gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Health and Performance for Long-Duration Spaceflight (2008)

Future long-duration spaceflights are now being planned to the Moon and Mars as a part of the "Vision for Space Exploration" program initiated by NASA in 2004. This report describes the design reference missions for the International Space Station, Lunar Base, and eventually a Mars Expedition. There is a need to develop more stringent preflight medical screening for crewmembers to minimize risk factors for diseases which cannot be effectively treated in flight. Since funding for space life sciences research and development has been eliminated to fund program development, these missions will be enabled by countermeasures much like those currently in use aboard the International Space Station. Artificial gravity using centrifugation in a rotating spacecraft has been suggested repeatedly as a "universal countermeasure" against deconditioning in microgravity and could be an option if other countermeasures are found to be ineffective. However, the greatest medical unknown in interplanetary flight may be the effects of radiation exposure. In addition, a Mars expedition would lead to a far greater level of isolation and psychological stress than any space mission attempted previously; because of this, psychiatric decompensation remains a risk. Historically, mortality and morbidity related to illness and injury have accounted for more failures and delays in new exploration than have defective transportation systems. The medical care system on a future Mars expedition will need to be autonomous and self-sufficient due to the extremely long separation from definitive medical care. This capability could be expanded by the presence of a physician in the crew and including simple, low-technology surgical capability.
2D analytical model for the study of NEM relay device scaling (2011)

NEM relay is a promising class of device to overcome the power crisis of CMOS circuits. To design these devices and predict their scaling properties, an analytical model highlighting the fundamental physics of the relay operation is highly desired. This work presents a new 2D analytical model for the study of NEM relay scaling. The model retains the physical insights for NEM relays and yet has the simplicity close to the commonly used 1D model. The error as compared to a finite element model is reduced from ~25% (1D model) to ~3% (this work) by introducing a ratio R(a) to account for 2D effects in the 1D formulation. Besides the fundamental mechanical and electrical properties, the model also takes into account surface forces in the operation of NEM relay devices. The impact of surface forces on the operation voltage as devices are scaled down is discussed.
Studying Visualization Guidelines According to Grounded Theory (2020)

Visualization guidelines, if defined properly, are invaluable to both practical applications and the theoretical foundation of visualization. In this paper, we present a collection of research activities for studying visualization guidelines according to Grounded Theory (GT). We used the discourses at VisGuides, which is an online discussion forum for visualization guidelines, as the main data source for enabling data-driven research processes as advocated by the grounded theory methodology. We devised a categorization scheme focusing on observing how visualization guidelines were featured in different threads and posts at VisGuides, and coded all 248 posts between September 27, 2017 (when VisGuides was first launched) and March 13, 2019. To complement manual categorization and coding, we used text analysis and visualization to help reveal patterns that may have been missed by the manual effort and summary statistics. To facilitate theoretical sampling and negative case analysis, we made an in-depth analysis of the 148 posts (with both questions and replies) related to a student assignment of a visualization course. Inspired by two discussion threads at VisGuides, we conducted two controlled empirical studies to collect further data to validate specific visualization guidelines. Through these activities guided by grounded theory, we have obtained some new findings about visualization guidelines.
Web-based interactive simulations and virtual lab for photonics education (2019)

There is large industry demand for qualified engineers and technicians in photonics advanced manufacturing. Current workforce training methods require expensive state-of-the-art laboratory equipment, as well as commercial licenses for photonic design software, which can be prohibitively costly for many universities. Virtual laboratories and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) can help fill this training gap by providing a scalable approach to photonics workforce education for an international audience. In this project, AIM Photonics Academy—the education initiative of AIM Photonics, a Manufacturing USA Institute—is creating a virtual laboratory to enable self-directed learning for the emerging photonics workforce. Students learn photonic device and circuit modeling in a 3D online virtual lab environment with interactive simulations of micron-scale photonic visualizations. An intuitive interface highlights the most critical device design parameters and their optimal operational settings for applications in Datacom, wireless communication, sensing, and imaging. Simulations include silicon waveguide propagation and loss, radial waveguide bends, and directional couplers for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). In spring of 2019, AIM Academy has integrated these simulations into an online course focused on PIC-chip design, with a fundamentals course expected in fall of 2019. Additionally, these online tools will be used in a blended learning curriculum in 2020 to train engineers and technicians in semiconductor design, testing and packaging for photonics applications. Following online module completion, students can take blended learning on-site workshops at affiliated university laboratories to capitalize on their simulated training with hands-on experiments in chip design, packaging, and optical or electrical testing.
Extended Analysis of the $Z^{2}$ -FET: Operation as Capacitorless eDRAM (2017)

