Manufacturing of Gas Permeable Structures (2013)

Laser additive manufacturing offers a variety of new design possibilities. In mold making laser additive manufactured inserts with conformal cooling channels are already state of the art. Pneumatic ejectors for injection molds are a new application for laser additive manufacturing. The pneumatic ejectors require a durable gas permeable material. This material is produced by placing the scan vectors for the laser additive manufacturing process in a defined pattern. Trials with different plastics proofed the function and reliability of the pneumatic ejector concept in the injection molding cycle. © 2013 The Authors.
Biosynthesis of mouse interferon by translation of its messenger RNA in a cell-free system. (1975)

A fraction of mouse RNA containing messenger RNA coding for mouse interferon was translated with high efficiency in a wheat germ system into a fully active product. This product fulfills the criteria for mouse interferon, namely: (1) it was active against vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex virus in mouse cells; (2) its antiviral activity was species specific; (3) its activity was completely neutralized by mouse anti-interferon serum. The synthesis of interferon in this cell-free system requires the presence of spermine.
Abstract 15782: The Embryonic Heart Contains Resident C-Kit-Positive Cardiac Stem Cells (2011)

C-kit-positive cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are present in the adult heart, but whether these cells are nested within the embryonic organ and contribute to myocardial development remains unclear. Here, we tested whether CSCs are nested in the maturing embryo, participating in the formation of the adult cardiac phenotype. For this purpose, we studied mice in which EGFP is driven by the c-kit promoter. C-kit positive cells were identified in the cardiogenic mesoderm at E6.5, cardiac crescent at E7.5 and at later stages of the fetal heart. Time-lapse two-photon microscopy was employed to document that EGFP-positive CSCs undergo morphogenetic movements within the developing heart and do not translocate to the myocardium from extracardiac regions. EGFP-positive CSCs were negative for markers of hematopoietic cell lineages, excluding their origin from primitive sites of hematopoiesis. The number of CSCs increased linearly from E7.5 to E19, resulting in a 5.6-fold expansion of the stem cell compartment in the heart; 21 CSCs were found at E7.5 and 120 at E19. The growth of the cardiac mass was paralleled by an increase in CSCs; CSCs divided symmetrically and asymmetrically. In the latter case, the commitment to the myocyte lineage in vivo was shown by the non-uniform localization of the cell fate determinant, α-adaptin, in the dividing cell, together with the expression of Nkx2.5, MEF2C, α-sarcomeric actin, troponin I and α-cardiac actinin in one of the two daughter cells. In vitro, EGFP-positive c-kit positive CSCs at E12-E19 were self-renewing, clonogenic and multipotent, all critical determinants of stem cell function. C-kit positive cells differentiated into myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). The inherent ability of embryonic CSCs to form myocytes was confirmed by fate mapping in vivo. CSCs were obtained at E18 from mice in which EGFP is under the control of the α-MHC promoter. Single cell CSC clones were generated and these cells were delivered to the infarcted LV of wild-type mice. This protocol rescued the infarcted heart resulting in the formation of EGFP-positive myocytes and EGFP-negative vascular SMCs and ECs. In conclusion, lineage negative c-kit-positive cells in the embryonic-fetal heart correspond to bona fide CSCs.
Microarray analysis of brainstem micro vessels in an animal model genetically predisposed to hypertension (2007)

Central neuronal mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Our recent studies have indicated a role for brainstem endothelium derived nitric oxide as a major regulator of arterial pressure in hypertensive rats (Waki et al. 2006; Hypertension, 48, –650). The aim of this study was to use the Affymetrix rat (230 2.0) gene chip platform to compare differentially expressed genes from enriched samples of isolated brainstem micro vessels from pre-hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=5) and aged matched Wistar Kyoto (WKY, n=5) rats. The tissue were homogenised on ice, centrifuged and separated through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The resulting pellet was enriched for micro vessels and RNA was extracted and used for microarray analysis. Using a threshold of 1.5 fold difference we found 210 differentially expressed genes of which 94 were up-regulated in SHR and 116 were down-regulated in SHR. These altered genes mainly included associations with inflammation, an immune response and angiotensin II mediated intracellular signalling. We are testing the hypothesis that an inflamed vasculature may be a prerequisite to elevated arterial pressure in the SHR. Supported by Pfizer and the BBSRC, UK
Three-Terminal Nanometer Metal Switches Utilizing Solid Electrolytes (2008)

