gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer chain scission in extensional and turbulent flows and implications for friction drag technologies. (2006)

In this dissertation, we generate scission scaling relationships between fluid strain rate and molar mass of a polymer chain in turbulent and laminar flows. Further we find that chain scission and polymer aggregation significantly impact turbulent drag reduction. The principal findings of this work are summarized below. We demonstrate that scission scaling exponents in cross-slot flows are sensitive to the Reynolds number. Our experiments in turbulent pipe flows show that the flow in the entrance region controls the scission molar mass. We obtain scaling exponents for scission in turbulent pipe flows with an upstream tapered contraction. We devise a novel scheme to eliminate scission of polymer chains due to the upstream contraction and generate a tentative scaling exponent for scission in purely turbulent pipe flow. We use these scaling exponents to estimate scission-induced bounds on maximum polymer drag reduction. We find that bond strengths from accepted laminar flow theories differ from density functional theory calculations by two orders of magnitude. Our flow characterization in scission geometries suggests that a simple complication---turbulence---has been overlooked. Our proposed scission scaling theory for turbulence hypothesizes that the local stress at the Kolmogorov scale generates molecular tension leading to chain breakage. This hypothesis collapses all the scission data to one curve and resolves the bond strength discrepancy. Given this re-evaluation, we conduct scission studies in laminar flows. We obtain benchmark scission data in laminar flows that can be compared to computer simulation. Further we propose design rules for scission in laminar and turbulent flows in cross-slot and contraction geometries. We find evidence for molecular aggregation in drag reducing polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions. PEO solutions subjected to intense shear in large-scale turbulent boundary layer flows, exhibit anomalous shifts in the molar mass distribution and insolubility of freeze-dried polymer solutions. Further, we identify three regimes for the dependence of polymer concentration on the onset of drag reduction in turbulent pipe flows, two of which are independent of polymer concentration and the third shows a unique scaling with concentration. These regimes are affected by molecular aggregation and pre-shear.
Direct Imaging of Conducting and Insulating Submolecularly Wide Pathways in an Organic Semiconductor (1998)

Organic and polymeric semiconductors are promising new materials for thin-film transistor devices. The supramolecular conductive pathways in one such material, α,ω-dihexyl-α-hexathiophene, have now been imaged with submolecular resolution. The dark regions in the transmission electron micrograph are spaced 3.6 nm apart and consist of stacked conductive hexathiophene molecular cores through which charges flow. The bright regions correspond to the insulating dihexyl molecular tails. Thus, the network of interconnected dark regions delineates the submolecularly wide “rivers” of electronic charge in this organic semiconductor.
ChemInform Abstract: An Asymmetric Synthesis of Novel Aminocyclopropyl Carboxylic Acids ( ACC). (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Counterexamples to 'On estimating noncausal nonminimum phase ARMA models of non-Gaussian processes' (and reply) (1992)

In the above-named work by Giannakis and Swami (see ibid., vol.38, no.3, p.478, 1990), an order selection procedure was proposed for parameter estimation for noncausal, nonminimum phase ARMA (autoregressive moving average) models of non-Gaussian processes. The commenter argues that it has been derived under an erroneous assumption, and he also gives a counterexample to show that it does not yield a consistent order estimate in general. Two linear approaches for parameter estimation were also presented in the above-named work. The commenter contends that an existing counterexample to an earlier version of one of the algorithms also applies to both the approaches of the above-named work. The authors' reply is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Zur Entwicklung der Dip‐Pen‐Nanolithographie (2003)

Abstract Die Möglichkeit zur gezielten Manipulation der chemischen Zusammensetzung und Struktur einer Oberfläche auf der Längenskala von 1 bis 100 nm ist von zentraler Bedeutung für einen breiten Bereich der nanotechnologischen Forschung, angefangen mit Studien zur elektronischen Leitfähigkeit, über die Katalyse hin zur biologischen Erkennung. Die Dip‐Pen‐Nanolithographie (DPN) ist eine neue Direktschreibmethode mit einem Kraftfeldmikroskop zur Erzeugung einer strukturierten chemischen Funktionalität auf einer Oberfläche im Sub‐100‐nm‐Bereich. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir das Prinzip der DPN vor und betrachten die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre. Die Themen erstrecken sich von der Entwicklung neuer DPN‐kompatibler Materialien über experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen der Prozesse, die den Spitze‐Substrat‐Transport der Tinte steuern, bis hin zur Implementierung von mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMs) für DPN‐Parallelanwendungen.
Quantification of the inherent radiopacity of glass microspheres for precision dosimetry in yttrium-90 radioembolization (2019)

