gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Upregulation of PGC-1α Attenuates Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Injury (2022)

Hippocampal neuronal damage likely underlies cognitive impairment in vascular dementia (VaD). PPAR<i>γ</i> coactivator-1<i>α</i> (PGC-1<i>α</i>) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the role and the precise mechanism of how PGC-1<i>α</i> alleviates hippocampal neuronal injury remain unknown. To address this question, HT-22 cells, an immortalized hippocampal neuron cell line, with or without PGC-1<i>α</i> overexpression were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), which mimics the circumstance of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in VaD. After OGD, cell viability was assessed using the MTS assay. The mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were both detected. ChIP-Seq analysis was employed to discover the underlying molecular mechanism of PGC-1<i>α</i>-mediated neuroprotective effects. Our results showed that mitochondrial membrane potentials were increased and ROS production was decreased in PGC-1<i>α</i> overexpressing cells, which increased cell viability. The further bioinformatics analysis from ChIP-Seq data indicated that PGC-1<i>α</i> may participate in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and mitophagy pathways in HT-22 cells. We found that PGC-1<i>α</i> promoted the LC3-II formation and reduced the neuronal apoptosis determined by TUNEL staining. In addition, PGC-1<i>α</i> upregulated the expressions of mitochondrial antioxidants, including SOD2, Trx2, and Prx3. In summary, our findings indicate that PGC-1<i>α</i> may attenuate OGD-induced hippocampal neuronal damage by regulating multiple mechanisms, like autophagy and mitochondrial function. Thus, PGC-1<i>α</i> may be a potential therapeutic target for hippocampal damage associated with cognitive impairment.
Solvent‐free generation of poly(vinyl acetals) directly from poly(vinyl acetate) (1999)

Abstract The simultaneous methanolysis and butryalization of poly(vinyl acetate) was conducted via the reaction of methanol and butyraldehyde with polyvinyl acetate under batch conditions at temperatures from 70°C to 90°C at the vapor pressure of the reactants. It was found that use of an acid catalyst allowed for the methanolysis to be the rate limiting step of a simultaneous methanolysis‐butyralization reaction, minimizing the buildup of alcohol repeat units in the polymer during the reaction. As such, use of an excess of aldehyde was counterproductive in that it served to dilute both the methanol and the acetate groups in the polymer phase, lowering the overall rate of the reaction. With 20% stoichiometric excesses of methanol and butyraldehyde, it was possible to produce poly(vinyl butyral) directly from poly(vinyl acetate) with very low residual acetate and overall conversions equivalent to commerical samples. Further, carbon dioxide was evaluated as a reversible plasticizer for polyvinyl acetate during methanolysis. Results at various pressures were consistent with the expectation that the presence of CO 2 would lower the reaction rate, primarily because of dilution of reactants in the CO 2 ‐swollen polymer phase. Finally, it was shown that the simultaneous reaction procedure can be used to generate polyvinyl acetals from a variety of aldehydes.
New frontiers in meningococcal vaccines (2011)

Challenges remain in developing effective meningococcal vaccines and vaccination programs in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Vaccination programs should ideally provide broad coverage of disease-causing strains to prevent disease and also promote the herd immunity important for extending protection to the at-risk unvaccinated population. The success of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination programs during the last 10 years demonstrates the tremendous positive impact on human health that may be attainable; however, significant challenges remain to implement effective use of serogroup A vaccines for the developing world and to develop broadly protective vaccines against serogroup B disease. The effectiveness of vaccination programs, and shifts in disease epidemiology, must be monitored continuously to evaluate protection levels and to identify gaps in disease coverage. As these challenges are met, the possibility for removing the fear of meningococcal disease from all societies is now becoming a reality.
k‐tree method for high‐speed spatial normalization (1998)

The general approach to spatial normalization using a deformation field is presented. Current high degree-of-freedom deformation methods are extremely time-consuming (10–40 hr), and a k-tree method is proposed to greatly reduce this time. A general k-tree method for analysis of source and target images and synthesis of deformation fields is described. The k-tree method simplifies scale control and feature extraction and matching, making it highly efficient. A two-dimensional (2-D), or quadtree, application program was developed for preliminary testing. The k-tree method was evaluated with 2-D images to test rotating ability, nonhomologous region matching, inner and outer brain-structure independence, and feasibility with human brain images. The results of these tests indicate that a three-dimensional (3-D), or octree, method is feasible. Preliminary work with an octree application program indicates that a processing time of under 10 min for 2563 image arrays is attainable on a Sun Ultra30 workstation. Hum. Brain Mapping 6:358–363, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Designs of bandwidth-controllable impedance transformers using dual transmission lines (2012)

