gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract 150: Small Variations in Defibrillation Electrode Placement Affect Shock Success (2014)

Background: Defibrillation is essential in treating cardiac arrest patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF). The success of the shock in terminating VF depends on many previously studied factors, including waveform and energy dose. It has been observed clinically that defibrillation electrode placement varies widely. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of small differences in defibrillation electrode placement on first shock defibrillation success rates in swine. Methods: In 10 anesthetized swine weighing 32.7 ± 2.5 kg (mean ± standard deviation), electrode pads were attached at 3 different symmetric positions: the medial edge of each electrode was placed 3% (2.1 ± 0.1 cm), 7% (4.7 ± 0.1 cm), or 11% (7.5 ± 0.2 cm) around the circumference of the chest from mid-sternum (Fig. 1). Biphasic impedance-compensated shocks were delivered through the pads with a 50-ohm resistor added in series to replicate human impedance. The order of the 3 positions was block randomized for each experiment. At each electrode position, 24 episodes were run: VF was electrically induced and up to 2 shocks were delivered. Primary outcome was defined as successful VF termination after the first shock; secondary outcome was the cumulative success of both the first and second shock. Results: Across all experiments, at the 3%, 7%, and 11% positions, first shock success was 38.3% (92/240), 48.3% (116/240), and 36.7% (88/240) (p = 0.02, Chi-square Test); cumulative 2-shock success was 59.6% (143/240), 63.8% (153/240), and 55.4% (133/240) (p = 0.18), respectively. The lowest first shock success was at the 3% position in 6 of 10 animals, at the 11% position in 4 of 10 animals, and never at the 7% position. Conclusions: Small changes in electrode pad placement can significantly affect defibrillation shock success. Although anatomic differences may prevent the existence of one optimal electrode position, one position may be more effective for VF termination than another in a given patient.
Immune cells control skin lymphatic electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure (2013)

The skin interstitium sequesters excess Na+ and Cl- in salt-sensitive hypertension. Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells are recruited to the skin, sense the hypertonic electrolyte accumulation in skin, and activate the tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TONEBP, also known as NFAT5) to initiate expression and secretion of VEGFC, which enhances electrolyte clearance via cutaneous lymph vessels and increases eNOS expression in blood vessels. It is unclear whether this local MPS response to osmotic stress is important to systemic blood pressure control. Herein, we show that deletion of TonEBP in mouse MPS cells prevents the VEGFC response to a high-salt diet (HSD) and increases blood pressure. Additionally, an antibody that blocks the lymph-endothelial VEGFC receptor, VEGFR3, selectively inhibited MPS-driven increases in cutaneous lymphatic capillary density, led to skin Cl- accumulation, and induced salt-sensitive hypertension. Mice overexpressing soluble VEGFR3 in epidermal keratinocytes exhibited hypoplastic cutaneous lymph capillaries and increased Na+, Cl-, and water retention in skin and salt-sensitive hypertension. Further, we found that HSD elevated skin osmolality above plasma levels. These results suggest that the skin contains a hypertonic interstitial fluid compartment in which MPS cells exert homeostatic and blood pressure-regulatory control by local organization of interstitial electrolyte clearance via TONEBP and VEGFC/VEGFR3-mediated modification of cutaneous lymphatic capillary function.
Campaign to Identify Agonists of Transient Receptor Potential Channels 3 and 2 (TRPML3 & TRPML2) (2011)

