gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In-Cycle Closed-Loop Combustion Controllability with Pilot-Main Injections (2018)

In-cycle closed-loop combustion control has been proved to reduce cycle-to-cycle variations on emissions and indicated thermal efficiency. In this paper, the in-cycle closed-loop combustion con-trollability achieved by a pilot-main fuel injection scheme is investigated. The controllability is studied by means of the maximum reachable indicated thermal efficiency (MRE). A combustion model is used for the heat release optimisation. The pilot model parameters were modified to simulate the dis-turbances of the pilot combustion. The MRE is the result of optimizing the heat release, constrained to a constant load, with a disturbed pilot injection and adjusting the main start of injection (SOI) and its duration. The nominal indicated thermal efficiency was optimized at the central operating condi-tions.The results showed that the most influential variable in the indicated thermal efficiency was the dis-turbances in the pilot mass. 79% of the efficiency variability can be explained by the actual injected pilot mass. The second and third most significant variables were the variances in the combustion effi-ciency and either of both, the start of vaporisation or the start of combustion (depending on the vari-ables interaction). The disturbances in the pilot combustion resulted in a reduction down to -0.8%unit net indicated thermal efficiency compared to the nominal maximum indicated thermal efficiency.The results confirmed that by adjusting the main SOI, the indicated thermal efficiency can be im-proved in 86% of the total cases with an average change about +0.1%unit in net indicated thermal effi-ciency. The maximum improvement was +1%unit net indicated thermal efficiency for pilot masses larg-er than the nominal point, with longer ignition delay and increased combustion efficiency. The pilot in-jection is observable 1CAD after its start of combustion, which limits the controllability of the main SOI. In 86.2% of the considered cases, the main SOI was controllable in-cycle. When the main SOI was constrained to the controllable window, the reduction in indicated thermal efficiency was negligi-ble compared to the maximum indicated thermal efficiency achievable by in-cycle closed-loop com-bustion control. (Less)
Investigation on Interference Rejection Combining Receiver for Space–Frequency Block Code Transmit Diversity in LTE-Advanced Downlink (2013)

The interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver, which can strictly suppress intercell interference based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria, is effective in improving cell-edge user throughput. When assuming the Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE-Advanced downlink and open-loop transmit diversity employing the space-frequency block code (SFBC) using Alamouti coding, the IRC receiver must detect the Alamouti coded signals and suppress the interference signals using a couple of received signals in the frequency domain at the same time. To achieve this, the IRC receiver weight matrix, which consists of the channel matrix of the serving cell and the statistics of the covariance matrix, including the interference and thermal noise components, must be extended in the frequency domain, i.e., due to the effect of Alamouti coding, in addition to the spatial domain. These extended matrices can be estimated using the downlink reference signals (RSs) from the serving cell. However, some elements, including the effect of Alamouti coding in the extended covariance matrix, cannot be estimated using a practical estimation scheme that subtracts the replica symbols of the serving cell generated by the estimated channel matrix and the known RS sequence from the received RSs of the serving cell. This is because the RSs in LTE/LTE-Advanced are not transmitted using two adjacent subcarriers. This paper investigates the statistics of these unknown elements and proposes appropriate values, specifically inserting zero values, for these elements assuming the LTE/LTE-Advanced downlink. The results of simulations show that the IRC receiver using the proposed scheme, which has two receiver antenna branches, suppresses the intercell interference and improves the throughput by more than 10% compared with that for the conventional maximal ratio combining (MRC) receiver when a cell-edge environment is assumed.
<title>Investigation of recording density increase using a multilayered holographic carrier</title> (1996)

The multi-layered structure of the data storage is proposed for the holographic carrier recording density increase. The noises arousing from the diffraction of both the reconstructing beam and the reconstructed signals on the holograms of the neighboring layers are taken into consideration during the assessment of the resulting signal- to-noise ratio. It is concluded that with an appropriate diaphragm and layers geometry, as well as with sufficiently low holograms diffraction efficiency in layers, it is possible to increase the carrier information capacity in several times without essential deterioration of the read- out quality.
Comprehensive Modeling of Threshold Voltage Variability Induced by Plasma Damage in Advanced Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (2010)

