gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immune suppression or enhancement by CD137 T cell costimulation during acute viral infection is time dependent (2007)

CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and ligands to this costimulatory molecule have clinical potential for amplifying CD8 T cell immunity to tumors and viruses, while suppressing CD4 autoimmune T cell responses. To understand the basis for this dichotomy in T cell function, CD4 and CD8 antiviral immunity was measured in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong- or A/PR8/34 influenza-infected mice injected with anti-CD137 mAbs. We found that the timing of administration of anti-CD137 mAbs profoundly altered the nature of the antiviral immune response during acute infection. Antiviral immunity progressed normally for the first 72 hours when the mAb was administered early in infection before undergoing complete collapse by day 8 postinfection. Anti-CD137-injected LCMV-infected mice became tolerant to, and persistently infected with, LCMV Armstrong. Elevated levels of IL-10 early in the response was key to the loss of CD4(+) T cells, whereas CD8(+) T cell deletion was dependent on a prolonged TNF-alpha response, IL-10, and upregulation of Fas. Blocking IL-10 function rescued CD4 antiviral immunity but not CD8(+) T cell deletion. Anti-CD137 treatment given beyond 72 hours after infection significantly enhanced antiviral immunity. Mice treated with anti-CD137 mAb 1 day before infection with A/PR8/34 virus experienced 80% mortality compared with 40% mortality of controls. When treatment was delayed until day 1 postinfection, 100% of the infected mice survived. These data show that anti-CD137 mAbs can induce T cell activation-induced cell death or enhance antiviral immunity depending on the timing of treatment, which may be important for vaccine development.
Predictive markers of anthracycline benefit: a prospectively planned analysis of the UK National Epirubicin Adjuvant Trial (NEAT/BR9601) (2010)

Cancer Research UK and the Scottish Breast Cancer Clinical Trials Group.
Effect of Preseason Over-Weighted Medicine Ball Training on Throwing Velocity (2011)

The importance of throwing velocity (TV) is not limited to just baseball pitchers. Advantages of having greater TV can aid a team defensively in multiple ways. PURPOSE: To examine TV of high school (HS) baseball players over an 8-week preseason training program while participating in 6d/wk of baseball practice. METHODS: Twenty-one HS baseball players (age = 15.8 ± 1.0 yr) were randomly assigned by a stratified sample technique to 1 of 2 training groups. Group 1 (n = 10) and Group 2 (n = 11) performed the same progressive full-body resistance exercises while training 3x/wk for 8 wk according to a stepwise periodized model prior to the start of their spring baseball season. Additionally, Group 1 performed a progressive throwing program with a standard 5 oz baseball, while Group 2 performed an over-weighted throwing program with a 7 oz and 5 oz ball at a 2:1 ratio (heavy and standard). Volume began at 54 throws and increased by 6 throws every 2 weeks for the 8-week study. By week 7 the volume was 72 throws. All training was conducted while the HS baseball team was practicing 6 d/wk. TV was measured with a Jugs radar gun. Bat velocity was recorded with a SETPRO SPRT5A, while batted-ball velocity was recorded with a Stalker Pro radar gun. One repetition maximum (1 RM) parallel squat and bench press were measured with standard Olympic weights. Total grip strength was measured with a Jamar hand dynamometer. Leg power (vertical jump) was measured with a Vertec. Rotational power was measured with a Sports Pro radar gun as players performed a 2.7 kg medicine ball side toss. RESULTS: Significant increases (p < 0.05) in 1RM parallel squat, 1RM bench press, and leg power occurred after 8 wk of training for both groups. Significant increases in bat velocity were found only for group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an over-weighted (7 oz) medicine ball training program at a 2:1 ratio (heavy and standard) did not increase TV during the preseason when players were throwing daily at practice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Implementing a supplemental over-weighted (7 oz) medicine ball program did not have any greater training effect than throwing a standard 5 oz baseball during the preseason. Therefore, it is not recommended to use this type of training during the preseason since no improvements were reported. Previous research has demonstrated improvements in TV during the off-season when athletes are not practicing and throwing. Although not the main focus of this research project, bat velocity significantly increased 5.3% for group 2. Group 1 also had an increase in bat velocity of 4.0%, but due to the high standard deviation, post-data were not significantly different than pre-data. These increases are similar to previous research that used similar participants and stepwise resistance training programs.
Technology Assessment of Through-Silicon Via by Using $C$–$V$ and $C$–$t$ Measurements (2011)

