gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technical challenges of railroad communications using long term evolution (2012)

As a next generation railroad communication technology, 3GPP has been considered to provide railroad communication using LTE, known as LTE-R, including railroad control, passenger services, wireless surveillance video, etc. International Union of Railways (UIC) has commenced to generate LTE-R requirements. There are some technical challenges for LTE to be used for today's railroad communications because of the mobility of train up to 430km/h. Since railroad communication is related to public safety, very tight reliability requirement also needs to be met. In this paper, some technical considerations of LTE-R in terms of the possible frequency bands are provided. Upper limit of frequency band for high-speed train up to 500km/h is suggested by investigating the Doppler spread of wireless channel and physical channel structure of LTE.
A Virus‐Mimetic Nanogel Vehicle (2008)

Delivering the goods: A pH-sensitive nanogel consists of a hydrophobic copolymer core and two layers of hydrophilic shell (see picture). The core is loaded with a model anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The nanogel infects tumor cells in a receptor-dependent manner, kills the cells, and migrates to neighboring cells like a virus. BSA=bovine serum albumin, F=folate, PEG=polyethylene glycol. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z704121_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Manipulating Ultra High Definition Video Traffic (2015)

Compared to the widely deployed high-definition (HD) format, ultra-high definition (UHD) defines video parameters associated with higher spatial resolutions, higher frame rates, higher sample bit depths, and a wider color gamut. UHD promises to significantly enhance the user experience with pictures that offer the "look out the window"' effect. However, this promise comes at the cost of increased bandwidth required to deliver UHD. This article explores on-demand UHD video streaming using the latest video compression and delivery technologies. The proposed solution uses the scalable extensions of HEVC (SHVC) to efficiently compress, store, and deliver UHD video in a large-scale streaming system. With scalability, backward compatibility is maintained and the quality of the existing HD services is guaranteed.
Finite-Blocklength and Error-Exponent Analyses for LDPC Codes in Point-to-Point and Multiple Access Communication (2020)

This paper applies error-exponent and dispersionstyle analyses to derive finite-blocklength achievability bounds for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the point-to-point channel (PPC) and multiple access channel (MAC). The error-exponent analysis applies Gallager's error exponent to bound achievable symmetrical and asymmetrical rates in the MAC. The dispersion-style analysis begins with a generalization of the random coding union (RCU) bound from random code ensembles with i.i.d. codewords to random code ensembles in which codewords may be statistically dependent; this generalization is useful since the codewords of random linear codes such as LDPC codes are dependent. Application of the RCU bound yields finite-blocklength error bounds and asymptotic achievability results for both i.i.d. random codes and LDPC codes. For discrete, memoryless channels, these results show that LDPC codes achieve first- and second-order performance that is optimal for the PPC and identical to the best prior results for the MAC.
Abstract P119: Protocol Changes to Increase CPR Also Leave Patients in VF for Longer Periods of Time (2009)

The 2005 resuscitation guidelines eliminated stacked shocks and lengthened CPR intervals. Both of these protocol modifications can reduce CPR interruptions, but they can also delay the conversion o...
An Architecture For Interactive Tetrahedral Volume Rendering (2001)

