gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Synthetic Approach to Ervatamine-Silicine Alkaloids. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-16-Episilicine (2009)

Starting from an appropriate unsaturated phenylglycinol-derived oxazolopiperidone lactam, the synthesis of (-)-16-episilicine is reported, the key steps being a stereoselective conjugate addition, a stereoselective alkylation, and a ring-closing metathesis reaction. This represents the first enantioselective total synthesis of an alkaloid of the silicine group.
Improved Brain MR Imaging from a Compact, Lightweight 3T Scanner with High‐Performance Gradients (2021)

2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
Molecular pathways in DNA-DNA hybridization of surface-bound oligonucleotides (2010)

A molecular model of DNA, that has been shown to reproduce hybridization, is used here to study the transition from two single-stranded molecules to a double-helical complex in situations where one strand is attached to a surface. Transition Path Sampling simulations reveal that hybridization is initiated by forming specific contacts between distinct bases of the molecule. Molecules with repetitive sequences form double helices by sliding along each other after having formed initial contacts. For random sequences, it is shown that the pathway that molecules follow to hybridization depends on the linker length as well as the temperature, and is significantly different from that observed in the bulk.
Microgravity, Mesh-Crawling Legged Robots (2008)

The design, fabrication, and microgravity flight-testing are part of a continuing development of palm-sized mobile robots that resemble spiders (except that they have six legs apiece, whereas a spider has eight legs). Denoted SpiderBots (see figure), they are prototypes of proposed product line of relatively inexpensive walking robots that could be deployed in large numbers to function cooperatively in construction, repair, exploration, search, and rescue activities in connection with exploration of outer space and remote planets.
Diffusion Coatings for Corrosion-Resistant Components in Coal Gasification Systems (2007)

Heat-exchangers, particle filters, turbines, and other components in integrated coal gasification combined cycle system must withstand the highly sulfiding conditions of the hightemperature coal gas over an extended period of time. The performance of components degrades significantly with time unless expensive high alloy materials are used. Deposition of a suitable coating on a low-cost alloy may improve its resistance to such sulfidation attack, and decrease capital and operating costs. The alloys used in the gasifier service include austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, and expensive nickel-cobalt alloys. During this period, we analyzed several 409 low alloy steel samples after coating them in our fluidized bed reactor and also after exposing them to our corrosion test. We report the following findings: 1. A protective coating was deposited inside a porous 409 steel sample to protect it from sulfidation attack. The coating was based on a combination of Si diffusion layer, Nb interlayer and nitrides of titanium and silicon. 2. Analysis of solid coupons exposed to simulated coal gas at 900 C for 300 h showed that multilayer metal/ceramic coatings provide a better protection than ceramic coatings. 3. Deposition of several ceramic/metal multilayer coatings showed that coatings with niobium and tantalum interlayers have good adhesion. However, coatings with a tungsten interlayer suffered localized delaminating and coatings with Zr interlayers showed poor adhesion. 4. Analysis of solid coupons, coated with the above-mentioned multilayer films, after exposure to simulated coal gas at 900 C for 300 h showed that niobium is the best candidate for interlayer material.
Endurance of Polymeric Insulation Foil Exposed to DC-Biased Medium-Frequency Rectangular Pulse Voltage Stress (2019)

The endurance of polymeric insulation foil is investigated under a mixed medium-voltage stress (DC + medium-frequency rectangular pulse) by means of accelerated lifetime testing. A dedicated setup is used that allows us to selectively eliminate the known risk factors for premature insulation failure under medium-frequency pulse voltage stress: partial discharges (PDs) during pulse transitions, excessive dielectric heating, and systemic overvoltages. The obtained results on polyethylenterephtalat (PET) insulation foil suggest that the adequate consideration of these factors is sufficient for eliminating the adverse effects of the pulse modulation under the investigated conditions. Indeed, if all mentioned risk factors are eliminated, the time to failure observed under a pure DC stress is shorter than with a superimposed pulse (keeping the same peak voltage). There is then no indication of an additional detrimental “per pulse” degradation process (i.e., the time to failure is not dependent on pulse frequency). In contrast, when repetitive PDs are present, the lifetime under combined DC + rectangular pulse stress strongly decreases with increasing pulse switching frequency. PD erosion of the foil is quantified by means of confocal microscopy, and the applicability of the streamer criterion for predicting PD inception is discussed.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce remission in transgenic models of therapy-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia (2001)

