gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-State Transformers: On the Origins and Evolution of Key Concepts (2016)

During the past two decades, solid-state transformers (SSTs) have evolved quickly and have been considered for replacing conventional low-frequency (LF) transformers in applications such as traction, where weight and volume savings and substantial efficiency improvements can be achieved, or in smart grids because of their controllability. As shown in this article, all main modern SST topologies realize the common key characteristics of these transformers-medium-frequency (MF) isolation stage, connection to medium voltage (MV), and controllability-by employing combinations of a very few key concepts, which have been described or patented as early as the 1960s. But still, key research challenges concerning protection, isolation, and reliability remain.
Singlet oxygen generation from Li+@C60nano-aggregates dispersed by laser irradiation in aqueous solution (2015)

Laser pulse irradiation of a deaerated aqueous solution containing the solid state lithium ion-encapsulated fullerene resulted in the formation of highly dispersed nano-aggregates (Li(+)@C60)n. Photoirradiation of an O2-saturated D2O solution containing (Li(+)@C60)n gave singlet oxygen with 55% quantum yield, leading to efficient double-stranded DNA cleavage.
DERIVATION OF A PEAK DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE ESTIMATION METHOD FOR LOW-TO-MID RISE RC BUILDINGS BASED ON THE CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD SUBJECTED TO DESIGN SEISMIC MOTIONS (2023)

A formula to predict the peak displacement response for low-to-mid rise buildings deforming in flexure had been previously proposed. This formula is applicable to buildings with fundamental periods within the constant velocity range of the design spectra and is a function of the damping correction coefficient and the ductility factor.
Charge Retention Loss in a $\hbox{HfO}_{2}$ Dot Flash Memory via Thermally Assisted Tunneling (2008)

The charge loss mechanism in a hafnium oxide (HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) dielectric dot flash memory is investigated. We measure the temperature and time dependence of a charge loss induced gate leakage current in a large area cell directly. We find that (1) the charge loss is through a top oxide in the cell and (2) the stored charge emission process exhibits an Arrhenius relationship with temperature, as opposed to linear temperature dependence in a semiconductor-oxide-nitride-oxide-semiconductor flash memory. A thermally activated tunneling front model is proposed to account for the charge loss behavior in a HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> dot flash memory.
Microwave Dynamics of Superconducting Quantum Cell (2015)

We present an analysis of the microwave dynamics of the Superconducting Quantum Cell (SQC) in the microwave field performed by means of 3-D numerical simulations using a two-plate model. The simulations are necessary for the realization of active electrically small antennas (ESAs) based on Superconducting Quantum Arrays composed of SQCs. It was found that the incident wave mainly affects the SQC through its magnetic component in the same way as a low-frequency magnetic field does. We suggested possible improvements of the cell design by taking into account the current and field distributions in the plate intersection, as well as the size effects.
Directly diode-pumped, Kerr-lens mode-locked, few-cycle Cr:ZnSe oscillator (2019)

Lasers based on Cr$^{2+}$-doped II-VI material, often known as the Ti:Sapphire of the mid-infrared, can directly provide few-cycle pulses with super-octave-spanning spectra, and serve as efficient drivers for generating broadband mid-infrared radiation. It is expected that the wider adoption of this technology benefits from more compact and cost-effective embodiments. Here, we report the first directly diode-pumped, Kerr-lens mode-locked Cr$^{2+}$-doped II-VI oscillator pumped by a single InP diode, providing average powers of over 500 mW and pulse durations of 45 fs - shorter than six optical cycles at 2.4 $\mu$m. These correspond to a sixty-fold increase in peak power compared to the previous diode-pumped record, and are at similar levels with respect to more mature fiber-pumped oscillators. The diode-pumped femtosecond oscillator presented here constitutes a key step towards a more accessible alternative to synchrotron-like infrared radiation, and is expected to accelerate research in laser spectroscopy and ultrafast infrared optics.
ChemInform Abstract: Converting Oxazoles into Imidazoles: New Opportunities for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis (2014)

Abstract using microwave chemistry; 44 examples
In-Plane Modulation of non Linear Polymer Devices: Comparison of Electric, Photo-Assisted and Photoinduced Poling Processes (1998)

Electrooptical polymer waveguide devices can be easily achieved by simple spin coating of polymer layers, with a transparent polymeric matrix as the passive buffer layer and with a side chain polymer as the active guiding layer. After deposition, the material is centrosymmetric, and therefore deprive of second order property. In order to create a noncentrosymmetric EO active material, a classical poling procedure may be adapted, whereby an electrical static field at elevated temperature, is applied over the side chain polymer resulting in the polar alignment of the chromophores parallel to the substrate.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids: Narciclasine, ent‐7‐Deoxypancratistatin, Regioisomer of 7‐Deoxypancratistatin, 10b‐epi‐Deoxypancratistatin, and Truncated Derivatives. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of F-18-JK-PSMA-7 as PET-probe suitable for imaging of small PSMA expressing lesions (2019)

