gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved delineation of human brain tumors on MR images using a long-circulating, superparamagnetic iron oxide agent (1999)

The purpose of this study was to corroborate experimental findings that long-circulating, superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents accumulate at the margins of human brain tumors, thereby improving their delineation on magnetic resonance (MR) images. This limited clinical study examined a total of four patients with brain tumors (three with primary gliomas and one with metastatic melanoma; n = 8 lesions) who were given a pharmaceutical formulation of a superparamagnetic, ultra-small-particulate iron oxide (USPIO, intravenous dose of 1.1 mg Fe/kg). The agent has a characteristically long plasma half-life and is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials for liver disease (AMI-227, Advanced Magnetics, Cambridge, MA). MR (conventional spin-echo and gradient-echo) images of the brain were obtained before and 12, 24, and/or 36 hours after administration of the agent, with follow-up several weeks later. Twelve to 36 hours after IV administration of the USPIO, both primary and metastatic brain tumors showed readily detectable increases in signal intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo images. Unlike the pattern of enhancement with a gadolinium (Gd) chelate, which occurred immediately and decreased within hours, that with the USPIO occurred gradually, with a peak at 24 hours, and decreased over several days. Whereas the enhancing tumor margin with the Gd chelate blurred with time due to diffusion of the agent, the margin with the USPIO remained sharp, presumably due to the much lower diffusion coefficient (large size) of the particles and partly because of local endocytosis by tumor cells. Compared with Gd chelates, long-circulating, superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents can provide prolonged delineation of the margins of human brain tumors on MR images, which has implications for the targeting of diagnostic biopsies and the planning of surgical resections.
Follow-up of Incidentally Detected Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms: Do Baseline MRI and CT Features Predict Cyst Growth? (2019)

Background Incidental detection of pancreatic cystic neoplasm (PCN) has increased. Since a small percentage of PCNs possess malignant potential, management is challenging. The recently revised American College of Radiology (ACR) recommendations define PCN measurement and growth for different categories based on baseline cyst size. However, no data are available regarding PCN growth rate under the ACR-defined size categories. Purpose To assess growth of incidentally detected PCNs on long-term imaging follow-up using revised ACR recommendations and to evaluate the association between baseline imaging features and growth. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included PCNs with baseline imaging performed between January 2002 and May 2017, with two or more cross-sectional imaging studies performed at least 12 months apart. PCN assessment was based on ACR 2017 recommendations. Cyst features, including location, septations, and mural nodules and multiplicity, were noted. Time to cyst progression (growth by ACR criteria) was examined by using baseline PCN size, among other factors. Results A total of 646 cysts in 390 patients were followed up for a median of 50 months (range, 12-186 months). A total of 184 (28.5%) cysts increased in size, 52 (8.1%) decreased in size, and 410 (63.4%) remained stable. For groups in which baseline PCN size was smaller than 5 mm, 5-14 mm, 15-25 mm, and larger than 25 mm, growth was noted in seven (13.2%), 106 (28.9%), 49 (32.2%), and 22 (29.7%) cysts, respectively. ACR baseline size categories (subhazard ratio: 2.8 [5-14-mm PCN group], 3.4 [15-25-mm PCN group], and 2.7 [>25 mm group], as compared with the <5 mm PCN group; <i>P</i> < .05 for each) demonstrated association with growth. Presence of mural nodules, septations, or lesion multiplicity failed to demonstrate association with growth. Among PCNs smaller than 5 mm at baseline, 100% of PCNs at 3-year follow-up and 94.2% of PCNs at 5-year follow-up were likely to remain stable. Conclusion American College of Radiology baseline size category of 15-25-mm pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) demonstrated the highest (3.1 times) likelihood of growth, as compared with the category of PCNs smaller than 5 mm. PCNs smaller than 5 mm at baseline did not demonstrate growth at 3-year imaging follow-up. © RSNA, 2019 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Endogenous light scattering as an optical signature of circulating tumor cell clusters (2016)

Circulating tumor cell clusters (CTCCs) are significantly more likely to form metastases than single tumor cells. We demonstrate the potential of backscatter-based flow cytometry (BSFC) to detect unique light scattering signatures of CTCCs in the blood of mice orthotopically implanted with breast cancer cells and treated with an anti-ADAM8 or a control antibody. Based on scattering detected at 405, 488, and 633 nm from blood samples flowing through microfluidic devices, we identified 14 CTCCs with large scattering peak widths and intensities, whose presence correlated strongly with metastasis. These initial studies demonstrate the potential to detect CTCCs via label-free BSFC.
With a Little Help from My Friends: Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of Visual Representations (2021)

