gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Attacks on Face Detectors using Neural Net based Constrained\n Optimization (2018)

Adversarial attacks involve adding, small, often imperceptible, perturbations\nto inputs with the goal of getting a machine learning model to misclassifying\nthem. While many different adversarial attack strategies have been proposed on\nimage classification models, object detection pipelines have been much harder\nto break. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy to craft adversarial\nexamples by solving a constrained optimization problem using an adversarial\ngenerator network. Our approach is fast and scalable, requiring only a forward\npass through our trained generator network to craft an adversarial sample.\nUnlike in many attack strategies, we show that the same trained generator is\ncapable of attacking new images without explicitly optimizing on them. We\nevaluate our attack on a trained Faster R-CNN face detector on the cropped\n300-W face dataset where we manage to reduce the number of detected faces to\n$0.5\\%$ of all originally detected faces. In a different experiment, also on\n300-W, we demonstrate the robustness of our attack to a JPEG compression based\ndefense typical JPEG compression level of $75\\%$ reduces the effectiveness of\nour attack from only $0.5\\%$ of detected faces to a modest $5.0\\%$.\n
Effect of Basal Plane Dislocations on Characteristics of Diffused 4H-SiC p-i-n Diodes (2005)

The effect of basal plane dislocations (BPDs) on the characteristics of diffused 4H-SiC p-i-n diodes was investigated. BPDs were intentionally introduced in the active regions of the device by means of epi-layer surface damage followed by high temperature annealing. Secondary electron microscopy images of the fabricated diodes clearly show the presence of the deliberately introduced BPDs. The current-voltage and electroluminescence spectra measurements did not reveal any noticeable effect of the BPDs on the electrical and optical properties of the diodes. All tested diodes with and without BPDs have no forward voltage drift during long-term on-state operation. A possible reason for stable device performance may be the immobilization of defects responsible for forward voltage drift due to interaction with the diffused dopants.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate stimulates phosphorylation of a 62,000-dalton protein in monkey fibroblast and bovine brain cell lysates. (1984)

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is produced in cells as a breakdown product of the diphosphorylated form of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Stimulated breakdown of phosphoinositides has been correlated with a wide variety of hormonal stimuli which mobilize intracellular calcium, and IP3 has recently been found to cause calcium release from intracellular stores, thus implicating it as a second messenger in hormonal stimulation. In this paper we have examined the effect of IP3 on protein phosphorylation, and have found that IP3 stimulates phosphorylation of a 62-kDa protein in cell lysates made from cultured monkey fibroblasts and from bovine brain. Fifty per cent maximal stimulation of phosphorylation of this protein occurred at 2.5 X 10(-7) M IP3. Other inositol phosphates (inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, inositol 1-phosphate, inositol hexaphosphate, and myo-inositol) had no effect on protein phosphorylation at 10(-6)M, although inositol 1,4-bisphosphate at higher concentrations enhanced phosphorylation of the 62-kDa protein in brain lysates. The IP3-stimulated phosphorylation was calcium-independent and did not appear to result from inhibition of an endogenous protein phosphatase. We suggest that IP3, like other second messengers, acts as a protein kinase regulator.
Towards Ultra-Low-Voltage and Ultra-Low-Power Discrete-Time Receivers for Internet-of-Things (2018)

In this paper, we investigate an impact of voltage supply scaling on power consumption and performance of a new class of wireless receivers (RX) for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications: a discrete-time (DT) superheterodyne architecture realized in nanoscale CMOS using inverter-based <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{g}_{\mathrm{m}}$</tex> and switched capacitors. The power supply is partitioned into three separate domains: RF, intermediate frequency (IF) processing, and clocking, which allows them to be independently regulated to assess their respective impact. The DT-RX maintains its functionality, albeit with some acceptable loss of performance, when the core supplies are varied by as much as an octave, i.e., from the nominal 1.1 V down to 0.55V. The DT-RX IC is then connected to a switched-capacitor based voltage doubler array on a companion IC die such that the DT-RX can be powered at the octave range of 0.275-0.55 V from an energy harvester. The sensitivity at the doubler's 0.275/0.55 V input is −85/-95 dBm while consuming 1.0/2.4mW. Both ICs are implemented in TSMC 28-nm LP CMOS.
Author Correction: Retinal progenitor cells release extracellular vesicles containing developmental transcription factors, microRNA and membrane proteins (2018)

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Rapid, Wafer-Scale Laser Nanoprinting of Polymer Surfaces (2011)

