gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The van Cittert–Zernike theorem in pulse echo measurements (1991)

A classical theorem of statistical optics, the van Cittert–Zernike theorem, is generalized to pulse echo ultrasound. This theorem fully describes the second-order statistics of the spatial fluctuations (the spatial covariance) of the field produced by an incoherent source. As a random scattering medium is insonified, it behaves as an incoherent source. The van Cittert–Zernike theorem can thus predict the spatial covariance of the pressure field backscattered by a random medium. It is shown that this spatial covariance and the incident energy diagram are Fourier pairs. In the case of a focused illumination, the spatial covariance of the backscattered pressure field is proportional to the autocorrelation of the transmitting aperture function. This is independent of frequency and of F/ number. Experimental results obtained with a linear array are in good agreement with theoretical expectations. The implications of this theorem in speckle reduction and in focusing in nonhomogenous media are discussed.
Complex band structures and effective medium descriptions of periodic acoustic composite systems (2009)

We examine the complex band structures and effective medium descriptions of a periodic acoustic composite system. It is shown that if the system exhibits a negative velocity band, the assignment of the system as a phononic crystal or as a ``double negative'' metamaterial is unambiguous only in some cases. An example is given where the system properties can be tuned gradually and continuously from an acoustic metamaterial to a phononic crystal, and there is no sharp dividing line between these two regimes.
Phospholipase C I and II brain isozymes: immunohistochemical localization in neuronal systems in rat brain. (1988)

Two distinct inositol phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC; phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) isozymes, PLC-I and PLC-II, have been purified and characterized from bovine brain. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between these isozymes are used in the present study to map isozyme distribution in the rat brain with immunohistochemical techniques. Both isozymes are localized in neurons, and, whereas PLC-II is rather ubiquitous--being expressed in most neurons, PLC-I is restricted in its distribution. The strongest immunoreactive labeling for PLC-I is in the neurons of the striatum, which provide inputs to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, where terminals are also densely labeled. The neuronal targets of these terminals in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra do not express PLC-I immunoreactivity, but they do display PLC-II immunoreactivity. PLC-I immunoreactivity is also particularly well pronounced in the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and, to a lesser extent, in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In the thalamus, PLC-I is localized to neurons in the reticular thalamic nucleus, in the medial subdivision of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and in the anteromedial thalamic nucleus. Other areas displaying PLC-I immunoreactive neurons include the dorsal lateral septal nucleus and the basolateral amygdala. The expression of at least one or more forms of PLC in most neurons of the brain suggests that this enzyme may be part of a common system of signal transduction used universally by all neurons. However, the differential expression of PLC isozymes suggests further that certain neurotransmitter and receptor interactions may differ in the forms of the PLC enzyme used for signal transduction.
CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) Imager for Scientific Applications (2002)

A 512&times;512 CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) imager has been designed, fabricate, and tested for frontside illumination suitable for use in astronomy specifically in telescope guider systems as a replacement of CCD chips. The imager features a high-speed differential analog readout, 15 &mu;m pixel pitch, 75 % fill factor (FF), 62 dB dynamic range, 315Ke- pixel capacity, less than 0.25% fixed pattern noise (FPN), 45 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) and frame rate of up to 40 FPS. Design was implemented in a standard 0.5 &mu;m CMOS process technology consuming less than 200mWatts on a single 5 Volt power supply. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) imager was developed with pixel structure suitable for both frontside and backside illumination holding large number of electron in relatively small pixel pitch of 15 &mu;m. High-speed readout and signal processing circuits were designed to achieve low fixed pattern noise (FPN) and non-uniformity to provide CCD-like analog outputs. Target spectrum range of operation for the imager is in near ultraviolet (300-400 nm) with high quantum efficiency. This device is going to be used as a test vehicle to develop backside-thinning process.
Real-Time Labview Implementation of Cochlear Implant Signal Processing on PDA Platforms (2007)

This paper presents the real-time implementation of a cochlear implant signal processing system on PDA platforms. PDAs are chosen as they provide portable and cost-effective computation platforms. To gain software flexibility and interactivity, the LabVIEW graphical programming environment is used. The paper discusses the optimization steps which are taken to achieve a real-time throughput. These steps consist of using dynamic link libraries, utilizing efficient memory allocation, and performing fixed-point arithmetic. These steps are general purpose in the sense that the same steps can be deployed for real-time implementation of other clinical or industrial signal processing applications on PDAs.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of HIV-1 and influenza antibodies: seeing antigens in new ways. (2011)

