gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bilayer SiNX/Diamond Films for X-Ray Lithography Mask (1999)

In this research, an alternative fabrication process is proposed for SiN X /diamond and diamond membranes. After diamond film deposition, SiN X films were coated on both sides of the diamond film using the low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) process. The back side of the SiN X film was selectively etched using the reactive ion etching (RIE) technique. The SiN X /diamond membrane was then obtained by etching the back side of the silicon wafer with KOH solution. The diamond membrane was finally achieved by etching the front side of the SiN X film. It was found that the concentration of methane affects the quality, film stress and surface roughness of polycrystalline diamond films. These properties also influence the optical transmittance of the membranes. Typically, it was found that bilayer SiN X /diamond membranes exhibited a higher optical transmittance than diamond membranes. It was also shown that samples with lower methane content (1.5%) possessed higher optical transmittance than those with higher methane content (2%). The optical transmittance of the S1(1.5%) bilayer SiN X /diamond membrane was about 57% at a wavelength of 633nm and up to 66% at a wavelength of 800 nm. The optical transmittance of the bilayer SiN X /diamond and diamond membranes increased by approximately 7% and 5% for S1(1.5%) since the quality of the diamond films improved after X-ray irradiation.
<title>Channeled spectrum interrogation of an all-fibre broadband interferometric differential strain sensor</title> (1998)

Optical fibre interferometric strain sensors embedded into structures offer a very accurate and robust method for shape measurement [1]. Many schemes have been demonstrated in which strain and/or temperature in a structure are inferred from monochromatic optical phase delay [2].
Potent DGAT1 Inhibitors in the Benzimidazole Class with a Pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Moiety (2013)

We report the design and synthesis of a series of novel DGAT1 inhibitors in the benzimidazole class with a pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid moiety. In particular, compound 11A is a potent DGAT1 inhibitor with excellent selectivity against ACAT1. Compound 11A significantly reduces triglyceride excursion in lipid tolerance tests (LTT) in both mice and dogs at low plasma exposure. An in vivo study in mice with des-fluoro analogue 10A indicates that this series of compounds appears to distribute in intestine preferentially over plasma. The propensity to target intestine over plasma could be advantageous in reducing potential side effects since lower circulating levels of drug are required for efficacy. However, in the preclinical species, compound 11A undergoes cis/trans epimerization in vivo, which could complicate further development due to the presence of an active metabolite.
SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and proteomic trajectories inform prognostication in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care (2021)

Prognostic characteristics inform risk stratification in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We obtained blood samples (n = 474) from hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 123), non-COVID-19 ICU sepsis patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 30). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA was detected in plasma or serum (RNAemia) of COVID-19 ICU patients when neutralizing antibody response was low. RNAemia is associated with higher 28-day ICU mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.84 [95% CI, 1.22-2.77] adjusted for age and sex). RNAemia is comparable in performance to the best protein predictors. Mannose binding lectin 2 and pentraxin-3 (PTX3), two activators of the complement pathway of the innate immune system, are positively associated with mortality. Machine learning identified 'Age, RNAemia' and 'Age, PTX3' as the best binary signatures associated with 28-day ICU mortality. In longitudinal comparisons, COVID-19 ICU patients have a distinct proteomic trajectory associated with mortality, with recovery of many liver-derived proteins indicating survival. Finally, proteins of the complement system and galectin-3-binding protein (LGALS3BP) are identified as interaction partners of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. LGALS3BP overexpression inhibits spike-pseudoparticle uptake and spike-induced cell-cell fusion in vitro.
Germ Cell Segregation from the Drosophila Soma Is Controlled by an Inhibitory Threshold Set by the Arf-GEF Steppke (2015)

Germline cells segregate from the soma to maintain their totipotency, but the cellular mechanisms of this segregation are unclear. The Drosophila melanogaster embryo forms a posterior group of primordial germline cells (PGCs) by their division from the syncytial soma. Extended plasma membrane furrows enclose the PGCs in response to the germ plasm protein Germ cell-less (Gcl) and Rho1-actomyosin activity. Recently, we found that loss of the Arf-GEF Steppke (Step) leads to similar Rho1-dependent plasma membrane extensions but from pseudocleavage furrows of the soma. Here, we report that the loss of step also leads to premature formation of a large cell group at the anterior pole of the embryo . These anterior cells lacked germ plasm, but budded and formed at the same time as posterior PGCs, and then divided asynchronously as PGCs also do. With genetic analyses we found that Step normally activates Arf small G proteins and antagonizes Rho1-actomyosin pathways to inhibit anterior cell formation. A uniform distribution of step mRNA around the one-cell embryo cortex suggested that Step restricts cell formation through a global control mechanism. Thus, we examined the effect of Step on PGC formation at the posterior pole. Reducing Gcl or Rho1 levels decreased PGC numbers, but additional step RNAi restored their numbers. Reciprocally, GFP-Step overexpression induced dosage- and Arf-GEF-dependent loss of PGCs, an effect worsened by reducing Gcl or actomyosin pathway activity. We propose that a global distribution of Step normally sets an inhibitory threshold for Rho1 activity to restrict early cell formation to the posterior.
Tumour eradication and induction of memory against murine mesothelioma by combined immunotherapy (2012)

