gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Turning language documentation into reader’s and writer’s software tools (2015)

One avenue for supporting the continued use and revitalization of endangered languages in the current, pervasively computerized world is the creation of computational models of the often rich and complex morphology of these languages. Such computational models can be used as a basis for creating a suite of reader’s and writer’s tools, including e.g. (1) an intelligent electronic dictionary that combines the computational model and a lexical database allowing for linking any inflected form with the appropriate dictionary entry, as well as the generation of word paradigms, (2) an intelligent computer-aided language learning application (ICALL) that allows for the dynamic generation of large numbers of exercises combining the entire core vocabulary (up to several thousand of the most common words) and a substantially smaller set of exercise templates, and (3) a spell-checker that supports adherence with one or more existing orthographical conventions, and thus the production of good-quality texts. Importantly, these tools can be made publicly available over the Internet and integrated as part of general software applications such as web browsers and word processors, to be used with little or no cost by any speakers or language-learners in the respective communities as well as any researchers, anywhere – instead of remaining on an individual researcher’s computer drive or on a library bookshelf. Based on our recent experiences on trying out various practical approaches in developing computational morphological models for Plains Cree and Northern Haida, using Finite-State Transducer (FST) technology (Beesley &amp; Karttunen, 2003), once one gains access both to (a) a comprehensive set of full word paradigms, for every possible paradigm type, and (b) an accompanying extensive electronic lexical resource with coding indicating the relevant paradigm type, we have been able to create surprisingly rapidly, potentially within only several months, initial but already full-fledged FST models that can be readily adapted into the aforementioned software tools (1-3). Nevertheless, these first versions will certainly benefit from further work, where one cannot do without the active participation of the language community. However, we will demonstrate how, when a researcher or community linguist pays careful attention in their lexical documentation work on the systematic and detailed coding of the morphological characteristics of the vocabulary in some structured electronic format (e.g. when using software such as ToolBox), they will at the same time facilitate the rapid initial development of computational tools which will make benefits of their work available to the entire community. References Beesley, Kenneth R. and Lauri Karttunen. 2003. Finite State Morphology. Stanford (CA): CSLI Publications.
Performances Monitoring, Analysis and Demonstration for SBAS for Africa and Indian Ocean (A-SBAS) (2020)

The Agency for Air Navigation Safety in Africa and Madagascar (ASECNA) awarded a contract to carry out the preliminary architecture definition study (so-called phase B) of the Satellite Based Augmentation System for Africa & Indian Ocean (A-SBAS) initiative it is leading. This initiative aims to enhance navigation and surveillance operations during all phases of flight, and thereby to significantly improve flight safety and efficiency in Africa. In addition to SBAS services in support of air navigation, ASECNA also explores the provision of additional services on dedicated Signal-In-Space (SIS) channels, such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Emergency Warning Service to populations (EWS). The SBAS services, expected from 2024, will increase the positioning performance provided by GPS satellite navigation constellation, by decomposing all possible range error sources and distributing corrections and/or alerts to its users by means of geostationary satellites. The phase B study aims to provide ASECNA with the definition of the best architecture option that will support the incremental deployment and provision of SBAS services in terms of levels and areas of service, a full visibility of the following phases of development, deployment and operation, and the capability to provide a pre-operational service. This paper presents the selected baseline system architecture and the associated SBAS performances regarding availability, accuracy, integrity and continuity on the first incremental services steps, and the pre-operational service as well. As the African continent encompasses equatorial areas, between both equatorial fountains, the phase B study has paid particular attention to the ionosphere behavior and the way to define an accurate and integer internal model in order to monitor the IGPs (Ionospheric Grip Point) of interest for the targeted service areas. Thales Alenia Space had been relying on the SAGAIE study, based on data collection from 2013 (closed to high solar peak of cycle 24) to 2017, to define two very distinct regimes in the ionosphere to be considered for the services availability : a so-called "severe" regime corresponding to periods of time around the equinoxes and a so-called "nominal" regime elsewhere. The proportion of time spent in either of these two regimes depends on the solar cycle. The SBAS navigation Kernel has been designed and developed by Thales Alenia Space taking benefit of TEC and gradient amplitudes, equatorial plasma bubbles phenomenon as per scintillations characterization over the targeted service areas according to SAGAIE experience. The internal ionosphere model processes both GPS and Galileo data to compute and broadcast GIVD (Grid ionosphere Vertical Delay) and GIVE (Grid ionosphere Vertical Error) on the IGP grid. This design has demonstrated its capability to provide performances for the future SBAS for Africa and Indian Ocean (A-SBAS) in line with the Standards and Recommended Practices of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
A unique ring contraction of 1,4-dihydro-5H-1,3,4-benzotriazepin-5-ones to 1-methyl-2-(methylamino)-4(1H)-quinazolinones via an intermediate Dimroth rearrangement (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA unique ring contraction of 1,4-dihydro-5H-1,3,4-benzotriazepin-5-ones to 1-methyl-2-(methylamino)-4(1H)-quinazolinones via an intermediate Dimroth rearrangementRobert W. Leiby, Edward G. Corley, and Ned D. HeindelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 17, 3427–3429Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00411a050https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00411a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Induction, modification, and transduction of the salicylic acid signal in plant defense responses (active oxygen species/catalase/disease resistance/pathogenesis-related proteins/signal transduction) (2016)

