gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Green Nanoparticulate Systems for Drug Delivery: Efficient Delivery and Safety Concern (2017)

Nanotechnology manipulates therapeutic agents at the nanoscale for the development of nanomedicines. However, there are current concerns over nanomedicines, mainly related to the possible toxicity of nanomaterials used for health medications. Due to their small size, they can enter the human body more readily than larger sized particles. Green chemistry encompasses the green synthesis of drug-loaded nanoparticles by reducing the use of hazardous materials in the synthesis process, thus reducing the adverse health impacts of pharmaceutics. This would greatly expand their potential in biomedical treatments. This review highlights the potential risks of nanomedicine formulations to health, delivery routes of green nanomedicines, recent advances in the development of green nanoscale systems for biomedical applications and future perspectives for the green development of nanomedicines.
Polymerization of o‐quinodimethanes, 1. Radical polymerization of 1‐methoxy‐o‐quinodimethane formed in situ by thermal isomerization of 1‐methoxy‐benzocyclobutene (1996)

Abstract The first radical polymerization of 1‐methoxy‐ o ‐quinodimethane (2) generated by thermal ring‐opening isomerization of 1‐methoxybenzocyclobutene (1) is described. The polymerization of 1 in the presence of a radical initiator afforded an MeOH‐insoluble polymer (3) in moderate yield at temperatures above 90°C. The structure of the obtained polymer is consistent with a ring‐opening polymerization. The yield of the polymer increased with the amount of initiator. Radical copolymerization with methyl acrylate was carried out. Treatment of 3 with acid gave poly(o‐phenylenevinylene), quantitatively.
Mining regulatory 5′UTRs from cDNA deep sequencing datasets (2009)

Regulatory 5' untranslated regions (r5'UTRs) of mRNAs such as riboswitches modulate the expression of genes involved in varied biological processes in both bacteria and eukaryotes. New high-throughput sequencing technologies could provide powerful tools for discovery of novel r5'UTRs, but the size and complexity of the datasets generated by these technologies makes it difficult to differentiate r5'UTRs from the multitude of other types of RNAs detected. Here, we developed and implemented a bioinformatic approach to identify putative r5'UTRs from within large datasets of RNAs recently identified by pyrosequencing of the Vibrio cholerae small transcriptome. This screen yielded only approximately 1% of all non-overlapping RNAs along with 75% of previously annotated r5'UTRs and 69 candidate V. cholerae r5'UTRs. These candidates include several putative functional homologues of diverse r5'UTRs characterized in other species as well as numerous candidates upstream of genes involved in pathways not known to be regulated by r5'UTRs, such as fatty acid oxidation and peptidoglycan catabolism. Two of these novel r5'UTRs were experimentally validated using a GFP reporter-based approach. Our findings suggest that the number and diversity of pathways regulated by r5'UTRs has been underestimated and that deep sequencing-based transcriptomics will be extremely valuable in the search for novel r5'UTRs.
Carbon‐Coated Core Shell Structured Copper and Nickel Nanoparticles Synthesized in an Ionic Liquid. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effectiveness of multiple pageable page sizes for commercial applications (2007)

Abstract This paper investigates the computational characteristics of the software applications that are developed to support typical modern e‐commerce applications. These applications have a significant impact on global commerce, and their influence is expected to continue. We show that the micro‐architectural features of the memory subsystem, assisted by the operating system (such as the use of concurrent pageable page sizes), can significantly improve the performance of these applications. In particular, we show that using 64 kB page size in addition to the default 4 kB page size provides substantial throughput improvements for a typical commercial application (Trade6) without adding any complexity for the application developer or the system administrator. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A gender‐dependent analysis of Cushing's disease in childhood: pre‐ and postoperative follow‐up (2014)

Paediatric CD is found to have equal distribution between males and females, but male patients present with elevated BMI and potentially shorter height and higher plasma ACTH. There is no significant difference in the cure rate or HPAA recovery time after TSS between males and females.
Digital See-Through VR Headsets (2020)

