gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of cholinergic treatment depends on cholinergic integrity in early Alzheimer’s disease (2017)

In early Alzheimer's disease, which initially presents with progressive loss of short-term memory, neurodegeneration especially affects cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease therefore often targets the cholinergic system. In contrast, cholinergic pharmacotherapy of mild cognitive impairment is debated since its efficacy to date remains controversial. We here investigated the relationship between cholinergic treatment effects and the integrity of the cholinergic system in mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Fourteen patients with high likelihood of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease and 16 age-matched cognitively normal adults performed an episodic memory task during functional magnetic resonance imaging under three conditions: (i) without pharmacotherapy; (ii) with placebo; and (iii) with a single dose of rivastigmine (3 mg). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was measured using PET with the tracer 11C-N-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate (MP4A). Cortical acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly decreased in patients relative to controls, especially in the lateral temporal lobes. Without pharmacotherapy, mild cognitive impairment was associated with less memory-related neural activation in the fusiform gyrus and impaired deactivation in the posterior cingulate cortex, relative to controls. These differences were attenuated under cholinergic stimulation with rivastigmine: patients showed increased neural activation in the right fusiform gyrus but enhanced deactivation of the posterior cingulate cortex under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. Conversely, controls showed reduced activation of the fusiform gyrus and reduced deactivation of the posterior cingulate under rivastigmine, compared to placebo. In both groups, the change in neural activation in response to rivastigmine was negatively associated with local acetylcholinesterase activity. At the behavioural level, an analysis of covariance revealed a significant group × treatment interaction in episodic memory performance when accounting for hippocampal grey matter atrophy and function. Our results indicate that rivastigmine differentially affects memory-related neural activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment and cognitively normal, age-matched adults, depending on acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for the integrity of the cortical cholinergic system. Furthermore, hippocampal integrity showed an independent association with the response of memory performance to acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF SAPPHYRINS IN SOLUTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES (1994)

A spectroscopic and photophysical study of three new sapphyrin molecules is presented. The sapphyrin backbone that was derivatized to make them water soluble possesses an absorption band around 700 nm, a desired property for biological photosensitization. We studied the absorption and fluorescence spectra, from which evidence for aggregation in solvents of different polarities was obtained. The extent of aggregation is correlated with the nature of the attached moiety. The absolute quantum yields of singlet oxygen production were measured, with 1,3-diphenyl isobenzofuran as a model target, and were 0.13-0.18 in ethanol. The binding constants to liposomes and to cells were determined spectroscopically and were found to correspond to the hydrophobicities of the compounds, with an additional effect, ascribed to the sugar moiety, which was found in the case of one of the sapphyrins. The efficiency of photodamage to Staphylococcus aureus by sapphyrins and hematoporphyrin was equivalent, on the basis of cells killed per microgram of sensitizer in the incubation mixture.
Time-dependent diffusion in undulating structures: Impact on axon\n diameter estimation (2019)

Diffusion MRI may enable non-invasive mapping of axonal microstructure. Most\napproaches infer axon diameters from effects of time-dependent diffusion on the\ndiffusion-weighted MR signal by modelling axons as straight cylinders. Axons do\nnot, however, run in straight trajectories and so far, the impact of the axonal\ntrajectory on diameter estimation has not been systematically investigated.\nHere, we employ a toy-model of axons, which we refer to as undulating\nthin-fiber model, to analyze the impact of undulating trajectories on the\ndiffusion-time dependence represented by the diffusion spectrum. We analyze the\nspectrum by its height (diffusivity at high frequencies), width (half width at\nhalf maximum), and low-frequency behavior (power law exponent). Results show\nthat microscopic orientation dispersion of the thin-fibers is the main\nparameter that determines the characteristics of the diffusion spectra.\nStraight cylinders and undulating thin-fibers have virtually identical spectra\nat lower frequencies. If the straight-cylinder assumption is used to interpret\ndata from undulating thin axons, the diameter is overestimated by an amount\nproportional to the undulation amplitude and the microscopic orientation\ndispersion. At high frequencies (short diffusion times), spectra from cylinders\nand undulating thin-fibers differ. The spectra from the undulating thin-fibers\ncan also differ from that of cylinders by exhibiting power law behaviors with\nexponents below two. In conclusion, we argue that the non-straight nature of\naxonal trajectories should not be ignored when analyzing dMRI data and that\ncareful experiments may enable separation of diffusion within straight\ncylinders and diffusion in undulating thin-fibers.\n
Machine design for self-sensing (2016)

