gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Visceral Pleura Biomaterial: Elastin- and Collagen-Based Extracellular Matrix (2022)

<b>Objective:</b> The goal of the study is to determine the structural characteristics, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility of the pulmonary visceral pleura (PVP). <b>Background:</b> Collagen and elastin are the major components of the extracellular matrix. The PVP has an abundance of elastin and collagen that can serve as a potential biomaterial for clinical repair and reconstructions. <b>Methods:</b> The PVP was processed from swine and bovine lungs. Chemical analyses were used to determine collagen and elastin contents in the PVPs. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to analyze the structure of the PVP. The stress-strain relationships and stress relaxation were determined by using the planar uniaxial test. The cytotoxicity of the PVP was tested in cultured cells. In <i>in vivo</i> evaluations, the PVP was implanted in the sciatic nerve and skin of rats. <b>Results:</b> Collagen and elastin contents are abundant in the PVP with larger proportions of elastin than in the bovine pericardium and porcine small intestinal submucosa. A microstructural analysis revealed that the elastin fibers were distributed throughout the PVP and the collagen was distributed mainly in the mesothelial basal lamina. The incremental moduli in stress-strain curves and relaxation moduli in the Maxwell-Wiechert model of PVP were approximately one-tenth of the bovine pericardium and small intestinal submucosa. The minimal cytotoxicity of the PVP was demonstrated. The axons proliferated in the PVP conduit guidance from proximal to distal sciatic nerves of rats. The neo-skin regenerated under the PVP skin substitute within 4 weeks. <b>Conclusions:</b> The PVP is composed of abundant collagen and elastin. The structural characteristics and mechanical compliance of the PVP render a suitable biological material for repair/reconstruction.
The novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, LBH589, induces expression of DNA damage response genes and apoptosis in Ph− acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (2008)

We investigated the mechanism of action of LBH589, a novel broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor belonging to the hydroxamate class, in Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph(-)) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Two model human Ph(-) ALL cell lines (T-cell MOLT-4 and pre-B-cell Reh) were treated with LBH589 and evaluated for biologic and gene expression responses. Low nanomolar concentrations (IC(50): 5-20 nM) of LBH589 induced cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and histone (H3K9 and H4K8) hyperacetylation. LBH589 treatment increased mRNA levels of proapoptosis, growth arrest, and DNA damage repair genes including FANCG, FOXO3A, GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G. The most dramatically expressed gene (up to 45-fold induction) observed after treatment with LBH589 is GADD45G. LBH589 treatment was associated with increased histone acetylation at the GADD45G promoter and phosphorylation of histone H2A.X. Furthermore, treatment with LBH589 was active against cultured primary Ph(-) ALL cells, including those from a relapsed patient, inducing loss of cell viability (up to 70%) and induction of GADD45G mRNA expression (up to 35-fold). Thus, LBH589 possesses potent growth inhibitory activity against including Ph(-) ALL cells associated with up-regulation of genes critical for DNA damage response and growth arrest. These findings provide a rationale for exploring the clinical activity of LBH589 in the treatment of patients with Ph(-) ALL.
Tuning the molecular order of C60-based self-assembled monolayers in field-effect transistors (2014)

The control of order in organic semiconductor systems is crucial to achieve desired properties in electronic devices. We have studied the order in fullerene functionalized self-assembled monolayers by mixing the active molecules with supporting alkyl phosphonic acids of different chain length. By adjusting the length of the molecules, structural modifications of the alignment of the C60 head groups within the SAM can be tuned in a controlled way. These changes on the sub-nanometre scale were analysed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity. To study the electron transport properties across these layers, self-assembled monolayer field-effect transistors (SAMFETs) were fabricated containing only the single fullerene monolayer as semiconductor. Electrical measurements revealed that a high 2D crystalline order is not the only important aspect. If the fullerene head groups are too confined by the supporting alkyl phosphonic acid molecules, defects in the crystalline C60 film, such as grain boundaries, start to strongly limit the charge transport properties. By close interpretation of the results of structural investigations and correlating them to the results of electrical characterization, an optimum chain length of the supporting alkyl phosphonic acids in the range of C10 was determined. With this study we show that minor changes in the order on the sub-nanometre scale, can strongly influence electronic properties of functional self-assembled monolayers.
The Intangible Value of Vaccination (2002)

