gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alteration of movement patterns in low back pain assessed by Statistical Parametric Mapping (2019)

Changes in movement pattern in low back pain (LBP) groups have been analysed by reporting predefined discrete variables. However, this approach does not consider the full kinematic data waveform and its dynamic information, potentially exposing the analysis to bias. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) has been introduced and applied to 1 dimensional (D) kinematic variables allowing the assessment of data over time. The aims of this study were to assess differences in 3D kinematics patterns in people with and without LBP during functional tasks by using SPM and to investigate if SPM analysis was consistent with standard 3D range of motion (RoM) assessments. 3D joints kinematics of the spine and lower limbs were compared between 20 healthy controls and 20 participants with non-specific LBP during walking, sit-to-stand and lifting. SPM analysis showed significant differences in the 3Dkinematics of the lower thoracic segment, upper and lower lumbar segment and knee joint during walking and lifting mostly observed at the beginning and/or towards the end of the tasks. ROMs differed between groups in the lower thoracic segment (walking/sit-to-stand), upper and lower lumbar segments (walking/sit-to-stand/lifting), hip and knee (sit-to-stand/lifting). Based on these results, the two approaches can yield different data interpretations. SPM analysis allows the identification of differences in movement that occur over time. This adds value to LBP movement analysis as it allows an understanding of the LBP strategies adopted during motion that may not be conveyed by simple discrete parameters such as ROMs.
X-ray coherent scatter imaging for surgical margin detection: a Monte Carlo study (2014)

Instead of having the entire breast removed (a mastectomy), breast cancer patients often receive a breast con- serving surgery (BCS) for removal of only the breast tumor. If post-surgery analysis reveals ta missed margin around the tumor tissue excised through the BCS procedure, the physician must often call the patient back for another surgery, which is both difficult and risky for the patient. If this “margin detection” could be performed during the BCS procedure itself, the surgical team could use the analysis to ensure that all tumor tissue was removed in a single surgery, thereby potentially reducing the number of call backs from breast cancer surgery. We describe here a potential technique to detect surgical tumor margins in breast cancer using x-ray coherent scatter imaging. In this study, we demonstrate the imaging ability of this technique using Monte Carlo simulations.
Therapeutic blockade of Activin-A improves NK cell function and anti-tumor immunity (2018)

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a major role in immunosurveillance against tumor initiation and metastasis spread. Signals and checkpoints that regulate NK cell fitness and function in the tumor microenvironment are not well defined. Transforming grow factor (TGF)-β is a recognized suppressor of NK cells that inhibits IL-15 dependent signaling events and induces cellular transdifferentiation, however the role of other SMAD signaling pathways in NK cells is unknown. In this report, we show that NK cells express the type I Activin receptor, ALK4, which upon binding its ligand Activin-A, phosphorylates SMAD2/3 to efficiently suppress IL-15-mediated NK cell metabolism. Activin-A impairs human and mouse NK cell proliferation and downregulates intracellular granzyme B levels to impair tumor killing. Similar to TGF-β, Activin-A also induced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and drove NK cells to upregulate several ILC1-like surface markers including CD69, TRAIL and CD49a. Activin-A also induced these changes on TGF-β receptor deficient NK cells, highlighting that Activin-A and TGF-β are independent pathways that drive SMAD2/3-mediated NK cell suppression. Finally, therapeutic inhibition of Activin-A by Follistatin significantly slowed orthotopic melanoma growth in mice. These data highlight independent SMAD2/3 pathways target NK cell fitness and function and identify a novel therapeutic axis to promote tumor immunity. One Sentence Summary: Activin-A can directly inhibit NK cell effector functions, promote NK cells transdifferentiation into ILC1-like cells and suppress anti-melanoma immunity.
HPLC‐fluorescence detection and MEKC‐LIF detection for the study of amino acids and catecholamines labelled with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxyaldehyde (2006)

Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde (NDA) is commonly used for detection of primary amines in conjunction with their separation with HPLC and CE. The fluorescence of the derivatives can be measured by a conventional fluorometer or via LIF. NDA is a reactive dye, which can replace o-phthaldehyde (OPA) and provides for derivatives which are considerably more stable than OPA derivatives. In addition, NDA can be used to derivatize primary amines at concentrations as low as 100 pM. In this work, HPLC/fluorescence and MEKC/LIF experiments were performed to separate/detect six neuroactive compounds, the amino acids, Gly, Glu, Asp, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the catecholamines, dopamine and noradrenaline. The two methods were compared in terms of performance of separation. The amino acids can be separated in HPLC in less than 30 min and an identical separation is obtained in CE using MEKC and lithium salts with greater resolution (the number of theoretical plates was approximately 5000 for HPLC and 200 000 for MEKC). The lowest detected concentration was in the range of 0.1 nM for CE/LIF. The presence of a high salt concentration does not affect the separation of the samples. Examples of the analysis of microdialysate samples as well as amino acids in Ringer's solution are presented.
Sorting process of nanoparticles and applications of same (2023)

