gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highdetectivity AlInSb Midinfrared Photodiode Sensors with Dislocation Filter Layers for Gas Sensing (2019)

A midinfrared photodiode is developed for methane gas sensing based on the highly mismatched AlInSb/GaAs system. Inserting optimized dislocation filter layers (DFLs) in the buffer layer reduced the threading dislocation density in the active layer to less than one‐third of that in the photodiode without DFLs. This improvement produces a high normal incidence detectivity of 1.8 × 10 9 cm √Hz W −1 at 3.3 μm, which is more than twice the highest detectivity previously obtained for a photodiode without DFLs.
High reflectivity Ohmic contacts to n-GaN utilizing vacuum annealed aluminum (2017)

Ohmic contacts to both c-plane and (202 ̅1 ̅) n-GaN are demonstrated using a pure aluminum layer which was vacuum annealed to prevent oxidation. Specific contact resistivities of 4.4 × 10-7 and 2.3 × 10-5 Ωcm2 were obtained without annealing for c-plane and (202 ̅1 ̅ ) samples respectively. A reflectivity of over 85% at 450 nm was measured for both samples. After a 300 °C anneal specific contact resistivities of 1.5 × 10-7 and 1.8 × 10-7 Ωcm2 were obtained for c-plane and (202 ̅1 ̅ ) samples respectively and the reflectivities remained higher than 80%.
Supplementary Figure S3 from A Drug Repositioning Approach Identifies Tricyclic Antidepressants as Inhibitors of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;- PDF file 2897K, Molecular mechanisms leading to the cell death induced by the drugs&lt;/p&gt;
Serological confirmation of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in healthy blood and plasma donors (1989)

We wished to develop criteria for serological confirmation of human T- lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection in healthy donors. Selected serum or plasma samples reactive by HTLV-I enzyme immunosorbent assay or gel-agglutination assays with at least one viral- specific band on Western immunoblot (WIB) were tested in six laboratories by four WIBs and four radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIPAs) for antibodies to HTLV-I proteins encoded by gag (p19 and p24), env (gp46 and/or gp61), and tax (p40x) genes. One hundred forty-two donor sera were obtained from 38 Japanese, 69 American, and 35 Caribbean blood or plasma donors. Among these samples, WIB assays appeared more sensitive to p24 antibodies, whereas RIPAs were significantly more sensitive to gp61 antibodies. All sera (137) with gp61 antibodies had p24 antibodies. Of the 137 sera positive for p24 and gp61 antibodies, p19 antibodies were detected in 129 sera, and p40x antibodies were detected in 108. In sera with p19 antibodies and antibodies to env- or tax-encoded proteins, p24 antibodies were always present. Antibodies to p40x were not found in the absence of gp61 antibodies. Virological evidence of infection was found in seven American donors by lymphocyte coculture (one HTLV-I, one HTLV-II) or by polymerase chain reaction (three HTLV-I, two HTLV-II). Sera from all seven donors showed p24 and gp46 and/or gp61 antibodies. We suggest that seroreactivity to both p24 and gp46 and/or gp61 by WIB or RIPA or both are suitable criteria to confirm but not to distinguish HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections.
Temperatures Induced by High Power Lasers: Effects on Reservoir Rock Strength and Mechanical Properties (2002)

The temperature effects of high power lasers on rock strength and mechanical properties are presented. It was found that the high temperature induced by lasers drilling through rock enhances porosity and permeability and reduces strength. High temperature causes microcracks, vaporizes cementation, and dehydrates clays.Microcracks were monitored using thin sections and SEM analyses. Representative samples were cut for thin section analyses before and after lasing. For the SEM test, a small fragment of the sample was removed and coated with gold for better electron conductivity, thus allowing fracture imaging in three dimensions.Phase changes also affect rock properties such as permeability, porosity and strength. The effect depends on the temperature distribution and gradient as well as the mineralogy. At each temperature, different reactions take place. For example, at 550°C smectite clay will collapse and dehydrate. This mechanism results in increasing void space in the rock sample. At the same temperature, quartz grains will expand by 1.75%1 and when the grains cool, microcracks are created, which also increases the void space. This increase in void space may or may not change permeability, but it does decrease the acoustic velocities that in turn change the calculated porosity and elastic moduli.Results show in all cases, the Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and combined modulus near the lased portion, were reduced when compared to the unlased portion.In sandstones, the decrease was 50% or more. A bulk modulus decreased of 50% causes the compressibility near the wellbore to increase by 50%. Depending on the lithology, Poisson's ratio decreased or increased slightly. For limestones and shales, the differences between the moduli of lased and unlased samples were less significant than in sandstone.
Affinity for the Interface Underpins Potency of Antibodies Operating In Membrane Environments (2020)

