gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inspiratory contrast for in vivo optical imaging (2007)

We demonstrate the use of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide as a possible route to increase contrast in optical imaging of cancerous tissue. Differential imaging in human xenograft rodent models of cancer exhibits significant variation in signal between normal and cancerous tissue. This differential cancer-specific contrast is stronger and more consistent than the conventional static contrast. This differential technique exploits the response of abnormal tumor vasculature to inhaled gases and could provide a promising alternative to supplement mainstream cancer imaging modalities such as x-rays and MRI.
Systematic generation of antigen specific human monoclonal antibodies with therapeutical activities using active immunization (1990)

Presenting a panel of human hybridomas secreting serospecific antibodies which confer a high degree of protection against fatal infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we report an efficient approach for a systematic generation of antigen specific human monoclonal antibodies with biological activity. This approach is based on active immunization and antigen specific panning. Individuals were immunized with polysaccharides isolated from LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conjugated to toxin A. Specific B cells were isolated and enriched by panning of blood samples taken at the time point with the highest frequency of fuseable cells. These cells were then transformed with Epstein-Barr virus. Arising lymphoblastoid cell lines were screened for the secretion of anti-LPS antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fused to a murine-human heteromyeloma cell line. Hybridomas were selected for high levels of antibody secretion and binding to intact bacteria as determined by an immunofluorescence microscopy assay. The observation that protective capacity of an antibody was associated with its ability to bind to LPS determinants accessible on the bacterial cell surface allowed for an effective screening for therapeutically interesting human monoclonal antibodies. Out of four immunized individuals, 15 lymphoblastoid cell lines with anti-LPS activity could be isolated, and 8 hybridomas, which cover the majority of the common Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes, were characterized further. The generation of monoclonal anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A, anti-Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides, and anti-Escherichia coli LPS antibodies suggests that the success of this approach is not limited to the generation of human monoclonal antibodies of a particular specificity or to the use of antigens of a particular character.
Causal Compensation for Erasures in Frame Representations (2008)

In a variety of signal processing and communications contexts, erasures occur inadvertently or can be intentionally introduced as part of a data reduction strategy. This paper discusses causal compensation for erasures in frame representations of signals. The approach described assumes linear synthesis of the signal using a prespecified frame but no specific generation mechanism for the coefficients. Under this assumption, it is demonstrated that erasures can be compensated for using low-complexity causal systems. If the transmitter is aware of the occurrence of the erasure, an optimal compensation is to project the erasure error to the remaining coefficients. It is demonstrated that the same compensation can be executed using a transmitter/receiver combination in which the transmitter is not aware of the erasure occurrence. The transmitter precompensates using projections, as if assuming erasures will occur. The receiver undoes the compensation for the coefficients that have not been erased, thus maintaining the compensation only of the erased coefficients. The stability of the resulting systems is explored, and stability conditions are derived. It is shown that stability for any erasure pattern can be enforced by optimizing a constrained quadratic program at the system design stage. The paper concludes with examples and simulations that verify the theoretical results and illustrate key issues in the algorithms.
Automated PET-only quantification of amyloid deposition with adaptive template and empirically pre-defined ROI (2016)

