gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffraction analysis of dielectric surface-relief gratings (1982)

Diffraction by a dielectric surface-relief grating is analyzed using rigorous coupled-wave theory. The analysis applies to arbitrary grating profiles, groove depths, angles of incidence, and wavelengths. Example results for a wide range of groove depths are presented for sinusoidal, square-wave, triangular, and sawtooth gratings. Diffraction efficiencies obtained from the present method of analysis are compared with previously published numerical results. To obtain large diffraction efficiencies (greater than 85%) for gratings with typical substrate permittivities, it is shown that the grating profile should possess even symmetry.
Deep Neural Network-Based Cooperative Visual Tracking Through Multiple Micro Aerial Vehicles (2018)

Multicamera tracking of humans and animals in outdoor environments is a relevant and challenging problem. Our approach to it involves a team of cooperating microaerial vehicles (MAVs) with on-board cameras only. Deep neural networks (DNNs) often fail at detecting small-scale objects or those that are far away from the camera, which are typical characteristics of a scenario with aerial robots. Thus, the core problem addressed in this letter is how to achieve on-board, online, continuous, and accurate vision-based detections using DNNs for visual person tracking through MAVs. Our solution leverages cooperation among multiple MAVs and active selection of most informative regions of image. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach through simulations with up to 16 robots and real-robot experiments involving two aerial robots tracking a person, while maintaining an active perception-driven formation. ROS-based source code is provided for the benefit of the community.
Isolable Iron(II)–Porphycene Derivative Stabilized by Introduction of Trifluoromethyl Groups on the Ligand Framework (2008)

Abstract Two iron porphycene complexes having four trifluoromethyl groups, chloro-2,7,12,17-tetraethyl-3,6,13,16-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphycenatoiron(III) [FeIIIClEtio(CF3)4Pc] and its μ-oxo dimer [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)], were characterized. The μ-oxo dimer was easily converted into the monomeric iron(II) complex via the Fe–O bond cleavage in pyridine. This is the first study to obtain a stable iron(II) species in a series of porphycene iron complexes. The iron(II) species crystallized in the monoclinic system C2⁄m, and the Fe–Npyridyl (2.007 Å) and Fe–Npyrrolyl (1.958 Å) bonds were remarkably short distances among the bispyridine-coordinated iron(II) porphyrins and porphyrinoids. To evaluate the influences of the CF3 substituents and framework structure on the autoreduction, we compared the reactivity of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] in pyridine with the reference iron porphycene and porphyrins. Autoreduction of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] smoothly proceeded at 20 °C in pyridine, whereas the reaction of the μ-oxo-bis{2,7,12,17-tetraethyl-3,6,13,16-tetramethylporphycenatoiron(III)} [{FeIIIEtio(CH3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] was converted into the monomeric iron(III) complex, and the iron(II) species was not available. In contrast, the μ-oxo-bis{1,3,5,7-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-2,4,6,8-tetraethylporphyrinatoiron(III)}[{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Por}2(μ-O)] as a structural isomer of [{FeIIIEtio(CF3)4Pc}2(μ-O)] allowed the autoreduction, although the reaction was very slow and took over one month. These results indicate that the introduction of strong electron-withdrawing groups at the pyrrole β-carbons exhibits a unique reactivity of the iron complex.
Influence of Amplified Spontaneous Emission induced Nonlinear Phase Noise in Coherent Optical Repeater Transmission Systems (1992)

Fiber nonlinear effects are a serious issue for long span optical repeater transmission systems. Considering a coherent system, a phase noise induced by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise through the Kerr effect may limit total transmission length. Several investigations have been made regarding the nonlinear phase noise and linewidth broadening [1]-[3].
A Rewound Five-Phase Synchronous Reluctance Machine: Operating Voltage, Inductance Analysis and Comparison with Conventional Multiphase Machines (2023)

