gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) and polyvinylidene fluoride exposed to water, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and tetrachloroethylene (2004)

Abstract The transport of water, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid and tetrachloroethylene in an poly(ethylene‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) and polyvinylidene fluoride were studied at 70°C by the sorption/desorption technique. The effects on the structure and mechanical properties were studied using size‐exclusion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing. Solute concentrations in the polymers indicated that both the water and HCl/HBr components diffused into the polymers on exposure to acid solutions. The calculated water contents of the diffusing acids generally differed from the water content in the solution. The ratio of water content in the diffusing acid to that in the surrounding acid solution was generally a function of the relative vapor activity of water and HCl/HBr. It was possible to describe the 35%HCl and 47%HBr desorption data using a two component model. It was here assumed that the water and HCl/HBr diffused separately, each having its own constant diffusion coefficient. The water diffusivity was obtained from the pure water system, and this allowed the HCl/HBr diffusivity to be calculated. It was found that the diffusivity decreased, in a non‐simple way, as a function of solute size. The exposure to solute did not lower the molar mass of the polyvinylidene fluoride. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated the development of low‐melting point polyvinylidene fluoride crystals during the exposure to all solutes. This seemed to be a consequence of the long‐term exposure (175 to 376 days) at 70°C. The long‐term exposure stiffened several of the polyvinylidene fluoride resins and occasionally made them less ductile. The poly(ethylene‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) also became stiffer, but it was otherwise unaffected as far as observation by the other available techniques was concerned.
Measurement of Radial and Axial Neutral Gas Temperature in a Semi-Conductor Plasma Reactor (2005)

Plasma‐etching and plasma deposition processes are used in the fabrication of ultra large scale integration (ULSI) semi‐conductor circuits. Plasma based processing systems have evolved from capacitive coupled plasma sources to high density inductively coupled and magnetically enhanced plasma sources. As processing evolves from 200‐mm to 300‐mm wafers and as critical dimensions continue to shrink continued improvement in a number of process variables, including process uniformity, are required. Process uniformity is governed by a number of factors including plasma density uniformity, reactive neutral uniformity, wafer temperature, and incident ion energy uniformity. The mechanisms leading to neutral radical non‐uniformity, including gas heating and plasma pumping have been given less attention, therefore plasma diagnostics and modeling of neutral gas density, temperature, and dissociation in the reactor are needed to improve the understanding of how neutral gas conditions influence process uniformity. Radial and axial rotational temperature profiles in a large‐area high‐density plasma reactor (inductively coupled plasma discharge) have been obtained using the electron beam fluorescence technique (EBF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). These two diagnostics can provide the temperature measurements over the entire range of gas pressure (1–50mTorr) and input power (0‐3000W). These two diagnostic techniques for temperature measurement are compared with a simple analytic model of gas heating and gas depletion.
Coherent Excitation-Selective Spectroscopy of Multipole Resonances (2016)

Thin films are central to modern technologies ranging from semiconductors to metamaterials. The authors observe that by placing a subwavelength thin film at the node of an electromagnetic standing wave, it is possible to separate electric from magnetic dipole terms, or dipole from quadrupole terms, in the absorption spectrum. The technique is twice as sensitive as conventional measurements, functions at very low laser power, and reveals resonances that are invisible to existing spectroscopies. This approach could see application in analytical chemistry, condensed matter physics, nanotechnology, and forensic science.
Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of BChla (2002)

