gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large Hexagonal Bi‐ and Trilayer Graphene Single Crystals with Varied Interlayer Rotations (2014)

Bi- and trilayer graphene have attracted intensive interest due to their rich electronic and optical properties, which are dependent on interlayer rotations. However, the synthesis of high-quality large-size bi- and trilayer graphene single crystals still remains a challenge. Here, the synthesis of 100 μm pyramid-like hexagonal bi- and trilayer graphene single-crystal domains on Cu foils using chemical vapor deposition is reported. The as-produced graphene domains show almost exclusively either 0° or 30° interlayer rotations. Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy were used to demonstrate that bilayer graphene domains with 0° interlayer stacking angles were Bernal stacked. Based on first-principle calculations, it is proposed that rotations originate from the graphene nucleation at the Cu step, which explains the origin of the interlayer rotations and agrees well with the experimental observations.
Flexible Memristive Memory Array on Plastic Substrates (2011)

The demand for flexible electronic systems such as wearable computers, E-paper, and flexible displays has recently increased due to their advantages over present rigid electronic systems. Flexible memory is an essential part of electronic systems for data processing, storage, and communication and thus a key element to realize such flexible electronic systems. Although several emerging memory technologies, including resistive switching memory, have been proposed, the cell-to-cell interference issue has to be overcome for flexible and high performance nonvolatile memory applications. This paper describes the development of NOR type flexible resistive random access memory (RRAM) with a one transistor-one memristor structure (1T-1M). By integration of a high-performance single crystal silicon transistor with a titanium oxide based memristor, random access to memory cells on flexible substrates was achieved without any electrical interference from adjacent cells. The work presented here can provide a new approach to high-performance nonvolatile memory for flexible electronic applications.
Representation of function variants for embedded system optimization and synthesis (2003)

Many embedded systems are implemented with a set of alternative function variants to adapt the system to different applications or environments. This paper proposes a novel approach for the coherent representation and selection of function variants in the different phases of the design process. In this context, the modeling of reconfiguration of system parts is supported in a natural way. Using a real example from the video processing domain, the approach is explained and validated.
Kromoscopy for detection of chemical warfare agents (2004)

The ability of a Kromoscope to discriminate between chemical warfare agent simulants and toxic industrial chemicals is evaluated. The Kromoscope response to the simulants DMMP and DIMP is compared to a pesticide (diazanon) and cyclopentanol. The response of a mid-infrared Kromoscope to the nerve agents VX and GB and the stimulant DF are calculated.
Digital logic for soft devices (2019)

Although soft devices (grippers, actuators, and elementary robots) are rapidly becoming an integral part of the broad field of robotics, autonomy for completely soft devices has only begun to be developed. Adaptation of conventional systems of control to soft devices requires hard valves and electronic controls. This paper describes completely soft pneumatic digital logic gates having a physical scale appropriate for use with current (macroscopic) soft actuators. Each digital logic gate utilizes a single bistable valve-the pneumatic equivalent of a Schmitt trigger-which relies on the snap-through instability of a hemispherical membrane to kink internal tubes and operates with binary high/low input and output pressures. Soft, pneumatic NOT, AND, and OR digital logic gates-which generate known pneumatic outputs as a function of one, or multiple, pneumatic inputs-allow fabrication of digital logic circuits for a set-reset latch, two-bit shift register, leading-edge detector, digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and toggle switch. The DAC and toggle switch, in turn, can control and power a soft actuator (demonstrated using a pneu-net gripper). These macroscale soft digital logic gates are scalable to high volumes of airflow, do not consume power at steady state, and can be reconfigured to achieve multiple functionalities from a single design (including configurations that receive inputs from the environment and from human users). This work represents a step toward a strategy to develop autonomous control-one not involving an electronic interface or hard components-for soft devices.
Modeling uranium(VI) adsorption onto montmorillonite under varying carbonate concentrations: A surface complexation model accounting for the spillover effect on surface potential (2017)

