gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate: A State-of-the-Art Analysis (2020)

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formate is an appealing carbon utilization method as it can be performed at room temperature and pressure, it only requires two electrons, and it has a high atom efficiency. This reaction has been known and studied for decades, but currently there is no commercial process practiced. This Perspective compares over 500 experimental data points from 65 scientific publications and patents and identifies the gas diffusion electrode as the best technology to scale this reaction. We further discuss the complex layers that make up a gas diffusion electrode and view what has been studied with respect to this reaction. Finally, we identify critical areas where more research can provide crucial understandings to allow this technology to become a commercial process.
Microstructure technology for fabrication of metal-mesh grids (1994)

Motivated by the need for highly efficient far-IR Fabry-Perot étalons for airborne and space astronomy, we have developed a high-yield photolithographic technique for producing low-loss metal-mesh reflectors. We describe the production technique and report on the mesh flatness and uniformity. Optical measurements of meshes produced by this technique show that absorptivity of less than 1% with reflectivity of more than 98% was achieved at the longest wavelengths measured, which proved them to be significantly more efficient than commercially available meshes. This process can achieve wire widths that are less than the mesh thicknesses (typically 3 µm), which extends their applicability to wavelengths as short as ~ 20 µm without sacrificing mechanical strength for airborne and space-flight applications.
Variable elimination in chemical reaction networks with mass action kinetics (2011)

We consider chemical reaction networks taken with mass action kinetics. The steady states of such a system are solutions to a system of polynomial equations. Even for small systems the task of finding the solutions is daunting. We develop an algebraic framework and procedure for linear elimination of variables. The procedure reduces the variables in the system to a set of "core" variables by eliminating variables corresponding to a set of non-interacting species. The steady states are parameterized algebraically by the core variables, and a graphical condition is given for when a steady state with positive core variables necessarily have all variables positive. Further, we characterize graphically the sets of eliminated variables that are constrained by a conservation law and show that this conservation law takes a specific form.
Model reductions in MDG-based model checking (2002)

Multiway Decision Graphs (MDG) can symbolically represent abstract state machines (ASM). Since there is no preimage operation in MDG due to the presence of abstract state variables, all backward reduction algorithms can not be used in MDG. In this paper we propose a simple but powerful way to construct a reduced abstract transition system derived from the original ASM by using only the transition relations of the so-called property dependent state variables VP of the property P to be verified. It is easy to show that the abstract system so constructed strongly preserves P, and consequently the abstract system constructed using only a subset of VP weakly preserves P. The critical thing is how to select the subset of VP. We present here a heuristic iterative reduction algorithm for verifying the properties. At each iteration step, we trace further the property dependency graph and add a noncorrelated set of state variables to the current set of state variables to construct a more detailed model. The algorithm can handle both abstract and concrete state variables. It is completely automatic and succeeds in reducing the model and verifying properties where other tools fail.
Shaping complex microwave fields in reverberating media with binary tunable metasurfaces (2014)

In this article we propose to use electronically tunable metasurfaces as spatial microwave modulators. We demonstrate that like spatial light modulators, which have been recently proved to be ideal tools for controlling light propagation through multiple scattering media, spatial microwave modulators can efficiently shape in a passive way complex existing microwave fields in reverberating environments with a non-coherent energy feedback. Unlike in free space, we establish that a binary-only phase state tunable metasurface allows a very good control over the waves, owing to the random nature of the electromagnetic fields in these complex media. We prove in an everyday reverberating medium, that is, a typical office room, that a small spatial microwave modulator placed on the walls can passively increase the wireless transmission between two antennas by an order of magnitude, or on the contrary completely cancel it. Interestingly and contrary to free space, we show that this results in an isotropic shaped microwave field around the receiving antenna, which we attribute again to the reverberant nature of the propagation medium. We expect that spatial microwave modulators will be interesting tools for fundamental physics and will have applications in the field of wireless communications.
CLINICAL-ALIMENTARY TRACT Effects of Adalimumab Therapy on Incidence of Hospitalization and Surgery in Crohn's Disease: Results From the CHARM Study (2008)

Background & Aims: We determined the effects of adalimumab maintenance treatment on the risks of hospitalization and surgery in Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods: A total of 778 patients with CD were randomized to placebo, adalimumab 40 mg every other week or adalimumab 40 mg weekly, all after an 80-mg/40-mg adalimumab induction regimen. All-cause and CD-related hospitalizations and major CD-related surgeries were compared between the placebo and adalimumab groups (every other week, weekly, and both combined) using Kaplan– Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Both 3- and 12-month hospitalization risks were significantly lower for patients who received adalimumab. Hazard ratios for all-cause hospitalization were 0.45, 0.36, and 0.40 for the adalimumab every other week, weekly, and combined groups, respectively (all P < .01 vs placebo). Hazard ratios for CD-related hospitalization were 0.50, 0.34, and 0.42, respectively (all P < .05). Cox model estimates demonstrated adalimumab every other week and weekly maintenance therapies were associated with 52% and 60% relative reductions in 12-month, all-cause hospi
Relative coherency strain and phase transformation history in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films (1996)