Spectroscopy at the single-molecule level is a very useful technique for revealing molecular dynamics that are averaged out in bulk measurements. Absorption spectroscopy has several advantages over the more common fluorescence-based single-molecule studies: it eliminates shelving of fluorescenct molecules and does not require fluorescenct tags, making it a far less instrusive method. However, absorption measurements suffer from a high noise-background and rather low sensitivity. In our approach to absorption spectroscopy, a Fabry-Perot optical cavity greatly enhances the interaction between the photons and the molecules under study (in this case, bacteriochlorophyll-a, BChla ), resulting in higher sensitivity. This paper describes the design of the cavity and the optical excitation and measurement apparatus, as well as first results of absorption measurements. The high-finesse cavity consists of closely spaced (∼ 100μm) mirrors, giving it wide free spectral range and fast response time. The cavity is scannable by piezoelectric actuators for mode-locking. It is contained in a chemically stable chamber that can be filled with the desired solution—in the case of these early measurements, with BChla in acetone. For easy operation, the cavity is flushable with a pumping apparatus. The cavity mode volume is minimized for measurments on small numbers of molecules. In this project, preliminary absorption measurements were performed on as little as 106 BChla molecules. It is estimated that this cavity can be used to make absorption measurements of less than ten molecules if other noise factors are reduced. The longer-term goal is to observe conformational changes in BChla while it is embedded in the cell membrane. In the more distant future, this method could be used to observe, in real time, many types of organic molecules as they undergo conformational changes in vitro. Combined with knowledge obtained through crystallography and direct mutagenesis, this information would greatly improve our understanding of many kinds of organic complexes and the processes in which they take part.
Measuring Distributed Mode Scattering in Long, Few-Moded Fibers (2012)

We present measurements of higher-order modes in lengths of few-moded fibers up to 0.5 km long using Spatially and Spectrally resolved (S2) imaging. Both discrete scattering events and mode-mixing due to distributed scattering are measured.
Covalent crosslinking of 1-D photonic crystals of microporous Si by hydrosilylation and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (2003)

Free-standing porous Si multilayer dielectric mirrors, prepared by electrochemical etching of crystalline Si, are treated with a ruthenium ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) catalyst followed by norbornene to produce flexible, stable composite materials in which poly(norbornene) is covalently attached to the porous Si matrix.
Noise measurements of microwave transistors using an uncalibrated mechanical stub tuner and a built-in reverse six-port reflectometer (1995)

This paper describes a novel noise parameter measurement technique using a nonrepeatable and uncalibrated mechanical stub tuner and a built-in reverse six-port reflectometer. The main advantages of this approach are: (1) avoiding the use of an automated repeatable mechanical tuner or thermally controlled electronic tuner, (2) the noise and S-parameter characterization of the tuner is not required, (3) the convenience to change the measurement reference plane, without need of further tuner calibration, and (4) the relatively low cost of the test set, compared to a commercial system. Measurements are obtained for the NE 76184 general-purpose GaAs FET and compared to the noise figure calculated using the data provided by the manufacturer for different source impedance values.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Improving Well Productivity of Tight Gas Reservoirs by Using Sodium Silicate in Water-Based Drill-in Fluid (2018)

Abstract The main objectives of this work are to prevent water blockage problem of wells drilled to tight gas reservoirs by minimizing fluid invasion and to reduce solid invasion with the optimized sodium silicate concentration in actual drill-in fluid and ultimately, improving well productivity by obtaining high return permeability after forming the very thin, impermeable and easily removable filter cake. Static filtration tests were conducted on 0.25″ tight cores at 300°F under 300 psi ΔP with 250 psi back pressure and 500 psi inlet pressure to collect filtrate volumes. Rheology tests were performed up to 140°F under atmospheric and at 300°F under 300 psi pressure. Rheology experiments were performed for base fluid and with 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 wt%, while filtrations were also performed for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% sodium silicate concentrations. Initial and return permeabilities were measured by injecting 3 wt% KCl through 2″ core sample under constant flow rates after damaging it. CT numbers were obtained before and after damaging 2″ core by doing CT Scan. Filtrate volume and cake thickness reduced by 53% and 65% with 0.075 wt% (3.5 ml &amp; 0.7 mm), respectively, compared than base fluid (7.4 ml &amp; 2 mm). 0.075 wt% determined as an optimum concentration. Water blockage problem of tight gas wells prevented by minimizing the fluid invasion. Measured initial and return permeabilities of 2″ core remained same as 1.3 mD. This result proved that no solid invasion occurs with 0.075 wt% sodium silicate and in case of 100% filter cake removal, return permeability will be 100%. Forming filter cake with 0.7 mm thickness lets us to claim that it can be completely removed by washing with 15 wt% HCl. Obtained CT numbers confirmed return permeability measurement as well. Barite flotation recovery and solubility concentration of silica with PH are the two approaches that should be considered together to explain the mechanism of 0.075 wt% sodium silicate. Polymerization effect shows itself for ≤0.075 wt%, while amorphous silica effect occurs for &amp;gt;0.075 wt%. Polymerization effect became the evidence of obtaining 100% return permeability.
Oligomers of a 5-Carboxy-methanopyrrolidine β-Amino Acid. A Search for Order (2010)