Self-supervised learning algorithms based on instance discrimination train encoders to be invariant to pre-defined transformations of the same instance. While most methods treat different views of the same image as positives for a contrastive loss, we are interested in using positives from other instances in the dataset. Our method, Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of visual Representations (NNCLR), samples the nearest neighbors from the dataset in the latent space, and treats them as positives. This provides more semantic variations than pre-defined transformations.We find that using the nearest-neighbor as positive in contrastive losses improves performance significantly on ImageNet classification using ResNet-50 under the linear evaluation protocol, from 71.7% to 75.6%, outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods. On semi-supervised learning benchmarks we improve performance significantly when only 1% ImageNet labels are available, from 53.8% to 56.5%. On transfer learning benchmarks our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods (including supervised learning with ImageNet) on 8 out of 12 downstream datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate empirically that our method is less reliant on complex data augmentations. We see a relative reduction of only 2.1% ImageNet Top-1 accuracy when we train using only random crops.
The Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of Acyclic Allylic Alcohols: Efficient Stereocontrol with Iodomethylzinc Reagents (1995)

The asymmetric cyclopropanation of acyclic allylic alcohols can now be achieved with unprecedently high level of stereocontrol with halomethylzinc reagents. The ability of proximal basic groups to ”deliver” the methylene unit to a nearby olefin has been used to develop efficient reaction conditions for the cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols. This property was employed to improve the diastereoselection observed in the cyclopropanation of chiral, acyclic allylic alcohols; in the development of an efficient chiral auxiliary; and finally in the design of an efficient stoichiometric chiral reagent for the cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols.
453 (2014)

Schwameis, Michael1; Schörgenhofer, Christian1; Kürkciyan, Istepan1; Sperr, Wolfgang1; Schober, Andreas1; Janata, Karin2; Sterz, Fritz3; Jilma, Bernd4 Author Information
Enhanced Cellular Transduction of Nanoparticles Resistant to Rapidly Forming Plasma Protein Coronas (2020)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly being developed as biomedical platforms for drug/nucleic acid delivery and imaging. However, in biological fluids, NPs interact with a wide range of proteins that form a coating known as protein corona. Coronae can critically influence self-interaction and binding of other molecules, which can affect toxicity, promote cell activation, and inhibit general or specific cellular uptake. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-binding enhanced transduction (GET) is developed to efficiently deliver a variety of cargoes intracellularly; employing GAG-binding peptides, which promote cell targeting, and cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) which enhance endocytotic cell internalization. Herein, it is demonstrated that GET peptide coatings can mediate sustained intracellular transduction of magnetic NPs (MNPs), even in the presence of serum or plasma. NP colloidal stability, physicochemical properties, toxicity and cellular uptake are investigated. Using label-free snapshot proteomics, time-resolved profiles of human plasma coronas formed on functionalized GET-MNPs demonstrate that coronae quickly form (<1 min), with their composition relatively stable but evolving. Importantly GET-MNPs present a subtly different corona composition to MNPs alone, consistent with GAG-binding activities. Understanding how NPs interact with biological systems and can retain enhanced intracellular transduction will facilitate novel drug delivery approaches for cell-type specific targeting of new nanomaterials.
Contributions of dangling end stacking and terminal base-pair formation to the stabilities of XGGCCp, XCCGGp, XGGCCYp, and XCCGGYp helixes (1985)

