gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low‐cost wearable low‐vision aid using a handmade retinal light‐scanning microdisplay (2004)

Abstract— The Wearable Low Vision Aid (WLVA) is a portable system that uses machine vision to track potential walking hazards for the visually impaired. A scanning fiber display couples a laser diode to a vibrating optical fiber that projects a virtual image onto the retina to display warning icons that the visually impaired can recognize. Initial low‐vision subject testing has given promising results for this low‐cost assistive device.
Tumor-targeted SN38 inhibits growth of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a KRas/p53 transgenic mouse model (2017)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a 5-year survival of only ~16%. Potential strategies to address NSCLC mortality include improvements in early detection and prevention, and development of new therapies suitable for use in patients with early and late stage diagnoses. Controlling the growth of early stage tumors could yield significant clinical benefits for patients with comorbidities that make them poor candidates for surgery: however, many drugs that limit cancer growth are not useful in the setting of long-term use or in comorbid patients, because of associated toxicities. In this study, we explored the use of a recently described small molecule agent, STA-8666, as a potential agent for controlling early stage tumor growth. STA-8666 uses a cleavable linker to merge a tumor-targeting moiety that binds heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with the cytotoxic chemical SN38, and has been shown to have high efficacy and low toxicity, associated with efficient tumor targeting, in preclinical studies using patient-derived and other xenograft models for pancreatic, bladder, and small cell lung cancer. Using a genetically engineered model of NSCLC arising from induced mutation of KRas and knockout of Trp53, we continuously dosed mice with STA-8666 from immediately after tumor induction for 15 weeks. STA-8666 significantly slowed the rate of tumor growth, and was well tolerated over this extended dosing period. STA-8666 induced DNA damage and apoptosis, and reduced proliferation and phosphorylation of the proliferation-associated protein ERK1/2, selectively in tumor tissue. In contrast, STA-8666 did not affect tumor features, such as degree of vimentin staining, associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or downregulate tumor expression of HSP90. These data suggest STA-8666 and other similar targeted compounds may be useful additions to control the growth of early stage NSCLC in patient populations.
Effects of 8 Weeks of Flexibility and Resistance Training in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

(First paragraph) Flexibility is often downplayed as unimportant to fitness. However, flexibility training is imperative to maintain full range of motion (ROM) of joints, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, who may experience limited joint mobility due to glycation of joint structures (1). Maladies such as “frozen shoulder” are common complaints in type 2 diabetes (2).
Resolution of 1-(2-Naphthyl)ethanol by a Combination of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution with a Fluorous Triphasic Separative Reaction (2002)

[reaction: see text] Kinetic resolution of a fluorous ester rac-1 with Candida antarctica B lipase provided a mixture of enantioenriched alcohol (R)-2 and fluorous ester (S)-1. The mixture was subjected to a fluorous triphasic reaction to give both enantiomers of 1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol 2 in high ee without chromatographic separation or fluorous-organic liquid-liquid extractive purification.
A novel gate driving scheme for high power PWM and bypass switches (2010)

This paper proposes a new driving scheme for insulated gate bipolar junction transistors (IGBTs) and thyristors used for high power conversion. Most power conversion techniques are based on switching actions so that gate driving scheme and their related circuits have important roles in power conversion. In this paper, fault-tolerant gate driving schemes for power switches and their power supply that utilizes stored energy in the system are presented. Experiments have been carried out with 6500V-rated IGBTs and thyristors to verify the validity of the proposed driving scheme.
Cryogenic applications of MMTD technology (2002)

The authors propose a concept of a two-phase heat transfer system for a cryogenic application that is potentially very simple and reliable, does not require complicated start-up procedures and will not suffer from instability problems during operation. The main problem of extending the range of capillary two-phase system to cryogenic temperatures is the start-up from the supercritical conditions of the working fluid. Different designs are addressing this problem differently. The Multi-Modular Thermal Device (MMTD) employs a capillary pump that is located in the coldest zone of the two-phase heat transfer system. The pump circulates the fluid through a cold plate where the heat from the payload is absorbed. The authors recently published the principles of operation; the device can help resolve the start-up problem and support the operation at cryogenic temperatures in a simple and reliable way.
Sensitive wavelength-modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy with a pulsed optical parametric oscillator (2004)

