gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Pulse-Based E-R-µ Method for Predicting the Peak Seismic Response of Highly Nonlinear Bridge Structures (2017)

&lt;p&gt;Simplified analysis methods used in AASHTO, CAN/CSA-S6 and EC8 codes for the seismic design of isolated structures typically rely on a linearization of nonlinear systems and assume that the peak response can be obtained from a steady-state dynamic response centered about the origin of the force-deflection response of the system. This assumption, while adequate for a certain range of nonlinear systems, leads to potentially large inaccuracies, especially for highly nonlinear systems. The article presents a new pulse-based&lt;i&gt;E-R-µ&lt;/i&gt;method that was developed to overcome these limitations and achieve better peak response predictions. The method is based on the response of nonlinear systems to single acceleration pulses which more realistically reflects the effects of ground motions on seismically isolated structures. In addition, the method does not require iterations, which represents a major advantage compared to current iterative linearization approaches. In the article, assumptions of current code methods are summarized. Energy based concepts forming the basis of the new&lt;i&gt;E-R-µ&lt;/i&gt;method are introduced. The method is then described and validated against the results from nonlinear time history analyses for a large number of isolated bridge models. The method is also applied and validated for an archetype isolated bridge case. For this structure, the proposed&lt;i&gt;E-R-µ&lt;/i&gt;method is found to give an upper bound prediction of the displacement demand that is obtained from nonlinear dynamic analysis.&lt;/p&gt;
Super-alloy, AMTEC cells for the pluto/express mission (1999)

A number of design changes for improving the performance of super-alloy AMTEC cells, and options of integrating them to General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) modules in the configuration proposed by Advanced Modular Power Systems were investigated, for satisfying the electric power requirements for the Pluto/Express mission. A power system consisting of 6 fresh-fuel GPHS modules and 48, 7-tube super-alloy cells connected electrically in 4 parallel strings would weight 28.75 kg and provide 174 We at EOM, at an efficiency of 13.2%. The cells’ BASE brazes and evaporator temperatures would be below 1059 K and 971 K, respectively. A power system consisting of 5 fresh-fuel GPHS modules and 4 parallel strings of 8, 9-tube cells each would deliver 156 We at EOM and weight only 24.53 kg. In this system, the AMTEC cells would also operate at low BASE brazes and evaporator temperatures (1071 K and 995 K, respectively).
Preparation of Nylon 6 Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules by Two Novel Miniemulsion/Solvent Displacement Hybrid Techniques (2007)

Abstract Nylon 6 (polyamide 6) nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous phase and nylon 6 nanocapsules dispersed in cyclohexane were successfully prepared via two rapid and facile techniques. These techniques combine some characteristics of the miniemulsion and the solvent displacement techniques. The principle of the first technique consists of adding nylon 6 dissolved in formic acid to an aqueous phase containing poly(vinyl alcohol) as stabilizer, while ultrasonicating the aqueous phase in order to obtain stable nanoparticles. The stability of these particles was studied over a wide range of reaction parameters, such as the temperature, the nature and concentration of the chemicals, the time and amplitude of ultrasonication. TEM micrographs of the unmodified particles revealed a morphology where the nylon 6 particles are completely wrapped by the poly(vinyl alcohol). After removal of the poly(vinyl alcohol), the nylon 6 particles were found to have a bumpy or rough morphology. The second technique allows the preparation of particles by miniemulsifying the disperse phase, a solution of nylon 6 in formic acid, in cyclohexane. Then methanol is added to the miniemulsion which immediately reacts with the formic acid. The product of the reaction, methyl formate, is evaporated and the water replaces the formic acid in the droplets, thus allowing the precipitation of the nylon 6 at the interface of the droplets resulting in the formation of nanocapsules. magnified image
Photoelectrochemical Analysis of Nanostructured Titanium Oxide Conjugated to Organic Molecules for Hydrogen Evolution (2014)

