gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Doxil® — The First FDA-Approved Nano-Drug: From an Idea to a Product (2020)

This chapter describes the downs and ups of pre-Doxil and Doxil formulations, and how the lessons learned from the failure of pre-Doxil liposomal doxorubicin formulations were turned into the Doxil success. It demonstrates that such a development requires a multidisciplinary approach and is highly dependent on understanding and optimal use of physicochemical and nanotechnology principles. Liposomes were proposed as a good option for a drug delivery system by Alec Bangham already in the 1960s, soon after he described liposomes as an excellent model system for biological membranes in 1964. Most liposomal doxorubicin formulations developed during the 1980s took advantage of doxorubicin’s being an amphipathic weak base that can associate efficiently with negatively charged membrane lipids. For liposome formulation designed for metastatic tumor treatment, intravenous administration is the only option, and therefore high loading level and its high stability during storage and blood circulation are required.
Venom Insulins of Cone Snails Diversify Rapidly and Track Prey Taxa (2016)

A specialized insulin was recently found in the venom of a fish-hunting cone snail, Conus geographus Here we show that many worm-hunting and snail-hunting cones also express venom insulins, and that this novel gene family has diversified explosively. Cone snails express a highly conserved insulin in their nerve ring; presumably this conventional signaling insulin is finely tuned to the Conus insulin receptor, which also evolves very slowly. By contrast, the venom insulins diverge rapidly, apparently in response to biotic interactions with prey and also possibly the cones' own predators and competitors. Thus, the inwardly directed signaling insulins appear to experience predominantly purifying sele\ction to target an internal receptor that seldom changes, while the outwardly directed venom insulins frequently experience directional selection to target heterospecific insulin receptors in a changing mix of prey, predators and competitors. Prey insulin receptors may often be constrained in ways that prevent their evolutionary escape from targeted venom insulins, if amino-acid substitutions that result in escape also degrade the receptor's signaling functions.
Use of synthetic discriminant functions for handwritten-signature verification (1991)

Handwritten-signature verification is treated as a two-class synthetic discriminant function (SDF) problem. Images of valid and casually forged signatures are collected and binarized, using an electronic digitizing camera. Performance of this approach with a small number of valid signatures in the training set is examined, and substantial improvement is demonstrated when forgeries are included in the set. In particular, the equal-error rate for the SDF classifier with forgeries included is shown to average approximately 4% across nine different subjects. The effects of image preprocessing on false acceptance and true rejection rates are examined. The use of alternatives to forged signatures in the training matrix is explored. Finally, SDF performance is shown to deteriorate when the tested forgeries are produced with some a priori knowledge of the target signature.
Developing a Chemical and Structural Understanding of the Surface Oxide in a Niobium Superconducting Qubit (2022)

Superconducting thin films of niobium have been extensively employed in transmon qubit architectures. Although these architectures have demonstrated improvements in recent years, further improvements in performance through materials engineering will aid in large-scale deployment. Here, we use information retrieved from secondary ion mass spectrometry and electron microscopy to conduct a detailed assessment of the surface oxide that forms in ambient conditions for transmon test qubit devices patterned from a niobium film. We observe that this oxide exhibits a varying stoichiometry with NbO and NbO<sub>2</sub> found closer to the niobium film/oxide interface and Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> found closer to the surface. In terms of structural analysis, we find that the Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> region is semicrystalline in nature and exhibits randomly oriented grains on the order of 1-3 nm corresponding to monoclinic N-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> that are dispersed throughout an amorphous matrix. Using fluctuation electron microscopy, we are able to map the relative crystallinity in the Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> region with nanometer spatial resolution. Through this correlative method, we observe that the highly disordered regions are more likely to contain oxygen vacancies and exhibit weaker bonds between the niobium and oxygen atoms. Based on these findings, we expect that oxygen vacancies likely serve as a decoherence mechanism in quantum systems.
Ultrastructural imaging of whole cells by cryo-HVEM (1983)

