gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bio-Inspired Electromagnetic Orientation for UAVs in a GPS-Denied Environment Using MIMO Channel Sounding (2014)

When external positioning systems are not available, other navigation methods must be used to guide unmanned air vehicles. We propose a bioinspired technique related to MIMO channel sounding for discriminating aircraft position and bearing. By analogy with the acoustic orientation used by certain bird species to return to a specific location in a dark cave, we refer to the proposed method as electromagnetic orientation (EO). A scattering model is used to generate simulated MIMO channel matrices for randomly generated propagation environments. Several variants of a basic propagation channel sounding-based method for EO discrimination are considered, including orientation with a single-frequency propagation channel matrix, channel covariance matrix, and broadband channel sounding data. At X band, the difference between a measured channel matrix and a stored, a reference channel matrix can be used to discriminate position to centimeter scale accuracy. Using the higher order correlation statistics of the channel matrix, the range scale can be increased to on the order of a meter. The method was used experimentally to localize the position of a UAV with channel probing data collected with a frequency modulated, continuous wave (FMCW) radar.
Ivacaftor Reverses Airway Mucus Abnormalities in a Rat Model Harboring a Humanized G551D-CFTR (2020)

<b>Rationale:</b> Animal models have been highly informative for understanding the characteristics, onset, and progression of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. In particular, the CFTR<sup>-/-</sup> rat has revealed insights into the airway mucus defect characteristic of CF but does not replicate a human-relevant CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) variant.<b>Objectives:</b> We hypothesized that a rat expressing a humanized version of CFTR and harboring the ivacaftor-sensitive variant G551D could be used to test the impact of CFTR modulators on pathophysiologic development and correction.<b>Methods:</b> In this study, we describe a humanized-CFTR rat expressing the G551D variant obtained by zinc finger nuclease editing of a human complementary DNA superexon, spanning exon 2-27, with a 5' insertion site into the rat gene just beyond intron 1. This targeted insertion takes advantage of the endogenous rat promoter, resulting in appropriate expression compared with wild-type animals.<b>Measurements and Main Results:</b> The bioelectric phenotype of the epithelia recapitulates the expected absence of CFTR activity, which was restored with ivacaftor. Large airway defects, including depleted airway surface liquid and periciliary layers, delayed mucus transport rates, and increased mucus viscosity, were normalized after the administration of ivacaftor.<b>Conclusions:</b> This model is useful to understand the mechanisms of disease and the extent of pathology reversal with CFTR modulators.
Modeling of a Dielectric-Barrier Discharge-Based Cold Plasma Combustion Ignition System (2018)

We present a computational modeling study of plasma phenomena in a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) for automotive combustion ignition applications. The study was performed using a self-consistent, two-temperature plasma model with finite-rate plasma chemical kinetics for methane-air combustion mixture. The structure of a DBD discharge and the yield of active combustion enhancing radicals from the discharge is quantified for positive and negative pulsing, and a comparison is made with a single electrode corona discharge. The DBD plasma develops as a streamer discharge with individual streamers preferentially emerging from sharp features on the bare electrode of DBD which quickly propagates to the opposite dielectric surface where it is quenched. The dielectric barrier therefore self-limits the discharge resulting in a total radical yield that saturates in time. The corona on the other hand provides a radical yield that can continuously increase in time. The negative polarity pulsing of the DBD results in a more intense plasma with a higher radical yield compared to a positive polarity pulse. Simulations are also performed for a long 1-μs duration afterglow period once the active pulse is terminated. The active combustion enhancing radicals are found to remain relatively stable in density over this duration, indicating that ~100-kHz pulse repetition rates can sustain or even gradually increase the radical densities over long durations of transient time.
Performance analysis of coexistence between LTE-TDD and TD-SCDMA (2009)

In the progress of standardization of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), it is of the most importance to ensure the coexistence between LTE system and other systems. This paper is aiming at presenting a clear is deployed co-existed with TD-SCDMA system, which has been deployed in China. Monte Carlo simulation is used to get the statistic results. The two systems are assumed to have similar uplink and downlink ratio, i.e., there is no BS-to-BS interference. Adjacent channel interference power ratio (ACIR) model and interference model, which are the focuses of this paper, are modified to accommodate to the coexistence of TD-SCDMA and LTE-TDD systems. Capacity loss and throughput loss as the performance indicators are discussed in detail with three different system offsets. What's more, some useful conclusions on the coexistence of LTE-TDD and TDSCDMA systems are presented.
Structural colour in colourimetric sensors and indicators (2013)

