gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Coherent Nonlinear Theory of Auroral Kilometric Radiation. (1979)

A theory of auroral kilometric radiation due to the nonlinear interaction between negative energy electromagnetic waves and coherent EIC waves is developed. The theory predicts that such radiation produced must have X-mode polarization and must have a frequency just slightly below the Doppler-shifted beam cyclotron frequencies. The basic requirement for free space accessibility is the presence of high-energy beams and a density cavity of the type observed by Isis I measurements. It is predicted that a harmonic band structure in the kilometric radiation may be observable.
Anharmonic Fluctuations Govern the Band Gap of Halide Perovskites (2023)

We determine the impact of anharmonic thermal vibrations on the fundamental band gap of CsPbBr$_3$, a prototypical model system for the broader class of halide perovskite semiconductors. Through first-principles molecular dynamics and stochastic calculations, we find that anharmonic fluctuations are a key effect in the electronic structure of these materials. We present experimental and theoretical evidence that important characteristics, such as a mildly changing band-gap value across a temperature range that includes phase-transitions, cannot be explained by harmonic phonons thermally perturbing an average crystal structure and symmetry. Instead, the thermal characteristics of the electronic structure are microscopically connected to anharmonic vibrational contributions to the band gap that reach a fairly large magnitude of 450 meV at 425 K.
Morbidity and mortality in the surgical treatment of 10,329 adults with degenerative lumbar stenosis (2010)

The results from this analysis of the SRS M&M database provide surgeons with useful information for preoperative counseling of patients contemplating surgical intervention for symptomatic degenerative lumbar stenosis.
Recent advances in high-capacity free-space optical and radio-frequency communications using orbital angular momentum multiplexing (2017)

There is a continuing growth in the demand for data bandwidth, and the multiplexing of multiple independent data streams has the potential to provide the needed data capacity. One technique uses the spatial domain of an electromagnetic (EM) wave, and space division multiplexing (SDM) has become increasingly important for increased transmission capacity and spectral efficiency of a communication system. A subset of SDM is mode division multiplexing (MDM), in which multiple orthogonal beams each on a different mode can be multiplexed. A potential modal basis set to achieve MDM is to use orbital angular momentum (OAM) of EM waves. In such a system, multiple OAM beams each carrying an independent data stream are multiplexed at the transmitter, propagate through a common medium and are demultiplexed at the receiver. As a result, the total capacity and spectral efficiency of the communication system can be multiplied by a factor equal to the number of transmitted OAM modes. Over the past few years, progress has been made in understanding the advantages and limitations of using multiplexed OAM beams for communication systems. In this review paper, we highlight recent advances in the use of OAM multiplexing for high-capacity free-space optical and millimetre-wave communications. We discuss different technical challenges (e.g. atmospheric turbulence and crosstalk) as well as potential techniques to mitigate such degrading effects.This article is part of the themed issue 'Optical orbital angular momentum'.
Rules for ring-fusion geometry and the preparation of trans- or cis-fused bicyclic compounds by radical closure (1987)

Aldol condensation with (phenylseleno)acetaldehyde and radical cyclization leads to cis-fused bicyclic compounds when applied (Scheme 1) to esters of cycloalk-2-enylacetic acid; trans-isomers are formed when the reactions are used (Scheme 2) in conjunction with organocuprate-mediated addition to cycloalkenones.
GaN/AlGaN Nanocolumn Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode Using Double-Layer Graphene as Substrate and Transparent Electrode (2019)

The many outstanding properties of graphene have impressed and intrigued scientists for the last few decades. Its transparency to light of all wavelengths combined with a low sheet resistance makes it a promising electrode material for novel optoelectronics. So far, no one has utilized graphene as both the substrate and transparent electrode of a functional optoelectronic device. Here, we demonstrate the use of double-layer graphene as a growth substrate and transparent conductive electrode for an ultraviolet light-emitting diode in a flip-chip configuration, where GaN/AlGaN nanocolumns are grown as the light-emitting structure using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Although the sheet resistance is increased after nanocolumn growth compared with pristine double-layer graphene, our experiments show that the double-layer graphene functions adequately as an electrode. The GaN/AlGaN nanocolumns are found to exhibit a high crystal quality with no observable defects or stacking faults. Room-temperature electroluminescence measurements show a GaN related near bandgap emission peak at 365 nm and no defect-related yellow emission.
Protamines of Reptiles (1996)

