gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High speed tapping mode atomic force microscopy in liquid using an insulated piezoelectric cantilever (2003)

Quicker imaging times for tapping mode atomic force microscopy in liquid could provide a real-time imaging tool for studying dynamic phenomena in physiological conditions. We demonstrate faster imaging speed using microcantilevers with integrated piezoelectric actuators. The exposed electric components of the cantilever necessitate an insulation scheme for use in liquid; three coating schemes have been tested. Preliminary tapping mode images have been taken using the insulated microactuator to simultaneously vibrate and actuate the cantilever over topographical features in liquid, including a high speed image of steps on a mica surface in water and an image of two e coli bacteria taken in saline solution at 75.5 μm/s, a threefold improvement in bandwidth versus conventional piezotube actuators.
Essential role of monocytes and lymphocytes for the development of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)-induced arthritis (2011)

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Urokinase, a constitutive component of the inflamed synovial fluid, induces arthritis"Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy 2002;5(1):R9-R17.Published online 17 Oct 2002PMCID:PMC154426.Copyright © 2003 Jin et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: Media for any non-commercial purpose, provided this notice is presented along with the articles original URL. Frequency of histological signs of arthritis 4 days after a single injection of low molecular weight uPA (60 pmol/knee). Significance regarding the difference of incidence of arthritis between the groups is indicated.
Raymond M. P. Donaghy: a pioneer in microneurosurgery (2009)

Raymond M. P. Donaghy was one of the true pioneers of modern neurosurgery. His restless dedication, innovation, and desire to humbly disseminate his knowledge facilitated the advancement of the field of microneurosurgery. Many of his trainees--most notably M. Gazi Yaşargil--continued to advance the field, developing innovative microsurgical instruments and techniques. The history of microneurosurgery is incomplete without a glimpse at the life of this remarkable man.
Experimental demonstration of three-fold wavelength multicasting of a 64-QAM 120-Gbit/s data channel using a Kerr frequency comb and nonlinear wave mixing (2019)

We experimentally demonstrate three-fold wavelength multicasting of a 64-quadrature-amplitude-modulation (QAM), 120-Gbit/s data channel using a microresonator Kerr frequency comb and nonlinear wave mixing. The multicasting is achieved with a data signal and four comb lines serving as the pump lasers in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. Minimal extra phase noise from the pumps is introduced into the multicast copies due to the mutual coherence between the Kerr comb lines. All three multicast copies achieve a bit-error rate (BER) &lt;= 3.5E-3, which is below the forward-error-correction threshold. Both the error vector magnitude (EVM) and BER performances show &lt;0.5-dB optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty for the multicast copies compared to the original data signal.
Slow Synthesis Methodology‐Directed Immiscible Octahedral PdxRh1−x Dual‐Atom‐Site Catalysts for Superior Three‐Way Catalytic Activities over Rh (2022)

This study provided an effective strategy to construct dual-atom sites by solid-solution alloying. A slow synthesis methodology was established for the solid-solution preparations as dual-atom-site catalysts. The atomic-level homogeneous Pd<sub>x</sub> Rh<sub>1-x</sub> dual-atom-site catalysts were successfully synthesized over the whole composition range, as evidenced by X-ray powder diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping measurements. The challenging morphology formation in the immiscible alloys was achieved by an energy-controlling process as the octahedral Rh-rich alloys. The Pd<sub>0.3</sub> Rh<sub>0.7</sub> dual-atom-site catalyst had unique surface states to activate the key reactants of CO and NO in the complex three-way catalytic reactions, and it performed significantly better than pure Rh.
Patterning of Magnetic Thin Films and Multilayers Using Nanostructured Tantalum Gettering Templates (2015)

This work demonstrates that a nonmagnetic thin film of cobalt oxide (CoO) sandwiched between Ta seed and capping layers can be effectively reduced to a magnetic cobalt thin film by annealing at 200 °C, whereas CoO does not exhibit ferromagnetic properties at room temperature and is stable at up to ∼400 °C. The CoO reduction is attributed to the thermodynamically driven gettering of oxygen by tantalum, similar to the exothermic reduction-oxidation reaction observed in thermite systems. Similarly, annealing at 200 °C of a nonmagnetic [CoO/Pd]N multilayer thin film sandwiched between Ta seed and Ta capping layers results in the conversion into a magnetic [Co/Pd]N multilayer, a material with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy that is of interest for magnetic data storage applications. A nanopatterning approach is introduced where [CoO/Pd]N multilayers is locally reduced into [Co/Pd]N multilayers to achieve perpendicular magnetic anisotropy nanostructured array. This technique can potentially be adapted to nanoscale patterning of other systems for which thermodynamically favorable combination of oxide and gettering layers can be identified.
A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: Towards Control and Elimination (2012)

