gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pigeon Breederʼs Disease (1995)

Pigeon breeder's disease is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by the inhalation of avian antigens that may derive from pigeons, budgerigars, parakeets, canaries, and less frequently, chickens, ducks, and turkeys. Patients may develop an acute lung reaction with an influenza-like syndrome or a chronic interstitial lung disease, with progressive dyspnea, restrictive functional impairment, and rest hypoxemia that worsens with exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage is mainly characterized by an increase in the percentage of T lymphocytes, with a strong predominance of CD8+ T cell subset. There are no single pathognomonic features for the diagnosis, so this is usually made from a combination of a high degree of clinical suspicion with a careful environmental history and the conjunction of symptoms, physical findings, imaging, physiologic and immunologic abnormalities, and cellular bronchoalveolar lavage profile. In chronic pigeon breeder's disease, lung biopsy is recommended for diagnosis because the behavior of the disease is similar to many other interstitial lung diseases. Avoiding exposure to the avian antigen and using corticosteroids to downregulate alveolitis are the main therapeutic approaches. Clin Pulm Med 1995;2(2):98-105
<title>Investigation of impurities and laser-induced damage in the growth sectors of rapidly grown KDP crystals</title> (1997)

We report the experimental results of impurity contamination and laser-induced damage investigations on rapidly grown potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. Using absorption spectroscopy and chemical analysis, we determined the impurity distribution in the different growing sectors of KDP single crystals. The level of impurity was dependent on the starting materials and growth rate. We also studied the influence of impurities on the laser-induced damage in fast grown KDP. The laser damage threshold in the impurity- rich prismatic sector is same as in the high purity pyramidal sector within the experimental error. Meanwhile, the laser damage threshold (LDT) at the boundary of the prismatic and pyramidal sectors is less than half of that in the bulk. Furthermore, we found that the thermal annealing of the crystal eliminated the weakness of this sector boundary and increased its LDT to the same level as in the bulk of the crystal. Our result suggests that laser damage occurred in the vicinity of a high, localized strain field.
A 9-b 400 Msample/s pipelined analog-todigital converter in 90nm CMOS/sup 1/ (2005)

A 9-bit 400MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) targeted for emerging wireless LAN applications is presented. The converter can be clocked up to 500 mega-samples per second (MSPS) with an input bandwidth of 100 MHz, while drawing 93mA from 1.5V. The ADC achieves 8.6 effective number of bits (ENOBs) at 10MHz input and 7.9 ENOBs at 80MHz input, without accounting for calibration or oversampling based enhancements. The architecture is a double-sampled switched-capacitor pipeline that converts on both phases of the sampling clock for improved power efficiency. A skew-insensitive sample-and-hold stage attenuates distortion caused by imperfectly phased sampling clocks.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Sr2Cu(W1‐xMox)O6: A Quasi‐Two‐Dimensional Magnetic System. (2012)

Abstract The title double‐perovskite compounds (x = 0.0—1.0) are synthesized by reaction of SrCO 3 , CuO, WO 3 , and MO 3 at ambient pressure for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6 (air, 900 °C for 12 h and 1000 °C for 24 h) and at high pressure for 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 (1.
Uptake of 99Tcm-MDP in lung metastasis from osteosarcoma (1988)

Bone scintigraphy was performed in 17 patients with previously known lung metastases of osteosarcoma. 99Tcm-MDP uptake was observed in all primary bone lesions but lung metastatic lesions were positive in only six patients (35%). 99Tcm-MDP uptake by lung metastases was significantly correlated with bone and osteoid formation in the metastatic lesions and preoperative serum ALPase values. These clinical observations were confirmed by using nude mice transplanted with human lung metastatic osteosarcoma. 99Tcm-MDP scintigraphy appears to be useful for detecting lung metastases of osteosarcoma only in a selected group of patients.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Reagents and Protocols for Synthesis (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ALBench: A Framework for Evaluating Active Learning in Object Detection (2022)

