gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry for inclusive jet and dijet production in polarized proton collisions at s=510  GeV (2022)

We report measurements of the longitudinal double-spin asymmetry, ${A}_{LL}$, for inclusive jet and dijet production in polarized proton-proton collisions at midrapidity and center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=510\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, using the high luminosity data sample collected by the STAR experiment in 2013. These measurements complement and improve the precision of previous STAR measurements at the same center-of-mass energy that probe the polarized gluon distribution function at partonic momentum fraction $0.015\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.25$. The dijet asymmetries are separated into four jet-pair topologies, which provide further constraints on the $x$ dependence of the polarized gluon distribution function. These measurements are in agreement with previous STAR measurements and with predictions from current next-to-leading-order global analyses. They provide more precise data at low dijet invariant mass that will better constrain the shape of the polarized gluon distribution function of the proton.
GaN-based distributed feedback laser diodes for optical communications (2019)

Over the past 20 years, research into Gallium Nitride (GaN) has evolved from LED lighting to Laser Diodes (LDs), with applications ranging from quantum to medical and into communications. Previously, off-the-shelf GaN LDs have been reported with a view on free space and underwater communications. However, there are applications where the ability to select a single emitted wavelength is highly desirable, namely in atomic clocks or in filtered free-space communications systems. To accomplish this, Distributed Feedback (DFB) geometries are utilised. Due to the complexity of overgrowth steps for buried gratings in III-Nitride material systems, GaN DFBs have a grating etched into the sidewall to ensure single mode operation, with wavelengths ranging from 405nm to 435nm achieved. The main motivation in developing these devices is for the cooling of strontium ions (Sr<sup>+</sup> ) in atomic clock applications, but their feasibility for optical communications have also been investigated. Data transmission rates exceeding 1 Gbit/s have been observed in unfiltered systems, and work is currently ongoing to examine their viability for filtered communications. Ultimately, transmission through Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is desired, to ensure that data is communicated more coherently and efficiently. We present results on the characterisation of GaN DFBs, and demonstrate their capability for use in filtered optical communications systems.
Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on Defects in AlSi10Mg Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (2019)

Pure AlSi10Mg alloy and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-AlSi10Mg composite with different CNTs additions were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The CNTs-AlSi10Mg composite is strengthened when the CNTs content is lower than 0.05 wt%. With the increasing CNTs content, however, the strength is decreased significantly because of the poor density. In order to understand the influence of CNTs on the defects in SLMed AlSi10Mg alloy, nano-CT technology was used to get the 3D information of the defects. The results indicate that the volume fraction of large defects (with diameter larger than 50 mu m) in the total volume of defects is increased from 12% to 46% in CNTs(0.5wt%)-AlSi10Mg composite. The number of gas pores in CNTs(0.5wt%)-AlSi10Mg composite are significantly increased. The diameter of gas pores in CNTs(0.5wt%)-AlSi10Mg composite are larger than that in pure AlSi10Mg alloy. The agglomeration of CNTs in the powder and gas adsorption are the fundamental reasons for the increase of the two types of defects.
Lignosulfonic acid exhibits broad-spectrum anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity and has potential for microbicidal applications (2014)

Multiple clinical studies show the importance of genital HSV-2 infections in women on the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and vice versa. Therefore, it is important to develop molecules with potent dual antiviral activity to reduce sexual transmission of these life-treating pathogens. Here, we describe that the polyanionic compound lignosulfonic acid (LA; MW: 8000), which belongs to the family of lignin-derived macromolecules, is a cheap byproduct that is formed during the conversion of wood pulp into paper. LA exhibits low toxicity (CC50: >62.5 µM) and potent broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity (IC50s: 0.10 - 0.34 µM), irrespective of the viral coreceptor tropism. In addition, it inhibits the formation of giant cells between HIV-1 persistently infected cells and non-infected CD4 target T cells (IC50: 0.23 µM).

HSV-2 is not solely an epitheliotropic virus, as it also infects CD4 T cells, macrophages and MDDCs. We show that LA is able to inhibit HSV-2 infection in HIV-1 susceptible T cells in the lower µM-range (IC50: 0.78-0.82 µM). In addition, LA blocks viral replication of dual HIV-1 and HSV-2 infected cells with comparable potency (IC50: 0.71 µM).