C-V characteristics of through-silicon vias (TSVs) manufactured in two different processing lines are compared to demonstrate the reproducibility of the TSV process module in terms of the minimum TSV depletion capacitance in the operating voltage region. TSV C-V and C-t measurements before and after thermocycling are employed for assessing the oxide liner and Ta barrier integrity of the TSV under the influence of temperature. It is observed that TSV C-V and C-t characteristics remain unchanged before and after thermocycling (1000 cycles).
de novo Synthesis of a Bacterial Toxin/Antitoxin System (2014)

The prevalence of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems in almost all genomes suggests they evolve rapidly. Here we show that an antitoxin from a type V system (GhoS, an endoribonuclease specific for the mRNA of the toxin GhoT) can be converted into a novel toxin (ArT) simply by adding two mutations. In contrast to GhoS, which increases growth, the new toxin ArT decreases growth dramatically in Escherichia coli. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the nucleoid in ArT-producing cells is concentrated and appears hollow. Whole-transcriptome profiling revealed ArT cleaves 50 additional transcripts, which shows that the endoribonuclease activity of GhoS has been broadened as it was converted to ArT. Furthermore, we evolved an antitoxin for the new toxin ArT from two unrelated antitoxin templates, the protein-based antitoxin MqsA and RNA-based antitoxin ToxI, and showed that the evolved MqsA and ToxI variants are able to counteract the toxicity of ArT. In addition, the de novo TA system was found to increase persistence, a phenotype commonly associated with TA systems. Therefore, toxins and antitoxins from disparate systems can be interconverted.
Rare earth cryptates and homogeneous fluoroimmunoassays with human sera (1993)

The rare earth cryptates are used as long-lived fluorescent labels. They are formed by inclusion of a europium ion in the intramolecular cavity of a macropolycyclic ligand containing bipyridine groups as light absorbers. The use of fluoride ions in the measuring medium allows a total shielding of the label fluorescence. Here, I have established the conditions under which the signal of these cryptates can be amplified through the use of nonradiative energy transfer, and applied these conditions to homogeneous immunoassays by using allophycocyanin as the acceptor. Because only a low proportion of the cryptate label is involved in the transfer amplification, and because allophycocyanin emission occurs between the europium emission lines, time-resolved measurement of europium and allophycocyanin emission allows real-time correction of the optical properties of the assay medium. These features have allowed the development of a rapid homogeneous immunoassay of prolactin that can detect as little as 0.3 microgram/L (3rd International Standard 84/500).
Multiwell Thermal Interaction: Predicting Wellbore and Formation Temperatures for Closely Spaced Wells (2010)

Abstract A method is presented to predict wellbore and formation temperatures for a template of closely spaced wells. Multiwell thermal interaction will alter the wellbore temperatures as well as formation temperatures in the inter-well zones and also further out from the well template. The change in temperature profile relative to a single well can be significant. For producing wells in close proximity, wellbore and formation temperatures will converge to a significantly hotter condition than in the isolated single well case. The modeling of wellbore and formation temperatures for closely spaced wells has not been widely examined to date. This problem has only been approached using theoretical formulations based on simplified assumptions. The current work presents for the first time a methodology based on standard industry tools and models which yield results consistent with field experience. The method employs standard industry thermal-hydraulic modeling software and a finite-element model (FEM) in a loosely-coupled, iterative analysis which assumes steady-state conditions. Other numerical approaches including finite-difference (FD) and boundary element method (BEM) techniques are also considered. The far-field thermal flux behavior of a single well is also considered as an important baseline for comparison. The effect of multiwell thermal interaction is important for closely-spaced wells such as offshore platforms or subsea and arctic developments. A case study is presented for an HPHT offshore field development. The multiwell disturbance on formation and wellbore temperatures affects well design, facilities planning and operations. Annular pressure build-up (APB), wellhead movement, tubular stress design, cement slurry design, subsidence/compaction effects and facilities HSE issues can all be affected In some cases, unexpectedly high wellbore temperatures can be catastrophic. If multiwell thermal interaction is not taken into account, then load events such as APB and wellhead movement and thermal induced stresses may be underestimated. For high-rate production wells, the increase in produced fluid temperatures may be small, but even a small change may be critical. In all cases, the effect on outer wellbore strings/annuli and on the formation is significant. This also impacts the planning of offshore fields to be developed in phases with batch drilling.
Bridge damage identification using curvature mode shapes (2011)

