gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wideband Signal Synthesis Using Interleaved Partial-Order Hold Current-Mode Digital-to-Analog Converters (2008)

We describe how a zero-order hold digital-to-analog converter (DAC) followed by a windowed-integration-based filter results in a novel partial-order hold (POH) DAC architecture with the ability of broadband image reduction between 1.5 and two times the sampling frequency while also providing a flat-group delay. Interleaving two such POH-DACs results in a DAC with an excellent output signal reconstruction whereby the broadband sampling images below two times the sampling frequency in the output signal spectrum are strongly reduced. Some implementation techniques are proposed and the effect of implementation nonidealities is evaluated.
The Future of Nephrology and Public Health (2021)

The study of kidney diseases has been described since the Hippocratic era, but nephrology as a medical specialty dates from the mid-20th century. Despite all interesting aspects of nephrology, there is a lack of interest by young physicians for the specialty worldwide. Great discoveries have been made throughout the years, leading to great achievements in diagnosis, classification, and treatment of kidney diseases. There is a current interest in the search for novel biomarkers for early detection of kidney dysfunction, and, in the future, there will be novel diagnostic tests for kidney diseases. There have been significant improvements in dialysis and transplant techniques, and novel modalities are being studied, including new renal replacement therapy modalities, such as the wearable artificial kidney. Another trend in the contemporary world, and one that should increase in the future, is the increasing patient connectivity, using novel technologies that will allow access to healthcare and improve outcomes.
<title>Three-dimensional image projection with aspect-focused-in-spots display</title> (1997)

A new method of 3D image formation is proposed. A 3D image is generated in this case by a matrix of aspects of a 3D scene that are focused in spots. The matrix is formed by a laser scanning beam in which the aspects of the scene are introduced in consecutive order. As a result the observer sees on the screen a 2D image whose configuration changes depending on the position of the eye in such a way as if the observer examines the real 3D object. The optical scheme of AFS Display (Aspect-Focused-in-Spot Display) is presented and the mechanism of 3D image formation is considered. The results of the experiment on modeling a 3D image which is formed by a scanning spot of light that projects the aspects of the scene are given. The experiment has been carried out as applied to the case of projection of a 3D image that reproduces the horizontal parallax only. It is pointed out that the display considered is compatible with existing TV system. It is supposed that it can be used as a 3D computer display, for 3D imaging in educating, medicine, flight and car training and so on.
Foires et marchés dans les campagnes italiennes au Moyen Âge (1996)

L’excellente synthèse de Aldo A. Settia sur les marchés de la plaine du Pô jusqu’à la fin du XIe siècle nous dispense d’affronter la question pour cette période : nous nous y référerons pour certains aspects indispensables, mais nous allons donc surtout concentrer notre attention sur les derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. Précisons d’emblée que la bibliographie sur les foires, et plus encore sur les marchés italiens, est tout aussi pauvre pour le bas Moyen Âge. On dispose malgré tout de quelques ...
[Clinical course and macular retinal circulation of macular retinal epithelium atrophy]. (2004)

We demonstrated that progression of age-related maculopathy is very slow, and macular retinal leukocyte circulation measured by blue field simulation may be disturbed in age-related maculopathy.
Artificial Photosynthesis: From Molecular Catalysts for Light‐driven Water Splitting to Photoelectrochemical Cells (2011)

Abstract Photosynthesis has been for many years a fascinating source of inspiration for the development of model systems able to achieve efficient light‐to‐chemical energetic transduction. This field of research, called “artificial photosynthesis,” is currently the subject of intense interest, driven by the aim of converting solar energy into the carbon‐free fuel hydrogen through the light‐driven water splitting. In this review, we highlight the recent achievements on light‐driven water oxidation and hydrogen production by molecular catalysts and we shed light on the perspectives in terms of implementation into water splitting technological devices.
Understanding Contemporary Use of Thiazolidinediones (2019)