Abstract Introduction:Transarterial radioembolization is a treatment for nonresectable, hypervascular liver tumours where yttrium-90-infused microspheres are administered through the arterial vasculature of the liver to selectively target liver tumours. Compared to conventional PET and SPECT imaging, post-procedural CT imaging has the potential to provide superior spatial resolution imaging of microsphere distributions and improve dosimetry estimates. In this paper, we describe a methodology to quantify the inherent radiopacity of glass microspheres using CT. This methodology produces a calibration curve that relates microsphere concentration within a CT voxel to the corresponding change of Hounsfield unit for that voxel. Methods: The radiopaque microspheres under investigation are composed of proprietery blends of yttrium-strontium-gallium-silicate oxide glass similar in size and density to TheraSphere ® microspheres. Tissue-equivalent phantoms were designed to determine CT voxel enhancement from uniformly distributed microspheres. Phantoms were imaged with a 128-slice CT scanner to determine the average Hounsfield unit value and with brightfield microscopy to determine the corresponding microsphere concentrations. Results: Hounsfield units (HU) and microsphere concentration (MS/mL) are positively correlated (r 2 ≥ 0.930) over a range of CT acquisition parameters. Calibration curve slopes (sensitivities) range from 2.22 × 10 −4 to 3.12 × 10 −4 HU/MS/ml. Minimum detectable limits are between 1.83 × 10 5 and 2.54 × 10 5 MS mL −1 . The application of this proposed methodology to recently developed microsphere formulations shows an improvement in correlation (r 2 ≥ 0.995), sensitivity (7.53 × 10 −4 HU/MS/ml), and minimum detectability (5.39 × 10 4 MS ml −1 ). Conclusion: CT has the potential to quantify the radiation dose from the infusion of microspheres for more accurate dosimetry in radioembolization. This finding may improve our understanding of the relationship between absorbed dose and tumour response, which could ultimately translate into improved patient outcomes. Optimization of the prototype microsphere composition to maximize its inherent radiopacity will be an important step in realizing this goal.
Multiple surface expansion method for design of freeform imaging systems (2018)

The relative aperture size and the field-of-view (FOV) are two significant parameters for optical imaging systems. However, it is difficult to improve relative aperture size and FOV simultaneously. In this paper, a freeform design method is proposed that is particularly effective for high performance systems. In this step-by-step method, the FOV is enlarged from a small initial value in equal-length steps until it reaches the full FOV; in each step, part of the area of one system surface is constructed. A freeform off-axis three-mirror imaging system with large relative aperture size and a wide FOV is designed as an example. The system operates at F/2.5 with 150 mm effective focal length and a 60° × 1° FOV. The average root-mean-square wavefront error of the system is 0.089λ (working wavelength λ = 530.5 nm).
An Initial Investigation of Non-Native Spoken Question-Answering (2021)

Text-based machine comprehension (MC) systems have a wide-range of applications, and standard corpora exist for developing and evaluating approaches. There has been far less research on spoken question answering (SQA) systems. The SQA task considered in this paper is to extract the answer from a candidate$\text{'}$s spoken response to a question in a prompt-response style language assessment test. Applying these MC approaches to this SQA task rather than, for example, off-topic response detection provides far more detailed information that can be used for further downstream processing. One significant challenge is the lack of appropriately annotated speech corpora to train systems for this task. Hence, a transfer-learning style approach is adopted where a system trained on text-based MC is evaluated on an SQA task with non-native speakers. Mismatches must be considered between text documents and spoken responses; non-native spoken grammar and written grammar. In practical SQA, ASR systems are used, necessitating an investigation of the impact of ASR errors. We show that a simple text-based ELECTRA MC model trained on SQuAD2.0 transfers well for SQA. It is found that there is an approximately linear relationship between ASR errors and the SQA assessment scores but grammar mismatches have minimal impact.
506. β-Sarcoglycan Gene Transfer Prevents Muscle Fibrosis and Inflammation in an Aged LGMD2E Mouse Model (2015)

