gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 1α acts as an autocrine growth factor for RPMI1788, an Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed human B cell line (1988)

The Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell line RPMI 1788 constitutively produces autocrine growth factors with molecular masses of 17 kDa, 24 kDa and 35 kDa. All three molecular forms were completely neutralized with anti-interleukin (IL) 1 alpha antiserum. Although IL 1 alpha and IL 1 beta mRNA were both equally detectable by Northern blotting, no IL 1 beta activity was found in partially purified RPMI 1788 supernatant. The growth of low density-seeded RPMI 1788 cells is specifically dependent on the presence of either IL 1 alpha or IL 1 beta. Since no other cytokine was found to be capable of sustaining proliferation, this cell line is suitable for the identification and quantification of IL 1, even in the presence of other cytokines.
Chip-scale blue light phased array (2020)

Compact beam steering in the visible spectral range is required for a wide range of emerging applications, such as augmented and virtual reality displays, optical traps for quantum information processing, biological sensing, and stimulation. Optical phased arrays (OPAs) can shape and steer light to enable these applications with no moving parts on a compact chip. However, OPA demonstrations have been mainly limited to the near-infrared spectral range due to the fabrication and material challenges imposed by the shorter wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate the first chip-scale phased array operating at blue wavelengths (488 nm) using a high-confinement silicon nitride platform. We use a sparse aperiodic emitter layout to mitigate fabrication constraints at this short wavelength and achieve wide-angle beam steering over a 50° field of view with a full width at half-maximum beam size of 0.17°. Large-scale integration of this platform paves the way for fully reconfigurable chip-scale three-dimensional volumetric light projection across the entire visible range.
Interaction of berenil with the tyrT DNA sequence studied by footprinting and molecular modelling. Implications for the design of sequence-specific DNA recognition agents (1990)

We have developed a technique of partially-restrained molecular mechanics enthalpy minimisation which enables the sequence-dependence of the DNA binding of a non-intercalating ligand to be studied for arbitrary sequences of considerable length (greater than = 60 base-pairs). The technique has been applied to analyse the binding of berenil to the minor groove of a 60 base-pair sequence derived from the tyrT promoter; the results are compared with those obtained by DNAse I and hydroxyl radical footprinting on the same sequence. The calculated and experimentally observed patterns of binding are in good agreement. Analysis of the modelling data highlights the importance of DNA flexibility in ligand binding. Further, the electrostatic component of the interaction tends to favour binding to AT-rich regions, whilst the van der Waals interaction energy term favours GC-rich ones. The results also suggest that an important contribution to the observed preference for binding in AT-rich regions arises from lower DNA perturbation energies and is not accompanied by reduced DNA structural perturbations in such sequences. It is therefore concluded that those modes of DNA distortion favourable to binding are probably more flexible in AT-rich regions. The structure of the modelled DNA sequence has also been analysed in terms of helical parameters. For the DNA energy-minimised in the absence of berenil, certain helical parameters show marked sequence-dependence. For example, purine-pyrimidine (R-Y) base pairs show a consistent positive buckle whereas this feature is consistently negative for Y-R pairs. Further, CG steps show lower than average values of slide while GC steps show lower than average values of rise. Similar analysis of the modelling data from the calculations including berenil highlights the importance of DNA flexibility in ligand binding. We observe that the binding of berenil induces characteristic responses in different helical parameters for the base-pairs around the binding site. For example, buckle and tilt tend to become more negative to the 5'-side of the binding site and more positive to the 3'-side, while the base steps at either side of the centre of the site show increased twist and decreased roll.
Variation-tolerant design (2005)

As we introduce this year’s Hot Chips theme issue, the frequency slowdown trend that is upon us as a result of the CMOS technology outlook has to be the single major point that stands out. It is not just the per-chip power dissipation envelope that is forcing this trend, although that factor alone is perhaps the major deterrent to frequency escalation at prior (historical) rates.
Implications of proxy caching for provisioning networks and servers (2000)

