gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femoroacetabular Impingement: Have We Hit a Global Tipping Point in Diagnosis and Treatment? Results From the InterNational Femoroacetabular Impingement Optimal Care Update Survey (IN FOCUS) (2016)

The exponential rise in the diagnosis and surgical management of FAI appears to be driven largely by experienced surgeons in developed nations. Significant variability exists regarding the diagnosis and management of FAI. Our analysis suggests that although FAI management is early in the innovation cycle, we are at a tipping point toward wider uptake and use.
An application of wavelet transform for decomposition of millimeter-wave spectroscopic signals (1994)

Millimeter-wave technique, based on rotational energy transitions of molecules, holds promise for remote monitoring of environmentally hazardous effluents from processes. Argonne National Laboratory is developing a millimeter-wave sensor based on active swept-frequency radar technique in the frequency range of 220-320 GHz. Because the line widths of millimeter-wave spectra of molecules at atmospheric pressure are broad ({approximately} 4 GHz half-width at half height), the composite spectrum of multicomponent mixtures of chemicals is generally complex and overlapping. This paper presents an application of discrete wavelet transform for efficient representation and decomposition of millimeter-wave spectral data. A two-layer back propagation neural network is trained using multifrequency wavelet coefficients of the signals as input features and the known composition of different chemicals in the mixture as target output vectors. After training, composition of an unknown mixture of the base chemicals is determined using the wavelet representation of its absorption spectra. Simulated and experimental spectral data were used to test the wavelet transform technique. Accurate values of individual chemical compositions resulted for noise-free laboratory data. In addition, the technique showed more robustness than conventional multivariate techniques under noisy conditions.
Chemical Intercalation of Zerovalent Metals into 2D Layered Bi2Se3 Nanoribbons (2012)

We have developed a chemical method to intercalate a variety of zerovalent metal atoms into two-dimensional (2D) layered Bi(2)Se(3) chalcogenide nanoribbons. We use a chemical reaction, such as a disproportionation redox reaction, to generate dilute zerovalent metal atoms in a refluxing solution, which intercalate into the layered Bi(2)Se(3) structure. The zerovalent nature of the intercalant allows superstoichiometric intercalation of metal atoms such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, In, Ni, and Sn. We foresee the impact of this methodology in establishing novel fundamental physical behaviors and in possible energy applications.
Growth of Aluminum Nitride on Porous Alumina and Silica through Separate Saturated Gas−Solid Reactions of Trimethylaluminum and Ammonia (2002)

Aluminum nitride-type species were prepared on porous alumina and silica by repeated separate, saturated reactions of gaseous trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ammonia with solid substrates. Reaction cycles of TMA at 423 K and ammonia at 823 K were performed up to six times. Growth per cycle was on average 2.4 AlN units/nm2, but it increased slightly with the number of reaction cycles. The amount of hydrogen present in NHx groups increased with the increasing number of reaction cycles. AlN4 units were observed by 27Al NMR on alumina, but the AlN remained amorphous to X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the AlN-type species were spread out evenly on the surface of the particles. TMA reacted with equal probability with the still-exposed silica and the AlN-type species present on the surface, as shown by low-energy ion scattering. 29Si and 27Al NMR suggested that transition from the oxide substrates to aluminum nitride occurred through silicon oxynitride for the silica substrate and through aluminum oxynitride for both substrates.
Extending electro-optic detection to ultrashort electron beams (2012)

We propose a technique to extend noninvasive electro-optic detection of relativistic electron beams to bunch lengths of $\ensuremath{\simeq}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$. This is made possible by detecting the frequency mixing that occurs between the optical probe and the space charge fields of the beam, while simultaneously time resolving the resulting mixed frequency signal. The necessary formalism to describe this technique is developed and numerical solutions for various possible experimental conditions are made. These solutions are then compared to simulation results for consistency. Finally, the method to reconstruct the original bunch profile from the proposed diagnostic is discussed and an example showing a 15 fs test beam reconstructed to within an accuracy of 15% is given.
Combinations of Aminocatalysts and Metal Catalysts: A Powerful Cooperative Approach in Selective Organic Synthesis (2016)

