gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A chip-level post-CMOS via-last Cu TSV process for multi-layer homogeneous 3D integration (2016)

In this paper, a die-level CMOS post-processing scheme for 3D integration using the via-last approach is presented for multi-layer stacking. The process includes TSV fabrication, chip-to-chip bonding, and finally the TSV filling with Cu electroplating. The proposed process flow is used to fabricate a 4-layer chip stack using homogeneous CMOS memory chips. Electrical measurements are carried out to determine the resistance value of the TSVs. Kelvin bridge method is used in order to eliminate the additional resistance introduced by the experimental setup, and the average resistance value of a single TSV is determined as 180 mΩ. The current carrying capability is also investigated for possible electrical failures. It is concluded that the TSVs can carry up to 1.5 A (DC) current values without any failure.
The direct access file system (2003)

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Anti‐HIV Small‐Molecule Binding in the Peptide Subpocket of the CXCR4:CVX15 Crystal Structure (2014)

The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved in chemotaxis and serves as a coreceptor for T-tropic HIV-1 viral entry, thus making this receptor an attractive drug target. Recently, crystal structures of CXCR4 were reported as complexes with the small molecule IT1t and the CVX15 peptide. Follow-up efforts to model different antagonists into the small molecule CXCR4:IT1t crystal structure did not generate poses consistent with either the X-ray crystal structure or site-directed mutagenesis (SDM). Here, we compare the binding pockets of the two CXCR4 crystal structures, revealing differences in helices IV, V, VI, and VII, with major differences for the His203 residue buried in the binding pocket. The small molecule antagonist AMD11070 was docked into both CXCR4 crystal structures. An AMD11070 pose identified from the CXCR4:CVX15 model presented interactions with Asp171, Glu288, Trp94, and Asp97, consistent with published SDM data, thus suggesting it is the bioactive pose. A CXCR4 receptor model was optimized around this pose of AMD11070, and the resulting model correlated HIV-1 inhibition with MM-GBSA docking scores for a congeneric AMD11070-like series. Subsequent NAMFIS NMR results successfully linked the proposed binding pose to an independent experimental structure. These results strongly suggest that not all small molecules will bind to CXCR4 in a similar manner as IT1t. Instead, the CXCR4:CVX15 crystal structure may provide a binding locus for small organic molecules that is more suitable than the secondary IT1t site. This work is expected to provide modeling insights useful for future CXCR4 antagonist and X4-tropic HIV-1 based drug design efforts.
Force Prediction in Cutting Operations with Self-propelled Rotary Tools Considering Bearing Friction (2014)

This paper presents a model to predict cutting force and motion of the rotating insert in cutting processes with self-propelled rotary tools (SPRT). Metal cutting utilizing rotary tools is effective to suppress tool wear and thus it is considered to be suitable to attain high performance machining of difficult-to-cut materials. It is well known that a circular insert attached to a rotational axis is self-propelled due to inclined chip flow on rake face plane by setting certain oblique angle. A resultant insert rotation speed can be easily predicted considering a frictionless rotary axis. However, friction at the rotary axis of SPRTs may not be negligible in practice especially when slide bearings are employed. In order to investigate the influence of the friction at the rotation axis on the rotary cutting process, a new cutting model is proposed. As the friction at the rotation axis causes a decrease in a speed of round insert rotation, an equivalent oblique cutting process is taken into account in the proposed model utilizing conventional theoretical model. In the equivalent process, the tangential component of the resultant cutting force corresponds to the friction force at the rotary axis. The friction force is determined by cutting force component normal to force-bearing mechanism and the bearing's friction coefficient. Considering the equilibrium condition in cutting and friction forces, the resultant cutting force and the insert rotation speed are iteratively computed in the proposed model. Edge force model is also associated with the oblique cutting model, which is not negligible especially in machining difficult-to-cut materials. The developed model is extended to simulate milling processes with SPRTs. The proposed model is experimentally verified, and influence of the bearing friction of SPRT on the process is clarified.
Spiralin, a mycoplasmal membrane lipoprotein, induces T-cell-independent B-cell blastogenesis and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (1997)

