gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Synthesis of the 1-Hydroxynortropane System; Part II.1Synthesis of Calystegine A3and Physoperuvine (1992)

Total syntheses of racemic calystegine A3 {8-azabicyclo-[3.2.1)octane-1,2,3-triol (3)} and physoperuvine {8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-1-ol (4)} are described using intramolecular cyclisation of 4-aminocycloheptanones 7,8. Influence of the substituents on the stability of the cyclisation products is investigated.
Thermomechanical Response of Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites (2013)

This study examines the use of embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators for adaptive control of the thermomechanical response of composite structures. A nonlinear thermomechanical model is presented for analyzing shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures exposed to steady-state thermal and dynamic mechanical loads. Also presented are (1) fabrication procedures for SMAHC specimens, (2) characterization of the constituent materials for model quantification, (3) development of the test apparatus for conducting static and dynamic experiments on specimens with and without SMA, (4) discussion of the experimental results, and (5) validation of the analytical and numerical tools developed in the study. Excellent agreement is achieved between the predicted and measured SAMHC responses including thermal buckling, thermal post-buckling and dynamic response due to inertial loading. The validated model and thermomechanical analysis tools are used to demonstrate a variety of static and dynamic response behaviors including control of static (thermal buckling and post-buckling) and dynamic responses (vibration, sonic fatigue, and acoustic transmission). and SMAHC design considerations for these applications. SMAHCs are shown to have significant advantages over conventional response abatement approaches for vibration, sonic fatigue, and noise control.
Optimal Dynamic Treatments in Resource-Limited Settings (2015)

A dynamic treatment rule (DTR) is a treatment rule which assigns treatments to individuals based on (a subset of) their measured covariates. An optimal DTR is the DTR which maximizes the population mean outcome. Previous works in this area have assumed that treatment is an unlimited resource so that the entire population can be treated if this strategy maximizes the population mean outcome. We consider optimal DTRs in settings where the treatment resource is limited so that there is a maximum proportion of the population which can be treated. We give a general closed-form expression for an optimal stochastic DTR in this resource-limited setting, and a closed-form expression for the optimal deterministic DTR under an additional assumption. We also present an estimator of the mean outcome under the optimal stochastic DTR in a large semiparametric model that at most places restrictions on the probability of treatment assignment given covariates. We give conditions under which our estimator is efficient among all regular and asymptotically linear estimators. All of our results are supported by simulations.
Evaluation of Contaminant Containment at Regina Landfill (2014)

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina. ix, 96 p.
3D-3-culture: A tool to unveil macrophage plasticity in the tumour microenvironment (2018)

The tumour microenvironment (TME) shapes disease progression and influences therapeutic response. Most aggressive solid tumours have high levels of myeloid cell infiltration, namely tumour associated macrophages (TAM). Recapitulation of the interaction between the different cellular players of the TME, along with the extracellular matrix (ECM), is critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying disease progression. This particularly holds true for prediction of therapeutic response(s) to standard therapies and interrogation of efficacy of TME-targeting agents. In this work, we explored a culture platform based on alginate microencapsulation and stirred culture systems to develop the 3D-3-culture, which entails the co-culture of tumour cell spheroids of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and monocytes. We demonstrate that the 3D-3-culture recreates an invasive and immunosuppressive TME, with accumulation of cytokines/chemokines (IL4, IL10, IL13, CCL22, CCL24, CXCL1), ECM elements (collagen type I, IV and fibronectin) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1/9), supporting cell migration and promoting cell-cell interactions within the alginate microcapsules. Importantly, we show that both the monocytic cell line THP-1 and peripheral blood-derived monocytes infiltrate the tumour tissue and transpolarize into an M2-like macrophage phenotype expressing CD68, CD163 and CD206, resembling the TAM phenotype in NSCLC. The 3D-3-culture was challenged with chemo- and immunotherapeutic agents and the response to therapy was assessed in each cellular component. Specifically, the macrophage phenotype was modulated upon treatment with the CSF1R inhibitor BLZ945, resulting in a decrease of the M2-like macrophages. In conclusion, the crosstalk between the ECM and tumour, stromal and immune cells in microencapsulated 3D-3-culture promotes the activation of monocytes into TAM, mimicking aggressive tumour stages. The 3D-3-culture constitutes a novel tool to study tumour-immune interaction and macrophage plasticity in response to external stimuli, such as chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory drugs.
Prenatal genomic microarray and sequencing in Canadian medical practice: towards consensus (2015)

