gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic classification of retinal vessels into arteries and veins (2009)

Separating the retinal vascular tree into arteries and veins is important for quantifying vessel changes that preferentially affect either the veins or the arteries. For example the ratio of arterial to venous diameter, the retinal a/v ratio, is well established to be predictive of stroke and other cardiovascular events in adults, as well as the staging of retinopathy of prematurity in premature infants. This work presents a supervised, automatic method that can determine whether a vessel is an artery or a vein based on intensity and derivative information. After thinning of the vessel segmentation, vessel crossing and bifurcation points are removed leaving a set of vessel segments containing centerline pixels. A set of features is extracted from each centerline pixel and using these each is assigned a soft label indicating the likelihood that it is part of a vein. As all centerline pixels in a connected segment should be the same type we average the soft labels and assign this average label to each centerline pixel in the segment. We train and test the algorithm using the data (40 color fundus photographs) from the DRIVE database1 with an enhanced reference standard. In the enhanced reference standard a fellowship trained retinal specialist (MDA) labeled all vessels for which it was possible to visually determine whether it was a vein or an artery. After applying the proposed method to the 20 images of the DRIVE test set we obtained an area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.88 for correctly assigning centerline pixels to either the vein or artery classes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rotationally‐Restricted Mimics of Rigid Molecules: Nonspirocyclic Hydantoin Aldose Reductase Inhibitors. (1989)

Abstract 5‐Chlorothiosalicylic acid (I) is reduced, forming the benzyl alcohol (II).
Design and implementation of a MIMO MAC protocol for ad hoc networking (2006)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) provides the potential for significant gains in channel capacity and spectral efficiency through its use of multiple element antenna systems and space-time coding. There are numerous published accounts of experimental MIMO communications links with high numbers of transmit and receive antennas, as well as commercial products exploiting MIMO with smaller antenna configurations. However, the use of MIMO as a modulation scheme for mobile ad hoc networking has so far only been explored as part of a theoretic or simulation exercise. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a MAC protocol for a MIMO system which is designed to exploit the capability of 8x10 MIMO for ad hoc networks. This work is unique in that from the start our design considered the specific capabilities and parameters of an existing 8x10 MIMO physical layer, including nonnegligible decoding delays, variable array size and coding schemes, as well as fixed frame sizes. Furthermore, given the bandwidths and antenna array sizes available, the physical layer design could achieve hundreds of megabits in link capacity, and our MAC protocol therefore needed to be designed and implemented in such a way as to maximize this capacity, particularly in a network multi-hop environment. Our MIMO-MAC protocol provides this capability while supporting multi-hop ad hoc networks through novel schemes for channel access, segmentation/reassembly, ARQ and link adaptation. This paper discusses the challenges and tradeoffs involved in developing a MAC for real MIMO hardware, and briefly describes a subset of our solutions to them.
Voltage Control Support and Coordination between Renewable Generation Plants in MV Distribution Systems (2016)

This paper focusses on voltage control support and coordination between renewable generation plants in medium voltage distribution systems. An exemplary benchmark grid in Denmark, including a number of flexible ReGen plants providing voltage control functionality, is used as a base case. First, voltage sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify node voltage variations due to injections of reactive power for given operational points of the network. The results are then used to develop an adaptive voltage droop control method, where various droop settings are allocated to each ReGen plant according to the sensitivity indices of corresponding node voltages and the location of respective ReGen plants in the distribution system. Case studies are performed in time-domain to analyze the impact of voltage fluctuations due to active power variations of ReGen plants in order to verify the performance of the obtained voltage droop settings. The main outcome of this study is the provision of a generic guidance on how to coordinate the voltage stability support capabilities of ReGen plants in a distribution system with large ReGen penetration in order to ensure a resilient voltage controlled distribution system.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Ene‐Allene Carbocyclization Strategy for the Formation of Azepines and Oxepins. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The conjugacy search problem in public key cryptography: unnecessary and insufficient (2004)

The conjugacy search problem in a group G is the problem of recovering an x in G from given g in G and h=x^{-1}gx. This problem is in the core of several recently suggested public key exchange protocols, most notably the one due to Anshel, Anshel, and Goldfeld, and the one due to Ko, Lee at al. In this note, we make two observations that seem to have eluded most people's attention. The first observation is that solving the conjugacy search problem is not necessary for an adversary to get the common secret key in the Ko-Lee protocol. It is sufficient to solve an apparently easier problem of finding x, y in G such that h=ygx for given g, h in G. Another observation is that solving the conjugacy search problem is not sufficient for an adversary to get the common secret key in the Anshel-Anshel-Goldfeld protocol.
Phosphorylcholine-Dependent Cross-Reactivity between Dental Plaque Bacteria and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins (2001)

