gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural network based sensor validation for reusable rocket engines (2005)

This paper describes a new method of sensor failure detection, isolation, and accommodation using a neural network approach. The proposed technique utilizes dimensionality reduction to develop the neural network for sensor failure detection and data recovery. In this work, the sensor validation scheme is applied in closed loop for detection and recovery of sensor faults in a simulation of the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) control. The performance of the sensor validation scheme is evaluated based on its ability to detect sensor faults and provide estimates of the actual signals for the SSME engine controller after the sensor faults have been detected. In the simulation, a group of eleven sensors with known analytical redundancy on the fuel side of the SSME is selected for the sensor validation algorithm. Four sensor outputs in this group are used by the controller to regulate the key performance parameters such as thrust and mixture ratio of the engine. The generation of the training data and the training techniques are discussed. The simulation results show that the proposed sensor validation scheme can adequately compensate up to three sensor failures without major deterioration in performance. The effect of the delay time in detecting sensor failures and the transition from the failed sensor values to the estimated values for the controller are discussed. Abilities and constraints of the neural network-based sensor validation scheme are also discussed.
Reflections on praxis and facture in a devotional portrait diptych: a computer analysis of the mirror in Hans Memling's Virgin and Child and Maarten van Nieuwenhove (2008)

Hans Memling's 1487 diptych <i>Virgin and Child and Maarten van Nieuwenhove</i> is one of the most celebrated Early Netherlandish paintings, but little is known about the practical use of such objects in late medieval devotional practice. A particular point of debate, spurred by the reflection in the painted convex mirror behind the Virgin, concerns the question if the two hinged panels were to be used while set at an angle, and, if so, at what angle. It was recently discovered that the mirror was not part of the painting's initial design, but instead added later by Memling. We created a simple computer graphics model of the tableau in the diptych to test whether the image reflected in the mirror conformed to the image of the model reflected in the mirror. We find two significant deviations of the depicted mirror from that predicted from our computer model, and this in turn strongly suggests that Memling did not paint the mirror in this diptych while viewing the scene with a model in place, but that the mirror was more likely painted without a model present. In short, our findings support the notion that the mirror was an afterthought. This observation might have implications for the understanding of how the diptych was used in devotional practice, since it affects the ideal viewing angle of the wings for the beholder.
Condensation of dust around the WC7 star HD 192641 (WR 137) (1985)

The WC7+absorption class Wolf–Rayet star WR 137 (=HD 192641) is shown to have brightened significantly in the infrared since 1978, most rapidly between 1983 and mid-1984. This is ascribed to an increase in the mass loss rate and the condensation of dust grains in the stellar wind. At maximum, the dust mass was about 10−8M⊙ with a formation rate near 10−7M⊙ yr−1, about 0.5 per cent of the mass loss rate. This was not accompanied by any strengthening of the 2200 Å absorption feature measured by the IUE between 1980 and 1984 although the shell was too weak to rule out any connection between the 2200 Å absorption feature and the carbon grains presumed to comprise the shell. The fading of WR 137 in the infrared between 1973 and 1978 may have been due to the dissipation of an earlier dust shell and WR 137 may resemble WR 140 (=HD 193793, also WC7+abs) in showing sporadic dust formation episodes.
Stochastic Optimization with Bandit Sampling (2017)

Many stochastic optimization algorithms work by estimating the gradient of the cost function on the fly by sampling datapoints uniformly at random from a training set. However, the estimator might have a large variance, which inadvertently slows down the convergence rate of the algorithms. One way to reduce this variance is to sample the datapoints from a carefully selected non-uniform distribution. In this work, we propose a novel non-uniform sampling approach that uses the multi-armed bandit framework. Theoretically, we show that our algorithm asymptotically approximates the optimal variance within a factor of 3. Empirically, we show that using this datapoint-selection technique results in a significant reduction in the convergence time and variance of several stochastic optimization algorithms such as SGD, SVRG and SAGA. This approach for sampling datapoints is general, and can be used in conjunction with any algorithm that uses an unbiased gradient estimation -- we expect it to have broad applicability beyond the specific examples explored in this work.
Small-diameter vasculature detection with coherent flow Power Doppler imaging (2015)

