gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Consume, Modify, Share (CMS): The Interplay between Individual Decisions and Structural Network Properties in the Diffusion of Information (2016)

Widely used information diffusion models such as Independent Cascade Model, Susceptible Infected Recovered (SIR) and others fail to acknowledge that information is constantly subject to modification. Some aspects of information diffusion are best explained by network structural characteristics while in some cases strong influence comes from individual decisions. We introduce reinvention, the ability to modify information, as an individual level decision that affects the diffusion process as a whole. Based on a combination of constructs from the Diffusion of Innovations and the Critical Mass Theories, the present study advances the CMS (consume, modify, share) model which accounts for the interplay between network structure and human behavior and interactions. The model's building blocks include processes leading up to and following the formation of a critical mass of information adopters and disseminators. We examine the formation of an inflection point, information reach, sustainability of the diffusion process and collective value creation. The CMS model is tested on two directed networks and one undirected network, assuming weak or strong ties and applying constant and relative modification schemes. While all three networks are designed for disseminating new knowledge they differ in structural properties. Our findings suggest that modification enhances the diffusion of information in networks that support undirected connections and carries the biggest effect when information is shared via weak ties. Rogers' diffusion model and traditional information contagion models are fine tuned. Our results show that modifications not only contribute to a sustainable diffusion process, but also aid information in reaching remote areas of the network. The results point to the importance of cultivating weak ties, allowing reciprocal interaction among nodes and supporting the modification of information in promoting diffusion processes. These results have theoretical and practical implications for designing networks aimed at accelerating the creation and diffusion of information.
Neuropilin-1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans cooperate in cellular uptake of nanoparticles functionalized by cationic cell-penetrating peptides (2015)

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been widely used to deliver nanomaterials and other types of macromolecules into mammalian cells for therapeutic and diagnostic use. Cationic CPPs that bind to heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on the cell surface induce potent endocytosis; however, the role of other surface receptors in this process is unclear. We describe the convergence of an HS-dependent pathway with the C-end rule (CendR) mechanism that enables peptide ligation with neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a cell surface receptor known to be involved in angiogenesis and vascular permeability. NRP1 binds peptides carrying a positive residue at the carboxyl terminus, a feature that is compatible with cationic CPPs, either intact or after proteolytic processing. We used CPP and CendR peptides, as well as HS- and NRP1-binding motifs from semaphorins, to explore the commonalities and differences of the HS and NRP1 pathways. We show that the CendR-NRP1 interaction determines the ability of CPPs to induce vascular permeability. We also show at the ultrastructural level, using a novel cell entry synchronization method, that both the HS and NRP1 pathways can initiate a macropinocytosis-like process and visualize these CPP-cargo complexes going through various endosomal compartments. Our results provide new insights into how CPPs exploit multiple surface receptor pathways for intracellular delivery.
Comparison of CID spectra of singly charged polypeptide antibiotic precursor ions obtained by positive‐ion vacuum MALDI IT/RTOF and TOF/RTOF, AP‐MALDI‐IT and ESI‐IT mass spectrometry (2006)

Various classes of polypeptide antibiotics, including blocked linear peptides (gramicidin D), side-chain-cyclized peptides (bacitracin, viomycin, capreomycin), side-chain-cyclized depsipeptides (virginiamycin S), real cyclic peptides (tyrocidin, gramcidin S) and side-chain-cyclized lipopeptides (polymyxin B and E, amfomycin), were investigated by low-energy collision induced dissociation (LE-CID) as well as high-energy CID (HE-CID). Ion trap (IT) based instruments with different desorption/ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) and vacuum MALDI (vMALDI) as well as a vMALDI-time-of-flight (TOF)/curved field-reflectron instrument fitted with a gas collision cell were used. For optimum comparability of data from different IT instruments, the CID conditions were standardized and only singly charged precursor ions were considered. Additionally, HE-CID data obtained from the TOF-based instrument were acquired and compared with LE-CID data from ITs. Major differences between trap-based and TOF-based CID data are that the latter data set lacks abundant additional loss of small neutrals (e.g. ammonia, water) but contains product ions down to the immonium-ion-type region, thereby allowing the detection of even single amino-acid (even unusual amino acids) substitutions. For several polypeptide antibiotics, mass spectrometric as well as tandem mass spectrometric data are shown and discussed for the first time, and some yet undescribed minor components are also reported. De novo sequencing of unusually linked minor components of (e.g. cyclic) polypeptides is practically impossible without knowledge of the exact structure and fragmentation behavior of the major components. Finally, the described standardized CID condition constitutes a basic prerequisite for creating a searchable, annotated MS(n)-database of bioactive compounds. The applied desorption/ionization techniques showed no significant influence on the type of product ions (neglecting relative abundances of product ions formed) observed, and therefore the type of analyzer connected with the CID process mainly determines the type of fragment ions.
Observation of Radiation-Induced Leakage Current Defects in MOS Oxides With Multifrequency Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance and Near-Zero-Field Magnetoresistance (2020)

