gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Residual stress and strain examination in Peach Bottom fuel test elements (1977)

An examination of residual stresses and strains has been carried out experimentally on structural graphite components removed from Peach Bottom High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) fuel elements. The purpose of this work is to confirm predicted stress distributions. Twenty-nine teledial fuel elements (of six- and eight-hole design) were irradiated in the Peach Bottom HTGR to fluences of less than or equal to 4 x 10/sup 25/ n/m/sup 2/ (E greater than 29 fJ) and time-average temperatures up to 1100/sup 0/C. The irradiation history was modeled with HTGR design codes. Performance predictions were verified by in-pile thermocouples and fuel burnup measurements. The predicted irradiation-induced strains were found to be in quantitative agreement with postirradiation measurements (less than or equal to 0.5 percent shrinkage over a 70-mm diameter). As a result of the temperature distribution in the teledial bodies, compressive stresses were predicted at the periphery and tensile stresses in the inner zones. A total of 19 graphite bodies from 8 different fuel elements were examined destructively for structural integrity and residual stresses.
In Operando X-ray Studies of High-Performance Lithium-Ion Storage in Keplerate-Type Polyoxometalate Anodes (2020)

Polyoxometalates (POMs) have emerged as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their ability to transfer multiple electrons. Although POM anode materials exhibit notable results in LIBs, their energy-storage mechanisms have not been well-investigated. Here, we utilize various <i>in operando</i> and <i>ex situ</i> techniques to verify the charge-storage mechanisms of a Keplerate-type POM Na<sub>2</sub>K<sub>23</sub>{[(Mo<sup>VI</sup>)Mo<sup>VI</sup><sub>5</sub>O<sub>21</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>(KSO<sub>4</sub>)]<sub>12</sub> [(V<sup>IV</sup>O)<sub>30</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>20</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>0.5</sub>]}·ca200H<sub>2</sub>O (<b>{Mo</b><sub><b>72</b></sub><b>V</b><sub><b>30</b></sub><b>}</b>) anode in LIBs. The <b>{Mo</b><sub><b>72</b></sub><b>V</b><sub><b>30</b></sub><b>}</b> anode provides a high reversible capacity of up to ∼1300 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> without capacity fading for up to 100 cycles. The lithium-ion storage mechanism was studied systematically through <i>in operando</i> synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure, <i>ex situ</i> X-ray diffraction, <i>ex situ</i> extended X-ray absorption fine structure, <i>ex situ</i> transmission electron microscopy, <i>in operando</i> synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy, and <i>in operando</i> Raman spectroscopy. Based on the abovementioned results, we propose that the open hollow-ball structure of the <b>{Mo</b><sub><b>72</b></sub><b>V</b><sub><b>30</b></sub><b>}</b> molecular cluster serves as an electron/ion sponge that can store a large number of lithium ions and electrons reversibly via multiple and reversible redox reactions (Mo<sup>6+</sup> ↔ Mo<sup>1+</sup> and V<sup>5+</sup>/V<sup>4+</sup>↔ V<sup>1+</sup>) with fast lithium diffusion kinetics (<i>D</i><sub>Li<sup>+</sup></sub>: 10<sup>-9</sup>-10<sup>-10</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>). No obvious volumetric expansion of the microsized <b>{Mo</b><sub><b>72</b></sub><b>V</b><sub><b>30</b></sub><b>}</b> particle is observed during the lithiation/delithiation process, which leads to high cycling stability. This study provides comprehensive analytical methods for understanding the lithium-ion storage mechanism of such complicated POMs, which is important for further studies of POM electrodes in energy-storage applications.
Functional genomics to identify unforeseen cancer drug targets "…the potential of high-throughput functional genomics to pinpoint gene-targeted therapies … holds tremendous promise." (2013)

