gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A combined light and electron microscopic method for the visualization of the same in vitro neuron by radioautography and serial sections (1984)

We report here on a technical improvement which makes it possible to study, at the ultrastructural level, a dopaminergic neuron which has been previously identified by light microscopy. Primary cultures of virtually pure mesencephalic neurons from mouse embryos were obtained. These cultures were kept for 6 days, then incubated with tritiated dopamine, fixed and embedded in Epon. The dopaminergic neurons were firstly visualized by radioautography directly through Epon blocks in toto by light microscopy. In a second step, ultrathin sections of the identified dopaminergic cells were prepared and the neurons observed at the electron microscopy level. The dopaminergic nature of these neurons was regularly checked by radioautographic control on some selected ultrathin sections.
A Meta-Reinforcement Learning Approach to Process Control (2021)

Meta-learning is a branch of machine learning which aims to quickly adapt models, such as neural networks, to perform new tasks by learning an underlying structure across related tasks. In essence, models are being trained to learn new tasks effectively rather than master a single task. Meta-learning is appealing for process control applications because the perturbations to a process required to train an AI controller can be costly and unsafe. Additionally, the dynamics and control objectives are similar across many different processes, so it is feasible to create a generalizable controller through meta-learning capable of quickly adapting to different systems. In this work, we construct a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based controller and meta-train the controller using a latent context variable through a separate embedding neural network. We test our meta-algorithm on its ability to adapt to new process dynamics as well as different control objectives on the same process. In both cases, our meta-learning algorithm adapts very quickly to new tasks, outperforming a regular DRL controller trained from scratch. Meta-learning appears to be a promising approach for constructing more intelligent and sample-efficient controllers.
Photo-switchable polyelectrolyte brush for dual protein patterning (2011)

We report the preparation of a novel photo-switchable polyelectrolyte brush. Under masked UV radiation, a patterned cationic/anionic binary brush surface can be easily fabricated, which was employed to form a dual-component protein pattern by electrostatic attractions.
Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature (2007)

Using the guinea pig as a model host, we show that aerosol spread of influenza virus is dependent upon both ambient relative humidity and temperature. Twenty experiments performed at relative humidities from 20% to 80% and 5 degrees C, 20 degrees C, or 30 degrees C indicated that both cold and dry conditions favor transmission. The relationship between transmission via aerosols and relative humidity at 20 degrees C is similar to that previously reported for the stability of influenza viruses (except at high relative humidity, 80%), implying that the effects of humidity act largely at the level of the virus particle. For infected guinea pigs housed at 5 degrees C, the duration of peak shedding was approximately 40 h longer than that of animals housed at 20 degrees C; this increased shedding likely accounts for the enhanced transmission seen at 5 degrees C. To investigate the mechanism permitting prolonged viral growth, expression levels in the upper respiratory tract of several innate immune mediators were determined. Innate responses proved to be comparable between animals housed at 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C, suggesting that cold temperature (5 degrees C) does not impair the innate immune response in this system. Although the seasonal epidemiology of influenza is well characterized, the underlying reasons for predominant wintertime spread are not clear. We provide direct, experimental evidence to support the role of weather conditions in the dynamics of influenza and thereby address a long-standing question fundamental to the understanding of influenza epidemiology and evolution.
Using the SpectraCube to Build a Multispectral Image Database (2004)

Multispectral image capture, unlike traditional RGB imaging, records the colour signals in a scene. Most available devices are either filter-wheel multiple exposure systems or point-measuring diffraction grating based devices. In this article we introduce a 2D matrix, full spectral, single exposure capture system &#x2013; the Applied Spectral Imaging SpectraCube &#x2013; which determines multispectral images, building on on the principle of interferometry.We explain the theory of operation of the SpectraCube, show characterisation results and present an initial multispectral database of indoor images. This step is not trivial. Often there are significant errors in the spectra captured by the SpectraCube. However, these errors are surprisingly regular and can be corrected. The images were captured at a high spectral resolution, comparable to spectroradiometers, yet at an exposure significantly shorter than that of filter-wheel based systems.
Abstract B055: Augmentation of OX40-dependent NK mediated antitumor activity is dependent on antibody cross-linking (2016)

