gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Harmonic-Mixing PLL Architecture for Millimeter-Wave Application (2022)

A low-noise synthesizer design in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) range is complicated by the invariably large closed-loop gain and the high operation frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). To overcome these challenges, this work proposes a harmonic-mixing synthesizer system with a 188-dB figure-of-merit mm-wave VCO. The synthesizer extends the bandwidth to 5 MHz, thereby suppressing VCO noise. Importantly, DSM is not amplified by the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f_{\mathrm{ VCO}}/f_{\mathrm{ ref}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> gain of the system. A prototype employing a 74-MHz reference achieves a −250-dB phase-locked loop (PLL) figure of merit with a measured 88-fs rms jitter.
Effect of interfacial area on heterogeneous free radical grafting of vinyl monomers in supercritical carbon dioxide: Grafting of acrylic acid on poly(vinylidenefluoride) nanoparticles (2014)

ABSTRACT The role of the polymer interfacial area on free radical grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF) was studied at 65°C using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) as a solvent and swelling agent, benzoylperoxide (BPO) as chemical initiator and PVDF nanoparticles as polymer matrix. Under adopted conditions PVDF particles do not melt neither dissolve in the reaction medium and FTIR analyses performed on carefully washed nanoparticles confirmed the achievement of high grafting levels. The mass fraction of grafted AA increased with the grafting time and the BPO concentration while it decreased when the density of the fluid phase was enhanced. Collected results suggest that the grafting level obtained by free radical grafting of vinyl monomers onto solid polymer in scCO 2 can be significantly enhanced by increasing the interfacial area of the matrix. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 41541.
Revisiting the Boundary between ASR and NLU in the Age of Conversational Dialog Systems (2021)

Abstract As more users across the world are interacting with dialog agents in their daily life, there is a need for better speech understanding that calls for renewed attention to the dynamics between research in automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU). We briefly review these research areas and lay out the current relationship between them. In light of the observations we make in this article, we argue that (1) NLU should be cognizant of the presence of ASR models being used upstream in a dialog system’s pipeline, (2) ASR should be able to learn from errors found in NLU, (3) there is a need for end-to-end data sets that provide semantic annotations on spoken input, (4) there should be stronger collaboration between ASR and NLU research communities.
Adaptive smoothing for subpixel target detection in hyperspectral imaging (2006)

In practical target detection, we often deal with situations where even a relatively small target is present in two or more adjacent pixels, due to its physical configuration with respect to the pixel grid. At the same time, a relatively large but narrow object (such as a wall or a narrow road) may be collectively present in many pixels but be only a small part of each single pixel. In such cases, critical information about the target is spread among many spectra and cannot be used efficiently by detectors that investigate each single pixel separately. We show that these difficulties can be overcome by using appropriate smoothing operators. We introduce a class of Locally Adaptive Smoothing detectors and evaluate them on three different images representing a broad range of blur that would interfere with the detection process in practical problems. The smoothing-based detectors prove to be very powerful in these cases, and they outperform the traditional detectors such as the constrained energy minimization (CEM) filter or the one-dimensional target-constrained interference-minimized filter (TCIMF).
Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Nephrectomy for Renal Cancer: The University of California Irvine Technique (2011)

SAGE-Journals-Accessible-Video-Player 10.1089/vid.2010.0130.M1 sj-vid-1-vid-10.1089_vid.2010.0130
Post-exposure protection of SARS-CoV-2 lethal infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice by neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (2020)

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exhibits high levels of mortality and morbidity and has dramatic consequences on human life, sociality and global economy. Neutralizing antibodies constitute a highly promising approach for treating and preventing infection by this novel pathogen. In the present study, we characterized and further evaluated the recently identified human monoclonal MD65 antibody for its ability to provide protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Eighty percent of the untreated mice succumbed 6-9 days post-infection while administration of the MD65 antibody as late as 3 days after exposure, rescued all infected animals. In addition, the efficiency of the treatment is supported by prevention of morbidity and ablation of the load of infective virions in the lungs of treated animals. The data unprecedentedly demonstrate, the therapeutic value of human monoclonal antibodies as a life-saving treatment of severe COVID-19 infection.
Retrotransposon Ty1 integration targets specifically positioned asymmetric nucleosomal DNA segments in tRNA hotspots (2012)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome contains about 35 copies of dispersed retrotransposons called Ty1 elements. Ty1 elements target regions upstream of tRNA genes and other Pol III-transcribed genes when retrotransposing to new sites. We used deep sequencing of Ty1-flanking sequence amplicons to characterize Ty1 integration. Surprisingly, some insertions were found in mitochondrial DNA sequences, presumably reflecting insertion into mitochondrial DNA segments that had migrated to the nucleus. The overwhelming majority of insertions were associated with the 5' regions of Pol III transcribed genes; alignment of Ty1 insertion sites revealed a strong sequence motif centered on but extending beyond the target site duplication. A strong sequence-independent preference for nucleosomal integration sites was observed, in distinction to the preferences of the Hermes DNA transposon engineered to jump in yeast and the Tf1 retrotransposon of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, both of which prefer nucleosome free regions. Remarkably, an exquisitely specific relationship between Ty1 integration and nucleosomal position was revealed by alignment of hotspot Ty1 insertion position regions to peak nucleosome positions, geographically implicating nucleosomal DNA segments at specific positions on the nucleosome lateral surface as targets, near the "bottom" of the nucleosome. The specificity is observed in the three tRNA 5'-proximal nucleosomes, with insertion frequency dropping off sharply 5' of the tRNA gene. The sites are disposed asymmetrically on the nucleosome relative to its dyad axis, ruling out several simple molecular models for Ty1 targeting, and instead suggesting association with a dynamic or directional process such as nucleosome remodeling associated with these regions.
New Chemical Entities Entering Phase III Trials in 2016 (2017)

