gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Content-Aware Automated Parameter Tuning for Approximate Color Transforms (2020)

There are numerous approximate color transforms reported in the literature that aim to reduce display power consumption by imperceptibly changing the color content of displayed images. To be practical, these techniques need to be content-aware in picking transformation parameters to preserve perceptual quality. This work presents a computationally-efficient method for calculating a parameter lower bound for approximate color transform parameters based on the content to be transformed. We conduct a user study with 62 participants and 6,400 image pair comparisons to derive the proposed solution. We use the user study results to predict this lower bound reliably with a 1.6% mean squared error by using simple image-color-based heuristics. We show that these heuristics have Pearson and Spearman rank correlation coefficients greater than 0.7 (p<0.01) and that our model generalizes beyond the data from the user study. The user study results also show that the color transform is able to achieve up to 50% power saving with most users reporting negligible visual impairment.
Security against hardware Trojan through a novel application of design obfuscation (2009)

Malicious hardware Trojan circuitry inserted in safety-critical applications is a major threat to national security. In this work, we propose a novel application of a key-based obfus-cation technique to achieve security against hardware Trojans. The obfuscation scheme is based on modifying the state transition function of a given circuit by expanding its reachable state space and enabling it to operate in two distinct modes — the normal mode and the obfuscated mode. Such a modification obfuscates the rareness of the internal circuit nodes, thus making it difficult for an adversary to insert hard-to-detect Trojans. It also makes some inserted Trojans benign by making them activate only in the obfuscated mode. The combined effect leads to higher Trojan detectability and higher level of protection against such attack. Simulation results for a set of benchmark circuits show that the scheme is capable of achieving high levels of security at modest design overhead. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.6.1 [Logic Design]: Design Styles-sequential circuits; K.6.5 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: Security and Protection-physical security General Terms Design, Security
Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis Compared with Falls in Healthy Controls (2014)

Fall risk, circumstances, consequences, and causes are different for PwMS than for healthy people of the same age and gender. PwMS fall more, are more likely to be injured by a fall, and often fall indoors. PwMS, but not healthy controls, frequently fall because they are distracted, fatigued or hot.
Mechanical properties of high porosity low-kdielectric nano-films determined by Brillouin light scattering (2012)

Integrating nanometre sized pores into hybrid organic-inorganic interconnect layers is one of the key approaches being undertaken by the semiconductor industry to sustain the continued scale down of micro-electronic devices. While increasing porosity of the layers achieves the desirable lowering of the dielectric constant (k), it also has the potential to reduce mechanical and thermal stability and degrade device functionality. We report on Brillouin light scattering to measure the independent elastic constants, and thus the mechanical properties, of ultrathin dielectric films with porosity levels up to 45%, the highest in the industry. Longitudinal and transverse acoustic standing mode type excitations were observed from sub 200 nm thick low-k thin films, and their frequency dispersion and associated light scattering intensities were utilized to determine Poisson's ratio (ν) and Young's modulus (E). In comparison with SiO2 and non-porous low-k materials, significant modifications were found in ν and E of these highly porous carbon-doped SiO2 (Si–O–C–H) and amorphous carbon (a-C : H) low-k interlayer dielectrics.
Photonic crystal devices for wavelength division multiplexing and slow photon generation (2005)

Photonic crystal based nanophotonic devices have been studied for various applications. One important type of devices are optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) that consist of photonic crystal cavities and waveguides. We show some novel device architectures and concepts to achieve better performance for such devices and discuss the non-vanishing backscattering issue. We fabricate high-quality photonic crystal waveguides on silicon-on-insulator substrates toward the ultimate goal of implementing the proposed OADM. Low optical loss, slow group velocity, and high dispersion are demonstrated in the fabricated waveguides, which is of interest to slow photon generation and optical delay line applications as well.
Cell cycle control of higher-order chromatin assembly around naked DNA in vitro. (1991)

We have developed an in vitro system in which higher-order chromatin structures are assembled around naked DNAs in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Membrane-free soluble extracts specific to interphase and mitotic states were prepared from Xenopus eggs. When high molecular weight DNA is incubated with interphase extracts, fluffy chromatin-like structures are assembled. In contrast, mitotic extracts produce highly condensed chromosome-like structures. Immunofluorescence studies show that a monoclonal antibody MPM-2, which recognizes a class of mitosis-specific phosphoproteins, stains the "core" or "axis" of condensed mitotic chromatin but not interphase chromatin. By adding mitotic extracts, interphase chromatin structures are synchronously converted into the condensed state. The increasingly condensed state of chromatin correlates with the appearance and structural rearrangements of the MPM-2-stained structures. These results suggest that mitosis-specific phosphoproteins recognized by MPM-2 may be directly involved in the assembly of the chromosome scaffold-like structures and chromatin condensation. Although both extracts promote nucleosome assembly at the same rate, topoisomerase II (topo II) activity is four to five times higher in mitotic extracts compared with interphase extracts. The addition of a topo II inhibitor VM-26 into mitotic assembly mixtures disturbs the organization of the MPM-2-stained structures and affects the final stage of chromatin condensation. This in vitro system should be useful for identifying cis- and trans-acting elements responsible for higher-order chromatin assembly and its structural changes in the cell cycle.
Stable nonlinear Mach-Zehnder fiber switch (2023)

