gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of a Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity assay for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis (1990)

A cytotoxicity assay with Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) capable of detecting 750 pg of pertussis toxin was assessed for use as a rapid test for the diagnosis of pertussis and compared with direct immunofluorescence (DFA). With pure bacterial cultures and simulated clinical specimens, the CHO assay detected as few as two colonies of Bordetella pertussis; no cytotoxicity occurred with other respiratory tract microorganisms. Next, nasopharyngeal aspirate secretions and nasopharyngeal cultures harvested after 72 h of incubation from 57 culture-positive and 201 culture-negative patients were examined. The CHO assay with nasopharyngeal secretions was positive in 25 (45%) of 55 culture-positive cases; DFA was positive in 15 (26%) of 57 cases (P = 0.05). The CHO assay with 72-h culture washes was positive in 42 (75%) of 57 culture-positive cases (P less than 0.001 compared with DFA). The CHO assay was more specific than DFA; all five CHO-positive, culture-negative cases were confirmed as true positives by serologic or toxin neutralization assays. In contrast, only 4 (36%) of 11 DFA-positive, culture-negative cases were confirmed as pertussis by serologic methods (P = 0.03). Combining the CHO assay with culture significantly decreased the delay in laboratory diagnosis of pertussis (3.30 versus 4.54 days; P = 0.01). The CHO assay is a sensitive and specific assay for the rapid diagnosis of pertussis.
Hydrodynamic Focused Passive Separation Under Continuous Flow (2011)

A continuous flow symmetric passive separation device was designed using an equivalent circuit to create variable flow rates to drain channels and collection outlets. The inlet reservoir was placed in the axis of symmetry and in line to downstream buffer inlets for hydrodynamic focusing. This inlet reservoir was sufficiently larger than the different inlet connections that were punched into it. By varying the diameter of the inlet connection into the reservoir, the distribution and therefore separation of particles could be influenced to significance. Not only was the ratio of sample inlet diameter to reservoir important, but so was the relative position along the y-axis of the reservoir. We found that a 2:1 ratio and placement at the top and middle of the reservoir yielded the best separation results. Further analysis of the velocity profile in the reservoir was explored using COMSOL Multyphysics®. The observed paths of particle trajectory corroborated with the models. Lastly this device aimed to provide an aspect of separation simple enough to be included in conjunction with other passive separation geometries to further enhance results and throughput.
Infiltration of Polymer Hole-Conductor into Mesoporous Titania Structures for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2012)

The degree of filling of titania nanostructures with a solid hole-conducting material is important for the performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs). Different ways to infiltrate the hole-conducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) into titania structures, both granular structures as they are already applied commercially and tailored sponge nanostructures, are investigated. The solar cell performance is compared to the morphology determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time-of-flight grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS). The granular titania structure, commonly used for ssDSSCs, shows a large distribution of particle and pore sizes, with porosities in the range from 41 to 67%, including even dense parts without pores. In contrast, the tailored sponge nanostructure has well-defined pore sizes of 25 nm with an all-over porosity of 54%. Filling of the titania structures with P3HT by solution casting results in a mesoscopic P3HT overlayer and consequently a bad solar cell performance, even though a filling ratio of 67% is observed. For the infiltration by repeated spin coating, only 57% pore filling is achieved, whereas filling by soaking in the solvent with subsequent spin coating yields filling as high as 84% in the case of the tailored titania sponge structures. The granular titania structure is filled less completely than the well-defined porous structures. The solar cell performance is increased with an increasing filling ratio for these two ways of infiltration. Therefore, filling by soaking in the solvent with subsequent spin coating is proposed.
Distribution of occupied and unoccupied estrogen receptors in the rat brain: effects of physiological gonadal steroid exposure. (1995)

