gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast, Large-Scale Transformation-Invariant Clustering (2002)

In previous work on transformed mixtures of Gaussians and transformed hidden Markov models, we showed how the EM algorithm in a discrete latent variable model can be used to jointly normalize data (e.g., center images, pitch-normalize spectrograms) and learn a mixture model of the normalized data. The only input to the algorithm is the data, a list of possible transformations, and the number of clusters to find. The main criticism of this work was that the exhaustive computation of the posterior probabilities over transformations would make scaling up to large feature vectors and large sets of transformations intractable. Here, we describe how a tremendous speed-up is acheived through the use of a variational technique for decoupling transformations, and a fast Fourier transform method for computing posterior probabilities. For N × N images, learning C clusters under N rotations, N scales, N x-translations and N y-translations takes only (C + 2 log N)N2 scalar operations per iteration. In contrast, the original algorithm takes CN6 operations to account for these transformations. We give results on learning a 4-component mixture model from a video sequence with frames of size 320×240. The model accounts for 360 rotations and 76,800 translations. Each iteration of EM takes only 10 seconds per frame in MATLAB, which is over 5 million times faster than the original algorithm.
Harvey Cushing and the regulation of blood pressure in giraffe, rat and man: introducing ‘Cushing's mechanism’ (2008)

The fundamental mechanism that underlies essential hypertension is a high total peripheral resistance. We review here possible origins of high total peripheral resistance in physiologically hypertensive giraffes, spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans with essential hypertension. We propose that a common link could be reduced brainstem perfusion, as first suggested by Cushing in 1901. Any tendency towards reduction of cerebral blood flow to the cardiovascular control centres in rest and sleep will be prevented by activation of a response arising in the brainstem. The response will proportionately increase systemic blood pressure and return cerebral blood flow to a new homeostatic level. New evidence we review here supports this idea and leads us to suggest that central regulation of blood pressure has two components: the classic Cushing's response, which is a terminal event, and a Cushing's mechanism, which is a physiological mechanism for long-term control of mean arterial pressure. In giraffes, Cushing's mechanism is activated by increasing neck length during growth and subsequent gravitational hypotension that stimulates a rise in basal arterial blood pressure. In man and rats, the mechanism is activated by narrowing of the arteries supplying the brainstem. If we are correct, future successful treatment of essential hypertension in man will include methods of reducing cerebral arterial resistance.
Partial [αMe]Aun scan of [l‐Leu11‐OMe]‐trichogin GA IV, a membrane active synthetic precursor of the natural lipopeptaibol (2001)

We synthesized using solution-phase methods three analogs of [l-Leu11-OMe] trichogin GA IV, a membrane active synthetic precursor of the lipopeptaibol antibiotic in which the N-terminal n-octanoyl group and each of the three Aib residues in positions 1, 4 and 8 are replaced by an acetyl group and the lipophilic Calpha,alpha-disubstituted glycine l-(alphaMe)Aun, respectively [partial (alphaMe)Aun scan]. FT-IR absorption and CD analyses unequivocally show that the main three-dimensional structural features of [l-Leu11-OMe] trichogin GA IV are preserved in the analogs. Also, [l-Leu11-OMe] trichogin GA IV and the three Nalpha-acetylated l-(alphaMe)Aun analogs exhibit strictly comparable membrane-modifying properties. Taken together, these results strongly favor the conclusion that a shift of the long hydrocarbon moiety from the Nalpha-blocking group to the side-chain of the 1, 4 or 8 residue does not have any significant effect on the conformational properties or the membrane activity of [l-Leu11-OMe] trichogin GA IV and, by extension, of the natural lipopeptaibol.
Cognitive and Clinical Dysfunction, Altered MEG Resting-State Networks and Thalamic Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis (2013)

The relation between pathological findings and clinical and cognitive decline in Multiple Sclerosis remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that altered functional connectivity could provide a missing link between structural findings, such as thalamic atrophy and white matter lesion load, and clinical and cognitive dysfunction. Resting-state magnetoencephalography recordings from 21 MS patients and 17 gender- and age matched controls were projected onto atlas-based regions-of-interest using beamforming. Average functional connectivity was computed for each ROI and literature-based resting-state networks using the phase-lag index. Structural measures of whole brain and thalamic atrophy and lesion load were estimated from MRI scans. Global analyses showed lower functional connectivity in the alpha2 band and higher functional connectivity in the beta band in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Additionally, alpha2 band functional connectivity was lower for the patients in two resting-state networks, namely the default mode network and the visual network. Higher beta band functional connectivity was found in the default mode network and in the temporo-parietal network. Lower alpha2 band functional connectivity in the visual network was related to lower thalamic volumes. Beta band functional connectivity correlated positively with disability scores, most prominently in the default mode network, and correlated negatively with cognitive performance in this network. These findings illustrate the relationship between thalamic atrophy, altered functional connectivity and clinical and cognitive dysfunction in MS, which could serve as a bridge to understand how neurodegeneration is associated with altered functional connectivity and subsequently clinical and cognitive decline.
Evaluation of the BioRID P3 and the Hybrid III in pendulum impacts to the back--a comparison to human subject test data. (2000)

