gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PAPER 132: EFFECT OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HEIGHT ON POST-OPERATIVE MOTION FOLLOWING PRODISC-C CERVICAL DISK REPLACEMENT (2010)

Purpose: Cervical arthroplasty is an emerging technology with the potential of motion preservation and reduced adjacent level disease. However, the factors that influence postoperative range of motion (ROM) and patient satisfaction is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of disk height on the postoperative motion as well as clinical outcomes. Method: 167 patients from a multi-center prospective randomized FDA trial with single level ProDisc-C arthroplasty performed were evaluated radiographically utilizing Medical Metrics (QMATM, Medical Metrics, Inc.). Preoperative and postoperative disk height and ROM were measured from standing lateral and flexion-extension radiographs. Of these 167 patients, 19 patients from a single center had clinical outcomes based on ODI and VAS scores evaluated pre and postoperation with a mean follow-up of 22 months. Two-tailed student’s T-test and Spearman’s Rho tests were performed in order to find out if there was any correlation or “threshold” effect between the disk height and ROM. Results: Patients with less than 4 mm of preoperative disc height had a 1.8° increase in their flexion-extension ROM after TDA as compared to no change in ROM in patients with more than 4 mm of preoperative disc height (p=0.04). Patients with more than 5mm of postoperative disc height have significantly higher postoperative flexion-extension ROM (10.1°) than those with less than 5mm disc height (8.3°, p=0.014). However, patients with more than 7mm of postoperative disc height have significantly lower postoperative lateral bending ROM (4.1°) than those with less than 7mm disc height (5.7°, p=0.04). It appears that the optimal postoperative disc height is between 5 to 7 mm for increased ROM on flexion-extension and lateral bending. No correlation could be found between clinical outcomes and disc height. Similarly, no threshold effect could be found between any specific disc height and ODI or VAS. Conclusion: Patients with greater disc collapse benefit more in ROM from a TDR. The optimal range to maximize ROM for postoperative disc height is between 5 to 7mm. This optimal range did not translate into better clinical outcome at 2 year follow-up. A longer follow-up will yield if less ROM ultimately leads to worse clinical outcomes.
Band structure of cobalt by an empirical approach (1988)

The band structure of hexagonal-close-packed ferromagnetic cobalt has been calculated using a nonlocal empirical pseudopotential method. With the energies in face-centered-cubic cobalt given by Himpsel and Eastman as a reference, the potentials are determined to give the best fit of the photoemission data and magnetic moment. The positions of the dominant peaks in the density of states for the minority spin case agree better with the photoemission (≤0.2 eV) than the ones of the majority spin case (∼0.3 eV). Physical quantities, such as d-band widths, exchange splitting, etc., are also analyzed and compared with experiments and other theories. The difference between most earlier theories and the present calculations are that we have (a) narrower d-band widths and (b) higher p-state energies with respect to the d states.
Generic Sentence Fusion is an Ill-Defined Summarization Task (2004)

Abstract : We report on a series of human evaluations of the task of sentence fusion. In this task, a human is given two sentences and asked to produce a single coherent sentence that contains only the important information from the original two. Thus, this is a highly constrained summarization task. Our investigations show that even at this restricted level, there is no measurable agreement between humans regarding what information should be considered important. We further investigate the ability of separate evaluators to assess summaries, and find similarly disturbing lack of agreement.
Strategies and behaviors of end-user programmers with interactive fault localization (2004)

End-user programmers are writing an unprecedented number of programs, due in large part to the significant effort put forth to bring programming power to end users. Unfortunately, this effort has not been supplemented by a comparable effort to increase the correctness of these often faulty programs. To address this need, we have been working towards bringing fault localization techniques to end users. In order to understand how end users are affected by and interact with such techniques, we conducted a think-aloud study, examining the interactive, human-centric ties between end-user debugging and a fault localization technique. Our results provide insights into the contributions such techniques can make to an interactive end-user debugging process.
Vertical Flash memory devices with Protein-assembled Nanocrystal floating gate and A1<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> control oxide (2008)

Summary form only given. In this work we investigated vertical flash memory devices with Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> as control oxide with protein mediated self assembled PbSe nanocrystals used as floating gate. The introduction of high-k dielectric as control oxide provides lower voltage/faster operation and hence less power consumption compared with the devices fabricated with SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> as control oxide. For appropriate memory operation the dielectric permittivity, conduction/valence band offset and thickness of the high-k material have to be properly engineered. Higher permittivity ensures better capacitance and scalability; higher band offset improves retention and programming window. Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> has the potential to be the high-k replacement of inter-poly oxide due to its relatively high electron and hole barrier heights and high permittivity.
P‐98: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Sustaining Discharge Using an ICCD Camera (2010)

