gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of Low-Energy Doping Processes Using Continuous Anodic Oxidation Technique/Differential Hall Effect Measurements (2009)

Comparing with conventional spreading resistance profiling and differential Hall effect (DHE) methods, the continuous anodic oxidation technique/DHE (CAOT/DHE) technique may achieve more reasonable profiles of carrier concentration n <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> (x), mobility mu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> (x), and resistivity rho(x) and more reasonable carrier dose and x <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">j</sub> in Si substrate. It has been successfully used to study ultralow energy doping techniques including B beam-line implant and B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> plasma doping (PLAD). CAOT/DHE data support the fact that the devices fabricated by PLAD achieve improvement to those fabricated by beam-line implant because PLAD offered higher surface carrier concentration and carrier dose. CAOT/DHE data quantitatively verify the so-called solid solubility limit activation theory - the carrier profiles and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) B impurity profiles under B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SS</sub> are very well consistent on both beam-line and PLAD implants. As a cheaper and standard metrology, the SIMS/ARXPS method with the solid solubility limit activation theory may be used to quantitatively or semiquantitatively study the doping and activation processes.
ChemInform Abstract: AZO ANIONS IN SYNTHESIS. TERT‐BUTYLHYDRAZONES AS ACYL ANION EQUIVALENTS (1984)

Abstract Die tert.‐Butylhydrazone (I) reagieren über ihre Lithiumsalze mit Aldehyden und Ketonen zu den Addukten (II), deren Hydrolyse die instabilen Azoalkohole (III) ergibt.
A 11–177 Mbps Recordable Digital Versatile Disc (1–16× DVD-R) Using a New Dye (2004)

The possibility of 11 to 177 Mbps (1× to 16×) speed recording was confirmed by the investigation of the recordable digital versatile disc (DVD-R) using a new oxonol dye. Low jitter and a high aperture ratio (AR) even after high-speed recording are attributed to the unique thermal decomposition behavior of the dye, i.e., its low decomposition temperature, small heat generation and well defined void generation. The dye neither contains toxic heavy metals nor corrodes a pure silver reflective layer.
Variation in Squish Length and Swirl to Reach Higher Levels of EGR in a CNG Engine (2019)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Gaseous methane fuel for internal combustion engines have proved to be a competitive source of propulsion energy for heavy duty truck engines. Using biogas can even reduce the carbon footprint of the truck to near-zero levels, creating fully environmentally friendly transport. Gas engines have already been on the market and proved to be a popular alternative for buses and waste transport. However, for long haulage these gas engines have not been on par with the equivalent diesel engines. To improve the power and efficiency of EURO VI gas engines running stoichiometrically, a direct way forward is adding more boost pressure and spark advance in combination with more EGR to mitigate knock. Using in-cylinder turbulence to achieve higher mixing rate, the fuel can still be combusted efficiently despite the increased fraction of inert gases. In this paper, previous findings on in-cylinder air flows for diesel engine simulations are investigated for the applicability on to stoichiometric gas combustion. Two key parameters were identified, swirl and squish. By varying the levels of swirl with different squish lengths in the piston design, the in-cylinder flow motion is altered to investigate its effect on stoichiometric gas combustion. The testing was performed on a single cylinder research engine operated in the equivalent multi cylinder engine operating points. The results show that previous modelling findings are verified on the pre-mixed gas combustion studied. By choosing swirl and squish for the design of the gas engine, it is possible to increase the combustion speed and thus the fraction of EGR in the combustion charge, without the latter having a negative impact on the combustion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
sCD40L ‐CD40/VLA‐ 5 Signaling Contributes to AngII‐induced Thrombosis and Inflammation. (2015)

AngII‐induced hypertension is associated with accelerated thrombus formation and leukocyte recruitment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the prothrombogenic‐proinflammatory responses associated with chronic AngII infusion. We assessed the contribution of CD40/CD40L to these AngII‐mediated responses and whether/how the generation of soluble CD40L(sCD40L) contributes to the exacerbated thrombosis and leukocyte recruitment. Thrombus formation in mouse arterioles was induced using the light/dye injury model, while firm adhesion of leukocytes was quantified in adjacent venules. Wild type (WT), CD40 ‐/‐ , CD40L ‐/‐ , bone marrow chimeric CD40 ‐/‐ and CD40L ‐/‐ mice (CD40 ‐/‐ →WT or CD40L ‐/‐ →WT) were infused with AngII (1 µg/kg/min for 14 days) via osmotic pumps. Some WT mice and AngII infused WT mice were treated with either recombinant sCD40L, a P‐selectin blocking antibody, or a VLA5 antagonist (ATN‐161). The studies revealed that both AngII‐infused CD40 ‐/‐ and CD40L ‐/‐ exhibited reduced leukocyte adhesion and oxidative stress in venules, and a blunted thrombosis response in arterioles. WT‐AngII mice treated with ATN‐161 were completely protected against the enhanced thrombosis and leukocyte adhesion responses to AngII, while P‐selectin immunoblockade offered only partial protection. Infusion of recombinant sCD40L in either WT, CD40 ‐/‐ , or CD40L ‐/‐ mice restored the accelerated thrombus formation elicited by AngII infusion. These findings implicate sCD40‐CD40L/VLA‐5‐dependent signaling in the prothrombotic‐proinflammatory responses elicited by chronically elevated AngII levels (Postdoctoral Fellowship from Malcolm Feist Endowment).
Design Techniques forr High-Performance, Energy-Eff icient Control Logic (1996)

