gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High resolution medium energy ion scattering analysis for the quantitative depth profiling of ultrathin high-k layers (2010)

Ultrathin high-k layers such as hafnium oxide (HfO2) in combination with a subnanometer SiO2 or Hf silicate have emerged as Si compatible gate dielectric materials. Medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) analysis has been carried out on a range of such metal oxide chemical vapor deposition grown HfO2∕SiO2 and HfSiOx(60%Hf)∕SiO2 gate oxide films of thickness between 1 and 2nm on Si(100), before and after decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN). The ability of MEIS in combination with energy spectrum simulation to provide quantitative layer information with subnanometer resolution is illustrated and the effect of the DPN process is shown. Excellent agreement on the deduced layer structures and atomic composition with the as grown layer parameters, as well as with those obtained from cross section electron microscopy and other studies, is demonstrated. MEIS analysis of a high-k, metal gate TiN∕Al2O3∕HfO2∕SiO2∕Si stack shows the interdiffusion, after thermal treatment, of Hf and Al from the caplayer, inserted to modify the metal gate workfunction.
Real-time automotive street-scene mapping through fusion of improved stereo depth and fast feature detection algorithms (2017)

The real-time tracking of street scenes as a vehicle is driving is a key enabling technology for autonomous vehicles. In this work we provide the basis for such a system through combining an improved advanced random walk with restart technique for stereo depth determination with fast, robust feature detection. The enables tracking and mapping of a wide range of scene structures which can be readily resolved into individual objects and scene elements. Thus it is practical to identify moving objects such as vehicles, pedestrians and fixed objects and structures such as buildings, trees and roadside kerb.
An Eight-Gene Hypoxia Signature Predicts Survival in Pancreatic Cancer and Is Associated With an Immunosuppressed Tumor Microenvironment (2021)

Intratumoral hypoxia is a widely established element of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) promoting immune escape, tumor invasion, and progression, while contributing to treatment resistance and poor survival. Despite this critical role, hypoxia is underrepresented in molecular signatures of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and concurrent investigations into the hypoxia-immune status are lacking. In this work a literature-based approach was applied to derive an eight-gene hypoxia signature that was validated in fourteen cancer cell lines and in a cohort of PDA. The eight-gene hypoxia signature was significantly associated with overall survival in two distinct PDA datasets and showed independent prognostic value in multivariate analysis. Comparative analysis of tumors according to their hypoxia score (high versus low) determined that tumors with high hypoxia were significantly less enriched in cytotoxic T-cells, and cytolytic activity. In addition, they had lower expression of cytokines and tumor inflammatory markers, pointing to the signature's ability to discern an immune "cold", hypoxic TME. Combining the signature with an immune metric highlighted a worse survival probability in patients with high hypoxia and low immune reactivity, indicating that this approach could further refine survival estimates. Hypoxia as determined by our signature, was significantly associated with certain immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) biomarkers, suggesting that the signature reflects an aspect of the TME that is worth pursuing in future clinical trials. This is the first work of its kind in PDA, and our findings on the hypoxia-immune tumor contexture are not only relevant for ICI but could also guide combinatorial hypoxia-mediated therapeutic strategies in this cancer type.
A Robust Control Concept for Robotic Ankle Gait Assistance (2007)

Previously we have developed lightweight and efficient, spring based actuators. The Robotic Tendon actuator is one such device. Testing of the earlier devices have shown good results both theoretically and experimentally in their implementation to human gait assistance. The current development is focused on a robust control methodology to support the Robotic Tendon device. This study has concluded that the stance phase of gait can be broken into five distinct zones in order to dictate controller behavior. Simulated control of these five zones have shown that simple velocity control and stiffness control meet the requirements necessary for robust gait assistance.
Lifetime of Liquid Metal Wires for Stretchable Devices (2021)

