gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testing the Robustness of Two Water Distribution System Layouts under Changing Drinking Water Demand (2016)

A drinking water distribution system (DWDS) is a critical and a costly asset with a long lifetime. Drinking water demand is likely to change in the coming decades. Quantifying these changes involves large uncertainties. This paper proposes a stress test on the robustness of existing DWDS under changing drinking water demands. The stress test investigates the effects of extreme but plausible demand scenarios on the network performance. Two layouts, one conventional looped designed for fire flows and one designed as a self-cleaning, were tested. For 12 demand scenarios, diurnal patterns were simulated with the end-use model SIMDEUM. The performance of the network was evaluated on three criteria: (1) network pressure, (2) water quality, and (3) continuity of supply. Although the self-cleaning layout had higher head losses, it performed better regarding water quality than the conventional layout. Both networks are robust to the extremities of drinking water demands. The stress test is useful to quantify the performance range of the DWDS. For non-Dutch locations, the criteria and scenarios can be adapted to local conditions.
Cell‐Cycle Analysis Using A Monoclonal Antibody to Brdurd (1984)

The flow cytometric measurement of DNA distributions of cells has many applications in biomedical research. Phase fractions estimated (calculated) from such distributions are used to study the growth characteristics of various types of cells, particularly when the cells have been exposed to perturbing agents such as chemotherapeutic drugs. For more than 10 years many methods for resolving DNA distributions into the three cell subpopulations (G1, S and G2 + M) have been reported in the literature. A new method of analysis utilizing a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) has been developed (Gratzner, 1982; Dolbeare et al., 1983) which makes it possible in most cases to accurately determine phase fractions without resorting to mathematical models. The procedure involves the incorporation of BrdUrd by growing (DNA synthesizing) S phase cells, labelling the BrdUrd with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody, and the bivariate measurement of the antibody and of total DNA content, the latter through propidium-iodide staining. The resulting bivariate distributions clearly and simply resolve the three subpopulations. This paper describes the method and illustrates its use in the analysis of various fractions of elutriated exponentially growing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
Tailoring Nanocellulose–Cellulose Triacetate Interfaces by Varying the Surface Grafting Density of Poly(ethylene glycol) (2018)

Careful design of the structures of interfaces between nanofillers and polymer matrices can significantly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the overall nanocomposites. Here, we investigate how the grafting density on the surface of nanocelluloses influences the properties of nanocellulose/cellulose triacetate (CTA) composites. The surface of nanocellulose, which was prepared by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl oxidation, was modified with long poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains at different grafting densities. The PEG-grafted nanocelluloses were homogeneously embedded in CTA matrices. The mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were characterized. Increasing the grafting density caused the soft PEG chains to form denser and thicker layers around the rigid nanocelluloses. The PEG layers were not completely miscible with the CTA matrix. This structure considerably enhanced the energy dissipation by allowing sliding at the interface, which increased the toughness of the nanocomposites. The thermal and mechanical properties of the composites could be tailored by controlling the grafting density. These findings provide a deeper understanding about interfacial design for nanocellulose-based composite materials.
Vacuum-evaporated lead halide perovskite LEDs [Invited] (2021)

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have made impressive progress in solid-state optoelectronics by virtue of their excellent electronic and optical features. In the past few years, the light-emitting diode (LED) adopting LHP emitters have reached a comparable level of external quantum efficiency (EQE) with organic and colloidal quantum dot LED counterparts. Apart from solution-processing, all-inorganic CsPbX 3 LEDs can also be fabricated using thermal evaporation in a single run without breaking vacuum. In principle, all-evaporated LHP-LEDs in a vacuum demonstrate good uniformity and reliability in a large-area, especially full color applications where color pixelation is necessary, although their performance is still lower than that of the devices using hybrid film depositions. Herein, the understanding of vacuum-evaporated LHPs and their resulting LEDs, including the materials, film deposition and device issues, are reviewed. Additionally, guidelines toward high-performance devices and their prospects in the future are included.
Optical design of PICO: a concept for a space mission to probe inflation and cosmic origins (2018)