Despite the fact that polymer surfaces are soft, they are notoriously difficult to pattern over large areas on the nanoscale. Two previously described methods, nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and nanosphere lithography (NSL), can be used to nanopattern polymer surfaces, but both of these methods involve many (>6) processing steps. Laser interference patterning (LIP) is a maskless surface nanopatterning technology that has been around for more than 10 years. In this issue of ACS Nano, Wang and co-workers demonstrate that LIP can form the basis for a simplified nanopatterning scheme that is general for a wide variety of polymer surfaces. As reported in this issue of ACS Nano, laser interference patterning (LIP) has been adapted to the problem of nanopatterning polymer surfaces rapidly and over wafer-scale areas.
Conformational Dynamics Contribute to Substrate Selectivity and Catalysis in Human Kynureninase (2020)

Kynureninases (KYNases) are enzymes that play a key role in tryptophan catabolism through the degradation of intermediate kynurenine and 3'-hydroxy-kynurenine metabolites (KYN and OH-KYN, respectively). Bacterial KYNases exhibit high catalytic efficiency toward KYN and moderate activity toward OH-KYN, whereas animal KYNases are highly selective for OH-KYN, exhibiting only minimal activity toward the smaller KYN substrate. These differences reflect divergent pathways for KYN and OH-KYN utilization in the respective kingdoms. We examined the <i>Homo sapiens</i> and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> KYNases (HsKYNase and PfKYNase respectively) using pre-steady-state and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) methodologies. We discovered that the activity of HsKYNase critically depends on formation of hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group of OH-KYN to stabilize the entire active site and allow productive substrate turnover. With the preferred OH-KYN substrate, stabilization is observed at the substrate-binding site and the region surrounding the PLP cofactor. With the nonpreferred KYN substrate, less stabilization occurs, revealing a direct correlation with activity. This correlation holds true for PfKYNases; however there is only a modest stabilization at the substrate-binding site, suggesting that substrate discrimination is simply achieved by steric hindrance. We speculate that eukaryotic KYNases use dynamic mobility as a mechanism of substrate specificity to commit OH-KYN to nicotinamide synthesis and avoid futile hydrolysis of KYN. These findings have important ramifications for the engineering of HsKynase with high KYN activity as required for clinical applications in cancer immunotherapy. Our study shows how homologous enzymes with conserved active sites can use dynamics to discriminate between two highly similar substrates.
Do Alternate Bacterial Indicators and Pathogens Increase after Centrifuge Dewatering of Anaerobically Digested Biosolids? (2011)

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the potential for sudden increase and/or regrowth of alternative bacteria as either indicators or pathogens after dewatering of thermophilic and mesophilically digested biosolids. The results showed that, in general, for thermophilic processes, even when a statistically significant (p < 0.05) sudden increase and regrowth occurred for fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Enterococci, it did not occur for Salmonella or Aeromonas. For the mesophilic process evaluated, sudden increase did not occur, but regrowth occurred for fecal coliforms, E. coli, Enterococci, and Salmonella. The results have implications for Class A and B biosolids regulations, as both fecal coliform and Salmonella are part of the regulatory limits. The results also suggest that the public health risks are minimal, as a result of the potential sudden increase and regrowth that may occur.
Complex modes and near-zero permittivity in 3D arrays of plasmonic nanoshells: loss compensation using gain [Invited] (2011)

We report on the possibility of adopting active gain materials (specifically, made of fluorescent dyes) to mitigate the losses in a 3D periodic array of dielectric-core metallic-shell nanospheres. We find the modes with complex wavenumber in the structure, and describe the composite material in terms of homogenized effective permittivity, comparing results from modal analysis and Maxwell Garnett theory. We then design two metamaterials in which the epsilon-near-zero frequency region overlaps with the emission band of the adopted gain media, and we show that metamaterials with effective parameters with low losses are feasible, thanks to the gain materials. Even though fluorescent dyes embedded in the nanoshells’ dielectric cores are employed in this study, the formulation provided is general, and could account for the usage of other active materials, such as semiconductors and quantum dots.
Synthesis in fluoride media and characterisation of aluminosilicate zeolite beta (1998)

Zeolite beta has been synthesised for the first time in a wide range of initial Al/(Al+Si) ratios (0–0.14) in the presence of F– and TEA+ at near neutral pH. The samples have been characterised by a number of techniques and compared to those synthesised in basic medium. An increase in crystal size and crystallinity as the Si/Al ratio increases together with an enhanced resolution of the XRD pattern and of the IR and 29Si MAS NMR spectra are apparent. This is attributed to an enhanced local order as Si substitutes for Al in the zeolite framework. IR and 27Al MAS NMR demonstrate dealumination is more severe the lower the Si/Al ratio. The presence of F– in the as-made samples induces significant changes in the IR spectrum in the region of characteristic framework vibrations (500–650 cm–1) probably due to a distortion of the framework. The determination of the micropore volume has been carried out using different methods, the t-plot method giving the more reliable results. Apparently, thermal analysis allows one to distinguish between TEA+ cations compensating for F– anions from those compensating for framework Al, as the latter appear to be oxidised at a higher temperature.
Guinea Fowl Coronavirus Diversity Has Phenotypic Consequences for Glycan and Tissue Binding (2019)

Guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV) causes fulminating enteritis that can result in a daily death rate of 20% in guinea fowl flocks. Here, we studied GfCoV diversity and evaluated its phenotypic consequences. Over the period of 2014 to 2016, affected guinea fowl flocks were sampled in France, and avian coronavirus presence was confirmed by PCR on intestinal content and immunohistochemistry of intestinal tissue. Sequencing revealed 89% amino acid identity between the viral attachment protein S1 of GfCoV/2014 and that of the previously identified GfCoV/2011. To study the receptor interactions as a determinant for tropism and pathogenicity, recombinant S1 proteins were produced and analyzed by glycan and tissue arrays. Glycan array analysis revealed that, in addition to the previously elucidated biantennary di-<i>N</i>-acetyllactosamine (diLacNAc) receptor, viral attachment S1 proteins from GfCoV/2014 and GfCoV/2011 can bind to glycans capped with alpha-2,6-linked sialic acids. Interestingly, recombinant GfCoV/2014 S1 has an increased affinity for these glycans compared to that of GfCoV/2011 S1, which was in agreement with the increased avidity of GfCoV/2014 S1 for gastrointestinal tract tissues. Enzymatic removal of receptors from tissues before application of spike proteins confirmed the specificity of S1 tissue binding. Overall, we demonstrate that diversity in GfCoV S1 proteins results in differences in glycan and tissue binding properties.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Avian coronaviruses cause major global problems in the poultry industry. As causative agents of huge economic losses, the detection and understanding of the molecular determinants of viral tropism are of ultimate importance. Here, we set out to study those parameters and obtained in-depth insight into the virus-host interactions of guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV). Our data indicate that diversity in GfCoV viral attachment proteins results in differences in degrees of affinity for glycan receptors, as well as altered avidity for intestinal tract tissues, which might have consequences for GfCoV tissue tropism and pathogenesis in guinea fowls.
Design of Multilayer Structure for UV Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on 2-(2-Naphthyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (2007)

With the goal of obtaining UV organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs), the device architecture of OLEDs containing a novel UV-emitting material, 2-(2-naphthyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (2SBFN), has been studied. UV emission from the 2SBFN layer was attained by employing the multilayer structure where poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was used as a hole-injection layer (HIL), while using conventional materials such as 4,4',4''-tris[N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino]triphenylamine (mMTDATA) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as HIL resulted in the emission from a material other than 2SBFN. These results suggest that the appropriate choice of HIL material is of critical importance in obtaining UV OLEDs.
Design and fabrication of a high transmissivity metal-dielectric ultraviolet band-pass filter (2013)

We introduce an efficient design approach for Ultraviolet (UV) band-pass filter based on metal-dielectric stacks. We present a general design method and then apply this design to two special cases: a UV band pass filter based on (i) Al/Al2O3 stacks as well as (ii) Ag/SiO2 stacks. As an experimental confirmation, we fabricate a UV filter with three Ag/SiO2 layer pairs on a fused silica substrate (Corning 7980), targeting a central wavelength of 320 nm. A measurement at the peak wavelength shows transmission efficiency as high as 67% in our filter.
Environmental challenges in fracturing of unconventional resources (2012)

With support of the SEG Research Committee, the authors of this paper organized a special session at the 2011 SEG Annual Meeting focused on the environmental challenges of developing tight, unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs with special emphasis on the controversial hydraulic fracturing technology. Goals of the session were to support a better understanding of the challenges from the environmental perspective and to discuss possible solutions to these challenges through improving existing methods and developing novel exploration and stimulation techniques. Recognized unconventional resource experts brought their perspectives to the special session to highlight these challenges and work toward bringing the community together for solutions. It is evident that advances in horizontal drilling and multistage fracturing technologies have had significant influence on the global spread of the exploration for and production from gas shale and shale oil reservoirs.
Color printer characterization adjustment for different substrates (2003)

