gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Entropy Laminate Metal Carbide (MAX Phase) and Its Two-Dimensional Derivative MXene (2022)

High-entropy (HE) ceramics, by analogy with HE metallic alloys, are an emerging family of multielemental solid solutions. These materials offer a large compositional space, with a corresponding large range of properties. Here, we report the experimental realization of a 3D HE MAX phase, Ti1,0V0.7Cr0.05Nb1.0Ta1.0AlC3, and a corresponding 2D HE MXene in the form of freestanding flakes of average composition Ti1.1V0.7CrxNb1.0Ta0.6C3Tz (T-z = -F, -O, -OH), as produced by selective removal of AI from the HE MAX phase in aqueous hydrofluoric acid (HF). Initial tests on HE MXene "paper" electrodes show their high potential as electrode materials in supercapacitors through volumetric and gravimetric capacitances of 1688 F/cm(3) and 490 F/g, respectively, originating from a combination of diffusion- and surface-controlled charge storage processes. The introduction of the HE concept into the field of 2D materials suggests a wealth of future 2D materials and applications.
Highly Effective Pt‐Based Water–Gas Shift Catalysts by Surface Modification with Alkali Hydroxide Salts (2015)

Herein, we describe an economical and convenient method to improve the performance of Pt/alumina catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction through surface modification of the catalysts with alkali hydroxides according to the solid catalyst with ionic liquid layer approach. The results are in agreement with our findings reported earlier for methanol steam reforming. This report indicates that alkali doping of the catalyst plays an important role in the observed catalyst activation. In addition, the basic and hygroscopic nature of the salt coating contributes to a significant improvement in the performance of the catalyst. During the reaction, a partly liquid film of alkali hydroxide forms on the alumina surface, which increases the availability of H<sub>2</sub>O at the catalytically active sites. Kinetic studies reveal a negligible effect of the KOH coating on the rate dependence of CO and H<sub>2</sub>O partial pressures. TEM studies indicate an agglomeration of the active Pt clusters during catalyst preparation; restructuring of Pt nanoparticles occurs under reaction conditions, which leads to a highly active and stable system over 240 h time on stream. Excessive pore fillings with KOH introduce a mass transfer barrier as indicated in a volcano-shaped curve of activity versus salt loading. The optimum KOH loading was found to be 7.5 wt %.
3.1 Structure and function of HIV (1996)

The discovery of HIV in 1983 is a landmark of medical science in the 20th century. HIV is a fragile but stealthy virus that thrives within the cells of the immune system itself, subverting the body's defences against disease. Knowing the structure and life cycle of the virus is the key to understanding how it is transmitted, how it causes disease and how best to prevent or control infection.
Generating Cooking Recipes from Cooking Videos Using Deep Learning Considering Previous Process with Video Encoding (2020)

Research on generating natural language captions to visual data such as images and videos has produced considerable results with deep learning methods and attracted attention in recent years. In this research, we aim to generate recipe sentences from cooking videos acquired from YouTube. We treat the task as image captioning. There are two aspects to be considered in order to do so. We believe that the semantics of each process should be taken into account to improve the captioning ' s accuracy. Furthermore, data processing, that is obtaining images from each process using several visual processing methods such as object detection should be important. We propose a captioning model where a sentence vector is embedded to consider the consistency of the recipe. From differences between generated recipes and the reference recipe, we can calculate recipe scores. We use three metrics that are used in previous studies to evaluate the image captioning model. We compare the scores to with ones from baseline models.
A Novel Multiphase Workflow for Tight Unconventionals, with Eagle Ford Well Example (2022)