We present a new architecture for interactive unstructured volume rendering. Our system moves all the computations necessary for order-independent transparency and volume scan conversion from the CPU to the graphics hardware, and it makes a software sorting pass unnecessary. It therefore provides the same advantages for volume data that triangle-processing hardware provides for surfaces. To address a remaining bottleneck  the bandwidth between main memory and the graphics processor  we introduce two new primitives, tetrahedral strips and tetrahedral fans. These primitives allow performance improvements in rendering tetrahedral meshes similar to the improvements triangle strips and fans allow in rendering triangle meshes. We provide new techniques for generating tetrahedral strips that achieve, on the average, strip lengths of 17 on representative datasets. The combined effect of our architecture and new primitives is a 72 to 85 times increase in performance over triangle graphics hardware approaches. These improvements make it possible to use volumetric tetrahedral meshes in interactive applications.
Concurrent CO<sub>2</sub> Control and O<sub>2</sub> Generation for Space Suits and Other Advanced Life Support: A Feasibility Study (2007)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The partial electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) using ceramic oxygen generators (COGs) is well known and widely studied. Conventional COGs use yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes and operate at temperatures greater than 700 °C. Operating at a lower temperature has the advantage of reducing the mass of the ancillary components such as insulation and heat exchangers (to reduce the COG oxygen output temperature for comfortable inhalation). Moreover, complete reduction of metabolically produced CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (into carbon and oxygen) has the potential of reducing oxygen storage weight if the oxygen can be recovered.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Recently, the University of Florida developed novel ceramic oxygen generators employing a bilayer electrolyte of gadolinia-doped ceria and erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) for NASA's future exploration of Mars. To reduce landed mass and operation expenditures during the mission, &lt;i&gt;in-situ&lt;/i&gt; resource utilization was proposed using these COGs to obtain both life-supporting oxygen and oxidant/propellant fuel, by converting CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from the Mars atmosphere. The results showed that oxygen could be reliably produced from CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at temperatures as low as 400 °C. These results indicate that this technology could be adapted to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; removal from a spacesuit and other applications in which CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; removal was an issue.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The strategy for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; removal in advanced life support systems employs a catalytic layer combined with a COG so that it is reduced all the way to solid carbon and oxygen. Hence, a three-phased approach was used for the development of a viable low weight COG for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; removal. First, to reduce the COG operating temperature a high oxide ion conductivity electrolyte was developed. Second, to promote full CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; reduction while avoiding the problem of carbon deposition on the COG cathode, a removable catalytic carbon deposition layer was designed. Third, to improve efficiency, a pre-stage for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; absorption was proposed to concentrate CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from the exhalate before sending it to the COG. These subsystems were then integrated into a single CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; removal system. This paper describes the progress to date on these tasks.&lt;/div&gt;
The many faces of Crohn’s Disease: Latest concepts in etiology (2012)

The notion that Crohn’s Disease (CD) occurs as a result of an aberrant reaction to the commensal microbiota in genetically susceptible hosts is widely regarded by physicians and scientists as fact. Yet although it is undisputed that Crohn’s Disease is immune-mediated, an aberrant reaction to one’s own native flora is far from proven. The aim of the current review is to present a summary of the known infectious causes of Crohn’s Disease, whilst highlighting the limitations of using outdated methods to attempt to classify the disease as a single entity. We propose a re-classification of Crohn’s Disease, and suggest that the disease is best conceptualized as a syndrome, an “umbrella-like” term comprising a group of diseases with varying infective etiologies, which clinically, endoscopically and histologically are indistinguishable from CD.
Diagnosis and Management of Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (2017)

Recognizing the paucity of data, we advocate participation in clinical trials, if available, at every stage of WM. Specific indications exist for initiation of therapy. Outside clinical trials, based on the synthesis of available evidence, we recommend bendamustine-rituximab as primary therapy for bulky disease, profound hematologic compromise, or constitutional symptoms attributable to WM. Dexamethasone-rituximab-cyclophosphamide is an alternative, particularly for nonbulky WM. Routine rituximab maintenance should be avoided. Plasma exchange should be promptly initiated before cytoreduction for hyperviscosity-related symptoms. Stem cell harvest for future use may be considered in first remission for patients 70 years or younger who are potential candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation. At relapse, retreatment with the original therapy is reasonable in patients with prior durable responses (time to next therapy ≥3 years) and good tolerability to previous regimen. Ibrutinib is efficacious in patients with relapsed or refractory disease harboring MYD88 L265P mutation. In the absence of neuropathy, a bortezomib-rituximab-based option is reasonable for relapsed or refractory disease. In select patients with chemosensitive disease, autologous stem cell transplantation should be considered at first or second relapse. Everolimus and purine analogs are suitable options for refractory or multiply relapsed WM. Our recommendations are periodically updated as new, clinically relevant information emerges.
Biomarkers Are Associated With Clinical and Endoscopic Outcomes With Vedolizumab Treatment in Ulcerative Colitis (2018)

