gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aerial image degradation effects due to imperfect sidewall profiles of EAPSM mask for 130-nm device node: 3D EMF simulations and wafer printing results (2002)

As our chip producing industry gearing up for mass production of 130nm device technology node, use of EAPSM (Embedded Attenuated Phase Shift Mask) technology in the critical pattern levels became unavoidable because of the low k<SUB>1</SUB> factor lithography involved. However, this 2-layer EAPSM material (attenuator material covered with Chrome) requires two distinctively separate lithography/etch processes needed to be carried out. These added complexities of processes are prone to degradation of the absorber material's (MoSi) sidewall leading to imperfect sidewall profiles (top corner rounding, off-normal sidewall angle, etching intrusion into quartz substrate, footing, . . . etc.). These imperfections of sidewall cause aerial image degradations thus reduce effectiveness of full benefits of PSM technology. In this paper, we discuss our findings of mask level aerial image degradation dependency on EAPSM material sidewall imperfections, which result from immature mask making processes, and assessments of its effects on pattern transfer onto wafer level using 3&2D EMF and subsequent lithography simulations. The results were then, compared to actual wafer results for the wafer level printing confirmation to the simulation results. We distinguish consequence of resulting aerial image differences between EMF simulations vs. Kirchhoff approximation (treatment of absorber to be infinitely thin layer; normally used in conventional lithography simulations) in the KrF EAPSM material (MoSi). Furthermore, we have carried out look-ahead assessments for ArF (193nm) lithography using ArF EAPSM material (MoSiON) and made association between the sidewall profile variations and CD uniformity performance of EAPSM. We will make case that 3D EMF capability consideration is important in the low k<SUB>1</SUB> factor lithography simulations.
Query Answering Efficiency in Expert Networks Under Decentralized Search (2016)

Expert networks are formed by a group of expert-profes\-sionals with different specialties to collaboratively resolve specific queries. In such networks, when a query reaches an expert who does not have sufficient expertise, this query needs to be routed to other experts for further processing until it is completely solved; therefore, query answering efficiency is sensitive to the underlying query routing mechanism being used. Among all possible query routing mechanisms, decentralized search, operating purely on each expert's local information without any knowledge of network global structure, represents the most basic and scalable routing mechanism. However, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the efficiency of decentralized search in expert networks. In this regard, we investigate decentralized search by quantifying its performance under a variety of network settings. Our key findings reveal the existence of network conditions, under which decentralized search can achieve significantly short query routing paths (i.e., between O(log n) and O(log2 n) hops, n: total number of experts in the network). Based on such theoretical foundation, we then study how the unique properties of decentralized search in expert networks is related to the anecdotal small-world phenomenon. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work studying fundamental behaviors of decentralized search in expert networks. The developed performance bounds, confirmed by real datasets, can assist in predicting network performance and designing complex expert networks.
The Dramatic Effect of Architecture on the Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers at Interfaces (2005)

Dramatic morphological changes are observed in the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film assemblies of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(styrene-r-benzocyclobutene) block copolymer (PEG-b-(S-r-BCB)) after intramolecular cross-linking of the S-r-BCB block to form a linear-nanoparticle structure. To isolate architectural effects and allow direct comparison, the linear block copolymer precursor and the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer resulting from selective intramolecular cross-linking of the BCB units were designed to have exactly the same molecular weight and chemical composition but different architecture. It was found that the effect of architecture is pronounced with these macromolecular isomers, which self-assemble into dramatically different surface aggregates. The linear block copolymer forms disklike surface assemblies over the range of compression states, while the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer exhibits long (>10 microm) wormlike aggregates whose length increases as a function of increasing cross-linking density. It is shown that the driving force behind the morphological change is a combination of the altered molecular geometry and the restricted degree of stretching of the nanoparticle block because of the intramolecular cross-linking. A modified approach to interpret the pi-A isotherm, which includes presence of the block copolymer aggregates, is also presented, while the surface rheological properties of the block copolymers at the air-water interface provide in-situ evidence of the aggregates' presence at the air-water interface.
Genetic modulation of immature T lymphocytes and its application. (2001)

T lymphocytes are the cells that play an essential role in regulating immune responses. The thymus is the organ in which T lymphocytes are generated. Our laboratory has investigated molecular signals that determine cell fate during T lymphocyte development in the thymus. To this goal, we have devised a technique in which one may efficiently introduce foreign genes into immature T lymphocytes. The somatic gene-transfer into developing T lymphocytes are likely useful to restore various immunodeficiencies and to establish immune tolerance to any introduced genes. The genetically engineered immune tolerance may be applied to reduce allergies and autoimmune diseases, as well as to sustain gene therapies by allowing prolonged survival of therapeutic vectors.
Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Dioxide Deposited at Low Temperatures (1995)

