gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconnectable joints for self-reconfigurable robots (2002)

Self-reconfigurable robots are modular robots that can dynamically and intelligently reconfigure their shape and size to accomplish difficult missions. To build such robots, however, a number of technical challenges must be overcome. One critical problem is the design and implementation of the reconnectable joints (also called connectors), which allows modules to autonomously connect and disconnect from one another. Such a mechanism must be power efficient, reliable, and compact (the mechanism must fit into a tight space). This paper gives an overview of the CONRO self-reconfigurable robots, and focuses on the reconnectable joints of the CONRO modules. The paper identifies a set of desired features and operation constraints for the joints, and describes our current design for the connectors.
On the variation with flux and frequency of the core loss coefficients in electrical machines (2006)

A model of core losses, in which the hysteresis coefficients are variable with the frequency and induction (flux density) and the eddy-current and excess loss coefficients are variable only with the induction, is proposed. A procedure for identifying the model coefficients from multifrequency Epstein tests is described, and examples are provided for three typical grades of non-grain-oriented laminated steel suitable for electric motor manufacturing. Over a wide range of frequencies between 20-400 Hz and inductions from 0.05 to 2 T, the new model yielded much lower errors for the specific core losses than conventional models. The applicability of the model for electric machine analysis is also discussed, and examples from an interior permanent-magnet and an induction motor are included.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Considering Shared Chairs in Outpatient Dialysis: A Real-World Case-Control Study (2021)

Fresenius Medical Care North America; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK130067).
Application of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy to chemical analysis of heterogeneous and botanically complex grassland samples (1993)

Abstract The potential of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the chemical composition of heterogeneous, botanically complex semi‐natural grassland herbage was assessed. Samples were collected over four consecutive years at different maturation stages and were analysed by chemical and NIRS procedures for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin and cellulose. A subset of samples was selected on the basis of spectral features in order to establish calibration equations, while the other samples were used for validation. The wavelengths selected by using multiple regression were similar to others previously reported. The ranges of correlation coefficients and standard errors of prediction, respectively, for the various components when NIRS and chemical procedures were compared were as follows: protein, 0·93‐0·95 and 0·57‐0·70; NDF, 0·92‐0·93 and 2·06‐2·37; ADF, 0·85‐0·87 and 1·42‐1·56; lignin, 0·90‐0·94 and 0·45‐0·59; cellulose, 0·82‐0·86 and 1·27‐1·45. The accuracy of predictions for these chemical components was similar to previously reported values.
X-ray Diffraction and 2D Gradient-Assisted 1H−119Sn HMQC NMR Studies of Structures Obtained from Nucleophilic Substitutions on Dimethyltin(IV) Salicylaldoximates (1997)

The reactivity of the trinuclear tin cluster [(Me2Sn)2(Me2SnO)(OCH3)(HONZO)(ONZO)] (3a; HONZOH = o-HONCH-C6H4-OH, salicylaldoxime) toward proton-donating nucleophiles is investigated with the purpose of studying the influence of the nature and acidity of the entering nucleophile on the reactivity of 3a and the stability of its cluster network. Reactions of 3a with benzaldoxime, HONCH-C6H5, and phenols HO-C6H5-nXn (pKa > 8) preserve the cluster network and give rise to smooth substitution of the μ2-OCH3 moiety for, respectively, a μ2-bridging benzaldoximate, generating [(Me2Sn)2(Me2SnO)(ONCHC6H5)(HONZO)(ONZO)] (4), and μ2-bridging phenolates, generating [(Me2Sn)2(Me2SnO)(OC6H5-nXn)(HONZO)(ONZO)] (n = 1, X = 4-Me (5a), 4-Br (5b), 3-Cl (5c), 3-NO2 (5d); n = 2, 3,5-Me2 (5e)). More acidic or sterically hindered ortho-disubstituted phenols lead to decomposition of the trinuclear cluster or to mixtures from which no pure trinuclear cluster can be isolated. Reactions of 3a with carboxylic acids, acetic and p-toluic acids, and acetylacetone lead to clean decomposition of the trinuclear cluster, yielding the respective bis[dicarboxylatotetramethyldistannoxanes], 6a and 6b, and dimethyltin bis(acetylacetonate), Me2Sn(acac)2, 7. Reaction of 3a with ethylene glycol generates a mixture of trinuclear clusters, from which 1,3-dioxa-2,2-dimethyl-2-stannacyclopentane (8a) precipitates. Crystal structure determinations by X-ray diffraction for 4, 5a, and 5b reveal essentially the same trinuclear clusters as in 3a and related compounds, with a seven-coordinate pentagonal-bipyramidal tin atom linked to two five-coordinate trigonal-bipyramidal tin atoms via a network of oxygen atoms. All new trinuclear tin clusters have been characterized in solution by gradient-assisted 2D NMR.
Safety envelope for security (2014)

