gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Low-Pathogenicity H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses from North America (2007)

Wild-bird surveillance in North America for avian influenza (AI) viruses with a goal of early identification of the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AI virus has identified at least six low-pathogenicity H5N1 AI viruses between 2004 and 2006. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from all 6 H5N1 viruses and an additional 38 North American wild-bird-origin H5 subtype and 28 N1 subtype viruses were sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank by phylogenetic analysis. Both HA and NA were phylogenetically distinct from those for viruses from outside of North America and from those for viruses recovered from mammals. Four of the H5N1 AI viruses were characterized as low pathogenicity by standard in vivo pathotyping tests. One of the H5N1 viruses, A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06, was shown to replicate to low titers in chickens, turkeys, and ducks. However, transmission of A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06 was more efficient among ducks than among chickens or turkeys based on virus shed. The 50% chicken infectious dose for A/MuteSwan/MI/451072-2/06 and three other wild-waterfowl-origin H5 viruses were also determined and were between 10(5.3) and 10(7.5) 50% egg infective doses. Finally, seven H5 viruses representing different phylogenetic clades were evaluated for their antigenic relatedness by hemagglutination inhibition assay, showing that the antigenic relatedness was largely associated with geographic origin. Overall, the data support the conclusion that North American H5 wild-bird-origin AI viruses are low-pathogenicity wild-bird-adapted viruses and are antigenically and genetically distinct from the highly pathogenic Asian H5N1 virus lineage.
A Single-Step Synthesis of Azetidine-3-Amines (2020)

&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The azetidine group is frequently encountered within contemporary medicinal chemistry where it is viewed as a privileged structure. However, the introduction of an azetidine can be synthetically challenging. Herein, a straight-forward one step synthesis of azetidine-3-amines, starting from a bench stable, commercial material is presented. The reaction tolerates functional groups commonly encountered in biological-, medicinal- and agro-chemistry, and proceeds in moderate-to-high yield with secondary amines, and moderate-to-low yield with primary amines. The methodology compares favorably to recent alternative procedures and can be utilized in “any-stage” functionalization, including late-stage azetidinylation of approved drugs and other compounds with pharmacological activity.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Regulation of prostasin by aldosterone in the kidney (2002)

Prostasin is a serine protease present in mammalian urine that increases the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) when the two are coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes. To determine if aldosterone, one of the principal regulators of urinary Na reabsorption by the distal nephron, affects prostasin expression, we examined prostasin mRNA and protein in a cultured mouse cortical collecting duct cell line (M-1), whole rats, and patients with primary aldosteronism. Aldosterone treatment of M-1 cells substantially increased prostasin expression and stimulated 22Na uptake. Urinary excretion of prostasin in rats that were infused with aldosterone likwise increased by ∼4-fold when compared with the vehicle-infused rats. Finally, urinary excretion of prostasin in patients with primary aldosteronism was substantially increased when compared with normal patients. Adrenalectomy reduced urinary prostasin excretion to control levels, whereas urinary prostasin levels were not altered in patients undergoing surgery for other reasons. In patients with primary aldosteronism, reduction in the urinary excretion of prostasin correlated with the increase in the urinary Na/K ratio. These findings, together with our previous report that prostasin activates the amiloride-sensitive Na currents through ENaC, demonstrate that prostasin regulates Na balance in vivo by virtue of its heightened expression in the presence of aldosterone.
Recent Developments in Quantum-Circuit Refrigeration (2021)