Medicinal Chemistry Reviewsis an outstanding 600 page volume providing timely and critical reviews of important topics in medicinal chemistry. It is provided free of charge to MEDI members in electronic format. Members can also order a print copy, for the cost of printing, shipping and handling
The Cross-Validated Adaptive Epsilon-Net Estimator (2004)

Suppose that we observe a sample of independent and identically distributed realizations of a random variable. Assume that the parameter of interest can be defined as the minimizer, over a suitably defined parameter space, of the expectation (with respect to the distribution of the random variable) of a particular (loss) function of a candidate parameter value and the random variable. Examples of commonly used loss functions are the squared error loss function in regression and the negative log-density loss function in density estimation. Minimizing the empirical risk (i.e., the empirical mean of the loss function) over the entire parameter space typically results in ill-defined or too variable estimators of the parameter of interest (i.e., the risk minimizer for the true data generating distribution). In this article, we propose a cross-validated epsilon-net estimation methodology that covers a broad class of estimation problems, including multivariate outcome prediction and multivariate density estimation. An epsilon-net sieve of a subspace of the parameter space is defined as a collection of finite sets of points, the epsilon-nets indexed by epsilon, which approximate the subspace up till a resolution of epsilon. Given a collection of subspaces of the parameter space, one constructs an epsilon-net sieve for each of the subspaces. For each choice of subspace and each value of the resolution epsilon, one defines a candidate estimator as the minimizer of the empirical risk over the corresponding epsilon-net. The cross-validated epsilon-net estimator is then defined as the candidate estimator corresponding to the choice of subspace and epsilon-value minimizing the cross-validated empirical risk. We derive a finite sample inequality which proves that the proposed estimator achieves the adaptive optimal minimax rate of convergence, where the adaptivity is achieved by considering epsilon-net sieves for various subspaces. We also address the implementation of the cross-validated epsilon-net estimation procedure. In the context of a linear regression model, we present results of a preliminary simulation study comparing the cross-validated epsilon-net estimator to the cross-validated L^1-penalized least squares estimator (LASSO) and the least angle regression estimator (LARS). Finally, we discuss generalizations of the proposed estimation methodology to censored data structures.
Electric-field controlled color effect in cholesteric liquid crystals and polymer-dispersed cholesteric liquid crystals (1996)

In cholesteric liquid crystals with positive dielectric anisotropy an electric-field induced texture with unusual properties was observed. This texture appears after the reduction of the electric field during the transition from the homeotropic nematic state into the planar cholesteric one. The angular and the electric-field dependence of the spectral characteristics indicate that this state possesses diffractive grating properties. A voltage controlled color shift and a laser beam deflection are possible. An electric-field controlled cholesteric diffractive grating texture was also observed in polymer-dispersed films. In this case the electric-field induced transition into the homeotropic state is not necessary.
Heat Release Based Virtual Combustion Sensor Signal Bias Sensitivity (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Typically, the combustion in an internal combustion engine is open-loop controlled. The introduction of a cylinder pressure sensor opens the possibility to introduce a virtual combustion sensor. This virtual sensor is a possible enabler for closed-loop combustion control and thus the possibility to counteract the effects of engine part to part variation, component ageing and fuel quality diversity. The extent to which these effects can be counteracted is determined by the detection limits of the virtual combustion sensor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To determine the limitation of the virtual combustion sensor, a virtual combustion sensor system was implemented based on a one-zone heat-release analysis, including the signal processing of the pressure sensor input. The typical error sources in a heavy-duty engine were identified and quantified. The virtual combustion sensor system was presented with flawed signals and the sensor’s sensitivities to the errors were quantified.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It could be concluded that the sensor signals are dependent on the choice of heat-release model and specific heat ratio model. Crank angle phasing was found to have a significant impact on estimation performance, stressing the importance of accounting for crank angle sensor - crankshaft offset and crankshaft torsion. The determining of the late crank angle burned (i.e. crank angle where 90% burned) was found to be more sensitive to errors in the data supplied to the virtual combustion sensor than the earlier crank angle burned (i.e. crank angle where 10% and 50% burned) indicating that the crank angle where 10% and 50% burned are more robust control parameters than the crank angle where 90% burned or the combustion duration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Quantum-dot-doped waveguides produced by ion exchange (2004)

