gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitroxide Bound β-Cyclodextrin:  Is There an Inclusion Complex? (2006)

236CDTIPNO, a derivative of the persistent free radical TIPNO (1,1-dimethylethyl 2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl nitroxide) covalently bound to a permethylated-beta-cyclodextrin, was prepared. Self-association of 236CDTIPNO in water was proved by solvent- and competition-dependent EPR spectroscopy experiments with 2,6-di-O-Me-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and permethylated-beta-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB) as external hosts competing for accommodation of the TIPNO moiety. Temperature-dependent EPR spectra were simulated with a novel two-dimensional (field-temperature) EPR simulation program that afforded a full determination of the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the rate constants of the self-inclusion reaction derived from Arrhenius and Eyring models. This method allows separating the line broadening effects due to relaxation from a chemical exchange, even if only the fast exchange regime is accessible experimentally. The activation parameters for the forward and backward steps were consistent with an equilibrium between a nonassociated form and a weakly associated form, with activation free enthalpies for each reaction of around 34 kJ.mol(-)(1).
Preparation of bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dien-7-one via trapping with benzylideneacetoneiron tricarbonyl (1976)

The synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dien-7-one has been accomplished by trapping this unstable tautomer with benzylideneacetoneiron tricarbonyl to form the stable bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dien-7-oneiron tricarbonyl which was then oxidatively cleaved with ceric ammonium nitrate at –30 °C to yield the title ketone.
Discovery of a Series of 2-Phenyl-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)acetamides as Novel Molecular Switches that Modulate Modes of Kv7.2 (KCNQ2) Channel Pharmacology: Identification of (S)-2-Phenyl-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)butanamide (ML252) as a Potent, Brain Penetrant Kv7.2 Channel Inhibitor (2012)

A potent and selective inhibitor of KCNQ2, (S)-5 (ML252, IC(50) = 69 nM), was discovered after a high-throughput screen of the MLPCN library was performed. SAR studies revealed a small structural change (ethyl group to hydrogen) caused a functional shift from antagonist to agonist activity (37, EC(50) = 170 nM), suggesting an interaction at a critical site for controlling gating of KCNQ2 channels.
Correction of Head Loss Measurements in Water Mains (1985)

Pipe roughness or carrying capacity are occasionally determined in water mains to assess the internal condition of the mains or determine coefficients for pipe network models. As part of these tests, it it necessary to measure the head loss between two points in the pipe. Two methods are commonly used to determine the head loss: (1) two gage method; and (2) parallel pipe method. The effect of the differing temperatures in the main and parallel pipe is theoreticlly determined and a means for compensating for this effect is suggested. The parallel pipe method can be an extremely accurate method for measuring head loss in water mains. When the tests are conducted in hilly areas, caution must be exercised since the gage reading may not exactly correspond to the head loss, in which case a correction would be necessary to account for the effect of water temperature difference between the main and the parallel pipe.
Development of advanced fan-out wafer level package (embedded Wafer Level BGA) packaging (2012)

With reducing of silicon techno, the pitches and pads at the chip to package interface become important factor. This drives interconnection toward to fan-out packaging, where the package size is larger than the chip size in order to provide a sufficient area to accommodate the 2nd level interconnects. Fan-out WLP has the potential to realize any number of interconnects at any shrink stage of the wafer node technology. Fan-out WLP is one of key advanced packages because of advantages of higher number of I/Os, process easiness and integration flexibilities. Furthermore, it enables to integrate mUltiple dies vertically and horizontally in one package without using substrates. Thus, recently Fan-out WLP technology is moving forward to next generation packages, such as multi-die, low profile package and 3D SiP. This paper reports developments of next generation Fanout WLP for advanced packaging solutions .. A new portfolio of next generation package configurations: small outline Fanout WLP, double-side 3D Fan-out WLP and eWLL (embedded Wafer Level Land Grid Array) are developed and characterized. And the reliability study was carried out in depth by experimental approaches. Successful reliability characterization results on different package configurations are reported that demonstrate next generation Fan-out WLP as an enabling technology for miniaturized, fine pitch, high density 3D and advanced silicon packaging solutions.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Study of Inhibitor Binding to the M2[subscript 18–60] Proton Transporter from Influenza A (2013)

