gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-density electron-beam-fabricated CCD memory components (1980)

We have designed, fabricated, and tested CCD circuit components and arrays suitable for use in making high-density (>256-kbit) memory chip. A novel multiplex/demultiplex circuit allows smaller parallel-column widths than those in SPS arrays made using the same design rules, yet exacts no penalty in terms of extra mask levels or clocking requirements. A detector/refresher circuit which uses a novel charge comparison principle with feedback provides 5-mV sensitivity at 1-MHz. CCD array structures have been fabricated with transfer-pair electrode size of 4.8 µm and channel widths of 5.4 µm that exhibit a charge-transfer efficiency of 0.9996 with no fat zero. This cell size would enable one to build a 256-kbit memory on a chip less than 40 000 mil <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . A combined electron-beam and photolithographic process has been developed to make high-resolution double-level polysilicon CCD's. A "universal" chip was used to interface the electron-beam and optical patterns. The combined lithography process reduces the throughput requirements for the electron-beam machines. It is also flexible so that lithography steps can be eliminated if only electron-beam or only optically defined devices are desired. We found that when process overetch, lithography size, and alignment do not improve proportionally, topological constraints arise preventing simple two-dimensional scaling. The design of a serial-parallel-serial (SPS) CCD is an example of this constraint.
In Situ High-Temperature Structural Analysis of High-Entropy Rare-Earth Sesquioxides (2023)

High-entropy rare-earth (RE) sesquioxides (RE2O3) containing five cations in equimolar amounts have been investigated for a variety of applications, but little is known about their polymorphic behavior and coefficient of thermal expansion. Here, we evaluate the effect of the average ionic radius (AIR) on the polymorphism of high-entropy RE2O3. Powder samples of compositions 1 (Lu,Y,Ho,Nd,La)2O3 (AIR = 0.938 Å) and 2 (Gd,Eu,Sm,Nd,La)2O3 (AIR = 0.982 Å) were synthesized via a wet chemical method, and bead samples were prepared for aerodynamic levitation by melting the powders in a copper hearth. Structural transitions were monitored upon cooling from the melt to 1000 °C via in situ X-ray diffraction on aerodynamically levitated samples. The phase evolution was liquid, hexagonal H-type, and monoclinic B-type for composition 1 and liquid, cubic X-type, H-type, and B-type for composition 2. Based on their AIR, the general polymorphic transformations of the high-entropy RE2O3 follow the trend of single-RE RE2O3, but the transition temperatures differ from those of single-RE RE2O3. The coefficient of thermal expansion values of the B-type phase of compositions 1 and 2 are similar to those of Gd2O3 and previously published high-entropy RE2O3.
5G transport and broadband access networks: The need for new technologies and standards (2015)

In addition to new radio technologies, end-to-end transport networks will play a vital role in future 5G (and beyond) networks. In particular, access transport networks connecting radio access with core networks are of critical importance. They should be able to support massive connectivity, super high data rates, and real time services in a ubiquitous environment. To attain these targets, transport networks should be constructed on the basis of a variety of technologies and methods, depending on application scenarios, geographical areas, and deployment models. In this paper, we present several technologies, including analog radioover-fiber transmission, intermediate-frequency-over-fiber technology, radio-on-radio transmission, and the convergence of fiber and millimeter-wave systems, that can facilitate building such effective transport networks in many use cases. For each technology, we present the system concept, possible application cases, and some demonstration results. We also discuss potential standardization and development directions so that the proposed technologies can be widely used.
MAXNET Energy – Focusing Research in Chemical Energy Conversion on the Electrocatlytic Oxygen Evolution (2015)

Abstract MAXNET Energy is an initiative of the Max Planck society in which eight Max Planck institutes and two external partner institutions form a research consortium aiming at a deeper understanding of the electrocatalytic conversion of small molecules. We give an overview of the activities within the MAXNET Energy research consortium. The main focus of research is the electrocatalytic water splitting reaction with an emphasis on the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Activities span a broad range from creation of novel catalysts by means of chemical or material synthesis, characterization and analysis applying innovative electrochemical techniques, atomistic simulations of state-of-the-art x-ray spectroscopy up to model-based systems analysis of coupled reaction and transport mechanisms. Synergy between the partners in the consortium is generated by two modes of cooperation – one in which instrumentation, techniques and expertise are shared, and one in which common standard materials and test protocols are used jointly for optimal comparability of results and to direct further development. We outline the special structure of the research consortium, give an overview of its members and their expertise and review recent scientific achievements in materials science as well as chemical and physical analysis and techniques. Due to the extreme conditions a catalyst has to endure in the OER, a central requirement for a good oxygen evolution catalyst is not only its activity, but even more so its high stability. Hence, besides detailed degradation studies, a central feature of MAXNET Energy is a standardized test setup/protocol for catalyst stability, which we propose in this contribution.
Amplificateur de puissance Doherty totalement intégré en CMOS 65nm avec une PAE constante sur une large plage de puissance (2013)

