gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring noiseless subsystems via nuclear magnetic resonance (2003)

Noiseless subsystems offer a general and efficient method for protecting quantum information in the presence of noise that has symmetry properties. A paradigmatic class of error models displaying nontrivial symmetries emerges under collective noise behavior, which implies a permutationally invariant interaction between the system and the environment. We expand our previous investigation of the noiseless subsystem idea [L. Viola et al., Science 293, 2059 (2001)] by reporting and analyzing NMR experiments that demonstrate the preservation of a qubit encoded in a three-qubit noiseless subsystem for general collective noise. A complete set of input states is used to determine the superoperator for the implemented one-qubit process and to confirm that the fidelity of entanglement is improved for a large, noncommutative set of engineered errors. To date, this is the largest set of error operators that has been successfully corrected for by any quantum code.
The Cancer Diaspora: Metastasis beyond the Seed and Soil Hypothesis (2013)

Do cancer cells escape the confinement of their original habitat in the primary tumor or are they forced out by ecologic changes in their home niche? Describing metastasis in terms of a simple one-way migration of cells from the primary to the target organs is an insufficient concept to cover the nuances of cancer spread. A diaspora is the scattering of people away from an established homeland. To date, "diaspora" has been a uniquely human term used by social scientists; however, the application of the diaspora concept to metastasis may yield new biologic insights as well as therapeutic paradigms. The diaspora paradigm takes into account, and models, several variables including: the quality of the primary tumor microenvironment, the fitness of individual cancer cell migrants as well as migrant populations, the rate of bidirectional migration of cancer and host cells between cancer sites, and the quality of the target microenvironments to establish metastatic sites. Ecologic scientific principles can be applied to the cancer diaspora to develop new therapeutic strategies. For example, ecologic traps - habitats that lead to the extinction of a species - can be developed to attract cancer cells to a place where they can be better exposed to treatments or to cells of the immune system for improved antigen presentation. Merging the social science concept of diaspora with ecologic and population sciences concepts can inform the cancer field to understand the biology of tumorigenesis and metastasis and inspire new ideas for therapy.
Synthesis of novel 2-phenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]isoquinolin-3-ols: topological comparisons with analogs of 2-phenyl-2,5-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-(3H)-ones at benzodiazepine receptors (1992)

Based on the topology of pyrazoloquinolinones 10-12, a series of 2-phenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]isoquinolines 6a-d, 7a-d, 8, and 9 have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit radioligand binding to benzodiazepine receptors (BzR). Modification of the hydrogen bonding donor and acceptor characteristics of the NH and C = O functionalities of the pyrazoloquinolinones 10-12 resulted in ligands with dramatically reduced affinities (IC50 much greater than 2 microM) for BzR. The low affinities of 6a-d, 7a-d, 8, and 9 are consistent with the involvement of the NH function present on diverse classes of inverse agonists (beta-carbolines, diindoles, and pyrazoloquinolinones) with a hydrogen bond acceptor site (A2) on the binding protein. Moreover, it supports the involvement of the carbonyl function of the pyrazoloquinolinones and the pyridine nitrogen atom of beta-carbolines and diindoles with a hydrogen bond donor site (H1). Finally, the results from this work indicate that a simultaneous interaction at both hydrogen bond donor (H1) and acceptor sites (A2) at BzR is required for high affinity binding of inverse agonists.
Regulation of Glomerular Epithelial Cell Production of Fibronectin and Transforming Growth Factor-β by High Glucose, Not by Angiotensin II (1997)

Accumulation of matrix proteins is a prominent feature of diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GVECs) are important contributors to extracellular matrix (ECM) production in the glomerulus. Factors involved with increased accumulation of ECM proteins are high glucose, angiotensin II (ANG II), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high glucose and ANG II on fibronectin and TGF-beta production by human GVECs in vitro. We found that ANG II had no effect on the production of fibronectin and TGF-beta by GVECs. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis, no ANG II receptor could be detected on these cells. However, high glucose induced a twofold increase in fibronectin (P < 0.01) and a three- to sixfold increase in TGF-beta (P < 0.001) production. Similar results were obtained by analyzing the mRNA levels of fibronectin (increased 2.7-fold) and TGF-beta (increased 3.5-fold). Addition of increasing concentrations of rTGF-beta to control cells resulted in increased fibronectin production. Neutralizing antibodies against TGF-beta significantly reversed the increase in fibronectin protein and mRNA caused by high glucose back to control levels. We conclude that high glucose concentrations stimulate the synthesis of fibronectin and that this effect is mediated by induction of TGF-beta. These results suggest that in diabetic nephropathy, high glucose levels play a role in changing the matrix composition of the glomerular basement membrane through induction of TGF-beta. Our results indicate that a contribution to this process by an effect of ANG II on GVECs seems unlikely.
Corrections: Cloning and Characterization of a Functionally Distinct Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Subtype from Rat Brain (1995)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Ambler: a six-legged planetary rover (1991)

