gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
S2897 A Rare Case of a Esophagomediastinal Fistula Closed Endoscopically in a Young Patient With Tuberculosis and HIV (2022)

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is usually a primary lung disease affecting approximately 10 million people worldwide. Extrapulmonary manifestations can involve the lymph nodes, vertebrae, and gastrointestinal tract. In immunocompromised patients, TB can manifest in the esophagus as fistulas with the trachea and bronchus and rarely with the mediastinum, which can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Case Description/Methods: We report a 29-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis, diagnosed recently by mediastinal biopsy, who presented with dysphagia. His symptoms started one month ago with difficulty swallowing solids and thin liquids, causing him to have pleuritic chest pain, cough, and weight loss. His vitals and basic labs were unremarkable. He is cachetic appearing but in no acute distress with a visible healed scar below the sixth rib. Lung exam had diminished breath sounds in the right lower lung field. CT chest showed trace extraluminal contrast to the right of the esophagus with a small focus of gas within the mediastinum concerning for a esophagomediastinal fistula. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was done that showed esophagitis without bleeding and a fistula in the middle third of the esophagus. Six clips were placed to close the defect and follow-up gastrograffin study did not show contrast extravasation. Our patient received a percutaneous gastrostomy tube for nutrition and fistula healing. On follow-up, the patient’s symptoms continue to improve without signs of aspiration on chest x-ray. Discussion: Esophagomediastinal fistulas are rare in patients with tuberculosis. They occur in about 17.6% of patients with TB and 35% of patients with concomitant HIV. Fistula tracts develop spontaneously from ruptured caseating lymph nodes that erode into adjacent organs or from iatrogenic procedures such as biopsies. Patients can present with a cough after eating leading to long term malnutrition and weight loss. The diagnosis can be made with an esophagram, CT, or EGD. It is treated by closing the defect, controlling the infection, and optimizing nutrition. Fistulas are typically closed surgically but they can now be closed endoscopically using clips, stents, and stitches. We were able to demonstrate the first use of through the scope endoclips to successfully close a TB esophagomediastinal fistula. We propose that this method be considered the gold standard because it is low risk, minimally invasive, low-cost, and effective. (Figure)Figure 1.: Esophagomediastinal fistula (blue arrow) seen in the middle third of the esophagus on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
Does CRP Play a Causal Role in the Development of Coronary Heart Disease: Results of a Mendelian Randomisation Experiment Involving 128,935 People (2009)

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Whether CRP is causally associated with CHD or merely a marker of underlying atherosclerosis is uncertain. Methods: We used a Mendelian randomisation design to investigate the causal relationship of CRP with CHD. We identified three genetic variants in the CRP locus (rs7553007, rs1130864 and rs1205) which influence CRP levels. We tested the three SNPs for association with CHD amongst 28,112 CHD cases and 100,823 controls. We then compared the observed relationship between the SNPs and CHD, with that predicted from the association of SNPs with CRP levels, and of CRP levels with CHD. Results: SNPs in the CRP locus were not associated with CHD: rs7553007, OR 0.98 (95% CI, 0.94-1.01); rs1130864, OR 1.00 (95% CI, 0.86-1.15); rs1205, OR 1.03 (95% CI, 0.99-1.07); combined OR for all three SNPs, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.97-1.02), per 20% lower CRP (figure). In contrast, the predicted OR for CHD from a 20% lower CRP level is 0.94 (95% CI, 0.94- 0.95), based on meta-analysis of observational studies. Conclusions: Though CRP variants are associated with CRP levels, and CRP levels with risk of CHD, we observed that CRP variants are not associated with CHD risk. Our Mendelian randomisation experiment strongly argues against a causal association of CRP with CHD.
Chiral Zirconium Complexes with Bianiline-Based N4-Donor Ligands (2004)