<h3>Background</h3> The pseudoautosomal short stature homeobox-containing (<i>SHOX</i>) gene encodes a homeodomain transcription factor involved in cell-cycle and growth regulation. <i>SHOX</i>/<i>SHOX</i> enhancers deletions cause short stature and skeletal abnormalities in a female-dominant fashion; duplications appear to be rare. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), are complex disorders with high heritability and skewed sex ratio; several rare (&lt;1% frequency) CNVs have been implicated in risk. <h3>Methods</h3> We analysed data from a discovery series of 90 adult ASD cases, who underwent clinical genetic testing by array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH). Twenty-seven individuals harboured CNV abnormalities, including two unrelated females with microduplications affecting <i>SHOX</i>. To determine the prevalence of <i>SHOX</i> duplications and delineate their associated phenotypic spectrum, we subsequently examined array-CGH data from a follow-up sample of 26 574 patients, including 18 857 with NDD (3541 with ASD). <h3>Results</h3> We found a significant enrichment of <i>SHOX</i> microduplications in the NDD cases (p=0.00036; OR 2.21) and, particularly, in those with ASD (p=9.18×10<sup>−7</sup>; OR 3.63) compared with 12 594 population-based controls. <i>SHOX</i> duplications affecting the upstream or downstream enhancers were enriched only in females with NDD (p=0.0043; OR 2.69/p=0.00020; OR 7.20), but not in males (p=0.404; OR 1.38/p=0.096; OR 2.21). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Microduplications at the <i>SHOX</i> locus are a low penetrance risk factor for ASD/NDD, with increased risk in both sexes. However, a concomitant duplication of <i>SHOX</i> enhancers may be required to trigger a NDD in females. Since specific <i>SHOX</i> isoforms are exclusively expressed in the developing foetal brain, this may reflect the pathogenic effect of altered SHOX protein dosage on neurodevelopment.
The glucagon receptor antagonist desHis1Pro4Glu9-glucagon(Lys12PAL) alters alpha-cell turnover and lineage in mice, but does not cause alpha-cell hyperplasia (2023)

Taken together, the present study indicates that peptidic GCGR antagonists can positively influence alpha-cell turnover and lineage in identity in multiple low-dose STZ mice, but that such effects are dose-related.
Site-specific modification or rabbit muscle aldolase with fluorescent probes. (1990)

The site-specific modification of rabbit muscle aldolase A by labeling of thiol residues of Cys-289 with 5-(2-((iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)amino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and Cys-239 with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein or 4-dimethylamino-phenylazophenyl-4'-maleimide has been described. The method is based on the differences in kinetics of the chemical modification of aldolase thiols with the above reagents either in the presence or in the absence of a competitive inhibitor. The spectral properties of the doubly labeled aldolase derivatives were compared with those of the singly labeled enzyme. The doubly labeled aldolase derivatives exhibited full catalytic activity.
Analyzing protein–protein interactions in rare cells using microbead-based single-molecule pulldown assay (2021)

