gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel MIS Ge–Si Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors (2004)

The metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) Ge-Si quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are successfully demonstrated. Using oxynitride as gate dielectric instead of oxide, the operating temperature reaches 140 and 200 K for 3-10 and 2-3 μm detection, respectively. From the photoluminescence spectrum, the quantum-dot structures are responsible for the 2-3 μm response with high operation temperature, and the wetting layer structures may be responsible for the 3-10 μm response. This novel MIS Ge-Si QDIP can increase the functionality of Si chip such as noncontact temperature sensing and is compatible with ultra-large scale integration technology.
A hierarchical motion smoothing for distributed scalable video coding (2012)

This paper proposes a method to improve the coding efficiency of the distributed video coding based on a scalable encoder/decoder without feedback link. The proposed method performs a hierarchical motion smoothing to enable accurate rate control. Specifically, reflecting motion information on a coding rate, the encoder can estimate code amount which satisfies the decoder's need. In addition, side information generation based on the hierarchical motion smoothing is proposed for further quality improvement. Experimental results show that the proposed method increases the PSNR-Y by 1.2 dB at 500 kbps in comparison with a block matching based method. Moreover the number of repeat operations to calculate cost value for side information generation can be reduced by 10 times from the conventional method, which demonstrates the practicability of the proposed method.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward the Development of a General Chiral α‐Substituted Acetate Enolate Synthon for Aldolization. DMAP‐ and NEt3‐Promoted Oxazolidinethione “Deacylation”. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effect of incorporation of nitrogen atoms in Al2O3gate dielectric of wide-bandgap-semiconductor MOSFET on gate leakage current and negative fixed charge (2018)

We performed first-principle calculations to investigate the effect of incorporation of N atoms into Al2O3 gate dielectrics. Our calculations show that the defect levels generated by VO in Al2O3 are the origin of the stress-induced gate leakage current and that VOVAl complexes in Al2O3 cause negative fixed charge. We revealed that the incorporation of N atoms into Al2O3 eliminates the VO defect levels, reducing the stress-induced gate leakage current. Moreover, this suppresses the formation of negatively charged VOVAl complexes. Therefore, AlON can reduce both stress-induced gate leakage current and negative fixed charge in wide-bandgap-semiconductor MOSFETs.
The potential of chemical bonding to design crystallization and vitrification kinetics (2021)

Controlling a state of material between its crystalline and glassy phase has fostered many real-world applications. Nevertheless, design rules for crystallization and vitrification kinetics still lack predictive power. Here, we identify stoichiometry trends for these processes in phase change materials, i.e. along the GeTe-GeSe, GeTe-SnTe, and GeTe-Sb<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> pseudo-binary lines employing a pump-probe laser setup and calorimetry. We discover a clear stoichiometry dependence of crystallization speed along a line connecting regions characterized by two fundamental bonding types, metallic and covalent bonding. Increasing covalency slows down crystallization by six orders of magnitude and promotes vitrification. The stoichiometry dependence is correlated with material properties, such as the optical properties of the crystalline phase and a bond indicator, the number of electrons shared between adjacent atoms. A quantum-chemical map explains these trends and provides a blueprint to design crystallization kinetics.
Chromaticity‐matched but spectrally different light source effects on simple and complex color judgments (2013)

Abstract As light‐emitting diode (LED) light sources mature, lighting designers will be able to deliver white light with a variety of spectral power distributions and a variety of color rendering properties. This experiment examined the effects of three spectral power distributions (SPDs) that were matched in illuminance and chromaticity on three measures of color perception: one objective (performance on the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue test) and two subjective (judgments of the attractiveness of one's own skin, and preferences for the saturation of printed images). The three SPDs were a quartz‐halogen (QH) lamp and two LED sources that were matched to the QH lamp in terms of both illuminance and chromaticity; the three light sources were nominally CCT = 3500 K, x = 0.40, y = 0.39 and ∼ 400 lx. LED A used three channels (red, green, blue), and had very poor color rendering ( R a = 18). LED B used four channels (red, amber, cyan, white) and had very good color rendering ( R a = 96, whereas the QH had R a = 98). Secondary hypotheses addressed the effects of age and skin and eye color on the dependent measures. As expected, LED A delivered very different color perceptions on all measures when compared to QH; LED B did not differ from QH. The results show that it is possible for LED sources to match the familiar incandescent sources. However, although it is possible to deliver what appear to be millions of colors with a three‐chip (RGB) device, there is the risk of creating a very poor luminous environment. © 2013 National Research Council Canada and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 263–274, 2014; Published Online 12 April 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/col.21811
ORIENTATION AND SOLVATOCHROMISM OF DYES IN LIQUID CRYSTALS (2003)

