gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis framework for linear permanent magnet machines (2002)

This paper presents a design and analysis framework for the general class of permanent magnet electric machines. In the analysis, two-dimensional linear or planar motors consisting of permanent magnets and current-carrying coils are treated in a uniform way via the magnetic vector potential. This analysis is developed in order to design novel linear motors for driving precision motion control stages such as those used in wafer steppers. For one such motor structure the authors give analytical formulae for its magnetic field, flux linkage, inductance of the winding, and back electromotive force (EMF). The motor uses a permanent magnet Halbach array in order to improve its power efficiency. By analogy, there also exists an electromagnetic dual of the Halbach array. One such dual utilizes a triangular winding pattern in order to achieve a primarily single-sided magnetic field. The authors also present an efficient magnet matrix for planar surface motors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pathophysiology of hemimasticatory spasm. (1994)

Two patients aged 21 and 50 years presented with facial hemiatrophy and unilateral spasms of the masticatory muscles. Masticatory muscle biopsy showed normal findings in both patients and facial skin biopsy specimens only showed atrophy, although morphoea (localised facial scleroderma) had been diagnosed nine years previously in the second patient. The involuntary movements consisted of brief twitches and prolonged contractions clinically and electromyographically similar to those of hemifacial spasm and cramps. The jaw jerk and the silent periods were absent in the affected muscles. Direct stimulation of the muscle nerve and transcranial stimulation of the trigeminal root demonstrated slowing of conduction and after-activity due to autoexcitation. Observations in other reported cases and these two patients suggest that hemimasticatory spasm is produced by ectopic activity secondary to focal demyelination of the trigeminal motor nerve fibres. The proposed cause of the neuropathy is focal damage to the masticatory nerves caused by compression, possibly resulting from the deep tissue changes that occur in facial hemiatrophy.
Early Stages of <italic>N</italic>-2-Fluorenylacetamide-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Male and Female Rats and Effect of Gonadectomy on Liver Neoplastic Conversion and Neoplastic Development<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1984)

The early stages of N-2-fluorenylacetamide [(2-FAA) CAS: 59-96-3]-induced liver carcinogenesis in inbred F344 male and female rats and the effect of gonadectomy on liver carcinogen biotransformation capability and hepatocarcinogenesis were studied. Feeding of 2-FAA induced more altered hepatocellular foci characterized by exclusion of cellular iron and gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity in male rats than in female rats. At 6-22 weeks after cessation of carcinogen exposure, only males developed liver neoplastic nodules. Liver cytochrome P450, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, and uridine-5'-diphosphateglucuronosyltransferase activity toward p-nitrophenol, but not phenolphthalein, were greater in males than in females. Gonadectomy of males reduced the activities that were greater than in females, whereas none was significantly altered by gonadectomy of females. Gonadectomy of male rats prior to 2-FAA feeding suppressed the induction of both altered foci and neoplastic nodules, whereas in female rats gonadectomy prior to 2-FAA feeding enhanced the induction of foci. Gonadectomy of males after administration of 2-FAA slightly enhanced the persistence of foci at 6 and 12 weeks after removal of carcinogen, but it did not affect their persistence by 22 weeks post carcinogen or the incidence of neoplastic nodules. However, only the males that were gonadectomized after receiving 2-FAA developed hepatocellular carcinomas at 22 weeks. Gonadectomy of females after receiving 2-FAA did not affect the persistence of foci, and no liver neoplasms developed. Thus gonadectomy of male rats, which reduced liver carcinogen metabolism, when done before carcinogen feeding had the greatest effect on hepatocarcinogenesis.
The homozygous M712T mutation of UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase/N‐acetylmannosamine kinase results in reduced enzyme activities but not in altered overall cellular sialylation in hereditary inclusion body myopathy (2004)

Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM) is a neuromuscular disorder, caused by mutations in UDP‐ N ‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase/ N ‐acetylmannosamine kinase, the key enzyme of sialic acid biosynthesis. In Middle Eastern patients a single homozygous mutation occurs, converting methionine‐712 to threonine. Recombinant expression of the mutated enzyme revealed slightly reduced N ‐acetylmannosamine kinase activity, in agreement with the localization of the mutation within the kinase domain. B lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients expressing the mutated enzyme also display reduced UDP‐ N ‐acetylglucosamine 2‐epimerase activity. Nevertheless, no reduced cellular sialylation was found in those cells by colorimetric assays and lectin analysis, indicating that HIBM is not directly caused by an altered overall expression of sialic acids.
A novel secondary PWM-controlled interleaved LLC resonant converter for load current sharing (2016)

