gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Force feedback in surgery: physical constraints and haptic information (2006)

Force feedback is widely assumed to enhance performance in robotic surgery, but its benefits have not yet been systematically assessed. Further, the cost of force sensors that allow force feedback is prohibitive, due to the stringent specifications imposed by the surgical environment. We address both sides of this cost benefit analysis of force feedback by investigating the specific benefits allowed by force feedback and by proposing a novel force sensor design. 
We demonstrate the benefit of force feedback in surgery through a series of psychophysical experiments. By investigating performance on tasks with and without force feedback, we find that the primary benefit of force feedback is that interaction forces are reduced. This results in an increase in patient safety, because high forces correlate directly with tissue trauma. Two mechanisms enable force reduction and other benefits: (1) force feedback transforms environmental interaction forces into mechanical constraints and (2) forces act as a source of information. Mechanical constraints passively reduce intrusions into environmental structures (and, thereby, forces) due to the interactions between hand compliance and environment stiffness. Because this benefit is passive, it happens without a cognitive response. Accordingly, these benefits occur instantaneously, on the time scale of mechanical interactions. Force feedback also allows additional manipulation strategies that take advantage of these physical interactions, potentially reducing mental workload of the surgeon. We also find that force feedback provides information to the surgeon. While the number of ways that forces can potentially inform surgeons is large, the interaction between training and other sources of information is complex. We find that training is necessary, in some contexts, to take full advantage of the informational benefits of force feedback in surgery. 
We propose a three axis force sensor design using strain gages and Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM), where components are embedded inside a pourable epoxy. The resulting sensor (+/-2 N range, 0.15 RMS calibration error, 0.15 N drift over five minutes) is small enough for minimally invasive surgery, waterproof, and temperature insensitive. Adapting the SDM design for mass production is straightforward (sensors are cast inreusable molds), resulting in high performance, low cost, disposable sensors.
Simulation and design of a burst mode 20Mfps global shutter high conversion gain CMOS image sensor in a standard 180nm CMOS image sensor process using sequential transfer gates (2023)

A sequential transfer-gate and photodiode optimization method for CMOS Image sensors are described in this paper, which enables the design of large-scale ultra-high-speed burst mode CMOS Image sensors in a low-cost standard CMOS Image sensor process without the need for process customization or advanced process. The sequential transfer gates also show a clear advantage in minimizing the floating diffusion capacitance and improving image sensor conversion gain in large-scale pixels.
Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models (2022)

Language models demonstrate both quantitative improvement and new qualitative capabilities with increasing scale. Despite their potentially transformative impact, these new capabilities are as yet poorly characterized. In order to inform future research, prepare for disruptive new model capabilities, and ameliorate socially harmful effects, it is vital that we understand the present and near-future capabilities and limitations of language models. To address this challenge, we introduce the Beyond the Imitation Game benchmark (BIG-bench). BIG-bench currently consists of 204 tasks, contributed by 450 authors across 132 institutions. Task topics are diverse, drawing problems from linguistics, childhood development, math, common-sense reasoning, biology, physics, social bias, software development, and beyond. BIG-bench focuses on tasks that are believed to be beyond the capabilities of current language models. We evaluate the behavior of OpenAI's GPT models, Google-internal dense transformer architectures, and Switch-style sparse transformers on BIG-bench, across model sizes spanning millions to hundreds of billions of parameters. In addition, a team of human expert raters performed all tasks in order to provide a strong baseline. Findings include: model performance and calibration both improve with scale, but are poor in absolute terms (and when compared with rater performance); performance is remarkably similar across model classes, though with benefits from sparsity; tasks that improve gradually and predictably commonly involve a large knowledge or memorization component, whereas tasks that exhibit "breakthrough" behavior at a critical scale often involve multiple steps or components, or brittle metrics; social bias typically increases with scale in settings with ambiguous context, but this can be improved with prompting.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Early Left Ventricular Enlargement After Experimental Myocardial Infarction in Mice (1999)

-Administration of an MMP inhibitor attenuates early left ventricular dilation after experimental MI in mice. Further studies in genetically altered mice and other models will improve understanding of the role of MMPs in left ventricular remodeling.
High Power Performance of Rod Fiber Amplifiers (2015)

An improved version of the DMF rod fiber is tested in a high power setup delivering 360W of stable signal power. Multiple testing degrades the fiber and transverse modal instability threshold from &gt;360W to ~290W.
Effect of atrial pacing on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation. A human study (2008)

