gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EVOLVING GUIDELINES FOR INTRAVITREOUS INJECTIONS (2004)

Intravitreous (i.v.t.) injection is increasingly being incorporated into the management of ocular diseases. While only fomivirsen sodium (Vitravene) is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an i.v.t. injection, the number of approved i.v.t. injections indications is anticipated to grow on the basis of promising results from ongoing clinical studies. Despite the potential benefits that may be derived from intraocular injections of different agents, no guidelines have been published previously for i.v.t. injection. The purpose of this document is to identify specific strategies for the delivery of i.v.t. injection that may reduce risks and improve outcomes. Consensus was sought among a panel of investigators, surgeons experienced with this technique, and industry representatives. Objective evidence was sought for all guidelines, but consensus was accepted where evidence remains incomplete. In the absence of either evidence or consensus, the current manuscript identifies outstanding issues in need of further investigation. It is anticipated that more complete guidelines will evolve over time, potentially altering some of the guidelines included here, based on new applications of i.v.t. injection, additional clinical experience, and results of clinical trials.
An Efficient Algorithm for Unit-Modulus Quadratic Programs With Application in Beamforming for Wireless Sensor Networks (2017)

In this letter, we consider a network of single-antenna sensors that aim at the estimation of an unknown deterministic parameter. The sensors collect the observations and forward them to a fusion center via applying a phase-only beamforming weight. The derivation of the optimal beamforming weights requires the solution of a unit-modulus quadratic program (UQP), which in the relevant literature is solved via the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique or via a variation of the analytic constant modulus algorithm. The former achieves better performance, though it exhibits high computational cost that increases drastically with the number of sensors. The latter requires much less complexity, though it achieves worse performance. To that end, we propose an efficient algorithm for the solution of UQPs based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. The new approach achieves almost identical performance to that of the SDR-based approach while exhibiting significantly reduced computational complexity. The convergence of the proposed algorithm to a Karush–Kuhn–Tucker point is theoretically studied, and its effectiveness is verified via numerical results.
A Survey of Studies on Financial Intermediation in Korea (2014)

In this paper, we aim to survey studies on financial intermediation in Korean financial markets with a view to understanding and evaluating the current status of financial intermediation services in Korea. Specific issues discussed include the relationship between economic growth and financial development, financial intermediation services such as liquidity provision, economizing transaction costs, production and transmission of information, monitoring, and the effects of relationship banking in Korea. We also discuss corporate restructuring driven by Korean banks as a special form of financial intermediation at the final stage of client firms’ lives, policy finance, and shadow banking which is regarded as an important factor influencing the future of financial intermediation in Korea. This survey reveals that while banks’ intermediation services are known to be special and value-additive in the US, for example, Korean studies have not shown the same. That is, research results show that banks’ intermediation services in Korea have been either insignificant or sometimes less than value-additive as benefits from intermediation services have been outweighed by associated costs. This result is partly because banks have had superior negotiation power to borrower firms in Korea, and partly because of the government’s dominating influence on bank behavior. It may also be because of sampling bias in terms of data period, as most studies use data near the 1997 financial crisis.
SEARCHING FOR FOSSIL EVIDENCE OF AGN FEEDBACK IN WISE-SELECTED STRIPE-82 GALAXIES BY MEASURING THE THERMAL SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT WITH THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE (2017)

ABSTRACT We directly measure the thermal energy of the gas surrounding galaxies through the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect. We perform a stacking analysis of microwave background images from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, around 1179 massive quiescent elliptical galaxies at 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 1.0 (“low- z ”) and 3274 galaxies at 1.0 ≤ z ≤ 1.5 (“high- z ”), selected using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer All-Sky Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) within the SDSS Stripe-82 field. The gas surrounding these galaxies is expected to contain energy from past episodes of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, and after using modeling to subtract undetected contaminants, we detect a tSZ signal at a significance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>0.9</mml:mn> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> for our low- z galaxies and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1.8</mml:mn> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> for our high- z galaxies. We then include data from the high-frequency Planck bands for a subset of 227 low- z galaxies and 529 high- z galaxies and find low- z and high- z tSZ detections of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1.0</mml:mn> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> , respectively. These results indicate an average thermal heating around these galaxies of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="true">(</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>5.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.6</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5.9</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="true">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>60</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> erg for our low- z galaxies and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mo stretchy="true">(</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="true">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>60</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> erg for our high- z galaxies. Based on simple heating models, these results are consistent with gravitational heating without additional heating due to AGN feedback.
Theoretical analysis of surface effect of crystal and its application to BaTiO3 fine particle (2010)