In the recent literature, a rewinding approach was proposed to construct a rewound five-phase machine with either star-connected or combined star-pentagon winding using existing off-the-shelf three-phase stator frames. The power per phase drops by a factor of 3/5 in the five-phase machine compared to the three-phase machine. This indicates that either the rated current or voltage must be rescaled. The two options are compared in terms of drive cost and performance. The constant current - reduced voltage option is analytically investigated to determine whether reducing the operating voltage affects the operating speed/output power or not. The second contribution of this work is to determine the optimal slot/pole combinations of the existing off-the-shelf three-phase stators that ensure balanced five-phase star-connected and/or combined star-pentagon windings. This has been done by comparing the harmonic mapping of the rewound machines for different slots/poles combination with the conventional five-phase machines using standard vector-space-decomposition. In addition, the leakage inductance mismatch for different slots/poles combinations of the rewound five-phase machines has been compared to the standard conventional five-phase machines. The last contribution of this paper is to compare the performance of the rewound combined star-pentagon winding with an optimally designed conventional symmetrical one (60-slots/4-poles). This has been done using 2D Ansys Maxwell transient simulation. Finally, experimental results are used to support the theoretical and analytical conclusions.
Ultra-high bandwidth memory with 3D-stacked emerging memory cells (2008)

To increase memory bandwidth with minimum area overhead, the new concept of 3D-stacked memory structure consisting of a small sense amplifier shared with a few 3D memory cells has been presented. The 16bit 3D-stacked TiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> memory chip was fabricated and demonstrated. The estimated bandwidth per unit area of 3D-stacked memory in sub-65nm CMOS technology indicates that the 3D-stacked memory has potential to achieve ultra-high bandwidth required for the future processors.
Oxazole-Bridged Combretastatin A-4 Derivatives with Tethered Hydroxamic Acids: Structure–Activity Relations of New Inhibitors of HDAC and/or Tubulin Function (2019)

New inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and/or histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity were synthesized by attaching alkyl tethered hydroxamic acid appendages of varying length to oxazole-bridged combretastatin A-4 analogous caps. While their antiproliferative and microtubule disrupting effect was most pronounced for derivatives with short spacers, HDAC inhibition was strongest for those with longer spacers. These findings were further supported by computational methods such as structure-based docking experiments exploring the target interactions of the derivatives with varying linkers. For instance, compounds featuring short four-atom spacers between cap and hydroxamic acid inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines and human endothelial hybrid cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values in the low nanomolar range. In line with their ability to inhibit the microtubule assembly, four- and five-atom spacered hydroxamic acids caused an accumulation of 518A2 melanoma cells in G2/M phase, whereas a compound featuring a six-atom spacer and performing best in HDAC inhibition, induced a G1 arrest in these cells. All these beneficial anticancer activities together with their selectivity for cancer cells over non-malignant cells, point out the great potential of these novel pleiotropic HDAC and tubulin inhibitors as drug candidates for cancer therapy.
Electron correlation effects in the MAX phase Cr2AlC from first-principles (2011)

With the help of first-principles GGA+U calculations, the origin of the deviation between the experimental and theoretical data for Cr2AlC was revealed. The structural, electrical and elastic properties of Cr2AlC were well described by considering the Cr 3d on-site Coulomb energy. The temperature effect on the bulk moduli of Cr2AlC was also studied within the quasiharmonic Debye model. Based on the present work, we propose that the electron correlation effects in Cr-containing MAX phases cannot be ignored.
The Potassium‐Assisted P‐Type Characteristics of Tin Oxide in Solution‐Processed High‐Performance Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors (2021)

p-Type Metal-Oxide Transistors In article number 2100267 by Sung Haeng Cho and co-workers, a facile route for the fabrication of solution-processed high-performance p-type metal-oxide thin film transistors is developed using potassium-doped SnO (K-SnO). This development of high-performance p-type metal-oxide semiconductors comparable to n-type ones opens a new window for the realization of transparent, flexible, and low-power integrated circuits in large area electronics.
ChemInform Abstract: EPIANDROSTERONE‐ AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE‐3β‐ALKANESULFONATES AS INHIBITORS OF MOUSE GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY (1985)

Abstract Aus (Ia) und (IIa) werden die Dehydroepiandrosteron‐sulfonate (Ib) bzw. die Epiandrosteron‐sulfonate (IIb) als potentielle Inhibitoren der Glucose‐ö‐phosphat‐Dehydrogenase (Maus) hergestellt.
Preliminary field trial results for DVB-T2 indoor reception in Seoul: A single transmitter case (2017)