We present an approach for detecting sensor spoofing attacks on a cyber-physical system. Our approach consists of two steps. In the first step, we construct a safety envelope of the system. Under nominal conditions (that is, when there are no attacks), the system always stays inside its safety envelope. In the second step, we build an attack detector: a monitor that executes synchronously with the system and raises an alarm whenever the system state falls outside the safety envelope. We synthesize safety envelopes using a modifed machine learning procedure applied on data collected from the system when it is not under attack. We present experimental results that show effectiveness of our approach, and also validate the several novel features that we introduced in our learning procedure.
TH‐CD‐209‐11: Simulation Study of Real‐Time‐Image Gating On Spot Scanning Proton Therapy for Lung Tumors (2016)

Purpose: To study the impact of a real‐time‐image gating on spot scanning proton therapy for lung tumors and to examine the suitable size of the gating window (GW). Methods: We investigated a real‐time‐image gated proton therapy (RGPT), in which two fluoroscopic units monitor a gold sphere fiducial in real‐time, and the proton beam is irradiated only when the marker enters within the pre‐assigned GW. We designed 5 treatment plans for 7 lung cancer patients: RGPT with a GW of ±1, 2, 5, and 8 mm and free‐breathing proton therapy (FBPT) using the end‐exhale and average images of 4‐dimensional (4D) CT, respectively. 70 Gy(RBE)/10fr was prescribed to 99% of the targets. The time‐series data of the three‐dimensional marker positions (RTRT data) were grouped into 10 phases to associate with the phases of 4DCT. The 4D dose distributions were calculated using the plan information, RTRT Data, 4DCT, and modeled accelerator pattern. The dose distribution in each respiratory phase was deformed into the end‐exhale CT. The D99 and D5‐95 of CTV (with a criteria of D99&gt;95% and D5‐95&lt;5%), V20 of Lung‐GTV, and treatment times were evaluated. Results: GWs ≤ ±2 mm satisfied the criteria of CTV in all cases, whereas GWs ≥ ±5 mm did not satisfy the criteria in some cases. The V20 was reduced by more than 18.9% (relative to FBPT) for GW ≤ ±2 mm, but equaled or even surpassed the FBPT for GWs ≥ ±5 mm. The irradiation times for the ±1, 2, 5, and 8 mm GWs and FBPT were 372.4±208.3, 215.2±51.5, 180.9±31.6, 178.4±21.2, and 140.1±15.2 s, respectively. The GW of ±1 mm caused large variation in irradiation time among the patients. Conclusion: In RGPT for lung cancer, the most suitable GW, in terms of good dose preservation without prolonging the therapeutic beam delivery, is ±2 mm.
International incidence and mortality trends of liver cancer: a global profile (2017)

