gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of pH and Counterion on the Size Distribution and Luminescence Lifetime of Terbium-Doped Lanthanum Nanocrystals (2014)

In recent years, nanoparticles have been applied to and have gained prevalence in fields such as chemistry, biology, the medical sciences, and biotechnology,and have attracted the attention of medical researchers as potential microscopic drug delivery systems in the human body. In particular, nanoparticles made with the lanthanides have shown themselves to be useful to many biological applications due to their unique luminescent properties. It is crucial to determine optimum synthetic parameters so that nanoparticles are both small enough to pass through the kidneys and also have the ability to attach different functional groups so that they may be relevant to pharmaceutical applications. The size distribution of terbium-doped lanthanide nanocrystals based upon varied counterions (fluoride, chloride, and phosphate) and pH conditions (pH 2-7) was fractionated using ultra-centrifugation and quantified using spectrofluorimetry that ultilizes the unique luminescent properties of terbium. In addition, the quantum yields of these nanocrystals were explored using luminescence lifetime measurements.
Kinetic and spectroscopic studies on a superoxide dismutase from Propionibacterium shermanii that is active with iron or manganese: pH-dependence (1995)

Kinetic studies were performed on the superoxide dismutases isolated from the anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium shermanii as active enzymes with either iron or manganese, which were naturally incorporated into the same molecule depending on the metal supply. Both the Fe- and Mn- forms showed decreasing activity with increasing pH. This suggests the protonation of some groups near the metal, possibly a metal-bound water molecule. Thus the kinetic behaviour of this superoxide dismutase is much more dependent on the protein structure than on the metal incorporated into the active site. The secondary structures of both forms were not influenced by variations in pH, whereas the EPR spectra of the Fe-superoxide dismutase changed as a function of pH. The EPR spectra apparently consist of two overlapping species. Steady-state experiments proved that all iron-containing species show catalytic activity, but the species predominating in the alkaline pH range displays a lower reaction rate. The Michaelis constant and maximal turnover number for the Fe-superoxide dismutase were determined polarographically as Km = 0.54 mmol/l and Vmax. = 2000 mol.s-1 at pH 9.5. These data indicate that, in anaerobic bacteria under physiological conditions, the superoxide dismutase is not saturable with O2-. and the catalytic activity is similar to that of metal-specific Fe- or Mn-superoxide dismutases from aerobic organisms.
Monte Carlo fluence simulation for prospective evaluation of interstitial photodynamic therapy treatment plans (2015)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) delivers a localized cytotoxic dose that is a function of tissue oxygen availability, photosensitive drug concentration, and light fluence. Providing safe and effective PDT requires an understanding of all three elements and the physiological response to the radicals generated. Interstitial PDT (IPDT) for solid tumours poses particular challenges due to complex organ geometries and the associated limitations for diffusion theory based fluence rate prediction, in addition to restricted access for light delivery and dose monitoring. As a first step towards enabling a complete prospective IPDT treatment-planning platform, we demonstrate use of our previously developed FullMonte tetrahedral Monte Carlo simulation engine for modeling of the interstitial fluence field due to intravesicular insertion of brief light sources. The goal is to enable a complete treatment planning and monitoring work flow analogous to that used in ionizing radiation therapy, including plan evaluation through dose-volume histograms and algorithmic treatment plan optimization. FullMonte is to our knowledge the fastest open-source tetrahedral MC light propagation software. Using custom hardware acceleration, we achieve 4x faster computing with 67x better power efficiency for limited-size meshes compared to the software. Ongoing work will improve the performance advantage to 16x with unlimited mesh size, enabling algorithmic plan optimization in reasonable time. Using FullMonte, we demonstrate significant new plan-evaluation capabilities including fluence field visualization, generation of organ dose-volume histograms, and rendering of isofluence surfaces for a representative bladder cancer mesh from a real patient. We also discuss the advantages of MC simulations for dose-volume histogram generation and the need for online personalized fluence-rate monitoring.
Simple Elimination of Background Fluorescence in Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue for Immunofluorescence Microscopy (2017)