An all-optical fiber switch is implemented within a short Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration. The Mach-Zehnder switch is constructed to have a high temperature stability so as to minimize temperature gradients and other thermal effects which result in undesirable instability at the output of the switch. The Mach-Zehnder switch of the preferred embodiment is advantageously less than 2 cm in length between couplers to be sufficiently short to be thermally stable, and full switching is accomplished by heavily doping one or both of the arms between the couplers so as to provide a highly nonlinear region within one or both of the arms. A pump input source is used to affect the propagation characteristics of one of the arms to control the output coupling ratio of the switch. Because of the high nonlinearity of the pump input arm, low pump powers can be used, thereby alleviating difficulties and high cost associated with high pump input powers.
Rotational Entropy Driven Separation of Alkane/Isoalkane Mixtures in Zeolite Cages (2004)

Yanking chains and rattling cages: Depending on their radius of gyration, molecules either retain or lose their ability to rotate inside zeolite cages (see picture). Such differences in rotational adsorption entropy result in a preferential uptake of branched alkanes over their linear structural isomers in zeolites such as MCM-22 which allows the separation of the two types of molecules.
Length-dependent modulation of ANG II inotropism in rat myocardium: effects of myocardial infarction (1994)

To determine whether changes in sarcomere length affect the inotropic response of the heart to angiotensin II (ANG II) differently in dilated and failing myocardium, papillary muscles were removed 2 days after infarction, and the effects of ANG II were studied at various muscle lengths. Myocardial infarction, which averaged 52% of the left ventricle inclusive of the interventricular septum, was characterized hemodynamically by left ventricular failure and right ventricular dysfunction. ANG II administration at 100% the muscle length where force development is maximal (Lmax) produced a 12% depression of developed tension in papillary muscles from noninfarcted ventricles and a 37% decrease in developed tension in the viable myocardium of infarcted rats. In contrast, at 85 and 92.5% Lmax and in the presence of ANG II, control muscles increased active tension by 16 and 1.0%, whereas muscles from coronary occluded hearts augmented developed tension by 13 and 22%, respectively. In conclusion, ANG II exerted a positive inotropic effect on rat myocardium at muscle lengths on the ascending limb of the Starling curve but a negative inotropic action at the muscle length normally associated with maximum force development. This phenomenon emphasizes that hormonal influences on the contractile state of the diseased heart may be modulated by the interaction of end-diastolic pressure, sarcomere length, and ventricular size and shape.
Identification of a small molecule with activity against drug-resistant and persistent tuberculosis (2013)

A cell-based phenotypic screen for inhibitors of biofilm formation in mycobacteria identified the small molecule TCA1, which has bactericidal activity against both drug-susceptible and -resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and sterilizes Mtb in vitro combined with rifampicin or isoniazid. In addition, TCA1 has bactericidal activity against nonreplicating Mtb in vitro and is efficacious in acute and chronic Mtb infection mouse models both alone and combined with rifampicin or isoniazid. Transcriptional analysis revealed that TCA1 down-regulates genes known to be involved in Mtb persistence. Genetic and affinity-based methods identified decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribofuranose oxidoreductase DprE1 and MoeW, enzymes involved in cell wall and molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, respectively, as targets responsible for the activity of TCA1. These in vitro and in vivo results indicate that this compound functions by a unique mechanism and suggest that TCA1 may lead to the development of a class of antituberculosis agents.
Wind power potential assessment for three buoys data collection stations in the Ionian Sea using Weibull distribution function (2015)

The present article utilizes wind measurements from three buoys data collection stations in Ionian Sea to study the wind speed and power characteristics using the Weibull shape and scale parameters. Specifically, the site dependent, annual, and monthly mean patterns of mean wind speed, Weibull parameters, frequency distribution, most probable wind speed, maximum energy carrying wind speed, wind power density and wind energy density characteristics have been analyzed. The Weibull distribution was found to represent the wind speed distribution with more than 90% accuracy, in most of the cases. Moreover, the correlation between the percentages of times the wind speed was above cut-in-speed and the measured mean wind speed for the three selected sites, as the correlation between the aforementioned percentages and the scale parameter c were examined and were found linear. At all these sites, no definite increasing or decreasing trends in annual mean wind speed values could be detective over the data reporting period. The mean values of wind speed, scale parameter, most probable wind speed, maximum energy carrying wind speed, wind power and wind energy density values showed higher values during winter time and lower in summer time in Pylos and Zakynthos. Moreover, Pylos and Zakynthos were found to be the best sites from wind power harnessing point of view.
Miniaturization in cardiopulmonary bypass (2003)

