gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Antigen Dose Is Detrimental to Post-Exposure Vaccine Protection against Tuberculosis (2018)

<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), causes 1.8M deaths annually. The current vaccine, BCG, has failed to eradicate TB leaving 25% of the world's population with latent Mtb infection (LTBI), and 5-10% of these people will reactivate and develop active TB. An efficient therapeutic vaccine targeting LTBI could have an enormous impact on global TB incidence, and could be an important aid in fighting multidrug resistance, which is increasing globally. Here we show in a mouse model using the H56 (Ag85B-ESAT-6-Rv2660) TB vaccine candidate that post-exposure, but not preventive, vaccine protection requires low vaccine antigen doses for optimal protection. Loss of protection from high dose post-exposure vaccination was not associated with a loss of overall vaccine response magnitude, but rather with greater differentiation and lower functional avidity of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells. High vaccine antigen dose also led to a decreased ability of vaccine-specific CD4 T cells to home into the Mtb-infected lung parenchyma, a recently discovered important feature of T cell protection in mice. These results underscore the importance of T cell quality rather than magnitude in TB-vaccine protection, and the significant role that antigen dosing plays in vaccine-mediated protection.
Advanced particle contamination control in EUV scanners (2019)

With the introduction of the NXE:3400B scanner, ASML has brought EUV to High-Volume Manufacturing (HVM). In this context, ASML is pursuing a dual-path approach towards zero reticle defectivity: EUV-compatible pellicle or zero particles towards reticle by advanced particle contamination control. This paper will focus on the latter approach of advanced particle contamination control and will show that we are able to reduce particle contamination towards reticle to a level that is compatible with HVM requirements for sub-10nm node lithography.
Field alignment of bent-core smectic liquid crystals for analog optical phase modulation (2015)

A general method for aligning bent-core smectic liquid crystal materials is described. Alternating electric fields between interdigitated electrodes patterned on one cell surface create torques on the liquid crystal that result in uniform “bookshelf” orientation of the smectic layers. The aligned cell can then be driven in the conventional way by applying an electric field between all of the stripe electrodes connected together and a monolithic electrode on the other cell surface. Fast, analog, optical phase-only modulation is demonstrated in a device containing a polar, bent-core SmAPF material aligned using this technique.
High-efficiency small molecule light-emitting diodes by spin-coating for orange, blue and white emission (2000)

We present efficient organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) which have a single organic layer, applied by spin-coating, and air-stable Al cathodes. The organic layer consists of a spin-coated thin film of polystyrene in which various active materials were dispersed. For orange emission, Alq 3 and rubrene are used as active material; for blue, a phenylene-vinylene trimer (1,4-bis(1,1-diphenyl-2-ethenyl)benzene) is used. Also white light emission has been achieved by combining the molecules for orange and blue emission. We discuss the fabrication process, the characteristics, and the dependence of the OLED properties on the concentrations of the various active materials.
Dynamic interactions between the sympathetic and vagal systems in regulating heart rate (2002)

Complex interactions exist between the sympathetic and vagal systems in regulating heart rate. We earlier reported that activation of either one of the sympathetic and vagal nerves augments the dynamic heart rate response to concurrent stimulation of its counterpart. We attributed these interactions to the assumed sigmoidal nonlinearity between autonomic activity and heart rate. To validate this hypothesis, we stimulated the sympathetic and vagal nerves according to Gaussian white noise signals. The stimulation frequencies were chosen so that we could identify the system characteristics over the entire operating range of the heart rate regulation. A neural network analysis revealed nonlinear sigmoidal relationship between the autonomic nervous activity and heart rate. Because of this nonlinearity, we conclude that changes in sympathetic or vagal tone alone can alter the dynamic heart response to stimulation of the other nerve. These results suggest that a high frequency component of the heart rate variability appears to reflect not only vagal activity but also sympathetic activity through the interactions between the sympathetic and vagal systems.
Vortex phase boundaries from ferromagnetic resonance measurements in a patterned disc array (2009)