The interleaved LLC series resonant converter (LLC-SRC) is required to fulfill the demand for high power capacity, high power density and high efficiency. However, when interleaved LLC-SRCs in each module are operated at the same switching frequency, load unbalance problem occurs due to the component tolerances of the resonant ranks. In consequence, the reliability of the converter is decreased due to increased secondary current ripple. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel load current sharing method for the resonant tank gain mismatches in each phase. The proposed load current sharing method can be implemented by controlling the turn-on timing of the secondary synchronous switches. The load current can be shared equally in each module, even if the converters in each phase are operated at the same switching frequency. In order to verify proposed method, the experiments are executed on a 500W prototype.
Short and Long-range cyclic patterns in flows of DNA solutions in microfluidic obstacle arrays (2022)

We observe regular patterns emerging across multiple length scales with high-concentration DNA solutions in microfluidic pillar arrays at low Reynolds numbers and high Deborah. Interacting vortices between pillars lead to long-range order in the form of large travelling waves consisting of DNA at high concentration and extension. Waves are formed in quadratic arrays of pillars, while randomizing the position of the pillar in each unit cell of a quadratic array leads to suppression of the long-range patterns. We find that concentrations exceeding the overlap concentration of the DNA enables the waves, and exploring the behavior of the waves as a function of flow rate, buffer composition, concentration and molecular length, we identify elastic effects as central to the origin of the waves. Our work may not only help increase the low throughput that often limits sample processing in microfluidics, it may also provide a platform for further studies of the underlying viscoelastic mechanisms.
Dielectric Properties and Phase Transitions of Ammonium Nitrate (1968)

硝酸アンモニウム(硝安)の相転移と誘電率の関係,および誘電緩和現象を粉末試料を用いて調べた。乾燥試料の誘電率の温度変花を-160～130℃ の範囲で測定し,V〓IV,IV〓II,III〓II,II〓Iの転移点で,誘電率は階段状に増加または減少することを見出した。しかし吸湿試料では,IV〓III転移点近くに誘電率のピーク状の変化がみられた。このピークは,吸湿試料の誘電率が温度と共に増大するが,その後相転移に伴って水分が逸散して誘電率が減少するために現われる。2次転移であるV〓II転移では,誘電率の温度勾配が二つの温度で不連続になることがわかった。この2点は比熱曲線の二っの入点に合致するので,各点でアンモニウムおよび硝酸イオンの回転状態が変わると推定される。IV相とIII相の誘電緩和現象はCole-Coleの円弧則に従うが, II相では単一な円弧則では表示できず, 二つの緩和機構が存在す る。緩和時間はIV,III 相では10-2～10-1sec,II相では10-5～10-2sec程度である。緩和現象は, 両イオン間での水素結合によって生じたイオン対(双極子)を考えたモデルによってよく説明できる。
Structural Diversity and Phase Behavior of Brush Block Copolymer Nanocomposites (2016)

