gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethyl 3,3-Diethoxypropanoate (2001)

[10601-80-6] C9H18O4 (MW 190.27) InChI = 1S/C9H18O4/c1-4-11-8(10)7-9(12-5-2)13-6-3/h9H,4-7H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = SIALOQYKFQEKOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N (synthesis of heterocycles; Pictet–Spengler reaction;1 malonaldehyde monoacetal;2 enantiomeric pure γ-amino-β-hydroxybutanoic acid3) Alternate Name: ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate. Physical Data: bp 92–95 °C/15 mmHg; d 0.978 g cm−3. Solubility: sol water, diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: n20D = 1.4117. Preparative Methods: can be obtained by treatment of 1,1,1-trichloro-4-ethoxy-3-buten-2-one with ethanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of Potassium Carbonate. The trichloromethyl ketone is prepared from Ethyl Vinyl Ether and Trichloroacetyl Chloride.4 Purification: fractional vacuum distillation through a short Vigreux column. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropanoate is the stable, protected derivative of the unstable 3-oxopropanoate. It can be stored at room temperature for several months without decomposition.
Effect of Polymer Binders on UV-Responsive Organic Thin-Film Phototransistors with Benzothienobenzothiophene Semiconductor (2016)

The influence of polymer binders on the UV response of organic thin-film phototransistors (OTF-PTs) is reported. The active channel of the OTF-PTs was fabricated by blending a UV responsive 2,7-dipenty-[1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1]benzothiophene (C5-BTBT) as small molecule semiconductor and a branched unsaturated polyester (B-upe) as dielectric binder (ratio 1:1). To understand the influence of the polymer composition on the photoelectrical properties and UV response of C5-BTBT, control blends were prepared using common dielectric polymers, namely, poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), polycarbonate (PC), and polystyrene (PS), for comparison. Thin-film morphology and nanostructure of the C5-BTBT/polymer blends were investigated by means of optical and atomic force microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction, respectively. Electrical and photoelectrical characteristics of the studied OTF-PTs were evaluated in the dark and under UV illumination with a constant light intensity (P = 3 mW cm(-2), λ = 365 nm), respectively, using two- and three-terminal I-V measurements. Results revealed that the purposely chosen B-upe polymer binder strongly affected the UV response of OTF-PTs. A photocurrent increase of more than 5 orders of magnitude in the subthreshold region was observed with a responsivity as high as 9.7 AW(-1), at VG = 0 V. The photocurrent increase and dramatic shift of VTh,average (∼86 V) were justified by the high number of photogenerated charge carriers upon the high trap density in bulk 8.0 × 10(12) cm(-2) eV(-1) generated by highly dispersed C5-BTBT in B-upe binder. Compared with other devices, the B-upe OTF-PTs had the fastest UV response times (τr1/τr2 = 0.5/6.0) reaching the highest saturated photocurrent (>10(6)), at VG = -5 V and VSD = -60 V. The enhanced UV sensing properties of B-upe based OTF-PTs were attributed to a self-induced thin-film morphology. The enlarged interface facilitated the electron withdrawing/donating functional groups in the polymer chains in influencing the photocharge separation, trapping and recombination.
Cloud Integrator: Building Value-Added Services on the Cloud (2011)

With the advance of the Cloud Computing paradigm, a single service offered by a cloud platform may not be enough to meet all the application requirements. To fulfill such requirements, it may be necessary, instead of a single service, a composition of services that aggregates services provided by different cloud platforms. In this perspective, this work presents Cloud Integrator, a middleware platform for composing services provided by different Cloud Computing platforms. Composition is performed by considering metadata about the services such as QoS, prices etc. By integrating the complementary paradigms of Service-Oriented Computing and Cloud Computing, Cloud Integrator enables the use of services provided by providers in a transparent way for the user, being necessary solutions for publishing, discovering, and composing these services. In terms of cloud infrastructure, Cloud Integrator lies in the PaaS layer, allowing HaaS, SaaS and DaaS resources to be available for the users so that they can build applications consisting of the composition of services provided by these platforms. In this paper, the application of Cloud Integrator is illustrated using a simple cloud-based e-commerce application.
Mélange dans un écoulement à bulles : mesures expérimentales et modélisation (2013)