ANT and POST pacing CL affected ventricular CL during atrial fibrillation, even though capture was transient. The opposite direction of the effects of ANT and POST pacing CL on ventricular CL may indicate that the atrial impulses from the POST region are more likely to conduct to the ventricle than impulses from the ANT region as the CL of activation is decreased.
Genome-wide association study of classical Hodgkin lymphoma identifies key regulators of disease susceptibility (2017)

Several susceptibility loci for classical Hodgkin lymphoma have been reported. However, much of the heritable risk is unknown. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of two existing genome-wide association studies, a new genome-wide association study, and replication totalling 5,314 cases and 16,749 controls. We identify risk loci for all classical Hodgkin lymphoma at 6q22.33 (rs9482849, P = 1.52 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) and for nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma at 3q28 (rs4459895, P = 9.43 × 10<sup>-17</sup>), 6q23.3 (rs6928977, P = 4.62 × 10<sup>-11</sup>), 10p14 (rs3781093, P = 9.49 × 10<sup>-13</sup>), 13q34 (rs112998813, P = 4.58 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) and 16p13.13 (rs34972832, P = 2.12 × 10<sup>-8</sup>). Additionally, independent loci within the HLA region are observed for nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (rs9269081, HLA-DPB1*03:01, Val86 in HLA-DRB1) and mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma (rs1633096, rs13196329, Val86 in HLA-DRB1). The new and established risk loci localise to areas of active chromatin and show an over-representation of transcription factor binding for determinants of B-cell development and immune response.
Cryoelectrolysis for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: A First Order Feasibility Study. (2018)

This early stage experimental work suggests that cryoelectrolysis may have potential for treatment of AFib.
3-Chloro-2-(phenylsulfinyl)-1-propene and 3-chloro-2-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-propene: preparation and utility as reagents for .alpha.,.alpha.'-annelation of cyclic ketones (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT3-Chloro-2-(phenylsulfinyl)-1-propene and 3-chloro-2-(phenylsulfonyl)-1-propene: preparation and utility as reagents for .alpha.,.alpha.'-annelation of cyclic ketonesPeter B. Anzeveno, Donald P. Matthews, Charlotte L. Barney, and Robert J. BarbuchCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 17, 3134–3138Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00191a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00191a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views169Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sugar‐beet chitinase inhibits the growth of a spruce pathogen (1995)

Summary The inhibiting effect of sugar‐beet chitinase, a defence enzyme in plants, on the growth of the fungi Heterobasidion annosum and Gremmeniella abietina was examined. The enzyme inhibited the growth of H. annosum , but had no effect on G. abietina . The role of hydrolytic enzymes in defence is briefly discussed.
Lymphopenia is an Independent Predictor of Inferior Outcome in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (2012)

In 430 patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma lymphopenia was associated with lower overall survival independent of pT and TNM stages, nuclear grade, age, tobacco smoking and comorbidity index.
Role of glutathione in reversing the deleterious effects of a thiol-oxidizing agent in Escherichia coli (1978)

Diamide was found to be much less specific for the oxidation of glutathione in vivo in Escherichia coli than had been previously assumed. In vivo, only a slight alteration of the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione was found, whereas a significant amount of glutathione was found in the form of mixed disulfide with proteins. This latter occurrence was postulated as being responsible for the bacteriostatic effect of diamide.
Discovery of Innovative Small Molecule Therapeutics (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVPerspectiveNEXTDiscovery of Innovative Small Molecule TherapeuticsMagid Abou-Gharbia†View Author Information Center for Drug Discovery Research, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140†Contact information. Phone: (215) 707-4949. Fax: (215) 707-4701. E-mail: [email protected].Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1, 2–9Publication Date (Web):December 10, 2008Publication History Received9 October 2008Published online10 December 2008Published inissue 8 January 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm8012823https://doi.org/10.1021/jm8012823review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views12967Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Drug discovery,Optimization,Pharmaceuticals,Screening assays,Therapeutics Get e-Alerts
Costs of unicompartmental compared with total knee arthroplasty (2021)

