gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critical reflection illumination analysis (2013)

Abstract Poor imaging is frequently observed in many subsalt regions, making the subsalt stratigraphy interpretation and prospect evaluation challenging. We propose a critical reflection illumination analysis to evaluate subsalt illumination in areas where high-velocity contrasts create illumination and imaging shadows. Critical reflection often occurs at the base or flank of salt bodies. If critical reflection occurred, continued iterations of processing and imaging would generate little, if any, improvement in imaging results. Similarly, increasing the offset/azimuth of the acquisition would offer limited or no advantage. We introduce the critical reflection illumination map and illumination rose diagram to efficiently and effectively evaluate the probability of critical reflection for the target. This analysis can help avoid expensive processing, imaging, and acquisition efforts for areas that are in the critical/postcritical reflection regime. Critical reflection illumination analysis can also be applied to other high-velocity contrast scenarios.
Efficient yellow light generation by frequency doubling an 1150-nm Yb:silica fiber system (2006)

An 89-mW, 1150-nm Yb-fiber oscillator was amplified to 310 mW. The oscillator output was frequency doubled to produce 40 mW of yellow. We also present our progress in long period grating design for ASE suppression.
Radical Exchange Reactions between Autoxidizing Lipids, Vitamin E and Vitamin C in Binary Lipid/Water Systems (1986)

A model system was developed for studying free radical exchange reactions between peroxydizing polyunsaturated lipids, and antioxidant type reducing agents. ESR spectroscopy was used to show that radical exchange reactions between Vitamin E and Vitamin C took place. Product turnover analysis run in parallel with ESR determinations allowed to follow the radical exchange reactions. The hypothesis postulated by Tappel on radical exchange reactions between peroxidizing lipids, Vitamin E and Vitamin C was already confirmed by others. Radical exchange reactions described in this paper could be followed in pure model lipids and synthetic membrane preparations (liposomes). It could therefore be shown that these radical exchange reactions can be found even in more realistic test systems, allowing further extrapolations to processes in living organisms. Radikalaustauschreaktionen zwischen autoxidierenden Lipiden, Vitamin E und Vitamin C in binären Lipid/Wasser-Systemen Zur Untersuchung von Austauschreaktionen freier Radikale zwischen mehrfach ungesättigten, peroxidierenden Lipiden und reduzierenden antioxidativen Wirkstoffen wurde ein Modellsystem entwickelt. Es wurde die ESR-Spektroskopie eingesetzt, um zu zeigen, daß Radikalaustauschreaktionen zwischen Vitamin E und Vitamin C stattfinden. Die Produktumsatzanalyse, die parallel zu den ESR-Bestimmungen durchgeführt wurde, erlaubte, die Radikalaustauschreaktionen zu verfolgen. Die von Tappel über Radikalaustauschreaktionen zwischen peroxidierenden Lipiden, Vitamin E und Vitamin C aufgestellte Hypothese wurde schon von anderen Autoren bestätigt. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Radikalaustauschreaktionen wurden auch in reinen Modell-Lipiden und synthetischen Membranzubereitungen (Liposomen) untersucht. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Radikalaustauschreaktion selbst in realistischeren Testsystemen nachgewiesen werden können, so daß man auf Prozesse in lebenden Organismen schließen kann.
Identifying Efficient Pump Combinations (1989)

Water supply pumps can account for a great deal of the energy consumed by municipalities. Significant reductions in energy consumption and costs can be obtained by identifying and using the most efficient pump combination for a given situation. A procedure for identifying such a combination is presented in this article.
Li[sup +]-Ion Diffusion in LiCoO[sub 2] Thin Film Prepared by the Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Sol-Gel Method (2004)

thin film was successfully prepared by the PVP sol-gel method. The films were applied for evaluating chemical diffusion coefficients of ion in matrix, which was estimated by three different electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, (CV), the potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of ion in film was preliminarily calculated to be cm2 s−1 from CV. EIS exhibited that the charge-transfer resistance was dramatically decreased at 3.90 V vs. during a charge state, indicating that ion was easily extracted from matrix at this potential. obtained from EIS ranged from to cm2 s−1 at various electrode potentials. From PITT, were estimated to be cm2 s−1 at various electrode potentials. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Primary gastroduodenal amyloidosis (2011)

