gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SHA-512/256. (2010)

With the emergence of pervasive 64 bit computing we observe that it is more cost effective to compute a SHA-512 than it is to compute a SHA-256 over a given size of data. We propose a standard way to use SHA-512 and truncate its output to 256 bits. For 64 bit architectures, this would yield a more efficient 256 bit hashing algorithm, than the current SHA-256. We call this method SHA-512/256. We also provide a method for reducing the size of the SHA-512 constants table that an implementation will need to store.
Ion Transporting Composite Membranes: I . Nafion‐Impregnated Gore‐Tex (1985)

Abstract : Ion transporting membranes are required in a variety of electrochemical processes and devices including chlorine-caustic production, batteries, fuel cell, electrolyzers, etc. Nafion, a perfluorosulfonate ionomer marketed by Du Pont has proved useful for a number of these applications. Nafion has a number of attractive features including good chemical and mechanical stability and high perselectivity. In addition, however, it has two potentially significant disadvantages - it is a cation transporting membrane (i.e., there is no anion transporting equivalent) and it is rather expensive. These difficulties have prompted efforts to develop anion and cation transporting materials which have Nafion's desirable chemical and mechanical features but which can be produced more cheaply. It occurred to us that a cheaper and more versatile membrane material might be prepared by doping an inexpensive, nonconductive material with a small amount of an ion transporting polymer. In an effort to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we have impregnated commericially available porous polytetrafluoroethylene membranes (Gore-Tex) with small quantities of Nafion, to make cation transporting composites. Electrode surfaces were covered with these composite membranes electrochemical techniques were used to study the membranes transport properties. We have shown that the Nafion-doped Gore-Tex does, indeed, transport cations and that the rate of transport can be much higher than the transport rate in a pure Nafion membrane. Keywords include: Ionic conduction, Membranes, Transport.
Principle and application of adaptive noise equalizer (1994)

This paper presents the principle and application of an adaptive noise equalizer (ANE) with adjustable gain or attenuation capabilities. The residual error of the ANE system contains the narrow-band noise components whose amplitude can be linearly and arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the gain parameter of the equalizer. Each ANE consists of a sinusoidal reference input and two adaptive weights. A pseudo error minimum method is developed to effectively utilize the well-understood least-mean-square algorithm. By partially separating the system output from the cost function to be minimized, the ANE can perform either a harmonic noise attenuator or amplifier by a predetermined amount. The application to active noise control is presented, and computer simulation results demonstrate the desired noise shaping capability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of B- and T-Cell Epitopes of BB, a Carrier Protein Derived from the G Protein ofStreptococcusStrain G148 (2003)

Most conventional vaccines consist of killed organisms or purified antigenic proteins. Such molecules are generally poorly immunogenic and need to be coupled to carrier proteins. We have identified a new carrier molecule, BB, derived from the G protein of Streptococcus strain G148. We show that BB is able to induce strong antibody responses when conjugated to peptides or polysaccharides. In order to localize T and B cell epitopes in BB and match them with the albumin-binding region of the molecule, we immunized mice with BB, performed B and T pepscan analyses, and compared the results with pepscan done with sera and cells from humans. Our results indicate that BB has two distinct T helper epitopes, seven linear B-cell epitopes, and one conformational B-cell epitope in BALB/c mice. Four linear B-cell epitopes were identified from human sera, three of which overlapped mouse B-cell epitopes. Finally, three human T-cell epitopes were detected on the BB protein. One of these T-cell epitopes is common to BALB/c mice and humans and was localized in the region that contains the albumin-binding site. These data are of interest for the optimization of new carrier molecules derived from BB.
A miniaturized VCSEL based sensor platform for velocity measurement (2008)

There are many applications for contactless measurement of the displacement and velocity of moving objects. Philips has developed an optical displacement sensor that can be compared to expensive laser-inteferometry sensors however at a cost compatible with requirements for consumer products. In the paper the design and performance of the miniaturized and highly integrated sensor are discussed. The sensor is based on the laser self mixing effect. The small form factor of less than 0.2 cubic centimeters allows applications previously considered impossible.
Estimation of Hot Electron Relaxation Time in GaN Using Hot Electron Transistors (2013)

In this paper, we report for the first time an estimation of hot electron relaxation time in GaN using electrical measurements. Hot electron transistors (HETs) with GaN as the base layer and different base-emitter barrier-height configurations and base thicknesses were fabricated. Common-base measurements were performed to extract the differential transfer ratio, and an exponential decay of the transfer ratio with increasing base thickness was observed. A hot electron mean free path was extracted from the corresponding exponential fitting and a relaxation time was computed, which, for low energy injection, matched well with theoretically predicted relaxation times based on longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering.
ITS2 REGION-BASED MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS IN EQUINE CORNEAL ULCERATION (2014)

