gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activation by oncogenes, serum, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate requires Raf and is necessary for transformation. (1994)

The protein kinase cascade Raf-MAPKK/MEK-MAPK/ERK connects protein tyrosine kinase receptors in the membrane with control of transcription factor activity in the nucleus. We have examined whether Raf is obligatory for activation of this cascade and whether this signaling pathway is relevant to transformation. By use of transient assays with epitope-tagged ERK-1 cDNA and a dominant inhibitory mutant of Raf-1 we found that serum and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as well as representatives of three classes of oncogenes (protein tyrosine kinases abl/src, Ras, and protein serine/threonine kinases mos/cot) were all Raf-dependent for stimulation of MAPK. All of the MAPK stimulating oncogenes were also activators of Raf kinase as judged by shift induction. It thus appears that there is little or no redundancy in pathways used by growth regulators for activation of MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, the ability to stimulate MAPK/ERK appears to be critical for transformation by oncogenic Raf-1 and ERK-1 and -2 synergized with v-raf in a focus induction assay on NIH3T3 cells and kinase dead mutants of ERK-2 were inhibitory. Raf/ERK synergism was also observed in transcriptional transactivation of the oncogene-response element in the polyoma enhancer. We conclude that this Raf signaling pathway, which connects to many upstream activators and downstream effectors, is essential for transformation by most oncogenes.
Figure S1 from Cathepsin B Is Dispensable for Cellular Processing of Cathepsin B-Cleavable Antibody–Drug Conjugates (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1: Loss of cathepsin B in cells. Cathepsin B enzymatic assays for various gRNAs tested against cathepsin B in KPL-4 cells (A) and BT-474M1 (B). IP/WB for cathepsin B expression in KPL-4 cells (C) and BT-474M1 (D). Change in mRNA expression of cathepsin B in BJAB and WSU-DLCL2 cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Systemic RNAi in western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, does not involve transitive pathways (2016)

Western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is highly sensitive to orally delivered double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNAi in WCR is systemic and spreads throughout the insect body. This raises the question whether transitive RNAi is a mechanism that functions in WCR to amplify the RNAi response via production of secondary siRNA. Secondary siRNA production is achieved through RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity in other eukaryotic organisms, but RdRP has not been identified in WCR and any other insects. This study visualized the spread of the RNAi-mediated knockdown of Dv v-ATPase C mRNA throughout the WCR gut and other tissues using high-sensitivity branched DNA in situ hybridization. Furthermore, we did not detect either secondary siRNA production or transitive RNAi in WCR through siRNA sequence profile analysis. Nucleotide mismatched sequences introduced into either the sense or antisense strand of v-ATPase C dsRNAs were maintained in siRNAs derived from WCR fed with the mismatched dsRNAs in a strand specific manner. The distribution of all siRNAs was restricted to within the original target sequence regions, which may indicate the lack of new dsRNA synthesis leading to production of secondary siRNA. Thus, the systemic spread of RNAi in WCR may be derived from the original dsRNA molecules taken up from the gut lumen. These results indicate that the initial dsRNA dose is important for a lethal systemic RNAi response in WCR and have implications in developing effective dsRNA traits to control WCR and in resistance management to prolong the durability of RNAi trait technology.
Electrochemical study of the lithium insertion mechanism into Li4Ti5O12 (1998)

Abstract OCV measurements, cyclic voltammetry and chrono-amperometric measurements have been performed to provide information on the type of mechanism of Li insertion into Li4Ti5O12 spinel material. Step-wise potentiodynamic electrochemical techniques allow us to distinguish between a single-phase versus two-phase reaction and to conclude on the type of growing mechanism (nucleation-and-growth or homogeneous growth) and the evolution upon cycling.
Crossed-beam study of the reaction H3+(D2,H2)D2H+ (1976)

