gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Achieving end-to-end success in the clinic: Pfizer’s learnings on R&D productivity (2021)

Over the past decade, Pfizer has focused efforts to improve its research and development (R&D) productivity. By the end of 2020, Pfizer had achieved an industry-leading clinical success rate of 21%, a tenfold increase from 2% in 2010 and well above the industry benchmark of ∼11%. The company had also maintained the quality of innovation, because 75% of its approvals between 2016 and 2020 had at least one expedited regulatory designation (e.g., Breakthrough Therapy). Pfizer's Signs of Clinical Activity (SOCA) paradigm enabled better decision-making and, along with other drivers (biology and modality), contributed to this productivity improvement. These laid a strong foundation for the rapid and effective development of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine with BioNTech, as well as the antiviral candidate Paxlovid™, under the company's 'lightspeed' paradigm.
Dominant Factors Affecting Rheological Properties of Cellulose Derivatives Forming Thermotropic Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Visible Reflection (2023)

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) derivatives with alkanoyl side chains are known to form thermotropic cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) with visible reflection. Although the widely investigated CLCs are requisite for tedious syntheses of chiral and mesogenic compounds from precious petroleum resources, the HPC derivatives easily prepared from biomass resources would contribute to the realization of environment-friendly CLC devices. In this study, we report the linear rheological behavior of thermotropic CLCs of HPC derivatives possessing alkanoyl side chains of different lengths. In addition, the HPC derivatives have been synthesized by the complete esterification of hydroxy groups in HPC. The master curves of these HPC derivatives were almost identical at reference temperatures, with their light reflection at 405 nm. The relaxation peaks appeared at an angular frequency of ~102 rad/s, suggesting the motion of the CLC helical axis. Moreover, the dominant factors affecting the rheological properties of HPC derivatives were strongly dependent on the CLC helical structures. Further, this study provides one of the most promising fabrication strategies for the highly oriented CLC helix by shearing force, which is indispensable to the development of advanced photonic devices with eco-friendliness.
Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery (2010)

Multifunctional silica nanoparticles provide a framework for the attachment of imaging and targeting agents for applications in spectroscopy, microscopy, and biology while simultaneously serving as supports for molecular machines for the controlled release of cargo. The deliberate placing of molecules or other nanoparticles within specific regions of the mesostructure or the surface of the nanoparticles allows for multiple modes of characterization and application. This review focuses on research related to fluorescence and spectroscopic imaging techniques, targeting strategies to increase particle uptake efficiency in cells, and on demand drug delivery regulated by molecular machines.
Technology development for directional acoustic arrays (2001)

The need for noise source localization and characterization has driven the development of advanced sound field measurement techniques using microphone arrays; however, the cost and complexity of these systems limit their widespread use. One common application is the study of aircraft noise in wind tunnels. The arrays typically consist of moderate numbers (&amp;lt;40) of conventional condenser microphones and range in size from several inches to several feet. Arrays consisting of more microphones and/or the use of multiple arrays may be needed to analyze complex multipole noise sources. However, the feasibility of scaling the current technology to multiple arrays with large numbers of microphones is limited by the cost per channel, array mobility, and data handling efficiency. A reduced cost, mobile, high speed 16-channel array has been constructed to demonstrate key technologies to address these scaling issues. The system is based on a hybrid package that combines a silicon piezoresistive microphone and amplification circuitry. Each package is socketed into a printed circuit board, providing electrical connections and structural support. High speed data acquisition and signal processing hardware is used to generate the array response in near real time. The results of the initial array calibrations are presented.
Bias dependence and electrical breakdown of small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes (2004)

The electronic breakdown and the bias dependence of the conductance have been investigated for a large number of catalytic chemical vapor deposition grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with very small diameters. The convenient fabrication of thousands of properly contacted SWCNTs was possible by growth on electrode structures and subsequent electroless palladium deposition. Almost all of the measured SWCNTs showed at least weak gate dependence at room temperature. Large differences in the conductance and breakdown behavior have been found for “normal” semiconducting SWCNTs and small band-gap semiconducting SWCNTs.
Purification and Properties of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells* (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPurification and Properties of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells*J. R. Bertino, J. P. Perkins, and D. G. JohnsCite this: Biochemistry 1965, 4, 5, 839–846Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1965https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00881a007Request reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (789 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Formation of Carbon‐Carbon Bondsviaπ‐Allylnickel Compounds (2011)

