gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy of the vulva (2022)

This chapter focuses on squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The sentinel lymph node procedure was first introduced in vulvar cancer in 1994. Levenback et al. published the first feasibility study on sentinel lymph node biopsy with only isosulfan blue as a tracer and always followed by an inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. The Groningen International Study on Sentinel Nodes in Vulvar cancer (GROINSS-V I) was the first large study on the safety of the sentinel node procedure in vulvar cancer and was published in 2008. A recent nationwide study in Denmark in 286 early-stage vulvar cancer patients confirmed these results for the sentinel node procedure. Isolated groin recurrences after a negative sentinel node were observed in 2.1% of the patients, all within 2 years after primary treatment. The morbidity of sentinel node biopsy alone is much lower compared with an inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy.
The GURU system in TREC-6 (1997)

Introduction As the on-line world grows and increases its role in our daily lives, the problems of searching, categorizing, and understanding textual information become ever more important. While researchers and practitioners have made much progress in these areas over the last thirty years, anyone who has gone to the World Wide Web seeking information and returned with more frustration than answers can attest that much work remains. Today&amp;apos;s important issues cover topics such as scalability, user interfaces, and techniques that exploit the unique hypermedia features of Web environments. To support our research in these areas, the Text Analysis and Advanced Search department at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center has developed an experimental probabilistic text retrieval system called Guru[4]. Guru was originally built to explore new probabilistic ranking algorithms, and now serves as a test-bed for much of our text analysis, search, and categorization work. Guru may be run as
Table S2 from Inhibition of CDK4/6 Promotes CD8 T-cell Memory Formation (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Cluster defining genes&lt;/p&gt;
Materials for an attenuated phase-shifting mask in 157-nm lithography (2001)

We have investigated new materials for 157nm attenuated phase-shifting mask (Att-PSM). The structure of the Att-PSM is based on the bi-layer film in which a transparent film (TF) is deposited on an absorptive film (AF) on quartz substrate. We evaluated the optical property and the durability against F2 laser irradiation for 157nm Att-PSM materials, for which we prepared the modified ZrSixOy films and SiOx film as a TF and the Cr film and the modified ZrSixOy films as an AF. For a TF, the SiOx and modified ZrSixOy films achieve high transparency and robust durability against F2 laser light. For an AF, the Cr film achieves robust irradiation durability. Furthermore, we investigated the feasibility of defect inspection in consideration of the various combinations of TF and AF. From the calculation of the transmittance at inspection wavelength (193nm and 248nm), it is expected that the defect inspection is feasible in the combination of the SiOx or ZrSixOy transparent films with any absorptive film.
Correlation of Cement Performance Property Measurements with C3S/C2S Ratio Determined by Solid State 29Si NMR Measurements (2008)

The physicochemical and engineering performance properties of several API class G and H ordinary Portland cements (OPCs) from various foreign and domestic sources have been investigated in comparison with the tricalcium silicate/dicalcium silicate ratio (C3S/C2S) as determined by magic angle spinning (MAS) 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. XRF-derived oxide analysis appears to provide a lower C3S/C2S ratio than determined by NMR analysis. Furthermore, oxide analysis suggests that all the cements have a C3S/C2S ratio of 2−5, while our NMR method suggests the actual range is significantly broader. Determination of C3S/C2S ratios by NMR provides an effective method of analysis for cements, owing to NMR’s direct measurement of the minerals in question. NMR C3S/C2S ratios demonstrate predictive ability for the determination of engineering performance properties. This is especially the case for prediction of strength development; in keeping with generally accepted understanding of cement hydration behavior, the strength development correlates with increasing C3S/C2S ratio, i.e., C3S content. The observed correlation between NMR-derived silicate ratio and strength development holds for cements in the presence of either a retarder (lignosulfonate) or a fluid loss additive (N,N-dimethylformamide/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid copolymer). No significant correlation is observed between C3S/C2S ratio and the 72 h crush strength. The lack of dependency of either thickening time or Young’s modulus to the C3S/C2S ratio as determined by MAS 29Si NMR measurements suggests that these physical properties are independent of the relative silicate composition. No correlations are observed between any physical property and the silicate ratio derived from XRF data.
Investigation of porphyrin-forming reactions. Part 4. Examination of the reaction course in syntheses of porphyrins via dipyrromethanecarbinols † (2001)

