gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards an Innovative Combination of Natural Gas and Liquid Fuel Injection in Spark Ignition Engines (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In order to address the CO₂ emissions issue and to diversify the energy for transportation, CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels given its high octane number. However, gaseous injection decreases volumetric efficiency, impacting directly the maximal torque through a reduction of the cylinder fill-up.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To overcome this drawback, both independent natural gas and gasoline indirect injection systems with dedicated engine control were fitted on a RENAULT 2.0L turbocharged SI (Spark Ignition) engine and were adapted for simultaneous operation. The main objective of this innovative combination of gas and liquid fuel injections is to increase the volumetric efficiency without losing the high knocking resistance of methane.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes how the CIGAL™ (Concomitant Injection of Gas And Liquid fuels) concept can generate a synergy effect between both fuels, which allows combustion efficiency to be increased significantly on turbocharged SI engines. Indeed, the gas and gasoline resultant mixture can be injected in stoichiometric conditions even at full load with spark timing set close to MBT (Maximum Brake Torque), thus leading to excellent performances, compliance with stringent regulations, good specific consumptions and reduced CO₂ emissions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This injection strategy can also be extended to other liquid fuels, such as ethanol, and gaseous fuels like LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas): the purpose remains having the best distribution between gas and liquid injections in order to maximize their advantages. Like for methane and gasoline, a strong synergy was observed with LPG and gasoline concomitant injection, leading to lower specific consumptions compared to those obtained in single fuel injection.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study demonstrates that the concept of concomitant injection offers direct benefits on the autonomy management of gas- and gasoline-powered vehicles. It also opens very interesting perspectives for meeting future emission regulations using only a 3-way catalyst since stoichiometry is maintained over the whole engine operating range.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Control of Arm Capacitor Voltages in Modular Multilevel Converters (2015)

Modular multilevel converters have several attractive features such as a modular structure, high voltage capability and scalability, excellent quality of the output voltage waveforms, as well as, low expense for redundancy. However, the main drawback of this converter is the complexity of the control system due to the multiple control objectives which include the input, output, circulating current and the capacitor voltages. Several control schemes for the capacitor voltages have been proposed, being usually divided into the control of the average voltage and the balancing of the capacitor voltages among the submodules and among the arms. These control schemes can effectively control the capacitor voltage when the reference is the same for all arms, but they cannot manage arbitrary voltage references when each arm capacitor voltage must be controlled independently as required, for example, to achieve maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic applications. This paper proposes a control strategy for a modular multilevel converter capable to manage the average capacitor voltage of each arm independently. The proposed scheme is based on a decomposition of the energy of the arms in different components, according to theirs symmetries. Results validating the performance of the proposed control scheme are shown and the impact on the output current is also discussed.
Transforming Europe’s Electricity Supply – An Infrastructure Strategy for a Reliable, Renewable and Secure Power System (2009)

European energy policy seeks to achieve a substantially increased contribution from renewable sources of electricity, and the creation of a pan-European competitive electricity market. The existing infrastructure of the European electricity grid, and generally low levels of integration and co-ordination in the planning and operation of the grid, will not enable these goals to be achieved. The European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) has therefore examined the developments that are required in grid planning, operation and infrastructure to accommodate more renewable sources of electricity and to support a European electricity market. The study concludes that developments are required in planning a European grid to ensure that investments are made in the right places, in the way the grid is operated so that maximum benefit is extracted from a given infrastructure, and in transmission technologies so that effective options are available for environmental, operational, energy efficiency and investment considerations. Specific recommendations are made in each of these areas. The report is addressed to policy-makers in the European Union institutions and at Member State level, to research funders, professional and regulatory bodies, and to all other interested parties. Our objective is to provide the scientific evidence to inform and stimulate further debate on the challenges, and to indicate some specific options for change while recognising, of course, that much is already being achieved in Europe. On behalf of EASAC, I thank the members of the Working Group, and Professor Michael Sterling and Professor Harry Frank who chaired it. Their hard work and knowledge is much appreciated. Working Group members were drawn from ten European countries and a range of relevant disciplines, providing a breadth of experience and viewpoints that proved invaluable in developing the findings and recommendations set out in this report. Professor Volker ter Meulen Chairman, EASAC
Water and polymer dynamics in a model polysaccharide hydrogel: the role of hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance (2014)

