gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Asymmetric Space Vector Modulation for Voltage Source Converters with Low Carrier Ratio (2011)

This paper presents an improved asymmetric space vector modulation (ASVM) for two-level voltage source converters (VSCs) when the switching frequency is as low as nine times of line frequency. By adding two pulses in each line cycle when the fundamental voltage crosses zero, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of output current can be reduced significantly. The penalty of additional switching loss is very limited for high power factor operation. The applications of the improved ASVM in a single VSC or in two interleaved VSCs are shown, respectively. With the optimization of the duration and position of the additional pulses, the ac current THD can be reduced to as low as 50% for single VSC and even lower to less than 25% for interleaved VSCs systems. Such THD reduction has close relationship with space vectors' position, modulation index, and interleaving angle. Improved ASVM can also reduce the amplitude of circulating current in the interleaved VSCs, leading to smaller interphase inductors. Finally, the weights of total inductors needed to meet the same THD requirement are compared to demonstrate the benefits of improved ASVM when different pulsewidth modulation schemes are used. The analysis results are verified by experiments on a demo system.
Characterizing Ethereum’s Mining Power Decentralization at a Deeper Level (2021)

For proof-of-work blockchains such as Ethereum, the mining power decentralization is an important discussion point in the community. Previous studies mostly focus on the aggregated power of the mining pools, neglecting the pool participants who are the source of the pools' power. In this paper, we present the first large-scale study of the pool participants in Ethereum's mining pools. Pool participants are not directly observable because they communicate with their pools via private channels. However, they leave "footprints" on chain as they use Ethereum accounts to anonymously receive rewards from mining pools. For this study, we combine several data sources to identify 62,358,646 pool reward transactions sent by 47 pools to their participants over Ethereum's entire near 5-year history. Our analyses about these transactions reveal interesting insights about three aspects of pool participants: the power decentralization at the participant level, their pool-switching behavior, and why they participate in pools. Our results provide a complementary and more balanced view about Ethereum's mining power decentralization at a deeper level.
Synthese von optisch aktiven, natürlichen Carotioiden und strukturell verwandten Naturprodukten. X. Synthese von (3R,3′S, 5′R)‐Capsanthin, (3S,5R,3′S,5′R)‐Capsorubin, (3′S,5′R)‐Kryptocapsin und einigen verwandten Verbindungen. Ein neuer Zugang zu optisch aktiven Fünfring‐Carotinoidbausteinen durch Hydroborierung (1983)

Synthesis of Optically Active Natural Carotenoids and Structurally Related Compounds. X. Synthesis of (3 R ,3′ S ,5′ R )‐Capsanthin, (3 S ,5 R ,3′ S ,5′ R )‐Capsorubin, (3′ S ,5′ R )‐Cryptocapsin, and Some Related Compounds. A New Approach to Optically Active, Five‐Membered‐Ring Carotenoid Building Units by Hydroboraton The synthesis of (3 R ,3′ S ,5′ R )‐capsanthin (1) , (3 S ,5 R ,3′ S ,5′ R )‐capsorubin (2) , and (3′ S ,5′ R )‐cryptocapsin (3) , found in the red paprika Capsicum annuum , is described using (+)‐camphor (7) as a readily available starting material. As the key reaction, the unsaturated acetal 16 is hydroborated with (+)‐diisopinocampheylborane to give the hydroxy ketone 12a in very high chemical and optical yield. A subsequent aldol condensation with 13 in THF/toluene gives 2 in high yield. The C 40 ‐compounds 1 and 3 are synthesized using the same type of condensation. The pigments 1–3 are transformed by an Oppenauer oxidation to (3 R ,5′ R )‐capsanthone (5) , (5 R ,5′ R )‐capsorubone (4) and (5′ R )‐cryptocapsone (6) , respectively.
Quantum theory of a resonant photonic crystal (2007)