Numerous immunotherapy treatments for cancer are undergoing clinical trials or are already approved for use. One particular area of interest is targeting mechanisms of immune tolerance. Using a murine model of mesothelioma, we investigated the roles of regulatory T-cells, intratumoural transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the negative regulator molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in immune tolerance to tumours. It was found that treatments targeting a single negative regulator molecule mechanism were not as effective against tumours as targeting multiple mechanisms simultaneously. Most importantly, it was found that a combined triple treatment of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb), anti-CTLA-4 mAb and TGF-β soluble receptor resulted in long-term clearance of tumours and memory against tumour rechallenge. These data suggest that clinical application of immunotherapies against tumours may be improved by simultaneously targeting multiple mechanisms of immune suppression.
Examining the Revised Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model of the Intention to Use Mobile Internet Service: Comparative Analysis of Korea and China (2011)

As recently mobile Internet has spread with the expansion of diffusion of mobile communication, the interest in mobile Internet service has been increased and thus since a few years ago studies related to mobile Internet service have started. This study intends to widen the understanding through an academic consideration about Technology Readiness Index (TRI) theories that are the core of this study. And this study intends to explain the influence factor of use of the technology, mobile Internet, on the basis of the concept of Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model (TRAM). In particular, this study intends to clarify the understanding about Technology Readiness (TR) and technology acceptance by dividing the four dimensions of TRI that were considered as the problems of TRAM, that is, optimism, innovativeness, discomfort and insecurity largely into the positive TR (optimism and innovativeness) and the negative TR (discomfort and insecurity). Finally, this study intends to add the hedonic motive among the behavior motives of human beings that were passed over in Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a perceived enjoyment variable and to thereby inspect the influence relationship. And more, this study intends to review the difference between countries through the inspection of TRAM on the basis of the characteristics of mobile Internet users in Korea and China and to thereby more clearly explain the influence of technology acceptance following the TR of individuals academically. In addition, this study intends to provide a suggestion to practical aspect of enterprises in relation to the advance and spread of new technologies into the Chinese market.
Targeting the Heterogeneity of Cancer with Individualized Neoepitope Vaccines (2016)

Somatic mutations binding to the patient's MHC and recognized by autologous T cells (neoepitopes) are ideal cancer vaccine targets. They combine a favorable safety profile due to a lack of expression in healthy tissues with a high likelihood of immunogenicity, as T cells recognizing neoepitopes are not shaped by central immune tolerance. Proteins mutated in cancer (neoantigens) shared by patients have been explored as vaccine targets for many years. Shared ("public") mutations, however, are rare, as the vast majority of cancer mutations in a given tumor are unique for the individual patient. Recently, the novel concept of truly individualized cancer vaccination emerged, which exploits the vast source of patient-specific "private" mutations. Concurrence of scientific advances and technological breakthroughs enables the rapid, cost-efficient, and comprehensive mapping of the "mutanome," which is the entirety of somatic mutations in an individual tumor, and the rational selection of neoepitopes. How to transform tumor mutanome data to actionable knowledge for tailoring individualized vaccines "on demand" has become a novel research field with paradigm-shifting potential. This review gives an overview with particular focus on the clinical development of such vaccines.
Automated construction of arterial and venous trees in retinal images (2015)

While many approaches exist to segment retinal vessels in fundus photographs, only a limited number focus on the construction and disambiguation of arterial and venous trees. Previous approaches are local and/or greedy in nature, making them susceptible to errors or limiting their applicability to large vessels. We propose a more global framework to generate arteriovenous trees in retinal images, given a vessel segmentation. In particular, our approach consists of three stages. The first stage is to generate an overconnected vessel network, named the vessel potential connectivity map (VPCM), consisting of vessel segments and the potential connectivity between them. The second stage is to disambiguate the VPCM into multiple anatomical trees, using a graph-based metaheuristic algorithm. The third stage is to classify these trees into arterial or venous (A/V) trees. We evaluated our approach with a ground truth built based on a public database, showing a pixel-wise classification accuracy of 88.15% using a manual vessel segmentation as input, and 86.11% using an automatic vessel segmentation as input.
Self-consistent projection operator theory for quantum many-body systems (2014)

