gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and biological effects of organic amendments on mercury speciation in soil–rice systems: A review (2023)

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a well-recognized global environmental and health issue and exhibits distinctive persistence, neurotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification effects. As the largest global Hg reservoir, the Hg cumulatively stored in soils has reached as high as 250-1000 Gg. Even more concerning is that global soil-rice systems distributed in many countries have become central to the global Hg cycle because they are both a major food source for more than 3 billion people worldwide and the central bridge linking atmospheric and soil Hg circulation. In this review, we discuss the form distribution, transformation, and bioavailability of Hg in soil-rice systems by focusing on the Hg methylation and demethylation pathways and distribution, uptake, and accumulation in rice plants and the effects of Hg on the community structure and ecological functions of microorganisms in soil-rice systems. In addition, we clarify the mechanisms through which commonly used humus and biochar organic amendments influence Hg and its environmental effects in soil-rice systems. The review also elaborates on the advantages of sulfur-modified biochars and their critical role in controlling Hg migration and bioavailability in soils. Finally, we provide key information about Hg pollution in soil-rice systems, which is of great significance for developing appropriate strategies and mitigation planning to limit Hg bioconcentration in rice crops and achieving key global sustainable development goals, such as the guarantee of food security and the promotion of sustainable agriculture.
Association between ultrasonographic parameters of Cesarean scar defect and outcome of early termination of pregnancy (2015)

Women with CSD are at increased risk of failed TOP. Women with a defect in which the residual myometrial thickness was < 30% of the adjacent myometrial thickness tended to have a greater chance of failed TOP. CSD detected at TVS is of clinical relevance in counseling women with a history of Cesarean delivery who are considering TOP. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mounting Live Cells Attached to Coverslips for Microscopy (2008)

INTRODUCTIONThis article describes the mounting of coverslips containing live cells onto microscope slides.
Supplementary Methods from ER Stress Signaling Promotes the Survival of Cancer “Persister Cells” Tolerant to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Methods for detailed screening methods and the materials used.&lt;/p&gt;
Low density lipoprotein receptors LRP-1 and LRP-2 in C. elegans (2019)

The regulation of vulval cell lineage polarity is controlled by Wnt signaling. Previously known components involved in the regulation of vulval cell lineage polarity include LIN-17, LIN-18, CAM-1, and VANG-1 (Inoue et al., 2004; Gleason et al., 2006; Green et al., 2008). A directed bioinformatics screen of known Wnt pathway components was performed to find additional genes involved in directing vulval orientation. A BLAST was run using other known Wnt receptors and it was determined that C. elegans does not contain a true ortholog of Drosophila LRP5/6 (Arrow) (He et al., 2004; Eisenmann, 2005), but does have multiple low-density lipoprotein receptors, including LRP-1 and LRP-2 (Figure 1). Like other low-density lipoprotein receptors, both LRP-1 and LRP-2 contain many LDLR Domain Class A and Class B repeats, EGF-like domains, and a transmembrane domain. However, having approximately three times as many amino acids, LRP-1 and LRP-2 are more similar to megalin than LRP5/6 (Yochem et al., 1999). The absence of LRP5/6 within C. elegans but presence in flies and all other higher order organisms suggests that the gene encoding LRP5/6 arose after nematodes, potentially from either LRP1 or LRP2/megalin, as both receptors contain the entire extracellular portion of LRP5/6 in a single contiguous sequence block (Figure 1). Our examination of the protein sequence of LRP-1 and LRP-2 indicates that most nematodes have at least two copies of LRP-like proteins with C. elegans LRP-1 and LRP-2 being highly similar possibly due to a recent duplication and divergence (Figure 2). Comparing the sequences across Caenorhabditis we find that LRP-1 proteins cluster together and LRP-2 proteins also form their own cluster. Based on location in the genome and sequence similarity from protein alignment, we believe that Caenorhabditis lrp-2 is a recent duplication and divergence of lrp-1 (Figure 2).
A flexible hybrid waveform (2017)

