gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Al-2.47 Dry-Etch Resistance (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Metal Coordination-Based Inhibitors of Adenylyl Cyclase:  Novel Potent P-Site Antagonists (2003)

The adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are a family of intracellular enzymes associated with signal transduction by virtue of their ability to convert ATP to cAMP. The catalytic mechanism of this transformation proceeds through initial binding of ATP to the so-called purine binding site (P-site) of the enzyme followed by metal-mediated cyclization with loss of pyrophosphate. Crystallographic analysis of ACs with known inhibitors reveals the presence of two metals in the active site. Presently, nine isoforms of adenylyl cyclase are known, and unique isoform combinations are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The development of isoform-specific inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase may prove to be a useful strategy toward the design of unique signal transduction inhibitors. To develop novel AC inhibitors, we have chosen an approach to inhibitor design utilizing an adenine ring system joined to a metal-coordinating hydroxamic acid via various linkers. Previous work in our group has validated this approach and identified novel inhibitors that possess an adenine ring joined to a metal-coordinating hydroxamic acid through flexible acyclic linkers (Levy, D. E., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 3085-3088). Subsequent studies have focused on the introduction of conformational restrictions into the tether of the inhibitors with the goal of increasing potency (Levy, D. E., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 3089-3092). Building upon the favorable spatial positioning of the adenine and hydroxamate groups coupled with potentially favorable entropic factors, the unit joining the carbocycle to the hydroxamate was explored further and a stereochemical-based SAR was elucidated, leading to a new series of highly potent AC inhibitors.
Differential Phase Compensation in Over-the-air Precoding Test-bed for a Multi-beam Satellite (2022)

This article presents a closed-loop differential phase compensation system for a precoding-enabled multibeam satellite forward link and its validation by live experiments on a GEO satellite scenario. The precoding operation avoids inter-beam interference and maximizes the spectrum efficiency by full frequency reuse as an alternative to the traditional two-color or four-color reuse methods proposed in the DVB-S2 standard. However, the satellite payload introduces differential phase and frequency impairments, which can degrade the precoding performance. This work describes the implementation of the differential phase and frequency tracking and compensation loop in an end-to-end testbed over a multibeam satellite system with independent local oscillators. The developed system performs end-to-end real-time communication over the satellite link, including channel measurements and precompensation. Results are validated by an over-the-air demonstration using two beams of the SES-14 multibeam satellite. Each beam is transmitted by independent transponders, which results in differential frequency and phase offsets due to the transponder undisciplined local oscillators. This phase offset makes it impossible to use precoding without the phase compensation loop. We prove that the implemented system can successfully track and compensate the differential phase and frequency to improve precoding performance.
PhotoMagnets (2010)

People's activities around their photo collections are often highly dynamic and unstructured, such as casual browsing and searching or loosely structured storytelling. User interfaces to support such an exploratory behavior are a challenging research question. We explore ways to enhance the flexibility in dealing with photo collections and designed a system named PhotoMagnets. It uses a magnet metaphor in addition to more traditional interface elements in order to support a flexible combination of structured and unstructured photo browsing and searching. In an evaluation we received positive feedback especially on the flexibility provided by this approach.
Dialkoxybithiazole: A New Building Block for Head-to-Head Polymer Semiconductors (2013)

Polymer semiconductors have received great attention for organic electronics due to the low fabrication cost offered by solution-based printing techniques. To enable the desired solubility/processability and carrier mobility, polymers are functionalized with hydrocarbon chains by strategically manipulating the alkylation patterns. Note that head-to-head (HH) linkages have traditionally been avoided because the induced backbone torsion leads to poor π-π overlap and amorphous film microstructures, and hence to low carrier mobilities. We report here the synthesis of a new building block for HH linkages, 4,4'-dialkoxy-5,5'-bithiazole (BTzOR), and its incorporation into polymers for high performance organic thin-film transistors. The small oxygen van der Waals radius and intramolecular S(thiazolyl)···O(alkoxy) attraction promote HH macromolecular architectures with extensive π-conjugation, low bandgaps (1.40-1.63 eV), and high crystallinity. In comparison to previously reported 3,3'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bithiophene (BTOR), BTzOR is a promising building block in view of thiazole geometric and electronic properties: (a) replacing (thiophene)C-H with (thiazole)N reduces steric encumbrance in -BTzOR-Ar- dyads by eliminating repulsive C-H···H-C interactions with neighboring arene units, thereby enhancing π-π overlap and film crystallinity; and (b) thiazole electron-deficiency compensates alkoxy electron-donating characteristics, thereby lowering the BTzOR polymer HOMO versus that of the BTOR analogues. Thus, the new BTzOR polymers show substantial hole mobilities (0.06-0.25 cm(2)/(V s)) in organic thin-film transistors, as well as enhanced I(on):I(off) ratios and greater ambient stability than the BTOR analogues. These geometric and electronic properties make BTzOR a promising building block for new classes of polymer semiconductors, and the synthetic route to BTzOR reported here should be adaptable to many other bithiazole-based building blocks.
Nondestructive readout of photochromic optical memory using photocurrent detection (2001)

