gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct measurement of the lumped constant for 2-deoxy-[1-14C]glucose in vivo in human skeletal muscle (2000)

The lumped constant (LC) is used to convert the clearance rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG(CR)) to that of glucose (Glc(CR)). There are currently no data to validate the widely used assumption of an LC of 1.0 for human skeletal muscle. We determined the LC for 2-deoxy-[1-(14)C]glucose (2-DG) in 18 normal male subjects (age, 29+/- 2 yr; body mass index, 24.8+/-0.8 kg/m(2)) after an overnight fast and during physiological (1 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin infusion for 180 min) and supraphysiological (5 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) insulin infusion for 180 min) hyperinsulinemic conditions. Normoglycemia was maintained with the euglycemic clamp technique. The LC was measured directly with the use of a novel triple tracer-based method. [3-(3)H]glucose, 2-[1-(14)C]DG, and [(12)C]mannitol (Man) were injected as a bolus into the brachial artery. The concentrations of [3-(3)H]glucose and 2-[1-(14)C]DG (dpm/ml plasma) and of Man (micromol/l) were determined in 50 blood samples withdrawn from the ipsilateral deep forearm vein over 15 min after the bolus injection. The LC was calculated by a formula involving blood flow calculated from Man and the Glc(CR) and 2-DG(CR). The LC averaged 1.26+/-0.08 (range 1.06-1.43), 1.15+/-0.05 (0.99-1.39), and 1.18+/-0.05 (0.97-1.37) under fasting conditions and during the 1 and 5 mU x kg(-1). min(-1) insulin infusions (not significant between the different insulin concentrations, mean LC = 1.2, P<0.01 vs. 1.0). We conclude that, in normal subjects, the LC for 2-DG in human skeletal muscle is constant over a wide range of insulin concentrations and averages 1. 2.
Two-dimensional spin–echo nuclear magnetic resonance in rotating solids (1989)

Two-dimensional spin–echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments on rotating powders are presented. A single π pulse in the center of the evolution period of a two-dimensional experiment produces an effective reduction of the spinning speed in an orthogonal frequency dimension. Sets of two-dimensional rotational sidebands are produced from which shielding tensors may be derived by comparison with numerical simulations. A skew projection of the 2D spectrum corresponds rigorously to the normal magic angle spinning NMR spectrum obtained at one-half the spinning speed. For small shielding tensors this corresponds to a considerable enhancement in sideband intensity, assisting the estimation of shift anisotropies without the loss in resolution associated with low actual spinning speeds. Symmetries in the intensities and phases of the 2D sidebands are shown to result from a time-domain symmetry in the powder-averaged signal. Cases where the evolution period includes two or more π pulses, and where a heteronuclear dipolar interaction is introduced, are also examined.
Diabetic ketoacidosis with pulmonary thromboembolism (2014)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a fatal acute diabetic complication, is characterized by severe metabolic decompensation and intravascular volume depletion. These conditions may result in hypercoagulability and prothrombic state. Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) could be presented as an uncommon and life-threatening complication of DKA. Reported herein is a case involving a 54-year-old male patient who was admitted with DKA due to chronic alcohol consumption and stopping the intake of oral antidiabetic drugs. After low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin treatment because of PTE during the DKA treatment, the patient's condition improved over the week that he was discharged on insulin and warfarin.
Effects of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) and Osteoactivin (OA) on Bone Healing in a Segmental Defect Model in Rats (2007)

CTGF and OA are two anabolic proteins that play an important role in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. In this study, we evaluated the role of CTGF and the OA‐peptide using a rat model of segmental bone defect. A 6mm osteotomy of the tibia was created and a collagen sponge containing adenovirus GFP (AV‐GFP) neg. control, AV‐CTGF or OA‐P was inserted at the defect site. Rats were injected with calcein at 7 and 2 days prior to being euthanized at 4 weeks when skeletal tissues were collected and processed for analysis. AV‐CTGF treated animals demonstrate radiographic evidence for increased bone formation in the fibula and tibia at 2 and 4 weeks post‐surgery. Histology showed a dramatic increase in periosteal bone formation and ectopic islands of new bone, cartilage and connective tissue in the medullary cavity. The osteotomy was filled with a highly vascularized and connective tissue with no evidence of bony consolidation. OA‐P treated animals also demonstrated an increase in bone formation in the area surrounding the osteotomy, at the 4 week time point. AV‐GFP animals demonstrated minimal evidence for newly formed bone compared to the AV‐CTGF or OA‐P. Calcein labeling demonstrated the increase of newly formed bone in animals treated with AV‐CTGF or OA‐P when compared to AV‐GFP. These results suggest that both CTGF and OA‐P can enhance bone formation in vivo under specific conditions. Shriners Hospitals for Children
A Visual Tour Of Current Challenges In Multimodal Language Models (2022)

