gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave phase conjugation using optically interconnected phased arrays (2002)

A new technique has been developed to achieve phase conjugation in the microwave and millimeter wave regime. Using optically interconnected microwave mixing circuits in conjunction with one-dimensional array antennas, two-dimensional free space phase conjugation at 10.24 GHz has been observed and verified by directly measuring the electric field amplitude and phase distribution under various conditions.
Low operating current self-sustained pulsation GaAlAs laser diodes with a real refractive index guided structure (1994)

We have developed a new real refractive index guided GaAlAs laser which satisfies both low operating current and low noise characteristics by self-sustained pulsation. The structure has a planar active layer and a GaAlAs optical confinement layer which give large saturable absorber, and small internal loss. As a result, as operating current as low as 19.7 mA at an output power of 3 mW is obtained under self-sustained pulsation, leading to a relative intensity noise level less than −135 dB/Hz.
Pure intensity modulated frequency doubled optical clock signal generation by using ultra low-chirp and high extinction-ratio optical modulation (2009)

We demonstrated ultra low-chirp and high extinction-ratio modulation, by using an integrated lithium niobate modulator. The odd order optical sideband components were highly suppressed to achieve a chirp-free intensity modulated frequency doubled signal.
A Novel Feedforward Technique for Improved Line Transient in Time-Based-Controlled Boost Converters (2022)

Time-based control is a valid alternative to conventional voltage-mode since it operates with CMOS-level signals while adding no quantization error. This control methodology is especially suitable for voltage regulation in portable applications, where area and power consumption are key parameters. In boost converters powering LED displays, a very fast response to disturbances in the line voltage is required, though the typical right-half-plane (RHP) zero in their control-output transfer function tends to cause large overshoots and long settling times. To solve this issue, we propose a novel feedforward technique, which can be easily combined to the time-based control. The technique is based on adding the band-pass-filtered line voltage to the controller input, to speed up the duty-cycle variation. To assess the effectiveness of this method, theoretical analysis and simulation results are proposed.
Experimental Study on Composite Light-weight Microporous Concrete Cladding Panels (2018)

A new type of composite light-weight microporous concrete cladding panel was developed, with the compound function of retaining and heat preservation. Two specimens of the new cladding panel and connection detailing were made for out-of-plane bending experiment. The results indicate that the new cladding panel and its connection detailing are of sufficient stiffness, bearing capacity and deformability under wind load and out-of-plane seismic action.
Role of Electrostatic Interactions in PDZ Domain Ligand Recognition (2003)

PDZ domains are protein-protein interaction modules that normally recognize short C-terminal peptides. The apparent requirement for a ligand with a free terminal carboxylate group has led to the proposal that electrostatic interactions with the terminus play a significant role in recognition. However, this model has been called into question by the more recent finding that PDZ domains can recognize some internal peptide motifs that occur within a specific secondary structure context. Although these motifs bind at the same interface, they lack a terminal charge. Here we have investigated the role of electrostatics in PDZ-mediated recognition in the mouse alpha1-syntrophin PDZ domain by examining the salt dependence of binding to both terminal and internal ligands and the effects of mutating a conserved basic residue previously proposed to play a role in electrostatic recognition. These studies indicate that direct electrostatic interactions with the peptide terminus do not play a significant energetic role in binding. Additional chemical modification studies of the peptide terminus support a model in which steric and hydrogen bonding complementarity play a primary role in recognition specificity. Peptides with a free carboxy terminus, or presented within a specific structural context, can satisfy these requirements.
Exploring Gameplay With AI Agents (2018)

The process of playtesting a game is subjective, expensive and incomplete. In this paper, we present a playtesting approach that explores the game space with automated agents and collects data to answer questions posed by the designers. Rather than have agents interacting with an actual game client, this approach recreates the bare bone mechanics of the game as a separate system. Our agent is able to play in minutes what would take testers days of organic gameplay. The analysis of thousands of game simulations exposed imbalances in game actions, identified inconsequential rewards and evaluated the effectiveness of optional strategic choices. Our test case game, The Sims Mobile, was recently released and the findings shown here influenced design changes that resulted in improved player experience.
Experimental identification and validation of an electrochemical model of a lithium-ion battery (2009)

