gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Scaling FET's for Gigascale Integration (GSI) (1993)

Using two-and three dimensional analytical and numerical models, scaling limits derived from small-geometry degradation of subthreshold characteristics are compared for six different FET structures in bulk Si, SOI and GaAs technologies. For Si devices, the low impurity channel MOSFET can be scaled down to L min = 0.045?m and the dual gate SOI MOSFET to L min = 0.028?m. The GaAs MESFET can be scaled to L min = 0.13?m and the AlGaAs/GaAs MODFET to 0.095?m. The key physical effect which enables small values of L min is the relative strength of the coupling between the gate and channel charge distributions.
2-V turn-on voltage field-emitting vacuum nanoelectronic device (2016)

This paper describes a cold-cathode nanoelectronic device that is compact, self-aligned to the vacuum cavity and cost-effective, as manufactured through standard silicon fabrication integrated circuit (IC) processes. Measurements on a first prototyped array of 5×4 diode-connected parallel devices with silicon area of 5um×4um, confirm Fowler-Nordheim emission with turn-on voltage as low as 2 V, while providing a total emission current of 25 μA at a gate-cathode bias of 20 V.
An unusual reaction of methylmagnesium iodide with cyclohexadienones (1976)

I. G. C. Coutts and M. Hamblin, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 58 DOI: 10.1039/C39760000058
Evaluation of the Factors Influencing Stomach-specific Delivery of Antibacterial Agents for Helicobacter pylori Infection (1999)

Because Helicobacter pylori infection is localized in the gastric mucus layer and at the mucus layer-epithelial cell interface, we have developed amoxycillin- and metronidazole-containing chitosan microspheres for stomach-specific drug delivery. Drug-loaded porous chitosan microspheres were prepared by simultaneous crosslinking and precipitation with sodium tripolyphosphate. The release of antibacterial agents into simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2), and the stability and permeability through gastric mucin, were examined at 37 degrees C. Because of the high porosity of drug-loaded chitosan microspheres, all the amoxycillin and metronidazole were released in 2 h. High-performance liquid chromatography assays of the antibacterial agents in SGF at 37 degrees C indicated 40% degradation of amoxycillin after 10 h. Metronidazole was completely stable for up to 24 h in SGF. Amoxycillin and metronidazole were highly permeable through the gastric mucin gel layer. The results of this study show that acid-stable antibacterial agents, such as metronidazole, that rapidly permeate the gastric mucus layer would be very effective for the complete eradication of H. pylori infection when delivered specifically at the site of infection in the stomach.
Effects of polymer grain boundary passivation on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite field-effect transistors (2021)

Despite successful applications of solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) such as archetypical methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) in high-performance optoelectronic devices including solar cells and light emitting diodes, their application in field-effect transistors (FETs) remains relatively limited due to the unresolved issues caused by ion migration in OIHPs, such as screening of gate electric fields, lowered device on-off ratios and field-effect mobility, and large hysteresis in the FET transfer characteristics. Here, we report improved performances of the MAPI-based FET via a polymer-additive-based grain boundary (GB) passivation approach that suppresses the ion migration. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was incorporated into the MAPI FET as a GB-passivation additive as confirmed by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. Unlike the typical n-type behavior and large transfer hysteresis in the starting, pristine MAPI FETs, the GB passivation by PCL led to a drastically reduced hysteresis in FET transfer characteristics, while hinting at an ambipolar transport and slight improvement in mobility, indicating a reduced ion migration in the PCL-incorporated MAPI FET. The effect of PCL GB passivation in suppressing ion migration was directly confirmed by the measured, increased activation energy for ion migration in the PCL-incorporated MAPI. The results not only represent the first report of the polymer-additive-based mitigation of the ion migration in the MAPI FET but also suggest potential utilities of the approach for enabling high-performance OIHP FETs and electronic devices in general.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Solution‐Phase Synthesis of Novel Benzimidazoles Utilizing a UDC (Ugi/de‐Boc/Cyclize) Strategy. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chemoimmunotherapy with O-FC in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2011)