The cooperation and interplay between organic and metal catalyst systems is of utmost importance in nature and chemical synthesis. Here innovative and selective cooperative catalyst systems can be designed by combining two catalysts that complement rather than inhibit one another. This refined strategy can permit chemical transformations unmanageable by either of the catalysts alone. This review summarizes innovations and developments in selective organic synthesis that have used cooperative dual catalysis by combining simple aminocatalysts with metal catalysts. Considerable efforts have been devoted to this fruitful field. This emerging area employs the different activation modes of amine and metal catalysts as a platform to address challenging reactions. Here, aminocatalysis (e.g., enamine activation catalysis, iminium activation catalysis, single occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) activation catalysis, and photoredox activation catalysis) is employed to activate unreactive carbonyl substrates. The transition metal catalyst complements by activating a variety of substrates through a range of interactions (e.g., electrophilic π-allyl complex formation, Lewis acid activation, allenylidene complex formation, photoredox activation, C-H activation, etc.), and thereby novel concepts within catalysis are created. The inclusion of heterogeneous catalysis strategies allows for "green" chemistry development, catalyst recyclability, and the more eco-friendly synthesis of valuable compounds.
A Remote Control Strategy for an Autonomous Vehicle with Slow Sensor Using Kalman Filtering and Dual-Rate Control (2019)

This work presents a novel remote control solution for an Autonomous Vehicle (AV), where the system structure is split into two sides. Both sides are assumed to be synchronized and linked through a communication network, which introduces time-varying delays and packet disorder. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to cope with the non-linearities that appear in the global model of the AV. The EKF fuses the data provided by the sensing devices of the AV in order to estimate the AV state, reducing the noise effect. Additionally, the EKF includes an <i>h</i>-step-ahead state prediction stage, which, together with the consideration of a packet-based control strategy, enables facing the network-induced delays. Since the AV position is provided by a camera, which is a slow sensing device, a dual-rate controller is required to achieve certain desired (nominal) dynamic control performance. The use of a dual-rate control framework additionally enables saving network bandwidth and deals with packet disorder. As the path-tracking control algorithm, pure pursuit is used. Application results show that, despite existing communication problems and slow-rate measurements, the AV is able to track the desired path, keeping the nominal control performance.
Metallic Alloys for Primary Surface Recuperators (2006)

The efficiency of small and intermediate-size gas turbine engines can be significantly increased by the use of a primary surface recuperator, which uses waste heat from the exhaust gas to preheat the compressor discharge air before it enters the combustor. The result is lower fuel consumption to reach a particular firing temperature. The construction and operation of a primary surface recuperator present numerous challenges in the area of materials selection. Experiences with stainless steels and nickel-base alloys in construction and application in Solar Turbines’ Mercury 50 gas turbine will be presented, along with the results of extensive laboratory creep and oxidation testing and post-test evaluation. Oxidation testing in humidified air has been carried out on a variety of commercially available stainless steel and nickel-base alloy thin foils considered as materials of construction for primary surface recuperators. Two predominant degradation modes have been identified. The active mode generally depends on the exposure conditions and the alloy composition. Alloys which are rich in iron tend to suffer from accelerated oxidation, while alloys with higher chromium and nickel contents tend to exhibit oxide scale evaporation via the formation of volatile chromium-bearing species. The active mechanism is evident in the oxidation kinetics, the oxide scale morphology and composition, and in observations of compositional changes in the metal alloy substrate.
A Comparison of Techniques for Non-Data-Aided Carrier Tracking of Phase-Modulated Signals (2020)

Communications between ground stations and nanosats in low earth orbit (LEO) require acquisition and tracking of large Doppler frequency offsets due to the relative velocity the between the transmitter and the receiver. The Doppler frequency shift varies with time, reaching its fastest rate of change as the small satellite reaches its closest approach to the ground station. Non data-aided techniques for acquiring and tracking the carrier frequency offset without requiring the processing of symbols have been developed to address this problem. One technique is the use of a frequency-locked loop (FLL) comprised of band edge filters that convert the energy in the modulated signal’s excess bandwidth into a control signal proportional to the frequency offset. Alternatively, the Doppler frequency offset, in addition to the modulation rate of a phase modulated signal, can be obtained by simply multiplying the incoming signal by itself or by a time-delayed version of itself. The frequency offset component of this processed signal can be extracted with a phase-locked loop (PLL) which filters the excess noise and removes the tones associated with the original signal’s symbol modulation rate. This PLL filtered signal can then be used in a FLL to correct the observed time-varying Doppler frequency. This paper presents a comparison between these two techniques for BPSK signals in both high and low SNR environments, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. MATLAB results for each tracker are shown with varying SNR, static Doppler, and dynamic Doppler frequency offset.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Practical Method for N‐Acylation of 2‐Oxazolidinone Chiral Auxiliaries with Acids. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS 12‐MOLYBDOPHOSPHATES FOR METHACROLEIN OXIDATION (1980)

