gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on oxidation and pyrolysis of carbonate esters using a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile. Part I: Reactivities of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate (2021)

Carbonate esters such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are widely used as electrolyte solvents in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) and are considered as one of potential fire causes. This study investigates a difference in gas-phase reactivities of DMC, EMC and DEC. Species measurements for oxidation (equivalence ratio of 1.0) and pyrolysis of DMC and DEC at maximum wall temperatures of Tw,max = 700–1300 K and atmospheric pressure were performed using a gas chromatograph connected to a micro flow reactor with a controlled temperature profile (MFR). Measured mole fractions of C2H4 and CO2 in the DEC case started increasing at a low temperature (Tw,max = 750 K), while those of CH4 and CO2 in the DMC case started increasing at an intermediate temperature (Tw,max = 1050 K). Gas-phase reactivities of the three carbonate esters were found to be DMC < EMC ≈ DEC through observation of their weak flames. Computational species and heat release rate profiles of DEC showed a three-stage reaction: thermal decomposition, oxidation of decomposition products to CO and CO oxidation to CO2. This three-stage reaction of DEC is distinct from the one driven by low-temperature oxidation observed with n-heptane and DME in earlier studies. Rate of production analysis indicated that principal fuel consumption reactions of DMC were H-atom abstraction reactions and that of DEC was a thermal decomposition reaction producing C2H4. Based on reaction path analysis of DEC oxidation, initial-stage reactions produced few active radicals at the low temperature region. The reactivity difference between DMC and DEC is, therefore, mainly driven by the difference in the primary fuel consumption reactions that relies on fuel molecular structure. Considering the existence of ethyl ester group in EMC, a dominant EMC consumption reaction would be similar to DEC.
Abstract 3116: AG-221 offers a survival advantage in a primary human IDH2 mutant AML xenograft model (2014)

Abstract Somatic point mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2) confer a gain-of-function in cancer cells resulting in the accumulation and secretion of an onco-metabolite, R (-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). High levels of 2HG have been shown to inhibit α-KG-dependent dioxygenases including histone and DNA demethylases, which play a key role in regulating the epigenetic state of cells. Recently, ex vivo treatment with AGI-6780, a potent IDH2 R140Q inhibitor induced cellular differentiation of leukemic blast cells isolated from primary human AML patient samples harboring an IDH2 R140Q mutation. These data provided the first evidence that inhibition of mutant IDH2 can reverse the block in cellular differentiation conferred by high levels of 2HG and could provide a therapeutic benefit to patients. AG-221 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the IDH2 mutant enzyme and is currently being evaluated in a first-in-human study entitled: A Phase 1, Multicenter, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation, Safety, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Clinical Activity Study of Orally Administered AG-221 in Subjects with Advanced Hematologic Malignancies with an IDH2 Mutation. The compound has been demonstrated to reduce 2-HG levels by &amp;gt;90% and reverse histone and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypermethylation in vitro, and to induce differentiation in leukemia cell models. We evaluated the efficacy of AG-221 in a primary human AML xenograft model carrying the IDH2 R140Q mutation. This is an aggressive model with mortality from AML consistently occurring by day 80, following tail vein engraftment. Results show that AG-221 is able to potently reduce 2HG found in the bone marrow, plasma and urine of engrafted mice. Treatment also induced a dose dependent, statistically significant, survival benefit where all mice in the high dose treatment group survived to the end of study. We also saw a dose dependent proliferative burst of the human specific CD45+ blast cells followed by cellular differentiation as measured by the expression of CD11b, CD14 and CD15 and cell morphology. Furthermore, the onset of differentiation correlated with survival, whereas mice that died in the low dose groups failed to show signs of cellular differentiation. These data provide strong preclinical in vivo evidence that AG-221 may have clinical benefit for IDH2 mutant patients through the reduction of 2HG and the induction of blast differentiation. Citation Format: Kate Ellwood-Yen, Fang Wang, Jeremy Travins, Yue Chen, Hua Yang, Kim Straley, Sung Choe, Marion Dorsch, Sam Agresta, David Schenkein, Scott Biller, Michael Su. AG-221 offers a survival advantage in a primary human IDH2 mutant AML xenograft model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3116. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3116
The development and immunosuppressive functions of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are under influence of the adenosine-A2A adenosine receptor pathway (2012)