A new crossed-beam apparatus has been applied to a study of the dynamics of simple proton and deuteron transfer reactions [M. L. Vestal, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (1975)]. The results of detailed studies of the reactions H+3(D2,H2)D2H+ and D+3(H2D2)H2D+ are presented. Results are also reported on the reactions H+3(Ar,H2)ArH+ and H+3(N2,H2)N2H+. The experimental results are presented as contour maps of relative intensity normalized for Cartesian velocity coordinates plotted superimposed on the Newton diagram as described by Cross and Wolfgang [J. Phys. Chem. 73, 743 (1969)]. The data are also presented in an intensity contour plot using the relative translational energy and center-of-mass scattering angle as rectangular coordinates. This method for plotting data from crossed-beam experiments, which was developed in this work, has the advantage that the relative differential cross sections as functions of relative translational energy of the products and center-of-mass scattering angle are directly displayed. Product angular distributions obtained by integrating the contour diagrams over the relative translational energy distributions are also given.
N-Substituted 2-(2,6-Dinitrophenylamino)propanamides:  Novel Prodrugs That Release a Primary Amine via Nitroreduction and Intramolecular Cyclization (1999)

A series of N-dinitrophenylamino acid amides [(4-CONHZ-2, 6-diNO2Ph)N(R)C(X,Y)CONHPhOMe] were prepared as potential bioreductive prodrugs and reduced radiolytically to study their rates of subsequent intramolecular cyclization. Compounds bearing a free NH group (R = H) underwent rapid cyclization in neutral aqueous buffers (t1/2 < 1 min) following 4-electron reduction, with the generation of a N-hydroxydihydroquinoxalinone and concomitant release of 4-methoxyaniline. Amine release from analogous N-methyl analogues (R = Me) was relatively slow. These results are consistent with intramolecular cyclization of a monohydroxylamine intermediate. The high rates of cyclization/extrusion by these very electron-deficient hydroxylamines suggest that the process is greatly accelerated by the presence of an H-bonding "conformational lock" between the anilino NH group and the adjacent o-nitro group (Kirk and Cohen, 1972). Changes in the phenylcarboxamide side chain or in C-methylation in the linking chain had little effect on the rate of cyclization. The model compounds had 1-electron reduction potentials in the range appropriate for cellular reduction (-373 mV for a measured example) and appeared suitable for development as prodrugs that release amine-based effectors following enzymic or radiolytic reduction. Prodrug examples containing 4-aminoaniline mustard and 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)benz[e]indoline alkylating units were evaluated but were not activated efficiently by cellular nitroreductases. However, cell killing by the radiation-induced reduction of the latter prodrug was demonstrated.
Generation Of Highly Ordered Porous Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Film By A Simple Coating Method With Colloidal Template (2012)

An ordered porous antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) film was successfully prepared using a simple coating process with colloidal templates. The facile production was effective when a combination of 16-nm ATO (as a model of an inorganic nanoparticle) and polystyrene (PS) spheres (as a model of the template) weresimply coated to produce a composite ATO/PS film. Heat treatment was then used to remove the PS and produce the porous film. The porous film with a spherical pore shape and a highly ordered porous structure could be obtained. A potential way for the control of pore size could be also achieved by changing initial template size. The theoretical explanation and mechanism of porous formation were also added, which would be important for the scaling-up prediction and estimation.
A highly reliable N-MOS process for one megabit dynamic random access memory (1984)

An n-channel MOS process has been developed to yield reliable one megabit dynamic RAMs. Main features of the process are as follows; * Adoption of epitaxial-growth wafer * Bird's beak-reduced LOCOS isolation * Highly reliable memory cell capacitor with 10nm SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> * Low resistivity TiSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> polycide gate electrode * Al-Si-Ti interconnection with low temperature planarization of the underlying layer * 1.2µm pattern formation by a 5:1 step and repeat aligner followed by the reactive ion etching A highly reliable 1M×1 dynamic MOS memory was successfully fabricated using these processes.
Serum Level of Complement Factor D in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus—an Indicator of Glomerular Filtration Rate (1984)

