gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MFFNet: Multi-Receptive Field Fusion Net for Microscope Steel Grain Grading (2022)

The grain size is an important steel grading parameter. For metallographic steel images with various grain sizes and complex textures, it is not possible for a human expert to determine the grain size efficiently. Meanwhile, conventional computer vision models are designed based on general images and they are not capable of achieving high performance in metallographic steel grain size recognition. To solve these problems, a method based on multiple receptive field fusion is proposed. A multi-scale convolutional net is used to extract information of microstructures in various scales. In addition, to augment the extracted features, a self-attention module is used to improve the robustness of feature representation with complex metallographic textures. At last, via a multiple feature fusion module, the data capacity is extended by projecting features into multiple hidden spaces. A comprehensive experiment was conducted on the Huawei Cloud Dataset and the classification accuracy was improved by 27% compared with other SOTA models, while our computation cost was only 0.06 GFLOPs.
Convex gradient optimization for increased spatiotemporal resolution and improved accuracy in phase contrast MRI (2014)

Purpose: To evaluate convex gradient optimization (CVX) for increased spatiotemporal resolution and improved accuracy for phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI). Methods: A conventional flow-compensated and flowencoded (FCFE) PC-MRI sequence was compared with a CVX PC-MRI sequence using numerical simulations, flow phantom experiments, and in vivo experiments. Flow measurements within the ascending aorta, main pulmonary artery, and right/ left pulmonary arteries of normal volunteers (N ¼ 10) were acquired at 3T and analyzed using a conventional FCFE sequence and a CVX sequence with either higher spatial resolution or higher temporal resolution. All sequences mitigated chemical shift–induced phase errors and used equivalent breath-hold durations. Results: Chemical shift–optimized PC-MRI has increased sequence efficiency when using CVX, which can provide either higher spatial or higher temporal resolution compared with conventional FCFE PC-MRI. Numerical simulations, flow phantom experiments, and in vivo experiments indicate that CVX measurements of total flow and peak velocity are increased and more accurate when compared with FCFE. Conclusion: CVX PC-MRI increases sequence efficiency while reducing chemical shift–induced phase errors. This can be used to provide either higher spatial or higher temporal resolution than conventional chemical shift–mitigated PC-MRI methods to provide more accurate measurements of blood flow and peak velocity. Magn Reson Med 72:1552–1564, 2014. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum effect on cellular uptake of spermidine, spergualin, 15-deoxyspergualin, and their metabolites by L5178Y cells. (1989)

Spergualin (SG) and 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) were more slowly incorporated into L5178Y cells than spermidine. SG and DSG inhibited carrier-mediated transport of [3H]spermidine competitively with inhibition constants of 0.67 mM and 0.45 mM, respectively. Addition of calf serum stimulated uptake of [3H]spermidine into the cells in a serum concentration-dependent manner. The effect was not observed when horse serum was used in place of calf serum. Preincubation of spermidine in calf serum for 1 hour before addition to cells remarkably decreased cellular incorporation of tritium. Three amine oxidase inhibitors, aminoguanidine, 3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine, and semicarbazide, inhibited stimulation of uptake of [3H]spermidine by calf serum and the decrease of it by preincubation in calf serum. So we propose that cellular incorporation or binding of products generated by oxidation of spermidine by amine oxidase in calf serum was much faster than that of spermidine itself and they were unstable and transformed quickly to unincorporable or non-binding substances if cellular targets were not present. Effect of amine oxidase inhibitors on cytotoxic activity of SG and DSG were determined in low and high concentrations of calf serum. In the presence of 10% calf serum in the basal medium, cytotoxicity to L5178Y cells by SG and DSG was suppressed at high drug concentrations (above 10 micrograms/ml) and enhanced at low drug concentrations (below 2.5 micrograms/ml) by amine oxidase inhibitors. In the presence of 0.5% calf serum suppression of cytotoxicity at high drug concentrations by amine oxidase inhibitors was also observed, but enhancement at low drug concentrations was obscure. These data may suggest the existence of two kinds of cytotoxic mechanism of SG and DSG, one dependent on and one independent of amine oxidase in serum.
Cross-Coupling of Aryltrimethylammonium Triflates with Aryl Grignard Reagents (2010)

A mild and general method for the cross-coupling of aryltrimethylammonium triflates with aryl organomagnesium reagents was developed. The reaction proceeds best under palladium catalysis at ambient temperature. Functional groups, such as ester functionalities, are well tolerated due to the fact that only a slight excess of Grignard reagent is used. Methylation of N,N-di­methylanilines and subsequent cross-coupling of the resulting aryltrimethylammonium triflate could be combined in a one-pot procedure leading to an increase in reaction times.
Anatomical relationships between serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors in living human brain (2017)