Studies in our laboratory as well as others strongly suggest that salicylic acid (SA) plays an important signaling role in plant defense against pathogens. We have found that increases in endogenous SA levels correlates with both resistance of tobacco to infection with tobacco mosaic virus and induction of defense-related genes such as that encoding pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1). Some of this newly synthesized SA was conjugated to glucose to form SA 13-glucoside. A cell wall-associated 13-glucosidase activity that releases SA from this glucoside has been identified, suggesting that SA 13-glucoside serves as an inactive storage form of SA. By purifying a soluble SA-binding protein and isolating its encoding cDNA from tobacco, we have been able to further characterize the mechanism of SA signaling. This protein is a catalase, and binding of SA and its biologically active ana- logues inhibited catalase's ability to convert H202 to 02 and H20. The resulting elevated levels of cellular H202 appeared to induce PR-1 gene expression, perhaps by acting as a second messenger. Additionally, transgenic tobacco expressing an antisense copy of the catalase gene and exhibiting depressed levels of catalase also showed constitutive expression of PR-1 genes. To further dissect the SA signaling pathway, we have tested several abiotic inducers of PR gene expression and disease resistance for their ability to stimulate SA production. Levels of SA and its glucoside rose following application of all of the inducers except 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid. 2,6-
Abstract 19201: Unseeded Engineered Valve Leaflets Retain Function and Remodel After Implant in Sheep Right Pulmonary Outflow Tract (2012)

Current materials for heart valve replacement and repair are limited by the inability to grow or remodel. Tissue engineered valves offer the potential to overcome these disadvantages by creating living structures, but is limited by the availability of biocompatible scaffold materials with desirable biomechanical properties. We assessed the in vivo performance of a novel scaffold poly(carbonate urethane) urea (PCUU), fabricated by electrospinning and implanted in the pulmonary outflow tract of sheep. PCUU was electrospun into elastomeric sheets of thickness ranging from 120-180 μm. Using cardiopulmonary bypass we replaced the native anterior pulmonary leaflet with an acellular PCUU leaflet. Valve function was evaluated by epicardial echocardiography at implant and explant at weeks 1 (n=3), 3 (n=3), 6 (n=3) and 16 (n=3). Histological, immunohistochemical, molecular imaging analyses and multi-photon imaging were performed on the explanted leaflets. Echocardiography demonstrated mobile functioning leaflets, with zero to mild pulmonary regurgitation. Molecular imaging showed increased levels of proteolytic activity and macrophage accumulation. Histology showed persistence of scaffold material up to 16 weeks with cellular infiltration throughout the leaflet. Picrosirius red revealed mature collagen deposition along the arterial surface of the construct at 6 and 16 weeks. These findings were corroborated by multi-photon analysis showing highly aligned collagen fibers across the leaflets. Both surfaces of the engineered leaflets were consistently covered with CD31 positive cells. The majority of cells expressed α-SMA and MMP2. CD45 positive cells, suggesting hematogenous origin, were found throughout the leaflet. These results suggest that: 1) PCUU can be a suitable polymer for valve bioengineering; 2) cell pre-seeding may not be required for tissue formation or remodeling for a functional engineered valve; 3) host cells seem to populate the leaflet either by migration from adjacent tissue or by attachment from circulating blood; 4) mature matrix orientation and increased proteolytic activity suggests active tissue remodeling. Longer term implants and the role of scaffold pre-seeding will require further study.
Membrane-Bound Dynamic Structure of an Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptide, the Protein Transduction Domain of HIV TAT, from Solid-State NMR (2010)

