gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid ray-tracing/Fourier optics method to analyze multilayer diffractive optical elements (2022)

The performance (paraxial phase delay) of conventional diffractive optical elements is generally analyzed using the analytical scalar theory of diffraction, based on thin-element approximation (TEA). However, the high thickness of multilayer diffractive optical elements (MLDOEs) means that TEA yields inaccurate results. To address this, we tested a method based on ray-tracing simulations in mid-wave and long-wave infrared wave bands and for multiple <i>f</i>-numbers, together with the effect of MLDOE phase delay on a collimated on-axis beam with an angular spectrum method. Thus, we accurately generate optical figures of merit (point spread function along the optical axis, Strehl ratio at the "best" focal plane, and chromatic focal shift) and, by using a finite-difference time-domain method as a reference solution, demonstrate it as a valuable tool to describe and quantify the longitudinal chromatic aberration of MLDOEs.
Lung function and bronchial challenges in infants: Repeatability of histamine and comparison with methacholine challenges (1993)

Although the repeatability of VmaxFRC using the RTC technique is less than for voluntary forced expiratory flow parameters in older children, similar results were obtained for infants as observed in older subjects for repeatability of H challenges and agreement between measures of bronchial responsiveness using H or M.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvated Electrons in High‐Temperature Melts and Glasses of the Room‐Temperature Stable Electride [Ca24Al28O64] 4+·4e‐. (2011)

Abstract The formation of persistent solvated electrons in both a high‐temperature melt of the title electride and its glass is demonstrated by electrical conductivity measurements, XRD, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy.
Pitch based foam with particulate (2023)

A thermally conductive, pitch based foam composite having a particulate content. The particulate alters the mechanical characteristics of the foam without severely degrading the foam thermal conductivity. The composite is formed by mixing the particulate with pitch prior to foaming.
Inhibition of Ice Recrystallization by Nylon-3 Polymers (2017)

Nontoxic cryoprotectants are needed for storage of tissues and food preservation. Frozen tissue is particularly susceptible to damage caused by formation of large ice crystals during the thawing process. The current practice of using 5 wt % DMSO for cryopreservation does not produce 100% cell viability post-thaw, at least in part because of DMSO toxicity that is manifested during the freezing and thawing stages of the process. Recently, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has shown promise in inhibiting ice recrystallization, an activity that is critical for cryoprotection. Inspired by this discovery, we have evaluated nylon-3 polymers for ice recrystallization inhibition activity and for toxicity toward mammalian cells. A survey of homo- and heteropolymers, with side chains bearing variable functionality, has identified new nylon-3 materials that display excellent ice recrystallization inhibition activity and low toxicity.
Seeking Quality of Web Service Composition in a Semantic Dimension (2010)

Ranking and optimization of web service compositions represent challenging areas of research with significant implications for the realization of the “Web of Services” vision. “Semantic web services” use formal semantic descriptions of web service functionality and interface to enable automated reasoning over web service compositions. To judge the quality of the overall composition, for example, we can start by calculating the semantic similarities between outputs and inputs of connected constituent services, and aggregate these values into a measure of semantic quality for the composition. This paper takes a specific interest in combining semantic and nonfunctional criteria such as quality of service (QoS) to evaluate quality in web services composition. It proposes a novel and extensible model balancing the new dimension of semantic quality (as a functional quality metric) with a QoS metric, and using them together as ranking and optimization criteria. It also demonstrates the utility of Genetic Algorithms to allow optimization within the context of a large number of services foreseen by the “Web of Services” vision. We test the performance of the overall approach using a set of simulation experiments, and discuss its advantages and weaknesses.
Development and Characterization of an Elisa for Cotinine in Biological Fluids (1993)

