gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A New Porous Lithosilicate with a High Ionic Conductivity and Ion‐Exchange Capacity. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nickel-Catalyzed Heck-Type Reactions of Benzyl Chlorides and Simple Olefins (2011)

Nickel-catalyzed intermolecular benzylation and heterobenzylation of unactivated alkenes to provide functionalized allylbenzene derivatives are described. A wide range of both the benzyl chloride and alkene coupling partners are tolerated. In contrast to analogous palladium-catalyzed variants of this process, all reactions described herein employ electronically unbiased aliphatic olefins (including ethylene), proceed at room temperature, and provide 1,1-disubstituted olefins over the more commonly observed 1,2-disubstituted olefins with very high selectivity.
Effect of thermal properties on self-propagating fronts in reactive nanolaminates (2011)

The effects of thermal diffusion on flame front dynamics in a (1:1) Ni/Al multilayered system are computationally investigated. A systematic refinement of the thermal conductivity model is performed, namely by incorporating the effects of concentration, direction, and temperature dependence. The resulting thermal conductivity models are incoporated into the reduced reaction formalism developed by Salloum and Knio [Combust. Flame 157(6),1154 (2010]). Computations using constant and variable conductivity models are contrasted with each other, for axial and normal front propagation. Notable differences between the predictions of the various conductivity models are observed, particularly concerning the thermal and reaction widths. Differences in the average front propagation velocity are, unexpectedly, less pronounced. Brief computational experiments are finally conducted for 3D front propagation using constant and variable thermal conductivity models. The 3D variable-conductivity computations reveal the occurrence of transient, spinlike reactions that appear to be consistent with recent experimental observations, whereas stable front behavior is observed when a constant-conductivity model is used. Thus, the present experiences suggest that thermo-diffusive instabilities are likely to play a role in the onset and manifestation of some of the experimentally-observed transient front propagation regimes.
Fractal intermediates in the self-assembly of silicatein filaments (2005)

Silicateins are proteins with catalytic, structure-directing activity that are responsible for silica biosynthesis in certain sponges; they are the constituents of macroscopic protein filaments that are found occluded within the silica needles made by Tethya aurantia. Self-assembly of the silicatein monomers and oligomers is shown to form fibrous structures by a mechanism that is fundamentally different from any previously described filament-assembly process. This assembly proceeds through the formation of diffusion-limited, fractally patterned aggregates on the path to filament formation. The driving force for this self-assembly is suggested to be entropic, mediated by the interaction of hydrophobic patches on the surfaces of the silicatein subunits that are not found on highly homologous congeners that do not form filaments. Our results are consistent with a model in which silicatein monomers associate into oligomers that are stabilized by intermolecular disulfide bonds. These oligomeric units assemble into a fractal network that subsequently condenses and organizes into a filamentous structure. These results represent a potentially general mechanism for protein fiber self-assembly.
A Comparison Study Of Electrical Characteristics In Conventional Multiple-Gate Silicon Nanowire Transistors (2010)

In this paper electrical characteristics of various kinds of multiple-gate silicon nanowire transistors (SNWT) with the channel length equal to 7 nm are compared. A fully ballistic quantum mechanical transport approach based on NEGF was employed to analyses electrical characteristics of rectangular and cylindrical silicon nanowire transistors as well as a Double gate MOS FET. A double gate, triple gate, and gate all around nano wires were studied to investigate the impact of increasing the number of gates on the control of the short channel effect which is important in nanoscale devices. Also in the case of triple gate rectangular SNWT inserting extra gates on the bottom of device can improve the application of device. The results indicate that by using gate all around structures short channel effects such as DIBL, subthreshold swing and delay reduces.
Ordering of the point defects in nonstoichiometric crystals of Nb12O29 (1975)

The reduction of crystals of Nb12O29, having an excess of oxygen, has been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction. A superstructure and faulted slabs are formed, by aggregation of the point defects forming chains with a limited length in the matrix structure, induced by electron-beam irradiation. Ordering of the chains of point defects in the crystals is directly observed by electron microscopy with resolution of the atomic level. A mechanism for the dissipation of the point defects is discussed in terms of the reduction and oxidation of the nonstoichiometric crystals of Nb12O29.
Somatostatin blocks the potentiation of TRH-induced TSH secretion from perifused pituitary fragments and the change in intracellular calcium concentrations from dispersed pituitary cells elicited by prepro-TRH (PS4) or by tri-iodothyronine (1997)