A cryostage cooled by liquid nitrogen has been recently completed and activated on the top-entry 1 MV JE0L JEM-1000 of the National Facility for high-voltage electron microscopy in Boulder, Colorado. It provides continuous and controlled cooling of a specimen during observation at an arbitrary temperature in the range 78K to room temperature. Good thermal stability of about ± 0.1K can be achieved by maintaining an appropriate balance between refrigerant flow and heat provided by an automatically controlled built-in heater. Consequently the overall specimen drift is reduced so that high-resolution lattice images of graphitized carbon (spacing 0.34 nm) and Sn/SnTe alloy (spacing 0.31 nm) can be obtained throughout the temperature range. The interest of such cryoimaging is primarily to view hydrated specimens in frozen form, to explore the advantages of fast freezing and freeze-drying as an alternative to chemical fixation and dehydration, and possibly to benefit from a certain reduction in radiation damage known to take place at low temperatures. Frozen specimens are placed onto the cold cryostage in about 5 minutes with a mechanism developed specifically for this purpose. Thus the specimens are kept continuously immersed in liquid nitrogen, and unexposed to the atmosphere, between freezing and insertion into the air lock leading into the instrument column.
P03, the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline of the PETRA III storage ring: the microfocus endstation (2012)

The P03 beamline, also called the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline, exploits the excellent photon beam properties of the low-emittance source PETRA III to provide a microfocused/nanofocused beam with ultra-high intensity for time-resolved X-ray scattering experiments. The beamline has been designed to perform X-ray scattering in both transmission and reflection geometries. The microfocus endstation started user operation in May 2011. An overview of the beamline status and of some representative results highlighting the performance of the microfocus endstation at MiNaXS are given.
Conversion technology and its role in genetic testing of inherited diseases (2003)

Identification of germline mutations in a sensitive and specific manner presents a continuing challenge. A major contributing factor to this is that humans are diploid and therefore mutations in one allele are often masked by the normal sequence present on the other copy of the chromosome. Mutation analysis on haploid templates (one copy of a chromosome), rather than on diploid templates (both copies of a chromosome), overcomes this problem and obscured mutations are unmasked. Conversion technology converts a sample from diploid to haploid state by isolating individual alleles in somatic cell hybrids. From each sample, a series of stable hybrids is generated that contains the human chromosome complement in the haploid state. This article describes conversion technology and its applications. The utility of this technique in increasing the sensitivity of genetic testing has been demonstrated for the predisposition to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and it is proposed that a similar approach may be applicable to many different diseases.
Identification and ranking of volcanic tsunami hazard sources in Southeast Asia (2022)

Abstract. Tsunamis caused by large volcanic eruptions and flanks collapsing into the sea are major hazards for nearby coastal regions. They often occur with little precursory activity, and are thus challenging to detect in a timely manner. This makes the pre-emptive identification of volcanoes prone to causing tsunamis particularly important, as it allows for better hazard assessment and denser monitoring in these areas. Here, we present a catalogue of potentially tsunamigenic volcanoes in Southeast Asia and rank these volcanoes by their tsunami hazard. The ranking is based on a Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) composed of five individually weighted factors impacting flank stability and tsunami hazard. The data is sourced from geological databases, remote sensing data, historical volcano induced tsunami records and our topographic analyses, mainly considering the eruptive and tsunami history, elevation relative to the distance from the sea, flank steepness, hydrothermal alteration as well as vegetation coverage. Out of 131 analysed volcanoes, we found 19 with particularly high tsunamigenic hazard potential in Indonesia (Anak Krakatau, Batu Tara, Iliwerung, Gamalama, Sangeang Api, Karangetang, Sirung, Wetar, Nila, Ruang, Serua) and Papua New Guinea (Kadovar, Ritter Island, Rabaul, Manam, Langila, Ulawun, Bam), but also in the Philippines (Didicas). While some of these volcanoes, such as Anak Krakatau, are well-known for their deadly tsunamis, many others on this list are lesser known and monitored. We further performed tsunami travel time modelling on these high-hazard volcanoes, which indicates that future events could affect large coastal areas in a short time. This highlights the importance of individual tsunami hazard assessment for these volcanoes, dedicated volcanological monitoring, and the need for increased preparedness on the potentially affected coasts.
E/D-Mode GaN Inverter on a 150-mm Si Wafer Based on p-GaN Gate E-Mode HEMT Technology (2021)

