gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rate-Splitting Multiple Access: Fundamentals, Survey, and Future Research Trends (2022)

Rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) has emerged as a novel, general, and powerful framework for the design and optimization of non-orthogonal transmission, multiple access (MA), and interference management strategies for future wireless networks. By exploiting splitting of user messages as well as non-orthogonal transmission of common messages decoded by multiple users and private messages decoded by their corresponding users, RSMA can softly bridge and therefore reconcile the two extreme interference management strategies of fully decoding interference and treating interference as noise. RSMA has been shown to generalize and subsume as special cases four existing MA schemes, namely, orthogonal multiple access (OMA), physical-layer multicasting, space division multiple access (SDMA) based on linear precoding (currently used in the fifth generation wireless network&#x2013;5G), and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based on linearly precoded superposition coding with successive interference cancellation (SIC). Through information and communication theoretic analysis, RSMA has been shown to be optimal (from a Degrees-of-Freedom region perspective) in several transmission scenarios. Compared to the conventional MA strategies used in 5G, RSMA enables spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), coverage, user fairness, reliability, and quality of service (QoS) enhancements for a wide range of network loads (including both underloaded and overloaded regimes) and user channel conditions. Furthermore, it enjoys a higher robustness against imperfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and entails lower feedback overhead and complexity. Despite its great potential to fundamentally change the physical (PHY) layer and media access control (MAC) layer of wireless communication networks, RSMA is still confronted with many challenges on the road towards standardization. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive tutorial on RSMA by providing a survey of the pertinent state-of-the-art research, detailing its architecture, taxonomy, and various appealing applications, as well as comparing with existing MA schemes in terms of their overall frameworks, performance, and complexities. An in-depth discussion of future RSMA research challenges is also provided to inspire future research on RSMA-aided wireless communication for beyond 5G systems.
(Invited) Protonic Membrane Reactors: Converting CO2 and Biomass to Transportation Fuels (2011)

Abstract not Available.
Synthesis and spontaneous resolution by crystallization of R,S-(±)-dimethyl(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)sulphonium bromide. X-Ray structure and absolute configuration of the R-enantiomer (1983)

R,S-(±)-Dimethyl(1-methyl-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)sulphonium bromide (3a), obtained from 1-phenylpropanone by bromination with t-buty bromide–dimethyl sulphoxide and further reaction with dimethyl sulphide, undergoes spontaneous resolution of its two enantiomers upon crystallization, as demonstrated by a single crystal X-ray analysis and assignment of absolute configuration (R).
Catabolic Pathway for the Production of Skatole and Indoleacetic Acid by the Acetogen Clostridium drakei , Clostridium scatologenes , and Swine Manure (2008)

Skatole (3-methylindole) is a malodorous chemical in stored swine manure and is implicated as a component of foul-tasting pork. Definitive evidence for the skatole pathway is lacking. Deuterium-labeled substrates were employed to resolve this pathway in the acetogenic bacterium Clostridium drakei and Clostridium scatologenes and to determine if a similar pathway is used by microorganisms present in stored swine manure. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) was synthesized from tryptophan by both bacteria, and skatole was synthesized from both IAA and tryptophan. Microorganisms in swine manure produced skatole and other oxidation products from tryptophan, but IAA yielded only skatole. A catabolic mechanism for the synthesis of skatole is proposed.
Deep Morphology Learning Enhances Ex Vivo Drug Profiling-Based Precision Medicine (2022)

We have recently demonstrated that image-based drug screening in patient samples identifies effective treatment options for patients with advanced blood cancers. Here we show that using deep learning to identify malignant and nonmalignant cells by morphology improves such screens. The presented workflow is robust, automatable, and compatible with clinical routine. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 476.
Baseline Regularization for Computational Drug Repositioning with Longitudinal Observational Data. (2016)

