gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours (1998)

Abstract Radiation from spectral lines can be absorbed and re- emitted many times in atomic vapours before it reaches the boundaries of the container encasing the vapour. This effect is known as radiation trapping. It plays an important role practically everywhere where atomic vapours occur, e.g. in spectroscopy, in gas lasers, in atomic line filters, in the determination of atomic lifetimes, in measurements of atomic interaction potentials, and in electric discharge lamps. This book for the first time assembles all the information necessary for a treatment of practical problems, emphasizing both physical insights and mathematical methods. After an introduction that reviews resonance radiation and collisional processes in atomic vapours, physical effects and mathematical methods for various types of problems (e.g. with or without saturation, particle diffusion, reflecting cell walls, etc.) are explained in detail. The last part of the book describes the applications of these methods to a variety of practical problems like cross-section measurements or the design of discharge lamps.Atoms can both absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation like visible light In an assembly of many atoms, e.g., in a vapour or in a gas, radiation emitted by one atom may be reabsorbed by one of its neighbours, just to be reemitted a little later. The game can go on for quite some time—until the photon manages somehow to escape from this prison. At first glance, quite easy to understand. On the other hand, there must be some reason for this voluminous book full of sums, integrals and matrices. Our interest in this subject originally stemmed from investigations on atomic line filters we did for the European Space Agency, ESA. We believed that radiation trapping would have some influence on the performance of these filters and were looking for a simple means to take it into account We started out the same way as probably anyone new to the field would have done when faced with the problem of trapping. We read the classical paper of Holstein, and thought that was all there was to it. We soon had to realize, however, that the assumptions made by Holstein were not fulfilled in our problem, and decided to give the whole matter a closer look. That ‘closer look’ obtained a momentum of its own, and trapping became the centre of our own research in the following years. As our overview of the subject increased. we found that trapping plays a role in a staggering variety of situations. Trapping appears to be important in most experimental setups and in most engineering applications where atomic vapours are involved.
Genesis and Structure of WOx/ZrO2Solid Acid Catalysts (1998)

Zirconia-supported tungsten oxide catalysts were prepared by suspending hydrous zirconium oxide in aqueous solutions of ammonium metatungstate at their natural pH. The suspensions were refluxed at 383 K followed by evaporation of the water, drying and calcination. The WO3 loadings were chosen between 3.6 and 32 wt % and the calcination temperatures were in the range 773 ≤ T ≤ 1273 K. The resulting materials were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and surface area measurements, by laser Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and by UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Their acidic properties were tested by FTIR spectroscopy using carbon monoxide as a probe molecule. The experimental results indicate that the presence of WOx retards the crystallization of the zirconia material and stabilizes the tetragonal ZrO2 phase and the intrinsic BET surface area. W−O−W linkages are detected even at the lowest WO3 loadings indicating that oligomeric WOx clusters are initially anchored to the ZrO2 surface which grow in extension with increasing loading. Near the theoretical monolayer coverage a relatively dense overlayer has formed that eventually forms a three-dimensional network of interconnected WO6 octahedra. WO groups are present and presumably connected with peripheral WO6 octahedra. This structural model is supported by the number of nearest W neighbors, which varies between two and five depending on the WO3 loading as determined from the edge position in UV−Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. It is inferred that the WO6 network may be structurally described as a pseudo-heteropolytungstate that might have some Zr4+ polyhedra incorporated. FTIR spectroscopy showed an extremely broad quasi-continuous absorption in the O−H stretching region, which is suggestive of the presence in the overlayer network of delocalized protons. These are considered to be responsible for the detected protonic acidity of the materials.
A Discrete Event Simulation Model to Assess the Economic Value of a Hypothetical Pharmacogenomics Test for Statin-Induced Myopathy in Patients Initiating a Statin in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (2018)

