gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-cost high-efficiency system for solar-driven conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbons (2019)

Conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons using solar energy is an attractive strategy for storing such a renewable source of energy into the form of chemical energy (a fuel). This can be achieved in a system coupling a photovoltaic (PV) cell to an electrochemical cell (EC) for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. To be beneficial and applicable, such a system should use low-cost and easily processable photovoltaic cells and display minimal energy losses associated with the catalysts at the anode and cathode and with the electrolyzer device. In this work, we have considered all of these parameters altogether to set up a reference PV-EC system for CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to hydrocarbons. By using the same original and efficient Cu-based catalysts at both electrodes of the electrolyzer, and by minimizing all possible energy losses associated with the electrolyzer device, we have achieved CO<sub>2</sub> reduction to ethylene and ethane with a 21% energy efficiency. Coupled with a state-of-the-art, low-cost perovskite photovoltaic minimodule, this system reaches a 2.3% solar-to-hydrocarbon efficiency, setting a benchmark for an inexpensive all-earth-abundant PV-EC system.
Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and concentration-dependent hemodynamic effects of oral CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor agonist, in healthy young men (2004)

Single oral doses up to 5 mg CF101 and repeated doses up to 4 mg 12-hourly for 7 days were safe and well-tolerated. Multiple-dose CF101 pharmacokinetics were unchanged and predictable from single-dose estimates, and were linearly proportional to dose. Increases in heart rate and neutrophil count were reversible during multiple dosing and were not dose-limiting in the repeat dose study. CF101 warrants further study for its efficacy in treating human disease.
3D Menagerie: Modeling the 3D Shape and Pose of Animals (2017)

There has been significant work on learning realistic, articulated, 3D models of the human body. In contrast, there are few such models of animals, despite many applications. The main challenge is that animals are much less cooperative than humans. The best human body models are learned from thousands of 3D scans of people in specific poses, which is infeasible with live animals. Consequently, we learn our model from a small set of 3D scans of toy figurines in arbitrary poses. We employ a novel part-based shape model to compute an initial registration to the scans. We then normalize their pose, learn a statistical shape model, and refine the registrations and the model together. In this way, we accurately align animal scans from different quadruped families with very different shapes and poses. With the registration to a common template we learn a shape space representing animals including lions, cats, dogs, horses, cows and hippos. Animal shapes can be sampled from the model, posed, animated, and fit to data. We demonstrate generalization by fitting it to images of real animals including species not seen in training.
Improving service differentiation in IP networks through dual topology routing (2007)

The convergence on IP of a wide variety of traffic types has strengthened the need for service differentiation. Service differentiation relies on two equally important components: (i) resource allocation, i.e., what resources does a given service class have access to; and (ii) contention resolution, i.e., how is access to shared resources arbitrated between services classes. The latter has been well studied with numerous mechanisms, e.g., scheduling and buffer management, supporting it in modern routers. In contrast, relatively few studies exist on the former, and in particular on the impact of routing that determines the resources a given service class is assigned to. This is the focus of the paper, which seeks to investigate how routing influences a network's ability to efficiently support different service classes. Of particular interest is the extent to which the ability to route service classes separately is beneficial. This question is explored for a base configuration involving two classes with either similar or entirely different service objectives (cost functions). The paper's contributions are in demonstrating and quantifying the benefits that the added flexibility of different (dual) routing affords, and in developing an efficient heuristic for computing jointly optimal routing solutions. The former can motivate the deployment of newly standardized multi-topology routing (MTR) functionality. The latter is a key enabler for the effective use of such capability.
A new approach to the X.509 framework: allowing a global authentication infrastructure without a global trust model (2002)