Just as Google (CA, USA) has revolutionized our ability to search for information, cancer researchers now have the power of functional genomics and high-throughput screening as an efficient search engine for the discovery of cancer therapies.It is clear that gene-targeted therapies will play a major role in the future of cancer treat-ment. DNA sequencing, gene expression pro-filing, proteomics and other large-scale mole-cular analyses have provided an unprecedented global view of the molecular defects in cancer, and promise a revolution in ‘personalized can-cer medicine’. However, these data are largely descriptive and correlative. Identifying which genes to target from the thousands of possibili -ties is a daunting challenge, requiring extensive and laborious follow-up. Why not turn the pro -cess around and start with empirical testing of all possible gene candidates and then integrate those results with the descriptive data we already have? In one step, we could pinpoint the most promising and relevant targets. This functional genetic approach is feasible right now, through the application of RNAi and high-throughput robotics instrumentation. The first indication that cancer could be tar-geted with specific molecules and treated with minimal side effects came in the 1960s with hormone blocking therapies for cancers of the breast and prostate. The success of this approach illustrated that cancers had specific dependen-cies that could be exploited for therapy. More recently, the success of targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab among others) against HER2 for breast cancer with amplification of the
Fermi Level Pinning by Gap States in Organic Semiconductors (2013)

We measure the gap density of states and the Fermi level position in thin-film transistors based on pentacene and dinaphtho[2,3-b:2',3'-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) films grown on various surfaces using Kelvin probe force microscopy. It is found that the density of states in the gap of pentacene is extremely sensitive to the underlying interface and governs the Fermi level energy in the gap. The density of gap states in pentacene films grown on bare silicon dioxide (SiO(2)) was found to be larger by 1 order of magnitude compared to that in pentacene grown on SiO(2) treated with hexamethyldisilazane and larger by 2 orders of magnitude compared to that of pentacene grown on aluminum oxide (AlO(x)) treated with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of n-tetradecylphosphonic acid (HC(14)-PA). When DNTT was grown on HC(14)-PA-SAM-treated AlO(x), the gap density of states was even smaller, so that the Fermi level pinning was significantly reduced. The correlation between the measured gap density of states and the transistor performance is demonstrated and discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Transformations of Heterocycles. Part 2. Ring Contraction of 5,6‐ Dihydro‐4H‐1,2,4,5‐oxatriazines into 1H‐1,2,4‐Triazoles. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Clustering of Multi-Word Named Entity variants: Multilingual Evaluation (2014)

Multi-word entities, such as organisation names, are frequently written in many different ways. We have previously automatically identified over one million acronym pairs in 22 languages, consisting of their short form (e.g. EC) and their corresponding long forms (e.g. European Commission, European Union Commission). In order to automatically group such long form variants as belonging to the same entity, we cluster them, using bottom-up hierarchical clustering and pair-wise string similarity metrics. In this paper, we address the issue of how to evaluate the named entity variant clusters automatically, with minimal human annotation effort. We present experiments that make use of Wikipedia redirection tables and we show that this method produces good results. Keywords:Multi-Word Named Entity variants,Multilingual,acronyms 1.
Ultrafast phase imaging of propagating current flows in myelinated axons and electromagnetic pulses in dielectrics (2023)

Visualization of the spatiotemporal dynamics of propagation is fundamental to understanding dynamic processes ranging from action potentials to electromagnetic pulses, the two ultrafast processes in biology and physics, respectively. Here, we demonstrate differentially enhanced compressed ultrafast photography to directly visualize propagations of passive current flows at approximately 100 m/s along internodes from <i>Xenopus laevis</i> sciatic nerves and of electromagnetic pulses at approximately 5×10<sup>7</sup> m/s through lithium niobate. The spatiotemporal dynamics of both propagation processes are consistent with the results from computational models, demonstrating that our method can span these two extreme timescales while maintaining high phase sensitivity.
Effect of clonidine on plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone secretion in opiate-addicted subjects. (1985)

The effect of clonidine on plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone was studied in nine opiate-addicted subjects and seven control subjects aged 15 to 37 years. Clonidine, 0.15 mg, was administered orally in the morning, 18 to 24 h after the last administration of opioid drugs. Basal morning beta-endorphin levels were lower in the addicted than in the control subjects (3.76 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.42 +/- 1.2 pmol/l). Following the clonidine, there was an increase to normal values in the addicted subjects, but in the control subjects there was no change. Basal morning levels of cortisol were higher in the addicted subjects than in the controls (21.0 +/- 3.6 micrograms/dl vs. 13.0 +/- 1.2 microgram/dl, mean +/- SE). In control subjects clonidine induced a decrease of 50% in plasma cortisol, whereas in addicted subjects the decrease was not significant. It is hypothesized that in addicted subjects there is impaired activity of endogenous opioid peptides, leading to alteration in beta-endorphin and cortisol secretion.
Abstract 5776: Discovery of AMG 900, a highly selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of aurora kinases with efficacy in preclinical antitumor models and activity against multidrug-resistant cells (2010)

