gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmapheresis Therapy in Kidney Transplant Rejection (2018)

Kidney transplantation (KT) is considered an optimal treatment strategy for end-stage renal disease. But human leukocyte antigen-sensitized, ABO-incompatible and antibody-mediated rejection might be the alarming hurdles in KT. Therapeutic plasma exchange is the mainstay of the antibody reduction therapy for reducing autoantibody more effectively. Even in the treatment for highly sensitized patients, it has played an indispensable role. However, clinicians should tailor therapies to individual patient's needs and multimodal treatment will bring better outcomes. Early diagnosis and precise treatment would reduce morbidity, mortality, and economic costs.
Averaged-DQN: Variance Reduction and Stabilization for Deep\n Reinforcement Learning (2016)

Instability and variability of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithms\ntend to adversely affect their performance. Averaged-DQN is a simple extension\nto the DQN algorithm, based on averaging previously learned Q-values estimates,\nwhich leads to a more stable training procedure and improved performance by\nreducing approximation error variance in the target values. To understand the\neffect of the algorithm, we examine the source of value function estimation\nerrors and provide an analytical comparison within a simplified model. We\nfurther present experiments on the Arcade Learning Environment benchmark that\ndemonstrate significantly improved stability and performance due to the\nproposed extension.\n
Six-port self-calibration based on active loads synthesis (2002)

An automatic method for self-calibrating six-port reflectometers is reported in this paper. It is based on the use of an active impedance synthesis system. This self-calibration method allows a completely autonomous operation, reduces measurement errors caused by the frequent connecting and disconnecting of calibration standards, and is suitable for low and high frequencies, where sliding shorts are difficult to manufacture. In addition, it simplifies operation of six-port reflectometers to nonspecialized users. The experimented impedance synthesis presented relies on an in-phase and quadrature vector modulator, and the entire system is computer controlled.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of n‐ and i‐Butylindium Thiolate. (1989)

Abstract The title thiolates (I) and (II) are prepared in the reactions of the corresponding thiols with Bu 3 In and iBu3In, resp., in ether.
COMPLEX MIXTURE ANALYSIS USING PROTEIN EXPRESSION AS A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TOOL (1994)

Some proteins in organisms exposed to chemicals in stressful amounts or toxic concentrations show increased expression, others show decreased expression These inducible and repressible proteins together potentially provide qualitative and quantitative diagnoses of components in complex mixtures of chemicals We examined sets of proteins synthesized by Daphmamagna after exposure to mixtures of a catiomc polyamide epichlorhydrim adduct (Kymene) and a combined assortment of water extractable substances from chemi thermal mechanical pulp (CTMP) in lab water Proteins were identified, after extracting from Daphma magna, by gel filtration and silver staining, or by radiolabelmg and then gel separation Patterns of proteins induced by Kymene® and by CTMP extracts were distinguishable in lab water, but there was interaction between them The method of identifying and quantifying Kymene, however, was successful using lab simulations of mixtures The method was tested using wastewater samples from a paper manufacturing plant Kymene could be detected against variable levels and types of additional substances But, again, there was interference, perhaps due to Kymene binding to other anionic polymers sometimes present in the samples Interpretations from analyses of protein expression were consistent with results from sublethal Ceriodaphnia dubia assays
270‐MHz Nuclear‐Magnetic‐Resonance Study on Linear Gramicidin A in Dimethylsulfoxide (1979)

On the basis of the finding of two sets of coupling constants (8.8 Hz and 6.7 Hz) in the 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of linear Gramicidin in dimethylsulfoxide and the comparison of its infrared spectrum with those of known conformations of alternating poly(gamma-benzyl-D-glutamate--gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate), it is proposed that the antibiotic has an LD-ribbon structure.
Production of flavorful alcohols from woods and possible applications for wood brews and liquors (2020)