National audience
Search for Signatures of Extra Dimensions in the Diphoton Mass Spectrum at the Large Hadron Collider (2012)

A search for signatures of extra spatial dimensions in the diphoton invariant-mass spectrum has been performed with the CMS detector at the LHC. No excess of events above the standard model expectation is observed using a data sample collected in proton-proton collisions at √s=7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.2 fb(-1). In the context of the large-extra-dimensions model, lower limits are set on the effective Planck scale in the range of 2.3-3.8 TeV at the 95% confidence level. These limits are the most restrictive bounds on virtual-graviton exchange to date. The most restrictive lower limits to date are also set on the mass of the first graviton excitation in the Randall-Sundrum model in the range of 0.86-1.84 TeV, for values of the associated coupling parameter between 0.01 and 0.10.
High Output Saturation and High-Linearity Uni-Traveling-Carrier Waveguide Photodiodes (2007)

Waveguide uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) have been fabricated and tested. Output saturation currents greater than 40 mA at 1 GHz are demonstrated for a 10 mumtimes150mum photodiode (PD). The third-order intermodulation distortion is also measured and exhibits a third-order output intercept point of 43 dBm at 20 mA and 34 dBm at 40 mA for this same PD. UTC-PDs with geometries of 5 mumtimes100 mum and 10 mumtimes100 mum are also compared and it is shown that a wider waveguide PD has improved saturation characteristics due to the lower optical power density which reduces the saturation at the front end of the device
Heterojunction-Engineered Reduced Graphene Oxide/SnO2 with Mesoporous Structures for Gas Chemosensors (2023)

Rapid and effective detection of potent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at low operating temperatures is of great significance to keep humans safe from these environmental pollutants. In this work, we show the facile synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)-laminated SnO2 nanomaterials that are decorated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their efficient chemosensing properties for the potent VOC triethylamine (TEA). The as-prepared hybrid material (rGO/SnO2) possesses p-n-type heterojunction and mesoporous structures that are composed of self-assembled SnO2 nanoparticles. The heterojunction between rGO and SnO2 in this hybrid material can be tuned by varying the relative amount of rGO in it. Because of its 3D/2D structures and p-n heterojunction, the material exhibits better carrier mobility, electron transfer, activation energy, and mass diffusion for chemosensing processes than pristine SnO2. It also shows excellent chemosensing properties for TEA, with high response and selectivity at low operating temperatures, while remaining stable and operational for 13 days. Its detection limit for TEA, for example, can reach as low as 358 ppb. These attributes make this material a promising TEA chemosensor for practical applications.
A 24-to-30GHz 256-Element Dual-Polarized 5G Phased Array with Fast Beam-Switching Support for >30,000 Beams (2022)

As millimeter-wave (mm-wave) 5G technology adoption expands, it faces growing technical challenges. Among these are the extension of the 28GHz band, to 24.25 to 29.5GHz (n257, n258 and n261 5G NR bands) and the demand for 5G base stations to cover large distances by using a larger number of antenna elements. While mm-wave 5G phased arrays supporting up to 256 elements have been reported [1,5-8], they suffer from two key challenges: (1) their created beams are narrow, requiring thousands of beams to cover all angles within the scan range, yet their beam tables typically support <300 beams [1], [2]; and (2) their increased power consumption may lead to severe thermal challenges, especially in situations where air-cooling cannot be used.
Inhibition of GSK-3 Induces Differentiation and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Renal Cancer (2013)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, is a key regulator of numerous cellular processes ranging from glycogen metabolism to cell-cycle regulation and proliferation. Consistent with its involvement in many pathways, it has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including type II diabetes, Alzheimer disease, bipolar disorder, inflammation, and cancer. Consequently, it is recognized as an attractive target for the development of new drugs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of both pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of GSK-3 in two different renal cancer cell lines. We have shown potent antiproliferative activity of 9-ING-41, a maleimide-based GSK-3 inhibitor. The antiproliferative activity is most likely caused by G(0)-G(1) and G(2)-M phase arrest as evident from cell-cycle analysis. We have established that inhibition of GSK-3 imparted a differentiated phenotype in renal cancer cells. We have also shown that GSK-3 inhibition induced autophagy, likely as a result of imbalanced energy homeostasis caused by impaired glucose metabolism. In addition, we have demonstrated the antitumor activity of 9-ING-41 in two different subcutaneous xenograft renal cell carcinoma tumor models. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing autophagy induction due to GSK-3 inhibition in renal cancer cells.
Semiconducting polymer contributes favorably to the Seebeck coefficient in multi-component, high-performance n-type thermoelectric nanocomposites (2020)

n-Type Co NWs/N2200 TENCs yield a high <italic>S</italic>, mainly from the semiconducting polymer, yet σ is limited by poor connectivity between inorganic and organic domains. By adding flexible n-doped SWCNTs to yield more conductive paths, σ and mechanical bendability are greatly enhanced.
A Proactive Wearout Recovery Approach for Exploiting Microarchitectural Redundancy to Extend Cache SRAM Lifetime (2008)