Abstract Transition metal complexes containing a planar three‐carbon ligand, the pi‐allyl group was first described in 1958 with the discovery of (pi‐1‐methylallyl)cobalt tricarbonyl. After this discovery, many other syntheses followed. This chapter deals with synthetic organic applications of pi‐allylnickel complexes. At this time, the study of this subject is in its infancy. The unifying aspect of pi‐allylnickel chemistry is the ability of the allyl ligand to form new carbon‐carbon bonds.
Filling Disocclusions in Extrapolated Virtual Views Using Hybrid Texture Synthesis (2016)

For glasses-free 3-D viewing, autostereoscopic displays provide a dense set of views showing a scene from slightly different viewpoints. As the number of views and their spatial positions are display dependent, a generic depth-enhanced multiview video plus depth format is used for coding and transmission. From this, the required views are generated via depth image-based rendering (DIBR) techniques by using original views and associated depth information. A critical problem in the DIBR techniques is that texture regions, which are covered by foreground objects in the original image, may become visible in the synthesized view, especially in extrapolation scenarios. To cover these disoccluded areas, a novel hybrid texture synthesis method is described in this paper. Our approach combines a new patch-based and a novel fast parametric texture synthesis method in an innovative way to compute the disoccluded image areas. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity, visual saliency induced index, feature similarity index (color), and run-time.
Focused library design in GPCR projects on the example of 5‐HT2c agonists: Comparison of structure‐based virtual screening with ligand‐based search methods (2005)

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of structure-based virtual screening (VS) for focused library design in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) projects on the example of 5-HT(2c) agonists. We compared the performance of structure-based VS against two different homology models using FRED for docking and ScreenScore, FlexX, and PMF for rescoring with the results of 12 ligand-based similarity searches using four different query compounds and three different similarity metrics (Daylight, FTree, Phacir). The result of the similarity search showed much variation, from an enrichment factor up to 3.2 to worse than random, whereas the structure-based VS gave a more stable result with a constant enrichment factor around 2. Additionally, actives retrieved by the structure-based approach were more diverse than the actives among the top scorers of the similarity searches. Based on these results, we suggest basing a focused library design for a GPCR project on a combination of a ligand-based similarity search and structure-based docking.
Placing ELF among the varieties of English (2018)

Abstract This study investigates how (dis)similar ELF is structurally from the core native varieties of English, indigenized L2 varieties, and learner English. ELF is understood as second language use of English in settings where the interactants do not necessarily share a first language. The empirical part makes use of the method of typological profiling based on aggregate structural features. This method measures three indices (i.e. grammaticity, analyticity, and syntheticity), and it has been used previously to analyze a range of variety types but has not been applied to the assessment of ELF. The results provide quantitative evidence that places ELF on the map and shows that, on purely structural grounds, ELF is a distinct variety type among English varieties. Moreover, the observations show that ELF is structurally different from second language acquisition, and there is a quantitative basis for drawing a distinction between ELF and traditional learner data.
An Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes in Europeans (2017)

To characterize type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated variation across the allele frequency spectrum, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data from 26,676 T2D case and 132,532 control subjects of European ancestry after imputation using the 1000 Genomes multiethnic reference panel. Promising association signals were followed up in additional data sets (of 14,545 or 7,397 T2D case and 38,994 or 71,604 control subjects). We identified 13 novel T2D-associated loci (<i>P</i> < 5 × 10<sup>-8</sup>), including variants near the <i>GLP2R</i>, <i>GIP</i>, and <i>HLA-DQA1</i> genes. Our analysis brought the total number of independent T2D associations to 128 distinct signals at 113 loci. Despite substantially increased sample size and more complete coverage of low-frequency variation, all novel associations were driven by common single nucleotide variants. Credible sets of potentially causal variants were generally larger than those based on imputation with earlier reference panels, consistent with resolution of causal signals to common risk haplotypes. Stratification of T2D-associated loci based on T2D-related quantitative trait associations revealed tissue-specific enrichment of regulatory annotations in pancreatic islet enhancers for loci influencing insulin secretion and in adipocytes, monocytes, and hepatocytes for insulin action-associated loci. These findings highlight the predominant role played by common variants of modest effect and the diversity of biological mechanisms influencing T2D pathophysiology.
Inside nanomechanical properties of Populus plant cell walls (2018)

