gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chitin-Like Molecules Associate with Cryptococcus neoformans Glucuronoxylomannan To Form a Glycan Complex with Previously Unknown Properties (2012)

In prior studies, we demonstrated that glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major capsular polysaccharide of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, interacts with chitin oligomers at the cell wall-capsule interface. The structural determinants regulating these carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, as well as the functions of these structures, have remained unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that glycan complexes composed of chitooligomers and GXM are formed during fungal growth and macrophage infection by C. neoformans. To investigate the required determinants for the assembly of chitin-GXM complexes, we developed a quantitative scanning electron microscopy-based method using different polysaccharide samples as inhibitors of the interaction of chitin with GXM. This assay revealed that chitin-GXM association involves noncovalent bonds and large GXM fibers and depends on the N-acetyl amino group of chitin. Carboxyl and O-acetyl groups of GXM are not required for polysaccharide-polysaccharide interactions. Glycan complex structures composed of cryptococcal GXM and chitin-derived oligomers were tested for their ability to induce pulmonary cytokines in mice. They were significantly more efficient than either GXM or chitin oligomers alone in inducing the production of lung interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). These results indicate that association of chitin-derived structures with GXM through their N-acetyl amino groups generates glycan complexes with previously unknown properties.
ChemInform Abstract: MEHRZAEHNIGE ARSEN‐SCHWEFEL‐LIGANDEN 1. MITT. PALLADIUM(II)‐KOMPLEXE VON BIS‐(PHENYL‐(O‐METHYLMERCAPTO‐PHENYL)‐ARSINO)‐PROPAN UND BIS‐(PHENYL‐(O‐METHYLMERCAPTO‐PHENYL)‐ARSINO)‐AETHAN (1970)

Abstract Das Arsin (I) reagiert in NaOH mit den Bromalkanen (II) zur Arsonsäure (III), die sich mit konz. HCl in Gegenwart von KJ und SO 2 zu den Diarsinoalkanen (IV) umsetzt.
Ligament Injuries Associated With Tibial Plateau Fractures (1990)

Thirty-nine patients with tibial plateau fractures and concomitant ligament injury were evaluated at least one year after injury. Ligamentous injury was determined by stress roentgenograms, plain roentgenograms, operative findings, and Pelle-grini-Stieda's ossification. There were 22 isolated medial collateral, eight lateral collateral, one isolated anterior cruciate, and eight combined ligament injuries. All types of tibial plateau fractures were associated with ligamentous injury, although split compression and local compression were most common. Twenty patients (Group 1) did not have operative repair of the injured ligaments, and 19 patients (Group 2) had primary repair of the injured ligaments. Open reduction and internal fixation of the plateau fracture(s) were performed in 13 patients in Group 1 and 19 patients in Group 2. Follow-up evaluation (100-point scale), including subjective, functional, and anatomic factors, revealed 12 excellent and good, four fair, and three poor results in the 19 patients with ligamentous repair. There were ten excellent and good, two fair, and eight poor results in those without ligament repair. Ten of the 12 patients with 10 degrees or more of instability had poor results. These poor results included five unrepaired medial collateral ligaments, two unrepaired lateral collateral ligaments, and three patients with cruciate ligament injury. This study confirms the view that instability is a major cause of unacceptable results in tibial plateau fractures. Operative repair of medial and lateral collateral ligaments, with appropriate treatment of the bony plateau fracture, may reduce late instability and may improve overall morbidity in these concomitant injuries. Cruciate ligament injury associated with a tibial plateau fracture carries a poor prognosis.
Improved Titanium Dioxide Enrichment of Phosphopeptides from HeLa Cells and High Confident Phosphopeptide Identification by Cross-Validation of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS Spectra (2007)

Enrichment is essential for phosphoproteome analysis because phosphorylated proteins are usually present in cells in low abundance. Recently, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been demonstrated to enrich phosphopeptides from simple peptide mixtures with high specificity; however, the technology has not been optimized. In the present study, significant non-specific bindings were observed when proteome samples were applied to TiO2 columns. Column wash with an NH4Glu solution after loading peptide mixtures significantly increased the efficiency of TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment with a recovery of up to 84%. Also, for proteome samples, more than a 2-fold increase in unique phosphopeptide identifications has been achieved. The use of NH4Glu for a TiO2 column wash does not significantly reduce the phosphopeptide recovery. A total of 858 phosphopeptides corresponding to 1034 distinct phosphosites has been identified from HeLa cells using the improved TiO2 enrichment procedure in combination with data-dependent neutral loss nano-RPLC-MS2-MS3 analysis. While 41 and 35% of the phosphopeptides were identified only by MS2 and MS3, respectively, 24% was identified by both MS2 and MS3. Cross-validation of the phosphopeptide assignment by MS2 and MS3 scans resulted in the highest confidence in identification (99.5%). Many phosphosites identified in this study appear to be novel, including sites from antigen Ki-67, nucleolar phosphoprotein p130, and Treacle protein. The study also indicates that evaluation of confidence levels for phosphopeptide identification via the reversed sequence database searching strategy might underestimate the false positive rate.
The evolution of targeted therapy of the erbB2/neu oncoprotein for human cancer therapy (2014)

