gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid architecture for feed-forward multi-layer neural networks (2003)

The building blocks of this architecture are mostly in analog CMOS to reduce the number of interconnecting wires. The memory, where the weights are stored, is implemented digitally to avoid the reliability and long-term preservation problems associated with the current analog storage schemes. The discrete nature of digital weights does not produce any problem in the application considered here, since the weights are pretrained. The number of connections to any layer is reduced to the same number as the neurons in the preceding layer without any loss in generality. The building blocks have been fabricated and tested. A proof-of-concept chip has also been designed in a double metal, single polysilicon, p-well CMOS process. With modest clocking speeds, the circuit will have latency times on the order of microseconds for practical problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Automatic Microelectrode Recording Analysis and Visualization of the Globus Pallidus Interna and Stereotactic Trajectory (2006)

Locating deep brain neuronal structures is required to accurately place deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes during stereotactic surgery in patients with Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. This study investigates the efficacy of automatic microelectrode visualization and analysis methods to help neurosurgeons locate target structures more objectively, consistently, and easily during surgery. Ten patients (4 males and 6 females) who underwent bilateral implantation of DBS electrodes in the globus pallidus interna (Gpi), from 2001 to 2003, at the Oregon Health and Science University and the Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center were included. We compared the efficacy of the microelectrode recording signal energy, power spectral density (PSD), marginal probability density (mPDF), autocorrelation function (ACF), and partial ACF. mPDF and PSD estimates most accurately indicated the borders of the GPi target structure.
Lipid Synthesis Is Required to Resolve Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Limit Fibrotic Responses in the Lung (2018)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is evident in the alveolar epithelium of humans and mice with pulmonary fibrosis, but neither the mechanisms causing ER stress nor the contribution of ER stress to fibrosis is understood. A well-recognized adaptive response to ER stress is that affected cells induce lipid synthesis; however, we recently reported that lipid synthesis was downregulated in the alveolar epithelium in pulmonary fibrosis. In the present study, we sought to determine whether lipid synthesis is needed to resolve ER stress and limit fibrotic remodeling in the lung. Pharmacologic and genetic manipulations were performed to assess whether lipid production is required for resolving ER stress and limiting fibrotic responses in cultured alveolar epithelial cells and whole-lung tissues. Concentrations of ER stress markers and lipid synthesis enzymes were also measured in control and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung tissues. We found that chemical agents that induce ER stress (tunicamycin or thapsigargin) enhanced lipid production in cultured alveolar epithelial cells and in the mouse lung. Moreover, lipid production was found to be dependent on the enzyme stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1, and when pharmacologically inhibited, ER stress persisted and lung fibrosis ensued. Conversely, lipid production was reduced in mouse and human fibrotic lung, despite there being an increase in the magnitude of ER stress. Furthermore, augmenting lipid production effectively reduced ER stress and mitigated fibrotic remodeling in the mouse lung after exposure to silica. Augmenting lipid production reduces ER stress and attenuates fibrotic remodeling in the mouse lung, suggesting that similar approaches might be effective for treating human fibrotic lung diseases.
Magnetic resonance imaging arthrography following type II superior labrum from anterior to posterior repair: interobserver and intraobserver reliability (2015)

The intraobserver agreement of MRA in the evaluation of type II SLAP repair was substantial to excellent. However, the interobserver agreement of MRA was poor to fair. As a result, the routine use of MRA in the evaluation of type II SLAP lesion repair should be utilized with caution. A global evaluation of the patient, including detailed history and physical examination, is paramount in determining the cause of failure and one should not rely on MRA alone.
Large Area 1.2 kV GaN Vertical Power FinFETs with a Record Switching Figure-of-Merit (2018)

This letter presents the first experimental study on capacitances, charges, and power-switching figure of merits (FOM) for a large-area vertical GaN power transistor. A 1.2-kV, 5-A GaN vertical power FinFET was demonstrated in a chip area of 0.45 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , with a specific on-resistance of 2.1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}\Omega \cdot \textsf {cm}^{\textsf {2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a threshold voltage of 1.3 V. Device junction capacitances were characterized and their main components were identified. This was used to calculate the switching charges and practical switching frequencies. Device FOMs were then derived that take into account the trade-offs between the conduction and switching power losses. Our GaN vertical FinFETs exhibit high-frequency (~MHz) switching capabilities and superior switching FOMs when compared with commercial 0.9-1.2-kV Si and SiC power transistors. This letter shows the great potential of GaN vertical FinFETs for next-generation medium-voltage power electronics.
Higher-Order Process Matrix Tomography of a Passively-Stable Quantum Switch (2024)

