gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent Effects on the Preparation of Novel Amorphous Poly(aryl ether benzil)s (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent Effects on the Preparation of Novel Amorphous Poly(aryl ether benzil)sMarko Strukelj, Jeffrey C. Hedrick, James L. Hedrick, and Robert J. TwiegCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 22, 6277–6285Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00100a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00100a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views205Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Development of a Nanoparticle-Embedded Chitosan Sponge for Topical and Local Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents (2015)

The following work describes the development of a novel noninvasive transmucosal drug delivery system, the chitosan sponge matrix (CSM). It is composed of cationic chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) that encapsulate cisplatin (CDDP) embedded within a polymeric mucoadhesive CS matrix. CSM is designed to swell up when exposed to moisture, facilitating release of the NPs via diffusion across the matrix. CSM is intended to be administered topically and locally to mucosal tissues, with its initial indication being oral cancer (OC). Currently, intravenous (IV) administered CDDP is the gold standard chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of OC. However, its clinical use has been limited by its renal and hemotoxicity profile. We aim to locally administer CDDP via encapsulation in CS NPs and deliver them directly to the oral cavity with CSM. It is hypothesized that such a delivery device will greatly reduce any systemic toxicity and increase antitumor efficacy. This paper describes the methods for developing CSM and maintaining the integrity of CDDP NPs embedded in the CSM.
Increasing sensitivity of oxide nanoparticle photoresists (2014)

Previous investigations on the patterning mechanism of nanoparticle photoresists provided insight into ligand displacement exerting a controlling influence on dissolution behavior of nanoparticles in organic developers. Nanoparticle core-ligand interaction which dictates ligand displacement would ultimately translate to the sensitivity of the photoresist. The current study investigates enhancement of resist sensitivity via altering the core-ligand interaction of the nanoparticle, which further emphasizes our proposed patterning hypothesis.
Comparison of fast field-cycling magnetic resonance imaging methods and future perspectives (2018)

Fast field-cycling (FFC) nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry is a well-established method to determine the relaxation rates as a function of magnetic field strength. This so-called nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion gives insight into the underlying molecular dynamics of a wide range of complex systems and has gained interest especially in the characterisation of biological tissues and diseases. The combination of FFC techniques with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a high potential for new types of image contrast more specific to pathological molecular dynamics. This article reviews the progress in FFC-MRI over the last decade and gives an overview of the hardware systems currently in operation. We discuss limitations and error correction strategies specific to FFC-MRI such as field stability and homogeneity, signal-to-noise ratio, eddy currents and acquisition time. We also report potential applications with impact in biology and medicine. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future applications in transferring the underlying molecular dynamics into novel types of image contrast by exploiting the dispersive properties of biological tissue or MRI contrast agents.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax (1989)

The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of thoracic disease is emerging amidst much debate and study. Recent technical advances have led to new applications of this modality, and a reappraisal of previous conclusions seems warranted. This article reviews our 5 1/2 years' experience with thoracic MRI.
Fast weighted universal transform coding: toward optimal, low complexity bases for image compression (2002)

Effros and Chou (see Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Washington, DC, 1995) introduce a two-stage universal transform code called the weighted universal transform code (WUTC). By replacing JPEG's single, non-optimal transform code with a collection of optimal transform codes, the WUTC achieves significant performance gains over JPEG. The computational and storage costs of that performance gain are effectively the computation and storage required to operate and store a collection of transform codes rather than a single transform code. We consider two complexity- and storage-constrained variations of the WUTC. The complexity and storage of the algorithm are controlled by constraining the order of the bases. In the first algorithm, called the fast WUTC (FWUTC), complexity is controlled by controlling the maximum order of each transform. On a sequence of combined text and gray-scale images, the FWUTC achieves performance comparable to the WUTC. In the second algorithm, called the jointly optimized fast WUTC (JWUTC), the complexity is controlled by controlling the average order of the transforms. On the same data set and for the same complexity, the performance of the JWUTC always exceeds the performance of the FWUTC. The JWUTC and FWUTC algorithm are interesting both for their complexity and storage savings in data compression and for the insights that they lend into the choice of appropriate fixed- and variable-order bases for image representation.
Search for dark matter in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV with missing transverse momentum and vector boson tagged jets (2016)