The molecular dynamics of water and a polymer matrix is here explored in a paradigmatic model of a polysaccharide hydrogel, by the combined use of UV Raman scattering and infrared measurements. The case example of cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS)/hydrogel is chosen since the simultaneous presence in the structure of the polymer matrix of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites mimics the complexity of polysaccharide hydrogels. In this way, the contributions provided by the balance between the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and the grade of entanglement of the polymer hydrogel to lead to the formation of the gel phase are separately accounted and evaluated. As main results, we found that the hydrophobic CH groups inserted on the aromatic ring of CDNS experience a more pronounced dynamic perturbation with respect to the carbonyl groups due to the collision between the solvent and vibrating atoms of the polymer. The overall results provide a detailed molecular picture of the swelling phenomena occurring when a chemically cross-linked polymer contacts with water or biological fluids and exploits the potentiality of UV Raman spectroscopy to retrieve dynamic information besides their structural counterpart obtained by the classical analysis of the basic features of vibrational spectra.
Hemoperfusion in Poisoning and Drug Overdose (2023)

Hemoperfusion (HP) is an extracorporeal blood purification therapy that is used to remove poisons or drugs from the body. This chapter provides a brief overview of the technical aspects and the potential indications and limitations of HP, with the focus being on the use of HP for acute poisoning cases reported from January 1, 2000, to April 30, 2022.
End‐Capping as a Method for Improving Carrier Injection in Electrophosphorescent Light‐Emitting Diodes (2004)

Abstract The electronic properties, carrier injection, and transport into poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO), PFO end‐capped with hole‐transporting moieties (HTM), PFO–HTM, and PFO end‐capped with electron‐transporting moieties (ETM), PFO–ETM, were investigated. The data demonstrate that charge injection and transport can be tuned by end‐capping with HTM and ETM, without significantly altering the electronic properties of the conjugated backbone. End‐capping with ETM resulted in more closely balanced charge injection and transport. Single‐layer electrophosphorescent light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), fabricated from PFO, PFO–HTM and PFO–ETM as hosts and tris[2,5‐bis‐2′‐(9′,9′‐dihexylfluorene)pyridine‐κ 2 NC 3′ ]iridium( III ), Ir(HFP) 3 as the guest, emitted red light with brightnesses of 2040 cd m –2 , 1940 cd m –2 and 2490 cd m –2 at 290 mA cm –2 (16 V) and with luminance efficiencies of 1.4 cd A –1 , 1.4 cd A –1 and 1.8 cd A –1 at 4.5 mA cm –2 for PFO, PFO–HTM, and PFO–ETM, respectively.
Explanation-Guided Backdoor Poisoning Attacks Against Malware Classifiers (2021)

Training pipelines for machine learning (ML) based malware classification often rely on crowdsourced threat feeds, exposing a natural attack injection point. In this paper, we study the susceptibility of feature-based ML malware classifiers to backdoor poisoning attacks, specifically focusing on challenging clean label attacks where attackers do not control the sample labeling process. We propose the use of techniques from explainable machine learning to guide the selection of relevant features and values to create effective backdoor triggers in a model-agnostic fashion. Using multiple reference datasets for malware classification, including Windows PE files, PDFs, and Android applications, we demonstrate effective attacks against a diverse set of machine learning models and evaluate the effect of various constraints imposed on the attacker. To demonstrate the feasibility of our backdoor attacks in practice, we create a watermarking utility for Windows PE files that preserves the binary's functionality, and we leverage similar behavior-preserving alteration methodologies for Android and PDF files. Finally, we experiment with potential defensive strategies and show the difficulties of completely defending against these attacks, especially when the attacks blend in with the legitimate sample distribution.
A versatile chemistry platform for the fabrication of cost-effective hierarchical cation and anion exchange membranes (2022)

This work presents a versatile chemistry platform for the fabrication of hierarchical cation and anion exchange membranes (hCEMs and hAEMs) with tuneable transport properties. A strong focus was put onto developing cost-effective membranes fabricated through a sustainable and easily scalable process, with performance at least as good as industry standard materials. Hierarchical ion exchange membranes were fabricated by coating and UV crosslinking an acrylic ionomer on top of a PVC-SiO2 porous substrate. Membrane samples with different crosslinking density of the coating were fabricated and tested for application in electrodialysis-desalination. The properties of hCEMs were found to be strongly dependant on the coating crosslinking density: the hCEM with the least crosslinked coating showed a selectivity of 88% (electrical resistance of 6.15 Ω.cm2), while the one with the most crosslinked coating showed a selectivity of 97% (electrical resistance of 11.02 Ω.cm2). A similar trend was observed for hAEMs for which an increase of the selectivity from 88% to 94% was observed (increase in electrical resistance from 5.22 Ω.cm2 to 6.44 Ω.cm2). The best performing hIEMs allowed to reach an ED current efficiency as high as 93.3% with a final desalination of 56% (commercial reference: current efficiency 94.5%, final desalination 59%).
The Effect of Diabetes-Associated Variation in TCF7L2 on Postprandial Glucose Metabolism When Glucagon and Insulin Concentrations Are Matched (2022)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The rs7903146 variant in the <i>TCF7L2</i> gene is associated with defects in postprandial insulin and glucagon secretion and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it is unclear if this variant has effects on glucose metabolism that are independent of islet function. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We studied 54 nondiabetic subjects on two occasions where endogenous hormone secretion was inhibited by somatostatin. Twenty-nine subjects were homozygous for the diabetes-associated allele (TT) and 25 for the diabetes-protective allele (CC) at rs7903146, but otherwise matched for anthropometric characteristics. On 1 day, glucagon infused at a rate of 0.65 ng/kg/min, and at 0 min prevented a fall in glucagon (nonsuppressed day). On the contrary, infusion commenced at 120 min to create a transient fall in glucagon (suppressed day). Subjects received glucose (labeled with [3-<sup>3</sup>H]-glucose) infused to mimic the systemic appearance of oral glucose. Insulin was infused to mimic a prandial insulin response. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) was measured using the tracer dilution technique. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Lack of glucagon suppression increased postchallenge glucose concentrations and impaired EGP suppression. However, in the presence of matched insulin and glucagon concentrations, genetic variation in <i>TCF7L2</i> did not alter glucose metabolism. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These data suggest that genetic variation in <i>TCF7L2</i> alters glucose metabolism through changes in islet hormone secretion.
Genomic Analysis of Three Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients with Exceptional Responses to Carboplatin Indicating Different Types of DNA Repair Deficiency (2018)

