gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immersion effects on lithography system performance (2006)

The immersion effects on lithography-system performance have been investigated using a ASML TWINSCAN XT:1250Di immersion-ArF scanner (NA=0.85) and Tokyo Electron CLEAN TRACK ACT12 at IMEC. Effects of immersion-induced-temperature change and effects of material-top surface are discussed in this paper. The wafer-stage temperature is measured during the leveling-verification tests and compared with the observed residual-focus-error change. The results indicate that stage-temperature change under an immersion environment can induce a focus change. In this paper, it was proved that the improved-temperature-control stage is effective to mitigate the immersion-specific focus change. The immersion effect on overlay is also investigated as a function of material top surface. It was demonstrated that the effect of material-receding-contact angles on the grid-residual errors (non-correctable errors) is small in the latest-immersion-hardware configuration of the scanner. However, there was a tendency that material with a smaller-receding-contact angle has a larger-wafer scaling although it is a correctable parameter. This can be caused by the first-layer wafer shrinkage due to more water evaporation on the more-hydrophilic surface. The immersion effect on scanner-dynamic performance is then investigated by changing the material-top surface and the scan speed of the scanner. It was turned out that the scan synchronization is not much affected by differences of material receding-contact-angles for the new configuration of the scanner. Moving-standard deviation of the synchronization error in scanning direction (y-direction) is slightly more affected by increased scanning speed, although it stays within specification even at a maximum scan speed of 500 mm/sec. Finally the immersion effects on resist-profile uniformity are examined. It was found that lower-leaching-film stacks (with a top coat or a lower leaching resist) seem to mitigate the variation of resist-profile uniformity.
Quantifying Osteogenic Cell Degradation of Silk Biomaterials (2010)

The degradation of silk protein films by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), osteoblasts and osteoclasts, cells involved in osteogenic functions in normal and diseased bone, was assessed in vitro. The involvement of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and integrin signaling in the degradation process was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to quantitatively compare degradation by the different cell types using surface patterned silk films. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts demonstrated significant degradation of the silk films in vitro in comparison to the hMSCs and the film controls without cells. The osteoclasts degraded the silk films the most and also generated the highest level of MMPs 1 and 2. The osteoblasts upregulated integrins α5 and β1, while the osteoclasts upregulated integrins α2 and β1. There was significant contrast in responses on the silk matrices between osteogenic cells versus undifferentiated hMSCs to illustrate in vitro the role of cell type on matrix remodeling. These are important issues in matching biomaterial matrix features and studies in vitro to remodeling in vivo, in both normal and disease tissue systems. Cell populations and niche factors impact tissue regeneration, wound healing, physiological state, and the ability to better understand the role of different cell types is critical to overall regenerative outcomes.
Characteristic mode analysis for small handset antenna (2017)

The recent cellular phones including smart phone have various functions. And the built-in antennas with broadband and multi-band characteristics inside the limited space have been required. For designing the small handset antenna, the full-wave analysis method, e.g. the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, is employed. The design goal is to meet various required performance while keeping its small size. This paper presents the characteristic mode analysis (CMA) for small handset antenna design with the excitation of the antenna.
Comparison of intraocular irrigating solutions used for pars plana vitrectomy and prevention of endothelial cell loss. (1984)

We performed a prospective study of corneal endothelial cell loss following pars plana vitrectomy. Two different intraocular irrigating solutions were used, and the anterior capsule of the lens was removed when performing lensectomy. The central corneal endothelium was photographed with a specular microscope before and at three months after vitrectomy. Endothelial cell loss was calculated using a computer-assisted digitizer. In the 16 aphakic eyes, lactated Ringer's solution caused a significantly greater cell loss (31.1%) with resultant corneal edema when compared to BSS Plus (6.9%). All of the 17 phakic eyes showed minimal cell loss (1.0%) as well as corneal changes regardless of the kind of irrigating solution used. The results suggest that the absence of the lens is a salient factor in corneal endothelial damage during vitrectomy, and that the composition of the intraocular solution used is closely related to this endothelial damage.
Correlation between Flow Properties of Silica-PVA Aqueous Slurries and Spray-dried Granules (1994)