Serum levels of complement factor D, a low molecular weight (LMW) protein, were high and inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined in 19 patients with lupus glomerulonephritis (LGN). Factor D was significantly closer correlated with S-creatinine than were two other LMW proteins, beta 2-microglobulin and gamma-trace in 22 LGN patients. Close correlations between each of the LMW proteins and S-creatinine were found in patients with a non-inflammatory disorder, polycystic kidney disease. Slightly increased beta 2-microglobulin concentrations were found in 15 of 20 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without renal involvement, while factor D and gamma-trace showed normal values in most of these patients. The findings imply that serum concentrations of complement factor D in SLE are mainly determined by the GFR.
Effect of PUFA at sn‐2 position in dietary triacylglycerols on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in non‐ruminant farm animals (2003)

Abstract The influence of the distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol backbone of dietary triacylglycerols on the fatty acid profile of adipose tissue and muscle phospholipids was investigated in growing‐finishing pigs (48) and broiler chicken (84). The animals were fattened on barley/soybean meal diets supplemented with a blend of soybean oil and beef tallow, either in the ratio 3:1 w/w (high‐PUFA) or 1:3 w/w (low‐ PUFA). Part of the high‐ and low‐PUFA blends was chemically interesterified to randomly distribute all fatty acids over the three positions of the glycerol. Thus, two sets of diets of identical overall fatty acid composition, but differing in the distribution of fatty acids in the triacylglycerols, were fed. Growth performance and carcass composition were neither affected by fatty acid composition nor by randomisation of dietary fats in either animal species. Apparent digestibility of energy was slightly lower in pigs fed the low‐PUFA blends. Fatty acid profile of subcutaneous fat of pigs and broilers as well as of internal body fat ( lamina subserosa ) and muscle phospholipids of pigs varied according to the dietary fatty acid composition but was not affected by randomisation of dietary fats. These findings are explained in terms of the hydrolysis of TAG during transport of lipids from enterocytes to adipose tissue cells and the continuous lipolysis and re‐esterification of fatty acids that take place in adipose tissue cells.
Evaluation of fatigue life of thick CFRP laminates with toughened interlaminar layers in out-of-plane and in-plane transverse directions (2017)

Fatigue properties of the thick carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates with toughened interlaminar layers in the out-of-plane direction (Z direction) and in the in-plane transverse direction (T direction) were evaluated experimentally. Spool specimens were machined from the thick mother plates which were laminated prepregs of T800S/3900-2B unidirectionally. The specimens were attached to metal tabs to apply loads in the thickness direction of the specimen. The tensile strengths in Z and T direction were measured by static tensile tests and S-N curves were obtained by fatigue tests at a stress ratio of R=0.1. As the results, the tensile strength in Z direction was 24% lower than that in T direction. Fatigue strength in Z direction at 106 cycles was also 25% lower than that in T direction. It was observed using a digital microscope that the fracture occurred in intralaminar layers in both static tensile tests and fatigue tests in Z direction. The thermal residual stress which was generated during the fabrication process and the stress distribution by mechanical loadings in spool specimens were calculated by finite element analysis. The calculated results showed that compressive residual stress applied in intralaminar layers in T direction by restraining the thermal deformation. It is found that the static tensile and fatigue properties in Z direction were almost the same as those in T direction by evaluating with the stresses applied in the nearest intralaminar layer to the minimum cross-section in the spool specimen.
Chronic toxicity of nickel-spiked freshwater sediments: Variation in toxicity among eight invertebrate taxa and eight sediments (2013)

This study evaluated the chronic toxicity of Ni-spiked freshwater sediments to benthic invertebrates. A 2-step spiking procedure (spiking and sediment dilution) and a 2-stage equilibration period (10 wk anaerobic and 1 wk aerobic) were used to spike 8 freshwater sediments with wide ranges of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS; 0.94-38 µmol/g) and total organic carbon (TOC; 0.42-10%). Chronic sediment toxicity tests were conducted with 8 invertebrates (Hyalella azteca, Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Chironomus riparius, Chironomus dilutus, Hexagenia sp., Lumbriculus variegatus, Tubifex tubifex, and Lampsilis siliquoidea) in 2 spiked sediments. Nickel toxicity thresholds estimated from species-sensitivity distributions were 97 µg/g and 752 µg/g (total recoverable Ni; dry wt basis) for sediments with low and high concentrations of AVS and TOC, respectively. Sensitive species were tested with 6 additional sediments. The 20% effect concentrations (EC20s) for Hyalella and Gammarus, but not Hexagenia, were consistent with US Environmental Protection Agency benchmarks based on Ni in porewater and in simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) normalized to AVS and TOC. For Hexagenia, sediment EC20s increased at less than an equimolar basis with increased AVS, and toxicity occurred in several sediments with Ni concentrations in SEM less than AVS. The authors hypothesize that circulation of oxygenated water by Hexagenia led to oxidation of AVS in burrows, creating microenvironments with high Ni exposure. Despite these unexpected results, a strong relationship between Hexagenia EC20s and AVS could provide a basis for conservative site-specific sediment quality guidelines for Ni.
Aberration corrected ultra-compact ultra-large angle curved grating multiplexer and demultiplexer on SOI platform (2008)