The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR)-mediated immunosuppression is firmly implicated in the life-saving down-regulation of collateral tissue damage during the anti-pathogen immune response and in highly undesirable protection of cancerous tissues during anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, depending on specific clinical situation there is a need to either weaken or strengthen the intensity of A2AR signal. While the A2AR-mediated immunosuppression was shown to be T cell autonomous in studies of effector T cells, it was not clear how A2AR stimulation affects regulatory T cells (Treg). Here we show in parallel assays that while A2AR stimulation on T cells directly inhibits their activation, there is also indirect and longer-lasting T cell inhibitory effect through modulation of Treg. A2AR stimulation expanded CD4(+) CD25(hi) FoxP3(+) cells, which also express CD39, CD73, and CTLA-4. Treg cultured with A2AR agonist showed increased expression of CTLA-4 and stronger immunosuppressive activity. There was a significant increase of Treg cell number after A2AR stimulation. The CD4(+) FoxP3(+) population contained those induced from CD4(+) CD25(-) cells, but CD4(+) FoxP3(+) cells predominantly derived from CD4(+) CD25(+) natural Treg. Thus, A2AR stimulation numerically and functionally enhanced Treg-mediated immunosuppressive mechanism. These data suggest that the A2AR-mediated stimulation of lymphocytes using A2AR agonists should be considered in protocols for ex vivo expansion of Treg before the transfer to patients in different medical applications.
Correlation-Induced Photoemission Delay in Helium (2016)

We determined the photoemission timing of electrons escaping during shake-down and shake-up processes in helium with sub-attosecond standard error. Excellent agreement with ab-initio calculations allows benchmarking of theoretical models and identifies contributions of electronic correlation.
Measurements of Heat Transfer Coefficients to Cylinders in Shallow Bubble Columns (2014)

High heat transfer coefficients and large interfacial areas make bubble columns ideal for dehumidification. However, the effect of geometry on the heat transfer coefficients outside cooling coils in shallow bubble columns, such as those used in multi-stage bubble column dehumidifiers, is poorly understood. The generallyoverlooked entry and coalescing regions become important in shallow bubble columns, and there is disagreement on the effects of the coil and column diameters. In this paper, a method is presented for measuring the heat transfer coefficient between coil and liquid in a shallow bubble column. Horizontal cylindrical probes are used to measure the heat transfer coefficient over a range of gas velocities. The liquid depth and the diameter, height, and horizontal position of the cylinder are also varied. Existing correlations for tall columns tend to underpredict the heat transfer coefficient and do not account for all effects of geometry. The highest heat transfer coefficients (above 8000 W/m2-K) are recorded on cylinders placed 4 cm high. No significant effect of cylinder diameter is observed. Based on the results, recommendations are made regarding bubble column dehumidifier design.
Controlled Photochemical Release of Nitric Oxide from O2-Naphthylmethyl- and O2-Naphthylallyl-Substituted Diazeniumdiolates (2002)

The photochemistry of O2-naphthylmethyl- and O2-naphthylallyl-substituted diazeniumdiolates has been investigated. Electron-donating methoxy group substitution is shown to have a significant effect on the observed photochemistry, with the appropriate substitution pattern resulting in efficient diazeniumdiolate photorelease. Observed nitric oxide release rates from these photoprecursors are consistent with those expected for normal thermal dissociation of the diazeniumdiolate in aqueous solutions and show the same pH dependence.
In Vitro Repair of Meniscal Radial Tear With Hydrogels Seeded With Adipose Stem Cells and TGF-β3 (2018)

Injection delivery of ASCs in a TGF-β3-preloaded photocrosslinkable hydrogel represents a novel candidate strategy to repair meniscal radial tears and minimize further osteoarthritic joint degeneration.
Variable time headway for string stability of automated heavy-duty vehicles (2002)

We present adaptive nonlinear schemes for longitudinal control of automated heavy duty vehicles. An important control objective is string stability, which ensures that errors decrease as they propagate downstream through the platoon. It is well known that string stability requires intervehicle communication if a constant spacing policy is adopted. When vehicles operate autonomously, string stability can be achieved if speed-dependent spacing with constant time headway is used. This, however, results in larger steady-state spacing, which increase the platoon length hence decreasing traffic throughput. In this paper we propose a new spacing policy in which the time headway varies linearly with the velocity error. Our simulation results demonstrate that this modification significantly reduces the transient errors and allows us to use much smaller spacing in the autonomous mode of platoon operation.
A retina-like hemispherical imager the resolution of planar focal plane arrays (Conference Presentation) (2018)