Abstract Introduction: The TNF superfamily (TNFSF) member OX40 (CD134) has been shown to enhance T cell function but its role on NK cells is poorly understood. CD137, another TNFSF member has been shown to enhance the anti-tumor activity of NK cells in various malignancies. This study examines the expression and function of OX40 on human and murine NK cells, and assesses its therapeutic efficacy as a target in murine B-cell lymphoma models. Methods: In vitro flow cytometry-based assays using primary NK cells from healthy volunteers and syngeneic lymphoma mouse models were used. Results: OX40 was transiently upregulated upon NK activation. In contrast to CD137, the induction of OX40 on human NK cells was dependent on cell-to-cell contact with either monocytes or T cells. Stimulation with agonistic anti-OX40 mAb, but not multimeric OX40 ligand, induced IFNγ and TNFα production by human NK cells, suggesting that the OX40 effects are dependent on antibody:FcγR mediated clustering. Whilst we observed increased human NK degranulation, there was no evidence of increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In complementary murine studies, intravenous inoculation with BCL1 lymphoma into immunocompetent syngeneic mice resulted in transient upregulation of OX40 on murine NK cells. Combination treatment with anti-CD20 and anti-OX40 mAb produced a synergistic effect with more durable remissions. Conclusion: The upregulation of OX40 on NK cells is more complex than CD137 and conditional upon interaction with other cell types. Anti-OX40 agonists may enhance NK-mediated anti-tumor activity in a cytokine-dependent manner instead of conventional ADCC, through antibody:FcγR-mediated receptor clustering. Citation Format: Sean H. Lim, Anna H. Turaj, Jane Willoughby, Claude H.T. Chan, Christine A. Penfold, Peter W.M. Johnson, Martin J. Glennie, Mark S. Cragg, Ronald Levy. Augmentation of OX40-dependent NK mediated antitumor activity is dependent on antibody cross-linking [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B055.
Reduction of the switching speed in current-induced magnetization reversal due to domain states on applying nano-second current pulses (2005)

In this paper, it is shown that during the precessional reversal, the magnetic moment can be trapped into a state with many domains, which decrease the switching speed. Pillar-shaped trilayers of composition Co/Cu/Co are utilized to measure the switching speed for the antiparallel (AP) to parallel (P) transition. A slow current ramp is applied to the sample to measure the hysteresis in the resistance to see the effect of the nanosecond pulse. Similar measurements are carried out for measuring the P to AP switching speed. Results show that sometimes no change in the hysteresis loop is observed indicating that the pulse had no effect on the state of the sample. Sometimes the resistance is observed to jump to the value of the P state resistance indicating that the pulse succeeded in reversing the magnetization fully. In some cases, however, the resistance is observed to change to a value intermediate between the resistances of AP and P states. For the P to AP transition, it is found out that the probability of the domain state formation is much larger than in the case of AP to P transition. These results show that switching probability is reduced due to the incoherent precession of the magnetization during reversal in which this precession is more pronounced for the P to AP state transition.
Insulin resistance in cavefish as an adaptation to a nutrient-limited environment (2018)

An important model system in evolutionary developmental biology (‘evo-devo’) are the surface dwelling (surface fish) and cave adapted (cavefish) morphs which differ in numerous traits. Cavefish is a generic term for fresh water fish adapted to life in caves and other underground habitats. Living in darkness, pigmentation and eyes are useless, or even a disadvantage because of their energy requirements, and therefore cavefish are typically pale and blind. Importantly, as they are almost entirely cut off from the outside world, their subterranean homes provide no food for most of the year, and they live in prolonged starvation with the exception of food from springtime floods that sweep in nutrients in the form of worms and algae. To survive under these conditions, cavefish have evolved starvation resistance and binge eating when food becomes available. During restricted rations, they lose weight more slowly than their surface counterparts.
<title>Slope histogram detection of forged handwritten signatures</title> (1991)

A new approach to the problem of handwritten signature verification is presented. This method exploits the regularity of length and curvature of a signature. Overall signature content at various angles is evaluated to form a slope histogram. Histograms are then passed to a classifier constructed from 10 valid signatures. Performance of the classifier on a data pool of 1000 valid and casually forged signatures is evaluated. In particular the equal error rate of this approach is shown to average 7 across 9 different subjects. Increases in the classifier error rates are noted when the forger is allowed some a priori knowledge of the target signature.
Assessment of Slat Extensions and a Cove Filler for Slat Noise Reduction (2021)

The slat of a high-lift wing can be a significant noise source during approach and landing. This paper describes an experimental study of the effects of two passive devices (namely, slat extensions and a cove filler) on the aerodynamics and acoustic radiation from a 30P30N model. Test conditions include three effective free-air angles of attack of 5.5, 7.5, and 13 deg, as well as three Reynolds numbers of 1.2, 1.5, and . Steady surface pressure measurements are used to assess the aerodynamics near the midspan section. Unsteady surface pressure and far-field acoustic array measurements are performed to evaluate the near- and far-field pressure fluctuations, respectively. Delay-and-sum beamforming is applied to localize the noise sources and to provide integrated spectra. The slat cusp extensions barely affect the mean distribution, whereas the longest extension achieves up to a 5.4 dB reduction in the overall sound pressure level. The slat-cove filler yields an even higher noise reduction that is lower than the baseline by up to 14 dB. Even though the aerodynamic assessment of the cove filler is incomplete due to the covered pressure ports, the mean distribution over the remaining surface of the model indicates a rather small change compared with the baseline measurements.
PD23-02 THE EFFECTS OF ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY ON BRAIN VOLUME 3D PLANIMETRY (2019)

abnormalities in specific brain regions; however, the extent to which brain network topology is altered by OAB remains unknown. The aim of this study is to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore brain small-world network changes during bladder filling in women with OAB as well as in healthy controls. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply the concepts of small-world brain network topology to micturition.
Are ILC2s Jekyll and Hyde in airway inflammation? (2017)

Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease of the airways characterized by lung inflammation, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), mucus overproduction, and remodeling of the airways. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a crucial role in the initiation and propagation of type 2 inflammatory programs in allergic asthma models, independent of adaptive immunity. In response to allergen, helminths or viral infection, damaged airway epithelial cells secrete IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which activate ILC2s to produce type 2 cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13, and IL-9. Furthermore, ILC2s coordinate a network of cellular responses and interact with numerous cell types to propagate the inflammatory response and repair lung damage. ILC2s display functional plasticity in distinct asthma phenotypes, enabling them to respond to very different immune microenvironments. Thus, in the context of non-allergic asthma, triggered by exposure to environmental factors, ILC2s transdifferentiate to ILC1-like cells and activate type 1 inflammatory programs in the lung. In this review, we summarize accumulating evidence on the heterogeneity, plasticity, regulatory mechanisms, and pleiotropic roles of ILC2s in allergic inflammation as well as mechanisms for their suppression in the airways.
High‐Purity Hydrogen Generation in a Microfabricated 23 wt % Ag–Pd Membrane Device Integrated with 8:1 LaNi0.95Co0.05O3/Al2O3 Catalyst (2006)

Micromembranes integrating nanometer-scale Pd films (see figure) with complex oxide methanol-reforming catalysts demonstrate high-purity hydrogen generation. Washcoating of an 8:1 LaNi0.95Co0.05O3/Al2O3 catalyst serves the dual purposes of preventing thin-film disintegration upon direct exposure to methanol while providing improved selectivity and conversion of methanol to hydrogen through partial oxidation.
A thorough QT study in the context of an uptitration regimen with selexipag, a selective oral&nbsp;prostacyclin receptor agonist (2014)

The effects of selexipag and its active metabolite ACT-333679 on cardiac repolarization were assessed in a thorough QT study as per International Conference on Harmonisation E14 guidance. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo/positive-controlled, parallel-group study, healthy male and female subjects were randomized to receive escalating doses of selexipag (n=91) or placebo/moxifloxacin (n=68). Ascending multiple doses of selexipag in the range of 400-1,600 μg or placebo were administered twice daily for 21 days. Following a nested crossover design, subjects in the moxifloxacin/placebo treatment group received a single oral 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin on day 2 or 24. The primary endpoint (QT interval correction using individualized formula [QTcI]) was chosen based on a prospectively defined test applied to on-treatment data. The mean baseline-adjusted placebo-corrected ΔQTcI (ΔΔQTcI) for selexipag was small at all time points and never exceeded 1.4 msec (upper bound of 90% confidence interval [CI], 3.9 msec) on 800 μg or -0.7 msec (upper bound of 90% CI, 2.1 msec) on 1,600 μg. The mean ΔΔQTcI peak effect for moxifloxacin was 7.5 msec (lower bound of 90% CI, 4.8 msec). The exposure-response analysis did not demonstrate a relevant relationship between plasma concentrations of selexipag or ACT-333679 and ΔΔQTcI but, in contrast, a positive slope within the expected range for moxifloxacin. In conclusion, selexipag does not have an effect on cardiac repolarization.
Multi-Objective Model Exploration of Hepatitis C Elimination in an Agent-Based Model of People who Inject Drugs (2019)