We proposed and demonstrated a nondestructive readout method using photocurrent detection for photon-mode photochromic memory. The principle of this readout method, which utilized the ionization potential change according to photoisomerzation reaction, was confirmed by using a medium with a photochromic diarylethene layer and phthalocyanine photoabsorbing layer, and by using a near-infrared readout light. We demonstrated perfect nondestructive readout operations over 106 times.
Confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers (2003)

The wavelength dependence and the structural dependence of confinement losses in air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers (PBGFs) are, for the first time, investigated by using a full-vector finite element method. It is confirmed from computed results that one of the main causes of transmission losses in air-guiding PBGFs is the confinement loss and that, even if using large air holes of diameter to pitch ratio of 0.9, at least twenty rings of air hole arrays are required in the cladding region to reduce the confinement loss to a level of 0.01 dB/km.
<title>Experiences in testing a fleet of aging aircraft using an acoustic nondestructive testing technique</title> (1993)

We are engaged in the testing of a 22 ship fleet of 25 - 30 year old aging aircraft using an advanced acoustic nondestructive technique. The purpose of our testing is to provide real-time detection of structural defects anywhere within the entire pressure hull of the aircraft as they are pressurized to 12 psig, in order to prevent catastrophic failure and potential loss of the aircraft. Periodic proof pressurization is a requirement of the regulatory authority for the aircraft, and is a condition for continued airworthiness certification.
Drug-free in-vitro activation of follicles for infertility treatment in poor ovarian response patients with decreased ovarian reserve (2019)

The present drug-free IVA approach may be suitable for POR patients with DOR, as it increased the number of antral follicles. The procedure also eliminated the need for 2-day incubation with drugs and required only one surgery. This approach could allow the retrieval of more oocytes in middle-aged women to achieve higher pregnancy rates and deserves proper evaluation in future randomized controlled trials.
Multi-Field Asset Integrated Optimization Benchmark (2010)

Integrated modeling of multi-field assets, from subsurface to market, is challenging due to the complexity of the problem. This paper is an extension of the SPE 121252, model based integration and optimization gas cycling benchmark [Juell, et al., 2009], extending two gas-condensate fields to two full-field multi-well models. Additionally, a full-field model is added to the Juell benchmark, introducing an oil field undergoing miscible WAG injection, where most data are taken from the SPE 5 Reservoir Simulation Comparative Project. All reservoir models are compositional, but using different EOS representations. A base case scenario is defined with fixed numbers and locations of producers and injectors.A common field-wide surface processing facility is modeled with emphasis on water handling, NGL extraction, sales-gas spec, and gas reinjection. The surface process model interacts with the three reservoir models through two main mechanisms – (1) water- and gas-handling constraints, and (2) distribution of available produced gas for reinjection into the three reservoirs.The field asset model provides long-term production forecasts of gas, oil, and NGL revenue. Cost functions are introduced for all major control variables (number of wells, surface facility selection and operating conditions, injection gas composition). Net present value is used as the target objective function.This paper will evaluate optimal production strategies for the base case benchmark problem, using several key control variables and field operational constraints. Optimization performance will be tested with a few solver algorithms. The benchmark will be provided to the industry through application data files, network infrastructure, and results from our integrated optimization model.
Optical properties of Wannier excitons in closely located quantum wells in organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds (2017)

We analyzed the optical properties of Wannier excitons in closely located quantum wells in organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds. In the spectra of C n H2 n +1NH3X (n = 2, 3, or 4; X = Cl or Br), we observed absorption bands attributed to Wannier excitons. In the case of (C2H5NH3)2PbBr4, two bands were observed in the absorption and luminescence spectra. The two bands are attributed to split Wannier exciton levels arising from the interactions of closely located neighboring quantum wells. Such a split was not observed in the chloride-containing perovskite. This result indicates that the halogens in the inorganic layers have a significant effect on the interactions between the neighboring inorganic layers.
A New Method of Calculating 3-Meter Site Attenuation (1982)