We review the recent progress in direct active cooling of the quantum-electric degrees freedom in engineered circuits, or quantum-circuit refrigeration. In 2017, the invention of a quantum-circuit refrigerator (QCR) based on photon-assisted tunneling of quasiparticles through a normal-metal--insulator--superconductor junction inspired a series of experimental studies demonstrating the following main properties: (i) the direct-current (dc) bias voltage of the junction can change the QCR-induced damping rate of a superconducting microwave resonator by orders of magnitude and give rise to non-trivial Lamb shifts, (ii) the damping rate can be controlled in nanosecond time scales, and (iii) the dc bias can be replaced by a microwave excitation, the amplitude of which controls the induced damping rate. Theoretically, it is predicted that state-of-the-art superconducting resonators and qubits can be reset with an infidelity lower than $10^{-4}$ in tens of nanoseconds using experimentally feasible parameters. A QCR-equipped resonator has also been demonstrated as an incoherent photon source with an output temperature above one kelvin yet operating at millikelvin. This source has been used to calibrate cryogenic amplification chains. In the future, the QCR may be experimentally used to quickly reset superconducting qubits, and hence assist in the great challenge of building a practical quantum computer.
A Biomimetic Phospholipid/Alkanethiolate Bilayer Immobilizing Uricase and an Electron Mediator on an Au Electrode for Amperometric Determination of Uric Acid (1999)

A biomimetic bilayer membrane immobilizing uricase (urate oxidase; EC 1.7.3.3) (UOx) and a redox agent of 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium (MMP) was fabricated on an Au electrode substrate with use of the Au substrate coated with a self-assembled monolayer of n-octanethiolate (OT/Au) and L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine beta-oleoyl-gamma-palmitoyl (PCOP). The preparation was carried out by successively immersing an Au electrode substrate in an ethanol solution of OT, an MMP aqueous solution, and a suspension of proteoliposome formed by PCOP containing UOx and MMP. The prepared electrode exhibited such fast steady amperometric responses to uric acid as to allow its determination within 20 s after injecting uric acid, indicating that UOx-catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of uric acid was accomplished with assistance of electron mediation by MMP between UOx and the Au substrate. An increase in the response currents with increasing concentration of uric acid was obtained in a concentration range of uric acid found in healthy human blood. Any interference in the current response that is caused by direct anodic oxidation of uric acid or ascorbic acid was not observed at the prepared sensor electrode because the densely packed bilayer effectively blocked the diffusion of these substrates toward the Au surface, making it possible to determine amperometrically uric acid at the electrode with high precision.
Time-Dependent Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Modeling of Aging Muscles: Correlations to Muscle Strain, Histology and Physical Assessment (2023)

Diffusion modeling (RPBM) of the time dependence of the skeletal muscle diffusion eigenvalues was applied to probe tissue changes with age. &amp;lambda; 2 (TM=30 ms) was significantly lower in seniors; permeability and the residence time from RPBM were significantly positively correlated with grip size and 200 m walk. Significant negative correlations of &amp;lambda; 1 and &amp;lambda; 2 to age and to physical &amp;lambda; 2 / &amp;lambda; 3 to collagen matrix angle and to systolic/diastolic blood pressure were seen. &amp;lambda; 2 and &amp;lambda; 3 were significantly positively correlated to the projection of the strain on the diffusion eigenvector corresponding to the secondary eigenvalue.
Lasing in optically pumped Ga(NAsP)∕GaP heterostructures (2006)

We experimentally investigate the characteristics of light emission of optically excited Ga(NAsP) multiple quantum-well structures grown pseudomorphically on a GaP substrate by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. The emission power as a function of excitation power shows at temperatures from 15to200K a clear threshold after excitation with short laser pulses. The emission spectra become narrow at threshold and shift to higher energies. A well defined mode structure is observed above threshold. Complementary, quasi-steady-state gain measurements using the stripe-length method yield positive modal gain values of up to 10cm−1 at room temperature, thus validating that the structures show laser action.
Pitavastatin Improves Endothelial Function and Glucose Metabolism in Ovariectomized Mice (2012)

