gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertebral Motion Measured Using Biplanar Radiography Before and After Harrington Rod Removal for Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures of the Spine (1986)

The use of Harrington distraction rods for stabilization of fracture dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine is well established. For better initial stabilization and later return of flexibility we routinely use a long rod but fuse over a short segment and then remove the rods at 1 year. A biplanar radiographic technique was used to assess vertebral motion both before and after removal of Harrington rods in five patients. The investigation showed the rod acted to restrict movement and relieved loads on the spine that they spanned. Although all the patients regained considerable spinal flexibility once the rods were removed, none of the intervertebral joints measured could be considered solidly fused. However, the pattern of movement remained abnormal 6 months after rod removal with many intervertebral joints exhibiting lateral flexion and axial rotation during voluntary flexion extension. Despite this, a long rod/short fuse stabilization with routine rod removal after 1 year combines the initial advantage of operative stabilization and is shown to allow a return of spinal flexibility subsequently.
Human video textures (2009)

This paper describes a data-driven approach for generating photorealistic animations of human motion. Each animation sequence follows a user-choreographed path and plays continuously by seamlessly transitioning between different segments of the captured data. To produce these animations, we capitalize on the complementary characteristics of motion capture data and video. We customize our capture system to record motion capture data that are synchronized with our video source. Candidate transition points in video clips are identified using a new similarity metric based on 3-D marker trajectories and their 2-D projections into video. Once the transitions have been identified, a video-based motion graph is constructed. We further exploit hybrid motion and video data to ensure that the transitions are seamless when generating animations. Motion capture marker projections serve as control points for segmentation of layers and nonrigid transformation of regions. This allows warping and blending to generate seamless in-between frames for animation. We show a series of choreographed animations of walks and martial arts scenes as validation of our approach.
Electron beam diagnostic system using computed tomography and an annular sensor (2023)

A system for analyzing an electron beam including a circular electron beam diagnostic sensor adapted to receive the electron beam, the circular electron beam diagnostic sensor having a central axis; an annular sensor structure operatively connected to the circular electron beam diagnostic sensor, wherein the sensor structure receives the electron beam; a system for sweeping the electron beam radially outward from the central axis of the circular electron beam diagnostic sensor to the annular sensor structure wherein the electron beam is intercepted by the annular sensor structure; and a device for measuring the electron beam that is intercepted by the annular sensor structure.
Geo-information reality: mass-user-oriented modeling of the environment (2004)

Topographic maps, both paper and computerized, require specific qualifications in the end users - planners, designers, geodesists, etc. These maps offer the user some simplified information about reality, described in accordance with a meaningful set of cartographic conventions. Overlaid with an orthophoto, such cartographic information becomes a photomap, representing the surface in a more realistic way. A non-expert, used to perceiving environmental reality through landscape images taken from the Earth's surface, faces certain difficulties interpreting images collected from an aircraft or satellite. In fact, modern technologies do not provide the mass user with fullvalue visual information about the real environment. The mass-user is not generally concerned about using maps for measurements, but rather uses them to search for some semantic information. Thus, a new, mass-user-oriented branch of GIS should be based on a new concept - geo-information reality, i.e., mass-user-oriented modeling of the environment. The key to this concept is an object-graphic basis for GIS, bringing to bear modern methods of acquiring, storing, and representing visual and textual information in digital form. This paper presents the proposed concept in detail.
Convective Instabilities of Electrokinetic Flows in a Cross-Shaped Microchannel (2004)

Electrokinetic instabilities (EKI) in cross-shaped channels are relevant to injections for field amplified sample stacking, flow intersections in multi-dimensional assay devices, and electrokinetic systems with indeterminate sample chemistry. Electrokinetic instabilities are generated by a coupling of electric fields and ionic conductivity gradients. This coupling results in an electric body force in the bulk liquid that can generate temporal, convective, and absolute flow instabilities. In this work, we perform a parametric experimental study of convective instabilities in cross-shaped microchannels using epifluorescence microscopy and digital imaging. We report coherent flow structures and show that the critical electric field for instability is both a function of center-to-sheath conductivity ratio and applied field ratio. Finally, we quantify the degree of mixing rate of electrokinetically unstable flows with time-average probability density functions of concentration profiles.
Selective growth of carbon nanotube on scanning probe tips by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (2004)