Threshold voltage shift (Δ V th ) and its variation induced by plasma processing were investigated in detail. Two damage mechanisms occurring in an inductively coupled plasma reactor were focused on in this study; the charging damage induced by the conduction current from plasma and the physical damage attributed to the bombardment of high-energy ions. Regarding the charging damage, Δ V th was found to show a power-law dependence on antenna ratio for both SiO 2 and high- k gate dielectrics in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The observed dependence was also confirmed from the results of a constant-current stress test, indicating that the plasma plays the role of the current source in terms of the charging damage. As for the physical damage, the recess structure in source/drain extension regions was focused on as a possible cause of Δ V th . The depth of the recess ( d R ) formed by the physical damage was studied using Si wafers exposed to various plasma conditions and subsequently analyzed for surface damage. The recess depth determined from the experiments and classical molecular dynamics simulations exhibits a power-law dependence on potential drop across the sheath between the plasma and the device surface ( V p - V dc ), which is used as a practical measure of the damage. On the basis of the above results, Δ V th due to the physical damage was calculated by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) device simulation for n- and p-channel MOSFETs with the recess structure. Δ V th shows a linear dependence on recess depth for both n- and p-channel MOSFETs, resulting in the power-law dependence on ( V p - V dc ) via d R . These findings provide a simple relationship among the variations of Δ V th , antenna ratio, and plasma parameters. By taking into account the findings that the MOSFET with high- k dielectrics shows a larger Δ V th due to the charging than that with SiO 2 , and that the MOSFETs with a smaller gate length indicate a larger Δ V th due to the Si recess structure, we can conclude that larger amount of plasma damage induces the larger Δ V th variations, i.e., the V th variability induced by the plasma damage is difficult to suppress and will become crucial to the fabrication of future advanced devices. The proposed relationship is useful as a guideline to suppress the Δ V th variations caused by plasma damage.
Sequential perceptual learning of letter identification and “uncrowding” in normal peripheral vision: Effects of task, training order, and cholinergic enhancement (2020)

Human adults with normal vision are capable of improving performance on visual tasks through repeated practice. Previous work has shown that enhancing synaptic levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in healthy human adults with donepezil (trade name: Aricept) can increase the magnitude and specificity of perceptual learning (PL) for motion direction discrimination in the perifovea. In the current study, we ask whether increasing the synaptic levels of ACh in healthy human adults with donepezil boosts learning of low-contrast isolated letter identification and high-contrast flanked letter identification in normal peripheral vision. Two groups of observers performed sequential training over multiple days while ingesting donepezil. One group trained on isolated low-contrast letters in Phase 1 and crowded high-contrast letters in Phase 2, and the other group performed the reverse sequence, thereby enabling us to differentiate possible effects of drug and training order on PL of letter identification. All testing and training were performed monocularly in peripheral vision, at an eccentricity of 10 degrees along the lower vertical meridian. Our experimental design allowed us to evaluate the effects of sequential training and to ask whether increasing cholinergic signaling boosted learning and/or transfer of low-contrast isolated letter identification and high-contrast flanked letter identification in normal peripheral vision. We found that both groups improved on each of the two tasks. However, our results revealed an effect of training task order on flanked letter identification: Observers who trained on isolated targets first showed rapid early improvement in flanked letter identification but little to no additional improvement after 30 training blocks, while observers who first trained with flanked letters improved gradually on flanked letter identification over the entire 100-block course of training. In addition, we found no effect of donepezil on PL of either isolated or flanked letter identification. In other words, donepezil neither boosted nor blocked learning to identify isolated low-contrast letters or learning to uncrowd in normal peripheral vision.
Acaricidal properties of some synthetic unconjugated allenic anilides (1992)

