gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contractor Financing, Public Works in Saudi Arabia (1989)

In recent years many changes have occurred in the construction industry in Saudi Arabia, caused by the switch in emphasis from new construction—building the infrastructure—to operation and maintenance, the declining revenue from oil sales, and the planned privatization of many aspects of construction. Contractor financing has changed from interest‐free loans provided by the government—in the form of large advance payments—to short‐term, fee‐bearing loans provided by commercial banks. A commercial banking system, established under strict government regulation, is providing loans, bonding, leasing, letters of credit, hedging and other financial services to contractors. Commercial banking in the Kingdom faces various problems not present in western countries, in complying with Islamic mores. This paper discusses the financial requirements set by the Saudi Arabian government for contractors engaged in public works, the establishment of, and the financial services offered by, the commercial banks in the Kingdom, and the cost and qualifications for obtaining these services.
Oxygen Control Challenge for Advanced Wet Processing (2015)

A control of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in liquids and oxygen concentration in ambient atmosphere for semiconductor processing is described. The effects of low DO in wet processing for galvanic corrosion and water mark formation were evaluated using various oxygen concentration conditions with HF or HCl mixtures. It was found that the low DO concentration condition (25ppb) prevented the occurrence of defects (voiding, trenching or water marks). The results from processing a device sample showed that low DO concentration condition is required for advanced CMOS processing.
Bioinspired clay nanocomposites of very high clay content (2012)

It is difficult to prepare clay nanocomposites of high volume fraction clay. Layer-by-layer methods have been successful, but are difficult to use in large-scale production. In the present study, papermaking techniques are used for fabrication of oriented clay platelet nanocomposites. Materials are characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD and mechanical and barrier properties are measured and fire retardance performance is demonstrated. High strength and stiffness is demonstrated and the potential for bionanocomposites is discussed, in particular with moisture durability in mind.
Ultrahigh Resolution EUV imaging using a Tabletop High Harmonic Light Source (2011)

Using a tabletop setup employing high-order harmonic generation of ultrafast laser pulses, we implement Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI) with near-wavelength limited ~20 nm resolution using coherent light at 13nm.
In vitro system to study realistic pulsatile flow and stretch signaling in cultured vascular cells (2000)

We developed a novel real-time servo-controlled perfusion system that exposes endothelial cells grown in nondistensible or distensible tubes to realistic pulse pressures and phasic shears at physiological mean pressures. A rate-controlled flow pump and linear servo-motor are controlled by digital proportional-integral-derivative feedback that employs previously digitized aortic pressure waves as a command signal. The resulting pressure mirrors the recorded waveform and can be digitally modified to yield any desired mean and pulse pressure amplitude, typically 0-150 mmHg at shears of 0.5-15 dyn/cm(2). The system accurately reproduces the desired arterial pressure waveform and cogenerates physiological flow and shears by the interaction of pressure with the tubing impedance. Rectangular glass capillary tubes [1-mm inside diameter (ID)] are used for real-time fluorescent imaging studies (i. e., pH(i), NO, Ca(2+)), whereas silicon distensible tubes (4-mm ID) are used for more chronic (i.e., 2-24 h) studies regarding signal transduction and gene expression. The latter have an elastic modulus of 12.4. 10(6) dyn/cm(2) similar to in vivo vessels of this size and are studied with the use of a benchtop system. The new approach provides the first in vitro application of realistic mechanical pulsatile forces on vascular cells and should facilitate studies of phasic shear and distension interaction and pulsatile signal transduction.
Performance of heterozygous brain-derived neurotrophic factor knockout mice on behavioral analogues of anxiety, nociception, and depression. (2001)

Evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be important in the pathophysiology of depression, in addition to its role as a neurotrophic factor for sensory neurons. The authors conducted a series of experiments examining the behavioral profile of BDNF heterozygous knockout and wild-type mice. The heterozygous and wild-type mice did not differ on measures of activity, exploration, or hedonic sensitivity, or in the forced swim test. When assessed in the learned helplessness paradigm, heterozygous mice were slower to escape after training than were wild-type mice (p = .02). This effect may be accounted for by the fact that these mice demonstrate a reduced sensitivity to centrally mediated pain, apparent on the hot plate and Formalin injection tests of nociception. Overall, heterozygous mice were not more likely to display anxious or depressive-like behaviors and, consequently, may not constitute a murine model of genetic vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders.
Through‐Space Delocalized Water‐Soluble Paracyclophane Bichromophores: New Fluorescent Optical Reporters (2003)

