gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low power High Frequency Surface Wave Radar application for ship detection and tracking (2008)

High-frequency (HF) radars are operated in the 3-30 MHz frequency band and are known to cover ranges up to some thousand kilometers. Sky wave over-the-horizon radars (OTHR) utilize reflection by the ionosphere, but they require a transmit power up to 100 kilowatts. Especially for oceanographic applications, low power high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems have been developed, which use ground wave propagation along the salty ocean surface. The WERA HF radar system transmits a power as low as 30 watts, but achieves detection ranges up to 200 kilometers, which are far beyond the conventional microwave radar coverage. Due to external noise, radio frequency interference, and different kinds of clutter, special techniques for target detection have to be applied. This paper describes a new signal processing approach based on a curvilinear regression analysis for thresholding combined with a constant false-alarm-rate (CFAR) algorithm for detection. The target locations detected by the HF radar are passed to a tracking filter utilizing range, azimuth, as well as radial and azimuthal velocities to track the ship locations. For a 12-hour period real HF radar data from the WERA system were processed and secondary ship locations were recorded from the automatic identification system (AIS). This data set is used to assess the performance of the HF radar detections. Comparisons have been made for a maximum distance of 5 km between AIS and radar detected locations. The deviation between AIS and radar detected locations was below 1 kilometer in 77% of these comparisons. A number of ships was detected and tracked by the radar, but could not be used for comparisons due to the lack of AIS information.
Repeated Caffeine Intake Suppresses Cerebral Grey Matter Responses to Chronic Sleep Restriction in an A 1 Adenosine Receptor-Dependent Manner (2023)

Abstract Evidence has shown that both sleep loss and daily caffeine intake can induce changes in grey matter (GM). Caffeine is frequently used to combat sleepiness and impaired performance caused by insufficient sleep. It is unclear 1) whether daily use of caffeine could prevent or exacerbate the GM alterations induced by chronic sleep restriction, and 2) whether the potential impact on GM plasticity depends on individual differences in the availability of adenosine receptors, which are involved in mediating effects of caffeine on sleep and waking function. In this double-blind, randomized, controlled study, 36 healthy adults (aged 28.9 ± 5.2 y/o; 15 females; habitual daily caffeine intake &lt; 450 mg; 29 homozygous C/C allele carriers of the A2A adenosine receptor (A 2A R) gene variant rs5751876 of ADORA2A ) underwent a 9-day laboratory visit consisting of one adaption day, 2 baseline days (BL), 5-day sleep restriction (CSR, 5 h time-in-bed), and a recovery day (REC) after an 8-h sleep opportunity. Nineteen participants received 300 mg caffeine in coffee through the 5 days of CSR (CAFF group), while 17 matched participants received decaffeinated coffee (DECAF group). We measured the GM morphology on the 2 nd BL Day, 5 th CSR Day, and REC Day. Moreover, we used [ 18 F]-CPFPX PET to quantify the baseline availability of A 1 adenosine receptors (A 1 R) and their relation to GM plasticity. The voxel-wise multimodal whole-brain analysis on T1-weighted images controlled for variances of cerebral blood flow indicated a significant interaction between caffeine and CSR in four brain regions: 1) right temporal-occipital region, 2) right thalamus, 3) left dorsolateral, and 4) dorsomedial prefrontal region. The post-hoc analyses indicated increased GM intensity in the DECAF group in all four regions but decreased GM in the thalamus as well as dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal regions in the CAFF group after sleep restriction. Furthermore, lower baseline subcortical A 1 R availability predicted larger reduction in the CAFF group after CSR of all brain regions except for the caffeine-associated thalamic reduction. In conclusion, our data suggest an adaptive upregulation in GM after 5-day CSR, while concomitant use of caffeine instead leads to a GM reduction. The lack of consistent association with individual A 1 R availability may suggest that CSR and caffeine affect GM plasticity predominantly by a different mechanism. Future studies on the role of adenosine A 2A receptors (ADORA2A) in CSR-induced GM plasticity are warranted.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVOLYSIS OF ADAMANTANONE CYANOHYDRIN SULFONATES. AN EVALUATION OF H/α‐CN VERSUS H/β‐CN RATE RATIOS (1981)

Abstract Durch Addition von Trimethylsilylcyanid in Gegenwart von ZnI 2 , saure Hydrolyse und Umsetzung des entstehenden Cyanhydrins (Ausb. 95%) mit Sulfonsäureanhydriden werden aus Adamantanon (I) die Sulfonate (II) erhalten.
Basic Properties of Eu2+5d-4f Luminescence in SiO2Glass Matrix (2014)

