gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Functionalization of Silicon Nanoparticles with Citric Acid for Enhanced Performance As Lithium Ion Battery Anodes (2018)

Among advanced materials studied to enhance the performance and energy storage of Li ion batteries, silicon nanoparticles have shown great potential as an anode material with its high theoretical gravimetric capacity of approximately 4200 mAh/g which is ~10 times higher than that of the commercially used anode material graphite. Nevertheless, the volume expansion of ~400% during the lithiation causes the electrode to suffer from rapid degradation, thus leading to poor cycle life. In this study we discuss the surface modification of silicon nanoparticles with citric acid for better cycling performance and capacity retention of silicon based electrodes. The objective of the study is to form a protective layer on silicon nanoparticles that will reduce the strain caused by volume variation due to lithiation and delithiation in the cycling process. Cycling performance studies have been conducted on 50% silicon containing electrodes as well as graphite silicon composite electrode (70:15 weight % respectively). Both types of electrodes have shown promising cycling performance data when the surface of was functionalized with citric acid. The results indicate good capacity retention of ~60% after 50 cycles from surface modified silicon electrodes as opposed to 45% with the surface unmodified electrode. Chemical and surface analytical techniques such as Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the nanoparticle surface as well as the solid electrolyte interphase formed on the electrodes to further understand how this protective layer improve the performance and the results of this study will be discussed. Figure 1
Delayed administration of memantine prevents N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐mediated neurotoxicity (1993)

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that escalating levels of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) are responsible for neuronal cell death in a variety of acute neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, trauma, seizures, and hypoglycemia. EAAs may also contribute to several chronic neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's disease, parkinsonism, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia. A predominant form of neurotoxicity appears to be mediated by excessive activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor. This laboratory recently reported that memantine, an antiparkinsonian drug, is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist capable of preventing the death of central neurons both in vitro and in vivo when given coincident to an EAA insult. In the present study, we found that 12 microM memantine prevented the death of neonatal rat retinal ganglion cells in primary culture when administered up to 4 hours after the initiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.
Diffraction and scattering at antiglare structures for display devices (1994)

Antiglare layers for display devices feature a rough surface structure that scatters the incident light and thereby reduces the specular reflectivity of the screen. The same structure will, however, also diffuse part of the light from the phosphor layer, resulting in a degradation of image quality. The microstructure, light-scattering properties, and effects on image contrast and resolution of some relevant antiglare structures are examined. A model based on scalar diffraction theory that relates the various optical properties to the surface microstructure is presented.
The piglet as an animal model for hypobaric hypoxia (1998)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the piglet as a suitable animal model for human diseases of high altitude. We studied 12 piglets, 4-10 weeks old, in a hypobaric chamber under conditions of high altitude at a pressure of 1/2 atmosphere (to approximately 320 Torr) for various periods of time (12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours) with continuous monitoring. The animals were decompressed every 24 hours for grooming and feeding. Two animals were studied as nonexposed controls, and one was studied as a control in the chamber without decompression. The animals were euthanized after the exposure, and a complete autopsy was performed. The tissues were then analyzed with light and electron microscopy. The animals all exhibited clinical features of ataxia, tachypnea with Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and lethargy. One animal vomited. The histologic and ultrastructural analysis showed normal organs, particularly lung and brain. The piglet may be a suitable animal model for the study of high altitude-related diseases in humans, but prolonged uninterrupted exposure and a delay in euthanasia after exposure to high altitude may be necessary for the development of reactive pathologic changes.
Pharmacokinetic/Toxicity Properties of the New Anti-Staphylococcal Lead Compound SK-03-92 (2015)

Because of the potential of a new anti-staphylococcal lead compound SK-03-92 as a topical antibiotic, a patch, or an orally active drug, we sought to determine its safety profile and oral bioavailability. SK-03-92 had a high IC<sub>50</sub> (125 μg/ml) <i>in vitro</i> against several mammalian cell lines, and mice injected intraperiteonally at the highest dose did not exhibit gross toxicity (<i>e.g.</i> altered gait, ungroomed, significant weight loss). Single dose (100 μg/g) pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis with formulated SK-03-92 showed that peak plasma concentration (1.64 μg/ml) was achieved at 20-30 min. Oral relative bioavailability was 8%, and the drug half-life was 20-30 min, demonstrating that SK-03-92 is likely not a candidate for oral delivery. Five-day and two-week PK analyses demonstrated that SK-03-92 plasma levels were low. Multi-dose analysis showed no gross adverse effects to the mice and a SK-03-92 peak plasma concentration of 2.12 μg/ml with the presence of significant concentrations of breakdown products 15 min after dosing. SK-03-92 appeared to be very safe based on tissue culture and mouse gross toxicity determinations, but the peak plasma concentration suggests that a pro-drug of SK-03-92 or preparation of analogs of SK-03-92 with greater bioavailability and longer half-lives are warranted.
Mid-infrared electroluminescence from InAs type-I quantum wells grown on InAsP/InP metamorphic buffers (2015)

