gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Characterization of Low NOx Micromix Prototype Combustors for Industrial Gas Turbine Applications (2011)

The use of renewable discontinuous energy sources, such as wind- or solar-energy, raises the question of ensuring the continuous demand for energy. For future energy storage scenarios, hydrogen combustion systems play an important role. This offers new opportunities for alternative combustion processes with regard to efficient, safe and low NOx combustion of hydrogen. In addition hydrogen combustion technology will be in need of gas turbine technology for future IGCC power plant concepts. Against the background of ensuring a secure and low NOx combustion of hydrogen, the micromix burning principle is developed since years and was first investigated for the use in aircraft jet engines to significantly reduce NOx-emissions. This combustion principle is based on cross-flow mixing of air and gaseous hydrogen and burns in multiple miniaturized diffusion type flames. The two advantages of this principle are the inherent safety against flash back and the low NOx-emissions due to a very short residence time of reactants in the flame region of the micro-flames. The paper presents an experimental in depth analysis of the combustion principle with regards to low NOx-emissions for higher energy densities. Therefore several geometric variations were investigated and the burning principle was scaled and tested for higher energy densities up to 15 MW/(m2bar). For the different geometries and energy densities, combustion stability, flame anchoring behavior and associated NOx-emissions are tested under preheated atmospheric conditions. The experimental results show the successful scaling of the micromix principle for high energy densities. The general mapping of the test burners demonstrates a wide operating range. Flow phenomena influencing the flame lifting and flame anchoring position with respect to the resulting NOx-emission are analyzed. The investigations highlight further potential for NOx-reduction in industrial gas turbine applications.
Diethyl Ethoxymethylenemalonate (2013)

(R = Et) [87-13-8] C10H16O5 (MW 216.23) InChI = 1S/C10H16O5/c1-4-13-7-8(9(11)14-5-2)10(12)15-6-3/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = LTMHNWPUDSTBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R = Me) [22398-14-7] C7H10O5 (MW 174.15) InChI = 1S/C7H10O5/c1-10-4-5(6(8)11-2)7(9)12-3/h4H,1-3H3 InChIKey = RHFZTBSULNJWEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (push–pull alkene;1 1,4-addition–elimination (AdN–E);2 quinoline derivatives;3 1,4-addition;4 [3 + 2] cycloadditions;5 Diels–Alder reaction;6 protecting group for amino sugars7 and amino acids;8 oxo-Meldrum's acid9) Physical Data: R = Et: bp 108–110 °C/0.25 mmHg; d 1.070 g cm−3. R = Me:2h mp 44–45 °C; bp 106 °C/0.7 mmHg. Solubility: sol ethanol and diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: clear liquid; widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: n20D = 1.4612–1.4623. Preparative Method: prepared by heating Triethyl Orthoformate, Diethyl Malonate, Acetic Anhydride, and catalytic amounts of Zinc Chloride.10 Purification: fractional vacuum distillation.
Exact analysis of the Schmitt trigger oscillator (1984)

An exact analysis of the operation of the Schmitt trigger oscillator is presented and compared with previous methods of analysis. The analysis includes an exact closed-form expression for the oscillator period.
Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues (2016)

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences the transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in mammalian female cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, characteristically incomplete in humans: up to one third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of “escape” from inactivation varying between genes and individuals 1, 2 (Fig. 1). However, the extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized 3,4 , as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression 5 and phenotypic traits 6 . Here we report a systematic survey of XCI using a combination of over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues, and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, integrated with genomic sequence data (Fig. 1). By combining information across these data types we show that XCI at the 683 X-chromosomal genes assessed is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven new escape genes supported by multiple lines of evidence, and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, thus establishing incomplete XCI as a likely mechanism introducing phenotypic diversity 6,7 . Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues informs our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.
Methodology for Analyzing ATSC 3.0 Single Frequency Network Overlapped Area Based on Spatial Interpolation (2019)

In extending the single frequency network (SFN), it is inevitable that the newly added broadcasting stations are established while the existing broadcasting stations are being operated. To identify the SFN signal overlapped area before and after the construction and to check whether the newly added transmitter signals are stably inter-operable to those of the existing transmitters without self-interference, the measurement vehicle should be fixed at a certain measurement point and the transmitter must be turned on and off up-to-date. Hence, as the number of fixed measurement points increases, the transmitters will be exposed to severe stress. Additionally, because the fixed measurement takes a long time to collect enough volume of data, it is not practical to use the old technology as it is. In this study, we propose a novel method to collect the field test data by mobile measurement under the fixed transmitter condition, i.e., turned on or off. Then, the difference between the two results is calculated using data processed by spatial interpolation to determine the SFN signal overlapped area quickly. After applying this to field test data, it is confirmed that coverage of each transmission site obtained by the proposed method is almost identical to that of the coverage prediction and planning software.
Spatial Distribution Analysis of Self-Heating Effect in High-Voltage MOSFETs (2009)