The BioRID P3 (Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy) and the Hybrid III were evaluated in pendulum impacts to the back and compared to data from previous cadaver tests. The test setup impacting seated cadavers was reproduced with a pendulum impacting seated dummies at the level of T6 (6th thoracic vertebra). The pendulum mass was 23 kg and the impact velocity 4.6 m/s. The results showed that the BioRID P3 was more biofidelic than the Hybrid III in terms of the peak responses and the temporal window of the head and head relative to T1 horizontal, vertical, and angular displacement. This study is an evaluation of both the BioRID P3 and the Hybrid III against a recently available set of human subject data. The study meets the need for validation of the BioRID P3 at a higher impact severity than has been previously accomplished.
The Enteroinsular Axis (2019)

The global incidence of diabetes mellitus is rising exponentially, with an estimated 422 million confirmed cases worldwide in 2014, in comparison to 108 million in 1980 (WHO 2016). Unsurprisingly, this is becoming a significant financial burden for all nations, with healthcare costs for diabetes predicted to rise from the current £265 billion per year to £345 billion by 2030 (WHO 2016). There are two major forms of diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the vast majority of cases being T2DM [1]. Although various environmental and genetic factors have been connected to the onset of T2DM, the most accepted cause is linked to over-nutrition and an inactive lifestyle [2]. Thus, one of the major contributing factors to T2DM is the co-existence of obesity [3]. Indeed, the initial treatment plan for almost all newly diagnosed T2DM patients includes key nutritional advice to balance the right amount of dietary carbohydrates, fat, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals with the view of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and reducing body weight [4]. Unfortunately, in many cases, diet and lifestyle changes are not sufficient to satisfactorily manage T2DM, and pharmacotherapy is required [5].
Vectorization of Multiple Small Matrix Problems (1994)

Multiple independent matrix problems of very small size appear in a variety of different fields. In this work, we study the implementation of elementary linear algebra subroutines so as to best use vectorizing compilers and vector hardware for multiple small problem instances. We check the performance improvement over the single-instance optimized codes on different vector supercomputers. We also describe how to automate the transformation of a single-instance linear algebra solver into a multiple instance solver. 1 Introduction We are interested in multiple-instance matrix problems where the matrices are typically small. The task of coding an elementary linear algebra algorithm for a matrix problem of small dimension is not particularly easier than writing code for large problems. Thus, a user is tempted to just make a call to the code from a standard library like LINPACK [DMBS79] instead of writing a multipleinstance version of the algorithm, even though such a code is optimized for...
C Factors Pinpoint Resource Utilization in Chemical Industrial Processes (2009)

This Full Paper illustrates the use of the C factor (CO(2)/product mass ratio) as a parameter to evaluate the CO(2)-burden of a product. The C factor contains information of the total amount of CO(2) emitted in order to produce a product, and thus enables a direct comparison of different processes from a CO(2) aspect. We illustrate how this simple concept can be used to evaluate different resource types and processes. The C factors for different chemicals such as methanol, synfuels, and acetic acid are calculated for oil, coal, natural gas, and biomass. Based on these calculations, the combination of biomass and natural gas is an attractive alternative to coal, leading to products that have significantly lower C factors.
Plasma lipids are affected similarly by dietary lauric or palmitic acid in gerbils and monkeys (1995)

