gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acousto-optic systems for advanced microscopy (2020)

Abstract Acoustic waves in an optical medium cause rapid periodic changes in the refraction index, leading to diffraction effects. Such acoustically controlled diffraction can be used to modulate, deflect, and focus light at microsecond timescales, paving the way for advanced optical microscopy designs that feature unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. In this article, we review the operational principles, optical properties, and recent applications of acousto-optic (AO) systems for advanced microscopy, including random-access scanning, ultrafast confocal and multiphoton imaging, and fast inertia-free light-sheet microscopy. As AO technology is reaching maturity, designing new microscope architectures that utilize AO elements is more attractive than ever, providing new exciting opportunities in fields as impactful as optical metrology, neuroscience, embryogenesis, and high-content screening.
A resilient architecture for automated fault tolerance in virtualized data centers (2010)

Virtualization is a key enabler to autonomic management of hosted services in data centers. We show that it can be used to manage reliability of these virtual entities with virtual backups. An architecture is proposed to autonomously manage and allocate the physical resources, ensure reliability guarantees, and manage the pools of virtual backups for failure recovery and resource conservation. It is fault tolerant by design so that component failures do not bring down the entire data center.
Uncovering interaction of coupled oscillators from data (2007)

We develop a technique for reconstructing the phase dynamics equations for weakly coupled oscillators from data. We show how, starting from general scalar observables, one can first reconstruct the dynamics in terms of the corresponding protophases, and then, performing a transformation to the genuine, observable-independent phases, obtain an invariant description of the phase dynamics. We demonstrate that natural frequencies of oscillators can be recovered if several observations of coupled systems at different coupling strengths are available. We apply our theory to numerical examples and to a physical experiment with coupled metronomes.
A randomized phase 3 trial of auto vs. allo transplantation as part of first-line therapy in poor-risk peripheral T-NHL (2020)

First-line therapy for younger patients with peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL) consists of 6 courses of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) with or without etoposide (CHOEP), consolidated by high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT). We hypothesized that allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) could improve outcomes. 104 patients with peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, except ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, 18 to 60 years, all stages, and all age adjusted International Prognostic Index scores, except 0 and stage I, were randomized to 4 cycles of CHOEP and 1 cycle of dexamethasone, cytosine-arabinoside, and platinum (DHAP) followed by high-dose therapy and auto-SCT or myeloablative conditioning and allo-SCT. The primary end point was event-free survival (EFS) at 3 years. After a median follow-up of 42 months, the 3-year EFS after allo-SCT was 43%, as compared with 38% after auto-SCT. Overall survival at 3 years was 57% vs 70% after allo- or auto-SCT, without significant differences between treatment arms. None of the 21 responding patients proceeding to allo-SCT relapsed, as opposed to 13 of 36 patients (36%) proceeding to auto-SCT. Eight of 26 patients (31%) and none of 41 patients died of transplant-related toxicity after allo- and auto-SCT, respectively. The strong graft-versus-lymphoma effect after allo-SCT was counterbalanced by transplant-related mortality. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00984412.
Retrometabolic Syntheses of Astaxanthin (3,3-dihydroxy-&#946;,&#946;-carotene-4,4-dione) Conjugates: A Novel Approach to Oral and Parenteral Cardioprotection (2006)

Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin has potent cardioprotective effects in animals, with demonstrated preclinical efficacy in the rat, rabbit, and canine models of experimental infarction. It has been effective in subchronic and acute dosing regimens after parenteral administration, and recently published data in rats demonstrate that oral cardioprotection is also readily achieved. Myocardial salvage in the canine can reach 100% with a 4-day subchronic dosing regimen; single-dose I.V. cardioprotection, when given 2 hours before experimental coronary occlusion, is on average two-thirds of that achieved with the subchronic regimen in dogs. In conscious animals, no effects on hemodynamic parameters have been observed. Recently, the beneficial properties of this prototypical astaxanthin conjugate have been extended to include second- and third-generation compounds with improved pharmacokinetic and/or potency profiles. The primary mechanism of cardioprotection appears to be antioxidant activity: potent direct scavenging of the lynchpin radical in ischemia-reperfusion injury, superoxide anion, has been documented in appropriate model systems. In addition, modulation of serum complement activity, reduction of the levels of deposition of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the membrane attack complex (MAC) in infarcted tissue, and reduction in oxidative stress markers from the arachidonic acid and linoleic acid pathways also suggest a significant anti-inflammatory component to the mechanism of cardioprotection. Favorable plasma protein binding has been demonstrated in vitro for several astaxanthin conjugates; this binding capacity overcomes the supramolecular assembly of the compounds that occurs in aqueous solution, which in itself improves the stability and shelf-life of aqueous formulations. Astaxanthin readily populates cardiac tissue after metabolic hydrolysis of both oral and parenteral administration of the astaxanthin ester derivates, providing a reservoir of cardioprotective agent with a significant half-life due to favorable ADME in mammals. Due to the well-documented safety profile of astaxanthin in humans, disodium disuccinate astaxanthin may well find clinical utility in cardiovascular applications in humans following successful completion of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology studies in animals and humans, respectively.
Site-Specific 13 C Labeling of DNA to Deduce DNA Repair Mechanisms of Uracil-DNA Glycosyiase and UV Endonuclease V (1989)

Abstract The oligodeoxynucleotide d(GCGUGCG) was synthesized with [1′,3′ -13C2)U labeling. The uracil unit was removed with uracil-DNA glycosylase to generate an abasic site and the resulting oligonucleotide was paired with the possible d(CGCNCGC) structures. One of these heteroduplexes was a substrate for W endonuclease V. The 13C NMR spectra of these heteroduplexes describe the structure of the abasic site and the mechanism of the endonuclease reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Ginkgolide B. (1988)

Abstract The title compound (XV) is the most active anti‐PAF (platelet activating factor) agent in ginkgo extracts.
Fracture healing—orthobiologics: from basic science to clinical application (2023)

Orthopaedics as a field and a profession is fundamentally concerned with the treatment of musculoskeletal disease, in all of its many forms. Our collective understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal pathology resulting from injury continues to evolve, opening novel opportunities to develop orthobiologic treatments to improve care. It is a long path to move from an understanding of cellular pathology to development of successful clinical treatment, and this article proposes to discuss some of the challenges to achieving translational therapies in orthopaedics. The article will focus on challenges that clinicians will likely face in seeking to bring promising treatments forward to clinical practice and strategies for improving success in translational efforts.
Pulmonary irradiation-induced expression of VCAM-I and ICAM-I is decreased by manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) gene therapy (2002)

Pulmonary toxicity is a major complication of total body irradiation used in preparation of patients for bone marrow transplantation. The mechanism of the late pulmonary damage manifested by fibrosis is unknown. In C57BL/6NHsd mice, manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) intratracheal injection 24 hours prior to 20 Gy single-fraction irradiation to both lungs significantly reduced late irradiation damage. Single intratracheal injections of MnSOD-PL, at concentrations as low as 250 microg of plasmid DNA, in a constant volume of 78 microL of liposomes, reduced late damage. To determine whether a slowly proliferating population of cells in the lung was responsible for initiation of fibrosis and was altered by MnSOD-PL therapy, 20 Gy total lung-irradiated mice were examined at serial time points for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake in sites of cell division. There was low-level, but nonsignificant, increased cell proliferation detected at 80 days, with a significant increase at 100 days, 120 days, and at the time of death. Immunohistochemical assay for up-regulation of adhesion molecules associated with recruitment, transendothelial migration, and proliferation of bronchoalveolar macrophages revealed significant up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at 100 days with further increases up to the time of death. Increases were first detected in endothelin-positive endothelial cells. MnSOD-PL administration prior to irradiation decreased both BrdU incorporation and delayed expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. The data indicate that the appearance of late irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is associated with the up-regulation of adhesion molecules and suggest that potential targets for intervention may focus on the pulmonary vascular endothelium.
Laser-Induced Dynamics of Peroxodicopper(II) Complexes Vary with the Ligand Architecture. One-Photon Two-Electron O2 Ejection and Formation of Mixed-Valent CuICuII–Superoxide Intermediates (2015)