Isolated network are currently being integrated in order to create a universal and virtual inter-network. In this context, the existence of a common authentication infrastructure is extremely important. CCITT Recommendation X.509 defines a public key-based "Authentication Framework" in which the Directory Service can be used to provide key management facilities for open applications. We propose a new approach to X.509 comprising a modular reorganization of the overall system and mechanisms allowing the realization of a global infrastructure for the deployment of authentication-based secure services. These mechanisms aim to complete the X.509 framework so as to rectify some open issues of the approach in order to allow the support of a multitude of trust models while respecting each security domain's certificates validation criteria. We first discuss aspects related to authentication data retrieval and validation with respect to X.509. Then we give an overview of the overall approach, and emphasize its more relevant aspects and mechanisms while describing the applicability of our approach with respect to security architectures and current trust models. Finally, we conclude the paper describing the applicability of our approach in a open and heterogeneous environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lower-current and fast switching of a perpendicular TMR for high speed and high density spin-transfer-torque MRAM (2008)

We investigate extremely low programming current and fast switching time of a perpendicular tunnel-magnetoresistance (P-TMR) for spin-transfer torque using a P-TMR cell of 50 nm-diameter. A L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> -crystalline ordered alloy is used as a free layer that has excellent thermal stability and a damping constant of about 0.03. The programming current of 49 uA and the switching time of 4 nsec are also demonstrated.
Repression of Diaminopimelic Acid Decarboxylase in Escherichia coli : Gene Dosage Effects and Escape Synthesis (1976)

Gene dosage and escape synthesis experiments support the hypothesis that diaminopimelate decarboxylase repression by lysine involves a repressor molecule in a negative control system.
IL-37: a new anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family (2011)

The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar β-barrel structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well characterised, and play key roles in the development and regulation of inflammation. Indeed, IL-1α (IL-1F1), IL-1β (IL-1F2), and IL-18 (IL-1F4) are well-known inflammatory cytokines active in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction and in driving Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses. In contrast, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, IL-1F3) and the receptor antagonist binding to IL-1Rrp2 (IL-36Ra, IL-1F5) reduce inflammation by blocking the binding of the agonist receptor ligands. In the case of IL-37 (IL-1F7), of which five different splice variants have been described, less is known of its function, and identification of the components of a heterodimeric receptor complex remains unclear. Some studies suggest that IL-37 binds to the α chain of the IL-18 receptor in a non-competitive fashion, and this may explain some of the disparate biological effects that have been reported for mice deficient in the IL-18R. The biological properties of IL-37 are mainly those of down-regulating inflammation, as assessed in models where human IL-37 is expressed in mice. In this review, an overview of the role of IL-37 in the regulation of inflammation is presented. The finding that IL-37 also locates to the nucleus, as do IL-1α and IL-33, for receptor-independent organ/tissue-specific regulation of inflammation is also reviewed.
Modeling the human Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 sodium channel: structural and mechanistic insights of ion permeation and drug blockade (2017)

Abnormalities in the human Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 (hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5) voltage-gated sodium ion channel (VGSC) are associated with a wide range of cardiac problems and diseases in humans. Current structural models of hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 are still far from complete and, consequently, their ability to study atomistic interactions of this channel is very limited. Here, we report a comprehensive atomistic model of the hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 ion channel, constructed using homology modeling technique and refined through long molecular dynamics simulations (680 ns) in the lipid membrane bilayer. Our model was comprehensively validated by using reported mutagenesis data, comparisons with previous models, and binding to a panel of known hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 blockers. The relatively long classical MD simulation was sufficient to observe a natural sodium permeation event across the channel's selectivity filters to reach the channel's central cavity, together with the identification of a unique role of the lysine residue. Electrostatic potential calculations revealed the existence of two potential binding sites for the sodium ion at the outer selectivity filters. To obtain further mechanistic insight into the permeation event from the central cavity to the intracellular region of the channel, we further employed "state-of-the-art" steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. Our SMD simulations revealed two different pathways through which a sodium ion can be expelled from the channel. Further, the SMD simulations identified the key residues that are likely to control these processes. Finally, we discuss the potential binding modes of a panel of known hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 blockers to our structural model of hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5. We believe that the data presented here will enhance our understanding of the structure-property relationships of the hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 ion channel and the underlying molecular mechanisms in sodium ion permeation and drug interactions. The results presented here could be useful for designing safer drugs that do not block the hNa<sub>v</sub>1.5 channel.
Anthracene-organosiloxane spin-on antireflective coating for KrF lithography (2003)