Computational Drug Repositioning (CDR) is the knowledge discovery process of finding new indications for existing drugs leveraging heterogeneous drug-related data. Longitudinal observational data such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have become an emerging data source for CDR. To address the high-dimensional, irregular, subject and time-heterogeneous nature of EHRs, we propose Baseline Regularization (BR) and a variant that extend the one-way fixed effect model, which is a standard approach to analyze small-scale longitudinal data. For evaluation, we use the proposed methods to search for drugs that can lower Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) level in the Marshfield Clinic EHR. Experimental results suggest that the proposed methods are capable of rediscovering drugs that can lower FBG level as well as identifying some potential blood sugar lowering drugs in the literature.
An Operator Absorbing Boundary Condition for the Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves in Dispersive Media (2018)

An absorbing boundary condition (ABC) is presented for the absorption of electromagnetic waves in dispersive media in problems where the frequency bandwidth of interest is limited. The condition relies on an operator designed to absorb the waves in the considered bandwidth. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the operator in human body media. Due to its simple implementation, the operator ABC may be an alternative to the perfectly matched layer in applications where the bandwidth does not exceed one or two decades of frequency.
A Wideband Sliding Correlator based Channel Sounder in 65 nm CMOS: An\n Evaluation Board Design (2020)

Wide swaths of bandwidth at millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz)\nfrequencies stimulate diverse applications in wireless sensing, imaging,\nposition location, cloud computing, and much more. These emerging applications\nmotivate wireless communications hardware to operate with multi Gigahertz (GHz)\nbandwidth, at nominal costs, minimal size, and power consumption. Channel\nsounding system implementations currently used to study and measure wireless\nchannels utilize numerous commercially available components from multiple\nmanufacturers that result in a complex and large assembly with many costly and\nfragile cable interconnections between the constituents and commonly achieve a\nsystem bandwidth under one GHz. This paper presents an evaluation board (EVB)\ndesign that features a sliding correlator-based channel sounder with 2 GHz\nnull-to-null RF bandwidth in a single monolithic integrated circuit (IC)\nfabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology. The EVB landscape provides necessary\nperipherals for signal interfacing, amplification, buffering, and enables\nintegration into both the transmitter and receiver of a channel sounding\nsystem, thereby reducing complexity, size, and cost through integrated design.\nThe channel sounder IC on the EVB is the worlds first to report\ngigabit-per-second baseband operation using low-cost CMOS technology, allowing\nthe global research community to now have an inexpensive and compact channel\nsounder system with nanosecond time resolution capability for the detection of\nmultipath signals in a wireless channel.\n
3-Dimensionally Integrated Planar Optics for 100 Gb/s Optical Packet Address Detection (1995)

We propose a novel planar optical interconnection scheme for 100 Gb/s optical packet address detection, which consists of waveguide grating couplers and a diffractive microlens integrated on a glass substrate 3-dimensionally. Length and duty cycle of the grating couplers have been determined on the bases of the ray-optic propagation-mode analysis in a slab waveguide and of the rigorous coupled-wave diffraction analysis for out-coupled radiation-modes. The 3-dimensionally integrated planar optics makes it possible to connect each address bit-signals of TE0-waveguide mode to the detector with a power uniformity of 6.4 % and a total coupling efficiency of 72.3 %.
Buonocore memorial lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: current status and future challenges. (2004)

Bonding to tooth tissue can be achieved through an "etch&rinse," "self-etch" or "glass-ionomer" approach. In this paper, the basic bonding mechanism to enamel and dentin of these three approaches is demonstrated by means of ultramorphological and chemical characterization of tooth-biomaterial interfacial interactions. Furthermore, bond-strength testing and measurement of marginal-sealing effectiveness (the two most commonly employed methodologies to determine "bonding effectiveness" in the laboratory) are evaluated upon their value and relevance in predicting clinical performance. A new dynamic methodology to test biomaterial-tooth bonds in a fatigue mode is introduced with a recently developed micro-rotary fatigue-testing device. Eventually, today's adhesives will be critically weighted upon their performance in diverse laboratory studies and clinical trials. Special attention has been given to the benefits/drawbacks of an etch&rinse versus a self-etch approach and the long-term performance of these adhesives. Correlating data gathered in the laboratory with clinical results clearly showed that laboratory research CAN predict clinical effectiveness. Although there is a tendency to simplify bonding procedures, the data presented confirm that conventional three-step etch&rinse adhesives still perform most favorably and are most reliable in the long-term. Nevertheless, a self-etch approach may have the best future perspective. Clinically, when adhesives no longer require an "etch&rinse" step, the application time, and probably more importantly, the technique-sensitivity are substantially reduced. Especially "mild," two-step self-etch adhesives that bond through a combined micromechanical and chemical interaction with tooth tissue closely approach conventional three-step systems in bonding performance.
Effectiveness of intrathoracic chemothermotherapy for malignant pleurisy due to Ewing's sarcoma: A case report (1990)

