gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observation of CP Violation in Charm Decays (2019)

A search for charge-parity (CP) violation in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is reported, using pp collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.9 fb^{-1} collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the LHCb detector. The flavor of the charm meson is inferred from the charge of the pion in D^{*}(2010)^{+}→D^{0}π^{+} decays or from the charge of the muon in B[over ¯]→D^{0}μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}X decays. The difference between the CP asymmetries in D^{0}→K^{-}K^{+} and D^{0}→π^{-}π^{+} decays is measured to be ΔA_{CP}=[-18.2±3.2(stat)±0.9(syst)]×10^{-4} for π-tagged and ΔA_{CP}=[-9±8(stat)±5(syst)]×10^{-4} for μ-tagged D^{0} mesons. Combining these with previous LHCb results leads to ΔA_{CP}=(-15.4±2.9)×10^{-4}, where the uncertainty includes both statistical and systematic contributions. The measured value differs from zero by more than 5 standard deviations. This is the first observation of CP violation in the decay of charm hadrons.
Is the ability to track multiple objects compromised by amblyopia? (2010)

Amblyopia results in a severe loss of positional information and in the ability to accurately enumerate objects (Sharma et al, 2000, Nat. Neurosci., 3, 496–501). In this study, we asked whether amblyopia also disrupts the ability to track a near-threshold change in trajectory of a single target amongst multiple targets. In the first experiment we examined the precision for detecting a deviation in the linear motion trajectory of a dot by measuring deviation thresholds as a function of the number of moving trajectories (T). As in normal observers, we found that in both eyes of amblyopes, threshold increases steeply as T increases from 1 to 4. Surprisingly, for T = 1 to 4, thresholds were essentially identical in both eyes of the amblyopes, and were similar to those of normal observers. To test whether the motion system is ‘spared’ in amblyopia, a second experiment measured the precision for detecting a deviation in the orientation of a static bilinear ?trajectory? by again measuring deviation thresholds (i.e., angle discrimination) as a function of the number of oriented line ?trajectories? (T). Relative to the non-amblyopic eye, amblyopes show a marked threshold elevation for a static target when T = 1. However, thresholds increased with T with the same slope as in the preferred eye, and that of the normal controls. We conclude that while amblyopia disrupts static angle discrimination, amblyopic dynamic deviation detection thresholds are normal; amblyopes are able to effectively monitor approximately one near-threshold trajectory (Tripathy & Barrett, 2004, J Vis., 4, 1020-1043).
A single nano cantilever as a reprogrammable universal logic gate (2017)

The current transistor-based computing circuits use multiple interconnected transistors to realize a single Boolean logic gate. This leads to higher power requirements and delayed computing. Transistors are not suitable for applications in harsh environments and require complicated thermal management systems due to excessive heat dissipation. Also, transistor circuits lack the ability to dynamically reconfigure their functionality in real time, which is desirable for enhanced computing capability. Further, the miniaturization of transistors to improve computational power is reaching its ultimate physical limits. As a step towards overcoming the limitations of transistor-based computing, here we demonstrate a reprogrammable universal Boolean logic gate based on a nanoelectromechanical cantilever (NC) oscillator. The fundamental XOR, AND, NOR, OR and NOT logic gates are condensed in a single NC, thereby reducing electrical interconnects between devices. The device is dynamically switchable between any logic gates at the same drive frequency without the need for any change in the circuit. It is demonstrated to operate at elevated temperatures minimizing the need for thermal management systems. It has a tunable bandwidth of 5 MHz enabling parallel and dynamically reconfigurable logic device for enhanced computing.
Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Content on Glucose Metabolism in Children (2002)