Abstract Die katalytische Aktivität von Molybdatophosphaten bei der katalytischen Oxidation von Methacrolein mit Sauerstoff zu Methacrylsäure (II) wird untersucht.
Il-4 and IL-13 act independently and synergistically to drive type 2 inflammation (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Dupilumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds IL-4Raand inhibits signaling of both IL-4 and IL-13, has shown robust efficacy across multiple diseases with underlying type 2 signatures and is approved for treatment of asthma and atopic dermatitis. <b>Aim:</b> To distinguish the roles of IL-4 and IL-13 in driving type 2 inflammation by comparing IL-4 vs IL-13 vs dual IL-4/13 blockade. <b>Methods:</b> Human mast cells, eosinophils or endothelial cells were treated with IL-4 or IL-13 and assessed for cytokine/chemokine release and/or FceR1aexpression. Humanized mice were exposed to house dust mite thrice weekly for 4 weeks and received twice‐weekly injections of dupilumab, anti‐IL-4, IL-13Rα2 fusion protein, control antibodies, or no antibody. <b>Results:</b> IL-4 and IL-13 differentially induced different patterns of cytokine release from human endothelial cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Similarly, IL-4 and IL-13 to a lesser extent, induced mast cell FceR1aexpression. In a murine asthma model, antigen specific responses were IL-4-dependent, whereas mucus production was IL-13-dependent. Lung eosinophil infiltration and cytokine/chemokine induction were dependent on both IL-4 and IL-13. Notably, dual receptor blockade with dupilumab, but not individual ligand blockade, prevented all of these type 2 associated pathologies. <b>Conclusion:</b> IL-4 and IL-13 act independently and synergistically to drive type 2 inflammation highlighting the need for dual blockade. This could explain in part the benefit of dupilumab across multiple type 2 diseases and key mechanistic differences between IL-4 and IL-13.
A Wearable Soft Haptic Communicator Based on Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (2020)

Dielectric elastomer actuators exhibit an unusual combination of large displacements, moderate bandwidth, low power consumption, and mechanical impedance comparable with human skin, making them attractive for haptic devices. In this article, we propose a wearable haptic communication device based on a two-by-two array of dielectric elastomer linear actuators. We briefly describe the architecture of the actuators and their mechanical and electrical integration into a wearable armband. We then characterize the actuators' force, displacement, and thermal properties in a bench-top configuration. We also report on the power and drive circuit design. Finally, we perform a set of preliminary perception evaluations on participants using our haptic device, including detection threshold tests and identification tests for locations and directions on the forearm. Human testing with individual actuators demonstrates that the broadband actuation can be easily perceived on the forearm, providing the basis for both the development of a wearable actuator array and its use in more extensive perception evaluation as described herein.
Site‐Specific Protein and Peptide Immobilization on a Biosensor Surface by Pulsed Native Chemical Ligation (2007)

Microfluidic biosensor chips that are functionalized with cysteine derivatives are readily modified with peptides and proteins by pulsed native chemical ligation. The chemoselectivity ensures a homogeneous presentation of the biomolecule at the surface, and the ligand density can be tuned in a highly programmable way. The modified surfaces are selectively responsive towards complementary analytes, thus allowing accurate kinetic and thermodynamic information to be obtained. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2007/z700355_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Heterogeneity of influenza B viruses. (1983)

Antigenic analysis of influenza B strains isolated in 1981-82 from England, Japan, and the USA, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin of B/Oregon/5/80, showed considerable heterogeneity among the isolates, the majority of which had distinct reactivity patterns. Antigenically similar viruses were isolated from England, Japan, and the USA, and heterogeneity was detected among isolates from each country. Further studies are needed to determine whether this marked heterogeneity reflects different cocirculating strains or antigenic drift during an epidemic. The monoclonal antibodies failed to detect any difference between influenza B isolates from patients with Reye's syndrome and those circulating in the community.The monoclonal antibodies, each recognizing different determinants on the haemagglutinin of B/Oregon/5/80, were pooled and compared with ferret antisera to determine if the pool could be used as a reference reagent. The monoclonal antibody pool discriminated between isolates, contained no non-specific inhibitors of haemagglutination, and avoided the problems associated with differences between ferret antisera. In general, viruses that were shown to be antigenically different by ferret antisera were also different with the pooled monoclonal antibodies, but further studies are required to determine the optimal mixture of antibodies that will detect epidemiologically significant differences between strains.
Holographic correlation functions at finite density and/or finite temperature (2022)

