gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compression of Images in CFA Format (2006)

In this paper, images in Color Filter Array (CFA) format are compressed without converting them to full-RGB color images. Green pixels are extracted from the CFA image data and placed in a rectangular array, and compressed using a transform based method without estimating the corresponding luminance values. In addition, two sets of color difference (or chrominance) coefficients are obtained corresponding to the red and blue pixels of the CFA data and they are also compressed using a transform based method. The proposed method produces better PSNR values compared to the standard approach of bilinear interpolation followed by compression.
Randomized algorithms and pseudorandom numbers (1993)

are analyzed as if unlimited amounts of perfect randomness were available, while pseudorandom number generation is usually studied from the perspective of cryptographic security or for the statistical properties of the numbers generated. Bach proposed studying the interaction between pseudorandom number generators and randomized algorithms. This paper follows Bach's lead; the authors assume that a (small) random seed is available to start up a simple pseudorandom number generator that is then used for the randomized algorithm. Randomized algorithms are studied for (1) sorting, (2) selection. and (3) obhvious routing in networks.
Studies on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Elderly Hypertensive Patients with an Angiotensin II Antagonist (1979)

1. To characterize the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly hypertensive patients, an angiotensin II antagonist, [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II, was infused into individuals 60 years old and older with and without hypertension. 2. After infusion of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II in all of the elderly patients and subjects an agonistic pressor response was observed that was greater than in middle-aged hypertensive patients. 3. Pre-infusion plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in hypertensive and normotensive elderly groups were suppressed in comparison with those in middle-aged hypertensive subjects. The increased agonistic effects of [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II infusion on blood pressure in the elderly are presumably due to their hyporeninaemia. 4. The angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly essential hypertensive patients is suppressed and is presumably not responsible for their elevated blood pressures.
Deficiency of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Increases Mortality and Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction (2005)

Together these findings support a protective role for intact NOS1 activity in the heart after MI, despite a potential contribution to LV dysfunction through beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness. NOS1 deficiency contributes to an imbalance between oxidative stress and tissue NO signaling, providing a plausible mechanism for adverse consequences of NOS1 deficiency in states of myocardial injury.
Association of Vedolizumab Concentrations Using Anser: Mobility Shift Assay and Clinical Response in IBD Patients in Clinical Practice (2016)

Introduction: Availability of a drug-tolerant assay to measure serum Vedolizumab (VDZ) concentrations and antibodies to VDZ (ATV) titers is necessary for the optimal use of this drug in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to measure VDZ and ATV in serum using the VDZ mobility shift assay, and to assess the clinical utility of the VDZ assay. Methods: Longitudinal sera were obtained from 35 adult IBD patients (16 Crohn's Disease [CD] and 19 Ulcerative Colitis [UC]) at baseline before VDZ and at trough during induction. Clinical response was determined using physician's global assessment (PGA) and steroid-free status. VDZ and ATV concentrations were measured by homogeneous mobility shift assay (HMSA). TNFα (Singulex), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum amyloid A (SAA) (MSD) were measured with commercial ELISAs. Linear regression analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to evaluate VDZ association with baseline biomarkers and compare differences in expression between groups, respectively. Results: The majority of patients had failed anti-TNF therapy (n=32) and were receiving steroids (n=28) at the time of VDZ initiation. A response to VDZ was seen in 80% (n=28) with complete resolution of symptoms in 37% (n=13). Median week 14 serum VDZ concentrations were higher in responders (R) compared to non-responders (NR) (12.3 vs. 7.1 μg/ml, p=0.02), and higher among patients who were steroid-free versus steroid dependent (12.5 vs. 7.8 μg/ml, p=0.03). Week 14 median SAA and TNFα concentrations were significantly lower in VDZ R versus NR (SAA: 5.3 vs. 17.7 mg/l, p=0.05; TNFα: 3.8 vs. 8.5 pg/ml, p=0.05), and serum VDZ were inversely associated with baseline SAA and TNFα (Adjusted R2: SAA=0.40, TNFα=0.49). ATV were detected in two patients during the induction phase at weeks 2 and 6 despite the presence of concomitant VDZ. Conclusion: A commercial grade, drug-tolerant VDZ assay was successfully utilized for therapeutic drug monitoring of VDZ and ATV concentrations in an anti-TNF refractory IBD population. ATV were detected as early as during the induction phase despite the presence of VDZ. Among patients achieving clinical response and steroid free-response or remission, the median serum VDZ concentration was ˜12 μg/ml, and VDZ concentrations correlated inversely with serum markers of inflammation. Validation in a larger cohort will be needed to determine the optimal serum VDZ concentrations for clinical response.
Diameter and Morphology Dependent Raman Signatures of WS2 Nanostructures (2009)