We have characterized for the first time the complete primary structure of the main protamine components of the sperm from four reptiles: Chrysemys picta (turtle), Elaphe obsoleta (snake), Anolis carolinensis (lizard), and Alligator mississipiensis (crocodilian). These species were chosen to represent one of each of the main phylogenetic branches of this taxonomic group. Comparison of these protamine sequences with those already available from other vertebrate groups allows us to define properly the chemical consensus composition of protamines and provides a unique insight into their molecular evolution and classification.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy Drives Monocyte-to-Dendritic Cell Maturation to Induce Anticancer Immunity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Additional data for Figure 2B, showing representative tumor growth volumes, for review and publication&lt;/p&gt;
Changes of thoracic duct flow and morphology in an animal model of elevated central venous pressure (2022)

<b>Objective:</b> Investigation of lymph fluid dynamics in thoracic duct during central venous pressure elevation. <b>Background:</b> Lymphatic flow is affected by elevated central venous pressure (CVP) in congestive heart failure. The changes of thoracic duct (TD) lymph flow have not been studied chronically in the setting of elevated CVP. This study is to investigate fluid dynamics and remodeling of the TD in the elevated CVP animal model. <b>Methods:</b> A flow probe was implanted on the swine TD (<i>n</i> = 6) and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) was created by cutting tricuspid chordae percutaneously. Six swine were used as control group animals. The TD flow was measured for 2 weeks (baseline) before TR and 4 weeks postop-TR surgery. Arterial pressure and CVP were measured. The pressure and flow in the TD were measured percutaneously. Histological and morphological analyses were performed. <b>Results:</b> TR resulted in an increase in CVP from 4.2 ± 2.6 to 10.1 ± 4.3 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The lymph flow in the TD increased from 0.78 ± 1.06 before TR to 8.8 ± 4.8 ml/min (<i>p</i> < 0.05) 2 days post-TR and remained plateau for 4 weeks, i.e., the TD flow remained approximately 8-11 fold its baseline. Compared to the 8.1 ± 3.2 mmHg control group, the TD average pressures at the lymphovenous junction increased to 14.6 ± 5.7 mmHg in the TR group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The TD diameter and wall thickness increased from 3.35 ± 0.37 mm and 0.06 ± 0.01 mm in control to 4.32 ± 0.57 mm and 0.26 ± 0.02 mm (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in the TR group, respectively. <b>Conclusion:</b> The elevated CVP results in a significant increase in TD flow and pressure which causes the TD's outward remodeling and thickening. Our study implicates that the outward remodeling may result in the TD valve incompetence due to failure coaptation of leaflets.
Recent Advances in Computer-Aided Medical Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Algorithms With Optimization Techniques (2021)

Artificial intelligence is a spectacular part of computer engineering that has earned a compelling diversion in the field of medical data classification due to its state-of-art algorithmic strength and learning capabilities. Machine Learning is a major sub-domain of artificial intelligence, where it has become one of most promising fields in computer science. In recent years, there is a large spectrum of healthcare and biomedical data has been growing intensely. Due to the huge labeled or unlabeled data, it is important to have a compact and robust machine learning solution for classification. Several optimizers have been deployed to improve the inclusive performance of machine learning models. The classification of machine learning models depend on several factors. This comprehensive review paper aims to insight the current stage of optimized machine learning success on medical data classification. Increasing number of unstructured medical data has been utilizing in machine learning algorithms to predict intuitions. But it is difficult to inherent immense intuition from those data. So machine learning researchers have utilized state-of-art optimizers and novel feature selection techniques to overcome and emend the performance accuracy. We have highlighted some recent literatures, which exhibits the robust impact of optimizers and feature selection on machine learning techniques on medical data characterization. On the other hand, a clean-cut introduction on machine learning and theoretical outlook of widely utilized optimization techniques like genetic algorithm, gray wolf optimization, and particle swarm optimization are discussed for initial understanding to the optimization techniques.
Components of the LMA as a design tool for expressive movement and gesture construction (2020)