Power Doppler (PD) imaging is a widely used technique for flow detection in clinics, and is utilized as an adjunct tool for prenatal/placental vessel evaluation. However, the sensitivity of PD in small vessel detection is limited by the small-diameter and slow flow of the placental vasculature, where abnormalities are indicative of disorders including preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and early pregnancy loss. In order to provide more sensitive detection of placental vasculature, a coherent flow imaging technique, termed coherent flow power Doppler (CFPD), is characterized and evaluated with both simulation and flow-phantom experiment studies. The results from both studies suggest that CFPD is able to provide 15–25 dB increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of Doppler images. Due to the increase in SNR, CFPD is able to detect small vessels in high channel noise cases, for which PD was unable to generate enough contrast on the vessel. Such cases are not uncommon among people with high body mass index. The results indicate that the CFPD method is a promising candidate for small vessel imaging.
Learned super resolution ultrasound for improved breast lesion\n characterization (2021)

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Mammographic findings\nsuch as microcalcifications and masses, as well as morphologic features of\nmasses in sonographic scans, are the main diagnostic targets for tumor\ndetection. However, improved specificity of these imaging modalities is\nrequired. A leading alternative target is neoangiogenesis. When pathological,\nit contributes to the development of numerous types of tumors, and the\nformation of metastases. Hence, demonstrating neoangiogenesis by visualization\nof the microvasculature may be of great importance. Super resolution ultrasound\nlocalization microscopy enables imaging of the microvasculature at the\ncapillary level. Yet, challenges such as long reconstruction time, dependency\non prior knowledge of the system Point Spread Function (PSF), and separability\nof the Ultrasound Contrast Agents (UCAs), need to be addressed for translation\nof super-resolution US into the clinic. In this work we use a deep neural\nnetwork architecture that makes effective use of signal structure to address\nthese challenges. We present in vivo human results of three different breast\nlesions acquired with a clinical US scanner. By leveraging our trained network,\nthe microvasculature structure is recovered in a short time, without prior PSF\nknowledge, and without requiring separability of the UCAs. Each of the\nrecoveries exhibits a different structure that corresponds with the known\nhistological structure. This study demonstrates the feasibility of in vivo\nhuman super resolution, based on a clinical scanner, to increase US specificity\nfor different breast lesions and promotes the use of US in the diagnosis of\nbreast pathologies.\n
Dielectric travelling wave antennas incorporating cylindrical inserts with tapered cavities (2009)

Dielectric antenna solutions for industrial radar level measurements are presented to provide monostatic radar operation from 8.5 to 10.5 GHz. Size limited directional antennas having low side lobe levels and marginal ringing properties are needed. Therefore, circular waveguide-fed travelling wave antennas for endfire radiation, incorporating cylindrical dielectric inserts solely made of PTFE (Teflon), are evaluated. Tapered cavities inside the inserts lead to a smoothly raising field expansion far beyond the maximal geometrical antenna diameter. This yields directivity improvements in comparison to a solely radiating conical horn aperture of the same size. A significant length reduction compared to numerically optimized common dielectric rod antennas is achieved as well. Finally, the obtained accuracy gain assuring high-precision radar distance measurements even in the presence of a parasitic reflector scenario is clarified.
Supplementary Table 5 from Identification of Anti-CA125 Antibody Responses in Ovarian Cancer Patients by a Novel Deep Sequence–Coupled Biopanning Platform (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 5. 2X2 table for CA125 and Anti-CA125.&lt;/p&gt;
Fabrication of hydrophilic graphene film by molecular functionalization (2016)

