gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Restoration of multiple misregistered images (2003)

Summary form only given. A stochastic modeling approach to the restoration of misregistered corrupted images of the same scene has been adopted. If a wide-sense stationarity assumption is made on the 2-D continuous version of the image of the scene, it can be seen that individual discrete image samples from this continuous image exhibit similar statistical properties in the spatial domain, i.e. the (auto) covariance matrix defined on each discrete image is identical. The temporal correlation between a pair of discrete images is dictated by the temporal displacement between images and the stochastic model in the continuous domain. This temporal correlation can be expressed in terms of the misregistration of a pair of discrete images and the correlation matrix of the discrete image. Hence, the stochastic model-based approach defines a parametric form of the spatio-temporal correlation matrix, in terms of the spatial model parameters over a single image lattice and the displacement values between different frames.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Leukemia Cell-Rhabdovirus Vaccine: Personalized Immunotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2013)

Abstract Purpose: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains incurable in most adults. It has been difficult to provide effective immunotherapy to improve outcomes for the majority of patients. Rhabdoviruses induce strong antiviral immune responses. We hypothesized that mice administered ex vivo rhabdovirus-infected ALL cells [immunotherapy by leukemia-oncotropic virus (iLOV)] would develop robust antileukemic immune responses capable of controlling ALL. Experimental Design: Viral protein production, replication, and cytopathy were measured in human and murine ALL cells exposed to attenuated rhabdovirus. Survival following injection of graded amounts of ALL cells was compared between cohorts of mice administered γ-irradiated rhabdovirus-infected ALL cells (iLOV) or multiple control vaccines to determine key immunotherapeutic components and characteristics. Host immune requirements were assessed in immunodeficient and bone marrow–transplanted mice or by adoptive splenocyte transfer from immunized donors. Antileukemic immune memory was ascertained by second leukemic challenge in long-term survivors. Results: Human and murine ALL cells were infected and killed by rhabdovirus; this produced a potent antileukemia vaccine. iLOV protected mice from otherwise lethal ALL by developing durable leukemia-specific immune-mediated responses (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), which required an intact CTL compartment. Preexisting antiviral immunity augmented iLOV potency. Splenocytes from iLOV-vaccinated donors protected 60% of naïve recipients from ALL challenge (P = 0.0001). Injecting leukemia cells activated by, or concurrent with, multiple Toll-like receptor agonists could not reproduce the protective effect of iLOV. Similarly, injecting uninfected irradiated viable, apoptotic, or necrotic leukemia cells with/without concurrent rhabdovirus administration was ineffective. Conclusion: Rhabdovirus-infected leukemia cells can be used to produce a vaccine that induces robust specific immunity against aggressive leukemia. Clin Cancer Res; 19(14); 3832–43. ©2013 AACR.
Microbiological, Clinical, and Surgical Features of Fungal Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Multi-Institutional Experience (2009)

Azzam, Khalid MD; Parvizi, Javad MD, FRCS; Jungkind, Donald PhD, Diplomate (ABMM); Hanssen, Arlen MD; Fehring, Thomas MD; Springer, Bryan MD; Bozic, Kevin MD; Della Valle, Craig MD; Pulido, Luis MD; Barrack, Robert MD Author Information
NASA Johnson Space Centerにおける宇宙飛行士のトレーニング機器 (2017)

長期間にわたる微小重力環境への暴露は、宇宙飛行士の身体に顕著な悪影響が誘発される。そこで、飛行士たちは国際宇宙ステーションでそれらの防止策としての運動にトレッドミル、自転車エルゴメーター、抵抗運動装置を利用している。NASA・ジョンソン宇宙センターにも設置されているこれらの装置についての紹介をする。
Full-Chip Subthreshold Leakage Power Prediction and Reduction Techniques for Sub-0.18-&lt;tex&gt;$mu$&lt;/tex&gt;m CMOS (2004)

