gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of immunomodulators on the response induced by vaccines against autoimmune diseases (2017)

A promising treatment for T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases is the induction of immune tolerance by modulating the immune response against self-antigens, an objective that may be achieved by vaccination. There are two main types of vaccines currently under development. The tolerogenic vaccines, composed of proteins formed by a cytokine fused to a self-antigen, which usually induce tolerance by eliminating the T-cells that are immune reactive against the self-antigen. The immunogenic vaccines, comprised of a self-antigen plus a sole Th2 adjuvant either free or conjugated, that alleviate autoimmunity by switching the immune response against the self-antigen, from a damaging pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 to an anti-inflammatory Th2 immunity. Another type of vaccines is the DNA vaccines, where cells transiently express the self-antigen encoded by DNA, which induces a Th2 immunity. Actually, DNA vaccines can benefit from the presence of an adjuvant that elicits a systemic sole Th2 immunity to enhance the initially weak immune response characteristic of these vaccines. While in the tolerogenic vaccines, cytokines are the endogenous immunomodulators, in the immunogenic vaccines, the adjuvants are exogenous agents that elicit Th2 immunity with a production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies against the self-antigen. Because the commonly used Th2 adjuvant alum, fails to induce an effective immunity in the elderly population, it is unlikely that it would be widely used. Another Th2 adjuvant, the oil/water emulsions mixed with the antigen, while effective in vaccines against infectious agents, due to potential aldehydes in their formulation may be not suitable for autoimmune vaccines. A unique compound is glatiramer, which seems to be both a random polypeptide antigen and an immune modulator that biases the response to Th2 immunity. Its mechanism of action seems to implicate binding to MHC-II, which alters the outcome of T-cell signaling, leading to anergy. Glatiramer, while effective in the treatment of multiple sclerosis has not shown efficacy in other autoimmune diseases. An important new group of promising sole Th2 adjuvants are the fucosylated glycans, which by binding to DC-SIGN bias dendritic cells to Th2 immunity while inhibiting Th1/Th7 immunities. These glycans are similar to those produced by parasitic helminths to prevent inflammatory responses by mammalian hosts. A novel group of sole Th2 adjuvants are some plant-derived fucosylated triterpene glycosides, which share the immune modulatory properties from the fucosylated glycans. These glycosides have also an aldehyde group that delivers an alternative co-stimulatory signal to T-cells, averting the anergy associated with aging due to the loss of the CD28 receptor on T-cells. Hence, the development of vaccines to treat and/or prevent autoimmune conditions and some proteopathies, will significantly benefit from the availability of new sole Th2 adjuvants that while inducing an anti-inflammatory immunity, they do not abrogate pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 immunities.
Thermal Performance Optimization of Radio Frequency Packages for Wireless Communication (2004)

The increasing trend in power levels and associated densities leads to the need of design thermal optimization, either at the module level or at the system (module-board stack-up) level. The wireless communication industry is facing multiple challenges as it tries to promote smaller, faster and cost-effective packages, yet trying to cope with potential thermal bottlenecks. The present study investigates a family of packages, whose thermal and electrical performances are far superior to the classic (standard) packages. A three-dimensional conjugate numerical study was conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of gallium arsenic die packaged in quad flat no-lead (QFN) packages for various wireless and networking applications. Two different QFN packages are investigated: a standard package and a power package (PQFN) with thicker leadframe and solder die attach. The thermal impact of die attach material, leadframe thickness, die pad size, and board structure is evaluated and provides valuable information for product designers. Two powering scenarios are investigated: (1) one for standard operating parameters and (2) an alternative for extreme operating powering scenarios. Results indicate that the peak temperature reached on the die for 3×3 mm QFN under normal powering conditions is ∼138.5 °C (or 119 °C/W junction-to-air thermal resistance), while for the extreme scenario, the junction temperature is ∼186 °C (or 125 °C/W junction-to-air thermal resistance). In both cases, the top Au metal layer has a limited impact on lateral heat spreading. Under extreme powering conditions, the 5×5 mm PQFN package reaches a peak temperature of ∼126 °C (66 °C/W thermal resistance). A ∼32% reduction in peak temperature is achieved with the 5×5 PQFN package. The improvement is mainly due to the larger package size, high conductivity die attach material, thicker leadframe, and additional board thermal vias. A parametric study shows that the increase in leadframe thickness from 0.2 mm (8 mils) to 0.5 mm (20 mils) in the QFN package will lead to only 3% reduction in peak temperature. By comparison, for both packages, the die attach material (conductive epoxy versus solder) will have a significant impact on the overall reduction in peak temperature (∼12%). Experimental measurements using an infrared microscope are performed to validate the numerical results. The results indicate good agreement (∼6% discrepancy) between the numerical model and the measurement.
Alteration of Autophagy and Glial Activity in Nilotinib-Treated Huntington’s Disease Patients (2022)

Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is safe and tolerated in neurodegeneration, it achieves CSF concentration that is adequate to inhibit discoidin domain receptor (DDR)-1. Nilotinib significantly affects dopamine metabolites, including Homovanillic acid (HVA), resulting in an increase in brain dopamine. HD is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the <i>Huntingtin's</i> (HTT) gene and characterized by neurodegeneration and motor and behavioral symptoms that are associated with activation of dopamine receptors. We explored the effects of a low dose of nilotinib (150 mg) on behavioral changes and motor symptoms in manifest HD patients and examined the effects of nilotinib on several brain mechanisms, including dopamine transmission and gene expression via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) miRNA sequencing. Nilotinib, 150 mg, did not result in any behavioral changes, although it significantly attenuated HVA levels, suggesting reduction of dopamine catabolism. There was no significant change in HTT, phosphorylated neuro-filament and inflammatory markers in the CSF and plasma via immunoassays. Whole miRNA genome sequencing of the CSF revealed significant longitudinal changes in miRNAs that control specific genes associated with autophagy, inflammation, microglial activity and basal ganglia neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.
KF Postdeposition Treatment in N2 of Single-Stage Thin Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Absorber Layers (2019)

Thin (<;500 nm) single-stage coevaporated Cu(In, Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sub> absorber layers are treated with a KF postanneal in N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> atmosphere. The conditions of the postanneal initial acceptor concentration and the temperature are varied. Solar cells are characterized with current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Efficiencies up to 12% with an open-circuit voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> ) of >640 mV were achieved after the KF treatment. From SCAPS simulations and temperature dependent current voltage measurements, it is concluded that the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> of these cells are limited by backcontact surface recombination and, thus, further improvements require passivation of the back contact.
The Sintering Process of Glass/Alumina Composites (1990)

To clarify the sintering process of glass/alumina composites, we examined the microstructure of glass/alumina composites fired at various temperatures using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The formation of pores in glass/alumina composites was studied by observing the softening and foaming phenomena of glass. The softening and fluidity of glass above 700°C promote the densification of glass/alumina composites. In the composite around 800°C, non-spherical pores, which remain after incomplete sintering, were observed. Above 900°C, the pores were spherical. During firing, several gases evolved from borosilicate glass in glass/alumina composites. The result suggests that these gases are dependent on the formation of the spherical pores.
Effect of shock timing on cardioversion efficacy (2002)

Attempts to improve defibrillation efficacy by timing the shock to local or global measures of electrical activity during ventricular fibrillation have been inconclusive, and the proposed mechanisms for such a benefit remain speculative. Using video imaging technology, we recorded transmembrane potential (Vm) from /spl sim/5000 sites over the anterior and posterior ventricular epicardium of 6 Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts during cardioversion of stable reentrant arrhythmias. Monophasic shocks at three strengths (0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 A) for each polarity were delivered between electrodes inside the right ventricle (RV) and above the left atrium multiple times. Cardioversion efficacy at the three strengths was 21%, 42%, and. 92% for RV+ shocks, which primarily depolarized the epicardium, and 10%, 15%, and 33% for RV- shocks, which primarily hyperpolarized the epicardium. Outcome was dependent on the pre-shock state for both polarities at strengths near the 50% success level. Preceding successful shocks, more epicardium was recovered resulting in more shock-induced excitation and longer post-shock depolarization (for RV+) and faster post-shock elimination of excitable gaps (for RV-) compared to failures. These findings provide a mechanistic link between shock-induced changes in Vm and the effect of polarity and timing on cardioversion efficacy.
Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery lesion characteristics: a single center study (2014)

Background: Coronary atherosclerotic burden is excessive in diabetic patients. The aim of present study was to assess the relationship between diabetes mellitus and plaque characteristics in patients with coronary artery disease.Methods: The coronary angiograms of 223 patients with significant obstructive lesions during April 2011 to May 2013 in College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital were analyzed. The coronary lesions of patients with and without type 2 diabetes were compared. Results: 81 diabetic and 142 non-diabetic patients had significant coronary artery disease. Diabetic patients had more multivessel (64.2% versus 55.6%, p&lt;0.05), and small vessel disease (74.1% versus 54.9%, p&lt;0.05) than nondiabetic patients. Moreover, complex Type C lesion was significantly higher in the diabetic patients as compared to the nondiabetic patients (55.5% versus 29.6%, p&lt;0.01). Conclusions: Complex coronary lesions were significantly more common in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. Nepalese Heart Journal | Volume 10 | No.1 | November 2013| Pages 20-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v10i1.9742
Fullerenes from camphor: A natural source (1994)

