gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of non-parametric T2 relaxometry methods for myelin water quantification (2021)

Multi-component T<sub>2</sub> relaxometry allows probing tissue microstructure by assessing compartment-specific T<sub>2</sub> relaxation times and water fractions, including the myelin water fraction. Non-negative least squares (NNLS) with zero-order Tikhonov regularization is the conventional method for estimating smooth T<sub>2</sub> distributions. Despite the improved estimation provided by this method compared to non-regularized NNLS, the solution is still sensitive to the underlying noise and the regularization weight. This is especially relevant for clinically achievable signal-to-noise ratios. In the literature of inverse problems, various well-established approaches to promote smooth solutions, including first-order and second-order Tikhonov regularization, and different criteria for estimating the regularization weight have been proposed, such as L-curve, Generalized Cross-Validation, and Chi-square residual fitting. However, quantitative comparisons between the available reconstruction methods for computing the T<sub>2</sub> distribution, and between different approaches for selecting the optimal regularization weight, are lacking. In this study, we implemented and evaluated ten reconstruction algorithms, resulting from the individual combinations of three penalty terms with three criteria to estimate the regularization weight, plus non-regularized NNLS. Their performance was evaluated both in simulated data and real brain MRI data acquired from healthy volunteers through a scan-rescan repeatability analysis. Our findings demonstrate the need for regularization. As a result of this work, we provide a list of recommendations for selecting the optimal reconstruction algorithms based on the acquired data. Moreover, the implemented methods were packaged in a freely distributed toolbox to promote reproducible research, and to facilitate further research and the use of this promising quantitative technique in clinical practice.
Benzoporphyrin derivatives: synthesis, structure and preliminary biological activity (1994)

Starting from hematoporphyrin-IX dimethyl ester 1, a series of isomerically pure so-called benzoporphyrin derivatives (BPDs)20, 23–25, 27, 28, 31–33, 35–37, 39, 40, 42, 44 and 45 have been synthesized. The bis-porphyrins 46 and 47 with carbon–carbon linkages were also prepared by treating 3- and 8-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzoporphyrin derivatives 24 and 32 with triflic acid. In preliminary in vivo studies, the hexyl ether derivatives 27, 35, 40 and 45(as diastereoisomeric mixtures) appear to have better photosensitizing efficacy than the benzoporphyrin derivative monocarboxylic acid (BPD-MA; mixture of 21 and 22). Under similar doses and treatment conditions, other BPDs 23, 25, 26, 31, 33 and 34, along with bis-porphyrins 46 and 47 did not show any significant tumourcidal activity. The structures of the ring ‘A’ modified BPD isomers 20(cis) and 36(trans) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray studies.
Design of a 460 GHz second harmonic gyrotron oscillator for use in dynamic nuclear polarization (2003)

We report the design of a gyrotron oscillator for continuous operation at 460 GHz at a power level of up to 50 W. The gyrotron oscillator will be used in dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) studies with a 700 MHz (/sup 1/H), 16.5 T NMR spectrometer and will operate at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency.
Cosmology at the Crossroads (1995)

Observational tests during the next decade may determine if the evolution of the Universe can be understood from fundamental physical principles, or if special initial conditions, coincidences, and new, untestable physical laws must be invoked. The inflationary model of the Universe is an important example of a predictive cosmological theory based on physical principles. In this talk, we discuss the distinctive fingerprint that inflation leaves on the cosmic microwave background anisotropy. We then suggest a series of five milestone experimental tests of the microwave background which could determine the validity of the inflationary hypothesis within the next decade. The paper is a Review based on a Plenary talk given at the Snowmass Workshop on Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, 1995 It will appear in the Proceedings edited by E. Kolb and R.Peccei. Software package for computing filter functions and band power estimates available thru world-wide-web at http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/~www/astro-cosmo/ .
Wireless Temperature Sensor Operating in Complete Metallic Environment Using Permanent Magnets (2012)

This paper presents the first wireless temperature sensor operating in a complete metallic environment using permanent rare-earth magnets. The sensor is based on change in magnetic field strength with temperature, which is detected using commercially available Hall Effect sensors. Temperature of a hot plate at a distance of 19 mm in air and through a 9.5-mm-thick nonmagnetic austenitic stainless steel plate is successfully detected from 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C to 80 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C as a proof-of-concept demonstration. The curve fit values show excellent response with R <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> value greater than 98% for both the cases.
Therapeutic Macromolecular Iron Chelators (2018)

