gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of aerosol spectral optical depths over Manora Peak: A high‐altitude station in the central Himalayas (2004)

We present, for the first time, spectral behavior of aerosol optical depths (AODs) over Manora Peak, Nainital, located at an altitude of ∼2 km in the Shivalik ranges of the central Himalayas. The observations were carried out using a multiwavelength solar radiometer during January to December 2002. The main results of the study are extremely low AODs during winter, a remarkable increase to high values in summer, and a distinct change in the spectral dependencies of AODs from relatively steeper spectra during winter to shallower ones in summer. A comparison of the total optical depths of the nighttime measurements taken during the 1970s with the daytime values from the current study underlines the fact that loading of larger size particles during summer also occurred at that time, though less severely than it does today. During transparent days the AOD values usually lie below 0.08, while during dusty (turbid) days they lie between 0.08 and 0.69. The average AOD value during the winter, particularly in January and February, is ∼0.03 ± 0.01 at 0.5 μm. The mean aerosol extinction law at Manora Peak during 2002 is best represented by 0.10λ −0.61 . However, during transparent days, which covers almost 40% of the time, it is represented by 0.02λ −0.97 . This value of wavelength exponent, representing reduced coarse concentration and the presence of fine aerosols, indicates that the station measures aerosol in the free troposphere at least during part of the year.
Foundational Issues in Touch-Surface Stroke Gesture Design — An Integrative Review (2012)

The potential for using stroke gestures to enter, retrieve and select commands and text has been recently unleashed by the popularity of touchscreen devices. This monograph provides a state-of-the-art integrative review of a body of human–computer interaction research on stroke gestures. It begins with an analysis of the design dimensions of stroke gestures as an interaction medium. The analysis classifies gestures into analogue versus abstract gestures, gestures for commands versus for symbols, gestures with different orders of complexity, visual-spatial dependent and independent gestures, and finger versus stylus drawn gestures. Gesture interfaces such as the iOS interface, the Graffiti text entry method for Palm devices, marking menus, and the SHARK/ShapeWriter word-gesture keyboard, make different choices in this multi-dimensional design space. The main body of this work consists of reviewing and synthesizing some of the foundational studies in the literature on stroke gesture interaction, particularly those done by the authors in the last decade. The human performance factors covered include motor control complexity, visual and auditory feedback, and human memory capabilities in dealing with gestures. Based on these foundational studies this review presents a set of design principles for creating stroke gesture interfaces. These include making gestures analogous to physical effects or cultural conventions, keeping gestures simple and distinct, defining stroke gestures systematically, making them self-revealing, supporting appropriate levels of chunking, and facilitating progress from visually guided performance to recall-driven performance. The overall theme is on making learning gestures easier while designing for long-term efficiency. Important system implementation issues of stroke gesture interfaces such as gesture recognition algorithms and gesture design toolkits are also covered in this review. The monograph ends with a few call-to-action research topics.
Distinct Reactivity Differences of Metal Oxo and Its Corresponding Hydroxo Moieties in Oxidations: Implications from a Manganese(IV) Complex Having Dihydroxide Ligand (2011)

Die Mn+OH-Einheit in einem Mangan(IV)-Komplex hat ein stärkeres Elektronentransfervermögen als die Mn+O-Einheit. Eine Mn+O-Einheit kann ein Wasserstoffatom von einem Substrat abstrahieren und anschließend mit der OH-Gruppe des gebildeten M(n−1)+OH an das nun radikalische Substrat binden. Setzt man dagegen ein Mn+OH-Zentrum ein, so kann die reduzierte M(n−1)+OH2-Gruppe dieses Zurückbinden nicht eingehen (siehe Schema; HAT=Wasserstoffabstraktion).
Human severe combined immunodeficiency disease: phenotypic and functional characteristics of peripheral B lymphocytes. (1990)

