gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early-age hydration mechanism of ternary binders: Quantitative relation between microstructure evolution and strength build-up (2023)

The goal of this study is to develop a better understanding of the working mechanisms of CACC$ acceleration of OPC in the first hour and establish a quantitative link between the progress of hydration, strength build-up and associated microstructure evolution. Monitoring the progress of reaction using isothermal calorimetry in the first few minutes of hydration is difficult owing to the limitations associated with the measurement method. We have developed a method to correct the heat data in the first minutes, which along with ICP data of elements Ca, Al and S, enables a quantification of the amounts of various phases dissolving and/or precipitating at different times after acceleration. It is concluded that strength build-up is directly proportional to heat of hydration up to a certain point, irrespective of accelerator dosage. However, beyond this point, there is a change of mechanism which is likely attributed to physical effects rather than chemical ones. Additionally, it was also found that the amount of available CA controls the rate of reaction and that the impact of CAC addition to OPC follows a decay function type heat release.
Platelet Distribution in Rabbits Following lnfusion of Liposomes (1989)

This investigation determined the organ distribution of liposomes containing egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol with egg phosphatidylglycerol (PG liposomes) or without (PC liposomes) and the effect of each liposome on platelet distribution in rabbits. Eight minutes after 51chromium-labelled platelets were given intravenously, either saline (n = 7), iodinated PG liposomes (n = 5) or iodinated PC liposomes (n = 5) were infused. Two minutes later the organ distribution of 51Cr-platelets and 125I-liposomes were compared. The PG liposomes produced a 41 +/- 5% reduction in circulating platelet counts while PC liposomes did not. The PG liposomes decreased circulating 51Cr-platelets by a factor of 2 and increased platelet recoveries in the liver and lungs. The increased platelet recovery in the liver was associated with a greater PG liposome recovery. When animals receiving PG liposomes were studied over 60 minutes, both the labelled and unlabelled platelet counts returned to control values by 30 minutes and the 51Cr-platelet distribution between organs was similar to control values. These data indicate that platelets and PG liposomes initially sequester together and that this platelet-liposome interaction is specific for PG liposomes. However, the platelet sequestration is transient and by 60 minutes the platelets were released and circulating.
Spintronic nano-oscillators: Towards nanoscale and tunable frequency devices (2014)

Spin transfer nano-oscillators are microwave devices based on two major spintronic physical phenomena: spin transfer effect and magnetoresistive effect. These spintronic oscillators are possibly new type of integrated devices for applications such as microwave emission, frequency modulation, frequency mixing and frequency detection. In order to reach telecommunication applications required specifications, several issues must be tackled such as operating conditions without a magnetic field and phase noise reduction. Here we investigate experimentally how two different types of spin transfer oscillators based on magnetic vortex core dynamics might be a solution to address these issues.
Two dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of high pressures induced by high power nanosecond laser-matter interactions under water (2007)

In laser shock peening (LSP) under a water-confinement regime, laser-matter interaction near the coating-water interface can induce very high pressures in the order of gigapascals, which can impart compressive residual stresses into metal workpieces to improve fatigue and corrosion properties. For axisymmetric laser spots with finite size, the pressure generation near the water-coating interface is a two dimensional process in nature. This is in particular the case for microscale LSP performed with very small laser spots, which is a very promising technique to improve the reliability performance of microdevices. However, models capable of predicting two dimensional (2D) spatial distributions of the induced pressures near the coating-water interface in LSP have rarely been reported in literature. In this paper, a predictive 2D axisymmetric model is developed by numerically solving the hydrodynamic equations, supplemented with appropriate equations of state of water and the coating material. The model can produce 2D spatial distributions of material responses near the water-coating interface in LSP, and is verified through comparisons with experimental measurements. The model calculation shows that the effect of radial release wave on pressure spatial distributions becomes more significant as the laser spot size decreases, indicating the importance of a 2D model, particularly for microscale LSP.
Rapid, automated nerve histomorphometry through open-source artificial intelligence (2022)

