gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Cardiac MR Imaging: Practical Remedies for Artifacts (2008)

With ongoing technical advances in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the clinical demand for cardiac MR evaluations has been increasing. Cardiac MR imaging techniques have evolved from traditional spin-echo sequences to breath-hold spoiled gradient-echo and balanced steady-state free precession sequences. The most recently developed techniques allow evaluation of myocardial function, perfusion, and viability; coronary angiography; flow quantification; and standard morphologic assessments. However, even with the most sophisticated acquisition techniques, artifacts commonly occur at cardiac MR imaging. Knowledge of the origin, imaging appearance, and significance of these artifacts is essential to avoid misinterpreting them as true lesions. Some artifacts are caused by simple errors in positioning of the patient, coil, or electrocardiographic leads; radiofrequency interference from nearby electronic equipment; or metallic objects within the magnetic field. Others are directly related to a specific MR imaging sequence or technique. Accelerated imaging techniques such as parallel imaging, which are used to shorten acquisition and breath-hold times in cardiac evaluations, are particularly vulnerable to artifacts. If an artifact severely degrades image quality, the acquisition should be repeated with appropriate adjustments to decrease or eliminate the problem.
Antenna Library for IoT Devices with Antenna Boosters (2021)

An antenna library is proposed in order to design an antenna system for a wireless device using a circuit-based simulator. The library comprises a set of S-parameters corresponding to a small antenna element (antenna booster) on different wireless platform representative of devices such as smart-meter or smart-watches. The library is useful to wireless engineers to analyse at the very beginning of a design project if bandwidth specifications can be achieved for a given PCB using only a circuit simulator.
Hybrid Nanomembranes for High Power and High Energy Density Supercapacitors and Their Yarn Application (2011)

We report mechanically robust, electrically conductive, free-standing, and transparent hybrid nanomembranes made of densified carbon nanotube sheets that were coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) using vapor phase polymerization and their performance as supercapacitors. The hybrid nanomembranes with thickness of ~66 nm and low areal density of ~15 μg/cm(2)exhibited high mechanical strength and modulus of 135 MPa and 12.6 GPa, respectively. They also had remarkable shape recovery ability in liquid and at the liquid/air interface unlike previous carbon nanotube sheets. The hybrid nanomembrane attached on a current collector had volumetric capacitance of ~40 F/cm(3) at 100 V s(-1) (~40 and ~80 times larger than that of onion-like carbon measured at 100 V s(-1) and activated carbon measured at 20 V s(-1), respectively), and it showed rectangular shapes of cyclic voltammograms up to ~5 V s(-1). High mechanical strength and flexibility of the hybrid nanomembrane enabled twisting it into microsupercapacitor yarns with diameters of ~30 μm. The yarn supercapacitor showed stable cycling performance without a metal current collector, and its capacitance decrease was only ~6% after 5000 cycles. Volumetric energy and power density of the hybrid nanomembrane was ~70 mWh cm(-3) and ~7910 W cm(-3), and the yarn possessed the energy and power density of ~47 mWh cm(-3) and ~538 W cm(-3).
High Moisture Barrier with Synergistic Combination of SiOx and Polyelectrolyte Nanolayers (2019)

Abstract The lifespan of most organic electronics, and many types of food, depend on the oxygen and moisture barrier of the packaging materials. Despite exhibiting excellent oxygen barrier and being relatively easy to produce, polyelectrolyte multilayer nanocoatings (PEM) show limited moisture barrier. SiO x thin films can exhibit good moisture barrier, but rigidity that leads to cracking is a challenge for flexible packaging. In this work, layer‐by‐layer assembled PEM coatings are paired with inorganic SiO x to form a three‐layer sandwich‐type moisture barrier. The barrier property of this organic/inorganic/organic structure is an order of magnitude better than any individual component or other combination thereof. This behavior is attributed to the underlying PEM layer smoothing the substrate surface and the top PEM layer eliminating defects in the underlying SiO x . This study provides a new twist in the development of flexible films with exceptional moisture barrier.
AN ANATOMIC STUDY OF CORONOID CARTILAGE THICKNESS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FRACTURES (2012)