Human severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) includes an X-chromosome-linked type characterized by a complete absence of mature T cells, hypogammaglobulinemia but normal or elevated number of B cells, suggesting that the disease results from a block in early T cell differentiation. It has been shown that B cells from obligate carrier women of this disorder exhibit the preferential use of the nonmutant X chromosome as the active X (as shown for T cells), suggesting that the SCID gene product has a direct effect on B cells as well as on T cells. To examine this question, we analyzed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of peripheral B cells from nine infants with SCID. We found a constant absence of spontaneously expressed activation Ag on B cell membrane from all SCID patients tested which contrasts with the phenotypic pattern exhibited by age-matched infants whom all cells bearing surface Ig express the 4F2 Ag and to a lesser extent the transferrin receptor. Concurrently, B cells from SCID patients have a profound impairment in their responses to stimuli that induce in vitro B cell proliferation and differentiation. Although rIL-2 and low-Mr B cell growth factor are potent inducers of proliferation on age-matched infants' B cells, they are poorly efficient in inducing proliferation of anti-mu-activated SCID B cells. This impairment is not related to the resting B cell phenotype of SCID B cells as shown by comparison with normal resting B cells. Furthermore, we observed an apparent block in B cell differentiation inasmuch as neither rIL-2 nor rIL-6 could support SAC-activated SCID B cell differentiation, both lymphokines being very efficient in inducing SAC-activated age-matched infants' B cell or purified resting B cell differentiation. These results suggest that the SCID gene defect has a direct effect on B cells and is required during B cell maturation.
Dielectric and Viscoelastic Responses of Imidazolium-Based Ionomers with Different Counterions and Side Chain Lengths (2014)

A molecular-level understanding of dynamics in imidazolium-based ionomers with different counterions and side chain lengths was investigated using X-ray scattering, oscillatory shear, and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Variations of the counterion size and side chain length lead to changes in glass transition temperature (Tg), extent of ionic aggregation, and dielectric constant, with consequences for ion transport. A physical model of electrode polarization is used to determine the number density of simultaneously conducting ions and their mobility. Imidazolium-based ionomers with larger counterion and longer side chain have lower Tg, resulting in higher ionic conductivity and mobility. The ionic mobility is coupled to ion motions that are directly measured as a second segmental process in DRS, as these are observed to share the same Vogel temperature. Time–temperature superposition (tTS) was applied to create linear viscoelasticity master curves and to investigate the delay in chain motion related to ionic associations. tTS works well for these materials, and the terminal relaxation time increases with decreasing side chain length and smaller counterion size. X-ray scattering confirms the extent of ionic aggregation and helps to rationalize the observed dielectric constants. Larger counterions or longer side chains diminish ionic aggregation, and their ionomers have higher dielectric constants, which agree reasonably with the Onsager prediction at all temperatures studied. Smaller counterions or shorter side chains promote ionic aggregation, and their ionomers have lower dielectric constants, which are directly reflected in the lower content of simultaneously conducting ions.
In vivo comparison of kinetics of saline and ICG for the detection of normal and tumor tissue using NIR diffuse optical technique (2011)

We investigated the kinetics of a bolus intravenous administrated normal saline by using near-infrared diffuse optical technique, and compared it with the kinetics of a non-targeted contrast agent indocyanine green (ICG) on small animal tumor model. Two-compartment model was used to fit the dynamic curves at early stage, which considered saline and ICG as either a negative or positive contrast agent. The purposes of the designed experiment reported here are to (1) study the effect of saline administration on optical pharmacokinetics; (2) investigate the possibility of using normal saline as contrast agent for the study of tumor pathophysiology. The study indicates that saline has different contrast mechanism as ICG, and saline can provide enough optical contrast for the tumor kinetic study.
Performance evaluation of time-domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography in the reflection geometry (2017)

To evaluated capabilities of multispectral TD-DOT systems in reflection geometry, we performed a measurement campaign on multimaterial composition phantoms. Results show correct composition gradation of inclusions but still lack absolute accuracy.
Periodontitis and multiple markers of cardiometabolic risk in the fourth decade: A cohort study (2018)

