gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromyographic activity and strength during maximum isometric pronation and supination efforts in healthy adults (2003)

There exists a lack of quantitative data in the literature related to the torque produced during axial forearm rotation and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles involved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the relative EMG activity of four forearm muscles during resisted forearm rotation. A custom-built device capable of measuring torque in the absence of grip was employed. Fourteen healthy volunteers performed maximum isometric voluntary contractions in five positions of axial forearm rotation for both pronation and supination. EMG data were collected simultaneously from the supinator, biceps, pronator quadratus (deep and superficial heads), and pronator teres muscles using fine-wire bipolar electrodes. Data were analyzed to determine the contributions of each muscle to pronation and supination torque over five positions of forearm rotation. In the absence of grip no significant difference was found between supination and pronation torque in neutral position. Supination torque generation was greater in the pronated forearm positions, and pronation torque was greater in the supinated positions (p<0.05). A root-mean-square EMG analysis verified the major contributions of the pronator teres and both heads of the pronator quadratus muscle to pronation torque, and supinator and biceps to supination torque. The deep head of the pronator quadratus was active during both pronation and supination, lending support to the theory that it may act primarily as a dynamic distal radioulnar joint stabilizer. This information may be helpful in upper extremity modeling, surgical treatments, and rehabilitation strategies.
Hydrogen Plasma Treatment of Silicon Dioxide for Improved Silane Deposition (2013)

We describe a method for plasma cleaning silicon surfaces in a commercial tool that removes adventitious organic contamination and enhances silane deposition. As shown by wetting, ellipsometry, and XPS, hydrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas effectively clean Si/SiO2 surfaces. However, only hydrogen plasmas appear to enhance subsequent low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silanes. Chemical differences between the surfaces were confirmed via (i) deposition of two different silanes: octyldimethylmethoxysilane and butyldimethylmethoxysilane, as evidenced by spectroscopic ellipsometry and wetting, and (ii) a principal components analysis (PCA) of TOF-SIMS data taken from the different plasma-treated surfaces. AFM shows no increase in surface roughness after H2 or O2 plasma treatment of Si/SiO2. The effects of surface treatment with H2/O2 plasmas in different gas ratios, which should allow greater control of surface chemistry, and the duration of the H2 plasma (complete surface treatment appeared to take place quickly) are also presented. We believe that this work is significant because of the importance of silanes as surface functionalization reagents, and in particular because of the increasing importance of gas phase silane deposition.
INFLUENCE OF AN OSCILLATING AIRFLOW ON THE PREFILMING AIRBLAST ATOMIZATION PROCESS (2021)

Thermoacoustic instabilities often occur in a combustion chamber of a jet engine when pressure fluctuations from the released heat create a closed feedback loop with the fluctuations of the inlet air velocity, causing further combustion instabilities that enhance the cycle back again. Since most jet engine combustion chambers use liquid fuel dispersed into droplets by an airblast atomizer, any fluctuations occurring in the air entering the airblast nozzle could affect the atomization process of the liquid fuel and the air-to-fuel ratio distribution inside the combustor. The present experimental study focuses on the influence of the pulsating airflow on the spray characteristics during the airblast atomization process. The experiments were carried out with a two-dimensional prefilmer in which a water film flow was generated on one surface. A siren excited the airflow at approximately 120 Hz. The oscillation of the airflow was characterized by a constant temperature anemometer, while the developed spray was examined using phase doppler anemometry where droplet velocities and the droplet size distribution were measured. By processing the droplet characteristics, an oscillation of the mean diameter, Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and droplet velocity is observed. In comparison to a nonforced flow case as well as theoretical predictions of the SMD based on the air velocity, these results may indicate that the oscillating air velocity causes a time-dependent separation of droplets, which results in those fluctuating spray characteristics.
Growth Hormone Release Inhibiting Hormone in Acromegaly (1974)

Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) was administered by constant infusion over 75 minutes to eight acromegalic patients at different doses. 100 to 1,000 mug were equally effective in reducing circulating growth hormone (GH) levels; 25 mug lowered GH levels in only five patients, and at this dose the extent of the fall was smaller than from doses of 100 mug or more. 10 mug was ineffective. Injection of single doses of 500 mug by intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes caused only small and transient reductions in GH levels, though the effect was improved by injecting the hormone intramuscularly in 2 ml of 16% gelatin. Injection of a suspension of 4 mg GHRIH in 1 ml of arachis oil lowered growth hormone levels for between three and four hours.In four acromegalic patients an oral 50-g glucose tolerance test was performed during a continuous infusion of either saline or 1,000 mug GHRIH. The "paradoxical" rise in growth hormone seen in these patients during the saline infusion was suppressed by GHRIH. The blood glucose responses were, moreover, modified by GHRIH in that the peak was delayed and occurred at the end of the infusion in each case. A "normal" glucose tolerance curve was converted to a "diabetic" type of response in two patients. This effect could be accounted for by the inhibition of insulin secretion known to occur with large doses of GHRIH.We speculate that acromegaly may be primarily a hypothalmic disease due to deficiency of GHRIH resulting in excessive secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary and adenoma formation due to inappropriate and prolonged stimulation of the pituitary.
Alternate Mucosal Immune System: Organized Peyer’s Patches Are Not Required for IgA Responses in the Gastrointestinal Tract (2000)

The progeny of mice treated with lymphotoxin (LT)-beta receptor (LTbetaR) and Ig (LTbetaR-Ig) lack Peyer's patches but not mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). In this study, we used this approach to determine the importance of Peyer's patches for induction of mucosal IgA Ab responses in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that LTbetaR-Ig-treated, Peyer's patch null (PP null) mice possessed significant numbers of IgA-positive (IgA+) plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria. Further, oral immunization of PP null mice with OVA plus cholera toxin as mucosal adjuvant resulted in Ag-specific mucosal IgA and serum IgG Ab responses. OVA-specific CD4+ T cells of the Th2 type were induced in MLN and spleen of PP null mice. In contrast, when TNF and LT-alpha double knockout (TNF/LT-alpha-/-) mice, which lack both Peyer's patches and MLN, were orally immunized with OVA plus cholera toxin, neither mucosal IgA nor serum IgG anti-OVA Abs were induced. On the other hand, LTbetaR-Ig- and TNF receptor 55-Ig-treated normal adult mice elicited OVA- and cholera toxin B subunit-specific mucosal IgA responses, indicating that both LT-alphabeta and TNF/LT-alpha pathways do not contribute for class switching for IgA Ab responses. These results show that the MLN plays a more important role than had been appreciated until now for the induction of both mucosal and systemic Ab responses after oral immunization. Further, organized Peyer's patches are not a strict requirement for induction of mucosal IgA Ab responses in the gastrointestinal tract.
Improved Crystallization of Perovskite Films by Optimized Solvent Annealing for High Efficiency Solar Cell (2015)

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite-based thin film solar cells show excellent light-to-power conversion efficiency. The high performance for the devices requires the preparation of well-crystallized perovskite absorbers. In this paper, we used the postannealing process to treat the perovskite films under different solvent vapors and observed that the solvent vapors have a strong effect on the film growth. A model regarding the perovskite film growth was proposed as well. Intensive characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and admittance spectroscopy allowed us to attribute the improved performance to reduced recombination loss and defect density. Solar cell based on the DMSO-treated films delivered a power conversion efficiency of over 13% with negligible photocurrent hysteresis.
Induction of "infectious" tolerance to MHC-incompatible cardiac allografts in CD4 monoclonal antibody-treated sensitized rat recipients (1996)

