gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PET and the autoradiographic method with continuous inhalation of oxygen-15-gas: theoretical analysis and comparison with conventional steady-state methods. (1993)

The steady-state method using 15O gas inhalation and positron emission tomography (PET) is a simple and practical way of imaging cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism. Several disadvantages do exist, however, including prolonged examination time, requirement of steady-state and a large tissue heterogeneity effect. To avoid the drawbacks of the steady-state method but to preserve its simplicity, we applied the PET/autoradiographic method to the build-up phase during the continuous inhalation of 15O-gas with intermittent arterial sampling. A simulation study was performed to determine the optimal scanning period, evaluate the delay and dispersion effect of the input function and estimate the tissue heterogeneity effect. To assess the clinical feasibility of the proposed technique for the study of oxygen metabolism, sequential measurements with this method and the conventional steady-state method were performed in eight patients. The simulation study showed that a 5-min scan started 3 min after the commencement of 15O-gas inhalation was optimal. With this method, the delay and dispersion effect on CBF was the same as that of the conventional steady-state method, but the tissue heterogeneity effect was reduced. In eight patients, CBF values calculated by this method showed time dependency and were slightly higher than those obtained by the steady-state method. The oxygen extraction fraction showed no significant time dependency and was well correlated with that obtained by the steady-state method. We conclude that the proposed method is a simple and acceptable alternative to the conventional steady-state method.
Pd‐Catalyzed Kumada—Corriu Cross‐Coupling Reactions at Low Temperatures Allow the Use of Knochel‐Type Grignard Reagents. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Review on EMC Standards (9–500 kHz) for DC Microgrids to Support Arc Fault Detection & Power Line Communication and its Potential Application in Hybrid Ships (2023)

Hybrid ships that combine combustion engines with battery packs can benefit from DC shipboard electric systems. However, this increases the complexity and therefore they can benefit from improved Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements and protection systems, such as arc hazard detection. For a DC system there is an increased arc hazard risk and therefore this paper investigates these faults in typical microgrid circumstances. For this purpose, it also considered a Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) with different line inductance in comparison to standards CISPR 16 and 25. Therefore conducted emissions of two exemplary DC loads are measured to show possible Electromagnetic Inference (EMI). Then, this paper further analyzes EMI on arc detection as an example of EMI. Existing EMC standards are reviewed to provide references for future EMC standards tailored to DC microgrids because they can support avoiding EMI on arc fault detection but also on narrow band Power Line Communication (PLC). A valuable reference for EMC requirements on ships is the respective IEC 60533 standard. This standard can support reliability of arc detection, however it adopts very restrictive limits of conducted emissions which would make PLC for ships challenging. Insights on relevant EMC standards for DC shipboard electric systems were discussed. This paper ends with conclusions, recommendations for updated standards and future work.
Sensitivity estimation of spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (2002)

This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) to small changes in the absorption properties of the imaged object as well as to evaluate its ability to resolve spatial variations in the object's absorption coefficient. Spectroscopic OCT would have the advantage to provide spatially resolved spectroscopic information at multiple wavelengths across the available bandwidth of the light source in a single measurement. An ultrahigh resolution OCT system based on a Ti:sapphire source emitting in the range of 700 nm to 900 nm with an optical bandwidth of up to 165 nm was used to measure optical absorption of specially designed, non-scattering phantoms. High speed and high resolution digitization in combination with a Morlet wavelet transform was utilized to derive spectroscopic information from the full interference OCT data. Using a non scattering phantom, the preliminary results of the present work reveal the challenges that have to be overcome in order to extract spatially resolved quantitative spectroscopic information by OCT.
Hidden Gauss-Markov models for signal classification (2002)

Continuous-state hidden Markov models (CS-HMMs) are developed as a tool for signal classification. Analogs of the Baum (1972), Viterbi (1962), and Baum-Welch algorithms are formulated for this class of models. The CS-HMM algorithms are then specialized to hidden Gauss-Markov models (HGMMs) with linear Gaussian state-transition and output densities. A new Gaussian refactorization lemma is used to show that the Baum and Viterbi algorithms for HGMMs are implemented by two different formulations of the fixed-interval Kalman smoother. The measurement likelihoods obtained from the forward pass of the HGMM Baum algorithm and from the Kalman-filter innovation sequence are shown to be equal. A direct link between the Baum-Welch training algorithm and an existing expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian models is demonstrated. A new expression for the cross covariance between time-adjacent states in HGMMs is derived from the off-diagonal block of the conditional joint covariance matrix. A parameter invariance structure is noted for the HGMM likelihood function. CS-HMMs and HGMMs are extended to incorporate mixture densities for the a priori density of the initial state. Application of HGMMs to signal classification is demonstrated with a three-class test simulation.
Correlation of PD-L1 expression with immune cell infiltrates, genome-wide copy number aberrations and survival in mesothelioma. (2016)