A sacrificial, spin-on 248nm UV absorbing organosiloxane film has been developed to enable via first trench last (VFTL) dual-damascene patterning. Amongst other design objectives one key material requirement was that the film be SiO based to facilitate trench etch. Because our starting organosiloxane polymer is transparent a chromophores that absorbs at 248 nm had to be included. Anthracene was selected as it offered the largest amount of absorption per mole. Unfortunately, commercially available anthracene moieties with different functional groups when added directly to the organosiloxane polymer solution resulted in films of very marginal quality. The primary issue was the poor solubility and thermal stability of the anthracene compound within the organosiloxane matrix. To address this fundamental problem the chromophore was stabilized by chemically attaching it to ethyl-orthosilicate. The resulting molecule, 9-anthracene carboxy-methyl triethoxysilane (TESAC) was developed. By combining the appropriate amounts of TESAC, TEOS and other organo-TEOS monomers with the appropriate solvents and a catalyst a stable, 248nm light absorbing anthracene-organosiloxane polymer was developed. This work has led to the development of Duo248 organosiloxane based bottom antireflective coatings. Topics such as the development of TESAC, lithography, plasma etch and selective removal will be discussed.
A novel simultaneous clot‐fibrinolysis waveform analysis for assessing fibrin formation and clot lysis in haemorrhagic disorders (2019)

Simultaneous evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolysis facilitates an overall understanding of normal and pathological haemostasis. We established an assay for assessing clot formation and fibrinolysis simultaneously using clot waveform analysis by the trigger of a mixture of activated partial thromboplastin time reagent and an optimized concentration of tissue-type plasminogen activator (0·63 μg/ml) to examine the temporal reactions in a short monitoring time (<500 s). The interplay between clot formation and fibrinolysis was confirmed by analysing the effects of argatroban, tranexamic acid and thrombomodulin. Fibrinogen levels positively correlated with coagulation and fibrinolytic potential and initial fibrin clot formation was independent of plasminogen concentration. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-deficient (-def) and α2-antiplasmin-def plasmas demonstrated different characteristic hyper-fibrinolytic patterns. For the specificity of individual clotting factor-def plasmas, factor (F)VIII-def and FIX-def plasmas in particular demonstrated shortened fibrinolysis lag-times (FLT) and enhanced endogenous fibrinolysis potential in addition to decreased maximum coagulation velocity, possibly reflecting the fragile formation of fibrin clots. Tranexamic acid depressed fibrinolysis to a similar extent in FVIII-def and FIX-def plasmas. We concluded that the clot-fibrinolysis waveform analysis technique could sensitively monitor both sides of fibrin clot formation and fibrinolysis, and could provide an easy-to-use assay to help clarify the underlying pathogenesis of bleeding disorders in routine clinical practice.
Actin's N‐terminal acetyltransferase uncovered (2018)

Humans express six highly conserved actin isoforms, which differ the most at their N-termini. Actin's N-terminus undergoes co- and post-translational processing unique among eukaryotic proteins. During translation, the initiator methionine of the two cytoplasmic isoforms is N-terminally acetylated (Nt-acetylated) and that of the four muscle isoforms is removed and the exposed cysteine is Nt-acetylated. Then, an unidentified acetylaminopeptidase post-translationally removes the Ac-Met (or Ac-Cys), and all six isoforms are re-acetylated at the N-terminus. Despite the vital importance of actin for cellular processes ranging from cell motility to organelle trafficking and cell division, the mechanism and functional consequences of Nt-acetylation remained unresolved. Two recent studies significantly advance our understanding of actin Nt-acetylation. Drazic et al. (2018, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115, 4399-4404) identify actin's dedicated N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAA80/NatH), and demonstrate that Nt-acetylation critically impacts actin assembly in vitro and in cells. NAA80 knockout cells display increased filopodia and lamellipodia formation and accelerated cell motility. In vitro, the absence of Nt-acetylation leads to a decrease in the rates of filament depolymerization and elongation, including formin-induced elongation. Goris et al. (2018, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 115, 4405-4410] describe the structure of Drosophila NAA80 in complex with a peptide-CoA bi-substrate analog mimicking the N-terminus of β-actin. The structure reveals the source of NAA80's specificity for actin's negatively-charged N-terminus. Nt-acetylation neutralizes a positive charge, thus enhancing the overall negative charge of actin's unique N-terminus. Actin's N-terminus is exposed in the filament and influences the interactions of many actin-binding proteins. These advances open the way to understanding the many likely consequences and functional roles of actin Nt-acetylation.
Multimodal Monitoring of Human Brain Organoids Implanted in Mice Using Transparent Microelectrodes (2021)