We aimed to develop and validate a deep learning model for automated segmentation and histomorphometry of myelinated peripheral nerve fibers from light microscopic images. A convolutional neural network integrated in the AxonDeepSeg framework was trained for automated axon/myelin segmentation using a dataset of light-microscopic cross-sectional images of osmium tetroxide-stained rat nerves including various axonal regeneration stages. In a second dataset, accuracy of automated segmentation was determined against manual axon/myelin labels. Automated morphometry results, including axon diameter, myelin sheath thickness and g-ratio were compared against manual straight-line measurements and morphometrics extracted from manual labels with AxonDeepSeg as a reference standard. The neural network achieved high pixel-wise accuracy for nerve fiber segmentations with a mean (± standard deviation) ground truth overlap of 0.93 (± 0.03) for axons and 0.99 (± 0.01) for myelin sheaths, respectively. Nerve fibers were identified with a sensitivity of 0.99 and a precision of 0.97. For each nerve fiber, the myelin thickness, axon diameter, g-ratio, solidity, eccentricity, orientation, and individual x -and y-coordinates were determined automatically. Compared to manual morphometry, automated histomorphometry showed superior agreement with the reference standard while reducing the analysis time to below 2.5% of the time needed for manual morphometry. This open-source convolutional neural network provides rapid and accurate morphometry of entire peripheral nerve cross-sections. Given its easy applicability, it could contribute to significant time savings in biomedical research while extracting unprecedented amounts of objective morphologic information from large image datasets.
A system calibration and fast iterative reconstruction method for next-generation SPECT imagers (2011)

Recently, high-resolution gamma cameras have been developed with detectors containing >; 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> -10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> elements. SPECT imagers based on these detectors usually also have a large number of voxel bins and therefore face memory storage issues for the system matrix when performing fast tomographic reconstructions using iterative algorithms. To address these issues, we have developed a method that parameterizes the detector response to a point source and generates the system matrix on the fly during MLEM or OSEM on graphics hardware. The calibration method, interpolation of coefficient data, and reconstruction results are presented in the context of a recently commissioned small-animal SPECT imager, called FastSPECT III.
High-Efficiency Polycrystalline Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells (2015)

A promising way to enhance the efficiency of CIGS solar cells is by combining them with perovskite solar cells in tandem devices. However, so far, such tandem devices had limited efficiency due to challenges in developing NIR-transparent perovskite top cells, which allow photons with energy below the perovskite band gap to be transmitted to the bottom cell. Here, a process for the fabrication of NIR-transparent perovskite solar cells is presented, which enables power conversion efficiencies up to 12.1% combined with an average sub-band gap transmission of 71% for photons with wavelength between 800 and 1000 nm. The combination of a NIR-transparent perovskite top cell with a CIGS bottom cell enabled a tandem device with 19.5% efficiency, which is the highest reported efficiency for a polycrystalline thin film tandem solar cell. Future developments of perovskite/CIGS tandem devices are discussed and prospects for devices with efficiency toward and above 27% are given.
INSULATED GATE III-N HETEROSTRUCTURE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS (2004)

Unique materials properties of GaN -based semiconductors that make them promising for high-power high-temperature applications are high electron mobility and saturation velocity, high sheet carrier concentration at heterojunction interfaces, high breakdown field, and low thermal impedance (when grown over SiC or bulk AlN substrates). The chemical inertness of nitrides is another key property. An AlGaN / GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistor (HFET) has been a topic of intensive investigations since the first report in 1991 [1]. Several groups demonstrated high power operation of AlGaN / GaN HFETs at microwave frequencies [2,3,4], including a 100 W output power single chip amplifier developed by Cree, Inc. and devices with 100 GHz cut-off frequency reported in [5]. However, in spite of impressive achievements, the potential of nitride based HFETs has not been fully realized as yet. The RF powers expected from the fundamental properties of nitride based materials significantly exceed the experimental data. One of the key problems limiting the HFETs RF characteristics is high gate leakage currents causing DC and RF parameter degradation. When the gate voltage goes positive the forward leakage current shunts the gate-channel capacitance and thus limits the maximum device current. When the gate voltage is negative, high voltage drop between the gate and the drain causes premature breakdown and thus limits maximum applied drain voltage. In addition, gate leakage currents increase the device sub-threshold currents, which decrease the achievable amplitude of the RF output. These limitations become even more severe at high ambient temperatures. The characteristics of III-N HFETs can be considerably improved by implementing a new approach, which results from the demonstration of good quality of SiO 2 / AlGaN and Si 3 N 4 / AlGaN interfaces. This approach opens up a way to fabricate insulated gate heterostructure field-effect transistors (IGHFETs), which have the gate leakage currents several orders of magnitude below those of regular HFETs, and exhibit better linearity and higher channel saturation currents. In this chapter, we describe design, characterization and applications of these novel devices.
Analysis of laser pulse chirping in mode-locked vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (1993)

