gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impingement heat sink optimization for microprocessors with significant hot spots (2010)

As processing capabilities of microelectronic devices increase, so does the power dissipated by them. To add to that, power distributions are non-uniform and this may create significant hot spots. These devices require improvements in thermal performance of the entire system due to their higher power dissipation and non-uniform power distribution. This study looks at impingement type heat sinks, which are commonly used for desktop microprocessors and other applications with the objective of improving thermal performance. One key feature of the heat sinks studied here is their smaller size compared to the ones that are commonly used for desktop applications. This would save space on the board and the system. Detailed parametric studies are conducted covering a broad range of different air flow rates, shapes and fin heights. The studies are based on a numerical analysis using a commercially available finite volume approach. Conclusions are drawn from the results outlining some general design guidelines. The objective of the different designs is to reduce chip temperature and the pressure gradient across the heat sink. The pressure gradient at the center of the heat sink, near the base tends to be especially high which reduces the airflow and hence the transport in that region. This study examines different fin shapes for parallel plate fins with material removed from the central region of the heat sink resulting in improved thermal performance, lower operating temperature and pressure gradients.
Wastewater Methanol Use: A Surprisingly Significant Scope-1 GHG Emission Source (2016)

Many wastewater treatment facilities use methanol as a carbon source to enable biological denitrification of nitrate produced from ammonia through nitrification. GHG reporting protocols fairly uniformly account for methanol combustion as a Scope-1 emission and manufacturing energy and emissions as a Scope-3 GHG source. Only ICLEI’s (2012) more-recently-published U.S. Community Protocol’s identifies a methodology to account for the liberation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO) emissions attributable to the addition of methanol. The prior oversight was likely attributable to a belief that CO produced through activated-sludge-process respiration is biogenic; raw sewage carbon being previously un-sequestered prior to entering a water resource recovery facility (WRRF). However, the biogenic categorization does not apply to fossil-fuel-derived carbon sources added for WRRF operations. This paper provides a case study as to the significance of these emissions using the Blue Plains Advanced Water Treatment Plant (AWTP) in Washington, DC where methanol CO represented 70% and 82% of the AWTP’s Scope-1 GHG emissions, before and after enhanced digestion upgrades, respectively.
Designing a power-line-communication-based LoM protection concept with application of software-defined radios (2016)

Islanding condition in an electricity distribution grid occurs when a distributed generator (DG) continues to power parts of the grid, when connection with the power utility is lost. This situation can cause severe and fatal personal injuries, equipment damage, and power quality degradation. In this paper, communication-based anti-islanding, that is, a loss-of-mains (LoM) protection system for electricity distribution grids in Finland is proposed and studied. The LoM protection concept is based on power line communication (PLC). Detailed analyses of the electrical grid environment, channel characteristics, and a suitable operational frequency band and range for the PLC are presented. Software-defined radios (SDRs) are applied as a flexible platform in designing and testing a PLC-based anti-islanding protection system. Laboratory tests are carried out, the results are analyzed, and recommendations for future studies are made.
Pillars fabrication by DSA lithography: material and process options (2018)

We investigate the fabrication of sub-20 nm pillars by DSA lithography using PS-cylinder-forming PS-b-PMMA block copolymer (BCP). The approach is based on the removal of PMMA-matrix by either dry or wet etching to form PS pillars which act as a soft etching mask that can be further transferred to an intermediate hard one and then to the substrate. The process conditions of BCP self-assembly were optimized in terms of annealing temperature, brush layer composition and film thickness. It was demonstrated that PS/PMMA volume fractions of 50/50 in the PS-r-PMMA brush layer is the most adapted to obtain standing PS cylinders. Top-down SEM images showed a hexagonal array of PS cylinders in a PMMA matrix with a natural period of 33.5 nm (determined by Fast Fourier Transform FFT method) and CD around 15 nm. Both wet and dry etching strategies for PMMA removal were discussed. It was shown that UV exposure followed by organic solvent development is necessary to decrease pattern collapsing during PMMA removal step which is the most critical issue for pillar fabrication. PMMA removal by dry etching was shown to completely avoid this pattern collapsing. Finally, pillars etching transfer to typical organic Si containing antireflective coating and spin on carbon (SiARC/SOC) hard mask and then to the silicon substrate was demonstrated. Si pillars of 15 nm CD and 70 nm height were obtained with a straight profile shape.
Changes to the cervicovaginal microbiota and cervical cytokine profile following surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (2021)