We report room-temperature (RT) electroluminescence (EL) from InAs/InAsxP1−x quantum well (QW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over a wide wavelength range of 2.50–2.94 μm. We demonstrate the ability to accurately design strained InAs QW emission wavelengths while maintaining low threading dislocation density, coherent QW interfaces, and high EL intensity. Investigation of the optical properties of the LEDs grown on different InAsxP1−x metamorphic buffers showed higher EL intensity and lower thermal quenching for QWs with higher barriers and stronger carrier confinement. Strong RT EL intensity from LEDs with narrow full-width at half-maximum shows future potential for InAs QW mid-infrared laser diodes on InAsP/InP.
Endpoint admission control (2000)

The traditional approach to implementing admission control, as exemplified by the Integrated Services proposal in the IETF, uses a signalling protocol to establish reservations at all routers along the path. While providing excellent quality-of-service, this approach has limited scalability because it requires routers to keep per-flow state and to process per-flow reservation messages. In an attempt to implement admission control without these scalability problems, several recent papers have proposed various forms of endpoint admission control. In these designs, the hosts (the endpoints) probe the network to detect the level of congestion; the host admits the flow only if the detected level of congestion is sufficiently low. This paper is devoted to the study of endpoint admission control. We first consider several architectural issues that guide (and constrain) the design of such systems. We then use simulations to evaluate the performance of endpoint admission control in various settings. The modest performance degradation between traditional router-based admission control and endpoint admission control suggests that a real-time service based on endpoint probing may be viable.
Multi-level coding and multi-stage decoding in MAC, broadcast, and relay channel (2014)

It is known that multi-level coding (MLC) with multi-stage decoding (MSD) approaches the point-to-point constellation constrained channel capacity subject to appropriate choice of code rates at each level. MLC/MSD in the context of multi-node networks has not been previously investigated, and is the subject of this paper. It is shown that MLC/MSD can approach the MAC capacity. Issues related to achieving non-corner points of the capacity region are discussed. A MLC-based superposition scheme for the degraded broadcast channel is discussed and an achievable region outlined. The half-duplex orthogonal degraded relay channel is studied under MLC/MSD. The achievable rate is calculated under two conditions: First we consider end-to-end layer-by-layer decoding, where each layer is decoded at the relay and destination only with help from previous layers. Then, we remove this constraint via a parity-forwarding approach at the relay, where the destination performs two multi-stage decoding operations: one corresponding to the relay-destination link and then one corresponding to the source-destination link. The achievable rate under parity forwarding is shown to be superior.
Thermal conditions in stereolithography injection mould tooling and their use for polyether-ether-ketone moulding (2003)

The use of stereolithography (SL) as a rapid tooling technique for injection moulding provides a low cost and quick alternative to hard tooling methods when producing a small quantity of parts. However, previous work has shown that different characteristics are developed by crystalline plastic parts produced from SL moulds and those produced from conventional tooling methods. Differing characteristics means that the parts are not truly the same as those that would be produced by hard tooling and highlights a disadvantage to SL tooling. Such differences are due to the cooling rate experienced by the part. Parts produced from SL moulds are cooled more slowly than those from metal tools as a result of the differing thermal conductivity of the mould material itself. This work concerned establishing the extent of the difference in the heat transfer characteristics. The different cooling rates were demonstrated by real-time data acquisition. The results illustrated the very different thermal history imparted on the moulding that is likely to be the cause of characteristic differences in the parts. The work then describes how the thermal conditions experienced in SL moulds can be used to an advantage. A case study details the use of SL moulds for the injection moulding of polyether-ether-ketone, which has high process parameter demands. The results of the case study have shown that not only is the SL rapid tooling method capable of producing a low volume of polyether-ether-ketone parts, but also under conditions that would not be possible using a metal mould. The thermal characteristics of SL moulds allowed fully crystalline polyether-ether-ketone parts to be produced with the mould at room temperature; the equivalent steel mould would require a pre-moulding temperature of about 200°C and much higher injection pressures and speeds.
Data from Nuclear Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is a Functional Molecular Target in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subclass of breast cancers (i.e., estrogen receptor–negative, progesterone receptor–negative, and HER2-negative) that have poor prognosis and very few identified molecular targets. Strikingly, a high percentage of TNBCs overexpresses the EGF receptor (EGFR), yet EGFR inhibition has yielded little clinical benefit. Over the last decade, advances in EGFR biology have established that EGFR functions in two distinct signaling pathways: (i) classical membrane-bound signaling and (ii) nuclear signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) can enhance resistance to anti-EGFR therapies and is correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that nEGFR may promote intrinsic resistance to cetuximab in TNBC. To examine this question, a battery of TNBC cell lines and human tumors were screened and found to express nEGFR. Knockdown of EGFR expression demonstrated that TNBC cell lines retained dependency on EGFR for proliferation, yet all cell lines were resistant to cetuximab. Furthermore, Src Family Kinases (SFKs) influenced nEGFR translocation in TNBC cell lines and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; tumor models, where inhibition of SFK activity led to potent reductions in nEGFR expression. Inhibition of nEGFR translocation led to a subsequent accumulation of EGFR on the plasma membrane, which greatly enhanced sensitivity of TNBC cells to cetuximab. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting both the nEGFR signaling pathway, through the inhibition of its nuclear transport, and the classical EGFR signaling pathway with cetuximab may be a viable approach for the treatment of patients with TNBC. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 13(5); 1356–68. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Ultrasensitive dual-beam absorption and gain spectroscopy: applications for near-infrared and visible diode laser sensors (1995)

