gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CXCR5+ T helper cells mediate protective immunity against tuberculosis (2013)

One third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although most infected people remain asymptomatic, they have a 10% lifetime risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB). Thus, the current challenge is to identify immune parameters that distinguish individuals with latent TB from those with active TB. Using human and experimental models of Mtb infection, we demonstrated that organized ectopic lymphoid structures containing CXCR5+ T cells were present in Mtb-infected lungs. In addition, we found that in experimental Mtb infection models, the presence of CXCR5+ T cells within ectopic lymphoid structures was associated with immune control. Furthermore, in a mouse model of Mtb infection, we showed that activated CD4+CXCR5+ T cells accumulated in Mtb-infected lungs and produced proinflammatory cytokines. Mice deficient in Cxcr5 had increased susceptibility to TB due to defective T cell localization within the lung parenchyma. We demonstrated that CXCR5 expression in T cells mediated correct T cell localization within TB granulomas, promoted efficient macrophage activation, protected against Mtb infection, and facilitated lymphoid follicle formation. These data demonstrate that CD4+CXCR5+ T cells play a protective role in the immune response against TB and highlight their potential use for future TB vaccine design and therapy.
[Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in the adult: guidelines recommended by French and Belgian consensus]. (2001)

Usual gastroesophageal reflux (GER) presentations are heartburn and acid regurgitation. The prevalence in occidental population ranges from 5 to 45% according to symptoms frequency. Oesophagitis is observed in 30 to 50% of examined patients and only erosive and ulcerative lesions must be considered. Distinction is made between non-severe oesophagitis (isolated loss of substance), severe oesophagitis (circonferential loss of substance) and complicated oesophagitis (stenosis, ulcerations, brachyoesophagus). 24-hour pH-monitoring analyses reflux duration and relations between symptoms and reflux specially in unusual extraoesophageal presentations. Symptoms and quality of life are the main criteria for staging. In few patients, oesophagitis is severe. Complications (stenosis, ulcerations, bleeding, endobrachyoesophagus) are observed in 10 to 15% of cases. Endobrachyoesophagus with intestinal metaplasia is a risk for neoplasia. The consensus conference proposes this initial therapeutic strategy. In cases of time-spaced symptoms: antiacids, alginic acid or low doses of anti-H2 with life style changes. In cases of typical frequent symptoms, in patients younger than 50 years: 4-weeks treatment with half dosed proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or standard doses of anti-H2 or prokinetics. Nowadays, the majority of the experts propose empiric full-dose treatment. This attitude is more logical as total symptoms suppression with full dose PPI brings positive clues for exact GOR diagnostic without endoscopy. In patients older than 50 years or with alarming symptoms (weight loss, dysplagia, bleeding, anemia): endoscopy must be performed. Patients with non severe oesophagitis: PPI without checking endoscopy. In patients with severe or complicated oesophagitis: 8-weeks treatment following by endoscopy; in non relieved patients: doses are increased. In cases of extraoesophageal presentations: standard PPI treatment during 4 to 8 weeks if GER is well established. In long term strategy, if recidives are rare: intermittent treatment. In early and frequent recidives: long term adapted PPI or surgery. Stenosis are treated by PPI, pneumatic dilatation or surgery if unsuccessful. Brachyoesophagus must be checked by endoscopy every 2 years (malignancy risk).
Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Phosphorothioate Antisense Oligonucleotides in Different Cell Types of the Liver (2018)

Oligonucleotide therapeutics have emerged as a third distinct platform for drug discovery within the pharmaceutical industry. Five oligonucleotide-based drugs have been approved by the US FDA and over 100 oligonucleotides drugs are currently at different stages of human trials. Several of these oligonucleotide drugs are modified using the phosphorothioate (PS) backbone modification where one of the nonbridging oxygen atoms of the phosphodiester linkage is replaced with sulfur. In this review, we summarize our knowledge on receptor-mediated uptake of PS antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) within different cell types of the liver-a privileged organ for the discovery of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics.
Wildfire Risk Assessment Framework for Land and Resource Management (2013)