Photocatalytic water splitting using TiO 2 for hydrogen applications has been limited by its inability to absorb wavelengths within the visible light range. TiO 2 covalently linked with folic acid (FA) by the linker molecule 3-aminopropyl)-diethoxy-methylsilane (APTMS) has shown to exhibit photoluminescence under visible light [1]. In this study, functionalized TiO 2 was used as a photocatalyst for water oxidation which was measured using a photoelectrode setup. In order to measure the photoelectric current generated by the catalyst chronoamperometry techniques were employed. In addition, the Butler-Volmer equation was used to model the relationship between the quasi-fermi energy of electron photocarriers, current density, and the ultimately the hydrogen evolution rate. Experimentation focused on comparing the volume of hydrogen evolution induced by three different photocatalysts: commercially available TiO 2 (P25), sol-gel prepared TiO 2 , and functionalized sol-gel prepared TiO 2 . P25 was used for a comparison with TiO 2 and TiO 2 functionalized layers. The photochemical cell configuration allowed for the efficient reduction of electron-hole pair recombination and separated hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Platinum was placed in the acid solution as a cathode (counter electrode) and the nanostructured coatings on stainless steel were placed in the basic solution as an anode (working electrode). The two cells were separated by a nafion 211 cation exchange membrane film and a xenon lamp was directed at the anode through a quartz window in the plexiglass cell. The anode was connected to the cathode using a stainless steel wire which allowed various external bias voltages to be applied to the system. The voltages applied to the system were critical in calculating the hydrogen evolution rates. Figure 1: Chronoamperometric comparison of P25, TiO 2 , TiO 2 -APTMS-FA at .55 V 1. Turkowski, V., et al., Linker-Induced Anomalous Emission of Organic-Molecule Conjugated Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS Nano, 2012. 6 (6): p. 4854-4863.
A Novel Implementation of an FPGA-Based Controller for Conducted-Noise Reduction in Randomly Switched DC-DC Converters (2009)

This paper proposes a novel implementation of an FPGA-Based controller for conducted-noise reduction in dc-dc converters. The switching noise produced by the converter has been reduced by randomly varying the switching frequency of the converter. Traditionally, the implementation of the switching-mode power supply (SMPS) has been accomplished using analog control circuits. However, the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is much flexible than analog control circuits, becoming lower cost, and applicable for power supply applications. The implementation of the SMPS has been accomplished using FPGA-based digital controller. Moreover, breadboard has been built-up for testing the effect of using the proposed FPGA-based digital controller for noise reduction in dc-dc converters. Experimental results show that the conducted-noise spectrum has been significantly improved and the noise level has been effectively reduced.
Adsorption of N2O Using Fe-13x Zeolites – a Possibility to Make a Process Intensification by Using Microwaves for the Regeneration Step (2022)

Nitrous oxide is an effective greenhouse gas, which also greatly contributes to the depletion of the stratospheric ozone. Among the most common abatement methods, the capture of N2O by adsorption and the consequent reutilization appears as the best technique. In this work, the adsorption – regeneration cycle of N2O on 13X zeolites has been intensified by electrification of the process. More in detail, the regeneration step has been conducted in an innovative way, by employing a microwave heating. For the adsorption step, a concentrated stream consisting of 40 %vol N2O has been used, while the regeneration one was carried out using a stream of 100 %vol Ar and a power of 500 W for microwave heating. Each complete adsorption – regeneration cycle has been repeated several times, considering both wet and dry conditions for the gas mixture to be adsorbed, to prove the repeatability of the process. The results of the tests revealed that microwaves allowed to regenerate the solid adsorbent bed, by obtaining a significant reduction in the purge gas consumption and a recovery of 100 %. Therefore, employing a microwave-assisted regeneration step led to a process intensification, with respect to a conventional Temperature Swing Regeneration.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF SECONDARY PERFLUOROALKYL IODIDES WITH ZINC (1975)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung mit Zink in Acetanhydrid oder Essigester und Methylenchlorid erhält man aus dem Perfluorpentan (I) die Folgeprodukte (II) und (III), deren Anteile in Relation zu den Reaktionsbedingungen diskutiert werden.
Demystifying Self-Supervised Learning: An Information-Theoretical Framework. (2020)