We conducted an international phase 2 trial to evaluate 2 dose levels of ofatumumab, a human CD20 mAb, combined with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (O-FC) as frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patients with active CLL were randomized to ofatumumab 500 mg (n = 31) or 1000 mg (n = 30) day 1, with fludarabine 25 mg/m(2) and cyclophosphamide 250 mg/m(2) days 2-4, course 1; days 1-3, courses 2-6; every 4 weeks for 6 courses. The first ofatumumab dose was 300 mg for both cohorts. The median age was 56 years; 13% of patients had a 17p deletion; 64% had β2-microglobulin > 3.5 mg/L. Based on the 1996 National Cancer Institute Working Group (NCI-WG) guidelines, the complete response (CR) rate as assessed by an independent review committee was 32% for the 500-mg and 50% for the 1000-mg cohort; the overall response (OR) rate was 77% and 73%, respectively. Based on univariable regression analyses, β2-microglobulin and the number of O-FC courses were significantly correlated (P < .05) with CR and OR rates and progression-free survival (PFS). The most frequent Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) grade 3-4 investigator-reported adverse events were neutropenia (48%), thrombocytopenia (15%), anemia (13%), and infection (8%). O-FC is active and safe in treatment-naive patients with CLL, including high-risk patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00410163.
Probing the Active Site of Acetylcholinesterase by Molecular Dynamics of Its Phosphonate Ester Adducts (1996)