The correlation between rheological behavior of a slurry, composed of silica microspheres and poly (vinylalcohol) (PVA), and microstructure and also the disintegration behavior of spray-dried granules were studied. Pseudoplastic flow behavior was analyzed under the Bingham approximation to obtain the Bingham yield value, τB, plastic viscosity, ηpl, and bulkiness of the flow unit, CFP. CFP is the ratio of the effective volume fraction of flocs, φF, to that of dry solid, φP. The dispersion of silica in the slurries was dominated by PVA adsorption at low pH and the electrostatic repulsion at high pH. The granules prepared from the slurry at pH=7 had the smallest apparent density and disintegrated under the smallest applied load. It is concluded that the microstructure and disintegration behavior of the granules are greatly affected by pH values at which the slurries are prepared, in spite of the similar flow behavior.
Magnet arrays for synchronous machines (2002)

The authors demonstrate that the Halbach array is highly applicable for magnetic excitation in synchronous machines. To this end, they present the geometry of Halbach arrays in Cartesian, polar, and cylindrical coordinates. They also present the design of a Cartesian linear motor which has been optimized for use in conjunction with a class of high-precision magnetic suspension stages for photolithography. They give analytical solutions for this motor's fields, forces, commutation structure, and power dissipation. Results for the power-optimum thickness of the stator windings are obtained. It is suggested that an equivalent Halbach geometry electromagnet may find utility in areas such as magnetically levitated trains.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Robust Room-Temperature NO2 Sensors from Exfoliated 2D Few-Layered CVD-Grown Bulk Tungsten Di-selenide (2H-WSe2) (2021)

We report a facile and robust room-temperature NO<sub>2</sub> sensor fabricated using bi- and multi-layered 2H variant of tungsten di-selenide (2H-WSe<sub>2</sub>) nanosheets, exhibiting high sensing characteristics. A simple liquid-assisted exfoliation of 2H-WSe<sub>2</sub>, prepared using ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition, allows smooth integration of these nanosheets on transducers. Three sensor batches are fabricated by modulating the total number of layers (L) obtained from the total number of droplets from a homogeneous 2H-WSe<sub>2</sub> dispersion, such as ∼2L, ∼5-6L, and ∼13-17L, respectively. The gas-sensing attributes of 2H-WSe<sub>2</sub> nanosheets are investigated thoroughly. Room temperature (RT) experiments show that these devices are specifically tailored for NO<sub>2</sub> detection. 2L WSe<sub>2</sub> nanosheets deliver the best rapid response compared to ∼5-6L or ∼13-17L. The response of 2L WSe<sub>2</sub> at RT is 250, 328, and 361% to 2, 4, and 6 ppm NO<sub>2</sub>, respectively. The sensor showed nearly the same response toward low NO<sub>2</sub> concentration even after 9 months of testing, confirming its remarkable long-term stability. A selectivity study, performed at three working temperatures (RT, 100, and 150 °C), shows high selectivity at 150 and 100 °C. Full selectivity toward NO<sub>2</sub> at RT confirms that 2H-WSe<sub>2</sub> nanosheet-based sensors are ideal candidates for NO<sub>2</sub> gas detection.
Pathogen surveillance in wild bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus (2015)