Effects of carbohydrate, fat, and fructose intake on substrate and hormone concentrations, glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and insulin sensitivity were determined in healthy, nonobese prepubertal children (n = 12) and adolescents (n = 24) using a cross-over design. In one group (12 prepubertal children and 12 adolescents), subjects were studied after 7 d of isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets providing either 60% carbohydrate and 25% fat [high carbohydrate (H(CHO))/low fat (L(F))] or 30% carbohydrate and 55% fat [low carbohydrate (L(CHO))/high fat (H(F))], and in a second group (12 adolescents) H(CHO)/L(F) diets containing either 40% or 10% fructose was used. All subjects adapted to changes in carbohydrate and fat intakes primarily by appropriately adjusting their substrate oxidation rates to match the intakes, with only minor changes in parameters of glucose metabolism. Changing from a L(CHO)/H(F) to H(CHO)/L(F) diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity (stable labeled iv glucose tolerance test) in adolescents [from 3.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) to 5.0 +/- 1.4 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1)) (mean +/- SE)] but not in prepubertal children [9.4 +/- 2.5 x 10(-4) to 9.9 +/- 1.5 x 10(-4) (min(-1))/( micro U.ml(-1))], whereas beta-cell sensitivity was unaffected in both groups. Insulin sensitivity was higher in prepubertal children than in adolescents (P < 0.05). The dietary fructose content did not affect any measured parameter. We conclude that in the short term, dramatic changes in fat and carbohydrate intakes (regardless of fructose content) did not adversely affect glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy nonobese children. In the adolescents, the high carbohydrate diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity, thus facilitating insulin-mediated glucose uptake.
Robotic Automation of Cyclosporine Analysis in Whole Blood (1992)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is currently the most selective immunosuppressant used clinically to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. We used a reprogrammable robot, the Benchmate (Zymark Inc., Hopkinton, MA), to automate much of the sample preparation involved in solid-phase extraction of CsA. Lysed whole-blood specimens containing previously added internal standard were placed on the Benchmate in the specimen-holding area, and a C18 Bond-Elut column was placed in the top of the sample tube. Specimen extraction from this point was handled automatically by the Benchmate, after which we manually injected the sample into the HPLC system for quantification. Analytical recovery of CsA in two concentrations of calibrator was similar for the manual and Benchmate methods. Analytical imprecision for the Benchmate was less than for manual extraction: within-run imprecision (CV) was less than 8% at either concentration. Between-run imprecision, determined by having the Benchmate extract CsA from two specimens each day for 20 days, was less than 9%. Patients' specimens were extracted manually (x) or by using the Benchmate robot (y); the results, compared by linear regression, agreed well: (y = 0.99 (SD 0.02)x + 2.6 (SD 2.8) micrograms/L (Sy[x = 7.59 micrograms/L, n = 27). We conclude that the Benchmate usefully reduces the manual steps necessary to extract specimens before HPLC analysis for CsA.
Increased p85/55/50 Expression and Decreased Phosphotidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Insulin-Resistant Human Skeletal Muscle (2005)

Insulin resistance is predominantly characterized by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. In the current study, we have assessed various aspects of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from normal, obese nondiabetic, and type 2 diabetic subjects, before and after a 5-h insulin infusion. We found a highly significant inverse correlation between in vivo insulin sensitivity (as measured by the glucose infusion rate) and increased protein expression of p85/55/50, protein kinase C (PKC)-theta activity, levels of pSer307 insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and p-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-1, and myosin heavy chain IIx fibers. Increased basal phosphorylation of Ser307 IRS-1 in the obese and type 2 diabetic subjects corresponds with decrease in insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, PI 3-kinase activity, and insulin-induced activation of Akt and, more prominently, PKC-zeta/lambda. In summary, increased expression of the PI 3-kinase adaptor subunits p85/55/50, as well as increased activity of the proinflammatory kinases JNK-1, PKC-theta, and, to a lesser extent, inhibitor of kappaB kinase-beta, are associated with increased basal Ser307 IRS-1 phosphorylation and decreased PI 3-kinase activity and may follow a common pathway to attenuate in vivo insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant subjects. These findings demonstrate interacting mechanisms that can lead to impaired insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity in skeletal muscle from obese and type 2 diabetic subjects.
Low Power Vertical Cavity Laser Arrays with Integrated Microlenses for Free Space Interconnects. Phase 1. (1996)

