gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AVLnet: Learning Audio-Visual Language Representations from\n Instructional Videos (2020)

Current methods for learning visually grounded language from videos often\nrely on text annotation, such as human generated captions or machine generated\nautomatic speech recognition (ASR) transcripts. In this work, we introduce the\nAudio-Video Language Network (AVLnet), a self-supervised network that learns a\nshared audio-visual embedding space directly from raw video inputs. To\ncircumvent the need for text annotation, we learn audio-visual representations\nfrom randomly segmented video clips and their raw audio waveforms. We train\nAVLnet on HowTo100M, a large corpus of publicly available instructional videos,\nand evaluate on image retrieval and video retrieval tasks, achieving\nstate-of-the-art performance. We perform analysis of AVLnet's learned\nrepresentations, showing our model utilizes speech and natural sounds to learn\naudio-visual concepts. Further, we propose a tri-modal model that jointly\nprocesses raw audio, video, and text captions from videos to learn a\nmulti-modal semantic embedding space useful for text-video retrieval. Our code,\ndata, and trained models will be released at avlnet.csail.mit.edu\n
Design objectives for spring mechanism generator circuit breaker with high reliability (2006)

Generator circuit breakers are used in many medium power plants (gas or coal) today, rated from 50 MW to 200 MW. Their acceptance is based on financial criteria, and at the same time on the utmost reliability and availability of power plants. The generator circuit breaker protects the generator and the stepup transformer. Various works in the industry have proven that the reliability of these apparatuses is based on the reliability of mechanisms. The spring mechanism has been proven as being the most reliable for the type of energy involved in interrupting short circuit in circuit breakers. This paper looks at the increase of reliability and availability of generator circuit breakers due to the operation of spring mechanism
Induction of transforming growth factor- beta during cardiac allograft rejection. (1993)

The polypeptides of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family are potent endogenous immuno-regulators. Using a rat cardiac allograft transplant model, we investigated the expression of the precursor forms of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 and the latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP) by immunohistochemistry. The activity of TGF-beta in the extracts from transplanted as well as normal hearts was measured using a bioassay, and Northern blot analysis was performed on RNA extracts. The transplanted hearts were analyzed both during acute rejection up to 6 days and during chronic rejection up to 6 mo after transplantation and compared with normal controls. The animals of the chronic rejection group received cyclosporin A for immunosuppression. The TGF-beta bioactivity dramatically increased in the transplanted allografts during the chronic rejection process compared to the normal hearts, and so did the immunostaining as well as the mRNA levels for TGF-beta 1 and, to a lesser extent, the immunostaining for TGF-beta 2. TGF-beta 3 expression remained unchanged and was only found in the myocardium in trace amounts. During the acute rejection process up to 6 days after transplantation, TGF-beta immunoreactivity increased only slightly, whereas the TGF-beta mRNA was severalfold increased. Control animals treated with cyclosporin A showed a similar pattern at day 6 with regard to TGF-beta expression. LTBP was induced simultaneously with TGF-beta 1 and occurred within interstitial spaces of the myocardium. The TGF-beta was produced by macrophage-like infiltrating lymphocytes. In conclusion, highly elevated levels of TGF-beta and LTBP were found during chronic rejection of cardiac allografts in rats. The induction of TGF-beta may counteract the rejection process and could be useful for new therapeutic approaches in the prevention of allograft rejection.
An internally non-linear ADC for a &#x03A3;&#x0394; accelerometer loop (2010)

If an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used within a ΣΔ converter such that the loop filter is mixed signal, then the ADC does not need to have the full resolution of the ΣΔ converter, and its input values will not be uniformly distributed over the input range. In this paper, we argue that the best input distribution to use as a general model is the maximum-entropy distribution (for location parameters: the Gaussian distribution). We then describe an externally linear ADC with non-linearly spaced decision boundaries implemented in 0.6μm CMOS and show measurement results of a 19-bit dynamic range ΣΔ accelerometer loop inside which the ADC reaches more than the required 7-bit performance with only 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> decision levels.
A DSP-based Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor Servo Drive Using Adaptive Fuzzy-Neural Network Control (2004)