Active learning is an important technology for automated machine learning systems. In contrast to Neural Architecture Search (NAS) which aims at automating neural network architecture design, active learning aims at automating training data selection. It is especially critical for training a long-tailed task, in which positive samples are sparsely distributed. Active learning alleviates the expensive data annotation issue through incrementally training models powered with efficient data selection. Instead of annotating all unlabeled samples, it iteratively selects and annotates the most valuable samples. Active learning has been popular in image classification, but has not been fully explored in object detection. Most of current approaches on object detection are evaluated with different settings, making it difficult to fairly compare their performance. To facilitate the research in this field, this paper contributes an active learning benchmark framework named as ALBench for evaluating active learning in object detection. Developed on an automatic deep model training system, this ALBench framework is easy-to-use, compatible with different active learning algorithms, and ensures the same training and testing protocols. We hope this automated benchmark system help researchers to easily reproduce literature's performance and have objective comparisons with prior arts. The code will be release through Github.
The Effect of the Posterior Location of the Dilator on the Iris Concavity (2009)

Aqueous humor (AH) constantly flows in the anterior eye to provide avascular tissues, notably the lens and cornea, with oxygen and nutrients. If AH outflow is impeded, the normal intraocular pressure could reach to dangerous levels. In angle closure, the abnormal shape and position of the iris is directly related to the blockage of the outflow. In particular, when the peripheral iris moves forward, it may narrow or close the angle between the iris and cornea, where most of AH leaves the anterior eye.
Crystallization and crystallographic analysis of the ligand-binding domain of thePseudomonas putidachemoreceptor McpS in complex with malate and succinate (2012)

Methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) are transmembrane proteins that sense changes in environmental signals, generating a chemotactic response and regulating other cellular processes. MCPs are composed of two main domains: a ligand-binding domain (LBD) and a cytosolic signalling domain (CSD). Here, the crystallization of the LBD of the chemoreceptor McpS (McpS-LBD) is reported. McpS-LBD is responsible for sensing most of the TCA-cycle intermediates in the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. McpS-LBD was expressed, purified and crystallized in complex with two of its natural ligands (malate and succinate). Crystals were obtained by both the counter-diffusion and the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion techniques after pre-incubation of McpS-LBD with the ligands. The crystals were isomorphous and belonged to space group C2, with two molecules per asymmetric unit. Diffraction data were collected at the ESRF synchrotron X-ray source to resolutions of 1.8 and 1.9 Å for the malate and succinate complexes, respectively.
Targeting Learning: Robust Statistics for Reproducible Research (2020)

Targeted Learning is a subfield of statistics that unifies advances in causal inference, machine learning and statistical theory to help answer scientifically impactful questions with statistical confidence. Targeted Learning is driven by complex problems in data science and has been implemented in a diversity of real-world scenarios: observational studies with missing treatments and outcomes, personalized interventions, longitudinal settings with time-varying treatment regimes, survival analysis, adaptive randomized trials, mediation analysis, and networks of connected subjects. In contrast to the (mis)application of restrictive modeling strategies that dominate the current practice of statistics, Targeted Learning establishes a principled standard for statistical estimation and inference (i.e., confidence intervals and p-values). This multiply robust approach is accompanied by a guiding roadmap and a burgeoning software ecosystem, both of which provide guidance on the construction of estimators optimized to best answer the motivating question. The roadmap of Targeted Learning emphasizes tailoring statistical procedures so as to minimize their assumptions, carefully grounding them only in the scientific knowledge available. The end result is a framework that honestly reflects the uncertainty in both the background knowledge and the available data in order to draw reliable conclusions from statistical analyses - ultimately enhancing the reproducibility and rigor of scientific findings.
MultipleN-Methylation of MT-II Backbone Amide Bonds Leads to Melanocortin Receptor Subtype hMC1R Selectivity: Pharmacological and Conformational Studies (2010)