We demonstrated the fabrication of a hydrophilic graphene film by functionalization using a phosphorylcholine group. Since the phosphorylcholine group retains water molecules, it is expected that a hydrophilic graphene film can be realized from the initial hydrophobic characteristic. To evaluate the molecular functionalization, the contact angle and four‐terminal resistivity were measured after every 1 min of phosphorylcholine group functionalization. The contact angle showed a sudden decrease of approximately 20° after 3 min. On the other hand, the resistivity gradually increased in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. These results indicate that the phosphorylcholine group successfully modified the surface of graphene, and a hydrophilic graphene film was obtained without significant degradation of the electrical characteristics. Time dependence of the net contact angle change and resistivity change. The insets show the photographs of the contact angle measurement for the initial hydrophobic film and for the hydrophilic film obtained by functionalization.
GlcNAc-transferase V and core 2 GlcNAc-transferase expression in the developing mouse embryo (1995)

UDP-GlcNAc:Manalpha1-6Manbeta-R beta1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAc-TV) and UDP-GlcNAc:Galbeta1-3GalNAc-R beta1-6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (core 2 GlcNAc-T) are Golgi enzymes that catalyse the biosynthesis of beta1-6GlcNAc-branched intermediates in the N- and O-linked biosynthesis pathways, respectively. The activities of these enzymes change during haematopoiesis, embryo-carcinoma cell differentiation and following malignant transformation, but little is known about their expression in normal adult tissues and during embryogenesis. We have examined the expression of GlcNAc-TV and core 2 GlcNAc-T in sections of post-implantation mouse embryos by in situ RNA hybridization. The two enzymes showed distinct temporal and spatial patterns of expression. Core 2 GlcNAc-T mRNA was widely expressed at embryonic day (E) 7, and became restricted to a subset of mucin- and cartilage-producing tissues at E11.5 through to E17.5. GlcNAc-TV transcripts were absent at E7, became expressed throughout E9.5 embryos, and then progressively restricted to regions of the developing central nervous system and to specialized epithelia of skin, intestine, kidney, endocrine tissues and respiratory tract. In the adult gonads, GlcNAc-TV transcripts were excluded from germ cells, but were detected in the follicular and testicular cells. Leukoagglutinin (L-PHA)-reactive oligosaccharides co-localized with GlcNAc-TV transcripts in skin, kidney and intestine, but brain showed unexpectedly low overall staining punctuated by bright staining of the vascular endothelium. A common feature of cells in basal epithelia and in the cortical neural epithelium is the capacity to migrate, a cellular function which may require GlcNAc-TV-dependent glycoconjugates.
Multi-target rendezvous search (2016)

In this paper, we examine multi-target search, where one or more targets must be found by a moving robot. Given the target's initial probability distribution or the expected search region, we present an analysis of three search strategies - Global maxima search, Local maxima search, and Spiral search. We aim at minimizing the mean-time-to-find and maximizing the total probability of finding the target. This leads to two types of illustrative performance metrics: minimum time capture and guaranteed capture. We validate the search strategies with respect to these two performance metrics. In addition, we study the effect of different target distributions on the performance of the search strategies. We also consider the practical realization of the proposed algorithms for multi-target search. The search strategies are analytically evaluated, through simulations and illustrative deployments, in open-water with an Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) and drifting sensor targets.
Mechanisms in weight loss program, but not significant weight loss, -induced blood pressure reduction (2001)