WS2 fullerene particles and nanotubes show a diameter and morphology dependent Raman response, see figure showing response for WS2 nanotubes of 290 nm and 50 nm diameter. This enables the classification of WS2 nanotubes, fullerenes, and nanocrystals, and the estimation of geometric properties. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Structure determination of N-linked oligosaccharides engineered at the CH1 domain of humanized LL2 (1997)

Two humanized antibody mutants, hLL2HCN1 and hLL2HCN5, engineered with CH1 domain-appended carbohydrates (CHOs) were generated to facilitate site-specific conjugation of radionuclides and anti-cancer drugs to antibodies. Such site-specific conjugation may minimize the incidence of immunoreactivity perturbation as is often observed with random conjugation. Since the compositions and structures of CHOs are important in determining the chemistry, efficiency, and extent of conjugation, the sequences of the CH1-appended CHOs were determined by exoglycosidase digestions and fluorophore-assisted CHO electrophoresis (FACE). The CHO species attached at HCN1 and HCN5 sites in hLL2HCN1 and hLL2HCN5, respectively, were distinct from each other, heterogeneous, and extensively processed. All of these CHOs were core-fucosylated complex-type oligosaccharides and contained Gal (galactose) and GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) residues in the outer branches. Some of the outer branches were composed of Gal alpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc structure, also known as alpha-galactosyl epitope. Most of the CHOs were sialylated. While all HCN1-CHOs were biantennary, the majority of HCN5-CHOs (>60%) were triantennary. The CH1-appended CHOs have favorable structural characteristics suitable for site-specific conjugation. For efficient conjugation of large drug complexes, hLL2HCN5 is preferable to hLL2HCN1 because the attached CHO is larger in size and more remotely positioned from the V region. The effects of the alpha-galactosyl epitope found in these CHOs on the immunological properties of the immunoconjugates as efficient cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are being studied.
Detection of Fumonisin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Grain Products Using Microsphere-Based Fluid Array Immunoassays (2010)

Grain products are a staple of diets worldwide and therefore, the ability to accurately and efficiently detect foodborne contaminants such as mycotoxins is of importance to everyone. Here we describe an indirect competitive fluid array fluoroimmunoassay to quantify the mycotoxins, fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A. Both toxins were immobilized to the surface of microspheres using a variety of intermediate molecules and binding of biotinylated "tracer" antibody tracers determined through flow cytometry using streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugates and the Luminex100 flow cytometer. Competitive assays were developed where the binding of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies to fumonisin B and ochratoxin A was competitively inhibited by different concentrations of those toxins in solution. Concentrations of fumonisin giving 50% inhibition were 300 pg/mL in buffer, 100 ng/g in spiked oats, and 1 μg/g in spiked cornmeal; analogous concentrations for ochratoxin A were 30 ng/mL in buffer, 30 ng/g in spiked oats, and 10 ng/g in spiked corn. The future challenge will be to expand the number of mycotoxins tested both individually and in multiplexed format using this platform.
Navier-Stokes Computations of Limit-Cycle Oscillations for a B-1-Like Configuration (2001)

A nonlinear aeroelastic analysis method that solves for the Navier-Stokes equations is put to test in an attempt to capture a limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) phenomenon that is characterized by a coupling of aerodynamic forces due to vortical flow with the elastic response of a wing structure. Time-accurate solutions are computed for unsteady, transonic (M∞ = 0.975), and viscous (Re c = 5.9 x 10 6 ) flows over a B-1-like wing-body configuration at angles of attack of 7.38, 7.88, 8.00, 8.13, 8.25, and 8.38 deg. All flowfield solutions are obtained with the CFL3D Euler/Navier-Stokes solver that was extensively modified for strongly coupled nonlinear aeroelastic analyses. Phase diagrams and aerodynamic damping estimates are used to identify LCO. The predicted aerodynamic damping appears to capture the trends of the experimental data. There is a good correlation between experimental oilflow images and computed instantaneous streamline patterns. The computed amplitude of the wing structural response is much smaller than indicated by flight and wind-tunnel tests. The choice of the computational time step size is identified as a major factor in modeling the development of LCO.
Controlled multibatch self-assembly of microdevices (2003)