Transformer models trained on massive text corpora have become the de facto models for a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, learning effective word representations for function words remains challenging. Multimodal learning, which visually grounds transformer models in imagery, can overcome the challenges to some extent; however, there is still much work to be done. In this study, we explore the extent to which visual grounding facilitates the acquisition of function words using stable diffusion models that employ multimodal models for text-to-image generation. Out of seven categories of function words, along with numerous subcategories, we find that stable diffusion models effectively model only a small fraction of function words -- a few pronoun subcategories and relatives. We hope that our findings will stimulate the development of new datasets and approaches that enable multimodal models to learn better representations of function words.
User-aided sub-clustering for CoMP transmission: Feedback overhead vs. data rate trade-off (2012)

The need for cell densification leads to inter-cell interference mitigation techniques known as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and reception. This work focuses on the Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) frequency division duplex (FDD) downlink. In order to group active users for clustered zero-forcing (ZF) beamforming, we will introduce a greedy user scheduling method using a projection-based rate approximation metric. The clusters are defined in a network-centric fashion, where users are allowed to provide channel feedback for the whole cluster or a sub-set only.
A Knudsen pump using nanoporous zeolite for atmospheric pressure operation (2008)

This paper describes the use of naturally occurring nanoporous zeolite (clinoptilolite) for a miniature Knudsen pump. Based on the principle of thermal transpiration, these pumps have no moving parts, and are attractive for applications ranging from gas analyzers to cooling systems. The Knudsen pump requires flow channels that are in the free molecular or transitional flow regimes. Consequently, at atmospheric pressure, the pore diameters should be les100 nm, and large numbers of pores are necessary to permit meaningful flow. The initial prototype, operating at ap50 K above room temperature, achieves a flow rate of ap0.12 seem with a small pressure load at the output, or a maximum pressure of ap2.5 kPa when the flow is blocked. Its packaged volume is 55times55times12 mm .
Co-Delivery of Eugenol and Dacarbazine by Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Liposomes for Targeted Inhibition of Survivin in Treatment of Resistant Metastatic Melanoma (2019)

While melanoma remains a challenge for oncologists, possibilities are being continuously explored to fight resistant metastatic melanoma more effectively. Eugenol is reported to inhibit survivin protein in breast cancer cells. Survivin is also overexpressed by melanoma cells, and is known to impart resistance to them against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. To be able to fight resistant melanoma, we formulated hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated liposomes loaded with an effective combination of anti-melanoma agents (Dacarbazine and Eugenol), using a solvent injection method. Quality-by-Design (QbD) was applied to optimize and obtain a final formulation with the desired quality attributes, and within an acceptable size range. The optimized formulation was then subjected to performance analysis in cell lines. Coated-Dacarbazine Eugenol Liposomes were found to possess 95.08% cytotoxicity at a dacarbazine concentration of 0.5 µg/mL, while Dacarbazine Solution showed only 10.20% cytotoxicity at the same concentration. The number of late apoptotic cells was also found to be much higher (45.16% vs. 8.43%). Furthermore, migration assay and proliferation study also revealed significantly higher inhibition of cell migration and proliferation by Coated-Dacarbazine Eugenol Liposomes, signifying its potential against metastasis. Thus, surface-functionalized dacarbazine- and eugenol-loaded liposomes hold great promise against resistant and aggressive metastatic melanoma, with much less unwanted cytotoxicity and reduced doses of the chemotherapeutic agent.
Helping developers help themselves: automatic decomposition of code review changesets (2015)