Cellular systems of fifth generation (5G) require a waveform with flexible guard interval length along with a low power consumption. Different cyclic prefix (CP) durations in long term evolution (LTE) result in loss of orthogonality between transmitted symbols and cause interference. In addition, CP-based waveforms consume more power for CP part. “Zero tail DFT-spread OFDM” (ZT DFT-s-OFDM) and “DFT-spread zero word OFDM” (DFT-s-ZW-OFDM) have been proposed recently with flexible guard intervals as a portion of the modulated signal. However, ZT DFT-s-OFDM suffers from intersymbol interference because of imperfect zero tails. On the other hand, although DFT-s-ZW-OFDM has a superior performance in multipath channels, it consumes more power than ZT DFT-s-OFDM. In this paper, we utilize the similarity between the transceivers of these two waveforms to propose an orthogonal hybrid waveform. The hybrid waveform has high flexibility in order to control the symbol power and bit error rate (BER) performance of the system along with having flexible guard interval. The complexity of the proposed hybrid waveform is the same as ZT DFT-s-OFDM and DFT-s-ZW-OFDM.
Improved accuracy of cortical bone mineralization measured by polychromatic microcomputed tomography using a novel high mineral density composite calibration phantom (2010)

The new HA-polymer calibration phantom with a less attenuating polymer and an expanded range of HA density resulted in a more accurate measurement of micro-CT equivalent BMD and TMD in human cortical bone specimens compared to a conventional phantom, as verified by ash density measurements on the same specimens.
Effects of Reaction Operation Policies on Properties of Core–Shell Polymer Supports Used for Preparation of Highly Active Biocatalysts (2018)

Abstract Core–shell polymer supports with different morphological features and compositions are prepared through combined suspension and emulsion polymerizations. It is shown that proper manipulation of the divinylbenzene (DVB) feed content allows for maximization of specific areas, porosities, and mechanical resistances. Additionally, it is shown that feeding of previously prepared miniemulsions leads to core–shell particles with smaller specific areas, due to less efficient coating of the cores. Particularly, the combined manipulation of polymerization times and DVB feed compositions allows for production of particles with pronounced specific area (50 m 2 g −1 ) and porosity (0.30 cm 3 g −1 ). Produced core–shell polymer particles are employed as supports for the immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica , and the obtained enzymatic activities for both hydrolysis ( A hyd ) and esterification ( A est ) reactions are very high ( A hyd = 34.7 ± 3.8 U/g; A est = 3564.6 ± 581 U/g), even when compared to activities obtained using the reference commercial biocatalyst Novozym 435 ( A hyd = 7.6 ± 1.8 U/g, A est = 2384.7 ± 307.2 U/g). Finally, biocatalysts prepared with the core–shell supports present higher enzymatic activities than biocatalysts prepared with supports of higher specific area obtained through conventional emulsion polymerizations, indicating that the porous structure of the shell can be beneficial for the immobilization and activity of the enzymes.
A Complete Design of a High Frequency Medium Voltage Multi-Port Transformer (2019)

In this paper, design of a compact high frequency four-port transformer for a Solid-State Transformer (SST) arrangement is presented. Unlike other SSTs, the four-port system integrates three active sources and a load port with galvanic isolation via a single transformer core. In addition to this feature, one of the three source ports is designed to operate at Medium Voltage (MV) 7.2kV for direct connection to 4.16kV AC grid, while other ports nominal voltages are rated at 400V. The transformer is designed to operate at 50kHz and to supply 25kW/port. Thus, the proposed system connects the MV grid, Energy Storage System (ESS), PV, and DC load to each other on a single common transformer core. Based on the system power demand and availability of renewable energy resources, utility and energy storage ports can either supply or draw power, while PV port can only supply power, maintaining the required demand for the load. This work focuses mainly on the High Frequency Transformer (HFT) design. An extensive study is carried out to obtain the optimal, compact, cost effective, and high efficiency model. Modeling, mathematical, and simulation results are derived and presented to demonstrate the viability of this design.
3D silicon integration (2008)

