gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 Using Sequential Hydrogen Fluoride and Dimethylaluminum Chloride Exposures (2019)

Atomic layer etching (ALE) of Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 was accomplished using sequential exposures with hydrogen fluoride (HF) as the fluorination reagent and dimethylaluminum chloride (DMAC, AlCl(CH3)2) as the metal reactant for ligand exchange. DMAC could provide either CH3 or Cl ligands for the ligand-exchange reaction. The presence of the Cl ligand on DMAC led to efficient HfO2 and ZrO2 etching attributed to the formation of stable and volatile chloride species. In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurement observed mass changes during Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 ALE reactions at 200–300 °C. Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 were etched linearly versus number of HF and DMAC sequential exposures. The QCM analysis confirmed that the HF and DMAC reactions were self-limiting versus reactant exposure. The QCM studies observed mass changes per cycle (MCPC) of −12.2 ng/(cm2 cycle), −94.1 ng/(cm2 cycle), and −75.6 ng/(cm2 cycle) for Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 ALE, respectively, at 250 °C. These MCPC correspond to Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 etch rates of 0.39 Å/cycle, 0.98 Å/cycle, and 1.33 Å/cycle, respectively. In comparison, the AlF3, HfF4, and ZrF4 surface layers were estimated to have thicknesses of 3.0 Å, 3.3 Å, and 4.4 Å on Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2, respectively. The magnitudes of these fluoride thicknesses have the same ordering as the etch rates for Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 ALE, respectively. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements verified the etch rates for Al2O3 ALE. XRR analysis also confirmed smoothening of the etched Al2O3 film. The etch rates for Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 ALE increased with temperature from 200 to 300 °C. A comparison of Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2 ALE using either HF and DMAC or HF and trimethylaluminum (TMA, Al(CH3)3) revealed that higher etch rates were observed for DMAC for all three materials. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies also revealed that Al2O3 ALE on masked Al2O3 substrates was isotropic and selective in the presence of SiN and SiO2. Because of the ability of DMAC to provide either CH3 or Cl ligands during the ligand-exchange reaction, DMAC should be a very useful metal reactant for the thermal ALE of various materials.
The influence of forefoot bending stiffness of footwear on athletic injury and performance (2016)

Forefoot bending stiffness is a footwear property that has recently been gaining interest despite previously receiving limited attention compared to other footwear characteristics. This review focuses on relevant research studies examining the influence of forefoot bending stiffness on reducing injury and optimizing performance. Discussion of the current limitations and need for future research within the realm of forefoot bending stiffness is also highlighted. By reducing the amount of metatarsophalangeal extension, increased bending stiffness could not only reduce injury risk (e.g. turf-toe), but also serve as a treatment for metatarsal stress fractures by offloading the metatarsals. However, there are surprisingly limited in-depth studies examining how altered forefoot bending stiffness influences injury. Many unknown factors still need to be studied including the appropriate magnitude of bending stiffness and the influence that altering forefoot bending stiffness may have on the injury risk of other joints such as the ankle and knee. Forefoot bending stiffness can influence performance; however, the exact mechanism remains unclear. Early studies focused on foot energetics, while recent studies have shown the importance of altering the movement of the centre of pressure under the foot and the gearing ratio at the ankle joint. There appears to be a specific amount of forefoot bending stiffness for optimal performance. Future research should focus on identifying the exact mechanism of performance improvement with modified bending stiffness to help determine how this optimal stiffness can be identified.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Catalyzed Decarbonylative Arylation at sp3 Carbon Centers in Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Heterocycles. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Experiments with nonholonomic manipulation (2003)

This paper summarizes ongoing work with a mo- bile manipulator (Mobipulator ). We describe the sys- tem architecture of the latest version of the robot, a hierarchy of robot motion commands (the Mobipula- tion library) that can be snapped together to generate complicated paths easily, a conﬁguration space plan- ner that plans wheel motions to manipulate paper, and a visual servoing system to monitor and correct errors in robot motion.
DLP technology application: 3D head tracking and motion correction in medical brain imaging (2014)

In this paper we present a novel sensing system, robust Near-infrared Structured Light Scanning (NIRSL) for three-dimensional human model scanning application. Human model scanning due to its nature of various hair and dress appearance and body motion has long been a challenging task. Previous structured light scanning methods typically emitted visible coded light patterns onto static and opaque objects to establish correspondence between a projector and a camera for triangulation. In the success of these methods rely on scanning objects with proper reflective surface for visible light, such as plaster, light colored cloth. Whereas for human model scanning application, conventional methods suffer from low signal to noise ratio caused by low contrast of visible light over the human body. The proposed robust NIRSL, as implemented with the near infrared light, is capable of recovering those dark surfaces, such as hair, dark jeans and black shoes under visible illumination. Moreover, successful structured light scan relies on the assumption that the subject is static during scanning. Due to the nature of body motion, it is very time sensitive to keep this assumption in the case of human model scan. The proposed sensing system, by utilizing the new near-infrared capable high speed LightCrafter DLP projector, is robust to motion, provides accurate and high resolution three-dimensional point cloud, making our system more efficient and robust for human model reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrate that our system is effective and efficient to scan real human models with various dark hair, jeans and shoes, robust to human body motion and produces accurate and high resolution 3D point cloud.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Ten key issues in modern flow chemistry. (2011)

