gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Voice activity detection based on density ratio estimation and system combination (2013)

We propose a robust voice activity detection (VAD) based on density ratio estimation. In highly noisy environments, the likelihood ratio test (LRT) is effective. Conventional LRT estimates both speech and noise models, calculates the likelihood of each model, and uses ratios of such likelihood to detect speech. However, in LRT, the likelihood ratio of speech and noise models is required, whereas likelihood of individual models is not necessarily required. The framework of the density ratio estimation models likelihood ratio functions by a kernel and directly generates a likelihood ratio. Applying density ratio estimation to VAD requires that feature selection and noise adaptation must be considered. This is because the density ratio estimation constrains the shape of the likelihood ratio functions and speech is dynamic. This paper addresses these problems. To improve accuracy, the proposed method is combined with conventional LRT. Experimental results using CENSREC-1-C show that the proposed method is more effective than conventional methods, especially in non-stationary noisy environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Immunosuppressive Agent (‐)‐Discodermolide. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Substrate specificity and inhibitors of LRRK2, a protein kinase mutated in Parkinson's disease (2009)

The LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2) is mutated in a significant number of Parkinson's disease patients, but little is known about its regulation and function. A common mutation changing Gly2019 to serine enhances catalytic activity, suggesting that small-molecule inhibitors might have utility in treating Parkinson's disease. We employed various approaches to explore the substrate-specificity requirements of LRRK2 and elaborated a peptide substrate termed Nictide, that had 20-fold lower Km and nearly 2-fold higher Vmax than the widely deployed LRRKtide substrate. We demonstrate that LRRK2 has marked preference for phosphorylating threonine over serine. We also observed that several ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitors such as Y-27632 and H-1152, suppressed LRRK2 with similar potency to which they inhibited ROCK2. In contrast, GSK429286A, a selective ROCK inhibitor, did not significantly inhibit LRRK2. We also identified a mutant LRRK2[A2016T] that was normally active, but resistant to H-1152 and Y-27632, as well as sunitinib, a structurally unrelated multikinase inhibitor that, in contrast with other compounds, suppresses LRRK2, but not ROCK. We have also developed the first sensitive antibody that enables measurement of endogenous LRRK2 protein levels and kinase activity as well as shRNA (short hairpin RNA) methods to reduce LRRK2 expression. Finally, we describe a pharmacological approach to validate whether substrates are phosphorylated by LRRK2 and use this to provide evidence that LRRK2 may not be rate-limiting for the phosphorylation of the proposed substrate moesin. The findings of the present study will aid with the investigation of LRRK2.
OSNR Sensitivity Analysis for Si-Ge Avalanche Photodiodes (2022)

We investigate the bit error rates and eye diagrams of Si-Ge avalanche photodiodes at 32 Gb/s NRZ for different optical signal-to-noise ratios. The relationship between receiver sensitivity and optical signals quality has been analyzed using theoretical calculation and simulation. This sensitivity analysis provides guidance on signal quality tolerances for the APD-based optical links.
Suicide in England and Wales: an analysis of 100 years, 1876–1975 (1981)

The variations in suicide mortality in England and Wales over a 100-year period (1876-1975) are explained by the development of a descriptive model. The model used in a stepwise linear regression using 5 variables including toxic gas production. The variables give a good description of the observed changes in suicide mortality. The limitations of the method and the data are discussed. Despite the limitations of the method, it can be concluded that toxic gas production affected total suicide mortality.
A Robust Modular IGBT Power Supply for Configurable Series/Parallel Operation at High Power and Frequency (2011)

There is considerable interest in solid state power supplies based on Insulated Gate Bi-polar Transistor (IGBT) technologies due to their large and efficient power handling capabilities. Historically, IGBTs have been limited in switching frequency, difficult to arrange in series configurations for high voltage applications, and readily damaged if not properly controlled. There are a large number of applications that would greatly benefit from a highly configurable, high current, high voltage, modular IGBT based solid state power supply. For example, pulsed Radio Frequency (RF) amplifiers in the several MW class operating at 50 kHz to 5 MHz used for current drive, plasma heating, and ionization within the fusion science community could see significant cost savings when compared to traditional tube based supplies. Other applications that would immediately benefit from a low cost IGBT option include active magnetic coil control for feedback, inductive plasma generation, fast rise-time high voltage triggers, and controllable high current switches.
Multilayer transducer for nonlinear imaging with application to targeting and monitoring of therapeutic ultrasound (2010)