The prediction of U(VI) adsorption onto montmorillonite clay is confounded by the complexities of: (1) the montmorillonite structure in terms of adsorption sites on basal and edge surfaces, and the complex interactions between the electrical double layers at these surfaces, and (2) U(VI) solution speciation, which can include cationic, anionic and neutral species. Previous U(VI)-montmorillonite adsorption and modeling studies have typically expanded classical surface complexation modeling approaches, initially developed for simple oxides, to include both cation exchange and surface complexation reactions. However, previous models have not taken into account the unique characteristics of electrostatic surface potentials that occur at montmorillonite edge sites, where the electrostatic surface potential of basal plane cation exchange sites influences the surface potential of neighboring edge sites (‘spillover’ effect). A series of U(VI) – Na-montmorillonite batch adsorption experiments was conducted as a function of pH, with variable U(VI), Ca, and dissolved carbonate concentrations. Based on the experimental data, a new type of surface complexation model (SCM) was developed for montmorillonite, that specifically accounts for the spillover effect using the edge surface speciation model by Tournassat et al. (2016a). The SCM allows for a prediction of U(VI) adsorption under varying chemical conditions with a minimum number of fitting parameters, not only for our own experimental results, but also for a number of published data sets. The model agreed well with many of these datasets without introducing a second site type or including the formation of ternary U(VI)-carbonato surface complexes. The model predictions were greatly impacted by utilizing analytical measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in individual sample solutions rather than assuming solution equilibration with a specific partial pressure of CO2, even when the gas phase was laboratory air. Because of strong aqueous U(VI)-carbonate solution complexes, the measurement of DIC concentrations was even important for systems set up in the ‘absence’ of CO2, due to low levels of CO2 contamination during the experiment.
Worse-than-Rayleigh fading: Experimental results and theoretical models (2011)

This article is motivated by the recent recognition that channel fading for new wireless applications is not always well described by traditional models used for mobile communication systems. In particular, fading data collected for vehicleto- vehicle and wireless sensor network applications has motivated new models for conditions in which channel fading statistics can be worse than Rayleigh. We review the use of statistical channel models, describe our example applications, and provide both measured and modeling results for these severe fading conditions.
Wide-field quantitative imaging of tissue microstructure using sub-diffuse spatial frequency domain imaging (2016)

Localized measurements of scattering in biological tissue provide sensitivity to microstructural morphology but have limited utility to wide-field applications, such as surgical guidance. This study introduces sub-diffusive spatial frequency domain imaging (sd-SFDI), which uses high spatial frequency illumination to achieve wide-field sampling of localized reflectances. Model-based inversion recovers macroscopic variations in the reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and the phase function backscatter parameter (<i>γ</i>). Measurements in optical phantoms show quantitative imaging of user-tuned phase-function-based contrast with accurate decoupling of parameters that define both the density and the size-scale distribution of scatterers. Measurements of fresh ex vivo breast tissue samples revealed, for the first time, unique clustering of sub-diffusive scattering properties for different tissue types. The results support that sd-SFDI provides maps of microscopic structural biomarkers that cannot be obtained with diffuse wide-field imaging and characterizes spatial variations not resolved by point-based optical sampling.
Conoscopic holography-based long-standoff profilometer for surface inspection in adverse environment (2006)

One of the more challenging applications of optical metrology is real-time dimensional control and surface inspection in industrial applications, where strong requirements of cost, setup, and applicability in adverse environments greatly limit the number of applicable technologies. This work shows an optic profilometer developed specifically for this purpose, the algorithms developed for efficient and accurate distance map calculation, and an example of its use in a harsh steelmaking environment. This device, based on conoscopic holography, is able to obtain a distance profile of a target in a single shot, works at long distance standoff (700 to 1200 mm), and still keeps good resolution (under 0.2 mm) with a very easy and reliable setup. The second part of the work focuses on a real example of this technology applied in an on-line inspection system in steel continuous casting funded by the European Coal and Steel Community, and which is currently working in the Aceralia LDA steelmaking factory in Asturias (Spain). The system is placed in the process line and performs on-line detection of surface defects over hot steel slabs (above 800°C in the inspection point) from a distance of 1200 mm. 100% of the production can be inspected without interfering with the process and without adding any delay.
Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for photothermal ablation of colorectal cancer organoids (2021)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment is currently hindered by micrometastatic relapse that cannot be removed completely during surgery and is often chemotherapy resistant. Targeted theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) that can produce heat for ablation and enable tumor visualization via their fluorescence offer advantages for detection and treatment of disseminated small nodules. A major hurdle in clinical translation of nanoparticles is their interaction with the 3D tumor microenvironment. To address this problem tumor organoid technology was used to evaluate the ablative potential of CD44-targeted polymer nanoparticles using hyaluronic acid (HA) as the targeting agent and coating it onto hybrid donor acceptor polymer particles (HDAPPs) to form HA-HDAPPs. Additionally, nanoparticles composed from only the photothermal polymer, poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4,7-diyl] (PCPDTBSe), were also coated with HA, to form HA-BSe NPs, and evaluated in 3D. Monitoring of nanoparticle transport in 3D organoids revealed uniform diffusion of non-targeted HDAPPs in comparison to attenuated diffusion of HA-HDAPPs due to nanoparticle-matrix interactions. Computational diffusion profiles suggested that HA-HDAPPs transport may not be accounted for by diffusion alone, which is indicative of nanoparticle/cell matrix interactions. Photothermal activation revealed that only HA-BSe NPs were able to significantly reduce tumor cell viability in the organoids. Despite limited transport of the CD44-targeted theranostic nanoparticles, their targeted retention provides increased heat for enhanced photothermal ablation in 3D, which is beneficial for assessing nanoparticle therapies prior to in vivo testing.
Using Personal Traits For Brand Preference Prediction (2015)

