gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL‐10 limits production of pathogenic TNF by M1 myeloid cells through induction of nuclear NF‐κB p50 member in Trypanosoma congolense infection‐resistant C57BL/6 mice (2011)

A balance between parasite elimination and control of infection-associated pathogenicity is crucial for resistance to African trypanosomiasis. By producing TNF and NO, CD11b(+) myeloid cells with a classical activation status (M1) contribute to parasitemia control in experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice. However, in these mice, IL-10 is required to regulate M1-associated inflammation, avoiding tissue/liver damage and ensuring prolonged survival. In an effort to dissect the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory activity of IL-10 in T. congolense-infected C57BL/6 mice, we show, using an antibody blocking the IL-10 receptor, that IL-10 impairs the accumulation and M1 activation of TNF/iNOS-producing CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells in the liver. Using infected IL-10(flox/flox) LysM-Cre(+/+) mice, we show that myeloid cell-derived IL-10 limits M1 activation of CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells specifically at the level of TNF production. Moreover, higher production of TNF in infected IL-10(flox/flox) LysM-Cre(+/+) mice is associated with reduced nuclear accumulation of the NF-κB p50 subunit in CD11b(+) M1 cells. Furthermore, in infected p50(-/-) mice, TNF production by CD11b(+) Ly6C(+) cells and liver injury increases. These data suggest that preferential nuclear accumulation of p50 represents an IL-10-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanism in M1-type CD11b(+) myeloid cells that regulates the production of pathogenic TNF during T. congolense infection in resistant C57BL/6 mice.
Compositional and nutritional characteristics of spring einkorn and spelt wheats (1995)

One einkorn and five spring spelt accessions were grown at five and four locations in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and evaluated for their compositional and nutritional properties compared to common hard red spring (HRS) and durum wheats. Einkorn and two spelt accessions, SK0021 and PGR8801, were higher in soluble sugars, protein, and ash, whereas spelt accessions SK0505, SK0263, and RL5407 were higher in starch and fat. The accessions contained less total and insoluble dietary fiber than did common HRS, while soluble fiber was similar among the wheat species. Einkorn was significantly higher in phosphorus level, and all accessions exceeded the HRS wheat in potassium level. Einkorn tended to be high in riboflavin and pyridoxine compared with other wheats, whereas einkorn and spelt SK0263 and RL5407 were richer in β-carotene and retinol equivalent than was common HRS wheat. Einkorn and spelt SK0021 and PGR8801 flours had higher protein contents than did common HRS flour. The gluten content of all wheat species was similar and constituted about 77% of total flour protein. The gliadin to glutenin ratios were 2 :1 for einkorn ; 1 :1 for spelt SK0021 and PGR8801 and common HRS ; and 0.8 :1 for durum and spelt SK0505, SK0263, and RL5407 wheat flour proteins.
Optimization of quadrilayer structures for various magneto-optical recording materials (1991)

Computer simulation of magneto-optical responses as a function of wavelength (3000-8000 angstrom), thicknesses, and material were made, based on the scattering matrix formulation for the calculation of optical and magneto-optical response of multilayer systems. Results from the following MO materials systems are presented: TbFeCo and Co/Pt multilayer. Silicon nitride and silicon nitride and silicon dioxide were the dielectrics used in the simulations, and aluminum was assumed for the reflector. The optimum structure for each of these materials systems has been found. The Kerr rotation, reflectance, and figures of merit for recording were calculated.
Characterization of the aldehyde binding site of bacterial luciferase by photoaffinity labeling (1983)

A photoaffinity probe 1-diazo-2-oxoundecane has been synthesized and used to examine the aldehyde-binding site of the nonidentical dimeric luciferase (alpha beta) from Vibrio harveyi cells. In the dark, the probe competes against aldehyde in binding to luciferase. Irradiation of luciferase and the probe at 254 nm resulted in primarily specific labeling of both alpha and beta subunits with concomitant enzyme inactivation, but significant (congruent to 40%) nonspecific labeling of mainly the beta subunit also occurred. The addition of decanal to protect the active center reduced the rate of inactivation. When 2-mercaptoethanol was included to quench the nonspecific labeling, the amounts of probe incorporated into alpha and beta correlated stoichiometrically with the quantities of enzyme photoinactivated. On the basis of these findings, we postulate that the aldehyde binding site is at or near the subunit interface of luciferase.
Engineering the Bioeconomy (2009)