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide and persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at the highest risk for acquiring and transmitting HCV infection. We developed an agent-based model (ABM) to identify and optimize direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy scale-up and treatment strategies for achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) goals of HCV elimination by the year 2030. While DAA is highly efficacious, it is also expensive, and therefore intervention strategies should balance the goals of elimination and the cost of the intervention. Here we present and compare two methods for finding PWID treatment enrollment strategies by conducting a standard model parameter sweep and compare the results to an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm. The evolutionary approach provides a pareto-optimal set of solutions that minimizes treatment costs and incidence rates.
Transforming growth factor‐β does not alter interleukin‐1 expression in cultured human macrophages (1989)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a growth modulator that stimulates the growth of fibroblastic cells but inhibits the growth of cells of epithelial origin. TGF beta also influences the production of extracellular matrix proteins, and of proteases and the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) by cultured cells. TGF beta appears also to have various immunoregulatory effects, suppressing both T- and B-cell activities. It has been proposed that it might increase the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) mRNA in cultured human monocytes, thus potentiating immune functions. To analyze the role of TGF beta in IL-1 production we have now quantitated the effect of this factor on the production of biologically active IL-1 as well as IL-1 beta mRNA expression. The effect of TGF beta on IL-1 production optimally activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also studied. It was found that IL-1 activity and mRNA levels were rapidly elevated by LPS but not by TGF beta. Culture fluids from monocytes treated with TGF beta alone or with TGF beta plus LPS inhibited the proliferation of the test thymocytes. After gel filtration, the media from TGF beta-treated cultures showed no activity in the molecular weight area of IL-1 (approx. 15 kD), while the supernatants from TGF beta plus LPS-induced cells contained IL-1 activity in these fractions, the magnitude of which was, however, at the same level as in the culture fluids derived from cells stimulated with LPS alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A 0.6-Tbps, 16-port SRAM design with 2-stage- pipeline and multi-stage-sensing scheme (2007)

A 8-read, 8-write port, 64-Kbit, 32-bit word-length SRAM design with multi-bank architecture is reported. Using a 2-stage-pileline, a multi-stage-sensing scheme and a 2-port SRAM cell, high speed and high stability access is achieved simultaneously. The fabricated test chip in 90-nm CMOS technology features 1.2 GHz maximum clock frequency, 0.91 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Si-area, 0.6 Tbps random-access bandwidth, and 123 mW power dissipation at 1.2 GHz. In comparison with a previously reported 16-port SRAM, a bit-area reduction by an order of magnitude is achieved.
Joint Device Identification, Channel Estimation, and Signal Detection for LEO Satellite-Enabled Random Access (2023)

This paper investigates joint device identification, channel estimation, and signal detection for LEO satellite-enabled grant-free random access, where a multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) system with orthogonal time-frequency space modulation (OTFS) is utilized to combat the dynamics of the terrestrial-satellite link (TSL). We divide the receiver structure into three modules: first, a linear module for identifying active devices, which leverages the generalized approximate message passing (GAMP) algorithm to eliminate inter-user interference in the delay-Doppler domain; second, a non-linear module adopting the message passing algorithm to jointly estimate channel and detect transmit signals; the third aided by Markov random field (MRF) aims to explore the three dimensional block sparsity of channel in the delay-Doppler-angle domain. The soft information is exchanged iteratively between these three modules by careful scheduling. Furthermore, the expectation-maximization algorithm is embedded to learn the hyperparameters in prior distributions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional methods significantly in terms of activity error rate, channel estimation accuracy, and symbol error rate.
Effective and Efficient Distributed Model-Based Clustering (2006)

In many companies data is distributed among several sites, i.e. each site generates its own data and manages its own data repository. Analyzing and mining these distributed sources requires distributed data mining techniques to find global patterns representing the complete information. The transmission of the entire local data set is often unacceptable because of performance considerations, privacy and security aspects, and bandwidth constraints. Traditional data mining algorithms, demanding access to complete data, are not appropriate for distributed applications. Thus, there is a need for distributed data mining algorithms in order to analyze and discover new knowledge in distributed environments. One of the most important data mining tasks is clustering which aims at detecting groups of similar data objects. In this paper, we propose a distributed model-based clustering algorithm that uses EM for detecting local models in terms of mixtures of Gaussian distributions. We propose an efficient and effective algorithm for deriving and merging these local Gaussian distributions to generate a meaningful global model. In a broad experimental evaluation we show that our framework is scalable in a highly distributed environment.
Tracheal reconstruction with a free vascularized myofascial flap: preclinical investigation in a porcine model to human clinical application (2017)

Although there are various methods for tracheal reconstruction, such as a simple approximation with suturing and coverage with adjacent soft tissue or muscle, large defects >50% of the tracheal length still present a clinical challenge. Tissue engineering, a recent promising way to possibly resolve this problem, requires a long preparatory period for stem cell seeding on a scaffold and relatively invasive procedures for stem cell harvesting. As an alternative, we used a vascularized myofascial flap for tracheal reconstruction. In four porcine models, the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) was used in two and the superior epigastric artery perforator (SEAP) in two. Transformation of the surface of the transplanted myofascial flap was analyzed in the airway environment. The flaps failed in the DIEP group due to venous congestion. At 12 weeks postoperatively, none of SEAP group showed any signs of respiratory distress; the inner surface of the implant exhibited stratified squamous epithelium with sparse cilia. In the clinical setting, a patient who underwent a tracheal reconstruction with a vascularized myofascial flap and 2-year follow-up was in good health with no respiratory distress symptoms.