gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of o-xylidene–metal complexes. Part 4. Stereospecific synthesis of the early transition metal meso-metallacycles [M{CH(SiMe3)C6H4CHSiMe3-o}(η-C5H5)2](M = Ti, Zr, Hf, or Nb), their reversible one-electron reduction (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, or Nb) and oxidation (M = Nb); and the X-ray crystal structure of the zirconium complex (1984)

The reaction of the organodilithium reagent [{o-C6H4(CHSiMe3)2}{Li(tmen)}2](tmen = Me2NCH2CH2NMe2) and the appropriate metallocene(IV) chloride [M(η-C5H5)2Cl2] in OEt2 at ca. 35 °C yields the corresponding crystalline, thermally stable, stereospecifically pure meso-metallaindane meso-[[graphic omitted]HSiMe3-o}(η-C5H5)2][M = Ti (2), Zr (3), Hf (4), or Nb (5)]; by-products in two of these reactions are [{Ti(η-C5H5)2Cl}2] or the binuclear zirconium compound (6) formulated as meso-[[graphic omitted]HSiMe3-o}(µ-σ: η-C5H4)2Zr(η-C5H5)2]. Compounds (2)–-(5) are sublimable at ca. 140 °C (10–3 Torr), and on pyrolysis afford o-C6H4(CH2SiMe3)2; they are reasonably air-stable and inert to CO under ambient conditions. Compound (6) is also accessible from (3) in OEt2 and successively Li(tmen)Bun in n-C6H14 and [Zr(η-C5H5)2Cl2]. Assignment of the meso(rather than rac) diastereoisomeric configuration for complexes (2)–-(4) rests on their n.m.r. spectra and for (3) on X-ray data. E.s.r. data on complex (5), or the Na(C10H8)–tetrahydrofuran reduction products of each of (2)–-(4), are consistent with each being a d1 complex. The electrochemical reduction [–E½red= 1.46 (Ti), 2.02 (Zr), or 2.26 V (Hf)] of each of the complexes (2)–-(4) is pseudo-reversible, but the anions [[graphic omitted]HSiMe3-o}(η-C5H5)2]– tend to lose C5H5–. The niobium complex (5) undergoes reversible one-electron oxidation (E½ox=–0.47 V) or reduction (–E½red= 1.63 V). The X-ray structure of the title metallaindane (3) shows pseudo-tetrahedral co-ordination of Zr with a centroid–Zr–centroid' angle of 125.1° and bite angle Cα–Zr–Cα′ of 80.2(2)°, with <Zr–Cα, Cα′> 2.305(4) and <Zr ⋯ Cβ,Cβ′> 2.71(1)Å; hence the o-C6H4{CH(SiMe3)}2–metal bonding is best described as intermediate between that appropriate for metalla(IV)cyclic and an η4-5,6-dimethylenecyclohexa-1,3-diene–metal(II) structure; consistent also is the fold angle, Φ, of 66.7°(Φ being the dihedral angle between the ZrCαCα′ plane and the C8 extension of the aromatic plane).
Microchip Lasers (1989)

Tunable, single-frequency, Nd based microchip lasers have been piezoelectrically frequency modulated over several hundred MHz at rates from dc to 25 MHz. They have also been gain-switched to produce pulses shorter than 120 ps. CW thresholds of less than 0.7 mW have been observed at room temperature, with slope efficiencies of greater than 46%. Single-frequency, diode-pumped operation has been maintained at output powers greater than 51 mW. Heterodyne measurements show an instrument-limited linewidth of less than 5 kHz. Microchip lasers demonstrate ways to greatly reduce the cost and complexity of fabricating small lasers and electro-optic devices.
Network Calculus viewed as a Min-plus System Theory applied to Communication Networks (1998)