Code Reviews, an important and popular mechanism for quality assurance, are often performed on a change set, a set of modified files that are meant to be committed to a source repository as an atomic action. Understanding a code review is more difficult when the change set consists of multiple, independent, code differences. We introduce CLUSTERCHANGES, an automatic technique for decomposing change sets and evaluate its effectiveness through both a quantitative analysis and a qualitative user study.
Quantitative Method for Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences Using Competitive Polymerase Chain Reaction with an Alternately Binding Probe (2006)

We have developed a simple, cost-effective, and accurate method for the quantification of specific nucleic acid sequences by the combined use of competitive PCR and a sequence-specific fluorescent probe that binds to either the gene of interest (target) or internal standard (competitor), referred to as alternately binding probe (ABProbe). In this method, the target and competitor were coamplified with the ABProbe, and then the fluorescence intensity was measured. The ratio of the target to the competitor can be calculated from the fluorescence intensity of the ABProbe using fluorescence quenching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, that is, the starting quantity of the target is successfully calculated by end-point fluorescence measurement. Therefore, this method eliminates the complex post-PCR steps and expensive devices for real-time fluorescence measurement. We called this method alternately binding probe competitive PCR (ABC-PCR). We quantified amoA as a model target by ABC-PCR and real-time PCR. By comparison, the sensitivity, accuracy, and precision of ABC-PCR were similar to those of real-time PCR. Moreover, ABC-PCR was able to correctly quantify DNA even when PCR was inhibited by humic acid; therefore, this method will enable accurate DNA quantification for biological samples that contain PCR inhibitors.
Explicit Rate Flow Control in Metro Ethernet Networks (2007)

In this paper, we first studied the performance of IEEE 802.3x flow control and its enhanced scheme, the DiffPause [1]. We found that such on-off flow control is not able to quickly react to the network bandwidth fluctuation and may result in buffer overflow and packet drop. Moreover, the flow control performance deteriorates with the larger transmission delay, which is typical in the Metro Ethernet that has long transmission distance. To overcome above problems, we proposed an Explicit Ethernet Rate Control (EERC) algorithm based on control theory. Our simulation shows that the EERC flow control greatly improves the response time and reduces the chance of overflow or underflow.
Exploring the Efficiency and Cost Limits of Fractional hp Axial Flux PM Machine Designs (2018)

Optimizing the design of electric machines is a vital step in ensuring the economical use of active materials. The three-dimensional flux paths in axial flux PM (AFPM) machines necessitate the use of computationally expensive 3D electromagnetic analysis. Furthermore, a large number of design evaluations is required to find the optimum, causing the total computation time to be excessively long. In view of this, a two-level surrogate assisted algorithm capable of handling such expensive optimization problems is introduced, which substantially reduces the number of FEA evaluations. The proposed algorithm is employed to optimally design an AFPM machine within a specified envelope, identifying the limits of cost and efficiency. Optimized designs with different rotor polarities are systematically compared in order to form the basis for a set of generalized design rules.
Supplementary Data from An Adenoviral Vaccine Encoding Full-Length Inactivated Human Her2 Exhibits Potent Immunogenicty and Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy without Oncogenicity (2023)

Supplementary Data from An Adenoviral Vaccine Encoding Full-Length Inactivated Human Her2 Exhibits Potent Immunogenicty and Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy without Oncogenicity
Flow-Based Cytometric Analysis of Cell Cycle via Simulated Cell Populations (2010)

We present a new approach to the handling and interrogating of large flow cytometry data where cell status and function can be described, at the population level, by global descriptors such as distribution mean or co-efficient of variation experimental data. Here we link the "real" data to initialise a computer simulation of the cell cycle that mimics the evolution of individual cells within a larger population and simulates the associated changes in fluorescence intensity of functional reporters. The model is based on stochastic formulations of cell cycle progression and cell division and uses evolutionary algorithms, allied to further experimental data sets, to optimise the system variables. At the population level, the in-silico cells provide the same statistical distributions of fluorescence as their real counterparts; in addition the model maintains information at the single cell level. The cell model is demonstrated in the analysis of cell cycle perturbation in human osteosarcoma tumour cells, using the topoisomerase II inhibitor, ICRF-193. The simulation gives a continuous temporal description of the pharmacodynamics between discrete experimental analysis points with a 24 hour interval; providing quantitative assessment of inter-mitotic time variation, drug interaction time constants and sub-population fractions within normal and polyploid cell cycles. Repeated simulations indicate a model accuracy of +/-5%. The development of a simulated cell model, initialized and calibrated by reference to experimental data, provides an analysis tool in which biological knowledge can be obtained directly via interrogation of the in-silico cell population. It is envisaged that this approach to the study of cell biology by simulating a virtual cell population pertinent to the data available can be applied to "generic" cell-based outputs including experimental data from imaging platforms.
Histologic analysis of the thermal effect on epidermal and dermal structures following treatment with the superpulsed CO2 laser and the Erbium:YAG laser: An in vivo study (1999)