We derive an exact equation of motion for the reduced density matrices of individual subsystems of quantum many-body systems of any lattice dimension and arbitrary system size. Our projection operator based theory yields a highly efficient analytical and numerical approach. Besides its practical use it provides an interpretation and systematic extension of mean-field approaches and an adaption of open quantum systems theory to settings where a dynamically evolving environment has to be taken into account. We show its high accuracy for two significant classes of complex quantum many-body dynamics, unitary evolutions of nonequilibrium states in closed and stationary states in driven-dissipative systems.
Semantic Adversarial Examples (2018)

Deep neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples, i.e., images that are maliciously perturbed to fool the model. Generating adversarial examples has been mostly limited to finding small perturbations that maximize the model prediction error. Such images, however, contain artificial perturbations that make them somewhat distinguishable from natural images. This property is used by several defense methods to counter adversarial examples by applying denoising filters or training the model to be robust to small perturbations. In this paper, we introduce a new class of adversarial examples, namely "Semantic Adversarial Examples," as images that are arbitrarily perturbed to fool the model, but in such a way that the modified image semantically represents the same object as the original image. We formulate the problem of generating such images as a constrained optimization problem and develop an adversarial transformation based on the shape bias property of human cognitive system. In our method, we generate adversarial images by first converting the RGB image into the HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space and then randomly shifting the Hue and Saturation components, while keeping the Value component the same. Our experimental results on CIFAR10 dataset show that the accuracy of VGG16 network on adversarial color-shifted images is 5.7%.
Toward better weighting of anchors (2004)

Okapi BM25 scoring of anchor text surrogate documents has been shown to facilitate effective ranking in navigational search tasks over web data. We hypothesize that even better ranking can be achieved in certain important cases, particularly when anchor scores must be fused with content scores, by avoiding length normalisation and by reducing the attentuation of scores associated with high tf. Preliminary results are presented.
Preparation of Polyaniline by Electropolymerization in Nonaqueous Solvent Containing Anilinium Salt (1989)

Preparation par polymerisation de tetrafluoroborate d'anilinium dans le carbonate de propene en presence de LiBF 4
Functional Gait Adaptations in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency Over Time (1998)

Functional adaptations in knee kinematics and kinetics during level walking in 30 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and 30 healthy control subjects were studied. To examine the impact of time after injury on the functional adaptations, patients were placed into three time interval groups: early, intermediate, and chronic. The patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency had significantly decreased external knee flexion moments (balanced by net quadriceps contraction) and significantly increased external knee extension moments (balanced by net knee flexors contraction) as compared with the control subjects. As time after the injury increased, changes in the sagittal plane knee moments were more pronounced. A significant linear relationship (positive correlation) was found between the midstance knee flexion moment and the corresponding knee flexion angle. The patients with anterior cruciate deficiency had a greater knee flexion angle when generating a comparable midstance knee flexion moment as compared to the control subjects. The identification of gait adaptations over time provides additional information on the natural history of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and may have implications regarding conservative rehabilitation, evaluation of outcomes, progression of meniscal injury, and the development of degenerative arthritis of the knee.
Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervision (2021)

Vector graphics are widely used to represent fonts, logos, digital artworks, and graphic designs. But, while a vast body of work has focused on generative algorithms for raster images, only a handful of options exists for vector graphics. One can always rasterize the input graphic and resort to image-based generative approaches, but this negates the advantages of the vector representation. The current alternative is to use specialized models that require explicit supervision on the vector graphics representation at training time. This is not ideal because large-scale high- quality vector-graphics datasets are difficult to obtain. Furthermore, the vector representation for a given design is not unique, so models that supervise on the vector representation are unnecessarily constrained. Instead, we propose a new neural network that can generate complex vector graphics with varying topologies, and only requires indirect supervision from readily-available raster training images (i.e., with no vector counterparts). To enable this, we use a differentiable rasterization pipeline that renders the generated vector shapes and composites them together onto a raster canvas. We demonstrate our method on a range of datasets, and provide comparison with state-of-the-art SVG-VAE and DeepSVG, both of which require explicit vector graphics supervision. Finally, we also demonstrate our approach on the MNIST dataset, for which no groundtruth vector representation is available. Source code, datasets and more results are available at http://geometry.cs.ucl.ac.uk/projects/2021/Im2Vec/.
Development of blood collection tubes for glucose measurement using adenosine 3-phosphate and sodium fluoride as glycolytic inhibitors (2023)