This study aimed to assess the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing in diagnosing fungal ulcerative keratitis in horses and compare their sensitivity with conventional microbiologic techniques used in laboratories. Conjunctival swabs from 12 horses with corneal ulcerations admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University were collected for examinations. 14 conjunctival swabs were analyzed by the conventional culture method and by generic PCR using universal fungal primers to amplify the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genetic region followed by DNA sequencing. The conventional culture method revealed that two samples exhibited fungal growth that identified as Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. while three conjunctival samples contained bacterial growth which was identified as Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. Interestingly, PCR followed by DNA sequencing of the biological specimens on the swabs identified fungal pathogens in 9/14 samples and Ascomycete species in 3/14 samples. In 2/14 samples, no fungal pathogen was identified using PCR. Fungal pathogens detected included Aspergillus sp. in six eyes, Penicillium sp. in one eye, Fusarium sp. in one eye and Cladosporium sp. in one eye. Our findings demonstrate a limitation of the conventional culture method as a diagnostic tool as a fungal pathogen was detected in only two samples by this method as compared to nine samples using PCR and DNA sequencing. Therefore, PCR followed by DNA sequencing is able to identify a greater spectrum of agents including fastidious organisms or organisms present in lower numbers within mixed infections than can be identified by culture. In conclusion, PCR combined by DNA sequencing not only proved to be an effective and rapid method for the diagnosis of fungal keratitis, but was also a more sensitive diagnostic tool compared to the conventional culture method. Our findings demonstrate that PCR, in particular semi-nested PCR, is a promising tool for faster diagnoses of fungal keratitis in affected horses.
Silicene, Siloxene, or Silicane? Revealing the Structure and Optical Properties of Silicon Nanosheets Derived from Calcium Disilicide (2019)

Si-nanosheets (Si-NSs) have recently attracted considerable attention due to their potential as next-generation materials for electronic, optoelectronic, spintronic, and catalytic applications. Even though monolayer Si-NSs were first synthesized over 150 years ago via topotactic deintercalation of CaSi<sub>2</sub>, there is a lack of consensus within the literature regarding the structure and optical properties of this material. Herein, we provide conclusive evidence of the structural and chemical properties of Si-NSs produced by the deintercalation of CaSi<sub>2</sub> with cold (~–30 °C) aqueous HCl and characterize their optical properties. We use a wide range of techniques, including XRD, FTIR, Raman, solid-state NMR, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS, diffuse reflectance absorbance, steady-state photoluminescence, time-resolved photoluminescence, and thermal decomposition; when they are combined together, these techniques enable unique insight into the structural and optical properties of the Si-NSs. Additionally, we support the experimental findings with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to simulate FTIR, Raman, solid-state NMR, interband electronic transitions, and band structures. We determined that the Si-NSs consist of buckled Si monolayers that are primarily monohydride terminated. We characterize the nanosheet optical properties, finding they have a band gap of ~2.5 eV with direct-like behavior and an estimated quantum yield of ~9%. Given the technological importance of Si, these results are encouraging for a variety of optoelectronic technologies, such as phosphors, light-emitting diodes, and CMOS-compatible photonics. Furthermore, our results provide critical structural and optical properties to help guide the research community in integrating Si-NSs into optoelectronic and quantum devices.
Optomechanical synchronization across multi-octave frequency spans (2021)

Experimental exploration of synchronization in scalable oscillator microsystems has unfolded a deeper understanding of networks, collective phenomena, and signal processing. Cavity optomechanical devices have played an important role in this scenario, with the perspective of bridging optical and radio frequencies through nonlinear classical and quantum synchronization concepts. In its simplest form, synchronization occurs when an oscillator is entrained by a signal with frequency nearby the oscillator's tone, and becomes increasingly challenging as their frequency detuning increases. Here, we experimentally demonstrate entrainment of a silicon-nitride optomechanical oscillator driven up to the fourth harmonic of its 32 MHz fundamental frequency. Exploring this effect, we also experimentally demonstrate a purely optomechanical RF frequency divider, where we performed frequency division up to a 4:1 ratio, i.e., from 128 MHz to 32 MHz. Further developments could harness these effects towards frequency synthesizers, phase-sensitive amplification and nonlinear sensing.
Macroporous Hydroxyapatite Ceramic Coating by Using Electrophoretic Deposition and Then Heat Treatment (2006)