Abstract As stretchable devices become well established for applications in soft robotics and wearable devices, the compliant conductors that make these applications possible must also be reliable and survive for the entire device lifetime. Liquid metals such as Galinstan are a potential solution as non‐toxic, stretchable, and low‐resistance conductors. Rigorous investigations of liquid metal lifetimes, however, are limited. This work presents the median lifetime of liquid metal‐filled silicone tubes under current density on the order of 1 kAcm −2 , which is necessary for applications such as electromagnetic actuators. In these conductors, the median lifetime increases by a factor of over 4700 as current decreases from 2 to 1 kAcm −2 . By cooling the sample, median failure time increases from 112 s to 9.4 h, which suggests straightforward solutions to maximize liquid metal wire lifetime by increasing thermal conductivity or by duty cycling the applied current.
Einstein@Home search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S4 data (2009)

A search for periodic gravitational waves, from sources such as isolated rapidly spinning neutron stars, was carried out using 510 h of data from the fourth LIGO science run (S4). The search was for quasimonochromatic waves in the frequency range from 50 to 1500 Hz, with a linear frequency drift $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{f}$ (measured at the solar system barycenter) in the range $\ensuremath{-}f/\ensuremath{\tau}&lt;\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{f}&lt;0.1f/\ensuremath{\tau}$, where the minimum spin-down age $\ensuremath{\tau}$ was 1000 yr for signals below 300 Hz and 10 000 yr above 300 Hz. The main computational work of the search was distributed over approximately 100 000 computers volunteered by the general public. This large computing power allowed the use of a relatively long coherent integration time of 30 h, despite the large parameter space searched. No statistically significant signals were found. The sensitivity of the search is estimated, along with the fraction of parameter space that was vetoed because of contamination by instrumental artifacts. In the 100 to 200 Hz band, more than 90% of sources with dimensionless gravitational-wave strain amplitude greater than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}23}$ would have been detected.
Purification and Characterization of LPXTGase from Staphylococcus aureus : the Amino Acid Composition Mirrors That Found in the Peptidoglycan (2005)

Bacterial surface proteins are important molecules in the infectivity and survival of pathogens. Surface proteins on gram-positive bacteria have been shown to attach via a transpeptidase, termed sortase, that cleaves an LPXTG sequence found close to the C termini of nearly all surface proteins on these bacteria. We previously identified a unique enzyme (LPXTGase) from Streptococcus pyogenes that also cleaves the LPXTG motif with a catalytic activity higher than that of sortase, suggesting that it plays an important role in the attachment process. We have now purified and characterized an LPXTGase from Staphylococcus aureus and found that it has both similar and unique features compared to the S. pyogenes enzyme. The S. aureus enzyme is glycosylated and contains unusual amino acids, like its streptococcal counterpart. Like the streptococcal enzyme, staphylococcal LPXTGase has an overrepresentation of amino acids found in the peptidoglycan, i.e., glutamine/glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and lysine, and furthermore, we find that these amino acids are present in the enzyme at precisely the same ratio at which they are found in the peptidoglycan for the respective organism. This suggests that enzymes responsible for wall assembly may also play a role in the construction of LPXTGase.
Wavelets in electronic structure calculations (1993)

A three-dimensional wavelet analysis is employed to develop a new formalism for electronic structure calculations. The wavelet formalism provides a systematically improvable and tractable description of electronic wave functions and overcomes limitations of conventional basis expansions. The potential power of the wavelet formalism for ab initio electronic structure calculations is demonstrated by a calculation of 1s states for all the naturally occurring nuclei on the periodic table and the interaction energies of the hydrogen molecule ion.
Generalized Gysel Power divider with Arbitrary Power Ratio and Real Termination Impedances (2021)

The generalized design theory of Gysel power divider (GPD) has been proposed in this paper. Unlike conventional GPD, general solutions for GPD using transmission lines with different characteristic impedances and electrical lengths are derived. Further analysis shows that there is a continuum of solutions for the GPD while the existing solutions are subsets. In the closed-form design equations, the power ratio can be selected arbitrarily and the termination impedances of the three ports can be selected as different real values. A prototype has been implemented and tested to verify the proposed design theory at 2 GHz.
HN22 sheet polarizer, an inexpensive infrared retarder (1997)