Before discussing the optical architecture of optical see-through (OST) displays in smart glasses and AR and MR headsets, this chapter discusses a specific MR architecture implementation that has the potential to become very popular in the coming years, providing digital imaging and rendering technologies are developed with low latency, along with high-FOV VR headsets with both VAC mitigation and foveation techniques.
Trimer-to-Monomer Disruption Mechanism for a Potent, Protease-Resistant Antagonist of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling (2022)

Aberrant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) signaling is associated with many inflammatory diseases. The homotrimeric quaternary structure of TNFα is essential for receptor recognition and signal transduction. Previously, we described an engineered α/β-peptide inhibitor that potently suppresses TNFα activity and resists proteolysis. Here, we present structural evidence that both the α/β-peptide inhibitor and an all-α analogue bind to a monomeric form of TNFα. Calorimetry data support a 1:1 inhibitor/TNFα stoichiometry in solution. In contrast, previous cocrystal structures involving peptide or small-molecule inhibitors have shown the antagonists engaging a TNFα dimer. The structural data reveal why our inhibitors favor monomeric TNFα. Previous efforts to block TNFα-induced cell death with peptide inhibitors revealed that surfactant additives to the assay conditions cause a more rapid manifestation of inhibitory activity than is observed in the absence of additives. We attributed this effect to a loose surfactant TNFα association that lowers the barrier to trimer dissociation. Here, we used the new structural data to design peptide inhibitors bearing a surfactant-inspired appendage intended to facilitate TNFα trimer dissociation. The appendage modified the time course of protection from cell death.
MP2RAGE multispectral voxel‐based morphometry in focal epilepsy (2019)

We assessed the applicability of MP2RAGE for voxel-based morphometry. To this end, we analyzed its brain tissue segmentation characteristics in healthy subjects and the potential for detecting focal epileptogenic lesions (previously visible and nonvisible). Automated results and expert visual interpretations were compared with conventional VBM variants (i.e., T1 and T1 + FLAIR). Thirty-one healthy controls and 21 patients with focal epilepsy were recruited. 3D T1-, T2-FLAIR, and MP2RAGE images (consisting of INV1, INV2, and MP2 maps) were acquired on a 3T MRI. The effects of brain tissue segmentation and lesion detection rates were analyzed among single- and multispectral VBM variants. MP2-single-contrast gave better delineation of deep, subcortical nuclei but was prone to misclassification of dura/vessels as gray matter, even more than conventional-T1. The addition of multispectral combinations (INV1, INV2, or FLAIR) could markedly reduce such misclassifications. MP2 + INV1 yielded generally clearer gray matter segmentation allowing better differentiation of white matter and neighboring gyri. Different models detected known lesions with a sensitivity between 60 and 100%. In non lesional cases, MP2 + INV1 was found to be best with a concordant rate of 37.5%, specificity of 51.6% and concordant to discordant ratio of 0.60. In summary, we show that multispectral MP2RAGE VBM (e.g., MP2 + INV1, MP2 + INV2) can improve brain tissue segmentation and lesion detection in epilepsy.
The relationship between increased growth and resistance induced in plants by root colonizing microbes (2008)

Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for numerous foliar and root phytopathogens, and some are also known for their abilities to enhance systemic resistance to plant diseases as well as overall plant growth. Root colonization with T. harzianum strain T22 induces large changes in the proteome of shoots of maize seedlings (Zea mays) even though T22 is present only on roots; changes also were recorded in the roots. In shoots, we identified 91 of 114 upregulated and 30 of 50 downregulated proteins. In roots, 20 upregulated and 11 downregulated proteins were found and 17 and eight, respectively, were identified. Classification of proteins differentially expressed in both shoots and roots revealed that the largest number of upregulated proteins was involved in carbohydrate metabolism; in shoots, some upregulated proteins were involved in photosynthesis. Increases in these protein classifications suggest enhanced respiratory and photosynthetic rates. These changes may be required for the enhanced growth response induced by colonization of Trichoderma following seed or soil treatments. Stress and defense related proteins that were upregulated probably are related to the enhanced resistance conferred by the Trichoderma inoculation. We suggest that Trichoderma induces both increased growth, which is mediated by an increase in photosynthetic and respiratory rates, and systemic induced resistance. These two general effects may be mediated by different elicitors.
SULFATION PATHWAYS: Steroid sulphatase inhibition via aryl sulphamates: clinical progress, mechanism and future prospects (2018)