Mycoplasmas are bacteria which can cause respiratory, arthritic, and urogenital diseases. During the early phase of infection, mycoplasmas usually induce an inflammatory response and a humoral response preferentially directed against their membrane-bound, surface-exposed lipoproteins. In this report, we describe the effects on immune cells of spiralin, a well-characterized mycoplasmal lipoprotein. Purified spiralin stimulated the in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine splenocytes. The stimulation pathway was probably different from that followed by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide because the effect of spiralin was not abolished by polymyxin B. Comparison of the effects of whole, native spiralin with those induced by proteinase K-digested spiralin or by the C-terminal half of spiralin (peptide p[13.5]T) revealed that the first half of the protein, which contains the lipoylated N terminus, is responsible for the mitogenic activity. In contrast to whole spiralin, proteinase K-digested spiralin did not trigger murine B-cell differentiation and immunoglobulin G and M secretion. Stimulation of human or murine immune cells led to early secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (human tumor necrosis factor alpha and murine interleukin 1 or 6). Spiralin induced the T-cell-independent blastogenesis of murine B cells but did not stimulate T cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate that spiralin possesses potent immunostimulating activity, similar to that reported for lipoproteins of pathogenic gracilicutes (gram-negative eubacteria; e.g., Borrelia burgdorferi OspA and E. coli Braun lipoprotein), and are consistent with the fact that lipoproteins are major antigens during mycoplasma infections.
Application of 19 F time‐domain NMR to measure content in fluorine‐containing drug products (2015)

It is necessary to show that the active content in the dosage form of drugs is within a certain narrow range of the label claim. In case of fluorinated drugs, the active content can be measured by high field solid state NMR because the excipients lack fluorine. To make NMR reachable to any laboratory, simple to use, and at a low cost, measurement of (19) F nucleus using a 23 MHz (for (1) H) low field benchtop time-domain (TD) NMR was investigated. Three fluorinated drug products, cinacalcet, lansoprazole, and ciprofloxacin, were chosen for this study. The doses for these drug products range from 15 to 500 mg. The average drug content measured using (19) F TD-NMR compares well with the reported label claims for the three drugs tested. (19) F TD-NMR is a simple and non-destructive technique to measure drug content in tablets. In addition, the accessibility and simplicity of the technique makes it an excellent process analytical technology tool for development and manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular survival of Shigella (2006)

Bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells and host recognition and killing of the invading bacteria are a key issue in determining the fate of bacterial infection. Once inside host cells, pathogenic bacteria often modify the phagosomal compartment or enter the host cytosol to escape from the lytic compartment and gain a replicative niche. Cytosolic invaders, however, are monitored by host innate immune systems, such as mediated by Nod/CARD family proteins, which induce inflammatory responses via activation of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that autophagy, a major cytoplasmic degradation system that eliminates cytosolic protein and organelles, also recognizes invading bacteria. Indeed, unless they are able to circumvent entrapping by autophagic membranes, bacteria targeted by autophagy ultimately undergo degradation by delivery into autolysosomes. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding of Shigella strategies to infect epithelial cells, and then focus on recent studies of an intriguing bacterial survival strategy against autophagic degradation.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction with Hydrogen on Fe, Co Supported Alumina and Carbon Catalysts under Supercritical Conditions (2021)

Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> with hydrogen into CO was studied for the first time on alumina-supported Co and Fe catalysts under supercritical conditions with the goal to produce either CO or CH<sub>4</sub> as the target products. The extremely high selectivity towards methanation close to 100% was found for the Co/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst, whereas the Fe/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> system demonstrates a predominance of hydrogenation to CO with noticeable formation of ethane (up to 15%). The space-time yield can be increased by an order of magnitude by using the supercritical conditions as compared to the gas-phase reactions. Differences in the crystallographic phase features of Fe-containing catalysts cause the reverse water gas shift reaction to form carbon monoxide, whereas the reduced iron phases initiate the Fischer-Tropsch reaction to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons. Direct methanation occurs selectively on Co catalysts. No methanol formation was observed on the studied Fe- and Co-containing catalysts.
Ten-year all-cause death following percutaneous or surgical revascularization in patients with prior cerebrovascular disease: insights from the SYNTAX Extended Survival study (2021)

SYNTAX: ClinicalTrials.gov reference: NCT00114972. SYNTAX Extended Survival: ClinicalTrials.gov reference: NCT03417050.
Reversible Scission of Coordinated Acetylide Ligand: Characterization and Reactivity Studies of WRu4 and WRu5 Carbide-Alkylidyne Clusters (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReversible Scission of Coordinated Acetylide Ligand: Characterization and Reactivity Studies of WRu4 and WRu5 Carbide-Alkylidyne ClustersShun-Jean Chiang, Yun Chi, Pei-Chiun Su, Shie-Ming Peng, and Gene-Hsiang LeeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 24, 11181–11182Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00103a053https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00103a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Trypanosoma brucei infection elicits nitric oxide-dependent and nitric oxide-independent suppressive mechanisms (1998)