Microarchitectural redundancy has been proposed as a means of improving chip lifetime reliability. It is typically used in a reactive way, allowing chips to maintain operability in the presence of failures by detecting and isolating, correcting, and/or replacing components on a first-come, first-served basis only after they become faulty. In this paper, we explore an alternative, more preferred method of exploiting microarchitectural redundancy to enhance chip lifetime reliability. In our proposed approach, redundancy is used proactively to allow non-faulty microarchitecture components to be temporarily deactivated, on a rotating basis, to suspend and/or recover from certain wearout effects. This approach improves chip lifetime reliability by warding off the onset of wearout failures as opposed to reacting to them posteriorly. Applied to on-chip cache SRAM for combating NBTI-induced wearout failure, our proactive wearout recovery approach increases lifetime reliability (measured in mean-time-to-failure) of the cache by about a factor of seven relative to no use of microarchitectural redundancy and a factor of five relative to conventional reactive use of redundancy having similar area overhead.
Study of Wireless Channel Characteristics of 2×2 60-GHz MIMO OFDM RoF System Employing Lattice Reduction-aided Detection (2013)

We experimentally investigate the wireless channel characteristics of 2×2 60-GHz MIMO OFDM RoF system with 3.5-m wireless distance. With lattice-reduction-aided detection, the achievable data rate can be improved from 0.58Gbps to 12.61Gbps for the worst case.
Additive Interaction of Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease on Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Hypertension (2009)

Our findings suggest that, in essential hypertension, the combination of MetS and CKD is a strong risk for LVH as well as a strong and independent predictor of subsequent CVD. These findings highlight the clinical importance of the concomitance of MetS and CKD in essential hypertension.
Specific Targeting of Caspase-9/PP2A Interaction as Potential New Anti-Cancer Therapy (2013)

Using the cell-penetrating peptides blocking caspase-9/PP2A interactions, we have demonstrated that DPT-C9h had a strong therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo in mouse models of tumour progression.
Energy-Dependent Stability of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms (2011)

Stability and resistance to dissolution are key features of microbial biofilms. How these macroscopic properties are determined by the physiological state of individual biofilm cells in their local physical-chemical and cellular environment is largely unknown. In order to obtain molecular and energetic insight into biofilm stability, we investigated whether maintenance of biofilm stability is an energy-dependent process and whether transcription and/or translation is required for biofilm dissolution. We found that in 12-hour-old Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms, a reduction in cellular ATP concentration, induced either by oxygen deprivation or by addition of the inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), dinitrophenol (DNP), or CN(-), resulted in massive dissolution. In 60-hour-old biofilms, the extent of uncoupler-induced cell loss was strongly attenuated, indicating that the integrity of older biofilms is maintained by means other than those operating in younger biofilms. In experiments with 12-hour-old biofilms, the transcriptional and translational inhibitors rifampin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were found to be ineffective in preventing energy starvation-induced detachment, suggesting that neither transcription nor translation is required for this process. Biofilms of Vibrio cholerae were also induced to dissolve upon CCCP addition to an extent similar to that in S. oneidensis. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida biofilms remained insensitive to CCCP addition. Collectively, our data show that metabolic energy is directly or indirectly required for maintaining cell attachment, and this may represent a common but not ubiquitous mechanism for stability of microbial biofilms.
Antireflection surface structure: dielectric layer(s) over a high spatial-frequency surface-relief grating on a lossy substrate (1988)

With proper design, a dielectric (or lossy) overcoated high spatial-frequency rectangular-groove grating on a lossy substrate can exhibit zero reflectivity. A procedure for designing these structures based on impedance matching and the effective index of the grating in the long wavelength limit is presented. The needed filling factor and groove depth of the grating to produce antireflection behavior are calculated for a given complex index of refraction of the substrate and index and thickness of the coating layer. The analysis is applicable to any wavelength and angle of incidence and for either TE or TM polarization. It is shown that multiple zeroreflectivity solutions occur. Necessary and sufficient conditions for zero-reflectivity solutions are derived in the appropriate parameter space. The analysis is also extended to multiple dielectric (or lossy) overlayers. Since the treatment is based on the equivalence of the grating to a lossy layer in the long wavelength limit, the treatment also includes as an intermediate step the design of a dielectric (or lossy) overcoated homogeneous lossy layer on a lossy substrate. The designs of zero-reflectivity gold gratings overcoated by a single dielectric layer are presented for wavelengths in the 0.44-12.0-microm range. The sensitivity of these resulting structures to changes in the angle of incidence, the coating thickness, the coating index, the filling factor, and the groove depth are presented. Furthermore, the design of dielectric overcoated gold gratings that are simultaneously antireflecting for both TE and TM polarizations is presented.
Lightweight Optical Wavelength Communications without a Laser in Space (2000)

