gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“Palpation of the Brain” Using Magnetic Resonance Elastography (1999)

Introduction: Physicians have long used palpation as an important diagnostic tool. While there is no clinical precedent for “brain palpation”, it is possible that measurements of elastic properties might be useful for characterizing brain disease. In addition, such measurements are necessary prerequisites for finite element analysis studies of brain trauma and surgical simulation. Yet the available estimates of the shear modulus of brain tissue in the literature are inconsistent (Figure 1) and do not even agree on the relative stiffness of gray and white matter. Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) is a technique that allows the determination of the elastic modulus of tissue in viva. This technique requires the application of acoustic waves to tissue, synchronous motion-sensitizing gradients to detect propagating acoustic waves and various algorithms to display the propagation of the waves and generate an elastic modulus map of the tissue of interest [l-3]. The goals of this technique are to obtain estimates of the elastic modulus of human cerebral tissue, to assess age dependence, and to study wave propagation in the brain,
Speculative execution of similarity queries: Real-time parameter optimization through visual exploration (2021)

The parameters of complex analytical models often have an unpredictable influence on the models’ results, rendering parameter tuning a non-intuitive task. By concurrently visualizing both the model and its results, visual analytics tackles this issue, supporting the user in understanding the connection between abstract model parameters and model results. We present a visual analytics system enabling result understanding and model refinement on a ranking-based similarity search algorithm. Our system (1) visualizes the results in a projection view, mapping their pair-wise similarity to screen distance, (2) indicates the influence of model parameters on the results, and (3) implements speculative execution to enable real-time iterative refinement on the time-intensive offline similarity search algorithm.
Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial multilayer h-BN on Ni(111) for spintronics applications (2016)

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a promising material for implementation in spintronics due to a large band gap, low spin-orbit coupling, and a small lattice mismatch to graphene and to close-packed surfaces of fcc-Ni(111) and hcp-Co(0001). Epitaxial deposition of h-BN on ferromagnetic metals is aimed at small interface scattering of charge and spin carriers. We report on the controlled growth of h-BN/Ni(111) by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Structural and electronic properties of this system are investigated using cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron spectroscopies which confirm good agreement with the properties of bulk h-BN. The latter are also corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing that the first h-BN layer at the interface to Ni is metallic. Our investigations demonstrate that MBE is a promising, versatile alternative to both the exfoliation approach and chemical vapour deposition of h-BN.
Stereoselective Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Triaza Tricyclic Ring System:  A New Chemotype for Lead Discovery (1999)

Sequential pyrrolidine and hydantoin ring-forming reactions have been applied in the stereoselective solid-phase synthesis of a conformationally constrained, tricyclic triazacyclopenta[c]pentalene scaffold. These novel compounds share the structural complexity characteristic of certain alkaloid natural products and represent a source of chemical diversity that complements more traditional classes of heterocyclic compounds of interest as potential pharmaceutical agents. They are assembled in a 12-step reaction sequence from 4 variable building blocks by combining an intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition reaction with a final cyclative cleavage from resin.
Many-worlds browsing for control of multibody dynamics (2007)

Animation techniques for controlling passive simulation are commonly based on an optimization paradigm: the user provides goals a priori, and sophisticated numerical methods minimize a cost function that represents these goals. Unfortunately, for multibody systems with discontinuous contact events these optimization problems can be highly nontrivial to solve, and many-hour offline optimizations, unintuitive parameters, and convergence failures can frustrate end-users and limit usage. On the other hand, users are quite adaptable, and systems which provide interactive feedback via an intuitive interface can leverage the user's own abilities to quickly produce interesting animations. However, the online computation necessary for interactivity limits scene complexity in practice.
Dynamic behavior of the monomer–monomer surface reaction model with adsorbate interactions (1997)

