gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A critical analysis of application-adaptive multiple clock processors (2003)

Enabled by the continuous advancement in fabrication technology, present day synchronous microprocessors include more than 100 million transistors and have clock speeds well in excess of the 1GHz mark. Distributing a low-skew clock signal in this frequency range to all areas of a large chip is a task of growing complexity. As a solution to this problem, designers have recently suggested the use of frequency islands that are locally clocked and externally communicate using mixed timing communication schemes. Such a design style fits nicely the recently proposed concept of voltage islands that, in addition, can potentially enable fine grain dynamic power management. This paper proposes a design exploration framework for application-adaptive multiple clock processors which provides the means for analyzing and identifying the right inter-domain communication scheme and the proper granularity for the choice of voltage/frequency. In addition, the proposed design exploration framework allows for comparative analysis of newly proposed or existing application-driven dynamic power management strategies. Such a design exploration framework and accompanying results can help designers and computer architects in choosing the right design strategy for achieving better power-performance trade-offs in multiple clock high-end processors.
Optical properties of thin layers of SiOx (1985)

Obliquely evaporated films of silicon oxide, SiOx, widely used to align the nematic liquid crystals in electro-optics devices, were investigated optically by attenuated total reflection on a pyramid with a rectangular base covered with a thin layer of gold. This configuration allowed us to make measurements in two perpendicular directions and to determine any in-plane anisotropy. Reflectivity measurements versus angles of incidence exhibited minima associated with both resonant guided modes and surface plasmon oscillations (SPO). Analyses revealed that the obliquely deposited SiOx layers were slightly birefringent and porous, the porosity being determined by the SPO shift when air was replaced by a liquid, hexane. Here the voids surrounding the columnar deposits of SiOx became filled with either air or hexane and, in spite of the heterogeneous structure of the films, effective indices of refraction for the SiOx layer could be determined. Applying the Maxwell–Garnett theory for spherical particles embedded in a host medium (air and hexane), we found that the dielectric constant of our SiOx layers were close to that of stoichiometric SiO2 with a slight optical anisotropy.
Gastroprotective Effect of Selenium on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Damage in Rats (2012)

In the present study, we examined the gastroprotective effect of selenium against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. The gastric mucosal lesions were produced by oral administration with various concentrations of ethanol for three days, and 80% ethanol treatment was determined to be the optimal condition for induction of gastric damage. To identify the protective effect of selenium on ethanol-induced gastric damage, various doses of selenium were given as pretreatment for three days, and then gastric damage was induced by 80% ethanol treatment. Selenium showed a protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in a dose dependent manner. Specifically, 100 μg/kg selenium showed the highest level of gastroprotection. In addition, selenium markedly attenuated ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in gastric mucosa and increased activities of radical scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in a dose-dependent manner. Histological data showed that 100 μg/kg selenium distinctly reduced the depth and severity of the ethanol induced gastric lesion. These results clearly demonstrate that selenium inhibits the formation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions through prevention of lipid peroxidation and activation of enzymatic radical scavenging.
The performance of advanced solar cells for interplanetary missions (2002)

Recent advances in space solar cell technology have produced substantial increases in Air Mass Zero (AM0) efficiency. Since these cells have been developed primarily for Earth orbiting missions, little is known of their behavior at distances far from the Sun. In order to better define the photovoltaic performance of arrays for deep space missions, JPL has completed initial measurements on a number of advanced cells under a variety of LILT (low intensity, low temperature) conditions. These include high efficiency silicon, and multi-junction III-V devices. The test results show that multi-junction cells suffer from LILT degradation and that at 5AU (approximately the solar distance of Jupiter), efficiency advantages over high efficiency silicon are minimal. Silicon cells optimized for 3-6 AU operation not only equal the efficiency available from 2 and 3 junction cells, but also tend to be more uniform.
Bimetallic Fe–Cu/beta zeolite catalysts for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol: effect of the sequence of ion exchange for Fe and Cu cations (2020)

Recently, bimetallic cation-exchanged zeolite catalysts have received much attention.
BLOCKAGE OF CCR1 BY NON-PEPTIDE ANTAGONIST BX471 SHOWS PROTECTIVE EFFECT AGAINST ACUTE PANCREATITIS-ASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY (2006)

