gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of colony stimulating factor in long‐term bone marrow cultures (1983)

Previous studies have shown no detectable colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in media harvested from long-term bone marrow cultures. In the present experiments supernatants from long-term cultures established in three laboratories were assayed for CSF by colony assay and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Most samples were devoid of biologic activity but all contained CSF as judged by RIA. Biologic activity was found in the majority of samples after diafiltration to remove low molecular weight inhibitors or 5-fold concentration by ultrafiltration. Samples that remained inactive in the colony assay were subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 to remove potential high molecular weight inhibitors. Biologic activity remained lower than that by RIA in two of three samples tested. Thus, most long-term cultures appear to contain biologically active CSF but this activity is masked by various types of inhibitors. In addition some media appear to contain material that is only detected by RIA.
Optimized link adaptation for DVB-S2X precoded waveforms based on SNIR estimation (2016)

The present work deals with optimized strategies to address the issue of link adaptation (Adaptive Coding and Modulation — ACM) in a multi-user multi-beam satellite system employing precoding at the gateway side. Accordingly, the focus is on the forward link of a multi-beam satellite system employing a full frequency reuse configuration. In such an interference limited setting, the Super-Framing structure of DVB-S2X air interface (format specification 2 and 3) enables the use of precoding techniques. The aim herein is to investigate the Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference (SNIR) estimation error given by the User Terminals (UTs) through the so-called P2 pilots is taken into account to optimize the ACM margins.
Retinal Vessel Caliber and Lifelong Neuropsychological Functioning (2013)

Why do more intelligent people live healthier and longer lives? One possibility is that intelligence tests assess health of the brain, but psychological science has lacked technology to evaluate this hypothesis. Digital retinal imaging, a new, noninvasive method to visualize microcirculation in the eye, may reflect vascular conditions in the brain. We studied the association between retinal vessel caliber and neuropsychological functioning in the representative Dunedin birth cohort. Wider venular caliber was associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning at midlife, independently of potentially confounding factors. This association was not limited to any specific test domain and extended to informants' reports of cohort members' cognitive difficulties in everyday life. Moreover, wider venular caliber was associated with lower childhood IQ tested 25 years earlier. The findings indicate that retinal venular caliber may be an indicator of neuropsychological health years before the onset of dementing diseases and suggest that digital retinal imaging may be a useful investigative tool for psychological science.
Polymers Containing Pendent Herbicide Substituents: Preliminary Hydrolysis Studies (1976)

Controlled-release pesticide-polymer formulations that extend the control of a wide variety of target organisms have been developed (1-3). For example, herbicide-polyethylene formulations have been prepared and studied in this laboratory (4). In these systems the herbicide is physically incorporated in the plastic matrix and release occurs by diffusion. Although formulations of this type have considerable potential, a drawback to their production and use is the large amount of inert polymer carrier (70-90% w/w) that must be employed. The development of pesticide-polymer formulations that contain a high percentage of pesticide is highly desirable. One route to such formulations has been the synthesis of polymers that contain pesticides as pendent substituents (5-18). For example, polymers have been prepared that consist of over 80% 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid (Silvex) as pendent side chains (14-16). Theoretically the controlled release of pesticide is then achieved by the slow, sequential hydrolysis of the
Chronic lead exposure in rats: effects on blood pressure (1993)

The influence of Pb exposure on blood pressure was investigated in Wistar Kyoto, Sprague Dawley and stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. In short-term experiments, a dose-dependent decrease of blood pressure was found with administration of Pb acetate in drinking fluid. This effect was more pronounced in young, male as compared to old, female animals. Pressor responses to noradrenaline and ANG II were decreased. In contrast, long-term Pb exposure of more than 1 year duration consistently caused hypertension. In SHR-sp a high proportion of animals died from cerebrovascular haemorrhage even before developing hypertension. Chronically Pb exposed hypertensive rats had increased plasma volume and total body sodium despite normal renal function. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines and PRA were normal. The results show a biphasic effect of Pb on blood pressure. An important role of renal sodium retention in chronic Pb-induced experimental hypertension is suggested.
Ge Quantum Well Modulators on Si (2008)

