gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrocorticography and stereo EEG provide distinct measures of brain connectivity: implications for network models (2021)

Brain network models derived from graph theory have the potential to guide functional neurosurgery, and to improve rates of post-operative seizure freedom for patients with epilepsy. A barrier to applying these models clinically is that intracranial EEG electrode implantation strategies vary by centre, region and country, from cortical grid & strip electrodes (Electrocorticography), to purely stereotactic depth electrodes (Stereo EEG), to a mixture of both. To determine whether models derived from one type of study are broadly applicable to others, we investigate the differences in brain networks mapped by electrocorticography and stereo EEG in a cohort of patients who underwent surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy and achieved a favourable outcome. We show that networks derived from electrocorticography and stereo EEG define distinct relationships between resected and spared tissue, which may be driven by sampling bias of temporal depth electrodes in patients with predominantly cortical grids. We propose a method of correcting for the effect of internodal distance that is specific to electrode type and explore how additional methods for spatially correcting for sampling bias affect network models. Ultimately, we find that smaller surgical targets tend to have lower connectivity with respect to the surrounding network, challenging notions that abnormal connectivity in the epileptogenic zone is typically high. Our findings suggest that effectively applying computational models to localize epileptic networks requires accounting for the effects of spatial sampling, particularly when analysing both electrocorticography and stereo EEG recordings in the same cohort, and that future network studies of epilepsy surgery should also account for differences in focality between resection and ablation. We propose that these findings are broadly relevant to intracranial EEG network modelling in epilepsy and an important step in translating them clinically into patient care.
Induction of Ferroelectricity in Polymeric Systems through Hydrogen Bonding (1992)

Achiral polysiloxanes with para-alkoxybenzoic acid side chains can bind many molecules of an optically active trans-stilbazole with hydrogen bonds. The resulting, self-assembling system 1 has ferroelectric properties which can be regulated by the number of stilbazole units per polymer molecule and the length of the (CH2)n spacer.
Are Most People Too Dumb for Physics? (2009)

In last month's issue of TPT, Michael Sobel turns our attention to the increasing number and broader population of students taking physics courses and urges us to reconsider how to better cater to their needs. We applaud the author for focusing our attention on this important issue. However, we find his proposal for teaching physics to nonscience majors problematic.
Comparison of aliphatic polyesters prepared by acyclic diene metathesis and thiol‐ene polymerization of α,ω‐polyenes arising from oleic acid‐based 9‐decen‐1‐ol (2022)

Abstract Development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly polymers as alternatives to petroleum‐based polymers is a priority. We report the synthesis of six linear, aliphatic, renewable polymers by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) and thiol‐ene polymerization of α,ω‐polyenes resulting from thermal esterification of adipic, azelaic, and itaconic acids with 9‐decen‐1‐ol. ADMET homopolymerization was performed with 1.0 mol% Hoveyda–Grubbs second generation metathesis catalyst. Thiol‐ene copolymerization was conducted photochemically with 1 wt% 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenyl‐acetophenone and stoichiometric 1,2‐ethanedithiol (EDT). Although the thiol‐ene copolymers exhibited carbon and atom economies of 100%, the ADMET‐derived polyesters possessed superior renewable carbon content (100%) and environmental factors (&lt;4). These results were attributed to incorporation of non‐renewable EDT into poly(thioether‐ester)s and loss of ethene during production of ADMET polyesters. The M n (&gt;26 kDa), M w (&gt;92 kDa), and dispersities (&gt;3.4) of the poly(thioether‐ester)s were higher than the corresponding polyesters, which in part explained why the poly(thioether‐ester)s gave higher melting (&gt;61°C), crystallization (&gt;49°C) and glass transition (&gt;−31°C) temperatures. The cross‐linked itaconate polymers did not melt or crystallize, thereby suggesting amorphous morphology. Lastly, the ADMET polyesters were more thermally stable ( T 50 &gt; 408°C) than the poly(thioether‐ester)s ( T 50 &lt; 377°C). In summary, the aliphatic biopolymers displayed a wide range of properties that were impacted by polymerization method as well as the nature of the monomer.
Dynamic motion analysis of fetuses with central nervous system disorders by cine magnetic resonance imaging using fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition and parallel imaging: a preliminary result (2006)

