gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct 3D-reconstruction from a single 2D-image obtained through a coded-aperture (2007)

Reconstructions in emission tomography at 511 keV have to address insufficient amount of data due to poor performances of detectors at such energy. SPECT with classic collimators is generally not adapted to acquire such images, unless a large open-fraction collimator is considered. In this paper we propose a novel configuration for direct 3D-reconstruction from a single 2D-planar non-parallel projection, that is a challenging and ill-posed problem. First, a coded aperture and a 2D-detector are simulated to define a model of the imaging system and to generate synthetic data. In order to address the absence of sufficient data support, 3D-objects that are synthesized stand in the near-field region, at just a few centimetres from the surface of the detector. This configuration maximises the geometrical efficiency and consequently enhances the amount of data contained in the unique observed image. Secondly, an accelerated ML-EM algorithm is used to reconstruct 3D-objects. The basis of our approach reflects the assumption that the inner-structure of the transition matrix used for modelling the system affects significantly the behaviour of ML-EM algorithm and the whole reconstructed spatial distribution. The transition matrix depends directly on the geometry of the collimator. The impact of this geometry on the structure of the transition matrix is studied. This paper shows that a small-size detector is able to perform a 3D-reconstruction of a small object standing in the near-field domain, from a single 2D-image. Reconstructed objects exhibit a good spatial resolution : two 5 mm-diameter cylinders with a centre-to-centre distance of 6 mm are clearly separated. Cylindrical shapes are well-preserved, although depth direction is deformed. Promising simulations demonstrate the extreme potentials of our approach.
A high-output-voltage micro-thermoelectric generator having high-aspect-ratio structure (2013)

A high-output-voltage micro-thermoelectric generator (µTEG) has been developed by fabricating thermocouples having a high aspect ratio (HAR) with a high integration density. They have been made by a novel and simple fabrication method, in which thermoelectric nanopowders are filled in a photosensitive glass mold by using aerosol deposition. It is followed by hot isostatic pressing to improve the thermoelectric property. This method has the possibility of increasing the aspect ratio of thermocouples drastically while increasing their toughness. We have fabricated thermocouples with an aspect ratio of 3.5 and a high integration density of 620 TCs cm–2. Their Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity are 290 µV K–1 and 1.5 mΩ cm, respectively, which make them as good as the thermocouples fabricated by hot pressing. By using the method, we have fabricated a µTEG chip having an area of 25 mm2 in which 56 thermocouples are arranged in an area of 9 mm2. The µTEG reaches a thermal resistance of 17.1 K W–1, output voltage efficiency of 0.16 V cm–2 K–1 and output power efficiency of 9.3 µW cm–2 K–2. These HAR thermocouples have an advantage for energy harvesting from a human body because they can result in a high temperature difference because of their high thermal resistance.
Use of thin carbon films for selective chemical etching and epitaxial deposition of III-V semiconductors (1976)

Very thin (2 to 100 Å) carbon films have been found to be extremely effective as pattern-definition masks for the selective deposition of III-V compounds by vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) and liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE). High-quality epitaxial layers may subsequently be deposited after removal of the carbon film. This enables complex structures such as optical waveguides to be prepared in these materials.
Modal delay and modal bandwidth measurements of bi-modal optical fibers through a frequency domain method (2020)

We propose a simple and robust frequency domain method for measuring modal delay and bandwidth of bi-modal optical fibers. An analytical transfer function model is formulated showing excellent agreement with experimental results for relatively short fibers. Using the model, a full set of information can be extracted, including modal delay and modal bandwidth under any launch conditions. As a result, one can obtain a worst-case modal bandwidth that can gauge the fiber modal bandwidth under general conditions. In addition, the frequency domain measurement method and the analytical model are validated through the excellent agreements with the time domain measurement results. The analytical model is also generalized for longer fiber lengths when additional degradation effects become significant to alter the behavior of the transfer function. Through the detailed study, we show that the simple frequency domain measurement method as facilitated by the analytical model can deliver a full set of modal delay and modal bandwidth information that otherwise requires more complex method of differential mode delay measurements.
Cyclosporin A sensitivity of the HIV‐1 long terminal repeat identifies distinct p56lck‐dependent pathways activated by CD4 triggering (1996)

The CD4 co-receptor interacts with nonpolymorphic regions of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. This interaction results in the mobilization of a number of signaling mediators shared by the T cell receptor (TcR) signaling pathway and thus amplifies TcR-generated signals. We have investigated the outcome of CD4 engagement on the activation of both cellular transcription factors and the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). We show that CD4 triggering activates different pathways of HIV LTR activation which can be identified by their sensitivity to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. The response of the inducible cellular transcription factors involved in HIVLTR activation shows that both nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and NF-AT mediate a cyclosporin A-sensitive response to CD4, while AP-1 is at least in part responsible for the cyclosporin A-insensitive response. Both pathways can, however, be blocked by a kinase-defective dominant negative p56lck mutant, supporting an essential role for p56lck kinase activity in CD4-dependent signal transduction. A functional analysis of different CD4 epitopes using either anti-CD4 mAb or HIV-1 gp120 reveals a common epitope-specific activation of both the LTR and of the transcription factors NF-kappa B and NF-AT.
Poly(aryl ether-azines) (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly(aryl ether-azines)Kenneth R. Carter and James L. HedrickCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 12, 3426–3428Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00090a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00090a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SpMV: A Memory-Bound Application on the GPU Stuck Between a Rock and a Hard Place (2012)