This study reports on a blood collection tube that enables the measurement of glucose and HbA1c. Based on the results of validation, we conclude that NaF-ATP tubes can reduce decreases in glucose over time in stored whole blood compared to conventional NaF tubes.
Conformational rigidity of specific pyrimidine residues in tRNA arises from posttranscriptional modifications that enhance steric interaction between the base and the 2'-hydroxyl group (1992)

In order to elucidate roles of the 2'-O-methylation of pyrimidine nucleotide residues of tRNAs, conformations of 2'-O-methyluridylyl(3'----5')uridine (UmpU), 2'-O-methyluridine 3'-monophosphate (Ump), and 2'-O-methyluridine (Um) in 2H2O solution were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy and compared with those of related nucleotides and nucleoside. As for UpU and UmpU, the 2'-O-methylation was found to stabilize the C3'-endo form of the 3'-nucleotidyl unit (Up-/Ump-moiety). This stabilization of the C3'-endo form is primarily due to an intraresidue effect, since the conformation of the 5'-nucleotidyl unit (-pU moiety) was only slightly affected by the 2'-O-methylation of the 3'-nucleotide unit. In fact even for Up and Ump, the 2'-O-methylation significantly stabilizes the C3'-endo form by 0.8 kcal/.mol-1. By contrast, for nucleosides (U and Um), the C3'-endo form is slightly stabilized by 0.1 kcal/.mol-1. Accordingly, the stabilization of the C3'-endo form by the 2'-O-methylation is primarily due to the steric repulsion among the 2-carbonyl group, the 2'-O-methyl group and the 3'-phosphate group in the C2'-endo form. For some tRNA species, 2-thiolation of pyrimidine residues is found in positions where the 2'-O-methylation is found for other tRNA species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Purification and Characterization of endo‐ and exo‐lnulinase1 (1989)

A crude inulinase preparation, from Aspergillus, was fractioned in a sequence of operations, including ion exchange chromatography on CM‐Sepharose and high‐performance gel permeation chromatography. Two highly purified inulin‐degrading enzymes were thus obtained and some of their characteristics were established. The first enzyme had an endo ‐type activity, a M r of 53,000, and K m = 570 mm (in terms of glycosidic bonds). The second was of the exo ‐type, and has a M r of 81,000 and K m = 60 mm (in terms of inulin chains). The two enzymes are highly activated (up to 20‐fold) by Fe 3+ and partially inhibited by Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ . Both enzymes also exhibit invertase activity.
The Genetic Landscape of Renal Complications in Type 1 Diabetes (2016)

Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD. Despite evidence for a substantial heritability of diabetic kidney disease, efforts to identify genetic susceptibility variants have had limited success. We extended previous efforts in three dimensions, examining a more comprehensive set of genetic variants in larger numbers of subjects with type 1 diabetes characterized for a wider range of cross-sectional diabetic kidney disease phenotypes. In 2843 subjects, we estimated that the heritability of diabetic kidney disease was 35% (P=6.4×10<sup>-3</sup>). Genome-wide association analysis and replication in 12,540 individuals identified no single variants reaching stringent levels of significance and, despite excellent power, provided little independent confirmation of previously published associated variants. Whole-exome sequencing in 997 subjects failed to identify any large-effect coding alleles of lower frequency influencing the risk of diabetic kidney disease. However, sets of alleles increasing body mass index (P=2.2×10<sup>-5</sup>) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (P=6.1×10<sup>-4</sup>) associated with the risk of diabetic kidney disease. We also found genome-wide genetic correlation between diabetic kidney disease and failure at smoking cessation (P=1.1×10<sup>-4</sup>). Pathway analysis implicated ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (P=9.0×10<sup>-6</sup>), and pentose and glucuronate interconversions (P=3.0×10<sup>-6</sup>) in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. These data provide further evidence for the role of genetic factors influencing diabetic kidney disease in those with type 1 diabetes and highlight some key pathways that may be responsible. Altogether these results reveal important biology behind the major cause of kidney disease.
Quasiliving Carbocationic Polymerization. XVI. Forced Ideal Terpolymerization of Styrene-α-Methylstyrene-lsobutylene (1984)

Abstract Forced ideal carbocationic terpolymerization of styrene/α-methylstyrene/isobutylene systems has been achieved by continuous addition of mixed monomer feeds to 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane/TiCl4 initiator/coinitiator charges dissolved in n-hexane/methylene chloride solvent mixtures. The compositions of terpolymers were uniform and identical to those of the feeds in the concentration ranges studied. The number-average molecular weights increased monotonously with the amounts of monomers consumed; however, pronounced chain transfer to monomer was evident. The microstructure of the products was investigated 13C-NMR spectroscopy. According to dual detector GPC, 13C-NMR and DSC data true terpolymers have formed.