The bioeconomy is most associated with renewable bio-based fuels for meeting transportation and stationary energy needs. At the federal level, the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 set a target of 36 billion gallons of bio-based fuel production by the year 2022. Of this, 16 billion gallons are to be produced from nonstarch sources of sugars such as agricultural and forestry biomass. State governments are also participating as over half have enacted renewable electricity standards that promote the use of bio-based energy sources. Market forces are beginning to drive the bioeconomy as the private sector becomes increasingly aware of the beneficial uses of by-products from biofuel production, as animal feeds, neutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other valuable chemicals. Engineering a sustainable and efficient bioeconomy requires a monumental research effort. Systems analysis, including the tools of life-cycle assessment and economics, is needed to transparently quantify the economic, environmental, and social costs as well as benefits of adopting bio-based supply chains and technologies. Profitability is now computed not only from the sale of products and by-products but also by carbon and renewable energy credits. Considering environmental and social qualitative impacts, both positive and negative, is essential to avoid unintended consequences. Research in agriculture, silviculture, and biomass conversion is actively being pursued to support the burgeoning bioeconomy. Biomass sources such as energy crops and cellulosic residues that can be economically and sustainably converted into bio-based products are being developed. Traditional agricultural research is again needed, not on food production, but instead on growing,
Automated solder joint inspection system using optical 3-D image detection (2002)

An automated system has been developed for visually inspecting the solder joints of SMDs (Surface Mounted Devices). The system is capable of inspecting fine pitch components down to 0.3 mm pitch QFPs (Quad Flat Packages). A unique image detection method was also developed to obtain precise 3-D images of solder joints. The principle of a confocal microscope is employed but plural sensors are used to detect reflected light at different focusing positions simultaneously. The system is unaffected by secondary reflection and dead angles. The warp in a PC (Printed Circuit) board surface is calculated in real time using the detected 3-D images, and board height to be detected in successive areas is predicted based on this calculation. Real-time automatic focusing control is then performed using newly developed defect detection algorithms, the system can recognize leads, pads and solder fillets from the detected images. Because 3-D shape features are extracted and used for defect judgment, user-defined parameters have been made easy to understand and/or to modify. Operational evaluation of the system confirms a 100% defect detection rate and a very low false alarm rate (0.16%).
Rectification in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Based on Alkanethiolates with Bipyridine–Metal Complexes (2021)

This paper addresses the mechanism for rectification in molecular tunneling junctions based on alkanethiolates terminated by a bipyridine group complexed with a metal ion, that is, having the structure Au<sup>TS</sup>-S(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>BIPY-MCl<sub>2</sub> (where M = Co or Cu) with a eutectic indium-gallium alloy top contact (EGaIn, 75.5% Ga 24.5% In). Here, Au<sup>TS</sup>-S(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>BIPY is a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an alkanethiolate with 4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (BIPY) head groups, on template-stripped gold (Au<sup>TS</sup>). When the SAM is exposed to cobalt(II) chloride, SAMs of the form Au<sup>TS</sup>-S(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>BIPY-CoCl<sub>2</sub> rectify current with a rectification ratio of <i>r</i><sup><i>+</i></sup> = 82.0 at ±1.0 V. The rectification, however, disappears (<i>r</i><sup><i>+</i></sup> = 1.0) when the SAM is exposed to copper(II) chloride instead of cobalt. We draw the following conclusions from our experimental results: (i) Au<sup>TS</sup>-S(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>BIPY-CoCl<sub>2</sub> junctions rectify current because only at positive bias (+1.0 V) is there an accessible molecular orbital (the LUMO) on the BIPY-CoCl<sub>2</sub> moiety, while at negative bias (-1.0 V), neither the energy level of the HOMO or the LUMO lies between the Fermi levels of the electrodes. (ii) Au<sup>TS</sup>-S(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>11</sub>BIPY-CuCl<sub>2</sub> junctions do not rectify current because there is an accessible molecular orbital on the BIPY-CuCl<sub>2</sub> moiety at both negative and positive bias (the HOMO is accessible at negative bias, and the LUMO is accessible at positive bias). The difference in accessibility of the HOMO levels at -1.0 V causes charge transfer-at negative bias-to take place via Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in BIPY-CoCl<sub>2</sub> junctions, and via direct tunneling in BIPY-CuCl<sub>2</sub> junctions. This difference in tunneling mechanism at negative bias is the origin of the difference in rectification ratio between BIPY-CoCl<sub>2</sub> and BIPY-CuCl<sub>2</sub> junctions.
Tumor initiators and promoters in the induction of Epstein—Barr virus (1979)

