gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Projected Performance of a Baseline High Integrity GNSS Railway Architecture under Nominal and Faulted Conditions (2017)

GNSS is being gradually adopted for both navigation and control of many safety critical transportation system. This paper focuses on the important area of high integrity GNSS for railway applications which is critical for safe use of GNSS. While aviation has led the development of high-integrity GNSS applications, the Railway High Integrity Navigation Overlay System (RHINOS) effort aims to apply GNSS to railways utilizing similar integrity methodologies. In particular, it seeks to provide the accuracy necessary to support the most critical railway operations while assuring a very low probability of Hazardously Misleading Information (HMI). The RHINOS efforts are studying the most appropriate architectures (e.g., combinations of GNSS augmentations) and developing an integrity methodology suitable for the architecture that is chosen. This paper describes a reference RHINOS architecture and examines its performance under nominal and faulted conditions. The performance analysis is conducted through simulation using the Matlab Algorithm Availability Simulation Tool (MAAST). MAAST, which was developed for aviation integrity analyses, was modified to support Protection Level (PL) calculations based on a proposed RHINOS reference architecture. It calculates PLs at representative locations throughout Europe for both nominal and faulted cases. The nominal case assumes that all GNSS range measurements are bounded by faultfree error models. Error models derived from accepted Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) and Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) models are used. The main exception is multipath, which is known to be more severe for trains than for aircraft. The fault cases examined are those where either ionosphere gradients, satellite (ephemeris or clock) errors, or multipath exceed the nominal models. The integrity monitoring should detect and exclude the fault, if it is sufficiently large or not detected it, in which case it will bound its effect. Finally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to provide insights for designing the system. Different multipath assumptions are tested and different levels of mitigation are examined what level of mitigation and monitoring should be targeted.
Determining spontaneous combustion danger zones and predicting spontaneous combustion during mining near-neighbored coal seams (2005)

A numeric algorithm was taken to solve coupled steady model of air flow,diffusion and chemical reaction in multi-layer neighbored coal seams and rocks,and oxygen concentration and flow velocity magnitude in different position was obtained.Oxygen concentration and flow velocity together with loose coal thickness were compared with their critic value obtained from large-scale coal spontaneous combustion experiment to determine spontaneous combustion danger zone.Connecting the result with velocity of the mining workface and the experimental spontaneous combustion duration,date of spontaneous combustion can be predicted.The method was employed to predict spontaneous combustion in coal pillar during mining the adjacent substrate coal in Dongrong No.2 coalmine successfully.The result showed that self-heating zone lies in 50~140 m in the airflow inlet side and in 50~85 m in outlet side away from the workface in the coal pillar.If moving velocity of the workface is larger than 1.6 m/d,there is no danger of spontaneous combustion;while if the workface stopped to move but ventilation kept normal for 38 d,spontaneous combustion will take place in airflow inlet side of the pillar.
Serum Requirement for the Multiplication of Treponema pallidum in a Tissue-culture System (1986)

The nature of the serum requirement of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (Nichols strain) was examined in a culture system utilizing Sf1Ep cottontail rabbit cells. In this system, significant multiplication of treponemes occurs in the presence of select lots of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or calf serum (CS) at concentrations of greater than or equal to 5% (vol/vol). Heat-inactivation of the serum greatly enhances treponemal multiplication, and normal human serum was found to be as effective as FBS in supporting the growth of T. pallidum. The protein fraction of FBS obtained by membrane ultrafiltration was capable of supporting the multiplication of T. pallidum when added to the basal tissue culture medium; an average increase of 23-fold was observed in these cultures, as compared with a mean increase of 25-fold in the 20% FBS controls. In contrast, the ultrafiltrate fraction of FBS (consisting of compounds with molecular weights of less than 10,000 daltons) did not support either growth or the retention of motility. Proteins precipitable with 25% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (i.e., albumin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and other proteins) also promoted the growth of T. pallidum. This observation provides further evidence that the required serum components are associated with the protein fraction.
Identification of Genuine/Authentic Avian Leptin: Some Answers and More Questions (2014)

