gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Environmental Performance of Solar Energy Systems and Related Energy Saving Installations (2001)

Renewable energy systems are contributing to environmental protection if looked upon from the energy point of view. But also aspects like resource depletion and waste production need attention. A desired large-scale introduction of renewable energy systems will require large quantities of resources in the future. Therefor, the philosophy of sustainable development should apply to renewables too. Now the introduction of renewables is developing and the markets are growing, the time is ripe to put extra emphasis on eco-efficient design. A case study is presented showing the environmental balance in favor for large area low performing systems when compared to 'standard of the shelf' collector design
Alternating Copolymer of Double Four Ring Silicate and Dimethyl Silicone Monomer–PSS‐1 (2017)

A new copolymer consisting of double four ring (D4R) silicate units linked by dimethylsilicone monomer referred to as polyoligosiloxysilicone number one (PSS-1) was synthesized. The D4R building unit is provided by hexamethyleneimine cyclosilicate hydrate crystals, which were dehydrated and reacted with dichlorodimethylsilane. The local structure of D4R silicate units and dimethyl silicone monomers was revealed by multidimensional solid-state NMR, FTIR and modeling. On average, D4R silicate units have 6.8 silicone linkages. Evidence for preferential unidirectional growth and chain ordering within the PSS-1 copolymer was provided by STEM and TEM. The structure of PSS-1 copolymer consists of twisted columns of D4R silicate units with or without cross-linking. Both models are consistent with the spectroscopic, microscopic and physical properties. PSS-1 chains are predicted to be mechanically strong compared to silicones such as PDMS, yet more flexible than rigid silica materials such as zeolites.
Isolated Bioinductive Arthroscopic Repair of Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears Using a Resorbable Collagen Implant (2022)

MRI = magnetic resonance imagingPEEK = polyetheretherketoneVAS = visual analogue scaleASES = American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score.
Bmx Tyrosine Kinase Transgene Induces Skin Hyperplasia, Inflammatory Angiogenesis, and Accelerated Wound Healing (2004)

The Bmx gene, a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases, is expressed in arterial endothelium and in certain hematopoietic and epithelial cells. Previous in vitro studies have implicated Bmx signaling in cell migration and survival and suggested that it contributes to the progression of prostate carcinomas. However, the function of Bmx in normal tissues in vivo is unknown. We show here that Bmx expression is induced in skin keratinocytes during wound healing. To analyze the role of Bmx in epidermal keratinocytes in vivo, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing Bmx in the skin. We show that Bmx overexpression accelerates keratinocyte proliferation and wound reepithelialization. Bmx expression also induces chronic inflammation and angiogenesis in the skin, and gene expression profiling suggests that this occurs via cytokine-mediated recruitment of inflammatory cells. Our studies provide the first data on Bmx function in vivo and form the basis of evaluation of its role in epithelial neoplasia.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) (2017)

In this chapter, the fundamental principles of wireless power transfer (WPT) are explained. As introduced in Figure 1.2 of Chapter 1, WPT includes inductive power transfer (IPT), capacitive power transfer (CPT), RF power transfer (RF PT), and optical power transfer (optical PT). Because RF PT and optical PT have been briefly introduced in Chapter 1, IPT and CPT will be mainly introduced in this chapter as WPT unless otherwise specified.
Quantitative assessment of multichannel intraluminal impedance pH and its clinical implications (2022)