The effect of various tumor initiators and promoters on induction of persisting Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in different lines of lymphoblastoid cells was analyzed. Neither five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, amongst them potent tumor initiators (e.g., 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene), nor the potent (ultimate) liver carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylamino-fluorene induced EBV. A series of compounds, representing three classes of tumor-promoting diterpene esters (e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), efficiently induced EBV in persistently infected cells. The concentration required for maximal induction ranged between 0.5 and 100 nM. Some nonpromoting diterpenes (phorbol, 4alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, and ingenol) did not induce EBV. However, the nonpromoters, resiniferatoxin and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decatrienoate, were effective, whereas anthralin, a tumor promoter, did not induce EBV. In three lines of EBV genome-carrying cells (Raji, NC-37, and RPMI 64-10) only abortive induction was noted, leading exclusively to synthesis of early antigen. In cells of lines with low spontaneous virus release (P3HR-1, B95-8, and QIMR-Wil), upon treatment with tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, approximately 20-40 times more viral DNA was recovered as compared to untreated controls. Viral DNA from tetradeca-noylphorbol acetate-induced cultures revealed the same restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern as viral DNA obtained from noninduced cells. Within 10 days after induction, release of infectious virus increased approximately by one order of magnitude. Prostaglandins, reported to be released after treatment with tumor promoters, were ineffective in virus induction under the conditions tested.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α2 Deficiency Affects Cardiac Cardiolipin Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Function (2007)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in controlling energy homeostasis and is envisioned as a promising target to treat metabolic disorders. In the heart, AMPK is involved in short-term regulation and in transcriptional control of proteins involved in energy metabolism. Here, we investigated whether deletion of AMPKalpha2, the main cardiac catalytic isoform, alters mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Body weight, heart weight, and AMPKalpha1 expression were similar in control littermate and AMPKalpha2(-/-) mice. Despite normal oxygen consumption in perfused hearts, maximal oxidative capacity, measured using saponin permeabilized cardiac fibers, was approximately 30% lower in AMPKalpha2(-/-) mice with octanoate, pyruvate, or glutamate plus malate but not with succinate as substrates, showing an impairment at complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect was associated with a 25% decrease in mitochondrial cardiolipin content, the main mitochondrial membrane phospholipid that is crucial for complex I activity, and with a 13% decrease in mitochondrial content of linoleic acid, the main fatty acid of cardiolipins. The decrease in cardiolipin content could be explained by mRNA downregulation of rate-limiting enzymes of both cardiolipin synthesis (CTP:PA cytidylyltransferase) and remodeling (acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1). These data reveal a new role for AMPKalpha2 subunit in the regulation of cardiac muscle oxidative capacity via cardiolipin homeostasis.
A Study on a Novel LED Lighting Fixture for Crosswalk Having Two Different Light Distributions (2014)

Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-950, Korea(Received July 21, 2014; Revised July 30, 2014; Accepted August 6, 2014)Abstract: Recently, LED lighting fixtures for crosswalk become popular in order to recognize the pedestrians at crosswalk, which can enhance the safety of the pedestrian at crosswalk. However, there are several problems related to the LED lighting fixtures for crosswalk, such as a lot of energy consumption due to a constant illumination during night and glaring of pedestrians at the opposite side of crosswalk. In this study, in order to overcome these problems, we have investigated a novel LED lighting fixture for crosswalk, which has two modules with different angles (60°, 120°). Illuminance of min and max at four-line city street crosswalk shown 50 Lux, 125 Lux, respectively. Illuminance of min and max at eight-line city street crosswalk shown 150 Lux, 200 Lux, respectively. Simulation investigation was optimized design using optical program. Prototype was verified measurement by goniometer system.Keywords: Crosswalk, Crosswalk light, Pedestrian, Light-emitting diodes, LED light, Light distribution
Plasma and vacuolar membrane sphingolipidomes: composition and insights on the role of main molecular species (2021)

