gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suction and pulsed blowing for control of local wing-engine-slat-cut out flow separation: The INAFLOWT Project (2020)

An experimental study on the application of active flow control (AFC) to a 1:8.4 scale model of a swept wing in a landing configuration was conducted. The wing is fitted with an Ultra High Bypass Ratio (UHBR) engine nacelle. The highly efficient UHBR engines characterized by a large diameter that interferes with the flow around the wing, degrading its performance. An innovative active flow control device, creating steady suction and pulsed blowing (PB), was installed in the leading-edge region of the wing, above the nacelle, and its performance was experimentally evaluated. The effects of the suction and PB mechanisms were examined individually and simultaneously, using relevant normalized parameters to pave the way to a full-scale wind tunnel test. It was shown that the AFC devices increase the lift by up to 3%, redirected the flow to the desired down-stream direction and reduced the size of the separation zone created due to the implementation of the UHBR nacelle. The next step is validating the small-scale results of this study in full-scale wind tunnel tests that hopefully make the technology flight test ready.
Inhaled gene delivery: a formulation and delivery approach (2016)

Gene therapy is a potential alternative to treat a number of diseases. Different hurdles are associated with aerosol gene delivery due to the susceptibility of plasmid DNA (pDNA) structure to be degraded during the aerosolization process. Different strategies have been investigated in order to protect and efficiently deliver pDNA to the lungs using non-viral vectors. To date, no successful therapy involving non-viral vectors has been marketed, highlighting the need for further investigation in this field. Areas covered: This review is focused on the formulation and delivery of DNA to the lungs, using non-viral vectors. Aerosol gene formulations are divided according to the current delivery systems for the lung: nebulizers, dry powder inhalers and pressurized metered dose inhalers; highlighting its benefits, challenges and potential application. Expert opinion: Successful aerosol delivery is achieved when the supercoiled DNA structure is protected during aerosolization. A formulation strategy or compounds that can protect, stabilize and efficiently transfect DNA into the cells is desired in order to produce an effective, low-cost and safe formulation. Nebulizers and dry powder inhalers are the most promising approaches to be used for aerosol delivery, due to the lower shear forces involved. In this context it is also important to highlight the importance of considering the 'pDNA-formulation-device system' as an integral part of the formulation development for a successful nucleic acid delivery.
Application of acoustic resonators in photoacoustic trace gas analysis and metrology (2001)

The application of different types of acoustic resonators such as pipes, cylinders, and spheres in photoacoustics is considered. This includes a discussion of the fundamental properties of these resonant cavities. Modulated and pulsed laser excitation of acoustic modes is discussed. The theoretical and practical aspects of high-Q and low-Q resonators and their integration into complete photoacoustic detection systems for trace gas monitoring and metrology are covered in detail. The characteristics of the available laser sources and the performance of the photoacoustic resonators, such as signal amplification, are discussed. Setup properties and noise features are considered in detail. This review is intended to give newcomers the information needed to design and construct state-of-the-art photoacoustic detectors for specific purposes such as trace gas analysis, spectroscopy, and metrology.
2ND International Symposium on HIFU Therapy HIFU Seattle 2002 (2002)

This book is a compilation of papers presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound, held in Seattle, Washington, July 29-August 1,2002. The Symposium attracted 200 participants from 14 different countries. A list of the author attendees (without the requisite photograph) is included in these proceedings. Approximately 100 abstracts were accepted for presentation at the conference. Invitations to the authors to submit articles for publication in this proceedings have resulted in this volume, which contains 73 separate articles. This volume has been divided into a number of topic categories, viz., Clinical Studies, Laboratory Studies, Simulation and Monitoring, Dosimetry, Engineering, Lithotripsy, Ultrasound-Enhanced Drug Delivery, and Sonodynamic Therapy. One can see from this topic coverage that the symposium was largely on HIFU (essentially the first five topics), yet also broad enough to cover most aspects of therapeutic ultrasound.
Artificial Intelligence Enabled Radio Propagation for Communications—Part I: Channel Characterization and Antenna-Channel Optimization (2022)