The dogmatic adherence to “what is good for the goose&#13;\nis good for the gander” appears to pervade avian endocrinology&#13;\nresearch when it comes to vertebrate evolution&#13;\nof hormones and their physiological roles in birds.&#13;\nThere appears to be a general acceptance that specific hormones,&#13;\ntheir cognate receptors, and their regulatory functions&#13;\nidentified in other vertebrates should be present and&#13;\nserve the same function in birds. This has been largely the&#13;\ncase for leptin (LEP) originally identified in mammals (1–&#13;\n5), which has been vigorously sought for more than a&#13;\ndecade in birds (6 –10), and also more recently for kisspeptin&#13;\n(11, 12). But should we expect to find the same&#13;\nhormones and functions in birds as occurs in other vertebrates?&#13;\nIn order for early reptilian bird ancestors to take to&#13;\nthe air, phenomenal evolutionary changes in their physiology&#13;\nwere required and presumably drove changes in the&#13;\nuse of existing hormones and cognate receptors, their&#13;\nmodification, or their abandonment. Yet many scientists&#13;\ntake the view that major physiological systems present in&#13;\ntetrapods and fish should be present in birds and serve the&#13;\nsame function and use of the same hormone/receptor&#13;\nregulators.
Crystal structure of the Lassa virus surface glycoprotein (2017)

The arenavirus Lassa causes hundreds of thousands of infections in West Africa every year and severe hemorrhagic fever. The glycoprotein, GPC, is the sole antigen expressed on the viral surface and the critical target for antibody-mediated neutralization. Here we present the crystal structure of the trimeric, prefusion ectodomain of Lassa GP bound to a neutralizing antibody from a human survivor. The antibody extensively anchors two monomers together at the base of the trimer, and biochemical analysis suggests that it neutralizes by inhibiting conformational changes required for binding its intracellular receptor and for membrane fusion. This work illuminates pH-driven conformational changes in both receptor-binding and fusion subunits of Lassa virus, illustrates the unique assembly of the arenavirus glycoprotein spike, and provides a much-needed template for vaccine design against these threats to global health.
lsquo;Diad Analysis' for Linkage Study in Yeast with Poor Spore Viability (1982)

Equations were derived expressing the expected frequencies of the parental ditype (PD), non-parental ditype (NPD) and tetratype (T) as a function of the frequencies of 10 diad types with two spores from double heterozygous diploids. Using these equations, a novel procedure, ‘diad analysis’ was proposed that permits the estimation of centromere linkage from the frequencies of 10 diad types with two spores. To test the applicability of the diad analysis, the expected numbers of PD, NPD and T asci were calculated using these equations with simulated data for the 10 diad types, taken from tetrad data, and the results were compared, by x 2 statistics, with the observed data from the same tetrads. A good fit was found between the two. A comparison of diad analysis with tetrad analysis and random spore analysis is also discussed.
Dispersion of protein bands in a horseshoe microchannel during IEF (2009)

Ampholyte-based IEF is simulated for a 2-D horseshoe microchannel. The IEF model takes into account ionic-strength-dependent mobility corrections for both proteins and ampholytes. The Debye-Huckel-Henry model is employed to correct the protein mobilities and the Onsager-Debye-Huckel model is used to obtain effective mobilities of ampholytes from their limiting mobility. IEF simulations are conducted in the presence of 25 ampholytes (DeltapK=3.0) within a pH range of 6-9 under an electric field of 300 V/cm and using four proteins (pIs=6.49, 7.1, 7.93 and 8.6) focused in a 1-cm-long microchannel. The numerical results show that the concentrations of proteins and ampholytes are different when mobility corrections are considered but that the focusing positions remain the same regardless of mobility corrections. Our results also demonstrate that, unlike linear electrophoresis in which the bands deform significantly as they traverse a bend, during the transient portion of IEF racecourse dispersion is mitigated by focusing and, at focused-state, those bands that focus in the bend show no radial concentration dependence, i.e. they completely recover from racecourse dispersion, even within a tight turn.
Data Handling (2022)