The recognition that the erbB2/neu oncogene encodes a cell-surface receptor led to the development of targeted therapy. The erbB2/neu oncogene was found to encode a tyrosine kinase receptor that can form active dimers as a consequence of mutation or amplification. The receptor protein p185erbB2/neu was found to be able to dimerize with itself or with other members of the erbB family to create heteromers with active enzymatic activity and to diversify signalling and transforming patterns. When mutated or amplified, these homodimeric or heterodimeric kinases lead to human cancers, including breast and stomach malignancies. The first targeted therapeutics were monoclonal antibodies that were directed at the ectodomain of the p185erbB2/neu protein and resulted in receptor down-modulation and kinase inhibition. Unexpectedly, disabling the erbB2/neu kinase complex caused the malignant cells to convert to a more normal phenotype. The first demonstration that malignant properties could be reversed challenged all thinking at the time that malignant transformation could progressively lead to more phenotypically abnormal cells. Subsequent to phenotypical reversion, the tumour cells become sensitive to extrinsic death signals from radiation and chemotherapy. The disabling of oncoproteins that determine malignancy is an approach that is now a standard therapy for human cancer.
Optimal Synergetic Control of a Three-Phase Two-Stage Ultra-Wide Output Voltage Range EV Battery Charger Employing a Novel Hybrid Quantum Series Resonant DC/DC Converter (2020)

A wide output voltage range (200 − 1000V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</inf> ) isolated two-stage three-phase EV charger is proposed. The system employs a boost-type two-level PFC rectifier front-end and the subsequent novel Hybrid Quantum Series Resonant DC/DC Converter (H-QSRC) output stage, which is left either unregulated with constant voltage transfer ratio or is used to emulate a buck or boost behavior. For reducing the H-QSRC voltage transfer ratio discretization, replacing one of the two-level primary side bridge-legs with a three-level T-type arrangement and a microscopic duty cycle operation are considered. The PFC rectifier stage is either operated in conventional boost-mode with two out of three phases switching (2/3 -mode), or in 1/3 -mode. For 1/3 -mode, always the most positive and the most negative input phase are clamped to the positive and negative DC bus, and only the phase with the smallest voltage / current is switching, which minimizes switching losses. Different combinations of the operating modes of the PFC rectifier stage and the H-QSRC stage and the resulting current and voltage stresses on the main power components are analyzed. Furthermore, the best synergetic combination of the operating modes of both stages is identified for the different output voltage regions. Finally, a corresponding control structure, which achieves a smooth transition between all operating regimes is presented, and it is shown, that the extremely wide output voltage range can be covered without overdesign of any of the two converter stages.
Systemic siRNA Delivery with a Dual pH-Responsive and Tumor-targeted Nanovector for Inhibiting Tumor Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis in Orthotopic Murine Model of Breast Carcinoma (2016)

Phenylboronic acid (PBA)-mediated tumor targeting nanovector is an attractive strategy for enhancing siRNA delivery and treatment of metastatic cancers. However, its nonspecific binding with various biological membranes containing <i>cis</i>-diol moieties restricts its potential application by systematic administration. Herein, we constructed a novel pH-activated "sheddable" PEG-coated nanoparticle for effective treatment of primary tumors and metastases, which was based on the conjugation of catechol group modified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-Cat) and PBA-terminated polyethylenimine (PEI-PBA) via the borate ester formed between PBA and Cat. By virtue of the pH-dependent stability of borate ester in an aqueous medium, the PEG-shell could "shield" the PBA ligand in systemic circulation to reduce its "off-target effect", while PEG was detached at tumor extracellular pH (~6.5) to expose intact PBA moiety. Simultaneously, the PBA ligand could bind with overexpressed sialic acid residues on cancer cells, giving rise to enhanced cellular internalization. In addition, the PBA moieties could also couple with each 3'-end ribose of double-stranded siRNA. siRNAs were used as both a payload and a pH-responsive intermolecular cross-linker, and thereby acquired sufficient stability during circulating in blood and a rapidly triggered release in response to acidic endosomal/lysosomal pH-stimuli. As a result, this dual pH-sensitive nanoparticle showed enhanced siRNA uptake, gene silencing efficacy and anti-metastatic effects in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that PBA-based nanoparticles effectively accumulated in tumor and inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 orthotopic mammary tumor model after intravenous administration.
Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Thymic Transplantation on Immunoreconstitution in HIV Infection (2000)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether thymic transplantation in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will restore T cell function in HIV infection. Eight treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell counts of 200-500/mm3 were randomized into thymic transplantation and control arms. All patients received HAART (zidovudine, lamivudine, and ritonavir) for 6 weeks prior to transplantation. Thymic transplantation was done without immunosuppression, using postnatal HLA-unmatched cultured allogeneic thymus tissue. Patients were immunized every 6 months with the neoantigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and the recall antigen tetanus toxoid (TT). T cell phenotype and function and T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) were assessed. Thymic allografts were biopsied at 2 months. Six HIV-infected patients completed the study. Four patients received cultured allogeneic postnatal thymic grafts, two others were controls. CD4+ T cell counts increased and T cell-proliferative responses to Candida antigen and TT normalized in all patients. Proliferative responses to KLH developed in three of four transplant recipients and one of two controls. Patients responding to KLH after secondary immunization had greater TREC increases compared with the patients who did not respond. All thymic allografts were rejected within 2 months. In summary, four of six patients developed T cell-proliferative responses to the neoantigen KLH over the first 2 years of HAART. The transplanted thymus tissue, however, was rejected. There was no clear difference in restoration of T cell function in the transplant recipients compared with the controls. Increases in TRECs after initiation of HAART may correlate with improved immune function.
Crystal Video Receivers (2005)