International audience
Special Issue on Solid-State Image Sensors (2009)

This editorial summarizes the contents of this special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices on solid state image sensors. Several researches on CCD and CMOS image sensors are included in this issue.
Detection of Renal Artery Stenosis With Doppler Sonography Before and After Administration of Captopril: Value of Early Systolic Rise (1998)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Abstracts: Imaging1 Oct 1998Detection of Renal Artery Stenosis With Doppler Sonography Before and After Administration of Captopril: Value of Early Systolic Rise V.L. Oliva, G. Soulez, D. Lesage, V. Nicolet, M.C. Roy, M. Courteau, D. Froment, P.C. Rene, E. Therasse, and L. Carignan V.L. OlivaV.L. Oliva , G. SoulezG. Soulez , D. LesageD. Lesage , V. NicoletV. Nicolet , M.C. RoyM.C. Roy , M. CourteauM. Courteau , D. FromentD. Froment , P.C. ReneP.C. Rene , E. TherasseE. Therasse , and L. CarignanL. Carignan View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62635-1AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Detection of Renal Artery Stenosis With Doppler Sonography Before and After Administration of Captopril: Value of Early Systolic Rise." The Journal of Urology, 160(4), pp. 1587–1588 Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Pavillon Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 160Issue 4October 1998Page: 1587-1588 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information V.L. Oliva More articles by this author G. Soulez More articles by this author D. Lesage More articles by this author V. Nicolet More articles by this author M.C. Roy More articles by this author M. Courteau More articles by this author D. Froment More articles by this author P.C. Rene More articles by this author E. Therasse More articles by this author L. Carignan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Adrenocorticotropin Radioimmunoassay: Properties of Antisera against Synthetic ACTH(1-24) and Its Clinical Application (1984)

Two antisera against synthetic ACTH(1-24) developed in rabbit showed strikingly different affinities toward the ACTH molecule. Both antisera (A-6 and A-7) were highly specific for the COOH-terminal region of ACTH(1-24). Antisera A-6 recognized ACTH(1-39) poorly. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) using these antisera permitted the rapid (less than or equal to 18 h) quantitation of ACTH(1-24) (A-6) or ACTH(1-39) (A-7) at picogram levels. ACTH levels were determined on silicic acid extracts of rat and human plasma samples by the RIA specific for mid-region of ACTH(1-39) (A-7) and compared with that obtained by an ACTH(34-39) (C-terminal) RIA. In nearly all cases the C-terminal/mid-region ACTH ratios were less than 1.0, indicating that C-terminus of ACTH is more readily degraded by tissue or blood peptidases than are internal sequences. A solid-phase immunoadsorbent RIA specific for the extreme COOH-terminus of ACTH(1-24) was developed by coupling antiserum (A-6) to Sepharose 4B. This assay exhibited the same specificity as the soluble antiserum, yet tolerated relatively high concentrations of protein. Although the assay was suitable for rapid quantitation of ACTH(1-24), a decrease in sensitivity was observed in comparison to a conventional assay.
A Guide to Creating and Testing New INTRSECT Constructs (2017)

As the power of genetically encoded interventional and observational tools for neuroscience expands, the boundaries of experimental design are increasingly defined by limits in selectively expressing these tools in relevant cell types. Single-recombinase-dependent expression systems have been widely used as a means to restrict gene expression based on single features by combining recombinase-dependent viruses with recombinase-expressing transgenic animals. This protocol details how to create INTRSECT constructs and use multiple recombinases to achieve targeting of a desired gene to subsets of neurons that are defined by multiple genetic and/or topological features. This method includes the design and utilization of both viruses and transgenic animals: these tools are inherently flexible and modular and may be used in different combinations to achieve the desired gene expression pattern. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy in an Asian Population Without Diabetes (2010)

Similar to studies in white individuals, signs of retinopathy are common in Asian persons without diabetes. Early signs of retinopathy in persons without diabetes are related to metabolic and vascular risk factors and may indicate intermediate pathologic changes along the pathway to cardiovascular disease.
Localization of mRNA encoding the P2X2 receptor subunit of the adenosine 5′‐triphosphate‐gated ion channel in the adult and developing rat inner ear by in situ hybridization (1998)