The goal of the planetary rover project is to prototype an autonomous mobile robot for planetary exploration. The authors have constructed a six-legged walking robot, called the Ambler, that features orthogonal legs, an overlapping gait, and a scanning laser rangefinder to model terrain. To enable the Ambler to walk over rugged terrain, they have combined perception, planning, and real-time control into a comprehensive robotic system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of the Streptomyces Derived Antibiotic U‐62162. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CT Imaging Findings of Metastatic Spindle Cell Sarcoma of Prostate: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (2015)

Sarcomas of the prostate are rare tumors. Imaging plays an important role in the management and diagnosis of patients with prostate sarcomas. Their clinic-pathologic features are well described, but the imaging features of these tumors have rarely been documented in the literature and have appeared mainly as case reports. Herein, we present a rare case of metastatic spindle cell sarcoma of prostate with computed tomography imaging findings.
Faut-il encore réaliser des gazométries artérielles au service des urgences ? (2011)

Le recours à la gazométrie artérielle constitue jusqu’à présent un acte quotidien du médecin urgentiste, tant à visée d’aide au diagnostic, au pronostic et à la décision thérapeutique pour son patient. Cependant, il s’agit d’une procédure douloureuse et invasive exposant le patient ainsi que le soignant à un risque faible mais réel de complications. Depuis quelques années, divers auteurs se sont intéressés aux techniques alternatives permettant de diminuer le recours à la gazométrie artérielle: l’analyse des gaz du sang veineux et la saturométrie par oxymétrie pulsée. L’objectif de cet article consiste à revoir les indications de l’analyse des gaz du sang et à préciser les circonstances dans lesquelles la gazométrie artérielle peut raisonnablement être évitée ou remplacée par une technique alternative. Des exemples concrets y sont abordés, ainsi que des exercices pratiques, un projet de procédure écrite et le rappel de notions fondamentales en physiologie respiratoire appliquée.
Biologically-Inspired Computing at Sandia. (2015)

Abstract not provided.
NIR optical properties of SWCNTs based on ab-initio calculations and the transfer matrix method (2020)

In this work, we investigate the optical properties of different semi-conducting single wall CNTs (Sc-SWCNTs) using abintio simulations and the transfer matrix method (TMM). The simulated results are compared with spectroscopic experimental measurements as well. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive indices in near-infrared (NIR) from 1.2 up to 2.5 &mu;m are calculated, and then used to feed multi-layered homogeneous thin-film utilizing the TMM to calculate the reflectivity, transmissivity, and absorptivity of the Sc-SWCNTs thin-films versus wavelength in the NIR region. The spectral reflectivity is measured using an integrating sphere that collects the overall reflections diffused into the different directions and then couple it to a NIR spectrometer. The measured reflectance spectra shows good agreement with the theoretical predictions. The results suggest that Sc-SWCNTs thin films are highly absorbing over the NIR range due to the distribution of various bandgaps of the CNTs with different diameters.
Bulk properties of composite media. II. Evaluation of bounds on the shear modulus of suspensions of impenetrable spheres (1987)

We evaluate third-order bounds due to Milton and Phan-Thien on the effective shear modulus Ge of a random dispersion of identical impenetrable spheres in a matrix up to sphere-volume fractions near the random close-packing value. The third-order bounds, which incorporate two parameters, ζ2 and η2, that depend upon the three-point probability function of the composite medium, are shown to significantly improve upon the second-order Hashin–Shtrikman (or, more general, Walpole) bounds which do not utilize this information, for a wide range of volume fraction and phase property values. The physical significance of the microstructural parameter η2 for general microstructures is briefly discussed. The third-order bounds on Ge are found to be sharp enough to yield good estimates of the effective shear modulus for a wide range of sphere-volume fractions, even when the individual shear moduli differ by as much as two orders of magnitude. Moreover, when the spheres are highly rigid relative to the matrix, the third-order lower bound on the effective property provides a useful estimate of it. The third-order bounds are compared with experimental data for the shear modulus of composites composed of glass spheres in an epoxy matrix and the shear viscosity of suspensions of bituminous particles in water. In general, the third-order lower bound (rather than the upper bound) on Ge tends to provide a good estimate of the data.
Bending of sandwich-type precursor fabricated using friction stir welding route and pore structures evaluation of aluminum foam core after foaming (2019)