Introduction: Many studies evaluating the role of chemokines in acute pancreatitis have focused on CXC chemokines. However, more and more evidence begins to reveal that CC chemokines also play an active role in the progress of acute pancreatitis. BX471 is a potent non-peptide CCR1 (CC chemokine receptor-1) antagonist in both mouse and human. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with BX471 on experimental acute pancreatitis in the mouse and to investigate the underlying interaction between chemokines and adhesion molecules. Methods: Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice by hourly intraperitoneal injection of caerulein for 10 hours. BX471 was administered either 30 min before or 1 h after the first caerulein injection. Pancreatic inflammation and lung injury were assessed. The expression of ICAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin was studied by RT-PCR and Immunohistochemistry. Results: In caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, treatment with BX471 significantly protected mice against lung injury associated with caerulein induced pancreatitis by attenuating MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity, an indicator of neutrophil recruitment, in lungs and attenuating lung morphological changes in histological sections. Treatment with BX471 had little effect on pancreatic damage judging by plasma amylase, water content and histology examination, although pancreatic MPO activity was reduced in BX471 treated groups. Blockage CCR1 by BX471 also down-regulated ICAM-1, P-selectin and E-selectin expression at both mRNA and protein levels in lungs and pancreas compared with vehicle treated groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that interfering with neutrophil migration and activation by blockage of CCR1 may represent a promising strategy to prevent disease progression in acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
High-Speed and Precise Gap Servo System for Near-Field Optical Recording (2012)

We propose a high-speed and precise gap servo control system that is based on the feed-forward control method that can reduce the harmonic disturbance (RHD-FFC) on a near-field optical recording system with a solid immersion lens. An optical disk of 1.2 mm thickness rotates with about 30 µmp–p of axial run-out. The axial run-out prevents a gap servo from performing precisely at high rotational speed. The RHD-FFC method can suppress harmonic disturbances of gap error signal and can perform at high speed while keeping less than 25 nm of gap length between an optical head and a rotational disk surface. We confirmed that the gap servo applying the RHD-FFC method performed precisely and achieved at high disk rotational speed of 11000 rpm with a 1.2-mm-thick optical disk with a track pitch of 0.16 µm, corresponding to a data capacity of 100 Gbyte.
Incentivizing Advanced Load Scheduling in Smart Homes (2013)

In recent years, researchers have proposed numerous advanced load scheduling algorithms for smart homes with the goal of reducing the grid's peak power usage. In parallel, utilities have introduced variable rate pricing plans to incentivize residential consumers to shift more of their power usage to low-price, off-peak periods, also with the goal of reducing the grid's peak power usage. In this paper, we argue that variable rate pricing plans do not incentivize consumers to adopt advanced load scheduling algorithms. While beneficial to the grid, these algorithms do not significantly lower a consumer's electric bill. To address the problem, we propose flat-power pricing, which directly incentivizes consumers to flatten their own demand profile, rather than shift as much of their power usage as possible to low-cost, off-peak periods. Since most loads have only limited scheduling freedom, load scheduling algorithms often cannot shift much, if any, power usage to low-cost, off-peak periods, which are often many hours in the future. In contrast, flat-power pricing encourages consumers to shift power usage even over short time intervals to flatten demand. We evaluate the benefits of advanced load scheduling algorithms using flat-power pricing, showing that consumers save up to 40% on their electric bill, compared with 11% using an existing time-of-use rate plan.
Enhanced Oil Recovery by Nanoparticle-Induced Crude Oil Swelling: Pore-Scale Experiments and Understanding (2018)

Abstract Nanoparticle (NP) based enhanced oil recovery (Nano-EOR) has been considered as a promising future EOR strategy. However, although many mechanisms of Nano-EOR have been proposed, a lack of direct connections between the pore-scale mechanisms and the macro-scale oil recovery performance makes it hard to determine which mechanisms are dominant. In this work, we discovered a novel phenomenon of nanoparticle-crude oil interaction in pore-scale. Multi-scale experiments were conducted to connect this novel pore-scale phenomenon's role to oil recovery performance. A microchannel with dead-end pore was used to observe crude oil-NP interactions, on which crude oil can be trapped in the dead-end pore with a stable crude oil-aqueous phase interface at the pore-throat. A glass porous micromodel was used to conduct oil displacement experiments. ASW was used as the secondary flooding fluid, and 2000 PPM negatively charged NP in ASW was applied as the tertiary flooding fluid. Saturation profiles were recorded and analyzed by advanced image analysis tools. A coreflood through the sandstone sample was also conducted with similar conditions to the micromodel-flood experiments. A phenomenon that has never been reported was observed from the dead-end pore microchannel. It was observed that crude oil can considerably swell when contacting the nanoparticle aqueous suspension. In an ideal case (5 wt% NP in DI water), the oil volume more than doubled after a 50-hour swelling. The possible explanation for the crude oil swelling could be spontaneous formation of water droplets in the crude oil phase. NP can very likely affect the distribution of natural surfactants in crude oil (on the interface or inside oil phase), which breaks the water balance between aqueous phase and crude oil. This view has received support from quantitative experiments. It was shown from 2.5 D micromodel flood experiments that 11.8% incremental oil recovery comes slowly and continuously in more than 20 hours (40 pore volumes). From a saturation profile analysis, swelling of crude oil was found to improve sweep efficiency. Coreflood experiments also showed that the incremental oil was slowly and continuously recovered in about 20 hours during NP flooding. We propose that reduction of local water mobility by oil swelling in the swept region is the mechanism of sweep efficiency improvement. Swelling of crude oil under a NP environment was observed for the first time, with a systematic theory proposed and examined by quantitative experiments. The micromodel flood and coreflood experiments showed slow incremental oil recovery with a similar time scale to the oil swelling. Image analysis on the micromodel flood demonstrated improvement in the sweep efficiency during NP flooding. The mechanism for this sweep improvement is proposed.
Unpaired, unsupervised domain adaptation assumes your domains are already similar (2023)

