gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of all-optical packet switching routers with optical label swapping and 2R regeneration for scalable optical label switching network applications (2003)

This paper investigates comprehensive operation and experimentation of an all-optical packet switching router with optical label swapping and reamplification and reshaping (2R) regeneration, capable of multihop operation and Internet protocol (IP)-client interoperability. In particular, the experiment demonstrates successful packet switching and transport up to 11 hops with 10/sup -9/ bit-error rate and error-free up to four hops. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the optical label switching (OLS) core router and edge routers working together to support IP-client-to-IP-client packet transport and switching across the optical label switching network. The edge router generates an optical label based on the IP header content of the packet and generates an optical label encoded packet, which subsequently ingresses into the OLS network. The optical label switching router (OLSR) forwards the packet with all-optical label swapping at each hop with 2R regeneration. The 2R regeneration leads to an experimentally measured negative penalty and a successful experimental demonstration of multihop cascaded OLSR operation with the edge routers interfacing with IP clients. The successful IP-client-to-IP-client packet forwarding via the edge routers and the cascaded multihop OLSR with all-optical label swapping indicate the viability of OLS in the scalable and transparent IP-over-optical Internet.
Cardiac ablation with pulsed electric fields: principles and biophysics (2022)

Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have emerged as an ideal cardiac ablation modality. At present numerous clinical trials in humans are exploring PEF as an ablation strategy for both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, with early data showing significant promise. As this is a relatively new technology there is limited understanding of its principles and biophysics. Importantly, PEF biophysics and principles are starkly different to current energy modalities (radiofrequency and cryoballoon). Given the relatively novel nature of PEFs, this review aims to provide an understanding of the principles and biophysics of PEF ablation. The goal is to enhance academic research and ultimately enable optimization of ablation parameters to maximize procedure success and minimize risk.
Stainless steel recycle FY94 progress report (1994)

The Materials Technology Section (MTS) of the Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) was asked to demonstrate the practicality of recycling previously contaminated stainless steel components such as reactor heat exchanger heads, process water piping and slug buckets into 208 liters (55 gallon) drums and 2.8 cubic meter (100 ft{sup 3}) storage boxes. Radioactively contaminated stainless steel scrap will be sent to several industrial partners where it will be melted, decontaminated/cast into ingots, and rolled into plate and sheet and fabricated into the drums and boxes. As part of this recycle initiative, MTS was requested to demonstrate that radioactively contaminated Type 304L stainless steel could be remelted and cast to meet the applicable ASTM specification for fabrication of drums and boxes. In addition, MTS was requested to develop the technical basis of melt decontamination and establish practicality of using this approach for value added products. The findings presented in this investigation lead to the following conclusions: recycle of 18 wt% Cr-8 wt% Ni alloy can be achieved by melting Type 304 stainless steel in a air vacuum induction furnace; limited melt decontamination of the contaminated stainless steel was achieved, surface contamination was removed by standard decontamination techniques; carbon uptake in the as-cast ingots resulted from the graphite susceptor used in this experiment and is unavoidable with this furnace configuration. A new furnace optimized for melting stainless steel has been installed and is currently being tested for use in this program.
300°C Silicon Carbide Integrated Circuits (2011)

MOSFET-based integrated circuits were fabricated on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates. SiC devices can operate at much higher temperatures than current semiconductor devices. Simple circuit components including operational amplifiers and common source amplifiers were fabricated and tested at room temperature and at 300°C. The common source amplifier displayed gain of 7.6 at room temperature and 6.8 at 300°C. The operational amplifier was tested for small signal open loop gain at 1kHz, measuring 60 dB at room temperature and 57 dB at 300°C. Stability testing was also performed at 300°C, showing very little drift at over 100 hours for the individual MOSFETs and the common source amplifier.
High-Level Expression of Tree Pollen Isoallergens in <i>Escherichia Coli</i> (1996)

cDNAs coding for the major allergen of alder (Alnus glutinosa) pollen Aln g 1, for nine isoforms of Bet v 1, the major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen, and for four isoforms of Cor a 1, the major allergen of hazel (Corylus avellana) pollen, were inserted into the plasmid pMW175 or pMW 172 and expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant non-fusion proteins. These constructs produced between 20 and 160 mg protein/l. The recombinant tree pollen isoallergens were tested in immunoblots for their antibody binding properties. For this purpose, we used two monoclonal antibodies (BIP 1 and BIP 4) raised against natural Bet v 1, a polyclonal rabbit anti-recombinant Bet v 1a, as well as serum IgE from allergic patients. Our results show that this expression system is suitable for the production of milligram amounts of tree pollen isoallergens which can be used for the characterization of allergenic epitopes recognized by T and B cells.
Probing restricted diffusion and exchange using free gradient waveforms: validation by numerical simulations (2021)

