gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SU‐D‐207B‐06: Predicting Breast Cancer Malignancy On DCE‐MRI Data Using Pre‐Trained Convolutional Neural Networks (2016)

Purpose: We investigate deep learning in the task of distinguishing between malignant and benign breast lesions on dynamic contrast‐enhanced MR images (DCE‐MRIs), eliminating the need for lesion segmentation and extraction of tumor features. We evaluate convolutional neural network (CNN) after transfer learning with ImageNet, a database of thousands of non‐medical images. Methods: Under a HIPAA‐compliant IRB protocol, a database of 551 (357 malignant and 194 benign) breast MRI cases was collected. ROIs around each lesion were extracted from the DCE‐MRI slices at the second post‐contrast time point. Depending on the size of the tumor, the dimensions of ROIs varied between 1 and 1.5 times the maximum diameter of the lesion, which were further upsampled or downsampled to yield 256×256‐pixel ROIs. Next, these ROIs were directly input to the convolutional neural network ConvNet, which had been pre‐trained by AlexNet on the ImageNet database. The internal layer of ConvNet output 4,096 features, which were subsequently used as the input to a support vector machine (SVM) to classify the lesions as malignant or benign. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used as a figure of merit for the classification task. We performed 10‐fold cross‐validation with training and testing sets consisting of 90% and 10% of the database, respectively. Results: The CNN with transfer learning and subsequent SVM yielded an an AUC value of 0.85, demonstrating the predictive value of the CNN. In future work, we will compare the results obtained with ConvNet with the results obtained using conventional tumor radiomics features. Our approach returns the prediction within minutes, due to incorporation of transfer learning. Conclusion: A CNN pre‐trained on non‐medical images can be used to extract image characteristics from breast DCE‐MR images relevant to diagnostic decision‐making. Our work shows that transfer learning can aid in prediction of breast cancer malignancy. M. Giger is a stockholder in R2/Hologic, co‐founder and equity holder in Quantitative Insights, and receives royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi, and Toshiba
Control of western corn rootworm via RNAi traits in maize: lethal and sublethal effects of Sec23 dsRNA (2019)

We describe Sec23 as RNAi target for in planta rootworm control. High mortality in exposed adult and larvae and moderate sublethal effects in the offspring of females exposed to Sec23 dsRNA LC<sub>25</sub> , suggest the potential for field application of this RNAi trait and the need to factor in responses to sublethal exposure into insect resistance management programs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Micromachined Quantum-Well Air-Clad Waveguides (2007)

We have used surface micromachining to fabricate suspended InGaAs quantum well waveguides that are supported by lateral tethers. Their enhanced electro-optical and nonlinear-optical properties will be discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Squalestatins: Potent Inhibitors of Squalene Synthase. The Role of the Tricarboxylic Acid Moiety. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Multiuser Wireless Communication Systems (2003)

Abstract Wireless cellular systems have grown dramatically in the last two decades, thanks to several key innovations in communication algorithms and high speed silicon technology. We review fundamental physical layer techniques for the future high speed wireless networks.
Practical voltage-scaling for fixed-priority rt-systems (2004)

In CMOS circuits, power consumption is proportional to the product of the frequency and the square of the supply voltage. Hence, any reductions in the operating frequency of the processor and its supply voltage can lead to significant savings in energy consumption (and heat dissipation) but cause longer execution times. The application of dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques to real-time systems must therefore attempt to minimize energy while guaranteeing the schedulability of the real-time tasks. In this paper we study the effect of limited number of operating frequencies on the performance of voltage-scaling algorithms. The optimal frequency grid which minimizes the effect of discrete operating frequencies is also derived We then propose four alternative voltage-scaling schemes, Sys-Clock, PM-Clock, Opt-Clock and DPM-Clock. Each scheme is suitable for different hardware configuration which may have high or low voltage-scaling overhead and different taskset characteristics. We have implemented our voltage-scaling schemes on CMU's real-time OS, Linux/RK, on the 3700 series Compaq iPAQ and a 733MHz XScale BRH board modified to support voltage-scaling.
Digital control of a three-phase series-parallel uninterruptible power supply/active filter system (2004)