Self-supervised representation learning adopts self-defined signals as supervision and uses the learned representation for downstream tasks, such as masked language modeling (e.g., BERT) for natural language processing and contrastive visual representation learning (e.g., SimCLR) for computer vision applications. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework explaining that self-supervised learning is likely to work under the assumption that only the shared information (e.g., contextual information or content) between the input (e.g., non-masked words or original images) and self-supervised signals (e.g., masked-words or augmented images) contributes to downstream tasks. Under this assumption, we demonstrate that self-supervisedly learned representation can extract task-relevant and discard task-irrelevant information. We further connect our theoretical analysis to popular contrastive and predictive (self-supervised) learning objectives. In the experimental section, we provide controlled experiments on two popular tasks: 1) visual representation learning with various self-supervised learning objectives to empirically support our analysis; and 2) visual-textual representation learning to challenge that input and self-supervised signal lie in different modalities.
Crystal structure of bis(μ-oxo)hexakis(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)- ditantalum(V), Ta2O2(C12H17O)6 (2005)

Article Crystal structure of bis(μ-oxo)hexakis(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)- ditantalum(V), Ta2O2(C12H17O)6 was published on April 1, 2005 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 220, issue 1-4).
Guide: A GUI differentiator (2009)

Applications with Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are ubiquitous. Nontrivial GUI-based applications (GAPs) evolve frequently, and understanding how GUIs of different versions of GAPs differ is crucial for various tasks such as testing and project effort estimation. We offer a novel approach for comparing GUIs. We built a tool called GUI DifferEntiator (GUIDE) that allows users to visualize differences between GUIs of running GAPs automatically, so that the identified changes can be served as guidance to test the new release of the GAP or to estimate the effort of a project.
Enhanced photoluminescence from Ge/SiGe quantum wells by epitaxial growth induced strain (2014)

We demonstrate enhanced photoluminescence from Ge/SiGe quantum wells with strain from -0.28% (compressive) to 0.25% (tensile) achieved by epitaxial growth techniques. The intensity enhancement and peak shift from photoluminescence measurements are in agreement with theoretical calculations.
Advanced reliability study of TSV interposers and interconnects for the 28nm technology FPGA (2011)

TSV interposer has emerged as a good solution to provide high wiring density interconnections, improved electrical performance due to shorter interconnection from the die to substrate, and minimized CTE mismatch between the chip and copper filled TSV interposer, resulting in high reliability micro bumps and more reliable low-k chip. Furthermore, for an interposer that does not contain any active device, already established process technology could be applied, TSV pitch could be coarser and a thicker interposer could be used. This paper presents the development of TSV interposer technology for a high-performance 28nm logic die that is mounted on a large silicon interposer with Cu through silicon via. A representative silicon interposer test chip with thousands of micro-bumps at 45um pitch has been fabricated. The silicon interposer is 100um thick, and is mounted on a 42.5mm×42.5mm substrate through 180um pitch C4 bumps. TSV fabrication process steps and assembly process of the large logic die mounted on the TSV interposer with lead-free micro-bumps have been optimized as well as assembly of the component on the organic substrate. 3D thermal-mechanical modeling and simulation for the packaged device with TSV interposer have been performed. The samples have been subjected to thermal cycling, electro-migration and moisture sensitivity tests. Effect of TSV interposer on the stress of the die, low-k layers and fatigue life of micro bumps and C4 bumps have been investigated. Several DOEs have been performed to optimize design and material selection in order to maximize yield and reliability. Finally, Si interposer seemed to be a low-risk 3D path to have a reliable package with acceptable warpage/coplanarity, passing 1000TCB without any crack, delamination or void being detected in low-k, TSV, micro bumps and C4 bumps.
Designing an Effective Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Egypt: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Egyptian Primary Care Physicians and Specialists (2020)