The technique of dual transmission lines is applied to replace quarter-wave transformers for impedance transformation. By varying the electrical lengths of the two lines, the bandwidths of the proposed impedance transformers are reduced and become adjustable. Two designs are presented to illustrate these characteristics. The rectangular configuration minimises the coupling between its input/output ports; whereas the ring configuration allows the two ports to be arranged in any desired directions. Simulation results indicate the larger the difference between the electric lengths of the dual transmission lines, the narrower the bandwidth of the proposed impedance transformer. The validity of the computed data is verified by measuring examples prepared for both designs. The measurement data are in close agreement with the simulation results.
Some applications of second-order connectionist networks to speech recognition problems (1992)

Second-order connectionist networks have been identified as good models for representing acoustic phonetic invariance, since they can modulate separating hypersurfaces or transform data representations as a function of context. These capabilities are illustrated for two problems in vowel recognition: speaker normalization and phonetic context dependency. The idea of context dependency can also be extended to the notion of state in recurrent networks. Second-order recurrent networks that recognize simple finite state languages over (0,1)/sup */ have been induced from positive and negative examples. Some implications of these results for recognizing phoneme sequences are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Exploiting Syntactic Structure for Natural Language Modeling (2000)

The thesis presents an attempt at using the syntactic structure in natural language for improved language models for speech recognition. The structured language model merges techniques in automatic parsing and language modeling using an original probabilistic parameterization of a shift-reduce parser. A maximum likelihood reestimation procedure belonging to the class of expectation-maximization algorithms is employed for training the model. Experiments on the Wall Street Journal, Switchboard and Broadcast News corpora show improvement in both perplexity and word error rate - word lattice rescoring - over the standard 3-gram language model. The significance of the thesis lies in presenting an original approach to language modeling that uses the hierarchical - syntactic - structure in natural language to improve on current 3-gram modeling techniques for large vocabulary speech recognition.
High Voltage DC- DC Converter Topology based on Capacitive Coupling with Soft Switching Characteristics (2020)

High voltage DC-DC boost converter are an important component to manage power flow in applications where source operates at low voltage high current while load requires high voltage at low current. Traditional transformer coupled high voltage boost converter topologies have significant disadvantages operating at high output voltages and increased switching frequencies. This paper introduces a modular dc-dc three phase high voltage converter topology that provides voltage magnification using capacitive coupling. The architectural features of the topology are explained in some detail and the salient features are enumerated. The various modes of operation of the converter in steady state are listed which demonstrate that the converter operates with zero-voltage turn-on characteristics. The sizing and design consideration of various components of the converter is elaborated in detail. The converter analysis and design is verified using a hardware prototype of the proposed topology that can operate upto a DC voltage 6 kV at peak power 6 kW.
Rhodium–Phosphite SILP Catalysis for the Highly Selective Hydroformylation of Mixed C4 Feedstocks (2011)

The cat. that got the butene: Highly active and selective diphosphite ligands are applied for rhodium-catalyzed supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) hydroformylation and make it possible to form linear n-pentanal with exceptional selectivity from a mixed butene feedstock by combined isomerization and hydroformylation (see picture, vials 1–4 show typical SILP catalysts employed in this study.). The SILP catalyst is stable for more than 800 h on stream. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Kinetic target guided synthesis for the identification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitors (MIF) (2014)

Several fragment based approaches have been established to identify fragments with good ligand efficiencies, but fail to provide insights into efficient fragment linkage, making the drug discovery process complicated. Herein, we report the applicaation of a novel drug discovery approach that generates biol. active compds., known as kinetic target guided synthesis (TGS). An 1,4 dipolar cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes was successfully employed for MIF templated screening to identify novel inhibitors of migration inhibitory factor inhibitors (MIF).
The role of interfaces on an apparent grain size effect on the dielectric properties for ferroelectric barium titanate ceramics (1998)