To compare the relative impact of dietary lauric acid (12:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) on plasma lipids, two fat-sensitive species, Mongolian gerbils and cebus monkeys, were fed cholesterol-free, purified diets enriched with either 12:0-rich or 16:0-rich fats, while all other fatty acids were held constant by selective blending of up to five natural fats or oils. The two gerbil diets (40 en% from fat) allowed for an 8 en% exchange between 12:0 and 16:0, and the monkey diets (31 en% from fat) allowed for 6 en% exchange between these two fatty acids. Eight gerbils received the diets for eight weeks, and 12 cebus monkeys were fed each diet in a cross-over design for up to 22 wk. Both diets resulted in similar plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations within each species. Additionally, separation of cebus lipoproteins by discontinuous density-gradient ultracentrifugation failed to show any dietary differences in concentration or composition of the three major lipoprotein classes (d < 1.019, 1.019-1.055, and 1.055-1.168 g/mL). Thus, in two species sensitive to manipulations in dietary fat while consuming cholesterol-free diets, 16:0 was not hypercholesterolemic relative to 12:0.
Biochemical characterization of a family of serine/threonine protein kinases regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylations. (1991)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42mapk) becomes transiently activated after treatment of serum-starved murine Swiss 3T3 cells or EL4 thymocytes with a diversity of mitogens. Similarly, a meiosis-activated protein kinase (p44mpk) becomes stimulated during maturation of sea star oocytes induced by 1-methyladenine. Both p42mapk and p44mpk have been identified as protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated as a consequence of their phosphorylation. Because homologous protein kinases may play essential roles in both mitogenesis and oogenesis, we have compared in detail the biochemical properties of these two kinases. We find that these kinases are highly related based on their in vitro substrate specificities, sensitivity to inhibitors, and immunological cross-reactivity. However, they differ in apparent molecular weight and can be separated chromatographically, indicating that the two enzymes are distinct. Furthermore, in the course of this investigation, we have identified a 44-kDa protein kinase in mitogen-stimulated Swiss mouse 3T3 cells and EL4 thymocytes that co-purifies with p44mpk and thus appears to be a closer homolog of the sea star enzyme. Analysis of these protein kinases clarifies the relationships between a set of tyrosine-phosphorylated 41-45-kDa proteins present in mitogen-stimulated cells (Martinez, R., Nakamura., K. D., and Weber, M. J. (1982) Mol. Cell. Biol. 2, 653-655; Cooper, J. A., and Hunter, T. (1984) Mol. Cell. Biol. 4, 30-37), two myelin basic protein kinases identified in epidermal growth factor-treated Swiss mouse 3T3 cells (Ahn, N. G., Weiel, J. E., Chan, C. P., and Krebs, E. G. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 11487-11494), and p42mapk. Our work points to the existence of a group of related serine/threonine protein kinases, regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation and functioning at different stages of the cell cycle.
Dramatic improvement of V/sub fb/ shift and G/sub m/ /sup max/ with ultra-thin and ultra-low-leakage SiN-based SiON gate dielectrics (2006)

The understanding of the mechanism of Delta V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fb</sub> and the improvement of [N]-DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fb</sub> relationship are essential for realizing SiON film with superior device performance. By forming the smooth SiN film with high-density NequivSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> structure and suppressing the deterioration of Si-N network due to oxidation, SiON films with dramatic improvement on [N]-DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fb</sub> relationship with ultra-thin EOT (0.71 nm), ultra-low leakage current (134 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and high G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sup> (115%) is realized. The middle temperature and low pressure nitridation and the optimization of oxidation conditions are the keys to form defect-less perfect Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> and SiON film and to achieve these performances
sym-Trisubstituted 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives as Promising Organic Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Acidic Solution (2016)

Triazine derivatives, namely, 2,4,6-tris(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (T3Q), N2,N4,N6-tris(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (T3AMPy) and 2,2′,2′′-[(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(azanediyl)] tris(ethan-1-ol) (T3EA) were synthesized and their inhibition of steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using electrochemical techniques. The corrosion protection of the prepared compounds increased with increasing concentration and reached up to 98% at 250 ppm. The adsorption of T3Q, T3AMPy, and T3EA on the steel surface was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The electrochemical results revealed that T3Q, T3AMPy and T3EA act as excellent organic inhibitors and can labeled as mixed type inhibitors. The efficiencies of the tested compounds were affected by the nature of the side chain present in the triazine ring, where T3EA gave the least inhibition while T3Q and T3AMPy gave higher and almost the same inhibition effects. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from the different electrochemical techniques were in good agreement.
Steroid hormones and their metabolites in water of centralized drinking water supply systems as ecopolutants (2021)

Information about the presence of drugs and their metabolites in the water of centralized drinking water supply systems is presented; the main groups of drugs found in purified drinking water of large cities are given. The main groups of drugs found in a centralized drinking water supply system include antidepressants (amitriptyllin), antibacterial drugs of various groups (amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, azithromycin), narcotic analgesics (cocaine, morphine, their derivatives), psychoactive stimulants, benzodiazepines, hormones (estrogen and its metabolites estrone and estriol). A high level of potential risk to public health is marked due to the presence of steroid hormones and their active metabolites in drinking water. The concept of endocrine dysregulating complexes is formulated. Such complexes can be of a different nature of origin, but all of them affect receptors for estrogen and progesterone. It leads to abnormalities of hormonal regulation, affects endogenous synthesis, transport and secretory function. From the standpoint of ecotoxicology, further ways of working out the problem of the presence of steroid hormones in drinking water are proposed: the development of theoretical approaches to substantiating hygienic standards concerning the monitoring of these compounds in the water of centralized drinking water supply systems.
Fluidized‐bed reactor scale‐up: Reaction kinetics required (2022)

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
The performance of an "imbedded" Aloha protocol in wireless networks (2002)