Colourimetric sensors and indicators are widely used because of their low cost and simplicity. A significant challenge associated with the design of this type of device is that the sensing mechanism must be simultaneously optimised for the sensitivity of the response and a visually perceptible colour change. Structural colour, derived from coherent scattering rather than molecular absorption, is a promising route to colourimetric sensor design because colour shifts are tied to changes in one of many physical properties of a material, rather than a specific chemical process. This Feature Article presents an overview of the development of low-cost sensors and indicators that exploit structural colour. Building upon recent advances in structurally adaptive materials design, structural colour sensors have been developed for a wide variety of previously inaccessible physical (e.g. temperature, strain, electric fields) and chemical stimuli (e.g. small organic molecules, charged species, biomacromolecules and metabolites). These devices, often exceeding the state of the art in performance, simplicity or both, have bright prospects for market impact in areas such as environmental monitoring, workplace hazard identification, threat detection, and point-of-care diagnostics. Finding the ideal balance between performance (e.g. sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, etc.) and simplicity (e.g. colourimetric vs. spectroscopic readout) will be one of the most critical elements in the further development of structural colour sensors. This balance should be driven largely by the market demands and competing technologies.
Surface/interface engineering of InAs quantum dot edge-emitting diodes toward III-V/SiN photonic integration (2023)

We investigate the surface and interface engineering on InAs quantum dot (QD) emitters, by fabricating and measuring a series of edge-emitting light-emitting diodes. These diodes are encapsulated with non-stoichiometric silicon nitride (SiN) layers with various refractive indices. By analysing the optical and electrical characteristics, it is concluded that Si-rich SiN is an excellent candidate for both electrical and optical passisvations with reduced surface recombination. While the N-rich SiN deposited by the same method shows an improved device performance under optical pumping, the passivation does not appear to be as effective under electrical injection. Our findings provide important information related to the surface engineering of the interface between InAs QD stacks and non-stoichiometric SiN materials, which is arguably one of the crucial steps required to establish monolithic integration of InAs QD emitters with CMOS photonics components.
Autoimmune Hypophysitis (2005)

Autoimmune (lymphocytic) hypophysitis is a rare disease that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any nonsecreting pituitary mass, especially when occurring during pregnancy or postpartum. We have analyzed 370 articles published from January 1962 to October 2004 and identified a total of 379 patients with primary lymphocytic hypophysitis. The present review synthesizes the clinical and research data reported in this body of scientific literature.
The New War Correspondents: the Rise of Civic Media Curation in Urban Warfare (2015)

In this paper we examine the information sharing practices of people living in cities amid armed conflict. We describe the volume and frequency of microblogging activity on Twitter from four cities afflicted by the Mexican Drug War, showing how citizens use social media to alert one another and to comment on the violence that plagues their communities. We then investigate the emergence of civic media "curators," individuals who act as "war correspondents" by aggregating and disseminating information to large numbers of people on social media. We conclude by outlining the implications of our observations for the design of civic media systems in wartime.
Comparative Analysis of Two Different Types of Blended Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine (2021)

The design and optimization procedure of two different types of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMASynRM) made of different types of PMs: Ferrite and NdFeB will be proposed in the paper. The two different types of PMASynRM are designed for the traction application and will be compared to a two-layer V-type IPM with NdFeB magnets only, which is used as the baseline design. The proposed two different types of designs have the same stator geometry and winding configuration as the baseline design. The main purpose in the paper is to reduce NdFeB PM content by investigating and comparing two different types of blended design PMASynRM, namely, a parallel hybrid design and a series hybrid design. The key challenges when reducing the rare-earth content are: (1) Maintaining the same rated torque as the baseline (2) Reducing even eliminating the risk of demagnetization due to the lower coercivity of ferrites at both low and high temperature. In the paper, we will focus on the comparative analysis of two different types of PMASynRM by means of the presented optimization process with emphasis on assessing the level of permanent demagnetization risk. In order to assess the structural integrity of the rotor, a mechanical analysis was conducted in parallel design. The proposed parrel design can generate competitive torque as the baseline design with around 25% reduction of rare-earth material while eliminating the demagnetization risk at the extreme low operating temperature of -20°C and high temperature of 150°C. The paper includes details of the optimization process and corresponding sample results, evaluation of demagnetization risk of both types of PMASynRM designs, and analysis and optimization results of both types of designs.
Table S4 from Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Remodel the Tumor Immune Environment to Enhance Immune Checkpoint Blockade Efficacy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S4&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis, in Vitro Covalent Binding Evaluation, and Metabolism of 14C-Labeled Inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 (2014)

In this letter, we reported the design and synthesis of three potent, selective, and orally bioavailable 11β-HSD1 inhibitors labeled with (14)C: AMG 456 (1), AM-6949 (2), and AM-7715 (3). We evaluated the covalent protein binding of the labeled inhibitors in human liver microsomes in vitro and assessed their potential bioactivation risk in humans. We then studied the in vitro mechanism of 2 in human hepatocytes and the formation of reactive intermediates. Our study results suggest that 1 and 3 have low potential for metabolic bioactivation in humans, while 2 has relatively high risk.
Nitric oxide augments signaling for contraction in hypoxic pulmonary arterial smooth muscle—Implications for hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (2023)

