gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lexapro® (Escitalopram Oxalate) (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Lexapro® and the Antidepressant Market Construction of the 1,2,4-trisubstituted Aromatic Component Construction of Citalopram by Alkylation of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (31) Construction of Citalopram (39) by Cyanide Exchange in the Final Step Construction of Citalopram (39) by Functional Group Transformation to Nitrile in the Final Step Construction of Citalopram (39) by Elaboration of an Alcohol, Aldehyde, or Amine to Complete the Dimethylaminopropyl Side Chain in the Final Step Citalopram by Diol Cyclization in the Final Step Classical Resolution of Citalopram (39), Desmethyl Citalopram (78), and Didesmethyl Citalopram (117) Chemoenzymatic Resolution of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxybutyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl) Benzonitrile (121) Asymmetric Addition of 3-dimethylaminopropylmagnesium Chloride to 4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)benzonitrile (37) Escitalopram (1) from (S)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxybutyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl) Benzonitrile (121) Other Routes to Citalopram (39): Diels–Alder Approaches to the 1,2,4-trisubstituted aromatic The Best Process Available Today Structures Searched References
Time-Domain Model of 4-Level Gain System Fitted to Nanohole Array Lasing Experiment (2015)

We developed an accurate three dimensional time domain model of a 4-level gain system fitted to lasing experiment with a silver nanohole array. The simulated emission intensity showed clear lasing effects confirmed by optical experiments.
Structural and mechanical properties of polycrystalline silicon germanium for micromachining applications (1998)

In this paper, we propose polycrystalline silicon germanium (poly SiGe) as a material suitable for MEMS applications. Films are prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at atmospheric pressure (AP) or reduced pressure (RP). The structure of the films is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for different deposition and annealing conditions. The stress in the as-grown and annealed layers is measured, and the correlation between stress and structural properties is discussed. It is demonstrated that by adjusting the deposition conditions, the stress of the as-grown material can be varied from -145 to 60 MPa. Examples of poly SiGe micromachined devices, prepared at 650/spl deg/C, are presented. It is shown that by using as-grown poly SiGe, it is possible to realize surface-micromachined suspended membranes having 0.6-/spl mu/m-wide and 50-/spl mu/m-long supports. The effect of the average stress and stress gradient on the mechanical stability of surface-micromachined structures is illustrated. Finally, the strain in poly SiGe is measured, and it is found to vary, according to the deposition conditions from -6.88/spl times/10/sup -4/ to 3.6/spl times/10/sup -1/ These values are compared to those measured for APCVD poly Si.
Flexible Active Power Control of Distributed Power Generation Systems During Grid Faults (2007)

The increasing penetration of distributed power generation into the power system leads to a continuous evolution of grid interconnection requirements. In particular, active power control will play an important role both during grid faults (low-voltage ride-through capability and controlled current injection) and in normal conditions (reserve function and frequency regulation). The aim of this paper is to propose a flexible active power control based on a fast current controller and a reconfigurable reference current selector. Several strategies to select the current reference are studied and compared using experimental results that are obtained during an unsymmetrical voltage fault. The results of the analysis allow selection of the best reference current in every condition. The proposed methods facilitate multiple choices for fault ride through by simply changing the reference selection criteria.
Almost-correct specifications (2013)

Modular assertion checkers are plagued with false alarms due to the need for precise environment specifications (preconditions and callee postconditions). Even the fully precise checkers report assertion failures under the most demonic environments allowed by unconstrained or partial specifications. The inability to preclude overly adversarial environments makes such checkers less attractive to developers and severely limits the adoption of such tools in the development cycle. In this work, we propose a parameterized framework for prioritizing the assertion failures reported by a modular verifier, with the goal of suppressing warnings from overly demonic environments. We formalize it almost-correct specifications as the minimal weakening of an angelic specification (over a set of predicates) that precludes any dead code intraprocedurally. Our work is inspired by and generalizes some aspects of semantic inconsistency detection. Our formulation allows us to lift this idea to a general class of warnings. We have developed a prototype acspec, which we use to explore a few instantiations of the framework and report preliminary findings on a diverse set of C benchmarks.
Next generation sequencing of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (2017)