A crystal video receiver has relatively low sensitivity and dynamic range. It does not have fine frequency measurement capacity. However, due to its simplicity in structure, it is often used as a warning receiver such as that used in an automobile to detect traffic radar. Due to its small volume and relatively low cost, it is sometimes used as an AOA measurement system in conjunction with other EW receivers.
Estimating scene properties by analyzing color histograms with physics-based models (1992)

The goal of machine vision is to allow intelligent systems to describe the world around them by the interpretation of images. The difficulty is that vision is a very complex process, since images may contain shadows, highlights, interreflections, and other phenomena. Images are created through the interaction of light with the world; therefore, any vision system that is to understand images must have a model of those interactions. By using physics- based models to describe image formation, we can analyze images in a systematic way. In applying physical models to machine vision, one of the key tools has been color histogram analysis. A color histogram shows the variation of colors observed within the scene. In the mid-1980s, it was recognized that the color variation for a single inhomogeneous surface can be modeled as a regular physical process with a planar distribution in color space. The identification of this plane and the vectors that define it leads directly to an analysis of object color and illumination color. However there is much more to be said about color histograms. The colors do not fall randomly in a plane, but form clusters at specific points in color space. The colors in the histogram relate not only to the color of the object and the illumination, but also to non-color properties of surface roughness and imaging geometry.
Large-scale genomic 2D visualization reveals extensive CG-AT skew correlation in bird genomes (2007)

Our results suggest that BSDT is an expressive visualization method for AT and CG skew and enabled the discovery of the very high skew correlation in bird genomes; this peculiarity is worth further study. Computational analysis indicated that this correlation might be a compositional characteristic, present not only in chickens, but also remained or developed in some mammals during evolution. Special aspects of bird metabolism related to e.g. flight may be the reason why birds evolved or retained the skew correlation. Our analysis also indicated that repetitive DNA sequence elements need to be taken into account in studying the evolution of the correlation between AT and CG skews.
The Unexpected Influence of Precursor Conversion Rate in the Synthesis of III–V Quantum Dots (2015)

Abstract Control of quantum dot (QD) precursor chemistry has been expected to help improve the size control and uniformity of III–V QDs such as indium phosphide and indium arsenide. Indeed, experimental results for other QD systems are consistent with the theoretical prediction that the rate of precursor conversion is an important factor controlling QD size and size distribution. We synthesized and characterized the reactivity of a variety of group‐V precursors in order to determine if precursor chemistry could be used to improve the quality of III–V QDs. Despite slowing down precursor conversion rate by multiple orders of magnitude, the less reactive precursors do not yield the expected increase in size and improvement in size distribution. This result disproves the widely accepted explanation for the shortcoming of current III–V QD syntheses and points to the need for a new generalizable theoretical picture for the mechanism of QD formation and growth.
CSched : Real-time disk scheduling with concurrent I/O request (2011)