We report high and low-frequency electrically detected magnetic resonance measurements and near-zero-field magnetoresistance measurements on radiation-induced leakage currents in irradiated Si/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) structures. This study identifies the chemical and physical nature of atomic-scale defects involved in radiation-induced leakage currents in SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> using an analytical technique. Our results suggest that trap-assisted tunneling through these Si/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> structures involves Pb centers (silicon dangling bonds at the Si/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interface), rather than only E' centers (oxygen vacancies in the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film). We utilize simulations of the defects' resonance spectra to provide further evidence for the involvement of interface Pb centers in the radiation-induced leakage currents. These simulations also explore the possibility of additional E' center involvement in the radiation-induced leakage currents.
Scintigraphic studies of F(ab')2 in human tumor xenografts in mice (1984)

F(ab')2 fragments of a large number of anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies were examined for their potential use in radioimmunodetection. Mice bearing 30-150 mg human tumor grafts received 15 ..mu..Ci of I-131 F(ab')2 and organ distribution studies were performed 2 and 4 days later. Some mice were imaged daily after the injection of 100 ..mu..Ci of labelled fragments. Non-specific I-125 F(ab')2 was used as a control. Antibody affinities and the number of antigenic sites per cell were determined by Scatchard analysis of the in vitro binding of antibody to the tumor cell lines grafted. Specific localization of 2 colorectal, 1 lung and 1 breast monoclonal antibody was easily demonstrated in mice bearing the appropriate tumors while mice bearing unrelated tumors showed no localization. Good images were obtained from the second day onwards. However, it was more difficult to obtain good images of melanoma grafts using 6 different anti-melanoma antibodies. Although tumor to blood ratios of radiotracer as high as 34:1 were obtained, the total amount of radioactivity within the melanoma grafts was always considerably lower than in the other tumor types examined (0.8% of injected dose per gm compared to 1.4%). For tumor grafts with greater than 10/sup 6/ antigenic sites permore » cell, antibodies with affinities as low as 1.8 x 10/sup 8/ 1/mole successfully localized in vivo. When only 10/sup 5/-10/sup 6/ sites per cell were available, antibodies with affinities of at least 10/sup 9/ 1/mole were required to yield good biodistribution results and even then imaging was difficult. No significant localization was seen for antibodies with affinities lower than 10/sup 8/ 1/mole or less than 10/sup 5/ antigenic sites per cell.« less
Method of determination of the optical constants of particulate samples (2023)

Knowledge of the optical constants of particulate samples is critical in order to accurately model their optical behavior. For example, the dispersion and attenuation of a silicate sand are required to model scattering through a dust cloud. Most methods of measuring these quantities, however, require a polished solid sample and are therefore not suited to particulates. We present a novel method of measurement based on spectroscopic ellipsometry that can be applied to any particulate material. First, an adhesive compound is prepared and polished, and its optical constants are extracted. Then, a mixture of the adhesive and a particulate sample is prepared, and, treating the mixture as a Bruggeman effective medium, the optical constants of the particulate material are determined. We test the method’s effectiveness using pure silica powder, demonstrating that the results match literature values. The method is then applied to real sand samples. We present data for several types of sand and show that it is possible to accurately determine their optical properties and to observe the Christiansen effect in these samples.
Correction: Corrigendum: NFATc1 supports imiquimod-induced skin inflammation by suppressing IL-10 synthesis in B cells (2016)

Nature Communications 7 Article number: 11724 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11724(2016); Published: 25 May 2016; Updated: 2 August 2016. The affiliation details for Amiya K. Patra are incomplete in this Article. The correct affiliations are given below: Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
Enhancer Activation by Pharmacologic Displacement of LSD1 from GFI1 Induces Differentiation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2018)

Pharmacologic inhibition of LSD1 promotes blast cell differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with MLL translocations. The assumption has been that differentiation is induced through blockade of LSD1's histone demethylase activity. However, we observed that rapid, extensive, drug-induced changes in transcription occurred without genome-wide accumulation of the histone modifications targeted for demethylation by LSD1 at sites of LSD1 binding and that a demethylase-defective mutant rescued LSD1 knockdown AML cells as efficiently as wild-type protein. Rather, LSD1 inhibitors disrupt the interaction of LSD1 and RCOR1 with the SNAG-domain transcription repressor GFI1, which is bound to a discrete set of enhancers located close to transcription factor genes that regulate myeloid differentiation. Physical separation of LSD1/RCOR1 from GFI1 is required for drug-induced differentiation. The consequent inactivation of GFI1 leads to increased enhancer histone acetylation within hours, which directly correlates with the upregulation of nearby subordinate genes.
On-chip platform for a phased array with minimal beam divergence and wide field-of-view (2018)

