gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcification content quantification by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry with a 2D digital radiographic detector (2003)

In a previous paper (SPIE Medical Imaging 2001), a dual energy method for bone densitometry using a 2D digital radiographic detector has been presented. In this paper, calcium content quantification performance of the approach is precised. The main challenge is to achieve quantification using scatter-corrected dual energy acquisitions. Therefore a scatter estimation approach, based on an expression of scatter as a functional of the primary flux, has been developed. This expression is derived from the Klein and Nishina equation and includes tabulated scatter level values. The calcium quantification performances are validated on two configurations. A first one is issued from criteria developed by the French “Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur les Osteoporoses.” It is based on the use of a phantom made of five 3mm thick PVC sheets in the form of five steps, representing five different bone mineral density values, included in a lucite container filled with water. Additional lucite plates can be put over the phantom. This phantom has been used for evaluation of quantification robustness versus patient thickness and composition variations, and for accuracy evaluation. The second configuration, composed of small calcified objects (representative of lung nodules), is used for evaluating capacities to differentiate calcified from non calcified nodules and to test calcium content quantification performance.
[Total chemical synthesis of natural transfer RNA]. (1992)

New improvements in the chemical synthesis of oligoribonucleotides are reported and they are applied to the first total chemical synthesis of a natural RNA. This E. coli K12 alanine tRNA contains in its sequence dihydrouridine, ribothymidine and pseudo-uridine. The synthetic tRNA was fully sequenced and showed a 42% aminoacyl acceptance activity. When tRNA was used as a template, reverse transcriptase directed the incorporation of adenine opposite dihydrouridine, ribothymidine and pseudouridine.
Exploring the effect of food intake and physical activity on body weight (2017)

Body weight is an important measurement parameter towards management of obesity, diabetes and overall health. Previous research and society at large has primarily focused on long-term fluctuation in body weight to describe and quantify weight gain or loss. Meanwhile, little emphasis has been placed on the potential benefit of monitoring short-term body weight changes. Activities of daily living including food intake, excretion, and physical activities have a direct and measurable impact on short-term body weight in a day. Therefore, understanding the effect of these activities can provide insight towards development of a wearable system capable of detecting and quantifying daily intake, excretion and physical activities. In this study, body weight, intake, and physical activities were monitored intermittently for 7-8 hours on two separate days (sedentary and high activity). Results show that dietary intake always resulted in a positive change in body weight (mean error between measured body weight and amount of intake was ±0.24 feg). Meanwhile, high intensity physical activities (i.e. cardio) and excretion resulted in a negative change in body weight.
A General Nickel‐Catalyzed Method for C−H Bond Alkynylation of Heteroarenes Through Chelation Assistance (2016)

A general nickel-catalyzed method for the alkynylation of heteroarenes through monodentate chelation assistance is described. Many heterocycles, including indoles, pyrroles, imidazoles, and pyrazole, efficiently coupled with (triisopropylsilyl)alkynyl bromide, and synthetically important functional groups, such as halides, ether, nitrile, and nitro, are tolerated. Synthetic applicability of this Ni-catalyzed method is demonstrated by the removal of the triisopropylsilyl group and further functionalization to triazolyl, benzofuranyl, and alkynyl arene derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic investigations of the alkynylation of indole suggest that the reaction proceeds through kinetically relevant C-H activation and follows a two-electron redox pathway. A catalytically relevant Ni species, namely, [(Phen)<sub>3</sub> Ni]NiBr<sub>4</sub> (PheN=1,10-phenanthroline), was isolated and structurally characterized.
Immunochemical quantification of cynomolgus CYP2J2, CYP4A and CYP4F enzymes in liver and small intestine (2014)

1. An increasing number of studies have indicated the roles of CYP4 proteins in drug metabolism; however, CYP4 expression has not been measured in cynomolgus monkeys, an important animal species for drug metabolism studies. 2. In this study, cynomolgus CYP4A11, CYP4F2/3, CYP4F11 and CYP4F12, along with CYP2J2, were immunoquantified using selective antibodies in 28 livers and 35 small intestines, and their content was compared with CYP1A, CYP2A, CYP2B6, CYP2C9/19, CYP2D, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, previously quantified. 3. In livers, CYP2J2, CYP4A11, CYP4F2/3, CYP4F11 and CYP4F12, varied 1.3- to 4.3-fold, represented 11.2, 14.4, 8.0, 2.7 and 0.3% of total immunoquantified CYP1-4 proteins, respectively. 4. In small intestines, CYP2J2, CYP4F2/3, CYP4F11 and CYP4F12, varied 2.4- to 9.7-fold, represented 6.9, 36.4, 2.4 and 9.3% of total immunoquantified CYP1-4 proteins, respectively, making CYP4F the most abundant P450 subfamily in small intestines. CYP4A11 was under the detection limit in all of the samples analyzed. 5. Significant correlations were found in liver for CYP4A11 with lauric acid 11-/12-hydroxylation and for CYP4F2/3 and CYP4F11 with astemizole hydroxylation. 6. This study revealed the relatively abundant contents of cynomolgus CYP2J2, CYP4A11 and CYP4Fs in liver and/or small intestine, suggesting their potential roles for the metabolism of xenobitotics and endogenous substrates.
Graphene photonics for resonator-enhanced electro-optic devices and all-optical interactions (2023)