In response to the problems that are encountered in the process of bridge damage identification using curvature mode shapes,a formula suitable for obtaining curvature mode shapes was presented;curvature mode shapes normalization was proposed in order to detect the severity of damage easily;curvature mode variations at the zero curvature points were calculated specially in order to avoid the damage identification interference at those points;and a formula for the estimation of damage degree with enough density of sensors was given.Numerical simulations verified the effectiveness of the method proposed.
A Graphic Generalization of Arithmetic (2007)

In this paper, we introduce a natural arithmetic on the set of all flow graphs, that is, the set of all finite directed connected multigraphs having a pair of distinguished vertices. The proposed model exhibits the property that the natural numbers appear as a submodel, with the directed path of length n playing the role of the standard integer n. We investigate the basic features of this model, including associativity, distributivity, and various identities relating the order relation to addition and multiplication.
Kinetic Analysis of Vinyl Oligomerization (1970)

Though the molecular weight distribution of a polymer is determined by the type of polymerization and the velocity coefficients of each component reaction, there are many problems in trying to clarify the dependence explicitly. This paper discussed the analysis of the oligomerization kinetics of the styrene-CCl4 system using an electronic digital computer.Simulation analysis of the velocity coefficients which cannot be obtained directly from experiments was made based on an assumed reaction scheme and experimental data on the molecular weight distribution and the concentration of the monomer. The analytical values of the chain transfer constants (Kj/kj+1) were approximately satisfactory to explain the previous information and the correlation between the velocity coefficient of the initiation step (k1) and that of the termination step (K0) was also more clearly defined.
Conductance Modulation Techniques in Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter for Maximum-Efficiency Tracking and Ripple Mitigation in 22 nm Tri-Gate CMOS (2015)

Switch conductance modulation techniques are demonstrated in a fully integrated multi-ratio switched-capacitor voltage regulator with hysteretic control, in 22 nm tri-gate CMOS with high-density MIM capacitor. We present (i) an adaptive switch-size scaling scheme for maximum efficiency tracking across a wide range of voltages and currents, governed by a frequency-based control law that is experimentally validated across multiple dies and temperatures and, (ii) a simple active ripple mitigation technique that modulates the gate drive of select MOSFET switches effectively in all conversion modes. Efficiency improvements up to 15% are measured under low output voltage and load conditions. Load-independent output ripple of <;50 mV is achieved, enabling reduced interleaving. Test chip implementations and measurements demonstrate ease of integration in SoC designs, power efficiency benefits and EMI/RFI improvements.
Optimization of a wearable power system (2008)

In this paper the optimization of wearable power system comprising of an IC engine, motor/generator, inverter/rectifier, Li-battery pack, DC/DC converters, and controller is performed. The Wearable Power System must have the capability to supply an average 20 W for 4 days with peak power of 200 W and have a system weight less then 4 kg. The main objectives are to select the engine, fuel and battery type, to match the weight of fuel and the number of battery cells, to find the optimal working point of engine and minimizing the system weight. The minimization problem is defined in Matlab as a nonlinear constrained optimization task. The optimization procedure returns the optimal system design parameters: the Li-polymer battery with eight cells connected in series for a 28 V DC output voltage, the selection of gasoline/oil fuel mixture and the optimal engine working point of 12 krpm for a 4.5 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> 4-stroke engine.
Control of heart assist devices (2004)