Photoexcitation of end-on trans-μ-1,2-peroxodicopper(II) complex [(tmpa)2Cu(II)2(O2)](2+) (1) (λmax = 525 and 600 nm) and side-on μ-η(2):η(2)-peroxodicopper(II) complexes [(N5)Cu(II)2(O2)](2+) (2) and [(N3)Cu(II)2(O2)](2+) (3) at -80 °C in acetone led to one-photon two-electron peroxide-to-dioxygen oxidation chemistry (O2(2-) + hν → O2 + 2e(-)). Interestingly, light excitation of 2 and 3 (having side-on μ-η(2):η(2)-peroxo ligation) led to release of dioxygen, while photoexcitation of 1 (having an end-on trans-1,2-peroxo geometry) did not, even though spectroscopic studies revealed that both reactions proceeded through previously unknown mixed-valent superoxide species: [Cu(II)(O2(•-))Cu(I)](2+) (λmax = 685-740 nm). For 1, this intermediate underwent further fast intramolecular electron transfer to yield an "O2-caged" dicopper(I) adduct, Cu(I)2-O2, and a barrierless stepwise back electron transfer to regenerate 1 occurred. Femtosecond laser excitation of 2 and 3 under the same conditions still led to [Cu(II)(O2(•-))Cu(I)](2+) intermediates that, instead, underwent O2 release with a quantum yield of 0.14 ± 0.1 for 3. Such remarkable differences in reaction pathways likely result from the well-known ligand-derived stability of 2 and 3 vs 1 indicated by ligand-Cu(II/I) redox potentials; (N5)Cu(I) and (N3)Cu(I) complexes are far more stable than (tmpa)Cu(I) species. The fast Cu(I)2/O2 rebinding kinetics was also measured after photoexcitation of 2 and 3, with the results closely tracking those known for the dicopper proteins hemocyanin and tyrosinase, for which the synthetic dicopper(I) precursors [(N5)Cu(I)2](2+) and [(N3)Cu(I)2](2+) and their dioxygen adducts serve as models. The biological relevance of the present findings is discussed, including the potential impact on the solar water splitting process.
Model Development for Robust Design of SOI-MOSFET Circuits used in Radiative Environments (2021)

Circuits are exposed to increased particle strikes in an outer space environment. For this reason, thin-layer SOI-MOSFETs are mostly utilized to secure circuit functions under high radiation exposure. In the reported investigation, the main focus is given on the influence of the resulting carrier generation within the well in the silicon substrate, which has the purpose to preserve an accurate threshold-voltage control for the devices of the circuit. It is verified, that the generated carriers change the potential within the well in the same way as in the active SOI layer. However, 2D-device simulation reveals, that the flow of the generated carriers out from the well takes longer than that in the case of the SOI layer. The reason is, that the generated carriers are remained in the well even after the equilibrium condition is achieved within the device. This feature of the carrier flow in the well is nearly independent of the applied well bias. The ambipolar condition within the well, showing a huge amount of carrier concentration, is hardly modified only by the bias-potential applied. Even though carriers can flow to the neighboring well, this observed plasma condition is hardly changed.
The Chlorinolysis of Azetidinone Disulfides (1984)