This paper provides a review of key concepts for concurrent design for different machine types that are suitable for self-sensing at both zero to low speed and high speed operation. The impact of modifying the machine design to be suitable for self-sensing on power conversion properties (Average, cogging and ripple torque) is presented for several classical and advanced machine types. General recommendations to yield both self-sensing performance and good power conversion properties are provided for induction machines, surface permanent magnet machines, flux-intensifying interior permanent magnet machines, and variable flux machines with variable magnetization state and variable leakage flux.
Wound healing of human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells is affected by maturation stage (2018)

This acquired knowledge about Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics of wounded hESC-RPE monolayers is important for understanding the dynamics of RPE wound healing, and could offer a reliable functionality test for RPE cells. The data presented in here suggests that assessment of Ca<sup>2+</sup> dynamics analysed with image analysis could be used as a reliable non-invasive functionality test for RPE cells.
Multi-Antenna Data-Driven Eavesdropping Attacks and Symbol-Level Precoding Countermeasures (2021)

In this work, we consider secure communications in wireless multi-user (MU) multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems with channel coding in the presence of a multi-antenna eavesdropper (Eve), who is a legit user trying to eavesdrop other users. In this setting, we exploit machine learning (ML) tools to design soft and hard decoding schemes by using precoded pilot symbols as training data. The proposed ML frameworks allow an Eve to determine the transmitted message with high accuracy. We thereby show that MU-MISO systems are vulnerable to such eavesdropping attacks even when relatively secure transmission techniques are employed, such as symbol-level precoding (SLP). To counteract this attack, we propose two novel SLP-based schemes that increase the bit-error rate at Eve by impeding the learning process. We design these two security-enhanced schemes to meet different requirements regarding runtime, security, and power consumption. Simulation results validate both the ML-based eavesdropping attacks as well as the countermeasures, and show that the gain in security is achieved without affecting the decoding performance at the intended users.
Cellular mechanism of aminoglycoside tolerance in long-term gentamicin treatment (1997)

In the rat, nephrotoxicity results from uptake of gentamicin at the apical membrane of proximal tubule (PT) cells. However, during continuous gentamicin treatment, the PT epithelium has been shown to recover. The mechanism(s) of cellular recovery and development of tolerance remains unknown. Therefore, we undertook studies designed to characterize cellular adaptations that occur during long-term gentamicin (LTG) treatment. After 19 days of gentamicin treatment, electron microscopy morphological evaluation revealed cellular recovery with an apparent mild decrease in height and number of microvilli. Enzymatic analysis of LTG PT membranes showed that apical and basolateral membranes had essentially returned to normal. Analysis of apical membrane lipid content revealed persistent statistically significant (P < 0.01) elevations in phosphatidylinositol (PI). In vivo immunogold morphological studies and biochemical studies in LTG rats revealed that endocytosis of gentamicin was selectively reduced, whereas the markers of fluid-phase (horseradish peroxidase) and receptor-mediated (beta2-microglobulin) endocytoses were unaffected or increased. Biochemical analysis showed that, although gentamicin binding to apical membranes isolated from LTG rats increased greater than twofold (P < 0.05) over membranes from untreated rats, in vivo cellular uptake, quantified with [3H]gentamicin, was reduced. Western blot analysis of LTG apical membranes and immunofluorescent staining of perfusion-fixed LTG kidneys showed no change in megalin levels or its apical membrane localization. These data imply that recovery of PT cells from and tolerance to LTG treatment involve a selective inhibition of gentamicin uptake across the apical membrane. They indicate that the mediators of gentamicin endocytosis were affected differently: PI levels increased, whereas megalin levels did not change. We conclude that selective inhibition of gentamicin uptake during LTG treatment is not affected by a reduction in PI or megalin levels. We postulate that trafficking of gentamicin and/or gentamicin-containing endocytic structures is reduced in LTG rats, allowing cells to develop tolerance to gentamicin.
Hybrid Three‐Dimensional–Printed Ear Tissue Scaffold With Autologous Cartilage Mitigates Soft Tissue Complications (2020)

NA Laryngoscope, 131:1008-1015, 2021.
Reduction of fatty acids to alcohols by cell-free preparations of Euglena gracilis (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of fatty acids to alcohols by cell-free preparations of Euglena gracilisPappachan E. KolattukudyCite this: Biochemistry 1970, 9, 5, 1095–1102Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00807a007https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00807a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views318Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Acid-Labile Liposome/pDNA Complexes (2009)