A dual-beam detection strategy with automatic balancing is described for ultrasensitive spectroscopy. Absorbances of 2 × 10−7 Hz−1/2 in free-space configurations and 5 × 10−6 Hz−1/2 in fiber-coupled configurations are demonstrated. With the dual-beam technique, atmospherically broadened absorption transitions may be resolved with InGaAsP, AlGaAs, and AlGaInP single-longitudinal-mode diode Nlasers. Applications to trace measurements of NO2, O2, and H2O are described by the use of simple, inexpensive laser and detector systems. Small signal gain measurements on optically pumped I2 with a sensitivity of 10−5 are also reported.
THE IMPACT STUDY: VALGANCICLOVIR PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS DO NOT CHANGE WHEN EXTENDING PROPHYLAXIS FROM 100 TO 200 DAYS. (2010)

1Clinical Pharmacology Department, Roche, South San Francisco/UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2F. Hoffman-LaRoche, Basel/SWITZERLAND, 3Virology, Roche products Limited, Welwyn Garden City/UNITED KINGDOM, 4Department Of Transplant Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton/AB/CANADA
On the Incorporation of Buckminsterfullerene C60 in the Supercages of Zeolite Y (1997)

A series of vapor-phase adsorptions of C60 on NaY zeolite have been carried out under reduced pressure (1 Torr) in the range of temperatures between 400 and 700 °C to determine whether C60-fullerene (0.79 nm diameter) can be incorporated within the internal voids of faujasites (tridirectional large-pore zeolite containing supercavities of 1.3 nm diameter tetrahedrally connected through 0.74 nm windows). After the incorporation procedure, the samples were submitted to exhaustive solid−liquid extraction using toluene as solvent. The optimum adsorption temperature was found to be around 650 °C. Analogous treatment using silica−alumina instead of NaY did not lead to significant retention of C60. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, combustion chemical analysis, and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry as well as by diffuse reflectance, Fourier transform infrared, and magic angle spinning 13C NMR spectroscopies. None of these techniques provides direct evidence of the location of C60 in the zeolite matrix. Molecular dynamics simulations of the faujasite cavity window vibrations at different temperatures (100−800 °C) show that although there are remarkable instantaneous variations in the pore diameter (some of them allowing the entrance of fullerene molecules), the vibrations are too rapid (in the ps time scale) to allow the complete passage of fullerene. Interestingly, the average pore diameter of the faujasite cavity windows are predicted to be rather insensitive to increasing temperatures. Finally, high-resolution electron microscopy has experimentally revealed that fullerene molecules are highly dispersed through the zeolite particles, and in certain regions there are some preferential spatial arrangements of C60. In addition, the presence of weak new reflections in the electron diffractogram pattern of C60-doped NaY (forbidden for a Fd3̄m symmetry such as Y zeolite) was observed. This has been taken as an experimental evidence that a small fraction of C60 molecules has penetrated inside the supercages, showing a spatial order and changing the zeolite symmetry. Meanwhile, most of the C60 molecules are located in the open cavities at the external surface.
Criticisms of claims in the field of isomerization polymerization. I. Polymerization of p‐methylstyrene (1971)

Abstract The polymerization of p ‐methylstyrene with cationic initiators at low temperatures has been reinvestigated. It was found that, contrary to claims by Krentsel et al., this polymerization produces a conventional 1,2 structure and consequently proceeds by a conventional mechanism.
A day and night MOS imager spectrally adjusted for a wide range of color temperatures (2009)