The Z <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -FET operation as capacitorless DRAM is analyzed using advanced 2-D TCAD simulations for IoT applications. The simulated architecture is built based on actual 28-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator devices. It is found that the triggering mechanism is dominated by the front-gate bias and the carrier's diffusion length. As in other FB-DRAMs, the memory window is defined by the ON voltage shift with the stored body charge. However, the Z <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -FET's memory state is not exclusively defined by the inner charge but also by the reading conditions.
Selective Carbon Deposition on γ-Alumina Acid Sites: toward the Design of Catalyst Supports with Improved Hydrothermal Stability in Aqueous Media (2020)

γ-Alumina, a widely used industrial catalyst support, undergoes irreversible transformation into various aluminum hydroxides under hydrothermal (HT) conditions, resulting in strong modification of its intrinsic properties. Most of the strategies that have been proposed to prevent or at least minimize its transformation into oxy-hydroxides consist in covering the alumina surface with a hydrophobic carbon layer, making it less sensitive to modifications induced by water. However, such methods necessitate high carbon contents, which significantly modifies structural and chemical properties of alumina. Here, we propose a new method based on a series of adsorption/pyrolysis cycles using sorbitol molecules previously adsorbed on specific hydration sites of the (110) faces of γ-alumina crystals. These sites, which are responsible for the dissolution of γ-alumina crystals in water, are thus selectively protected by carbon clusters, with the rest of the surface being totally exposed and accessible to adsorbates. Under HT conditions (10 h in water at 200 °C), the formation of hydroxides is almost totally suppressed by covering less than 25% of the surface with only 7 wt % carbon, which is far below the amount necessary to achieve similar results with more conventional carbon deposition methods.
Csf1r-GCaMP5 Reporter Mice Reveal Immune Cell Communication in Vitro and in Vivo (2021)

ABSTRACT Interconnected cells are responsible for emergent functions ranging from cognition in the brain to cyclic contraction in the heart. In electrically excitable cells, methods for studying cell communication are highly advanced, but in non-excitable cells, generalized methods for studying cell communication are less mature. Immune cells have generally been classified as non-excitable cells with diverse pathophysiologic roles that span every tissue in the body, yet little is known about their interconnectedness because assays are destructive and have low temporal resolution. In this work, we hypothesize that non-excitable immune cells are functionally interconnected in previously unrecognized cell communication networks. To test the hypothesis, we created a hematopoietic calcium reporter mouse (Csf1r-Cre × GCaMP5) and non-destructively quantified the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular calcium in vitro and in vivo . In vitro , bone marrow derived macrophages calcium reporters reveal that fatal immune stimulatory DNA-sensing induces rapid intercellular communication to neighboring cells. In vivo , using intravital microscopy through a dorsal window chamber in the context of MC38-H2B-mCherry tumors, Csf1r-GCaMP5 reporters exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics consistent with cell communication. We present a theoretical framework and analysis pipeline for identifying spatiotemporal locations of “excess synchrony” of calcium spiking as a means of inferring previously unrecognized cell communication events. Together, these methods provide a toolkit for investigating known and as-yet-undiscovered cell communication events in vitro and in vivo .
Genetics of Carney Complex and Related Familial Lentiginoses, and other Multiple Tumor Syndromes (2000)

