gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance and scalable metal-chalcogenide semiconductors and devices via chalco-gel routes (2018)

We report a general strategy for obtaining high-quality, large-area metal-chalcogenide semiconductor films from precursors combining chelated metal salts with chalcoureas or chalcoamides. Using conventional organic solvents, such precursors enable the expeditious formation of chalco-gels, which are easily transformed into the corresponding high-performance metal-chalcogenide thin films with large, uniform areas. Diverse metal chalcogenides and their alloys (MQ <sub><i>x</i></sub> : M = Zn, Cd, In, Sb, Pb; Q = S, Se, Te) are successfully synthesized at relatively low processing temperatures (<400°C). The versatility of this scalable route is demonstrated by the fabrication of large-area thin-film transistors (TFTs), optoelectronic devices, and integrated circuits on a 4-inch Si wafer and 2.5-inch borosilicate glass substrates in ambient air using CdS, CdSe, and In<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub> active layers. The CdSe TFTs exhibit a maximum field-effect mobility greater than 300 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> with an on/off current ratio of >10<sup>7</sup> and good operational stability (threshold voltage shift < 0.5 V at a positive gate bias stress of 10 ks). In addition, metal chalcogenide-based phototransistors with a photodetectivity of >10<sup>13</sup> Jones and seven-stage ring oscillators operating at a speed of ~2.6 MHz (propagation delay of < 27 ns per stage) are demonstrated.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of NT5C2 Reverses Genetic and Nongenetic Drivers of 6-MP Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2022)

Relapse-associated NT5C2 mutations directly contribute to relapse in ALL by driving resistance to chemotherapy with 6-MP. Pharmacologic inhibition of NT5C2 with CRCD2, a first-in-class nucleotidase inhibitor, enhances the cytotoxic effects of 6-MP and effectively reverses thiopurine resistance mediated by genetic and nongenetic mechanisms of NT5C2 activation in ALL. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2483.
Molybdenum Gate Work Function Engineering for Ultra-Thin-Body Silicon-on-Insulator (UTB SOI) MOSFETs (2003)

In this paper, we demonstrate threshold voltage (VT) adjustment for Mo-gated ultra-thin-body (UTB) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs by nitrogen (14N+) implantation for the first time. In order to avoid dopant fluctuation effects and impurity scattering, a lightly doped (1015 cm-3) Si body is used without degrading the short channel effects by virtue of an ultra-thin body. Metallic gate materials are desirable for reducing resistance, and for eliminating the gate depletion effect as well as dopant penetration through an ultra-thin gate dielectric. The VT for Mo-gated UTB SOI p-channel MOSFET is -0.2 V, and it can be shifted by approximately -65 mV for every 1×1015 cm-2 increment in 14N+ implant dose. An estimated dose of 6–8×1015 cm-2 is needed for achieving low VT (0.2–0.3 V) Mo-gated UTB SOI n-channel MOSFET.
High-efficiency subwavelength bridge-shaped photo-absorbers based on transverse cavity modes (2019)

We study a frequency-selective photon absorber able to efficiently confine light within very thin semiconducting layers. The active material is appropriately embedded in a cavity resonator where lateral resonances occur, based on nonplasmonic modes, thus minimizing undesired losses in the metallic parts. Typical examples and configurations in the infrared and visible ranges are illustrated. Theoretical quantum efficiencies around 90% may be reached, with a broad angular tolerance. Also, multispectral photon sorters may be designed by combining resonators of different sizes. These results especially find direct applications for elementary ultracompact detectors and imaging focal plane arrays.
A magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for photosensitive cooperative treatment of cancer with a mesopore-capping agent and mesopore-loaded drug (2012)

