gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The gradient of parafoveal crowding (2019)

The spatial extent of interference from nearby stimuli (“crowding”) has been well-mapped in the visual periphery, where its magnitude is strong. The exact dimensions of the crowding zone in the fovea and parafovea have been more elusive, however, since identification targets at threshold sizes in central vision are strongly affected by blur and eye movements. To combat these technical limitations we used adaptive optics (AO) to present optimally-corrected stimuli to the eye, permitting precise retinal targeting and the use of stimuli smaller and brighter than possible with conventional displays. In an AO scanning-laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO), we measured crowding zones for Tumbling-E targets flanked by four Tumbling-Es in the fovea and at 1° eccentricity. The 1.5° raster resulted in a pixel size of ~0.18′. In separate experimental runs, QUEST controlled the size of letters flanked at nominal edge-to-edge spacings of 1, 2, or 4 times the letters size, as well as unflanked items. Letter sizes resulting in asymptotic (unflanked) performance of ~90% correct were used to compute crowding zones. The corresponding letters had a bar-width of ~0.7′ and ~1.27′ at the fovea and 1°, respectively. To determine the critical spacing for crowding, we fitted an exponential function to the performance versus flanker spacing curves. Using a strict criterion of >95% of the asymptotic performance level, we estimated critical spacings of 1.3′ and 5.1′ edge-to-edge, for the fovea and 1°, respectively. The corresponding E2 values (eccentricity where foveal thresholds double) were 1.3° for resolution and 0.34° for the critical spacing, in good agreement with previous work showing the anatomical versus neural loci of these tasks. While there remains some debate about the exact relationship between foveal and peripheral crowding, these results bridge these two regimes, revealing the smooth gradient when limiting factors can be effectively controlled.
Intrasacral Rod Fixation for Pediatric Long Spinal Fusion: Results of a Prospective Study With a Minimum 5-year Follow-up (2009)

This consecutive series provides level IV evidence.
448-Gb/s Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM Transmission Over 2000 km of Ultra-Large-Area Fiber and Five 80-GHz-Grid ROADMs (2010)

We propose a novel coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) scheme with reduced guard interval (RGI) for high-speed high-spectral-efficiency long-haul optical transmission. In this scheme, fiber chromatic dispersion is compensated for within the receiver rather than being accommodated by the guard interval (GI) as in conventional CO-OFDM, thereby reducing the needed GI, especially when fiber dispersion is large. We demonstrate the generation of a 448-Gb/s RGI-CO-OFDM signal with 16-QAM subcarrier modulation through orthogonal band multiplexing. This signal occupies an optical bandwidth of 60 GHz, and is transmitted over 2000 km of ultra-large-area fiber (ULAF) with five passes through an 80-GHz-grid wavelength-selective switch. Banded digital coherent detection with two detection bands is used to receive this 448-Gb/s signal. Wavelength-division multiplexed transmission of three 80-GHz spaced 448-Gb/s RGI-CO-OFDM channels is also demonstrated, achieving a net system spectral efficiency of 5.2 b/s/Hz and a transmission distance of 1600 km of ULAF.
Detecting reactive drug metabolites for reducing the potential for drug toxicity (2015)

Information derived from state-of-art mechanistic drug metabolism studies can be used successfully to direct medicinal chemistry towards the synthesis of candidate drugs devoid of bioactivation liabilities, while maintaining desired pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties.
Noninvasive imaging of immune responses (2015)