The contribution of membrane interfacial interactions to recognition of membrane-embedded antigens by antibodies is currently unclear. This report demonstrates the optimization of this type of antibodies via chemical modification of regions near the membrane but not directly involved in the recognition of the epitope. Using the HIV-1 antibody 10E8 as a model, linear and polycyclic synthetic aromatic compounds are introduced at selected sites. Molecular dynamics simulations predict the favorable interactions of these synthetic compounds with the viral lipid membrane, where the epitope of the HIV-1 glycoprotein Env is located. Chemical modification of 10E8 with aromatic acetamides facilitates the productive and specific recognition of the native antigen, partially buried in the crowded environment of the viral membrane, resulting in a dramatic increase of its capacity to block viral infection. These observations support the harnessing of interfacial affinity through site-selective chemical modification to optimize the function of antibodies that target membrane-proximal epitopes.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Soluble Metal Complexes and Catalysts. Part 1. Water‐Soluble Metal Complexes of the Sulfonated Triphenylphosphane TPPTS: Preparation of Pure Compounds and Their Use in Catalysis. (1990)

Abstract Gel permeation chromatography is the key to isolation of pure TPPTS (I) as well as complexes of the type (LxMy(TPPTS)z·(H2O)3z) for which (I) serves as starting material.
Ilimaquinone and Ethylsmenoquinone, Marine Sponge Metabolites, Suppress the Proliferation of Multiple Myeloma Cells by Down-Regulating the Level of β-Catenin (2014)

Deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the development of a broad range of human cancers, including multiple myeloma, and is thus a potential target for the development of therapeutics for this disease. Here, we used a cell-based reporter system to demonstrate that ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone (formerly smenorthoquinone), sesquiterpene-quinones from a marine sponge, inhibited β-catenin response transcription induced with Wnt3a-conditioned medium, by down-regulating the level of intracellular β-catenin. Pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β did not abolish the ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone-mediated β-catenin down-regulation. Degradation of β-catenin was consistently found in RPMI-8226 multiple myeloma cells after ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone treatment. Ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone repressed the expression of cyclin D1, c-myc, and axin-2, which are β-catenin/T-cell factor-dependent genes, and inhibited the proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. In addition, ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone significantly induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in RPMI-8266 cells. These findings suggest that ilimaquinone and ethylsmenoquinone exert their anti-cancer activity by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and have significant potential as therapies for multiple myeloma.
Compact Surface-Normal Coherent Receiver with Wire-Grid Polarizers (2023)

We present a broadband and compact coherent receiver in a surface-normal configuration using wire-grid polarizers. Demodulation of 64-Gbaud QPSK and 50-Gbaud 16QAM signals as well as ultra-wideband operation covering 1260-1630 wavelength bands are demonstrated experimentally.
Novel strategy for generation of mucosal immune responses against HIV-1 following systemic vaccination (2006)