Abstract The aurora family of serine/threonine kinases (Aurora-A, -B, -C) regulate cell-cycle progression in mammalian cells. Whereas aurora kinase C function appears restricted to meiosis in males, aurora kinases A and B are essential for proper chromosome congression, segregation, and cytokinesis during mitosis. Aurora kinases A and B have been implicated in tumorigenesis, with overexpression levels correlating to clinical staging of cancers and poor prognosis. Thus, these mitotic kinases have become the subject of much interest as targets for anticancer therapy. N-(4-((3-(2-amino-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)-4-phenyl-1-phthalazinamine was a key aurora kinase inhibitor lead, possessing oral bioavailability in rats that was lacking in the anthranilamide compounds from which it was derived. This phthalazine compound possessed a key feature that was deemed important to maintain in a clinical candidate: potency against a model multidrug resistant (MDR) cell line (MES-SA Dx5) commensurate with its activity against a cell line that does not overexpress P-gp (HeLa). Improved in vivo potency was desired, as measured by suppression of the phosphorylation of the aurora kinase B substrate Histone H3 on Ser10 six hours after dosing. SAR from targeting this improvement in in vivo activity uncovered a delicate balance between protein binding, pharmacokinetic parameters, and cell potency in MES-SA Dx5 cells. AMG 900 was identified as a suitable candidate for clinical development based on its low single digit nanomolar potency against MDR cell lines, robust PD response (with complete suppression of Histone H3 phosphorylation at six hours), and high selectivity against other kinases. Oral administration of AMG 900 at a well-tolerated dose of 4 mg/kg BID inhibited tumor growth (83% TGI; p &amp;lt; 0.0001) in an HCT116 xenograft model. AMG 900 is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical evaluation in patients with advanced solid tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5776.
Small-area Passivated Contact monoPolyTM Silicon Solar Cells for Tandem Device Integration (2019)

Tandem solar cells consisting of perovskite and silicon sub-cells are very promising for low-cost electricity generation due to low fabrication cost and high efficiency potential. Due to the limited active area of perovskite top cells available at the moment, the fabrication of small-area passivated contact n-type monoPoly <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> silicon solar cells customized for tandem applications is investigated by scaling down from 6-inch full-size solar cells fabricated using industrial tools. The directly fabricated small-area silicon solar cells have an efficiency of 33% for the wavelength range 750 - 1100 nm of the AM1.5G solar spectrum. By optimizing both perovskite and silicon sub-cells, an energy conversion efficiency of 24.9% was achieved for perovskite on silicon four-terminal tandem cells.
Acoustically levitated granular rafts (2021)

We investigate a model system for inertial many-particle clustering, in which
sub-millimeter objects are acoustically levitated in air. Driven by scattered
sound, levitated grains self-assemble into a monolayer of particles, forming
mesoscopic granular rafts with both an acoustic binding energy and a bending
rigidity. Detuning the acoustic trap can give rise to stochastic forces and
torques that impart angular momentum to levitated objects, activating soft
modes in the rotating elastic membrane. As the angular momentum of a
quasi-two-dimensional granular raft is increased, the raft deforms from a disk
to an ellipse, eventually pinching off into multiple separate rafts, in a
mechanism that resembles the break-up of a liquid drop. We extract the raft
effective surface tension and bulk modulus, and show that acoustic forces give
rise to elastic moduli that scale with the raft size. We also show that the
raft size controls the microstructural basis of plastic deformation, resulting
in a transition from fracture to ductile failure.
Prediction of NO<sub>x</sub> Emissions of a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine with a NLARX Model (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This work describes the application of Non-Linear Autoregressive Models with Exogenous Inputs (NLARX) in order to predict the NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions of heavy-duty diesel engines. Two experiments are presented: 1.) a Non-Road-Transient-Cycle (NRTC) 2.) a composition of different engine operation modes and different engine calibrations. Data sets are pre-processed by normalization and re-arranged into training and validation sets. The chosen model is taken from the MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox using the algorithms provided. It is teacher forced trained and then validated. Training results show recognizable performance. However, the validation shows the potential of the chosen method.&lt;/div&gt;
Immune Responses toBacillus anthracisProtective Antigen in Patients with Bioterrorism‐Related Cutaneous or Inhalation Anthrax (2004)