With a laser-excited acoustic wave as the carrier wave and by modulation of the light wavelength of a multikilohertz-repetition-rate optical parametric oscillator at a lower frequency than the acoustic frequency, we demonstrate a wavelength-amplitude double-modulation technique and achieve an enhancement factor of 35 in sensitivity in photoacoustic trace gas detection with the technique.
Metrics for Architecture-Level Lifetime Reliability Analysis (2008)

This work concerns metrics for evaluating microarchitectural enhancements to improve processor lifetime reliability. A commonly reported reliability metric is mean time to failure (MTTF). Although the MTTF metric is simpler to evaluate, it does not provide information on the reliability characteristics during the relatively short operational life of commodity processors. An alternate metric is nTTF, which represents the time to failure of n% of the processor population. nTTF is a more informative metric for the (short) portion of the lifetime that is relevant to the end-user, but determining it requires knowledge of the distribution of processor failure times which is generally hard to obtain. The goals of this paper are (1) to determine if the choice of metric has a quantitative impact on architecture-level reliability analysis and modern superscalar processor designs and (2) to build a fundamental understanding of why and when MTTF- and nTTF-driven analysis result in different designs. We show through an in-depth analysis that, in general, the nTTF metric differs significantly from the MTTF metric, and using MTTF as a proxy for nTTF leads to sub-optimal designs. Additionally, our analysis introduces the concept of relative vulnerability factor (RVF) for different processor components to guide reliability-aware design. We show that the difference between nTTF-and MTTF-driven design largely occurs because the relative vulnerabilities of the processor components change over the processor lifetime, making the optimal design choice dependent on the amount of time the processor is expected to be used.
Unusual Pacing Observed in a Biventricular Pacemaker with Epicardial Pacing Leads (2007)

In this case report, we describe inappropriate pacing in a patient with a newly implanted biventricular pacing system with three epicardial leads. Very high pacing thresholds resulted from the use of nonsteroid eluting leads, and unusual pacing behavior was due to the chosen implant locations for the right atrial and right ventricular epicardial leads. The interplay between the programmed pacemaker parameters, the very late ventricular sensing in the setting of intrinsic right bundle branch block, and atrial lead oversensing led to ineffective biventricular pacing. The persistently elevated pacing thresholds and sensing problems led to very early battery depletion and the need to replace the epicardial system with three new endocardial leads.
Copy Number Variations and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (2011)

The data are consistent with the hypothesis that rare CNV plays a role in the development of POAG.
Actinic review of EUV masks (2010)

Management of mask defects is a major challenge for the introduction of EUV for HVM production. Once a defect has been detected, its printing impact needs to be predicted. Potentially the defect requires some repair, the success of which needs to be proven. This defect review has to be done with an actinic inspection system that matches the imaging conditions of an EUV scanner. During recent years, several concepts for such an aerial image metrology system (AIMS&trade;) have been proposed. However, until now no commercial solution exists for EUV. Today, advances in EUV optics technology allow envisioning a solution that has been discarded before as unrealistic. We present this concept and its technical cornerstones.While the power requirement for the EUV source is less demanding than for HVM lithography tools, radiance, floor space, and stability are the main criteria for source selection. The requirement to emulate several generations of EUV scanners demands a large flexibility for the ilumination and imaging systems. New critical specifications to the EUV mirrors in the projection microscope can be satisfied using our expertise from lithographic mirrors. In summary, an EUV AIMS&trade; meeting production requirements seems to be feasible.
Fast and Accurate Annotation of Short Texts with Wikipedia Pages (2011)

Several recent software systems have been designed to obtain novel annotation of cross-referencing text fragments and Wikipedia pages. Tagme is state of the art in this setting and can accurately manage short textual fragments (such as snippets of search engine results, tweets, news, or blogs) on the fly.
Transient Pressure Behavior of Dual-Lateral Wells (1998)

Summary The objective of this paper is to investigate the transient pressure behavior of dual-lateral wells. An analytical solution to compute the pressure responses of dual-lateral wells in the Laplace domain is presented, and the computational issues are addressed. The influences of the length, phase angle, and vertical and horizontal separations of the laterals are discussed. New flow regimes are identified and the conditions under which various flow regimes prevail are documented. Guidelines for the well test analysis of dual-lateral well responses are also presented.
Learning to rank with multiple objective functions (2011)