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using CHARMM were performed for the solution structures of the pentacoordinate and tetracoordinate PSCS and PRCS adducts of Torpedo californica (Tc) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) formed with 2-(3,3-dimethylbutyl) methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) to assess the molecular origins of stereoselectivity of phosphonylation. MD simulations were also carried out for the PSCS transients in soman-inhibited trypsin to evaluate the differences in the mode of operation of the two enzymes. Parameters for the pentacoordinate phosphonate fragments were constructed from results of an ab initio calculation at the 6-31G* level for a model compound, and those for the tetracoordinate phosphonate fragments were from MNDO calculations. Starting equilibrium structures for the above and for analogous structures for chymotrypsin were generated and energy-optimized in program YETI. The stereoselectivity of AChE for the levorotatory diastereomers of soman amounts to >5.6 kcal/mol difference in transition state free energies and can be rationalized based on the results of the MD calculations: There is a predominant conformation of transient forms of the PSCS diastereomer of soman-inhibited AChE in which every ligand in phosphorus is stabilized by an optimal binding feature of the active site. In contrast, the phosphonyl fragment in the PRCS diastereomer may be accommodated with equal difficulty, at least, two different ways: In the most favorable conformation, the phosphoryl oxygen is engaged in weak interactions with constituents of the oxyanion hole if adjustments in the Cα backbone and substantial motions of Trp84, Trp233, Phe288, and Phe290 are allowed. The remarkable efficiency of F- departure from the pentacoordinate transition states of phosphonylated AChE cannot be explained by general base catalysis by HisH+440. Leaving group departure from these structures must be promoted by electrostatic forces, “push” from Glu199 and “pull” from the oxyanion hole, in addition to steric strain. One of the distinguishing features of the crystal structure of TcAChE is the short H-bonds in the catalytic triad. The His440 Nδ---OOCβ Asp327 bond distance is 2.5 Å (2.8 Å resolution) in AChE and 0.2 Å shorter than the corresponding H-bond in trypsin and chymotrypsin (1.5 Å resolution). This distance increased to 2.7 Å during the dynamics simulation. However, the average H-bond distances are further shortened by 0.05−0.3 Å in energy-minimized structures of the adducts of AChE covalently modified by soman at the pentacoordinate and tetracoordinate intermediate stage. MD simulations of the optimized structures of native AChE and its adducts gave insight into how the skeletal motions accommodate an overcrowded active site particularly in the pentacoordinate adducts. The steric relief is only partial and is balanced by a repositioning of Glu199 toward the catalytic triad and phosphonyl fragment. This subtle reorientation of active-site residues should be relevant to the prominent catalytic efficiency of AChE.
Augmentation of VAMP-catalytic activity of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B does not result in increased potency in physiological systems (2017)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are used extensively as therapeutic agents. Serotypes A and B are available as marketed products. Higher doses of BoNT/B are required to reach an efficacy similar to that of products containing BoNT/A. Advances in our understanding of BoNT/B mechanism of action have afforded the opportunity to make rational modifications to the toxin aimed at increasing its activity. Recently, a mutation in the light chain of BoNT/B (S201P) was described that increases the catalytic activity of the isolated BoNT/B light chain in biochemical assays. In this study, we have produced two full-length recombinant BoNT/B toxins in E.coli-one wild type (rBoNT/B1) and one incorporating the S201P mutation (rBoNT/B1(S201P)). We have compared the activity of these two molecules along with a native BoNT/B1 in biochemical cell-free assays and in several biological systems. In the cell-free assay, which measured light-chain activity alone, rBoNT/B1(S201P) cleaved VAMP-2 and VAMP-1 substrate with an activity 3-4-fold higher than rBoNT/B1. However, despite the enhanced catalytic activity of rBoNT/B1(S201P), there was no significant difference in potency between the two molecules in any of the in vitro cell-based assays, using either rodent spinal cord neurons or cortical neurons. Similarly in ex vivo tissue preparations rBoNT/B1(S201P) was not significantly more potent than rBoNT/B1 at inhibiting either diaphragm or detrusor (bladder) muscle activity in C57BL/6N and CD1 mice. Finally, no differences between rBoNT/B1 and rBoNT/B1(S201P) were observed in an in vivo digit abduction score (DAS) assay in C57BL/6N mice, either in efficacy or safety parameters. The lack of translation from the enhanced BoNT/B1(S201P) catalytic activity to potency in complex biological systems suggests that the catalytic step is not the rate-limiting factor for BoNT/B to reach maximum efficacy. In order to augment the efficacy of BoNT/B in humans, strategies other than enhancing light chain activity may need to be considered.
Confining the Sol‐Gel Reaction at the Water/Oil Interface: Creating Compartmentalized Enzymatic Nano‐Organelles for Artificial Cells (2022)

Living organisms compartmentalize their catalytic reactions in membranes for increased efficiency and selectivity. To mimic the organelles of eukaryotic cells, we develop a mild approach for in situ encapsulating enzymes in aqueous-core silica nanocapsules. In order to confine the sol-gel reaction at the water/oil interface of miniemulsion, we introduce an aminosilane to the silica precursors, which serves as both catalyst and an amphiphilic anchor that electrostatically assembles with negatively charged hydrolyzed alkoxysilanes at the interface. The semi-permeable shell protects enzymes from proteolytic attack, and allows the transport of reactants and products. The enzyme-carrying nanocapsules, as synthetic nano-organelles, are able to perform cascade reactions when enveloped in a polymer vesicle, mimicking the hierarchically compartmentalized reactions in eukaryotic cells. This in situ encapsulation approach provides a versatile platform for the delivery of biomacromolecules.
Bet-hedging antimicrobial strategies in macrophage phagosome acidification drive the dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular escape mechanisms (2021)