Vaccines are highly ranked for the value they provide to human society. However, their future may be in jeopardy because the economic value associated with them is negligible and they are not a priority for industry. Radical changes are needed to increase the priority of vaccines both in developed and developing countries. The main message of this
 Policy Forum
 is for policy-makers to include the intangible benefits of health, as well as cumulative costs of disease treatment, when calculating the value of vaccines. This would make vaccines economically attractive and their development self-sustainable.
Blood Flow (2017)

Abstract Computational methods have been used to simulate hemodynamics for several decades now. However, the field has experienced a remarkable advancement in the past 20 years, due to concurrent breakthroughs in medical imaging and computer hardware and software. It is now possible to create sophisticated patient‐specific models of hemodynamics to study cardiovascular disease, test the performance of medical devices, perform noninvasive diagnostics, and even virtually plan complex surgeries. In this chapter, we provide an overview of classic, well‐established methods for blood flow modeling and a summary of novel computational tools. We then review several salient clinical applications in which computational modeling has had a prominent role in the past few years and end the chapter with the discussion of current challenges and future opportunities.
Immunohistochemistry analyses of LAG-3 expression across different tumor types and co-expression with PD-1. (2020)

e15086 Background: Concomitant blockade of LAG-3 and PD-1 has been shown to restore T-cell activation and enhance anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models. Clinical trials evaluating anti-LAG-3/anti-PD-1 mAb combinations or bispecific molecules are ongoing. Establishing the tumor expression profile of LAG-3 and its relationship to PD-1 will aid in patient selection and interpretation of clinical responses to combined inhibition. Methods: LAG-3 Ab clone EPR4392(2) (Abcam) and PD-1 Ab clone NAT105 (Ventana) were developed as individual or combined dual IHC assays on the Ventana Discovery Ultra platform. LAG-3 IHC was performed on panels of commercially available tissues: 33 normal human tissues (2 each) and various tumor types including anal (n = 39), cervical cancer (40), cholangiocarcinoma (11), DLBCL (40), gastric cancer (34), HCC (18), SCCHN (39), HER2-positive breast cancer (48), mesothelioma (40), NSCLC (39), ovarian cancer (47), SCLC (48), and TNBC (40). LAG-3 IHC expression was confirmed by in situ hybridization (ACD RNAScope). Positivity was defined as at least one LAG-3+ve or PD-1+ve tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) per 40x magnification hot spot field (HSF); high LAG-3 expression was defined as &gt; 15 LAG-3+ve TILs per HSF. Results: LAG-3-specific staining in normal tissues was limited to mononuclear cells in lymphoid organs and GALT, with no staining observed in normal parenchyma. Across various tumor types, the frequency of LAG-3+ve tumor samples and high expression, respectively (%, %), were as follows: cervical (100; 57.5), anal (97.4; 30.8), DLBCL (95; 75), NSCLC (92.3; 25.6), TNBC (90; 22.5), gastric (88.2; 44.1), SCCHN (87.2; 56.4), HER2-positive breast (85.4; 39.6), HCC (83.3; 22.2), cholangiocarcinoma (81.8; 9.1), ovarian (70.2; 21.3), SCLC (50; 14.6) and mesothelioma (25; 10). In addition to TILs, LAG-3 expression was observed on tumor cells in DLBCL and a fraction of anal, breast, cervical, gastric, hepatocellular, SCCHN, NSCLC and ovarian cancers. LAG-3/PD-1 double IHC staining revealed dual positivity across 92.3% of NSCLC samples, with approximately 60% demonstrating TIL co-expression of PD-1 and LAG-3. Conclusions: LAG-3 expression was detected on TILs across a broad range of solid tumors and DLBCL, with varying level of intensity or association with PD-1 expression. Correlative assessments of LAG-3/PD-1 expression with clinical responses to MGD013, an investigational bispecific DART(R) molecule targeting LAG-3/PD-1 (NCT03219268), will be undertaken.
Monokine Antagonism Is Reduced in Patients With IDDM (1994)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) have been implicated as immune effector molecules in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Recently, an increased frequency of the A1/A1 genotype of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism was observed in patients with IDDM. Therefore, we investigated plasma IL-1Ra and soluble TNF p55 receptor (TNFsRp55) levels in 18 men with recent-onset IDDM, 10 men with long-standing IDDM, and 35 age-matched healthy men. No differences in plasma IL-1Ra were found among the three groups. However, when the plasma IL-1Ra levels in the subjects with IDDM and the control subjects were analyzed according to IL-1Ra genotypes, we found a 30% lower level of plasma IL-1Ra in subjects with IDDM carrying the A1/A1 genotype compared with the levels in those carrying the A1/A2 genotype (372 +/- 40 vs. 530 +/- 54 ng/l, respectively, P = 0.025). In contrast, no significant association was seen between plasma IL-1Ra and IL-1Ra genotype in the control subjects. The TNFsRp55 level in heparinized plasma was 17% lower in patients with IDDM than in control subjects (3.93 +/- 0.22 vs. 4.72 +/- 0.24 micrograms/l, respectively, P = 0.038). These findings could not be explained by metabolic derangement in the IDDM patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Constellation Expansion and Iterative Demapping and Decoding for 100G Systems (2013)

