gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD83 orchestrates immunity toward self and non-self in dendritic cells (2019)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial to balance protective immunity and autoimmune inflammatory processes. Expression of CD83 is a well-established marker for mature DCs, although its physiological role is still not completely understood. Using a DC-specific CD83-conditional KO (CD83ΔDC) mouse, we provide new insights into the function of CD83 within this cell type. Interestingly, CD83-deficient DCs produced drastically increased IL-2 levels and displayed higher expression of the costimulatory molecules CD25 and OX40L, which causes superior induction of antigen-specific T cell responses and compromises Treg suppressive functions. This also directly translates into accelerated immune responses in vivo. Upon Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes infection, CD83ΔDC mice cleared both pathogens more efficiently, and CD83-deficient DCs expressed increased IL-12 levels after bacterial encounter. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, autoimmune inflammation was dramatically aggravated in CD83ΔDC mice while resolution of inflammation was strongly reduced. This phenotype was associated with increased cell influx into the CNS accompanied by elevated Th17 cell numbers. Concomitantly, CD83ΔDC mice had reduced Treg numbers in peripheral lymphoid organs. In summary, we show that CD83 ablation on DCs results in enhanced immune responses by dysregulating tolerance mechanisms and thereby impairing resolution of inflammation, which also demonstrates high clinical relevance.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CROSS COUPLING OF SOME PRIMARY FLUOROCHLOROCARBON JODIDES (1975)

Abstract 1,2‐Dichlorjodtn′fluoräthan (I) reagiert mit Zink in Essigsäureäthylester/Methylenchlorid zu einem Gemisch aus dem Butan (II) und dem Hexan‐Derivat (III).
Original Antigenic Sin in Ferrets: the Response to Sequential Infections with Influenza Viruses (1966)

Summary Infection of ferrets with influenza viruses resulted in the production of large numbers of antibody molecules of low avidity. With the passage of time the number of antibody molecules decreased while the average avidity increased. Sequential infection of ferrets with serologically related viruses caused a marked increase in the number of antibody molecules reacting with the first virus. The avidity of this antibody was similar to that of the antibody before reinfection. The antibody reacting with the second virus was of secondary quality. The antibody population 18 to 21 days after secondary infection with a related virus was heterogeneous in terms of avidity, some of the antibodies reacting with either one or the other of the infecting viruses and some reacting with both viruses.
Adrenomedullin in mammalian embryogenesis (2002)

Here are summarized data supporting that adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional factor involved in the complex regulatory mechanisms of mammalian development. During rodent embryogenesis, AM is first expressed in the heart, followed by a broader but also defined spatio-temporal pattern of expression in vascular, neural, and skeletal-forming tissues as well as in the main embryonic internal organs. AM pattern of expression is suggestive of its involvement in the control of embryonic invasion, proliferation, and differentiation processes, probably through autocrine or paracrine modes of action. AM levels in fetoplacental tissues, uterus, maternal and umbilical plasma are highly increased during normal gestation. These findings in addition to other physiological and gene targeting studies support the importance of AM as a vasorelaxant factor implicated in the regulation of maternal vascular adaptation to pregnancy, as well as of fetal and fetoplacental circulations. AM is also present in amniotic fluid and milk, which is suggestive of additional functions in the maturation and immunological protection of the fetus. Altered expression of AM has been found in some gestational pathologies, although it is not yet clear whether this corresponds to causative or compensatory mechanisms. Future studies in regard to the distribution and expression levels of the molecules known to function as AM receptors, together with data on the action of complement factor H (an AM binding protein), may help to better define the roles of AM during embryonic development.
Interactive Data Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition (2015)

An Updated Guide to the Visualization of Data for Designers, Users, and ResearchersInteractive Data Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition provides all the theory, details, and tools necessary to build visualizations and systems involving the visualization of data. In color throughout, it explains basic terminology and concepts, algorithmic and software engineering issues, and commonly used techniques and high-level algorithms. Full source code is provided for completing implementations. New to the Second EditionNew related readings, exercises, and programming projects Better quality figures and numerous new figuresNew chapter on techniques for time-oriented dataThis popular book continues to explore the fundamental components of the visualization process, from the data to the human viewer. For developers, the book offers guidance on designing effective visualizations using methods derived from human perception, graphical design, art, and usability analysis. For practitioners, it shows how various public and commercial visualization systems are used to solve specific problems in diverse domains. For researchers, the text describes emerging technology and hot topics in development at academic and industrial centers today. Each chapter presents several types of exercises, including review questions and problems that motivate readers to build on the material covered and design alternate approaches to solving a problem. In addition, programming projects encourage readers to perform a range of tasks, from the simple implementation of algorithms to the extension of algorithms and programming techniques.Web ResourceA supplementary website includes downloadable software tools and example data sets, enabling hands-on experience with the techniques covered in the text. The site also offers links to useful data repositories
Laser additive manufacturing of ZN metal parts for biodegradable implants: Effect of gas flow on evaporation and formation quality (2018)