We conducted a high-throughput screen for small molecule activators of the TRPML3 ion channel which, when mutated, causes deafness and pigmentation defects. Cheminformatics analyses of the 53 identified and confirmed compounds revealed nine different chemical scaffolds and 20 singletons. The two probes reported here [SID24801657 (ML123) and SID24787221 ML122)] exhibit potent EC50 values against TRPML3 (EC50 values of 0.873 μM and 1.43 μM), and activate TRPML2 (54.5%ACT and 23.5% ACT). Importantly, these probes induce a robust increase in intracellular calcium levels, assessed using fluorescence-based Fura-2 calcium assays and patch clamp studies performed by the assay provider, demonstrating their biological value. These probes exhibit no detectable activity against the TRPN1 channel or the YFP-HEK parental cell line, and are inactive against hTRPML1, hTRPM2, mTRPV2, hTRPC3, drTRPN1, and hTRPA1 ion channels. Additionally, these probes are inactive in other ion channel assays including TRPN1, (PubChem AID 1682), the X11L calcium channel (AID 2073), and the ROM K+ channel (AID 1918). We found that agonists strongly potentiated TRPML3 activation with low extracytosolic [Na+]. This synergism revealed existence of distinct and cooperative activation mechanisms, and a wide dynamic range of TRPML3 activity. Testing compounds on TRPML3-expressing sensory hair cells revealed absence of activator-responsive channels. Epidermal melanocytes showed only weak or no responses to the compounds. These studies validate the selectivity and biological relevance of these probes. Due to the lack of available compounds known to act as TRPML3/TRPML2 agonists (there is no prior art), these compounds are valuable tools for elucidating the functions of these ion channels. These results suggest that TRPML3 in native cells might be absent from the plasma membrane or that the protein is a subunit of heteromeric channels that are non-responsive to the activators identified in this screen.
Experimental Immune System of the Inner Ear (1987)

The observation that certain clinical cases of sensorineural hearing loss could favorably respond to immunosuppressive therapy in addition to experimental studies that support the presence of an inner ear immune system have led to the suggestion that a number of inner ear disorders previously considered to be idiopathic may in fact have an immunological basis. The experimental evidence that establishes the operation of a distinct inner ear immune system is presented.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Focal Adhesion Kinase Promotes the Aggressive Melanoma Phenotype (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from Focal Adhesion Kinase Promotes the Aggressive Melanoma Phenotype
Transduction of Interphase Cells by Avian Sarcoma Virus (2002)

It has been generally believed that oncoretroviruses are dependent on mitosis for efficient nuclear entry of viral DNA. We previously identified a nuclear localization signal in the integrase protein of an oncoretrovirus, avian sarcoma virus (ASV), suggesting an active import mechanism for the integrase-DNA complex (G. Kukolj, R. A. Katz, and A. M. Skalka, Gene 223:157-163, 1998). Here, we have evaluated the requirement for mitosis in nuclear import and integration of ASV DNA. Using a modified ASV encoding a murine leukemia virus amphotropic env gene and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene, DNA nuclear import was measured in cell cycle-arrested avian (DF-1) as well as human (HeLa) and mouse cells. The results showed efficient accumulation of nuclear forms of ASV DNA in gamma-irradiation-arrested cells. Efficient transduction of a GFP reporter gene was also observed after infection of cells that were arrested with gamma-irradiation, mitomycin C, nocodazole, or aphidicolin, confirming that nuclear import and integration of ASV DNA can occur in the absence of mitosis. By monitoring GFP expression in individual cells, we also obtained evidence for nuclear import of viral DNA during interphase in cycling cells. Lastly, we observed that ASV can transduce postmitotic mouse neurons. These results support an active nuclear import mechanism for the oncoretrovirus ASV and suggest that this mechanism can operate in both nondividing and dividing cells.
Effects Of Weighted Baseball Throwing On Youth Glenohumeral Joint Reaction Force (2020)

INTRODUCTION: Weighted baseball throwing programs are often used to increase pitch velocity. However, increased injury risk has been reported and questions regarding possible mechanism of injury exist. Kinematics and kinetics have been investigated with inverse dynamics approach, but the effects of individual muscle forces have rarely been taken into account by these models and in consideration of pitch mechanics. Analysis of shoulder joint reaction force with a musculoskeletal model including individual muscle forces may provide new insight on injury mechanism. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of varied weighted baseballs on glenohumeral (GH) joint reaction forces during youth pitching. METHODS: 7 baseball pitchers (Age 15.7 ± 2.4) participated in the study. Participants performed 5 pitches for strikes with 5oz, 7oz, and 9oz baseballs. Full body, 3D segment position data were collected using a motion capture system (200 Hz) and ball velocities were measured via radar gun. Highest velocities of 3 pitches were selected and 3D marker trajectories input into a 19 DOF musculoskeletal model utilizing a standard inverse dynamics and static optimization routine to produce individual muscle forces to yield GH joint reaction forces. Mean distraction force, anterior shear force, and superior shear force on GH joint were calculated and compared with RMANOVA (alpha = .05) during the acceleration phase of the pitch with Bonferroni post-hocs. RESULTS: Differences were noted between the ball weights on ball velocity (5oz 66.9 ± 8.8mph, 7oz 61.6 ± 7.8 mph, 9 oz 56.9 ± 6.1 mph, p<0.001). Also, throwing heavier baseballs exhibited increased distraction forces (5oz 1987±472.5N, 7oz 2386±544.1N, 9oz 2414±601.1N, p = 0.007); while anterior shear force and superior shear force did not present distinct differences. CONCLUSIONS: Distraction force pulls humeral head out of the glenoid fossa, and weighted baseball throwing program may cause more stresses on biceps brachii, rotator cuff, and surrounding structures by the increased distraction force.
CYP1B1-derived epoxides modulate the TRPA1 channel in chronic pain (2022)