Amyloid PET is useful for early and/or differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Quantification of amyloid deposition using PET has been employed to improve diagnosis and to monitor AD therapy, particularly in research. Although MRI is often used for segmentation of gray matter and for spatial normalization into standard Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space where region-of-interest (ROI) template is defined, 3D MRI is not always available in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of PET-only amyloid quantification with an adaptive template and a pre-defined standard ROI template that has been empirically generated from typical cases. A total of 68 subjects who underwent brain (11)C-PiB PET were examined. The (11)C-PiB images were non-linearly spatially normalized to the standard MNI T1 atlas using the same transformation parameters of MRI-based normalization. The automatic-anatomical-labeling-ROI (AAL-ROI) template was applied to the PET images. All voxel values were normalized by the mean value of cerebellar cortex to generate the SUVR-scaled images. Eleven typical positive images and eight typical negative images were normalized and averaged, respectively, and were used as the positive and negative template. Positive and negative masks which consist of voxels with SUVR ⩾1.7 were extracted from both templates. Empirical PiB-prone ROI (EPP-ROI) was generated by subtracting the negative mask from the positive mask. The (11)C-PiB image of each subject was non-rigidly normalized to the positive and negative template, respectively, and the one with higher cross-correlation was adopted. The EPP-ROI was then inversely transformed to individual PET images. We evaluated differences of SUVR between standard MRI-based method and PET-only method. We additionally evaluated whether the PET-only method would correctly categorize (11)C-PiB scans as positive or negative. Significant correlation was observed between the SUVRs obtained with AAL-ROI and those with EPP-ROI when MRI-based normalization was used, the latter providing higher SUVR. When EPP-ROI was used, MRI-based method and PET-only method provided almost identical SUVR. All (11)C-PiB scans were correctly categorized into positive and negative using a cutoff value of 1.7 as compared to visual interpretation. The (11)C-PiB SUVR were 2.30 ± 0.24 and 1.25 ± 0.11 for the positive and negative images. PET-only amyloid quantification method with adaptive templates and EPP-ROI can provide accurate, robust and simple amyloid quantification without MRI.
An Empirical Study of FTL Performance in Conjunction with File System Pursuing Data Integrity (2010)

Due to the detachability of Flash storage, which is a dominant portable storage, data integrity stored in Flash storages becomes an important issue. This study considers the performance of Flash Translation Layer (FTL) schemes embedded in Flash storages in conjunction with file system behavior that pursue high data integrity. To assure extreme data integrity, file systems synchronously write all file data to storage accompanying hot write references. In this study, we concentrate on the effect of hot write references on Flash storage, and we consider the effect of absorbing the hot write references via nonvolatile write cache on the performance of the FTL schemes in Flash storage. In so doing, we quantify the performance of typical FTL schemes for a realistic digital camera workload that contains hot write references through experiments on a real system environment. Results show that for the workload with hot write references FTL performance does not conform with previously reported studies. We also conclude that the impact of the underlying FTL schemes on the performance of Flash storage is dramatically reduced by absorbing the hot write references via nonvolatile write cache.
Development of a Multiple Micro Diamond Wheel-Tools (2011)

This study presents a novel and economical compound technique that combines co-deposition with micro w-EDM for precisely developing a multiple micro diamond wheel-tools. The wheel-blank is made of diamond grit of 0-2 µm grade by electrochemical technique, in which employs a designed micro tank with ideal convection and mini porous carrier. Using a pore size of 5-10-µm in the porous carrier, a suitable interval chip-pocket of 2-3 µm on wheel-blank can generate naturally. Formation of the multiple wheel-tools is carried out via the processes of slicing, thinning and dressing simultaneously to become grinding edges array. A circuit of resistance capacitance, which provides a very short pulse and high peak, is employed as the electrical discharge power to help in achieving a very shallow and narrow discharge cavity. The thickness of each grinding edge can be machined down to 10-µm. The experimental result shows that the proposed technique is an effective method to fabricate precision micro diamond wheel-tools.
High-power thulium lasers on a silicon photonics platform (2017)

Mid-infrared laser sources are of great interest for various applications, including light detection and ranging, spectroscopy, communication, trace-gas detection, and medical sensing. Silicon photonics is a promising platform that enables these applications to be integrated on a single chip with low cost and compact size. Silicon-based high-power lasers have been demonstrated at 1.55 μm wavelength, while in the 2 μm region, to the best of our knowledge, high-power, high-efficiency, and monolithic light sources have been minimally investigated. In this Letter, we report on high-power CMOS-compatible thulium-doped distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector lasers with single-mode output powers up to 267 and 387 mW, and slope efficiencies of 14% and 23%, respectively. More than 70 dB side-mode suppression ratio is achieved for both lasers. This work extends the applicability of silicon photonic microsystems in the 2 μm region.
Cover Picture: Shape‐selective Valorization of Biomass‐derived Glycolaldehyde using Tin‐containing Zeolites (ChemSusChem 21/2016) (2016)