We have selectively grown carbon nanotubes on the probe tip of an atomic force microscope by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The catalyst domain was defined on the tip apex of an Si based scanning probe by local electric field induced oxidation of a TiN cap layer, under which the cobalt catalyst layer was predeposited on the probe surface. High resolution atomic force microscopy images of an SiO2 trench pattern are demonstrated using the carbon nanotube tip. The nanotube tip fabrication method is simple and compatible with existing thin film process technology.
Mid-IR Polarimetry: New Vistas For SOFIA (2007)

Mid-infrared polarimetry remains an underexploited technique; where available it is limited in spectral coverage from the ground, and conspicuously absent from both the Spitzer and JWST instrument suites. The unique characteristics of SOFIA affords unprecedented spectral coverage and sensitivity in the mid-infrared waveband, offering new vistas in the exploration of astrophysical objects, including (a) galaxies and AGN, (b) star formation regions and (c) debris disks. Furthering the existing 5-40μm imaging and spectroscopic capabilities of SOFIA, and the University of Florida's mid-IR imagers, spectrometer and Polarimeter designs of T-ReCS and CanariCam, we present an overview of science highlights that could be performed from a ∼5-40μm imaging- and spectro-polarimeter on SOFIA. A secondary science driver is the inclusion of low- to moderate- resolution (total flux) spectroscopy at these wavelengths. Such an instrument concept would plug an unfilled area of both SOFIA and space-based instrumentation, providing SOFIA with unique and exciting science capabilities.
NEW RESULTS ON FATIGUE AND IMPRINT EFFECT (2005)

ABSTRACT A ferroelectric thin film capacitor is the key element in non-volatile ferroelectric Random Access Memories (FeRAM's). There are three important failure-mechanisms influencing the performance of these capacitors: fatigue, retention, and imprint. In this contribution the fatigue and imprint effect are investigated in detail. The material under investigation is lead zirconate titanate (PZT) which was deposited as ferroelectric thin film. Several fatigue measurements were performed with different cycling frequencies, different applied voltage amplitudes, and at varying hysteresis frequencies to investigate dependencies of these parameters on the fatigue effect. An equation is introduced in order to fit the measured behavior of polarization over time and to assign physical parameters to the numerical fitting values. This equation is used to fit the single fatigue curves and the obtained parameters are discussed. Finally, various imprint measurements were performed. Here, the imprint effect was investigated with respect to varying doping concentrations of Nd and Fe and to the initial hysteresis state. Keywords: PZT thin filmsfailure mechanismsfatigueimprint ACKNOWLEDGMENT Many thanks for support to Infineon Toshiba FeRAM Development Alliance for sample preparation.
Structure-property correlations in a combinatorial library of degradable biomaterials (1998)