The driving force for the semiconductor industry growth has been the elegant scaling nature of CMOS technology. In future CMOS technology generations, supply and threshold voltages will have to continually scale to sustain performance increase, control switching power dissipation, and maintain reliability. These continual scaling requirements on supply and threshold voltages pose several technology and circuit design challenges. With threshold voltage scaling, subthreshold leakage power is expected to become a significant portion of the total power in future CMOS systems. Therefore, it becomes crucial to predict and reduce subthreshold leakage power of such systems. In the first part of this paper, we present a subthreshold leakage power prediction model that takes into account within-die threshold voltage variation. Statistical measurements of 32-bit microprocessors in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS confirm that the mean error of the model is 4%. In the second part of this paper, we present the use of stacked devices to reduce system subthreshold leakage power without reducing system performance. A model to predict the scaling nature of this stack effect and verification of the model through statistical device measurements in 0.18-/spl mu/m and 0.13-/spl mu/m are presented. Measurements also demonstrate reduction in threshold voltage variation for stacked devices compared to nonstack devices. Comparison of the stack effect to the use of high threshold voltage or longer channel length devices for subthreshold leakage reduction is also discussed.
Functionalization of poly(4‐chloromethylstyrene) with anthraquinone pendants for organic anode‐active materials (2011)

Condensation of anthraquinone‐2‐carboxylic acid with poly(4‐chloromethylstyrene) afforded a high‐density redox polymer containing the anthraquinone pendants with reversible charge storage capability at negative potentials near −1 V versus Ag/AgCl. Electrochemically reversible redox response of the polymer, which was ascribed to the reduction of the pendant group to the anion radical and the dianion, suggested that the polymer was sufficiently robust in these redox states for charge storage application. Immobilizing the anthraquinone groups on current collectors was accomplished by the use of the polymer which was swellable and yet insoluble in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. Such properties allowed the accommodation of external cations from the electrolyte solution to permeate through the polymer layer for electroneutralization of the negative charge produced at the reduced state, which led to the repeatable charging and discharging cycles without degradation of the charge storage capacity. Exploration of the aqueous electrochemistry of anthraquinone, which had been inaccessible by the lack of the solubility of the conjugated and fused‐ring molecule in H 2 O, became feasible by virtue of the swelling property of the polymer layer in the aqueous electrolyte. While negative charge was relatively difficult to be stored with redox polymers compared to the positive charge due to the enhanced reactivity in their reduced states and small varieties of the appropriate redox sites, the present polymer was characterized as the excellent organic electrode‐active materials that operated at sufficiently negative potentials which was essential for the fabrication of entirely organic batteries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of blood culture systems for detection of the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli in human blood (2000)

The anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli has been isolated from the bloodstream of French patients by manual blood culture systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the automated and manual blood culture systems used in Australia are suitable for growth and detection of this organism. Strains of B. pilosicoli were added to human blood to give concentrations ranging from 1 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(1) spirochaetes/ml and 10-ml volumes were inoculated into the media. Three strains of B. pilosicoli grew slowly in all manual Hemoline and BBL Septi-Chek formulations tested. Subcultures taken between 2 and 10 days after inoculation yielded growth only after incubation for a further 5-8 days. Growth and automated detection were achieved in the BACTEC system with Anaerobic/F medium with or without Fastidious Organism Supplement. Minimum time to signal for nine strains varied between 5.6 and 14.9 days, with a minimum concentration of 10(1) spirochaetes/ml of blood being detected. None of nine strains gave a positive signal in the BacT/Alert system when FAN Anaerobic culture bottles were used; however, four strains were detected by subculture taken at 7 or 14 days after inoculation. When Anaerobic medium was used in the BacT/Alert system, two of three strains gave a signal and the other strain grew and was detected by subculture. Spirochaetaemias caused by B. pilosicoli may be unrecognised because detection time by the signal or subculture exceeds 5 days.
Cross-Correlated Chemical Shift Modulation:  A Signature of Slow Internal Motions in Proteins (2001)