Ten essentials of synthesis in the flow mode, a new enabling technology in organic chemistry, are highlighted as flashlighted providing an insight into current and future issues and developments in this field.© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 PMID: 21409184
Time-Domain to Delay-Doppler Domain Conversion of OTFS Signals in Very\n High Mobility Scenarios (2020)

In Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) modulation, information symbols are\nembedded in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain instead of the time-frequency (TF)\ndomain. n order to ensure compatibility with existing OFDM systems (e.g. 4G\nLTE), most prior work on OTFS receivers consider a two-step conversion, where\nthe received time-domain (TD) signal is firstly converted to a time-frequency\n(TF) signal (using an OFDM demodulator) followed by post-processing of this TF\nsignal into a DD domain signal. In this paper, we show that the spectral\nefficiency (SE) performance of a two-step conversion based receiver degrades in\nvery high mobility scenarios where the Doppler shift is a significant fraction\nof the communication bandwidth (e.g., control and non-payload communication\n(CNPC) in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)). We therefore consider an alternate\nconversion, where the received TD signal is directly converted to the DD\ndomain. The resulting received DD domain signal is shown to be not the same as\nthat obtained in the two-step conversion considered in prior works. The\nalternate conversion does not require an OFDM demodulator and is shown to have\nlower complexity than the two-step conversion. Analysis and simulations reveal\nthat even in very high mobility scenarios, the SE achieved with the alternate\nconversion is invariant of Doppler shift and is significantly higher than the\nSE achieved with two-step conversion (which degrades with increasing Doppler\nshift).\n
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds with Grignard Reagents in the Presence of Cerium Chloride. (1989)

Abstract Anhydrous CeCl 3 significantly promotes addition reactions of Grignard reagents to carbonyl compounds with remarkable suppression of abnormal reactions.
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS (1965)

1. Comparison of peptide maps of the Fc fragments of normal G immunoglobulins and 11 G myeloma proteins of the We (b) type showed them to be very similar except for differences associated with the Gm type. Some additional differences were noted, however, in the Fc fragments of three Vi (c) myeloma proteins. 2. Peptide maps of heavy chains from the same G myeloma proteins differed from each other and from normal heavy chains. In general, the myeloma chains contained a larger number of well defined spots; some of these were common to normal heavy chains while others were unique to each protein. Others, present in normal heavy chains, were lacking in the myeloma proteins. 3. Comparison of the heavy chains and Fc fragments from the same protein suggests that much of the variability of different myeloma proteins and, presumably, antibodies resides in the Fd fragment. 4. Further support for this is given by the finding that the antigenic specificity of 3 myeloma proteins also appeared to reside in the Fd fragments.
Pre-PDK block-level PPAC assessment of technology options for sub-7nm high-performance logic (2018)

This paper describes a rigorous yet flexible standard cell place-and-route flow that is used to quantify block-level power, performance, and area trade-offs driven by two unique cell architectures and their associated design rule differences. The two architectures examined in this paper differ primarily in their use of different power-distribution-networks to achieve the desired circuit performance for high-performance logic designs. The paper shows the importance of incorporating block-level routability experiments in the early phases of design-technology co-optimization by reviewing a series of routing trials that explore different aspects of the technology definition. Since the electrical and physical parameters leading to critical process assumptions and design rules are unique to specific integration schemes and design objectives, it is understood that the goal of this work is not to promote one cell-architecture over another, but rather to convey the importance of exploring critical trade-offs long before the process details of the technology node are finalized to a point where a process design kit can be published.
Detection of motion artifacts in photoplethysmographic signals based on time and period domain analysis (2012)

The presence of motion artifacts in the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals is one of the major obstacles in the extraction of reliable cardiovascular parameters in real time and continuous monitoring applications. In the current paper we present an algorithm for motion artifact detection, which is based on the analysis of the variations in the time and period domain characteristics of the PPG signal. The extracted features are ranked using a feature selection algorithm (NMIFS) and the best features are used in a Support Vector Machine classification model to distinguish between clean and corrupted sections of the PPG signal. The results achieved by the current algorithm (SE: 0.827 and SP: 0.927) show that both time and especially period domain features play an important role in the discrimination of motion artifacts from clean PPG pulses.
Inferring illumination direction estimated from disparate sources in paintings: an investigation into Jan Vermeer's Girl with a pearl earring (2008)