This paper describes a case of malignant pleurisy which showed evidence of the effectiveness of a new mode of cancer treatment, intrathoracic chemothermotherapy (ICT). ICT consisted of a bolus intrathoracic injection of 50 mg cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) and local heating using 8 MHz radiofrequency waves for 60 min. A patient with multiple lung metastases and malignant pleurisy on both sides due to Ewing's sarcoma was treated on the right side with ICT, along with concomitant systemic administration of 50 mg CDDP. Intrathoracic temperatures were monitored by insertion of thermocouple temperature sensors, and temperatures of 43 degrees C or over were successfully maintained for about 40 min during each of three treatments. Although the patient died 3 months later of advanced metastases in the left lung and malignant pleurisy on the left side, lung metastases in the right lung were stable on radiographs, and autopsy results showed no cancerous lesions in the right thoracic cavity, which had been treated with ICT. Since no effective response had been obtained clinically or histologically before starting ICT, despite frequent administration of anti-cancer drugs, we conclude that heat acted synergistically with CDDP on drug-resistant cells in this case.
Measurement of Aptamer–Protein Interactions with Back-Scattering Interferometry (2011)

We report the quantitative measurement of aptamer-protein interactions using backscattering interferometry (BSI) and show that BSI can determine when distinct binding regions are accessed. As a model system, we utilized two DNA aptamers (Tasset and Bock) that bind to distinct sites of a target protein (human α-thrombin). This is the first time BSI has been used to study a multivalent system in free solution wherein more than one ligand binds to a single target. We measured aptamer equilibrum dissociation constants (K(d)) of 3.84 nM (Tasset-thrombin) and 5.96 nM (Bock-thrombin), in close agreement with the literature. Unexpectedly, we observed allosteric effects such that the binding of the first aptamer resulted in a significant change in the binding affinity of the second aptamer. For example, the K(d) of Bock aptamer binding to preformed Tasset-thrombin complexes was 7-fold lower (indicating higher affinity) compared to binding to thrombin alone. Preliminary modeling efforts suggest evidence for allosteric linkage between the two exosites.
Alkyl‐ and Arylrhenium Trioxides (1991)

The thermal stability of the ethyl, isobutyl, silaneopentyl and phenyl complexes 1–4 is surprising. At room temperature they are colorless, very volatile liquids and solids and are formed in a procedure (equation (a)), which is quite general.
Supplemental Figures from Prediagnostic Smoking Is Associated with Binary and Quantitative Measures of ER Protein and <i>ESR1</i> mRNA Expression in Breast Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure Legends&lt;/p&gt;
Real-time testbed for assessing a CDMA-based system (1995)

A CDMA-based system concept has been developed with a flexible air interface. A real-time testbed has been built based on this advanced, flexible concept demonstrating some of its key features. Variable bit rate speech up to 16 kb/s and data up to 128 kb/s in the connection-oriented and connection-less modes can be demonstrated. The testbed is used in a validation program assessing how well the CODIT (Code Division Testbed) concept meets the requirements set up for UMTS/FPLMTS. Laboratory tests verify basic performance of the CODIT air interface. This forms the basis for the overall performance of the CODIT system. Demonstrations verify performance in a set of real environments. The results of the validation process, including simulations, measurements, and theoretical studies form a basis for the final assessment of how well the CODIT concept is supporting UMTS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Polypurine-repeat-containing RNAs: a novel class of long non-coding RNA in mammalian cells (2010)