Purpose Current coronoid fracture classification systems are based on fragment size and configuration using plain radiographs and/or CT. During surgery, coronoid fracture fragments appear much larger than anticipated because cartilage is radiolucent and therefore not taken into account with preoperative imaging. The purpose of this study was to quantify the articular cartilage thickness of the coronoid process, with reference to coronoid fracture classifications. Method Twenty-four cadaveric ulnae were dissected, imaged, and analyzed using the OsiriX software program (3.6–64 bit, Geneva). Thirteen identifiable landmarks were chosen on the coronoid, olecranon and proximal radioulnar joint to measure articular cartilage thickness. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability were calculated. Results Cartilage thickness was highest at the coronoid tip with a mean of 3.0 mm (range, 1.7–4.6mm). Cartilage thickness at the tip was inversely correlated with age (p Conclusion The thickness of cartilage on the coronoid tip is not insignificant. For example, a 2mm coronoid tip fracture on CT scan may actually appear to be 6 mm thick when viewed clinically at the time of surgery, which may alter the classification category, the decision to treat, or the fixation chosen. Similarly, published cadaveric biomechanical studies have incorporated the thickness of cartilage when creating simulated fractures, introducing a discrepancy between biomechanical studies and clinical studies relying on radiographs. Surgeons should be aware of this discrepancy.
Safety characteristics of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (2006)

Layered Li0.45(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 and Li0.55(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 materials have been, respectively, prepared by a chemical delithiation of layered Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 compounds using NO2BF4 oxidizer in an acetonitrile medium. The thermal gravimetric results show that both Li0.45(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 and Li0.55(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 powders release oxygen starting from 190 and 250 °C with an overall oxygen loss of 11 and 9 wt% at 900 °C, respectively. The results show that the oxygen release from these delithiated powders was associated with the occurrence of several structural transformations, ranging from a R3¯m→Fd3m (layered → spinel) transition to a Fd3m → Fm3m (spinel → NiO-type) transition. The 3 wt% weight gain, solely observed for Li0.55(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 between 800 °C and room temperature, involved a reversible Fd3m⇆Fm3m(spinel⇆NiO-type) structural transition. The reactivity of these delithiated powders with electrolytes was investigated by a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) between room temperature and 375 °C. In the case of Li0.55(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 powder, the DSC result shows that the oxidation of the electrolyte was delayed by 50 °C toward high temperatures with the generation of lower heat when compared to Li0.45(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 powder. The relationship between the safety characteristics of Li0.45(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 and Li0.55(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 powders and their thermal stability was discussed in the light of their structural rearrangement during the thermal heating processes.
Laser Processing For 3D Junctionless Transistor Fabrication (2019)

To take fully advantage of Junctionless transistor (JLT) low-cost and low-temperature features we investigate a 475°C process to create onto a wafer a thin poly-Si layer on insulator. We fabricated a 13nm doped (Phosphorous, 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> at/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) poly-silicon film featuring excellent roughness values (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> = 1.6nm and RMS=0.2nm). Guidelines for grain size optimization using nanosecond (ns) laser annealing are given.
Dimensional stability of a metastable FCC high entropy alloy (2021)

In this work, a metastable face-centered cubic High Entropy Alloy (HEA) Fe35.0Co28.7Ni24.8Cr1.1Al1.3V4.5Ti1.2Nb2.8Si0.6 was found to exhibit significantly suppressed thermal expansion coefficient (6.0 ppm/K) and stable Young's modulus over a wide temperature range. Experimental and theoretical analyses suggest that both Invar and Elinvar effects were present; in addition, the metastability of this alloy with respect to the first-order phase transition and the magnetic second-order phase transition led to abrupt changes in thermal expansion behavior. The first-order phase transition was associated with the formation of a plate-like D019 phase. The magnetic second-order phase transition decreased the Invar effect and the Elinvar effect and resulted in a significant magnetic entropy difference (−3.12 J kg−1 K−1) in this HEA of interest.
SU‐C‐134‐03: Selecting a Cardiac‐Specific CT System Architecture (2013)