We present a new real-time disk scheduling algorithm, Concurrent Scheduler or CSched, which maximizes throughput for modern storage devices while providing real-time access guarantees, with computational costs of O(log n). To maximize performance it ensures request concurrency at the device and maximizes the depth of a new Limited Cyclical SCAN (L-CSCAN) queue that optimizes the request sequence sent to the device. For realtime requests there is an additional SCAN-EDF queue in front of the L-CSCAN queue to absorb bursts of realtime requests until they can be drained to the L-CSCAN queue. The real-time guarantees are provided by managing the worst-case latency at each stage of the pipeline: SCAN-EDF, L-CSCAN, and device. CSched is configured by the tuple {λ, σ, δ, τ(r), N}, where λ and σ are the minimal initial slack time and workload burstiness and are properties of the workload, and where δ, τ(r), and N are the device worst-case latency, worst-case throughput rate time for a request, and maximal number of concurrent requests, and are experimentally determined properties of the storage device. An experimental evaluation of CSched shows that given sufficient initial slack time, the system throughput performance costs of providing real-time guarantees are negligible.
State of the art in statistical methods for language and speech processing (2015)

Recent years have seen rapid growth in the deployment of statistical methods for computational language and speech processing. The current popularity of such methods can be traced to the convergence of several factors, including the increasing amount of data now accessible, sustained advances in computing power and storage capabilities, and ongoing improvements in machine learning algorithms. The purpose of this contribution is to review the state of the art in both areas, point out the top trends in statistical modelling across a wide range of problems, and identify their most salient characteristics. The paper concludes with some prognostications regarding the likely impact on the field going forward.
Violet-to-Blue Gain and Lasing from Colloidal CdS Nanoplatelets: Low-Threshold Stimulated Emission Despite Low Photoluminescence Quantum Yield (2017)

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing from solution-processed materials are demonstrated in the challenging violet-to-blue (430–490 nm) spectral region for colloidal nanoplatelets of CdS and newly synthesized core/shell CdS/ZnS nanoplatelets. Despite modest band-edge photoluminescence quantum yields of 2% or less for single excitons, which we show results from hole trapping, the samples exhibit low ASE thresholds. Furthermore, four-monolayer CdS samples show ASE at shorter wavelengths than any reported film of colloidal quantum-confined material. This work underlines that low quantum yields for single excitons do not necessarily lead to a poor gain medium. The low ASE thresholds originate from negligible dispersion in thickness, large absorption cross sections of 2.8 × 10–14 cm–2, and rather slow (150 to 300 ps) biexciton recombination. We show that under higher-fluence excitation, ASE can kinetically outcompete hole trapping. Using nanoplatelets as the gain medium, lasing is observed in a linear optical cavity. This work confirms the fundamental advantages of colloidal quantum well structures as gain media, even in the absence of high photoluminescence efficiency.
Lessons from Plants (2021)

An exploration of how plant behavior and adaptation offer valuable insights for human thriving. We know that plants are important. They maintain the atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. They nourish other living organisms and supply psychological benefits to humans as well, improving our moods and beautifying the landscape around us. But plants don’t just passively provide. They also take action. Beronda L. Montgomery explores the vigorous, creative lives of organisms often treated as static and predictable. In fact, plants are masters of adaptation. They “know” what or who they are, and they use this knowledge to make a way in the world. Plants experience a kind of sensation that does not require eyes or ears. They distinguish kin, friend, and foe, and they are able to respond to ecological competition despite lacking the capacity of fight-or-flight. Plants are even capable of transformative behaviors that allow them to maximize their chances of survival in a dynamic and sometimes unfriendly environment. Lessons from Plants enters into the depth of botanic experience and shows how we might improve human society by better appreciating not just what plants give us but also how they achieve their own purposes. What would it mean to learn from these organisms, to become more aware of our environments and to adapt to our own worlds by calling on perception and awareness rather than reason? Montgomery’s meditative study puts before us a question with the power to reframe the way we live: What would a plant do?
An Innovative Engine/Generator Control Algorithm for Minimizing Battery in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Series Architecture of Power Train (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An approach is being pursued for a series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV). The twin goals of maximizing Fuel Economy (FE) and improving consumer acceptance has led to a SHEV powertrain using energy storage as a means for filtering drive cycle power demands on the engine, rather than an energy source for supplying all-electric mode. The concept is intended to minimize, if not eliminate, the battery in the SHEV without resorting to full range proportional control of the engine and generator. An initial optimization study reported for a mid-size SHEV showed a 4.5 kWh Li-ion battery pack was still required.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In a new research, a sports car class SHEV was studied, which inspires this manuscript. The challenge with this vehicle is to reduce the ESS size even more because the available space allocation is only one fourth of the battery size in the mid-size. In this manuscript, a controller is developed that allows a hybridized SHEV to be realized with a light ESS. The controller includes a duty cycling feature that manages the engine performance in multiple efficient regions and a bandwidth limited- proportional controller feature that limits low bandwidth battery current.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The performance of the controller has been validated for a SHEV power-train model with a, 80 VDC 1.125 kWh battery, plus an 80 VDC 46.4 Farad Ultra capacitor module using customized Autonomie vehicle model. The preliminary results show that the combined FE of the new design is increased by 13 percent comparing to the corresponding FE in the equivalent conventional vehicle.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;