Syntheses of new tetradentate ligands, containing a bianiline backbone and two additional heterocyclic N-donors, and of chiral zirconium complexes containing these ligands as dianions are reported. Crystal structures of some of these complexes show a preference for coordinating the two remaining ligands in a trans- rather than cis-orientation. Nevertheless, these complexes are moderately active in MAO-activated olefin polymerization in toluene solution at 50 °C. With propene, partly isotactic polypropene (55% mmmm) is obtained. These observations indicate that in cationic species generated in these reaction systems, the growing polymer chain and the olefin substrate occupy cis-coordination sites, while the heterocyclic N ligands adopt a screw-like trans orientation suitable to favor one of the enantiofacial orientations of the entering olefin substrate.
Etching trenches to effectively create electron quantum wires for single-electron-transistor applications (2001)

By self-consistently solving two-dimensional Schrödinger and Poisson equations, we have studied electron quantum wires formed by etching two shallow trenches in GaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs and GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures for single-electron-transistor applications. Two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) form in the InGaAs layer in GaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs and at the GaAs/AlGaAs interface in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, the two etched trenches deplete the carriers of the 2DEGs underneath and thus effectively define an electron quantum wire. It has been determined that two etched trenches with a depth of 50 nm and a spatial separation of 250 nm are optimal to create an electron quantum wire in a GaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with a cross section of 80×10 nm2 and a peak electron concentration of 1.5×1018 cm−3 at 4.2 K.
Hindlimb Endpoint Forces Predict Movement Direction Evoked by Intraspinal Microstimulation in Cats (2009)

We measured the forces produced at the cat's hindpaw by microstimulation of the lumbar spinal cord and the movements resulting from those forces. We also measured the forces and movements produced by co- and sequential activation of two intraspinal sites. Isometric force responses were measured at nine limb configurations with the paw attached to a force transducer. The active forces elicited at different limb configurations were summarized as patterns representing the sagittal plane component of the forces produced at the paw throughout the workspace. The force patterns divided into the same distinct types found with the femur fixed. The responses during simultaneous activation of two spinal sites always resembled the response for activation of one of the two sites, i.e., winner-take-all, and we did not observe vectorial summation of the forces produced by activation of each site individually as reported in chronic spinal animals. The movements produced by activation of each of the sites were consistent with the force orientations, and different movements could be created by varying the sequence of activation of individual sites. Our results highlight the absence of a vectorial summation phenomenon during intraspinal microstimulation in decerebrate animals, and the preservation during movement of the orientation of isometric forces.
Comparative Analysis of the Expression Patterns of Various TNFSF/TNFRSF in Atherosclerotic Plaques (2008)

Members of the TNFSF/TNFRSF are involved in the immunoregulation of various immune reactions and diseases. Recently, LIGHT/TR2, GITRL/GITR, and TL1A/DR3 have been reported as playing roles in the inflammatory reactions in atherosclerosis, but a comparative analysis of these molecules has not been conducted. In order to compare their expression patterns, immunohistochemical analyses were performed using six human carotid endoarterectomy samples. The expression of these molecules was detected in the various cell types that constitute atherosclerotic plaques. The expression of all analyzed molecules was detected, albeit at various levels, mainly in foamy macrophages in all tested samples. The strong expression of these molecules in endothelial and smooth muscle cells was also detected in 2 and 1 plaque samples, respectively, while others express only some of the tested molecules. Flow cytometry analyses of human monocyte/macrophage cell lines, U937 and THP-1, detected the expression of the tested molecules while a relatively undifferentiated monocytic cell line, TF-1A, failed to express them. These data indicate that activated and differentiated macrophages are the main cell type expressing tested molecules in atherosclerotic plaques while endothelial and smooth muscle cells can express them in limited cases. Pro-inflammatory activities of the tested molecules may contribute to the atherogenesis by stimulating the cells expressing them in atherosclerotic plaques and the successful treatment of atherosclerosis may require cooperative regulation of these activities.
Characterization of lattice spacing and inclination around cells in liquid-encapsulated Czochralski GaAs crystals using a 100×100 μm2 incident x-ray beam (1996)