We discuss the physics and device structures of optical modulators using germanium quantum wells grown on silicon substrates. These exploit the recently discovered strong electroabsorption mechanism in such wells, and promise high performance optical modulators on silicon.
Synthesis of dipeptides containing α‐substituted amino acids; their use as chiral ligands in Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed reactions (1995)

Abstract L‐α‐Methylphenylalanine, obtained by enzymatic resolution of the corresponding racemic amide with amidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi NCIMB 40321, was used in the synthesis of dipeptides containing α‐substituted amino acids. The 2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1‐carboxaldehyde Schiff bases of the dipeptides ( 1 and 2 ) were tested as Ti(IV) and Al(III) complexes in asymmetric Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed reactions. Only the Al(III) complex of 2 showed moderate enantioselectivity in the cyanation reaction of benzaldehyde with TMS‐CN.
Neural adaptation and perceptual learning using a portable real-time cochlear implant simulator in natural environments (2011)

A portable real-time speech processor that implements an acoustic simulation model of a cochlear implant (CI) has been developed on the Apple iPhone / iPod Touch to permit testing and experimentation under extended exposure in real-world environments. This simulator allows for both a variable number of noise band channels and electrode insertion depth. Utilizing this portable CI simulator, we tested perceptual learning in normal hearing listeners by measuring word and sentence comprehension behaviorally before and after 2 weeks of exposure. To evaluate changes in neural activation related to adaptation to transformed speech, fMRI was also conducted. Differences in brain activation after training occurred in the inferior frontal gyrus and areas related to language processing. A 15-20% improvement in word and sentence comprehension of cochlear implant simulated speech was also observed. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of a portable CI simulator as a research tool and provide new information about the physiological changes that accompany perceptual learning of degraded auditory input.
Wohin geht die Chemie in den nächsten zwanzig Jahren? (1990)

Abstract Der zukünftige Weg der Chemie wird sowohl von Forderungen der Gesellschaft als auch von der Entwicklung neuer Ideen durch die Grundlagenforschung geprägt werden. Dieser Aufsatz skizziert vier Gesellschaftsbereiche, in denen die Chemie zur Lösung von Problemen gefordert sein wird ‐ nationale Sicherheit, Gesundheitsfürsorge, Umweltschutz und Energieversorgung ‐, sowie vier Bereiche, in denen die Grundlagenforschung wichtige Impulse geben wird ‐ Materialforschung, Biochemie, Computerchemie und die Erforschung der Grenzen von Größe und Geschwindigkeit chemischer Phänomene.
A Component-type Mathematical Model of Hydrodynamic Forces in Steering Motion Derived by Simplified Vortex Model (1996)

One of the authors presented the component-type mathematical model of hydrodynamic forces in steering motion on the basis of kinematic forces acting upon the both ends of the hull. The mathematical model can describe well the forces X, Y and N with large drift angles and tough turning motion. The rotative coefficients in the model are estimated from the static coefficients at oblique motion. The rotative coefficients thus derived are, however, somewhat different from the ones delivered from the experimental data of turning motion.In order to improve this point, the authors will now break up the hydrodynamic forces into the following components, i. e., ideal flow force, viscous force, induced drag, cross flow drag, cross flow lift and frictional resistance in the normal sense. Then a simplified vortex theory is called upon to evaluate the ideal flow force, viscous lift and induced drag.As the results, the present mathematical model can describe the hydrodynamic forces acting upon a hull in turning/drifting motion with a fair accuracy. The model also provides a sensible insight on the mechanism of hydrodynamic forces appearing in steering motion.
Serum-mediated cleavage of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen is a two-step process that involves a serum carboxypeptidase (2018)