The observation of two distinct clusters in the correlation matrix suggests regional interactions between 5-HT2A and D2 receptors in sensorimotor integration and hippocampal function. A bicluster analysis of the correlation matrix of these neuroreceptors may be beneficial in understanding molecular networks in the human brain.
Optimization of a traction PMASR motor according to a given driving cycle (2014)

Electric motors are intrinsically ideal candidates for traction applications due the optimal electromechanical characteristics, high efficiency and manufacturing simplicity. Nowadays, one of the most attractive solutions is represented by synchronous machines, due to the great advantage in terms of high performance and mass saving. This paper deals with the design and optimization of a permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor, according to a given driving cycle. A procedure is proposed to evaluate the most effective design area, which has to be considered for the design and global optimization. Both results and advantages of the adopted methodology are highlighted.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF REACTIVE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 19. CARBENE ADDITION TO DICARBONYL(η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)COBALT (1977)

Abstract Ausgehend von Diazomalonsäuredialkylestern ( II) konnten durch photochemische Addition an den Kobaltkomplex (I) die einkernigen Derivate (III) dargestellt werden.
Novel PWM-controlled resonant converter (1996)

A novel PWM-controlled resonant converter is proposed. The combination of a resonant converter and an active-clamp circuit makes it possible to control the output voltage of the resonant converter by PWM method. The good controllability and other characteristics of this new resonant converter are analyzed, and are confirmed experimentally.
Fabrication of triangular nanobeam waveguide networks in bulk diamond using single-crystal silicon hard masks (2014)

A scalable approach for integrated photonic networks in single-crystal diamond using triangular etching of bulk samples is presented. We describe designs of high quality factor (Q = 2.51 × 106) photonic crystal cavities with low mode volume (Vm = 1.062 × (λ/n)3), which are connected via waveguides supported by suspension structures with predicted transmission loss of only 0.05 dB. We demonstrate the fabrication of these structures using transferred single-crystal silicon hard masks and angular dry etching, yielding photonic crystal cavities in the visible spectrum with measured quality factors in excess of Q = 3 × 103.
Demonstrating individual leakage path from random telegraph signal of stress induced leakage current (2014)

Time-dependent characteristics of stress induced leakage current (SILC) for the 5.7 and 7.7 nm oxides were evaluated to detect the random telegraph signal (RTS) of gate leakage current. The leakage current from the RTS of IG was extracted. Each current value extracted from RTS of SILC indicates the absolute current of individual localized leakage spot. The results indicate that the absolute value at individual leakage spot can be analyzed by this method, and this evaluation method is useful for the development of process and design technologies for highly reliable MOS devices.
Comparing biomarker profiles of patients with heart failure: atrial fibrillation vs. sinus rhythm and reduced vs. preserved ejection fraction (2018)

In patients with HFrEF, the presence of AF was associated with a homogeneously elevated cardiovascular risk marker profile. In contrast, in patients with HFpEF, the presence of AF was associated with a more scattered risk marker profile, suggesting differences in underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of AF in these HF phenotypes.
Backpropagation training of an optical neural network (2003)

The experimental demonstration of optical backpropagation in a feedforward optical neural network, developed by the authors, is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first report of backpropagation training in an optical system. The network uses a thermal nonlinear material as a neural processing layer and a photorefractive crystal as a phase conjugate mirror to backpropagate the optical error. The nonlinear material modulates the phase front of a forward propagating information beam by dynamically altering the index of the refraction profile of the material via a stronger weighting beam.
Reduced-Noise Ionosphere-Free Carrier Smoothed Code (2010)

A new three-carrier smoothing method for Galileo signals is described. It provides a smoothed-code solution, which is ionosphere free to the first order and whose noise is reduced to subdecimeter level. The method involves integer ambiguities, which can be resolved reliably. The sensitivity of the new method to receiver biases and ionospheric delays of the second order is small. The performance of the three-carrier smoothing method reduces the averaging interval to 1/5th of its current standard value. The results refer to pseudo-ranges and are geometry independent.
Oxygen Generating Biomaterials for Ischemic Tissue Salvage and Function (2010)