Thin silicon dioxide films are commonly used as insulating layers in metal‐insulator structures, such as integrated circuits and multichip modules. These films are either thermally grown or deposited by thermal or plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The advantage of PECVD is that lower deposition temperatures can be used avoiding defect formation, diffusion, and degradation of the metal layer. However, the low deposition temperature of the PECVD process has a negative effect on the quality of the silicon dioxide. Oxides produced at low temperatures contain more silanol and water impurities and are more porous than those deposited at higher temperatures. The deposition parameters, including substrate temperature, RF power, pressure, and reactant gas flow rate, affect the silanol and water concentration. The substrate temperature has the largest effect on the silanol concentration of the oxide. Using a large RF power, high pressure, and low nitrous oxide to silane ratio will minimize the silanol concentration at a given temperature. This will minimize the dielectric constant and maximize the etch resistance of the oxide produced.
Two Mode Multi-core Fibers for Mode-Division Multiplexing Transmission Systems (2013)

As a ﬁ ber with extreme multiplexing ability, we fabricate seven-core ﬁ ber whose cores can guide two LP modes. This fiber is also suitable for systems with multi-level modulation format due to its low nonlinearity. Characteristics of this ﬁ ber and propagation of each mode are described in this paper.
Computational Methods to Resolve Deep Species Phylogenies (2019)

The Lophotrochozoa superphylum is amongst the largest in the animal kingdom, leading to many polarising key features of character evolution. Since it was first proposed as a superphylum based on 18S rDNA analysis in 1995, a number of molecular studies have resulted in conflicting phylogenies, further confounding hypotheses on the intrarelationships of its composite phyla. In this thesis, I aim to resolve the Lophotrochozoa phylogeny by implementing a phylogenetic inference pipeline on 129 taxa, including 97 lophotrochozoans. There are five key steps in the process of performing phylogenetic analysis: molecular marker selection, alignment, model selection, tree construction, and method evaluation. This thesis aims to improve, and better our understanding, on four of these stages. Fundamental to tree inference is using high quality phylogenetic markers. I assessed a number of orthology inference methods for their suitability in resolving a difficult to resolve superphyla. I performed a series of tests in order to determine howwell orthologous groups inferred by a series of methods were able to recover the phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa. To address the problem of optimal model selection, I performed an empirical assessment of partitioning approaches to phylogenetic analysis. Here I found that, despite partitioning techniques being widely used, they do not necessarily improve phylogenetic inference. I present a new distance based phylogenetic inference method. I validated the method on simulated data, and compared its performance to other tree construction methods, assessing its suitability for phylogenetic inference on deep species phylogenies. In order to benchmark and evaluate phylogenetic trees, I developed a new method for assessing their performance at recovering known phylogenetic clades. I also developed a means of visualising distances between phylogenetic trees, allowing us to better evaluate discrepancies in methods and data. Finally, usingmy newly established phylogenetic pipeline, I reconstructed the phylogenetic tree of the Lophotrochozoa.
P‐157L: Late‐News Poster : Cover Glass for Mobile Devices (2012)

Abstract Fracture modes of cover glass of smartphones and tablet PCs were determined through fracture analysis. As a result, evaluation methods corresponding to two dominant fracture modes, edge fracture and surface fracture, were determined. Finally a guideline of chemical strengthening parameters for mobile display cover glass was proposed. Newly developed glass which is suitable for the guideline was introduced.
THE ORIGIN AND ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF P_n WAVE: A CASE STUDY IN THE CANADIAN SHIELD (1991)

In spite of its profound implications on the upper mantle rheology and seismic verification of low-threshold nuclear test ban treaties, PnQ, the quality factor for Pn wave, remains an elusive parameter to quantify. This is because in addition to the familiar contaminants affecting all short-period Q measurements, the Pn propagation mode, and hence, the spreading rate coefficient k in its geometrical spreading function PnG=d-k is among the least understood of all major regional phases. Large differences in the estimated PnQ can simply arise from k being arbitrarily assumed to take different (frequency-independent) values (e.g.,[1,2]). Theoretical studies [3'4] have in fact shown that k is characterized by a frequency dependence which is a function of the upper mantle velocity structure. We report here the results of a first attempt at a simultaneous determination of the PnQ and the k in eastern Canada using an extended reversed two-station method. The results suggest: a) the Pn waves in eastern Canadian originate from the superposition of a series of interfering diving waves; and b) the apparent PnQ (the net combined effects due to scattering and intrinsic anelasticity) increases very rapidly with frequency, approaching 2000 at 15 Hz.
Electrostatic manipulation of a dielectric microparticle considering surface conductivity using a single probe (2009)