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remains the key technology for more complex cardiac operations. The perfusion equipment used nowadays has seen tremendous progress since its introduction into clinical practice 50 years ago. However, overall, CPB is still far from perfect. Major haemodilution is not only a problem for red cell-dependent gas transport, but also for the platelet and humeral factor-dependent coagulation, the protein-dependent intravascular oncotic pressure and so forth. Reduction of the priming volume through further miniaturization of CPB equipment is, therefore, the most obvious next step. A systematic approach needs to optimize all CPB components, including pumps, oxygenator/heat exchanger structures, filters, reservoirs, cardiotomy suction, tubings and cannulas. This report provides an update of already commercially available low prime perfusion devices (e.g., the CORx integrated pump-oxygenator) as well as promising prototypes like the smart suction system and the smartcanula.
Epidural Lipomatosis in Steroid-Treated Patients (1992)

Epidural lipomatosis is a condition in which excess adipose tissue is deposited circumferentially about the spinal cord in the epidural space. It is most frequently seen in patients on chronic steroid treatment for a variety of medical problems and can present as nonspecific back pain, radiculopathy, or frank spinal cord compression. Diagnosis and treatment have generally relied on multi-level decompressive laminectomy after myelography and computed tomography. The immunocompromised state and the reported postoperative mortality (22%) of these patients, however, suggests that nonoperative therapy may be preferable whenever possible. Five cases of epidural lipomatosis are reported, and previous literature is reviewed for presentation, evaluation, and treatment of this condition.
Site-Directed Exchange Studies with Combinatorial Libraries of Nanostructures (2002)

We describe a new combinatorial method for studying the exchange between solution adsorbates and nanoscale features within libraries generated via dip-pen nanolithography. Four different compounds, 1-octadecanethiol, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid, ferrocene (11-mercaptoundecyl), and ferrocene (11-mercapto-1-oxoundecyl), are studied on amorphous and single-crystal gold substrates. This series of adsorbates allows us to compare the exchange properties of patterns of nanoscale features as a function of composition, feature size, and type of underlying substrate. Moreover, these properties can be compared and contrasted with bulk SAM properties. The novel strategy provides not only a method for initiating site-specific exchange processes but also a way of extracting kinetic information about the rate of such processes in situ.
Compact End-Fire Arrays: from Theory to Directivity and Gain Maximization (2023)

End-fire arrays are among the best candidate for high directivity and compact dimensions. Several solutions for the synthesis of superdirective arrays have been proposed in the literature. However, what is called a "superdirective" array suffers inevitably from high losses and very poor radiation efficiency. More appealing is the joint optimization of directivity and efficiency, or the intrinsic gain, of the antennas. This paper set side by side the directivity and gain optimization methods based on the Spherical Wave Expansion (SWE) theory. The synthesis of superdirective and supergain end-fire arrays is proposed when Huygens sources, which attain the highest level of directivity, or simple bent dipoles are selected as elements of the array. On behalf of the spherical modal expansions, the results obtained for different optimizations of the two arrays are examined.
Al-2.85 Normalized Image Log Slope (Nils) (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Detection and Protection of Macro-Users in Dominant Area of Co-Channel CSG Cells (2012)

Co-channel deployment of Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) home-cells or Home E-UTRAN NodeBs (HeNBs) will create coverage holes for macro connected user that is not part of the CSG. In this paper, we address the problem of detecting the macro-cell coverage hole and protecting the macro-users that are located inside such a coverage hole. To reduce the impact of HeNB interference on the macro-cell performance, the HeNBs can be partially muted on some subframes, leading to Time Domain (TDM) muting. With TDM muting, macro-users in the coverage hole can be protected by scheduling them only on the muted subframes that are free of HeNB interference. Different methods for coverage hole detection are considered, and their performance is evaluated under the downlink transmission of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. These methods are based on user measurements. Recommendations on the coverage hole detection will be provided based on the obtained results.
FPGA acceleration for the frequent item problem (2010)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can provide performance advantages with a lower resource consumption (e.g., energy) than conventional CPUs. In this paper, we show how to employ FPGAs to provide an efficient and high-performance solution for the frequent item problem. We discuss three design alternatives, each one of them exploiting different FPGA features, and we provide an exhaustive evaluation of their performance characteristics. The first design is a one-to-one mapping of the Space-Saving algorithm (shown to be the best approach in software [1]), built on special features of FPGAs: content-addressable memory and dual-ported BRAM. The two other implementations exploit the flexibility of digital circuits to implement parallel lookups and pipelining strategies, resulting in significant improvements in performance. On low-cost FPGA hardware, the fastest of our designs can process 80 million items per second-three times as much as the best known result. Moreover, and unlike in software approaches where performance is directly related to the skew factor of the Zipf distribution, the high throughput is independent of the skew of the distribution of the input. In the paper we discuss as well several design trade-offs that are relevant when implementing database functionality on FPGAs. In particular, we look at resource consumption and the levels of data and task parallelism of three different designs.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Abiraterone Inhibits 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase: A Rationale for Increasing Drug Exposure in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2023)