Data handling in inkjet printing is primarily dictated by the x -directional and y -directional resolutions, the printing speed, and the quality of the imaging performed. During press start-up and at specified times during press operation, full test patterns are printed on the web. Nozzle redundancy in stationary printheads comes from having more than one nozzle available to print in each dot-row. The flow of data to and from printers must be made secure, using the same approaches used for personal computers, mobile devices, and network partitioning. Cybersecurity rests on a foundation of data loss prevention at every level of then defense-in-depth model: perimeter, network, endpoint, application, data, and mission critical assets levels. Once data is encrypted, if the encryption protocol has any security whatsoever, it will not compress at all using lossless encryption and using lossy compression after encryption will destroy the content.
Negative selection of human germinal center B cells by prolonged BCR cross-linking. (1996)

The antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes can transduce both agonist and antagonist signals leading either to activation/survival or anergy/death. The outcome of B lymphocyte antigen receptor (BCR) triggering depends upon multiple parameters which include (a) antigen concentration and valency, (b) duration of BCR occupancy, (c) receptor affinity, and (d) B cell differentiation stages. Herein, using anti-immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chain antibodies, we analyzed the response of human naive, germinal center (GC) or memory B cells to BCR cross-linking regardless of heavy chain Ig isotype or intrinsic BCR specificity. We show that after CD40-activation, anti-BCR (kappa + gamma) can elicit an intracellular calcium flux on both GC and non-GC cells. However, prolonged BCR cross-linking induces death of CD40-activated GC B cells but enhances proliferation of naive or memory cells. Anti-kappa antibody only kills kappa + GC B cells without affecting surrounding gamma + GC B cells, thus demonstrating that BCR-mediated killing of GC B lymphocytes is a direct effect that does not involve a paracrine mechanism. BCR-mediated killing of CD40-activated GC B cells could be partially antagonized by the addition of IL-4. Moreover, in the presence of IL-4, prestimulation through CD40 could prevent subsequent anti-Ig-mediated cell death, suggesting a specific role of this combination in selection of GC B cells. This report provides evidence that in human, susceptibility to BCR killing is regulated along peripheral B cell differentiation pathway.
Geometric parameters for some flow channels (1968)

Abstract A method was proposed earlier (1) for prediction of the average velocity or pressure drop in the flow of non‐ Newtonian fluids in conduits of arbitrary cross section. The method requires only a knowledge of two geometric parameters which characterize the flow geometry, and the fluid model equation. In this paper, evaluations of geometric parameters are presented for infinite and finite (enclosed)square and triangular arrays of cylinders, and for regular polygonal and star‐shaped conduits. With these parameters, predictions of the average velocity or related variables for the Zlow of any arbitrary non‐Newtonian fluid can now be made. Comparisons are made with recent analytical solutions and experimental data pertaining to non‐Newtonian flow in concentric annuli, and equilateral and right isosceles triangular ducts, which give additional support to the reliability of the proposed method.
Antioxidant efficiency loss by precipitation and diffusion to surrounding media in polyethylene hot‐water pipes (1996)