Wildfires can result in significant, long-lasting impacts to ecological, social, and economic systems. It is necessary, therefore, to identify and understand the risks posed by wildland fire, and to develop cost-effective mitigation strategies accordingly. This report presents a general framework with which to assess wildfire risk and explore mitigation options, and illustrates a process for implementing the framework. Two key strengths of the framework are its flexibility— allowing for a multitude of data sources, modeling techniques, and approaches to measuring risk—and its scalability, with potential application for project, forest, regional, and national planning. The specific risk assessment process we introduce is premised on three modeling approaches to characterize wildfire likelihood and intensity, fire effects, and the relative importance of highly valued resources and assets that could be impacted by wildfire. The spatial scope of the process is landscape-scale, and the temporal scope is short-term (that is, the temporal dynamics of succession and disturbance are not simulated). We highlight key information needs, provide guidance for use of fire simulation models and risk geo-processing tools, and demonstrate recent applications of the framework across planning scales. The aim of this report is to provide fire and land managers with a helpful set of guiding principles and tools for assessing and mitigating wildfire risk.
Epithelial Cell Volume Regulation: Bicarbonate Dependence (1981)

When Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells are osmotically shrunken, they rapidly return to their original volume despite the continued presence of a hypertonic bathing solution. This volume-regulatory process requires bicarbonate ions in the bathing solutions and is associated with the uptake of chloride ions. Volume-regulatory increase by epithelial cells in probable due to the parallel operation of sodium-hydrogen and chloride-bicarbonate exchangers in the apical cell membrane.
Human Factors Analysis of Goal-Directed Perfusion in Cardiac Surgery (2022)

The cardiac surgery operating room (OR) is a complex sociotechnical environment requiring the seamless integration of human-human and human-machine teams. Perfusionists in particular play a critical role in ensuring patient stability by operating the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. Goal-directed perfusion (GDP) (oxygen delivery [DO2] ≥ 280 mL/min/m2 during CPB in cardiac surgery) is recommended given the positive results of the Goal-Directed Perfusion Trial (GIFT). However, the additional cognitive burden required by the perfusionist, and associated with the heightened vigilance needed to maintain the GDP threshold, is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DO2 and perfusionists’ perceived cognitive workload in cardiac surgery.Methods: Experienced perfusionists indicated their perceived cognitive workload immediately after cardiac surgery procedures (N=15) using the validated SURG-TLX index dimensions (mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, task complexity, situational stress, and distractions). A two-tailed Spearman’s correlation was calculated to investigate the relationship between DO2 and SURG-TLX. IRB approval and informed consent from all participants were obtained.Results: Cases analyzed included 13 coronary artery bypass graft and 2 aortic valve replacement procedures. Patients averaged 66.3 years (SD: 8.3 years) with an average 30-day predicted mortality of 1.03% and 30-day predicted morbidity of 9.36%. Average pump time was 113 minutes (range 77 minutes to 170 minutes). Average body surface area was 2.15 m2 (SD: 0.17 m2).Lower DO2 levels (averaged across the duration of total pump time) were significantly associated with higher overall perceived task load (rs(13) = -0.62, p = 0.014), mental demands (rs(13) = -0.73, p = 0.002), and situational stress (rs(13) = -0.62, p = 0.017) (Figure 1). No significant correlations were detected between average DO2 levels and remaining cognitive workload dimensions.Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate human factors associated with achieving GDP in cardiac surgery. Self-reported measures indicate an elevation in mental demands and situational stress which correspond to lower DO2 values, supporting further investigation into perfusionists’ cognitive state to avoid episodes of cognitive overload and facilitate maintenance of GDP.
Harnessing the Intestinal Microbiome for Optimal Therapeutic Immunomodulation (2014)

Distinct cytotoxic agents currently used in the oncological armamentarium mediate their clinical benefit by influencing, directly or indirectly, the immune system in such a way that innate and adaptive immunity contributes to the tumoricidal activity. Now, we bring up evidence that both arms of anticancer immunity can be triggered through the intervention of the intestinal microbiota. Alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, set up the stage for enhanced permeability of the small intestine, facilitating the translocation of selected arrays of Gram-positive bacteria against which the host mounts effector pTh17 cells and memory Th1 responses. In addition, gut commensals, through lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial components, switch the tumor microenvironment, in particular the redox equilibrium and the TNF production of intratumoral myeloid cells during therapies with platinum salts or intratumoral TLR9 agonists combined with systemic anti-IL10R Ab respectively. Consequently, antibiotics can compromise the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory regimens.
INVESTIGATION OF MICRO-SCALE BLOOD FLOW BEHAVIOR AND SHEAR-INDUCED BLOOD DAMAGE BY CELL TRACKING VELOCIM-ETRY (2004)

