gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the Tetradentate Thioether Amine and Thioether Thiolate Ligands ′tpS2(NH2)2′ and ′tpS4′-H2 and Some Representative Six-Coordinate Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes [′tpS2(NH2)2′ =1,2-Bis(2-aminophenylthio)phenylene; ′tpS4′2– = 1,2-Bis(2-mercaptophenylthio)phenylene(2–)] (1999)

In search of a tetradentate thioether thiolate ligand that is more stable toward reductive C–S bond cleavage than the parent ligand ′S4′-H2 [′S4′-H2 = 1,2-bis(2-mercaptophenylthio)ethane], the novel tris-phenylene ligand ′tpS4′-H2 (3) [′tpS4′-H2 = 1,2-bis(2-mercaptophenylthio)phenylene] was synthesized via the nitro and amine compounds ′tpS2(NO2)2′ (1) and ′tpS2(NH2)2′ (2). The coordination of ′tpS4′2– to ruthenium centers resulted in the formation of six-coordinate [Ru(L)(PR3)(′tpS4′)] complexes (R = Et, L = PEt34; R = Ph, L = PPh35, CO 6, DMSO 7). The X-ray structure analyses of 4 and 6 revealed that the thiolate donors occupy trans positions; consequently the ′tpS4′2– ligand coordinates in the same way as the ′S4′2– ligand. The stability of the ′tpS4′2– ligand toward reductive C–S cleavage reactions was shown by the synthesis of [Os(PEt3)2(′tpS4′)] (8). In contrast to [Os(PEt3)2(′S4′)], 8 is stable for unlimited periods of time. The X-ray structure analysis of [Ru(Cl)2(PPh3)(′tpS2(NH2)2′)] (9) demonstrates that the potentially tetradentate ligand ′tpS2(NH2)2′ coordinates in 9 through three donors leaving one NH2 donor dangling.
Skin Fungi from Colonization to Infection (2017)

Humans are exceptional among vertebrates in that their living tissue is directly exposed to the outside world. In the absence of protective scales, feathers, or fur, the skin has to be highly effective in defending the organism against a gamut of opportunistic fungi surrounding us. Most (sub)cutaneous infections enter the body by implantation through the skin barrier. On intact skin, two types of fungal expansion are noted: (A) colonization by commensals, i.e., growth enabled by conditions prevailing on the skin surface without degradation of tissue, and (B) infection by superficial pathogens that assimilate epidermal keratin and interact with the cellular immune system. In a response-damage framework (1), all fungi are potentially able to cause disease, as a balance between their natural predilection and the immune status of the host. For this reason we will not attribute a fixed ecological term to each species, but rather describe them as growing in a commensal state (A) or in a pathogenic state (B).
Behaviour of oxygen species adsorbed on Al2O3-supported cerium oxide catalysts for methane oxidation (1995)

The properties and catalytic behaviour of adsorbed oxygen species on alumina-supported cerium oxides (CeO2, CeAlO3 and CeO2 –x) for methane oxidation have been investigated by means of EPR, FTIR, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and 18O tracer techniques. The adsorbed oxygen on the cerium oxide catalysts was found to be the side-on type O2– ion by EPR and FTIR measurements. The adsorption site of the O2– ion on CeO2 –x/Al2O3 was assumed to be the site formed by the ensemble effect between oxygen vacancies and surface cations, while on the other catalysts the sites were cerium ions on the surface. The oxygen species desorbed after 18O2 adsorption at 773 K were 16O2 and 16O 18O in all catalysts, and the major products for methane oxidation were C16O2 and C16O 18O. These suggest that the adsorbed oxygen is activated through the lattice in cerium oxides. The activities of methane oxidation were influenced by the oxygen diffusion processes on the cerium oxides.
Lithiation of N‐Protected‐dihydro‐1,4‐benzoxazines. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tropism of sheep lentiviruses for monocytes: susceptibility to infection and virus gene expression increase during maturation of monocytes to macrophages (1986)