Carney complex is a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome that affects the adrenal cortex, the pituitary and thyroid glands, and the. gonads. The complex is also associated with skin and mucosa pigmentation abnormalities and myxoid and other neoplasms of mesenchymal and neural crest origin. Thus, this syndrome also belongs to another group of genetic disorders, the lentiginoses (or lentigenoses), which include the Peutz-Jeghers, LEOPARD, arterial dissections and lentiginosis, and Laugier-Hunziker syndromes, Cowden disease and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith (Bannayan-Zonana) syndrome and the centrofacial, benign patterned and segmental lentiginoses, all of which can be associated with a variety of developmental defects. The inheritance of Carney complex, just like that of the other MENs and the lentiginoses, is autosomal dominant. Genetic loci or genes have been identified for Carney complex, Peutz-Jeghers and Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndromes, but not for other lentiginoses. Elucidation of the molecular defects responsible for these disorders is expected to shed light on aspects of early neural crest differentiation, the regulation of pigmentation, the development of autonomous endocrine function, and endocrine and nonendocrine tumorigenesis.
Low-temperature (4.2°K) study of the E1u2 ←E2g2 band system in the electronic spectra of various ferricenium compounds (1973)

The E1u2 ←E2g2 (16 200 cm−1) band system for the three ferricenium salts [Fe(C5H5)2]PF6, [Fe(C5H5)2]BF4, and [Fe(C5H5)2](CCl3CO2H)2–(CCl3CO2−) has been studied at 4.2°K. Analysis of the observed vibrational structure indicates that the 2E1u excited state is split into two Kramers doublets, with the extent of splitting being a function of the anion. Several ferricenium 2E1u vibrational frequencies have been identified and compared with corresponding values for ground state ferrocene. It appears from these comparisons that the iron 4px and 4py orbitals are minimally involved in the iron-ring bonding.
ANALYSIS OF CLONED T CELL FUNCTION (1983)

Cyclosporine has profound suppressive effects on selected in vitro functions of cloned T lymphocytes. Cyclosporine inhibits the antigen-induced proliferation of the helper T cell clone 12-11. The effective dose required to reduce this response by 50% (ED50) is 28 ng/ml. In contrast, the proliferation of clone 12-11 induced by exogenous growth factors in secondary mixed lymphocyte culture supernatant (2 degrees MLC SN), is relatively insensitive to cyclosporine (ED50 = 4600 ng/ml). Furthermore, cyclosporine abrogates both antigen-induced and mitogen-induced secretion of lymphokines by clone 12-11, indicating that cloned helper T cell function is sensitive to cyclosporine even when interactions between specific alloantigens and their cell surface receptors are bypassed with mitogen. The suppressive effect of cyclosporine is not limited to helper T cell clones. The cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone 5MD2-2 is also sensitive to cyclosporine. Again, cyclosporine (100 ng/ml) blocks the antigen-driven, but not the exogenous lymphokine-driven, component of clone 5MD2-2 proliferation. This suppression does not result from the occlusion of antigen receptors or from antigen deformation by cyclosporine, because clone 5MD2-2 remains capable of antigen-specific cytolysis in the presence of cyclosporine concentrations that can suppress its proliferation. Finally, the ability of clone 5MD2-2 to remove IL-2 activity from culture media, a function that is significantly enhanced by contact with specific alloantigen, is not influenced by suppressive cyclosporine concentrations.
Chronic myocardial infarction induces upregulation of nNOS and alters neuronal excitability in the guinea pig cardiac plexus (2007)

Chronic myocardial infarction (CMI) is associated with remodeling of the heart and associated autonomic neural control systems. To evaluate the remodeling of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system following myocardial infarction, the dorsal descending coronary artery was ligated in the guinea pig heart and the animals allowed to recover for 6–9 weeks. Thereafter, the cardiac plexus was isolated for electrophysiological and immunohistochemical analyses. Intracellular voltage recordings from intrinsic cardiac neurons demonstrated no change in resting membrane properties compared to age‐matched controls. However, the intrinsic cardiac neurons derived from chronic infarcted hearts demonstrated an increase in evoked excitability (as determined by the number of action potentials produced with depolarizing stimuli) and an increase in responses to exogenously applied histamine or pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) as compared to age‐matched controls. The percentage of neurons that demonstrated neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) immunoreactivity was significantly increased in CMI tissue (17.5 + 5.0% in CMI vs 5.4 + 2.9% in controls; p &lt; 0.02). These results indicate that chronic myocardial infarction induces a differential remodeling of intrinsic cardiac cellular phenotypes and functional up‐regulation of local network excitability. Supported by HL71830 (JLA) and R15 HL060619 ‐02 (JCH).
Colon Capsule Endoscopy After Incomplete Colonoscopy: Initial US Experience (2015)