In this paper, a new digital deadbeat controller is designed, implemented, and applied to a three-phase series-parallel line-interactive uninterruptible power supply (UPS). This topology consists of a parallel and a series converter. In this topology, most of the power is supplied directly from the AC line to the load. Therefore, the overall efficiency is higher than that of the on-line UPS. The controller adjusts the current of the parallel converter and voltage of the series converter and follows the reference with two and four sampling periods, respectively. Current and voltage control of the system in different operating modes are discussed. Simulation and experimental results are presented, which show the viability of the proposed controller for this topology.
Hardware-friendly mixed content compression algorithm (2008)

The mixed content compression (MCC) algorithm developed in this research provides a hardware efficient solution for compression of scanned compound document images. MCC allows for an easy implementation in imaging pipeline hardware by using only an 8 row buffer of pixels. MCC uses the JPEG encoder to effectively compress the background and picture content of a document image. The remaining text and line graphics in the image, which require high spatial resolution, but can tolerate low color resolution, are compressed using a JBIG1 encoder and color quantization. To separate the text and graphics from the image, MCC uses a simple mean square error (MSE) block classification algorithm to allow a hardware efficient implementation. Results show that for our comprehensive training suite, the compression ratio average achieved by MCC was 60:1, but JPEG only achieved 35:1. In particular, MCC compression ratios become very high on average (82:1 versus 44:1) for mono text documents, which are very common documents being copied and scanned with all-in-ones. In addition, MCC has an edge sharpening side-effect that is very desirable for the target application.
Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis (UC) Surgery in a Population-Based Cohort (2007)

Purpose: We sought to identify clinical and demographic features influencing initial and subsequent surgery in a population-based cohort of UC. Methods: Medical records of Olmsted County residents diagnosed with UC from 1970–2001 were reviewed to identify all surgeries. Colectomies were classified as: total proctocolectomy (TPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), subtotal colectomy (SC) with ileostomy, TPC-ileostomy, and partial colectomy (PC). Planned 2nd-stage surgeries were excluded in counting unplanned follow-up surgeries. Cumulative incidences of initial colectomy from time of diagnosis (dx) and follow-up surgeries from time of colectomy were estimated actuarially. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess association of clinical/demographic features with time to colectomy and time to follow-up surgery (after colectomy). Results: 316 UC pts (57% males) were followed for 3,698 person-yrs. Fifty-three pts (17%) had a surgery for UC, of whom 37 (70%) underwent >1 procedure. See table for cumulative risks of initial colectomy and selected subtypes. Males were more likely to undergo colectomy (hazards ratio[HR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1–4.1). Extensive UC was not significantly associated with colectomy (HR, 1.4;95% CI, 0.7–2.6) relative to proctitis/left-sided UC. Use of steroids within 90 days of UC dx was strongly associated with colectomy (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.6–6.5). Initial colectomy subtypes were: TPC-IPAA (62%), SC (6%), TPC-ileostomy (30%), and PC (2%). Second colectomy-related surgeries were common, including ostomy closure in 60%; this varied by colectomy type. The 10-yr cumulative risk of subsequent unplanned surgery was 44.1% overall and varied by colectomy type (see table). Those undergoing TPC-IPAA compared to TPC-ileostomy were 1.9 times more likely to have unplanned follow-up surgeries, but this difference was not significant(95% CI, 0.6–5.9). Conclusion: In this population-based cohort of UC pts, the 20-yr cumulative incidence of colectomy was ∼ 20%. Male gender and early need for corticosteroids were significantly associated with colectomy. The most common surgeries were TPC-IPAA and TPC-ileostomy, and frequent unplanned surgeries post-colectomy were observed.Table: Cumulative Risks
Epiglottitis in adults (1984)