Basic luminescence and scintillation properties of Eu 2+ 5d-4f luminescence in SiO 2 glass were studied with photoluminescence, decay time profile, radioluminescence and pulse height spectra measurements. When both UV light and alpha-ray excited to the glass, intense blue emission band was observed, which is due to the Eu 2+ 4f 6 5d-4f 7 ( 8 S 7/2 ) transition. Fluorescence quantum efficiency of the Eu 2+ 5d-4f transitions was calculated to be more than 95 %, and the value of two decay component was 774 ns (77 %) and 1730 ns (23 %). Relative scintillation light output was about 110 % compared with that of reference lithium silicate glass (GS20) scintillator.
Proofs of Properties of ℒL,C (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Logical Locality and Transparency, Compactness and Model Locality
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 2‐(N‐Acetylamino)pyridines and 2‐ Aminopyridines by Cyclization of 5‐Oximinoalkanenitriles. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Helping the Palestinian Territory adapt to climate change (2015)

Summary of an REF Impact Case Study by Dr Michael Mason on the development of a climate change adaptation strategy for the Palestinian Authority. Part of the LSE Research Impact Case Studies series.
A model order selection criterion for the identification of physiologic systems (2003)

We propose a model order selection criterion for the identification of a linear regression model which can be an adequate representation of a resting physiologic system. The criterion, which is derived by estimating the mean squared parameter error weighted by the input data covariance matrix, is called WPE and reflects a trade-off between mean squared prediction error and model complexity. We compare the asymptotic performance of WPE with the widely used final prediction error (FPE). We also demonstrate through simulated and physiologic data that WPE minimization provides a more accurate and succinct characterization of system dynamics than FPE minimization. To our knowledge, WPE has not been previously proposed for model order selection.
Optimal Squared-Error Signal Recovery From Nonideal Samples (2005)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Antalya, Turkey, 2005
Transmembrane helical interactions in the CFTR channel pore (2017)

Mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene affect CFTR protein biogenesis or its function as a chloride channel, resulting in dysregulation of epithelial fluid transport in the lung, pancreas and other organs in cystic fibrosis (CF). Development of pharmaceutical strategies to treat CF requires understanding of the mechanisms underlying channel function. However, incomplete 3D structural information on the unique ABC ion channel, CFTR, hinders elucidation of its functional mechanism and correction of cystic fibrosis causing mutants. Several CFTR homology models have been developed using bacterial ABC transporters as templates but these have low sequence similarity to CFTR and are not ion channels. Here, we refine an earlier model in an outward (OWF) and develop an inward (IWF) facing model employing an integrated experimental-molecular dynamics simulation (200 ns) approach. Our IWF structure agrees well with a recently solved cryo-EM structure of a CFTR IWF state. We utilize cysteine cross-linking to verify positions and orientations of residues within trans-membrane helices (TMHs) of the OWF conformation and to reconstruct a physiologically relevant pore structure. Comparison of pore profiles of the two conformations reveal a radius sufficient to permit passage of hydrated Cl- ions in the OWF but not the IWF model. To identify structural determinants that distinguish the two conformations and possible rearrangements of TMHs within them responsible for channel gating, we perform cross-linking by bifunctional reagents of multiple predicted pairs of cysteines in TMH 6 and 12 and 6 and 9. To determine whether the effects of cross-linking on gating observed are the result of switching of the channel from open to close state, we also treat the same residue pairs with monofunctional reagents in separate experiments. Both types of reagents prevent ion currents indicating that pore blockage is primarily responsible.
On the Role of Oxygen in the Formation of Electron Transmission Channels in Oligo(Phenylene Vinylene) Quinone Molecular Conductance (2010)

Electron transmission parameters of oligo(phenylene vinylene) quinone (OPVQ) placed between two gold electrodes were calculated ab initio using density functional theory (DFT) with the nonequilibrium Green’s function method. Compared to oligo(phenylene vinylene) (OPV)3, the introduction of oxygen atoms into the phenyl ring for OPVQ leads to the appearance of a narrow transmission band at close proximity to the electrode Fermi levels. This band allows OPVQ to operate as an efficient n-type conductor with a single molecular electron transfer efficiency approaching 1 G0 (quantum conductance). The close location to the Fermi level and the narrow shape of the band lead to high and stable molecular conductivity even at a very low bias. The presence of an efficient transmission band close to the electrode Fermi level explains experimentally observed high molecular conductance of OPVQ, which will allow this molecule to be used in low band gap molecular electronic devices.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cenerimod, A Selective S1P1R Modulator, Are Not Affected by Ethnicity in Healthy Asian and White Subjects (2020)

Cenerimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor (S1P<sub>1</sub> R) modulator in phase II development for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Its pharmacokinetics (PKs), pharmacodynamics (PDs), as well as safety and tolerability were investigated in white and Asian subjects to allow for recruitment of Asian patients in future studies. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study was performed in 20 healthy male subjects (n = 10 per ethnicity). A single, oral dose of 4 mg cenerimod or placebo (ratio 8:2) was administered under fasted conditions. The PKs of cenerimod were similar in white and Asian subjects indicated by geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of 0.99 (0.80-1.21) for maximum plasma concentration, 0.96 (0.75-1.24) for area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity, and 1.04 (0.86-1.25) for terminal half-life. Accordingly, the extent and time course of reduction in lymphocyte count (as PD biomarker) were also similar in white and Asian subjects as compared with placebo. As observed for other S1PR modulators, a transient mean (SD) heart rate reduction in white (15.1 (14.8) bpm) and Asian (11.8 (6.16) bpm) subjects was observed following administration of cenerimod. The drug was safe and well-tolerated indicated by occurrence of a single adverse event of chemical conjunctivitis in a white subject that was not suspected as study drug related. In conclusion, the determined absence of any relevant PK or PD differences supports using the same doses of cenerimod in white and Asian patients in upcoming late-phase studies.
N-face GaN substrate roughening for improved performance GaN-on-GaN LED (2021)

Purpose This study aims to focus on roughening N-face (backside) GaN substrate prior to GaN-on-GaN light-emitting diode (LED) growth as an attempt to improve the LED performance. Design/methodology/approach The N-face of GaN substrate was roughened by three different etchants; ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), a mixture of NH 4 OH and H 2 O 2 (NH 4 OH: H 2 O 2 ) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). Hexagonal pyramids were successfully formed on the surface when the substrate was subjected to the etching in all cases. Findings Under 30 min of etching, the highest density of pyramids was obtained by NH4OH: H 2 O 2 etching, which was 5 × 10 9 cm –2 . The density by KOH and NH 4 OH etchings was 3.6 × 10 9 and 5 × 10 8 cm –2 , respectively. At standard operation of current density at 20 A/cm 2 , the optical power and external quantum efficiency of the LED on the roughened GaN substrate by NH 4 OH: H 2 O 2 were 12.3 mW and 22%, respectively, which are higher than its counterparts. Originality/value This study demonstrated NH 4 OH: H 2 O 2 is a new etchant for roughening the N-face GaN substrate. The results showed that such etchant increased the density of the pyramids on the N-face GaN substrate, which subsequently resulted in higher optical power and external quantum efficiency to the LED as compared to KOH and NH 4 OH.
Data Window With Tunable Side Lobe Ripple Decay (2007)

The Fourier transform of the proposed data window is given by the inverse of the product of two Gamma functions. Main lobe bandwidth and side lobe ripple decay can be controlled by a single continuous parameter alpha. The side lobe ripple decay is -20(2alpha - 1) dB/decade. It is proved that the inverse Fourier transform is a time-limited function. For alpha being an integer multiple of 1/2, the window parameters can be directly derived from Pascal's triangle. For alpha = 2, the Hann window is obtained as a special case.
Green tea–induced epigenetic reactivation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐3 suppresses prostate cancer progression through histone‐modifying enzymes (2019)

Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) and their major constituent, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been reported to demonstrate many interesting biological activities, including anticancer properties. Recent studies on prostate cancer provide strong evidence that epigenetic mechanisms are major players in the regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their binding partner tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMPs) involved in prostate cancer progression. Here we demonstrate that GTP/EGCG mediate epigenetic reactivation of TIMP-3 that plays a key role in suppressing invasiveness and cancer progression. Treatment of human prostate cancer DUPRO and LNCaP cells with 10 µg/mL GTP and 20 µM EGCG induced TIMP-3 mRNA and protein expression. This transcriptional activation of TIMP-3 was associated with the decrease in the expression of both enhancers of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and its catalytic product trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) repressive marks at the TIMP-3 promoter with an accompanying increase in histone H3K9/18 acetylation. In addition, GTP/EGCG treatment significantly reduced class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity/expression and EZH2 and H3K27me3 levels in prostate cancer cells. EGCG/GTP exposure also reduced MMP-2/MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity and abrogated invasion and migration capabilities in these cells. Silencing of EZH2 and class I HDACs strikingly increased the expression of TIMP-3 independent of DNA methylation. Furthermore, clinical trials performed on patients undergoing prostatectomy consuming 800 mg EGCG (Polyphenon E) up to 6 weeks and grade-matched controls demonstrate an increase in plasma TIMP-3 levels. A marked reduction in class I HDACs activity/expression and EZH2 and H3K27me3 levels were noted in GTP-supplemented prostate tissue. Our findings highlight that TIMP-3 induction, as a key epigenetic event modulated by green tea in restoring the MMP:TIMP balance suppresses prostate cancer progression.
Genomic Sequence Diversity and Population Structure ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAssessed by RAD-seq (2013)

