gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent progress and current issues in SiC semiconductor devices for power applications (2001)

A review of current issues in SiC device processing technology is followed by a critical assessment of the current state-of-the-art and future potential for SiC power devices. Material quality, ion implantation, the SiC–SiO2 interface and the thermal stability of contacting systems are all identified as requiring further work before the full range of devices and applications can be addressed. The evaluation of current device technology reveals that SiC Schottky and PIN diodes are already capable of increased power densities and substantially improved dynamic performance compared to their Si counterparts. Although direct replacement of Si devices is not yet economically viable, improvements in system performance and reductions in total system cost may be realised in the short term. Widespread use will, however, require continued improvements in wafer quality while costs must fall by a factor of ten. Finally, the development of new and improved packaging techniques, capable of handling increased die temperature and high thermal cycling stresses, will be needed to fully exploit the potential of SiC.
Tunable external cavity diode laser using a micromachined silicon flexure and a volume holographic reflection grating for applications in atomic optics (2008)

We present a novel external cavity diode laser design developed for applications in atomic physics that employs a micromachined silicon flexure to sweep the laser frequency and a volume holographic reflection grating VHG to provide the optical feedback. The advantages of using a silicon flexure are its simple microfabrication process and reduction of the overall size of the laser system. The results demonstrate the 87Rb, 85Rb rubidium D2 line absorption at 780 nm in an atomic optics test experiment. Our novel laser system design has a size of 28.7620.6512 mm. The wavelength can be tuned and swept from 780.2463 to 780.2379 nm equivalent to 4.14 GHz using piezoelectric transducer PZT actuators integrated on the silicon flexure. A frequency tuning range of 17.149 GHz can be obtained by changing the VHG temperature. The deflection of the silicon flexure is 129.19 nm. The advantage of combining a VHG and a silicon flexure is that the frequency can be coarsely tuned to 780.24 nm and swept at this center frequency with a range of 4.14 GHz by PZT. Moreover, the frequency fine tuning can be achieved by changing the VHG temperature to observe the rubidium spectrum. The laser output power is measured as 59 mW at 780.2474 nm.
Anthracycline antibiotic 2-hydroxyaclacinomycins. I. 2-Hydroxyaclacinomycin-producing recombinant obtained from aclacinomycin-blocked mutants of Streptomyces galilaeus by a technique of protoplast fusion. (1991)

The technique of protoplast fusion which optimized prototrophic recombination in aclacinomycin-producing Streptomyces galilaeus was studied and applied to the construction of new anthracycline analog-producing recombinant upon genetic cross of two specific mutants blocked in aclacinomycin biosynthesis. Thus, 2-hydroxyaclacinomycin-producing recombinant was obtained by the protoplast fusion.
Synthesis of 4-aryl-3,5-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazines (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 4-aryl-3,5-bis(alkoxycarbonyl)-1,4-dihydropyrazinesRobert J. Chorvat and Kurt J. RorigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 24, 5779–5781Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00259a033https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00259a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views249Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Annotation-based finite state processing in a large-scale NLP arhitecture (2004)

There are well-articulated arguments promoting the deployment of finite-state (FS) processing techninques for natural language processing (NLP) application development. This paper adopts a point of view of designing industrial strength NLP frameworks, where emerging notions include a pipelined architecture, open-ended intercomponent communication, and the adoption of linguistic annotations as fundamental analytic/descriptive device. For such frameworks, certain issues arise — operational and notational — concerning the underlying data stream over which the FS machinery operates. The paper reviews recent work on finite-state processing of annotations and highlight some essential features required from a congenial architecture for NLP aiming to be broadly applicable to, and configurable for, an open-ended set of tasks.
Preoperative Multifidus Muscle Quality is Associated With Patient Reported Outcomes After Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (2022)