We present a quantum model of two-level atoms localized in a three-dimensional lattice based on the Hopfield polariton theory. In addition to a polaritonic gap at the excitation energy, a photonic band gap opens up at the Brillouin zone boundary. Upon tuning the lattice period or angle of incidence to match the photonic gap with the excitation energy, one obtains a combined polaritonic and photonic gap as a generalization of Rabi splitting. For typical experimental parameters, the size of the combined gap is on the order of $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, up to ${10}^{5}$ times the detuned gap size. The dispersion curve contains a branch supporting slow-light modes with vanishing probability density of atomic excitations.
Crystal structure of monomeric sarcosine oxidase from Bacillus sp. NS-129 reveals multiple conformations at the active-site loop (2005)

Monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of sarcosine to generate formaldehyde, glycine, and hydrogen peroxide, and is utilized in quantification of creatinine in serum. Crystal structure of MSOX from Bacillus sp. NS-129 (without ligand) has been determined at 1.86 Å Unlike the published structures of MSOX from Bacillus sp. B-0618 (without or with carboxylate-containing ligand), the two molecules in the asymmetric unit adopt distinct conformations at the active site loop (Gly56 to Glu60) with a maximal root-mean-square (RMS) displacement of 3.3 Å for Cα atom of Arg59. The multiple conformations seen at the active-site loop suggest that high flexibility of the loop would be important for the activity of MSOX. (Communicated by Masanori OTSUKA, M.J.A.)
Potential involvement of Brugia malayi cysteine proteases in the maintenance of the endosymbiotic relationship with Wolbachia (2014)

Brugia malayi, a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis, harbors endosymbiotic intracellular bacteria, Wolbachia, that are required for the development and reproduction of the worm. The essential nature of this endosymbiosis led to the development of anti-Wolbachia chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of human filarial infections. Our study is aimed at identifying specific proteins that play a critical role in this endosymbiotic relationship leading to the identification of potential targets in the adult worms. Filarial cysteine proteases are known to be involved in molting and embryogenesis, processes shown to also be Wolbachia dependent. Based on the observation that cysteine protease transcripts are differentially regulated in response to tetracycline treatment, we focused on defining their role in symbiosis. We observe a bimodal regulation pattern of transcripts encoding cysteine proteases when in vitro tetracycline treated worms were examined. Using tetracycline-treated infertile female worms and purified embryos we established that the first peak of the bimodal pattern corresponds to embryonic transcripts while the second takes place within the hypodermis of the adult worms. Localization studies of the native proteins corresponding to Bm-cpl-3 and Bm-cpl-6 indicate that they are present in the area surrounding Wolbachia, and, in some cases, the proteins appear localized within the bacteria. Both proteins were also found in the inner bodies of microfilariae. The possible role of these cysteine proteases during development and endosymbiosis was further characterized using RNAi. Reduction in Bm-cpl-3 and Bm-cpl-6 transcript levels was accompanied by hindered microfilarial development and release, and reduced Wolbachia DNA levels, making these enzymes strong drug target candidates.
Lithographic Characteristics and Thermal Processing of Photosensitive Sacrificial Materials (2002)

Previously, a novel method for fabricating microfluidic and microelectromechanical devices with buried microchannel structures using thermally sacrificial polymers was reported. These previous methods required separate lithographic and etching sequences to pattern the sacrificial polymer. In this work, a more advanced approach in which the sacrificial material is radiation sensitive and can be patterned directly using standard lithographic techniques is explored. The lithographic performance of a new class of photosensitive polynorbornene (PNB) sacrificial materials has been characterized. The effect of soft bake and postexposure bake (PEB) on the cross-linking of photodefinable PNB has also been investigated. It was found that significant cross-linking of PNB occurs after exposure during the subsequent postexposure bake. However, this phenomenon is strongly dependent on the soft bake conditions used in preparing the sample, presumably due to varying levels of residual solvent content. This may be due to the high mass transport of the reactive species because of evaporation of residual solvent and shrinking of polymer matrix during the PEB process. No noticeable influence of residual solvent on cross-linking has been found during exposure. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Selective Antagonists at Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors:  Synthesis and Molecular Pharmacology of 4-Aryl-3-isoxazolol Amino Acids (2002)