Abstract The goal of unconventional reservoir characterization is to forecast production based on historical well performance. This has been historically achieved using three main categories of modeling (1) decline curve analysis (DCA), (2) rate transient analysis (RTA), and (3) finite-difference numerical modeling. In the past 4 years, new technologies have emerged that, when used together, allow maximum consistency in production forecasting between these modeling approaches. The objective of this paper is to present a novel multiphase workflow integrating the most recent developments in unconventional reservoir characterization, and applying the workflow to an Eagle Ford well example provided in the SPE Data Repository. The unconventional reservoir characterization workflow presented in this paper can be divided into 6 main steps. (1) PVT to correctly describe the fluid behavior and fluid properties using flowback data (Younus et al. 2019, Carlsen et al. 2020); (2) bottomhole pressures, to measure or estimate the flowing bottomhole pressure of each well; (3) multiphase flowing material balance, to estimate the contacted pore volume and contacted OOIP / OGIP (Thompson &amp; Ruddick 2022); (4) numerical RTA, to quantify early time well performance using the linear flow parameter (LFP) (Bowie &amp; Ewert 2020, Carlsen et al. 2021); (5) numerical modeling &amp; forecasting; to estimate the EUR with different bottomhole pressure forecasts; and (6) decline curve analysis; to input DCA parameters into economic evaluation workflows. Common challenges and best practices are provided for each of the 6 steps of the workflow, resulting in a comprehensive workflow that can be readily applied consistently by any reservoir engineer working with unconventional reservoirs. The proposed workflow has been used on many hundreds of wells covering all the ultra-tight unconventional / shale basins in North America. In this paper, the workflow is specifically applied to a well in the Eagle Ford, yielding (but not limited to) initial fluids in place, reservoir rock properties, PVT, well completion factors, fracture area and conductivity, and definition of infinite-acting and boundary-dominated flow regimes. The most relevant characteristics of the proposed workflow are (1) it can be automated and would require less than 30 minutes of engineering analysis per well; (2) it results in a full physics numerical model (finite difference) that can readily be used for any further studies. The proposed workflow is rigorous, complete, and practical, the first of its kind – (1) rigorous, leveraging existing and proven technologies, (2) complete, including every key engineeringstep from the PVT to production forecast and (3) practical, being used currently for more than a thousand wells in several North American basins.
Ribosomal Route to Small-Molecule Diversity (2011)

The cyanobactin ribosomal peptide (RP) natural product pathway was manipulated to incorporate multiple tandem mutations and non-proteinogenic amino acids, using eight heterologous components simultaneously expressed in Escherichia coli . These studies reveal the potential of RPs for the rational synthesis of complex, new small molecules over multiple-step biosynthetic pathways using simple genetic engineering.
Formation of Recrystallization Textures in Tensile Deformed Aluminium Single Crystals (1976)

Article Formation of Recrystallization Textures in Tensile Deformed Aluminium Single Crystals was published on November 1, 1976 in the journal International Journal of Materials Research (volume 67, issue 11).
Trajectory Splitting: A Distributed Formulation for Collision Avoiding Trajectory Optimization (2021)

Efficient trajectory optimization is essential for avoiding collisions in unstructured environments, but it remains challenging to have both speed and quality in the solutions. One reason is that second-order optimality requires calculating Hessian matrices that can grow with $O(N^2)$ with the number of waypoints. Decreasing the waypoints can quadratically decrease computation time. Unfortunately, fewer waypoints result in lower quality trajectories that may not avoid the collision. To have both, dense waypoints and reduced computation time, we took inspiration from recent studies on consensus optimization and propose a distributed formulation of collocated trajectory optimization. It breaks a long trajectory into several segments, where each segment becomes a subproblem of a few waypoints. These subproblems are solved classically, but in parallel, and the solutions are fused into a single trajectory with a consensus constraint that enforces continuity of the segments through a consensus update. With this scheme, the quadratic complexity is distributed to each segment and enables solving for higher-quality trajectories with denser waypoints. Furthermore, the proposed formulation is amenable to using any existing trajectory optimizer for solving the subproblems. We compare the performance of our implementation of trajectory splitting against leading motion planning algorithms and demonstrate the improved computational efficiency of our method.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Photodiode Array Detection of Phenylpropanoids and Benzoates inRubus Protoplasts Elicited by Kinetin (1997)

Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (PAD) has been developed for simultaneous separation, identification and quantification of picomoles of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) reaction products. Separation has been achieved in 30 min on a reverse-phase silica column using methanol:water gradient elution, and PAD provided sensitive and specific determination of phenolics. The method has been applied to biological samples to study kinetin-induced changes in phenol pathways within protoplasts of Rubus fruticosus (raspberry). © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project CLONETS (2018)

CLONETS is a new, European Union funded project which aims to prepare the transition toward a permanent, pan-European, optical fiber-based network providing time and frequency comparisons and distribution at the highest performance levels for research infrastructures, as well as support to a wide range of services for industry and society. The project started in January 2017 and is scheduled for 30 months. The project consortium is formed by 19 organizations from 7 European countries. This paper provides information about the project in progress and briefly describes its results achieved during the first year.
24-Hydroxyursolic Acid from the Leaves of theDiospyros kaki(Persimmon) Induces Apoptosis by Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase (2009)

There are multiple lines of evidence that persimmon extract and its constituents have potent antitumor activity against human cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of 24-hydroxyursolic acid, a triterpenoid found in persimmon, on antitumor activities are not yet understood. Here, we demonstrate that 24-hydroxyursolic acid inhibited cell proliferation, strongly activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mediated critical anticancer effects by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression in HT-29 cells. In addition, 24-hydroxyursolic acid induced cellular apoptosis by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, and phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15. It also strongly induced DNA fragmentation in HT-29 cells and thereby significantly inhibited colony formation of HT-29 cells in soft agar. In addition, 24-hydroxyursolic acid blocked the EGF-induced ERKs phosphorylation and led to the inhibition of AP-1 activity and cell transformation in JB6 CL41 cells. Collectively, these findings are the first to reveal a molecular basis for the anticarcinogenic action of 24-hydroxyursolic acid and might account for the reported chemopreventive and chemotherapic effects of persimmon extracts.
Carbonium Ion Polymerization of Norbornene and Its Derivatives (1967)

Abstract Cationic polymerizations of various bicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane olefinic derivatives were examined, and the structures of the resulting polymers determined. Norbornene readily polymerizes to soluble polymer at-78°C, whereas 2-vinyl-5-norbornene yields predominantly soluble polymer at low temperatures (∼-78°C) and largely cross-linked product at higher temperatures (∼-30°C). The major polymerization mechanisms for norbornene and 2-vinyl-5-norbornene are similar. In each case, the reaction proceeds by opening of the endo double bond, and the repeat units are where R is H or vinyl. The reactivity difference between the endo and exo double bonds in 2-vinyl-5-norbornene is most likely due to the strained endo double bond. When the reactivity of the exo bond is enhanced by the introduction of a methyl group (2-isopropenyl-5-norbornene) both double bonds participate simultaneously in the polymerization, and cross-linked products are obtained.
Low pH Activates the Vacuolating Toxin of Helicobacter pylori, Which Becomes Acid and Pepsin Resistant (1995)

The protein toxin VacA, produced by cytotoxic strains of Helicobacter pylori, causes a vacuolar degeneration of cells, which eventually die. VacA is strongly activated by a short exposure to acidic solutions in the pH 1.5-5.5 range, followed by neutralization. Activated VacA has different CD and fluorescence spectra and a limited proteolysis fragmentation pattern from VacA kept at neutral pH. Moreover, activated VacA is resistant to pH 1.5 and to pepsin. The relevance of these findings to pathogenesis of H. pylori-induced gastrointestinal ulcers is discussed.
Quasilinear diffusion modeling of the alpha-loss-cone instability in a tandem-mirror reactor (1989)

The anisotropic loss-cone distribution of fusion-born alpha particles in a mirror system is capable of destabilizing low-frequency plasma waves. A one-and-one-half-dimensional quasilinear diffusion model is developed to study the nonlinear evolution of the alpha distribution function resulting from enhanced diffusion in velocity space and radial position driven by the unstable Alfvén wave. It is found that pitch-angle scattering of the resonant alphas into the loss cone causes significant losses while radial losses are negligible for a reactor-size plasma. For a typical tandem-mirror reactor, the alpha plasma heating is greatly reduced and ignition in the central cell cannot be achieved.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of cis‐Bis(dinitrogen)tetrakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten(0). (1986)

