gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Internal-state distribution of recombinative hydrogen desorption from Si(100) (1992)

We have measured vibrational- and rotational-state distributions for H2, D2, and HD thermally desorbed from the monohydride phase on Si(100) surfaces using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection. The ν=1 to ν=0 population ratio is roughly 20 times higher than that predicted by Boltzmann statistics at the surface temperature, Ts≊780 K. In contrast, the average rotational energies of the desorbed molecules are significantly lower than kTs, exhibit no isotopic dependence within experimental error, and are not significantly different in the ν=0 and ν=1 vibrational states. In the vibrational ground state, we find 〈Erot〉 =345±83 K, 451±77 K, and 332±57 K for H2, HD, and D2, respectively. The degree of vibrational excitation suggests that the H–H interatomic distance in the transition state is elongated compared with the gas-phase equilibrium bond distance. The low average rotational energy clearly rules out recombination from a highly asymmetric transition state or recombination from high-impact-parameter collisions. Our data may be interpreted as resulting from a preference for reactive trajectories that impart little angular momentum either through the effects of the corrugation of the potential-energy hypersurface or through the collision leading to the transition state, followed by prompt desorption of the newly formed molecular hydrogen from Si(100). We propose that pairing on Si dimers occurs prior to desorption; various models are discussed regarding the desorption mechanism subsequent to pairing.
Applicability of Drone Mapping for Natural Disaster Damage Investigation (2019)

자연재해가 발생하면 지자체와 정부는 재난 및 안전관리 기본법에 따라 피해상황을 신속하게 조사하여 그 피해정도를 정량적으로 분석하고 적절한 피해복구 계획을 수립해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 2018년 호우․태풍으로 산사태, 하천 범람, 저수지가 붕괴된 발생한 보성군 5개 피해지역을 대상으로 상업용 드론과 드론맵핑 기술을 활용하여 3차원 재난현장 지형정보와 정사영상 지도를 생성하고, 이를 토대로 정량적인 자연재해 피해규모를 분석하였다. 하천과 저수지 붕괴지역 피해현장에 대해 촬영고도 100~250m에서 취득된 드론 항공사진으로 지상해상도 약 2~4.9cm/픽셀의 고해상 영상지도를 제작하여 하천 시설물의 파손 정도나 토사 유출 흔적 등 현장 피해정보를 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한, 산사태 피해지역의 3차원 점군 자료를 활용하여 산사태로 인한 유출된 쇄굴 폭과 깊이, 토사유출 거리, 산사태 피해면적을 보다 정밀하게 파악하였다. 이러한 재해피해조사를 위한 드론맵핑 기술은 신속하게 재난현장을 전수 조사하는 피해조사단의 현장업무 지원 또는 대체방안이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Sustainable Synthesis of N/S-Doped Porous Carbon from Waste-Biomass as Electroactive Material for Energy Harvesting (2022)

It is absolutely essential to convert biomass waste into usable energy in a rational manner. This investigation proposes the economical synthesis of heteroatom (N and S)-doped carbon (ATC) from Aesculus turbinata seed as a natural precursor by carbonization at 800 °C. The final product obtained was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-resolution transmittance electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in order to investigate its structural property and chemical composition. The porous carbon achieved by this method contained oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur from Aesculus turbinata seed and had pores rich in micropores and mesopores. Crystalline ATC obtained with a high surface area (560 m2 g−1) and pore size (3.8 nm) were exploited as electrode material for the supercapacitor. The electrochemical studies revealed a specific capacitance of 142 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 using 1 M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. ATC had exceptional cycling stability, and the capacitance retention was 95% even after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. The findings show that ATC derived from biomass proved to be a potential energy storage material by converting waste biomass into a high-value-added item, a supercapacitor.
Future Direction and Challenges for Microelectronics Packaging Materials (2005)