Techniques for coupling light into graphene using a planar photonic crystal having a resonant cavity characterized by a mode volume and a quality factor and at least one graphene layer positioned in proximity to the planar photonic crystal to at least partially overlap with an evanescent field of the resonant cavity. At least one mode of the resonant cavity can couple into the graphene layer via evanescent coupling. The optical properties of the graphene layer can be controlled, and characteristics of the graphene-cavity system can be detected. Coupling light into graphene can include electro-optic modulation of light, photodetection, saturable absorption, bistability, and autocorrelation.
Ultrasonic and dip resist development processes for 50 nm device fabrication (1997)

A comparison between the conventional dip development process and resist development with ultrasonic agitation at 40 kHz has been conducted for the development of high-resolution resist nanostructures with dimension down to 50 nm. High-resolution commercially available ZEP520 positive electron resist and an in-house epoxy-based negative resist were used in the study. For large area exposure with ultrasonic agitation for resist development, improved resist sensitivity (≈4%) over a dip development process was observed for positive resist and no sensitivity improvement was seen with negative resist. There was also no observable improvement in the measured resist contrast for both positive and negative resist with and without ultrasonic agitation. For resist development in dense arrays or isolated nanostructures, ultrasonic agitation for positive and negative resist development offered faster development rate, more uniformity in resist development and a larger window for exposure dose variation in resist nanostructures. For negative resist, it was also observed that the descum rate with ultrasonic agitation was more than a factor of 3 faster than for dip development. Experiments on the relative merits of ultrasonic agitation for resist development with cavitation at 25 kHz and a narrowly focused acoustic beam at 400 kHz indicated that faster development rate and resist contrast were obtained with cavitation for the experimental conditions used.
Therapeutic prospects of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of neurodermatitis (2013)

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an inhibitor of inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase, serves to suppress the immune response against alloantigens by hindering purine nucleotide synthesis in immune cells. At present, MMF is US FDA approved for the prevention of allogeneic renal transplant rejection. In this report, the authors demonstrate, to their knowledge, the first case of successful treatment of neurodermatitis complicated by lichen simplex chronicus and prurigo nodularis with MMF.
Crystal Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of PglD from Campylobacter jejuni (2008)

The carbohydrate 2, 4-diacetamido-2, 4, 6-trideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose (BacAc(2)) is found in a variety of eubacterial pathogens. In Campylobacter jejuni, PglD acetylates the C4 amino group on UDP-2-acetamido-4-amino-2, 4, 6-trideoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose (UDP-4-amino-sugar) to form UDP-BacAc(2). Sequence analysis predicts PglD to be a member of the left-handed beta helix family of enzymes. However, poor sequence homology between PglD and left-handed beta helix enzymes with existing structural data precludes unambiguous identification of the active site. The co-crystal structures of PglD in the presence of citrate, acetyl coenzyme A, or the UDP-4-amino-sugar were solved. The biological assembly is a trimer with one active site formed between two protomers. Residues lining the active site were identified, and results from functional assays on alanine mutants suggest His-125 is critical for catalysis, whereas His-15 and His-134 are involved in substrate binding. These results are discussed in the context of implications for proteins homologous to PglD in other pathogens.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Carbohydrates with Vilsmeier Reagent: A Tandem Selective Chloro O‐Formylation of Sugars. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Figure S1 from Aquaporin-7 Regulates the Response to Cellular Stress in Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Aquaporin-7 deficiency regulates breast cancer phenotypes.&lt;/p&gt;
In Situ Probing and Synthetic Control of Cationic Ordering in Ni‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes (2016)