Nous etudions le melange d’un traceur passif peu diffusif dans un essaim de bulles homogene en ascension dans une cellule de Hele-Shaw remplie d’eau a grand nombre de Reynolds particulaire. Cet ecoulement peut etre considere comme bidimensionnel. L’agitation du liquide, principalement due aux sillages des bulles, possede des proprietes originales (Bouche et al., 2012 ; Roig et al., 2012). Pour effectuer des mesures de concentration resolues en temps, nous avons adapte la technique de Fluorescence Induite par Laser (LIF) a l’investigation des ecoulements a bulles. Les mesures de LIF sont faites en un point et couplee a de la spectrometrie. D’un cote de la cellule de Hele-Shaw, un laser eclaire un volume de mesure et permet d’exciter le colorant. De l'autre cote, une fibre optique collecte la lumiere et la transmet a un spectrometre qui permet d’isoler la lumiere fluorescee et d’en deduire la concentration locale a une cadence de 250 Hz. A une certaine distance de l’injecteur, le signal de concentration mesure presente d’intenses et rapides fluctuations qui sont la trace du passage de paquets de colorant transportes par les bulles individuellement. Une evolution de la concentration bien plus lente se superpose a ces fluctuations et montre deux phases d’evolution. Dans un premier temps, le niveau de concentration augmente globalement car les bulles transportent du colorant jusqu’au volume de mesure. Puis, comme l’injection se fait pendant un temps fini, une phase de decroissance de la concentration est observee. Cette decroissance est exponentielle et ne peut etre compatible avec un modele diffusif. Neanmoins, elle est compatible avec un modele de transport de colorant par les sillages moyens des bulles, sillages qui sont fortement ecrantes et attenues par le frottement aux parois. De ce fait, le melange dans un ecoulement a bulles en cellule de Hele-Shaw est convectif et intermittent.
Familial neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (2010)

The familial occurrence of NEHI suggests the possibility of a genetic etiology for this disorder and highlights the importance of taking a complete family medical history for infants presenting with a suggestive clinical picture. Identification of familial NEHI patients allows for the opportunity to further our understanding of this disorder, its natural history, the phenotypic spectrum, and potential genetic causes.
Hybrid Approaches to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms (2005)

Endovascular completion of elephant trunks is feasible and can be accomplished with minimal mortality. Meticulous imaging follow-up is required to detect persistent aneurysm pressurization and to verify the integrity of the repair. Improvements in implant design and delivery systems will further simplify the second-stage portion of these complex aneurysm repairs.
Differential effects of invasion by and phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium on apoptosis in human macrophages: potential role of Rho–GTPases and Akt (2003)

In addition to direct activation of caspase-1 and induction of apoptosis by SipB, invasive Salmonella stimulates multiple signaling pathways that are key regulators of host cell survival. Nevertheless, little is known about the relative contributions of these pathways to Salmonella-mediated death of macrophages. We studied human monocytic U937 cells and found that apoptosis was induced by invading wild-type Salmonella typhimurium but not by phagocytosed, serum-opsonized, noninvasive Salmonella mutants. Pretreating U937 cells with inhibitors of tyrosine kinases or phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) completely blocked phagocytosis of opsonized Salmonella mutants but did not affect invasion by wild-type Salmonella or the apoptosis caused by invasion. However, pretreatment with GGTI-298, a geranylgeranyltransferase-1 inhibitor that prevents prenylation of Cdc42 and Rac1, suppressed Salmonella-induced apoptosis by approximately 70%. Transduction of Tat fusion constructs containing dominant-negative Cdc42 or Rac1 significantly inhibited Salmonella-induced cell death, indicating that the cytotoxicity of Salmonella requires activation of Cdc42 and Rac. In contrast to phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria, invasion by S. typhimurium stimulated Cdc42 and Rac1, regardless of the activities of tyrosine- or PI-3K. Moreover, Salmonella infection activated Akt protein in a tyrosine-kinase or PI-3K-dependent manner, and a reduced expression of Akt by antisense transfection rendered the cells more sensitive to apoptosis induced by opsonized Salmonella. These results indicate that direct activation of Cdc42 and Rac1 by invasive Salmonella is a prerequisite of Salmonella-mediated death of U937 cells, whereas the simultaneous activation of Akt by tyrosine kinase and PI-3K during receptor-mediated phagocytosis protects cells from apoptosis.
Functional demonstration of a compact silicon diffractive sensor for toluene (2013)