The problem in computer vision of inferring the illumination direction is well studied for digital photographs of natural scenes and recently has become important in the study of realist art as well. We extend previous work on this topic in several ways, testing our methods on Jan Vermeer's Girl with a pearl earring (c. 1665-1666). We use both model-independent methods (cast-shadow analysis, occluding-contour analysis) and model-based methods (physical models of the pearl, of the girl's eyes, of her face). Some of these methods provide an estimate of the illuminant position in the three dimensions of the picture space, others in just the two dimensions of the picture plane. Our key contributions are a Bayesian evidence integration scheme for such disparate sources of information and an empirical demonstration of the agreement, or at least consistency, among such estimates in a realist painting. Our methods may be useful to humanist art scholars addressing a number of technical problems in the history of art.
Ultrabroadband supercontinuum generation in a CMOS-compatible platform (2012)

We demonstrate supercontinuum generation spanning 1.6 octaves in silicon nitride waveguides. Using a 4.3 cm-long waveguide, with an effective nonlinearity of γ=1.2 W(-1) m(-1), we generate a spectrum extending from 665 nm to 2025 nm (at -30 dB) with 160 pJ pulses. Our results offer potential for a robust, integrated, and low-cost supercontinuum source for applications including frequency metrology, optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy, and optical communications.
Directly photoexcited Dirac and Weyl fermions in ZrSiS and NbAs (2018)

We report ultrafast optical measurements of the Dirac line-node semimetal ZrSiS and the Weyl semimetal NbAs, using mid-infrared pump photons from 86 meV to 500 meV to directly excite Dirac and Weyl fermions within the linearly dispersing bands. In NbAs, the photoexcited Weyl fermions initially form a non-thermal distribution, signified by a brief spike in the differential reflectivity whose sign is controlled by the relative energy of the pump and probe photons. In ZrSiS, electron-electron scattering rapidly thermalizes the electrons, and the spike is not observed. Subsequently, hot carriers in both materials cool within a few picoseconds. This cooling, as seen in the two materials' differential reflectivity, differs in sign, shape, and timescale. Nonetheless, we find that it may be described in a simple model of thermal electrons, without free parameters. The electronic cooling in ZrSiS is particularly fast, which may make the material useful for optoelectronic applications.
Nanobodies As Tools to Understand, Diagnose, and Treat African Trypanosomiasis (2017)

African trypanosomes are strictly extracellular protozoan parasites that cause diseases in humans and livestock and significantly affect the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Due to an elaborate and efficient (vector)-parasite-host interplay, required to complete their life cycle/transmission, trypanosomes have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms that manipulate the entire host immune response. So far, not a single field applicable vaccine exists, and chemotherapy is the only strategy available to treat the disease. Current therapies, however, exhibit high drug toxicity and an increased drug resistance is being reported. In addition, diagnosis is often hampered due to the inadequacy of current diagnostic procedures. In the context of tackling the shortcomings of current treatment and diagnostic approaches, nanobodies (Nbs, derived from the heavy chain-only antibodies of camels and llamas) might represent unmet advantages compared to conventional tools. Indeed, the combination of their small size, high stability, high affinity, and specificity for their target and tailorability represents a unique advantage, which is reflected by their broad use in basic and clinical research to date. In this article, we will review and discuss (i) diagnostic and therapeutic applications of Nbs that are being evaluated in the context of African trypanosomiasis, (ii) summarize new strategies that are being developed to optimize their potency for advancing their use, and (iii) document on unexpected properties of Nbs, such as inherent trypanolytic activities, that besides opening new therapeutic avenues, might offer new insight in hidden biological activities of conventional antibodies.
Effects of BCG vaccination on donor unrestricted T cells in two prospective cohort studies (2022)

Aeras, the National Institutes of Health, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Resuscitation After Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation With Use of Monophasic and Biphasic Waveform Pulses for External Defibrillation (2000)

External defibrillation is more efficacious with BP countershocks than with MP countershocks. The lower defibrillation thresholds and shorter resuscitation times associated with BP waveform defibrillation may improve survival after prolonged VF arrest.
A Stratigraphic Inverse Simulation Model (1991)