A significant hurdle in effective vaccine design for infectious pathogens is the ability to mount immune responses at the portal of entry, namely mucosal sites. The development of a systemic-delivered vaccine approach driving secretory IgA and mucosal T cell immune responses against pathogens would fundamentally change many vaccine strategies. Using mucosal pathogens HIV-1 and Influenza A as models, we demonstrate that a novel systemic administered DNA vaccination strategy utilizing co-delivery of specific mucosal-derived chemokine adjuvants, can produce distal mucosal immune responses. This strategy resulted in redirection of a4b7 and CCR9 or CCR10 positive immune cells to the site of immunization with mucosal retrafficking phenotype. The immune phenotype included enhanced cytokine and cytolytic markers expressed by antigen-specific T cells from the spleen, lung and lamina propria, as well as elevated IgG and secretory IgA responses in secondary lymphoid organs, B cells from the gut, peripheral blood and fecal extracts. Systemic immunization controls, as expected, failed to induce mucosal immunity. These studies have great significance for basic understanding of gut lymphocyte homing, mucosal phenotype commitment and development of vaccine strategies for mucosal pathogens. This work is supported by F32AI054152 to MAK, and N01-A1-15429, NIAID-HVDDT to DBW.
Brand Name and Generic Proton Pump Inhibitor Prescriptions in the United States: Insights from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2006–2010) (2015)

Introduction. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most commonly prescribed medication classes with similar efficacy between brand name and generic PPI formulations. Aims. We determined demographic, clinical, and practice characteristics associated with brand name PPI prescriptions at ambulatory care visits in the United States. Methods. Observational cross sectional analysis using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) of all adult (≥18 yrs of age) ambulatory care visits from 2006 to 2010. PPI prescriptions were identified by using the drug entry code as brand name only or generic available formulations. Descriptive statistics were reported in terms of unweighted patient visits and proportions of encounters with brand name PPI prescriptions. Global chi-square tests were used to compare visits with brand name PPI prescriptions versus generic PPI prescriptions for each measure. Poisson regression was used to determine the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for generic versus brand PPI prescribing. Results. A PPI was prescribed at 269.7 million adult ambulatory visits, based on 9,677 unweighted visits, of which 53% were brand name only prescriptions. In 2006, 76.0% of all PPI prescriptions had a brand name only formulation compared to 31.6% of PPI prescriptions in 2010. Visits by patients aged 25-44 years had the greatest proportion of brand name PPI formulations (57.9%). Academic medical centers and physician-owned practices had the greatest proportion of visits with brand name PPI prescriptions (58.9% and 55.6% of visits with a PPI prescription, resp.). There were no significant differences in terms of median income, patient insurance type, or metropolitan status when comparing the proportion of visits with brand name versus generic PPI prescriptions. Poisson regression results showed that practice ownership type was most strongly associated with the likelihood of receiving a brand name PPI over the entire study period. Compared to HMO visits, patient visits at academic medical centers (IRR 4.2, 95% CI 2.2-8.0), physician-owned practices (IRR 3.9, 95% CI 2.1-7.1), and community health centers (IRR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9-6.6) were all more likely to have brand name PPIs. Conclusion. PPI prescriptions with brand name only formulations are most strongly associated with physician practice type.
Performance of pilot reuse in multi-cell Massive MIMO (2015)

Pilot reuse in multiple cell Massive MIMO induces coherent inter-cell interference that does not disappear with large numbers of antennas. A simple way to mitigate pilot contamination is to use a pilot reuse factor that is greater than one, which surrounds the home cell by one or more rings of non-contaminating cells. The penalty for this measure is that training consumes an increasing fraction of the slot. We perform comprehensive multiple cell semi-analytical simulations for various scenarios in order to determine the optimum pilot reuse factor. We find that in dense urban deployments, the relatively small cell size combined with low user mobility dictates pilot reuse seven. Conversely in suburban deployments pilot reuse three is optimal. Our conclusions are at variance with others who advocate pilot reuse one, which we attribute to a great extent to the fact that our performance criterion is 95% likely per user throughput rather than sum throughput.
Computer modelling of clustured airguns (1990)

It is much cheaper to design an airgun array by using computer simulation rather than by performing numerous field trials. However, you must be sure that the sirnulations are accurate. The use of computer simulation is now well established in the design of conventional, &apos;weakly interacting&apos; arrays where the airguns are over about one metre apart (Ziolkowski and Metselaar 1984).
Analytical and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials in different product groups: Challenges and opportunities (2022)