A compact silicon diffractive sensor detecting toluene in solution is demonstrated. This sensor is fabricated in silicon-on-insulator and utilizes a standard telecommunications wavelength. In-plane diffraction gratings enable micrometer-scale device sizes and intensity-based (as opposed to spectral-based) detection for increased integrability. Precise grating design enables 2-D sensor arrays without the addition of separate optical splitters. Detection of the relative diffracted and transmitted intensities is independent of attenuation and is thus robust. This proof-of-concept sensor is shown to measure toluene concentrations as low as 100 parts per million, corresponding to a refractive index change of 3×10(-4). In addition, a linear sensor array with individual sensor addressability and 2-D array capability is demonstrated. The characteristics of this sensor type make it promising for field-deployable lab-on-a-chip applications.
A Simple Magnetic Charge Model for Classification of Multiple Buried Metallic Objects In Cases With Overlapping Signals (2005)

This paper presents an application of a simple surface magnetic charge model to discriminate&lt;br&gt;between objects of interest such as unexploded ordnance (UXO) and innocuous items, in cases when&lt;br&gt;signals from buried objects are a mixture of responses from two or more items. In the low frequency&lt;br&gt;(ten’s of Hertz up to several hundred’s of kHz) electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing considered&lt;br&gt;here, both conduction and displacement currents may be neglected within the medium surrounding a&lt;br&gt;metallic object. Therefore, the scattered magnetic field outside the object is represented in terms of&lt;br&gt;scalar potential fields, from which one can obtain all scattered magnetic fields. While these are time&lt;br&gt;dependent by virtue of forcing functions or boundary conditions, they correspond in structure to static&lt;br&gt;fields. Such fields are appropriately, and readily, produced mathematically by equivalent elementary&lt;br&gt;magnetic charges placed on a convenient fictitious closed surface [1, 2, 3]. This forward model is&lt;br&gt;physically complete in the sense that all heterogeneity, near and far field, and internal interaction effects&lt;br&gt;within the object are included. It is very fast; in particular it can be implemented in inversion&lt;br&gt;calculations on a PC. According to the Gauss’s law,∇⋅B=ρeq , the net flux of magnetic field through any&lt;br&gt;closed surface equals the total (equivalent) magnetic charge ρeq inside the surface. The frequency&lt;br&gt;spectrum of this total induced equivalent charge is used here as a discriminant. Based on measured data&lt;br&gt;from two scatterers together, an iterative two step procedure is used in conjunction with the differential&lt;br&gt;evolution (DE) algorithm [4, 5]. One step determines of each object’s location and orientation and the&lt;br&gt;other determines the amplitudes of the responding fictitious magnetic charges. Once the objects are&lt;br&gt;isolated, the total magnetic charge for each is calculated as a function of frequency and compared to&lt;br&gt;cataloged/library data. Finally, blind classification analyses are performed for a single object as well as&lt;br&gt;for multiple subsurface scatterers, when two objects appear simultaneously within the field of view of&lt;br&gt;the sensor.
Validation of a fiber-based confocal microscope for interventional image-guided procedures: correlation with multispectral optical imaging (2006)