Amyloidosis is characterized by tissue deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins in various organs [1]. In humans, more than 23 different and unrelated proteins are known to form amyloid fibrils [2]. Amyloidosis is divided into primary (i. e. idiopathic) and secondary amyloidosis (i. e. associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, and infectious and neoplastic disorders) [1]. Primary amyloidosis is extremely rare in the gastrointestinal tract. Fewer than 1 % of patients with primary amyloidosis in the gastrointestinal tract have any symptoms [3]. We report a case of primary gastroduodenal amyloidosis in which endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was instrumental in the work-up.
Transcranial Doppler Velocities among Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Steady State (2020)

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening is an established tool to identify children with sickle cell disease at high risk of stroke. Our objective was to study TCD velocities among sickle cell disease patients while in a steady state. This cross-sectional study included 78 steady state sickle cell disease patients [31 Hb SS (β<sup>S</sup>/β<sup>S</sup>) (sickle cell anemia), 47 Hb S/β-thalassemia (<i>HBB</i>: c.20A>T/β-thal)], attending the Pediatric Hematology Clinic at Cairo University Children's Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. All patients underwent TCD velocity assessment as per the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) protocol. In our cohort, TCD velocities were comparable among Hb S/β-thal <i>vs.</i> SS patients. Hemolysis indicators correlated significantly to TCD velocities in Hb S/β-thal patients; positive correlation was found between total bilirubin level and right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and right distal internal carotid artery (dICA) TCD velocities (<i>r</i> = 0.428, <i>p</i> = 0.00, <i>r</i> = 0.360, <i>p</i> = 0.01), respectively as well as between reticulocyte count and right MCA, right dICA and right anterior cerebral artery (ACA) TCD velocities (<i>r</i> = 0.424, <i>p</i> = 0.01), (<i>r</i> = 0.40, <i>p</i> = 0.00), (<i>r</i> = 0.303, <i>p</i> = 0.04), respectively. On the other hand, statistically significant negative correlations were found between hemoglobin (Hb) level and right ACA, right dICA TCD velocities (<i>r</i> = -0.290, <i>p</i> = 0.05), (<i>r</i> = -0.324, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Although Hb F is considered an ameliorating factor for disease severity; hemolysis stands as an indicator of risk for TCD velocity elevation, and in turn, risk for stroke among sickle cell disease patients.
Optical assessment of pathology in surgically resected tissues (2011)

Multi-spectral spatially modulated light is used to guide localized spectroscopy of surgically resected tissues for cancer involvement. Modulated imaging rapidly quantifies near-infrared optical parameters with sub-millimeter resolution over the entire field for identification of residual disease in resected tissues. Suspicious lesions are further evaluated using a spectroscopy platform designed to image thick tissue samples at a spatial resolution sensitive to the diagnostic gold standard, pathology. MI employs a spatial frequency domain sampling and model-based analysis of the spatial modulation transfer function to interpret a tissue's absorption and scattering parameters at depth. The spectroscopy platform employs a scanning-beam, telecentric dark-field illumination and confocal detection to image fields up to 1cm2 with a broadband source (480:750nm). The sampling spot size (100&#956;m lateral resolution) confines the volume of tissue probed to within a few transport pathlengths so that multiple-scattering effects are minimized and simple empirical models may be used to analyze spectra. Localized spectroscopy of Intralipid and hemoglobin phantoms demonstrate insensitivity of recovered scattering parameters to changes in absorption, but a non-linear dependence of scattering power on Intralipid concentration is observed due to the phase sensitivity of the measurement system. Both systems were validated independently in phantom and murine studies. Ongoing work focuses on assessing the combined utility of these systems to identify cancer involvement in vitro, particularly in the margins of resected breast tumors.
Hydroxyl-Substituted Ladder Polyethers via Selective Tandem Epoxidation/Cyclization Sequence (2015)