The widespread integration of engineered nanomaterials into consumer and industrial products creates new challenges and requires innovative approaches in terms of design, testing, reliability, and safety of nanotechnology. The aim of this review article is to give an overview of different product groups in which nanomaterials are present and outline their safety aspects for consumers. Here, release of nanomaterials and related analytical challenges and solutions as well as toxicological considerations, such as dose-metrics, are discussed. Additionally, the utilization of engineered nanomaterials as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to deliver and release cargo molecules is covered. Furthermore, critical pathways for human exposure to nanomaterials, namely inhalation and ingestion, are discussed in the context of risk assessment. Analysis of NMs in food, innovative medicine or food contact materials is discussed. Specific focus is on the presence and release of nanomaterials, including whether nanomaterials can migrate from polymer nanocomposites used in food contact materials. With regard to the toxicology and toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, aspects of dose metrics of inhalation toxicity as well as ingestion toxicology and comparison between in vitro and in vivo conclusions are considered. The definition of dose descriptors to be applied in toxicological testing is emphasized. In relation to potential exposure from different products, opportunities arising from the use of advanced analytical techniques in more unique scenarios such as release of nanomaterials from medical devices such as orthopedic implants are addressed. Alongside higher product performance and complexity, further challenges regarding material characterization and safety, as well as acceptance by the general public are expected.
Wave-guide effects in urban viaduct propagation channels for high-speed railway at 930 MHz (2014)

The path loss exponent of the urban viaduct propagation channel in high-speed railway (HSR) scenarios is often larger than 2. This is because, particularly in urban environments, buildings and vegetation distributed along the railway tracks at least partially obstruct the signal from the rail side base station. However, given the appropriate distribution of these buildings and vegetation, they can serve as scatterers that partially guide energy via multipath to decrease the path loss, via a wave-guide effect. In this paper, we report on this wave-guide effect for the viaduct channel for HSR in urban scenarios. We collected our measurement data at three example locations in two cities (Xuzhou and Bengbu) along the Beijing-Shanghai HSR in China, and we find that the measured path loss exponents are often less than 2. We also analyze shadow fading in these three areas.
Narrow‐gap field‐sequential TN‐LCD with and without nanoparticle doping (2011)

Abstract— The fabrication and demonstration of field‐sequential‐color (FSC) LCDs using modules of narrow‐gap twisted‐nematic (NTN) LCDs with and without doping of newly synthesized PγCyD‐ZrO 2 nanoparticles is reported. Two types of FSC‐LCDs are demonstrated: one is a direct multiplexed NTN‐LCD and the other is TFT driven. The advantages of FSC‐LCDs include their high legibility even under direct sunlight, and the mechanism for the doping of nanoparticles in LCDs is discussed.
Simulating tumor growth in confined heterogeneous environments (2008)

The holy grail of computational tumor modeling is to develop a simulation tool that can be utilized in the clinic to predict neoplastic progression and propose individualized optimal treatment strategies. In order to develop such a predictive model, one must account for many of the complex processes involved in tumor growth. One interaction that has not been incorporated into computational models of neoplastic progression is the impact that organ-imposed physical confinement and heterogeneity have on tumor growth. For this reason, we have taken a cellular automaton algorithm that was originally designed to simulate spherically symmetric tumor growth and generalized the algorithm to incorporate the effects of tissue shape and structure. We show that models that do not account for organ/tissue geometry and topology lead to false conclusions about tumor spread, shape and size. The impact that confinement has on tumor growth is more pronounced when a neoplasm is growing close to, versus far from, the confining boundary. Thus, any clinical simulation tool of cancer progression must not only consider the shape and structure of the organ in which a tumor is growing, but must also consider the location of the tumor within the organ if it is to accurately predict neoplastic growth dynamics.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Alveolar Hypoxia Promotes Murine Lung Tumor Growth through a VEGFR-2/EGFR-Dependent Mechanism (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 396K, Tumors obtained from mice exposed to normoxia or hypoxia for 21 weeks were stained for vWF to identify vessels or for the proliferation marker Ki-67, demonstrating significant increases in both. Data shown is mean � SEM and * indicates p &lt; minus 0.05 for comparisons between normoxia and hypoxia.&lt;/p&gt;
Aqueous Biphasic Systems Based on Salting-Out Polyethylene Glycol or Ionic Solutions: Strategies for Actinide or Fission Product Separations (2004)

