gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic, optical, and thermomechanical properties of neodymium- and chromium-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (1986)

Spectroscopic, optical, and thermomechanical properties of gadolinium scandium gallium garnet doped with trivalent neodymium and/or chromium are reported for use in the design of high-power solid-state lasers.
Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Novel Forelimb Tasks Predict Lesion Severity and Recovery (2011)

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. Recently there has been increasing interest in cervical spinal cord injury models because the majority of spinal cord injuries are at cervical levels. Here we examined spontaneous functional recovery of adult rats with either laminectomy or lateral hemisection of the cervical spinal cord at C3-C4. Behavioral tests were carried out, including the forelimb locomotor scale (FLS), a postural instability test (PIT), a pasta-handling test that has been used to assess forepaw digit function and latency to eat, forelimb use during vertical-lateral wall exploration in a cylindrical enclosure, and vibrissae-elicited forelimb placing tests. In addition, a forelimb step-alternation test was developed to assess functional recovery at 12 weeks post-injury. All tests detected cSCI-induced deficits relative to laminectomy. Interestingly, the severity of deficits in the forelimb step-alternation test was associated with more extensive spinal damage, greater impairment, and less recovery in the FLS and other tests. For the pasta-handling test we found that rats with a milder cervical injury (alternators) were more likely to use both forepaws together compared to rats with a more severe injury (non-alternators). In addition, using the PIT, we detected enhanced function of the good limb, suggesting that neural plasticity on the unaffected side of the spinal cord may have occurred to compensate for deficits in the impaired forelimb. These outcome measures should be useful for investigating neural events associated with cSCI, and for developing novel treatment strategies.
515. Oncolytic Adenovirus Armed with Cytokines Enhances CAR-T Cell Efficacy in Pancreatic Tumor Model (2016)

Background: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has shown significant efficacy in hematological malignancies, however, the efficacy against solid tumors remains limited. Immunosuppression caused by tumor microenvironment or poor infiltration of transferred T cells can restrict T cell efficacy. We propose that oncolytic Adenovirus (O-Ad) armed with cytokines improves the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy by modulating the tumor environment. Aim: Here we aimed to study if O-Ad armed with cytokines can 1) cause direct lysis of pancreatic cancer cells, 2) enhance killing by CAR-T cells. 3) enhance infiltration and persistence of CAR-T cells in the context of solid tumors. Methods: We targeted pancreatic tumor cell lines by mesothelin specific CAR-T cells (SS1-BBz CAR-T) in combination with O-Ad; Adv-5/3-d24-IL2 or Adv-5/3-d24-TNF-IL2, which consist of an adenovirus serotype 5 nucleic acid backbone, a serotype 5/3 chimeric fiber knob, a 24-bp deletion (d24) in the Rb binding constant region 2 of E1 promoter, an E2F tumor specific promoter and cytokines (interleukin 2 or tumor necrosis factor alpha or both). Results: Pancreatic tumor cell lines used in this study; ASPC1, BXPC3, Capan2 expressed the Adv-serotype 3 receptor, DSG2. We also confirmed that O-Ad does not have adverse effects on T cell viability and proliferation even at high titer (1,000vp/cell) in an in vitro assay. To look at the efficacy of the O-Ad and CAR-T combination, we performed a killing assay. O-Ad clearly enhanced killing by CAR-T cells in luciferase based assay. We also used xCELLigence real time cell analyzer (RTCA) for kinetic analysis of killing. In combination with O-Ad, more rapid killing kinetics by CAR-T cells were observed especially in lower E:T ratio. To look at the impact of the combination in vivo, subcutaneous ASPC1-CBG-GFP in NSG mice were treated with CAR-T alone or in combination with intra-tumoral injection of O-Ad. O-Ad showed significant synergy with CAR-T in luciferase based photon assay. And higher number of T cells was observed in spleen in the O-Ad armed with IL2 combination group. Conclusions: These results suggest that combination therapy of O-Ad armed with cytokine(s) and CAR-T cells is effective against solid tumors by enhancing T cell activity.
Monolithic integration of laser and spot size converter using selective area MOCVD growth (2003)