Aluminum foam has the high-energy-absorption property together with its superior lightweight. However, the tensile strength and bending strength of aluminum foam is lower than those of dense aluminum materials. It is promised that a sandwich structure consisting of an aluminum foam core and dense metallic face sheets is used as a structural component. In this study, at first, we fabricated sandwich-type foamable precursors of ADC12 aluminum alloy with two A1050 aluminum face sheets using the friction stir welding route. Next, 3-point bending tests of sandwich-type foamable precursors were carried out and sandwich-type foamable precursors with curvature were fabricated. After that, it was shown that, by foaming these precursors, aluminum foam core sandwiches with the aluminum foam core of good pore structures and almost same curvature as those of sandwich-type foamable precursors were successfully fabricated.
Synthesis and characterization of sodium vanadium oxide gels: the effects of water (n) and sodium (x) content on the electrochemistry of NaxV2O5·nH2O (2011)

Sodium vanadium oxide gels, Na(x)V(2)O(5)·nH(2)O, of varying sodium content (0.12 < x < 0.32) were prepared by careful control of an ion exchange process. The water content (0.23 > n > 0.01) and interlayer spacing were found to be inversely proportional to the sodium level (x), thus control of sodium (x) content provided a direct, chimie douce approach for control of hydration level (n) and interlayer spacing, without the need for high temperature treatment to affect dehydration. Notably, the use of high temperatures to modify hydration levels can result in crystallization and collapse of the interlayer structure, highlighting the distinct advantage of our novel chimie douce synthesis strategy. Subsequent to synthesis and characterization, results from an electrochemical study of a series of Na(x)V(2)O(5)·nH(2)O samples highlight the significant impact of interlayer water on delivered capacity of the layered materials. Specifically, the sodium vanadium oxide gels with higher sodium content and lower water content provided higher capacities in lithium based cells, where capacity delivered to 2.0 V under C/20 discharge ranged from 170 mAh/g for Na(0.12)V(2)O(5)·0.23H(2)O to 300 mAh/g for Na(0.32)V(2)O(5)·0.01H(2)O. The capacity differences were maintained as the cells were cycled.
Essential components in an integrated platform for on-site screening of anabolic androgenic steroids in biological samples (2004)

In this abstract new results concerning the introduction of a biological sample into a mu TAS, the avoidance of unspecific absorbance in the mu TAS and the interfacing to off-chip detection (e.g. Mass spectrometry, MS) for verification are presented.
Use of the Microprecision Interferometer testbed for developing control technology for spaceborne optical interferometer missions (1998)

This paper describes the Micro-Precision Interferometer (MPI) testbed and its major achievements to date related to mitigating risk for future spaceborne optical interferometer missions. The MPI testbed is ground-based hardware model of a future spaceborne interferometer. The three primary objectives of the testbed are to: (1) demonstrate the 10 nm positional stability requirement in the ambient lab disturbance environment, (2) predict whether the 10 nm positional stability requirement can be achieved in the anticipated on-orbit disturbance environment, and (3) validate integrated modeling tools that will ultimately tools that will ultimately to be used to design the actual space missions. This paper describes the hardware testbed in its present configuration. The testbed simulation model, as it stands today, will be described elsewhere. The paper presents results concerning closed loop positional stabilities at or below the 10 nm requirement for both the ambient and on-orbit disturbance environments. These encouraging results confirm that the MPI testbed provides an essential link between the extensive ongoing ground-based interferometer technology development activities and the technology needs of future spaceborne optical interferometers.
DNA sequence polymorphism within hominoid species exceeds the number of phylogenetically informative characters for a HOX2 locus. (1992)

Within- and between-species variability was examined in a noncoding 238-bp segment of the HOX2 cluster. DNA of 4-26 individuals of four species (Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Homo sapiens) was PCR amplified and electrophoresed in a denaturing gradient gel to screen for variability. Coupled amplification and sequencing was used to determine the complete sequence for each of the different alleles identified, one each in humans and orangutans, two in chimpanzees, and four in gorillas. Maximum-parsimony methods were used to construct a gene tree for these sequences. Alleles in all four species cluster into groups consisting of only one species (i.e., alleles within a species are monophyletic). The number of base-pair differences observed among alleles within P. troglodytes and within G. gorilla is larger than the number of base-pair substitutions that phylogenetically link Pan with Homo. Given these and other published data, it is premature to accept any particular phylogenetic tree that relates these three genera through two separate speciation events.
Tuning RED for Web traffic (2000)

