gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to use...  neonatal TORCH testing (2013)

Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus have in common that they can cause congenital (TORCH) infection, leading to fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. During the last decades, TORCH screening, which is generally considered to be single serum testing, has been increasingly used inappropriately and questions have been raised concerning the indications and cost-effectiveness of TORCH testing. The problems of TORCH screening lie in requesting the screening for the wrong indications, wrong interpretation of the single serum results and in case there is a good indication for diagnosis of congenital infection, sending in the wrong materials. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology and clinical consequences of congenital TORCH infections and discusses the indications for, and interpretation of, TORCH screens.
Figure S4 from Characterization of the Anti–PD-1 Antibody REGN2810 and Its Antitumor Activity in Human <i>PD-1</i> Knock-In Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Expression of human PD-1 on activated T cells from human PD-1 knock-in mice and expression of PD-L1 on MC38.Ova cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Direct Tissue Visualization of Normal Cross-reacting Antigen in Neoplastic Granulocytes (1980)

Normal cross-reacting antigen, a glycoprotein that shares some antigenic determinants with carcinoembryonic antigen, was consistently demonstrated by tissue immunoperoxidase staining in the cytoplasm of both non-neoplastic and neoplastic neutrophilic granulocytes. It was absent in lymphoid cells, but occasional cells of the macrophage/histiocyte series showed variable staining. Malignant cells from patients who had non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphomas were negative for normal cross-reacting antigen. These findings were in contrast to the findings of specific normal cross-reacting antigen positivity in neoplastic granulocytes from three patients who had acute granulocytic leukemia, three who had chronic granulocytic leukemia, and one who had a granulocytic sarcoma. Similar normal cross-reacting antigen positivity was also seen in granulocytes from two patients who had granulocyte dysplasia. It is suggested that direct tissue visualization of normal cross-reacting antigen using immunoperoxidase technics may be of value in the classification and diagnosis of hematologic malignancies, and may provide an additional marker for cells of the granulocytic series.
BMS-933043, a Selective α7 nAChR Partial Agonist for the Treatment of Cognitive Deficits Associated with Schizophrenia (2017)

The therapeutic treatment of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia is a significant unmet medical need. Preclinical literature indicates that α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor agonists may provide an effective approach to treating cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. We report herein the discovery and evaluation of 1c (BMS-933043), a novel and potent α7 nACh receptor partial agonist with high selectivity against other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes (>100-fold) and the 5-HT3A receptor (>300-fold). In vivo activity was demonstrated in a preclinical model of cognitive impairment, mouse novel object recognition. BMS-933043 has completed Phase I clinical trials.
The effect of the neuroprotective agent riluzole on MRI parameters in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study (2002)

Progressive axonal loss is the most likely pathologic correlate of irreversible neurologic impairment in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. In a run-in versus treatment trial, we show that the neuroprotective agent riluzole seems to reduce the rate of cervical cord atrophy and the development of hypointense T1 brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.
Accurate Prediction of Antibody Resistance in Clinical HIV-1 Isolates (2018)

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have promising utility in prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection with several undergoing clinical trials. Due to high sequence diversity and mutation rate of HIV-1, viral isolates are often resistant to particular bNAbs. Resistant strains are commonly identified by time-consuming and expensive in vitro neutralization experiments. Here, we developed machine learning-based classifiers that accurately predict resistance of HIV-1 strains to 33 neutralizing antibodies. Notably, our classifiers achieved an overall prediction accuracy of 96% for 212 clinical isolates from patients enrolled in four different clinical trials. Moreover, use of the tree-based machine learning method gradient boosting machine enabled us to identify critical epitope features that distinguish between antibody resistance and sensitivity. The availability of an in silico antibody resistance predictor will facilitate informed decisions of antibody usage in clinical settings.
A ring-HEMT for improved GaN MMIC thermal dissipation (2013)

A novel GaN HEMT which reduces the junction temperature is presented. The new structure uses a ring-like layout for the gate stripes, aimed at increasing the separation between stripes. Simulation and experimental results indicate improved performance of the Ring-HEMT, stemming from thermal effects and their interaction with device parameters. Compared to a regular HEMT, the new HEMT showed a decrease in junction temperature of 40°C from 178 °C resulting in a significant improvement in output power, and 43× fold increase in lifetime.
Succession in the Gut Microbiome following Antibiotic and Antibody Therapies for Clostridium difficile (2012)

