gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Carbon Fuel Cells: Converting Waste to Electricity (2007)

The U.S. Army has policies to minimize production of waste materials, maximize recycle of waste materials, and minimize energy consumption on its installations. A beneficial way to implement these policies is to convert paper, wood, vegetation, and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) fractions into a carbon-rich feed stock by pyrolysis to fuel Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs). DCFCs potentially offer a unique approach for the direct conversion of biomass-derived, carbon-rich solid fuel to electricity at very high conversion, with the production of a CO2-rich flue gas. This work gathered information on the quantities of waste material available at U.S. Army installations from installation reports and from the U.S. Army Solid Waste Annual Reporting System (SWARS) database, then estimated the amount of electricity that DCFC technologies could generate from those wastes, and finally compared those amounts with the current average annual electrical loads at the 10 largest Army installations.
CTD Tyrosine Phosphorylation Impairs Termination Factor Recruitment to RNA Polymerase II (2012)

In different phases of the transcription cycle, RNA polymerase (Pol) II recruits various factors via its C-terminal domain (CTD), which consists of conserved heptapeptide repeats with the sequence Tyr(1)-Ser(2)-Pro(3)-Thr(4)-Ser(5)-Pro(6)-Ser(7). We show that the CTD of transcribing yeast Pol II is phosphorylated at Tyr(1), in addition to Ser(2), Thr(4), Ser(5), and Ser(7). Tyr(1) phosphorylation stimulates binding of elongation factor Spt6 and impairs recruitment of termination factors Nrd1, Pcf11, and Rtt103. Tyr(1) phosphorylation levels rise downstream of the transcription start site and decrease before the polyadenylation site, largely excluding termination factors from gene bodies. These results show that CTD modifications trigger and block factor recruitment and lead to an extended CTD code that explains transcription cycle coordination on the basis of differential phosphorylation of Tyr(1), Ser(2), and Ser(5).
Asymmetric Spin Echo Sequences A Simple New Method for Obtaining NMR !H Spectral Images (1985)

The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal decay produced by reversible tissue-induced dephasing of the magnetization components in the transverse plane (reversible tissue-induced dephasing) was measured and expressed as a function of a new transverse relaxation time T'2 (T2 prime) for samples of rat liver, retroperitoneal fat, inflated lung, and corn oil. Simple exponentials did not adequately describe the observed NMR signal decay. Inflated lung demonstrated the most rapid signal decay (T'2 = 4.8 ms) followed by retroperitoneal fat (T'2 = 16 ms). No reversible tissue-induced dephasing was observed in liver (T'2 immeasurably long). In tissues which contain both fat and water, the chemically shifted 1H resonance peaks from -OH and -CH-are in phase with symmetric spin echo sequences but out of phase with asymmetric sequences. The interference of these two peaks produces a beat pattern with asymmetric sequences. Subtraction images obtained from paired symmetric- and asymmetric-sequence images accurately (r = .96) reflect T'2 and can be used to indicate the presence of fat. In vivo subtraction images of ethionine-induced fatty rat livers were significantly different from similar in vivo images of normal rat livers (P less than .0005). Since for each pixel of a subtraction image, the magnitude of the difference signal should be approximately proportional to the ratio of hydroxyl and alkyl protons, this simple spin echo sequence modification may obviate the need for more time-consuming 3-dimensional Fourier transform proton chemical shift images.
Arterial to end-tidal CO2 gradients during spontaneous breathing, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation and jet ventilation (1985)