A new and highly selective method for the synthesis of hydroxyl-substituted tetrahydropyrans is described. This method utilizes titanium(IV) isopropoxide and diethyl tartrate to perform a diastereoselective epoxidation followed by in situ epoxide activation and highly selective endo-cyclization to form the desired tetrahydropyran ring. The HIJ ring fragment of the marine ladder polyether yessotoxin was synthesized using this two-stage tactic that proceeds with high efficiency and excellent regioselectivity.
(R)‐(−)‐2,2‐Diphenylcyclopentanol (2003)

Abstract (R)‐(−)‐2,2‐diphenylcyclopentanol intermediate: 2‐Amino‐3,3‐diphenyl‐1‐cyclopentene‐1‐carbonitrile reactant: 28.3 mL (0.29 mol) of 4‐bromobutyronitrile intermediate: 2,2‐Diphenylcyclopentanone product: (R)‐(−)‐2,2‐diphenylcyclopentanol catalyst: 1.5 g (93% recovery) of (S)‐α,α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol solvent: hexane reactant: 4‐Iodobutyronitrile
Intramolecular Reactions in Pseudo‐Geminally Substituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes (2007)

A selection of pseudo-geminally substituted [2.2]paracyclophanes, the alkynes 6, 7, 10, 11 a, and 11 b and the alkenes 8 and 9 were prepared for the study of intraannular reactions between functional groups in direct juxtaposition. Whereas 9 and 10 provide the corresponding cyclobutane and cyclobutene derivatives on irradiation (12 and 13, respectively), the bis-alkynes 7 and 11 b do not lead to a cyclobutadiene intermediate. In the latter case the "half-closed" butadiene derivative 17 was isolated. A Paterno-Büchi reaction took place on irradiation of 8 and 6, although the oxetene intermediate 21 produced in the second example did not survive the reaction conditions (ring-opening to 22). Bromine addition to 9, 10, and 7 occurred with high stereoselectivity (formation of the dibromides 27, 30, and 33, respectively), and is rationalized by postulating the formation of the cationic intermediates 26, 29, and 32, respectively. To study the interaction of a carbocation with a facing triple bond, the alcohol 34 was prepared from 6. On acid treatment ring closure to the triply-bridged phane 38 took place, accompanied by the hydration of the triple bond to the ketoalcohol 37. In an interesting intraannular [2+3]cycloaddition reaction the bis-acetylene 11 a, on treatment with n-butyl lithium, provided the cyclopentadiene derivative 42. That the two triple bonds of a pseudo-geminal diacetylene can engage in a cyclization reaction leading to the cyclopentadienone complex 44 was also shown by treating 11 b with iron pentacarbonyl.
Technical solutions to improve the management of non‐muscle‐invasive transitional cell carcinoma: summary of a E uropean A ssociation of U rology S ection for U ro‐ T echnology ( ESUT ) and S ection for U ro‐ O ncology ( ESOU ) expert meeting and current and future perspectives (2014)

The aim of the present review was to compare state-of-the-art care and future perspectives for the detection and treatment of non-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. We provide a summary of the third expert meeting on 'Optimising the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, organized by the European Association of Urology Section for Uro-Technology (ESUT) in collaboration with the Section for Uro-Oncology (ESOU), including a systematic literature review. The article includes a detailed discussion on the current and future perspectives for TCC, including photodynamic diagnosis, optical coherence tomography, narrow band imaging, the Storz Professional Image Enhancement system, magnification and high definition techniques. We also provide a detailed discussion of future surgical treatment options, including en bloc resection and tumour enucleation. Intensive research has been conducted to improve tumour detection and there are promising future perspectives, that require proven clinical efficacy. En bloc resection of bladder tumours may be advantageous, but is currently considered to be experimental.
The outer membrane localization of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MsrA/B is involved in survival against reactive oxygen species (2002)