Periodontitis was not associated with markers of cardiometabolic risk at this relatively early stage in the life course. It is possible that any influence of periodontitis on cardiometabolic health develops later in life, or periodontitis is not involved in the putative causal chain comprising systemic inflammation, cardiometabolic risk markers, and subsequent cardiovascular risk.
WormBase: a comprehensive data resource for Caenorhabditis biology and genomics (2004)

WormBase (http://www.wormbase.org), the model organism database for information about Caenorhabditis elegans and related nematodes, continues to expand in breadth and depth. Over the past year, WormBase has added multiple large-scale datasets including SAGE, interactome, 3D protein structure datasets and NCBI KOGs. To accommodate this growth, the International WormBase Consortium has improved the user interface by adding new features to aid in navigation, visualization of large-scale datasets, advanced searching and data mining. Internally, we have restructured the database models to rationalize the representation of genes and to prepare the system to accept the genome sequences of three additional Caenorhabditis species over the coming year.
Homogeneous Multiwell Assays for Measuring Cell Viabiltiy, Cytotoxicity, and Apoptosis (2006)

Activity .....................................................................................................................400 28.5 Measuring Cell Viability to Normalize Reporter Gene Assay Data ...................................401
Radiating sensor selection for distributed beamforming in wireless sensor networks (2008)

Collaborative beamforming has already demonstrated its potential of significant power savings in distributed sensor networks. In collaborative beamforming, the antennas of the sensor nodes form a distributed antenna array in an effort to direct the radiated energy to the desired direction and thus increase the overall power efficiency of the network. Existing studies, however, have not addressed several major design issues: how to (1) optimally select a subset of radiating sensors for a given receiver to obtain optimal beamforming performance, (2) alternate among subsets of radiating sensors to prolong the lifetime of the sensors and robustness of network connection to the receiver, and (3) do so in the presence of synchronization and localization uncertainties. In this paper, we first define the problem of selecting the subset of sensors that achieve optimal beamforming performance. We then propose a heuristic algorithm with complexity O(M log M), where M is the total number of distributed sensors, that simultaneously addresses the above three issues. In particular, we demonstrate its effectiveness in realistic scenarios with synchronization and localization errors. Further, we show that real-time grouping can be achieved even when thousands of sensors are spread over large distances of over 1000 wavelengths.
Mechanism of Intersystem Crossing of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules (2015)

The spin sublevel dynamics of the excited triplet state in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules have not been investigated for high-intensity organic light-emitting diode materials. Understanding the mechanism for intersystem crossing (ISC) is thus important for designing novel TADF materials. We report the first study on the ISC dynamics of the lowest excited triplet state from the lowest excited singlet state with charge-transfer (CT) character of TADF molecules with different external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Analysis of the observed spin polarization indicates a strong correlation of the EQE with the population rate due to ISC induced by hyperfine coupling with the magnetic nuclei. It is concluded that molecules with high EQE have an extremely small energy gap between the (1)CT and (3)CT states, which allows an additional ISC channel due to the hyperfine interactions.
Experimental Setup for Measuring Relaxation from EEG Signals during Immersion in VR Environments (2022)

According to the Global Organization for Stress, 80 percent of people are stressed at work and according to the American Institute of Stress, stress causes 48 percent of people to have difficulty sleeping. Relaxation reduces stress, depression, and anxiety. Electroencephalography (EEG) is used by scientists to analyze the brainwave signals that explore the emotions and the cognitive processes of the brain. In recent years, Virtual reality (VR) technology has drawn lots of attention. Thus, the use of VR as a technique of relaxation is being investigated for assisting students and workers in achieving the relaxation to help them focus on their studies and work. This work aims to design an experimental setup for acquiring the EEG signals to analyze the characteristic frequency bands of the brainwave related to relaxation, when the subject is immersed in a VR environment. Different metrics, calculated from captured brain wave signals, are analyzed, compared, and discussed in this paper.
Ionic Liquids as Plasticizers for Optodes (2020)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are successfully used in many fields of science, including the improvement of the performance of ion-selective sensors based on plasticized polymer matrices. However, the use of ionic liquids in optical sensors has not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, we study how the gradual replacement of the conventional plasticizer in the composition of the polymer optode matrix with an ionic liquid affects the characteristics of the optode response. The shift of the dynamic range of the sensor caused by a decrease in the ion exchange constant upon the addition of ionic liquid is demonstrated. The possibility of using ionic liquids to create a sensor of individual ionic activity is also shown.
Ion chamber based neutron detectors (2023)