Cotinine is a major metabolite of nicotine and serves as an important biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure. To monitor exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine, a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cotinine was developed. The test had an 1–50 of between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml for cotinine and about 500-fold less affinity for nicotine. Few matrix effects were not detectable in human saliva, although relatively small matrix effects (1–50 for cotinine, 2.8 ng/ml) were observed in human serum and urine. The test accurately measured the levels of cotinine in NI5T standards in freeze-dried human urine derivative material (r = .9999) indicating its reliability for measurement of cotinine. The test readily detected low levels (5–500 nglml) of cotinine in human saliva and serum samples. Also, the levels of cotinine in plasma and urine samples from smoke-exposed mice and rats could be rapidly analyzed for cotinine. This ELISA is therefore a sensitive and accurate test for the determination of cotinine in plasma, serum, saliva, and urine samples from humans and animals, and can be successfully used for monitoring and quantifying exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine.
Fusimonas intestini gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel intestinal bacterium of the family Lachnospiraceae associated with diabetes in mice (2017)

Our previous study shows that an anaerobic intestinal bacterium strain AJ110941<sup>P</sup> contributes to type 2 diabetes development in mice. Here we phylogenetically and physiologically characterized this unique mouse gut bacterium. The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the strain belongs to the family Lachnospiraceae but shows low sequence similarities ( < 92.5%) to valid species, and rather formed a distinct cluster with uncultured mouse gut bacteria clones. In metagenomic database survey, the 16S sequence of AJ110941<sup>P</sup> also matched with mouse gut-derived datasets (56% of total datasets) with > 99% similarity, suggesting that AJ110941<sup>P</sup>-related bacteria mainly reside in mouse digestive tracts. Strain AJ110941<sup>P</sup> shared common physiological traits (e.g., Gram-positive, anaerobic, mesophilic, and fermentative growth with carbohydrates) with relative species of the Lachnospiraceae. Notably, the biofilm-forming capacity was found in both AJ110941<sup>P</sup> and relative species. However, AJ110941<sup>P</sup> possessed far more strong ability to produce biofilm than relative species and formed unique structure of extracellular polymeric substances. Furthermore, AJ110941<sup>P</sup> cells are markedly long fusiform-shaped rods (9.0-62.5 µm) with multiple flagella that have never been observed in any other Lachnospiraceae members. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic features, we propose a new genus and species, Fusimonas intestini gen. nov., sp. nov. for strain AJ110941<sup>P</sup> (FERM BP-11443).
Dual-band planar electric THz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis (2008)

THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator percentages allows us to quantify the effects of manufacturing defects on the material response.
Where is the radical in compound I of cytochrome c peroxidase? Clues from crystallography and mutagenesis. (1988)

A difference Fourier map shows small structural perturbations on oxidation of cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) to its semi-stable intermediate, compound I. Least-squares refinement of both CCP and compound I quantifies these perturbations and suggests that the radical site may be on the distal side of the heme, since that is where most of the small movements occur. Several engineered mutants of CCP were created in an attempt to assess the function of various side chains, among them Trp-51----Phe, Trp-191----Phe and His-181----Gly. X-ray structures of the mutant CCP's confirm that only minimal changes are caused by these substitutions. Preliminary examination of the mutants' kinetic properties show that Trp-51 is not the radical site; that Trp-191 has an important enzymic function; and that His-181 is not essential for electron transfer, but probably has some more indirect role. The locus of the radical in compound I, however, remains to be established.
Simulation of polarity independent RESET in electrochemical metallization memory cells (2013)

Redox-based resistive switching devices are a potential candidate for future non-volatile memory. One type of these devices is the electrochemical metallization cell (ECM), which typically exhibit a bipolar operation scheme. However, at high current levels a transition to polarity independent RESET switching has been observed. This work presents a numerical simulation model of the RESET operation in ECM cells, which is capable of explaining the occurrence of polarity-independent RESET switching. The model is based on the thermally activated electrochemical dissolution of a conducting filament.
Peripheral Merozoite Surface Proteins Are Targets of Naturally Acquired Immunity against Malaria in both India and Ghana (2020)