Anti-protective antigen (PA) immunoglobulin (Ig) G, toxin neutralization, and PA-specific IgG memory B cell responses were studied in patients with bioterrorism-related cutaneous or inhalation anthrax and in a patient with laboratory-acquired cutaneous anthrax. Responses were determined for >1 year after the onset of symptoms. Eleven days after the onset of symptoms (15 days after likely exposure), anti-PA IgG was detected in 16 of 17 patients with confirmed or suspected clinical anthrax who were tested. Anti-PA IgG remained detectable 8-16 months after the onset of symptoms in all 6 survivors of inhalation anthrax and in 7 of 11 survivors of cutaneous anthrax who were tested. Anti-PA IgG levels and serum toxin neutralizing activity were strongly associated (R2=0.83). PA-specific IgG memory B cells were detectable in all 6 survivors of inhalation anthrax but in only 2 of 7 patients with cutaneous anthrax who were tested. Anti-PA IgG is an important diagnostic marker of anthrax, a predictor of serum anti-toxin activity, and a marker of immunological memory against anthrax.
Input conditions for continuous-time adaptive systems problems (1990)

The authors develop persistence-of-excitation conditions for the exponential convergence of continuous-time adaptive algorithms. Exponential convergence is important for robustness. Adaptive algorithms without such convergence can behave unacceptably in the presence of modeling inadequacies. Conditions for convergence are usually framed as spanning conditions on a regressor vector involving the output of the unknown system. In this study the authors translate these conditions into ones involving the system input only.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Community Pharmacies Mood Intervention Study (CHEMIST): feasibility and external pilot randomised controlled trial protocol (2019)

ISRCTN: ISRCTN11290592Protocol version number: Version 4.1 (dated 16th January 2018)Study Sponsor Tees Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust.
Problems (2001)

, Peng Gao, Geoffrey A. Kandall, Hoe-Teck Wee, Erwin Just, Murray S. Klamkin, Kelly Jahns, Ho-joo Lee, Robert L. Doucette, , Ivar Skau, Chi Hin Lau, Daniele Donini, Anthony A. Ruffa, Knut Dale, Hassan A. Shah Ali, Reiner Martin, Jean Bogaert, Owen Byer, Tom Jager, Robert Pratt, John H. Smith, Li Zhou, Problems, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Oct., 2001), pp. 324-331
Application of Macrolamination Technology to Lean, Premix Combustion (2000)

Macrolamination, a novel manufacturing technique, is used to develop a dual-fuel premixer. A spatially distributed injection strategy is used to enhance fuel placement, distribution, and mixing inside the premixer. Parametric studies are conducted with different configurations of the premixer to determine the effects of residence time and nozzle configuration on pollutant emissions and flame stability. Diesel fuel (DF-2) and natural gas are used as fuels. Tests are conducted at a pressure of 400 kPa (5 atmospheres), and an inlet-air temperature of 533°K. The pollutant emissions and RMS pressure levels are presented for a relatively wide range of nozzle velocities (50–80 m/s) and equivalence ratios (0.54–0.75). These results indicate very good pollutant emissions for a prototype design. These results also indicate that the time-lag model, previously associated with combustion oscillations for gaseous-fuel applications, also applies to liquid-fuel operation.
Multiple Eyelid Cysts (Apocrine and Eccrine Hidrocystomas, Trichilemmal Cyst, and Hybrid Cyst) in a Patient With a Prolactinoma (2018)

