gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Value of Out-of-Distribution Testing: An Example of Goodhart's Law (2020)

Out-of-distribution (OOD) testing is increasingly popular for evaluating a machine learning system's ability to generalize beyond the biases of a training set. OOD benchmarks are designed to present a different joint distribution of data and labels between training and test time. VQA-CP has become the standard OOD benchmark for visual question answering, but we discovered three troubling practices in its current use. First, most published methods rely on explicit knowledge of the construction of the OOD splits. They often rely on ``inverting'' the distribution of labels, e.g. answering mostly 'yes' when the common training answer is 'no'. Second, the OOD test set is used for model selection. Third, a model's in-domain performance is assessed after retraining it on in-domain splits (VQA v2) that exhibit a more balanced distribution of labels. These three practices defeat the objective of evaluating generalization, and put into question the value of methods specifically designed for this dataset. We show that embarrassingly-simple methods, including one that generates answers at random, surpass the state of the art on some question types. We provide short- and long-term solutions to avoid these pitfalls and realize the benefits of OOD evaluation.
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement Reactions of 1,1‐Divinyl‐2‐phenylcyclopropanes. (2015)

Abstract 1,1‐Divinyl‐2‐phenylcyclopropanes are a class of substrates showing a rich array of both thermal and photochemical rearrangement reactions.
Regional Deposition of Particles in the Erect Human Lung Following Chamber Exposure to Ozone (1994)

We studied in nine healthy men the effects of ozone exposure (0.33 ppm) on regional ventilation and aerosol deposition in the lung using radioisotopic techniques. The vertical distributions of lung gas, ventilation and particulate deposition were quantified for upper (apical), middle and lower (basal) lung zones. Indices of pulmonary function: inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity and mid-maximal expiratory flow rates, were significantly reduced following ozone compared to filtered air. The functional residual capacity (FRC) and the distribution of gas volume at FRC were not altered by ozone. Regional ventilation was influenced by ozone (increased by 4.9% to the mid-lung zone) and correlated to the decrement in mid-maximal expiratory flow rate. For mouth breathing and moderate minute volumes (14 1. min−1), a vertical gradient in particulate deposition was found for a 3.5 μm diameter sphere; deposition in the mid-lung region was significantly enhanced (4.5%) by pre-exposure to ozone.
Technique for analyzing radiation from conformal antennas mounted on arbitrarily-shaped conducting bodies (2000)

Abstract-This paper presents an efficient method to solve the prob lem of radiation from conformal aperture and microstrip antennas mounted on arbitrarily-shaped conducting bodies. The method, based on the surface equivalence and reciprocity principles, uses a combi nation of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and Method of Moments (MoM) techniques to substantially improve the computa tional efficiency of the radiation pattern calculation. When the geom etry and location of the radiating element are modified, only a small portion of the overall analysis requires re-simulation. This leads to a significant improvement in computational efficiency over presently used techniques, and can substantially improve design efficiency when included in an optimization loop. The technique is first validated by solving two canonical problems, namely a thin slot which is oriented either axially or azimuthally on an infinitely long, perfectly conducting cylinder. These patterns are then compared to those produced by the same slots mounted on finite length cylinders. Finally, patterns are computed for a cavity-backed elliptical patch antenna mounted on an infinite-length PEC cylinder and compared to patterns computed by an alternate method. 1506 Arakaki et aI. 1.
TU-FG-207A-01: Introduction to Grand Challenges (2016)

Peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings publish hundreds of papers that describe new medical imaging algorithms, including, for example, techniques for computer-aided diagnosis or characterization, segmentation, image registration, image reconstruction, and radiomics. It is difficult, if not impossible, to fairly compare the performance of these algorithms as investigators must either use different data sets, or if using the same data, use different implementations of competing algorithms. Grand Challenges facilitate the fair comparison of algorithms by providing a common data set to all participants and by having each participant be responsible for implementation of their own algorithm. The dissemination of findings from Grand Challenges provides important information to the scientific community and helps to determine which approaches have the greatest promise for successful translation to clinical practice. In this session we will review the outcomes and lessons learned from the 2015 SPIE-AAPM-NCI Lung Nodule Classification Challenge. We will then turn to the 2016 NIH-AAPM-Mayo Clinic Low Dose CT Grand Challenge, providing an overview of denoising and iterative reconstruction approaches and a description of the Challenge. The top 3 performing participants will be announced, and each will give a short presentation on their technique. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the role of Grand Challenges in the field of medical imaging 2. Be able to summarize the outcomes of the 2015 lung nodule classification challenge 3. Be able to review the primary types of noise reduction techniques used in CT 4. Be familiar with a library of patient CT projection data available to researchers 5. Learn which techniques performed best in the Low Dose CT Grand Challenge Pelc: GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare; McCollough: Research grant, Siemens Healthcare; Low Dose CT Grand Challenge supported by the AAPM Science Council and NIH (grant EB 017185), and hosted by the Mayo Clinic; Giger: stockholder R2 technology/Hologic, royalties from Hologic, GE Medical Systems, MEDIAN Technologies, Riverain Medical, Mitsubishi/Toshiba. Cofounder/stockholder Quantitative Insights.
Conductance spectra of metallic carbon nanotube bundles from first principles (2008)

We report a first-principles analysis of electronic transport characteristics for $(n,n)$ carbon nanotube bundles. When $n$ is not a multiple of 3, intertube coupling causes universal conductance suppression near Fermi level regardless of the rotational arrangement of individual tubes. However, when $n$ is a multiple of 3, the bundles exhibit a diversified conductance dependence on the orientation details of the constituent tubes. The total energy of the bundle is also sensitive to the orientation arrangement only when $n$ is a multiple of 3. All the transport properties and band structures can be well understood from the symmetry consideration of whether the rotational symmetry of the individual tubes is commensurate with that of the bundle. This finding may shed some light on understanding and applications of nanotube bundle interconnect technology.
Selection of Bacillus spp. for Cellulase and Xylanase Production as Direct-Fed Microbials to Reduce Digesta Viscosity and Clostridium perfringens Proliferation Using an in vitro Digestive Model in Different Poultry Diets (2015)

Previously, our laboratory has screened and identified Bacillus spp. isolates as direct-fed microbials (DFM). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cellulase and xylanase production of these isolates and select the most appropriate Bacillus spp. candidates for DFM. Furthermore, an in vitro digestive model, simulating different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract, was used to determine the effect of these selected candidates on digesta viscosity and Clostridium perfringens proliferation in different poultry diets. Production of cellulase and xylanase were based on their relative enzyme activity. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequence classified two strains as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and one of the strains as Bacillus subtilis. The DFM was included at a concentration of 10(8) spores/g of feed in five different sterile soybean-based diets containing corn, wheat, rye, barley, or oat. After digestion time, supernatants from different diets were collected to measure viscosity, and C. perfringens proliferation. Additionally, from each in vitro simulated compartment, samples were taken to enumerate viable Bacillus spores using a plate count method after heat-treatment. Significant (P < 0.05) DFM-associated reductions in supernatant viscosity and C. perfringens proliferation were observed for all non-corn diets. These results suggest that antinutritional factors, such as non-starch polysaccharides from different cereals, can enhance viscosity and C. perfringens growth. Remarkably, dietary inclusion of the DFM that produce cellulase and xylanase reduced both viscosity and C. perfringens proliferation compared with control diets. Regardless of diet composition, 90% of the DFM spores germinated during the first 30 min in the crop compartment of the digestion model, followed by a noteworthy increased in the intestine compartment by ~2log10, suggesting a full-life cycle development. Further studies to evaluate in vivo necrotic enteritis effects are in progress.
Basics of Loop Heat Pipe Temperature Control (1999)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Modern spacecraft are using Loop Heat Pipes (LHP) more frequently. However, there are no practical guidelines to help LHP users know how and when to use the active temperature control. Most spacecraft payloads and instruments must operate in a required, sometimes-narrow temperature range. Outside this temperature band the instruments either operate poorly or cease to operate. Radiator (sink) sizing can set the maximum permissible operating temperature, and active temperature control devices (TCD) provide lower margin of operation temperature. The LHP is a component of the spacecraft thermal control system, which, in most cases, functions as a system; therefore, LHP operation requires special consideration when using TCDs.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;It is shown that two major groups of TCD devices exist. The classification is based on the mechanism TCDs use to control the LHP temperature. A simple classification of different ways to control the temperature of LHP is presented. Basic physical principles and modes of operation for different types of active temperature control devices are discussed in the paper. Pros and cons of different types of TCD devices for different practical applications are highlighted and discussed.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The detailed explanation, description and examples of the LHP temperature control approaches are presented in the paper. Some basic equations that allow prediction of power consumption for control are given for the thermal TCD approach.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In conclusion, this paper presents the easy-to-use criteria for estimating the efficiency and quality of a LHP control approach.&lt;/div&gt;
Geophysics in petroleum development and production (1985)