We present the first low-loss (< 0.5 dB/cm) ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with lead-salt quantum dots. Measurements of the waveguides' coupling losses, near-field mode profile, and index profile are presented
Key Contributing Factors to the Acceptance of Agents in Industrial Environments (2016)

Multiple software agent-based solutions have been developed during the last decades, and applied with varying success to different domains offering control, reconfiguration, diagnosis, monitoring, etc. However, the promise that they once posed in terms of a new alternative decentralized approach offering modularity, flexibility and robustness, is only partially fulfilled. This paper investigates some key factors, i.e., design, technology, intelligence/algorithms, standardization, hardware, challenges, application and cost, which are hypothesized to be linked to the Industrial Agent acceptance. Empirical data was acquired via a conducted survey, and statistically analyzed to investigate the support of the posed hypotheses. The results indicate that all the factors are seen important issues that play a role toward deciding for or against an industrial agent solution.
Blind fractionally-spaced equalization of noisy FIR channels: adaptive and optimal solutions (2002)

Blind fractionally spaced (FS) equalizers only require output samples taken at rates higher than the symbol rate to estimate the channel or the equalizer. Methods for finding FIR zero-forcing equalizers directly from the observations are described and adaptive versions are developed. In contrast, most methods require channel estimation as a first step to estimating the equalizer. For the noisy channel, the FIR equalizer is shown to be minimum mean-square error. FS equalizers are not unique, thereby allowing optimum zero-forcing parametric FIR or nonparametric IIR equalizers to be derived such that in addition to being zero-forcing, they also minimize the noise power at the output. These optimum equalizers do not depend on the input distribution and are also valid for deterministic inputs. Finally, if the additive noise is white, they do not depend on the SNR.
Deconvolution of Mixture Spectra from Ion-Trap Data-Independent-Acquisition Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2009)

Data-independent tandem mass spectrometry isolates and fragments all of the molecular species within a given mass-to-charge window, regardless of whether a precursor ion was detected within the window. For shotgun proteomics on complex protein mixtures, data-independent MS/MS offers certain advantages over the traditional data-dependent MS/MS: identification of low-abundance peptides with insignificant precursor peaks, more direct relative quantification, free of biases caused by competing precursors and dynamic exclusion, and faster throughput due to simultaneous fragmentation of multiple peptides. However, data-independent MS/MS, especially on low-resolution ion-trap instruments, strains standard peptide identification programs, because of less precise knowledge of the peptide precursor mass and large numbers of spectra composed of two or more peptides. Here we describe a computer program called DeMux that deconvolves mixture spectra and improves the peptide identification rate by approximately 25%. We compare the number of identifications made by data-independent and data-dependent MS/MS at the peptide and protein levels: conventional data-dependent MS/MS makes a greater number of identifications but is less reproducible from run to run.
A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ agonist provides neuroprotection in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson’s disease (2013)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and PPARα have shown neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of the third, more ubiquitous isoform PPARδ has not been fully explored. This study investigated the role of PPARδ in PD using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to model the dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD. In vitro administration of the PPARδ antagonist GSK0660 (1 μM) increased the detrimental effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP⁺) on cell viability, which was reversed by co-treatment with agonist GW0742 (1 μM). GW0742 alone did not affect MPP⁺ toxicity. PPARδ was expressed in the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons and in astrocytes. Striatal PPARδ levels were increased (over two-fold) immediately after MPTP treatment (30 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days) compared to saline-treated mice. PPARδ heterozygous mice were not protected against MPTP toxicity. Intra-striatal infusion of GW0742 (84 μg/day) reduced the MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons (5036±195) when compared to vehicle-infused mice (3953±460). These results indicate that agonism of PPARδ provides protection against MPTP toxicity, in agreement with the effects of other PPAR agonists.
Controlling Chemical Self-Assembly by Solvent-Dependent Dynamics (2012)