Human helminthiases are of considerable public health importance in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The acknowledgement of the disease burden due to helminth infections, the availability of donated or affordable drugs that are mostly safe and moderately efficacious, and the implementation of viable mass drug administration (MDA) interventions have prompted the establishment of various large-scale control and elimination programmes. These programmes have benefited from improved epidemiological mapping of the infections, better understanding of the scope and limitations of currently available diagnostics and of the relationship between infection and morbidity, feasibility of community-directed or school-based interventions, and advances in the design of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) protocols. Considerable success has been achieved in reducing morbidity or suppressing transmission in a number of settings, whilst challenges remain in many others. Some of the obstacles include the lack of diagnostic tools appropriate to the changing requirements of ongoing interventions and elimination settings; the reliance on a handful of drugs about which not enough is known regarding modes of action, modes of resistance, and optimal dosage singly or in combination; the difficulties in sustaining adequate coverage and compliance in prolonged and/or integrated programmes; an incomplete understanding of the social, behavioural, and environmental determinants of infection; and last, but not least, very little investment in research and development (R&D). The Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4), established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), was given the mandate to undertake a comprehensive review of recent advances in helminthiases research, identify research gaps, and rank priorities for an R&D agenda for the control and elimination of these infections. This review presents the processes undertaken to identify and rank ten top research priorities; discusses the implications of realising these priorities in terms of their potential for improving global health and achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); outlines salient research funding needs; and introduces the series of reviews that follow in this PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases collection, "A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans."
Phototocatalytic Lithography of Poly(propylene sulfide) Block Copolymers: Toward High-Throughput Nanolithography for Biomolecular Arraying Applications (2008)

Photocatalytic lithography (PCL) is an inexpensive, fast, and robust method of oxidizing surface chemical moieties to produce patterned substrates. This technique has utility in basic biological research as well as various biochip applications. We report on porphyrin-based PCL for patterning poly(propylene sulfide) block copolymer films on gold substrates on the micrometer and submicrometer scales. We confirm chemical patterning with imaging ToF-SIMS and low-voltage SEM. Biomolecular patterning on micrometer and submicrometer scales is demonstrated with proteins, protein-linked beads. and fluorescently labeled proteins.
Prophylactic administration of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig; BMS-188667) prevents disease induction and bone destruction in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (2005)

Chaperonins have classically been thought of as intracellular molecules involved in the correct folding of proteins. Their expression is upregulated during times of stress such as heat (hence their common nomenclature as heat shock proteins [HSP]), anoxia, hypoglycaemia and reactive oxygen species [1]. These are conditions found in infected tissues or in tissues with chronic inflammation such as the rheumatoid synovium. In their intracellular location they protect the cell from apoptotic death due to stress. Increasingly chaperonins have been recognised to subserve extracellular functions for which they have received the name 'chaperokines' since they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface and activate cells of the innate immune system to secrete inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and small molecular weight mediators such as prostaglandins [2]. Indeed, an early event in inflammation is cell stress/necrosis leading to the release of HSP60 and HSP70 that binds via a CD14-mediated mechanism to Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 [2] as part of the 'danger' signal [3]. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-1, IL-12 and other chemokines prepares the environment for a TH1 adaptive immune response. It is now recognised that some chaperonins, such as BiP and HSP27, may activate the innate immune system to secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 [4,5] that may skew the adaptive immune response to TH2. Recent work by our group has shown that BiP can not only prevent but also treat ongoing collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice [6], suggesting that chaperonins may down modulate ongoing TH1 responses. Thus, it may be possible to suppress rheumatoid inflammation by administration of appropriate chaperonins such as BiP. Finally, chaperonins may be important system regulators determining the outcome between TH1 and Th2 immune responses. References 1.
604 Microstructure formation of FCC metals by severe plastic deformation (2008)

Severe plastic deformation is a kind of technology making ultra-fine microstructure. Pure copper (99.99%) and pure aluminium (99.99%) given severe plastic deformation were examined by Vickers hardness test and neutron diffraction. Accumulative roll-bonding was bigger than equal-channel angular pressing in full width at half maximum and residual grain strain,
Emission wavelength dependence of characteristic temperature of InGaN laser diodes (2013)