This article presents a framework for designing body movements and expressive gestures in virtual characters. The core of the proposed structure is based on Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) method, which provides a conceptual framework capable of generating parameters that allow the association between the body movements and the intentions and the emotions that motivated them. From a fusion between the techniques of animation and the parameters described in the LMA method, a framework was created for the construction of body movements capable for expressing 15 different human emotions. The performance of the proposed framework has been validated through the development of prototypes that were tested in two phases. In the first one, we evaluated the usability of the model with a group of animators, who used the model to animate expressive body movements in a 3D character. In the second phase, these animations were subjected to a test with a group of volunteers, who should recognize which emotions the movements of the 3D character communicated. It was found that in the vast majority of the 15 emotions tested, there was a satisfactory recognition.
Vasohibin is up‐regulated by VEGF in the retina and suppresses VEGF receptor 2 and retinal neovascularization (2006)

Vasohibin is a recently identified protein that is up-regulated in cultured vascular endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2. It inhibits endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation, and suppresses angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane, after subcutaneous implantation of matrigel, and in a tumor xenograft model. This has led to the hypothesis that vasohibin functions as a negative feedback inhibitor of angiogenesis. In this study, we tested that hypothesis in a well-characterized model of retinal neovascularization. In ischemic retina, increased expression of VEGF was accompanied by elevation of vasohibin mRNA and blocking of the increase in vegf mRNA with vegf siRNA significantly attenuated the rise in vasohibin mRNA. In transgenic mice in which the rhodopsin promoter drives expression of VEGF in the retina, there was also a significant increase in vasohibin mRNA. In mice with ischemic retinopathy, there was increased expression of vasohibin in vascular endothelial cells, and vasohibin knockdown caused an increase in neovascularization. Conversely, intraocular injection of recombinant vasohibin or an adenoviral vector containing a vasohibin expression cassette strongly suppressed retinal neovascularization in mice with ischemic retinopathy. Knockdown of vasohibin mRNA in ischemic retina had no significant effect on vegf or vegf receptor 1 mRNA levels but caused a significant elevation in the level of vegf receptor 2 mRNA. These data support the hypothesis that vasohibin acts as a negative feedback regulator of neovascularization in the retina and suggest that suppression of VEGF receptor 2 may play some role in mediating its activity.
An Interdisciplinary Approach For Problem Solving In A Robotics Application (2020)

The Trinity College Fire-Fighting Robot Contest was created to inspire roboticists of varying backgrounds and skill levels to identify and implement techniques for using robotics in place of humans to extinguish fires. To perform this development of robotic technology, a team of students and faculty was established at Trinity College in Hartford, CT. The interdisciplinary background of the team membership allowed the design and development process to flow in a highly productive manner. Internal dynamics of the team played an significant role in determining its efficiency. As a result, this project enabled the team members to learn about robotics through an interdisciplinary exchange of ideas while forcing them to become efficient at functioning as a diverse collective with a common set of goals.
Cell Specificity of Helicobacter pylori Cytotoxin Is Determined by a Short Region in the Polymorphic Midregion (2000)

There are two alleles of the vacuolating cytotoxin gene from Helicobacter pylori, which code for toxins with different cell specificities. By analyzing the phenotypes of natural and artificial chimeras between the two forms of the protein, we have delimited a short stretch of amino acids which determine the cell specificity.
Unexpected Thermomechanical Behavior of Off-Stoichiometry Epoxy/Amine Materials (2023)