Purpose: To identify the most promising system architecture(s) for a cardiac CT‐specific scanner of the future by performing a broad search and comparative evaluation of candidate architectures. Methods: We first performed a literature survey and consulted with cardiologists in order to identify the critical requirements for a cardiac CT scanner. Based on these requirements, we considered a broad range of potential architectures. We developed a scoring system to rate these candidates with respect to performance, development simplicity, and production cost (value). We applied our scoring system to identify the most promising candidate architectures. We then performed a more detailed analysis of six high‐scoring candidates; we evaluated the detailed results using a Six Sigma Priority Matrix. Results: We identified the following key requirements for a cardiac‐specific CT scanner: 300 mm transaxial field of view (FOV); 160 mm longitudinal coverage; 50 ms temporal resolution; 20 lp/mm spatial resolution; 10 Hounsfield Units (HU) noise; and &lt;1 mSv radiation dose. Facilitated using TRIZ methods, we identified thirty potential architectures that could be applied for a cardiac‐specific CT scanner. These architectures were selected from classes including single‐and multiple‐source/detector third‐generation designs; designs with multiple focal spots in one and two dimensions; a variety of fully‐and semi‐stationary designs; and two rather novel concepts. Of these, we ultimately identified two architectures that best satisfy the key requirements and are most likely to provide a solution as a high performance CT scanner of the future: a triple‐source system and an arc‐source system. Conclusion: This work indicates that there is an opportunity to develop a CT system specifically for cardiac imaging that can substantially exceed the performance of contemporary general‐purpose CT scanners, and provide very high temporal resolution, diagnostic quality images of the entire heart, at very low radiation dose. This work was supported by NIH/NIBIB grant EB011785.
Sensitization of breast cancer to Herceptin by redox active nanoparticles. (2021)

Herceptin-resistant tumor relapse remains a major clinical issue responsible for the poor prognosis of HER2<sup>+</sup> breast cancer. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and finding a therapeutic solution are of paramount urgency to improve the patient management. Here we report that anticancer redox active cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) can potently sensitize the cancer cells to the cytotoxicity of Herceptin. By comparing between Herceptin-sensitive and Herceptin-resistant human breast cancer cell lines under normoxic as well as hypoxic culture conditions, we found that in the presence of CONPs, Herceptin can kill the Herceptin-resistant cells equally effectively as it kills the Herceptin-sensitive cells under the hypoxic, but not normoxic, culture conditions by inhibiting the cell viability, survival and proliferation. Signaling analysis reveals that under the normoxic conditions, the levels of hypoxia induced factor 1α as well as vascular endothelial growth factor are higher in the Herceptin-resistant cells than that in the Herceptin-sensitive cells and are strongly induced once the culture is switched to the hypoxic conditions, which can be potently suppressed by CONPs. Treatment with CONPs plus Herceptin significantly slows down the primary tumor growth and lung metastasis of the Herceptin-resistant cells in a xenograft mouse model of orthotopic breast cancer through inhibiting the cell proliferation and survival as well as tumor angiogenesis. These results shed new lights on the mechanisms underlying the Herceptin resistance of the HER2<sup>+</sup> breast cancer and provide insights into introducing CONPs-like agents to Herceptin-based therapy to improve treatment outcomes.
Artificial in Vivo Biofiltration: Slow Continuous Intravenous Plasmafiltration (SCIP) and Artificial Organ Support (2004)

An intravenous plasmafiltration (SCIP) catheter has been developed and is proposed for clinical investigation into the alleviation of acute fluid overload by SCUF of the extracted plasma. The system utilizes a unique backflushing technique, high intravenous shear flow rates and biocompatible polymers to minimize protein and platelet aggregation along the filter surfaces. The absence of platelets from the extracted plasma promotes the longevity of ultrafiltration cartridges, thus theoretically minimizing attendant labor associated with continuous renal replacement therapies. Clinical studies are currently being planned for the near future. Plasma SCUF is envisioned as a predecessor technology to future applications in therapeutic apheresis, tissue engineering, therapeutic sorbent technologies. Further, with improved longevity profiles, intravenous SCUF or dialysis and implantable or wearable artificial organs based upon artificial in vivo biofiltration are possible.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Gene and Isoform Regulation in Mammalian Tissues (2012)