Visna lentiviruses have a natural tropism for cells of the macrophage lineage of sheep and goats, but virus replication in these cells in vivo is restricted so that only small quantities of virus are produced. One restricting factor suggested in previous studies is that virus replication is dependent on the maturity of the cells: the more mature the cell, the less restrictive the replication of the virus. Since monocytes in peripheral blood are precursors of macrophages, we investigated the effect of cell maturation on virus replication under limited control conditions in vitro by inoculating blood leukocytes with virus and retarding the maturation of monocytes to macrophages during cultivation in serum-free medium. Using enzyme markers that identified the cells in their resting monocytic stage (peroxidase) and mature macrophage stage (acid phosphatase) along with quantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry with viral reagents to trace the efficiency of virus replication, we correlated virus replication with cell maturation. Only a few monocytes were susceptible to infection, and virus replication did not extend beyond a low level of transcription of viral RNA. In the acid phosphatase-positive, maturing macrophage, susceptibility of the cells to infection was increased and virus replication was greatly amplified to the level of translation of viral polypeptides. However, virus maturation was delayed by 3 days until further cell maturation had occurred. Thus, the entire life cycle of the virus, from its attachment to the target cell to its maturation in the cell, was dependent on the level of maturation/differentiation of the monocytic cell.
Direct experimental observation of the Hall angle in the low-temperature breakdown regime ofn−GaAs (1998)

Using the technique of photoluminescence imaging during electrical transport in crossed electric and magnetic fields, the rotation of the current flow direction has been observed. The rotation angle is identically the Hall angle. As a model system, a thin n-type GaAs layer in the regime of low-temperature impurity breakdown has been used, generating filamentary current patterns. The measurement of the Hall angle allows one to determine the mobility inside current filaments.
Wavepacket Theory of Femtosecond Dynamic Absorption Spectroscopy (1990)

By measuring the spectrum of the probe pulse, rather than just its energy, Shank and coworkers have demonstrated how to take advantage of the large spectral width of the fastest femtosecond pulses to obtain complete time-resolved absorption spectra of coherently evolving molecules on a 6 fs timescale. 1 To provide a quantitative analysis of these experiments, we have formulated the perturbative density matrix theory for the third order susceptibility of a multi-level system in terms of four-time correlation functions which can be interpreted as the time-dependent overlap of bra and ket vibrational wavepackets propagating independently on the ground and excited state electronic potential surfaces. 2 When vibrational motion during the excitation is minimal, or when the pump pulse is shorter than the optical T 2 , the system will be prepared in an essentially pure state. The time-resolved differential absorption spectrum can then be treated as the first-order spectroscopy of the non-stationary state created by the pump pulse.
Bargaining costs, influence costs, and the organization of economic activity (1990)

This chapter is concerned with the economics of organization and management, a relatively new area of study that seeks to analyze the internal structure and workings of economic organizations, the division of activity among these organizations, and the management of relations between them through markets or other higher-level, encompassing organizations.
Supplemental Tables 1-4 from EGFR Mutations and Resistance to Irreversible Pyrimidine-Based EGFR Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Tables 1-4. Table S1. Secondary EGFR mutations recovered in the presence of WZ4002. Table S2. Efficacy (IC50 values) of EGFR kinase inhibitors in EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells Table S3. Efficacy (IC50 values) of covalent EGFR kinase inhibitors in EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells or lung cancer cell lines. Table S4. Frequency and type of EGFR secondary mutation following ENU mutagenesis screen using irreversible pyrimidine EGFR inhibitors.&lt;/p&gt;
Unidirectional growth of heavy meromyosin clusters along actin filaments revealed by real‐time fluorescence microscopy (2017)