Zn based metals have exhibited promising applications for biodegradable medical implants. Although additive manufacturing (AM) has been widely investigated for many medical metals, only a handful of very recent reports can be found on laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of pure Zn cubes. Severe evaporation occurred during laser melting of Zn powders due to the low boiling point of Zn metal. The formation quality was either not satisfactory or the obtained processing window was too narrow. In this paper, a specially designed gas flow system was used in order to eliminate the negative effect of Zn metal evaporation on the processing of L-PBF. Numerical analysis was used to simulate the velocity distribution of shielding gas flow and the interaction between the gas flow and the evaporation fume based on computation fluid dynamics (CFD) with considering different shielding flow designs and laser energy inputs. Pure Zn metal parts were obtained with density over 99.90% after the optimization of shielding gas flow and laser energy input. The areal surface roughness (Sa) of L-PBF parts was about 10 µm at side surfaces for as-melted status, and reduced to 4.83 µm after sandblasting. The effects of gas flow and laser energy input on evaporation and formation quality were discussed. An effective method was provided to deal with metal evaporation during L-PBF processing, which was not only beneficial to additive manufacturing of Zn based metals, but also to other active metals with high evaporation tendency like Mg and Al alloys.
Disorganization of the Retinal Inner Layers as a Predictor of Visual Acuity in Eyes With Center-Involved Diabetic Macular Edema (2014)

Disorganization of the retinal inner layers in the 1-mm foveal area is associated with VA, and change in DRIL predicts future change in VA. Early change in DRIL prospectively identifies eyes with a high likelihood of subsequent VA improvement or decline. Therefore, DRIL warrants further study as a robust, readily obtained, and noninvasive biomarker of future VA response in eyes with DME.
Determination of Saccade Latency Distributions using Video Recordings from Consumer-grade Devices (2018)

Quantitative and accurate tracking of neurocognitive decline remains an ongoing challenge. We seek to address this need by focusing on robust and unobtrusive measurement of saccade latency - the time between the presentation of a visual stimulus and the initiation of an eye movement towards the stimulus - which has been shown to be altered in patients with neurocognitive decline or neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we present a novel, deep convolutional-neuralnetwork-based method to measure saccade latency outside of the clinical environment using a smartphone camera without the need for supplemental or special-purpose illumination. We also describe a model-based approach to estimate saccade latency that is less sensitive to noise compared to conventional methods. With this flexible and robust system, we collected over 11,000 saccade-latency measurements from 21 healthy individuals and found distinctive saccade-latency distributions across subjects. When analyzing intra-subject variability across time, we observed noticeable variations in the mean saccade latency and associated standard deviation. We also observed a potential learning effect that should be further characterized and potentially accounted for when interpreting saccade latency measurements.
Low-power, parallel photonic interconnections for multi-chip module applications (2002)

New applications of photonic interconnects will involve the insertion of parallel-channel links into Multi-Chip Modules (MCMs). Such applications will drive photonic link components into more compact forms that consume far less power than traditional telecommunication data links. MCM-based applications will also require simplified drive circuitry, lower cost, and higher reliability than has been demonstrated currently in photonic and optoelectronic technologies. The work described is a parallel link array, designed for vertical (Z-Axis) interconnection of the layers in a MCM-based signal processor stack, operating at a data rate of 100 Mb/s. This interconnect is based upon high-efficiency VCSELs, HBT photoreceivers, integrated micro-optics, and MCM-compatible packaging techniques.
A Novel Method for Rapid Bedside Measurement of GFR (2018)

<b>Background</b> Direct quantitative measurement of GFR (mGFR) remains a specialized task primarily performed in research settings. Multiple formulas for estimating GFR have been developed that use the readily available endogenous biomarkers creatinine and/or cystatin C. However, eGFR formulas have limitations, and an accurate mGFR is necessary in some clinical situations and for certain patient populations. We conducted a prospective, open-label study to evaluate a novel rapid technique for determining plasma volume and mGFR.<b>Methods</b> We developed a new exogenous biomarker, visible fluorescent injectate (VFI), consisting of a large 150-kD rhodamine derivative and small 5-kD fluorescein carboxymethylated dextrans. After a single intravenous injection of VFI, plasma volume and mGFR can be determined on the basis of the plasma pharmacokinetics of the rhodamine derivative and fluorescein carboxymethylated dextrans, respectively. In this study involving 32 adults with normal kidney function (<i>n</i>=16), CKD stage 3 (<i>n</i>=8), or CKD stage 4 (<i>n</i>=8), we compared VFI-based mGFR values with values obtained by measuring iohexol plasma disappearance. VFI-based mGFR required three 0.5-ml blood draws over 3 hours; iohexol-based mGFR required five samples taken over 6 hours. Eight healthy participants received repeat VFI injections at 24 hours.<b>Results</b> VFI-based mGFR values showed close linear correlation with the iohexol-based mGFR values in all participants. Injections were well tolerated, including when given on consecutive days. No serious adverse events were reported. VFI-based mGFR was highly reproducible.<b>Conclusions</b> The VFI-based approach allows for the rapid determination of mGFR at the bedside while maintaining patient safety and measurement accuracy and reproducibility.
Bulk properties of two-phase disordered media. I. Cluster expansion for the effective dielectric constant of dispersions of penetrable spheres (1984)