In higher eukaryotic cells, long non-protein-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in a wide array of cellular functions. Cell- or tissue-specific expression of lncRNA genes encoded in the mammalian genome is thought to contribute to the complex gene networks needed to regulate cellular function. Here, we have identified a novel species of polypurine triplet repeat-rich lncRNAs, designated as GAA repeat-containing RNAs (GRC-RNAs), that localize to numerous punctate foci in the mammalian interphase nuclei. GRC-RNAs consist of a heterogeneous population of RNAs, ranging in size from ~1.5 kb to ~4 kb and localize to subnuclear domains, several of which associate with GAA.TTC-repeat-containing genomic regions. GRC-RNAs are components of the nuclear matrix and interact with various nuclear matrix-associated proteins. In mitotic cells, GRC-RNAs form distinct cytoplasmic foci and, in telophase and G1 cells, localize to the midbody, a structure involved in accurate cell division. Differentiation of tissue culture cells leads to a decrease in the number of GRC-RNA nuclear foci, albeit with an increase in size as compared with proliferating cells. Conversely, the number of GRC-RNA foci increases during cellular transformation. We propose that nuclear GRC-RNAs represent a novel family of mammalian lncRNAs that might play crucial roles in the cell nucleus.
Anticancer Activity of an Imageable Curcuminoid 1‐[2‐Aminoethyl‐(6‐hydrazinopyridine‐3‐carbamidyl)‐3,5‐bis‐(2‐fluorobenzylidene)‐4‐piperidone (EFAH) (2011)

3,5-Bis(2-fluorobenzylidine)-4-piperidone or EF24 is a potent anticancer derivative of curcumin. Using an amine derivative of EF24, we synthesized a hydrazinonicotinic acid conjugate, EFAH, for Tc-99m radiolabelling and single photon emission tomography imaging. The aqueous solubility of EFAH (3.5 mg/mL) was significantly more than that of EF24 (1.2 mg/mL); the octanol/water partition coefficient of EFAH was estimated at log P = 0.33. As an antiproliferative agent, EFAH was as effective as EF24 in suppressing the proliferation of H441, MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells. Daily intraperitoneal injection of EFAH (5 μg) for 3 weeks in mice carrying xenografts of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer showed a mean tumour volume reduction of 79%; the tumour weight decreased by 82% in the treated group. For imaging and biodistribution, EFAH was labelled with Tc-99m (98% RCY) and intravenously administered in rats. Approximately 23.7% and 14.3% of injected dose accumulated in liver and intestine, respectively, suggesting that EFAH is mostly eliminated by hepatobiliary route. The results indicate that HYNIC modification of EF24 for Tc-99m radiolabelling does not affect its antiproliferative efficacy. For the first time, a visual biodisposition of EF24 in a live animal model has been demonstrated. Such knowledge could be of benefit in developing therapeutic curcuminoids, such as EF24.
Investigation of Numerical Diffusion in Aerodynamic Flow Simulations\n with Physics Informed Neural Networks (2021)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used for many air flow\nsimulations including road vehicle aerodynamics. Numerical diffusion occurs\nwhen local flow direction is not aligned with the mesh lines and when there is\na non-zero gradient of the dependent variable in the direction normal to the\nstreamline direction. It has been observed that typical numerical\ndiscretization schemes for the Navier-Stokes equations such as first order\nupwinding produce very accurate solutions without numerical diffusion when the\nmesh is aligned with the streamline directions. On the other hand, numerical\ndiffusion is maximized when the streamline direction is at an angle of 45{\\deg}\nrelative to the mesh line. The amount of numerical diffusion can be reduced by\nmesh refinements such as aligning mesh lines along the local flow direction or\nby introducing higher order numerical schemes which may introduce potential\nnumerical instability or additional computational cost. Couple test cases of a\nsimple steady-state incompressible and inviscid air flow convection problem\nwere used to investigate whether numerical diffusion occurs when using Physics\nInformed Neural Networks (PINNs) that rely on automatic differentiation as\nopposed to numerical techniques used in traditional Computational Fluid\nDynamics (CFD) solvers. Numerical diffusion was not observed when PINNs were\nused to solve the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) for the simple convection\nproblem irrespective of flow angle. The PINN correctly simulated the streamwise\nupwinding, which has great potential to improve the accuracy of Navier-Stokes\nsolvers.\n
Bismut‐katalysiertes Wachstum von SnS2‐Nanoröhren und deren Stabilität (2009)