We found that a strategy favoring patients staying on statin therapy is cost effective even if patients maintained on statin are at risk of rhabdomyolysis. Our results are explained by the fact that statins are highly effective in reducing the CV risk in patients at high CV risk, and this benefit largely outweighs the risk of rhabdomyolysis.
HIV‐1 Tat complexes reveal subunit composition of active P‐TEFb and stable association with 7SKsnRNP (2010)

16‐17 July 2010, International AIDS Society’s Workshop “Towards a Cure”: HIV Reservoirs and Strategies to Control Them, Vienna, Austria
Effect of Viscosity on the Pressure Gradient in 4-Inch Pipe (2014)

The pressure drop of liquids of different viscosities in multiphase flow is still a subject of research. This paper presents pressure drop measurements of water and oil single phase flow in horizontal and inclined 4 inch diameter stainless steel pipe at different flow rates. Potable water and Exxol D80 oil were used in the study. Experiments were carried out for different inclination angles including; 0°, 15°, 30° (upward and downward flows). Inlet liquid velocities were varied from 0.4 to 1.2 m/s and reference pressure was set at 1 bar. Water and Oil viscosities are 0.798 Pa.s and 1.56 Pa.s at 30°C, respectively. Pressure drop has been found to increase with increase in liquid velocity. Pressure drop has been observed to increase asymptotically with pipe inclination. Upward flows are associated with high pressure drop as compared to downward flows. The pressure drop of water is greater than that of oil for all inclinations. This difference can be attributed to the difference in fluid viscosities and densities. Measured pressure drops were compared with existing empirical relations and good agreement was noticed.
Epitaxial InP/fluoride/InP(001) double heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1983)

We report the first epitaxial semiconductor-dielectric-semiconductor (SDS) double heterostructures using the III-V compound semiconductor InP. The samples, InP/CaF2/InP(001) and InP/BaxSr1−xF2/InP(001), were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and have lattice mismatches of −6.9% and +2.0%, respectively. In situ high-energy electron diffraction showed that the initial stage of epitaxy of the InP/fluoride structure, unlike that of the fluoride/InP structure, exhibits pseudomorphism. Analysis of the electrical properties of SDS devices with an insulator thickness of ∼100 Å indicates both Ohmic and trap-assisted tunneling conduction.
Characterizations of Novel Poly(aspartic acid) Derivatives Conjugated with γ-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) as the Bioactive Molecule (2009)

Novel poly(aspartic acid) derivatives conjugated with <TEX>$\gamma$</TEX>-amino butyric acid, GABA, moieties, and their amphiphilic analogs were synthesized and characterized. The chemical structures of these polymers were confirmed by FT-IR and <TEX>$^1H<TEX>$ NMR spectroscopy. Their physicochemical properties in aqueous media were characterized by electrophonetic light scattering spectrophotometry (ELS), acid-base titration, and UV-spectroscopy. In addition, the in vitro cell activity of the GABA-conjugated polymer was examined. These results indicated that GABA-conjugated poly(aspartic acid) derivatives showed cell-growth activity and nanoparticle formation of a suitable size within aqueous media. These polymers have potential application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields.
Transketolase-like 1 ectopic expression is associated with DNA hypomethylation and induces the Warburg effect in melanoma cells (2016)

Our data provide evidence for an important role of TKTL1 in aerobic glycolysis and tumor promotion in melanoma that may result from defective promoter methylation. This epigenetic change may enable the natural selection of tumor cells with a metabolic phenotype and thereby provide a potential therapeutic target for a subset of melanoma tumors with elevated TKTL1 expression.
Treatment of Severe Acquired Tracheomalacia With a Patient-Specific, 3D-Printed, Permanent Tracheal Splint (2017)

Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a disease of excessive collapse of the primary airways resulting from intrinsic weak-ness or extrinsic compression. While infantile TBM typically regresses in severity over time, adult-phenotype TBM is more often persistent and progressive. 1 Severe TBM carries substantial morbidity and mortality, and interventions such as surgical excision, stenting, and tracheotomy have all been associated with life-threatening complications. 2,3 Figure. Assessment, Design, Manufacture, and Use of a 3D-Printed Polyetherketoneketone Tracheal Splint for Treating Focal Tracheomalacia
Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas (2018)