In this paper, we examine the potential benefits of web proxy caches in improving the effective capacity of servers and networks. Since networks and servers are typically provisioned based on a high percentile of the load, we focus on the effects of proxy caching on the tail of the load distribution. We find that, unlike their substantial impact on the average load, proxies have a diminished impact on the tail of the load distribution. The exact reduction in the tail and the corresponding capacity savings depend on the percentile of the load distribution chosen for provisioning networks and servers—the higher the percentile, the smaller the savings. In particular, compared to over a 50% reduction in the average load, the savings in network and server capacity is only 20-35% for the 99 th percentile of the load distribution. We also find that while proxies can be somewhat useful in smoothing out some of the burstiness in web workloads; the resulting workload continues, however, to exhibit substantial burstiness and a heavy-tailed nature. We identify large objects with poor locality to be the limiting factor that diminishes the impact of proxies on the tail of load distribution. We conclude that, while proxies are immensely useful to users due to the reduction in the average response time, they are less effective in improving the capacities of networks and servers.
Impact of InGaN growth conditions on structural stability under high temperature process in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (2011)

Abstract The influence of InGaN growth conditions on the structural instability of green light‐emitting InGaN quantum wells (QWs) is investigated. The multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), varying the growth rate of InGaN well layers. It is found that the structural deterioration of MQWs attributable to high‐temperature post‐growth of GaN on MQWs is suppressed by decreasing the growth rate. Atomic force microscope measurement reveals the reduction of In‐rich clusters that are fragile under high‐temperature process on the surface of MQWs grown at low growth rates. It is demonstrated that the suppression of the formation of these In‐rich clusters at the lower growth rates lead to the improvement of the thermal stability and the enhancement of optical properties of green light‐emitting diodes. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frizzled-8 receptor is activated by the Wnt-2 ligand in non-small cell lung cancer (2013)

Abstract Background Wnt-2 plays an oncogenic role in cancer, but which Frizzled receptor(s) mediates the Wnt-2 signaling pathway in lung cancer remains unclear. We sought to (1) identify and evaluate the activation of Wnt-2 signaling through Frizzled-8 in non-small cell lung cancer, and (2) test whether a novel expression construct dominant negative Wnt-2 (dnhWnt-2) reduces tumor growth in a colony formation assay and in a xenograft mouse model. Methods Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to identify the expression of Wnt-2 and Frizzled-8 in 50 lung cancer tissues from patients. The TCF reporter assay (TOP/FOP) was used to detect the activation of the Wnt canonical pathway in vitro . A novel dnhWnt-2 construct was designed and used to inhibit activation of Wnt-2 signaling through Frizzled-8 in 293T, 293, A549 and A427 cells and in a xenograft mouse model. Statistical comparisons were made using Student’s t -test. Results Among the 50 lung cancer samples, we identified a 91% correlation between the transcriptional increase of Wnt-2 and Frizzled-8 ( p &lt;0.05). The Wnt canonical pathway was activated when both Wnt-2 and Frizzled-8 were co-expressed in 293T, 293, A549 and A427 cells. The dnhWnt-2 construct we used inhibited the activation of Wnt-2 signaling in 293T, 293, A549 and A427 cells, and reduced the colony formation of NSCLC cells when β-catenin was present ( p &lt;0.05). Inhibition of Wnt-2 activation by the dnhWnt-2 construct further reduced the size and mass of tumors in the xenograft mouse model ( p &lt;0.05). The inhibition also decreased the expression of target genes of Wnt signaling in these tumors. Conclusions We demonstrated an activation of Wnt-2 signaling via the Frizzled-8 receptor in NSCLC cells. A novel dnhWnt-2 construct significantly inhibits Wnt-2 signaling, reduces colony formation of NSCLC cells in vitro and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. The dnhWnt-2 construct may provide a new therapeutic avenue for targeting the Wnt pathway in lung cancer.
Biomass valorisation of marula nutshell waste into nitrogen-doped activated carbon for use in high performance supercapacitors (2023)