Abstract In this paper we have classified sustaining discharge into four modes. To analyze each discharge mode of a 50‐inch full HD (1920×1080) PDP, spatiotemporal IR images were captured using an ICCD camera. The propagation morphologies, efficiency and controllability were then investigated.
Data from T Cells Expressing Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT Are Enriched in Follicular Lymphoma Tumors and Characterized by Reversible Suppression of T-cell Receptor Signaling (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; T cells infiltrating follicular lymphoma (FL) tumors are considered dysfunctional, yet the optimal target for immune checkpoint blockade is unknown. Characterizing coinhibitory receptor expression patterns and signaling responses in FL T-cell subsets might reveal new therapeutic targets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Surface expression of 9 coinhibitory receptors governing T-cell function was characterized in T-cell subsets from FL lymph node tumors and from healthy donor tonsils and peripheral blood samples, using high-dimensional flow cytometry. The results were integrated with T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and cytokine production. Expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) ligands was detected by immunohistochemistry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; TIGIT was a frequently expressed coinhibitory receptor in FL, expressed by the majority of CD8 T effector memory cells, which commonly coexpressed exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and CD244. CD8 FL T cells demonstrated highly reduced TCR-induced phosphorylation (p) of ERK and reduced production of IFNγ, while TCR proximal signaling (p-CD3ζ, p-SLP76) was not affected. The TIGIT ligands CD112 and CD155 were expressed by follicular dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment. Dysfunctional TCR signaling correlated with TIGIT expression in FL CD8 T cells and could be fully restored upon &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; culture. The costimulatory receptor CD226 was downregulated in TIGIT&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; compared with TIGIT&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; CD8 FL T cells, further skewing the balance toward immunosuppression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; TIGIT blockade is a relevant strategy for improved immunotherapy in FL. A deeper understanding of the interplay between coinhibitory receptors and key T-cell signaling events can further assist in engineering immunotherapeutic regimens to improve clinical outcomes of cancer patients. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 870–81. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Engineering of Specialty IR Fiber Cables (2014)

Ruggedized cables designed for specialty IR fibers were successfully tested for laser transmission and under harsh environmental conditions. Antireflective surfaces on the fiber endfaces reduced reflections and increased IR laser damage thresholds.
Encoders and decimation filters for superconductor oversampling ADCs (2001)

Modulators of superconductor ADCs can operate at very high sampling rates, ranging from 20 GHz (today's technologies) to 400 GHz (prospective sub-micron technologies). Such devices are too fast and therefore impractical without other superconductor devices capable of processing the data streams at such rates. We discuss various structures of such devices, in particular demultiplexers and decimation filters. We also analyze possible hybrid devices, in which only the front stages contain superconductor components. Encoders and decimation comb filters for single-comparator and time-interleaved modulators were designed, fabricated (at HYPRES, Inc.) and successfully tested. The most recent designs of the decimation filters have a unique modular structure, which allows an assembly of various comb filters handling clock frequencies of about 20 GHz (for a 1 kA/cm/sup 2/ fabrication technology).
Biological and biochemical observations on isolates of EB virus from the malignant epithelial cells of two nasopharyngeal carcinomas (1979)

Foetal, adult seronegative, and cotton-top marmoset lymphocytes have been transformed into cell lines by EB virus from the malignant epithelial cells of two nasopharyngeal carcinomas. The nature of the cell lines was checked by karyotyping and by light and electron microscopy, and the presence of the EB virus genome was demonstrated by immunofluorescence tests. Immunofluorescence also showed the incidence of EB virus-producing cells in each line and this was checked by electron microscopy and the use of a lymphocyte transformation assay. Two foetal-derived lines did not produce virus spontaneously, could not be activated with various inducers, and were found by DNA reassociation kinetics to carry only small numbers of genome copies per cell. An adult-derived line produced virus, could be activated to produce more, and provided enough infectivity to transform marmoset cells. The resulting marmoset line made profuse transforming virus; it thus provides the first abundant source of NPC-derived infectious EB virus for comparative studies. The results are discussed in relation to the interactions with comparable target cells of EB virus from normal individuals and from patients with other diseases.
User experience evaluation for MIDRC AI interface (2023)