TRH and somatostatin (SRIH) are well known to stimulate and to inhibit TSH secretion respectively. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of SRIH on thyrotrophs are still not understood. We have previously shown in vitro that the TSH response to TRH is potentiated in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion through the activation of dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive Ca2+ channels by the prepro-TRH (160-169) cryptic peptide (PS4) and tri-iodo-L-thyronine (T3), when the hormone was added shortly before a TRH pulse in order to avoid its genomic effect. Using perifused rat pituitary fragments, the present study has shown that SRIH inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, the TSH response to physiological concentration of TRH (10 nM) and reverses the Ca(2+)-dependent potentiation of that response induced either by PS4 or by T3. We have also demonstrated that the inhibition by SRIH of the T3 potentiation of TRH-induced TSH secretion is pertussis toxin-sensitive. Our data suggest that SRIH inhibits the PS4 and T3 potentiation of TRH-induced TSH secretion through the inactivation of DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Using primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells and videomicroscopy, we have already demonstrated that TRH, as well as PS4 and T3, are able to increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) rapidly, in 15 s. Our study has shown that SRIH is able to abolish the acute rise in [Ca2+]i induced either by PS4 or by T3. Since [Ca2+]i responses to PS4 and T3 are also abolished by the DHP nifedipine, our results suggest that [Ca2+]i changes in PS4- or T3-sensitive pituitary cells depend directly or indirectly on the activation of DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels and that the inhibitory effect of SRIH may be mediated by inactivation of this type of channel.
DJ‐1 colocalizes with tau inclusions: A link between parkinsonism and dementia (2003)

Two novel mutations recently have been identified in the DJ-1 gene that cause a new form of autosomal recessive, early-onset parkinsonism. Because the pathological role of this protein is unknown, we examined the issue here and report the colocalization of DJ-1 protein within a subset of pathological tau inclusions in a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies. Our study extends the view that different neurodegenerative diseases may have similar pathological mechanisms, and that these processes likely include DJ-1.
Bayesian Tracking of a Nonlinear Model of the Capnogram (2006)

Capnography, the monitoring of expired carbon dioxide (CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sub> ) has been employed clinically as a non-invasive measure for the adequacy of ventilation of the alveoli of the lung. In combination with air flow measurements, the capnogram can be used to estimate the partial pressure of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> in the alveolar sacs. In addition, physiologically relevant parameters, such as the extent of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> rebreathing, the airway dead space, and the metabolic CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> production can be predicted. To calculate these parameters, mathematical models have been previously formulated and applied to experimental data using off-line optimization procedures. Unfortunately, this does not permit online identification of the capnogram to detect changes in the physiological model parameters. In the present study, a Bayesian method for breath-by-breath identification of the volumetric capnogram is presented. The method integrates a model of CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> exchange in the lungs, which is nonlinear due to the nature of human tidal breathing, with a particle filtering algorithm for estimation of the model parameters and changes therein. In addition, this allowed for a dynamic prediction of the unmeasured alveolar CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> tension. The method is demonstrated using simulations of the capnogram. The proposed method could aid the clinician in the interpretation of the capnogram
A Machine Learning Approach for Locating Boundaries of Liver Tumors in CT Images (2006)

In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning approach for locating boundaries of liver tumors in CT (computed tomography) images. Given a marker indicating a rough location of a tumor, the proposed solution locates its boundary. Our approach consists of training process and locating process. In training process, we train AdaBoosted histogram classifiers to classify true boundary positions and false ones on the 1D intensity profiles of tumor regions. In locating process, we locate the boundaries by using the trained AdaBoosted histogram classifiers. The novelty of our approach is that we use AdaBoost in the training process to learn diverse intensity distributions of the tumor regions, and utilize the trained results successfully in locating process. Experimental results show our approach locates the boundaries successfully, despite the diverse intensity distributions of the tumor regions, marker location variability and tumor region shape variability. Our framework is also generic and can be applied for locating boundaries of blob-like targets with diverse intensity distributions in other applications
Direct Synthesis of fct-FePt Nanoparticles by Chemical Route (2003)

Direct synthesis of fct-FePt nanoparticles was achieved by reducing platinum and iron acetylacetonates in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) at 300°C. The particle diameter was between 5 and 10 nm. The X-ray diffraction profile of the as-prepared FePt particles exhibited the superlattice reflections (001) and (110), which signified the tetragonality. The Hk of 31 kOe measured at room temperature (RT) from hysteresis loss analysis confirmed the presence of FePt particles with fractionally ordered fct structure which posses substantially high anisotropy. However, the RT coercivity was only 370 Oe due to strong magnetostatic interaction of the particles.
Photoconductive terahertz detectors with 105 dB peak dynamic range made of rhodium doped InGaAs (2019)