<b>Introduction:</b> Hypoxic persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN) is usually treated with oxygen and inhaled nitric oxide (NO), both pulmonary arterial relaxants. But treatment failure with NO occurs in 25% of cases. We previously demonstrated that 72 h exposure to hypoxia, modeling PPHN, sensitized pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) to the contractile agonist thromboxane and inhibited relaxant adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. <b>Methods:</b> In this study, we examined the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), as NO donor, on the thromboxane-mediated contraction and NO-independent relaxation pathways and on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in PASMC. In addition, we examined the effect of the peroxynitrite scavenger 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato Iron (III) (FeTPPS) on these processes. <b>Results:</b> Exposure of PASMC to 72 h hypoxia increased total intracellular ROS compared to normoxic control cells and this was mitigated by treatment of cells with either SNP or FeTPPS. Total protein nitrosylation was increased in hypoxic PASMC compared to controls. Both normoxic and hypoxic cells treated with SNP exhibited increased total protein nitrosylation and intracellular nitrite; this was reduced by treatment with FeTPPS. While cell viability and mitochondrial number were unchanged by hypoxia, mitochondrial activity was decreased compared to controls; addition of FeTPPS did not alter this. Basal and maximal mitochondrial metabolism and ATP turnover were reduced in hypoxic PASMC compared to controls. Hypoxic PASMC had higher basal Ca2+, and a heightened peak Ca2+ response to thromboxane challenge compared to controls. Addition of SNP further elevated the peak Ca2+ response, while addition of FeTPPS brought peak Ca2+ response down to control levels. AC mediated relaxation was impaired in hypoxic PASMC compared to controls but was normalized following treatment with FeTPPS. Addition of SNP inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity in both normoxic and hypoxic PASMC. Moreover, addition of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA improved AC activity, but the effect was minimal. <b>Discussion:</b> We conclude that NO independently augments contraction and inhibits relaxation pathways in hypoxic PASMC, in part by a mechanism involving nitrogen radical formation and protein nitrosylation. These observations may partially explain impaired effectiveness of NO when treating hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
Controlling Selectivity of Modular Microbial Biosynthesis of Butyryl-CoA-Derived Designer Esters (2021)

Abstract Short-chain esters have broad utility as flavors, fragrances, solvents, and biofuels. Controlling selectivity of ester microbial biosynthesis has been an outstanding metabolic engineering problem. Here, we present a generalizable framework to enable the de novo fermentative microbial biosynthesis of butyryl-CoA-derived designer esters (e.g., butyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, butyl butyrate) with controllable selectivity. Using the modular design principles, we generated the butyryl-CoA-derived ester pathways as exchangeable production modules compatible with an engineered chassis cell for anaerobic production of designer esters. We designed these modules derived from an acyl-CoA submodule (e.g., acetyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA), an alcohol submodule (e.g., ethanol, butanol), a cofactor regeneration submodule (e.g., NADH), and an alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) submodule (e.g., ATF1, SAAT) for rapid module construction and optimization by manipulating replication (e.g., plasmid copy number), transcription (e.g., promoters), translation (e.g., codon optimization), pathway enzymes, and pathway induction conditions. To further enhance production of designer esters with high selectivity, we systematically screened various strategies of protein solubilization using protein fusion tags and chaperones to improve the soluble expression of multiple pathway enzymes. Finally, our engineered ester-producing strains could achieve 19-fold increase in butyl acetate production (0.64 g/L, 96% selectivity), 6-fold increase in ethyl butyrate production (0.41 g/L, 86% selectivity), and 13-fold increase in butyl butyrate production (0.45 g/L, 54% selectivity) as compared to the initial strains. Overall, this study presented a generalizable framework to engineer modular microbial platforms for anaerobic production of butyryl-CoA-derived designer esters from renewable feedstocks.
Steady-state free precession experiments and exact treatment of diffusion in a uniform gradient (2001)

We derive an analytic solution for the magnetization of spins diffusing in a constant gradient field while applying a long stream of rf pulses, which is known as the steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence. We calculate the diffusion-dependent amplitude of the free induction decay (FID) and higher order echoes for pulses with arbitrary flip angle α and pulse spacing TR. Stopped-SSFP experiments were performed in a permanent gradient field and the amplitudes of the first three higher order echoes were measured for a range of values of α and TR. Theoretical results are in excellent agreement with experimental results, using no adjustable parameters. We identify various diffusion regimes in a rather large parameter space of pulsing and relaxation times, diffusion coefficient, and flip angle and discuss the interplay of the relevant time scales present in the problem. This “phase diagram” provides a road map for designing experiments which enhance or suppress the sensitivity to diffusion. We delineate the limits of validity of the widely used ansatz put forth by Kaiser, Bartholdi, and Ernst in their seminal paper.
Rheological properties of alumina‐polyacrylate gel dispersions (1995)

