gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of cell cycle phase-specific agents on simian fetal hemoglobin synthesis. (1985)

To determine the influence of cell cycle-specific agents on primate hematopoiesis and fetal hemoglobin production, two juvenile cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were repeatedly bled to maintain their hemoglobins at approximately 6.5 g/dl and fetal hemoglobin levels at 3-5%. Six separate 5-d courses of hydroxyurea at 100 mg/kg per d were then administered over the next 200 d while phlebotomy was continued. These courses of hydroxyurea progressively raised the fetal hemoglobin levels to 17 and 18%, respectively. The drug had very little effect on the frequency of immature erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) in the bone marrow, but caused a marked reduction in the frequency of later progenitors (CFU-E) and a transient fall in the reticulocyte count. Following the courses of hydroxyurea, the number of F cells and the fetal hemoglobin level fell to base line over a period of 4 wk. Two control animals which were not phlebotomized showed no detectable increase in F cells or fetal hemoglobin when treated with the same regimen of hydroxyurea. A 5-d course of 5-azacytidine at 8 mg/kg per d was then given to each of the phlebotomized animals. This produced a more profound, albeit transient, reticulocytopenia, a fall in the CFU-E/BFU-E ratio, and a prompt increase in the fetal hemoglobin to levels even higher than were seen following a single 5-d course of hydroxyurea at 100 mg/kg/d. Subsequently, the animals were given a single dose of vinblastine at 0.4 mg/kg which reduced reticulocytes and CFU-E to the same extent as hydroxyurea; however, vinblastine at this dose had no effect on hemoglobin F (HbF) production. In contrast, when vinblastine was administered to the phlebotomized monkeys as a 5-d course at 0.2 mg/kg/d, prolonged reticulocytopenia followed by dramatic F cell and HbF responses were seen. Combinations of single dose vinblastine and a 5-d course of hydroxyurea were subsequently administered using two different schedules. When the animals received vinblastine on the first day of a 5-d course of hydroxyurea, the F cell response was double that seen following hydroxyurea treatment alone. In contrast, when vinblastine was administered on the final day of hydroxyurea treatment, the magnitude of the F cell response was the same as that which occurred following hydroxyurea treatment alone, but the onset of the rise was delayed for 4 d and HbF/F cell response was much higher. These results establish several important features of the fetal hemoglobin response to cytotoxic agents in the primate model. The response requires accelerated erythropoiesis and is preceded by transient reticulocytopenia. The response is produced by S phase- and M phase-specific agents when given in sufficient doses and at appropriate schedules. Passage of erythrocyte progenitors through M phase appears to be necessary for expression of the effect produced by S phase agents. The fetal hemoglobin response induced by cytotoxic drug administration occurs during the recovery of erythropoiesis following marrow suppression.
Switching loss analysis of modulation methods used in neutral point clamped converters (2009)

Multilevel converters are used in medium voltage high power applications. In this field, switching losses are an important efficiency issue due to long term operation costs. Previous works have centered the analysis in comparing different topologies or semiconductors in relation to switching losses. However, switching loses are closely related to the modulation method employed to control the converter. Therefore, the comparison of several modulation methods applied to a single topology can provide valuable insight for designing considerations. This paper presents a switching loss estimation method for Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) multilevel converters. The estimation method is based on experimental measurements of the power semiconductors together with a linearized switching model of the converter. In addition manufacturer datasheet information is used to represent more accurately different operating conditions. The estimation method is used to compare the switching losses produced by the most common modulation methods used for NPC converters. The main purpose of the paper is to provide quantitative results to compare the different modulation methods in terms of efficiency.
MR Elastography of the Liver: Defining Thresholds for Detecting Viscoelastic Changes (2013)

Repositioning causes a significant decrease in the reproducibility of MR elastography. The propagation parameter β is the most reliable parameter, with an over-time threshold for significant change of 10.1% and the ability to reproduce viscoelasticity up to a resolution of 8-mm FWHM. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Processing solutions for wide‐azimuth data: Outcome from a WATS field experiment in deepwater Gulf of Mexico (2007)