Multiple N-methylation is a novel technology to improve bioavailability of peptides and increase receptor subtype selectivity. This technique has been applied here to the superpotent but nonselective cyclic peptide MT-II. A library of all possible 31 backbone N-methylated derivatives has been synthesized and tested for binding and activation at melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5. It turned out that selectivity is improved with every introduced N-methyl group, resulting in several N-methylated selective and potent agonists for the hMC1R. The most potent of these derivatives is N-methylated on four out of five amide bonds in the cyclic structure. Its solution structure indicates a strongly preferred backbone conformation that resembles other alpha-MSH analogs but possesses much less flexibility and in addition distinct differences in the spatial arrangement of individual amino acid side chains.
Extending Excited-state Lifetimes by Interchromophoric Triplet-state Equilibration in a Pyrene-Ru(II)diimine Dyad System (2003)

The synthesis and the spectroscopic properties of a bichromophoric ruthenium trisbipyridyl-1,4-diethynylenebenzene-pyrene system (Ru-b-Py) and the corresponding pyrene ligand (b-Py) are reported. The ruthenium model systems Ru-b-OH, Ru-b-Ph are also presented. UV–Vis absorption and emission at room and low temperature and time-resolved spectroscopy are discussed. For the Ru-b-Py dyad, a mixing of the 3MLCT state of the ruthenium-based component and the triplet state of pyrene, 3Py, is observed. Time-resolved transient absorption studies performed on the Ru-b-Py and on the b-Py ligand show that the lowest energy absorption is due to the population of the triplet state localized on the pyrene-component. Time-resolved studies also evidenced a relatively slow forward triplet equilibration rate, in the order of 2×105 s-1 (5 μs), and an even slower back energy transfer rate, 3.3×104 s-1, still faster than the intrinsic decay time of the pyrene (200 μs).
Polyurethanes containing a crystalline polyol and semiflexible urethane segments (2014)

ABSTRACT Ultradrawing semicrystalline polymers is an intriguing approach to develop stiff, strong, and tough polymeric fibers. In the research field of polyurethane copolymer elastomers the term “soft segment” usually refers to the medium molecular weight glycol while the term “hard segment” stands for the urethane rich or isocyanate‐short glycol segments. Here we investigate the influence of semiflexible segment content in the urethane rich phase on the mechanical properties and morphology of polyurethanes synthesized with a crystalline polyol as a “soft” segment. Materials with lower semiflexible urethane segment content developed stiffer and stronger materials upon drawing. This was related to greater soft segment crystallization along the draw direction. Materials with a higher fraction of semiflexible urethane segments were more elastic (higher yield strains and strengths) but exhibited more brittle‐like fracture. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 41281.
Tissue-Specific Bcl-2 Protein Partners in Apoptosis: An Ovarian Paradigm (2000)

Apoptosis is an essential physiological process by which multicellular organisms eliminate superfluous cells. An expanding family of Bcl-2 proteins plays a pivotal role in the decision step of apoptosis, and the differential expression of Bcl-2 members and their binding proteins allows the regulation of apoptosis in a tissue-specific manner mediated by diverse extra- and intracellular signals. The Bcl-2 proteins can be divided into three subgroups: 1) antiapoptotic proteins with multiple Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains and a transmembrane region, 2) proapoptotic proteins with the same structure but missing the BH4 domain, and 3) proapoptotic ligands with only the BH3 domain. In the mammalian ovary, a high rate of follicular cell apoptosis continues during reproductive life. With the use of the yeast two-hybrid system, the characterization of ovarian Bcl-2 genes serves as a paradigm to understand apoptosis regulation in a tissue-specific manner. We identified Mcl-1 as the main ovarian antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, the novel Bok (Bcl-2-related ovarian killer) as the proapoptotic protein, as well as BOD (Bcl-2-related ovarian death agonist) and BAD as the proapoptotic ligands. The activity of the proapoptotic ligand BAD is regulated by upstream follicle survival factors through its binding to constitutively expressed 14-3-3 or hormone-induced P11. In contrast, the channel-forming Mcl-1 and Bok regulate cytochrome c release and, together with the recently discovered Diva/Boo, control downstream apoptosis-activating factor (Apaf)-1 homologs and caspases. Elucidation of the role of Bcl-2 members and their interacting proteins in the tissue-specific regulation of apoptosis could facilitate an understanding of normal physiology and allow the development of new therapeutic approaches for pathological states.
Radiotracers for Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer (2011)