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with chromosomal translocations, invariably involving the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene fused to one of several distinct loci, including the PML or PLZF genes, involved in t(15;17) or t(11;17), respectively. Patients with t(15;17) APL respond well to retinoic acid (RA) and other treatments, whereas those with t(11;17) APL do not. The PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα fusion oncoproteins function as aberrant transcriptional repressors, in part by recruiting nuclear receptor-transcriptional corepressors and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Transgenic mice harboring the RARα fusion genes develop forms of leukemia that faithfully recapitulate both the clinical features and the response to RA observed in humans with the corresponding translocations. Here, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) in vitro and in these animal models. In cells from PLZF-RARα/RARα-PLZF transgenic mice and cells harboring t(15;17), HDACIs induced apoptosis and dramatic growth inhibition, effects that could be potentiated by RA. HDACIs also increased RA-induced differentiation. HDACIs, but not RA, induced accumulation of acetylated histones. Using microarray analysis, we identified genes induced by RA, HDACIs, or both together. In combination with RA, all HDACIs tested overcame the transcriptional repression exerted by the RARα fusion oncoproteins. In vivo, HDACIs induced accumulation of acetylated histones in target organs. Strikingly, this combination of agents induced leukemia remission and prolonged survival, without apparent toxic side effects.
Photovoltaic Inverter Structures (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Inverter Structures Derived from H-Bridge Topology Inverter Structures Derived from NPC Topology Typical PV Inverter Structures Three-Phase PV Inverters Control Structures Conclusions and Future Trends References
Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVcpz and the Evolution of Infection in the Presence and Absence of Concurrent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Chimpanzees (2006)

Current data suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic arose by transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVcpz from a subspecies of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) to humans. SIVcpz of chimpanzees is itself a molecular chimera of SIVs from two or more different monkey species, suggesting that recombination was made possible by coinfection of one individual animal with different lentiviruses. However, very little is known about SIVcpz transmission and the susceptibility to lentivirus coinfection of its natural host, the chimpanzee. Here, it is revealed that either infected plasma or peripheral blood mononuclear cells readily confer infection when exposure occurs by the intravenous or mucosal route. Importantly, the presence of preexisting HIV-1 infection did not modify the kinetics of SIVcpz infection once it was established by different routes. Although humoral responses appeared as early as 4 weeks postinfection, neutralization to SIVcpz-ANT varied markedly between animals. Analysis of the SIVcpz env sequence over time revealed the emergence of genetic viral variants and persistent SIVcpz RNA levels of between 10(4) and 10(5) copies/ml plasma regardless of the presence or absence of concurrent HIV-1 infection. These unique data provide important insight into possible routes of transmission, the kinetics of acute SIVcpz infection, and how readily coinfection with SIVcpz and other lentiviruses may be established as necessary preconditions for potential recombination.
Clinical outcomes and management of patients with chronic hepatitis B and liver stiffness measurement in the grey zone (2018)

Chronic hepatitis B patients with initial liver stiffness measurements in the grey zone rarely proceed to a clarifying liver biopsy which would reveal advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis in one-third of patients. Both liver biopsy and repeat liver stiffness measurements in grey zone patients have clinical utility in prompting changes in management and providing prognostic information.
Exploiting the Performance of 32 bit Floating Point Arithmetic in Obtaining 64 bit Accuracy (2006)

Recent versions of microprocessors exhibit performance characteristics for 32 bit floating point arithmetic (single precision) that is substantially higher than 64 bit floating point arithmetic (double precision). Examples include the Intel’s Pentium IV and M processors, AMD’s Opteron architectures and the IBM’s Cell processor. When working in single precision, floating point operations can be performed up to two times faster on the Pentium and up to ten times faster on the Cell over double precision. The performance enhancements in these architectures are derived by accessing extensions to the basic architecture, such as SSE2 in the case of the Pentium and the vector functions on the IBM Cell. The motivation for this paper is to exploit single precision operations whenever possible and resort to double precision at critical stages while attempting to provide the full double precision results. The results described here are fairly general and can be applied to various problems in linear algebra such as solving large sparse systems, using direct or iterative methods and some eigenvalue problems. There are limitations to the success of this process, such as when the conditioning of the problem exceeds the reciprocal of the accuracy of the single precision computations. In that case the double precision algorithm should be used.
Microstructural Characterizations Following Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys of Low- and High-Carbon Steels (2011)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar alloys of low-carbon (SPHC) and high-carbon (SK85) steels. For this work, FSW was performed at two tool rotation speed of 400 rpm and 800 rpm, and traveling speed was fixed at 200 mm/min. Phase transformation of the microstructures in the joints was investigated by scanning electron microscopy imaging. Vickers hardness and tensile test were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joints. In the base metal (BM), SPHC and SK85 each has single ferrite phase and globular cementite phase + ferrite phase. After welding, fine ferrite phase and martensite phase were observed in the joint due to phase transformation and dynamic recrystalization. Volume fractions of martensite phase were different according to tool rotation speed. The area fraction of the martensite phase at the higher tool rotation speed was less than that at the lower tool rotation speed. The lower area fraction at the higher tool rotation speed was attributed to the enhanced diffusion of carbon atoms during FSW. Hardness distribution also showed that hardness at higher tool rotation speed was less than that at lower tool rotation speed and it is related to different volume fractions of the martensite phase. After the tensile test, the test specimen was fractured at the SPHC BM region and showed the same yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of SPHC BM.
<title>High-resolution wavefront control: adaptive optics and image processing applications</title> (1999)