The protein transduction domain of HIV-1 TAT, TAT(48-60), is an efficient cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) that diffuses across the lipid membranes of cells despite eight cationic Arg and Lys residues. To understand its mechanism of membrane translocation against the free energy barrier, we have conducted solid-state NMR experiments to determine the site-specific conformation, dynamics, and lipid interaction of the TAT peptide in anionic lipid bilayers. We found that TAT(48-60) is a highly dynamic and nearly random coil peptide in the lipid bilayer and inserts into the membrane-water interface near the glycerol backbone region. Arg-phosphate salt bridge interaction was revealed by short guanidinium-phosphate distances and restricted dynamics of the guanidinium. Together with the observation of strong peptide-water cross-peaks in (1)H spin diffusion spectra, these results indicate that TAT binding to the membrane-water interface is stabilized not only by electrostatic attraction to the anionic lipids but also by intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the lipid phosphates and water, which may take the role of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in canonical secondary structures. The random coil structure of TAT and another CPP, penetratin, suggests that the lack of amphipathic structure is essential for rapid translocation of these Arg-rich CPPs across the lipid membrane without causing permanent damages to the membrane integrity.
Predictions of genotoxic potential, mode of action, molecular targets, and potency via a tiered multiflow® assay data analysis strategy (2019)

The in vitro MultiFlow® DNA Damage Assay multiplexes γH2AX, p53, phospho-histone H3, and polyploidization biomarkers into a single flow cytometric analysis. The current report describes a tiered sequential data analysis strategy based on data generated from exposure of human TK6 cells to a previously described 85 chemical training set and a new pharmaceutical-centric test set (n = 40). In each case, exposure was continuous over a range of closely spaced concentrations, and cell aliquots were removed for analysis following 4 and 24 hr of treatment. The first data analysis step focused on chemicals' genotoxic potential, and for this purpose, we evaluated the performance of a machine learning (ML) ensemble, a rubric that considered fold increases in biomarkers against global evaluation factors (GEFs), and a hybrid strategy that considered ML and GEFs. This first tier further used ML output and/or GEFs to classify genotoxic activity as clastogenic and/or aneugenic. Test set results demonstrated the generalizability of the first tier, with particularly good performance from the ML ensemble: 35/40 (88%) concordance with a priori genotoxicity expectations and 21/24 (88%) agreement with expected mode of action (MoA). A second tier applied unsupervised hierarchical clustering to the biomarker response data, and these analyses were found to group certain chemicals, especially aneugens, according to their molecular targets. Finally, a third tier utilized benchmark dose analyses and MultiFlow biomarker responses to rank genotoxic potency. The relevance of these rankings is supported by the strong agreement found between benchmark dose values derived from MultiFlow biomarkers compared to those generated from parallel in vitro micronucleus analyses. Collectively, the results suggest that a tiered MultiFlow data analysis pipeline is capable of rapidly and effectively identifying genotoxic hazards while providing additional information that is useful for modern risk assessments-MoA, molecular targets, and potency. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:513-533, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The digital computer: the role of functional imaging in radiology. (1984)

Over the past decade there has been an increase in the use of functional imaging. This is mainly because of the recent introduction of the digital computer, which is capable of processing measured data into images that are related to a physiological process or the function of an organ. This is a departure from the more traditional images that are mostly based on anatomical detail. The radiologist needs to become familiar with these new imaging concepts, since a continued growth in their use is inevitable.
Midterm results of pyrocarbon interposition shoulder arthroplasty: good outcomes after posttraumatic osteonecrosis without malunion of the tuberosities (2022)

The radiographic findings seem to confirm the interest of pyrocarbon in preserving bony surfaces. But the risk of tuberosity thinning suggests considering the use of PISA with caution in most degenerative glenohumeral joint pathologies, although the midterm outcomes highlight PISA as a suitable solution for patients presenting with posttraumatic osteonecrosis without malunion of the tuberosities and with an intact rotator cuff.
Challenges for IT Infrastructure Supporting Secure Network-Enabled Commercial Airplane Operations (2007)