Ni‐rich layered oxides (LiNi 1– x M x O 2 ; M = Co, Mn, …) are appealing alternatives to conventional LiCoO 2 as cathodes in Li‐ion batteries for automobile and other large‐scale applications due to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, preparing stoichiometric LiNi 1– x M x O 2 with ordered layer structure and high reversible capacity, has proven difficult due to cation mixing in octahedral sites. Herein, in situ studies of synthesis reactions and the associated structural ordering in preparing LiNiO 2 and the Co‐substituted variant, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , are made, to gain insights into synthetic control of the structure and electrochemical properties of Ni‐rich layered oxides. Results from this study indicate a direct transformation of the intermediate from the rock salt structure into hexagonal phase, and during the process, Co substitution facilities the nucleation of a Co‐rich layered phase at low temperatures and subsequent growth and stabilization of solid solution Li(Ni, Co)O 2 upon further heat treatment. Optimal conditions are identified from the in situ studies and utilized to obtain stoichiometric LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 that exhibits high capacity (up to 200 mA h g −1 ) with excellent retention. The findings shed light on designing high performance Ni‐rich layered oxide cathodes through synthetic control of the structural ordering in the materials.
Back Cover: Nanographenes: Ultrastable, Switchable, and Bright Probes for Super‐Resolution Microscopy (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1/2020) (2019)

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has enabled important breakthroughs in biology and materials science. In their Research Article on page 496, X. Liu, M. Bonn, and co-workers introduce nanographenes as a new class of fluorophores for super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Nanographenes exhibit outstanding photophysical properties, such as high brightness, intrinsic blinking even in air, excellent fluorescence recovery, and stability over several months.
Inhibition of intracellular degradation increases secretion of a mutant form of alpha1-antitrypsin associated with profound deficiency. (1998)

The mutant Z form of alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) is responsible for > 95% of all individuals with alpha1AT deficiency, an important inherited cause of emphysema and liver disease. Since secreted Z alpha1AT is a functional antiprotease, we hypothesized that interrupting catabolism of retained Z alpha1AT might increase its transport out of cells, causing an increase in extracellular protease protection. Both the protein translation inhibitor cycloheximide and the specific inhibitor of proteasome function, lactacystin, prevented intracellular degradation of Z alpha1AT. Moreover, this inhibition of degradation was associated with partial restoration of Z alpha1AT vesicular transport. This effect was observed in a model system of transfected CHO cells as well as in human alveolar macrophages synthesizing Z alpha1AT. This study supports the hypothesis that altering the intracellular fate of a mutant protein may be an option in the treatment of diseases associated with misfolded but potentially functional proteins.
Development of All-Semiconductor Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers (2019)

In this paper we discuss the development of all-semiconductor photonic crystal surface emitting lasers. These devices offer novel routes to coherently coupled arrays and a route to all-electronic beam steering from a single element device.
40 Years of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (2018)

Continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) started off as an alternative to hemo- or peritoneal dialysis. Today's machines and techniques are the result of 4 decades of developments, studies, and practices which can be divided into 4 distinct stages: exploration and development; birth of a new specialty called critical care nephrology; design of
Advanced detectors, optics, and waveform digitizers for aircraft DIAL water vapor measurements (1997)

NASA Langley has an active water vapor differential absorption lidar program taking measurements from both C-130 and ER-2 aircraft. A research effort has started to increase the signal-to-noise ratio in the DIAL receiver by 1) evaluating new very low noise avalanche photo didoes (APD), 2) designing an optics system that will focus the return light signal to the APD efficiently and 3) constructing a 10-MHz waveform digitizer board that will be small enough to be placed at the APD and telescope. With these advances we anticipate improving the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of ten over the current receiver system.
Time characteristics of a Josephson-balanced comparator (1999)

We consider the time characteristics of a balanced comparator formed by two Josephson junctions connected in series. Such a decision-making junction pair is an essential component of all RSFQ cells. The analysis is performed within the framework of a simple time-dependent oscillator model. Turn-on delay and uncertainty (jitter) of comparator switching times are analysed taking into account the influence of thermal fluctuations and the finite time duration of clock pulse. Restrictions on speed performance of RSFQ cells caused by both times are considered. Some practical recommendations on the clock frequency increase are also discussed.
Vascular landmark detection in 3D CT data (2011)

This work presents novel methods to accurately placing landmarks inside the vessel lumen. This task is an important prerequisite to automatic centerline tracing. Methods have been proposed in the past to determine the location of organ landmarks, and yet several challenges remain for vascular landmarks. First, placing landmarks inside the lumen could be challenging for narrow vessels. Second, contrast-enhanced arteries could be tightly surrounded by bones with similar intensity profiles, making detection difficult compared to arteries surrounded only by darker tissues. Third, landmarks not located at bifurcations could be ill-defined as they have high uncertainty in position. We first present a method to detect landmarks that are located at vessel bifurcations. Such landmarks have well-defined positions, and we detect them using machine learning techniques. We then present a method to detect vascular landmarks not located at bifurcations. First, a segment detector is created to detect a vessel segment. Annotating multiple points along a vessel segment is easier than annotating a single landmark position, as there is no well-defined position along a vessel. This resolves the ambiguity issue mentioned above. Second, spatial features are computed from the segment detector's response map, and a regression model is created which takes as input the local spatial features surrounding a voxel, and outputs a confidence score of how likely this voxel is inside the lumen. We evaluate the system on a set of 94 3D CT datasets.
Production of Ultracold 87Rb133Cs in the Absolute Ground State: Complete Characterisation of the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage Transfer (2016)

