gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tracking the time course of reproduction number and lockdown’s effect on human behaviour during SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: nonparametric estimation (2021)

Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 dynamics has been subject of intense research in the last months. In particular, accurate modeling of lockdown effects on human behaviour and epidemic evolution is a key issue in order e.g. to inform health-care decisions on emergency management. In this regard, the compartmental and spatial models so far proposed use parametric descriptions of the contact rate, often assuming a time-invariant effect of the lockdown. In this paper we show that these assumptions may lead to erroneous evaluations on the ongoing pandemic. Thus, we develop a new class of nonparametric compartmental models able to describe how the impact of the lockdown varies in time. Our estimation strategy does not require significant Bayes prior information and exploits regularization theory. Hospitalized data are mapped into an infinite-dimensional space, hence obtaining a function which takes into account also how social distancing measures and people's growing awareness of infection's risk evolves as time progresses. This also permits to reconstruct a continuous-time profile of SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number with a resolution never reached before in the literature. When applied to data collected in Lombardy, the most affected Italian region, our model illustrates how people behaviour changed during the restrictions and its importance to contain the epidemic. Results also indicate that, at the end of the lockdown, around [Formula: see text] of people in Lombardy and [Formula: see text] in Italy was affected by SARS-CoV-2, with the fatality rate being 1.14%. Then, we discuss how the situation evolved after the end of the lockdown showing that the reproduction number dangerously increased in the summer, due to holiday relax, reaching values larger than one on August 1, 2020. Finally, we also document how Italy faced the second wave of infection in the last part of 2020. Since several countries still observe a growing epidemic and others could be subject to other waves, the proposed reproduction number tracking methodology can be of great help to health care authorities to prevent SARS-CoV-2 diffusion or to assess the impact of lockdown restrictions on human behaviour to contain the spread.
Empirical model to simulate morphology of electrospun polycaprolactone mats (2019)

ABSTRACT This work is the first to report a study aimed at generating 3D virtual geometries that represent the microstructure of an electrospun fibrous mat comprised curly fibers. Polycaprolactone (PCL) mats are considered in our study as an example of such fibrous structures. We started with simulating the formation of PCL filaments and observed good agreement between the predicted and measured fiber diameters. In the absence of quantitative information about the shape of a curly PCL fiber, we treated these fibers as arrays of beads arranged on epitrochoid profiles. We then used the fiber deposition diameter and velocity in a mass‐spring‐damper (MSD) model to generate 3D fibrous geometries comprised hundreds of such curly fibers. The damping and spring constants in the MSD model were obtained through calibration with experimental data reported for single electrospun PCL nanofibers. The size of the epitrochoid‐like fibers was obtained empirically through matching the average thickness of the resulting mats with those measured experimentally. With the calibrated code, we studied the effects of electrospinning conditions on the porosity of PCL nanofiber mats. It was found that increasing the voltage or decreasing the needle‐to‐collector distance results in PCL mats with thicker fibers, and consequently, lower porosities. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 48242.
Animal models for photodynamic therapy (PDT) (2015)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs non-toxic dyes called photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb visible light to give the excited singlet state, followed by the long-lived triplet state that can undergo photochemistry. In the presence of ambient oxygen, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals are formed that are able to kill cancer cells, inactivate microbial pathogens and destroy unwanted tissue. Although there are already several clinically approved PSs for various disease indications, many studies around the world are using animal models to investigate the further utility of PDT. The present review will cover the main groups of animal models that have been described in the literature. Cancer comprises the single biggest group of models including syngeneic mouse/rat tumours that can either be subcutaneous or orthotopic and allow the study of anti-tumour immune response; human tumours that need to be implanted in immunosuppressed hosts; carcinogen-induced tumours; and mice that have been genetically engineered to develop cancer (often by pathways similar to those in patients). Infections are the second biggest class of animal models and the anatomical sites include wounds, burns, oral cavity, ears, eyes, nose etc. Responsible pathogens can include Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. A smaller and diverse group of miscellaneous animal models have been reported that allow PDT to be tested in ophthalmology, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, dermatology and wound healing. Successful studies using animal models of PDT are blazing the trail for tomorrow's clinical approvals.
Human Lymphocytes Making Rheumatoid Factor and Antibody to ssDNA Belong to Leu-1 + B-Cell Subset (1987)

