gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of three-dimensional biofilms on antibacterial bonding agents containing novel quaternary ammonium methacrylates (2014)

Antibacterial adhesives are promising to inhibit biofilms and secondary caries. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and incorporate quaternary ammonium methacrylates into adhesives, and investigate the alkyl chain length effects on three-dimensional biofilms adherent on adhesives for the first time. Six quaternary ammonium methacrylates with chain lengths of 3, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 18 were synthesized and incorporated into Scotchbond Multi-Purpose. Streptococcus mutans bacteria were cultured on resin to form biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to measure biofilm thickness, live/dead volumes and live-bacteria percentage vs. distance from resin surface. Biofilm thickness was the greatest for Scotchbond control; it decreased with increasing chain length, reaching a minimum at chain length 16. Live-biofilm volume had a similar trend. Dead-biofilm volume increased with increasing chain length. The adhesive with chain length 9 had 37% live bacteria near resin surface, but close to 100% live bacteria in the biofilm top section. For chain length 16, there were nearly 0% live bacteria throughout the three-dimensional biofilm. In conclusion, strong antibacterial activity was achieved by adding quaternary ammonium into adhesive, with biofilm thickness and live-biofilm volume decreasing as chain length was increased from 3 to 16. Antibacterial adhesives typically only inhibited bacteria close to its surface; however, adhesive with chain length 16 had mostly dead bacteria in the entire three-dimensional biofilm. Antibacterial adhesive with chain length 16 is promising to inhibit biofilms at the margins and combat secondary caries.
Magnetic Levitation Control Based on Flux Density and Current Measurement (2018)

This paper presents an active magnetic levitation application that exploits the measurement of coil current and flux density to determine the displacement of the mover. To this end, the nonlinear behavior of the plant and the physical sensing principle are modeled with a finite element approach at different air gap lengths and coil currents. A linear dynamic model is then obtained at the operating point as well as a linear relation for the displacement estimates. The effectiveness of the modeling approach and the performance of the sensing and control techniques are validated experimentally on an active magnetic levitation system. The results demonstrate that the solution is able to estimate the displacement of the mover with a relative error below 3% with respect to the nominal air gap. Additionally, this approach can be exploited for academic purposes and may serve as a reference to implement simple but accurate active magnetic levitation control using low-cost, off-the-shelf sensors.
Challenges of fabrication of a large-area-uniform molybdenum disulfide layered thin film at low growth temperature by atmospheric-pressure solution-based mist CVD (2018)

A MoS2 layered thin film was grown by atmospheric-pressure solution-based mist CVD on a 30 mm2 large-area substrate at 400 °C, which is a significantly lower growth temperature than that of conventional CVD. The film formation was reliably confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Possibly, film formation energy was decreased by dissolving (NH3)6Mo7O24 4H2O in methanol owing to formation of an intermediate product, whose decomposition temperature was lower than 760 °C — the decomposition temperature observed in thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). Optical constants were derived by spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements, whose results indicate the reasonably good quality of MoS2 and the suitability of mist CVD in response to the large-area low-temperature growth request from industry.
Opposing effects of myeloid vs. lymphoid deletion of adenosine A2A receptors on anti-tumor immune responses (P2007) (2013)

Abstract Extracellular adenosine is generated as part of immune escape programming orchestrated by tumor cells and regulatory cells. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) on innate and adaptive immune cells are high affinity targets for adenosine-mediated immune suppression. In this study we demonstrate that myeloid-deletion of adenosine A2A receptor gene (adora2a) strongly inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. This was associated with increased APC function of macrophages and increased the numbers and activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Surprisingly, lymphoid deletion of adora2a markedly increased tumor growth and decreased the numbers of effector/memory T cells in the tumor. Mechanistic studies revealed that adora2a deletion in T cells severely impacts generation of the long/lived memory/effector T cell population within the tumor consistent with recent studies indicating that A2AR activation reduces activation-induced cell death. The results of this study have important implications for the development cell-based therapies targeting adenosine receptors.
Optical MEMS for Lightwave Communication (2006)