An adaptive fuzzy neural network (AFNN) control system is proposed to control the position of the mover of a field­ oriented control permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) servo drive system to track periodic reference trajectories in this study. In the proposed AFNN control sys tem, a FNN with accurate approximation capability is employed to approximate the unknown dynamics of the PMLSM, and a robust compensator is proposed to confront the inevitable approximation errorS due to fmite number of membership functions and disturbances including the friction force. The adaptive learning algorithm that can learn the parameters of the FNN on line is derived using Lyapunov stability theorem. Moreover, to relax the requirement for the value of lumped uncertainty in the robust compensator which comprises a minimum approximation error, optimal parameter vectors, higher-order terms in Taylor series and friction force, an adaptive lumped uncertainty estimati on law is investigated. Furthermore, all the control algorithms are implemented in a TMS320C32 DSP-based control computer. The experimental results due to periodic reference trajectories show that the dynamic behaviors of the proposed control systems are robust with regard to uncertainties.
MHC-linked Ir gene control of T cell responses: GAT-specific proliferating T cells and helper T cells are elicited in nonresponder mice immunized with soluble GAT. (1983)

The immune response to the synthetic terpolymer GAT is controlled by MHC-linked Ir gene(s). We show in this paper that antigen-presenting cells and T cells from mice belonging to two nonresponder strains (SJL and DBA/1) can present and recognize GAT, respectively. This has been measured with a T cell proliferation assay of GAT-primed lymph node cells. In order to detect T cell proliferation among GAT-primed lymph node cells from DBA/1 mice, it is necessary to treat the cells with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2 antibodies and complement (C) before the assay. These conclusions were further verified with SJL mice, when a T cell line derived from LN cells was used. We have shown that after immunization with GAT, specific T helper cells can be generated in the lymph nodes of SJL mice but not in the lymph nodes of DBA/1 mice. Furthermore, GAT-specific T helper cells can be detected in the spleen of SJL mice after immunizations with GAT, provided these spleen cells are pretreated with monoclonal anti-Lyt-2 antibodies + C or mild irradiation. Together, these results support the general idea that nonresponsiveness can be explained by a regulatory imbalance rather than by discrete cellular "defects."
Materials Surface Modification by Plasma Bombardment Under Simultaneous Erosion and Redeposition Conditions (1986)

The first in-depth investigation of surface modification of materials by continuous, high-flux argon plasma bombardment under simultaneous erosion and redeposition conditions have been carried out for copper and 304 stainless steel using the PISCES facility. The plasma bombardment conditions are: incident ion flux range from 10/sup 17/ to 10/sup 19/ ions sec/sup -1/cm/sup -2/, total ion fluence is controlled between 10/sup 19/ and 10/sup 22/ ions cm/sup -2/, electron temperature range from 5 to 15 eV, and plasma density range from 10/sup 11/ to 10/sup 13/cm/sup -3/. The incident ion energy is 100 eV. The sample temperature is between 300 and 700K. Under redeposition dominated conditions, the material erosion rate due to the plasma bombardment is significantly smaller (by a factor up to 10) than that can be expected from the classical ion beam sputtering yield data. It is found that surface morphologies of redeposited materials strongly depend on the plasma bombardment condition. The effect of impurities on surface morphology is elucidated in detail. First-order modelings are implemented to interpret the reduced erosion rate and the surface evolution. Also, fusion related surface properties of redeposited materials such as hydrogen reemission and plasma driven permeation have been characterized.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy: From Principles to Nanoscale Imaging and Identification of Metal Soaps (2021)

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Enhancement of electron emission from silicon tips by nitrogen doped amorphous carbon coating (1999)