The Cover picture shows that if a suitable zeolite framework is chosen biomass can be converted to tetrose sugars due to shape selctivity. These sugars are not easily obtained from other sources and have potentially high value. However, hexose sugars are also obtained in this reaction and it is, therefore, important to identify catalysts that have a high selectivity towards C4 molecules. Zeolites with a defined pore structure are good candidates as they are known to offer good shape-selectivity. With this in mind, we used a medium-pore-size zeolite modified with Sn (Sn-MFI) to catalyze a very selective condensation of glycolaldehyde to tetroses, avoiding almost completely the further formation of higher sugars. More details can be found in the Full Paper by Tolborg et al. on page 3054 in Issue 21, 2016 (DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600757).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Antiviral Peptide Antibiotic Feglymycin. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sharing Lifelong Reinforcement Learning Knowledge via Modulating Masks (2023)

Lifelong learning agents aim to learn multiple tasks sequentially over a lifetime. This involves the ability to exploit previous knowledge when learning new tasks and to avoid forgetting. Modulating masks, a specific type of parameter isolation approach, have recently shown promise in both supervised and reinforcement learning. While lifelong learning algorithms have been investigated mainly within a single-agent approach, a question remains on how multiple agents can share lifelong learning knowledge with each other. We show that the parameter isolation mechanism used by modulating masks is particularly suitable for exchanging knowledge among agents in a distributed and decentralized system of lifelong learners. The key idea is that the isolation of specific task knowledge to specific masks allows agents to transfer only specific knowledge on-demand, resulting in robust and effective distributed lifelong learning. We assume fully distributed and asynchronous scenarios with dynamic agent numbers and connectivity. An on-demand communication protocol ensures agents query their peers for specific masks to be transferred and integrated into their policies when facing each task. Experiments indicate that on-demand mask communication is an effective way to implement distributed lifelong reinforcement learning and provides a lifelong learning benefit with respect to distributed RL baselines such as DD-PPO, IMPALA, and PPO+EWC. The system is particularly robust to connection drops and demonstrates rapid learning due to knowledge exchange.
A Phase Ii International, Multicenter Study of Oral Panobinostat (lbh589) in Patients With Refractory Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (ctcl) (2008)

This Phase II open-label multicenter study is enrolling CTCL patients (Stage IB–IVA), with mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sezary syndrome (SS), who have failed ≥2 prior systemic therapies, have adequate organ function and ECOG PS ≤2. Pts with significant cardiovascular abnormalities or QTcF >450 msec on screening ECG are excluded. Pts are stratified by either previous oral bexarotene (Group 1) or bexarotene-naive (Group 2) status; both following a Simon 2stage design. Panobinostat (20 mg) is administered orally on Days 1, 3, and 5 weekly until disease progression or intolerance. The primary endpoint is response rate measured by a composite of score derived from assessment of skin disease using modified Severity-Weighted Assessment Tool [mSWAT], and the evaluation of viscera and lymph nodes using CT. Intensive ECG monitoring for QTcF prolongation is performed.
A comparison of the reaction-diffusion kinetics between model-EUV polymer and molecular-glass photoresists (2008)