In vitro autoradiographic methods have been developed for selective measurement of occupied and unoccupied estrogen receptors (ERs) in brain tissue sections. Addition of protamine sulfate traps unoccupied ERs in the tissue sections, allowing them to be detected after a short period of incubation with labeled estrogen. Occupied ERs are assessed, after washing in buffer without protamine to eliminate unoccupied receptor, by incubating the sections for 2 h at 37 C to exchange isotopically labeled steroid for the endogenous unlabeled ligand. Total ER binding capacity is estimated by summing the values for occupied and unoccupied ER. In all brain regions of normal females, ER occupation is low at estrus, reflecting the very low levels of circulating estradiol present at this stage of the estrous cycle, rising to approximately 50% of binding capacity at proestrus. By contrast, in intact males ER occupation varies considerably between brain regions, from a high of 55% of binding capacity in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to a low of 21% in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Gonadectomy or treatment of intact males with the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxy androstenedione greatly reduces or eliminates ER occupation, depending on the brain region. In both sexes, changes in levels of endogenous gonadal steroids have little effect on total (occupied plus unoccupied) ER concentrations, with the exception of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the female, in which total ER concentration declines at estrus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that local aromatization may be the primary determinant of regional ER occupation in the brain of the male rat, in contrast to the female, in which high levels of ER occupation are found only during the preovulatory estrogen surge. Although physiological changes in circulating estradiol and aromatizable androgen concentrations induce large changes in ER occupation, they have little effect on total ER content in most regions of the brain, suggesting that previous reports of changes in ER messenger RNA levels under different conditions of gonadal steroid exposure may not be directly reflected in steady state levels of the cognate receptor site.
Retro‐Diels–Alder Approach to the Synthesis of π‐Expanded Azuliporphyrins and Their Porphyrinoid Aromaticity (2012)

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (BCOD) fused azuliporphyrins were synthesized by 3+1 porphyrin synthesis of azulitripyrranes with diformylpyrroles. Subsequent retro-Diels-Alder reaction of the BCOD-fused azuliporphyrins afforded azulibenzo-, azulidibenzo-, and azulitribenzoporphyrins 1-5. NMR and UV/Vis spectra, as well as nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations revealed that 1-5 and their diprotonated dications exhibit relatively low porphyrinoid aromaticity, which was dependent on the position and number of fused benzene rings present.
Diffraction Effects in the Near Field (1995)

This dissertation is concerned with understanding and analyzing some of the effects of diffraction in the near field. The contributions of homogeneous and of evanescent waves to two-dimensional near-field diffraction patterns of scalar fields are examined in detail. Exact relations are obtained for calculating these contributions for arbitrary propagation distances, along with approximate expressions for the near field. The behavior of the two contributions is illustrated for the case of a plane wave diffracted by a slit in an opaque screen. The finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) method is used examine the influence of exact boundary values on the near field for the case of a slit in a thin perfectly conducting screen. The FD-TD numerical results are displayed in color images that illustrate the intricate behavior of the amplitude and the phase of the field in the vicinity of the slit. These numerical results are compared with the predictions of approximate theories. Some new methods for determining near-fields in rigorous diffraction problems involving thin screens are discussed. Specifically, new approximate theories of diffraction are introduced for both scalar and electromagnetic fields and an iterative Fourier-based algorithm is proposed for solving the rigorous boundary value problem. In order to understand the effects of an optical vortex on diffraction, the field emerging from a spiral phase plate illuminated by a Gaussian beam is examined. It is shown that the amplitude profile of the emerging field changes appreciably over propagation distances that are much smaller than the Rayleigh range.
Large-Core Hollow-Core Antiresonant Fiber with Low-Loss and Truly Single-Mode Guidance for N-IR Wavelengths (2018)

We report on the modeling and characterization of a truly single-mode hollow-core antiresonant fiber with a transmission band covering part of the near-infrared spectral region. Measured losses are 0.075 dB/m and 0.052 dB/m at 1.55 μm and 2.0 μm respectively.
An Integrated Multiomics Approach to Identify Candidate Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Human Onchocerciasis* (2015)

Improved diagnostic methods are needed to support ongoing efforts to eliminate onchocerciasis (river blindness). This study used an integrated approach to identify adult female Onchocerca volvulus antigens that can be explored for developing serodiagnostic tests. The first step was to develop a detailed multi-omics database of all O. volvulus proteins deduced from the genome, gene transcription data for different stages of the parasite including eight individual female worms (providing gene expression information for 94.8% of all protein coding genes), and the adult female worm proteome (detecting 2126 proteins). Next, female worm proteins were purified with IgG antibodies from onchocerciasis patients and identified using LC-MS with a high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A total of 241 immunoreactive proteins were identified among those bound by IgG from infected individuals but not IgG from uninfected controls. These included most of the major diagnostic antigens described over the past 25 years plus many new candidates. Proteins of interest were prioritized for further study based on a lack of conservation with orthologs in the human host and other helminthes, their expression pattern across the life cycle, and their consistent expression among individual female worms. Based on these criteria, we selected 33 proteins that should be carried forward for testing as serodiagnostic antigens to supplement existing diagnostic tools. These candidates, together with the extensive pan-omics dataset generated in this study are available to the community (http://nematode.net) to facilitate basic and translational research on onchocerciasis.
Sulfination of Alcohols with p‐Toluenesulfonylmethyl Isocyanide under Metal‐Free Conditions: A Mitsunobu Approach (2016)