We propose a three-terminal nanometer metal switch in this paper that utilizes a solid electrolyte where the nanoscale metal filament is stretched and retracted. Its operating principle is based on the electrochemical reaction and ion-migration in the electrolyte. The fabricated device is comprised of a solid electrolyte layer (Cu2S), a gate (Cu), a source (Cu) and a drain (Pt). After the Cu-filament is formed between the source and the drain by applying the drain voltage, repeatable ON/OFF switching in the drain current is obtained by controlling the gate voltage. The ON/OFF current ratio can be as high as 105, and the programmable cycle is around 50. Each state can be kept for up to 40 days. Since the gate is separated from the current path, the current for the switching can be reduced down to 10 μA, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that in two-terminal switches. In this paper, we show the operating principle and electrical characteristics of the three-terminal switches, and discuss how suitable they are for reconfigurable circuits.
Synthesis of Mesoporous MSU-X Materials Using Inexpensive Silica Sources (2000)

International audience
The History of Music (Art and Science) (2009)

This 1874 account of the music of ancient Greece, Egypt and Rome was the only volume of the author's proposed history of music to be published. William Chappell, eldest son of the founder of Chappell's the music publishers, was noted for his interest in ancient and traditional music and was the founder of the Musical Antiquarian Society in 1840. Best remembered for his Popular Music of the Olden Time, Chappell justifies the need for his study of ancient music in a long introduction to the volume which criticises the approaches of Charles Burney and Sir John Hawkins and attacks the validity of Helmholtz's work on acoustics. The work explores theory, practice, science, philosophy and the instruments of the time through analysis of ancient sources such as Aristotle, Pythagoras, Boethius and Vetruvius and of iconographical materials. A comprehensive glossary-cum-index is included together with topic summaries for each chapter.
Supplementary Data Figure 3 from Functional Silencing of <i>HSD17B2</i> in Prostate Cancer Promotes Disease Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Immunohistochemistry staining of xenograft with 17βHSD2 and Ki67.&lt;/p&gt;
Triboelectric spray ionization (2013)

Triboelectric spray ionization (TESI) is a variation of electrospray ionization (ESI) using common instrumental components, including gas flow, solvent flow rate and heat, the only difference being the use of a high-voltage power supply for ESI or a static charge for TESI. The ionization of solvent or analyte is due to the electrostatic potential difference formed between the spray electrode and counter electrode. The ion source contains a pneumatic spray operated over a range of flow rates (0.15-1.5 µl/min) and gas pressures (0-100). This new design contains a standalone spray assembly and an optional metal mesh in front of the spray. There are several parameters that affect the performance during ionization of molecules including the flow rate of solvent, gas pressure, temperature, solvent acidity, distance and potential difference between emitter and counter electrode. A variable electrostatic potential can be applied for higher ionization efficiency. The new ionization method was successfully applied to solutions of various proteins under different conditions. The same charge-state distributions compared to other ESI techniques are observed for all the protein samples. The unique feature of TESI is very efficient spraying by using a natural electrostatic potential even at the potential that a human body can produce. This provides very gentle ionization efficiency of peptides and proteins in different solvents.
Patterns of enhancing lesion evolution in multiple sclerosis are uniform within patients (2005)

Lesion evolution on MRI appears to be a patient-specific phenomenon, although the outcome seems to vary according to the phase and severity of the disease.
Single-trial classification of awareness state during anesthesia by measuring critical dynamics of global brain activity (2019)

In daily life, in the operating room and in the laboratory, the operational way to assess wakefulness and consciousness is through responsiveness. A number of studies suggest that the awake, conscious state is not the default behavior of an assembly of neurons, but rather a very special state of activity that has to be actively maintained and curated to support its functional properties. Thus responsiveness is a feature that requires active maintenance, such as a homeostatic mechanism to balance excitation and inhibition. In this work we developed a method for monitoring such maintenance processes, focusing on a specific signature of their behavior derived from the theory of dynamical systems: stability analysis of dynamical modes. When such mechanisms are at work, their modes of activity are at marginal stability, neither damped (stable) nor exponentially growing (unstable) but rather hovering in between. We have previously shown that, conversely, under induction of anesthesia those modes become more stable and thus less responsive, then reversed upon emergence to wakefulness. We take advantage of this effect to build a single-trial classifier which detects whether a subject is awake or unconscious achieving high performance. We show that our approach can be developed into a means for intra-operative monitoring of the depth of anesthesia, an application of fundamental importance to modern clinical practice.
Keratinocytes enriched for stem cells are protected from anoikis via an integrin signaling pathway in a Bcl‐2 dependent manner (2002)