Arterial to end-tidal CO2 tension gradients were measured in 18 dogs during spontaneous breathing (SB), intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), and both low-frequency and high-frequency jet ventilation (LFJV and HFJV). The dogs were anesthetized with nembutal and permitted to breathe spontaneously through an 8-mm internal diameter endotracheal tube; blood gas tensions, cardiac output, and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PetCO2) were measured. IPPV, LFJV, and HFJV were then instituted in a random sequence and measurements repeated. PaO2, PaCO2 and cardiac output were similar during all four ventilatory modes. The mean PaCO2 differed significantly (p less than .001) from PetCO2 during IPPV, LFJV, and HFJV but not during SB. The mean PaCO2-PetCO2 gradient was 3.7 +/- 1 (SD), 12.6 +/- 5.0, and 24.3 +/- 8 torr during IPPV, LFJV and HFJV, respectively. The large gradients during LFJV and HFJV were not produced by dilution of tracheal CO2 by entrained air or by oxygen delivered by the jet. These results suggest that both LFJV and HFJV may be associated with a large PaCO2-PetCO2 gradient.
Analysis of a safety advertising claim on vehicle crashworthiness (1995)

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) publishes a list of fatality rates per 10,000 registered vehicles. In a report, the VW Jetta had a rate of 1.1 which was 21.4% lower than the Cadillac Brougham at 1.4. VW used this information in comparative advertising and claimed the reason for the difference was vehicle engineering. An indepth analysis of the crash data indicates that the Jetta is inherently less safe than the Brougham and that the observed difference is primarily due to an older occupant age, a lower fraction of single-vehicle crashes, and lower belt use by Brougham passengers as compared to Jetta. If the Jetta fatality rate is adjusted to a comparable driver age and safety belt use as in the Cadillac Brougham, the Jetta has an adjusted rate of 2.0 which is 42.9% higher than the Brougham at 1.4. This difference is consistent with expected inherent vehicle rates based on the weight advantage of the Brougham. The analysis indicates the potential for misuse of field accident data, which are heavily influenced by driver and environmental factors. Inappropriate advertising may mislead the public and cause inaccurate perceptions of vehicle safety. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848.
High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (2013)

The currently available evidence suggests a PFS benefit for patients with relapsed or refractory HL after first-line therapy, who are treated with HDCT followed by ASCT compared to patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. In addition, data showes a positive trend regarding OS, but more trials are needed to detect a significant effect.Intensifying the HDCT regime before HDCT followed by ASCT did not show a difference as compared to HDCT followed by ASCT, but was associated with increased adverse events.
The Mediterranean Red Alga Asparagopsis: A Source of Compounds against Leishmania (2009)

Crude extracts and column fractions from the red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis and A. armata from the Strait of Messina (Italy) were screened for the production of antimicrobial compounds. Extracts from both species revealed remarkable antiprotozoal activity against Leishmania, revealing such algae as a great source of natural antiprotozoal products.
Estimating the Density of Thin Polymeric Films Using Magnetic Levitation (2021)

While the density is a central property of a polymer film, it can be difficult to measure in films with a thickness of ∼100 nm or less, where the structure of the interfaces and the confinement of the polymer chains may perturb the packing and dynamics of the polymers relative to the bulk. This Article demonstrates the use of magneto-Archimedes levitation (MagLev) to estimate the density of thin films of hydrophobic polymers ranging from ∼10 to 1000 nm in thickness by employing a substrate with a water-soluble sacrificial release layer to delaminate the films. We validate the performance of MagLev for this application in the ∼1 μm thickness range by comparing measurements of the densities of several different films of amorphous hydrophobic polymers with their bulk values of density. We apply the technique to films < 100 nm and observe that, in several polymers, there are substantial changes in the levitation height, corresponding to both increases and decreases in the apparent density of the film. These apparent changes in density are verified with a buoyancy control experiment in the absence of paramagnetic ions and magnetic fields. We measure the dependence of density upon thickness for two model polymeric films: poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). We observe that, as the films are made thinner, PS increases in density while PMMA decreases in density and that both exhibit a sigmoidal dependence of density with thickness. Such changes in density with thickness of PS have been previously observed with reflectometric measurements (e.g., ellipsometry, X-ray reflectivity). The interpretation of these measurements, however, has been the subject of an ongoing debate. MagLev is also compatible with nontransparent, rough, heterogeneous polymeric films, which are extremely difficult to measure by alternative means. This technique could be useful to investigate the properties of thin films for coatings, electronic devices, and membrane-based separations and other uses of polymer films.
Priming of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis on phage fd and phiX174 templates by oligoribonucleotides contaminating nucleoside 5'-triphosphates (1977)