Abstract A Mitsunobu approach for the synthesis of sulfinate esters by direct nucleophilic substitution of alcohols is described. The salient features of this strategy include neutral and metal‐free conditions for the rapid synthesis of sulfinates in high yields. The present protocol using p ‐toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) and the triphenylphosphine (TPP)/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) reagent system represents the general synthetic route to this important class of compounds. magnified image
Anisotropic colloidal particles near boundaries (2022)

Anisotropic colloidal particles are regularly found in applications ranging from health to energy. These particles, typically with non-uniform shape or surface chemistry, interact with boundaries in unique ways, offering pathways to complex assemblies and active systems. Work in this field over the past two decades rapidly advanced, with the last five years seeing significant innovation. One common thread joining many studies and applications is that of the presence of boundaries in the form of a nearby wall or neighboring particle. Asymmetry introduced by a neighboring boundary often leads to unique and surprising particle dynamics from the resulting anisotropic surface interactions. Herein, we provide background for the area, some recent distinctive examples, and describe recent work from our group developing a technique to measure surface interactions of anisotropic particles. Note that we focused on anisotropic “colloidal” particles with the size ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm in the presence of externally or internally generated fields. Within this context, we then motivate and describe recent work from our group developing an ultra-microscopy technique called Scattering Morphology Resolved Total Internal Reflection Microscopy. Finally, we finish the perspective article by identifying challenges and providing an outlook for the field.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 4 Supports Insulin- and Interleukin 4-Stimulated Proliferation of Hematopoietic Cells (1999)

Signaling from the activated insulin receptor is initiated by its tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). The IRSs then act as docking/effector proteins for various signaling proteins containing src homology 2 domains. Four members of the IRS family, designated IRS-1 through IRS-4, have been identified. Although these IRSs show considerable structural homology, the extent to which they overlap in functions has not been explored in detail. The 32D hematopoietic cell line, which contains no detectable amounts of any IRS, provides a system in which to determine whether an IRS supports cell proliferation. Previous studies have shown that introduction of IRS-1 or -2 into 32D cells overexpressing the insulin and IL-4 receptors (32D-R cells) enables the cells to undergo mitogenesis in response to insulin and IL-4. In the present study, we have examined IRS-4, a member of the IRS family that we recently discovered, in this system. Expression of IRS-4 in 32D-R cells permitted the cells to undergo mitogenesis and continuous proliferation in response to insulin and IL-4. Immunoblotting of phosphotyrosine proteins showed that insulin and IL-4 elicited the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-4 in these cells. Thus, IRS-4, like IRS-1 and -2, can function in the signal transduction pathways linking insulin and IL-4 receptors to cell proliferation.
Fabrication of a lead ion selective membrane based on a polycarbazole Sn(iv) arsenotungstate nanocomposite and its ion exchange membrane (IEM) kinetic studies (2021)

A polycarbazole-Sn(iv) arsenotungstate (Pcz-SnAT) nanocomposite cation exchanger membrane (CEM) was prepared <i>via</i> the casting solution technique utilizing polycarbazole-Sn(iv) arsenotungstate and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) as a binder. The synthesis of the Pcz-SnAT membrane was confirmed <i>via</i> various characterization methods such as EDX, SEM, TGA, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy. This membrane having a 4.5 : 1 composition ratio of composite by PVC exhibited the most effective outcomes for swelling, thickness, porosity, and water content. Our research indicates that the present ion selective membrane electrode is selective towards Pb(ii) ions, with the detection limit ranging from 1 × 10<sup>-7</sup> mol L<sup>-1</sup> to 1 × 10<sup>-1</sup> mol L<sup>-1</sup> where 20 s is the response time and 3-7 is the working value pH. The mechanism of the Pcz SnAT ion exchange membrane was obtained by kinetic studies by utilizing the equation given by Nernst Planck at 40-80 °C. As a result, activation energy and thermodynamic studies were done. The analytical utility of this electrode is conventional by utilizing it as an electrode indicator within the potentiometric titration.
769-P: Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Orforglipron (LY3502970), an Oral, Nonpeptide GLP-1 Receptor Agonist (2023)