It has been recently postulated that sub-22 nm photolithography with polymeric photoresists has reached a materials design barrier due to its large molecular mass and distribution. In this argument, the "pixel" size, which is related to the smallest molecular unit, determines the feature fidelity and resolution of the lithographic process. This hypothesis remains unproven, but molecular glass photoresists can provide a test because they can share similar chemical functionality to polymer resists, but with low molecular mass and a monodisperse molecular mass distribution. The low molecular mass leads to the smaller pixel size compared to the radius of gyration of the polymer photoresist. In this work, we compare the deprotection reaction-diffusion kinetics of a common photoacid generator in a polymer and molecular glass resist with similar resist chemistry to elucidate effects of molecular architecture on photoresist performance. We determine the mechanism of reaction, photoacid trapping behavior, and diffusivity by measuring and comparing the reaction kinetics parameters as a function of temperature and exposure dose. These results permit an analysis of the latent image formation which is a crucial factor in resolution and line-edge roughness. Further, knowledge of the reaction-diffusion parameters of each type of resist provides a quantitative approach to predict line-space features, crucial for design for resolution-enhancement features.
Structural and electrical characterization of HBr/O2 plasma damage to Si substrate (2011)

Silicon substrate damage caused by HBr/O2 plasma exposure was investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The damage caused by H2, Ar, and O2 plasma exposure was also compared to clarify the ion-species dependence. Although the damage basically consists of a surface oxidized layer and underlying dislocated Si, the damage structure strongly depends on the incident ion species, ion energy, and oxidation during air and plasma exposure. In the case of HBr/O2 plasma exposure, hydrogen generated the deep damaged layer (∼10 nm), whereas ion-enhanced diffusion of oxygen, supplied simultaneously by the plasma, caused the thick surface oxidation. In-line monitoring of damage thicknesses by SE, developed with an optimized optical model, showed that the SE can be used to precisely monitor damage thicknesses in mass production. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of a damaged layer were studied before and after diluted-HF (DHF) treatment. Results showed that a positive charge is generated at the surface oxide–dislocated Si interface and/or in the bulk oxide after plasma exposure. After DHF treatment, most of the positive charges were removed, while the thickness of the “Si recess” was increased by removing the thick surface oxidized layer. As both the Si recess and remaining dislocated Si, including positive charges, cause the degradation of electrical performance, precise monitoring of the surface structure and understanding its effect on device performance is indispensable for creating advanced devices.
Synthesis and evaluation of 1,2-trans alkyl galactofuranoside mimetics as mycobacteriostatic agents (2015)

The simple octyl β-D-galactofuranoside was previously described as a good bacteriostatic agent against Mycobacterium smegmatis, a non-pathogenic model of M. tuberculosis. In order to decipher its mechanism of action, STD NMR on whole M. smegmatis cells was implemented. It outlined the crucial role of the alkyl chain and the possibility of modulation on the furanosyl entity. Then, 16 new alkyl furanosides were synthesized in order to optimize the mycobacteriostatic activity. They all present the pending alkyl chain in a 1,2-trans configuration relative to the sugar ring. Three families were studied that differ by a substituent on the primary position of the galactofuranose ring, the series or the pending alkyl chain. Four of these neofuranosides showed growth inhibition inferior to the parent octyl β-D-galactofuranoside. Double alkyl chains at C-1 and a polar substituent on the primary position of the furanoside significantly favored the activity. Finally, a mixed biantennary alkyl/aryl β-D-galactofuranoside exhibited the best growth inhibition concentration at 90 μM.
Coupling Matrix-based Beamforming for Superdirective Antenna Arrays (2022)

In most multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems, e.g., Massive MIMO, the antenna spacing is generally no less than half a wavelength. It helps to reduce the mutual coupling and therefore facilitate the system design. The maximum array gain is the number of antennas in this settings. However, when the antenna spacing is made very small, the array gain of a compact array can be proportional to the square of the number of antennas - a value much larger than the traditional array. To achieve this so-called "superdirectivity" however, the calculation of the excitation coefficients (beamforming vector) is known to be a challenging problem. In this paper, we derive the beamforming vector of superdirective arrays based on a novel coupling matrix-enabled method. We also propose an approach to obtain the coupling matrix, which is derived by the spherical wave expansion method and active element pattern. The full-wave electromagnetic simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method. Simulation results show that when the beamforming vector obtained by our method is applied, the directivity of the designed dipole antenna array has a good agreement with the theoretical values.
19.2 A 110mK 295µW 28nm FDSOI CMOS Quantum Integrated Circuit with a 2.8GHz Excitation and nA Current Sensing of an On-Chip Double Quantum Dot (2020)