Most mammalian genes produce multiple distinct messenger RNAs through alternative splicing, but the extent of splicing conservation is not clear. To assess tissue-specific transcriptome variation across mammals, we sequenced complementary DNA from nine tissues from four mammals and one bird in biological triplicate, at unprecedented depth. We find that while tissue-specific gene expression programs are largely conserved, alternative splicing is well conserved in only a subset of tissues and is frequently lineage-specific. Thousands of previously unknown, lineage-specific, and conserved alternative exons were identified; widely conserved alternative exons had signatures of binding by MBNL, PTB, RBFOX, STAR, and TIA family splicing factors, implicating them as ancestral mammalian splicing regulators. Our data also indicate that alternative splicing often alters protein phosphorylatability, delimiting the scope of kinase signaling.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Analogues of the Insect Neuropeptide Proctolin Containing an Oxazole Ring as an Amide Bond Replacement. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Use of Protein Microarrays for Molecular Network Analysis and Signal-Pathway Profiling (2007)

Development of gene microarrays brought about the functional genomics phase in which relative expression from thousands of genes can be measured at once, which can be employed to correlate gene-expression patterns with disease classification and predict response to therapy. Tissue-based diagnosis of human disease has largely occurred under the rubric of the medical specialty of anatomic pathology. Gene microarray studies have been able uncover several distinct gene-expression patterns that correlate with distinct patient outcome patterns not readily apparent by pathologic analysis. The integrity of cellular proteins is preserved during microdissection, which allows for subsequent quantitative analysis in gene or protein microarrays or mass spectrometry analysis. There are two major classes of protein microarrays: forward-phase arrays and reverse-phase arrays. Proteins are assembled into complex networks through a variety of protein–protein interactions in both extracellular and intracellular microenvironments. A therapeutic regime in the future will likely be one in which a cocktail of selected inhibitors, chosen based on the patient-specific molecular network.
Raman Spectroscopy as a Potential Tool for Early Diagnosis of Malignancies in Esophageal and Bladder Tissues (2001)

Abstract This chapter outlines the use of Raman spectroscopy for discrimination of pathologies in the bladder and esophagus based upon the biochemical signature accompanying the disease process. This has great strength in that objective molecular‐specific analysis becomes possible for diagnosis and understanding of carcinogenesis processes. The importance of the gold‐standard histopathology, sample handling procedures and spectrometer standardization are outlined. Methods of sampling in vivo and in vitro are discussed and discrimination methodologies are demonstrated. Finally exploitation of the inherent biochemical signature found within the tissues is explored and an attempt is made to provide relative concentrations of significant biochemical components.
Visualizing orientation-specific relaxation-diffusion features mapped onto orientation distribution functions estimated via nonparametric Monte Carlo MRI signal inversion (2020)

ABSTRACT Diffusion MRI techniques are widely used to study in vivo changes in the human brain connectome. However, to resolve and characterise white matter fibres in heterogeneous diffusion MRI voxels remains a challenging problem typically approached with signal models that rely on prior information and restrictive constraints. We have recently introduced a 5D relaxation-diffusion correlation framework wherein multidimensional diffusion encoding strategies are used to acquire data at multiple echo-times in order to increase the amount of information encoded into the signal and ease the constraints needed for signal inversion. Nonparametric Monte Carlo inversion of the resulting datasets yields 5D relaxation-diffusion distributions where contributions from different sub-voxel tissue environments are separated with minimal assumptions on their microscopic properties. Here, we build on the 5D correlation approach to derive fibre-specific metrics that can be mapped throughout the imaged brain volume. Distribution components ascribed to fibrous tissues are resolved, and subsequently mapped to a dense mesh of overlapping orientation bins in order to define a smooth orientation distribution function (ODF). Moreover, relaxation and diffusion measures are correlated to each independent ODF coordinate, thereby allowing the estimation of orientation-specific relaxation rates and diffusivities. The proposed method is tested on a healthy volunteer, where the estimated ODFs were observed to capture major WM tracts, resolve fibre crossings, and, more importantly, inform on the relaxation and diffusion features along distinct fibre bundles. If combined with fibre-tracking algorithms, the methodology presented in this work may be useful for investigating the microstructural properties along individual white matter pathways.
The Personal Genome Project Canada: findings from whole genome sequences of the inaugural 56 participants (2018)

