gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Histological and Electrical Properties of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Innervating the Lower Urinary Tract (2003)

We investigated whether primary afferent neurons innervating different regions of the lower urinary tract have different histochemical and electrophysiological properties. Neurons in rat L6–S1 DRG were identified by axonal transport of a fluorescent dye. Neurofilament-negative C-fiber cells comprise ∼70% of bladder and proximal urethral afferent neurons that send axons through the pelvic nerves, but comprise a smaller proportion (51%) of distal urethral neurons that send axons through the pudendal nerves. Isolectin-B4 (IB4) binding was detected in a higher percentage (49%) of C-fiber neurons innervating the distal urethra than in those innervating the bladder or proximal urethra (18–22%). Neurofilament-positive A-fiber neurons innervating the distal urethra had a larger average somal size than neurons innervating the bladder or proximal urethra. In patch-clamp recordings, the majority (70%) of bladder and proximal urethral neurons were sensitive to capsaicin and exhibited TTX-resistant, high-threshold action potentials, whereas a smaller proportion (53%) of distal urethral neurons exhibited TTX-resistant spikes. T-type Ca 2 + currents were observed in 47% of distal urethral neurons with TTX-sensitive spikes, but not in TTX-sensitive bladder or proximal urethral neurons. In summary, afferent neurons innervating bladder or proximal urethra differ from those innervating distal urethra. The latter, which more closely resemble cutaneous afferent neurons, consist of a smaller number of C-fiber neurons containing a higher percentage of IB4-positive cells and a more diverse population of A-fiber neurons, some of which exhibit T-type Ca 2 + channels. These differences may be related to different functions of respective target organs in the lower urinary tract.
Positively selected modifications in the pore of TbAQP2 allow pentamidine to enter Trypanosoma brucei (2020)

Mutations in the <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i> aquaporin AQP2 are associated with resistance to pentamidine and melarsoprol. We show that TbAQP2 but not TbAQP3 was positively selected for increased pore size from a common ancestor aquaporin. We demonstrate that TbAQP2's unique architecture permits pentamidine permeation through its central pore and show how specific mutations in highly conserved motifs affect drug permeation. Introduction of key TbAQP2 amino acids into TbAQP3 renders the latter permeable to pentamidine. Molecular dynamics demonstrates that permeation by dicationic pentamidine is energetically favourable in TbAQP2, driven by the membrane potential, although aquaporins are normally strictly impermeable for ionic species. We also identify the structural determinants that make pentamidine a permeant although most other diamidine drugs are excluded. Our results have wide-ranging implications for optimising antitrypanosomal drugs and averting cross-resistance. Moreover, these new insights in aquaporin permeation may allow the pharmacological exploitation of other members of this ubiquitous gene family.
On the Identity Match Rate in Web Browsing History (2022)

Nowadays, various companies utilize Web browsing history in their business, such as web marketing. Since Web browsing history can be viewed as personal data, the companies may be able to identify a specific individual as the marketing analysis proceeds. In this paper, we assess the privacy risk of Web browsing history from the viewpoint of the identity match rate. The rate roughly evaluates the percentage of the following event in Web browsing history; Given a user's Web access data in a period, exactly the same user has the most similar Web access data in another period among all users in a group. If the identity match rate is high, there are many users whose Web access data in two distinct periods are the closest to each other and linkable. Therefore, it can be said that the privacy risk of such Web browsing history is high. In our privacy risk assessment, we pay attention to browsers' bookmarks. Bookmarks may have a higher privacy risk because they tend to reflect user preferences. In order to give evidence of it, we evaluate the identity match rate with the knowledge of bookmarks. Additionally, we take into account the timestamp and the category of the website for the evaluation. The analyses show that the identity match rate becomes the highest when bookmarks are used, which indicates the high privacy risk.
Supplementary Figures S1-S4 from Expression of a Functional CCR2 Receptor Enhances Tumor Localization and Tumor Eradication by Retargeted Human T cells Expressing a Mesothelin-Specific Chimeric Antibody Receptor (2023)

Supplementary Figures S1-S4 from Expression of a Functional CCR2 Receptor Enhances Tumor Localization and Tumor Eradication by Retargeted Human T cells Expressing a Mesothelin-Specific Chimeric Antibody Receptor
Supplementary Table 1 from Collaboration of Kras and Androgen Receptor Signaling Stimulates EZH2 Expression and Tumor-Propagating Cells in Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 28K, Distinctive features of three tumors derived from mutual synergy of over-expression of AR and activation of Kras and Akt signaling pathways.&lt;/p&gt;
Effect of magnet properties on power density and flux-weakening performance of high-speed interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (2014)