Despite the direct manipulation of the psoas muscle inherent to LLIF, preoperative psoas muscle quality did not affect postoperative outcomes. Rather, the extent of preoperative multifidus fatty infiltration and atrophy was more likely to predict postoperative pain and disability. These findings suggest that multifidus atrophy may be more pertinent than psoas atrophy in its association with patient-reported outcome measures after LLIF.
Model to Hardware matching for nano-meter scale technologies (2007)

With technology scaling becoming ever more difficult, the drive to continue to deliver performance and density has led to increasing technology complexity. Examples include the pervasive application of resolution enhancement techniques (RET) to enable sub-wavelength lithography and achieve circuit density, and strain engineering to improve device mobility and achieve circuit performance. The result of this increasing technology complexity has been a corresponding increase in the complexity of design/technology interaction. This phenomena demonstrates itself as a drastic increase in the number and complexity of design rules. Many of these rules are the result of the increase of the number and magnitude of systematic effects. In addition to these systematic sources of variability, we have an increasing host of random variations such as line edge roughness, which impacts channel lengths, and random dopant fluctuations, which impact threshold voltage. The net result has been a reduction in our ability to reliably predict the outcome of the manufacturing process. Given that the integrated circuit design process is based completely on our ability to create computer models of the expected behavior of a design, this gap in predictability is a source of grave concern. Model to hardware matching attempts to close this gap by developing techniques, tools, and design components which can be used to improve technology predictability.
Passive Noise Analysis for Advanced Tamper Indication. End of Year Report 2015 (2015)

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is part of a multi-lab project assessing front-end electronics for unattended measurement (FEUM) being developed for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) unattended systems. The FEUM development activity provides an opportunity to address tampering detection between FEUM and the detector, signal integrity from FEUM to the data acquisition systems, and data validity – long-standing challenges for the IAEA. This report summarizes the INL activities in Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 to characterize and test passive noise analysis as a potential tamper-indicating approach for implementation into FEUM or as a stand-alone method. The project’s primary objectives in FY-15 were to (1) determine detectable tamper scenarios using four pre-amplifier/detector systems, (2) perform tests of tampering scenarios with three common cable types used by the IAEA, (3) separate radio-frequency-induced events from inherent effect by means of an anechoic chamber, and (4) perform tests at an industrial facility. General conclusions were reached in several areas.
Harmonic Injection Based Fault Ride-through Control of MMC-HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farms (2023)

Offshore wind farms connected to the grid via MMC-HVDC should have fault ride-through (FRT) ability. However, without high-speed communications, it is difficult to achieve coordinated control between wind power converters and the MMC-HVDC converters. To address this problem, a coordinated control method that is designed based on the injection of harmonics is proposed. During the fault, the offshore MMC converter detects that the DC voltage has exceeded the threshold value, and then injects sequence harmonics into the offshore AC lines, which enables the wind power converters to cooperatively limit the power injected into the grid. Therefore, the coordinated FRT of multiple converters can be realized without additional communication between wind power converters and the offshore MMC converters. A detailed model of MMC-HVDC connected offshore wind farms is constructed in a real time digital simulator (RTDS), and the proposed method is verified by hardware-in-loop dynamic simulation experiments. In addition to the traditional method of only limiting the output voltage of the offshore MMC, the proposed method also coordinately limits the output current of the wind farm to reduce the output power of the wind farm. Therefore, the proposed method allows the DC voltage to be quickly limited within the allowable range, and the system can achieve safe and reliable FRT without communication.
Correction: Dosage Effects of Cohesin Regulatory Factor PDS5 on Mammalian Development: Implications for Cohesinopathies (2009)

