gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet and Short Wavelength Visible Light Exposure: Why Ultraviolet Protection Alone Is Not Adequate (2006)

The danger of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in both the natural environment and artificial occupational settings has long been recognized by national and international standards committees and worker safety agencies. There is an increasing body of literature that suggests that protection from UV exposure is not enough. Unprotected exposure to the short wavelengths of the visible spectrum, termed the "blue light hazard," is gaining acceptance as a true risk to long-term visual health. Global standards and experts in the field are now warning that those individuals who spend considerable time outdoors should seek sun filter eyewear with high impact resistant lenses that provide 100% UV filtration, high levels of blue light filtration, and full visual field lens/frame coverage as provided by high wrap eyewear. The Skin Cancer Foundation has endorsed certain sunglasses as "product[s]. . .effective [as] UV filter[s] for the eyes and surrounding skin." However, such endorsement does not necessarily mean that the eyewear meets all the protective needs for outdoor use. There are several brands that offer products with such protective characteristics. Performance sun eyewear by Nike Vision, available in both corrective and plano (nonprescription) forms, is one such brand incorporating these protective features.
The protein phosphatases involved in cellular regulation (1985)

The phosphorylase phosphatases in rat and rabbit liver cytosol that are markedly stimulated by histone H1, protamine and polylysine were identified as protein phosphatases-2A0, 2A1 and 2A2 by anion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and immunotitration experiments. Histone H1 and protamine also stimulated the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase, glycogen synthase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, pyruvate kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and phenylalanine hydroxylase by phosphatases-2A1 and 2A2, and with several of these substrates activation was even more striking (20-100-fold) than that observed with phosphorylase (approximately 5-fold). Activation by basic polypeptides did not involve dissociation of these phosphatases to the free catalytic subunit. The dephosphorylation of phosphorylase by protein phosphatase-1 was suppressed by basic polypeptides, protamine and polylysine being the most potent inhibitors. However, the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase, pyruvate kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were markedly stimulated by histone H1 and protamine (2-13-fold). Consequently, with the appropriate substrates, protein phosphatase-1 can also be regarded as a basic-polypeptide-activated protein phosphatase. Heparin stimulated (1.5-2-fold) the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase by phosphatases-2A0 and 2A1, provided that Mn2+ was present, but phosphatase-2A2 and the free catalytic subunit of phosphatase-2A were unaffected. Heparin, in conjunction with Mn2+, also stimulated (1.5-fold) the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase (labelled in sites 3 abc), phosphorylase kinase and phenylalanine hydroxylase by phosphatase-2A1, but not by phosphatase-2A2. By contrast, the dephosphorylation of phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase by protein phosphatase-1 was inhibited by heparin. However, dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate kinase by phosphatase-1 was stimulated by this mucopolysaccharide. The studies demonstrate that basic proteins can be used to distinguish protein phosphatase-1 from protein phosphatase-2A, but only if phosphorylase is employed as substrate. Optimal differentiation of the two phosphatases is observed at 30 micrograms/ml protamine or at heparin concentrations greater than 150 microM.
The Importance of Structural Uniformity and Chemical Homogeneity in Cobalt‐Free Lithium Excess Nickel Manganese Oxide Cathodes (2023)

This study explores the relationships between material quench rate during processing and the resulting structural and electrochemical properties of Li[Ni<sub>0.25</sub> Li<sub>0.167</sub> Mn<sub>0.583</sub> ]O<sub>2</sub> . Samples of this lithium-rich material are prepared with highly contrasting postfiring cooling methods: a rapid water emersion quench or closed-door oven cooling. The contrasting approaches result in samples with different structural, chemical, and electrochemical behaviors; after cycling the rapidly quenched material yields greater capacity, greater stability, and initially lower, but more stable voltages than the slower cooled samples. Through the use of scanning tunneling electron microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) it is demonstrated that rapidly quenched powders are more structurally uniform and chemically homogenous before cycling. By comparing these precycling sample to postcycling samples, it is then examined how this increased structural uniformity and chemical homogeneity leads to the superior electrochemical properties of the rapidly quenched samples.
Synthesis of (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐Butenyl Phenyl Sulfone Via a Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons Reaction of (−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)Propanal (2003)

Abstract (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone R (S)‐Ethyl 2‐hydroxy propanoate [(S)‐ethyl lactate] I (−)‐(S)‐Ethyl 2‐(benzyloxy) propanoate (−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)propanal P (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone
Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. (1994)