Abstract The extensive initial loss of efficiency of antioxidant [4,4′‐thiobis(3‐methyl‐6‐tertbutylphenol)], during hydrostatic pressure testing of medium density polyethylene pipes at 95 and 105°C has been studied. Samples from the pressure‐tested pipes were subsequently investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Antioxidant‐containing particles were found in the pipe wall. The particles had evolved during the early stages of exposure and consisted of antioxidant that had phase separated and precipitated from the polymer matrix because the initial antioxidant concentration was greater than the solubility limit at the pressure testing temperatures. Relative antioxidant concentration profiles over the pipe wall, as measured by calorimetric oxidation induction time analysis, showed losses of &gt;80% of the initial effective antioxidant content during the first 1000 h of pressure testing. A model assuming diffusion of antioxidant into precipitates was developed. Values for the diffusivity of the antioxidant in different parts of the pipe wall were obtained by fitting a previously developed model to long‐term antioxidant concentration profiles. Using these values, and by using the distance between two adjacent precipitates as an adjustable parameter, it was possible to fit the newly developed model to the experimental short‐term antioxidant concentration profiles.
Immunophilin Ligands and Dopamine Neurons (2003)

The search for compounds that can alter the development and health of a neuron has been the focus of a growing field of research. Several neurotrophic factors have shown impressive growth-inducing effects during development and protective effects in animal models of neurodegeneration, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (1–3), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) (4–8), transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (9,10), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (11). Identification of these factors helped pave the way for detection and analyses of the effects of other molecules and compounds with specific trophic and tropic effects on subsets of neuronal populations. Effects have also been shown with a variety of antioxidants (12,13), glutamate antagonists (14), caspase inhibitors (15), and antiapoptotic agents (16,17).
Wyner-Ziv to H.264 video transcoder for mobile telephony (2009)

Wyner-Ziv (WZ) coding has been receiving attention from the research community as it offers a more symmetric complexity in video communication by reducing the complexity of video encoding. This encoding paradigm, however, increases the complexity of video decoding. This paper presents a novel video communication architecture that exploits the low complexity WZ encoding without being burdened by high complexity WZ decoding. At the core of the proposed architecture is a WZ to H.264 transcoder that converts WZ video to H.264 to reduce the amount of resources necessary for decoding. This architecture enables low complexity encoding and decoding on mobile devices. Using very simple WZ encoders and H.264 decoders, a communication system will only need very low complexity devices at both the sender and receiver sides. Such low complexity communication devices are highly desirable for practical consumer applications. The paper also presents the low complexity algorithms for WZ to H.264 transcoding. The time reduction of the improved WZ/H.264 transcoder offers a very acceptable 86% complexity reduction with negligible Rate-Distortion loss.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Benign Syntheses of Pyridines Involving Sequential Solvent Free Aldol and Michael Addition Reactions. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transient behavior in quasi-atomic layer etching of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride in fluorocarbon plasmas (2018)

The mechanism for atomic layer etching (ALE) typically consists of two sequential self-limited half-reactions—passivation and ion bombardment—which provide unique control over the process. Some of the possible benefits of this control include increased selectivity, reduced plasma induced damage, improved uniformity and aspect ratio independence. To achieve the greatest benefit from ALE, both half-reactions should be fully self-limited. In the experimental demonstration of ALE of SiO2 using fluorocarbon plasmas, the passivation phase typically consists of deposition of fluoropolymer on the SiO2 surface. This passivation step is not a self-limited reaction as the final polymer thickness depends on the passivation time. In this paper, results are presented from a computational investigation of the ALE of SiO2 and Si3N4 focusing on the implications of this nonself-limited passivation phase. The polymer overlayer was found to be critically important to the ALE performance, providing the main mechanism for selectivity between SiO2 and Si3N4. The polymer overlayer acts as a fuel for etching SiO2, which couples the etch depth per ALE cycle to the passivation time. Due to the inherently pulsed nature of the ALE mechanism, the polymer overlayer requires a finite number of cycles to reach a pulsed periodic steady-state thickness. Since the thickness of the polymer overlayer largely determines selectivity between SiO2 and Si3N4, the initial formation of an overlayer results in a transient period at the beginning of etching where high selectivity may not be achieved. For the etching of thin films, or applications which require very high selectivity, this transient etching period may be a limiting factor. Results are also presented using ALE to etch high aspect ratio self-aligned contacts which could not be cleared using continuous plasma etching with similar ion energies and flux ratios.
Search for resonances in the mass spectrum of muon pairs produced in association with b quark jets in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s}=8 $$ and 13 TeV (2018)