Lately, there has been a growing interest in anticancer therapy with a combination of different drugs that work by different mechanisms of action, which decreases the possibility that resistant cancer cells will develop. Herein we report on the development of a drug delivery system for photosensitive delivery of a known anticancer drug camptothecin along with cytotoxic cadmium sulfide nanoparticles from a magnetic drug nanocarrier. Core-shell nanoparticles consisting of magnetic iron-oxide-cores and mesoporous silica shells are synthesized with a high surface area (859 m(2) g(-1)) and hexagonal packing of mesopores, which are 2.6 nm in diameter. The mesopores are loaded with anticancer drug camptothecin while entrances of the mesopores are blocked with 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzyl alcohol functionalized CdS nanoparticles through a photocleavable carbamate linkage. Camptothecin release from this magnetic drug delivery system is successfully triggered upon irradiation with UV light, as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. Photosensitive anticancer activity of the drug delivery system is monitored by viability studies on Chinese hamster ovarian cells. The treatment of cancer cells with drug loaded magnetic material leads to a decrease in viability of the cells due to the activity of capping CdS nanoparticles. Upon exposure to low power UV light (365 nm) the loaded camptothecin is released which induces additional decrease in viability of CHO cells. Hence, the capping CdS nanoparticles and loaded camptothecin exert a cooperative anticancer activity. Responsiveness to light irradiation and magnetic activity of the nanocarrier enable its potential application for selective targeted treatment of cancer.
Bacterial biofilms of importance to medicine and bioterrorism: proteomic techniques to identify novel vaccine components and drug targets (2003)

Biofilms are highly ordered microbial communities enmeshed in a carefully sculpted matrix designed for survival of organisms either in multi- or mono-genus/species in a specific microniche. In human disease, biofilm infections are some of the most recalcitrant to treat. Even with rigorous antibiotic regimens, some biofilms, such as those within the thick airway mucus of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, persist throughout the course of the disease process. In this editorial, discussion will cover the utility of using advanced proteomic techniques to help identify potential weaknesses in the already impressive defensive armamentarium of biofilm bacteria. Two biofilm systems will be discussed herein, one of which is that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms within CF airway biofilms. The other is referred to as persistent ‘bioterrorist agent biofilms’ in which Francisella tularensis can grow on surfaces where environmental amoeba can phagocytose them, allowing for growth of F. tularensis within the amoebae.
Assessing Machine Learning and Deep Learning-based approaches for SAG mill Energy consumption (2021)

Energy consumption represents a high operational cost in mining operations. Ore size reduction stage is the main consumer in that process, where the Semiautogenous Mill (SAG) is one of the main components. The implementation of control and automation strategies that can achieve production goals along with energy efficiency are a common goal in concentrator plants; however, designing such controls requires a proper understanding of process dynamics which are highly complex. This work studies machine learning and deep learning strategies that can be used to generate models for predicting energy consumption, using key process variables. In particular, the application of K-Nearest Neighbors Regressor (KNN-reg), Polynomial Regression (PR), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) strategies for energy prediction over SAG mill process data is developed in order to identify configurations suitable to be implemented for real-time prediction integrated over industrial data infrastructures. All techniques are compared in terms of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) where, although all the models achieved acceptable performance, best results were obtained by a LSTM implementation which yielded an error of less than 4% associated to energy prediction.
Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Stereodefined Di‐ and Trisubstituted Alkenylaluminum Compounds to Acyclic Enones (2019)

Abstract Catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) reactions with readily accessible and stereochemically defined E ‐, Z ‐, di‐ and trisubstituted alkenyl aluminum compounds are disclosed. Transformations are promoted by various NHC‐copper catalysts (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene), which are derived from enantiomerically pure sulfonate imidazolinium salts. The desired products were obtained in up to 89% yield and &gt;99:1 e.r.; the alkenyl moiety was transferred with complete retention of its stereochemical identity in all instances. The scope and limitations of the approach, key mechanistic attributes, and representative functionalization are presented as well. magnified image
MultiQG-TI: Towards Question Generation from Multi-modal Sources (2023)

