gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Heat Distribution on the Production of Benzene Using Microwaves (2022)

The conversion of methane into aromatics with microwaves has the potential to be developed into a modular process for associated natural gas flaring reduction. Microwaves provide advantages of rapid, selective heating of heterogenous catalyst systems, but the heating is non-homogeneous. This body of work is a study performed by NETL researchers to evaluate the effect of silicon carbide as a microwave susceptor with a benchmark Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst to provide uniform bed heating and improved benzene yields. We demonstrate microwave can provide more efficient benzene production than a conventionally heated system.
Oncostatin M and the Interleukin-6 and Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor Complex Regulate α1-Antichymotrypsin Expression in Human Cortical Astrocytes (1998)

alpha1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT) is an acute phase protein expressed in the brain which specifically colocalizes with amyloid-beta during Alzheimer's disease. We analyzed ACT synthesis in cultured human cortical astrocytes in response to various cytokines and growth factors. Oncostatin M (OSM) and interleukin (IL)-1beta were potent stimulators of ACT mRNA expression, whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha had modest activity, and IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were ineffective. The finding that OSM, but not LIF or IL-6, stimulated ACT expression suggests that human astrocytes express a "specific" OSM receptor, but not IL-6 or LIF receptors. However, cotreatment of human astrocytes with soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R).IL-6 complex did result in potent stimulation of ACT expression. When the human ACT gene was cloned, two elements binding STAT1 and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) in response to OSM or IL-6.sIL-6R complexes could be identified and characterized. Taken together, these findings indicate that OSM or IL-6.sIL-6 complexes may regulate ACT expression in human astrocytes and thus directly or indirectly contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Efficient expression of functional human MDR1 gene in murine bone marrow after retroviral transduction of purified hematopoietic stem cells (1995)

A procedure for efficient transfer of the human MDR1 (multi-drug resistance) gene into murine hematopoietic stem cells was developed. Cells expressing Sca-1 but no lineage-specific or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens (Lin-MHC II-Sca-1+) were enriched from 5-fluorouracil-pretreated bone marrow by Ficoll density-gradient and immunomagnetic sorting. Purified cells were cocultured with growth factors and fibroblasts producing replication-deficient retroviruses containing human MDR1 cDNA. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and rhodamine-123 efflux experiments showed that greater than 60% of cocultured hematopoietic cells expressed functional human P-glycoprotein. After 6 to 8 days, hematopoietic cells were injected intravenously into sublethally irradiated SCID mice. Stem cell properties of the isolated population were confirmed by sustained expression of MDR1 marker cDNA for greater than 4 to 6 months after transplantation, multilineage engraftment, and presence of MDR1 cDNA in bone marrow of secondary recipient mice after retransplantation. Reconstitution of H-2K-mismatched SCID mice showed high engraftment capacity of Lin-MHC II-Sca-1+ cells. MDR1 cDNA was detected in blood of 78% of recipients. P-glycoprotein was expressed in bone marrow of 71% of mice, in both lymphocytes and myelomonocytoid progenitors. P-glycoprotein function in host marrow was confirmed by rhodamine-123 efflux. Transduction of P-glycoprotein may be useful for gene therapy in two ways: to protect bone marrow from myelosuppression after chemotherapy and as a selectable marker in vivo for the introduction of otherwise nonselectable genes.
Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene Oxide‐ Catalyzed S‐Arylation: An Efficient and Ligand‐Free Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides (2013)

Abstract Copper oxide nanoparticles that are supported on graphene oxide as a catalytic system have been utilized for ligand‐free and solvent‐free CS cross‐coupling reactions with weak bases such as triethylamine. Symmetrical/unsymmetrical aryl sulfides have been synthesized by the coupling of different aryl halides with aromatic as well as aliphatic sulfides. Surprisingly, aryl chlorides also well reacted with different types of sulfides in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide and cesium carbonate. Besides, this catalytic system is suitable for the synthesis of phenothiazines via cascade CS and CN cross‐coupling of ortho ‐dihalides and ortho ‐aminobenzothiazoles. In addition, this alternative approach is extremely useful for the synthesis of a variety of symmetrical diaryl sulfides by using thiourea as a sulfur source that is devoid of the foul smell of thiols. Indeed, the calculated E‐factor value of our present protocol is 2.52. Furthermore, this protocol is particularly attractive as an environmentally benign and practical method for the synthesis of different aryl sulfides. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalytic system described in this process represents not only a greener approach but retains its significant activity for up to six catalytic cycles. magnified image
Mannose-Binding Lectin in HIV Infection: Relation to Disease Progression and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (2003)