We sought to quantify the characteristics of acid reflux episodes in patients with extraesophageal GERD symptoms (EES), hiatal hernia (HH), and erosive esophagitis (EroE) using multichannel intraluminal impedance pH (MII-pH) and investigate the correlation between impedance parameters and high resolution esophageal manometry (HREM). This was a retrospective analysis of esophageal manometric and impedance data inpatients with typical GERD symptoms who underwent both HREM and 24 h MII-pH tests. Within the three patient subgroups, we evaluated impedance metrics such as average height of reflux, total duration of reflux, maximum duration of reflux, average pH, and average area of reflux. We also introduce a novel composite reflux index (CRI) metric, which is a measure of reflux height, duration, and acidity. Patients with EES exhibited a 29.3% increase in average height of reflux, compared to non-EES patients (p < 0.01); the average height of reflux was found to be an independent predictor of EES (p < 0.01). Patients with HH showed a 190% longer total reflux duration (p < 0.01, vs. non-HH patients). Total reflux duration was twice as long in EroE patients compared to those without (p = 0.02). Average CRI was significantly different within all three subgroup comparisons (p < 0.01). Impedance metrics shared weak negative correlations with lower esophageal sphincter (LES) rest pressure and distal contractile integral (DCI), and weak positive correlations with % absent peristalsis (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01 for various parameters). Quantitative impedance metrics provide useful insight into the pathophysiology of reflux in patients with EES, HH, and EroE.
Genetic and epigenetic control of the pyruvate kinase isozymes in mammals. (1983)

In man, patients with hereditary red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency have their enzyme concomitantly affected in both red cells and liver (PK-L), such that red cell L' and liver L PK subunits appear to be encoded by the same structural gene. Very recently, a mutant M1 PK has been described in muscle from a special mouse strain in which the M2 PK was concomitantly modified. Thus, it has been suggested that the M1 and M2 PK subunits are also encoded by the same structural gene, a gene distinct from that encoding L' and L. In this paper, we show that synthesis of each of the four PK subunits is specified by a different specific mRNA. Two structural genes, but at least four different mRNAs seem therefore to control synthesis of the PK isozymes. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for generation of this diversity at the RNA level are discussed. In addition to these mechanisms of PK diversity, some PK subunits can be modified by post-translational events. In red cells, for instance, cell aging is associated with a progressive, partial proteolysis of the C-terminal extremities of L' subunits, ultimately resulting in cleavage of the phosphorylatable site.
Submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap safety valve (SEMF) technique: A safe access method into the peritoneal cavity and mediastinum (2008)

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a unique emerging surgical concept expanding flexible endoscopy beyond the gut wall. The methods and technology growing from this concept may minimize trauma from surgical access to the peritoneal cavity by completely eliminating body surface incisions. Our colleagues at the Mayo Clinic have explored, over several years, the concept of using the submucosa as a working space for endoscopic interventions, such as resection of mucosal neoplasias and submucosal tumors, as well as for the acquisition of muscular tissue for etiologic analysis of motility disorders. The submucosal space can also be utilized as a protective tunnel preventing peritoneal soiling by using the free overlying mucosa, as a sealant flap, and permitting a safer offset entry into the peritoneal and thoracic cavities for NOTES. In the SEMF technique, the submucosal space is mechanically created by balloon dissection facilitated by either high-pressure CO2 gas injection or chemically 'softening' the submucosal connective tissues. This article reviews and describes SEMF in detail along with applications involving in vivo porcine models.
On the SiO/sub 2/-based gate-dielectric scaling limit for low-standby power applications in the context of a 0.13 μm CMOS logic technology (2002)

This paper describes a leading-edge 0.13 /spl mu/m low-leakage CMOS logic technology. To achieve competitive off-state leakage current (I/sub off/) and gate delay (T/sub d/) performance at operating voltages (V/sub cc/) of 1.5 V and 1.2 V, devices with 0.11 /spl mu/m nominal gate length (L/sub g-nom/) and various gate-oxide thicknesses (T/sub ox/) were fabricated and studied. The results show that low power and memory applications are limited to oxides not thinner than 21.4 /spl Aring/ in order to keep acceptable off-state power consumption at V/sub cc/=1.2 V. Specifically, two different device designs are introduced here. One design named LP (T/sub ox/=26 /spl Aring/) is targeted for V/sub cc/=1.5 V with worst case I/sub off/ <10 pA//spl mu/m and nominal gate delay 24 ps/gate. Another design, named LP1 (T/sub ox/=22 /spl Aring/) is targeted for V/sub cc/=1.2 V with worst case I/sub off/<20 pA//spl mu/m and nominal gate delay 27 ps/gate. This work demonstrates n/pMOSFETs with excellent 520/210 and 390/160 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m nominal drive currents at V/sub cc/ for LP and LP1, respectively. Process capability for low-power applications is demonstrated using a CMOS 6T-SRAM with 2.43 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ cell size. In addition, intrinsic gate-oxide TDDB tests of LP1 (T/sub ox/=22 /spl Aring/) demonstrate that gate oxide reliability far exceeding 10 years is achieved for both n/pMOSFETs at T=125/spl deg/C and V/sub cc/=1.5 V.
Intracranial hemorrhage after removal of deep brain stimulation electrodes (2012)