Abstract Much our understanding of the activity of anthrax toxin is based on in-vitro systems, which delineate the interaction between B. anthracis toxins and the cell surface. These systems however, fail to account for the intimate association of B. anthracis with the circulatory system, including the contribution of serum proteins to the host response and processing of anthrax toxins. Using variety immunologic techniques to inhibit serum processing of B. anthracis Protective Antigen (PA) along with mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that serum digests PA via 2 distinct reactions. In the first reaction, serum cleaves PA 83 into 2 fragments to produce PA 63 and PA 20 fragments, similar to that observed following furin digestion. This is followed by carboxypeptidase-mediated removal of the carboxy-terminal arginine and lysine residues from PA 20 .
Cryosurgery with Pulsed Electric Fields (2011)

This study explores the hypothesis that combining the minimally invasive surgical techniques of cryosurgery and pulsed electric fields will eliminate some of the major disadvantages of these techniques while retaining their advantages. Cryosurgery, tissue ablation by freezing, is a well-established minimally invasive surgical technique. One disadvantage of cryosurgery concerns the mechanism of cell death; cells at high subzero temperature on the outer rim of the frozen lesion can survive. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) are another minimally invasive surgical technique in which high strength and very rapid electric pulses are delivered across cells to permeabilize the cell membrane for applications such as gene delivery, electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation. The very short time scale of the electric pulses is disadvantageous because it does not facilitate real time control over the procedure. We hypothesize that applying the electric pulses during the cryosurgical procedure in such a way that the electric field vector is parallel to the heat flux vector will have the effect of confining the electric fields to the frozen/cold region of tissue, thereby ablating the cells that survive freezing while facilitating controlled use of the PEF in the cold confined region. A finite element analysis of the electric field and heat conduction equations during simultaneous tissue treatment with cryosurgery and PEF (cryosurgery/PEF) was used to study the effect of tissue freezing on electric fields. The study yielded motivating results. Because of decreased electrical conductivity in the frozen/cooled tissue, it experienced temperature induced magnified electric fields in comparison to PEF delivered to the unfrozen tissue control. This suggests that freezing/cooling confines and magnifies the electric fields to those regions; a targeting capability unattainable in traditional PEF. This analysis shows how temperature induced magnified and focused PEFs could be used to ablate cells in the high subzero freezing region of a cryosurgical lesion.
C-myc amplification in breast cancer: a meta-analysis of its occurrence and prognostic relevance (2000)

Data from basic research suggests that amplification of the proto-oncogene c-myc is important in breast cancer pathogenesis, but its frequency of amplification and prognostic relevance in human studies have been inconsistent. In an effort to clarify the clinical significance of c-myc amplification in breast cancer, we conducted a comprehensive literature search and a meta-analysis in which 29 studies were evaluated. The weighted average frequency of c-myc amplification in breast tumours was 15.7% (95% CI = 12.5-18.8%), although estimates in individual studies exhibited significant heterogeneity, P<0.0001. C-myc amplification exhibited significant but weak associations with tumour grade (RR = 1.61), lymph-node metastasis (RR = 1.24), negative progesterone receptor status (RR = 1.27), and postmenopausal status (RR = 0.82). Amplification was significantly associated with risk of relapse and death, with pooled estimates RR = 2.05 (95% CI = 1.51-2.78) and RR = 1.74 (95% CI = 1.27-2.39), respectively. This effect did not appear to be merely a surrogate for other prognostic factors. These results suggest that c-myc amplification is relatively common in breast cancer and may provide independent prognostic information. More rigorous studies with consistent methodology are required to validate this association, and to investigate its potential as a molecular predictor of specific therapy response.
Intrinsic challenges (and opportunities) to deploy LTE in Europe's TV white spaces (2012)

This contribution presents four business challenges associated with a potential secondary use of European TV white spaces by LTE networks. Based on a quantitative study for 11 representative European countries, we show that Europe's TV white spaces are relatively scarce, diminishing, spatially scattered and heterogeneous, as well as rural in nature. These intrinsic characteristics of the spectrum have implications for the exploitation scenarios by secondary LTE networks that regularly appear as promising use cases. We discuss these implications relation to three LTE use case scenarios: femtocell deployments, rural coverage deployments, and LTE broadcasting/ multicasting deployments.
Raman spectroscopic data from Formic Acid Decomposition in subcritical and supercritical water (2020)