Experimental evidence is presented to verify the quantitative predictions of interfacial defect theory as applied to strain relief in epitaxial PbTiO3 thin films through the formation of 90° domains. Epitaxial PbTiO3 thin films grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on MgO(001), SrTiO3(001), LaAlO3(001), and SrRuO3(001)/SrTiO3(001) substrates are examined using four-circle x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The data represents a detailed examination of the ...c/a/c/a... 90° domain patterns that develop during the paraelectric to ferroelectric (PE→FE) phase transition as the film is cooled from the growth temperature. Three independent measurements of the relative coherency strain (er) are reported. The data quantitatively and self-consistently verify the crystallographic rotations predicted by the concept of the relative coherency strain and demonstrate the validity of domain stability maps in understanding the phase transformation history in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Options for Coordinate-Based Location Configuration Information (2011)

This document specifies a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Option
for the coordinate-based geographic location of the client. The
Location Configuration Information (LCI) includes latitude, longitude,
and altitude, with resolution indicators for each. The reference datum
for these values is also included. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
The Utilization of Steelmaking Industrial Waste of Silicomanganese Fume as Filtration Loss Control in Drilling Fluid Application (2021)

Abstract Drilling fluid is considered the backbone of drilling operations in the oil and gas industry to unlock hydrocarbon from subterranean formations. Maintaining the drilling fluid properties, for example, flow properties such as rheology, plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), gel strength (GS), and circulation loss, is the challenge for fluid/mud engineers to carry out successful drilling operations. A variety of chemicals have been added to improve the drilling fluid properties by introducing new chemicals or optimizing the existing chemicals without affecting the other essential fluid properties. The present study for the first time employs the eco-innovation concept to explore the utilization of steelmaking industry waste, i.e., silicomanganese fume (SMF), as a bridging material. The objective of this article is to design an eco-friendly framework that comprehensively explains and utilizes SMF as a bridging material in water-based fluid (WBF). The eco-innovation/eco-friendly framework includes the steps required for processing and understanding the new material and evaluating its effects on flow and the bridging properties of WBF. A scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to understand the physicochemical properties of SMF. The flow properties were studied using a Fann rheometer before and after hot rolling at 120 °F. A high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filter press equipment was used to investigate the bridging capability of seepage losses following conditions of 190 °F and 300 psi differential pressure. Minimal cleaning and disintegration with a mortar and pestle are enough to prepare SMF to be incorporated in drilling fluid. The SEM and XRF results showed that SMF contains oxides of manganese, silicon, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, while the PSD revealed a natural bimodal distribution with an average grain size of D50 of around 29 μm. SMF showed a noticeable and measurable enhancement of flow properties and bridging capability in WBF. The SMF-based WBF showed improved rheological properties, plastic viscosity, and yield point compared with marble-based WBF. Adding SMF to WBF with and without marble showed a ten-fold superior plugging performance compared with marble-based WBF using 20-μm ceramic discs. The findings revealed the successful utilization of SMF in WBF by improving the rheology, plastic viscosity, yield point, and bridging capability.
3. Addressing robust operation and reproducibility in SFC (2018)

One of the major factors that restricted supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) being included as a part of regular analytical workflow is the lack of robust and reproducible operations. Modern packed-column SFC systems have the same structure as an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography system with the exception of deploying a pump specific for liquid or compressed CO2 and an automated backpressure regulator that keeps the entire system above a specified pressure. The main challenge that impeded robust SFC instrumentation for years is the task of handling liquid/compressed CO2 which has significantly higher compressibility compared to liquid solvents. Although several aspects are often discussed under the topic of SFC instrumental challenges, they are different manifestations of the same factor - higher compressibility of CO2. In addition to this, effects of chemical reactions in the presence of CO2 and absence of water in imparting variability of stationary-phase surface properties have been highlighted [Fairchild et al. Chromatographic evidence of silyl ether formation (SEF) in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 87 (2015) 1735-1742] recently. In this chapter, a brief overview on these issues and how they were addressed will be presented with special emphasis on the effect of compressibility on system performance variation and effect of chemical reactions on surface chemistry leading to retention drift in SFC.
Prevalence and Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Non-Obese Patients: A Population Study Using Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (2015)