In this paper, we discuss several control techniques for Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs) and describe a hierarchical control structure that can be used to regulate the operation of a turbo-hydrodynamic VAD. Early assist devices were pulsatile, and control usually focused on regulating flow, atrial and/or arterial pressures. In recent years, non-pulsatile turbo-hydrodynamic devices have been introduced because of their reliability, small size, and energy efficiency. Open-loop control algorithms built into these devices maintain pump speed at a reference value, and the primary control problem is to determine an optimum desired reference value. Because of the possibility of regurgitation and/or ventricular suction, the pump speed must be maintained between a minimum and maximum value.. This is often done manually. Heuristic feedback control algorithms that use characteristics of the blood flow and/or motor current as feedback variables can also be used for this purpose. Additional physiologic constraints, such as maintaining arterial blood pressure within specific bounds, are satisfied using a multi-objective optimization technique. The resulting control can be implemented in feedback form, if sufficient and reliable measurements or system models are available to estimate these variables. In this paper, we discuss the characteristics of a hierarchical feedback controller that combines both heuristic and optimal approaches. The hierarchy includes a supervisor that continuously evaluates the available estimates of haemodynamics variables, reliability of a patient model, past history of the patient, and validity of the information available. Depending on this evaluation, the supervisor uses heuristic criteria, multi-objective optimization, a combination of both, or a default algorithm to determine the pump reference speed. It also evaluates the operating status of the device.
The development of an 'on-belt tomosynthesis' system for cost-effective (3D) baggage screening (2013)

This study describes a cost-effective check-in baggage screening system, based on ‘on-belt tomosynthesis’ (ObT) and close-range photogrammetry, which is designed to address the limitations of the most common method of baggage screening, conventional projection radiography. The latter’s limitations can lead to loss of information and an increase in baggage handling time, as baggage is manually searched or screened with more advanced systems. This project proposes a system that overcomes such limitations creating a cost-effective automated pseudo-3D imaging system, by combining x-ray and optical imaging to form digital tomograms. Tomosynthesis is the creation of pseudo-3D images from a number of 2D projections which are acquired at a range of orientations around a static object. In the ObT system, instead of moving the source and detectors around the object, as in conventional CT, the movement of bags around bends in the baggage transport system provides the required relative motion between source, object and a fan configuration of stripdetectors. For image reconstruction it is necessary to accurately establish the sequential position and orientation of each bag as it is imaged. For this, a low-cost photogrammetric solution is used, based on geometrically calibrated web– cameras positioned around the bends where the bags are imaged. This paper describes a study demonstrating the feasibility of implementing close-range photogrammetry to a potential ObT system, for accurate determination of the object location. After this, an optimum ObT system is designed and built, the process of which is presented in this paper.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia: is it more common and more severe? (2006)

Abstract Aim: We summarized published data on prevalence and comparative disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to determine if SLE is more common or more severe in Asians compared with Caucasians. Methods: A PubMed search was used to identify studies reporting prevalence or clinical manifestations (limited to comparative studies in multi‐ethnic Asian populations or between Asians and Caucasians) of SLE among Asians. Results: We identified 18 studies of prevalence and six studies of comparative disease manifestations and/or prevalence (from 1725 retrieved abstracts). Prevalence (per 100,000) of SLE in community‐based studies ranged from 3.2 to 70.4 in Asian studies and 46.7–161.0 in Asian migrant studies compared with 20.6–78.5 in North America and 24.6–91.0 in Europe. Studies in Asian migrants showed double the prevalence of SLE among Indians (2/2 studies) and Chinese (1/2 studies) as compared with Caucasians. Two studies found differences in clinical manifestations of SLE among Chinese, Malays and Indians living in the same country. Four comparative studies variously found more renal, central nervous system or other major organ involvement among Asians and Asian migrants than Caucasians with SLE over the disease course. Conclusions: SLE is generally not more prevalent in Asian than Caucasian populations, although it is more prevalent among Asian migrants. SLE has more severe clinical manifestations among Asians compared with Caucasians.
The methanogenic redox cofactor F420 is widely synthesized by aerobic soil bacteria (2016)

