gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Power Genuine Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes Based On Colloidal Nanocrystal Quantum Dots (2015)

Thin-film ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with emission wavelengths below 400 nm are emerging as promising light sources for various purposes, from our daily lives to industrial applications. However, current thin-film UV-emitting devices radiate not only UV light but also visible light. Here, we introduce genuine UV-emitting colloidal nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD) LEDs (QLEDs) using precisely controlled NQDs consisting of a 2.5-nm-sized CdZnS ternary core and a ZnS shell. The effective core size is further reduced during the shell growth via the atomic diffusion of interior Cd atoms to the exterior ZnS shell, compensating for the photoluminescence red shift. This design enables us to develop CdZnS@ZnS UV QLEDs with pure UV emission and minimal parasitic peaks. The irradiance is as high as 2.0-13.9 mW cm(-2) at the peak wavelengths of 377-390 nm, several orders of magnitude higher than that of other thin-film UV LEDs.
Metamaterial Lens Design for Electronically Steered Arrays (2020)

A metamaterial lens (metalens) is engineered to improve the scanning performance of a dipole array. When placed within the lens, each dipole has an embedded element radiation pattern with a relatively flat top and a much narrower beamwidth than without the lens. This is ideal for an electronically steered array (ESA) with large element spacing, since the narrow beamwidth of the embedded element pattern suppresses grating lobes. When only the permittivity of the lens is optimized, the lens creates a flat-top pattern in only one plane; however, when both the permittivity and permeability are optimized a flat-top embedded pattern in both planes is achievable. Simulated results indicate that for a small square array, the lens enables a directivity increase of 9 dB. Furthermore, grating lobe levels are significantly reduced without increasing scan loss.
Within and combined season prediction models for perennial ryegrass biomass yield using ground- and air-based sensor data (2022)

Across-season biomass assessment is crucial in the cultivar selection process to accurately evaluate the yield performance of lines under different growing conditions. However, it has been difficult to have an accurate, reliable, and repeated fresh biomass (FM) estimation of large populations of plants in the field without destructive harvesting, which incurs significant labor and operation costs. Sensor-based phenotyping platforms have advanced in the data collection of structural and vegetative information of plants, but the developed prediction models are still limited by low correlations at different growth stages and seasons. In this study, our objective was to develop and validate the global prediction models for across-season harvested fresh biomass (FM) yield based on the ground- and air-based sensor data including ground-based LiDAR, ground-based ultrasonic, and air-based multispectral camera to extract LiDAR plant volume (LV), LiDAR point density (LV_Den), height, and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). The study was conducted in a row-plot field trial with 480 rows (3 rows in a plot per cultivar) throughout the whole 2020 growing season up to the reproductive stage. We evaluated the performance of each plant parameter, their relationship, and the best subset prediction models using statistical stepwise selection at the row and plot levels through the seasonal and combined seasonal datasets. The best performing model: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>_</mml:mo> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>I</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> had a determination of coefficient <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> of at least 0.9 in vegetative stages and 0.8 in the reproductive stage. Similar results can be achieved in a simpler model with just two LiDAR variables- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∗</mml:mo> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>_</mml:mo> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>e</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In addition, LV and LV_Den showed a robust correlation with FM on their own over seasons and growth stages, while NDVI only performed well in some seasons. The simpler model based on only LiDAR data can be widely applied over season without the need of additional sensor data and may thus make the in-field across-season biomass assessment more feasible and practical for fast and cost-effective development of higher biomass yield cultivars.
Exponential expressivity in deep neural networks through transient chaos (2016)

We combine Riemannian geometry with the mean field theory of high dimensional chaos to study the nature of signal propagation in generic, deep neural networks with random weights. Our results reveal an order-to-chaos expressivity phase transition, with networks in the chaotic phase computing nonlinear functions whose global curvature grows exponentially with depth but not width. We prove this generic class of deep random functions cannot be efficiently computed by any shallow network, going beyond prior work restricted to the analysis of single functions. Moreover, we formalize and quantitatively demonstrate the long conjectured idea that deep networks can disentangle highly curved manifolds in input space into flat manifolds in hidden space. Our theoretical analysis of the expressive power of deep networks broadly applies to arbitrary nonlinearities, and provides a quantitative underpinning for previously abstract notions about the geometry of deep functions.
Annealing of the Induced Birefringence by UV and IR Lasers in Fiber Bragg Gratings (2009)

The annealing curves of the birefringence induced by both ultraviolet (UV) and femtosecond infrared (fs-IR) lasers in fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are examined. Experimental results show that the induced birefringence in hydrogen (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> )-loaded SMF-28 fibers by both UV and IR lasers can be annealed completely at low temperatures when moderate FBGs are inscribed (index modulation less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> ). For strong gratings inscribed by UV laser in H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -loaded SMF-28 fiber and gratings inscribed by fs-IR laser in unloaded SMF-28 fiber, the birefringence annealing curves strongly depend on the laser wavelength, laser power and the exposure time.
Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic strategies to produce highly valuable chiral amines from biomass with ω-transaminases on 2D zeolites (2022)