Aqueous biphasic systems can be formed by salting-out (with kosmotropic, waterstructuring salts) water soluble polymers (e.g., polyethylene glycol) or aqueous solutions of a wide range of hydrophilic ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyridinium, phosphonium and ammonium cations. The use of these novel liquid/liquid biphases for separation of actinides or other fission products associated with nuclear wastes (e.g., pertechnetate salts) has been demonstrated and will be described in this presentation.
CMOS compatible reconfigurable filter for high bandwidth non-blocking operation (2011)

We design, fabricate and characterize a CMOS-compatible, Mach-Zehnder-coupled, second-order-microring-resonator filter with large Free Spectral Range and demonstrate non-blocking thermo-optical filter reconfiguration. The device consists of 10-μm radius silicon microring resonators, with an FSR equivalent to that of a structure consisting of 5-μm radii microrings. The structure is reconfigurable over an 8.5 nm range without blocking other channels in the network.
Microbicidal effects of α- and θ-defensins against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2013)

Antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens threaten public health. Because many antibiotics target specific bacterial enzymes or reactions, corresponding genes may mutate under selection and lead to antibiotic resistance. Accordingly, antimicrobials that selectively target overall microbial cell integrity may offer alternative approaches to therapeutic design. Naturally occurring mammalian α- and θ-defensins are potent, non-toxic microbicides that may be useful for treating infections by antibiotic-resistant pathogens because certain defensin peptides disrupt bacterial, but not mammalian, cell membranes. To test this concept, clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including vancomycin heteroresistant strains, and ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Cip(R)-PA) were tested for sensitivity to α-defensins Crp-4, RMAD-4 and HNPs 1-3, and to RTD-1, macaque θ-defensin-1. In vitro, 3 μM Crp-4, RMAD-4 and RTD-1 reduced MRSA cell survival by 99%, regardless of vancomycin susceptibility. For PA clinical isolates that differ in fluoroquinolone resistance and virulence phenotype, peptide efficacy was independent of strain ciprofloxacin resistance, site of isolation or virulence factor expression. Thus, Crp-4, RMAD-4 and RTD-1 are effective in vitro antimicrobials against clinical isolates of MRSA and Cip(R)-PA, perhaps providing templates for development of α- and θ-defensin-based microbicides against antibiotic resistant or virulent infectious agents.
Supplementary Materials and Methods from Metalloprotease-Mediated Tumor Cell Shedding of B7-H6, the Ligand of the Natural Killer Cell–Activating Receptor NKp30 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 87KB&lt;/p&gt;
Transwells with Microstamped Membranes Produce Micropatterned Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Co-Cultures (2015)

This article describes a simple and rapid cell patterning method to form co-culture microarrays in commercially available Transwells. A thin poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layer is printed on the underside of a Transwell using a PDMS stamp.Arbitrary cellular patterns are generated according to the geometric features of the thin PDMS layer through hydrodynamic forces that guide cells onto the membrane only over the PDMS-uncoated regions. Mi-cropatterns of surface-adhered cells (we refer to this as two-dimensional) or non-surface-adhered clusters of cells (we refer to this as three-dimensional) can be generated depending on the surface treatment of the filter membrane. Additionally, co-cultures can be established by introducing different types of cells on the membrane or in the bottom chamber of the Transwell.We show that this co-culturemethod can evaluate mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell differentiation based on heterogeneous cell–cell interactions. Co-culture of mES cells and HepG2 cells de-creased SOX17 expression of mES cells, and direct cell–cell contact further decreased SOX17 expression, indicating that co-culture with HepG2 cells inhibits endoderm differentiation through soluble factors and cell–cell contact. Thismethod is simple and user-friendly and should be broadly useful to study cell shapes and cell–cell interactions.