Using a recently developed broadband microwave measurement technique, we have studied the hysteretic appearance and disappearance with in-plane magnetic field of the uniform ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) mode of a patterned permalloy disk array. The observed features are consistent with our micromagnetic simulations (performed on an infinite array of such disks), which predict that on decreasing the magnetic field from a positively magnetized state at positive fields the array will: (i) pass continuously into a double-vortex state; (ii) followed by a discontinuous transition to a single-vortex state; and finally (iii) discontinuously into a negatively magnetized state at some negative field. The hysteretic counterpart occurs on reversing the field sweep and returning to positive fields. The FMR data are consistent with the hysteretic dc magnetization measurements performed earlier on samples patterned in an identical manner.
Polyurethane−Polyacrylate Interpenetrating Networks. 1. Preparation and Morphology (1996)

Three types of urethane−acrylate IPN's, two sequential and one simultaneous, were prepared in which the urethane was formed under thermal polymerization; and the acrylate, by photopolymerization. The IPN morphologies were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). When the urethane was reacted to relatively high conversion prior to photoinitiation of the acrylate, the IPN's obtained were characterized by very small domain sizes (<20 nm) and a single Tg between those of the two components. When the acrylate polymerization was induced following much smaller conversion of the urethane, or if the acrylate was polymerized first, domains of larger size (>100 nm) were obtained. In these two instances, if the Tg's of the individual components are well separated, dynamic mechanical analysis indicated separate Tg values close to the Tg's of the individual components. The degree of phase mixing in each IPN was estimated from the Tg values from the Fox equation, and these correlate with the various processing conditions.
Total efficiency dynamics of handheld devices influenced by human hand (2008)

The radiation characteristics of small terminal antennas are deteriorated by the presence of the human hand, which influence reveals to be more important than the head. Several hand models and configurations have been compared using the FDTD method, in order to find the amount of absorption and mismatch loss for both monopole and PIFA antennas at 1.8 GHz. It was found a location-dependent behavior of the PIFA on the handset, which affects both absorption loss and detuning. Obtained results confirm that the position of the hand strongly affects radiation efficiency, while absorption loss reveals to be the main issue, being often several dB higher than mismatch loss.
Optimal 40 Gb/s modulation formats for spectrally efficient long-haul DWDM systems (2002)

Three modulation formats are compared by numerical simulation of highly dense (75-GHz-spaced for 40 Gb/s channel), long-haul (600-1800 km) wavelength division multiplexed systems with three fiber types. Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) format, being the most spectrally compact and the simplest in transmitter and receiver configuration of the three, seems to be capable enough at shorter transmission distances than 1000 km regardless of fiber type. Carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (RZ) format, being the most tolerant to the self-phase modulation effect, showed better performance with fibers having larger chromatic dispersion. However, its transmission distance with low dispersion fibers is severely limited by the four-wave mixing effect. Bit-synchronous intensity modulated differential phase shift keying (IM-DPSK) format seems to be the best choice for a transmission distance beyond 1000 km because of its superior tolerance to optical noise and fiber nonlinear effects regardless of fiber types, despite slightly more complex transmitter and receiver configurations.
Estimating Gas Turbine Engine Weight, Costs, and Development Time During the Preliminary Aircraft Engine Design Process (2013)