To gain insight into the possible role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in HIV infection, we analyzed serum levels and the functional complement activation capacity of MBL in different clinical stages of HIV infection during cross-sectional analysis (n = 62) and longitudinal testing (n = 23) as well as during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (n = 40). The results were correlated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Our main findings were as follows. MBL levels and the capacity of complement activation by the MBL pathway were increased in HIV-infected patients with advanced clinical disease as shown in both cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal testing. There was no "normalization" of these parameters during HAART. In fact, MBL levels increased during therapy, and this increase was associated with a good virologic response. Although both MBL and CRP are regarded as acute-phase proteins, no correlation was seen between these proteins. Thus, the notably diverse patterns of MBL responses among patients with different clinical courses and treatments suggest that MBL and complement activation by the MBL pathway could be involved in the pathophysiology of HIV infection. It is not inconceivable that the net effects of MBL responses may vary in different clinical settings.
The use of optical tweezers to study sperm competition and motility in primates (2007)

Optical trapping is a non-invasive biophysical tool which has been widely applied to study physiological and biomechanical properties of cells. Using laser 'tweezers' in combination with custom-designed computer tracking algorithms, the swimming speeds and the relative swimming forces of individual sperm can be measured in real time. This combination of physical and engineering tools has been used to examine the evolutionary effect of sperm competition in primates. The results demonstrate a correlation between mating type and sperm motility: sperm from polygamous (multi-partner) primate species swim faster and with greater force than sperm from polygynous (single partner) primate species. In addition, sperm swimming force linearly increases with swimming speed for each species, yet the regression relating the two parameters is species specific. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using these tools to study rapidly moving (microm s(-1)) biological cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Transparent BaAl4O7 Polycrystalline Ceramic Obtained by Full Crystallization from Glass. (2013)

Abstract A highly transparent polycrystalline BaAl 4 O 7 ceramic is prepared by annealing a glass bead (obtained by melting a 1:2 molar mixture of BaCO 3 and Al 2 O 3 followed by rapid quenching) in an open‐air atmosphere tubular furnace at 1000—1100 °C for 2—24 h.
Preface (2007)

It is hard to imagine a period of time in which catalysis has been more important to industry and academia. There is increased attention to clean fuels/energy and fundamental research into characterization and synthesis of advanced materials. The chapters in this volume reflect these facts:
Cooperative on-demand delivery for IPTV networks (2012)

In this paper, we investigate the use of cooperative transmission strategies to support timely and efficient delivery of on-demand content to end users. Within the proposed framework, a cooperative transmission strategy suggests that users who have access to the requested content cooperatively transmit to the targeted user(s) to minimize the servicing requirements at the server side and to improve the scalability performance in the network. Through extensive simulation-based studies, we show that significant performance improvements can be achieved with the proposed framework to enable efficient access to an ever growing on-demand content.
Effectiveness and constraints of using the refueling system to control fusion reactor burn (2002)

A specialized 0-dimensional plasma simulation code has been developed and used to study the possibility of controlling the burn condition of an ITER-type fusion reactor by modulating the refueling rate. A robust feedback controller is synthesized; the values of feedback gains are obtained by an /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// design. Simulation shows that, for burn control, modulating the refueling rate could be a better mechanism than, for example, modulating the auxiliary heating power, because the former can stabilize larger perturbations and obtain a higher Q-value. Specifically, using ITER/CDA tokamak parameters, it is found that modulating refueling rate alone can stabilize /spl plusmn/10% perturbations in temperature, as long as the controller delay due to the finite time required for fresh fuel to diffuse into the plasma center region is not much larger than the energy confinement time.
LUT Filters for Quantized Processing of Signals (2004)

We introduce a method to perform filtering on approximations (quantized versions) of the input signal, which lends itself to a practical implementation solely based on look-up tables (LUTs). The LUT filter approximates the performance of some traditional nonlinear filters at a fraction of the cost. The filter is divided into an approximation stage that is constant for all filters and a filtering stage, which is one LUT that can change in order to implement different filters. We introduce an overlapped hierarchical vector quantization (OHVQ) scheme that is used as the approximation stage. The output is produced by mapping the OHVQ codes to filtered data. Hence, all processing is done via LUTs, even though the filter size needs to be small because of typical OHVQ contraints. Switching among filters demands changing pointers to only one small LUT. Preliminary analysis and image processing examples are shown, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed method.
Training Large Language Models Efficiently with Sparsity and Dataflow (2023)