During murine Trypanosoma brucei infection, macrophages contribute significantly to the inhibition of T cell responses. Although nitric oxide (NO) was shown to play a central role in macrophage-mediated splenic suppression, macrophage-mediated lymph node suppression occurred in an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-dependent manner. In this study, using NO inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine and anti-IFN-gamma antibodies, the relative contribution of NO and IFN-gamma to the active inhibition of ex vivo concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation taking place in the spleen and the lymph nodes of T. brucei-infected mice was investigated. NO contributes to the suppressive activity of spleen and lymph node cells only during early-stage infection. The existence of NO-independent suppressive pathway was further evidenced in IFN-gamma(-/-)-infected mice. Spleen cells from such animals do not produce NO but exert significant suppressive activity during the whole course of infection. In contrast in the lymph nodes, no suppressive activity is recorded at any moment of infection. Moreover, addition of exogenous IFN-gamma to cultures containing lymph node cells from IFN-gamma(-/-)-infected mice does not impair proliferation despite NO production in such cultures. Thus during late-stage infection, an IFN-gamma-independent suppressive mechanism is elicited in the spleen, whereas in the lymph nodes, IFN-gamma is required yet not sufficient to inhibit T cell proliferation.
P679 The keystone bacterium Christensenella minuta improves colitis in in vivo preclinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease models (2021)

Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that microbiome-based therapies can correct dysbiosis and reduce inflammation associated with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). In particular, the human commensal family of Christensenellaceae bacteria has been reported as missing in several cohorts of Crohn’s disease patients, indicating that it may have a role in maintaining microbial symbiosis in this population. To assess its potential for IBD management, we used the reference type species Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 to examine its anti-inflammatory properties. Methods We first performed two distinct independent preclinical colitis models: i) a moderate DNBS-induced colitis model in mice and ii) a severe TNBS-induced colitis model in rats. To decipher the mechanisms of action of C. minuta underlying the observed effects, we determined its ability to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) at different growth phases and we assessed its capacity to modulate the inflammatory response of human colonic cells. Results Our results showed that in both rodent models, C. minuta prevented intestinal damages by decreasing macroscopic scores, reduced colonic inflammation by limiting neutrophils infiltration in the colon and stimulated mucosal healing. We also confirmed that C. minuta is a high acetate and moderate butyrate producer. Finally, we showed that C. minuta displayed potent anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 through NF-kB inhibition in HT-29 cells. Conclusion Together, these results revealed for the first time the strong anti-inflammatory properties of C. minuta and confirm its high potential as an innovative microbiome-based biotherapy for IBD.
Polarization dependent surface photomodulation in As/sub 2/S/sub 3/ chalcogenide glass (2000)

Summary form only given. Over the past few years, high photosensitivity of chalcogenide glasses (ChG) has provided several applications in the field of optical communication. Among photosensitive effects, photodarkening and photoexpansion have been extensively studied. The chemical and structural reasons for such changes are the subject of current investigations within our group. Giant photoexpansion (2-5%) in As/sub 2/S/sub 3/ glass (E/sub g//spl sim/2.35 eV), revealed surface expansions almost 10 times greater than that observed by conventional photoexpansion.
Synthesis, Characterization and Unusual Near-Infrared Luminescence of 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobutadienes (2019)

Two 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) derivatives were prepared by [2+2]cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization from ynamides bearing either a pyrene (1) or a perylene unit (2). In addition to panchromatic absorptions in 2, in the solid state, both compounds unexpectedly display NIR photoluminescence that could be detected up to about 1350 nm.
Human CYP11B2 (Aldosterone Synthase) Maps To Chromosome 8q24.3 (1998)

Aldosterone synthase (AS) is encoded by the CYP11B2 gene, a candidate for familial hypertension. CYP11B2 was previously mapped to chromosome 8q but its precise localization is necessary for genetic studies of hypertension. The present study reports the genetic mapping of the human CYP11B2 gene by radiation hybrid (RH) analysis, the isolation of a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing this gene and its physical mapping by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The CYP11B2 locus is on the most distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 8, proximal to the microsatellite polymorphic marker D8S1704. This location, which was confirmed by FISH, is approximately 60cM telomeric to the currently listed human gene locus (chromosome 8q21-22) and corresponds to cytogenetic band 8q24.3. The BACs containing the gene and a high-resolution map of the CYP11B2 locus are useful for genetic studies of hypertension and other endocrine disorders.
A phase II study of FolateImmune (EC90 with GP1–0100 adjuvant followed by EC17) with low dose cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-α (IFN-α) in patients with refractory or metastatic cancer (2007)