One-fifth of the general non-obese Chinese population has NAFLD. Non-obese patients with NAFLD do not have a higher risk of steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis. Patients with risk factors of advanced fibrosis such as metabolic syndrome and PNPLA3 G allele carriage should be assessed for severe NAFLD.
OXYGEN LIMITATION IN MICROFLUIDIC BIOFUEL CELLS (2007)

Biofuel cells are devices that use biocatalysts (enzymes or microbes) to convert biochemical energy directly into electrical energy. Microfluidic biofuel cells exploit the lack of active mixing at microscale dimensions to eliminate the use of proton exchange membranes that separate anolyte and catholyte streams. Simulation of this system, by solving the governing 3-D conservation equations (flow, species transport), reveals that oxygen availability limits the performance of the cathode. An exponential decay in the availability of oxygen at the cathode is observed along the length of the microchannel, indicating that increasing the number of electrode pairs reduces the overall current density. This conclusion is consistent with experimental observations. Increasing electrolyte flow rates can reduce the mass transport limitations by decreasing the diffusion boundary-layer thickness, but disparity between the flow rates of the anolyte and catholyte can induce wastage of dissolved oxygen.
Magnetic and transport studies of pureV2O3under pressure (1994)

We report a systematic study of the resistivity and magnetic susceptibility of pure ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the original Mott-Hubbard system at half filling, for pressures 0\ensuremath{\le}P\ensuremath{\le}25 kbar and temperatures 0.35\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300 K. We also study (${\mathrm{V}}_{0.99}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.01}$${)}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ under pressure in order to elucidate the role of disorder on a metal-insulator transition in the highly correlated limit. Despite the low level of doping, we find that the two systems are very different. We observe a conventional collapsing of the Mott-Hubbard gap only for stoichiometric ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$; the Ti disorder stabilizes the long-range antiferromagnetic order and a magnetic Slater gap. Moreover, we discover different P-T phase diagrams for the two systems, with a decoupling of the charge and spin degrees of freedom at the approach to the T=0, pressure-driven metal-insulator transition in pure ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Analysis of direct and converse piezoelectric responses from zinc oxide nanowires grown on a conductive fabric (2014)

Single crystalline hexagonal wurtzite zinc oxide nanowires (NWs) were grown on conductive commercial textile fabric as piezoelectric material. Aqueous chemical growth method was used for the synthesis of ZnO NWs. Field-emission surface scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques were used for surface and structural analysis of grown NWs. The mechanical and piezoelectric properties of the NWs were investigated by nanoindentation. Piezoelectric potentials up to 0.013 V were measured in response to direct applied loads in the range of 0–11 mN. Also, a DC voltage was applied for measurement of converse piezoelectric response under a low constant applied force (∼5 µN) and the piezoelectric coefficient was found to be 33.2 pm V−1. This study performed on commercial conductive textile demonstrates the feasibility to fabricate wearable nanogenerator clothing.
Overexpression of the insulin receptor inhibitor PC-1/ENPP1 induces insulin resistance and hyperglycemia (2005)

The ectoenzyme PC-1 is an insulin receptor inhibitor that is elevated in cells and tissues of humans with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We have recently shown that acute PC-1 overexpression in liver causes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice (3), but the chronic effects of PC-1 overexpression on these functions are unknown. Herein we produced transgenic mice overexpressing the potent q allele of human PC-1 in muscle and liver. Compared with controls, these mice had 2- to 3-fold elevations of PC-1 content in liver and 5- to 10-fold elevations in muscle. In the fed state, the PC-1 animals had 100 mg/dl higher glucose levels and sixfold higher insulin levels compared with controls. During glucose tolerance tests, these PC-1 animals had peak glucose levels that were >150 mg/dl higher than controls. In vivo uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucose in muscle during insulin infusion was decreased in the PC-1 animals. These in vivo data support the concept, therefore, that PC-1 plays a role in insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and suggest that animals with overexpression of human PC-1 in insulin-sensitive tissues may be important models to investigate insulin resistance.
Epigenetic Instability and Trans-Silencing Interactions Associated With an SPT::Ac T-DNA Locus in Tobacco (1998)

