gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical characteristics and biomarkers of breast cancer associated with choline concentration measured by 1H MRS (2010)

This study investigated the association between the total choline (tCho) concentration and the clinical characteristics and biomarker status of breast cancer. Sixty-two patients with breast cancer, 1.5 cm or larger in size on MR images, were studied. The tCho concentration was correlated with the MRI features, contrast enhancement kinetics, clinical variables and biomarkers. Pairwise two-tailed Spearman's nonparametric test was used for statistical analysis. The tCho concentration was higher in high-grade than moderate-/low-grade tumors (p = 0.04) and in tumors with higher K(trans) and k(ep) (p < 0.001 for both). The association of tCho concentration with age (p = 0.05) and triple negative biomarker (p = 0.09) approached significance. tCho was not detected in 17 patients, including 15 with invasive ductal cancer and two with infiltrating lobular cancer. Fifteen of the 17 patients had moderate- to low-grade cancers, and 11 had human epidermal growth factor-2-negative cancer, suggesting that these two factors might lead to false-negative choline. Higher tCho concentration in high-grade tumors and tumors with higher K(trans) and k(ep) indicates that choline is associated with cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. The higher choline level in younger women may be caused by their more aggressive tumor type. The results presented here may aid in the better interpretation of (1)H MRS for the diagnosis of breast lesions.
Apparatus for generating and dispensing a powdered release agent (2023)

An apparatus 20 and a method 100 for generating and dispensing a powdered 60 release agent during an additive manufacturing build is disclosed. A solid body 28 of release agent material is ground insitu by a grinder 50 and dispensed on a surface of the part 72 to prevent adhesion of an adjacent layer of a base material 70. With the addition of the powdered 60 release agent, a support structure 76 is easily separated from the base material 70 when the part 72 is complete, saving time and preventing the part 72 from sustaining unintentional damage. Since no powdered 60 release agent is actually loaded or stored in the apparatus 20, the potential for spillage, waste, inconsistent dispensing, inadvertent dispensing, and clumping due to humidity is eliminated.
Assignment of stereochemistry in the oligomycin/rutamycin/cytovaricin family of antibiotics. Asymmetric synthesis of the rutamycin spiroketal synthon (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAssignment of stereochemistry in the oligomycin/rutamycin/cytovaricin family of antibiotics. Asymmetric synthesis of the rutamycin spiroketal synthonDavid A. Evans, Dale L. Rieger, Todd K. Jones, and Stephen W. KaldorCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 26, 6260–6268Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00313a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00313a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1089Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Efficient method for recycling poly(ethylene terephthalate) to poly(butylene terephthalate) using transesterification reaction (2004)

When this article was printed, there were three typographical errors in it. The errors are corrected below: On page 3722, the section head in the left column should read: Effect of PET : BD ratio on THF formation in the presence and absence of externally added catalyst On page 3727, lines 9–14 in the right column should read: Mechanical properties The mechanical properties, namely, tensile strength and unnotched Izod impact strength of PBT obtained upon transesterification of scrap PET, were determined. These results are shown in Table XI. These values compare well with virgin PBT. On page 3728, reference 2 should read: 2. (a) Asaba, F. Aromatikkusu 2002, 54, 41 (Nippon Hokozoku Kogyokai); Chem Abstr 2002, 136, 217741. (b) Asaba, F.; Doi, K.; Nunokawa, T.; Morinaga, A.; Yamamoto, H.; Mukaigawara, S.; Fujiwara, K.; Shiroshika, H. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2 002 011 719, 2002; Chem Abstr 2002, 136, 86812. (c) Al Ghatta, H. Eur Pat Appl EP 1 215 191, 2002; Chem Abstr 2002, 137, 33677. (d) Inuzaka, M.; Inada, S. Petrotech (Tokyo, Jpn) 2001, 24, 398 (Sekiyu Gakkai); Chem Abstr 2002, 136, 135648.
Abstract 639: Inhibition of HER2 signaling using targeted therapeutics in breast cancer cell lines (2011)