The number and prevalence of diseases is rapidly increasing in the marine ecosystem. Although there is an increase in the number of marine diseases observed world-wide, current understanding of the pathogens associated with marine mammals is limited. An important need exists to develop and apply platforms for rapid detection and characterization of pathogenic agents to assess, prevent and respond to disease outbreaks. In this study, a broad-spectrum molecular detection technology capable of detecting all sequenced microbial organisms, the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array, was used to assess the microbial agents that could be associated with wild Atlantic dolphins. Blowhole, gastric, and fecal samples from 8 bottlenose dolphins were collected in Charleston, SC, as part of the dolphin assessment effort. The array detected various microbial agents from the dolphin samples. Clostridium perfringens was most prevalent in the samples surveyed using the microarray. This pathogen was also detected using microbiological culture techniques. Additionally, Campylobacter sp., Staphylococcus sp., Erwinia amylovora, Helicobacter pylori, and Frankia sp. were also detected in more than one dolphin using the microarray, but not in culture. This study provides the first survey of pathogens associated with 3 tissue types in dolphins using a broad-spectrum microbial detection microarray and expands insight on the microbial community profile in dolphins.
Characterizing the hypertensive cardiovascular phenotype in the UK Biobank (2023)

Hypertension was associated with concentric LV hypertrophy, reduced LV function, dilated poorer functioning LA, and reduced aortic compliance. Whilst the overall pattern of remodelling was consistent across populations, women had greater hypertension-related reduction in aortic compliance and Black ethnicities showed the greatest LV mass increase. Importantly, adverse cardiovascular remodelling was markedly attenuated in hypertensives with good BP control.
Image guidance for neurovascular intervention: proposed setup for a 3D‐roadmap system (2003)

Navigation in neurovascular interventions is currently hindered by the fact that the vessel infrastructure and the instruments are only shown simultaneously in a single real-time image during the use of a roadmap. An image guidance system based on a single C-arm is proposed, which will enable a 3D-roadmap showing a blended image of a 3D-rotational angiography and a real-time fluoroscopy image. The images are combined using machine-based registration, employing sensors mounted on the patient table and the C-arm. The setup of the system and its implications for the interventional procedures are described. The feasibility of the system is discussed with respect to the desired accuracy of matching and speed. The 3D-roadmap is expected to enhance 3D-insight for the interventionist and will facilitate instrument navigation. Implementation of the system will lead to a reduction both of the X-ray dosage and of the use of contrast agent.
Magnetic Orientation of Spiny Lobsters in the Ocean: Experiments with Undersea Coil Systems (1995)

The western Atlantic spiny lobster Panulirus argus undergoes an annual migration and is also capable of homing to specific dens in its coral reef environment. Relatively little is known, however, about the orientation cues that lobsters use to guide their movements. To determine whether lobsters can orient to the earth's magnetic field, divers monitored the orientation of lobsters tethered inside magnetic coil systems submerged offshore in the Florida Keys, USA. Each coil could be used to reverse either the horizontal or vertical component of the earth's field. Tethered lobsters walking inside the coils often established and maintained consistent courses towards specific directions. After a lobster had established a course, it was exposed to one of three conditions: (1) a reversal of the horizontal component of the earth's field; (2) a reversal of the vertical component of the earth's field; or (3) no change in the ambient field (controls). Lobsters subjected to the horizontal field reversal deviated significantly from their initial courses. In contrast, control lobsters and those subjected to the reversed vertical field did not. These results demonstrate that spiny lobsters possess a magnetic compass sense. Because inverting the vertical component of the earth's field had no effect on orientation, the results suggest that the lobster compass is based on field polarity and thus differs from the inclination compasses of birds and sea turtles. The magnetic compass of lobsters may function in homing behavior, in guiding the autumn migration or in both.
Ion bombardment-induced retarded moisture adsorption in optical thin films (1984)

Moisture adsorption and desorption in optical filters made of TiO2 and SiO2 can be retarded by bombarding the completed films with 3-keV oxygen ions. This effect is not seen in filters made of ZrO2 and SiO2 We propose that retardation is due primarily to a swelling of the TiO2 surface as material is converted from crystalline to amorphous. In ZrO2, bombardment induces a transition toward more crystalline order, and the effect is not observed. This paper describes our experiments and results and discusses alternate explanations of the retardation effect.
CD14-dependent and -independent cytokine and chemokine production by human THP-1 monocytes stimulated byStreptococcus suiscapsular type 2 (2002)

Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 is an important aetiologic agent of swine meningitis, and it has been highlighted as a cause of occupational disease leading to meningitis and fulminant sepsis in humans. The objective of the present work was to study the ability of S. suis type 2 to induce the release of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein one (MCP-1) by human monocytic THP-1 cells. The induction of these five cytokines was dose- and incubation time-dependent, and it was significantly enhanced by pre-treatment of cells with interferon gamma. IL-8 levels were markedly higher compared with those obtained with the other cytokines. However, elevated levels of MCP-1 and IL-6 were also observed. Levels of cytokine induced by heat-killed or live bacteria were similar. Pre-treatment of cells with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies suggested that this important host receptor is partially implicated in TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and MCP-1 production, while CD14-independent pathways seem to be responsible for IL-8 production after S. suis stimulation. In addition, blocking studies with anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies revealed that these cytokines are involved in amplification of the S. suis-induced cytokine cascade. When several different S. suis strains of human or porcine origin were compared, a very heterogeneous pattern of cytokine production was observed. Human strains did not exhibit a clear tendency to induce higher cytokine release by human THP-1 monocytes. The synergistic effect of the up-regulation of cytokines during S. suis meningitis may mediate many of the inflammatory reactions, including the sequestration of leucocytes at the site of infection.
Stability of signal transformation method for triangular waveform tracking (2010)

This paper is concerned with the mathematical analysis of signal transformation approach to triangular waveform tracking. We provide necessary and almost sufficient conditions for stability and convergence of tracking error for a general class of plants and compensators. Simulation results are presented that reveal the conditions under which the incorporation of signal transformation blocks in a linear feedback loop may introduce control performance improvements.
Impact of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Colonization and Skin Infections on Systemic Immune Responses in Humans (2016)

Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal and a pathogen, and USA300, a strain that is usually methicillin-resistant but can sometimes be methicillin-susceptible, has been causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in epidemic proportions among otherwise healthy individuals. Although many people are colonized with S. aureus strains, including some with USA300, few of these colonized individuals develop SSTIs. This prompts the hypothesis that infections may develop in individuals with somewhat reduced innate and/or adaptive immune responses to S. aureus, either because prior S. aureus colonization has dampened such responses selectively, or because of more globally reduced immune reactivity. In this study, we analyzed the S. aureus colonization status and PBMC responses to innate and adaptive stimuli in 72 patients with SSTIs and 143 uninfected demographically matched controls. Contrary to the hypothesis formulated, PBMCs from infected patients obtained at the time of infection displayed enhanced innate cytokine production upon restimulation compared with PBMCs from controls, a difference that disappeared after infection resolution. Notably, PBMCs from patients infected with a documented USA300 SSTI displayed greater innate cytokine production than did those from patients infected with documented non-USA300 genotypes. Moreover, colonization with USA300 in infected patients, regardless of their infecting strain, correlated with increased production of IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-22 compared with patients colonized with non-USA300 subtypes. Thus, our results demonstrate that infected patients associated with USA300 either as an infecting strain, or as a colonizing strain, have systemic immune responses of greater magnitude than do those associated with other S. aureus subtypes.
An Analog-to-Digital Converter with Frequency Dependent Effective Resolution (1992)

A design method is described for a new analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which can vary its effective resolution depending on the input frequency. This is an important development, especially for video signal processing. Usually, 8 bits are sufficient for a video signal, however, when the video signal frequency is very low, 10-to 12-bit quantization becomes necessary.The ADC is based on a subranging ADC, which consists of coarse and fine converters. The ADC can be contrasted with the conventional subranging ADC in which the fine conversion cycle follows the coarse conversion cycle. A prediction method is adopted to make both the fine and coarse conversions at the same time. The lower the input frequency is, the more accurate the prediction is. As a result, the effective resolution of the ADC depends on the input frequency.To estimate the ADC performance, an experimental circuit has been implemented with discrete circuit components. The effective resolution change with change of input frequency was measured. Experimental results were in good agreement with the theory.
Small, Nonstoichiometric Zinc Sulfide Clusters (2005)

