gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Chlorofluorocarbene (2003)

10-exo-Fluoro-10‘-endo-chlorotricylco[4.3.1.01,6]decadiene-2,4 (1) was synthesized. Continuous photolysis of 1 (300 nm) generates chlorofluorocarbene 2, which can be intercepted with tetramethylethylene (TME) to form the expected cyclopropane 3. Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 1 (308 nm) in cyclohexane at ambient temperature does not result in the direct detection of 2 by time-resolved UV−vis spectroscopy. However, LFP of 1 in the presence of pyridine produces the intense transient absorption of ylide 4 at 450 nm. The absolute rate constant of reaction of 2 with pyridine is 8.0 × 109 M-1 s-1 in cyclohexane. LFP (266 nm) of 1 in heptane at ambient temperature produces a transient species with a C−F vibration at 1142 cm-1 and a lifetime of 2.5 μs at ambient temperature. The carrier of the transient absorption is assigned to carbene 2 on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and on the basis of its kinetic behavior. The absolute rate constant of reaction of carbene 2 with TME was determined by monitoring the transient absorption of ylide 4 (Freon-113) or by time-resolved IR spectroscopy (heptane) to give values of 1.1 × 108 M-1 s-1 and 2.9 × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. This is the first measurement of a bimolecular ground-state singlet carbene reaction by both time-resolved UV−vis and IR spectroscopy. The value determined by the time-resolved IR measurement is more accurate than that from the ylide probe technique.
Cyclin A Probes by Means of Intermolecular Sensitization of Terbium-Chelating Peptides (2008)

Intermolecular sensitization of lanthanide ions was effectively implemented in the development of fluorescent sensors targeting cyclin A. A chelating unit has been conjugated to peptides containing a known cyclin A binding motif (CBM). Upon interaction of the modified terbium-chelating peptides with the cyclin A substrate recruitment groove, the Tb3+ ion is placed in the vicinity of the Trp217 side chain, which results in efficient intermolecular terbium sensitization and specific long wavelength fluorescent emission from the metal center.
Lack of activity of recombinant HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) on reported non-HIF substrates (2019)

Human and other animal cells deploy three closely related dioxygenases (PHD 1, 2 and 3) to signal oxygen levels by catalysing oxygen regulated prolyl hydroxylation of the transcription factor HIF. The discovery of the HIF prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) enzymes as oxygen sensors raises a key question as to the existence and nature of non-HIF substrates, potentially transducing other biological responses to hypoxia. Over 20 such substrates are reported. We therefore sought to characterise their reactivity with recombinant PHD enzymes. Unexpectedly, we did not detect prolyl-hydroxylase activity on any reported non-HIF protein or peptide, using conditions supporting robust HIF-α hydroxylation. We cannot exclude PHD-catalysed prolyl hydroxylation occurring under conditions other than those we have examined. However, our findings using recombinant enzymes provide no support for the wide range of non-HIF PHD substrates that have been reported.
Analytical modeling and simulation of bicmos for VLSI circuits (1990)

Interest in BiCMOS technology has been generated recently due to the potential advantages this technology offers over conventional CMOS which enjoys widespread use in today’s semiconductor industry. However, before BiCMOS can be readily adopted by the VLSI community, an understanding of the design issues and tradeoffs involved when utilizing it, must be achieved. The principal focus of this research is to move towards such an understanding through the means of analytical modeling and circuit simulation using PSPICE [1]. The device chosen for the modeling approach is the basic BiCMOS Inverting Buffer Driver. The model yields equations that characterize output rise and fall transients and quantify the delays incurred therein. At the end of the analysis, we have a composite set of delay equations that are a measure of the total gate delay and reflect the importance of individual device and circuit parameters in determining this delay. Further investigations conducted to determine the influence of device, circuit and process parameters on BiCMOS, indicate that this technology is far more resilient to variations in such parameters than CMOS. At the end of this research, we are able to make a definitive judgement about BiCMOS performance and its superiority over CMOS in the switching speed domain.
Effect of Partial Fe Substitution in La0.9Sr0.1NiO3 Perovskite-Derived Catalysts on the Reaction Mechanism of Methane Dry Reforming (2020)