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a disorder caused by mutations in cohesion proteins, is characterized by multisystem developmental abnormalities. PDS5, a cohesion protein, is important for proper chromosome segregation in lower organisms and has two homologues in vertebrates (PDS5A and PDS5B). Pds5B mutant mice have developmental abnormalities resembling CdLS; however the role of Pds5A in mammals and the association of PDS5 proteins with CdLS are unknown. To delineate genetic interactions between Pds5A and Pds5B and explore mechanisms underlying phenotypic variability, we generated Pds5A-deficient mice. Curiously, these mice exhibit multiple abnormalities that were previously observed in Pds5B-deficient mice, including cleft palate, skeletal patterning defects, growth retardation, congenital heart defects and delayed migration of enteric neuron precursors. They also frequently display renal agenesis, an abnormality not observed in Pds5B 2/2 mice. While Pds5A 2/2 and Pds5B 2/2 mice die at birth, embryos harboring 3 mutant Pds5 alleles die between E11.5 and E12.5 most likely of heart failure, indicating that total Pds5 gene dosage is critical for normal development. In addition, characterization of these compound homozygous-heterozygous mice revealed a severe abnormality in lens formation that does not occur in either Pds5A 2/2 or Pds5B 2/2 mice. We further identified a functional missense mutation (R1292Q) in the PDS5B DNA-binding domain in a familial case of CdLS, in which affected individuals also develop megacolon. This study shows that PDS5A and PDS5B functions other than those involving chromosomal dynamics are important for normal development, highlights the sensitivity of key developmental processes on PDS5 signaling, and provides mechanistic insights into how PDS5 mutations may lead to CdLS.
Sustainable use of recycled soot (carbon black) for the cleaner production of value-added products: A compendium (2022)

Over the past few decades, the consumption of hydrocarbon fuel has increased drastically due to its versatile applications. Consequently, the emissions and accumulation of unburnt carbon material (soot) in the environment have also increased alarmingly due to the partial combustion of hydrocarbons. Proper collection and recycling of soot have become a serious global concern. In the present review, consideration has been paid to the sustainable use of recycled soot (carbon black), focusing on their process chemistry, process parameters, and methodologies. From the intensive literature search, it was observed that recycled soot material has a great potential to use in various fields. The recycled soot can be used as received or by following suitable treatment techniques, for various possible applications, such as in the preparation of composite materials, rubber, energy storage devices, adsorbents, paints, inks, etc. From the literature, it is found that the incorporation of soot in composites and rubber, enhanced the physico-chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the products. The recycled soot offered an efficient conductive material (electrode material) for the production of lithium-ion batteries after suitable treatment. The soot offered high-performance solar evaporation devices. It also offered efficient adsorbent materials for the treatment of air and water to remove various pollutants. Low-cost and value-added inks are also prepared with recycled soot.
Distinguished Invited Speaker--Patch Type Glucose Sensor for Low-Invasive Glucose Monitoring (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Coexpression of a multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene in a bicistronic retroviral vector Ha-MDR-IRES-TK allows selective killing of MDR1-transduced human tumors transplanted in nude mice. (1997)

Ha-MDR-IRES-TK is a bicistronic vector that coexpresses the MDR1 gene and the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene. In the present study we examined the effect of ganciclovir on MDR1-positive tumors that have been transduced with Ha-MDR-IRES-TK. To establish a human tumor xenograft model of MDR1-transduced recurrent tumors, human KB-3-1 carcinoma cells were transduced with HaMDR or Ha-MDR-IRES-TK, and one each of representative clones, termed KB/MDR and KB/MDR-TK, respectively, were isolated. KB/MDR and KB/MDR-TK showed similar levels of multidrug resistance in vitro. Vinblastine strongly inhibited the growth of the parental KB-3-1 tumors in nude mice but showed little or no effect against KB/MDR-TK tumors. Ganciclovir inhibited the in vivo growth of KB/MDR-TK tumors almost completely under conditions that did not affect the growth of KB-3-1 tumors. Coadministration of vinblastine and ganciclovir inhibited the in vivo growth of KB/MDR-TK premixed with KB-3-1 at any ratio. Long-term, high-level expression of human P-glycoprotein was observed in peripheral blood cells of mice transplanted with Ha-MDR-IRES-TK-transduced bone marrow cells. Ganciclovir eliminated the P-glycoprotein-positive normal blood cells. However, no systemic toxicity was observed. These results clearly demonstrate that it is possible to use ganciclovir to treat MDR1-positive tumors that have been unintentionally transduced with Ha-MDR-IRES-TK. This safety-modified vector should be useful for introducing the MDR1 gene into bone marrow cells to protect normal cells from the toxic effects of cancer chemotherapy.
Metal-Containing Rigid Concave Surfaces: An Entry to the Confinement of Globular Molecules (1998)