The following conclusions are drawn: 1) Fetal motion is no longer a limitation for prenatal imaging after the implementation of parallel imaging with 2D FIESTA, 2) Cine MR imaging illustrates fetal motion in utero with high clinical reliability, 3) For cases involving major CNS anomalies, cine MR imaging provides information on extremity motility in fetuses and serves as a prognostic indicator of postnatal outcome, and 4) The cine MR used to observe fetal activity is technically 2D and conceptually three-dimensional. It provides four-dimensional information for making proper and timely obstetrical and/or postnatal management decisions.
Intracellular Sorting of Aspartylglucosaminidase: The Role of N -Linked Oligosaccharides and Evidence of Man-6-P-Independent Lysosomal Targeting (1995)

Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA, E.C. 3.5.1.26) is a soluble lysosomal hydrolase that participates in the degradation of glycoproteins. Here we analyzed the special features in the intracellular targeting of this dimeric amidohydrolase, especially the role of N-linked sugars and their phosphorylation in transport and activity of heterodimeric aspartylglucosaminidase, using in vitro mutagenesis and transient expression of mutant polypeptides in COS cells. The single N-glycosylation sites of both the alpha and beta subunits were destroyed individually and in combination. Just one remaining N-glycosylation site on either subunit was sufficient for normal processing into subunits and lysosomal transport, but the totally nonglycosylated enzyme, although active and processed into subunits, was not transported into lysosomes and became trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or secreted. The intracellular targeting of AGA was partially disturbed by the lack of glycosylation in the beta subunit, resulting in accumulation of dimeric, active polypeptides in the ER, whereas lack of oligosaccharides in the alpha subunit did not affect the intracellular targeting of AGA. N-glycans in the beta subunit were found to be essential for the long-term stability of the polypeptide in the cell, but not for initial folding or subunit processing into the active dimeric molecule. Both subunits have two glycosylation isoforms. Both forms of the alpha subunit were found to be phosphorylated, whereas only one of the two glycosylation isoforms of the beta subunit is phosphorylated. The mutant enzyme with nonglycosylated alpha subunit and nonphosphorylated beta subunit is transported into lysosomes, suggesting that AGA is capable of using an alternative, mannose-6-phosphate receptor-independent routing into lysosomes.
Theory and Design of High-Efficiency Broadband Class-B/J Power Amplifiers With Active Second Harmonic Injection (2023)

In this article, the theory and design of high-efficiency broadband continuous class-B/J power amplifiers (PAs) with active second harmonic injection technique have been presented. By injecting the second harmonic component generated by the auxiliary PA, the optimal phase shift parameter <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the drain voltage and current can be selected properly, leading to an efficiency and power improvement of the conventional class-B/J PA. Detailed design guidelines and step-by-step procedure are also suggested. To verify the feasibility of the proposed circuit, a wideband PA operated from 1.1 to 1.7 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 42.9%) has been designed and fabricated. Experimental results show an output power of 40.9–42.6 dBm, drain efficiency of 70.0%–80.9%, and average efficiency (AE) of 74.4%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest AE of class-B/J PAs over such bandwidth.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Complement Components Without the Need of Their Prior Purification. I. Antibodies to Mouse C1q (1989)

Rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with mouse complement subcomponent C1q were raised applying a principle that requires minute amounts of serum and circumvents purification of serum-derived C1q. The principle involves a) using the high affinity of certain cell-bound antibody isotypes for intercalating C1q from serum of various species, b) selecting such antibodies as are syngeneic to the immunized animal species, thus avoiding the production of antibodies against the intercalating antibodies and c) screening for the anti-C1q MAb in microtiter plates coated with C1q-intercalating MAb isotypes that are heterogeneic to the immunized animal species. We could establish 3 MAbs of IgM subclass, whose reactivity to mouse C1q was shown by ELISA techniques. One of them (RmC13C9) crossreacted with human C1q and was shown by SDS-PAGE and subsequent immunoblotting to recognize the C-chain of mouse and human C1q. The other two MAbs are directed against SDS-sensitive epitopes on mouse C1q and were, therefore, further characterized by native agarose gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemical studies.
A novel functional gene selection method provides a systematic view of cell migration (2010)

Cell migration is a central process that is essential for embryonic development, wound repair, inflammatory response, homeostasis and tumor metastasis. A method of genome-wide selection based on the gain-of-function has been devised to identify novel cell migration-promoting genes in cultured cells. After the introduction of the retroviral mouse brain cDNA library into NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, migration-promoted cells were selected by a three-dimensional migration assay using cell culture inserts. After five rounds of enrichment, cDNAs were retrieved from the cells that passed the selection processes. Cell migration-promoting activity was confirmed by independent migration assays for the retrieved cDNAs. Multiple cell migration-promoting genes were successfully isolated by this method. The genes identified can be used to gain a systematic view of cell migration. The gain-of-function selection method described here can be combined with RNAi-mediated loss-of-function screen or selection to be a more powerful tool for the systems biology research of cell migration.
Performance Enhancement and Modeling of the High Power Helicon Plasma Thruster (2006)

The High Power Helicon (HPH) plasma thruster under development at MSNW and the University of Washington is an emerging electrode-less in-space thruster that is capable of high thrust level (1-2 Newtons) and efficiency (50-60%) at moderate to high average power levels 5 to 50 kW). The HPH represents a significant departure from other electric thrusters in that the momentum is transferred to the plasma through plasma wave fields. By launching only one mode of the helicon wave, the bulk acceleration of the plasma is found to be in only one direction due to due to the directional coupling of the plasma electrons with the helicon wave field. This in turn transfers energy to the ions via an ambipolar electric field. Downstream energy distribution functions obtained with an ion energy retarding field analyzer show a highly non-thermal or beamlike supersonic ion flow away from the HPH thruster. Recent work has concentrated on achieving higher efficiency at increased peak power. This achieved by operating the thruster with a spatial as well as temporal propagating m=1 mode. The modified device is capable of operating at peak powers in the 100s of kW range. Efficiency increases with increased peak power. The device can be operated in a pulsed manner with shot durations ranging from 30 μs to several milliseconds, with ambient magnetic field strengths (B0) ranging from 6 to 50 mT. Measured source plasma densities in Argon are near 2-5x10 m with electron temperatures of 5-8 eV. Langmuir probe measurements, at the exit of the source and further downstream, show a peaked spatial profile. The ion energy distributions show a dual peaked population flowing downstream from the discharge. Maximum sustained directed ion energies using Argon ~ 60 eV. Preliminary results of the 3D MHD modeling of the Helicon thruster support the above interpretation and results.
The mobility of cholesteryl esters in native and reconstituted low density lipoprotein as monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (1981)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the mobility of the core cholesteryl esters in the core of native low density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL that has had its core of apolar lipid extracted and then reconstituted with exogenous cholesteryl esters.Mono-, di-, and tetra-unsaturated fatty acyl esters of cholesterol (cholesteryl oleate, cholesteryl linoleate, and cholesteryl arachidonate) and a mixture of apolar lipids which were extracted from native LDL were used to reconstitute the core of LDL.Changes in the mobility of the cholesteryl esters in native LDL and reconstituted LDLs were assessed by measuring the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the methylene proton resonances.The decrease in spectral amplitude observed between 56 and 10 "C suggested that the mobility of the core cholesteryl esters was temperature-dependent.The temperature dependence of the spectral amplitudes for pure cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl linoleate indicated that sharp thermal phase transitions occurred at 47 and 36 "C, respectively, below which the cholesteryl esters were highly immobilized.No such transition was found for cholesteryl arachidonate above its melting point of 19 "C.The thermal transitions in the reconstituted LDLs were broader than those of the pure cholesteryl esters; midpoints of the transitions were 43, 32, and 30 "C, for LDLs reconstituted with cholesteryl oleate, cholesteryl linoleate, and the mixture of lipids extracted from LDL, respectively.The midpoint transition temperature for native LDL was 31 "C.These data, which are consistent with previously published ESR and CD data, suggest that incorporating cholesteryl esters in the core of reconstituted LDL does not alter their ability to undergo phase transitions near their characteristic phase transition temperatures.Low density lipoprotein is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of human plasma (1).LDL' delivers cholesterol to
Ovarian-Cell-Like Cells from Skin Stem Cells Restored Estradiol Production and Estrus Cycling in Ovariectomized Mice (2014)