Removal of DBS leads carries a significantly higher risk of postoperative hemorrhages that are seen on images but are not clinically symptomatic.
First order fiber Bragg grating inscription with femtosecond laser and reflection wavelengths from visible to infrared (2014)

Here we report on the inscription of fiber Bragg gratings with two beam interferometry and deep ultraviolet femtosecond laser exposure. This allows to target first order Bragg grating reflections from 2000 nm down to 660 nm without the need for germanium doping or hydrogen loading. The grating in the visible region is remarkable because it bases on a femtosecond laser induced structural size around 110 nm.
Cost studies for commercial fuselage crown designs (1991)

Studies were conducted to evaluate the cost and weight potential of advanced composite design concepts in the crown region of a commercial transport. Two designs from each of three design families were developed using an integrated design-build team. A range of design concepts and manufacturing processes were included to allow isolation and comparison of cost centers. Detailed manufacturing/assembly plans were developed as the basis for cost estimates. Each of the six designs was found to have advantages over the 1995 aluminum benchmark in cost and weight trade studies. Large quadrant panels and cobonded frames were found to save significant assembly labor costs. Comparisons of high- and intermediate-performance fiber systems were made for skin and stringer applications. Advanced tow placement was found to be an efficient process for skin lay up. Further analysis revealed attractive processes for stringers and frames. Optimized designs were informally developed for each design family, combining the most attractive concepts and processes within that family. A single optimized design was selected as the most promising, and the potential for further optimization was estimated. Technical issues and barriers were identified.
Effect of Cyano Substitution on Non‐Fullerene Acceptor for Near‐Infrared Organic Photodetectors above 1000 nm (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2023) (2023)

Non-Fullerene Acceptors In article number 2211486, Seo-Jin Ko, Jong H. Kim, Sung Cheol Yoon, and co-workers present a new CN-substituted non-fullerene acceptor COTCN2, which exhibits a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy level and a narrower optical bandgap (< 1.10 eV). As a result, the near-infrared organic photodetector (NIR OPD) based on PTB7-Th:COTCN2 provides high non-detectability beyond 1000 nm with dark hole injection well suppressed due to the larger charge injection barrier. Additionally, as a practical implementation of NIR OPD, photoplethysmography sensors are successfully demonstrated.
Efficient Solutions for Targeted Control of Multi-Agent MDPs (2021)

This work considers multi-agent systems where agents' decisions are influenced by a global entity, named the superplayer. The superplayer's goal is to influence the agents to realize game-play at target joint strategies. Defining each player's utility as a function of the superplayer's influence, the problem can be described and solved as a parametric game. We focus on systems whose agents can be clustered; as a consequence the superplayer can partition the agents and then find a control policy for each cluster. Under Markovian repeated play dynamics, an overall control policy is found by solving a related Markov decision problem. This cluster-based control policy generally yields a greater optimal value than a policy that assigns the same control to all agents. To efficiently solve the MDP in the larger action space, we introduce a Clustered Value Iteration (CVI) algorithm which solves the cluster-based MDP via a “round robin” approach. CVI provides a significant computational savings as compared to standard value iteration (VI), as the complexity of each iteration scales linearly (versus exponentially) with the number of clusters. Properties of CVI are shown and used to prove convergence. Finally, simulations empirically show how CVI converges significantly faster than VI with only a small penalty in value.
The generation of multi-laminar reagent streams for rapid, sequential (bio)chemical reactions on magnetic particles in a continuous flow microreactor (2009)