Opto-electronic feedback systems that consist of electrically addressed high-resolution phase spatial light modulators and large-scale arrays of opto-electronic feedback circuits are analyzed. Experiments were performed with a liquid crystal television panel used as a high- resolution phase modulator, and a CCD camera used as a photo-array. By synthesizing various nonlinearities and using controllable spatial coupling one can design systems capable of high-resolution adaptive phase distortion suppression and the formation of self-organized arrays of localized laser beam structures. High-resolution phase arrays are also used here for opto-electronic image edge detection.
Motion Browser: Visualizing and Understanding Complex Upper Limb\n Movement Under Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Injuries (2019)

The brachial plexus is a complex network of peripheral nerves that enables\nsensing from and control of the movements of the arms and hand. Nowadays, the\ncoordination between the muscles to generate simple movements is still not well\nunderstood, hindering the knowledge of how to best treat patients with this\ntype of peripheral nerve injury. To acquire enough information for medical data\nanalysis, physicians conduct motion analysis assessments with patients to\nproduce a rich dataset of electromyographic signals from multiple muscles\nrecorded with joint movements during real-world tasks. However, tools for the\nanalysis and visualization of the data in a succinct and interpretable manner\nare currently not available. Without the ability to integrate, compare, and\ncompute multiple data sources in one platform, physicians can only compute\nsimple statistical values to describe patient's behavior vaguely, which limits\nthe possibility to answer clinical questions and generate hypotheses for\nresearch. To address this challenge, we have developed \\systemname, an\ninteractive visual analytics system which provides an efficient framework to\nextract and compare muscle activity patterns from the patient's limbs and\ncoordinated views to help users analyze muscle signals, motion data, and video\ninformation to address different tasks. The system was developed as a result of\na collaborative endeavor between computer scientists and orthopedic surgery and\nrehabilitation physicians. We present case studies showing physicians can\nutilize the information displayed to understand how individuals coordinate\ntheir muscles to initiate appropriate treatment and generate new hypotheses for\nfuture research.\n
Änderungen des hydrostatischen Druckes als Ursache eines akuten Schubes bei Chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) (2011)

Einleitung: Chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) sind in der Regel durch abwechselnde Intervalle aus Remissionen und akuten Schüben charakterisiert. Als Auslöser für einen akuten Schub werden bei Morbus Crohn (MC) und Colitis ulcerosa (CU) verschiedenste Gründe diskutiert. Bezüglich saisonaler Einflüsse und Veränderungen besteht eine deutliche Uneinheitlichkeit in der aktuellen Literatur.
Simplified Stage-Combined Belief Propagation Decoding of Polar Codes (2022)

&lt;p&gt;Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm is suitable for high-throughput decoding of polar codes due to its inherent parallelism. However, compared with Successive Cancellation (SC)-based decoding methods, BP-based schemes fall behind in terms of Bit-Error Rate (BER) performance. In this paper, a simplified stage-combined BP decoding algorithm is proposed that not only reduces decoding latency, but also improves BER performance. Theoretically, decoding latency can be halved with the proposed method, while the BER performance could be improved by 1 dB in some instances of polar codes. Furthermore, the average number of iterations for achieving a specific BER performance is either reduced or remains the same as the baseline decoding method. &lt;/p&gt;
CCR Translation for this Article from Antitumor Activity of Targeting Src Kinases in Endothelial and Myeloid Cell Compartments of the Tumor Microenvironment (2023)

CCR Translation for this Article from Antitumor Activity of Targeting Src Kinases in Endothelial and Myeloid Cell Compartments of the Tumor Microenvironment
Electrochemical properties and synthesis of polyether tailed metallo porphyrin complex for coordinating species detection (2002)