Estrogen deficiency increases the cardiovascular risks and metabolic dysfunction in postmenopausal women. The potential effects of estrogen are partially related to its direct effects on the vascular wall, stimulating endotheliumderived NO synthesis (eNOS). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) may also improve the endothelial function through upregulation of eNOS. In this study, we examined whether the treatment of pitavastatin for a short period (1 week) may improve the endothelial function or glucose metabolism under estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectmy. At 4 weeks after ovariectomy, hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were observed in estrogen deficient mice as assessed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and endothelial dysfunction was also observed as assessed by the vasodilator response to acetylcholine. At 3 weeks after ovariectomy, we started to administer pitavastatin to ovariectomized mice for 1 week. Although the treatment of pitavastatin for a week did not affect obesity, the treatment of pitavastatin significantly attenutaed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia as well as endothelial dysfunction induced by estrogen deficiency. These results demonstrated that treatment of pitavastatin rapidly improved glucose metabolism and endothelial function under estrogen deficiency. Keywords: Endothelial function, eNOS, estrogen, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, IGF-1, menopause, ovariectomy, statins
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Nitroxide‐Mediated Oxidations of D‐Glucose to D‐Glucaric Acid. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The laminar distribution and ultrastructure of fibers projecting from three thalamic nuclei to the somatic sensory‐motor cortex of the opossum (1981)

The projections of the ventrobasal complex (VB), the ventrolateral complex (VL), and the central intralaminar nucleus (CIN) to the somatic sensory-motor (SSM) cortex of the Virginia opossum were studied with light and electron microscopic autoradiographic methods. VB, VL, and CIN have overlapping projections to SSM cortex and each one also projects to an additional cortical area. Unit responses to somatic sensory stimulation and the areal and laminar distribution of axons in cortex is different for VB, VL, and CIN, but the axons from each form similar round asymmetrical synapses, predominantly with dendritic spines. As in other mammals, VB units in the opossum have discrete, contralateral cutaneous receptive fields. VB projects somatotopically to SSM cortex and also projects to the second somatic sensory representation. Within the cortex, VB axons terminate densely in layer IV and the adjacent part of layer III. A few axons also terminate in the outermost part of layer I and the upper part of layer VI. Most VB axons terminate upon dendritic spines (86.6%), but they also contact dendritic shafts (10%) and neuronal cell bodies (3%). Neurons in VL have no reliable response to somatic stimulation under our recording conditions. VL projects to the SSM cortex and to the posterior parietal area. Throughout this entire projection field VL fibers terminate in layers I, III, and IV most densely, and sparsely in the other cortical layers. The density of termination in the mid-cortical laminae is quite sparse compared to VB, but the projection to layer I is considerably greater. Nearly all (93%) of VL axons contact dendritic spines, the remainder (7%) end on dendritic shafts. CIN is a thalamic target of ascending medial lemniscal, cerebellar, spinal, and reticular formation axons. Neurons in CIN respond to stimulation restricted to a particular body part, but typically responses may be evoked from larger areas and at longer latencies than neurons in VB that are related to the same body part. CIN neurons require a firm tap or electrical stimulation within their receptive field to elicit a response in the anesthetized preparation. CIN axons terminate throughout the entire parietal cortex, but unlike VB and VL, CIN fibers end almost exclusively in the outer part of layer I. Approximately 21% of CIN fibers contact dendritic shafts in layer I, which is twice the percentage of shafts contacted by VL or VB axons. All of the other CIN synapses are formed with dendritic spines. These experiments demonstrate three different pathways to SSM cortex. The results suggest that each projection has a unique role in controlling the patterns of activity of neurons within the SSM cortex.
A new robust identification method for Xq of synchronous generator with steady-state PMU data (2013)

This paper proposes a robust on-line identification method for the synchronous generator's quadrature-axis synchronous reactance Xq with steady-state PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) data. Firstly, the mathematical formulation for identification of Xq, which is a least square estimation with the objective of terminal voltage fiting is introduced. And then, the robust Huber estimation, which can eliminate the effects of gross errors among measured data, is presented. Furthermore, the Huber estimation is applied to identification for Xq by modifying its objective function. Simulation results with PSASP data verify the high accuracy and robustness of the proposed method in different situations. Moreover, simulation results with the field data of a 667-MVA generator show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
196 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS INFECTIONS IN FETAL FIBROBLAST CELLS (2004)