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the use of large constellations and low-rate FEC codes in 100G systems, improving both spectral efficiency and OSNR performance over conventional systems based on QPSK and high rate codes.
Total hip arthroplasties in patients less than forty-five years old. (1983)

We studied the cases of eighty-one patients (108 total hip arthroplasties), ranging in age from fourteen to forty-five years, at an average of 4.5 years after the index operation and evaluated them with regard to six major factors: age, disease, Charnley category, prior operations, length of time since arthroplasty, and quality of the arthroplasty with regard to cementing technique and component position. After two to five years 78 per cent were satisfactory, but after five years or more only 72 per cent were satisfactory. Patients who were less than thirty years old had poorer results. Good technique yielded 93 per cent satisfactory clinical results. The patients in this study with the worst prognosis for success following total hip arthroplasty were less than thirty years old, had osteonecrosis or osteoarthritis as the primary disease, and had a less than optimum reconstruction. Patients who were alcohol-abusers or who had had a prior hip infection or a prior acetabular cup or femoral hemiarthroplasty also had a poor prognosis. Patients who had the arthroplasty for collagen disease or were thirty years old or older, or both, and had a good technical reconstruction had the best prognosis.
The Medical Segmentation Decathlon (2022)

International challenges have become the de facto standard for comparative assessment of image analysis algorithms. Although segmentation is the most widely investigated medical image processing task, the various challenges have been organized to focus only on specific clinical tasks. We organized the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD)-a biomedical image analysis challenge, in which algorithms compete in a multitude of both tasks and modalities to investigate the hypothesis that a method capable of performing well on multiple tasks will generalize well to a previously unseen task and potentially outperform a custom-designed solution. MSD results confirmed this hypothesis, moreover, MSD winner continued generalizing well to a wide range of other clinical problems for the next two years. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study: (1) state-of-the-art image segmentation algorithms generalize well when retrained on unseen tasks; (2) consistent algorithmic performance across multiple tasks is a strong surrogate of algorithmic generalizability; (3) the training of accurate AI segmentation models is now commoditized to scientists that are not versed in AI model training.
Heat capacities of common ionic liquids - Potential applications as thermal fluids? (2007)