Background Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone) are oral insulin-sensitizing medications used in type 2 diabetes mellitus that reduce glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycemia and potential benefits on atherosclerosis. However, thiazolidinediones can cause fluid retention thereby increasing the risk of heart failure-a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results Data were analyzed from the Diabetes Collaborative Registry, a US outpatient registry of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that currently encompasses 203 cardiology, endocrinology, and primary care practices and 3074 providers. Among 424 061 US adults enrolled in Diabetes Collaborative Registry who had type 2 diabetes mellitus and were taking ≥1 glucose-lowering medication, 35 018 patients (8.3%) were on a thiazolidinedione, which has remained stable over time. Patients on thiazolidinediones tended to be old (mean age, 69.2±10.7 years), 61.9% had coronary disease, and 17.2% had class 3 obesity. In total, 40.3% of patients on a thiazolidinedione had either a clinical diagnosis of heart failure (23.7%), had an ejection fraction of <40% (7.7%), or were on a loop diuretic (29.9%). Conclusions Although thiazolidinediones lost significant market share after 2007 when concerns arose regarding their safety, thiazolidinediones are still commonly used. At least a quarter, and up to two-fifths, of patients currently treated with thiazolidinediones have some evidence of heart failure and therefore should not be candidates for this therapy. Accordingly, heart failure concerns with thiazolidinediones may be under-recognized.
Comparing Privacy Attitudes of Knowledge Workers in India and the U.S. (2009)

Abstract. Enterprises are increasingly deploying social computing platforms, such as blogs, shared bookmarks, and social networks, to support the interpersonal interactions and knowledge work practices of their employees. These technologies hold great promise for supporting distributed collaboration by enabling greater communication and fostering awareness among colleagues. Promotion of awareness and communication, however, faces an inherent tension with desires for privacy. Additionally, differences in privacy expectations and practices between parties who interact through these systems could lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication. This paper reports on a study of geographically distributed knowledge workers collaborating on a software development project in a multinational corporation. Contrary to expectations, we found that knowledge workers in India expressed higher privacy concerns compared with their colleagues in the US. We are currently analyzing the data from field visits, interviews and questionnaire responses, to uncover plausible explanations for the observed differences. 1
Mapping Concentration Profiles within the Diffusion Layer of an Electrode: Application to Redox Catalysis (2001)

Lipid-modified proteins play decisive roles in important biological processes such as signal transduction, organization of the cytoskeleton, and vesicular transport. Lipidated peptides embodying the characteristic partial structures of their parent lipidated proteins and semisynthetic proteins synthesized from such peptides are valuable tools for the study of these biological phenomena. We have developed an efficient synthesis strategy that allows for the synthesis of long multiply lipidated peptides embodying various side chain functional groups. The strategy was successfully applied in the synthesis of the N-terminal undetrigintapeptide of endothelial NO-synthase and related lipopeptides. Key elements of the synthesis strategy are the combined use of the enzyme-labile para-phenylacetoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (PhAcOZ) urethane as N-terminal blocking group, the Pd0-sensitive allyl ester as C-terminal protecting function and acid-labile side chain protecting groups for solution-phase synthesis of labile S-palmitoylated building blocks under the mildest conditions with solid-phase techniques and solution-phase fragment condensations. The successful synthesis of the triply lipidated 29-mer eNOS peptide convincingly demonstrates the full capacity of the protecting group methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Polymer Nanostructures (2011)

Abstract Review: 44 refs.
Preferences for the balance between true image detail and noise (2011)

We designed a series of experiments to measure user preference for the noise-detail tradeoff, including tests of the assumption that all true image detail is preferred. We generated samples with noise-detail tradeoff by designing a sequence of coring filters with increasing strength. A user study method is developed using magnitude estimation approach. In the first experiment the coring filter sequence is applied to original video samples without any additional noise. It is observed that the subjective quality score increases as coring strength is increased, reaches a peak and then decreases. Thus users prefer slightly cored images compared to original images. In the second experiment the coring filter sequence is applied to video samples with additive noise of different strength. It is observed that the most preferred coring strength increases as the amount of noise in the image increases. The results from our experiments can be used to design parameters for various image/ video post-processing and noise removal algorithms.
Efficiency Increase of Poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐isosorbide terephthalate) Synthesis using Bimetallic Catalytic Systems (2011)

