gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive information foraging (2012)

Information Foraging Theory (IFT) has established itself as an important theory to explain how people seek information, but most work has focused more on the theory itself than on how best to apply it. In this paper, we investigate how to apply a reactive variant of IFT (Reactive IFT) to design IFT-based tools, with a special focus on such tools for ill-structured problems. Toward this end, we designed and implemented a variety of recommender algorithms to empirically investigate how to help people with the ill-structured problem of finding where to look for information while debugging source code. We varied the algorithms based on scent type supported (words alone vs. words + code structure), and based on use of foraging momentum to estimate rapidity of foragers' goal changes. Our empirical results showed that (1) using both words and code structure significantly improved the ability of the algorithms to recommend where software developers should look for information; (2) participants used recommendations to discover new places in the code and also as shortcuts to navigate to known places; and (3) low-momentum recommendations were significantly more useful than high-momentum recommendations, suggesting rapid and numerous goal changes in this type of setting. Overall, our contributions include two new recommendation algorithms, empirical evidence about when and why participants found IFT-based recommendations useful, and implications for the design of tools based on Reactive IFT.
Microbicides 2008 conference: From discovery to advocacy (2008)

Recently revised statistics show the number of individuals living with HIV at over 33 million worldwide, with 68% being in sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV prevention methods, such as condom use, monogamy and abstinence, are not always feasible. The need for improved HIV preventative technologies remains urgent. Of these, microbicides represent a promising female-initiated preventative method. Microbicides are designed to be applied vaginally to prevent HIV and STI acquisition. Research is also being undertaken to assess the safety of the product during rectal application.The biannual Microbicides conference took place in New Delhi, India from 24-27 February 2008. The conference was open to delegates from the scientific and medical fields, as well as communities and advocates. In addition to microbicide research and development, the conference afforded the opportunity for the discussion of key issues such as ethics, acceptability, access, and community involvement.In this conference report we provide brief summaries of recent advancements made and challenges experienced in microbicide research and development, including updates on basic and clinical science, social and behavioural science, and community mobilisation and advocacy activities pertaining to clinical trials.
Surround Motion Silences Signals From Same-Direction Motion (2009)

The response of motion-sensitive neurons to stimuli presented within their receptive field is often affected by stimulation in the surrounding region. These effects have perceptually relevant consequences that can be measured using behavioral techniques. We used psychophysical reverse correlation to characterize directional selectivity in human observers while they processed a local motion stimulus and studied the effect of adding an additional motion signal in the surrounding region. The surround had no effect on response gain for signals of opposite direction but selectively reduced gain for those of same direction. Surprisingly this reduction was close to 100%, effectively amounting to a gating process whereby signals of same direction were completely silenced. Our data indicate that by far the most prominent perceptual manifestation of center-surround antagonism is gain suppression by motion in the same direction without any appreciable change in directional tuning.
Artificial Intelligence Solutions to Power System Operating Problems (1987)

This paper is one of a series for use in Current Operational Problems (COPS) Forums with the goal of focusing attention on problems faced by electric utility operators. These short notes are intended to describe the problems and the complexity of solution to the problems. The short note papers presented here describe the spectrum of power system operating problems that are believed to be good candidates for Artificial Intelligence (AI) solution. The first short note lists many of these applications and discusses their characteristics and why they are candidates for AI. The second describes an existing application that uses a knowledge base derived from operator experience. The third describes a research project now being conducted toward solving the alarm processing problem and the last short note introduces some of the problems to be encountered in implementing AI in an energy management system.
Photoinduced hydrogen evolution with peptide dendrimer-multi-Zn(II)-porphyrin, viologen, and hydrogenase (2001)

To construct an artificial photosynthetic system, multi-Zn(II)-mesoporphyrins in peptide dendrimers were equipped as a photosensitizer of photoinduced hydrogen evolution in a four-component system (electron donor, photosensitizer, electron carrier, and catalyst), so that hydrogen was evolved effectively by the dendrimer architecture, for the first time. The hydrogen evolution activity was correlated to the photoreduction ability of viologen by the Zn-porphyrin-peptide dendrimers. Additionally, using positively charged methyl-viologen as an electron carrier, the photoinduced hydrogen evolution function with the positively charged peptide dendrimer was superior to that with the negatively charged peptide dendrimer, despite that the positive dendrimer did not strongly bind the positively charged methyl-viologen with the electrostatic interaction. By contrast, when zwitterionic propylviologen sulfonate was used, photoreduction and hydrogen evolution properties were identical between the positively and the negatively charged dendrimers. These results demonstrated that the dynamic interaction between the positive dendrimer and methyl-viologen was preferable for the photoreduction and hydrogen evolution, and that the three-dimensional assembly of Zn(II)-mesoporphyrins using the peptide dendrimers was effective as a photosensitizer in the artificial photosynthesis.
High-performance liquid-based passive optical limiter (1996)