This paper investigates delay, power and area of critical components in designing energy-eficient control logic. To improve performance and energy e#iciency, a split-slave dual-path (SSDP) register is proposed' which improves the energy eficiency of the prior art by 30%. For multiplexers (MUX), three MUXes are proposed and compared to existing solutions. The proposed MUXes improve performance by 50% or power by 2.2%. The impact of scaling supply voltage alone and scaling threshold voltage with supply voltage on delay andpower is also examined.
Fundamental Drivers of Fintech (2023)

Discusses the advances in data and connectivity driving digitization of a broad range of financial activities and hence new business models then summarizes the impacts of these economic forces on providers and consumers alike. Digital technology continues to reshape financial services by eliminating many of the frictions that drove earlier integrated business models through advances in connectivity and computing power. In emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), where barriers to financial access and costs of services have remained high, mobile connectivity has enabled markets to leapfrog past the constraints of fixed line and bank branch infrastructure. The technological advances described have affected every industry, and their impacts on financial services have proven particularly profound. Increased connectivity and cloud-based computing allow new entrants to reach customers without investment in traditional branch and data center infrastructure. Connectivity and vast amounts of user data can increase transparency and trust while also improving credit assessment, thereby reducing the risk cost of lending.
Extrarenal effects on the pathogenesis and relapse of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in Buffalo/Mna rats (2002)

Buffalo/Mna rats spontaneously develop a focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with a histological pattern similar to the human disease. In this study, we investigated the potential of recurrence of the disease by transplantation of normal kidneys into Buffalo/Mna recipients. Kidneys from healthy LEW.1W rats were grafted into proteinuric 6-month-old Buffalo/Mna rats without or with specific tolerance induction following donor-specific transfusion (DST) aimed at controlling host anti-donor immune responses. The inverse combination was carried out to determine whether a proteinuric Buffalo/Mna kidney can recover its permselectivity in a normal environment. As a control, LEW.1W kidneys were grafted into Wistar Furth recipients. After transplantation without DST, recurrence of proteinuria in LEW.1W kidneys appeared at approximately 10 days, possibly associated with rejection of the graft. In the same combination with DST, proteinuria occurred after 20 days, and the attendant glomerular damage suggested that the initial kidney disease had recurred. Transplanted control animals remained free of proteinuria. In the opposite combination, the proteinuria and the lesions of Buffalo/Mna kidneys regressed after transplantation into healthy LEW.1W rats. The recurrence of proteinuria after transplantation in Buffalo/Mna and the remission of lesions in Buffalo/Mna kidneys transplanted into normal hosts suggests that Buffalo/Mna rats express circulating albuminuric factors, which may be relevant to the relapse of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in humans.
Numerical Analysis of Combustion in Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines (2002)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A new auto-ignition combustion model for performing multi-zone engine cycle simulations has been developed to investigate the characteristics of compression ignition combustion in gasoline engines. In this combustion model, the auto-ignition timing is predicted with a modified shell model and combustion speed is calculated with a three-region (burned, ignited and unburned) model. Engine cycle simulations performed with this model were used to analyze the effect of engine operating parameters, i.e., temperature and air-fuel distributions in the cylinder, on combustion characteristics. It was found that the air-fuel distribution in the cylinder has a large impact on combustion characteristics and knocking was prevented by creating a fuel-rich zone at the center of the cylinder under high load conditions. The fuel-rich zone works as an ignition source to ignite the surrounding fuel-lean zone. In this way, two-step combustion is accomplished through two separate auto-ignitions. Based on these results, this paper discusses the possibility of obtaining stable auto-ignition combustion in a gasoline engine at high loads without any knocking.&lt;/div&gt;
Trace Moisture Adsorption onto Various Stainless Steel Surface-Investigation of Adsorption Heat and Adsorption Isotherms. (1997)