AlGaN/GaN E/D-mode GaN inverters are successfully fabricated on a 150-mm Si wafer. P-GaN gate technology is applied to be compatible with the commercial E-mode GaN power device technology platform and a systematic study of E/D-mode GaN inverters has been conducted with detail. The key electrical characters have been analyzed from room temperature (RT) to 200 °C. Small variations of the inverters are observed at different temperatures. The logic swing voltage of 2.91 V and 2.89 V are observed at RT and 200 °C at a supply voltage of 3 V. Correspondingly, low/high input noise margins of 0.78 V/1.67 V and 0.68 V/1.72 V are observed at RT and 200 °C. The inverters also demonstrate small rising edge time of the output signal. The results show great potential for GaN smart power integrated circuit (IC) application.
Magnoliae Flos Induces Apoptosis of RBL-2H3 Cells via Mitochondria and Caspase (2003)

We have demonstrated that MF induce mitochondria- and caspase-dependent mast cell apoptosis. Our observations contribute new insights to the role of MF and support the view that the clinical effect of MF may depend on their pharmacological efficacy in regulating mast cell apoptosis.
L-Series for Quadratic Forms at s = 1, II. The Modular Functions that Arise (1982)

7. Modular functions. In this section necessary facts concerning the modular group and modular functions will be briefly summarized. More complete expositions of this material may be found in [3], [5], [6], [9], [15], [16], and [19]. Let r be the modular group, the group of all 2 X 2 matrices with rational integer entries and determinant equal to one. The elements S = (0 1) and T = (I 1) generate r. To an element A = (b b) E r, one associates a fractional linear transformation A(z) == (az + b)/(cz + d). The matrices A and -A give the same transformation. Let 3C* = 3C U {ioo} U Q where 3C is the upper half plane and Q is the set of rational points on the real axis. A fundamental domain is the set
Targeted redox and energy cofactor metabolomics in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (2017)

Our validated protocols demonstrate and validate the extraction and analysis of selected redox and energy-related metabolites from two candidate consolidated bioprocessing biocatalysts, <i>C. thermocellum</i> and <i>T. saccharolyticum</i>. This development and validation highlights the important, but often neglected, need to optimize and validate metabolomic protocols when adapting them to new cell or tissue types.
Engineering of Interconnect Position of Bicarbazole for High External Quantum Efficiency in Green and Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2014)

Three bicarbazole based host materials with different interconnect positions between carbazole units, 3,3'-(9,9'-[3,3'-bicarbazole]-9,9'-diyl)dibenzonitrile (3CN33BCz), 3,3'-(9,9'-[3,4'-bicarbazole]-9,9'-diyl)dibenzonitrile (3CN34BCz), and 3,3'-(9,9'-[4,4'-bicarbazole]-9,9'-diyl)dibenzonitrile (3CN44BCz), were developed and their synthesis, material characterization, and device characterization were reported. Two carbazole units were connected via 3,3'-, 3,4'-, and 4,4'-positions to correlate the interconnect positions with photophysical properties and device performances. The linkage via 4,4'-position increased triplet energy and thermal stability of the host materials, while the linkage via 3,3'-position enhanced current density. All bicarbazole host materials showed good device performances and high quantum efficiency above 25% was attained using the biscarbazole derivatives for green and blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. In particular, the bicarbazole host materials with a linkage via 4-position showed high quantum efficiency above 30% in the green devices.
Oxidized Lipids and CD36-Mediated Lipid Peroxidation in CD8 T Cells Suppress Anti-Tumor Immune Responses (2020)

Summary T cell metabolic fitness plays a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity and metabolic deregulation causes T cell dysfunction (i.e., ‘exhaustion’) in cancer. We identify that the scavenger receptor CD36 limits anti-tumor CD8 + T cell effector functions through lipid peroxidation. In murine tumors, oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) were highly abundant and CD8 + TILs increased uptake and accumulation of lipids and lipid peroxidation. Functionally ‘exhausted’ CD8 + TILs substantially increased CD36 expression and CD36-deficient CD8 + TILs had more robust anti-tumor activity and cytokine production than wild-type cells. We further show that CD36 promotes uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) and induces lipid peroxidation in CD8 + TILs, and OxLDL inhibits CD8 + T cell functions in a CD36-dependent manner. Moreover, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) over-expression lowers lipid peroxidation and restores functionalities in CD8 + TILs. These results define a key role for an oxidized lipid-CD36 axis in promoting intratumoral CD8 + T cell dysfunction.
Cytokine profile in response to Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) associated with CHIKV polyarthritis in acute febrile patients from South India (2016)