A search is presented for an excess of events with large missing transverse momentum in association with at least one highly energetic jet, in a data sample of protonproton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb -1 collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The results are interpreted using a set of simplified models for the production of dark matter via a scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, or axial vector mediator. Additional sensitivity is achieved by tagging events consistent with the jets originating from a hadronically decaying vector boson. This search uses jet substructure techniques to identify hadronically decaying vector bosons in both Lorentz-boosted and resolved scenarios. This analysis yields improvements of 80% in terms of excluded signal cross sections with respect to the previous CMS analysis using the same data set. No significant excess with respect to the standard model expectation is observed and limits are placed on the parameter space of the simplified models. Mediator masses between 80 and 400 GeV in the scalar and pseudoscalar models, and up to 1.5 TeV in the vector and axial vector models, are excluded.
239. Preclinical Studies for the First Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) Gene Editing Trial: Phase 1 Study of Beta-Thalassemia With Autologous Transplantation of Zinc Finger Nuclease-Treated HSC To Upregulate Fetal Hemoglobin (2015)

Beta-thalassemia (β-thal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) are monogenic diseases caused by mutations in the adult β-globin gene. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative treatment, but its application is limited by: (i) a paucity of HLA-matched donors and (ii) a fixed risk of graft vs host disease (GvHD) and transplant-related mortality. Sustained elevation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has a very strong clinical effect in both thalassemia and SCD with curative potential. HbF levels are under genetic control, and alleles of the transcription factor BCL11A that lower its expression result in elevation of HbF. BCL11A is thus an attractive target for gene editing of autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) for HCT in β-hemoglobinopathies. We have designed zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) that when transiently introduced into stem cells ex vivo can efficiently disrupt the BCL11A gene in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by introduction of mutations following target site cleavage and non-homologous end joining. We have developed a clinical scale GMP process for mRNA electroporation of BC11A ZFNs into HSCs, and show that erythrocytes generated ex vivo from BCL11A-modified HSC have elevated fetal globin mRNA, and over 40% of all Hb is represented by HbF. A similar increase in HbF was seen in modified HSCs from subjects with β-thalassemia. Engraftment and differentiation potential of BCL11a modified and control HSCs in NSG mice were comparable. Furthermore, following engraftment into NSG mice, HSCs placed into erythropoiesis cultures maintained increased HbF levels. Preclinical safety studies included soft agar transformation, karyotyping, and double-strand break quantification following ZFN modification. Both bioinformatics guided and a novel, unbiased, oligonucleotide capture method were used to confirm low levels of off-target activity in BCL11A modified HSC as gauged by deep sequencing. In vivo carcinogenicity was evaluated by engraftment of HSC modified by BCL11A ZFNs in NSG mice. Engraftment and multilineage differentiation were comparable between groups and no evidence for carcinogenicity was found. The primary objective of the Phase I clinical study is to evaluate the safety of autologous BCL11A gene edited HSPC infusion after myeloablative (full dose busulfan) conditioning in subjects with transfusion dependent β-thalassemia major. The secondary objectives are to assess hematologic and immunological reconstitution, and to measure the treatment effects on anemia, RBC transfusion frequency, and iron burden.
Irreversible step growth polymerization having segmental diffusion limitations in HCSTRs—simulation and steady state multiplicity (1989)

Abstract The effect of various parameters on the overall rate constant, number average chain length, and polydispersity index of isothermal, irreversible, step growth polymerization of ARB monomers, exhibiting segmental diffusional limitations and carried out in HCSTRs, are studied. A phenomenological model which has proved useful for chain polymerization is adapted for step growth polymerizations and simulations for several values of the different parameters are carried out. The number average chain length μ n and the polydispersity index ρ are obtained as a function of the dimensionless time t * . It is found that, even though the behavior of μ n and ρ vs. t * depends on the values of the parameters, the plot of μ n vs. ρ is unique as expected from statistical considerations. An attempt has been made to investigate the multiplicity of steady states under conditions of infinitely rapid heat transfer from a jacket, using singularity and bifurcation theory. It is found from the analysis that there is no multiplicity of steady states for this system, which is confirmed by simulations using a wide range of parameter values.
Polarization insensitive frequency converter with the capability of chirp removal (1998)

We report on a new type of polarization insensitive frequency conversion technique using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). In this technique the input signal is spectrally duplicated by a Mach-Zehnder type phase modulator. Then, the resulting two waves generate the frequency converted output signal by FWM with use of an additional pump wave. The converted output wavelength is independent of the wavelength of the input signal. In addition to the frequency conversion, the chirp of the input signal is removed by the FWM process bit-error-rate (BER)-measurements after transmission of the converted signal over standard communication fiber are reported.
What's in a Name? Reducing Bias in Bios without Access to Protected Attributes (2019)