The partial substitution of Ni in LaNiO3 perovskite-derived catalysts by Fe has been shown to considerably improve the catalyst stability and coke resistance in dry reforming of methane (DRM). In this study, we have investigated the reaction mechanism of DRM on La0.9Sr0.1Ni0.5Fe0.5O3-derived catalysts and shown how it differs from that on La0.9Sr0.1NiO3. By using isotopically labeled reactants and in situ DRIFTS analysis, we observe that lanthanum oxycarbonates are active intermediates for CO2 activation and oxidation of carbonaceous intermediates from methane on the La0.9Sr0.1NiO3 catalyst, whereas the oxidation of carbonaceous intermediates occurs solely through a MvK-type redox mechanism by support lattice oxygen in La0.9Sr0.1Ni0.5Fe0.5O3. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by XRD, H2-TPR, XAS, XPS, O2- and CO2-TPD-MS, H2 chemisorption, TGA–DTA, and TEM, and the catalyst properties were correlated with the proposed reaction mechanism. It was observed that in contrast to La0.9Sr0.1NiO3, which almost completely decomposed to form Ni/La2O3-xSrO after H2 reduction pretreatment, La0.9Sr0.1Ni0.5Fe0.5O3 could partially retain a perovskite structure after reduction and in the DRM atmosphere. Detailed characterization of the La0.9Sr0.1Ni0.5Fe0.5O3 catalyst after reduction and exposure to reactant gases reveals that this perovskite phase is reversibly decomposed into La2O3 and metal (NiFe) upon exposure to CH4 and is reconstructed upon exposure to CO2 or CH4/CO2 mixture. The cyclic decomposition and formation of the perovskite phase is accompanied by the release and capture of oxygen from and into the perovskite lattice and the redox cycling of Fe between Fe0 (in NiFe alloy) and Fe3+/Fe4+ (in perovskite) states. The La0.9Sr0.1NiO3, on the other hand, forms the lanthanum oxycarbonate phase in CO2 atmosphere, with no observable reconstruction of the perovskite phase. We attribute the reversibility of the formation of the stable La1–xSrxFeO3 perovskite phase under DRM conditions and its high oxygen storage/release capacity as the primary reason for the dominance of the redox mechanism and high coke resistance of La0.9Sr0.1Ni0.5Fe0.5O3.
GPU-Intensive Fast Entropy Coding Framework for Neural Image Compression (2021)

Neural compression has benefited from technological advances such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to achieve advanced bitrates, especially in image compression. In neural image compression, an encoder and a decoder can run in parallel on a GPU, so the speed is relatively fast. However, the conventional entropy coding for neural image compression requires serialized iterations in which the probability distribution is estimated by multi-layer CNNs and entropy coding is processed on a CPU. Therefore, the total compression and decompression speed is slow. We propose a fast, practical, GPU-intensive entropy coding framework that consistently executes entropy coding on a GPU through highly parallelized tensor operations, as well as an encoder, decoder, and entropy estimator with an improved network architecture. We experimentally evaluated the speed and rate-distortion performance of the proposed framework and found that we could significantly increase the speed while maintaining the bitrate advantage of neural image compression.
THE MECHANISM OF COPOLYMER RETENTION IN INTERACTIVE POLYMER CHROMATOGRAPHY. I. CRITICAL POINT OF ADSORPTION FOR STATISTICAL COPOLYMERS (1999)

