gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct imaging of reverse-bias leakage through pure screw dislocations in GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaN templates (2002)

Excess reverse-bias leakage in GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaN templates is correlated with the presence of pure screw dislocations. A scanning current–voltage microscope was used to map the spatial locations of leakage current on high quality GaN films under reverse bias. Two samples with similar total dislocation density (∼109 cm−2) but with pure screw dislocation density differing by an order of magnitude were compared. We found that the density of reverse-bias leakage spots correlates well with pure screw dislocation density, not with mixed dislocation density. Thus, pure screw dislocations have a far more detrimental impact on gate leakage than edge or mixed dislocations.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis: time for visionary political leadership (2013)

Two decades ago, WHO declared tuberculosis a global emergency, and invested in the highly cost-effective directly observed treatment short-course programme to control the epidemic. At that time, most strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were susceptible to first-line tuberculosis drugs, and drug resistance was not a major issue. However, in 2013, tuberculosis remains a major public health concern worldwide, with prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis rising. WHO estimates roughly 630 000 cases of MDR tuberculosis worldwide, with great variation in the frequency of MDR tuberculosis between countries. In the past 8 years, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis has emerged, and has been reported in 84 countries, heralding the possibility of virtually untreatable tuberculosis. Increased population movement, the continuing HIV pandemic, and the rise in MDR tuberculosis pose formidable challenges to the global control of tuberculosis. We provide an overview of the global burden of drug-resistant disease; discuss the social, health service, management, and control issues that fuel and sustain the epidemic; and suggest specific recommendations for important next steps. Visionary political leadership is needed to curb the rise of MDR and XDR tuberculosis worldwide, through sustained funding and the implementation of global and regional action plans.
Probabilistic Path Selection in Opportunistic Cognitive Radio Networks (2008)

We present a novel routing approach for multichannel cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Our approach is based on probabilistically estimating the available capacity of every channel over every CR-to-CR link, while taking into account primary radio (PR). Our routing design consists of two main phases. In the first phase, the source node attempts to compute the most probable path (MPP) to the destination (including the channel assignment along that path) whose bandwidth has the highest probability of satisfying a required demand D. In the second phase, we verify whether the capacity of the MPP is indeed sufficient to meet the demand at confidence level delta. If that is not the case, we judiciously add channels to the links of the MPP such that the augmented MPP satisfies the demand D at the confidence level delta. We show through simulations that our protocol always finds the best path to the destination, achieving in some cases up to 200% improvement in connection acceptance rate compared to the traditional Dijkstra.
Differently spliced cDNAs of human leukocyte tyrosine kinase receptor tyrosine kinase predict receptor proteins with and without a tyrosine kinase domain and a soluble receptor protein. (1993)

Leukocyte tyrosine kinase (LTK) is a tyrosine kinase that has been suggested to be specific for hematopoietic cells and neuronal cells and reported as an unusual membrane protein lacking an extracellular domain. Here we report the cloning of a human LTK cDNA clone containing the complete open reading frame of a putative receptor tyrosine kinase protein. The extracellular domain of the receptor protein is larger than previously predicted. Furthermore, we have cloned a set of cDNAs representing differently spliced human LTK mRNAs. These cDNAs predict a truncated receptor protein lacking the tyrosine kinase domain and a soluble receptor protein that has neither a transmembrane nor a tyrosine kinase domain. Our results suggest that the LTK gene produces not only the putative receptor tyrosine kinase for unknown ligand but also multiple protein products that may have different functions.
Adaptive Changes in a Strain ofStreptococcus mutansduring Colonisation of the Human Oral Cavity (1989)

When a bacterial strain undergoes a change in environment, its ability to colonise a new niche is optimised over time by the process of natural selection. In this study, a readily identifiable strain of Streptococcus mutans was recovered from supragingival dental plaque of human subjects 3 y after implantation. Fifty fresh isolates were compared to the original laboratory strain that was used to infect these subjects. It was found that the fresh isolates adhered less well than the laboratory strain to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. The fresh isolates also produced more acetoin and less lactic acid, and had a greater cell yield during aerobic growth in glucose-containing medium. During growth in the presence of sucrose, the fresh isolates produced slightly greater amounts of plaque than the laboratory strain. No differences were observed between fresh and laboratory adapted strains with regard to bacteriocin production, antigenic composition, nutrient requirements, growth rates, or resistance to tetracycline. These results indicate that environmental factors operating in the oral cavity of human subjects select variants of S. mutans that are better adapted to proliferate in vivo . Identification of these factors is important to our general understanding of the ecology of S. mutans and to the development of therapeutic methods. Keywords: Streptococcus mutans ; Adaptation; Implantation.
New global shutter CMOS imager with 2 transistors per pixel (2008)