Abstract Die Reduktion des W(IV)‐Komplexes mit dispergiertem Na unter N 2 in Gegenwart von Trimethylphosphin ergibt den W(O)‐Titelkomplex (II).
Microdiffraction imaging of dislocation densities in microstructured samples (2008)

A full field X-ray microdiffraction technique is developed providing simultaneously both micrometer-resolved information of crystalline perfection as well as statistical information about the macroscopically illuminated sample. The method allows a detailed characterization of patterned substrates grown by epitaxial lateral overgrowth. Local wing tilts and their fluctuation over the sample area as well as the local and average number of grains in the wings are determined, and the reduction of threading dislocation densities in the grains of the ELO wings can be quantitatively estimated.
Elimination of Immunodominant Epitopes from Multispecific DNA-Based Vaccines Allows Induction of CD8 T Cells That Have a Striking Antiviral Potential (2009)

Immunodominance limits the TCR diversity of specific antiviral CD8 T cell responses elicited by vaccination or infection. To prime multispecific T cell responses, we constructed DNA vaccines that coexpress chimeric, multidomain Ags (with CD8 T cell-defined epitopes of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface (S), core (C), and polymerase (Pol) proteins and/or the OVA Ag as stress protein-capturing fusion proteins. Priming of mono- or multispecific, HLA-A*0201- or K(b)-restricted CD8 T cell responses by these DNA vaccines differed. K(b)/OVA(257-264)- and K(b)/S(190-197)-specific CD8 T cell responses did not allow priming of a K(b)/C(93-100)-specific CD8 T cell response in mice immunized with multidomain vaccines. Tolerance to the S- Ag in transgenic Alb/HBs mice (that express large amounts of transgene-encoded S- Ag in the liver) facilitated priming of subdominant, K(b)/C(93-100)-specific CD8 T cell immunity by multidomain Ags. The "weak" (i.e., easily suppressed) K(b)/C(93-100)-specific CD8 T cell response was efficiently elicited by a HBV core Ag-encoding vector in 1.4HBV-S(mut) tg mice (that harbor a replicating HBV genome that produces HBV surface, core, and precore Ag in the liver). K(b)/C(93-100)-specific CD8 T cells accumulated in the liver of vaccinated 1.4HBV-S(mut) transgenic mice where they suppressed HBV replication. Subdominant epitopes in vaccines can hence prime specific CD8 T cell immunity in a tolerogenic milieu that delivers specific antiviral effects to HBV-expressing hepatocytes.
Allogenic iPSC-derived RPE cell transplants induce immune response in pigs: a pilot study (2015)

Stem cell strategies focused on replacement of RPE cells for the treatment of geographic atrophy are under intense investigation. Although the eye has long been considered immune privileged, there is limited information about the immune response to transplanted cells in the subretinal space of large animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival of allogenic induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE cells (iPSC-RPE) delivered to the subretinal space of the pig as well as determine whether these cells induce an immune response in non-diseased eyes. GFP positive iPSC-RPE, generated from outbred domestic swine, were injected into the subretinal space of vitrectomized miniature swine. Control eyes received vehicle only. GFP positive iPSC-RPE cells were identified in the subretinal space 3 weeks after injection in 5 of 6 eyes. Accompanying GFP-negative cells positive for IgG, CD45 and macrophage markers were also identified in close proximity to the injected iPSC-RPE cells. All subretinal cells were negative for GFAP as well as cell cycle markers. We found that subretinal injection of allogenic iPSC-RPE cells into wild-type mini-pigs can induce the innate immune response. These findings suggest that immunologically matched or autologous donor cells should be considered for clinical RPE cell replacement.
Small Animal Surgical and Histological Procedures for Characterizing the Performance of Tissue-Engineered Bone Grafts (2003)