Breast cancer is the most prevailing malignancy among women in the world. 207,090 new cases of invasive breast cancer, along with 54,010 new cases of non-invasive types are expected to be diagnosed in women in the United States in 2010. Moreover, about 39,840 women are projected to die from this disease in the U.S in 2010. According to National Cancer Institute, the 5-year survival rate of breast cancer ranges from 23.4% in patients with stage IV to 98% in patients with stage I, highlighting the importance of early detection and diagnosis of this disease(American Cancer Society, 2010). Molecular imaging does not only serve as an essential tool in breast cancer diagnosis and staging, but also provides significant amount of information for surgical management, radiation planning, chemotherapeutic assessment, and follow-up evaluation of patients. Currently, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and their combinations with CT, are major functional molecular imaging modalities used in clinic. Both PET and SPECT are based on the detection of radiolabeled ligands, termed "radiotracers", which are assumed to target tumor-specific characteristics at molecular levels. The accumulating understanding of the breast cancer molecular biology has highlighted pivotal factors that are critical for breast cancer progression, which allows researchers to select suitable targets for developing tumorspecific radiotracers. For instance, given that sustained tumor growth demands elevated glucose consumption for energy production in the lesion regions, PET radiotracer 18 Flabeled glucose analog 18 F-FDG has commonly been used to visualize the glucose metabolism of breast cancer cells And yet, 18 F-Fluoroestradiol is used to image estrogen receptor, which is highly overexpressed in a large proportion of breast tumor tissues Many other radiotracers have been designed to image cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and hypoxia of breast tumors. Since breast cancer treatment has become more individualized in compliance with the distinct biological characteristics of tumors from each patient, the more target-specific molecular imaging radiotracers may play a key role to guide treatment selection and evaluate treatment response in the early stages. This chapter has firstly been focused on two major molecular imaging modalities, PET and SPECT, their principles, limitations, as well as the typical radionuclides applied for those www.intechopen.com Breast Cancer -Recent Advances in Biology, Imaging and Therapeutics 264 modalities. The most commonly-used radiotracers, 18 F-FDG for PET and 99m Tc-sestamibi for -imaging, have then been reviewed, respectively. In the following sections, we have discussed the radiotracers currently applied for breast cancer imaging other than 18 F-FDG and 99m Tc-sestamibi, such as radiolabeled trastuzumab targeting HER2 receptor and 18 Ffluorothymidine imaging cell proliferation. Those radiotracers have been described according to the categories of the tumor-specific targets.
Liquid crystalline polymer pouches for local anaesthetic emulsion (2001)

Abstract In order to enhance the long‐term properties of a high‐pH local anaesthetic drug, emulsion tests were conducted where the emulsion was stored in pouches made of a compression moulded high‐barrier liquid‐crystalline polymer, Vectra A950. The oxygen permeability of the pouch material was too low to be detected at 23°C and 0% relative humidity with the instrument used. The water vapour transmission rate was 0.135 (g.mm/m 2 .day) at 38°C and 100% relative humidity. The emulsion, containing prilocain and lidocain as active substances, was stored in pouches which were sealed by the thermal impulse technique at 260°C for 1.08 s. It was possible to obtain good quality films and good quality seals by optimization of the compression moulding and sealing operations. The concentrations of prilocain and lidocain in the emulsion were studied for 14 weeks at two different temperatures, 40°C and 60°C, and at 100% relative humidity. The decrease in concentration was higher for prilocain (5.4–8.3%) than for lidocain (3.4–3.6%). The loss of the substances from the emulsion was due mainly to adsorption onto the polar surface of the liquid crystalline polymer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Dose‐dependent T cell tolerance to an immunodominant self peptide (1994)