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD2E) results from mutations in the β-sarcoglycan (SGCB) gene causing loss of a structural protein component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) located at the sarcolemma. This loss results in histopathological features including chronic muscle fiber necrosis, inflammation, fat replacement and fibrosis, accompanied by deteriorating muscle strength and function. To date, no effective therapy exists to treat this debilitating disease. A suitable model for translational studies is the murine model of LGMD2E that completely lacks β-sarcoglycan (Sgcb-null mouse), and has clinical-pathological features in skeletal and cardiac muscle that replicate the human disease. Considering that a major question unanswered by gene replacement therapy is the potential efficacy of gene replacement once significant degrees of connective tissue have infiltrated dystrophic muscle, the studies described here in the β-sarcoglycan knock out mouse have particular relevance for planning future clinical trials. On the clinical side, fibrosis presents a major impasse for functional recovery. In this study, we directly addressed this question using a codon optimized human β-sarcoglycan gene (hSGCB) driven by a muscle specific tMCK promoter and the AAVrh.74 serotype (scAAVrh74.tMCK.hSGCB). We first showed restoration of expression 12 weeks post treatment following a direct intramuscular injection which was accompanied by improvements in histological parameters. Furthermore, following a clinically relevant isolated limb vascular delivery (5X10^11 vg) we found that >90% of muscle fibers expressed β-sarcoglycan in lower limb muscles. Histopathology showed a decrease in central nucleation and normalization of muscle fiber size. Immunohistochemical staining for various immune components including CD3, CD4, CD8, and macrophages showed a reduction in the numbers of immune cells following treatment. The restoration of β-sarcoglycan expression and improvement in overall histology also correlated with improvement in functional outcomes assessed by absolute and specific force generation and resistance to contraction induced injury. To measure fibrosis, quantification of picrosirius stained sections revealed a reduction of collagen deposition in TA (from 40.72 ± 1.40% to 21.22 ± 1.09%, p<0.01) and gastrocnemius (37.92 ± 1.25% to 22.90 ± 0.99%, p<0.01). Moreover, we treated an additional cohort of aged 6 month old Sgcb-null mice with extensive fibrosis already present. At 9 months >80% of muscle fibers were transduced which was accompanied by a significant reduction of fibrosis similar to what was achieved following vascular delivery in younger mice. This pre-clinical study addresses the potential for gene replacement to reverse the debilitating fibrosis, typical of many of the muscular dystrophies providing momentum for movement to a clinical gene replacement for LGMD2E.
Fast solver for quasi-periodic 2D-Helmholtz scattering in layered media (2021)

We present a fast spectral Galerkin scheme for the discretization of boundary integral equations arising from two-dimensional Helmholtz transmission problems in multi-layered periodic structures or gratings. Employing suitably parametrized Fourier basis and excluding cut-off frequencies (also known as Rayleigh-Wood frequencies), we rigorously establish the well-posedness of both continuous and discrete problems, and prove super-algebraic error convergence rates for the proposed scheme. Through several numerical examples, we confirm our findings and show performances competitive to those attained via Nyström methods.
Protocols and caching strategies in support of internetwork mobility (1994)

This thesis explores the provision of End System (ES) mobility on large, data-gram-based, internetworks. We describe a new type of network layer address, the hybrid address, which contains a Partial Destination Identier, a Unique ID, and a Location Sequence number. The Partial Destination Identier, which changes as a mobile ES re-locates between areas of an internetwork, allows for ecient routing, while the Unique ID is used for ES identication at the lowest layers of a routing hierar-chy. Finally, the Location Sequence Number, which a mobile ES increments as it relocates between areas, is used to compare the age of multiple addresses for a given mobile ES. We present a mobility design that incorporates the hybrid address, and is based on the ISO OSI connectionless routing architecture and protocols. Each mobile ES has a home address and a current address. The home address is stored in a global database, and the ES&amp;apos;s home area keeps track of the current address. After a mobile ES relocates to a new area, it sends Reconnect messages to the home and previous areas, each of which caches a forwarding pointer for ii the mobile ES. ESs that communicate with a mobile ES send datagrams directly to the mobile ES. To accomplish this, each ES maintains cache entries for its mobile correspondents. When a datagram containing an out-of-date address is forwarded by an area, a Rewrite message is sent to the source ES, which updates its cache entry for the destination. An ES also updates its cache based on the source addresses of incoming datagrams. The mobility algorithm has been implemented and tested in a simulation environment, and performs quite well. We also present the results of a study on strategies for caching mobile ES forwarding pointers at Intermediate Systems in the interior of an internetwork, based on the type and contents of transit con-trol messages. Caching at interior Intermediate Systems based on Reconnect messages yields the greatest benet, for both tree-shaped and general topology internetworks, while caching based on transit Rewrite messages is not recom-mended. iii
Novel somatic mutations in heterotrimeric G proteins in melanoma (2010)