B lymphocytes bearing the Leu-1 cell-surface antigen (Leu-1+), the human equivalent of mouse Ly-1+ B lymphocytes, have been detected in human peripheral blood, but there is little information on their frequency and properties. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and double immunofluorescence showed that Leu-1+ B cells are consistently present in the peripheral blood and spleens of healthy subjects and constitute 17.0 +/- 5.0% (mean value +/- standard deviation) and 17.3 +/- 3.9%, respectively, of total B cells. When purified Leu-1+ and Leu-1- B lymphocytes were transformed into immunoglobulin-secreting cells by infection with Epstein-Barr virus and the culture fluids were tested for reactivity with self-antigens, at least two important autoantibodies, antibody to the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G (rheumatoid factor) and antibody to single-stranded DNA, were found to be made exclusively by Leu-1+ B cells. It is concluded that the Leu-1+ lymphocytes represent a major subset of the normal human B cell repertoire and include the B cells capable of making autoantibodies similar to those found in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III Trial of CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Combination With Recombinant Interleukin-2 in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (1999)

Treatment with CD8(+) TILs did not improve response rate or survival in patients treated with low-dose rIL-2 after nephrectomy.
Cyclic diarylheptanoids inhibit cell mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation (2005)

Two cyclic diarylheptanoids, garugamblin-3 (1) and acerogenin L (2), isolated from the MeOH extract of the fruits of Alnus japonica Steud., inhibited human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay with IC(50) values of 2.9 and 1.7 microM, respectively, and they also inhibited cell-mediated LDL oxidation more than 5 times more strongly than that of a well-known antioxidant, probucol, at a concentration of 10 microM. Compound (1) had no effect on the anti-atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.
The superior regenerative potential of muscle-derived stem cells for articular cartilage repair is attributed to high cell survival and chondrogenic potential (2016)

Three populations of muscle-derived cells (PP1, PP3, and PP6) were isolated from mouse skeletal muscle using modified preplate technique and retrovirally transduced with BMP4/GFP. <i>In vitro</i>, the PP1 cells (fibroblasts) proliferated significantly slower than the PP3 (myoblasts) and PP6 cells (muscle-derived stem cells); the PP1 and PP6 cells showed a superior rate of survival compared with PP3 cells under oxidative stress; and the PP6 cells showed significantly superior chondrogenic capabilities than PP1 and PP3 cells. <i>In vivo</i>, the PP6 cells promoted superior cartilage regeneration compared with the other muscle-derived cell populations. The cartilage defects in the PP6 group had significantly higher histological scores than those of the other muscle-derived cell groups, and GFP detection revealed that the transplanted PP6 cells showed superior <i>in vivo</i> cell survival and chondrogenic capabilities compared with the PP1 and PP3 cells. PP6 cells (muscle-derived stem cells) are superior to other primary muscle-derived cells for use as a cellular vehicle for BMP4-based <i>ex vivo</i> gene therapy to heal full-thickness osteo-chondral defects. The superiority of the PP6/muscle-derived stem cells appears to be attributable to a combination of increased rate of <i>in vivo</i> survival and superior chondrogenic differentiation capacity.
Variations in stimulus onset asynchrony affect attentive processing in amblyopia (2010)

Crowding is a phenomenon generally characterized by decreased ability to identify a target among nonoverlapping distractors in the normal periphery and central visual field of observers with amblyopia (a condition of degraded spatial vision generally caused by early monocular form deprivation). Recent experimental results have suggested that amblyopes experience disrupted attentive processing (Popple and Levi, 2008) as well as a different timecourse for temporal integration (Song and Levi, 2008) when compared with normally sighted observers. Our aim in this experiment was to assess the extent to which varying the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between an attentional cue and a crowded stimulus affected the ability of attention to reduce crowding. We measured this in terms of performance improvement for a task in which observers were asked to identify the central target among an array of distractors under one of two conditions: (1) no cue, and (2) the target was cued with a colored, size-appropriate spatial cue of the same mean luminance as the background presented at one of five durations of stimulus onset asynchrony. Our stimuli consisted of vertically and horizontally oriented black and white bars as well as probable conjunctions of two bars (one horizontal and one vertical) presented on an otherwise homogenous gray field of mean luminance. All experiments were conducted monocularly; both amblyopic and fellow eyes of participants with amblyopia were tested along with non-dominant eyes of normally-sighted control participants. We found that for normally sighted observers, an accurate attentional precue improved performance relative to the uncued condition with the greatest improvements being at a 120 ms SOA, while for amblyopic observers, improvements were smaller on the whole with the largest improvements being at a 40 ms SOA.
Luminescence mechanism and energy transfer in doubly-doped BaY2F8:Tm,Nd VUV scintillator (2010)

