gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WE-E-ValA-06: A Real-Time MRI Guided External Beam Radiotherapy Delivery System (2006)

Purpose: We present feasibility studies in support of a real-time MRI guided external beam radiotherapy delivery system currently under commercial development. Method and Materials: The system, (ViewRay Inc., Renaissance™), combines a low field open MRI scanner and a multi-headed 60Co γ-ray IMRT unit equipped with multi-leaf collimators. It is designed so that the center of the field of view of the MRI and the isocenter of the radiotherapy unit coincide. The inherent compatibility of the units allows for the acquisition of fast ciné MRI simultaneous to radiotherapy delivery to assess intra-fraction organ motion. Computational feasibility studies were performed to investigate: the compatibility of the MRI and the 60Co γ-ray IMRT unit; the impact of the MRI magnetic field on the dosimetry; and the feasibility of performing accurate heterogeneity dose computations with MRI data. Results: The 60Co γ-ray IMRT unit was found not to significantly impact the operation of the MRI; the γ-ray IMRT unit is capable of producing high quality IMRT treatment plans; the MRI magnetic field eliminates contamination electrons and does not significantly perturb the dose distribution in lung, soft tissue, and bone; and accurate heterogeneity dose computations are possible employing only MRI data. Conclusion: Performing IMRT allows for the seamless integration with, and simultaneous operation of, an open MRI unit. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by ViewRay, Inc., Gainesville, Florida USA.
On the feasibility of using large-scale numerical electric machine field analysis software in complex electric drive system design tools (2008)

This paper assesses large-scale numerical electric machine field analysis software and its feasibility for incorporation into complex electric drive system design loops. An opportunity to develop improved system design tools that meet the exacting standards of modern electric drive systems without sacrificing performance is identified. Two alternative routes to achieving this are discussed, one based on Moorepsilas Law and the other based on improving, updating, and intelligently combining and implementing in hardware the algorithms used in analysis software. An ideal design toolpsilas required properties are enumerated, and the merits and suitability for incorporation into such a tool of both domain- and boundary-based methods are examined. Finally, a hybrid design strategy is proposed that incorporates several of the analysis methods discussed and attempts to utilize the key strengths of each.
A Hybrid Swing-Assistive Electro-Hydrostatic Bionic Knee Design (2022)

The paper presents a novel, semi-active, bionic knee design for transfemoral amputees. The research exploits a linear electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA) unit, in series with a flow control hydraulic valve, to assist deambulation tasks. High torque, low speed tasks are managed by the hydraulic valve. Conversely, the EHA is exploited in low torque tasks, either in actuation or regeneration mode. Traditional bio-mechanical requirements are discussed and revised to propose a human-centered design. Specifically, the focus is towards amputees comfort and prosthesis fluidity over intact limb motion achievement. The mechatronic design is optimized exploiting a multi-objective evolutionary genetic algorithm and validated by means of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) numerical analyses. Additionally, estimates about mass and size are provided. Finally, a knee prosthesis multi-body model is used to numerically validate the proposed design.
Error analysis and calibration of a spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimeter using a short-pulse laser source (2002)

This paper deals with an error analysis together with the calibration of a spectroscopic Mueller polarimeter with dual rotating retarders; both of them take into consideration the elliptical birefringence characteristics of each rotating device.In doing so, the precision currently given for the Mueller matrix elements is drastically improved.Simulations enabled us, first, to determine the measurement error on each element of the Mueller matrix without a sample and, second, to adopt a method of calibration.Experimental results and corrections highlight the interest of taking elliptical birefringence and dichroism into account.
The growth of high quality GaAsSb and type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb superlattice structure (2013)

The effects of growth temperature and V/III flux ratio on the GaAsSb crystalline quality were studied. Phase separation was suppressed within a narrow window of growth temperature. 1-μm-thick GaAsSb layers which exhibited single peaks in X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement were successfully obtained grown at the optimum temperature. XRD and photoluminescence (PL) measurements revealed that V/III flux ratio also has an optimum value. It was found that the type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb superlattice with GaAsSb grown at the optimized growth condition seems to have an excellent optical property, because the PL peak energy exhibited peculiar dependence on temperature suggesting transition between the conduction band of InGaAs and the valance band of GaAsSb.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium‐Induced Syntheses of Furans, Benzofurans and Indoles. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Temperature induced deviations to the optical responses of plasmonic materials (2017)