We have analyzed the self-heating effect in high-voltage (HV) MOSFETs, and have found that the self-heating effect first becomes larger with increasing gate-source voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> due to the current-density increase. However, it then starts to get smaller again with further increased V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> . The reason is the spatial energy dissipation accompanied with the carrier injection into the resistive drift region. The effect is modeled and implemented into the circuit simulation model HiSIM-HV for HV-MOSFETs, and verified for real applications. It is shown that the magnitude of the self-heating effect on the drain current of HV-MOSFETs is not so drastic as normally expected. However, the self-heating which occurs in the drift region cannot be ignored, and must be considered as a thermal source for the electro/thermal simulation.
Development of Expert System for Injection Molding Operations (1992)

In order to develop a computer system to optimize injection molding conditions, we have applied a new software program called Artificial Intelligence and inputted knowledge or “know-how” from several injection molding experts. For this system, we have developed a new approach, that is, a “Multi-dimensional Matrix” method that can represent the relationship between each parameter (injection speed, pressure, temperature, …etc.) and knowledge, and an original inference structure that infers countermeasures of defects using the knowledge.In this paper, we present an outline of the Expert System and how we changed knowledge into AI rules. At the same time we demonstrate several good examples of injection molding procedure that were optimized by this Expert System.
WE-C-351-05: Dose Reduction in Kilovotage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Radiation Therapy (2008)

Purpose: To develop an effective method of improving low-dose kV CBCT image quality using statistics-based sinogram smoothing so that the patient's imaging dose can be greatly reduced through the use of low-mAs protocol. Method and Materials: Based on the sinogram noise properties, a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) objective function was constructed, and the ideal sinogram was then estimated by minimizing the PWLS objection function. The variance of sinogram data was chosen as the weight the PWLS objective function and it determined the contribution of each measurement. To preserve edge information during noise reduction, we proposed an anisotropic quadratic form penalty. The quadratic form penalty encourages equivalence between neighbors and the anisotropic penalty provides the mechanism to control the influence of different neighbors according to its corresponding gradient. The proposed anisotropic penalty tends to discourage equivalence between neighbors if the gradient is large, thus edge information will be preserved in the smoothed sinogram. Two experimental phantom studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented algorithm. CBCT projection images were acquired by the ExactArms (kV source/detector arms) of a Varian Trilogy™ treatment system. Results: Noise in the reconstructed CBCT image acquired with the low-mAs protocol was greatly suppressed after the proposed sinogram image processing, without noticeable sacrifice of the spatial resolution. For both phantoms, image quality of the low-dose (100 mAs/projection) CBCT reconstructed from the sinogram processed by the PWLS criterion is comparable to its corresponding normal-dose (800 mAs/projection) images in terms of contrast-to-noise ratio and fine structures preservation. Conclusion: The presented PWLS sinogram smoothing algorithm reduces CBCT radiation dose by a factor of 1/8 without compromising the quality of reconstructed images.
Clinical translation of MS-based, quantitative plasma proteomics: status, challenges, requirements, and potential (2016)

This article reviews the status, challenges, requirements, and potential of translating current, MS-based methods to the clinical laboratory. The described methods are discussed and contrasted within a fit-for-purpose approach, while different resources for quality control, quantitative analysis, and data interpretation are additionally provided. Expert commentary: Although great strides have been made over the past five years in developing reliable quantitative assays for plasma protein biomarkers, it is crucial for investigators to have an understanding of the clinical validation process, a major roadblock in translational research. Continued progress in method design and validation of protein assays is necessary to ultimately achieve widespread adoption and regulatory approval.
Wavefront-sensor-induced beam size error: physical mechanism, sensitivity-analysis and correction method (2015)

When using a commonly-used quadri-wave lateral shearing interferometer wavefront sensor (QWLSI WFS) for beam size measurements on a high power CO2 laser, artefacts have been observed in the measured irradiance distribution. The grating in the QWLSI WFS not only generates the diffracted first orders that are required for introducing the shear, but also diffracts significantly into higher orders. Consequently, in the few millimeters of free space propagation between the QWLSI WFS grating and its imaging device, the beam size may increase significantly (particularly for infrared wavelengths). This error is typically not accounted for in the subsequent processing of measurement data. To gain insight in this undesirable behavior, physical models of the QWLSI WFS using both complex wave propagation and analytic propagation of the D4sigma beam diameter (and its associated M<sup>2</sup>) throughout the system have been developed. These models show excellent agreement to experimental data, and indicate that in typical situations the sensor-induced beam size error can easily be 40% or more. Although the QWLSI WFS may not originally be intended for beam size measurements, in most industrial applications cost- and volume limitations will often lead to multiple use of sensor data. To aid in the adequate implementation of a QWLSI WFS for determining beam size, the dependence of the sensor-induced beam size error on various system parameters has been determined (e.g. incoming beam size, grating-to-imager distance, grating geometry, wavelength). Using the presented models and guidelines, the sensor-induced beam size error may be minimized and corrected for.
Effect of Various Cleaning Solutions and Brush Scrubber Kinematics on the Frictional Attributes of Post Copper CMP Cleaning Process (2009)