Homologation of (S)-glutamic acid (Glu, 1) and Glu analogues has previously provided ligands with activity at metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs). The homologue of ibotenic acid (7), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (HIBO, 8), and the 4-phenyl derivative of 8, compound 9a, are both antagonists at group I mGluRs. Here we report the synthesis and molecular pharmacology of HIBO analogues 9b-h containing different 4-aryl substituents. All of these compounds possess antagonist activity at group I mGluRs but are inactive at group II and III mGluRs.
Magnetic Cores with Porous Coatings: Growth of Metal‐Organic Frameworks on Particles Using Liquid Phase Epitaxy (2012)

Abstract A novel method for the homogeneous coating of magnetic nanoparticles with metal organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported. Using a liquid phase epitaxy process, a well‐defined number of [Cu 3 (btc) 2 ]nH 2 O, HKUST‐1, layers are grown on COOH terminated silica magnetic beads. The structure and porosity of the deposited MOF coatings are studied using X‐ray diffraction and BET analysis. In addition, size and shape of the fabricated composites are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Potential applications of particle based MOF films include catalytic coatings and chromatographic media.
Physical layer methods for privacy provision in distributed control and inference (2014)

Distributed control, decision and inference schemes are ubiquitous in many current technological systems ranging from sensor networks, collaborative teams of humans and robots, and information retrieval systems. Privacy, both location and identity, is critical for many of these systems and applications. The principal thesis investigated in this paper is that the utilization of physical layer methods and implementation techniques substantially strengthens privacy in the associated algorithms and systems. In fact it is argued that without the utilization of such physical layer methods it may be expensive to have provable levels of security in these systems. We analyze the performance of such physical layer techniques. We then utilize these techniques to provide provable privacy in distributed control, decision and inference algorithms. We demonstrate the results in context of distributed Kalman filtering. We develop useful metrics to measure privacy in these distributed systems. We investigate quantitatively the effects of privacy loss on the performance of the systems.
Ultrasensitive Isothermal Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Self-Priming Hairpin-Utilized Amplification of the G-Rich Sequence (2022)

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of fatalities all over the world. Unquestionably, the effective and timely testing for infected individuals is the most imperative for the prevention of the ongoing pandemic. Herein, a new method was established for detecting SARS-CoV-2 based on the self-priming hairpin-utilized isothermal amplification of the G-rich sequence (SHIAG). In this strategy, the target RNA binding to the hairpin probe (HP) was uniquely devised to lead to the self-priming-mediated extension followed by the continuously repeated nicking and extension reactions, consequently generating abundant G-rich sequences from the intended reaction capable of producing fluorescence signals upon specifically interacting with thioflavin T (ThT). Based on the unique isothermal design concept, we successfully identified SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA (gRNA) as low as 0.19 fM with excellent selectivity by applying only a single HP and further verified its practical diagnostic capability by reliably testing a total of 100 clinical specimens for COVID-19 with 100% clinical sensitivity and specificity. This study would provide notable insights into the design and evolution of new isothermal strategies for the sensitive and facile detection of SARS-CoV-2 under resource constraints.
Cloning of cDNA sequences for anArtemia salinahnRNP protein: evidence for conservation through evolution (1985)