Fullerenes are prepared from a natural source, camphor, for the first time. The films are deposited on a Si substrate, by a vacuum evaporation technique from the toluene extract of ether insoluble camphor soot. A fast atomic bombardment mass spectrum shows the presence of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ along with other members of the fullerene family. Crystalline fullerene thin films grown on a Si wafer have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction measurements have identified that the crystals of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ have the hexagonal close packed structure. SEM pictures reveal the surface distribution of spherical ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ clusters.
Reliable screening for acute pancreatitis with rapid urine trypsinogen-2 test strip (2000)

A negative Actim Pancreatitis strip result excludes acute pancreatitis with high probability. Positive results indicate the need for further evaluation, i.e. other enzyme measurements and/or radiological examinations. The test is easy and rapid to perform, unequivocal in its interpretation and can be used in healthcare units lacking laboratory facilities.
Thermal Performance Characterization of Stacked Silicon Microcoolers for Spatially Non-Uniform Power Dissipation (2021)

Using silicon for microcooler fabrication is advantageous over metals as it can be micromachined for smaller fin wall and channel width dimensions, increasing the thermal heat transfer coefficient [1], [2]. Since the fin height is limited by the wafer thickness, multiple microcoolers are stacked to increase the total fin height to enhance the heat transfer from a chip. Stacked silicon microcoolers have been previously designed, fabricated, and characterized for thermal performance [3].In a multi-core processor package, the power density across the chip surface is highly nonuniform; the power density in the cores can be 4-6 times that outside the cores. In this study, we explore a variety of non-uniform power distributions on the chip surface for characterizing the thermal performance of integrated stacked silicon microcoolers. An array of individually controllable heaters, present on the test chip, is used to generate heating patterns corresponding to high-power computing cores. The thermal resistance to the heat transfer across the microcooler and the pressure drop in the water flow across the microcooler are characterized as a function of the flow rate. The cooling power limits of such high-power computing core maps are also defined. Finally, a numerical analysis is performed for the non-uniform power dissipation cases to validate the experimental results.
Synthesis of Exciton Luminescent ZnO Nanocrystals Using Continuous Supercritical Microfluidics (2011)

ZnO nanocrystals of high quality with pure UV-emitting properties were synthesized through a new microfluidic approach based on supercritical fluids and separation of nucleation/growth and functionalization steps (see picture). The as-synthesized ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) show exciton luminescence without classical defect-state luminescence. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Unequivalent Chemical Environment of Diene Groups in 1- and 2-Acyl Chains of Polymerizable Lipids Analyzed by Radical Polymerization (1987)

Abstract 1,2-Di-O-(2,4-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine is polymerized by radical initiators. An azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and an azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPD) are incorporated into hydrophobic membrane region of the lipid liposomes and an aqueous medium, respectively by sonication. The use of either AIBN or AAPD gives polymerization conversion of about 50% at 60 °C. This is not improved by the elongation of polymerization period at 60 °C or the increase of the amount of these radical initiators. The lyophilized lipids thus polymerized by either AIBN or AAPD are soluble in methanol suggesting the formation of linear polymers. Simultaneous polymerization by both AIBN and AAPD provides almost complete polymerization. AIBN and AAPD have been suggested to initiate radical polymerization of diene groups in 1- and 2-acyl chains, respectively. Potassium peroxodisulfate, another water-soluble radical initiator, yields polymerized liposomes with polymerization conversion of more than 80%. This corresponds to the polymerization of diene groups of not only 2- but also 1-acyl chains due to the hydroxyl radicals which are generated by the radial transfer in an aqueous medium. These different initiation reactions are attributed mainly to the unequivalent chemical environment of diene groups in 1- and 2-acyl chains.
Characterizing Emerging Canine H3 Influenza Viruses. (2020)

The continual emergence of novel influenza A strains from non-human hosts requires constant vigilance and the need for ongoing research to identify strains that may pose a human public health risk. Since 1999, canine H3 influenza A viruses (CIVs) have caused many thousands or millions of respiratory infections in dogs in the United States. While no human infections with CIVs have been reported to date, these viruses could pose a zoonotic risk. In these studies, the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) network collaboratively demonstrated that CIVs replicated in some primary human cells and transmitted effectively in mammalian models. While people born after 1970 had little or no pre-existing humoral immunity against CIVs, the viruses were sensitive to existing antivirals and we identified a panel of H3 cross-reactive human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) that could have prophylactic and/or therapeutic value. Our data predict these CIVs posed a low risk to humans. Importantly, we showed that the CEIRS network could work together to provide basic research information important for characterizing emerging influenza viruses, although there were valuable lessons learned.
Search for heavy diboson resonances in semileptonic final states in pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ TeV with the ATLAS detector (2020)