Amino transaminases (ATAs) have been supported on a 2D ITQ-2 zeolite through electrostatic interactions, resulting in a highly stable active biocatalyst to obtain a variety of valuable chiral amines starting from prochiral ketones derived from biomass. We have extended the biocatalyst applications by designing a chemo-enzymatic process that allows, as the first step, prochiral ketones to be obtained from biomass-derived compounds through an aldol condensation-reduction step using a bifunctional metal/base catalyst. The prochiral ketone is subsequently converted into the chiral amine using the immobilized ATA. We show that it is feasible to couple both steps in a semi-continuous process to produce industrially relevant chiral amines with yields of >95% and ∼100% enantiomer excess.
Accidental synthesis of a previously unknown quasicrystal in the first atomic bomb test (2021)

The first test explosion of a nuclear bomb, the Trinity test of 16 July 1945, resulted in the fusion of surrounding sand, the test tower, and copper transmission lines into a glassy material known as "trinitite." Here, we report the discovery, in a sample of red trinitite, of a hitherto unknown composition of icosahedral quasicrystal, Si<sub>61</sub>Cu<sub>30</sub>Ca<sub>7</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub> It represents the oldest extant anthropogenic quasicrystal currently known, with the distinctive property that its precise time of creation is indelibly etched in history. Like the naturally formed quasicrystals found in the Khatyrka meteorite and experimental shock syntheses of quasicrystals, the anthropogenic quasicrystals in red trinitite demonstrate that transient extreme pressure-temperature conditions are suitable for the synthesis of quasicrystals and for the discovery of new quasicrystal-forming systems.
Modeling Self-Propagating Malware with Epidemiological Models (2022)

Self-propagating malware (SPM) has recently resulted in large financial losses and high social impact, with well-known campaigns such as WannaCry and Colonial Pipeline being able to propagate rapidly on the Internet and cause service disruptions. To date, the propagation behavior of SPM is still not well understood, resulting in the difficulty of defending against these cyber threats. To address this gap, in this paper we perform a comprehensive analysis of a newly proposed epidemiological model for SPM propagation, Susceptible-Infected-Infected Dormant-Recovered (SIIDR). We perform a theoretical analysis of the stability of the SIIDR model and derive its basic reproduction number by representing it as a system of Ordinary Differential Equations with continuous time. We obtain access to 15 WananCry attack traces generated under various conditions, derive the model's transition rates, and show that SIIDR fits best the real data. We find that the SIIDR model outperforms more established compartmental models from epidemiology, such as SI, SIS, and SIR, at modeling SPM propagation.
ADVANCED COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROPROCESSORS (2006)

Recent trends in processor power for the next generation devices point clearly to significant increase in processor heat dissipation over the coming years. In the desktop system design space, the tendency has been to minimize system enclosure size while maximizing performance, which in turn leads to high power densities in future generation systems. The current thermal solutions used today consist of advanced heat sink designs and heat pipe designs with forced air cooling to cool high power processors. However, these techniques are already reaching their limits to handle high heat flux, and there is a strong need for development of more efficient cooling systems which are scalable to handle the high heat flux generated by the future products. To meet this challenge, there has been research in academia and in industry to explore alternative methods for extracting heat from high-density power sources in electronic systems. This talk will discuss the issues surrounding device cooling, from the transistor level to the system level, and describe system-level solutions being developed for desktop computer applications developed in our group at Stanford University.
On the Cryptographic Deniability of the Signal Protocol. (2021)

Offline deniability is the ability to a posteriori deny having participated in a particular communication session. This property has been widely assumed for the Signal messaging application, yet no formal proof has appeared in the literature. In this work, we present the first formal study of the offline deniability of the Signal protocol. Our analysis shows that building a deniability proof for Signal is non-trivial and requires strong assumptions on the underlying mathematical groups where the protocol is run. To do so, we study various implicitly authenticated key exchange protocols, including MQV, HMQV, and 3DH/X3DH, the latter being the core key agreement protocol in Signal. We first present examples of mathematical groups where running MQV results in a provably non-deniable interaction. While the concrete attack applies only to MQV, it also exemplifies the problems in attempting to prove the deniability of other implicitly authenticated protocols, such as 3DH. In particular, it shows that the intuition that the minimal transcript produced by these protocols suffices for ensuring deniability does not hold. We then provide a characterization of the groups where deniability holds, defined in terms of a knowledge assumption that extends the Knowledge of Exponent Assumption (KEA). We conclude our research by presenting additional results. First, we prove a general theorem that links the deniability of a communication session to the deniability of the key agreement protocol starting the session. This allows us to extend our results on the deniability of 3DH/X3DH to the entire Signal communication session. We show how our Knowledge of Diffie-Hellman Assumptions (KDH) knowledge assumption family can be used to establish a deniability proof for other implicitly authenticated Diffie-Hellman protocols, specifically the OAKE family \cite{Yao13}. By examining the deniability of the implicitly authenticated AKE protocols augmented with a confirmation step, we also demonstrate a counterintuitive result. Although such a modification requires protocol users to exchange additional information during the session, deniability may be established for these protocols under weaker assumptions (compared to the implicitly authenticated version). Lastly, we discussed our observations on various attack scenarios that undermine offline deniability with the assistance of third-party services and why these attacks should be put in a different category than offline deniability.
Non-self-limiting nature of silicon reduction of WF6 in cold wall systems (1992)