The intensive investment in optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in the last decade has led to many successful components that satisfy the requirements of lightwave communication networks. In this paper, we review the current state of the art of MEMS devices and subsystems for lightwave communication applications. Depending on the design, these components can either be broadband (wavelength independent) or wavelength selective. Broadband devices include optical switches, crossconnects, optical attenuators, and data modulators, while wavelength-selective components encompass wavelength add/drop multiplexers, wavelength-selective switches and crossconnects, spectral equalizers, dispersion compensators, spectrometers, and tunable lasers. Integration of MEMS and planar lightwave circuits, microresonators, and photonic crystals could lead to further reduction in size and cost
Data from Shifting the Balance of Activating and Inhibitory Natural Killer Receptor Ligands on <i>BRAF</i><sup>V600E</sup> Melanoma Lines with Vemurafenib (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Over 60% of human melanoma tumors bear a mutation in the &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt; gene. The most frequent mutation is a substitution at codon 600 (V600E), leading to a constitutively active BRAF and overactivation of the MAPK pathway. Patients harboring mutated BRAF respond to kinase inhibitors such as vemurafenib. However, these responses are transient, and relapses are frequent. Melanoma cells are efficiently lysed by activated natural killer (NK) cells. Melanoma cells express several stress-induced ligands that are recognized by activating NK-cell receptors. We have investigated the effect of vemurafenib on the immunogenicity of seven &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt;-mutated melanoma cells to NK cells and on their growth and sensitivity to NK-cell–mediated lysis. We showed that vemurafenib treatment modulated expression of ligands for two activating NK receptors, increasing expression of B7-H6, a ligand for NKp30, and decreasing expression of MICA and ULBP2, ligands for NKG2D. Vemurafenib also increased expression of HLA class I and HLA-E molecules, likely leading to higher engagement of inhibitory receptors (KIRs and NKG2A, respectively), and decreased lysis of vemurafenib-treated melanoma cell lines by cytokine-activated NK cells. Finally, we showed that whereas batimastat (a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor) increased cell surface ULBP2 by reducing its shedding, vemurafenib lowered soluble ULBP2, indicating that BRAF signal inhibition diminished expression of both cell-surface and soluble forms of NKG2D ligands. Vemurafenib, inhibiting BRAF signaling, shifted the balance of activatory and inhibitory NK ligands on melanoma cells and displayed immunoregulatory effects on NK-cell functional activities. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Immunol Res; 5(7); 582–93. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Immobilization of trypsin onto “molded” macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) rods and use of the conjugates as bioreactors and for affinity chromatography (1996)

Trypsin immobilization onto continuous “molded” rods of porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) and some applications of the conjugate have been studied. The rods polymerized within a tubular mold (chromatographic column), were treated in situ with ethylenediamine, activated with glutaraldehyde and finally modified with trypsin. The performance of the trypsin-modified rods was evaluated and compared to that of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) beads, modified with the same enzyme. Overall the enzyme-modified rods performed substantially better than the corresponding beads. In particular, the performance of the molded supports as enzymatic reactors or as chromatographic media benefits greatly from the enhanced mass transfer that is characteristic of the molded rod at high flow rates. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A titration microcalorimetry study of the interactions between poly(vinyl alcohol) and coating colour minerals (2000)

A titration microcalorimetric study of the interactions between polyvinyl alcohol and coating colour minerals
Structure of a Sir2 Substrate, Alba, Reveals a Mechanism for Deacetylation-induced Enhancement of DNA Binding (2003)

The targeted acetylation status of histones and several other transcriptional regulatory proteins plays an important role in gene expression, although the mechanism for this is not well understood. As a model to understand how targeted acetylation may effect transcription, we determined the x-ray crystal structure of the chromatin protein Alba from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, a substrate for the Sir2 protein that deacetylates it at lysine 11 to promote DNA binding by Alba. The structure reveals a dimer of dimers in which the dimer-dimer interface is stabilized by several conserved hydrophobic residues as well as the lysine 11 target of Sir2. We show that, in solution, the mutation of these hydrophobic residues or lysine 11 disrupts dimer-dimer formation and decreases DNA-binding affinity. We propose that the in vivo deacetylation of lysine 11 of archaeal Alba by Sir2 promotes protein oligomerization for optimal DNA binding. Implications for the mechanism by which histone acetylation modulates gene expression are discussed.
Cerenkov optical emissions in particle radiotherapy (2014)

