gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AB025. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients over the age of 80—how much is enough? (2020)

Background: Recent studies have suggested that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be omitted in newly diagnosed elderly breast cancer (BC) patients as it may not influence decisions regarding further therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of SLNB on further surgical intervention as well as adjuvant treatments in patients over the age of 80.
Bulk Current Model for GaN-on-Si High Electron Mobility Transistors (2016)

Drain to substrate current is an important parameter affecting loss, breakdown and reliability of power GaN HEMTs on Si substrates; however, no clear model of the current has been established. This work proposes a novel approach describing the drain to substrate current as a function of equivalent Si/GaN interface barrier. The modeling results are in close agreement with experimental observations; they reveal an important role of space charge injection from Si substrate into GaN buffer. Compact model closely reproducing experimental data is presented. The results are important for GaN on Si power switches development.
Radiance cache splatting: a GPU-friendly global illumination algorithm (2005)

Fast global illumination computation is a challenge in several fields such as lighting simulation and computergenerated visual effects for movies. To this end, the irradiance caching algorithm is commonly used since it provides high-quality rendering in a reasonable time. However this algorithm relies on a spatial data structure in which nearest-neighbors queries and data insertions are performed alternately within a single rendering step. Due to this central and permanently modified data structure, the irradiance caching algorithm cannot be easily implemented on graphics hardware. This paper proposes a novel approach to global illumination using irradiance and radiance cache: the radiance cache splatting. This method directly meets the processing constraints of graphics hardware since it avoids the need of complex data structure and algorithms. Moreover, the rendering quality remains identical to classical irradiance and radiance caching. Our renderer shows an implementation of our algorithm which provides a significant speedup compared to classical irradiance caching.
Performance Evaluation of the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the International Space Station (2023)

Abstract Optical lightning observations from low-Earth orbit play an important role in our understanding of long-term global lightning trends. Lightning Imaging Sensors (LIS) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite (1997–2015) and International Space Station (2017–present) capture optical emissions produced by lightning. This study uses the well-documented TRMM LIS performance to determine if the ISS LIS performs well enough to bridge the gap between TRMM LIS and the new generation of Geostationary Lightning Mappers (GLMs). The average events per group and groups per flash for ISS LIS are 3.6 and 9.9, which are 18% and 10% lower than TRMM LIS, respectively. ISS LIS has 30% lower mean group energy density and 30%–50% lower mean flash energy density than TRMM LIS in their common (±38°) latitude range. These differences are likely the result of larger pixel areas for ISS LIS over most of the field of view due to off-nadir pointing, combined with viewing obstructions and possible engineering differences. For both instruments, radiometric sensitivity decreases radially from the center of the array to the edges. ISS LIS sensitivity falls off faster and more variably, contributed to by the off-nadir pointing. Event energy density analysis indicate some anomalous hotspot pixels in the ISS LIS pixel array that were not present with the TRMM LIS. Despite these differences, ISS LIS provides similar parameter values to TRMM LIS with the expectation of somewhat lower lightning detection capability. In addition, recalculation of the event, group, and flash areas for both LIS datasets are strongly recommended since the archived values in the current release versions have significant errors.
Beta 2-microglobulin Removal by Synthetic Dialysis Membranes. Mechanisms and Kinetics of the Molecule (1997)

Beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) accumulation represents a possible complication of long term dialysis. It is therefore important to evaluate the capacity of removal of this molecule from the patient by different dialysis membranes. The present study is aimed at evaluating the mechanisms involved in beta 2-m removal by three different synthetic membranes: a) highly asymmetric hydrophobic polysulfone (Biosulfane, NMC), b) moderately asymmetric and hydrophobic polysulfone (PS600, Fresenius), c) Polyacylonitrile (AN69HF, Hospal). The adsorption capacity and sieving coefficients of the three membranes for native and labeled beta 2-m were studied in vitro utilizing human blood. The amount adsorbed by the membrane was measured by the elution of the molecule obtained with a detergent solution. Clearances, total removal and membrane adsorption were studied in six patients treated in a randomized sequence with the three membranes. For this purpose, plasma and dialysate measurements as well as total collection of spent dialysate and beta 2-m elution from the used dialyzers were carried out. Ex novo generation of beta 2-m did not take place during in vitro circulation. The molecule was removed by the studied membranes both by filtration and adsorption. The Biosulfane membrane removed beta 2-m mostly by adsorption while the PS600 membrane removed beta 2-m almost entirely by filtration. Intermediate behaviour was shown by AN69 membrane. Similar quantities of beta 2-m were removed from the patients with the three membranes. Total removal could only be precisely measured by adding the quantity of beta 2-m eluted from the membrane to the amount recovered in the spent dialysate. Out of total removal, adsorption was more than 90% with Biosulfane, while only 5% with the PS600. These findings contribute to the understanding of the discrepancy found between the clearance measured from the plasma side and that measured from the dialysate side. In conclusion, clearance and sieving measurements for beta 2-m cannot be correctly performed unless the capacity of adsorption of the membrane is taken into account.
Strategies for Reduced NOx Emissions in Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engines (2002)