Silicon field emitters have been coated with nitrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:N) in order to enhance the electron emission current. The coating was produced using a helical resonator plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. The a-C:N film is amorphous and hydrogenated with about 30 at % hydrogen. Nitrogen is also included in the amorphous network and reduces the work function by doping. a-C:N coating enhances significantly the emission current of silicon tips.
Gαi2 Signaling Is Required for Skeletal Muscle Growth, Regeneration, and Satellite Cell Proliferation and Differentiation (2013)

We have previously shown that activation of Gαi2, an α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and myoblast differentiation. To determine whether Gαi2 is required for skeletal muscle growth or regeneration, Gαi2-null mice were analyzed. Gαi2 knockout mice display decreased lean body mass, reduced muscle size, and impaired skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Gαi2 in satellite cells (SCs) leads to defective satellite cell proliferation, fusion, and differentiation ex vivo. The impaired differentiation is consistent with the observation that the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Myf5 are downregulated upon knockdown of Gαi2. Interestingly, the expression of microRNA 1 (miR-1), miR-27b, and miR-206, three microRNAs that have been shown to regulate SC proliferation and differentiation, is increased by a constitutively active mutant of Gαi2 [Gαi2(Q205L)] and counterregulated by Gαi2 knockdown. As for the mechanism, this study demonstrates that Gαi2(Q205L) regulates satellite cell differentiation into myotubes in a protein kinase C (PKC)- and histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent manner.
A 1.1GHz bandwidth, 46%–62% efficiency Continuous Mode Doherty Power Amplifier (2016)

In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to improve Doherty Power Amplifiers' (DPAs') bandwidth and efficiency by manipulating harmonic components to reshape current and voltage waveforms over a continuous bandwidth. Such operation creates a series of continuous high efficiency modes at each frequency over the band, which is referred as Continuous Mode Doherty Power Amplifier (C-DPA) in this paper. Based on the proposed technique, a 30-Watts broadband C-DPA is designed over the entire mainstream communication frequency band 1.65-2.75GHz. Using a 20MHz, 7.5dB PAPR LTE signal, the fabricated DPA is measured and linearized. According to the measured results, the designed DPA exhibits 46%-62% modulated efficiency over the designed 1.1GHz frequency range while maintaining Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) below -45dBc. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the state-of-the-art performance of DPAs.
[Features of clinical flow of odontogenic periostitis of maxilla and jaw in the people of different age]. (2013)

This article presents the results of medical reports retrospective analysis of 605 patients that came to multisectoral maxillofacial hospital with acute odontogenic periostitis of maxilla and jaw by emergency or according to urgent indications in 2008-2011. The age-related features of prevalence and principal reasons of development and clinical aspects of localization of odontogenic periostitis of maxilla and jaw within the people of different age are shown.
Reduction of degenerate four-wave mixing spectra to relative populations I. Weak-field limit (1994)

Diagrammatic perturbation theory combined with a spherical tensor treatment allows the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) signal resulting from an isotropic molecular sample to be decomposed into a sum of three multipole moments in the weak-field (no saturation) limit. The zeroth moment gives the relative internal-state population contribution, the first moment the orientation contribution, and the second moment the alignment contribution to the DFWM spectra. This treatment makes explicit how the magnitude of the DFWM signal depends on the polarizations of the other three beams and the collisional relaxation caused by the environment. A general expression is derived for the DFWM signal for an arbitrary geometric configuration of the beams (arbitrary phase matching geometry). Under the assumption that the rates of collisional relaxation of the population, the orientation, and the alignment are the same, simple analytic expressions are found for the most commonly used experimental configurations, which should facilitate the practical analysis of DFWM spectra.
The More You Know: Using Knowledge Graphs for Image Classification (2016)

One characteristic that sets humans apart from modern learning-based computer vision algorithms is the ability to acquire knowledge about the world and use that knowledge to reason about the visual world. Humans can learn about the characteristics of objects and the relationships that occur between them to learn a large variety of visual concepts, often with few examples. This paper investigates the use of structured prior knowledge in the form of knowledge graphs and shows that using this knowledge improves performance on image classification. We build on recent work on end-to-end learning on graphs, introducing the Graph Search Neural Network as a way of efficiently incorporating large knowledge graphs into a vision classification pipeline. We show in a number of experiments that our method outperforms standard neural network baselines for multi-label classification.
Survival of the Fittest: Positive Selection of CD4+ T Cells Expressing a Membrane-Bound Fusion Inhibitor Following HIV-1 Infection (2010)