The retina employs a unique hemispherical architecture that provides a low-aberration image with wide field of view. However, owing to established optoelectronic fabrication technologies, conventional imagers are limited to a planar architecture. Despite that limitation, intensive endeavors have been made on mimicking the hemispherical detector geometry. The most critical limitation of the existing approaches is the increased spacing between adjacent detectors on deformation to form non-developable three-dimensional array surfaces. Here, we demonstrate retina-like imagers that do not suffer from pixel spacing enlargement upon transforming into the desired three-dimensional hemispherical shape. The approach employs fabrication processes that are generally employed for optoelectronics on planar flexible plastic foils followed by the unique elongation-free conformal deformation on an elastomeric transfer handle. Using these methods, we demonstrate hemispherical imagers with high optical performance, high yield, and, importantly, unchanged pixel density upon deformation and transformation from a developable two-dimensional to a non-developable three-dimensional surface. This approach is compatible with batch fabrication of imagers with many high performance crystalline materials including but not limited to Si, GaAs, InGaAs, and etc. The demonstrated methods provide a practical path of making high pixel density imaging system on non-developable surfaces.
Development of a Non-Blood Contacting Cardiac Assist and Support Device: An In Vivo Proof of Concept Study (2011)

One of the maladaptive changes following a heart attack is an initial decline in pumping capacity, which leads to activation of compensatory mechanisms, and subsequently, a phenomenon known as cardiac or left ventricular remodeling. Evidence suggests that mechanical cues are critical in the progression of congestive heart failure. In order to mediate two important mechanical parameters, cardiac size and cardiac output, we have developed a direct cardiac contact device capable of two actions: (1) adjustable cardiac support to modulate cardiac size and (2) synchronous active assist to modulate cardiac output. In addition, the device was designed to (1) remain in place about the heart without tethering, (2) allow free normal motion of the heart, and (3) provide assist via direct cardiac compression without abnormally inverting the curvature of the heart. The actions and features described above were mapped to particular design solutions and assessed in an acute implantation in an ovine model of acute heart failure (esmolol overdose). A balloon catheter was inflated in the vena cava to reduce preload and determine the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship with and without passive support. A Millar PV Loop catheter was inserted in the left ventricle to acquire pressure-volume data throughout the experiments. Fluoroscopic imaging was used to investigate effects on cardiac motion. Implementation of the adjustable passive support function of the device successfully modulated the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship toward normal. The active assist function successfully restored cardiac output and stroke work to healthy baseline levels in the esmolol induced failure model. The device remained in place throughout the experiment and when de-activated, did not inhibit cardiac motion. In this in vivo proof of concept study, we have demonstrated that a single device can be used to provide both passive constraint/support and active assist. Such a device may allow for controlled, disease specific, flexible intervention. Ultimately, it is hypothesized that the combination of support and assist could be used to facilitate cardiac rehabilitation therapy. The principles guiding this approach involve simply creating the conditions under which natural growth and remodeling processes are guided in a therapeutic manner. For example, the passive support function could be incrementally adjusted to gradually reduce the size of the dilated myocardium, while the active assist function can be implemented as necessary to maintain cardiac output and decompress the heart.
Application of bioinformatics and scalable computing to perform proteomic analysis of stomach tissue from diabetic mice (2001)

Modern molecular biology experiments generate large amounts of data, which the biologists then have to analyze these manually through slow and error-prone processes. Bioinformatics and scalable computing provide essential tools for a speedup of the proteomics analysis. An example for such a proteomic analysis and the influences of bioinformatics is presented in this paper.
 The stomach is a versatile organ with a prominent role in digestion and with endocrine function. While stomach has been the target of several proteomic analyses interested in cancer or ulcer biology, no studies have analyzed the proteome of stomach with the onset of diabetes, despite the fact that diabetes has a significant impact on gastric function. In this study, proteomic analyses were performed on stomach samples collected from C57BL/6J mice with obesity and diabetes and compared with samples from non-diabetic, lean controls. Obesity and diabetes were induced in mice by placing 3 week old mice on a high fat diet for 16 weeks, while control mice remained on a low fat standard chow diet. Once diabetes was established in the high fat fed mice, 4 diabetic and 4 control mice were sacrificed and stomachs removed for proteomic analysis using 2 dimension gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The protein spots that made up the stomach proteomic profiles were quantified using PDQuest 7.0.0 software. Protein spots found to be increased or decreased in diabetic stomach as compared to control stomach were removed from the gel for identification by database searches from peak lists generated by both MALDI-TOF and MS/MS analyses. In conclusion, a total of 23 proteins are reported herein with 14 being increased and 9 being decreased in diabetic stomach as compared to control.
Evaluation of Nickel/Palladium/Gold-Finished Surface-Mount Integrated Circuits (2001)

Texas Instruments has introduced a refined version of its nickel/palladium (NiPd) finish for integrated circuit (IC) package leads. The enhanced version of lead finish is nickel/palladium/gold (NiPdAu). TI has a long and successful history with the NiPd finish. There are more than 40-billion devices in the field with TI NiPd-finished leads. TI introduced the NiPd finish in 1989 and many papers and studies have been published on it. With the push for Pb-free electronics, TI decided to improve on the NiPd finish performance with Pb-free solders. The result is the NiPdAu finish. In September 2000, results were published for solderability tests on NiPd-finished components using several Pb-free solder pastes that showed good performance. In that work, preliminary data showed the excellent performance of NiPdAu component lead finish with both a SnPbAg (control) solder and a SnAgCu (Pb-free) solder. More extensive results are shown in this application report indicating good wetting performance of the NiPdAu-finished ICs (dual-inline and quad package styles) with both
A 610-mW zero-overhead class-G full-rate ADSL-CO line driver (2003)