The concept of the biopsy is ubiquitous in current medical diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. The standard biopsy consists of removing a sample of tissue for evaluation and diagnosis, primarily to ascertain the presence of cancer cells by (histo)pathological analyses. However, the advent of new optical imaging modalities and targeted or "smart" agents, that have affinity for a select target, suggests the possibility of performing in vivo tissue characterization without the need for sample removal or the wait for histopathologic processing. Here we present work testing and validating a fiber-based confocal fluorescence microscopic imaging system intended for combination with a larger scale imaging modality (i.e. MRI or CT) to be used in image-guided in vivo tissue characterization. Fiber-based confocal fluorescence microscopic imaging experiments were performed (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, France) in vivo in two mouse models including: 1) EGFP-expressing mouse melanoma model and 2) M21 mouse melanoma model. Both models are known to express integrin &#945;<sub>&#957;</sub>&#946;<sub>3</sub>, a cell-surface receptor protein. We also performed an experiment in ex vivo chicken muscle tissue labelled with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-lectin targeted compound. In the mouse models, contrast agents that targeted the integrin were injected and the contrast agent localization in tumor was verified by a whole-body multispectral imager. The fiber-based tool was sensitive enough to detect and image the tissue of interest in all different experiments, and was found appropriate for use in interventional catheter-based procedures.
The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin modulates Clostridium difficile -associated colitis and toxin A-mediated enteritis in mice (2012)

Background Clostridium difficile mediates intestinal inflammation by releasing toxin A (TxA), a potent enterotoxin. Cathelicidins ( Camp as gene name, LL-37 peptide in humans and mCRAMP peptide in mice) are antibacterial peptides that also posses anti-inflammatory properties. Objectives To determine the role of cathelicidins in models of Clostridium difficile infection and TxA-mediated ileal inflammation and cultured human primary monocytes. Design Wild-type (WT) and mCRAMP-deficient ( Camp −/− ) mice were treated with an antibiotic mixture and infected orally with C difficile . Some mice were intracolonically given mCRAMP daily for 3 days. Ileal loops were also prepared in WT mice and treated with either saline or TxA and incubated for 4 h, while some TxA-treated loops were injected with mCRAMP. Results Intracolonic mCRAMP administration to C difficile -infected WT mice showed significantly reduced colonic histology damage, apoptosis, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α levels. Ileal mCRAMP treatment also significantly reduced histology damage, tissue apoptosis, MPO and TNFα levels in TxA-exposed ileal loops. WT and Camp −/− mice exhibited similar intestinal responses in both models, implying that C difficile /TxA-induced endogenous cathelicidin may be insufficient to modulate C difficile /TxA-mediated intestinal inflammation. Both LL-37 and mCRAMP also significantly reduced TxA-induced TNFα secretion via inhibition of NF-κB phosphorylation. Endogenous cathelicidin failed to control C difficile and/or toxin A-mediated inflammation and even intestinal cathelicidin expression was increased in humans and mice. Conclusion Exogenous cathelicidin modulates C difficile colitis by inhibiting TxA-associated intestinal inflammation. Cathelicidin administration may be a new anti-inflammatory treatment for C difficile toxin-associated disease.
Latent thermal storage for air conditioning (1987)

The advantages of thermal storage as part of an installation that provides intermittent temperature conditioning are obvious: the peak power requirement is reduced; this peak can be shifted to a lower tariff time of day; chilling plant can operate at close to 100% capacity, i.e. maximum efficiency; and the maximum electrical demand can be reduced significantly, further reducing running costs. Unfortunately the space required, using sensible thermal storage, is usually too great to provide anything more than a buffer to prevent chillers starting too frequently. To overcome this space problem system designers are now resorting to latent thermal storage. Commercially available equipment can be divided into that based on ice and that based on the use of encapsulated eutectic mixtures (phase change materials). For the air conditioning designer the systems can be further subdivided into pressurised and atmospheric storage. Both types rely on the latent heat of fusion to reduce to a third or a quarter the storage volume necessary, but there are important differences in the satisfactory application of the various methods. The note examines and discusses the basic principles relevant to system design, describes the range of ice-based equipment available including ice builders, ice tanks and ice harvesters. The range of phase change materials and associated equipment is then discussed and analysed in the context of suitable air conditioning applications. It is concluded that both ice systems and phase change materials can offer advantages and savings but that they must be carefully matched to the air conditioning system design if their full benefits are to be realised.
Understanding Screen-Reader Users’ Experiences with Online Data Visualizations (2021)