DC-SIGN plays an important role in the sexual transmission of HIV and of HSV. We could show that LA (12.5 µM) has no effect on the capture of HIV by Raji.DC-SIGN cells, however it inhibited further transmission to uninfected CD4 T cells (IC50: 1.2 µM). Comparable observations were made with HSV-2 using MDDCs and MT-4 cells (IC50: 1.1 µM). We investigated also its potential side-effects and stimulatory effects. PBMCs were exposed to high amounts of LA and the expression of CD25, CD69 and HLA-DR on CD4+ T cells was measured. No significant increased effects were seen for each activation marker, while the mitogenic lectin PHA stimulated. Finally, LA did not harm the vaginal lactobacilli and synergistic activity was observed with acyclovir, PRO2000 and the lantibiotic LabyA1. In conclusion, lignosulfonic acid has potential for a microbicidal agent.
Multi-terminal Secrecy in a Linear Non-coherent Packetized Networks (2012)

We consider a group of m+1 trusted nodes that aim to create a shared secret key K over a network in the presence of a passive eavesdropper, Eve. We assume a linear non-coherent network coding broadcast channel (over a finite field F_q) from one of the honest nodes (i.e., Alice) to the rest of them including Eve. All of the trusted nodes can also discuss over a cost-free public channel which is also overheard by Eve. For this setup, we propose upper and lower bounds for the secret key generation capacity assuming that the field size q is very large. For the case of two trusted terminals (m = 1) our upper and lower bounds match and we have complete characterization for the secrecy capacity in the large field size regime.
Effect of Shock Precompression on the Critical Diameter of Liquid Explosives (2006)

The critical diameter of both ambient and shock‐precompressed liquid nitromethane confined in PVC tubing are measured experimentally. The experiment was conducted for both amine sensitized and neat NM. In the precompression experiments, the explosive is compressed by a strong shock wave generated by a donor explosive and reflected from a high impedance anvil prior to being detonated by a secondary event. The pressures reached in the test sections prior to detonation propagation was approximately 7 and 8 GPa for amine sensitized and neat NM respectively. The results demonstrated a 30% – 65% decrease in the critical diameter for the shock‐compressed explosives. This critical diameter decrease is observed despite a significant decrease in the predicted Von Neumann temperature of the detonation in the precompressed explosive. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical predictions based on thermal ignition theory and previous critical diameter measurements.
A Search Engine for Discovery of Scientific Challenges and Directions (2022)

Keeping track of scientific challenges, advances and emerging directions is a fundamental part of research. However, researchers face a flood of papers that hinders discovery of important knowledge. In biomedicine, this directly impacts human lives. To address this problem, we present a novel task of extraction and search of scientific challenges and directions, to facilitate rapid knowledge discovery. We construct and release an expert-annotated corpus of texts sampled from full-length papers, labeled with novel semantic categories that generalize across many types of challenges and directions. We focus on a large corpus of interdisciplinary work relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from biomedicine to areas such as AI and economics. We apply a model trained on our data to identify challenges and directions across the corpus and build a dedicated search engine. In experiments with 19 researchers and clinicians using our system, we outperform a popular scientific search engine in assisting knowledge discovery. Finally, we show that models trained on our resource generalize to the wider biomedical domain and to AI papers, highlighting its broad utility. We make our data, model and search engine publicly available.
Decision algorithm for 3D blood vessel loop based on a route edit distance (2009)

This paper reports on a method to distinguish true from false of the loop in the blood vessel graph. Most conventional studies have used a graph to represent 3D blood vessels structure. Blood vessels graph sometimes has a false loop and this exerts a harmful influence to the graph analysis. Conventional study simply cut them but this is not suitable for the graph include real loop. For this reason, we try to distinguish true from false of the loop in the graph. Our method uses the loop inside and the outside main blood vessel shape to distinguish the similar loop. This main blood vessel we called route is long, thick, and not shares to other route as much as possible. Even if a graph includes false loop, this main route will avoid the false connection and detect the same main blood vessel. Our method detects such a main route in each loop branch point and stores it as the outside feature for comparing. Inside feature is measured by converting the inside blood vessels as one route. Each loop is compared by the graph edit distance. Graph edit distance is easily able to deal with the route adding, deleting and replacing. Our method was tested by the cerebral blood vessels image in MRI. Our method tried to detect the arterial cycles of Willis from the graph including false loops. As a result, our method detected it correctly in four data from five.
Understanding User Attention and Engagement in Online News Reading (2016)

Prior work on user engagement with online media identified web page dwell time as a key metric reflecting level of user engagement with online news articles. While on average, dwell time gives a reasonable estimate of user experience with a news article, it is not able to capture important aspects of user interaction with the page, such as how much time a user spends reading the article vs. viewing the comment posted by other users, or the actual proportion of article read by the user. In this paper, we propose a set of user engagement classes along with new user engagement metrics that, unlike dwell time, more accurately reflect user experience with the content. Our user engagement classes provide clear and interpretable taxonomy of user engagement with online news, and are defined based on amount of time user spends on the page, proportion of the article user actually reads and the amount of interaction users performs with the comments. Moreover, we demonstrate that our metrics are relatively easier to predict from the news article content, compared to the dwell time, making optimization of user engagement more attainable goal.
Broadly absorbing metalloporphyrin-based multichromophoric arrays for triplet harvesting (2023)