A macroporous hydroxyapatite ceramic coating was fabricated on a titanium substrate by an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process followed by a heat treatment in order to obtain high performance bioactive porous hydroxyapatite. The key of this EPD process is a formation of composite particles by using a heterocoaguration reaction, consisting of hydroxyapatite ceramic nanoparticles for the ceramic frame material and monodisperse polystyrene polymer microspheres for template component, in a suspension. Microstructure of the porous ceramic coating layer depends on electrophoretic deposition parameters, and on heat treatment conditions. Under the optimized fabrication conditions, the hydroxyapatite ceramic coating layer with well-controlled macroporous structure was obtained. In vitro examination using a simulated body fluid revealed a good biocompatibility of the macroporous specimen.
Experimental increase in brain HIPDM uptake by hypercapnia. (1988)

The 30-min brain uptake of [125I]HIPDM was measured in conscious rats--normocapnic (n = 8), hypercapnic (n = 12), and hyperoxic (n = 6). A mean 41.2% higher uptake was found in the brains of hypercapnic animals (p less than 0.01). In the three groups of rats, brain HIPDM uptake had a negative correlation with body weight (p less than 0.001) and a positive correlation with arterial pCO2 (p less than 0.01), when adjusted for body weight. These results indicate that HIPDM uptake with hypercapnia may be used as a provocative test to measure cerebral blood flow reserves.
Clinical implications of elective replacement indicator setting changes in patients with dual‐chamber pacemaker devices (2020)

Setting changes at ERI including a change from dual- to single-chamber pacing and/or loss of RR results in a significantly increased symptom burden and increased healthcare utilization.
Triple function IVUS: Diagnostic imaging, radiation force, and therapeutic for microbubble-based drug delivery (2011)

A prototype triple function intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter, providing three operating frequencies, was designed, fabricated, and tested. The prototype was characterized by collecting one way acoustic output and beam profiles. The elongated acoustic radiation force (ARF) element has a center frequency of 3.6 MHz and a -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 38%. The therapeutic and imaging element (TIE) has a center frequency of 9 MHz and -6 dB fractional bandwidth of 47% with a width mode resonance of 1.9 MHz. The maximum recorded peak negative pressure at 1.5 MHz was 600kPa for the TIE. The displacement of microbubbles due to the ARF element was optically measured and compared to a 1-D microbubble displacement model. Average microbubble velocities of up to 0.6 m/s were measured using a single 280 kPa 20 cycle 3 MHz Gaussian ramped sinusoidal pulse. A wire target was imaged with the IVUS prototype in a wall-less flow phantom.
Evaluation of Virtual Reality for Detection of Lung Nodules on Computed Tomography (2018)

Virtual reality (VR) systems can offer benefits of improved ergonomics, but their resolution may currently be limited for the detection of small features. For detection of lung nodules, we compared the performance of VR versus standard picture archiving and communication system (PACS) monitor. Four radiologists and 1 novice radiologist reviewed axial computed tomography (CTs) of the thorax using standard PACS monitors (SM) and a VR system (HTC Vive, HTC). In this study, 3 radiologists evaluated axial lung-window CT images of a Lungman phantom. One radiologist and the novice radiologist reviewed axial lung-window patient CT thoracic images (32 patients). This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. Detection of 227 lung nodules on patient CTs did not result in different sensitivity with SM compared with VR. Detection of 23 simulated Lungman phantom lung nodules on CT with SM resulted in statistically greater sensitivity (78.3%) than with VR (52.2%, <i>P</i> = .041) for 1 of 3 radiologists. The trend was similar but not significant for the other radiologists. There was no significant difference in the time spent by readers reviewing CT images with VR versus SM. These findings indicate that performance of a commercially available VR system for detection of lung nodules may be similar to traditional radiology monitors for assessment of small lung nodules on CTs of the thorax for most radiologists. These results, along with the potential of improving ergonomics for radiologists, are promising for the future development of VR in diagnostic radiology.
Supplementary Figure 1 from PGE2-Driven Expression of c-Myc and OncomiR-17-92 Contributes to Apoptosis Resistance in NSCLC (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 37K, Stable knockdown of c-myc expression by shRNA in NSCLC cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Quantitative assessment of the two-component model of intestinal circulation (1986)

Recently a two-component model of the intestinal circulation was proposed to explain the effects of vasodilators on intestinal oxygenation. This model assumes that the intestine is composed of two regions: one region in which oxygen uptake is blood flow independent (well perfused and normoxic) and a second region in which oxygen uptake is blood flow dependent (under-perfused and hypoxic). The model predicts that total intestinal oxygen uptake is increased by a vasodilator only if the blood flow-dependent region is affected. We used a systems analysis approach to predict the various boundary conditions that must be imposed on the two-component model for it to simulate experimental observations. The mathematical model was based on current concepts and available data regarding intestinal hemodynamics and oxygen exchange. The model simulations predict that 30-70% of the intestine must be hypoxic (regions where oxygen uptake is blood flow dependent) for the two-component hypothesis to adequately explain published observations. Since the existence of such an extensive hypoxic region seems unlikely for the normal intestine, the predictive value of the two-component hypothesis may be of limited value for describing the effects of vasodilators on oxygen uptake in the normal intestine. However, the two-component model may be useful in predicting the effects of vasodilators on intestinal oxygen uptake in the ischemic intestine.
Thinking Fast and Slow in AI (2020)