The chlorinolysis of dithiazeneazetidinones, unrym-azetidinone disulfides, and 2-chloromethylpenams, w i t h sulfuryl chloride produce the 2-[2'(R and S~-chloro-4'-oxoazetidin-l'-yll-3-chloromethyl-3-chlorosulfenylbutyric acid ester isomers i n which the S-isomer predominates.Treament of t h i s compound I R and S isomers) with pyridine results i n elimination of HSCl and formation of the Z and E isomers i n which the Z isomer predominates.~e n i c i l l i n s ~-~, p e n i c i l l i n ~u l f o x i d e s ~~~~~, a n h y d r ~~e n i c i l l i n s ~~* ~~, and ~e ~h a m s ~' , ~~, undergo e l e c t r o p h i l i c r i n g opening w i t h chlorine, thionyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, and l-chlorobenzot r i a z o l e , i n suitable solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or .ethylenechloride.I n the case of the p e n i c i l l i n s , 1, the i n i t i a l product fomed, the 2-CZ'IR and S1-chloro-4'-0x0-3's-phthaliminodoazetidin-l'-yll-3-chlorosulfenyl-3-meth~lbutyrate e s t e r 2, i s r e a d i l y converted by excess o f the chlorinating agent, o r w i t h triethylamine, t o the 2-12'IR and S)-chloro-4'-0x0-3's-phthalimido-4 azetidin-1'-yll-3-methylbut-2-enoate ester, 1 .P e n i c i l l i n sulfoxides, 5, on heating i n the presence of thionyl chloride, are converted t o the 3-chloro-3-methylcephams, 8, and the 2-chloromethyl-2-methylpenams, 1, by way o f the azetidinone thiiraniun chlorides, 5, which are i n turn f o n e d from the 2-[2'S-chlorosulfenyl-4'-oxo-3'S-10 phthalimidoazetidin-1'-yll-3-methylenebutyrate esters, 2 .i n the presence o f sulfuryl chloride i n place of thionyl chloride, the product i s the isomeric mixture of the 2-[2'S-chlorosulfinyl-4'-0x0-3'S-phthalimidoaretidin-l~-yl1-3-methylenebutyrate esters, 9 , isaneric about the sulfinyl center.11 m e canpounds, 9, w i t h triethylamine f o n the 3-methyl-7-phthalimidoceph-3-em sulfoxides,g .Chlorination o f anhydropenidllins, 1, produce the sulfur-free 2-[2'(R and S)-chlor0-4'-oxo-3~Sphthalimido or midoaretidin-1'-yll-3-methylbut-2-enoyl chlorides, 12, which are readily converted 15.16 t o the acids, 15 i R ' = H ) o r esters, 13 .
Rapid Prefrontal-Hippocampal Habituation to Novel Events (2004)

Unexpected novel events generate an orienting response that plays an important role in some forms of learning and memory. The orienting response involuntarily captures attention and rapidly habituates as events become familiarized. Although evidence from patients with focal lesions and scalp and intracranial event-related brain potential recordings supports the involvement of a distributed neural network involving association cortex and the limbic system in novelty detection, the key neural substrates and temporal dynamics have not been defined. While subjects performed a bi-field visual-selective attention task with random novel stimuli embedded in either attended or unattended visual fields, we measured rapid changes of regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal to target and novel stimuli using single-trial analysis of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging with a 4T scanner. Habituation was quantified by serial BOLD signal changes during the first 10 novel stimuli for each subject. Novel stimuli activated the bilateral superior/middle frontal gyrus, temporal-parietal junction, superior parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and fusiform gyrus. The superior/middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus showed significant reduction of BOLD signal during the first few novel stimuli, whereas the signals in the fusiform and cingulate gyrus were constant. Prefrontal and hippocampal responses to attended and unattended novel stimuli were comparably habituated. These results, and previous data from lesion studies, support the view that prefrontal and hippocampal regions are involved in rapid automatic detection and habituation to unexpected environmental events and are key elements of the orienting response in humans.
Precision limits of the modern Cavendish device: thermal noise measurement regimes and strategies in the torsion pendulum (1999)