In this work an experimental parameter identification and validation for an electrochemical lithium-ion battery model is illustrated. The model was presented in [2] where, aimed at estimating the battery State Of Charge (SOC), the model was also averaged and an extended Kalman filter based on the average model was designed. The identification procedure is based on experimental data collected from a 6.8 Ah lithium-ion battery during charge and discharge processes. Experimental data are then compared with battery model output for validation purpose. A procedure for SOC calculation is also shown at the end of the article.
AnEnergyCharacterization FrameworkforSoftware-Based EmbeddedSystems (2006)

com Abstract- Thispaperproposes an energycharacterization framework whichhelpsdesigners indeveloping a fastand accurate energy modelforatarget processor-based system. We usea linear modelforenergyestimation andwefindthe coefficients ofthemodelusing Linear Programming (LP). Weuse ourapproach forestimating theenergyconsumption oftwo commercial microprocessors withtheir on-chip caches andanoff- chipSDRAM Experimental results demonstrate that theerror of ourtechnique isonanaverage 30andworst case160compared tothegate-level estimation results. Oncethemodelhasbeen developed, theenergy consumption ofanapplication program can beestimated withthespeed of300, 000instructions persecond.
Analysis of the Human Fetal Liver Hematopoietic Microenvironment (2005)

In the adult, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are resident in the bone marrow (BM) compartment and are in direct association with the BM stromal microenvironment. However, human adult HSCs are largely quiescent and undergo limited self-renewal. This is in contrast to the higher frequency of cycling HSCs undergoing self-renewal during fetal development when hematopoiesis is transiently localized to the fetal liver (FL), suggesting that FL provides a more conducive microenvironment to support HSCs. Here, we provide phenotypic and molecular characterization of primary human FL stromal cells capable of supporting human repopulating progenitors. Qualitative and quantitative analysis revealed several properties unique to FL stromal cells compared to adult BM-derived stroma that included a greater than 10-fold enhanced proliferative capacity of FL stromal vs adult BM, and a 2-fold increase in the number of N-cadherin- and osteopontin-expressing cells. Supportive of extrinsic influences likely to modulate HSC expansion, global gene expression microarray analysis revealed that FL stroma has higher expression of regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway compared to adult BM stroma, which demonstrated an increased expression of the Notch signaling pathway. Our results suggest that human FL stromal cells provide a unique microenvironment to HSCs compared to adult BM stroma by controlling Wnt signaling of HSCs during human fetal hematopoietic development, while Notch signaling is tightly regulated by the HSC microenvironment in the adult. We propose that the human HSC niche is ontogenically controlled during human development to provide appropriate expansion of fetal HSCs and subsequent maintenance of adult HSCs.
Probabilistic Inference of Alternative Splicing Events in Microarray Data (2004)

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important and frequent step in mammalian gene expression that allows a single gene to specify multiple products, and is crucial for the regulation of fundamental biological processes. The extent of AS regulation, and the mechanisms involved, are not well understood. We have developed a custom DNA microarray platform for surveying AS levels on a large scale. We present here a generative model for the AS Array Platform (GenASAP) and demonstrate its utility for quantifying AS levels in different mouse tissues. Learning is performed using a variational expectation maximization algorithm, and the parameters are shown to correctly capture expected AS trends. A comparison of the results obtained with a well-established but low through-put experimental method demonstrate that AS levels obtained from GenASAP are highly predictive of AS levels in mammalian tissues. 1 Biological diversity through alternative splicing
Kinetic Modeling of the Gas Phase Decomposition of Germane by Computational Chemistry Techniques (1995)

Very limited experimental data are available on thermal decomposition of germane in the gas phase. Recent developments in the theoretical quantum chemistry techniques such as ab initio Hartree-Fock and density functional methods have made accurate determination of molecular properties possible. Systematic development of a delaited gas-phase decomposition mechanism for germane using ab initio molecular orbital calculations is described in this work. A decomposition pathway for germane and higher germanes is proposed and the relevant reaction rates are calculated using transition state theory combined with unimolecular and chemical activation treatments. The decomposition model is implemented into a realistic thermal-fluid simulation.
SMT Malleability in IBM POWER5 and POWER6 Processors (2012)