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smoking and/or human papillomavirus (HPV). SCCs harbor 3q, 5p, and other recurrent chromosomal copy-number alterations (CNAs), DNA mutations, and/or aberrant methylation of genes and microRNAs, which are correlated with the expression of multi-gene programs linked to squamous cell stemness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal differentiation, growth, genomic integrity, oxidative damage, death, and inflammation. Low-CNA SCCs tended to be HPV(+) and display hypermethylation with repression of TET1 demethylase and FANCF, previously linked to predisposition to SCC, or harbor mutations affecting CASP8, RAS-MAPK pathways, chromatin modifiers, and immunoregulatory molecules. We uncovered hypomethylation of the alternative promoter that drives expression of the ΔNp63 oncogene and embedded miR944. Co-expression of immune checkpoint, T-regulatory, and Myeloid suppressor cells signatures may explain reduced efficacy of immune therapy. These findings support possibilities for molecular classification and therapeutic approaches.
Neuromodulatory Drugs for the Radical Prostatectomy Patient (2009)

Neurogenic erectile dysfunction remains a common complication of radical prostatectomy despite current modifications of the surgery, which include preservation of the cavernous nerves essential for autonomically nerve-regulated penile erection. An imperative exists to address this problem with the primary objective of rapidly restoring natural, medically unassisted erections. Neuromodulation is an exciting, innovative field of endeavor developed to meet this objective. With the acknowledgement that penile neuropathy is a major pathogenic basis for the complication, this field promotes neuroprotective and nerve regenerative strategies for facilitating cavernous nerve functional recovery. Several possibilities have been investigated at the preclinical level and in early clinical trials, directly relevant to this context, suggesting likely therapeutic directions to be developed further in the near future. Other possibilities are conjectured at this time to have likely utility in this clinical context, borrowing from concepts advanced in basic science and clinical medicine disciplines distinct from the neuro-urologic field. For moving this particular field forward, emphasis is given to elucidating the molecular basis of the pathologic injury associated with radical prostatectomy and characterizing the role of molecular effectors responsible for cavernous nerve injury and recovery. Such focused molecular neurobiologic investigation can be expected to reveal highly effective pharmacologic approaches to address the problem and maximize erectile function restoration following surgery.
Effect of grating imperfections on devices based on tilted fiber gratings (2004)

Cross-sectional and longitudinal defects in tilted fiber gratings are studied, and their influence on grating devices is discussed. Fiber gratings with various imperfections are fabricated; their scattering patterns are measured and compared to simulation results.
A Facile Synthetic Approach to Imidazolidinone Biocides (1999)

A synthetic route has been developed for the production of novel N-halamine disinfectants. These compounds are derivatives of 1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one (DC). The synthetic route chosen consists of producing a 2,2,5,5-tetrasubstituted-imidazolidin-4-thione with identical substituents at the 2- and 5-positions, followed by hydrolysis of the cyclic thione to the corresponding acyclic aminothioamide, condensation with a ketone resulting in the formation of a 2,2,5,5-tetrasubstituted-imidazolidin-4-thione having different substituents at the 2- and 5-positions, oxidation to the corresponding 2,2,5,5-tetrasubstituted-imidazolidin-4-one, and finally, chlorination to the desired N-halamine derivative. These derivatives are more nonpolar than is DC, and thereby may possess more antimicrobial activity against microorganisms containing cell membranes of considerable lipophilicity than does DC. Preliminary results presented in this work show that these new derivatives are bactericidal, with some more so than is DC against Staphylococcus aureus. Potential applications may exist for these compounds in the disinfection of nonpolar media such as oils, paints, and lubricants as well as for aqueous solutions of organisms containing lipophilic cell membranes.
Rapid analysis of organophosphonate compounds recovered from vinyl floor tile using vacuum extraction coupled with a fast-duty cycle GC/MS (2013)

