gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protocols for the Optimal Design of Multi‐Functional Cellular Structures: From Hypersonics to Micro‐Architected Materials (2011)

Cellular materials with periodic architectures have been extensively investigated over the past decade for their potential to provide multifunctional solutions for a variety of applications, including lightweight thermo‐structural panels, blast resistant structures, and high‐authority morphing components. Stiffer and stronger than stochastic foams, periodic cellular materials lend themselves well to geometry optimization, enabling a high degree of tailorability and superior performance benefits. This article reviews a commonly established optimal design protocol, extensively adopted at the macro‐scale for both single and multifunctional structures. Two prototypical examples are discussed: the design of strong and lightweight sandwich beams subject to mechanical loads and the combined material/geometry optimization of actively cooled combustors for hypersonic vehicles. With this body of literature in mind, we present a motivation for the development of micro‐architected materials , namely periodic multiscale cellular materials with overall macroscopic dimensions yet with features (such as the unit cell or subunit cell constituents) at the micro‐ or nano‐scale. We review a suite of viable manufacturing approaches and discuss the need for advanced experimental tools, numerical models, and optimization strategies. In analyzing challenges and opportunities, we conclude that the technology is approaching maturity for the development of micro‐architected materials with unprecedented combinations of properties (e.g., specific stiffness and strength), with tremendous potential impact on a number of fields.
A FeFET based super-low-power ultra-fast embedded NVM technology for 22nm FDSOI and beyond (2017)

We show the implementation of a ferroelectric field effect transistor (FeFET) based eNVM solution into a leading edge 22nm FDSOI CMOS technology. Memory windows of 1.5 V are demonstrated in aggressively scaled FeFET cells with an area as small as 0.025 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> At this point program/erase endurance cycles up to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> are supported. Complex pattern are written into 32 MBit arrays using ultrafast program/erase pulses in a 10 ns range at 4.2 V. High temperature retention up to 300 °C is achieved. It makes FeFET based eNVM a viable choice for overall low-cost and low-power IoT applications in 22nm and beyond technology nodes.
Negative Selection of Precursor Thymocytes Before their Differentiation into CD4 + CD8 + Cells (1992)

Thymic selection of the developing T cell repertoire is thought to occur at the CD4+CD8+ stage of differentiation and to be determined by the specificity of the T cell receptors (TCRs) that CD4+CD8+ thymocytes express. However, TCR signals can inhibit the differentiation of precursor thymocytes into CD4+CD8+ cells, which suggests that selection might occur earlier than thought. Indeed, in a negatively selecting male thymus, CD4-CD8lo precursor thymocytes that express a transgenic TCR to male antigen are developmentally arrested as a consequence of antigen encounter and fail to become CD4+CD8+. Thus, negative selection can occur before the CD4+CD8+ stage of differentiation.
ZrO2 optical coatings with high toughness deposited by magnetron sputtering (2022)

ZrO 2 coatings deposited by low duty cycle pulsed DC magnetron sputtering exhibit good optical properties, low compressive stress (-110 MPa), and excellent mechanical properties (a hardness of ~14 GPa, a toughness of &gt; 3 MPa∙m -2 ).
Wear Reduction via CNT Coatings in Electrical Contacts Subjected to Fretting (2023)