Conjugated polymers and oligomers can serve as highly responsive fluorescent reporters for biosensor applications. However, their optical properties in aqueous media are highly dependent upon environmental conditions. The structure of the paracyclophane framework provides a platform for designing optical reporters that show little sensitivity to surfactants, and thus is well-suited for fluorescent assays. The permanent intramolecular delocalization through the paracyclophane core dominates intermolecular perturbations in spontaneously formed aggregates.
Size Measurement of Polystyrene Latex Particles Larger than 1 Micrometer using a Long Differential Mobility Analyzer (2004)

We describe a newly constructed annular-type differential mobility analyzer (DMA) with an effective electrode length of 60 cm, which is longer than that of our original DMA (40 cm length). This long DMA was developed to extend the classification size of particles measuring up to 1.5 μm. As an application of this DMA, the mean diameters and standard deviations were determined for six samples of monodisperse polystyrene latex (PSL) particles ranging from 0.94 to 1.27 μm in nominal diameter. These PSL particles suspended in double-distilled water were aerosolized by a glass nebulizer and then introduced into the DMA. The mean diameters and standard deviations of these PSL particles were calculated by Ehara's method and compared with the nominal diameters and uncertainties. There was good correlation between the nominal diameters of these samples—particularly for recently certified samples—and the measured diameters. Classification of aerosol particles more than 1 micrometer in diameter using this DMA will be...
Reclassification of genus Izhakiella into the family Erwiniaceae based on phylogenetic and genomic analyses (2020)

The genus <i>Izhakiella</i> was established and designated as a member of the family <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> in 2016. Although the taxonomical classification of most members in this family has been relatively resolved after two reclassifications in 2016 and 2017, the classification of the genus <i>Izhakiella</i> remains ambiguous. In this study, a polyphasic approach was used to provide evidence supporting the fact that the genus <i>Izhakiella</i> should no longer be considered a member of <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and proposes its reclassification into the family <i>Erwiniaceae</i>. The phylogenetic tree of type species in the families <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and <i>Erwiniaceae</i> based on the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene, <i>rpoB</i> housekeeping gene, and the whole-genome comprising the 92 core genes revealed that the genus <i>Izhakiella</i> forms a phylogenetic lineage within the family <i>Erwiniaceae</i>. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of the type species with genus <i>Izhakiella</i> was found to be higher for the family <i>Erwiniaceae</i> than that for the family <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>. Notably, 12 conserved signature indels (CSIs) that are exclusively shared among the <i>Erwiniaceae</i> clade members were found in the type strains of the genus <i>Izhakiella</i>. Based on these analyses, this study suggests the reclassification of <i>I. capsodis</i> and <i>I. australiensis</i> into the family <i>Erwiniaceae</i>.
Presence & IM Requirements (2007)

The document lists requirements for peering between two or more
service providers that provide none VOIP based collaboration services
and presence and IM in particular. These service providers create a
peering relationship between themselves thus enabling their users to
collaborate with users on other communities.
100km Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Based on the Coherent Detection of Brillouin Backscatter, with a Spatial Resolution of 10 m, Enhanced Using Two Stages of Remotely Pumped Erbium-Doped Fiber Combined with Raman Amplification (2006)

We report the enhanced performance of distributed Brillouin fiber optic sensor using two stages of remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber combined with Raman amplification. Intensity and frequency resolutions of 0.60% and 0.30 MHz were achieved at 100 km.
A Sub-pJ/Bit, Low-ER Mach–Zehnder-Based Transmitter for Chip-to-Chip Optical Interconnects (2019)