We have determined thermal stability of various InGaN laser diodes emitting in the spectral range of 390-436 nm. Their characteristic temperature T0 increases steeply with the increasing emission wavelength, reaching the value of around 230 K. Our analysis of current-light characteristics and activation energy of electroluminescence proves that this behavior is predominantly related to the thermal escape of electrons from quantum wells, which depends critically on their depth.
Role of hydrogen bonding environment in a-Si:H films for c-Si surface passivation (2008)

The search for an ideal surface passivation layer of crystalline silicon (c-Si) to be employed in a silicon heterojunction photovoltaic device has garnered much attention. The leading candidate is a few nanometers of intrinsic amorphous silicon ((i)a-Si:H) film. Reported dependencies of film surface passivation quality on substrate preparation, orientation, and deposition temperature have been extended in this work to include H2 to SiH4 dilution ratio and postdeposition annealing. Simple avoidance of the deposition regimes that lead to epitaxial growth of Si on the c-Si substrate produces decent lifetimes on the order of 500μs. Subsequent low temperature annealings cause an important restructuring of Si–H bonding at the a-Si:H∕c-Si interface increasing the amount of monohydride at the c-Si surface. This restructuring would reduce the c-Si surface defect density and cause an improvement of surface passivation as confirmed by effective lifetime measurements. Final effective carrier lifetimes up to 2550μs are achieved postannealing. Initial results indicate the improvement depends on surplus SiH2 from the interface region.
Control of Yttrium Diffusion Out of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia During SOM Electrolysis for Magnesium Production (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements
Flexible highly-effective energy harvester via crystallographic and computational control of nanointerfacial morphotropic piezoelectric thin film (2016)

Controlling the properties of piezoelectric thin films is a key aspect for designing highly efficient flexible electromechanical devices. In this study, the crystallographic phenomena of PbZr1–x Ti x O3 (PZT) thin films caused by distinguished interfacial effects are deeply investigated by overlooking views, including not only an experimental demonstration but also ab initio modeling. The polymorphic phase balance and crystallinity, as well as the crystal orientation of PZT thin films at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), can be stably modulated using interfacial crystal structures. Here, interactions with MgO stabilize the PZT crystallographic system well and induce the texturing influences, while the PZT film remains quasi-stable on a conventional Al2O3 wafer. On the basis of this fundamental understanding, a high-output flexible energy harvester is developed using the controlled-PZT system, which shows significantly higher performance than the unmodified PZT generator. The voltage, current, and power densities are improved by 556%, 503%, and 822%, respectively, in comparison with the previous flexional single-crystalline piezoelectric device. Finally, the improved flexible generator is applied to harvest tiny vibrational energy from a real traffic system, and it is used to operate a commercial electronic unit. These results clearly indicate that atomic-scale designs can produce significant impacts on macroscopic applications.
621. Widespread Gene Delivery to the Nonhuman Primate Brain for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease (2016)

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG-trinucleotide repeat expansion in a coding exon of a single allele in the HTT locus. In HD, the resulting polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion confers a toxic gain-of-function to the mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). Reduction of expression of mHTT using gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) may confer transformative disease modifying therapeutic approach for HD. Adeno associated vectors (AAV) provide an ideal delivery system for nucleic acid therapeutics and have the potential to allow for long lasting and continuous expression of these huntingtin lowering RNAi in the brain. Despite this promise, global delivery of AAV to the adult brain remains an elusive goal. Furthermore, the appropriate brain areas to target for achieving transformative therapeutic benefit in HD patients remain to be defined. Postmortem analyses of HD patient brains reveal extensive medium spiny neuronal loss in the striatum, in addition to loss of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Recent studies in rodent models suggest that simultaneous targeting of striatum and cortex is more efficacious than targeting either individually. Thus, available evidence suggests that delivery of Htt-lowering therapeutics to both striatal and cortical regions may provide optimal therapeutic efficacy. The current study demonstrate for the first time the successful use of an AAV targeting strategy that leads to viral transduction in key brain areas considered to be important for HD pathology. The study compared the efficiency of transduction of AAV1 and AAV2 vectors in the rhesus monkey brain following intra-striatal injection. Both vectors encoded green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of a hybrid CMV enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter. One month following injection, brains were analyzed for distribution of GFP-positive cells. We found that the AAV1 vector provided extensive delivery to the majority of the primate striatum, and additionally transduced large numbers of cells within the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. In summary, the data suggest that intrastriatal delivery maybe sufficient for the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics to multiple areas of the human brain relevant in HD.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia at 5 US Academic Medical Centers, 2008-2011: Significant Geographic Variation in Community-Onset Infections (2014)

