gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Template-mask design methodology for double patterning technology (2010)

Double patterning technology (DPT) has recently gained much attention and is viewed as the most promising solution for the sub-32-nm node process. DPT decomposes a layout into two masks and applies double exposure patterning to increase the pitch size and thus printability. This paper proposes the first mask-sharing methodology for DPT, which can share masks among different designs, to reduce the number of costly masks for double patterning. The design methodology consists of two tasks: template-mask design and template-mask-aware routing. A graph matching-based algorithm is developed to design a flexible template mask that tries to accommodate as many design patterns as possible. We also present a template-mask-aware routing (TMR) algorithm, focusing on DPT-related issues to generate routing solutions that satisfy the constraints induced from double patterning and template masks. Experimental results show that our designed template mask is mask-saving, and our TMR can achieve conflict-free routing with 100% routability and save at least two masks for each circuit with reasonable wirelength and runtime overheads.
Proposal of Method to Evaluate Exposure of EMF from 5G NR Base Station (2022)

The proliferation of 5G new radio (NR) base stations (gNBs) worldwide sheds light on electromagnetic field (EMF) measurements of gNB to assess human exposure. Over-the-air (OTA) measurement of gNBs is mandatory because 5G NR uses an active array antenna. Furthermore, it is well known that 5G NR provides various types of services such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (MTC). Therefore, in the case of 5G NR gNB, a reliable method of EMF measurement for each gNB is required because the traffic information varies greatly depending on the services provided, and many gNBs are installed in a hotspot area. Thus, EMF measurements involve the selection of the synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block, which is “always-on” and does not depend on traffic signals. In this study, we analyze the methods used to measure EMF for 5G NR, which involve the application of instruments such as a dedicated NR decoder or spectrum analyzer. Consequently, we assert that EMF measurement methods should be classified and implemented according to their evaluation purposes. In addition, we propose that the compliance for installing gNBs should be measured by using a dedicated NR decorder based on a secondary synchronization signal (SSS) that can not only increase the reliability of the measurement but also accurately measure the EMF exposure for each gNB.
Multiple-Wavelength Holographic Interferometry (1997)

A number of interesting and useful interferometric measurements can be obtained by using more than one wavelength. The following report discusses how holography enhances both the possibilities and results obtained from multiple-wavelength interferometry. A discussion of approaches is followed by a number of examples from our own laboratory work in this area. In the first example, two widely separated wavelengths are employed to exploit the dispersive properties of a solution to measure temperature and concentration simultaneously. In this case holographic recording makes phase-shifting interferometry possible with a snapshot recording. In the second example, the use of anomalous dispersion at the resonance of a gas is exploited to measure species concentration. This is accomplished by direct optical subtraction of the two different wavefronts, one at resonance and the other off resonance. Finally, two closely spaced wavelengths are reflected from a diffuse surface and subtracted optically by holography to contour a surface.
Time-resolved IR studies of cyclic enone triplet excited states and their reactions with alkenes (2003)

The ππ* triplet excited states of 3-phenyl-2-cyclohexenone (1) and 3-phenyl-2-cyclopentenone (2) have been observed by time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. The reaction of various alkenes with the triplet excited state of 2 has also been studied by TRIR spectroscopy, and the partitioning between fragmentation and ring closure of the biradical intermediates involved has been estimated. Within a series of structurally related biradicals, more stable ones undergo ring closure more efficiently.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Variations on N‐Acetylneuraminic Acid. Part 16. A Convenient Approach to 3‐Deoxy‐D‐glycero‐D‐galacto‐nonulosonic Acid (KDN), 5‐Azido‐5‐deoxy‐KDN and 5‐Deoxy‐KDN, and Their 4‐Methylumbelliferyl 2α‐Glycosides. (1990)

Abstract The reaction of the N‐acetylneuraminic acid ester (I) with nitrosyl acetate (II) affords a syn/anti mixture of the nitroso derivative (III), which is transformed into the KDN derivatives (V), (VII) or (VIII).
Passivation of Grain Boundaries and Defects in CZTSSe Solar Cells by In Situ Na Doping (2023)

