gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Gamma Spectroscopy with SrI2(Eu), GYGAG(Ce) and Bi-loaded Plastic Scintillators (2010)

We are developing new scintillator materials that offer potential for high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy at low cost. Single crystal SrI{sub 2}(Eu) offers {approx}3% resolution at 662 keV, in sizes of {approx}1 in{sup 3}. We have developed ceramics processing technology allowing us to achieve cubic inch scale transparent ceramic scintillators offering gamma spectroscopy performance superior to NaI(Tl). We fabricated a bismuth-loaded plastic scintillator that demonstrates energy resolution of {approx}8% at 662 keV in small sizes. Gamma ray spectroscopy can be used to identify the presence of weak radioactive sources within natural background. The ability to discriminate close-lying spectral lines is strongly dependent upon the energy resolution of the detector. In addition to excellent energy resolution, large volume detectors are needed to acquire sufficient events, for example, to identify a radioactive anomaly moving past a detector. We have employed a 'directed search' methodology for identifying potential scintillator materials candidates, resulting in the discovery of Europium-doped Strontium Iodide, SrI{sub 2}(Eu), Cerium-doped Gadolinium Garnet, GYGAG(Ce), and Bismuth-loaded Polymers. These scintillators possess very low self-radioactivity, offer energy resolution of 3-8% at 662 keV, and have potential to be grown cost-effectively to sizes similar to the most widely deployed gamma spectroscopy scintillator, Thallium-doped Sodium Iodide, NaI(Tl). In this study, gamma ray spectra of a variety of sources, were obtained employing SrI{sub 2}(Eu), GYGAG(Ce), Bi-loaded polymers, LaBr{sub 3}(Ce), and NaI(Tl). The effects of detector size, energy resolution, and background radioactivity (including self-radioactivity) on the ability to distinguish weak sources is quantified, based on a simple model, and qualitatively compared to laboratory data.
Stargazer: An Interactive Camera Robot for Capturing How-To Videos Based on Subtle Instructor Cues (2023)

Live and pre-recorded video tutorials are an effective means for teaching physical skills such as cooking or prototyping electronics. A dedicated cameraperson following an instructor’s activities can improve production quality. However, instructors who do not have access to a cameraperson’s help often have to work within the constraints of static cameras. We present Stargazer, a novel approach for assisting with tutorial content creation with a camera robot that autonomously tracks regions of interest based on instructor actions to capture dynamic shots. Instructors can adjust the camera behaviors of Stargazer with subtle cues, including gestures and speech, allowing them to fluidly integrate camera control commands into instructional activities. Our user study with six instructors, each teaching a distinct skill, showed that participants could create dynamic tutorial videos with a diverse range of subjects, camera framing, and camera angle combinations using Stargazer.
Test-driven Development to Overcome Challenges in the Design of Sensor-integrating Machine Elements (2022)

Sensor-integrating machine elements (SiME) are essential enablers for digitization in the industry. There are major challenges in the development of SiME as an interdisciplinary mechatronic system, requiring methodical support. In this work, we address these challenges and aim to provide methods and tools by analyzing the state-of-the-art and ten ongoing projects of sensor integration in machine elements. Clustering shows similarities for example in the identification of design space or weakening of the structure. Based on this, a test-driven development process with a focus on interdisciplinary negotiations and iterations is described to overcome the challenges in developing SiME.
Effects of Different Solvents on Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid over Pt/TiO<sub>2</sub> for Bioethanol Production (2016)

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosics via acetic acid fermentation is a potential way to substitute gasoline with more improved carbon utilization efficiency than the conventional alcoholic fermentation processes. Accordingly, hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol is a very important step to realize this acetic acid-based process. In this communication, hydrogenation mechanism of acetic acid into ethanol on a Pt catalyst supported on TiO2 (titania) was characterized from the solvent effects. The Pt/TiO2 catalyst was quite effective in hexane, a nonpolar solvent, to give ethanol and ethyl acetate from acetic acid in relatively high yields, while the catalytic activities were reduced in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water, polar solvents. These results evidently support the catalytic mechanism: Ti atoms of the TiO2 surface act as a Lewis acid to activate the carbonyl carbon of acetic acid, which leads to the efficient hydrogenation of acetic acid at the interface between Pt and TiO2. Suppression of the ethyl acetate formation in THF and water, which could be formed via the common activated state of acetic acid on TiO2, also supports this catalytic mechanism.
The radiation field from the dielectric‐rod antenna with two‐layered, rectangular cross section (1992)