Trauma to formed elements of blood within prosthetic cardiovascular devices often occurs within small passages or journals of the flow path. These regions may be associated with 'hot-spots' in which shear stress is excessive and cells may be irreversibly strained. The successful design of these devices relies on efficiently minimizing supra-physiologic shear fields through computational modeling. However the fundamental blood mechanics under these conditions are not yet fully characterized. This study was therefore conducted to elucidate the microscopic mechanics of cellular deformation that underlie shear-induced hemolysis. A micro fluid system was developed to emulate flow environments at 'hot spots' and provide optical access for microscopic visualization. The flow of both bovine and rodent red blood cells (RBCs) within micro channels was illuminated by a pair of xenon stroboscopes resulting in a rapid succession of images – recorded by double-exposure digital CCD camera. The dynamic alterations of the RBC dimensions and the distribution of the cell free layer were analyzed under various conditions of hematocrit, flow rate, and channel geometry. The velocity profile of RBCs was also determined using a cell tracking velocimetry algorithm
Maximum time delay achievable on propagation through a slow-light medium (2005)

We consider the question of whether there are any fundamental limits to the maximum time delay that can be achieved for a pulse propagating through a slow-light medium. We include in our analysis what we consider to be the dominant competing effects, and we show that in principle they do not lead to a limitation on the maximum achievable time delay. From this result we conclude that, through optimization, one should be able to delay a pulse by very many pulse lengths; the ability to do so can have important implications for the use of slow-light methods for applications in photonics.
Corrections to In Vitro Intrinsic Clearance-Based Optimization of N3-Phenylpyrazinones as Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 (CRF1) Receptor Antagonists (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrections to In Vitro Intrinsic Clearance-Based Optimization of N3-Phenylpyrazinones as Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 (CRF1) Receptor AntagonistsRichard A. Hartz*, Vijay T. Ahuja, Maria Rafalski, William D. Schmitz, Allison B. Brenner, Derek J. Denhart, Jonathan L. Ditta, Jeffrey A. Deskus, Eddy W. Yue, Argyrios G. Arvanitis, Snjezana Lelas, Yu-Wen Li, Thaddeus F. Molski, Harvey Wong, James E. Grace, Kimberley A. Lentz, Jianqing Li, Nicholas J. Lodge, Robert Zaczek, Andrew P. Combs, Richard E. Olson, Ronald J. Mattson, Joanne J. Bronson, and John E. MacorCite this: J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 18, 5770Publication Date (Web):August 26, 2009Publication History Published online26 August 2009Published inissue 24 September 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm9011033https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9011033correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views698Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (558 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Antagonists,Optimization Get e-Alerts
New Catalysts for Next Generations of Plastics (2011)

Plastics, which are basically polymer materials, are now an integral part of our daily lives: packaging, transport, textile, Hi-technology… Total Petrochemicals produces and develops useful lightweight and durable plastics that play a key role in the sustainable development of our world, making our lives easier, cleaner, safer and more enjoyable. These products include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene but also since recently polylactic acid, a biopolymer based on a renewable raw material. Plastics are produced by polymerizing monomer units (ethylene in the case of polyethylene) under certain temperature and pressure conditions and most of the time in the presence of a catalyst. Catalysts, and more particularly organometallic species, are the cornerstones of the production of these polymers. Since 1980, the polyolefin field has undergone a revolution with the development of single-site catalysts referred to as metallocenes. The metallocene catalyst technology helps produce polyolefins, which boast improved chemical and physical properties and are less heavy and less bulky than those traditionally produced. Total Research Center-Qatar (TRC-Q) researchers, jointly with Total Petrochemicals Research and Development teams, prospect and develop new catalysts to design and manufacture innovative high-level performance plastics. The objective is to optimize the catalysts synthesis for industrial scale application and to produce such catalysts in high yields in the most efficient way. There is a direct relation between the catalyst structure and the polymer chemical and physical properties. The relation is investigated by changing the size and type of the catalyst substituents; metallic centers … (steric, electronic and symmetrical modifications of the catalysts); and studying the impact of such changes on the polymer microstructure. A set of products has been selected to explain this relation and bring to light new advances in polyolefins and biopolymers catalysis.
WLC24-6: An Analytical Model of Block Acknowledgement and Selective Retransmission in an 802.11e WLAN Network (2006)

The 802.11e amendment to IEEE 802.11 standard defines a block acknowledgement (ACK) mechanism to reduce the overhead required by a station to acknowledge the receipt of multiple frames. This paper presents an analytic model for estimating the overhead required to selectively retransmit data frames when using the block ACK mechanism in a noisy channel. This model is applicable both to the present block ACK mechanism and further refinements that could be proposed in a future standards amendment, such as the 802.11n high throughput task group.
Optimal Throughput Analysis of Random Access Policies for Cognitive Radio Networks with Multiple Channel Access (2016)

