gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid response electrochemical biosensor for detecting THC in saliva (2020)

State of the art commercial LIBs use low cost, long cycle life graphite anode with a theoretical limit of 372 mAh g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. In contrast, theoretical capacities of alloying anodes such as Si, Ge, Sn are several to ten folds higher. However, alloying electrodes suffer from large volume expansion and entailing rapid capacity loss. Here, the issues were effectively tackled using porous asymmetric membrane structure that can be fabricated on a large scale using a straightforward phase inversion method as inspired from commercial water desalination technology. Various kinds of phase inversion methods have been developed to obtain asymmetric porous membranes that contain Si, Ge, SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, SiO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; and V&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;. 90% initial capacity at ~1400 mAh g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; can be retained in 300 cycles for co-axial Si asymmetric membrane electrode. SnO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; asymmetric membranes synthesized using a combined approach involving sol-gel chemistry and phase inversion showed a specific capacity of 500 mAh g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; with more than 96% capacity retention in 400 cycles applying a current density of 600 mA g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Nearly 100% capacity retention of 700 mAh g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at 400 mA g&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;was observed in 160 cycles for sandwiched germanium asymmetric membranes that were etched with hydrogen peroxide solutions. The asymmetric membranes were characterized by using electron microscopes, powder X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and surface area analyzers. The relationship among electrochemical performance, phase invention dynamics, membrane geometry, membrane porosity, membrane coating and concentration of active materials was explored and clearly identified. Most recently, the same concept has been extended to sodium ion battery successfully.
Magnetic Susceptibility Study of Sub‐Pico‐emu Sample Using a Micromagnetometer: An Investigation through Bistable Spin‐Crossover Materials (2017)

A promising and original method to study the spin-transition in bistable spin-crossover (SCO) materials using a magnetoresistive multiring sensor and its self-generated magnetic field is reported. Qualitative and quantitative studies are carried out combining theoretical and experimental approaches. The results show that only a small part of matter dropped on the sensor surface is probed by the device. At a low bias-current range, the number of detected nanoparticles depends on the amplitude of the current. However, in agreement with the theoretical model, the stray voltage from the particles is proportional to the current squared. By changing both the bias current and the concentration of particle droplet, the thermal hysteresis of an ultrasmall volume, 1 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> , of SCO particles is measured. The local probe of the experimental setup allows a highest resolution of 4 × 10<sup>-14</sup> emu to be reached, which is never achieved by experimental methods at room temperature.
Current development status of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory instrument optical design (2005)

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory, OCO, is a NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) mission to measure the distribution of total column carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere from an earth orbiting satellite. NASA Headquarters confirmed this mission on May 12, 2005. The California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is leading the mission. Hamilton Sundstrand is responsible for providing the OCO instrument. Orbital Sciences Corporation is supplying the spacecraft and the launch vehicle. The optical design of the OCO is now in the detail design phase and efforts are focused on the Critical Design Review (CDR) of the instrument to be held in the 4th quarter of this year. OCO will be launched in September of 2008. It will orbit at the head of what is known as the Afternoon Constellation or A-Train (OCO, EOS-Aqua, CloudSat, CALIPSO, PARASOL and EOS-Aura). From a near polar sun synchronous (~1:18 PM equator crossing) orbit, OCO will provide the first space-based measurements of carbon dioxide on a scale and with the accuracy and precision to quantify terrestrial sources and sinks of CO<sub>2</sub>. The status of the OCO instrument optical design is presented in this paper. The optical bench assembly comprises three cooled grating spectrometers coupled to an all-reflective telescope/relay system. Dichroic beam splitters are used to separate the light from a common telescope into three spectral bands. The three bore-sighted spectrometers allow the total column CO<sub>2</sub> absorption path to be corrected for optical path and surface pressure uncertainties, aerosols, and water vapor. The design of the instrument is based on classic flight proven technologies.
<title>Imaging of hydrogen peroxide generation in cultured cells using dichlorofluorescein derivatives</title> (1996)

There is growing evidence that generation of reactive oxygen molecules (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals) plays an important role in cell death. In this report we evaluated the effectiveness of the membrane permeable probe carboxy-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (C-DCDHF-DA-AM) for imaging the production of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in cultured cells. We examined the properties of three derivatives of the ester in saline droplets and compared the results with responses recorded from cells loaded with the ester. Results indicated that fluorescence was generated in cells and droplets by a photo-oxidative process involving H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>. Videomicroscopy demonstrated that the cellular responses originated in small vesicles (presumably peroxisomes), with large responses filling the cytosol and enveloping the nucleus. We interpreted these responses as due to light-induced activation of flavin-containing oxidases, which generate H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> in peroxisomes, followed by diffusion of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> throughout the cell. Escape of H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> from peroxisomes into Fe<SUP>2+</SUP>-containing compartments could have dire consequences on cell viability due to the production of hydroxyl free radicals. Such a mechanism could underly the phototoxic effects of visible light on cultured cells.
A real-world evidence study of CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment patterns and outcomes in metastatic breast cancer by gBRCA mutation status. (2019)