LBNF1 heart grafts are rejected in an accelerated manner within 36 h by LEW rats that have been sensitized with Brown Norway rat skin grafts on day -7. Treatment with RIB-5/2, a CD4-nondepleting mAb (10 doses of 5 mg/rat/day, i.v., from day -7 to day +21) abrogated rejection at <36 h and produced indefinite (>200 days) cardiac allograft survival. Transplantation tolerance in this model developed within several weeks, and during the maintenance phase (>100 days) it was associated with diminished host circulating allo-Ab responses and induction of peripheral allospecific T cell unresponsiveness both in vitro and in vivo. Tolerant cells in mAb-treated hosts could disable naive or alloimmune cells, so that they failed to trigger graft rejection. Moreover, donor-specific and organ-nonspecific tolerance could be adoptively transferred by spleen cells alone into new sets of primary (100%) and secondary (>40%) test recipients. CD4+ T cells were instrumental for the induction of such readily transferable tolerance. The first and second generation suppressive regulatory cells were also critical for the inhibition of allograft recognition by normal or even alloimmune cells. Hence, the features of an "infectious" tolerance pathway to minor histocompatibility-mismatched skin grafts, originally described in thymectomized mice, may be applied to the euthymic primed rats rendered tolerant to fully MHC-incompatible vascularized organ allografts. Such reprogramming of host cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms following CD4-targeted therapy adds to our appreciation of the potential utility and applicability of infectious tolerance in transplant recipients treated with a perioperative course of CD4-targeted monotherapy.
Spin-RAM for Normally-Off Computer (2011)

Spin-RAM technologies for operation speed faster than 30 ns, memory capacity larger than 1 Gbits and practically infinite read/write endurance have been developed by using magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetization layers. Combination of Spin-RAM and power-gating technology will enable ultra low power computer called Normally-Off Computer.
P676 Comparison of real-world outcomes of adalimumab and infliximab for patients with ulcerative colitis in the United States (2017)

Background: Adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (INF) are approved for treating patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who have failed conventional therapy. Research comparing the effectiveness of these therapies following induction is limited. We compared the real-world effectiveness of initiating ADA versus INF among patients in the early weeks of treatment. Methods: 170 randomly selected physicians in the U.S. retrospectively abstracted clinical and healthcare resource utilization information from the charts of adults with UC initiating ADA or INF therapy between 1 Oct 2012 and 30 Apr 2014. Patients were anti-TNF naïve, did not have a Crohn's disease diagnosis and had ≥6 months of follow-up data available. Disease and symptom control were assessed by measuring the probabilities of remission, normal physician global assessment (PGA), normal stool frequency, and absence of rectal bleeding at 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after initiating ADA or INF. Probabilities were estimated using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared between treatments using log-rank tests. Patient demographics and the time to first physician- or patient-initiated office visit since starting treatment were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests (continuous data) and chi-squared tests (categorical data). Results: Of 804 eligible patients, 380 initiated ADA and 424 initiated INF. Both groups were similar demographically, except for race/ethnicity. More ADA patients were white (ADA 78.9% vs INF 71.5%, p=0.0144) and fewer were black (ADA 8.7% vs INF 16.3%, p=0.0012). There were no differences between ADA and INF patients with regards to the probabilities of disease and symptom control at any time point between 8 and 24 weeks after initiating therapy (Table 1). The number of patients with a first office visit after starting treatment by each follow-up point was similar between groups (Table 2). Table 1 Table 2 Conclusions: ADA and INF were similarly effective in UC patients in real-world clinical practice as early as 8 weeks after initiating treatment. These data are consistent with those from clinical trials and network meta-analyses.
Classifying Degraded Images Over Various Levels Of Degradation (2020)

Classification for degraded images having various levels of degradation is very important in practical applications. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network to classify degraded images by using a restoration network and an ensemble learning. The results demonstrate that the proposed network can classify degraded images over various levels of degradation well. This paper also reveals how the image-quality of training data for a classification network affects the classification performance of degraded images.
Diffusion of Liquid Water in Free-Standing Polymer Films Using Pressure-Contact Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy (2017)

