gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On learning two different tasks of same input stimulus (2017)

Characteristics of perceptual learning, particularly specificity or generalization, can be influenced by the taxonomic relationship between training and testing tasks and the performance level in the training and testing stages. To better illustrate these characteristics, we developed a set of global orientation/motion judgment tasks of identical stimulus, measured subject's performance at two tasks of twenty-five orientation/motion coherence intensities, and trained subjects to report either orientation or motion direction with the other untrained dimension (i.e. motion or orientation) at four different coherence levels. Four groups were trained on a global orientation discrimination task for eight days and the coherence levels of zero, threshold at 63% correct, threshold at 79%, and suprathreshold coherence were assigned to the task-irrelevant feature (i.e. global motion) in each group. Similarly, another four groups trained on a motion direction discrimination task and exposed to four different orientation coherence levels. We found that (1) subjects' thresholds for the trained task improved significantly, mostly around the trained performance level; (2) learning outcomes at the trained dimension were irrespective of the exposed level of untrained dimension; (3) training with exposure to a certain coherence level of untrained dimension can almost fully generalize to the same task but with different levels of untrained dimension; (4) no significant improvement in motion direction task was observed when subjects were trained on orientation discrimination task, no matter to which motion coherence level they were exposed; (5) For motion direction learning groups, the learning effect could significantly but only slightly generalize to orientation tasks, which is also independent of the exposed orientation coherence level. No significant gain in both tasks was found in the control group. Our results suggest that perceptual learning may not result from the strengthened representation at early stage but depends on the involvement of multiple cortical areas and complex neural networks. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2017
Efficacy of a dynamic collimator for overranging dose reduction in a second- and third-generation dual source CT scanner (2017)

• Overranging dose is to a large extent blocked by the dynamic collimator • Efficacy is strongly improved within the third-generation DSCT scanner • Reducing the number of additional rotations can reduce overranging with increased noise.
Effect of Anneal Time on the Enhanced Performance of a-Si:H TFTs for Future Display Technology (2010)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors (TFTs) are widely used as controlling devices for picture pixels in liquid crystal displays. In addition to flat panel display applications, a significant research effort focuses on the extension of this technology to circuitry on flexible substrates to build flexible sensor systems. This study investigates the effect of anneal time on the performance of the a-Si:H TFTs on Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). Off-current is reduced by two orders of magnitude for 48-hours annealed TFT, and the sub-threshold slope become steeper with longer annealing. For positive gate-bias-stress, ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> values are positive and exhibit a power-law time dependence (PLTD). The 48-hour annealed TFTs, however, display a turnaround phenomenon (TP) at longer stress times. For negative gate-bias-stress, TFTs annealed for ≥ 24 hours possess a smaller positive ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> . They do not follow a PLTD and the TP is observed at longer stress times. The observed ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> is explained in terms of the shift in the electron and hole transfer characteristics.
Flow of a thin liquid layer due to ambient disturbances (1987)

Abstract A closed‐form solution for the transient deformation of a thin liquid layer caused by ambient pressure disturbances predicts the level of disturbances that will produce significant flow in the time available. The effects of viscosity, gravity, surface tension, and a soluble surface‐active agent are included in the analysis. The major simplification is the use of the lubrication approximation to the equations of flow. Nearly stationary pressure disturbances are found to be more dangerous than moving disturbances. Surface tension gradients arising from convection of surfactant in the surface oppose flow and reduce the film deformation. The thermodynamic properties of the surfactant, as well as its diffusion coefficient, are important in determining whether significant surface tension gradients develop. However, the effectiveness of a surfactant at minimizing film deformation also depends upon flow parameters such as the natural time scale for flow.
A model of cellular dosimetry for macroscopic tumors in radiopharmaceutical therapy (2011)

The adjusted spherical model presented here provides more accurate TCP values than simple spheres, on par with full cellular Monte Carlo simulations while maintaining the simplicity of the simple sphere model. This model provides a basis for complementing and understanding laboratory and clinical results pertaining to radiopharmaceutical therapy.
Uplink Performance of LTE and NR with High-Speed Trains (2021)