Platinum-based regimens have not been proved to increase survival from advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Incontrovertible evidence that a proportion of prostate cancers have homologous recombination DNA (HRD) repair defects, and that such genomic aberrations are synthetically lethal with both poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibition and platinum, has increased interest in the utilisation of these drugs against a subset of these diseases. Here in we report three patients with advanced castration-resistant PCa with HRD defects having exceptional responses to carboplatin.
Selective Inhibition of the Kir2 Family of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels by a Small Molecule Probe: The Discovery, SAR, and Pharmacological Characterization of ML133 (2011)

The K(ir) inward rectifying potassium channels have a broad tissue distribution and are implicated in a variety of functional roles. At least seven classes (K(ir)1-K(ir)7) of structurally related inward rectifier potassium channels are known, and there are no selective small molecule tools to study their function. In an effort to develop selective K(ir)2.1 inhibitors, we performed a high-throughput screen (HTS) of more than 300,000 small molecules within the MLPCN for modulators of K(ir)2.1 function. Here we report one potent K(ir)2.1 inhibitor, ML133, which inhibits K(ir)2.1 with an IC(50) of 1.8 μM at pH 7.4 and 290 nM at pH 8.5 but exhibits little selectivity against other members of Kir2.x family channels. However, ML133 has no effect on K(ir)1.1 (IC(50) > 300 μM) and displays weak activity for K(ir)4.1 (76 μM) and K(ir)7.1 (33 μM), making ML133 the most selective small molecule inhibitor of the K(ir) family reported to date. Because of the high homology within the K(ir)2 family-the channels share a common design of a pore region flanked by two transmembrane domains-identification of site(s) critical for isoform specificity would be an important basis for future development of more specific and potent K(ir) inhibitors. Using chimeric channels between K(ir)2.1 and K(ir)1.1 and site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified D172 and I176 within M2 segment of K(ir)2.1 as molecular determinants critical for the potency of ML133 mediated inhibition. Double mutation of the corresponding residues of K(ir)1.1 to those of K(ir)2.1 (N171D and C175I) transplants ML133 inhibition to K(ir)1.1. Together, the combination of a potent, K(ir)2 family selective inhibitor and identification of molecular determinants for the specificity provides both a tool and a model system to enable further mechanistic studies of modulation of K(ir)2 inward rectifier potassium channels.
Photochemical control of bacterial signal processing using a light-activated erythromycin (2011)

