gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Congestive Heart Failure: Pharmacological Agents and the Potential of BType Natriuretic Peptide (2005)

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease that is increasing in prevalence. It is a common cause of death and is accompanied by high direct and indirect costs for treatment. The current situation faced by patients and the medical community with regard to this ailment is one of high mortality, repeated hospitalizations, and combination therapies. The various classes of pharmacological agents that are currently used for patients suffering from CHF include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), aldosterone antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), digitalis drugs, diuretics, inotropic agents, nitrates, and vasodilators. While these agents are all important therapeutic tools in the treatment of CHF, the prognosis for patients with CHF remains poor. Thus improvement of the current pharmacological armamentarium is greatly needed. An endogenous peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), has been increasingly utilized in the setting of acute CHF since its approval in 2001. This peptide, or a derivative thereof, has great potential for the treatment of patients at various stages in the progression of heart failure. This review provides an overview of current pharmacological strategies in CHF and addresses potential future developments in the use of BNP for the treatment of CHF.
Elastic effects of polymer coatings on surface acoustic waves (1990)

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are presently receiving careful scrutiny for applications in chemical sensing as well as in polymer characterization. Gas monitors based on SAW sensors have the potential for miniaturization and high sensitivity to a wide variety of substances. Polymer characterization is applicable to such diverse fields as protective coating design and decontamination of polymers. To better understand the physical mechanisms behind SAW response, the effects of the elastic properties in comparison to the mass loading of polymer coatings on SAW substrates were investigated. A theoretical basis for the effects of vapor-induced swelling or of thermal expansion was established. Compressive tension and its effect on SAW frequencies were found to be simple to describe, if there is no film slippage or polymer flow. The response of quartz substrate SAW crystals coated with polycarbonate and polyimide (glassy polymers) upon exposure to toluene and methanol was measured. Practical problems as to film uniformity, thickness measurement, and environmental control necessary in such measurements are described. Contrary to recent reports in the literature, no significant elastic tightening effect was observed with these vapor/polymer pairs.
A strategy in searching for stress tolerance-correlated characteristics in nematodes while accounting for phylogenetic interdependence (2011)

Biological indicators are highly relevant for assessing the condition of a soil as they are integrative; they reflect the overall impact of physical, chemical and biological changes. Indigenous soil organisms are preferable to other test organisms because the diversity and condition of indigenous soil organisms reflect both acute and chronic effects of soil disturbances. Nematodes are ubiquitous, speciose, easily extractable and present in extremely high numbers. Given the ever increasing amount of sequence data, DNA barcode-based community analysis will soon be possible and a next step would be to define objective criteria for the ecological grouping of soil nematodes. Here, we present a framework to ascertain which traits are correlated with a tolerance to stress. For this, a field study on the effects of pH and copper on nematode communities was re-analysed. Changes in abundances of individual genera were correlated with a number of potentially stress tolerance-related characteristics. The generalised least squares (GLS) method was used to account for the phylogenetic dependence of the data. Only the relationship between the ability to enter a survival stage and tolerance to copper at pH 6.1 was found to be significant, but the quantity of missing data probably had a negative impact on the analyses. This study did, however, clearly demonstrate the importance of accounting for the effects of phylogenetic dependence in the data. When the phylogeny was taken into account, we observed an average change in P value of 0.196 (and in some cases as much as 0.6) for the correlations of possible stress-related characteristics and Cu or pH tolerance. This research constitutes a proof-of-principle for a transparent method to relate stress tolerance to (ecological) characteristics. The usefulness of this powerful method should become even clearer when substantially higher numbers of individuals are analysed (as facilitated by using DNA barcodes) and when missing data are filled in
Nuclear magnetic resonance scattering across interfaces via the dipolar demagnetizing field (2002)

The dipolar demagnetizing field in nuclear magnetic resonance of liquids is a convenient means of measuring the scattering function corresponding to a two-species spatial correlation function. In particular, the method applies where the distance to be measured is long compared to the diffusion length. Here we explore theoretically and experimentally the dipolar demagnetizing field scattering in the oil phase of a polydisperse oil/water emulsion. The initial spin grating is created in one phase, and the scattering from the other phase is observed. The experimental results confirm that structural properties of the system, including the average bubble size distribution, can be probed using the dipolar field.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo-Controlled, Intranasal Drug Liking Study on a Novel Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of Morphine—Morphine ARER (2016)

Overall, these data suggest that Morphine ARER has a lower abuse potential via the intranasal route of administration when compared with ER morphine.
Direct diode pumped Ti:Sapphire ultrafast regenerative amplifier system (2017)