Pain is often debilitating, and current treatments are neither universally efficacious nor without risks. Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels offer alternative targets for pain relief, but little is known about the regulation or identities of endogenous TRP ligands that affect inflammation and pain. Here, transcriptomic and targeted lipidomic analysis of damaged tissue from the mouse spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced chronic pain model revealed a time-dependent increase in <i>Cyp1b1</i> mRNA and a concurrent accumulation of 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) and 19,20-EpDPA post injury. Production of 8,9-EET and 19,20-EpDPA by human/mouse CYP1B1 was confirmed in vitro, and 8,9-EET and 19,20-EpDPA selectively and dose-dependently sensitized and activated TRPA1 in overexpressing HEK-293 cells and <i>Trpa1</i>-expressing/AITC-responsive cultured mouse peptidergic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. TRPA1 activation by 8,9-EET and 19,20-EpDPA was attenuated by the antagonist A967079, and mouse TRPA1 was more responsive to 8,9-EET and 19,20-EpDPA than human TRPA1. This latter effect mapped to residues Y933, G939, and S921 of TRPA1. Intra-plantar injection of 19,20-EpDPA induced acute mechanical, but not thermal hypersensitivity in mice, which was also blocked by A967079. Similarly, <i>Cyp1b1</i>-knockout mice displayed a reduced chronic pain phenotype following SNL injury. These data suggest that manipulation of the CYP1B1-oxylipin-TRPA1 axis might have therapeutic benefit.
Stereocontrol between Remote Atom Centers in Acyclic Substrates. Anti Addition of Hydride to 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,7-Hydroxy Ketones (1998)

For conformationally unconstrained, acyclic organic compounds, the control of stereogenic centers at remote positions of a chain, that is, at a distance of four or more atom centers, remains a challenging problem in asymmetric synthesis. We report on our studies of 1,5, 1,6, and 1,7 diastereoselectivity in hydride reductions of acyclic hydroxy amino ketones and related compounds, which were sparked by our discovery of high 1,5 diastereocontrol (>10:1) with substrates such as 17 and 23. We have been able to achieve both high 1,5- and 1,6-anti diastereocontrol in the reduction of 1,5- and 1,6-hydroxy ketone substrates, respectively. However, the level of 1,7-anti diastereocontrol with 1,7-hydroxy ketones was only moderate. More specifically, reduction of 23 to 24 with R-alpine-hydride or Zn(BH4)2 in CH2Cl2 (predominantly) at −78 °C gave high 1,5-anti stereoselectivity (anti/syn = 10:1 or 13:1, respectively), and reduction of 34 to 35 with R-alpine-hydride (CH2Cl2) gave high 1,6-anti selectivity (anti/syn = 12:1, respectively), whereas reduction of 46 to 44 with R-alpine-hydride (CH2Cl2) gave only moderate 1,7-anti stereoselectivity (anti/syn = 3:1). Results for reductions of 1,5- and 1,6-hydroxy ketone substrates having the N-benzyl structural subunit replaced (i.e., 27 → 28, 29 → 30, 31 → 32, 52 → 53, 54a → 55a, 54b → 55b, 54c → 55c, and 56 → 57) clearly indicate that the stereoelectronic character of this subunit plays a critical role in the attainment of high anti asymmetric induction. Thus, while we obtained exceptionally high 1,6-anti stereoselectivity in the reduction of the N-mesitylmethyl substrate, 54c, to 1,6-diols 55c (anti/syn = 22:1) with R-alpine-hydride at −78 °C in CH2Cl2, the N-methyl substrate, 54b, gave a relatively modest anti/syn ratio of 3:1. The diminished anti/syn ratio of 4:1 in the R-alpine-hydride reduction of methoxy amino ketone 50 to 51 also indicates the importance of the free hydroxyl group for attaining high 1,6-anti stereoselectivity. To rationalize the high remote anti stereocontrol in such acyclic systems, we discuss a chelation-controlled mechanism, involving external hydride addition to a bicyclic metal complex with a coordinated ketone carbonyl (e.g., 33) vs internal hydride addition to a monocyclic metal complex with an uncoordinated ketone carbonyl (e.g., 58).
Spinal kinematics in elite oarswomen during a routine physiological "step test". (2005)