Iron is a key element for every single living process. On a fundamental level, targeting iron is a valuable approach for the treatment of disorders caused by iron overload. Utilizing iron chelators as therapeutic agents has received expanding consideration in chelation therapy. Approved low molecular weight (MW) iron chelators to treat iron overload may experience short half-lives and toxicities prompting moderately high adverse effects. In recent years, polymeric/macromolecular iron chelators have received attention as therapeutic agents. Polymeric iron chelators show unique pharmaceutical properties that are different to their conventional small molecule counterparts. These polymeric iron chelators possess longer plasma half-lives and reduced toxicities, thus exhibiting a significant supplement to currently using low MW iron chelator therapy. In this review, we have briefly discussed polymeric iron chelators and factors to be considered when designing clinically valuable iron chelators. We have also discussed applications of polymeric iron chelators in the diseases caused by iron overload associated with transfusional hemosiderosis, neurodegenerative disorders, malaria and cancer. With this, research findings for new polymeric iron chelators are also covered.
ω-Conotoxins GVIA, MVIIA and CVID: SAR and Clinical Potential (2006)

Highly selective N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channel inhibitors from cone snail venom (the ω-conotoxins) have emerged as a new class of therapeutics for the treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain. Earlier in 2005, Prialt (Elan) or synthetic ω-conotoxin MVIIA, was the first ω-conotoxin to be approved by Food and Drug Administration for human use. This review compares the action of three ω-conotoxins, GVIA, MVIIA and CVID, describing their structure-activity relationships and potential as leads for the design of improved N-type therapeutics that are more useful in the treatment of chronic pain.
Damping and Cushioning Characteristics of a Polyjet 3D Printed Photopolymer Kelvin Foam (2018)

This study extends previous research on the measurement of a 3D printed foamâ€™s quasi-static cushion properties, to include cushion and damping properties due to impact loading. In order to develop analytical packaging models of 3D printed materials, it is essential to know how energy induced by shipping and handling is dissipated through damping. Compared to the cushion curve, investigating how damping influences packaging design is relatively unfamiliar to the packaging practitioner. This study uses experimentally derived hysteresis loops, from platen impact and quasi-static compression tests, to estimate specific damping capacities for 3D printed photopolymer foams. This study found that the â€œstickyâ€ rubber like 3D printed photopolymers, based on a repeating pattern of Kelvin cells, were able to dissipate close to 100% of the input energy in platen impact tests and still return to their original dimensions after impact. In addition, this study shows that the specific damping capacity of the 3D printed foams increases significantly with strain rate.
Expression of Rhizobium meliloti symbiotic promoters in Azorhizobium caulinodans. (1997)

Plasmids containing Rhizobium meliloti symbiotic promoters P1 (promoter of nifHDK) and P2 (promoter of fixABCX) when mobilized into the cells of Azorhizobium caulinodans strain IRBG 46 showed strong expression of these promoters under free-living microaerobic as well as symbiotic conditions. Under free-living conditions microaerobiosis (3% or less O2) was found to be sufficient to activate these promoters; expression being higher at 1% than at 3% O2 concentration. Under symbiotic conditions the expression was much more stronger-with bacteroids in stem nodules showing higher expression than those in root nodules. Under both the conditions expression of the promoters in the native R. meliloti strain Rm102F34 was lower than that in the A. caulinodans strain IRBG 46. The results suggest a functional homology of these promoters in the heterologous background of A. caulinodans.
WHO recommendations for the viruses used in the 2013–2014 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine: Epidemiology, antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B influenza viruses collected from October 2012 to January 2013 (2014)

In February the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends influenza viruses to be included in influenza vaccines for the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere. These recommendations are based on data collected by National Influenza Centres (NICs) through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) and a more detailed analysis of representative and potential antigenically variant influenza viruses from the WHO Collaborating Centres for Influenza (WHO CCs) and Essential Regulatory Laboratories (ERLs). This article provides a detailed summary of the antigenic and genetic properties of viruses and additional background data used by WHO experts during development of the recommendations of the 2013-2014 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine composition.
Wavelength Conversion and Wavelength Routing for High-Efficiency All-Optical Networks: A Proposal for Research on All-Optical Networks (1995)