Although a variety of genetic strategies have been developed to inhibit HIV replication, few direct comparisons of the efficacy of these inhibitors have been carried out. Moreover, most studies have not examined whether genetic inhibitors are able to induce a survival advantage that results in an expansion of genetically-modified cells following HIV infection. We evaluated the efficacy of three leading genetic strategies to inhibit HIV replication: 1) an HIV-1 tat/rev-specific small hairpin (sh) RNA; 2) an RNA antisense gene specific for the HIV-1 envelope; and 3) a viral entry inhibitor, maC46. In stably transduced cell lines selected such that >95% of cells expressed the genetic inhibitor, the RNA antisense envelope and viral entry inhibitor maC46 provided the strongest inhibition of HIV-1 replication. However, when mixed populations of transduced and untransduced cells were challenged with HIV-1, the maC46 fusion inhibitor resulted in highly efficient positive selection of transduced cells, an effect that was evident even in mixed populations containing as few as 1% maC46-expressing cells. The selective advantage of the maC46 fusion inhibitor was also observed in HIV-1-infected cultures of primary T lymphocytes as well as in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. These results demonstrate robust inhibition of HIV replication with the fusion inhibitor maC46 and the antisense Env inhibitor, and importantly, a survival advantage of cells expressing the maC46 fusion inhibitor both in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of the ability of genetic inhibitors of HIV-1 replication to confer a survival advantage on genetically-modified cells provides unique information not provided by standard techniques that may be important in the in vivo efficacy of these genes.
Material and Local Time Derivatives of Screws With Applications to Dynamics and Stiffness (2004)

Screw quantities provide geometric insight into three-dimensional mechanics modeled by rigid bodies and lumped parameters. Four distinct cases of time differentiation are examined by combining fixed and moving body derivatives (fundamental to rigid body mechanics) with material and local derivatives (fundamental to continuum mechanics). Three combinations always yield another screw quantity while the most common, the material derivative with respect to the fixed body, does not. Two fundamental formulations are examined with this last derivative, Euler’s Laws and the gravitational loading of an elastic system. By coincidence, the formulations appear screw-like when they are expressed at the center-of-mass but, in contrast to actual screw formulations, they do not retain invariant forms when expressed at arbitrary points.
Modulation of Target Antigen Density Improves CAR T-cell Functionality and Persistence (2019)

We demonstrate that target antigen modulation is a promising strategy to improve CD22 CAR efficacy and remission durability in patients with leukemia and lymphoma.<i>See related commentary by Guedan and Delgado, p. 5188</i>.
A polyphenolic biomacromolecule prepared from a flavonoid: Catechin as degradable microparticles (2021)

Abstract Catechin (CAT) was crosslinked with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPTGE) to obtain degradable poly(CAT) particles in a single step. Spherical p(CAT) particles with tens of micrometer size range and an isoelectronic point at pH 1.2 were obtained. The hydrolytic degradation of p(CAT) particles provided sustainable and extended release with 264 mg/g CAT release within 10 days at pH 7.4. The antioxidant capacity of 55.0 ± 0.9 μg/ml gallic acid equivalent in terms of total phenol content, and 0.88 ± 0.3 μmol/g trolox equivalent were estimated for p(CAT) particles displaying strong radical scavenging capability. Blood clotting and hemolysis assays demonstrated dose‐dependent blood compatibility revealing higher blood compatibility for p(CAT) particles up to 10 μg/ml concentration. The cytotoxicity results show that p(CAT) particles have almost no toxicity for CCD841 normal colon cells at 250 μg/ml concentration in 24 h incubation time giving ~97% cell viability, whereas CAT molecules only provide ~34% cell viability.
Magnetically Soft Materials in Data Storage: Their Properties and Electrochemistry (1993)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Direct Access Storage Device Components Metallurgical Structure and Properties of Plated Permalloy Electrochemical Aspects of NiFe Plating Ternary Alloys Involving Nickel and Iron, High-Moment Materials, and Laminated Structures Conclusions References
Effects of surface oxide on the rapid thermal nitridation of Si(001) (1996)