We describe a novel aberration free etched diffraction grating on SOI platform for on chip wavelength multiplexing and demultiplexing. Initial fabrication with 1 micron slit gives 200 GHz channel pass band with < 0.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> chip size.
Supplementary Figure S6 from Genetic Heterogeneity and Tissue-specific Patterns of Tumors with Multiple <i>PIK3CA</i> Mutations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Prevalence of different PIK3CA mutation subgroups based on tumor mutational burden (TMB) and APOBEC status.&lt;/p&gt;
Evaluation of the Retrograde Inflation Anti-G Suit (RIAGS) (1992)

Abstract : The Retrograde Inflation Anti-G Suit (RIAGS) was originally designed and fabricated in the early 1940's by Mr. David Clark and Dr. Earl Wood as The Progressive Arterial Occlusion Anti-g Suit. Testing of this suit on the Mayo Clinic centrifuge revealed that the suit provided more g protection than the fighter pilot of the era needed (+2.9 gz relaxed). This technology was revisited in 1987 by the Armstrong Laboratory and culminated in the development of a new version of the technology using modern methods and materials. The new suit consisted of a retrograde inflating anti-g suit which inflated cephaladward, arterial occlusive cuffs for the arms, and capstan sleeves. These suit combinations were compared to the standard Air Force issue CSU-13B/P anti-g suit. Endurance testing of the current suit involved exposing subjects to a continuous +4.5 to +7 gz Simulated Aerial Combat Maneuver. Results from this study showed the RIAGS with capstan sleeves provided the maximum amount of protection to the subject in terms of endurance (p<0.013), followed by RIAGS alone (p<0.058), Standard CSU-13B/P and RIAGS with occlusion cuffs (p=0.28). In addition to the protection issue, RIAGS with sleeves also proved to be the most comfortable of all the g suit combinations evaluated
Cochlear Implant Patients with Superficial Siderosis (2009)

It is essential that the CI audiologist not only be aware of the disorder but also be well versed in the resulting implications for the cochlear implant process. A more thorough case history, an expanded candidacy test battery, and knowledge of the typical presentation of SSCN are critical. The diagnosis of SSCN will impact expectations for success with the cochlear implant, and counseling should be adjusted accordingly.
TopoBARTMAP: Biclustering ARTMAP with or without Topological Methods in a Blood Cancer Case Study (2020)

Biclustering is a special case of subspace clustering that has become viable in several domains. Particularly, in genomic data analysis, biclustering has been used to identify conditions under which a subset of genes are highly co-expressed, while topological data analysis has been used to analyze disease-specific subgroups, evolution, and disease progression. In this work, we combine biclustering with topological data analysis to achieve the best of both methods. We present TopoBARTMAP - produced by hybridizing BARTMAP, an adaptive resonance theory (ART)-based biclustering method, with TopoART, a topology learning ART network - in order to identify topological associations between biclusters. TopoBARTMAP outperformed both TopoART and BARTMAP in the experimental analysis on six benchmark blood cancer data sets. In some cases, BARTMAP may nevertheless be preferred due to implementation simplicity.
Kallikrein gene transfer reduces renal fibrosis, hypertrophy, and proliferation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats (2005)