Lipid structures affect membrane biophysical properties such as thickness, stability, permeability, curvature, fluidity, asymmetry, and interdigitation, contributing to membrane function. Sphingolipids are abundant in plant endomembranes and plasma membranes (PMs) and comprise four classes: ceramides, hydroxyceramides, glucosylceramides, and glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs). They constitute an array of chemical structures whose distribution in plant membranes is unknown. With the aim of describing the hydrophobic portion of sphingolipids, 18 preparations from microsomal (MIC), vacuolar (VM), PM, and detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) were isolated from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Sphingolipid species, encompassing pairing of long-chain bases and fatty acids, were identified and quantified in these membranes. Sphingolipid concentrations were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis to assess sphingolipid diversity, abundance, and predominance across membranes. The four sphingolipid classes were present at different levels in each membrane: VM was enriched in glucosylceramides, hydroxyceramides, and GIPCs; PM in GIPCs, in agreement with their key role in signal recognition and sensing; and DRM in GIPCs, as reported by their function in nanodomain formation. While a total of 84 sphingolipid species was identified in MIC, VM, PM, and DRM, only 34 were selectively distributed in the four membrane types. Conversely, every membrane contained a different number of predominant species (11 in VM, 6 in PM, and 17 in DRM). This study reveals that MIC, VM, PM, and DRM contain the same set of sphingolipid species but every membrane source contains its own specific assortment based on the proportion of sphingolipid classes and on the predominance of individual species.
Expression in transgenic mice of the large T antigen of polyomavirus induces Sertoli cell tumours and allows the establishment of differentiated cell lines. (1993)

The large T antigen of polyomavirus (PyLT) efficiently immortalizes rodent fibroblasts, but, unlike SV40 T antigen, it is not sufficient to achieve complete oncogenic transformation. We analysed a series of transgenic mouse families that express the PyLT protein under control of the viral enhancer-promoter region. In all of them, the transgene was expressed in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis (Sertoli and germ cells), with no pathological consequences during most of the animals' lives. However, every old male developed large bilateral tumours of the testes, generated by the proliferation of Sertoli cell derivatives. Cell lines could be readily established both from the tumours and from the still apparently normal testis before the onset of tumoral growth. They retained in vitro morphological and ultrastructural features characteristic of Sertoli cells. But, in addition to this major Sertoli component, the maintenance of a cellular contingent of germinal origin was suggested by the expression of genes that are normally transcribed during the premeiotic and early meiotic stages of spermatogenesis (LDH-X, Hox1.4 and c-kit). The two cell types remained tightly associated, even at late passages in culture, and could not be separated by conventional cloning procedures. This association in culture of the two cell types whose interaction is critical for spermatogenesis may provide a useful tool for its molecular analysis.
The Quantitative Risk Norm - A Proposed Tailoring of HARA for ADS (2020)

One of the major challenges of automated driving systems (ADS) is showing that they drive safely. Key to ensuring safety is eliciting a complete set of top-level safety requirements (safety goals). This is typically done with an activity called hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA). In this paper we argue that the HARA of ISO 26262:2018 is not directly suitable for an ADS, both because the number of relevant operational situations may be vast, and because the ability of the ADS to make decisions in order to reduce risks will affect the analysis of exposure and hazards. Instead we propose a tailoring using a quantitative risk norm (QRN) with consequence classes, where each class has a limit for the frequency within which the consequences may occur. Incident types are then defined and assigned to the consequence classes; the requirements prescribing the limits of these incident types are used as safety goals to fulfil in the implementation. The main benefits of the QRN approach are the ability to show completeness of safety goals, and make sure that the safety strategy is not limited by safety goals which are not formulated in a way suitable for an ADS.
Sauerstoffmessung in der Biomedizin – von der Makro‐ zur Mikroebene (2015)