Abstract Seven unconjugated allenic anilides with the allenic moiety situated at the 3, 4 position were synthesized and evaluated for acaricidal activity against Boophilus microplus (Canestrinii). The order of toxicity (% adult mortality) of the anilides against adult B. microplus at 0.5 μg tick −1 was: N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methyl‐phenyl)‐5‐methylhexa‐3, 4‐dienamide, (I) = N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐5‐methylhexa‐3, 4‐dienamide(III)(100%) &gt; N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐deca‐3, 4‐dienamide (VI)(68%) &gt; N‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐5‐methylhexa‐3, 4‐dienamide (II) (32.3%) &gt; N‐(3, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐5‐methylhepta‐3, 4‐dienamide (IV) (28%) &gt; N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenyl)‐5‐ethylhepta‐3, 4‐dienamide (VII) (24%) &gt; N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐5‐methylhepta‐3, 4‐dienamide (V) (20%). Comparison of the relative potencies (in parenthesis) at 1.5 μg tick −1 of the anilides with three commercial acaricides: pyrenone, lindane and carbaryl, revealed the following orders of activities: in comparison with pyrenone: pyrenone = I = II (1) &gt; VI(0.93) &gt; II (0.67) &gt; IV (0.55) &gt; VII (0.46) &gt; VI (0.37); in comparison with lindane: I = HI (6.06) &gt; VI (5.65) &gt; II (4.04) &gt; IV (3.36) &gt; VII (2.76) &gt; V (2.39) &gt; lindane (1.0). All anilides were more toxic than carbaryl which gave no mortality at 1.5 μg tick −1 . The need for developing more effective control agents for B. microplus is highlighted by the high levels of resistance found in some Jamaican populations of the pest. Resistance of the orders of 31‐ to 227‐fold had been reported against lindane and between 15‐ and 67‐fold to carbaryl.
Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2013)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and life threatening disease with median survival of 2.5-3 years. The IPF lung is characterized by abnormal lung remodeling, epithelial cell hyperplasia, myofibroblast foci formation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Analysis of gene expression microarray data revealed that cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a non-collagenous extracellular matrix protein is among the most significantly up-regulated genes (Fold change 13, p-value <0.05) in IPF lungs. This finding was confirmed at the mRNA level by nCounter® expression analysis in additional 115 IPF lungs and 154 control lungs as well as at the protein level by western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that COMP was expressed in dense fibrotic regions of IPF lungs and co-localized with vimentin and around pSMAD3 expressing cells. Stimulation of normal human lung fibroblasts with TGF-β1 induced an increase in COMP mRNA and protein expression. Silencing COMP in normal human lung fibroblasts significantly inhibited cell proliferation and negatively impacted the effects of TGF-β1 on COL1A1 and PAI1. COMP protein concentration measured by ELISA assay was significantly increased in serum of IPF patients compared to controls. Analysis of serum COMP concentrations in 23 patients who had prospective blood draws revealed that COMP levels increased in a time dependent fashion and correlated with declines in force vital capacity (FVC). Taken together, our results should encourage more research into the potential use of COMP as a biomarker for disease activity and TGF-β1 activity in patients with IPF. Hence, studies that explore modalities that affect COMP expression, alleviate extracellular matrix rigidity and lung restriction in IPF and interfere with the amplification of TGF-β1 signaling should be persuaded.
Experimental facility had a greater effect on growth performance, gut microbiome, and metabolome in weaned pigs than feeding diets containing subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics: A case study (2023)