Antibiotic disruption of the intestinal microbiota may cause susceptibility to pathogens that is resolved by progressive bacterial outgrowth and colonization. Succession is central to ecological theory but not widely documented in studies of the vertebrate microbiome. Here, we study succession in the hamster gut after treatment with antibiotics and exposure to Clostridium difficile. C. difficile infection is typically lethal in hamsters, but protection can be conferred with neutralizing antibodies against the A and B toxins. We compare treatment with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to treatment with vancomycin, which prolongs the lives of animals but ultimately fails to protect them from death. We carried out longitudinal deep sequencing analysis and found distinctive waves of succession associated with each form of treatment. Clindamycin sensitization prior to infection was associated with the temporary suppression of the previously dominant Bacteroidales and the fungus Saccinobaculus in favor of Proteobacteria. In mAb-treated animals, C. difficile proliferated before joining Proteobacteria in giving way to re-expanding Bacteroidales and the fungus Wickerhamomyces. However, the Bacteroidales lineages returning by day 7 were different from those that were present initially, and they persisted for the duration of the experiment. Animals treated with vancomycin showed a different set of late-stage lineages that were dominated by Proteobacteria as well as increased disparity between the tissue-associated and luminal cecal communities. The control animals showed no change in their gut microbiota. These data thus suggest different patterns of ecological succession following antibiotic treatment and C. difficile infection.
S-nitroso-L-cysteine stereoselectively blunts the adverse effects of morphine on breathing and arterial blood gas chemistry while promoting analgesia (2022)

S-nitrosothiols exert multiple effects on neural processes in the central and peripheral nervous system. This study shows that intravenous infusion of S-nitroso-L-cysteine (SNO-L-CYS, 1 μmol/kg/min) in anesthetized male Sprague Dawley rats elicits (a) sustained increases in minute ventilation, via increases in frequency of breathing and tidal volume, (b) a decrease in Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient, thus improving alveolar gas-exchange, (c) concomitant changes in arterial blood-gas chemistry, such as an increase in pO<sub>2</sub> and a decrease in pCO<sub>2</sub>, (d) a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and (e) an increase in tail-flick (TF) latency (antinociception). Infusion of S-nitroso-D-cysteine (SNO-D-CYS, 1 μmol/kg/min, IV), did not elicit similar responses, except for a sustained decrease in MAP equivalent to that elicited by SNO-L-CYS. A bolus injection of morphine (2 mg/kg, IV) in rats receiving an infusion of vehicle elicited (a) sustained decreases in frequency of breathing tidal volume, and therefore minute ventilation, (b) a sustained decrease in MAP, (c) sustained decreases in pH, pO<sub>2</sub> and maximal sO<sub>2</sub> with sustained increases in pCO<sub>2</sub> and A-a gradient, and (d) a sustained increase in TF latency. In rats receiving SNO-L-CYS infusion, morphine elicited markedly smaller changes in minute ventilation, arterial blood gas chemistry, A-a gradient and MAP. In contrast, the antinociceptive effects of morphine were enhanced in rats receiving the infusion of SNO-L-CYS. The morphine-induced responses in rats receiving SNO-D-CYS infusion were similar to vehicle-infused rats. These data are the first to demonstrate that infusion of an S-nitrosothiol, such as SNO-L-CYS, can stereoselectively ameliorate the adverse effects of morphine on breathing and alveolar gas exchange while promoting antinociception.
A Surface Amebic Cysteine Proteinase Inactivates Interleukin-18 (2003)

Amebiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasion by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites causes secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from host epithelial cells, leading to a local acute inflammatory response, followed by lysis of colonic cells. Extracellular cysteine proteinases from amebic trophozoites are key virulence factors and have a number of important interactions with host defenses, including cleavage of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and complement components C3 and C5. Amebic lysates have also been shown to activate the precursor to interleukin 1-beta (proIL-1beta), mimicking the action of caspase-1. IL-18 is also a central cytokine, which induces gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and activates macrophages, one of the main host defenses against invading trophozoites. Because proIL-18 is also activated by caspase-1, we evaluated whether amebic proteinases had a similar effect. Instead, we found that recombinant proIL-18 was cleaved into smaller fragments by the complex of surface-associated and released amebic proteinases. To evaluate the function of an individual proteinase from the complex pool, we expressed an active surface proteinase, EhCP5, which is functional only in E. histolytica. Recombinant EhCP5 expressed in Pichia pastoris had kinetic properties similar to those of the native enzyme with respect to substrate specificity and sensitivity to proteinase inhibitors. In contrast to the activation of proIL-1beta by amebic lysates, the purified proteinase cleaved proIL-18 and mature IL-18 to biologically inactive fragments. These studies suggest that the acute host response and amebic invasion result from a complex interplay of parasite virulence factors and host defenses. E. histolytica may block the host inflammatory response by a novel mechanism, inactivation of IL-18.
Leveraging Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms to Refine Electrode Properties in Redox Flow Batteries (2021)