Unsupervised domain adaptation is a popular method in medical image analysis, but it can be tricky to make it work: without labels to link the domains, domains must be matched using feature distributions. If there is no additional information, this often leaves a choice between multiple possibilities to map the data that may be equally likely but not equally correct. In this paper we explore the fundamental problems that may arise in unsupervised domain adaptation, and discuss conditions that might still make it work. Focusing on medical image analysis, we argue that images from different domains may have similar class balance, similar intensities, similar spatial structure, or similar textures. We demonstrate how these implicit conditions can affect domain adaptation performance in experiments with synthetic data, MNIST digits, and medical images. We observe that practical success of unsupervised domain adaptation relies on existing similarities in the data, and is anything but guaranteed in the general case. Understanding these implicit assumptions is a key step in identifying potential problems in domain adaptation and improving the reliability of the results.
Differential carrier lifetimes and threshold carrier densities in vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (1998)

Summary form only given. Carrier lifetime measurements are an indispensable tool in semiconductor laser characterization. They allow determination of recombination rates, threshold current density, and other important device parameters. Experimental results on differential carrier lifetimes of gain-guided, proton-implanted and index-guided, oxide-defined vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are obtained from the laser impedance measurements at subthreshold currents. Differential carrier lifetimes can be derived directly from the impedance characteristics of the lasers. To apply this technique to VCSELs, a small-signal equivalent circuit model is developed. Carrier lifetimes are extracted by fitting the real and imaginary parts of the measured impedance with the circuit model. To confirm the obtained data and check the validity of the proposed equivalent circuit, the lifetimes were also measured using the traditional small-signal optical response technique. A measured response is corrected using already estimated circuit parameters to account for the frequency-dependent modulation amplitude, and fitted with a single-pole function. A good agreement is obtained between the lifetime values measured by electrical and optical techniques, indicating the validity of the equivalent circuit. For each device size, the threshold carrier density value and recombination parameters are obtained from the fit to lifetime dependence on the injection current.
Block merging for quadtree-based video coding (2011)

Quadtree-based block partitioning together with motion-compensated prediction has proven to be an efficient approach in video compression. However, when dealing with spatially neighboring blocks in uniformly displaced regions, quadtree-based partitioning may lead to redundant sets of transmitted motion parameters. This paper proposes and describes a simple but efficient block merging algorithm that aims at removing those redundancies by using only a single parameter set for a whole motion-compensated region of contiguous blocks. Simulation results show that our proposed merging technique works more efficiently than the conceptually similar direct mode as, e.g., specified in H.264/AVC. Due its efficiency and simplicity, our proposed merging approach has been adopted into the first test model of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standardization project, as currently pursued by ITU-T VCEG and ISO/IEC MPEG.
Multilayered Monolithic Silicon Photonic Crystals (2011)

In this letter, we describe the fabrication of double-layered self-aligned silicon photonic crystals (PCs) using directional and isotropic etches. The double-layer PCs represent a step towards practical 3-D PCs based on standard Si processing, and they have several advantageous characteristics compared to single-layer PCs, including higher reflectivity and sharper resonances, as demonstrated both experimentally and by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations.
Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus (1992)

THALER, M. MICHAEL; PARK, CHOONG-KEE; LANDERS, DANIEL V.; WARA, DIANE W.; HOUGHTON, MICHAEL; VEEREMAN-WAUTERS, GENEVIEVE; SWEET, RICHARD L.; HAN, JANG H.Author Information
[Association between parental socioeconomic status and preschoolers' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages]. (2020)