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are of great interest to the research community due to their outstanding mechanical, transport, and optical properties. These nanoparticles have also shown exceptional lubricating capabilities, which coupled with their electrical conductivity show promising results as solid lubricants in electrical contacts. In this study, three different CNT coatings were deposited over copper platelets via electrophoretic deposition and subsequently tribo-electrically characterized including electrical contact resistance evolution during fretting wear, wear protection, chemical analysis of fretting marks, as well as influence of CNT coating thickness, duration and normal load applied during fretting, and atmospheric humidity. Thicker CNT coatings show improved wear protection while retaining similar electrical behavior as uncoated copper, or even improving its electrical contact resistance. Moreover, the compaction of the porous CNT coating is crucial for optimal electrical performance at low humidity. For longer fretting tests (150,000 and 500,000 cycles), the coatings are displaced thus affecting the wear protection offered. However, the coatings stabilize and reduce ECR compared to uncoated samples. Furthermore, thicker CNT coatings can bear higher loads during fretting due to the increased lubricant reservoir, with carbonaceous tribofilm remaining at the contacting interface after 5,000 fretting cycles regardless of normal load. Graphical Abstract
Limitations of Sector Mesh Geometry and Initial Conditions to Model Flow and Mixture Formation in Direct-Injection Diesel Engines (2019)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Sector mesh modeling is the dominant computational approach for combustion system design optimization. The aim of this work is to quantify the errors descending from the sector mesh approach through three geometric modeling approaches to an optical diesel engine. A full engine geometry mesh is created, including valves and intake and exhaust ports and runners, and a full-cycle flow simulation is performed until fired TDC. Next, an axisymmetric sector cylinder mesh is initialized with homogeneous bulk in-cylinder initial conditions initialized from the full-cycle simulation. Finally, a 360-degree azimuthal mesh of the cylinder is initialized with flow and thermodynamics fields at IVC mapped from the full engine geometry using a conservative interpolation approach. A study of the in-cylinder flow features until TDC showed that the geometric features on the cylinder head (valve tilt and protrusion into the combustion chamber, valve recesses) have a large impact on flow complexity. As a result, errors in near-TDC swirl ratio, vortex structure and turbulence availability were seen when employing sector meshing, even if a 360-degree sector, with direct IVC flow mapping, was used. During injection, lack of geometric details on the head led to the inability to predict the formation of an upper recirculation region on the tumbling plane, above the piston step, which has been associated with thermal efficiency benefits with the stepped-lip bowl. Initialization of the flow anisotropies in the cylinder resulting from the intake process at IVC were instead seen to have a smaller effect. The results also showed that tuning IVC quantities in a sector mesh cannot effectively compensate for its missing geometric and flow details.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Editorial: Intestinal epithelial barrier disruption by enteric pathogens (2023)

EDITORIAL article Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13 January 2023Sec. Microbiome in Health and Disease Volume 13 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1134753
Abstract 4837: Tumor microenvironment contributes to RAF-inhibitor resistance through HGF secretion (2012)

Abstract Drug resistance remains a vexing problem in the treatment of cancer patients. While many studies have focused on cell autonomous mechanisms of drug resistance, we hypothesized that the tumor microenvironment may confer innate resistance to therapy. We employed a novel co-culture assay to systematically assay the ability of 23 stromal cell types to influence the sensitivity of 45 cancer cell lines to 35 anti-cancer drugs testing more than 15,000 cancer-stroma-drug combinations. We found that stroma-mediated resistance is surprisingly common - particularly to targeted chemotherapies. We decided to further characterize the stroma-mediated resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma to RAF inhibition because most patients exhibit some degree of innate resistance. Proteomic analysis showed that stromal secretion of the growth factor hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) resulted in activation of the HGF receptor MET, reactivation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, and immediate resistance to RAF inhibition. Immunohistochemistry confirmed tumor stromal HGF expression in 11 out of 15 patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma. Among these patients, only one experienced a complete response, and that patient was negative for stromal HGF, consistent with our prediction of HGF-mediated RAF-inhibitor resistance. In contrast, of 6 evaluable patients with stable disease 4 had particularly high levels of stromal HGF expression. Dual inhibition of RAF and MET in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines resulted in reversal of drug resistance, suggesting RAF/MET combination therapy as a potential therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant melanoma. A similar resistance mechanism was uncovered in a subset of BRAF-mutant colorectal and glioblastoma cell lines. Interestingly, the activation of MET in these cell lines was cell autonomous, caused, for example, by autocrine secretion of HGF and resulting in complete resistance to RAF inhibitors even in the absence of stromal cells. Treatment with a MET inhibitor re-sensitized these cell lines to RAF inhibitors suggesting the same RAF/MET combination therapy for non-melanoma BRAF mutant cancers as well. More generally, these studies indicate that the systematic dissection of tumor-microenvironment interactions may reveal important mechanisms underlying drug resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4837. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4837
Power-Bandwidth Tradeoff in Multiuser Relay Channels with Opportunistic Scheduling (2008)