The spectra presented correspond with the research article entitled "Kinetics of Formic Acid Decomposition in Subcritical and Supercritical Water - A Raman Spectroscopic Study" [1]. Data set contains <i>in situ</i> Raman spectra of the quenched effluent stream, which includes varied concentrations of formic acid, water, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub> as reaction products. Each spectrum is collected downstream of the subcritical or supercritical water gasification of formic acid, which occurs at a specified temperature, residence time, a constant pressure of 25 MPa, and a constant initial feedstock concentration of 3.6 wt% formic acid. Additionally, calibration spectra of formic acid in water, and spectra of pure carbon dioxide and high concentration formic acid are provided for model development. Finally, a MATLAB code used for baseline subtraction of raw data files is included with the dataset. The full dataset is hosted in Mendeley Data, https://doi.org/10.17632/hjn8xwskng.1.
Estimating the Advantage of Age-Layering in Evolutionary Algorithms (2016)

In an age-layered evolutionary algorithm, candidates are evaluated on a small number of samples first; if they seem promising, they are evaluated with more samples, up to the entire training set. In this manner, weak candidates can be eliminated quickly, and evolution can proceed faster. In this paper, the fitness-level method is used to derive a theoretical upper bound for the runtime of (k+1) age-layered evolutionary strategy, showing a significant potential speedup compared to a non-layered counterpart. The parameters of the upper bound are estimated experimentally in the 11-Multiplexer problem, verifying that the theory can be useful in configuring age layering for maximum advantage. The predictions are validated in a practical implementation of age layering, confirming that 60-fold speedups are possible with this technique.
Server Capacity Planning with Priority Allocation for Service Level Management in Heterogeneous Server Clusters (2007)

Web sites occasionally experience sharp fluctuation in load. The quality of such services can be maintained by allocating servers according to the load. Such autonomic service level management requires server capacity planning. However, existing capacity planning functions cannot appropriately calculate capacity in a heterogeneous server cluster, nor can they facilitate the prioritizing of services. As a result, high-priority services may deteriorate, while the quality of low-priority services remains high. Our approach achieves appropriate capacity planning for a heterogeneous server cluster by the resolution of integer programming induced by a certain status in a system model The status is specified by the consideration of a weighted round-robin algorithm of a managed load balancer. The priority allocation function is facilitated by fuzzy control.
Adenovirus-mediated TNF-α Gene Transfer induces Significant Tumor Regression in Mice (1999)

Recombinant adenovirus vectors are highly efficient at in vitro and in vivo gene delivery. The in vitro infection of a mouse colon adenocarcinoma cell line MCA-26 with the adenovirus AdV-LacZ can reach a maximal 75% of infectivity at an MOI of 1000. Intratumoral injection of AdV-LacZ (2X10(9) pfu) resulted in substantial gene transfer in nearly 70% of MCA-26 tumors. After the in vitro infection of AdV-TNF-alpha, infected MCA-26 cells showed significant secretion of TNF-alpha (45 ng/ml/10(6) cells) in tissue culture. The secretion peaks at day 2 and is diminished at day 4 following the viral infection. Infected MCA-26 tumor cells secreting TNF-alpha significantly reduced their tumorigenicity in syngeneic BALB/c mice. In mice bearing small tumors, intratumoral injection of 2X10(9) pfu of AdV-TNF-alpha virus with a repeated booster treatment resulted in complete regression of three tumors and significant diminution of the other two with a mean tumor-weight of 0.16 g; this is in contrast to 0.85 and 1.62 g for tumors injected with the control AdV-pLpA and PBS respectively (p < 0.01). Mice with complete tumor regression further developed protective immunity against the second challenge of MCA-26 inoculation. In mice bearing large tumors, this treatment also caused significant inhibition of tumor growth with a mean tumor weight of 0.65 g vis-a-vis 3.05 g for tumors injected with the control AdV-pLpA. On the contrary, in mice bearing large tumors, the treatment of tumors with pCI-TNF-alpha delivered by the gene gun did not induce significant tumor inhibition. These results indicate that the adenoviral delivery of TNF-alpha gene is more efficient than the particle-mediated gene gun device, and that adenovirus-mediated cytokine gene therapy may be a useful approach in the clinical management of human solid tumors.
Polyethylene/metal oxide nanocomposites for electrical insulation in future HVDC-cables : probing properties from nano to macro (2016)