Development/Production Geophysics is the area of interest a new SEG committee which held its first meeting at the Atlanta Annual Meeting in December, 1984.
Measurements of spectral similarity for microearthquakes in western Nagano, Japan (2006)

We use P wave spectral ratios to estimate the seismic energy of 23 microearthquakes ( M w ≈ 0.9–2.7) recorded on a dense network of surface and borehole stations in western Nagano, Japan. These events were recorded at 45 surface stations and 2 borehole stations. The data set is unique in that most events have high signal‐to‐noise ratio at several surface stations and at the two borehole stations. The redundancy provided by the large number of stations recording these events allows us to assess the uncertainty of our results. We find that the seismic energy to moment ( E R / M 0 ) ratios from P waves for the events in our data set are reliable, that they vary between 1 × 10 −6 and 1 × 10 −4 , and that smaller events tend to have smaller values of E R / M 0 because they are relatively deficient in radiated energy above the corner frequency. We observe two spectral effects: a variation in corner frequency, which accounts for most of the variation in E R / M 0 , and steeper spectral falloff rates, which contribute to the small values of E R / M 0 for some of the smaller events. Our estimates of moment and corner frequency suggest that M 0 ∝ f c −(3+ e ) (ɛ &gt; 0), and this implies that either the static stress drop or rupture velocity or both change with earthquake size.
Simulation Analysis and Energy-Saving Techniques for ERSFQ Circuits (2019)

Energy-efficient rapid single flux quantum (ERSFQ) circuits have become a viable alternative for the implementation of superconducting circuits due to a large amount of static power consumption in RSFQ circuits. ERSFQ circuits are built upon the popular RSFQ logic circuits by replacing the power-dissipating resistor bias network with a bias network consisting of active devices. In this paper, a simulation study of ERSFQ biasing scheme is carried out by building simulation test benches for both synchronous and asynchronous ERSFQ circuits. A study is carried out to present the optimum value of biasing inductance, influence of the feeding Josephson transmission line (FJTL) and the effect of its size, the effect of the feeding clock frequency, and the effect of the circuit operating frequency. An innovative clock-choking mechanism using magnetic Josephson junctions is also proposed for the FJTL in the case of no logic circuit activity for a current-recycling circuit block, which would help in eliminating the dynamic power consumed due to the switching of bias junctions in a logic circuit. Simulation results for current recycling ERSFQ circuits are presented along with a strategy for implementing large superconducting circuits.
Radiopaque and MRI-visible embolizing agents for vascular applications (2016)

Frontiers Events is a rapidly growing calendar management system dedicated to the scheduling of academic events. This includes announcements and invitations, participant listings and search functionality, abstract handling and publication, related events and post-event exchanges. Whether an organizer or participant, make your event a Frontiers Event!
Suite VPN-D: Cryptographic Algorithm Suite with 112-bit Security for IPSEC (2009)