Redox flow batteries are a nascent, yet promising, energy storage technology for which widespread deployment is hampered by technical and economic challenges. A performance-determining component in the reactor, present-day electrodes are often borrowed from adjacent electrochemical technologies rather than specifically designed for use in flow batteries. A lack of structural diversity in commercial offerings, coupled with the time constraints of wet-lab experiments, render broad electrode screening infeasible without a modeling complement. Herein, an experimentally validated model of a vanadium redox flow cell is used to generate polarization data for electrodes with different macrohomogeneous properties (thickness, porosity, volumetric surface area, and kinetic rate constant). Using these data sets, we then build and train a neural network with minimal average root-mean squared testing error (17.9 ± 1.8 mA cm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;) to compute individual parameter sweeps along the cell polarization curve. Finally, we employ a genetic algorithm with the neural network to ascertain electrode property values for improving cell power density. While the developed framework does not supplant experimentation, it is generalizable to different redox chemistries and may inform future electrode design strategies.
108 Cerebral Revascularization in the Endovascular Era (2014)

INTRODUCTION: Because of the advances in endovascular techniques, indications for cerebral revascularization in intracranial vascular pathologies have declined. We sought to define indications, highlight surgical strategies, and analyze clinical results of patients treated with bypass procedures in the endovascular era. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all bypass procedures performed from 1/2006 to 3/2013. The database was sub-divided into moyamoya angiopathy (MMA), intracranial aneurysms (IA), and intracranial occlusion diseases (IOD). RESULTS: A total of 225 bypass procedures were performed in 185 patients (mean age 46.2 years (1-80 years)). There were 135 direct and 90 indirect bypasses. The MMA group consisted of 129 bypasses (87 indirect, 42 direct) in 92 patients. The preoperative Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was 4.29 and postoperative was 4.616. There were no deaths and 9 perioperative complications. The IA group had 58 patients (mean age 46.3, range (1-78)) with complex aneurysms (18 giant, 17 fusiform, 13 multilobulated, 7 blood-blister-like, 2 pseudoaneurysms, 1 mycotic). Ten were ruptured, 14 had cranial neuropathy, 3 brainstem compression, 3 strokes, 2 pseudoaneurysms and the rest had headaches. Forty-six were in the anterior and 12 in the posterior circulation. There were 7 deaths and 6 major complications. The IOD disease group included 38 bypasses in 35 patients. The etiology of the vascular occlusion was 24 atherosclerosis, 5 iatrogenic, 3 dissection, 1 vasculitis, and 2 vertebral artery dissection. The preoperative and postoperative GOS were 3.87 and 4.63. There were 4 periprocedural complications. More details of the procedures and patient outcomes will be presented. CONCLUSION: The emergence of new endovascular techniques has revolutionized the treatment of certain intracranial vascular pathologies. However, this series demonstrates the importance of cerebral revascularization in the neurosurgical armamentarium. Moyamoya angiopathy, complex intracranial aneurysms, and selected intracranial disease pathologies are the main groups that benefit from cerebral revascularization procedures.
Chemical vapor deposition of alpha aluminum oxide for high-temperature aerospace sensors (2000)

Thin-film thermocouples and strain gages are being developed for high-temperature application on aerospace propulsion hardware for both development test purposes and as active control sensors. The critical technology necessary in the fabrication of the sensor is an adherent, dense, and homogeneous dielectric to provide electrical isolation at engine operating temperatures. Techniques are being developed to create a crystalline aluminum oxide dielectric formed by a combination of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) from a NiCoCrAlY hardcoating, which is then enhanced with the addition of a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) crystalline aluminum oxide layer. This article will focus on the process development used to deposit the α alumina layer on the TGO using CVD in a coldwall reactor at 1100 °C. The chemistry employed in this process is the pyrolitic decomposition of aluminum tri-isopropoxide. The hexagonal (HCP) α phase is achieved at deposition temperatures of 1000–1100 °C, as confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis. By eliminating gas phase and hot wall decomposition, this approach minimizes precursor depletion effects, yielding a more dense and uniform film morphology. Conformal coatings up to 10 μm thick with high resistivity and good adhesion and hardness have been observed on complex airfoil geometries. Growth rates up to 10 μm/h are possible, although low growth rates lead to more desirable film properties. The kinetics of the deposition indicate that the reaction proceeds by a mass transport limited mechanism. Uniform temperature control over highly complex geometry is desirable, but not essential for uniform film growth. Results indicate that the gas flow uniformity and the precursor transport rate are the critical variables.
Synthesis and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitory Activity of 2,2-Bis(monosubstituted) Methylpenicillin Sulfones (1991)