To provide higher data rates, as well as better coverage, cost efficiency, security, adaptability, and scalability, the 5G and beyond 5G networks are developed with various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. In this two-part article, we investigate the application of AI and, in particular, machine learning (ML) to the study of wireless propagation channels. It first provides a comprehensive overview of ML for channel characterization and ML-based antenna–channel optimization in this first part, and then, it gives a state-of-the-art literature review of channel scenario identification and channel modeling in Part II. Fundamental results and key concepts of ML for communication networks are presented, and widely used ML methods for channel data processing, propagation channel estimation, and characterization are analyzed and compared. A discussion of challenges and future research directions for ML-enabled next-generation networks of the topics covered in this part rounds off this article.
Demultiplexing of terahertz wireless links using a leaky-wave antenna (2017)

We demonstrate multiplexing and demultiplexing for terahertz wireless data links in the 300 GHz band. Demultiplexing of real-time data streams at different carrier frequencies with different data rates is presented, and real-time bit error rates are characterized.
Regulatory Effects of Cytokines on the Generation of CTL and LAK Cells (1993)

It has long been recognized that the growth and differentiation of resting mature T lymphocytes into functional helper or cytolytic cells is dependent upon not only an antigenic stimulus but also soluble factors (Plate, 1976; Ryser et al., 1978). Consequently, recent attention has been focused upon the identification and further characterization of these soluble regulators. Following the description of interleukin-2 (IL-2) as a T-cell growth factor that can influence the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) (Gillis et al., 1978), it became apparent that several other cytokines exist which have similar activity. However, many of the early studies on T cell-active factors were clouded by the use of impure cytokine preparations and the possibility of indirect effects occurring in bulk lymphocyte cultures due to cytokine cascades. Thus, it was possible that a reputed T-cell growth factor or CTL induction factor was in fact affecting the secondary production of IL-2 or other T-cell growth factors, rather than itself directly stimulating T cells.KeywordsCell Stimulatory FactorLimit Dilution AnalysisCytolytic CellMixed Leukocyte CultureNatural Killer Cell Stimulatory FactorThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Intraeranial pressure changes induced sodium nitroprusside in patients with intraeranial mass lesions (1978)

~ Because of the ability of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to dilate cerebral blood vessels, intracranial pressure (ICP) should increase with its use. In patients with vascular intracranial tumors following SNP (0.01%) infusion, ICP increased from 14.58 4-1.85 to 27.61 4-3.33 torr (p > 0.0005) and cerebral perfusion pressure decreased from 89.32 4- 3.5 to 43.23 4- 4.60 torr (p < 0.0005) when the mean arterial pressure had reduced by 33%. These results suggest that SNP not be used in patients with raised ICP unless previous measures have been taken to improve intracranial compliance.
Optimization of probe-laser focal offsets for single-particle tracking (2012)

In optical tweezers applications, tracking a trapped particle is essential for force measurement. One of the most popular techniques for single-particle tracking is achieved by analyzing the forward and backward light pattern, scattered by the target particle trapped by a trap laser beam, of an additional probe-laser beam with different wavelength whose focus is slightly apart from the trapping center. However, the optimized focal offset has never been discussed. In this paper, we investigate the tracking range and sensitivity as a function of the focal offset between the trapping and the probe-laser beams. As a result, the optimized focal offsets are a 3.3-fold radius ahead and a 2.0-fold radius behind the trapping laser focus in the forward tracking and the backward tracking, respectively. The experimental result agrees well with a theoretical prediction using the Mie scattering theory.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Glucocorticoid Antedrugs Possessing a 21‐(γ‐Lactone) Ring. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Space–Time Frequency-Shift Keying (2004)