CD spectra for homooligomers (n = 4, 6, 8) of (1S,4R,5R)-5-syn-carboxy-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane (MPCA), a methano-bridged pyrrolidine β-carboxylic acid, suggest an ordered secondary structure. Even in the absence of internal hydrogen bonding, solution NMR, X-ray, and in silico analyses of the tetramer are indicative of conformations with trans-amides and C(5)-amide-carbonyls oriented toward the C(4) bridgehead. This highly constrained β-amino acid could prove useful in the ongoing development of well-defined foldamers.
Organic electroluminescent device with aromatic amine-containing polymer as a hole transport layer (II): Poly(arylene ether sulfone)-containing tetraphenylbenzidine (1996)

Organic electroluminescent devices were fabricated using a poly(arylene ether sulfone)-containing tetraphenylbenzidine (PTPDES) and tris(8-quinolinolato)-aluminum(III) complex, Alq, as the hole transport layer and the electron-transporting emitter layer, respectively. A device structure of glass substrate/indium—tin oxide (ITO)/PTPDES/Alq/Mg : Ag was employed. Hole injection from ITO through the PTPDES layer to the Alq layer and concomitant electroluminescence from the Alq layer were observed. Bright green light with a luminance of 14,000 cd/m2 was observed at a drive voltage of 14 V, indicating that the polymer possesses a high hole mobility and a high electron-blocking capability.
Solid solution synthesis of tantalum carbide‐hafnium carbide by spark plasma sintering (2017)

Abstract Solid solutions of Tantalum carbide (TaC) and Hafnium carbide (HfC) were synthesized by spark plasma sintering. Five different compositions (pure HfC, HfC‐20 vol% TaC, HfC‐ 50 vol% TaC, HfC‐ 80 vol% TaC, and pure TaC) were sintered at 1850°C, 60 MPa pressure and a holding time of 10 min without any sintering aids. Near‐full density was achieved for all samples, especially in the HfC‐contained samples. The porosity in pure TaC samples was caused by the oxygen contamination (Ta 2 O 5 ) on the starting powder surface. The addition of HfC increased the overall densification by transferring the oxygen contamination from TaC surface and forming ultrafine HfO 2 and Hf‐O‐C grains. With the increasing HfC concentration, the overall grain size was reduced by 50% from HfC‐ 80 vol% TaC to HfC‐20 vol% TaC sample. The solid solution formation required extra energy, which restricted the grain growth. The lattice parameters for the solid solution samples were obtained using X‐ray diffraction which had an excellent match with the theoretical values computed using Vegard's Law. The mechanical properties of the solid solution samples outperformed the pure TaC and HfC carbides samples due to the increased densification and smaller grain size.
Transmissive spectrum splitting multi-junction solar module for hybrid CPV/CSP system (2015)