Brush scrubbing has been widely used in post chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications to remove contaminations, such as slurry residues and particles, from the wafer surface. During brush scrubbing, particle removal results from direct contact between a soft poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) brush and the wafer surface in which the brush asperities engulf the particles while the rotating motion of the brush, as well as the cleaning fluid at the surface, dislodge and carry the particles away from the wafer. The cleaning performance of brush scrubbing depends heavily on the choice of the cleaning solution and brush scrubber kinematics. In this work, the effect of various cleaning solutions and brush scrubber kinematics on the frictional attributes of post copper CMP cleaning process was investigated.
Dual regulation of hepatitis C viral RNA by cellular RNAi requires partitioning of Ago2 to lipid droplets and P-bodies (2011)

The antiviral role of RNA interference (RNAi) in humans remains to be better understood. In RNAi, Ago2 proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) form endonucleolytically active complexes which down-regulate expression of target mRNAs. P-bodies, cytoplasmic centers of mRNA decay, are involved in these pathways. Evidence exists that hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes host cellular RNAi machinery, including miRNA-122, Ago1-4, and Dicer proteins for replication and viral genome translation in Huh7 cells by, so far, nebulous mechanisms. Conversely, synthetic siRNAs have been used to suppress HCV replication. Here, using a combination of biochemical, transfection, confocal imaging, and digital image analysis approaches, we reveal that replication of HCV RNA depends on recruitment of Ago2 and miRNA-122 to lipid droplets, while suppression of HCV RNA by siRNA and Ago2 involves interaction with P-bodies. Such partitioning of Ago2 proteins into different complexes and separate subcellular domains likely results in modulation of their activity by different reaction partners. We propose a model in which partitioning of host RNAi and viral factors into physically and functionally distinct subcellular compartments emerges as a mechanism regulating the dual interaction of cellular RNAi with HCV RNA.
A Portable Non-Invasive Biosensor Based Approach To Actively Assess Cognitive Function In Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Beyond (P4.197) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: To assess a novel wireless single lead electroencephalography (EEG) system’s ability to detect diagnostic features of Alzheimer’s disease and early forms of cognitive impairment. BACKGROUND: Non-invasive biomarkers are emerging as essential tools for the development of effective drugs and as diagnostic aids to primary care physicians and neurologists. Static imaging (MRI/PET/SPECT) and fluid based (blood and CSF) biomarkers have the limitation that they don’t typically capture inherent brain physiology and dynamic processes. The present study evaluates a telemetric EEG device for the physiological assessment of brain health looking at multivariate classifiers DESIGN/METHODS: Recent advances in wireless EEG hardware have enabled Cerora to develop a novel activated EEG system (MindReaderTM) to focus the physiological assessment of brain health while activating various sensory circuits during cognitive tasks. We recently published our first pilot study on Alzheimer’s disease using Discrete Wavelet Transform methods (in N=14 Controls vs N=10 mild Alzheimer’s patients [Ghorbanian et al, Annals Biomed Eng 41(6):1243-1257 (2013)”-To differentiate mild AD patient’s from age-matched controls”]. This abstract extends the results using Continuous Wavelet transforms with additional diagnostic power. RESULTS: Several independent features show good diagnostic accuracy when surveyed from over 150 published or proprietary EEG biomarkers for each of 16 tasks per subject. Clinical performance ranged from mediocre (60 % sensitivity, 60% specificity) to modest (75% / 72% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: : A physiologically focused battery of activated EEG tasks is able to probe elements of brain circuits not presently assessed with standard resting state (Eyes Open or Eyes Closed) quantitative EEG. The simplicity of the MindReader approach offers an alternative approach to rapidly, portably and non-invasively assess brain health. Multi-variate models can enhance diagnostic accuracy, although further work extending these preliminary results is required to develop the necessary activated EEG signatures to map the brain for its age-related, normal and abnormal signatures Study Supported by: Cerora Inc
Synthesis of 5-amino- and 5-hydroxy-3,3-difluoropiperidines (2010)

