gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of oligo(methylthio)aniline and conversion to polyacene-type electrolytes bearing phenothiazinium repeating units (2002)

The synthetic routes to ladder polymers which consist of benzenetetrayl subunits with imino and methylsulfonio linkages are described. As the key intermediate, oligo- and polyaniline derivatives having pendant methylthio groups are prepared by the Pd-catalyzed aryl amination from various monomers. The oxidation of the polymers with H2O2 in the presence of CH3COOH effects the high yielding conversion of methylthio to methylsulfinyl groups without the formation of the undesired methylsulfonyl groups. The superacid-induced condensation of the resulting polymers under dilution conditions induced the polymer-analogous intramolecular electrophilic ring closure reaction of the hydroxy(methyl)(phenyl)sulfonium cation onto the adjacent benzene ring to yield the required ladder polymers which have proved to be semiconductors with intrinsic electric conductivities of ca. 10−5 S · cm−1. 1H NMR spectra of (a) 8a in CD2Cl2, (b) 9 in CD2Cl2 and (c) 2 in DMSO-d6. TMS was used as the internal standard. Residual proton signals in the deuterated solvents are marked with an asterisk.
The use of undulator radiation for atto-wavelength interferometry of EUV lithography optics (2002)

At present a program is underway to develop tunable interferometry for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithographic optics, with a goal of achieving good wavefront accuracy. Recent tests of a 10X Schwarzschild optic, having Mo-Si coated surfaces optimized for peak reflectivity at 13.4 nm, indicate a wavefront error which would give near-diffraction limited performance.
Photochemistry of two .beta.,.beta.'-epoxy ketones, 3-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octan-8-one and 3-oxatricyclo[3.3.1.02.4]nonan-9-one. Intramolecular reactions of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated aldehydo ketenes (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of two .beta.,.beta.'-epoxy ketones, 3-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octan-8-one and 3-oxatricyclo[3.3.1.02.4]nonan-9-one. Intramolecular reactions of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated aldehydo ketenesSemiramis Ayral-Kaloustian, Steven Wolff, and William C. AgostaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 17, 3314–3319Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00411a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00411a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Holographic solution to a fundamental problem in diffractive optics: resolution beyond diffraction and lithography limits (2023)

Manufacturing diffractive lenses with a high numerical aperture (NA) is often a challenging task. The challenge stems from the fundamental limit of lithography techniques and the diffraction limit. Photolithography and femtosecond ablation are some of the well-established rapid lithography techniques for manufacturing large-area diffractive lenses for the visible region. First, when high NA diffractive lenses are designed, the outermost width of the zone becomes a sub-lithography limit (~ 2 μm) while still being super-wavelength. In advanced photolithography and most femtosecond ablation methods, the lithography limit is sub-wavelength, but scalar diffraction is not applicable, and the device becomes polarization sensitive. In this study, a holographic solution to overcome the above limitations is proposed. Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is a super-resolution incoherent imaging technique. In this project, a FINCH-inspired optical configuration is proposed to image beyond the lithography and diffraction limit of the diffractive lens. In a regular imaging system, the light from an object is collected by a diffractive lens and imaged, and recorded by an image sensor in the image plane. In this work, the intensity distribution is not recorded at the image plane but at a plane where the light modulated by the diffractive lens interferes with the unmodulated light outside the diffractive lens. This intensity distribution has spatial frequencies beyond the limit of the NA of the diffractive lens, resulting in super-resolution. Using the newly developed Lucy-Richardson-Rosen algorithm (LR<sup>2</sup>A), the image is reconstructed. We believe that the developed technique will improve the performance of imaging systems based on high-NA diffractive lenses.
Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia (2020)

Blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To dissect the polygenic basis of these traits, we conducted genome-wide association screens in 19,840 individuals and replication in up to 20,623 individuals. We identified 30 distinct loci associated with lipoprotein concentrations (each with P < 5 × 10-8), including 11 loci that reached genome-wide significance for the first time. The 11 newly defined loci include common variants associated with LDL cholesterol near ABCG8, MAFB, HNF1A and TIMD4; with HDL cholesterol near ANGPTL4, FADS1-FADS2-FADS3, HNF4A, LCAT, PLTP and TTC39B; and with triglycerides near AMAC1L2, FADS1-FADS2-FADS3 and PLTP. The proportion of individuals exceeding clinical cut points for high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol and high triglycerides varied according to an allelic dosage score (P < 10-15 for each trend). These results suggest that the cumulative effect of multiple common variants contributes to polygenic dyslipidemia.
Efficient Preparations of Fluorine Compounds. Edited by Herbert W. Roesky (2013)