The goal of this paper is to understand the key merits of multihop relaying techniques jointly in terms of their energy efficiency and spectral efficiency advantages in the presence of multiuser diversity gains from opportunistic (i.e., channel-aware) scheduling and identify the regimes and conditions in which relay-assisted multiuser communication provides a clear advantage over direct multiuser communication. For this purpose, we use Shannon-theoretic tools to analyze the tradeoff between energy efficiency and spectral efficiency (known as the power-bandwidth tradeoff) over a fading multiuser relay channel with $K$ users in the asymptotic regime of large (but finite) number of users (i.e., dense network). Benefiting from the extreme-value theoretic results of \cite{Oyman_isit07}, we characterize the power-bandwidth tradeoff and the associated energy and spectral efficiency measures of the bandwidth-limited high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and power-limited low SNR regimes, and utilize them in investigating the large system behavior of the multiuser relay channel as a function of the number of users and physical channel SNRs. Our analysis results in very accurate closed-form formulas in the large (but finite) $K$ regime that quantify energy and spectral efficiency performance, and provides insights on the impact of multihop relaying and multiuser diversity techniques on the power-bandwidth tradeoff.
Anti-contractile and anti-proliferative responses in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells induced by ACT-333679, the active metabolite of selexipag, a non-prostanoid selective prostacyclin receptor agonist (2014)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) are major contributors to PAH pathology by displaying increased contractile and proliferative behavior. Stimulation of the prostacyclin (IP) receptor in PASMC leads to intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation, and increases in cAMP levels are known to reduce cellular proliferation and to inhibit cellular contraction via cellular hyperpolarization and cytoskeletal desensitization. In this study we analyzed the signaling cascades and phenotypic changes in human PASMC induced by the non-prostanoid IP receptor agonist ACT-333679, the active metabolite of the oral experimental PAH drug selexipag. ACT-333679 potently induced intracellular cAMP accumulation (EC 50 =265 nM) and mediated long-lasting (&gt;10h) membrane potential hyperpolarization (EC 50 =32 nM). Impedance measurements showed that ACT-333679 induced long-lasting (&gt;10h) and pronounced PASMC shape change (EC 50 = 4.3 nM). Additionally, ACT-333679 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-BB-stimulated proliferation ( 3 H-thymidine incorporation) in PASMC (IC 50 =2.9 nM). In summary, ACT-333679 activated a GPCR signaling cascade in PASMC leading to cAMP accumulation, cellular hyperpolarization and shape change, as well as inhibition of cellular proliferation. ACT-333679 potency increased ∼100-fold from the receptor-proximal cAMP readout to the receptor-distal therapeutically-relevant phenotypic readouts.
Highly Conjugated Ionic Polyacetylenes: Thin-Film Processing and Potential Applications (1998)

Processible, highly conjugated polyacetylenes (PAs) may sound like a contradiction in terms, since PAs are insoluble, infusible, and electrically unstable. However, a recent attempt to overcome these limitations by introducing one or two ionic charges into each repeat unit (see Figure) was successful. Amphiphilic systems, composites, and blends are described, together with some features of the resulting films.
Semisynthesis of sperm whale myoglobin by fragment condensation. (1982)