Abstract It is difficult to operate a single‐layered dielectric waveguide for the millimeter‐wave frequency range in a single mode with a small dielectric loss while the electromagnetic field is sufficiently trapped in the guide. On the other hand, this becomes possible in a two‐layered dielectric waveguide if the dimensions of the core and the clad are appropriately well chosen. In this paper, the electric field distributions of the amplitude and phase on the truncated plane and the radiation pattern of a two‐layered dielectric rod antenna with a rectangular cross section are analyzed theoretically. By the “generalized effective dielectric constant method” [2], the electromagnetic field distribution on the truncated plane of the waveguide cross section is derived. The boundary conditions at the discontinuity are Fourier transformed in the x and y directions. The results are multiplied to compute the electromagnetic field distributions. In comparison with the two‐dimensional Fourier transformation, this method has an advantage in that the computation time is shorter and the method can be applied to more complicated geometries. The results are compared with the assumption that the electromagnetic field on the cross section is identical to the one propagating in the waveguide. As for the electromagnetic amplitude distribution, the discontinuities of the electric field amplitude distributions are smaller at the boundary between the core and the clad in the present method. In regard to the phase distribution, the variation of the phase is smaller near the center axis so that the effect on the radiation pattern is negligible. The present method can be applied to analyze the problem of the discontinuities and truncations of a multilayered dielectric waveguide in the millimeter‐wave and submillimeter‐waves and of the radiation from an optical source.
10 Artificial Nucleases (1993)

I. INTRODUCTION Nucleases, particularly the sequence-specific restriction endonucleases, have become indispensable tools in modern biochemistry and molecular biology. They have made possible gene isolation, DNA sequencing, and recombinant DNA technology. However, their usefulness is, in many instances, limited by their small recognition site sizes (4–8 bp) and limited availability. For example, the restriction enzymes cleave too frequently to allow analysis of large chromosomal DNAs. Most restriction enzymes have recognition sites of 4–6 bp, corresponding to cleavage frequencies of once in every 136 and 2080 bp, respectively. Because a single mammalian chromosome can contain more than 100 million base pairs, these enzymes generate far too many fragments to be analyzed by current gel electrophoresis methods. Second, although 2400 restriction endonucleases have been reported, and even more will likely be discovered over time, the number of different sequences they recognize has not exceeded 200 (see Chapter 2; Appendix A). More specificities will surely be added to the existing pool in the future, but there will remain many sequences for which no restriction endonuclease is available. A final limitation is that restriction enzymes do not in general cleave single-stranded DNA or RNA. Currently, both chemists and biologists are focusing considerable effort on generating “artificial nucleases” capable of cleaving DNA and RNA with high selectivity at any desired site. Work has focused on both the design and synthesis of efficient DNA-cleaving agents, as well as the development of strategies for selectively recognizing nucleic acid sequences of any defined sequence and length. Oxidative...
Search-as-a-service (2009)