The objective of this study was to define changes in the intestinal metabolome and microbiome associated with growth performance of weaned pigs fed subtherapeutic concentrations of antibiotics. Three experiments with the same antibiotic treatments were conducted on the same research farm but in two different facilities (nursery and wean-finish) using pigs weaned at 20-days of age from the same source herd and genotype, and fed the same diets formulated without antibiotics (NC) or with 0.01% chlortetracycline and 0.01% sulfamethazine (AB). Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance was determined on days (d) 10, 21, and 42 post-weaning to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F). On d 42, one pig/pen was selected for blood and ileal and cecal content collection. Targeted and untargeted metabolomic profiles were determined in serum and cecal contents using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and composition of bacterial communities in intestinal content samples was determined by sequencing the V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene. Metabolomics and microbiome data were analyzed using diverse multivariate and machine learning methods. Pigs fed AB had significantly greater (P < 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI compared with those fed NC, and pig body weight, ADG, and G:F were also significantly different (P < 0.05) between experiments. Differences (P < 0.05) in serum metabolome along with ileal and cecal microbiome beta diversity were observed between experiments, but there were no differences in microbiome alpha diversity between experiments or treatments. Bacteria from the families Clostridiaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Peptostreptomycetaceae, and Leuconostocaceae were significant biomarkers for the AB treatment. In addition, pigs fed AB had increased serum arginine, histidine, lysine, and phenylalanine concentrations compared with NC. Percentage error from a random forest analysis indicated that most of the variation (8% error) in the microbiome was explained by the facility where the experiments were conducted. These results indicate that facility had a greater effect on growth performance, metabolome, and microbiome responses than feeding diets containing subtherapeutic levels of antibiotics.
Attosecond optoelectronic field measurement in solids (2020)

The sub-cycle interaction of light and matter is one of the key frontiers of inquiry made accessible by attosecond science. Here, we show that when light excites a pair of charge carriers inside of a solid, the transition probability is strongly localized to instants slightly after the extrema of the electric field. The extreme temporal localization is utilized in a simple electronic circuit to record the waveforms of infrared to ultraviolet light fields. This form of petahertz-bandwidth field metrology gives access to both the modulated transition probability and its temporal offset from the laser field, providing sub-fs temporal precision in reconstructing the sub-cycle electronic response of a solid state structure.
Brain salt sensitivity in mice with LVH is enhanced via Rho‐kinase pathway through ENaC activation (2009)

Salt intake predisposes patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to heart failure. We hypothesized that brain Na‐sensitivity increased in patients with LVH. To examine the mechanism of Na‐sensitivity associated with LVH, we performed aortic banding (AB) to produce mice with LVH. Four weeks after AB, 24‐h urinary catecholamine excretion (U‐CA) tended to increase in AB compared with sham‐operated mice (Sham). AB induced an increase in the LV wall thickness without LV dysfunction. AB was then fed either a high‐salt diet (ABH) or a regular‐salt diet (ABR) for 4 weeks. LV dysfunction and U‐CA increased in ABH compared with ABR. We then examined brain Na‐sensitivity. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of high‐Na artificial cerebrospinal fluid into AB and Sham increased U‐CA, arterial pressure, and heart rate to a greater extent in AB than in Sham. Infusion (ICV) of an epithelial Na channel (ENaC) blocker into ABH for 4 weeks significantly lowered U‐CA and improved LV function. Infusion of a Rho‐kinase inhibitor also attenuated the salt‐induced sympathetic hyperactivation and LV dysfunction in ABH. The levels of phosphorylated‐moesin, a substrate of Rho‐kinase, were significantly greater in AB than in Sham. These results suggest that increased brain Na‐sensitivity, due to the activation of ENaC via Rho‐kinase contributes to salt‐induced sympathetic hyperactivation and LV dysfunction in mice with LVH.
Initial Cell Search Method with MLD Based Frequency Offset Estimation in LTE Heterogeneous Networks (2017)

This paper proposes a fast cell search method using maximum likelihood detection (MLD) based frequency offset estimation for a small cell in Long Term Evolution (LTE) heterogeneous networks (HetNets). In the proposed cell search method, a set of user equipment (UE) estimates the primary synchronization signal (PSS) timing and frequency offset using different PSS correlation computation methods in a macrocell or a small cell according to the employed carrier frequency. For a macrocell, we use the conventional cross- correlation based detection. Meanwhile, for a small cell with a high carrier frequency, a UE first detects the maximum autocorrelation peak between the received sample signals that are five milliseconds apart. Then, the UE estimates the fractional frequency offset from the phase rotation between two consecutive PSSs. After compensating for the fractional frequency offset, the UE simultaneously detects the accurate frequency offset that provides the phase rotation of 2PIxG (G denotes an integer) over the multiplexed interval of two PSSs and the PSS sequence based on MLD. After selecting the best cell, the UE detects the best secondary synchronization signal (SSS) sequence by taking the SSS sequence correlation for the received signal. System-level simulation results show that the proposed cell search method achieves a fast initial cell search time within approximately 120 ms to satisfy the physical cell ID detection probability of 95% even for the carrier frequency of a small cell up to 12 GHz, assuming the free- running frequency error of the UE standard oscillator of 3 ppm.
Characterization of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant that emerged in Brazil (2021)