This paper summarizes a proposal of research on all-optical networks submitted to the U.S. National Science Foundation in 1993. The objective is to explore the possible architectures, routing protocols, and system and device implementations for the metropolitan-area or wide-area wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) all-optical networks. The basic idea is to dramatically enhance the efficiency and throughput of such a WDM all-optical network by using wavelength conversion (or wavelength shifting) and by developing unique wavelength routing schemes which consider new models and requirements of all-optical networks. We will be conducting research on the intertwined networks, systems, and devices areas of photonics. In network research, new network architectures and routing algorithms will be designed to incorporate wavelength conversions which allow messages to shift wavelengths. Also, rerouting algorithms will be developed to rearrange the routes of certain existing circuits to accommodate more connections. Furthermore, the use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in WDM networks will be considered, and routing algorithms will be designed to reduce the performance degradation due to the spectral gain nonuniformity or the bandwidth limitation of EDFAs. In systems research, an experimental WDM node will be built to incorporate many aspects of the above network and routing schemes and to show what limitations exist in these systems. Both commercially available and unique novel state-of-the-art devices (to be fabricated ourselves) will be employed for the systems experiments. In device research, a novel integrated wavelength converter will be fabricated to shift one wavelength to several other possible wavelengths. This integrated photonic device will include a semiconductor amplifier where the conversion takes place, and a multiple-wavelength laser array which will provide the necessary reference wavelengths. Such a photonic integrated circuit device will significantly aid in the practical implementation of wavelength shifting at a WDM node.
When Women Rise, We All Rise: American Geriatrics Society Position Statement on Achieving Gender Equity in Geriatrics (2019)

Supporting gender equity for women working in geriatrics is important to the growth of geriatrics across disciplines and is critical in achieving our vision for a future in which we are all able to contribute to our communities and maintain our health, safety, and independence as we age. Discrimination can have a negative impact on public health, particularly with regard to those who care for the health of older Americans and other vulnerable older people. Women working in the field of geriatrics have experienced implicit and explicit discriminatory practices that mirror available data on the entire workforce. In this position article, we outline strategic objectives and accompanying practical recommendations for how geriatrics, as a field, can work together to achieve a future in which the rights of women are guaranteed and women in geriatrics have the opportunity to achieve their full potential. This article represents the official positions of the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2447-2454, 2019.
Analyzing the combination of different approaches for video transport optimization for next generation cellular networks (2013)

Various technologies for optimizing video delivery in cellular networks have been presented in the past. QoE-based transport optimizations attempt to look for optimal solutions to provide the best overall user experience for a group of users to leverage constrained network bandwidth. However, the design of these optimizations varies widely. An attractive idea is to deploy these optimizations together and expect more gains. In this article, we describe the interworking of several optimization approaches to analyze the feasibility of one single framework combining different approaches. We provide a first design of the joint framework that best leverages the advantage of each optimization approach.
Vigna angularis inhibits mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation (2013)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether extracts of Vigna angularis (EVA) inhibit allergic inflammatory reactions and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action. For the assessment of allergic inflammatory response, histamine release and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines from human mast cells (HMC-1) were examined. To identify the underlying mechanisms of action, intracellular calcium and the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were assayed. To confirm the effects of EVA in vivo, systemic and local allergic reaction mouse models were employed. EVA dose-dependently reduced phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 (PMACI)-induced histamine release from mast cells. The inhibitory effects of EVA on the release of histamine from mast cells were mediated by the reduction of intracellular calcium levels. EVA decreased the PMACI-stimulated gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. The inhibitory effects of EVA on pro-inflammatory cytokines were NF-κB- and MAPK-dependent. In addition, EVA inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated cutaneous anaphylaxis. Our findings provide evidence that EVA inhibits mast cell-derived allergic inflammation, and suggest the possible therapeutic application of EVA in allergic inflammatory disorders.
A review on polyaniline (PANI) based nanocomposites for water purification (2023)

Sustainable supply of clean water is one of the ultimate challenges of 21st century. To date, numerous materials have been tested to extract water pollutants, of which PANI-based nanocomposites are more desirable owing to their various unique properties. In this connection, the vital concern about pollution caused by organic pollutants and wastewater treatment using PANI-based nanocomposite materials, and the recent significant developments in this field, it is necessary to conduct a thematic review. This review summarizes recent progresses in dye containing wastewater treatment utilizing various PANI-based nanocomposites. Furthermore, synthetic routes, removal efficiencies, adsorption capacities, and experimental conditions of the various nanocomposites towards wastewater treatment are also summarized. From the findings, it is obvious that PANI-based nanocomposites could be a promising material for efficient dye remediation.
Solution-processed organic light-emitting devices with two polymer light-emitting units connected in series by a charge-generation layer (2012)