Building Machine Learning models from scratch for clinical applications can be a challenging undertaking requiring varied levels of expertise. Given the heterogeneous nature of input data and specific task requirements, even seasoned developers and researchers may occasionally run into issues with incompatible frameworks. This is further complicated in the context of diagnostic radiology. Therefore, we developed the CRP10 AI Application Interface (CRP10AII) as a component of the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center (MIDRC) to deliver a modular and user-friendly software solution that can efficiently address the demands of physicians, early AI developers to explore, train, and test AI algorithms. The CRP10AII tool is python-based web framework that is connected to the data commons (GEN3) that offers the ability to develop AI models from scratch or employ pre-trained models while allowing for visualization and interpretation of the predictions of the AI model. Here, we evaluate the capabilities of CRP10AII and its related human-API interaction factors. This evaluation aims at investigating various aspects of the API, including:(i) robustness and ease of use; (ii) visualization help in decision making tasks; and (iii) necessary further improvements for initial AI researchers with different medical imaging and AI expertise levels. Users initially experienced trouble testing the API; however, the problems have since been fixed as a result of additional explanations. The user evaluation's findings demonstrate that although different options on the API are generally easy to understand, use, and helpful in decision-making tasks for users with and without experience in medical imaging and AI, there are differences in how the various options are understood and used by users. We were also able to collect additional inputs, such as increasing information fields and including more interactive components to make the API more generalizable and customizable.
Advanced overlay target optimization and Integration in optical metrology (2021)

In recent years, simulation-based analysis has become an integral phase in metrology targets design process, performances optimization wise to support on product overlay (OPO) reduction, accuracy and robustness to process variation. Moreover, a simulated unit (stack) represented by its optical and geometrical properties can be used as a mathematical&#112;hysical object for obtaining a deeper understanding of the issues faced while an actual measurement performed. Location based stack calibration allows for both, symmetrical and asymmetrical process variation, a noticeable wafer signature to be attained. Using this information, one can analyze the target-design process-compatibility and asymmetry stability. Furthermore, simulated data can be used, combined with measured data, to establish a more exhaustive perceiving of the process characteristics and risks, hence maxims the measurement performances and stability of the process and target behavior. Likewise, simulation tools can equip integration teams with a more holistic apprehension and quantified data, prior or along real time measurements. In the paper we will cover the simulation theory, use-cases and results.
Proteomic Analysis of Human Follicular Fluid Using an Alternative Bottom-Up Approach (2007)

Human follicular fluid (hFF) is the in vivo environment of oocytes during follicular maturation in the ovaries. It contains a huge variety of compounds such as, e.g., proteins that might play an important role in follicular development and oocyte growth. Previous proteomic studies on follicular fluid have isolated and already identified a certain number of proteins. Nevertheless, only a small part of proteins present in follicular fluid have been covered so far and a large number have still not been identified. Therefore, the need for new, more resolving, and sensitive approaches in proteome research is evident. We utilized a proteomic setup based on in solution isoelectric focusing (IEF) and reversed-phase nanoliquid chromatography coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC MALDI TOF/TOF MS) for in depth protein analysis of human follicular fluid samples of patients undergoing controlled ovarian hyper stimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization therapy (IVF). This approach led to the significant identification of 69 proteins, where 32 have not been reported before to be found in human follicular fluid with proteomic methods. Among these findings, at least two relevant compounds essentially involved in hormone secretion regulation during the folliculogenetic process were identified: sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin A (INHA). To confirm these results, both proteins were further validated by immunoassays.
Reflection and time-reversal of ultrasonic waves in the vicinity of the Rayleigh angle at a fluid-solid interface (2005)

When sending a plane ultrasonic wave toward a fluid-solid interface, the reflected wave is affected, depending on the incident angle. Around the Rayleigh angle the reflection coefficient has a strong and rapidly varying imaginary part. This has the effect of distorting the reflected wave front. If this reflected wave is time-reversed and sent back toward the interface, the reflected wave of this time-reversed wave should not present any distortion, as the time-reversal process restores the original phases. A theoretical and experimental study of these phenomena has been done. The distortion of the reflected waves around the Rayleigh angle is observed and as expected this distortion is canceled by the time-reversal process. However a significant loss of energy in the time-reversed signal is observed for incident angles around the Rayleigh angle, as part of the energy contained in the Rayleigh wave escapes the time-reversal mirror and is lost for the time-reversal process. In a second part, it is shown by simulations and experiments how this signal distortion by reflection around Rayleigh angle influences spatial focusing of waves by time-reversal or simple time-delay methods.
Relationship between morphological traits and secondary metabolites in Artemisia annua L. by using correlation and path analysis. (2011)

