gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power law distribution of dividends in horse races (2001)

We discovered that the distribution of dividends in Korean horse races follows a power law. A simple model of betting is proposed, which reproduces the observed distribution. The model provides a mechanism to arrive at the true underlying winning probabilities, which are initially unknown, in a self-organized collective fashion, through the dynamic process of betting. Numerical simulations yield excellent agreement with the empirical data.
Infrared Ellipsometry – a Novel Tool for Characterization of Group-III Nitride Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Device Applications (2001)

We demonstrate the application of spectroscopic infrared ellipsometry to determine nondestructively the free-carrier distribution in group-III nitride heterostructures, such as for optoelectronic and electronic device applications. Results are shown for a blue-light emitting diode structure based on wurtzite III–N materials grown on (0001) sapphire by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy.
Effects of smartphone sensor characteristics on dermatoscopic images: a simulation study (2021)

Dermatoscopes are commonly used to evaluate skin lesions. There are a wide array of medical imaging devices entering the market, some of which allow patients to analyze skin lesions themselves. These devices usually come in the form of smartphone attachments that leverage smartphone optics to acquire images; and in some cases, even give a preliminary diagnosis. While these attachments are useful, smartphone sensors are small which limits the extent and detail of captured images as opposed to images from a professional camera. Our work focuses on the information lost due to the known limitations of smartphone sensors, and its effect on image appearance. This analysis has been performed using a virtual simulation pipeline for dermatology, VCT-Derma, which contains simulated skin and dermatoscope models, among others. We discuss the necessary sensor parameters to adapt the dermatoscope model to various sensors, and with the help of the skin model and a colorgauge chart, obtain images from the sensors simulated. Results indicate differences in image clarity as well as observed color fidelity between the reference dermatoscope and smartphone sensors. Results of imaging the skin model show improved feature clarity in the reference device image as compared to the two smartphone sensors. Results of imaging the colorgauge chart show average &Delta;E2000 values of ~12.5 across all color patches for the reference device, and smartphone sensors. Under the same lightning, smartphone sensors showed areas with saturated pixels, as opposed to the reference device. Research is ongoing on the influence of multispectral illumination on these sensors.
Two-Dimensional Target Decoy Strategy for Shotgun Proteomics (2011)

The target-decoy approach to estimating and controlling false discovery rate (FDR) has become a de facto standard in shotgun proteomics, and it has been applied at both the peptide-to-spectrum match (PSM) and protein levels. Current bioinformatics methods control either the PSM- or the protein-level FDR, but not both. In order to obtain the most reliable information from their data, users must employ one method when the number of tandem mass spectra exceeds the number of proteins in the database and another method when the reverse is true. Here we propose a simple variation of the standard target-decoy strategy that estimates and controls PSM and protein FDRs simultaneously, regardless of the relative numbers of spectra and proteins. We demonstrate that even if the final goal is a list of PSMs with a fixed low FDR and not a list of protein identifications, the proposed two-dimensional strategy offers advantages over a pure PSM-level strategy.
Enhancement of Radiotherapy with Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Containing Gold Nanoparticles (2020)

Radiotherapy is a common approach for the treatment of a wide variety of cancer types. Available data indicate that nanoparticles can enhance the effect of radiotherapy. We report the use of human mesenchymal stem cells to selectively deliver gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts in mice for the purpose of enhancing the effect of radiation therapy. Targeted delivery of GNPs to the tumor site, followed by irradiation of the tumor, enabled control of tumor growth. The results indicate that tumor-selective GNP delivery by human mesenchymal stem cells may represent a viable way to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Human Monoclonal Antibody Fragments Binding to Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II with Picomolar Affinity (2023)

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Experimental high-intensity focused ultrasound lesion formation in cardiac tissue (2004)