Abstract We report the effect of interfaces (and thus internal surface area effects) on the value of dielectric constant (K′) calculated from capacitance and geometry data for sub-micron barium titanate (BaTiO3) ceramics prepared with decreasing grain size (and grain volumes). A series model is proposed to explain the decreasing values of apparent K′ obtained for grain sizes below 0.5 μm. A distinction is made between the true dielectric constant (K′) and the apparent dielectric constant (K′) calculated from experimental data. The progressive suppression in K′ is explained in terms of ferroelectric grains of constant dielectric constant (K′1) separated by a lower-K 2 boundary region (i.e., grain boundary) of constant thickness (d 2). The problem is one of an increasing interfacial surface area to grain volume ratio in fine-grain dielectrics. We begin by reporting original dielectric data for high pressure-densified ultrafine-grain BaTiO3 ceramics. Chemically prepared BaTiO3 powder was consolidated at high pressure (8GPa) and low temperature to prepare ultrafine grain microstructures. Specimens pressed at 700°C were substantially dense (≥98% of theoretical density) with an average grain size of 70 nm. Subsequent heat treatment at increasing temperatures (and atmospheric pressure) yielded a series of specimens with increasing grain sizes up to 20 μm. High-pressure consolidation at room temperature, followed by heat treatment at 800°C (and atmospheric pressure), yielded a finer-grain (40 nm) and less dense (≈90%th) microstructure. The temperature dependence of K′ was determined for ceramics ranging in grain size from 40 nm to 20 μm. Curie-Weiss analysis of the dielectric data clearly suggests a series dilution of the composite K′ by the interfacial grainboundary regions. We were able to model the dielectric measurements by considering grain boundary regions of relaxed thickness d 2 = 8 Å and dielectric constant K′2 = 130. Polarization reversal and Curie-Weiss characteristics were observed for all BaTiO3 ceramics studied in this investigation. Thus, the conclusions are made that if a critical grain size exists for ferroelectricity it is less than 40 nm for polycrystalline BaTiO3, and the role of interfaces is extremely important on the calculated values of K′ for fine-grain ceramics below 0.5 μm.
A subspace method for direction of arrival estimation of uncorrelated emitter signals (1999)

A novel eigenstructure-based method for direction estimation is presented. The method assumes that the emitter signals are uncorrelated. Ideas from subspace and covariance matching methods are combined to yield a noniterative estimation algorithm when a uniform linear array is employed. The large sample performance of the estimator is analyzed. It is shown that the asymptotic variance of the direction estimates coincides with the relevant Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRB). A compact expression for the CRB is derived for the ease when it is known that the signals are uncorrelated, and it is lower than the CRB that is usually used in the array processing literature (assuming no particular structure for the signal covariance matrix). The difference between the two CRBs can be large in difficult scenarios. This implies that in such scenarios, the proposed methods has significantly better performance than existing subspace methods such as, for example, WSF, MUSIC, and ESPRIT. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the obtained results.
Bone regeneration in both small and large preclinical bone defect models using an injectable polymer‐based substitute containing hydroxyapatite and reconstituted with saline or autologous blood (2021)

Microbeads consisting of pullulan and dextran supplemented with hydroxyapatite have recently been developed for bone tissue engineering applications. Here, we evaluate the bone formation in two different preclinical models after injection of microbeads reconstituted with either saline buffer or autologous blood. Addition of saline solution or autologous blood to dried microbeads packaged into syringes allowed an easy injection. In the first rat bone defect model performed in the femoral condyle, microcomputed tomography performed after 30 and 60 days revealed an important mineralization process occurring around and within the core of the microbeads in both conditions. Bone volume/total volume measurements revealed no significant differences between the saline solution and the autologous blood groups. Histologically, osteoid tissue was evidenced around and in contact of the microbeads in both conditions. Using the sinus lift model performed in sheep, cone beam computed tomography revealed an important mineralization inside the sinus cavity for both groups after 3 months of implantation. Representative Masson trichrome staining images showed that bone formation occurs at the periphery and inside the microbeads in both conditions. Quantitative evaluation of the new bone formation displayed no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, reconstitution of microbeads with autologous blood did not enhance the regenerative capacity of these microbeads compared to the saline buffer group. This study is of particular interest for clinical applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
A Bacterial Signal Peptide Increases Mucociliary Clearance in Explanted Mouse Trachea by Stimulating cholinergic Chemosensory Cells (2018)

Bacterial signal peptides trigger innate immune responses via formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), present in immune cells. We investigated their effects on mucociliary clearance, which is a major defense mechanism against invasive bacteria in the trachea.
Supplementary Table S1 from Riluzole Enhances Ionizing Radiation–Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Melanoma Cells that Ectopically Express Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S1.&lt;/p&gt;
Targeted delivery of chemotherapy using HSP90 inhibitor drug conjugates is highly active against pancreatic cancer models (2016)