Abstract—In this paper, we investigate the relative merits between GPGPUs and multicores in the context of sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV). While GPGPUs possess impressive capabilities in terms of raw compute throughput and memory bandwidth, their performance varies significantly with application tuning as well as sparse input and format characteristics. Furthermore, several emerging technological and workload trends potentially shift the balance in favor towards the multicore, especially in the context of bandwidth-limited workloads. In light of these trends, our paper investigates the performance, power, and cost of state-of-the-art GPGPUs and multicores across a spectrum of sparse inputs. Our results reinforce some current-day understandings of GPGPUs and multicores while offering new insights on their relative merits in the context of future systems. I.
[Preliminary study on the release of DNA from Pseudomona aeruginosa induced by piperacillin/tazobactam in vitro]. (2005)

A certain amount of bacterial DNA was released from P. aeruginosa under its natural growth circumstance. Different concentrations of Piper showed different effects on DNA release, in regard to its quantity and molecular weight, from P. aeruginosa cultures.
QoS Enhancements for V2X Services in 5G Networks (2020)

5G systems (5GS) have been conceived to provide, besides traditional mobile broadband services, also connectivity required by vertical industries, among which Vehicular to Everything (V2X) communication is a prominent example. Enhanced V2X communication extends its reach to safety critical services, which impose severe Quality of Service (QoS) requirements going beyond the capabilities of the early version of 5GS, corresponding to 3GPP release 15 standard specifications. This paper discusses a novel Multi Level QoS (MLQ) feature allowing a tighter QoS monitoring and control, aiming at improving service availability and continuity, essential for safety critical applications. Starting from a review of 3GPP Release 15 QoS model, the paper provides design details for the introduction of MLQ feature in the standard specifications. The paper also provides experimental evaluation of MLQ performance, combining on-field measurements and system level simulations. Results, albeit preliminary, hint to up to two-digit gain in terms of service availability and continuity, at a limited cost both in terms of complexity and additional required signaling.
Acidity of Hydrocarbons. II. Effect of Methyl Substituents in the Exchange Reaction of Toluene-α-d with Lithium Cyclohexylamide (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcidity of Hydrocarbons. II. Effect of Methyl Substituents in the Exchange Reaction of Toluene-α-d with Lithium CyclohexylamideA. Streitwieser and D. E. Van SickleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 2, 249–250Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00861a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00861a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plasma Focus Device for Use in Space Propulsion (1991)

The Plasma Focus at the University of Illinois will be used to study the potential use of a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) for space propulsion. This will require the development of a DPF with a gas injection system. The ultimate goal is to measure the thrust from a gas-injected DPF fueled with D-3He. Preliminary studies on the effects of an imposed magnetic field on the pinch stability, the design of the gas injection system, and on selection of thrust measurement diagnostics are reported here.
Are Oxidative Stress−Activated Signaling Pathways Mediators of Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction? (2003)

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications in target organs arise from chronic elevations of glucose. The pathogenic effect of high glucose, possibly in concert with fatty acids, is mediated to a significant extent via increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and subsequent oxidative stress. ROS and RNS directly oxidize and damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. In addition to their ability to directly inflict damage on macromolecules, ROS and RNS indirectly induce damage to tissues by activating a number of cellular stress-sensitive pathways. These pathways include nuclear factor-kappaB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, NH(2)-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases, hexosamines, and others. In addition, there is evidence that in type 2 diabetes, the activation of these same pathways by elevations in glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) levels leads to both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Therefore, we propose here that the hyperglycemia-induced, and possibly FFA-induced, activation of stress pathways plays a key role in the development of not only the late complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but also the insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion seen in type 2 diabetes.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of 13,14,15‐Isocrambescidin 800 (I). (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
0935 Effect of HAp Volume Fraction on Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone (2007)

Bone tissue is often regarded as a composite material composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) like mineral particles and collagen matrix (type I collagen) in a microscopic scale. Macroscopic properties of bone are dependent on these micro-structural elements. However, the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic properties of bone has been little known. In this study, to understand the effect of mineral content on macroscopic mechanical properties of bone, the mechanical properties of demineralized bone were examined experimentally. Cortical bone specimens were cut out from the mid-diaphysis of bovine femur by using a diamond cutter. The specimens were demineralized by the immersion in 10% disodium EDTA solutions during 12, 24, 48, 72 hours and 14 days. The volume fractions of each structural constituent in demineralized specimens were evaluated from X-ray absorption property by measuring X-ray transmitted intensity. Tensile tests were performed to measure the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of the specimens by using universal testing instrument at a rate of 0.02mm/min in the saline. As the results of this study, the mineral volume fraction decreases as the longer immersion time. The much demineralized bone behaves in tension much like the native collagen present in other soft connective tissues such as ligament and tendon. The elastic modulus and ultimate strength of cortical bone decrease as demineralized ratio. The mechanical properties of cortical bone have much relationship with volume fraction of mineral phase.
Unexpected efficiency of cyclic amidine catalysts in depolymerizing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2013)