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) mediate signals between G-protein coupled receptors and their downstream pathways, and have been shown to be mutated in cancer. In particular, GNAQ was found to be frequently mutated in blue nevi of the skin and uveal melanoma, acting as an oncogene in its mutated form. To further examine the role of heterotrimeric G proteins in malignant melanoma, we performed a comprehensive mutational analysis of the 35 genes in the heterotrimeric G protein gene family in a panel of 80 melanoma samples. Somatic alterations in a G protein subunit were detected in 17% of samples spanning 7 genes. The highest rates of somatic, non-synonymous mutations were found in GNG10 and GNAZ, neither of which has been previously reported to be mutated in melanoma. Our study is the first systematic analysis of the heterotrimeric G proteins in melanoma and indicates that multiple mutated heterotrimeric G proteins may be involved in melanoma progression.
Apodization schemes for short-lag spatial coherence imaging (2013)

Short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) imaging has been used to reduce clutter in ultrasound imaging by using echo coherence instead of signal magnitude as a contrast mechanism. Apodization strategies used to reduce off-axis scattering in conventional B-mode imaging are shown to extend coherence length and reduce SLSC contrast, resulting in decreased in image quality. It is possible to invert these schemes to increase scattering, improving contrast but not preventing recorrelation in hypoechoic regions. Adding channel noise to the signals can reduce the correlation and reduce clutter. Similarly, we propose adding uncorrelated properties to the aperture by randomizing magnitude or phase, taking advantage of their uncorrelated properties to modify the coherence curve. These effects can be exploited to relax system requirements and simplify SLSC imaging while improving image quality.
Comparison of Multilingual Self-Supervised and Weakly-Supervised Speech Pre-Training for Adaptation to Unseen Languages (2023)

Recent models such as XLS-R and Whisper have made multilingual speech technologies more accessible by pre-training on audio from around 100 spoken languages each. However, there are thousands of spoken languages worldwide, and adapting to new languages is an important problem. In this work, we aim to understand which model adapts better to languages unseen during pre-training. We fine-tune both models on 13 unseen languages and 18 seen languages. Our results show that the number of hours seen per language and language family during pre-training is predictive of how the models compare, despite the significant differences in the pre-training methods.
Synthesis of a Sapphyrin-EDTA Conjugate and Preliminary Cleavage Results Using a Supercoiled Plasmid DNA Assay (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of a Sapphyrin-EDTA Conjugate and Preliminary Cleavage Results Using a Supercoiled Plasmid DNA AssayBrent L. Iverson, Kevin Shreder, Takashi Morishima, Miguel Rosingana, and Jonathan L. SesslerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 20, 6616–6620Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00125a062https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00125a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IXDB, an X chromosome integrated database (1998)

The integrated X chromosome database (IXDB) is a repository for physical mapping data of the human X chromosome. Its current content is the result of a strict integration of data stemming from many different sources. The main features of IXDB include a flexible and extendible schema, a comfortable and fully cross-referenced WWW interface (http://ixdb.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de ) and a graphical map viewer implemented in JAVA. The database stores objects used in physical mapping as well as the maps resulting from this work, but a strong emphasis is placed on recording experiments that connect objects together. This should greatly contribute to fulfilling one of the major goals of the database: to support the construction of an integrated physical, genetic, transcript and sequence map of the human X chromosome.
Finemapping of a QTL for body height on the human X chromosome in a Finnish twin cohort. (2007)

Most human traits and common diseases have a complex genetic makeup involving more than one gene. The work presented in this thesis investigates standing body height and the common disease type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In study I we analyzed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TCF7L2 gene that had been shown to be associated with T2DM. Analysis was performed in the ULSAM population cohort of ~1500 males. We were able to replicate the association to type 2 diabetes and in addition to that we made a novel find, showing association between the risk alleles and increased proinsulin levels. In study II we analyzed four genes identified to be associated with T2DM in a genome-wide association study. We analyzed SNPs in these genes in the ULSAM population cohort and found an association between SNPs in the HHEX gene and insulin responses and insulin levels. The aim of studies III-V was to identify genes affecting normal variation in standing body height. Using a candidate gene approach in study III, 17 genes were screened in the ULSAM population cohort using SNPs. A suggestive association of the ESR1 gene with height was found and confirmed as significant in males from the PIVUS population cohort. In study IV, as a part of the GenomEUtwin project, we performed genetic fine mapping of a linked locus for body height on the X-chromosome. By analyzing 1377 SNPs in 780 Finnish twins, we mapped a region spanning 65kb of this locus with linkage to body height in males. This region contains the GPC3 and PHF6 genes that have known connections to syndromes were standing body height is affected. In study V significant linkage and association to standing body height in males was found for the COL1A11 gene, using population cohorts from Finland and Iceland.