For studying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in general, a powerful and commonly used technique is conventional coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP/pulldown) followed by western blotting. However, the technique does not provide precise information regarding the kinetics and stoichiometry of PPIs. Another drawback is that the sensitivity of conventional co-IP is not suitable for examining PPIs in rare cells such as sensory hair cells, circulating tumor cells, embryonic stem cells, and subsets of immune cells. The current single-molecule pulldown (SiMPull) assay can potentially be used for studying PPIs in rare cells but its wide application is hindered by the high technical barrier and time consumption. We report an innovative, agarose microbead-based approach for SiMPull. We used commercially available, pre-surface-functionalized agarose microbeads to capture the protein of interest together with its binding partners specifically from cell extracts and observed these interactions under a microscope at the single-molecule level. Relative to the original method, microbead-based SiMPull is considerably faster, easier to use, and more reproducible and yet provides similar sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio; specifically, with the new method, sample-preparation time is substantially decreased (from ∼10 to ∼3 h). These crucial features should facilitate wide application of the powerful and versatile SiMPull method in common biological and clinical laboratories. Notably, by exploiting the simplicity and ultrahigh sensitivity of microbead-based SiMPull, we used the method in the study of rare auditory hair cells and γδ T cells for the first time.
HyperPalette (2000)

A hybrid computing environment is described that uses small computing devices, such as PDAs (Personal Data Assistants), and a 3D sensors are installed in the environment and also attached to the user's PDA, so that the PDA can act as a flexible interaction device for the computerized table. The user can transfer data between the PDA and computerized table by using a specific operation on his/her PDA, and use new interaction techniques, such as scoop-and-spread. The user can also grab and move an object on the table by using the PDA.
EFFECT OF CARBONIZATION PRESSURE ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF PITCH DERIVED CARBON AND DENSIFICATION EFFICIENCY OF C/C COMPOSITES USED FOR AIRCRAFT BRAKES (2002)

Pitch cokes were prepared by carbonization of pitches from Wuhan Iron and Steel Plant and the Taiyuan Iron and Steel Plant under different pressures and heat treatments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polarized light microscopy were used to observe the morphology of the pitch derived carbon before and after graphitization. The results indicated that the pitch coke produced by low carbonization pressure was mainly of the flow domain anisotropy type with low bulk density, while the one resulting from high pressure was mainly coarse grained mosaic or fine grained mosaic with higher bulk density. X ray determination of the graphitization degree and microindentation hardness test showed that pitch derived carbon was comparable to rough laminar type CVD derived carbon to some extent and the pitch could be used as a precursor for the matrix of C/C composites. Results of densifying C/C composites under different pressure proved that densification efficiency was determined by carbon yield depending on the specimen, and relatively high pressure was needed to shorten the production time.
All-Detuned Three-Coil Configuration for Advantages in Inductive Power Transfer Systems (2023)

In inductive power transfer systems, some applications require working at higher power levels, transferring power with longer air gaps, and meeting geometric constraints. Many situations will decrease system coupling and affect performance. In this article, a three-coil configuration based on an all-detuned design is proposed to optimize the overall coupling and system efficiency. Primary and tertiary coils of the proposed topology are mounted on the same side. The three coil resonances in the proposed system, as extra degrees of freedom, do not match the switching frequency or each other. The key objectives of the proposed all-detuned design are to achieve a constant current output and unity power factor based on an equivalent two-coil circuit model; maximize the overall coupling coefficient to reduce the switching frequency or coil inductances by selecting a suitable tertiary resonant frequency; and optimize efficiency to be superior to those in a conventional two-coil system by minimizing coil currents. A 1-kW prototype has been prepared to verify the method. For example, when the main coupling coefficient is only 0.077, dc–dc efficiency of the proposed method ranges from 90.2% to 91.2% over a 2:1 load range, while that of the conventional two-coil system does not exceed 90%.
Front Cover: Isotropic Scalar Quantum Sensing of Magnetic Fields for Industrial Application (Adv. Quantum Technol. 8/2020) (2020)

The cover shows a variety of diamond nanoparticles with a high concentration of nitrogen-vacancy centers. The bright red fluorescence of these particles depends on the strength of the magnetic field represented by field lines. With a stronger magnetic field the fluorescence is quenched due to spin mixing. Additionally, the field direction dependency is averaged out through the number of nanoparticles. This enables the creation of a robust isotropic quantum sensor for magnetic fields, as demonstrated by Robert Staacke and co-workers in article number 2000037.
Assessing storage-induced red blood cell lesions using photoacoustic measurements of oxygen saturation and the frequency content of photoacoustic signals (2014)