A neutron detector with monolithically integrated readout circuitry, including: a bonded semiconductor die; an ion chamber formed in the bonded semiconductor die; a first electrode and a second electrode formed in the ion chamber; a neutron absorbing material filling the ion chamber; and the readout circuitry which is electrically coupled to the first and second electrodes. The bonded semiconductor die includes an etched semiconductor substrate bonded to an active semiconductor substrate. The readout circuitry is formed in a portion of the active semiconductor substrate. The ion chamber has a substantially planar first surface on which the first electrode is formed and a substantially planar second surface, parallel to the first surface, on which the second electrode is formed. The distance between the first electrode and the second electrode may be equal to or less than the 50% attenuation length for neutrons in the neutron absorbing material filling the ion chamber.
Generalizing the quantum information model for dynamic diffraction (2022)

The development of novel neutron optics devices that rely on perfect crystals and nanoscale features are ushering in a new generation of neutron science experiments, from fundamental physics to material characterization of emerging quantum materials. However, the standard theory of dynamical diffraction (DD) that analyzes neutron propagation through perfect crystals does not consider complex geometries, deformations, and/or imperfections, which are now becoming a relevant systematic effect in high-precision interferometric experiments. In this work, we expand upon a quantum information (QI) model of DD that is based on propagating a particle through a lattice of unitary quantum gates. We show that the model output is mathematically equivalent to the spherical wave solution of the Takagi-Taupin equations when in the appropriate limit, and that the model can be extended to the Bragg as well as the Laue-Bragg geometry where it is consistent with experimental data. The presented results demonstrate the universality of the QI model and its potential for modeling scenarios that are beyond the scope of the standard theory of DD.
Komplexchemie reaktiver organischer Verbindungen, XXXV1) Metallkoordinierte Diazoalkane: Synthese und Molekülstruktur von Dicarbonyl(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)(diazomalonsäure‐dimethylester‐N)mangan (1981)

Abstract Diazomalonsäure‐dimethylester ( 1 ) reagiert mit Dicarbonyl(η 5 ‐cyclopentadienyl)(tetrahydrofuran)‐ mangan ( 2 ) zum thermisch bis ca. 95°C stabilen Diazoalkan‐Komplex (η 5 ‐C 5 H 5 )Mn(CO) 2 ‐[N 2 C(CO) 2 CH 3 ) 2 ] ( 3 ), dessen Geometrie röntgenstrukturanalytisch aufgeklärt wurde ( R anisotrop = 0.040). Das Diazo‐Molekül ist über sein endständiges Stickstoffatom N( 1 ) als neutraler, einzähniger Zweielektronen‐Ligand an das Metallzentrum koordiniert [ N(2), N(1), Mn = 176.9(4)°]; als Folge der Komplexierung ist die Diazo‐Gruppe am zentralen N‐Atom N(2) abgewinkelt [ C(7), N(2), N(1) = 15.4(4)°] Der zu 116.5(7) pm gefundene N–N Abstand weist der Diazo‐Funktion im Einklang mit den IR‐Daten (vN 2 = 1911 cm −1 ) eine im Vergleich zum freien Diazoalkan 1 zwar stark erniedrigte Bindungsordnung zu, die jedoch noch erheblich größer ist als in den stöchiometrisch und strukturell analogen, besser als Hydrazon‐Komplexe zu formulierenden Verbindungen vom Typ [WX(N–N=CRR′)(dpe) 2 ] + Y − (X = F, Cl, Br; Y = BF 4 , PF 6 ; dpe = Ph 2 CH 2 CH 2 PPh 2 ).
Multihormonal regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase messenger ribonucleic acid levels in adult rat liver. (1994)

Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases (DHEA ST) represent a family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone and other 3 beta-hydroxysteroids into more hydrophilic water-soluble sulfate conjugates. The present study was designed to investigate the regulation of hepatic DHEA ST expression by sex steroids and pituitary hormones, namely GH and PRL, in both male and female rats. DHEA ST mRNA levels were measured by dot blot hybridization using a 332-basepair fragment of rat DHEA ST (ST-20) cDNA as a probe. Hepatic DHEA ST mRNA levels were 2.8-fold higher in females than in males. A 15-day gonadectomy did not affect DHEA ST mRNA levels in the male liver; in females, a 35% decrease in DHEA ST mRNA levels compared with those in intact controls was observed. Administration of 17 beta-estradiol (E2; 1 microgram/kg, twice daily) alone had no effect on the accumulation of DHEA ST mRNA, but the same treatment completely reversed the marked inhibitory effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 400 micrograms/kg, twice daily) on this parameter in both gonadectomized males and females. In female rats, 24-day hypophysectomy (HYPOX) decreased DHEA ST mRNA levels by 62%, whereas no change was detected in males. In HYPOX animals, treatment with E2 or DHT for 9 days starting 15 days after surgery had no effect on hepatic DHEA ST mRNA levels in rats of both sexes. In intact males, the presence of pituitary implants under the kidney capsule increased DHEA ST mRNA levels by 190% (above the control), which reached levels similar to those in intact females, whereas pituitary implants exerted no effect on this parameter in intact females. However, treatment of HYPOX rats with ovine PRL (oPRL; 4 mg/kg, twice daily) had no significant effect on the accumulation of DHEA ST mRNA in male and female animals. In HYPOX females, administration of rat GH (80 micrograms/kg, twice daily) had no effect on DHEA ST mRNA levels, whereas continuous infusion of rat GH (3.6 micrograms/h), using osmotic minipumps to mimic the female GH secretory pattern, increased this parameter by 290% (above the control value), thus completely reversing the effect of hypophysectomy. In HYPOX males, both modes of GH administration increased DHEA ST mRNA levels by 70-90% (above the control). The present study demonstrates that in both gonadectomized male and female rats, administration of E2 completely blocks the marked inhibitory effect of DHT on hepatic DHEA ST mRNA levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A proposal of a helmet PET with jaw detectors for high-sensitive brain imaging (2013)

2167 Objectives Advanced depth-of-interaction PET detectors have improved up to three-dimensionally uniform detector resolution. These detectors will enable to make a geometry having detectors very close to imaging subjects, because they can maintain high spatial resolution even in peripheral region in the field of view (FOV) without loss of sensitivity. In this study, we propose a helmet PET geometry consisted of a hemisphere detector and a jaw detector. Methods The key points of the geometry were the closely positioned detectors and an additional detector covering a jaw. The hemisphere geometry was expected to have high sensitivity for the cerebrum region. In addition, the jaw detector was expected to improve the sensitivity significantly at the center region of the hemisphere, where the cerebellum positioned. Highly sensitive and quantitatively accurate measurement for the cerebellum is important especially for functional brain imaging because it is used as a reference region. To show the effectiveness of the proposed geometry, we analyzed the sensitivity at the center region with different size of the jaw detector. As a geometrical sensitivity, we calculated relative coverage of the solid angle in that coincidence measurement was available for each point in the FOV. The effect of the size of the jaw detector to the sensitivity at the center region was studied by changing its width and length. Results We compared average sensitivities in a region of interest with a shape of hemisphere with a diameter of 10 cm at the center in the hemisphere detector with a diameter of 40 cm. We calculated the surface area and the relative coverage of the solid angle for various size of jaw detector. As a result, we found that adding the jaw detector equivalent to 12 % of the hemisphere detector doubles the geometrical sensitivity at the center region. Conclusions We proposed the helmet PET geometry having a jaw detector. Geometrical analysis showed that the proposed geometry has potential for high-sensitivity and accurate measurement of the brain functions. Research Support This work was supported in part by the Japan Society of Research Fellowship for Young Scientists from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).