Doubly-doped BaY2F8:Tm, Nd scintillation crystals were grown by modified micro-pulling-down method. Nd co-doping was chosen to enhance the energy transfer from the host lattice to the Nd3+ luminescence center via the 5d-levels of Tm3+, due to the overlap of Tm3+ 5d-4f emission spectrum with the Nd3+ 4f-5d absorption. The energy transfer was clearly evidenced in the BaY2F8: Tm, Nd. This process is not complicated by an energy migration to killer centers and/or cross-relaxation. The radioluminescence process is complicated by an energy transfer from the host lattice exciton states to the lower f-levels of Tm3+ ion.
Fiber optic dynamic electric field sensor based on nematic liquid crystal Fabry-Perot etalon (2014)

We propose a fiber-optic dynamic electric field sensor using a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) Fabry-Perot etalon and a wavelength-swept laser. The transmission wavelength of the NLC Fabry-Perot etalon depends on the applied electric field intensity. The change in the effective refractive index of the NLC is measured while changing the applied electric field intensity. It decreases from 1.67 to 1.51 as the applied the electric field intensity is increased. Additionally, we successfully measure the dynamic variation of the electric field using the high-speed wavelength-swept laser. By measuring the modulation frequency of the transmission peaks in the temporal domain, the frequency of the modulated electric field can be estimated.
Evaluation of cyclopentene-based chain-transfer agents for living ring-opening metathesis polymerization (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of cyclopentene-based chain-transfer agents for living ring-opening metathesis polymerizationR. R. Schrock, K. B. Yap, D. C. Yang, H. Sitzmann, L. R. Sita, and G. C. BazanCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 8, 3191–3200Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00198a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00198a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views551Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Capture and Qualitative Analysis of the Activated Fc Receptor Complex from Live Cells (2012)

This unit describes the isolation of activated Fc receptor complexes from RAW 264.7 macrophages using live-cell affinity receptor chromatography (LARC). The Fc receptor complex is activated and captured by IgG-coated microbeads on the surface of live macrophages. After the cells are disrupted, the receptor complexes are isolated by washing and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Soluble proteins associated with the receptor complex are then eluted from the beads using a stepwise series of salt buffers and aqueous acetonitrile. The eluted proteins and the residual insoluble proteins on the beads can then be digested with trypsin and subjected to liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Controls include IgG-coated beads incubated with crude cell lysates or growth medium and beads coated with oxidized LDL or bovine serum albumin. Using this method, proteins present in IgG-FcR complexes can be distinguished from those in control scavenger receptor complexes (oxLDL or BSA). Thus, LARC is capable of detecting specific members of IgG receptor supramolecular complexes.
Dynamics of a Glassy Polymer Nanocomposite during Active Deformation (2009)

We have examined the response of a polymer and a polymer nanocomposite glass to creep and constant strain rate deformations using Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. We find that nanoparticles stiffen the polymer glass, as evidenced by an increase in the initial slope of the stress−strain curve and a suppression of the creep response. In contrast to previous reports, we also find that, during deformation, the effective relaxation time or mobility of the material is only qualitatively characterized by the instantaneous strain rate. Constant strain rate and constant stress deformations have different effects on the material’s position on its energy landscape, and neither a mechanical variable, such as the stress or strain rate, nor a thermodynamic variable, such as the material’s position on its energy lanscape, is uniquely indicative of the relaxation times in the material.
The Effect of Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid on Immunomodulatory Properties of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2018)

