gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Features of Deactivation and Regeneration of the Zeolite-Containing Cobalt Catalyst in a Fischer – Tropsch Synthesis Reactor (2022)

Endurance tests of the zeolite-containing cobalt catalyst for the Fischer – Tropsch synthesis were carried out in reactor tubes of the size comparable with those used in industrial reactors. During the tests (3000 h), the catalyst activity decreased by 13 %. Deactivation of the zeolite-containing cobalt catalyst was shown to occur due to agglomeration of cobalt clusters and formation of amorphous carbon on their surface. A method of decreasing the catalyst deactivation rate and two methods of the catalyst regeneration were proposed. The method of redox regeneration of zeolite-containing cobalt catalysts allows restoring 98 % of their initial activity.
Programmable optical wave form shaper on a microchip (2006)

This letter reports a device for in-fiber programmable optical pulse shaping, that consists of a chirped fiber grating and a micromachined array of Si actuators integrated on a 1×5mm2 chip. The pulse spectrum is longitudinally imaged inside a chirped fiber Bragg grating, thus permitting spectral components to be accessed inside the fiber by individual actuators. The demonstration of controlled optical pulse spectrum and temporal-width changes shows that the silicon microactuators, fabricated using a standard lithographic process, can tune the local refractive index of the grating by inducing localized fiber core strain gradients at a rate of &amp;gt;1μStrain per 1mW of actuator driving power.
Graph Generative Model for Benchmarking Graph Neural Networks (2022)

As the field of Graph Neural Networks (GNN) continues to grow, it experiences a corresponding increase in the need for large, real-world datasets to train and test new GNN models on challenging, realistic problems. Unfortunately, such graph datasets are often generated from online, highly privacy-restricted ecosystems, which makes research and development on these datasets hard, if not impossible. This greatly reduces the amount of benchmark graphs available to researchers, causing the field to rely only on a handful of publicly-available datasets. To address this problem, we introduce a novel graph generative model, Computation Graph Transformer (CGT) that learns and reproduces the distribution of real-world graphs in a privacy-controlled way. More specifically, CGT (1) generates effective benchmark graphs on which GNNs show similar task performance as on the source graphs, (2) scales to process large-scale graphs, (3) incorporates off-the-shelf privacy modules to guarantee end-user privacy of the generated graph. Extensive experiments across a vast body of graph generative models show that only our model can successfully generate privacy-controlled, synthetic substitutes of large-scale real-world graphs that can be effectively used to benchmark GNN models.
Extraction of Front and Buried Oxide Interface Trap Densities in Fully Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (2013)

In this letter, a method is proposed and demonstrated for the first time to characterize and decouple the interface traps of both the front- and back channels of fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). We report the procedure and the underlying theory that allows the extraction of the energy profiles of the densities of the interface traps (Dit).This technique will be very useful for evaluating the interface qualities of future FD-SOI transistors.
Modeling RRAM set/reset statistics resulting in guidelines for optimized operation (2013)

The statistical properties of RRAM operation under various conditions can be quantitatively predicted by means of a modified and extended hourglass model. The intrinsic stochastic nature is controlled by the bottom vs. top reservoir symmetry. Guidelines for filament engineering are presented.
Studies on the Exposure of Gadolinium Containing Nanoparticles with Monochromatic X-rays Drive Advances in Radiation Therapy (2020)

While conventional radiation therapy uses white X-rays that consist of a mixture of X-ray waves with various energy levels, a monochromatic X-ray (monoenergetic X-ray) has a single energy level. Irradiation of high-Z elements such as gold, silver or gadolinium with a synchrotron-generated monochromatic X-rays with the energy at or higher than their K-edge energy causes a photoelectric effect that includes release of the Auger electrons that induce DNA damage-leading to cell killing. Delivery of high-Z elements into cancer cells and tumor mass can be facilitated by the use of nanoparticles. Various types of nanoparticles containing high-Z elements have been developed. A recent addition to this growing list of nanoparticles is mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles (MSNs) containing gadolinium (Gd-MSN). The ability of Gd-MSN to inhibit tumor growth was demonstrated by evaluating effects of irradiating tumor spheroids with a precisely tuned monochromatic X-ray.
Interface trap density estimation in FinFETs from the subthreshold current (2016)