Cellular network based connectivity for high speed trains (HSTs) is subject to large carrier frequency offset (CFO) due to high Doppler shifts. Large CFO will cause losing orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers which leads to significant performance loss. In this paper, we compare two Doppler estimation methods for HST links to compensate and remove CFO effect in the receiver in the context of 5G New Radio (NR) and long term evolution (LTE) systems. The first considered method to estimate Doppler shifts in LTE systems is based on the cyclic prefix (CP). The second method considered in NR system context is based on the phase tracking reference signal (PTRS). Simulation results shown that NR PTRS based method has higher estimation accuracy compared to LTE CP based method. Moreover, NR PTRS based method has higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain to achieve considered link performance target which is set to 70% of the maximum achievable throughput in this study. Additionally, the uplink data channel performance studies shown that, for systems using two demodulation reference signal (DMRS) per subframe for channel estimation, LTE CP based method can support only QPSK modulation scheme. In this case, a significant performance improvement is observed when the number of DMRS symbols per subframe is increased up to four, while almost the same performance is observed in NR systems for both slot patterns. Therefore, NR systems using PTRS based method with two DMRS configuration per subframe can be used with lower system overhead. In addition, block error rate (BLER) performance results show that NR PTRS based method has superior performance compared to LTE CP based method. Overall, these results demonstrate that NR PTRS based Doppler estimation method is more suitable in HST use cases.
Movie 1 from Metabolic Screening of Cytotoxic T-cell Effector Function Reveals the Role of CRAC Channels in Regulating Lethal Hit Delivery (2023)

&lt;p&gt;OT-I CTL engagement with H2B-GFP-labeled MEC1/OVA cells followed by target cell death. The migration tracks and position of individual CTLs (numbers) are highlighted. Arrowheads highlight different phases of target cell death, including membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and fading of GFP fluorescence (green color). Time stamp, h:min. Scale bar, 20 µm.&lt;/p&gt;
Multiple Metal—Carbon Bonds for Catalytic Metathesis Reactins (Nobel Lecture). (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 Is Essential for Arteriogenesis in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia (2016)

Anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8 (Antxr1 or TEM8) is up-regulated in tumor vasculature and serves as a receptor for anthrax toxin, but its physiologic function is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis. The role of Antxr1 in arteriogenesis was tested by measuring gene expression and immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia using wild-type and ANTXR1(-/-) mice. Additional tests were performed by measuring gene expression in in vitro models of fluid shear stress and hypoxia, as well as in human muscle tissues obtained from patients having peripheral artery disease. We observed that Antxr1 expression transiently increased in ischemic tissues following femoral artery ligation and that its expression was necessary for arteriogenesis. In the absence of Antxr1, the mean arterial lumen area in ischemic tissues decreased. Antxr1 mRNA and protein expression was positively regulated by fluid shear stress, but not by hypoxia. Furthermore, Antxr1 expression was elevated in human peripheral artery disease requiring lower extremity bypass surgery. These findings demonstrate an essential physiologic role for Antxr1 in arteriogenesis and peripheral artery disease, with important implications for managing ischemia and other arteriogenesis-dependent vascular diseases.
Synthesis of Optically Pure 2-Trifluoromethyl Lactic Acid by Asymmetric Hydroformylation (2013)

By utilizing Rh catalysts ligated by the P-chirogenic ligands QuinoxP* and DuanPhos, 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-2-yl acetate could be hydroformylated and subsequently oxidized to yield enantiomerically pure 2-trifluoromethyllactic acid.
Repeatability and noise robustness of spicularity features for computer aided characterization of pulmonary nodules in CT (2008)

Computer aided characterization aims to support the differential diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary nodules. A number of published studies have correlated automatically computed features from image processing with clinical diagnoses of malignancy vs. benignity. Often, however, a high number of features was trained on a relatively small number of diagnosed nodules, raising a certain skepticism as to how salient and numerically robust the various features really are. On the way towards computer aided diagnosis which is trusted in clinical practice, the credibility of the individual numerical features has to be carefully established. Nodule volume is the most crucial parameter for nodule characterization, and a number of studies are testing its repeatability. Apart from functional parameters (such as dynamic CT enhancement and PET uptake values), the next most widely used parameter is the surface characteristic (vascularization, spicularity, lobulation, smoothness). In this study, we test the repeatability of two simple surface smoothness features which can discriminate between smoothly delineated nodules and those with a high degree of surface irregularity. Robustness of the completely automatically computed features was tested with respect to the following aspects: (a) repeated CT scan of the same patient with equal dose, (b) repeated CT scan with much lower dose and much higher noise, (c) repeated automatic segmentation of the nodules using varying segmentation parameters, resulting in differing nodule surfaces. The tested nodules (81) were all solid or partially solid and included a high number of sub- and juxtapleural nodules. We found that both tested surface characterization features correlated reasonably well with each other (80%), and that in particular the mean-surface-shape-index showed an excellent repeatability: 98% correlation between equal dose CT scans, 93% between standard-dose and low-dose scan (without systematic shift), and 97% between varying HU-threshold of the automatic segmentation, which makes it a reliable feature to be used in computer aided diagnosis.
Design and manufacturing of material microstructures and micromechanisms (1996)