A comprehensive analysis of interactive polymer chromatography is presented. Isocratic liquid chromatography of polymers at the critical eluent composition (the transition point where size-exclusion and adsorption interactions completely compensate each other) is currently used to separate functional oligomers and block copolymers. We have extended the concept of this critical elution chromatography to the cases of statistical copolymers as well as porous stationary phases with heterogeneous surfaces (viz., surfaces with both inert and active groups). The theory provides the quantitative condition for statistical copolymer chains to have a single adsorption-desorption transition point. The random copolymers with narrow chemical composition distribution (CCD) always posses such a point. For non-random copolymers this condition includes the comparison between the mean length of chain segments connecting the attractive walls of the pore and the chemical correlation segment characterizing the randomness of the copolymer microstructure or the surface of this pore. If the critical transition point exists, then the copolymer chains behave as hypothetical homopolymer chains with a single energy of interaction between the effective monomer units and the active groups at the surface. The relationship between this energy and the microstructure of copolymer chains has been also analyzed. If copolymer has a broad CCD, each compositionally homogeneous fraction has its own adsorption-desorption threshold. The partial transition points have been established for the copolymers with blocky or alternating microstructure. Only a portion of the copolymer chain effectively behaves as a homopolymer chain at these points. This property was used in the past for the separation of block copolymers according to the length of blocks comprised of the monomer units of a specific type.
Proportionate Algorithms For Two-Microphone Active Feedback Cancellation (2015)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Nice, France, 2015
Neurotoxins subvert the allosteric activation mechanism of SARM1 to induce neuronal loss (2021)

SARM1 is an inducible TIR-domain NAD<sup>+</sup> hydrolase that mediates pathological axon degeneration. SARM1 is activated by an increased ratio of NMN to NAD<sup>+</sup>, which competes for binding to an allosteric activating site. When NMN binds, the TIR domain is released from autoinhibition, activating its NAD<sup>+</sup> hydrolase activity. The discovery of this allosteric activating site led us to hypothesize that other NAD<sup>+</sup>-related metabolites might activate SARM1. Here, we show the nicotinamide analog 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP), first identified as a neurotoxin in the 1940s, is converted to 3-APMN, which activates SARM1 and induces SARM1-dependent NAD<sup>+</sup> depletion, axon degeneration, and neuronal death. In mice, systemic treatment with 3-AP causes rapid SARM1-dependent death, while local application to the peripheral nerve induces SARM1-dependent axon degeneration. We identify 2-aminopyridine as another SARM1-dependent neurotoxin. These findings identify SARM1 as a candidate mediator of environmental neurotoxicity and suggest that SARM1 agonists could be developed into selective agents for neurolytic therapy.
Crystallographic anisotropy in thin film magnetic recording media analyzed with x-ray diffraction (1993)

The crystallographic anisotropy of CoCr alloy films deposited on a Cr underlayer was investigated with grazing incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS). The effect of circumferential mechanical texturing of the NiP substrate (producing microgrooves through polishing) was explored. The Co was found to grow heteroepitaxially on the Cr underlayer with the Co(112̄0) growth planes parallel to the Cr(001) growth planes. We observe no significant differences in Co lattice parameter in the circumferential and radial directions, although we do see variations in crystallographic texture between these two directions. From GIXS peak intensities, we observe that there is a greater population of crystallites with their c axis pointed along the grooves. This analysis was done after allowing for the effect of the varying local surface normal due to the substrate grooves. The ratio of the coercivities in the two directions scales with the ratios of the c-axis population densities. Two simple quantitative models of the magnetic properties of the aggregate have been constructed: strongly coupled grains and uncoupled grains. The predictions of these models are compared to the observed properties.
Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior (2001)