In order to establish a design technology for ultrahigh-purity gas piping systems and to implement effective purging for future ultralarge-scale integration (ULSI) fabrication lines, it is necessary to develop highly accurate simulation technology. We have investigated the heat of adsorption and adsorption isotherms with trace moisture concentrations on various stainless steel surfaces as a means to develop highly accurate simulation technology. We observed that the activation energy of desorption varied as of the surface coverage ratio of moisture increased in the range under monolayer adsorption. We investigated the vibration cycle of adsorbed moisture molecules, and observed that the vibration cycle was 2×10-13s at the adsorbed moisture concentration of 1.4×1014 molecules/cm2 for an Fe2O3 surface. The calculated moisture concentration using the Freundlich adsorption isotherm coincided with the measured concentration in the range of about two orders of magnitude as compared to other adsorption isotherms.
Graphite Foam Heat Exchangers for Thermal Management (2004)

Improved thermal management is needed to increase the power density of electronic and more effectively cool electronic enclosures that are envisioned in future aircraft, spacecraft and surface ships. Typically, heat exchanger cores must increase in size to more effectively dissipate increased heat loads, this would be impossible in many cases, thus improved heat exchanger cores will be required. In this Phase I investigation, MRi aimed to demonstrate improved thermal management using graphite foam (Gr-foam) core heat exchangers. The proposed design was to combine Gr-foams from POCO with MRi's innovative low temperature, active metal joining process (S-Bond{trademark}) to bond Gr-foam to aluminum, copper and aluminum/SiC composite faceplates. The results were very favorable, so a Phase II SBIR with the MDA was initiated. This had primarily 5 tasks: (1) bonding, (2) thermal modeling, (3) cooling chip scale packages, (4) evaporative cooling techniques and (5) IGBT cold plate development. The bonding tests showed that the ''reflow'' technique with S-Bond{reg_sign}-220 resulted in the best and most consistent bond. Then, thermal modeling was used to design different chip scale packages and IGBT cold plates. These designs were used to fabricate many finned graphite foam heat sinks specifically for two standard type IC packages, the 423 and 478 pin chips. These results demonstrated several advantages with the foam. First, the heat sinks with the foam were lighter than the copper/aluminum sinks used as standards. The sinks for the 423 design made from foam were not as good as the standard sinks. However, the sinks made from foam for the 478 pin chips were better than the standard heat sinks used today. However, this improvement was marginal (in the 10-20% better regime). However, another important note was that the epoxy bonding technique resulted in heat sinks with similar results as that with the S-bond{reg_sign}, slightly worse than the S-bond{reg_sign}, but still better than the standard heat sinks. Next, work with evaporative cooling techniques, such as heat pipes, demonstrated some unique behavior with the foam that is not seen with standard wick materials. This was that as the thickness of the foam increased, the performance got better, where with standard wick materials, as the thickness increases, the performance decreases. This is yet to be completely explained. Last, the designs from the thermal model were used to fabricate a series of cold plates with the graphite foam and compare them to similar designs using high performance folded fin aluminum sinks (considered standard in the industry). It was shown that by corrugating the foam parallel to fluid flow, the pressure drop can be reduced significantly while maintaining the same heat transfer as that in the folded fin heat sink. In fact, the results show that the graphite foam heat sink can utilized 5% the pumping power as that required with the folded fin aluminum heat sink, yet remove the same amount of heat.
Association analyses identify 31 new risk loci for colorectal cancer susceptibility. (2019)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and has a strong heritable basis. We report a genome-wide association analysis of 34,627 CRC cases and 71,379 controls of European ancestry that identifies SNPs at 31 new CRC risk loci. We also identify eight independent risk SNPs at the new and previously reported European CRC loci, and a further nine CRC SNPs at loci previously only identified in Asian populations. We use in situ promoter capture Hi-C (CHi-C), gene expression, and in silico annotation methods to identify likely target genes of CRC SNPs. Whilst these new SNP associations implicate target genes that are enriched for known CRC pathways such as Wnt and BMP, they also highlight novel pathways with no prior links to colorectal tumourigenesis. These findings provide further insight into CRC susceptibility and enhance the prospects of applying genetic risk scores to personalised screening and prevention.
W and Z boson production in p-Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02 $$ TeV (2017)

The W and Z boson production was measured via the muonic decay channel in proton-lead collisions at $$ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02 $$ TeV at the Large Hadron Collider with the ALICE detector. The measurement covers backward (−4.46 < y cms < −2.96) and forward (2.03 < y cms < 3.53) rapidity regions, corresponding to Pb-going and p-going directions, respectively. The Z-boson production cross section, with dimuon invariant mass of 60 < m μμ < 120 GeV/c 2 and muon transverse momentum (p T ) larger than 20 GeV/c, is measured. The production cross section and charge asymmetry of muons from W-boson decays with p T > 10 GeV/c are determined. The results are compared to theoretical calculations both with and without including the nuclear modification of the parton distribution functions. The W-boson production is also studied as a function of the collision centrality: the cross section of muons from W-boson decays is found to scale with the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions within uncertainties.
Multicomponent Synthesis of 3-Heteroarylpropionic Acids (2006)