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (4.5–7.5 MHz) was used to form lesions in cardiac tissue, with an ultimate objective of treating conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Ultrasound attenuation coefficients were experimentally determined in vitro for calf myocardial tissue, both muscle and pericardial fat. These coefficients were employed in computational models of linear beam propagation, tissue heating profiles and thermal lesion formation for a variety of focused transducers. Modeling was performed for continuous and pulsed exposures. These models suggested initial power levels and exposure durations for in vitro experiments on calf ventricles and septa and ex vivo experiments on canine whole hearts. Repeatability of lesion size and placement was studied as power and exposure parameters varied around the initial values. With these experimental results, power and exposure parameters were selected to create lesions in vivo in canine ventricles and septa in open-chest, anesthetized dogs. Pulsed exposures were synchronized to cardiac and respiration cycles to ensure accurate placement of the lesions. These initial in vivo experiments showed that HIFU treatments in the beating heart are feasible; they also identified refinements that are now being implemented for better control of lesion size and placement. [Work supported by NCI and NHLBI Grant 5R01 CA84588.]
Time-Delay Estimation via Linear Interpolation and Cross Correlation (2004)

Time-delay estimation (TDE), which aims at measuring the relative time difference of arrival (TDOA) between different channels is a fundamental approach for identifying, localizing, and tracking radiating sources. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of TDE based locator for applications such as automatic camera steering in a room conferencing environment where microphone sensors receive not only the direct-path signal, but also attenuated and delayed replicas of the source signal due to reflections from boundaries and objects in the room. This multipath propagation effect introduces echoes and spectral distortions into the observation signal, termed as reverberation, which severely deteriorates a TDE algorithm in its performance. This paper deals with the TDE problem with emphasis on combating reverberation using multiple microphone sensors. The multichannel cross correlation coefficient (MCCC) is rederived here, in a new way, to connect it to the well-known linear interpolation technique. Some interesting properties and bounds of the MCCC are discussed and a recursive algorithm is introduced so that the MCCC can be estimated and updated efficiently when new data snapshots are available. We then apply the MCCC to the TDE problem. The resulting new algorithm can be treated as a natural generalization of the generalized cross correlation (GCC) TDE method to the multichannel case. It is shown that this new algorithm can take advantage of the redundancy provided by multiple microphone sensors to improve TDE against both reverberation and noise. Experiments confirm that the relative time-delay estimation accuracy increases with the number of sensors.
Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): β-Lactam and Quinolone Antibiotics Stimulate Virulent Phage Growth (2007)

Although the multiplication of bacteriophages (phages) has a substantial impact on the biosphere, comparatively little is known about how the external environment affects phage production. Here we report that sub-lethal concentrations of certain antibiotics can substantially stimulate the host bacterial cell's production of some virulent phage. For example, a low dosage of cefotaxime, a cephalosporin, increased an uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain's production of the phage PhiMFP by more than 7-fold. We name this phenomenon Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS). A related effect was observed in diverse host-phage systems, including the T4-like phages, with beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics, as well as mitomycin C. A common characteristic of these antibiotics is that they inhibit bacterial cell division and trigger the SOS system. We therefore examined the PAS effect within the context of the bacterial SOS and filamentation responses. We found that the PAS effect appears SOS-independent and is primarily a consequence of cellular filamentation; it is mimicked by cells that constitutively filament. The fact that completely unrelated phages manifest this phenomenon suggests that it confers an important and general advantage to the phages.
Realization of thin-film m-plane InGaN laser diode fabricated by epitaxial lateral overgrowth and mechanical separation from a reusable growth substrate (2019)

A nonpolar edge emitting thin film InGaN laser diode has been separated from its native substrate by mechanical tearing with adhesive tape, combining the benefits of Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) and cleavability of nonpolar GaN crystal. The essence of ELO is mainly to weakening strength between native substrate and the fabricated laser device on top of it. We report a 3 mm long laser bar removed from its native GaN substrate. We confirmed edge emitting lasing operation after cleaving facets on a separated thin bar. Threshold current density of the laser was measured to be as low as 2.15 kA/cm<sup>2</sup>.
Screening of lignocellulolytic enzyme producers: enzyme system from Aspergillus t ubingensis for hydrolysis of sugi pulp (2012)