Abstract Der Messung von Sauerstoff sind wegen dessen zentraler Rolle in der Biochemie des Lebens bereits umfassende Studien gewidmet worden. Um Mechanismen unter normalen physiologischen Verhältnissen ebenso wie bei Krankheitszuständen untersuchen und verstehen zu können, ist es notwendig, die physiologische Verteilung und die Dynamik von Sauerstoff auf subzellulärer und makroskopischer Ebene in Echtzeit quantifizieren zu können. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die wichtigsten aktuellen Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von Sauerstoffsensormaterialien und stellt dabei polarographische, nuklearmedizinische, Magnetresonanz‐basierte und optische Techniken vor, die eine spezifische Verfolgung der Sauerstoffdynamik in Zell‐ und Gewebsumgebungen in Echtzeit ermöglichen. Da einige der interessantesten Fortschritte bezüglich Synthesemethoden und biomedizinischen Anwendungen auf dem Gebiet der optischen Sauerstoffsensoren zu verzeichnen sind, werden wir einen Schwerpunkt auf die Entwicklung dieser Konzepte legen.
FANet: Features Adaptation Network for 360$^{\circ }$ Omnidirectional Salient Object Detection (2020)

Salient object detection (SOD) in 360° omnidirectional images has become an eye-catching problem because of the popularity of affordable 360° cameras. In this paper, we propose a Features Adaptation Network (FANet) to highlight salient objects in 360° omnidirectional images reliably. To utilize the feature extraction capability of convolutional neural networks and capture global object information, we input the equirectangular 360° images and corresponding cube-map 360° images to the feature extraction network (FENet) simultaneously to obtain multi-level equirectangular and cube-map features. Furthermore, we fuse these two kinds of features at each level of the FENetby a projection features adaptation (PFA) module, for selecting these two kinds of features adaptively. Finally, we combine the preliminary adaptation features at different levels by a multi-level features adaptation (MLFA) module, which weights these different-level features adaptively and produces the final saliency maps. Experiments show our FANet outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on the 360° omnidirectional SOD datasets.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Preparation of 2,6‐Dimethyl‐4‐nitrochlorobenzene. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interferon-beta and recombinant IL 2 can both enhance, but by different pathways, the nonspecific cytolytic potential of T3- natural killer cell-derived clones rather than that of T3+ clones. (1986)

We studied the enhancement of cytolytic activity of T3- natural killer cell-derived clones, of T3+ T cell activated killer (AK) clones, and of fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by various crude and recombinant interferon (r-IFN) as well as IL 2 preparations. It was found that IFN-beta had the highest cytotoxicity inducing potency as compared to crude or r-IFN-alpha or -gamma preparations. This enhancement was blocked by anti-IFN-beta antibodies but not by anti-IFN-gamma antibodies. IL 2 also strongly enhances cytolytic activity in cloned T3- killer cells that express the IL 2 receptors as determined with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody (MAb) at concentrations of IL 2 (25 U/ml) which induced one-half of the maximal proliferation capacity in human T cells and murine CTLL cells. For enhancement of cytolytic activity in fresh NK cells, a much higher concentration of IL 2 is required. In addition, the enhancement of cytolytic activity by r-IL 2 but not that by IFN-beta can be reduced by anti-Tac MAb, suggesting that the IL 2 receptor is involved in the enhancement by IL 2, but not by IFN. Both IFN-beta and IL 2 were able to enhance (over threefold) the cytolytic activity of T3- cloned killer cells against a variety of tumor target cell types. Another remarkable observation was that K562 cells, the most commonly used target cell for determining NK cell cytolytic activity, are not the most suitable targets to assess enhancement of nonspecific lytic activity as compared to Daudi or lung tumor-derived cell lines. No enhancement of anti-body-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was observed. Finally, the effects of these biological response modifiers were much more pronounced on "fresh" and cloned T3- natural killer cell-derived than on T3+-activated killer mature T cell-derived clones.