We study the new problem of automatic question generation (QG) from multi-modal sources containing images and texts, significantly expanding the scope of most of the existing work that focuses exclusively on QG from only textual sources. We propose a simple solution for our new problem, called MultiQG-TI, which enables a text-only question generator to process visual input in addition to textual input. Specifically, we leverage an image-to-text model and an optical character recognition model to obtain the textual description of the image and extract any texts in the image, respectively, and then feed them together with the input texts to the question generator. We only fine-tune the question generator while keeping the other components fixed. On the challenging ScienceQA dataset, we demonstrate that MultiQG-TI significantly outperforms ChatGPT with few-shot prompting, despite having hundred-times less trainable parameters. Additional analyses empirically confirm the necessity of both visual and textual signals for QG and show the impact of various modeling choices. Code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/multimodal-QG-47F2/
Synthesis and Characterization of Elastomeric Heptablock Terpolymers Structured by Crystallization (2010)

We report the synthesis and characterization of fully saturated hydrocarbon block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers with competitive mechanical properties and attractive processing features. Block copolymers containing glassy poly(cyclohexylethylene) (C), elastomeric poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) (P), and semicrystalline poly(ethylene) (E) were produced in a CEC−P−CEC heptablock architecture, denoted XPX, by anionic polymerization and catalytic hydrogenation. The X blocks contain equal volume fractions of C and E, totaling 40%−60% of the material overall. All the XPX polymers are disordered above the melt temperature for E (Tm,E ≅ 95 °C) as evidenced by SAXS and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy measurements. Cooling below Tm,E results in crystallization of the E blocks, which induces microphase segregation of E, C, and P into a complex morphology with a continuous rubbery domain and randomly arranged hard domains as shown by TEM. This mechanism of segregation decouples the processing temperature from the XPX molecular weight up to a limiting value. Tensile mechanical testing (simple extension and cyclic loading) demonstrates that the tensile strength (ca. 30 MPa) and strain at break (>500%) are comparable to the behavior of CPC triblock thermoplastic elastomers of similar molecular weight and glass content. However, in the CPC materials, processability is constrained by the order−disorder transition temperature, limiting the applications of these materials. Elastic recovery of the XPX materials following seven cycles of tensile deformation is correlated with the fraction of X in the heptablock copolymer, and the residual strain approaches that of CPC when the fraction of hard blocks fX ≤ 0.39.
Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Molecular expression of vascular markers by aggressive breast cancer cells (2000)

During embryogenesis, the formation of primary vascular networks occurs via the processes of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. In uveal melanoma, vasculogenic mimicry describes the 'embryonic-like' ability of aggressive, but not nonaggressive, tumor cells to form networks surrounding spheroids of tumor cells in three-dimensional culture; these recapitulate the patterned networks seen in patients' aggressive tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. The molecular profile of these aggressive tumor cells suggests that they have a deregulated genotype, capable of expressing vascular phenotypes. Similarly, the embryonic-like phenotype expressed by the aggressive human breast cancer cells is associated with their ability to express a variety of vascular markers. These studies may offer new insights for consideration in breast cancer diagnosis and therapeutic intervention strategies.
Anisotropy of the third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility in a degenerate-ground-state conjugated polymer:trans-(CH)x (1988)

We present the results of a series of third-harmonic-generation (THG) measurements on the conjugated polymer polyacetylene which probe the magnitude and the origin of the third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility of this material. By performing reflection THG measurements relative to a silicon standard, we have unambiguously determined the magnitude of the third-order susceptibility associated with tripling the fundamental of the Nd:YAG laser to be ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{?}^{(3)}$(3\ensuremath{\omega};\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega}/B) =(4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$ esu, where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{?}^{(3)}$ refers to that component of the third-order susceptibility tensor with all indices parallel to the chain direction. By measuring anisotropic THG in oriented films, we have shown that this component dominates. The magntiude and anisotropy are directly compared with results obtained from single crystals of polydiacetylene-(toluene-sulfonate) measured in the same apparatus. Finally, we have measured THG in both cis-rich and trans isomers of the same sample. We found that the measured response of the cis-rich samples scales with the residual trans content of the sample; ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{?}^{(3)}$ of the trans isomer is 15--20 times larger than that of the cis isomer. This symmetry-specific aspect of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ implies a mechanism which is sensitive to the existence of a degenerate ground state, as in trans-(CH${)}_{\mathrm{x}}$; it is consistent with the virtual generation of nonlinear solitons as a mechanism for the large measured third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility of polyacetylene.
Generation of Fully Pluripotent Female Murine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells1 (2015)