In this work we present a measurement approach to determine the interface trap density in FinFETs as a function of their energy. It is based on the precise determination of the gate voltage dependent ideality factor of the subthreshold current in this device. The required measurement accuracy for temperature, drain current and transconductance is derived, and we propose an implementation for wafer-level device measurement on contemporary test set-ups. Exemplary interface trap distributions are shown as obtained from two FinFET device technologies, featuring the commonly observed bathtub shape.
Should potential loop optimizations influence inlining decisions (2003)

Inlining decisions are made based on the frequency of the function call, on the size of the caller and callee, on the nesting level of the function call in the call graph, and on the programmer's directives. In intraprocedural code optimization, loop fusion has proven to be advantageous when it results in improved data reuse, instruction scheduling, and register allocation. We want to study the opportunity to improve the performance of programs when the potential for additional loop fusion is taken into consideration in the inlining decisions. In this paper we present the results of our first evaluation experiments: we changed the inlining decisions in the IBM®XL Compile Suite to inline liberally and measured how many additional loops we were able to fuse in the SPECint2000 and SPECfp2000 benchmark suites. The idea is that if liberal inlining does not result in significant additional loop fusion for a given set of benchmarks, there will be little hope for interprocedural loop fusion in that set. Our preliminary results indicate that existing inlining heuristics uncover almost all interprocedural loop fusion opportunities in the SPEC benchmark suite.
Long-term Remission with Certolizumab Pegol in Crohnʼs Disease over 3.5 Years: Results from the PRECiSE 3 Study (2009)

Purpose: Crohn's disease (CD) is a life-long condition requiring constant, long-term therapy to maintain remission and control symptoms. Information on the long-term outcomes for the different treatment options that are available is therefore valuable. The aim of this analysis was to assess the sustainability of efficacy in certolizumab pegol (CZP)-treated patients completing 6 months in PRECiSE 2 (P2) through an additional 3 years of CZP maintenance therapy in PRECiSE 3 (P3). Methods: Patients who completed P2 were eligible to enter P3 where all patients received CZP 400 mg q4w. Efficacy and safety data for patients who received 26 weeks of CZP treatment in P2 and up to 154 weeks in P3 (3.5 years continuous CZP treatment in total) are presented. Disease activity was measured by the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (remission = score of ≤4). Maintenance of remission was analyzed in patients who were in remission at Week 26 of P2. Efficacy rates were calculated using nonresponder imputation (NRI), observed case (OC), or last observation carried forward (LOCF) analyses. Results: 141 patients who received CZP in P2 entered into P3. Of these, 75% (105/141) were in remission at the start of P3 (i.e., 6 months after CZP induction followed by CZP 400 mg q4w maintenance therapy). Remission rates after 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 years from P2 baseline were 56% (79/141; LOCF), 38% (54/141; LOCF), and 31% (44/141; LOCF), respectively. For patients who completed assessments at these same time points remission rates were 83% (80/96; OC), 75% (54/72; OC), and 82% (44/54; OC) respectively. Among patients in remission at the start of P3, 61% (64/105; NRI), 41% (43/105; NRI), and 36% (38/105; NRI) were also in remission after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, of continuous CZP therapy. No new safety concerns were observed. Conclusion: CZP demonstrated long-term remission rates over 3.5 years on a stable q4w dose without dose escalation in patients who initially responded to the therapy. CZP was well tolerated and continued drug exposure was not associated with unexpected serious adverse events. Disclosure: Dr Lichtenstein is a consultant for UCB; Dr Thomsen is a consultant for UCB; Dr Schreiber is a consultant for UCB; Dr Lawrance is a consultant for UCB; Dr Hanauer is a consultant for UCB; Mr Bloomfield is an employee of UCB; Dr Sandborn is a consultant for UCB. This research was supported by an industry grant from UCB.
New dimeric analogs of 2-aminodipyrido(1,2-a:3',2'-d)imidazole: Synthesis and interaction with DNA. (1982)