The dipyrromethanecarbinol motif is a key component in rational routes to a wide variety of porphyrinic macrocycles. We have investigated the dipyrromethane-monocarbinol self-condensation and the dipyrromethane-dicarbinol + dipyrromethane condensation under four different acid-catalysis conditions and have characterized the oligomer composition (by LD-MS), yield of porphyrin (by UV–Vis), and yield of N-confused porphyrin (by HPLC). Under conditions giving “no-scrambling”, the condensations are rapid and afford an oligomer composition characterized by (1) absence of scrambling, (2) suppression of acidolysis, and (3) a disproportionate amount of long oligomers from which recovery does not occur. The irreversibility of the reaction and lack of recovery from the long oligomers may explain the lower yields of dipyrromethanecarbinol condensations (<30%) compared with reversible reactions of aldehyde + pyrrole (∼50%). Modest levels of acidolysis and scrambling with the dipyrromethanecarbinols are obtained under reaction conditions that cause extensive scrambling in dipyrromethane + aldehyde condensations. Because both reactions give the same porphyrinogen, the scrambling processes must primarily involve the dipyrromethane or oligomer intermediates rather than the porphyrinogen. The dipyrromethane-monocarbinol self-condensation and dipyrromethane-dicarbinol + dipyrromethane condensation afford quite similar oligomer compositions, suggesting that both follow similar pathways to the porphyrinogen. Reaction conditions that suppress scrambling in the dipyrromethanecarbinol condensations were found to dramatically suppress formation of the N-confused porphyrin. Taken together, these experiments show how the greater reactivity of the dipyrromethanecarbinol unit (compared with the pyrrole + aldehyde reaction) facilitates synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins without scrambling.
Investigating Users' Web Search Behaviour for Software Engineering and Maintenance Tasks (2019)

The Internet plays a key role in accomplishing many tasks. For many such
tasks, web search is integral in finding relevant information. Similar to other
domains, web search is also heavily used in software engineering (SE) to help
with various SE specific tasks such as debugging, finding documentation,
installation, etc. In this paper, we present the first large scale study on how
web search is used in software engineering and maintenance. We analyze the
query logs from a major commercial web search engine. Being able to
disambiguate software engineering queries from other queries is important for
understanding the usage of web search in software engineering. To this end, we
build a machine learning based classifier to identify software engineering
queries. We then analyze 1 million web search sessions to understand how
software engineering related queries and sessions differ from other queries and
sessions. Subsequently, we define the taxonomy of intents behind the usage of
web search by software engineers. This allows us to develop a better
understanding of the various contexts in which web search is used in software
engineering and maintenance. We then analyse 6 million SE queries to understand
the distribution of intents across various web search metrics and other trend
characteristics. Our results show that web search is heavily used for various
software engineering and maintenance tasks. Finally, we discuss the
implications of this work on improving search engine support for software
engineering queries by providing contextual assistance and we elaborate on how
we can gain insights into common issues faced by developers which can be
leveraged to improve and maintain different software technologies.
Cost-effectiveness of Stapedectomy vs Hearing Aids in the Treatment of Otosclerosis (2019)

Stapedectomy appears to be a cost-effective option for treating otosclerosis compared with hearing aid use, from the patient perspective.
Multiple-valued radix-2 signed-digit arithmetic circuits for high-performance VLSI systems (1990)