While several hardware mechanisms have been proposed to control the interaction between hardware threads in an SMT processor, few have addressed the issue of software-controllable SMT performance. The IBM POWER5 and POWER6 are the first high-performance processors implementing a software-controllable hardware-thread prioritization mechanism that controls the rate at which each hardware-thread decodes instructions. This paper shows the potential of this basic mechanism to improve several target metrics for various applications on POWER5 and POWER6 processors. Our results show that although the software interface is exactly the same, the software-controlled priority mechanism has a different effect on POWER5 and POWER6. For instance, hardware threads in POWER6 are less sensitive to priorities than in POWER5 due to the in order design. We study the SMT thread malleability to enable user-level optimizations that leverage software-controlled thread priorities. We also show how to achieve various system objectives such as parallel application load balancing, in order to reduce execution time. Finally, we characterize user-level transparent execution on POWER5 and POWER6, and identify the workload mix that best benefits from it.
Analysis of semi-insulating carbon-doped GaN layers using deep-level transient spectroscopy (2021)

Electrically active defects in carbon-doped GaN layers were studied with a metal/carbon-doped GaN (GaN:C)/Si-doped GaN (GaN:Si) MIS structure. The GaN:C layers were grown with three different carbon doping concentrations (NC). A semi-vertical metal/semi-insulator/n-type semiconductor (MIS) device was fabricated to perform deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements. Two electron traps E1 and E2 with energy level at EC − (0.22–0.31) eV and EC − (0.45–0.49) eV were observed. E1 and E2 are associated with a nitrogen vacancy VN-related defect in the strain field of extended defects and a nitrogen antisite defect, respectively. By changing the reverse bias voltage of the DLTS measurement, the location and relative defect concentration of the E1 and E2 traps could be verified. A dominant electron trap E3 with an unusual capture cross section was only observed in devices with an NC = 2 × 1019 cm−3 GaN:C layer. This may charge carriers from a defect band and lead to the charge redistribution in the GaN:C layer when forward biased. A hole trap H1 with energy level at EV + 0.47 eV was found for the pulse bias in the forward ON-state. H1 is suggested to correspond with the CN induced 0/+ donor level. By analyzing the schematic band diagrams across the MIS structure, the carrier transport and defect charging mechanisms underlying the DLTS transient measurements are illustrated. The identification of the trap states in the carbon-doped GaN with different NC gives further understanding on the carbon doping impact on electric characteristics of GaN power devices made on Si substrates.
Dysregulated Notch Signaling in the Airway Epithelium of Children with Wheeze (2021)

The airway epithelium of children with wheeze is characterized by defective repair that contributes to disease pathobiology. Dysregulation of developmental processes controlled by Notch has been identified in chronic asthma. However, its role in airway epithelial cells of young children with wheeze, particularly during repair, is yet to be determined. We hypothesized that Notch is dysregulated in primary airway epithelial cells (pAEC) of children with wheeze contributing to defective repair. This study investigated transcriptional and protein expression and function of Notch in pAEC isolated from children with and without wheeze. Primary AEC of children with and without wheeze were found to express all known Notch receptors and ligands, although pAEC from children with wheeze expressed significantly lower <i>NOTCH2</i> (10-fold, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and higher <i>JAG1</i> (3.5-fold, <i>p</i> = 0.002) mRNA levels. These dysregulations were maintained in vitro and cultures from children with wheeze displayed altered kinetics of both <i>NOTCH2</i> and <i>JAG1</i> expression during repair. Following Notch signaling inhibition, pAEC from children without wheeze failed to repair (wound closure rate of 76.9 ± 3.2%). Overexpression of <i>NOTCH2</i> in pAEC from children with wheeze failed to rescue epithelial repair following wounding. This study illustrates the involvement of the Notch pathway in airway epithelial wound repair in health and disease, where its dysregulation may contribute to asthma development.
Relaxometric, Structural, and Dynamic NMR Studies of DOTA-like Ln(III) Complexes (Ln = La, Gd, Ho, Yb) Containing a p-Nitrophenyl Substituent (1996)