New dimeric analogs of intercalative 2-aminodipyrido-[1, 2-a : 3', 2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-2), a potent muta-carcinogen isolated from a pyrolysate of L-glutamic acid, were synthesized. The high affinity of these compounds to DNA was demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopic studies and by their effects in raising the melting temperature (TM) of DNA.
Higher Order Intermodulation Product Measurement of Passive Components (2008)

The concept of using high-order intermodulation (IM) products beyond the third order for the analysis of passive intermodulation (PIM) sources is introduced. Current PIM characterization techniques focus on measurements of the third-order IM product. An advantage of observing higher order IM is demonstrated by showing that two simulated models, which predict an identical level of third-order IM, exhibit clear qualitative differences in the higher order IM products. A low residual PIM measurement system is able to measure up to the 29th-order IM product. A full discussion of uncertainties in the measurement technique used is given. The measured high-order IM products of a coaxial connector are used to fit and verify a model for its current-voltage characteristic. This fit model, a hyperbolic tangent function, accurately predicts the behavior of the higher orders as a function of input power and matches the third order over the 21-dB input power range with a root mean squared error of 3.5 dB. For another device, a microwave circulator, higher order IM products are used to deduce a model, which is then confirmed using a traditional measurement of third-order IM. High-order IM products are measured and analyzed in order to aid investigations of the physical processes causing PIM.
Preconversion phase modulation of input differential phase-shift-keying signals for wavelength conversion and multicasting applications using phase-modulated pumps (2011)

We demonstrate a method to use phase-modulated pumps for multicasting of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) signals. The method uses phase modulation of the input signal along with the co-phase-modulated pumps prior to wavelength conversion. Nine copies of a 50 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK data signal are generated via four-wave mixing with an average conversion efficiency of ∼0 dB. An average receiver sensitivity penalty of ∼1.9 dB is observed at a bit-error rate of 10(-9) with a worst case of 2.3 dB. The effects of synchronization errors and phase-modulation frequencies up to 5 GHz are investigated.
Improvement of Device Performance by Optimizing the Advanced DCV Process Condition in Dual-Damascene Cu Interconnects (2009)

The effects of the resputtering condition in the advanced direct contact via (DCV) process for a Cu barrier metal on the electroplated (EP) Cu gap-fill performance, via chain resistance, electromigration (EM) resistance, and static random access memory (SRAM) column failure rate was investigated. The adoption of resputtering had noticeable effects on the EP Cu gap-fill performance and via chain resistance. The via holes with diameters of more than could be filled without voids by EP Cu with the assistance of an advanced DCV process, and the resulting via chain resistance strikingly decreased by applying this advanced DCV process. As long as the EM resistance is concerned, the resputtering condition shows a wide process range. However, the failure rate of the SRAM functionality was 15% even though the advanced DCV process with resputtering was utilized for the Cu barrier metal process. Finally, the failure rate of the SRAM functionality was reduced 90% by implementing the optimized resputtering condition in the advanced DCV process.
Continuing Education in Power Electronics (2005)

Continuing education has become an increasingly important part of the mission of higher education in the United States and around the world. The objective of engineering continuing education is to help practicing engineers stay current with technological advances relevant to their current or future job assignments. This work presents the strategies and guidelines for continuing education in power electronics. Critical issues pertaining to engineering education, such as how to identify learning needs, define learning outcomes, design course contents, select instructional methods, assess student performance, and conduct course evaluation, are discussed in detail.
Performance of Protein–Ligand Force Fields for the Flavodoxin–Flavin Mononucleotide System (2016)