The popular sheet polarizer, Polaroid HN22, has been measured to be a nearly half-wave retarder in the 3.6-5.4-microm spectral band with a transmittance of approximately 20%. Tuning of the retardance value between 60 degrees and 260 degrees has been demonstrated by tilting of the HN22 sheet with respect to the incident beam. The material's availability, relatively large aperture, large field of view, and low cost make it an excellent candidate for use as an infrared retarder for systems operating in this wave band. Thus HN22 may be employed as an inexpensive half-wave linear retarder and used for rotating the plane of polarization as well as for conversion between circular polarization states.
Optimal integration of retinal and extra-retinal information is contingent upon trans-saccadic discontinuity (2018)

During saccadic eye movements visual sensitivity decreases due to saccadic suppression1, which degrades spatial information of the target location. This implies that the visual system does not have precise information of target location during saccades. However, previous work showed that sensitivity to displacement during saccades is improved by blanking the target prior to displacement2. These results are consistent with the idea that the visual system assumes that the environment is stable unless there is "sufficient" evidence to the contrary. Alternatively, the visual system could be using both retinal and extra-retinal information in an optimal way3. If this is true, perceptual stability, measured as sensitivity to displacement, should correlate with oculomotor stability such that reduced saccadic accuracy and precision should lead to poor perceptual performance. In Experiment 1, each trial began with a fixation target. After 1-1.5s, the target jumped either to the right or left by 8 degrees. This jump served as a "go" signal for the observer to make an eye movement to this peripheral target. Contingent upon saccade onset, the target was then displaced with various amounts right or left. On 'blank' trials, the target disappeared after saccade initiation for 200msec. Observers reported the direction of target displacement. In Experiment 2, we measured fixation stability while observers viewed an empty screen or a fixation target on an otherwise blank screen. Psychometric functions were fit to observers' displacement direction responses. We computed correlations between the bias and slope parameters of the psychometric functions and oculomotor metrics such as fixation stability, saccade accuracy, and saccade precision. We found a significant correlation between the slope of psychometric functions and both signed saccade accuracy and precision, only in the 'blank' condition. This suggests that retinal and extra-retinal information can be used optimally if there is sufficient evidence to overcome the stability assumption. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2018
MagicWand (2016)

We introduce MagicWand, a cylindrical handheld display object made out of 2 Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diode (FOLED) screens. Magic Wand features a smartphone running the Android operating system. Gesture recognition allows movements of the wand as a form of input. We were interested in exploring how a cylindrical form factor might offer physical affordances for action that are quite different from those of a traditional flat smartphone. We present an application scenario where MagicWand is used as a game controller that can display a variety of 3D game elements.
Co-expression of HLA DR3 and DQ8 results in the development of spontaneous insulitis and loss of tolerance to GAD65 in transgenic mice. (2000)

Specific HLA DQ and DR alleles have been associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. HLA DQ8 and DQ2 have been shown to strongly predispose to disease and to be in linkage disequilibrium with at-risk DR4 and DR3 alleles, respectively. Inheritance of a mixed DR3/DR4 haplotype confers the greatest risk. A double transgenic mouse expressing both DR3 and DQ8 was generated to investigate potential major histocompatibility complex class II interactions. The DR3/DQ8 transgenic mice developed a spontaneous loss of tolerance to GAD65, in which the T-cell response to GAD65 was restricted by HLA DR. Although the mice also showed spontaneous insulitis, they did not progress to overt diabetes. Mice expressing either transgene (DQ8 or DR3) alone showed mild infiltration of their islets, which disappeared when DQ8 or DR3 was co-expressed with a resistant DR2 allele or the neutral DQ6 allele. Therefore, in a fashion analogous to human diabetes, the murine model demonstrated a requirement for a combination of at-risk DR and DQ allotypes for the initiation of spontaneous autoimmunity.
An Analytic Thermodynamic Model for Hydraulic Resistances Based on CFD Flow Parameters (2013)