Current silicon photonics phased arrays based on waveguide gratings enable beam steering with no moving parts. However, they suffer from a trade-off between beam divergence and field of view. Here, we show a platform based on silicon-nitride/silicon that achieves simultaneously minimal beam divergence and maximum field of view while maintaining performance that is robust to fabrication variations. In addition, in order to maximize the emission from the entire length of the grating, we design the grating's strength by varying its duty cycle (apodization) to emit uniformly. We fabricate a millimeter long grating emitter with diffraction-limited beam divergence of 0.089°.
Cardiovascular repair and regeneration 2008: the Fourth International Conference on Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease (IC3D) (2008)

The principal lessons and take-home points from IC3D are: 1) clinical trials are in an expansion stage, being constructed upon the substantial foundation of the international experience of the last 6-7 years, and now looking at hard clinical endpoints, 2) catheter-based cell-delivery is likely to be the mainstay of clinical trials and, in time, clinical practice, 3) the coming year will bring light to techniques for enhancing cell function (autologous or allogeneic), improving tissue receptivity to cell delivery and facilitating the performance catheter-based procedures. While the role of cell-therapy in clinical practice is yet to be established, signals from existing data indicate that engagement of the interventional cardiology community in this field should be expanded.
Optical clearing of adipose tissue (2021)

This chapter discusses the optical clearing (OC) of adipose tissue ex vivo and in vivo, which has not yet been described but can be useful in optical diagnostics, therapy, and surgery when the site where it is necessary to carry out light exposure is covered by adipose tissue, which is typical in the case of many important internal organs. The chapter combines the review of adipose tissue structure and its optical properties and focuses on studies aimed at designing technology for in vivo optical clearing of abdominal adipose tissue using different optical clearing agents (OCAs), such as polyethylene glycol 200, dimethyl sulfoxide, metrizoic acid in low concentration, diatrizoic acid in high concentration, Omnipaque,™ and aqueous solutions of glucose, fructose, sucrose, altrose, erythrose, fucose, maltose, mannose, ribitol, tagatose, and trehalose. OC efficiency in the topical application of OCAs in combination with ultrasound action and/or laser fractional microablation was evaluated. To monitor possible tissue damage, histological studies were performed. All optical measurements in the study were carried out using an Olympus setup made to provide spatially resolved backreflectance measurements and the reconstruction of tissue optical properties – absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. The kinetics of the reduced scattering coefficient of adipose tissue during OC was measured. Prior to in vivo studies, ex vivo measurements were taken. The maximal optical clearing effect (77%) was observed for the ex vivo samples subjected to the fructose action during 40 min. For in vivo tissue, the maximal OC effect (65%) was observed when the diatrizoic acid was applied during 120 min. After tissue OC, an histological analysis was done for each sample to reveal a possible tissue injury. At the in vivo application of some OCAs (sucrose, diatrizoic, and metrizoic acids), adipocyte necrosis was observed. When using fructose solution, a low level of tissue destruction was found. The efficiency of OC correlated with local tissue damage through cell necrosis.
Temper-Bead Weld by Underwater Laser Beam Welding (2009)

In repair welding for nuclear reactor vessel, low alloy steels are affected by heat input during welding process. The conventional repair welding for wall steel constructions requires post weld heat treatment (PWHT) to achieve the desired microstructure properties. However, post weld heat treatment is very difficult for some structures in operating plants. In such case, temper-bead welding technique is available as a repair welding method. Temper-bead welding employs a multi-pass deposition of welding metal. Each layer of beads provides heat for thermal treatment of the previous weld bead or layer, which lowers hardness of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and improves mechanical properties like the toughness. Toshiba has developed underwater laser cladding and laser seal welding techniques for reactor components repair welding. In this report, some experimental results of laser based underwater temper-bead welding are presented.
Identification of the Sialic Acid Structures Recognized by Minute Virus of Mice and the Role of Binding Affinity in Virulence Adaptation (2006)