A technique is described for assembly of multiple batches of micro components onto a single substrate. The substrate is prepared with hydrophobic alkanethiol-coated gold binding sites. To perform assembly, a hydrocarbon oil, which is applied to the substrate, wets exclusively the hydrophobic binding sites in water. Micro components are then added to the water, and assembled on the oil-wetted binding sites. Moreover, assembly can be controlled to take place on desired binding sites by using an electrochemical method to deactivate specific substrate binding sites. By repeatedly applying this technique, different batches of micro components can be sequentially assembled to a single substrate. As a post assembly procedure, electroplating is incorporated into the technique to establish electrical connections for assembled components. Important issues presented are: substrate fabrication techniques, electrochemical modulation by using a suitable alkanethiol (dodecanethiol), electroplating of tin and lead alloy and binding site design simulations. Finally, we demonstrate a two-batch assembly of silicon square parts, and establishing electrical connectivity for assembled surface-mount light emitting diodes (LEDs) by electroplating.
Susceptibility contrast by echo shifting in spatially encoded single-scan MRI (2017)

To overcome the effects of static field inhomogeneities, single-scan hybrid imaging techniques that use k-space encoding in one direction and spatial encoding in the other have been shown to be superior to traditional imaging techniques based on full k-space encoding. Like traditional imaging methods, hybrid methods can be implemented in different ways that favor different sources of contrast. So far, little attention appears to have been paid to these aspects. By modifying an established hybrid imaging sequence called Rapid Acquisition by Sequential Excitation and Refocusing (RASER) so as to obtain Echo-Shifted RASER sequences, we show that by shifting spin echoes one can tune the contrast due to inhomogeneous T decay.
Fiber-to-the-Home (1989)

As in 1987, OFC '89 features an Evening Forum dealing with Fiber-to-the-Home. The speakers of the Plenary Session, together with other experts and opinion leaders, lead a discussion on some of the more critical issues involved in bringing fiber to the end-user directly. Emphasis is on experience gained in recent subscriber loop trials, on standards and regulatory issues, on the wide range of narrowband and broadband services possible in future networks with end-to-end fiber connectivity, and on providing the technology and services at lowest possible costs.
Polyelectrolyte/Nanosilicate Thin-Film Assemblies: Influence of pH on Growth, Mechanical Behavior, and Flammability (2009)

Thin composite films of branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) and Laponite clay platelets were prepared using layer-by-layer assembly. The film thickness was tailored by altering the pH of the aqueous mixtures used to deposit these films, resulting in growth that ranged from 0.5 to 5 nm/bilayer (BL). High-pH BPEI and low-pH clay produced the thickest films. The microstructure of tilted Laponite clay platelet stacks is observed with transmission electron microscopy when using unadjusted BPEI (pH 10.3) and pH 6 Laponite. This recipe resulted in a film with 83 wt % clay and a hardness of 0.5 GPa. In all films, the clay platelets are uniformly deposited and look analogous to a cobblestone path in atomic force microscopy surface images. Several 40-BL films, with thicknesses of 100 nm or more, exhibit reduced moduli ranging from 7 to 10 GPa and hardness of around 0.5 GPa, suggesting that these transparent films could be useful as hard coatings for plastic films. These thin coatings were also deposited onto cotton fabric. Each individual cotton fiber was uniformly coated, and the fabric has significantly more char left after burning than the uncoated fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis results reveal that fabric coated with 10 BLs of BPEI/Laponite produces up to 6 wt % char at 500 degrees C, which is almost 1 order of magnitude greater than that of untreated fabric. This initial study demonstrates that polymer/clay assemblies could improve the thermal stability of cotton and may be useful for fire safety applications.
The Inflammation Meter: Novel Technology to Detect the Presence of Infection/Inflammation in Patients without Leukocytosis but with Increased Leukocyte Adhesiveness/Aggregation (2000)

The lack of a leukocytic response in a patient with nonviral infection/inflammation is by no means a sign of a less inflammatory response. The increased state of leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation might help to disclose the presence of inflammation in these individuals.
Dementia Associated with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1995)

Approximately one third of adults and half of children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) eventually have neurologic complications, which are directly attributable to infection of the brain by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).1,2 Neurologic problems occur even in the absence of opportunistic infection or secondary cancer.3 Important clinical manifestations include impaired mental concentration, slowness of hand movements, and difficulty in walking. This malady has been called the AIDS dementia complex by Price and colleagues3; a more recent term is HIV-1–associated cognitive–motor complex.Pathologically, the signs of HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system (or HIV . . .
Effects of Water Gas Shift Gases on Pd−Cu Alloy Membrane Surface Morphology and Separation Properties (2004)