Nonlinear acoustic wave propagation can improve the resolution of ultrasound imaging, and could be used to dynamically estimate the physical properties of tissue. However, transducers capable of launching a wave that becomes nonlinear through propagation can typically detect only the fundamental and second harmonic. Here we present the design and characterization of a multilayer transducer with a high power transmit layer to generate nonlinear waves and a broadband receive layer to detect nonlinear scatter. The transmit array was made from a narrow-band PZT, with nominal frequency of 2.0 MHz, that was diced into an array of 32 elements. Elements had 0.300 mm width and 6.3 mm elevation, and the pitch was 0.400 mm. The receive array, placed directly above the transmit array, was made from PVDF elements that were patterned by flex circuit pads that replicated the PZT element dimensions. The PZT and PVDF elements had identical apertures. Simulations were performed to guide the selection of the transducer materials and thicknesses. Characterization of electrical parameters and acoustic output were performed per standard methods, in which transmit and receive events were driven by a software-controlled ultrasound system. Nonlinear waveforms with peak positive pressure up to 2.14 MPa were measured by a calibrated hydrophone. Echo data, collected from ex vivo tissue and digitized at 45 MS/s, exhibited frequency content up to the 4th harmonic of the 2 MHz transmit frequency.
Finding and correcting syntax errors using recurrent neural networks (2017)

Minor syntax errors are made by novice and experienced programmers alike; however, novice programmers lack the years of intuition that help them resolve these tiny errors. Standard LR parsers typically resolve syntax errors and their precise location poorly. We propose a methodology that helps locate where syntax errors occur, but also suggests possible changes to the token stream that can fix the error identified. This methodology finds syntax errors by checking if two language models “agree” on each token. If the models disagree, it indicates a possible syntax error; the methodology tries to suggest a fix by finding an alternative token sequence obtained from the models. We trained two LSTM (Long short-term memory) language models on a large corpus of JavaScript code collected from GitHub. The dual LSTM neural network model predicts the correct location of the syntax error 54.74% in its top 4 suggestions and produces an exact fix up to 35.50% of the time. The results show that this tool and methodology can locate and suggest corrections for syntax errors. Our methodology is of practical use to all programmers, but will be especially useful to novices frustrated with incomprehensible syntax errors.
Diamond-Gardner syndrome: a case report. (1998)

We present a 13-year-old girl who came to our attention for an erythematous bruised lesion which appeared spontaneously without any apparent coagulopathy. The history, histology, and positive "skin-test," carried out by subcutaneously injecting autologous erythrocytes obtained from heparinized blood, confirmed the suspected diagnosis of Diamond-Gardner syndrome. No alterations of blood vessel walls or thromboses were found. Evaluation of hemocoagulative parameters revealed an increased factor VIII level and reduced platelet aggregation after stimulation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP.)
Integrated Longitudinal and Lateral Controls on Drive-By-Wire Platform to Improve the Road Safety (2008)

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Direction-Controllable, Single-Lobed Photonic Crystal Lasers for Beam Steering Functionality (2012)

We demonstrate direction-controllable, single-lobed photonic-crystal lasers. The obtained beam direction angles range from 10° to 50° with a narrow divergence angle. This is an important step for realizing single-lobed beam-steering lasers.
Magnetic properties of FeAlN films at elevated temperatures (1997)

FeAlN films were fabricated by reactive sputtering from an Fe alloy target in a nitrogen containing plasma. By varying the nitrogen content in the films, magnetic moment as high as 20 kG and coercivities less than 1 Oe can be achieved at room temperature. However, it has been observed that the soft properties of these films experience a reversible degradation at elevated measuring temperatures. The critical temperature, T0c, defined as the temperature at which the coercivity doubles, generally decreases as more nitrogen is incorporated into the film. T0c agrees well with the temperature where remanent squareness (Br/Bs) equals 0.83, indicating a reduced intergranular exchange coupling in films. However, T0c is far below either the reported Curie temperature of the γ′-Fe4N phase or that of the α-Fe phase, which are found in these films. It is suggested that an interfacial granular phase between the grain boundaries of α-Fe or γ′-Fe4N crystallites is responsible for the low T0c. When the temperature increases above T0c, the interfacial phase becomes paramagnetic, and the exchange interaction between crystalline grains becomes weak, thereby causing the coercivity increases.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(higher‐α‐olefin)s with a nickel(α‐diimine)/methylaluminoxane catalyst system: Effect of chain running on the polymer properties (2006)

Abstract Homopolymerization of octadecene‐1 at different reaction conditions has been studied. Significant chain running can be seen at higher polymerization temperatures. Interestingly, insertion of octadecene‐1 into a sterically hindered nickel‐cation/carbon (secondary) bond is observed. The microstructure of the polymer was established using NMR spectroscopy. The effects of chain running on polymer melting, crystallization behavior, and dynamic mechanical thermal properties were studied using DSC and DMTA. The extent of chain running (i.e., 2,ω‐, 1,ω‐enchainments) decreases with an increase in the carbon number of α‐olefins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 191–210, 2007
Adhesive Strength and Diffusion at Interfaces between Sintered Cu Layer and Metal Surfaces (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Ni, NiPx, and NiBx) (2023)