In a terrorist event or industrial accident, environmental toxins will be inhomogeneously distributed on surfaces. A field vacuum extractor (FVE) can be used to sample contamination on fixed surfaces in a non-destructive fashion, but application to heterogeneously contaminated environments tends to be limited by the sampling time and time required for analysis, which is ∼15 to 30 min for a laboratory gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). In the present study, FVE surface sampling was combined with a portable, fast-duty cycle GC/MS that enables analysis of a surface sample approximately every 3 minutes. Employing multiple FVE devices enables rapid measurement of many samples as might be required for characterizing contamination that is inhomogeneously distributed in a release environment. The FVE utilizes solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to sorb volatilized compounds from an evacuated headspace enclosed over the surface to be sampled (vinyl floor tile in the present study), over the course of a 30 min sampling time. Recovery of organophosphonate compounds in quantities sufficient to enable identification was achieved sampling floor tile exposed to as little as 30 ng. The amount detected was found to increase in a linear fashion with quantity applied to the floor tile, over three orders of magnitude. Carboxen–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the SPME sorbent phase and was sufficiently robust for multiple sampling and analysis cycles. The carboxen–PDMS retained 2–5% of the organophosphonate compounds after the initial GC/MS analysis, and this fraction could be readily measured in a subsequent re-analysis of the same sample. The re-analysis showed identifiable quantities of the organophosphonate compounds in all experiments except those with the lowest exposure quantities. Thus, once-analyzed carboxen–PDMS fibers may be archived for re-analysis at a later date if desired.
Non-steady state: error analysis of Steele's model and developments for glucose kinetics (1987)

The model proposed by Steele (Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 82: 420-430, 1959) to compute rates of appearance and disappearance in non-steady state is subjected to theoretical analysis. It is shown that this model introduces an error with two components, one dependent on the volume of the compartment, the other related to the complex configuration of the system. The errors depend on the time course of specific activity, change differently with time, and may take the opposite sign but they do not, in general, cancel each other. Corollaries of this analysis are the following: there is no single pool-fraction value satisfactory under all non-steady-state situations; keeping tracer specific activity as constant as possible during the experiment minimizes both errors; and non-steady-state analysis demands proper modeling of the system. Tracer experiments were carried out in five normal volunteers. Plasma [3-3H]glucose concentration was first brought to equilibrium by means of a primed constant 2-h infusion, and then the steady state was perturbed by a 2-h euglycemic insulin (1 mU X min-1 X kg-1) clamp, realizing a transition between a basal and a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic steady state. These data were analyzed with Steele's equation, the two compartment models of Radziuk et al. [Am. J. Physiol. 234 (Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 3): E84-E93, 1978], and a new model based on a study on glucose kinetics carried out in the two steady states separately. Steele's equation yielded negative values for hepatic glucose production already 40 min into the clamp and throughout the study. The average value of glucose production during the 2nd h was -0.88 mg X min-1 X kg-1; the suppression of basal release over the 2-h period was 115%. In contrast, the new model calculated a mean glucose production of 0.37 mg X min-1 X kg-1 during the 2nd h and an overall suppression of 62%; no negative values were obtained.
Axonal protection by Nmnat expression (2008)

Axonopathy is a critical feature of many nervous system disorders including peripheral neuropathies and neurodegenerative diseases like ALS and Parkinson's disease. Studies of Wlds mutant mice have demonstrated that axonal degeneration is an active process. This degenerative process can be altered by manipulating neuronal bioenergetic pathways and increased expression of enzymes involved in NAD biosynthesis. Targeting of the Nmnat molecule to the cytoplasm, mitochondria, or the nucleus all result in substantial axonal protection. Axonal protection by Nmnat expression protects axons against a variety of insults including mechanical injury, microtubule disruption and mitochondrial inhibitors, and is dependent on its NAD biosynthetic activity.
Five Years of Exemestane as Initial Therapy Compared to 5 Years of Tamoxifen Followed by Exemestane: The TEAM Trial, a Prospective, Randomized, Phase III Trial in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone-Sensitive Early Breast Cancer. (2009)