Temperature induced deviations to the optical responses of noble metals and refractory plasmonic metals were investigated to temperatures up to 900 °C. The manifestation of these deviations in different plasmonic applications will be presented.
Methods for the Detection of Paxillin Post-translational Modifications and Interacting Proteins by Mass Spectrometry (2005)

Methods for the simultaneous identification of interacting proteins and post-translational modifications of the focal adhesion adapter protein, paxillin, are presented. The strategy includes (1) lower-level, transient transfection of FLAG-GFP-Paxillin into HEK293 cells, (2) incubation of cells with phosphatase inhibitors prior to lysis, (3) purification of paxillin by anti-FLAG immunoprecipitation, (4) analysis of peptides generated from on-beads digestion using LTQ-FT or LTQ-ETD mass spectrometry, and (5) enrichment of phosphopeptide methyl esters with IMAC. Using the above strategies, we identify 29 phosphorylation sites (19 novel and 10 previously reported) and a novel glycosylation site on Ser 74. Furthermore, with this method, we simultaneously detect 10 co-purifying proteins which are present in focal adhesion complexes. Extension of these methods to other substrates should facilitate generation of global phosphorylation maps and protein-protein interactions for any protein of interest.
Bayesian direct-binary-search algorithm for the efficient design of mosaic-based power splitters (2021)

An efficient design method of mosaic-based power splitters based on Bayesian optimization technique is proposed. First, learning characteristics of Gaussian process (GP), which is one of the Bayesian inference techniques, is investigated to show its high regression performance. The transmission characteristics of 1×2 mosaic-based power splitters can be learned with an error of only 0.5%, which is comparable or better than simple ANN. Next, it is demonstrated that an efficient design of 1×2 mosaic-based power splitter with various splitting ratios is possible by using Bayesian optimization based on GP for selecting the next pixel. In the conventional direct-binary-search (DBS) design of mosaic-structure, the next pixel is chosen randomly. On the other hand, in the proposed method it is chosen based on the statistical information obtained by Bayesian inference. By accumulating the information of the transmission characteristics of the device obtained by electromagnetic (EM) simulation as training data, 70% reduction of the number of EM simulation compared with conventional DBS design is demonstrated. Furthermore, by using Bayesian optimization technique, it is shown that the device structure with better characteristics is obtained, compared with those obtained by conventional DBS design for the same number of EM simulation. There results indicate that the proposed method is useful for the design of mosaic-based devices.
Onset of rosette formation during spontaneous neural differentiation of hESC and hiPSC colonies (2013)

In vitro neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is an advantageous system for studying early neural development. The process of early neural differentiation in hESCs begins by initiation of primitive neuroectoderm, which is manifested by rosette formation, with consecutive differentiation into neural progenitors and early glial-like cells. In this study, we examined the involvement of early neural markers - OTX2, PAX6, Sox1, Nestin, NR2F1, NR2F2, and IRX2 - in the onset of rosette formation, during spontaneous neural differentiation of hESC and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) colonies. This is in contrast to the conventional way of studying rosette formation, which involves induction of neuronal differentiation and the utilization of embryoid bodies. Here we show that OTX2 is highly expressed at the onset of rosette formation, when rosettes comprise no more than 3-5 cells, and that its expression precedes that of established markers of early neuronal differentiation. Importantly, the rise of OTX2 expression in these cells coincides with the down-regulation of the pluripotency marker OCT4. Lastly, we show that cells derived from rosettes that emerge during spontaneous differentiation of hESCs or hiPSCs are capable of differentiating into dopaminergic neurons in vitro, and into mature-appearing pyramidal and serotonergic neurons weeks after being injected into the motor cortex of NOD-SCID mice.
Origin and nature of measurement bias in catadioptric parallel goniophotometers (2014)

We briefly categorize and compare parallel goniophotometers, which are instruments capable of simultaneously measuring the far-field distribution of light scattered by a surface or emitted by a source over a large solid angle. Little is known about the accuracy and reliability of an appealing category, the catadioptric parallel goniophotometers (CPGs), which exploit a curved reflector and a lens system. We analyzed the working principle common to all the different design configurations of a CPG and established the specifications implicitly imposed on the lens system. Based on heuristic considerations, we show that the properties of a real (thick) lens system are not fully compatible with these specifications. This causes a bias to the measurements that increases with the acceptance angle of the lens system. Depending on the angular field, the measured sample area can be drastically reduced and shifted relative to the center of the sample. To gain insights into the nature and importance of the measurement bias, it was calculated with our model implemented in MATLAB for the CPG configuration incorporating a lens system with a very large acceptance angle (fisheye lens). Our results demonstrate that, due to the spatio-angular-filtering properties of the fisheye lens, this category of CPGs is so severely biased as to give unusable measurements. In addition, our findings raise the question of the importance of the bias in the other types of CPGs that rely on a lens system with a lower acceptance angle.
Directly Pumped Silicon Lasing (2007)