Background: Chikungunya causes an acute febrile illness with painful syndrome, asthenia, skin rash, and polyarthritis. In some cases polyarthralgia can last for months to year. Understanding cytokine profile in CHIKV may be helpful to determine severity of the severity. Methods & Materials: Acute phase blood samples were collected from CHIKV suspected cases during an outbreak in northern districts of Kerala in 2008 and 2009. Samples were processed and stored at -800C. All the collected samples were screened by CHIKV RT-PCR targeting E2 region (305bp). Among 237 samples collected from an outbreak, 30 chikv suspected samples (20 PCR positives and 10 PCR negatives) and 10 healthy controls were tested with cytokine ELISA. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ single analyte cytokine quantification ELISA were performed. Results: Among 237 collected during the outbreak, 51 (21.5%) samples were confirmed as CHIKV by RT-PCR. Majority the patients with severe joint pain was much higher in 2009 (85%) than in 2008 (26%). Joint pain was found more among chikv PCR positive patients when compare to CHIKV PCR negatives (p = 0.04) and it was statistically significance. Cytokines detection ranged from 13.28-72.32pg/ml, mean- 16.4 for IL-6, 7.65-322.01pg/ml, mean-84.57 for IL-8, 24.99-109.8pg/ml, mean- 8.23 for IL-10, 51.35–277.48pg/ml, mean-75.66 for TNF-α, and 49.95– 166.71pg/ml, mean-78.3 for IFN-γ. IL-8, IL-6 and IFN-γ were found to be elevated among chikv patients when compare to control (p=0.00001, 0.004 and 0.005) respectively and it was statistically significance. TNF-α and IL-10 were not significantly increased (p=0.09, p=0.16). Majority of the patients (96%) reported with joint pain shown increased level of IL-8. New vector adaptability of CHIKV may cause for the severity of joint pain during outbreak. Conclusion: Determination of specific immune mediators involved in the disease progression may be helpful for therapeutic interventions. IL-8 may be used as early biomarker for CHIKV infection to understand severity of the disease.
Quantum Control of High-Order Harmonic Generation (2006)

We discuss the physical processes involved in the generation and optimization of extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray light though the process of high-order harmonic generation. We show that by manipulating the sub-optical-cycle attosecond dynamics of this process using optimized waveguide structures and pulse shapes, we can control the energy of the emitted photons, the phase matching of the conversion process, and the spatial and temporal coherence of the light. High-order harmonic generation is a useful source of short wavelength light with ultrashort time duration. Thus, optimization and manipulation of high-order harmonic generation demonstrates control of electron dynamics on attosecond time scales.
DISTORTION IN ATOMIC BEAM ABSORPTION LINESHAPES (1981)

No abstract available
Supplementary Table S2 from Epigenetic Silencing of miR-490-3p Reactivates the Chromatin Remodeler SMARCD1 to Promote <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>–Induced Gastric Carcinogenesis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S2: Distribution of patient characteristics by survival status.&lt;/p&gt;
Polarization-maintained propagation of a 2200 μm2 effective-area higher-order-mode in a bent optical fiber (2020)

We report on the excitation and polarization preserved propagation of a very large effective-area (A<sub>eff</sub> ∼ 2240 μm<sup>2</sup>) higher-order-mode in an optical fiber. A laser signal operating in the 1 μm wavelength region is transported in a Bessel-like LP<sub>0,4</sub> mode over a 10 m long section of the polarization-maintaining higher-order-mode fiber. We observe that the light propagates through the fiber with >10 dB polarization-extinction-ratio as the fiber is coiled into circular loops of 40 cm diameter.
Innovative high pressure gas MEM's based neutron detector for ICF and active SNM detection. (2007)