One of the bottlenecks to achieve gene or drug delivery to cells is the spatio-temporal release of the cargo to effect the correct task wherever and whenever it is supposed to. The aim of this chapter is to describe the synthesis and properties of lipids, which can form liposome complexes with DNA and to fall apart in slight acidic condition such as those encountered in the late endosome, thus destabilizing the liposome membrane and releasing their content.
Table S1 from An Orally Available Tubulin Inhibitor, VERU-111, Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tumor Growth and Metastasis and Bypasses Taxane Resistance (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S1 shows anti-proliferating effects of VERU-111 against various human cancer cell lines (mean {plus minus} SEM, n = 4 biological replicate experiments).&lt;/p&gt;
Ultrasound Backscattering from Non-Aggregating and Aggregating Erythrocytes-A Review (1997)

The objective of the present paper is to provide a detailed review of theoretical, experimental and clinical works aimed at understanding the scattering of ultrasound by red blood cells (RBC). The paper focuses on the role of biofluid mechanics and blood biorheology on the scattering mechanisms. Th e influence of RBC aggregation on the ultrasound backscattered power is specifically addressed. After a short introduction, the paper presents the theory of Rayleigh scattering and summarizes theoretical models on ultrasound backscattering by RBC. The particle, continuum and hybrid models are presented along with reported packing factors used to consider the orderliness in the spatial arrangement of RBC. Computer models of ultrasound backscattering by RBC are also presented in this section. In the second section, experimental factors affecting the ultrasound backscattered power from blood are presented. The influence of the volume of the scatterers, ultrasound frequency, hematocrit, orientation of the scatterers, flow turbulence, flow pulsatility, and concentration of fibrinogen and dextran is discussed. The third section focuses on the use of ultrasound to characterize RBC aggregation. Three aspects are reported: the shear rate dependence of the backscattered power, the “black hole” phenomenon, and the kinetics of RBC rouleau formation. The fourth section reports in vivo observations of the “smoke like” echo in mitral valve disease, and blood echogenicity and backscattered power in veins and arteries. In the last section, new areas of research, clinical applications of ultrasound backscattering, and areas of potential future developments are presented.
Doubly connected phosphorus cations. Diaminophosphenium ions from 2-R-2-phospha-1,3-diazacyclohexanes (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDoubly connected phosphorus cations. Diaminophosphenium ions from 2-R-2-phospha-1,3-diazacyclohexanesBruce E. Maryanoff and Robert O. HutchinsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 22, 3475–3480Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00795a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00795a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views354Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correction to “Directional Equalization of Sparse Head-Related Transfer Function Sets for Spatial Upsampling” [Jun 19 1060-1071] (2020)

In the paper “Directional Equalization of Sparse Head-Related Transfer Function Sets for Spatial Upsampling”, published in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, andLanguage Processing (Volume: 27, Issue: 6, June 2019) [1],Eq. (2) and Eq. (6) are incorrect. In this Comment Correspondence we provide a correction of these Errors.
Polyclonal origin and hair induction ability of dermal papillae in neonatal and adult mouse back skin (2012)

Hair follicle development and growth are regulated by Wnt signalling and depend on interactions between epidermal cells and a population of fibroblasts at the base of the follicle, known as the dermal papilla (DP). DP cells have a distinct gene expression signature from non-DP dermal fibroblasts. However, their origins are largely unknown. By generating chimeric mice and performing skin reconstitution assays we show that, irrespective of whether DP form during development, are induced by epidermal Wnt activation in adult skin or assemble from disaggregated cells, they are polyclonal in origin. While fibroblast proliferation is necessary for hair follicle formation in skin reconstitution assays, mitotically inhibited cells readily contribute to DP. Although new hair follicles do not usually develop in adult skin, adult dermal fibroblasts are competent to contribute to DP during hair follicle neogenesis, irrespective of whether they originate from skin in the resting or growth phase of the hair cycle or skin with β-catenin-induced ectopic follicles. We propose that during skin reconstitution fibroblasts may be induced to become DP cells by interactions with hair follicle epidermal cells, rather than being derived from a distinct subpopulation of cells.
Second-generation RISC floating point with multiply-add fused (1990)