Three-dimensional (3D) chip integration may provide a path to miniaturization, high bandwidth, low power, high performance and system scaling. Integration options can leverage stacked die and/or silicon packages depending on applications. The enabling technology elements include: (i) through-silicon-vias (TSV) with thinned silicon wafers, (ii) fine pitch wiring, (iii) fine pitch interconnection between stacked die, (iv) fine pitch test for known-good die, and (v) power delivery, distribution and thermal cooling technology. Applications may range from miniaturization of portable electronics like image sensors and cell phones to power efficient, high performance computing solutions such as servers and super computers. Silicon based packaging and 3D stacked die technologies have been in research studies for more than a decade at IBM and in industry, universities & consortia. IBM research experiments have included test vehicle design, build, characterization and modeling. Robust structures and processes have been developed based on (i) process learning for silicon based structures, (ii) assembly process comparisons for fine pitch chip interconnection, (iii) electrical, mechanical and thermal characterization and (iv) reliability & accelerated stress characterization. TSV technology investigations have included composite, copper and tungsten metallurgies. Wiring demonstrations ranged from sub-micron fine pitch wiring line widths & spaces to larger dimensions. I/O interconnections investigated feature sizes such as 100 I/O / mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , 400 I/O/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and interconnection features sizes which support 2500 I/O / mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . In addition, integrated decoupling capacitors of one hundred ten nano-farads per mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> per layer and assembly of module structures on silicon packages with ceramic or organic base packages were demonstrated. Examples of robust TSV structures and characterization, single die with silicon interposers, multiple die on a silicon package and stacked die assemblies are given along with highlights of characterization including aspects of electrical, mechanical and reliability results. This research paper describes recent advances in industry and reports advancements from IBM in the design, technical challenges and progress toward 3D chip integration structures. In addition, examples of potential applications that may take advantage of 3D integration are discussed.
Rats receiving systemic 3-nitropropionic acid demonstrate impairment of memory in Morris water maze (1999)

A recent hypothesis for the etiology of Huntingtons disease (HD) postulates that impaired mitochondrial energy production and/or the presence of reactive free radical species may lead to slow excitotoxic neuronal death. Consistent with this hypothesis, systemic administration of the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) in rats produces selective striatal neuropathology mimicking that seen in HD. Such injections of 3-NP additionally produce motor changes thought to model HD, but possible cognitive changes have not been well described. The present study explores this issue. Sixteen rats underwent acquisition training and subsequent memory assessment in a Morris water maze apparatus. Training over 5 consecutive days consisted of trials during which each rat could escape swimming by finding a permanently located submerged platform. Following training, the rats were divided into two groups and received daily intraperitoneal injections of either 3-NP (15 mg/kg) or saline vehicle for 7 days. On Day 8, a retention trial was conducted, in which the platform was removed and the rats were allowed to swim for 2 min. Swimming patterns were tracked and recorded. The rats receiving 3-NP had impaired memory of the platform location, as represented by decreased time swimming over the platform area, fewer entries into the area, and longer latency to entering the area. These results suggest that the 3-NP rat model produces cognitive dysfunctions that parallel HD dementia.
Low leakage Ru-strontium titanate-Ru metal-insulator-metal capacitors for sub-20 nm technology node in dynamic random access memory (2014)

Improved metal-insulator-metal capacitor (MIMCAP) stacks with strontium titanate (STO) as dielectric sandwiched between Ru as top and bottom electrode are shown. The Ru/STO/Ru stack demonstrates clearly its potential to reach sub-20 nm technology nodes for dynamic random access memory. Downscaling of the equivalent oxide thickness, leakage current density (Jg) of the MIMCAPs, and physical thickness of the STO have been realized by control of the Sr/Ti ratio and grain size using a heterogeneous TiO2/STO based nanolaminate stack deposition and a two-step crystallization anneal. Replacement of TiN with Ru as both top and bottom electrodes reduces the amount of electrically active defects and is essential to achieve a low leakage current in the MIM capacitor.
Imaging beyond aliasing (2015)