Abstract Rheological properties of aqueous alumina‐polyacrylate gel dispersions have been investigated with a controlled stress rheometer as functions of both cross‐linked polyacrylate and alumina concentrations at pH 13. These studies were conducted to understand the role of alumina‐polyacrylate interactions in building the rheology of complex liquids that contain surfactants, sodium hypochlorite, alkali, and inorganic salts. Viscosity and viscoelasticity of polyacrylate gel dispersions can be enhanced by the addition of colloidal alumina. The trends in viscosity and viscoelasticity are explained on the basis of changes in the conformation of polyacrylate and repulsive interactions of negatively charged polyacrylate and alumina particles.
Sub-THz passive harmonic modelocking effects in external-reflector compound cavity laser diodes (2003)

Passive harmonic mode-locked laser diodes are capable of generating pulses at repetition rates in excess of 1.5 THz. Harmonic mode-locking techniques fall into two main categories: colliding pulse mode-locking (CPM) and compound cavity mode-locking (CCM). We report simulations and experimental results using a hybrid approach which combines the CPM and CCM techniques in a multi-section laser diode with an external reflector. The experiments were performed with a 650 /spl mu/m-long 3-section GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well ridge waveguide laser diode with a 30 /spl mu/m-long saturable absorber section located in the middle of the cavity.
TEACh: Task-driven Embodied Agents that Chat (2021)

Robots operating in human spaces must be able to engage in natural language interaction with people, both understanding and executing instructions, and using conversation to resolve ambiguity and recover from mistakes. To study this, we introduce TEACh, a dataset of over 3,000 human--human, interactive dialogues to complete household tasks in simulation. A Commander with access to oracle information about a task communicates in natural language with a Follower. The Follower navigates through and interacts with the environment to complete tasks varying in complexity from "Make Coffee" to "Prepare Breakfast", asking questions and getting additional information from the Commander. We propose three benchmarks using TEACh to study embodied intelligence challenges, and we evaluate initial models' abilities in dialogue understanding, language grounding, and task execution.
Electrophilic Additions to Allenes. VIII. The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Addition of Benzenesulphenyl Chloride to Allenes (1985)

Abstract The rates of addition of benzenefulphenyl chloride to 62 alkyl substituted allenes have been determined in methylene chloride solution at 24.5°C. The rates of addition span a range of 3.4 × 10 3 in reactivity. No correlation with the extended Taft equation or variations thereof was found when the rates of all 62 compounds were considered. Partitioned rate constants, wherein each term reflects the relative propensity for attack upon a given π orbital‐lobe of the allenic system, allows one to demonstrate the specific effect of placing an alkyl group in each of three stereochemically distinct positions. Of note is the observation that while the magnitude of the polar effect of an alkyl group changes with the stereochemical location, this magnitude is a constant for methyl, ethyl and isopropyl. The rates reported herein are interpreted in terms of rate‐limiting formation of alkylidenethiiranium ions.
Low Risk of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy: A Population-Based Cohort Study: 2016 ACG Fellows-In-Training Award (IBD Category) (2016)

Introduction: Immunosuppressant use and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may increase the risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP).Our aim was toassess risk of PJP in a population-based cohort of IBD treated with corticosteroids (CS), immunosuppressive medications (IS), and biologics. Methods: Charts of residents of Olmsted County, MN, diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) between 1970 and 20101 were reviewed and crossed with microbiology PJP databases. Results: There were 937 patients (510 UC, 427 CD), with 16,066 patient-years (p-y) of follow-up (median 14.8 years per patient). Medications used included CS in 520 patients (55.5%) with 555.4 p-y of exposure, IS in 304 patients (32.4%) with 1555.7 p-y of exposure, and biologics in 193 patients (20.5%) with 670 p-y of exposure. Double therapy with CS and either IS or biologics was used in 236 patients (25.2%) with 173 p-y of exposure. Triple therapy with CS, IS and biologic therapy was used in 70 patients (7.5%) with 18.9 p-y of exposure. There were 3 cases of PJP, conferring a risk of 0.2 (0.01-1.0), 0.1 (0.02-0.5), 0.3 (0.04-1.1), 0.6 (0.01-3.2) and 0 (0.0-19.5) cases, per 100 p-y of exposure to CS, IS, biologics, double therapy and triple therapy, respectively.Primary PJP prophylaxis was prescribed in 37 patients for a total of 24.9 years. Conclusion: In this population-based cohort of IBD patients treated with CS, IS, and biologics there were only 3 cases of PJP, despite the uncommon use of PJP prophylaxis. The routine administration of PJP prophylaxis in these patients may not be warranted.Figure 1Figure 2Figure 3