The aim of this study was the development of F-18-labeled PSMA specific probes with improved PSMA sensitivity and imaging properties.
The Effect of Network Width on Stochastic Gradient Descent and\n Generalization: an Empirical Study (2019)

We investigate how the final parameters found by stochastic gradient descent\nare influenced by over-parameterization. We generate families of models by\nincreasing the number of channels in a base network, and then perform a large\nhyper-parameter search to study how the test error depends on learning rate,\nbatch size, and network width. We find that the optimal SGD hyper-parameters\nare determined by a "normalized noise scale," which is a function of the batch\nsize, learning rate, and initialization conditions. In the absence of batch\nnormalization, the optimal normalized noise scale is directly proportional to\nwidth. Wider networks, with their higher optimal noise scale, also achieve\nhigher test accuracy. These observations hold for MLPs, ConvNets, and ResNets,\nand for two different parameterization schemes ("Standard" and "NTK"). We\nobserve a similar trend with batch normalization for ResNets. Surprisingly,\nsince the largest stable learning rate is bounded, the largest batch size\nconsistent with the optimal normalized noise scale decreases as the width\nincreases.\n
Crystal Structures of Chiral Diastereoisomers of a Carbon-Based High-Spin Molecule (1998)

A chiral organic compound that displays magnetic properties has been synthesized for the first time. Two diastereomers of a molecule having an S=3/2 spin state have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis (one of the diastereomers is shown in the space-filling model on the right). Optical resolution of one pair of stereoisomers was possible by chiral stationary phase HPLC.
A Non‐Lethal Large Animal Model of Traumatic Lung Injury (TLI) (2015)

Traumatic lung injury (TLI) affects ~25% of adult blunt trauma patients, and is a leading cause of death from blunt thoracic injury. Even those patients that avoid death after initial TLI are still at risk for multiple organ failure with survivors exhibiting acute and chronic deficits in respiratory function. Thus, it is critical to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of TLI to guide acute and chronic respiratory management. To advance the study of TLI therapeutic strategies, realistic animal models are essential to translate findings to thoracic-injured humans. To improve standardization of high-velocity chest trauma, this study characterizes a non-lethal large animal (sheep) TLI model to allow the study of therapeutic intervention, acute and long-term outcomes. The following was performed: 1) a humane bolt tunner with an integrated oscillation absorber for prevention of chest wall penetration was characterized with respect to impact dynamics (see Figure); 2) a robotic assist device was developed to off-set gravitational and rotational forces due to the stunner weight, allowing the impact force to be precisely and reproducibly applied in all directions to the surface of the thorax; 3) the degree of closed blunt chest trauma severity was established using different charges; and 4) trauma analysis via physiologic, biochemical and histological outcomes were performed. The model achieves an advance in standardization of closed TLI and provides lung pathophysiology that parallels clinical sequelae observed in patients after high-energy chest trauma. As such, this model closes the gap between experimental closed TLI in large animal models and clinical studies. DOD/ONR;N000141210597;N000141210810.
Gas phase contributions to the catalytic formation of HCN from CH4and NH3over Pt: An in situ study by molecular beam mass spectrometry with threshold ionization (2004)

Molecular beam mass spectrometry has been used for an in situ study of the Pt-catalyzed formation of hydrocyanic acid from methane and ammonia. The goal was to identify transient gas phase intermediates which would indicate homogeneous contributions to the reaction mechanism. A catalytic wall reactor operated at 1300 °C, 1013 mbar, and 74% HCN yield was connected via a molecular beam interface with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, which allowed the measurement of ionization- and appearance potentials by electron impact. Shape and width of the electron energy spread function were determined by analyzing the ionization efficiency curve of helium; the experimental uncertainty of the measured threshold values was found to be 0.6 eV. By use of the threshold ionization technique it could be shown that methylamine (CH3NH2) and methylenimine (CH2NH) are present in the gas phase under reaction conditions. The measured threshold potentials at m/z = 30 u (9.9 ± 0.6 eV) and m/z = 29 u (10.6 ± 0.6 eV) were unambiguously assigned to the appearance potential of CNH4+/CH3NH2 and the ionization potential of CNH3+/CH2NH, respectively. Both molecules dehydrogenate rapidly at reaction temperature to HCN so that they can be considered as true gas phase intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbocyclization of ω‐Ethylenic Propargylic Zinc Reagents. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
160GHz two-tone lightwave generation using high extinction-ratio optical modulation (2006)