Heavy meromyosin (HMM) forms clusters along actin filaments under low ATP concentrations. Here, we observed the growth of HMM clusters under low concentrations of ATP in real time using fluorescence microscopy. When actin filaments were loosely immobilized on positively charged lipid bilayers, clusters of HMM-GFP were readily formed. Time-lapse observation revealed that the clusters grew unidirectionally. When we used a mixture of actin filaments and copolymers of actin and acto-S1dC, a chimeric protein of actin and the myosin motor domain, HMM-GFP preferentially formed clusters along the copolymers. We thus suggest that binding of myosin motors carrying ADP and Pi induces unidirectional conformational changes in actin filaments and allosterically recruits more myosin binding. In contrast, when actin filaments and copolymers were anchored to glass substrate via stable biotin-avidin linkage, higher concentrations of HMM-GFP were required to form clusters than on the lipid bilayer. Moreover, actin filaments and copolymers were not discriminated regarding preferential cluster formation. This is presumably because the myosin-induced cooperative conformational changes in actin filaments involve changes in the helical twist. Consistent with this, cofilin clusters, which supertwist the helix, were readily formed along loosely immobilized actin filaments, but not along those anchored via biotin-avidin linkage.
Effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon or prosthetic ligament on the morphology of the other ligaments of the knee joint. An experimental study in dogs. (1995)

The effect of anterior cruciate ligament replacement on the other ligaments of the knee, including the medial or lateral collateral and posterior cruciate ligaments, was studied histologically in the canine knee. The anterior cruciate ligament was replaced either with the medial third of the patellar tendon or with a prosthetic ligament. Histologic analysis was performed 3 months after prosthetic ligament implantation and 1 year after patellar ligament reconstruction. In all ligaments, numerous pathologic alterations were found. Degenerative changes such as glycosaminoglycan accumulation, metachromasia, collagenolysis, collagen necrosis, and lipomatosis were similar after 3 months and after 1 year. Granulation tissue, a sign that characterizes tissue repair, was seen only in those ligaments taken 3 months after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Similar degenerative changes also were found in the ligaments of the knees with only a large medial arthrotomy (sham). In the contralateral control knees, the pathologic alterations were rare. Thus, open arthrotomy alone or with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction seems to result in longstanding degenerative changes in all ligaments of the canine knee joint.
Indirect fluorescence detection of simple sugars via high-pH electrophoresis in poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips (2002)

This article describes the successful electrophoretic separation of simple carbohydrates in a polymeric microfluidic chip. The device fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is found to be stable in high-pH solutions. This allows sugars to be separated electrophoretically at pH values at or above their pK(a) using indirect fluorescence detection. Signal-to-noise values greater than 10:1 were obtained using a mercury arc lamp excitation source and a fluorescein-containing mobile phase for the detection of sugars at concentrations as low as 5 mM. The results obtained compare favorably with published results for the same system using a traditional fused-silica capillary. Analysis of the data revealed a significant experimental sensitivity of the migration times measured in these PDMS devices, an aging effect that leads to considerable systematic drift over the course of a series of replicate measurements. These experiments highlighted the importance of the surface chemistry of PDMS, especially as it pertains to its ability to support stable electroosmotic flow within the separation device. Channel priming at high pH provides a necessary, but by itself insufficient, means by which this instability can be minimized.
A 78.2nW 3-channel time-delay-to-digital converter using polarity coincidence for audio-based object localization (2018)

This paper presents an ultra-low-power intersignal time-delay-to-digital converter. It introduces polarity-coincidence adaptive time-delay estimation, a mixed-signal processing technique that consumes only 78.2nW for a 3-channel delay estimation. A 0.18um CMOS implementation of the converter has been tested and characterized with controlled and real-life stimuli. This analog-to-feature converter has further been used to estimate the time difference of arrival in an audio-based vehicle-bearing IoT system.
Channel engineering towards a full low temperature process solution for the 45 nm technology node [NMOS transistors] (2004)

This work analyses the impact of junctions formed by solid phase epitaxial re-growth (SPER) on the electrical characteristics of NMOS transistors. These ultra shallow junctions allow us to control the short channel effects (SCE) and to improve the transistor performance down to 30 nm channel lengths. We demonstrate the viability of an ultra low temperature process, enabling the activation of B halo and S/D junction dopant. We also show that the junction leakage can be reduced with the SPER process, compared with the standard spike anneal junction.
The radiation resistance of some common insulating varnishes (1983)