Reduction of estradiol production and high serum concentrations of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) are endocrine disorders associated with premature ovarian failure. Here, we report that transplantation of ovarian-like cells differentiated from stem cells restored endogenous serum estradiol levels. Stem cells were isolated from postnatal mouse skin and differentiated into ovarian-cell-like cells that are consistent with female germ, and ovarian follicle somatic cells. The ovarian-cell-like cells were transplanted into ovariectomized mice (Cell Trans), whereas control mice were subjected to bilateral ovariectomies without cell transplantation (OVX). Using vaginal cytology analysis, it was revealed that in 13 out of 19 Cell Trans mice, estrus cycles were restored around 8 weeks after cell transplantation and were maintained until 16 weeks post-transplantation, whereas in the OVX group, all mice were arrested at metestrus/diestrus of the estrus cycle. The uterine weight in the Cell Trans group was similar to sham operation mice (Sham OP), while severe uterine atrophy and a decreased uterine weight were observed in the OVX group. Histologically, ectopic follicle-like structures and blood vessels were found within and around the transplants. At 12-14 weeks after cell transplantation, mean serum estradiol level in Cell Trans mice (178.0±35 pg/mL) was comparable to that of the Sham OP group (188.9±29 pg/mL), whereas it was lower in the OVX group (59.0±4 pg/mL). Serum FSH concentration increased in the OVX group (1.62±0.32 ng/mL) compared with the Sham OP group (0.39±0.34 ng/mL). Cell Trans mice had a similar FSH level (0.94±0.23 ng/mL; P<0.05) to Sham OP mice. Our results suggest that ovarian somatic cells differentiated from stem cells are functional in vivo. In addition to providing insights into the function of ovarian somatic cells derived from stem cells, our study may offer potential therapeutic means for patients with hypo-estradiol levels like those encountered in premature ovarian failure.
Guiding Optimal Biofuels: A Comparative Analysis of the Biochemical Production of Ethanol and Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters from Switchgrass (2013)

In the current study, processes to produce either ethanol or a representative fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via the fermentation of sugars liberated from lignocellulosic materials pretreated in acid or alkaline environments are analyzed in terms of economic and environmental metrics. Simplified process models are introduced and employed to estimate process performance, and Monte Carlo analyses were carried out to identify key sources of uncertainty and variability. We find that the near-term performance of processes to produce FAEE is significantly worse than that of ethanol production processes for all metrics considered, primarily due to poor fermentation yields and higher electricity demands for aerobic fermentation. In the longer term, the reduced cost and energy requirements of FAEE separation processes will be at least partially offset by inherent limitations in the relevant metabolic pathways that constrain the maximum yield potential of FAEE from biomass-derived sugars.
Electron Density Modification of Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) by Liquid-Phase Molecular Adsorption of Hexaiodobenzene (2013)