Sialic acid binding is required for infectious cell surface receptor recognition by parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM). We have utilized a glycan array consisting of approximately 180 different carbohydrate structures to identify the specific sialosides recognized by the prototype (MVMp) and immunosuppressive (MVMi) strains of MVM plus three virulent mutants of MVMp, MVMp-I362S, MVMp-K368R, and MVMp-I362S/K368R. All of the MVM capsids specifically bound to three structures with a terminal sialic acid-linked alpha2-3 to a common Galbeta1-4GlcNAc motif: Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (3'SiaLN-LN), Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc (3'SiaLN-LN-LN), and Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)-GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc (sLe(x)-Le(x)-Le(x)). In addition, MVMi also recognized four multisialylated glycans with terminal alpha2-8 linkages: Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha ((Sia)(3)), Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4Glc (GD3), Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-4Glc (GT3), and Neu5Acalpha2-8Neu5Acalpha2-3(GalNAcbeta1-4)Galbeta1-4Glc (GD2). Interestingly, the virulent MVMp-K368R mutant also recognized GT3. Analysis of the relative binding affinities using a surface plasmon resonance biospecific interaction (BIAcore) assay showed the wild-type MVMp and MVMi capsids binding with higher affinity to selected glycans compared with the virulent MVMp mutants. The reduced affinity of the virulent MVMp mutants are consistent with previous in vitro cell binding assays that had shown weaker binding to permissive cells compared with wild-type MVMp. This study identifies the sialic acid structures recognized by MVM. It also provides rationale for the tropism of MVM for malignant transformed cells that contain sLe(x) motifs and the neurotropism of MVMi, which is likely mediated via interactions with multisialylated glycans known to be tumor cell markers. Finally, the observations further implicate a decreased binding affinity for sialic acid in the in vivo adaptation of MVMp to a virulent phenotype.
Measurement of long-range multiparticle azimuthal correlations with the subevent cumulant method in pp and p+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (2018)

A detailed study of multi-particle azimuthal correlations is presented using $pp$ data at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ and 13 TeV, and $p$+Pb data at $\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The azimuthal correlations are probed using four-particle cumulants $c_{n}\{4\}$ and flow coefficients $v_n\{4\}=(-c_{n}\{4\})^{1/4}$ for $n=2$ and 3, with the goal of extracting long-range multi-particle azimuthal correlation signals and suppressing the short-range correlations. The values of $c_{n}\{4\}$ are obtained as a function of the average number of charged particles per event, $\left\langle N_{\rm{ch}} \right\rangle$, using the recently proposed two-subevent and three-subevent cumulant methods, and compared with results obtained with the standard cumulant method. The three-subevent method is found to be least sensitive to short-range correlations, which originate mostly from jets with a positive contribution to $c_{n}\{4\}$. The three-subevent method gives a negative $c_{2}\{4\}$, and therefore a well-defined $v_2\{4\}$, nearly independent of $\left\langle N_{\rm{ch}} \right\rangle$, which provides direct evidence that the long-range multi-particle azimuthal correlations persist to events with low multiplicity. Furthermore, $v_2\{4\}$ is found to be smaller than the $v_2\{2\}$ measured using the two-particle correlation method, as expected for long-range collective behavior. Finally, the measured values of $v_2\{4\}$ and $v_2\{2\}$ are used to estimate the number of sources relevant for the initial eccentricity in the collision geometry.
Evaluation of N-Alkyl Derivatives of Radioiodinated Spiperone as Radioligands for in Vivo Dopamine D2 Receptor Studies: Effects of Lipophilicity and Receptor Affinity on the in Vivo Biodistribution. (1992)

A series of radioiodinated spiperone (2'-ISP) derivatives bearing amide N-alkyl substituents (N-methyl-2'-ISP, N-ethyl-2'-ISP, and N-propyl-2'-ISP) were synthesized and evaluated as potential singlet photon emission computed tomographic radiopharmaceuticals for visualizing dopaminergic receptors. The lipophilicity of these ligands (i.e., the partition coefficient for octanol-phosphate buffer) increased as the chain length increased. Investigation of blood-brain barrier permeability in rats showed a parabolic relationship between the brain uptake index and the partition coefficient. In vitro competitive binding studies showed that the relative affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor was in the order of N-propyl-2'-ISP greater than 2'-ISP greater than N-methyl-2'-ISP approximately N-ethyl-2'-ISP. In vivo biodistribution studies showed that the initial brain uptake correlated fairly well with the brain uptake index and that the kinetics of the radioactivity specifically bound to the striatum were strongly influenced by the dopamine receptor binding affinity of the compounds. Thus, the in vivo behavior of these N-alkylated 2'-ISP derivatives involved a complex interplay between receptor affinity, lipophilicity, and blood-brain barrier permeability.
User determined superdirective beamforming (2014)

Superdirective beamforming is a well-known method for enhancement of reverberated speech signals. Nevertheless, it is very susceptible to errors in the sensor array characteristics, thermal noise, and white noise input, resulting in a low level of white noise gain, particularly at low frequencies. It is of great interest to develop a beamformer with superior enhancement of reverberated signals, having a high directivity factor, together with a relatively high white noise gain level. In this paper, a solution which controls both the directivity factor and the white noise gain is examined. We propose a linear weighted combination of two conventional beamformers, the regularized superdirective beamformer and the delay-and-sum beamformer. We analyze the beamformer gain responses, and consequently derive two user-determined frequency-dependent white noise gain and directivity factor beamformers, respectively. Simulation results approve our findings, and show of a robust user-controlled solution, with an effective tradeoff between the performance measures of the beamformer.