Abstract This paper reports on a search for heavy resonances decaying into WW , ZZ or WZ using proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 $$\mathrm{fb}^{1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>fb</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , were recorded with the ATLAS detector from 2015 to 2018 at the Large Hadron Collider. The search is performed for final states in which one W or Z boson decays leptonically, and the other W boson or Z boson decays hadronically. The data are found to be described well by expected backgrounds. Upper bounds on the production cross sections of heavy scalar, vector or tensor resonances are derived in the mass range 300–5000 GeV within the context of Standard Model extensions with warped extra dimensions or including a heavy vector triplet. Production through gluon–gluon fusion, Drell–Yan or vector-boson fusion are considered, depending on the assumed model.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Myeloid Cells Obtained from the Blood but Not from the Tumor Can Suppress T-cell Proliferation in Patients with Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 12K, Peripheral blood myeloid cells from healthy donors (n=2) were stained and sorted and their suppressive activity was tested in a co-culture with autologous T cells activated in presence of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads in duplicates. T cell proliferation was assessed by quantifying the percent of T cells that had not diluted the CFSE at day 4 and calculating the percent inhibition of T cell proliferation. Average percent inhibition � SEM is shown.&lt;/p&gt;
Intraperitoneal tolmetin prevents postsurgical adhesion formation in rabbits. (1990)

Previous studies showed that drugs that suppress prostaglandin synthesis were able to prevent adhesion formation following surgical trauma to the peritoneum. In our study, this premise was extended to examine the effects of various delivery systems on the ability of a nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drug, tolmetin, to prevent intraperitoneal adhesion formation after a standardized injury to the peritoneum. Continuous delivery of small amounts of tolmetin directly to the injury site following parietal peritoneal injury led to a significant reduction in the number and severity of adhesions formed. A single intraperitoneal injection of tolmetin in 5% Tween, however, required a relatively higher concentration of drugs to prevent adhesion formation. In a follow-up study of abrasion and devascularization of both uterine horns, the acid form of tolmetin was shown to be more potent than the sodium salt for the prevention of adhesion formation.
Collisional relaxation of metastable electronic states of Fe+ (1995)

The overall rate constants for collisional relaxation of metastable excited states of Fe(+) by He, Ar, Kr, H2, (2)H2, CO, N2, NO, CH4, and CH3OH have been studied by using charge-exchange ion-molecule reaction chemistry. The rate constants vary according to the nature of the quenching reagent as well as the energy level and electron configuration of the Fe(+) ions. In general, NO, CH4, and CH3OH are the most efficient quenching reagents with rate constants that approach the Langevin collision rate, whereas the reaction rates for the rare gas atoms are slow and vary depending upon the specific electron configuration of the Fe(+) ion. The mechanism of collisional relaxation is discussed with emphasis on a curve-crossing. mechanism for the rare gas atoms. An electron-transfer mechanism is described for the relaxation of high lying (Fe(+))*.
Endothermic and Exothermic Energy Transfer Made Equally Efficient for Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion (2019)

Expanding the anti-Stokes shift for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) systems with high quantum yields without compromising power density thresholds (<i>I</i><sub>th</sub>) remains a critical challenge in photonics. Our studies reveal that such expansion is possible by using a highly endothermic TTA-UC pair with an enthalpy difference of +80 meV even in a polymer matrix 1000 times more viscous than toluene. Carrying out efficient endothermic triplet-triplet energy transfer (TET) requires suppression of the reverse annihilator-to-sensitizer TET, which was achieved by using sensitizers with high molar extinction coefficients and long triplet state lifetimes as well as optimized annihilator concentrations. Under these conditions, the sensitizer-to-annihilator forward TET becomes effectively entropy driven, yielding upconversion quantum yields comparable to those achieved with the exothermic TTA-UC pair but with larger anti-Stokes shifts and even lower <i>I</i><sub>th</sub>, a previously unattained achievement.
Clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: association with left ventricular apical aneurysm. (1989)

Of 51 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who had episodes of ventricular tachycardia detected during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring only two had clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia that required medical treatment because of worsening symptoms. In both patients the arrhythmia was associated with the uncommon finding of an apical aneurysm with angiographically normal coronary arteries.
ERA Individual Leadership - Charles E. Hembree. (2020)

Abstract not provided.