Recent experiments indicated that the formation of small, nonstoichiometric clusters Zn(n)S(m) and Zn(n)S(m)+ was possible. In this work, the ground states of these clusters, where 1 < or = n, m < or = 4, were studied using density functional theory. Global minima were found to be primarily cyclic structures in which the S-Zn-S preference for large bond angles was preserved. Ionization was shown to lead to structural relaxation and occasionally major changes in conformation. Cohesive energies are reported as a function of cluster composition. Qualitative comparisons were extracted from the energetics resulting from structural optimizations, and such comparisons appear to be consistent with the experiment. The computational data for the ZnS(n) and Zn(n)S(m) (where m > n) clusters indicated that sulfur-sulfur bonding in larger ZnS clusters could be feasible without significant energetic cost and that such structures should at least be considered.
Reliability Challenges and System Performance at the Architecture Level (2009)

The challenge for future reliable systems is to provide protection against all types of errors while delivering performance and managing power and complexity. This article gives an overview of reliability challenges, and describes techniques and methodologies that can be used to achieve error detection and correction in a complex, high-performance system.
Fragility of plasma membranes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriched with different sterols (1976)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 366, grown under strictly anaerobic conditions to induce requirements for an unsaturated fatty acid (supplied by Tween 80) and a sterol, contained free sterol fractions enriched to the extent of 67 to 93% with the exogenously supplied sterol (campesterol, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 22, 23-dihydrobrassicasterol, beta-sitosterol, or stigmasterol). Cells enriched in any one of the sterols did not differ in volume, growth rate, contents of free sterol, esters and phospholipids, or phospholipid composition. Cholesterol-enriched cells contained about 2% more lipid than cells enriched in any of the other sterols, which was largely accounted for by increased contents of triacylglycerols and, to a lesser extent, esterified sterols. Phospholipids were enriched to the extent of about 52 to 63% with C18:1 residues. Cells enriched in ergosterol or stigmasterol were slightly less susceptible to the action of a wall-digesting basidiomycete glucanase than cells enriched with any one of the other sterols. The capacity of the plasma membrane to resist stretching, as indicated by the stability and volume of spheroplasts suspended in hypotonic solutions of buffered sorbitol (particularly in the range 0.9 to 0.7 M), was greater with spheroplasts enriched in sterols with an unsaturated side chain at C17 (ergosterol or stigmasterol) than with any of the other sterols. Plasma membranes were obtained from spheroplasts enriched in cholesterol or stigmasterol and had free sterol fractions containing 70 and 71%, respectively, of the sterol supplied exogenously to the cells. The sterol-phospholipid molar ratios in these membranes were, respectively, 1:7 and 1:8.
Nonlinear oscillators and high fidelity qubit state measurement in circuit quantum electrodynamics (2012)

In this book chapter we analyze the high excitation nonlinear response of the Jaynes-Cummings model in quantum optics when the qubit and cavity are strongly coupled. We focus on the parameter ranges appropriate for transmon qubits in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture, where the system behaves essentially as a nonlinear quantum oscillator and we analyze the quantum and semi-classical dynamics. One of the central motivations is that under strong excitation tones, the nonlinear response can lead to qubit quantum state discrimination and we present initial results for the cases when the qubit and cavity are on resonance or far off-resonance (dispersive).
The reactivity of α-oxoaldehyde with reactive oxygen species in diabetes complications (2013)

The reactions of three α-oxoaldehydes (methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and pyruvic acid) with hydroxyl radicals generated by sonolysis of water were investigated using an electron spin resonance (electron paramagnetic resonance) spin-trapping method, and their reaction kinetics were investigated. It is apparent from our experimental results that methylglyoxal exhibits the highest reactivity of the three α-oxoaldehydes. These α-oxoaldehydes can react with hydroxyl radicals faster than other well-known antioxidants can. The reactivity of hydroxyl radicals is higher than that of hydrogen peroxides.