We analyze some queueing problems arising in guaranteed service and controlled load networks using min-plus algebra. We find an explicit representation for the sub-additive closure of the minimum of two operators, and we introduce a new, useful family of idempotent, time-varying, and min-plus linear operators. We model queueing systems arising in networks networks as non-linear min-plus systems that can be bounded by linear systems, and apply our concepts to: the optimal shaper studied by Anantharam and Konstantopoulos, the window flow control problem previously studied by: Cruz and Okino; Chang; Agrawal and Rajan. In all these cases we explain the existing bounds and in the latter case derive another bound. We then show how the same method enables us to give a representation for the losses in a shaper with finite buffer constraints or with delay constraints. We apply the result to bound the losses in a variable bit rate (VBR) trunk system by the losses in simpler, constant bit rate trunk systems (CBR) systems. Finally, as a by-product of the concepts proposed in the paper, we show how it provides an explicit solution to the deterministic Skorokhod reflection mapping problem with two boundaries.
Large enhancement of superconducting transition temperature in single-element superconducting rhenium by shear strain (2016)

Finding a physical approach for increasing the superconducting transition temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) is a challenge in the field of material science. Shear strain effects on the superconductivity of rhenium were investigated using magnetic measurements, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and first-principles calculations. A large shear strain reduces the grain size and simultaneously expands the unit cells, resulting in an increase in T<sub>c</sub>. Here we show that this shear strain approach is a new method for enhancing T<sub>c</sub> and differs from that using hydrostatic strain. The enhancement of T<sub>c</sub> is explained by an increase in net electron-electron coupling rather than a change in the density of states near the Fermi level. The shear strain effect in rhenium could be a successful example of manipulating Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-type Cooper pairing, in which the unit cell volumes are indeed a key parameter.
Extraordinary Strong Band‐Edge Absorption in Distorted Chalcogenide Perovskites (2020)

All existing solar cell materials including hybrid perovskites show rather small absorption coefficient ( α ) of ≈10 4 cm −1 in the bandgap ( E g ) transition region. The weak band‐edge light absorption is an essential problem, limiting conversion efficiency particularly in a tandem solar cell. Herein, all distorted chalcogenide perovskites (BaZrS 3 , SrZrS 3 , BaHfS 3 , and SrHfS 3 ) are found experimentally to exhibit extraordinary high α exceeding 10 5 cm −1 near E g , indicating the highest band‐edge α among all known solar cell materials. The giant absorption in the E g region, which is consistent with the first principles, arises from the intense p–d interband transition enabled by dense S 3p valence states. For solar cell application, low‐gap BaZrS 3 derivatives, Ba(Zr,Ti)S 3 and BaZr(S,Se) 3 , are further synthesized. Among the possible candidates of top‐cell materials, an earth‐abundant and nontoxic Ba(Zr,Ti)S 3 alloy shows great potential, reaching a maximum potential efficiency exceeding 38% in a chalcogenide perovskite/crystalline Si tandem architecture.
Hepatic arterial infusion of recombinant platelet factor-4 suppresses metastases to the lungs from tumors implanted into the livers of rabbits (1995)

Intraarterial infusion of rPF4 significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastasis. Nonheparin systemic anticoagulation may be needed during catheterization and infusion procedures to prevent thromboemboli.
Transgenically Enhanced Expression of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Confers Hypervirulence to Plant Pathogens (2002)

ABSTRACT Fusarium oxysporum and F. arthrosporioides, pathogenic on Orobanche aegyptiaca, were transformed with two genes of the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway leading to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to attempt to enhance virulence. Transgenic F. oxysporum lines containing both the tryptophan-2-monooxyngenase (iaaM) and indole-3-acetamide hydrolase (iaaH) genes produced significantly more IAA than the wild type. IAM accumulated in culture extracts of F. oxysporum containing iaaM alone. F. arthrosporioides containing only iaaM accumulated IAM and an unidentified indole. Some transformants of F. oxysporum expressing only the iaaM gene also produced more IAA than the wild type. Sub-threshold levels (that barely infect Orobanche) of transgenic F. oxysporum expressing both genes and of F. arthrosporioides expressing iaaM were more effective in suppressing the number and size of Orobanche shoots than the wild type on tomato plants grown in soil mixed with Orobanche seed. Stimulating an auxin imbalance enhanced pathogen virulence by affecting the host in a manner similar to low doses of auxin herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid.
The Concept of LDSI (Locally-Differentiated-Scanning Ion Implantation) for the Fine Threshold Voltage Control in Nano-Scale FETs (2006)