A novel NMR experiment allows one to characterize slow motion in macromolecules. The method exploits the fact that motions, such as rotation about dihedral angles, induce correlated fluctuations of the isotropic chemical shifts of the nuclei in the vicinity. The relaxation of two-spin coherences involving C(alpha) and Cbeta nuclei in proteins provides information about correlated fluctuations of the isotropic chemical shifts of C(alpha) and Cbeta. The difference between the relaxation rates of double- and zero-quantum coherences and is shown to be affected by cross-correlated chemical shift modulation. In ubiquitin, evidence for slow motion is found in loops or near the ends of beta-strands and alpha-helices.
Tumor Budding: The Name is EMT. Partial EMT. (2016)

Tumor budding is a histological phenomenon encountered in various cancers, whereby individual malignant cells and/or small clusters of malignant cells are seen in the tumor stroma. Postulated to be mirror epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor budding has been associated with poor cancer outcomes. However, the vast heterogeneity in its exact definition, methodology of assessment, and patient stratification need to be resolved before it can be routinely used as a standardized prognostic feature. Here, we discuss the heterogeneity in defining and assessing tumor budding, its clinical significance across multiple cancer types, and its prospective implementation in clinical practice. Next, we review the emerging evidence about partial, rather than complete, epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype at the tumor bud level, and its connection with tumor proliferation, quiescence, and stemness. Finally, based on recent literature, indicating a co-expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers in many tumor buds, we posit tumor budding to be a manifestation of this hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype displaying collective cell migration.
Fault Detection and Isolation for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Impedance Measurements and Multiphysics Modeling (2020)

Abstract This study proposes a fault detection and isolation tool for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) operating in embedded applications. A model‐based approach, taking partially into account degradation phenomena, is proposed in order to increase the robustness of the tool regarding transient operations and stack ageing. The considered faults are the abnormal operating conditions that can decrease the fuel cell lifetime. The fault detection approach is based on residual generation using both voltage and high frequency resistance measurements and thus combining the advantages of knowledge‐based model and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagnosis approaches. To that end, a multi‐physics fuel cell model has been used. This model computes not only the stack voltage but also the high frequency resistance in dynamic conditions. Additionally, the model is modified to take into account the ageing of the fuel cell. Validation is carried out on experimental characterizations during 1,000 h ageing. The results on a new fuel cell stack show a score of 91% for fault isolation. However, without any adaptation, this score drops dramatically as the stack ages. Finally, thanks to ageing modeling and to the proposed adaptation of the detection/isolation procedure, the diagnosis performance remains reliable during fuel cell stack ageing.
Swivel: Hardening WebAssembly against Spectre (2021)

We describe Swivel, a new compiler framework for hardening WebAssembly (Wasm) against Spectre attacks. Outside the browser, Wasm has become a popular lightweight, in-process sandbox and is, for example, used in production to isolate different clients on edge clouds and function-as-a-service platforms. Unfortunately, Spectre attacks can bypass Wasm's isolation guarantees. Swivel hardens Wasm against this class of attacks by ensuring that potentially malicious code can neither use Spectre attacks to break out of the Wasm sandbox nor coerce victim code-another Wasm client or the embedding process-to leak secret data. We describe two Swivel designs, a software-only approach that can be used on existing CPUs, and a hardware-assisted approach that uses extension available in Intel 11th generation CPUs. For both, we evaluate a randomized approach that mitigates Spectre and a deterministic approach that eliminates Spectre altogether. Our randomized implementations impose under 10.3% overhead on the Wasm-compatible subset of SPEC 2006, while our deterministic implementations impose overheads between 3.3% and 240.2%. Though high on some benchmarks, Swivel's overhead is still between 9x and 36.3x smaller than existing defenses that rely on pipeline fences.
Multi-minimum adiabatic potential in the single crystal normal spinel ZnAl2O4, doped by Cu2 +ions (2010)