Abstract New catalytic systems are developed to increase the transesterification efficiency during the synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate ‐co‐ isosorbide terephthalate) with the aim of compensating for the lack of reactivity of the isosorbide and to reduce the coloration of the polymer. The combination of antimony oxide with a second metal (lithium‐, magnesium‐, or aluminium‐based compounds) is investigated, leading to the discovery of innovative antimony‐based bimetallic catalytic systems that exhibit a higher polymerization efficiency, even at high isosorbide contents (20%) and, in some cases, lower coloration. magnified image
Switchable Supramolecular Crosslinking of Cyclodextrin‐Modified Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine via Anthraquinone Dyes (2011)

Abstract Two anthraquinone dyes, 5,8‐di‐ N ‐adamantylamino‐1,4‐dihydroxyanthraquinone (AQ‐OH) and 1,4‐di‐ N ‐adamantylaminoanthraquinone (AQ‐H), are synthesized. The combination of AQ‐OH and AQ‐H with hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI) bearing covalently attached β ‐cyclodextrin spontaneously formed host–guest complexes with hydrodynamic diameters of about 260 nm. Even enlarged structures of the trifunctional AQ‐H were observed via DLS. Repeated measurements show that their assembly and disassembly is reversible with a critical point at 26 °C and therefore switchable via temperature. Also superstructures up to 100 μm were detected via TEM, cryo‐TEM‐, and SEM. Hence, a smart colored network of switchable size consisting of a supramolecular approach involving an organic dye is described.
A Useful Homomorphic Encryption Method (2009)

In its full generality, homomorphic encryption (HE) is a form of encryption enabling the evaluation of a given function F on a plaintext by running another function F on the ciphertext.The existence of such a general scheme was proved by Gentry at STOC 2009 based on lattice assumptions.We consider HE as a way for a party A to run a secret program P of another party B on data of party A (and B).In essence this is so because F could be taken to be the universal Turing machine (or a suitable circuit version of it), the plaintext to be B's secret program P .We now consider the useful choice of P : namely, the program that, on input x, outputs both h(x) and the GMR signature of h(x).Here h could be a collision-resistent function -e.g., one randomly chosen by B in a given family.By GMR signature we mean a non-existentially forgeable digital signature scheme under a chosen message attack.In essence P has embedded the secret signing key of the GMR scheme.The corresponding public key may or may not be made public.The same is true about function h.We'll elaborate on the merits of this method later on.
Mit molekularer Symmetrie zu neuen Wirkstoffen: Hydroxymethyl-substituierte 3,9-Diazatetraasterane als erste eigenständige Klasse symmetrischer MDR-Modulatoren (2002)

Viel hilft viel – dies galt bislang bei Modulatoren der P-Glycoprotein-vermittelten Mehrfachresistenz in der Krebstherapie für die Zahl der Wasserstoffbrücken im Hinblick auf eine ausgeprägte inhibitorische Aktivität. Diese Ansicht wird mit einer neuen Klasse von Inhibitoren vom Hydroxymethyl-3,9-diazatetraasteran-Typ 1, die eine symmetrische Struktur aufweisen, erstmals infrage gestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Chiral Bisoxazolines: Observations on the Effect of Substituents. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Presence of Short Intermolecular Contacts Screens for Kinetic Stability in Packing Polymorphs (2018)