We derive a cluster expansion for the effective dielectric constant ε* of a dispersion of equal-sized spheres distributed with arbitrary degree of impenetrability. The degree of impenetrability is characterized by some parameter λ whose value varies between zero (in the case of randomly centered spheres, i.e., fully penetrable spheres) and unity (in the instance of totally impenetrable spheres). This generalizes the results of Felderhof, Ford, and Cohen who obtain a cluster expansion for ε* for the specific case of a dispersion of totally impenetrable spheres, i.e., the instance λ=1. We describe the physical significance of the contributions to the average polarization of the two-phase system which arise from inclusion-overlap effects. Using these results, we obtain a density expansion for ε*, which is exact through second order in the number density ρ, and give the physical interpretations of all of the cluster integrals that arise here. The use of a certain family of equilibrium sphere distributions is suggested in order to systematically study the effects of details of the microstructure on ε* through second order in ρ. We show, furthermore, that the second-order term can be written as a sum of the contribution from a reference system of totally impenetrable spheres and an excess contribution, which only involves effects due to overlap of pairs of inclusions. We also obtain an expansion for ε* which is exact through second order in φ2, where φ2 is the sphere volume fraction. We evaluate, for concreteness, some of the integrals that arise in this study, for arbitrary λ, in the permeable-sphere model and in the penetrable concentric-shell model introduced in this study.
Electrical and Thermal Transport at the Planckian Bound of Dissipation in the Hydrodynamic Electron Fluid of WP2 (2017)

Materials with strongly-correlated electrons exhibit interesting phenomena such as metal-insulator transitions and high-temperature superconductivity. In stark contrast to ordinary metals, electron transport in these materials is thought to resemble the flow of viscous fluids. Despite their differences, it is predicted that transport in both, conventional and correlated materials, is fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle applied to energy dissipation. Here we discover hydrodynamic electron flow in the Weyl-semimetal tungsten phosphide (WP2). Using thermal and magneto-electric transport experiments, we observe the transition from a conventional metallic state, at higher temperatures, to a hydrodynamic electron fluid below 20 K. The hydrodynamic regime is characterized by a viscosity-induced dependence of the electrical resistivity on the square of the channel width, and by the observation of a strong violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law. From magneto-hydrodynamic experiments and complementary Hall measurements, the relaxation times for momentum and thermal energy dissipating processes are extracted. Following the uncertainty principle, both are limited by the Planckian bound of dissipation, independent of the underlying transport regime.
The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 6-year results (2015)

Although BRAT was statistically underpowered to detect small differences, these results suggest little difference in outcome between the 2 treatments for anterior circulation aneurysms. This was not the case for the posterior circulation aneurysms, where coil embolization appeared to provide a sustained advantage over clipping. Aneurysm obliteration rates in BRAT were significantly lower and retreatment rates significantly higher in the patients undergoing coiling than in those undergoing clipping. However, despite the fact that retreatment rates were higher after coiling, no recurrent hemorrhages were known to have occurred in patients undergoing coiling in BRAT who were followed up for 6 years. Sufficient questions remain about the relative benefits of the 2 treatment modalities to warrant further well-designed randomized trials.
Identification of Ammonium Ion and 2,6-Bis(ω-aminobutyl)- 3,5-diiminopiperazine as Endogenous Factors That Account for the “Burst” of Sphingosine upon Changing the Medium of J774 Cells in Culture (1999)