This work explores the utilization of wood for high-value production of novel alcoholic brews and liquors with natural flavors. The process capitalizes on our original wet-type bead milling (WBM) technology that enables direct enzymatic saccharification and alcohol fermentation of wood without chemical and heat treatment, resulting in the absence of toxic compounds. When alcohol-based products from various wood species, including <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> (cedar), <i>Cerasus</i> × <i>yedoensis</i> (cherry), and <i>Betula platyphylla</i> (birch), were analyzed by SPME-GC-MS, different natural flavor components were found in each. Correlation analysis using Heracles NEO and ASTREE V5 showed that the alcohols from wood have different flavor and taste characteristics when compared with those of existing commercial liquors. From pilot-scale experiments, the yield of alcoholic brew per biomass amount was determined. Pilot-scale runs established the importance of optimum wood particle size during WBM for efficient alcohol production. Although the alcohol produced from wood must first be established as safe for human consumption, this is the first description of drinking alcohols produced from wood. This work may open up important avenues for the exploitation of wood resources toward food production to further advance the current state of forestry.
Ontogenetic development of kainate neurotoxicity: correlates with glutamatergic innervation. (1978)

Stereotaxic injection of kainic acid into the striatum of adult rats causes degeneration of neurons intrinsic to the striatum but spares axons of passage and of termination of extrinsic neurons. Neurochemical and histologic studies demonstrate that striatal neurons are almost insensitive to kainate at 7 days after birth and that their vulnerability increases with age; by 3 weeks after birth, striatal injection of kainate produces a lesion comparable to that of the adult. The intensity and duration of the acute behavioral response to kainate also increases with age. The maturational increase in striatal neuronal sensitivity to kainate correlates with the development of glutamatergic innervation to the striatum, as measured by [3H]glutamate uptake by synaptosomes, and with the development of a postsynaptic, high-affinity receptor site for kainate. These ontogenetic studies provide additional evidence that kainate's neurotoxicity is a receptor-mediated event related to glutamatergic innervation of vulnerable neurons.
Power Analysis of HLS-Designed Customized Instruction Set Architectures (2017)

Performance and power consumption are key features for evaluating any processor design. In this paper, we present close attention to the impact on power and energy consumption of customized Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) designed by means of High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools. We compare these results against a full ISA soft processor, Microblaze. Our customized ISA processors greatly reduce the power consumption and usage of hardware resources by limiting the implemented instructions to those relevant to specific applications, while still allowing to run the target software kernels. The power estimations are based on the results obtained from the latest Xilinx Vivado Design Suite. After testing our approach on two relevant test benches-a linear algebra application and an encryption application-results reveal that our proposed customized ISA processors consume only 0.5x - 0.7x total power and 0.2x - 0.6x dynamic power of the fully implemented soft processor with a reasonable performance impact.
First-Principles Study of the Role of O2 and H2O in the Decoupling of Graphene on Cu(111) (2016)

The structural and electronic properties of graphene coated on a Cu(111) surface can be strongly influenced by the arrangement of adsorbates at the graphene edges. Oxygen and water intercalation at the graphene edges could lead to oxidation and hydrolysis at the graphene/Cu(111) interface, eventually causing decoupling of graphene from the Cu substrate. However, the reaction pathways for oxygen or water (or both) intercalation at the graphene edges are not well understood at the molecular level. Using ab initio density functional theory calculations, we observed a strong hybridization of π orbitals at a zigzag edge of a graphene nanoribbon (GNR) on a bare Cu(111) surface, whereas such hybridization was absent for the corresponding armchair edge under otherwise identical conditions. These results indicate that the edge type influences the oxidation chemistry beneath the GNR. Moreover, we demonstrate that the presence of oxygen species, as well as GNR, facilitates the propagation of H2O. The following decoupling mechanisms are discussed: (i) GNRs with armchair edge configurations on Cu(111) can be decoupled via a sequential reaction that involves O2 dissociation followed by H2O intercalation, whereas (ii) GNRs with zigzag edge configurations on Cu(111) can be decoupled by oxygen intercalation.
Subharmonic hybrid mode-locking of a 33-GHz multisection semiconductor laser (1996)