The performance and emissions of a single-cylinder, natural gas fueled engine using a pilot ignition strategy have been investigated. Small diesel pilots (2–3 percent on an energy basis), when used to ignite homogeneous natural gas-air mixtures, are shown to possess the potential for reduced NOx emissions while maintaining good engine performance. The effect of pilot injection timing, intake charge pressure, and charge temperature on engine performance and emissions with natural gas fueling was studied. With appropriate control of the above variables, engine-out brake specific NOx emissions could be reduced to the range of 0.07–0.10 g/kWh from the baseline diesel (with mechanical fuel injection) value of 10.5 g/kWh. For this NOx reduction, the decrease in fuel conversion efficiency from the baseline diesel value was approximately 1–2 percent. Total unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were higher with natural gas operation. Heat release schedules obtained from measured cylinder pressure data are also presented. The importance of pilot injection timing and inlet conditions on the stability of engine operation and knock are also discussed.
Novel Process Warpage Modeling of Matrix Stacked-Die BGA (2006)

A comprehensive warpage analysis is performed on the matrix stacked-die ball grid array BGA (SDBGA) by means of finite-element modeling and experimental warpage measurements. By comparing the block warpage results from conventional linear small deformation simulation and the experimental measurement results, it is found that the linear method is not able to capture the warpage behavior of the SDBGA matrix, because the change of the centroidal moment of inertia of cross section after deformation cannot be considered due to small deformation assumption. The nonlinear large deformation analysis must be taken instead. Based on the nonlinear analysis, an advanced warpage prediction methodology for matrix SDBGA is established. This methodology is then used to characterize the warpage behavior of matrix SDBGA and to study the different effects on the warpage. Warpage of matrix SDBGA during the whole assembly processes is also predicted. For the SDBGA matrix investigated, the crossbow dominant warpage and buckling phenomena are observed for the matrix after bottom die bonding and after interposer bonding, which are new findings in the warpage study for electronic packages. It is also found that not only the total die length, but also the dice distribution will affect the warpage pattern of the matrix. For the matrix after top die bonding and after molding, normal warpage patterns are observed, i.e., both crossbow and coilset warpage are comparable. "Bending interaction" and the "warpage competition" mechanisms are proposed to explain the warpage characteristic for matrix SDBGA.
Universal process modeling with VTRE for OPC (2002)

In previous work, Cobb and Zakhor (SPIE, 2726, pp.208-222, 1996) introduced the VTR (Variable Threshold Resist) model and demonstrated its accuracy for fitting empirical data for 365 nm illumination (SPIE, 3051, pp. 458-468, 1997). The original work showed how EPE can be modeled as a function of a peak local image intensity and the slope of the adjacent cutline. Since then, authors such as J. Randall, et al., (Microel. Engineering, 46, pp. 59-63, 1999) have analyzed the VTR model including other parameters such as dose. In the current approach, the original VTR has been enhanced to the VTR-Enhanced (or VTRE) in 1999, and VT-5 models in 2002, for production in OPC applications, which include other image intensity parameters. Here we present a comprehensive report on VT (Variable Threshold) process modeling. It has the demonstrated ability to accurately capture resist and etching responses, alone or in the combination with experimental VEB (Variable Etch Bias, SPIE, 4346, p. 98, 2001) model, for a wide range of process conditions used in the contemporary IC manufacturing. We analyzed 14 different semiconductor company processes experimental setups totaling 3000 CD measurements to prove this point. We considered 248, 193, and 157 nm annular and standard illumination sources for poly, metal, and active layers. We report an accuracy of VT family models under a wide range of conditions, show usage methodology, and introduce a novel method for calculating VTRE wafer predictions on a dense image intensity grid. We use multiple regression method to fit VT models and discuss methods for calculating regression coefficients. It is shown that models with too many eigenvectors exhibit a tendency to overfit CD curves. Sub-sample cross-validation and overfitting criteria are derived to avoid this problem. The section on test pattern and usage methodology describes practical issues needed for VT usage in OPC modeling. Particularly we discuss the effects of metrology errors on modeling. Also we introduce criteria for the important issue of model stability and propose refined test pattern structures designed to uniformly cover the VT parameter ranges. It is often required that the model has to 'hit' some CD measurements exactly. We introduce the 'bubble' technique to accomplish this. A 'bubble' constitutes an additional term in the VT functional form; it explains single CD measurement. We demonstrate how 'bubbles' help fit the pitch uniformity and iso-line linearity curves exactly. Lastly, the section on dense region calculation demonstrates how this TCAD-oriented technique can be used for tuning OPC algorithms. In its original form, VTR can easily be applied to sparse imaging at sample sites for OPC/ORC applications. It is useful to be able to calculate the VT wafer prediction for a fully dense grid of values, and plot the results like an aerial image contour plot.
The Reaction of Triplet Nitrenes with Oxygen:  A Computational Study (2005)