A sensing platform includes a substrate, an array of wells formed in the substrate, and sorted nanoparticles filling in the array of wells such that each well contains a single sorted nanoparticle, wherein the sorted nanoparticles are in a cluster state.
Effect of Inosine in the Normal and Reperfused Rat Heart (1990)

Inosine is a positive inotropic agent and dilates coronary blood vessels. During ischemia, inosine infusion increases blood flow, resulting in decreased myocardial damage. We wished (a) to determine inosine's effect in isolated rat hearts and (b) to determine if inosine attenuates myocardial dysfunction after transient global ischemia. Developed left ventricular pressure (LVP), LV dP/dt, and coronary perfusion pressure were monitored in hearts receiving Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) (n = 10) or KHB + 2 mM inosine (n = 4). KHB + 2 mM inosine significantly reduced coronary perfusion pressure by 21% but had no effect on developed LVP or LV dP/dt. Hearts receiving KHB (n = 6) or KHB + 2 mM inosine (n = 5) were subjected to 15-min global ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion with KHB. Recovery of LVP, LV dP/dt, the incidence of arrhythmias, and the time to peak recovery of developed LVP was not different between groups. In two additional hearts, KHB + 2 mM inosine administered during reperfusion had no effect on developed LVP, LV dP/dt, or coronary perfusion pressure. Thus, unlike other preparations, inosine pretreatment did not significantly affect the time course of postischemic functional recovery of rat myocardium.
Effect of Branching and Molecular Weight on Heterogeneous Catalytic Deuterium Exchange in Polyolefins (2017)

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a powerful method for probing the structural properties of polymeric materials. Contrast between polymer chains can be obtained by labeling with deuterium, which provides an opportunity for analyzing individual chain behavior in bulk. A transition metal (Pt/Re)-catalyzed reaction in isooctane was used to exchange deuterium for hydrogen in various saturated hydrocarbon polymers, including a commercial polyethylene. We have investigated the role of two forms of molecular heterogeneity on the labeling reaction using narrow dispersity hydrogenated polybutadiene (hPBD) samples with controlled molecular weight and ethyl branch content (short chain branching). These materials were prepared by anionic polymerization, followed by catalytic hydrogenation. A monotonic increase of deuterium labeling from 65% to 84% was observed when molecular weight was increased from 4000 to 216 000. Increasing the molecular weight to 635 000, however, resulted in almost no exchange, which is possibly due to the existence of a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in isooctane. A similar trend with molecular weight was found for an isotope-labeled commercial linear low-density polyethylene material with 2.5% butyl branches and molecular weight ranging between 1000 and 1 000 000. Variation of ethyl branches from 2 to 50 ethyl branches per 100 backbone carbons in hPBDs reduced the level of exchange from 78% to 34%, with deuterons preferentially entering the pendant methyl groups at higher levels of branching. The materials generated from this isotope exchange reaction proved to be viable materials for SANS, providing consistent single chain statistics through proper analysis strategies, which take into account the inhomogeneous distribution of deuterium along and among individual chains caused by partial labeling and the molecular weight dependence of exchange. These results suggest that for a given chain, isotope exchange occurs on the metal catalyst surface during relatively few adsorption steps.
Chapter 12. The Challenge of Regulating Nanomedicine: Key Issues (2016)

Nano-enabled products and their applications have continued to evolve in recent years. Indeed, nanotechnologies have been integrated into many academic and industrial sectors, and have spurred new directions in terms of research, patents, commercial opportunities and technology transfer. However, many nanopatents are of dubious scope and breadth yet continue to be granted by patent offices internationally. Underpinning many issues in the regulation and patenting of such technologies is the difficulty that has been encountered in agreeing a definition, and this continues to pose a significant problem to regulators, policy-makers, drug companies, ethicists and legal professionals. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the regulatory and scientific landscape for nanotechnologies applied to medicine. The first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nanodrug, Doxil®, is discussed as a paradigm for some of the sentient points. The chapter also provides information on the utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for nano-enabled regulatory submissions, and a view of important gaps in knowledge relating to the mechanistic basis for modeling in the context of efficacy and safety of novel materials. There are potentially serious and inhibitory consequences if nanodrugs are overregulated, and a balanced approach is required, at least on a case-by-case basis, that addresses the needs of commercialization against mitigation of inadvertent harm to patients or the environment. Obviously, not every nanotherapeutic or nano-enabled product needs to be regulated. However, more is clearly needed from regulatory agencies like the FDA and European Medicines Agency than a stream of guidance documents that are in draft format, position papers that lack any legal implication, presentations that fail to identify key regulatory issues and policy papers that are often short on specifics. There is a very real need for regulatory guidelines that follow a science-based approach that are responsive to the associated shifts in knowledge and risks.
Measure twice and cut once: Robust dynamic voltage scaling for FPGAs (2016)