The orientation and solvatochromism of some dye molecules in a liquid crystal have been investigated. Interactions with the host and the structure of the dye molecule affect the macroscopic alignment of dichroic dye molecules in a liquid crystal. It was observed that some dye molecules show a large bathochromic shift of their absorption maxima in the liquid crystal host relative to the situation in isotropic solvents. It is suggested that this is due to the occurrence of a much weaker reaction field in the anisotropic, rigid host. These dye molecules show little or no apparent order in the anisotropic host despite the observation of a reduction in the electro optic switching time when the dye is present. The highest degree of macroscopic alignment was observed for a merocyanine compound, which showed the smallest solvatochromic shift in the liquid crystal host. These results are discussed in terms of the steric, dipolar and hydrogen bond interactions between the guest and the host.
Pupil brightness variation as a function of gaze direction (2006)

Pupil detection represents one of the most critical aspects for eye tracking systems based on video oculography. A robust segmentation of the aforementioned feature determines to a large extent the degree of performance of the system. However, a question remains unsolved... why does the pupil gray level change in the image? Apart from the possible room lighting variation, can the eyeball physiology influence its final level in the image by itself? The answer is yes. In this paper a further step in the work by Nguyen et al. [Nguyen et al. 2002] is proposed in which this eyeball characteristic was noticed but not explained. This paper gives some enlightenment to this effect finding a physiological reason for it. From the results it is clear that the pupil brightness can be a valid image feature and can contribute together with alternative ones to improve the tracking [Hammoud 2005]. A deep knowledge about its behavior is undoubtedly highly interesting. The matter should be to study how the retina reacts to the light in order to know how it can influence its final level in the image. The retina is not a uniform surface; in the fovea there is a higher density of cones and the ganglion cells are highly packed. When the eye is entered with a beam of light, the light can be reflected and absorbed at the various layers of the retina. Normally near infrared lighting is used because it is not visible for humans. Actually in this range of wavelength the reflected light is dominated by the light scattered back from the choroid: the last layer before the sclera that supports the retina, and it is precisely for this wavelength for which the retina presents the highest reflectance. A bright pupil tracking is conducted following the same method as in the works by Nguyen et al. [Nguyen et al. 2002] and Miller [Miller et al. 1995] but more exhaustive experiments are conducted. A ray of light directed to the fovea needs to cross a thicker layer in order to reach the choroid which produces a decrease of effective light intensity, a stronger reflection and consequently a brighter pupil can be expected if the most eccentric part of the retina is reached. Vertical rotations of the eyeball about its center are sketched in figure 1. From the figure it is clear that the pupil will appear brighter if the subject is looking at the upper part of the screen than for cases in which points in the lower part are fixated. Regarding to left and right eye rotations the fovea is horizontally and temporally displaced from the eyeball back pole. That means that the visual axis and the fovea present an angular offset with respect to the symmetry axis of the eye but with opposite sign depending on the eye. Following the same reasoning as the one used for vertical rotations it is clear that a brighter pupil could be expected for points on the right part of the screen for the left eye. A symmetrical behavior appears for the right eye being the points on the left part of the screen the ones with higher pupil levels.
Challenge Huawei challenge: Fusing multimodal features with deep neural networks for Mobile Video Annotation (2014)

We participated in the Huawei Accurate and Fast Mobile Video Annotation Challenge (MoVAC) at IEEE ICME 2014. Three result runs were submitted by combining different features and classification techniques, with emphasis on both accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we briefly summarize the techniques used in our system, and the components used for generating each of the three submitted results. One novel component in our system is a specially tailored deep neural network (DNN) that can explore the relationships of multiple features for improved annotation performance, which is very efficient based on an implementation with the GPU. Only 18.8 seconds were needed by one of our DNN-based submissions to process a test video. By combining the DNN with the traditional SVM learning, we achieved the best accuracy across all the worldwide submissions to this challenge.
<title>Passive single-mode wavelength division (de)multiplexers for short-link multiwavelength applications in field environments</title> (2001)

We construct a passive grating-based wavelength-division (de)multiplexer (MUX/DMUX) for single-mode-fiber networks. The MUX/DMUX has almost identical bi-directional filtering characteristics on optical signals at wavelengths around 1550 nm. With total insertion loss less than 3 dB and an enlarged passing band of each channel, the encapsulated device exhibits very stable performance under temperature variation and is immune from mechanical vibration. The insertion loss of this device changes about 1 dB at temperatures from 25 degree(s)C to 60 degree(s)C, while the enter wavelength of each channel drifts about 8.3 X 10<SUP>-4</SUP> nm/(nm(DOT) degree(s)C). Better results are expected with further optimization on the design. The device successfully demultiplexes 2<SUP>31</SUP> -1 PRBS signals up to 3.5 Gb/s per channel in an emulated amplifier-free local- area networks (LAN's) and metropolitan-area networks transmission. It is plausible the cost-effective MUX/DEMUX is an excellent candidate to meet 10 Gb/s all-optical multi- wavelength short-link applications.
Stereoselective organic reactions promoted by immobilized chiral catalysts in continuous flow systems (2013)