Optical limiters based on several nonlinear optical elements in tandem have been the subject of several theoretical and experimental studies in recent years. The primary reason for such a geometry is that it exposes the nonlinear material to high fluence, hence producing a large nonlinear effect, without damage occurring to the nonlinear material. Previous experimental studies have successfully proven the principle of tandem limiting. This paper describes in detail the design considerations for such a device, and discuss design parameters and materials requirements for improved limiters.
A Genome-Wide Screen for Interactions Reveals a New Locus on 4p15 Modifying the Effect of Waist-to-Hip Ratio on Total Cholesterol (2011)

Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies described 95 loci controlling serum lipid levels. These common variants explain ~25% of the heritability of the phenotypes. To date, no unbiased screen for gene–environment interactions for circulating lipids has been reported. We screened for variants that modify the relationship between known epidemiological risk factors and circulating lipid levels in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association (GWA) data from 18 population-based cohorts with European ancestry (maximum N = 32,225). We collected 8 further cohorts (N = 17,102) for replication, and rs6448771 on 4p15 demonstrated genome-wide significant interaction with waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) on total cholesterol (TC) with a combined P-value of 4.79×10−9. There were two potential candidate genes in the region, PCDH7 and CCKAR, with differential expression levels for rs6448771 genotypes in adipose tissue. The effect of WHR on TC was strongest for individuals carrying two copies of G allele, for whom a one standard deviation (sd) difference in WHR corresponds to 0.19 sd difference in TC concentration, while for A allele homozygous the difference was 0.12 sd. Our findings may open up possibilities for targeted intervention strategies for people characterized by specific genomic profiles. However, more refined measures of both body-fat distribution and metabolic measures are needed to understand how their joint dynamics are modified by the newly found locus.
Fabrication, modeling, and characterization of form-birefringent nanostructures (1995)

A 490-nm-deep nanostructure with a period of 200 nm was fabricated in a GaAs substrate by use of electron-beam lithography and dry-etching techniques. The form birefringence of this microstructure was studied numerically with rigorous coupled-wave analysis and compared with experimental measurements at a wavelength of 920 nm. The numerically predicted phase retardation of 163.3° was found to be in close agreement with the experimentally measured result of 162.5°, thereby verifying the validity of our numerical modeling. The fabricated microstructures show extremely large artificial anisotropy compared with that available in naturally birefringent materials and are useful for numerous polarization optics applications.
Early Generation Testing in Upland Cotton (2005)

Early generation testing (EGT) is often used to identify segregating populations that are expected to contain the greatest frequency of favorable genotypes and to eliminate inferior populations with limited promise. The goal of this study was to determine if EGT methods utilized in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) at College Station (CS) and Weslaco (WS), TX, since 1990 and 1992, respectively, and through 2002, could be used to predict advanced strain performance. Data were collected from 283 unique F 2 populations at CS and 146 unique F 2 and F 3 populations at WS. Correlations of F 2 population yield and individual plant selection fiber data suggests that the method used at CS limits the use of EGT for lint yield, yet enhances the use of EGT for the highly heritable fiber traits. Conversely, correlations of F 2 population yield and population fiber data suggest that the method used at WS supports EGT for lint yield, but limits the use of EGT for fiber traits. However, by using F 3 population fiber yield means and individual plant selection fiber data, EGT is validated at WS. Also, correlations of F 2 yield and fiber data with combined yield and fiber data of advanced strains in standard performance trials across multiple locations in central and south Texas indicated that EGT reasonably predicted advanced generation performance.
Comparison of different approaches to measuring influenza A virus-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies in the presence of serum inhibitors (1992)