We present a new global shutter CMOS imager with 2 transistors per pixel. The first transistor is a ring gate transistor for accumulating holes that modulate threshold voltage. The second one is a transfer gate transistor that transfers holes from a PD to the ring gate transistor at the same time in all pixels. Simple structure allows us to realize 5.4 um pixel pitch, kTC noise free, and global shutter sensor using 0.35 um technology.
Development of Novel Melanocortin Receptor Agonists Based on the Cyclic Peptide Framework of Sunflower Trypsin Inhibitor-1 (2018)

Ultrastable cyclic peptide frameworks offer great potential for drug design due to their improved bioavailability compared to their linear analogues. Using the sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1) peptide scaffold in combination with systematic N-methylation of the grafted pharmacophore led to the identification of novel subtype selective melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonists. Multiple bicyclic peptides were synthesized and tested toward their activity at MC1R and MC3-5R. Double N-methylated compound 18 showed a p K<sub>i</sub> of 8.73 ± 0.08 ( K<sub>i</sub> = 1.92 ± 0.34 nM) and a pEC<sub>50</sub> of 9.13 ± 0.04 (EC<sub>50</sub> = 0.75 ± 0.08 nM) at the human MC1R and was over 100 times more selective for MC1R. Nuclear magnetic resonance structural analysis of 18 emphasized the role of peptide bond N-methylation in shaping the conformation of the grafted pharmacophore. More broadly, this study highlights the potential of cyclic peptide scaffolds for epitope grafting in combination with N-methylation to introduce receptor subtype selectivity in the context of peptide-based drug discovery.
Biofilm Based Microbial Fuel Cell (2019)

Biofilms of natural anaerobic microbial consortia externally grown on Gas Diffusion Electrodes (GDL) in a bioreactor, were investigated within a Membrane-Electrode-Assembly with respect to lifetime and electricity production upon variation of biodegradable materials with an oxygen demand of 1000mg/l as simulated waste water. A remarkable differentiation and plasticity of the films is observed, to resist the toxicity of 0.5 mg/cm Pt used on the inner side of the anode for smooth hydrogen combustion and to recover bioactivity upon alteration of the biodegradable material. Such robust biofilms are intended to provide a new technology for water purification and electricity production from industrial and community wastewater.
Towards a practical sodium guide star laser source: design for &amp;lt; 50 watt LGS based on OPSL (2012)

We present laser results of OPS structures based on highly strained InGaAs quantum wells emitting at 1178nm and frequency doubled to produce high power, high beam quality laser radiation at 589nm. The laser architecture is the same as in our commercial offerings, allowing us to achieve the desired results with a system significantly simpler than alternative approaches.
Networking around the world (2000)

According to the “Let's Do the Numbers” talk that President Bill Barkhouse presented around the world during the past year, about 42% of our members reside outside the United States, and the trend line indicates this figure should reach 50% at some point in the next decade. That statistic alone is strong evidence about the need for SEG to increasingly participate on a world stage.
Quantum contextuality of complementary photon polarizations explored by adaptive input state control (2023)

We experimentally investigate non-local contextual relations between complementary photon polarizations by adapting the entanglement and the local polarizations of a two-photon state to satisfy three deterministic conditions demonstrating both quantum contextuality and non-locality. The key component of this adaptive input state control is the variable degree of entanglement of the photon source. Local polarization rotations can optimize two of the three correlations, and the variation of the entanglement optimizes the third correlation. Our results demonstrate that quantum contextuality is based on a non-trivial trade-off between local complementarity and quantum correlations.
A Systematic Evaluation of Response Selection for Open Domain Dialogue (2022)

Recent progress on neural approaches for language processing has triggered a resurgence of interest on building intelligent open-domain chatbots. However, even the state-of-the-art neural chatbots cannot produce satisfying responses for every turn in a dialog. A practical solution is to generate multiple response candidates for the same context, and then perform response ranking/selection to determine which candidate is the best. Previous work in response selection typically trains response rankers using synthetic data that is formed from existing dialogs by using a ground truth response as the single appropriate response and constructing inappropriate responses via random selection or using adversarial methods. In this work, we curated a dataset where responses from multiple response generators produced for the same dialog context are manually annotated as appropriate (positive) and inappropriate (negative). We argue that such training data better matches the actual use case examples, enabling the models to learn to rank responses effectively. With this new dataset, we conduct a systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art methods for response selection, and demonstrate that both strategies of using multiple positive candidates and using manually verified hard negative candidates can bring in significant performance improvement in comparison to using the adversarial training data, e.g., increase of 3% and 13% in Recall@1 score, respectively.
Effect of third-element additions on properties of Co-Cr-based films (1990)