Abstract ERBB2/HER2 amplification occurs in 20-30% of all breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive clinical behavior. Therapeutics that target HER2 offer a modest survival benefit when given as monotherapy. Recent studies indicate that in the case of the HER2/EGFR inhibitor lapatinib, there is an initial down-regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway followed by reactivation of the pathway through p-HER3. Inhibition with much higher doses of lapatinib in vitro prevents the reactivation of the pathway, implying that more effective inhibition of HER2 could lead to more durable responses. To explore this phenomenon more fully, we examined response to lapatinib in a panel of 22 HER2 amplified breast cancer cell lines. Of the 22, there were 5 that were resistant to lapatinib, failing to reach 50% growth inhibition (GI50) even at doses as high as 5 uM. These lines have also been reported to be resistant to trastuzumab. However, all the cell lines in the panel were sensitive to BIBW-2992, which is an irreversible EGFR/ERBB2 inhibitor, with GI50 values in the nanomolar range. Initial western blot analysis indicated that in response to BIBW-2992, there was down-regulation of p-AKT and p-HER3, but that there was recovery of both over time to levels that were comparable to untreated cells. Finally, we observed strong synergistic interactions between BIBW-2992 in combination with a PI3K inhibitor in almost every HER2+cell line tested. These results suggest that even in the setting of resistance to lapatinib and trastuzumab, all HER2 amplified cell lines in our panel are still addicted to HER2 signaling, and that more efficient inhibition of HER2 can result in significant inhibition of growth and loss of viability in HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines. BIBW-2992 was effective against HER2 amplified cells even though inhibition of p-AKT and p-HER3 was not complete. However, addition of PI3K pathway inhibitors resulted in strong synergism in combination with BIBW-2992. These studies set the stage for clinical investigations into the efficacy of such irreversible HER2 inhibitors in patients with HER2 positive breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 639. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-639
Mechanism of Threshold Voltage Shift (ΔVth) Caused by Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) in Deep Submicron pMOSFETs (2002)

The physical mechanism responsible for negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), which is basic to the minimization of this degradation mode, is investigated, and an analytical model is developed accordingly. Experiments with 1.7 nm to 3.3 nm gate dielectrics fabricated by different processes demonstrate the capability of the proposed model.
Structure and function of Caulobacter crescentus aldose–aldose oxidoreductase (2015)

Aldose-aldose oxidoreductase (Cc AAOR) is a recently characterized enzyme from the bacterial strain Caulobacter crescentus CB15 belonging to the glucose-fructose oxidoreductase/inositol dehydrogenase/rhizopine catabolism protein (Gfo/Idh/MocA) family. Cc AAOR catalyses the oxidation and reduction of a panel of aldose monosaccharides using a tightly bound NADP(H) cofactor that is regenerated in the catalytic cycle. Furthermore, Cc AAOR can also oxidize 1,4-linked oligosaccharides. In the present study, we present novel crystal structures of the dimeric Cc AAOR in complex with the cofactor and glycerol, D-xylose, D-glucose, maltotriose and D-sorbitol determined to resolutions of 2.0, 1.8, 1.7, 1.9 and 1.8 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm), respectively. These complex structures allowed for a detailed analysis of the ligand-binding interactions. The structures showed that the C1 carbon of a substrate, which is either reduced or oxidized, is close to the reactive C4 carbon of the nicotinamide ring of NADP(H). In addition, the O1 hydroxy group of the substrate, which is either protonated or deprotonated, is unexpectedly close to both Lys(104) and Tyr(189), which may both act as a proton donor or acceptor. This led us to hypothesize that this intriguing feature could be beneficial for Cc AAOR to catalyse the reduction of a linear form of a monosaccharide substrate and the oxidation of a pyranose form of the same substrate in a reaction cycle, during which the bound cofactor is regenerated.
Aberrant Interactions of Transcriptional Repressor Proteins with the Huntington's Disease Gene Product, Huntingtin (1999)

We detected an interaction of the N-terminus of huntingtin (htt171) with the C-terminal region of the nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) using the yeast two-hybrid system. This interaction was repeat length dependent and specific to htt171; the co-repressor did not interact with the repeat carrying a section of atrophin 1 nor with the androgen receptor or polyglutamine alone. The interaction was confirmed using His-tagged Escherichia coli -expressed C-terminal human and rat co-repressor protein which pulled full-length huntingtin out of homogenized rat brain and in pull-down assays. The N-CoR represses transcription from sequence-specific ligand-activated receptors such as the retinoid X-thyroid hormone receptor dimers and other nuclear receptors including Mad-Max receptor dimers. The mechanism of this repression appears to be through the formation of a complex of repressor proteins including the N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylases. We have used N-CoR and mSin3A antibodies in immunohistochemical studies and find that in Huntington's disease (HD) cortex and caudate, the cellular localization of these proteins is exclusively cytoplasmic whilst in control brain they are localized in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm; mSin3A immunoreactivity also occurred in a subset of huntingtin positive intranuclear inclusions. The relocalization of repressor proteins in HD brain may alter transcription and be involved in the pathology of the disease.
Experimental evidence for a quantum wire state in HfO<inf>2</inf>-based VCM-RRAM (2013)