Developing effective tissue-engineered constructs for bone regeneration requires careful assessment of the in vivo bone response to novel biomaterials, scaffold architectures, and biologically augmented, tissue-engineered constructs. Both the implant material and scaffold architecture are known to significantly effect the local tissue response (1-3). Consequently, in characterizing the performance of new bone implants, it is prudent to establish material-dependent and scaffold-architecture-dependent bone-growth phenomena, in addition to the effect of biological augmentation, e.g., preseeded cells, growth factors, and cell-attachment proteins. Here we describe rabbit transcortical pin and trephine defect models, which, in combination, yield a method to investigate such variables on bone regeneration. The necessary histological and histomorphometry procedures are also detailed.
Radiotherapy with rectangular fields is associated with fewer clinical failures than conformal fields in the high-risk prostate cancer subgroup: Results from a randomized trial (2013)

We found a significantly lower risk of early tumor progression for patients treated with rectangular fields. Treatment failure can probably in part be prevented by irradiation of areas suspected of subclinical disease in high-risk prostate cancer.
Development of low-cost, compact, reliable, high energy density ceramic nanocomposite capacitors. (2010)

The ceramic nanocomposite capacitor goals are: (1) more than double energy density of ceramic capacitors (cutting size and weight by more than half); (2) potential cost reductino (factor of >4) due to decreased sintering temperature (allowing the use of lower cost electrode materials such as 70/30 Ag/Pd); and (3) lower sintering temperature will allow co-firing with other electrical components.
Cardiovascular safety of nintedanib in subgroups by cardiovascular risk at baseline in the TOMORROW and INPULSIS trials (2018)

Nintedanib (NIN) is an intracellular inhibitor of tyrosine kinases (TKI). The TKI class may be associated with an increased risk of arterial thromboembolic events. Efficacy and safety of 52 weeks' treatment with NIN versus placebo (PLC) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were assessed in Phase II TOMORROW trial and two Phase III INPULSIS trials. Patients with myocardial infarction in the previous 6 months, unstable angina in the previous month, or stroke in the previous year were excluded from these trials. We assessed the effect of CV risk at baseline on the CV safety of NIN 150 mg twice daily.
Theory of oxygen diffusion in theYBa2Cu3O7−xsuperconducting compound (1990)

Oxygen diffusion coefficients in the ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ superconducting compound are calculated by employing the pair approximation of the path probability method. The results show that the diffusion of oxygen in this compound is significantly dependent on the oxygen density and the degree of long-range order. It was found that the oxygen diffusion rate in the tetragonal phase is faster than that in the orthorhombic phase, with activation energies for diffusion of 0.8 and 1.2 eV, respectively, with the rate changing abruptly when the phase transformation takes place. We discuss the relationship between oxygen diffusion and each pair probability in connection with each pair's interaction energy values. The kinetics of oxygen diffusion obtained from the present model is discussed in the context of experimental values in the literature and with respect to twin boundary diffusion.
Fas pathway is a critical mediator of cardiac myocyte death and MI during ischemia-reperfusion in vivo (2003)

Fas is a widely expressed cell surface receptor that can initiate apoptosis when activated by its ligand (FasL). Whereas Fas abundance on cardiac myocytes increases in response to multiple pathological stimuli, direct evidence supporting its role in the pathogenesis of heart disease is lacking. Moreover, controversy exists even as to whether Fas activation induces apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. In this study, we show that adenoviral overexpression of FasL, but not beta-galactosidase, results in marked apoptosis both in cultures of primary neonatal cardiac myocytes and in the myocardium of intact adult rats. Myocyte killing by FasL is a specific event, because it does not occur in lpr (lymphoproliferative) mice that lack functional Fas. To assess the contribution of the Fas pathway to myocardial infarction (MI) in vivo, lpr mice were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Compared with wild-type mice, lpr mice exhibited infarcts that were 62.3% smaller with 63.8% less myocyte apoptosis. These data provide direct evidence that activation of Fas can induce apoptosis in cardiac myocytes and that Fas is a critical mediator of MI due to ischemia-reperfusion in vivo.