gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid linear classifier for jointly normal data: theory (2008)

Classifier design for a given classification task needs to take into consideration both the complexity of the classifier and the size of the data set that is available for training the classifier. With limited training data, as often is the situation in computer-aided diagnosis of medical images, a classifier with simple structure (e.g., a linear classifier) is more robust and therefore preferred. We consider the two-class classification problem in which the feature data arise from two multivariate normal distributions. A linear function is used to combine the multi-dimensional feature vector onto a scalar variable. This scalar variable, however, is generally not an ideal decision variable unless the covariance matrices of the two classes are equal. We propose using the likelihood ratio of this scalar variable as a decision variable and, thus, generalizing the traditional classification paradigm to a hybrid two-stage procedure: a linear combination of the feature vector elements to form a scalar variable followed by a nonlinear, nonmonotic transformation that maps the scalar variable onto its likelihood ratio (i.e., the ideal decision variable, given the scalar variable). We show that the traditional Fisher's linear discriminant function is generally not the optimal linear function for the first stage in this two-stage paradigm. We further show that the optimal linear function can be obtained with a numerical optimization procedure using the area under the "proper" ROC curve as the objective function.
Mite and cockroach proteases activate p44/p42 MAP kinases in human lung epithelial cells (2003)

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying epithelial cell activation by indoor inhaled antigens are poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in A549 epithelial cells upon exposure to antigens of house dust mite (HDMA), German cockroach (GCA), and American cockroach (ACA). RESULTS: Each of these antigens induced a significant increase in IL-8 levels compared to the medium control. Exposure of A549 cells to these antigens induced the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPKs within 5 minutes, which reached a peak at 25 minutes later and reached baseline levels at 1 hour after exposure. PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor, significantly decreased phosphorylation of p44/p42 MAPKs and IL-8 production. Exposure of A549 cells with antigens, which had been preincubated with different protease inhibitors, also resulted in a reduction of both MAPK phosphorylation and IL-8 production. CONCLUSION: Thus, proteolytic antigens present in HDMA, GCA and ACA activate the p44/42 MAPKs airway epithelial cells, which lead to elevated IL-8 production and initiation of the inflammatory cascade.
I’m the Mayor of My House: Examining Why People Use Foursquare - A Social-Driven Location Sharing Application (2012)

There have been many location sharing systems developed over the past two decades, and only recently have they started to be adopted by consumers. In this paper, we present the results of three studies focusing on the foursquare check-in system. We conducted interviews and two surveys to understand, both qualitatively and quantitatively, how and why people use location sharing applications, as well as how they manage their privacy. We also document surprising uses of foursquare, and discuss implications for design of mobile social services. Author Keywords foursquare, mobile computing, social computing, check-in, privacy, location based service, uses and gratifications
Composite Event Specification in Active Databases: Model & Implementation (1992)

Active database systems require facilities to specify triggers that fire when specified events occur. We propose a language for specifying composite events as eveti expressions, formed using event operators and events (primitive or composite). An event expression maps an event history to anothe-r event history that contains only the events at which the event expression is “satisfied” and at which the trigger should 6re. We present several examples illustrating how quite complex event specifications are possible using event expressions. In addition to the basic event operators, we also provide facilities that make it easier to specify composite events. “Pipes” allow users to isolate sub-histories of interest. “Correlation variables” allow users to ensure that different parts of an event expression are satisfied by the same event, thereby facilitating the coordination of sub-events within a composite event. We show how to efficiently implement event expressions using finite automata. Each event causes an automaton to change state. When an automaton reaches an accepting state, a composite event of interest is recognized, and the corresponding trigger fired. Events have attributes. For primitive events, these could be parameters of the activity that caused the event, selected parts of the database state, or functions computed therefrom. For composite events, attributes are derived from the attributes of the constituent primitive events. These attributes can be used in checking conditions, and in any actions triggered. Event expressions can specify values (or sets or ranges of values) for particular attributes, and can even require that some attributes be equal. The composite event specified by the expression does not occur unless the specified condition on attributes is satisfied. Permission to copy withoutfee all or port of rhis material is granted provided that the copies are rwt made or distributed for direct commercial advantage. the VLDB copyright notice and the title of the pubkatum and its date appem. and notice L given that copying is by permission Of the Very Large Data BUM E&mm. TO copy othenvire. or w republish. reqtirer = fee on&r special permission from the Endowmmt. Proceedings of the 18th VLDB Conference Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1992
Prospective Longitudinal Analysis of Postoperative Shoulder Function (2001)

The results of open rotator cuff repair for chronic tears do not deteriorate with time (ten years). The level of disability decreases, presumably because of a concurrent decrease in the activity level and in the demand on the shoulder as the patient ages. It is important to consider age-related changes when assessing the final outcome.
The human interleukin-2 receptor (1985)