With fast-paced growth of digital data and exploding storage management costs, enterprises are looking for new ways to effectively manage their data. One such cost-effective paradigm is the cloud storage model also referred to as Storage-as-a-Service, in which enterprises outsource their storage to a storage service provider (SSP) by storing data (usually encrypted) at a remote SSP-managed site and accessing it over a high speed network. Along with storage capacity used, the SSP often charges clients on the amount of data that is accessed from the SSP site. Thus, it is in the interest of the client enterprise to download only relevant content. This makes search over outsourced storage an important capability. Searching over encrypted outsourced storage, however, is a complex challenge. Each enterprise has different access privileges for different users and this access control needs to be preserved during search (for example, ensuring that a user cannot search through data that is inaccessible from the filesystem due to its permissions). Secondly, the search mechanism has to preserve confidentiality from the SSP and indices can not be stored in plain text. In this article, we present a new filesystem search technique that integrates access control and indexing/search mechanisms into a unified framework to support access control aware search. Our approach performs indexing within the trusted enterprise domain and uses a novel access control barrel (ACB) primitive to encapsulate access control within these indices. The indices are then systematically encrypted and shipped to the SSP for hosting. Unlike existing enterprise search techniques, our approach is resilient to various common attacks that leak private information. Additionally, to the best of our knowledge, our approach is a first such technique that allows search indices to be hosted at the SSP site, thus effectively providing search-as-a-service . This does not require the client enterprise to fully trust the SSP for data confidentiality. We describe the architecture and implementation of our approach and a detailed experimental analysis comparing with other approaches.
A million persons, a million dreams: a vision for a national center of radiation epidemiology and biology (2021)

The MPS has provided provocative insights into the possible range of health effects following low-level chronic radiation exposure. When the 34 MPS cohorts are completed and combined, a powerful evaluation of radiation-effects will be possible. This final article in the MPS special issue summarizes the findings to date and the possibilities for the future. A National Center for Radiation Epidemiology and Biology is envisioned.
Simultaneous laser-induced synthesis and micro-patterning of a metal organic framework (2019)

Micro-patterning of a metal organic framework (MOF) from a solution of precursors is achieved by local laser heating, alleviating the need for pre-preparation and stabilization.
Applying Ray Tracing for Virtual Reality and Industrial Design (2006)

Computer aided design (CAD) and virtual reality (VR) are becoming increasingly important tools for industrial design applications. Unfortunately, there is a huge and growing gap between what data CAD engineers are working on, what rendering quality is needed by designers and executives to faithfully judge a design variant, and what rendering capabilities are offered by commonly available VR frameworks. In particular, existing VR systems cannot currently cope with the accuracy demanded by CAD engineers, nor can they deliver the photo-realistic rendering quality and reliability required by designers and decision makers. In this paper, we describe a ray tracing based virtual reality framework that closes these gaps. In particular, the proposed system supports direct ray tracing of trimmed freeform surfaces even for complex models of thousands of patches, allows for accurately simulating reflections and refraction for glass and car paint effects, offers support for direct integration of measured materials via bidirectional texture functions and even allows for soft environmental lighting from high dynamic range environment maps. All of these effects can be delivered interactively and are demonstrated on a real-world industrial model, a complete Mercedes C-Class car
Chemical vapor deposition of copper onto scanning-probe-induced nanometer-scale patterns defined within monolayer resists (1993)

The preparation of geometrically well-defined nanometer-scale materials is of considerable interest because they exhibit unique chemical and physical properties, such as quantum-confinement effects, that are intermediate between those of molecules and extended solids. The authors have used the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to selectively remove n-alkythiol monolayer resist from an Au surface with submicron resolution. Following patterning, selective chemical vapor deposition of Cu from ({beta}-diketonate)Cu(I)L compounds resulted in deposition of submicron sized Cu features on Au surfaces. These features have been characterized by a variety of techniques including STM, electrochemistry and electron microscopy. The formation and characterization of the Cu deposits will be discussed.
On the thermal stability of high-voltage rectifier diodes (2006)

An analytical theory that makes it possible to determine the parameters of inversion points in current–voltage characteristics of high-voltage p–i–n rectifier diodes is suggested. All the main nonlinear processes (electron–hole scattering (EHS), Auger recombination, gap narrowing in a highly doped emitter) are considered. The temperature dependences of all the main parameters, including the bandgap, carrier (electron and hole) mobilities and diffusion coefficients, EHS, contact resistance and nonequilibrium carrier lifetime are taken into account. The predictions of the theory are compared with the results of adequate numerical experiments for a high-voltage (10 kV class) 4H-SiC p+–i–n diode. The numerical data obtained coincide well with the predictions of the analytical theory.
Abstract 39: Organic Nitrates Improve Calcium Handling and Myofilament Sensitivity Impaired by Nitroso-Redox Disequilibrium (2012)