Cells in culture often undergo a "burst" of free sphingosine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, ceramide, and other bioactive lipids upon removal of "conditioned" medium, and at least one lipid signaling pathway (protein kinase C) has been shown to be affected by these changes (Smith, E. R. & Merrill A. H., Jr. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18749-18758; Smith, E. R., Jones, P. L., Boss, J. M. & Merrill, A. H., Jr. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 5640-5646). Whereas increases in sphinganine and dihydroceramide are responses to provision of precursors for sphingolipid biosynthesis de novo in the new medium, the sphingosine burst is due to sphingolipid turnover upon removal of suppressive factor(s) in conditioned medium. This study describes the purification and characterization of these suppressive factors. Conditioned medium from J774 cells was fractionated into two components that suppress the burst as follows: ammonium ion, which reaches 2-3 mM within 48 h of cell culture; and a low molecular weight, cationic compound that has been assigned the structure 2, 6-bis(omega-aminobutyl)-3,5-diimino-piperazine (for which we suggest the name "batrachamine" based on its appearance) by (1)H and (13)C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometric analyses. The physiological significance of these compounds as suppressors of sphingolipid metabolism is unclear; however, ammonium ion is a by-product of amino acid catabolism and reaches high concentrations in some tissues. Batrachamine is even more intriguing because this is, as far as we are aware, the first report of a naturally occurring compound of this structural type. Considering the many cell functions that are affected by sphingoid bases and their derivatives, the effects of NH(4) and batrachamine on sphingolipid metabolism may have important implications for cell regulation.
CriPAV: Street-Level Crime Patterns Analysis and Visualization (2021)

Extracting and analyzing crime patterns in big cities is a challenging spatiotemporal problem. The hardness of the problem is linked to two main factors, the sparse nature of the crime activity and its spread in large spatial areas. Sparseness hampers most time series (crime time series) comparison methods from working properly, while the handling of large urban areas tends to render the computational costs of such methods impractical. Visualizing different patterns hidden in crime time series data is another issue in this context, mainly due to the number of patterns that can show up in the time series analysis. In this article, we present a new methodology to deal with the issues above, enabling the analysis of spatiotemporal crime patterns in a street-level of detail. Our approach is made up of two main components designed to handle the spatial sparsity and spreading of crimes in large areas of the city. The first component relies on a stochastic mechanism from which one can visually analyze probable×intensive crime hotspots. Such analysis reveals important patterns that can not be observed in the typical intensity-based hotspot visualization. The second component builds upon a deep learning mechanism to embed crime time series in Cartesian space. From the embedding, one can identify spatial locations where the crime time series have similar behavior. The two components have been integrated into a web-based analytical tool called CriPAV (Crime Pattern Analysis and Visualization), which enables global as well as a street-level view of crime patterns. Developed in close collaboration with domain experts, CriPAV has been validated through a set of case studies with real crime data in São Paulo - Brazil. The provided experiments and case studies reveal the effectiveness of CriPAV in identifying patterns such as locations where crimes are not intense but highly probable to occur as well as locations that are far apart from each other but bear similar crime patterns.
On the design of millimetre-wave antennas for 5G (2016)

This paper addresses the millimeter-wave antenna design aspect of the future 5G wireless systems. The paper reviews the objectives and requirements of millimeter-wave antennas for 5G. Recent advances in mm-wave antenna are reported and design guidelines are discussed. In particular, four different designs are identified from the recent literature based on their attractive characteristics that support 5G requirements and applications. The first design employs a dual-band slotted patch antenna operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The antenna has circular polarization and is excited by a single-feed microstrip line. The present design is desirable for high-gain antenna array implementation in the mm-wave band, in order to compensate for the mm-wave propagation loss. The second design that is presented employs a compact planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with single layer dielectric load of a superstrate to enhance the gain and achieve a wide impedance bandwidth resulting in high efficiency. The third design that operates in the mm-wave band is a T-Shaped patch antenna. The proposed antenna a wideband range from (26.5 GHz-40 GHz) of the Ka band. The PFT substrate was used as it offers some advantages; low cost, high flexibility, harmless to human body and resistive towards environmental effects. The last mm-wave antenna design presented employs two MEMO arrays each composed of 2×2 antenna elements. The two MIMO array configurations are spatially orthogonal to each other which results in polarization diversity.
Toward Structural Dynamics: Protein Motions Viewed by Chemical Shift Modulations and Direct Detection of C′N Multiple-Quantum Relaxation (2016)

Multiple quantum relaxation in proteins reveals unexpected relationships between correlated or anti-correlated conformational backbone dynamics in α-helices or β-sheets. The contributions of conformational exchange to the relaxation rates of C′N coherences (i.e., double- and zero-quantum coherences involving backbone carbonyl &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C′ and neighboring amide &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N nuclei) depend on the kinetics of slow exchange processes, as well as on the populations of the conformations and chemical shift differences of &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C′ and &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N nuclei. The relaxation rates of C′N coherences, which reflect concerted fluctuations due to slow chemical shift modulations (CSMs), were determined by direct &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C detection in diamagnetic and paramagnetic proteins. In well-folded proteins such as lanthanide-substituted calbindin (CaLnCb), copper,zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn SOD), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP12), slow conformational exchange occurs along the entire backbone. Our observations demonstrate that relaxation rates of C′N coherences arising from slow backbone dynamics have positive signs (characteristic of correlated fluctuations) in β-sheets and negative signs (characteristic of anti-correlated fluctuations) in α-helices. This extends the prospects of structure−dynamics relationships to slow time scales that are relevant for protein function and enzymatic activity.