The lack of effective treatment modalities is a major problem in pancreatic cancer (PCa), a devastating malignancy that is nearly universally driven by the "undruggable" KRAS and TP53 cancer genes. Poor tumor tissue penetration is the major source of resistance in pancreatic cancer where chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. In this study we exploited the selective tumor-targeting properties of the heat shock 90 protein inhibitors as the vehicle for drug delivery to pancreatic tumor tissues. STA-12-8666 is a novel esterase-cleavable conjugate of an HSP90i and a topoisomerase I inhibitor, SN-38. STA-12-8666 selectively binds activated HSP90 and releases its cytotoxic payload resulting in drug accumulation in pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. We investigated the preclinical activity of STA-12-8666 in patient derived xenograft and genetic models of pancreatic cancer.Treatment with STA-12-8666 of the KPC mice (knock-in alleles of LSL-KrasG12D, Tp53fl/fl and Pdx1-Cre transgene) at the advanced stages of pancreatic tumors doubled their survival (49 days vs. 74 days, p=0.008). STA-12-8666 also demonstrated dramatically superior activity in comparison to equimolar doses of irinotecan against 5 patient-derived pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts with prolonged remissions in some tumors. Analysis of activity of STA-12-8666 against tumor tissues and matched cell lines demonstrated prolonged accumulation and release of cytotoxic payload in the tumor leading to DNA damage response and cell cycle arrest.Our results provide a proof-of-principle validation that HSP90i-based drug conjugates can overcome the notorious treatment resistance by utilizing the inherently high affinity of pancreatic cancer cells to HSP90 antagonists.
A3 adenosine receptor allosteric modulator CF602 reverses erectile dysfunction in a diabetic rat model (2022)

Adenosine plays a major role in erection by binding to its receptors and activating pathways resulting in increased arterial blood flow and intracavernosal pressure (ICP). CF602, an allosteric modulator of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR), increases the binding affinity of the endogenous adenosine to the receptor. We examined the effect of CF602 on resolving erectile dysfunction (ED) in a diabetic ED rat model (streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats that were screened for ED using the apomorphine test). ED was assessed by measuring ICP and main arterial pressure (MAP) during electrostimulation of the cavernosal nerve. A single dose of CF602 or placebo was applied either topically (100 μl from a 100 nM or 500 nM solution) or orally (100, 200 or 500 μg/kg) prior to erectile function assessment. A significant dose-dependent improvement in the ICP:MAP ratio without a change in MAP was recorded with the topical and oral CF602 treatments. A significant increase in smooth muscle:collagen ratio, vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase was also observed in both administration modes. In conclusion, topical and oral treatment with CF602 significantly improved erectile function, supporting its further evaluation as a treatment for ED.
Orthogonal Pilot Channel Using Combination of FDMA and CDMA in Single-Carrier FDMA-Based Evolved UTRA Uplink (2007)

In the evolved UTRA (UMTS terrestrial radio access) uplink, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) radio access was adopted owing to its advantageous low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) feature, which leads to wide coverage area provisioning with limited peak transmission power of a set of user equipment (UE). This paper proposes orthogonal pilot channel generation using the combination of FDMA and CDMA in the SC-FDMA-based evolved UTRA uplink. In the proposed method, we employ distributed FDMA transmission for simultaneous accessing users with different transmission bandwidths, and employ CDMA transmission for simultaneous accessing users with identical transmission bandwidths. Moreover, we apply a code sequence with a good auto-correlation property such as a constant amplitude zero auto-correlation (CAZAC) sequence employing a cyclic shift to increase the number of sequences. Simulation results show that the average packet error rate (PER) performance using an orthogonal pilot channel with the combination of FDMA and CDMA in a six-user environment, i.e., four users each with a 1.25-MHz transmission bandwidth and two users each with a 5-MHz transmission bandwidth, employing turbo coding with the coding rate of R = 1/2 and QPSK and 16QAM data modulation coincide well with those in a single-UE environment with the same transmission bandwidth. We show that the proposed orthogonal pilot channel structure using the combination of distributed FDMA and CDMA transmissions and the application of the CAZAC sequence is effective in the SC-FDMA-based evolved UTRA uplink.