We demonstrate the use of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to elucidate ligand binding to a membrane protein using dipolar recoupling magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR. In particular, we detect drug binding in the proton transporter M2[subscript 18–60] from influenza A using recoupling experiments at room temperature and with cryogenic DNP. The results indicate that the pore binding site of rimantadine is correlated with previously reported widespread chemical shift changes, suggesting functional binding in the pore. Futhermore, the [superscript 15]N-labeled ammonium of rimantadine was observed near A30 [superscript 13]Cβ and G34 [superscript 13]Cα, suggesting a possible hydrogen bond to A30 carbonyl. Cryogenic DNP was required to observe the weaker external binding site(s) in a ZF-TEDOR spectrum. This approach is generally applicable, particularly for weakly bound ligands, in which case the application of MAS NMR dipolar recoupling requires the low temperatures to quench dynamic exchange processes. For the fully protonated samples investigated, we observed DNP signal enhancements of ∼10 at 400 MHz using only 4–6 mM of the polarizing agent TOTAPOL. At 600 MHz and with DNP, we measured a distance between the drug and the protein to a precision of 0.2 Å.
Functional data analysis of backpropagating action potentials (2010)

Voltage propagation through neurons is a complicated process dependent on the concentrations and kinetics of ion channels, as well as the morphology of the dendrites. The task of recording the level of activation within different parts of the neuron is challenging, given the small size of the constituent structures, and the fast timescale of the signals. Recently, a fast 3D scanning microscope has been developed to address this question, with the use of fluorescent calcium indicators [1]. The resulting dataset consists of fluorescent traces from up to 50 locations with a temporal resolution upward of 1kHz.

Our stimulation paradigms are generally trains of action potentials, initiated at the soma, which propagate backwards through the dendrites. Each back-propagating spike results in a fluorescence transient, the amplitude of which represents the relative degree of activation at each location. Our analysis of this dataset consists of two stages: First, the extraction of the amplitudes of the fluorescent transients from the noise corrupted signal. The extraction is done both by a Bayesian linear model, and more appropriately, a Sequential Monte Carlo particle filter, which takes into account the non-gaussian noise profile of the microscope’s photodetector. The second phase of analysis performs the fitting of the transient amplitudes to a function representing the level of activation across the whole visible tree. To do this, we have extended existing methods in functional data analysis to branched domains. This allows the entire dataset to contribute to a single functional representation on a domain that matches the physiology of the recorded neuron.

These analysis methods, as applied to fluorescent traces from CA1 pyramidal neurons, reveal several interesting behaviors. First, we see a clear decrease in the amplitude of the fluorescence transient with distance from the soma. This has been seen previously, and attributed to a decremental propagation of the spike. Second, a decrease in the distance of back-propagation with successive spikes in a train is also seen. This is attributed the slow-inactivation of sodium channels in the dendrites given repetitive activation. Furthermore, our data also shows a large effect of paired pre-synaptic stimulation in extending the range of the back-propagating spike, the magnitude and range of which is dependent on the position of the spike in the train.
Highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers for true-time-delay modules of an x-band phased array antenna (2004)

&bull;A two-dimensional optically controlled phased array antenna (PAA) system is proposed. The system employs highly dispersive photonic crystal fibers (HDPCFs) to provide the true-time-delays (TTD). Independent azimuth and elevation control is obtained through a mid-stage optical wavelength conversion process. The dispersion of the fabricated is as high as -600 ps/nmkm around 1550 nm which is 33 times of conventional telecom SMF. By employing the PCFs to increase the dispersion, the TTD module size can be proportionally reduced. A 64-element (8x8) PCF-based PAA system is under construction. Simulation results operating at X-band are shown in this paper.
Transmit power control suitable for interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment (2013)