A bstract A search for resonances in the mass range 12–70 GeV produced in association with a b quark jet and a second jet, and decaying to a muon pair, is reported. The analysis is based on data from proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 8 and 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to integrated luminosities of 19.7 and 35.9 fb −1 , respectively. The search is carried out in two mutually exclusive event categories. Events in the first category are required to have a b quark jet in the central region (| η | ≤ 2 . 4) and at least one jet in the forward region (| η | &gt; 2 . 4). Events in the second category are required to have two jets in the central region, at least one of which is identified as a b quark jet, no jets in the forward region, and low missing transverse momentum. An excess of events above the background near a dimuon mass of 28 GeV is observed in the 8 TeV data, corresponding to local significances of 4.2 and 2.9 standard deviations for the first and second event categories, respectively. A similar analysis conducted with the 13 TeV data results in a mild excess over the background in the first event category corresponding to a local significance of 2.0 standard deviations, while the second category results in a 1.4 standard deviation deficit. The fiducial cross section measurements and 95% confidence level upper limits on those for a resonance consistent with the 8 TeV excess are provided at both collision energies.
The Amino-terminal One-third of αIIb Defines the Ligand Recognition Specificity of Integrin αIIbβ3 (1996)

The integrin alpha subunits play a major role in the regulation of ligand binding specificity. To gain further insight into the regions of the alpha subunits that regulate ligand specificity, we have utilized alpha v / alpha IIb chimeras to identify regions of alpha IIb that when substituted for the homologous regions of alpha v switched the ligand binding phenotype of alpha v beta 3 to that of alpha IIb beta 3. We report that the ligand recognition specificity of beta 3 integrins is regulated by the amino-terminal one-third of the alpha subunit. Substitution of the amino-terminal portion of alpha v with the corresponding 334 residues of alpha IIb reconstituted reactivity with both alpha IIb beta 3-specific activation-dependent (PAC1) and -independent (OPG2) ligand mimetic antibodies in addition to small highly specific activation-independent ligands. In contrast, substitution of the amino-terminal portion alone or the divalent cation repeats alone were not sufficient to change ligand binding specificity. These data in combination with previous studies demonstrate that integrin ligand recognition requires cooperation between elements in both the alpha and beta subunits and indicate that the ligand binding pocket is a structure assembled from elements of both the alpha and beta subunits.
Visual Analysis of Sets of Heterogeneous Matrices Using Projection‐Based Distance Functions and Semantic Zoom (2014)

Abstract Matrix visualization is an established technique in the analysis of relational data. It is applicable to large, dense networks, where node‐link representations may not be effective. Recently, domains have emerged in which the comparative analysis of sets of matrices of potentially varying size is relevant. For example, to monitor computer network traffic a dynamic set of hosts and their peer‐to‐peer connections on different ports must be analysed. A matrix visualization focused on the display of one matrix at a time cannot cope with this task. We address the research problem of the visual analysis of sets of matrices. We present a technique for comparing matrices of potentially varying size. Our approach considers the rows and/or columns of a matrix as the basic elements of the analysis. We project these vectors for pairs of matrices into a low‐dimensional space which is used as the reference to compare matrices and identify relationships among them. Bipartite graph matching is applied on the projected elements to compute a measure of distance. A key advantage of this measure is that it can be interpreted and manipulated as a visual distance function, and serves as a comprehensible basis for ranking, clustering and comparison in sets of matrices. We present an interactive system in which users may explore the matrix distances and understand potential differences in a set of matrices. A flexible semantic zoom mechanism enables users to navigate through sets of matrices and identify patterns at different levels of detail. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study and provide a technical evaluation to illustrate its strengths.