With the drive to increase the number of ports that can be incorporated onto a single linecard in an ADSL Central Office (CO), and the consequent power consumption and thermal management issues that this increased density raises, power dissipation is a key parameter in the design of an ADSL modem. This paper presents a full-rate ADSL CO line driver, consuming 610 mW through active termination and a zero-overhead class-G technique. The supply switching scheme used features very low overhead voltage, logic control, and controlled supply rail ramp rate, and requires analog signal peak prediction be done on the digital data stream. The process used features dielectrically isolated silicon-on-insulator 0.7-μm complementary BiCMOS with thin-film resistors. The MOSFET class-G transistors operate in two modes for power efficiency and distortion control. The power consumption is 610 mW and the downstream missing tone power ratio is 69 dBC with 16-dB peak-to-average ratio support.
COMPARATIVE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHITE, STANDARD, AND WHOLE-MEAL BREAD (1911)

It will suffice to quote here in tabular form the six experiments that gave positive results: Trypano-Flea put F1ea somes first Multiplica-Condition of on Rt. eco-rerd.Seen in tion Period Flea when on Rat,.Recovered.Blood of Ended.
Characterization of Tissue Birefringence with a High Speed Polarization Sensitive OCT System (2006)

The design and implementation of a polarization sensitive OCT system is described. An iterative algorithm is used to calculate the Jones matrix of the sample. The performance of the system is evaluated with muscle samples.
Light ion hohlraum target experiments on PBFA II and Nova (1996)

The goal of the National Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program in the United States is a target yield in the range of 200 to 1000 MJ. To address this goal, the near‐term emphasis in the Light Ion Target Physics program is to design a credible high‐gain target driven by ion beams. Based on this target design, we have identified ion beam spatial parameters, ion beam energy and power deposition, the conversion of ion‐beam energy into soft x‐ray thermal radiation, the conversion of ion‐beam energy into hydrodynamic motion, radiation smoothing in low‐density foams, and internal pulse shaping as the critical physics issues. These issues are currently being addressed in both ion‐ and laser‐driven experiments.
A Different Reaction Pathway for the Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds on Gold Catalysts (2007)

Golden distinction: With an Au/TiO2 catalyst, the formation of condensation products during the hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds is avoided. Macrokinetic experiments and in situ IR measurements, which showed that nitrosobenzene is generated in only small amounts and that hydroxylamine and nitrosobenzene interact strongly with the catalyst surface, led to the proposal of a novel reaction sequence (see figure). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z700823_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Versatile Approach to Create Nanobubbles on Arbitrary Two‐Dimensional Materials for Imaging Exciton Localization (2022)

Abstract Strained 2D materials with lattice deformation have the optimal band structure, lattice vibration, and thermal conductivity and various methods have been proposed to introduce strain into 2D materials. However, the creation of localized strain in arbitrary 2D materials in predesigned areas is difficult and challenging. Herein, a versatile approach to creating on‐demand nanobubbles on five different 2D materials using a functional atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip is described. Strain‐induced redshifts are observed from the Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the 2D materials in the region with the nanobubble arrays. In addition, the localized exciton state is observed from the periphery of a steep WS 2 nanobubble by high‐resolution nano‐photoluminescence and is supported by theoretical simulation. These results demonstrate a programmable and reliable method to create localized strain in different 2D materials and pave the way for nanoscale strain engineering of 2D materials to cater to different applications.
Galectin-3 impacts Cryptococcus neoformans infection through direct antifungal effects (2017)

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcosis, which is a major opportunistic infection in immunosuppressed individuals. Mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein Galectin-3 (Gal-3) modulates the host innate and adaptive immunity, and plays significant roles during microbial infections including some fungal diseases. Here we show that this protein plays a role also in C. neoformans infection. We find augmented Gal-3 serum levels in human and experimental infections, as well as in spleen, lung, and brain tissues of infected mice. Gal-3-deficient mice are more susceptible to cryptococcosis than WT animals, as demonstrated by the higher fungal burden and lower animal survival. In vitro experiments show that Gal-3 inhibits fungal growth and exerts a direct lytic effect on C. neoformans extracellular vesicles (EVs). Our results indicate a direct role for Gal-3 in antifungal immunity whereby this molecule affects the outcome of C. neoformans infection by inhibiting fungal growth and reducing EV stability, which in turn could benefit the host.