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a popular modulation scheme in power-limited communication links. This paper introduces space-time FSK (ST-FSK), which does not require any channel state information at the transmitter and the receiver, as in conventional noncoherent FSK. ST-FSK can be viewed as a special unitary ST modulation design. However, ST-FSK has a number of advantages over existing unitary ST modulation designs. ST-FSK is easier to design, and enjoys lower decoding complexity. Furthermore, ST-FSK guarantees full diversity. Finally, ST-FSK can be adopted in the digital as well as in the analog domain, and merges very naturally with frequency-hopping multiple access. As expected, all these advantages come at the cost of a decrease in spectral efficiency.
Multi-Step Enzymatic Production and Purification of 2-Keto-3-Deoxy-Galactonate from Red-Macroalgae-Derived Agarose (2022)

2-keto-3-deoxy sugar acids, which have potential as precursors in medicinal compound production, have gained attention in various fields. Among these acids, 2-keto-3-deoxy-l-galactonate (KDGal) has been biologically produced from D-galacturonate originating from plant-derived pectin. KDGal is also found in the catabolic pathway of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose (AHG), the main component of red-algae-derived agarose. AHG is converted to 3,6-anhydrogalactonate by AHG dehydrogenase and subsequently isomerized to KDGal by 3,6-anhydrogalactonate cycloisomerase. Therefore, we used the above-described pathway to produce KDGal from agarose. Agarose was depolymerized to AHG and to agarotriose (AgaDP3) and agaropentaose (AgaDP5), both of which have significantly higher molecular weights than AHG. When only AHG was converted to KDGal, AgaDP3 and AgaDP5 remained unreacted. Finally, KDGal was effectively purified from the enzymatic products by size-exclusion chromatography based on the differences in molecular weights. These results show that KDGal can be enzymatically produced and purified from agarose for use as a precursor to high-value products.
The Study of High Breakdown Voltage Vertical GaN-on-GaN p-i-n Diode with Modified Mesa Structure (2020)

In this paper, we fabricated Gallium Nitride (GaN) vertical p-i-n diodes grown on free-standing GaN (FS-GaN) substrates. This homogeneous epitaxy led to thicker GaN epi-layers grown on the FS-GaN substrate, but a high crystalline quality was maintained. The vertical GaN p-i-n diode showed a low specific on-resistance of 0.85 mΩ-cm2 and high breakdown voltage (BV) of 2.98 kV. The high breakdown voltage can be attributed to the thick GaN epi-layer and corresponds to the mesa structure. Improvement of the device characteristics by the mesa structure was investigated using device simulations. We proved that a deeper mesa depth is able to decrease the electric field at the bottom of the mesa structure. Furthermore, a smaller mesa bevel angle will assist the BV up to 2.98 kV at a 60° bevel angle. Our approach demonstrates structural optimization of GaN vertical p-i-n diodes is useful to improve the device performance.
Series Crimes (2012)

Puiseux series are power series in which the exponents can be fractional and/or negative rational numbers. Several computer algebra systems have one or more built-in or loadable functions for computing truncated Puiseux series. Some are generalized to allow coefficients containing functions of the series variable that are dominated by any power of that variable, such as logarithms and nested logarithms of the series variable. Some computer algebra systems also have built-in or loadable functions that compute infinite Puiseux series. Unfortunately, there are some little-known pitfalls in computing Puiseux series. The most serious of these is expansions within branch cuts or at branch points that are incorrect for some directions in the complex plane. For example with each series implementation accessible to you: Compare the value of (z^2 + z^3)^(3/2) with that of its truncated series expansion about z = 0, approximated at z = -0.01. Does the series converge to a value that is the negative of the correct value? Compare the value of ln(z^2 + z^3) with its truncated series expansion about z = 0, approximated at z = -0.01 + 0.1i. Does the series converge to a value that is incorrect by 2pi i? Compare arctanh(-2 + ln(z)z) with its truncated series expansion about z = 0, approximated at z = -0.01. Does the series converge to a value that is incorrect by about pi i? At the time of this writing, most implementations that accommodate such series exhibit such errors. This article describes how to avoid these errors both for manual derivation of series and when implementing series packages.
Reverse Fluorous Solid‐Phase Extraction: A New Technique for Rapid Separation of Fluorous Compounds. (2004)