Designing high-speed and low-power interconnects is a challenge for high performance computing applications, while silicon photonics can provide attractive solutions to perform highdensity communications. This paper presents an electro-optic transmitter operating at 20 Gbps (gigabit per second), as a first step toward the demonstration of chip-to-chip optical links. The architecture is based on a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder interferometer co-integrated with a 55-nm CMOS driver. Design optimizations and trade-offs analysis enable low-energy and negligible bit error rate (BER <; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> ) transmission at 20 Gbps, by exploring a firstly reported low extinction ratio (ER) modulator. A wire-bonding board assembly is then carried out to co-integrate hybrid transmitter. Co-simulations are presented and show good agreement with experiments. Combined with an adequate MZM bias, this solution achieves a minimal energy consumption of 0.9 pJ/bit while ensuring a sufficiently large ER of 0.73 dB for chip-to-chip interconnects applications.
Online ESI-MS Analysis of Reactions under High Pressure (2009)

A new approach for real-time mass spectrometric analysis and identification of intermediates in confined, pressurized vessels is presented. The high-pressure reaction media is depressurized, mixed with a solvent, and fed directly to the atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization source of a tandem mass spectrometer. The method was applied to track product evolution for the dehydration of hydroxenin monoacetate, a commercially, important vitamin A precursor, and for the hydrogenation of 5-norbornene-2-carbonitrile with Pd/CaCO(3) as catalyst. Faster access but comparable results as by conventional off-line methods were obtained in every case.
The role of porphyrin chemistry in tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy (2010)

In recent years several review articles and books have been published on the use of porphyrin-based compounds in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This critical review is focused on (i) the basic concept of PDT, (ii) advantages of long-wavelength absorbing photosensitizers (PS), (iii) a brief discussion on recent advances in developing PDT agents, and (iv) the various synthetic strategies designed at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, for developing highly effective long-wavelength PDT agents and their utility in constructing the conjugates with tumor-imaging and therapeutic potential (Theranostics). The clinical status of certain selected PDT agents is also summarized (205 references).
Rayleigh fading channel estimation using MMSE estimator for MIMO-CDMA system (2015)

In this paper, we are proposing a pilot-aided channel estimator for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication systems based on the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimate of the attenuated transmitted signals in the presence of Rayleigh fading channel coupled with the white Gaussian noise. The proposed receiver consists of bank of matched filters matched to the signature waveform of the desired user followed by a nonlinear estimator, resulting from the MMSE estimate of the attenuated transmitted signal. Simulation results carried out for multiple values of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and number of users show that the theoretical predictions are very well substantiated.
Image-based characterization of foamed polymeric tissue scaffolds (2008)

Tissue scaffolds are integral to many regenerative medicine therapies, providing suitable environments for tissue regeneration. In order to assess their suitability, methods to routinely and reproducibly characterize scaffolds are needed. Scaffold structures are typically complex, and thus their characterization is far from trivial. The work presented in this paper is centred on the application of the principles of scaffold characterization outlined in guidelines developed by ASTM International. Specifically, this work demonstrates the capabilities of different imaging modalities and analysis techniques used to characterize scaffolds fabricated from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) using supercritical carbon dioxide. Three structurally different scaffolds were used. The scaffolds were imaged using: scanning electron microscopy, micro x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and terahertz pulsed imaging. In each case two-dimensional images were obtained from which scaffold properties were determined using image processing. The findings of this work highlight how the chosen imaging modality and image-processing technique can influence the results of scaffold characterization. It is concluded that in order to obtain useful results from image-based scaffold characterization, an imaging methodology providing sufficient contrast and resolution must be used along with robust image segmentation methods to allow intercomparison of results.
GaSb solar cells grown on GaAs via interfacial misfit arrays for use in the III-Sb multi-junction cell (2017)