Monitoring time-dependence with diffusion MRI yields observables sensitive to compartment sizes (restricted diffusion) and membrane permeability (water exchange). However, restricted diffusion and exchange have opposite effects on the diffusion-weighted signal, which can confound parameter estimates. In this work, we present a signal representation that captures the effects of both restricted diffusion and exchange up to second order in b-value and is compatible with gradient waveforms of arbitrary shape. The representation features mappings from a gradient waveform to two scalars that separately control the sensitivity to restriction and exchange. We demonstrate that these scalars span a two-dimensional space that can be used to choose waveforms that selectively probe restricted diffusion or exchange, in order to eliminate the correlation between the two phenomena. We found that waveforms with specific but unconventional shapes provide an advantage over conventional pulsed and oscillating gradient acquisitions. We also show that parametrisation of waveforms into a two-dimensional space can be used to understand protocols from other approaches that probe restricted diffusion and exchange. For example, we find that the variation of mixing time in filter-exchange imaging corresponds to variation of our exchange-weighting scalar at a fixed value of the restriction-weighting scalar. Numerical evaluation of the proposed signal representation using Monte Carlo simulations on a synthetic substrate showed that the theory is applicable to sizes in the range 2 - 7 micrometres and barrier-limited exchange in the range 0 - 20 s$^{-1}$. The presented theory constitutes a simple and intuitive description of how restricted diffusion and exchange influence the signal as well as how to design a protocol to separate the two effects.
Visual contextual awareness in wearable computing (2002)

Small, body-mounted video cameras enable a different style of wearable computing interface. As processing power increases, a wearable computer can spend more time observing its user to provide serendipitous information, manage interruptions and tasks, and predict future needs without being directly commanded by the user. This paper introduces an assistant for playing the real-space game Patrol. This assistant tracks the wearer's location and current task through computer vision techniques and without off-body infrastructure. In addition, this paper continues augmented reality research, started in 1995, for binding virtual data to physical locations.
Deriving Compact Test Suites for Telecommunication Software Using Distance Metrics (2009)

This paper proposes a string edit distance based test selection method to generate compact test sets for telecommunications software. Following the results of previous research, a trace in a test set is considered to be redundant if its edit distance from others is less than a given parameter. The algorithm first determines the minimum cardinality of the target test set inaccordance with the provided parameter, then it selects the test set with the highest sum of internal edit distances. The selection problem is reduced to an assignment problem in bipartite graphs.
Bayesian inference with incomplete knowledge explains perceptual confidence and its deviations from accuracy (2021)

In perceptual decisions, subjects infer hidden states of the environment based on noisy sensory information. Here we show that both choice and its associated confidence are explained by a Bayesian framework based on partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). We test our model on monkeys performing a direction-discrimination task with post-decision wagering, demonstrating that the model explains objective accuracy and predicts subjective confidence. Further, we show that the model replicates well-known discrepancies of confidence and accuracy, including the hard-easy effect, opposing effects of stimulus variability on confidence and accuracy, dependence of confidence ratings on simultaneous or sequential reports of choice and confidence, apparent difference between choice and confidence sensitivity, and seemingly disproportionate influence of choice-congruent evidence on confidence. These effects may not be signatures of sub-optimal inference or discrepant computational processes for choice and confidence. Rather, they arise in Bayesian inference with incomplete knowledge of the environment.
Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine: a systematic comparison of predictions from four mathematical models (2015)

PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Global Good Fund; Medical Research Council; UK Department for International Development; GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance; WHO.
Rough-surface polarization effects of infrared emission (1996)

The degree of linear polarization of the thermal radiation depends on the surface roughness. A simple facet-surface model is used to describe the rough surface and to evaluate the far-field Stokes parameters are evaluated. The dependence of the polarized emission on the roughness parameter, fractal dimension, and material type is investigated.
How Reproducible Are Surface Areas Calculated from the BET Equation? (2021)

Porosity and surface area analysis play a prominent role in modern materials science, where 123 their determination spans the fields of natural sciences, engineering, geology and medical 124 research. At the heart of this sits the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory,[1] which has been 125 a remarkably successful contribution to the field of materials science. The BET method was 126 developed in the 1930s and is now the most widely used metric for the estimation of surface 127 areas of porous materials.[2] Since the BET method was first developed, there has been an 128 explosion in the field of nanoporous materials with the discovery of synthetic zeolites,[3] 129 nanostructured silicas,[4–6] metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),[7] and others. Despite its 130 widespread use, the manual calculation of BET surface areas causes a significant spread in 131 reported areas, resulting in reproducibility problems in both academia and industry. To probe 132 this, we have brought together 60 labs with strong track records in the study of nanoporous 133 materials. We provided eighteen adsorption isotherms and asked these researchers to 134 calculate the corresponding BET areas, resulting in a wide range of values for each one. We 135 show here that the reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is a 136 largely ignored issue, raising critical concerns over the reliability of reported BET areas in 137 the literature. To solve this major issue, we have developed a new computational approach 138 to accurately and systematically determine the BET area of nanoporous materials. Our 139 software, called BET Surface Identification (BETSI), expands on the well-known Rouquerol 140 criteria and makes, for the first time, an unambiguous BET area assignment possible.
3,4:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-3-C-hydroxymethyl-D-altrono-1,3′-lactone (2006)