We examined the global incidence and mortality rates of liver cancer, and evaluated the association between incidence/mortality and socioeconomic development (Human Development Index [HDI] and Gross Domestic Product [GDP]) using linear regression analysis. The average annual percent change (AAPC) of the trends was evaluated from join-point regression analysis. The global incidence of liver cancer varied widely by nine-fold, and was negatively correlated with HDI (men: r = -0.232, p = 0.003; women: r = -0.369, p < 0.001) and GDP per capita (men: r = -0.164, p = 0.036; women: r = -0.212, p = 0.007). Its mortality showed a similarly negative correlation with both indices. The greatest incidence rise in men was observed in Poland (AAPC = 17.5, 95% C.I. = 5.6, 30.9) and Brazil (AAPC = 13.2, 95% C.I. = 5.9, 21.0), whereas Germany (AAPC = 6.6, 95% C.I = 2.0, 11.5) and Norway (AAPC = 6.5, 95% C.I. = 3.2, 10.0) had the greatest increase in women. The mortality rates paralleled the incidence rates in most countries. For mortality, Malta (AAPC = 11.5, 95% C.I. = 3.9, 19.8), Australia (AAPC = 6.8, 95% C.I. = 2.2, 11.5) and Norway (APCC = 5.6, 95% C.I. = 2.8, 8.5) reported the biggest increase among men; whilst Australia (AAPC = 13.4, 95% C.I. = 7.8, 19.4) and Singapore (AAPC = 7.7, 95% C.I. = 4.1, 11.5) showed the most prominent rise among women. These epidemiological data identified countries with potentially increasing trends of liver cancer for preventive actions.
An adherent cell lyses virus-infected targets: characterization, activation, and fine specificity of the cytotoxic cell. (1982)

We have previously reported that mice with defective T lymphocyte function clear a primary reovirus type 1 infection in a normal fashion. The present studies were initiated to determine what cells may play a role in the clearance of this primary infection. We show that macrophages from unprimed mice are capable of lysing reovirus type 1-infected target cells in the absence of specific antibody. Macrophages from nu/nu mice have higher levels of this lytic activity than macrophages from nu/+ and normal mice. In addition, PEC from endotoxin nonresponsive C3H/HeJ mice have virtually no anti-viral lytic activity, while PEC from C3H/FeJ mice have high levels of such activity. Incubation of PEC from C3H/HeJ mice overnight in Con A supernatants restores this lytic activity. PEC are capable of lysing reovirus type 1-infected target cells but not those infected with type 3 reovirus. Using intertypic recombinant viruses, we show this striking target cell specificity to be a property of the sigma 1 protein, the viral hemagglutinin.
Structural organization and genomic sequence of mouse syndecan-1 gene (1993)

Syndecan-1 is an integral membrane proteoglycan, which binds several extracellular matrix components and growth factors. Its expression follows morphogenetic rather than histological patterns during embryonic development and is regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. Malignant transformation has been shown to suppress syndecan-1 expression. In order to understand better the regulation of syndecan-1 expression, we have determined the structural organization of mouse syndecan-1 gene. Several genomic clones were isolated, covering the entire 23-kilobase (kb) syndecan-1 gene. All five exons, four introns, and the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions were sequenced. The first intron was very long (17,582 base pairs (bp)) if compared with the others that were only a few hundred nucleotides in length. The first exon contained only the signal sequence and exons II-IV all the glycosaminoglycan binding sites. The fifth exon resided both transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, which are known to be conserved among the members of the syndecan family. This genomic structure explains why these members could have heterologous extracellular domains and homologous transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Syndecan-1 gene was shown by primer extension analysis to have three transcription initiation sites which were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. These initiation sites were found to locate -217, -266, and -591 bp from described cDNA (Saunders, S., Jalkanen, M., O'Farrell, S., and Bernfield, M. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108, 1547-1556). Within the 5'-end of the gene a 2000-bp-long CpG nucleotide-rich sequence resembling a CpG island was found, which started from the transcription initiation sites and ended in the first intron. At the 3'-end of the gene an other polyadenylation signal sequence was revealed 638 bp downstream from the first one. The two mRNAs (2.6 kb and 3.4 kb) were shown to be produced by alternative polyadenylation.
Study protocol for a multicentre implementation trial of monotherapy anticoagulation to expedite home treatment of patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism in the emergency department (2023)