Enhanced photoluminescence and 1.28μm laser emission from nano-engineered silicon originating respectively from phonon <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> -selection rule breaking and point defect-mediated phononless recombination in an array of emissive structural deformation zones in a SOI wafer are reported.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate Treatment Improves Cryopreservation Efficiency in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2023)

The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role not only in maintaining cell shape and viability but also in homing/engraftment properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a valuable source of cell therapy. Therefore, during the cryopreservation process of MSCs, protecting the actin cytoskeleton from the freezing/thawing stress is critical in maintaining their functionality and therapeutic potential. In this study, the safety and cryoprotective potential of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has a stabilizing effect on actin cytoskeleton, on dental pulp-derived MSCs (DP-MSCs) was investigated. Our results demonstrated that S1P treatment did not adversely affect viability and stemness of DP-MSCs. Furthermore, S1P pretreatment enhanced cell viability and proliferation properties of post-freeze/thaw DP-MSCs, protecting them against damage to the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion ability as well. These findings suggest that a new cryopreservation method using S1P pretreatment can enhance the overall quality of cryopreserved MSCs by stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton and making them more suitable for various applications in regenerative medicine and cell therapy.
Synthesis of Dahllite: the Mineral Phase of Bone (2017)

Apatites are of substantial interest in medicine since dahllite, an apatite containing 4% to 6% carbonate by weight, is a major constituent in bone, teeth, and some invertebrate skeletons. While apatitic preforms, powders, and cements are currently being considered and used in a number of dental and orthopedic applications, carbonated apatites have been largely overlooked or ignored. Carbonated apatites may be promising in dental and medical applications as bioactive materials due to enhanced dissolution and increased osteoclast mediated resorption. Apatitic solids may be produced by several different processes, and the amount of carbonate that may be incorporated into the solid lattice varies depending upon its processing history. In this study, various formulations were processed as low temperature cementitious reactions of acidic and basic calcium phosphates. Formulations without calcite acquired less than 1 percent carbonate from the curing environment while those containing calcite were found to incorporate more than 3 percent carbonate by weight in the final product. Only the cements with the unique formulations incorporating both a reactive acid and calcite were found to contain greater than 4 percent carbonate by weight in the final product thus qualifying the product as dahllite. The crystallinity of this synthetic dahllite was found to resemble bone mineral more closely than did sintered hydroxyapatite. Calcium phosphates, particularly thermally processed ceramic hydroxyapatites, have found very limited application in orthopedics because of their low fatigue properties relative to bone. Implants constructed of dahllite facilitate bone remodeling thus replacing the implant with living bone and creating an implant/bone composite. Replacement of dahllite implants by living bone may result in a more durable weight-bearing construct.
An Engineered Approach to Stem Cell Culture: Automating the Decision Process for Real-Time Adaptive Subculture of Stem Cells (2011)

Current cell culture practices are dependent upon human operators and remain laborious and highly subjective, resulting in large variations and inconsistent outcomes, especially when using visual assessments of cell confluency to determine the appropriate time to subculture cells. Although efforts to automate cell culture with robotic systems are underway, the majority of such systems still require human intervention to determine when to subculture. Thus, it is necessary to accurately and objectively determine the appropriate time for cell passaging. Optimal stem cell culturing that maintains cell pluripotency while maximizing cell yields will be especially important for efficient, cost-effective stem cell-based therapies. Toward this goal we developed a real-time computer vision-based system that monitors the degree of cell confluency with a precision of 0.791±0.031 and recall of 0.559±0.043. The system consists of an automated phase-contrast time-lapse microscope and a server. Multiple dishes are sequentially imaged and the data is uploaded to the server that performs computer vision processing, predicts when cells will exceed a pre-defined threshold for optimal cell confluency, and provides a Web-based interface for remote cell culture monitoring. Human operators are also notified via text messaging and e-mail 4 hours prior to reaching this threshold and immediately upon reaching this threshold. This system was successfully used to direct the expansion of a paradigm stem cell population, C2C12 cells. Computer-directed and human-directed control subcultures required 3 serial cultures to achieve the theoretical target cell yield of 50 million C2C12 cells and showed no difference for myogenic and osteogenic differentiation. This automated vision-based system has potential as a tool toward adaptive real-time control of subculturing, cell culture optimization and quality assurance/quality control, and it could be integrated with current and developing robotic cell cultures systems to achieve complete automation.
CCR6-Dependent Positioning of Memory B Cells Is Essential for Their Ability To Mount a Recall Response to Antigen (2014)