VLSI-oriented multiple-valued current-mode MOS arithmetic circuits using radix-2 signed-digit number representations are proposed. A prototype adder chip is implemented with 10- mu m CMOS technology to confirm the principle of operation. A multiplication scheme using four-input current-mode wired summations for realizing a high-speed small-size multiplier is presented. The 32*32-b multiplier is composed of 18800 transistors and required fewer interconnections. The multiply time is estimated to be 45 ns by SPICE simulation in 2- mu m CMOS technology. It is shown that the technology is also potentially effective for the reduction of the data-bus area in VLSI.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) complicated by pulmonary embolism and acute respiratory distress syndrome (2020)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome and coagulopathy played an important role in morbidity and mortality of severe COVID-19 patients. A higher frequency of pulmonary embolism (PE) than expected in COVID-19 patients was recently reported. The presenting symptoms for PE were untypical including dyspnea, which is one of the major symptoms in severe COVID-19, especially in those patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We reported two COVID-19 cases with coexisting complications of PE and ARDS, aiming to consolidate the emerging knowledge of this global health emergency and raise the awareness that the hypoxemia or severe dyspnea in COVID-19 may be related to PE and not necessarily always due to the parenchymal disease.
Regulation of Galactokinase Synthesis by Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in Cell-free Extracts of Escherichia coli (1971)

Abstract Galactokinase has been synthesized in vitro in a coupled system for transcription and translation containing λpgal DNA and a cell-free extract prepared from a gal deletion strain of E. coli. Galactokinase synthesis requires gal operon DNA, and is stimulated 2- to 12-fold by 10-4 m cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The action of cyclic AMP requires cyclic AMP receptor protein and is completely reversed by 10-3 m cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Synthesis of galactokinase is partially inhibited by 10-4 m guanosine 3'-diphosphate, 5'-diphosphate. Galactokinase synthesis begins after a 15-min lag and is linear for 45 to 60 min at 30° and 37°. No enzyme synthesis is detected at 23°, and no enzyme is made in the presence of deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, or chloramphenicol. The galactokinase made in vitro resembles the enzyme made in vivo in its molecular weight, inhibition by calcium, and resistance to inactivation by toluene.
A Primer on Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery: Building a New Paradigm (2006)

Access to the abdominal cavity is required for diagnostic and therapeutic endeavors for a variety of medical and surgical diseases. Historically, abdominal access has required a formal laparotomy to provide adequate exposure. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging experimental alternative to conventional surgery that eliminates abdominal incisions and incision-related complications by combining endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques to diagnose and treat abdominal pathology. During NOTES, commercially available flexible video endoscopes are used to create a controlled transvisceral incision via natural orifice access to enter the peritoneal cavity. Common incision-related complications such as wound infections, incisional hernias, postoperative pain, aesthetic disdain, and adhesions could be minimized or eliminated by NOTES. NOTES has evolved from more than 2 centuries of technological innovations and continued growth in the field of surgical endoscopy. Innovative surgical endoscopists have slowly developed means to surpass the constraints of the gastrointestinal lumen by using a flexible endoscope. The future of surgical endoscopy may be the shared entity of NOTES, which further integrates endoscopy, gastroenterology, and minimally invasive and general surgery. Although the promise of NOTES is electrifying to surgeons and endoscopists, several key issues need to be characterized prior to the incorporation of NOTES into routine practice. This article reviews the status, contemporary body of literature, limitations, and potential future implications accompanying the development of NOTES.
Pulmonary Inflammation Induced byPseudomonas aeruginosaLipopolysaccharide, Phospholipase C, and Exotoxin A: Role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (2002)