A four component one-pot procedure (4-MC) was developed to assemble 3-heteroarylpropionic acids from commercially available materials. This new methodology affords the title compounds in high yields and without the use of chromatography. [reaction: see text]
Nanocrystalline mesoporous SMO thin films prepared by sol gel process for MEMS-based hydrogen sensor (2004)

MEMS based SnO<sub>2</sub> gas sensor with sol gel synthesized mesoporous nanocrystalline (&lt;10 nm) semiconductor thin (100~150 nm) film has been recently developed. The SnO<sub>2</sub> nano film is fabricated with the combination of polymeric sol gel chemistry with block copolymers used for structure directing agents. The novel hydrogen sensor has a fast response time (1s) and quick recovery time (3s), as well as good sensitivity (about 90%), comparing to other hydrogen sensors developed. The improved capabilities are credited to the large surface to volume ratio of gas sensing thin film with nano sized porous surface topology, which can greatly increase the sensitivity even at relatively low working temperature. The gas sensing film is deposited onto a thin dielectric membrane of low thermal conductivity, which provides good thermal isolation between substrate and the gas-sensitive heated area on the membrane. In this way the power consumption can be kept very low. Since the fabrication process is completely compatible with IC industry, it makes mass production possible and greatly reduces the cost. The working temperature of the new sensor can be reduced as low as 100&deg;C. The low working temperature posse advantages such as lower power consumption, lower thermal induced signal shift as well as safe detection in certain environments where temperature is strictly limited.
Surface-Emitting Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Lasers (2013)

A surface-emitting SCOWL is demonstrated using a deep etched 45° turning mirror, achieving 1 W q-CW output power, a diffraction-limited beam, and comparable efficiency to conventional edge-emitters. This design offers 2-D laser array scalability.
Fluorocarbon-Based in vivo Oxygen Transport and Delivery Systems (1991)

The approval of Fluosol, a fluorocarbon emulsion for oxygenating the myocardium during the transluminal coronary angioplasty procedure, is a landmark in the field of injectable oxygen carriers, the so-called blood substitutes. This review discusses the advances made since this first emulsion was initially developed about 12 years ago. Attention is focused on the progress achieved in the preparation and selection of new, better-defined and faster-excreted fluorocarbons, and better surfactants, improved emulsions, knowledge of structure/property relationships along with an improved understanding of the physiologic response to their administration. These advances have led to the development of a second generation of highly concentrated, fluid and stable injectable oxygen carriers suitable for a broad range of clinical applications. Prospects for further progress and future generations of emulsions are also outlined.
Can We Identify Subgroups in Which ICSI is Cost-Effective Over IVF: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomised Clinical Trial (2022)

Background: The use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has increased substantially worldwide, primarily in couples with non-male factor infertility. We recently published the results of a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing ICSI and IVF showing no significant improvement of ICSI over IVF in couples with normal semen concentration and motility. Here, we assess the cost-effectiveness of ICSI in these couples, with additional attention for subgroups. Aim: To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ICSI versus IVF in relation to sperm morphology. Method: We performed a cost-effectiveness alongside a randomised clinical trial comparing ICSI and IVF. Between 16th March 2018 and 12th August 2019, we had randomized 1,064 couples (532 to ICSI vs 532 to IVF) in two centres in VietNam. After comparing the difference in life birth rate, we calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio as the additional cost to establish one live birth. We also looked at (cost-)effectiveness in subgroups by the baseline characteristics treatment-indication, ovarian response, total-motile-count and sperm-morphology. Results: In the base case, there were per 100 women 3.4 more babies born for an extra cost of €65,600. This translates to €19,294 per extra life birth, which is comparable to the benchmark of €15,000 per live birth. We did not find significant interaction with any of the baseline characteristics (all P-values for interaction [Formula: see text] 0.05). However, for sperm morphology, in the 458 couples with [Formula: see text]=4% normoform cells, live birth rates were 32.1% versus 32.9% (RR 0.97 (0.75 to 1.27)), while in 201 women with [Formula: see text]4% normoform cells this was 36.2% versus 29.7% (RR 1.22 (0.97, 1.54)). While this would implicate no effectiveness of ICSI in couples with completely normal sperm, in couples with normal total sperm count and motility, those with sperm morphology [Formula: see text]4% would have 6.5 additional babies per 100 women, resulting in a cost-effectiveness of €10,076 per extra life birth. Conclusion: In couples with completely normal sperm (normal total sperm count, motility and morphology) ICSI does not add anything to the chances obtained with IVF. In couples with a normal total sperm count and motility with abnormal morphology, ICSI could be considered as it seems cost-effective.