This study reports on the valorisation of marula nutshell waste into a valuable electrode material for supercapacitors. Marula nutshell waste, a brown hard residue from marula fruits was valorised into a nitrogen-doped activated carbon (N-ACs) by KOH treatment and using melamine as a nitrogen source. The microporous and mesoporous nature of N-ACs exhibited a high surface area of 1427 m² g−1 and pore volume of 0.31 cm3 g−1. Three electrode measurements were done in 6 M KOH and 2.5 M KNO3 aqueous electrolytes, to examine the materials in alkaline and neutral medium. The N-ACs exhibited a capacitance of 350 F g−1 in 6 M KOH and 248 F g−1 in 2.5 M KNO3 electrolyte. Due to low toxicity and wider operating voltage (∼1.8 V) of 2.5 KNO3, the material was further analysed in a symmetric device. The high surface area, the defects, and the high content of nitrogen (5.1%) revealed that the material produced an outstanding energy density of 17.2 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 448.7 W kg−1 in 2.5 M KNO3 electrolyte. The conversion of marula nuts waste into N-ACs thus provide a means of converting biomass waste into a useful energy storage material for supercapacitors.
Fast Sub-pixel Search Control by using Neighbor Motion Vector in H.264 (2007)

Motion Estimation time in the H.264 has a large portion of encoding time and must be improved for real time application. Most of proposed motion estimation algorithm including Sub-pixel search use the fast search algorithm to speed up motion estimation by targeting the performance of full search in the reference code. This paper proposes a novel fast sub-pixel search control algorithm for H.264 encoder by using neighbor motion vector after analyzing the encoded Motion vector of video sequence. In addition the horizontal/vertical searching method is proposed with the horizontal/vertical directionality of motion vector. And the evaluation is performed with the proposed algorithms and other reference algorithms.
Graphenic Carbon X-Ray Transmission Windows: Design and Properties (2015)

X-ray transmission windows made of graphenic carbon (GC) are a replacement for currently used beryllium windows, offering an increased transmission while avoiding the health concerns of beryllium [1]. Here, we demonstrate improved low energy x-ray transmission windows, suited for the energy range between 0.1 keV and 1 keV based on the same window material. The direct deposition of the graphenic carbon onto a silicon substrate leads to strong silicon carbide bonds and results in a gas tight configuration with helium leak rates of the final window below 1 × 10-12 mbar l / s. Utilizing a support structure with a bar grid design, a window thickness of 140 nm, a window diameter of 7 mm, and a nominal fill factor of 85%, the low energy graphenic carbon window offers an increased transmission compared to currently used polymer windows, while offering a higher rejection of optical radiation [2]. The high stability of graphenic carbon towards high temperatures allows the vacuum encapsulation of low energy detector modules utilizing graphenic carbon transmission windows, which has previously not been possible. The high mechanical strength of graphenic carbon is validated by dynamic pressure loading tests of the window. No visible degradation nor an increased helium leak rate was observed after 10 million pressure cycles with a differential pressure of greater 1200 mbar applied across the transmission window having an open diameter of 7 mm and a GC thickness of 1 µm. Pressure bulge tests evaluated the Young`s modulus of GC to approximately 130 GPa. Raman and FE simulation studies show that the material is deposited with a high compressive stress of approximately 500 MPa and that the stress of a pressure loaded window is not distributed uniformly, but has a high peak at the edge. In addition, the high resilience of graphenic carbon is corroborated by x-ray radiation and ozone exposure tests.
References:
[1] S. Huebner, N. Miyakawa, S. Kapser, A. Pahlke, and F. Kreupl, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 62, 588 (2015).
[2] S. Huebner et al., accepted for publication in Phys. Status Solidi B, 1-10 (2015) / DOI 10.1002/pssb.201552216
Conjugate addition reactions of organosamarium species via in situ transmetalation to copper(I) salts (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConjugate addition reactions of organosamarium species via in situ transmetalation to copper(I) saltsMichael J. Totleben, Dennis P. Curran, and Peter WipfCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6, 1740–1744Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00032a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00032a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Novel polymeric alcohols by controlled catalytic polymer functionalization (1995)