Persistent HPV infection associated with immune modulation may result in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN)2/3. Currently, there is little information on the cervicovaginal microbiome, local cytokine levels and HPV infection related to CIN. Follow-up of patients after local surgery provides an opportunity to monitor changes in the cervicovaginal environment. Accordingly, we undertook this longitudinal retrospective study to determine associations between HPV genotypes, cervicovaginal microbiome and local cytokine profiles in 41 Japanese patients with CIN. Cervicovaginal microbiota were identified using universal 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) bacterial primers for the V3/4 region by PCR of genomic DNA, followed by MiSeq sequencing. We found that Atopobium vaginae was significantly decreased (p < 0.047), whereas A. ureaplasma (p < 0.022) increased after surgery. Cytokine levels in cervical mucus were measured by multiplexed bead-based immunoassays, revealing that IL-1β (p < 0.006), TNF-α (p < 0.004), MIP-1α (p < 0.045) and eotaxin (p < 0.003) were significantly decreased after surgery. Notably, the level of eotaxin decreased in parallel with HPV clearance after surgery (p < 0.028). Thus, local surgery affected the cervicovaginal microbiome, status of HPV infection and immune response. Changes to the cervicovaginal microbiota and cervical cytokine profile following surgery for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of CIN in future.
Calretinin-expressing islet cells are a source of pre- and post-synaptic inhibition of non-peptidergic nociceptor input to the mouse spinal cord (2023)

Unmyelinated non-peptidergic nociceptors (NP afferents) arborise in lamina II of the spinal cord and receive GABAergic axoaxonic synapses, which mediate presynaptic inhibition. However, until now the source of this axoaxonic synaptic input was not known. Here we provide evidence that it originates from a population of inhibitory calretinin-expressing interneurons (iCRs), which correspond to lamina II islet cells. The NP afferents can be assigned to 3 functionally distinct classes (NP1-3). NP1 afferents have been implicated in pathological pain states, while NP2 and NP3 afferents also function as pruritoceptors. Our findings suggest that all 3 of these afferent types innervate iCRs and receive axoaxonic synapses from them, providing feedback inhibition of NP input. The iCRs also form axodendritic synapses, and their targets include cells that are themselves innervated by the NP afferents, thus allowing for feedforward inhibition. The iCRs are therefore ideally placed to control the input from non-peptidergic nociceptors and pruritoceptors to other dorsal horn neurons, and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain and itch.
Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels in Crevice under Cyclic Corrosion Test- Effect of Alloying Elements - (2017)

スポット溶接によりすきまを形成して，0.86 kmol･m−3NaCl水溶液噴霧，乾燥，湿潤過程からなる塩乾湿繰り返し試験を行い，フェライト系ステンレス鋼のすきま部腐食特性に及ぼす合金元素の影響を調査した．18Cr1Mo鋼へのNi添加が最大腐食深さの低減に最も有効であった．Moも有効な元素であったが，高Cr化は効果がなかった．酸性高NaCl溶液中における臨界不働態化電流密度の低減と最不働態化pHの低下に対してNiは最も有効に作用した．Niのアノード溶解抑制と再不働態化促進の効果により，すきま部の最大腐食深さが顕著に低下したと考えられた．
Development of Vγ2Vδ2+T Cell Responses during Active Mycobacterial Coinfection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Macaques Requires Control of Viral Infection and Immune Competence of CD4+T Cells (2004)

Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells play a role in antimicrobial responses. It is unknown whether adaptive Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell responses during active mycobacterial coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus-infected humans can be generated during effective antiretroviral treatment. Here, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac-infected macaques previously exposed to bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were reinfected with BCG, were treated either with tenofovir or tenofovir plus indinavir, and were assessed for the development of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell responses during active BCG coinfection. A restored capacity of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells to undergo major expansions and pulmonary migration during active BCG coinfection was detected after simultaneous BCG reinfection and treatment with tenofovir of the SIVmac-infected macaques. Interestingly, a restored expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells in the SIVmac/BCG-coinfected macaques was detectable, even though antiretroviral treatment was initiated 1 month after BCG reinfection. Importantly, the restored expansion of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells coincided with increases in numbers of purified protein derivative-specific interferon- gamma -producing CD4+ T cells and increases in the magnitude of their proliferative responses. In contrast, the SIVmac-infected control macaques exhibited diminished responses of Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells and mycobacterium-specific CD4+ T cells during active BCG coinfection. Our results suggest that the development of adaptive immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cells during active mycobacterium/HIV coinfection requires control of viral infection and immune competence of peptide-specific CD4+ T cells.
Induced extracellular production of stilbenes in grapevine cell culture medium by elicitation with methyl jasmonate and stevioside (2020)