Reconstruction of the sperm whale myoglobin structure was accomplished by a series of aqueous condensations of suitably protected synthetic myoglobin fragments to a large fragment prepared from the native protein. Reaction of N alpha,N epsilon 19-acetimidomyoglobin with 3-bromo-2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)skatole (BNPS-skatole) yielded the fragment corresponding to residues 15-153. The covalent structure was reformed by sequential coupling of the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of o-nitrophenylsulfenyl-L-tryptophan (residue 14) and selectively protected peptides corresponding to residues 1-5 and 6-13, which were synthesized by the solid-phase method and removed from the resin by methoxide-catalyzed methanolysis. A mixed aqueous solvent system containing methanol and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine/trifluoroacetic acid buffer (Quadrol) solubilized the peptide and protein fragments during the condensations. Replacement of the heme moiety and immunoaffinity chromatography made possible the isolation and purification of the reconstructed native molecule. The development of this nondestructive synthetic procedure allows investigation of the structural and functional significance of individual residues by isotopic enrichment or selective amino acid substitutions.
2-Hydroxyglutarate inIDHmutant acute myeloid leukemia: predicting patient responses, minimal residual disease and correlations with methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine levels (2012)

Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes are recurrent, frequent and prognostic in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). IDH1 and IDH2 encode nicotinamide adenine dinucle...
Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Linear and Star Block Copolymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2006)

Abstract Summary: Well‐defined styrene (S) and butyl acrylate (BA) linear and star‐like block copolymers are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using di‐ and trifunctional alkyl halide initiators employing the Cu/PMDETA ( N , N , N ′, N ″, N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) catalyst system. Initial addition of Cu II deactivator and utilization of halogen exchange techniques suppresses the coupling of radicals and improves cross‐propagation to a large extent, which results in better control over the polymerization. Two types of star‐like PBA/PS block copolymers are prepared by using core‐first techniques: a trifunctional PBA or PS macroinitiator extended with the other monomer. Block copolymers with a well‐defined structure and low polydispersity (PDI = $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ ) are obtained in both cases. A trifunctional PBA 3 macroinitiator with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 136 000 g · mol −1 and PDI = 1.15 is extended to (PBA‐PS) 3 star‐like block copolymer with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 171 100 g · mol −1 and PDI = 1.15. A trifunctional PS 3 macroinitiator with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 27 000 g · mol −1 and PDI = 1.16 g · mol −1 is extended to (PS‐PBA) 3 with $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 91 500 g · mol −1 and PDI = 1.40. The individual star‐like macromolecules as well as their aggregates are visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) where the PS and PBA adopt the globular and extended conformation, respectively. For the PBA core star block copolymers, PS segments tend to aggregate either intramolecularly or intermolecularly. PS core star block copolymers form aggregates with a PS core and emanating PBA chains. Most aggregates have ‘ n × 3’ arms but minor amounts of ‘defective’ stars with 4, 5, 8, or 11 arms are also observed. The AFM analysis shows that PS core star block copolymers contain about 92% three‐arm block copolymers, and the efficiency of cross‐propagation is 97.3%. Schematic representation of the synthesis of BA/S star‐like block copolymers by ATRP, and their resultant AFM images. image Schematic representation of the synthesis of BA/S star‐like block copolymers by ATRP, and their resultant AFM images.
Ultrafast Wiggling and Jiggling: Ir_2(1,8-diisocyanomenthane)_4^(2+) (2017)