This article illustrates the development of an analytic lumped parameter thermo-hydraulic model for a wide range of hydraulic resistance geometries based on mass flow. The relevant flow parameters such as the contraction coefficient in case of laminar flow separation are derived from CFD simulations. Furthermore, the consideration of cavitation effects can be included.State of the art in lumped parameter simulations of hydraulic circuits utilise volume-flow based equations like the orifice equation, which is extended for a wide variety of geometries and flow conditions including the transition from laminar to turbulent flow by adjusting the discharge coefficient based on empirical equations or lookup tables. The same situation persists for laminar flow description. In this case the Hagen-Poiseuille equation is often used in conjunction with correction factors based on the Reynolds number to regard the transition of laminar to turbulent flow. However, in practical applications the use of different equations for various flow conditions and geometries is cumbersome. Furthermore, in the widely used volume based flow description, the absolute pressure dependency of mass flow due to density changes and critical flow at which cavitation occurs is not accounted for until now. Without consideration of these influences a mass conservative modelling and thus high model precision is not possible. The overall goal of the proposed model is to increase accuracy of hydraulic system simulation tools and to support usability by simplifying parameterisation on basis of dimensions available from data sheets. The results of this study are obtained analytically as well as empirically by means of CFD simulations. Moreover, a large number of performed simulations support the understanding of fundamental effects in hydraulic resistance flow.
Enterovirus D68 receptor requirements unveiled by haploid genetics (2016)

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe respiratory disease and is associated with cases of paralysis, especially among children. Heretofore, information on host factor requirements for EV-D68 infection is scarce. Haploid genetic screening is a powerful tool to reveal factors involved in the entry of pathogens. We performed a genome-wide haploid screen with the EV-D68 prototype Fermon strain to obtain a comprehensive overview of cellular factors supporting EV-D68 infection. We identified and confirmed several genes involved in sialic acid (Sia) biosynthesis, transport, and conjugation to be essential for infection. Moreover, by using knockout cell lines and gene reconstitution, we showed that both α2,6- and α2,3-linked Sia can be used as functional cellular EV-D68 receptors. Importantly, the screen did not reveal a specific protein receptor, suggesting that EV-D68 can use multiple redundant sialylated receptors. Upon testing recent clinical strains, we identified strains that showed a similar Sia dependency, whereas others could infect cells lacking surface Sia, indicating they can use an alternative, nonsialylated receptor. Nevertheless, these Sia-independent strains were still able to bind Sia on human erythrocytes, raising the possibility that these viruses can use multiple receptors. Sequence comparison of Sia-dependent and Sia-independent EV-D68 strains showed that many changes occurred near the canyon that might allow alternative receptor binding. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the identity of the EV-D68 receptor and suggest the possible existence of Sia-independent viruses, which are essential for understanding tropism and disease.
F420H2-Dependent Degradation of Aflatoxin and other Furanocoumarins Is Widespread throughout the Actinomycetales (2012)