A combinatorial library of degradable polyarylates was prepared. These polymers are A-B-type copolymers consisting of an alternating sequence of a diphenol and a diacid. The library was prepared by copolymerizing, in all possible combinations, 14 different tyrosine-derived diphenols and eight different aliphatic diacids, resulting in 8 x 14 = 112 distinct polymers. This approach (a) increases the number of available polymeric candidate materials for medical applications, and (b) facilitates the identification of correlations between polymer structure and glass transition temperature, air-water contact angle, mechanical properties, and fibroblast proliferation. The pendent chain and backbone structures were systematically varied by (a) simple homologative variations in the number of methylene groups, (b) substitution of oxygen for methylene groups, and (c) introduction of branched and aromatic structures. The polymers contained within the library exhibited incremental variations in Tg (from 2 degrees C to 91 degrees C) and air-water contact angle (from 64 degrees to 101 degrees ). Fibroblast proliferation (in vitro, serum-containing media) ranged from approximating that measured on tissue culture polystyrene to complete absence of proliferation. Generally, decreased proliferation correlated linearly with increased surface hydrophobicity, except in those polymers derived from oxygen-containing diacids in their backbone which were uniformly good growth substrates even if their surfaces were very hydrophobic. In a selected subgroup of polymers, tensile strength of thin solvent cast films ranged from about 6 to 45 MPa, while Young's modulus (stiffness) ranged from about 0.3 to 1.7 GPa. Combinatorial biomaterial libraries such as these tyrosine-derived polyarylates permit the systematic study of material-dependent biological responses and provide the medical device designer with the option to choose a suitable material from a library of related polymers that encompasses a broad range of properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Route to Triethylsilyl‐Substituted Cyclopropanes. (2015)

Abstract Radical addition of vinyl compounds (II) to xanthates gives addition products of type (III) which are converted to the corresponding cyclopropanes by ozonolysis and subsequent ring closure reaction.
“Living” Radical Polymerization in Tubular Reactors, 2 – Process Optimization for Tailor‐Made Molecular Weight Distributions (2008)

Abstract “Living” radical polymerization is a relatively new polymerization process that can be used to prepare resins with controlled structures. In this work, a mathematical model developed previously to describe nitroxide‐mediated “living” radical polymerizations performed in tubular reactors is used for the optimization of the process and obtainment of tailor‐made MWDs. Operating conditions and design variables are determined with the help of optimization procedures in order to produce polymers with specified MWDs. It is shown that bimodal and trimodal MWDs, with given peak locations, can be obtained through proper manipulation of the operating conditions. This indicates that the technique discussed in this work is suitable for detailed design of the MWD of the final polymer. magnified image
Experimental assessment and modeling of radiant cooling technology using constant and variable water flow rate (2023)

The goal of this study is to perform an analysis of the performance of radiant cooling panels using experimental testing and transient system simulation software. The effect of design parameters such as water supply temperature and water flow rate on thermal comfort and energy efficiency is studied. Two control schemes are used in the study in which either the water flow rate or the water temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of radiant panels is held constant. This paper demonstrates the modeling and validation of a radiant cooling system in TRNSYS and uses this model to study the performance of the system during the cooling season in Egypt. It was found that the lower water temperature of 16 °C was found to be suitable for achieving thermal comfort. The constant water flow rate control scheme showed a 5% less unmet hours percentage than the constant water temperature difference, but the latter used 38% less electrical energy. A constant water temperature difference control scheme can achieve better thermal comfort with an unmet hours percentage down to 12.5% by coupling the system with a dehumidification device.
Adaptive Circuit Techniques to Minimize Variation Impacts on Microprocessor Performance and Power (2005)

Adaptive supply voltage and adaptive body bias may be used to control the frequency and leakage distribution of fabricated microprocessor dies. Testchip measurements show that adaptive VCC is effective in reducing the impact of parameter variations on frequency, active power, and leakage power of microprocessors when 20 mV VCC resolution is used. Using adaptive VCC together with adaptive VBS or WID-VBS is much more effective than using any of them individually.
Targeting KRAS Oncogene in Colon Cancer Cells with 7-Carboxylate Indolo[3,2-b]quinoline Tri-Alkylamine Derivatives (2015)

Herein we provide evidence that G4 ligands such as IQ3A compounds can target G4 motifs present in KRAS promoter, down-regulate the expression of the mutant KRAS gene through inhibition of transcription and translation, and induce cell death by apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Thus, targeting KRAS at the genomic level with G4 ligands may be a new anticancer therapy strategy for colon cancer.
Supramolecular organization of fullerenes by quadruple hydrogen bonding (2001)