Localization of expression of the adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-gated ion channel P2X2 receptor subunit (P2X2R) in the rat inner ear at different stages of development was achieved by using in situ mRNA hybridization. In the adult, P2X2R mRNA was strongly expressed in many of the cells bordering the cochlear endolymphatic compartment. This included the interdental cells of the spiral limbus, all cells of the inner sulcus and organ of Corti, and cells of the spiral prominence. In the vestibular labyrinth, strong expression was noted in the transitional cells at the base of the crista ampullaris and in the sensory epithelium of the crista and maculae. During development, P2X2R mRNA expression was evident in the precursors of these structures at the earliest period studied, embryonic day 12 (E12). Expression increased during the ontogeny in both the cochlear and the vestibular end organs. In addition, both the spiral and vestibular ganglia showed developmental expression. In contrast to the supporting cells of the organ of Corti, both inner and outer hair cells exhibited P2X2R mRNA only after postnatal day 10 (P10) through P12, concomitant with the onset of hearing. P2X2R expression levels in all cells fell from a maximum at P12–P18 to lower levels in the adult. In the adult, P2X2R mRNA levels were modest in outer hair cells in the basal (high-frequency) encoding region of the cochlea, and inner hair cell labeling was low throughout the cochlea. Reissner's membrane, which maintains an electrochemical barrier between scala vestibuli and scala media, showed considerable expression of P2X2R mRNA in early postnatal development, and expression was maintained at moderate levels in the adult cochlea. These data are consistent with a role for the P2X2R subunit in the processes of labyrinthine development and the regulation of the electrochemical gradients supporting auditory and vestibular sensory transduction. J. Comp. Neurol. 393:403–414, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS USING NIF (2013)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's premier inertial confinement fusion facility designed to achieve sustained thermonuclear burn (ignition) through the compression of hydrogen isotopic fuels to densities in excess of 10{sup 3} g/cm{sup 3} and temperatures in excess of 100 MK. These plasma conditions are very similar to those found in the cores of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars where the s-process takes place, but with a neutron fluence per year 10{sup 4} times greater than a star. These conditions make NIF an excellent laboratory to measure s-process (n,{gamma}) cross sections in a stellar-like plasma for the first time. Starting in Fall 2009, NIF has been operating regularly with 2-4 shots being performed weekly. These experiments have allowed the first in situ calibration of the detectors and diagnostics needed to measure neutron capture, including solid debris collection and prompt {gamma}-ray detection. In this paper I will describe the NIF facility and capsule environment and present two approaches for measuring s-process neutron capture cross sections using NIF.
The Long Journey of TCL1 Transgenic Mice: Lessons Learned in the Last 15 Years (2015)

The first transgenic mouse of the TCL1 oncogene was described more than 15 years ago, and since then, the overexpression of the gene in T- and B-cells in vivo has been extensively studied to reveal the molecular details in the pathogenesis of some lymphocytic leukemias. This review discusses the main features of the original TCL1 models and the different lines of research successively developed with particular attention to genetically compound mice and the therapeutic applications in drug development.
Potential for Multi-functional Additive Manufacturing Using Pulsed Photonic Sintering (2015)

This paper proposes the integration of pulsed photonic sintering into multi-material additive manufacturing processes in order to produce multifunctional components that would be nearly impossible to produce any other way. Pulsed photonic curing uses high power Xenon flash lamps to thermally fuse printed nanomaterials such as conductive metal inks. To determine the feasibility of the proposed integration, three different polymer additive manufacturing materials were exposed to typical flash curing conditions using a Novacentrix Pulseforge 3300 system. FTIR analysis revealed virtually no change in the polymer substrates, thus indicating that the curing energy did not damage the polymer. Next, copper traces were printed on the same substrate, dried, and photonically cured to establish the feasibility of thermally fusing copper metal on the polymer additive manufacturing substrates. Although drying defects were observed, electrical resistivity values ranging from 0.081 to 0.103 Ω/sq. indicated that high temperature and easily oxidized metals can be successfully printed and cured on several commonly used polymer additive manufacturing materials. These results indicate that pulsed photonic curing holds tremendous promise as an enabling technology for next generation multi- material additive manufacturing processes.
Deep Space One Investigations of Ion Propulsion Plasma Environment (2000)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.