Chronic pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phosholipase C (PLC), and exotoxin A (ETA) were evaluated for their ability to induce pulmonary inflammation in mice following intranasal inoculation. Both LPS and PLC induced high levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta-6, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), MIP-1 alpha MIP-2 in the lungs but did not affect IL-18 levels. ETA did not induce TNF-alpha and was a weak inducer of IL-1 beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), and MIP-2. Remarkably, ETA reduced constitutive lung IL-18 levels. LPS was the only factor inducing IFN-gamma. LPS, PLC, and ETA all induced cell infiltration in the lungs. The role of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in pulmonary inflammation induced by LPS, PLC, and ETA was evaluated. When inoculated with LPS, IRF-1 gene knockout (IRF-1 KO) mice produced lower levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IFN-gamma than did wild-type (WT) mice. Similarly, a milder effect of ETA on IL-1 beta and IL-18 was observed for IRF-1 KO than for WT mice. In contrast, the cytokine response to PLC did not differ between WT and IRF-1 KO mice. Accordingly, LPS and ETA, but not PLC, induced expression of IRF-1 mRNA. IRF-1 deficiency had no effect on MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 levels and on cell infiltration induced by LPS, PLC, or ETA. Flow cytometric evaluation of lung mononuclear cells revealed strongly reduced percentages of CD8(+) and NK cells in IRF-1 KO mice compared to percentages observed for WT mice. These data indicate that different virulence factors from P. aeruginosa induce pulmonary inflammation in vivo and that IRF-1 is involved in some of the cytokine responses to LPS and ETA.
Stable Ordering in Langmuir-Blodgett Films (2001)

Defects in the layering of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films can be eliminated by depositing from the appropriate monolayer phase at the air-water interface. LB films deposited from the hexagonal phase of cadmium arachidate (CdA2) at pH 7 spontaneously transform into the bulk soap structure, a centrosymmetric bilayer with an orthorhombic herringbone packing. A large wavelength folding mechanism accelerates the conversion between the two structures, leading to a disruption of the desired layering. At pH > 8.5, though it is more difficult to draw LB films, almost perfect layering is obtained due to the inability to convert from the as-deposited structure to the equilibrium one.
Resistance of melanized yeast cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to antimicrobial oxidants and inhibition of phagocytosis using carbohydrates and monoclonal antibody to CD18 (2009)

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermal dimorphic fungal pathogen, produces a melanin-like pigment in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the involvement of carbohydrates and monoclonal antibody to CD18, on phagocytosis inhibition, involving macrophage receptors and the resistance of melanized fungal cells to chemically generated nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite and H2O2. Our results demonstrate that melanized yeast cells were more resistant than nonmelanized yeast cells to chemically generated NO, ROS, hypochlorite and H2O2, in vitro. Phagocytosis of melanized yeast cells was virtually abolished when mannan, N-acetyl glucosamine and anti-CD18 antibody were added together in this system. Intratracheal infection of BALB/c mice, with melanized yeast cells, resulted in higher lung colony forming units, when compared to nonmelanized yeast cells. Therefore, melanin is a virulence factor of P. brasiliensis.
Mobile IPv4 Challenge/Response Extensions (Revised) (2007)

Mobile IP, as originally specified, defines an authentication
extension (the Mobile-Foreign Authentication extension) by which a
mobile node can authenticate itself to a foreign agent. Unfortunately,
that extension does not provide the foreign agent any direct guarantee
that the protocol is protected from replays and does not allow for the
use of existing techniques (such as Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (CHAP)) for authenticating portable computer devices. In
this specification, we define extensions for the Mobile IP Agent
Advertisements and the Registration Request that allow a foreign agent
to use a challenge/response mechanism to authenticate the mobile node.
Furthermore, this document updates RFC 3344 by including a new
authentication extension called the Mobile-Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Authentication extension. This new
extension is provided so that a mobile node can supply credentials for
authorization, using commonly available AAA infrastructure elements.
This authorization-enabling extension MAY co-exist in the same
Registration Request with authentication extensions defined for Mobile
IP Registration by RFC 3344. This document obsoletes RFC 3012.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]
Groove Pancreatitis: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Radiology-Pathology Correlation (2013)

Unfortunately, differentiating groove pancreatitis from malignancy on the basis of imaging features, clinical presentation, or laboratory markers can be extraordinarily difficult, and the vast majority of these patients ultimately undergo a pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) because of an inability to completely exclude malignancy. In certain cases, however, the imaging features on CT and MRI can allow the radiologist to prospectively suggest the correct diagnosis.
Preservation of Microalgae, Lignocellulosic Biomass Blends by Ensiling to Enable Consistent Year-Round Feedstock Supply for Thermochemical Conversion to Biofuels (2020)