This paper investigates the impact of varying magnet properties on the performance characteristics of interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines for traction applications with a special emphasis on the power density and flux-weakening performance. Several IPM machines utilizing four different grades of magnet materials are optimized to meet a set of traction machine specifications with a minimum total active mass. The designs are then compared based on total active mass, efficiency, flux weakening, high-speed operating characteristics, and a number of other metrics. Results show that magnets with a higher energy-product generally achieve higher torque density in the final machine. However, the relationship between torque density and magnet energy product is nonlinear and requires consideration of other factors including coercivity. These results lead to a better understanding of the engineering tradeoffs encountered by designers who are evaluating use of Dysprosium(Dy)-free Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) or ferrite PM material as lower-cost alternatives to conventional rare-earth magnets.
Performance of polarimetric beamformers for phased array radio telescopes (2011)

The results of four recently introduced beamforming schemes for phased array systems are discussed, each of which is capable to provide high sensitivity and accurate polarimetric performance of array-based radio telescopes. Ideally, a radio polarimeter should recover the actual polarization state of the celestial source, and thus compensate for unwanted polarization degradation effects which are intrinsic to the instrument. In this paper, we compare the proposed beamforming schemes through an example of a practical phased array system (APERTIF prototype) and demonstrate that the optimal beamformer, the max-SLNR beamformer, the eigenvector beamformer, and the bi-scalar beamformer are sensitivity equivalent but lead to different polarization state solutions, some of which are sub-optimal.
Immunosuppression by Fc region‐mismatched anti‐T cell antibody treatment (1995)

Formation of anti-antibodies (anti-Ab) is known to counteract immunotherapy with anti-T cell antibodies. Our previously described immunological approach prevented anti-Ab with the consequence of prolonged survival of fully mismatched skin grafts in C57BL/6 mice. These mice were treated with a single priming injection of a monoclonal anti-T cell Ab followed by repeated injections of anti-T cell mAb differing in species origin from the priming mAb. We now show prolonged tolerance to discordant xenogeneic, to bispecific, and even to polyclonal Ab, and demonstrate that the underlying immunosuppressive principle is due to a difference in heavy chain constant region between first and second antibodies, independent of whether or not they share the same idiotype. To examine this phenomenon, a panel of mAb was generated which share the same mouse anti-Thy-1.2 idiotype, but carry a human IgG1(T23), IgG3(T212C8), or mouse IgG2a(MmT1) constant heavy chain region. We found that sequential injection of MmT1 and T23 according to the above treatment schedule induced huIgG1 isotype-specific tolerance to T23, which was similar to that seen when using a primary mAb (MmT5) that was, instead, fully mismatched with T23 in both idiotype and constant region. Thus, differences of idiotype between primary and booster Ab were inconsequential for their ability to inhibit anti-Ab formation. This novel form of induced specific tolerance to anti-T cell Ig survived graft rejection and was still evident 230 days after termination of the T cell depletion protocol. Taken together, these results demonstrate that rechallenge with Fc region-mismatched Ab opens an immunological window that allows for induction of tolerance to immunogenic anti-T cell Ab and prolonged immunosuppression.
Ultraviolet Femtosecond Pulse Amplification with High Gain Using Solid-State, Broad-Band Gain Medium Ce3+:LiCaAlF6 (2001)

Femtosecond pulse amplification with high gain in the ultraviolet region has been demonstrated using the solid-state, broad-band crystal Ce 3+ :LiCaAlF 6 . With the seed pulses coming from the third harmonic generation of a cw mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, the confocal, four-pass amplifier pumped by 15-mJ, 266-nm, 10-ns pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser demonstrates 60-dB gain and delivers 54-µJ, 289-nm, 200-fs, 10-Hz pulses. There is almost no satellite pulse even without any special single-pulse selection.
A 200-¿V/e<sup>-</sup> CMOS Image Sensor with 100-ke<sup>-</sup> Full Well Capaclty (2007)

A high sensitivity CMOS image sensor without the dynamic range (DR) trade-off has been developed by implementing the small floating diffusion (FD) capacitance in the lateral overflow integration capacitor (CS) embedded pixel circuit. A 1/4-inch VGA chip fabricated through 0.18-μm 2P3M process achieves 200-μV/e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> conversion gain with 100-ke <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> full well capacity, 2.2-e <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> rms noise floor and 93-dB DR. The S/N ratio degradation at the detection node switch from FD to FD+CS is not visible.
Mannose-binding lectin has a direct deleterious effect on ischemic brain microvascular endothelial cells (2019)