Antibodies reactive with phosphorylcholine (PC) are ubiquitous in human sera, but the antigens stimulating their production and their function are not clear. Previous studies have shown that a significant proportion of dental plaque bacteria contain PC as determined by reactivity with PC-specific mouse myeloma proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, serum antibody concentrations of immunoglobulin (IgG) G anti-PC are higher in sera of individuals who have experienced periodontal attachment loss than those who are periodontally healthy. These data implicate the oral microflora as a source of antigen-stimulating anti-PC responses. Recent data also indicate that antibodies with specificity for PC are elevated in ApoE-deficient mice, a model for studies of athersclerosis, and that such antibodies bound oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (oxLDL) in atherosclerotic plaques. These data prompted the hypothesis that human anti-PC could bind to both oral bacteria and human oxLDL, and that these antigens are cross-reactive. We therefore examined the ability of human anti-PC to bind to PC-bearing strains of oral bacteria using enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assays and by assessment of direct binding of affinity-purified human anti-PC to PC-bearing Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Our results indicated that PC-bearing strains of Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and A. actinomycetemcomitans, as well as a strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, absorbed up to 80% of anti-PC IgG antibody from human sera. Furthermore, purified anti-PC bound to a PC-bearing strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans but only poorly to a PC-negative strain. OxLDL also absorbed anti-PC from human sera, and oxLDL but not LDL reacted with up to 80% of the anti-PC in human sera. Furthermore, purified anti-PC bound directly to oxLDL but not to LDL. The data indicate that PC-containing antigens on a variety of common oral bacteria are cross-reactive with neoantigens expressed in oxLDL. We propose that PC-bearing dental plaque microorganisms may induce an antibody response to PC that could influence the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerosis.
Muuttuva ilmasto edellyttää monipuolisempaa peltoviljelyä ja typen hallintaa (2011)

Viljelyn aloittava sukupolvi näkee työssään nykyistä lämpimämmät ja pidemmät kasvukaudet sekä leudommat ja vähälumisemmat talvet. Kun sääilmiöiden vaihtelut lisääntyvät, sopeutuminen on välttämätöntä. Talviaikaisen kasvipeitteisyyden lisääminen ja kipsin levitys voivat riittää torjumaan typen ja kiintoaineiden valumia, joita leudot talvet uhkaavat kasvattaa.
Phloroglucinol Inhibits Oxidative-Stress-Induced Cytotoxicity in C2C12 Murine Myoblasts through Nrf-2-Mediated Activation of HO-1 (2023)

Phloroglucinol is a class of polyphenolic compounds containing aromatic phenyl rings and is known to have various pharmacological activities. Recently, we reported that this compound isolated from <i>Ecklonia cava</i>, a brown alga belonging to the family <i>Laminariaceae</i>, has potent antioxidant activity in human dermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated whether phloroglucinol could protect against hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)-induced oxidative damage in murine-derived C2C12 myoblasts. Our results revealed that phloroglucinol suppressed H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage while blocking the production of reactive oxygen species. We also found that phloroglucinol protected cells from the induction of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial impairment caused by H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment. Furthermore, phloroglucinol enhanced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) as well as the expression and activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, such anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective effects of phloroglucinol were greatly abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor, suggesting that phloroglucinol could increase the Nrf2-mediated activity of HO-1 to protect C2C12 myoblasts from oxidative stress. Taken together, our results indicate that phloroglucinol has a strong antioxidant activity as an Nrf2 activator and may have therapeutic benefits for oxidative-stress-mediated muscle disease.
Privacy-Aware Collaboration Among UntrustedResource Constrained Devices (2019)

Individuals are increasingly encouraged to share private information with service providers. Privacy is relaxed to increase the utility of the data for the provider. This dissertation offers an alternative approach in which raw data stay with individuals and only coarse aggregates are sent to analysts. A challenge is the reliance on constrained devices for data collection. This dissertation demonstrates the practicality of this approach by designing and implementing privacy-aware systems that collect information using low-cost or ultra-low-power microcontrollers. Smart meters can generate certified readings suitable for use in a privacy-preserving system every 10 s using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. CRFIDs-batteryless devices that operate on harvested energy from RF-can generate encrypted sub-aggregates in 17 s to contribute to a privacy-preserving aggregation system that does not rely on a trusted aggregator. A secure communication channel for CRFID tags via untrusted relays achieves a throughput of 18 Kbps.
Learning to Better Segment Objects from Unseen Classes with Unlabeled Videos (2021)