Synthetic routes toward new 5-amino- and 5-hydroxy-3,3-difluoropiperidines, which are of high interest as building blocks in medicinal chemistry, are described. The key step involves the N-halosuccinimide-induced cyclization of 2,2-difluoro-4-pentenylamines toward 5-halo-3,3-difluoropiperidines, which were used to synthesize 5-amino-3,3-difluoropiperidine. In a second strategy, iodolactonization of 2,2-difluoro-4-pentenoic acid gave the corresponding γ-lactone, which was transformed into 5-hydroxy-3,3-difluoropiperidine.
STEROIDS: II. THE STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE ADDITION OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS TO 12-KETOSTEROIDS (1961)

The action of methyl magnesium iodide on 3α,20α-diacetoxypregnan-12-one (IIa) led to the formation of the epimeric 12-methyl-12-hydroxypregnanes III and V, in which the 12α-hydroxy-12β-methyl isomer III predominated.Infrared measurements on the corresponding 12-hydroxy-12-methylpregnane-3,20-diones VI and IV permitted unambiguous assignment of configuration at C 12 .The pregnanedione IV was transformed to 12β-hydroxy-12α-methylprogesterone.
A 19 GHz FET amplifier (1986)

A 19 GHz FET amplifier has been designed, built and tested using the Avanteck FET chip AT-8061. ‘Supercompact’ was used for the design. There is good agreement between the predicted and measured single-stage amplifier performances. The novelty in this work is the compactness and extreme light weight of the total amplifier assembly. Predictions for two- and three-stage amplifiers are also given.
Multi-wavelength digital holographic microscopy for sub-micron topography of reflecting specimens (2007)

The study of the internal structures of specimens has a great importance in life and materials sciences. The principle of optical diffraction tomography (ODT) consists in recording the complex wave diffracted by an object, while changing the k vector of the illuminating wave. This way, the frequency domain of the specimen is scanned, allowing reconstructing the scattering potential of the sample in the spatial domain. This work presents a method for sub-micron tomographic imaging using multiple wavelengths in digital holographic microscopy. This method is based on the recording at different wavelengths equally separated in the k-domain, of the interference between an off-axis reference wave and an object wave reflected by a microscopic specimen and magnified by a microscope objective. A charged coupled device (CCD) camera records consecutively the holograms, which are then numerically reconstructed following the convolution formulation to obtain each corresponding complex object wavefronts. Their relative phases are adjusted to be equal in a given plane of interest and the resulting complex wavefronts are summed. The result of this operation is a constructive addition of complex waves in the selected plane and a destructive one in the others. Tomography is thus obtained by the attenuation of the amplitude out of the plane of interest. Numerical variation of the plane of interest enables to scan the object in depth. For the presented simulations and experiments, twenty wavelengths are used in the 480-700 nm range. The result is a sectioning of the object in slices of 725 nm thick.
Abstract B041: DCLK1 isoforms 2 and 4 c-terminal extracellular binding domain mediates PDAC tumorigenesis through protein-protein interactions (2022)

Abstract Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) plays a major role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Elevated expression of DCLK1 in patient tumors leads to poor overall survival, however, the precise mechanisms that regulate the pro-tumorigenic functions of DCLK1 continue to be explored. We have reported that the proprietary monoclonal antibody, CBT-15, binds to the C-terminal extracellular domain of DCLK1 isoforms 2/4 in PDAC and treatment with CBT-15 resulted in tumor xenograft growth arrest in PDAC and reduced tumor growth in the KPC mouse model of PDAC. To determine the functional activity of the DCLK1 isoform 2/4 extracellular domain and CBT-15 action, we screened a peptide library against DCLK1 isoform 4 and identified eight peptides that bound to the C-terminal extracellular domain. In this study, we evaluated the biological impact of these peptides on colony and spheroid formation using AsPC-1 and Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines. We found a greater than 90% reduction in spheroid formation compared to vehicle control for Capan-1 cells treated with peptide #1 (1 μM). Furthermore, peptide #1 treatment of AsPC-1 cells derived mouse xenografts resulted in a greater than 65% reduction in xenograft growth (P-value &amp;lt; 0.01, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). This highly active peptide binds the extracellular domain with 60% inhibition at 50 nM determined by SPR and has a Kd of 30±10 nM. To identify potential DCLK1 extracellular domain binding partners, we developed an algorithm that identified five proteins that are key regulators of tumorigenesis and exhibit structural characteristics that would allow for binding to the DCLK1 extracellular domain. Further work is focused on confirming the interactions between DCLK1 extracellular domain and candidate targets as well as whether peptide #1 blockade of protein-protein interactions disrupts pro-tumorigenic functions of DCLK1. Citation Format: Parthasarathy Chandrakesan, Landon Moore, Randal May, Kamille Pitts, Edwin Bannerman-Menson, Milton Brown, Courtney Houchen. DCLK1 isoforms 2 and 4 c-terminal extracellular binding domain mediates PDAC tumorigenesis through protein-protein interactions [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr B041.