New Concept of ion implantation technology, namely Locally‐Differentiated‐Scanning Ion Implantation (LDSI), is suggested for the first time in this report. The Vth variation caused by process non‐uniformity in each process variables such as gate Critical Dimension (CD), spacer deposition Uniformity and spacer etch CD, etc, becomes big huddle in scale down and larger diameter wafer. This LDSI technology has been developed for reducing the Threshold Voltage (Vth) variation within a wafer in nano‐scale FETs. The LDSI technology has the capability of implanting of the locally different dose at the desired region in wafer by controlling scan speed of X‐ or Y‐direction or by combining them with step‐wise rotation. By applied LDSI on S/D and halo implantation on 90nm era DRAM, the remarkable improvement in Vth variation has been achieved as much as 47%. Also, the Improvements in device yield and Idd fail rate by LDSI on 512M DDR3 product.By the evidences of this study, new implantation technology concept, LDSI, is believed to be a key doping technology for future nano‐scale FETs device fabrication.
Fourier Tag: A Smoothly Degradable Fiducial Marker System with Configurable Payload Capacity (2011)

We describe the design and implementation of a fiducial marker system that encodes data in the frequency spectrum of a synthetic image. This distinctive approach to marker synthesis and data encoding allows for partial data extraction in adverse imaging conditions, and can significantly extend the detection range through graceful data degradation. Additional digital encoding and image construction techniques are used to increase the payload capacity, and also to store 3-D pose information in each fiducial marker. This fiducial marker scheme can be configured to match the needs of the target application. We present several experiments investigating the practical range of various parameters as well as the performance of a specific instance of the system.
B7-2 (CD86) Controls the Priming of Autoreactive CD4 T Cell Response against Pancreatic Islets (2004)

The B7-1/2-CD28 system provides the critical signal for the generation of an efficient T cell response. We investigated the role played by B7-2 in influencing pathogenic autoimmunity from islet-reactive CD4 T cells in B7-2 knockout (KO) NOD mice which are protected from type 1 diabetes. B7-2 deficiency caused a profound diminishment in the generation of spontaneously activated CD4 T cells and islet-specific CD4 T cell expansion. B7-2 does not impact the effector phase of the autoimmune response as adoptive transfer of islet Ag-specific BDC2.5 splenocytes stimulated in vitro could easily induce disease in B7-2KO mice. CD4 T cells showed some hallmarks of hyporesponsiveness because TCR/CD28-mediated stimulation led to defective activation and failure to induce disease in NODscid recipients. Furthermore, CD4 T cells exhibited enhanced death in the absence of B7-2. Interestingly, we found that B7-2 is required to achieve normal levels of CD4+CD25+CD62L+ T regulatory cells because a significant reduction of these T regulatory cells was observed in the thymus but not in the peripheral compartments of B7-2KO mice. In addition, our adoptive transfer experiments did not reveal either pathogenic or regulatory potential associated with the B7-2KO splenocytes. Finally, we found that the lack of B7-2 did not induce a compensatory increase in the B7-1 signal on APC in the PLN compartment. Taken together these results clearly indicate that B7-2 plays a critical role in priming islet-reactive CD4 T cells, suggesting a simplified, two-cell model for the impact of this costimulatory molecule in autoimmunity against islets.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Siloxysilanes and the Structure of Oligomeric Liquid Crystals. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Wear behaviour of novel copper alloy as an alternative to copper-beryllium (2023)

Copper beryllium age hardenable alloys (Cu–Be) are widely used and appreciated for combining exceptional mechanical and electrical properties. However, the toxicity of these alloys pushes the scientific community to develop alternative alloys. Cu–Ni–Sn alloys are already used in aeronautics and the oil industry to replace Cu–Be when good tribological behaviour is required. Recent studies showed that Cu–Ti alloys, age hardenable, have a higher yield stress and elongation than Cu–Ni–Sn alloys and can approach the mechanical resistance of Cu–Be. In this research work, the wear mechanisms governing the tribological behaviour of a new copper alloy (containing alloying elements such as titanium, nickel or tin) as an alternative to the beryllium containing copper alloys were investigated. Tribological tests under dry conditions were carried out by sliding an alumina ball against three different copper alloys disks applying different loads and during a different number of cycles. Wear volumes were quantified by confocal microscopy while wear morphology and microstructural changes at the surface and subsurface were analysed by SEM and FIB cross-sections. Several wear mechanisms were identified including plastic deformation followed by the build-up of a third body. Friction transitions were measured during sliding as a consequence of the third body formation. The chemical and mechanical properties of the third body were material dependent and determined the wear behaviour of the different copper alloys.
Growth, structural, and electrical properties of germanium-on-silicon heterostructure by molecular beam epitaxy (2017)