This paper describes the application of a weight and cost-estimating methodology used in an undergraduate aircraft engine design course that is taught in concert with a companion course in airframe design. The two preliminary designs, one for the engine and the other for the airframe, must be integrated as subsystems within a system to satisfy the performance requirements of a given mission as outlined in a single “request for proposals”. In recent years, systems engineering management majors have been added to the design teams to work alongside the aeronautical engineering majors to analyze and report on costs, schedule, and technical risk factors in addition to the operational performance factors that have previously been the sole focus of the course. The teaming of technical management majors and aeronautical engineering majors has been driven by a heightened emphasis on system affordability. The cost-estimating methodology for gas turbine engines uses cycle parameters such as turbine rotor inlet temperature, overall pressure ratio, specific fuel consumption, level of technology, and engine dry weight as inputs. A methodology for estimating dry engine weight was developed which uses engine cycle parameters and fan face diameter as inputs in a volume analog scaling factor which was correlated against historical engine weight data. To tie all of the performance, weight, cost, and development time issues together, the paper presents an “analysis of alternatives” example that considers three different engine cycle alternatives. The design tools presented in this paper will provide a strong foundational understanding of how to systematically weigh and evaluate the important tradeoffs between aircraft turbofan engine performance, cost, schedule, and risk factors. Equipping students with the insight and ability to perform these multidisciplinary trade studies during the preliminary engine design process is this paper’s most important contribution.
Study of molten zone profile and defect formation during laser heated pedestal growth (2019)

High quality single crystal sapphire optical fiber is important not only for its capacity for high laser power delivery, but also for applications in harsh environment sensing. Improving the quality of Laser Heated Pedestal Growth (LHPG) fabricated single crystal fiber has been a long-term effort for decades. The equilibrium state during crystal growth and defect formation rate are the two most important factors in single crystal fiber fabrication. In this paper, we study the theory governing the molten zone profile and verify the theoretical predictions with a high-resolution CCD camera. We also study defect formation during the crystal growth process and observed dislocation defects with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These analyses will help to guide high quality single crystal fiber fabrication and hopefully will lead to the production of better fibers for harsh-environment sensing applications.
Collaborative energy debugging for mobile devices (2012)

We aim to detect and diagnose code misbehavior that wastes energy, which we call energy bugs. This paper describes a method and implementation, called Carat, for performing such diagnosis on mobile devices. Carat takes a collaborative, black-box approach. A non-invasive client app sends intermittent, coarse-grained measurements to a server, which identifies correlations between higher expected energy use and client properties like the running apps, device model, and operating system. Carat successfully detected all energy bugs in a controlled experiment and, during a deployment to 883 users, identified 5434 instances of apps exhibiting buggy behavior in the wild.
Polyene Cyclization Promoted by the Cross-Conjugated α-Carbalkoxy Enone System. Observation on a Putative 1,5-Hydride/1,3-Alkyl Shift under Lewis Acid Catalysis (2007)

Polyene cyclization of compounds 3 and 4 under catalysis with AlCl3 and/or SnCl4 gave rise to complex bicyclic products 8 and 9, structures of which were highly unexpected, and X-ray analyses were invoked for unambiguously structural identification. Mechanistically, a tandem sigma-bond rearrangement process, including an unusual through-space 1,5-hydride or 1,3-alkyl shift as a key operation, is proposed.
Cyan-Emitting Sialon-Polytypoid Phosphor Discovered by a Single-Particle-Diagnosis Approach (2021)

Benefiting from a novel phosphor screening method based on single crystal X-ray diffractometry and single-particle spectroscopy, i.e., the single-particle-diagnosis approach, a new Eu 2+ -activated cyan-emitting oxynitride phosphor (Si 2.5 Al 9.5 O 0.5 N 12.5 :Eu 2+ ) was discovered. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the particle revealed that this sialon-polytypoid crystallizes in the Cmcm space group (No. 63) with a = 3.0704 Å, b = 18.6697 Å, c = 35.7178 Å, and Z = 8. The analyzed orthorhombic structure is built up of highly condensed networks that constructed from linked [MX 4 ] (M = Si, Al; X = O, N) tetrahedra. Although there are no obvious crystalline sites able to accommodate larger Eu 2+ ions in the host, the time-resolved streak imaging of a single crystalline particle indicates that the cyan-emitting band peaking at ∼500 nm with a relatively narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of ∼61 nm exhibits a typical Eu 2+ fluorescent lifetime (∼0.39 μ s) in oxynitrides. Besides, slight lifetime variation (0.32 μ s vs 0.47 μ s) between shorter wavelength region (450–500 nm) and longer wavelength region (500–550 nm) of the Eu 2+ emission band may suggest two different crystalline environments around Eu 2+ . This sialon-polytypoid cyan-emitting phosphor with efficient excitability at 365 nm may find its potential application as an all-inorganic color-converter in near-ultraviolet (NUV) excited wLEDs.
Concepts For Processing And Analyzing Of Multiple SAR And Landsat Images (1988)