The high quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been determined to be high-grade chimeras that are competent for germline transmission, and viable mice can be generated through tetraploid complementation. Most of the high-quality iPSCs described to date have been male. Female iPSCs, especially fully pluripotent female iPSCs, are also essential for clinical applications and scientific research. Here, we show, for the first time, that a gender-mixed induction strategy could lead to a skewed sex ratio of iPSCs. After reprogramming, 50%, 70%, and 90% female initiating mouse embryonic fibroblasts at different male ratios resulted in 14.1 ± 6.8% (P < 0.05), 31.8 ± 5.4% (P < 0.05), and 80.1 ± 2.8% (P < 0.05) female iPSCs, respectively. Furthermore, these female iPSCs had pluripotent properties typical of embryonic stem cells. Importantly, these fully pluripotent female iPSCs could generate viable mice by tetraploid complementation. These findings indicate that high-quality female iPSCs could be derived effectively, and suggest that clinical application of female iPSCs is feasible.
MEMS-based Reconfigurable RF Front-end Architecture for Future Band-free Mobile Terminals (2007)

A novel reconfigurable RF front-end architecture for future band-free mobile terminals is proposed. A single-path configuration and the use of single-band devices with distributed reconfigurable matching networks have the potential to achieve the optimum RF front-end for the transmission side. As the first step in verifying the proposed architecture, a reconfigurable quad-band power amplifier (PA) module is also presented. The 1W-class PA module using microelectromechanical systems switches and low temperature co-fired ceramic technology achieves the maximum power added efficiency of greater than 44% in the 0.9, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.6-GHz bands.
DNA methylation levels in porcine fetal fibroblasts induced by an inhibitor of methylation, 5‐azacytidine (2007)

This study investigated the effects of 5‐azacytidine (5‐azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor on global methylation changes in porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFF) to improve the reprogrammability. PFF in 5 passage culture were treated with 5‐azaC at various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 μM) for 96 h. Higher concentrations of 5‐azaC (2.0 and 3.0 μM) considerably inhibited the cell growth. Morphological changes became more pronounced as the concentration of 5‐azaC increased. Untreated PFF and cells treated with 0.5 μM of 5‐azaC appeared to be karyotypically normal (&gt;85%) and morphologically stable during the course of study. However, changes in cellular ploidy (~22%) were found in the cells treated at higher concentrations. Fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis showed untreated PFF with lowest number of cells at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle than those of 5‐azaC treated cells at all concentrations. Exposure to 5‐azaC induced the up‐regulation of genes involved in imprinting (IGF2) or pro‐apoptosis (BAX), whereas there was a down‐regulation of the main enzyme responsible for replicating the DNA methylation pattern (DNMT1) and anti‐apoptosis (BCL2L1). These results indicate that 5‐azaC induced global demethylation in PFF and cells treated with 0.5 μM 5‐azaC may have enhanced potential for porcine NT. The financial support of Resaerch Project on the Production of Bio‐organs (No. 200508010801), Korea is gratefully acknowleded.
Photoplastic properties of Cellulose Acetate under stress relaxation and repeated loading. (1985)