The continual increasing performance of microelectronics products places a high demand on packaging technologies. This presentation will discuss the current environment, challenges, and technologies being pursued. Package technology migrations for microprocessors and communication products are described. Material needs for high thermal dissipation, high-speed signaling, and high-density interconnects are discussed. Microprocessor scaling for increased performance and reduced cost places significant challenges on power delivery and power removal due to reducing dimensions, operating voltages, and increasing power. Meeting these challenges indicates a need for advanced packaging solutions using advanced materials. New methodologies, metrologies, and materials/process technologies to address these challenges are also highlighted.
Low-level expression of human &lt;italic&gt;ACAT2&lt;/italic&gt; gene in monocytic cells is regulated by the C/EBP transcription factors (2016)

Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACATs) are the exclusive intracellular enzymes that catalyze the formation of cholesteryl/steryl esters (CE/SE). In our previous work, we found that the high-level expression of human ACAT2 gene with the CpG hypomethylation of its whole promoter was synergistically regulated by two transcription factors Cdx2 and HNF1α in the intestine and fetal liver. Here, we first observed that the specific CpG-hypomethylated promoter was correlated with the low expression of human ACAT2 gene in monocytic cell line THP-1. Then, two CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) elements within the activation domain in the specific CpG-hypomethylation promoter region were identified, and the expression of ACAT2 in THP-1 cells was evidently decreased when the C/EBP transcription factors were knock-downed using RNAi technology. Furthermore, ChIP assay confirmed that C/EBPs directly bind to their elements for low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene in THP-1 cells. Significantly, the increased expressions of ACAT2 and C/EBPs were also found in macrophages differentiated from both ATRA-treated THP-1 cells and cultured human blood monocytes. These results demonstrate that the low-level expression of human ACAT2 gene with specific CpG-hypomethylated promoter is regulated by the C/EBP transcription factors in monocytic cells, and imply that the lowly expressed ACAT2 catalyzes the synthesis of certain CE/SE that are assembled into lipoproteins for the secretion.
Mortality in individuals treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma varies with the geographic provenance of donors (2021)

Successful therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have harnessed the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence that SARS-CoV-2 exists as locally evolving variants suggests that immunological differences may impact the effectiveness of antibody-based treatments such as convalescent plasma and vaccines. Considering that near-sourced convalescent plasma likely reflects the antigenic composition of local viral strains, we hypothesize that convalescent plasma has a higher efficacy, as defined by death within 30 days of transfusion, when the convalescent plasma donor and treated patient were in close geographic proximity. Results of a series of modeling techniques applied to approximately 28,000 patients from the Expanded Access to Convalescent Plasma program (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT04338360) support this hypothesis. This work has implications for the interpretation of clinical studies, the ability to develop effective COVID-19 treatments, and, potentially, for the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines as additional locally-evolving variants continue to emerge.
Image-guided radiotherapy residual setup errors linked to overall survival in lung cancer patients (2018)

Participants viewed a videotape of a simulated murder, and their recall (and confidence) was tested 1 week later with the cognitive interview. Results indicated that (a) the subset of statements assigned high confidence was more accurate than the full set of statements; (b) the accuracy benefit was limited to information that forensic experts considered relevant to an investigation, whereas peripheral information showed the opposite pattern; (c) the confidence-accuracy relationship was higher for relevant than for peripheral information; (d) the focused-retrieval phase was associated with a greater proportion of peripheral and a lesser proportion of relevant information than the other phases; and (e) only about 50% of the relevant information was elicited, and most of this was elicited in Phase 1., (C) 2002 by the American Psychological Association
High-rate codes with sublinear-time decoding (2011)