Nanocomposites of polyethylene and metal oxide nanoparticles have shown to be a feasible approachto the next generation of insulation in high voltage direct current cables. In order to reach an operationvoltage of 1 MV new insulation materials with reduced conductivity and increased breakdown strengthas compared to modern low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is needed.In this work polyethylene MgO nanocomposites for electrical insulation has been produced andcharacterized both from an electrical and material perspective. The MgO nanoparticles weresynthesized into polycrystalline nanoparticles with a large specific surface area (167 m2 g–1). Meltprocessing by extrusion resulted in evenly dispersed MgO nanoparticles in LDPE for the silane surfacemodified MgO as compared to the unmodified MgO. All systems showed a reduction in conductivityby up to two orders of magnitude at low loading levels (1–3 wt.%), but where the surface modifiedsystems were able to retain reduced conductivity even at loading levels of 9 wt.%. A maximuminteraction radius to influence the conductivity of the MgO nanoparticles was theoretically determinedto ca. 800 nm. The interaction radius was in turn experimentally observed around Al2O3 nanoparticlesembedded in LDPE using Intermodulation electrostatic force microscopy. By applying a voltage on theAFM-tip charge injection and extraction around the Al2O3 nanoparticles was observed, visualizing theexistence of additional localized energy states on, and around, the nanoparticles. Ptychography wasused to reveal nanometre features in 3D of electrical trees formed under DC-conditions. Thevisualization showed that the electrical tree grows by pre-step voids in front of the propagatingchannels, facilitating further growth, much in analogy to mechanical crack propagation (Griffithconcept). An electromechanical effect was attributed as possible mechanism for the formation of the voids.
Evaluation of candidate genes MAP2K4, MADH4, ACVR1B, and BRCA2 in familial pancreatic cancer: deleterious BRCA2 mutations in 17%. (2002)

It is estimated that familial aggregation and genetic susceptibility play a role in as many as 10% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. To investigate the role of germ-line mutations in the etiology of pancreatic cancer, we have analyzed samples from patients with pancreatic cancer enrolled in the NFPTR for mutations in four tumor suppressor candidate genes: (a) MAP2K4; (b) MADH4; (c) ACVR1B; and (d) BRCA2 by direct sequencing of constitutional DNA. These genes are mutated in clinically sporadic pancreatic cancer, but germ-line mutations are either not reported or anecdotal in familial pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer patient samples were selected from kindreds in which three or more family members were affected with pancreatic cancer, at least two of which were first-degree relatives. No mutations were identified in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (0 of 22), MADH4 (0 of 22), or ACVR1B (0 of 29), making it unlikely that germ-line mutations in these genes account for a significant number of inherited pancreatic cancers. BRCA2 gene sequencing identified five mutations (5 of 29, 17.2%) that are believed to be deleterious and one point mutation (M192T) unreported previously. Three patients harbored the common 6174delT frameshift mutation, one had the splice site mutation IVS 16-2A > G, and one had the splice site mutation IVS 15-1G > A. Two of the five BRCA2 mutation carriers reported a family history of breast cancer, and none reported a family history of ovarian cancer. These findings confirm the increased risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with BRCA2 mutations and identify germ-line BRCA2 mutations as the most common inherited genetic alteration yet identified in familial pancreatic cancer.