This paper suggests how two inverse problems can be solved using topology optimization methods. The first problem consists of designing materials with optimal or special properties such as maximum stiffness to weight ratios or negative Poisson's ratio materials. The second problem consists of designing optimal compliant micromechanism for use in MicroElectroMechanical Systems. The proposed material microstructures and compliant micromechanisms have been manufactured using micromachining techniques and they show the expected behavior in tests.
Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of resistance to polymyxin B in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1984)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa H181 and H185 are resistant to initial exposure to polymyxin B and continue to grow in its presence. Growth of the strains in the presence of 50 U of polymyxin B per ml was characterized by a doubling time of 120 min, whereas the doubling time in the absence of polymyxin was 60 min. Growth for two generations in the presence of polymyxin caused a 23 to 31% increase in lipopolysaccharide content. In addition, a marked increase in susceptibility to the detergents sodium deoxycholate, Triton X-100, and sodium dodecyl sulfate was observed. The resistant mutants had a small but significant reduction in their levels of dodecanoic acid as compared with the parent strain; however, this was the only consistent alteration observed in levels of fatty acids or readily extractable lipids. Polymyxin was fluorescently labeled by coupling to 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride (dansyl chloride). Growth of strains H181 and H185 in the presence of dansylated polymyxin resulted in a stable association between the fluorescent antibiotic and the outer membrane. We postulate that these alterations are part of an adaptive response by the strains to the presence of polymyxin in the growth medium and reflect a resistance mechanism distinct from the mechanism affording polymyxin B resistance when these strains are initially exposed to the antibiotic.
Lymphoid and myeloid differentiation of fetal liver CD34+lineage- cells in human thymic organ culture. (1994)

In this article, we report that the human fetal thymus contains CD34bright cells (< 0.01% of total thymocytes) with a phenotype that resembles that of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors in the fetal bone marrow. CD34bright thymocytes were CD33-/dull and were negative for CD38, CD2, and CD5 as well as for the lineage markers CD3, CD4, and CD8 (T cells), CD19 and CD20 (B cells), CD56 (NK cells), glycophorin (erythrocytes), and CD14 (monocytes). In addition, total CD34+ lineage negative (lin-) thymocytes contained a low number of primitive myeloid progenitor cells, thus suggesting that the different hematopoietic lineages present in the thymus may be derived from primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells seeding the thymus. To investigate whether the thymus is permissive for the development of non-T cells, human fetal organ culture (FTOC) assays were performed by microinjecting sorted CD34+lin- fetal liver cells into fragments of HLA-mismatched fetal thymus. Sequential phenotypic analysis of the FTOC-derived progeny of CD34+lin- cells indicated that the differentiation into T cells was preceded by a wave of myeloid differentiation into CD14+CD11b+CD4dull cells. Donor-derived B cells (CD19+CD20+) were also generated, which produced immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) when cultured under appropriate conditions, as well as functional CD56+CD3- NK cells, which efficiently killed K562 target cells in cytotoxicity assays. These results demonstrate that the microinjection of fetal liver hematopoietic progenitors into fetal thymic organ fragments results in multilineage differentiation in vitro.
Independent Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transaminase (GABAT) on Metabolic and Sleep Homeostasis (2015)

Breakdown of the major sleep-promoting neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in the GABA shunt generates catabolites that may enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle, but it is unknown whether catabolic by-products of the GABA shunt actually support metabolic homeostasis. In Drosophila, the loss of the specific enzyme that degrades GABA, GABA transaminase (GABAT), increases sleep, and we show here that it also affects metabolism such that flies lacking GABAT fail to survive on carbohydrate media. Expression of GABAT in neurons or glia rescues this phenotype, indicating a general metabolic function for this enzyme in the brain. As GABA degradation produces two catabolic products, glutamate and succinic semialdehyde, we sought to determine which was responsible for the metabolic phenotype. Through genetic and pharmacological experiments, we determined that glutamate, rather than succinic semialdehyde, accounts for the metabolic phenotype of gabat mutants. This is supported by biochemical measurements of catabolites in wild-type and mutant animals. Using in vitro labeling assays, we found that inhibition of GABAT affects energetic pathways. Interestingly, we also observed that gaba mutants display a general disruption in bioenergetics as measured by altered levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, NAD(+)/NADH, and ATP levels. Finally, we report that the effects of GABAT on sleep do not depend upon glutamate, indicating that GABAT regulates metabolic and sleep homeostasis through independent mechanisms. These data indicate a role of the GABA shunt in the development of metabolic risk and suggest that neurological disorders caused by altered glutamate or GABA may be associated with metabolic disruption.
Intra lesional corticosteroid therapy of chalazia. (1987)

Efficacy of various types of intrachalazion injections of corticosteroids was evaluated. Best results were received by injection of Triamcenolne (80-92.3%). Of the 40 chalazia which received hydrocortisone acetate showed 30-48% total cure rate. But the cases who had dexamethasone therapy did not show encouraging results. The lesions having firm to hard consistency with a chronicity of the process were not suitable cases for intralesional corticosteroid therapy. Cases of recurrent chalazia demand needle aspiration biopsy prior to injection.
Petahertz-scale nonlinear photoconductive sampling in air (2021)