There is a growing body of work that proposes methods for mitigating bias in machine learning systems. These methods typically rely on access to protected attributes such as race, gender, or age. However, this raises two significant challenges: (1) protected attributes may not be available or it may not be legal to use them, and (2) it is often desirable to simultaneously consider multiple protected attributes, as well as their intersections. In the context of mitigating bias in occupation classification, we propose a method for discouraging correlation between the predicted probability of an individual's true occupation and a word embedding of their name. This method leverages the societal biases that are encoded in word embeddings, eliminating the need for access to protected attributes. Crucially, it only requires access to individuals' names at training time and not at deployment time. We evaluate two variations of our proposed method using a large-scale dataset of online biographies. We find that both variations simultaneously reduce race and gender biases, with almost no reduction in the classifier's overall true positive rate.
Conformational Modularity of an Abiotic Secondary-Structure Motif in Aqueous Solution (2002)

We have investigated an abiotic secondary structure based on the stacking of alternating electron-rich (1,5-dialkoxynaphthalene (Dan)) and electron-deficient (1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic diimide (Ndi)=benzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2H,7H)-tetrone) aromatic units. Previously, the specifics of conformational behavior were uncovered in the minimal folding unit, namely the dimer, consisting of one Dan and one Ndi unit linked through various amino acid residues. Here is reported the investigation of a series of larger oligomers (trimers and tetramers) composed of selected dimer units. We determined that some of the larger oligomers displayed conformational modularity, that is, the persistence of subunit-conformational propensities when those subunits were used as components of larger structures. Conformational modularity can be viewed as a desirable property of folding molecules because it simplifies not only the design of larger, more complex oligomers, but also the structural analyses of such species.
Low Bit-rate Speech Coding with VQ-VAE and a WaveNet Decoder (2019)

In order to efficiently transmit and store speech signals, speech codecs create a minimally redundant representation of the input signal which is then decoded at the receiver with the best possible perceptual quality. In this work we demonstrate that a neural network architecture based on VQ-VAE with a WaveNet decoder can be used to perform very low bit-rate speech coding with high reconstruction quality. A prosody-transparent and speaker-independent model trained on the LibriSpeech corpus coding audio at 1.6 kbps exhibits perceptual quality which is around halfway between the MELP codec at 2.4 kbps and AMR-WB codec at 23.05 kbps. In addition, when training on high-quality recorded speech with the test speaker included in the training set, a model coding speech at 1.6 kbps produces output of similar perceptual quality to that generated by AMR-WB at 23.05 kbps.
Abstract 005: Involvement of Decreases in Regulatory T Cells and Splenic Sympathetic Nerve in the Development of Hypertension in Genetically Hypertensive Rats (2014)

Background: Autonomic nervous system can modulate immune system thereby influences the pathogenesis of hypertension. Among the immune cells, activated T cells have been implicated in the genesis of hypertension. In contrast, regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which maintain immune homeostasis, are reported to prevent AngII-induced hypertension. However, there are few studies of Treg cells in spontaneously hypertensive models. In particular, the spleen is an important organ to regulate immune system and splenic nerve can modulate immune responses in the spleen. Here, we investigated the role of Treg cells in hypertension and the involvement of splenic sympathetic nerve in genetically spontaneously hypertensive rats. Methods and Results: We evaluated Treg cells in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) at 3 week (early pre-hypertensive stage), 5 week (late pre-hypertensive stage), or 15 week (established hypertensive stage) old, and in age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells (Treg cells) in the spleen and peripheral blood did not differ between WKY and early pre-hypertensive SHRSP, whereas significantly decreased both in late pre-hypertensive (%CD25+Foxp3+ gated on CD4+ cells in the spleen; 7.7±0.5 vs. 5.5±0.3, n=5 for each, p=0.0080, blood; 6.7±0.7 vs. 3.4±0.8, n=4 for each, p=0.0060) and established hypertensive SHRSP (spleen; 9.9±0.7 vs. 5.4±0.4, n=4 for each, p=0.0011, blood; 8.8±0.7 vs. 4.5±0.1, n=4 for each, p=0.0009). We performed splenic denervation (or sham operation) in SHRSP at prehypertensive stage. After 4 weeks of splenic denervation, splenic Treg cells were increased compared with sham-operated SHRSP (4.2±0.1 vs. 6.1±0.3, n=7 for each, p&lt;0.0001). Furthermore, splenic denervation in SHRSP at prehypertensive stage delayed blood pressure elevation (n=7 for each, p&lt;0.001, vs. sham-operated SHRSP), whereas splenectomy did not affect blood pressure. Conclusion: Our results indicate that splenic denervation attenuates the decrease in splenic Treg cells and delays the development of hypertension, suggesting that splenic sympathetic nerve and decrease in Treg cells play a key role in the onset of hypertension in SHRSP.
Point-spread function and MTF characterization of the kinetic-kill-vehicle hardware-in-the-loop simulation (KHILS) infrared-laser scene projector (1993)