The role of stacking in terminal base-pair formation was studied by comparison of the stability increments for dangling ends to those for fully formed base pairs. Thermodynamic parameters were measured spectrophotometrically for helix formation of the hexanucleotides AGGCCUp, UGGCCAp, CGGCCGp, GCCGGCp, and UCCGGAp and for the corresponding pentanucleotides containing a 5'-dangling end on the GGCCp or CCGGp core helix. In 1 M NaCl at 1 X 10(-4) M strands, a 5'-dangling nucleotide in this series increases the duplex melting temperature (Tm) only 0-4 degrees C, about the same as adding a 5'-phosphate. In contrast, a 3'-dangling nucleotide increases the Tm at 1 X 10(-4) M strands 7-23 degrees C, depending on the sequence [Freier, S. M., Burger, B. J., Alkema, D., Neilson, T., & Turner, D. H. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 6198-6206]. These results are consistent with stacking patterns observed in A-form RNA. The stability increments from terminal A.U, C.G, or U.A base pairs on GGCC or a terminal U.A pair on CCGG are nearly equal to the sums of the stability increments from the corresponding dangling ends. This suggests stacking plays a large role in nucleic acid stability. The stability increment from the terminal base pairs in GCCGGCp, however, is about 5 times the sum of the corresponding dangling ends, suggesting hydrogen bonding can also make important contributions.
Artificial Chaperones: Protein Refolding via Sequential Use of Detergent and Cyclodextrin (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTArtificial Chaperones: Protein Refolding via Sequential Use of Detergent and CyclodextrinDavid Rozema and Samuel H. GellmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 8, 2373–2374Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00113a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00113a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1265Altmetric-Citations208LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Comparison of various doses of carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine for a carbon 13-labeled aminopyrine demethylation blood test in healthy dogs (2006)

The PCD is superior to CUMPCD for the quantification of aminopyrine demethylation. Administration of (13)C-(13)C-aminopyrine at a dose of 2 mg/kg is appropriate for use in the (13)C-aminopyrine demethylation blood test in healthy dogs.
‘Race', Housing and The City (2005)

The analysis which follows stems from a growing concern at the apparent inability of the literature, both beyond the discipline and within it, to provide a convincing theorisation of the structural position of Britain's minority populations within the housing market. Households of Indian and Pakistani origin are characterised as heavily concentrated in inner city terraced housing. Employing summaries of detailed analyses of 1991 Census data, this chapter aims to demonstrate that large-scale secondary data on factors such as tenure, dwelling type, amenities and levels of overcrowding can be used to interrogate existing theoretical debates. As research has consistently demonstrated a link between poor housing and ill health, housing quality is of prime importance. In sum, with a few notable exceptions, we appear to be witnessing a significant narrowing of ethnic differentials in tenure patterns. It was always a theoretically dubious argument to suggest that ethnicity could explain the different tenure patterns of the various minority groups.
Malunion of the Carpal Scaphoid (1988)

Amadio, P. C.; Linscheid, R. L.; Cooney, W. P. III, and; Berquist, T. H. Author Information
Cu(OTf)2 Catalyzed High Yield Synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridines. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An unusually facile thioallylic rearrangement - stereochemical evidence for a free radical chain mechanism (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn unusually facile thioallylic rearrangement - stereochemical evidence for a free radical chain mechanismAlan P. Kozikowski, Edward Huie, and James P. SpringerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 7, 2059–2060Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00371a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00371a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views106Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Calculation of the Emissivity of Luminous Flames (1973)

Abstract A simple analytical basis for determining the total emissivity of luminous flames is developed. The analysis considers flames whose dominant emitting species are water vapor, carbon dioxide and soot particles. Calculations are made to illustrate the relative importance of gas and soot emission under typical flame conditions.
Feasible Set Points With Positive Tensions for a Cable Suspended Robot With a Lyapunov Controller (2004)

This paper considers characterization of the admissible workspace of set-points for a cable-suspended robot with positive input constraints. The main steps are: find the range of system states in terms of set-points using the system’s error dynamics, use the constraint inequalities in a manner such that positive input constraints are satisfied. The feasible workspace obtained by the proposed method is compared with the workspace given by iterative simulations. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is illustrated by laboratory experiments on a six-degree-of-freedom cable-suspended robot.
National Survey of School Counselor Supervision (2001)

A sample of 267 American School Counseling Association members were surveyed regarding their current supervision, desire for clinical supervision, and rating of supervision goals. Although a small minority of respondents indicated that they were currently receiving supervision, a majority of respondents indicated a desire to receive supervision. Factor analysis of ratings of supervision goals resulted in 3 factors related to the foci or learning dimensions described in J. M. Bernard's (1997) Discrimination Model. Recommendations for counselor educators and school counselor supervisors are discussed.
Signatures of chaoticlike and nonchaoticlike behavior in a nonlinear quantum oscillator through photon detection (2005)