In this study, we have developed the technique of electrostatic manipulation of a dielectric microparticle by a single probe. The manipulation system consists of three objects: a conductive probe as a manipulating tool, a conductive plate as a substrate, and a dielectric particle that dubs as a microparticle. In manipulating 60 μm in diameter particles of polystyrene, when a constant probe-substrate voltage was applied, we observed the phenomenon of the particle repeatedly moving up and down between the substrate and the probe tip, similarly to a “micro-dribble.” In order to understand the mechanism of the phenomenon, we have proposed a model with a resistor-capacitor circuit in consideration of the surface conductivity of the dielectric particle such that the model can explain the micro-dribble phenomenon in terms of the time constant of the circuit. By a single-pulse voltage the duration of which was designed (selected) on the basis of the frequency of the observed micro-dribble, we experimentally demonstrated the electrostatic micromanipulation by picking up/placing the polystyrene particle using the single probe. Although the success rate of 42% requires further improvement, the experimental result indicates the feasibility of the technique, which can be applied to future technology for microdevice packaging or assembly.
China’s Monetary Policy and Interest Rate Liberalization; Lessons from International Experiences (2014)

China has been moving to a more market oriented financial system, which has implications for the monetary policy environment. The paper investigates the stability of the money demand function (MDF) in light of progress in financial sector reforms that, for example, have resulted in significant financial innovation (so-called shadow banking) and more liberalized interest rates. The analysis of international experience suggests that rapid development of the financial system often leads to structural shifts in the MDF. For example, financial innovation and liberalization alter the sensitivity of money balances to income and the interest rate. For China, we find that the stable long-run relationship between money demand, output, and interest rates that existed between 2002 and 2008 disappears after 2008. This coincides with the period of rapid financial innovation, especially the growth in off-balance sheet and nonbank financial intermediation. The results suggest that usefulness of M2 as an intermediate monetary target has declined with financial innovation and reform. A result that underscores the importance of moving toward increased reliance on more price-based targets such as interest rates.
Mapping of the Mouse Actin Capping Protein Beta Subunit Gene (2000)

The CPbeta gene (Cappb1) mapped to Chromosome 4 between Cdc42 and D4Mit312. Three mouse mutations, snubnose, curly tail, and cribriform degeneration, map in the vicinity of the beta gene.
Age-Dependent Susceptibility to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Infection in Mice (2016)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) represents a major causative agent of infant diarrhea associated with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Although studied extensively in vitro, the investigation of the host-pathogen interaction in vivo has been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. Using RT-PCR and global transcriptome analysis, high throughput 16S rDNA sequencing as well as immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we characterize the EPEC-host interaction following oral challenge of newborn mice. Spontaneous colonization of the small intestine and colon of neonate mice that lasted until weaning was observed. Intimate attachment to the epithelial plasma membrane and microcolony formation were visualized only in the presence of a functional bundle forming pili (BFP) and type III secretion system (T3SS). Similarly, a T3SSdependent EPEC-induced innate immune response, mediated via MyD88, TLR5 and TLR9 led to the induction of a distinct set of genes in infected intestinal epithelial cells. Infectioninduced alterations of the microbiota composition remained restricted to the postnatal period. Although EPEC colonized the adult intestine in the absence of a competing microbiota, no microcolonies were observed at the small intestinal epithelium. Here, we introduce the first suitable mouse infection model and describe an age-dependent, virulence factordependent attachment of EPEC to enterocytes in vivo.
Expression of Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) Promotes Tumor Invasion in Human Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (2008)

The aquaporins (AQP) are water channel proteins playing a major role in transcellular and transepithelial water movement. Recently, the role of AQPs in human carcinogenesis has become an area of great interest. Here, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), we have found an expression of AQP5 protein in 35.3% (IHC-score: > or = 1, 144/408) of the resected NSCLC tissue samples. Cases with AQP5-positive status (IHC-score: > or = 2) displayed a higher rate of tumor recurrence than negative ones in NSCLC (54.7% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.005) and worse disease-free survival (p = 0.033; OR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.04-2.23). Further in vitro invasion assay using BEAS-2B and NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with overexpression constructs for full length wild-type AQP5 (AQP5) and its two mutants, N185D which blocks membrane trafficking and S156A which blocks phosphorylation on Ser156, showed that AQP5 induced cell invasions while both mutants did not. In BEAS-2B cells, the expression of AQP5 caused a spindle-like and fibroblastic morphologic change and losses of cell-cell contacts and cell polarity. Only cells with AQP5, not either of two mutants, exhibited a loss of epithelial cell markers and a gain of mesenchymal cell markers. In a human SH3-domains protein array, cellular extracts from BEAS-2B with AQP5 showed a robust binding activity to SH3-domains of the c-Src, Lyn, and Grap2 C-terminal. Furthermore, in immunoprecipitation assay, activated c-Src, phosphorylated on Tyr416, showed a stronger binding activity to cellular extracts from BEAS-2B with AQP5 compared with N185D or S156A mutant. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis failed to show evidence of genomic amplification, suggesting AQP5 expression as a secondary event. Based on these clinical and molecular observations, we conclude that AQP5, through its phosphorylation on Ser156 and subsequent interaction with c-Src, plays an important role in NSCLC invasion and, therefore, may provide a unique opportunity for developing a novel therapeutic target as well as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
New insights into acquired resistance mechanisms to third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in lung cancer (2019)