Although dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a popular power reduction solution that has been widely used by processors and ASICs, it is still not commercially adopted by FPGAs. A unique feature of FPGAs that leads to challenges in adopting DVS is that the critical path and hence the minimum safe V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> depends on the configured application. We present a robust DVS technique that solves these challenges. For each application, we generate a calibration table (CT) that stores the actual failing points of that application on a specific FPGA, under various operating conditions. This CT is used to scale V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> while the application is running to guarantee safe operation with minimal power consumption. We develop an automated tool (FRoC) that ensures a Fast-Robust-Calibration of the FPGA to any application using it. FRoC ensures that the calibration process is invisible to FPGA users and does not add any extra manual steps to the design process. We show that our proposed DVS technique achieves a 33% total power reduction on two large applications.
Authors' Reply (2007)

For comments by S. Nadarajah see ibid., vol.55, no.3, p.597-8, March 2007. The authors thank S. Nadarajah for his comments on their original article (see ibid., vol.54, no.6, p.1876-86, June 2006)
UNCERTAINTY CLASSIFICATION AND VISUALIZATION OF MOLECULAR INTERFACES (2012)

Molecular surfaces at atomic and subatomic scales are inherently ill-defined. In many computational chemistry problems, boundaries are better represented as volumetric regions than as discrete surfaces. Molecular structure of a system at equilibrium is given by the self-consistent field, commonly interpreted as a scalar field of electron density. While experimental measurements such as chemical bond and van der Waals radii do not spatially define the interface, they can serve as useful indicators of chemical and inert interactions, respectively. Rather than using these radial values to directly determine surface geometry, we use them to map an uncertainty interval in the electron density distribution, which then guides classification of volume data. This results in a new strategy for representing, analyzing, and rendering molecular boundaries that is agnostic to the type of interaction.
Optimal Deghosting Algorithm - A Robust Deghosting Approach for Over/Under Towed-streamer Data (2008)

Over/under acquisition provides broadband data at all frequencies by combining the advantages of shallow and deep cable depths. These benefits are achieved by using data processing algorithms that combine data from the over/under cables into a single dataset. However, the conventional algorithms used for this purpose do not consider the presence of noise. The optimal deghosting (ODG) algorithm is proposed for processing the noisy over/under towed-streamer data. The new method estimates the statistics of the noise on over and under streamers and minimizes the residual noise on the deghosted data in a least-squares sense. We show on a real data example that the ODG method may provide significantly quieter deghosting results, especially in very noisy environments. Hence, by optimally combining the data from both streamers, the ODG method results in a broad bandwidth with enhanced low-frequency response and optimal signal-to-noise ratio.
First prototype of a novel dual round-edge detector arrangement for breast PET imaging (2021)

[Objectives] 18F-FDG PET is useful for diagnosis of breast cancer. Compared to whole-body imaging, local breast imaging with a dedicated PET system can more clearly visualize the extent of the primary breast tumor and axillary lymph nodes metastasis. Breast-dedicated PET systems are categorized into two geometries: a ring-shaped detector arrangement and a dual flat-panel detector arrangement. Although the flat-panel system allows imaging axillary lymph nodes from a similar view as X-ray mammography, PET images are blurred (i.e. spatial resolution is degraded) in the direction perpendicular to the detectors due to the limited angular coverage. To compensate for this issue, we proposed a dual round-edge detector arrangement, in which the detector blocks at both edge positions were tilted toward the center of the field-of-view (FOV). The proposed detector arrangement is expected to reduce image blurring and improve spatial resolution while keeping the advantages of the dual panel arrangement. For a proof of concept, we developed a small prototype and evaluated the spatial resolution.[Methods] We used the crosshair light-sharing (CLS) detectors which had depth-of-interaction (DOI) and time-of-flight (TOF) measurement capabilities*. A 14×14 array of 1.45×1.45×15 mm3 GFAG scintillator was coupled with an 8×8 array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) each with a photosensitive area of 3.0×3.0 mm2. DOI was digitalized into three bins. The data acquisition system was the TOFPET2 ASIC (PETsys Electronics), which was designed to digitize energy and time signals from photo sensors. The small prototype was composed of 32 detector blocks. We examined the conventional flat-panel arrangement and our proposed round-edge arrangement. A 22Na Derenzo-like multi-rod phantom (rod diameters: 1.6, 2.2, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mm) was used for spatial resolution measurement. The phantom was measured (90 min) in the two directions (coronal and axial planes) at the center of the FOV. [Results] In the coronal plane, the 1.6 mm rods were clearly resolved in both arrangements. In the axial plane, the round-edge arrangement significantly improved the spatial resolution compared with the flat-panel arrangement. While the conventional flat-panel arrangement could not resolve the 3.0 mm rods, the proposed round-edge arrangement resolved the 2.2 mm rods. [Conclusion] The proposed dual round-edge detector arrangement showed better spatial resolution than the conventional flat-panel arrangement while keeping the geometrical advantage for the breast PET imaging.(*Yoshida, et al. A crosshair light sharing PET detector with DOI and TOF capabilities using four-to-one coupling and single-ended readout. IEEE TRPMS 2020.)
Adaptive detection of CPFSK signals in non-Gaussian noise (2003)