Laser diodes with a narrow radiation beam is necessary to reduce the package cost in access networks. However, it is difficult to achieve both a narrow divergence angle of output beam and low threshold current and high quantum efficiency of the laser because the broadening of the mode profile, which is required to get a narrow beam, increase cavity loss and threshold current. To meet these requirements, spot size converted laser diodes (SSC-LD) integrated with a tapered passive waveguide, which is fabricated using a selective area MOCVD growth, have been proposed by many groups. This SSC-LD allows high direct coupling efficiency to the single mode optical fiber and extended alignment. Therefore, the number of packages can be reduced, and the passive alignment between the LD and fiber is realized.
Accessing Microenvironment Compartments in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues by Protein Expression Analysis (2013)

Altogether the presented workflow allows analysis of FFPE samples with improvements in the analytical time and performance, and we show its application for lung cancer xenograft tissue samples.
Effect of reduced temperature on the f/sub T/ of AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (1991)

The high-frequency and DC performances of single-heterojunction Al/sub 0.25/Ga/sub 0.75/As/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been measured at temperatures between 300 and 110 K. It is found that the maximum unity-current-gain cutoff frequency increases from 26 GHz at 300 K to 34 GHz at 110 K. It is shown that electron diffusion as determined from the majority-carrier mobility does not accurately estimate the base transit time, at least until corrections for degeneracy and minority-carrier mobility enhancement are included. Reasonable agreement is obtained assuming that base transport is limited by the thermal velocity of electrons at reduced temperatures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Specific absorption rate reduction in parallel transmission by k‐space adaptive radiofrequency pulse design (2010)

The specific absorption rate (SAR) is an important safety criterion, limiting many MR protocols with respect to the achievable contrast and scan duration. Parallel transmission enables control of the radiofrequency field in space and time and hence allows for SAR management. However, a trade-off exists between radiofrequency pulse performance and SAR reduction. To overcome this problem, in this work, parallel transmit radiofrequency pulses are adapted to the position in sampling k-space. In the central k-space, highly homogeneous but SAR-intensive radiofrequency shim settings are used to achieve optimal performance and contrast. In the outer k-space, the homogeneity requirement is relaxed to reduce the average SAR of the scan. The approach was experimentally verified on phantoms and volunteers using field echo and spin echo sequences. A reduction of the SAR by 25-50% was achieved without compromising image quality.
Damage free integration of ultralow-k dielectrics by template replacement approach (2015)

Cu/low-k integration by conventional damascene approach is becoming increasingly difficult as critical dimensions scale down. An alternative integration scheme is studied based on the replacement of a sacrificial template by ultralow-k dielectric. A metal structure is first formed by patterning a template material. After template removal, a k = 2.31 spin-on type of porous low-k dielectric is deposited onto the patterned metal lines. The chemical and electrical properties of spin-on dielectrics are studied on blanket wafers, indicating that during hard bake, most porogen is removed within few minutes, but 120 min are required to achieve the lowest k-value. The effective dielectric constant of the gap-fill low-k is investigated on a 45 nm ½ pitch Meander-Fork structure, leading to keff below 2.4. The proposed approach solves the two major challenges in conventional Cu/low-k damascene integration approach: low-k plasma damage and metal penetration during barrier deposition on porous materials.
Highly Nonlinear Multimode Tellurite Fibers: From Glass Synthesis to Practical Applications in Multiphoton Imaging (2022)