We report on the first to our knowledge direct diode-pumped Ti:sapphire ultrafast regenerative amplifier system. Pumped with CW 450nm fiber-coupled laser diode modules and employing cryocooling of the ti:sapphire, this first implementation produces multi-μJ pulse energy at 50–250 kHz rep rate. We discuss the unique challenges as well as the solutions to these challenges for this laser system. Direct diode pumping of ti:sapphire promises new life for the most-widely used ultrafast technology for basic science research, as well as for the bio-medicine and micro-machining.
Rational Expectations and the Aggregation of Diverse Information in Laboratory Security Markets (1988)

The idea that markets might aggregate and disseminate information and also resolve conflicts is central to the literature on decentralization (Hurwicz, 1972) and rational expectations (Lucas, 1972). We report on three series of experiments all of which were predicted to have performed identically by the theory of rational expectations. In two of the three series (one in which participants trade a complete set of Arrow-Debreu securities and a second in which all participants have identical preferences), double auction trading leads to efficient aggregation of diverse information and rational expectations equilibrium. Failure of the third series to exhibit such convergence demonstrates the importance of market institutions and trading instruments in achievement of equilibrium.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of HLA-A/B antigens introduced into EL4 cells by cell-liposome fusion. (1984)

HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens were introduced into EL4 (H-2b) cells by cell-liposome fusion and were used as targets or stimulators for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in C57B1/6 (H-2b) mice. It was found that such EL4-HLA cells were not recognized by CTL that had been raised against either a human cell line bearing these HLA antigens or the purified HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens reconstituted into liposomes. In addition, EL4-HLA cells were not capable of inducing CTL that could recognize a human cell line bearing HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens. Instead, EL4-HLA cells induced CTL that specifically lysed EL4-HLA cells and not human cells expressing HLA-A2 and -B7. CTL recognition required the presence of HLA antigens on the EL4 cell surface and was inhibited by antibodies against either H-2b or HLA-A/B. Monoclonal antibody binding studies showed that the expected polymorphic determinants of the HLA-A2 and -B7 antigens were still present on EL4-HLA cells. However, the specificity of CTL or their precursors that are capable of recognizing HLA-A2 or -B7 was altered after these antigens became associated with the EL4 surface. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.
The T-superfamily of conotoxins. (1999)

Page 30664: The following footnote was omitted: * This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM 48677. M. B. L. was supported by a fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology-Engineering and Science Education Program of the Philippines.
Antibody and Cytokine Responses of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) Vaccinated with Recombinant Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) with Two Different Adjuvants (2016)

Developing a vaccine against Chlamydia is key to combating widespread mortalities and morbidities associated with this infection in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). In previous studies, we have shown that two or three doses of a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein (rMOMP) antigen-based vaccine, combined with immune stimulating complex (ISC) adjuvant, results in strong cellular and humoral immune responses in koalas. We have also separately evaluated a single dose vaccine, utilising a tri-adjuvant formula that comprises polyphosphazine based poly I: C and host defense peptides, with the same antigen. This formulation also produced strong cellular and humoral immune responses in captive koalas. In this current study, we directly compared the host immune responses of two sub-groups of wild Chlamydia negative koalas in one population vaccinated with the rMOMP protein antigen and adjuvanted with either the ISC or tri-adjuvant formula. Overall, both adjuvants produced strong Chlamydia-specific cellular (IFN-γ and IL-17A) responses in circulating PBMCs as well as MOMP-specific and functional, in vitro neutralising antibodies. While the immune responses were similar, there were adjuvant-specific immune differences between the two adjuvants, particularly in relation to the specificity of the MOMP epitope antibody responses.
A Least mean square error synthesis with pattern constraints at multiple frequencies (1990)

The pattern synthesis technique described here is unique in that it allows the power pattern to be optimized in a very useful sense over the desired operating band of the array. This is an improvement over previous techniques involving constraints on such artificial parameters as source norm and superdirectivity ratio which do not in fact ensure a useful pattern bandwidth. The procedure described here provides minimum mean square error over an arbitrary number of discrete frequencies.
Saturation Nucleate Boiling and Correlations for PF-5060 Dielectric Liquid on Inclined Rough Copper Surfaces (2014)

Saturation pool boiling experiments of degassed PF-5060 dielectric liquid investigated nucleate boiling on 13 Cu surfaces with average roughness, Ra, of 0.039 (smooth polished) to 1.79 μm at six inclination angles, θ, from 0 deg (upward facing) to 180 deg (downward facing). Values of the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient, hNB, in the upward facing orientation increase with increasing surface roughness and are correlated in terms of the applied heat flux, q: hNB = A qB. The exponent “B” decreases from 0.81 to 0.69 as Ra increases from 0.039 to 1.79 μm, while the coefficient “A” increases with Ra to the power 0.24. The values of the maximum heat transfer coefficient, hMNB, which occurs near the end of the fully developed nucleate boiling region, increase with increasing Ra and decreasing inclination angle. In the upward facing orientation, hNB increases by ∼58% with increasing Ra from 0.134 to 1.79 μm, while hMNB increases by more than 150% compared with that on smooth-polished Cu. Values of hMNB in the downward facing orientation are ∼40% of those in the upward facing orientation.
Antisense repression of the chloroplast triose phosphate translocator affects carbon partitioning in transgenic potato plants. (1993)