This paper presents the preliminary results of a field measurement campaign for the digital terrestrial television DVB-T2 signal in Seoul. This includes an analysis of its horizontal and vertical variations as well as the major link budget factors in planning digital terrestrial television networks for indoor reception, such as height loss and standard deviation of the location correction factor. By modeling the values measured from the obtained parameters as a log-normal distribution, the efficacy of indoor service coverage can be predicted from the target data rate.
Continuously tuning the refractive indices by restructuring materials on the 20-1000 atoms scale: improving anti-reflection coating designs (2020)

We demonstrate the capability of block-copolymer templating to tune the refractive indices of functional oxides over a broad range by structuring materials on the 20-1000 atoms scale, with simple one-pot synthesis. The presented method is then combined with genetic algorithm-based optimization to explore its application for anti-reflection coating design. Merging these techniques allows for the realization of a minimal two-layer anti-reflection stack for silicon with broadband reflectivity of just 3% from the nominal value of 38%, over a 120° angular span, validated by fabrication followed by optical measurements.
Efficient Visual Tracking With Stacked Channel-Spatial Attention Learning (2020)

Template based learning, particularly Siamese networks, has recently become popular due to balancing accuracy and speed. However, preserving tracker robustness against challenging scenarios with real-time speed is a primary concern for visual object tracking. Siamese trackers confront difficulties handling target appearance changes continually due to less discrimination ability learning between target and background information. This paper presents stacked channel-spatial attention within Siamese networks to improve tracker robustness without sacrificing fast-tracking speed. The proposed channel attention strengthens target-specific channels increasing their weight while reducing the importance of irrelevant channels with lower weights. Spatial attention is focusing on the most informative region of the target feature map. We integrate the proposed channel and spatial attention modules to enhance tracking performance with end-to-end learning. The proposed tracking framework learns what and where to highlight important target information for efficient tracking. Experimental results on widely used OTB100, OTB50, VOT2016, VOT2017/18, TC-128, and UAV123 benchmarks verified the proposed tracker achieved outstanding performance compared with state-of-the-art trackers.
The CR4 region of EBNA2 confers viability of Epstein–Barr virus-transformed B cells by CBF1-independent signalling (2006)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) gene product is the key regulator of the latent genes of EBV and essential for EBV-mediated transformation of human primary B cells. Viral mutants were constructed carrying a deletion of the EBNA2 conserved region 4 (CR4). Primary resting B cells infected with the DeltaCR4-EBNA2 mutant virus were dramatically impaired for B cell transformation. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) established with this mutant EBV revealed a prolonged population doubling time when cells were cultivated at low cell densities, which are not critical for wild-type-infected cells. Low-level spontaneous cell death occurred when the cells were cultivated at suboptimal cell densities. The phenotype of B cells and LCLs infected with the DeltaCR4-EBNA2 mutant virus indicated that the CR4 region of EBNA2 specifically contributes to the viability of the cells rather than affecting cell division rates.
The implementation of a billing data processing mechanism for open access to information services (2002)

The billing data processing mechanism in a communication processing system (CPS) provides an information provider (IP) access function and a billing data generating function. To perform this mechanism, the CPS uses an information billing protocol (IBP) which defines the communication procedure between the CPS and IPs and generates the billing information. Using this mechanism, information users can connect open IPs without a service account and the IPs reduce the billing management overload. This paper describes the concept of the IBP, the generation of billing data in the information service access point (ISAP) and management of billing data in mediation-operation, administration and management (M-OAM).
The Synthetic Development of the Anti-Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu®): A Challenge for Synthesis & Process Research (2004)