Introduction In the USA, many emergency departments (EDs) have established protocols to treat patients with newly diagnosed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as outpatients. Similar treatment of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) has been proposed, but no large-scale study has been published to evaluate a comprehensive, integrated protocol that employs monotherapy anticoagulation to treat patients diagnosed with DVT and PE in the ED. Methods and analysis This protocol describes the implementation of the Monotherapy Anticoagulation To expedite Home treatment of Venous ThromboEmbolism (MATH-VTE) study at 33 hospitals in the USA. The study was designed and executed to meet the requirements for the Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies guideline. The study was funded by investigator-initiated awards from industry, with Indiana University as the sponsor. The study principal investigator and study associates travelled to each site to provide on-site training. The protocol identically screens patients with both DVT or PE to determine low risk of death using either the modified Hestia criteria or physician judgement plus a negative result from the simplified PE severity index. Patients must be discharged from the ED within 24 hours of triage and treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban. Overall effectiveness is based upon the primary efficacy and safety outcomes of recurrent VTE and bleeding requiring hospitalisation respectively. Target enrolment of 1300 patients was estimated with efficacy success defined as the upper limit of the 95% CI for the 30-day frequency of VTE recurrence below 2.0%. Thirty-three hospitals in 17 states were initiated in 2016–2017. Ethics and dissemination All sites had Institutional Review Board approval. We anticipate completion of enrolment in June 2020; study data will be available after peer-reviewed publication. MATH-VTE will provide information from a large multicentre sample of US patients about the efficacy and safety of home treatment of VTE with monotherapy anticoagulation.
Quantitative observations of cavitation activity in a viscoelastic medium (2011)

Quantitative experimental observations of single-bubble cavitation in viscoelastic media that would enable validation of existing models are presently lacking. In the present work, single bubble cavitation is induced in an agar gel using a 1.15 MHz high intensity focused ultrasound transducer, and observed using a focused single-element passive cavitation detection (PCD) transducer. To enable quantitative observations, a full receive calibration is carried out of a spherically focused PCD system by a bistatic scattering substitution technique that uses an embedded spherical scatterer and a hydrophone. Adjusting the simulated pressure received by the PCD by the transfer function on receive and the frequency-dependent attenuation of agar gel enables direct comparison of the measured acoustic emissions with those predicted by numerical modeling of single-bubble cavitation using a modified Keller-Miksis approach that accounts for viscoelasticity of the surrounding medium. At an incident peak rarefactional pressure near the cavitation threshold, period multiplying is observed in both experiment and numerical model. By comparing the two sets of results, an estimate of the equilibrium bubble radius in the experimental observations can be made, with potential for extension to material parameter estimation. Use of these estimates yields good agreement between model and experiment.
Oligomerization of immunoglobulin G heavy and light chains in vitro. A cell-free assay to study the assembly of the endoplasmic reticulum. (1993)

A biochemical assay to study the assembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell-free system is introduced. Incubation in vitro of ER vesicles containing only immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy (H) chains with ER vesicles containing only K light (L) chains results in fusion and oligomerization of the H and L chains to form the H2L2 complex (immunoglobulin G). ER fusion/H2L2 oligomerization is time and temperature dependent and requires energy in the form of ATP. It is stimulated by the addition of cytosol and requires protease-sensitive components present on the membranes. The addition of guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) inhibits membrane fusion and subsequent H2L2 oligomerization without affecting the assembly of H2L2 from detergent-solubilized pools, suggesting an important role for GTPases in vesicle recognition or fusion. The development of a rapid and quantitative assay to study the assembly of the ER in a cell-free system will allow us to identify components involved in the recognition, fusion, and post-fusion events critical for ER function in vivo.
Laser Bond Inspection Device for Composites: Has The Holy Grail Been Found? (2005)