Commercial preparations of guanosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate are contaminated with oligoribonucleotides 4 to 6 residues in length. The oligoribonucleotides can be separated from the nucleoside 5'-triphosphates by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 or by gel filtration through Sephadex G-25. The oligoribonucleotides are effective primers for the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 on the single-stranded circular DNAs of phage fd and phiX174; they are covalently attached to the 5' terminus of the newly synthesized DNA. The priming activity is specific; the oligoribonucleotides do not serve as primers for DNA polymerase I of Escherichia coli or for the DNA polymerase induced by phage T4.
Progenitor Cell Origin Plays a Role in Fate Choices of Mature B Cells (2009)

B cells, the Ab-producing cells of the immune system, develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through well-defined stages during which Ig genes are rearranged to generate a clonal BCR. Signaling through the BCR plays a role in the subsequent cell fate decisions leading to the generation of three distinct types of B cells: B1, marginal zone, and follicular B cells. Common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) are descended from HSCs, and although recent observations suggest that CLPs may not be physiological T cell precursors, it is generally accepted that CLPs are obligate progenitors for B cells. In addition, a CLP-like progenitor of unknown significance that lacks expression of c-kit (kit(-)CLP) was recently identified in the mouse model. In this study, we show that CLPs, kit(-)CLPs and a population within the lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) HSC compartment generate mature B cell types in different proportions: CLPs and kit(-)CLPs show a stronger marginal zone/follicular ratio than lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) cells, whereas kit(-)CLPs show a stronger B1 bias than any other progenitor population. Furthermore, expression of Sca1 on B cells depends on their progenitor origin as B cells derived from CLPs and kit(-)CLPs express more Sca1 than those derived from lin(-)Sca1(+)kit(+)flt3(-) cells. These observations indicate a role for progenitor origin in B cell fate choices and suggest the existence of CLP-independent B cell development.
Centrally-Determined Standardization of Flow Cytometry Methods Reduces Inter-Laboratory Variation in a Prospective Multicenter Study (2017)

OBJECTIVES: Flow cytometry (FC) aids in characterization of cellular and molecular factors involved in pathologic immune responses.Although FC has potential to facilitate early drug development in inflammatory bowel disease, interlaboratory variability limits its use in multicenter trials.Standardization of methods may address this limitation.We compared variability in FC-aided quantitation of T-cell responses across international laboratories using three analytical strategies.METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from three healthy donors, stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin at a central laboratory, fixed, frozen, and shipped to seven international laboratories.Permeabilization and staining was performed in triplicate at each laboratory using a common protocol and centrally provided reagents.Gating was performed using local gating with a local strategy (LGLS), local gating with a central strategy (LGCS), and central gating (CG).Median cell percentages were calculated across triplicates and donors, and reported for each condition and strategy.The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated across laboratories.Between-strategy comparisons were made using a two-way analysis of variance adjusting for donor.RESULTS: Mean interlaboratory CV ranged from 1.8 to 102.1% depending on cell population and gating strategy (LGLS, 4.4-102.1%;LGCS, 10.9-65.6%;CG, 1.8-20.9%).Mean interlaboratory CV differed significantly across strategies and was consistently lower with CG.CONCLUSIONS: Central gating was the only strategy with mean CVs consistently lower than 25%, which is a proposed standard for pharmacodynamic and exploratory biomarker assays.
Naphthacenodithiophene Based Polymers—New Members of the Acenodithiophene Family Exhibiting High Mobility and Power Conversion Efficiency (2016)