Quadruple hydrogen bonded fullerene dimer 8 with a very high dimerisation constant (Ka 1.0 × 106 M−1) was synthesised and fully characterised.
Structural insights into competitive and non‐competitive nicotinic antagonists (2006)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) undergo conformational changes that allosterically trigger opening of the ion channel. Conus peptide toxins bind with receptor subtype specificity to nAChRs. In particular α‐conotoxin ImI binds selectively to the α7 nAChR subtype. Using the soluble acetylcholine binding proteins (AChBP) from Aplysia californica and Lymnaea stagnalis, we recently showed α‐conotoxin ImI to be selective for the Aplysia protein. We previously solved the crystal structure of α‐conotoxin ImI bound to Aplysia AChBP. Using this model we have identified regions on the apical and membrane side of the competitive binding pocket, which contribute to species specificity. Using site‐directed mutagenesis we partially rescued α‐conotoxin ImI binding in the Lymnaea protein. The two Conus peptides, α‐conotoxins ImI and ImII, differ by only 3 of 11 amino acids, yet they appear to bind to distinct sites on the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Additionally, we are exploring techniques for investigating association of α‐conotoxin ImII with AChBP, thereby distinguishing its binding parameters and sites from α‐conotoxin ImI. (Supported by R37‐GM18360, T32_GM07752, and Tobacco‐Related Disease Research Program 12DT‐0013)
Compositional Determinants of Mechanical Properties of Enamel (2008)

Dental enamel is comprised primarily of carbonated apatite, with less than 1% w/w organic matter and 4-5% w/w water. To determine the influence of each component on the microhardness and fracture toughness of rat incisor enamel, we mechanically tested specimens in which water and organic matrix were selectively removed. Tests were performed in mid-sagittal and transverse orientations to assess the effect of the structural organization on enamel micromechanical properties. While removal of organic matrix resulted in up to a 23% increase in microhardness, and as much as a 46% decrease in fracture toughness, water had a significantly lesser effect on these properties. Moreover, removal of organic matrix dramatically weakened the dentino-enamel junction (DEJ). Analysis of our data also showed that the structural organization of enamel affects its micromechanical properties. We anticipate that these findings will help guide the development of bio-inspired nanostructured materials for mineralized tissue repair and regeneration.
Programming the Rous Sarcoma Virus Protease to Cleave New Substrate Sequences (1996)

The Rous sarcoma virus protease displays a high degree of specificity and catalyzes the cleavage of only a limited number of amino acid sequences. This specificity is governed by interactions between side chains of eight substrate amino acids and eight corresponding subsite pockets within the homodimeric enzyme. We have examined these complex interactions in order to learn how to introduce changes into the retroviral protease (PR) that direct it to cleave substrates. Mutant enzymes with altered substrate specificity and wild-type or greater catalytic rates have been constructed previously by substituting single key amino acids in each of the eight enzyme subsites with those residues found in structurally related positions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 PR. These individual amino acid substitutions have now been combined into one enzyme, resulting in a highly active mutant Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) protease that displays many characteristics associated with the HIV-1 enzyme. The hybrid protease is capable of catalyzing the cleavage of a set of HIV-1 viral polyprotein substrates that are not recognized by the wild-type RSV enzyme. Additionally, the modified PR is inhibited completely by the HIV-1 PR-specific inhibitor KNI-272 at concentrations where wild-type RSV PR is unaffected. These results indicate that the major determinants that dictate RSV and HIV-1 PR substrate specificity have been identified. Since the viral protease is a homodimer, the rational design of enzymes with altered specificity also requires a thorough understanding of the importance of enzyme symmetry in substrate selection. We demonstrate here that the enzyme homodimer acts symmetrically in substrate selection with each enzyme subunit being capable of recognizing both halves of a peptide substrate equally.
Abstract 5171: EGFR induction of SOX9 is required in a cellular migration program induced by urothelial injury and maintained in cancer (2010)