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Naehweis humoraler Antikiirper nach isologer Immunisierung mit einem chemiseh induzierten Fibrosarkom der Maus (1967)

spezifische Antigene naehzuweisen. Dabei lassen sieh nach ihrem Auftreten und ihrem immunologischen Verhalten zwei Gruppen yon Tumorantigenen unterseheiden. Virusinduzierte Leukosen besitzen in Abh/~ngigkeit yon dem zur Induktion benutzten Virus ein gemeinsames tumorspezifisches Antigen, das in vivo dureh das Auftreten einer Resistenz nach aktiver oder passiver Immunisierung und in vitro durch die l~eaktion mat humoralen AntikSrpern nachgewiesen werden kann (s. OLD u. BoYs~, 1964; STOCK, 1965). Es handelt sieh dabei vorwiegend um zeUstiindige Antigene, die mit groBer Wahrseheinlichkeit viralen Ursprungs sind. Daneben warden aber aueh 15sliche Antigene beobachtet, die sich immunologisch wie die zellstKndigen Antigene verhalten und yon denen angenommen wird, dal3 sie eine Komponente oder ein Produkt des induzierenden Virus sind [STOCK U. Mitarb., 1964 (3)]. Die chemisch induzierten Tumoren weisen dagegen eine ffir den einzelnen Tumor individuelle spezifisehe Antigenit~t auf. Aueh bei Induktion dutch das gleiche Carcinogen wird nur sehr selten eine immunologisehe Kreuzreaktion beobaehtet. Der Naehweis der tumorspezifisehen Antigene gelang bisher nur in Transplantationsexperimenten dureh eine aktive Immunisierung oder dureh die Ubertragung von Lymphocyten und Makrophagen jmmunisierter Tiere (s. OLD u. BoYs~, 1964). Vor kurzem berichteten jedoeh M6LL~ (1964) und LwJ~EvA, ZIL]3~ u. J~VL~VA (1965) fiber den Naehweis humoraler AntikSrper an enzymatisch behandelten Zellen chemisch induzierter Fibrosarkome mit Iffilfe des indirekten Fluoresoenztests nach der yon M6LLW~ (1961) angegebenen Methode. Eine l~egression des Tumors in rive konnte jedoeh dutch die Ubertragung des Antiserums nieht erreicht werden (MSL~, 1964). Die bisher meist erfolglosen Versuehe zum Naohweis yon humoralen AntikSrpern werfen die Frage auf, ob die bei chemisch induzierten Tumoren auftretenden Antigene vorwiegend eine zellgebundene Immunit/it hervorrufen oder ob die angewandten Methoden nicht empfindlich genug waren. Naeh den Erfahrungen, die wir mat dem eytotoxisehen Test nach Go~]~ und O'Go~_A~ (1956) beim Naehweis yon leukosespezifischen AntikSrpern sammeln konnten, erschien es uns angebraeht, mit Hflfe dieses Tests naeh humoralen AntikSrpern bei den ehemiseh induzierten Fibrosarkomen der Maus zu suehen. Aueh stand uns ein mit Methyleholanthren induziertes Fibrosarkom in Form eines
CCDC 1056512: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination (2010)

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Mechanism of Inactivation of GABA Aminotransferase by (E)- and (Z)-(1S,3S)-3-Amino-4-fluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic Acid (2015)

When γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, falls below a threshold level, seizures occur. One approach to raise GABA concentrations is to inhibit GABA aminotransferase (GABA-AT), a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that degrades GABA. We have previously developed (1S,3S)-3-amino-4-difluoromethylene-1-cyclopentanoic acid (CPP-115), which is 186 times more efficient in inactivating GABA-AT than vigabatrin, the only FDA-approved inactivator of GABA-AT. We also developed (E)- and (Z)-(1S,3S)-3-amino-4-fluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic acid (1 and 2, respectively), monofluorinated analogs of CPP-115, which are comparable to vigabatrin in inactivating GABA-AT. Here, we report the mechanism of inactivation of GABA-AT by 1 and 2. Both produce a metabolite that induces disruption of the Glu270-Arg445 salt bridge to accommodate interaction between the metabolite formyl group and Arg445. This is the second time that Arg445 has interacted with a ligand and is involved in GABA-AT inactivation, thereby confirming the importance of Arg445 in future inactivator design.