The field of indefinite causal order (ICO) has seen a recent surge in interest. Much of this research has focused on the quantum switch, wherein multiple parties act in a superposition of different orders in a manner transcending the quantum circuit model. This results in a new resource for quantum protocols, and is exciting for its relation to issues in foundational physics. The quantum switch is also an example of a higher-order quantum operation, in that it transforms not only quantum states but also other quantum operations. To date, no quantum process without a definite causal order has been completely experimentally characterized. Indeed, past work on the quantum switch has confirmed its ICO by measuring causal witnesses or demonstrating resource advantages, but the complete process matrix has been described only theoretically. Here we report our performing higher-order quantum process tomography. However, doing so requires exponentially many measurements with a scaling worse than that of standard process tomography. We overcome this challenge by creating a new fiber-based quantum switch using active optical elements to deterministically generate and manipulate time-bin encoded qubits. Moreover, our new architecture for the quantum switch can be readily scaled to multiple parties. By reconstructing the process matrix, we estimate its fidelity and tailor different causal witnesses directly for our experiment. To achieve this, we measure a set of tomographically complete settings, which also spans the input operation space. Our tomography protocol allows the characterization and debugging of higher-order quantum operations with and without an ICO, while our experimental time-bin techniques could enable the creation of a new realm of higher-order quantum operations with an ICO. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The trafficking of natural killer cells (2007)

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that participate in the early control of microbial infections and cancer. NK cells can induce the death of autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, recognizing and providing non-microbial 'danger' signals to the immune system. NK cells are widely distributed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. NK cell precursors originate from the bone marrow and go through a complex maturation process that leads to the acquisition of their effector functions, to changes in their expression of integrins and chemotactic receptors, and to their redistribution from the bone marrow and lymph nodes to blood, spleen, liver, and lung. Here, we describe the tissue localization of NK cells, using NKp46 as an NK cell marker, and review the current knowledge on the mechanisms that govern their trafficking in humans and in mice.
Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for acute fractures in the elderly: is it worth reattaching the tuberosities? (2018)

Despite the advanced age of the patients, tuberosity reattachment and use of bone graft results in a high rate of tuberosity healing. Tuberosity reconstruction and healing in reverse shoulder arthroplasty for fractures improves active forward elevation, external rotation, and patient satisfaction.
Morphological evolution of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes grown on free-standing m-plane GaN substrates (2013)

We report on the morphological evolution of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on nominally on-axis and intentionally misoriented free-standing m-plane GaN substrates. Large variations in p-n junction depth (±175nm) were observed for LEDs grown on nominally on-axis substrates, while negligible variations in junction depth (±20 nm) were observed for LEDs grown on intentionally misoriented substrates. The surfaces of LEDs grown on the nominally on-axis substrates were characterized by the presence of a high density of pyramidal hillocks [Hirai et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 191906 (2007)], while the surfaces of the LEDs grown on the intentionally misoriented substrates were relatively smooth and free of pyramidal hillocks. Detailed measurements indicated that the variations in junction depth observed for LEDs grown on nominally on-axis substrates were related to an evolution in the shape of individual pyramidal hillocks during the growth of the LEDs. These results indicate that growing LEDs on intentionally misoriented substrates is an effective way to eliminate the pyramidal hillocks and variations in junction depth associated with growth on nominally on-axis substrates.
Distributed spectrum assignment for home WLANs (2013)

We consider the problem of jointly allocating channel center frequencies and bandwidths for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs). The bandwidth used on a link affects significantly both the capacity experienced on this link and the interference produced on neighboring links. Therefore, when jointly assigning both center frequencies and channel widths, there is a trade-off between interference mitigation and the potential capacity offered on each link. We study this tradeoff and we present SAW (spectrum assignment for WLANs), a decentralized algorithm that finds efficient configurations. SAW is tailored for 802.11 home networks. It is distributed, online and transparent. It does not require a central coordinator and it constantly adapts the spectrum usage without disrupting network traffic. A key feature of SAW is that the access points (APs) need only a few out-of-band measurements in order to make spectrum allocation decisions. Despite being completely decentralized, the algorithm is self-organizing and provably converges towards efficient spectrum allocations. We evaluate SAW using both simulation and a deployment on an indoor testbed composed of off-the-shelf 802.11 hardware. We observe that it dramatically increases the overall network efficiency and fairness.
IL13-Mediated Dectin-1 and Mannose Receptor Overexpression Promotes Macrophage Antitumor Activities through Recognition of Sialylated Tumor Cells (2019)

Macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity is controlled by surface receptor expression and activation. Despite the numerous studies documenting the role of macrophage C-type lectin receptors (CLR) in pathogen elimination, little is known about their contribution to antitumor responses. Here, we report that IL13 inhibits T-cell lymphoma and ovarian adenocarcinoma development in tumor-bearing mice through the conversion of tumor-supporting macrophages to cytotoxic effectors, characterized by a CLR signature composed of dectin-1 and mannose receptor (MR). We show that dectin-1 and MR are critical for the recognition of tumor cells through sialic acid-specific glycan structure on their surface and for the subsequent activation of macrophage tumoricidal response. Finally, we validated that IL13 antitumor effect mediated by dectin-1 and MR overexpression on macrophages can extend to various types of human tumors. Therefore, these results identify these CLRs as potential targets to promote macrophage antitumor response and represent an attractive approach to elicit tumor-associated macrophage tumoricidal properties.
Filter bank design for delayless subband adaptive filtering structures with subband weight transformation (2005)

Subband adaptive filters have been proposed to avoid the drawbacks of slow convergence and high computational complexity associated with time domain adaptive filters. Subband processing introduces transmission delays and signal degradations due to aliasing effects. In order to overcome the delays, delayless adaptive filtering has been introduced where the adaptive algorithm is working in subbands while the signal filtering is performed in fullband. A design method for filter banks with any oversampling factor is utilized, where the total filter bank group delay may be specified, and where the aliasing and magnitude/phase distortions are minimized. This paper investigates the performance of the filter banks in delayless adaptive filtering applied in an acoustic echo cancellation scenario for telephony conferencing.
Synthesis of Hexane-Tetrols and -Triols with Fixed Hydroxyl Group Positions and Stereochemistry from Methyl Glycosides over Supported Metal Catalysts (2019)

Carbohydrates are a renewable feedstock for the production of partially reduced polyols, but typical hydrogenolysis processes are unselective toward C–O bond cleavage at different positions and erase the stereocenters present in the feedstock. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of new types of acyclic polyols from methyl glycosides with fixed hydroxyl group positions and stereochemistry. Products include (2R,3S)-1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, (2R,5S)-1,2,5,6-hexanetetrol, (2S,5S)-1,2,5-hexanetriol, and (4R,5S)-1,4,5-hexanetriol. Methyl glycosides are first selectively deoxydehydrated and hydrogenated to methyl dideoxy-glycosides as reported in previous work. These methyl dideoxy-glycosides are then converted to hexane-triols and -tetrols over Pt-based catalysts in water in 80–95% yield via methoxy bond hydrolysis and hydrogenation. This route largely preserves the stereocenters of the remaining hydroxyl groups (>92% stereopurity). The nature of the intermediates formed depends on the structure of the glycoside feedstock. 3,4-Dideoxy-glycosides can undergo inversion of the C2–OH stereocenter because of an aldose-ketose isomerization reaction, which can be mitigated by using a bifunctional metal–acid catalyst to facilitate the reaction at lower temperature. By demonstrating a new route to produce renewable polyols with fixed hydroxyl group positions and stereochemistry, this report lays the groundwork for further research into the applications of these molecules in the chemical industry.
Eine Eintopfsynthese f��r chromophore Xerogele auf Silicatbasis (2002)

In der Zuschrift von S. Spange et al. in Heft 10, 2002, S. 1805–1808, wurden bedauerlicherweise zwei thematisch relevante Arbeiten zur Sol-Gel-Technik nicht zitiert. Dies sei hiermit nachgeholt: a) U. Deschler, P. Kleinschmit, P. Panster, Angew. Chem. 1986, 98, 237–253; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 236–252; b) B. Lebeau, J. Maquet, C. Sanchez, E. Toussacre, R. Hierle, J. Zyss, J. Mater. Chem. 1994, 4, 1855–1860.
Universal Soldering of Lithium and Sodium Alloys on Various Substrates for Batteries (2017)

Abstract The high theoretical specific capacity of lithium (Li) metal and the nonflammability of solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) make the solid‐state Li metal battery a promising option to develop safe batteries with high energy density. To make the switch from liquid to solid‐state electrolyte, the high interfacial resistance resulting from the poor solid–solid contacts between Li metal and SSEs needs to be addressed. Herein, a one‐step soldering technique to quickly coat molten Li onto different substrates including metals, ceramics, and polymers is presented. It is deduced that the surface energy and viscosity of the molten Li can be tuned by adding alloy elements, which improves the wettability against various substrates. When soldered onto the surface of garnet‐based SSEs, the Li alloys exhibit significantly improved contact, which leads to an interface resistance as low as ≈7 Ω cm 2 . While cycling under high loads, the newly plated Li still maintains tight contact with the garnet surface and demonstrates excellent electrochemical stability. Several Li binary alloys as well as sodium (Na) binary alloys are successfully tested on various substrates to demonstrate the versatility of this soldering technique for potential battery applications.
Automatic selection of arterial input function on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI images: comparison of different methods (2006)