The electric field waveform of a light field can be used to unlock a detailed recording of its interaction with matter, but accessing it requires a measurement with subfemtosecond temporal resolution. We demonstrate nonlinear photoconductive sampling of light fields at optical frequencies in ambient air. The resulting detection method provides broadband electric field measurement in an inexpensive setup using a self-healing medium. A direct comparison is made between detection in air and in quartz, validating the technique up to 0.7 PHz. This provides both a simple route toward field metrology and a new platform for future studies in attosecond physics without the need for complex vacuum setups or sophisticated sample preparation.
Confocal Laser Tomographic Scanning Of The Eye (1989)

We describe the application of confocal laser scanning microscopy for three-dimensional measurements of the eye in vivo. Formation and analysis of three-dimensional images are discussed using the example of the optic nerve head. The accuracy of height measurements at this structure is better than 50 microns and can be improved significantly by using active optical components.
Mid-wave infrared metasurface microlensed focal plane array for optical crosstalk suppression (2015)

Spatial crosstalk is one of the fundamental drawbacks of diminishing pixel size in mid-wave infrared focal plane arrays (IR-FPAs). We proposed an IR-FPA using the concept of optical phase discontinuities for substantial optical crosstalk suppression. This IR-FPA consists of asymmetrically tailored V-shaped optical antennas. Full-wave simulations confirmed major improvements in narrowing the intensity distribution of incident light beam by over 30-folds and concentrating these distributions in the central pixel of IR-FPA by achieving optical crosstalks of <1%.
Reversed Spiral Imaging for Coronary MR Angiography (2003)

P. Bornert, B. Aldefeld, K. Nehrke, H. Eggers Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg, Germany Synopsis Coronary MR angiography (CMRA) can benefit in the future from the principles of molecular imaging. Specific contrast agents will offer the opportunity to image arterial plaque directly, if appropriate image contrasts (T1 or T2*) can be introduced. Spiral imaging has been shown to be robust and efficient for CMRA, and reversed spiral imaging can generate strong T2* weighting. In this work, the applicability of free breathing, submillimeter 2D and 3D reversed spiral coronary MRA with strong T2* contrast was studied in the view of future contrast agent developments.
Experimental Demonstration of Flexible Hybrid Modulation Formats for Future Adaptive Optical Transmission Systems (2018)

The exponentially growing demand for high-speed data transmission is one of the main reasons for the ongoing evolution from fixed and static to link-adaptive systems in fiber-optic communications. The need to maximize the flexibility as well as the capacity of the system, while keeping the optical network infrastructure unchanged, leads to modifications of the system terminals, resulting in so-called flexible transceivers. A highly desired property of such a transceiver is a fine data rate granularity, which allows us to match the transmission capacity to the link budget. In this paper, we experimentally analyze flexible quadrature-division hybrid modulation formats, namely Flex-PAM, as a promising candidate for flexible transceivers. This method works at every integer number of bits-per-symbol, and, compared with other candidates proposed in the literature, requires a very simple digital signal processing scheme. We focus in particular on the effects of the effective number of bits in state-of-the-art digital/analog and analog/digital converters and fiber nonlinearities on the performance of Flex-PAM transmission. We analyze the capabilities of flexible modulation in a 5 × 32 GBd wavelength division multiplexing coherent transmission on a dense 37.5 GHz grid and support the results by thorough numerical simulations. We successfully demonstrate the capability of Flex-PAM modulation to handle a wide range of bit-rates (5 × 128 to 5 × 320 Gbit/s), a maximum spectral efficiency of 6.8 (b/s)/Hz, and propose a simple and adaptive digital signal processing scheme to compensate for the major linear and nonlinear impairments of the system.
WYOMING TUBE-TYPE BRIDGE RAIL AND BOX-BEAM GUARDRAIL TRANSITION (1990)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04081896; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04081896.
Planarity and multiple components promote organic photovoltaic efficiency by improving electronic transport (2016)

Establishing how the conformation of organic photovoltaic (OPV) polymers affects their electronic and transport properties is critical in order to determine design rules for new OPV materials and in particular to understand the performance enhancements recently reported for ternary blends. We report coupled classical and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations showing that polymer linkage twisting significantly reduces optical absorption efficiency, as well as hole transport rates in donor polymers. We predict that blends with components favoring planar geometries contribute to the enhancement of the overall efficiency of ternary OPVs. Furthermore, our electronic structure calculations for the PTB7-PID2-PC71BM system show that hole transfer rates are enhanced in ternary blends with respect to their binary counterpart. Finally, our results point at thermal disorder in the blend as a key reason responsible for device voltage losses and at the need to carry out electronic structure calculations at finite temperature to reliably compare with experiments.