This paper addresses the kinetics and related mechanisms of non-self-limiting nature of Si reduction of WF6 in cold wall systems for the first time. The growth of such films in low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition (LPCVD) and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) systems is compared. Both systems produce non-self-limiting, uniform, controllable, nonporous films. The growth is controlled by process parameters such as the wafer temperature and WF6 concentration at the wafer surface. The order of the Si reduction reaction is 0.5 in the concentration of WF6. The tungsten films deposited in the LPCVD system contaminated with water vapor are thicker than the films grown in the UHV system even when the temperature is below 450 °C. Such thicker films are produced as a result of the formation of an amorphous W-O layer. From the thermodynamic considerations, the origin of W-O layer is attributed to a parallel reaction between water vapor, WF6, and substrate Si. The beneficial role played by the W-O layer is that it prevents any volume shrinkage of the converted layer and restricts lateral encroachment. In the absence of such a layer as in the case of the UHV system, severe volume shrinkage and encroachment are observed. A theoretical model together with physical mechanisms explaining the non-self-limiting phenomenon are proposed. The mechanism suggests that a fine-grained W structure surrounded by a W-O layer, formed in the LPCVD system, assists faster out-diffusion of Si through the tungsten films compared to the UHV system. The higher values of the diffusion coefficient for Si out-diffusion through films grown in the LPCVD system as compared with the UHV system support this mechanism. The out-diffused Si is substituted to W by reduction reaction to complete the film growth.
An attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strain with a defect in ESX-1 secretion induces minimal host immune responses and pathology (2017)

Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) DK9897 is an attenuated strain, it was isolated from a patient with extrapulmonary tuberculosis and vaccination with a subunit vaccine (H56) induced poor protection against it. Both attenuation and lack of protection are because M.tb DK9897 cannot secrete the EsxA virulence factor nor induce a host response against it. Genome sequencing identified a frameshift mutation in the eccCa1 gene. Since the encoded EccCa1 protein provides energy for ESX-1 secretion, it suggested a defect in the ESX-1 type VII secretion system. Genetic complementation with a plasmid carrying the M.tb H37Rv sequence of eccCa1-eccCb1-pe35 re-established EsxA secretion, host specific EsxA T-cell responses, and increased strain virulence. The ESX-1 secretion defect prevents several virulence factors from being functional during infection and therefore attenuates M.tb. It precludes specific T-cell responses against strong antigens and we found very little in vivo cytokine production, gross pathology or granuloma formation in lungs from M.tb DK9897 infected animals. This coincides with M.tb DK9897 being unable to disrupt the phagosome membrane and make contact to the cytosol.
Transmission of IPv6 Packets over BLUETOOTH Low Energy (2013)

BLUETOOTH Low Energy is a low power air interface technology defined
by the BLUETOOTH Special Interest Group (BT-SIG). The standard
BLUETOOTH radio has been widely implemented and available in mobile
phones, notebook computers, audio headsets and many other devices. The
low power version of BLUETOOTH is a new specification that enables the
use of this air interface with devices such as sensors, smart meters,
appliances, etc. The low power variant of BLUETOOTH is currently
specified in the revision 4.0 of the BLUETOOTH specifications
(BLUETOOTH 4.0). This document describes how IPv6 is transported over
BLUETOOTH Low Energy using 6LoWPAN techniques.
Supplementary Figure S1 from EGFR and RB1 as Dual Biomarkers in HPV-Negative Head and Neck Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;(A) Western blots for the indicated protein markers after siRNA depletion, (B) representative high and low staining immunofluorescent microscopy images for each marker. CK = cytokeratin (epithelial tumor stain), DNA = DAPI stain, C = control siRNA (siGL2), IB = immunoblotting, scale bar = 100μm.&lt;/p&gt;
Revisiting Fizeaus Observations: Spectral study of Na source using Newtons rings (2013)