This document defines a suite of cryptographic algorithms that target
a 112-bit security level. Additionally, this document defines the use
of these algorithms for use in IPSEC.
Vinorelbine liposomes injection results in greater tumor drug exposure compared to conventional vinorelbine in tumor-bearing nude mice (2007)

C109 Background: Conventional vinorelbine tartrate (VRL) is a lipophilic, cell-cycle-specific anticancer agent that inhibits tumor cell growth by disrupting microtubule assembly during metaphase. AlocrestTM (vinorelbine liposomes injection) is a proprietary sphingomyelin/cholesterol liposome (OPTISOMETM) encapsulated formulation of VRL with an extended circulating half-life and the potential for enhanced tumor tissue targeting, exposure, and antitumor activity. This study evaluated and compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and tissue distributions (TD) of Alocrest and VRL in tumor-bearing CD-1 female nude mice. Methods: Mice were subcutaneously implanted with MX-1 human breast tumors. When tumor volumes reached 150 mm3,twenty-four mice per group received a single IV bolus dose of 20 mg/kg (60 mg/m2) of either VRL (3H-VRL) or Alocrest (3H-Alocrest) via the tail vein in a vehicle volume of 10 µL/g body weight. Blood/plasma and tissue samples (gall bladder/bile, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscle, ovaries, small intestine, spleen, and tumor) were collected at 5 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 96 h post dosing. The total radioactivity from parent compound and metabolites in tissue, VRLeq, was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Results: The concentrations of VRLeq in blood/plasma were higher after administration of Alocrest resulting in higher AUCinf in Alocrest-treated mice compared to VRL-treated mice. The steady state volume of distribution and clearance were lower for Alocrest compared to VRL, supporting slower distribution and removal of Alocrest from the plasma compartment. The TD profile of Alocrest showed that, depending on the tissue, VRLeq concentrations peaked at 4 or 8 hours compared to VRL Tmax at 5 minutes or 1 hour. Tumor AUClast values (h*mcg/g) for VRLeq were 1166 in the Alocrest group and 123 in the VRL group. The AUClast for Alocrest was 9.5-fold greater in the tumor, 7.0-fold higher in spleen, 2.4-fold higher in ovaries and 1.0-1.6-fold higher in most other tissues (lower in lung) compared to the AUClast for conventional VRL. The greatest amount of radioactivity as a percent of injected dose (%ID) following Alocrest was found in liver > spleen > tumor while following VRL the greatest %ID was in liver > kidneys > lungs > small intestine. The %ID following Alocrest peaked at 4 to 8 hours before declining except in tumor where %ID peaked at 24 hours and remained constant for up to 96 hours. Conclusions: Optisomal encapsulation of VRL, Alocrest, protects the drug from initial rapid distribution observed with conventional VRL and provides longer drug retention in the circulation. Alocrest results in targeted delivery of drug, accumulation of drug in tumor tissue, and gradual drug release over several days. These unique characteristics result in greater tumor drug exposure and the potential for enhanced anti-tumor activity without increased toxicity. Human clinical trials are ongoing at this time.
Distribution and Determinants of Ocular Biometric Parameters in an Asian Population: The Singapore Malay Eye Study (2010)

Age, sex, and stature were the most consistent predictors of the results of ocular biometry in the Singapore Malay adult population.
Addressing Feature Suppression in Unsupervised Visual Representations (2020)

Contrastive learning is one of the fastest growing research areas in machine learning due to its ability to learn useful representations without labeled data. However, contrastive learning is susceptible to feature suppression, i.e., it may discard important information relevant to the task of interest, and learn irrelevant features. Past work has addressed this limitation via handcrafted data augmentations that eliminate irrelevant information. This approach however does not work across all datasets and tasks. Further, data augmentations fail in addressing feature suppression in multi-attribute classification when one attribute can suppress features relevant to other attributes. In this paper, we analyze the objective function of contrastive learning and formally prove that it is vulnerable to feature suppression. We then present predictive contrastive learning (PCL), a framework for learning unsupervised representations that are robust to feature suppression. The key idea is to force the learned representation to predict the input, and hence prevent it from discarding important information. Extensive experiments verify that PCL is robust to feature suppression and outperforms state-of-the-art contrastive learning methods on a variety of datasets and tasks.
Fast NMR Imaging by Concentric Sampling (1986)