The Probe of Inflation and Cosmic Origins (PICO) is a probe-class mission concept currently under study by NASA. PICO will probe the physics of the Big Bang and the energy scale of inflation, constrain the sum of neutrino masses, measure the growth of structures in the universe, and constrain its reionization history by making full sky maps of the cosmic microwave background with sensitivity 80 times higher than the <i>Planck</i> space mission. With bands at 21-799 GHz and arcmin resolution at the highest frequencies, PICO will make polarization maps of Galactic synchrotron and dust emission to observe the role of magnetic fields in Milky Way's evolution and star formation. We discuss PICO's optical system, focal plane, and give current best case noise estimates. The optical design is a two-reflector optimized open-Dragone design with a cold aperture stop. It gives a diffraction limited field of view (DLFOV) with throughput of 910 cm<sup>2</sup>sr at 21 GHz. The large 82 square degree DLFOV hosts 12,996 transition edge sensor bolometers distributed in 21 frequency bands and maintained at 0.1 K. We use focal plane technologies that are currently implemented on operating CMB instruments including three-color multi-chroic pixels and multiplexed readouts. To our knowledge, this is the first use of an open-Dragone design for mm-wave astrophysical observations, and the only monolithic CMB instrument to have such a broad frequency coverage. With current best case estimate polarization depth of 0.65 µKCMB-arcmin over the entire sky, PICO is the most sensitive CMB instrument designed to date.
Quantitative analysis of cross-talk in partly deuterated samples of nuclear spins hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) in the thermal mixing regime (2023)

Dynamical nuclear polarization (DNP) is a powerful method that allows one to polarize virtually any spin-bearing nucleus by transferring electron polarization by microwave irradiation of the electron Zeeman transitions. Under certain conditions, the DNP process can be described in thermodynamical terms using the thermal mixing (TM) model. Different nuclear species can exchange energy indirectly through their interactions with the electron spins and reach a common spin temperature. Such "cross-talk" effects can occur between proton (H) and deuterium (D) nuclei in de- and re-polarization experiments. In this work, we investigate such effects experimentally, using either protonated or deuterated TEMPOL radicals as polarizing agents. An analysis of these experiments based on Provotorov's equations allows one to extract the relevant kinetic parameters, such as the rates of energy transfer between the different reservoirs, and the heat capacity of the non-Zeeman (NZ) electron reservoir, while the heat capacities of the proton and deuterium reservoirs can be estimated based on their usual expressions. These parameters allow one to make predictions of the behaviour of heteronuclei such as carbon-13 or phosphorous-31, provided that their heat capacities are negligible. Finally, we present an experimental study of the dependence of Provotorov's kinetic parameters on the TEMPOL concentration and on the H/D ratio, thus providing insight into the nature of "hidden" spins that are not observable directly because of their proximity to the radicals.
Six‐Membered Ring Systems: Pyridines and Benzo Derivatives (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Data Repair in BS-assisted Distributed Data Caching (2020)

In this paper, centralized and independent repair approaches based on device-to-device communication for the repair of the lost nodes have been investigated in a cellular network where distributed caching is applied whose fault tolerance is provided by erasure codes. The caching mechanisms based on Reed-Solomon codes and minimum bandwidth regenerating codes are adopted. The proposed approaches are analyzed in a simulation environment in terms of base station utilization load during the repair process. Based on the intuitive assumption that the base station is usually more costly than device-to-device communication, the centralized repair approach demonstrates a better performance than the independent repair approaches on the number of symbols retrieved from the base station. On the other hand, the centralized approach has not achieved a dramatic reduction in the number of symbols downloaded from the other devices.
A SSIM Guided cGAN Architecture For Clinically Driven Generative Image Synthesis of Multiplexed Spatial Proteomics Channels (2022)

Here we present a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) guided conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) that generatively performs image-to-image (i2i) synthesis to generate photo-accurate protein channels in multiplexed spatial proteomics images. This approach can be utilized to accurately generate missing spatial proteomics channels that were not included during experimental data collection either at the bench or the clinic. Experimental spatial proteomic data from the Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) was used to generate spatial representations of missing proteins through a U-Net based image synthesis pipeline. HuBMAP channels were hierarchically clustered by the (SSIM) as a heuristic to obtain the minimal set needed to recapitulate the underlying biology represented by the spatial landscape of proteins. We subsequently prove that our SSIM based architecture allows for scaling of generative image synthesis to slides with up to 100 channels, which is better than current state of the art algorithms which are limited to data with 11 channels. We validate these claims by generating a new experimental spatial proteomics data set from human lung adenocarcinoma tissue sections and show that a model trained on HuBMAP can accurately synthesize channels from our new data set. The ability to recapitulate experimental data from sparsely stained multiplexed histological slides containing spatial proteomic will have tremendous impact on medical diagnostics and drug development, and also raises important questions on the medical ethics of utilizing data produced by generative image synthesis in the clinical setting. The algorithm that we present in this paper will allow researchers and clinicians to save time and costs in proteomics based histological staining while also increasing the amount of data that they can generate through their experiments.
Kinetic Considerations for Strength Recovery at the Fiber–Matrix Interface Based on the Diels–Alder Reaction (2013)