Ionic liquids generally have wide liquid ranges and negligible vapour pressures; attractive characteristics for use as media for heat transfer and short heat term storage systems. This review of the limited literature available shows that many common ionic liquids have heat capacities, and thus potential thermal energy storage capabilities, that surpass those of commercial hot-oil and synthetic heat transfer fluids and suggests that there is a role for ionic liquids as novel thermal fluids.
Prefrontal Parvalbumin Neurons in Control of Attention (2016)

While signatures of attention have been extensively studied in sensory systems, the neural sources and computations responsible for top-down control of attention are largely unknown. Using chronic recordings in mice, we found that fast-spiking parvalbumin (FS-PV) interneurons in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) uniformly show increased and sustained firing during goal-driven attentional processing, correlating to the level of attention. Elevated activity of FS-PV neurons on the timescale of seconds predicted successful execution of behavior. Successful allocation of attention was characterized by strong synchronization of FS-PV neurons, increased gamma oscillations, and phase locking of pyramidal firing. Phase-locked pyramidal neurons showed gamma-phase-dependent rate modulation during successful attentional processing. Optogenetic silencing of FS-PV neurons deteriorated attentional processing, while optogenetic synchronization of FS-PV neurons at gamma frequencies had pro-cognitive effects and improved goal-directed behavior. FS-PV neurons thus act as a functional unit coordinating the activity in the local mPFC circuit during goal-driven attentional processing.
Control de las enfermedades infecciosas y descenso de la mortalidad en Venezuela (1985)

Capitulo de libro -- Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud. 1985
NMDA receptors and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus (1995)

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been shown to have two important physiological roles in the vertebrate central nervous system; they are mediators of synaptic transmission in many pathways in the brain and they are critically involved in neuronal plasticity. This chapter considers long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, the first identified and most extensively investigated form of plasticity involving NMDA receptors. The involvement of NMDA receptors in synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is also considered in detail in view of the inextricable link between synaptic transmission and plasticity that NMDA receptors confer upon a synapse.
Polyanhydrides (2002)

Abstract Polyanhydrides have gained a tremendous impetus in pharmaceutical applications especially for short‐term drug delivery. These polymers are hydrolytically unstable and can be easily manipulated for specific applications by modification of their polymeric backbone. The main advantages of these polymers are that they are biocompatible, easy to prepare, based on low cost, easily available starting materials, and degrade into nontoxic low molecular weight monomers. This article given a historical overview of polyanhydrides, and describes then synthesis, structure and properties, characterization, processing for pharmaceutical application, and their in vivo fate after implantation. Various pharmaceutical applications of polyanhydrides and their world market are also discussed.
Design and Discovery of a Selective Small Molecule κ Opioid Antagonist (2-Methyl-N-((2′-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine, PF-4455242) (2011)

By use of parallel chemistry coupled with physicochemical property design, a series of selective κ opioid antagonists have been discovered. The parallel chemistry strategy utilized key monomer building blocks to rapidly expand the desired SAR space. The potency and selectivity of the in vitro κ antagonism were confirmed in the tail-flick analgesia model. This model was used to build an exposure-response relationship between the κ K(i) and the free brain drug levels. This strategy identified 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine, PF-4455242, which entered phase 1 clinical testing and has demonstrated target engagement in healthy volunteers.
Microbial Vaccine Design: The Reverse Vaccinology Approach (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Historical View of “Classical” Vaccinology Reverse Vaccinology Vaccine Design: From Conventional Vaccinology to the Postgenomic Era Through Reverse Vaccinology Conclusions References
Transient immune blockade prevents formation of neutralizing antibody to recombinant adenovirus and allows repeated gene transfer to mouse liver. (1996)