The radiation resistance of three popular families of insulating varnishes was investigated. The materials selected included oil modified polyesters, solventless epoxies, and unsaturated sol-ventless polyesters. A representative material from each of the families was evaluated in terms of electrical and mechanical performance, exposed to an intense beam of electron radiation, and then re-evaluated. The radiation dosage selected was based on current industry standards for anticipated exposure during a normal in-service life of 40 years. Test results revealed that certain types of insulating varnishes exposed to this type of radiation are affected to a much greater degree than others. This information should be of interest to design engineers involved in the selection of materials for use in the manufacture of motors which may be destined for use in radioactive environments.
Single-Shot Measurements of Spin-Transfer Switching in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (2008)

Real-time measurements of spin-transfer induced magnetization switching were performed at room temperature on elliptical CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (60×170 nm2) using a storage oscilloscope. Free layer thickness and thermal stability factor (KuV/kBT) were 2 nm and 17, respectively. Under small dc current with short rise time (200 ps), the switching processes essentially comprised long waiting time and short transition time (less than 400 ps). We found, for the first time, that switching probability density was considerably lower for few ns after the rise of the current, and became constant later. Existence of this "non-reactive time" could be a critical issue for fast writing applications.
Accumulation Versus Inversion Layer Passivation on +19% Screenprinted Industrial Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells (2012)

This paper describes the progress in transferring a PERC type cell structure based on Al2O3/SiNx or SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx passivation into an industrial environment. Al2O3-layers deposited in an industrial type spatial ALD system are characterized using C-V, ellipsometry and lifetime measurements. A negative charge density above 1012 cm-2 was measured for a 6 nm thick layer. The Al2O3-layers are successfully incorporated in a PERC process sequence for monocrystalline Cz-Si solar cells. This process is based on a production type homogeneous POCl3- diffused emitter, rear surface polishing and screenprinted contacts. Average efficiencies above 19% have been obtained with a thin dielectric stack of Al2O3 and SiNx relying on accumulation layer passivation on the rear surface. A thin thermally grown oxide further improves the Voc due to a lower emitter dark saturation current density. On the rear surface this thin oxide, with Al2O3 and SiNx on top, results in inversion layer passivation. Care is taken to avoid inversion layer shunting by improving the Back Surface Field around the local contacts using the Extended Laser Ablation (ELA) process. This resulted in an average efficiency of 19.46% for a batch of 140 Cz-Si cells with a top efficiency of 19.7%.
Local Conversion of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States to ApproximateWStates (2005)

Genuine 3-qubit entanglement comes in two different inconvertible types represented by the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and the $W$ state. We describe a specific method based on local positive operator valued measures and classical communication that can convert the ideal $N$-qubit GHZ state to a state arbitrarily close to the ideal $N$-qubit $W$ state. We then experimentally implement this scheme in the 3-qubit case and characterize the input and the final state using 3-photon quantum state tomography.
Coaxial laser directed energy deposition with wire of thin-walled duplex stainless steel parts: Process discontinuities and their impact on the mechanical properties (2022)

The topic of this paper is the process stability and its influence on the tensile material properties of duplex stainless steel manufactured via coaxial laser directed energy deposition with wire. The influence of slight changes in the prescribed offset per layer and laser power on the process stability, occurrence of discontinuities, and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel 2209 parts was investigated. If the prescribed offset or laser power was too high, overheating of the melt-pool was observed. Otherwise, plunging of the wire through the melt-pool occurred. Stable processing was achieved by the adaptation of prescribed offset and laser power according to limited exponential growth laws. The overheating of the melt-pool leads to unsalvageable instabilities, whereas plunging of the wire through the melt-pool leads to self-stabilization by lowering the effective deposition rate and layer height. The discontinuities at sites, where wire plunged through the melt-pool are limited to the surface of the parts. The microstructure and tensile mechanical properties are unaffected by the presence of the surface discontinuities when they are removed by a machining step. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture strain exhibit a strong directionality, which can be explained by the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the microstructure consisting of austenite-rich layers and ferrite-rich layer bands.
Engineering Orthogonal Polypeptide GalNAc-Transferase and UDP-Sugar Pairs (2019)