Background: The emergence of acquired resistance (AR) against third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) remain a major clinical challenge in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Here we characterized the role of acquired resistance mechanism with a focus on inter-individual heterogeneity and co-occurring genetic aberrations. We could analyze pre- and post-treatment samples of patients treated with third-generation EGFR TKIs. Methods: We characterized 128 patients, which are EGFR p.T790M positive to early generation EGFR TKIs within thedatabases of the Network Genomic Medicine (NGM), the NOWEL network, the Department of Thoracic Oncology of the Netherlands Cancer Institute and the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. In 60 patients, corresponding analyses of third generation EGFR TKI treatment outcomes and molecular analyses were practicable. Results: Co-occurring aberrations were found in 75% of the samples with acquired resistance to early-generation TKI. TP53mutations were the most frequent aberrations detected. In MET, copy number variants were found (n = 6). In a subgroup, we identified 4 patients with the new EGFRresistance mutation p.G724S after third-generation TKI treatment. Still, loss of the EGFRp.T790M mutation and METamplification are the most common aberrations after third-generation TKI treatment. Conclusions: EGFR inhibitors represent a powerful tool for precision cancer medicine in genetically selected patients. We could show in this study that additional genetic aberrations are frequent in the setting of AR to EGFR TKIs and may mediate innate and acquired resistance to third-generation EGFR TKIs. Amplification of METwas strongly associated with primary treatment failure and thus the strongest factor in innate resistance. AR to third-generation EGFR TKI (p.G724S) can possibly be overcome with second-generation EGFR TKI. Legal entity responsible for the study: The authors. Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung, Deutsche Krebshilfe, European Union, (NRW) as part of the EFRE initiative (EMODI, grant no. EFRE-0800397 to R.B. and M.L.S.) and by the German Ministry of Science and Education (BMBF) as part of the e:Med program (grant no. 01ZX1303A to R.B. and J.W). E.F. received funding by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI17/00938), NEGECA, ITMC of TU Dortmund. Disclosure: J. Fassunke: Honoraria: AstraZeneca. C. Heydt, S. Merkelbach-Bruse: Speaking honoraria: AstraZeneca. J. Wolf: Consulting, lecture fees: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Ignyta, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche; Funding for scientific research: BMS, Johnson&Johnson, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer. R. Buettner: Employee: Targos Molecular Pathology. M.L. Sos: Commercial research grant: Novartis. D. Rauh: Consultant, lecture fees: AstraZeneca, Merck-Serono, Takeda, Pfizer, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Experimental prototype of a spin-wave majority gate (2017)

Featuring low heat dissipation, devices based on spin-wave logic gates promise to comply with increasing future requirements in information processing. In this work, we present the experimental realization of a majority gate based on the interference of spin waves in an Yttrium-Iron-Garnet-based waveguiding structure. This logic device features a three-input combiner with the logic information encoded in a phase of 0 or π of the input spin waves. We show that the phase of the output signal represents the majority of the three phase states of the spin waves in the three inputs. A switching time of about 10 ns in the prototype device provides evidence for the ability of sub-nanosecond data processing in future down-scaled devices.
Hierarchical Assemblies: One‐Step Hierarchical Assembly of Spheres‐in‐Lamellae Nanostructures from Solvent‐Annealed Thin Films of Binary Diblock Copolymer Micelles (Adv. Funct. Mater. 17/2017) (2017)

In article number 1606715, See Hee Kim, Kookheon Char, Seong Il Yoo, and Byeon-Hyeok Sohn describe the one-step hierarchical assembly of spheres-in-lamellae nanostructures. The preparation from solvent-annealed films of binary diblock copolymer micelles reveals similarities in phase behavior to blends of inorganic nanoparticles and polymers. This discovery forms the basis for future one-step hierarchical assembly methods.