Abstract The use of multiple substrates in color printers requires color characterization for each of the individual substrates. A full re‐characterization for each substrate is measurement and labor intensive. In this article, a variety of methods are proposed and evaluated for determining the color characterization for a new substrate based on a complete characterization on a reference substrate and a small number of additional measurements for the new substrate. This saves significant time and effort in comparison to the traditional method of repeating the color characterization for each new substrate. The methods developed and tested include model‐based approaches based on Beer's law, Kubelka‐Munk theory, and Neugebauer equations; and an empirical technique based on principal component analysis. Results indicate that the model based techniques offer only a small improvement over direct use of the reference characterization, whereas, the empirical technique offers a more significant improvement with as few as 26 measurements on the new substrate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 454–467, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10198
Open-path millimeter wave spectroscopy in the 225- to 315-GHz range (1996)

This paper discusses the development of an open-path millimeter-wave spectroscopy system in the 225-315 GHz atmospheric window. The new system is primarily a monostatic swept-frequency radar consisting of a mm-wave sweeper, hot- electron-bolometer or Schottky detector, and trihedral reflector. The heart of the system is a Russian backward- wave oscillator (BWO) tube that is tunable over 225-350 GHz. A mm-wave sweeper has been built with the BWO tube to sweep the entire frequency range within 1 s. The chemical plume to be detected is situated between the transmitter/receiver and the reflector. Millimeter-wave absorption spectra of chemicals in the plume are determined by measuring swept- frequency radar signals with and without the plume in the beam path. Because of power supply noise and thermal instabilities within the BWO structure over time, the BWO frequencies fluctuate between sweeps and thus cause errors in baseline subtraction. To reduce this frequency-jitter problem, a quasi-optical Fabry-Perot cavity is used in conjunction with the radar for on-line calibration of sweep traces, allowing excellent baseline subtraction and signal averaging. Initial results of the new system are given for open-path detection of chemicals.
Clinical, angiographic, and procedural correlates of abrupt vascular closure during coronary intervention: A 10-year experience at Mayo Clinic (1999)

A large matched-cohort study was carried out to determine correlates of in-hospital abrupt vascular closure (AC). Univariate analysis identified current cigarette smoking (P = 0.021), myocardial infarction within 24 hr prior to procedure (P = 0.0035), emergency procedure (P = 0.02), lesion thrombus (P = 0.0001), and lesion angulation (P = 0.021) as significant clinical and angiographic variables. Relative to balloon angioplasty (PTCA), use of atherectomy (P = 0.015) and laser devices (P = 0.018) but not elective stent placement (P = 0.97) were associated with increased risk of AC. In the multivariate model, current cigarette smoking (P = 0.0474), lesion thrombus (P = 0.0001), lesion angulation (P = 0.0124), use of atherectomy devices (P = 0.001), and laser devices (P = 0.0037) remained as significant correlates of increased AC events. In conclusion, the risk of AC appears associated primarily with lesion characteristics and use of nonballoon devices other than stents. Elective stent placement did not appear to reduce AC risk over conventional PTCA; the small number of patients studied may have prevented any benefit from being observed.
Correlating Flashback Tendencies for Premixed Injection of Hydrogen and Methane Mixtures at Elevated Temperature and Pressure (2009)

Flashback is a critical operability issue for lean premixed fuel injection strategies. This is particularly true for hydrogen and high hydrogen content fuels. As a result, efficient analytical tools to help predict the occurrence of flashback would be of great value to the hardware designer. In the present work, a RANS based CFD strategy is used in conjunction with analytical expressions for determining flashback likelihood. The approach uses local flow properties combined with 1 D models to establish a flashback propensity factor that can be used to screen designs. Peclet number based models are also considered. The methods are applied to one micromixer configuration for a variety flow rates, pressures, equivalence ratios, and temperatures. The micromixing injector is a small premixing cup with multiple fuel injection sites in close proximity to air inlets to produce rapid mixing between fuel and air, with an axial core flow that is intended to prevent ingress of flame into the injector. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the approach for screening for flashback for the premixer studied over the range of conditions studied. The analysis suggests that, for the current test hardware, the critical ingress pathway is via boundary layer propagation. Further, the approach successfully provides a qualitative indication of whether ingress can be expected for a given condition.
Pain Intensity and Patientsʼ Acceptance of Surgical Complication Risks With Lumbar Fusion (2012)

The current investigation indicates that the intensity of LBP is the most influential factor affecting a patient's decision to accept risk of complication and symptom persistence when considering lumbar fusion. This relationship has not been previously shown for any surgical procedure. These data could potentially change the manner in which patients are counseled to make informed choices about spinal surgery. With growing interest in adverse events and complications, these data could be important in establishing guidelines for patient-directed surgical decision making.
Supplementary Methods from Expression of Adipocyte/Macrophage Fatty Acid–Binding Protein in Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Breast Cancer Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;It describes some detailed methods used in the study.&lt;/p&gt;