The title compound, C13H20O7, a rare example of a sugar with a carbon branch at C-3, is one of the major products isolated from the treatment of d-hamamelose with cyanide (the Kiliani reaction), followed by protection as a diacetonide. The material crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, related to each other by a non-crystallographic twofold axis.
Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Properties of Pentamidine Congeners Bearing the Benzofuran Motif (2009)

Forty-eight cationically substituted pentamidine congeners possessing benzofuran rings were synthesized by a copper mediated heteroannulation of substituted o-iodophenols with phenyl acetylenes. Activities of compounds 1-48 against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania donovani and cytotoxicities for mammalian cells were influenced by the nature of cationic substituents, placement of the benzofuran fragment, and the length of the carbon linker between aromatic moieties. Several dications exhibited superior antiplasmodial and antileishmanial potencies compared to pentamidine.
Schottky diode characteristics and 1/f noise of high sensitivity reduced graphene oxide/Si heterojunction photodetector (2016)

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Si Schottky diode has been reported nowadays to show excellent performances in photodetection and other photoelectrical devices. Different from pure graphene, there are large amounts of function groups and structural defects left on the base plane of RGO, which may influence the interfacial properties of RGO/Si Schottky diode. Herein, the barrier inhomogeneity and junction characteristics were systematically investigated to help to describe the interface of RGO/Si diode. From the perspective of its applications, the influences of gas molecule and noise properties are considered to be important. Thus, the photovoltaic performance of RGO/Si devices in air and vacuum is investigated to analyze their effects. Meanwhile, 1/f noise of RGO/Si diodes is investigated under air/vacuum conditions and varied temperatures. It is found that the devices in vacuum and under higher power incident light show much lower 1/f noise. These results are meaningful to the noise control and performance improvement in the development of Schottky diode based devices.
Maximized performance of Stirling cycle refrigerators (1998)

On a evalue la performance de refrigerateurs a piston libre et cycle de Stirling, places dans des meubles tres isoles. On decrit les conditions d'essais qui tiennent compte des conditions de fonctionnement des meubles. On a montre que le rendement de refrigerateurs a piston libre et cycle de Stirling pouvait etre tres satisfaisant, meme pour une charge thermique peu elevee. Des calculs experimentaux ont permis de montrer que de tels systemes seraient plus performants que des systemes a cycle de Rankine, ce que parait confirmer un essai independant mene sur un petit congelateur.
HandSeg: A Dataset for Hand Segmentation from Depth Images. (2017)

We introduce a large-scale RGBD hand segmentation dataset, with detailed and automatically generated high-quality ground-truth annotations. Existing real-world datasets are limited in quantity due to the difficulty in manually annotating ground-truth labels. By leveraging a pair of brightly colored gloves and an RGBD camera, we propose an acquisition pipeline that eases the task of annotating very large datasets with minimal human intervention. We then quantify the importance of a large annotated dataset in this domain, and compare the performance of existing datasets in the training of deep-learning architectures. Finally, we propose a novel architecture employing strided convolution/deconvolutions in place of max-pooling and unpooling layers. Our variant outperforms baseline architectures while remaining computationally efficient at inference time. Source and datasets will be made publicly available.
High-Efficiency Polymer Light-Emitting Diode via Al Interfacial Modification Using Polyurethane (2006)

An efficient polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) was fabricated by inserting polyurethane (PU) between a poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) layer and an Al cathode. The electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of the PU-based device can reach 1.27 cd/A, which is much higher than that of a device without PU (0.015 cd/A). The enhanced performance is attributed to both the hole-blocking capacity of the PU layer and the specific interaction between PU and the deposited Al, significantly facilitating the injection of electrons. Furthermore, the electron injection ability of PU-based devices was found to strongly depend on the thicknesses of the PU and Al layers.
In‐vacancies in Si‐doped InN (2010)