Background and Objective To compare the in vivo histologic effects of the carbon dioxide (CO2) and erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers. To ascertain the effects of combining CO2 and Er:YAG laser modalities during a single treatment session. Study Design/Materials and Methods Ten patients underwent laser treatment to four left preauricular sites 7 days prior to rhytidectomy as follows: CO2 alone, CO2/Er:YAG, Er:YAG alone, and Er:YAG/CO2. The right preauricular area was identically treated 1 hour prior to rhytidectomy. Laser treated skin was excised during rhytidectomy and was evaluated histopathologically in a blinded manner. Results After 7 days, all groups were reepithelialized and showed equal neo-collagen formation. After 7 days, CO2/Er:YAG and Er:YAG alone had the least collagen injury and thickest epidermis and papillary dermis of all groups. Specimens lased 1 hour prior to excision showed the least collagen injury and thermal necrosis when treated with CO2/Er:YAG and Er:YAG alone. Four passes with CO2 removed 250 μm of tissue, while eight passes with the Er:YAG removed 160 μm of tissue. Conclusions Limiting CO2 laser passes and ending with Er:YAG produces less collagen injury, less thermal necrosis, and more robust epithelial and dermal fibrous tissue regeneration. CO2 followed by Er:YAG has similar thermal necrosis and collagen injury as Er:YAG alone, presumably due to Er:YAG removal of CO2 induced thermal injury. Lasers Surg. Med. 24:93–102, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sparsity-driven super-resolution in clinical contrast-enhanced ultrasound (2017)

Super-resolution ultrasound enables detailed assessment of the fine vascular network by pinpointing individual microbubbles, using ultrasound contrast agents. The fidelity and achieved resolution of this technique is determined by the density of localized microbubbles and their localization accuracy. To obtain high densities, one can evaluate extremely sparse subsets of microbubbles across thousands of frames by using a very low microbubble dose and imaging for a very long time, which is impractical for clinical routine. While ultrafast imaging somewhat alleviates this problem, long acquisition times are still required to enhance the full vascular bed. As a result, localization accuracy remains hampered by patient motion. Recently, sparsity-based ultrasonic super resolution hemodynamic imaging was proposed, featuring a high spatial as well as temporal resolution by exploiting the temporal correlation structure of flowing microbubbles. However, when using clinical scanners operating at low framerates, this pixel-wise correlation across imaging frames may vanish. The aim of this work is hence twofold. First, to attain high microbubble localization accuracy on dense contrast-enhanced ultrasound data using a clinical dose of ultrasound contrast agents and a standard clinical scanner. Second, to retain a high resolution by adequate motion compensation.
THE USE OF INCLINE TREADMILL WALKING IN THE REHABILITATION OF ACL RECONSTRUCTED INDIVIDUALS (1998)