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is an indolent translocation-associated soft tissue sarcoma with a high propensity for metastases. Using a clinical sequencing approach, we genomically profiled patients with metastatic EMC to elucidate the molecular biology and identify potentially actionable mutations. We also evaluated potential predictive factors of benefit to sunitinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with reported activity in a subset of EMC patients. Between January 31, 2012 and April 15, 2016, six patients with EMC participated in the clinical sequencing research study. High quality DNA and RNA was isolated and matched normal samples underwent comprehensive next generation sequencing (whole or OncoSeq capture exome of tumor and normal, tumor PolyA+ and capture transcriptome). The expression levels of sunitinib targeted-kinases were measured by transcriptome sequencing for KDR, PDGFRA/B, KIT, RET, FLT1, and FLT4. The previously reported EWSR1-NR4A3 translocation was identified in all patient tumors; however, other recurring genomic abnormalities were not detected. RET expression was significantly greater in patients with EMC relative to other types of sarcomas except for liposarcoma (p<0.0002). The folate receptor was overexpressed in two patients. Our study demonstrated that similar to other translocation-associated sarcomas, the mutational profile of metastatic EMC is limited beyond the pathognomonic translocation. The clinical significance of RET expression in EMC should be explored. Additional pre-clinical investigations of EMC may help elucidate molecular mechanisms contributing to EMC tumorigenesis that could be translated to the clinical setting.
Post-distortion for memoryless power amplifiers (2014)

A new detection scheme for OFDM signals distorted by a memoryless nonlinear power amplifier is presented. Mitigating the power amplifier nonlinearity in the receiver is referred to as Digital Post-Distortion (DPoD). The new iterative detection scheme, termed Nonlinear Detection (NLD), does not attempt to cancel the nonlinear distortion. Rather, it employs the nonlinear components of the received signal to improve detection assuming that the nonlinear model of the power amplifier is known at the receiver side. The advantages of the proposed technique are demonstrated via simulations.
Five-channel surface-normal wavelength-division demultiplexer using substrate-guided waves in conjunction with a polymer-based Littrow hologram (1995)

We report on a five-channel wavelength-division demultiplexer using substrate-guided waves in conjunction with a polymer-based Littrow hologram operating at 700, 710, 720, 730, and 740 nm. An average cross talk of -40 dB between adjacent channels is measured. Diffraction efficiencies of 69%, 78%, 83%, 77%, and 69% are both experimentally and theoretically confirmed for the five-channel device. We also present further study aimed at reducing the wavelength channel separation to 1 nm and find that achieving such a goal requires a device length of 6.4 cm corresponding to a propagation distance of 9.05 cm.
Ubiquitin activation is essential for schizont maturation in Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage development (2020)

Ubiquitylation is a common post translational modification of eukaryotic proteins and in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) overall ubiquitylation increases in the transition from intracellular schizont to extracellular merozoite stages in the asexual blood stage cycle. Here, we identify specific ubiquitylation sites of protein substrates in three intraerythrocytic parasite stages and extracellular merozoites; a total of 1464 sites in 546 proteins were identified (data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014998). 469 ubiquitylated proteins were identified in merozoites compared with only 160 in the preceding intracellular schizont stage, suggesting a large increase in protein ubiquitylation associated with merozoite maturation. Following merozoite invasion of erythrocytes, few ubiquitylated proteins were detected in the first intracellular ring stage but as parasites matured through trophozoite to schizont stages the apparent extent of ubiquitylation increased. We identified commonly used ubiquitylation motifs and groups of ubiquitylated proteins in specific areas of cellular function, for example merozoite pellicle proteins involved in erythrocyte invasion, exported proteins, and histones. To investigate the importance of ubiquitylation we screened ubiquitin pathway inhibitors in a parasite growth assay and identified the ubiquitin activating enzyme (UBA1 or E1) inhibitor MLN7243 (TAK-243) to be particularly effective. This small molecule was shown to be a potent inhibitor of recombinant PfUBA1, and a structural homology model of MLN7243 bound to the parasite enzyme highlights avenues for the development of P. falciparum specific inhibitors. We created a genetically modified parasite with a rapamycin-inducible functional deletion of uba1; addition of either MLN7243 or rapamycin to the recombinant parasite line resulted in the same phenotype, with parasite development blocked at the schizont stage. Nuclear division and formation of intracellular structures was interrupted. These results indicate that the intracellular target of MLN7243 is UBA1, and this activity is essential for the final differentiation of schizonts to merozoites.
Quantification of Efficiency of Beneficiation of Lunar Regolith (2013)

Electrostatic beneficiation of lunar regolith is being researched at Kennedy Space Center to enhance the ilmenite concentration of the regolith for the production of oxygen in in-situ resource utilization on the lunar surface. Ilmenite enrichment of up to 200% was achieved using lunar simulants. For the most accurate quanitification of the regolith particles, standard petrographic methods are typically followed, but in order to optimize the process, many hundreds of samples were generated in this study that made the standard analysis methods time prohibitive. In the current studies, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were used that could automatically, and quickly, analyze many separated fractions of lunar simulant. In order to test the accuracy of the quantification, test mixture samples of known quantities of ilmenite (2, 5, 10, and 20 wt%) in silica (pure quartz powder), were analyzed by XPS and EDS. The results showed that quantification for low concentrations of ilmenite in silica could be accurately achieved by both XPS and EDS, knowing the limitations of the techniques.
[24-hour blood pressure: effects of sports in aged subjects]. (1991)