Abstract Background: Exemestane (E) is a steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) with an established role in early breast cancer after 2–3 years of tamoxifen (T). Additionally, AIs have shown superiority to T as initial adjuvant therapy. The Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) study has been prospectively designed to compare the role of E as initial adjuvant therapy with a sequential approach of T followed by E (T→E).Methods: Postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer were randomized to open-label E 25 mg/d or T 20 mg/d. All patients completed surgery and chemotherapy, if indicated. Data were collected and analyzed by the Central Data Center in Leiden, The Netherlands. The trial was initiated in 2001 with the primary objective being a comparison of disease-free survival (DFS) with T vs E. In 2004, TEAM was modified in response to new data; all those initially receiving T were switched to E after 2.5–3 years. An additional 2500 patients were recruited and randomized at diagnosis to E or T→E for 5 years. The modified study design includes 2 coprimary endpoints: (1) DFS of T vs E that was previously reported at 2.75 years median follow-up (Jones S et al, abstract #15 presented at SABCS 2008); and (2) DFS at 5 years of E vs T→E that will be the focus of results presented here.Results: Between 2001 and January 2006, 9775 women were randomized to TEAM. In total, 99% of patients were ER+ and/or PgR+, 50% were node-negative, 44% underwent mastectomy, 68% received radiotherapy, and 36% received chemotherapy. In September 2009, median follow-up will be 5.5 years and the protocol-specified 1285 overall DFS events (locoregional or distant recurrence, second breast cancers, or death without recurrence) will have occurred, allowing for analysis of the second coprimary endpoint. We will present a detailed analysis of the 5-year results from theTEAM trial, the only prospectively powered randomized trial to compare 5 years of an initial AI vs T→AI, 2 commonly received adjuvant therapies for women with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 11.
Cramer-Rao Bound on DOA Estimation of Finite Bandwidth Signals Using a Moving Sensor (2020)

In this paper, we provide a framework for the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation using a single moving sensor and evaluate performance bounds on estimation. We introduce a signal model which captures spatio-temporal incoherency in the received signal due to sensor motion in space and finite bandwidth of the signal, hitherto not considered. We show that in such a scenario, the source signal covariance matrix becomes a function of the source DOA, which is usually not the case. Due to this unknown dependency, traditional subspace techniques cannot be applied and conditions on source covariance needs to imposed to ensure identifiability. This motivates us to investigate the performance bounds through the Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLBs) to set benchmark performance for future estimators. This paper exploits the signal model to derive an appropriate CRLB, which is shown to be better than those in relevant literature.
Learning to Censor by Noisy Sampling (2022)

Point clouds are an increasingly ubiquitous input modality and the raw signal can be efficiently processed with recent progress in deep learning. This signal may, often inadvertently, capture sensitive information that can leak semantic and geometric properties of the scene which the data owner does not want to share. The goal of this work is to protect sensitive information when learning from point clouds; by censoring the sensitive information before the point cloud is released for downstream tasks. Specifically, we focus on preserving utility for perception tasks while mitigating attribute leakage attacks. The key motivating insight is to leverage the localized saliency of perception tasks on point clouds to provide good privacy-utility trade-offs. We realize this through a mechanism called Censoring by Noisy Sampling (CBNS), which is composed of two modules: i) Invariant Sampler: a differentiable point-cloud sampler which learns to remove points invariant to utility and ii) Noisy Distorter: which learns to distort sampled points to decouple the sensitive information from utility, and mitigate privacy leakage. We validate the effectiveness of CBNS through extensive comparisons with state-of-the-art baselines and sensitivity analyses of key design choices. Results show that CBNS achieves superior privacy-utility trade-offs on multiple datasets.
The health economics of blood use in cerebrovascular aneurysm surgery (2005)

We conclude that advances in surgical technique have made routine cross-matching of blood in cerebral aneurysm surgery unnecessary.