Steroid sulphatase is an emerging drug target for the endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent diseases, catalysing oestrogen sulphate hydrolysis to oestrogen. Drug discovery, developing the core aryl <i>O</i>-sulphamate pharmacophore, has led to steroidal and non-steroidal drugs entering numerous clinical trials, with promising results in oncology and women's health. Steroidal oestrogen sulphamate derivatives were the first irreversible active-site-directed inhibitors and one was developed clinically as an oral oestradiol pro-drug and for endometriosis applications. This review summarizes work leading to the therapeutic concept of sulphatase inhibition, clinical trials executed to date and new insights into the mechanism of inhibition of steroid sulphatase. To date, the non-steroidal sulphatase inhibitor Irosustat has been evaluated clinically in breast cancer, alone and in combination, in endometrial cancer and in prostate cancer. The versatile core pharmacophore both imbues attractive pharmaceutical properties and functions via three distinct mechanisms of action, as a pro-drug, an enzyme active-site-modifying motif, likely through direct sulphamoyl group transfer, and as a structural component augmenting activity, for example by enhancing interactions at the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Preliminary new structural data on the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> arylsulphatase enzyme suggest two possible sulphamate-based adducts with the active site formylglycine as candidates for the inhibition end product via sulphamoyl or sulphonylamine transfer, and a speculative choice is suggested. The clinical status of sulphatase inhibition is surveyed and how it might develop in the future. Also discussed are dual-targeting approaches, development of 2-substituted steroidal sulphamates and non-steroidal derivatives as multi-targeting agents for hormone-independent tumours, with other emerging directions.
Myocyte Death in the Failing Human Heart Is Gender Dependent (1999)

Cardiovascular disease is delayed and less common in women than in men. Myocyte death occurs in heart failure, but only apoptosis has been documented; the role of myocyte necrosis is unknown. Therefore, we tested whether necrosis is as important as apoptosis and whether myocyte death is lower in women than in men with heart failure. Molecular probes were used to measure the magnitude of myocyte necrosis and apoptosis in 7 women and 12 men undergoing transplantation for cardiac failure. Myocyte necrosis was evaluated by detection of DNA damage with blunt end fragments, whereas apoptosis was assessed by the identification of double-strand DNA cleavage with single base or longer 3' overhangs. An identical analysis of these forms of cell death was performed in control myocardium. Heart failure showed levels of myocyte necrosis 7-fold greater than apoptosis in patients of both sexes. However, cell death was 2-fold higher in men than in women. Heart failure resulted in a 13-fold and 27-fold increase in necrosis in women and men, respectively. Apoptosis increased 35-fold in women and 85-fold in men. The differences in cell death between women and men were confirmed by the electrophoretic pattern of DNA diffusion and laddering of isolated myocytes. The lower degree of cell death in women was associated with a longer duration of the myopathy, a later onset of cardiac decompensation, and a longer interval between heart failure and transplantation. In conclusion, myocyte necrosis and apoptosis affect the decompensated human heart; each contributes to the evolution of cardiac failure. However, the female heart is protected, at least in part, from necrotic and apoptotic death signals.
Cold-quick laundry of clothing is more sustainable as it reduces color fading and release of microfibers and increases garment longevity (2019)