The present disclosure relates to multichromophoric assemblies comprising metalloporphyrin scaffolds. The present disclosure also relates, in part, to methods for generating electric-field-stabilized geminate polaron pairs comprising applying electric fields to the multichromophoric assemblies described herein, or alternatively, directly to the metalloporphyrins provided by the present disclosure. The present disclosure further relates, in part, to multichromophoric assemblies comprising metalloporphyrin scaffolds, which exhibit enhanced energy transfer properties.
tk Enzyme Expression in Differentiating Muscle Cells Is Regulated Through an Internal Segment of the Cellular tk Gene (1984)

Thymidine kinase (tk) enzyme expression is shut down when cultured skeletal muscle cells terminally differentiate. This regulation is mediated by a rapid and specific decline in the abundance of cellular tk mRNA. tk-deficient mouse myoblasts were transformed to the tk-positive phenotype by using both the cellular tk gene of the chicken and the herpesvirus tk gene. Myoblasts transformed with the cellular tk gene effectively regulate tk enzyme activity upon terminal differentiation. Conversely, myoblasts transformed with the herpesvirus tk gene continue to express tk enzyme activity in postreplicative muscle cells. A regulated pattern of expression is retained when the promoter of the cellular tk gene is replaced by the promoter of the herpesvirus tk gene. Moreover, the cellular tk gene is appropriately regulated during terminal muscle differentiation when its 3' terminus is removed and replaced by the terminus of the viral tk gene. Thus, the element of the cellular tk gene sufficient to specify its regulation is entirely intragenic.
mTORC1 activates SREBP-1c and uncouples lipogenesis from gluconeogenesis (2010)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Tradeoff study on array-fed reflector antennas for 100-beam-class multibeam communications satellite (2010)

Mobile satellite communications systems using 100-beam-class multibeam on-board antenna have been proposed and some of them are already in operation. Such systems can concentrate the resource, such as bandwidth, power, etc, on a specific beam. Therefore, these are effective for emergency operation under natural disaster. For such kind of the on-board antennas, size and power consumption are important to install the antenna in the satellite. We studied a tradeoff on the on-board antenna from the view point of size and power consumption. For that purpose, the size is evaluated by the element number of the feed-array The power consumption is evaluated by that of High Power Amplifiers (HPAs) connected with the elements, because the power consumption of HPAs dominates that of the satellite payload. On our study, we assume S-band system using cellular-phone-size terminals and 30 m-diameter on-board antenna which is an array-fed offset paraboloidal reflector antenna.
Analysis of Morph-Based Speech Recognition and the Modeling of Out-of-Vocabulary Words Across Languages (2007)

We analyze subword-based language models (LMs) in large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition across four “morphologically rich ” languages:
A Data Management Approach for Dataset Selection Using Human Computation (2013)

As the number of applications that use machine learning algorithms increases, the need for labeled data useful for training such algorithms intensifies. Getting labels typically involves employing humans to do the annotation, which directly translates to training and working costs. Crowdsourcing platforms have made labeling cheaper and faster, but they still involve significant costs, especially for the cases where the potential set of candidate data to be labeled is large. In this paper we describe a methodology and a prototype system aiming at addressing this challenge for Web-scale problems in an industrial setting. We discuss ideas on how to efficiently select the data to use for training of machine learning algorithms in an attempt to reduce cost. We show results achieving good performance with reduced cost by carefully selecting which instances to label. Our proposed algorithm is presented as part of a framework for managing and generating training datasets, which includes, among other components, a human computation element.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated autocrine and paracrine stimulation of human transitional cell carcinoma. (1993)