Abstract This article describes studies on the catalytic activity of several nitrogen‐based organic catalysts for the depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), in which a few cyclic amidines work more effectively than a potent, bifunctional guanidine‐based catalyst 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo‐[4,4,0]‐dec‐5‐ene (TBD) in the presence of short chain diols that play a role in activation of carbonyl groups through hydrogen bonding. Further studies prove that the catalytic efficiency at the above specific conditions depends only on the extent of activation of a hydroxyl group rather than simply the p K a of the bases. For glycolysis with excess short‐chain alkanediols, 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene is the best catalyst. In contrast, TBD shows outstanding catalytic activity in depolymerizations of PET with mono‐alcohols and longer‐chain diols. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Efficient de novo construction of the indanepropionic acid precursor of 11-oxo steroids. An improved internal Diels-Alder sequence (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEfficient de novo construction of the indanepropionic acid precursor of 11-oxo steroids. An improved internal Diels-Alder sequenceGilbert Stork and David ShermanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 13, 3758–3759Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00377a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00377a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views337Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced protection of C57 BL/6 vs Balb/c mice to melanoma liver metastasis is mediated by NK cells (2017)

The B16F10 murine melanoma cell line displays a low expression of MHC class I molecules favoring immune evasion and metastases in immunocompetent C57 BL/6 wild-type mice. Here, we generated metastases to the liver, an organ that is skewed towards immune tolerance, by intrasplenic injection of B16F10 cells in syngeneic C57 BL/6 compared to allogeneic Balb/c mice. Surprisingly, Balb/c mice, which usually display a pronounced M2 macrophage and Th2 T cell polarization, were ∼3 times more susceptible to metastasis than C57 BL/6 mice, despite a much higher M1 and Th1 T cell immune response. The anti-metastatic advantage of C57 BL/6 mice could be attributed to a more potent NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells. Our findings highlight the role of NK cells in innate anti-tumor immunity in the context of the liver - particularly against highly aggressive MHC I-deficient cancer cells. Moreover, the B16F10 model of melanoma liver metastasis is suited for developing novel therapies targeting innate NK cell related immunity in liver metastases and liver cancer.
Implementation of the CYP Index for the Design of Selective Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase Inhibitors (2020)

A class of imidazoisoindole (III) heme-binding indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) inhibitors were optimized via structure-based drug design into a series of tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)-selective inhibitors. Kynurenine pathway modulation was demonstrated <i>in vivo</i>, which enabled evaluation of TDO as a potential cancer immunotherapy target. As means of mitigating the risk of drug-drug interactions arising from cytochrome P450 inhibition, a novel property-based drug design parameter, herein referred to as the CYP Index, was implemented for the design of inhibitors with appreciable selectivity for TDO over CYP3A4. We anticipate the CYP Index will be a valuable design parameter for optimizing CYP inhibition of any small molecule inhibitor containing a Lewis basic motif capable of binding heme.
A molecular survey of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in man. (1986)

We characterized 24 unrelated patients with a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in an attempt to better understand the nature and spectrum of mutations that underlie this prototype-inherited disease. Lymphoblast cell lines derived from each patient were analyzed at multiple molecular levels including the structure and function of the residual HPRT enzyme, messenger RNA (mRNA), and gene. Our studies demonstrate the following: (a) at least 16 of the 24 patients represent unique and independent mutations at the HPRT structural gene; (b) the majority of cell lines have normal quantities of mRNA but undetectable quantities of enzyme; (c) 33% of patients retain significant quantities of structurally altered, functionally abnormal, HPRT enzyme variants; and (d) a minority of patients are void of both enzyme and mRNA, possibly representing examples of aberrations in gene expression. Our studies provide direct evidence for marked genetic heterogeneity in this disorder and illustrate the kinds of mutations and mutational consequences that underlie inherited disease in humans.
miR-Synth: a computational resource for the design of multi-site multi-target synthetic miRNAs (2014)

RNAi is a powerful tool for the regulation of gene expression. It is widely and successfully employed in functional studies and is now emerging as a promising therapeutic approach. Several RNAi-based clinical trials suggest encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Here we present miR-Synth, a computational resource for the design of synthetic microRNAs able to target multiple genes in multiple sites. The proposed strategy constitutes a valid alternative to the use of siRNA, allowing the employment of a fewer number of molecules for the inhibition of multiple targets. This may represent a great advantage in designing therapies for diseases caused by crucial cellular pathways altered by multiple dysregulated genes. The system has been successfully validated on two of the most prominent genes associated to lung cancer, c-MET and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). (See http://microrna.osumc.edu/mir-synth).