Brush block copolymers (BBCPs) exhibit attractive features for use as templates for functional hybrid nanomaterials including rapid ordering dynamics and access to broad ranges of domain sizes; however, there are relatively few studies of the morphology of the BBCPs as a function of their structural variables and fewer still studies of BBCP composite systems. Here we report the structural diversity and phase behavior of one class of BBCP nanocomposites as a function of the volume fractions of their components and the side chain symmetry of the BBCPs. We conducted a systematic investigation of gold nanoparticle (NP) (∼2 nm) assembly in a series of poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PtBA-b-PEO) BBCPs with a fixed side chain length of PtBA (Mn = 8.2 kg/mol) but with different PEO brush lengths (Mn = 5.0, 2.0, or 0.75 kg/mol) as well as volume fractions (fPEO = 0.200–0.484). The gold NPs are selectively incorporated within the PEO domain via hydrogen bond interactions between the 4-mercaptophenol ligands of the gold NPs and the PEO side chains. A number of morphological transitions were observed and were dependent on the total volume fraction (fNP/PEO) of NPs and PEO domain. Symmetric or asymmetric lamellar morphologies of NP arrays were readily created through simple variation of fNP/PEO. Interestingly, a lamellar structure was obtained at a small fNP/PEO of only 0.248 for nanocomposites based on BBCPs with comparable side chain lengths (MWPEO/MWPtBA = 0.63). In contrast, NP morphological transitions from wormlike through cylindrical to lamellar structures were observed with the increase of fNP/PEO for nanocomposites based on BBCPs with a large difference in side chain length (MWPEO/MWPtBA = 0.09). Highly deformed cylinders were observed in the cylindrical morphology as clearly identified by high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography. This work represents a starting point for understanding BBCP composite phase behavior, and it provides new insight toward strategies for control over the microstructure of NP arrays assembled in BBCP templates, which is essential for functional materials design.
Exaggerated Grain Growth of ZnO in Low Voltage ZnO Varistor. (1994)

The exaggerated grain growth of ZnO in the low voltage ZnO varistor was investigated. At a temperature exceeds 1000°C in the sintering process, many thin films were formed in the sintered body which contained TiO2 and Bi2O3. The ZnO grain seemed to grow epitaxially with the thin film. XMA and powder X-ray diffraction analysis suggest that the thin films are Bi4Ti3O12. The growth of the thin films depended on the amount of Al2O3additive. Then the exaggerated grain growth of ZnO was under the control of small amount of Al2O3additive.
Spectral Optimization for Communication in the Presence of Crosstalk (1999)

Abstract — We present a general framework for designing optimal transmit spectra for communication services dominated by crosstalk — for example Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) and wireless LANs. Using the channel, noise, and interference transfer functions, we set up and solve an optimization problem to maximize the joint channel capacity. We employ joint signaling techniques and optimal power distribution to yield significant gains in bit rates (or performance margins). Furthermore, by design, the spectra are spectrally compatible with existing neighboring services. The framework is quite general; it does not depend on the exact choice of the modulation scheme, for example. It is also extremely simple and of low computational complexity. Keywords—Digital subscriber line services (xDSL), multi-user interference, crosstalk, spectral compatibility, capacity, performance margins, power allocation, transmit spectra, joint signaling techniques. I.
Dynamic Channel Modeling Using Particle Filtering for Wireless MIMO Systems in Urban Environment (2013)

MIMO transmission technologies have become an essential component of cellular systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced. Recently, evaluating the communication performance of mobile users in cellular MIMO systems has become an urgent requirement. In this paper, we propose dynamic MIMO channel modeling for the urban environment. Our proposal is based on Geometry-based Stochastic Channel Modeling (GSCM). The cluster parameters such as the local scatterer locations around the measurement course are estimated by applying the particle filtering to measured data. We carried out radio propagation measurements in an urban environment at 3.35GHz band, and generated the dynamic channel from the measured data. The experiments showed that both the spreads and auto-correlation of Time of Arrival (ToA), Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) were reconstructed within the acceptable error range in our dynamic channel model.
Preclinical evaluation of RNAi as a treatment for transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (2016)

ATTR amyloidosis is a systemic, debilitating and fatal disease caused by transthyretin (TTR) amyloid accumulation. RNA interference (RNAi) is a clinically validated technology that may be a promising approach to the treatment of ATTR amyloidosis. The vast majority of TTR, the soluble precursor of TTR amyloid, is expressed and synthesized in the liver. RNAi technology enables robust hepatic gene silencing, the goal of which would be to reduce systemic levels of TTR and mitigate many of the clinical manifestations of ATTR that arise from hepatic TTR expression. To test this hypothesis, TTR-targeting siRNAs were evaluated in a murine model of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. RNAi-mediated silencing of hepatic TTR expression inhibited TTR deposition and facilitated regression of existing TTR deposits in pathologically relevant tissues. Further, the extent of deposit regression correlated with the level of RNAi-mediated knockdown. In comparison to the TTR stabilizer, tafamidis, RNAi-mediated TTR knockdown led to greater regression of TTR deposits across a broader range of affected tissues. Together, the data presented herein support the therapeutic hypothesis behind TTR lowering and highlight the potential of RNAi in the treatment of patients afflicted with ATTR amyloidosis.
Towards automatic customization of interconnect and memory in the CoRAM abstraction (abstract only) (2013)