Abstract : Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers are ideally suited for high performance and low cost data transmission systems. Recent advances have yielded devices with low power efficiencies far greater than for in plane lasers. This means that it is now possible to produce massively parallel two dimensional emitter arrays with acceptable heat generation. The low divergence circular optical emission enables the devices to be designed into low cost free space communication systems. Adding to the device characteristics has been the development of GaAs microlenses integrated directly into the substrate of bottom emitting Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. These microlenses are used to collimate the emission from the lasers. This same microlens technology can also be adapted to InP based detector arrays for complete free space communications links.
Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Ultrasound (1990)

Transabdominal ultrasound is frequently used to detect complications of inflammatory bowel disease. It has been proposed that ultrasound can distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease based on the degree of thickening and changes in the layered structure of the intestine. The authors evaluated the ability of ultrasound to distinguish between ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis, and normal colon by blindly comparing images made of resected colon specimens. The histologic interpretation of precisely the same area of tissue that was imaged was compared with the blinded image interpretation. Images from all 18 colitis specimens were correctly interpreted as being abnormal because of increased submucosal and overall wall thickness. Published ultrasound criteria for distinguishing between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis based on overall wall thickness and indistinctness of layers were inaccurate in 4 of 15 specimens and indeterminate in 3 cases. Ultrasound appears to be accurate in distinguishing normal from inflamed colon, but ultrasound findings alone should not be used to determine the cause of bowel inflammation.
Role of the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System in Cortical Activation and Arousal (1991)

A basic question about the physiology of the cerebral cortex concerns the activating afferents that keep the neocortex in the aroused or waking state. Imbedded in this question are several other questions: Why must the cerebral cortex be aroused in the first place in order to interact with the environment? Why is the brain not hard-wired exclusively for the information processing mode, as seen in computers? What is the biological significance of the dichotomy of the activated (open-loop) and non-activated (closed-loop) states of the cerebral hemispheres? And finally, what are the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the switching between the diametrically opposite functional states? This last question, as we will discuss it in this chapter, is under intensive investigation and clarification, whereas little work or even speculation is appearing on the evolutionary advantage of the functional dichotomy of the brain (Buzsáki, 1989).
Catastrophic acute failure of pelvic fixation in adult spinal deformity requiring revision surgery: a multicenter review of incidence, failure mechanisms, and risk factors (2022)

Acute catastrophic failures involved large-magnitude surgical corrections and likely resulted from high mechanical strain on the pelvic instrumentation. Patients with large corrections may benefit from anterior structural support placed at the most caudal motion segment and multiple rods connecting to more than 2 pelvic fixation points. If failure occurs, salvage with a minimum of 4 rods and 4 pelvic fixation points can be successful.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the abnormal live rat and correlations with tissue characteristics. (1981)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of live rats with sterile and pyogenic abscesses, hematomas, and various implanted and spontaneous neoplasms demonstrated good contrast differentiation between pathologic and surrounding normal tissues. This differentiation was maximal when both the T1 and T2 tissue relaxation times were used as criteria. Neoplasms have a broad range of T1 and T2 values and may be confused with abscesses or hematomas. Tissue rate constants (1/T1 and 1/T2) are mainly dependent on total water content, the exception being fat, which has a 1/T2 value much shorter than that expected on the basis of water content alone.
Abstract 4491: FGFR2-ADC potently and selectively inhibits growth of gastric and breast cancer xenograft models (2014)

Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising therapeutic approach for treatment of cancer. We have developed a novel ADC directed against fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). FGFR2 is overexpressed in several cancer indications, such as gastric cancer and breast cancer, thus representing an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of FGFR2 positive cancer patients with an ADC-based therapy. The FGFR2-ADC consists of the fully human anti-FGFR2-mAb BAY 1179470 conjugated via a stable linker to a novel auristatin cytotoxic agent (technology licensed from Seattle Genetics). The FGFR2-mAb BAY 1179470, which is cross-reactive with human, mouse, rat and monkey, induces internalization of FGFR2. Quantitative data on FGFR2 antibody bound per cell (ABC) were determined with the QuantiBrite assay using BAY 1179470. FGFR2-ADC has a potency in the single digit nM to sub nM range in a panel of FGFR2-positive cells lines (e.g., SNU-16, KatoIII, SUM52-PE, MFM-223) and shows more than 100-fold selectivity versus FGFR2-negative cell lines. High levels of FGFR2 on cancer cells correlate with internalization efficacy and cytotoxic activity in vitro. FGFR2-ADC is highly efficacious in monotherapy and results in tumor growth inhibition in the gastric cancer xenograft model SNU-16 and tumor regression in the breast cancer xenograft model MFM-223. At doses efficacious in mice, FGFR2-ADC is well tolerated. The pre-clinical efficacy and tolerability data obtained for FGFR2-ADC suggest a therapeutic index and support clinical testing. Citation Format: Anette Sommer, Carl F. Nising, Christoph Mahlert, Charlotte C. Kopitz, Hans-Georg Lerchen, Simone Greven, Beatrix Stelte-Ludwig, Joachim Schuhmacher, Ruprecht Zierz, Sabine Wittemer-Rump, Christoph Schatz, Frank Reetz, Heiner Apeler, Rolf Jautelat, Bertolt Kreft, Karl Ziegelbauer. FGFR2-ADC potently and selectively inhibits growth of gastric and breast cancer xenograft models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4491. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4491
Use of Intracardiac Echocardiography in Cardiac Electrophysiology (2013)

Intracardiac echocardiography is increasingly used during invasive electrophysiology procedures. Common applications include guiding transseptal puncture, assessing potential complications, and identifying structures invisible under fluoroscopy. It is important to distinguish intravascular ultrasound from intracardiac ultrasound. Intravascular ultrasound uses high-frequency transducers that provide excellent high-resolution images but have limited tissue penetration. Intracardiac imaging uses lower frequencies, increasing tissue penetration to 14 cm and permitting “whole heart” imaging. The purpose of this brief introduction is to provide practical points of reference for use of intracardiac echocardiography and orientation to the images that follow in the remainder of the book. Thus, only images from the phased-array system are included.
Comparing the activities of catalysts in perhydro-m-terphenyl dehydrogenation (2015)

The activities of various catalysts based on Pt, Pd, Cr, and Ni in perhydro-m-terphenyl dehydrogenation have been compared in order to develop new catalytic composites based on organic compounds for hydrogen storage. Catalytic tests have been carried out at 300–320°C in a flow reactor with an inner diameter of 10 mm. The largest amount of hydrogen released as a result of perhydro-m-terphenyl dehydrogenation to m-terphenyl is observed with the (3% Pt)/Sibunit catalyst at 320°C. The maximum selectivity toward complete dehydrogenation is 95% in this case.
Electroless Deposition of Copper Nanostructures in Aqueous Solution (2014)

This paper reports a simple and low cost process for the synthesis of various Cu nanostructures by electroless deposition. Oxidation-stable Cu nanoparticles and nanowires were prepared in aqueous solution in the presence of protective agents. When gelatin is used as protective agent, only spherical Cu nanoparticles with a mean diameter in the range of 37 to 44 nm are formed in the solution. Smaller nanoparticles are prepared at a higher concentration of gelatin. When ethylene diamine is used instead of gelatin, one-dimensional growth of Cu nanowires is favored. Varying the amount of EDA and gelatin provides morphological control over the nanostructures.
Maximizing acceleration capability of magnetically levitated slice motors (2008)

Over the last few years industry branches with a growing demand for high purity and contamination-free high-acceleration spin processes, such as biotechnology, chemical, pharmaceutical and semiconductor industry, have tightened their cleanness specifications for the process environments. A recent trend to meet these specifications is to use magnetically levitated slice motors with air gaps being large enough to insert a process chamber wall, which assures the hermetical sealing of the process. The drive design of these motors is challenging due to the employed large air gaps and the demand for maximum acceleration capability. Separate design considerations for a non-saturating stator drive claw geometry and for an appropriate drive winding number have been proposed in the past, not considering the interdependencies of these two designs. This paper presents an overall optimization procedure yielding for minimal acceleration times of magnetically levitated slice motors for different speed ranges and verifies the considerations by measurements on a prototype system.
Prevalence of fluid overload in an urbanUShemodialysis population: A cross‐sectional study (2021)