At their margins, tumors often contain neutrophils, dendritic cells, and activated macrophages, which express class II MHC and CD11b products. The interplay between stromal cells, tumor cells, and migratory cells such as lymphocytes creates opportunities for noninvasive imaging of immune responses. We developed alpaca-derived antibody fragments specific for mouse class II MHC and CD11b products, expressed on the surface of a variety of myeloid cells. We validated these reagents by flow cytometry and two-photon microscopy to obtain images at cellular resolution. To enable noninvasive imaging of the targeted cell populations, we developed a method to site-specifically label VHHs [the variable domain (V[subscript H]) of a camelid heavy-chain only antibody] with [superscript 18]F or [superscript 64]Cu. Radiolabeled VHHs rapidly cleared the circulation (t[subscript 1/2] ≈ 20 min) and clearly visualized lymphoid organs. We used VHHs to explore the possibility of imaging inflammation in both xenogeneic and syngeneic tumor models, which resulted in detection of tumors with remarkable specificity. We also imaged the infiltration of myeloid cells upon injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant. Both anti-class II MHC and anti-CD11b VHHs detected inflammation with excellent specificity. Given the ease of manufacture and labeling of VHHs, we believe that this method could transform the manner in which antitumor responses and/or infectious events may be tracked.
Table S6 from The Impact of Smoking and TP53 Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients with Targetable Mutations—The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium (LCMC2) (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 6. TP53 mutations seen in subjects in LCMC2, and categorization as disruptive or nondisruptive.&lt;/p&gt;
Sparsity control for robust principal component analysis (2010)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for high-dimensional data analysis, with well-documented applications in computer vision, preference measurement, and bioinformatics. In this context, the fresh look advocated here permeates benefits from variable selection and compressive sampling, to robustify PCA against outliers. A least-trimmed squares estimator of a low-rank component analysis model is shown closely related to that obtained from an ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -(pseudo)norm-regularized criterion encouraging sparsity in a matrix explicitly modeling the outliers. This connection suggests efficient (approximate) solvers based on convex relaxation, which lead naturally to a family of robust estimators subsuming Huber's optimal M-class. Outliers are identified by tuning a regularization parameter, which amounts to controlling the sparsity of the outlier matrix along the whole robustification path of (group)-Lasso solutions. Novel algorithms are developed to: (i) estimate the low-rank data model both robustly and adaptively; and (ii) determine principal components robustly in (possibly) infinite-dimensional feature spaces. Numerical tests corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed robust PCA scheme for a video surveillance task.
Space-based Solar Power: Possible Defense Applications and Opportunities for NRL Contributions (2009)

Abstract : The principal objective of this Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) SBSP study was to determine if NRL can offer a unique, cost-effective, and efficient approach to supplying significant power on demand for Navy, Marine Corps, or other Department of Defense applications by employing a space-based solar power system. This study was initiated by and prepared for top NRL management in part as result of the publication of the National Security Space Office's (NSSO) report Space-Based Solar Power as an Opportunity for Strategic Security. This report reviews some of the critical technology issues for SBSP and highlights relevant research areas, particularly those that NRL is technically qualified to address. It must be noted that the principal objective of this study differs significantly from the multitude of previous studies performed in reference to SBSP in that it focuses on defense rather than utility grid applications. A secondary objective was to determine possible funding agencies that would entertain a broad NRL proposal to perform research and development for elements of such a system.
A phosphatase inhibitor enhances the DNase I sensitivity of active chromatin (1991)

Although it is well-known that active domains of chromatin have elevated DNase I sensitivity, it can be difficult to observe preferential sensitivity in many cell types. We show that the DNase I sensitivity of active chromatin is enhanced some 10-fold by treating nuclei with the phosphatase inhibitor p-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonic acid (CMBS) whereas DNase I sensitivity in inactive domains is only 3-fold higher. We further show that CMBS-enhanced DNase I sensitivity is associated with at least two histone modifications. First, the negatively charged CMBS molecule becomes covalently attached to the thiol groups on histone H3. Second, histone H2A phosphorylation is significantly elevated in treated nuclei. The phosphorylation data along with other results point to the possibility that H2A phosphorylation plays a role in enhancing preferential DNase I sensitivity. Whatever the mechanism, CMBS treatment of nuclei followed by DNase I digestion provides a novel and reproducible assay for probing the chromatin structure of active domains.
Supplemental material from <i>dcmqi</i>: An Open Source Library for Standardized Communication of Quantitative Image Analysis Results Using DICOM (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Background and details about the functionality of the software that could not be included in the main manuscript due to the size constraints.&lt;/p&gt;
Flash-Type A/D Converters And Shift Registers (1988)