We have investigated the role of surface oxygen on the rapid thermal nitridation of Si(001) by NH3 using medium energy ion scattering. For short times, typical of rapid thermal processing, monolayer quantities of oxygen are sufficient to reduce nitridation. The oxide remains on the surface after nitridation, which may adversely influence subsequent nitride chemical vapor deposition.
Homodimeric β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20081: Expression in Lactobacillus plantarum and Biochemical Characterization (2012)

The lacZ gene from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 20081, encoding a β-galactosidase of the glycoside hydrolase family GH2, was cloned into different inducible lactobacillal expression vectors for overexpression in the host strain Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. High expression levels were obtained in laboratory cultivations with yields of approximately 53000 U of β-galactosidase activity per liter of medium, which corresponds to ~170 mg of recombinant protein per liter and β-galactosidase levels amounting to 63% of the total intracellular protein of the host organism. The wild-type (nontagged) and histidine-tagged recombinant enzymes were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and further characterized. β-Galactosidase from L. bulgaricus was used for lactose conversion and showed very high transgalactosylation activity. The maximum yield of galacto-oligosaccharides (GalOS) was approximately 50% when using an initial concentration of 600 mM lactose, indicating that the enzyme can be of interest for the production of GalOS.
Approximate Dynamic Programming For Linear Systems with State and Input Constraints (2019)

Enforcing state and input constraints during reinforcement learning (RL) in continuous state spaces is an open but crucial problem which remains a roadblock to using RL in safety-critical applications. This paper leverages invariant sets to update control policies within an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) framework that guarantees constraint satisfaction for all time and converges to the optimal policy (in a linear quadratic regulator sense) asymptotically. An algorithm for implementing the proposed constrained ADP approach in a data-driven manner is provided. The potential of this formalism is demonstrated via a numerical example.
Evaluating milk coagulation with ultrasonics. (1999)

Ultrasonic properties of coagulating milk system were measured via a pulse-transmission technique. Reconstituted skim milk was used for coagulation studies. Three levels of temperature, enzyme, and calcium were investigated. The ultrasonic velocity and attenuation data were obtained continuously for 75 min after enzyme addition. Owing to spurious variations in ultrasonic velocity data, they were considered unsuitable for studying the coagulation process. The observed changes in the attenuation during coagulation were used to predict both the milk coagulation time and cut time. The coagulation time is indicative of the transition from the enzymatic coagulation phase to the non-enzymatic phase. This was obtained by evaluating the first derivative of the attenuation vs time data. The cut time was specified to be 20 min after the coagulation time. An improvement in the cut time prediction was made using the ultrasonic resonance method instead of the pulse method. The results indicate that the ultrasonic evaluation of coagulating milk is well suited as a non-destructive method for determining both milk coagulation time and cut time.
Benzodiazepine Receptor-Mediated Experimental "Anxiety" in Primates (1982)

The ethyl ester of beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid has a high affinity for benzodiazepine receptors in the brain. In the rhesus monkey this substance produces an acute behavioral syndrome characterized by dramatic elevations in heart rate, blood pressure, plasma cortisol, and catecholamines. The effects are blocked by benzodiazepines and the specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Ro 15-1788. The benzodiazepine receptor may consist of several subsites or functional domains that independently recognize agonist, antagonists, or "active" antagonists such as beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. These results suggest that the benzodiazepine receptor is involved in both the affective and physiological manifestations of anxiety, and that the administration of beta-carboxylic acid ethyl ester to monkeys may provide a reliable and reproducible animal model of human anxiety.