CO-MRSA rates and the contribution of USA300 MRSA varied dramatically across diverse geographical areas in the United States. Enhanced infection control efforts are unlikely to account for such variation in CO infection rates. Bioecological and clinical explanations for geographical differences in CO-MRSA bacteremia rates merit further study.
Pacific-Ciguatoxin-2 and Brevetoxin-1 Induce the Sensitization of Sensory Receptors Mediating Pain and Pruritus in Sensory Neurons (2021)

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning syndromes are induced by the consumption of seafood contaminated by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins. Both toxins cause sensory symptoms such as paresthesia, cold dysesthesia and painful disorders. An intense pruritus, which may become chronic, occurs also in CFP. No curative treatment is available and the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Here we conducted single-cell calcium video-imaging experiments in sensory neurons from newborn rats to study in vitro the ability of Pacific-ciguatoxin-2 (P-CTX-2) and brevetoxin-1 (PbTx-1) to sensitize receptors and ion channels, (i.e., to increase the percentage of responding cells and/or the response amplitude to their pharmacological agonists). In addition, we studied the neurotrophin release in sensory neurons co-cultured with keratinocytes after exposure to P-CTX-2. Our results show that P-CTX-2 induced the sensitization of TRPA1, TRPV4, PAR2, MrgprC, MrgprA and TTX-r NaV channels in sensory neurons. P-CTX-2 increased the release of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the co-culture supernatant, suggesting that those neurotrophins could contribute to the sensitization of the aforementioned receptors and channels. Our results suggest the potential role of sensitization of sensory receptors/ion channels in the induction or persistence of sensory disturbances in CFP syndrome.
Inhibition of HIV Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Assay by Nucleases Produced by Contaminating Mycoplasmas (1994)

Mycoplasmal contamination of HIV-1-infected cells has been found to induce reduction of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity; however, the exact mechanism of this phenomenon was not clearly elucidated. Our results indicate that the apparent reduction in RT activity is due to a calcium-dependent nuclease(s) that is (are) produced by contaminating mycoplasmas. The interference with the RT assay was found to be due to the degradation of products of the RT activity. Addition of EGTA at a 1 mM concentration was sufficient to remove the inhibitory effect. The particular HIV-1-producing cell line that was under study was found to be contaminated with Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma pirum and the latter was isolated in pure culture. Nuclease activity was also observed with pure cultures of mycoplasmas from different species. The activity was found to be of the endonuclease type because it was active with both supercoiled and linear DNAs.
Characterizing the Protein Isoforms of foraging (for), the PKGI Ortholog in Drosophila melanogaster (2023)

The <i>foraging</i> (<i>for</i>) gene of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which is a major effector of the cGMP signaling pathway involved in the regulation of behaviour and metabolic traits. Despite being well studied at the transcript level, little is known about the <i>for</i> gene at the protein level. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of the <i>for</i> gene protein (FOR) products and present new tools for their study, including five isoform-specific antibodies and a transgenic strain that carries an HA-labelled <i>for</i> allele (<i>for<sup>BAC</sup>::HA</i>). Our results showed that multiple FOR isoforms were expressed in the larval and adult stages of <i>D. melanogaster</i> and that the majority of whole-body FOR expression arises from three (P1, P1α, and P3) of eight putative protein isoforms. We found that FOR expression differed between the larval and adult stages and between the dissected larval organs we analyzed, which included the central nervous system (CNS), fat body, carcass, and intestine. Moreover, we showed that the FOR expression differed between two allelic variants of the <i>for</i> gene, namely, <i>for<sup>s</sup></i> (sitter) and <i>for<sup>R</sup></i> (rover), that are known to differ in many food-related traits. Together, our in vivo identification of FOR isoforms and the existence of temporal, spatial, and genetic differences in their expression lay the groundwork for determining their functional significance.
Escalating morphine dosing in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice with sustained Tat exposure reveals an allostatic shift in neuroinflammatory regulation accompanied by increased neuroprotective non-endocannabinoid lipid signaling molecules and amino acids (2020)

Overall results demonstrate that 3 months of Tat exposure increased morphine tolerance and potentially innate immune tolerance evidenced by reductions in specific cytokines (e.g., IL-1α, IL-12p40) and microglial reactivity. In contrast, short-term, escalating morphine exposure acted as a secondary stressor revealing an allostatic shift in CNS baseline inflammatory responsiveness from sustained Tat exposure.