A remarkably adaptable nickel macrocycle, 1, acts as a divergent receptor towards the globular cage molecues C60, o-C2B10H12, and P4S3. The macrocycle either interacts with two cages, or one cage perched in each cavity, or self-associates as a dimeric divergent receptor with a cage perched in the available cavity of each macrocycle (see below).
40–45-µm lasing of Fe:ZnSe below 180 K, a new mid-infrared laser material (1999)

Lasing of Fe:ZnSe is demonstrated, for the first time to the authors' knowledge, for temperatures ranging from 15 to 180 K. The output wavelength of the Fe:ZnSe laser was observed to tune with temperature from 3.98mum at 15 K to 4.54mum at 180 K. With an Er:YAG laser operating at 2.698mum as the pump source, a maximum energy per pulse of 12muJ at 130 K was produced. Laser slope efficiencies of 3.2% at 19 K and 8.2% at 150 K were determined for an output coupling of 0.6%. A laser emission linewidth of 0.007mum at 3.98mum was measured at 15 K. Absorption and emission spectra and emission lifetimes for Fe:ZnSe are also discussed.
Cellular and Molecular Events after ICSI in Clinically Relevant Animal Models (2021)

Interactions between the sperm-borne oocyte activating factor(s) (SOAF) and the molecules within the oocyte cytoplasm, trigger the molecular pathways associated with oocyte activation. Of note, release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) creates calcium oscillations in mammals and one large calcium release in non-mammalian species. As the newly activated ovum begins to transform, the components of the fertilizing spermatozoon function cooperatively with the contents of the ooplasm as development progresses. The spermatozoon has been shown to contribute the main microtubule framework to the embryo through the integration of its centriole and has also been implicated in facilitating processes. Through oocyte-driven mechanisms, unnecessary sperm components must also be degraded. Many of these processes are centered around the reducing power of oocyte-produced glutathione (GSH) and facilitated by both the sperm-borne and oocyte-borne enzymatic activity. In this chapter we explore underlying molecular and biochemical processes that drive developmental progression of newly fertilized oocytes, and how ICSI procedures could change the molecular pathways found in natural fertilization.
Fitness Trade-offs Restrict the Evolution of Resistance to Amphotericin B (2013)

The evolution of drug resistance in microbial pathogens provides a paradigm for investigating evolutionary dynamics with important consequences for human health. Candida albicans, the leading fungal pathogen of humans, rapidly evolves resistance to two major antifungal classes, the triazoles and echinocandins. In contrast, resistance to the third major antifungal used in the clinic, amphotericin B (AmB), remains extremely rare despite 50 years of use as monotherapy. We sought to understand this long-standing evolutionary puzzle. We used whole genome sequencing of rare AmB-resistant clinical isolates as well as laboratory-evolved strains to identify and investigate mutations that confer AmB resistance in vitro. Resistance to AmB came at a great cost. Mutations that conferred resistance simultaneously created diverse stresses that required high levels of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 for survival, even in the absence of AmB. This requirement stemmed from severe internal stresses caused by the mutations, which drastically diminished tolerance to external stresses from the host. AmB-resistant mutants were hypersensitive to oxidative stress, febrile temperatures, and killing by neutrophils and also had defects in filamentation and tissue invasion. These strains were avirulent in a mouse infection model. Thus, the costs of evolving resistance to AmB limit the emergence of this phenotype in the clinic. Our work provides a vivid example of the ways in which conflicting selective pressures shape evolutionary trajectories and illustrates another mechanism by which the Hsp90 buffer potentiates the emergence of new phenotypes. Developing antibiotics that deliberately create such evolutionary constraints might offer a strategy for limiting the rapid emergence of drug resistance.
Plasma Charging Damage and Water‐Related Hot‐Carrier Reliability in the Deposition of Plasma‐Enhanced Tetraethylorthosilicate Oxide (1997)