Development of a successful blood-stage vaccine against <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria remains a high priority. Immune-epidemiological studies are effective tools for the identification of antigenic targets of naturally acquired immunity (NAI) against malaria. However, differences in study design and methodology may compromise interstudy comparisons. Here, we assessed antibody responses against intact merozoites and a panel of 24 recombinant merozoite antigens in longitudinal cohort studies of Ghanaian (<i>n</i> = 115) and Indian (<i>n</i> = 121) populations using the same reagents and statistical methods. Anti-merozoite antibodies were associated with NAI in both the Indian (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.41, <i>P</i> = 0.020) and the Ghanaian (HR = 0.17, <i>P</i> < 0.001) participants. Of the 24 antigen-specific antibodies quantified, 12 and 8 were found to be protective in India and Ghana, respectively. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, a powerful variable subselection technique, we identified subsets of four (MSP6, MSP3.7, MSPDBL2, and Pf12) and five (cMSP3<sup>3D7</sup>, MSP3.3, MSPDBL1, GLURP-R2, and RALP-1) antigens that explained NAI better than the individual antibodies in India (HR = 0.18, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and Ghana (HR = 0.31, <i>P</i> < 0.001), respectively. IgG1 and/or IgG3 subclasses against five antigens from these subsets were associated with protection. Through this comparative study, maintaining uniformity of reagents and methodology, we demonstrate that NAI across diverse geographic regions may result from antibodies to multiple antigenic targets that constitute the peripheral merozoite surface protein complexes.
Phase‐controlled metasurface design via optimized genetic algorithm (2018)

Abstract In an optical Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) phase metasurface, each sub‐wavelength dielectric structure of varied spatial orientation can be treated as a point source with the same amplitude yet varied relative phase. In this work, we introduce an optimized genetic algorithm (GA) method for the synthesis of one‐dimensional (1D) PB phase‐controlled dielectric metasurfaces by seeking for optimized phase profile solutions, which differs from previously reported amplitude‐controlled GA method only applicable to generate transverse optical modes with plasmonic metasurfaces. The GA–optimized phase profiles can be readily used to construct dielectric metasurfaces with improved functionalities. The loop of phase‐controlled GA consists of initialization, random mutation, screened evolution, and duplication. Here random mutation is realized by changing the phase of each unit cell, and this process should be efficient to obtain enough mutations to drive the whole GA process under supervision of appropriate mutation boundary. A well‐chosen fitness function ensures the right direction of screened evolution, and the duplication process guarantees an equilibrated number of generated light patterns. Importantly, we optimize the GA loop by introducing a multi‐step hierarchical mutation process to break local optimum limits. We demonstrate the validity of our optimized GA method by generating longitudinal optical modes (i. e., non‐diffractive light sheets) with 1D PB phase dielectric metasurfaces having non‐analytical counter‐intuitive phase profiles. The produced large‐area, long‐distance light sheets could be used for realizing high‐speed, low‐noise light‐sheet microscopy. Additionally, a simplified 3D light pattern generated by a 2D PB phase metasurface further reveals the potential of our optimized GA method for manipulating truly 3D light fields.
Feasible Point Pursuit and Successive Convex Approximation for Transmit Power Minimization in SWIPT-Multigroup Multicasting Systems (2021)