[Abstract] The numerous benefits of enabling commercial airplanes to communicate over networks are only obtained at the price of introducing security threats to onboard systems. A primary threat arises from the opportunity for corruption of safety-critical and business-critical airplane loadable software distributed via networks from off-board systems. The FAA recognizes that the unprecedented use of such applications in networkenabled airplanes impacts well-established safety regulations and guidance. In this paper, we present a framework for securing airplane software distribution and overview the main challenges. For facilitating integration into existing certification guidelines for airplanes, we employ the Common Criteria standard based approach to security evaluation of IT infrastructure for airplane network applications. Additionally, we present some open problems in network-enabled airplane security.
Polymer flow and residual thickness uniformity measurement using scatterometry (2005)

International audience
[Troponins and chronic kidney disease]. (2016)

Coronary thrombosis was recognized since 19th century as clinical entity with bad outcomes; only in 1912 it was reported that acute myocardial infarction had to been distinguished from angina pectoris. First diagnostic test was electrocardiogram, while white blood cells count and erythrocytes sedimentation rate were the only available laboratory tests. Late in the 60s and 70s glutammic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyravate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase were added to biomarkers pool to provide a diagnosis of myocardial infarction related to myocardial cells injury. Only in 1987 assays for cardiac troponin were developed to assess structural damage of myocardial cells and in 2010 high sensibility troponins first dosage kits became available. It is well known that the population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and death than the general population. The use and interpretation of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have been particularly challenging in these patients with the majority having elevated levels at baseline. Aim of this review is to evaluate hs-cTn in patients with CKD for the diagnosis of AMI and for the prognostic signiﬁcance of elevated levels in CKD patients without AMI.
Experimental Study of Large-Scale Coordinated Multi-User MIMO for 5G Ultra High-Density Distributed Antenna Systems (2019)

Fifth-generation mobile communication systems (5G) must offer significantly higher system capacity than 4G in order to accommodate the rapidly increasing mobile data traffic. Cell densification has been considered an effective way to increase system capacity. Unfortunately, each user equipment (UE) will be in line-of-sight to many more transmission points (TPs) and the resulting inter-cell interference will degrade system capacity. We propose large-scale coordinated multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (LSC-MU-MIMO), which combines MU-MIMO with joint transmission from all the TPs connected to a centralized baseband unit. We previously investigated the downlink performance of LSC-MU-MIMO by computer simulation and found that it can significantly reduce inter-TP interference and improve the system capacity of high-density small cells. In this paper, we investigate the throughput of LSC-MU-MIMO through an indoor trial where the number of coordinated TPs is up to sixteen by using an experimental system that can execute real-time channel estimation based on TDD reciprocity and real-time data transmission. To clarify the improvement in the system capacity of LSC-MU-MIMO, we compared the throughput measured in the same experimental area with and without coordinated transmission in 4-TP, 8-TP, and 16-TP configurations. The results show that with coordinated transmission the system capacity is almost directly proportional to the number of TPs.
A qualitative study of quality of life domains and subdomains relevant to patients with spondyloarthritis (2018)

A wide range of QoL domains and subdomains are relevant to SpA patients in Singapore, and there appears to be minimal differences in their relative importance between SpA subtypes. This study supports the development and validation of common QoL-specific PROMs for usage in SpA.
Directional emission control and increased light extraction in GaN photonic crystal light emitting diodes (2008)

Limitations in extraction efficiency of gallium nitride (GaN) photonic crystal (PhC) light emitting diodes (LEDs) are addressed by implementing an LED design using both two-dimensional PhCs in-plane and index guiding layers (IGLs) in the vertical direction. The effects of PhCs on light extraction and emission directionality from GaN LEDs are studied experimentally. Angular-resolved electroluminescence clearly shows the combined effect of controlling the vertical mode profile with the IGLs and tailoring the emission profile with the periodicity of the PhC lattice. Increases in directional emission as high as 3.5 times are achieved by taking advantage of this directionality and guided mode control.
A high-stability fiber amplifier source for the fiber optic gyroscope (1997)

We demonstrate an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) source for the fiber gyroscope with an overall mean wavelength stability of four parts per million. This source, which amplifies the gyroscope signal before detection, is shown to be more stable than a similar single-pass source in a standard configuration. The effects of varying the fiber temperature, pump power, pump wavelength, gyroscope feedback power and signal polarization state on the output mean wavelength are individually explored. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with simulations.
Barriers to the secondary use of data in critical care (2017)

A number of key challenges affect the secondary use of data in critical care: a lack of integration of information systems within critical care and across departments; barriers to accessing data; mismatched data tools and user requests. Data are predominantly used for reporting and research with less emphasis on using data to inform clinical practice.