We present a solution-based process to fabricate stacked OLEDs consisting of two polymer light-emitting units (LEUs), connected in series by a charge generation layer (CGL). We used Cs2CO3-doped ZnO nanoparticles as an EIL on the LE-polymer to improve the electron injection from the cathode. The surface morphology of a spin-coated metal oxide nanoparticle appears to be rough, with many gaps due to agglutination of nanoparticles. We chose poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (PVPy) as a binder to improve the film morphology of the ZnO:Cs2CO3 mixture and facilitate the formation of a uniform and dense film to prevent the solvent from soaking into the 1st LEU. The efficient solution-based processing of EILs in the 1st CGL containing MoO3/poly-TPD bilayers was employed for the construction of an MPE device. The device exhibited a sum current efficiency of 10 cd A−1, with 4 cd A−1 contributed by the 1st unit and 6 cd A−1 by the 2nd unit.
Histone acetylation in astrocytes suppresses GFAP and stimulates a re-organization of the intermediate filament network (2014)

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the main intermediate filament in astrocytes and is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms during development. We demonstrate that histone acetylation also controls GFAP expression in mature astrocytes. Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) with trichostatin A or sodium butyrate reduced GFAP expression in primary human astrocytes and astrocytoma cells. Because splicing occurs co-transcriptionally, we investigated whether histone acetylation changes the ratio between the canonical isoform GFAPα and the alternative GFAPδ splice variant. We observed that decreased transcription of GFAP enhanced alternative isoform expression, as HDAC inhibition increased the GFAPδ∶GFAPα ratio. Expression of GFAPδ was dependent on the presence and binding of splicing factors of the SR protein family. Inhibition of HDAC activity also resulted in aggregation of the GFAP network, reminiscent of our previous findings of a GFAPδ-induced network collapse. Taken together, our data demonstrate that HDAC inhibition results in changes in transcription, splicing and organization of GFAP. These data imply that a tight regulation of histone acetylation in astrocytes is essential, because dysregulation of gene expression causes the aggregation of GFAP, a hallmark of human diseases like Alexander's disease.
Micrometer scale gel patterns (2005)

This paper describes a novel method to fabricate micrometer sized gel patterns. The method involves spin-coating a pre-gel solution on a surface that was chemically treated to modulate its surface energy, creating highly hydrophobic areas on a hydrophilic substrate. Following spin coating, the gel solution self organizes on the hydrophilic sites. This method offers the advantages of high resolution, self-alignment to pre-patterned electrodes, and a simple straightforward fabrication process. The gel features are incorporated into microfluidic channels. The overall purpose of this approach is to create a simple, affordable, microfluidic device, which incorporates "smart" hydrogel elements.
Biometric score fusion through discriminative training (2011)

In the multibiometric systems, various matcher/modality scores are fused together to provide better performance than the individual matcher scores. In the authors have proposed a likelihood ratio test (LRT) based fusion technique for the biometric verification task that outperformed several other classifiers. They model the genuine and the imposter densities by the finite Gaussian mixture models (GMM, a generative model) whose parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood (ML) criteria. Lately, the discriminative training methods and models have been shown to provide additional accuracy gains over the generative models, in multiple applications such as the speech recognition, verification and text analytics. These gains are based on the fact that the discriminative models are able to partially compensate for the unavoidable mismatch, which is always present between the specified statistical model (GMM in this case) and the true distribution of the data which is unknown. In this paper, we propose to use a discriminative method to estimate the GMM density parameters using the maximum accept and reject (MARS) criteria. The test results using the proposed method on the NIST-BSSRI multimodal dataset indicate improved verification performance over a very competitive maximum likelihood (ML) trained system proposed in.
Conjunctival immediate hypersensitivity: re-evaluation of histamine involvement in the vasopermeability response. (1986)

The recent development of a technique for quantitative measurement of conjunctival microvascular permeability has permitted detailed pharmacological evaluation of H1- and H2-receptor involvement in histamine-induced increases in conjunctival microvascular permeability and the role of histamine in microvascular permeability changes associated with immediate hypersensitivity responses in the conjunctiva. The conjunctival microvascular permeability response to histamine appears to be entirely mediated by H1-receptors. Pyrilamine (H1-receptor antagonist) virtually abolished the increase in conjunctival extravascular albumin content produced by graded doses of histamine, whereas cimetidine (H2-receptor antagonist) was ineffective. Moreover, selective histamine H2-receptor agonists did not elicit a dose-dependent vasopermeability response in the conjunctiva. Although H1-receptor blockade essentially abolished the microvascular permeability response to histamine, it only partially attenuated the conjunctival microvascular permeability response associated with immediate hypersensitivity and compound 48-80. It appears that conjunctival inflammation caused by mast cell degranulation comprises both a histaminergic and a nonhistaminergic component.