1308 It has been stated that incline treadmill walking may be beneficial for the rehabilitation of ACL reconstructed (ACLr) patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance strategies of ACLr patients (bone-patella-bone; N = 12, 42 ± 4 days post-op.) with uninjured controls (N = 12) during incline treadmill walking (ITW) and to provide recommendations for the use of ITW in rehabilitating ACLr patients. For each subject, stance phase average EMG amplitude (AEMG) of the vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), bicep femoris (BF) and medial hamstrings (MH) and lower limb kinematics were measured during 17 trials of walking at a self-selected speed and at six treadmill grades (0, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21%). Repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05) with Bonferonni post hoc analysis was used to detect between group by incline (p < 0.008) and within group by incline differences (p < 0.003). AEMG progressively increased from 0% to 21% incline in the ACLr group (VMO = 27%, VL = 19%, BF = 31%, MH = 32%) and in the uninjured group (VMO = 52%, VL = 50%, BF = 52%, MH = 31%). AEMG of the BF was significantly greater for the ACLr group at 0 and 9% inclines (p < 0.001). No other significant differences in AEMG activity existed between the groups at the six inclines. Knee angle at heel contact increased with incline in both groups. Knee angles at heel contact for the ACLr group were more flexed (5.1 °) than the uninjured group at 0% incline but less flexed than the uninjured group at all other inclines (mean difference = 8.1 °). Inclined treadmill walking may be beneficial for rehabilitating ACLr patients because it provides a functional activity that increases knee flexion and quadricep and hamstring AEMG activity during the stance phase. The increased knee flexion allows the hamstrings a better mechanical advantage to restrict anterior tibial displacement and protect the integrity of the joint capsule and ACL graft.
Modifying Titania Using the Molten-Salt-Assisted Self-Assembly Process for Cadmium Selenide–Quantum Dot-Sensitized Photoanodes (2017)

Sensitizing titania with semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) is an important field for the development of third-generation photovoltaics. Many methods have been developed to effectively incorporate QDs over the surface of mesoporous titania, assembled from the 20-25 nm titania nanoparticles. Here, we introduce a molten-salt-assisted self-assembly (MASA) method to fabricate CdSe-modified mesoporous titania photoanodes. A mixture of ethanol, two surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 10-lauryl ether), silica (tetramethyl orthosilicate) or titania source (Ti(OC4H9)4, acid (HNO3), and cadmium nitrate solution was infiltrated into the pores of mesoporous titania (assembled using Degussa 25, P25) and immediately calcined at 450 °C to obtain mesoporous cadmium oxide-silica-titania (meso-CdO-SiO2-P25) or cadmium titanate-titania (meso-CdTiO3-P25) films. The MASA process is a simple method to smoothly coat or fill the pores of titania with mesoporous CdO-SiO2 or CdTiO3 that can be reacted under an H2Se atmosphere to convert cadmium species to CdSe at 100 °C. Etching of the silica films with a very dilute hydrogen fluoride solution produces mesoporous CdSe-titania (meso-CdSe-P25) electrodes. The method is flexible to adjust the CdSe/TiO2 mole ratio over a very broad range in the films. The films were characterized at every stage of the preparation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The electrodes were also tested in a simple two-electrode solar cell to demonstrate the performance of the electrodes that have a power conversion efficiency of 3.35%.
A study of background signals in terahertz apertureless near-field microscopy and their use for scattering-probe imaging (2009)

Apertureless near-field microscopy is an imaging technique in which a small metal tip is held close to a surface, converting evanescent waves to propagating waves and permitting extreme subwavelength spatial resolution. This technique has recently been adapted for use in the terahertz region of the spectrum. Here, the interpretation of the measured signals and the suppression of background scattering can be complicated by the extremely broad bandwidth of the terahertz source and by the coherent (i.e., phase-sensitive) detection of the scattered radiation. We have analyzed the use of tip-sample distance modulation for the removal of background signals. We find that significant background signals, originating from scattering off the probe tip, can be observed even after modulation. These background signals result from path-length difference modulation, and thus are relevant when phase-sensitive detection is used. We use a dipole antenna model to explain the spatial variation in the scattered signal. Since this signal originates from the tip only, it can be used to characterize free-space terahertz wave fronts with subwavelength resolution.
1.55 µm vertical cavity laser transmissionover 200 km at 622 Mbit/s (1996)

The authors have demonstrated singlemode fibre optic transmission using double fused laterally oxidised vertical cavity lasers (VCLs) operating at 1.55 µm. Optimum performance was obtained with VCLs with an oxidised aperture of 6–7 µm. These VCLs had a maximum sidemode suppression ratio of 47 dB under pseudorandom modulation, a maximum bandwidth of 4.6 GHz and a current modulation efficiency factor of 3.3 GHz/√[mA]. A bit error rate &lt; 10-9 was achieved for transmission over 200 km at 622 Mbit/s.