Bacterial cells control resistance to the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin using the MphR(A) repressor protein. Erythromycin binds to MphR(A), causing release of the PmphR promoter, activating expression of the 2'-phosphotransferase Mph(A). We engineered the MphR(A)/promoter system to, in conjunction with a light-activatable derivative of erythromycin, enable photochemical activation of gene expression in E. coli. We applied this photochemical gene switch to the construction of a light-triggered logic gate, a light-controlled band-pass filter, as well as spatial and temporal control of gene expression.
Data from Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase/Murine Protein Serine-Threonine Kinase 38 Is a Promising Therapeutic Target for Multiple Cancers (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;To identify genes that could serve as targets for novel cancer therapeutics, we used a bioinformatic analysis of microarray data comparing gene expression between normal and tumor-derived primary human tissues. From this approach, we have found that &lt;i&gt;maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Melk&lt;/i&gt;), a member of the AMP serine/threonine kinase family, exhibits multiple features consistent with the potential utility of this gene as an anticancer target. An oligonucleotide microarray analysis of multiple human tumor samples and cell lines suggests that Melk expression is frequently elevated in cancer relative to normal tissues, a pattern confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting of selected primary tumor samples. &lt;i&gt;In situ&lt;/i&gt; hybridization localized Melk expression to malignant epithelial cells in 96%, 23%, and 13% of colorectal, lung, and ovarian tissue tumor samples, respectively. Expression of this gene is also elevated in spontaneous tumors derived from the &lt;i&gt;Apc&lt;sup&gt;Min&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Apc&lt;sup&gt;1638N&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; murine models of intestinal tumorigenesis. To begin addressing whether Melk is relevant for tumorigenesis, RNA interference–mediated silencing within human and murine tumor cell lines was done. We show that Melk knockdown decreases proliferation and anchorage-independent growth &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; as well as tumor growth in a xenograft model. Together, these results suggest that Melk may provide a growth advantage for neoplastic cells and, therefore, inactivation may be therapeutically beneficial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Oncogenetics and minimal residual disease are independent outcome predictors in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2014)

With intensified pediatric-like therapy and genetic disease dissection, the field of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has evolved recently. In this new context, we aimed to reassess the value of conventional risk factors with regard to new genetic alterations and early response to therapy, as assessed by immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor minimal residual disease (MRD) levels. The study was performed in 423 younger adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative ALL in first remission (265 B-cell precursor [BCP] and 158 T-cell ALL), with cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) as the primary end point. In addition to conventional risk factors, the most frequent currently available genetic alterations were included in the analysis. A higher specific hazard of relapse was independently associated with postinduction MRD level ≥10(-4) and unfavorable genetic characteristics (ie, MLL gene rearrangement or focal IKZF1 gene deletion in BCP-ALL and no NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutation and/or N/K-RAS mutation and/or PTEN gene alteration in T-cell ALL). These 2 factors allowed definition of a new risk classification that is strongly associated with higher CIR and shorter relapse-free and overall survival. These results indicate that genetic abnormalities are important predictors of outcome in adult ALL not fully recapitulated by early response to therapy. Patients included in this study were treated in the multicenter GRAALL-2003 and GRAALL-2005 trials. Both trials were registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00222027 and #NCT00327678, respectively.
Adaptation of Pathogenic <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> to Various Niches: Genome Flexibility is the Key (2009)

It is a well-known observation and a long-standing hypothesis that pathogen genome dynamics are important in infectious disease processes. Recent achievements in large-scale genome sequencing, comparative genomics and molecular epidemiology help to unravel current challenges of E. coli pathogenomics, i.e. to gain insights into the in vivo relevance of genome dynamics. Data from comparative genomics support the hypothesis of widespread involvement of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of E. coli, leading to the presence of distinct and variable 'genomic islands' within the conserved 'chromosomal backbone' in several bacterial lineages. Extensive gene acquisition and loss provide different lineages with distinct metabolic, pathogenic and other capabilities. Not only mobile genetic modules but also point mutations facilitate rapid adaptation of E. coli to changing environmental conditions and hence extend the spectrum of sites that can be infected. We report on recent research efforts to analyze pathoadaptive and other genomic alterations of the E. coli genome that affect disease severity and may have consequences for diagnostics and treatment of E. coli infections.
A search for pair production of new light bosons decaying into muons in proton-proton collisions at 13  TeV (2019)

A search for new light bosons decaying into muon pairs is presented using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy
Characterization of a Carbon−Nitrogen Network Solid with NMR and High Field EPR (2000)

Considerable attention has been focused on developing a synthetic route to a carbon−nitrogen material with mechanical and thermal properties comparable or superior to those of diamond. To date, no substance with the desired C3N4 stoichiometry in a silicon-nitride crystal lattice has been reported. One of the principal difficulties in the pursuit of ultrahard carbon−nitrogen (CN) solids is the characterization of amorphous CN samples. We describe a solid-state NMR study of a paracyanogen-like solid utilizing 13C-15N adiabatic-passage Hartmann−Hahn cross-polarization (APHH-CP) to perform dipolar filtering and show that this method is well-suited for recoupling 13C-15N in network solids. In addition, high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) indicates a density of electron spins of approximately 1 × 1017 e-/cm3. We conclude by discussing how NMR and EPR data may be useful for optimizing CN-polymer samples as potential precursors for ultrahard carbon nitrogen solids.
Soft blocking (2004)

A "blocker" tag is a privacy-enhancing radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag. It operates by interfering with the protocol in which a reader communicates individually with other RFID tags. While inexpensive to manufacture in quantity, blockers are nonetheless special-purpose devices, and thus introduce level of complexity that may pose an obstacle to their deployment.