Herein, a tellurite multimode optical fiber with a rectangular step‐index core to combine easy coupling of the pump power with the exceptionally cubic nonlinearity of such type of glass is developed. An alkali‐free composition (TeO 2 –ZnO–La 2 O 3 ) is prepared to produce a preform with the use of both the stack‐and‐draw and the direct‐bonding methods. The linear and nonlinear optical responses of the fiber are characterized and are then used to generate a homogeneous supercontinuum (SC) in the near‐infrared domain. The spectral broadening, which is obtained in this work in a short fiber sample, is used for imaging mouse kidney cells, labeled with three different fluorochromes, by means of two‐photon absorption (2PA) and three‐photon absorption (3PA). Despite the multimode nature of the output beam, clear images of tubules, actin, and nucleus are collected with a spatial resolution down to 1.2 μm. Although image acquisition at better resolution has already been reported in the literature using relatively long spans of graded‐index silica multimode fibers, here, the combination of high third‐order susceptibility of the glass and the large Raman gain in short segments of tellurite fiber is exploited to obtain nonlinear imaging with adequate spatial resolution.
Design and Realization of a Fully On-Chip High-$Q$ Resonator at 15 GHz on Silicon (2008)

We develop and demonstrate an on-chip resonator working at 15 GHz with a high quality factor ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> -factor) of 93.81 while only requiring a small chip size of 195 mum times195 mum on Si by using our new design methodology. In our design, unlike previous approaches, we avoid the need for any external capacitance for tuning; instead, we utilize the film capacitance as the capacitor of the LC tank circuit and realize a fully on-chip resonator that shows a strong transmission dip of >30 db on resonance as required for telemetric-sensing applications. We present the design, theory, methodology, microfabrication, experimental characterization, and theoretical analysis of these resonators. We also demonstrate that the experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical (both analytical and numerical) results. Based on our proof-of-concept demonstration, such high- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> on-chip resonators hold great promise for use in transmissive telemetric sensors.
Effects of different kinds of mitigated pits on transport of laser beam (2016)

According to the different kinds of morphology features, 3D grid models of mitigated pits were built, and effects of different kinds of mitigated pits models on transport of laser beam (351 nm) was studied by using scalar diffraction theory and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) methods. The results indicate that the off-axis downstream intensification of different kinds of mitigated pits, including conic, parabolic and Gaussian, pits, mainly relies on the depth of the mitigated pit. For the off-axis intensification, the maximum intensity increases with deepening depth, and the location of the maximum intensity approaches the output surface of optics with increasing pit depth, and is far away from the output surface of optics with the increasing diameter of mitigated pits. In addition, when the depth and diameter of different kinds of mitigation pits are equal, the parabolic mitigated pits can be the best choice for mitigated morphology. The results of this research indicate that the downstream intensification, which is induced by the mitigated damage pits, can be suppressed by controlling the morphology features of mitigated pits.
Integration of suspended carbon nanotubes into micro-fabricated devices (2009)

The integration of suspended carbon nanotubes into micron-scale silicon-based devices offers many exciting advantages in the realm of nano-scale sensing and micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). To realize such devices, simple fabrication schemes are needed. Here we present a new method to integrate carbon nanotubes into silicon-based devices by applying conventional micro-fabrication methods combined with a guided chemical vapor deposition growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes. The described procedure yields clean, long, taut and well-positioned tubes in electrical contact to conducting electrodes. The positioning, alignment and tautness of the tubes are all controlled by the structural and chemical features of the micro-fabricated substrate. As the approach described consists of common micro-fabrication and chemical vapor deposition growth procedures, it offers a viable route toward MEMS–NEMS integration and commercial utilization of carbon nanotubes as nano-electromechanical transducers.
Role of Cl channels in Cl-dependent Na/H exchange (1999)