The Diels-Alder reaction was used to yield thermal reversibility of the bonding between a partially furan-functionalized epoxy thermosetting matrix and a maleimide-treated glass fiber. Under ambient temperature conditions, the covalent bond forming product reaction dominates, but this reaction reverses at elevated temperatures to allow for interfacial healing. Single-fiber microdroplet pull-out testing was used to characterize the coupled effects of healing temperature and the glass transition temperature (T(g)) of the epoxy on interfacial strength recovery. In particular, the roles of mobility and reaction kinetics were independently varied to understand the individual effects of both.
3D‐Printable Fluoropolymer Gas Diffusion Layers for CO2 Electroreduction (2021)

The electrosynthesis of value-added multicarbon products from CO<sub>2</sub> is a promising strategy to shift chemical production away from fossil fuels. Particularly important is the rational design of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) assemblies to react selectively, at scale, and at high rates. However, the understanding of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) in these assemblies is limited for the CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub> RR): particularly important, but incompletely understood, is how the GDL modulates product distributions of catalysts operating in high current density regimes > 300 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> . Here, 3D-printable fluoropolymer GDLs with tunable microporosity and structure are reported and probe the effects of permeance, microstructural porosity, macrostructure, and surface morphology. Under a given choice of applied electrochemical potential and electrolyte, a 100× increase in the C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub> :CO ratio due to GDL surface morphology design over a homogeneously porous equivalent and a 1.8× increase in the C<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub> partial current density due to a pyramidal macrostructure are observed. These findings offer routes to improve CO<sub>2</sub> RR GDEs as a platform for 3D catalyst design.
Self‐extinguishing polystyrene foaming‐in‐place beads (1964)

Abstract The preparation of practical self‐extinguishing polystyrene foaming‐in‐place compositions by suspension polymerization is described. The halogen necessary for self‐extinguishing characteristics is incorporated by chain transfer. The synergistic effect of organic peroxides decreases drastically the amount of halogen necessary. For example, 0.3 pph 1,2‐dibromotetrachloroethane in the presence of 0.2 pph dicumyl peroxide renders the composition self‐extinguishing, while 1.0 pph is necessary without peroxide. The rate of polymerization is unaffected by the presence of this chain transfer agent, while the molecular weight is reduced considerably. The effectiveness of other halogenated chain transfer agents and peroxy compounds has been demonstrated. Silicone mold release agent exerts a deleterious effect on the self‐extinguishing properties.
Performance of a small-field digital detector for soft x-ray imaging (2001)

X-ray imaging detectors capable of very high resolution for a small field of view are important for x-ray micro-tomography, small specimen radiography, and certain x-ray scattering experiments. We have investigated the performance of small field detectors using scintillation phosphors coupled to a scientific CCD detector. The specific detector designs considered had fields of 8-12 mm that were used to record x-ray energies of 8-20 keV. The purpose of this work is to report the resolution (MTF) of designs that employed different optical coupling methods and different scintillation phosphor materials. For one detector system with a thin Gd<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>S phosphor a resolution of 48 lp/mm (presampled MTF = 0.10) was measured with pixels of 10.54 microns (Nyquist = 47.44) and a field of view of 12.14 mm x 13.09 mm.
The thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economical and emission-free hydrogen production (2013)

Hydrogen production via the Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition of Methane (TCMD) process has yet to be proven to be competitive on a commercial scale, largely because of the high associated catalyst turnover costs and low carbon value. This work addresses these shortcomings by using cheap “consumable” catalysts which, when used within a novel reactor system, is able to drastically reduce catalyst turnover costs compared to the best catalysts in the past half century. This process also produces highly valuable graphitic morphologies such as Carbon Nano Onions (CNO) and novel Carbon Micro Shells (CMS), which greatly enhances the economic potential of this process.
A combined chemical-enzymic synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA combined chemical-enzymic synthesis of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphateNicholas J. Turner and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 2, 624–627Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00184a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00184a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views255Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ApoG2 inhibits antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human lymphoma U937 cells (2008)