Complementary DNAs corresponding to the human receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been molecularly cloned, sequenced, and expressed in both COS-1 and L cells. The human genome appears to contain a single structural gene for this receptor located on the short arm of chromosome 10 (band 14-15). However, when transcribed, at least two families of mRNAs are produced, which vary in length due to the use of at least three different polyadenylation signals. Sequence analysis of the cloned cDNAs and S1 nuclease protection assays indicate an alternative pathway of mRNA processing for this receptor whereby a 216 base-pair segment contained within the protein coding region is spliced, resulting in an mRNA unable to encode a functional IL-2 receptor. In contrast, cDNAs corresponding to mRNA retaining this 216 base-pair region code membrane receptors that bind both IL-2 and anti-Tac (monoclonal anti-IL-2 receptor antibody). Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence reveals that the receptor is composed of 272 amino acids including a signal peptide 21 amino acids in length. Hydrophobicity analysis suggests a single, 19 amino acid transmembrane domain. A short intracytoplasmic domain composed of 13 amino acids is present and contains two potential phosphate acceptor sites (serine and threonine but not tyrosine) as well as positively charged residues presumably involved in cytoplasmic anchoring. Two sites for N-linked glycosylation sites and numerous extracytoplasmic O-linked glycosylation sites are present.
A Technical Note on Percutaneous Scaphoid Fixation Using a Hybrid Technique (2005)

This article describes a percutaneous fixation technique for a midwaist scaphoid fracture using an antegrade (dorsal) guidewire and a retrograde (volar) cannulated screw placement. This simplified hybrid technique allows for accurate dorsal central wire placement and stable internal fixation with minimal violation of the articular cartilage of the proximal pole of the scaphoid.
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a statistical meta-analysis. (1998)

Tardive dyskinesia is an involuntary movement disorder developing following treatment with neuroleptics. As many as 50% of chronic psychotic patients develop this disabling condition. No treatment has been found effective for tardive dyskinesia. This study was undertaken to meta-analyze the effects of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) reported in the last decade. All studies published since 1987, focusing on vitamin E and tardive dyskinesia are reviewed. Double-blind studies are analyzed using measures of effect and variance as described by secondary analysis of magnitude of effects in pooled data. A total of 223 patients received vitamin E treatment (400-1600 IU/day) for tardive dyskinesia, in 12 studies. A significant subgroup (28.3%) showed a modest improvement. Vitamin E was well tolerated, and only rarely did side effects occur-of no clinical significance. Vitamin E is a safe, well-tolerated compound that may provide some beneficial effects in patients suffering from neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
The academic world of French policy studies: training, teaching and researching (2018)

This chapter provides an analysis of the different contributions of French Universities (and other academic institutions, especially the “Instituts d’Études Politiques”) to the teaching of policy analysis, to the training of policy analysis specialists, to research in policy analysis, and to policy advice. It focuses on two closely related academic disciplines in France: political science and sociology. The chapter starts by questioning the extent to which and in which ways policy analysis as a sub-discipline is integrated into the teaching of political science and sociology. The focus then turns to the development of a specialized policy analysis master in political science and sociology, which can be related to broader evolutions, including transformations in the access to top administrative positions, the development of local public policies in France, and the professionalization of French Universities. The aim here is to shed light on the kind of knowledge and skills taught and on the positions students find after leaving universities and Sciences Po. By studying the involvement of political scientists and sociologists in public commissions and specific policy expertise structures outside the academic world, it also explores the relationships between policy research and policy advice.
Lactose Hydrolysis and Formation of Galactooligosaccharides by a Novel Immobilized β-Galactosidase From the Thermophilic Fungus Talaromyces thermophilus (2007)

β-Galactosidase from the fungus Talaromyces thermophilus CBS 236.58 was immobilized by covalent attachment onto the insoluble carrier Eupergit C with a high binding efficiency of 95%. Immobilization increased both activity and stability at higher pH values and temperature when compared with the free enzyme. Especially the effect of immobilization on thermostability is notable. This is expressed by the half-lifetime of the activity at 50°C, which was determined to be 8 and 27 h for the free and immobilized enzymes, respectively. Although immobilization did not significantly change kinetic parameters for the substrate lactose, a considerable decrease in the maximum reaction velocity V max was observed for the artificial substrate o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG). The hydrolysis of both oNPG and lactose is competitively inhibited by the end products glucose and galactose. However, this inhibition is only very moderate as judged from kinetic analysis with glucose exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. It was evident from bioconversion experiments with 20% lactose as substrate, that the immobilized enzyme showed a strong transgalactosylation reaction, resulting in the formation of galactooligosaccharides (GalOS). The maximum yield of GalOS of 34% was obtained when the degree of lactose conversion was roughly 80%. Hence, this immobilized enzyme can be useful both for the cleavage of lactose at elevated temperatures, and the formation of GalOS, prebiotic sugars that have a number of interesting properties for food applications.
Large-scale Kernel-based Feature Extraction via Budgeted Nonlinear Subspace Tracking (2016)