8518 Background: Recent clinical studies using immune checkpoint inhibitors in mesothelioma (MM) have shown promise in shifting treatment paradigms. However, the immune environment and targets of these treatments such as program death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have not been well characterised in MM. In a large cohort of patients, we investigated PD-L1 expression, the surrounding immune infiltrate and genome-wide copy number status and correlated these parameters to clinicopathological features. Methods: Tissue microarrays (TMA) were constructed and stained with PD-L1 (E1L3N, CST, Massachusetts), CD4, CD8 and Foxp3 antibodies. PD-L1 positivity (PD-L1+) was defined as > 5% membranous staining regardless of intensity and high positive as > 50%. Genomic DNA obtained from tumour of a representative subset (68 patients) was used for genome-wide copy number analysis (CNA) using Affymetrix’s OncoScan platform. Percent Genome Aberrated (PGA) was computed for each sample. Results: Amongst 329 patients evaluated, the median age was 67 years. Most were male 274(83.2%). Epithelioid histology (N = 203; 62.9%) was the commonest. PD-L1+ was seen in 41.7% with high positivity in 9.6%. PD-L1+ correlated with non–epitheloid histology (P = < 0.0001) and increased infiltration with CD4, CD8 and FOXP3 lymphocytes. High PD-L1 expression correlated with worse prognosis (HR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.57-3.56; P = < 0.0001) on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis histology, stage, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and ECOG status were found to be independently associated with survival, but not PD-L1+. PD-L1 gene (CD274) copy number gains were seen in seven (11.2%) of patients but did not correlate with PD-L1 expression. Higher PGA was seen in epithelioid histology, was not associated with PD-L1 expression but trended towards poorer survival (HR = 1.5; 95%CI: 0.89-2.68; P = 0.14). Conclusions: High PD-L1 expression was associated with non-epithelioid MM, poor clinical outcome and increased immunological infiltrates. Interestingly, increased genomic alterations did not correlate with PD-L1 expression but was associated with poorer survival.
Network duality and its application to multi-user MIMO wireless networks with SINR constraints (2005)

For any multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) network with linear beamformers, there exists a dual network that attains the same signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) performance. This network duality is a generalization of the virtual uplink concept investigated in R. Rashid-Farrokhi et al. (1998) in the context of cellular networks. In this paper, we develop network duality which is applicable to arbitrary multi-user MIMO networks with a generalized cost function. More importantly, we provide an optimization theoretic perspective of network duality which naturally leads to the construction of a dual network. We then consider the joint MIMO beamforming and power control problem with individual SINR constraints. We apply the network duality to this problem and propose a high performance algorithm which compared to past approaches has improved convergence behavior.
18O-assisted dynamic metabolomics for individualized diagnostics and treatment of human diseases (2012)

Technological innovations and translation of basic discoveries to clinical practice drive advances in medicine. Today's innovative technologies enable comprehensive screening of the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. The detailed knowledge, converged in the integrated "omics" (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), holds an immense potential for understanding mechanism of diseases, facilitating their early diagnostics, selecting personalized therapeutic strategies, and assessing their effectiveness. Metabolomics is the newest "omics" approach aimed to analyze large metabolite pools. The next generation of metabolomic screening requires technologies for high throughput and robust monitoring of metabolite levels and their fluxes. In this regard, stable isotope 18O-based metabolite tagging technology expands quantitative measurements of metabolite levels and turnover rates to all metabolites that include water as a reactant, most notably phosphometabolites. The obtained profiles and turnover rates are sensitive indicators of energy and metabolic imbalances like the ones created by genetic deficiencies, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Here we describe and discuss briefly the potential use of dynamic phosphometabolomic platform for disease diagnostics currently under development at Mayo Clinic.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES DIRECTED TOWARD THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF THE RUBRADIRIN ANTIBIOTICS. 3. IELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF UNSYMMETRICALLY SUBSTITUTED QUINONES. A CONFIRMATION OF STRUCTURE (1981)

Abstract Das Dien (I) reagiert mit dem Chinon (II) zu einem Addukt, das zu (III) hydrolysiert und oxidiert wird.
Surface Modification of TiO2 Photoanodes with Fluorinated Self-Assembled Monolayers for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2015)