A novel Na/H exchange activity that requires Cl was recently identified in the apical membrane of crypt cells of the rat distal colon. This study explores the nature of the coupling of Cl and Na/H exchange. A concentration of 100 microM 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, a Cl channel blocker, inhibited the Cl dependence of both proton gradient-driven 22Na uptake from crypt cell apical membrane vesicles and Na-dependent intracellular pH recovery from an acid load during microperfusion of the crypt lumen. Cl-dependent proton gradient-driven 22Na uptake was inhibited by 94% by 500 microM DIDS but only by 1% by 10 microM DIDS, an anion exchange inhibitor at low concentrations but a Cl channel blocker at high concentrations. In addition, a polyclonal antibody to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibited Cl-dependent proton gradient-driven 22Na uptake by 38%. These results indicate that the Cl dependence of Na/H exchange in the colonic crypt apical membrane involves a Cl channel and not a Cl/anion exchange and permit the speculation that this Cl channel activity represents both CFTR and the outward rectifying Cl conductance.
Conjugated Polyelectrolyte/Bacteria Living Composites in Carbon Paper for Biocurrent Generation (2022)

Successful practical implementation of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) requires developing affordable electrode structures that promote efficient electrical communication with microbes. Recent efforts have centered on immobilizing bacteria with organic semiconducting polymers on electrodes via electrochemical methods. This approach creates a fixed biocomposite that takes advantage of the increased electrode's electroactive surface area (EASA). Here, it is demonstrated that a biocomposite comprising the water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte CPE-K and electrogenic Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can self-assemble with carbon paper electrodes, thereby increasing its biocurrent extraction by ≈6-fold over control biofilms. A ≈1.5-fold increment in biocurrent extraction is obtained for the biocomposite on carbon paper relative to the biocurrent extracted from gold-coated counterparts. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the biocomposite stabilized with the carbon paper more quickly than atop flat gold electrodes. Cross-sectional images show that the biocomposite infiltrates inhomogeneously into the porous carbon structure. Despite an incomplete penetration, the biocomposite can take advantage of the large EASA of the electrode via long-range electron transport. These results show that previous success on gold electrode platforms can be improved when using more commercially viable and easily manipulated electrode materials.
Silicon Electro-Optic 4×4 Non-Blocking Switch Array for On-Chip Photonic Networks (2011)

Silicon 4×4 switch array based on carrier-injection for switching of multiple 40Gbps WDM channels is reported. Operation in all 9 unique switch states and 12 possible I/O routings is verified with crosstalk less than 10dB.
Method of Adjustments versus Method of Constant Stimuli in the Quantification of Accuracy and Precision of Rendered Depth in Head-Mounted Displays (2002)

The utilization of head-mounted displays (HMDs) in high-end applications such as medical, engineering, and scientific visualization necessitates that the position of objects be rendered accurately and precisely. Accuracy and precision of rendered depth for near-field visualization were measured in a custom-designed bench prototype HMD. Experimental results were compared to theoretical predictions established from a computational model for rendering and presenting virtual images by Robinett and Rolland (1992). Such a theoretical model provided the necessary graphics transformations required so that rendered virtual objects be perceived at the rendered depth in binocular HMDs. Three object shapes of various sizes were investigated under two methodologies: the method of constant stimuli modified for random size presentation and the method of adjustments. Results showa2mm and an 8 mm performance for the accuracy and the precision of rendered depth in HMDs, respectively. Results of the assessment of rendered depth in HMDs for near-field visualization support employing the method of adjustments over the method of constant stimuli whether or not the method of constant stimuli is modified for random size presentation.
A 233-MHz 80%-87% efficient four-phase DC-DC converter utilizing air-core inductors on package (2005)

We demonstrate an integrated buck dc-dc converter for multi-V/sub CC/ microprocessors. At nominal conditions, the converter produces a 0.9-V output from a 1.2-V input. The circuit was implemented in a 90-nm CMOS technology. By operating at high switching frequency of 100 to 317 MHz with four-phase topology and fast hysteretic control, we reduced inductor and capacitor sizes by three orders of magnitude compared to previously published dc-dc converters. This eliminated the need for the inductor magnetic core and enabled integration of the output decoupling capacitor on-chip. The converter achieves 80%-87% efficiency and 10% peak-to-peak output noise for a 0.3-A output current and 2.5-nF decoupling capacitance. A forward body bias of 500 mV applied to PMOS transistors in the bridge improves efficiency by 0.5%-1%.
Status of EUV micro-exposure capabilities at the ALS using the 0.3-NA MET optic (2004)