Large foundation language models have shown their versatility in being able to be adapted to perform a wide variety of downstream tasks, such as text generation, sentiment analysis, semantic search etc. However, training such large foundational models is a non-trivial exercise that requires a significant amount of compute power and expertise from machine learning and systems experts. As models get larger, these demands are only increasing. Sparsity is a promising technique to relieve the compute requirements for training. However, sparsity introduces new challenges in training the sparse model to the same quality as the dense counterparts. Furthermore, sparsity drops the operation intensity and introduces irregular memory access patterns that makes it challenging to efficiently utilize compute resources. This paper demonstrates an end-to-end training flow on a large language model - 13 billion GPT - using sparsity and dataflow. The dataflow execution model and architecture enables efficient on-chip irregular memory accesses as well as native kernel fusion and pipelined parallelism that helps recover device utilization. We show that we can successfully train GPT 13B to the same quality as the dense GPT 13B model, while achieving an end-end speedup of 4.5x over dense A100 baseline.
Time-dependent nanobubble stability: Correlating bubble size and concentration with ultrasound performance (2019)

Lipid shell-stabilized nanobubbles (NB, &amp;lt;500 nm) are widely explored as next-generation contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound (US) imaging and drug delivery. For a successful clinical translation, it is important to understand the factors which contribute to the stability and rate of signal decay from the NB over time. The small size and fragile nature of NB have limited the characterization of their stability to correlations with their loss of signal over time under US. Bubble oscillations in the acoustic field, however, can accelerate their dissolution process. In this study, the passive, non-acoustically driven dissolution of lipid-shelled, C3F8 NB, and the relationship between bubble size/concentration and US signal intensity were assessed. The change in the acoustic activity of NB over time was correlated with the changes in size and concentration of the buoyant (bubbles) and non-buoyant particle population, measured using a novel resonant mass measurement technique. Clinical US was used to measure signal enhancement at different time points in a tissue phantom (f = 12.0 MHz, MI: 0.29, 1 fp/s). Results demonstrate a clear nonlinear relationship between the rate of ultrasound signal decay and concentration. While US signal decayed significantly over time (from 0 to 5 h), bubble concentration did not change significantly. A statistically significant decrease in the NB diameter was observed 1 h after the NBs were prepared and isolated while no change in the size was observed between 1 and 5 h.
The interface analysis of GaN grown on 0° off 6H-SiC with an ultra-thin buffer layer (2015)

Abstract Previously, we reported a growth method by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using a single two-dimensional growth step, resulting in 1.2-µm crack-free GaN directly grown on 6H-SiC substrate. The introduction of Al-treatment prior to the standard GaN growth step resulted in improved surface wetting of gallium on the SiC substrate. Transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis of the epitaxial interface to the SiC determined that an ultra-thin AlGaN interlayer had formed measuring around 2–3 nm. We expect our growth technique can be applied to the fabrication of GaN/SiC high frequency and high power devices.
Deletion of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) protects mice from adipose and systemic impacts of severe obesity (2014)

TWEAK constrains "healthy" gAT expansion and promotes metabolic complications in severe obesity.
A model system for a fluorometric biosensor using permeabilized Zymomonas mobilis or enzymes with protein confined dinucleotides (1993)

Using permeabilized Zymomonas mobilis or glucose-fructose oxidoreductase isolated from this microorganism a model system for biosensors with a protein confined NADP(H) cofactor for the determination of glucose, fructose, gluconolactone, and sorbitol was developed. Either permeabilized microorganisms containing the oxidoreductase or the pure enzyme were confined via membrane separation in a small measuring chamber, that was integrated into a flow injection analysis system (FIA). The measuring principle was the monitoring of the NAD(P)H fluorescence, excited at 360 nm and measured at 450 nm. NADP(H), which is confined in the protein complex, was oxidized or reduced during the enzymatic reactions and the changes in the fluorescence intensity were related to the substrate concentration. The sensitivity of the system covered a range from 0.001 to 100 g/L of the analyte depending on substrate and operating conditions. The applicability of this model system for bioprocess monitoring was proved using samples from a Pseudomonas pseudoflava cultivation.
Prostacyclin activates tachykinin release from capsaicin‐sensitive afferents in guinea‐pig bronchi through a ruthenium red‐sensitive pathway (1991)

1. We have investigated the ability of prostacyclin (PGI2) to contract guinea-pig isolated bronchi and the possible involvement of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in the response to PGI2. 2. PGI2 (0.1-100 microM) produced concentration-dependent contractions of the guinea-pig isolated bronchi. In vitro capsaicin desensitization (10 microM for 30 min followed by washing) significantly reduced the PGI2-induced contraction at all concentrations tested. A capsaicin-resistant component of contraction (40-60% of the overall response) was also evident. 3. Ruthenium red (3 microM), an inorganic dye which acts as a selective functional antagonist of capsaicin, significantly decreased PGI2-induced contractions, without affecting the response to substance P, neurokinin A or acetylcholine. 4. MEN 10, 207, (Tyr5, D-Trp6,8,9, Arg10)-neurokinin A (4-10) (3 microM), a selective antagonist of NK2-tachykinin receptors, significantly decreased PGI2-induced contractions and neurokinin A-induced contractions, without affecting the response to acetylcholine. 5. The effect of ruthenium red and MEN 10,207 on the one hand, and that of ruthenium red and capsaicin on the other was non additive. 6. These results indicate that PGI2-induced contraction of the guinea-pig isolated bronchi involves two distinct mechanisms, one of which involves transmitter (tachykinins) release from peripheral endings of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents. In as much as PGI2-activation of primary afferents is sensitive to ruthenium red, we suggest that PGI2 shares a common mechanism of tachykinin release with that activated by capsaicin.
A Novel Electric Thruster Based on IEC Plasma Jet Technology (2004)