Alkali metal doping plays a great role in improving the efficiency of Cu 2 SnZn(S, Se) 4 (CZTSSe) thin film solar cells. However, it is unclear how to realize the ideal distribution of alkali metal in CZTSSe films. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of alkali metal doping are still controversial. Herein, Na‐doped CZTSSe cells are fabricated by magnetron sputtering with Na‐containing Cu 2 SnZnS 4 target which is in situ doping and annealing in selenization atmosphere. The incorporation of Na enhances the diffusion of K from the substrates to the absorbers. Na doping can increase the contact potential at the grain boundaries, which has beneficial effects on reducing the carrier recombination at the grain boundaries. Furthermore, Na incorporation modifies the conduction band offset at the CdS/CZTSSe interface from −0.07 to 0.03 eV. The defects and recombination in different regions are quantitatively extracted. It is demonstrated that the optimized grain boundary electrical properties and the heterojunction band alignment passivate the defects of the depletion region, the heterojunction interface, and the quasineutral region. Finally, a total‐area efficiency of 11.18% has been achieved in CZTSSe solar cell with an in situ Na doping concentration of 0.6 at%.
Results of a Pilot Study With a Signal Enhancement Algorithm for HiRes 120 Cochlear Implant Users (2010)

Our results demonstrate a real potential benefit for noise reduction algorithms in cochlear implant processors. Although algorithm parameters were not optimized individually, a significant improvement could still be achieved. Further investigation is required to develop fitting guidelines and achieve parameter optimization.
Effect of secondary ions on the electron beam optics in the Recycler\n Electron Cooler (2012)

Antiprotons in Fermilab's Recycler ring are cooled by a 4.3 MeV, 0.1 - 0.5 A\nDC electron beam (as well as by a stochastic cooling system). The unique\ncombination of the relativistic energy ({\\gamma} = 9.49), an Ampere - range DC\nbeam, and a relatively weak focusing makes the cooling efficiency particularly\nsensitive to ion neutralization. A capability to clear ions was recently\nimplemented by way of interrupting the electron beam for 1-30 \\mus with a\nrepetition rate of up to 40 Hz. The cooling properties of the electron beam\nwere analyzed with drag rate measurements and showed that accumulated ions\nsignificantly affect the beam optics. For a beam current of 0.3 A, the\nlongitudinal cooling rate was increased by factor of ~2 when ions were removed.\n
Illuminant Spectra-Based Source Separation Using Flash Photography (2018)

Real-world lighting often consists of multiple illuminants with different spectra. Separating and manipulating these illuminants in post-process is a challenging problem that requires either significant manual input or calibrated scene geometry and lighting. In this work, we leverage a flash/no-flash image pair to analyze and edit scene illuminants based on their spectral differences. We derive a novel physics-based relationship between color variations in the observed flash/no-flash intensities and the spectra and surface shading corresponding to individual scene illuminants. Our technique uses this constraint to automatically separate an image into constituent images lit by each illuminant. This separation can be used to support applications like white balancing, lighting editing, and RGB photometric stereo, where we demonstrate results that outperform state-of-the-art techniques on a wide range of images.
Lung cancer early detection via breath analysis (2015)

Poster: ECR 2015 / C-0533 / Lung cancer early detection via breath analysis by: O. Liran1, M. Abud-Hawa2, S. Dekel1, A. Onn1, Y. Miller3, D. Johnson4, F. R. Hirsch3, H. Haick2, N. Peled5; 1Ramat Gan/IL, 2Haifa/IL, 3Denver, CO/US, 4Florida, FL/US, 5Tel-Aviv/IL
Computation spreading (2006)

In canonical parallel processing, the operating system (OS) assigns a processing core to a single thread from a multithreaded server application. Since different threads from the same application often carry out similar computation, albeit at different times, we observe extensive code reuse among different processors, causing redundancy (e.g., in our server workloads, 45-65% of all instruction blocks are accessed by all processors). Moreover, largely independent fragments of computation compete for the same private resources causing destructive interference. Together, this redundancy and interference lead to poor utilization of private microarchitecture resources such as caches and branch predictors.We present Computation Spreading (CSP), which employs hardware migration to distribute a thread's dissimilar fragments of computation across the multiple processing cores of a chip multiprocessor (CMP), while grouping similar computation fragments from different threads together. This paper focuses on a specific example of CSP for OS intensive server applications: separating application level (user) computation from the OS calls it makes.When performing CSP, each core becomes temporally specialized to execute certain computation fragments, and the same core is repeatedly used for such fragments. We examine two specific thread assignment policies for CSP, and show that these policies, across four server workloads, are able to reduce instruction misses in private L2 caches by 27-58%, private L2 load misses by 0-19%, and branch mispredictions by 9-25%.
Improving the Performance of MARS Reservoir Simulator on Cray-2 Supercomputer (1995)

ABSTRACT The computational efficiency of a reservoir simulator–MARS–that is heavily used in Saudi Aramco, was significantly enhanced by improving the vectorization, parallelization and a key algorithm of the simulator. In particular, a state-of-the-art parallel linear equation solver was developed and implemented in the simulator. This new solver ran three to five times faster than the existing solvers. With the new solver and the other improvements in the simulator, the optimized code ran 1.3 to 1.8 times faster than the original code on a single processor and more than four times faster on four processors of Cray-2 supercomputer for typical Saudi Aramco reservoir models. This translates into great savings for the company since it, in effect, creates additional computational resources at no additional cost and improves the reservoir engineer’s productivity by shortening the job turnaround time.
Analytical Comparison of the Matched Filter and Orthogonal Subspace Projection Detectors for Hyperspectral Images (2007)