Lignocelllulolytic enzyme activities from some wood decay fungi were screened for the effective hydrolysis of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) pulp. The cellulolytic fungi were first screened using agar plates containing AZCLHE-cellulose. In addition to the Trichoderma species, Grammothele fuligo, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Pycnoporus coccineus showed greater filter paper-degrading activity under subsequent screening under solid-state fermentation. A. tubingensis KRCF 700 produced remarkable amounts of lignocellulolytic enzymes that include endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, mannnanase, xylanase, β-xylosidase, and filter paper-degrading activities. Among the tested strains, the highest synergy between cellulase preparation and the crude extract against sugi pulp hydrolysis was achieved when the extract from A. tubingensis KRCF 700 was used, followed by Aspergillus niger NBRC 31125. The diversity of the lignocellulolytic enzyme system from A. tubingensis might lead to the effective synergy with cellulase system from T. reesei.
Model for the biogenesis of the spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModel for the biogenesis of the spirobenzylisoquinoline alkaloidsMaurice Shamma and Charles David JonesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 14, 4009–4010Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01042a087https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01042a087research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High-throughput electrical measurement and microfluidic sorting of semiconductor nanowires (2016)

Existing nanowire electrical characterization tools not only are expensive and require sophisticated facilities, but are far too slow to enable statistical characterization of highly variable samples. They are also generally not compatible with further sorting and processing of nanowires. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput, solution-based electro-orientation-spectroscopy (EOS) method, which is capable of automated electrical characterization of individual nanowires by direct optical visualization of their alignment behavior under spatially uniform electric fields of different frequencies. We demonstrate that EOS can quantitatively characterize the electrical conductivities of nanowires over a 6-order-of-magnitude range (10(-5) to 10 S m(-1), corresponding to typical carrier densities of 10(10)-10(16) cm(-3)), with different fluids used to suspend the nanowires. By implementing EOS in a simple microfluidic device, continuous electrical characterization is achieved, and the sorting of nanowires is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. With measurement speeds two orders of magnitude faster than direct-contact methods, the automated EOS instrument enables for the first time the statistical characterization of highly variable 1D nanomaterials.
Hyperalgesia by low doses of the local anesthetic lidocaine involves cannabinoid signaling: An fMRI study in mice (2012)

Lidocaine is clinically widely used as a local anesthetic inhibiting propagation of action potentials in peripheral nerve fibers. Correspondingly, the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response in mouse brain to peripheral noxious input is largely suppressed by local lidocaine administered at doses used in a clinical setting. We observed, however, that local administration of lidocaine at doses 100 × lower than that used clinically led to a significantly increased sensitivity of mice to noxious forepaw stimulation as revealed by fMRI. This hyperalgesic response could be confirmed by behavioral readouts using the von Frey filament test. The increased sensitivity was found to involve a type 1 cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptor-dependent pathway as global CB(1) knockout mice, as well as wild-type mice pretreated systemically with the CB(1) receptor blocker rimonabant, did not display any hyperalgesic effects after low-dose lidocaine. Additional experiments with nociceptor-specific CB(1) receptor knockout mice indicated an involvement of the CB(1) receptors located on the nociceptors. We conclude that low concentrations of lidocaine leads to a sensitization of the nociceptors through a CB(1) receptor-dependent process. This lidocaine-induced sensitization might contribute to postoperative hyperalgesia.
Increased Visibility of Targets Submerged in Scattering Opaque Media and Polarimetric Techniques (2008)

The novelty of this paper is indicated by a series of experimental measurements aimed at enhancing the detectability of targets immersed in scattered solutions. The experimental results clearly show that polarimetric images of superior quality can be obtained by doping the background surrounding the target with polar or high-dielectric molecules, yielding an enhanced contrast and specificity of the target. In addition, it is observed that degree of linear polarization (DOLP) images exhibit superior image characteristics with respect to total intensity (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) images with the increase in the concentration of the optical scattering agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 4‐Heteroaryl‐4‐cyanopiperidines via SNAr Substitution Reactions. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
1.4 kV, 25 A, PT and NPT trench IGBTs with optimum forward characteristics (2003)

In this paper, we report the development of 1.4 kV 25 A punch-through (PT) and nonpunch-through (NPT) trench IGBTs with ultra-low on-resistance, latch-up free operation and highly superior overall performance when compared to previously reported DMOS IGBTs in the same class. We have fabricated both PT and transparent anode NPT devices to cover a wide range of applications which require very low on-state losses or very fast time with ultra-low switching losses. The minimum forward voltage drop at the standard current density of 100 A/cm/sup 2/ was 1.1 V for PT nonirradiated devices and 2.1 V for 16 MRad PT irradiated devices. The nonirradiated transparent emitter NPT structure has a typical forward voltage drop of 2.2 V, a turn-off time below 100 ns and turn-off energy losses of 11.2 mW/cm/sup 2/ at 125 C. The maximum controllable current density was in excess of 1000 A/cm/sup 2/.
Combining the serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori antibody test for predicting the histology of gastric neoplasm (2014)