We present simulations and measurements of Cerenkov optical radiation in electron and proton radiotherapy. Photographs of Cerenkov emission from electrons can predict the range to ±1.5mm, but underestimate superficial dose.
Access mechanisms (2013)

The objectives behind this chapter are twofold. One is to provide an in-depth description of access control in heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs) from the perspectives of the core network (CN), the radio access network (RAN) and the user equipment (UE). The second objective is to provide benefits and tradeoff analysis of different access control schemes through numerical simulations with respect to various performance metrics such as the percentage of offloaded UEs as well as cell-average and cell-edge data throughput.
Using Subjective Logic to Handle Uncertainty and Conflicts (2012)

In coalition operations, information from different sources belong to different organisations have to be gathered and aggregated. The information from these resources may not be consistent. Inconsistencies in the gathered information creates severe uncertainties that hinders the usefulness of the information. In this paper, we have propose a Subjective Logic based approach for modelling the trustworthiness of information sources within a specific context. This model is used to handle inconsistencies through filtering information from less trustworthy sources.
Hydration Properties and Solvent Effects for All-Atom Solutes in Polarizable Coarse-Grained Water (2016)

Due to the importance of water in chemical and biological systems, a coarse-grained representation of the solvent can greatly simplify the description of the system while retaining key thermodynamic properties of the medium. A multiscale solvation model that couples all-atom solutes and polarizable Martini coarse-grained water (AAX/CGS) is developed to reproduce free energies of hydration of organic solutes. Using Monte Carlo/free energy perturbation (MC/FEP) calculations, results from multiscale and all-atom simulations are compared. Improved accuracy is obtained with the AAX/CGS approach for hydrophobic and sulfur- or halogen-containing solutes, but larger deviations are found for polar solute molecules where hydrogen bonding is featured. Furthermore, solvent effects on conformational and tautomeric equilibria of AA solutes were investigated using AA, CG, and GB/SA solvent models. It is found that the CG solvent model can reproduce well the medium effects from experiment and AA simulations; however, the GB/SA solvent model fails in some cases. A 7-30-fold reduction in computational cost is found for the present AAX/CGS multiscale simulations compared to the AA alternative.
Distribution patterns of phthalic acid esters in soil particle-size fractions determine biouptake in soil-cereal crop systems (2016)

The use of wastewater irrigation for food crops can lead to presence of bioavailable phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soils, which increase the potential for human exposure and adverse carcinogenic and non-cancer health effects. This study presents the first investigation of the occurrence and distribution of PAEs in a maize-wheat double-cropping system in a wastewater-irrigated area in the North China Plain. PAE levels in maize and wheat were found to be mainly attributed to PAE stores in soil coarse (250-2000 μm) and fine sand (53-250 μm) fractions. Soil particle-size fractions with higher bioavailability (i.e., coarse and fine sands) showed greater influence on PAE congener bioconcentration factors compared to PAE molecular structures for both maize and wheat tissues. More PAEs were allocated to maize and wheat grains with increased soil PAE storages from wastewater irrigation. Additional findings showed that levels of both non-cancer and carcinogenic risk for PAE congeners in wheat were higher than those in maize, suggesting that wheat food security should be prioritized. In conclusion, increased soil PAE concentrations specifically in maize and wheat grains indicate that wastewater irrigation can pose a contamination threat to food resources.
Stimulation ofGlucose Catabolism inEscherichia coli bya Potential Futile Cycle (1992)