The monomer–monomer surface reaction model with an adsorbate interaction term is studied. An epidemic analysis of the poisoning times (tp) for small square lattices as a function of lattice edge length L and interaction strength α at the point of equal adsorption rates yields a dynamic scaling relation which describes the crossover between log-power-law and exponential behavior in L, and is able to fit the entire dependence of tp upon α and L. The phase transition is further explored by varying adsorption rates and is found to follow second-order kinetics. A mean-field approximation is introduced as a comparison for the numerical results.
Interleukin-6 Protects Anterior Horn Neurons from Lethal Virus-Induced Injury (2003)

We evaluated the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in neuronal injury after CNS infection. IL-6-/- and IL-6+/+ mice of resistant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) H-2b haplotype intracerebrally infected with Theiler's virus cleared the infection normally without development of viral persistence, lethal neuronal infection, or late phase demyelination. In contrast, infection of IL-6-/- mice on a susceptible H-2q haplotype resulted in frequent deaths and severe neurologic deficits within 2 weeks of infection as compared with infected IL-6+/+ H-2q littermate controls. Morphologic analysis demonstrated dramatic injury to anterior horn neurons of IL-6-/- H-2q mice at 12 d after infection. Infectious viral titers in the CNS (brain and spinal cord combined) were equivalent between IL-6-/- H-2q and IL-6+/+ H-2q mice. In contrast, more viral RNA was detected in the spinal cord of IL-6-/- mice compared with IL-6+/+ H-2q mice. Virus antigen was localized predominantly to anterior horn cells in infected IL-6-/- H-2q mice. IL-6 deletion did not affect the humoral response directed against virus, nor did it affect the expression of CD4, CD8, MHC class I, or MHC class II in the CNS. Importantly, IL-6 was expressed by astrocytes of infected IL-6+/+ mice but not in astrocytes of IL-6-/- mice or uninfected IL-6+/+ mice. Furthermore, expression of various chemokines was robust at 12 d after infection in both H-2b and H-2q IL-6-/- mice, indicating that intrinsic CNS inflammatory responses did not depend on the presence of IL-6. Finally, in vitro analysis of virus-induced death in neuroblastoma-spinal cord-34 motor neurons and primary anterior horn cell neurons showed that IL-6 exerted a neuroprotective effect. These data support the hypothesis that IL-6 plays a critical role in protecting specific populations of neurons from irreversible injury.
High speed performance of 1.5 μm compressive-strained multiquantum-well gain-coupled distributed-feedback lasers (1993)

1.5 μm compressive-strained multiquantum-well gain-coupled distributed-feedback lasers have been fabricated on semi-insulating InP substrates with very low parasitic capacitance for studying the laser dynamic characteristics. A maximum 3 dB bandwidth of 12.8 GHz under small signal modulation, a 20 dB down chirping width of 0.33 nm under 5 Gbit/s NRZ pseudorandom modulation, and a low chirping short pulse of 20 ps under gain switching are obtained.
Multiparadigm scheduling for distributed real-time embedded computing (2003)

Increasingly complex requirements, coupled with tighter economic and organizational constraints, are making it hard to build complex distributed real-time embedded (DRE) systems entirely from scratch. Therefore, the proportion of DRE systems made up of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software is increasing significantly. There are relatively few systematic empirical studies, however, that illustrate how suitable COTS-based hardware and software have become for mission-critical DRE systems. This paper provides the following contributions to the study of real-time quality-of-service (QoS) assurance and performance in COTS-based DRE systems: it presents evidence that flexible configuration of COTS middleware mechanisms, and the operating system (OS) settings they use, allows DRE systems to meet critical QoS requirements over a wider range of load and jitter conditions than statically configured systems; it shows that in addition to making critical QoS assurances, noncritical QoS performance can be improved through flexible support for alternative scheduling strategies; and it presents an empirical study of three canonical scheduling strategies; specifically the conditions that predict success of a strategy for a production-quality DRE avionics mission computing system. Our results show that applying a flexible scheduling framework to COTS hardware, OSs, and middleware improves real-time QoS assurance and performance for mission-critical DRE systems.
A High-Tg Polyamide Derived from Lignocellulose and CO2 (2021)