This study quantified the spinal kinematics of elite rowers at different incremental work intensities and noted subtle but important changes to lumbopelvic and spinal kinematics at increasing work levels, particularly at maximal intensity. Such changes particularly are thought to be important with respect to the development of low-back pain.
Preparation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube−Organosilicon Hybrids and Their Enhanced Field Emission Properties (2006)

In an attempt to improve the field emission property of single-wallted carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), a new class of SWNT derivatives, SWNTs−organosilicon hybrid materials, is synthesized. They exhibit electron field emission at a turn-on voltage lower than that in pristine SWNTs. This improvement is supported by first principles calculations.
RCP-AC: Congestion Control to Make Flows Complete Quickly in Any Environment (2006)

We believe that a congestion control algorithm should make flows finish quickly - as quickly as possible, while staying stable and fair among flows. Recently, we proposed RCP (Rate Control Protocol) which enables typical Internet-sized flows to complete one to two orders of magnitude faster than the existing (TCP Reno) and the proposed (XCP) congestion control algorithm. Like XCP, RCP uses explicit feedback from routers, but doesn't require per-packet calculations. A router maintains just one rate that it gives to all flows, making it simple and inherently fair. Flows finish quickly because RCP aggressively gives excess bandwidth to flows, making it work well in the common case. However - and this is a design tradeoff - RCP will experience short-term transient overflows when network conditions change quickly (e.g. a route change or flash crowds). In this paper we extend RCP and propose RCP-AC (Rate Control Protocol with Acceleration Control) that allows the aggressiveness of RCP to be tuned, enabling fast completion of flows over a broad set of operating conditions.
Antibodies to SOX13 (ICA12) are Associated with Type 1 Diabetes (2001)

SOX13 is an islet cell autoantigen (ICA12), identified by antibody screening of an islet cDNA library, using sera from patients with Type 1 diabetes. We ascertained the frequency of antibody reactivity to SOX13 and compared it with other Type 1 diabetes autoantibody reactivities. Antibodies were measured by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) using (35) S labelled SOX13 expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Sera from 109 subjects with Type 1 diabetes, 29 with Type 2 diabetes, 144 with other autoimmune diseases and from 201 controls were tested for anti-SOX13, and results were compared with the frequency of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), islet cell antigen 512 (anti-ICA512) and islet cell cytoplasm (ICA). Anti-SOX13 were detected in 20 (18.3%) of 109 subjects with Type 1 diabetes, and more frequently in adults than in children (29% vs 10%). Anti-SOX13 usually occurred with anti-GAD but rarely with anti-ICA512. Seven sera positive for anti-SOX13 did not react with either GAD, ICA512 or islet cell cytoplasm indicating that anti-SOX13 represented a distinct population of antibodies. Reactivity to SOX13 represents a further autoantibody response in adults with Type 1 diabetes and may provide a useful disease marker in subjects in whom other autoantibody tests are negative.
Toward a mission value for subsea search with bottom-type variability (2012)

We propose a value function that can be used to evaluate candidate search paths for mobile sensor agents that seek to find specific objects. Our work is motivated by subsea applications where the mobile sensor agent surveys the seafloor using sonar. We presume that typical sensor performance characteristics are known, including probability of detection and probability of false alarm. Since variations in the environment can affect sensor performance, we also address the case that a stochastic description of the environment is available.
Fast Interactive Simulations of Mitral Valve Repair (2012)