New modes of humoral recognition have been identified by studies of antibodies that neutralize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and influenza A viruses. Understanding how such modes of antibody-antigen recognition can occur in the context of sophisticated mechanisms of humoral evasion has implications for the development of effective vaccines. Here we describe eight modes of antibody recognition first observed with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Similarities to four of these modes have been identified with antibodies to a conserved 'stem' epitope on influenza A viruses. We outline how each of these different modes of antibody recognition is particularly suited to overcoming a specific viral evasion tactic and assess potential routes of reelicitation in vaccine settings.
The metabolic syndrome and retinal microvascular signs in a Japanese population: the Funagata study (2007)

We report associations of metabolic syndrome components with retinopathy and wider venular diameter in Japanese adults. These data suggest that metabolic abnormalities, indicated by metabolic syndrome components, are associated with microvascular changes in the retina. There was no synergistic effect of the metabolic syndrome on retinal microvascular changes beyond its individual components.
Endogenous glucocorticoids control host resistance to viral infection through the tissue-specific regulation of PD-1 expression on NK cells (2019)

The immune system protects the host organism against infectious diseases, however, pathogen elimination frequently entails collateral tissue damage and inflammation, which decrease host fitness (1). Neuroendocrine-immune interactions play an important role in these regulatory processes (2, 3). Endogenous glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents) regulate many physiological and developmental processes through their ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The HPA neuro-endocrine pathway restores homeostasis by limiting and resolving inflammation in many conditions (2). The HPA axis is activated during infection with viruses, such as influenza 10 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) (4). Murine CMV (MCMV) is a beta herpesvirus used as a model for systemic human CMV infection, which can cause severe disease, especially in immunocompromised patients. Mice rendered glucocorticoid-deficient by adrenalectomy are more susceptible to MCMV-induced death, due to the deleterious effects of cytokine-induced over-inflammation, and resistance is restored by corticosterone replacement (5). In all these conditions, the underlying mechanisms of glucocorticoids remain unclear, because GRs are expressed by many hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and can impact on multiple signaling pathways. During acute infection, the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), produced by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is essential for antiviral defense. These IFN-γ-producing ILCs include spleen and liver natural killer (NK) cells and liver ILC1s, which all express the GR (6).
Effects of aspirin on metastasis-associated gene expression detected by cDNA microarray. (2004)

Aspirin might exert its anti-metastasis effects on ovarian cancer by affecting metastasis-associated gene expression.
A Machine Learning Approach for Predicting Real-time Risk of Intraoperative Hypotension in Traumatic Brain Injury (2021)

This study developed a model for real-time prediction of intraoperative hypotension in TBI patients, which can use computationally efficient machine learning techniques and a streamlined feature-set derived from patient monitor data.
Auxiliary Variables in TLA+ (2017)

Auxiliary variables are often needed for verifying that an implementation is correct with respect to a higher-level specification. They augment the formal description of the implementation without changing its semantics--that is, the set of behaviors that it describes. This paper explains rules for adding history, prophecy, and stuttering variables to TLA+ specifications, ensuring that the augmented specification is equivalent to the original one. The rules are explained with toy examples, and they are used to verify the correctness of a simplified version of a snapshot algorithm due to Afek et al.
Liver Lesion Segmentation with slice-wise 2D Tiramisu and Tversky loss function (2019)

At present, lesion segmentation is still performed manually (or semi-automatically) by medical experts. To facilitate this process, we contribute a fully-automatic lesion segmentation pipeline. This work proposes a method as a part of the LiTS (Liver Tumor Segmentation Challenge) competition for ISBI 17 and MICCAI 17 comparing methods for automatics egmentation of liver lesions in CT scans. By utilizing cascaded, densely connected 2D U-Nets and a Tversky-coefficient based loss function, our framework achieves very good shape extractions with high detection sensitivity, with competitive scores at time of publication. In addition, adjusting hyperparameters in our Tversky-loss allows to tune the network towards higher sensitivity or robustness.
Further evidence supporting the concept of T-wave memory: observation in patients having undergone high-energy direct current catheter ablation of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (1992)