The ability to localize and segment objects from unseen classes would open the door to new applications, such as autonomous object learning in active vision. Nonetheless, improving the performance on unseen classes requires additional training data, while manually annotating the objects of the unseen classes can be labor-extensive and expensive. In this paper, we explore the use of unlabeled video sequences to automatically generate training data for objects of unseen classes. It is in principle possible to apply existing video segmentation methods to unlabeled videos and automatically obtain object masks, which can then be used as a training set even for classes with no manual labels available. However, our experiments show that these methods do not perform well enough for this purpose. We therefore introduce a Bayesian method that is specifically designed to automatically create such a training set: Our method starts from a set of object proposals and relies on (non-realistic) analysis-by-synthesis to select the correct ones by performing an efficient optimization over all the frames simultaneously. Through extensive experiments, we show that our method can generate a high-quality training set which significantly boosts the performance of segmenting objects of unseen classes. We thus believe that our method could open the door for open-world instance segmentation using abundant Internet videos.
Power Performance of AlGaN–GaN HEMTs Grown on SiC by Plasma-Assisted MBE (2004)

We report AlGaN-GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on SiC substrates with excellent microwave power and efficiency performance. The GaN buffers in these samples were doped with carbon to make them insulating. To reduce gate leakage, a thin silicon nitride film was deposited on the AlGaN surface by chemical vapor deposition. At 4 GHz, an output power density of 6.6 W/mm was obtained with 57% power-added efficiency (PAE) and a gain of 10 dB at a drain bias of 35 V. This is the highest PAE reported until now at 4 GHz in AlGaN-GaN HEMTs grown by MBE. At 10 GHz, we measured an output power density of 7.3 W/mm with a PAE of 36% and gain of 7.6 dB at 40-V drain bias.
Chains Are More Flexible Under Tension (2020)

The mechanical response of networks, gels, and brush layers is a manifestation of the elastic properties of the individual macromolecules. Furthermore, the elastic response of macromolecules to an applied force is the foundation of the single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques. The two main classes of models describing chain elasticity include the worm-like and freely-jointed chain models. The selection between these two classes of models is based on the assumptions about chain flexibility. In many experimental situations the choice is not clear and a model describing the crossover between these two limiting classes is therefore in high demand. We are proposing a unified chain deformation model which describes the force-deformation curve in terms of the chain bending constant K and bond length b. This model demonstrates that the worm-like and freely-jointed chain models correspond to two different regimes of polymer deformation and the crossover between these two regimes depends on the chain bending rigidity and the magnitude of the applied force. Polymer chains with bending constant K>1 behave as a worm-like chain under tension in the interval of the applied forces f ≤ KkBT/b and as a freely-jointed chain for f ≥ KkBT/b (kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature). The proposed crossover expression for chain deformation is in excellent agreement with the results of the molecular dynamics simulations of chain deformation and single-molecule deformation experiments of biological and synthetic macromolecules.
The mechanism of the cyclooctatetraene synthesis from ethyne employing nickel catalysts (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe mechanism of the cyclooctatetraene synthesis from ethyne employing nickel catalystsRobert E. Colborn and K. Peter C. VollhardtCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 18, 5470–5477Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00278a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00278a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views838Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Q-Flow: Generative Modeling for Differential Equations of Open Quantum Dynamics with Normalizing Flows (2023)

Studying the dynamics of open quantum systems can enable breakthroughs both in fundamental physics and applications to quantum engineering and quantum computation. Since the density matrix $ρ$, which is the fundamental description for the dynamics of such systems, is high-dimensional, customized deep generative neural networks have been instrumental in modeling $ρ$. However, the complex-valued nature and normalization constraints of $ρ$, as well as its complicated dynamics, prohibit a seamless connection between open quantum systems and the recent advances in deep generative modeling. Here we lift that limitation by utilizing a reformulation of open quantum system dynamics to a partial differential equation (PDE) for a corresponding probability distribution $Q$, the Husimi Q function. Thus, we model the Q function seamlessly with off-the-shelf deep generative models such as normalizing flows. Additionally, we develop novel methods for learning normalizing flow evolution governed by high-dimensional PDEs based on the Euler method and the application of the time-dependent variational principle. We name the resulting approach $Q$-$Flow$ and demonstrate the scalability and efficiency of Q-Flow on open quantum system simulations, including the dissipative harmonic oscillator and the dissipative bosonic model. Q-Flow is superior to conventional PDE solvers and state-of-the-art physics-informed neural network solvers, especially in high-dimensional systems.
A randomized, open-label, phase 3 study evaluating safety and immunogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Chinese infants and children under 6 years of age (2023)