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the dysfunctional calcium (Ca 2+ ) handling and contractile performance in heart disease. Organic nitrates are used for the treatment of cardiovascular afflictions, however endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has a broad spectrum of actions and the mechanisms by which it regulates Ca 2+ cycling and contractility is poorly understood. Neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) deficiency induces a nitroso-redox disequilibrium characterized by oxidative stress and altered contractility and calcium handling. We hypothesize that treatment of nNOS −/− mice with organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin (TNG) or isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) reduces cytosolic calcium levels and restores myofilament responsiveness to calcium with no changes in contractility. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) were isolated from nNOS −/− (N=7) and wild type (WT) mice (N=3). Cells were loaded with fura-2 and then electrically evoked intracellular Ca 2+ and sarcomere length were simultaneously measured in an IonOptix system. It has been shown that L-type Ca 2+ current is exacerbated in nNOS −/− cardiomyocytes. In consequence, at 1 Hz pacing rate, Ca 2+ peak and transient amplitude were increased in nNOS −/− (Peak Ca 2+ : 571 ± 38 nM) compared to WT (401 ± 32 nM; p = 0.012) cardiomyocytes, which was reduced toward normal by 10 nmol/L TNG (453 ± 55 nM; p = 0.11) as well as 10 nmol/L ISDN (394 ± 65; p = 0.035). Phospholamban phosphorylation has been shown to be reduced in nNOS −/− CMs, possibly due to the enhanced activity of protein phosphatases induced by oxidative stress. Thus, Ca 2+ decay and sarcomere relaxation were slower in nNOS −/− compared to WT CMs ( p &lt; 0.0001). Treatment with TNG ( p &lt; 0.0001 vs. NOS1 −/− ) or ISDN ( p &lt; 0.0001 vs. NOS1 −/− ) accelerated Ca 2+ decay and relaxation. Ca 2+ sensitivity was impaired in nNOS −/− ( p &lt; 0.021 vs. WT). Although organic nitrates either reduce or do not affect myofilament sensitivity in normal myocytes, TNG and ISDN increased their responsiveness to Ca 2+ in nNOS −/− . In conclusion, restoration of NO availability and subsequent attenuation of the nitroso-redox imbalance, improved excitation-contraction coupling in nNOS −/− CMs, decreased intracellular Ca 2+ which is counteracted by the improved myofilament sensitivity resulting in no net change in contractility.
Complex Regulation and Function of the Inflammatory Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in Atherosclerosis (2009)

Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation plays a key role in atherosclerosis and is classically defined as a switch from a 'contractile' phenotype to a 'synthetic' phenotype, whereby genes that define the contractile SMC phenotype are suppressed and proliferation and/or migratory mechanisms are induced. There is also evidence that SMCs may take on a 'proinflammatory' phenotype, whereby SMCs secrete cytokines and express cell adhesion molecules, e.g. IL-8, IL-6, and VCAM-1, respectively, which may functionally regulate monocyte and macrophage adhesion and other processes during atherosclerosis. Factors that drive the inflammatory phenotype are not limited to cytokines but also include hemodynamic forces imposed on the blood vessel wall and intimate interaction of endothelial cells with SMCs, as well as changes in matrix composition in the vessel wall. However, it is critical to recognize that our understanding of the complex interaction of these multiple signal inputs has only recently begun to shed light on mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory SMC phenotype, primarily through models that attempt to recreate this environment ex vivo. The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge in this area and identify some of the key unresolved challenges and questions requiring further study.
Codon 618 variant of alzheimer amyloid gene associated with inherited cerebral hemorrhage (1991)

Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch type (HCHWA-D) is an autosomal dominant form of severe cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy causing recurrent strokes during the fifth and sixth decades of life. The major constituent of the amyloid deposits in HCHWA-D is the amyloid beta-protein (A beta), also found in Alzheimer's disease. A point mutation in the DNA sequence encoding A beta has been found in 2 unrelated patients with HCHWA-D, and an assay detecting the single base change was developed for diagnostic purposes. We describe the detection of the point mutation in a patient living in the United States, suffering from recurring cerebral hemorrhages, who only recently was diagnosed with HCHWA-D. In addition, we tested a number of family members, and found the mutation in 2 additional individuals, one of them too young to exhibit clinical manifestations. This study combined with the study of two other families in Holland indicates that the codon 618 variant in the amyloid precursor protein gene segregates with HCHWA-D.
Single-Domain and Atomically Flat Surface of κ-Ga2O3 Thin Films on FZ-Grown ε-GaFeO3 Substrates via Step-Flow Growth Mode (2020)

Herein, single-domain κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films were grown on FZ-grown ε-GaFeO<sub>3</sub> substrates via a step-flow growth mode. The ε-GaFeO<sub>3</sub> possessing the same crystal structure and similar lattice parameters as those of the orthorhombic κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> facilitated the growth of κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films, as observed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, the surface morphologies of the κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films exhibited a step-terrace and atomically flat structure. XRD φ-scan and transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction revealed that there is no occurrence of in-plane rotational domains in the κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin films on ε-GaFeO<sub>3</sub> substrates and that the κ-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> thin film comprised a single domain. TEM analysis revealed that there were no clear dislocations in the observation area. Moreover, high-resolution TEM observation showed that the atomic arrangements of the film and the substrate were continuous without the presence of an intermediate layer along the growth direction and were well-aligned in the in-plane direction.
Spectral properties of short-wavelength (blue) cones in the turtle retina (1992)

Long- and medium-wavelength cones in the turtle retina participate in complex neural interactions. They are coupled via excitatory pathways to other cones and receive negative feedback inputs from luminosity-type horizontal cells. Little information has been collected on the S- (short-wavelength or blue) cones because they are scarce in the turtle retina and of smaller dimensions compared to the other cone types. In this paper, flash sensitivity action spectra and photoresponses of seven turtle S-cones were measured in the dark-adapted state and during chromatic background illuminations. The desensitizing action of monochromatic background lights was not uniform across the visible spectrum. A red background was most effective in desensitizing the S-cones to long-wavelength stimuli while a blue background light produced its strongest action on the photoresponses elicited by short-wavelength stimuli. The effects of chromatic adaptation on the S-cone action spectrum and on the kinetics of the small-amplitude photoresponses suggested that the S-cones in the turtle retina were involved in complex neural interactions. These included excitatory inputs probably originating in neighboring L-cones and inhibitory long-wavelength inputs probably mediated by L-type horizontal cells.
Practical Power-Balanced Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (2017)

This paper investigates practical 5G strategies for power-balanced non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). By allowing multiple users to share the same time and frequency, NOMA can scale up the number of served users and increase spectral efficiency compared with existing orthogonal multiple access (OMA). Conventional NOMA schemes with successive interference cancellation (SIC) do not work well when users with comparable received powers transmit together. To allow power-balanced NOMA (more exactly, near power-balanced NOMA), this paper investigates a new NOMA architecture, named Network-Coded Multiple Access (NCMA). A distinguishing feature of NCMA is the joint use of physical-layer network coding (PNC) and multiuser decoding (MUD) to boost NOMA throughputs. We first show that a simple NCMA architecture in which all users use the same modulation, referred to as rate-homogeneous NCMA, can achieve substantial throughput improvement over SIC-based NOMA under near power-balanced scenarios. Then, we put forth a new NCMA architecture, referred to as rate-diverse NCMA, in which different users may adopt different modulations commensurate with their relative SNRs. A challenge for rate-diverse NCMA is the design of a channel-coded PNC system. This paper is the first attempt to design channel-coded rate-diverse PNC. Experimental results on our software-defined radio prototype show that the throughput of rate-diverse NCMA can outperform the state-of-the-art rate-homogeneous NCMA by 80%. Overall, rate-diverse NCMA is a practical solution for near power-balanced NOMA.