By using a high extinction-ratio optical Mach-Zehnder modulator biased at a maximum transmission point, we demonstrated generation of a two-tone lightwave consisting of the second order sideband components whose frequency separation was 160 GHz
Micro and Nano-mediated 3D Cardiac Tissue Engineering (2010)

Abstract : The project envisages to improve the care of battlefield-related cardiac injuries by providing novel methods to design and fabricate 3-D models of cardiac sub-components that would be critical in restoring the function of the heart. We report the integration of dielectrophoresis (DEP) with stereolithography (SL) apparatus for the spatial patterning of cells on custom made gold micro-electrodes. We showed the patterning and encapsulation of mouse embryonic stem cells and skeletal muscle myoblasts. A robust and flexible in vitro platform was developed for stem cell differentiation and tissue engineering, by mimicking elements of the native 3D in vivo cellular micro-environment. It was shown that a sequential drug delivery can be attained with the hydrogel created in this study, and that the sequential delivery of two complementary proangiogenic factors can significantly increase vascular density in a target tissue. To test hydrogel constructs in vivo we developed a mouse myocardial infarction model. We demonstrated several new capabilities of photonic crystal biosensors using photonic crystal enhanced microscopy (PCEM), enabling visualizing of dynamic cell attachment at much higher resolution and sensitivity for highly detailed quantification of attachment distribution within individual cells. This provides a novel tool for the study of cell attachment for various applications, including wound healing, cell culture optimization, stem cell differentiation, and cancer metastasis.
Individual audio channels with single display groupware (2004)

We introduce a system that allows four users to each receive sound from a private audio channel while using a shared tabletop display. In order to explore how private audio channels affect a collaborative work environment, we conducted a user study with this system. The results reveal differences in work strategies when groups are presented with individual versus public audio, and suggest that the use of private audio does not impede group communication and may positively impact group dynamics. We discuss the findings, as well as their implications for the design of future audio-based "single display privacyware" systems.
Toll-like receptor 2 promiscuity is responsible for the immunostimulatory activity of nucleic acid nanocarriers (2016)

Lipopolyamines (LPAs) are cationic lipids; they interact spontaneously with nucleic acids to form lipoplexes used for gene delivery. The main hurdle to using lipoplexes in gene therapy lies in their immunostimulatory properties, so far attributed to the nucleic acid cargo, while cationic lipids were considered as inert to the immune system. Here we demonstrate for the first time that di-C18 LPAs trigger pro-inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, and this whether they are bound to nucleic acids or not. Molecular docking experiments suggest potential TLR2 binding modes reminiscent of bacterial lipopeptide sensing. The di-C18 LPAs share the ability of burying their lipid chains in the hydrophobic cavity of TLR2 and, in some cases, TLR1, at the vicinity of the dimerization interface; the cationic headgroups form multiple hydrogen bonds, thus crosslinking TLRs into functional complexes. Unravelling the molecular basis of TLR1 and TLR6-driven heterodimerization upon LPA binding underlines the highly collaborative and promiscuous ligand binding mechanism. The prevalence of non-specific main chain-mediated interactions demonstrates that potentially any saturated LPA currently used or proposed as transfection agent is likely to activate TLR2 during transfection. Hence our study emphasizes the urgent need to test the inflammatory properties of transfection agents and proposes the use of docking analysis as a preliminary screening tool for the synthesis of new non-immunostimulatory nanocarriers.
High-quality draft genome sequences of five anaerobic oral bacteria and description of Peptoanaerobacter stomatis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Peptostreptococcaceae (2015)

Here we report a summary classification and the features of five anaerobic oral bacteria from the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Bacterial strains were isolated from human subgingival plaque. Strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 represent the first known cultivable members of "yet uncultured" human oral taxon 081; strain AS15 belongs to "cultivable" human oral taxon 377. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 are distantly related to Eubacterium yurii subs. yurii and Filifactor alocis, with 93.2 - 94.4 % and 85.5 % of sequence identity, respectively. The genomes of strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, OBRC8 and AS15 are 2,541,543; 2,312,592; 2,594,242; 2,553,276; and 2,654,638 bp long. The genomes are comprised of 2277, 1973, 2325, 2277, and 2308 protein-coding genes and 54, 57, 54, 36, and 28 RNA genes, respectively. Based on the distinct characteristics presented here, we suggest that strains ACC19a, CM2, CM5, and OBRC8 represent a novel genus and species within the family Peptostreptococcaceae, for which we propose the name Peptoanaerobacter stomatis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is strain ACC19a(T) (=HM-483(T); =DSM 28705(T); =ATCC BAA-2665(T)).
Wireless CO2 SAW Sensors with a Nanoporous ZIF-8 Sensing Layer (2018)