Previously, we have shown that opioids acting via specific receptors inhibit the growth of human lung cancer cells while nicotine, acting through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reverses this inhibition. Therefore, we studied the role of apoptosis in these processes. Treatment of human lung cancer cells with 0.1-1 microM morphine or methadone resulted in morphological changes and cleavage of DNA into nucleosome-sized fragments characteristic of apoptosis. Quantitation of DNA fragmentation showed that a dose-dependent increase occurred within 2 h of opioid treatment and was blocked by the antagonist naloxone. The apoptotic effect of opioids was suppressed by nicotine, while the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, hexamethonium and decamethonium, reversed this suppression. In contrast, sphingosine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, caused significant DNA fragmentation which was not suppressed by nicotine. Unexpectedly, the combination of hexamethonium and opioids or hexamethonium and nicotine stimulated apoptosis. We found that nicotine, like phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, increased total protein kinase C (PKC) activity, while morphine and sphingosine decreased PKC activity, and nicotine reversed morphine inhibition of PKC activity. In contrast, methadone unexpectedly increased PKC activity. These results indicate that engagement of opioid receptors in human lung cancer cells induces apoptosis, while engagement of nicotine receptors suppresses apoptosis, which in some cases appear to be working through a PKC pathway. They also suggest complexities in the system where blockade of C6 or C10 nicotinic receptors can lead to facilitation of apoptosis. These findings suggest new strategies for treatment and prevention of cancer using opioids or nicotine receptors antagonists and are consistent with the idea that nicotine functions as a tumor promoter.
Development of 4 V-Class Bulk-Type All-Solid-State Lithium Rechargeable Batteries by a Combined Use of Complex Hydride and Sulfide Electrolytes for Room Temperature Operation (2016)

We have operated a 4 V-class bulk-type, all-solid-state LiCoO2/Li battery at room temperature. The composition consisted of a Li4(BH4)3I complex hydride electrolyte for the electrolyte layer, and a 80Li2S 20P2S5 sulfide glass for an electrolyte in the positive electrode layer. The battery assembled exhibited a 92 mAh•g−1 initial discharge capacity at 298 K and 0.1 C. The discharge capacity for the 20th cycle remained as high as 83 mAh•g−1, corresponding to a capacity retention ratio of nearly 90%.
Robust inference on the average treatment effect using the outcome highly adaptive lasso (2019)

Many estimators of the average effect of a treatment on an outcome require estimation of the propensity score, the outcome regression, or both. It is often beneficial to utilize flexible techniques, such as semiparametric regression or machine learning, to estimate these quantities. However, optimal estimation of these regressions does not necessarily lead to optimal estimation of the average treatment effect, particularly in settings with strong instrumental variables. A recent proposal addressed these issues via the outcome-adaptive lasso, a penalized regression technique for estimating the propensity score that seeks to minimize the impact of instrumental variables on treatment effect estimators. However, a notable limitation of this approach is that its application is restricted to parametric models. We propose a more flexible alternative that we call the outcome highly adaptive lasso. We discuss the large sample theory for this estimator and propose closed-form confidence intervals based on the proposed estimator. We show via simulation that our method offers benefits over several popular approaches.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of SrTiO3 by Sol‐Gel Techniques for the Photoinduced Production of H2 and Surface Peroxides from Water. (1988)

Abstract A method to prepare SrTiO 3 by the citrate route and sol‐gel freeze drying is presented and the prepared titanates are characterized by BET surface area measurements (up to 40 m 2 /g), XRD, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, conduction‐band position measurements and electron microscopy.
An augmented Lagrangian method for video restoration (2011)

This paper presents a fast algorithm for restoring video sequences. The proposed algorithm, as opposed to existing methods, does not consider video restoration as a sequence of image restoration problems. Rather, it treats a video sequence as a space-time volume and poses a space-time total variation regularization to enhance the smoothness of the solution. The optimization problem is solved by transforming the original unconstrained minimization problem to an equivalent constrained minimization problem. An augmented Lagrangian method is used to handle the constraints, and an alternating direction method (ADM) is used to iteratively find solutions of the subproblems. The proposed algorithm has a wide range of applications, including video deblurring and denoising, disparity map refinement, and reducing hot-air turbulence effects.
Is regulation making homes unhealthy (2018)

The National Construction Code does not contain comprehensive regulations on condensation and mould. Newly constructed Class 1 and Class 2 buildings are experiencing unacceptable levels of condensation, triggering mould growth and raising concerns in the building industry. It is therefore essential to understand the main cause of condensation problems, as medical studies have proved that mould affects health. A study of the latest construction techniques can help us get to the root of the condensation and mould problems in the industry.
A Wireless Human Motion Monitoring System for Smart Rehabilitation (2016)

