gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional integration of heterogeneous silicon micro-structures by liftoff and stamping transfer (2007)

We propose a method of integrating heterogeneous silicon microstructures (typical scale of 10–100 µm) into a single silicon substrate to fabricate MEMS structures. It includes adhesion-based liftoff and stamping transfer (LIST) processes using poly-(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheets. Silicon microstructures fabricated on different wafers are lifted onto the PDMS sheets by breaking the narrow columns supporting the microstructures by applying a vertical load to the PDMS sheet, and then transferred onto the silicon substrate with high yield (more than 90%) and superior positioning accuracy (within 0.3 µm on average in a 2 × 3 mm area). Multiple heterogeneous silicon structures are integrated into a single silicon substrate by repeating this LIST process. We fabricated two-dimensional arrays, three-dimensional pyramidal structures and overhanging bridge microstructures with our method, which proved that the LIST process could be used to integrate heterogeneous MEMS structures into a single wafer.
An automatic method of measuring foot girths for custom footwear using local RBF implicit surfaces (2010)

Three-dimensional point cloud data of a foot are used to determine the critical dimensions for making custom footwear. However, automatic and accurate measurement of dimensions, especially girths, is an issue of concern to many designers and footwear developers. Existing methods for measuring girths are primarily based on points or generated triangles, but their accuracy is heavily dependent on the density of the point cloud data. In this paper we present the use of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) surface modelling technique for measuring girths as it has the advantage of being able to operate on unorganised three-dimensional points, so that the generated surface passes through every scanned point, while repairing incomplete meshes. To overcome the high computational expense of the RBF method, local surface recovery, octree division and combination, inverse power method and improved Cholesky factorisation are used. The girth measurements obtained from adopting these approaches are compared against the existing measurement methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the local RBF implicit surface can provide more stable and accurate measurements using relatively less time, proving its value in custom footwear manufacture.
Analyzing multi-axis data versus scalar data for UXO discrimination (2005)

The objective of this paper is to study the advantage of multi-axis (vector) data over scalar one-dimensional data in the electromagnetic induction (diffusion) regime in both frequency and time domains for discriminating unexploded ordnance (UXO). Particular attention is given to the time domain. Traditional magnetometers and coil-based electromagnetic induction sensors measure only one component of the scattered magnetic field. They provide high sensitivity, but one-component magnetic field measurements provide limited information about the electromagnetic signatures of buried items, particularly for target localization and determination of target parameters. Recently much effort has been directed at developing next-generation electromagnetic geophysical sensors to collect vector data; for example, Geophex has built a new 3D GEM-3 sensor, with one transmitter and three (all Hx, Hy, Hz) receiver coils, and similar capabilities exist in the time domain. In this paper a surface magnetic charge (SMC) model, in conjunction with a differential evolution (DE) algorithm, is used to treat multi-axis data to advance, motivated by potential application to discrimination of buried UXO’s. In the SMC model the scattered magnetic field is produced by a set of magnetic charges distributed mathematically around the target location. The amplitudes of these charges is determined by matching to measured magnetic fields at a selected set of points. When the charge amplitudes are normalized by the corresponding normal component of the primary field at each location, their sum is regarded as an indication of the magnetic capacity of the object and is used as a discriminant. Once the amplitude of this normalized source set is found for each object, it can be stored for subsequent use in a discrimination algorithm. Time domain SMCs are developed for highly permeable and metallic objects buried inside a magnetic half-space. Air/magnetic ground interface effects are taken into account using image theory. Examples of synthetic electromagnetic induction data sets in the time domain are designed to show the advantage of vector over scalar data. The numerical tests for inversion of an object’s location and position from the multi-axis data and single component data will are discussed and analyzed in detail.
Quasi-Steady-State and Singular Perturbation Reduction for Reaction Networks with Noninteracting Species (2022)

Quasi-steady state (QSS) reduction is a commonly used method to lower the dimension of a differential equation model of a chemical reaction network. From a mathematical perspective, QSS reduction is generally interpreted as a special type of singular perturbation reduction, but in many instances the correspondence is not worked out rigorously, and the QSS reduction may yield incorrect results. The present paper contains a thorough discussion of QSS reduction and its relation to singular perturbation reduction for the special, but important, case when the right-hand side of the differential equation is linear in the variables to be eliminated (but the differential equation model might otherwise be nonlinear). For this class we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a singular perturbation reduction (in the sense of Tikhonov and Fenichel) to exist, and to agree with QSS reduction. We then apply the general results to chemical reaction networks with noninteracting species, generalizing earlier results and methods for steady states to QSS scenarios. We provide easy-to-check graphical conditions to select parameter values for which the singular perturbation reduction applies, and additionally, we identify when the singular perturbation reduction agrees with the QSS reduction. Finally we consider a number of examples.
Thick Film Pastes for Power Applications (2013)