The PilB protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been reported to be involved in the regulation of pilin gene transcription, but it also possesses significant homology to the peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase family of enzymes, specifically MsrA and MsrB from Escherichia coli. MsrA and MsrB in E. coli are able to reduce methionine sulfoxide residues in proteins to methionines. In addition, the gonococcal PilB protein encodes for both MsrA and MsrB activity associated with the repair of oxidative damage to proteins. In this work, we demonstrate that the PilB protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not involved in pilus expression. Additionally, we show that wild-type N. gonorrhoeae produces two forms of this polypeptide, one of which contains a signal sequence and is secreted from the bacterial cytoplasm to the outer membrane; the other lacks a signal sequence and is cytoplasmic. Furthermore, we show that the secreted form of the PilB protein is involved in survival in the presence of oxidative damage.
A GIS‐based spatial index of feedstock‐mixture availability for anaerobic co‐digestion of Mediterranean by‐products and agricultural residues (2018)

Abstract Biogas obtained from the anaerobic digestion of biomasses has increasingly been considered a feasible alternative to energy production from fossil fuel because of the possible advantages derived from both the reduction of the environmental burden and the reuse of by‐products and agricultural residues. Italy is the third largest biogas producer in the world after China and Germany, but the biogas sector in southern Italy, especially in Sicily, is still developing. The objective of this study was to contribute to the sustainable development of the biogas sector in Sicily by developing a method for the localization of geographical areas suitable for biogas production. First, a feedstock mixture found in previous research studies (which investigated several mixes of main agricultural residues and by‐products available in Sicily for the enhancement of biogas production in terms of methane content) was used to evaluate each feedstock territorial distribution in a study area. Then a GIS‐based model for the computation of a spatial index of feedstock‐mixture availability, i fm_a , was developed. The computed spatial index was applied on a GIS map to investigate the availability of the feedstock mixture in the area under study. The results of the territorial analyses obtained by applying the index showed the geographical areas suitable for the development of new biogas plants. The results of this study could be helpful in reducing the significant transport costs of each feedstock as well as the environmental impact of biogas production. In this regard, the results are in line with the policy priorities of the Europe 2020 strategy, which aims to valorize by‐products and agricultural residues through their reuse. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd
The role of spatially adaptive versus non-spatially adaptive distortion in supra-threshold compression (2007)

In wavelet-based image coding, a variety of masking properties have been exploited that result in spatially-adaptive quantization schemes. It has been shown that carefully selecting <i>uniform </i>quantization step-sizes across entire wavelet subbands or subband codeblocks results in considerable gains in efficiency with respect to visual quality. These gains have been achieved through analysis of wavelet distortion additivity in the presence of a background image; in effect, how wavelet distortions from different bands mask each other while being masked by the image itself at and above threshold. More recent studies have illustrated how the contrast and <i>structural </i>class of natural image data influences masking properties at threshold. Though these results have been extended in a number of methods to achieve supra-threshold compression schemes, the relationship between inter-band and intra-band masking at supra-threshold rates is not well understood. This work aims to quantify the importance of spatially-adaptive distortion as a function of compressed target rate. Two experiments are performed that require the subject to specify the optimal balance between spatially-adaptive and non-spatiallyadaptive distortion. Analyses of the resulting data indicate that on average, the balance between spatially-adaptive and non-spatially-adaptive distortion is equally important across all tested rates. Furthermore, though it is known that meansquared- error alone is not a good indicator of image quality, it can be used to predict the outcome of this experiment with reasonable accuracy. This result has convenient implications for image coding that are also discussed.
Tumor mRNA Expression Profiles Predict Responses to Chemotherapy (2007)

The development of prognostic and diagnostic markers suchastumorstagingandmorerecentlymolecularfactorshavegreatlycontributed to identifying lung cancer patients that can beneﬁtfrom adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, the pre-dictingefﬁcienciesvaryconsiderably,andmanytherapiesfailwhilesurviving patients often experience severe toxicities. Moreover,patients displaying similar clinical characteristics often responddifferently to therapy, and this is likely a result of heterogeneity ofthe tumors’ genetic and epigenetic characteristics. The advent ofthe human genome sequencing project and the concurrent devel-opment of many genomic-based technologies, including expres-sion microarrays, have allowed scientists to explore the possibilityof using expression proﬁles to predict tumor drug sensitivity orresistance before treatment, and thereby select the best possibletherapies while decreasing the risk of toxicities for the patients.To this end, various gene signatures and sequence alterationintargetgeneshavebeenobtainedforpredictionofdrugresponsein patients. Examples include signatures for taxane/doxorubicinsensitivity in breast cancer,
Thermal conductivity of functionally graded Fe–Cu–C alloy processed by liquid phase sintering and carburization (2005)