We study the reset transition in Pt/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Pt RRAM structures showing filamentary resistive switching (RS). Using various electrical reset methodologies we reveal three-state RS phenomena. Between the LRS and the HRS, a rather stable intermediate state is revealed and shown to have the properties of a quantum wire (QW). This QW state is characterized by having conductance of the order of G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ~2e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and represents a natural boundary between two different electron transport regimes. Above the G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> limit, the conduction is associated to extended quantum transport states which connect the two electrodes, while below it, a spatial gap is opened in the conducting filament (CF) and the conduction is controlled by hopping or tunneling. Analysis of the statistics of conductance during the reset experiments strongly support the existence of these three states and help understanding the evolution of the CF structure during RS.
[Gene therapy in chronic heart failure--hopes and fears]. (2001)

The article presents current views on the possibility of the applying of the gene therapy for advanced heart failure treatment. The gene therapy which offers a completely new treatment of this disease, but it requires a lot of many further efforts in development of gene-transfer vectors, gene-delivery techniques and new target genes identification.
Deep brain stimulation relieves refractory hypertension (2011)

Increased activity of the sympathoadrenal system plays a major role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and end organ damage.1,2 Recent effective antihypertensive strategies have manipulated autonomic nervous control mechanisms including renal nerve ablation.1 Here, we present the first patient in whom refractory hypertension was controlled chronically with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG)/periventricular gray (PVG) as a primary response and not secondary to associated pathologic changes.
Anomalous low-temperature dopant diffusion from in situ doped polycrystalline and epitaxial Si layers into the monocrystalline Si substrate (1994)

In situ phosphorous-doped Si layers have been deposited in three different ways: (i) by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 615 °C resulting in polycrystalline Si; (ii) by radio-frequency plasma-enhanced CVD at 250–300 °C resulting in either epitaxial Si, or (iii) in amorphous Si which is subsequently crystallized at 600 °C, resulting in epitaxially regrown Si. From secondary ion mass spectrometry and spreading resistance profile measurements, the P appears in cases (i) and (iii) to be diffused into the underlying substrate across several hundreds of nanometers, much further than normal diffusivities would forecast. An explanation of this anomalous behavior, based on precipitation of P causing supersaturated self-interstitial concentrations is proposed.
Pulse delays through metallic aperture arrays (2011)

Pulse propagation delays of 60-100fs through metallic aperture arrays were measured using an up-conversion technique, which are suggested to be originated from the coupling between surface plasmons waves on multiple metal/dielectric interfaces.
The need for LWR metrology standardization: the imec roughness protocol (2018)

As semiconductor technology keeps moving forward, undeterred by the many challenges ahead, one specific deliverable is capturing the attention of many experts in the field: Line Width Roughness (LWR) specifications are expected to be less than 2nm in the near term, and to drop below 1nm in just a few years. This is a daunting challenge and engineers throughout the industry are trying to meet these targets using every means at their disposal. However, although current efforts are surely admirable, we believe they are not enough. The fact is that a specification has a meaning only if there is an agreed methodology to verify if the criterion is met or not. Such a standardization is critical in any field of science and technology and the question that we need to ask ourselves today is whether we have a standardized LWR metrology or not. In other words, if a single reference sample were provided, would everyone measuring it get reasonably comparable results? We came to realize that this is not the case and that the observed spread in the results throughout the industry is quite large. In our opinion, this makes the comparison of LWR data among institutions, or to a specification, very difficult. In this paper, we report the spread of measured LWR data across the semiconductor industry. We investigate the impact of image acquisition, measurement algorithm, and frequency analysis parameters on LWR metrology. We review critically some of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) metrology guidelines (such as measurement box length larger than 2&mu;m and the need to correct for SEM noise). We compare the SEM roughness results to AFM measurements. Finally, we propose a standardized LWR measurement protocol - the imec Roughness Protocol (iRP) - intended to ensure that every time LWR measurements are compared (from various sources or to specifications), the comparison is sensible and sound. We deeply believe that the industry is at a point where it is imperative to guarantee that when talking about a critical parameter such like LWR, everyone speaks the same language, which is not currently the case.
Multicarrier technology for 4G WiMax system [WiMAX/LTE Update (2010)