The growth, morphological, and electrical properties of thin-film Ge grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si using a two-step growth process were investigated. High-resolution x-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated ∼0.10% tensile-strained Ge epilayer, owing to the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between Ge and Si, and negligible epilayer lattice tilt. Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis corroborated the strain-state of the Ge thin-film. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of 90 ° Lomer dislocation network at Ge/Si heterointerface, suggesting the rapid and complete relaxation of Ge epilayer during growth. Atomic force micrographs exhibited smooth surface morphology with surface roughness &amp;lt; 2 nm. Temperature dependent Hall mobility measurements and the modelling thereof indicated that ionized impurity scattering limited carrier mobility in Ge layer. Capacitance- and conductance-voltage measurements were performed to determine the effect of epilayer dislocation density on interfacial defect states (Dit) and their energy distribution. Finally, extracted Dit values were benchmarked against published Dit data for Ge MOS devices, as a function of threading dislocation density within the Ge layer. The results obtained were comparable with Ge MOS devices integrated on Si via alternative buffer schemes. This comprehensive study of directly-grown epitaxial Ge-on-Si provides a pathway for the development of Ge-based electronic devices on Si.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Dual-Function Green Fluorescent Protein-HSV1-Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene Driven by the Human Elongation Factor 1α Promoter (2002)

Toward the goal of monitoring activity of native mammalian promoters with molecular imaging techniques, we stably transfected DU145 prostate carcinoma cells with a fusion construct of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and wild-type herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) as a reporter gene driven by the promoter for human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha-EGFP-TK). Using this model system, expression of EGFP was quantified by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, while the HSV1-TK component of the reporter was quantified with 8-[3H]ganciclovir (8-[3H]GCV). As analyzed by flow cytometry, passage of EGFP-TK-DU145 transfected cells (ETK) in vitro resulted in populations of cells with high and low expression of EGFP over time. High and low ETK cells retained 23-fold and 5-fold more GCV, respectively, than control. While differences in uptake and retention of GCV corresponded to relative expression of the reporter gene in each subpopulation of cells as determined by both flow cytometry (EGFP) and quantitative RT-PCR, the correlation was not linear. Furthermore, in high ETK cells, net retention of various radiolabeled nucleoside analogues varied; the rank order was 8-[3H]GCV < 9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) approximately 8-[3H]penciclovir (8-[3H]PCV) < 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-5-iodouracil-beta-D-arabinofuranoside (2-[14C]FIAU). Xenograft tumors of ETK cells in vivo accumulated 2.5-fold more 8-[3H]GCV per gram of tissue and showed greater fluorescence from EGFP than control DU145 cells, demonstrating that the reporter gene functioned in vivo. These data extend previous reports by showing that a human promoter can be detected in vitro and in vivo with a dual-function reporter exploiting optical and radiotracer techniques.
SciAI4Industry -- Solving PDEs for industry-scale problems with deep learning (2022)

Solving partial differential equations with deep learning makes it possible to reduce simulation times by multiple orders of magnitude and unlock scientific methods that typically rely on large numbers of sequential simulations, such as optimization and uncertainty quantification. Two of the largest challenges of adopting scientific AI for industrial problem settings is that training datasets must be simulated in advance and that neural networks for solving large-scale PDEs exceed the memory capabilities of current GPUs. We introduce a distributed programming API in the Julia language for simulating training data in parallel on the cloud and without requiring users to manage the underlying HPC infrastructure. In addition, we show that model-parallel deep learning based on domain decomposition allows us to scale neural networks for solving PDEs to commercial-scale problem settings and achieve above 90% parallel efficiency. Combining our cloud API for training data generation and model-parallel deep learning, we train large-scale neural networks for solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equation and simulating 3D CO2 flow in porous media. For the CO2 example, we simulate a training dataset based on a commercial carbon capture and storage (CCS) project and train a neural network for CO2 flow simulation on a 3D grid with over 2 million cells that is 5 orders of magnitudes faster than a conventional numerical simulator and 3,200 times cheaper.
Air target detection using pulsar FSR (2017)