A proper spatial sampling is critical for high quality imaging. If the sampling criterion is not met, artifacts appear in the image, generally referred to as grating lobes. For inspection efficiency the width of the field of view is becoming larger leading to an increase in the number of elements and therefore transducer complexity and cost. The development of volume scanning methods in the medical field poses its own problems. Here a matrix of piezoelements is used to scan a volume using electronic beam steering. The challenge is to connect 2500+ elements using <;256 channels. Most solutions use prebeamforming to reduce the data at a cost of image quality. Another option may be to reconstruct the non-aliased data from spatially aliased data. In this work a novel method to reconstruct nonaliased radio-frequency (RF) data from strongly spatially aliased RF data is investigated using simulations and experiments. The reconstruction method involves an iterative scheme using wave field extrapolation. No medium assumptions are made. It has the following steps: 1) A matrix containing zeros at the locations where signals need to be interpolated is created such that no aliasing occurs. 2) The dataset is inversely extrapolated to focus the wave energy. 3) A threshold is applied to the extrapolated data selecting such that aliasing artifacts are excluded. 4) The dataset is forward extrapolated such that the input data is obtained. Now the empty traces contain signal. 6) The original RF dataset is copied into the reconstructed dataset. 7) Steps 2 - 6 are performed iteratively using a progressively lower threshold. Aliased and non-aliased datasets were modeled based on point diffractors and reflectors of increasing width. The datasets were imaged using a wavenumber-frequency domain mapping. The error after reconstruction was 0.77%, 4.2% and 43%, for undersampling of a factor 2, 4 and 8, respectively. For point diffractors the reconstruction error was 0.32%, 3.3% and 7.2%, respectively. These results show the method's potential. It may also be used to reconstruct signals for dead array elements.
Verifying electrical/thermal/thermo-mechanical behavior of a 3D stack - Challenges and solutions (2010)

We describe the design challenges for a low-cost 130nm 3D CMOS technology with 5μm diameter at 10μm pitch Cu-TSV. We investigate electrical, thermal and thermo-mechanical issues encountered in 3D. The electrical yield and ESD of TSVs is reviewed and designers are advised how to ensure yield and reliability. For thermal and thermo-mechanical we'll indicate based on experimental characterization, the importance of extending the chip package co-design flow with thermo-mechanical simulations of the chip stack. We propose a new design flow which leverages information captured by smart samples.
Designing, Verifying, and Evolving Commitment-based Business Protocols. (2013)

Businesses today are facing increasing pressure to interoperate across multiple business partners.We address the design, verification, and evolution of business services in open environments.We approach the problem as an application of multiagent system concepts and techniques using protocols and commitments.We present an approach to the design and hierarchical composition of protocols that treats protocols as first-class entities, and explicitly addresses role-specific responsibilities and accountabilities.We propose a definition of protocol refinement between a putative subprotocol and a putative superprotocol.To address the evolution of protocol requirements, we describe an interaction architecture and a library of automated, interaction refactorings.We demonstrate these approaches via realistic applications from the insurance, manufacturing, healthcare, and software development domains.
Are science lectures a relic of the past? (1996)

The first time I taught introductory physics I spent a long time preparing lecture notes that I would then distribute to my students at the end of each lecture. The notes became popular because they were concise and provided a good overview of the more detailed information provided in the course text-book.
On the Capacity of Quantized Gaussian MAC Channels with Finite Input Alphabet (2011)