Our analyses identified a spectrum of genetic variants with potential health impact in 25% of participants. When also considering recessive alleles and variants with potential pharmacologic relevance, all 56 participants had medically relevant findings. Although access is mostly limited to research, whole genome sequencing can provide specific and novel information with the potential of major impact for health care.
Cu-Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Dialkyl- and Diarylzinc Reagents to Acyclic β-Silyl-α,β-unsaturated Ketones. Synthesis of Allylsilanes in High Diastereo- and Enantiomeric Purity (2007)

A readily available and simple (MW = 444.5 g/mol) valine-based chiral phosphine is used to promote highly efficient catalytic asymmetric conjugate additions of dialkyl- and diarylzinc reagents to acyclic beta-silyl-alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones. The catalytic asymmetric protocol allows access to versatile allylsilanes that bear a trisubstituted olefin in high diastereo- and enantiomeric purity.
Barcoding quarantine nematodes and their close relatives: an update on the QBOL-project. (2011)

Identification of plant pests, in particular quarantine species, needs to be fast and accurate to enable timely plant protection measures. In addition, a false diagnosis can cause serious financial losses for trade and producers. It is now well established that genetically based diagnosis is a reliable alternative to the classical identification procedures generally based on morphological features, which usually require expert taxonomic skills. On the other hand, genetic diagnosis through the use of DNA-barcodes, i.e. stretches of DNA that contain taxon-specific information, can be performed by any skilled laboratory worker. The European Union 7th framework project QBOL aims to establish DNA-barcodes for all European quarantine organisms as well as their close relatives. The results and protocols will be disseminated in the publicly available and curated database Q-BANK. To enable genetically based identification requires knowledge of the genetic variation both within and between the species of interest as well as their close relatives. For the nematodes, several gene regions (the COI, COII, SSU, LSU and RNA polymerase subunit II) are being evaluated for their barcoding potential.
iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 have abnormal ion channel functions and slower conduction velocities (2021)

Cardiac complications such as electrical abnormalities including conduction delays and arrhythmias are the main cause of death in individuals with Myotonic Dystrophy type 1 (DM1). We developed a disease model using iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) from a healthy individual and two DM1 patients with different CTG repeats lengths and clinical history (DM1-1300 and DM1-300). We confirmed the presence of toxic RNA foci and mis-spliced MBNL1/2 transcripts in DM1 iPSC-CMs. In DM1-1300, we identified a switch in the cardiac sodium channel SCN5A from the adult to the neonatal isoform. The down-regulation of adult SCN5A isoforms is consistent with a shift in the sodium current activation to depolarized potentials observed in DM1-1300. L-type calcium current density was higher in iPSC-CMs from DM1-1300, which is correlated with the overexpression of the Ca<sub>V</sub>1.2 transcript and proteins. Importantly, I<sub>Na</sub> and I<sub>CaL</sub> dysfunctions resulted in prolonged action potentials duration, slower velocities, and decreased overshoots. Optical mapping analysis revealed a slower conduction velocity in DM1-1300 iPSC-CM monolayers. In conclusion, our data revealed two distinct ions channels perturbations in DM1 iPSC-CM from the patient with cardiac dysfunction, one affecting Na<sup>+</sup> channels and one affecting Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. Both have an impact on cardiac APs and ultimately on heart conduction.