Abstract Data from a variety of tissue types and experimental systems indicate that the transcriptional regulator SRY-related HMG box 9 (SOX9) can be induced by injury and promote migration as well as tumor growth. We hypothesize that in cancers associated with chronic injury, such as urothelial carcinoma (UroCa), SOX9 may mediate epithelial injury repair. We found that urothelial SOX9 was induced during times of rapid proliferation during bladder organogenesis and injury repair. High levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligands have been noted in urine and represent a potential trigger for urothelial injury repair programs. Using specific antagonists, we found that EGF receptor activation by cognate ligands heparain binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and/or amphiregulin was responsible for Sox9 induction in urothelial cells and tissues. As expected, EGFR activation occurred through the mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. With chronic breaches of urothelial integrity, EGFR-Sox9 stimulation may promote urothelial carcinogenesis, as Sox9 expression was significantly upregulated in invasive human UroCa samples and cell lines. When expressed in established tumors, SOX9 may confer a selective advantage to cancer cells by promoting their ability to invade and colonize new sites. As support for this idea, small interfering RNA inhibition of SOX9 levels abrogated in vitro wound healing and invasion, suggesting a role for SOX9 in tumor spread. These results indicate a potential mechanism for urothelial carcinogenesis through an EGFR-MAPK-SOX9 cascade, and a further function for this axis in established cancers. Future studies will examine the potential mechanisms supporting perseverative SOX9 expression in cancer and opportunities for disrupting this pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5171.
Novel Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized 1,4,4a,9a-Tetrahydro-1-aza-9-oxafluorenes by Unexpected Cycloaddition of 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines and p-Benzoquinone (1998)

A surprising acid-catalysed cycloaddition reaction occurs between 3 5 diacetyl-4-(4-methoxypheny1)-l,4-dihydropyridine (4) and p-benzoquinone in dioxand HCIO, (5%) yielding novel polyfunctionalized 1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydro-1-aza-9oxafluorenes (9) as exclusive products.On the other hand the corresponding 4unsubstituted l,4-dihydropyridine (1) is oxidized by p-benzoquinone.Novel structures are characterized by standard spectroscopy and, furthermore, confmned by acetylation.The different reactivity of the 4-substituted and 4-unsubstituted derivatives is dicussed on the basis of semiempirical MNDO calculations and redox potentials.
Carbon‐Based Field‐Effect Transistors for Nanoelectronics (2009)

In this review, the suitability of the major types of carbon nanostructures as conducting channels of field-effect transistors (FETs) is compared on the basis of the dimensionality and size of their π-conjugated system. For each of these materials, recent progress in its synthesis, electrical and structural characterization, as well as its implementation into various gate configurations is surveyed, with emphasis laid onto nanoscale aspects of the FET design and the attainable device performance. Finally, promising future research directions, such as the integration of different carbon nanostructures into novel device architectures, are outlined.
Mapping Membrane Topology Label Free and Corrected for Changes in the Refractive Index of the Membrane on a Nanometer Scale (2014)

The plasma membrane is the outer limit of the animal cell. As such, it is both a border separating inside from outside and a signaling platform for interactions with the surroundings. Among these interactions are extracellular matrix contacts and adhesion sites. The membrane and its contact sites together with the underlying cytoskeleton undergo constant remodeling, which leads to changes of the cell shape. In addition to spatial information micro-topographical maps provide, information about the z-dimension and describe the position of the plasma membrane with respect to the distance to a given substrate. Here we address how to measure height differences in the plasma membrane and how to create topographical maps of the plasma membrane with nanometer resolution. We address the currently used methodologies along with their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, we delineate a label-free method to obtain topographic maps of the plasma membrane that are corrected for differences in the refractive index of the membrane utilizing an interferometric approach with multiple wavelengths and a normalization procedure to account for changes in the refractive index in the membrane. Copyright © 2014 SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. All rights reserved.