gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial Auditory Cueing for a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality Visual Search Task (2019)

Maintaining spatial awareness is a primary concern for operators, but relying only on visual displays can cause visual system overload and lead to performance decrements. Our study examined the benefits of providing spatialized auditory cues for maintaining visual awareness as a method of combating visual system overload. We examined visual search performance of seven participants in an immersive, dynamic (moving), three-dimensional, virtual reality environment both with no cues, non-masked, spatialized auditory cues, and masked, spatialized auditory cues. Results indicated a significant reduction in visual search time from the no-cue condition when either auditory cue type was presented, with the masked auditory condition slower. The results of this study can inform attempts to improve visual search performance in operational environments, such as determining appropriate display types for providing spatial information.
Self-contained system for mitigation of contaminated aerosol sources of SARS-CoV-2&nbsp; (2021)

Contaminated aerosols and micro droplets are easily generated by infected hosts through sneezing, coughing, speaking and breathing<sup>1-3</sup> and harm humans' health and the global economy. While most of the efforts are usually targeted towards protecting individuals from getting infected,<sup>4</sup> eliminating transmissions from infection sources is also important to prevent disease transmission. Supportive therapies for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) pneumonia such as oxygen supplementation, nebulizers and non-invasive mechanical ventilation all carry an increased risk for viral transmission via aerosol to healthcare workers.<sup>5-9</sup> In this work, we study the efficacy of five methods for self-containing aerosols emitted from infected subjects undergoing nebulization therapies with a diverse spectrum on oxygen delivery therapies. The work includes five study cases: <i>Case I:</i> Use of a Full-Face Mask with biofilter in bilevel positive airway pressure device (BPAP) therapy, <i>Case II:</i> Use of surgical mask in High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) therapy, <i>Case III:</i> Use of a modified silicone disposable mask in a HFNC therapy, <i>Case IV:</i> Use of a modified silicone disposable mask with a regular nebulizer and normal breathing, <i>Case V:</i> Use of a mitigation box with biofilter in a Non-Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilator (NIPPV). We demonstrate that while <i>cases I, III</i> and <i>IV</i> showed efficacies of 98-100%; <i>cases II</i> and <i>V</i>, which are the most commonly used, resulted with significantly lower efficacies of 10-24% to mitigate the dispersion of nebulization aerosols. Therefore, implementing <i>cases I, III and IV</i> in health care facilities may help battle the contaminations and infections via aerosol transmission during a pandemic.
The Surface of Crystalline Helium-4 (1987)

Although solid helium was first produced over 60 years ago, by Willem H. Keesom at Leiden, it is only in the last few years that physicists have studied the surface of this solid. They have discovered that the surface has remarkable properties of great scientific interest: ▸ It is extraordinarily pure chemically, and can be made isotopically pure and free of crystal defects. ▸ Its growth is easily manipulated (as the cover of this magazine indicates) because it is more a mechanical proćess than a thermal process. In this article we examine these properties and explain the consequent unique opportunities that the helium surface gives us for studying problems that are of general interest in surface physics. Most of the findings that we discuss come from the four countries where research on the surface of solid helium is most active: the United States, the Soviet Union (see figure 1), France and Israel.
100 Selective Oxygenation of p-Xylene to p-Tolualdehyde via Photoinduced Electron Transfer (2000)

The 100% selective oxygenation of p-xylene to p-tolualdehyde is initiated by photoinduced electron transfer from p-xylene to the singlet excited state of 10-methyl-9-phenylacridinium ion under visible light irradiation, yielding p-tolualdehyde exclusively as the final oxygenated product. The reason for the high selectivity in the photocatalytic oxygenation of p-xylene is discussed on the basis of the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism.
<title>High-resolution ultrafast eye tracking system</title> (1997)

This paper presents an eye tracking system that combines optical and electronic image processing for the precise measurement of eye movement parameters, including direction, speed, and acceleration. The system applies optical joint Fourier transform correlator and novelty filtering to measure the cross-correlation peak displacement caused by eye movements using magnified images of iris landmark patterns. This permits a 0.026 degree(s) accuracy of eye displacement measurements within a 6 degree(s) tracking range, or a 0.1 degree(s) accuracy within a 20 degree(s) range. Using digital micromirror device SLMs in the Fourier transform optical system, an inverse Fourier transform DSP module, and a high-speed digital camera, the eye tracking system will make it possible to detect and characterize saccadic intrusions in smooth pursuit eye movement.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Serial Diffusion MRI to Monitor and Model Treatment Response of the Targeted Nanotherapy CRLX101 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 62K&lt;/p&gt;
Performance Evaluation of Backside Emitting O-Band Grating Couplers for 100-$\mu$m-Thick Silicon Photonics Interposers (2019)