Wireless surface acoustic wave gas sensors are potentially valuable for detecting leakage from pipelines or carbon sequestration wells. Metal organic framework materials are potential sensing layers, having nanopores with engineered size for adsorption and desorption of particular gases. Gas detection is due to the mass change resulting from adsorption, so the sensitivity is expected to increase with the thickness of the sensing layer. Here we explore the effect of relatively thick sensing layers, especially when the materials are mechanically soft.
Memristors -- from In-memory computing, Deep Learning Acceleration, Spiking Neural Networks, to the Future of Neuromorphic and Bio-inspired Computing (2020)

Machine learning, particularly in the form of deep learning, has driven most of the recent fundamental developments in artificial intelligence. Deep learning is based on computational models that are, to a certain extent, bio-inspired, as they rely on networks of connected simple computing units operating in parallel. Deep learning has been successfully applied in areas such as object/pattern recognition, speech and natural language processing, self-driving vehicles, intelligent self-diagnostics tools, autonomous robots, knowledgeable personal assistants, and monitoring. These successes have been mostly supported by three factors: availability of vast amounts of data, continuous growth in computing power, and algorithmic innovations. The approaching demise of Moore's law, and the consequent expected modest improvements in computing power that can be achieved by scaling, raise the question of whether the described progress will be slowed or halted due to hardware limitations. This paper reviews the case for a novel beyond CMOS hardware technology, memristors, as a potential solution for the implementation of power-efficient in-memory computing, deep learning accelerators, and spiking neural networks. Central themes are the reliance on non-von-Neumann computing architectures and the need for developing tailored learning and inference algorithms. To argue that lessons from biology can be useful in providing directions for further progress in artificial intelligence, we briefly discuss an example based reservoir computing. We conclude the review by speculating on the big picture view of future neuromorphic and brain-inspired computing systems.
A phase 1 study of crenigacestat (LY3039478), the Notch inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors (2020)

Background This phase 1, single-center, nonrandomized, single-arm, open-label, dose-escalation study, evaluated the tolerability of crenigacestat, a γ-secretase inhibitor as an oral Notch inhibitor in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods The study consisted of 2 dose levels of crenigacestat (25 mg and 50 mg), administered orally 3 times per week (TIW) over a 28-day cycle until disease progression, development of unacceptable toxicity, or any other discontinuation criteria were met. The primary objective was to evaluate the tolerability and determine the recommended dose of crenigacestat for Japanese patients. Secondary objectives were to characterize the safety and toxicity, the pharmacokinetic parameters, and to document any antitumor activity of crenigacestat. Results Eleven Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled; 4 patients (median age of 64 years) received 25 mg of crenigacestat, and 7 patients (median age of 72 years) received 50 mg of crenigacestat. Median treatment duration was 8 weeks in the 25-mg treatment arm and 4 weeks in the 50-mg treatment arm. There were no dose-limiting toxicities or dose-limiting equivalent toxicities observed. None of the patients had a complete or partial response to the treatment. One patient (14.3%) with a desmoid tumor in the 50-mg treatment arm showed tumor size shrinkage of 22.4% and had stable disease for 22.5 months. Frequent (>14%) treatment-related-adverse events in both treatment arms included diarrhea, malaise, and vomiting. Conclusions Crenigacestat was tolerated in Japanese patients but with limited clinical activity. The recommended crenigacestat dose in Japanese patients is 50 mg TIW.Trial registration: NCT02836600 ( ClinicalTrials.gov ) registered on July 19, 2016.
Advanced life support technology development for the Space Exploration Initiative (1990)

An overview is presented of NASA's advanced life support technology development strategy for the Space Exploration Initiative. Three basic life support technology areas are discussed in detail: air revitalization, water reclamation, and solid waste management. It is projected that regenerative life support systems will become increasingly more complex as system closure is maximized. Advanced life support technology development will utilize three complementary elements, including the Research and Technology Program, the Regenerative Life Support Program, and the Technology Testbed Validations.
Ir/SiO2 as a Highly Active Catalyst for the Selective Reduction of NO with CO in the Presence of O2 and SO2. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Higher CSF sTNFR1-related proteins associate with better prognosis in very early Alzheimer’s disease (2021)

Neuroinflammation is associated with Alzheimer's disease, but the application of cerebrospinal fluid measures of inflammatory proteins may be limited by overlapping pathways and relationships between them. In this work, we measure 15 cerebrospinal proteins related to microglial and T-cell functions, and show them to reproducibly form functionally-related groups within and across diagnostic categories in 382 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuro-imaging Initiative as well participants from two independent cohorts. We further show higher levels of proteins related to soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 are associated with reduced risk of conversion to dementia in the multi-centered (p = 0.027) and independent (p = 0.038) cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment due to predicted Alzheimer's disease, while higher soluble TREM2 levels associated with slower decline in the dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease. These inflammatory proteins thus provide prognostic information independent of established Alzheimer's markers.