The A/Los Angeles/2/87 (H3N2) (A/LA/2/87) virus is sensitive to inhibitors of hemagglutination present in certain human sera. It was found that the effect of these inhibitors could be removed by treating sera with high-concentration receptor-destroying enzyme or trypsin-periodate or by using inhibitor-resistant viruses in the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test. Inhibitor-resistant viruses were not effective for detecting rises in antibody titers in the sera of volunteers infected with the A/LA/2/87 wild-type virus, while rises in antibody titer were readily detected in sera treated with trypsin-periodate and tested against A/LA/2/87 wild-type virus in an HAI test. It is therefore suggested that chemical or enzymatic methods be used to inactivate serum inhibitors and that standard virus be used in the HAI test for the currently circulating H3N2 viruses.
Mechanistic Studies Lead to Dramatically Improved Reaction Conditions for the Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroamination of Olefins (2015)

Enantioselective copper(I) hydride (CuH)-catalyzed hydroamination has undergone significant development over the past several years. To gain a general understanding of the factors governing these reactions, kinetic and spectroscopic studies were performed on the CuH-catalyzed hydroamination of styrene. Reaction profile analysis, rate order assessment, and Hammett studies indicate that the turnover-limiting step is regeneration of the CuH catalyst by reaction with a silane, with a phosphine-ligated copper(I) benzoate as the catalyst resting state. Spectroscopic, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and nonlinear effect studies are consistent with a monomeric active catalyst. With this insight, targeted reagent optimization led to the development of an optimized protocol with an operationally simple setup (ligated copper(II) precatalyst, open to air) and short reaction times (<30 min). This improved protocol is amenable to a diverse range of alkene and alkyne substrate classes.
Long‐term memory for music: infants remember tempo and timbre (2004)

We show that infants' long-term memory representations for melodies are not just reduced to the structural features of relative pitches and durations, but contain surface or performance tempo- and timbre-specific information. Using a head turn preference procedure, we found that after a one week exposure to an old English folk song, infants preferred to listen to a novel folk song, indicating that they remembered the familiarized melody. However, if the tempo (25% faster or slower) or instrument timbre (harp vs. piano) of the familiarized melody was changed at test, infants showed no preference, indicating that they remembered the specific tempo and timbre of the melodies. The results are consistent with an exemplar-based model of memory in infancy rather than one in which structural features are extracted and performance features forgotten.
Genetic engineering of T cells with receptors from NY-ESO-1-specific tumor-recognizing CD4+ T cell as a novel approach for adoptive T cell therapy (2015)

Meeting abstracts Tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T cells generally orchestrate and regulate innate and adaptive immune cells to provide immune surveillance against malignancy. However, activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells is restricted at local tumor sites where antigen-presenting cells are
Tamper-Resistant Biometric IDs (2004)

We present FaceCerts, a simple, inexpensive, and cryptographically secure identity certification system. A FaceCert is a printout of person’s portrait photo, an arbitrary textual message, and a 2-D color barcode which encodes an RSA signature of the message hash and the compressed representation of the face encompassed by the photo. The signature is created using the private key of the party issuing the ID. ID verification is performed by a simple off-line scanning device that contains the public key of the issuer. The system does not require smart cards; it can be expanded to encompass other biometric features, and more interestingly, the ID does not need to be printed by a trusted or high-end printer, it can be printed anywhere, anytime, and potentially by anyone. The ID verifier uses a single scan process which does not require the use of displays. We detail system’s components and present a preliminary performance evaluation using an in-field experiment.
Intraoperative airway obstruction related to tracheostomy tube malposition in a patient with achondroplasia and Jeune's syndrome. (2010)

A 14 year-old adolescent with achondroplasia and Jeune's syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) presented for cervical spine surgery in the prone position. Due to the need for home mechanical ventilation at night, the patient had a tracheostomy in place. With the first surgical procedure, the cuffed tracheostomy tube was left in place during prone positioning. Difficulties encountered with ventilation through the cuffed tracheostomy tube in the prone position necessitated aborting the case. During three subsequent surgeries, the tracheostomy tube was removed and an armored endotracheal tube was placed through the tracheostomy stoma prior to prone positioning. No further difficulties with ventilation were noted with the subsequent cases. There are currently no guidelines in the medical literature regarding perioperative management of patients with a tracheostomy requiring prone positioning for surgery. The management of such patients is reviewed and possible problems with tracheostomy positioning during prone positioning are explored. Given such issues, we would suggest removal of the tracheostomy tube and placement of an armored endotracheal tube through the stoma during surgical procedures in the prone position.
Chordella - A Hierarchical Peer-to-Peer Overlay Implementation for Heterogeneous, Mobile Environments (2008)