While about half of the patients had normal fluid status pre-HD, a considerable proportion of patients was either fluid overloaded or depleted, indicating the need for tools to objectively quantify fluid status.
Magnetic Patterning of Permanent-Magnet Rotors for Microscale Motor/Generators (2005)

Abstract : We present and characterize a process to pattern magnetic poles on small permanent-magnet (PM) rotors used in microscale, axial-flux, PM machines. Unlike other previously reported approaches, this approach uses a ferromagnetic magnetizing head (MH) and an externally applied magnetic field, and it offers the potential for moderate scalability and batch-magnetization of multiple parts. The process is verified using 8-pole annular PM rotors with thicknesses of 500 micrometers and 9.5 mm outer diameters. 3-D magnetostatic, finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to examine the process and to verify the experimental magnetization patterns.
Herschel/HIFI-HRS observation of CH absorption in IRAS16293-2422 (2011)

We present high spectral resolution observations of CH absorption towards the low-mass protostar IRAS16293-2422. The data were obtained with the High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) module of the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) on-board Herschel, as part of the CHESS (Chemical HErschel Surveys of Star-forming regions) guaranteed time key program. CH is well known for having column densities correlated with those of H_2 and for its role as a product in the ion-molecule gas-phase chemistry. We derive CH column densities in the envelope of IRAS16293-2422, and investigate the implications when comparing with column densities of H_2 and of other carbon species such as CN or CCH. We also discuss the non-detections of CD and CH^+.
13C/12C ratio measurements of aromatic molecules using photoionization with TOF mass spectrometry (1995)

We demonstrate a method for measuring the carbon isotope ratios of aromatic molecules without the need for chemical preparation. The technique employs a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer equipped with a dual microchannel plate detector assembly. We present the measurement of carbon isotope ratios for m-xylene-d10 (C6D4(CD3)2), toluene (C6H5CH3), and toluene-d8 (C6D5CD3). Gas-phase samples are photoionized with the 266 nm output of a Nd:YAG laser, and the abundance of 12C and 13C in the molecules is derived from the TOF spectra. Complications caused by and corrections for detector nonlinearity and parent ion fragmentation are discussed.
Improved atomic force microscopy resolution using an electric double layer (1997)

High resolution (“atomic”) images of clinochlore and muscovite have been obtained in aqueous solution by inducing an electric double layer between the atomic force microscope tip and the sample surface. The electric double layer is created by the addition of a surfactant to water and greatly improves image resolution. A theoretical model is proposed to explain the improved resolution.
Generating Spherical Hyperlapse Videos via Recursive Intelligent Sampling for StratoJump (2018)

StratoJump is an installation that allows participants to explore the experience of high altitude jumping toward the edge of space. In this peper, we presents an vision-based algorithm for generating hyperlapse of spherical videos captured in high altitude space. Unlike previous work, we consider high altitude videos that cannot perfectly be stabilized by 3D reconstruction-based algorithms. We proposed recursive intelligent sampling to simultaneously stabilize and shorten spherical videos. Our preliminary results show that the proposed method can reduce cumulative errors of stabilization compared to a frame by frame method in reasonable time.
Prostate cancer genes associated with TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusion and prognostic of biochemical recurrence in multiple cohorts (2010)

TMPRSS2-ERG T1/E4 fusion-positive tumours had differentially regulated mRNAs observed in multiple studies, the most significant one coded for ERG. Several mRNAs were consistently associated with biochemical recurrence and have potential clinical utility but will require further validation for successful translation.
Solution photochemistry of poly(dialkylsilanes): a new class of photoresists (1988)

Abstract