The fundamental effects of adding several elements to the Co-Cr system on the properties of Co-Cr-based films were extensively investigated. Tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, and rhenium were chosen as the additives. A large amount of each element was added to a Co–17-at. % Cr film. Ta addition improved the squareness and suppressed the in-plane coercive force without lowering the perpendicular coercive force for the films with perpendicular magnetization. All the additives were effective in suppressing the grain growth. The ternary alloy films were likely to have finer grains than Co-Cr films. Ta was found to be the most advantageous in a wide range of the content, from the total balance of squareness, coercive force, and grain size. The recording characteristics of Co-Cr-Ta films were also examined in comparison with those of Co-Cr films. The recording density and the signal-to-noise ratio of Co-Cr-Ta films were appreciably higher than those of Co-Cr films.
Whole-genome sequencing identifies a recurrent functional synonymous mutation in melanoma (2013)

Synonymous mutations, which do not alter the protein sequence, have been shown to affect protein function [Sauna ZE, Kimchi-Sarfaty C (2011) Nat Rev Genet 12(10):683-691]. However, synonymous mutations are rarely investigated in the cancer genomics field. We used whole-genome and -exome sequencing to identify somatic mutations in 29 melanoma samples. Validation of one synonymous somatic mutation in BCL2L12 in 285 samples identified 12 cases that harbored the recurrent F17F mutation. This mutation led to increased BCL2L12 mRNA and protein levels because of differential targeting of WT and mutant BCL2L12 by hsa-miR-671-5p. Protein made from mutant BCL2L12 transcript bound p53, inhibited UV-induced apoptosis more efficiently than WT BCL2L12, and reduced endogenous p53 target gene transcription. This report shows selection of a recurrent somatic synonymous mutation in cancer. Our data indicate that silent alterations have a role to play in human cancer, emphasizing the importance of their investigation in future cancer genome studies.
Fluid Flow Characteristics in Microchannels With Rib-Patterned Surface (2011)

The effects of rib-patterned surfaces and surface wettability on liquid flow in microchannels were experimentally investigated in this study. Microchannels were fabricated on single-crystal silicon wafers by photolithographic and wet-etching techniques. Rib structures were patterned in the silicon microchannel, and the surface was chemically treated by trichlorosilane to create the hydrophobic condition. Experiments with water as the working fluid were performed with these microchannels over a wide range of Reynolds number between 110 and 1914. The results for the rib-patterned microchannels showed that the friction factor with the hydraulic diameter based on the rib-to-upper-wall height was lower than that for the incompressible theory with the same height. The friction factor-Reynolds number products for the hydrophobic condition increased as Reynolds number increased in the laminar flow regime. The experimental results were also compared with the predictive expressions from the literature, and it was found that the experimental data for the small rib/cavity geometry was in good agreement with those in the literature.
First 3D ultrasound scanning, planning, and execution of CT-free milling interventions with a surgical robot (2008)

Surgical procedures with navigation or robot system support usually require pre-operative planning data. This data can be acquired with imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), the current gold standard due to its high precision. With such planning data, access trajectories, implant positions, individual milling paths etc. can be computed. We present a novel ultrasound-based method to generate equivalent 3D image data which is well-suited for many interventions, but less costly than the CT-based method. The method is demonstrated for robot-based implant bed milling in the lateral skull base, in a complete process consisting of infrared navigation registration, manual ultrasound scan path delineation, path smoothing and checking, robot-based ultrasound scan execution, 3D ultrasound volume reconstruction, implant position optimization, robot milling path planning, and intervention execution. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first time such a CT-free, 3D-ultrasound-based intervention has been demonstrated in the laboratory.
Generation of Cerenkov radiation at 850 nm in higher-order-mode fiber (2011)

We demonstrate generation of Cerenkov radiation at 850 nm in a higher-order-mode (HOM) fiber. The LP02 mode in this solid, silica-based fiber has anomalous dispersion from 690 nm to 810 nm. Cerenkov radiation with 3 nJ pulse energy is generated in this module, exhibiting 60% energy conversion efficiency from the input. The HOM fiber provides a valuable fiber platform for nonlinear wavelength conversion with pulse energies in-between index-guided silica-core photonic crystal fibers and air-core photonic bandgap fibers.
Conjugate Additions to Phenylglycinol-Derived Unsaturated δ-Lactams. Enantioselective Synthesis of Uleine Alkaloids (2004)

The stereochemical outcome of the conjugate addition of a variety of stabilized nucleophiles (2-indoleacetic enolates and sulfur-stabilized anions) to the phenylglycinol-derived unsaturated lactams trans-2, cis-2, and its 8-ethyl-substituted analogue 10 is studied. The factors governing the exo or endo facial stereoselectivity are discussed. This methodology provides short synthetic routes to either cis- or trans-3,4-disubstituted enantiopure piperidines as well as efficient routes for the enantioselective construction of the tetracyclic ring system of uleine alkaloids, both in the normal and 20-epi series. The formal total synthesis of several alkaloids of this group is reported.
Design and control of a macro-micro robot for precise force applications (1993)