The immobilization of the catalyst on a support with the aim of facilitating the separation of the product from the catalyst, and thus the recovery and recycling of the latter, can be regarded as an important improvement for a catalytic process. However, a system where a catalyst must not be removed from the reaction vessel is even more attractive: in continuous flow methods the immobilized catalyst permanently resides in the reactor where it transforms the entering starting materials into the desired products. The retention of the catalytic species inside the reaction vessel can be achieved by different techniques ranging from ultrafiltration through a MW-selective membrane to immobilization on different supports. In this review we will discuss the most significant examples of stereoselective reactions promoted by immobilized chiral catalysts and performed under continuous flow conditions, with particular attention to the more recent contributions of the last few years.
Deletion of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110γ gene attenuates murine atherosclerosis (2007)

Inflammatory cell activation by chemokines requires intracellular signaling through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and the PI3-kinase-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase Akt. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process driven by oxidatively modified (atherogenic) lipoproteins, chemokines, and other agonists that activate PI3-kinase. Here we show that macrophage PI3-kinase/Akt is activated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein, inflammatory chemokines, and angiotensin II. This activation is markedly reduced or absent in macrophages lacking p110gamma, the catalytic subunit of class Ib PI3-kinase. We further demonstrate activation of macrophage/foam cell PI3-kinase/Akt in atherosclerotic plaques from apolipoprotein E (apoE)-null mice, which manifest an aggressive form of atherosclerosis, whereas activation of PI3-kinase/Akt was undetectable in lesions from apoE-null mice lacking p110gamma despite the presence of class Ia PI3-kinase. Moreover, plaques were significantly smaller in apoE-/-p110gamma-/- mice than in apoE-/-p110gamma+/+ or apoE-/-p110gamma+/-mice at all ages studied. In marked contrast to the embryonic lethality seen in mice lacking class Ia PI3-kinase, germ-line deletion of p110gamma results in mice that exhibit normal viability, longevity, and fertility, with relatively well tolerated defects in innate immune and inflammatory responses that may play a role in diseases such as atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Our results not only shed mechanistic light on inflammatory signaling during atherogenesis, but further identify p110gamma as a possible target for pharmacological intervention in the primary and secondary prevention of human atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Infrequently transcribed long genes depend on the Set2/Rpd3S pathway for accurate transcription (2007)

The presence of Set2-mediated methylation of H3K36 (K36me) correlates with transcription frequency throughout the yeast genome. K36me targets the Rpd3S complex to deacetylate transcribed regions and suppress cryptic transcription initiation at certain genes. Here, using a genome-wide approach, we report that the Set2-Rpd3S pathway is generally required for controlling acetylation at coding regions. When using acetylation as a functional readout for this pathway, we discovered that longer genes and, surprisingly, genes transcribed at lower frequency exhibit a stronger dependency. Moreover, a systematic screen using high-resolution tiling microarrays allowed us to identify a group of genes that rely on Set2-Rpd3S to suppress spurious transcripts. Interestingly, most of these genes are within the group that depend on the same pathway to maintain a hypoacetylated state at coding regions. These data highlight the importance of using the functional readout of histone codes to define the roles of specific pathways.
Finite-element model of the nonlinear distortion and linear reflection sources of the otoacoustic emissions within the mouse cochlea (2017)

It has been hypothesized that the otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are generated at least by two fundamental mechanisms; the nonlinear distortion and linear reflection within the cochlea. The recent studies show that different components of the organ of Corti (OoC) vibrate unsynchronized both in phase and magnitude. The difference is dramatically frequency dependent. We have developed and validated a finite-element model of the mouse cochlea against two sets of measurement at the cochlear base and apex. The nonlinear distortion and linear reflections have been implemented in the model- the former one by the active outer hair cells (OHCs) and the later one by introducing the impedance irregularity in the baseline model components (e.g., stiffness, mass and geometrical parameters). To differentiate the contribution of different components of OoC on the total OAE response, the baseline parameters of the model has been adjusted to vary vibration magnitudes of those components. The preliminary results show that the impedance irregularities generate the phase decay of the stimulus-frequency OAEs more than the nonlinear distortion (e.g., 1-2 cycles per 1kHz with 10% random perturbations of Young’s modulus of the basilar membrane), consistent with data in the literature. The perturbations of other model parameters are under investigation.
Microstructural Retinal Findings by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography After Vitrectomy Repair of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments (2015)