A cDNA clone was isolated for Artemia salina protein HD40, a component of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Enriched Artemia 15S poly(A)+ RNA was used as a template and double-stranded cDNA sequences were inserted into the Pst I restriction endonuclease site of E. coli plasmid pBR322. Recombinant colonies were analyzed by positive hybrid selection of poly(A)+ RNA that directs the synthesis of protein HD40 in an in vitro assay. In vitro translation of the mRNA selected by recombinant clone 87HD yields a protein that is immunoprecipitated by anti-HD40 antibodies and that comigrates with authentic HD40 on gel electrophoresis. Partial proteolysis of protein HD40 and the in vitro translated product selected by clone 87HD produces the same peptide patterns. The size of the cloned insert is about 820 bp. The length of HD40 mRNA as determined by Northern blot analysis, is about 1500 nucleotides. Southern blot analysis performed with DNA of different species (plant, avian, mammal) shows cross-hybridizing bands when probed with clone 87HD DNA suggesting that the HD40 gene is evolutionarily conserved.
Direct Raytracing of Particle-based Fluid Surfaces Using Anisotropic Kernels (2018)

Particle-based simulation models have assumed a significant role in the numerical computation of high-fidelity transient flow and continuum mechanical problems. However, direct visualization of surfaces from particle data without intermediary discrete triangulation remains a challenging task. We demonstrate a novel direct raytracing scheme for free surface intersection based on anisotropic smoothing kernels. Our approach efficiently reduces the number of candidate kernels evaluated to converge to the surface threshold, thereby running in image space rather than object space complexity. We conduct comprehensive benchmarks with respect to data set size, scene complexity, visual fidelity and hardware setup. Our versatile system is suitable for both high quality and interactive desktop rendering, scales reasonably well even with trivial parallelization and renders up to 170 million particles on 32 distributed compute nodes at close to interactive frame rates at 4K resolution with ambient occlusion.
MP62-14 MODELING THE AGING BLADDER USING KLOTHO DEFICIENT MICE (2019)

You have accessJournal of UrologyUrodynamics/Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction/Female Pelvic Medicine: Basic Research & Pathophysiology (MP62)1 Apr 2019MP62-14 MODELING THE AGING BLADDER USING KLOTHO DEFICIENT MICE Sarah N. Bartolone, Elijah P. Ward, Bernadette M.M. Zwaans, Zunyi Wang, Michael B. Chancellor, and Laura E. Lamb* Sarah N. BartoloneSarah N. Bartolone More articles by this author , Elijah P. WardElijah P. Ward More articles by this author , Bernadette M.M. ZwaansBernadette M.M. Zwaans More articles by this author , Zunyi WangZunyi Wang More articles by this author , Michael B. ChancellorMichael B. Chancellor More articles by this author , and Laura E. Lamb*Laura E. Lamb* More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.JU.0000556837.03630.cbAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Symptoms associated with detrusor underactivity (DU) can severely impact a person’s quality of life. Growing old is the main etiological factor of DU and UAB, which makes aging animal models of high interest. However, aging rodents is costly and time prohibitive. Thus, we use a premature aging rodent genetic model that recapitulates the aging process within a one-month time frame. METHODS: Klotho deficient mice are established as a preclinical model of aging. Male and female klotho mice had micturition measured at weeks 4, 6, and 8 through void spot assay. Histology was assessed. Bladder contraction was assessed by bladder strip tissue bath. All animals were gender and age matched with wild-type littermates for analysis. RESULTS: Void spot and bladder contraction assays revealed that klotho deficient mice, similar to aged models, have increased voiding frequency and decreased voiding volume per micturition event. The response to electrical stimulation for contraction was weaker in the klotho deficient mice. The bladders are smaller with impaired bladder function in part due to a decrease in innervation and changes in the smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: Klotho deficient mice recapitulate many characteristics of an older dysfunctional bladder, including altered bladder function. Given the short time frame to bladder dysfunction, this may provide a new animal model to drive aging bladder research. Source of Funding: This research was supported by the Aikens Center for Neurourology Research. Royal Oak, MI; Madison, WI; Royal Oak, MI© 2019 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 201Issue Supplement 4April 2019Page: e892-e892 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2019 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Sarah N. Bartolone More articles by this author Elijah P. Ward More articles by this author Bernadette M.M. Zwaans More articles by this author Zunyi Wang More articles by this author Michael B. Chancellor More articles by this author Laura E. Lamb* More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Mechanical performance of yew (Taxus baccata L.) from a longbow perspective (2013)