Wiley, Hoboken 2013. 484 pp., hardcover, $125.00.—ISBN 978-1-1180-7856-3
TRANS-SODIUM CROCETINATE AND HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK (2007)

Trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC) has been found to alleviate the symptoms of hemorrhagic shock in that, after the drug is given to hemorrhaged rats, blood pressure rises, elevated lactate levels are reduced, cellular damage in the liver and kidney is less, and survival is increased. The mechanism of action proposed for TSC is that it increases the diffusion of oxygen through blood plasma and into the tissue. The study reported here explores another proposed mechanism, the scavenging of free radicals. It is shown that TSC does scavenge radicals and may be more efficient than other free-radical scavengers. However, this may not be the mechanism of action for TSC during hemorrhagic shock. Not only are the TSC concentrations needed for radical scavenging greater than those which provide beneficial effects in hemorrhagic shock, but it is also shown that another radical scavenger, trolox, has no effect on oxygen consumption during shock. Trans-sodium crocetinate clearly holds promise as a useful treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Pharmacokinetics data are presented for different modes of administration. Initial studies suggest that instillation of TSC into the trachea or intramuscular injection may provide useful alternative treatment routes.
Recent Advances in Sandia National Laboratories' MiniSAR System - Applications and Algorithms. (2011)

Abstract not provided.
Development and validation of an HPTLC based assay for the screening and identification of tyrosinase inhibitors (2014)

An HPTLC-based assay was established to screen plant extracts for the presence of tyrosinase inhibiting substances on the basis of previously reported work [1 – 3]. Three mobile phases, one for lipophilic and two for more polar extracts, were selected for the chromatographic separation of extracts and optimized for compatibility with the subsequent bioassay performed directly on the HPTLC plate. Following chromatography, the plate was sprayed first with the substrate L-Dopa and then with tyrosinase. Tyrosinase inhibitors appear after an incubation time of 10 minutes as white zones against a dark background. Several known tyrosinase inhibitors (e.g. kojic acid) were tested as positive controls, and could be clearly documented as white zones with white light in remission from the plate (WR), as well as with white light transmitted through the plate (WT). When extracts were tested, especially apolar ones, some spots appeared differently; some lipophilic substances of the extracts were seen as white zones in WR but as black spots in WT. This phenomenon could lead to false positive results. It was assumed that the observed behaviour was due to poor wettability of the corresponding zones. The problem was resolved and these false positive results were eliminated by adding Triton X100, a non-ionic surfactant, to the L-Dopa solution. This phenomenon was further reduced by drying the plate after incubation with a molecular sieve. The whole procedure resulted in a very homogeneous background colouration that improved the contrast and thus detectability of inhibition zones. In this optimized assay it is possible to clearly identify tyrosinase inhibitors as white zones in WT as well as in WR. Results were confirmed and the method validated by using several known tyrosinase inhibitors, as well as active and non-active plant extracts.
Role of Adherence vs. Spreading in the Induction of Membrane-Associated Interleukin-1 on Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages (1990)

Adherence of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) to plastic has been shown to activate several PEC functions, such as tumor cell lysis and membrane-associated interleukin-1 (mIL-1) expression. Several studies have demonstrated that leukocyte adherence is dependent on divalent cations. In this study, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a known chelator of divalent cations, was used to evaluate the role of cell attachment vs. spreading in adherence-induced mIL-1 activity on resident C57BL/6 mouse PEC. Significant inhibition of PEC spreading on plastic and mIL-1 expression was noted when PEC were cultured in the presence of 10 mM EDTA. However, PEC remained adherent in the presence of EDTA and were able to express mIL-1 activity in response to a soluble stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 1 microgram/ml. These results suggest that the divalent cation-dependent spreading of PEC on plastic initiates or enhances the expression of mIL-1 activity. Additionally, adhesion and LPS stimulate mIL-1 expression by independent mechanisms.
Correction: A system for the high-throughput measurement of the shear modulus distribution of human red blood cells (2020)