Recent studies on off-stoichiometric thermosets reveal unique viscoelastic behavior derived from increased free volume and physical interactions between chain ends. To understand structural characteristics arising from cure and its effect on properties, we developed a Monte Carlo model based on step-growth polymerization. Our model accurately predicted structure–property trends for a two-component system of EPON 828 (EPON) and ethylenediamine. A second epoxy monomer, D.E.R. 732 (DER), was investigated to modulate Tg. Binary mixtures of EPON and DER in off-stoichiometric, amine-rich formulations resulted in nonlinear evolution of thermomechanical properties with respect to initial formulation stoichiometry. Modifying our model with kinetic parameters allowing for differential epoxide/amine reaction kinetics only partially accounted for trends in Tg, suggesting that spatiotemporal contributions─not captured by our model─were significant determinants of material properties compared to polymer architecture for three-component systems. These findings underpin the importance of spatial awareness in modeling to inform the development of dynamic thermosets.
Inversion of chirality-dependent properties in optically active liquid crystals (1993)

Three new low-molar-mass liquid crystals are reported, each of which shows remarkable phase behaviour. One of the materials exhibits a temperature-dependent unwinding of the helix in the cholesteric (chiral nematic) and chiral smectic C phases. This is the first example of a single, pure material to show both of these inversions. The inversion phenomena were studied in terms of the helical pitch and the electrooptic switching behaviour in the cholesteric phase and in terms of the temperature dependence of the apparent optical tilt angle and the spontaneous polarization in the chiral smectic C phase.
Only a Sith Thinks Like That: Llewellyn's "Dueling Canons," Thirteen to Sixteen (2009)

This is the third installment in a series of articles examining the famous twenty eight pairs of "dueling canons" left to us in 1950 by Karl N. Llewellyn ("Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the rules or Canons of about how Statutes are to be Construed," 3 VANDERBILT L.REV. 395 (1950). In the first two installments, examining Pairs 1 through 12, Llewellyn's "fiendish deconstruction" of these twenty-four canons proved quite innocuous. This installment covers pairs 13 to 16. Once again, looking at the reasons underlying the canons in each pair and the appropriate context for their use completely dissolves the superficial contrariety, Llewellyn's oppositions appearing artificial and contrived. And once again one is often forced to query whether Llewellyn's choice of dueling thrust and parry should properly be called "canons." In this installment I have finally been forced to come to grips with the distressing problem of the provenance of the actual language Llewellyn chose for many of his formulations: they are too often reduced or paraphrased versions of Black's captions, without appropriate quotation marks, ellipses, or pin-cites.
Sensitivity of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide antigen is dependent on the isotypes of the capture and detection antibodies (1995)

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG1 monoclonal antibody isotype switch variants to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide were used to study the sensitivity of a double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The most sensitive ELISA configurations used IgG1 monoclonal antibody absorbed on polystyrene plates or IgM immobilized with goat antisera for antigen capture.
Bragg coherent diffractive imaging of single-grain defect dynamics in polycrystalline films (2017)

Polycrystalline material properties depend on the distribution and interactions of their crystalline grains. In particular, grain boundaries and defects are crucial in determining their response to external stimuli. A long-standing challenge is thus to observe individual grains, defects, and strain dynamics inside functional materials. Here we report a technique capable of revealing grain heterogeneity, including strain fields and individual dislocations, that can be used under operando conditions in reactive environments: grain Bragg coherent diffractive imaging (gBCDI). Using a polycrystalline gold thin film subjected to heating, we show how gBCDI resolves grain boundary and dislocation dynamics in individual grains in three-dimensional detail with 10-nanometer spatial and subangstrom displacement field resolution. These results pave the way for understanding polycrystalline material response under external stimuli and, ideally, engineering particular functions.
Overcoming phonon-induced decoherence in single-photon sources with cavity quantum electrodynamics (2017)