The influence of the ratio between poor and good solvent on the stability and dynamics of supramolecular polymers is studied via a combination of experiments and simulations. Step-wise addition of good solvent to supramolecular polymers assembled via a cooperative (nucleated) growth mechanism results in complete disassembly at a critical good/poor solvent ratio. In contrast, gradual disassembly profiles upon addition of good solvent are observed for isodesmic (non-nucleated) systems. Due to the weak association of good solvent molecules to monomers, the solvent-dependent aggregate stability can be described by a linear free-energy relationship. With respect to dynamics, the depolymerization of π-conjugated oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) assemblies in methylcyclohexane (MCH) upon addition of chloroform as a good solvent is shown to proceed with a minimum rate around a critical chloroform/MCH solvent ratio. This minimum disassembly rate bears an intriguing resemblance to phenomena observed in protein unfolding, where minimum rates are observed at the thermodynamic midpoint of a protein denaturation experiment. A kinetic nucleation-elongation model in which the rate constants explicitly depend on the good solvent fraction is developed to rationalize the kinetic traces and further extend the insights by simulation. It is shown that cooperativity, i.e., the nucleation of new aggregates, plays a key role in the minimum polymerization and depolymerization rate at the critical solvent composition. Importantly, this shows that the mixing protocol by which one-dimensional aggregates are prepared via solution-based processing using good/poor solvent mixtures is of major influence on self-assembly dynamics.
Modeling of laser-induced surface cracks in silica at 355 nm (1998)

Starting from the absorption of laser energy at a subsurface nanoparticle in fused silica, we simulate the consequent buildup of stresses and resulting mechanical material damage. The simulation indicates the formation of micropits with size comparable to a wavelength, similar to experimental observation. Possible mechanism for enhanced local light absorption are discussed.
Techniques for thermal and pneumatic programming of column selectivity and methods for reducing the impact of extra-column band broadening on system performance. (2004)

The development and use of field portable instruments for on-site analysis is a growing area of research. The instruments are being designed for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to homeland security. One of the design routes for these instruments are meso and micro-scale gas chromatographs for sampling, separation, and detection of organic compounds in large volume air samples. A meso-scale gas chromatograph, under development at the University of Michigan, uses ambient air as a carrier gas and microfabricated sensors as detectors to eliminate the need for onboard gas tanks. This reduces instrument size and weight, but the use of air as a carrier gas also reduces the optimal carrier gas velocity, which increases analysis time. A 9-m column assembly was chosen (as a compromise between resolving power and analysis time) based on spreadsheet models of the Golay-Guiochon equation. Selectivity enhancement techniques are used enabling faster separations of target mixtures. A-series coupled tandem column ensemble containing a non-polar first column and a polar second column was used to enhance the separation of compounds separated by the first column but coeluting from the column ensemble. Methods were developed using transient changes in junction point pressure or independent temperature control of the two columns. A series of 3 pressure pulses were used to enhance the separation of a 13 component mixture with 3 coelutions while adding only &sim;10 s to the total analysis time. This was successfully repeated using temperature pulses of the second column instead of pressure pulses. A delay of the temperature ramp on the second column was used in conjunction with a single temperature pulse to enhance the separation of an 18 component mixture with 3 coelutions. The operation of a multi-bed sorption trap, which was developed to quantitatively remove organic vapors from large volume air samples, and inject them as a 1--2 s wide plugs onto the separation column, was modified to use fast heating rates and split flow operation to minimize injection plug widths. Injection-plug-widths as small as 89 ms, 210 ms and 520 ms were obtained in the split mode for n-pentane, n-octane and n-undecane, respectively.
Long-term follow-up of symptomatic patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia treated with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (2011)

CD52 is expressed on malignant cells in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), including IgM-secreting Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). We examined the activity of alemtuzumab in 28 symptomatic LPL (27 IgM and 1 IgA) patients. The median prior number of therapies for these patients was 2 (range, 0-5) and 43% had refractory disease. Patients received alemtuzumab at 30 mg IV 3 times weekly for up to 12 weeks after test dosing, and also received hydrocortisone, acyclovir, and Bactrim or equivalent prophylaxis. Patients had a complete response (n = 1), a partial response (n = 9), or a MR (n = 11) for an overall and major response rate of 75% and 36%, respectively. Median serum Ig decreased from 3510 to 1460 mg/dL (P < .001 at best response). With a median follow-up of 64 months, the median time to progression was 14.5 months. Hematologic and infectious complications, including CMV reactivation, were more common in previously treated patients and were indirectly associated with 3 deaths. Long-term follow-up revealed late-onset autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP) in 4 patients at a median of 13.6 months after therapy, which contributed to 1 death. Alemtuzumab is an active therapy in patients with LPL, but short- and long-term toxicities need to be carefully weighed against other available treatment options. Late AITP is a newly recognized complication of alemtuzumab in this patient population. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00142181.