1563 Background: Limited data exist on the real-world treatment patterns and effectiveness of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors in the germline BRCA (g BRCA) mutated breast cancer population. Methods: Adults with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-), hormone receptor positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor from 01Jan2013–31Jan2018 were retrospectively selected from the Flatiron Health Oncology electronic medical record database. Patients with known g BRCA status were classified as having g BRCA mutated (g BRCAm) or wild type (g BRCAwt) disease. Time to first subsequent therapy or death (TFST) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from start of the earliest line of therapy with a CDK4/6 inhibitor. Kaplan-Meier (KM) medians were estimated, and TFST and OS compared between g BRCA groups with Cox models stratified by line of therapy and adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics that modified hazard ratios (HRs) for g BRCA status by &gt; 10%. Results: Of 2968 HER2- HR+ patients with mBC receiving a CDK4/6 inhibitor, g BRCA status was known for 859 (28.9%). Patients with g BRCAm and g BRCAwt received letrozole plus palbociclib (42.4 and 39.8%, respectively), fulvestrant plus palbociclib (32.9 and 30.7%), or other CDK4/6 regimens (24.7 and 29.5%) across all lines. The g BRCAm group had a non-significant, shorter TFST than g BRCAwt (stratified HR 1.24; 95% CI 0.96–1.59). OS was significantly shorter in g BRCAm than g BRCAwt patients (stratified HR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06–2.14). Conclusions: The results of this real-world study suggest that treatment outcomes with CDK4/6 inhibitors may be poorer in patients with g BRCAm compared with g BRCAwt disease. These findings indicate a higher unmet need among patients with g BRCAm, potentially requiring alternative treatment options. [Table: see text]
Impact of stent mis-sizing and mis-positioning on coronary fluid wall shear and intramural stress (2013)

Stent deployments with geographical miss (GM) are associated with increased risk of target-vessel revascularization and periprocedural myocardial infarction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the underlying biomechanical mechanisms for adverse events with GM. The hypothesis is that stent deployment with GM [longitudinal GM, or LGM (i.e., stent not centered on the lesion); or radial GM, RGM (i.e., stent oversizing)] results in unfavorable fluid wall shear stress (WSS), WSS gradient (WSSG), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and intramural circumferential wall stress (CWS). Three-dimensional computational models of stents and plaque were created using a computer-assisted design package. The models were then solved with validated finite element and computational fluid dynamic packages. The dynamic process of large deformation stent deployment was modeled to expand the stent to the desired vessel size. Stent deployed with GM resulted in a 45% increase in vessel CWS compared with stents that were centered and fully covered the lesion. A 20% oversized stent resulted in 72% higher CWS than a correct sized stent. The linkages between the struts had much higher stress than the main struts (i.e., 180 MPa vs. 80 MPa). Additionally, LGM and RGM reduced endothelial WSS and increased WSSG and OSI. The simulations suggest that both LGM and RGM adversely reduce WSS but increase WSSG, OSI, and CWS. These findings highlight the potential mechanical mechanism of the higher adverse events and underscore the importance of stent positioning and sizing for improved clinical outcome.
Iron Accumulation in Deep Cortical Layers Accounts for MRI Signal Abnormalities in ALS: Correlating 7 Tesla MRI and Pathology (2012)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cortical and spinal motor neuron dysfunction. Routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have previously shown hypointense signal in the motor cortex on T(2)-weighted images in some ALS patients, however, the cause of this finding is unknown. To investigate the utility of this MR signal change as a marker of cortical motor neuron degeneration, signal abnormalities on 3T and 7T MR images of the brain were compared, and pathology was obtained in two ALS patients to determine the origin of the motor cortex hypointensity. Nineteen patients with clinically probable or definite ALS by El Escorial criteria and 19 healthy controls underwent 3T MRI. A 7T MRI scan was carried out on five ALS patients who had motor cortex hypointensity on the 3T FLAIR sequence and on three healthy controls. Postmortem 7T MRI of the brain was performed in one ALS patient and histological studies of the brains and spinal cords were obtained post-mortem in two patients. The motor cortex hypointensity on 3T FLAIR images was present in greater frequency in ALS patients. Increased hypointensity correlated with greater severity of upper motor neuron impairment. Analysis of 7T T(2)(*)-weighted gradient echo imaging localized the signal alteration to the deeper layers of the motor cortex in both ALS patients. Pathological studies showed increased iron accumulation in microglial cells in areas corresponding to the location of the signal changes on the 3T and 7T MRI of the motor cortex. These findings indicate that the motor cortex hypointensity on 3T MRI FLAIR images in ALS is due to increased iron accumulation by microglia.
Macrocyclic peptides exhibit antiviral effects against influenza virus HA and prevent pneumonia in animal models (2021)