The generation of multiple spin echoes by means of rapid gradient reversal has proved to be a pronising approach for speeding up the data acquisition time in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. In this paper, we apply the oscillating gradient technique to the line integral projection reconstruction (LIPR) method for two dimensional imaging. Ihe current approach differs from the LIPR method in that the free induction decay (FID) signal is sampled around concentric circles instead of along radial lines as is the case with the LIPR method. The proposed technique combines the advantages of echo planar imaging (EPI) and the LIPR method and provides high speed artifact free images. Simulation results using the new method are presented. Various practical considerations are discussed.
Performance analysis of spectrally broadened Rayleigh noise mitigation scheme for DWDM-PONs (2008)

We present a performance analysis of a Rayleigh-noise-mitigation scheme for carrier-distributed PON, named PM-NRZ, at different AWG offsets and profiles; and at different channel separations, showing different tradeoffs in achieving DWDM operation.
In vitro vaccination site: a novel test bed for immunopotentiators (36.30) (2007)

Abstract Cytokine-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are widely used for adjuvant validation. However, the functional limitations reduce their predictive value. A 3D endothelial cell/collagen culture called “vaccination site (VS)” has been characterized as a novel in vitro system, which resembles in vivo physiological conditions and autonomously generates DCs. We used the VS model to investigate the immunopotency of TLR agonists (Poly IC, Gardiquimod, CpG 2006, and LPS). The administration of TLR agonists in the VS for 24 hr induced a wide range of cytokines, including IL-1 alpha/beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF. The adjuvant-elicited cytokine profiles suggested a relative immunopotency: LPS&amp;gt; Gardiquimod&amp;gt; Poly IC≥ CpG 2006. Compared with the PBMC culture, the VS produced 2–100 fold more cytokines, indicating its enhanced sensitivity in response to TLR agonists. In addition to inducing cytokine production, TLR agonists (e.g. Gardiquimod) increased the generation of VS-derived DCs and elevated CD86 expression. Moreover, VS-derived APCs treated with TLR agonists facilitated T-cell proliferation and augmented Tetanus toxoid-specific antibody production. These data indicate that TLR agonists improved the antigen-presenting capability of VS-derived APCs. Overall the VS model is a more efficient test bed than the traditional PBMC culture to evaluate adjuvant candidates. (Work supported by DARPA Rapid Vaccine Assessment Program)
Single channel digital tanlock based loop (2010)

This paper presents a novel design of a digital phase lock loop based on the digital tanlock loop (DTL) architecture. The new simplified design eliminates the requirement for a delay block. Instead, it incorporates an adaptation mechanism whose output feeds into the phase detector block of the new design and controls the acquisition time and locking range of the loop. The new proposed loop design was thoroughly tested and the results indicate that its overall performance compares favourably with that of the conventional time delay digital tanlock loop (TDTL).
Photoacoustic microscopy of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-1) after stellate ganglion blocks in vivo (2015)

We used photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) to assist diagnoses and monitor the progress and treatment outcome of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1). Blood vasculature and oxygen saturation (sO<sub>2</sub>) were imaged by PAM in eight adult patients with CRPS-1. Patients’ hands and cuticles were imaged both before and after stellate ganglion block (SGB) for comparison. For all patients, both the vascular structure and sO<sub>2</sub> could be assessed by PAM. In addition, more vessels and stronger signals were observed after SGB.
A Web Services Based Resource Signaling Scheme in Multimedia Satellite Systems (2008)

This paper introduces a Web services based approach that extends resource reservation mechanism for interactive multimedia applications over multimedia satellite systems. It proposes a flexible and extensible scheme for the discovery of services in the network and the configuration of the satellite terminal when resources are requested. It finally presents experimental results of the proposed scheme over a realistic DVB-S2/RCS emulation platform.