Skeletal muscle viability is lost when there is a prolonged interruption of blood supply. The ensuing lack of oxygen, or hypoxia, results in ischemia and necrosis, which greatly deteriorates skeletal muscle function. The application of a material that generates oxygen could maintain skeletal muscle viability under such hypoxic conditions. A solution of particulate oxygen generators (POGs) was created and injected into an isolated rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle, a tissue that will experience oxygen diffusion limitations due to its volume. The muscle was placed in an in vitro organ bath, wherein the core of the EDL muscle is oxygen‐deprived, and assessed at 37°C for functional capacity during a 1.5‐hour contractile test. The injection of POGs subsided the decline of active force production and rise in baseline tension during the contractile test, compared to EDL muscle injected with vehicle‐only. These findings suggest that POGs attenuated hypoxia in isolated EDL muscle.
Reliability and vulnerability studies of the SP-100 system (2003)

A parametric analysis was carried out using SNPSAM-Mode-3 to assess the reliability and vulnerability of the SP-100 system to single and multiple failures of the thermoelectric-electromagnetic pumps. The effects of degradation of the system's waste heat rejection, due to a partial loss of the surface area and/or the emissivity of the radiator panels, on the SP-100 operating parameters were also investigated. Results show that a partial degradation of the waste heat rejection capability of the radiator panels, although it increases the reactor and coolant temperatures, only slightly affects the system's electric power output. For example, a 50% loss of waste heat rejection for the entire system causes the electric power to decrease by less than 18%. The results demonstrate the high reliability and resilience of the SP-100 system design with regard to either multiple failures of the pumps or partial degradation of the heat rejection capability of the radiator panels. >
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Photochemical Synthesis of the Enediyne Functionality via a Norrish Type II Reaction (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Thermal simulation of switchgear (2002)

In development of low voltage switchgear, proper thermal design becomes more and more important to provide safe function and reliability in spite of miniaturization and increasing performance demanded of modern devices. Due to the high complexity of heat generation and loss processes it is not easy to predict the thermal behavior of devices under various load conditions, i.e., usually numerous tests are required. Rockwell Automation has started thermal simulations of contactors some time ago, and now is working on a three-dimensional (3-D) thermal model of a manual motor controller. This paper describes how to transform well known contact physics into an application oriented thermal simulation. Linking relations of mechanical engineering with contact physics, the influence of the applied tightening torque at the field wiring terminals on the thermal behavior of the device is considered, as well as the modeling of the contact area, taking into account switching arcs during breaking of various load currents. The simulation results are compared with infrared (IR) pictures and thermocouple measurements of existing devices to validate the theory and furthermore reflect its quality.
Compressive acoustic imaging with metamaterials (2014)

Compressive imaging has brought revolutionary design methodologies to imaging systems. By shuffling and multiplexing the object information space, the imaging system compresses data on the physical layer and enables employing fewer sensors and acquiring less data than traditional isomorphic mapping imaging systems. Recently metamaterials have been investigated for designing compressive imager. Metamaterials are engineered materials with properties that are usually unattainable in nature. Acoustic metamaterials can possess highly anisotropy, strongly dispersion, negative dynamic density, or bulk modulus, and they open up new possibilities of wave-matter interaction and signal modulation. In this work, we designed, fabricated, and tested a metamaterial-based single detector, 360 degree field of view compressive acoustic imager. Local resonator arrays are design to resonate randomly in both spatial and spectrum dimensions to favor compressive imaging task. The presented experimental results show that with only about 60 measured values, the imager is able to reconstruct a scene of more than 1000 sampling points in space, achieving a compression ratio of about 20:1. Multiple static and moving target imaging task were performed with this low cost, single detector, non-mechanical scanning compressive imager. Our work paves the way for designing metamaterials based compressive acoustic imaging system.
Agonists of G-Protein-Coupled Odorant Receptors Are Predicted from Chemical Features (2018)

Predicting the activity of chemicals for a given odorant receptor is a longstanding challenge. Here the activity of 258 chemicals on the human G-protein-coupled odorant receptor (OR)51E1, also known as prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor 2 (PSGR2), was virtually screened by machine learning using 4884 chemical descriptors as input. A systematic control by functional in vitro assays revealed that a support vector machine algorithm accurately predicted the activity of a screened library. It allowed us to identify two novel agonists in vitro for OR51E1. The transferability of the protocol was assessed on OR1A1, OR2W1, and MOR256-3 odorant receptors, and, in each case, novel agonists were identified with a hit rate of 39-50%. We further show how ligands' efficacy is encoded into residues within OR51E1 cavity using a molecular modeling protocol. Our approach allows widening the chemical spaces associated with odorant receptors. This machine-learning protocol based on chemical features thus represents an efficient tool for screening ligands for G-protein-coupled odorant receptors that modulate non-olfactory functions or, upon combinatorial activation, give rise to our sense of smell.
Formulation Design Facilitates Magnetic Nanoparticle Delivery to Diseased Cells and Tissues (2014)