Most anti-influenza drugs currently used, such as oseltamivir and zanamivir, inhibit the enzymatic activity of neuraminidase. However, neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant viruses have already been identified from various influenza virus isolates. Here, we report the development of a class of macrocyclic peptides that bind the influenza viral envelope protein hemagglutinin, named iHA. Of 28 iHAs examined, iHA-24 and iHA-100 have inhibitory effects on the in vitro replication of a wide range of Group 1 influenza viruses. In particular, iHA-100 bifunctionally inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated adsorption and membrane fusion through binding to the stalk domain of hemagglutinin. Moreover, iHA-100 shows powerful efficacy in inhibiting the growth of highly pathogenic influenza viruses and preventing severe pneumonia at later stages of infection in mouse and non-human primate cynomolgus macaque models. This study shows the potential for developing cyclic peptides that can be produced more efficiently than antibodies and have multiple functions as next-generation, mid-sized biomolecules.
Optical Characterization of Microstructured ZnO Coatings for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Photovoltaic Devices (2014)

We present novel ZnO coatings for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaics that improve device performance through their antireflective properties and their tendency to scatter incoming light at a large angle, resulting in absorption closer to the junction.
The emerging role of T cell Ig mucin 1 in alloimmune responses in an experimental mouse transplant model (2008)

T cell Ig mucin 1 (TIM-1) plays an important role in regulating immune responses in autoimmune and asthma models, and it is expressed on both Th1 and Th2 cells. Using an antagonistic TIM-1-specific antibody, we studied the role of TIM-1 in alloimmunity. A short course of TIM-1-specific antibody monotherapy prolonged survival of fully MHC-mismatched vascularized mouse cardiac allografts. This prolongation was associated with inhibition of alloreactive Th1 responses and preservation of Th2 responses. TIM-1-specific antibody treatment was more effective in Th1-type cytokine-deficient Stat4(-/-) recipients as compared with Th2-type cytokine-deficient Stat6(-/-) recipients. Subtherapeutic doses of rapamycin plus TIM-1-specific antibody resulted in allograft acceptance and prevented the development of chronic allograft vasculopathy. Allograft survival via this treatment was accompanied by a Th1- to Th2-type cytokine switch. Depletion of natural Tregs abrogated the graft-protecting effect of the TIM-1-specific antibody. Importantly, CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs obtained from long-term survivors had enhanced regulatory activity as compared with naive CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs. Consistent with this, TIM-1-specific antibody treatment both preserved Tregs and prevented the expansion of alloreactive effector Th1 cells in an alloreactive TCR transgenic adoptive transfer model. These studies define previously unknown functions of TIM-1 in regulating alloimmune responses in vivo and may provide a novel approach to promoting transplantation tolerance.
Language Modeling with Highway LSTM (2017)

Language models (LMs) based on Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) have shown good gains in many automatic speech recognition tasks. In this paper, we extend an LSTM by adding highway networks inside an LSTM and use the resulting Highway LSTM (HW-LSTM) model for language modeling. The added highway networks increase the depth in the time dimension. Since a typical LSTM has two internal states, a memory cell and a hidden state, we compare various types of HW-LSTM by adding highway networks onto the memory cell and/or the hidden state. Experimental results on English broadcast news and conversational telephone speech recognition show that the proposed HW-LSTM LM improves speech recognition accuracy on top of a strong LSTM LM baseline. We report 5.1% and 9.9% on the Switchboard and CallHome subsets of the Hub5 2000 evaluation, which reaches the best performance numbers reported on these tasks to date.
Functional role of polar amino acid residues in Na+/H+ exchangers (2001)

Na+/H+ exchangers are a family of ubiquitous membrane proteins. In higher eukaryotes they regulate cytosolic pH by removing an intracellular H+ in exchange for an extracellular Na+. In yeast and Escherichia coli, Na+/H+ exchangers function in the opposite direction to remove intracellular Na+ in exchange for extracellular H+. Na+/H+ exchangers display an internal pH-sensitivity that varies with the different antiporter types. Only recently have investigations examined the amino acids involved in pH-sensitivity and in cation binding and transport. Histidine residues are good candidates for H+-sensing amino acids, since they can ionize within the physiological pH range. Histidine residues have been shown to be important in the function of the E. coli Na+/H+ exchanger NhaA and in the yeast Na+/H+ exchanger sod2. In E. coli, His225 of NhaA may function to interact with, or regulate, the pH-sensory region of NhaA. In sod2, His367 is also critical to transport and may be a functional analogue of His225 of NhaA. Histidine residues are not critical for the function of the mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger, although an unusual histidine-rich sequence of the C-terminal tail has some influence on activity. Other amino acids involved in cation binding and transport by Na+/H+ exchangers are only beginning to be studied. Amino acids with polar side chains such as aspartate and glutamate have been implicated in transport activity of NhaA and sod2, but have not been studied in the mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in pH-sensitivity and cation binding and transport by Na+/H+ exchangers.
On travelling incognito [mobile computing] (2002)