Wide Azimuth Towed Streamer (WATS) acquisition has already proved to be a key technique in improving seismic imaging, especially in complex areas such as sub‐salt plays. In 2006, a WATS field experiment was conducted in a deep water area of the Gulf of Mexico. The main purpose was to challenge recently developed 3D processing algorithms and find the most suitable processing strategy for a wide azimuth dataset. The results indicate that a 3D shot based processing sequence is an effective solution that accommodates the effects related to the multi‐pass acquisition method and realizes the full benefit of the recorded 3D wide azimuth wave field.
Microstructural and elastic properties of the extracellular matrices of the superficial zone of neonatal articular cartilage by atomic force microscopy (2003)

The structural and mechanical properties of the superficial zone of articular cartilage are not well understood. Most previous studies have focused on the overall properties of articular cartilage in the adult. In the present work, the extracellular matrices of the superficial zone of the jaw-joint condyle in the 7-day-old rabbit were subjected to dynamic indentation with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface topography of four equally divided regions of the entire articular surface lacked substantial variations, with mean roughness from 95.4 nm (+/- 28.0) to 130.1 nm (+/- 13.8). Indentations of the articular surface and the microdissected, orthogonal transverse surface revealed a narrow distribution of Young's moduli ranging from 0.92 MPa (+/- 0.12) to 1.02 MPa (+/- 0.22). These rather uniform structural and mechanical properties of the superficial zone of the neonatal articular cartilage are in contrast to our previous finding of a gradient distribution of Young's moduli of the superficial zone of adult articular cartilage from 0.95 (+/- 0.06 MPa) to 2.34 (+/- 0.26 MPa) (Hu et al.: J Struct Biol 2001:136:46-52), indicating that the mechanical properties of the articular surface are modified during development. Thus, articular cartilage's anisotropic mechanical properties may be specific to the adult, rather than the neonatal. It is further postulated that the structural and mechanical properties of the superficial zone of articular cartilage are regulated by chondrocytes in addition to their unidirectional development pathway toward subchondral bone formation.
Iridovirus in the root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (2003)

Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) was evaluated for mode of transmission and ability to cause infection in the root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). This is the first evidence of IIV6 infection in D. abbreviatus, which caused both patent and sub-lethal covert infections in both larvae and adults. Adults and larvae were successfully infected with IIV6 by puncture, injection and per os. Transmission of IIV6 was demonstrated between infected and healthy individuals regardless of gender. Virus was detected in egg masses produced by virus-infected females suggesting IIV6 is transmitted transovarially. Virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm of weevil cells, and were shown to infect fat bodies, muscle, and nerve tissues, as visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Patent infections resulted in death of individuals within 3 to 4 days post infection. Individuals with covert infections tested positive for virus infection on day 7 by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed virus infection. Discovery of new pathogens against root weevils may provide new management tools for development of control strategies based on induced epizootics. This is the first report of a virus infecting D. abbreviatus.
A systematic approach to the hip-spine relationship and its applications to total hip arthroplasty (2019)

There remains confusion in the literature with regard to the spinopelvic relationship, and its contribution to ideal acetabular component position. Critical assessment of the literature has been limited by use of conflicting terminology and definitions of new concepts that further confuse the topic. In 2017, the concept of a Hip-Spine Workgroup was created with the first meeting held at the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Annual Meeting in 2018. The goal of this workgroup was to first help standardize terminology across the literature so that as a topic, multiple groups could produce literature that is immediately understandable and applicable. This consensus review from the Hip-Spine Workgroup aims to simplify the spinopelvic relationship, offer hip surgeons a concise summary of available literature, and select common terminology approved by both hip surgeons and spine surgeons for future research. Cite this article: <i>Bone Joint J</i> 2019;101-B:808-816.
Estimating the Target and Realizable Pension Replacement Rates under Korea Three-pillar Pension System (2020)