A 53-year-old man presented with smooth-domed, variegated cysts (polycystic disease) of all 4 eyelids, worse on the left side. Some of the cysts were clear, while others were creamy-white colored. In addition, multiple, very fine vesicopapules were noted along the eyelid margins. Histopathologic examination revealed a trichilemmal cyst, several pure apocrine hidrocystomas displaying multiple chambers, a hybrid cyst, and many small eccrine cysts of the deep dermis. The apocrine lesions, including the small ones at the eyelid margins, predominated. Smooth muscle actin sometimes positively stained outer myoepithelial cells in some of the apocrine cysts, which helped to distinguish them from eccrine cysts. Most noteworthy was the fact that the patient had been diagnosed with a prolactinoma 20 years earlier. There is only 1 previous report of multiple apocrine cysts and an antecedent prolactinoma in the dermatologic literature. This syndrome should be separated from that of Schöpf-Schulz-Passarge, which manifests multiple small eyelid apocrine cysts and other ectodermal dysplasias without any association with neoplasia, and from that of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz-Gorlin) syndrome with apocrine cysts but again without neoplasia.
Complex patterns of linkage disequilibrium in the Huntington disease region. (1991)

The genetic defect causing Huntington disease (HD) has been mapped to 4p16.3 by linkage analysis using DNA markers. Two apparently contradictory classes of recombination events in HD kindreds preclude precise targeting of efforts to clone the disease gene. Here, we report a new recombination event that increases support for an internal candidate region of 2.5 Mb between D4S10 and D4S168. Analysis of 23 DNA polymorphisms in 4p16.3 revealed a complex pattern of association with the disease gene that failed to narrow the size of the candidate region. The degree of linkage disequilibrium did not show a continuous increase across the physical map, nor was a region of extreme disequilibrium identified. Markers displaying no association with the disorder were interspersed with and, in many cases, close to markers displaying significant disequilibrium. Comparison of closely spaced marker pairs on normal and HD chromosomes, as well as analysis of haplotypes across the HD region, suggest that simple recombination subsequent to a single original HD mutation cannot easily explain the pool of HD chromosomes seen today. A number of different mechanisms could contribute to the diversity of haplotypes observed on HD chromosomes, but it is likely that there has been more than one and possibly several independent origins of the HD mutation.
Factors Contributing to Trimethylamine Generation from Limed and Polymer Conditioned Sludges (2006)

Trimethylamine, (CH 3 ) 3 N, (TMA), odors are often associated with limed and polymer conditioned sludges.This odor has a fishy smell and can be a nuisance to the community surrounding a wastewater treatment plant or land application site.Several factors are thought to determine the amount of TMA generated from limed biosolids.These are, the presence of cationic polymer, the polymer dose, the time between addition of polymer and lime stabilization, shear imparted on the sludge in the dewatering process and dewatered cake solids concentration.All of these were investigated in this study.The results showed that TMA could be generated from sludge that did not contain polymer but the concentrations were low compared to sludge conditioned with cationic polymer.As the polymer dose increased, the TMA increased.Shear also showed to play an important role for TMA production.In addition to higher shear increasing the polymer demand, shear in itself can increase TMA generation.However, the most important factor in generating TMA was the time between conditioning and liming.If this time was minimized, little TMA was produced, even at high polymer doses.Data also suggests that methanogens play an important role in the breakdown of TMA.Washington D.C. Water and Sewer Authority (DCWASA) and Dr. Sudhir Murthy have been vital for my study.Funding was
The effects of the catalytic nature of capacitor electrodes on the degradation of ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films during reductive ambient annealing (1997)

The disappearance of ferroelectricity in Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin-film capacitors, which is caused by heat treatment in a reductive ambience, is investigated. Bare PZT films are not damaged by annealing in a hydrogen-containing atmosphere (H2 annealing) up to 400 °C, whereas a PZT capacitor with Pt electrodes loses its ferroelectricity during annealing at less than 300 °C. We have found that the degradation of ferroelectricity depends upon the metal used for the top electrode of the PZT capacitor. The increased degradation in the case of a PZT capacitor with Pt electrodes can be explained by a catalytic reaction on the Pt surface. We have made the ferroelectricity of a Pt/PZT/Pt capacitor retained even after the H2 annealing at 300 °C, or above, simply by oxidizing it before the H2 annealing.