The major chloroplast envelope membrane protein E29 is central for the communication between chloroplasts and cytosol. It has been identified as the triose phosphate translocator (TPT) exporting the primary products of the Calvin cycle (i.e., triose phosphates and 3-phosphoglycerate) out of the chloroplast in a strict counter exchange for Pi. To study the in vivo role of the TPT, transgenic potato plants were constructed that have a reduced expression of the TPT at both the RNA and protein level due to antisense inhibition. Chloroplasts isolated from these plants show a 20-30% reduction with respect to their ability to import Pi. The reduced TPT activity leads to a reduction of maximal photosynthesis by 40-60%, to a change in carbon partitioning into starch at the expense of sucrose and amino acids, and to an increase of the leaf starch content by a factor of approximately 3. At early developmental stages the inhibited plants are retarded in growth compared to the wild type.
Solid oxide fuel cells with cathode functional layers (2023)

In various embodiments, a solid oxide fuel cell features a functional layer for reducing interfacial resistance between the cathode and the solid electrolyte.
Resonant-tunneling injection hot electron laser: An approach to picosecond gain-switching and pulse generation (1995)

Recently, we proposed a three-terminal laser structure for fast gain-switching application using carrier heating, where hot electrons with well-defined and variable energy are injected into an active region via resonant tunneling. A picosecond pulse generation from this device has now been analyzed, including associated transport phenomena and structure design. By means of numerical modeling we demonstrate that a resonant-tunneling injection hot electron laser is capable of generating well-shaped optical pulses switched by varying the injected electron energy.
Antiviral Drugs: Modes of Action and Strategies for Therapy (1981)

The understanding of viral metabolism, particularly the molecular basis of enzyme interactions governing replication of viruses, is one of the basic challenges in the relatively new field of antiviral chemotherapy. Although a few agents have shown documented efficacy and safety in the treatment of influenza A and herpes simplex infections, the search through myriad antiviral candidates continues.
Authentication Without Secrets (2015)

This work examines a new approach to authentication, which is the most fundamental security primitive that underpins all cyber security protections. Current Internet authentication techniques require the protection of one or more secret keys along with the integrity protection of the algorithms/computations designed to prove possession of the secret without actually revealing it. Protecting a secret requires physical barriers or encryption with yet another secret key. The reason to strive for "Authentication without Secret Keys" is that protecting secrets (even small ones only kept in a small corner of a component or device) is much harder than protecting the integrity of information that is not secret. Promising methods are examined for authentication of components, data, programs, network transactions, and/or individuals. The successful development of authentication without secret keys will enable far more tractable system security engineering for high exposure, high consequence systems by eliminating the need for brittle protection mechanisms to protect secret keys (such as are now protected in smart cards, etc.). This paper is a re-release of SAND2009-7032 with new figures numerous edits.
Proceedings of the 2002 workshop on Memory system performance (2002)

On the 16th of June the ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Memory System Performance (MSP'02) was held in Berlin, Germany. MSP'02 is a new workshop that focuses on software techniques to address the memory wall.Given current technology trends that forecast a rapidly growing processor-memory speed imbalance, optimizing a program's memory system performance has become increasingly important. Much research has focused on improving the cache performance of scientific programs that use arrays as their primary data structure. Unfortunately, these techniques are not a complete solution for general purpose programs, which manipulate more complex and dynamic data structures. While recent research has begun to address this problem, much work remains to be done.The focus of this workshop is on all aspects of improving the memory system performance of general-purpose programs. This includes novel techniques for profiling memory system behavior, new analyses (both static and dynamic) for identifying and understanding memory-related performance problems, and finally optimizations for improving memory system performance. Software, hardware as well as hybrid approaches are encouraged. In addition, studies of application that describe problems and experience with memory performance related issues in specific application domains are of interest. The objective of the workshop is to bring together programming language researchers in the areas of program analysis and compiler optimization, computer architects, operating system researchers, and application programmers. We hope that this will be the first in a series of workshops that will encourage collaboration across these fields while at the same time expand program optimization research towards an area of great practical importance.MSP'02 features an invited talk and presentations of ten refereed papers. The papers were selected out of fifteen submissions. Fifteen PC members and additional external reviewers prepared multiple written reviews for each submission. The recommendations of the referees determined an initial set of papers selected for acceptance. The members of the program committee were then given the option to resolve differences in opinion for the papers they refereed based on the written reviews during the program committee tele-conferenee meeting. After the resolution process, the 10 papers included in the workshop proceedings were selected for presentation and publication.
Rheological, thermodynamic, and structural studies of linear and branched alkanes under shear (1997)