The preparation and electrochemical characterization are described for a new class of metallo-porphyrins in which four oligomeric ethylene glycol chains are attached to each porphyrin structure. The resulting redox polyether hybrids are viscous liquids at room temperature, highly concentrated in porphyrin site (/spl sim/0.4 M), and dissolve large quantities of lithium salts. Microelectrode voltammetry and chronoamperometry have been used to assess the charge transport rates for various reactions in the undiluted melt state of the polyether-porphyrin. The apparent diffusion coefficients, D/sub APP/, vary over a wide range depending on the specific redox reaction and on the amount of added lithium electrolyte. The largest D/sub APP/ values are found for redox reactions centered on the porphyrin ring, while the smallest values are seen for the Fe III/II reaction. This difference is ascribed to enhanced charge transport by an electron hopping mechanism in the former cases. The temperature dependence for D/sub APP/ was used to examine activation parameters. The interaction of polyether-porphyrin melts with the axial ligand, CO, was also examined by voltammetry.
State of charge control for energy storage by use of cascade control system for microgrid (2009)

The hybrid control system, which is a combination of cascade control and local control, is proposed as a method to compensate power fluctuations caused by load and renewable energy sources in a microgrid using distributed power generation systems (DGs). When energy storage system (ESS) such as EDLC is used in the microgrid to compensate power fluctuations, its state of charge (SoC) should be controlled. In this paper, a new method to control ESS's SoC which would enable power compensation with less energy capacity and with less effect to the compensation result is proposed. This method uses the feature of the cascade control that faster DG's reference is dependent on slower DG's output. The new method is implemented on EDLC in the model microgrid and its effectivity is verified by a simulation and a experiment. The result of the simulation and experiment is also reported in the paper.
Emerging and Evolving Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy Imaging (2022)

Criteria based on measurements of lesion diameter at CT have guided treatment with historical therapies due to the strong association between tumor size and survival. Clinical experience with immune checkpoint modulators shows that editing immune system function can be effective in various solid tumors. Equally, novel immune-related phenomena accompany this novel therapeutic paradigm. These effects of immunotherapy challenge the association of tumor size with response or progression and include risks and adverse events that present new demands for imaging to guide treatment decisions. Emerging and evolving approaches to immunotherapy highlight further key issues for imaging evaluation, such as dissociated response following local administration of immune checkpoint modulators, pseudoprogression due to immune infiltration in the tumor environment, and premature death due to hyperprogression. Research that may offer tools for radiologists to meet these challenges is reviewed. Different modalities are discussed, including immuno-PET, as well as new applications of CT, MRI, and fluorodeoxyglucose PET, such as radiomics and imaging of hematopoietic tissues or anthropometric characteristics. Multilevel integration of imaging and other biomarkers may improve clinical guidance for immunotherapies and provide theranostic opportunities.
Study of W boson production in association with beauty and charm (2015)

The associated production of a $W$ boson with a jet originating from either a light parton or heavy-flavor quark is studied in the forward region using proton-proton collisions. The analysis uses data corresponding to integrated luminosities of 1.0 and $2.0\\,{\\rm fb}^{-1}$ collected with the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, respectively. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed using the $W\\to\\mu\\nu$ decay and muons with a transverse momentum, $p_{\\rm T}$, larger than 20 GeV in the pseudorapidity range $2.0&lt;\\eta&lt;4.5$. The partons are reconstructed as jets with $p_{\\rm T} &gt; 20$ GeV and $2.2 &lt; \\eta &lt; 4.2$. The sum of the muon and jet momenta must satisfy $p_{\\rm T} &gt; 20$ GeV. The fraction of $W+$jet events that originate from beauty and charm quarks is measured, along with the charge asymmetries of the $W\\!+\\!b$ and $W\\!+\\!c$ production cross-sections. The ratio of the $W+$jet to $Z+$jet production cross-sections is also measured using the $Z\\to\\mu\\mu$ decay. All results are in agreement with Standard Model predictions.
Parametric ultrasound heating: Theory and modeling. (1992)

Recently, the nonlinear effects of focused ultrasound have been studied to evaluate increased absorption and enhanced heating. These features must be established for safety’s sake in certain ultrasound imaging and hyperthermia applications. One version of nonlinear acoustics in ultrasound that has not been investigated at length is the parametric application, where separate transducers (or arrays) have coincident, simultaneous foci. This forestalls the mutual nonlinear interaction in the near fields and establishes it only in the confocal region; this is worthwhile because this region is where the heating is supposed to occur. Parametric sonars have been known since the 1960s in the transducer, ocean, and nonlinear acoustics fields but have not been ‘‘reinvented’’ in ultrasound. This paper will cast parametric sound in terms of intersecting focused ultrasound, and will show the theory and the results of a brute-force finite difference model which incorporates linear and nonlinear propagation, and heat transfer.