We report here the synthesis of the ligand 1-((p-nitrophenyl)carboxymethyl)-4,7,10-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (3) and its La(III), Gd(III), Ho(III), and Yb(III) complexes. The introduction of the p-nitrophenyl substituent on the methylenic carbon of one acetate group does not alter the overall chelating ability of 3 with respect to the parent DOTA ligand. The [Gd(3)]- complex displays a slightly higher relaxivity than that of [Gd(DOTA)]-, mainly as a consequence of a longer molecular reorientational correlation time (τR), due to the increased molecular dimension of the complex, and of limited changes to the other relaxation parameters. A further increase of relaxivity has been observed upon formation of an inclusion compound with β-cyclodextrin. The solution structure and dynamics were thoroughly investigated by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Of the four possible enantiomeric pairs that could be present in the solutions of monosubstituted derivatives of [Ln(DOTA)]- complexes, the proton spectra of Ho and Yb derivatives are consistent with the occurrence of only two isomeric species whose structures have been elucidated through analysis of dipolar shifts and 2D-EXSY data. In both species the bulky aromatic group has replaced the acetate proton pointing outward from the coordination cage. Unlike in the DOTA case, in [Ln(3)]- complexes the isomerization process involves the inversion of the ethylenic groups of the macrocycle rather than the motion of the acetate arms. This behavior is rationalized in terms of steric crowding at the substituent site: minimization of the steric interactions between the aromatic group and the macrocyclic ring protons results in both structural and dynamic selectivity. Interestingly, in the case of the diamagnetic La(III) complex the variable temperature behavior of the 13C NMR spectra is consistent with an exchange process involving one major species and at least one minor isomer of very low concentration, whose relative population increases with temperature. This causes a persistent exchange broadening of the resonances over a wide range of temperatures.
Computer-aided detection of mantle cell lymphoma in whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT using deep convolutional neural networks (2020)

1421 Objectives: Whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging is currently used to assess mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) [1]. However, examination of the images by a nuclear medicine physician can be time-consuming and challenging because MCL usually has a low standardized uptake value (SUV) and may spread to multiple anatomical locations. To mitigate these limitations, we investigated and developed deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for computer-aided detection of MCL in 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Materials and Methods: Our retrospective study included baseline whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT scans of 145 patients with biopsy-confirmed MCL (112 male, age range 39-84 years) obtained between May 2007 and October 2018. The patients were randomly split into two different groups with a ratio of approximately 80%:20% (115:30) for CNN training and testing, respectively; the training group contained 24 scans from outside institutions and the testing group contained 7 (Table 1). For the whole cohort, a total of 4210 MCL lesions, with a median size of 18 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 12-27 mm) and a median maximum SUV of 2.9 (IQR 1.8-5.3) were manually identified and contoured by a board-certified nuclear medicine physician. Three CNNs (UNets with VGG16 [2], ResNet50 [3], and Xception [4] as convolutional encoders) were constructed and trained to map axial 18F-FDG PET/CT slices to prediction masks indicating the pixel-wise probability distributions of MCL lesion or non-MCL background (Figure 1). The performance of the three CNNs was compared using lesion detection sensitivities and positive predictive values (PPVs) by verifying the pixel classifications at a 50% probability threshold for each patient. The performance of the CNN with the highest sensitivity was further analyzed using free-response receiver operating characteristics by varying the probability threshold (Figure 2).
 Results: For the testing group patients, VGG16-UNet, ResNet50-UNet, and Xception-UNet detected 607, 594, and 555 of 803 MCL lesions, respectively, with 1879, 1890, and 1277 overall detections. The per-patient lesion detection sensitivities for the three CNNs were 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74-92%), 78% (95% CI 67-89%), and 78% (95% CI 68-87%), and the PPVs were 29% (95% CI 22-36%), 28% (95% CI 21-35%), and 41% (95% CI 32-49%). For the best-performing CNN (VGG16-UNet), the sensitivity was dependent on the lesion size (<10 vs ≥ 10 mm, 63% vs 84%; p < 0.01) and maximum SUV (< 2.5 vs ≥ 2.5, 72% vs 83%; p < 0.01), but not on lesion location (above vs below the diaphragm, 80% vs 83%; p = 0.70) or the source of the images (within vs outside the institution, 86% vs 74%; p = 0.25).
 Conclusions: Deep CNNs can help identify MCL lesions with high sensitivity and limited PPV on baseline whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT. Our constructed CNNs were also robust among images from outside institutions and therefore may become a highly useful tool in the detection and initial staging of MCL.
Dual-Stage Adaptive Friction Compensation for Precise Load Side Position Tracking of Indirect Drive Mechanisms (2014)