Abstract Thermal conductivity of a functionally graded Fe–Cu–C alloy prepared by liquid phase sintering and the subsequent carburization was investigated. The formation of the graded structure and its characterization are briefly reviewed, and the thermal conductivity of the graded compact is analyzed by Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method. A microstructure model in which ellipsoidal copper particles are embedded in the iron matrix was employed. The thermal conductivity was calculated for directions parallel and perpendicular to carburization as functions of the size, aspect ratio, and volume fraction of the copper particles. The predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The present analysis will give a good guide for the practical application of this material.
Characterization of novel powder and thin film RGB phosphors for field emission display application (2002)

The spectral response and outgassing characteristics of new, low-voltage phosphors for application in field-emission flat-panel displays, are presented. A variety of tested phosphor materials include combustion synthesized powders and RF diode or magnetron sputtered thin films. These cathodoluminescent materials are tested with e-beam excitation at currents up to 50 /spl mu/A within the 200-2000V (eg. "low-voltage") and 3-8 kV (eg. "medium voltage") ranges. The spectral coordinates are reasonable compared to industrial low-voltage P22 phosphors. Phosphor outgassing is measured with a residual gas analyzer. We find that levels of outgassing stabilize to low values after the first few hours of excitation. The desorption rates measured for powder phosphor layers with different. thicknesses are compared to desorption from thin films.
Transmission-enabled fiber Fabry–Perot cavity based on a deeply etched slotted micromirror (2018)

In this work, we report the analysis, fabrication, and characterization of an optical cavity built using a Bragg-coated fiber (BCF) mirror and a metal-coated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) slotted micromirror, where the latter allows transmission output from the cavity. Theoretical modeling, using Fourier optics analysis for the cavity response based on tracing the propagation of light back and forth between the mirrors, is presented. Detailed simulation analysis is carried out for the spectral response of the cavity under different design conditions. MEMS chips of the slotted micromirror are fabricated using deep reactive ion etching of a silicon-on-insulator substrate with different device-etching depths of 150 μm and 80 μm with aluminum and gold metal coating, respectively. The cavity is characterized as an optical filter using a BCF with reflectivity that is larger than 95% in a 300 nm range across the E-band and the L-band. Versatile filter characteristics were obtained for different values of the MEMS micromirror slit width and cavity length. A free spectral range (FSR) of about 33 nm and a quality factor of about 196 were obtained for a 5.5 μm width aluminum slit, while an FSR of about 148 nm and a quality factor of about 148 were obtained for a 1.5 μm width gold slit. The presented structure opens the door for wide spectral response transmission-type MEMS filters.
Efficient and Scalable Production of Alkyl Levulinates from Cellulose‐Derived Levulinic Acid Using Heteropolyacid Catalysts (2019)

Abstract This work reports a straightforward and scalable synthesis of a series of alkyl levulinates from cellulose‐derived levulinic acid and alkyl alcohols using commercially available heteropolyacid catalysts under homegenous conditions. The reaction was optimized on parameters such as temperature, molar ratio of reagents, type and loading of catalyst. The solvent‐free reactions afforded alkyl levulinates in high isolated yields (&gt;85%) using only slight excess of alcohols and 10 wt% of catalyst at 120 °C in 6 h. Further, the catalysts were successfully recycled for three consecutive cycles without significant loss in activity.
Preparing Amorphous Hydrophobic Drug Nanoparticles by Nanoporous Membrane Extrusion (2012)

These studies suggest that NME could be used as a general method to produce nanoparticles of hydrophobic drugs.
Short Message Service (SMS) Technology in Alcohol Research--A Feasibility Study (2009)

The new method shares some of the advantages of conventional diaries but overcomes most of the limitations: it is easy to use, cost-effective and suitable for large-scale surveys. Application restrictions and further developments are discussed.