Since the number of available channels is limited, the same channel needs to be reused. Therefore, the co-channel interference (CCI) limits the transmission quality. The channels should be reused so that the CCIs received at all access points (APs) or base stations (BSs) are minimized. Our recently proposed interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment (IACS-DCA) can form a stable channel reuse pattern which mitigates the CCI in a distributed manner. An additional use of transmit power control (TPC) can further reduce the CCI. In this paper, we propose a signal-to-interference power ratio (SIR) based TPC scheme suitable for IACS-DCA. We show, by computer simulation, that the IACS-DCA with SIR based TPC forms a stable channel reuse pattern and further improves the outage probability of signal-to-interference-plus-noise power ratio (SINR).
Chemical Control of Semiconductor Nanowire Kinking and Superstructure (2012)

We show that methylgermane (GeH(3)CH(3)) can induce a transition from 111 to 110 oriented growth during the vapor-liquid-solid synthesis of Ge nanowires. This hydride-based chemistry is subsequently leveraged to rationally fabricate kinking superstructures based on combinations of 111 and 110 segments. The addition of GeH(3)CH(3) also eliminates sidewall tapering and enables Ge nanowire growth at temperatures exceeding 475 °C, which greatly expands the process window and opens new avenues to create Si/Ge heterostructures.
On Successive Refinement of the Binary Symmetric Markov Source (2006)

We show that for every <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$n ≫ 2$</tex> the standard <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$ n$</tex> th-order approximation <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$R_n(D)$</tex> , to the rate-distortion function of the binary-symmetric Markov source (BSMS) is not successively refineable under the Hamming distortion measure in an open interval of the form <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$D_n !≪ ! D !≪ !1/2 ! = !D_max $</tex> .
Efficient Monitoring of In Vivo Pig-a Gene Mutation and Chromosomal Damage: Summary of 7 Published Studies and Results From 11 New Reference Compounds (2012)

The ability to effectively monitor gene mutation and micronucleated reticulocyte (MN-RET) frequency in short-term and repeated dosing schedules was investigated using the recently developed flow cytometric Pig-a mutation assay and flow cytometric micronucleus analysis. Eight reference genotoxicants and three presumed nongenotoxic compounds were studied: chlorambucil, melphalan, thiotepa, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, 2-acetylaminofluorene, hydroxyurea, methyl methanesulfonate, o-anthranilic acid, sulfisoxazole, and sodium chloride. These experiments extend previously published results with seven other chemicals. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated via gavage for 3 or 28 consecutive days with several dose levels of each chemical up to the maximum tolerated dose. Blood samples were collected at several time points up to day 45 and were analyzed for Pig-a mutation with a dual-labeling method that facilitates mutant cell frequency measurements in both total erythrocytes and the reticulocyte subpopulation. An immunomagnetic separation technique was used to increase the efficiency of scoring mutant cells. Blood samples collected on day 4, and day 29 for the 28-day study, were evaluated for MN-RET frequency. The three nongenotoxicants did not induce Pig-a or MN-RET responses. All genotoxicants except hydroxyurea increased the frequency of Pig-a mutant reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Significant increases in MN-RET frequency were observed for each of the genotoxicants at both time points. Whereas the highest Pig-a responses tended to occur in the 28-day studies, when total dose was greatest, the highest induction of MN-RET was observed in the 3-day studies, when dose per day was greatest. There was no clear relationship between the maximal Pig-a response of a given chemical and its corresponding maximal MN-RET response, despite the fact that both endpoints were determined in the same cell lineage. Taken with other previously published results, these data demonstrate the value of integrating Pig-a and micronucleus endpoints into in vivo toxicology studies, thereby providing information about mutagenesis and chromosomal damage in the same animals from which toxicity, toxicokinetics, and metabolism data are obtained.
CO2separation using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (2010)