Summary Extensive experimental development, supported by 1-and 2-D hydrodynamic code simulations has demonstrated that the strength of bonds can be tested using calibrated weak shock waves (stress waves) generated at the surface of composite (and other) joints. Previously full-scale proof testing of bonded structure has been the only sure method of detecting “kissing” or weak bonds. Laser bond inspection (LBI), using high-intensity stress waves, has been shown to provide a method for localized testing of bond strength. Controlled stress waves of sufficient intensity have been shown to be useful for adhesion evaluation. Gupta, et.al. demonstrated that internal bonds could be evaluated with shock waves [3-5]. Recently, high peak power, short burst laser systems have been shown to reliably and repeatedly test the strength of internal bondlines in composite joints of reasonable (6 to 15 mm total thickness) [6]. Modeling of the method has shown that the laser beam shape results in controlled, very localized testing of bond strength. A compact high peak power laser system and beam delivery method has been designed for factory implementation. To date, numerous tests on composite to composite bonds have shown the method to be sensitive to weak bonds created by poor adhesive mixing, improper surface preparation and/or contamination. Figure 1 illustrates the fundamental process lf laser-generated stress wave evolution in a substrate. The energy delivered by the laser is absorbed in a sacrificial overlay such as black paint at the incident surface of the sample. Mo sample heating takes place, and there is no surface damage. Vaporization of some elements of the overlay produces locally high pressure that is enhanced by inclusion of a transparent overlay layer, such as a water film, that briefly confines vapor expansion. This pressure pulse duration can be tailored to a few hundred nanoseconds. The magnitude of the pressure is a function of the laser input intensity, which facilitates the generation of calibrated stress waves. The shock from the laser pulse produces a compression wave that propagates to the back surface of the sample where it reflects back in tension. In the 1-D approximation, it is this tensile wave propagating through the sample that provides the proof-test loading. When the wave arrives back at the front surface, it reflects into compression again, and the cycle repeats. The lower part of Figure 1 illustrates the time evolution of the stress wave for a simplified one-dimensional case in which the laser beam diameter is at least several times larger than the sample thickness. The actual two-dimensional case of practical interest is considerably more complex, but the basic principles are the same.
AN 11 dB POWER BUDGET IMPROVEMENT BY USING A REMOTELY PUMPED ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIER (1994)

The power budget of repeaterless transmission systems is usually limited by the output power of optical post amplifiers and the sensitivity of optically pre-amplified receivers. The use of an Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) remotely pumped from the receiver end can significantly improve the power budget of such systems, without incorporating any electrically active components along the cable [1]-[4]. Recent experiments have demonstrated budget improvements, over a non-remotely pumped system, of 7.4 and 8.5 dB [2, 3] for pump powers of 100 and 125 mW respectively. In this paper, we describe a remotely pumped EDFA system that provides a record budget improvement of 11 dB for 145 mW of pump power. The improvement over the previously reported experiments is a result of increased pump power as well as optimization of the Erbium-doped fiber and of the transmission fiber placed between the remotely pumped EDFA and the optical pre-amplifier.
Cable Friction Compensation and Rehabilitation Algorithms for a Cable-Driven Human Assistive System (2010)

A cable-driven human assistive system has been developed to separate actuators from a human body. In the system, the assistive torque is transmitted via cables from the actuators to the end-effector which is to be attached on a human joint. The use of cables in flexible tubes allows for users to move freely without carrying the heavy actuators. However, the varying cable friction according to the curvature of the flexible tubes sets a challenge on the precise generation of the desired torque. To generate the desired torque precisely, a hierarchical control scheme is applied to the system. In this paper, the algorithms for determining the desired assistive joint torque and corresponding cable tensions are proposed. To determine the desired assistive torque, a rehabilitation strategy inspired by a potential field is discussed. For corresponding cable tensions, the algorithms for the cable tension controller which considers the varying cable friction as well as a bias for maintaining appropriate cable tensions are proposed. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by experiments.