The global impact of laundering clothing is significant, with high levels of water, energy use, and pollution associated with this consumer care process. In this research, the impacts of washing temperature and washing time on dye fading, dye release, and microfiber release were evaluated using retail consumer clothing. Significantly greater color loss and greater color transfer (staining) were observed for a 40 °C, 85 min wash cycle compared to cold-quick (25 °C; 30 min) cycle. Desorbing dyes were found to mainly be reactive dyes. From fundamental kinetic studies, it was observed that significant increases in both rate of dye desorption and total dye desorption occurred when increasing from 20 °C to 40 °C, but the difference in dye release between 40 °C and 60 °C was not as significant; the same kinetic trends were observed for dye transfer. Microfiber release was significantly greater for the 40 °C, 85 min cycle in comparison with the cold-quick cycle, and this effect continued with further washes. These results mean that reducing time and temperature in laundry could have a significant impact in terms of extended garment longevity and reduced dye and microfiber liberation into the environment, in addition to energy savings.
Treating experimental arthritis with the innate immune inhibitor interleukin-37 reduces joint and systemic inflammation (2016)

IL-37 emerges as a key suppressor of joint and systemic inflammation. These findings indicate a rationale for using recombinant IL-37 in the treatment of arthritis.
(Z)-3,5,4′-Trimethoxystilbene Limits Hepatitis C and Cancer Pathophysiology by Blocking Microtubule Dynamics and Cell-Cycle Progression (2016)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes induction of several tumors/cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and is known to be a major risk factor for development of HCC. Therefore, drugs that simultaneously target viral replication and CSC properties are needed for a risk-free treatment of advanced stage liver diseases, including HCC. Here, we demonstrated that (Z)-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene (Z-TMS) exhibits potent antitumor and anti-HCV activities without exhibiting cytotoxicity to human hepatocytes in vitro or in mice livers. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) extensively induced expression of DCLK1 (a CSC marker) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice following hepatic injury. Z-TMS exhibited hepatoprotective effects against DEN/CCl4-induced injury by reducing DCLK1 expression and improving histologic outcomes. The drug caused bundling of DCLK1 with microtubules and blocked cell-cycle progression at G2-M phase in hepatoma cells via downregulation of CDK1, induction of p21(cip1/waf1) expression, and inhibition of Akt (Ser(473)) phosphorylation. Z-TMS also inhibited proliferation of erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells (H1975) bearing the T790M EGFR mutation, most likely by promoting autophagy and nuclear fragmentation. In conclusion, Z-TMS appears to be a unique therapeutic agent targeting HCV and concurrently eliminating cells with neoplastic potential during chronic liver diseases, including HCC. It may also be a valuable drug for targeting drug-resistant carcinomas and cancers of the lungs, pancreas, colon, and intestine, in which DCLK1 is involved in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4887-96. ©2016 AACR.
Evaluation of the Small-Scale Wind Turbine Converter’s Efficiency Built with Various Types of Semiconducting Devices (2018)

Research in the field of power semiconductors led to creation of the commercially available wide bandgap switching devices, like Silicon Carbide based MOSFETs and Gallium-Nitride based HEMTs. The high switching frequencies with moderate losses, reduced conduction losses and excellent parasitic parameters with respect to comparable Silicon based devices allow using of them in efficiency sensitive systems. Utilization of the wide bandgap devices for renewable energy generation, as in case for small-scale wind turbines, provide valuable changes not only in the annual energy, but also in overall regulation parameters, thermal stress and, as a result, reliability of the system. This paper presents the comparative evaluation of the small-scale wind turbine performance using 650V Si MOSFETs, Si IGBTs, SiC MOSFETs and GaN HEMTs as switching devices. The chosen topology is based on the standard 2-level converter, consisting out of 3 phase half-bridges. The converter, designed for the actual load of 3 kW PMSM based wind generator is controlled by Direct Torque Control (DTC) principles. The influence of the torque and flux regulators settings, as well as wind speed distribution, is drawn in plots, based on efficiency surfaces and relative year efficiency graphs, repeated for each device. Relating to the simulation results, a comparative analysis is performed and conclusions about using of wide bandgap devices in the small scale windmill systems are drawn.
A novel approach for combined rotational and translational motion estimation using Frame Projection Warping (2013)