Lymphoma is one of the most common types of hematological malignancies and proteins from the Bcl-2 family are highly expressed in human lymphomas. Apogossypolone (ApoG2), the most potent gossypol derivative, has been classified as a novel small-molecule inhibitor of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Here, we assessed the in-vitro cytotoxicity of ApoG2 on human U937 lymphoma cells, and explored the underlying intracellular molecular mechanisms of ApoG2. Using the WST-8 assay, we found that ApoG2 inhibited growth of U937 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, and the IC50 values were 30.08, 14.81, and 9.26 mumol/l for 24, 48, and 72 h treatments, respectively. ApoG2 also induced apoptosis in U937 cells, as noted through changes in morphological characteristics, including cellular internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the appearance of a sub-G1 apoptotic peak. Treatment with ApoG2 downregulated Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 protein expression and blocked the binding of Bcl-2 with Bax protein. Furthermore, ApoG2 led to an abundant release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and a five-fold increase in the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Taken together, our results suggest that ApoG2 could effectively suppress the growth of human lymphoma cell line U937 through the inhibition of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and the induction of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic cell death.
Identification of genes altered with growth phase nutrition in growing puppies (2007)

Providing proper nutrition during early growth may influence the propensity to develop disease later in life and is critical for proper development of puppies. Sixteen beagle puppies were allotted to a commercially available food or Hill's Science Diet® from weaning to one year of age. RNA was extracted from blood and hybridized to an Affymetrix GeneChip Canine‐2 Genome Arrays and normalized using Robust Multi‐Array Average. Transcripts having a P &lt; 0.05 (following a false discovery rate adjustment value of 0.1) and a fold change range of at least 1.5 were considered different among the two groups. Analysis of the RNA found differences in 99 genes between the Hill's Science Diet® fed puppies and puppies fed the commercial food. Of the genes identified, 32 were up‐regulated and 67 down‐regulated in Hill's Science Diet® fed puppies when compared to puppies fed the commercial food. Genes associated with, immune system activation, cardiovascular development, lipid metabolism, skeletal and muscular disorders, cellular compromise, and cancer were decreased, while muscle contraction increased in puppies fed Hill's Science Diet® compared to the commercial food.
Experimental evidence for gyromagnetic damping in magnetic heads determined by impedance measurements up to 9 GHz (2005)

In this paper, we have developed an electrical circuit model of the impedance of an inductive write element that reproduces measured impedances to within 10% up to 9 GHz and allows interpretation in terms of the physical structure of the head. The model is used to extract the complex inductance of the magnetic yoke region of the head as a function of frequency, which is assumed to be linearly proportional to the yoke material permeability (after subtraction of the coil inductance). A clear negative excursion of the real part of the permeability is seen in the analysis, indicating gyromagnetic damping as the dominant loss mechanism, since eddy currents cannot produce a negative real part of the permeability.
Enhanced Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Progenitors on Native and Spin Coated Acellular Matrices Prepared from Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (2016)

The extracellular microenvironment in bone marrow (BM) is known to regulate the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). We have developed cell-free matrices from a BM stromal cell line (HS-5), which can be used as substrates either in native form or as tissue engineered coatings, for the enhanced ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood (UCB) derived HSPC. The physicochemical properties (surface roughness, thickness, and uniformity) of native and spin coated acellular matrices (ACM) were studied using scanning and atomic force microscopy (SEM and AFM). Lineage-specific expansion of HSPC, grown on these substrates, was evaluated by immunophenotypic (flow cytometry) and functional (colony forming) assays. Our results show that the most efficient expansion of lineage-specific HSPC occurred on spin coated ACM. Our method provides an improved protocol for ex vivo HSPC expansion and it offers a system to study the in vivo roles of specific molecules in the hematopoietic niche that influence HSPC expansion.
Efficient Deamination of 5-Methylcytidine and 5-Substituted Cytidine Residues in DNA by Human APOBEC3A Cytidine Deaminase (2013)

Deamination of 5-methylcytidine (5MeC) in DNA results in a G:T mismatch unlike cytidine (C) deamination which gives rise to a G:U pair. Deamination of C was generally considered to arise spontaneously. It is now clear that human APOBEC3A (A3A), a polynucleotide cytidine deaminase (PCD) with specificity for single stranded DNA, can extensively deaminate human nuclear DNA. It is shown here that A3A among all human PCDs can deaminate 5-methylcytidine in a variety of single stranded DNA substrates both in vitro and in transfected cells almost as efficiently as cytidine itself. This ability of A3A to accommodate 5-methyl moiety extends to other small and physiologically relevant substituted cytidine bases such as 5-hydroxy and 5-bromocytidine. As 5MeCpG deamination hotspots characterize many genes associated with cancer it is plausible that A3A is a major player in the onset of cancer.