The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) plays a key role in viral infectivity. It is also the major antigen stimulating the host's protective immune response, specifically, the production of neutralizing antibodies. Recently, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 possessing multiple mutations in the S protein, designated P.1, emerged in Brazil. Here, we characterized a P.1 variant isolated in Japan by using Syrian hamsters, a well-established small animal model for the study of SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19). In hamsters, the variant showed replicative abilities and pathogenicity similar to those of early and contemporary strains (i.e., SARS-CoV-2 bearing aspartic acid [D] or glycine [G] at position 614 of the S protein). Sera and/or plasma from convalescent patients and BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccinees showed comparable neutralization titers across the P.1 variant, S-614D, and S-614G strains. In contrast, the S-614D and S-614G strains were less well recognized than the P.1 variant by serum from a P.1-infected patient. Prior infection with S-614D or S-614G strains efficiently prevented the replication of the P.1 variant in the lower respiratory tract of hamsters upon reinfection. In addition, passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies to hamsters infected with the P.1 variant or the S-614G strain led to reduced virus replication in the lower respiratory tract. However, the effect was less pronounced against the P.1 variant than the S-614G strain. These findings suggest that the P.1 variant may be somewhat antigenically different from the early and contemporary strains of SARS-CoV-2.
In Cellulo Protein Semi‐Synthesis from Endogenous and Exogenous Fragments Using the Ultra‐Fast Split Gp41‐1 Intein (2020)

Abstract Protein semi‐synthesis inside live cells from exogenous and endogenous parts offers unique possibilities for studying proteins in their native context. Split‐intein‐mediated protein trans‐splicing is predestined for such endeavors and has seen some successes, but a much larger variety of established split inteins and associated protocols is urgently needed. We characterized the association and splicing parameters of the Gp41‐1 split intein, which favorably revealed a nanomolar affinity between the intein fragments combined with the exceptionally fast splicing rate. Following bead‐loading of a chemically modified intein fragment precursor into live mammalian cells, we fluorescently labeled target proteins on their N‐ and C‐termini with short peptide tags, thus ensuring minimal perturbation of their structure and function. In combination with a nuclear‐entrapment strategy to minimize cytosolic fluorescence background, we applied our technique for super‐resolution imaging and single‐particle tracking of the outer mitochondrial protein Tom20 in HeLa cells.
Quantitative evaluation of the register stack engine and optimizations for future Itanium processors (2002)

This paper examines the efficiency of the register stack engine (RSE) in the canonical Itanium architecture, and introduces novel optimization techniques to enhance the RSE performance. To minimize spills and fills of the physical register file, optimizations are applied to reduce internal fragmentation in statically allocated register stack frames. Through the use of dynamic register usage (DRU) and dead register value information (DVI), the processor can dynamically guide allocation and deallocation of register frames. Consequently, a speculatively allocated register frame with a dynamically determined frame size can be much smaller than the statically determined frame size, thus achieving minimum spills and fills. Using the register stack engine (RSE) in the canonical Itanium architecture as the baseline reference, we thoroughly study and gauge the tradeoffs of the RSE and the proposed optimizations using a set of SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks built with different compiler optimizations. A combination of frame allocation policies using the most frequent frame size and deallocation policies using dead register information proves to be highly effective. On average, a 71% reduction in aggregate spills and fills can be achieved over the baseline reference.