Because inhibition of integrin signaling induces apoptosis, we investigated whether keratinocytes expressing beta1 and alpha6beta4 integrins (enriched for stem cells) are protected from cell death. Keratinocytes rapidly adhering to type IV collagen expressed highest levels of beta1 and alpha6beta4 and of the anti-apoptotic stem cell marker p63. Apoptotic cells were significantly higher in slowly adhering than in rapidly adhering keratinocytes. Anti-beta1 integrin caused a significant increase in apoptotic cells, while it decreased Bcl-2 levels in stem keratinocytes. Bax and Bad proteins were higher in slowly adhering than in rapidly adhering cells. By contrast, Bcl-2, Bcl-x and Mcl-1 proteins were highest in rapidly adhering keratinocytes and nearly absent in slowly adhering cells. After addition of anti-beta1 integrin, the apoptotic rate was significantly higher in HaCaT cells not expressing Bcl-2 than in controls. These results indicate that keratinocytes enriched for stem cells are protected from apoptosis via beta1 integrin, in a Bcl-2 dependent manner.
Side Chain and Solvent Direction of Film Morphology in Small-Molecule Organic Solar Materials (2019)

Film morphology control is essential to developing materials for efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). Unlocking methods to optimize the film morphology without changing the fundamental electronic characteristics can enable previously unacceptable materials to achieve high performance. Here, a series of acceptor/donor/acceptor small-molecule p-type OSC semiconductors having benzo[1,2-b:6,5-b0]dithiophene (bBDT) donor units and thiophene-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP) acceptor units are examined, where the sole molecular design variation is the electronically inactive side chains. Four bBDT(TDPP)2 molecules with all possible combinations of either 2-ethylhexyl (EH) or 3,7-dimethyloctyl (DMO) side chains on the bBDT core and TDPP units are discussed. When processed from chloroform-only solutions, blend films of the molecules, with the PC71BM electron acceptor, exhibit similar thin-film properties and photovoltaic performance, regardless of the side chain composition. However, when the additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) is included in the processing solution, the morphological properties and OSC performance diverge dramatically, with the side chain variations now dictating the film morphology, resulting in a >400% spread in power conversion efficiency. Donor molecules with a mixed side chain motif having the larger DMO side chain on the bBDT core unit deliver superior performance owing to greater donor/acceptor phase intermixing while maintaining contiguous and efficient charge transport pathways. In situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering data acquired during spin-coating show that DIO extends crystallization times, thereby promoting more thermodynamically driven structures, where the side chain compositions have greater impact. Finally, general guidelines are presented for achieving morphological optimization via combined side chain engineering and processing additives.
Monosynaptic inputs to ventral tegmental area glutamate and GABA co-transmitting neurons (2023)

A unique population of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons co-transmits glutamate and GABA as well as functionally signals rewarding and aversive outcomes. However, the circuit inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons are unknown, limiting our understanding of the functional capabilities of these neurons. To identify the inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons, we coupled monosynaptic rabies tracing with intersectional genetic targeting of VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons in mice. We found that VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons received diverse brain-wide inputs. The largest numbers of monosynaptic inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons were from superior colliculus, lateral hypothalamus, midbrain reticular nucleus, and periaqueductal gray, whereas the densest inputs relative to brain region volume were from dorsal raphe nucleus, lateral habenula, and ventral tegmental area. Based on these and prior data, we hypothesized that lateral hypothalamus and superior colliculus inputs were glutamatergic neurons. Optical activation of glutamatergic lateral hypothalamus neurons robustly activated VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons regardless of stimulation frequency and resulted in flee-like ambulatory behavior. In contrast, optical activation of glutamatergic superior colliculus neurons activated VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons for a brief period of time at high stimulation frequency and resulted in head rotation and arrested ambulatory behavior (freezing). For both pathways, behaviors induced by stimulation were uncorrelated with VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neuron activity. However, stimulation of glutamatergic lateral hypothalamus neurons, but not glutamatergic superior colliculus neurons, was associated with VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ footshock-induced activity. We interpret these results such that inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons may integrate diverse signals related to the detection and processing of motivationally-salient outcomes. Further, VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons may signal threat-related outcomes, possibly via input from lateral hypothalamus glutamate neurons, but not threat-induced behavioral kinematics.
Stereo matching with reflections and translucency (2003)

In this paper, we address the stereo matching problem in the presence of reflections and translucency, where image formation can be modeled as the additive superposition of layers at different depth. The presence of such effects violates the Lambertian assumption underlying traditional stereo vision algorithms, making it impossible to recover component depths using direct color matching based methods. We develop several techniques to estimate both depths and colors of the component layers. Depth hypotheses are enumerated in pairs, one from each layer, in a nested plane sweep. For each pair of depth hypotheses, we compute a component-color-independent matching error per pixel, using a spatial-temporal differencing technique. We then use graph cut optimization to solve for the depths of both layers. This is followed by an iterative color update algorithm whose convergence is proven in our paper. We show convincing results of depth and color estimates for both synthetic and real image sequences.