Mode-locked vertical cavity lasers have a large cross-sectional area and consequently a large saturation energy and large peak powers. The authors analyze excess optical bandwidth generation in these lasers and find that self-phase modulation due to optical pumping and gain saturation is the dominant factor in inducing laser pulse chirping. The large magnitude of the chirp makes intracavity prism-pair compensation difficult. Adjustment of the cavity length has a major impact on the pulse chirping, as observed experimentally. Proper adjustment can result in a large linear frequency chirp which can be compensated using external pulse compression techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
1917 (2010)

These documents were collected from the archives in Rostov-on-Don, and this book makes them available for the first time in print. Since becoming freely accessible Soviet archives have provided a rich source for understanding the hopes, fears and strivings of the Russians during the greatest crisis in their history. Both Reds and Whites realized Rostov's vital strategic importance, and the city changed hands six times between 1917 and 1920. These newly published personal stories fill out the social background to its complex mix of classes and nationalities. They convey the daily experience of life in the streets, and the perils faced by either side when changing fortunes forced them to escape across the River Don. Over the last century the slogans of the Revolution have become stale for us. But if we seek to understand the spirit of those years we must remember that these beliefs gave fresh hope to many individuals, presenting a cause for which they were prepared to endure great suffering, and even to sacrifice their lives. Perhaps the passionate enthusiasm of these revolutionaries may give us some insight into the psychology of young men and women who are called 'terrorists' today?
Multi-level Modeling for Industrial Automation Systems (2009)

Model-driven engineering of software intensive systems requires adequate means for describing their essential properties. For the domain of testbed automation systems, conventional modeling formalisms fall short due to the inadequacy of a fixed meta-level hierarchy. In this paper we identify the core problems by examining real-world examples. As a solution, we propose using a unification of classes and objects, known as clabjects. We propose extensions to the basic clabject notion for handling connector inheritance and instantiation, which are essential for bridging the gap between theoretical foundations and industrial applications.
Reduction of Gas Porosity in Die Casting by Applying Compression (2007)

In the high pressure die casting products, it is difficult to prevent the formation of gas porosities, which adversely affect the mechanical properties or air-leakage resistances of such products. In this work, the products after casting were subjected to compression tests to reduce gas porosities having an inner pressure. From the experiments of compressing the products, the porosities were reduced efficiently by applying a 10% compressive strain. These porosities were quantitatively confirmed to be gas porosities by the analysis of the fractal dimensions of the shape of the porosities. From the finite element analysis of the model containing a circular defect with an inner pressure under compression, the porosities were reduced efficiently by applying a 10% compressive strain. From the results of both experiments and finite element analysis, it is concluded that compression processing is an effective method of reducing gas porosities and improving the mechanical properties and air-leakage resistances of die casting products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Sydnone Cycloaddition Route to Pyrazole Boronic Esters. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Structural Evidence for the Tetrameric Assembly of Chemokine CCL11 and the Glycosaminoglycan Arixtra™ (2013)

Understanding chemokine interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) is critical as these interactions have been linked to a number of inflammatory medical conditions, such as arthritis and asthma. To better characterize in vivo protein function, comprehensive knowledge of multimeric species, formed by chemokines under native conditions, is necessary. Herein is the first report of a tetrameric assembly of the human chemokine CCL11, which was shown bound to the GAG Arixtra™. Isothermal titration calorimetry data indicated that CCL11 interacts with Arixtra, and ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to identify ions corresponding to the CCL11 tetrameric species bound to Arixtra. Collisional cross sections (CCS) of the CCL11 tetramer-Arixtra noncovalent complex were compared to theoretical CCS values calculated using a preliminary structure of the complex deduced using X-ray crystallography. Experimental CCS values were in agreement with theoretical values, strengthening the IM-MS evidence for the formation of the noncovalent complex. Tandem mass spectrometry data of the complex indicated that the tetramer-GAG complex dissociates into a monomer and a trimer-GAG species, suggesting that two CC-like dimers are bridged by Arixtra. As development of chemokine inhibitors is of utmost importance to treatment of medical inflammatory conditions, these results provide vital insights into chemokine-GAG interactions.
Prostaglandin A2 synthetase complex from Plexaura homomalla (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProstaglandin A2 synthetase complex from Plexaura homomallaE. J. Corey, William N. Washburn, and Jong C. ChenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 6, 2054–2055Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00787a079https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00787a079research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Key criteria for the short-circuit capability of IGBTs (2021)