Dye aggregation and electron recombination in TiO2 photoanodes are the two major phenomena lowering the energy conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Herein, we introduce a novel surface modification strategy of TiO2 photoanodes by the fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (F-SAM) formation with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (PFTS), blocking the vacant sites of the TiO2 surface after dye adsorption. The F-SAM helps to efficiently lower the surface tension, resulting in efficient repelling ions, e.g., I3(-), in the electrolyte to decrease the electron recombination rate, and the role of F-SAM is characterized in detail by impedance spectroscopy using a diffusion-recombination model. In addition, the dye aggregates on the TiO2 surface are relaxed by the F-SAM with large conformational perturbation (i.e., helix structure) seemingly because of steric hindrance developed during the SAM formation. Such multifunctional effects suppress the electron recombination as well as the intermolecular interactions of dye aggregates without the loss of adsorbed dyes, enhancing both the photocurrent density (11.9 → 13.5 mA cm(-2)) and open-circuit voltage (0.67 → 0.72 V). Moreover, the combined surface modification with the F-SAM and the classical coadsorbent further improves the photovoltaic performance in DSCs.
Environmentally benign nanocrystals: challenges and future directions (2019)

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, referred to as quantum dots (QDs), have unique and superb photophysical properties, promising a variety of applications ranging from optoelectronics and energy harvesting to agriculture. The last decade witnessed a tremendous advance in QDs and their successful debut in displays, and now, QDs are equipped with environmental benignity to expand their territory to everyday life. From this perspective, the current research status and future perspective of environmentally benign QDs as building blocks for light-generating and light-harvesting applications are provided. Also provided is an overview of the progress made in the chemistry (colloidal synthesis, surface chemistry, and heterostructuring) and in their photophysical and electrical properties from the viewpoint of their use in light-emitting or light-harvesting applications. Grounded on the current status of heavy-metal-free QDs compared with cutting-edge technologies, the perspective of environmentally benign QDs for practical use and future research directions is discussed.
Single‐layer reflectarray with combination of element types (2014)

A single‐layer reflectarray with a combination of element types is proposed. Three element types—square patch, square ring and ring‐loaded patch (RLP)—are used together to design the reflectarray by compensating for the drawbacks of one type by the others. The gain of the proposed reflectarray is 29.1 dBi, which is 1.9 dB higher than that of the reference reflectarray that was designed with only the RLP.
Synergistic Effects of GDNF and VEGF on Lifespan and Disease Progression in a Familial ALS Rat Model (2013)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. We have recently shown that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) modified to release glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) decrease disease progression in a rat model of ALS when delivered to skeletal muscle. In the current study, we determined whether or not this effect could be enhanced by delivering GDNF in concert with other trophic factors. hMSC engineered to secrete GDNF (hMSC-GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (hMSC-VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (hMSC-IGF-I), or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (hMSC-BDNF), were prepared and transplanted bilaterally into three muscle groups. hMSC-GDNF and hMSC-VEGF prolonged survival and slowed the loss of motor function, but hMSC-IGF-I and hMSC-BDNF did not have any effect. We then tested the efficacy of a combined ex vivo delivery of GDNF and VEGF in extending survival and protecting neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and motor neurons. Interestingly, the combined delivery of these neurotrophic factors showed a strong synergistic effect. These studies further support ex vivo gene therapy approaches for ALS that target skeletal muscle.
CD70 encoded by modified vaccinia virus Ankara enhances CD8 T‐cell‐dependent protective immunity in MHC class II‐deficient mice (2017)

The immunological outcome of infections and vaccinations is largely determined during the initial first days in which antigen-presenting cells instruct T cells to expand and differentiate into effector and memory cells. Besides the essential stimulation of the T-cell receptor complex a plethora of co-stimulatory signals not only ensures a proper T-cell activation but also instils phenotypic and functional characteristics in the T cells appropriate to fight off the invading pathogen. The tumour necrosis factor receptor/ligand pair CD27/CD70 gained a lot of attention because of its key role in regulating T-cell activation, survival, differentiation and maintenance, especially in the course of viral infections and cancer. We sought to investigate the role of CD70 co-stimulation for immune responses induced by the vaccine vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara-Bavarian Nordic<sup>®</sup> (MVA-BN<sup>®</sup> ). Short-term blockade of CD70 diminished systemic CD8 T-cell effector and memory responses in mice. The dependence on CD70 became even more apparent in the lungs of MHC class II-deficient mice. Importantly, genetically encoded CD70 in MVA-BN<sup>®</sup> not only increased CD8 T-cell responses in wild-type mice but also substituted for CD4 T-cell help. MHC class II-deficient mice that were immunized with recombinant MVA-CD70 were fully protected against a lethal virus infection, whereas MVA-BN<sup>®</sup> -immunized mice failed to control the virus. These data are in line with CD70 playing an important role for vaccine-induced CD8 T-cell responses and prove the potency of integrating co-stimulatory molecules into the MVA-BN<sup>®</sup> backbone.
Basic Requirements for Customer Edge Routers - multihoming and transition (2011)

This document specifies general IPv6 multihoming and specific 6rd
transitioning requirements for an IPv6 Customer Edge (CE) router.
Performance analysis and an assessment of operational issues of Ya-21U (1996)