An innovative helium3 high pressure gas detection system, made possible by utilizing Sandia's expertise in Micro-electrical Mechanical fluidic systems, is proposed which appears to have many beneficial performance characteristics with regards to making these neutron measurements in the high bremsstrahlung and electrical noise environments found in High Energy Density Physics experiments and especially on the very high noise environment generated on the fast pulsed power experiments performed here at Sandia. This same system may dramatically improve active WMD and contraband detection as well when employed with ultrafast (10-50 ns) pulsed neutron sources.
Facial expression modeling using component AAM models &#x2014; Gaming applications (2009)

In this paper we provide preliminary results on a new modeling approach for improved determination of facial expressions from a low-resolution video stream. An initial proof-of-concept using an extension of an Active Appearance Model (AAM) to measure facial parameters and a set of classifiers to determine facial states are described. We also discuss the potential for applying this technique to determine the emotional state of the players of a computer game and suggest how this information can be integrated into the workflow of a game. In addition we describe a number of use cases where the game environment can be adapted based on feedback from the players.
Compatibility of Insulin Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine with the Solo™ MicroPump, a Novel Miniature Insulin Pump (2010)

Insulin analogs lispro, aspart, and glulisine maintained physical, chemical, and biological properties for 6 days when used in the Solo MicroPump device.
Design and characterisation of PHBV-magnesium oleate directional nanofibers for neurosupport (2019)

The focus of significance in neuronal repair strategies is the design of scaffold systems capable of promoting neuronal regeneration and directional guidance via provision of a biomimetic environment resemblance of native neural tissue. The purpose of this study was to synthesize triple-cue electrospun aligned nanofibrous films (physical cue) of poly(3-hyroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV) blended with magnesium-oleate (MgOl) (chemical cue) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (therapeutic cue) with potential incorporation into hollow nerve guidance conduits for an enhanced regenerative strategy. A Box-Behnken experimental design of 15 formulations, were analysed for crystallinity, textural properties and in vitro water-uptake, erosion, NAC-release and PC12 cell viability. Nucleating effects of MgOl provided tuning of PHBV electrospinning-induced crystallinity and mechanical properties. Tensile strengths and deformation moduli of ±12 MPa and ±7 MP, respectively, were attainable, thereby matching native nerve mechanics. Crystallinity changes ascribed differing release kinetics to NAC over 30 d: diffusion-based (42%-58% crystallinity with 33%-47% fractional release) and polymer-relaxational (59%-65% crystallinity with 60%-82% fractional release). The synergistic activity of MgOl and NAC increased PC12 proliferation by 32.6% compared to the control. MgOl produced dual actions as non-toxic plasticiser and PC12 cell proliferation-promoter via nucleation and neurotrophic-like effects, respectively. Controlled release of NAC imparted neuro-protectant effects on PC12 cells and promoted neurite extension, thus, making electrospun PHBV-MgOl nanofibrous films a versatile and promising approach for axonal guidance in peripheral nerve repair strategies.
Ultra-High-Spectral-Efficiency Transmission (2010)

We discuss the generation, transmission, and coherent detection of 14-Gbaud polarization-division multiplexed, 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16-QAM) signals (112-Gb/s line rate). We attain 630-km and 1020-km wavelength-division-multiplexed transmission with spectral efficiencies of 6.2 b/s/Hz and 4.1 b/s/Hz, respectively.
Grafting Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) from Silicon Nanocrystal Surfaces: Synthesis and Properties of a Functional Hybrid Material with Direct Interfacial Contact (2016)

Hybrid functional materials (HFMs) comprised of semiconductor nanoparticles and conjugated polymers offer the potential of synergetic photophysical properties. We have developed HFMs based upon silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) and the conductive polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (SiNC@P3HT) by applying surface-initiated Kumada catalyst transfer polycondensation (SI-KCTP). One unique characteristic of the developed SiNC@P3HT is the formation of a direct covalent bonding between SiNCs and P3HT. The presented method for obtaining direct interfacial attachment, which is not accessible using other methods, may allow for the development of materials with efficient electronic communication at the donor-acceptor interfaces. Systematic characterization provides evidence of a core-shell structure, enhanced interfacial electron and/or energy transfer between the P3HT and SiNC components, as well as formation of a type-II heterostructure.