In this paper, we perform an analytical comparison of two well-known detectors-the matched filter detector (MFD) and the orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) detector for the subpixel target detection in hyperspectral images under the assumption of the linear mixing model. The OSP detector (equivalent to the least-squares estimator) is a popular detector utilizing background signature information. On the other hand, the MFD is intended for a model without background information, and it is often used for its simplicity. The OSP detector seems to be more reliable because it removes the interference of background signatures. However, it has been demonstrated in the literature that sometimes the MFD can be more powerful. In this paper, we show an innovative approach to the evaluation of the detectors' performance. We prove the analytical results explaining the relationship between the two detectors beyond the anecdotal evidence from specific hyperspectral images or simulations. We also give some guidelines on when the MFD may be more beneficial than the OSP and when the OSP is better because of being more robust against a wide range of conditions. A major contribution of this paper is a development of a new approach to the comparison of detectors.
A 60 GHz Rotman lens on a silicon wafer for system-on-a-chip and system-in-package applications (2009)

As a semiconductor microfabrication process is advanced, there are needs for implementing various components on a wafer. A 60 GHz Rotman lens on a silicon wafer has been proposed for system-on-a-chip (SoC) and system-in-package (SiP) applications. The lens was fabricated on a high resistivity silicon wafer in semiconductor process. The lens has five beam ports and seven array ports. It was observed from the measurement that the phase and the amplitude of the Rotman lens are well distributed. The beam patterns were synthesized from the measured S-parameters. The beam directions are ±30° ±16°, and 0°, and the half power beam width are 15.37°, 14.68°, 14.53°, 14.68°, and 15.37°, respectively. The feasibility of the lens on a silicon wafer has been well explored.
EF24, a novel curcumin analog, disrupts the microtubule cytoskeleton and inhibits HIF-1 (2008)

Curcumin, the yellow pigment of the spice turmeric, has emerged as a promising anticancer agent due to its antiproliferative and antiangiogenic properties. However, the molecular mechanism of action of this compound remains a subject of debate. In addition, curcumin's low bioavailability and efficacy profile in vivo further hinders its clinical development. This study focuses on the mechanism of action of EF24, a novel curcumin analog with greater than curcumin biological activity and bioavailability, but no increased toxicity. Treatment of MDA-MB231 breast and PC3 prostate cancer cells with EF24 or curcumin led to inhibition of HIF-1alpha protein levels and, consequently, inhibition of HIF transcriptional activity. This drug-induced HIF inhibition occurred in a VHL-dependent but proteasome-independent manner. We found that, while curcumin inhibited HIF-1alpha gene transcription, EF24 exerted its activity by inhibiting HIF-1alpha posttranscriptionally. This result suggested that the two compounds are structurally similar but mechanistically distinct. Another cellular effect that further differentiated the two compounds was the ability of EF24, but not curcumin, to induce microtubule stabilization in cells. EF24 had no stabilizing effect on tubulin polymerization in an in vitro assay using purified bovine brain tubulin, suggesting that the EF24-induced cytoskeletal disruption in cells may be the result of upstream signaling events rather than EF24 direct binding to tubulin. In summary, our study identifies EF24 as a novel curcumin-related compound possessing a distinct mechanism of action, which we believe contributes to the potent anticancer activity of this agent and can be further exploited to investigate the therapeutic potential of EF24.
Optimized intermolecular potential functions for amides and peptides. Structure and properties of liquid amides (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOptimized intermolecular potential functions for amides and peptides. Structure and properties of liquid amidesWilliam L. Jorgensen and Carol J. SwensonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3, 569–578Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00289a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00289a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1417Altmetric-Citations326LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Differential Molecular and Anatomical Basis for B Cell Migration into the Peritoneal Cavity and Omental Milky Spots (2008)

The constitutive migration of B cells from the circulation into the peritoneal cavity and back is essential for peritoneal B cell homeostasis and function. However, the molecular machinery and the anatomical basis for these migratory processes have hardly been investigated. In this study, we analyze the role of integrins as well as the role of the omentum for B2 cell migration into and out of the peritoneal cavity of mice. We demonstrate that alpha(4)beta(7) integrin-mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 interaction enables B2 cell migration from the circulation into omental milky spots but not into the peritoneum. In contrast, alpha(4)beta(1) integrin mediates direct entry of B2 cells into the peritoneal cavity as well as their retention at that site, limiting B2 cell egress via the draining parathymic lymph nodes. Surgical removal of the omentum results in a 40% reduced immigration of B2 cells from the circulation into the peritoneum but does not impair B cell exit from this compartment. In conclusion, these data reveal the existence of alternative routes for B2 cell entry into the peritoneal cavity and identify integrins as key factors for peritoneal B2 cell homeostasis, mediating B2 cell migration into and out of the peritoneal cavity as well as their retention at this site.
On the Benefit of Cooperation in Relay Networks (2022)