Caustic solvents such as sodium or potassium hydroxides, converted viaCO2 capture to aqueous carbonates or bicarbonates, are a likely candidate for atmospheric CO2 separation. We have performed a comprehensive experimental investigation of CO2 gas regeneration from aqueous potassium carbonate and bicarbonate solutions using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED). This system allows the regeneration of pure CO2 gas, suitable for subsequent sequestration or reaction to synthetic hydrocarbons and their products, from aqueous carbonate/bicarbonate solutions. Our results indicate that the energy consumption required to regenerate CO2 gas from aqueous bicarbonate (carbonate) solutions using this method can be as low as 100 kJ (200 kJ) per mol of CO2 in the small-current-density limit.
Broadcast Video Program Summarization using Face Tracks (2006)

We present a novel video summarization and skimming technique using face detection on broadcast video programs. We take the faces in video as our primary target as they constitute the focus of most consumer video programs. We detect face tracks in video and define face-scene fragments based on start and end of face tracks. We define a fast-forward skimming method using frames selected from fragments, thus covering all the faces and their interactions in the video program. We also define novel constraints for a smooth and visually representative summary, and construct longer but smoother summaries
Poster: Evaluation of a 3D UI with different input technologies (2012)

We present two studies of navigation and object manipulation in a virtual supermarket. The first study compared a mouse and keyboard setup to a game hardware setup using a Wii Remote, Wii Balance Board and a dancemat. The second study used more game-like software interfaces for both conditions and used only the Wii Remote and Nunchuk in the game-hardware setup. The mouse setup was around 36% faster in both studies. In the first study the mouse setup was 98% more accurate; no difference in accuracy was found in the second study.
Difference between resistance degradation of fixed valence acceptor (Mg) and variable valence acceptor (Mn)-doped BaTiO3 ceramics (2010)

The difference in the resistance degradation behavior was investigated between fixed valence acceptor (Mg) and the variable valence acceptor (Mn)-doped BaTiO3 ceramics with an increase of each acceptor concentration. Coarse-grained specimens with uniform grain sizes and different acceptor concentrations were prepared. In the case of Mg-doped BaTiO3, the time to degradation systematically decreased with the increase in Mg concentration. In contrast, there is a systematically increased time to degradation with the increase in Mn concentration in Mn-doped BaTiO3. The fast degradation by the increase in Mg concentration directly corresponded to an increase in the Warburg impedance and ionic transference number (tion) associated with an increase in oxygen vacancy concentration ([VO••]). On the other hand, no distinct Warburg impedance or ionic conduction contribution could be observed with the increase in Mn concentration. It is supposed that the increase in [VO••] is negligible in spite of the increase in acceptor Mn concentration, when it is compared to Mg-doped BaTiO3. The much lower [VO••] and more dominant electron/hole trapping effect due to multivalence nature of Mn are supposed to cause such a contrary degradation behavior between Mg and Mn-doped BaTiO3. Reoxidation in a slightly reducing atmosphere (N2) showed better resistance to degradation behavior than in a oxidizing air atmosphere in both Mg and Mn-doped BaTiO3, which is anticipated to be an increase in the electron/hole trapping sites. All these behaviors could be explained by the low temperature defect chemical model that shows difference in the defect structure between Mg and Mn-doped BaTiO3, and its dependence on the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) during reoxidation and cooling. Not only the [VO••], but also the density of electron/hole trap sites, are believed to be crucial in controlling resistance degradation.
Improved Current Collapse in AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs with Dual Field-Plates (2018)

We fabricated AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs with a dual-field-plate (FP), composed of gate-FP and source-FP. Using pulsed I-V technique, the effect of FP on current collapse was studied. Applying a high positive gate voltage resulted in current collapse suppression. It was found that the use of dual-FP was effective to significantly suppress the current collapse.
Effects of a 1,450 nm diode laser on facial sebum excretion (2009)

While our study was designed to detect only large changes in SER, we conclude that three 1,450 nm laser treatment sessions did not cause marked changes in SER compared to the control (i.e., >44%). Thus, major destruction of sebaceous glands as a result of this treatment is unlikely. However, reduced sebum production was observed on both treatment and control sides at 1 month. Therefore alternative mechanisms should also be considered to explain the clinical efficacy of this treatment for acne vulgaris.
Nanoparticle sorting in silicon waveguide arrays (2017)