Spectroscopic investigations of a ZnAl(2)O(4) spinel doped with bivalent copper ions of 0.05% concentration have been carried out in the temperature range 4.2-290 K using a 3 cm(-1) range electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer having an operational frequency f = (9.241 ± 0.001) GHz. The spectrum can be represented as a superposition of two components: a low-temperature (LT) and a high-temperature (HT) one. Redistribution of integrated intensity between HT and LT components of the spectra occurs with temperature change that is typical of systems with multi-minimum adiabatic potential. Spectra observed are explained within the modified theory of crystalline field (MTCF). The electron levels of a Cu(2+) ion placed in an octahedral coordination center with trigonal distortion [CuO(6)](10-) have been calculated. The influence of possible types of oxygen octahedron distortions and possible displacement of copper ions from the symmetry center on the electron spectrum, as well as the shape of the adiabatic potential, has been analyzed. It is shown that in the low-temperature phase the multiple minima of the adiabatic potential occur due to tetragonal distortions while the depth of a minimum is determined by the degree of trigonal octahedron distortions. Tetragonal distortion values and multi-minimum potential barrier heights have been determined.
3D Traffic Simulation for Autonomous Vehicles in Unity and Python (2018)

Over the recent years, there has been an explosion of studies on autonomous vehicles. Many collected large amount of data from human drivers. However, compared to the tedious data collection approach, building a virtual simulation of traffic makes the autonomous vehicle research more flexible, time-saving, and scalable. Our work features a 3D simulation that takes in real time position information parsed from street cameras. The simulation can easily switch between a global bird view of the traffic and a local perspective of a car. It can also filter out certain objects in its customized camera, creating various channels for objects of different categories. This provides alternative supervised or unsupervised ways to train deep neural networks. Another advantage of the 3D simulation is its conformation to physical laws. Its naturalness to accelerate and collide prepares the system for potential deep reinforcement learning needs.
Bi-layer high- k dielectrics of Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 to reduce damage to MoS 2 channel layers during atomic layer deposition (2018)

Abstract To implement two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) in electric devices, a top-gated device structure is desired. However, there has been possibility of the channel layer being damaged during the upper dielectric deposition process. Because several layers of 2D TMDCs are atomically thin, the damage may significantly degrade the overall electrical performance. In this study, we investigated the damage to molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of single dielectrics of Al 2 O 3 and ZrO 2 . We observed the MoS 2 layers were damaged, depending on the ALD process conditions; the kind of oxidant and the growth temperature. To reduce the damage, we formed a bi-layered Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 dielectric structure by developing a two-step ALD process. It is notable that the electrical performance of the device was significantly improved compared to those using the single dielectrics, indicating this two-step process is a promising candidate to satisfy the requirements of future 2D TMDCs-based electronics.
Methods for Characterizing Properties of Corrosion-Resistant Steel Powders Used for Powder Bed Fusion Processes (2016)

This work considers the possibilities of using static analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques to determine the properties of disperse materials, i.e. corrosion resistant steel grades 12H18N9T (AISI 321) and 20H13 (AISI 420), taken into account in the selective laser melting technique.
Structural and functional analysis of osteoprotegerin and apolipoprotein E (2007)