Following successful high-energy direct current catheter ablation of posterior septal accessory pathways, serial T-wave changes were observed in seven patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, but not in two patients with a concealed accessory bypass pathway. Following catheter ablation in the patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, the previously upright T-waves in the inferior electrocardiographic leads became inferiorly directed. Serial electrocardiograms following catheter ablation revealed slow regression of these T-wave changes over time. In contrast, in the two patients in whom a concealed accessory pathway was present, the T-waves prior to and following the procedure were upright. In these two patients, serial electrocardiograms showed no evolution of the T-wave vector over the same time period. Although a small rise in myocardial CK enzymes was observed, ischaemic injury in the area of catheter ablation could not be documented by post-procedure echocardiography, tomographic thallium scintigraphy, technetium pyrophosphate scintigraphy or coronary angiography with left ventriculography. We conclude that the observed T-wave changes in the patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome may be a result of the change in depolarization sequence resulting from loss of pre-excitation, and that the time-dependent nature of these T-wave changes is consistent with the concept of T-wave 'memory'.
Optimization and Prediction of Spectral Response of Metasurfaces Using Artificial Intelligence (2020)

Hot-electron generation has been a topic of intense research for decades for numerous applications ranging from photodetection and photochemistry to biosensing. Recently, the technique of hot-electron generation using non-radiative decay of surface plasmons excited by metallic nanoantennas, or meta-atoms, in a metasurface has attracted attention. These metasurfaces can be designed with thicknesses on the order of the hot-electron diffusion length. The plasmonic resonances of these ultrathin metasurfaces can be tailored by changing the shape and size of the meta-atoms. One of the fundamental mechanisms leading to generation of hot-electrons in such systems is optical absorption, therefore, optimization of absorption is a key step in enhancing the performance of any metasurface based hot-electron device. Here we utilized an artificial intelligence-based approach, the genetic algorithm, to optimize absorption spectra of plasmonic metasurfaces. Using genetic algorithm optimization strategies, we designed a polarization insensitive plasmonic metasurface with 90% absorption at 1550 nm that does not require an optically thick ground plane. We fabricated and optically characterized the metasurface and our experimental results agree with simulations. Finally, we present a convolutional neural network that can predict the absorption spectra of metasurfaces never seen by the network, thereby eliminating the need for computationally expensive simulations. Our results suggest a new direction for optimizing hot-electron based photodetectors and sensors.
Catalizador zeolítico para alquilación de aromáticos con olefinas, alcoholes o compuestos aromáticos polialquilados (2003)

Referencia OEPM: P200000038.-- Fecha de solicitud: 29/12/1999.-- Titulares: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).
Impact of Sidewall Roughness on Integrated Bragg Gratings (2011)

Spectral responses of long Bragg gratings on photonic wires suffer from average effective index fluctuations caused by sidewall roughness. We numerically investigate this effect and determine the required roughness parameters for good quality gratings.
The Ada Compiler Validation Capability (1981)

ACVC tests, tools, procedures, and documentation represent a forward-looking, detailed strategy for enforcing conformance to the Ada standard when it really counts—before widespread implementation.
Role of Protein, Amino Acids, and Enzyme Activity on Odor Production from Anaerobically Digested and Dewatered Biosolids (2008)

The main objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that bioavailable protein and, more specifically, the sulfur-containing amino acids within the protein, can be degraded by proteolytic enzymes to produce odor-causing compounds--mainly volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs)--during biosolids storage. To achieve these objectives, samples of digester effluent and cake solids were collected at 11 different wastewater treatment plants in North America, and the samples were analyzed for protein and amino acid content and general protein-degrading enzyme activity. At the same time, cake samples were stored using headspace bottles, the concentration of VSCs were measured using gas chromatography, and olfactometry measurements were made by a trained odor panel. The results showed that the bound cake protein content and methionine content was well-correlated with VSC production and the detection threshold measured by the odor panel.
Chromosomal Conjugative and Mobilizable Elements in Streptococcus suis: Major Actors in the Spreading of Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacteriocin Synthesis Genes (2019)

<i>Streptococcus suis</i> is a zoonotic pathogen suspected to be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. The genomes of 214 strains of 27 serotypes were screened for AMR genes and chromosomal Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs), in particular Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs) and Integrative Mobilizable Elements (IMEs). The functionality of two ICEs that host IMEs carrying AMR genes was investigated by excision tests and conjugation experiments. In silico search revealed 416 ICE-related and 457 IME-related elements. These MGEs exhibit an impressive diversity and plasticity with tandem accretions, integration of ICEs or IMEs inside ICEs and recombination between the elements. All of the detected 393 AMR genes are carried by MGEs. As previously described, ICEs are major vehicles of AMR genes in <i>S. suis</i>. Tn<i>5252</i>-related ICEs also appear to carry bacteriocin clusters. Furthermore, whereas the association of IME-AMR genes has never been described in <i>S. suis</i>, we found that most AMR genes are actually carried by IMEs. The autonomous transfer of an ICE to another bacterial species (<i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i>)-leading to the <i>cis</i>-mobilization of an IME carrying <i>tet</i>(O)-was obtained. These results show that besides ICEs, IMEs likely play a major role in the dissemination of AMR genes in <i>S. suis</i>.
Soluble and electroactive nickel bis(dithiolene) polymers prepared via metal complexation polymerization (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSoluble and electroactive nickel bis(dithiolene) polymers prepared via metal complexation polymerizationFei Wang and John R. ReynoldsCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 13, 3219–3225Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00215a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00215a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views280Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Host−Guest Interactions in P1, SUZ-4, and ZSM-57 Zeolites ContainingN,N,N,N‘,N‘,N‘-Hexaethylpentanediammonium Ion as a Guest Molecule (2001)