To reach quantum supremacy, quantum computers need >50 logical qubits with <; mv accurate biasing, GHz-range signal handling, and μs readout of thousands of physical qubits at sub-Kelvin temperatures. Silicon-based qubits are a promising approach to scale the qubit number owing to their low footprint (100nm) and gaining from the CMOS industrial background to reach maturity [1]. Moreover, the quantum silicon choice allows the IC community to integrate large-scale qubit-control electronics directly nearby the quantum silicon core, thus drastically reducing the wire-connection number and qubit-addressing fanout, meanwhile increasing the operation bandwidth for error correction and the spin-readout sensitivity.
Hypertonic Saline In Patients With Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Improves Cerebral Blood Flow, Brain Tissue Oxygen, and pH (2009)

HS augments CBF in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage and significantly improves cerebral oxygenation for 4 hours postinfusion. Favorable outcome is associated with an improvement in brain tissue oxygen beyond 210 minutes.
450. A Single Immunization With Optimized DNA Vaccines Protects Against Lethal Ebola Virus Challenge in Mice and Induces Seroconversion in Non-Human Primates Following a DNA Prime–DNA Boost Approach (2015)

Ebola is a hemorrhagic fever virus that is responsible for the severe, ongoing outbreak in West Africa, with over 21000 confirmed cases and a mortality rate of >39%. Control of the outbreak has been a considerable challenge as there are no approved vaccines or therapies. Recent reports suggest that the outbreak is more severe than previously thought and investigating alternative immunization approaches would be of great benefit. We generated 3 DNA vector vaccine candidates expressing the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP): 2 vaccines designed based on consensus sequences of EBOV GPs (1976-2014) and a 3rd matched construct to a 2014 Guinea strain. Immunogenicity and protection was first evaluated in mice, followed by studies in non-human primates (NHP). BALB/c mice received a single immunization of each DNA vaccine (40mg), delivered by intramuscular injection followed by electroporation (IM-EP). We also co-administered 2 or 3 construct formulations of DNA vaccines as an alternative strategy to broaden efficacy against antigenically distant EBOV strains. All 3 single and all co-formulated vaccines generated strong T cell responses, including GP-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFNγ, TNFα, and IL2. BALB/c mice (n=10/group) were challenged with a lethal dose of a heterologous mouse-adapted Mayinga 1976 EBOV strain. The two consensus DNA vaccines and 2 and 3 vaccine combinations were 100% protective in mice. The matched vaccine afforded 90% protection. Total GP-specific IgG levels were high in all surviving mice and low in unprotected animals suggesting that titers may correlate with therapeutic efficacy. As all 3 DNA vaccines were immunogenic and no antigen interference was observed, we next investigated immunogenicity of the 3 DNA vaccines in rhesus macaques following a DNA-DNA prime-boost immunization regimen. Macaques (n=5/group) received by IM-EP delivery:1) matched vaccine (4mg), 2) 3-construct formulation administered at a single injection site (2mg/vaccine), 3) 3-construct formulation delivered at separate injection sites (2mg/vaccine), or 4) 3-construct formulation combined with IL12 adjuvant (2mg/vaccine). Each immunization was followed by 3 subsequent DNA boosts at 1 month intervals. All groups had high GP-specific total IgG titers post-1st boost immunization that continued to increase over subsequent boosts and detectable T-cell responses. Overall, these studies demonstrate that a DNA-DNA prime-boost regimen can effectively induce seroconversion in NHPs and further studies will serve to evaluate protective immunogenicity. This approach not only serves as a tool to better understand the immune responses associated with protection against EBOV infection, but also has potential for translation towards human applications.