A new method of calculating 3-m site attenuation is described. To obtain an accurate site-attenuation curve, the problem of coupling between antennas is formulated in the form of coupled integral equations for the antenna currents, and solved by the method of moments (MOM). The site-attenuation curve thus obtained shows about 1.3-dB larger attenuation than that given in an IEC document. The deviations in the site-attenuation curve due to the impedance mismatch between the coaxial cable and the measuring equipment, and the influence of the antenna conductor radius on the attenuation curve are also considered. Finally, the calculated site attenuation is compared with the measured attenuation data available in the literature.
Evidence that stimulatory dopamine receptors may be involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion. (1994)

It is well established that dopamine (DA) effectively inhibits PRL secretion from anterior pituitary mammotropes via D2-DA receptors. Paradoxically, it is reported that the monoamine can actually increase PRL release under appropriate experimental conditions. Although the mechanism underlying this stimulatory effect remains undefined, the ability of D1- and D5-DA receptors to activate adenylyl cyclase raises the possibility that a similar receptor subtype is present in the anterior pituitary and mediates the stimulatory effects of DA on PRL release. The purpose of the present study was to explore this possibility. First, we tested whether D1 and D5 receptors could couple to and stimulate PRL secretion. Subclones of GH4C1 cells (which secrete PRL, but do not express DA receptors) stably expressing human D1 or D5 receptors were treated with DA (10(-16)-10(-6) M), and the medium PRL content was measured by RIA. Subclones transfected with short or long forms of the human D2 receptor were also tested. As expected, DA (10(-6) M) inhibited PRL release from cells expressing either short or long D2 receptors by 41% and 39%, respectively (P < 0.01; n = 4 separate experiments). In contrast, comparable concentrations of DA (10(-(8) and 10(-6) M) increased PRL release from cells expressing D1 or D5 receptors by 76% and 122%, respectively (P < 0.01; n = 4). Thus, both D1 and D5 receptors were fully capable of stimulating PRL release from transfected GH4C1 cells. We next sought to determine whether the gene for at least one of these structurally similar receptors was expressed in rat anterior pituitary tissue. First strand cDNA was synthesized, using a rat D5-specific oligonucleotide primer and reverse transcriptase, from total RNA extracted from the anterior pituitary glands of five lactating female rats. The specifically primed cDNA then served as a template for 35 cycles of polymerase chain reaction amplification in which nested primers specific for the rat D5 receptor were used. Electrophoresis of the DNA resolved a 696-basepair band corresponding to a fragment of the D5 receptor in each of five anterior pituitary samples (verified by digestion with three different restriction endonucleases). Taken together, these results demonstrate that both D1 and D5 receptors are capable of mediating the stimulatory effects of DA on PRL release and that the mRNA for DA D5 receptors is present in rat anterior pituitary glands. Our findings support the view that PRL release in vivo may be modulated via one or more stimulatory DA receptors.
Supplementary information from HER2 Reactivation through Acquisition of the HER2 L755S Mutation as a Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to HER2-targeted Therapy in HER2<sup>+</sup> Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;supplementary methods and figure legends&lt;/p&gt;
Butenes (2014)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Resources and Raw Materials 5. Upgrading of Butenes 6. Quality Specifications 7. Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Uses and Economic Data 10. Toxicology
A systems biology dynamical model of mammalian G 1 cell cycle progression (2007)

The current dogma of G(1) cell-cycle progression relies on growth factor-induced increase of cyclin D:Cdk4/6 complex activity to partially inactivate pRb by phosphorylation and to sequester p27(Kip1)-triggering activation of cyclin E:Cdk2 complexes that further inactivate pRb. pRb oscillates between an active, hypophosphorylated form associated with E2F transcription factors in early G(1) phase and an inactive, hyperphosphorylated form in late G(1), S and G(2)/M phases. However, under constant growth factor stimulation, cells show constitutively active cyclin D:Cdk4/6 throughout the cell cycle and thereby exclude cyclin D:Cdk4/6 inactivation of pRb. To address this paradox, we developed a mathematical model of G(1) progression using physiological expression and activity profiles from synchronized cells exposed to constant growth factors and included a metabolically responsive, activating modifier of cyclin E:Cdk2. Our mathematical model accurately simulates G(1) progression, recapitulates observations from targeted gene deletion studies and serves as a foundation for development of therapeutics targeting G(1) cell-cycle progression.
The development of measurement/monitoring by mobile devices and systems (2012)

Mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets have become widely popular as an access to the internet and an easier approach to deal with and share real-time digital information. Mobile devices are in general consisted of the integral design and fabrication of optical, electronic, mechanical and MEMS sensors. Expanding the utilities of such sensors to perform easier instrumentation and measurement can be achieved by adding internal programs, commonly known as applications or apps in the device or additional external sensing facilities. The prevalence of mobile devices lately has made it an emerging yet indispensible fraction and has created a strong niche for the future of instrumentation and measurement. In this paper, we investigate several examples of how mobile devices perform measurement and monitoring in real life situations.
Factors limiting the sensitivity of DNA-conjugated quantum dot molecular beacons (2023)