Correlation and path analysis were performed for fifteen morphological and chemical (monoterpenes and sequeterpenes) traits in Artemisia annua. Significant positive relationship and direct effect was observed of artemisinin yield with plant height, branching pattern (number of primary, secondary and tertiary branches), petiole length, ketone and 1, 8 cineol while negative association was observed with artemisinic acid, a-pinene and camphor. Oil content was negatively associated with leaf characters namely lamina length, lamina width and petiole length. Oil has negative effect on artemisinin content. The information can be used as a useful reference for elucidating relationship of Artemisinin (sesquiterpene), essential oil (monoterpene) with morphological characters for improvement of agronomic practices and will be helpful in selecting superior genotypes.
Brain correlates of stuttering and syllable production: A PET performance-correlation analysis (2000)

To distinguish the neural systems of normal speech from those of stuttering, PET images of brain blood flow were probed (correlated voxel-wise) with per-trial speech-behaviour scores obtained during PET imaging. Two cohorts were studied: 10 right-handed men who stuttered and 10 right-handed, age- and sex-matched non-stuttering controls. Ninety PET blood flow images were obtained in each cohort (nine per subject as three trials of each of three conditions) from which r-value statistical parametric images (SPI¿r¿) were computed. Brain correlates of stutter rate and syllable rate showed striking differences in both laterality and sign (i.e. positive or negative correlations). Stutter-rate correlates, both positive and negative, were strongly lateralized to the right cerebral and left cerebellar hemispheres. Syllable correlates in both cohorts were bilateral, with a bias towards the left cerebral and right cerebellar hemispheres, in keeping with the left-cerebral dominance for language and motor skills typical of right-handed subjects. For both stutters and syllables, the brain regions that were correlated positively were those of speech production: the mouth representation in the primary motor cortex; the supplementary motor area; the inferior lateral premotor cortex (Broca's area); the anterior insula; and the cerebellum. The principal difference between syllable-rate and stutter-rate positive correlates was hemispheric laterality. A notable exception to this rule was that cerebellar positive correlates for syllable rate were far more extensive in the stuttering cohort than in the control cohort, which suggests a specific role for the cerebellum in enabling fluent utterances in persons who stutter. Stutters were negatively correlated with right-cerebral regions (superior and middle temporal gyrus) associated with auditory perception and processing, regions which were positively correlated with syllables in both the stuttering and control cohorts. These findings support long-held theories that the brain correlates of stuttering are the speech-motor regions of the non-dominant (right) cerebral hemisphere, and extend this theory to include the non-dominant (left) cerebellar hemisphere. The present findings also indicate a specific role of the cerebellum in the fluent utterances of persons who stutter. Support is also offered for theories that implicate auditory processing problems in stuttering.
Trends in color imaging on the Internet (2002)

We review three technological changes that will have an impact on color imaging on the Internet: bright LCD display replacing dim CRTs, compression based on foveation, and contents based image retrieval.
IL-2 immunotherapy in chronically SIV-infected Rhesus Macaques (2012)

These data contribute to the understanding of the homeostatic and dosage effects of IL-2 in the context of SIV/HIV infection.
EFloat: Entropy-coded Floating Point Format for Deep Learning. (2021)

We describe the EFloat floating-point number format with 4 to 6 additional bits of precision and a wider exponent range than the existing floating point (FP) formats of any width including FP32, BFloat16, IEEE-Half precision, DLFloat, TensorFloat, and 8-bit floats. In a large class of deep learning models we observe that FP exponent values tend to cluster around few unique values which presents entropy encoding opportunities. The EFloat format encodes frequent exponent values and signs with Huffman codes to minimize the average exponent field width. Saved bits then become available to the mantissa increasing the EFloat numeric precision on average by 4 to 6 bits compared to other FP formats of equal width. The proposed encoding concept may be beneficial to low-precision formats including 8-bit floats. Training deep learning models with low precision arithmetic is challenging. EFloat, with its increased precision may provide an opportunity for those tasks as well. We currently use the EFloat format for compressing and saving memory used in large NLP deep learning models. A potential hardware implementation for improving PCIe and memory bandwidth limitations of AI accelerators is also discussed.
Varicella-zoster virus proteome-wide T-cell screening demonstrates low prevalence of virus-specific CD8 T-cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia (2023)

The low presence of VZV- compared to HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells in human TG suggests that VZV reactive CD8 T-cells play a limited role in maintaining VZV latency.