Despite higher revision rates, patients undergoing UKA had lower mean healthcare costs than those undergoing TKA up to ten years following the procedure, at which time costs were comparable. In the era of value-based care, surgeons and policymakers should be aware of the costs involved with these procedures. UKA was associated with fewer complications at one year postoperatively but higher revision rates at five and ten years. While UKA was significantly less costly than TKA at one and five years, costs at ten years were comparable with a mean difference of only $14. Lowering the risk of revision surgery should be targeted as a source of cost savings for both UKA and TKA as the mean related healthcare costs were 2.5-fold higher in patients requiring revision surgery. Cite this article: <i>Bone Joint J</i> 2021;103-B(6 Supple A):23-31.
Immunohistochemical and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Expression Analysis of Tyrosinase and Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor in Angiomyolipomas (2001)

Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) show a characteristic immunoreactivity with melanocyte differentiation markers such as monoclonal antibody (mAb) HMB45, which detects melanocyte differentiation antigen gp100 and mAb A103 reacting with Melan-A/MART-1. Monoclonal antibody T311 to tyrosinase (a key enzyme of melanogenesis) and mAb D5 to the microphthalmia (Mitf) antigen are two newly available markers of melanocytic differentiation. The authors tested 15 AMLs with T311 and D5 by immunohistochemistry and a subset of 3 cases by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for their expression of tyrosinase and Mitf mRNA. T311 showed poor sensitivity in AMLs because only focal staining was seen in 1 out of 15 cases, although tyrosinase mRNA was found in all tested cases. Mitf mRNA was present in 3 of 3 tested cases, and D5 was positive in 15 of 15 AMLs. However, D5 immunostaining often was focal and not as homogeneous as A103, which was analyzed in a previous study. D5 staining also could be seen in other cell types such as normal renal tubular cells, macrophages, and renal cell carcinoma. The current results show that in contrast with HMB45 and A103, T311 has little or no value in the diagnosis of AMLs. D5 may be useful in a panel of antibodies in the diagnosis of AMLs.
Association and orientation of C70 on complexation with calix[5]arene (2003)

Calix[5]arene and C70 in p-xylene form a ball-and-socket supramolecular complex with the C5 axis of the fullerene tilted 40 degrees relative to the symmetry axis of the calixarene, the extended structure is comprised of well-separated zigzag sheets of C70 molecules.
Codimensional Optimization of Differential Via Padstacks (2022)

In printed circuit boards, vias are needed when signals make layer transitions. Typically, via transitions are defined through padstacks. These padstacks provide geometrical manufacturing characteristics of the transitions such as via drill size, pad size, antipad size and thermal tolerance. Differential via design consists of padstack definition and relative positioning to other padstacks such as signal and reference as well as entry and exit trace parameters. At high speeds, vias cause reflections if they are not well designed. When stack-ups have a lot of signal layers, optimizing via padstack for each signal transition is going to be cumbersome. Using a padstack optimized for one signal transition on other transitions may degrade signal performance. In this work, a simultaneous codimensional optimization to differential via padstack designs is proposed to optimize a single padstack definition so that it can handle multiple entry/exit layer transitions.
Targeting Malaria with Polyamines (2004)

During the asexual cycle of Plasmodium falciparum within the host erythrocyte, the parasite induces a stage-dependent elevation in the levels of polyamines by increased metabolism and uptake of extracellular pools. Polyamine amides of N-methylanthranilic acid have been synthesized which have embedded within them putrescine, spermidine, or spermine and from a charge perspective mimic natural polyamines. The interaction of these polyamine conjugates with human erythrocytes infected with malaria is described using fluorescent microscopy. The fluorescent spermine mimic was the only probe to show measurable intracellular accumulation. This was observed in late stage development but not in the ring stages or in uninfected erythrocytes.
NMR spectra of porphyrins. 18. A ring-current model for chlorophyll derivatives (1982)

A double dipole model of the macrocyclic ring current in the dihydroporphyrin ring of chlorophyll derivatives is presented and parameterized. The model includes a close-range approximation that has both first-order and second-order continuity at all points in space, except through the current loop itself. The model is tested by comparison of the proton chemical shifts of methyl pyropheophorbide a (1) with the corresponding porphyrin, 2-vinylphylloerythrin methyl ester (2). Aggregation effects were eliminated by use of the zinc(II) complexes bearing an apical pyrrolidine ligand, and substitution effects were isolated by use of the corresponding chlorin and porphyrin 9-ketals (3 and 4, respectively). The exocyclic ring E has no appreciable effect on the macrocyclic ring current, but the C9 keto function and the reduction in ring D in the chlorin both reduce the ring current by about 6 and 10%, respectively. The resulting model gives a good account of the chemical shift differences of all the protons in methyl pyropheophorbide a and 2-vinylphylloerythrin methyl ester. Owing to very low yields encountered in the preparation of 2-vinylphylloerythrin methyl ester from methyl pyropheophorbide a, a new route involving DDQ oxidation of the chlorin 9-ketal (3) is described. © 1982, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. Volume 724. Biological and Biomimetic Materials - Properties to Function (2002)