We will present a model for an earth-to-low-earthorbit optical communications system. The system modeled herein is designed to offer a very lightweight, low power consumption, low data rate communications link from LEO satellites. A novel architecture for a free-space optical communications link is presented and analyzed. For the first time, a method that offers full-duplex communications on a single beam is presented. In addition, a novel data format for free-space optical communications is presented. In this system, both the laser and the downlink receiver are located on the ground. The optical elements located on the spacecraft are a simple uplink receiver and a retromodulator. In fact, the laser transmitter for the system is a semiconductor device. We will present a simple feasibility model for the LOWCAL experiment that provides an estimate of the performance capability and identifies major system tradeoffs. Assuming a laser transmitter power of - 7-dB and a communications data rate of 10-kbps, we expect link margins of 17 dB for the downlink. For the uplink, an SC-FSK format is proposed that is invisible to the downlink and provides a link margin of 20 dB.
SDN and NFV integration in generalized mobile network architecture (2015)

The main drivers for the mobile core network evolution is to serve the future challenges and set the way to 5G networks with need for high capacity and low latency. Different technologies such as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are being considered to address the future needs of 5G networks. However, future applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), video services and others still unveiled will have different requirements, which emphasize the need for the dynamic scalability of the network functionality. The means for efficient network resource operability seems to be even more important than the future network element costs. This paper provides the analysis of different technologies such as SDN and NFV that offer different architectural options to address the needs of 5G networks. The options under consideration in this paper may differ mainly in the extent of what SDN principles are applied to mobile specific functions or to transport network functions only.
Sliced Wasserstein Distance for Learning Gaussian Mixture Models (2018)

Gaussian mixture models (GMM) are powerful parametric tools with many applications in machine learning and computer vision. Expectation maximization (EM) is the most popular algorithm for estimating the GMM parameters. However, EM guarantees only convergence to a stationary point of the log-likelihood function, which could be arbitrarily worse than the optimal solution. Inspired by the relationship between the negative log-likelihood function and the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, we propose an alternative formulation for estimating the GMM parameters using the sliced Wasserstein distance, which gives rise to a new algorithm. Specifically, we propose minimizing the sliced-Wasserstein distance between the mixture model and the data distribution with respect to the GMM parameters. In contrast to the KL-divergence, the energy landscape for the sliced-Wasserstein distance is more well-behaved and therefore more suitable for a stochastic gradient descent scheme to obtain the optimal GMM parameters. We show that our formulation results in parameter estimates that are more robust to random initializations and demonstrate that it can estimate high-dimensional data distributions more faithfully than the EM algorithm.
Discordance between Plasma Calcitonin and Tumor-Cell Mass in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (1979)

MEDULLARY thyroid carcinomas always secrete calcitonin, leading to an increased plasma hormone concentration.1 The plasma calcitonin concentration usually correlates with the clinical extent of disease.2 This article describes a patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma in whom plasma calcitonin did not correlate with estimated tumor burden. Although the tumor had metastasized widely, plasma calcitonin concentration was unexpectedly low. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue provides an explanation for this observation and illustrates a potentially important feature of human tumor biology.Case ReportA 46-year-old man underwent hemithyroidectomy after the discovery of a thyroid nodule, which proved to be a medullary thyroid carcinoma. . . .
An Isolated Winter Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flash Causing Damage and Injury in Connecticut (1997)

An isolated lightning flash at 1436:52 UTC 11 February 1996 struck and destroyed a house in Burlington, Connecticut, injuring an occupant of the house. A flash detected simultaneously by the National Lightning Detection Network was within 1.1 km of the house. The flash was separated from any other flash by several hours and hundreds of kilometers and occurred during winter. Positive charge was lowered to ground by the flash, as has been found in previous studies of winter storms. Its estimated peak current of +76 kA was stronger than most positive flashes and nearly all negative cloud-to-ground flashes for the entire year in the same area. The incident is compared with other previously documented lightning casualty and damage statistics during wintertime for Connecticut and other regions of the United States. The importance of the flash is described in relation to the resulting material damage and personal injury, the handling of insurance claims, the use of flash data in forecasting and warning applications, and personal safety.