Adaptive detection of CPFSK (continuous phase frequency shift keying) signals corrupted by class-A impulse noise is presented. The EM algorithm (E for expectation, M for maximize) is used to estimate the noise characteristics. Performance of the EM algorithm and the adaptive detector are reported. The results show that the adaptive detector performs very close to optimal for reasonable sample sizes and well-separated components. Even when the sample size is reduced and the components are close together, the performance of the adaptive detector is still very acceptable despite the degradation. The EM algorithm is not restricted to class-A noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Polynomial-time subgraph enumeration for automated instruction set extension (2007)

This paper proposes a novel algorithm that, given a data-flow graph and an input/output constraint, enumerates all convex subgraphs under the given constraint in polynomial time with respect to the size of the graph. These subgraphs have been shown to represent efficient Instruction Set Extensions for customizable processors. The search space for this problem is inherently polynomial but, to our knowledge, this is the first paper to prove this and to present a practical algorithm for this problem with polynomial complexity. Our algorithm is based on properties of convex subgraphs that link them to the concept of multiple-vertex dominators. We discuss several pruning techniques that, without sacrificing the optimality of the algorithm, make it practical for data-flow graphs of a thousands nodes or more.
And Then There Was Light: Perspectives of Optogenetics for Deep Brain Stimulation and Neuromodulation (2017)

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has evolved into a well-accepted add-on treatment for patients with severe Parkinsons disease as well as for other chronic neurological conditions. The focal action of electrical stimulation can yield better responses and it exposes the patient to fewer side effects compared to pharmaceuticals distributed throughout the body toward the brain. On the other hand, the current practice of DBS is hampered by the relatively coarse level of neuromodulation achieved. Optogenetics, in contrast, offers the perspective of much more selective actions on the various physiological structures, provided that the stimulated cells are rendered sensitive to the action of light. Optogenetics has experienced tremendous progress since its first <i>in vivo</i> applications about 10 years ago. Recent advancements of viral vector technology for gene transfer substantially reduce vector-associated cytotoxicity and immune responses. This brings about the possibility to transfer this technology into the clinic as a possible alternative to DBS and neuromodulation. New paths could be opened toward a rich panel of clinical applications. Some technical issues still limit the long term use in humans but realistic perspectives quickly emerge. Despite a rapid accumulation of observations about patho-physiological mechanisms, it is still mostly serendipity and empiric adjustments that dictate clinical practice while more efficient logically designed interventions remain rather exceptional. Interestingly, it is also very much the neuro technology developed around optogenetics that offers the most promising tools to fill in the existing knowledge gaps about brain function in health and disease. The present review examines Parkinson's disease and refractory epilepsy as use cases for possible optogenetic stimulation therapies.
Lasing in Optically Pumped Ga(NAsP)/(BGa)(AsP) Heterostructures on Silicon (2009)

We report lasing of optically pumped Ga(NAsP)/(BGa)(AsP) heterostructures grown lattice-matched on Si. Modal gain of up to 80cm−1 is determined at 300K and a distinct threshold behaviour and mode spectrum is observed up to 100K.
Evaluation of the E-test: Comparison of E-test and Microbroth Dilution Method in Azole Antifungal Susceptibility Test. (1998)

The susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida spp. to fluconazole (FLCZ), itraconazole (ITCZ) and ketoconazole (KCZ) were determined by a new method, E-test (AB BIODISK, Sweden) and compared with those obtained by the microbroth dilution method. The MIC values of the 3 azoles obtained by the two methods were, in general, in good agreement. While MICs of FLCZ and KCZ demonstrated higher essential agreement rates and better correlation by both methods, MIC values of ITCZ by the E-test had a tendency to be higher than those of the microbroth dilution method in azole resistant strains. Potential usability of E-test as a broth dilution method for susceptibility tests for clinically isolated Candida spp. including azole resistant strains was discussed.