We consider three wireless multi-group (MG) multicasting (MC) systems capable of handling heterogeneous user types viz., information decoding (ID) specific users with conventional receiver architectures, energy harvesting (EH) only users with non-linear EH module, and users with joint ID and EH capabilities having separate units for the two operations, respectively. Each user is categorized under unique group(s), which can be of MC type specifically meant for ID users, and/or an energy group consisting of EH explicit users. The joint ID and EH users are a part of both EH group and single MC group. We formulate an optimization problem to minimize the total transmit power with optimal precoder designs for the three aforementioned scenarios, under certain quality-of-service constraints. The problem may be adapted to the well-known semi-definite program and solved via relaxation of rank-1 constraint. However, this process leads to performance degradation in some cases, which increases with the rank of solution obtained from the relaxed problem. Hence, we develop a novel technique motivated by the feasible-point pursuit successive convex approximation method in order to address the rank-related issue. The benefits of proposed method are illustrated under various operating conditions and parameter values, with comparison between the three above-mentioned scenarios.
Extraction of natural moisturizing factor from the stratum corneum and its implication on skin molecular mobility (2021)

The natural moisturizing factor (NMF) is a mixture of small water-soluble compounds present in the upper layer of the skin, stratum corneum (SC). Soaking of SC in water leads to extraction of the NMF molecules, which may influence the SC molecular properties and lead to brittle and dry skin. In this study, we investigate how the molecular dynamics in SC lipid and protein components are affected by the removal of the NMF compounds. We then explore whether the changes in SC components caused by NMF removal can be reversed by a subsequent addition of one single NMF component: urea, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) or potassium lactate. Samples of intact SC were investigated using NMR, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and sorption microbalance. It is shown that the removal of NMF leads to reduced molecular mobility in keratin filaments and SC lipids compared to untreated SC. When the complex NMF mixture is replaced by one single NMF component, the molecular mobility in both keratin filaments and lipids is regained. From this we propose a general relation between the molecular mobility in SC and the amount of polar solutes which does not appear specific to the precise chemical identify of the NMF compounds.
The Tomato Cf-9 Disease Resistance Gene Functions in Tobacco and Potato to Confer Responsiveness to the Fungal Avirulence Gene Product Avr9 (1998)

Kim E. Hammond-Kosack, Saijun Tang, Kate Harrison, Jonathan D. G. Jones, The Tomato Cf-9 Disease Resistance Gene Functions in Tobacco and Potato to Confer Responsiveness to the Fungal Avirulence Gene Product Avr9, The Plant Cell, Vol. 10, No. 8 (Aug., 1998), pp. 1251-1266
The effect of post-growth annealing on the colour properties of n-ZnO nanorods/p-GaN white LEDs (2011)

The effect of post-growth annealing on the colour properties of the light emitted by n-ZnO nanorods/p-GaN white LEDs has been investigated. The as-grown ZnO nanorods were annealed in nitrogen, oxygen, argon and air atmospheres at 600°C for 30 minutes. The colour rendering indices and correlated colour temperatures were calculated from the spectra emitted by the LEDs. It was observed that the ambient atmosphere used for annealing is very effective for altering the colour properties of the fabricated LEDs. The LEDs annealed in nitrogen have excellent colour rendering properties with a colour rendering index and a correlated colour temperature of 97 and 2363 K, respectively, in the forward bias and 98 and 3157 K in the reverse bias.
Rational Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Selective for Pathogenic Forms of Alpha-Synuclein (2022)

Misfolded toxic forms of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The α-Syn oligomers and soluble fibrils have been shown to mediate neurotoxicity and cell-to-cell propagation of pathology. To generate antibodies capable of selectively targeting pathogenic forms of α-Syn, computational modeling was used to predict conformational epitopes likely to become exposed on oligomers and small soluble fibrils, but not on monomers or fully formed insoluble fibrils. Cyclic peptide scaffolds reproducing these conformational epitopes exhibited neurotoxicity and seeding activity, indicating their biological relevance. Immunization with the conformational epitopes gave rise to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the desired binding profile showing selectivity for toxic α-Syn oligomers and soluble fibrils, with little or no reactivity with monomers, physiologic tetramers, or Lewy bodies. Recognition of naturally occurring soluble α-Syn aggregates in brain extracts from DLB and MSA patients was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In addition, the mAbs inhibited the seeding activity of sonicated pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) in a thioflavin-T fluorescence-based aggregation assay. In neuronal cultures, the mAbs protected primary rat neurons from toxic α-Syn oligomers, reduced the uptake of PFFs, and inhibited the induction of pathogenic phosphorylated aggregates of endogenous α-Syn. Protective antibodies selective for pathogenic species of α-Syn, as opposed to pan α-Syn reactivity, are expected to provide enhanced safety and therapeutic potency by preserving normal α-Syn function and minimizing the diversion of active antibody from the target by the more abundant non-toxic forms of α-Syn in the circulation and central nervous system.
Living Anatomy of the Atrioventricular Junctions. A Guide to Electrophysiologic Mapping (1999)