We propose a protocol "imbedding" technique whereby a secondary, slotted Aloha protocol is imbedded within the idle slots of an existing primary, slotted-time, multiple access scheme via "idle sensing", a form of carrier sense multiple access. We consider two applications: mixed-priority data transmission in multistation networks and integrated voice/data operation in cellular systems. For mixed-priority data transmission, we propose a two-level, imbedded, slotted Aloha protocol which consists of a primary and secondary level protocol. The secondary's operation is imbedded within the idle slots of the primary. Higher priority traffic is given to the primary protocol and lower priority traffic is given to the secondary. Since the performance of the primary slotted Aloha protocol (which operates independently of the secondary) is well known, we focus on the performance of the secondary protocol and analyze its throughput and delay. The protocol's operation is studied in both single cell and multicell settings where, in the latter, intercell interference is modeled as feedback errors. We present a novel approximation method for analyzing the secondary protocol's performance based on the notion that the non-empty slots of the primary protocol can also be viewed as the "feedback error interference" at the secondary protocol. This reduces the order of the underlying Markov chain from two dimensions to one with almost no loss of accuracy. Using these same methods, we also study the usage of this imbedding technique for data transmission in a voice-only, cellular TDMA system.
Acidic Co‐Catalysts in Cationic Gold Catalysis (2016)

A systematic study on the effects of Lewis or Brønsted acid co-catalysts in gold-catalyzed reactions was undertaken using representative reactions (O-, N-, and C-nucleophilic additions to alkynes). Through these reactions, it was demonstrated that an acidic co-catalyst can increase the catalyst turnover significantly, enabling practical reaction rates at competitive catalyst loadings (<1 mol %). Further investigation is currently underway to improve the understanding of the subtle principles underlying these experimental observations.
Toward Characterizing the Productivity Benefits of Very Large Displays (2003)

Abstract: Larger display surfaces are becoming increasingly available due to multi-monitor capability built into many systems, in addition to the rapid decrease in their costs. However, little is known about the performance benefits of using these larger surfaces compared to traditional single-monitor displays. In addition, it is not clear that current software designs and interaction techniques have been properly tuned for these larger surfaces. A preliminary user study was carried out to provide some initial evidence about the benefits of large versus small display surfaces for complex, multi-application office work. Significant benefits were observed in the use of a prototype, larger display, in addition to significant positive user preference and satisfaction with its use over a small display. In addition, design guidelines for enhancing user interaction across large display surfaces were identified. User productivity could be significantly enhanced in future graphical user interface designs if developed with these findings in mind.
Veterinary-prescribed physical activity promotes walking in healthy dogs and people (2020)

Veterinary-prescribed PA programs appear promising for increasing PA among insufficiently active but otherwise healthy dogs as well as their owners. Additional testing of veterinary-prescribed PA is warranted, particularly at other types of veterinary clinics (e.g., private practices). Incorporating wearable devices permitting owners to track canine PA did not appear necessary for obtaining these benefits; however, additional studies investigating alternative devices or different time periods may be warranted.
Enhanced osteoclast development in collagen-induced arthritis in interferon-γ receptor knock-out mice as related to increased splenic CD11b+myelopoiesis (2004)

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is accompanied by splenomegaly due to the selective expansion of immature CD11b+ myeloblasts. Both disease manifestations are more pronounced in interferon-gamma receptor knock-out (IFN-gammaR KO) mice. We have taken advantage of this difference to test the hypothesis that the expanding CD11b+ splenic cell population constitutes a source from which osteoclast precursors are recruited to the joint synovia. We found larger numbers of osteoclasts and more severe bone destruction in joints of IFN-gammaR KO mice than in joints of wild-type mice. Osteoclast-like multinucleated cells appeared in splenocyte cultures established in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and stimulated with the osteoclast-differentiating factor receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) or with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Significantly larger numbers of such cells could be generated from splenocytes of IFN-gammaR KO mice than from those of wild-type mice. This was not accompanied, as might have been expected, by increased concentrations of the intracellular adaptor protein TRAF6, known to be involved in signalling of RANKL- and TNF-alpha-induced osteoclast formation. Splenocyte cultures of IFN-gammaR KO mice also produced more TNF-alpha and more RANKL than those of wild-type mice. Finally, splenocytes isolated from immunised IFN-gammaR KO mice contained comparatively low levels of pro-interleukin-1beta (pro-IL-1beta) and pro-caspase-1, indicating more extensive conversion of pro-IL-1beta into secreted active IL-1beta. These observations provide evidence that all conditions are fulfilled for the expanding CD11b+ splenocytes to act as a source of osteoclasts and to be indirectly responsible for bone destruction in CIA. They also provide a plausible explanation for the higher susceptibility of IFN-gammaR KO mice to CIA.