Locally decodable codes are error-correcting codes that admit efficient decoding algorithms; any bit of the original message can be recovered by looking at only a small number of locations of a corrupted codeword. The tradeoff between the rate of a code and the locality/efficiency of its decoding algorithms has been well studied, and it has widely been suspected that nontrivial locality must come at the price of low rate. A particular setting of potential interest in practice is codes of constant rate. For such codes, decoding algorithms with locality O ( k∈ ) were known only for codes of rate ∈ Ω(1/ ∈ ), where k is the length of the message. Furthermore, for codes of rate &gt; 1/2, no nontrivial locality had been achieved. In this article, we construct a new family of locally decodable codes that have very efficient local decoding algorithms, and at the same time have rate approaching 1. We show that for every ∈ &gt; 0 and α &gt; 0, for infinitely many k , there exists a code C which encodes messages of length k with rate 1 − α , and is locally decodable from a constant fraction of errors using O ( k∈ ) queries and time. These codes, which we call multiplicity codes, are based on evaluating multivariate polynomials and their derivatives. Multiplicity codes extend traditional multivariate polynomial codes; they inherit the local-decodability of these codes, and at the same time achieve better tradeoffs and flexibility in the rate and minimum distance.
A New Glycociamidine Ring Precursor:  Syntheses of (Z)-Hymenialdisine, (Z)-2-Debromohymenialdisine, and (±)-endo-2-Debromohymenialdisine (2005)

[chemical reaction: see text]. The synthesis of the C11H5 marine sponge alkaloids, (Z)-hymenialdisine and (Z)-2-debromohymenialdisine, is described. A key step was the condensation between aldisine or its monobromo derivative and a new, efficient imidazolinone-based glycociamidine precursor. In the first case, the main product turned out to be the unprecedented (+/-)-endo-2-debromohymenialdisine.
Development of an actinic photomask review and phase metrology tool for 193-nm lithography (2005)

We describe an improved solid-state 193-nm laser source tailored specifically for high resolution photomask phase metrology. This source operates at a repetition rate of 5 kHz and produces 10-mW average power with a spectral bandwidth of 30 pm and near-TEM<sub>00</sub> mode quality. The enhanced optical performance results from an optical parametric oscillator of improved design, and the use of the nonlinear crystal cesium-lithium-borate for fourth-harmonic generation. We also discuss the design evolution of our photomask phase metrology tool. The use of actinic illumination facilitates imaging of photomask phase structures, and ensures that optical path difference measurements and printing simulations are performed in-band and without off-wavelength accuracy errors.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Combinations with Allosteric SHP2 Inhibitor TNO155 to Block Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure Legend&lt;/p&gt;
Coupling of Flavonoid Initiation Sites with Monolignols Studied by Density Functional Theory (2021)

Lignin recalcitrance presents a challenge for the development of a bioeconomy that employs lignocellulosic feedstocks. The efficiency of lignin deconstruction is improved by a reduction of molecular weight, and given the discovery that flavones serve as initiation sites in lignin biosynthesis, these molecular weight reductions could potentially be achieved with plant metabolic engineering to over-express flavonoids. Upon increasing the flavonoid content in lignin, the bond strengths and properties of flavonoid-monolignol linkages become increasingly important. To that end, the current work applies density functional theory calculations to elucidate the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of flavonoid-monolignol linkages, including dimers with oxidized monolignols. Specifically, the dimer bond strengths and monomer hydrogen abstraction energies for the flavonoids tricin, chrysoeriol, luteolin, apigenin, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate are calculated, when coupled to seven natural and engineered monolignols. Results indicate that 4′-O-β linkage strengths between flavonoids and monolignols are of comparable strength to inter-monolignol β-O-4 linkages, with average flavonoid-monolignol BDEs of 70.7 kcal/mol relative to ∼69.3 kcal/mol in analogous canonical monolignols. Epigallocatechin yielded the lowest 4′-O-β bond strength of 52.3 kcal/mol when coupled to an oxidized monolignol, while the flavones overall produced lower average BDEs, relative to the flavanols. Substituents at the 3′-C and 5′-C positions on flavonoids affected the dimer linkage strengths to a greater extent than glycosylation or substituents further from the linkage. Erythro and threo stereochemistry across the flavonoid-monolignol linkage library exhibited only small energetic differences and no pronounced correlations. Taken together, the predictions from this work support the concept that higher concentrations of flavonoid initiation sites in lignin may afford linkage properties conducive to more facile lignin depolymerization.
Targeted suppression of gibberellin biosynthetic genes ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 produces a short stature maize ideotype (2022)