Progeny of tobacco line 2853.6, which carries a streptomycin phosphotransferase (SPT) gene interrupted by the maize element Activator (Ac), were selected for streptomycin resistance (Spr) because of germinal Ac excision. Some events gave rise to Spr alleles that were unstable and exhibited a mottled phenotype on streptomycin-containing medium due to somatic loss of SPT function. This instability was most pronounced in one particular line, Spr12F. Other Spr alleles rarely exhibited silencing of SPT. Streptomycin-sensitive, homozygous Spr12F plants were recovered, and crosses were performed with other, more stable Spr lines. A high proportion of the resulting heterozygous progeny were silenced for SPT expression. The silenced state was heritable even after the Spr12F allele segregated away. No correlation could be made between silencing and methylation of the SPTgene. Structural analysis of allele Spr12F showed that the SPT gene from which Ac had excised was flanked by direct repeats of Ac. A search was carried out among 110 additional Spr alleles for new independent unstable alleles, and four were identified. All of these alleles also carried an SPT gene flanked by direct repeats of Ac. Thus, there is a strong correlation between this structure and instability of SPT expression.
Inhibitors of Stat3 (US) (2015)

Disclosed herein are compounds derived from a chemical structure according to the formula (I) wherein X comprises oxygen or sulfur, R1 comprises a phenyl or naphthyl group, R2 comprises an amide group and R3 comprises a phosphate group. The disclosed compounds demonstrate inhibitory activity against STAT3, a protein found in certain tumor tissues and which promotes cellular overproliferation and resistance to apoptosis. The invention includes compositions containing the disclosed compounds, as well as methods of treatment therewith.
Autonomous Blimp Control using Deep Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Aerial robot solutions are becoming ubiquitous for an increasing number of tasks. Among the various types of aerial robots, blimps are very well suited to perform long-duration tasks while being energy efficient, relatively silent and safe. To address the blimp navigation and control task, in our recent work, we have developed a software-in-the-loop simulation and a PID-based controller for large blimps in the presence of wind disturbance. However, blimps have a deformable structure and their dynamics are inherently non-linear and time-delayed, often resulting in large trajectory tracking errors. Moreover, the buoyancy of a blimp is constantly changing due to changes in the ambient temperature and pressure. In the present paper, we explore a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach to address these issues. We train only in simulation, while keeping conditions as close as possible to the real-world scenario. We derive a compact state representation to reduce the training time and a discrete action space to enforce control smoothness. Our initial results in simulation show a significant potential of DRL in solving the blimp control task and robustness against moderate wind and parameter uncertainty. Extensive experiments are presented to study the robustness of our approach. We also openly provide the source code of our approach.
Resistance Management for San Jose Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) (2015)

The San Jose scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comstock is one of the most important pests of deciduous fruit trees. The major cause of recent outbreaks in apple orchards is thought to be the development of insecticide resistance, specifically organophosphates. The first report was given in North America, and now, in Chile. In the present study, San Jose scale populations collected from two central regions of Chile were checked for their susceptibility to different mode of action insecticides in order to establish alternatives to manage this pest. No evidence of cross resistance between organophosphates insecticides and acetamiprid, buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, or thiacloprid was found. Baselines of LC50-LC95 for different life stages of San Jose scale are given, as reference to future studies of resistance monitoring. The systemic activity of acetamiprid, spirotetramat, and thiacloprid was higher than the contact residue effect of these compounds. For sulfoxaflor, both values were similar. Program treatments including one or more of these compounds are compared in efficacy and impact on resistance ratio values. In order to preserve new insecticides as an important tool to control San Jose scale, resistance management programs should be implemented, considering insecticide mode of action classes alternated or mixed.
Online Motion Sensors Error Modelling for Robust Navigation Using Fast Orthogonal Search (2022)

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Dead Reckoning (DR) techniques are typically integrated to provide a robust and continuous navigation solution. However, frequent GNSS outages due to signal deterioration and blockage can severely impact the performance of the integrated navigation, which will be deprived of accurate GNSS updates and have to rely solely on the DR solution. The shortcomings of DR navigation solutions are due to the presence of several sensor errors such as biases, scale factor errors, thermal drifts, misalignment errors, and stochastic errors. Despite sensor calibration procedures, the impact of sensor errors may persist, propagating through the DR algorithm and leading to significant drifts, especially with Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors. In this paper, the objective is to improve the standalone navigation performance of Vehicle Sensors Dead Reckoning (VSDR) during GNSS out-ages. To be specific, the Fast Orthogonal Search (FOS) system identification technique is utilized to model Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor errors utilizing the availability of the accurate integrated navigation solution. The sensor error models are to be utilized when the integrated solution is compromised (i.e. GNSS outage) to estimate improved sensor measurements, thus reducing drifting navigation errors and achieving robust stan-dalone VSDR operations over extended durations. The proposed method is verified using real data from vehicle motion sensors on real road test experiments performed on a land vehicle in downtown Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Our results demonstrate significant improvements when utilizing the sensor error models for rectifying the raw sensor measurements achieving position accuracy enhancements of 56% on average across different outage durations.