The hepatotropic properties of human adenoviruses have been used to develop vectors for in vivo liver-directed gene therapy. Current limitations for this vector system are the associated hepatitis that develops as a result of antigen-specific cellular immune responses and the difficulty in accomplishing repeated gene transfer. This study uses mouse models to define immune responses of the recipient animal that have previously been shown to prevent successful re-administration of virus and suggests approaches for preventing the development of these blocking immune responses. Our studies are most consistent with class II MHC-dependent activation ot T helper cells and B cells to capsid proteins of the input virus leading to the production of antiviral neutralizing antibody following a primary exposure to virus; this capsid-specific antibody appears to bind to virus and prevents entry in the context of a second administration of virus. Transient ablation of CD4 function at the time of virus administration prevents the formation of neutralizing antibody thereby allowing efficient gene transfer after at least two subsequent administrations of virus. Experiments in beta(2)m(-) mice and C57BL/6 mice treated with IL-12 suggested a more selective ablation of immune function based on inhibiting the activation of the T(H2) subset of T helper cells. From these studies on immune mechanisms it is hoped that viable strategies can be developed to overcome the problem of humoral immunity that occurs after the initial genetic therapy.
Prediction coefficient estimation in Markov random fields for iterative X-ray CT reconstruction (2012)

Bayesian estimation is a statistical approach for incorporating prior information through the choice of an a priori distribution for a random field. A priori image models in Bayesian image estimation are typically low-order Markov random fields (MRFs), effectively penalizing only differences among immediately neighboring voxels. This limits spectral description to a crude low-pass model. For applications where more flexibility in spectral response is desired, potential benefit exists in models which accord higher a priori probability to content in higher frequencies. Our research explores the potential of larger neighborhoods in MRFs to raise the number of degrees of freedom in spectral description. Similarly to classical filter design, the MRF coefficients may be chosen to yield a desired pass-band/stop-band characteristic shape in the a priori model of the images. In this paper, we present an alternative design method, where high-quality sample images are used to estimate the MRF coefficients by fitting them into the spatial correlation of the given ensemble. This method allows us to choose weights that increase the probability of occurrence of strong components at particular spatial frequencies. This allows direct adaptation of the MRFs for different tissue types based on sample images with different frequency content. In this paper, we consider particularly the preservation of detail in bone structure in X-ray CT. Our results show that MRF design can be used to obtain bone emphasis similar to that of conventional filtered back-projection (FBP) with a bone kernel.
Progression in disability and regional grey matter atrophy in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (2013)

These results suggested a direct association of disability progression and regional GM atrophy in RRMS.
A Josephson built-in self-testing (JBIST) system for gigahertz functional tests of Josephson RAMs (1996)

We propose a Josephson built-in self-testing (JBIST) system. The aim of the JBIST system is to perform functional tests for Josephson RAMs at more than 1 GHz. The prototype JBIST circuit is designed for a 256 bit Josephson RAM, and consists of an instruction ROM and a processing circuit. A MARCHING test program is written into the instruction ROM, and the processing circuit executes the program on the instruction ROM. Total power consumption of the JBIST circuit is designed to be 4.2 mW. Estimated delays for the critical paths suggest the potential of a gigahertz clock testing. We fabricated the JBIST circuit chips by using Josephson junctions. The component circuits in the JBIST circuit (sequence controller, comparator, and instruction ROM) are successfully operated.
The potential of sampling for dynamic analysis (2011)

This paper presents an argument for distributing dynamic software analyses to large populations of users in order to locate bugs that cause security flaws. We review a collection of dynamic analysis systems and show that, despite a great deal of effort from the research community, their performance is still too low to allow their use in the field. We then show that there are effective sampling mechanisms for accelerating a wide range of powerful dynamic analyses. These mechanisms reduce the rate at which errors are observed by individual analyses, but this loss can be offset by the subsequent increase in test population. Nevertheless, there are unsolved issues in this domain that deserve attention if this technique is to be widely utilized.
Human pattern-evoked electroretinogram (1984)

We have recorded electroretinographic (ERG) responses to grating patterns whose spatial, temporal, and contrast parameters were varied. The resultant evoked potential is dependent on spatial frequency and it exhibits a spatial band-pass characteristic. The peak frequency is dependent on retinal eccentricity. These findings are independent of temporal frequency, contrast, or mean luminance in the photopic range. These results suggest that the pattern ERG originates from a postreceptoral site.