We investigate the problem of learning to rank with document retrieval from the perspective of learning for multiple objective functions. We present solutions to two open problems in learning to rank: first, we show how multiple measures can be combined into a single graded measure that can be learned. This solves the problem of learning from a 'scorecard' of measures by making such scorecards comparable, and we show results where a standard web relevance measure (NDCG) is used for the top-tier measure, and a relevance measure derived from click data is used for the second-tier measure; the second-tier measure is shown to significantly improve while leaving the top-tier measure largely unchanged. Second, we note that the learning-to-rank problem can itself be viewed as changing as the ranking model learns: for example, early in learning, adjusting the rank of all documents can be advantageous, but later during training, it becomes more desirable to concentrate on correcting the top few documents for each query. We show how an analysis of these problems leads to an improved, iteration-dependent cost function that interpolates between a cost function that is more appropriate for early learning, with one that is more appropriate for late-stage learning. The approach results in a significant improvement in accuracy with the same size models. We investigate these ideas using LambdaMART, a state-of-the-art ranking algorithm.
A high performance hybrid algorithm for text classification (2014)

The high computational complexity of text classification is a significant problem with the growing surge in text data. An effective but computationally expensive classification is the k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) algorithm. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has commonly been used as a preprocessing phase to reduce the dimensionality followed by kNN. However, though the dimensionality is reduced, the algorithm requires all the vectors in the projected space to perform the kNN. We propose a new hybrid algorithm that uses PCA & kNN but performs kNN with a small set of neighbors instead of the complete data vectors in the projected space, thus reducing the computational complexity. An added advantage in our method is that we are able to get effective classification using a relatively smaller number of principal components. New text for classification is projected into the lower dimensional space and kNN is performed only with the neighbors in each axis based on the principal that vectors that are closer in the original space are closer in the projected space and also along the projected components. Our findings with the standard benchmark dataset Reuters show that the proposed model significantly outperforms kNN and the standard PCA-kNN hybrid algorithms while maintaining similar classification accuracy.
Harnessing entropy to direct the bonding/debonding of polymer systems based on reversible chemistry (2013)

The widely accepted approach for controlling polymer debonding/rebonding properties in responsive materials has been to purposefully engineer the functional end-groups responsible for monomer dynamic bonding. Here, however, we evidence that the debonding temperature of a polymer can also be tuned by changing the chain length of the polymer building blocks, thus altering the entropy released on debonding. Entropy driven debonding, as governed by building block chain length, is suggested theoretically and realized experimentally for two Diels–Alder polymer systems, each based on a different difunctional diene and a common difunctional dienophile. In each case a significant decrease (as much as 60 °C) in the retro Diels–Alder temperature was observed when the chain length of the difunctional dienophile building block was increased. These results have the potential to fundamentally change the approach utilized to design materials capable of bonding reversibly on demand.
Effects of Paper on LEP Digital Print Deinking with Alkaline and Neutral Chemistries (2012)

Conversion of analog to digital technology is occurring at an ever increasing speed in the commercial printing industry. Digitally printed papers, as a consequence, are becoming a larger proportion of the incoming waste paper stream to the recycling industry. Deinking of digital prints involve deeper understanding of the ink and their interaction with various types of substrates. In this paper, a comparative study of alkaline deinking and neutral deinking of LEP prints with a variety of substrates is presented. The results show that the preferable neutral chemistry is always successful in deinking, while the alkaline chemistry appears to be more complicated.
Performance comparison of three trypsin columns used in liquid chromatography (2020)

Trypsin is the most widely used enzyme in proteomic research due to its high specificity. Although the in-solution digestion is predominantly used, it has several drawbacks, such as long digestion times, autolysis, and intolerance to high temperatures or organic solvents. To overcome these shortcomings trypsin was covalently immobilized on solid support and tested for its proteolytic activity. Trypsin was immobilized on bridge-ethyl hybrid silica sorbent with 300 Å pores, packed in 2.1 × 30 mm column and compared with Perfinity and Poroszyme trypsin columns. Catalytic efficiency of enzymatic reactors was tested using Nα-Benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride as a substrate. The impact of buffer pH, mobile phase flow rate, and temperature on enzymatic activity was investigated. Digestion speed generally increased with the temperature from 20 to 37 °C. Digestion speed also increased with pH from 7.0 to 9.0; the activity of prototype enzyme reactor was highest at pH 9.0, when it activity exceeded both commercial reactors. Preliminary data for fast protein digestion are presented.
Evaluating Automatic Parameter Control Methods for Locomotion in Multiscale Virtual Environments (2020)