This paper presents the optical fractionation of nanoparticles in silicon waveguide arrays. The optical lattice is generated by evanescent coupling in silicon waveguide arrays. The hotspot size is tunable by changing the refractive index of surrounding liquids. In the experiment, 0.2-&mu;m and 0.5-&mu;m particles are separated with a recovery rate of 95.76%. This near-field approach is a promising candidate for manipulating nanoscale biomolecules and is anticipated to benefit the biomedical applications such as exosome purification, DNA optical mapping, cell-cell interaction, etc.
Long-lasting protection in brain trauma by endotoxin preconditioning (2011)

We investigated the occurrence of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) preconditioning in traumatic brain injury (TBI), evaluating the time window of LPS-induced protection, its persistence, and the associated molecular mechanisms. Mice received 0.1 mg/kg LPS or saline intraperitoneally and subsequently TBI (by controlled cortical impact brain injury) at various time intervals. Mice receiving LPS 3, 5, or 7 days before TBI showed attenuated motor deficits at 1 week after injury compared with mice receiving saline. Those receiving LPS 5 days before injury had also a reduced contusion volume (7.9±1.3 versus 12±2.3 mm(3)) and decreased cell death. One month after injury, the protective effect of LPS on contusion volume (14.5±1.2 versus 18.2±1.2 mm(3)) and neurologic function was still present. Traumatic brain injury increased glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD11b, CD68, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6 mRNA expression 24 hours after injury. Lipopolysaccharide administered 5 (but not 9) days before injury increased the expression of CD11b (233%) and of interferon β (500%) in uninjured mice, while it reduced the expression of CD68 (by 46%) and increased that of IL-6 (by 52%) in injured mice. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning conferred a long-lasting neuroprotection after TBI, which was associated with a modulation of microglia/macrophages activity and cytokine production.
Methods to Analyze Bone Regenerative Response to Different rhBMP-2 Doses in Rabbit Craniofacial Defects (2014)

Multiple assessment methods are available to evaluate the performance of engineered scaffolds in accepted bone healing animal models. Evaluation and comparison of these methods can aid in the planning of future animal studies, as well as, inform clinical assessments as the engineered scaffolds translate into clinical studies and applications. To evaluate multiple bone assessment techniques, bone regrowth potential of tyrosine-derived polycarbonate (TyrPC) scaffolds loaded with various dosages of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (0, 10, 25, and 50 μg) was assessed after 16 weeks in vivo in a rabbit calvarial model. Traditional X-ray radiography and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses were used to quantify the volume and density of regenerated bone. Histomorphometric analysis was performed as the traditional gold standard of evaluation. While these techniques are fairly standard in bone tissue engineering, we also investigated 64-slice CT, a tool more commonly used clinically, for comparison and to guide translational efforts. The 64-slice CT scans were carried out at 4 and 16 weeks to monitor temporal bone healing patterns. Study results indicated a clear dose-dependent response of increasing regenerated bone volume with rhBMP-2 loaded on the TyrPC scaffolds after 16 weeks of implantation. Significantly more bone formation was observed at the highest dose of rhBMP-2 (50 μg), which is 25-50% of the previously recommended dose (100-200 μg) for this defect. A significant difference was observed between the lowest and highest doses using radiographs (p<0.001), micro-CT (p=0.002), and CT (p<0.001) and a high correlation was found between techniques (R(2) values between 0.446 and 0.911). It was found that the number of animals required per group to detect significant dose effects ranged between 6 and 8 for the imaging methods while histomorphometric analysis would require 25 animals per group to detect similar differences (desired power=0.9, α=0.05). Radiographic analysis provided quantifiable % defect coverage and radio-opacity, micro-CT provided spatial volumetric and bone density measures, histomorphometry provided biological confirmation, and 64-slice CT allowed for establishing of clinically relevant translational guidelines. These methodologies allow for a standardized and comprehensive description of bone regeneration and provide guidelines for the planning of future preclinical and clinical studies.