Two classes of F(420)-dependent reductases (FDR-A and FDR-B) that can reduce aflatoxins and thereby degrade them have previously been isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis. One class, the FDR-A enzymes, has up to 100 times more activity than the other. F(420) is a cofactor with a low reduction potential that is largely confined to the Actinomycetales and some Archaea and Proteobacteria. We have heterologously expressed ten FDR-A enzymes from diverse Actinomycetales, finding that nine can also use F(420)H(2) to reduce aflatoxin. Thus FDR-As may be responsible for the previously observed degradation of aflatoxin in other Actinomycetales. The one FDR-A enzyme that we found not to reduce aflatoxin belonged to a distinct clade (herein denoted FDR-AA), and our subsequent expression and analysis of seven other FDR-AAs from M. smegmatis found that none could reduce aflatoxin. Certain FDR-A and FDR-B enzymes that could reduce aflatoxin also showed activity with coumarin and three furanocoumarins (angelicin, 8-methoxysporalen and imperatorin), but none of the FDR-AAs tested showed any of these activities. The shared feature of the compounds that were substrates was an α,β-unsaturated lactone moiety. This moiety occurs in a wide variety of otherwise recalcitrant xenobiotics and antibiotics, so the FDR-As and FDR-Bs may have evolved to harness the reducing power of F(420) to metabolise such compounds. Mass spectrometry on the products of the FDR-catalyzed reduction of coumarin and the other furanocoumarins shows their spontaneous hydrolysis to multiple products.
Primary Non-ampullary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Single-center Experience for 15 Years (2015)

The majority of patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Presence of distant metastasis was independent prognostic factor of PNADA together with elevated total bilirubin.
ChemInform Abstract: GROWTH OF ZINC DENDRITES IN ACIDIC ZINC CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS (1982)

Abstract In einer elektrochemischen Zelle (Zn‐Elektroden, Ag/AgCl‐Bezugselektrode, wäßrige ZnCl 2 ‐Lösung mit HCI‐Zusatz) wurde die Dentritbildung auf polykristallinem Zn untersucht.
Design Methodology for Highly Reliable, High Performance ReRAM and 3-Bit/Cell MLC NAND Flash Solid-State Storage (2014)

This paper proposes design methodology for highly reliable, high performance ReRAM and 3-bit/cell multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash solid-state storage. Six techniques, calibrated RRef (CR), flexible RRef (FR), adaptive asymmetric coding (AAC), verify trials reduction (VTR), bits/cell optimization (BCO), and balanced RAID-5/6 are proposed. CR, FR, AAC, and VTR are for ReRAM. CR and FR change the read-reference resistance (RRef) to reduce the BER. AAC first increases the population of Set and then Reset. The BER reduction with FR and AAC is 69 and 78% with 60 and 75% asymmetry, respectively. In VTR, by changing the number of acceptable bit-errors, the total Reset time is reduced by 97% at maximum with small ECC calculation overhead. The reliability of 3-bit/cell MLC NAND flash memory is improved by BCO and balanced RAID-5/6. BCO reallocates 3-bit/cell MLC to 2-bit/cell MLC and single-level cell (SLC) and the write/erase cycle increases by over 22-times. Balanced RAID-5/6 evenly allocates upper/middle/lower pages to a stripe to reduce the RAID failure rate by 98%.
Improvement of two-step K+–Na+ and Ag+–Na+ ion-exchanged glass waveguides by surface removal (2006)

We introduce a simple approach to improve the properties of waveguides fabricated by two-step K+–Na+ and Ag+–Na+ ion exchange in BK7 glass. By etching a 0.25-μm-thick layer off the waveguide surface, the propagation losses and polarization dependent losses caused by silver colloids formed during the ion exchange process can be significantly reduced. In addition, this method can improve the uniformity of the waveguides with varying waveguide patterns. After 24 h of annealing at 300 °C, the propagation losses of the etched waveguides have a value of 0.25–0.35dB∕cm, which is about 0.1dB∕cm lower than the waveguides without etch. The etch has little impact on the waveguide mode profiles.
Design of a Charge Domain CMOS Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensor (2004)

In this paper we present a new type of CMOS Time-of-Flight (TOF) range image sensor based on CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) techniques. The TOF sensor features high-speed and efficient photocharge transfer that is essential in range imaging. The rapid and efficient charge transfer is made possible by the use of a high-gain inverting amplifier and capacitors connected alternatively to the feedback path. This leads to the cost-effective implementation of the system. The analysis of simulation results suggests that the proposed technique can achieve a sufficient range resolution of millimeters to centimeters depending on the maximum measured range, if the noise is dominated by photon shot noise.