Lattice spacing and inclination around cells were investigated precisely for both undoped high etch-pit-densities (EPD) liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) GaAs crystal of the order of 104 cm−2 and undoped As-ambient LEC (As-LEC) crystal of low EPD of the order of 103 cm−2. Measurement of the lattice spacing and the inclination was carried out by the triple crystal method using a 100×100 μm2 size incident beam of high-intensity synchrotron radiation. It was revealed that the lattice spacing varied by almost Δd, on the order of 10−4 Å, due to the cellular structure of the high EPD crystal. In addition, the low EPD GaAs crystal grown by the As-LEC method showed considerably less variation in lattice spacing and inclination than the high EPD LEC GaAs crystal.
Chemistry of Benzoxazinoids Produced by Plants as Phytoalexin (1995)

2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one and its desmethoxy derivative (DIMBOA and DIBOA) are major phytoalexins produced by rye, wheat, zea maize and related monocotyledoneae plants. These compounds elicit a wide variety of biological activities including antifungal and mutagenic activities. Structure-activity relationships of these compounds and their derivatives (benzoxazinoids), and the reactivity of benzoxazinoids with nucleophiles are discussed in relation to the molecular mechanism of their biological activity. The electrophilic reaction mechanism of benzoxazinoids and substituent effects of namely 7-methoxy and 2-hydroxy groups are also discussed.
Perturbed DNA methylation by sustained overexpression of Gadd45b induces chromatin disorganization, DNA strand breaks and dopaminergic neuron death in mice (2020)

Abstract Heterochromatin disorganization is a key hallmark of aging and DNA methylation state is currently the main molecular predictor of chronological age. The most frequent neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson disease and Alzheimer’s disease are age-related but how the aging process and chromatin alterations are linked to neurodegeneration is unknown. Here, we investigated the consequences of viral overexpression of Gadd45b , a multifactorial protein involved in active DNA demethylation, in the midbrain of wild-type mice. Gadd45b overexpression induces global and stable changes in DNA methylation, particularly on gene bodies of genes related to neuronal functions. DNA methylation changes were accompanied by perturbed H3K9me3-marked heterochromatin and increased DNA damage. Prolonged Gadd45b expression resulted in dopaminergic neuron degeneration accompanied by altered expression of candidate genes related to heterochromatin maintenance, DNA methylation or Parkinson disease. Gadd45b overexpression rendered midbrain dopaminergic neurons more vulnerable to acute oxidative stress. Heterochromatin disorganization and DNA demethylation resulted in derepression of mostly young LINE-1 transposable elements, a potential source of DNA damage, prior to Gadd45b -induced neurodegeneration. Our data implicate that alterations in DNA methylation and heterochromatin organization, LINE-1 derepression and DNA damage can represent important contributors in the pathogenic mechanisms of dopaminergic neuron degeneration with potential implications for Parkinson disease.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF THE 2,5‐BIS(TRIMETHYLSTANNYL) DERIVATIVES OF THIOPHENE AND FURAN (1983)

Abstract Die aus Thiophen (Ia) bzw. Furan (Ib) erhaltenen Bis‐trimethylstannyl‐Verbindungen (III) werden unter den angegebenen Bedingungen monotransmetaIIIert und mit Methyliodid (IV) in die Methyl‐Derivate (V) übergeführt.
Metals Affordability Initiative: Application of Allvac Alloy 718Plus for Aircraft Engine Static Structural Components (2005)