We present an in vivo platform merging stem cell technology, two-photon imaging, and electrophysiology with transparent graphene microelectrodes for longitudinal interrogation of human brain organoids implanted in the cortex of immunodeficient mice.
Diagnostic accuracy of the novel C-Tb skin test for LTBI, results from two phase III trials (2016)

<b>Rationale</b> C-Tb is a novel specific skin test, based on ESAT-6 and CFP10, combining the field friendliness of Tuberculin (TST), with the specificity of IGRA. <b>Methods</b> The TESEC-06 trial included 979 participants from 13 sites in Spain with risk of <i>M.tb</i> infection. The TESEC-05 trial included 1090 participants with symptoms of TB and 100 endemic controls both from South Africa. C-Tb and TST were done blinded. Skin indurations were read 2-3 days later, ≥5mm was considered positive for TST and C-Tb. IGRA testing (QFT) was done prior to skin testing. <b>Results</b> Test specificity was assessed in 212 presumed unexposed controls. C-Tb had comparable specificity to QFT (both 97%). Previous BCG vaccination had a strong negative impact on TST specificity, 62% (67/108) compared to 95% in unvaccinated (p&lt;0.001). Sensitivity of C-Tb and QFT was comparable in patients with TB 77% (235/307) vs 81% (250/307) (p=0.08). In contacts, there was a strong trend in increasing C-Tb test positivity with <i>M.tb</i> exposure, at-par with QFT. The impact of age and HIV infection on C-Tb reactivity was assessed in 1090 suspects of TB disease, C-Tb as well as TST and QFT was negatively impacted by age&lt;2y and CD4 &lt;100. <b>Discussion</b> C-Tb has comparable diagnostic performance to QFT, and addresses the problem of false positive TST results in BCG vaccinated. The C-Tb test could allow for improved target treatment of <i>M.tuberculosis</i> infected in resource restraint settings.
Study and comparison of negative tone resists for fabrication of bright field masks for 14nm node (2012)

In order to meet the challenging patterning requirements of the 14 nm node, the semiconductor industry has implemented use of negative tone develop (NTD) and other tone inversion techniques on wafer to enable use of bright field masks which provide an improved lithography process window.<sup>1,2,3</sup> Due to e-beam write time and mask pattern fidelity requirements, the increased use of bright field masks means that mask makers must focus on improving the performance of their negative tone chemically amplified resist (NCAR) processes. In addition, the move to heavy use of bright field masks is introducing new challenges for mask makers. Bright field masks for 14 nm critical layers are required to have opaque sub-resolution assist features (SRAFs) as small as 50 nm while at the same time having across mask critical dimension uniformity (CDU) of less than 2 nm (3 sigma) to meet the 2014 ITRS targets.<sup>4 </sup>Achieving these specifications is particularly difficult for bright field contact and via level masks. This paper will survey the performance requirements for NCAR resists for building 14 nm critical level masks. As part of this survey, the results of current commercially available and development NCAR resists will be compared. The study will focus on key elements of the resist process pertaining to line edge roughness, pattern fidelity, minimum feature size, and critical dimension control through density with differences in resist type, sensitivity, and thickness. In addition, use of a novel flow cell test apparatus for detailed study of the develop loading performance of the NCAR resists will be described. Data showing the current capability of these NCAR materials as well as remaining 14 nm node performance gaps and issues will be presented.
In Vitro and In Vivo Down-Regulation of Regulatory T Cell Activity with a Peptide Inhibitor of TGF-β1 (2008)