Fire managers are increasingly concerned about the threat of crown fires, yet only now are quantitative methods for assessing crown fire hazard being developed. Links among existing mathematical models of fire behavior are used to develop two indices of crown fire hazard-the Torching Index and Crowning Index. These indices can be used to ordinate different forest stands by their relative susceptibility to crown fire and to compare the effectiveness of crown fire mitigation treatments. The coupled model was used to simulate the wide range of fire behavior possible in a forest stand, from a low-intensity surface fire to a high-intensity active crown fire, for the purpose of comparing potential fire behavior. The hazard indices and behavior simulations incorporate the effects of surface fuel characteristics, dead and live fuel moistures (surface and crown), slope steepness, canopy base height, canopy bulk density, and wind reduction by the canopy. Example simulations are for western Montana Pinus ponderosa and Pinus contorta stands. Although some of the models presented here have had limited testing or restricted geographic applicability, the concepts will apply to models for other regions and new models with greater geographic applicability.
Antibody-drug conjugate technology development for hematologic disorders. (2012)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) combine cytotoxic chemotherapy and antibody specificity. There are 4 components of ADC technology: the cancer, or target, antigen; the antibody to that target; the linker that connects the drug to the antibody; and the drug itself. The antibody directs the cytotoxic agent to the tumor cell, thereby diminishing the side effect profile of the cytotoxic agent and enabling delivery of a more potent therapeutic because of the ability to control the target and the side effects. ADC technology has vastly improved within the last several years. In early ADCs, the linkers were too labile, which led to the release of free drug in the circulation and consequent off-target toxicity. In the current generation of ADCs, the linkers are more stable, and the cytotoxic agents are significantly more potent. ADCs have been developed against a variety of antigens and receptors, including CD19, CD22, and CD30, and have been linked to multiple different cytotoxic agents, including calicheamicin and maytansinoid derivatives. The ADC brentuximab vedotin was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma after failure of autologous stem cell transplant or at least 2 prior multiagent chemotherapy regimens, and the treatment of patients with systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma after failure of at least 1 prior multiagent chemotherapy regimen. Other ADCs in clinical trials for hematologic disorders include inotuzumab ozogamicin, SAR3419, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin.
Experimental evaluation of the omnidirectional behavior of platonic polyhedron loudspeakers (2003)

Many architectural acoustics measurements require the use of an omnidirectional source. For several years, the source predominantly used for such applications has been the dodecahedron loudspeaker with small in-phase drivers mounted in each face. While other platonic polyhedron loudspeakers (PPLs) have not been used as frequently, they also produce nearly omnidirectional fields over limited bandwidths. Above cutoff frequencies specific to their geometries, all PPLs depart from ideal omnidirectional behavior, with varying degrees of directivity. While these cutoff frequencies are typically higher for higher-order polyhedra, they commonly fall within the bandwidths of standard measurements. The five types of PPLs have been constructed and measured to gain greater insight into their omnidirectional behaviors. Their frequency responses were taken at 2664 points over a sphere (5-deg polar and azimuthal angle increments) in an anechoic chamber. The measurements were then processed to produce directivity balloon plots. However, to better compare directivities and find the source consistently producing the most omnidirectional field over a useful bandwidth, a frequency-dependent standard deviation formula was implemented. Average values of the standard deviation parameter produce figures of merit that further characterize omnidirectionality. [Research supported by funding from the NSF REU program.]
Gel phase formation in dilute triblock copolyelectrolyte complexes (2017)

Assembly of oppositely charged triblock copolyelectrolytes into phase-separated gels at low polymer concentrations (<1% by mass) has been observed in scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Here we show that in contrast to uncharged, amphiphilic block copolymers that form discrete micelles at low concentrations and enter a phase of strongly interacting micelles in a gradual manner with increasing concentration, the formation of a dilute phase of individual micelles is prevented in polyelectrolyte complexation-driven assembly of triblock copolyelectrolytes. Gel phases form and phase separate almost instantaneously on solvation of the copolymers. Furthermore, molecular models of self-assembly demonstrate the presence of oligo-chain aggregates in early stages of copolyelectrolyte assembly, at experimentally unobservable polymer concentrations. Our discoveries contribute to the fundamental understanding of the structure and pathways of complexation-driven assemblies, and raise intriguing prospects for gel formation at extraordinarily low concentrations, with applications in tissue engineering, agriculture, water purification and theranostics.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF 2‐(3‐PYRIDYL)MALEIMIDE (1984)

Abstract Ausgehend von den Estern (I) wird der Nitrilester (VI) auf zwei Wegen dargestellt.
CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic RF ablation: Feasibility in an animal model (2012)