Electronic circuits made by thick film technology are commonly used today in electronic circuitry for automotive applications. Densely packed multi-layer hybrid circuits are very well established for motor and transmission management in standard gasoline fuelled vehicles. As automotive technology shifts from mechanical systems to electrical systems and toward more electrically driven vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles and full electric vehicles, thick film systems need to be adapted to fit the challenges and needs of these new applications. The following is a description of a new set of thick film pastes, both precious and base metal, which have attributes and performance suitable for power electronics in automotive applications. The materials provide a means to use common thick film technology to build power circuits to meet the new needs, such as high current carrying capacity and thermal dissipation.
Uncertainty relations and sparse decompositions of analog signals (2008)

We consider uncertainty principles for analog signals that lie in a finitely-generated shift-invariant (SI) space. By adapting the notion of coherence defined for finite dictionaries to infinite SI representations, we develop an uncertainty principle similar in spirit to its finite counterpart. Building upon these results and similar work in the finite setting, we show how to find a sparse decomposition of an analog signal in an overcomplete dictionary by solving a convex optimization problem. The distinguishing feature of our approach is the fact that even though the problem is defined over an infinite domain with infinitely many variables and constraints, under certain conditions on the dictionary spectrum our algorithm can find the sparsest representation by solving a finite dimensional problem.
Estrogen Receptors in the Male (1981)

Estrogens in the male are secreted by the testes and derived extragonadally from the aromatization of certain androgens. In some brain regions critical for the control of gonadotropin secretion and behavior, androgens may be aromatized to estrogens within the cells that are regulated. Estrogen may have other physiological roles on the testes to control testosterone secretion and on accessory sex glands to promote both fibromuscular growth and secretion. High doses of estrogen given for treatment of prostatic cancer or modulation of reproductive function not only reduce testosterone secretion but also interact with the liver, changing the secretion of various plasma proteins and causing several undesirable side effects. The hypothalamus, pituitary, testes, accessory sex glands, and liver all contain an apparently identical protein, the estrogen receptor, which may mediate the actions of estrogen.
Proceedings, 1986 International Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems (1986)

This book contains papers given at a conference on object oriented data base systems. Topics included the following: Data base systems; computer architecture for data bases; data base programming languages; object oriented languages; memory devices; and, object modelling.
A Second Extensin-Like Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoprotein from Carrot Cell Walls (1987)

The insoluble extensin matrix of dicot cell walls has been studied most fruitfully by examining the salt-extractable precursors to this matrix. Multiple extensin-like hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) have been isolated, or their existence inferred, from tomato, potato, bean, soybean, melon, carrot, and other plants. We and others previously have studied a carrot extensin which we call extensin-1. Here we report on the properties of extensin-2, a second salt-extractable hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein from carrot. Like extensin-1, extensin-2 contains large amounts of hydroxyproline, serine, histidine, and lysine. In contrast, its tyrosine content is only about one-third that of extensin-1. Arabinose and galactose are the most abundant neutral sugars in both proteins, and nearly identical buoyant densities in CsCl suggest a similar proportion of carbohydrate in each. The size of extensin-2 is about half the size of extensin-1 based on: (a) the measured lengths of shadowed molecules (about 40 versus 84 nanometers); (b) the migration of extensin-2 in acid-urea gels relative to monomers, dimers, and trimers of extensin-1; and (c) the Stokes' radii of these molecules as determined by gel filtration chromatography. Electron microscopy of shadowed extensin-2 molecules indicates that they contain kinks, which may indicate the presence of intramolecular isodityrosine cross-links, but intermolecular cross-links, either with other extensin-2 molecules or extensin-1 molecules, are observed rarely if ever.
Oversampling in a forced-asynchronous CDMA system (2002)

We demonstrate the performance gains attainable through the aid of oversampling in an asynchronous direct sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) system. In chip-rate sampled systems with spreading factor N/spl acute/, the dimensionality of the system is N, limiting the number of supportable users. We show that oversampling increases the dimensions beyond this factor. The increased dimensionality allows the support of more users or a higher separation between existing users. We formulate an optimization problem over user delays and spreading codes that achieves maximum system performance. This forced-asynchronous CDMA system creates a novel area of optimization with immediate implications on code and system design.
Dryer Effluent Monitoring in a Chemical Pilot Plant via Fiber-Optic Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (1998)