We study the effects of RED on the performance of Web browsing with a novel aspect of our work being the use of a user-centric measure of performance - response time for HTTP request-response pairs. We empirically evaluate RED across a range of parameter settings and offered loads. Our results show that: (1) contrary to expectations, compared to a FIFO queue, RED has a minimal effect on HTTP response times for offered loads up to 90% of link ca?pacity, (2) response times at loads in this range are not substantially effected by RED pa?rameters, (3) between 90% and 100% load, RED can be carefully tuned to yield performance somewhat superior to FIFO, however, response times are quite sensitive to the actual RED pa?rameter values selected, and (4) in such heavily congested networks, RED parameters that provide the best link utilization produce poorer response times. We conclude that for links carrying only web traf?fic, RED queue management appears to provide no clear advantage over tail-drop FIFO for end-user response times.
Interactive High-Quality Green-Screen Keying via Color Unmixing (2017)

Due to the widespread use of compositing in contemporary feature films, green-screen keying has become an essential part of postproduction workflows. To comply with the ever-increasing quality requirements of the industry, specialized compositing artists spend countless hours using multiple commercial software tools, while eventually having to resort to manual painting because of the many shortcomings of these tools. Due to the sheer amount of manual labor involved in the process, new green-screen keying approaches that produce better keying results with less user interaction are welcome additions to the compositing artist’s arsenal. We found that—contrary to the common belief in the research community—production-quality green-screen keying is still an unresolved problem with its unique challenges. In this article, we propose a novel green-screen keying method utilizing a new energy minimization-based color unmixing algorithm. We present comprehensive comparisons with commercial software packages and relevant methods in literature, which show that the quality of our results is superior to any other currently available green-screen keying solution. It is important to note that, using the proposed method, these high-quality results can be generated using only one-tenth of the manual editing time that a professional compositing artist requires to process the same content having all previous state-of-the-art tools at one’s disposal.
Origin of electrons emitted into vacuum from InGaN light emitting diodes (2014)

The mechanism responsible for efficiency droop in InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has long been elusive due to indirect measurement techniques used for its identification. Auger recombination is unique among proposed efficiency droop mechanisms, in that it is the only mechanism capable of generating hot carriers. In a previous study [J. Iveland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177406 (2013)], we performed electron energy analysis of electrons emitted into vacuum from a forward biased InGaN LED that had been brought into negative electron affinity by cesiation. Three peaks were observed in the energy spectrum of vacuum emitted electrons. In this Letter, we unambiguously identify the origin of the peaks. The two higher energy peaks correspond to accumulation of electrons transported to the surface in the bulk Γ and side L conduction band valleys. The L-valley peak is a direct signature of a hot Auger electron population. The lower energy peak results from surface photoemission induced by the internal LED light emitted from the InGaN quantum wells. Two control experiments were performed. In the first, a simple GaN pn junction generated only a single Γ peak in electroemission. In the second, selective detection of the photoemission from an LED under modulated light excitation and DC electrical injection confirms that only the low energy peak is photogenerated and that LED light is incapable of generating Γ or L-valley peaks, the latter only occurring due to the Auger effect in the LED active region.
Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia (PCEA) for Postoperative Pain Control After Lumbar Spine Surgery (2008)

Spine surgery remains one of the most common procedures for patients with a wide variety of spine disorders. Postoperative pain after major spine surgery is moderate to severe. We retrospectively reviewed 245 medical records of adult patients undergoing major spine surgery who received either patient-controlled epidural analgesia based on local anesthetics and opioids or patient-controlled intravenous analgesia as postoperative pain management. Several outcomes were analyzed including pain intensity, opioid consumption, time to endotracheal extubation, the incidence of deep venous thrombosis, and length of stay in the hospital. We found that the use of patient-controlled epidural analgesia provided better postoperative analgesia [median (quartiles) verbal analog scale score of 4 (3, 5) vs. 5 (3, 6)] and decreased the amount of opioid consumption postoperatively [median of 0 mg (0, 3) vs. 35 mg (0, 150)] compared with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia. Also, a substantially higher number of patients in the patient-controlled intravenous group required opioids as rescue analgesia. Incidences of deep venous thrombosis, operating room extubation, and length of stay in the hospital were not associated with the analgesic technique. The results of this study suggest that the use of neuroaxial analgesia for the management of postoperative pain associated with major spine surgery may have some beneficial properties over intravenous analgesia. The use of a reduced amount of opioids by patients with epidural analgesia may be relevant because of potential fewer side effects mainly in elderly patients. Several limitations related to the retrospective nature of the study are described. Prospective randomized-controlled trials are needed to understand and elucidate the optimum regimen of postoperative pain management after major spine surgery.