The internal structure of a fine particle of barium titanate is studied by the variational principle method on the basis of the self-consistent anharmonic theory. An anharmonic oscillator is used as a trial Hamiltonian, and Morse potential is assumed as the interatomic potential in the particle. It is concluded that the structure of the vertical section of a ferroelectric particle has a gradient distribution from the ferro phase at the center to the para phase at the surface.
76‐1: Invited Paper : CAAC‐IGZO Technology (2016)

We have developed a LCD with the ultra‐high pixel density of over 1000ppi utilizing a novel transparent contact technology and a Top‐gate IGZO TFT device with high mobility. We propose other applications which can be achieved only by IGZO technology.
Low-Power Fanout Optimization Using Multi Threshold Voltages and Multi Channel Lengths (2009)

This paper addresses the problem of low-power fanout optimization for near-continuous-size inverter libraries. It is demonstrated that because of neglecting short-circuit current, previous techniques proposed to optimize the area of a fanout tree may result in excessive power consumption. This paper describes how the problem of low-power fanout optimization can be reduced to inverter-chain optimization problem and formulates the minimization of the total power consumption of an inverter chain as a geometric program. Moreover, it describes an efficient method to minimize the total power consumption of a fanout tree by using multiple-channel-length (multi- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Gate</sub> ) and multiple-threshold-voltage (multi- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Vt</i> ) techniques. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can reduce the power consumption of the fanout trees by an average of 11.17% over SIS fanout-optimization program.
Evaluation of a Semiquantitative Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Method for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Positive Blood Cultures (2016)

With the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, rapid identification of the pathogen and its individual antibiotic resistance is crucial to ensure adequate antiinfective treatment at the earliest time point. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for the identification of bacteria directly from the blood culture bottle has been widely established; however, there is still an urgent need for new methods that permit rapid resistance testing. Recently, a semiquantitative MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based method for the prediction of antibiotic resistance was described. We evaluated this method for detecting nonsusceptibility against two β-lactam and two non-β-lactam antibiotics. A collection of 30 spiked blood cultures was tested for nonsusceptibility against gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, 99 patient-derived blood cultures were tested for nonsusceptibility against cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ciprofloxacin in parallel with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification from the blood culture fluid. The assay correctly classified all isolates tested for nonsusceptibility against gentamicin and cefotaxime. One misclassification for ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility and five misclassifications for piperacillin-tazobactam nonsusceptibility occurred. Identification of the bacterium and prediction of nonsusceptibility was possible within approximately 4 h.
Comparative study of dissimilarity measures for histogram-based tracking in echocardiography (2004)

In this paper, we present a histogram-based approach to the problem of contour tracking on echcardiographic sequences. We improve the classic single-histogram approach by using a dula-histogram technique. Then, we compare different dissimilarity measures between histograms in the specific context of echocardiographic sequences. Finally, we demonstrate the advantage of the Earth Mover's Distance particularly when intensity shifts occur.
Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Ene-Allene Carbocyclization Strategy for the Formation of Azepines and Oxepines (2004)

[reaction: see text] A novel strategy for the preparation of seven-membered heterocyclic compounds has been realized. Treatment of ene-allene 1 with a catalytic quantity of rhodium biscarbonyl chloride dimer affords the cyclization product 2 in moderate to high yields. The scope and limitations of this new method are currently under investigation, and the results obtained to date are discussed within.
Lung Fibrosis after COVID-19: Treatment Prospects (2021)