Immunofluorescence is a common method used to visualize subcellular compartments and to determine the localization of specific proteins within a tissue sample. A great hindrance to the acquisition of high quality immunofluorescence images is endogenous autofluorescence of the tissue caused by aging pigments such as lipofuscin or by common sample preparation processes such as aldehyde fixation. This protocol describes how background fluorescence can be greatly reduced through photobleaching using white phosphor light emitting diode (LED) arrays prior to treatment with fluorescent probes. The broad-spectrum emission of white phosphor LEDs allow for bleaching of fluorophores across a range of emission peaks. The photobleaching apparatus can be constructed from off-the-shelf components at very low cost and offers an accessible alternative to commercially available chemical quenchers. A photobleaching pre-treatment of the tissue followed by conventional immunofluorescence staining generates images free of background autofluorescence. Compared to established chemical quenchers which reduced probe as well as background signals, photobleaching treatment had no effect on probe fluorescence intensity while it effectively reduced background and lipofuscin fluorescence. Although photobleaching requires more time for pre-treatment, higher intensity LED arrays may be used to reduce photobleaching time. This simple method can potentially be applied to a variety of tissues, particularly postmitotic tissues that accumulate lipofuscin such as the brain and cardiac or skeletal muscles.
Fourier analysis of cell motility: correlation of motility with metastatic potential. (1989)

We report the development of a computerized, mathematical system for quantitating the various types of cell motility. This Fourier analysis method simultaneously quantifies for individual cells (i) temporal changes in cell shape represented by cell ruffling, undulation, and pseudopodal extension, (ii) cell translation, and (iii) average cell size and shape. This spatial-temporal Fourier analysis was tested on a series of well-characterized animal tumor cell lines of rat prostatic cancer to study in a quantitative manner the correlation of cell motility with increasing in vivo metastatic potential. Fourier motility coefficients measuring pseudopodal extension correlated best with metastatic potential in the cell lines studied. This study demonstrated that Fourier analysis provides quantitative measurement of cell motility that may be applied to the study of biological processes. This analysis should aid in the study of the motility of individual cells in various areas of cellular and tumor biology.
Physical aging behavior of a series of biodegradable polymers as a function of the pendent-chain length (2002)

The physical aging behavior of a series of tyrosine-containing polyarylates was investigated as a function of the length of the alkyl pendent chain. The experiments were performed in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at corresponding aging temperatures. It was found that the physical aging efficiency was strongly affected by small changes in the length of the pendent chain (2, 6, or 8 methylene units). For similar cooling rates from above T/sub g/ to below T/sub g/ and identical aging times, the enthalpy relaxation decreased with the length of the pendent chain. A free volume based explanation is suggested.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effective Population Size and Genetic Variability in the BS11 Maize Population (2000)

Use of adequate effective population size in maize ( Zea mays L.) recurrent selection programs is important because of random genetic drift and inbreeding depression. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the performance of the BS11 Cycle 0 (C0) and the BS11 Cycle 5 (C5) populations from four S 1 ‐progeny selection programs each with a different effective population size (5, 10, 20, or 30) but with a common selection intensity of 20%, and (ii) compare the additive genetic variance among the C0 and C5 populations. Five cycles of selection were conducted by intermating 5, 10, 20, or 30 lines. One hundred thirty C5 S 1 lines from each of the selected populations (i.e., C5–5, C5–10, C5–20, and C5–30) and 100 C0 S 1 lines were topcrossed to BS11 C0. The resulting half‐sib progenies were evaluated at five environments in a replications‐within‐sets incomplete block design. The four selection programs resulted in significant increases in grain yield, reduced grain moisture, and reduced root and stalk lodging. For yield, the 10‐S 1 program showed the highest gain cycle −1 of 0.16 Mg ha −1 followed by the 30‐S 1 program with 0.13 Mg ha −1 cycle −1 The 5‐S 1 program had a higher gain cycle −1 than the 20‐S 1 program. The additive genetic variance for yield did not change significantly. Heritability for yield was highest for C5–20, but no significant differences were observed among populations. These results suggest little to no advantage of using larger effective population sizes to maintain genetic variability for short‐term recurrent selection.
Two-Photon Absorption Recording in Photochromic Diarylethenes Using Laser Diode for Three-Dimensional Optical Memory (2005)