GLODE, MARY P. MD; HALSEY, NEAL A. MD; MURRAY, MARTHA RN; BALLARD, TERRI LYNN MT; BARENKAMP, STEPHEN MD Author Information
Current challenges and opportunities in treating hypoxic prostate tumors (2018)

The Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment is an open access journal focused on cancer metastasis and treatment, including the occurrence, development, progression, metastasis, and treatment of oncologic disease. It covers basic, translational and clinical research related to cancer cell biology, genomics, precision medicine, oncology internal medicine, radiotherapy and radiology, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, surgery, hematology, neurooncology, etc.
Single crystal structure analysis of sea urchin spine calcites: Systematic investigations of the Ca/Mg distribution as a function of habitat of the sea urchin and the sample location in the spine (2004)

The hard skeleton of sea urchin spines consists of a monolithic single crystalline magnesian calcite with typical contents of MgCO 3 ranging from 2 to 12 mol% and about 0.1 weight% of occluded organic macromolecules. These macromolecules take effect on the calcite crystal growth, forming the spine shape in a porous spongy structure crossed by filled wedges of calcite radially arranged about the long axis of the spine. The single crystal structure analysis and polarization microscopy confirm the perfect alignment of the crystallites, thus the spine is a single crystal of calcite with the spine axis along the crystallographic c-axis, in agreement with earlier experiments. The magnesium content of the skeletal parts of the sea urchin is approximately linearly related with the water temperature of the sea urchin habitat. Elemental and chemical analysis showed an inhomogeneous Mg distribution in single spines: The Mg content increases from the spine-tip to the base by about 2 mol% at average. This structural inhomogeneity leads to a solid solution hardening of the material by the statistical incorporation of Mg 2+ ions in a crystal structure. The size difference between Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions impedes the propagation of cracks, thus affecting the fracture behavior of the biogenic calcite, which is conchoidal in contrast to the perfect {10.4} cleavage of geological calcite. The accumulation of Mg in the spine-base most likely serves to enhance this effect and thus strengthens the spine close to the shell.
Hierarchical TiO2 Photoanode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

Hierarchical or one-dimensional architectures are among the most exciting developments in material science these recent years. We present a nanostructured TiO2 assembly combining these two concepts and resembling a forest composed of individual, high aspect-ratio, treelike nanostructures. We propose to use these structures for the photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells, and we achieved 4.9% conversion efficiency in combination with C101 dye. We demonstrate this morphology beneficial to hamper the electron recombination and also mass transport control in the mesopores when solvent-free ionic liquid electrolyte is used.
The Color of the Sun – Perception and Spectral Density (2018)

The peak position of the spectral density for blackbody radiation is given by the Wien displacement law. Within introductory physics materials it is often stated, or implied through example, that the color of the light emitted from a blackbody, such as the Sun, can be ascertained from knowledge of the position of that peak in the spectral density. Such a conclusion is at best incomplete, may be misleading, and in many ways can be considered to be wrong. Here these claims are addressed and a method for introducing and better understanding spectral density is presented. For concreteness, the discussion centers around the solar spectrum, which is often used as an example in physics and astronomy classes.
Beobachtung der letzten Phase eines seismischen Zyklus in Nordchile : IPOC – europäisch-südamerikanisches Netzwerk (2011)

The Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) is an international network of institutions and scientists organizing and operating a distributed system of instruments and projects dedicated to the study of earthquakes, deformation and other subduction processes at the continental margin of Chile. This megathrust plate boundary between the South American plate and the oceanic Nazca plate exhibits some of the largest earthquakes on Earth. Earthquakes, volcanoes and other active margin processes are driven by ongoing convergence between the two tectonic plates. Our goal is to improve the understanding of both the physical mechanisms underlying these processes and the natural hazards induced by them. We therefore integrate modern ground- and space-based technologies to observe and interpret active deformation related to the megathrust seismic cycle. The northern part of the Chilean margin offers an exceptional opportunity for such studies: the more than 400 km long plate boundary segment between Antofagasta and Arica, capable of a giant M9+ earthquake, has not been broken for more than 100 years. This is the longest time period between large earthquakes along the Peru-Chile coastal margin, putting this segment presumably in the terminal stage of a seismic cycle. The neighboring segments to the south and north have been broken in 1995 and 2007 and 2001 respectively, enhancing the stress in between.
Interferon-β bioactivity measurement in multiple sclerosis: feasibility for routine clinical practice (2008)

Our data suggest that for IFN beta bioactivity screening a single post-injection measurement seems reasonable. However, MxA induction measurement based on both pre- and post-IFN beta injection samples at second measurement is somewhat more precise in determining ultimate IFN beta bioactivity status.
Gigascale integration (GIS) in the 21st century (2002)

Summary form only given. Opportunities for incorporation of more than one billion transistors and associated interconnections with a single silicon chip or for gigascale integration (GSI) are governed by a hierarchy of limits whose levels can be codified as fundamental, material, device, circuit, and system. Each level of this hierarchy includes both theoretical and practical limits. Theoretical limits are determined solely by physical principles. Practical limits are strongly influenced by manufacturing technology and markets and can be described in terms of the minimum feature size, the square root of die area, and the packing efficiency (defined as the number of transistors or components per minimum feature area). The singular metric that reveals the efficacy of a technology for GSI is the chip performance index (CPI) defined as the quotient of the number of transistors per chip (N) and the associated power-delay product (Pt/sub d/) or CPI=N/Pt/sub d/. The CPI increased by about 10/sup 13/ from 1960 to 1990 and is projected to increase by another factor of 10/sup 6/ from 1990 to 2020.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Autonomous Control of a Line Follower Robot Using a Q-Learning Controller (2020)

In this paper, a MIMO simulated annealing (SA)-based Q-learning method is proposed to control a line follower robot. The conventional controller for these types of robots is the proportional (P) controller. Considering the unknown mechanical characteristics of the robot and uncertainties such as friction and slippery surfaces, system modeling and controller designing can be extremely challenging. The mathematical modeling for the robot is presented in this paper, and a simulator is designed based on this model. The basic Q-learning methods are based pure exploitation and the ε-greedy methods, which help exploration, can harm the controller performance after learning completion by exploring nonoptimal actions. The simulated annealing-based Q-learning method tackles this drawback by decreasing the exploration rate when the learning increases. The simulation and experimental results are provided to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Antitumor activity of a thioether-linked immunotoxin: OVB3-PE (1990)

A thioether-linked immunotoxin was made between Pseudomonas exotoxin and the monoclonal antibody OVB3. This conjugate, OVB3-PE, was cytotoxic for the human ovarium cancer cell line OVCAR-3 (ID of 2.5 x 10(-12) M) and it was therefore tested for antitumor activity in a nude mouse model of ovarian cancer. This model employs the injection of a lethal number of OVCAR-3 cells into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. When 0.2-1 micrograms of OVB3-PE was injected intraperitoneally on three successive days beginning 3-5 days after OVCAR-3 cell implantation, the survival of the tumor-bearing mice was increased 2-4-fold compared to that of untreated control mice. Median survival times for control mice ranged from 44 to 50 days while survival times of 150 days or greater were seen in mice treated with OVB3-PE. When OVB3-PE administration was delayed until 2-4 weeks after tumor cell implantation, OVB3-PE treatment also showed antitumor activity, but the duration of survival was less than with the early treatments. OVB3-PE was also cytotoxic for MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, and A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells.
Injection-locking benefits for weak AC magnetic field detection in Coupled-Core Fluxgate Magnetometers (2012)