Triplet carbenes react much more rapidly with oxygen than do triplet nitrenes. This trend is explained by DFT and MO calculations. [reaction: see text]
Microstructure, Charge Transport and Trapping in Anisotropic Polymeric Thin Film Transistors (2007)

In this work we have used the directional solidification of a crystallizing solvent to further manipulate the microstructure of P3HT thin films, controlling the orientation and size of the disordered grain boundary regions. Resulting films have a very anisotropic distribution of grain boundaries in the plane of the substrate, with periodic crystalline regions. By fabricating thin film transistors with these anisotropic films, and subsequently fitting temperature dependent mobility data to the Mobility Edge Model, we have means to explore the relationship between trap density within grain boundaries and charge transport.
Suppression of amplified spontaneous emission from a four-pass dye laser amplifier (1998)

We demonstrate a new design for a four-pass dye laser amplifier that can be used to reduce amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in the amplifier output beam. Compared with the results obtained from normal operation of the four-pass dye laser amplifier without a frequency-selective device, by using a diffraction grating in the amplifier we can reduce the ASE ratio by a factor in excess of 10 and increase output energy by ~4%. The obtained ASE ratio of the four-pass amplifier system is <1.5%.
The RNF8/RNF168 ubiquitin ligase cascade facilitates class switch recombination (2009)

An effective immune response requires B cells to produce several classes of antibodies through the process of class switch recombination (CSR). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase initiates CSR by deaminating deoxycytidines at switch regions within the Ig locus. This activity leads to double-stranded DNA break formation at the donor and recipient switch regions that are subsequently synapsed and ligated in a 53BP1-dependent process that remains poorly understood. The DNA damage response E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF8 and RNF168 were recently shown to facilitate recruitment of 53BP1 to sites of DNA damage. Here we show that the ubiquitination pathway mediated by RNF8 and RNF168 plays an integral part in CSR. Using the CH12F3-2 mouse B cell line that undergoes CSR to IgA at high rates, we demonstrate that knockdown of RNF8, RNF168, and 53BP1 leads to a significant decrease in CSR. We also show that 53BP1-deficient CH12F3-2 cells are protected from apoptosis mediated by the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. In contrast, deficiency in either E3 ubiquitin ligase does not protect cells from Nutlin-3-mediated apoptosis, indicating that RNF8 and RNF168 do not regulate all functions of 53BP1.
Genetic Studies on Diabetic Microvascular Complications: Focusing on Genome-Wide Association Studies (2015)

Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder with a worldwide prevalence of 8.3% and is the leading cause of visual loss, end-stage renal disease and amputation. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. We summarized the recent findings of GWASs on diabetic microvascular complications and highlighted the challenges and our opinion on future directives. Five GWASs were conducted on diabetic retinopathy, nine on nephropathy, and one on neuropathic pain. The majority of recent GWASs were underpowered and heterogeneous in terms of study design, inclusion criteria and phenotype definition. Therefore, few reached the genome-wide significance threshold and the findings were inconsistent across the studies. Recent GWASs provided novel information on genetic risk factors and the possible pathophysiology of diabetic microvascular complications. However, further collaborative efforts to standardize phenotype definition and increase sample size are necessary for successful genetic studies on diabetic microvascular complications.
Identification of biomarkers indicative of functional skeletal stem cells (2019)

Our results suggest that CD49f and transcription factors GATA6 and SIM2 identify functional SSCs.
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the first year after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant: a prospective, multicentre, observational study (2023)

National Marrow Donor Program, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Novartis, LabCorp, American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Adaptive Biotechnologies, and the National Institutes of Health.
GarSim: Particle Based Neural Garment Simulator (2023)