Chemokine-dependent localization of specific B cell subsets within the immune microarchitecture is essential to ensure successful cognate interactions. Although cognate interactions between T cells and memory B cells (B(mem)) are essential for the secondary humoral immune responses, the chemokine response patterns of B(mem) cells are largely unknown. In contrast to naive B cells, this study shows that Ag-specific B(mem) cells have heightened expression of CCR6 and a selective chemotactic response to the CCR6 ligand, CCL20. Although CCR6 appears be nonessential for the initial clonal expansion and maintenance of B(mem), CCR6 is essential for the ability of B(mem) to respond to a recall response to their cognate Ag. This dependency was deemed intrinsic by studies in CCR6-deficient mice and in bone marrow chimeric mice where CCR6 deficiency was limited to the B cell lineage. Finally, the mis-positioning of CCR6-deficient B(mem) was revealed by immunohistological analysis with an altered distribution of CCR6-deficient B(mem) from the marginal and perifollicular to the follicular/germinal center area.
Comorbid Heart Failure and Renal Impairment: Epidemiology and Management (2012)

Heart failure mortality is significantly increased in patients with baseline renal impairment and those with underlying heart failure who subsequently develop renal dysfunction. This accelerated progression occurs independent of the cause or grade of renal dysfunction and baseline risk factors. Recent large prospective databases have highlighted the depth of the current problem, while longitudinal population studies support an increasing disease burden. We have extensively reviewed the epidemiological and therapeutic data among these patients. The evidence points to a progression of heart failure early in renal impairment, even in the albuminuric stage. The data also support poor prescription of prognostic therapies. As renal function is the most important prognostic factor in heart failure, it is important to establish the current understanding of the disease burden and the therapeutic implications.
Superoxide Anions and Endothelial Cell Proliferation in Normoglycemia and Hyperglycemia (2001)

-Oxygen free radicals are believed to play a key role in cellular proliferation, and increased concentrations of these molecules have been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Our aim was to study the role of superoxide anions in endothelial cell proliferation under conditions of normoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to adenoviral vectors encoding CuZnSOD (AdCuZnSOD), ss-galactosidase (Adssgal), or diluent (control) were cultured in normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose (HG, 28 mmol/L) medium. Cell proliferation was compared by use of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and cell count in transduced and control cells in the setting of NG and HG. Transgene expression was detected in transduced cells by X-gal staining and by Western analysis and SOD activity assay in AdCuZnSOD-transduced cells. Superoxide production was significantly (P:<0.05) decreased in AdCuZnSOD-transduced cells cultured in both NG and HG medium. In NG, AdCuZnSOD-transduced endothelial cells had decreased proliferation compared with control cells. After 48 hours in HG, superoxide levels were increased and DNA synthesis was decreased (P:<0.05) in control and Adssgal-transduced but were not affected in AdCuZnSOD-transduced cells. In addition, after 7 days in HG, cell counts were reduced (P:<0.05) in control (73+/-2.5%) and Adssgal-transduced (75+/-3.4%) but not in AdCuZnSOD-transduced cells (89+/-3.4%). These results suggest that either a deficiency or an excess of superoxide anions inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, and the inhibitory effect of increased superoxide due to hyperglycemia can be reversed by CuZnSOD overexpression.
Pose estimation for contact manipulation with manifold particle filters (2013)

We investigate the problem of estimating the state of an object during manipulation. Contact sensors provide valuable information about the object state during actions which involve persistent contact, e.g. pushing. However, contact sensing is very discriminative by nature, and therefore the set of object states that contact a sensor constitutes a lower-dimensional manifold in the state space of the object. This causes stochastic state estimation methods, such as particle filters, to perform poorly when contact sensors are used. We propose a new algorithm, the manifold particle filter, which uses dual particles directly sampled from the contact manifold to avoid this problem. The algorithm adapts to the probability of contact by dynamically changing the number of dual particles sampled from the manifold. We compare our algorithm to the conventional particle filter through extensive experiments and we show that our algorithm is both faster and better at estimating the state. Unlike the conventional particle filter, our algorithm's performance improves with increasing sensor accuracy and the filter's update rate. We implement the algorithm on a real robot using commercially available tactile sensors to track the pose of a pushed object.