This paper presents plasma‐enhanced tetraethylorthosilicate oxide process (PETEOS) induced hot‐carrier reliability associated with an intermetallic dielectric formed by depositing oxide films from PETEOS, ozone‐TEOS, and spin‐on glass (SOG), where a single or dual‐frequency PETEOS film is deposited as an underlayer followed by an ozone‐TEOS deposition for gap filling and a SOG coating for planarization. The impact of PETEOS process conditions such as low‐ and high‐frequency plasma power and PETEOS film thickness on hot‐carrier reliability are studied. It is observed that increasing the low‐ and/ or high‐frequency plasma power can improve the film quality and moisture‐related hot carrier immunity, but at the expense of plasma charging damage. This plasma charging damage accumulates gradually and finally saturates as the deposition of oxide from PETEOS proceeds. In general, a thick PETEOS layer is desired for improving the moisture‐related hot carrier immunity. As a result, there is a trade‐off between the plasma charging damage and the moisture‐related hot carrier immunity. The plasma charging damage is dominant in large devices and the moisture‐related hot‐carrier immunity is dominant in small devices.
Diffusive movement of simazine and lindane in river-bed sediments (1998)

River-bed sediments are active zones for pesticide deposition and subsequent movement by diffusion, mass transport and sorption to solids. The aim of this work was to investigate the importance of diffusion as a means of pesticide movement. In laboratory experiments, simazine and lindane were introduced to well-mixed aqueous solutions overlying two different river sediments. Sediment cores were sectioned horizontally and analyzed for pesticide content by supercritical fluid extraction. Experiments were used to determine sorption isotherms of the compounds to suspended sediments at 10°C. Vertical profiles of the pesticides in the sediments showed that the compounds reached a maximum depth of 89 mm over a period of 37 days. A mathematical model was developed to describe pesticide transport by diffusion within the sediment porewaters and sediment sorbed phases, taking into account sorption of the compounds to sediment particles. Effective diffusion coefficients ((0.5–1.6)×10-10 m2 s-1) were obtained for simazine and lindane in the characterized sediments. These were used to calculate values for diffusion in the dissolved phase (0.38×10-10 and 6·16×10-10 m2 s-1 for simazine and lindane respectively) and diffusion in the sorbed phase (0.39×10-10 m2 s-1 for simazine and negligible for lindane). Sorption onto the sediment significantly influenced the rate of penetration of the compounds into the sediment; thus although lindane had a larger effective diffusion coefficient than simazine, its larger sorption affinity and negligible diffusion in the sorbed phase led to less penetration into the sediment. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
Microsecond electro-optic switching of nematic liquid crystals with giant dielectric anisotropy (2019)

Nematic liquid crystals exhibit a fast optical response when the applied electric field modifies the degree of order but does not change the direction of molecular orientation. The effect requires a relatively high electric field, on the order of 10^8 V/m for a field induced birefringence change of 0.01. To address this detrimental issue, this work explores electrically induced modification of the order parameter in a material with a giant dielectric anisotropy of +200. A relatively weak field 3X10^7 V/m causes a significant change of birefringence, by about 0.04. Both switching on and off times are ~10 microseconds. The effect is called a microsecond electrically modified order parameter (MEMOP) and can be used in electro-optical devices, such as fast electro-optic shutters, phase modulators, and beam-steerers that require microsecond response times.