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the relationship between an individual's personal traits and his/her brand preferences. In our analysis, we included a large number of character traits such as personality, personal values and individual needs. These trait features were obtained from both a psychometric survey and automated social media analytics. We also included an extensive set of brand names from diverse product categories. From this analysis, we want to shed some light on (1) whether it is possible to use personal traits to infer an individual's brand preferences (2) whether the trait features automatically inferred from social media are good proxies for the ground truth character traits in brand preference prediction.
In Vitro Fermentation of Selected Prebiotics and Their Effects on the Composition and Activity of the Adult Gut Microbiota (2018)

Recently, the concept of prebiotics has been revisited to expand beyond non-digestible oligosaccharides, and the requirements for selective stimulation were extended to include microbial groups other than, and additional to, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Here, the gut microbiota-modulating effects of well-known and novel prebiotics were studied. An <i>in vitro</i> fermentation screening platform (i-screen) was inoculated with adult fecal microbiota, exposed to different dietary fibers that had a range of concentrations (inulin, alpha-linked galacto-oligosaccharides (alpha-GOS), beta-linked GOS, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from corn cobs and high-fiber sugar cane, and beta-glucan from oats), and compared to a positive fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) control and a negative control (no fiber addition). All dietary fibers displayed prebiotic activity, with beta-glucan showing more distinct effects on the microbial composition and metabolism compared to the other fibers. Beta-glucan induced the growth of <i>Prevotella</i> and <i>Roseburia</i> with a concomitant increase in propionate production. Inulin and both forms of GOS and XOS had a strong bifidogenic effect on the microbial composition. A dose-response effect was observed for butyrate when exposed to beta-glucan and inulin. The findings of this study support the potential for alpha-GOS, XOS, and oat beta-glucan to serve as novel prebiotics, due to their association with the positive shifts in microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid production that point to potential health benefits.
The influence of SiC/SiO<inf>2</inf> interface morphology on the electrical characteristics of SiC MOS structures (2014)

The effect of roughness at the SiC/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> interface on electrical properties of 4H-SiC MOS devices has been investigated. Variations in surface roughness were generated by annealing 4H-SiC samples at high temperatures (1550°C-1650°C) with or without a graphitic cap layer. Subsequently, gate oxides were grown on these surfaces for n-type MOS capacitors and n-channel MOSFETs were fabricated. Although the interfaces demonstrated significantly different surface morphology, interface state density (D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</sub> ) measured on the capacitors were almost identical. This was reflected in the MOSFET characteristics where, to first order, no obvious difference in field-effect mobility was observed. This result verifies that long range roughness (in the micron scale) does not affect mobility of channel electrons where the mean free path is of the order of a ~ 1 nm due to the low inversion layer mobility.
Nanotechnologies for efficient solar and wind energy harvesting and storage (2010)

We describe nanotechnologies used to improve the efficient harvest of energy from the Sun and the wind, and the efficient storage of energy in secondary batteries and ultracapacitors, for use in a variety of applications including smart grids, electric vehicles, and portable electronics. We demonstrate high-quality nanostructured copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin films for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The self-assembly of nanoscale p-n junction networks creates n-type networks that act as preferential electron pathways, and p-type networks that act as preferential hole pathways, allowing positive and negative charges to travel to the contacts in physically separated paths, reducing charge recombination. We also describe PV nanotechnologies used to enhance light trapping, photon absorption, charge generation, charge transport, and current collection. Furthermore, we describe nanotechnologies used to improve the efficiency of power-generating wind turbines. These technologies include nanoparticle-containing lubricants that reduce the friction generated from the rotation of the turbines, nanocoatings for de-icing and self-cleaning technologies, and advanced nanocomposites that provide lighter and stronger wind blades. Finally, we describe nanotechnologies used in advanced secondary batteries and ultracapacitors. Nanostructured powder-based and carbon-nanotube-based cathodes and anodes with ultra-high surface areas boost the energy and power densities in secondary batteries, including lithium-ion and sodium-sulfur batteries. Nanostructured carbon materials are also controlled on a molecular level to offer large surface areas for the electrodes of ultracapacitors, allowing to store and supply large bursts of energy needed in some applications.
Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and testosterone during the rutting and non-rutting periods in Moroccan dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). (2011)