Numerical process-response models of sedimentary basins have the potential for accurately simulating and predicting stratigraphic architecture and facies distributions. Increases in the accuracy of such forward models will require assessment and calibration of two common attributes. First, the correct process variables must be chosen, their interdependencies identified, and responses established. Second, the magnitudes and frequencies of the processes that controlled distribution of lithologies and stratal architecture must be extracted from field-based stratigraphic data. The authors are applying Generalized Linear Inversion (GLI), using the Marquardt technique, to a simplified stratigraphic forward model. GLI extracts values for the fundamental process variables of eustasy, tectonic subsidence, sediment supply, compaction, and isostatic response from a limited stratigraphic data set. For this inverse model, stratigraphic data consist of interpreted water depths and stratal thicknesses correlated within a time-stratigraphic framework. This preliminary work will determine the potential utility of applying this method to more realistic field-tested models.
Nomenclature for Kidney Function from KDIGO: Shortcomings of Terminology Oversimplification (2021)

The recent Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus conference proposed a universal nomenclature calling for "Kidney Disease" (KD) to be applied to every form of kidney dysfunction, regardless of etiology. We recognize that the estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine albumin:creatinine ratio are limited in their application to the broad spectrum of KD. However, there are additional in vitro and advanced diagnostic options that can help identify the underlying cause of KD and inform about prognosis and management. While the overarching benefit of generalizing KD as a medical problem lies with screening and detection, the downsides attributable to a nonexact diagnosis (i.e., unclear prognosis and management strategy) are considerable. Finally, the terms "acute kidney injury" and "worsening renal function" are currently used interchangeably by nephrologists and cardiologists alike, and a universal adoption of one term will likely be a sizeable challenge. To be of greater benefit, we propose KD be used as a starting point and that the etiology and other epigenetic determinants of illness continue to be evaluated and characterized.
Spatial distributions of acoustic parameters in high-intensity focused ultrasound fields (2006)

Different peak and average acoustic parameters determine the efficiency of different physical mechanisms of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) interaction with biological tissue. Spatial distributions of these parameters are therefore important for transducer calibration and extrapolation of measurements in water to application in tissue. In the case of linear focusing, all parameters of the acoustic field can be obtained from the spatial distribution of the wave amplitude. However, in nonlinear focused beams, each parameter has its own characteristic spatial structure, which changes with the increase of the HIFU power level. This work compares the focal size and location calculated for the peak positive and peak negative pressure, mean intensity, and effective acoustic energy absorption in water and in tissue. Numerical solutions, obtained with the KZK-type model, are analyzed for various regimes of linear, quasilinear, and strongly nonlinear propagation which includes formation of shocks. The results of simulations are validated by comparison with measurements performed with a fiber-optic probe hydrophone in water and in a tissue-mimicking phantom. The peak positive pressure and effective absorption are finely focused, whereas the negative pressure, responsible for cavitation, is broad and displaced towards the transducer. [Work supported by NSBRI SMS00402, RFBR, and NIH DK43881.]
On Duality of MIMO Relays and Performance Limits of Full-Duplex MIMO Radios (2014)

In the first part of this thesis, linear transmitters and receivers (i.e., transceivers) are designed for bi-directional and/or relay multiple input multiple output (MIMO) full-duplex (FD) systems. The transmitters and receivers are designed under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and transmitter/receiver impairments at the FD nodes. Different metrics, like ergodic sum-rate maximization, weighted sum-rate maximization, sum mean-squared-error(MSE) minimization and maximum per-node MSE minimization are considered subject to individual and/or total power constraints in the system.The proposed sum-rate maximization algorithms exploit both spatial and temporal freedoms of the source covariance matrices of the MIMO links between transmitters and receivers to achieve a higher achievable sum-rate. It is observed through simulations thatthe algorithms reduce to a FD scheme when the nominal self-interference is low, or to a half-duplex (HD) scheme when the nominal self-interference is high.As for the MSE based transceiver designs, we studied the sum-MSE and Min-Max MSE transceiver design problems for a FD MIMO bi-directional system that suffers from self-interference under the imperfect CSI knowledge and limited dynamic ranges at thetransmitters and receivers. Since the globally optimal solution is difficult to obtain due to the non-convex nature of the problems, algorithms that iterate between transmit precoding and receive filtering matrices while keeping the other fixed are proposed. It is shown in simulations that sum-MSE minimization scheme achieves the minimum sum MSE over two FD nodes, and the Min-Max MSE minimization scheme almost achieves the same MSE forthe two FD nodes.In the second part of this thesis, we establish the uplink-downlink duality in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), MSE, and capacity for uplink and downlink multi-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) MIMO relay channels, which is a generalizationof several previously established uplink-downlink duality results. And an interesting perspective to the relation of the uplink-downlink duality based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions of sum-MSE transceiver optimization problems for uplink and downlinkmulti-hop AF MIMO relay channels is provided.