Abstract We report the high production of stilbenes, including resveratrol and viniferin, in grapevine ( Vitis labruscana L.) cell cultures through elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and stevioside (STE). Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MeβCD) is widely used as a solubilizer for resveratrol production. For the first time, we used STE as a solubilizer for stilbene production in plant cell cultures. MeJA was most effective elicitor in activating VvSTS expression and stimulating stilbene biosynthesis in grapevine cell cultures. The maximum concentration of δ-viniferin (892.2 mg/L) production with a small amount of trans -resveratrol (12.2 mg/L) was observed in the culture medium by co-treatment of cells with MeJA and STE, whereas the highest level of trans -resveratrol (371.9 mg/L) with a slight amount of δ-viniferin (11.5 mg/L) was accumulated in the culture medium of cells treated with MeJA and MeβCD. However, neither trans -resveratrol nor δ-viniferin were significantly elevated within the cells by the applications. Notably, predominant production of δ-viniferin and trans -resveratrol was observed in shake and static flask culture medium, respectively, by co-treatment of MeJA and STE. Furthermore, stilbene compounds of resveratrol, ε-viniferin, and δ-viniferin were mainly produced in a 3-L bioreactor culture following elicitation of cells with MeJA and STE. These results provide new strategies for conditional, high-level production of resveratrol and viniferin in cell cultures by utilizing the solubilizing properties of STE or MeβCD.
Testing Granger Non-Causality in Panels with Cross-Sectional Dependencies (2022)

This paper proposes a new approach for testing Granger non-causality on panel data. Instead of aggregating panel member statistics, we aggregate their corresponding p-values and show that the resulting p-value approximately bounds the type I error by the chosen significance level even if the panel members are dependent. We compare our approach against the most widely used Granger causality algorithm on panel data and show that our approach yields lower FDR at the same power for large sample sizes and panels with cross-sectional dependencies. Finally, we examine COVID-19 data about confirmed cases and deaths measured in countries/regions worldwide and show that our approach is able to discover the true causal relation between confirmed cases and deaths while state-of-the-art approaches fail.
Invasive Management of Atrial Fibrillation and the Elderly (2010)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered by caregivers for the elderly. A plethora of new, mostly invasive techniques have evolved to treat patients who remain symptomatic from this arrhythmia despite attempts at pharmacological therapy.1-4 The most widely-used of these new techniques is radiofrequency ablation, but in selected patients, special types of pacemaker, cryoablation, and surgical maze therapy may be of benefit.
Computer Image Processing of Transmission Electron Micrograph Pictures as a Fast and Reliable Tool To Analyze the Size of Nanoparticles (2000)

A simple and time-saving method of analyzing images obtained from transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation of nanostructured transition metal and metal oxide colloids has been developed. It is based on computer image processing using the routine MORFO of the commercially available IMAGIC-5 software package. This high-throughput method provides statistically meaningful data such as the mean value of the colloidal particle diameter, number of nanoparticles considered and standard deviation.
Incorporation of an active site inhibitor in factor VIIa alters the affinity for tissue factor. (1997)

Page 11863, right-hand column, line 11: The word confirmation should be corrected to read conformation. Page 11864, Fig. 1, legend title:The words FFR-FVIIa·FVIIa·TF should be corrected to read FFR-FVIIa in FVIIa·TF.
Data from Elevated TNFR1 and Serotonin in Bone Metastasis Are Correlated with Poor Survival following Bone Metastasis Diagnosis for Both Carcinoma and Sarcoma Primary Tumors (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; There is an urgent need for therapies that will reduce the mortality of patients with bone metastasis. In this study, we profiled the protein signal pathway networks of the human bone metastasis microenvironment. The goal was to identify sets of interacting proteins that correlate with survival time following the first diagnosis of bone metastasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Using Reverse Phase Protein Microarray technology, we measured the expression of 88 end points in the bone microenvironment of 159 bone metastasis tissue samples derived from patients with primary carcinomas and sarcomas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Metastases originating from different primary tumors showed similar levels of cell signaling across tissue types for the majority of proteins analyzed, suggesting that the bone microenvironment strongly influences the metastatic tumor signaling profiles. In a training set (72 samples), TNF receptor 1, alone (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0013) or combined with serotonin (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0004), TNFα (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0214), and RANK (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0226), was associated with poor survival, regardless of the primary tumor of origin. Results were confirmed by (i) analysis of an independent validation set (71 samples) and (ii) independent bioinformatic analysis using a support vector machine learning model. Spearman rho analysis revealed a highly significant number of interactions intersecting with ERα S118, serotonin, TNFα, RANKL, and matrix metalloproteinase in the bone metastasis signaling network, regardless of the primary tumor. The interaction network pattern was significantly different in the short versus long survivors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; TNF receptor 1 and neuroendocrine-regulated protein signal pathways seem to play an important role in bone metastasis and may constitute a novel drug-targetable mechanism of seed-soil cross talk in bone metastasis. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 19(9); 2473–85. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Surface–atmosphere fluxes of volatile organic compounds in Beijing (2020)