Die-bonding technology using a sintering reaction of Cu nanoparticles at low temperatures is an attractive and important joint method for power devices operating at higher temperatures. We report the adhesive strengths of mechanical pressure-assisted sintered Cu (sCu) onto eight different metal surfaces (Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Ni, NiP<inf>x</inf>, and NiB<inf>x</inf>). The die-shear strengths (τ<inf>b</inf>) of sCu on the metal platings under sintering temperatures (260-300 °C) in N<inf>2</inf> were measured. As the sintering temperatures increased, the τ<inf>b</inf> on the Cu, Ag, Ni, NiP<inf>x</inf>, and NiB<inf>x</inf> increased, whereas those on the Au, Pd, and Pt decreased. The MD simulations imply that the diffused couples (Au, Pd, Pt) with high a ratio of intrinsic diffusion coefficients can deteriorate the shear strengths and the self- and non-diffusion couples (Cu, Ni, Ag) can keep the high shear strengths.
Optical Add-Drop Filter Design Incorporating Mode Conversion in a Shifted Grating Cavity (2010)

We design an add-drop filter incorporating a mode conversion waveguide and high index contrast shifted grating Fabry-Perot mode-conversion cavity. Simulations indicate that this device demonstrates add-drop functionality with high Q-factor and finesse.
ChemInform Abstract: First Application of Hexaaquaaluminium(III) Tetrafluoroborate as a Mild, Recyclable, Non‐hygroscopic Acid Catalyst in Organic Synthesis: A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Multigram Scale Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones by Biginelli Reaction. (2010)

Abstract A variety of β‐keto esters (II) and aromatic aldehydes (III) reacts smoothly with urea in the presence of [Al(H 2 O) 6 ](BF 4 ) 3 .
Analysis of NOD2-mediated Proteome Response to Muramyl Dipeptide in HEK293 Cells (2005)

NOD2, a cytosolic receptor for the bacterial proteoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide (MDP), plays an important role in the recognition of intracellular pathogens. Variants in the bacterial sensor domain of NOD2 are genetically associated with an increased risk for the development of Crohn disease, a human chronic inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, global protein expression changes after MDP stimulation were analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE of total protein extracts of human cultured cells stably transfected with expression constructs encoding for wild type NOD2 (NOD2(WT)) or the disease-associated NOD2 L1007fsinsC (NOD2(SNP13)) variant. Differentially regulated proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) peptide mass fingerprinting and MALDI MS/MS. The limited overlap in the responses of the NOD2-overexpressing cell lines to MDP included a down-regulation of heat shock 70-kDa protein 4. A complex pro-inflammatory program regulated by NOD2(WT) that encompasses a regulation of key genes involved in protein folding, DNA repair, cellular redox homeostasis, and metabolism was observed both under normal growth conditions and after stimulation with MDP. By using the comparison of NOD2(WT) and disease-associated NOD2(SNP13) variant, we have identified a proteomic signature pattern that may further our understanding of the influence of genetic variations in the NOD2 gene in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.
Polyimide-based waveguides for guided-wave multi-Gbit/sec MCM optoelectronic interconnects (1997)

We present the fabrication of polyimide-based H-tree waveguides for a multi-GBit/sec optical clock signal distribution in a Si CMOS process compatible environment. Such a clock distribution system is to replace the existing electronic counterpart associated with high-performance computers. A waveguide propagation loss of 0.21 dB/cm at 850 nm was experimentally confirmed for the l-to-48 waveguide fanout device, l-to-2 splitting loss and bending loss were measured to be 0.25 dB and higher. The planarization requirement of the optical interconnection layer among many electrical interconnection layers makes the employment of tilted grating a choice of desire. Theoretical calculation predicts the 1-to-l free-space to waveguide coupling with an efficiency as high as 95%. Currently, a coupling efficiency of 35% was experimentally confirmed due to the limited index difference between guiding and cladding layers. Further experiments aimed at structuring a larger guiding/cladding layer index differences are under investigation. To effectively couple an optical signal into the waveguide through the tided grating coupler, the accuracy of the wavelength employed is pivotal. This makes the usage of the vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and VCSEL arrays the best choice when compared with edge-emitting lasers. Modulation bandwidth as high as 6 GBit/sec was demonstrated at 850 nm. Such a wavelength is compatible with Si-based photodetectors. Temperature dependence of the threshold current up to 155 &deg;C was measured which will determine the power dissipation issue of the optoelectronic packaging. Finally, the first fully monolithic Si-MOSFET integrated receiver was made as the optical clock signal detector. To further enhance the bandwidth of such a detector, a resonant cavity structure with Si/Si02 as the bottom mirror was employed. The measured demodulation bandwidth is over 10 GHz. A fully integrated guided-wave optical clock signal distribution system having planarized grating couplers, H-tree Si- CMOS process compatible waveguides, VCSELs and Si-based photo-receivers will be demonstrated in the near future.
Leveraging premalignant biology for immune-based cancer prevention (2016)