Abstract The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a major human pathogen with a remarkable intracellular survival strategy that includes exiting macrophages through non-lytic exocytosis (Vomocytosis) and transferring between macrophages (Dragotcytosis) by a mechanism that involves sequential events of non-lytic exocytosis and phagocytosis. Vomocytosis and Dragotcytosis are fungal driven processes, but their triggers are not understood. We hypothesized that the dynamics of Dragotcytosis could inherit the stochasticity of phagolysosome acidification and that Dragotcytosis was triggered by fungal cell stress. Consistent with this view, fungal cells involved in Dragotcytosis reside in phagolysosomes characterized by low pH and/or high oxidative stress. Using fluorescent microscopy, qPCR, live cell video microscopy, and fungal growth assays we found that the that mitigating pH or oxidative stress abrogated Dragotcytosis frequency, that ROS susceptible mutants of C. neoformans underwent Dragotcytosis more frequently. Dragotcytosis initiation was linked to phagolysosomal pH and oxidative stresses and correlated with the macrophage polarization state. Dragotcytosis manifested stochastic dynamics thus paralleling the dynamics of phagosomal acidification, which correlated with the inhospitality of phagolysosomes in differently polarized macrophages. Hence, randomness in phagosomal acidification randomly created a population of inhospitable phagosomes where fungal cell stress triggered stochastic C. neoformans non-lytic exocytosis dynamics to escape a non-permissive intracellular macrophage environment.
Fasting levels of growth hormone are associated with carotid intima media thickness but are not affected by fluvastatin treatment (2017)

We here demonstrate that higher fasting levels of GH are associated with thicker IMT in the carotid bulb in males. Treatment with fluvastatin for 12 months only had a minor, and probably not clinically relevant, effect on the fasting levels of hs-GH.
Enhanced Reducibility of the Ceria–Tin Oxide Solid Solution Modifies the CO Oxidation Mechanism at the Platinum–Oxide Interface (2021)

Many important catalytic reactions take place at metal–oxide interfaces. However, their mechanisms are typically difficult to probe due to the low concentration of active sites and the lack of highly sensitive spectroscopic methods. In this work, we analyze the impact of oxide reducibility on the mechanism of low-temperature CO oxidation over platinum nanoparticles supported on ceria-based solid solutions. We demonstrate that the easier reducibility of Ce4+ at the Pt/Ce0.5Sn0.5O2 interface (in comparison to that for Pt/CeO2) increases the catalytic CO oxidation rate, lowers the apparent activation energy, and increases the reaction order in oxygen. Operando time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggests that the Ce4+ reduction rate at the Pt/Ce0.5Sn0.5O2 interface is accelerated, while the Ce3+ oxidation rate becomes rate-limiting. Importantly, no reduction of Sn4+ in the ceria–tin solid solution and no formation of Pt/Sn alloys were detected under relevant reaction conditions using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. This work provides a better understanding on the reactivity of interfaces. It demonstrates that the reducibility of the oxide close to a metal strongly influences catalytic rates, which provides ideas for the design of better catalysts.
Intelligent systems for efficiency and security (2020)

As computing becomes ubiquitous and personalized, resources like energy, storage and time are becoming increasingly scarce and, at the same time, computing systems must deliver in multiple dimensions, such as high performance, quality of service, reliability, security and low power. Building such computers is hard, particularly when the operating environment is becoming more dynamic, and systems are becoming heterogeneous and distributed.\n\nUnfortunately, computers today manage resources with many ad hoc heuristics that are suboptimal, unsafe, and cannot be composed across the computer’s subsystems. Continuing this approach has severe consequences: underperforming systems, resource waste, information loss, and even life endangerment.\n\nThis dissertation research develops computing systems which, through intelligent adaptation, deliver efficiency along multiple dimensions. The key idea is to manage computers with principled methods from formal control. It is with these methods that the multiple subsystems of a computer sense their environment and configure themselves to meet system-wide goals. \n\nTo achieve the goal of intelligent systems, this dissertation makes a series of contributions, each building on the previous. First, it introduces the use of formal MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) control for processors, to simultaneously optimize many goals like performance, power, and temperature. Second, it develops the Yukta control system, which uses coordinated formal controllers in different layers of the stack (hardware and operating system). Third, it uses robust control to develop a fast, globally coordinated and decentralized control framework called Tangram, for heterogeneous computers. Finally, it presents Maya, a defense against power side-channel attacks that uses formal control to reshape the power dissipated by a computer, confusing the attacker. The ideas in the dissertation have been demonstrated successfully with several prototypes, including one built along with AMD (Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.) engineers. These designs significantly outperformed the state of the art.\n\nThe research in this dissertation brought formal control closer to computer architecture and has been well-received in both domains. It has the first application of full-fledged MIMO control for processors, the first use of robust control in computer systems, and the first application of formal control for side-channel defense. It makes a significant stride towards intelligent systems that are efficient, secure and reliable.
Author response: Bisphosphonate drugs have actions in the lung and inhibit the mevalonate pathway in alveolar macrophages (2021)