A new scalable, modular hybrid solar power system is designed to generate electricity through two pathways, CPV and CSP, in order to better meet grid energy demands for reliable renewable energy. The key element, a transmissive, spectrum-splitting multi-junction solar module, is modeled and simulated to analyze its electrical, optical, and thermal properties. Optimized designs are proposed to deliver high efficiency visible light-to-electricity conversion while transmitting infrared light to a thermal receiver. Prospective challenges in the upcoming development and fabrication are discussed.
Climate change and lung health: the challenge for a new president (2017)

This is a story from recent history that we believe incoming President Trump urgently needs to hear. In 1985, a huge and growing hole in the planet's ozone layer was identified. Ozone in the stratosphere blocks some of the sun's ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth's surface, thus protecting its biosphere (which includes humans) from DNA damage that would otherwise occur. The hole was caused by the action of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigeration and as aerosol propellants.1 Margaret Thatcher is admired by many on both sides of the Atlantic, including President Trump2 as a strong politician, a person with clear beliefs on which she acted; the ‘Iron Lady’ as Donald Trump has described her on Twitter. A scientist by background, Thatcher appreciated the magnitude of the threat immediately, throwing her weight behind international efforts to address this. Working with Ronald Reagan, within 2 years the 1987 Montreal Protocol was signed to phase out the production and use of CFCs. Despite this, because CFCs persist in the atmosphere for more than a century, the ozone layer will not recover completely until 2060. A failure of leadership at that time would have been catastrophic. CFCs are also powerful greenhouse gases and without the Montreal agreement the world would already …
Comparison of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune Lymphokines against Salmonella enteritidis Organ Invasion in Neonatal Leghorn Chicks (1995)

Investigations in our laboratories have indicated that when Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines--supernatants from concanavalin-A-stimulated T cells derived from SE-immune adult chickens--were administered intraperitoneally to 1-day-old chicks before SE challenge, they conferred protection against SE organ invasion within 24 hr. This resistance mediated by SE-immune lymphokines was associated with a concomitant increase in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes that peaked 4 hr after SE challenge. In the present study, we evaluated efficacy of SE-immune lymphokines in protecting chicks against SE organ invasion and alterations in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts. Administration of SE-immune lymphokines to chicks either 30 min or 6 days before SE challenge caused a significant reduction in SE organ invasion. However, when SE-immune lymphokines were administered 2 days after SE challenge, there was no reduction in SE organ invasion. Both prophylactic (before SE challenge) and therapeutic (after SE challenge) administration of SE-immune lymphokines caused a significant increase in numbers of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Results from these studies suggest that SE-immune lymphokines have potential value as an effective prophylactic but not as a therapeutic modulator of early resistance to SE organ invasion in neonatal leghorn chicks.
Cornet: Learning Table Formatting Rules By Example (2023)

Spreadsheets are widely used for table manipulation and presentation. Stylistic formatting of these tables is an important property for presentation and analysis. As a result, popular spreadsheet software, such as Excel, supports automatically formatting tables based on rules. Unfortunately, writing such formatting rules can be challenging for users as it requires knowledge of the underlying rule language and data logic. We present Cornet, a system that tackles the novel problem of automatically learning such formatting rules from user-provided formatted cells. Cornet takes inspiration from advances in inductive programming and combines symbolic rule enumeration with a neural ranker to learn conditional formatting rules. To motivate and evaluate our approach, we extracted tables with over 450K unique formatting rules from a corpus of over 1.8M real worksheets. Since we are the first to introduce the task of automatically learning conditional formatting rules, we compare Cornet to a wide range of symbolic and neural baselines adapted from related domains. Our results show that Cornet accurately learns rules across varying setups. Additionally, we show that in some cases Cornet can find rules that are shorter than those written by users and can also discover rules in spreadsheets that users have manually formatted. Furthermore, we present two case studies investigating the generality of our approach by extending Cornet to related data tasks (e.g., filtering) and generalizing to conditional formatting over multiple columns.
Gate-First Processed FUSI/HfO<inf>2</inf>/HfSiO<inf>x</inf>/Si MOSFETs with EOT=0.5 nm - Interfacial Layer Formation by Cycle-by-Cycle Deposition and Annealing (2007)