The 1H-13C CP MAS NMR and Raman spectra of N,N,N,N‘,N‘,N‘-hexaethylpentanediammonium (Et6-diquat-5) ions encapsulated within P1, SUZ-4, and ZSM-57 zeolites are presented. The Et6-diquat-5 molecules occluded are found to adopt distinct molecular conformations in order to fit in the pores of each zeolite host. Computer modeling studies show that encapsulation of Et6-diquat-5 in the small-pore zeolite P1 is not energetically favorable. However, a remarkable match between the conformation of guest molecule and the geometry of the host structure is observed for the medium-pore zeolites SUZ-4 and ZSM-57, revealing the existence of organic structure-directing effect. The overall results of this study suggest that conformations available to the flexible, linear organic cation like Et6-diquat-5 may differ considerably according to the type and concentration of alkali cations present in the zeolite synthesis mixture, which is a critical factor affecting the phase selectivity of the crystallization. It thus appears that the modification of conformations of flexible organic structure-directing agents by varying the type and concentration of alkali cations may be an area of considerable possibility for finding new zeolite structures.
Sentinel-2 Images at 2.5m Spatial Resolution via Deep-Learning: A Case Study in Zakythnos (2022)

High-resolution (HR) satellite images can provide detailed information about land usage/land cover. Often, it is necessary that the satellite sensor inherent spatial resolution is increased through algorithmic processing of the image data acquired. Machine-learning and in particular deep-learning based super-resolution (SR) techniques are an effective tool for increasing the spatial resolution of images. In the current work, Sentinel-2 images are super-resolved to spatial resolution equal to 2.5 m/pixel by means of deep-learning based SR techniques. The area of study is Zakynthos island in Greece. A novel index called Normalized Carotenoid Reflectance Index (NCRI) is proposed for the assessment of land cover by olive trees.
Critical Timing Issues in Flash Thermography (2005)

In conventional flash thermography a pulse of light with a full width half maximum duration of 2–4 ms is applied to the surface of a solid sample and the surface temperature response is recorded with an infrared camera. Typically only the flash amplitude is adjusted, in order to minimize saturation of the camera array. However, a closer examination of the process indicates a more precise interrogation of the subsurface structure is obtained if the timing parameters of the excitation and the detector are carefully determined and controlled. In particular, limiting the pulse duration, the offset between the pulse and the detector integration time significantly increases correlation between modeled and experimental results during the early post‐flash frames. Additionally, a new method is described to precisely detect the initiation and duration of the pulse for common high end infrared cameras.
Characterization of RAP, a quorum sensing activator of Staphylococcus aureus1 (2003)

Staphylococcus aureus are Gram-positive bacteria and cause diverse serious diseases in humans and animals through the production of toxins. The production of toxins is regulated by quorum sensing mechanisms, where proteins such as RNAIII activating protein (RAP) are secreted by the bacteria and induce virulence. Antibodies to RAP have been shown to protect mice from infection, but the molecular structure of RAP was not known and hindered vaccine development. To characterize RAP, recombinant protein was made and tested for its ability to induce genes important for pathogenesis (agr). In addition, monoclonal antibodies were produced to identify its cellular localization. Results shown here indicate that RAP is a 277-aa protein that is an ortholog of the ribosomal protein L2. Like the native molecule, recombinant RAP activates the production of RNAIII (encoded by agr). Using RAP specific monoclonal antibodies we demonstrate that RAP is continuously secreted and while RAP is expressed also in other bacteria (like Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus and Escherichia coli), it is secreted to the culture medium only by S. aureus. Our results show that the ribosomal protein L2 has an extraribosomal function and that when secreted RAP acts as an autoinducer of virulence to regulate S. aureus pathogenesis.