We present a day and night MOS imager based on a single plate on-chip interference color filter. The filter comprises periodic multiple layers of TiO<sub>2</sub> and SiO<sub>2</sub>, with an intermediate color selection layer (SiO<sub>2</sub>) to disturb the period of the layers, analogous to a "defect" layer in the one-dimensional photonic crystal. A particular advantage of this filter is flexibility of designing a spectral profile of each color. Thus, one unit cell of the present MOS imager is designed to have three multi-spectral, i.e. R+IR, G+IR, B+IR, pixels and one IR dedicated pixel, which would never be realized by ordinary pigment materials. Daytime color image signals are obtained by subtracting the IR pixel signal, as a reference, from each signal of R+IR, G+IR and B+IR pixels. Nighttime black and white imaging is simply realized by using the IR components of all the pixels as brightness signals. This enables seamless switching between the day and night operations of a camera. Although the subtraction operation usually reduces the dynamic range (DR) and signal-to-ratio (SNR), in particular at low color temperatures, we overcome the issues by employing a new design scheme of the color filter comprising double defect layers for each visible pass band and narrow IR pass bands for common IR components. As a result, signal degradations in SNR and DR are suppressed even at low color temperatures enabling daytime imaging in a wide range of color temperatures from 2300 K to 6500 K.
Characterization of eutectic mixtures of sugars and sugar-alcohols for cryopreservation (2022)

Natural Deep Eutectic Systems (NADES) composed of sugar and sugar alcohols have been studied and applied in a variety of biological applications. Understanding their interaction with water across dilution and temperature is inherently important for maximizing the utility of NADES. Herein a wide range of sugar:sugar-alcohol molar ratios were synthesized and characterized by viscosity, molar excess volume, differential scanning calorimetry, water activity, and confocal Raman cryomicroscopy. NADES were found to have greater viscosity, reduced heat of fusion, greater absolute molar excess volume, lower water activity, and stronger hydrogen bonding of water than non-NADES mixtures. This is hypothesized to be due to cumulatively stronger hydrogen bonding interactions between components in pure and diluted NADES with the strongest interactions in the water-rich region. This work provides useful data and further understanding of hydrogen bonding interaction strength for a wide range of molar ratios in pure to well-diluted forms.
WetFET A Novel Fluidic Gate-Dielectric Transistor for Sensor Applications (2007)

In this work, we investigate the characteristics of a MOSFET with a hybrid solid/liquid gate-dielectric structure, which can be used for fluidic sensor applications. This "WetFET" device is made using a standard MOSFET fabrication process with additional steps to selectively remove portions of the gate dielectric and to subsequently refill the resultant gaps with liquid. Characteristics of the first prototype WetFET device are presented and analyzed with the aid of device simulations. It is concluded that as transistor performance is highly sensitive to the gate dielectric properties, this structure is promising for creating new, efficient sensors.
Direct Compare of Information Coded With Error-Correcting Codes (2011)

There are situations in a computing system where incoming information needs to be compared with a piece of stored data to locate the matching entry, e.g., cache tag array lookup and translation look-aside buffer matching. If the stored data is protected with error-correcting codes (ECC) for reliability reason, the previous solution is to access the stored information, decode and correct if necessary before it is used to compare with the incoming data. The decoding and correcting step increases the total access time, which is often critical. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the compare latency for information encoded with ECC. We use the cache tag array look-up as an example, and results show that 30% gate count reduction and 12% latency reduction are achieved.
Heterogeneity of the sensitivity of vesicular stomatitis virus to interferons (1977)

Twelve cloned viruses were randomly isolated from original (uncloned) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and their sensitivities to mouse and human interferons were examined. When the interferon sensitivities of these various VSVs were compared by the plaque reduction method in L cells, virus 3 was found to be sevenfold more sensitive than virus 11, and the interferon sensitivity of the original (uncloned) virus was intermediate. The present study shows that uncloned VSV Indiana strain is a mixture of viruses that have different sensitivities to interferon. The slope of the dose-response curve of original (uncloned) virus to mouse interferon was less steep than those of cloned viruses. Virus 11, which was the least sensitive to mouse interferon, was relatively sensitive to human interferon. There was no correlation between the sensitivities of virus clones to mouse interferon and their sensitivities to human interferon. When the interferon sensitivities were tested by various assay methods (plaque reduction, yield reduction, and cytopathic effect inhibition), the ranking of the interferon sensitivities of different viruses was not changed. These results indicate that the relative sensitivity of a virus to interferon is determined by the host cells in which the tests are performed, but not by assay method used.
Ausgewählte Implementierungsaspekte (1993)

In diesem Kapitel werden ausgewählte Implementierungsaspekte der in Kapitel 7 dargestellten Architektur des Ablaufkontrollsystems ActMan beschrieben. Die Rahmenarchitektur des Ablaufkontrollsystems in Abschnitt 7.2 und dessen verteilte Konfiguration dienen dabei als Orientierungshilfe.