This paper was presented at the 2nd Micro and Nano Flows Conference (MNF2009), which was held at Brunel University, West London, UK. The conference was organised by Brunel University and supported by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, IPEM, the Italian Union of Thermofluid dynamics, the Process Intensification Network, HEXAG - the Heat Exchange Action Group and the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications.
Validation of Standards for Quantitative Assessment of JAK2 c.1849G>T (p.V617F) Allele Burden Analysis in Clinical Samples (2013)

The substitution of valine with phenylalanine at amino acid 617 of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene (JAK2 p.V617F) occurs in a high proportion of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The ability to accurately measure JAK2 p.V617F allele burden is of great interest given the diagnostic relevance of the mutation and the ongoing clinical evaluation of JAK inhibitors. A main hurdle in developing quantitative assays for allele burden measurement is the unavailability of accurate standards for both assay validation and use in a standard curve for quantification. We describe our approach to the validation of standards for quantitative assessment of JAK2 p.V617F allele burden in clinical MPN samples. These standards were used in two JAK2 p.V617F assays, which were used to support clinical studies of ruxolitinib (Jakafi(®)) in myelofibrosis, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for initial screening of all samples, and a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism typing (SNaPshot)-based assay for samples with less than 5% mutant allele burden. Comparisons of allele burden data from clinical samples generated with these assays show a high degree of concordance with each other and with a pyrosequencing-based assay used for clinical reporting from an independent laboratory, thus providing independent validation to the accuracy of these standards.
Seizing the Bandwidth Scaling of On-Package Interconnect in a Post-Moore's Law World (2023)

The slowing and forecasted end of Moore's Law have forced designers to look beyond simply adding transistors, encouraging them to employ other unused resources as a manner to increase chip performance. At the same time, in recent years, inter-die interconnect technologies made a huge leap forward, dramatically increasing the available bandwidth. While the end of Moore's Law will inevitably slow down the performance advances of single-die setups, interconnect technologies will likely continue to scale. We envision a future where designers must create ways to exploit interconnect utilization for better system performance.
In Situ Formation of Coated and Composite Palladium Particles via Spray Pyrolysis (1996)

The goal of this study was the synthesis of submicron composite and coated particles of palladium with CaO, MgO, , ZnO, , and via spray pyrolysis using aqueous solutions of precursors of the additive compounds and palladium nitrate. The solutions were atomized, the droplets transported to a furnace where they reacted at 1000°C in a flow system of , and the particles were collected on a filter. X‐ray diffraction data showed that palladium was the only crystalline phase formed regardless of the type of the additive. Coatings were observed in all cases except and the thickness determined by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy [∼10 nm at 2.5 weight percent (w/o) of the additive compound] was similar for all compounds. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis indicated the coatings were stoichiometric oxides and roughly 10% of the total surface was covered in the case of 2.5 w/o Zn while above 90% was covered for 2.5 w/o Ca. The oxidation compared to pure palladium powders decreased when Ca and Mg were used and increased when Zn, Ti, Si, and Al were used. Thermogravimetric analysis of the oxidation of palladium particles with CaO coatings showed a weight gain of 2.5 to 4%, while 6% was observed for pure palladium powders. The extent of oxidation of CaO‐coated powders was independent of the coating thickness.
Price Discovery in Financial Markets: The Case of the CAPM (2001)

We report on experiments of simple, repeated asset markets in two risky securities and one risk-free security, set up to test the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which embeds the two most essential principles of modern asset pricing theory, namely, (i) financial markets equilibrate, (ii) in equilibrium risk premia are solely determined by covariance with aggregate risk. Slow, but steady convergence towards the CAPM is discovered. The convergence process, however, halts before reaching the actual equilibrium. There is ample evidence that subjects gradually move up in mean-variance space, in accordance with the CAPM. Yet, adjustment stops as if the remaining trading time was insufficient to complete all the transactions that are needed to guarantee improvements in positions. We conjecture that this is due to subjects' hesitance in the face of market thinness. Because the convergence process halts, statistical tests reject the CAPM.
Updated results from a phase III trial of sunitinib versus placebo in patients with progressive, unresectable, well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET). (2012)