The use and application of multi-sensor data sets are an absolute necessity for remote sensing to fulfill its promise. Initial efforts of registering dissimilar images have been made, but results are not widely available. This paper describes some initial work to better understand the difficulties of multi-sensor registration. Accuracies achieved are in excess of a pixel diameter.
Analysis of anti-Omicron neutralizing antibody titers in different vaccinated and unvaccinated convalescent plasma sources (2021)

The latest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron, with its immune escape from therapeutic anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies and WA-1 vaccine-elicited sera, demonstrates the continued relevance of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapies. Lessons learnt from previous usage of CCP suggests focusing on early outpatients and immunocompromised recipients, with high neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer units. In this analysis we systematically reviewed Omicron-neutralizing plasma activity data, and found that approximately 47% (424/902) of CCP from unvaccinated pre-Omicron donors neutralizes Omicron BA.1 with a very low geomean of geometric mean titers for 50% neutralization GM(GMT<sub>50</sub>) of about 13, representing a more than 20-fold reduction from WA-1 neutralization. Two doses of mRNA vaccines in nonconvalescent subjects had a similar 50% percent neutralization with Omicron BA.1 neutralization GM(GMT(<sub>50</sub>)) of about 27. However, plasma from vaccinees recovered from either previous pre-Omicron variants of concern infection, Omicron BA.1 infection, or third-dose uninfected vaccinees was nearly 100% neutralizing against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 with GM(GMT(<sub>50</sub>)) all over 189, 10 times higher than pre-Omicron CCP. Fully vaccinated and post-BA.1 plasma (Vax-CCP) had GM(GMT<sub>50</sub>) over 450 for BA.4/5 and over 1500 for BA.1 and BA.2. These findings have implications for both CCP stocks collected in prior pandemic periods and plans to restart CCP collections. Thus, Vax-CCP provides an effective tool to combat ongoing variants that defeat therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Artificial Intelligence in Future Evolution of Mobile Communication (2019)

With the completion of the first release (Rel-15) of the 3GPP fifth-generation (5G) NR specifications [1, 2], the research community should now direct its focus towards the next step in the evolution of wireless mobile communication. Similar to earlier generations, it can be expected that the next ten years will see a gradual evolution of NR, introducing new innovative technology components and further enhancing the capabilities and expanding the scope of 5G wireless access. In a longer-time perspective, we may see the emergence of completely new “beyond 5G” radio-access technology.
Harnessing the immune system to provide long-term survival in patients with melanoma and other solid tumors (2014)

Accumulating data from patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory agents indicate that harnessing the power of the immune system is integral to achieve improve long-term cancer containment rates and prolong patient survival. Due to their mechanism of action, immunotherapeutic approaches have the potential to be effective against almost every tumor type. Durable responses to immunotherapy and prolonged patient survival have indeed been documented in individuals with melanoma, as well as kidney and lung cancer. These advances call for the re-evaluation of how clinical benefit is measured in an era in which long-term tumor control and survival are achievable treatment goals.
Efficient modular phosphorus-containing ligands for stereoselective catalysis (2018)

Abstract Over several years, our research team has contributed to ligand design for metal-catalyzed stereoselective transformations. This has been achieved with the synthesis and application to organic transformations of interest of an array of structurally diverse P-containing ligands. These range from highly modular enantiopure phosphine–phosphite ligands to supramolecularly regulated enantioselective phosphorus-based catalysts. Our research in supramolecular interactions has also led to the discovery of an unprecedented halogen-bonded rhodium-catalyst.
Analysis of Multi-Quantum Well Electroabsorption Modulators (2002)