Short-circuit behavior and capability are investigated and optimized during IGBT development. Thereby,&#13;\nknowledge about destruction and high-frequency short-circuit oscillation mechanisms is needed. For the&#13;\nthermal destruction mechanism, filaments are formed shortly before destruction during the thermal runaway itself, whereas for the electrical destruction mechanism strong current filaments are formed by an&#13;\nelectrical mechanism, before the self-heating in the filaments leads to a thermal runaway. At low&#13;\ncollector-emitter voltages, weak non-destructive filaments exist for a large current range. For both the&#13;\nfilament formation and short-circuit oscillations (SCOs), an electric-field peak in the field-stop layer and&#13;\na quasi-plasma layer beneath the MOS cells are mandatory. For SCOs, which are caused by a periodic&#13;\nstorage and release of charge carriers inside the device, additionally, a weak electrical field at the beginning of the drift zone is necessary. Weak, non-destructive filaments and SCOs are likely to occur&#13;\nsimultaneously. An increase of the bipolar current gain reduces the operating area with SCOs and&#13;\nincreases the electrical short-circuit capability. A simultaneous reduction of the thermal short-circuit&#13;\nrobustness can be avoided by advanced p-emitter concepts or (over-)compensated by an improved&#13;\nthermal setup.
A fully-integrated switched-capacitor 2&#x2236;1 voltage converter with regulation capability and 90% efficiency at 2.3A/mm<sup>2</sup> (2010)

A switched-capacitor DC-DC voltage converter in 45 nm SOI CMOS leverages on-chip trench capacitors to achieve 90% efficiency at an output of 2.3A/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for 2 V-to-0.95 V conversion at 100 MHz. Operation in step-up and step-down modes is demonstrated. Combined with stacked voltage domains, self-regulation capability enables further efficiency improvement.
Lactase Persistence, Dietary Intake of Milk, and the Risk for Prostate Cancer in Sweden and Finland (2007)

Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. Its primary pathogenesis is mostly unknown. Dairy products containing lactose have been suggested to be risk factors for prostate cancer. Digestion of lactose is dependent on lactase activity in the intestinal wall. A single nucleotide polymorphism C to T residing 13,910 bp upstream of the lactase gene has been shown to associate with the developmental down-regulation of lactase activity underlying persistence/nonpersistence trait. To find out whether lactase persistence is related to the risk for prostate cancer, we genotyped 1,229 Finnish and 2,924 Swedish patients and their 473 Finnish and 1,842 Swedish controls using solid-phase minisequencing. To explore if dairy products have an association with prostate cancer, we analyzed the milk consumption in the Swedish study consisting of 1,499 prostate cancer patients and 1,130 controls (Cancer Prostate in Sweden I study) using a questionnaire. Only the consumption of low-fat milk was found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-2.39]. A statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) lactose intake was observed among subjects with high lactase activity (C/T and T/T genotypes) compared with those with low lactase activity (C/C genotype). Lactase persistence did not associate with increased risk for prostate carcinoma in the Finnish (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.47; P = 0.488) or in the Swedish populations (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91-1.46; P = 0.23). In conclusion, lactase persistence/nonpersistence contains no risk for prostate cancer. Analysis of different milk products showed some evidence for low-fat milk as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer.
The Solubility of Microcrystalline Cellulose in Sodium Hydroxide Solution Is Inconsistent with International Specifications (2016)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is used globally as an inactive ingredient in food and nutraceutical products and is commonly used as a food additive. To confirm the conformity of MCC to the solubility requirements stipulated in international specifications, the solubilities of commercially available MCC products were tested in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. All of the samples were insoluble in NaOH solution, which is inconsistent with the descriptions provided in international specifications. We also prepared celluloses with different degree of polymerization (DP) values by acid hydrolysis. Celluloses with lower DP were prepared using a three-step process, and their solubilities were tested in NaOH solution. These celluloses were found to be insoluble, which is inconsistent with the descriptions provided in international specifications. The present study suggests that the descriptions of the solubility of the celluloses in NaOH solution found in the current international specifications should be revised.