Recent theoretical and experimental efforts have shown that spontaneous oscillations can be induced by unidirectionally coupling overdamped nonlinear systems, subject to the appropriate system conditions; these oscillations are triggered by a control parameter, the coupling strength, exceeding a threshold value. These concepts have been exploited in the practical realization of a Coupled Core Fluxgate Magnetometer (CCFG) wherein an odd number of wound ferromagnetic cores are coupled in a ring oscillator configuration (cyclic boundary conditions). This scheme yields better signal detection performance, compared to its single-core counterpart, when one uses the CCFG to detect weak dc target magnetic fields. In this paper, we consider the effects of injection-locking by an externally applied time-sinusoidal magnetic field. Injection locking is the locking of the oscillator frequency to the reference source (the “locking signal”) with a concomitant lowering of the noise floor. We present, here, simulations and experiments that confirm the benefits of injection locking in the CCFG for weak ac target magnetic fields, in line with earlier theoretical predictions.
4.5kV press pack IGBT designed for ruggedness and reliability (2004)

A novel press pack IGBT (PPI) with a rating of up to 4500 V and 2000 A is presented. During the development of this new component, special emphasis was placed on the ease of use by system manufacturers. The mechanical design is optimized in order to facilitate the clamping of the PPI in long stacks. Even if the clamping in the stack has severe pressure nonuniformities, the PPI remains fully functional due to its unique design with individual press-pins for each chip. Furthermore, the choice of materials is optimized to achieve high reliability in the field. The trade-off between power-cycling capability and operation under shorted conditions was a major thrust of the development. The IGBT as well as the diode chip are based on SPT (soft punch through) technology. Together with an advanced planar cell design of the IGBT and the sophisticated lifetime engineering of the diode, this chip set offers an unprecedented safe operating area (SOA). This greatly facilitates system design by making clamps or snubbers obsolete.
Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic Investigation of the Acetaminophen Toxicity in Liver Microfluidic Biochip (2011)

Microfluidic bioartificial organs allow the reproduction of in vivo-like properties such as cell culture in a 3D dynamical micro environment. In this work, we established a method and a protocol for performing a toxicogenomic analysis of HepG2/C3A cultivated in a microfluidic biochip. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have shown the induction of the NRF2 pathway and the related drug metabolism pathways when the HepG2/C3A cells were cultivated in the biochip. The induction of those pathways in the biochip enhanced the metabolism of the N-acetyl-p-aminophenol drug (acetaminophen-APAP) when compared to Petri cultures. Thus, we observed 50% growth inhibition of cell proliferation at 1 mM in the biochip, which appeared similar to human plasmatic toxic concentrations reported at 2 mM. The metabolic signature of APAP toxicity in the biochip showed similar biomarkers as those reported in vivo, such as the calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism and reorganization of the cytoskeleton, at the transcriptome and proteome levels (which was not the case in Petri dishes). These results demonstrate a specific molecular signature for acetaminophen at transcriptomic and proteomic levels closed to situations found in vivo. Interestingly, a common component of the signature of the APAP molecule was identified in Petri and biochip cultures via the perturbations of the DNA replication and cell cycle. These findings provide an important insight into the use of microfluidic biochips as new tools in biomarker research in pharmaceutical drug studies and predictive toxicity investigations.
Epstein-Barr virus infection and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a possible progression factor? (2010)

Epstein-Barr virus is pathogenically associated with a well defined group of lymphoid and epithelial tumors in which the virus directly drives transformation of infected cells. Recent evidence however indicates that this virus may infect a subpopulation of tumor cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and EBV infection has been also associated with Richter transformation in a fraction of cases. We herein review available data suggesting a possible role of EBV as a direct or micro-environmental progression factor in a subset of CLL.
Treatment of candidemia with echinocandins: data on hospital resource use from a real world setting (2012)

Fluconazole before or after echinocandin was associated with significantly greater resource utilization than echinocandin use alone.