The BP of some individuals is sensitive to changes in their weight. However, there is a group of individuals whose BP falls even without significant weight loss (WL) during weight loss program. The present study was conducted to clarify the mechanism by which BP falls in the absence of significant WL. In 52 obese normotensive men (NT) and BMI-matched, untreated obese hypertensive men (HT), BMI, BP, pulse rate, plasma norepinephrine (NE), insulin and leptin were measured at entry and at week 24 during weight loss program (a low caloric diet 1200 kcal, 7g NaCl+aerobic exercise>1hr daily). WL and BP reduction to be successful were defined as more than 10% reduction in BMI or mean BP from baseline at week 24. 37% of NT and 36% of HT failed in WL. 26% of NT without WL and 18% of HT without WL succeeded in BP reduction. In subjects who failed in WL, plasma NE level in subjects without BP reduction was significantly higher than that in subjects with BP reduction at entry and week 24 (entry, NT 336 pg/ml, 267, P<.05, HT 396, 292, P<.05), although BMI at entry and decrease in BMI were similar. The %decrease in plasma NE in subjects with BP reduction was greater than that in subjects without BP reduction (NT 41% vs 8%, P<.01, HT 35% vs 17%, P<.05). Plasma NE at entry in subjects without WL was higher than that in subjects with WL (NT 314 vs 223, P<.05, HT 358 vs 284, P<.05). In subjects who failed in WL, plasma insulin and leptin at entry were similar between subjects with and without BP reduction. The %decreases in insulin and leptin in HT with BP reduction were greater than in HT without BP reduction, although those were similar in NT. A positive family history of obesity (FHOB+) was defined as at least one parent being obese (BMI>27.0 kg/m2). Subjects who failed in BP reduction despite WL had a higher prevalence of FHOB+ than subjects who succeeded in BP reduction (88%, 28%, P<.01). In subjects who failed in WL, prevalence of FHOB+ was higher in subjects without BP reduction than subjects with BP reduction (NT 100%, 40%, P<.05, HT 95%, 50%, P<.05). These results demonstrate that weight loss program (a low caloric diet and aerobic exercise), even without significant weight loss, appears to suppress or normalize sympathetic overactivity, and it, then, could contribute to BP reduction. The subjects who are sensitive to weight loss program-induced BP reduction have more reversible sympathetic overactivity and hyperinsulinemia. A positive family history of obesity appears to impair the ability of some subjects to lose weight and to reduce BP.
Multi-level decomposition of Euclidean spheres. (2007)

Mathematical Morphology (MM) is used in medical image analysis for applications such as segmentation and skeletonization. The available efficient MM methods do not readily adapt to true Euclidean disc/sphere structuring elements (SE), which we are particularly interested in, without sacrificing accuracy for efficiency. An efficient method for MM using convex/symmetric SE, including Euclidean discs/spheres, is presented. Performance results for a chest CT dataset are presented for the proposed method and a commercially available software package. Increasing gains of the method for larger SE are demonstrated, making the method suitable for analysis of high resolution images. The method is efficient for iso/anisotropic SE.
Handling branches in TLS systems with Multi-Path Execution (2010)

Thread-Level Speculation (TLS) has been proposed to facilitate the extraction of parallel threads from sequential applications. Most prior work on TLS has focused on architectural features directly related to supporting the main TLS operations. In this work we, instead, investigate how a common microarchitectural feature, namely branch prediction, interacts with TLS. We show that branch prediction for TLS is even more important than it is for sequential execution. Unfortunately, branch prediction for TLS systems is also inherently harder. Code partitioning and re-executions of squashed threads pollute the branch history making it harder for predictors to be accurate. We thus propose to augment the hardware, so as to accommodate Multi-Path Execution (MP) within the existing TLS protocol. Under the MP execution model, all paths following a number of hard-to-predict conditional branches are followed simultaneously. MP execution thus removes branches that would have been otherwise mispredicted, helping in this way the core to exploit more ILP. We show that, with only minimal hardware support, one can combine these two execution models into a unified one. Experimental results show that our combined execution model achieves speedups of up to 23.2%, with an average of 9.2%, over an existing state-of-the-art TLS system and speedups of up to 138 %, with an average of 28.2%, when compared with MP execution for a subset of the SPEC2000 Int benchmark suite.
Supplementary Table 4 from Identification of Anti-CA125 Antibody Responses in Ovarian Cancer Patients by a Novel Deep Sequence–Coupled Biopanning Platform (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 4. 2X2 table for CA125 and Anti-DISGTNTSRA.&lt;/p&gt;
Retrosynthetic design of metabolic pathways to chemicals not found in nature (2019)