The present study deals with the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) 24-h pattern in aged people of both sexes ranging in age from 66 to 75 years. 20 subjects were active in agonistic sports (running and swimming), 20 others had sedentary habits. BP and HR were studied by non-invasive monitoring along with chronobiometric analysis. The BP and HR 24-h pattern was seen to preserve its circadian rhythm in both aged athletes and sedentary elderly. The analysis reveals that the aged athletes show a higher mesor for systolic BP and a lower mesor for diastolic BP and HR. The daily pressure load, as the integral of the BP 24-h values multiplied by the HR mesor, is lower in aged people practising sport as compared to age-matched individuals with sedentary habits. The spectral analysis reveals that physical exercise acts to change the time structure of BP and HR 24-h patterns. The conclusion is drawn that active sport plays beneficial effects in aged people because of a lower pressure load.
Calculating Metamer Sets Without Spectral Calibration (2005)

The set of metamers for a given device response can be calculated given the device's spectral sensitivities. Knowledge of the metamer set has been useful in practical applications such as colour correction and reflectance recovery; and also in furthering our understanding of aspects of colour science such as the tendency of metamers to cross at certain preferred wavelengths. Unfortunately, the device sensitivities of a camera or scanner are not known and they are difficult to estimate reliably outside the lab.The main contribution of this paper is to show how metamer sets can be calculated when a device's spectral sensitivities are not known. The result is built on two observations: first, the set of all reflectance spectra are convex combinations of certain basic colours which tend to be very bright (or dark) and have high chroma. Second, the convex combinations which describe reflectance spectra result in convex combinations of RGBs. Thus, given an rgb it is possible to find the set of convex combination of the RGBs of the basic colours which generate the same rgb. The corresponding set of convex combinations of the basic spectra is precisely the metamers set.The practical import of this result is that the theory of metamer sets can be used without the need for difficult and tedious calibrations. Experiments validate our approach.
Optimizing the subwavelength grating ofL-band annular groove phase masks for high coronagraphic performance (2016)

Context. The annular groove phase mask (AGPM) is one possible implementation of the vector vortex coronagraph, where the helical phase ramp is produced by a concentric subwavelength grating. For several years, we have been manufacturing AGPMs by etching gratings into synthetic diamond substrates using inductively coupled plasma etching.
Crossing Boundaries in TimeTrial: Monitoring Communications across Architecturally Diverse Computing Platforms (2011)

Time Trial is a low-impact performance monitor that supports streaming data applications deployed on a variety of architecturally diverse computational platforms, including multicore processors and field-programmable gate arrays. Communication between resources in architecturally diverse systems is frequently a limitation to overall application performance. Understanding these bottlenecks is crucial to understanding overall application performance. Direct measurement of inter-resource communications channel occupancy is not readily achievable without significantly impacting performance of the application itself. Here, we present Time Trial's approach to monitoring those queues that cross platform boundaries. Since the approach includes a combination of direct measurement and modeling, we also describe circumstances under which the model can be shown to be inappropriate. Examples with several micro-benchmark applications (for which the true measurement is known) and an application that uses Monte Carlo techniques to solve Lap lace's equation are used for illustrative purposes.
Bioactive molecules in milk and their role in health and disease: The role of transforming growth factor‐β (2000)

Human breast milk is rich in nutrients, hormones, growth factors and immunoactive molecules, which influence the growth, development and immune status of the newborn infant. Although several of these factors are also present in bovine milk, the greater susceptibility of the formula-fed infant to infection and disease and the development of allergy is often attributed to the reduced level of protective factors in milk formulas. Nevertheless, modifying manufacturing processes may preserve the biological activity of some bioactive molecules in end products. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is one such molecule. TGF-beta is a polypeptide, which has been described in both human and bovine milk. It is implicated in many processes, including epithelial cell growth and differentiation, development, carcinogenesis and immune regulation. The present article discusses the biological activity of TGF-beta2 that has been preserved and activated in a cow's milk-based product. More specifically, it addresses possible mechanisms of action in the intestinal lumen and speculates on how milk products containing naturally occurring TGF-beta2 could be exploited in functional foods for the infant or as therapies for specific intestinal diseases.
Use of Hydrajet Perforating to Improve Fracturing Success Sees Global Expansion (2008)