세계에서 가장 빠르게 고령화가 진행되고 있어 (국민, 퇴직, 개인 등) 다층연금제도를 활용한 안정적인 노후소득마련이 그 어느 때 보다 중요하고 시급하다. 그러나 추구하는 재정목표가 부재하여 제도 간 상호역할분담이 미흡한 상황이다. 우리는 다층연금제도의 재정목표를 목표소득 대체율 달성으로 설정하고 현행 제도에서 그 실현가능성을 추정하였다. 본 연구는 통계청 2018년 가계동향조사자료 그리고 2018년 국민연금 제4차 재정재계산 시 사용된 인구 및 거시경제 통계자료 등을 활용하여 목표 및 실현가능 연금소득대체율을 추정하였다. 먼저, 60세 은퇴 시점을 기준으로 목표소득대체율을 산정한 결과 중위소득기준 64%로 추정되었다. 다음으로 28세 입사 60세 퇴직을 가정한 표준근로자가 국민, 퇴직, 개인연금 등 현행 공·사적연금에 가입할 경우 실현가능한 연금소득대체율은 중위소득 기준 60%로 추정되었다. 목표와 실현가능 연금소득대체율을 산정함으로써 기대할 수 효과는 목표연금소득대체율 달성을 위한 정책대안 마련 및 우선순위 도출이 가능하다. 또한, 각 연금제도 간의 유기적 연계성 관점에서 공·사연계연금의 효율적 역할 분담 체계를 마련하는 데에도 기여할 것으로 판단된다.
Advances in component synthesis leading to performance improvements for multi-trigger resist (2021)

One approach for a novel EUV resist is the multi-trigger concept wherein a reaction will only occur when multiple elements of the resist are initiated concurrently and in close spatial proximity. We present results focused on the enhancement of the high-opacity MTR resist which shows a decrease in dose and improvement in Z-factor using a higher activation energy MTR molecule for pitch 32nm dense lines. We present pillars at p40 with a diameter of 24nm, dose of 72mJ/cm2, with a CDU of 2.63nm.
Dual-Use Engine Calibration: (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Modern diesel engines manufactured for commercial vehicles are calibrated to meet EPA emissions regulations. Many of the technologies and strategies typically incorporated to meet emissions targets compromise engine performance and efficiency. When used in military applications, however, engine performance and efficiency are of utmost importance in combat conditions or in remote locations where fuel supplies are scarce. This motivates the study of the potential to utilize the flexibility of emissions-reduction technologies toward optimizing engine performance while still keeping the emissions within tolerable limits. The study was conducted on a modern medium-duty International V-8 diesel engine with variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The performance-emissions tradeoffs were explored using design of experiments and response surface methodology. Then the newly acquired insight is utilized to demonstrate the benefit of dual use strategies that incorporate optimal use of injection timing, injection pressure, VGT setting, and pilot injection. The methodology enables optimizing the engine operation for different objectives, such as minimum emissions or maximum efficiency, and subsequent development of a “best compromise” that improves the fuel efficiency while maintaining emissions within the regulation constraints, but without the use of EGR. Potential elimination of cooled EGR is very significant in dual-use applications, as it reduces the total heat rejection and alleviates packaging difficulties.&lt;/div&gt;
Observation of highly nondegenerate four-wave mixing in 1.5 mu m traveling-wave semiconductor optical amplifiers and estimation of nonlinear gain coefficient (1992)

Nondegenerate four-wave mixing is measured in the 1.5 mu m traveling-wave semiconductor optical amplifier medium as a function of the pump-probe detuning frequency ranging from a few GHz to 400 GHz. It is found that two different sources are responsible for the four-wave mixing: the carrier density modulation and the nonlinear gain effect. The latter is clearly observed when the detuning frequency increases above 100 GHz. The nonlinear gain coefficient epsilon , which induces a gain grating through the pump-probe beating, is estimated to be 1.75*10/sup -23/ m/sup 3/. The change in the real refractive index associated with the nonlinear gain effect, which generates an index grating, is negligibly small. The relaxation time involved in the nonlinear gain effect is found to be less than 0.3 ps. These results support the role of the spectral hole burning rather than the carrier heating in the nonlinear gain effect.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Data alignment and integration [US government (2005)