Biology produces a universe of chemicals whose precision and complexity is the envy of chemists. Over the last 30 years, the expansive field of metabolic engineering has many successes in optimizing the overproduction of metabolites of industrial interest, including moving natural product pathways to production hosts (e.g., plants to yeast). However, there are stunningly few examples where enzymes are artificially combined to make a chemical that is not found somewhere in nature. Here, we review these efforts and discuss the challenges limiting the construction of such pathways. An analogy is made to the retrosynthesis problem solved in chemistry using algorithmic approaches, recently harnessing artificial intelligence, noting key differences in the needs of the optimization problem. When these issues are addressed, we see a future where chemistry and biology are intertwined in reaction networks that draw on the power of both to build currently unobtainable molecules across consumer, industrial, and defense applications.
Supplementary Material from C-RAF Mutations Confer Resistance to RAF Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Material - PDF file 1876K, Supplementary Figure S1. Characterization of mutants obtained from B-RAFV600E random mutagenesis screens Supplementary Figure S2. Biochemical characterization of C-RAF resistance alleles Supplementary Figure S3. Effects of MEK inhibition on C-RAF resistance mutants Supplementary Figure S4. 293/T cells coexpressing His/V5 tagged C-RAF resistance mutants with Flag tagged WT-C-RAF were immunoprecipitated after 48 h with His and levels of Flag tagged C-RAF interaction was assessed by immunoblotting. Input lysate represents Flag-C-RAF, V5-C-RAF, C-RAF, p-MEK, p-ERK and total ERK. Supplementary Figure S5. A model of the putative effects of pharmacological RAF inhibitors on C-RAF resistance alleles. Supplementary Figure S6. Integrated Genomics Viewer (IGV) image of a RAF1 mutation present in a primary melanoma tumor&lt;/p&gt;
Depolarization-field-mediated 180° switching in ferroelectric thin films with 90 ° domains (2002)

Switching of the out-of-plane and in-plane polarizations in polydomain epitaxial PbZr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 thin films is studied using three-dimensional piezoresponse force microscopy PFM.It is found that, under an electric field induced between the PFM tip and the bottom electrode, the 180switching occurs in both c and a domains.After the removal of this field, the spontaneous reversal of the out-of-plane and in-plane polarizations back to the initial orientations takes place, evolving via heterogeneous development of antiparallel 180domains.The switching of in-plane polarization inside a domains and the preferential formation of reversed 180domains at 90domain walls are explained by the effects of the depolarizing fields caused by transient polarization charges appearing on these domain walls.
Analyses at High Spatial Resolution of Organic Molecules in Extraterrestrial Samples: Two-Step Laser Mass Spectrometry: Search for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Antarctic Meteorite and Micrometeorite Samples (1998)

Perhaps the best way to summarize the past three-year grant period is to cite the publications and present a brief synopsis of each: 1. Indigenous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Molecules in Circumstellar Graphite Grains. Bulk C-12/C-13 isotope ratios observed in some graphite grains extracted from primitive meteorites point strongly to a circumstellar origin. By applying our technique of microprobe two-step laser desorption laser ionization mass spectrometry ((mu)L(sup 2)MS) to individual circumstellar graphite grains we have measured the C-12/C-13 isotope ratio of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) found in these grains. 2. Deuterium Enrichments in Cluster IDPS, Large enrichments in the D/H isotope ratios in IDPs likely arise from the preservation of presolar molecules. 3. Evidence for thermalization of surface-disorder molecules at heating rates of 10(exp 8) K/s. A careful study of the ((mu)L(sup 2)MS) of aniline-d(sub 7) from a single-crystal surface (0001) of sapphire (al2O3) shows that all measured properties are consistent with a thermal mechanism for desorption. 4. Search for past life on Mars; possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH 84001. The authors examined the Martian meteorite ALH and found several lines of evidence compatible with existence of past primitive (single-cell) life on early Mars. 5. Microprobe two-step laser mass spectrometry as an analytical tool for meteorite THis paper presents a comprehensive review of (mu)L(sup 2)MS and how this technique can be applied to meteoritic samples. 6. Indigenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in circumstellar graphite grains from primitive meteorites. The C-12/C-13 isotope ratios were measured for PAHs in a total of 89 spherical graphite grains. 7. Observation of indigenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Giant carbonaceous antarctic micrometeorites. The (mu)L(sup 2)MS method was used to establish the nature and distribution of PAHs in fragments of fifteen (approx. 200 microns) carbonaceous antarctic micrometeorites (AMMs). 8. Evidence for the extraterrestrial origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001 We have undertaken additional contamination studies of ALH 84001.