Polymers that are sourced from truly sustainable feedstocks and have favorable physical properties can provide compelling alternatives to conventional petrochemical plastic. In this study, solution-phase anionic ring-opening polymerization is used to synthesize poly(iminomethylene(cis-tetrahydro-2,5-furandiyl)carbonyl) (PITC) from 8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one ((±)-1), a monomer made from lignocellulose and CO2. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds to give near-quantitative yield in minutes at low temperatures. The polymer chain lengths are readily controlled by the amount of N-acetyl lactam activator up to a solubility-limited number average molecular weight (Mn) of ∼30,000. For PITC samples with Mn > 10,000, the glass transition temperature (Tg) reaches an asymptotic limit of 129 °C, which is one of the highest reported values for a nonaromatic polyamide and the highest for a lignocellulose-derived polyamide. Additionally, PITC can be chemically recycled by acid-catalyzed depolymerization and subsequent cyclization to regenerate the lactam monomer.
Carbohydrate sensing using a fluorescent molecular tweezer (2009)

A fluorescent molecular tweezer for carbohydrates has been prepared which utilises two boronic acid receptor groups.
Synthesis of novel fluoropolymers for 157-nm photoresists by cyclopolymerization (2002)

Novel fluoropolymers having partially fluorinated monocyclic (5-membered and 6-membered ring) structure have been synthesized with radical cyclo-polymerization, which have C- F bond in the polymer main chain and also possess fluorocontaining acidic alcohol group. These polymers have excellent transparency lower than 1.0 &#956;m<sup>-1</sup> at 157nm wave length. The number-average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers is 4000 to 20000, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is 130 to 155 &deg;C and the decomposition temperature (Td) is about 400 &deg;C. Copolymerization reaction with the other monomers (ex. fluoroolefins,(meth)acrylates and vinyl esters) were also examined. The introduction of protecting group (ex. methoxylmethly, and t-butoxycarbonyl group) to alcohol units of the polymer can be applied before or after polymerization reaction. We also evaluated fundamental resist performances. These have excellent transparency of 0.5 to 1.5 &#956;m<sup>-1</sup>, good solubility in the standard alkaline solution (0.26N N-tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution) and relatively high sensitivities below than 10mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The imaging results of the above fluoropolymer based positive- working resists are presented. Under 100-nm line and space pattern are delineated in 200-nm thick film by using the phase shift mask.
Non-mechanical 3D LiDAR system based on flash and beam-scanning dually-modulated photonic-crystal lasers (2022)

We report a new type of non-mechanical three-dimensional (3D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system, which integrates a beam-scanning-type and flash-type dually modulated photonic-crystal laser sources, having a size as small as the palm of the hand. The system is capable of measuring poorly reflective objects in the field of view, overcoming the intrinsic issue affecting conventional flash-type LiDAR systems.
Genomic relatedness among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field strains of sterotypes 1 and 5 isolated from healthy and diseased pigs. (1999)

Forty-four Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates recovered from both healthy and diseased pigs were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and apx toxin gene typing. Nine RAPD types and 14 PFGE patterns were identified. No common RAPD or PFGE patterns were found between strains of serotype 1 and those of serotype 5. The RAPD analysis indicated that the 15 serotype 1 strains isolated from diseased pigs were assigned to 4 RAPD types, with 66% of strains characterized by the same RAPD type. By contrast, the 5 strains of serotype 1 isolated from healthy carriers were dispersed in 4 RAPD types. These data suggest that the diversity of strains isolated from healthy pigs could be higher than that of strains recovered from diseased pigs. In addition, all serotype 5 strains exhibited a unique RAPD type. Unlike RAPD, PFGE analysis allowed discrimination among isolates of serotype 1 and among those of serotype 5. All but 3 isolates showed the same apx genotype as their respective serotype reference strain. These data indicate that RAPD analysis is a valuable rapid tool for routine subtyping of strains of serotype 1. For strains of serotype 5, a combination of several typing methods, such as PFGE and apx gene typing, is needed to provide useful information on the molecular epidemiology of swine pleuropneumonia.
A randomised controlled trial of a preconceptional dietary intervention in women undergoing IVF treatment (PREPARE trial) (2014)