Kernel-based methods enjoy powerful generalization capabilities in handling a variety of learning tasks. When such methods are provided with sufficient training data, broadly-applicable classes of nonlinear functions can be approximated with desired accuracy. Nevertheless, inherent to the nonparametric nature of kernel-based estimators are computational and memory requirements that become prohibitive with large-scale datasets. In response to this formidable challenge, the present work puts forward a low-rank, kernel-based, feature extraction approach that is particularly tailored for online operation, where data streams need not be stored in memory. A novel generative model is introduced to approximate high-dimensional (possibly infinite) features via a low-rank nonlinear subspace, the learning of which leads to a direct kernel function approximation. Offline and online solvers are developed for the subspace learning task, along with affordable versions, in which the number of stored data vectors is confined to a predefined budget. Analytical results provide performance bounds on how well the kernel matrix as well as kernel-based classification and regression tasks can be approximated by leveraging budgeted online subspace learning and feature extraction schemes. Tests on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate and benchmark the efficiency of the proposed method when linear classification and regression is applied to the extracted features.
NaxMV(PO4)3 (M = Mn, Fe, Ni) Structure and Properties for Sodium Extraction (2016)

NASICON (Na<sup>+</sup> super ionic conductor) structures of Na<sub>x</sub>MV(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (M = Mn, Fe, Ni) were prepared, characterized by aberration-corrected STEM and synchrotron radiation, and demonstrated to be durable cathode materials for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. In Na<sub>4</sub>MnV(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, two redox couples of Mn<sup>3+</sup>/Mn<sup>2+</sup> and V<sup>4+</sup>/V<sup>3+</sup> are accessed with two voltage plateaus located at 3.6 and 3.3 V and a capacity of 101 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 1 C. Furthermore, the Na<sub>4</sub>MnV(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cathode delivers a high initial efficiency of 97%, long durability over 1000 cycles, and good rate performance to 10 C. The robust framework structure and stable electrochemical performance makes it a reliable cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
Expression and localization of estrogenic type 12 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the cynomolgus monkey (2007)

These results strongly suggest that the Macaca fascicularis 17beta-HSD12 is an essential partner of aromatase in the biosynthesis of estradiol (E2). It strongly suggests that in the estradiol biosynthesis pathway, the step of 17-ketoreduction comes after the step of the aromatization (the aromatization of 4-androstendione to estrone followed by the conversion of estrone into estradiol by estrogen specific l7beta-HSDs) which is in contrast with the hypothesis suggesting that 4-androstenedione is converted to testosterone followed by the aromatization of testosterone.
P1‐398: Near‐infrared spectrophotometry of blood plasma for diagnosis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (2008)

There are currently no accepted blood-based biomarkers of sporadic AD. Augmented oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in both neural and peripheral AD tissues. NIR analysis was conducted on 75 μl plasma samples from 19 AD, 27 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 17 normal elderly control (NEC) persons using an optical fiber-coupled, holographic grating-based NIR spectrograph. Five spectral bands associated with heme, R-CH, R-OH, H2O and R-NH functional groups were sensitive to oxidative modification in pre-clinical studies and were pre-selected to develop a logistic regression model for sample classification. This model differentiated AD from NEC samples with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 77%. Fifteen and twelve MCI patients were classified with the NEC and AD groups, respectively. The spectra were not influenced by age, gender, exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors or sample storage time. The NIR data further implicate OS in the systemic pathophysiology of sporadic AD. NIR spectrophotometry of plasma differentiates mild (and possibly pre-clinical) sporadic AD from NEC individuals with moderate-high accuracy. The procedure is minimally-invasive, rapid, and relatively-inexpensive. NIR spectrophtometry may fulfil criteria for a useful biological marker of sporadic AD.
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Extensions for G.709 amendment 3 Optical Transport Networks Control (2009)

This document is a companion to the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) signaling documents. It describes the technology-
specific information needed to extend GMPLS signaling to control
Optical Transport Networks (OTN) based on ITU-T G.709 amendment 3
reccomandation.
Characteristics of lipase-catalysed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in aerosol-OT/iso-octane reverse-micellar media (1995)