Online data visualizations are widely used to communicate information from simple statistics to complex phenomena, supporting people in gaining important insights from data. However, due to the defining visual nature of data visualizations, extracting information from visualizations can be difficult or impossible for screen-reader users. To assess screen-reader users’ challenges with online data visualizations, we conducted two empirical studies: (1) A qualitative study with nine screen-reader users, and (2) a quantitative study with 36 screen-reader and 36 non-screen-reader users. Our results show that due to the inaccessibility of online data visualizations, screen-reader users extract information 61.48% less accurately and spend 210.96% more time interacting with online data visualizations compared to non-screen-reader users. Additionally, our findings show that online data visualizations are commonly indiscoverable to screen readers. In visualizations that are discoverable and comprehensible, screen-reader users suggested tabular and textual representation of data as techniques to improve the accessibility of online visualizations. Taken together, our results provide empirical evidence of the inequalities screen-readers users face in their interaction with online data visualizations.
Review of nanostructured carbon materials for electrochemical capacitor applications: advantages and limitations of activated carbon, carbide‐derived carbon, zeolite‐templated carbon, carbon aerogels, carbon nanotubes, onion‐like carbon, and graphene (2013)

Electric double layer capacitors, also called supercapacitors, ultracapacitors, and electrochemical capacitors, are gaining increasing popularity in high power energy storage applications. Novel carbon materials with high surface area, high electrical conductivity, as well as a range of shapes, sizes and pore size distributions are being constantly developed and tested as potential supercapacitor electrodes. This article provides an overview of the electrochemical studies on activated carbon, carbide derived carbon, zeolite‐templated carbon, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotube, onion‐like carbon, and graphene. We discuss the key performance advantages and limitations of various nanostructured carbon materials and provide an overview of the current understanding of the structure–property relationships related to the transport and adsorption of electrolyte ions on their surfaces, specific and volumetric capacitance, self‐discharge, cycle life, electrolyte stability, and others. We discuss the impact of microstructural defects, pore size distribution, pore tortuosity, chemistry and functional groups on the carbon surface, nanoscale curvature, and carbon‐electrolyte interfacial energy. Finally, we review state‐of‐the art commercial large scale applications of supercapacitors, including their use in smart grids and distributed energy storage, hybrid electric and electric vehicles, energy efficient industrial equipment, ships, wind power stations, uninterruptible power supplies, power backup, and consumer devices. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:424–473. doi: 10.1002/wene.102 This article is categorized under: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen &gt; Science and Materials Energy Infrastructure &gt; Science and Materials Energy and Development &gt; Science and Materials Energy Research &amp; Innovation &gt; Science and Materials
Modulation of CD4 co-receptor limits spontaneous autoimmunity when high-affinity transgenic TCR specific for self-antigen is expressed on a genetically resistant background (2007)

Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 is an immunodominant peptide that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in H-2(s) SJL/J mice. While PLP 139-151-specific TCR transgenic (tg) 4E3 mice develop fulminant spontaneous disease on the susceptible SJL/J background, spontaneous EAE is dramatically reduced on the H-2(s) congenic B10.S background. On this resistant background, we observed a high frequency of positively selected tg CD4-CD8- (DN) thymocytes and peripheral DN tg T cells. Splenic DN tg T cells responded to anti-CD3 stimulation similarly to CD4+ cells, but proliferative and cytokine responses to PLP 139-151 were blunted, implying that CD4 co-receptor down-regulation modulated T cell responses to the self-antigen in vitro. Adoptive transfer of tg DN CD3hi cells into RAG-deficient wild-type (WT) recipients induced EAE less efficiently than transfer of CD4+ T tg cells indicating the blunted responses of DN tg T cells to self-antigen in vivo. The frequency of tg DN T cells was irrespective of thymic expression of the autoantigen. These data implicate that down-regulation of CD4 co-receptor in the thymus, which is independent from the expression of thymic autoantigen, results in a blunted response to the autoantigen in the periphery and limits the incidence of spontaneous autoimmunity in genetically resistant mice bearing a large autoreactive tg T cell repertoire.
Supplementary Figure S2 from Integrated Human and Murine Clinical Study Establishes Clinical Efficacy of Ruxolitinib in Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S2 depicts the change in symptom scores between baseline and day 30 of treatment, stratified by response to therapy.&lt;/p&gt;