We present the production of ultracold <sup>87</sup> RbCs molecules in the electronic, rovibrational and hyperfine ground state, using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage to transfer the molecules from a weakly bound Feshbach state. We measure one-way transfer efficiencies of 92(1)% and fully characterise the strengths and linewidths of the transitions used. We model the transfer, including a Monte Carlo simulation of the laser noise, and find this matches well with both the transfer efficiency and our previous measurements of the laser linewidth and frequency stability.
Acquisition, Analysis, and Sharing of Data in 2015 and Beyond: A Survey of the Landscape (2015)

There was a consensus across stakeholder domains that Big Data holds great promise for revolutionizing the way cardiovascular and stroke research is conducted and clinical care is delivered; however, there is a clear need for the creation of a vision of how to use it to achieve the desired goals. Potential roles for the AHA center around facilitating a discussion of standards, providing education, and helping establish a cardiovascular digital ecosystem. This ecosystem should be interoperable and needs to interface with the rapidly growing digital object environment of the modern-day healthcare system.
In situ Localization of the Human Multidrug‐resistance Gene mRNA Using Thymine‐Thymine Dimerized Single‐stranded cDNA (1990)

In order to detect the mRNA transcribed from the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1), thymine-thymine (T-T) dimerized single-stranded DNA probes have been utilized for hybridization with mRNA either on nitrocellulose filters or in cells and tissues. S1 nuclease digestion rather than sonication was used to obtain short T-T dimerized single-stranded DNA (300-400 bases) so that they could penetrate well into the cytoplasm. The hybridized T-T DNA was detected immunohistochemically using rabbit anti-T-T DNA antibody (Ab) and peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG Ab. Employing this system, MDR1 mRNA could be localized clearly in the human multidrug-resistant cell lines K562/ADM, CEM/VLB, 2780AD, and KBC4 cells as well as in human fetal kidney and gastric carcinoma. Furthermore, our system successfully detected the expression of MDR1 mRNA in cell lines of increasing resistance. These results paralleled results obtained at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. The analysis of MDR1 RNA expression by this in situ hybridization technique should be useful in the study of normal human tissues and tumor samples expressing the MDR1 gene.
Nurturing the Early Life Gut Microbiome and Immune Maturation for Long Term Health (2021)

Early life is characterized by developmental milestones such as holding up the head, turning over, sitting up and walking that are typically achieved sequentially in specific time windows. Similarly, the early gut microbiome maturation can be characterized by specific temporal microorganism acquisition, colonization and selection with differential functional features over time. This orchestrated microbial sequence occurs from birth during the first years of age before the microbiome reaches an adult-like composition and function between 3 and 5 years of age. Increasingly, these different steps of microbiome development are recognized as crucial windows of opportunity for long term health, primarily linked to appropriate immune and metabolic development. For instance, microbiome disruptors such as preterm and Cesarean-section birth, malnutrition and antibiotic use are associated with increased risk to negatively affect long-term immune and metabolic health. Different age discriminant microbiome taxa and functionalities are used to describe age-appropriate microbiome development, and advanced modelling techniques enable an understanding and visualization of an optimal microbiome maturation trajectory. Specific microbiome features can be related to later health conditions, however, whether such features have a causal relationship is the topic of intense research. Early life nutrition is an important microbiome modulator, and 'Mother Nature' provides the model with breast milk as the sole source of nutrition for the early postnatal period, while dietary choices during the prenatal and weaning period are to a large extent guided by tradition and culture. Increasing evidence suggests prenatal maternal diet and infant and child nutrition impact the infant microbiome trajectory and immune competence development. The lack of a universal feeding reference for such phases represents a knowledge gap, but also a great opportunity to provide adequate nutritional guidance to maintain an age-appropriate microbiome for long term health. Here, we provide a narrative review and perspective on our current understanding of age-appropriate microbiome maturation, its relation to long term health and how nutrition shapes and influences this relationship.
Results of an Internet Survey Determining the Most Frequently Used Ankle Scores by AOFAS Members (2005)

Most respondents preferred using the AOFAS Ankle score. The use of the empirical AOFAS Ankle score continues among AOFAS members.
Deformable Surface Tracking Ambiguities (2007)

We study from a theoretical standpoint the ambiguities that occur when tracking a generic deformable surface under monocular perspective projection given 3D to 2D correspondences. We show that, additionally to the known scale ambiguity, a set of potential ambiguities can be clearly identified. From this, we deduce a minimal set of constraints required to disambiguate the problem and incorporate them into a working algorithm that runs on real noisy data.