gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma etching antireflection nanostructures on optical elements in concentrator photovoltaic systems (2014)

Transmission-type concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems are a potential candidate to achieve high efficiency and low cost solar energy. The use of optical elements in these systems creates reflection losses of incoming solar energy that account for about 8% to 12% depending on the optical design. In order to reduce these losses, we have nanostructured the air/optical-elements’ interfaces by using plasma etching methods on the Fresnel lens made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and the homogenizer made of glass. On flat PMMA and glass substrates, transmittance enhancement measurements are in agreement with relative Jsc gains. The field test results using a CPV module with all textured optical-elements’ interfaces achieved 8.0% and 4.3% relative Jsc and efficiency gains, respectively, demonstrating the potential of this approach to tackle the reflection losses.
Vorbemerkung (2011)

Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Berechnungsverfahren und der Auslegungspraxis im Bereich dessen, was heute als „Motor-Mechanik“ benannt wird. Im engeren Sinne beziehen sich die Ausführungen auf Kolbenmotoren mit innerer Verbrennung. Zur notwendigen Begrenzung des Gesamtumfangs sind thematische Einschränkungen nicht zu vermeiden. So werden primär schnell laufende Fahrzeugmotoren für Pkw und Nkw angesprochen – konkret Otto- und Diesel-Hubkolbenmotoren, die nach dem Viertaktverfahren arbeiten.
Sulfur Ylides via Decarboxylation of Carboxymethylsulfonium Betaines: A Novel and Mild Protocol for the Preparation of Oxiranes. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High-salinity polarization of sandstones (2015)

ABSTRACT Induced polarization measurements on numerous samples from multiple databases indicate a polarization maximum at a pore fluid conductivity between 320 and 4600 mS/m. Hitherto, limited measurements above this salinity suggest a decrease in the imaginary part of the complex conductivity (σ′′), a behavior that has up to now not been adequately considered in the mathematical formulations of recently proposed double-layer polarization models. We measured variations in the complex conductivity spectra over a wide range of pore fluid conductivity (σw between 25 and 15,000 mS/m) for four Eocene sandstone samples. All samples exhibited a strong decrease of the imaginary conductivity for fluid conductivity exceeding 3000 mS/m. A Stern-layer polarization model, previously presented to fit the dependence of σ′′ on σw assuming a high-salinity asymptote, is extended with the addition of an exponential term to describe the polarization decrease at high fluid salinity. This mathematical model with four free parameters was applied to measurements on additional sandstone samples of available databases, and the dependence of the four model parameters on petrophysical properties was determined. The parameter of the high salinity exponential term varied over a small range, and it was not significantly related to the available petrophysical quantities. This observation suggested that the polarization decrease resulted from a reduction in the mobility of the counterions in the electric double-layer at high ionic concentrations. Our results have implications for the application of induced polarization in well logging of briny reservoirs.
Human naive and memory T lymphocytes differ in telomeric length and replicative potential. (1995)

The present study has assessed the replicative history and the residual replicative potential of human naive and memory T cells. Telomeres are unique terminal chromosomal structures whose length has been shown to decrease with cell division in vitro and with increased age in vivo for human somatic cells. We therefore assessed telomere length as a measure of the in vivo replicative history of naive and memory human T cells. Telomeric terminal restriction fragments were found to be 1.4 +/- 0.1 kb longer in CD4+ naive T cells than in memory cells from the same donors, a relationship that remained constant over a wide range of donor age. These findings suggest that the differentiation of memory cells from naive precursors occurs with substantial clonal expansion and that the magnitude of this expansion is, on average, similar over a wide range of age. In addition, when replicative potential was assessed in vitro, it was found that the capacity of naive cells for cell division was 128-fold greater as measured in mean population doublings than the capacity of memory cells from the same individuals. Human CD4+ naive and memory cells thus differ in in vivo replicative history, as reflected in telomeric length, and in their residual replicative capacity.
Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Si-Y_2O_3 Co-deposition Coatings Prepared on Nb-silicide-based Ultrahigh Temperature Alloy by Pack Cementation Process (2009)