While repair of the native valve tissue is recommended in nearly all cases, it is often avoided in lieu of simpler but less effective valve replacement, where native tissue is supplanted with a bioor mechanical prosthetic. This results in significant increases in patient morbidities [1]. There is a strong correlation between repair rate and surgeon experience, with more experienced surgeons showing demonstrably higher rates of valve repair [2]. In the hope of increasing the repair rate, we have developed an interactive surgical simulation system for mitral valve repair to be used for training and patientspecific preoperative planning [3]. While others in the past have developed mechanical models of mitral valve, none operated at sufficient speeds to permit user interaction [4, 5].
Global proteogenomic analysis of human MHC class I-associated peptides derived from non-canonical reading frames (2016)

In view of recent reports documenting pervasive translation outside of canonical protein-coding sequences, we wished to determine the proportion of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-associated peptides (MAPs) derived from non-canonical reading frames. Here we perform proteogenomic analyses of MAPs eluted from human B cells using high-throughput mass spectrometry to probe the six-frame translation of the B-cell transcriptome. We report that ∼ 10% of MAPs originate from allegedly noncoding genomic sequences or exonic out-of-frame translation. The biogenesis and properties of these 'cryptic MAPs' differ from those of conventional MAPs. Cryptic MAPs come from very short proteins with atypical C termini, and are coded by transcripts bearing long 3'UTRs enriched in destabilizing elements. Relative to conventional MAPs, cryptic MAPs display different MHC class I-binding preferences and harbour more genomic polymorphisms, some of which are immunogenic. Cryptic MAPs increase the complexity of the MAP repertoire and enhance the scope of CD8 T-cell immunosurveillance.
Reproducing the hierarchy of disorder for Morpho-inspired, broad-angle color reflection (2017)

The scales of Morpho butterflies are covered with intricate, hierarchical ridge structures that produce a bright, blue reflection that remains stable across wide viewing angles. This effect has been researched extensively, and much understanding has been achieved using modeling that has focused on the positional disorder among the identical, multilayered ridges as the critical factor for producing angular independent color. Realizing such positional disorder of identical nanostructures is difficult, which in turn has limited experimental verification of different physical mechanisms that have been proposed. In this paper, we suggest an alternative model of inter-structural disorder that can achieve the same broad-angle color reflection, and is applicable to wafer-scale fabrication using conventional thin film technologies. Fabrication of a thin film that produces pure, stable blue across a viewing angle of more than 120 ° is demonstrated, together with a robust, conformal color coating.
Color constancy at a pixel (2001)

In computational terms we can solve the color constancy problem if device red, green, and blue sensor responses, or RGB's, for surfaces seen under an unknown illuminant can be mapped to corresponding RGB's under a known reference light. In recent years almost all authors have argued that this three-dimensional problem is too hard. It is argued that because a bright light striking a dark surface results in the same physical spectra as those of a dim light incident on a light surface, the magnitude of RGB's cannot be recovered. Consequently, modern color constancy algorithms attempt only to recover image chromaticities under the reference light: They solve a two-dimensional problem. While significant progress has been made toward achieving chromaticity constancy, recent work has shown that the most advanced algorithms are unable to render chromaticity stable enough so that it can be used as a cue for object recognition [B. V. Funt, K. Bernard, and L. Martin, in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer Vision (European Vision Society, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998), Vol. II, p. 445.] We take this reductionist approach a little further and look at the one-dimensional color constancy problem. We ask, Is there a single color coordinate, a function of image chromaticities, for which the color constancy problem can be solved? Our answer is an emphatic yes. We show that there exists a single invariant color coordinate, a function of R, G, and B, that depends only on surface reflectance. Two corollaries follow. First, given an RGB image of a scene viewed under any illuminant, we can trivially synthesize the same gray-scale image (we simply code the invariant coordinate as a gray scale). Second, this result implies that we can solve the one-dimensional color constancy problem at a pixel (in scenes with no color diversity whatsoever). We present experiments that show that invariant gray-scale histograms are a stable feature for object recognition. Indexing on invariant distributions supports almost perfect recognition for a dataset of 11 objects viewed under five colored lights. In contrast, object recognition based on chromaticity histograms (post-color constancy preprocessing) delivers much poorer recognition.