synthase (Pps) (EC2.7.9.2) inEscherichia coli stimulated oxygen consumption inglucose minimal medium. A further increase inPpsoverexpression to30-fold stimulated glucose consumption byapproximately 2-fold andresulted inanincreased excretion ofpyruvate and acetate. Insertion oftwocodons atthePvuII site intheppsgeneabolished theenzymatic activity andeliminated theabove-described effects. Boththeactive andtheinactive proteins weredetected atthepredicted molecular weight bypolyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. Therefore, theobserved physiological changes wereduetothe activity ofPps.Thehigher specific rates ofconsumption ofoxygen andglucose indicate apotential futile cycle between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) andpyruvate. Amodelforthestimulation ofglucose uptake ispresented; itinvolves anincreased PEP/pyruvate ratio caused bytheoverexpressed Ppsactivity, leading toastimulation ofthePEP:sugar phosphotransferase system.
BIF &#x2014; Battery interface standard for mobile devices (2013)

The MIPI® Alliance Battery Interface (BIF) is the first comprehensive battery communication interface standard for mobile devices. MIPI BIF is a robust, scalable and cost-effective single-wire communication interface between the mobile terminal and smart or low cost batteries. It is suited for removable batteries as well as for embedded batteries. BIF improves mobile terminal safety and performance. It defines comprehensive battery monitoring and control functions such as temperature sensing and enables access to essential data for safe battery operation, e.g. charging parameters. BIF provides the communication layer for cryptographically secure battery authentication.
Structure−Activity Relationships at Human and Rat A2B Adenosine Receptors of Xanthine Derivatives Substituted at the 1-, 3-, 7-, and 8-Positions (2002)

In the search for improved selective antagonist ligands of the A2B adenosine receptor, which have the potential as antiasthmatic or antidiabetic drugs, we have synthesized and screened a variety of alkylxanthine derivatives substituted at the 1-, 3-, 7-, and 8-positions. Competition for 125I-ABOPX (125I-3-(4-amino-3-iodobenzyl)-8-(phenyl-4-oxyacetate)-1-propylxanthine) binding in membranes of stably transfected HEK-293 cells revealed uniformly higher affinity (<10-fold) of these xanthines for human than for rat A2B adenosine receptors. Binding to rat brain membranes expressing A1 and A2A adenosine receptors revealed greater A2B selectivity over A2A than A1 receptors. Substitution at the 1-position with 2-phenylethyl (or alkyl/olefinic groups) and at N-3 with hydrogen or methyl favored A2B selectivity. Relative to enprofylline 2b, pentoxifylline 35 was equipotent and 1-propylxanthine 3 was >13-fold more potent at human A2B receptors. Most N-7 substituents did not enhance affinity over hydrogen, except for 7-(2-chloroethyl), which enhanced the affinity of theophylline by 6.5-fold to 800 nM. The A2B receptor affinity-enhancing effects of 7-(2-chloroethyl) vs 7-methyl were comparable to the known enhancement produced by an 8-aryl substitution. Among 8-phenyl analogues, a larger alkyl group at the 1-position than at the 3-position favored affinity at the human A2B receptor, as indicated by 1-allyl-3-methyl-8-phenylxanthine, with a K(i) value of 37 nM. Substitution on the 8-phenyl ring indicated that an electron-rich ring was preferred for A2B receptor binding. In conclusion, new leads for the design of xanthines substituted in the 1-, 3-, 7-, and 8-positions as A2B receptor-selective antagonists have been identified.
Insulin binding sites on the nuclear envelope: potential relationship to mRNA metabolism (1982)

Insulin regulates the growth and metabolism of most tissues. The hormonal potency of insulin results, to a large extent, from its ability to regulate target cells at a variety of subcellular sites. For many years, the effects of insulin on membrane transport, enzyme activity, and protein synthesis have been studied extensively. Less attention, however, was given to how insulin regulates nuclear functions. Recently the presence of specific binding sites for insulin on nuclei and nuclear envelopes have been documented and characterized. These binding sites have biochemical characteristics that are different from insulin binding sites on the plasma membrane. Moreover, direct in vitro effects of insulin on messenger RNA (mRNA) metabolism have recently been reported. These effects include the stimulation of mRNA efflux from intact nuclei, and stimulation of nucleoside triphosphatase activity (NTPase), the enzyme that regulates mRNA efflux. Thus, significant insight is now being gained concerning the action of insulin on the cell nucleus.
STUDENT EVALUATION OF THE SYDNEY UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COURSE (1973)