The monitoring of the effluent of a rotary dryer has been developed and implemented. The vapor stream between the dryer and the vacuum is monitored in real time by a process fiber-optic coupled near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. A partial least-squares (PLS) calibration model was developed on the basis of solvents typically used in a chemical pilot plant and uploaded to an acousto-optic tunable filter NIR (AOTF-NIR). The AOTF-NIR is well suited to process monitoring as it electrically scans a crystal and hence has no moving parts. The AOTF-NIR continuously fits the PLS model to the currently collected spectrum. The returned values can be used to follow the drying process and determine when the material can be unloaded from the dryer. The effluent stream was monitored by placing a gas cell in-line with the vapor stream. The gas cell is fiber-optic coupled to a NIR instrument located 20 m away. The results indicate that the percent vapor in the effluent stream can be monitored in real time and thus be used to determine when the product is free of solvent.
Nintedanib in children and adolescents with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (2022)

In children and adolescents with fibrosing ILD, a weight-based dosing regimen resulted in exposure to nintedanib similar to adults and an acceptable safety profile. These data provide a scientific basis for the use of nintedanib in this patient population.
Summary Abstract: Ellipsometric studies of sputtered silicon nitride on n‐GaAs (1982)

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3. How comprehensive can we be in the economic assessment of vaccines? (2017)

In two previous papers we argued on current vaccines economic assessment not fully comprehensive when using the incremental cost-utility analysis normally applied for treatments. Many differences exist between vaccines and drug treatments making vaccines economic evaluation more cumbersome. Four challenges overwhelmingly present in vaccines assessment are less important for treatments: requirements for population, societal perspectives, budget impact evaluation, and time focused objectives (control or elimination). Based on this, economic analysis of vaccines may need to be presented to many different stakeholders with various evaluation preferences, in addition to the current stakeholders involved for drugs treatment assessment. Then, we may need a tool making the inventory of the different vaccines health economic assessment programmes more comprehensive. The cauliflower value toolbox has been developed with that aim, and its use is illustrated here with rotavirus vaccine. Given the broader perspectives for vaccine assessment, it provides better value and cost evaluations. Cost-benefit analysis may be the preferred economic assessment method when considering substitution from treatment to active medical prevention. Other economic evaluation methods can be selected (i.e. optimisation modelling, return on investment) when project prioritisation is the main focus considered and when stakeholders would like to influence the development of the healthcare programme.
7-Dimensional flow quantification with balanced SSFP (2007)

Seven-dimensional flow quantification techniques (3D spatial encoding, 3-direction velocity encoding, and time resolution) are widely used for the study of flow patterns in blood vessels. The existing methods [1] are based on radiofrequency spoiled gradient echo sequences that give very low signal from fluids because of spin saturation effects when TR &lt;&lt; T1. In this work, we show the feasibility of a flow sensitive phase-contrast balanced SSFP (PC-bSSFP) sequence, which holds a T2/T1 contrast, and results in a significantly higher signal to noise ratio in fluids. As a drawback, the implementation of a bSSFP sequence requires attention to issues concerning steady-state and artifacts. In order to avoid steady-state disruption, leading to signal loss and artifacts, flow compensation over repetition time was implemented in our sequence. Additionally, it was critical to optimize the gradient parameters in order to obtain the desired flow sensitivity while maintaining the shortest possible TR, not only for temporal resolution but also for reducing bSSFP-specific banding artifacts. Our implementation allowed us to extend the field of application of 7D flow measurement sequences to the study of cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) flow patterns, which are still unclear in the present state of research.
Hydrodynamic approach to coherent nuclear-spin transport (2005)

We develop a linear response formalism for nuclear-spin diffusion in a dipolar-coupled solid. The theory applies to the high-temperature, long-wavelength regime studied in the recent experiments of Boutis et al. [Phys Rev. Lett. 92, 137201 (2004)], which provided direct measurement of interspin energy diffusion in such a system. A systematic expansion of Kubo's formula in the flip-flop term of the Hamiltonian is used to calculate the diffusion coefficients. We show that this approach is equivalent to the method of Lowe and Gade [Phys. Rev. 156, 817 (1967)] and Kaplan [Phys. Rev. B 2, 4578 (1970)], but has several calculational and conceptual advantages. Although the lowest orders in this expansion agree with the experimental results for magnetization diffusion, this is not the case for energy diffusion. Possible reasons for this disparity are suggested.
The application of pattern recognition as defect prediction tool in solidification modeling of single crystal investment castings (1995)