At the end of 2019, a highly contagious infection began its ominous conquest of the world. It was soon discovered that the disease was caused by a novel coronavirus designated as SARS-CoV-2, and the disease was thus abbreviated to COVID-19 (COVID). The global medical community has directed its efforts not only to find effective therapies against the deadly pathogen but also to combat the concomitant complications. Two of the most common respiratory manifestations of COVID are a significant reduction in the diffusing capacity of the lungs (DLCO) and the associated pulmonary interstitial damage. One year after moderate COVID, the incidence rate of impaired DLCO and persistent lung damage still exceeds 30%, and one-third of the patients have severe DLCO impairment and fibrotic lung damage. The persistent respiratory complications may cause substantial population morbidity, long-term disability, and even death due to the lung fibrosis progression. The incidence of COVID-induced pulmonary fibrosis caused by COVID can be estimated based on a 15-year observational study of lung pathology after SARS. Most SARS patients with fibrotic lung damage recovered within the first year and then remained healthy; however, in 20% of the cases, significant fibrosis progression was found in 5-10 years. Based on these data, the incidence rate of post-COVID lung fibrosis can be estimated at 2-6% after moderate illness. What is worse, there are reasons to believe that fibrosis may become one of the major long-term complications of COVID, even in asymptomatic individuals. Currently, despite the best efforts of the global medical community, there are no treatments for COVID-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we analyze the latest data from ongoing clinical trials aimed at treating post-COVID lung fibrosis and analyze the rationale for the current drug candidates. We discuss the use of antifibrotic therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the IN01 vaccine, glucocorticosteroids as well as the stromal vascular fraction for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with COVID-associated pulmonary damage.
A single-chip optical equalizer enabling 107-Gb/s optical non-return-to-zero signal generation (2005)

We demonstrate a single-chip optical equalizer that overcomes modulator bandwidth limitations in the first reported 107-Gb/s electrically time-division multiplexed non-return-to-zero transmitter. A high sensitivity of 21-dB optical signal-to-noise ratio at 10-3 bit-error ratio was achieved. (2 pages)
Observer placement for source localization: The effect of budgets and transmission variance (2016)

When an epidemic spreads in a network, a key question is where was its source, i.e., the node that started the epidemic. If we know the time at which various nodes were infected, we can attempt to use this information in order to identify the source. However, maintaining observer nodes that can provide their infection time may be costly, and we may have a budget k on the number of observer nodes we can maintain. Moreover, some nodes are more informative than others due to their location in the network. Hence, a pertinent question arises: Which nodes should we select as observers in order to maximize the probability that we can accurately identify the source? Inspired by the simple setting in which the node-to-node delays in the transmission of the epidemic are deterministic, we develop a principled approach for addressing the problem even when transmission delays are random. We show that the optimal observer-placement differs depending on the variance of the transmission delays and propose approaches in both low- and high-variance settings. We validate our methods by comparing them against state-of-the-art observer-placements and show that, in both settings, our approach identifies the source with higher accuracy.
Use of and confidence in administering outcome measures among clinical prosthetists (2014)

Frequency of outcome measure use in the care of persons with limb loss has not been studied. Study results suggest that prosthetists may not regularly use standardized outcome measures and report limited confidence in administering them. Training enhances confidence and may encourage use of outcome measures in clinical practice.
Low phase noise microwave generation with fiber-based femtosecond lasers and applications (2011)

When a femtosecond laser is servoed onto an ultra-stable cw laser, its repetition rate acquire an extreme spectral purity. By photodetecting the pulses, we are able to generate ultra-low phase noise microwave signals and use it for cutting edge metrology experiments. We present our past and present work to generate microwave signal with very low degradation from the limit imposed by the reference oscillator, using a highly reliable fiber-based system. The latest developments involve employing an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator (for increased servo bandwidth), reduced relative intensity noise of the laser, and studies of the photodetector amplitude to-phase conversion.
Expression cloning and humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of equine arteritis virus (1997)

To provide a convenient and sensitive method for the detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV)-specific serum antibodies, we developed an immunoblot assay employing the EAV nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins expressed in a procaryotic expression vector (pMAL-c2) for the production of recombinant maltose-binding (MBP) fusion proteins (MBP-N and MBP-M). The antigenic reactivity of the recombinant fusion proteins and their Xa factor cleavage EAV products was confirmed by immunoblot using horse antisera to EAV. Some horse sera, however, showed immune reactivity to the MBP fusion partner protein. Based on a total of 32 horse sera analyzed for the presence of EAV antibodies by immunoblot, using the MBP-N or -M fusion proteins and the Xa factor cleavage EAV products, and in the serum neutralization test, there was 100% concordance between the assays. Sera from horses experimentally infected with EAV were reactive in the immunoblot test with both the MBP-N and the MBP-M fusion proteins by day 14 after EAV exposure. The reactivity continued to the end of the experiment at day 145 after infection. This immune reactivity correlated with the detection of neutralizing antibodies in the serum samples. Based on these findings, the recombinant N and M proteins might be useful for serodetection of EAV-infected animals.
DNA Methylation Repels Binding of HIF Transcription Factors to Maintain Tumour Immunotolerance (2020)