In this work, an in situ pressure-contact Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy apparatus was designed and developed for measuring liquid transport in free-standing polymer films. This new technique allows time-resolved infrared data of liquid transport in free-standing films to be collected accurately without solution casting the film directly onto the ATR element. Liquid water transport in free-standing films of a rubbery polymer (poly(isobutylene); PIB), a glassy polymer (poly(methyl methacrylate); PMMA), and a cross-linked polymer (epoxy/amine resin) was investigated using this technique. The in situ pressure-contact FTIR-ATR spectroscopy apparatus showed similar results to those obtained using the conventional solution-cast FTIR-ATR apparatus for PIB. Non-Fickian behavior was observed for both the solution-cast and free-standing PMMA due to the nonequilibrium state of the polymer. However, the rate of water sorption did not match between the two; the former was attributed to diffusion-relaxation and the latter was attributed diffusion-compression due to the differences in the apparatus. The solution-cast PMMA data were regressed to a previously developed diffusion-relaxation model, while a new model that incorporates diffusion-compression was developed and regressed to the free-standing PMMA data. Liquid water diffusion in the cross-linked polymer exhibited Fickian behavior and was attributed to the suppressed polymer strain response to the diffusant.
Effect of Entrance Condition on Frictional Losses and Transition to Turbulence in Minichannel Flows (2004)

In studying the fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels and minichannels, various claims have been made regarding transition at Reynolds numbers significantly below 2300. As a first step in identifying the reasons for such reports on early transition, the effect of entrance geometry on the pressure drop and transition to turbulence was studied in a conventional channel of 19 mm inside diameter (Kandlikar and Campbell [1]). As a second step, the effect of entrance condition on pressure drop and transition to turbulence is studied in small channels with diameters of 1.067 mm and 0.457 mm. The two entrance conditions employed for both channels are re-entrant and smooth. The experimental results show the effect of entrance condition on local friction factor, transition Reynolds number, and Hagenbach’s factor.
Dual-Color Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy To Study the Complexation between Poly-l-lysine and Oligonucleotides (2002)

In this study, dual-color fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) was explored to characterize the association of oligonucleotides (ONs) to cationic polymers. The results from dual-color FFS, in which both the ONs and the cationic polymers were fluorescently labeled, were compared with data obtained from single-color FFS in which only the ONs or the cationic polymers were fluorescently marked. As a model, the association of negatively charged 20-mer ONs to positively charged poly-l-lysine (pLL) was studied. The binding of rhodamine green-labeled ONs (RhGr-ONs) to nonlabeled pLL could be clearly observed in the fluorescence fluctuation profiles. Especially, highly intense fluorescence peaks appeared in the fluorescence fluctuations. A highly intense fluorescence peak was considered to originate from one complex in which a number of RhGr-ONs were present. Complexing nonlabeled ONs to rhodamine green-labeled pLL (RhGr-pLL) also resulted in highly intense fluorescence peaks, indicating not only that the complexes consisted of a number of ONs but also that numerous RhGr-pLL chains were present. Upon complexation of red-labeled pLL (Cy5-pLL) to green-labeled ONs (RhGr-ONs), highly intense fluorescence peaks occurred simultaneously in the red and green detector. These data proved the multimolecular composition of the polyplexes and agreed with the observations from single-color FFS.
Investigations on Synchronization Channel Sequences in OFDM Based Evolved UTRA Downlink (2007)

This paper presents the optimum primary- synchronization channel (P-SCH) and secondary-SCH (S-SCH) sequences for the SCH based on criteria to achieve fast initial and neighboring cell search time performance in the Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) downlink. Simulation results show that the P-SCH sequence has a slight influence on the achievable cell search time, and that the application of multiple sequences, i.e., three P-SCH sequences, is beneficial in achieving fast cell search time performance particularly for the neighboring cell search. The results also show that the Walsh-Hadamard sequence or cyclic-shifted orthogonal sequence is suitable for the S-SCH sequence to indicate the cell ID group. Furthermore, it is shown that the combination of a permutation of the orthogonal S-SCH and P-SCH-specific scrambling sequences is advantageous in suppressing the cross-correlation between S-SCHs that collide and in achieving a fast cell search time particularly for the neighboring cell search in inter-node B synchronous operation.
TLR4-dependent lipopolysaccharide signalling in epithelial cells is independent of extracellular protease activity (2002)