The camel is largely known to be a seasonal breeder, thus, in the male camel, the breeding activity maximizes during the rutting period (winter and spring seasons) but ceases completely during the non-rutting period (summer and autumn). Plasma vitamin D3 concentrations showed significant seasonal variations; the purpose of this study was to investigate a possible role of vitamin D in the sexual activity in Moroccan dromedary camels by evaluating the variation in plasma vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations in relation to those of testosterone during these two periods. Blood samples were collected from 14 adult male camels aged 5-8 years, slaughtered during March (n=7) and September (n=7) at the Tit-Mellil Municipality slaughterhouse. All animals were clinically healthy and blood samples were taken at 06 h AM into heparinized tubes. In the work reported here, our results showed that plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly higher and those of testosterone were significantly lower in the non-rutting animals when compared to the rutting ones (p<0.005). While, the plasma levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus showed no seasonal variation. Based on the values obtained in this investigation, vitamin D does not appear to contribute directly or indirectly to camel steroidogenesis. Further studies, from the one hand of an eventual relationship between T and other parameters such as thyroid hormones and corticoids, and from the another one of testing the vitamin D action on rutting behavior are needed in camels.
Study on A‐C Powder EL Phosphor Deterioration Factors (1983)

It is shown that a‐c powder EL deterioration is closely related to sulfur vacancy in the phosphor and the phosphor crystal quality, by measurement of ESR spectrum and x‐ray diffraction pattern. The EL phosphor life is improved with a decrease in the sulfur vacancy density in the phosphor. It is further improved with a decrease in the x‐ray diffraction (111) peak intensity of the phosphor.
Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Centers through Enantioselective Cu-Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions with Vinylaluminum Reagents (2010)

Catalytic enantioselective allylic substitution (EAS) reactions, which involve the use of alkyl- or aryl-substituted vinylaluminum reagents and afford 1,4-dienes containing a quaternary carbon stereogenic center at their C-3 site, are disclosed. The C-C bond-forming transformations are promoted by 0.5-2.5 mol % of sulfonate bearing chiral bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes, furnishing the desired products efficiently (66-97% yield of isolated products) and in high site (>98% S(N)2')- and enantioselectivity [up to 99:1 enantiomer ratio (er)]. To the best of our knowledge, the present report puts forward the first cases of allylic substitution reactions that result in the generation of all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers through the addition of a vinyl unit. The aryl- and vinyl-substituted vinylaluminum reagents, which cannot be prepared in high efficiency through direct reaction with diisobutylaluminum hydride, are accessed through a recently introduced Ni-catalyzed reaction of the corresponding terminal alkynes with the same inexpensive metal-hydride agent. Sequential Ni-catalyzed hydrometalations and Cu-catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions allow for efficient and selective synthesis of a range of enantiomerically enriched EAS products, which cannot be accessed by previously disclosed strategies (due to inefficient vinylmetal synthesis or low reactivity and/or selectivity with Si-substituted derivatives). The utility of the protocols developed is demonstrated through a concise enantioselective synthesis of natural product bakuchiol.
Skeletogenic phenotype of human Marfan embryonic stem cells faithfully phenocopied by patient-specific induced-pluripotent stem cells (2011)

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the gene coding for FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), an extracellular matrix protein. MFS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and displays major manifestations in the ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Here we report molecular and phenotypic profiles of skeletogenesis in tissues differentiated from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells that carry a heritable mutation in FBN1. We demonstrate that, as a biological consequence of the activation of TGF-β signaling, osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells with a FBN1 mutation is inhibited; osteogenesis is rescued by inhibition of TGF-β signaling. In contrast, chondrogenesis is not perturbated and occurs in a TGF-β cell-autonomous fashion. Importantly, skeletal phenotypes observed in human embryonic stem cells carrying the monogenic FBN1 mutation (MFS cells) are faithfully phenocopied by cells differentiated from induced pluripotent-stem cells derived independently from MFS patient fibroblasts. Results indicate a unique phenotype uncovered by examination of mutant pluripotent stem cells and further demonstrate the faithful alignment of phenotypes in differentiated cells obtained from both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent-stem cells, providing complementary and powerful tools to gain further insights into human molecular pathogenesis, especially of MFS.