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), an initiator of the lectin pathway, is detrimental in ischemic stroke. MBL deposition on the ischemic endothelium indicates the beginning of its actions, but downstream mechanisms are not clear yet.We investigated MBL interactions with the ischemic endothelium by exposing human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) to protocols of ischemia. Cells were exposed to hypoxia or oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), and re-oxygenated with human serum (HS) or recombinant MBL (rhMBL). Hypoxic hBMECs re-oxygenated with HS showed increased complement system activation (C3c deposition, +59%) and MBL deposition (+93%) than normoxic cells. Super-resolution microscopy showed MBL internalization in hypoxic cells and altered cytoskeletal organization, indicating a potential MBL action on the endothelial structure. To isolate MBL effect, hBMECs were re-oxygenated with rhMBL after hypoxia/OGD. In both conditions, MBL reduced viability (hypoxia: -25%, OGD: -34%) compared to conditions without MBL, showing a direct toxic effect. Ischemic cells also showed greater MBL deposition (hypoxia: +143%, OGD: +126%) than normoxic cells. These results were confirmed with primary hBMECs exposed to OGD (increased MBL-induced cell death: +226%, and MBL deposition: +104%). The present findings demonstrate that MBL can exert a direct deleterious effect on ischemic brain endothelial cells in vitro, independently from complement activation.
Limiting the Testing of AST (2015)

Conservatively, $100 million could be saved annually in the US health care budget by selectively limiting AST testing in just the US outpatient environment.
[Inoculating microbes on municipal solid wastes composting affects organic acids and maturity]. (2006)

Inoculating microbes (Meishang compound microbes, MS; Zhongjia fermentation microbes, ZJ) on municipal solid wastes composting which adopted industrialized technology was studied. The dynamic changes of low molecule weight organic acid and high molecule weight humic substance were discussed. The results show that inoculating microbes on municipal solid wastes composting could increase the content of organic acid at initial stage of composting, and decrease that at final stage. But humic substance and humic acid decline at the initial stage, then increase at the final stage of composting. The dynamic changes of organic acid and humification index indicate that inoculating microbes on municipal solid wastes can obviously increase the maturity of composting, and order as follow: MS+ ZJ>ZJ > MS>CK.
[Early events in the development of the nervous system]. (2000)

In the recent years, real advances have been made in our understanding of some aspects of early neural development. A remarkable finding is the identification of neural inducers, the existence of which had been predicted by Mangold and Spemann almost seventy years ago. Another recent and important discovery consists in the identification of several developmental genes and growth factors. Indeed these two classes of molecules participate in the induction and in the physiological and morphological compartmentalization of the nervous system along its anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes.
Autobiographical memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A comparison between the Levine and Kopelman interview methodologies (2012)

Previous studies have produced inconsistent results concerning the two components of autobiographical memory--personal semantic memory and episodic memory. Results in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia of Alzheimer's type (DAT) have varied concerning the existence of a temporal gradient in retrograde amnesia. These results have important theoretical implications regarding multiple trace theory versus standard consolidation models of long-term memory (LTM). We investigated whether this variability arises from differences in the methods used in assessing autobiographical memory. We examined patterns of memory impairment in 20 healthy elderly controls, 20 MCI subjects, and 10 DAT subjects using the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) of Kopelman and the Autobiographical Interview (AI) of Levine. Both the AMI and AI were modified to allow for the test scores to be derived from a single interview without fatiguing the subjects. On the AMI, DAT subjects were significantly impaired on both components of autobiographical memory--episodic memory and personal semantics--with episodic memory showing a significant though gentle temporal gradient sparing childhood memories. Using the AI test, subjects with DAT showed impaired recall of episodic details (but not personal semantics), again with a gentle temporal gradient. Differences between the two interview methods (fewer epochs in the AMI; fewer memories per epoch in the AI) were found to have a significant impact on the pattern of findings; fewer epochs in the AMI brought out the temporal gradient, and fewer memories per epoch (in the AI) diminished it. These data show the importance of technical details of the different tests in favouring one versus another LTM theory. The data are not purely compatible with either theory.
Ultrahigh 22-nm resolution EUV coherent diffraction imaging using a tabletop 13-nm high harmonic source (2012)

We implement coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) using a phase-matched high-harmonic generation (HHG) source at 13 nm, demonstrating reconstructed images with a record 22 nm resolution for any tabletop, light-based microscope. We also demonstrate the first reflection-mode CDI using a compact extreme ultraviolet (EUV) source, achieving &asymp;100 nm resolution. A clear path towards even higher spatial resolution reflection-mode tabletop imaging using apertured-illumination schemes will be discussed.
The design of SafeJML, a specification language for SCJ with support for WCET specification (2010)

Safety-Critical Java (SCJ) is a dialect of Java that allows programmers to implement safety-critical systems, such as software to control airplanes, medical devices, and nuclear power plants. SafeJML extends the Java Modeling Language (JML) to allow specification and checking of both functional and timing constraints for SCJ programs. When our design of the SafeJML is implemented, it will help check the correctness of detailed designs, including timing for real-time systems written in SCJ.
Variable structure control of systems with nonlinear friction (2003)