A Scophony Infrared Scene Projector (IRSP) is being used at Wright Laboratories Armament Directorate, Guided Interceptor Technology Branch, Eglin AFB, to evaluate thermal-imaging guidance systems. This hardware-in-the-loop testing system reduces the number of necessary field trials and has potential for in-laboratory simulation where the performance of entire seeker systems can be analyzed. The performance of an optical system, in terms of such characteristics as wavefront error, resolution, and transfer factor, can be measured with knowledge of the system MTF and PSF performance. A slow-scan calibration system was used to measure an image plane of the IRSP under three separate configurations of the system. MTFs and PSFs were derived for the IRSP without the use of the scatter screen, with the scatter screen in place, and with the scatter screen rotating.
Appendix F: Statistics of Constrained Speckle (2020)

In this appendix we assume that the speckle arises from a superposition of a finite but large number M<sub>T </sub>of CW modes, and that the total power W<sub>T </sub>contained in the totality of those modes is constant.
Injury Mechanisms of Several Common Sports-Related Orthopaedic Injuries (2012)

Injury results from intentional or unintentional damage to the body from acute exposure to different forms of energy. If the source of energy is mechanical in nature, injury results when stresses and strains or forces and deformations cause physical or functional failure of tissues. Injury is considered one of the most serious and under-recognized health problems affecting society today. The advent of mechanized modes of transportation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries exposed humans to speeds that put them at risk of injury in the event of a vehicle collision. Worldwide, the World Health Organization estimates that 1.2 million people die each year in road crashes, and as many as 50 million are injured or disabled.1 Transportation-related injuries are the leading cause of deaths for Americans aged 1 to 44 and are the most common cause of physician contacts and hospitalization for all Americans.2 The rapid motorization of developing countries similarly will lead to unparalleled morbidity and mortality in the upcoming decades. In addition to the staggering human costs, the economic consequences for lost productivity, legal and medical costs, and insurance expenses are enormous. Despite the prevalence and expense, injury is not the result of an unavoidable accident but rather a problem that can be addressed with adequate attention and support. As part of a larger injury control program that includes addressing exposure, behavior modication, and postinjury management, injury prevention strategies must be based on knowledge of the mechanisms of injury as well as the body’s response and tolerance. Furthermore, such strategies must be imposed in conjunction with tools and techniques for assessing the effectiveness of injuryCONTENTS16.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................445 16.2 Injury Risk Functions ........................................................................................................447
An Unexpected [1,5]-H Shift in the Synthesis of Nitroanilines (2002)

Addition of methyl acetoacetate to 2-nitrovinamidinium hexafluorophosphate salts leads to the formation of anilines or phenols in good to excellent yields depending on the alkylamine substituents. Small substituents, e.g., pyrrolidine, lead to the formation of anilines while large substituents, e.g., N,N-diisopropyl, exclusively give phenols. Labeling studies implicate a [1,5]-H shift proceeding with excellent isotopic fidelity.
A theoretical framework for selecting the cost function for source routing (2004)

Finding a feasible path subject to multiple constraints in a network is an NP-complete problem and has been extensively studied. Many proposed source routing algorithms tackle this problem by transforming it into the shortest path selection problem, which is P-complete, with an integrated cost function that maps the multi-constraints of each link into a single cost. However, how to select an appropriate cost function is an important issue that has a rarely been addressed in literature. In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for picking a cost function that can improve the performance of source routing in terms of complexity, convergence, and probability of finding a feasible path.
Characterization of the noise and correlations in harmonically mode-locked lasers (2002)

In a harmonically mode-locked laser multiple optical pulses propagate inside the laser cavity. The noise in different pulses inside the laser cavity is in general correlated. Information regarding the sign and magnitude of the noise correlations is contained in the distribution of the spectral weight among the supermode noise peaks that appear in the pulse energy and timing noise spectral densities. We show that the supermode noise spectrum obtained experimentally by measurement of the photodetector current noise spectral density can be used to determine the correlations in the energy and the timing noise of different pulses in the laser cavity. We also present simple models for the timing noise in harmonically mode-locked lasers that demonstrate the relationship between the noise correlations and the supermode noise peaks.