Orforglipron [OFG (LY3502970)] is an oral, non-peptide glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). This reports the results of 2 studies that assessed PK, safety, and tolerability of OFG in healthy subjects, fasted and fed state, after single and repeated doses. Studies A and B were phase 1, randomized, open-label, crossover studies evaluating the effect of food on OFG concentration in healthy adults after a single 3 mg dose (study A) and after a 16 mg daily dose (study B), which was reached by weekly dose escalation starting with 2 mg. Based on statistical analysis, Cmax was 23% (study A) and 21% (study B) lower in the fed state. AUC(0-∞), and AUC(0-24) were 24% (study A) and 18% (study B) lower when administered with food. Tmax and T1/2 were similar with or without food. In study A and B, treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild. In study B, TEAEs occurred most often with the starting dose and decreased with dose escalation. The most common TEAEs in study B were decreased appetite (69.7%), nausea (48.5%), and vomiting (45.5%). Overall mean exposure to OFG based on Cmax and AUC was numerically lower when administered with food and had little effect on Tmax and T1/2. Based on exposure response relationship, PK differences are unlikely to result in clinically meaningful differences in OFG safety and efficacy. Phase 3 studies are planned without food or water restrictions. Disclosure X.Ma: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. R.Liu: None. E.J.Pratt: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. C.Benson: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. S.N.Bhattachar: None.
Application of discrete time sliding mode control to a spacecraft in 6DoF (2010)

This paper presents the application of two separate discrete time sliding mode controllers, developed in conjunction with a potential function guidance method, to provide control in both position and attitude for a rigid, holonomic spacecraft body. The system is demonstrated in MATLABTM simulations to illustrate effectiveness&lt;br/&gt;under realistic actuator constraints.
Power flow for spacecraft power systems (2003)

A method for constructing the generalized system-level admittance matrix for use with a Newton-Raphson power flow is presented. The network modeling technique presented does not use the standard pi-equivalent models, which assume a lossless return path, for the transmission line and transformer. If the return path cannot be assumed lossless, then the standard algorithms for constructing the system admittance matrix cannot be used. The method presented uses concepts from linear graph theory to combine network modules to form the system-level admittance matrix. The modeling technique is presented, and the resulting matrix is used with a standard Newton-Raphson power flow to calculate all system voltages and current (power) flows.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Passive harmonic modelocking in monolithic compound-cavitylaser diodes (2000)

Passive harmonic modelocking operation of novel compound-cavity laser diodes is demonstrated. The modelocking rates can be readily scaled up into the terahertz domain and enable applications in terahertz imaging, medicine, ultrafast optical links, and atmospheric sensing.
Joint Formation in Multilayered Ultrasonic Welding of Ni-Coated Cu and the Effect of Preheating (2018)

Multilayered ultrasonic welding (USW) is widely used in joining of electrodes or tabs in lithium-ion batteries. To achieve quality joints and enhance the welding process robustness, an improved understanding of the joint formation is highly desirable. In this paper, USW of four-layered Ni-coated Cu is studied to investigate the joint formation at a single interface and joint propagation from interface to interface under both ambient and preheated conditions. The results indicate that joint formation involves three major mechanisms: Ni–Ni bonding with minimal mechanical interlocking, Ni–Ni bonding with moderate mechanical interlocking, and a combination of Ni–Ni bonding, Cu–Cu bonding, and severe mechanical interlocking. Results also show that joints propagate from the interface close to the sonotrode side to that close to the anvil side. It is further observed that the joint formation can be accelerated and the joint strength can be improved with process preheating, especially at the interface closest to the anvil. The effect of preheating is most significant during the early stage of the process, and diminishes as process progresses. The favorable effects of preheating improve the robustness of multilayered USW.
A MPEG-Based Architecture for Generic Distributed Multimedia Scenarios (2010)

This paper presents a standards-based architecture for a complex and generic distributed multimedia scenario, which combines content search and retrieval, DRM, and context-based content adap- tation together. It is an innovative and totally generic approach trying to narrow the semantic-gap by integrating a fl exible language for multimedia search based on MPEG Query Format (MPQF) standard with the application of video analysis algorithms for the automatic extraction of low level features and with the use of contextual information.
SOLAR: A Solar Powered Unmanned Aircraft System (2017)

There is an ever-increasing need in industry and the scientific community in general for unmanned endurance drones and aircraft. Facebook, Amazon, Airbus, the military, search and rescue teams, and healthcare centers all have a need for these kind of drones whose uses vary based on the specific need. Whether it is a new way of providing WiFi in remote areas, package delivery, the need to expedite medical equipment, or using radar and camera technology to perform search and rescue, there are a plethora of suitable applications. One way to meet this need is to use solar and battery technology in order to provide long-distance, self-sustained flight for an extended time period. Our project entails building and designing a solar-powered plane with ability to be remote-controlled and carry a specified weight as cargo incorporated into the design. The drone will likely be classified as a Class 3, close range (less than 5000 ft of altitude), Level 0 remotely piloted vehicle; however the drone will not reach a top speed of 100 mph speed as most Class 3 drones do.