Abstract Yew ( Taxus baccata L.) longbow was the preferred weapon in the Middle Ages until the emergence of guns. In this study, the tensile, compression, and bending properties of yew were investigated. The advantage of yew over the other species in the study was also confirmed by a simple beam model. The superior toughness of yew has the effect that a yew longbow has a higher range compared with bows made from other species. Unexpectedly, the mechanical performance of a bow made from yew is influenced by the juvenile-to-mature wood ratio rather than by the heartwood-to-sapwood ratio. A yew bow is predicted to have maximized performance at a juvenile wood content of 30–50%, and located at the concave side (the compressive side facing the bowyer). Here, the stiffness and yield stress in compression should be as high as possible.
Infectious Agents and Cancer (2007)

Abstract Infection is second only to smoking as a cause of human cancer. Microbial agents implicated in carcinogenesis run the gamut from simple viruses to complex parasites. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis imputed to these agents are as diverse as the agents themselves. These mechanisms provide important insights into cancer more generally, including the role of proto‐oncogenes in tumour development and the effects of inflammation on host cells. Because infections can often be prevented through vaccines or public health measures, or can be treated with anti‐microbial agents, they provide a promising arena for cancer control.
On compressed sensing in parallel MRI of cardiac perfusion using temporal wavelet and TV regularization (2010)

Imaging of cardiac perfusion with MR is a challenging area of research especially due to the motion of the heart and limited time of data acquisition. Compressed sensing is a popular signal estimation method recently adopted by researchers in MRI which can improve the spatial and/or temporal resolution of the acquired images by reducing the number of necessary samples for image reconstruction. This paper focuses on performance of temporal regularization with total variation and wavelets in compressed sensing. The impact of the choice of regularization parameters on the image quality and the temporal variation of intensity in region of interests (ROIs) are discussed. It is found that selecting the regularization parameter so as to optimize the quality of the reconstructed image sequence as a whole, leads to erroneous reconstruction of certain regions due to over regularization.
Understanding Dark Current-Voltage Characteristics in Metal-Halide Perovskite Single Crystals (2021)

Hybrid halide perovskites have great potential for application in optoelectronic devices. However, an understanding of some basic properties, such as charge-carrier transport, remains inconclusive, mainly due to the mixed ionic and electronic nature of these materials. Here, we perform temperature-dependent pulsed-voltage space-charge-limited current measurements to provide a detailed look into the electronic properties of methylammonium lead tribromide (${\mathrm{MA}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$) and methylammonium lead triiodide (${\mathrm{MA}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{I}}_{3}$) single crystals. We show that the background carrier density in these crystals is orders of magnitude higher than that expected from thermally excited carriers from the valence band. We highlight the complexity of the system via a combination of experiments and drift-diffusion simulations and show that different factors, such as thermal injection from the electrodes, temperature-dependent mobility, and trap and ion density, influence the free-carrier concentration. We experimentally determine effective activation energies for conductivity of (349 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 10) meV for ${\mathrm{MA}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$ and (193 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 12) meV for ${\mathrm{MA}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{I}}_{3}$, which includes the sum of all of these factors. We point out that fitting the dark current density-voltage curve with a drift-diffusion model allows for the extraction of intrinsic parameters, such as mobility and trap and ion density. From simulations, we determine a charge-carrier mobility of 12.9 cm${}^{2}$/Vs, a trap density of 1.52 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{13}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and an ion density of 3.19 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{12}$ cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for ${\mathrm{MA}\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{Br}}_{3}$ single crystals. Insights into charge-carrier transport in metal-halide perovskite single crystals will be beneficial for device optimization in various optoelectronic applications.
Free Radical Functionalization of Organic Compounds Catalyzed by N‐Hydroxyphthalimide (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.