In this paper, a wireless human motion monitoring system is presented for gait analysis and visual feedback in rehabilitation training. The system consists of several inertial sensors and a pair of smart shoes with pressure sensors. The inertial sensors can capture lower-extremity joint rotations in three dimensions and the smart shoes can measure the force distributions on the two feet during walking. Based on the raw measurement data, gait phases, step lengths, and center of pressure (CoP) are calculated to evaluate the abnormal walking behaviors. User interfaces are developed on both laptops and mobile devices to provide visual feedback to patients and physical therapists. The system has been tested on healthy subjects and then applied in a clinical study with 24 patients. It has been verified that the patients are able to understand the intuitive visual feedback from the system, and similar training performance has been achieved compared to the traditional gait training with physical therapists. The experimental results with one healthy subject, one stroke patient, and one Parkinson's disease patient are compared to demonstrate the performance of the system.
High power SAW filter with new Al-Sc-Cu/Ti/Al-Sc-Cu/Ti electrodes (2002)

High power SAW filters using newly developed Al-Sc-Cu/Ti/Al-Sc-Cu/Ti electrodes have been successfully achieved. The thickness of this new film can be controlled during the deposition process as easily as when using conventional Al-Cu alloy film, and this film can be formed into Inter Digital Transducer (IDT) electrodes using conventional Reactive Ion Etching (RIE). We evaluated the power durability of receiver top filters using the new electrodes. Results indicate that the lifetime of the new electrode system exceeds 900,000 hours at an ambient temperature of 85/spl deg/C and input power of 3l dBm, about 1,000,000 times longer under these conditions than conventional Al-Cu alloy electrode systems. The new electrodes have clear potential for use in Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and code division multiple access (CDMA) system SAW duplexers.
Current Therapies and Emerging Targets for the Treatment of Diabetes (2004)

Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, the prevalence of all types of diabetes is on the rise in the world's population. The number of diabetics is increasing by 4-5% per year with an estimated 40-45% of individual's over the age of 65 years having either type II diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Since the signs of diabetes are not immediately obvious, diagnosis can be preceded by an extended period of impaired glucose tolerance resulting in the prevalence of beta-cell dysfunction and macrovascular complications. In addition to increased medical vigilance, diabetes is being combatted through aggressive treatment directed at lowering circulating blood glucose and inhibiting postprandial hyperglycemic spikes. Current strategies to treat diabetes include reducing insulin resistance using glitazones, supplementing insulin supplies with exogenous insulin, increasing endogenous insulin production with sulfonylureas and meglitinides, reducing hepatic glucose production through biguanides, and limiting postprandial glucose absorption with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. In all of these areas, new generations of small molecules are being investigated which exhibit improved efficacy and safety profiles. Promising biological targets are also emerging such as (1) insulin sensitizers including protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), (2) inhibitors of gluconeogenesis like pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH) inhibitors, (3) lipolysis inhibitors, (4) fat oxidation including carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I and II inhibitors, and (5) energy expenditure by means of beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists. Also important are alternative routes of glucose disposal such as Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors, combination therapies, and the treatment of diabetic complications (eg. retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy). With may new opportunities for drug discovery, the prospects are excellent for development of innovative therapies to effectively manage diabetes and prevent its long term complications. This review highlights recent (1997-2000) advances in diabetes therapy and research with an emphasis on small molecule drug design (275 references).
Distinct Regulation of Transmitter Release at the Drosophila NMJ by Different Isoforms of nemy (2015)

Synaptic transmission is highly plastic and subject to regulation by a wide variety of neuromodulators and neuropeptides. In the present study, we have examined the role of isoforms of the cytochrome b561 homologue called no extended memory (nemy) in regulation of synaptic strength and plasticity at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of third instar larvae in Drosophila. Specifically, we generated two independent excisions of nemy that differentially affect the expression of nemy isoforms. We show that the nemy45 excision, which specifically reduces the expression of the longest splice form of nemy, leads to an increase in stimulus evoked transmitter release and altered synaptic plasticity at the NMJ. Conversely, the nemy26.2 excision, which appears to reduce the expression of all splice forms except the longest splice isoform, shows a reduction in stimulus evoked transmitter release, and enhanced synaptic plasticity. We further show that nemy45 mutants have reduced levels of amidated peptides similar to that observed in peptidyl-glycine hydryoxylating mono-oxygenase (PHM) mutants. In contrast, nemy26.2 mutants show no defects in peptide amidation but rather display a decrease in Tyramine β hydroxylase activity (TβH). Taken together, these results show non-redundant roles for the different nemy isoforms and shed light on the complex regulation of neuromodulators.
A Consensus Definitive Classification of Scavenger Receptors and Their Roles in Health and Disease (2017)

Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of proteins that are structurally diverse and participate in a wide range of biological functions. These receptors are expressed predominantly by myeloid cells and recognize a diverse variety of ligands including endogenous and modified host-derived molecules and microbial pathogens. There are currently eight classes of scavenger receptors, many of which have multiple names, leading to inconsistencies and confusion in the literature. To address this problem, a workshop was organized by the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, to help develop a clear definition of scavenger receptors and a standardized nomenclature based on that definition. Fifteen experts in the scavenger receptor field attended the workshop and, after extensive discussion, reached a consensus regarding the definition of scavenger receptors and a proposed scavenger receptor nomenclature. Scavenger receptors were defined as cell surface receptors that typically bind multiple ligands and promote the removal of nonself or altered-self targets. They often function by mechanisms that include endocytosis, phagocytosis, adhesion, and signaling that ultimately lead to the elimination of degraded or harmful substances. Based on this definition, nomenclature and classification of these receptors into 10 classes were proposed. This classification was discussed at three national meetings and input from participants at these meetings was requested. The following manuscript is a consensus statement that combines the recommendations of the initial workshop and incorporates the input received from the participants at the three national meetings.
Compact A6 magnetron with permanent magnet (2012)

A compact A6 magnetron [1] with permanent magnets was simulated in both FEM and in particle-in-cell, demonstrating a uniform magnetic field that exceeded 0.5 T in the electron interaction space and almost complete elimination of upstream and downstream leakage currents.
Analyzing mobile applications and power consumption on smartphone over LTE network (2011)

The explosive number of applications now available on smart phone type of devices and the availability of high-speed mobile broadband connectivity through 4G networks such as LTE has only increased the challenges in improving battery life of these devices. In this paper, we illustrate the 4G power consumption issues through traffic traces and power measurements on LTE device over commercial LTE network. We analyzed the traces of various applications to understand the traffic characteristics. We also measured the power consumption of the various components of the device. This paper provides the cdf's of the packet size and packet inter-arrival times of background traffic of common applications (e.g., Skype, Google Talk, Twitter etc), and power consumption values and duration of low-power states which are crucial for the innovations and implementation of efficient power optimization mechanisms in LTE networks.
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Induced Blood Cell Adhesion in Cerebral Venules of Sickle Cell Transgenic (β S ) Mice: The Two Faces of eNOS (2006)

Oxidative stress has been implicated in blood cell‐vessel wall interactions of β S mice. Intravital fluorescence microscopy and bone marrow (BM) transplantation were used to examine the influence of different superoxide‐ and nitric oxide‐directed interventions on leukocyte and platelet adhesion in cerebral venules of β S mice. Two h hypoxia and 4 h reoxygenation elicited intense leukocyte and platelet adhesion responses in β S mice that were attenuated by genetic deficiency of vascular gp91phox or overexpression of vascular CuZnSOD; allopurinol treatment was without effect. Treatment with L‐NAME or genetic deficiency of vascular eNOS also decreased cell adhesion responses whereas treatment with DETA‐NO or genetic overexpression of vascular eNOS exacerbated the cell adhesion responses; genetic deficiency of vascular iNOS was without effect. Sepiapterin, similar to PEG‐SOD, effectively reduced the enhanced cell adhesion responses in β S mice. In conclusion, vascular NADPH oxidase and eNOS are major contributors to the pro‐inflammatory and pro‐thrombogenic phenotype assumed by the cerebral microvasculature of β S mice. These findings suggest that the inflammatory environment created by β S BM leads to NADPH oxidase activation in endothelial cells as well as the functional inactivation of vascular eNOS enzyme, and possibly includes roles for peroxynitrite formation and/or eNOS uncoupling. (HL26441, P01‐HL55552)
Average Achievable Rate of Spatial Diversity MIMO-FSO Over Correlated Gamma–Gamma Fading Channels (2018)

This paper studies the average achievable rate (AAR) of spatial diversity multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) free-space optical (FSO) communications over correlated Gamma–Gamma (G-G) fading channels. In particular, we derive the AAR for two different combining techniques at the receiver, namely equal gain combining (EGC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC). Based on atmospheric fading correlation analysis and by employing an approximation method for the sum of correlated G-G random variables (RVs), closed-form expressions for AAR are derived for the EGC scheme. For the case of the MRC technique, we first derive the joint probability distribution of correlated G-G RVs with the arbitrary correlation coefficient. The AAR is then computed based on the use of the moment generating function. Numerical results with practical channel correlation coefficients are presented to demonstrate the negative impact of channel correlation on the system performance. Monte Carlo simulations are also performed to validate the analytical results, and an excellent agreement between the analytical and simulation results is confirmed.