Current nomenclature for the atrioventricular (AV) junctions derives from a surgically distorted view, placing the valvar rings and the triangle of Koch in a single plane with antero-posterior and right-left lateral coordinates. Within this convention, the aorta is considered to occupy an anterior position, although the mouth of the coronary sinus is shown as being posterior. Although this nomenclature has served its purpose for the description and treatment of arrhythmias dependent on accessory pathways and atrioventricular nodal reentry, it is less than satisfactory for the description of atrial and ventricular mapping. To correct these deficiencies, a consensus document has been prepared by experts from the Working Group of Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. It proposes a new anatomically sound nomenclature that will be applicable to all chambers of the heart. In this report, we discuss its value for description of the AV junctions, establishing the principles of this new nomenclature.
Orange and Red to Transmissive Electrochromic Polymers Based on Electron-Rich Dioxythiophenes (2010)

As the color palette of available solution processable electrochromic polymers expands, there has remained the need for red, orange, and yellow to transmissive switching materials. Here we report on the synthesis and characterization of two such polymers, the orange to transmissive switching (poly{3,4-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)thiophene}) electrochromic polymer-orange (ECP-orange) and the red to transmissive switching processable polymer (poly{3,4-di(2-ethylhexyloxy)thiophene-co-3,4-di(methoxy)thiophene}) electrochromic polymer-red (ECP-red). The ECP-orange has a bandgap of 2.04 eV, an absorption λmax centered at 483 nm, and an E1/2 of 0.37 V versus Ag/Ag+. The electrochromic contrast is 48% T at 483 nm with a time to reach 95% of the full optical contrast of 5.3 s for a film that has an absorbance of 0.98 au at λmax. Because of steric relaxations from the random copolymerization of a branched dialkoxy-substituted thiophene with a dimethoxy-substituted thiophene, the red to transmissive switching ECP-red has a bandgap of 2.00 eV, a λmax red-shifted by 42 to 525 nm, and an E1/2 decreased to 0.21 V versus Ag/Ag+. Additionally, the red polymer has a higher contrast of 60% T and a shorter time to reach 95% of the full optical contrast of 2.3 s. These two reported polymers allow the field of electrochromics to come closer to a full set of fully solution processable materials that yield films whose optical absorption covers the full visible spectrum while switching to a highly transmissive oxidized state as needed for full color displays.
Search for light resonances decaying to boosted quark pairs and produced in association with a photon or a jet in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV with the ATLAS detector (2018)

Search for light resonances decaying
Physical and electrical characterization of Germanium or Tellurium rich Ge<inf>x</inf>Te<inf>1&#x2212;x</inf> for phase change memories (2011)

This paper intends to provide an overview of electrical performances of Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Te <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> with different proportions of Germanium or Tellurium for phase-change memories. Germanium-rich as well as Tellurium-rich phase-change materials have been integrated in simple test devices and programming characteristics, data retention and endurance performances are thoroughly analyzed. Tellurium-rich GeTe alloys exhibit stable programming characteristics that can sustain endurance test up to 1e7 cycles, while Germanium-rich GeTe, probably triggered by Ge segregation, shows an unstable RESET state during repeated write/erase cycles. Data retention on fresh devices is best for out-of-stoichiometry GeTe.