We have studied two-photon absorption (TPA) recording in photochromic diarylethenes for a three-dimensional (3D) optical memory, and demonstrated the TPA recording for the first time using a laser diode with a pulse width of 2 ns without a thermal influence. In comparison with the recording sensitivity by a femtosecond fiber laser, it was found that the peak power can be greatly reduced and the TPA sensitivity has squared characteristics depending on the pulse width range from 94 fs to 2 ns. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis of optical intensity through refractive pits suggests that 3D recording in multilayered medium is more suitable, because optical aberrations induced by the lens effect of refractive pits are greatly reduced and the reflectance from a pit is improved, in comparison with that in a bulk medium.
On image classification: city vs. landscape (2002)

Grouping images into semantically meaningful categories using low-level visual features is a challenging and important problem in content-based image retrieval. Based on these groupings, effective indices can be built for an image database. The authors show how a specific high-level classification problem (city vs. landscape classification) can be solved from relatively simple low-level features suited for the particular classes. They have developed a procedure to qualitatively measure the saliency of a feature for classification problem based on the plot of the intra-class and inter-class distance distributions. They use this approach to determine the discriminative power of the following features: color histogram, color coherence vector DCT coefficient, edge direction histogram, and edge direction coherence vector. They determine that the edge direction-based features have the most discriminative power for the classification problem of interest. A weighted k-NN classifier is used for the classification. The classification system results in an accuracy of 93.9% when evaluated on an image database of 2,716 images using the leave-one-out method.
Oncolytic virus-derived type I interferon restricts CAR T cell therapy (2020)

The application of adoptive T cell therapies, including those using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells, to solid tumors requires combinatorial strategies to overcome immune suppression associated with the tumor microenvironment. Here we test whether the inflammatory nature of oncolytic viruses and their ability to remodel the tumor microenvironment may help to recruit and potentiate the functionality of CAR T cells. Contrary to our hypothesis, VSVmIFNβ infection is associated with attrition of murine EGFRvIII CAR T cells in a B16EGFRvIII model, despite inducing a robust proinflammatory shift in the chemokine profile. Mechanistically, type I interferon (IFN) expressed following infection promotes apoptosis, activation, and inhibitory receptor expression, and interferon-insensitive CAR T cells enable combinatorial therapy with VSVmIFNβ. Our study uncovers an unexpected mechanism of therapeutic interference, and prompts further investigation into the interaction between CAR T cells and oncolytic viruses to optimize combination therapy.
Electricity in a Climate Constrained World [Book Review] (2014)

This latest study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) on world electricity consumption, its current status, and the most likely developments we are going to see during the next few years. If you are familiar with other IEA reports, you may find this one a bit of a change as it is not just a detailed collection of data, an account of the methodology applied, and the resulting statistical analysis. In this particular study, the IEA has also included a set of more general topical essays from various experts within the organization. There are actually ten of these essays/chapters in the first part of the book. The compiled essays presents all the latest data if you are working in an area associated with the global electricity industry. It also provides many insights into the current status of the electricity industry and, if you are concerned with such matters, you will find information on key trends and issues.
Kinase-mediated quasi-dimers of EGFR (2010)

Ligand-induced dimerization of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB-1/EGFR) involves conformational changes that expose an extracellular dimerization interface. Subsequent alterations within the cytoplasmic kinase domain, which culminate in tyrosine phosphorylation, are less understood. Our study addressed this question by using two strategies: a chimeric receptor approach employed ErbB-3, whose defective kinase domain was replaced by the respective part of EGFR. The implanted full-length kinase, unlike its subdomains, conferred dimerization and catalysis. The data infer that the kinase function of EGFR is restrained by the carboxyl tail; once grafted distally to the ectopic tail of ErbB-3, the kinase domain acquires quasi-dimerization and activation. In an attempt to alternatively refold the cytoplasmic tail, our other approach employed kinase inhibitors. Biophysical measurements and covalent cross-linking analyses showed that inhibitors targeting the active conformation of EGFR, in contrast to a compound recognizing the inactive conformation, induce quasi-dimers in a manner similar to the chimeric ErbB-3 molecule. Collectively, these observations unveil kinase domain-mediated quasi-dimers, which are regulated by an autoinhibitory carboxyl tail. On the basis of these observations, we propose that quasi-dimers precede formation of ligand-induced, fully active dimers, which are stabilized by both extracellular and intracellular receptor-receptor interactions.
A New Single-Phase Power Component Theory for Instantaneous Powers in an Electric Power System (2008)