Most of the single-mode fiber-coupled grating couplers reported in the literature have been designed for upward directionality to perform wafer-scale testing of photonic-integrated circuits. A coupler designed for downward directionality can help in achieving a face-up electro-optic integration scheme for chip-to-board coupling using 2.5-D/3-D silicon photonics interposers. We demonstrate for the first time the design analysis and coupling performance of TE-polarized O-band through-substrate (backside emitting) grating couplers that have been optimized to produce enhanced directionality in the downward direction into the bulk silicon substrate of a Si photonics chip. The chip substrate was thinned and polished to achieve a bulk silicon thickness of 100 μm. By the use of an optimized reflector and an optimal thickness of anti-reflection coating at the backside of the chip, a -2.3 and -1.7 dB fiber-to-grating coupling efficiency has been measured when coupled through-substrate to a single-mode and multimode fiber, respectively. These gratings with downward directionality can help provide an efficient and alignment-tolerant interface for chip-to-chip or chip-to-board optical interconnects.
Building, deploying, and monitoring distributed applications with Eclipse and R-OSGI (2007)

Designing and testing distributed applications is still a difficult task that requires in-depth knowledge about networking issues. Eclipse is, among other things, a powerful and widely used IDE for the development of complex applications, in particular modular applications for the OSGi framework. Our R-OSGi middleware supports the seamless distribution of OSGi applications along the boundaries of services. By combining R-OSGi with Eclipse into the R-OSGi Deployment Tool, we give developers a tool that automatically handles distribution in a transparent way and integrates the capabilities of R-OSGi into the Eclipse workflow. With this tool, building, deploying, and monitoring distributed applications is as easy as writing OSGi applications in Eclipse and using a graphical editor to visually create distributed deployments of the modules. The tool can also be used to great effect by researchers to test and benchmark distributed applications and for education purposes.
Preliminary investigation of the feasibility of magnetic propulsion for future microdevices in blood vessels. (2005)

The Magnetic Resonance Submarine (MR-Sub) project is a first attempt to validate a new propulsion method for future small magnetically controlled microdevices suited for minimally invasive applications in blood vessels. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system provides the driving force in three dimensions to a ferromagnetic core that could be embedded onto a specialised microdevice. The paper describes preliminary tests made to match the magnetic force induced by an MRI system on a ferromagnetic sphere with the drag force it encompasses in a cylindrical tube. These tests provide a proof of concept demonstrating that this new method of propulsion is very promising within the constraints of such types of operations. This conclusion is based on specific measurements showing that 1010/1020 carbon steel spheres (3.175 mm and 2.381 mm in diameter) can withstand a maximum flow of 0.370 +/- 0.0064 l/min (19.5 cm/s) and 0.311 +/- 0.01209 l/min (16.4 cm/s) respectively when placed inside a 6.35 mm diameter PMMA tube and subjected to a 18 mT/m magnetic field gradient.
The Design of an Operational Amplifier Using Silicon Carbide JFETs (2011)

Superior performance of the Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductor in high temperature and harsh environment is widely known. However, utilizing the Vertical Channel 4H-SiC JFET (SiC JFET) for analog design exhibits significant design challenges, even at room temperature. The fundamental challenges are low intrinsic gain, the limitation of the Gate to Source Voltage Range (GSVR), and restrictions on utilizing Channel Length (CL) as a design parameter due to fabrication complexity. These challenges must be successfully overcome at room temperature, before moving towards high temperature design. The main objective of this paper is to establish a design base, overcome the challenges, demonstrate the feasibility, and present a novel all SiC JFET based operational amplifier (opamp) that addresses overall performance at room temperature. Before attempting design, Enhancement Mode (EM) and Depletion Mode (DM) SiC JFETs are characterized, analyzed, and modeled for simulation. A unique and reliable four stage opamp configuration is presented that takes design requirements into account, uses threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) in place of CL as a design parameter, and employs gain enhancing design techniques while achieving maximum obtainable frequency response. The final opamp is fabricated and tested and shown to have 66.7 dB DC gain and 5.71 MHz unity gain frequency.
Topography and Surface Energy Dependent Calcium Phosphate Formation on Sol−Gel Derived TiO2 Coatings (2006)

Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate (CaP) on sol-gel derived TiO(2) coatings was investigated in terms of surface topography and surface energy. The topography of the coatings was derived from AFM measurements, while the surface energy was determined with contact angle measurements. The degree of precipitation was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The precipitation of CaP was found to be dependent on both topography and surface energy. A high roughness value when combining the RMS roughness parameter S(q) with the number of local maxima per unit area parameter S(ds) enhances CaP formation. The hydrophilicity of the coating was also found to be of importance for CaP formation. We suggest that the water contact angle, which is a direct measure of the hydrophilicity of the surface, may be used to evaluate the surface energy dependent precipitation kinetics rather than using the often applied Lewis base parameter.
Advanced NOMA-Based RRM Schemes for Broadcasting in 5G mmWave Frequency Bands (2021)