Macular structure and function can progressively improve in the first year after successful RRD repair, including in the external limiting membrane, damage to which has previously been thought to be irreversible. SD-OCT serves as a useful tool to monitor postoperative retinal recovery.
Linking Scottish vital event records using family groups (2019)

The reconstitution of populations through linkage of historical records is a powerful approach to generate longitudinal historical microdata resources of interest to researchers in various fields. Here we consider automated linking of the vital events recorded in the civil registers of birth, death and marriage compiled in Scotland, to bring together the various records associated with the demographic events in the life course of each individual in the population. From the histories, the genealogical structure of the population can then be built up. Rather than apply standard linkage techniques to link the individuals on the available certificates, we explore an alternative approach, inspired by the family reconstitution techniques adopted by historical demographers, in which the births of siblings are first linked to form family groups, after which intergenerational links between families can be established. We report a small-scale evaluation of this approach, using two district-level data sets from Scotland in the late nineteenth century, for which sibling links have already been created by demographers. We show that quality measures of up to 83% can be achieved on these data sets (using F-Measure, a combination of precision and recall). In the future, we intend to compare the results with a standard linkage approach and to investigate how these various methods may be used in a project which aims to link the entire Scottish population from 1856 to 1973.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics with semiconductor quantum dots (2013)

By deterministically controlling the spontaneous emission of a single semiconductor quantum dot in a microcavity, we obtain ultrabright solid-state sources of indistinguishable single photons and demonstrate optical non-linearities at the few photon scale.
<title>Design of an ultralight head-mounted projective display (HMPD) and its applications in augmented collaborative environments</title> (2002)

Head-mounted displays (HMDs) are widely used for 3D visualization tasks such as surgical planning, scientific visualization, or engineering design. Even though the HMD technologies have undergone great development, tradeoffs in capability and limitation exist. The concept of head-mounted projective displays (HMPDs) is an emerging technology on the boundary of conventional HMDs and projective displays such as the CAVE technology. It has been recently demonstrated to yield 3D visualization capability with potentially a large FOV, lightweight optics, low distortion, as well as correct occlusion of virtual objects by real objects. As such, the HMPD has been proposed as an alternative to stereoscopic displays for 3D visualization applications. In this paper, a brief review the HMPD technology is followed by the presentation of a recent design and implementation of a compact HMPD prototype based on an ultra-light design of projective optics using diffractive optical element (DOE) and plastic components. Finally, we will include applications of the HMPD technology being developed across three universities for augmented visualization tasks and distributed collaboration in augmented environments.
Home Use of Automated External Defibrillators for Sudden Cardiac Arrest (2008)

For survivors of anterior-wall myocardial infarction who were not candidates for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator, access to a home AED did not significantly improve overall survival, as compared with reliance on conventional resuscitation methods. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00047411 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Genome Engineering Technologies to Change the Genetic Code (2014)

New technologies are making it possible to engineer organisms with fundamentally new and useful properties. In vivo genome engineering technologies capable of manipulating genomes from the nucleotide to the megabase scale were developed and applied to reassign the genetic code of Escherichia coli. Such genomically recoded organisms show promise for thwarting horizontal gene transfer with natural organisms, resisting viral infection, and expanding the chemical properties of proteins.
Effect of wavelength on in vivo images of the human cone mosaic (2005)

In images of the human fundus, the fraction of the total returning light that comes from the choroidal layers behind the retina increases with wavelength [Appl. Opt. 28, 1061 (1989); Vision Res. 36, 2229 (1996)]. There is also evidence that light originating behind the receptors is not coupled into the receptor waveguides en route to the pupil [S. A. Burns et al., Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System, Vol. 11 of 1997 Trends in Optics and Photonics Series, D. Yager, ed. (Optical Society of America, 1997), p. al; Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38, 1657 (1997)]. These observations imply that the contrast of images of the cone mosaic should be greatly reduced with increasing wavelength. This hypothesis was tested by imaging the light distributions in both the planes of the photoreceptors and the pupil at three wavelengths, 550, 650, and 750 nm, with the Rochester adaptive optics ophthalmoscope. Surprisingly, the contrast of the retinal images varied only slightly with wavelength. Furthermore, the ratio of the receptorally guided component to the total reflected light measured in the pupil plane was found to be similar at each wavelength, suggesting that, throughout this wavelength range, the scattered light from the deeper layers in the retina is guided through the receptors on its return path to the pupil.