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated hybrid mode-locking of a 33-GHz multisection semiconductor laser by subharmonic modulation for the first time, to our knowledge. We believe this subharmonic hybrid mode-locking technique will be very important for optical generation and control of mm-wave signals.
Transformed component analysis: joint estimation of spatial transformations and image components (1999)

A simple, effective way to model images is to represent each input pattern by a linear combination of "component" vectors, where the amplitudes of the vectors are modulated to match the input. This approach includes principal component analysis, independent component analysis and factor analysis. In practice, images are subjected to randomly selected transformations of a known nature, such as translation and rotation. Direct use of the above methods will lead to severely blurred components that tend to ignore the more interesting and useful structure. In previous work, we introduced a clustering algorithm that is invariant to transformations. In this paper, we propose a method called transformed component analysis, which incorporates a discrete, hidden variable that accounts for transformations and uses the expectation maximization algorithm to jointly extract components and normalize for transformations. We illustrate the algorithm using a shading problem, facial expression modeling and written digit recognition.
Studies of Heat shock protein 27 Interactions (2014)

Human heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is an oligomeric and cell survival protein that has been associated with several cancers including prostrate and breast cancer. It's a known anti-apoptotic protein that functions as a molecular chaperone for several proteins. Hsp27 characteristically binds and stabilizes numerous partially unfolded proteins preventing their degradation, and has been shown to prevent actin polymerization in vitro. Several actin-binding residues involved in this interaction have been identified at the N-terminal loop and highly conserved alpha crystallin domains of Hsp27. Multiple assays have demonstrated that this hydrophobic actin-binding site is also involved in other protein binding. We therefore propose a common substrate-binding region on Hsp27 and present a model of Hsp27 binding to actin.
Fluorescence Polarization of Methylene Blue as a Quantitative Marker of Breast Cancer at the Cellular Level (2019)

A quantitative technique to detect cancer in single cells could transform cancer diagnosis. Current cancer diagnosis utilizes histopathology, which requires tissue acquisition, extensive processing and, in most cases, relies on the qualitative morphological analysis of tissues and cells. Molecular biomarkers are only available for a few specific tumor subtypes. We discovered that the fluorescence polarization (Fpol) of Methylene Blue (MB) is significantly higher in cancer than in normal human breast tissues and cells. We confirmed that fluorescence polarization imaging did not affect the viability of the cells and yielded highly significant differences between cancer and normal cells using MB concentrations as low as 0.05 and 0.01 mg/ml. To explain this phenomenon we examined intracellular localization of MB and its fluorescence lifetime. We determined that higher fluorescence polarization of MB occurs due to its increased accumulation in mitochondria of cancer cells, as well as shorter fluorescence lifetime in cancer relative to normal cells. As quantitative MB Fpol imaging can be performed in vivo and in real time, it holds the potential to provide an accurate quantitative marker of cancer at the cellular level.
Recent Progress on the CEA-INES Heterojunction Solar Cell Pilot Line (2015)

In this paper we present progress made during 2014/2015 on the heterojunction (HJ) solar cell pilot line (LabFab), located at the French National Solar Energy Institute (INES) and operated by the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). After an optimization phase a production capability of 1100 cells/hour was demonstrated end of 2013 with an average efficiency of 20.11%. Currently, the production LabFab baseline has been increased to 20.53% (rear emitter, 4 bus-bar, 156mm pseudo-square (156 PSQ), 240 cm2, bifacial cells). This was obtained by optimizing substrate selection, thermal donor anneal (TDA), cell texturing without IPA and hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer deposition on monocrystalline silicon (a-Si:H/c-Si). The latter by optimization of hydrogen plasma steps, fine tuning of the silane to hydrogen dilution and correct management of thermal aspects of the deposition process (PECVD). LabFab production flow has given cell efficiency of 21.08% using high mobility indium tin oxide (ITO) and cell insulation without laser opening. Greater than 5Wp cells were selected for integration into 60-cell modules. A certified record of 308Wp has been achieved with a cell-to-module ratio of 100.7%. Cells were selected and finished as monofacial cells with a rear side silver layer and a second antireflective coating on the front side, leading to an industrial record cell of 22.2% at CEA-INES. Finally, it is shown that rear-side ITO with edge exclusion is an excellent solution for HJ cell insulation, with outstanding reliability on the modules. Edge exclusion was obtained by deposition through open pockets on a production-ready equipment, allowing a short term LabFab perspective of above 21% cells at 1500 wafers per hour and a module performance baseline over 300Wp.
Influence of foot-stretcher height on rowing technique and performance (2016)