Si-Y2O3 co-deposition coatings on Nb-silicide-based ultrahigh temperature alloy were prepared by pack cementation processes.The co-deposition holding temperatures were 1050℃,1150℃ and 1250℃,and the holding times were 5,10,15 and 20h,respectively.The microstructure and isothermal oxidation resistance of the coatings were studied.The results show that all Si-Y2O3 co-deposition coatings are composed of a(Nb,X)Si2(X represents Ti,Hf and Cr elements) outer layer and a(Nb,X)5Si3 transitional layer.Some thin discontinuous(Cr,Al)2(Nb,Ti) laves phase precipitates exist between the substrate and(Nb,X)5Si3 transitional layer.EDS analyses reveal that the distribution of Y on the coatings is not uniform.The content of Y in(Nb,X)Si2 and(Nb,X)5Si3 phases is about 0.46at%-0.57at% while that in(Cr,Al)2(Nb,Ti) is about 0.94at%.After oxidation at 1250℃ for 5,10,20,50 and 100h respectively,the retained Si-Y2O3 co-deposition coatings still possess double layers structure with their original constituent phases and combine tightly with both scale and substrate.The dense scale developed on Si-Y2O3 co-deposition coatings during oxidation at 1250℃ is composed of TiO2,SiO2 and Cr2O3.Si-Y2O3 co-deposition coatings possess better oxidation resistance than simple Si deposition coatings.
Modular generation of cortical, striatal and ventral midbrain progenitor cells v2 (2022)

The present protocol describes the modular generation of cortical, striatal, and ventral midbrain human neural progenitor cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). The different elements of the differentiation protocols have been optimized so that they only differ in the patterning factors (protein ligands or small molecules) that are required for each lineage.
<title>Scale-band-dependent thresholding for signal denoising using undecimated discrete wavelet packet transforms</title> (1999)

The purpose of this paper is to study signal denoising by thresholding coefficients of undecimated discrete wavelet packet transforms (UDWPT). The undecimated filterbank implementation of UDWPT is first considered, and the best basis selection algorithm that prunes the complete undecimated discrete wavelet packet binary tree is studied for the purpose of signal denoising. Distinct from the usual approach which selects the best subtree based on the original (unthresholded) transform coefficients, our selection is based on the thresholded coefficients, since we believe discarding the small coefficients permits to choose the best basis from the set of coefficients that will really contribute to the reconstructed signal. Another feature of the algorithm is the thresholding scheme. To threshold coefficients which are correlated differently from scale to scale and from band to band, a uniform threshold is not appropriate. Alternatively, two scale-band-dependent thresholding schemes are designed: a correlation-dependent model and a Monte Carlo simulation-based model. The cost function for the pruning algorithm is specifically designed for the purpose of signal denoising. We consider it profitable to split a band if more noise can be discarded by thresholding while signal components are preserved. So, higher SNR is desirable in the process of selection. Experiments conducted for 1D and 2D signals shows that the algorithm achieves good SNR performance while preserving high frequency details of signals.
Telomerase and Telomere Length in Pulmonary Fibrosis (2013)