This work addresses the cooperation facilitator (CF) model, in which network nodes coordinate through a rate limited communication device. For multiple-access channel (MAC) encoders, the CF model is known to show significant rate benefits, even when the rate of cooperation is negligible. Specifically, the benefit in MAC sum-rate, as a function of the cooperation rate C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CF</inf> , sometimes has an infinite slope at C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CF</inf> = 0 when the CF enables transmitter dependence where none was possible otherwise. This work asks whether cooperation through a CF can yield similar infinite-slope benefits when dependence among MAC transmitters has no benefit or when it can be established without the help of the CF. Specifically, this work studies the CF model when applied to relay nodes of a single-source, single-terminal, diamond network comprising a broadcast channel followed by a MAC. In the relay channel with orthogonal receiver components, careful generalization of the partial-decode-forward/compress-forward lower bound to the CF model yields sufficient conditions for an infinite-slope benefit. Additional results include derivation of a family of diamond networks for which the infinite-slope rate-benefit derives directly from the properties of the corresponding MAC studied in isolation.
Nanofiltration (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Process Principles Application of Nanofiltration for Production of Drinking Water and Process Water Wastewater Polishing and Water Reuse Other Applications Solvent-Resistant Nanofiltration Conclusions Acknowledgment References
Energy and Cost Reduction in Localized Multisensory Systems through Application-Driven Compression (2012)

Localized multisensory systems for medical diagnostics are becoming increasingly important due to the prevalence of lightweight sensors and new collection, storage, and communication platforms such as mobile phones and tablets. These systems are often comprised of multisensory arrays that can be inefficient in terms of energy and cost both in sensing and transmission. We make the following two key observations: (i) the raw sensed data itself is unimportant, only those metrics relevant to diagnosis are needed, and (ii) it is often the case that the information relevant to medical diagnosis can be easily derived from the raw sensed data. Therefore, we drive our energy optimization procedure by selecting a subset of sensors that can predict these metrics well, eliminating all others and ultimately reducing the number of required sensors. We also develop a novel procedure for combining adjacent sensors to further reduce cost and sensing energy while increasing prediction strength. Finally, we present an algorithm for sub sampling the selected sensors that leverages the observations that: (i) most sensors need only be sampled after a physiological event is triggered, and (ii) such events tend to be predictable from semantic information and therefore a high sampling rate is unnecessary.
Computed Tomography with Metrizamide Myelography to Define the Extent of Spinal Canal Block Due to Tumor (1984)

In five patients with complete spinal block due to tumor, CT was used to show the upper level of the block. In each case metrizamide myelography demonstrated the lower level of the block, but not enough metrizamide leaked past the block to allow myelographic identification of the upper level. However, the subarachnoid space both below and above the level of the block was clearly outlined by metrizamide on CT in each case.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Imatinib in a Phase I Trial With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients (2004)

Drug exposure (area under the concentration-time curve) is dose proportional for the dose range of 25 to 1,000 mg, and there is a 1.5- to three-fold drug accumulation at steady-state after once-daily dosing. Analysis of the relationship between PD (WBC reduction) and PK parameters at steady-state indicates that a dose of 400 mg or greater is required for maximal PD effect.
Healthcare systems and chronic kidney disease: putting the patient in control (2013)

Today, health policy seems to be on the top of governments' agendas around the world. Healthcare systems are challenged by a number of phenomena happening on a global scale; these trends include demographic change in terms of an ageing population, an increase in chronic disease, patients having higher expectations on healthcare delivery and above all a major pressure on public finances to slow increasing healthcare expenditures. Such developments are forcing policy-makers to reform healthcare systems. First, there is a tendency towards decentralization of responsibilities. Second, governments are moving towards reimbursement schemes rewarding good outcomes and performance. Third, great importance is being attributed to transparency and accountability, and to introduce competition in healthcare. Fourth, attention is being shifted from simple treatment of a disease towards preventive initiatives, in a more holistic approach to health. Finally, healthcare policy-makers are recognizing the importance of empowering patients to give them control over decisions regarding their own health. These dynamics can be observed in chronic kidney disease, the management of which is a huge economic burden to healthcare systems globally, and which represents a good example of a field where important changes can be witnessed in therapy, technology, delivery and financing.