O-GalNAc glycans constitute a major part of the human glycome. They are difficult to study becauseof the complex interplay of 20 distinct glycosyltransferase isoenzymes that initiate this form ofglycosylation, the polypeptide GalNAc transferases (GalNAc-Ts). Despite proven disease relevance,correlating the activity of individual GalNAc-Ts with biological function remains challenging due to alack of tools to probe their substrate specificity in a complex biological environment. Here, wedevelop a “bump–hole” chemical reporter system for studying GalNAc-T activity in vitro. IndividualGalNAc-Ts were rationally engineered to contain an enlarged active site (hole) and probed with anewly-synthesized collection of 20 (bumped) UDP-GalNAc analogs to identify enzyme–substratepairs that retain peptide specificities but are otherwise completely orthogonal to native enzyme–substrate pairs. The approach was applicable to multiple GalNAc-T isoenzymes, including GalNAc-T1 and -T2 that prefer non-glycosylated peptide substrates and GalNAcT-10 that prefers a pre-glycosylated peptide substrate. A detailed investigation of enzyme kinetics and specificities revealed the robustness of the approach to faithfully report on GalNAc-T activity and paves the way forstudying substrate specificities in living systems.
Applications of Diffractive Optics to Semiconductor Laser Arrays (1993)

Optical interfacing to modern photonic devices presents several complex design challenges. Semiconductor arrays, for example, require optics that have high numerical apertures, low aberrations, and are efficient.
Use of Color Information in the Analysis of Fashion Photographs (2018)

The 21st century witnesses a blooming of online fashion retailing business, as well as the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) marketplaces. However, many listings on the P2P marketplace lack complete and accurate information. In this research, we target the fashion online marketplace, and try to retrieve garment color information to help sellers and buyers gain a more comprehensive knowledge of the fashion items. We focus on fashion product portraits, and propose a system that autonomously finds the garment region in the image and retrieves the color information and patterns of the item. This system contains three modules: First, image segmentation is deployed to partition the image into perceptually meaningful areas, and then some features are designed to differentiate the garment, region from nongarment region. Secondly, we propose a classifier module based on unsupervised clustering methods to select the garment region based on the feature vector. For the last module, we study current color naming systems, and color naming schemes on fashion websites, and propose a computational model that matches the color coordinates with the pre-defined color labels in the marketplace. Compared with other methods, thanks to the unsupervised learning methods that we use, our approach does not require a huge amount of training data labeled by human subjects.
Cardiac-chamber-specific Fingerprints in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Early Detection of Pathological Conditions by FTIR and Raman Spectroscopic Techniques (2021)

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a matter of investigation and its diagnosis remains challenging. Although the mechanisms that are responsible for the development of HFpEF are not fully understood, it is well known that nearly 80% of patients with HFpEF have concomitant hypertension. Methods We investigated whether early biochemical alterations were detectable during HFpEF progression in salt-induced hypertensive rats, using Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques as a new diagnostic approach. Results Greater protein content and, specifically, greater collagen deposition were observed in the left atrium and right ventricle of hypertensive rats, together with altered metabolism of myocytes. Additionally, Raman spectra indicated a conformational change, or different degree of phosphorylation/methylation, in tyrosine-rich proteins. A correlation was found between tyrosine content and cardiac fibrosis of both right and left ventricles. Microcalcifications were detected in the left and right atria of control animals, with a progressive augmentation from six to 22 weeks. A further increase occurred in the left ventricle and right atrium of 22-week salt-fed animals, and a positive correlation was shown between the mineral deposits and the cardiac size of the left ventricle. Conclusions Overall, FTIR and Raman techniques proved to be sensitive to early biochemical changes in HFpEF and preceded clinical humoral and imaging markers.