Down-regulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cell function might be beneficial to enhance the immunogenicity of viral and tumor vaccines or to induce breakdown of immunotolerance. Although the mechanism of suppression used by Treg cells remains controversial, it has been postulated that TGF-beta1 mediates their immunosuppressive activity. In this study, we show that P17, a short synthetic peptide that inhibits TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 developed in our laboratory, is able to inhibit Treg activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies demonstrate that P17 inhibits murine and human Treg-induced unresponsiveness of effector T cells to anti-CD3 stimulation, in an MLR or to a specific Ag. Moreover, administration of P17 to mice immunized with peptide vaccines containing tumor or viral Ags enhanced anti-vaccine immune responses and improved protective immunogenicity against tumor growth or viral infection or replication. When CD4+ T cells purified from OT-II transgenic mice were transferred into C57BL/6 mice bearing s.c. EG.7-OVA tumors, administration of P17 improved their proliferation, reduced the number of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells, and inhibited tumor growth. Also, P17 prevented development of immunotolerance induced by oral administration of OVA by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis in DO11.10 transgenic mice sensitized by s.c. injection of OVA. These findings demonstrate that peptide inhibitors of TGF-beta may be a valuable tool to enhance vaccination efficacy and to break tolerance against pathogens or tumor Ags.
Type II interferon gamma is detrimental to the host in Streptococcus suis infections caused by an epidemic strain (164.6) (2012)

Abstract S. suis is a major swine pathogen that can be transmitted to humans causing severe symptoms. A large human outbreak was described in China, where approximately 25% out of 215 infected humans developed an unusual streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). Albeit increased expression of inflammatory mediators following infection by the Chinese S. suis strain was suggested as responsible for STSLS case severity, the mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the host innate immune response to infection by either one of 3 strains of S. suis: 89-1591 (Canadian, intermediate virulence), P1/7 (European, high virulence), and SC84 (Chinese, epidemic strain). Using Illumina microarray, qPCR, and Luminex assay, infected mice showed elevated expression of mainly pro-inflammatory chemokine and cytokine genes. Generally, pro-inflammatory genes were expressed at a higher level in mice infected with strain SC84 &amp;gt; P1/7 &amp;gt; 89-1591. Interestingly, IFNγ was expressed at much higher levels only in mice infected with strain SC84, which could potentially explain some of the STSLS symptoms. IFNγ-KO mice infected with epidemic SC84 strain showed significantly better survival than WT mice while no difference was observed in mice infected with highly virulent P1/7 strain. Overall, our results show an important role of IFNγ in S. suis infections and might explain in part the increased virulence of the epidemic SC84 strain responsible for the outbreak in China.
Mice Lacking Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1) are Protected Against Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Induced Fatty Liver but Develop Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in the Brain (2015)

This study discloses that GPR40/FFAR1 indirectly modulates organ-specific effects of CLAs: the expression of functional GPR40/FFAR1 counteracts CLA-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in the brain, but favors the development of fatty liver.
Supplementary Table 1 from PI3K Inhibition Impairs BRCA1/2 Expression and Sensitizes BRCA-Proficient Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to PARP Inhibition (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 139K, Common BRCA1 and BRCA2 promoter putative transcription factors analysis&lt;/p&gt;
Non-Hermitian Engineered TCC VCSEL for LIDAR Remote Sensing Technologies (2019)

We present the main aspects of a new approach to achieve a single mode operation in TCC-VCSEL array based on (1) increasing the spacing of the eigenfrequencies of supermodes, (2) Q-enhancing of the fundamental supermodes. © 2019 The Author(s)