Colloidal quantum dots are desirable for a broad range of applications from biosensing to in vivo imaging due to their high luminosity and large surface areas available for bioconjugation. QDs are highly effective as fluorescent donors for Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and can be conjugated with multiple acceptors to enhance FRET efficiency and increase on/off ratios for sensing applications. We have demonstrated an efficient method for conjugating nucleic acids to QDs using chimeric peptide-peptide nucleic acids (peptide-PNA), and here we have characterized QD-FRET reporters assembled with this technique for use in CRISPR/Cas nuclease assays to identify factors which could limit the sensitivity of such reporters in practice.
Tetranuclear Copper(I)-Biphenanthroline Gridwork: Violation of the Principle of Maximal Donor Coordination Caused by Intercalation and CH-to-N Forces (2001)

Programmieren in der Maschinensprache der Moleküle ist nicht so einfach, wie manch einer es sich vorstellt: Bei der Synthese von supramolekularen Mehrkernkomplexen geht man davon aus, dass die Metallionen ihre bevorzugte Koordinationsumgebung anstreben und kein Ligand unkomplexiert bleibt. Bei der Selbstorganisation von CuI- und AgI-3,3′-Biphenanthrolin-Liganden wurden jedoch Komplexe erhalten, bei denen einige der potentiellen Liganden nicht an die Metallionen binden, sondern über andere Wechselwirkungen im supramolekularen Aggregat gehalten werden (siehe Bild).
Estimation Problems in Two‐Wheeled Vehicles (2014)

This chapter is devoted to illustrating an approach to the estimation of the roll angle, for a two-wheeled vehicle, that is based on a reduced sensor configuration, and an approach for deriving a reliable estimate of the vehicle speed both in traction and in braking conditions. Further, in order to provide a wider view on estimation problems in two-wheeled vehicles, the estimation of the suspension stroke is also addressed, as it allows a significant simplification of the vehicle setup for suspension control systems. In fact, by estimating this variable one can eliminate the stroke sensor, which is both costly and delicate, thus hardly usable on commercial vehicles.
External validation of the priapism impact profile in a Jamaican cohort of patients with sickle cell disease (2021)

<h4>Background</h4> Priapism impairs quality of life and has a predilection for males with sickle cell disease (SCD). The Priapism Impact Profile (PIP) is a novel 12-item instrument designed to measure general health-related impact of priapism. The aim of the study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the PIP in a Jamaican cohort of SCD patients experiencing priapism. <h4>Methods</h4> One hundred SCD patients with a history of priapism were recruited from a sickle cell clinic in Kingston, Jamaica and administered the PIP questionnaire. Patients rated each item of the PIP for clarity and importance. Statistical testing was employed to evaluate the psychometric performance of the PIP. Content validation was assessed based on patient descriptive rating of the items based on clarity, and importance and criterion-oriented validity were assessed by evaluating the PIP’s ability to distinguish between patient subgroups. Test-retest repeatability was assessed in 20 of the 100 patients. <h4>Results</h4> Patients were stratified into active (54) and remission (46) priapism groups based on their experience of priapism within the past year. Patients in the active priapism group were younger (p = 0.011), had a shorter duration of disease (p = 0.023), and had more frequent priapism episodes (p = 0.036) than the remission group. PIP questionnaire scores differed significantly with respect to priapism activity (p < 0.001) and prevalence of erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05) but not by priapism severity (p = 0.62). The PIP questionnaire had good content validity, with questions rated as having medium or high clarity and importance by an average of 82.8% and 69.2% of patients, respectively. <h4>Conclusion</h4> The PIP questionnaire was successfully validated in a Jamaican cohort of SCD patients and adequately discriminated patients with active priapism from those in remission. The instrument may be utilized in routine clinical management of patients with SCD-associated priapism. Further clinical investigations are warranted in other populations.
Polarization-enhanced InGaN/GaN-based hybrid tunnel junction contacts to GaN p–n diodes and InGaN LEDs (2017)

Improved turn-on voltages and reduced series resistances were realized by depositing highly Si-doped n-type GaN using molecular beam epitaxy on polarization-enhanced p-type InGaN contact layers grown using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. We compared the effects of different Si doping concentrations and the addition of p-type InGaN on the forward voltages of p–n diodes and light-emitting diodes, and found that increasing the Si concentrations from 1.9 × 1020 to 4.6 × 1020 cm−3 and including a highly doped p-type InGaN at the junction both contributed to reductions in the depletion width, the series resistance of 4.2 × 10−3–3.4 × 10−3 Ωcenterdotcm2, and the turn-on voltages of the diodes.