A new approach to control system design for systems containing uncertain, non-smooth friction is proposed. The method is based on a multi-state backstepping approach to variable structure control design. Stability and robustness properties are investigated and an example is given.
Probing skin interaction with hydrogen peroxide using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (2007)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important oxidizing agent in biological systems. In dermatology, it is frequently used as topical antiseptic, it has a haemostatic function, it can cause skin blanching, and it can facilitate skin tanning. In this work, we investigated skin interaction with hydrogen peroxide, non-invasively, using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. We observed transient changes in the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin concentrations as a result of topical application of dilute H(2)O(2) solutions to the skin, with changes in deoxyhaemoglobin concentration being more pronounced. Furthermore, we did not observe any appreciable changes in melanin absorption properties as well as in the skin scattering properties. We also found no evidence for production of oxidized haemoglobin forms. Our observations are consistent with an at least partial decomposition of hydrogen peroxide within the stratum corneum and epidermis, with the resulting oxygen and/or remaining hydrogen peroxide inducing vasoconstriction to dermal blood vessels and increasing haemoglobin oxygen saturation. An assessment of the effects of topical application of hydrogen peroxide to the skin may serve as the basis for the development of non-invasive techniques to measure skin antioxidant capacity and also may shed light onto skin related disorders such as vitiligo.
Defining a protective epitope on factor H binding protein, a key meningococcal virulence factor and vaccine antigen (2013)

Mapping of epitopes recognized by functional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is essential for understanding the nature of immune responses and designing improved vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. In recent years, identification of B-cell epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies has facilitated the design of peptide-based vaccines against highly variable pathogens like HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, and Helicobacter pylori; however, none of these products has yet progressed into clinical stages. Linear epitopes identified by conventional mapping techniques only partially reflect the immunogenic properties of the epitope in its natural conformation, thus limiting the success of this approach. To investigate antigen-antibody interactions and assess the potential of the most common epitope mapping techniques, we generated a series of mAbs against factor H binding protein (fHbp), a key virulence factor and vaccine antigen of Neisseria meningitidis. The interaction of fHbp with the bactericidal mAb 12C1 was studied by various epitope mapping methods. Although a 12-residue epitope in the C terminus of fHbp was identified by both Peptide Scanning and Phage Display Library screening, other approaches, such as hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (MS) and X-ray crystallography, showed that mAb 12C1 occupies an area of ∼1,000 Å(2) on fHbp, including >20 fHbp residues distributed on both N- and C-terminal domains. Collectively, these data show that linear epitope mapping techniques provide useful but incomplete descriptions of B-cell epitopes, indicating that increased efforts to fully characterize antigen-antibody interfaces are required to understand and design effective immunogens.
C2‐ceramide attenuates phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction and elevation in [Ca2+]i in rat aortic smooth muscle (1999)

In the present study, we examined the effects of cell-permeable C2-ceramide on contraction of aortic smooth muscle and intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). C2-ceramide (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) alone did not elicit any significant changes in either basal tension or resting levels of [Ca2+]i in rat aortic smooth muscle. However, C2-ceramide (10(-7) to 10(-4) M) attenuated phenylephrine-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings in a concentration-related manner, and inhibited elevations in [Ca2+]i in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells induced by phenylephrine. C2-ceramide-induced relaxation was found to be only slightly endothelium-dependent. However, nitric oxide inhibitors (L-NNA, L-NMMA), an inhibitor of prostanoid synthesis (indomethacin), an inhibitor of opiate actions, and several inhibitors of the pharmacologic actions of various vasoactive amines all failed to interfere with the vasorelaxant responses of C2-ceramide. Three different inhibitors of protein kinase C, when used in a wide concentration range, also failed to interfere with the ceramide-induced relaxations. Our results suggest that the sphingomyelin-signaling pathway may play an important regulatory role in arterial wall tone.
Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of the Influenza A Virus Nonstructural Proteins NS1 and NS2 during Natural Cell Infection Identifies PACT as an NS1 Target Protein and Antiviral Host Factor (2014)

Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important human pathogen that is responsible for annual epidemics and occasional devastating pandemics. Viral replication and pathogenicity depends on the interference of viral factors with components of the host defense system, particularly the type I interferon (IFN-I) response. The viral NS1 protein is known to counteract virus recognition and IFN-I production, but the molecular mechanism is only partially defined. We used a novel proteomic approach to identify host proteins that are bound by NS1 during virus replication and identified the protein PACT, which had previously been shown to be involved in virus-mediated IFN-I activation. We find that NS1 prevents PACT from interacting with an essential component of the virus recognition pathway, RIG-I, thereby disabling efficient IFN-I production. These observations provide an important piece of information on how IAV efficiently counteracts the host immune defense.
Seleno‐ and Telluroformaldehyde as Bridging Ligands in Organometallic Complexes (1983)

Abstract The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983 , 363. DOI: 10.1002/anie.198303630