A combination of serum PG levels and H. pylori antibody test is useful for detecting gastric neoplasms based on the slow gastric carcinogenesis pathway progressing from gastric adenoma to Lauren's intestinal-type gastric cancer, but not for those with advanced histology such as Lauren's diffuse-type gastric cancer.
The Role of Aquaporins in pH-Dependent Germination of Rhizopus delemar Spores (2016)

Rhizopus delemar and associated species attack a wide range of fruit and vegetables after harvest. Host nutrients and acidic pH are required for optimal germination of R. delemar, and we studied how this process is triggered. Glucose induced spore swelling in an acidic environment, expressed by an up to 3-fold increase in spore diameter, whereas spore diameter was smaller in a neutral environment. When suspended in an acidic environment, the spores started to float, indicating a change in their density. Treatment of the spores with HgCl2, an aquaporin blocker, prevented floating and inhibited spore swelling and germ-tube emergence, indicating the importance of water uptake at the early stages of germination. Two putative candidate aquaporin-encoding genes-RdAQP1 and RdAQP2-were identified in the R. delemar genome. Both presented the conserved NPA motif and six-transmembrane domain topology. Expressing RdAQP1 and RdAQP2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts increased the cells' osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) compared to controls, indicating their role as water channels. A decrease in R. delemar aquaporin activity with increasing external pH suggested pH regulation of these proteins. Substitution of two histidine (His) residues, positioned on two loops facing the outer side of the cell, with alanine eliminated the pH sensing resulting in similar Pf values under acidic and basic conditions. Since hydration is critical for spore switching from the resting to activate state, we suggest that pH regulation of the aquaporins can regulate the initial phase of R. delemar spore germination, followed by germ-tube elongation and host-tissue infection.
Radiation characterization of the ADSP2100A digital signal processor (1991)

A comprehensive radiation effects characterization of the Analog Devices ADSP2100A digital signal processor for the space environment has been completed using Californium fission fragments, laser light, heavy ions and protons. Results of these investigations led to the design of a latchup immune device that has been characterized with respect to SEU and total dose effects, as well as a thoroughly tested latchup protection and fault tolerant circuit.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Modulation by Galanin of Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin Secretion from Perifused Pituitary and Median Eminence of Prepubertal Male Calves (1997)

Galanin is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system and has been indicated as a putative hypothalamic-hypophysiotropic hormone. This study was performed to investigate the effects of galanin on both growth (GH) and luteinizing hormones (LH) from pituitaries of young male calves. Pituitary slices (P, 500 microm in thickness) were perfused alone or coincubated with median eminence terminals (ME) in DMEM-F12 plus BSA 0.1% and antibiotics. The perifusion chambers were kept in equilibrium for 150 min, and medium samples were collected every 10 min for 240 min and stored at -20 degrees C until the measurement of LH and GH levels. Basal GH release increased up to 60% after galanin infusion (p < 0.01 vs. baseline levels) for 60 min in P alone; in P + ME coincubation, galanin-stimulated GH secretion was further increased by up to 200%. Basal LH release in chambers with P was significantly increased (up to 25%; p < 0.05) for 70 min after galanin infusion; P + ME coincubation showed a galanin-mediated increase in LH release of up to 50%. GH and LH responsiveness to exogenous GH-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone was not significantly modulated by galanin in our experimental model. In conclusion, galanin is demonstrated to have a significant stimulatory role in the secretion of GH and LH, with a combined action at both the hypothalamic and pituitary levels. ......................
Ultrathin textured polycrystalline oxide with a high electron conduction efficiency prepared by thermal oxidation of thin polycrystalline silicon film on n+ polycrystalline silicon (1993)

This letter presents an ultrathin textured polycrystalline oxide (polyoxide) (≤100 Å) prepared by thermal oxidation of thin polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) film on n+ polysilicon. The presented textured polyoxide exhibits a much higher electron injection efficiency, a much smaller electron trapping rate, and a much larger charge to breakdown than the normal polyoxide. The value of Qbd of the textured polyoxide could be more than 3000 C/cm2 even under 100 mA/cm2 stressing.