Seasonal variation in microalgae productivity is a significant barrier to economical production of algae biofuels and chemicals. Summer production can be 3-5 times higher than in the winter resulting in uneven feedstock supplies at algae biorefineries. A portion of the summer production must be preserved for conversion in the winter in order to maintain a biorefinery running at capacity. Ensiling, a preservation process that utilizes lactic acid fermentation to limit microbial degradation, has been demonstrated to successfully stabilize algae biomass (20% solids) and algae-lignocellulosic blends (40% algae-60% lignocellulosic biomass, dry basis) for over 6 months, resulting in fuel production cost savings with fewer emissions. Preservation of algae as blends could be beneficial to biorefineries that utilize thermochemical approaches to fuel production as co-processing of algae and lignocellulosic biomass has been observed to enhance biocrude yield and improve oil quality. This study conducts a resource assessment of biomass residues in the southern United States to identify materials available during peak algae productivity and in sufficient quantity to meet the algae storage needs of an algae biofuel industry. Eight feedstocks met the quantity threshold but only three, distillers grains, haylage, and yard waste, were also available in season. Storage experiments utilizing both freshwater and marine strains of microalgae - <i>Scenedesmus acutus</i>, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Chlorella zofingiensis</i>, <i>Nannochloropsis gaditana</i>, and <i>Porphyridium purpureum</i> - and yard waste were conducted for 30 days. Storage losses were less than 10% in all but one case, and the pH of all but one blend was reduced to less than 4.7, indicating that yard waste is a suitable feedstock for blending with algae prior to storage. To better understand whether the benefits to conversion realized by processing blends might be affected by storage, elemental analysis and bomb calorimetry of pre- and post-storage algae-yard waste blends were conducted to characterize changes occurring during storage. Storing algae biomass as blends with lignocellulosic biomass could be an effective method of mitigating seasonal variability in algae biomass production while retaining the synergistic effect of co-processing algae blends in thermochemical conversion.
Scrambled quasirandom sequences and their applications (2004)

Quasi-Monte Carlo methods are a variant of ordinary Monte Carlo methods that employ highly uniform quasirandom numbers in place of Monte Carlo's pseudorandom numbers. Monte Carlo methods offer statistical error estimates; however, while quasi-Monte Carlo has a faster convergence rate than normal Monte Carlo, one cannot obtain error estimates from quasi-Monte Carlo sample values by any practical way. A recently proposed method, called randomized quasi-Monte Carlo methods, takes advantage of Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. Randomness can be brought to bear on quasirandom sequences through scrambling and other related randomization techniques in randomized quasi-Monte Carlo methods, which provide an elegant approach to obtain error estimates for quasi-Monte Carlo based on treating each scrambled sequence as a different and independent random sample. The core of randomized quasi-Monte Carlo is to find an effective and fast algorithm to scramble (randomize) quasirandom sequences. This dissertation surveys research on algorithms and implementations of scrambled quasirandom sequences and proposes some new algorithms to improve the quality of scrambled quasirandom sequences.
Besides obtaining error estimates for quasi-Monte Carlo, scrambling techniques provide a natural way to parallelize quasirandom sequences. This scheme is especially suitable for distributed or grid computing. 
By scrambling a quasirandom sequence we can produce a family of related quasirandom sequences. Finding one or a subset of optimal quasirandom sequences within this family is an interesting problem, as such optimal quasirandom sequences can be quite useful for quasi-Monte Carlo. The process of finding such optimal quasirandom sequences is called the derandomization of a randomized (scrambled) family. We summarize aspects of this technique and propose some new algorithms for finding optimal sequences from the Halton, Faure and Sobol sequences. Finally we explore applications of derandomization.