The ability to accurately perform molecular dynamics and free energy perturbation calculations for protein-ligand systems is of broad interest to the biophysical and pharmaceutical sciences. In this work, several popular force fields are evaluated for reproducing experimental properties of the flavodoxin/flavin mononucleotide system. Calculated (3)J couplings from molecular dynamics simulations probing φ and χ1 dihedral angles are compared to over 1000 experimental measurements. Free energy perturbation calculations were also executed between different protein mutants for comparison with experimental data for relative free energies of binding. Newer versions of popular protein force fields reproduced (3)J backbone and side chain couplings with good accuracy, with RMSD values near or below one hertz in most cases. OPLS-AA/M paired with CM5 charges for the ligand performed particularly well, both for the (3)J couplings and FEP results, with a mean unsigned error for relative free energies of binding of 0.36 kcal/mol.
Strontium and Silicon Co-Doped Apatite Coating: Preparation and Function as Vehicles for Ion Delivery (2012)

New methods to improve the bone response to metallic implants are still emerging, ranging from surface modifications of the metal to coatings and drug delivery. One further development of coatings on implants is to incorporate bioactive ions in order to stimulate the bone response without the need of drug delivery. The aim of the current study is to prepare apatite coatings containing Sr and Si using a solution method, for the purpose of further optimising the bone response to metal implants. Titanium substrates were activated to induce the formation of coatings in modified PBS solutions. Soaking in PBS solutions with different concentrations of strontium and silicate at 37℃ or 60℃ produced coatings with different morphologies, thicknesses and compositions. Ion release experiments showed simultaneous release of Sr and Si from the coatings both in PBS and Tris-HCl. Analysis of the results using the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicate that the release of ions from the coatings was a combination of Fickian diffusion and degradation of the coatings. This study shows that it is possible to coat Ti substrates with modified apatite with ion release functionality and thereby increase the possibilities for a tailored bone response in vivo.
Phycoerythrins of the Red Alga Callithamnion (1981)

Phycoerythrins of several species of the higher red alga Callithamnion show virtually identical spectra, typical of R-phycoerythrins, with absorption maxima at 565, 539, and 497 nanometers. One species, Callithamnion roseum, produces a phycoerythrin lacking the peak at 539 nanometers. Comparison of a "typical" R-phycoerythrin from Callithamnion byssoides with the "atypical" phycoerythrin of C. roseum shows that both proteins carry 35 bilins per native molecule of 240,000 daltons; however, C. byssoides phycoerythrin carries 27.6 phycoerythrobilin and 7.3 phycourobilin groups, whereas C. roseum phycoerythrin carries 24.1 phycoerythrobilin and 10.9 phycourobilin groups. These differences in the relative amounts of the bilin prosthetic groups account in large measure for the differences between the absorption spectra of the native proteins. The ratio of phycoerythrobilin to phycourobilin in C. roseum phycoerythrin can be modulated by varying the light intensity during growth.Data on the physical, immunological and spectroscopic properties of Callithamnion phycoerythrins indicate that the variation in the relative number of the two bilin prosthetic groups does not affect significantly the conformation of the biliprotein.
DoWhy: An End-to-End Library for Causal Inference (2020)

In addition to efficient statistical estimators of a treatment's effect, successful application of causal inference requires specifying assumptions about the mechanisms underlying observed data and testing whether they are valid, and to what extent. However, most libraries for causal inference focus only on the task of providing powerful statistical estimators. We describe DoWhy, an open-source Python library that is built with causal assumptions as its first-class citizens, based on the formal framework of causal graphs to specify and test causal assumptions. DoWhy presents an API for the four steps common to any causal analysis---1) modeling the data using a causal graph and structural assumptions, 2) identifying whether the desired effect is estimable under the causal model, 3) estimating the effect using statistical estimators, and finally 4) refuting the obtained estimate through robustness checks and sensitivity analyses. In particular, DoWhy implements a number of robustness checks including placebo tests, bootstrap tests, and tests for unoberved confounding. DoWhy is an extensible library that supports interoperability with other implementations, such as EconML and CausalML for the the estimation step. The library is available at https://github.com/microsoft/dowhy
A monoclonal antibody recognizing very late activation antigen-4 inhibits eosinophil accumulation in vivo. (1993)