Electron density of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) is effectively modified by hexaiodobenzene (HIB) molecules using liquid-phase adsorption. UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectra of the HIB-adsorbed SWCNT, especially in the NIR region, showed a disappearance of S<sub>11</sub> transitions between the V1 valance band and the C1 conduction band of van Hove singularities which can be attributed to the effective charge transfer between HIB and the SWCNT. The adsorption of HIB also caused significant peak-shifts (lower frequency shift around 170 cm<sup>-1</sup> and higher shift around 186 cm<sup>‑1</sup>) and an intensity change (around 100-150 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 270-290 cm<sup>-1</sup>) in the radial breathing mode of Raman spectra. The charge transfer from SWCNT to HIB was further confirmed by the change in the C1s peak of X-ray photoelectron spectrum, revealing the oxidation of carbon in SWCNT upon HIB adsorption.
Strain engineering of the electroabsorption response in Ge/SiGe multiple quantum well heterostructures (2011)

Many fibre-optic telecommunications systems exploit the spectral `window' at 1310 nm, which corresponds to zero dispersion in standard single-mode fibres (SMFs). In particular, several passive optical network (PON) architectures use 1310 nm for upstream signals, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> and so compact, low-cost and low-power modulators operating at 1310 nm that can be integrated into Si electronic-photonic integrated circuits would be extremely desireable for future fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) applications.
Cross-Linked Self-Assembling Peptides and Their Post-Assembly Functionalization via One-Pot and In Situ Gelation System (2020)

Supramolecular nanostructures formed through peptide self-assembly can have a wide range of applications in the biomedical landscape. However, they often lose biomechanical properties at low mechanical stress due to the non-covalent interactions working in the self-assembling process. Herein, we report the design of cross-linked self-assembling peptide hydrogels using a one-pot in situ gelation system, based on 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (EDC/sulfo-NHS) coupling, to tune its biomechanics. EDC/sulfo-NHS coupling led to limited changes in storage modulus (from 0.9 to 2 kPa), but it significantly increased both the strain (from 6% to 60%) and failure stress (from 19 to 35 Pa) of peptide hydrogel without impairing the spontaneous formation of β-sheet-containing nano-filaments. Furthermore, EDC/sulfo-NHS cross-linking bestowed self-healing and thixotropic properties to the peptide hydrogel. Lastly, we demonstrated that this strategy can be used to incorporate bioactive functional motifs after self-assembly on pre-formed nanostructures by functionalizing an Ac-LDLKLDLKLDLK-CONH<sub>2</sub> (LDLK12) self-assembling peptide with the phage display-derived KLPGWSG peptide involved in the modulation of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The incorporation of a functional motif did not alter the peptide's secondary structure and its mechanical properties. The work reported here offers new tools to both fine tune the mechanical properties of and tailor the biomimetic properties of self-assembling peptide hydrogels while retaining their nanostructures, which is useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of sec,sec‐1,2‐Diols to give 1,2‐Diketones Under Pfitzner‐ Moffatt‐Conditions. (1988)

Abstract The reaction mentioned in the title transforms the diols (I) into the 1,2‐diones (II).
Automated logic synthesis for electro-optic computing in integrated photonics (2019)

As a tremendous amount of data is being created exponentially day by day, integrated optical computing starts to attract lots of attention recently due to the bottleneck in the continuation of Moore’s law. With the rapid development of micro/nano-scale optical devices, integrated photonics has shown its potential to satisfy the demand of computation with an ultracompact size, ultrafast speed, and ultralow power consumption. As one of the paradigms in optical computing, the electro-optic logic that combines the merits of photonics and electronics has made considerable progress in various fundamental logic gates. It therefore becomes very critical to develop an automated design method to synthesize these logic devices for large-scale optical computing circuits. In this paper, we propose a new automated logic synthesis algorithm based on And-Inverter Graphs (AIGs) for electro-optic computing. A comprehensive component library of electro-optic logic is summarized with several new proposed logic gates. As an example, a large-scale ripple-carry full adder which serves as the core part of the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is presented. In the design, all the electrical signals could be applied simultaneously at every clock cycle and then the light could process the signals through every bit at the speed of light without any delay accumulated. High-speed experiment demonstrations are carried out, which show its potential in future high-speed and low-power-consumption optical computing.