Rhodium (Rh)-doped In0.53Ga0.47As grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy is investigated as a terahertz (THz) detector antenna for optical excitation at 1550 nm. The 4d transition metal rhodium acts as a deep level and ultrafast trapping center. At a doping concentration around 8 × 1019 cm−3, InGaAs:Rh exhibits ideal properties for application as a THz antenna: an ultrashort carrier lifetime below 200 fs in combination with a mobility of 1010 cm2/Vs. The THz detectors fabricated from this sample show a record peak dynamic range of 105 dB and a bandwidth of up to 6.5 THz.
Nanoimprint lithography for semiconductor devices and future patterning innovation (2011)

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been expected as a low cost lithography solution as well as pattern shrinking capability with superior Critical Dimension (CD) uniformity for several years. However, NIL had been considered having difficulty to be established as mass-production technology, unless the challenge of defectivity control is overcome. The defects of NIL are classified into the non-fill defect, the template defect, and the plug defect. In order to reduce these defects, establishment of the technical infrastructures is important with the innovations of equipment, material, and template technologies. Recently, the investment to lithography becomes heavier burden for a semiconductor device maker, as lithography technology has been more difficult for further pattern shrinking. Therefore, expectation of NIL realization has emerged again. This paper describes current NIL technical status and refers to a future NIL patterning innovation such as a desktop lithography.
Real-time temperature estimation and monitoring of HIFU ablation through a combined modeling and passive acoustic mapping approach (2013)

Passive acoustic mapping (PAM) has been recently demonstrated as a method of monitoring focused ultrasound therapy by reconstructing the emissions created by inertially cavitating bubbles (Jensen et al 2012 Radiology 262 252-61). The published method sums energy emitted by cavitation from the focal region within the tissue and uses a threshold to determine when sufficient energy has been delivered for ablation. The present work builds on this approach to provide a high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment monitoring software that displays both real-time temperature maps and a prediction of the ablated tissue region. This is achieved by determining heat deposition from two sources: (i) acoustic absorption of the primary HIFU beam which is calculated via a nonlinear model, and (ii) absorption of energy from bubble acoustic emissions which is estimated from measurements. The two sources of heat are used as inputs to the bioheat equation that gives an estimate of the temperature of the tissue as well as estimates of tissue ablation. The method has been applied to ex vivo ox liver samples and the estimated temperature is compared to the measured temperature and shows good agreement, capturing the effect of cavitation-enhanced heating on temperature evolution. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that by using PAM and predictions of heating it is possible to produce an evolving estimate of cell death during exposure in order to guide treatment for monitoring ablative HIFU therapy.
Surgery from a US perspective. (1995)

Prostate screening has made it possible to detect organ confined prostate carcinoma in men with a life expectancy of 20 years and longer. These clinically significant malignancies may be successfully eradicated by means of anatomical dissection of the prostate, which minimizes both morbidity and mortality. In a retrospective series of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who were treated with a radical retropubic prostatectomy and lymph node dissection, 5 and 10 year crude survival rates were 96% and 86%. Survival was compromised by penetration of tumour through the prostatic capsule, and even more significantly by involvement of the seminal vesicles. The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations to monitor disease progression before any clinical manifestation revealed that disease free survival was less than previously reported. Patients diagnosed and treated more recently had longer disease free survival than the overall group mainly because of earlier detection with PSA, with consequent lower tumour volumes and stage. In addition, 92 +/- 3(SD)% patients with pathologically organ confined tumours, without capsular or seminal vesicle invasion, are clinically disease free with non-detectable PSA at 5 years. Our data therefore show that radical prostatectomy can cure patients with organ confined prostate cancer, with acceptable morbidity. Although the need for cure may be questioned in many patients, young patients with prostate cancer almost certainly benefit from eradication of the malignancy.
Intrusion detection using radial basis function network on sequences of system calls (2004)

Over the past few years, security has been an increasing concern, with the growth of network and technological development. An intrusion detection system is a critical component for secure information management. Unfortunately, present IDS's falls short of providing protection required for growing concern. Creation of an IDS to detect anomaly intrusions, in a timely and accurate manner, has been an elusive goal for researchers. This paper describes a host-based IDS model, utilizing a Radial Basis Function neural network. It functions as a combined anomaly/misuse detector that helps to overcome most of the limitations in existing models. Rather than creating user profiles or behavioral characteristics, we trained our network using session data in the identification and tested experimentally on different attack/normal sessions. These results suggest that training the IDS on session data is not only effective in detecting intrusions, but also accurate and timely.
Vaccines and Passive Immunity against Candidiasis (2014)