A general-purpose solution to the problem of matching entities within or across heterogeneous data sources can't depend on the presence or reliability of auxiliary data such as structural information or metadata. Instead, it must leverage the available data (or observations) that describe the entities. Our technology, based on information theory principles, measures the importance of observations and then leverages them to quantify the similarity between entities, improving accuracy and reducing the time required to find related entities in a population. Applying this purely data-driven paradigm, we've built two systems: Guspin for automatically identifying equivalence classes or aliases, and Sift for automatically aligning data across databases. The key to our underlying technology is identifying the most informative observations and then matching entities that share them. Given the right types of observations, our model can potentially solve several serious and urgent problems that governments face, such as terrorist detection, identity theft, and data integration.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Syntheses of Variably Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]thiazoles. (2011)

Abstract o‐Aminoalkynylthiazoles, prepared from substrate (I) under conditions A), are converted to the desired heterocyclic skeleton via microwave‐assisted 5‐endo dig cyclization.
Solvation Energy of Ions in a Stockmayer Fluid (2020)

We calculate the solvation energy of monovalent and divalent ions in various liquids with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Our theory treats the solvent as a Stockmayer fluid, which accounts for the intrinsic dipole moment of molecules and the rotational dynamics of the dipoles. Despite the simplicity of the model, we obtain qualitative agreement between the simulations and experimental data for the free energy and enthalpy of ion solvation, which indicates that the primary contribution to the solvation energy arises mainly from the first and possibly second solvation shells near the ions. Our results suggest that a Stockmayer fluid can serve as a reference model that enables direct comparison between theory and experiment and may be invoked to scale up electrostatic interactions from the atomic to the molecular length scale.
Deoxyribonucleic acid preparation in polymerase chain reaction genotyping of transgenic mice. (2000)

Both approaches are useful for PCR-amplification of DNA from mammalian sources.
Simultaneous Optical and Electrical Characterization of GaN Nanowire Arrays by Means of Vis-IR Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (2019)

We report an original and straightforward method for both optical and electrical characterization of vertical GaN nanowire arrays epitaxially grown on silicon through visible-infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry methods. For the initial purpose of adding new inputs to the ellipsometry model, focused ion-beam tomography experiments were conducted to extract porosity/depth profiles of these systems. To reproduce the optical free-carrier behavior in the infrared, the ellipsometric data acquired were fitted to an anisotropic Bruggeman model including Tauc-Lorentz and Drude oscillators, which enabled the determination of carrier density and in-grain mobility. The nice agreement of these results with those obtained by combining Hall effect measurements, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy studies supported the validity of the proposed method, opening new horizons in the characterization of nanowire-based semiconducting layers.
Stabilization of electrode migration in polymer electroluminescent devices (2002)

A thin 3-nm-thick parylene layer is deposited by chemical vapor deposition at room temperature on the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate to form a bilayer anode of an organic light emitting diode. The parylene layer forms a conformal film to cover the spikes present in the ITO film. This parylene film presents a smoother surface to the subsequent organic layers. The parylene film not only reduces the occurrence of dark spots, acting as a barrier for oxygen diffusion from either the ITO or from the atmosphere and stabilizing the migration of the electrodes during electrical stress, but also improves the injection of holes from the anode. By inserting another parylene layer in between the organic and cathode layers, the probability of formation of nonemissive areas is further reduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Imidazolines: A Protocol for 1,4‐Addition to Enones and Other Acceptors. (1990)

Abstract The methyleneimidazolidines (I) react with the electron‐deficient olefins (II) to give the adducts (III) which are hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to form the imidazolidines (IV).
Supplementary material to "Dome instability at Merapi volcano identified by drone photogrammetry and numerical modeling" (2018)