In Egypt, colorectal screening is not a routine part of preventive care, and colorectal cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in individuals aged 40 years or younger. Screening can prevent and detect colorectal cancer in its early stages, but before designing any screening program, understanding the context is important as cultural beliefs may impact the acceptability of screening methods. By exploring the perspectives of Egyptian physicians, this study found important insights into how screening program components should be considered in the Egyptian culture and lays the foundation for the development of a multilevel colorectal screening program in Egypt.
Slot-waveguide-assisted temperature-independent Mach–Zehnder interferometer based optical filter (2010)

Abstract A new design of temperature-independent Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based optical filter involving a combined use of silicon (Si) wire waveguides and slot waveguides is presented. The ratio of the path-length difference for the two types of waveguides is introduced to tune the thermal performance of the filtering wavelength. This ratio and its derived parameters render a high-level of flexibility for optimizing the design of interferometers based on optical path-length difference. By adjusting the path-length difference ratio for Si-wire waveguides and slot waveguides in the asymmetric arms of the MZI, an ideal temperature-independent optical filter can be obtained, while the modified interference order is enhanced. The proposed method is verified via a two-dimensional finite difference time domain simulation. Keywords: temperature-independentsilicon wireslot waveguideoptical filterMach–Zehnder interferometer Acknowledgements Huamao Huang thanks the China Scholarship Council for financial support.
Amine-Promoted Synthesis of Vinyl Aziridines (2010)

N-Unsubstituted vinyl aziridines were synthesized via an amine-promoted regioselective nucleophilic aziridination of alpha,beta,gamma,delta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reaction is completely regioselective (>95: 5) for the alpha,beta-alkene and completely diastereoselective, affording the trans-vinyl aziridine in moderate-to-good yields.
Rolling Tire Vibration Caused by Road Roughness (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To reduce tire/road noise, it is important to examine the noise generation mechanism. Noise generated by a rolling tire is mainly emitted from the tread block. However, it has recently been reported that smooth tires also generate noise recently. This paper remarks on a smooth tire vibration by rolling on the road. The vibration of a rolling smooth tire is mainly vibration excited from the road surface. It is difficult to measure the input from the road surface, so we measured the tire's vibration at the leading and trailing edges. Scan Laser Doppler Vibrometers were employed to measure the vibration of the tire tread.&lt;/div&gt;
UCHT-based complex sequences for asynchronous CDMA system (2003)

The use of orthogonal spreading codes has attracted much attention due to their ability to suppress interference from other users, compared with the nonorthogonal sequences in the synchronous case. In this paper, new sets of orthogonal sequences derived from the unified complex Hadamard transforms (UCHTs) are investigated. Various correlation properties of the sequences are mathematically derived and analyzed. It is shown that some UCHT sequences provide better autocorrelation properties than orthogonal Walsh-Hadamard sequences. Performance comparisons between UCHT sequences, Gold, small set of Kasami, and m-sequences show that some UCHT sequences outperform these well-known spreading sequences under simulation of systems in the presence of multiple access interference and additive white Gaussian noise.
Tetracalcium phosphate composite containing quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate with antibacterial properties (2011)

Tooth caries is a carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease, and recurrent caries is a frequent reason for restoration failure. The objective of this study was to develop a novel antibacterial composite using tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) fillers and bis(2-methacryloyloxy-ethyl) dimethyl-ammonium bromide, which is a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM). QADM was synthesized using 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and 2-bromoethyl methacrylate and incorporated into a resin. The resin was filled with 40% TTCP and 30% glass particles. The following QADM mass fractions in the composite were tested: 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on the composites and the colony-forming units (CFUs), metabolic activity, and lactic acid production were measured. The TTCP-QADM composite had flexural strength and elastic modulus similar to those of two commercial composites (p > 0.1). Increasing the QADM content in TTCP composite greatly decreased the bacteria growth and biofilm matrix production. There were significantly more dead bacteria with increasing QADM content. TTCP composite containing 18% QADM had biofilm CFU, metabolic activity, and acid production about half of those without QADM. Inversely linear relationships were established between QADM mass fraction and S. mutans biofilm CFU, metabolic activity, and acid production, with correlation coefficients R(2) ≥ 0.98. In conclusion, TTCP-QADM composites were developed and the effect of QADM mass fraction on the antibacterial properties of the composite was determined for the first time. The novel TTCP-QADM composites possessing a strong antibacterial capability, together with calcium phosphate ion release and good mechanical properties, are promising for dental restorations to reduce biofilm growth and recurrent caries.
Hent1 expression in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine after curative intended resection: Results from the CONKO-001 trial. (2014)