In this paper we consider a time slotted cognitive radio (CR) network with N wireless channels and M secondary users (SUs). We focus on a random access policy where each SU stochastically decides whether to access idle channels or not based on the given access probability (AP) that is adapted to the channel state information (CSI), if possible. The AP plays an important role in the random access policy because it can control the number of SUs who can access idle channels in a simple manner and hence alleviate packet collisions among SUs. We assume that each SU can access at most L idle channels simultaneously at a time slot whenever possible.
Crystallographic orientation of epitaxial BaTiO3 films: The role of thermal-expansion mismatch with the substrate (1995)

Expitaxial ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films have been grown on (001) MgO and MgO-buffered (001) GaAs substrates by pulsed laser deposition to explore the effect of substrate lattice parameter. X-ray-diffraction studies showed that the BaTiO3 films on both MgO single-crystal substrates and MgO-buffered (001) GaAs substrates have a cube-on-cube epitaxy; however, for the BaTiO3 films grown on MgO the spacing of the planes parallel to the substrate was close to the c-axis dimension of the unconstrained tetragonal phase, whereas the BaTiO3 films on MgO/GaAs exhibited a spacing closer to the a-axis dimension of the unconstrained tetragonal phase. The cube-on-cube epitaxy was maintained through the heterostructures even when thin epitaxial intermediate buffer layers of SrTiO3 and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 were used. The intermediate layers had no effect on the position of the BaTiO3 peak in θ-2θ scans. Together, these observations indicate that, for the materials combinations studied, it is the thermal-expansion mismatch between the film and the underlying substrate that determines the crystallographic orientation of the BaTiO3 film. Preliminary measurements indicate that the BaTiO3 films are ‘‘weakly’’ ferroelectric.
Elastic optical transponder and regenerator: Toward energy and spectrum efficient optical transport networks (2012)

We describe the concept and enabling technology for an elastic optical transponder and regenerator that create and regenerate multiple optical flows with various bit rates and modulation formats toward energy and spectrum efficient optical transport networks.
Polymersome (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Ga-contamination-free scanning transmission electron microscope sample preparation by rectangular-shaped oxygen-ion-beam thinning using projection ion beam optical system (2020)

Rectangular-shaped oxygen O2+ ion beam thinning for scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) sample preparation was investigated using a projection ion beam optical system equipped with a duoplasmatron gas ion source. The ion current can be increased by increasing the area of the rectangular-shaped oxygen ion beam and thereby overcome the low brightness of the ion source. Rectangular-shaped O2+ ion beams with different amounts of projection beam edge blur were formed in the X and Y directions by using a limiting mask between the ion source and projection mask. Gallium-contamination-free STEM sample preparation (rough, medium, and fine milling) was demonstrated using a projection ion beam optical system and three types of rectangular-shaped oxygen ion beams.
Reliable and efficient solution of genome-scale models of Metabolism and macromolecular Expression (2017)

Constraint-Based Reconstruction and Analysis (COBRA) is currently the only methodology that permits integrated modeling of Metabolism and macromolecular Expression (ME) at genome-scale. Linear optimization computes steady-state flux solutions to ME models, but flux values are spread over many orders of magnitude. Data values also have greatly varying magnitudes. Standard double-precision solvers may return inaccurate solutions or report that no solution exists. Exact simplex solvers based on rational arithmetic require a near-optimal warm start to be practical on large problems (current ME models have 70,000 constraints and variables and will grow larger). We have developed a quadruple-precision version of our linear and nonlinear optimizer MINOS, and a solution procedure (DQQ) involving Double and Quad MINOS that achieves reliability and efficiency for ME models and other challenging problems tested here. DQQ will enable extensive use of large linear and nonlinear models in systems biology and other applications involving multiscale data.
A history of low power electronics (1997)

The invention of the bipolar transistor in 1948 and the integrated circuit in 1958 as well as the announcement of CMOS logic circuits in 1963 demonstrated the critical basis for modern low power electronics. Future opportunities for low power gigascale integration will be governed by a hierarchy of physical limits whose five levels can be codified as: (1) fundamental, (2) material, (3) device, (4) circuit and (5) system. Through analysis of the attributes of a hypothetical quasi-asymptotic 10 nm single electron MOSFET and its local interconnection network, it is apparent that such a device would have an unaffordably large switching error rate. However, it is feasible that low power electronics may well achieve a capability within several hundred times the switching energy of the 10 nm single electron MOSFET.