Extensive testing of the Soviet made TOPAZ‐II space nuclear power system unit designated ‘‘Ya‐21U’’ was conducted both in the USSR (1989–1990) and in the US (August 1993 to March 1995). The unit underwent a total of 15 tests for a cumulative test/operation time of almost 8000 hours. These tests included steady‐state operation at different power levels, fast startups and power optimizations. Leaks were detected in some of the Thermionic Fuel Elements (TFEs) after the first test in the US. These leaks that facilitated air incursion into the interelectrode gap caused operational changes in both electric power and conversion efficiency and changed the optimum cesium pressure and load voltage. Additional changes in operational performance were detected following shock and vibration tests performed in August 1994. Test data was examined and analyzed to assess the performance of not only individual TFEs, and also the whole Ya‐21U unit, and identify causes for measured operational performance changes; most probable causes were identified and discussed. The Ya‐21U unit remained operational throughout extensive testing for 8000 hours at conditions far exceeding the design limits of the TOPAZ‐II system. No single TFE was damaged during testing and measured operational performance changes were uniform among working section TFEs. In addition to providing a unique knowledge base for future development and operation of thermionic power systems, the test results testify to the reliability and ruggedness of the TOPAZ‐II system design.
Efficacy of Rifampin Plus Clofazimine in a Murine Model of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease (2015)

Treatment of Buruli ulcer, or Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, has shifted from surgical excision and skin grafting to antibiotic therapy usually with 8 weeks of daily rifampin (RIF) and streptomycin (STR). Although the results have been highly favorable, administration of STR requires intramuscular injection and carries the risk of side effects, such as hearing loss. Therefore, an all-oral, potentially less toxic, treatment regimen has been sought and encouraged by the World Health Organization. A combination of RIF plus clarithromycin (CLR) has been successful in patients first administered RIF+STR for 2 or 4 weeks. Based on evidence of efficacy of clofazimine (CFZ) in humans and mice with tuberculosis, we hypothesized that the combination of RIF+CFZ would be effective against M. ulcerans in the mouse footpad model of M. ulcerans disease because CFZ has similar MIC against M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans. For comparison, mice were also treated with the gold standard of RIF+STR, the proposed RIF+CLR alternative regimen, or CFZ alone. Treatment was initiated after development of footpad swelling, when the bacterial burden was 4.64±0.14log10 CFU. At week 2 of treatment, the CFU counts had increased in untreated mice, remained essentially unchanged in mice treated with CFZ alone, decreased modestly with either RIF+CLR or RIF+CFZ, and decreased substantially with RIF+STR. At week 4, on the basis of footpad CFU counts, the combination regimens were ranked as follows: RIF+STR>RIF+CLR>RIF+CFZ. At weeks 6 and 8, none of the mice treated with these regimens had detectable CFU. Footpad swelling declined comparably with all of the combination regimens, as did the levels of detectable mycolactone A/B. In mice treated for only 6 weeks and followed up for 24 weeks, there were no relapses in RIF+STR treated mice, one (5%) relapse in RIF+CFZ-treated mice, but >50% in RIF+CLR treated mice. On the basis of these results, RIF+CFZ has potential as a continuation phase regimen for treatment of M. ulcerans disease.
Nonperturbative Quantum Electrodynamics in the Cherenkov Effect (2018)

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is one of the most precisely tested theories in the history of science, giving accurate predictions to a wide range of experimental observations. Recent experimental advances allow for the ability to probe physics on extremely short attosecond timescales, enabling ultrafast imaging of quantum dynamics. It is of great interest to extend our understanding of short-time quantum dynamics to QED, where the focus is typically on long-time observables such as S matrices, decay rates, and cross sections. That said, solving the short-time dynamics of the QED Hamiltonian can lead to divergences, making it unclear how to arrive at physical predictions. We present an approach to regularize QED at short times and apply it to the problem of free-electron radiation into a medium, known as Cherenkov radiation. Our regularization method, which can be extended to other QED processes, is performed by subtracting the self-energy in free space from the self-energy calculated in the medium. Surprisingly, we find a number of previously unknown phenomena yielding corrections to the conventional Cherenkov effect that could be observed in current experiments. Specifically, the Cherenkov velocity threshold increases relative to the famous conventional theory. This modification to the conventional theory, which can be non-negligible in realistic scenarios, should result in the suppression of spontaneous emission in readily available experiments. Finally, we reveal a bifurcation process creating radiation into new Cherenkov angles, occurring in the strong-coupling regime, which would be realizable by considering the radiation dynamics of highly charged ions. Our results shed light on QED phenomena at short times and reveal surprising new physics in the Cherenkov effect. Subject Areas: Optics, Photonics, Quantum Physics