Correction for 'A system for the high-throughput measurement of the shear modulus distribution of human red blood cells' by Amir Saadat et al., Lab Chip, 2020, 20, 2927-2936, DOI: 10.1039/D0LC00283F.
Performance prospects of compact silicon microring-based electro-optic modulator for analog optical links (2008)

We propose ultra-small silicon microring-based analog electro-optic modulators, which exhibit a better SFDR by 5-dB and higher modulation-index compared to MZMs. Third-harmonic-distortion is reduced by 10-dB in fiber transmission.
Hydrogenation, Purification, and Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes by Reaction with Molecular Hydrogen: Road to Graphane Nanoribbons (2011)

Reaction of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with hydrogen gas was studied in a temperature interval of 400-550 °C and at hydrogen pressure of 50 bar. Hydrogenation of nanotubes was observed for samples treated at 400-450 °C with about 1/3 of carbon atoms forming covalent C-H bonds, whereas hydrogen treatment at higher temperatures (550 °C) occurs as an etching. Unzipping of some SWNTs into graphene nanoribbons is observed as a result of hydrogenation at 400-550 °C. Annealing in hydrogen gas at elevated conditions for prolonged periods of time (72 h) is demonstrated to result also in nanotube opening, purification of nanotubes from amorphous carbon, and removal of carbon coatings from Fe catalyst particles, which allows their complete elimination by acid treatment.
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Human and Rat Lung: Immunocytochemical and Histochemical Localization (1993)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) produces nitric oxide, a mediator of potential importance in numerous physiologic and inflammatory processes in the lung. We localized constitutive NOS (c-NOS) and inducible NOS (i-NOS) within lung tissue by immunoperoxidase labeling with specific antibodies or by histochemical demonstration of the characteristic NADPH diaphorase activity of NOS. We analyzed human airway (n = 4) or parenchyma (n = 10) specimens obtained from uninvolved areas of surgical tumor resections. We also studied human fetal lung samples (n = 6) and normal or inflamed (16 h after intratracheal LPS instillation) rat lung tissue. Immunostaining with anti-c-NOS identified c-NOS antigen in rat lung nerves, endothelium, and airway epithelium. Normal or inflamed rat macrophages were not stained. Human nerve elements and large-vessel endothelium showed immunostaining with the anti-c-NOS, but no labeling of the airway or alveolar epithelium was seen. Immunostaining with anti-i-NOS showed strong labeling of rat macrophages after LPS treatment, in vivo or in vitro, while normals were negative. Human alveolar macrophages were occasionally positive for i-NOS, especially in areas of chronic inflammation, which also showed focal immunolabeling of endothelium. Uniform labeling of epithelium in large, cartilaginous airways was found with anti-i-NOS in both human bronchi and normal rat trachea samples, suggesting a constitutive role for a NOS that shares epitope(s) with or is highly homologous to the inducible, macrophage type of NOS. Histochemical staining for NADPH diaphorase activity was consistent with immunolocalization of NOS antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dendritic Cell-Independent B Cell Activation During Acute Virus Infection: A Role for Early CCR7-Driven B-T Helper Cell Collaboration (2007)

This study provides a detailed spatiotemporal interaction analysis between B cells, Th cells, and dendritic cells (DC) during the generation of protective antiviral B cell immunity. Following vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, conditional ablation of CD11c-positive DC at the time-point of infection did not impair extrafollicular plasma cell generation and Ig class switching. In contrast, the generation of Th and B cell responses following immunization with recombinant VSV-glycoprotein was DC-dependent. Furthermore, we show that the CCR7-dependent interplay of the three cell-types is crucial for virus-neutralizing B cell responses in the presence of limiting amounts of Ag. An immediate event following VSV infection was the CCR7-mediated interaction of VSV-specific B and Th cells at the T cell-B cell zone border that facilitated plasma cell differentiation and Th cell activation. Taken together, these experiments provide evidence for a direct, CCR7-orchestrated and largely DC-independent mutual activation of Th cells and Ag-specific B cells that is most likely a critical step during early immune responses against cytopathic viruses.
Generative Compression (2018)