Prevention is an essential component of cancer eradication. Next-generation sequencing of cancer genomes and epigenomes has defined large numbers of driver mutations and molecular subgroups, leading to therapeutic advances. By comparison, there is a relative paucity of such knowledge in premalignant neoplasia, which inherently limits the potential to develop precision prevention strategies. Studies on the interplay between germ-line and somatic events have elucidated genetic processes underlying premalignant progression and preventive targets. Emerging data hint at the immune system's ability to intercept premalignancy and prevent cancer. Genetically engineered mouse models have identified mechanisms by which genetic drivers and other somatic alterations recruit inflammatory cells and induce changes in normal cells to create and interact with the premalignant tumor microenvironment to promote oncogenesis and immune evasion. These studies are currently limited to only a few lesion types and patients. In this Perspective, we advocate a large-scale collaborative effort to systematically map the biology of premalignancy and the surrounding cellular response. By bringing together scientists from diverse disciplines (e.g., biochemistry, omics, and computational biology; microbiology, immunology, and medical genetics; engineering, imaging, and synthetic chemistry; and implementation science), we can drive a concerted effort focused on cancer vaccines to reprogram the immune response to prevent, detect, and reject premalignancy. Lynch syndrome, clonal hematopoiesis, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia which also serve as models for inherited syndromes, blood, and viral premalignancies, are ideal scenarios in which to launch this initiative.
Correction to Fluorinated Copper Phthalocyanine Nanowires for Enhancing Interfacial Electron Transport in Organic Solar Cells (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Fluorinated Copper Phthalocyanine Nanowires for Enhancing Interfacial Electron Transport in Organic Solar CellsSeok Min Yoon, Sylvia J. Lou, Stephen Loser, Jeremy Smith, Lin X. Chen*, Antonio Facchetti*, and Tobin J. Marks*Cite this: Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 2, 854Publication Date (Web):January 23, 2013Publication History Published online23 January 2013Published inissue 13 February 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/nl4002348https://doi.org/10.1021/nl4002348correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1140Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (96 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Performance analysis of communication links based on VCSEL and silicon photonics technology for high-capacity data-intensive scenario (2015)

To face the increased demand for bandwidth, cost-effectiveness and simplicity of future Ethernet data communications, a comparison between two different solutions based on directly-modulated VCSEL sources and Silicon Photonics technologies is carried out. Also by exploiting 4-PAM modulation, the transmission of 50-Gb/s and beyond capacity per channel is analyzed by means of BER performance. Applications for optical backplane, very short reach and in case of client-optics networks and intra and inter massive data centers communications (up to 10 km) are taken into account. A comparative analysis based on the power consumption is also proposed.
Exciton dissociation in polymer field-effect transistors studied using terahertz spectroscopy (2008)

We have used terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to investigate photoinduced charge generation in conjugated polymer field-effect transistors. Our measurements show that excitons dissociate in the accumulation layer under the application of a gate voltage, with a quantum efficiency of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ for an average gate field of $\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The transistor history is found to affect the exciton dissociation efficiency, which decreases as holes are increasingly trapped in the accumulation layer. The quantum efficiency of charge formation from excitons is compared with the two contrasting models proposed by Onsager and Arkhipov based on the assumption that field-induced exciton dissociation is assisted by the Brownian diffusive motion or an initial excess energy supplied by excited vibrational modes, respectively.
Design and optimization of a light-emitting diode projection micro-stereolithography three-dimensional manufacturing system (2012)

The rapid manufacture of complex three-dimensional micro-scale components has eluded researchers for decades. Several additive manufacturing options have been limited by either speed or the ability to fabricate true three-dimensional structures. Projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL) is a low cost, high throughput additive fabrication technique capable of generating three-dimensional microstructures in a bottom-up, layer by layer fashion. The PμSL system is reliable and capable of manufacturing a variety of highly complex, three-dimensional structures from micro- to meso-scales with micro-scale architecture and submicron precision. Our PμSL system utilizes a reconfigurable digital mask and a 395 nm light-emitting diode (LED) array to polymerize a liquid monomer in a layer-by-layer manufacturing process. This paper discusses the critical process parameters that influence polymerization depth and structure quality. Experimental characterization and performance of the LED-based PμSL system for fabricating highly complex three-dimensional structures for a large range of applications is presented.