Strength, technique, and coordination are crucial to rowing performance, but external interventions such as foot-stretcher set-up can fine-tune technique and optimise power output. For the same resultant force, raising the height of foot-stretchers on a rowing ergometer theoretically alters the orientation of the resultant force vector in favour of the horizontal component. This study modified foot-stretcher heights and examined their instantaneous effect on foot forces and rowing technique. Ten male participants rowed at four foot-stretcher heights on an ergometer that measured handle force, stroke length, and vertical and horizontal foot forces. Rowers were instrumented with motion sensors to measure ankle, knee, hip, and lumbar-pelvic kinematics. Key resultant effects of increased foot-stretcher heights included progressive reductions in horizontal foot force, stroke length, and pelvis range of motion. Raising foot-stretcher height did not increase the horizontal component of foot force as previously speculated. The reduced ability to anteriorly rotate the pelvis at the front of the stroke may be a key obstacle in gaining benefits from raised foot-stretcher heights. This study shows that small changes in athlete set-up can influence ergometer rowing technique, and rowers must individually fine-tune their foot-stretcher height to optimise power transfer through the rowing stroke on an ergometer.
Multichannel optical communication systems (1994)

Many types of multichannel systems, such as time-, wavelength-, space-, and code-division-multiplexed systems, are discussed in this paper. There have been enormous research strides over the past several years, and some of the more important advances are mentioned. Due to the overview nature of this paper, the main body will discuss general concepts and main issues whereas specific systems and trends will only be mentioned briefly near the end. This approach for the written paper will complement the oral presentation which will focus on the exciting and emerging "hot" topics in the general area of Multichannel Optical Communication Systems.
Hypoxia and Extracellular Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>R Function in the Same Anti-Inflammatory, Lung Tissue-Protecting Pathway (2015)

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;(A) Effects of breathing hypoxic (10%) oxygen on arterial blood oxygen tension (left graph) and plasma adenosine concentration (right graph) in healthy wild-type mice. As a control, data are also shown for healthy mice breathing 21% and 100% oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(B) No survival of &lt;i&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; gene-deficient mice was observed in acute hypoxic lung injury. Wild-type and &lt;i&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; gene-deficient mice were injected IT with LPS and exposed to hypoxia (10%). While the majority of wild-type mice survived, all of the &lt;i&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; gene-deficient mice died, indicating that expression of A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R is required for survival of hypoxic lung inflammation; this experiment mimics the clinical situation in which lung inflammation increases to such severity that hypoxia occurs.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(C) Significantly higher levels of pulmonary and systemic inflammatory cytokine production in hypoxic A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R-deficient mice. Observations of survival were supported by significantly higher BAL and serum (Se) levels of inflammatory cytokines in hypoxic A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R-deficient mice compared to hypoxic wild-type mice. Cytokines were determined 2 h after IT LPS injection, because A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R-deficient mice started to die soon after LPS administration and thus could not be used in comparative studies with wild-type control mice. The early mortality of A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R-deficient mice also did not allow the comparative determination of effects of hypoxia on other late markers of inflammation such as PMN accumulation, lung vascular permeability, and pulmonary gas exchange, which in wild-type mice need about 48 h to develop after IT endotoxin injection.&lt;/p&gt;\n &lt;p&gt;(D) Degree of inflammation is independent from level of oxygen in A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R-deficient mice but not in wild-type mice. While BAL fluid TNF-α concentration determined 2 h after IT LPS injection was significantly suppressed in hypoxic wild-type mice compared to animals breathing 100% oxygen, hypoxia had no effect on TNF-α BAL concentrations in &lt;i&gt;A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R&lt;/i&gt; gene-deficient mice, demonstrating that suppression of TNF-α formation by hypoxia is mediated through A&lt;sub&gt;2A&lt;/sub&gt;R signaling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Development of a Robust Head Tracking System Through Virtual and Physical Optimization (2021)