Stromal-epithelial interactions may play a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. We have established a model to study the cellular and molecular basis of this paracrine interaction both in vivo and in vitro using a human transitional cell carcinoma cell line (WH). s.c. coinoculation of 1 x 10(6) WH cells with 1 x 10(6) nontumorigenic fetal rat urogenital sinus mesenchymal (rUGM) cells in athymic mice accelerated carcinoma growth 20 times faster than isolated WH cell inoculations and 4 times faster than coinoculations of the same number of NIH-3T3 or human bladder fibroblasts. Characterization of these chimeric tumors with immunohistochemical and DNA dot-blot analyses documented their predominantly human component. To evaluate the underlying mechanisms involved in this paracrine-mediated in vivo tumor growth acceleration, Northern analyses for growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in the different cell lines, as well as in vitro mitogenic assays, were performed. Northern analysis revealed basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression by WH cells but not rUGM cells; ECM components (fibronectin and collagens I and IV) were expressed only in the fibroblast cell lines. Cell type-specific paracrine growth factors are produced by cultured stromal and epithelial cells with a 2-3-fold bidirectional increase in WH and rUGM cell growth when cultured with reciprocal cell-type conditioned medium. An autocrine growth loop was observed for WH but not rUGM cells. WH cell growth is stimulated in vitro by low concentrations of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor, while rUGM cell growth is stimulated 3-fold by basic fibroblast growth factor. Antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibodies completely inhibited autocrine and paracrine pathways stimulating WH cell growth, while anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies had no inhibitory effect. These observations suggest that autocrine and paracrine growth factor stimulation of WH bladder carcinoma cell growth is most likely mediated by an epidermal growth factor receptor-related pathway. The predominant expression of ECM by fibroblasts in this model suggests that stromal cell ECM components may modulate tumor cell growth and angiogenesis possibly through mechanisms involving cellular adhesion, chemotaxis, or growth factor action.
Data from Reducing TNF Receptor 2<sup>+</sup> Regulatory T Cells via the Combined Action of Azacitidine and the HDAC Inhibitor, Panobinostat for Clinical Benefit in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) provides an environment that enables immune suppression, resulting in functionally defective effector T cells; regulatory T cells (Treg) are significant contributors to the impaired antitumor immune response. As TNF is present at high levels in AML and TNF receptor-2 (TNFR2)–expressing Tregs identify highly functional Tregs, we examine the hypothesis that TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs are a relevant Treg subset in this cancer. We also determine the effect of the novel combinatorial therapy of the demethylating agent, azacitidine with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat on Tregs, particularly TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Thirty healthy donors and 14 patients with AML were enrolled in this study. Patients were treated with azacitidine and panobinostat for 28-day cycles. The frequency and functional relevance of TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs were analyzed subsequently.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; We report that TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs are increased in AML and have a high migration potential toward the bone marrow. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the level of TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow of patients are decreased &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; after exposure to panobinostat and azacitidine. Reductions in TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs were associated with increases in Interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 production by effector T cells within the bone marrow and beneficial clinical responses. &lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; mechanistic studies indicated panobinostat as the primary driver for the reduction of Tregs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Our study provides for the first time, &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; validation of the ability of panobinostat in combination with azacitidine to suppress prevalent TNFR2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Tregs, resulting in clinical benefits within patients with AML. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 20(3); 724–35. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Scaling of the photon noise in semiconductor cascade lasers (2004)

Semiconductor cascade lasers have larger photon noise than conventional semiconductor lasers as a result of positive correlations in photon emission in different gain stages which are connected electrically in series. The photon noise of a cascade laser can be related to the photon noise of a single-stage laser with a scaled external circuit impedance. This scaling relation for the photon noise holds for bipolar as well as unipolar cascade lasers.
Heat stress‐induced apoptosis in porcine in vitro fertilized and parthenogenetic preimplantation‐stage embryos (2006)

Decades worth of research have consistently shown the adverse effects of elevated temperatures on reproductive parameters of livestock species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the developmental and apoptotic responses of porcine in vitro fertilized (IVF) and parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos heat stressed at the late 1-cell stage. Embryos were heat stressed (HS) at 42 degrees C for 9 hr starting 22 hr after insemination or artificial activation stimulus. Non heat-stressed (NHS) control embryos were maintained at 39 degrees C for the duration of the experiments. TUNEL staining on Day 5 of development demonstrated that heat stress elicited a significant apoptotic response in IVF embryos (45.6% of HS embryos and 26.7% of NHS embryos were apoptotic; P<0.05), but not in PA embryos (51.1% and 39.9% for HS and NHS embryos, respectively; P>0.1). And, while IVF embryos were highly susceptible to heat-induced developmental perturbations (20.6% and 8.8% development to blastocyst for NHS and HS embryos, respectively; P<0.05), elevated temperatures did not affect blastocyst rates in PA embryos (22.2% for NHS PA embryos and 21.2% for HS PA embryos; P>0.1). These findings indicate that, as in other systems studied, IVF pig embryos are directly affected adversely by heat stress conditions. Parthenogenetic embryos, though, appear to be surprisingly tolerant of the elevated temperatures. The differences between IVF and PA embryos in their response to heat stress warrants further investigation.
Tobacco smoking, GSTP1 polymorphism, and bladder carcinoma (2005)

The results indicate that the Ile 105 allele is associated with an increased risk of bladder carcinoma and suggest that individuals who smoke and possess the Ile allele might be at increased risk for bladder carcinoma.