Polymorphism is pervasive in molecular solids. While computational predictions of the molecular polymorphic landscape have improved significantly, identifying which polymorphs are preferentially accessed and experimentally stable remains a challenge. We report a framework that correlates short intermolecular contacts with polymorphic stability. The presence of short contacts between neighboring molecules prevents structural rearrangement and stabilizes the packing arrangement, even when the stabilized polymorph is not enthalpically favored. In the absence of such intermolecular short contacts, the molecules have added degrees of freedom for structural rearrangement, and solid-solid polymorphic transformations occur readily. Starting with a series of core-halogenated naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides, we establish this framework with the packing polymorphs of more than 20 compounds, ranging from molecular semiconductors to pharmaceutics and biological building blocks. This framework, widely applicable across molecular solids, can help refine computational predictions by identifying the polymorphs that are kinetically stable.
Cobalt Oxide/Graphene Nanosheets/Hexagonal Boron Nitride (Co3O4/CoO/GNS/h-BN) Catalyst for High Sulfur Utilization in Li–S Batteries at Elevated Temperatures (2021)

The high theoretical energy density and low cost of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries make them promising candidates for future energy storage devices. Here, we developed Co3O4/CoO/graphene nanosheets (GNS)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocomposite-based sulfur as cathodes for Li–S batteries. Due to the synergistic effects of GNS/h-BN and Co3O4/CoO, the reported Co3O4/CoO/GNS/h-BN nanocomposites not only effectively trap lithium polysulfides but also can accelerate the redox kinetics for the conversion of polysulfides. The enhanced electrochemical activity of Co3O4/CoO/GNS/h-BN is due to the (111) exposed surface of Co3O4 and the formation of CoO on Co3O4, which is the catalytically active phase of Co3O4-based catalysts. GNS/h-BN provides a large surface area for the high exposure of the Co3O4/CoO catalyst and can also influence the catalytic activity due to enhanced charge transfer. Co3O4/CoO/GNS/h-BN/S nanocomposites showed superior electrochemical performances and high sulfur utilization compared to GNS/h-BN/S and Co3O4/CoO/S. More significantly, a very high capacity retention of 89% was obtained with a reversible capacity of 356.29 mA h/g after 250 cycles at a current rate of 1 C. Also, enhanced redox conversion of lithium polysulfides was observed when the cell was operated at higher temperatures. Besides cobalt oxide, other metal oxides such as Fe2O3 and SnO2 on GNS/h-BN could also be potential candidates for high-performance Li–S batteries.
CD4+ T‐cell activation is differentially modulated by bacteria‐primed dendritic cells, but is generally down‐regulated by n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (2009)

Appropriate activation of CD4(+) T cells is fundamental for efficient initiation and progression of acquired immune responses. Here, we showed that CD4(+) T-cell activation is dependent on changes in membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and is dynamically regulated by the type of signals provided by dendritic cells (DCs). Upon interaction with DCs primed by different concentrations and species of gut bacteria, CD4(+) T cells were activated according to the type of DC stimulus. The levels of CD80 were found to correlate to the levels of expression of CD28 and to the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells, while the presence of CD40 and CD86 on DCs inversely affected inducible costimulator (ICOS) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) levels in CD4(+) T cells. For all DC stimuli, cells high in n-3 PUFAs showed reduced ability to respond to CD28 stimulation, to proliferate, and to express ICOS and CTLA-4. Diminished T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 signalling was found to be responsible for n-3 PUFA effects. Thus, the dietary fatty acid composition influences the overall level of CD4(+) T-cell activation induced by DCs, while the priming effect of the DC stimuli modulates CD80, CD86 and CD40 levels, thereby affecting and shaping activation of acquired immunity by differential regulation of proliferation and costimulatory molecule expression in CD4(+) T cells.
Abstract 5280: Kinase fusions drive endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (2020)