In this paper, we investigate the achievable rate region of Gaussian multiple access channels (MAC) with finite input alphabet and quantized output. With finite input alphabet and an unquantized receiver, the two-user Gaussian MAC rate region was studied. In most high throughput communication systems based on digital signal processing, the analog received signal is quantized using a low precision quantizer. In this paper, we first derive the expressions for the achievable rate region of a two-user Gaussian MAC with finite input alphabet and quantized output. We show that, with finite input alphabet, the achievable rate region with the commonly used uniform receiver quantizer has a significant loss in the rate region compared. It is observed that this degradation is due to the fact that the received analog signal is densely distributed around the origin, and is therefore not efficiently quantized with a uniform quantizer which has equally spaced quantization intervals. It is also observed that the density of the received analog signal around the origin increases with increasing number of users. Hence, the loss in the achievable rate region due to uniform receiver quantization is expected to increase with increasing number of users. We, therefore, propose a novel non-uniform quantizer with finely spaced quantization intervals near the origin. For a two-user Gaussian MAC with a given finite input alphabet and low precision receiver quantization, we show that the proposed non-uniform quantizer has a significantly larger rate region compared to what is achieved with a uniform quantizer.
Generation of a Transgenic Rabbit Model of Retinal Degeneration (2009)

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first rabbit model of progressive retinal degeneration. Because rabbits have large eyes and are easy to handle and breed, they will provide a useful animal model for the study of the pathophysiology of and new treatments for retinal degeneration.
Fabrication of 1 Teradot/in.2 CoCrPt bit patterned media and recording performance with a conventional read/write head (2012)

1 Teradot/in.2 (Td/in.2) CoCrPt alloy bit patterned media (BPM) disks were patterned by direct write e-beam lithography, and the recording performance was measured with a commercial recording head. Recording analysis showed a minimum error rate of 2 × 10−3, which was limited by the fraction of BPM patterning defects Continuous magnetic media disks were coated with a 20 nm thick carbon hard mask film by PECVD followed by a 8.5 nm thick hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist by spin coating. A series of 1 Td/in.2 dot patterns were e-beam written in the HSQ, and the patterns were etched into the carbon hard mask by reactive ion etching. The underlying magnetic media was physically etched with 200 eV Ar. The carbon hard mask maximum thickness was limited by erosion of the HSQ dots during the carbon hardmask etch and shadowing of the mask during the magnetic media etch. The minimum carbon thickness and the maximum CoCrPt thickness were determined by erosion of the hardmask pillars during etching of the CoCrPt magnetic media. The optimal carbon hard mask thickness was determined to be ∼20 nm (for our PECVD carbon). The optimal CoCrPt magnetic media thickness was 6 nm, as determined by etch selectivity and magnetic properties. A Silvaco Monte Carlo 3D model simulation was used to describe the magnetic media etching process. Additional patterning steps formed physical support, surrounding the patterns, for the recording head that scanned in contact with the patterned magnetic media. Analysis of top down SEM micrographs of BPM patterns showed defect rates as low as 3 × 10−4 and a 1-sigma dot placement tolerance of 0.9 nm. Magnetic coercivity and switching field distribution width were measured from polar magneto-optic micro Kerr effect hysteresis loops (with a spot size of 20–50 μm). Patterning process conditions that produced a higher fraction of eroded or merged magnetic islands reduced the BPM coercivity and increased the relative width of the switching field distribution. Magnetic recording was performed with a commercial recording head of magnetic write width 90 nm in a shingled writing method. The recording error rate minimum varied with the fraction of defects in a similar manner as the magnetic switching field distribution width. A higher fraction of defects resulted in increased recording error probability due to data erasure by stray magnetic fields from the head.
Optimal selection of manipulator impedance for contact tasks (2004)

This paper addresses position and force control of robotic manipulators that are in contact with environments that exhibit mechanical impedances covering a large continuous range, from very soft to very stiff. For robot programming, automation, teleoperation and haptics, such environments enforce a trade-off between position and force control, which can be accommodated by impedance controllers. In this work, we extend the concept of duality and consider impedance matching in order to optimise a combined position and force trajectory error metric. The analysis of numerical optimisation results provides clear guidance on the choice of target impedance parameters, based on environment and manipulator dynamics.