As one of the candidate fourth-generation mobile communication systems, the IEEE 802.16m-based WiMAX 2.0 system is required to provide up to 1 Gb/s peak transmission rate. The most efficient solution to achieve this challenging objective is to utilize wider channel bandwidth. Multicarrier is the technology to utilize wider bandwidth for parallel data transmission across multiple RF carriers, which is well agreed as one of the key technologies to satisfy ITU-R IMTAdvanced requirements. As the evolution of the IEEE 802.16e-based WiMAX 1.0 system, IEEE 802.16m specifies physical and MAC layers to enable multicarrier technology for the WiMAX 2.0 system. This can lead to more than 1 Gb/s peak transmission rate for low-mobility users and 100 Mb/s peak transmission rate for high-mobility users. By having the protocol structure with a common MAC entity to control transmission by multiple physical-layer connections over different RF carriers, the network operator can aggregate either contiguous or non-contiguous spectrum resources with higher deployment flexibility, user throughput, and spectrum efficiency. This article provides an overview of the multicarrier technology supported by the IEEE 802.16m draft standard1 for WiMAX 2.0 system, including not only the general operation principle but also some details of physical layer and MAC layer support.
Fluorine‐Doped Antiperovskite Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2016)

Abstract A fluorine‐doped antiperovskite Li‐ion conductor Li 2 (OH)X (X=Cl, Br) is shown to be a promising candidate for a solid electrolyte in an all‐solid‐state Li‐ion rechargeable battery. Substitution of F − for OH − transforms orthorhombic Li 2 OHCl to a room‐temperature cubic phase, which shows electrochemical stability to 9 V versus Li + /Li and two orders of magnitude higher Li‐ion conductivity than that of orthorhombic Li 2 OHCl. An all‐solid‐state Li/LiFePO 4 with F‐doped Li 2 OHCl as the solid electrolyte showed good cyclability and a high coulombic efficiency over 40 charge/discharge cycles.
Appendix: Nanoparticles Prepared by Various Routes (2007)

acac: acetylacetonate AOT: sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate BSPP: bis(p-sulfonatophenyl) phenylphosphine dihydrate dipotassium salt solution Cit: citrate COD: 1,5-cyclooctadiene COT: 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene CTAB: cetyltrimethylammonium-
Modal reflectivity in finite-depth two-dimensional photonic-crystal microcavities (1998)

We present finite-difference time-domain calculations of the Q factor for an optical microcavity defined by a slab waveguide and two-dimensional photonic-crystal end mirrors. The effect of the finite depth of the photonic crystal on the cavity’s optical modes is examined. From these calculations, we can optimize the performance of the photonic-crystal mirrors and determine the loss mechanisms within optical cavities defined by these structures. The Q of the cavity modes is shown to be strongly dependent on the depth of the holes defining the photonic crystal, as well as the refractive index of the material surrounding the waveguide core.
Good Cell Culture Practice for stem cells and stem-cell-derived models (2016)

The first guidance on Good Cell Culture Practice (GCCP) dates back to 2005. This document expands this to include aspects of quality assurance for in vitro cell culture focusing on the increasingly diverse cell types and culture formats used in research, product development, testing and manufacture of biotechnology products and cell-based medicines. It provides a set of basic principles of best practice that can be used in training new personnel, reviewing and improving local procedures, and helping to assure standard practices and conditions for the comparison of data between laboratories and experimentation performed at different times. This includes recommendations for the documentation and reporting of culture conditions. It is intended as guidance to facilitate the generation of reliable data from cell culture systems, and is not intended to conflict with local or higher level legislation or regulatory requirements. It may not be possible to meet all recommendations in this guidance for practical, legal or other reasons. However, when it is necessary to divert from the principles of GCCP, the risk of decreasing the quality of work and the safety of laboratory staff should be addressed and any conclusions or alternative approaches justified. This workshop report is considered a first step toward a revised GCCP 2.0.