Many authors have identified the need to improve the definitions of non-active power under non-sinusoidal conditions. It has also been stated the need for a generalised power theory to provide a simultaneous common base for measurement, compensation, power quality and identification of sources of distortion. A solution is to decompose, as accurately as possible, the total instantaneous power into active and non-active components based on the power system properties. To enable this, the load model must closely represent the actual. This paper presents a new instantaneous power theory that achieves this for the single-phase system. This theory is based on both voltage and current harmonic components. With good knowledge of the time profile of active/non-active power components, an accurate time-domain measurement of the non-active power is achieved. This non-active component can be utilised to achieve optimal compensation, as well as gauge power quality. The theory is evaluated for linear and non-linear loads in the presence of harmonics using case studies. The case studies use single-phase resistive and inductive loads with diodes to create non-linear load as necessary. Evaluations of the results demonstrate good performance of the proposed theory.
Coil-to-Globule Transition (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Optimization of electrical resistivity survey utilizing harmony search algorithm to predict anomalous zone ahead of tunnel face (2023)

Accurate prediction of anomalous zones ahead of a TBM tunnel is essential for stable and efficient construction. This study developed an optimization model to predict characteristics of anomalous zones based on the electrical resistivity survey. The harmony search algorithm (HS) was adopted in the optimization process. An analytical solution of the electrical resistivity corresponding to the anomalous zone was derived for the objective function of the developed model. The HS optimal operators were determined by evaluating the prediction errors of the optimization model. Parametric studies were conducted to validate the reliability of the optimization model in predicting the characteristics of the anomalous zone. The prediction errors between the optimized values and experimental results were less than 10% for all the characteristics. It is concluded that the developed optimization model can accurately predict the anomalous zone ahead of a tunnel face, which enables stable tunnel excavation.
Sensory Properties of Neotame: Comparison with Other Sweeteners (2008)

Neotame is a high potency sweetener with a molecular formula of C20H30N2O5. It is over 11,000 times sweeter by weight than sucrose at a sweetness equivalent to 5% sucrose (in water). Neotame reaches a maximum sweetness intensity equivalent to 15.1% sucrose. The temporal properties of neotame, like all other high potency sweeteners, differ somewhat from sucrose. The time of onset of sweetness of neotame is later than sucrose and it lingers longer. Cross-adaptation studies support ligand-receptor binding studies that indicate neotame along with aspartame and sucralose preferentially interact with the T1R2 subunit of the sweetener receptor. Neotame can substitute for 20-30% of the sweetness of soft drinks with no perceived difference in taste.
Palliative and Aggressive End-of-Life Care for Patients With Dementia (2002)

Use of systemic antibiotics is prevalent in the treatment of patients with end-stage dementia, despite the limited utility and discomfort associated with the use of these agents. That patients with severe dementia and those with milder cognitive impairment received similar treatment may be contrary to good clinical practice, given the poor prognosis of patients with severe dementia.
Synthesis of derivatives of the novel tricyclo[4.4.2.01,5]dodecane skeleton (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of derivatives of the novel tricyclo[4.4.2.01,5]dodecane skeletonDavid A. Jeffrey, Jeffrey M. Cogen, and Wilhelm F. MaierCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 16, 3206–3209Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00366a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00366a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Error-Free and Laser-Phase-Noise-Insensitive Optical Coherent Transmission of Uplink Radio-over-Fiber signal (2014)

Laser-phase-noise-insensitive optical coherent transmission of a radio-over-fiber signal with two-tone local light and digital signal processing technique is experimentally demonstrated. The estimated BER of less than 10−9 is successfully achieved after 20-km-long fiber-optic transmission.
Metal-free hydrogen evolution with nanoparticles derived from pyrene via two-photon ionization induced by laser irradiation (2015)

Laser irradiation of a cyclohexane solution containing pyrene resulted in hydrogen evolution as pyrene was converted to a metal-free nanoparticle photocatalyst. When C6H12 was replaced by C6D12, D2 was mainly evolved. This result suggests that the hydrogen source is cyclohexane used as a solvent. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution was also observed in an aqueous solution by using a water-soluble pyrene derivative.