Abstract Novel EPDM ( e thylene p ropylene d iene m onomer) and polybutadiene polyols can be synthesized by a two‐step process of controlled hydroformylation and then reduction of the formyl groups to place a desired amount of pendant alcohol groups along the polymer chain. The degree of functionalization can be controlled by measuring gas uptake from a calibrated reservoir during hydroformylation. Hydroformylation can be performed in solution or under simulated melt‐phase conditions using either HRh(CO)(PPh 3 ) 3 or Rh(acac) (CO) 2 as catalysts. Reduction of the polyaldehyde by NaBH 4 generates the polymeric alcohol without further reaction of the remaining double bonds. Polymer functionalization and further modifications were followed by H‐NMR and FTIR. These unique hydrophobic polyols can be reacted further to produce other polymer systems. As an example, urethanes have been made with these polyols by reaction with diisocyanates. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
CD8 + T-cell memory induced by successive SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations is characterized by clonal replacement (2022)

Abstract mRNA vaccines against the Spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome type 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) elicit strong T-cell responses. However, it’s not known whether T cell clonotypes responding to the first vaccination repeatedly expand with booster vaccinations. Here, we temporally tracked the CD8 + T-cell repertoire in individuals who received three shots of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. By analyzing the kinetic profile of CD8 + T-cell clonotypes responding to the first, second, or third shot, we demonstrated that newly expanded clonotypes elicited by the second shot replaced many of those that responded to the first shot. Although these 2 nd responder clonotypes expanded after the third shot, their clonal diversity was skewed, and they were partially replaced by newly elicited the 3 rd responders. Furthermore, this replacement of vaccine-responding clonotypes occurred within the same Spike epitope. These results suggest that CD8 + T-cell memory induced by repetitive mRNA vaccination is characterized by the emergence of new dominant clones.
Pruning sparse non-negative matrix n-gram language models (2015)

In this paper we present a pruning algorithm and experimental results for our recently proposed Sparse Non-negative Matrix (SNM) family of language models (LMs). We show that when trained with only n-gram features SNMLM pruning based on a mutual information criterion yields the best known pruned model on the One Billion Word Language Model Benchmark, reducing perplexity with 18% and 57% over Katz and KneserNey LMs, respectively. We also present a method for converting an SNMLM to ARPA back-off format which can be readily used in a single-pass decoder for Automatic Speech Recognition.
Solubilization of a Membrane Protein by Combinatorial Supercharging (2010)

Hydrophobic and aggregation-prone, membrane proteins often prove too insoluble for conventional in vitro biochemical studies. To engineer soluble variants of human caveolin-1, a phage-displayed library of caveolin variants targeted the hydrophobic intramembrane domain with substitutions to charged residues. Anti-selections for insolubility removed hydrophobic variants, and positive selections for binding to the known caveolin ligand HIV gp41 isolated functional, folded variants. Assays with several caveolin binding partners demonstrated the successful folding and functionality by a solubilized, full-length caveolin variant selected from the library. This caveolin variant allowed assay of the direct interaction between caveolin and cavin. Clustered along one face of a putative helix, the solubilizing mutations suggest a structural model for the intramembrane domain of caveolin. The approach provides a potentially general method for solubilization and engineering of membrane-associated proteins by phage display.
Strengthening trust in the future social-cyber-physical infrastructure: an ITU-T perspective (2016)