Binuclear complexes of d^8 metals (Pt^(II), Ir^I, Rh^I,) exhibit diverse photonic behavior, including dual emission from relatively long-lived singlet and triplet excited states, as well as photochemical energy, electron, and atom transfer. Time-resolved optical spectroscopic and X-ray studies have revealed the behavior of the dimetallic core, confirming that M–M bonding is strengthened upon dσ* → pσ excitation. We report the bridging ligand dynamics of Ir2(1,8-diisocyanomenthane)_4^(2+)(Ir(dimen)), investigated by fs–ns time-resolved IR spectroscopy (TRIR) in the region of C≡N stretching vibrations, ν(C≡N), 2000–2300 cm^(–1). The ν(C≡N) IR band of the singlet and triplet dσ*pσ excited states is shifted by −22 and −16 cm^(–1) relative to the ground state due to delocalization of the pσ LUMO over the bridging ligands. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of the ^1dσ*pσ state depend on the initially excited Franck–Condon molecular geometry, whereby the same relaxed singlet excited state is populated by two different pathways depending on the starting point at the excited-state potential energy surface. Exciting the long/eclipsed isomer triggers two-stage structural relaxation: 0.5 ps large-scale Ir–Ir contraction and 5 ps Ir–Ir contraction/intramolecular rotation. Exciting the short/twisted isomer induces a ∼5 ps bond shortening combined with vibrational cooling. Intersystem crossing (70 ps) follows, populating a ^3dσ*pσ state that lives for hundreds of nanoseconds. During the first 2 ps, the ν(C≡N) IR bandwidth oscillates with the frequency of the ν(Ir–Ir) wave packet, ca. 80 cm^(–1), indicating that the dephasing time of the high-frequency (16 fs)^(−1) C≡N stretch responds to much slower (∼400 fs)^(−1)Ir–Ir coherent oscillations. We conclude that the bonding and dynamics of bridging di-isocyanide ligands are coupled to the dynamics of the metal–metal unit and that the coherent Ir–Ir motion induced by ultrafast excitation drives vibrational dephasing processes over the entire binuclear cation.
Influences of Fibers on Drying Shrinkage of Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite (2001)

An analytical model has been formulated for the drying shrinkage performance of a fiber-reinforced cementitious composite. The model is based on the assumption that shear stress is produced between the fiber and surrounding matrix as the matrix shrinks. This shear stress in turn influences the matrix deformation behavior resulting in macroscopic composite shrinkage lower than that of a pure cement-based matrix. Through systematic derivation, a free shrinkage expression, which reflects the influences of the matrix and fiber properties as well as fiber orientation characteristics, is presented. A parametric study, including the influence of elastic moduli of the fiber and matrix, fiber dimension, and fiber content in the case of 3D fiber distribution, is carried out. The model results indicate that shrinkage of a fiber-reinforced cement-based composite is significantly influenced by elastic moduli of fiber and matrix as well as fiber length and thickness (i.e., diameter for fiber with a circular cross section). Model predictions based on independent parametric inputs compare favorably with experimental measurements of free shrinkage of fiber-reinforced mortar and concrete.
Association of Lipid Levels With COVID-19 Infection, Disease Severity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2022)

We demonstrated lower lipid levels in patients with COVID-19 infection and an association with disease severity and mortality. Their potential role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and their utility as prognostic factors require further investigation.
Development of a panoramic long wave infrared camera system with multiple cameras (2018)

We developed a long wavelength infrared panoramic camera system. This camera system consists two long wavelength infrared cameras. We simultaneously calibrated those two cameras with a two-layer structure calibration target board, so that we can precisely align images. This calibration technique allows us to obtain very wide view of panoramic infrared image.
SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 emergence and sensitivity to vaccine-elicited antibodies (2021)

The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, displacing the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant and other pre-existing lineages, including B.1.617.1 that was detected prior to B.1.617.2. Bayesian modelling indicates that the growth advantage of B.1.617.2 in Mumbai was most likely explained by increased transmissibility and immune evasion from previous infection. Indeed in vitro, we demonstrate that B.1.617.2 is approximately 6-fold less sensitive to neutralising antibodies in sera from recovered individuals, and approximately 8-fold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies as compared to wild type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD), in particular to the clinically approved bamvalinumb and imdevimab monoclonal antibodies. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems as compared to B.1.1.7, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared to B.1.1.7. In an analysis of vaccinated healthcare workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx-1 vaccine efficacy against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2. These combined epidemiological and in vitro data indicate that the dominance of B.1.617.2 in India has been most likely driven by a combination of evasion of neutralising antibodies in previously infected individuals and increased virus infectivity. B.1.617.2 threatens the efficacy of critically important therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 and compromised vaccine efficacy mandates continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era.