Serum biomarkers were associated with outcomes in vedolizumab-treated UC patients. s-α4β7 increased, whereas s-MAdCAM-1, s-VCAM-1, s-ICAM-1, and s-TNF decreased more rapidly in remitters. At individual time points, induction s-TNF and maintenance s-VCAM-1 concentrations were lower, whereas maintenance s-α4β7 concentrations were higher in remitters.
Análisis transcriptómico global de la respuesta de Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 al estrés inducido por el ácido p-cumárico (2012)

Comunicacion presentadas en la 6a reunion de la Red tematica BAL (Participacion de las Bacterias Lacticas en la Salud Humana y en la Calidad Alimentaria), celebrada el 28 y 29 de junio de 2012 en Tarragona.
Animation data compression in MPEG-4: interpolators (2003)

In this paper, we propose new technologies to compress the interpolator nodes in VRML/MPEG-4 BIFS (binary format for scene). Interpolators are used to animate the 3D objects in a VRML/MPEG-4 BIFS scene. For interactive applications with quite a few animated 3D synthetic objects, two components are dominant in the amount of data to represent the animation: 3D object and its animation. In the current MPEG-4, 3D model coding (3DMC) yields a high compression ratio with reasonable quality for the 3D object, while predictive MFField coding (PMFC) yields a moderate compression ratio with reasonable quality for the animation data. The proposed techniques are to provide a high compression on animation data and have been adopted to MPEG-4 system amendment 4 (AFX/MUW).
Post‐Synthetic Reversible Incorporation of Organic Linkers into Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks through Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformations and Modification of Gas‐Sorption Properties (2010)

The porous metal-organic framework (MOF) {[Zn(2)(TCPBDA)(H(2)O)(2)]⋅30 DMF⋅6 H(2)O}(n) (SNU-30; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) has been prepared by the solvothermal reaction of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (H(4)TCPBDA) and Zn(NO(3))(2)⋅6 H(2)O in DMF/tBuOH. The post-synthetic modification of SNU-30 by the insertion of 3,6-di(4-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bpta) affords single-crystalline {[Zn(2)(TCPBDA)(bpta)]⋅23 DMF⋅4 H(2)O}(n) (SNU-31 SC), in which channels are divided by the bpta linkers. Interestingly, unlike its pristine form, the bridging bpta ligand in the MOF is bent due to steric constraints. SNU-31 can be also prepared through a one-pot solvothermal synthesis from Zn(II), TCPBDA(4-), and bpta. The bpta linker can be liberated from this MOF by immersion in N,N-diethylformamide (DEF) to afford the single-crystalline SNU-30 SC, which is structurally similar to SNU-30. This phenomenon of reversible insertion and removal of the bridging ligand while preserving the single crystallinity is unprecedented in MOFs. Desolvated solid SNU-30' adsorbs N(2), O(2), H(2), CO(2), and CH(4) gases, whereas desolvated SNU-31' exhibits selective adsorption of CO(2) over N(2), O(2), H(2), and CH(4), thus demonstrating that the gas adsorption properties of MOF can be modified by post-synthetic insertion/removal of a bridging ligand.
Numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas review and Quadrennial Report to the IUGG (1987)

This article provides a broad survey of U. S. progress during the quadrennium 1983–1986 in the category ‘numerical simulations of magnetospheric plasmas’. There has been a substantial increase of activity in this area during this period. Simulations have been instrumental in providing valuable insights into large scale dynamic phenomena, nonlinear effects, and complex kinetic phenomena in a wide variety of subject areas, including shocks and double layers, ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling phenomena, and important microphysical processes such as broadband electrostatic noise. The methodology of computer simulation has also been advanced during this quadrennium. Vlasov algorithms have been improved; hybrid codes in 2 and 3D have been developed and applied to magnetospheric problems; and complex problems have with increasing frequency been subjected to a multipronged attack in which several types of simulation models, each designed to accurately model phenomena within a particular range of temporal or spatial scales, are employed synergistically.
Dense wavelength-division multiplexed transmission in "zero-dispersion" DSF by means of hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (2003)