During September, 1970, a survey of Sydney University medical students was carried out. This article presents an analysis of their responses to statements concerning various aspects of the Sydney University medical course.
Formula for the Removal and Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Painted Structures (2010)

An activated metal treatment system (AMTS) removes and destroys polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) found in painted structures or within the binding or caulking material on structures. It may be applied using a "paint-on and wipe-off" process that leaves the structure PCB-free and virtually unaltered in physical form. AMTS is used in conjunction with a solvent solution capable of donating hydrogen atoms. AMTS as a treatment technology has two functions: first, to extract PCBs from the material, and second, to degrade the extracted PCBs. The process for removing PCBs from structures is accomplished as an independent step to the degradation process. The goal is to extract the PCBs out of the paint, without destroying the paint, and to partition the PCBs into an environmentally friendly solvent. The research to date indicates this can be accomplished within the first 24 hours of AMTS contact with the paint. PCBs are extremely hydrophobic and prefer to be in the AMTS over the hardened paint or binder material. The solvent selected must be used to open, but not to destroy, the paint s polymeric lattice structure, allowing pathways for PCB movement out of the paint and into the solvent. A number of solvent systems were tested and are available for use within the AMTS. The second process of the AMTS is the degradation or dehalogenation of the PCBs. The solvent selection for this process is limited to solvents that are capable of donating a hydrogen atom to the PCB structure. Additional AMTS formulation properties that must be addressed for each site-specific application include viscosity and stability. The AMTS must be thick enough to remain where it is applied. Several thickening agents have been tested. Adding a stabilizing agent ensures that the AMTS will not evaporate and leave unprotected, activated metal exposed. During AMTS formulation testing, a number of reagents were evaluated to ensure the rate of dehalogenation was not inhibited by its addition to the system.
Deconstruction of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals (2011)

Plants represent a vast, renewable resource and are well suited to provide sustainably for humankind's transportation fuel needs. To produce infrastructure-compatible fuels from biomass, two challenges remain: overcoming plant cell wall recalcitrance to extract sugar and phenolic intermediates, and reduction of oxygenated intermediates to fuel molecules. To compete with fossil-based fuels, two primary routes to deconstruct cell walls are under development, namely biochemical and thermochemical conversion. Here, we focus on overcoming recalcitrance with biochemical conversion, which uses low-severity thermochemical pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to produce soluble sugars. Many challenges remain, including understanding how pretreatments affect the physicochemical nature of heterogeneous cell walls; determination of how enzymes deconstruct the cell wall effectively with the aim of designing superior catalysts; and resolution of issues associated with the co-optimization of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Here, we highlight some of the scientific challenges and open questions with a particular focus on problems across multiple length scales.
Signal processing challenges for emerging digital intensive and digitally assisted transceivers with deeply scaled technology (Invited) (2013)

Mainstream foundries are leaping toward 14nm node and beyond. Although aggressive scaling can substantially improve digital circuit, it is very controversial for analog circuit. However, analog circuit still has to follow the scaling trend because a single chip integration offers key commercial advantages. To optimally achieve the best performance/power/cost tradeoff with deeply scaled technology nodes, there is a clear trend and paradigm shift towards digital intensive and digitally assisted transceivers. Successes of such transceivers have been proven for individual transceiver components and narrow band systems. When targeting emerging communication standards, higher carrier frequencies, further technology scaling and reconfigurable radios, required signal processing design and implementation are orders of magnitudes more challenging but potential gains are promising. Illustrated with a variety of transceivers representing emerging architectures designed for different sub-6GHz and 60GHz communication systems, we will depict key challenges that we experienced in our design and optimization process with 40nm and 28nm technology nodes.