Fluorous-tagged compounds can rapidly be separated from organic (non-tagged) compounds by the new separation technique of reverse\nfluorous solid-phase extraction (r-fspe). In a reversal of the roles of solid and liquid phases in standard fluorous spe, a mixture is charged to\na polar solid phase (standard silica gel) and then eluted with a fluorous solvent or solvent mixture. The organic components of the mixture\nare retained, while the fluorous components pass.
Evaluation of Recycled Content Guardrail Posts (2002)

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the use of recycled materials in highway-related areas by state agencies and research organizations. In the present paper, guardrail posts manufactured from recycled materials are evaluated for possible use in conventional strong-post guardrail systems. Basic physical and mechanical properties of posts are determined through static laboratory tests such as flexure, creep, and density. Their response to environmental variables such as temperature, moisture, and freeze/thaw are investigated through exposure tests. The dynamic response performance of the posts is determined using pendulum impact tests. Static cantilever bending tests have shown that recycled posts are more flexible than conventional wood and steel posts; however, the ultimate load capacities for several recycled posts are comparable to that of conventional posts. The pendulum test results show that the energy absorption of some of the recycled posts is as high as that of conventional wood posts. As a result, the overall performance of recycled posts compares favorably with conventional posts.
Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Energy Delivery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: The Stretta Procedure (2001)

Endoluminal RF energy delivery has been shown in several studies to be safe and effective for the treatment of GERD and is a promising new technology for this chronic disorder.
Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Gene Modification and Cytokine Expression Effects on Tumor Infection, Immune Response, and Killing (2021)

Oncolytic vaccinia viruses have promising efficacy and safety profiles in cancer therapy. Although antitumor activity can be increased by manipulating viral genes, the relative efficacy of individual modifications has been difficult to assess without side-by-side comparisons. This study sought to compare the initial antitumor activity after intravenous administration of five vaccinia virus variants of the same Western Reserve backbone and thymidine kinase gene deletion in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice with spontaneous pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Tumors had focal regions of infection at 5 days after all viruses. Natural killer (NK) cells were restricted to these sites of infection, but CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and tumor cell apoptosis were widespread and varied among the viruses. Antitumor activity of virus VV-A34, bearing amino acid substitution A34<sup>K151E</sup> to increase viral spreading, and virus VV-IL2v, expressing a mouse IL2 variant (mIL2v) with attenuated IL2 receptor alpha subunit binding, was similar to control virus VV-GFP. However, antitumor activity was significantly greater after virus VV-A34/IL2v, which expressed mIL2v together with A34<sup>K151E</sup> mutation and viral B18R gene deletion, and virus VV-GMCSF that expressed mouse GM-CSF. Both viruses greatly increased expression of CD8 antigens <i>Cd8a/Cd8b1</i> and cytotoxicity genes granzyme A, granzyme B, Fas ligand, and perforin-1 in tumors. VV-A34/IL2v led to higher serum IL2 and greater tumor expression of death receptor ligand TRAIL, but VV-GMCSF led to higher serum GM-CSF, greater expression of leukocyte chemokines and adhesion molecules, and more neutrophil recruitment. Together, the results show that antitumor activity is similarly increased by viral expression of GM-CSF or IL2v combined with additional genetic modifications.
Analysis of Photon Detection Efficiency and Dynamic Range in SPAD-Based Visible Light Receivers (2016)

We investigate the photon detection efficiency (PDE) and the dynamic range for digital silicon photomultipliers (dSiPMs) over a selection of design parameters: dSiPM unit cell dead time, PDE, unit cell area and fill factor, number of cells, and total dSiPM active area. Two receiver scaling scenarios are considered: varying the number of cells for 1) a fixed unit cell area or 2) a fixed total dSiPM area. Theoretical and simulated results are confirmed with experimental data from a selection of dSiPMs realised on a test chip in 130-nm CMOS process.
Rewards, Costs, and Sex Differences in Helping Behavior (1975)