Transmission of 25 and 50 equally 100-GHz and 50-GHz spaced 10-Gb/s (OC-192) channels on the ITU grids is demonstrated over eight and four 83.8-km long spans, respectively, of DSF with the zero-dispersion wavelength within the signal wavelength band. Significant performance improvements are obtained with a pump power of only 440 mW with 55-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ dispersion-shifted fibers because of their relatively high Raman efficiency.
LOGAN: Problem Diagnosis in the Cloud Using Log-Based Reference Models (2016)

Problem diagnosis is one crucial aspect in the cloud operation that is becoming increasingly challenging. On the one hand, the volume of logs generated in today's cloud is overwhelmingly large. On the other hand, cloud architecture becomes more distributed and complex, which makes it more difficult to troubleshoot failures. In order to address these challenges, we have developed a tool, called LOGAN, that enables operators to quickly identify the log entries that potentially lead to the root cause of a problem. It constructs behavioral reference models from logs that represent the normal patterns. When problem occurs, our tool enables operators to inspect the divergence of current logs from the reference model and highlight logs likely to contain the hints to the root cause. To support these capabilities we have designed and developed several mechanisms. First, we developed log correlation algorithms using various IDs embedded in logs to help identify and isolate log entries that belong to the failed request. Second, we provide efficient log comparison to help understand the differences between different executions. Finally we designed mechanisms to highlight critical log entries that are likely to contain information pertaining to the root cause of the problem. We have implemented the proposed approach in a popular cloud management system, OpenStack, and through case studies, we demonstrate this tool can help operators perform problem diagnosis quickly and effectively.
The Number of Discernible Object Colors is Unknown (2012)

The number of discernible object colors is estimated over a wide range of color temperatures and illuminance levels using several chromatic adaptation models, color spaces, and color difference limens. Through comprehensive simulation, it is found that there are some limitations to current color appearance models for estimating the number of discernible colors. The fundamental problem lies in the von Kries-type chromatic adaptation transforms that indifferently affect the ranking of the number of discernible colors at different color temperatures.
Cu and CdCl2 influence on defects detected in CdTe solar cells with admittance spectroscopy (2005)

Admittance spectroscopy was used with a custom built temperature stage to study deep level defects in four polycrystalline thin-film CdTe solar cells that had postdeposition back contact treatments with and without Cu and CdCl2. One hole trap signature with activation energy Ea≈0.13eV was detected in all four cells and was attributed to a combination of VCd− and related complexes. A second hole trap with Ea≈0.30eV and detected only in Cu-treated cells was attributed to CuCd−. A third hole trap with Ea≈0.47eV was detected only in non-Cu-treated cells. The relationships and relative concentrations between these distinct trap levels are discussed.
Safety and efficacy of a new recombinant FVIII formulated with sucrose (rFVIII–FS) in patients with haemophilia A: a long‐term, multicentre clinical study in Japan (2001)