Unnoticed infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can occur in cultured cells used for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Aromatic cationic molecules have exhibited inhibitory activity against in vitro replication of BVDV. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of aromatic cationic compounds to prevent or treat noncytopathic BVDV infections of fetal fibroblast cells. Aromatic compounds tested were 2-(4-[2-imidazolinyl]phenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)furan (DB606); 2-(2-benzimidazolyl)-5-[4-(2-imidazolino) phenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB772); and 2-(1-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)-5-[4’-(2-imidazolino)-2’-methylphenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB824). To evaluate prevention of BVDV infections, 10 cell lines in the absence or presence of 7 dilutions of each of the 3 compounds were inoculated with BVDV. The concentrations of BVDV in medium and cell lysates were determined by serial dilution and virus isolation. Samples were obtained 72 hours post-inoculation. Bovine viral diarrhea virus in cell culture medium and cell lysate samples was evaluated by comparison to equivalent samples from control cultures in which no compound was added (percent of control = cell culture infective doses (50%; CCID50) of BVDV in compound sample/CCID50 of BVDV in control sample lacking compound). The viral inhibitory concentrations (99%) of compounds were calculated with JMP software by least-squares regression techniques. Cumulatively, the 99% endpoints for inhibition of viral replication in fetal fibroblast cell lines for the 3 compounds were 0.1 µM, 0.007 µM and 0.028 µM, respectively. To evaluate therapeutic treatment of established BVDV infections, the concentration of BVDV in medium and cell lysates of 2 fetal fibroblast cell lines were evaluated. The cell lines were previously determined to be infected with a genotype 1a strain of BVDV. Samples were obtained during 4 sequential passages in the absence or presence of 0.04 µM and 4 µM concentrations of DB772 or DB824. Presence of BVDV was determined by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation. While BVDV persisted in cultures supplemented with no aromatic compound or 0.04 µM, both DB772 and DB824 effectively cured BVDV infections after 1 passage in 4 µM, and cells remained viable. Results indicate that BVDV infections can be effectively prevented or treated in fetal fibroblast cultures. Further research is needed to determine if exposed cells are competent for production of normal embryos via nuclear transfer.
Cement Filling Control and Bone Marrow Removal in Vertebral Body Augmentation by Unipedicular Aspiration Technique (2010)

The aspiration technique combined with a new cannula design improved the uniformity of filling. The aspiration technique helps in removal of the displaced bone marrow or tumor tissue. The aspiration applied with the new cannula requires only a single incision. Thus, it does not result in an increased invasiveness.
2-Benzothiazolylhydrazones with Cation Radicals in Nitrile Solvents. Formations of 1,2,4-Triazoles and Triazolo(3,4- b)benzothiazoles (2000)

Arenealdehyde 2-benzothiazolylhydrazone in thianthrene cation radical afforded triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles as major and minor product, respectively. On the contrary the similar reaction in tris(2,4-dibromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate gave 1,2,4-triazoles and triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazoles as ma-jor and minor product, respectively.
Improving the precision of semiconductor overlay measurements using dark-field digital holographic microscopy (2022)

We present dark-field digital holographic microscopy for diffraction-based overlay metrology in semiconductor layers with feature size of a few nanometers. We aim for higher accuracy and precision by calibrating the illumination profile on the targets.
Label-free Bacteria Quantification in Blood Plasma by a Bioprinted Microarray Based Interferometric Point-of-Care Device (2018)

Existing clinical methods for bacteria detection lack speed, sensitivity, and, importantly, point-of-care (PoC) applicability. Thus, finding ways to push the sensitivity of clinical PoC biosensing technologies is crucial. Here we report a portable PoC device based on lens-free interferometric microscopy (LIM). The device employs high performance nanoplasmonics and custom bioprinted microarrays and is capable of direct label-free bacteria ( E. coli) quantification. With only one-step sample handling we offer a sample-to-data turnaround time of 40 min. Our technology features detection sensitivity of a single bacterial cell both in buffer and in diluted blood plasma and is intrinsically limited by the number of cells present in the detection volume. When employed in a hospital setting, the device has enabled accurate categorization of sepsis patients (infectious SIRS) from control groups (healthy individuals and noninfectious SIRS patients) without false positives/negatives. User-friendly on-site bacterial clinical diagnosis can thus become a reality.
Actinoid Chemistry in Novel Solvent Media: Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of CRASH, a gene deregulated in gynecological tumors (2004)