The evolution of the synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®), used for the oral treatment and prevention of influenza virus infections (viral flu) is described. Oseltamivir phosphate is the ethyl ester prodrug of the corresponding acid, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. The discovery chemistry route and scalable routes used for kilo laboratory production as well as the technical access to oseltamivir phosphate from (–)-shikimic acid proceeding via a synthetically well-developed epoxide building block followed by azide transformations are reviewed. Synthesis and process research investigations towards azide-free conversions of the key epoxide building block to oseltamivir phosphate are discussed. The search for new routes to oseltamivir phosphate independent of shikimic acid including Diels-Alder approaches and transformations of aromatic rings employing a desymmetrization concept are presented in view of large-scale production requirements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Keto Phosphonates from Vinyl Phosphates via a 1,3‐Phosphorus Migration. (1988)

Abstract The cyclic ketones (I) are deprotonated and then coupled with diethyl or diisopropyl phosphorochloridate (II), yielding the vinylic phosphates (III) as the primary products which undergo base‐induced rearrangement to form the keto phosphonates (IV).
10 GHz-200 fs Pulse Generation with High Extension Ratio Using Mach-Zehnder-Modulator-Based Optical Comb Generator (2008)

We have demonstrated simple and practical femtosecond pulse generation using Mach-Zehnder-modulator-based optical comb generator and adiabatic soliton compression techniques. 10-GHz, 200-fs pulses with excellent extinction ratio (>20-dB) were obtained.
Short-cavity 1.55 μm DBR lasers integrated with high-speed EAM modulators (2005)

Short-cavity InGaAsP/InP DBR lasers with integrated EAMs were designed and fabricated using a quantum well intermixing processing platform. RF bandwidths up to 25 GHz were achieved and open eyes at 10 Gbit/s observed with >10 dB dynamic extinction.
Immature B-cell progenitors survive oncogenic stress and efficiently initiate Ph+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2010)

Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) can initiate in committed B-cell progenitors. However, the stages of B-cell differentiation in which disease can initiate and the efficiency with which this occurs are unclear. We now demonstrate that B-cell progenitors, up to and including the pro-B cell, efficiently initiate Ph(+) B-ALL. However, cells at the pre-B-cell stage of development did not initiate disease. We show that this difference in leukemia initiating potential is due to the level at which the Arf tumor suppressor gene is induced in specific stages of B lymphopoiesis. Whereas immature B-cell progenitors survive the relatively low levels of Arf that are induced after oncogene expression, pre-B cells express the tumor suppressor gene at high levels and undergo massive apoptosis. These data demonstrate that the molecular events that control Ph(+) B-ALL initiation and tumor suppression in the B-cell lineage are developmentally regulated.
Mouse cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator forms cAMP-PKA–regulated apical chloride channels in cortical collecting duct (2010)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is expressed in many segments of the mammalian nephron, where it may interact with and modulate the activity of a variety of apical membrane proteins, including the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) K(+) channel. However, the expression of CFTR in apical cell membranes or its function as a Cl(-) channel in native renal epithelia has not been demonstrated. Here, we establish that CFTR forms protein kinase A (PKA)-activated Cl(-) channels in the apical membrane of principal cells from the cortical collecting duct obtained from mice. These Cl(-) channels were observed in cell-attached apical patches of principal cells after stimulation by forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Quiescent Cl(-) channels were present in patches excised from untreated tubules because they could be activated after exposure to Mg-ATP and the catalytic subunit of PKA. The single-channel conductance, kinetics, and anion selectivity of these Cl(-) channels were the same as those of recombinant mouse CFTR channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The CFTR-specific closed-channel blocker CFTR(inh)-172 abolished apical Cl(-) channel activity in excised patches. Moreover, apical Cl(-) channel activity was completely absent in principal cells from transgenic mice expressing the DeltaF508 CFTR mutation but was present and unaltered in ROMK-null mice. We discuss the physiologic implications of open CFTR Cl(-) channels on salt handling by the collecting duct and on the functional CFTR-ROMK interactions in modulating the metabolic ATP-sensing of ROMK.
Effect of UV light on systematic errors in THZ-TDS spectroscopy (2017)