Abstract The introduction of vacancy type point defects by Si doping in InN grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy was studied using a monoenergetic positron beam. With the combination of positron lifetime and Doppler broadening measurements, compensating In‐vacancy ( V In ) acceptors were identified in the material. For increasing Si doping an enhanced formation of V In defects was observed, up to a concentration of $c_{\rm V} = 7 \times 10^{17} \,{\rm cm}^{ - 3} $ in the highest doped sample ( $n_{\rm e} = 6.6 \times 10^{20} \,{\rm cm}^{ - 3} $ ). A strong inhomogeneity of the defect profile with a significant increase of the V In concentration toward the layer/substrate interface could be detected. Additionally, larger vacancy clusters containing several V In are formed in the proximity of the interface.
A Bidirectional Acid-Base Charging Model for Triboelectrification: Experimental Verification by Inverse Gas Chromatography and Xerographic Charging of Toner and Carrier (2008)

Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC) has been applied to study surface acid and base properties of xerographic developer materials. The data is interpreted using the recently proposed surface states bidirectional charge transfer model. In that model, charge exchange occurs between Lewis acid and basic surface states on both surfaces in both directions, with the net charge on a material the result of the sum of the charge transfer in both directions. In previous work, model carrier and toners were prepared, blending the toner particles with nano-particulate metal oxide surface additives. It was shown that the IGC Ka and Kb, the Lewis acid and Lewis base parameters, within the bidirectional charge model, fit very well the charge on the surface additives in these model toners. The current study extends that previous work, by measuring the IGC parameters, as well as xerographic charging, for a series of &#x201C;real&#x201D;, rather than model toners, without surface additives. The complete set of toners was studied with two different carriers to form a triboelectric series that is consistent with the bidirectional acid-base charge transfer model. The magnitude and the sign of the charge exchanged between the toner surface and the carrier is determined by the relative surface Ka/Kb acid/base parameters for the toner and carrier surfaces. For toner surfaces with Ka/Kb greater than that of the carrier surface, predicted and observed toner charge is negative; while for toner surfaces with Ka/Kb less than that of the carrier surface, the predicted and observed toner charge is positive. It is further shown that the Ka/Kb parameters can be interpreted as defining work functions for these toner and carriers.
Estrogen modulates paracellular permeability of human endothelial cells by eNOS- and iNOS-related mechanisms (1999)

Estradiol had a biphasic effect on permeability across cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC): at nanomolar concentrations it decreased the HUVEC culture permeability, but at micromolar concentrations it increased the permeability. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in permeability were mediated by nitric oxide (NO)-related mechanisms. The results revealed dual modulation of endothelial paracellular permeability by estrogen. 1) An endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-, NO-, and cGMP-related, Ca2+-dependent decrease in permeability was activated by nanomolar concentrations of estradiol, resulting in enhanced Cl- influx, increased cell size, and increases in the resistance of the lateral intercellular space (RLIS) and in the resistance of the tight junctions (RTJ); these effects appeared to be limited by the ability of cells to generate cGMP in response to NO. 2) An inducible NO synthase (iNOS)- and NO-related, Ca2+-independent increase in permeability was activated by micromolar concentrations of estradiol, resulting in enhanced Cl- efflux, decreased cell size, and decreased RLIS and RTJ. We conclude that the net effect on transendothelial permeability across HUVEC depends on the relative contributions of each of these two systems to the total paracellular resistance.
Copper starvation induces antimicrobial isocyanide integrated into two distinct biosynthetic pathways in fungi (2022)

The genomes of many filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., include diverse biosynthetic gene clusters of unknown function. We previously showed that low copper levels upregulate a gene cluster that includes crmA, encoding a putative isocyanide synthase. Here we show, using untargeted comparative metabolomics, that CrmA generates a valine-derived isocyanide that contributes to two distinct biosynthetic pathways under copper-limiting conditions. Reaction of the isocyanide with an ergot alkaloid precursor results in carbon-carbon bond formation analogous to Strecker amino-acid synthesis, producing a group of alkaloids we term fumivalines. In addition, valine isocyanide contributes to biosynthesis of a family of acylated sugar alcohols, the fumicicolins, which are related to brassicicolin A, a known isocyanide from Alternaria brassicicola. CrmA homologs are found in a wide range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, some of which produce fumicicolin and fumivaline. Extracts from A. fumigatus wild type (but not crmA-deleted strains), grown under copper starvation, inhibit growth of diverse bacteria and fungi, and synthetic valine isocyanide shows antibacterial activity. CrmA thus contributes to two biosynthetic pathways downstream of trace-metal sensing.
Measurement of rapidly varying electric fields through parity oscillations in the Rydberg states of hydrogenic atoms (1996)

Oscillations are shown to exist in the inversion symmetry of the electronic wave function of a hydrogenic atom coherently excited to a Rydberg state by a short pulse of laser radiation in a uniform electric field. The dependence of these oscillations on field strength is shown to scale as n2 where n is the principal quantum number. The possibility of using these oscillations to measure electric signals on picosecond timescales (terahertz frequencies) is suggested.
A pilot study of golexanolone, a new GABA-A receptor-modulating steroid antagonist, in patients with covert hepatic encephalopathy (2021)

EudraCT 2016-003651-30.