Virtual environments with a wide range of scales are becoming commonplace in Virtual Reality applications. Methods to control locomotion parameters can help users explore such environments more easily. For multi-scale virtual environments, point-and-teleport locomotion with a well-designed distance control method can enable mid-air teleportation, which makes it competitive to flying interfaces. Yet, automatic distance control for point-and-teleport has not been studied in such environments. We present a new method to automatically control the distance for point-and-teleport. In our first user study, we used a solar system environment to compare three methods: automatic distance control for point-and-teleport, manual distance control for point-and-teleport, and automatic speed control for flying. Results showed that automatic control significantly reduces overshoot compared with manual control for point-and-teleport, but the discontinuous nature of teleportation made users prefer flying with automatic speed control. We conducted a second study to compare automatic-speed-controlled flying and two versions of our teleportation method with automatic distance control, one incorporating optical flow cues. We found that point-and-teleport with optical flow cues and automatic distance control was more accurate than flying with automatic speed control, and both were equally preferred to point-and-teleport without the cues.
Measurement of acoustoelastic and third-order elastic constants for rail steel (1976)

Measurements of the stress-induced changes in ultrasonic wave speeds in steels typically used in railroad rails are presented. All of the five possible relative changes in wave speeds for a uniaxial state of stress have been determined and agree, to within the limits of accuracy of the measurement, with the second-order theory of Hughes and Kelly. The third-order elastic constants are calculated from the acoustoelastic data. Subject Classification: [43]85.20, [43]85.22, [43]35.26.
The role of head-in-space stability on stepping reactions in young and elderly adults (2010)

This study compared head kinematic responses and step latency following an anteriorly directed postural perturbation between two groups (Young, mean age 27.39; Elderly, mean age 71.9). We further attempted to demonstrate, for the first time, a positive linear relationship between sagittal plane head angular velocities and stepping responses in both groups. It was hypothesized that the Elderly would demonstrate higher head angular velocities and greater step latencies than the Young. We also hypothesized that a positive linear relationship would show that, following a perturbation, trials where head angular velocity was low yielded quicker step responses. Each participant experienced three perturbations under five different visual conditions designed to alter visual input and head/trunk coordination. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used, with α set at 0.05. For each test condition, the Elderly consistently demonstrated longer step latencies while exhibiting higher head angular velocities. For each group, a positive linear relationship was shown between the two dependent variables (Young: r=0.86; Elderly, r=0.84). During a postural perturbation, as head angular velocity increased, stepping responses were delayed.
Stress recovery and cyclic behaviour of an Fe–Mn–Si shape memory alloy after multiple thermal activation (2017)

The stress recovery and cyclic deformation behaviour of Fe–17Mn–5Si–10Cr–4Ni–1(V,C) shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) strips, which are often used for pre-stressed strengthening of structural members, were studied. The evolution of recovery stress under different constraint conditions was studied. The results showed that the magnitude of the tensile stress in the Fe-SMA member during thermal activation can have a signification effect on the final recovery stress. The higher the tensile load in the Fe-SMA (e.g., caused by dead load or thermal expansion of parent structure during heating phase), the lower the final recovery stress. Furthermore, this study investigated the cyclic behaviour of the activated SMA followed by a second thermal activation. Although the magnitude of the recovery stress decreased during the cyclic loading, the second thermal activation could retrieve a significant part of the relaxed recovery stress. This observation suggests that the relaxation of recovery stress during cyclic loading is due to a reversible phase transformation-induced deformation (i.e., forward austenite-to-martensite transformation) rather than an irreversible dislocation-induced plasticity. Retrieval of the relaxed recovery stress by the reactivation process has important practical implications as the prestressing loss in pre-stressed civil structures can be simply recovered by reheating of the Fe-SMA elements.
Disordered Hyperuniform Photonic Band Gap Materials (2011)

Until recently, the only materials known to have complete photonic band gaps were photonic crystals, periodic structures, and it was generally assumed that long-range periodic order was instrumental in the band gap formation. We have shown that there exists a more general class of systems, called hyperuniform photonic structures, which exhibit large and complete photonic band gaps. This classification includes not only crystalline structures, but also non-crystalline materials, ranging from quasicrystals with crystallographically-forbidden rotational symmetries to isotropic, translationally-disordered structures. Remarkably, we find that the photonic band gaps in hyperuniform disordered structures are not only comparable to those found in photonic crystals, but also display a high degree of isotropy. These new materials possess unique photonic and physical properties that provide important advantages for applications. Our results show that hyperuniform disordered structures enable the realization of optical cavities with ultimate isotropic confinement of the electromagnetic radiation, lossless waveguides with arbitrary bending angles and flexible optical insulator platforms.