The success of recent static printing experiments at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Light Source (ALS) using the EUV LLC Engineering Test Stand (ETS) Set-2 optic has demonstrated the utility of synchrotron-based EUV exposure stations. Although not viable light sources for commercial lithography, synchrotrons provide clean, convenient, and extremely flexible sources for developmental microfield lithography. The great flexibility of synchrotron-based illumination arises from the fact that such sources facilitate active coherence reduction, thus enabling the coherence function, or pupil fill, to be actively sculpted in real time. As the commercialization of EUV progresses, the focus of developmental EUV lithography is shifting from low numerical aperture (NA) tools such as the 0.1-NA ETS to higher-NA tools such as the 0.3-NA Micro Exposure Tool (MET). To support printing with MET optics at the ALS, a new printing station has been developed, relying on a scanning illuminator to provide programmable coherence (pupil-fill) control. The illuminator is designed to operate up to a coherence factor (s) of 1 and support the full 200&prime;600 design printed field of view. In addition to a new illuminator design, new focus sensing and dose-control systems have also been implemented. Here we describe the MET printing capabilities in detail and present preliminary printing results with the Sematech Set-2 MET optic.
O films with adjustable tilt of optical axis for LCD compensation (2008)

Abstract— A method of preparation of positive O films with the tilt angle of the optic axis continuously controlled in the range 0–90° is proposed. It is based on the use of reactive mesogens and alignment materials that provide a wide range of pretilt angles. The method developed allows for further improvement in the viewing‐angle characteristics of LCDs with O compensation films.
A Comparison of the Degree of Lateral Recess and Foraminal Enlargement With Facet Preservation in the Treatment of Lumbar Stenosis With Standard Surgical Tools Versus a Novel Powered Filing Instrument: A Cadaver Study (2007)

For the treatment of spinal stenosis, this novel powered-file instrument provides surgeons with a new means of decompressing the lateral recess and neural foramina. In this cadaveric study, procedures performed with the SurgiFile tool showed a statistically superior degree of decompression as compared with the standard surgical instruments and techniques.
Provably Secure Multisignatures in Formal Security Model and Their Optimality (2008)

We first model the formal security model of multisignature scheme following that of group signature scheme. Second, we prove that the following three probabilistic multisignature schemes based on a trapdoor permutation have tight security; PFDH (probabilistic full domain hash) based multisignature scheme (PFDH-MSS), PSS (probabilistic signature scheme) based multisignature scheme (PSS-MSS), and short signature PSS based multisignature scheme (S-PSS-MSS). Third, we give an optimal proof (general result) for multisignature schemes, which derives the lower bound for the length of random salt. We also estimate the upper bound for the length in each scheme and derive the optimal length of a random salt. Two of the schemes are promising in terms of security tightness and optimal signature length. In appendix, we describe a multisignature scheme using the claw-free permutation and discuss its security.
Coarse-grained topology estimation via graph sampling (2012)

In many online networks, nodes are partitioned into categories (e.g., countries or universities in OSNs), which naturally defines a weighted category graph i.e., a coarse-grained version of the underlying network. In this paper, we show how to efficiently estimate the category graph from a probability sample of nodes. We prove consistency of our estimators and evaluate their efficiency via simulation. We also apply our methodology to a sample of Facebook users to obtain a number of category graphs, such as the college friendship graph and the country friendship graph. We share and visualize the resulting data at www.geosocialmap.com.
Standard analgesics reverse burrowing deficits in a rat CCI model of neuropathic pain, but not in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes-induced neuropathic pain (2018)

Burrowing performance cannot necessarily be used as pain-related readout across pain models and largely depends on the model used, at least in models of neuropathy. Specifically, analgesic drug effects might be masked by general diabetes-associated alteration of the animals' well-being, resulting in false negative outcomes.