gadolinium images by deconvolution given the arterial input function, AIF(t), and tissue concentration, C(t),: C(t)=CBF٠[AIF(t)⊗R(t)], where R(t) is the tissue residue function. Often AIF is found by manually inspecting tracer concentration maps which is very time consuming and operator dependent. In our study we compare 5 methods of AIF automatic selection, including a novel one. The performance of the methods are tested on a stenosis data set. To analyze the impact of partial volume presence a simulation study was also performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient: 12 patients with various degree of stenosis were studied. The data are obtained with a gradient echo EPI (TR=1560ms, TE=51ms, 30cm field of view, 5mm slice thickness), the bolus dose is 0.2mmol/Kg of Gd-DTPA, at a rate of 5 ml/s in an antecubital vein. For each patient we obtain twelve slice and every slice is composed by fifty images. Simulation: the simulation follows Murase, et al., [5]. The data set include voxels that represent AIF, gray and white matter, partial volume effect and also some trend that represent false AIF. Gray and white curves are obtained by convolution of AIF and an exponential R(t). Methods: Method A is based on Rempp [1] and uses information regarding the peak value, the moment of maximum concentration and the full width at half maximum. Method B is a K-means clustering based on Ashburner [2]. Method C selects AIF voxels on the basis of the ratio between the peak and the time to peak [3]. Method D assumes that standard deviation (SD) maps of concentration data reliably emphasize vasculature over other tissue classes. By applying filters based on SD maps it is possible to select an adequate number of candidate voxels [4]. Method E selects AIF by manually inspection. Method F is novel and based on a hierarchical clustering applied dichotomously, i.e. at each step one of the two clusters is chosen to be reclusterized on the basis of the peak height or, if the difference is not significant, of the time to peak.
Induction of circulating and erythrocyte-bound IL-8 by IL-2 immunotherapy and suppression of its in vitro production by IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75) chimera. (1993)

The objective of this study was 1) to investigate the in vivo production of IL-8 in patients undergoing IL-2 immunotherapy and 2) to study the influence of IL-1Ra, soluble TNF receptor p75 (TNFsRp75), and a TNFsRp75-Fc fusion protein on IL-2-induced IL-8 production in vitro. Circulating IL-8 was assessed both in plasma and erythrocyte lysates prepared from patients undergoing IL-2 immunotherapy. IL-8 was detectable in the plasma within 2-4 h after the first IL-2 infusion, reached a peak level after 4 h, and declined rapidly to undetectable within 8 h. Erythrocyte-bound IL-8 was also detected within 4 h of the first IL-2 dose, but levels were higher than those measured in plasma and remained elevated long after the plasma levels had become undetectable. On day 4 of therapy, the increases in both plasma and the erythrocyte-lysate IL-8 levels induced by an IL-2 injection were less pronounced than on day 1. Although IL-1Ra and TNFsRp75-Fc individually had only a modest suppressive effect on IL-2-induced IL-8 production by PBMC in vitro, the combination of IL-1Ra and TNFsRp75-Fc markedly down-regulated IL-2-induced IL-8 synthesis and steady-state mRNA levels. TNFsRp75 had no effect on IL-2-induced IL-8 synthesis. Our studies suggest that the transient detection of IL-8 in plasma early in the course of IL-2 treatment is due to erythrocyte sequestration and that suppressed synthesis, due in part to high levels of circulating IL-1 and TNF antagonists, may play a role later in the course of treatment.
Development and characterization of AND‐gate dynamic controllers with a modular synthetic GAL1 core promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2013)

Expression of heterologous proteins in metabolic engineering endeavors can be detrimental to host cells due to increased usage of cellular resources. Dynamic controls, where protein expression can be triggered on-demand, are effective for the engineering and optimization of bio-catalysts towards robust cell growth and enhanced biochemical productivity. Here, we describe the development and characterization of AND-gate dynamic controllers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which combine two dynamic control strategies, inducible promoters and sensing-regulation. These dynamic controllers were constructed based on synthetic hybrid promoters. Promoter enhancer sequences were fused to a synthetic GAL1 core promoter containing DNA binding sites for the binding of a repressor that reduced DNA affinity upon interaction with key intermediates in a biochemical pathway. As fatty acids are key intermediates for production of fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, alkenes, and alkanes, which are advanced biofuels, we used the fatty acid responsive FadR repressor and its operator sequence to demonstrate the functionality of the dynamic controllers. We established that the synthetic GAL1 core promoter can be used as a modular promoter part for constructing synthetic hybrid promoters and conferring fatty acid inducibility. We further showed the performance of the AND-gate dynamic controllers, where two inputs (fatty acid and copper presence/phosphate starvation) were required to switch the AND-gate ON. This work provides a convenient platform for constructing AND-gate dynamic controllers, that is, promoters that combine inducible functionality with regulation of protein expression levels upon detection of key intermediates towards the engineering and optimization of bio-catalytic yeast cells.