Electroabsorption modulators (EAMs) based on the quantum confined Stark effect have advantages in appli-cations that require high speed, low drive voltage, and high extinction ratio. They are promising devices for external signal modulation in high-bandwidth optical communication systems. EAMs can be integrated with other devices like laser diodes, semiconductor optical amplifiers, and mode transformers. We have previously fabricated InGaAsP/InP multi-quantum well EAMs with a bandwidth of 25 GHz and a drive voltage of 1.2 V for 20dB extinction ratio. Further optimization of our devices requires a detailed analysis of internal physical processes and their interaction. In this paper, we employ a two-dimensional electro-optic device model to analyze our EAMs. The model self-consistently combines kp bandstructure and absorption calculations with a carrier drift-diffusion model and optical waveguiding. The required low polarization sensitivity of EAMs leads to strong valence band mixing so that usual effective mass models cannot be applied. Optical transmission characteristics are calculated which are in good agreement with measurements. Modulation efficiency and linearity are analyzed in detail. Optimum operation voltages are identified.
CD271 as a Marker for Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Bone Marrow versus Umbilical Cord Blood (2013)

CD271 has been applied to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from bone marrow and other tissues. Umbilical cord blood is a unique resource of stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Isolation of MSCs from umbilical cord blood, however, has been inefficient and inconsistent. This study was designed to examine the potential application of CD271 as a marker for the isolation of MSCs from umbilical cord blood. CD271+ cells were isolated from umbilical cord blood and bone marrow using CD271 antibody-conjugated microbeads, and characterized in osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. CD271+ cells from umbilical cord blood were slow to proliferate compared with those isolated from bone marrow. While CD271+ cells from bone marrow differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages, there were no sound indications of differentiation by CD271+ cells from umbilical cord blood under the same differentiation conditions applied to the CD271+ cells from bone marrow. The study also found that bone marrow CD271+ cells remarkably upregulated the expression of chondrogenic genes under chondrogenic differentiation induction. When implanted into bone defects in mice, CD271+ cells from bone marrow regenerated significant bone, but the counterparts in umbilical cord blood formed little bone in the bone defects. In conclusion, CD271 is an efficient marker for MSC isolation from bone marrow but has failed to isolate MSCs from umbilical cord blood. CD271+ cells in bone marrow are particularly chondrogenic. The property of CD271+ cells is unique but varies from different tissues.
Follow-up after Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair: The Plain Radiograph Has an Essential Role in Surveillance (2003)

Periodic follow-up is mandatory for patients with aortic stent-grafts. Central to surveillance is the establishment of a baseline against which changes can be detected. Computed tomography (CT) has been the benchmark of follow-up imaging for endografts, but comparison of serial AP and lateral plain radiographs will detect structural alterations that can be missed on CT scans. In this review, we illustrate these common endograft complications and the value of plain radiographs in their detection. We believe that the plain radiograph should be the cornerstone of aortic endograft surveillance. However, a standardized protocol should be used to avoid parallax and positioning errors that affect interpretation.
Improvement of Surface Proton Conductivity for Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Silica Membrane (2004)

A proton conductive porous silica matrix for composite membranes was prepared by introduction of sulfonic acid groups on the surface. The surface modification of pores in the porous silica membrane was performed by using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (SH oxidation method) or 1,3-propanesultone (direct reaction method). The sulfonated silica matrix exhibited high proton conductivity of 6.0 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 60 °C under 90 % relative humidity, whose value was about 400 times higher than that of unmodified silica matrix.
Limitations of graphene nanocoated optical tapers for high-power nonlinear applications (2018)

In this letter, we investigate the limitations of graphene as a saturable absorber for high-power nonlinear optical applications. The response of graphene nanocoated optical tapers against the average optical power injected is tested. We point out that the power handled by such components is limited and their nonlinear properties are strongly and permanently modified when exposed to high optical power. The origin of the degradation of the components is discussed.