A 440000-transistor second-generation RISC (reduced instruction set computer) floating-point chip is described. The pipeline latency is only two cycles, and a double-precision result is produced every cycle. System throughput and accuracy are increased by using a floating-point multiply-add-fused unit, which carries out a double-precision accumulate as a two-cycle pipelined execution with only one rounding error. While the cycle time (40 ns) is competitive with other CMOS RISC systems, the floating-point performance stretches to the range of bipolar RISC systems (7.4-13 MFLOPS LINPACK). Leading zero anticipation makes the two-cycle pipeline possible by nearly eliminating the additional postnormalization time, and it allows for reduced overall system latency. Partial decode shifters allow complete time sharing for the multiply and data alignment. Improved design techniques for logarithmic addition and higher order counters for multiplication complete this second-generation RISC floating-point unit design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Transient Overdrive Pacing Upon Standing Prevents Orthostatic Hypotension in Elderly Pacemaker Patients with Chronotropic Incompetence (2007)

OH is common (27%) in the elderly pacemaker population. In a subgroup of these patients, CI may be responsible for the occurrence of OH, and OH can be prevented by transient overdrive pacing upon standing.
Dynamical origins of intermediate velocity light particles in 64Zn+58Ni at 35–79 AMeV (1992)

The averaged projected momentum per nucleon and the velocity distribution of light particles are examined in coincidence with projectile‐like fragments. A dependence of the left‐right asymmetry on the incident energy is observed for the intermediate velocity proton emission. On the contrary the asymmetry of the emission of intermediate velocity α particles shows a similar trend for all incident energies. Possible dynamical models are discussed for the emission of intermediate velocity light particles.
LACT+: Practical Post-Quantum Scalable Confidential Transactions (2023)

A “confidential monetary value” carries information about the real monetary value but does not disclose it. Post-quantum private blockchains with confidential monetary values—large-sized blockchains with large verification times—have the least scalability because they need to save and verify more information than those with “plain-text monetary values”. High scalability is an essential security requirement for decentralized blockchain payment systems because the more honest peers who can afford to verify the blockchain copies are, the higher the security. We propose a quantum-safe transaction protocol for confidential monetary blockchains, LACT+ (Lattice-based Aggregable Confidential Transactions), which is more scalable than previous post-quantum confidential blockchains, i.e., many input/output transactions with logarithmic sized complexity.
Wintertime aerosol chemical composition, volatility, and spatial variability in the greater London area (2016)

Abstract. The composition of PM1 (particulate matter with diameter less than 1 µm) in the greater London area was characterized during the Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) project in winter 2012. Two high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometers (HR-ToF-AMS) were deployed at a rural site (Detling, Kent) and an urban site (North Kensington, London). The simultaneous and high-temporal resolution measurements at the two sites provide a unique opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of PM1. We find that the organic aerosol (OA) concentration is comparable between the rural and urban sites, but the contribution from different sources is distinctly different between the two sites. The concentration of solid fuel OA at the urban site is about twice as high as at the rural site, due to elevated domestic heating in the urban area. While the concentrations of oxygenated OA (OOA) are well-correlated between the two sites, the OOA concentration at the rural site is almost twice that of the urban site. At the rural site, more than 70 % of the carbon in OOA is estimated to be non-fossil, which suggests that OOA is likely related to aged biomass burning considering the small amount of biogenic SOA in winter. Thus, it is possible that the biomass burning OA contributes a larger fraction of ambient OA in wintertime than what previous field studies have suggested. A suite of instruments was deployed downstream of a thermal denuder (TD) to investigate the volatility of PM1 species at the rural Detling site. After heating at 250 °C in the TD, 40 % of the residual mass is OA, indicating the presence of non-volatile organics in the aerosol. Although the OA associated with refractory black carbon (rBC; measured by a soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer) only accounts for &lt; 10 % of the total OA (measured by a HR-ToF-AMS) at 250 °C, the two measurements are well-correlated, suggesting that the non-volatile organics have similar sources or have undergone similar chemical processing as rBC in the atmosphere. Although the atomic O : C ratio of OOA is substantially larger than that of solid fuel OA and hydrocarbon-like OA, these three factors have similar volatility, which is inferred from the change in mass concentration after heating at 120 °C. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the mass fraction remaining (MFR) of OA after heating in the TD and atomic O : C of OA and find that particles with a wide range of O : C could have similar MFR after heating. This analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding the distribution of volatility and O : C in bulk OA.