ISRCTN50956936.
Two-Dimensional Holey Nanoarchitectures Created by Confined Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles via Block Copolymers: From Synthesis to Energy Storage Property (2017)

Advances in liquid-phase exfoliation and surfactant-directed anisotropic growth of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets have enabled their rapid development. However, it remains challenging to develop assembly strategies that lead to the construction of 2D nanomaterials with well-defined geometry and functional nanoarchitectures that are tailored to specific applications. Here we report a facile self-assembly method leading to the controlled synthesis of 2D transition metal oxide (TMO) nanosheets containing a high density of holes. We utilize graphene oxide sheets as a sacrificial template and Pluronic copolymers as surfactants. By using ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (ZFO) nanoparticles as a model material, we demonstrate that by tuning the molecular weight of the Pluronic copolymers we can incorporate the ZFO particles and tune the size of the holes in the sheets. The resulting 2D ZFO nanosheets offer synergistic characteristics including increased electrochemically active surface areas, shortened ion diffusion paths, and strong inherent mechanical properties, leading to enhanced lithium-ion storage properties. Postcycling characterization confirms that the samples maintain structural integrity after electrochemical cycling. Our findings demonstrate that this template-assisted self-assembly method is a useful bottom-up route for controlled synthesis of 2D nanoarchitectures, and these holey 2D nanoarchitectures are promising for improving the electrochemical performance of next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Calcium measurement in living filamentous fungi expressing codon‐optimized aequorin (2004)

Calcium signalling is little understood in filamentous fungi largely because easy and routine methods for calcium measurement in living hyphae have previously been unavailable. We have developed the recombinant aequorin method for this purpose. High levels of aequorin expression were obtained in Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamori by codon optimization of the aequorin gene. Three external stimuli (mechanical perturbation, hypo-osmotic shock and high external calcium) were found transiently to increase [Ca(2+)](c). Each of the calcium signatures associated with these physico-chemical treatments was unique, suggesting the involvement of three distinct calcium-mediated signal transduction pathways. The fungal calcium channel blocker KP4 inhibited the [Ca(2+)](c) responses to hypo-osmotic shock and high external calcium, but not to mechanical perturbation. The divalent cation chelator BAPTA inhibited [Ca(2+)](c) responses to mechanical perturbation and hypo-osmotic shock. The calcium agonists A23187 and cyclopiazonic acid increased [Ca(2+)](c) levels.
A tunable dual-band square slot antenna with stub for DCS, ISM, and WiMAX applications (2015)

This paper presents the design and parametric study of a tunable dual band square slot antenna with stub for DSC, ISM, and WiMAX applications. This dual band antenna has an ability to be tuned to any of the mentioned bands, according to the required applications, depending on the length of square side and the stub. The overall size of the designed antenna is 50mm × 50mm. The antenna has been etched to an epoxy FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. A parametric study has been presented for the stub. The design equation for the lower band and the design curve for the upper band are obtained. The resulted radiation patterns have been shown for different frequencies which give the antenna a good characteristic to be candidate as a dual-band antenna for the aforementioned applications. A commercial High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), ver. 15, has been used to analyze the design parameters.
Effects of Pressing Lignocellulosic Biomass on Sugar Yield in Two‐Stage Dilute‐Acid Hydrolysis Process (2002)