We have studied a variety of circuits for low-accuracy (4-bit) A/D converters; these have been of two types. The &quot;periodic-threshold&quot; type requires only one comparator for each bit. The &quot;fully parallel&quot; configuration requires one comparator for each digital level (15 for 4 bits). Results for both types of A/D converter will be sum-marized. The periodic-threshold type of circuit depends on the quan-tum interferometric property of Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Periodic-threshold circuits using two junction SQUIDs are limited to 1-2 GHz of analog bandwidth. Two different circuits for the fully parallel type of A/D converter circuit have been studied. One employs latching comparators for each of the levels and the comparators drive a novel binary encoder. Simulations show that the analog bandwidth is at least 3.5 GHz. Another fully parallel A/D converter circuit uses the bistability of a single junction SQUID to achieve high sensitivity, and the rapid switching of such a SQUID to obtain the short aperture time needed for wideband A/D conversion. Simulations indicate an analog bandwidth of about 5 GHz. Our simulations of shift-register circuits show that a circuit with a three-phase clock and three AND gates per bit can operate at least to 25 GHz. A two-phase circuit, in which current is diverted to one or the other branch of a superconducting loop to indicate a &quot;1&quot; or &quot;0,&quot; has been shown by simulation to operate correctly when clocked at 62.5 GHz.
S ‐nitrosated α‐1‐acid glycoprotein kills drug‐resistant bacteria and aids survival in sepsis (2012)

Treating infections with exogenous NO, which shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, appears to be effective. Similar to NO biosynthesis, biosynthesis of α-1-acid glycoprotein variant A (AGPa), with a reduced cysteine (Cys149), increases markedly during inflammation and infection. We hypothesized that AGPa is an S-nitrosation target in acute-phase proteins. This study aimed to determine whether S-nitrosated AGPa (SNO-AGPa) may be the first compound of this novel antibacterial class against multidrug-resistant bacteria. AGPa was incubated with RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. The antimicrobial effects of SNO-AGPa were determined by measuring the turbidity of the bacterial suspensions in vitro and survival in a murine sepsis model in vivo, respectively. Results indicated that endogenous NO generated by activated RAW264.7 cells caused S-nitrosation of AGPa at Cys149. SNO-AGPa strongly inhibited growth of gram-positive, gram-negative, and multidrug-resistant bacteria and was an extremely potent bacteriostatic compound (IC(50): 10(-9) to 10(-6) M). The antibacterial mechanism of SNO-AGPa involves S-transnitrosation from SNO-AGPa to bacterial cells. Treatment with SNO-AGPa, but not with AGPa, markedly reduced bacterial counts in blood and liver in a mouse sepsis model. The sialyl residues of AGPa seem to suppress the antibacterial activity, since SNO-asialo AGPa was more potent than SNO-AGPa.
Dual Drive and Emission Panel (2005)

We propose double-faced organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) of a dual drive and emission (DDE) panel. Two OLEDs with two transparent electrodes for data signals and an intermediate reflective electrode for the common scan signal are independently operated. The typical structure of a stacking device is transparent electrode (1)/organic layer (1)/interlayer electrode/organic layer (2)/transparent electrode (2) on a glass substrate. Symmetric bright emission could be obtained using AlNd as the interlayer electrode and MoO 3 as the hole injection layer for the upper OLED. The proposed device is useful for emissive double-faced panels displaying different images.
Toxicological profiles of Carbamazepine, Gabapentin and their combination at high therapeutic doses in rat (2014)