INTRODUCTION The capacity of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) to secrete a variety of trophic factors with diverse functions has motivated the interest of evaluating their local or systemic injection to stimulate tissue repair in different pathologies, including joint inflammatory diseases. The major mechanism by which AMSCs stimulates tissue repair is by paracrine activity and their interaction with the inflammatory microenvironment seem to have a critical role. It has recently been demonstrated that AMSCs, in addiction to soluble factors, release also exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, that evoke similar biological effects to stem cells themselves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs treated with synovial fluid (SF) collect from osteoarthritis joints exploring, in particular, if exosomes released from AMSCs are involved. METHODS AMSCs were cultured in the presence of a pool of SF derived from 14 patients with gonarthrosis for 24 h. Then, cells medium was replaced with exo‐free medium and after 24h supernatant was harvested and frozen at −20°C until use. The proliferation of AMSCs was measured by trypan blue exclusion count. Exosomes were isolated from AMSCs supernatant by polymer precipitation method (Exoquick‐TC) and characterized for the expression of exosomal markers (TSG101, CD81, CD9 and CD63) by western blot technique. AMSCs‐derived exosomes concentration was measured by Exocet kit. Isolated CD14+ monocytes were cultured for 10 days, during their differentiation into M1 macrophages, in presence of conditioned medium or exosomes from unstimulated or SF‐treated AMSCs. After treatment, macrophages were characterized for the expression of CD80 (M1 expression marker), CD163 or CD206 (M2 expression markers) by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The treatment with SF did not affected the proliferation rate of AMSCs, while increased the number of exosomes released by cells. Only conditioned medium of SF‐treated AMSCs was able to reverse the M1 phenotype of macrophage, polarizing toward the M2 phenotype. Isolated exosomes seem to simulate the effect observed after treatment with analogues conditioned medium. Of note, exosomes concentration has to be setting to find out the optimal experimental condition. In conclusion we suggest that the treatment with SF, as pro‐inflammatory stimulus, seem to activate AMSCs and promote the release of immunosuppressive factors. These data suggest that inflammatory microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the development of the anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs. Support or Funding Information This project was partially supported by an unrestricted grant from VivaBioCell S.p.A. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
ChemInform Abstract: Creation of TNFR1‐Selective Antagonist and Its Therapeutic Effects (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Leakage Currents and E’ Centers in 4H-SiC MOSFETs with Barium Passivation (2020)

4H-SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors have a substantially lower effective channel mobility than silicon-based counterparts. Nitric oxide annealing has been primarily utilized to provide an order of magnitude improvement in the effective channel mobility. Barium interface layers provide an additional doubling of the mobility over nitric oxide anneals. However, barium-based 4H-SiC transistors show more susceptibility to oxide leakage. We have investigated the atomic scale mechanisms of oxide leakage in barium-based devices with electrically detected magnetic resonance. We observe the presence of E' centers within the oxides of modestly stressed devices. Our measurements directly demonstrate that these E' centers are important and very likely the dominating cause of these leakage currents. In conventional silicon-based devices, E' centers are known to be important defects in reliability issues such as bias temperature instabilities and stress-induced leakage currents.
Oxygen-17 NMR study of steric interactions in hindered N-substituted imides (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxygen-17 NMR study of steric interactions in hindered N-substituted imidesA. L. Baumstark, M. Dotrong, M. G. Oakley, R. Stark, and D. W. BoykinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 16, 3640–3643Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00392a026https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00392a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views304Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fundamentals and applications of photocatalytic CO2 methanation (2019)

The extraction and combustion of fossil natural gas, consisting primarily of methane, generates vast amounts of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. However, as a result of recent research efforts, "solar methane" can now be produced through the photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide and water to methane and oxygen. This approach could play an integral role in realizing a sustainable energy economy by closing the carbon cycle and enabling the efficient storage and transportation of intermittent solar energy within the chemical bonds of methane molecules. In this article, we explore the latest research and development activities involving the light-assisted conversion of carbon dioxide to methane.
Adenoviral-mediated skeletal muscle transcriptional targeting using chimeric tissue-specific promoters. (2003)

Chimeric regulatory sequences based on the skeletal a-actin promoter are highly specific and allow transgene expression in vivo at high levels. These results indicate that expression cassettes designed for the treatment of peripheral ischemia by gene therapy can efficiently target gene expression to skeletal muscle.