Using an in vivo test system, the role of the beta 1 integrin very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4) in eosinophil accumulation in allergic and nonallergic inflammatory reactions was investigated. Eosinophil infiltration and edema formation were measured as the local accumulation of intravenously injected 111In-labeled eosinophils and 125I-human serum albumin. The inflammatory reactions investigated were a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and responses elicited by intradermal soluble inflammatory mediators (platelet-activating factor, leukotriene B4, C5a des Arg), arachidonic acid, and zymosan particles. The in vitro pretreatment of 111In-eosinophils with the anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) HP1/2, which crossreacts with guinea pig eosinophils, suppressed eosinophil accumulation in all the inflammatory reactions investigated. Eosinophil accumulation was inhibited to the same extent when mAb HP1/2 was administered intravenously. It is interesting that HP1/2 had no effect on stimulated edema formation. These results suggest a role for VLA-4 in eosinophil accumulation in vivo and indicate a dissociation between the inflammatory events of eosinophil accumulation and edema formation.
Regulation of gastric emptying. (1985)

Studies carried out in the years since William Beaumont's direct observations of gastric motility have provided increased understanding of the physiological roles of the stomach and of the mechanisms for the regulation of gastric motility. Tonic contractions of the proximal stomach are of primary importance for transfer of liquids from the stomach to the duodenum. Peristaltic contractions of the distal stomach are of primary importance for reducing the size of solid food particles and for transfer of solids to the duodenum. Because gastric emptying requires a net antral-duodenal pressure gradient, contractions of the duodenum also influence the rate of gastric emptying. Gastrointestinal hormones, including gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, somatostatin, and others, are released by contact of chyme with the intestinal mucosa, and affect contractions of the proximal stomach, distal stomach, and duodenum. Neural reflexes that arise from the stomach act through autonomic motor nerves to allow regulation by the central nervous system of gastric motility. gamma-Aminobutyric acid, opioids, and bombesin may serve as central neurochemical regulators of gastric motility.
Prevalence and causes of vision loss in East Asia: 1990–2010 (2014)

There has been a significant reduction in prevalence of blindness in East Asia, but a substantial absolute number of people remain blind and visually impaired, largely caused by cataract and uncorrected refractive error.
Experimental study on operating torque and leak quantity of a cylinderical rotatry valve. (1990)

The operating torque and leak quantity of a cylindrical rotary valve were investigated. Test conditions were as follows: operating fluid, air; flow rate, 220kg/h; intake pressure # (valve fully closed), 34kPa; intake pressure # (valve fully opened), 100kPa; cylindrical valve diameter, 60mm. The following conclusions were reached. The operating torque of the rotation on the outlet side was reduced to 0.01Nm compared to 0.06 Nm for the rotation on the inlet side. The leak quantity of the rotation on the outlet side was reduced by increasing the accuracy and decreasing the clearance with hard material.
Genetic analysis ofClavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity (1996)

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine the relatedness of 52 isolates of Clavibacter toxicus, the agent of annual ryegrass toxicity. These included 37 Western Australian (WA) field isolates sampled in 3 distinct locations over a 2-year period, and 15 isolates sampled from 6 different host plant species in 3 states in Australia over approximately 8 years. Seventeen reference strains for the related genera Curtobacterium, Rhodococcus and Arthrobacter were examined for comparison. The 69 isolates were divided into 29 electrophoretic types (ETs), separated by genetic distances of 0.06 to 0.81. The C. toxicus isolates fell into 12 ETs, 11 of which formed a tightly clustered group separated by a genetic distance of 0.23 or less. Thirty-one of the WA field isolates of C. toxicus fell into a single ET, and four into another ET. Clavibacter toxicus therefore formed a closely related group which was genetically distinct from the other plant pathogenic species, and a dominant widely disseminated strain of the species was identified in WA.