Combination therapy is an effective strategy in management of many health problems. There is some evidence which support a pharmaco-mechanistic way to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) combination. The effectiveness of combination therapy as a treatment strategy for epilepsy and diabetic neuropathy is undergoing reassessment. This is a result of the increasing gratitude that all seizures and neuropathy pain cannot be managed by monotherapy in a significant percentage of patients, and of the development of a range of new AEDs some of these medications are well tolerated and less prone to complex pharmacokinetic drug interactions than their older generations. A combination of two antiepileptic drugs can be used when there is absence of benefit of one or two different monotherapy regimens.
 The main objective of this research is to investigate the unwanted effects of using high therapeutic doses in case of combination between two medications. 
Thirty five adult female Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 200–225 g are used in this experiment. All animals were housed in groups of 2-3 in a temperature (22±1 oc), relative-humidity (60–70%) controlled room on a 12:12-h light/dark cycle and allowed free access to water and normal diet for rodents. Animal care complied with that stipulated by the local ethics committee. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 7 animals each as follows: group 1= GBP (250mg/kg), group 2= CBZ (80 mg/kg), group 3=GBP+CBZ (250+80 mg/kg), group 4=GBP+CBZ (125+40 mg/kg), group 5= control (distilled water) (0.6 ml/day).
Gabapentin (Neurontin, Pfizer, USA) was suspended in distilled water and administered 3 times daily. Carbamazepine liquid (Novartis, Switzerland) administered one times daily. Drugs were administered to rats by oral gavage method for one month. 
Animals from control and treated groups were sacrificed; dissected and small pieces of the liver and kidney were quickly removed, then fixed in 10% formalin. Following fixation, specimens were dehydrated, embedded, and then sectioned to 4 microns thickness. For histological examinations, sections were stained with Ehrlich Haematoxylin and Eosin. Blood samples are collected from all groups for biochemicals analysis.
In conclusion, treatment with maximum therapeutic dose of GBP, CBZ and their combination may cause serious adverse effects. In spite of there is no pharmacokinetic interaction between these medications but there are many histopathological and biochemical abnormalities found in this study. Finally, combination therapies need to examine thoroughly regarding efficacy and unwanted effects to avoid any serious complications.
Effects of multi-species probiotic supplementation on alcohol metabolism in rats (2021)

Probiotics are known to protect against liver damage induced by the alcohol and acetaldehyde accumulation associated with alcohol intake. However, there have been few studies of the direct effect of probiotics on alcohol metabolism, and the types of probiotics that were previously analyzed were few in number. Here, we investigated the effects of 19 probiotic species on alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism. Four probiotic species that had a relatively high tolerance to alcohol and metabolized alcohol and acetaldehyde effectively were identified: Lactobacillus gasseri CBT LGA1, Lactobacillus casei CBT LC5, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3, and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3. These species also demonstrated high mRNA expression of alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. ProAP4, a mixture of these four probiotics species and excipient, was then administered to rats for 2 weeks in advance of acute alcohol administration. The serum alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly lower in the ProAP4-administered group than in the control and excipient groups. Thus, the administration of ProAP4, containing four probiotic species, quickly lowers blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in an alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenasedependent manner. Furthermore, the serum alanine aminotransferase activity, which is indicative of liver damage, was significantly lower in the ProAP4 group than in the control group. The present findings suggest that ProAP4 may be an effective means of limiting alcohol-induced liver damage.
Mitigating the Effects of Local Flexibility at the Built-In Ends of Cantilever Beams (2004)

Local distortion at the built-in ends of cantilever beams can lead to significant errors when models assume the support to be perfectly rigid. This paper presents a novel approach for mitigating this effect, using appropriately sized fillets to provide the additional stiffness needed to make simplified models more accurate and reduce stress concentrations. The optimal nondimensional fillet radius, called the optimal fillet ratio, is shown to be nearly constant for a wide range of geometries under predominantly bending loads, making it a useful parameter in the design of planar monolithic flexible mechanisms.
G3, GENETICS, and the GSA: Two Journals, One Mission (2011)

With the June launch of its open-access journal G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics, the Genetics Society of America (GSA) now offers two peer-edited journals. The missions of G3 and GENETICS are fundamentally the same: to provide a forum for timely communication of the latest findings in genetics, selected by editors who are the authors' peers. But the scopes of the two journals are different. Why offer two journals?
Preparation of 8‐Amido‐2‐dimethylamino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐dibenzofurans and Several Fluorinated Derivatives via [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of O‐Aryloximes. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition of TiO2/polymer composite layers (1994)