Dilute sulfuric acid catalyzed hydrolysis of biomass such as wood chips often involves pressing the wood particles in a dewatering step (e.g., after acid impregnation) or in compression screw feeders commonly used in continuous hydrolysis reactors. This study addresses the effects of pressing biomass feedstocks using a hydraulic press on soluble sugar yield obtained from two-stage dilute-acid hydrolysis of softwood. The pressed acid-impregnated feedstock gave significantly lower soluble sugar yields than the never-pressed (i.e., partially air-dried or filtered) feedstock. Pressing acid-impregnated feedstocks before pretreatment resulted in a soluble hemicellulosic sugar yield of 76.9% from first-stage hydrolysis and a soluble glucose yield of 33.7% from second-stage hydrolysis. The dilute-acid hydrolysis of partially air-dried feedstocks having total solids and acid concentrations similar to those of pressed feedstocks gave yields of 87.0% hemicellulosic sugar and 46.9% glucose in the first and second stages, respectively. Microscopic examination of wood structures showed that pressing acid-impregnated wood chips from 34 to 54% total solids (TS) did not cause the wood structure to collapse. However, pressing first-stage pretreated wood chips (i.e., feedstock for second-stage hydrolysis) from approximately 30 to 43% TS caused the porous wood matrix to almost completely collapse. It is hypothesized that pressing alters the wood structure and distribution of acid within the cell cavities, leading to uneven heat and mass transfer during pretreatment using direct steam injection. Consequently, lower hydrolysis yield of soluble sugars results. Dewatering of corn stover by pressing did not impact negatively on the sugar yield from single-stage dilute-acid pretreatment.
Characterization of Two Stable Degradants of Palladium tBuXPhos Catalyst and a Unique Dearomatization Reaction (2012)

Two stable degradants of palladium tBuXPhos catalyst have been synthesized from tBuXPhos and Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3, isolated, and fully characterized. Complex 2 augments the known literature examples of palladacycles from this ligand family but is present as a rare four-membered-ring palladacycle, having activated the top ring of the ligand. Complex 3 is an unusual case of palladium-mediated dearomatization, whereby chloroform functionalizes the bottom ring, generating a palladium allyl complex. The mechanism is assigned to an electrophilic carbene attack where palladium directs attack of dichlorocarbene to the anti face of the bottom arene. The structures have been confirmed by NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Patellar crepitation in the P.F.C. sigma total knee system. (2006)

Painless and painful patellar crepitation and patellar clunk syndrome represent a spectrum of peripatellar scar formation particular to posterior-stabilized knee components, although it may occur with cruciate-retaining designs as well. The formation of peripatellar inflammatory scar tissue is related to implant design and surgical technique, with microscopic and gross findings indicating varying degrees of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia. These well recognized clinical entities have an incidence ranging between 1% and 5% in different series. The majority of patients with mildly painful or painless patellar crepitation will improve within 6 months to 1 year. In patients with more disabling symptoms such as catching, early intervention with open scar excision should be considered.
Synthesis of mesoscopic structures by co-assembly (1994)

Synthesis of materials with nanoscale (1-100 nm) organization is of utmost importance in various applications. Recently, scientists at Mobil described a surfactant-based procedure which yields mesoporous silicate/aluminosilicate materials with pores up to 10 nm in size and lamellar, hexagonal, and bicontinuous cubic structures. Two models were proposed to explain the formation of these materials. The first model assumes that silica polymerizes around a water-surfactant liquid crystal phase while the second model contends that the polymerization of the silica determines the ordering of the surfactants in a co-assembly fashion. Our time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies show that transitions between structures occur during synthesis, supporting the co-assembly model. The procedure for synthesizing cubic surfactant-silicates was as follows: 10.41 g of TEOS (tetraethoxy silane, Alpha Chemicals) was added to 35.86 g of Arquad (29% by weight C 16 TMAC1 in water, Akzo Chemicals), 25 ml of 1M NaOH, and 5.34 mL of deionized water. This mixture was stirred for 30 min with a magnetic stir bar, causing the TEOS to disperse with the surfactant solution and hydrolyze.