Evolving toward a knowledge society requires a trusted ICT infrastructure for sharing information and creating knowledge. To advance the efforts to build converged ICT services and reliable information infrastructures, ITU-T has recently started to work on future trusted ICT infrastructures. This article proposes a possible future Social-Cyber-Physical infrastructure that acts as the glue for integrating the physical, cyber, and social worlds with ICT, and outlines proposals toward an effort to find viable solutions for trust related problems while developing advanced technologies from an ITU-T standards perspective along with the trust conceptual model and the trust architectural framework.
Outpatient-Based Therapy of Oral Fludarabine and Subcutaneous Alemtuzumab for Asian Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2009)

Background. Intravenous alemtuzumab and fludarabine are effective in combination for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but require hospital visits for intravenous injection. We performed a pilot study to assess the safety and efficacy of outpatient-based oral fludarabine with subcutaneous alemtuzumab (OFSA) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory CLL. Results. Depending on their response, patients were given two to six 28-day cycles of subcutaneous alemtuzumab 30 mg on days 1,3, and 5 and oral fludarabine 40 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days. Median patient age was 74. The lymphocyte counts of all five patients fell after the 1st cycle of treatment and reached normal/low levels on completion of 2 to 6 cycles of therapy. Platelet counts and hemoglobin were unaffected. All five patients achieved complete hematological remission, while two attained minimal residual disease negativity on 4-color flow cytometry. Conclusions. Our OFSA regimen was effective in elderly Asian patients with relapsed/refractory CLL, and it should be investigated further.
Characterization and modification of phage T7 DNA polymerase for use in DNA sequencing; Progress report, June 1, 1990--May 31, 1993 (1993)

This project focuses on the DNA polymerase (gene 5 protein) of phage T7 for use in DNA sequence analysis. Gene 5 protein interacts with accessory proteins to acquire properties essential for DNA replication. One goal is to understand these interactions in order to modify the proteins for use in DNA sequencing. E. coli thioredoxin, binds to gene 5 protein and clamps it to a primer-template. They have analyzed the binding of gene 5 protein-thioredoxin to primer-templates and have defined the optimal conditions to form an extremely stable complex with a dNTP in the polymerase catalytic site. The spatial proximity of these components has been determined using fluorescence emission anisotropy. The T7 DNA binding protein, the gene 2.5 protein, interacts with gene 5 protein and gene 4 protein to increase processivity and primer synthesis, respectively. Mutant gene 2.5 proteins have been isolated that do not interact with T7 DNA polymerase and can not support T7 growth. The nucleotide binding site of the T7 helicase has been identified and mutations affecting the site provide information on how the hydrolysis of NTPs fuel its unidirectional translocation. The sequence, GTC, has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for recognition by the T7 primase. The T7 gene 5.5 protein interacts with the E. coli nucleoid protein, H-NS, and also overcomes the phage {lambda} rex restriction system.
The Contrasting Roles of NKT Cells in Tumor Immunity (2009)

NKT cells are true T cells that serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system, acting as first responders. They recognize lipid antigens rather than peptides, and respond to these when presented by a non-classical class I MHC molecule, CD1d. NKT cells can play a pathogenic role in asthma or a protective role against several autoimmune diseases, in part based on their cytokine profile. In cancer, they can play opposite roles, contributing to anti-tumor immunity or suppressing it. The protective NKT cells were found to be primarily type I NKT cells defined by use of a semi-invariant T cell receptor involving Valpha14Jalpha18 in mice and Valpha24Jalpha18 in humans and responding to alpha-galactosylceramide, and the most protective were among the minority that are CD4-. The suppressive NKT cells were found to be CD4+ and to be primarily type II NKT cells, that have diverse T-cell receptors and respond to other lipids. Further, the type I and type II NKT cells were found to counter-regulate each other, forming a new immunoregulatory axis. This axis may have broad implications beyond cancer, as NKT cells play a role in steering other adaptive immune responses. The balance along this axis could affect immunity to tumors and infectious diseases and responses to vaccines.