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to establish non-invasive CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation in an ex vivo porcine model followed by transfer of the technique into a feasibility in vivo experiment. Materials and methods: Bipolar RF ablations were performed in 10 specimens of porcine liver. Parallel to the needle-shaped RF applicator three optical temperature probes were inserted into the liver specimens at fixed distances of 5, 10 and 15mm from the RF probe. During energy application (20W) unenhanced sequential MSCT scans were acquired using the following scan protocol: 140 kV tube voltage, 300 mAs/rotation tube current time product, collimation 24 x 1.2 mm, rotation time 0.5 s. Axial image data was reconstructed using a soft tissue convolution kernel. Temperature data was recorded during every CT scan. Using a circular 0.5 cm(2) region of interest local CT values were measured at the tips of the temperature probes and matched with the measured temperatures. Regression analysis was performed to analyse the relationship between local temperatures and CT values for each temperature probe position. Furthermore, the same experimental design was used in four anaesthetised female pigs in order to investigate the potential of this technique for an in vivo application. Results: A negative correlation was found for the relationship between temperature and CT value. Regression coefficients were -0.44 (5 mm), -0.35 (10mm) and -0.37 (15mm) for ex vivo data. Analysis of in vivo experiments showed regression coefficients between -0.025 and -0.434. Conclusion: Multislice computed tomography is able to depict temperature changes in liver tissue during RFA.
Optics and neural adaptation jointly limit human stereovision (2021)

Stereovision is the ability to perceive fine depth variations from small differences in the two eyes' images. Using adaptive optics, we show that even minute optical aberrations that are not clinically correctable, and go unnoticed in everyday vision, can affect stereo acuity. Hence, the human binocular system is capable of using fine details that are not experienced in everyday vision. Interestingly, stereo acuity varied considerably across individuals even when they were provided identical perfect optics. We also found that individuals' stereo acuity is better when viewing with their habitual optics rather than someone else's (better) optics. Together, these findings suggest that the visual system compensates for habitual optical aberrations through neural adaptation and thereby optimizes stereovision uniquely for each individual. Thus, stereovision is limited by small optical aberrations and by neural adaptation to one's own optics.
High-average-power 1.5-fs transform-limited laser system (2000)

Summary form only given.We present a high-average-power, all-diode-pumped laser system delivering ultrashort-pulse (15 fs), transform-limited output at 1-kHz repetition rate. The high-order spectral phase distortions that are usually present in the output of an amplifier system, and that lead to incomplete compression in the wings of the pulse, were eliminated by using a deformable mirror pulse shaper incorporated into the amplifier system. In past work, we demonstrated that the deformable mirror (DM) pulse shaper could compress the output from an oscillator. In this work we demonstrate that the DM has sufficient resolution to correct phase distortions in an amplifier system. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that transform-limited operation is possible from an amplifier system, and that spectral phase corrections increase the temporal contrast ratio of the pulse.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Effects of HER Family–targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity in HER2-expressing Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;MFI comparison at T0 and T6 for T47D/MCF-7&lt;/p&gt;
Magnetic irreversibility and relaxation in assembly of ferromagnetic nanoparticles (1999)

Measurements of the magnetic irreversibility line and time-logarithmic decay of the magnetization are described for three ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ samples composed of regular amorphous, acicular amorphous, and crystalline nanoparticles. The relaxation rate is the largest and the irreversibility temperature is the lowest for the regular amorphous nanoparticles. The crystalline material exhibits the lowest relaxation rate and the largest irreversibility temperature. We develop a phenomenological model to explain the details of the experimental results. The main new aspect of the model is the dependence of the barrier for magnetic relaxation on the instantaneous magnetization and therefore on time. The time-dependent barrier yields a natural explanation for the time-logarithmic decay of the magnetization. Interactions between particles as well as shape and crystalline magnetic anisotropies define an energy scale that controls the magnetic irreversibility. Introducing this energy scale yields a self-consistent explanation of the experimental data.