4118 Background: In a double-blind phase III trial, sunitinib (Sutent; SU) improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs placebo (PBO; 11.4 vs 5.5 mos; HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26–0.66; P=0.0001) and was well tolerated in patients (pts) with unresectable, well-differentiated pancreatic NET that had progressed ≤12 mos before baseline. Initial overall survival (OS) revealed a benefit for SU vs PBO, although median OS had not been reached. We now report PFS assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR) and updated OS. Methods: Pts were randomized 1:1 to SU 37.5 mg or PBO on a continuous daily dosing schedule, each with best supportive care. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS; OS was a secondary endpoint to be evaluated every 2 yrs for 5 yrs, or until 95% of pts had died. Additionally, BICR was performed retrospectively; baseline and on-study CT/MRI scans were evaluated by a 2-reader, 2-time-point lock, followed by a sequential locked-read, batch-mode paradigm by blinded, third-party radiologists. Results: 171 pts were randomized (SU, n=86; PBO, n=85) from Jun 2007 to Apr 2009. The trial ended when an independent data monitoring committee noted efficacy favoring SU and more serious AEs and deaths with PBO. The study was unblinded at closure; pts were offered open-label SU and followed for survival. Median PFS by BICR was 12.6 mos (SU) vs 5.8 mos (PBO) (HR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.18–0.55; P=0.00001). At study closure, there were 9 and 21 deaths in the SU and PBO arms (HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19–0.89; P=0.02). By Apr 2011 (2 yrs additional follow-up) a total of 87 deaths occurred (51%), median OS was estimated at 33.0 mos in the SU arm, and 26.7 mos in the PBO arm (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.47–1.09; P=0.11 [Table]). 69% of pts crossed over to SU on progression. Conclusions: BICR confirmed investigator assessment of PFS and demonstrated a 6.8-mo improvement in median PFS with SU. Updated OS favors SU, although this result is non-significant for reasons that may include crossover of treatment and limited statistical power. [Table: see text]
Pyridine-containing macrocycles via cobalt-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions of α,ω-bis-alkynes (2007)

We have been investigating the formation of macrocycles from ,-diynes in Co(I)-mediated cocyclotrimerization reactions. In these metal-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions, long-chain ,diynes were reacted with nitriles, cyanamides, or isocyanates in the presence of CpCo(CO) 2 (Cp = cyclopentadienide) to yield pyridine-containing macrocycles, in the form of meta-and parapyridinophanes (e.g., 5m/5p, 35m/35p, 41m/41p). The regioselectivity of these reactions was influenced by the length and type of linker unit between the alkyne groups, as well as by stereoelectronic factors. We developed an improved reaction protocol for these Co(I)-promoted [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions that offers a convenient, flexible synthetic approach to macrocyclic pyridine-containing compounds. For example, diyne 6 reacted with p-tolunitrile in 1,4-dioxane to give 7p and 7m (7:1 ratio) in 87% yield, at ca. 100 C in 24 h, without photo-irradiation or syringe-pump addition. With this improved protocol, we were able to co-cyclotrimerize longchain ,-diynes with alkynes in certain cases to effect a macrocyclic variant of the Vollhardt reaction (e.g., 6 + Pr-CC-Pr 56p). We used our improved [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition method to synthesize some macrocyclic bis-indolemaleimides as potential protein kinase inhibitors. Thus, we prepared "multiheterophanes" 63p, 63m, and 64p and determined that they are potent, selective inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3).
Viral infections (2021)

Viral infections are quite common in dark skin, especially in the paediatric population and young adults, with human papillomavirus (HPV)-related warts being the most frequent ones. They typically spread through direct skin-to-skin contact and less commonly via fomites. Common warts appear as exophytic, verrucous, dome-shaped papules or plaques of variable size that may display multiple black dots over the surface. Plane warts present as multiple, flat-topped, smooth, skin-coloured or brownish papules most frequently affecting the face and the dorsal aspects of the hands and arms, whereas condylomata acuminata typically consist of exophytic, sessile or pedunculated, soft, pinkish or brownish papules of variable sizes of the anogenital skin and/or mucous membranes, which may become confluent as cauliflower-like plaques. Plane warts typically feature homogeneous white areas having roundish or irregular borders. Genital warts may show different dermoscopic patterns.