Injection of titanium tetraisopropoxide {Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4} monomer into a glow discharge results in the deposition of TiO2moieties dispersed throughout a polymeric matrix. These layers have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and infrared spectroscopy. It is has been found that a wide range of TiO2/polymer composite stoichiometries can be obtained by simply varying the glow discharge parameters.
Full Swing Gate Diffusion Input Based NCL Threshold Gates (2020)

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of Null Convention Logic threshold gates using Gate Diffusion Input design methodology. Power and delay are the metrics of comparison between the proposed Gate Diffusion Input based Null Convention Logic gates and the conventional Null Convention Logic gates developed in literature. The efficiency of the proposed gates is illustrated by the design and simulation of NCL threshold gates using FSGDI and comparing the same with conventional static CMOS gates. The proposed FSGDI NCL gates offered 37%, 23% and 44% reduction in average power, average delay and average power delay product. Keywords: FSGDI, full swing gate diffusion input, gate diffusion input, GDI, low power, NCL, NCL threshold gates, null convention logic Cite this Article: Anitha Juliette Albert, Murugan R., Muthammal R. Full swing gate diffusion input based NCL threshold gates. International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices. 2020; 6(1): 13–20p.
Upregulation of α1-adrenoceptors on cutaneous nerve fibres after partial sciatic nerve ligation and in complex regional pain syndrome type II (2013)

After peripheral nerve injury, nociceptive afferents acquire an abnormal excitability to adrenergic agents, possibly due to an enhanced expression of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) on these nerve fibres. To investigate this in the present study, changes in α1-AR expression on nerve fibres in the skin and sciatic nerve trunk were assessed using immunohistochemistry in an animal model of neuropathic pain involving partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. In addition, α1-AR expression on nerve fibres was examined in painful and unaffected skin of patients who developed complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after a peripheral nerve injury (CRPS type II). Four days after partial ligation of the sciatic nerve, α1-AR expression was greater on dermal nerve fibres that survived the injury than on dermal nerve fibres after sham surgery. This heightened α1-AR expression was observed on nonpeptidergic nociceptive afferents in the injured sciatic nerve, dermal nerve bundles, and the papillary dermis. Heightened expression of α1-AR in dermal nerve bundles after peripheral nerve injury also colocalized with neurofilament 200, a marker of myelinated nerve fibres. In each patient examined, α1-AR expression was greater on nerve fibres in skin affected by CRPS than in unaffected skin from the same patient or from pain-free controls. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence for an upregulation of α1-ARs on cutaneous nociceptive afferents after peripheral nerve injury. Activation of these receptors by circulating or locally secreted catecholamines might contribute to chronic pain in CRPS type II.
A safe operating area model for SOI lateral IGBTs (2002)

This paper reports, for the first time, a mechanism, which limits the safe operating area (RBSOA). We numerically verify that a RBSOA limiting mechanism is that the device breakdown voltage dynamically reduces when the net positive sheet charge in the SOI layer exceeds the optimum positive sheet charge determined by the SOI-Resurf principle. It was found that the forward SOA for the steady conduction state is far larger than the reverse SOA for switching transients.
Closed Brayton energy conversion system of the solar or nuclear power for manned Martian mission electric thrusters power source (2002)

Proceeding from a modern state of technology development, one can make a conclusion that electric thrusters (ET) will be used in a near term manned Martian spacecraft. The closed Brayton energy conversion system (CBECS), having very high efficiency in MWe level of electrical power, is the most preferable for the electric thrusters power supply, as it can be used both in nuclear power systems (PS), and in ecologically pure, solar PS. Accumulated technical work already done in a space, transport and stationary closed Brayton PS, and also wide experience of the open gas turbine exploitation available in Russia, has been used in the Mars exploration program. For a one year manned Martian mission, a comparison between a nuclear and solar three-modular PS with CBECS with a total electrical power of 15 MWe is carried out. The each 5 MWe CBECS of these PS is designed on high-recuperative scheme with intermediate cooling between compressors.