Wide‐bandgap conjugated polymers with a linear naphthacenodithiophene (NDT) donor unit are herein reported along with their performance in both transistor and solar cell devices. The monomer is synthesized starting from 2,6‐dihydroxynaphthalene with a double Fries rearrangement as the key step. By copolymerization with 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT) via a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction, NDT‐BT co‐polymers with high molecular weights and narrow polydispersities are afforded. These novel wide‐bandgap polymers are evaluated as the semiconducting polymer in both organic field effect transistor and organic photovoltaic applications. The synthesized polymers reveal an optical bandgap in the range of 1.8 eV with an electron affinity of 3.6 eV which provides sufficient energy offset for electron transfer to PC 70 BM acceptors. In organic field effect transistors, the synthesized polymers demonstrate high hole mobilities of around 0.4 cm 2 V –1 s –1 . By using a blend of NDT‐BT with PC 70 BM as absorber layer in organic bulk heterojunction solar cells, power conversion efficiencies of 7.5% are obtained. This value is among the highest obtained for polymers with a wider bandgap (larger than 1.7 eV), making this polymer also interesting for application in tandem or multijunction solar cells.
Towards the Development of a Bioartificial Pancreas: Effects of Poly-l-Lysine on Alginate Beads with BTC3 Cells (1997)

A bioartificial tissue construct that consists of insulin-secreting cells entrapped in an alginate/poly-l-lysine (PLL) matrix offers a promising approach for the treatment of type I diabetes. Use of transformed cells has been proposed as a solution to the cell availability problem posed by islets. The growth characteristics of transformed cells in their sequestered environment and the effects of PLL on their metabolic and secretory activities have not yet been characterized. Our data demonstrate that mouse insulinoma βTC3 cells proliferate while they are entrapped in both PLL-free and PLL-coated alginate beads. During this process, cell aggregates develop in the bead periphery, which increase in number and size with time. PLL is crucial for the long-term in vitro structural stability of beads, and it does not appear to affect the metabolic and secretory activities of entrapped βTC3 cells. The implications of these findings in the development of a bioartificial pancreatic construct based on transformed cells are discussed.
Time-domain Characterization of Integrated Devices by Optical Coherence Pulsed Interferometry (2007)

The complex amplitude of optical pulses is observed in time-domain by a novel interferometric technique, requiring no fast detection nor synchronization. Pulse delay, envelope distortion and frequency chirp introduced by integrated ring resonators is measured.
A High-Fractional-Bandwidth, Millimeter-Wave Bidirectional Image-Selection Architecture With Narrowband LO Tuning Requirements (2018)

An image-selection, two-element transceiver is presented that operates over a large fractional bandwidth (FBW) covering both 71-76 and 81-86 GHz while requiring only 3 GHz of local oscillator (LO) tuning range at the RF mixer. A bidirectional sliding-intermediate frequency (IF) Weaver architecture allows operation in either transmit (TX) or receive (RX) modes. The sliding IF and narrow LO tuning range allow wideband image rejection using only a single-stage polyphase filter. The circuit is implemented in a 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS process and the RF and LO circuitry consume at most 150 and 250 mW, respectively. Measurements show less than ±0.75-dB gain variation over 10 GHz in the TX mode and less than ±1-dB variation over 10-GHz bandwidth in the RX mode. With 16- and 64-quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM), the error vector magnitude is below -22 and -28.5 dB at the data rates of 12 and 9 Gb/s, respectively.
Molecular Characterization of Putative Chordoma Cell Lines (2010)

Immortal tumor cell lines are an important model system for cancer research, however, misidentification and cross-contamination of cell lines are a common problem. Seven chordoma cell lines are reported in the literature, but none has been characterized in detail. We analyzed gene expression patterns and genomic copy number variations in five putative chordoma cell lines (U-CH1, CCL3, CCL4, GB60, and CM319). We also created a new chordoma cell line, U-CH2, and provided genotypes for cell lines for identity confirmation. Our analyses revealed that CCL3, CCL4, and GB60 are not chordoma cell lines, and that CM319 is a cancer cell line possibly derived from chordoma, but lacking expression of key chordoma biomarkers. U-CH1 and U-CH2 both have gene expression profiles, copy number aberrations, and morphology consistent with chordoma tumors. These cell lines also harbor genetic changes, such as loss of p16, MTAP, or PTEN, that make them potentially useful models for studying mechanisms of chordoma pathogenesis and for evaluating targeted therapies.
PLU-1 Is an H3K4 Demethylase Involved in Transcriptional Repression and Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation (2021)