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for human food production and as a model organism for biological research. The genetic diversity contained in the global population of yeast strains represents a valuable resource for a number of fields, including genetics, bioengineering, and studies of evolution and population structure. Here, we apply a multiplexed, reduced genome sequencing strategy (restriction site-associated sequencing or RAD-seq) to genotype a large collection of S. cerevisiae strains isolated from a wide range of geographical locations and environmental niches. The method permits the sequencing of the same 1% of all genomes, producing a multiple sequence alignment of 116,880 bases across 262 strains. We find diversity among these strains is principally organized by geography, with European, North American, Asian, and African/S. E. Asian populations defining the major axes of genetic variation. At a finer scale, small groups of strains from cacao, olives, and sake are defined by unique variants not present in other strains. One population, containing strains from a variety of fermentations, exhibits high levels of heterozygosity and a mixture of alleles from European and Asian populations, indicating an admixed origin for this group. We propose a model of geographic differentiation followed by human-associated admixture, primarily between European and Asian populations and more recently between European and North American populations. The large collection of genotyped yeast strains characterized here will provide a useful resource for the broad community of yeast researchers.
The effects of Internet latency on user perception of information content (2002)

With the growing popularity of the Internet and World-Wide Web, it is becoming increasingly important for designers of distributed multimedia to understand how to efficiently and effectively provide content and organization in their documents. Although studies of traditional hypermedia provide some general guidelines for designers, developing publicly-accessible multimedia on the Internet introduces several new challenges. In particular, the effect of Internet latencies on a user's perception of the information content, quality and organization of a site (on the World-Wide Web or some other distributed architecture), is unknown. We have performed a study in which users browsed several versions of a World-Wide Web site, each instrumented with different delay characteristics. Our findings indicate that the speed at which information is delivered to users has a statistically significant impact on the users' perception of the information.
Pharmacokinetic Comparison To Determine the Mechanisms Underlying the Differential Efficacies of Cationic Diamidines against First- and Second-Stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (2020)

ABSTRACT Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a neglected tropical disease, is fatal without treatment. Pentamidine, a cationic diamidine, has been used to treat first-stage (hemolymphatic) HAT since the 1940s, but it is ineffective against second-stage (meningoencephalitic, or central nervous system [CNS]) infection. Novel diamidines (DB75, DB820, and DB829) have shown promising efficacy in both mouse and monkey models of first-stage HAT. However, only DB829 cured animals with second-stage infection. In this study, we aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying the differential efficacies of these diamidines against HAT by conducting a comprehensive pharmacokinetic characterization. This included the determination of metabolic stability in liver microsomes, permeability across MDCK and MDR1-MDCK cell monolayers, interaction with the efflux transporter MDR1 (P-glycoprotein 1 or P-gp), drug binding in plasma and brain, and plasma and brain concentration-time profiles after a single dose in mice. The results showed that DB829, an azadiamidine, had the highest systemic exposure and brain-to-plasma ratio, whereas pentamidine and DB75 had the lowest. None of these diamidines was a P-gp substrate, and the binding of each to plasma proteins and brain differed greatly. The brain-to-plasma ratio best predicted the relative efficacies of these diamidines in mice with second-stage infection. In conclusion, pharmacokinetics and CNS penetration influenced the in vivo efficacies of cationic diamidines against first- and second-stage HAT and should be considered when developing CNS-active antitrypanosomal diamidines.
The Importance of the Mechanisms by which Insulin Regulates Meal-Associated Liver Glucose Uptake in the Dog (2021)

Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) is critical for maintaining normal postprandial glucose metabolism. Insulin is clearly a key regulator of HGU, but the physiologic mechanisms by which it acts have yet to be established. This study sought to determine the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose uptake under postprandial-like conditions (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein to arterial glucose gradient). Portal vein insulin infusion increased hepatic insulin levels 5-fold in healthy dogs. In one group (n=7), the physiologic response was allowed to fully occur, while in another (n=7), insulin’s indirect hepatic effects, occurring secondary to its actions on adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain, were blocked. This was accomplished by infusing triglyceride (intravenous), glucagon (portal vein), and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids or glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling for 4h. In contrast to the indirect hepatic effects of insulin, which were previously shown capable of independently generating a half-maximal stimulation of HGU, direct hepatic insulin action was by itself able to fully stimulate HGU. This suggests that under hyperinsulinemic/hyperglycemic conditions insulin’s indirect effects are redundant to direct engagement of hepatocyte insulin receptors.