This paper investigates the friction compensation of an indirect drive mechanism in the absence of precise end-effector position measurement. Unlike direct drive mechanisms, a typical indirect drive mechanism in the mechanical systems is composed of an actuator (motor side) and an inertia load (load side/end-effector), separated by the gear transmission. Friction in the gear transmission makes the dynamics of the indirect drive mechanism complicated and the precise position control of the end-effector challenging. More specifically, when joint compliance exists in the gear transmission, it is not simple to observe and compensate for the friction. In this paper, a mathematical model and its parameter adaptation method are proposed for the estimation and compensation of the friction in indirect drive mechanisms. For the ultimate objective of tracking the predefined load side reference trajectory, we feed back the estimated friction into the control system by refining the motor side reference trajectory, as well as by adding a feedforward signal to the control input of the motor. Both methods (i.e., the torque compensation and the motor side reference modification) are combined to effectively reject the friction effects in indirect drive mechanisms. The success of the two friction compensation methods depends on their effective integration. For this purpose, a hybrid decision making is adopted to engage or disengage the load side compensation algorithm when the task is repetitive. The proposed method is verified by experimental results on a single-joint indirect drive testbed.
Effect of RU486 on Hepatic and Adipocyte Gene Expression Improves Diabetes Control in Obesity-type 2 Diabetes (2009)

Cortisol has wide-ranging actions, namely in gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis and exerts its effects through the glucocorticoid receptor. In the present study, we examined effects of glucocorticoid receptor blockade on type 2 diabetes control using the antagonist, RU486. Obese diabetic mice received daily injections of vehicle or RU486 over 28 days. Food intake, body weight, and plasma glucose were measured frequently. At 28 days, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and plasma triglycerides were assessed. Epididymal white adipose tissue and liver were excised for measurement of gene expression. Daily administration of RU486 had no effect on body weight or food intake, but plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lowered (1.4-1.6-fold; p<0.05 to p<0.001). Glucose concentrations were also significantly reduced (2.2-fold; p<0.001) following a glucose challenge. Similarly, exogenous insulin evoked a significantly greater reduction in plasma glucose (3.6-fold; p<0.01). Gene expression analysis revealed a significant reduction in hepatic mRNA of key enzymes, namely PEPCK-C (25%; p<0.01) and G6 Pase (32%; p<0.01) and also 11beta-HSD1 (18%; p<0.05). Investigation of adipose tissue gene expression also demonstrated reduced expression in 11beta-HSD1 (47%; p<0.05) and LPL (47%; p<0.001). These data demonstrate wide-ranging effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonism on gene expression and metabolism, illustrating the therapeutic potential of specific glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in obesity-related diabetes.
The Spongistatins: Architecturally Complex Natural Products-Part Two: Synthesis of the C(29-51) Subunit, Fragment Assembly, and Final Elaboration to (+)-Spongistatin 2 (2001)

An advanced ABCD fragment (see picture) constructed on the way to the total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent (+)-spongistatin 2 has also been used in a formal total synthesis of (+)-spongistatin 1. In both cases the critical step was an acid-mediated epimerization in the presence of Ca2+ ions to stabilize the axial–equitorial CD spiroketal.