To confirm the usability of Cellulose Acetate as model material for studying photoplasticity, the various mechanical and optical behaviour of Cellulose Acetate must be examined. In this paper, two essential tests for photoplasticity is represented. One is the relaxation test to investigate the viscosity of the material, and the other is the repeated loading test to understand the effect of the history of prestraining. As results of these tests, it was obtained that the relaxations of stress and fringe order are expressed by Maxwell models, and the rapid relaxations of stress and fringe order, especially in early stage of deformation, set limits to the usability of Cellulose Acetate. The repeated loading test shows that the relation between stress and strain, and the relation between stress and fringe order do not depend on residual strain and fringe order, and then cumulated plastic fringe order is represented by cumulated plastic strain in the linear equation.
Cooperative Interaction of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-2α (HIF-2α) and Ets-1 in the Transcriptional Activation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (Flk-1) (2003)

Interactions between Ets family members and a variety of other transcription factors serve important functions during development and differentiation processes, e.g. in the hematopoietic system. Here we show that the endothelial basic helix-loop-helix PAS domain transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha) (but not its close relative HIF-1alpha), cooperates with Ets-1 in activating transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-2) gene (Flk-1). The receptor tyrosine kinase Flk-1 is indispensable for angiogenesis, and its expression is closely regulated during development. Consistent with the hypothesis that HIF-2alpha controls the expression of Flk-1 in vivo, we show here that HIF-2alpha and Flk-1 are co-regulated in postnatal mouse brain capillaries. A tandem HIF-2alpha/Ets binding site was identified within the Flk-1 promoter that acted as a strong enhancer element. Based on the analysis of transgenic mouse embryos, these motifs are essential for endothelial cell-specific reporter gene expression. A single HIF-2alpha/Ets element conferred strong cooperative induction by HIF-2alpha and Ets-1 when fused to a heterologous promoter and was most active in endothelial cells. The physical interaction of HIF-2alpha with Ets-1 was demonstrated and localized to the HIF-2alpha carboxyl terminus and the autoinhibitory exon VII domain of Ets-1, respectively. The deletion of the DNA binding and carboxyl-terminal transactivation domains of HIF-2alpha, respectively, created dominant negative mutants that suppressed transactivation by the wild type protein and failed to synergize with Ets-1. These results suggest that the interaction between HIF-2alpha and endothelial Ets factors is required for the full transcriptional activation of Flk-1 in endothelial cells and may therefore represent a future target for the manipulation of angiogenesis.
A Self‐Consistent Model for Sorption and Transport in Polyimide‐Derived Carbon Molecular Sieve Gas Separation Membranes (2020)

Demand for energy-efficient gas separations exists across many industrial processes, and membranes can aid in meeting this demand. Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes show exceptional separation performance and scalable processing attributes attractive for important, similar-sized gas pairs. Herein, we outline a mathematical and physical framework to understand these attributes. This framework shares features with dual-mode transport theory for glassy polymers; however, physical connections to CMS model parameters differ from glassy polymer cases. We present evidence in CMS membranes for a large volume fraction of microporous domains characterized by Langmuir sorption in local equilibrium with a minority continuous phase described by Henry's law sorption. Using this framework, expressions are provided to relate measurable parameters for sorption and transport in CMS materials. We also outline a mechanism for formation of these environments and suggest future model refinements.
Electrochemical Studies of Chlorine Containing Silanes (2021)

The reduction potentials of a series of mono-, di- and trichloro alkyl and aryl substituted silanes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. It was shown that chlorosilanes can be reduced in two one electron steps at potentials more positive than -1V vs SCE. The solvent type (THF, MeCN), silane type and polymerization and electrolyte concentration were varied and found to greatly impact the reduction potential.
Heat-induced formation of single giant unilamellar vesicles (2011)

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are an excellent model system for the investigation of lipid membranes, the study of membrane proteins and ion channels in a biomimetic environment, and in the creation of artificial cells. Here, we describe a novel method for the preparation of GUVs from single multilamellar liposomes by means of directed infrared laser heating. Our method generates individual unilamellar vesicles at selected locations, not only from natural and artificial lipid mixtures containing negatively charged lipids, but also from preparations of single lipids, such as neutral phosphatidylethanolamine. The presented method provides a new efficient resource for giant vesicle research and offers an alternative to the electroformation and de/rehydration techniques.