Posttranslational modification of chromatin by histone methylation has wide-ranging effects on nuclear function, including transcriptional regulation, maintenance of genome integrity, and epigenetic inheritance. The enzymes utilized to place histone methylation marks are well characterized, but the identity of a histone demethylation system remained elusive until recently. The discovery of histone demethylase enzymes capable of directly removing methyl groups from modified lysine residues has demonstrated that histone methylation is a dynamic modification. The most extensive family of histone demethylase enzymes identified so far contains a JmjC domain and catalyzes demethylation through a hydroxylation reaction. Here, we identify PLU-1, a transcriptional repressor implicated in breast cancer, as a histone demethylase enzyme that has the ability to reverse the trimethyl H3K4 modification state. Furthermore, we reveal that PLU-1-mediated H3K4 demethylase activity plays an important role in the proliferative capacity of breast cancer cells through repression of tumor suppressor genes, including BRCA1.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Appearance of Schwannomas from Head to Toe: A Pictorial Review (2017)

Schwannomas are benign soft-tissue tumors that arise from peripheral nerve sheaths throughout the body and are commonly encountered in patients with neurofibromatosis Type 2. The vast majority of schwannomas are benign, with rare cases of malignant transformation reported. In this pictorial review, we discuss the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of schwannomas by demonstrating a collection of tumors from different parts of the body that exhibit similar MRI characteristics. We review strategies to distinguish schwannomas from malignant soft-tissue tumors while exploring the anatomic and histologic origins of these tumors to discuss how this correlates with their imaging findings. Familiarity with the MRI appearance of schwannomas can help aid in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue masses, especially in unexpected locations.
Using Prosody and Phonotactics in Arabic Dialect Identiﬁcation (2009)

While Modern Standard Arabic is the formal spoken and written language of the Arab world, dialects are the major communication mode for everyday life; identifying a speaker’s dialect is thus critical to speech processing tasks such as automatic speech recognition, as well as speaker identification We examine the role of prosodic features (intonation and rhythm) across four Arabic dialects: Gulf, Iraqi, Levantine, and Egyptian, for the purpose of automatic dialect identification We show that prosodic features can significantly improve identification, over a purely phonotactic-based approach, with an identification accuracy of 86.33% for 2m utterances.
Effects of crp mutations on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium (1976)

Wild-type Salmonella typhimurium could not grow with exogenous cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (AMP) as the sole source of phosphate, but mutants capable of cyclic AMP utilization could be isolated provided the parental strain contained a functional cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.All cyclic AMP-utilizing mutants had the growth and fermentation properties of cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp) mutants, and some lacked cyclic AMP binding activity in vitro. The genetic defect in each such mutant was due to a single point mutation, which was co-transducible with cysG. crp mutants isolated by alternative procedures also exhibited the capacity to utilize cyclic AMP. crp mutants synthesized cyclic AMP at increased rates and contained enhanced cellular cyclic AMP levels relative to the parental strains, regardless of whether or not cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was active. Moreover, adenylate cyclase activity in vivo was less sensitive to regulation by glucose, possibly because the enzyme II complexes of the phosphotransferase system, responsible for glucose transport and phosphorylation, could not be induced to maximal levels. This possibility was strengthened by the observation that enzyme II activity (measured both in vitro by sugar phosphorylation and in vivo by sugar transport and chemotaxis) was inducible in the parental strain but not in crp mutants. The results suggest that the cyclic AMP receptor protein regulates cyclic AMP metabolism as well as catabolic enzyme synthesis.