User mobility is rapidly becoming an important and popular feature in today's networks. This is especially evident in wireless/cellular environments. While useful and desirable, user mobility raises a number of important security-related issues and concerns. One of them is the issue of tracking mobile user's movements and current whereabouts. Ideally, no entity other than the user himself and a responsible authority in the user's home domain should know either the real identity or the current location of the mobile user. At present, environments supporting user mobility either do not address the problem at all or base their solutions on the specific hardware capabilities of the user's personal device, e.g., a cellular telephone. This paper discusses a wide range of issues related to anonymity in mobile envlronments, reviews current state-of-the-art approaches and proposes several potential solutions. Solutions vary in complexity, degree of protection and assumptions about the underlying environment.
Importance of repeller voltage on ion current generation in an arc ion source (2003)

Summary form only given. In an earlier study, we evaluated the importance of varying the magnetic field profile in the ELS source (Vandenberg et al., 1998). Here, we study the influence of the repeller voltage. A floating repeller will acquire a steady-state voltage close to the cathode voltage. A more careful investigation shows that the floating voltage depends on the magnetic field such that higher magnetic fields yield higher repeller voltages. Using a free boundary arc model (Keidar et al., 1998), we find that this can be explained by electron losses to the arc chamber. Thus, ion source operation at low magnetic fields, while being beneficial to source stability, results in less electron confinement. Biasing the repeller voltage positively and negatively with respect to the floating voltage affects arc current and the current extraction properties of the ion source. We find that a negative bias has little influence on the arc plasma properties, while a positive bias strongly modifies the mass spectral content of the ion source. As a consequence, a biased repeller source can have improved ion generation performance for semiconductor applications.
Predicting the mutational drivers of future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (2022)

SARS-CoV-2 evolution threatens vaccine- and natural infection-derived immunity as well as the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. To improve public health preparedness, we sought to predict which existing amino acid mutations in SARS-CoV-2 might contribute to future variants of concern. We tested the predictive value of features comprising epidemiology, evolution, immunology, and neural network-based protein sequence modeling, and identified primary biological drivers of SARS-CoV-2 intra-pandemic evolution. We found evidence that ACE2-mediated transmissibility and resistance to population-level host immunity has waxed and waned as a primary driver of SARS-CoV-2 evolution over time. We retroactively identified with high accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve, AUROC=0.92-0.97) mutations that will spread, at up to four months in advance, across different phases of the pandemic. The behavior of the model was consistent with a plausible causal structure wherein epidemiological covariates combine the effects of diverse and shifting drivers of viral fitness. We applied our model to forecast mutations that will spread in the future and characterize how these mutations affect the binding of therapeutic antibodies. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to forecast the driver mutations that could appear in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We validate this result against Omicron, showing elevated predictive scores for its component mutations prior to emergence, and rapid score increase across daily forecasts during emergence. This modeling approach may be applied to any rapidly evolving pathogens with sufficiently dense genomic surveillance data, such as influenza, and unknown future pandemic viruses.
Individual-Specific, Beat-to-beat Trending of Significant Human Blood Loss (2015)

Current monitoring technologies are unable to detect early, compensatory changes that are associated with significant blood loss. We previously introduced a novel algorithm to calculate the Compensatory Reserve Index (CRI) based on the analysis of arterial waveform features obtained from photoplethysmogram recordings. In the present study, we hypothesized that the CRI would provide greater sensitivity and specificity to detect blood loss compared with traditional vital signs and other hemodynamic measures. Continuous noninvasive vital sign waveform data, including CRI, photoplethysmogram, heart rate, blood pressures, SpO2, cardiac output, and stroke volume, were analyzed from 20 subjects before, during, and after an average controlled voluntary hemorrhage of ∼1.2 L of blood. Compensatory Reserve Index decreased by 33% in a linear fashion across progressive blood volume loss, with no clinically significant alterations in vital signs. The receiver operating characteristic area under the curve for the CRI was 0.90, with a sensitivity of 0.80 and specificity of 0.76. In comparison, blood pressures, heart rate, SpO2, cardiac output, and stroke volume had significantly lower receiver operating characteristic area under the curve values and specificities for detecting the same volume of blood loss. Consistent with our hypothesis, CRI detected blood loss and restoration with significantly greater specificity than did other traditional physiologic measures. Single measurement of CRI may enable more accurate triage, whereas CRI monitoring may allow for earlier detection of casualty deterioration.