In addition to its expression in stem cells and many cancers, telomerase activity is transiently induced in murine bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis with increased levels of telomerase transcriptase (TERT) expression, which is essential for fibrosis. To extend these observations to human chronic fibrotic lung disease, we investigated the expression of telomerase activity in lung fibroblasts from patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The results showed that telomerase activity was induced in more than 66% of IPF lung fibroblast samples, in comparison with less than 29% from control samples, some of which were obtained from lung cancer resections. Less than 4% of the human IPF lung fibroblast samples exhibited shortened telomeres, whereas less than 6% of peripheral blood leukocyte samples from patients with IPF or hypersensitivity pneumonitis demonstrated shortened telomeres. Moreover, shortened telomeres in late-generation telomerase RNA component knockout mice did not exert a significant effect on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast, TERT knockout mice exhibited deficient fibrosis that was independent of telomere length. Finally, TERT expression was up-regulated by a histone deacetylase inhibitor, while the induction of TERT in lung fibroblasts was associated with the binding of acetylated histone H3K9 to the TERT promoter region. These findings indicate that significant telomerase induction was evident in fibroblasts from fibrotic murine lungs and a majority of IPF lung samples, whereas telomere shortening was not a common finding in the human blood and lung fibroblast samples. Notably, the animal studies indicated that the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis was independent of telomere length.
Stimulation of myogenesis by 2,2'-thiodiethanol in suboptimal tissue culture conditions. (1985)

It is shown that 2,2'-thiodiethanol, a product of yperite hydrolysis, strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. In its presence myoblasts fused, yielding myotubes with the same efficiency in standard media for chick embryo fibroblast-like cell culture (containing 4% bovine serum and 1% chick serum) as in media specially designed to promote myoblast fusion (containing 10% horse serum and 5% chick serum). What is more, the myofibres formed in the presence of 0.1% 2,2'-thiodiethanol morphologically resembled more closely myofibres formed in vivo than those formed in the presence of horse serum.
26.2 Power supply noise in a 22nm z13™ microprocessor (2017)

Successful power supply noise mitigation requires a system-level approach that includes design and modeling of the mitigation circuits with the power delivery network (PDN) on the chip, the chip module, the backplane, and the voltage regulator module (VRM). Traditionally, periodic square-wave activity patterns with all cores in sync, which yield low-frequency (LF) or mid-frequency (MF) impedance peaks associated with the backplane and chip/module, respectively, are considered to give rise to the worst case power supply noise. However, voltage droops that are both deeper and faster at a single victim core are created when cores change activity in more complicated patterns, termed as perfect storms in this work. These patterns excite high-frequency (HF) modes that are not stimulated when all cores switch simultaneously, and require an accurate model of the packaged chip, including effective core-to-core inductances due to currents traveling between cores through low-resistance module planes.
Multi-Phase Obfuscation of Fault Secured DSP Designs With Enhanced Security Feature (2018)

Digital signal processing (DSP) cores are an integral part of consumer electronics devices. This paper presents a novel methodology for obfuscation of transient fault secured circuits. The approach presented obfuscates fault secured DSP circuits such that the functions of the resulting hardware become non-obvious to an adversary (hindering reverse engineer process). The proposed methodology employs hybrid transformations in succession such as redundant operation removal, resource transformation, and connectivity change using tree height transformation, logic transformation, etc. These are achieved without affecting the functionality of the underlying DSP circuits or requiring significant increase in silicon footprint. The proposed methodology integrates an enhanced fault security feature using multi-cuts that ensures maximum detection capability against transient faults in the DSP circuit. Results of proposed approach indicate stronger obfuscation and enhanced fault security at lower design cost (avg. reduction ~14%), compared to prior art.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH DIMETHYL β‐KETOGLUTARATE. V. SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF TRICYCLO(6.3.0.01,5)UNDECANE‐3,7,9‐TRIONE, A NOVEL CYCLOPENTANOID COMPOUND (1977)

Abstract Aus 5‐Benzyliden‐lävulinsäure (I) entsteht die Oxo‐Verbindung (II), die dann mit Acetondicarbonsäureester (III) zum bicyclischen Keton (IVa) kondensiert wird.
Design of Spur-Free ΣΔ Frequency Tuning Interface for Digitally Controlled Oscillators (2015)