We have identified CRASH, a human asparaginase-like protein which is composed of 308 amino acids and exhibits 32% homology to human aspartylglucosaminadase at the amino acid level. Database analysis revealed that the gene corresponding to CRASH is composed of 7 exons and 6 introns. Steady-state level of CRASH mRNA was found to be increased in 5 cell lines derived from metastatic lesions compared with 2 cell lines derived from primary mammary carcinoma and HMEC (human mammary epithelial cells). We found that the mRNA level of CRASH correlates with the metastatic propensity of several isogenic human colon cancer and pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. CRASH corresponds to a recently identified sperm autoantigen and furthermore we have demonstrated inducibility of CRASH mRNA by androgen and progesterone. Investigation of several types of human cancers and their corresponding normal tissues revealed high levels of CRASH mRNA in uterine, mammary and ovarian tumors compared with the corresponding normal tissues. CRASH mRNA expression was analysed in breast cancer samples with disclosed clinico-pathological features and corresponding normal tissues. The levels of CRASH mRNA were significantly up-regulated in tumors compared with normal breast tissues and correlate with lack of estrogen receptor expression of the tumors.
Sensitive Period for the Development of Human Binocular Vision (1975)

Twenty-four subjects with abnormal binocular experience, due to a condition of convergent strabismus that existed during different periods of their lives, were tested. Interocular transfer of the tilt-aftereffect was used to assess binocularity. Individuals between 1 and 3 years of age are most susceptible to abnormal binocular experience.
The Regulation of lac Operon Transcription by Cyclic Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate (1970)

Cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) stimulates the synthesis of β-galactosidase and of other inducible enzymes in E. coli, and prevents the repression of inducible enzyme synthesis produced in this organism by glucose (Perlman, deCrombrugghe, and Pastan, 1969; deCrombrugghe et al., 1969). The lowering of cyclic AMP concentration by glucose and other carbon sources (Makman and Sutherland, 1965) appears to be a major factor in the “glucose effect,” or “catabolite repression.” This paper reviews recent work from our laboratory concerning the mechanism by which cyclic AMP regulates the expression of the lac operon. We have found (1) that cyclic AMP stimulates the synthesis of lac messenger RNA (mRNA), (2) that this effect can be demonstrated in a cell-free system, and (3) that a cyclic AMP binding protein, the cylic AMP receptor protein, is required for this action of the nucleotide. In the course of these experiments, various mutants defective in...
Vision-Based Goal-Conditioned Policies for Underwater Navigation in the Presence of Obstacles (2020)

We present Nav2Goal, a data-efficient and end-toend learning method for goal-conditioned visual navigation. Our technique is used to train a navigation policy that enables a robot to navigate close to sparse geographic waypoints provided by a user without any prior map, all while avoiding obstacles and choosing paths that cover user-informed regions of interest. Our approach is based on recent advances in conditional imitation learning. General-purpose safe and informative actions are demonstrated by a human expert. The learned policy is subsequently extended to be goal-conditioned by training with hindsight relabelling, guided by the robot's relative localization system, which requires no additional manual annotation. We deployed our method on an underwater vehicle in the open ocean to collect scientifically relevant data of coral reefs, which allowed our robot to operate safely and autonomously, even at very close proximity to the coral. Our field deployments have demonstrated over a kilometer of autonomous visual navigation, where the robot reaches on the order of 40 waypoints, while collecting scientifically relevant data. This is done while travelling within 0.5 m altitude from sensitive corals and exhibiting significant learned agility to overcome turbulent ocean conditions and to actively avoid collisions.