Introduction: Colonoscopy is the mainstay of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in the United States, but is limited by incomplete exams in up to 13% of patients. This increases a patient's likelihood of developing interval CRC. A novel device, PillCam® COLON 2 Capsule Endoscopy System (PCC2), was recently cleared by the FDA for use after incomplete colonoscopy with adequate bowel preparation, which could assist patients with accessing adequate CRC screening. This is the first study assessing the use of PCC2 for the FDA approved indication, incomplete colonoscopy (IC). Methods: Patients with a past history of IC were included in the study. The recorded capsule video was downloaded and reviewed. Demographic information along with colon transit, bowel preparation quality, polyp identification, and impact on management were included in the final analysis. Results: A total of 19 patients have had capsule colonoscopy for IC. The male to female ratio was (9:10) with a mean age of 62 years of age (range 52-70). The capsule was excreted in 17/19 patients with a median transit 167 minutes (range 20-405 minutes). The majority of patients (16/19) had a bowel preparation of good/excellent in all segments. In 14/19 patients polyps larger then 6 mm were identified (see images), which altered management and a repeat colonoscopy was recommended. The finding seen were diverticulosis and AVMs. Most patients in this series were awaiting repeat colonoscopy, but one patient refused a subsequent colonoscopy. No complications were encountered before, during, or after the procedure was completed. The technique was well tolerated by patients, who were generally satisfied with the exam and outcome as assessed by post procedure questionnaires. Conclusion: PCC2 changed management in a high proportion of patients, including one critical alteration. The technique was well tolerated by patients, who were generally satisfied with the exam and outcome. PCC2 has the potential to improve access to adequate CRC screening.Figure 1Figure 2
Preparation of Particles for Microvoid Coatings by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization (1992)

Hollow particles for microvoid coatings were prepared by polymerizing a crosslinked hydrophobic polymer shell around a hydrophilic polymer core, then recovering and drying the particles. Typical cores were soft carboxyl-containing copolymers which have been neutralized; typical shells were hard crosslinked polystyrene or poly (methyl methacrylate). The volume of the core must be great enough so as to shrink and leave a void upon drying; the shell must be strong enough to maintain its integrity during drying. These core/shell particles were prepared by sequential addition of the different monomer mixtures; however, the morphology of the particles did not always match the order of monomer addition, i.e., the hydrophilic polymer generally comprised the shell and the hydrophobic polymer, the core, the opposite of the order of addition. The preparation of the requisite particles by seeded emulsion polymerization is described, in particular, the techniques required to prepare the desired particles with soft hydrophilic polymer cores and hard crosslinked hydrophobic polymer shells.
Non-Chromosomal Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria, III: Isolation of the Discrete Transfer Unit of the R-Factor R1 (1970)

A covalently-closed circular DNA species, banding at a buoyant density of rho = 1.709 g/cm(3) in CsCl, has been identified in antibiotic-sensitive colonies of E. coli strain AB2463 (rec A(-)) after mating with a Proteus mirabilis strain that carries the R-factor, R1. This plasmid, which represents a stable segregant of R1 that has lost all of the drug resistance determinants present on the parent R-factor but which has retained its ability to be transferred by conjugation, fulfills the functional definition of the R-factor transfer unit (RTF).
Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 and transgenes enables complex immune cell engineering (2021)