Phonons degrade the photon indistinguishability in solid-state single-photon devices. Here we demonstrate the robustness of the indistinguishability of non-postselected single-photons against phonon-induced sources of decoherence in coupled quantum dot-cavity devices working under strong Purcell regime.
Fournier’s Gangrene: A Complication of Penile Prosthetic Implantation in a Renal Transplant Patient (1987)

The management of erectile impotence in renal transplant patients remains problematical. The enhanced risk of surgical infection in this immunosuppressed patient population must be addressed if prosthetic implantation is contemplated. A case of Fournier's gangrene (synergistic necrotizing gangrene of the genitalia) following implantation of a Small-Carrion penile prosthesis is reported. This potentially life-threatening infection demonstrates graphically the surgical infection risk of this population and suggests extreme caution before proceeding with a prosthetic operation in this unique subset of impotent patients.
Development of a Robust Method for Isolation of Shiga Toxin-Positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from Fecal, Plant, Soil and Water Samples from a Leafy Greens Production Region in California (2013)

During a 2.5-year survey of 33 farms and ranches in a major leafy greens production region in California, 13,650 produce, soil, livestock, wildlife, and water samples were tested for Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Overall, 357 and 1,912 samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7 (2.6%) or non-O157 STEC (14.0%), respectively. Isolates differentiated by O-typing ELISA and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) resulted in 697 O157:H7 and 3,256 non-O157 STEC isolates saved for further analysis. Cattle (7.1%), feral swine (4.7%), sediment (4.4%), and water (3.3%) samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7; 7/32 birds, 2/145 coyotes, 3/88 samples from elk also were positive. Non-O157 STEC were at approximately 5-fold higher incidence compared to O157 STEC: cattle (37.9%), feral swine (21.4%), birds (2.4%), small mammals (3.5%), deer or elk (8.3%), water (14.0%), sediment (12.3%), produce (0.3%) and soil adjacent to produce (0.6%). stx1, stx2 and stx1/stx2 genes were detected in 63%, 74% and 35% of STEC isolates, respectively. Subtilase, intimin and hemolysin genes were present in 28%, 25% and 79% of non-O157 STEC, respectively; 23% were of the "Top 6″ O-types. The initial method was modified twice during the study revealing evidence of culture bias based on differences in virulence and O-antigen profiles. MLVA typing revealed a diverse collection of O157 and non-O157 STEC strains isolated from multiple locations and sources and O157 STEC strains matching outbreak strains. These results emphasize the importance of multiple approaches for isolation of non-O157 STEC, that livestock and wildlife are common sources of potentially virulent STEC, and evidence of STEC persistence and movement in a leafy greens production environment.
Dithiazine vapour saturation in natural gas mixtures (2020)

Dithiazine is a reaction product resulting from the use of triazine as a scavenging agent to remove H2S from oil and gas streams at well-head or at gas treating facilities using contactors. In some cases, MEA-dithiazine product has been found in the sales gas in downstream transmission and distribution pipeline systems. MEA-dithiazine can subsequently precipitate when the solubility conditions become unfavourable, e.g. within regulating valves on a fuel gas skid at a gas turbine driven compressor station or at distribution regulating stations. The present work utilizes experimentally-obtained solubility data in methane and lean natural gas mixtures, along with fundamentals of chemical equilibrium based on equality of fugacity, and a closed-form analytical expression of Peng-Robinson EOS. The data shows that natural gas composition does not appear to have a significant effect on the solubility of dithiazine up to ~4 MPa; however, as pressure increases above this range, dithiazine tends to be more soluble in richer than in leaner gas mixtures. More importantly, the solubility isotherms of dithiazine in natural gas mixtures exhibit minima at 2–3 MPa. The implication of this is significant in terms of the amount of dithiazine that could potentially precipitate out of the gas stream if the gas undergoes throttling at pressure regulating valves. As an example, at a gas flow rate of 20 × 106 m3/day, the rate of dithiazine precipitation may be as high as 3.3 kg/day.