Growth of GaSb with low threading dislocation density directly on GaAs may be possible with the strategic strain relaxation of interfacial misfit arrays. This creates an opportunity for a multi-junction solar cell with access to a wide range of well-developed direct bandgap materials. Multi-junction cells with a single layer of GaSb/GaAs interfacial misfit arrays could achieve higher efficiency than state-of-the-art inverted metamorphic multi-junction cells while forgoing the need for costly compositionally graded buffer layers. To develop this technology, GaSb single junction cells were grown via molecular beam epitaxy on both GaSb and GaAs substrates to compare homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial GaSb device results. The GaSb-on-GaSb cell had an AM1.5g efficiency of 5.5% and a 44-sun AM1.5d efficiency of 8.9%. The GaSb-on-GaAs cell was 1.0% efficient under AM1.5g and 4.5% at 44 suns. The lower performance of the heteroepitaxial cell was due to low minority carrier Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes and bulk shunting caused by defects related to the mismatched growth. A physics-based device simulator was used to create an inverted triple-junction GaInP/GaAs/GaSb model. The model predicted that, with current GaSb-on-GaAs material quality, the not-current-matched, proof-of-concept cell would provide 0.5% absolute efficiency gain over a tandem GaInP/GaAs cell at 1 sun and 2.5% gain at 44 suns, indicating that the effectiveness of the GaSb junction was a function of concentration.
Optical Sampling Using Nondegenerate Four-Wave Mixing in a Semiconductor Laser Amplifier* (1994)

The optical sampling technique, the optical analog of electrical sampling used in electrical sampling oscilloscopes, provides a powerful method for measuring high-speed optical waveforms1. Several optical switches have been realized to perform the necessary cross-correlation between sampling and signal pulses. These switches are based on sum frequency generation (SFG) in nonlinear crystals1,2,3 or χ(3) nonlinearities in optical fiber4,5. The optical sampling measurement described here is based on nondegenerate four-wave mixing (NDFWM) in semiconductor laser amplifiers (SLAs)6. Unlike switches based on nonlinearities in fiber4,5, the SLA offers a compact, enviromentally stable medium for efficient cross-correlation signal generation where the necessary condition for phase matching is easily met over a broad range of wavelengths.
Topological Effects of Knots in Polymers (1994)

We present a phenomenological theory of the static and dynamic effects of knots in polymers. The theory is tested by Monte Carlo simulations using the kink-jump-crankshaft and Berg-Foerster-Aragao de Carvalho-Caracciolo-Froehlich algorithms. A long time relaxation mode is discovered in the dynamics of knotted polymers that is not predicted by the Rouse model. This mode is not present in the trivial knot and appears to be the result of purely topological interactions.
Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets (2020)

The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P < 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P < 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P < 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.
Fast search algorithms for vector quantization in orthogonal transform domain (1988)

Abstract To realize fast search at vector quantization applied to high‐efficiency coding of signals, we propose a partial distance algorithm and a nearest‐neighbor search algorithm, both in the orthogonal transform domain. These algorithms provide efficient search for signals such as, for example, picture signals which have a concentration in the transform domain power distribution. Further, we propose a nearest‐neighbor search algorithm in orthogonal transform domain with component selection which is effective also for memoryless random information sources with Gaussian distribution. The proposed algorithm is applied to vector quantizers of picture signals, separating‐mean‐normalized vector quantizers, and vector quantizers of memoryless Gaussian sources and its efficiency is demonstrated for these cases. Particularly, in the case of vector quantizers of picture signals, it is shown that the proposed method requires fewer multiplications to determine the optimum reconstructing vector than the conventional tree search algorithm.
Dinoflagellate Toxins: An Overview (2014)

Dinoflagellates are microscopic, mostly unicellular algae that live in freshwater and marine waters. Only a relatively small number of Dinoflagellate species produce bioactive molecules that are toxic to other organisms. This chapter discusses the marine dinoflagellates known to produce toxins, especially those species that produce toxins that accumulate through food chains to cause human poisoning. In addition to dinoflagellates, a number of freshwater and brackish species of cyanobacteria are known to produce the toxins. The majority of paralytic Shellfish poisoning contamination of Shellfish around the world is caused by species of the planktonic Dinoflagellate belonging to the genus Alexandrium. Neurotoxic Shellfish poisoning is a neurological disease caused by eating Shellfish contaminated with lipid-soluble, polyether toxins called brevetoxins. Gambierdiscus spp. are benthic dinoflagellates that are mostly found as epiphytes in oligotrophic waters on a range of biotic and abiotic substrates including macroalgae, turf algae, detritus, and sand.