In a reverse-micellar system of Aerosol-OT [bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulphosuccinate]/iso-octane, triacylglycerols (TAG) could be hydrolysed up to 60-98%, depending upon the enzyme source. Hydrolysis reactions obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and exhibited a linear relationship of the initial rate with enzyme concentration, which suggests that the reaction rate in reverse micelle is kinetically controlled and not limited by mass-transfer considerations. The kinetic parameters for hydrolytic reactions are related to enzyme source and physicochemical characteristics of substrate. The Michaelis constant (K m ) and maximum reaction rate (V max. ) for hydrolysis of olive (Olea europaea) TAG by Rhizopus javanicus lipase were significantly higher than that by Candida cylindracea lipase. The kinetic parameters for coconut TAG were lower than that of olive TAG. The K m and V max. for TAG hydrolysis increased with increase in reaction temperature and decreased with increase in reaction pH. Buffer components may have considerable effect on enzyme activity and R-activity (R is the molar ratio of water to surfactant) profile of lipases in reverse micelles. When considering the influence of reaction variables on lipase-catalysed reactions for practical purposes, the initial rate as well as reaction rate over extended periods of time should be studied. The effect of reaction variables, surfactant concentration as an example, could be different on initial rate and degree of hydrolysis at 24 h. Lipase activity is rapidly reduced in reverse-micellar media in absence of any substrate. The effect is severe at higher value of R. The stability of enzyme in reverse micelles is also related to enzyme source. Reverse-micellar systems, in conjunction with other bioseparation techniques, could be used for lipase-catalysed bioconversion of TAG and other sparingly-water-soluble compounds for the production of value-added products.
Influence of Structural Differences of Dextromethorphan and its Three Metabolites on their Simultaneous Separation using Various Silica Columns with a Simple Aqueous Mobile Phase (2007)

Abstract The retention behaviors and efficiencies of the chromatographic separation of dextromethorphan (DM) and its metabolites (dextrorphan (DX), 3‐methoxymorphinan (MM), and 3‐hydroxymorphinan (HM)), on three different silica columns (Inertsil, μ‐Porasil, and Lichrospher), were compared using a simple aqueous mobile phase consisting of an organic solvent (methanol or acetonitrile) and water at different volume ratios (1∶9 to 9∶1) containing triethylamine (TEA) and acetic acid (ACH). Results demonstrated that the retention capacities for basic compounds with the same ionization conditions of the silanol group were the largest for the Lichrospher column, followed by the μ‐Porasil one, with the Inertsil column exhibiting the lowest level. Based on their physical characteristics, the larger retention capacities for DM and its three metabolites in the LiChrospher column compared to those of the Inertsil and μ‐Porasil columns may have been because the LiChrospher column has the largest surface area for interaction. However, since the surface areas of the Inertsil and μ‐Porasil columns are similar, the greater retention capacities for DM and its three metabolites in the μ‐Porasil column can probably be attributed to the existence of a greater number of silanol groups than in the Inersil column. This also demonstrates that the interaction of tertiary amines with ionized silanol groups is greater than that of secondary amines resulting in the elution order being MM>DM and HM>DX. However, O‐demethylation to expose metabolites with a phenolic hydroxy group seemed to decrease the retention capacity, thus yielding the elution order of DX>DM (tertiary amine) and HM>MM (secondary amine). This might be attributable to the negative charge repulsion between phenoxyl groups (PhO−) and ionized silanol groups (SiO−) decreasing the affinity of basic compounds.
The Dissolution Behavior of Tetrafluoroethylene-based Fluoropolymers for 157-nm Resist Materials (2004)

Main-chain-fluorinated base-resins, using the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and functional (hexafluoroisopropanol (HFA) group) norbornene, were synthesized. Partial protection of the hydroxyl group as an ethoxymethyl group was achieved by two methods: by copolymerization (Method A) or by polymer reaction (Method B). The partial protection by copolymerization was conducted by copolymerizing TFE with a mixture of protected and unprotected monomers (Method A, copolymerization). Partial protection was also carried out by reacting the hydroxyl group of the polymer, which is composed of TFE and unprotected monomers with ethoxymethyl chloride in the presence of an amine (Method B). In the polymer reaction, only the exo position of the norbornene unit was protected. Their fundamental properties, such as transparency at 157 nm and solubility in a standard alkaline developer, were characterized and studied. High transparency, i.e., absorbance better than 0.4 μm-1, was achieved with both methods. However, the polymer prepared by the polymer reaction (Method B) was deprotected more quickly; it also had a higher dissolution rate and stronger development contrast than the polymer prepared by copolymerization (Method A). Positive-working resists based on these fluororesins were developed and 55 nm dense lines could be delineated by exposure at 157 nm wavelength with alternating phase shift mask on a 0.9 NA 157 nm exposure tool.