A novel plasma jet thruster, based on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) technology, is described for orbit transfer operations. While electronically driven, it represents a fore summer of a future fusion powered unit. The IEC thruster employs a spherical configuration, wherein ions are generated and accelerated towards the center of a spherical vacuum chamber where a high-density central core region accelerated ions into an intense quasi-neutral ion jet. Compared to other high-power plasma thrusters, the IEC offers advantages in design simplicity and minimum propellant leakage, plus a high power-to-weight ratio. (authors)
The integrin‐adhesome is required to maintain muscle structure, mitochondrial ATP production, and movement forces in Caenorhabditis elegans (2014)

The integrin-adhesome network, which contains >150 proteins, is mechano-transducing and located at discreet positions along the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interface. A small subset of the integrin-adhesome is known to maintain normal muscle morphology. However, the importance of the entire adhesome for muscle structure and function is unknown. We used RNA interference to knock down 113 putative Caenorhabditis elegans homologs constituting most of the mammalian adhesome and 48 proteins known to localize to attachment sites in C. elegans muscle. In both cases, we found >90% of components were required for normal muscle mitochondrial structure and/or proteostasis vs. empty vector controls. Approximately half of these, mainly proteins that physically interact with each other, were also required for normal sarcomere and/or adhesome structure. Next we confirmed that the dystrophy observed in adhesome mutants associates with impaired maximal mitochondrial ATP production (P < 0.01), as well as reduced probability distribution of muscle movement forces compared with wild-type animals. Our results show that the integrin-adhesome network as a whole is required for maintaining both muscle structure and function and extend the current understanding of the full complexities of the functional adhesome in vivo.
In Situ Solidification of Grape Pekmez (2004)

Pekmez is a concentrated and shelf-life extended form of grape juice. We investigated its material behavior and the effect of processing factors during its solidification using in situ rheometry and color measurement by computer vision. The pekmez (45.3 to 75 <emph></emph>Brix) is a Newtonian product. As expected, its viscosity increased with increasing solids concentration and decreasing temperature. A simple model was proposed to describe the combined effect of concentration and temperature on pekmez viscosity. The color of pekmez changed from dark brown to white depending on the processing conditions such as concentration and type of bleaching agent used and the mixing rate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Conformationally Restricted Tricyclic Analogues of the Hormone Melatonin (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High-mobility group box-1 protein as a novel biomarker to diagnose healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis: a pilot study (2021)

HMGB1 is an accurate marker of HAVM and it adds incremental diagnostic value when paired with CSF-glucose measurements. Future larger and multicenter studies should assess the incremental diagnostic value of HMGB1 data when used alongside other established CSF markers of infection, and the external validity of these preliminary results.
Precocious Puberty Associated with Oral‐Facial‐Digital Syndrome Type I (1986)

A girl with the oral-facial-digital syndrome type I (OFD I) developed precocious puberty at early infancy. This is presumed to be due to a hamartoma in the tuber cinereum region. Hypothalamic hamartomas have not been described in OFD I earlier, whereas lingual hamartomas are a common feature in this condition.
Processing of the Nedd2 precursor by ICE‐like proteases and granzyme B (1996)

Our observations suggest that Nedd2 activation requires cleavage by one or more ICE-like proteases that lie upstream in the proteolytic cascade. Cleavage of pro-Nedd2 by granzyme B indicates that Nedd2 may be one of the downstream effectors in the CTL-mediated killing of target cells.
Energy storage for short-term and long-term wind energy support (2010)

Wind farm output power fluctuations both in short-term and long-term, create adverse effects on the voltage, frequency, and transient stability of the utility grid. In this paper, integration of wind energy with long-term energy storage devices to support the long-term and short-term shortcomings is discussed. Specifically, the energy storage is used for power ramp rate control, power smoothing, and power shifting. The utilized energy storage is zinc-bromide flow battery. The actual model of the battery is used in this study. Portions of the battery are allocated to short-term and long-term support. Actual load and wind farm power generation data are used in this study. The analysis shows that significant improvement can be made to shape the output power of the farm using the energy storage system.