Partial contents: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. Extracellular Matrix Molecules Involved in Barnacle Shell Mineralization. Molecular Mechanism of Bacterial Magnetite Formation and Its Application. Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Stratum Corneum. Biologically-Based Self-Assembling Hydrogels Self-Assembly of a Modular Polypeptide Based on Blocks of Silk-Mimetic and Elastin-Mimetic Sequences. In Vitro Vascular Cell Adhesion and Proliferation on Alkaline Degraded Poly-lactic/glycolic Acid Polymers. Nanoscale Patterning of Antigen on Silicon Substrate to Examine Mast Cell Activation. Formation, Characterization, Protein Resistance, and Reactivity of CI3Si(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)3OH Self-Assembled Monolayers. Helical, Disordered, and What That Means: Structural Characterization of a New Series of Methyl 1-Thiaoligo(ethylene Oxide) Self-Assembled Monolayers... Selectivity of Polypeptide Binding to Nanoscale Substrates. Developing Bio-Stable and Biodegradable Composites for Tissue Replacement and Tissue Regeneration. Effects of Counterface Roughness and Conformity on the Tribological Performance of Crosslinked and Non-Crosslinked Medical-Grade Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Effects of Ionic Flow and Amelogenins on the Lengthwise Growth of Octacalcium Phosphate Crystals in a Model System of Tooth Enamel Formation.
Robustness Against Gradient based Attacks through Cost Effective Network Fine-Tuning (2023)

Adversarial perturbations aim to modify the image pixels in an imperceptible manner such that the CNN classifier misclassifies an image, whereas humans can predict the original class. Several defense algorithms against adversarial attacks are proposed in the literature, such as binary classification which aims to detect adversarial examples, and network retraining using perturbed images. The challenge with the adversarial detection approach is that once the perturbed samples are detected, they are discarded, and the system requires fresh input. On the other hand, adversarial training requires the generation of adversarial images for data augmentation and hence is computationally demanding. It is well known that training a deep CNN architecture is resource-intensive, and therefore retraining again from scratch is not feasible in resource-constrained scenarios. We propose computationally efficient fine-tuning of pre-trained networks to increase their robustness against the prevalent gradient-based attacks. The proposed finetuning is performed in a complete black-box fashion, where we do not know the training setting such as optimizer, batch size, and learning rate used in the training of the network. Extensive experiments using multiple CNN architectures such as VGG and ResNet show that the proposed fine-tuning provides significant robustness against various widespread gradient attacks.
Novel Palladium‐on‐Carbon/Diphenyl Sulfide Complex for Chemoselective Hydrogenation: Preparation, Characterization, and Application (2008)

Abstract A diphenyl sulfide immobilized on palladium‐on‐carbon system, Pd/C[Ph 2 S], was developed to achieve the highly chemoselective hydrogenation of alkenes, acetylenes, azides, and nitro groups in the presence of aromatic ketones, halides, benzyl esters, and N‐Cbz protective groups. Instrumental analyses of the heterogeneous catalyst demonstrated that diphenyl sulfide was embedded on Pd/C via coordination of its sulfur atom to palladium metal or physical interaction with graphite layers of the activated carbon. The catalyst could be recovered and reused at least five times without any significant loss of the reactivity.
Minimized-Laplacian residual interpolation for color image demosaicking (2014)

A color difference interpolation technique is widely used for color image demosaicking. In this paper, we propose <i>a minimized-laplacian residual interpolation </i>(MLRI) as an alternative to the color difference interpolation, where the residuals are differences between observed and tentatively estimated pixel values. In the MLRI, we estimate the tentative pixel values by minimizing the Laplacian energies of the residuals. This residual image transfor- mation allows us to interpolate more easily than the standard color difference transformation. We incorporate the proposed MLRI into the gradient based threshold free (GBTF) algorithm, which is one of current state-of- the-art demosaicking algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed demosaicking algorithm can outperform the state-of-the-art algorithms for the 30 images of the IMAX and the Kodak datasets.