This chapter reviews the rationale for and latest advances in development of passive and active immunization against invasive candidal infections. The major form of immunosuppression that predisposes to development of disseminated candidiasis is a defect in innate phagocytic activity. Treatment with antibiotics is the most promising risk factor to identify a high attack rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) as a basis for enrollment into clinical trials of an active vaccine. Development of a vaccine for oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is complicated by the host immunosuppression and by the fact that effective immune reconstitution therapy is now available for most patients. The majority of patients at risk for disseminated candidiasis are those undergoing emergent or elective gastrointestinal or cardiac surgery, those with central venous catheters, those receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics, or in general those patients receiving their care in intensive care units, including both civilian and military trauma patients receiving abdominal, chest, or burn wounds. Passive immunization strategy focusing on β- glucan has been based upon raising protective antibodies by actively vaccinating with β-glucan conjugated to a carrier protein. To determine the potential for an Als3-based vaccine, the recombinant N terminus of Als3p (rAls3p-N) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and purified by Ni-agarose affinity purification, in the same manner as described for rAls1p-N. The concept of niche vaccination of acutely at-risk patients or patients in restricted geographical areas is a new idea in vaccinology.
PHASE FIELD SIMULATION ON MORPHOLOGY OF CONTINUOUS PRECIPITATE Mg 17 Al 12 IN Mg-Al ALLOY (2013)

The morphology evolution of the continuous precipitate Mg 17 Al 12 in aging process was studied using KKS phase field model. In the model, the chemical free energy and chemical potential for the precipitate phase and matrix were obtained by using Thermo-Calc software and database. The effects of interfacial energy anisotropy were taken into account by introducing interface anisotropy function, and the effects of micro elastic strain energy were introduced based on the theory of micro elastic strain energy formulated by Khachaturya. It is demonstrated that the precipitate phase has a lath shape when only the interfacial energy anisotropy was considered regardless of the micro elastic strain energy.
The experimental power of FR900359 to study Gq-regulated biological processes (2020)

Despite the discovery of heterotrimeric αβγ G proteins ∼25 years ago, their selective perturbation by cell-permeable inhibitors remains a fundamental challenge. Here we report that the plant-derived depsipeptide FR900359 (FR) is ideally suited to this task. Using a multifaceted approach we systematically characterize FR as a selective inhibitor of Gq/11/14 over all other mammalian Gα isoforms and elaborate its molecular mechanism of action. We also use FR to investigate whether inhibition of Gq proteins is an effective post-receptor strategy to target oncogenic signalling, using melanoma as a model system. FR suppresses many of the hallmark features that are central to the malignancy of melanoma cells, thereby providing new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Just as pertussis toxin is used extensively to probe and inhibit the signalling of Gi/o proteins, we anticipate that FR will at least be its equivalent for investigating the biological relevance of Gq. Pertussis toxin is used extensively for perturbing Gαi/o pathways in the study of physiology and disease, but an equivalent inhibitor of Gαq signalling is not currently available to the research community. Here the authors characterize FR900359 as a specific Gq inhibitor and demonstrate its utility to dissect GPCR signalling and its potential to inhibit melanoma cells.
Electrical breakdown in polar liquids (2004)

Polar liquids are being studied as switch media for the generation of sub-microsecond pulses with nanosecond or even shorter rise times. The inherent dielectric strength of polar liquids allows for small gap lengths, down to less than 1 mm even for voltages up to 100 kV, and consequently enables the reduction of the switch inductance. Most of the breakdown studies to date have been conducted for longer gap distances and pulse durations in the microsecond range. Empiric equations for the breakdown strength under these conditions, which do not include effects of electrode materials, have been developed by J. C. Martin. In recent studies, we found that for shorter, high voltage pulses of only 200 ns duration, the dielectric strength of sub-millimeter water gaps can be much higher than expected from these empirical formulas. Moreover, the dielectric strength strongly depends on the electrode condition. By polishing the stainless steel electrodes of a pin-to-plane geometry (diameter of the pin electrode: 1.7 mm) the breakdown strength in a 200 m gap was increased from 1 MV/cm up to 1.8 MV/cm. For propylene carbonate, a breakdown strength of 2.2 MV/cm was achieved instead of only 1 MV/cm for unpolished electrode surfaces J. Kolb et al., (2003). Experiments indicate that the initiation of breakdown is independent of the conductivity of the bulk, but depends on effects at the liquid-electrode interface. To explore this hypothesis further, experiments were conducted using electrode materials of different work functions (zirconium, silver, stainless steel). The conductivity of the liquid dielectric was varied by adding salt (NaCl) in different concentrations to distilled water. For comparison, similar experiments were carried out with propylene carbonate. In order to relate the breakdown strength in sub-millimeter water gaps to results for longer gap distances, increasingly longer pulses, of up to 5 s, were applied