Maize is one of the world's most widely cultivated crops. As future demands for maize will continue to rise, fields will face ever more frequent and extreme weather patterns that directly affect crop productivity. Development of environmentally resilient crops with improved standability in the field, like wheat and rice, was enabled by shifting the architecture of plants to a short stature ideotype. However, such architectural change has not been implemented in maize due to the unique interactions between gibberellin (GA) and floral morphology which limited the use of the same type of mutations as in rice and wheat. Here, we report the development of a short stature maize ideotype in commercial hybrid germplasm, which was generated by targeted suppression of the biosynthetic pathway for GA. To accomplish this, we utilized a dominant, miRNA-based construct expressed in a hemizygous state to selectively reduce expression of the ZmGA20ox3 and ZmGA20ox5 genes that control GA biosynthesis primarily in vegetative tissues. Suppression of both genes resulted in the reduction of GA levels leading to inhibition of cell elongation in internodal tissues, which reduced plant height. Expression of the miRNA did not alter GA levels in reproductive tissues, and thus, the reproductive potential of the plants remained unchanged. As a result, we developed a dominant, short-stature maize ideotype that is conducive for the commercial production of hybrid maize. We expect that the new maize ideotype would enable more efficient and more sustainable maize farming for a growing world population.
Study of adsorption behavior of Hg(II)on nanometer-sized TiO_2 with KBH_4 reduction-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (2003)

A new method was proposed for the determination of Hg(Ⅱ) using nanometersized TiO2(anatase) as solidphase extractant. The adsorption behavior of nanometer TiO2 towards Hg(Ⅱ) was investigated by KBH4 reductionatomic fluorescence spectrometry (KBH4AFS). It was found that the adsorption fraction of Hg(Ⅱ) was more than 95% in pH 7 and the eluation with 2 mol/L HCl was sufficient for the complete elution. The method was applied to the analysis of Hg(Ⅱ) in water samples and satisfactory results were obtained. The detection limit was 0.004 ng/mL and RSD for Hg(Ⅱ) was 3.3%.
TCB optimization for stacking large thinned dies with 40 and 20 μm pitch microbumps (2018)

In this paper optimization process of D2W (Die to Wafer) TCB (Thermal Compression Bonding) stacking for thinned, warped and large dies are investigated. TCB related characteristics of WLUF (Wafer Level Underfill) is studied in detail by both analytical calculations/simulations and insitu deformation measurement techniques and then the results are used to lower the required bond force of TCB profile. Further optimizations include the enhancement of the interface temperature uniformity, and modification of the top bond tool called Thermode. These optimizations result in good flattening of the thin and warped large die, and uniform pressure distribution during the TCB process. The large stacked dies show very low warpage, very good joint formation between TSVs and 20um pitch microbumps and close to 100{\%} electrical yield.
Data reorganization in memory using 3D-stacked DRAM (2015)

In this paper we focus on common data reorganization operations such as shuffle, pack/unpack, swap, transpose, and layout transformations. Although these operations simply relocate the data in the memory, they are costly on conventional systems mainly due to inefficient access patterns, limited data reuse and roundtrip data traversal throughout the memory hierarchy. This paper presents a two pronged approach for efficient data reorganization, which combines (i) a proposed DRAM-aware reshape accelerator integrated within 3D-stacked DRAM, and (ii) a mathematical framework that is used to represent and optimize the reorganization operations.
Isolation of strong expression signals of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2001)