13516 Background: FolateImmune is a folate-receptor (FR)-targeted immunotherapy that induces an immune response against tumor cells by marking them with a folate-hapten conjugate. The conjugate is specifically designed to target FR, which is over-expressed in a variety of cancers. FolateImmune therapy is comprised of a vaccine fluorescein conjugate (EC90), an adjuvant (GP-0100), and a folate-hapten conjugate (EC17). Patients (pts) receive a series of subcutaneous (SQ) injections of EC90 vaccine to stimulate the production of antibodies to the fluorescein-hapten, followed by SQ injections of EC17, which forms a molecular bridge between the tumor cell and the endogenous circulating anti-fluorescein IgG antibody. This is thought to initiate an Fc-mediated immune response leading to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or phagocytosis. IL-2 and IFN are utilized at low doses (7 MIU and 3 MIU, respectively) to further promote an immune response. The Phase Ib objective is to determine the safety of EC90 vaccine/EC17 folate-targeted therapy in combination with IL-2 and IFN. The previous phase I trial explored the safety of FolateImmune without cytokines. Methods: This phase 1b safety study treated eligible patients with FolateImmune therapy at dose levels of 1.2 mg EC90 and EC17 of 0.3 mg/kg. Results: As of Jan 2, 2007, all patients have tolerated therapy without significant toxicity. Grade 1–2 toxicity included: chills, fever, and nausea. One patient has had a minor response and continues on study. Laboratory studies revealed decline in circulating FR+ cells. Of 6 pts enrolled, 5 had a pathologic classification of renal cell cancer (RCC). Conclusion: Preliminary data suggest that FolateImmune therapy, with the addition of low dose cytokines, may be administered in a safe and well-tolerated manner. Phase II trials are planned for RCC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Large‐Scale Assembly of Single‐Crystal Silver Nanoprism Monolayers (2005)

Single-crystal silver nanoprisms were assembled along their [111] faces onto amine-functionalized glass substrates (see picture, right; scale bar 100 nm). These large-scale assemblies exhibit highly reversible optical changes that can be observed spectroscopically or with the naked eye when repeatedly cycled between dry and wet states (left).
Torque-Angle Formulation of Threaded Fastener Tightening (2007)

In this paper, the evolution equations of the bearing and thread friction coefficients are proposed based on mechanical behavior of the bolted joint assembly. The study shows excellent correlation between the proposed model and the experimental results for the breakaway torque values in both the tightening and loosening directions. Evaluation of the torque-angle control of the tightening process is made, and a modified torque-angle control approach is proposed. The effect of friction coefficients on the error in the clamping force prediction is analyzed.
Non-Invasive Determination of Left Ventricular Workload in Patients with Aortic Stenosis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Doppler Echocardiography (2014)

Early detection and accurate estimation of aortic stenosis (AS) severity are the most important predictors of successful long-term outcomes in patients. Current clinical parameters used for evaluation of the AS severity have several limitations including flow dependency. Estimation of AS severity is specifically challenging in patients with low-flow and low transvalvular pressure gradient conditions. A proper diagnosis in these patients needs a comprehensive evaluation of the left ventricle (LV) hemodynamic loads. This study has two objectives: (1) developing a lumped-parameter model to describe the ventricular-valvular-arterial interaction and to estimate the LV stroke work (SW); (2) introducing and validating a new index, the normalized stroke work (N-SW), to assess the global hemodynamic load imposed on the LV. N-SW represents the global hemodynamic load that the LV faces for each unit volume of blood ejected. The model uses a limited number of parameters which all can be measured non-invasively using current clinical imaging modalities. The model was first validated by comparing its calculated flow waveforms with the ones measured using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in 49 patients and 8 controls. A very good correlation and concordance were found throughout the cycle (median root mean square: 12.21 mL/s) and between the peak values (r = 0.98; SEE = 0.001, p<0.001). The model was then used to determine SW using the parameters measured with transthoracic Doppler-echocardiography (TTE) and CMR. N-SW showed very good correlations with a previously-validated index of global hemodynamic load, the valvular arterial impedance ([Formula: see text]), using data from both imaging modalities (TTE: r = 0.82, SEE = 0.01, p<0.001; CMR: r = 0.74, SEE = 0.01, p<0.001). Furthermore, unlike , N-SW was almost independent from variations in the flow rate. This study suggests that considering N-SW may provide incremental diagnostic and prognostic information, beyond what standard indices of stenosis severity and provide, particularly in patients with low LV outflow.
Dermatan sulphate is released by proteinases of common pathogenic bacteria and inactivates antibacterial α‐defensin (2001)

Defensins represent an evolutionarily conserved group of small peptides with potent antibacterial activities. We report here that extracellular proteinases secreted by the human pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pyogenes release dermatan sulphate by degrading dermatan sulphate-containing proteoglycans, such as decorin. Dermatan sulphate was found to bind to neutrophil-derived alpha-defensin, and this binding completely neutralized its bactericidal activity. During infection, proteoglycan degradation and release of dermatan sulphate may therefore represent a previously unknown virulence mechanism, which could serve as a target for novel antibacterial strategies.