Mechanical property balance, malleability, and weldability of Alloy 718 have driven widespread utilization across the aerospace and non-aerospace industries for nearly 50 years. However, the metastability of the primary strengthening gamma double prime phase is typically unacceptable for applications above about 650C. As a result, other more costly and difficult to process alloys, like Waspaloy, are used in such applications. The latter alloys, strengthened primarily by gamma prime, are also more sensitive to weld-related cracking than Alloy 718. As part of the Metals Affordability Initiative CORE Program, several alternate alloys were identified and evaluated for aircraft engine static structural component applications for use temperatures of at least 700C. The application-integrated project team consisting of engine manufacturers, General Electric, Honeywell, and Pratt & Whitney; forgers Firth-Rixson and Ladish Co., Inc.; primary metal producers, Allvac and Carpenter Technology; and the Air Force Research Laboratory, selected the Allvac-developed 718Plus alloy composition for scale-up and validation. Subscale and full-scale experiments confirmed that processability and weldability of this alloy were significantly improved relative to Waspaloy, approaching that of Alloy 718. Complex rolled rings varying in size from less than 25 to nearly 250 kg have been processed validating the advantages of this alloy. Assessment suggests capability similar to Waspaloy to 704C has been achieved along with an acceptable balance of other properties. This paper will summarize the processing, weldability, and mechanical property evaluations successfully performed in this project, as well as progress toward industrial implementation of this alloy.
NEW APPROACHES TO PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFT PREDICTION VIA GAUSSIAN PROCESS REGRESSION IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY (2009)

Expanding upon the work of Way and Srivastava 2006 we demonstrate how the use of training sets of comparable size continue to make Gaussian process regression (GPR) a competitive approach to that of neural networks and other least-squares fitting methods. This is possible via new large size matrix inversion techniques developed for Gaussian processes (GPs) that do not require that the kernel matrix be sparse. This development, combined with a neural-network kernel function appears to give superior results for this problem. Our best fit results for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Main Galaxy Sample using u,g,r,i,z filters gives an rms error of 0.0201 while our results for the same filters in the luminous red galaxy sample yield 0.0220. We also demonstrate that there appears to be a minimum number of training-set galaxies needed to obtain the optimal fit when using our GPR rank-reduction methods. We find that morphological information included with many photometric surveys appears, for the most part, to make the photometric redshift evaluation slightly worse rather than better. This would indicate that most morphological information simply adds noise from the GP point of view in the data used herein. In addition, we show that cross-match catalog results involving combinations of the Two Micron All Sky Survey, SDSS, and Galaxy Evolution Explorer have to be evaluated in the context of the resulting cross-match magnitude and redshift distribution. Otherwise one may be misled into overly optimistic conclusions.
Superconducting Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance resonators for millimeter, sub-millimeter and far infrared detection (2010)

The Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector (LEKID) is an ultra sensitive superconducting detector suitable for use from the mm to FIR wavebands. Due to its simple design, the LEKID can easily be fabricated into large multiplexed arrays. This presentation will provide an overview of the LEKID and its applications.
[Our experience in tailoring definitive terminal colostomies and in the follow-up of such patients]. (1989)

Between January 1983 and July 31, 1988 at the 1st Division of General Surgery of Cuneo S. Croce Hospital, 57 patients (33 m, 24 f) were subjected to abdomino-perineal amputation for rectal A.D.K. A definitive colostomy was fashioned for all patients. Neostoma complications were encountered in 33% of cases. 91% of patients completed the rehabilitative programme and 40% saw satisfactory results as regards the regularisation of the alvus and return to social life.
Transforming growth factor beta-like stimulated clone 22 D4 promotes diabetic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (2015)