A series of 2,2-bis(monosubstituted) methylpenicillin sulfones were prepared from 6,6-dibromopenicillanate by a double sulfoxide rearrangement. β-Lactamase inhibitory activity of 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)penicillanic acid sulfone was studied and its activity was compared with YTR-830
Photonics for RF systems (2008)

Owing to inherently large time-bandwidth products and attractive size and weight features, photonics technology has long been recognized as valuable for its potential ability to extend sensing and signal processing performance and capabilities. RF signal generation, RF signal distribution, RF delay lines, fast tunable RF filtering and true-time-delay (TTD) processing for wideband microwave arrays are just a few of the areas where the broadband features of RF photonic devices and processors can be highlighted for RF system applications. To continue to meet the needs of future applications, RF system bandwidth and dynamic range at high sensitivity must continue to increase well beyond current performance levels; photonics provides an attractive approach for accomplishing this. This paper reviews recent developments in microwave photonic technology relevant to RF front-end signal processing.
Core–shell cellulose nanofibers for biocomposites – Nanostructural effects in hydrated state (2015)

Core-shell wood cellulose nanofibers (CNF) coated by an XG hemicellulose polymer are prepared and used to make biocomposites. CNF/XG biocomposites have interest as packaging materials and as hydrated CNF/XG plant cell wall analogues. Structure and properties are compared between Core-shell CNF/XG and more inhomogeneous CNF/XG. Experiments include XG sorption, dynamic light scattering of CNF nanoparticle suspensions, FE-SEM of nanostructure, moisture sorption, tensile testing in moist conditions and dynamic mechanical analysis. (2)H NMR relaxometry is performed on materials containing sorbed (2)H2O2 in order to assess water molecular dynamics in different materials. The results clarify the roles of CNF, XG and the CNF/XG interface in the biocomposites, both in terms of moisture sorption mechanisms and mechanical properties in moist state. The concept of core-shell nanofiber network biocomposites, prepared by filtering of colloids, provides improved control of polymer matrix distribution and interface structure. Also, present mechanical properties are much superior to comparable plant fiber biocomposites.
Multi-Tag Backscattering to MIMO Reader: Channel Estimation and Throughput Fairness (2019)

Green low power networking with the least requirement of dedicated radio resources is need of the hour which has led to the upsurge of backscatter communication (BSC) technology. However, this inherent potential of BSC is challenged by hardware constraints of the underlying tags. We address this timely concern by investigating the practical efficacy of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technology in overcoming the fundamental limitations of BSC. Specifically, we first introduce a novel least-squares based channel estimation (CE) protocol for multi-tag BSC settings that takes care of both the unintended ambient reflections and the inability of tags in performing estimation by themselves. Then using it, a nontrivial low-complexity algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal transceiver designs for the multiantenna reader to maximize the minimum value of the lower-bounded backscattered throughput among the single-antenna semi-passive tags. Additional analytical insights on both individually and jointly-optimal precoding vector and detector matrix at the reader are provided by exploring the asymptotically-optimal transceiver designs. Lastly detailed numerical investigation is carried out to validate the theoretical results and quantify the practically realizable throughput fairness. Specifically, more than seven-fold increase in the common-backscattered-throughput among tags as achieved by the proposed designs over the relevant benchmarks corroborates their practical significance.
Mapping Protein Functional Epitopes (2005)

Essentially all events in biology require one molecule binding to another. With molecular recognition at the heart of biology, a number of phage-display-based techniques have been developed to dissect the details governing binding events. This chapter reviews phage-display applications that provide scalpels and microscopes to explore molecular recognition. These techniques capitalize upon the advantages of the phagedisplay format—rapid production of protein variants, simple protein purification, and the potential for powerful selections. Modifying the primary structure of a protein can explore the intricate relationship between the primary sequence of