<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> causes a considerable disease burden among children in China. Many isolates exhibit antimicrobial resistance but are often serotypes covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Because the approved infant immunization schedule in China allows PCV13 vaccination only for those 6 weeks to 15 months of age, this phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate PCV13 immunogenicity and safety in unvaccinated older infants and children. Eligible participants were stratified by age into four cohorts: Cohort 1 (<i>n</i> = 125), 6 weeks-2 months; Cohort 2 (<i>n</i> = 354), 7-<12 months; Cohort 3 (<i>n</i> = 250), 1 -<2 years; Cohort 4 (<i>n</i> = 207), 2-<6 years. Cohort 1 received PCV13 at ages 2, 4, and 6 months; older cohorts were randomized 2:1 to PCV13 or <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b (Hib) vaccine using age-appropriate schedules. Within-group immune responses were assessed by immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers. Safety evaluations included solicited reactogenicity events and adverse events (AEs). IgG geometric mean concentrations and OPA geometric mean titers for all 13 PCV13 serotypes increased for all participants vaccinated with PCV13, but not those vaccinated with Hib. Immune responses in Cohorts 2-4 were generally comparable with those in Cohort 1 (the infant series) for most serotypes. PCV13 was well tolerated across cohorts, with reported AEs consistent with expectations in these age groups; no new safety signals were identified. These results suggest that PCV13 administered as a catch-up regimen to infants and children 7 months-<6 years of age in China will effectively reduce vaccine-type pneumococcal disease in this population. NCT03574389.
Protocol for the MicroRESUS study: The impact of circulatory shock and resuscitation on microcirculatory function and mitochondrial respiration after cardiovascular surgery (2022)

This will be the first prospective study to examine both microcirculatory and mitochondrial function in human patients with circulatory shock undergoing cardiac bypass and address a key mechanistic knowledge gap in the cardiovascular literature. The results of this study will direct future research efforts and therapeutic development for patients with shock.
Investigation of deep level defects in n-type GaAsBi (2022)

Dilute bismides are a promising class of semiconductors that find applications in mid-infrared optoelectronic devices, especially lasers, photodetectors, and heterojunction solar cells owing to the tenability of the bandgap, the low temperature dependence of their physical properties, and the low Auger recombination coefficient. In this paper we investigate on the defects and deep levels in n-type GaAs1-xBix (x = 1.2 %) Schottky barrier diodes grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Original results obtained by means of capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (C-DLTS) indicate that: (a) only four majority and two minority carrier traps with concentration below 10<sup>14</sup> cm<sup>-3 </sup>can be detected in the probed regions and (b) the concentration of the defects is weakly position-dependent, thus indicating that MBE is an effective growth technique to control defect formation. The analysis of the carrier capture kinetics of the dominant electron and hole traps show that (c) they are associated to a dislocation and a point defect with capture barrier of 0.48 eV, respectively. Finally, by comparing the DLTS signatures of the detected defects, we proved (d) that only a deep level is possibly associated to the presence of the bismuth, while the others were already found in pure GaAs.
Comparison of Test Methods to Determine Failure Parameters for MAT162 Calibration (2018)

MAT162, a laminated composite failure material model developed by The Material Sciences Corporation for the commercial finite element software LS-Dyna, is widely used within the aerospace industry to predict damage events under a range of dynamic conditions. The material model involves numerous inputs consisting of both physical material properties and numerical calibration parameters. Due to the large number material card inputs, often there is a lack of uniqueness to MAT162 material cards that limits the predictive capability to only the directly calibrated space. To expand this space, MAT162 requires a prudent and robust calibration process in which significant parameters are calibrated to high confidence damage events observed in experiment. Critical to this success is fully defining the material properties correctly, namely the fiber crush (SFC) and fiber shear (SFS) values, prior to calibrating the numerical parameters. In this paper, the effect of the determination of SFS and SFC on subsequent calibration steps is examined using two different experimental techniques.
Intraosseous Innervation of the Human Patella (2007)

A better understanding of the nerves within the human bony patella may improve understanding the patho-physiology of anterior knee pain syndromes.