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has become an extremely important technique to characterize the optical properties of materials of interest in this regime. Specifically, UV photoresponsive semiconductors (i.e. wide-bandgap semiconductors) have attracted an ever increasing attention due to their prospective application in reconfigurable devices. We report a systematic error due to the presence of UV photons in a TDS set up, and we describe a systematic correction to overcome this error and discuss a preliminary explanation for the observed effect. An additional experiment employing Carbon Quantum Dots (QDs) was carried out to verify the aforementioned corrective method.
Abstract 15543: Fibrin-Targeted Phase Shift Microbubbles Outperform Fibrin-Targeted Microbubbles for the Treatment of Microvascular Obstruction (2022)

Introduction: Mortality from AMI has decreased in recent years; however, microvascular obstruction (MVO) occurs frequently, and is associated with rising post-AMI CHF, and has no definitive therapy. To address this urgent unmet need, we have developed an image-guided acute therapy, termed ‘sonoreperfusion’ (SRP), that resolves MVO via ultrasound-targeted microbubble cavitation (UTMC). We previously used standard-size, fibrin-targeted MBs and demonstrated enhanced reperfusion compared to standard-size, non-targeted MBs. However, phase shift microbubbles may allow greater clot penetration and perhaps more effective SRP, owing to their much smaller size Vs. standard MBs (~200 nm vs. 3 μm). Thus, we compared the SRP efficacies of fibrin-targeted phase shift microbubbles (FTPSMBs) (Microvascular Therapeutics, Inc), to standard-size fibrin-targeted microbubbles (FTMBs) for the treatment of MVO Methods: MVO of the rat hindlimb ( n=6 ) was created by injecting porcine microthrombi into the left femoral artery under contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) guidance. DEFINITY ® MBs (Lantheus Medical Imaging) were infused (2 mL/hr) through the right external jugular vein for CEUS. Following 10 min of stable MVO, a transducer was positioned vertically above the hindlimb to deliver therapeutic US pulses during concomitant administration of FTMBs/FTPSMBs (3 mL/hr). CEUS cine loops with burst replenishment were obtained at baseline (BL), 10 min post-MVO, and after each of the two SRP treatment sessions (TX1, TX2) and video intensities were analyzed (MATLAB_R2021a) Results: FTPSMBs treatment resulted in a greater increase in the blood volume (dB) and flow rate (dB/sec) than FTMB after each 10-minute treatment session (Figure 1) Conclusions: US-guided FTPSMB cavitation causes more rapid and complete reperfusion of MVO than FTMB, likely owing to their small size and more effective thrombus penetration. Studies to explore the underlying mechanisms are underway
Solution‐Phase Mixture Synthesis with Fluorous Tagging En Route: Total Synthesis of an Eight‐Member Stereoisomer Library of Passifloricins (2006)

Double your pleasure: A new double-tagging approach is validated by making eight individual stereoisomers of passifloricin through the intermediacy of a pair of four-compound quasi-isomeric mixtures.
High sensitive detection of biomolecules with integrated THz sensor chip (2007)

We have developed a high sensitive biological sensor chip using a transmission line type terahertz device. The device was based on a transferred low temperature-grown GaAs layer that was bonded onto silicon substrates. Photoconductive switch elements for generating and detecting THz signals are fabricated on the LT-GaAs layer. The sensor chip has a round reservoir on a 1 mm long microstrip transmission line and is able to regulate the interaction length between samples and the THz wave. It can detect the difference between hybridized and denatured DNA molecule with minute volume less than 60 nl (8.4 fmol).
Noninvasive Imaging of the Foveal Avascular Zone with High-Speed, Phase-Variance Optical Coherence Tomography (2011)

The high-speed pvOCT allows contrast agent-free visualization of capillary networks in the human foveal region that is analogous to fundus FA imaging. This could allow for noninvasive diagnosis and progression monitoring of diabetic retinopathy in clinical settings.
Fabrication of High-Aspect-Ratio Metallic Nanostructures Using Nanoskiving (2006)

This communication describes the fabrication of gold structures (for example, rings) with wall thickness of 40 nm, and with high aspect ratios up to 25. This technique combines thin-film deposition of metal on a topographically patterned epoxy substrate, with nanometer-scale sectioning using a microtome in a plane parallel to the patterned substrate. The dimensions of the metal structures are determined by the thickness of the metal film and the thickness of the epoxy sections. The shape of the resulting nanostructure is defined by the cross section of the original template.