Aerial image of southern sector of the Merapi dome in 2017 shows detail the lithology contact and the small low inclined terrace.
Intracavity spectral shaping and inverse bow-tie semiconductor optical amplifiers for high-power hybrid mode-locked semiconductor lasers (1998)

Summary form only given. We have presented results that show the promise of intracavity spectral shaping to avoid gain-narrowing effects in modelocked semiconductor diode lasers and have produced optical pulses of 330 fs duration. High average powers were obtained by employing novel inverse bow-tie semiconductor optical amplifiers and have generated average mode-locked output powers of 0.4 W.
The impact of breathing amplitude on dose homogeneity in intensity modulated proton therapy (2017)

Background/purpose: Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) dose distributions can be severely degraded in targets moving with respiration due to the interplay, range and blurring effects. In this study we investigated the joint and disentangled impact of these effects as a function of the motion amplitudes. Materials/methods: Single-fraction time-resolved proton treatment delivery was simulated using an inhouse developed 4D-motion simulation platform. The respiratory induced anatomical changes were described by deformation vector fields (DVF) derived from 4D-Computed Tomography (4D-CT) scans scaled to different motion amplitudes. Based on the individual spots exported from IMPT plans for 10 lung cancer patients, three dose distributions with different combinations of motion effects were generated. The doses were subtracted from each other to study the separated impact of individual effects over the planning target volume (PTV). The results were evaluated using univariate and multivariate regression models including amplitude, tumour size and location. Results: The interplay effect led to an average dose error of 7% for motion amplitude of 20 mm, whereas range and blurring effects were smaller at 2.6% and 2.5%, respectively. These effects increased linearquadratically with amplitude and were significantly associated with tumour volume or location. Conclusion: Single-fraction dose variations due to interplay effects dominate other respiratory-induced variations for a large range of motion amplitudes.
Digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for RF frequency synthesis in a deep-submicrometer CMOS process (2003)

A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for frequency synthesis in wireless RF applications is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ dithering. Other imperfections of analog circuits are compensated through digital means. The presented ideas enable the employment of fully-digital frequency synthesizers using sophisticated signal processing algorithms, realized in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes which allow almost no analog extensions. They also promote cost-effective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process together with a DSP, which acts as a digital baseband processor with a large number of digital gates in order to investigate noise coupling. The phase noise is -112 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. The close-in spurious tones are below -62 dBc, while the far-out spurs are below -80 dBc. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial Bluetooth transceiver.
Computer-generated holograms of three-dimensional realistic objects recorded without wave interference (2001)

We propose a method of synthesizing computer-generated holograms of real-life three-dimensional (3-D) objects. An ordinary digital camera illuminated by incoherent white light records several projections of the 3-D object from different points of view. The recorded data are numerically processed to yield a two-dimensional complex function, which is then encoded as a computer-generated hologram. When this hologram is illuminated by a plane wave, a 3-D real image of the object is reconstructed.
Disposable CMOS catheter-tip pressure sensor for intracranial pressure measurement (2002)

Presents a highly cost-effective sensor for intermittent measurement of average intracranial pressure. The key to the sensor's cost-effectiveness is its design for commercial-foundry fabrication and simple packaging approach. Unlike most conventional pressure sensors that require custom fabrication, the transducer chip in this work was fabricated entirely through a commercial CMOS process. The number of process steps required to fabricate an array of transducers is thus reduced, decreasing overall fabrication cost. The package design is simple, requiring no electrical feedthroughs or pressure ports, thereby also reducing manufacturing cost. The sensor has an accuracy of 90% over the range of 0 to 10 mmHg gauge, sensitivity of 0.7mV/V/mmHg, and a resolution of 1.25 mmHg, which is sufficient to measure the cardiac effect on intracranial pressure. The sensor has been found to be suitable for short-term (up to 0.5 hours continuous) or intermittent use, such as during surgery. The unconventional low-cost approach to the development of this sensor makes it a better candidate than existing sensors for disposable applications.