Solidification grain conditions were separated into four separate categories corresponding to the more common conditions found in single crystal production castings. The four grain conditions investigated were equiaxed grains, columnar grains, single crystals and freckle defects. Baseline computer models were developed which define these conditions in terms of various thermal history data obtained form the models, related to the thermal gradient (G) and rate of solidification (R) for the single crystal investment castings. By resolving the G and R values into vector components, as well as published criteria functions, numerous features of the thermal history were obtained and compared for the defining data. Extensive statistics were performed on the data to determine the statistical influence of each of the features on the categorization of the baseline data. The relative influence of the variables in identifying the grain conditions was determined by using pattern recognition, a categorization technique normally used in signal processing. It was discovered that many of the traditional features used in criteria functions were not influential when used to recognize the four grain condition categories of data. A least square 3 variable linear equation using the influential features was better for identification of grain conditions than more traditionalmore » methods in the categorization techniques. The baseline, or training data, was then tested with laboratory and production shaped solidification models to categorize the thermal history and compare directly with the defined baseline models. The numerical categorization was very consistent with experimental results and process changes were made to eliminate the undesirable grain conditions in several different casting shapes.« less
705. A Practical Approach to siRNA-Based Treatment Design Using Bioluminescent Imaging and Mathematical Modeling (2006)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules achieve sequence- specific gene silencing through a process known as RNA interference (RNAi). Compared to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics aimed at post-transcriptional gene silencing, such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, siRNA molecules achieve greater magnitude and duration of gene silencing at significantly lower doses. While the duration of gene knockdown by siRNA typically lasts around 1 week in rapidly dividing cells, recent reports of knockdown lasting for several weeks in nondividing cells indicate that dilution due to cell division may be a limiting factor in rapidly dividing cells. To determine if cell division directly impacts the duration of gene knockdown by siRNA, we chose to investigate the kinetics of siRNA-mediated gene silencing in luciferase-expressing cell lines with different observed doubling times using noninvasive bioluminescent imaging and a mathematical model of siRNA delivery and function. In vitro and in vivo, the duration of gene knockdown is inversely proportional to the rate of cell division. Consistent with previous reports, luciferase protein levels recover to pre-treatment values within less than 1 week in rapidly dividing cell lines, but take longer than 3 weeks to return to steady-state levels in nondividing fibroblasts. Similar results are observed in vivo, with knockdown lasting around 1 week in subcutaneous tumors in A/J mice and 3-4 weeks in the nondividing hepatocytes of BALB/c mice. These data indicate that dilution due to cell division, and not intracellular siRNA half-life, governs the duration of gene silencing under these conditions. Here, we will present our latest results describing the effects of cell doubling time, siRNA stability, and dosing schedule on siRNA- mediated gene silencing. Specifically, we will investigate whether the duration of knockdown using chemically modified siRNA molecules exhibits a similar dependence on cell doubling time. The implications of these findings will be highlighted using model calculations to determine the dosing schedule required to maintain persistent silencing of target proteins and to predict when maximum mRNA or protein knockdown will occur, an especially important factor when trying to observe a therapeutic effect resulting from protein knockdown. The approach of bioluminescent imaging combined with mathematical modeling provides insights into siRNA function that will hopefully be of practical use for both researchers and clinicians alike.
Full-Vector Finite-Element Beam Propagation Method for Helicoidal Waveguides and Its Application to Twisted Photonic Crystal Fibers (2017)

A full-vector beam propagation method based on a finite-element scheme for a helicoidal system is developed. The permittivity and permeability tensors of a straight waveguide are replaced with equivalent ones for a helicoidal system, obtained by transformation optics. A cylindrical, perfectly matched layer is implemented for the absorbing boundary condition. To treat wide-angle beam propagation, a second-order differentiation term with respect to the propagation direction is directly discretized without using a conventional Padé approximation. The transmission spectra of twisted photonic crystal fibers are thoroughly investigated, and it is found that the diameters of the air holes greatly affect the spectra. The calculated results are in good agreement with the recently reported measured results, showing the validity and usefulness of the method developed here.
Short communication Divergence of chloroplast gene organization in three legumes (1986)

Summary Isolated chloroplasts from Pisum sativum were found to contain at least 32 tRNA species. Hybridization of in vitro labeled, identified, chloroplast tRNAs to Pisum chloroplast DNA fragments revealed the locations of the tRNA genes on the circular chloroplast genome. Comparison of this gene map to the maps of Vicia faba and Phaseolus vulgaris showed that the chloroplast genomes of Pisum and Phaseolus are otherwise more closely related than either genome is to the chloroplast genome of Vicia. Furthermore, the results suggest how possible recombination events could be involved in the evolution of these three closely related, but divergent, chloroplast genomes.
Figure S2 from Tumor Intrinsic Efficacy by SHP2 and RTK Inhibitors in KRAS-Mutant Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;In vivo efficacy of SHP099 (100 mg/kg, daily) in the KYSE-520 esophageal cancer cell line model. Data are plotted as the treatment mean {plus minus} s.e.m (n=7) ( (B-I) In vivo efficacy data for cell line models represented in Fig. 3E. SHP099 and trametinib were orally administered at the doses, schedules and for the duration indicated. Data are plotted as the treatment mean {plus minus} s.e.m.&lt;/p&gt;