The natural fluorescence of the Aequoria victoria green fluorescent protein was exploited to isolate strong expression signals of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin harbouring M. tuberculosis fragments driving high levels of gfp expression were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). DNA sequencing and subsequent comparison with the M. tuberculosis genome sequence revealed that a total of nine postulated promoters had been identified. The majority of the promoters displayed activity that was greater than or equal to the Mycobacterium fortuitum beta-lactamase promoter, one of the strongest mycobacterial promoters characterized to date. Two of the promoters corresponded to proteins predicted to be involved in calcium and magnesium utilization, the importance of such functions for cell physiology suggesting why these two genes are controlled by strong transcription signals. The seven other promoters corresponded to genes encoding proteins of unknown function. Promoter activity was maintained after prolonged incubation within macrophages, implying that these promoters could be used to drive sustained foreign gene expression in vivo. The strength of these expression signals identified could be employed for the overexpression of foreign genes in mycobacteria to aid protein purification and vaccine vector development. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that FACS provides a sensitive and efficient technique to measure and select strong mycobacterial expression signals.
Experimental Analysis of Multiplexing/demultiplexing Laguerre Gaussian Beams with Different Radial Index (2014)

Different orders of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam could form two-dimensional orthogonal basis set for laser beams in free space. The orthogonality of LG beams with the same phase change in azimuthal direction but different in radial direction is experimentally studied.
Optimization of actuator arrays for aircraft interior noise control (1993)

A numerical procedure for grouping actuators in order to reduce the number of degrees of freedom in an active noise control system is evaluated using experimental data. Piezoceramic actuators for reducing aircraft interior noise are arranged into groups using a nonlinear optimization routine and clustering algorithm. An actuator group is created when two or more actuators are driven with the same control input. This procedure is suitable for active control applications where actuators are already mounted on a structure. The feasibility of this technique is demonstrated using measured data from the aft cabin of a Douglas DC-9 fuselage. The measured data include transfer functions between 34 piezoceramic actuators and 29 interior microphones and microphone responses due to the primary noise produced by external speakers. Control inputs for the grouped actuators were calculated so that a cost function, defined as a quadratic pressure term and a penalty term, was a minimum. The measured transfer functions and microphone responses are checked by comparing calculated noise reductions with measured noise reductions for four frequencies. The grouping procedure is then used to determine actuator groups that improve overall interior noise reductions by 5.3 to 15 dB, compared to the baseline experimental configuration.
Toward resolving the catalytic mechanism of dihydrofolate reductase using neutron and ultrahigh-resolution X-ray crystallography (2014)

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF). An important step in the mechanism involves proton donation to the N5 atom of DHF. The inability to determine the protonation states of active site residues and substrate has led to a lack of consensus regarding the catalytic mechanism involved. To resolve this ambiguity, we conducted neutron and ultrahigh-resolution X-ray crystallographic studies of the pseudo-Michaelis ternary complex of Escherichia coli DHFR with folate and NADP(+). The neutron data were collected to 2.0-Å resolution using a 3.6-mm(3) crystal with the quasi-Laue technique. The structure reveals that the N3 atom of folate is protonated, whereas Asp27 is negatively charged. Previous mechanisms have proposed a keto-to-enol tautomerization of the substrate to facilitate protonation of the N5 atom. The structure supports the existence of the keto tautomer owing to protonation of the N3 atom, suggesting that tautomerization is unnecessary for catalysis. In the 1.05-Å resolution X-ray structure of the ternary complex, conformational disorder of the Met20 side chain is coupled to electron density for a partially occupied water within hydrogen-bonding distance of the N5 atom of folate; this suggests direct protonation of substrate by solvent. We propose a catalytic mechanism for DHFR that involves stabilization of the keto tautomer of the substrate, elevation of the pKa value of the N5 atom of DHF by Asp27, and protonation of N5 by water that gains access to the active site through fluctuation of the Met20 side chain even though the Met20 loop is closed.