Abstract As shown by technical papers as early as the 1960s, our industry has long known that hydrajetting perforations or slots through cemented casing could often "bail-out" a problem well that otherwise seemed completely resistant to hydraulic fracturing attempts. For most of the first 50 years of fracturing applications, few operators had sufficient demand for the fracturing process to make it a commodity service, especially before the advent of coiled tubing (CT) services in the 1980s. Often, this type of well service was costly because of the need for both abrasive mixing and high-pressure pumping. In many cases, it was too time consuming to be practical as an "every-well" application, and lower-cost conventional explosive shape- charge perforating seemed sufficient for most wells. As oil and gas prices have drastically increased in recent years, many operators have realized that for some well conditions, the use of hydrajet perforating (HP) can improve fracture stimulation efficiency and well economics. In a few cases HP has proven to be the only way that effective fracture stimulation could be achieved. In the past few years there has been a growing acceptance among both operators and service companies that hydrajet (abrasive jetting) perforating can improve overall well economics for fracture stimulated wells in many reservoirs. Some newer methodologies have combined hydrajet perforating and hydraulic fracturing into a single, continuous, multi-stage stimulation method. For many wells needing multiple fracture stimulations, significant reductions in nonproductive time (NPT) allows for reduced well costs even when more actual fracture stages are pumped. Use of more stages has often provided significant production gains and greater recoverable reserves. Enhanced stimulation success in many moderately hard and very hard formations have proven the value of converting from shape charge perforating to hydrajetting as a stand-alone operation to avoid severe near-wellbore problems during hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatments. Since about 2000, and especially during the most recent 5 years, service providers have progressively expanded the processes, which included hydrajet perforating, especially in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing methods. This paper will review the expanding applications of hydrajet perforating in recent years, including case histories from several global applications.
The Hepatoselective Glucokinase Activator PF-04991532 Ameliorates Hyperglycemia without Causing Hepatic Steatosis in Diabetic Rats (2014)

Hyperglycemia resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the main cause of diabetic complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy. A reduction in hyperglycemia has been shown to prevent these associated complications supporting the importance of glucose control. Glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and determines glucose flux into the β-cells and hepatocytes. Since activation of glucokinase in β-cells is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia, we hypothesized that selectively activating hepatic glucokinase would reduce fasting and postprandial glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycemia. Previous studies have shown that hepatic glucokinase overexpression is able to restore glucose homeostasis in diabetic models; however, these overexpression experiments have also revealed that excessive increases in hepatic glucokinase activity may also cause hepatosteatosis. Herein we sought to evaluate whether liver specific pharmacological activation of hepatic glucokinase is an effective strategy to reduce hyperglycemia without causing adverse hepatic lipids changes. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, PF-04991532, in Goto-Kakizaki rats. In these studies, PF-04991532 reduced plasma glucose concentrations independent of changes in insulin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner both acutely and after 28 days of sub-chronic treatment. During a hyperglycemic clamp in Goto-Kakizaki rats, the glucose infusion rate was increased approximately 5-fold with PF-04991532. This increase in glucose infusion can be partially attributed to the 60% reduction in endogenous glucose production. While PF-04991532 induced dose-dependent increases in plasma triglyceride concentrations it had no effect on hepatic triglyceride concentrations in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Interestingly, PF-04991532 decreased intracellular AMP concentrations and increased hepatic futile cycling. These data suggest that hepatoselective glucokinase activation may offer glycemic control without inducing hepatic steatosis supporting the evaluation of tissue specific activators in clinical trials.
Methods and rationale of the DISCOVER CKD global observational study (2021)

The DISCOVER CKD program will provide contemporary real-world insight to inform clinical practice and improve our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical and economic burden of CKD, as well as determinants of clinical outcomes and PROs from a range of geographical regions in a real-world CKD setting.
The interrelationships between enzymes and cells, with particular reference to whole-cell biotransformations using bacteria and fungi (2010)

There are basically two strategies for carrying out biotransformations: (1) to use pure or partially purified enzymes isolated by the investigator or purchased from a commercial supplier, or (2) to use whole cells. Enzymes are categorized by the Enzyme Commission (EC) according to their functions (Table 2.1), and each individual enzyme is given a unique code made up of four numbers, such as 2.1.2.4. These reference numbers are derived as follows:
A Response to Núñez et al.'s (2019) “What Happened to Cognitive Science?” (2019)

Núñez et al.'s (2019) negative assessment of the field of cognitive science derives from evaluation criteria that fail to reflect the true nature of the field. In reality, the field is thriving on both the research and educational fronts, and it shows great promise for the future.