We present a particle-based neural garment simulator (dubbed as GarSim) that can simulate template garments on the target arbitrary body poses. Existing learning-based methods majorly work for specific garment type (e.g. top, skirt, etc) or garment topology, and needs retraining for a new type of garment. Similarly, some methods focus on a particular fabric, body shape, and pose. To circumvent these limitations, our method fundamentally learns the physical dynamics of the garment vertices conditioned on underlying body shape, motion, and fabric properties to generalize across garment types, topology, and fabric along with different body shape and pose. In particular, we represent the garment as a graph, where the nodes represent the physical state of the garment vertices, and the edges represent the relation between the two nodes. The nodes and edges of the garment graph encode various properties of garments and the human body to compute the dynamics of the vertices through a learned message-passing. Learning of such dynamics of the garment vertices conditioned on underlying body motion and fabric properties enables our method to be trained simultaneously for multiple types of garments (e.g., tops, skirts, etc) with arbitrary mesh resolutions, varying topologies, and fabric properties. Our experimental results show that GarSim with less amount of training data not only outperforms the SOTA methods on challenging CLOTH3D dataset both qualitatively and quantitatively, but also works reliably well on the unseen poses obtained from YouTube videos, and give satisfactory results on unseen cloth types which were not present during the training.
Local and Transnational Everyday Practices in Four European Cities: Are New Barbarians on the Road? (2014)

Based upon comparative empirical research, this chapter deals with the transnational mobility and rootedness practices of a segment of the upper middle classes (managers) in four European cities: Paris, Madrid, Milan and Lyon.1 The research follows a micro-level perspective, looking at individual experiences and practices and how they are expressed in interviews. In contrast to other studies on mobility (Elliott and Urry, 2010), this chapter simultaneously deals with the dynamics of mobility and rootedness of managers living in neighbourhoods with different social composition (mixed and homogeneous). We explore how these people combine mobility and deterritorialized practices, together with their embeddedness in their urban context and neighbourhoods. Comparing socially contrasted neighbourhoods allows us to grasp how our interviewees develop different practices in relation to their social context. Our main hypothesis is that this social group is developing ‘partial exit’ strategies, investing resources outside the city and developing transnational networks also to organize and defend its interests at the local level. In socially mixed neighbourhoods, where managers live with less privileged social groups, we expect these managers to put into practice ‘partial exit’ strategies to a larger extent than those managers living in homogeneous neighbourhoods.
Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor in Patients with Septic Shock: Mortality Rate, Incidence of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Effects of Methylprednisolone Administration (1990)

We assayed serial plasma samples from 86 patients, who were enrolled in a prospective randomized trial of the effects of methylprednisolone (MPSS) in septic shock, for the presence of cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TNF was present in the plasma of 27 of the 74 patients with septic shock, but in only 1 of the 12 patients with shock due to other causes. TNF was detected with equal frequency in patients with shock from gram-negative or from gram-positive bacillary sepsis. TNF levels were highest on the initial sample and decreased significantly over the subsequent 24 h in both the patients treated with MPSS and in those given placebo. Patients with detectable TNF had a higher incidence and severity of the adult respiratory distress syndrome and a higher mortality rate than did patients without detectable TNF.
Biomaterial Surface Hydrophobicity-Mediated Serum Protein Adsorption and Immune Responses (2019)

The nature of the protein corona forming on biomaterial surfaces can affect the performance of implanted devices. This study investigated the role of surface chemistry and wettability on human serum-derived protein corona formation on biomaterial surfaces and the subsequent effects on the cellular innate immune response. Plasma polymerization, a substrate-independent technique, was employed to create nanothin coatings with four specific chemical functionalities and a spectrum of surface charges and wettability. The amount and type of protein adsorbed was strongly influenced by surface chemistry and wettability but did not show any dependence on surface charge. An enhanced adsorption of the dysopsonin albumin was observed on hydrophilic carboxyl surfaces while high opsonin IgG2 adsorption was seen on hydrophobic hydrocarbon surfaces. This in turn led to a distinct immune response from macrophages; hydrophilic surfaces drove greater expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, whilst surface hydrophobicity caused increased production of proinflammatory signaling molecules. These findings map out a unique relationship between surface chemistry, hydrophobicity, protein corona formation, and subsequent cellular innate immune responses; the potential outcomes of these studies may be employed to tailor biomaterial surface modifications, to modulate serum protein adsorption and to achieve the desirable innate immune response to implanted biomaterials and devices.