The lightly damped torsion pendulum is among the most sensitive of mechanical force detectors. Major limits to its sensitivity arise from horizontal gravitational gradients, seismic disturbance and thermal fluctuations. Unlike the other sources, the more fundamental thermal noise can serve as a common theoretical `standard' against which much of the pendulum's performance can be measured. Nevertheless, its `pure' statistical character from molecular bombardment is not retained through the processes of pendulum action and those of its measurement, as will be shown.
Supersonic nanoblowing: a new ultra-stiff phase of nylon 6 in 20–50 nm confinement (2013)

The 20–50 nm nanofibers hold great promise as functional fabrics, biomedical materials, filters, fuel cell membranes, ultra-speed fiber optics, electronics and sensorics. In our novel process of supersonic solution blowing of nylon-6, 20–50 nm nanofibers are obtained. Here we found a new phase of nylon-6, which differs from the known α-, β-, γ-, δ- and λ-phases, presenting itself as a novel χ-phase. It is characterized by the decrease of CH2 stretching, a shift of –NH stretching, a different type of hydrogen bond and a ten-fold increase in Young's modulus compared to those of post-processed macroscopic nylon fibers.
Plenoptic Models in Robot Vision. (2003)

Plenoptic models, representatives are the lightfield or the lumigraph, have been successfully applied in computer vision and computer graphics in the past five years. The key idea is to model objects and scenes using images and some extra information like camera parameters or coarse geometry. The model differs from CAD–models in the photorealism that can be achieved and is thus superior in applications where the realism of the model is of importance. From the point of view of learning based robot vision these models have the additional advantage that they can be acquired fully automatically from image sequences. The paper shows how such models can be applied in robot vision. Starting with the theoretical principles, the automatic generation of plenoptic models is discussed. An new method is introduced for direct rendering from arbitrarily taken real views. The adaptive use of geometric information makes it possible to scale the model accuracy with respect to available computation time. In two typical applications from robot vision the benefits of this kind of model is demonstrated. The experimental results proof our claim that plenoptic models are useful in robot vision. 1
A Mechanistic Approach for the Prediction of Critical Power in BWR Fuel Bundles (2012)

The critical power corresponding to the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) or dryout condition is an important design parameter for the evaluation of safety margins in a nuclear fuel bundle. The empirical approaches for the prediction of CHF in a rod bundle are highly geometric specific and proprietary in nature. The critical power experiments are very expensive and technically challenging owing to the stringent simulation requirements for the rod bundle tests involving radial and axial power profiles. In view of this, the mechanistic approach has gained momentum in the thermal hydraulic community. The Liquid Film Dryout (LFD) in an annular flow is the mechanism of CHF under BWR conditions and the dryout modeling has been found to predict the CHF quite accurately for a tubular geometry. The successful extension of the mechanistic model of dryout to the rod bundle application is vital for the evaluation of critical power in the rod bundle. The present work proposes the uniform film flow approach around the rod by analyzing individual film of the subchannel bounded by rods with different heat fluxes resulting in different film flow rates around a rod and subsequently distributing the varying film flow rates of a rod to arrive at the uniform film flow rate as it has been found that the liquid film has a strong tendency to be uniform around the rod. The FIDOM-Rod code developed for the dryout prediction in BWR assemblies provides detailed solution of the multiple liquid films in a subchannel. The approach of uniform film flow rate around the rod simplifies the liquid film cross flow modeling and was found to provide dryout prediction with a good accuracy when compared with the experimental data of 16, 19 and 37 rod bundles under BWR conditions. The critical power has been predicted for a newly designed 54 rod bundle of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). The selected constitutive models for the droplet entrainment and deposition rates validated for the dryout in tube were also found to perform well for the rod bundle under BWR conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Salen Manganese Complex Encapsulated within Zeolite Y: A Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalyst for the Epoxidation of Alkenes. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.