This thesis presents an array of biophysical techniques used to probe the structure and function of two medically relevant macromolecular complexes which are essential regulatory complexes for physiological homeostasis. The RANK receptor is present on the surface of osteoclast cell precursors, where its interaction with RANK-L induces their terminal differentiation into osteoclasts, thus increasing bone breakdown. The soluble decoy receptor Osteoprotegerin (OPG) interrupts this activation by binding directly to RANK-L. Presented here is the study of the assembly state and affinity of OPG for RANK-L by sedimentation analyses and surface plasmon resonance (Biacore). The dimerization of OPG results from non-covalent interactions mediated by the death domains and to a lesser extent, a C-terminal heparin-binding region. OPG dimer formation is essential for its mechanism of inhibiting the RANK-L/RANK receptor interaction. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. Human apoE has three common isoforms, each with different risk implications for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease. Results indicate that particles made with the three full length apoE isoforms are discoidal in shape, and structurally indistinguishable. Although apoE is predominantly helical, and the axes of the helices are parallel to the flat surfaces of the particles, the orientational order of lipid acyl chains is low and inconsistent with the belt model of lipoprotein A-1 structure. A modified belt model for apoE fits the data best. Several molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain apoE's association with Alzheimer's disease ranging from the interaction of apoE with Aβ to the possibility that apoE may prevent lipid oxidation. Results from internal reflection infrared spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance showed that Aβ42 binds all three isoforms of apoE better than Aβ40 suggesting that this interaction is driven largely by hydrophobic interactions between the two proteins. The interaction of apoE4 with Aβ peptides is stronger than that of apoE3 in both the presence and absence of lipids corroborating an isoform difference consistent with the literature. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to show that all apoE isoforms inhibited lipid oxidation, but any potential differences observed between isoforms were not statistically significant. ^
Following a Folding Transition with Capillary Electrophoresis and Ion Mobility Spectrometry (2016)

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is increasingly used to describe solution-phase phenomena and has recently been used to establish the presence of multiple intermediates during the folding of a model polypeptide, polyproline. These observations, however, are made on gas-phase structures. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a complementary solution-phase technique, also based on the separation of charged species as a function of size and charge. Here, both ion mobility and capillary electrophoresis are used to follow the folding transition of a 13-mer polyproline peptide from the all-cis polyproline I (PPI) conformation to the all-trans polyproline II (PPII) conformation upon immersion in aqueous solvent. Synchronous folding processes are observed using both techniques. Eight conformers are observed using ion mobility. Although only five peaks are observed using capillary electrophoresis, these peaks can be modeled as sums of the observed IMS conformers; this is strong evidence that ion mobility is sampling solution-phase structures. CE measurements provide the first direct evidence that multiple folding intermediates are present in solution.
Cloning and expression of surface antigens from occult chronic hepatitis B virus infections and their recognition by commercial detection assays (2004)

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections show little or no serological markers of viral infection, including the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) which is the main marker of ongoing HBV infection. Such infections can be important in the context of blood and/or organ donations. To study whether mutations contribute to HBsAg seronegativity, S gene sequences from such patients were amplified and cloned. Sequencing revealed 12 clones from seven different patients which contained potentially important mutations. The sequences were subcloned into an expression vector and mutant HBsAgs were expressed in cell culture. The capacity of three HBsAg detection assays to recognise the mutant HBsAgs was studied. Three categories were found: mutant HBsAgs that are not recognised by the assays, those that are recognised as well as wild-type (WT) antigen and an intermediate category where detection of the mutant HBsAgs is reduced with respect to WT. Most of the isolates fall into the second category. Mutations can therefore contribute to HBsAg seronegativity in occult HBV infections, but in most cases the explanation is probably the low level of viral replication.
PreHeat (2011)

Home heating is a major factor in worldwide energy use. Our system, PreHeat, aims to more efficiently heat homes by using occupancy sensing and occupancy prediction to automatically control home heating. We deployed PreHeat in five homes, three in the US and two in the UK. In UK homes, we controlled heating on a per-room basis to enable further energy savings. We compared PreHeat's prediction algorithm with a static program over an average 61 days per house, alternating days between these conditions, and measuring actual gas consumption and occupancy. In UK homes PreHeat both saved gas and reduced MissTime (the time that the house was occupied but not warm). In US homes, PreHeat decreased MissTime by a factor of 6-12, while consuming a similar amount of gas. In summary, PreHeat enables more efficient heating while removing the need for users to program thermostat schedules.