In DOCA-salt hypertension, renal kallikrein levels are increased and may play a protective role in renal injury. We investigated the effect of enhanced kallikrein levels on kidney remodeling of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats by systemic delivery of adenovirus containing human tissue kallikrein gene. Recombinant human kallikrein was detected in the urine and serum of rats after gene delivery. Kallikrein gene transfer significantly decreased DOCA- and salt-induced proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, tubular dilatation, and luminal protein casts. Sirius red staining showed that kallikrein gene transfer reduced renal fibrosis, which was confirmed by decreased collagen I and fibronectin levels. Furthermore, kallikrein gene delivery diminished myofibroblast accumulation in the interstitium of the cortex and medulla, as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 immunostaining in glomeruli. Western blot analysis and ELISA verified the decrease in immunoreactive TGF-beta1 levels. Kallikrein gene transfer also significantly reduced kidney weight, glomerular size, proliferating tubular epithelial cells, and macrophages/monocytes. Reduction of proliferation and hypertrophy was associated with reduced levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), and the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The protective effects of kallikrein were accompanied by increased urinary nitrate/nitrite and cGMP levels, and suppression of superoxide formation. These results indicate that kallikrein protects against mineralocorticoid-induced renal fibrosis glomerular hypertrophy, and renal cell proliferation via inhibition of oxidative stress, JNK/ERK activation, and p27(Kip1) and TGF-beta1 expression.
Influence of Water on the Performance of Organic Electrochemical Transistors (2019)

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) composed of organic mixed conductors can operate in aqueous, biological media and translate low-magnitude ionic fluctuations of biological origin into measurable electrical signals. The growing technological interest in these biotransducers makes the fundamental understanding of ion-to-electron coupling extremely important for the design of new materials and devices. One crucial aspect in this process that has been so far disregarded is the water taken up by the film during device operation and its effects on device performance. Here, using a series of the same electrolyte with varying ion concentrations, we quantify the amount of water that is incorporated into a hydrophilic p-type organic semiconductor film alongside the dopant anions and investigate structural and morphological changes occurring in the film upon electrochemical doping. We show that infiltration of the hydrated dopant ions into the film irreversibly changes the polymer structure and negatively impacts the efficiency, reversibility, and speed of charge generation. When less water is injected into the channel, OECTs exhibit higher transconductance and faster switching speeds. Although swelling is commonly suggested to be a necessity for efficient ion-to-electron transduction, this work uncovers the negative impact of a swollen channel material on the performance of accumulation mode OECTs and lays the foundation for future materials design.
Decision Feedback Compensation of Transmitter/Receiver Nonlinearity for DD-OFDM (2011)

Transmitter and receiver nonlinearity are compensated for by means of an iterative decision feedback algorithm. The sensitivity for 100 Gb/s direct detected OFDM without frequency gap is improved by approximately 6 dB.
A moment method technique for probe-fed cavity-backed slot antennas (1976)

A technique is presented which permits the application of the method of moments to cavity-backed slot antennas. Of specific interest are slot antennas operating over large bandwidths (e.g., 3.3:1) whose aperture distribution cannot be assumed and must be determined by the type of excitation employed, the electrical size of the aperture, and to a lesser extent by mutual coupling effects. (Author)
Role of interfaces in heterophotonic crystals for manipulation of photons (2005)

The manipulation of photons via artificially introduced line and point defects in photonic crystals is becoming important for various scientific and engineering applications. Here, we propose a concept for realizing high extraction of the photons from a line-defect waveguide to free space through a point-defect cavity in a photonic crystal. A configuration of heterophotonic crystals with different lattice constants is introduced, and the heterostructure interface plays an important role, acting as a nearly perfect but selective mirror for photons of a specific energy. Furthermore, the enhancement of extraction efficiency is experimentally demonstrated in the fabricated device.
Synergism between 5-fluorouracil and oxanosine in inhibiting growth of ras-expressed cells in vitro and in vivo. (1992)

Wepreviously reported that oxanosine as well as 5-FU, among various compounds tested, inhibited growth in vitro of \-K-ras NRK(ras+) cells more strongly than inhibited that of NRK-52E (ras~) cells1}.