Creating a robot which can delicately interact with its environment has been the goal of much research. Primarily two difficulties have made this goal hard to attain. The execution of control strategies which enable precise force manipulations are difficult to implement in real time because such algorithms have been too computationally complex for available controllers. Also, a robot mechanism which can quickly and precisely execute a force command is difficult to design. Actuation joints must be sufficiently stiff, frictionless, and lightweight so that desired torques can be accurately applied. This paper describes a robotic system which is capable of delicate manipulations. A modular high-performance multiprocessor control system was designed to provide sufficient compute power for executing advanced control methods. An 8 degree of freedom macro-micro mechanism was constructed to enable accurate tip forces. Control algorithms based on the impedance control method were derived, coded, and load balanced for maximum execution speed on the multiprocessor system. Delicate force tasks such as polishing, finishing, cleaning, and deburring, are the target applications of the robot.
Loss‐of‐function of EBP50 is a new cause of hereditary peripheral neuropathy: EBP50 functions in peripheral nerve system (2020)

Finding causative genetic mutations is important in the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. This study was conducted to find new genes involved in the pathophysiology of hereditary peripheral neuropathy. We identified a new mutation in the EBP50 gene, which is co-segregated with neuropathic phenotypes, including motor and sensory deficit in a family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. EBP50 is known to be important for the formation of microvilli in epithelial cells, and the discovery of this gene mutation allowed us to study the function of EBP50 in the nervous system. EBP50 was strongly expressed in the nodal and paranodal regions of sciatic nerve fibers, where Schwann cell microvilli contact the axolemma, and at the growth tips of primary Schwann cells. In addition, EBP50 expression was decreased in mouse models of peripheral neuropathy. Knockout mice were used to study EBP50 function in the peripheral nervous system. Interestingly motor function deficit and abnormal histology of nerve fibers were observed in EBP50<sup>+/-</sup> heterozygous mice at 12 months of age, but not 3 months. in vitro studies using Schwann cells showed that NRG1-induced AKT activation and migration were significantly reduced in cells overexpressing the I325V mutant of EBP50 or cells with knocked-down EBP50 expression. In conclusion, we show for the first time that loss of function due to EBP50 gene deficiency or mutation can cause peripheral neuropathy.
Neuroendocrine Stress Hormones Do Not Recreate the Postoperative Hypercoagulable State (1998)

Surgery causes changes in hemostasis, leading to a hypercoagulable state that has been linked to both arterial and venous thrombotic complications.The etiology of this state is unknown, but many investigators have hypothesized that perioperative neuroendocrine changes are responsible. We have previously demonstrated minimal increases in hemostatic function with a stress hormone infusion. This study was undertaken to further examine the relationship between neuroendocrine hormones and hemostatic function. Seventeen healthy volunteers were administered a stress hormone cocktail IV (epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, angiotensin II, and vasopressin) for 24 h in a blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in our clinical research center. Venous blood samples were obtained for measurement of hemostatic function before the infusion and at 2, 8, and 24 h. There were no demonstrable increases in any measure of hypercoagulability. Alternatively, there was an increase in tissue plasminogen activator and protein C activity. These changes are consistent with an inhibition of coagulation and improved fibrinolysis. These data suggest that this combination of neuroendocrine hormones is not responsible for the postoperative hypercoagulable state. Implications: Infusion of five stress hormones (epinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, vasopressin, and angiotensin II) to normal volunteers does not cause increases in procoagulant proteins and platelet reactivity or decreases in fibrinolytic proteins. Alternatively, these five hormones caused increased levels of fibrinolytic proteins (tissue plasminogen activator) and endogenous anticoagulants (protein C antigen and activity). (Anesth Analg 1998;86:640-5)
Supplementary Figure 4 from Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonist IMO Cooperates with Cetuximab in <i>K</i>-<i>Ras</i> Mutant Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 204KB&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis and characterization of luminescent osmium(ii) carbonyl complexes based on chelating dibenzoylmethanate and halide ligandsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental details and the spectral data of all isolated Os complexes. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b308340c/ (2003)

Octahedral Os(II) complexes 1-5 with formula [Os(CO)3X(dbm)] are prepared through utilization of both solid-state pyrolysis and ligand exchange reactions. These complexes exhibit prominent 3pi-pi* phosphorescence with unusually long lifetimes (29-64 micros) and high quantum yields (0.08-0.13).
Movie 4 from Metabolic Screening of Cytotoxic T-cell Effector Function Reveals the Role of CRAC Channels in Regulating Lethal Hit Delivery (2023)

&lt;p&gt;OT-I CTL engaging with a MEC1/OVA target cell followed by target cell rounding and cell death in the absence (DMSO) or presence of BTP2. Time stamp, h:min. Scale bar, 10 µm.&lt;/p&gt;