Determining the quality of stored blood remains a persistent challenge. It is well documented that morphological and physiological changes occur during routine storage of whole blood units impacting the ability of red blood cells (RBCs) to deliver oxygen to tissues. We propose the use of photoacoustic (PA) imaging and microscopy for assessing the storage-induced changes that occur to RBCs. Whole blood units were measured for a period of 40 days using a PA imaging system (VevoLAZR, Fujifilm VisualSonics) and a PA microscope (SASAM, Kibero GmbH). The oxygen carrying capacity of stored blood was assessed by a two-wavelength approach by computing the oxygen saturation as a function of time. Morphological changes were assessed by PA microscopy through measuring the PA signals and the respective frequency spectra from individual RBCs. As RBCs aged, their oxygen carrying capacity significantly diminished and distinct features in the frequency spectra from the PA signals formed. This suggests that PA techniques are sensitive to storage-induced RBC lesions and can potentially be used to assess the quality of stored blood.
Uniform methodology for benchmarking beyond-CMOS logic devices (2012)

A consistent methodology for benchmarking beyond CMOS logic devices was developed to guide the research directions. The promising devices - tunneling FET and spin wave devices - perform > 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> Integer Ops/s/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with power <; 1W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Protecting IP Backbone: MPLS vs. Optical Mesh Restoration (2002)

In this paper we compare two different approaches to protecting an IP backbone: (1) MPLS based restoration at the IP layer, and optical shared mesh restoration at the optical layer. We argue that optical layer restoration is superior from the point of view restoration performance. Using traffic data from commercially deployed IP backbones, we show that optical layer restoration reduces network cost significantly.
Cationic Polymerization of (3‐Aminopropyl)‐tris‐furfuryloxysilane Derivatives—a New Strategy for Complex Hybrid Material Synthesis (2019)

Abstract The trifunctional (3‐aminopropyl)‐ tris ‐furfuryloxysilane monomer ( 1 ) is able to undergo both twin polymerization and reaction with electrophilic compounds such as isocyanates. 1 can be readily synthesized from 3‐aminopropyptrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and furfuryl alcohol (FA). The reaction of 1 with three different aromatic isocyanates, namely phenyl isocyanate, diphenylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate (MDI), and a prepolymer consisting of MDI end‐capped polytetramethylene ether glycole (PTMEG), to the corresponding substituted urea derivatives is presented. Three urea derivatives 1‐phenyl‐3‐(3‐ tris ‐furfuryloxysilyl)propylurea ( 2 ), diphenylmethan‐4,4′‐ bis [3( tris‐ furfuryloxysilyl)propyl]urea ( 3 ), bis [3( tris‐ furfuryloxysilyl)‐propyl]urea‐capped PTMEG‐MDI‐prepolymer ( 4 ) as well as 1 were polymerized to multicomponent organic/inorganic hybrid materials in a one step procedure using methane sulfonic acid as catalyst. The simultaneous formations of poly furfuryl alcohol and polysiloxane networks within the hybrid material are proven by means of solid‐state NMR spectroscopic measurements. The homogeneous distribution of silicon within the solidified hybrid materials is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF)‐STEM. Homogeneous nanostructured hybrid materials with silicon cluster sizes in the range of 2 nm have been obtained by polymerization of the urea derivatives 2 , 3, and 4 .
Growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in presence of L-dopa decreases its susceptibility to amphotericin B (1994)

Cryptococcus neoformans grown with L-dopa was melanized and was less susceptible to amphotericin B. The results suggest that in vivo and in vitro susceptibilities to amphotericin B may differ.
Secondary Vitrectomy for the Treatment of Macular Holes Occurring After Vitrectomy (1997)