Traditional image and video compression algorithms rely on hand-crafted encoder/decoder pairs (codecs) that lack adaptability and are agnostic to the data being compressed. We describe the concept of generative compression, the compression of data using generative models, and suggest that it is a direction worth pursuing to produce more accurate and visually pleasing reconstructions at deeper compression levels for both image and video data. We also show that generative compression is orders- of-magnitude more robust to bit errors (e.g., from noisy channels) than traditional variable-length coding schemes.
Transforming machine translation: a deep learning system reaches news translation quality comparable to human professionals (2020)

The quality of human translation was long thought to be unattainable for computer translation systems. In this study, we present a deep-learning system, CUBBITT, which challenges this view. In a context-aware blind evaluation by human judges, CUBBITT significantly outperformed professional-agency English-to-Czech news translation in preserving text meaning (translation adequacy). While human translation is still rated as more fluent, CUBBITT is shown to be substantially more fluent than previous state-of-the-art systems. Moreover, most participants of a Translation Turing test struggle to distinguish CUBBITT translations from human translations. This work approaches the quality of human translation and even surpasses it in adequacy in certain circumstances.This suggests that deep learning may have the potential to replace humans in applications where conservation of meaning is the primary aim.
Terahertz spectroscopy and detection of brain tumor in rat fresh-tissue samples (2015)

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and imaging of biomedical samples is expected to be an important application of THz analysis techniques. Identification and localization of tumor tissue, imaging of biological samples, and analysis of DNA by THz spectroscopy have been reported. THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) is useful for obtaining the refractive index over a broad frequency range. However, THz-TDS spectra of fresh tissue samples are sensitive to procedures such as sample preparation, and a standardized measurement protocol is required. Therefore, in this work, we establish a protocol for measurements of THz spectra of fresh tissue and demonstrate reliable detection of rat brain tumor tissue. We use a reflection THz-TDS system to measure the refractive index spectra of the samples mounted on a quartz plate. The tissue samples were measured immediately after sectioning to avoid sample denaturalization during storage. Special care was taken in THz data processing to eliminate parasitic reflections and reduce noise. The error level in our refractive index measurements was as low as 0.02 in the frequency range 0.8–1.5 THz. With increasing frequency, the refractive index in the tumor and normal regions monotonically decreased, similarly to water, and it was 0.02 higher in the tumor regions. The spectral data suggest that the tumor regions have higher water content. Hematoxylin-eosin stained images showed that increased cell density was also responsible for the observed spectral features. A set of samples from 10 rats showed consistent results. Our results suggest that reliable tumor detection in fresh tissue without pretreatment is possible with THz spectroscopy measurements. THz spectroscopy has the potential to become a real-time in vivo diagnostic method.
THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: Ion channels (2021)

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15539. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric α‐Oxyacylation of Cyclic Ketones. (2012)

Abstract Various N‐alkyl‐O‐acyl hydroxylamines are synthesized and their application to the title reaction with different cyclic ketones are investigated.
An open source healthcare sensor platform for electrical engineering education and deployment (2016)

At the department of electrical and electronic engineering of Fontys University of Applied Sciences we are defining a real-life learning context for our students, where the crossover with regional healthcare companies and institutes is maximized. Our innovative educational step is based on openly sharing electronic designs for health related measurement modalities as developed by our students. Because we develop relevant reference designs, the cross fertilization with society is large and so the learning cycle is short. The philosophy behind openly sharing designs is based on context-rich short cycle learning. Teaching from engineering theory books has a slow adaptation towards societal trends. More fresh knowledge can be gained from the Internet and scientific papers, but real self-directed learning can only be initiated by doing projects having a societal relevance. In our open platform, we share results in order to challenge external parties to feed projects with real contexts. The question is whether our engineering students can be involved in real world design opportunities by developing robust electronic modules. While the current educational curriculum for the students can be characterized by designing micro electronics for Internet of Things and Cyber Physical Systems [1] like products, the link to the regional businesses presented in this paper can be seen as the research line connecting the activities in the regular educational curriculum. Our method to find the answer to this question is to start the design of medical sensor modules pro-actively, and offer them openly on a public Wiki webpage. As a result, we have already seen the first follow-up projects with external institutes on applying the proposed sensor modules to real-life needs.
Learning, Using, and Adapting Models in Scene Analysis (2009)

Discusses models of source behavior as the way to conquer uncertainty in mixtures.