The driven nonlinear Duffing oscillator is a very good, and standard, example of a quantum mechanical system from which classical-like orbits can be recovered from unravelings of the master equation. In order to generate such trajectories in the phase space of this oscillator, in this paper we use the quantum jump unraveling together with a suitable application of the correspondence principle. We analyze the measured readout by considering the power spectra of photon counts produced by the quantum jumps. Here we show that localization of the wave packet from the measurement of the oscillator by the photon detector produces a concomitant structure in the power spectra of the measured output. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this spectral analysis can be used to distinguish between different modes of the underlying dynamics of the oscillator.
Data from Evaluation and Clinical Analyses of Downstream Targets of the Akt Inhibitor GDC-0068 (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; The oncogenic PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in cancer. However, it is unknown whether the pathway blockade required for tumor growth inhibition is clinically achievable. Therefore, we conducted pharmacodynamic studies with GDC-0068, an ATP competitive, selective Akt1/2/3 inhibitor, in preclinical models and in patients treated with this compound.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We used a reverse phase protein array (RPPA) platform to identify a biomarker set indicative of Akt inhibition in cell lines and human-tumor xenografts, and correlated the degree of pathway inhibition with antitumor activity. Akt pathway activity was measured using this biomarker set in pre- and post-dose tumor biopsies from patients treated with GDC-0068 in the dose escalation clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; The set of biomarkers of Akt inhibition is composed of 10 phosphoproteins, including Akt and PRAS40, and is modulated in a dose-dependent fashion, both &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. In human-tumor xenografts, this dose dependency significantly correlated with tumor growth inhibition. Tumor biopsies from patients treated with GDC-0068 at clinically achievable doses attained a degree of biomarker inhibition that correlated with tumor growth inhibition in preclinical models. In these clinical samples, compensatory feedback activation of ERK and HER3 was observed, consistent with preclinical observations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; This study identified a set of biomarkers of Akt inhibition that can be used in the clinical setting to assess target engagement. Here, it was used to show that robust Akt inhibition in tumors from patients treated with GDC-0068 is achievable, supporting the clinical development of this compound in defined patient populations. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 19(24); 6976–86. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The Lethal Phenotype of Cancer: The Molecular Basis of Death Due to Malignancy (2007)

The last decade has seen an explosion in knowledge of the molecular basis and treatment of cancer. The molecular events that define the lethal phenotype of various cancers--the genetic and cellular alterations that lead to a cancer with a poor or incurable prognosis--are being defined. While these studies describe the cellular events of the lethal phenotype of cancer in detail, how these events result in the common clinical syndromes that kill the majority of cancer patients is not well understood. It is clear that the central step that makes most cancers incurable is metastasis. Understanding the traits that a cancer acquires to successfully grow and metastasize to distant sites gives insight into how tumors produce multiple factors that result in multiple different clinical syndromes that are lethal for the patient.
Utilizing the Unique Properties of Nanowire MOSFETs for RF Applications (2013)

Nanostructures have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential usefulness for high density applications. More importantly, they offer excellent avenues for improved scaling beyond conventional approaches. Less attention has been paid to their intrinsic potential for distinct circuit applications. Here we discuss how a combination of 1-D transport, operation in the quantum capacitance limit, and ballistic transport can be utilized for certain RF applications. In particular this work explores how the above transport properties can provide a high degree of transconductance linearity at the device level. The article also discusses how device characteristics can be interpreted and analyzed in terms of device linearity if the above conditions are not ideally fulfilled. Using aggressively scaled silicon nanowire field-effect transistors as an example device in this work provides new insights toward the proper choice of channel material to improve linearity through the above-mentioned transport conditions. According to this study, a high degree of linearity occurs feasible while operating at low supply voltages making low-dimensional systems, and here in particular nanowires, an interesting candidate for portable RF applications.
Higher-Order Side-Channel Protected Implementations of KECCAK (2017)

The efficient protection of security critical devices against side-channel analysis attacks is a fundamental need in the age of Internet of Things and ubiquitous computing. In this work, we introduce a configurable hardware design of KECCAK (SHA-3) which can be tailored to fulfill the needs of a wide range of different applications. Our KECCAK design is therefore equipped with generic side-channel protection capabilities. The design can thus be synthesized for any desired protection level by just changing one design parameter.Regardless of its generic appearance, the introduced KECCAK design yields the smallest (15.7 kGE) first-order protected KECCAK implementation published to this date. Furthermore, it is to the best of our knowledge the first higher-order side-channel resistant implementation of KECCAK. In total, we state results for four different KECCAK variants up to the ninth protection order.