This paper introduces a novel video stabilization technique for combined rotational and translational motion using integral frame projections. In the proposed Frame Projection Warping (FPW) method, the normalized intensity projection curves of two consecutive frames are warped using dynamic time warping, to get the relative shift between them. Rotational and vertical motion estimation involves partitioning of frame in to two halves and their corresponding estimated motions are then utilized for respective rotational angle and vertical shift estimation. This technique uses the human perception for analyzing the rotation in terms of vertical displacement of two halves of frame. The proposed technique is tested over various hand recorded videos. The results show better performance of FPW over various existing intensity based techniques. This technique also gives better accuracy in case of frame blurring, which is a serious cause of wrong motion estimation. The performance of the proposed technique is measured in terms of interframe transformation fidelity and processing time.
Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on a Nanorough Surface (2007)

We compare the growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on rough and smooth surfaces. Individual raw HiPco (high-pressure CO) SWNTs are deposited onto porous oxide nanoparticles on a silicon or quartz substrate. The HiPco SWNTs are shown to retain their original catalyst particles that are carbon coated as a result of arrested growth due to bundle formation in the HiPco reactor. Overcoated catalysts are activated with O2 oxidation and SWNTs grown at 900 °C in the presence of CO and H2. The typical length of the SWNTs is more than 10 μm when grown on nanorough surfaces such as fumed silica. This is much longer than the original HiPco SWNTs where the average length is approximately 0.5 μm. They are also much longer than SWNTs grown from the same source material with the same growth conditions on a flat silicon oxide surface. These results support the general impression that extensive interaction of both the nanotube and the catalyst particle with an adjacent surface greatly retards growth.
Flexible Physical Layer Security for Joint Data and Pilots in Future Wireless Networks (2021)

In this work, novel physical layer security (PLS) schemes are proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to secure both data and pilots. The majority of previous studies focus on only securing the data without considering the security of the pilots used for channel estimation. However, the leakage of channel state information (CSI) from a legitimate node to an eavesdropper allows the latter to acquire knowledge about the channel of the legitimate nodes. To this end, we propose adaptive and flexible PLS algorithms which can 1) secure data, 2) secure pilots, and 3) jointly secure both data and pilots. Particularly, minimum-phase all-pass channel decomposition is exploited, where the proposed algorithms use the all-pass component to provide security without harming the performance of the legitimate user. In the analysis for data security, we evaluated the secrecy under correlated and uncorrelated eavesdropping channels via closed-form bit error rate (BER) formulas. For pilot security, we analyzed the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) performance of the estimated channel. The simulation results along with theoretical analysis demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can effectively enhance the communication secrecy of the overall system.
Modeling of the nervous system: From molecular dynamics and synaptic modulation to neuron spiking activity (2011)

The brain is a perfect example of an integrated multi-scale system, as the complex interactions taking place at the molecular level regulate neuronal activity that further modifies the function of millions of neurons connected by trillions of synapses, ultimately giving rise to complex function and behavior at the system level. Likewise, the spatial complexity is accompanied by a complex temporal integration of events taking place at the microsecond scale leading to slower changes occurring at the second, minute and hour scales. In the present study we illustrate our approach to model and simulate the spatio-temporal complexity of the nervous system by developing a multi-scale model integrating synaptic models into the neuronal and ultimately network levels. We apply this approach to a concrete example and demonstrate how changes at the level of kinetic parameters of a receptor model are translated into significant changes in the firing of a pyramidal neuron. These results illustrate the abilities of our modeling approach and support its direct application to the evaluation of the effects of drugs, from functional target to integrated system.
ChemInform Abstract: OBSERVATION OF AN AZIRIDINE INTERMEDIATE IN A DISPLACEMENT REACTION ON TETRAHYDRO‐5‐(TOSYLOXY)‐2(1H)‐PYRIMIDINONE (1985)

Abstract Das 5‐Tosyloxy‐tetrahydropyrimidinon (I) reagiert mit den Benzylthiolaten (II) über die unabhängig herstellbare Zwischenstufe (III) zu Gemischen der Substitutionsprodukte (IV)‐(VI).