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) accumulate at disease sites with the aid of magnetic fields; biodegradable MNPs can be designed to facilitate drug delivery, influence disease diagnostics, facilitate tissue regeneration and permit protein purification. Because of their limited toxicity, MNPs are widely used in theranostics, simultaneously facilitating diagnostics and therapeutics. To realize therapeutic end points, iron oxide nanoparticle cores (5-30 nm) are encapsulated in a biocompatible polymer shell with drug cargos. Although limited, the toxic potential of MNPs parallels magnetite composition, along with shape, size and surface chemistry. Clearance is hastened by the reticuloendothelial system. To surmount translational barriers, the crystal structure, particle surface and magnetic properties of MNPs need to be optimized. With this in mind, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of advancements in MNP synthesis, functionalization and design, with an eye towards bench-to-bedside translation.
A Phenotypic Approach for the Identification of New Molecules for Targeted Protein Degradation Applications (2021)

Targeted protein degradation is an emerging new strategy for the modulation of intracellular protein levels with applications in chemical biology and drug discovery. One approach to enable this strategy is to redirect the ubiquitin-proteasome system to mark and degrade target proteins of interest (POIs) through the use of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Although great progress has been made in enabling PROTACs as a platform, there are still a limited number of E3 ligases that have been employed for PROTAC design. Herein we report a novel phenotypic screening approach for the identification of E3 ligase binders. The key concept underlying this approach is the high-throughput modification of screening compounds with a chloroalkane moiety to generate HaloPROTACs in situ, which were then evaluated for their ability to degrade a GFP-HaloTag fusion protein in a cellular context. As proof of concept, we demonstrated that we could generate and detect functional HaloPROTACs in situ, using a validated Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) binder that successfully degraded the GFP-HaloTag fusion protein in living cells. We then used this method to prepare and screen a library of approximately 2000 prospective E3 ligase-recruiting molecules.
Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with transient elastography (FibroScan®): applying the cut-offs of M probe to XL probe (2013)

XL cut-offs at 4.8kPa and 10.7kPa were the best estimates of 6.0kPa and 12.0kPa of M probe for patients with BMI > 25-30 kg/m2. Patients with BMI > 30 kg/m² might use M probe cut-offs for XL probe.
Square Root approximation to the Poisson Channel (2013)

Starting from the Poisson model we present a channel model for optical communications, called the Square Root (SR) Channel, in which the noise is additive Gaussian with constant variance. Initially, we prove that for large peak or average power, the transmission rate of a Poisson Channel when coding and decoding methods for the SR Channel are used, converges to the capacity of the Poisson Channel. Then, we derive bounds and asymptotic expressions for the capacity of the SR Channel, and compare them to those of other optical channel models. Finally, signal-independent noise sources are discussed.
Modifications to callus culture characteristics and plastid differentiation by the formation of an albino callus of Lotus corniculatus (1983)

An achlorophyllous mutant callus (Leo 5u) arose spontaneously from a green callus genotype (Leo 5) of Lotus corniculatus L. (cv. Leo). The Leo 5u callus had no detectable plastid ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ultrastructural analysis revealed no 70s ribosomes, and few thylakoids or plastoglobuli. The white callus growth was completely inhibited by adding exogenous cytokinins to the medium and any subsequent growth was from isolated green revertant islands in the white callus. Green plants were regenerated from these islands and produced fertile plants; however, subsequent regenerants have failed to flower. Reculturing of callus from Leo 5u plants produed a callus (Leo 5u(r)) similar in regeneration and growth rate to the original Leo 5. While the fresh weight growth rate of Leo 5u callus was faster than Leo 5 or Leo 5u(r), no difference in dry weights was observed. Amyloplasts have been maintained in the Leo 5u callus for over 3 years and have maintained their ability to form chloroplasts. It is hypothesized that the plastid genome is required solely for the differentiation of the plastid while the cell nucleus is responsible for initiating the division and compartmental maintenance of the plastid.
Tubelactomicin A, a Novel 16-Membered Lactone Antibiotic, from Nocardia sp. I. Taxonomy, Production, Isolation and Biological Properties. (2000)

A novel 16-membered lactone antibiotic named tubelactomicin A was isolated from the culture broth of an actinomycete strain. The producing organism, designated MK703-102F1, was identified as a member of Nocardia. Tubelactomicin A was isolated from the culture broth by Diaion HP20 absorption, ethyl acetate extraction, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and centrifugal liquid-liquid partition chromatography (CPC). Tubelactomicin A showed strong activity against acid-fast bacteria including the drug-resistant strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein Mimicry: A New Dimension for Peptides as Lead Compounds? (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.