This paper proposes a research direction to advance AI which draws inspiration from cognitive theories of human decision making. The premise is that if we gain insights about the causes of some human capabilities that are still lacking in AI (for instance, adaptability, generalizability, common sense, and causal reasoning), we may obtain similar capabilities in an AI system by embedding these causal components. We hope that the high-level description of our vision included in this paper, as well as the several research questions that we propose to consider, can stimulate the AI research community to define, try and evaluate new methodologies, frameworks, and evaluation metrics, in the spirit of achieving a better understanding of both human and machine intelligence.
TU-C-217BCD-01: Where Molecular Imaging Is Taking Us (2012)

Molecular imaging techniques can detect abnormalities very early in the progression of a disease, often before problems can be observed with other diagnostic tests or even before symptoms occur. This in turn can improve the probability of a successful outcome. Additionally, Molecular imaging can determine if there has been a response to therapy early in the treatment phase, allowing for the selection an effective therapy and/or the development of improved therapies in clinical trials. There are many molecular imaging procedures that are currently available and essential in many medical specialties. Increased capabilities to image the human body are deepening our understanding of disease and allowing researchers to explore new ways to manage and treat illnesses. This symposium will describe the current state of the art in molecular imaging of cancer, where it is used for diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessing response to therapy. Challenges to implementation will be discussed and illustrative examples will be provided.
AutoStream (2017)

Multi-stream SSDs can isolate data with different life time to disparate erase blocks, thus reduce garbage collection overhead and improve overall SSD performance. Applications are responsible for management of these device-level steams such as stream open/close and data-to-stream mapping. This requires application changes, and the engineer deploying the solution needs to be able to individually identify the streams in their workload. Furthermore, when multiple applications are involved, such as in VM or containerized environments, stream management becomes more complex due to the limited number of streams a device can support, for example, allocating streams to applications or sharing streams across applications will cause additional overhead.
80-160-GHz mode-locked fiber ring laser synchronized to external optical pulse stream (2003)

The authors present a novel scheme to generate ultrahigh repetition rate picosecond pulses synchronized to an optical pulse stream in an actively mode-locked fiber ring laser. A monolithic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers serves as an 80-GHz optically controlled modulator. 80-GHz transform-limited 2.1-ps Gaussian pulse with low timing jitter, extinction ratios up to 25 dB, and 5 mW of average output power are demonstrated. The laser is wavelength tunable over more than 15 nm around 1555 nm. At 160 GHz, 2.5-ps pulse trains with 3-mW output power are generated by rational harmonic mode locking.
Implementing Fine-grain Distributed Shared Memory on Commodity SMP Workstations (1996)

This paper reports our experience implementing the Blizzard fine-grain distributed shared memory system on a network of unmodified dual-processor workstations running a commercial operating system. The paper describes and measures: three fine-grain access control mechanisms (optimized software, commodity hardware, and custom hardware); a low-latency, user-level communication layer; kernel support in a commercial operating system; and techniques to exploit multiprocessor (SMP) nodes. The results show that a network of workstations can effectively support fine-grain shared memory, but that high performance requires either custom network hardware or custom coherence protocols. 1 Introduction
Correction to Improvement of Cell Permeability of Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Using Potent and Selective 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffolds with a Fluorobenzene Linker (2018)

Supporting Information. In the Supporting Information file, the following PDB codes are incorrect: 6AU0, 6AU1, 6AU2, 6AU3, 6AU4, 6AU5, 6AU6, 6AU7. They should be 6AV0, 6AV1, 6AV2, 6AV3, 6AV4, 6AV5, 6AV6, 6AV7, respectively.
Molecular imaging of tobacco mosaic virus lyotropic nematic phases (1986)

Aqueous solutions of tobacco mosaic virus are ideal systems for visualizing ``molecular'' distributions in the nematic phase by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The order parameter in well aligned regions is measured to be greater than 0.9. Twist deformations appear to be most common, confirming that the twist elastic constant is smaller than either the splay or bend constants. Edge and screw disclinations are observed in tobacco mosaic virus nematics in configurations predicted by continuum theory. Disclination cores have been observed for the first time.