The recombinant full-length FVIII product Kogenate has been reformulated using sucrose (rFVIII-FS) instead of human serum albumin as a stabiliser in purification and formulation. The in vivo recovery, haemostatic efficacy, and safety of rFVIII-FS were investigated in 20 previously treated patients with severe or moderate haemophilia A for > or = 24 weeks. In vivo recoveries of 73.5 +/- 16.3%, 78.4 +/- 16.1%, and 82.8 +/- 23.9% after the initial infusion of 50 IU kg(-1) rFVIII-FS and at weeks 12 and 24, respectively, showed no significant changes over time. A total of 1115 infusions (mean dose 24.1 +/- 8.4 IU kg(-1)) were included in the analysis of haemostatic efficacy. One (80.5%) or two (8.2%) infusions achieved adequate haemostasis in 88.7% of all bleeding episodes, and haemostatic efficacy was judged 'excellent' or 'good' in 749 of 764 episodes (98.0%). The haemostatic efficacy was judged as 'excellent' or 'good' in 924 of 1115 (82.9%) infusions. Twenty-one adverse events were observed in 12 patients in the total 1541 infusions included in the safety analysis. Causality with respect to rFVIII-FS could not be ruled out in three events in one HIV-negative patient: elevated CD4(%), decreased CD8(%), and elevated CD4/CD8 ratio. No FVIII inhibitor development was observed in any patient. ELISA assay testing for antibodies to rFVIII, baby hamster kidney cell (BHK) protein, and murine IgG were all negative. These results show that rFVIII-FS is a safe and effective for long-term treatment of patients with haemophilia A.
Parameter value characterization of Windows NT-based applications (2002)

Compiler optimizations such as code specialization and partial evaluation can be used to effectively exploit identifiable invariance of variable values. To identify the invariant variables that the compiler misses at compile time, value profiling can provide valuable information. We focus on the invariance of procedure parameters for a set of desktop applications run on MS Windows NT 4.0. Most of those applications are non-scientific and execute interactively through a rich GUI. Due to the dynamic nature of this workload, one would expect that parameter values would exhibit an unpredictable behavior. Our work attempts to address this question by measuring the invariance and temporal locality of parameter values. We also measure she invariance of parameter values for four benchmarks from the SPECINT95 suite for comparison.
Bioinspired seeding of biomaterials using three dimensional microtissues induces chondrogenic stem cell differentiation and cartilage formation under growth factor free conditions (2016)

Cell laden biomaterials are archetypically seeded with individual cells and steered into the desired behavior using exogenous stimuli to control growth and differentiation. In contrast, direct cell-cell contact is instructive and even essential for natural tissue formation. Namely, microaggregation and condensation of mesenchymal progenitor cells triggers chondrogenesis and thereby drives limb formation. Yet a biomimetic strategy translating this approach into a cell laden biomaterial-based therapy has remained largely unexplored. Here, we integrate the microenvironment of cellular condensation into biomaterials by encapsulating microaggregates of a hundred human periosteum-derived stem cells. This resulted in decreased stemness-related markers, up regulation of chondrogenic genes and improved in vivo cartilage tissue formation, as compared to single cell seeded biomaterials. Importantly, even in the absence of exogenous growth factors, the microaggregate laden hydrogels outperformed conventional single cell laden hydrogels containing supraphysiological levels of the chondrogenic growth factor TGFB. Overall, the bioinspired seeding strategy described herein represents an efficient and growth factor-free approach to efficiently steer cell fate and drive tissue formation for biomaterial-based tissue engineering strategies.
Bcr (breakpoint cluster region) protein binds to PDZ-domains of scaffold protein PDZK1 and vesicle coat protein Mint3 (2004)

The breakpoint cluster region protein (Bcr) is a large soluble oligomeric multidomain protein best known because of its involvement in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). A chromosomal translocation between its gene and that of the c-abl kinase ('Philadelphia chromosome') plays a major causative role in that malignancy. Thus most attention has been paid to the role of the protein in hemopoietic cells. However, Bcr is also expressed in other cell types including epithelia. Bcr is generally considered to be a cytoplasmic protein but in addition to its kinase and GTPase exchange and activating domains it contains potentially membrane-interacting pleckstrin homology and C2 domains as well as a PDZ-binding C terminus mediating an interaction with a PDZ-domain protein at intercellular junctions of epithelial cells. We have examined the ability of Bcr to interact with other epithelial PDZ proteins and found specific binding to both the apical PDZK1 protein and the Golgi-localized Mint3. The former is important in the organization of several apical functions and the latter in vesicular trafficking in the secretory pathway. Hence these findings extend the interactions and likely signaling impact of Bcr in epithelia from the cytosol to at least these two membrane compartments.