The feasibility of Forward Scatter Radar (FSR) that exploits pulsars as transmission sources for the purpose of air targets detection is examined. We theoretically calculated the power budget for air target detection using such a FSR system with the higher-gain radio telescopes used as receivers. The numerical results are obtained for three known radio telescopes and three pulsars.
Intestinal BMP-9 locally upregulates FGF19 and is down-regulated in obese patients with diabetes (2023)

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9, a member of the TGFβ-family of cytokines, is believed to be mainly produced in the liver. The serum levels of BMP-9 were reported to be reduced in newly diagnosed diabetic patients and BMP-9 overexpression ameliorated steatosis in the high fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Furthermore, injection of BMP-9 in mice enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)21. However, whether BMP-9 also regulates the expression of the related FGF19 is not clear. Because both FGF21 and 19 were described to protect the liver from steatosis, we have further investigated the role of BMP-9 in this context. We first analyzed BMP-9 levels in the serum of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (a model of type I diabetes) and confirmed that BMP-9 serum levels decrease during diabetes. Microarray analyses of RNA samples from hepatic and intestinal tissue from BMP-9 KO- and wild-type mice (C57/Bl6 background) pointed to basal expression of BMP-9 in both organs and revealed a down-regulation of hepatic Fgf21 and intestinal Fgf19 in the KO mice. Next, we analyzed BMP-9 levels in a cohort of obese patients with or without diabetes. Serum BMP-9 levels did not correlate with diabetes, but hepatic BMP-9 mRNA expression negatively correlated with steatosis in those patients that did not yet develop diabetes. Likewise, hepatic BMP-9 expression also negatively correlated with serum LPS levels. In situ hybridization analyses confirmed intestinal BMP-9 expression. Intestinal (but not hepatic) BMP-9 mRNA levels were decreased with diabetes and positively correlated with intestinal E-Cadherin expression. In vitro studies using organoids demonstrated that BMP-9 directly induces FGF19 in gut but not hepatocyte organoids, whereas no evidence of a direct induction of hepatic FGF21 by BMP-9 was found. Consistent with the in vitro data, a correlation between intestinal BMP-9 and FGF19 mRNA expression was seen in the patients' samples. In summary, our data confirm that BMP-9 is involved in diabetes development in humans and in the control of the FGF-axis. More importantly, our data imply that not only hepatic but also intestinal BMP-9 associates with diabetes and steatosis development and controls FGF19 expression. The data support the conclusion that increased levels of BMP-9 would most likely be beneficial under pre-steatotic conditions, making supplementation of BMP-9 an interesting new approach for future therapies aiming at prevention of the development of a metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis.
(double minute chromosomes/chromosome aberrations/retroviruses/ (2016)

Two human neuroendocrine tumor cell lines de- rived from a colon carcinoma contain either numerous double min- ute chromosomes (COLO 320 DM) or a homogeneously staining marker chromosome (COLO 320 HSR). We found amplification and enhanced expression of the cellular oncogene c-myc in both COLO 320 DM and HSR cells, and we were able to show that the homogeneously staining regions of the COLO 320 HSR marker chromosome contain amplified c-myc. From previous and present karyotypes, it appears that the homogeneously staining regions re- side on a distorted X chromosome. Therefore, amplification of c- myc has been accompanied by translocation of the gene from its normal position on chromosome 8 (8q24). Because double minute
Addition of Alkali Silicate to Grain Size-Controlled Ceramic Coatings for Dense Film (2006)

Densification of a ceramic coating based on SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 using wet processing was investigated by controlling microscopic grains of materials used. The grains of the materials used in coating slurry were reduced from their initial size of about 10 μm to less than 5 μm in diameter using ball-milling. The ceramic composite films thus prepared were deposited about 100 μm in thickness on a steel plate by slurry coating with a doctor blade, followed by drying and calcination in air. It was found that the coating prepared was stable to heating up to 800°C in air, although the use of overly small grains easily caused cracks on the surface. By optimizing the amount of alkali silicate, however, such cracks could be eliminated from the coating, and the number of through-holes in the coating could be drastically decreased. The ceramic coating obtained by both the control of grain size in powders and the optimal addition of the alkali silicate showed excellent densification, thermal stability and adhesion strength.