4124 Background: High expression of human equilibrative nucleosid transporter 1 (hent1) is considered to predict disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) treated with adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer. No standard evaluation system for immunohistochemical analysis (antibody, scoring system) is established so far. Methods: CONKO-001, a prospective randomized phase III study investigated the role of adjuvant gemcitabine (gem) as compared to observation (obs). Representative formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples of 156 patients were collected and tissue microarrays (TMA) built. TMA slides (4 μm) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of hent1 (rabbit monoclonal antibody SP120 Ventana Medical Systems). The analysis was performed by an experienced pathologist blinded to clinical outcome. Hent1 high was defined as unequivocal membranous staining in more than 50% of tumor cells, all other cases were classified as hENT1 low. Kaplan-Meier analyses for median DFS (mDFS) and median OS (mOS) were performed in dependence of hent1 expression. Results: For the 88 gem and 68 obs pts, mDFS (mOS) was 12.9 (22.7) months and 6.2 (19.1) months, respectively and thus comparable to the overall study population of CONKO-001 (mDFS gem 13.4 vs obs 6.7 months, mOS gem 22.8 vs obs 20.2 months). High hent1 expression was not associated with improved mDFS (high hent1 11.5 months vs low hent1 13.2 months, p= 0.5; HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.72-2.0) or mOS (high hent1 19.7 months vs low hent1 24.4 months, p=0.92; HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.63-1.68) in the gem group nor in the obs group (median DFS high hent1 5.9 months vs low hent1 6.2 months, p=0.83; median OS high hent1 20.4 months vs low hent1 17.7 months, p=0.65). Conclusions: Corresponding to previously available and contradictory data, we can not confirm a predictive role of hent1 in our study population. Reproducible standard procedures and further investigations are urgently needed prior to the implementation or exclusion of hent1 as predictive biomarker in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Request-Driven GALS Technique for Wireless Communication System (2005)

A globally asynchronous - locally synchronous (GALS) technique for application in wireless communication systems is proposed and evaluated. The GALS wrappers are based on a request-driven operation with an embedded time-out function. A formally verified GALS wrapper is deployed for the 'GALSiftcation' of a baseband processor for WLAN. Details of the GALS partitioning, implementation and the design-flow are discussed. Furthermore, a test strategy based on built-in self-test (BIST) is suggested. The described baseband processor was fabricated and successfully tested. The GALS design is compared with a clock-gated, synchronous version. Advantages for system integration are achieved along with a 1% reduction in dynamic power consumption, a 30% reduction in peak power supply current, and 5 dB reduction in spectral noise.
Pattern placement and shape distortion control using contour-based metrology (2021)

Despite of the fact that thousands of CD-SEM (critical dimension scanning electron microscope) images are acquired in a daily basis in a fab, limited metrology is performed. Usually these images will not serve other purposes after they are collected and measured, but as they are stored, post-process analysis can be applied. Initially, most of these images are used to perform CD metrology, even though many other types of metrics could be extracted from the same images, especially when using contour metrology. In this paper two use cases will be explored, where contour-based image processing is performed on typical inline metrology targets. In both cases, initial intended metric was CD but thanks to contour based image computing, complementary information can be extracted. In the first use case, CD and overlay metrics can be extracted, while in the second CD, etch slanting and asymmetry analysis is performed across the wafer. Contour-based metrology offers new capabilities to dissociate several layers (e.g. via and line) or elements (e.g. top and bottom) in the image so that interlayer and intralayer metrics, other than width dimensions, can be computed. Besides, a solution not integrated in the tool provides excellent versatility to re-process images, thus allowing the obtention of new metrics, which can be very helpful also for retro-analysis.