Röhren locker flockig: SnS2-Nanoröhren wurden nach dem Gas-flüssig-fest(VLS)-Mechanismus hergestellt. Dabei wurden unter der katalytischen Wirkung von Bismut-Nanotropfen SnS2-Nanoröhren aus SnS2-Nanoflocken gebildet. Der SnS2-Reaktant wird aus der Gasphase zugeführt und bevorzugt an den Bismut-Partikeln adsorbiert. Beim Abkühlen kommt es zur Keimbildung und zum Wachstum von SnS2-Nanoröhren (siehe HR-TEM-Bild). Bei weiterem Tempern bilden sich SnS2/SnS-Überstrukturen.
An attention based model for off-topic spontaneous spoken response detection: An Initial Study (2017)

Automatic spoken language assessment systems are gaining popularity due to the rising demand for English second language learning. Current systems primarily assess fluency \ and pronunciation, rather than semantic content and relevance of a candidate's response to a prompt. However, to increase reliability and robustness, relevance assessment an\ d off-topic response detection are desirable, particularly for spontaneous spoken responses to open-ended prompts. Previously proposed approaches usually require prompt-resp\ onse pairs for all prompts. This limits flexibility as example responses are required whenever a new test prompt is introduced. This paper presents a initial study of an attention based neural model which assesses the relevance of prompt-response pairs without the need to see them in training. This model uses a bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (BiRNN) embedding of the prompt to compute attention over the hidden states of a BiRNN embedding of the response. The resulting fixed-length embedding is fed into a binary classifier to predict relevance of the response. Due to a lack of off-topic responses, negative examples for both training and evaluation are created by randomly shuffling prompts and responses. On spontaneous spoken data this system is able to assess relevance to both seen and unseen prompts.
Integrated resonant units of metasurface for broadband efficiency and phase modulation (2018)

The beauty of metasurfaces lies on their capability for controlling the amplitude, phase, and polarization response with subwavelength resolution via spatially-varying nano-scatterers. With the incorporation of multiple elements or multiple resonances of nano-resonators into metasurfaces, these integrated-resonant units (IRUs) provide additional degree of freedom to manipulate the multispectral optical property of scattering light over a continuous and broad bandwidth, which is especially essential for eliminating the chromatic effect that requires smooth and linear phase dispersion. Here, we demonstrated three achromatic meta-lens based on IRUs designs to show constant focal length in the range of 400 to 650 nm. In addition, a broadband versatile polarization generator operating in 400 nm to 1300 nm was demonstrated by using multi-nanorod IRUs as building blocks. The working efficiency of multi-nanorod design is enhanced above 10 times in the near infrared range compared to the optimization case of single nanorod design, demonstrating the capability of IRUs in achieving high conversion efficiency over a broad wavelength range.
A Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Prophylactic Use of Low-Dose Dopamine in Cancer Patients Receiving Interleukin-2 (1997)

The administration of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) causes tumor regression in 17-25% of patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell carcinoma. Renal dysfunction is a common dose-limiting toxicity of IL-2 administration, limiting 26% of treatment cycles. We have conducted a prospective randomized trial to evaluate whether the prophylactic administration of low-dose dopamine (2 mg/kg/min) can minimize renal toxicity and thus affect the amount of IL-2 administered. Forty-two patients were randomly assigned to receive systemic high-dose IL-2 with standard supportive measures (group A = 21 patients) or with the addition of prophylactic dopamine (group B = 21 patients) at 2 mg/kg/min. For patients in group B, dopamine was instituted 1 h before the initiation of IL-2 administration and was discontinued 6-12 h after the maximum number of doses of IL-2 were given. There was no difference in the amount of IL-2 administered for each course of therapy for groups A and B. Despite differences in urine flow (milliliters per kilogram per day), fluid balance (liters per day), and overall weight gain, prophylactic low-dose dopamine did not significantly alter maximum plasma urea or creatinine levels in group B when compared with the control group (group A). The overall toxicity profile considering all grade 3 and 4 toxicities for patients in groups A and B was comparable. Thus, there is no evidence to support the routine use of prophylactic low-dose dopamine in patients receiving high-dose IL-2.