Epithelial cells are the first cells that encounter infecting bacteria and, as such, they have developed several mechanisms for microbial protection. We have shown previously that bladder epithelial cells express the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that enables a rapid cellular interleukin (IL)-8 response when exposed to Escherichia coli and LPS. TLR4 belongs to a family of receptors that was initially identified in Drosophila, in which Toll is required for the immune response against fungi. Fungal exposure activates a series of serine proteases that process the protein Spaetzle to a cytokine-like form that acts as a ligand for Toll. Here, we investigated whether a similar proteolytic cascade is required for human TLR activation. When screening a set of 18 protease inhibitors, three serine protease inhibitors (TPCK, TLCK and Pefabloc) were shown to inhibit LPS- and peptidoglycan-induced IL-8 production in TLR2- and TLR4-positive bladder epithelial cells. However, they were equally effective inhibitors of IL-1beta-induced signalling, indicating that their target(s) is/are located downstream of the TLRs. Further characterization showed that these inhibitors blocked I kappa B degradation but not phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated cells, which suggests that the serine protease inhibitors target the 26S proteasome. Identical results were obtained on LPS-stimulated monocytes. Based on these data, we find no evidence for the involvement of proteases upstream of TLRs in either epithelial cells or cells of the monocytic lineage.
Automated Emission Data Registration and Segmentation for IC Analysis (2016)

Abstract In this paper, the development of advanced emission data analysis methodologies for IC debugging and characterization is discussed. Techniques for automated layout to emission registration and data segmentations are proposed and demonstrated using both 22 nm and 14 nm SOI test chips. In particular, gate level registration accuracy is leveraged to compare the emission of different types of gates and quickly create variability maps automatically.
Biocomparison of Three Formulations of the S1P1 Receptor Modulator Ponesimod in Healthy Subjects (2015)

The two polymorphic forms of ponesimod and tablet versus capsule formulations were similar in terms of pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability.
Probe of High-Order Harmonic Generation in a Hollow Waveguide Geometry using Counterpropagating Light (2007)

We use counterpropagating light to directly observe the coherent buildup of high harmonic generation in a hollow waveguide geometry. We measure, for the first time, coherence lengths for high photon energies that cannot be phase matched using conventional approaches. We also probe the transition through phase matching, the ionization level at which different harmonic orders are generated, and the change in the coherence length as the driving laser is depleted. These results directly prescribe the optimal structures or pulse trains required for implementing quasiphase matching.
Measurement of volumetric flow rates with ultrasonic contrast agents using a depletion method (2002)

A high-intensity focused transducer was used to deplete a small, well-defined volume of contrast agent flow in a small diameter tube. The depleted volume was probed both confocally and downstream with a 7.5-MHz focused diagnostic transducer. The depletion volume was found from theoretical calculations of the acoustic beam profile. Volume flow rates were then calculated by measuring the time required for the depleted volume to pass the diagnostic transducer. Additionally, a beam with known sidelobe spacing can give information about the flow velocity if the high-intensity transducer exposure is short and the sidelobes form spatially separated subdepletion regions. A 4.7-MHz ‘‘strip electrode’’ high-intensity transducer with 0.5-mm sidelobe spacing was used to study the flow velocity in dialysis tubing with a 3.1-mm outer diameter. Flow of known volume velocity was generated with a syringe pump. Both Optison and Albunex contrast agents were used. Experimental flow velocities were in excellent agreement with the known flow measurement.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOTOPE ENRICHMENT AND STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE PRODUCTS FROM THE REACTION OF ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED IODINE MONOCHLORIDE WITH CIS‐ AND TRANS‐1,2‐DIBROMOETHYLENE (1980)

Abstract Selektiv durch CW‐Farbstoff‐Laser angeregtesl" "C1 führt zu cis‐ und trans‐1‐Brom‐ 2‐chlor‐ethylen mit bis zu 78.4 bzw. 73.9% 37 C1 bei einer Quantenausb.