A bstract Background Hypoxia is pervasive in cancer and other diseases. Cells sense and adapt to hypoxia by activating hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), but it is still an outstanding question why cell types differ in their transcriptional response to hypoxia. Results Here, we report that HIFs fail to bind CpG dinucleotides that are methylated in their consensus binding sequence, both in in vitro biochemical binding assays and in vivo studies of differentially methylated isogenic cell lines. Based on in silico structural modelling, we show that 5-methylcytosine indeed causes steric hindrance in the HIF binding pocket. A model wherein cell-type-specific methylation landscapes, as laid-down by the differential expression and binding of other transcription factors under normoxia control cell-type-specific hypoxia responses is observed. We also discover ectopic HIF binding sites in repeat regions which are normally methylated. Genetic and pharmacological DNA demethylation, but also cancer-associated DNA hypomethylation, expose these binding sites, inducing HIF-dependent expression of cryptic transcripts. In line with such cryptic transcripts being more prone to cause double-stranded RNA and viral mimicry, we observe low DNA methylation and high cryptic transcript expression in tumours with high immune checkpoint expression, but not in tumours with low immune checkpoint expression, where they would compromise tumour immunotolerance. In a low-immunogenic tumour model, DNA demethylation upregulates cryptic transcript expression in a HIF-dependent manner, causing immune activation and reducing tumour growth. Conclusions Our data elucidate the mechanism underlying cell-type specific responses to hypoxia, and suggest DNA methylation and hypoxia to underlie tumour immunotolerance.
Development of Novel Amyloid Imaging Agents Based Upon Thioflavin S (2005)

To date, small-molecule amyloid-imaging agents for in vivo detection and quantitation of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed and successfully applied to human subjects. Preliminary studies have indicated that these amyloid-imaging agents were accumulated in the AD brains in a pattern that is relatively consistent with AD pathology, at least in the regions of amyloid-rich grey matter. These studies have also proven the concept that amyloid dyes, normally too hydrophilic to enter the brain, can be chemically modified to enhance brain permeability, binding affinity, as well as improve binding specificity for amyloid deposits. Related studies have suggested that structurally different agents can be developed that bind to different sites on amyloid deposits. In fact, in vivo cross-referencing studies based upon different amyloid-imaging agents may permit better characterization of AD pathology. But more importantly, novel amyloid imaging agents are required that will allow direct correlation between the results of animal models and human subjects based upon identical imaging modalities. Thus far, amyloid stains such as Congo red and thioflavin T have been extensively studied. However, another widely used amyloid dye, thioflavin S, has not been previously explored. This is in part due to the fact that thioflavin S exists as a mixture, not a pure chemical entity, albeit that the major component has been characterized. We hypothesized that neutral analogs, based upon the major component, could be developed as novel amyloid imaging agents, that exhibit complementary binding properties and pharmacokinetic profiles compatible with potential human studies.
Domain wall motion by spin-polarized current: a micromagnetic study (2004)

The effect of a spin-polarized current crossing a domain wall in a thin and narrow Permalloy™ strip is studied by micromagnetic simulations, supported by a one-dimensional model of wall dynamics. We use the simplest way to incorporate the spin-polarized current effect in the micromagnetic formalism; namely, a local momentum transfer under the assumption that the current polarization is in local equilibrium. We predict current influence on wall velocity and mobility under field. However, in order to reach agreement with recent experiments, more than ten times larger currents would be required within this simplest model. Thus, more elaborate models of spin transfer are needed.
Figure legends from Ablative Tumor Radiation Can Change the Tumor Immune Cell Microenvironment to Induce Durable Complete Remissions (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure legends&lt;/p&gt;