Within the framework of a radio-frequency all- digital phase-locked loop, the frequency tuning of a digitally con- trolled oscillator (DCO) is realized using switchable capacitors (varactors). The minimum feature size and lithographic mismatch of these varactors limit the physical frequency resolution of the DCO to tens of kilohertz. To satisfy the fine frequency resolution of hundreds of hertz in wireless cellular and connectivity standards, high-speed sigma-delta (ΣΔ) frequency dithering is convention- ally employed to improve the time-averaged DCO resolution by at least two orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, the dithering characteristics of the ΣΔ modulator vary depending on its frac- tional frequency input and the physical and timing mismatches in the mapping of the multibit digital output to the frequency. This brief investigates the dithering mechanisms that are a potential source of the spurious corruption of the DCO output spectrum and proposes a set of enhancements to mitigate them. Furthermore, the spurious sensitivity to design parameters, such as device mis- match, as well as rise/fall, duty-cycle, and skew timing mismatches, is theoretically analyzed and verified by behavioral simulations.
Photophysics of buckminsterfullerene and other carbon cluster ions (1988)

The laser-induced fragmentation behavior of positive carbon cluster ions has been investigated by tandem time-of-flight techniques for the jet-cooled clusters up to 80 atoms in size. Two distinct photophysical regimes were found. The first applies to clusters with 34 atoms or more, all of which dissociate to produce even numbered fragments. Large even clusters fragment by the loss of the high energy species C2, odd ones lose a C atom. The second regime applies to clusters composed of 31 or less atoms, all of which fragment by the loss of C3. These two regimes are sharply separated by C+32 which fragments to produce small cluster ions in the 10–19 atom size range. Fragmentation of the large clusters occurs on a microsecond or faster time scale only at very high levels of excitation (&amp;gt;12.8 eV). These photophysical results are interpreted as consequences of the large even clusters having edgeless, spheroidal cage structures while the small ones have linear chain or ring structures.
Diagnosing hyperuniformity in two-dimensional, disordered, jammed packings of soft spheres (2015)

Hyperuniformity characterizes a state of matter for which (scaled) density fluctuations diminish towards zero at the largest length scales. However, the task of determining whether or not an image of an experimental system is hyperuniform is experimentally challenging due to finite-resolution, noise, and sample-size effects that influence characterization measurements. Here we explore these issues, employing video optical microscopy to study hyperuniformity phenomena in disordered two-dimensional jammed packings of soft spheres. Using a combination of experiment and simulation we characterize the possible adverse effects of particle polydispersity, image noise, and finite-size effects on the assignment of hyperuniformity, and we develop a methodology that permits improved diagnosis of hyperuniformity from real-space measurements. The key to this improvement is a simple packing reconstruction algorithm that incorporates particle polydispersity to minimize the free volume. In addition, simulations show that hyperuniformity in finite-sized samples can be ascertained more accurately in direct space than in reciprocal space. Finally, our experimental colloidal packings of soft polymeric spheres are shown to be effectively hyperuniform.
Supplementary Table S4 from A Panel of Novel Detection and Prognostic Methylated DNA Markers in Primary Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer and Serum DNA (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S4.The correlation between clinicopathological features and methylation in lung cancer.&lt;/p&gt;
A Switched-Capacitor RF Front End With Embedded Programmable High-Order Filtering (2016)

We propose a switched-capacitor radio-frequency (RF) front end achieving an equivalent high-order, tunable, highly linear RF filtering to improve the out-of-band (OB) blocker tolerance. RF input impedance matching, N-path filtering, high-order discrete-time infinite-impulse response (IIR) filtering, and down-conversion are implemented using only switches and capacitors in a 0.1-0.7 GHz prototype with tunable center frequency, programmable filter order, and very high tolerance for OB blockers. The 40 nm CMOS frontend consumes 38.5-76.5 mA, achieves 40 dB gain, 24 dBm OB IIP3, 14.7 dBm 1 dB blocker compression point (B1dB) for a 30 MHz blocker offset, 6.8-9.7 dB noise figure, and > 66 dB calibrated harmonic rejection ratio.
Novel Tumor Suppressor Function of Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor GITR in Multiple Myeloma (2013)

Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) plays a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation, however the role of GITR in human cancers is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that GITR is inactivated during tumor progression in Multiple Myeloma (MM) through promoter CpG island methylation, mediating gene silencing in primary MM plasma cells and MM cell lines. Restoration of GITR expression in GITR deficient MM cells led to inhibition of MM proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induction of apoptosis. These findings were supported by the presence of induction of p21 and PUMA, two direct downstream targets of p53, together with modulation of NF-κB in GITR-overexpressing MM cells. Moreover, the unbalanced expression of GITR in clonal plasma cells correlated with MM disease progression, poor prognosis and survival. These findings provide novel insights into the pivotal role of GITR in MM pathogenesis and disease progression.
Machine Learning Model Generation With Copula-Based Synthetic Dataset for Local Differentially Private Numerical Data (2022)

With the development of IoT technology, personal data are being collected in many places. These data can be used to create new services, but consideration must be given to the individual’s privacy. We can safely collect personal data while adding noise by applying differential privacy. However, because such data are very noisy, the accuracy of machine learning trained by the data greatly decreased. In this study, our objective is to build a highly accurate machine learning model using these data. We focus on the decision tree machine learning algorithm, and, instead of applying it as is, we use a preprocessing technique wherein pseudodata are generated using a copula while removing the effect of noise added by differential privacy. In detail, the proposed novel protocol consists of three steps: generating a covariance matrix from the differentially private numerical data, generating a discrete cumulative distribution function from differentially private numerical data, and generating copula-based numerical samples. Simulation results using synthetic and real datasets verify the utility of the proposed method not only for the decision tree algorithm but also for other machine learning algorithms such as deep neural networks. This method will help create machine learning models, such as recommendation systems, using differential privacy data.
Liquid Processing of Bismuth–Silica Nanoparticle/Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites for Heat Storage Applications (2022)

Metal matrix nanocomposites encompassing low-melting point metal nano-inclusions are promising candidates for thermal regulation of devices at high temperature. They are usually processed by solid-state routes that provide access to a limited range of materials and are hardly compatible with complex shaping processes and with large-scale applications. Herein, we develop a liquid-phase processing technique to design aluminum matrix nanocomposites made of phase change nanoparticles, using bismuth nanoparticles as a proof-of-concept. The bismuth nanoparticles derived from colloidal chemistry are first encapsulated in a silica shell and then dispersed by ultrasonication into molten aluminum. Using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we probe the evolution of the bismuth particles and of the inorganic shell. We demonstrate that the silica shell acts as a barrier against extensive coalescence of particles during the dispersion process, thus enabling a decrease and a widening of the phase change temperature range.
Fluorescence Polarization Based Nucleic Acid Testing for Rapid and Cost‐Effective Diagnosis of Infectious Disease (2015)

A new nucleic acid detection method was developed for a rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of infectious disease. This approach relies on the three unique elements: 1) detection probes that regulate DNA polymerase activity in response to the complementary target DNA; 2) universal reporters conjugated with a single fluorophore; and 3) fluorescence polarization (FP) detection. As a proof-of-concept, the assay was used to detect and sub-type Salmonella bacteria with sensitivities down to a single bacterium in less than three hours.
Gopher: Global observation of Planetary Health and Ecosystem Resources (2011)

GOPHER (Global Observation of Planetary Health and Ecosystem Resources) is a collection of data mining algorithms for detecting global land use and land cover change that builds on a decade of research on spatio temporal data mining at the University of Minnesota; the GOPHER approach to analyzing remote sensing imagery provides such a solution by providing rapid, inexpensive, robust, scalable, and precise detection of land use change. GOPHER algorithms are able to detect historical changes with high precision, and more recent changes with reasonable precision in as little as 8 weeks after changes occur (this is due to a combination of remote sensing data availability and modeling needs). This paper outlines the GOPHER approach and provides some illustrative results to demonstrate its utility.