As genome engineering advances cell-based therapies, a versatile approach to introducing both CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and therapeutic transgenes into specific cells would be transformative. Autologous T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) manufactured by viral transduction are approved to treat multiple blood cancers, but additional genetic modifications to alter cell programs will likely be required to treat solid tumors and for allogeneic cellular therapies. We have developed a one-step strategy using engineered lentiviral particles to introduce Cas9 RNPs and a CAR transgene into primary human T cells without electroporation. Furthermore, programming particle tropism allows us to target a specific cell type within a mixed cell population. As a proof-of-concept, we show that HIV-1 envelope targeted particles to edit CD4<sup>+</sup> cells while sparing co-cultured CD8<sup>+</sup> cells. This adaptable approach to immune cell engineering ex vivo provides a strategy applicable to the genetic modification of targeted somatic cells in vivo.
Improvement in Device Performances of InP-Based HEMTs by Thinning a Barrier Layer (2008)

The dependences of source resistance, Rs, transconductance, gm, gate capacitance, Cgs, Cgd, and cutoff frequency, fT, of InP-based HEMTs on an InAlAs barrier layer thickness, d, were investigated. We divided Rs into 4 elements and analyzed the effect of thinning a barrier layer. The resistance originated from the large band discontinuity between InAlAs and InGaAs decreased by thinning a barrier layer, while the resistance in the gate-recessed region increased. As a result, InP-based HEMT with d=10 nm showed lowest Rs. On the other hand, gm increased monotonically with d, due to the reduction of the gate to channel distance, and gmint reached to 2.6 S/mm at d=5 nm. We also estimated fT by using small-signal measurements. fT increased with the reduction of d, which results in the improvement in noise characteristics.
A Xanthate‐Transfer Approach to α‐Trifluoromethylamines [2‐( N ‐Acetylamino)‐4,4‐Dimethoxy‐1,1,1‐Trifluorobutane] (2006)

Abstract 2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐methoxyethanol Acetamide N ‐(2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐hudroxyethyl)acetamide Thionyl chloride N ‐1‐(Chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)acetamide Potassium O ‐ethyl xanathate S ‐(1‐Acetylamino‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl) O ‐ethyl dithiocarbonate Lauroyl peroxide Vinyl acetate 3‐Acetylamino‐1‐ethoxythiocarbonysulfanyl‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutyl acetate (+/−)‐10‐Camphorsulfonic acid N ‐(3,3‐Dimethoxy‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐propyl)‐acetamide
SU‐E‐I‐68: Preliminary Evaluation of Potential MRI Contrast Materials for the Purpose of MR‐Ultrasound Fusion Application in the Abdomen (2013)

Purpose: To evaluate a variety of materials that might serve as fiducial markers for abdominal MRI‐ultrasound fusion applications. Methods: Two experiments were performed: (1) in a phantom, a broad set of candidate materials were evaluated based on visibility in spin echo T1 and T2, and gradient echo T1 and T2* MRI pulse sequences; (2) the leading candidates were evaluated using standard clinical abdominal pulse sequences, both in a phantom and volunteer. Experiment 1 evaluated: two commercial fiducial MRI markers (IZI Medical Products and Beekley Medical); vitamin E and fish oil capsules; water; and copper sulfate solution. Experiment 2 evaluated fish oil capsules and copper sulfate solution. In experiment 2, ultrasound coupling gel was also evaluated. Liquids were poured in wells drilled in a plexiglass base. All scanning was performed with a clinical 1.5T GE Signa Excite scanner. For each pulse sequence, maximum intensity projection images (MIPs) were formed, after removing the phantom signals. Visibility was evaluated by rank ordering signal magnitude in the MIPs. Results: In experiment 1, copper sulfate solution and fish oil were superior to the other materials. In experiment 2, ultrasound gel and copper sulfate solution were clearly superior to the other materials, and were easily seen in the all of the phantom and volunteer images. Conclusion: Based on these preliminary experiments, ultrasound gel and copper sulfate solution appear to be the most promising fiducial marker materials for MRI‐ultrasound fusion applications in the abdomen.
Effect of The Size, Morphology and Condition of Ag2S Particle for Photocatalytic Activities (2008)

Abstract not Available.