A relevant solution for the high demand for new multimedia applications and services is millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band in 5G. However, in order to face the technological challenges of the present and those that will appear in the short-term future, it is necessary to improve the spectral efficiency of 5G systems. In particular, the Radio Resource Management (RRM) module is considered an essential component. Nevertheless, resource allocation techniques that combine orthogonal multiplexing (OMA) schemes, such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques have not been studied in-depth. Therefore, this article designs and evaluates different RRM models that combine TDMA with NOMA for innovative applications in the 5G mmWave frequency bands. To this end, the advantages and challenges associated with mmWave frequency bands and potential future applications are introduced. An innovative use case has been designed to test the RRM models. The use case is based on the on-demand distribution of multimedia content in high-density environments, such as museum halls. The on-demand content aims at offering Augmented Reality (AR) services to unicast users in order to provide personalized services. The models have been evaluated in terms of throughput, capacity, and availability. According to the results, the combined RRM techniques offer up to 50% more capacity than the single multiplexing technology models and can provide video-on-demand service to practically the entire cell.
One‐Pot Synthesis and Resolution of Chiral Allylic Alcohols. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oscillatory dynamics of a nonlinear amplifier in the high-gain regime: Exploiting a global connection (2000)

We study the oscillator equations describing a type of nonlinear amplifier, exemplified by a two-junction superconducting quantum interference device. Just beyond the onset of spontaneous oscillations, the system is known to show significantly enhanced sensitivity to very weak magnetic signals. The global phase-space structure allows us to apply a center manifold technique to calculate the frequency of spontaneous oscillations as a function of the natural control parameters. The derived scaling form compares very well with numerical simulations. The ability to quantify the oscillation frequency permits its exploitation as a detection/analysis tool in remote sensing applications, and could also provide a pathway to a dynamic lowering of the low-frequency noise floor in oscillators exhibiting this class of dynamical behavior.
Patient Risk Stratification for Hospital-Associated C. diff as a Time-Series Classification Task (2012)

A patient’s risk for adverse events is affected by temporal processes including the nature and timing of diagnostic and therapeutic activities, and the overall evolution of the patient’s pathophysiology over time. Yet many investigators ignore this temporal aspect when modeling patient outcomes, considering only the patient’s current or aggregate state. In this paper, we represent patient risk as a time series. In doing so, patient risk stratification becomes a time-series classification task. The task differs from most applications of time-series analysis, like speech processing, since the time series itself must first be extracted. Thus, we begin by defining and extracting approximate risk processes, the evolving approximate daily risk of a patient. Once obtained, we use these signals to explore different approaches to time-series classification with the goal of identifying high-risk patterns. We apply the classification to the specific task of identifying patients at risk of testing positive for hospital acquired Clostridium difficile. We achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 on a held-out set of several hundred patients. Our two-stage approach to risk stratification outperforms classifiers that consider only a patient’s current state (p&amp;lt;0.05). 1
Post cardiac surgery vasoplegia is associated with high preoperative copeptin plasma concentration (2011)

High preoperative copeptin plasma concentration is predictive of PSCV and suggests an activation of the AVP system before surgery that may facilitate depletion of endogenous AVP stores and a relative AVP deficit after surgery.
Opposing effects of HNP1 (α-defensin-1) on plasma cholesterol and atherogenesis (2020)

Atherosclerosis, the predominant cause of death in well-resourced countries, may develop in the presence of plasma lipid levels within the normal range. Inflammation may contribute to lesion development in these individuals, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Transgenic mice expressing α-def-1 released from activated neutrophils develop larger lipid and macrophage-rich lesions in the proximal aortae notwithstanding hypocholesterolemia caused by accelerated clearance of α-def-1/low-density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes from the plasma. The phenotype does not develop when the release of α-def-1 is prevented with colchicine. However, ApoE-/- mice crossed with α-def-1 mice or given exogenous α-def-1 develop smaller aortic lesions associated with reduced plasma cholesterol, suggesting a protective effect of accelerated LDL clearance. Experiments were performed to address this seeming paradox and to determine if α-def-1 might provide a means to lower cholesterol and thereby attenuate atherogenesis. We confirmed that exposing ApoE-/- mice to α-def-1 lowers total plasma cholesterol and decreases lesion size. However, lesion size was larger than in mice with total plasma cholesterol lowered to the same extent by inhibiting its adsorption or by ingesting a low-fat diet. Furthermore, α-def-1 levels correlated independently with lesion size in ApoE-/- mice. These studies show that α-def-1 has competing effects on atherogenesis. Although α-def-1 accelerates LDL clearance from plasma, it also stimulates deposition and retention of LDL in the vasculature, which may contribute to development of atherosclerosis in individuals with normal or even low plasma levels of cholesterol. Inhibiting α-def-1 may attenuate the impact of chronic inflammation on atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Skin Tissue Engineering for the Infected Wound Site: Biodegradable PLA Nanofibers and a Novel Approach for Silver Ion Release Evaluated in a 3D Coculture System of Keratinocytes and Staphylococcus aureus (2020)