Our demonstration shows Chordella, a Peer-to-Peer System that is particularly designed for heterogeneous environments such as in wireless networks. We use a pool of standard personal computers distributed over the Internet which act as reliable nodes and form the backbone of the network as superpeers. The mobile nodes are represented by mobile phones running a lightweight implementation of our system able to use the superpeers as proxies. The demo shows the effectiveness of the approach with a mobile picture sharing application benefiting from several improvements such as Load Balancing and Optimal Operation Point Selection algorithms.
Growth of p-type GaN – The role of oxygen in activation of Mg-doping (2023)

The effects of N2 and O2:N2 (1:1) as ambient gases during activation annealing of Mg as p-type doping of GaN have been investigated. The purpose was to understand the mechanisms involved and especially the impact of O2 on the resulting hole concentration and hole mobility. The addition of O2 to the ambient gas during annealing is known to be very effective in reducing the H level of the Mg-doped GaN layer, but the maximum achievable hole concentration and mobility, as determined by Hall characterization, is still higher with pure N2. The difference is explained by an in-diffusion of O to the GaN layer acting as n-dopant and thus giving rise to a compensation effect. It is found that to a large degree only the Mg-H complexes at substitutional (MgGa), i.e., the electrically active acceptor sites that provide free holes, are activated by annealing with N2 only as ambient gas, while annealing with O2:N2 (1:1) also dissociates electrically inactive Mg-H complexes resulting in much less residual H. Thus, the residual H level in relation to the Mg level after activation annealing with N2 only may provide a representative measure of the resulting free hole concentration of the Mg-doped GaN layer.
Race, class, and residence: Afro-Caribbean households in Britain (2022)

The major theme of the present chapter is migration to Britain since the late 1940s, charting some of the housing and other problems faced by migrants from the New Commonwealth during this period. Public housing was almost unknown at this time, although Liverpool Corporation had begun to develop a public housing stock in 1868 and a number of other authorities had followed suit by the early years of the present century. Labour had been needed to fuel post-war expansion and Britain duly exploited her colonial links. As an alternative to major capital investment in industry, migrant labour was used in largely unskilled, and often heavy and unpleasant work. Research in the Black Country by Mark Duffield even suggested that new unskilled jobs were, at times, created because of the ready availability of ‘cheap’ labour. The choice side of the choice-constraints equation was evident only in the desire to maintain traditional cultural ties and social customs.
Design and fabrication of SOI-based photonic crystal components (2005)

We present examples of ultra-compact photonic crystal components realized in silicon-on-insulator material. We have fabricated several different types of photonic crystal waveguide components displaying high transmission features. This includes 60/spl deg/ and 120/spl deg/ bends, different types of couplers, and splitters. Recently, we have designed and fabricated components with more than 200 nm bandwidths. Design strategies to enhance the performance include systematic variation of design parameters using finite-difference time-domain simulations and inverse design methods such as topology optimization.
Imidazotriazines: Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) Inhibitors Identified by Free‐Energy Perturbation (FEP) (2015)

There has been significant interest in spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) owing to its role in a number of disease states, including autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. Ongoing therapeutic programs have resulted in several compounds that are now in clinical use. Herein we report our optimization of the imidazopyrazine core scaffold of Syk inhibitors through the use of empirical and computational approaches. Free-energy perturbation (FEP) methods with MCPRO+ were undertaken to calculate the relative binding free energies for several alternate scaffolds. FEP was first applied retrospectively to determine if there is any predictive value; this resulted in 12 of 13 transformations being predicted in a directionally correct manner. FEP was then applied in a prospective manner to evaluate 17 potential targets, resulting in the realization of imidazotriazine 17 (3-(4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylamino)imidazo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl)benzamide), which shows a tenfold improvement in activity relative to the parent compound and no increase in atom count. Optimization of 17 led to compounds with nanomolar cellular activity.
A Day in the Life of a Grid-Enabled Application: Counting on the Grid (2004)

While Grid technologies are maturing rapidly, there still remains a shortage of real Grid applications. One important reason is the lack of simple and high-level application programming interfaces to the Grid, bridging the gap between existing Grid middleware and application-level needs. The Grid Application Toolkit (GAT), as currently developed by the EC-funded project GridLab [1], provides a unified, simple programming interface to the Grid infrastructure, tailored to the needs of Grid application programmers and users. In this paper, we outline a motivating use case, present the GAT API functionality, and sketch existing bindings to programming languages and their implementations. 1