We have successfully fabricated a 0.5 nm FUSI-NiSi/ HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> HfSiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> / Si gate stack structure with the gate-first process. The HfSiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> interfacial layer was formed by the cycle-by-cycle deposition and annealing process, followed by the in-situ layer-by-layer deposition and annealing for HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> growth. The gate leakage current of ~ 10 A/cm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fb</sub> - 1.0 V and the effective electron mobilityof 120 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs at 0.8 MV/cm were obtained for n-MOSFET with EOT = 0.49 nm.
Radiation effects in MOS devices caused by x-ray and e-beam lithography (1979)

In this study we have found that electron–beam and x-ray irradiations of metal (or polysilicon) -oxide-semiconductor devices performed at typical PBS or PMMA exposure levels create temperature-bias-stress (TBS) instability. Experimental results can be most reasonably explained by assuming that exposure to both of these types of ionizing radiation causes mobilization of positive charge in the insulator. The positive charge is forced closer to the semiconductor–gate-oxide interface during the positive bias phase of the TBS test. This damage mechanism was found in HCl, H2/O2, and dry grown oxides. HCl oxides exhibited the effect the least of the three oxide types studied. N2 anneals performed at 500° and 900°C, and H2 anneals performed at 500°C (all for 30 min) did not substantially reduce TBS instability. A 900°C anneal in H2 for 30 min did create a marked reduction in the TBS-induced instability.
Triboelectret-based aeroelastic flutter energy harvesters (2016)

This paper highlights some experimental results on several electrostatic membranes tested in a wind tunnel between 0 and 20m.s-1 for airflow energy harvesting. The main idea is to use the aeroelastic behavior of thin flexible films to induce simultaneously the capacitance variations and the polarization required by the triboelectric/electrostatic conversion. This technology provides thin and flexible devices and avoids the issue of electrets discharge. Our prototypes (<16cm2) allowed a quick startup (from 3ms-1), an electrical power-flux density from 0.1μW.cm-2 to 60μW.cm-2. In order to complete the energy harvesting chain, we have used a wireless sensor with temperature and acceleration measures coupled to a low power transmission (Bluetooth Low Energy) with reception on a smartphone.
Termination effect on pulse shape discrimination (2007)

NE213 liquid scintillation detectors have been used in mixed radiation fields with great success due to their pulse shape discrimination (PSD) ability. Numerous PSD techniques using various analog equipments had been proposed and developed by various individuals in past years. A common method for PSD is to evaluate the fall-time of the voltage across a resistor terminating the output of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) attached to the NE213 cell. The product of the terminating resistor and the terminating capacitance is known as the time- constant. Additionally, the combination of the terminating resistance and capacitance create a high-pass filter whose characteristics depend upon the value of the time constant. The greater the time-constant the less attenuation of the longer frequencies in a given signal occur. This paper will present a quantitative comparison of the fall time PSD technique using various terminating resistors. Specifically, 50 ohm, 500 ohm and a 1 kohm termination schemes are tested. Furthermore, due to nonlinearities in the system, a linear PSD spectrum may not be possible to obtain. In such cases, a traditional figure of merit (FOM) may not be usable to quantify the PSD capability of the system. A modified version of FOM is explored and used to describe the PSD capability of the current system.
Paradigm: a highly scalable shared-memory multicomputer architecture (1991)

Paradigm (parallel distributed global memory), a shared-memory multicomputer architecture that is being developed to show that one can build a large-scale machine using high-performance microprocessors, is discussed. The Paradigm architecture allows a parallel application program to execute any of its tasks on any processor in the machine, with all the tasks in a single address space. The focus is on novel design techniques that support scalability. The key performance issues are identified, and some results to date from this work and experience with the VMP architecture design on which it is based are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>