Wound infection presents a challenging and growing problem. With the increased prevalence and growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is a mounting need to reduce and eliminate wound infections using methodologies that limit the ability of bacteria to evolve into further drug-resistant strains. A well-known strategy for combating bacterial infection and preventing wound sepsis is through the delivery of silver ions to the wound site. High surface area silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) allowing extensive silver ion release have therefore been explored in different wound dressings and/or skin substitutes. However, it has been recently shown that AgNPs can penetrate into the stratum corneum of skin or diffuse into the cellular plasma membrane, and may interfere with a variety of cellular mechanisms. The goal of this study was to introduce and evaluate a new type of high surface area metallic silver in the form of highly porous silver microparticles (AgMPs). Polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibers were successfully loaded with either highly porous AgMPs or AgNPs and the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of the two silver-based wound dressings were assessed and compared. To better mimic the physiological environment in vivo where both human cells and bacteria are present, a novel coculture system combining human epidermal keratinocytes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was designed to simultaneously evaluate human skin cell cytotoxicity with antimicrobial efficacy in a three-dimensional environment. We found that highly porous AgMPs could be successfully incorporated in nanofibrous wound dressings, and exhibited comparable antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity to AgNPs. Further, PLA nanofibers containing highly porous AgMPs exhibited steady silver ion release, at a greater rate of release, than nanofibers containing AgNPs. The replacement of AgNPs with the newly introduced AgMPs overcomes concerns regarding the use of nanoparticles and holds great promise as skin substitutes or wound dressings for infected wound sites.
Efficient execution of parallel applications in multiprogrammed multiprocessor systems (2002)

Existing techniques for sharing the processing resources in multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors, such as time-sharing, space-sharing and gang-scheduling, typically sacrifice the performance of individual parallel applications to improve overall system utilization. We present a new processor allocation technique that dynamically adjusts the number of processors an application is allowed to use for the execution of each parallel section of code based on the current system load. This approach exploits the maximum parallelism possible for each application without overloading the system. We implement our scheme on a Silicon Graphics Challenge multiprocessor system and evaluate its performance using applications from the Perfect Club benchmark suite and synthetic benchmarks. Our approach shows significant improvements over traditional time-sharing and gang-scheduling. It has a performance comparable to, or slightly better than, static space-sharing, but our strategy is more robust since, unlike static space-sharing, it does not require a priori knowledge of the applications' parallelism characteristics.
GaAs MESFET interface considerations (1987)

Various properties of GaAs MESFET's are discussed in terms of the basic physics of interfaces and deep levels. Fermi-level pinning is shown to lead to hole injection from a positively biased metal lying in direct contact with semi-insulating GaAs. This hole injection is partially responsible for low-frequency oscillations in GaAs MESFET's. Backgating and low-frequency oscillations are shown to be a direct consequence of the peculiar nature of the channel-substrate interface. This interface is discussed within the framework of a three-level model.
Differential Treatment for Stuff and Things: A Simple Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Method for Semantic Segmentation (2020)

We consider the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation for semantic segmentation by easing the domain shift between the source domain (synthetic data) and the target domain (real data) in this work. State-of-the-art approaches prove that performing semantic-level alignment is helpful in tackling the domain shift issue. Based on the observation that stuff categories usually share similar appearances across images of different domains while things (i.e. object instances) have much larger differences, we propose to improve the semantic-level alignment with different strategies for stuff regions and for things: 1) for the stuff categories, we generate feature representation for each class and conduct the alignment operation from the target domain to the source domain; 2) for the thing categories, we generate feature representation for each individual instance and encourage the instance in the target domain to align with the most similar one in the source domain. In this way, the individual differences within thing categories will also be considered to alleviate over-alignment. In addition to our proposed method, we further reveal the reason why the current adversarial loss is often unstable in minimizing the distribution discrepancy and show that our method can help ease this issue by minimizing the most similar stuff and instance features between the source and the target domains. We conduct extensive experiments in two unsupervised domain adaptation tasks, i.e. GTA5 to Cityscapes and SYNTHIA to Cityscapes, and achieve the new state-of-the-art segmentation accuracy.