When developing applications to run on FPGAs, we tend to expend great effort on crafting the custom hardware acceleration datapath---but blindly turn to the FPGA vendor tool/library to provide default solutions for on-chip interconnect and external interfaces. This often leads to ineffective communication- or memory-bound implementations since the design and tuning of the default general-purpose solutions necessarily makes design compromises for generality. This is counterproductive as the FPGA's flexible reconfigurability should afford us great opportunities for performance gain and cost reduction through extensive application-specific customization of the interconnect and interface IPs. This work presents a compiler that generates custom interconnect topology and connectivity with appropriately scaled capacity to support an application's exact communication requirements at a minimized cost. More specifically, the compiler analyzes an application developed for the CoRAM abstraction [1,2] for its connectivity and bandwidth requirements between the hardware processing kernels and external DRAM banks. The result is an extremely fine-tuned custom-topology soft-logic network-on-chip interconnect, which is enabled by the CONNECT NoC framework [3].
Apparent Enhancement of Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by High Maternal Anti‐gp160 Antibody Titer (1998)

The presence of antibodies able to enhance infection in vitro in sera from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients raises the possibility that antibodies exert a deleterious activity during natural infection. The anti-HIV-1 humoral response and plasma HIV-1 RNA were measured in a cohort of 98 infected mothers, included in the French Prospective Study on Pediatric HIV Infection, 49 of whom transmitted HIV to their children. Transmission from mother to child was associated with antibody responses to the envelope gp160 (P = .009 for serum dilution of 1/400) and to a highly conserved domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein (P = .055 for serum dilution of 1/400) and with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (P < .0001). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that a high anti-gp160 response and a high plasma virus load are independent risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV-1 (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-9.9 for anti-gp160; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-5.0 for virus load).
Ultra‐low‐power LTPS TFT‐LCD technology using a multi‐bit pixel memory circuit (2006)

Abstract— Two types of low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT LCDs, which integrate a multi‐bit memory circuit and a liquid‐crystal driver within a pixel, have been developed using two different TFT process technologies. Both a 1.3‐in. 116‐ppi LCD having a 2‐bit pixel memory and a 1.5‐in. 130‐ppi LCD having a 5‐bit pixel memory consume very little power, less than 100 μW, which indicates that this technology is promising for mobile displays.
Optical preparation of H2 rovibrational levels with almost complete population transfer (2013)

Using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (SARP), it is possible, in principle, to transfer all the population in a rovibrational level of an isolated diatomic molecule to an excited rovibrational level. We use an overlapping sequence of pump (532 nm) and dump (683 nm) single-mode laser pulses of unequal fluence to prepare isolated H2 molecules in a molecular beam. In a first series of experiments we were able to transfer more than half the population to an excited rovibrational level [N. Mukherjee, W. R. Dong, J. A. Harrison, and R. N. Zare, J. Chem. Phys. 138(5), 051101-1-051101-4 (2013)]. Since then, we have achieved almost complete transfer (97% ± 7%) of population from the H2 (v = 0, J = 0) ground rovibrational level to the H2 (v = 1, J = 0) excited rovibrational level. An explanation is presented of the SARP process and how these results are obtained.
Growth kinetics of Cu surface layers in H 2 O 2 –BTA aqueous solutions (2020)

Abstract Slurries for the chemical mechanical polishing of Cu contain both an oxidizer and a corrosion inhibitor, in addition to abrasives. To understand the chemistry of the Cu surface exposed to slurries, Cu surfaces in benzotriazole (BTA)–hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) aqueous solutions were studied using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. A microfluidic optical cell was used so that processing solutions could be changed during in situ observations and the initial surface processes could be successfully observed. A thin surface layer was observed to grow on Cu in the solutions. The growth rate of surface layers on Cu was inversely proportional to the thickness of the growing layer, and the growth then stopped in a self-limiting manner. The growth mechanism is discussed in view of Cu out-diffusion.
High Switching Performance of 1700V, 50A SiC Power MOSFET over Si IGBT/BiMOSFET for Advanced Power Conversion Applications (2015)