We calculate holographically one and two-point functions of scalar operators at finite density and/or finite temperature. In the case of finite density and zero temperature we argue that only scalar operators can have non-zero VEVs. In the case in which both the chemical potential and the temperature are finite, we present a systematic expansion of the two-point correlators in powers of the temperature T and the chemical potential $Ω$. The holographic result is in agreement with the general form of the OPE which dictates that the two-point function may be written as a linear combination of the Gegenbauer polynomials $C_J^{(1)}(ξ)$ but with the coefficients depending now on both the temperature and the chemical potential, as well as on the CFT data. The leading terms in this expansion originate from the expectation values of the scalar operator $ϕ^2$, the R-current ${\cal J}^μ_{ϕ_3}$ and the energy-momentum tensor $T^{μν}$. By employing the Ward identity for the R-current and by comparing the appropriate term of the holographic result for the two-point correlator to the corresponding term in the OPE, we derive the value of the R-charge density of the background. Compelling agreement with the analysis of the thermodynamics of the black hole is found. Finally, we determine the behaviour of the two-point correlators, in the case of finite temperature, and in the limit of large temporal or spatial distance of the operators.
Bulk planar 20nm high-k/metal gate CMOS technology platform for low power and high performance applications (2011)

A 20 nm logic device technology for low power and high performance application is presented with the smallest contacted-poly pitch (CPP) of minimal 80 nm ever reported in bulk Si planar device. We have achieved nFET and pFET drive currents of 770 µA/µm and 756 µA/µm respectively at 0.9 V and 1 nA/µm Ioff with the novel high-k/metal (HKMG) gate stack and advanced strain engineering. Short channel effect is successfully suppressed thanks to the optimized shallow junction, resulting in excellent DIBL and subthreshold swing below 120 mV and 90 mV/dec, respectively. In addition, full functionality of SRAM device with 20 nm technology architecture is confirmed.
P301S Mutant Human Tau Transgenic Mice Manifest Early Symptoms of Human Tauopathies with Dementia and Altered Sensorimotor Gating (2011)

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of abnormal tau protein leading to cognitive and/or motor dysfunction. To understand the relationship between tau pathology and behavioral impairments, we comprehensively assessed behavioral abnormalities in a mouse tauopathy model expressing the human P301S mutant tau protein in the early stage of disease to detect its initial neurological manifestations. Behavioral abnormalities, shown by open field test, elevated plus-maze test, hot plate test, Y-maze test, Barnes maze test, Morris water maze test, and/or contextual fear conditioning test, recapitulated the neurological deficits of human tauopathies with dementia. Furthermore, we discovered that prepulse inhibition (PPI), a marker of sensorimotor gating, was enhanced in these animals concomitantly with initial neuropathological changes in associated brain regions. This finding provides evidence that our tauopathy mouse model displays neurofunctional abnormalities in prodromal stages of disease, since enhancement of PPI is characteristic of amnestic mild cognitive impairment, a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), in contrast with attenuated PPI in AD patients. Therefore, assessment of sensorimotor gating could be used to detect the earliest manifestations of tauopathies exemplified by prodromal AD, in which abnormal tau protein may play critical roles in the onset of neuronal dysfunctions.
Suppression of Serum Luteinizing Hormone in Postmenopausal Women by an Orally Administered Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (NBI-42902) (2006)

Dose-dependent LH suppression was achieved by oral administration of a nonpeptide GnRH antagonist suggesting that compounds such as NBI-42902 may enable adjustable gonadotropin suppression as part of novel treatment strategies for benign gynecological conditions.
Porous Materials: Energy‐Efficient Dehumidification over Hierachically Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks as Advanced Water Adsorbents (Adv. Mater. 6/2012) (2012)

The energy-efficient dehumidification over hier-archically porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with hydrothermal stability is reported on page 806 by Jong-San Chang and co-workers. Their promising water sorption properties lead to a new type of advanced water adsorbents for the effective utilization of low-grade thermal energy as well as solar energy. These MOFs would be potential alternatives to commercial water adsorbents, which are used for industrial or indoor desiccant applications such as desiccant dehumidifiers/humidifiers, gas dryers, adsorptive air-conditioning systems, fresh water production, and adsorption heat transformation.
Multi-View Mesh Reconstruction with Neural Deferred Shading (2022)

We propose an analysis-by-synthesis method for fast multi-view 3D reconstruction of opaque objects with arbitrary materials and illumination. State-of-the-art methods use both neural surface representations and neural rendering. While flexible, neural surface representations are a significant bottleneck in optimization runtime. Instead, we represent surfaces as triangle meshes and build a differentiable rendering pipeline around triangle rasterization and neural shading. The renderer is used in a gradient descent optimization where both a triangle mesh and a neural shader are jointly optimized to reproduce the multi-view images. We evaluate our method on a public 3D reconstruction dataset and show that it can match the reconstruction accuracy of traditional baselines and neural approaches while surpassing them in optimization runtime. Additionally, we investigate the shader and find that it learns an interpretable representation of appearance, enabling applications such as 3D material editing.