Aim: Insulin resistance represents the core component of the so-called Metabolic Syndrome, ultimately promoting glucose intolerance, pancreatic beta cell failure, and overt type 2 diabetes. Based on substantial side effects of existing pharmacological approaches, efficient and safe insulin sensitization and glucose control remain critical therapeutic aims to prevent diabetic late complications. The goal of this study is to characterize the role of Transforming Growth Factor beta-like Stimulated Clone (TSC) 22 D4 protein in insulin resistance and diabetes. &amp;nbsp; Materials and methods: In order to investigate the metabolic function of TSC22D4 in vivo, we employed liver-specific TSC22D4 knockdown and overexpression approaches both in wild type and diabetic mouse models (db/db and NZO mice). &amp;nbsp; Results: We identified TSC22D4 as a critical molecular determinant of insulin signaling and glucose handling. Hepatic TSC22D4 knockdown enhanced insulin signaling in liver, while hepatic TSC22D4 overexpression blunted insulin signaling. Consequently, hepatic TSC22D4 inhibition both prevented and reversed hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in diabetic mouse models (db/db and NZO mice). In addition, we found that TSC22D4 exerts its effects on systemic glucose homeostasis -in large parts- through the transcriptional regulation of the small secretory protein lipocalin (LCN) 13 as demonstrated by in vivo chromatin recruitment and genetic rescue experiments. &amp;nbsp; Conclusion: In support of our hypothesis and findings, diabetic human patients have elevated hepatic TSC22D4 levels correlating with decreased insulin sensitivity and hyperglycemia. Thus, our results establish TSC22D4 as a promising and attractive target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Providing metrics and performance feedback in a surgical simulator (2008)

One of the most important advantages of computer simulators for surgical training is the opportunity they afford for independent learning. However, if the simulator does not provide useful instructional feedback to the user, this advantage is significantly blunted by the need for an instructor to supervise and tutor the trainee while using the simulator. Thus, the incorporation of relevant, intuitive metrics is essential to the development of efficient simulators. Equally as important is the presentation of such metrics to the user in such a way so as to provide constructive feedback that facilitates independent learning and improvement. This paper presents a number of novel metrics for the automated evaluation of surgical technique. The general approach was to take criteria that are intuitive to surgeons and develop ways to quantify them in a simulator. Although many of the concepts behind these metrics have wide application throughout surgery, they have been implemented specifically in the context of a simulation of mastoidectomy. First, the visuohaptic simulator itself is described, followed by the details of a wide variety of metrics designed to assess the user's performance. We present mechanisms for presenting visualizations and other feedback based on these metrics during a virtual procedure. We further describe a novel performance evaluation console that displays metric-based information during an automated debriefing session. Finally, the results of several user studies are reported, providing some preliminary validation of the simulator, the metrics, and the feedback mechanisms. Several machine learning algorithms, including Hidden Markov Models and a Naïve Bayes Classifier, are applied to our simulator data to automatically differentiate users’ expertise levels.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Sodium Borohydride Procedure for the Reductive Removal of Evans and Other Chiral Auxiliaries (2016)

Abstract Review: 73 refs.
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: A Review of Emerging Issues and Technologies (2016)

This paper provides an overview of current progress in the technological advances and the use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, as presented by participants of the Fourth Annual DBS Think Tank, which was convened in March 2016 in conjunction with the Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration at the University of Florida, Gainesveille FL, USA. The Think Tank discussions first focused on policy and advocacy in DBS research and clinical practice, formation of registries, and issues involving the use of DBS in the treatment of Tourette Syndrome. Next, advances in the use of neuroimaging and electrochemical markers to enhance DBS specificity were addressed. Updates on ongoing use and developments of DBS for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, Alzheimer's disease, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obesity, addiction were presented, and progress toward innovation(s) in closed-loop applications were discussed. Each section of these proceedings provides updates and highlights of new information as presented at this year's international Think Tank, with a view toward current and near future advancement of the field.
Fluorescence micro(spectro)scopy as a tool to study catalytic materials in action (2010)

Following its widespread use in biomedical research, fluorescence microscopy has recently been introduced in the catalysis field to study chemocatalytic processes with a high spatiotemporal resolution, a unique sensitivity down to the single molecule level and this under in situ conditions. This tutorial review is structured around the length scales that are currently accessible in fluorescence microscopy and discusses the different conceptual approaches that have been developed to study molecular concentration and dynamics like diffusion and catalytic conversion at these micron and sub-micron levels.