Due to wider band gap of silicon carbide (SiC) compared to silicon (Si), MOSFET made in SiC has considerably lower drift region resistance, which is a significant resistive component in high-voltage power devices. With low on-state resistance and its inherently low switching loss, SiC MOSFETs can offer much improved efficiency and compact size for the converter compared to those using Si devices. In this paper, we report switching performance of a new 1700-V, 50-A SiC MOSFET designed and developed by Cree, Inc. Hard-switching losses of the SiC MOSFETs with different circuit parameters and operating conditions are measured and compared with the 1700-V Si BiMOSFET and 1700-V Si IGBT, using same test set-up. Based on switching and conduction losses, the operating boundary of output power and switching frequency of these devices are found out in a dc-dc boost converter and compared. The switching dv/dts and di/dts of SiC MOSFET are captured and discussed in the perspective of converter design. To validate the continuous operation, three dc-dc boost converters using these devices, are designed and tested at 10 kW of power with 1 kV of output voltage and 10 kHz of switching frequency. 1700V SiC Schottky diode is used as the blocking diode in each case. Corresponding converter efficiencies are evaluated and the junction temperature of each device is estimated. To demonstrate high switching frequency operation, the SiC MOSFET is switched upto 150 kHz within permissible junction temperature rise. A switch combination of the 1700-V SiC MOSFET and 1700-V SiC Schottky diode connected in series is also evaluated for zero voltage switching turn-ON behavior and compared with those of bipolar Si devices. Results show substantial power loss saving with the use of SiC MOSFET.
Optimizing Binary MRFs via Extended Roof Duality (2007)

Many computer vision applications rely on the efficient optimization of challenging, so-called non-submodular, binary pairwise MRFs. A promising graph cut based approach for optimizing such MRFs known as "roof duality" was recently introduced into computer vision. We study two methods which extend this approach. First, we discuss an efficient implementation of the "probing" technique introduced recently by Bows et al. (2006). It simplifies the MRF while preserving the global optimum. Our code is 400-700 faster on some graphs than the implementation of the work of Bows et al. (2006). Second, we present a new technique which takes an arbitrary input labeling and tries to improve its energy. We give theoretical characterizations of local minima of this procedure. We applied both techniques to many applications, including image segmentation, new view synthesis, super-resolution, diagram recognition, parameter learning, texture restoration, and image deconvolution. For several applications we see that we are able to find the global minimum very efficiently, and considerably outperform the original roof duality approach. In comparison to existing techniques, such as graph cut, TRW, BP, ICM, and simulated annealing, we nearly always find a lower energy.
Coding gain of basic FEC block-codes in the presence of ASE noise (2004)

We investigate the performance of Hamming and BCH block codes for the case of ASE (amplified spontaneous emission) noise as the dominating impairment. Numerical results obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations show excellent agreement with theoretical considerations.
Synthesis of Tertiary sec‐Alkylamines by the Addition of Grignard Reagents to N,N‐Dialkylformamides Mediated by Ti(OiPr)4 and Me3SiCl (2008)

Abstract A number of tertiary sec ‐alkylamines (22 examples, 29–80 % yield) have been prepared according to a simple one‐pot procedure by the addition of Grignard reagents to N , N ‐dialkylformamides in the presence of Ti(O i Pr) 4 and Me 3 SiCl. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Nanostructured transition metal dichalcogenide electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction in ionic liquid (2016)

Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into fuels is an attractive solution to many energy and environmental challenges. However, the chemical inertness of CO2 renders many electrochemical and photochemical conversion processes inefficient. We report a transition metal dichalcogenide nanoarchitecture for catalytic electrochemical CO2 conversion to carbon monoxide (CO) in an ionic liquid. We found that tungsten diselenide nanoflakes show a current density of 18.95 milliamperes per square centimeter, CO faradaic efficiency of 24%, and CO formation turnover frequency of 0.28 per second at a low overpotential of 54 millivolts. We also applied this catalyst in a light-harvesting artificial leaf platform that concurrently oxidized water in the absence of any external potential.