20 males and 20 females were given the opportunity to volunteer their time to help a graduate student in a research project entailing either high or low rewards and high or low costs. Rewards and costs significantly affected females' helping as predicted by exchange theory but had no effect on males' helping. Whether males or females are more helpful depended on the sex-characteristics of the task and can be understood in terms of differential perception of rewards and costs by males and females.
Reduced complexity receivers for layered space-time CPM (2005)

Layered space-time (LST) transmissions employing continuous phase modulations (CPM) are well motivated for both bandwidth- and power-limited multiantenna communications. However, one of the major challenges for LST-CPM is the high complexity it incurs with maximum likelihood (ML) detection. In this paper, we develop reduced complexity LST-CPM receivers. First, we consider single antenna systems. Specifically, we study a reduced complexity Viterbi receiver for binary CPM. Based on this design, we introduce differential encoding for a class of CPM signals and analyze its performance gain both theoretically and with simulations. Second, we focus on multiantenna LST systems with minimum shift-keying (MSK)-type modulations. With group nulling-canceling (NC) and low-complexity linear equalization, we convert a coded multiuser detection problem into an uncoded one with small equalization loss. We also find that the combination of sphere decoding with hard-decision iterative processing is effective in boosting performance with a controllable complexity increase. Both analytical and simulated performance confirm that the novel LST-MSK receiver exhibits markedly improved performance relative to conventional NC detectors with moderate complexity increase.
Single mode operation of edge-emitting semiconductor lasers with 2D photonic crystal (2013)

Single transverse and longitudinal mode operation of a broad gain stripe edge-emitting laser are realized with 2D photonic crystals. Despite an emitting width of 350 μm, we obtain narrow horizontal FFP and a single spectrum.
The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion (2006)

Abstract This chapter reviews neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence that the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex regulates behavior by inhibiting the influence of a broad scope of sensations, feelings, thoughts, and actions. It is argued that the region facilitates successful goal-oriented behavior by inhibiting the influence of emotional feelings or perceptions. Such inhibitory processes are described in the context of physical sensation, including painful sensation, selective attention, emotion regulation, control of mood congruent biases, attitude regulation, memory, decision-making, and regulation in social interactions. This research is consistent with evidence showing that the lateral orbital/ventrolateral prefrontal governs the inhibition of habitual motor responses. The data are discussed with regard to dynamic filtering and disruption theory models of prefrontal functioning.
Achieving convergence-free routing using failure-carrying packets (2007)

Current distributed routing paradigms (such as link-state, distance-vector, and path-vector) involve a convergence process consisting of an iterative exploration of intermediate routes triggered by certain events such as link failures. The convergence process increases router load, introduces outages and transient loops, and slows reaction to failures. We propose a new routing paradigm where the goal is not to reduce the convergence times but rather to eliminate the convergence process completely. To this end, we propose a technique called Failure-Carrying Packets (FCP) that allows data packets to autonomously discover a working path without requiring completely up-to-date state in routers. Our simulations, performed using real-world failure traces and Rocketfuel topologies, show that: (a) the overhead of FCP is very low, (b) unlike traditional link-state routing (such as OSPF), FCP can provide both low loss-rate as well as low control overhead, (c) compared to prior work in backup path pre-computations, FCP provides better routing guarantees under failures despite maintaining lesser state at the routers.
P-MCH-03 LOCALIZED SUBSTANCE DELIVERY TO SINGLE CELL BY THREE DIMENTIONAL MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE(Micro/Nanomechatronics,Technical Program of Poster Session) (2009)

We propose a three dimensional micro-fluidic device for the analysis of intracellular response to localized chemical stimulation. The device has microchannels and an aperture in their side wall, where single cell is immobilized and subjected to chemical stimuli. The device was fabricated using PDMS molding of SU-8 structure and self-forming polymer bridge. Delivery of fluorescent dye, calcein, was demonstrated here.