Abstract Oncogenic kinase activation by gene fusions can promote cancer development and tumor progression, however, kinase fusions have not been characterized extensively in breast cancer. In this study, we characterized kinase fusions in a large cohort of 4854 breast cancer patients using clinical DNA and/or RNA next generation sequencing platforms. Twenty-seven cases harboring kinase fusions were identified, including 11 FGFR (5 FGFR2, 3 FGFR3, 3 FGFR1), 5 BRAF, 4 NTRK1, 2 RET, 2 ROS1, 1 ALK, 1 ERBB2, and 1 MET. Eight patients with a history of endocrine therapy had available pre-treatment samples, of which six were negative for kinase fusion, and ESR1 hotspot mutations were not observed in any of these kinase fusion-positive samples. These findings suggest a potential role for kinase fusions in endocrine therapy resistance and prompted us to model the kinase fusions in human breast cancer cell lines. Ectopic expression of LMNA-NTRK1 fusion kinase activated growth factor signaling cascades, including PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK pathways, and promoted hormone-independent growth in MCF7 and T47D cells. Enforced expression of the LMNA-NTRK1 fusion conferred resistance to the ER antagonist fulvestrant and combined treatment of fulvestrant and the Trk inhibitor larotrectinib completely blocked the growth of LMNA-NTRK+ breast cancer cells. Similarly, expression of the EML4-ALK fusion also activated growth factor signaling pathways and caused resistance to estrogen depletion and induced sensitivity to the ALK inhibitor, Ceritinib. Treatment of xenografted LMNA-NTRK1 expressing tumors confirmed the efficacy of the combined treatment of antiestrogen and NTRK1 inhibition in vivo. Two patients with acquired LMNA-NTRK1 fusions and metastatic disease received larotrectinib and demonstrated clinical benefit. Overall, our findings demonstrate that kinase fusions promote endocrine resistance in ER-positive breast cancer, and suggest that fusion screening in advanced breast cancer, particularly those with ER-positive breast cancer at progression on hormone therapy can identify rare tumors harboring targetable kinase fusions. Citation Format: Bo Liu, Dara S. Ross, Alison M. Schram, Pedram Razavi, Stephen M. Lagana, Yanming Zhang, Maurizio Scaltriti, Jacqueline F. Bromberg, Marc Ladanyi, David M. Hyman, Alexander Drilon, Ahmet Zahir, Ryma Benayed, Jaclyn F. Hechtman, Sarat Chandarlapaty. Kinase fusions drive endocrine resistance in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5280.
Learning Transition Statistics in Networks of Interacting Agents (2019)

Studying the decision-making of agents can reveal group behavior and internal lines of influence. We work with systems of interacting agents, where the decision-making of each agent is affected by their neighbors within some graph structure. As agents make choices, the stochastic transitions between chosen group actions can be learned, and thus the group behavior can be characterized and predicted. We express each element of the transition matrix P as a product of factors that depends on the agent neighborhood structure and leading to a separable estimator for the unknown p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ij</sub> of interest. This enables us to find a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for each factor and thus effectively estimate each p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ij</sub> with reduced complexity. We derive analytical concentration bounds for the error rates of this approach and demonstrate it on data sets.
Automatic Curricula in Deep Multi-Agent Reinforc ement Learning (2020)

Multi-agent systems are emerging as a crucial element in our pursuit of designing and building intelligent systems. In order to succeed in the real world artificial agents must be able to cooperate, communicate, and reason about other agents' beliefs, intentions and behaviours. Furthermore, as system designers we need to think about composing intelligent systems from intelligent subsystems, a multi-agent approach inspired by the observation that intelligent agents like organisations or governments are composed of other agents. Last but not least, as a product of evolution intelligence did not emerge in isolation, but as a group phenomenon. Hence, it seems plausible that learning agents require interaction with other agents to develop intelligence. In his talk, he will discuss the exciting role that deep multi-agent reinforcement learning can play in the design and training of intelligent agents. In particular, training RL agents in interaction with each other can lead to the emergence of an automatic learning curriculum: From the perspective of each learning agent, the evolving behaviours of the other learning agents constitute a challenging environment dynamics and pose ever evolving tasks. He will present three case studies of deep multi-agent RL with auto-curricula: (i)~Learning to play board games at master level with AlphaZero, (ii)~Learning to play the game of Capture-The-Flag in 3d environments, and (iii)~Learning to cooperate in social dilemmas.