F<sub>420</sub> is a low-potential redox cofactor that mediates the transformations of a wide range of complex organic compounds. Considered one of the rarest cofactors in biology, F<sub>420</sub> is best known for its role in methanogenesis and has only been chemically identified in two phyla to date, the Euryarchaeota and Actinobacteria. In this work, we show that this cofactor is more widely distributed than previously reported. We detected the genes encoding all five known F<sub>420</sub> biosynthesis enzymes (cofC, cofD, cofE, cofG and cofH) in at least 653 bacterial and 173 archaeal species, including members of the dominant soil phyla Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. Metagenome datamining validated that these genes were disproportionately abundant in aerated soils compared with other ecosystems. We confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography analysis that aerobically grown stationary-phase cultures of three bacterial species, Paracoccus denitrificans, Oligotropha carboxidovorans and Thermomicrobium roseum, synthesized F<sub>420</sub>, with oligoglutamate sidechains of different lengths. To understand the evolution of F<sub>420</sub> biosynthesis, we also analyzed the distribution, phylogeny and genetic organization of the cof genes. Our data suggest that although the F<sub>o</sub> precursor to F<sub>420</sub> originated in methanogens, F<sub>420</sub> itself was first synthesized in an ancestral actinobacterium. F<sub>420</sub> biosynthesis genes were then disseminated horizontally to archaea and other bacteria. Together, our findings suggest that the cofactor is more significant in aerobic bacterial metabolism and soil ecosystem composition than previously thought. The cofactor may confer several competitive advantages for aerobic soil bacteria by mediating their central metabolic processes and broadening the range of organic compounds they can synthesize, detoxify and mineralize.
Tributyltin Azide (2001)

[17846-68-3] C12H27N3Sn (MW 332.13) InChI = 1S/3C4H9.N3.Sn/c3*1-3-4-2;1-3-2;/h3*1,3-4H2,2H3;;/q;;;-1;+1 InChIKey = JKVRTUCVPZTEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (nucleophilic azide equivalent; useful for the preparation of tetrazoles and triazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions;2 cleaves oxiranes to give 1,2-azido alcohols;3 reacts with anhydrides and acid chlorides to give isocyanates4) Alternate Name: azidotributylstannane. Physical Data: bp 118–120 °C/0.18 mmHg.4, 5 Solubility: sol most nonprotic organic solvents (i.e. toluene, hexane, acetonitrile, THF, etc.). Preparative Method: prepared in 91% yield by the reaction of Tri‐n‐butylchlorostannane with aqueous Sodium Azide at 0 °C.4, 5 Purification: distillation.4, 5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: organotin derivatives are known to be toxic.6 Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. Organotin azides are claimed to be thermally very stable.2a However, extreme caution should be exercised when heating an azide solution due to the possibility of explosion. Use in a fume hood.
A low-cost three-dimensional laser surface scanning approach for defining body segment parameters (2017)

Body segment parameters are used in many different applications in ergonomics as well as in dynamic modelling of the musculoskeletal system. Body segment parameters can be defined using different methods, including techniques that involve time-consuming manual measurements of the human body, used in conjunction with models or equations. In this study, a scanning technique for measuring subject-specific body segment parameters in an easy, fast, accurate and low-cost way was developed and validated. The scanner can obtain the body segment parameters in a single scanning operation, which takes between 8 and 10 s. The results obtained with the system show a standard deviation of 2.5% in volumetric measurements of the upper limb of a mannequin and 3.1% difference between scanning volume and actual volume. Finally, the maximum mean error for the moment of inertia by scanning a standard-sized homogeneous object was 2.2%. This study shows that a low-cost system can provide quick and accurate subject-specific body segment parameter estimates.