Reconstructed image quality can be degraded by patient head motion and requires precise motion measurement and compensation during reconstruction. Head motion can be estimated using optical motion tracking systems (MTS). Unfortunately, optimizing motion tracking system performance can be a challenging task, due to limited repeatability and susceptibility to a variety of confounding errors. Herein, we present preliminary results of a novel MTS in which the head tracking system is optimized through both physical and virtual (simulated) configuration and experimentation with the goal of making a more robust physical MTS. The virtual system will help identify optimal operating conditions such as phantom placement, robot generated motion paths, provides a reliable estimate of the recorded head motion, and alleviate sources of confounding errors. The physical system can then be used to measure quantify the measured motion in a controlled environment and investigate further improvements.
The Efficacy of Honey in Inhibiting Strains of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa From Infected Burns (2002)

Because there is no ideal therapy for burns infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, there is sufficient need to investigate the efficacy of alternative antipseudomonal interventions. Honey is an ancient wound remedy for which there is modern evidence of efficacy in the treatment of burn wounds, but limited evidence for the effectiveness of its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas. We tested the sensitivity of 17 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from infected burns to two honeys with different types of antibacterial activity, a pasture honey and a manuka honey, both with median levels of activity. All strains showed similar sensitivity to honey with minimum inhibitory concentrations below 10% (vol/vol); both honeys maintained bactericidal activity when diluted more than 10-fold. Honey with proven antibacterial activity has the potential to be an effective treatment option for burns infected or at risk of infection with P. aeruginosa.
Structural and physical properties of /spl theta/-(BEDT-TTF)/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/(CN)[N(CN)/sub 2/]/sub 2/ (1994)

Summary form only given. In searching for the BEDT-TTF superconductors with polymerized anion of X/sup -/-M/sup +/-X/sup -/ type, where X/sup -/ and M/sup +/ represent the pseudo-halogen and trircoordinative transition metal respectively, we have recently obtained two new superconductors, /spl kappa/-(BEDT-TTF)/sub 2/Cu(CN)[N(CN)/sub 2/] and /spl kappa/'-(BEDT-TTF)/sub 2/Cu/sub 2/(CN)/sub 3/. During the crystal growth of these salts, the title compound was obtained simultaneously. We will report on the structural, transport, and magnetic properties of these BEDT-TTF salts.
Finite element simulation of infrared laser ablation for mass spectrometry (2012)

These results suggest that the best performance for pulsed IR laser sample irradiation is in the wavelength range from 2.9 to 3.1 µm for materials with a strong OH stretch absorption.
A Case Study in Sludge Handling (1991)

When the Wyoming Valley Sanitary Authority (WVSA) converted its operation to a secondary treatment plant in 1988, something important was missing. That something was a method to handle secondary sludge. WVSA had operated a primary plant for twenty years but the vacuum coil filters from the primary plant were not up to the task of dewatering secondary sludge for WVSA's 11,560 1b/hr (5254 kg/hr) multiple heart incinerator. WVSA is a regional wastewater treatment facility serving 27 municipalities located in the Wyoming Valley along the Susquehanna River in northeastern Pennsylvania. The new secondary plant is a 'low-load countercurrent' plant with a rated dry weather capacity of 32 MGD (1.4 cum/s) and a wet weather capacity of 50 MGD (2.2 cum/s), consisting of four parallel, independent trains. The secondary process is preceded by bar screening, grit and grease removal and metering, but not primary treatment. The secondary plant was constructed under a consent decree with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Because of the milestones in that document, work progressed on the secondary plant even though progress on the associated sludge handling facilities was held up for a number of reasons. The result was a plant that by the winter of 1988 was inundated in its own sludge.