Tangential foveal traction by the posterior vitreous cortex is regarded as the main cause of full-thickness macular holes. This report documents two cases of full-thickness macular holes that developed after vitrectomy for other diseases in the apparent absence of the cortical vitreous traction. Autologous serum with pars plana vitrectomy was used to treat these cases. Anatomic closure of the holes was achieved. Macular holes developing after vitrectomy may have an etiology other than tangential vitreous traction, and secondary vitrectomy is useful in treating such holes.
Physical Properties of Thin PVDF/MWNT (Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube) Composite Films by Melt Blending (2008)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)/Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composites were melt blended using internal mixer. The relationships between structures and physical properties of thin PVDF/MWNT composite films were studied. With increasing the content of MWNT, the size of spherulites in PVDF decreased. MWNT was used as a nucleating agent. The incorporation of MWNT produced a polar beta-form crystal structure of PVDF. The permittivities of thin PVDF/MWNT composite films were increased with increasing the MWNT content. The percolation level in electrical conductivity occurred between 2 and 2.5 wt%. The critical conductivity saturation point for the electrical conductivity in PVDF was confirmed. Similar tendency was also observed in thermal conductivity.
Syk, c-Src, the αvβ3 integrin, and ITAM immunoreceptors, in concert, regulate osteoclastic bone resorption (2007)

In this study, we establish that the tyrosine kinase Syk is essential for osteoclast function in vitro and in vivo. Syk(-/-) osteoclasts fail to organize their cytoskeleton, and, as such, their bone-resorptive capacity is arrested. This defect results in increased skeletal mass in Syk(-/-) embryos and dampened basal and stimulated bone resorption in chimeric mice whose osteoclasts lack the kinase. The skeletal impact of Syk deficiency reflects diminished activity of the mature osteoclast and not impaired differentiation. Syk regulates bone resorption by its inclusion with the alpha v beta3 integrin and c-Src in a signaling complex, which is generated only when alpha v beta3 is activated. Upon integrin occupancy, c-Src phosphorylates Syk. Alpha v beta3-induced phosphorylation of Syk and the latter's capacity to associate with c-Src is mediated by the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) proteins Dap12 and FcRgamma. Thus, in conjunction with ITAM-bearing proteins, Syk, c-Src, and alpha v beta3 represent an essential signaling complex in the bone-resorbing osteoclast, and, therefore, each is a candidate therapeutic target.
Clustering properties ofd-dimensional overlapping spheres (1996)

Various clustering properties of d-dimensional overlapping (i.e., Poisson distributed) spheres are investigated. We evaluate ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{k}}$, the average number of connected clusters of k particles (called k-mers) per unit particle, for k=2,3,4 and ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{k}}$, the expected volume of a k-mer, for k=2,3,4 by using our general expressions for these quantities for d=1, 2, or 3. We use these calculations to obtain low-density expansions of various averaged cluster numbers and volumes, which can be obtained from the ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{k}}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{k}}$. We study the behavior of these cluster statistics as the percolation threshold is approached from below, and we rigorously show that two of these averaged quantities do not diverge for d\ensuremath{\geqslant}2. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Next Generation Attacks on the Internet (2006)

Over the past few years we have seen the use of Internet worms, i.e., malicious self-replicating programs, as a mechanism to rapidly invade and compromise large numbers of remote computers. Although the first worms released on the Internet were large-scale easy to- spot massive security incidents, also known as flash worms, it is currently envisioned that future worms will be increasingly difficult to detect, and will be known as stealth worms. This is partly because the motives of the first worm developers were centered around the self-gratification brought by the achievement of compromising large numbers of remote computers, the motives of recent worm and malware developers are centered around financial and political gains. Therefore, although recent attackers still want to be able to control a large number of compromised computers, they prefer to compromise these computers as quietly as possible, over a longer period of time, so as not to be detected by any security defenses. Thus, to achieve a stealthy behavior, these attackers have started using, or at least have the capacity to use a wide variety of mechanisms that will make their worms more difficult to detect.