Palladium−copper alloy membranes (2−4 μm thick), which were deposited on porous ceramic tubular supports by electroless plating, separated H2 from a water gas shift (WGS) mixture at 623−723 K. However, within 120 min at 623 K, the total permeance increased and membrane selectivity decreased. H2, N2, or He did not change the transport properties of the membrane before WGS gas exposure. Annealing in CO2 and CO at 523−723 K increased the height of micron-scale conical hillocks and defect sizes on the membrane surface by at least a factor of 3. Annealing in H2 and He after CO and CO2 exposure decreased the hillock heights by half. The hillocks were clusters of grains with defined valleys. The membrane defects allowed gases other than H2 to permeate through the membrane. Surface topology changes are partially due to the removal of C impurities by CO2 to form CO. Hillock heights on 25-μm-thick cast and rolled Pd−Cu alloy foils, which had no C impurities, increased by a factor of 4 at 723 K in the presence of CO2. The surface of the electroless-plated films was a factor of 3 rougher than the foils. Decreasing the membrane surface roughness, increasing the membrane thickness, and minimizing C impurities decreased membrane defect formation associated with surface rearrangement. Fewer vacancies and lattice defects in the alloy lattice may also make the foil more resistant to atom rearrangement than the electroless-plated membranes. The extent of WGS, CO disproportionation, and methanation reactions on the membrane increased at higher Cu alloy concentrations. Exposure to CO and CO2 segregated Pd to the feed side of the membrane and changed the membrane alloy composition and phase structure. The change in phase structure from body-centered cubic to face-centered cubic decreased the H2 permeance through the membrane and may increase surface rearrangement.
DiffCSE: Difference-based Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings (2022)

Yung-Sung Chuang, Rumen Dangovski, Hongyin Luo, Yang Zhang, Shiyu Chang, Marin Soljacic, Shang-Wen Li, Scott Yih, Yoon Kim, James Glass. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. 2022.
Commentary: Statistical aspects of environmental risk assessment of GM plants for effects on non-target organisms (2009)

Previous European guidance for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants emphasized the concepts of statistical power but provided no explicit requirements for the provision of statistical power analyses. Similarly, whilst the need for good experimental designs was stressed, no minimum guidelines were set for replication or sample sizes. Furthermore, although substantial equivalence was stressed as central to risk assessment, no means of quantification of this concept was given. This paper suggests several ways in which existing guidance might be revised to address these problems. One approach explored is the ;bioequivalence' test, which has the advantage that the error of most concern to the consumer may be set relatively easily. Also, since the burden of proof is placed on the experimenter, the test promotes high-quality, well-replicated experiments with sufficient statistical power. Other recommendations cover the specification of effect sizes, the choice of appropriate comparators, the use of positive controls, meta-analyses, multivariate analysis and diversity indices. Specific guidance is suggested for experimental designs of field trials and their statistical analyses. A checklist for experimental design is proposed to accompany all environmental risk assessments.
Wave energy conversion system -– experimental results from offshore operation (2008)

Scientists have taken advantage of the powerful imaging capability of computed tomographic and magnetic resonance (MR) scanners to analyze brain tumor morphology in vivo. Recently, the development of functional MR imaging techniques have added the ability to noninvasively examine brain tumor function and physiology with near real-time temporal resolution, and spatial resolution approaching that of anatomic images. This advance allows the study of cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and stimulated cortical activity, which have traditionally been within the domain of positron emission tomography (PET) research. PET research on brain tumors continues mainly with research into glycolytic rates and comparison with proton MR spectroscopic lactate data. These comparisons are facilitated by the refinement of two-dimensional MR spectroscopic techniques, which provide comparable spatial resolution to that of PET. On a more clinical note, several prospective studies involving the MR contrast agent gadolinium have been carried out, specifically those optimizing the timing of contrast-enhanced postoperative MR scans after resection of glioblastomas, using triple-dose contrast to increase sensitivity to brain metastases, and using contrast-enhanced MR imaging to study the efficacy of embolization in meningiomas.
Characterization and modeling of low temperature surface passivation for interdigitated back contact silicon hetero-junction solar cell (2012)

Low process temperature (<;300°C) surface passivation has been proposed for interdigitated back contact silicon hetero-junction (IBC-SHJ) solar cell. A quantitative knowledge of the interface properties of various passivation structures is essential to understand the device physics of IBC-SHJ solar cells, and thus to guide device design and process optimization. In this work, surface passivation of n-type crystalline silicon (c-Si) using the stack structure which consists of an intrinsic amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer capped by a silicon nitride (a-SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> ) layer or by a doped a-Si layer was investigated. A positive fixed charge of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> was measured in a-SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> film from high frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics of the metal-insulator-semiconductor device. Surface recombination velocity (SRV) measured as a function of injection level, was modeled to extract the interface properties via extended Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) formalism. The model analysis indicates that mid-gap interface defect levels range from 4.4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> to 2.4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> in the IBC-SHJ solar cell. 2D simulation of the IBC-SHJ solar cell further confirms the characterization and modeling of the interfaces developed in this work.