We have previously described a model of tolerance to self peptides in a mouse transgenic (Tg) line producing secreted hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL). The HEL cDNA was placed under the control of a ubiquitous promoter expressed early in embryogenesis, so that HEL should be present in Tg mice throughout the development of the immune system. Since individual HEL Tg mice express different amounts of serum HEL, we were previously able to show that H-2d mice with HEL blood level > 10 ng/ml are tolerant to HEL and to the immunodominant (ID) peptide 108-116. However, autoreactive T lymphocytes recognizing the HEL subdominant (SD) peptides 74-96 and 1-18 still persist and the SD-specific response disappear at higher blood HEL concentrations. In the present work, we have studied HEL Tg H-2d mice with HEL serum levels < 10 ng/ml (HEL-low Tg animals). We find that 50% of Tg animals with HEL blood concentration < 2 ng/ml are responsive to HEL in T cell proliferation assays, although these responses are lower than those seen in non-Tg control mice. The HEL-specific T lymphocytes react only with 15-mer overlapping peptides encompassing the single H-2d ID region of HEL (residues 102-122); whereas the 9-mer minimal ID peptide 108-116, which strongly triggers non-Tg T cells, is unable to stimulate auto-reactive T cells in vitro from HEL-low Tg mice. Altogether, our results suggest that T lymphocytes specific for the minimal ID peptide are deleted or inactivated, while T cell clones of lower affinity and reacting with epitopes on longer peptides persist. Thus, the high affinity ID peptide-specific T cell clones can be negatively selected even in the presence of low amounts of HEL.
Root Development and Stress Tolerance in rice: The Key to Improving Stress Tolerance without Yield Penalties (2020)

Roots anchor plants and take up water and nutrients from the soil; therefore, root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that root development is deeply involved in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. These findings suggest that modulating root growth and development provides a potentially useful approach to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance. Such targeted approaches may avoid the yield penalties that result from growth-defense trade-offs produced by global induction of defenses against abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the developmental mechanisms underlying root development and discusses recent studies about modulation of root growth and stress tolerance in rice.
Transparent, conductive solution processed spincast 2D Ti2CTx (MXene) films (2017)

Herein, we spincast aqueous colloidal Ti2CTx (MXene) solutions into conductive, transparent films with figures of merit (FOM), that are as good as Ti3C2Tx or un-doped chemically vapor-deposited graphene. When normalized by the number of transition metal atoms, the FOM is the highest ever reported for a MXene film. At about 2.7 × 105 cm–1 the absorbance coefficient of Ti2CTx is quite comparable to that of Ti3C2Tx. Quantitative relationships between film properties—conductance and transparency—and colloidal solution concentration and spin speeds are developed providing a road map for future work.
Robust Radar-Based Vital Sensing With Adaptive Sinc Filtering and Random Body Motion Rejections (2023)

In this letter, we propose a noncontact vital sign monitoring algorithm based on 60-GHz frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. At the heart of the algorithm is a bank of sinc filters covering the heart and respiratory frequencies of an healthy adult. The filter bank is adapted, in successive iterations, to the specific cardiorespiratory frequencies of the monitored subject. The adaptability of the algorithm ensures an accurate estimate of heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) for a subject sitting in front of the radar at a distance between 0.3 to 1.1 m while being robust to minor body movements and harmonics. The efficiency of the solution is demonstrated on an experimental dataset including recordings of ten subjects, where we obtain an root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.16 bpm for HR and 2.09 rpm for RR.