The rheological, thermodynamic, and structural behavior of linear and branched alkanes in simple shear is investigated using nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulation of united atom model fluids. Our results for the zero-shear viscosity of pure linear alkanes as well as mixtures of alkanes are in reasonable agreement with experiment. Simulation results for intermediate molecular weight linear alkanes indicate that the simple models employed here are capable of describing the pressure and temperature dependence of the viscosity. More importantly, our calculations indicate that addition of short, flexible branches to alkanes leads to a viscosity enhancement of a factor of 2 or more, thereby offering interesting possibilities for formulation of lubricants with specific properties.
Full-wave, TwinAx, differential cable modeling (2008)

In modern data centers, rack mount equipment provides ease of planning, installation, and management due to the standardized form-factors that multiple vendors follow. Within a single server or a blade environment, the predominant form factor is the backplane where multiple cards communicate through connectors. Within a rack, one or multiple servers may be installed and communication between racks and within a rack is accomplished through cables. In order to guarantee system performance, designers need accurate models of the cable's electrical behavior. Shielded TwinAx differential pair based cables are commonly used for short to medium reach (less than 10-20 meters) in standards such as SAS, InfiniBand, SATA, PCI-Express. In TwinAx shielded differential pair construction where the shield is wrapped around the TwinAx pair, it often has a band stop filter, or 'suckout' characteristic that limits its performance. This paper models and characterizes this effect using a full-wave finite element method (FEM) solver implemented in Ansoft HFSS. In this paper, the wrap effect is captured using full 3D electromagnetic model for the shielded TwinAx construction. The physics behind the suckout effect is explained using both 2D and 3D models. Finally, this paper describes the methods and techniques that can mitigate the suckout effect as well as a novel cable construction with a helical shield wrap without any suckout effects.
High-Contrast Reflection Tomography With Total-Variation Constraints (2020)

Inverse scattering is the process of estimating the spatial distribution of the scattering potential of an object by measuring the scattered wavefields around it. In this article, we consider reflection tomography of high contrast objects that commonly occurs in ground-penetrating radar, exploration geophysics, terahertz imaging, ultrasound, and electron microscopy. Unlike conventional transmission tomography, the reflection regime is severely ill-posed since the measured wavefields contain far less spatial frequency information of the target object. We propose a constrained incremental frequency inversion framework that requires no side information from a background model of the object. Our framework solves a sequence of regularized least-squares subproblems that ensure consistency with the measured scattered wavefield while imposing total-variation and non-negativity constraints. We propose a proximal Quasi-Newton method to solve the resulting subproblem and devise an automatic parameter selection routine to determine the constraint of each subproblem. We validate the performance of our approach on synthetic low-resolution phantoms and with a mismatched forward model test on a high-resolution phantom.
Probing the Ultimate Plasmon Confinement Limits with a Van der Waals heterostructure (2018)

The ability to confine light into tiny spatial dimensions is important for applications such as microscopy, sensing and nanoscale lasers. While plasmons offer an appealing avenue to confine light, Landau damping in metals imposes a trade-off between optical field confinement and losses. We show that a graphene-insulator-metal heterostructure can overcome that trade-off, and demonstrate plasmon confinement down to the ultimate limit of the lengthscale of one atom. This is achieved by far-field excitation of plasmon modes squeezed into an atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride dielectric h-BN spacer between graphene and metal rods. A theoretical model which takes into account the non-local optical response of both graphene and metal is used to describe the results. These ultra-confined plasmonic modes, addressed with far-field light excitation, enables a route to new regimes of ultra-strong light-matter interactions.
Sulfur Vulcanization of Simple Model Olefins, Part I: Characterization of Vulcanization Products of 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene (1992)

Abstract To study the mechanism of the sulfur vulcanization of rubber, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (C 6 H 12 ) was used as a simple, low-molecular-weight model alkene. Only equivalent allylic positions are present in this alkene. Treating C 6 H 12 with a mixture of ZnO, S 8 , and the accelerator tetramethylthiuramdisulfide at 140°C yields a mixture of addition products (C 6 H 11 —S n —C 6 H 11 ) . RP-HPLC in combination with MS and 1 H-NMR shows that the products differ only in the length of the sulfur bridge. Small quantities of isomerized products have been found, in which a 1,3-shift of the double bond has occurred.