Conventional Newtons rings is generally used in undergraduate laboratory to determine the average wavelength of Na doublet. A minor modification of this setup enables us to view simultaneously Newtons rings both in reflected as well as transmitted light. A movable glass plate with respect to the plano-convex lens allows us to observe the variation of contrast/visibility of these fringes and thus allows us to determine the separation of the yellow doublet.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of High Molecular Weight Poly(methylated ferrocenylsilanes) and Their Charge Transfer Polymer Salts with Tetracyanoethylene (1996)

A series of poly(ferrocenylsilanes) with methylated cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings [Fe(η-C5MexH4-x)(η-C5MeyH4-y)SiMe2]n (2a−e) (a, x = 0, y = 0; b, x = 1, y = 1 (Cp−Me groups at random positions); c, x = 1, y = 1 (Cp−Me groups at 3,3‘ positions); d, x = 4, y = 0; e, x = 4, y = 4) have been prepared by thermal ring-opening polymerization (TROP) of the corresponding silicon-bridged [1]ferrocenophanes Fe(η-C5MexH4-x)(η-C5MeyH4-y)SiMe2 (1a−e). DSC analysis revealed that increasing methylation of the ferrocenophane Cp rings resulted in increasing onset temperatures for the TROP reaction but did not significantly affect the enthalpy of polymerization, ΔHp. Poly(ferrocenylsilanes) 2b−d were soluble in common organic solvents and were characterized by IR, 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The molecular weights of these polymers were estimated to be in the range of Mw = 1.8 × 105 to 4.1 × 105 and Mn = 9.4 × 104 to 2.8 × 105 by GPC in THF versus polystyrene standards. The fully methylated poly(ferrocenylsilane) 2e was insoluble in common organic solvents and was characterized by IR, 13C and 29Si CP-MAS NMR, and elemental analysis. The electrochemical behavior of 2b−d in CH2Cl2 solution was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and these polymers each exhibited two reversible oxidation waves, consistent with significant electronic interactions between the iron centers. Increasing Cp methylation led to the expected decrease in half-wave oxidation potentials, relative to nonmethylated 2a. DSC analysis showed that 2b−d exhibit weak glass transitions which shift to higher temperature with increasing methylation. No melting transitions were detected by DSC for these polymers, and WAXS analysis confirmed that the polymers were amorphous and indicated that the average interchain distance increases with increasing Cp methylation. TGA of 2a−d found decreasing thermal stability with regard to weight loss upon increasing methylation. The microstructure of polymer 2d provided insight into the polymerization mechanism and was consistent with polymerization via nonselective cleavage of Cp−Si (as opposed to Cp−Fe) bonds. The reactions of 2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) were investigated. Whereas 2a did not react, the Cp-methylated analogues 2b, 2d, and 2e yielded dark solids 3b, 3d, and 3e, which were soluble in polar organic solvents. IR and microanalytical data indicated that the products contain oxidized polymer and a mixture of polycyano counteranions. Bulk solid-state magnetic susceptibility data indicated that 3e obeys the Curie−Weiss law, with μeff = 2.0 μB, and θ = −1.1 K. In contrast to recent reports on TCNE-oxidized oligo(ferrocenylsilanes), no evidence was found for any long-range cooperative spin−spin interactions at low temperature.
CabiNet: Scaling Neural Collision Detection for Object Rearrangement with Procedural Scene Generation (2023)

We address the important problem of generalizing robotic rearrangement to clutter without any explicit object models. We first generate over 650K cluttered scenes - orders of magnitude more than prior work - in diverse everyday environments, such as cabinets and shelves. We render synthetic partial point clouds from this data and use it to train our CabiNet model architecture. CabiNet is a collision model that accepts object and scene point clouds, captured from a single-view depth observation, and predicts collisions for SE(3) object poses in the scene. Our representation has a fast inference speed of 7 microseconds per query with nearly 20% higher performance than baseline approaches in challenging environments. We use this collision model in conjunction with a Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) planner to generate collision-free trajectories for picking and placing in clutter. CabiNet also predicts waypoints, computed from the scene's signed distance field (SDF), that allows the robot to navigate tight spaces during rearrangement. This improves rearrangement performance by nearly 35% compared to baselines. We systematically evaluate our approach, procedurally generate simulated experiments, and demonstrate that our approach directly transfers to the real world, despite training exclusively in simulation. Robot experiment demos in completely unknown scenes and objects can be found at this http https://cabinet-object-rearrangement.github.io
Numerical integration of related Hankel transforms by quadrature and continued fraction expansion (1983)

Abstract An algorithm for the accurate evaluation of Hankel (or Bessel) transforms of algebraically related kernel functions. The algorithm performs the automatic integration of the product of the kernel and Bessel functions between the asymptotic zero crossings of the latter and sums the series of partial integrations using a continued fraction expansion, equivalent to an analytic continuation of the series.--Modified journal abstract.