<b>Objective:</b> To explore the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and preschoolers' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). <b>Methods:</b> In June 2018, all preschoolers from 15 kindergartens were selected from the jurisdiction of Education Commission in Dongcheng District of Beijing by using an equal-proportion stratified cluster sampling method in the study. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the parents of preschoolers to obtain the basic information of preschoolers and parents, the consumption situation of preschoolers' sugar-sweetened beverages and the perception of parents to SSB. A tatol of 3 217 preschoolers were finally included in the analysis. A generalized structural equation model was used to analyze the relationship between preschoolers' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their parents' socioeconomic status and the mediating effect of their cognition of sugar-sweetened beverages. The size of mediating effect was estimated by using deviation correction non-parameter percentile Bootstrap method. <b>Results:</b> The age of 3 217 preschoolers was (4.23±0.67) years, of which 52.6% (<i>n</i>=1 692) were boys, and 77.62% (<i>n</i>=2 497) were SSB consumers. Among the parents of 3 217 preschoolers, fathers and mothers accounted for 24.90% (<i>n</i>=801) and 75.10% (<i>n</i>=2 416), and the <i>M</i> (<i>P</i><sub>25</sub>, <i>P</i><sub>75</sub>) scores of SES were 66.7 (62.5, 69.5) and 69.5 (64.6, 71.4), respectively. The proportion of parents who took the initiative to learn about their children's consumption of SSB, lacked confidence in restricting preschooler's consumption of SSB and read nutrition labels before purchasing food was 74.08% (<i>n</i>=2 383), 82.90% (<i>n</i>=2 667) and 36.24% (<i>n</i>=1 166), respectively. The generalized structural equation model showed that after adjusting for preschoolers' gender, age, body mass index (BMI) of preschoolers and their parents, preschoolers' consumption of SSB was negatively associated with their parents' SES score [path coefficient (95%<i>CI</i>):-4.69×10<sup>-2</sup> (-6.56×10<sup>-2</sup>,-2.69×10<sup>-2</sup>) ]. The mediating effect of parents' perception of SSB consumption could explain 48.71% of the total effect [path coefficient (95%<i>CI</i>):-2.28×10<sup>-2</sup> (-3.54×10<sup>-2</sup>, -1.10×10<sup>-2</sup>)]. <b>Conclusion:</b> The consumption of SSB in preschoolers is negatively associated with their parent's SES, and this relationship is partially mediated by parent's perception of SSB consumption.
51. Rapid and Long Term Protection to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using a Platform Vaccine Concept That Mediates Both Passive and Active Immunity (2015)

We have developed a platform technology against infectious agents that mediates both passive and active immunity, with rapid, passive protection through the genetic delivery of an anti-pathogen monoclonal antibody together with long term protective active immunity evoked through the presentation of a defined pathogen neutralizing epitope. Both strategies are incorporated into an E1 E3 adenovirus (Ad) vector through the coding of an antibody in the transgene and incorporation of a pathogen antigenic sequence into the hexon capsid protein, respectively. As a model to evaluate the vaccine, we have applied this to a public health-important infectious agent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a gram-negative ubiquitous pathogen associated with persistent pulmonary infection in hosts with bronchiectasis, such as cystic fibrosis, compromised immune function or who have pulmonary clearance mechanisms disrupted by endotracheal tubes. Although P. aeruginosa is susceptible to antibiotic therapy, chronic colonization of the respiratory tract with frequent exacerbations is typical of high risk populations. Pathogenicity linked to P. aeruginosa infection results from the release of numerous virulence factors that can degrade tissues such as proteases and phospholipase and others that diminish cellular functions via exotoxins. The passive vaccine mediates expression of an antibody to an exotoxin secreting protein, PcrV, a known P. aeruginosa a neutralizing target. Antibody expression is mediated by the nonhuman C7 serotype Ad to avoid the highly prevalent preexisting immunity to serotype 5 Ad. In parallel, the Ad capsid hexon protein has a short epitope, Epi8, derived from the outer membrane protein F of P. aeruginosa, an established neutralizing epitope for long term active immune protection to P. aeruginosa. Western analysis confirmed the expression of the anti-PcrV antibody and ELISA assays of anti-Epi8 antibodies evoked from the hexon modified Ad confirmed the active response. In vivo challenge assays in mice used agar-encapsulated P103 strain of P. aeruginosa titered for lethality. The passive vaccine significantly reduced colonization of the lung of mice intranasally challenged with a lethal dose of P. aeruginosa at 3, 5 and 10 days after vaccination in comparison to mice vaccinated with a control Ad vector, whereas the active vaccine significantly reduced colonization at 5 wk post-vaccination. The combination of the active and passive vaccines therefore provides immediate and long term protection to exposure of P. aeruginosa. The concept of a combined passive and active vaccine to provide immediate protection with long-term immunity could be an important tool for public health, particularly for bioterror-related infectious agents.
Exploration of new superconductors and functional materials, and fabrication of superconducting tapes and wires of iron pnictides (2015)

This review shows the highlights of a 4-year-long research project supported by the Japanese Government to explore new superconducting materials and relevant functional materials. The project found several tens of new superconductors by examining ∼1000 materials, each of which was chosen by Japanese experts with a background in solid state chemistry. This review summarizes the major achievements of the project in newly found superconducting materials, and the fabrication wires and tapes of iron-based superconductors; it incorporates a list of ∼700 unsuccessful materials examined for superconductivity in the project. In addition, described are new functional materials and functionalities discovered during the project.