As well as preventing bone loss, bisphosphonate drugs may boost early immune responses in the lung by acting directly on alveolar macrophages that form one of the first lines of defence against infection.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanes Bearing Geminal Carboxy Groups (2009)

The authors report a variation on the classic rhodium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes with diazo compounds. Chiral cyclopropanes bearing two carboxy groups are a challenging target since the control of enantioselectivity is difficult. The authors obtain these targets in high enantioselectivity and good yields by utilizing α-amido-α-diazoacetate derivatives (1).
Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems (2011)

What the experts have to say about Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems: This book is exactly what is needed at the exact right time in this fast-growing area. From its beginnings over 10 years ago of deriving tests from UML statecharts, model-based testing has matured into a topic with both breadth and depth. Testing embedded systems is a natural application of MBT, and this book hits the nail exactly on the head. Numerous topics are presented clearly, thoroughly, and concisely in this cutting-edge book. The authors are world-class leading experts in this area and teach us well-used and validated techniques, along with new ideas for solving hard problems. is rare that a book can take recent research advances and present them in a form ready for practical use, but this book accomplishes that and more. I am anxious to recommend this in my consulting and to teach a new class to my students. Dr. Jeff Offutt, professor of software engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA This handbook is the best resource I am aware of on the automated testing of embedded It is thorough, comprehensive, and authoritative. It covers all important technical and scientific aspects but also provides highly interesting insights into the state of practice of model-based testing for embedded systems. Dr. Lionel C. Briand, IEEE Fellow, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway, and professor at the University of Oslo, Norway As model-based testing is entering the mainstream, such a comprehensive and intelligible book is a must-read for anyone looking for more information about improved testing methods for embedded Illustrated with numerous aspects of these techniques from many contributors, it gives a clear picture of what the state of the art is today. Dr. Bruno Legeard, CTO of Smartesting, professor of Software Engineering at the University of Franche-Comt, Besanon, France, and co-author of Practical Model-Based Testing
Author response: Tumor copy number alteration burden is a pan-cancer prognostic factor associated with recurrence and death (2018)

The percentage of a tumor’s genome with alterations in copy number is correlated with increased mortality across a range of tumor types and can be measured using a clinically approved sequencing assay.
O-031 * ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING COMPLETE RESECTION FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER: EFFECT OF IN VITRO CHEMOSENSITIVITY TESTING RESULTS ON PROGNOSIS (2014)

Objectives: The collagen gel droplet embedded culture drug test (CD-DST) is an in vitro anticancer drug sensitivity test. The CD-DST results of anticancer drugs have been obtained from surgically resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens (Lung Cancer 2010;48:472). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these results on prognosis in NSCLC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.
Denervation of nerve terminals in renal arteries: one-year follow-up of interventional treatment of arterial hypertension (2014)

Percutaneous renal artery ablation procedure effectively reduces systolic BP, diastolic BP, and pulse pressure. No vascular or renal complications in any of the patients were observed. The results of a Polish research group showed no significant differences compared to the results obtained in the international studies Symplicity I and Symplicity II.
Intervention in Intrastate Conflict: Implications for the Army in the Post-Cold War Era (1995)

[1. Without special title] / James A. Winnefeld ... [et al.] -- [2] Supplemen materials / Thomas S. Szayna ... [et al.].