Abstract. Air pollution in Beijing has a major impact on public health and is therefore of concern to both policy makers and the general public. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources in urban environments and play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and hence atmospheric pollution through the formation of secondary organic aerosol and tropospheric ozone. Fluxes and mixing ratios of VOCs were recorded in two field campaigns as part of the Air Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH) project at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) meteorological tower in central Beijing. These measurements represent the first eddy covariance flux measurements of VOCs in Beijing giving a top down estimation of VOC emissions from a central area of the city. These were then used to validate the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC). The APHH winter and summer campaigns took place in November and December 2016 and May and June 2017 respectively. The largest VOC fluxes observed were of small oxygenated compounds such as methanol, ethanol + formic acid and acetaldehyde, with average emission rates of 8.02, 3.88 and 1.76 nmol m−2 s−1 respectively recorded in the summer campaign. In addition a large flux of isoprene was observed in the summer with an average flux of 4.63 nmol m−2 s−1. While oxygenated VOCs made up 60 % of the molar VOC flux measured, when fluxes were scaled by ozone formation potential and peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) formation potential the high reactivity of isoprene and monoterpenes meant that these species represented 30 and 28 % of the flux contribution to ozone and PAN formation potential respectively. Comparison of measured fluxes with the emission inventory showed that the inventory failed to capture VOC emission at the local scale.
PAC1 receptor blockade reduces central nociceptive activity: new approach for primary headache? (2020)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP38) may play an important role in primary headaches. Preclinical evidence suggests that PACAP38 modulates trigeminal nociceptive activity mainly through PAC1 receptors while clinical studies report that plasma concentrations of PACAP38 are elevated in spontaneous attacks of cluster headache and migraine and normalize after treatment with sumatriptan. Intravenous infusion of PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in migraineurs and cluster-like attacks in cluster headache patients. A rodent-specific PAC1 receptor antibody Ab181 was developed, and its effect on nociceptive neuronal activity in the trigeminocervical complex was investigated in vivo in an electrophysiological model relevant to primary headaches. Ab181 is potent and selective at the rat PAC1 receptor and provides near-maximum target coverage at 10 mg/kg for more than 48 hours. Without affecting spontaneous neuronal activity, Ab181 effectively inhibits stimulus-evoked activity in the trigeminocervical complex. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed its binding in the trigeminal ganglion and sphenopalatine ganglion but not within the central nervous system suggesting a peripheral site of action. The pharmacological approach using a specific PAC1 receptor antibody could provide a novel mechanism with a potential clinical efficacy in the treatment of primary headaches.
Write error rate in spin-transfer-torque random access memory including micromagnetic effects (2015)

Spin-transfer-torque (STT) random access memory (STTRAM) is considered to be one of the promising candidates for a non-volatile memory for improved scalability and access speed. Write error rate (WER) in an STTRAM is the probability that the free layer magnetization of the STTRAM bit does not flip when a write current is applied because of random thermal fluctuations. The WER needs to be below a certain acceptable limit for reliable write operation. Previously, WER have been studied using Fokker-Planck (FP) calculations for perpendicular bit [1] and using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) simulations for the magnetization dynamics including a random thermal magnetic field and an STT term, for an in-plane bit with and without perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) [2]. These studies however assumed the free layer magnetization to be a macrospin, thereby neglecting the spatial variation in spin across the free layer (micromagnetic effects). Several important experimental observations related to WER in STTRAM have, however, been attributed to spatially varying spin-texture in the free layer magnet, for example, sub-volume excitations [3] and higher order spin wave modes related to branching of WER [4, 5].
Efficient Query-Optimal E-Commerce Pricing Model Discovery Using Active Learning (2020)

E-Commerce price prediction can become challenging when the number of queries for price quotes is strongly bounded by Look-to-Book or Call-Limit bounds commonly used in the Travel industry. Highly inconsistent pricing behavior characterized by a mix of trends and anomalies is adding more to the complexity of the problem. We propose a machine learning based approach that utilizes Active Learning with extensions in order to predict prices under those terms. The proposed solution can balance between price prediction accuracy and the cost for collecting the data that the prediction model is based on. We tested our solution on accommodation prices collected over 14 months for leading OTAs and present high accuracy prediction-based rates for 30 days ahead while minimizing the number of queries.