gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flywheel: enabling performance increase and power efficiency by using multiple speed pipelines (2004)

During the past decades, microprocessor performance improved at a rate of 50 to 60% per year, supported by better process technologies and increasingly parallel designs. In trying to sustain a similar trend, the most important problems faced by designers are continuously diminishing returns and increasing power consumption. Current solutions show poor scalability with increasing clock frequencies and wider pipelines, and most performance gains are achieved at significant power cost. 
As several studies show, internal processor structures scale differently with decreasing device sizes. While in some cases the access latency is determined by the speed of the logic circuitry, for others it is dominated by the interconnect delay. Furthermore, while some pipeline stages can be pipelined with relatively small performance loss, others must be kept atomic. One microarchitectural component that is poorly scalable is the Issue logic, containing the Wake-up and Select mechanisms. A larger Issue Window could potentially expose more parallelism, but its complexity increases very rapidly. In order to sustain back-to-back scheduling for dependent instructions, the Wake Up/Select loop cannot be pipelined and limits the overall achievable frequency. 
This thesis presents Flywheel, a novel microarchitecture that is less limited by this problem. Using multiple clock signals and decoupling the issue mechanism from the rest of the pipeline, performance can be improved beyond the limit imposed by the single clock design methodology. First, synchronizing instructions that enter and leave the Issue Window with different clock signals allows for faster speeds in the front-end at the expense of small synchronization latencies. Second, using an Execution Cache for storing instructions that are already scheduled allows for bypassing the issue circuitry and thus allows for clocking the execution core at higher frequencies. Combined, these two mechanisms result in a significant performance increase without requiring a completely new scheduling mechanism. 
Our results show that Flywheel scales well with the clock speed, having the potential to surpass the performance of the equivalent superscalar, out-of-order counterpart in future process technologies. Furthermore, the proposed microarchitecture is more power effective, achieving higher performance than traditional processors inside the same power envelope.
Improvement of out-coupling of the oblique waveguide in three-dimensional photonic crystals by introducing a symmetric end structure (2016)

An oblique waveguide in a stripe-stacked three-dimensional photonic crystal is a useful structure for interlayer coupling, but has a problem that the out-coupling to free-space is inclined and spatially asymmetric. We propose a new end structure that provides vertical and less-frequency-dependent out-coupling characteristics.
The cannabinoid receptors and their interactions with synthetic cannabinoid agonists and antagonists (2002)

Here we describe the characteristics of the cannabinoid receptor subtypes, CB1 and CB2,
and what we know of their interactions with certain ligands. CB1 and CB2 are members of
the superfamily of 7 transmembrane domain (7TM) receptors that transduce intracellular
signals via heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins. Like many other 7TM receptors the cannabinoid receptors have been the subject of intense research with a view to designing highly
specific and potent ligands that may turn out to be effective medicaments for alleviating human
ailments. A detailed knowledge of the structure of both ligand and receptor and how they
interact may be useful in this respect. Although the two human receptors share only 44%
overall identity, ranging from 35% to 82% in the TM regions, it is only recently that subtype
specific agonists have been found, those hitherto available showing no or little subtype
selectivity. In contrast, two highly specific antagonists, SR 141716A for the CB1 receptor and
SR 144528 for the CB2 receptor, besides being promising drug candidates, are also proving to
be excellent tools for investigating the structural and functional characteristics of the cannabinoid receptors. We describe experiments with mutated receptors undertaken to try to discover
which amino acid residues contact ligands. We also consider the constitutive activity of CB1
and CB2 when they are overexpressed in heterologous systems and the classical inverse agonist properties exhibited by SR 141716A and SR 144528 with their respective target receptors.Key Words: structure, mutagenesis, ligand-receptor interactions, inverse agonism
Righting software (2004)

What tools do we use to develop and debug software? Most of us rely on a full-screen editor to write code, a compiler to translate it, a source-level debugger to correct it, and a source-code control system to archive and share it. These tools originated in the 1970s, when the change from batch to interactive programming stimulated the development of innovative languages, tools, environments, and other utilities we take for granted. Microsoft Research has developed two generations of tools, some of which Microsoft developers already use to find and correct bugs. These correctness tools can improve software development by systematically detecting programming errors.
Comparative Genomics of a Plant-Pathogenic Fungus,Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Reveals Transduplication and the Impact of Repeat Elements on Pathogenicity and Population Divergence (2013)

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a necrotrophic fungus causal to the disease tan spot of wheat, whose contribution to crop loss has increased significantly during the last few decades. Pathogenicity by this fungus is attributed to the production of host-selective toxins (HST), which are recognized by their host in a genotype-specific manner. To better understand the mechanisms that have led to the increase in disease incidence related to this pathogen, we sequenced the genomes of three P. tritici-repentis isolates. A pathogenic isolate that produces two known HSTs was used to assemble a reference nuclear genome of approximately 40 Mb composed of 11 chromosomes that encode 12,141 predicted genes. Comparison of the reference genome with those of a pathogenic isolate that produces a third HST, and a nonpathogenic isolate, showed the nonpathogen genome to be more diverged than those of the two pathogens. Examination of gene-coding regions has provided candidate pathogen-specific proteins and revealed gene families that may play a role in a necrotrophic lifestyle. Analysis of transposable elements suggests that their presence in the genome of pathogenic isolates contributes to the creation of novel genes, effector diversification, possible horizontal gene transfer events, identified copy number variation, and the first example of transduplication by DNA transposable elements in fungi. Overall, comparative analysis of these genomes provides evidence that pathogenicity in this species arose through an influx of transposable elements, which created a genetically flexible landscape that can easily respond to environmental changes.
[Dynamics of occurrence and mortality in colorectal carcinoma in the community around Osijek]. (1989)

The extent and dynamics of the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma were analysed in all the communes of the region of Osijek during the period from 1968 to 1982. The age and sex of patients, geographical distribution and other factors which might have influenced the colorectal carcinoma occurrence were taken into consideration. The dynamic of the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma was analysed by the method of regression. The incidence of the carcinoma of the large bowel in the region of Osijek in 1982 was between 10.3% and 33.7% per 100,000 inhabitants. In most communes the incidence was between 20.9% and 28.1%. During the period from 1968 to 1982 there was an increase in the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma in all communes, with the exception of the commune of Slavonska Orahovica which is one of the most undeveloped areas in the region. A significant increase of the new cases of colorectal carcinoma was recorded in the communes of Beli Manastir and highly significant increase in the communes of Djakovo, Podravska Slatina, Slavonska Pozega and Vukovar. During the same period there was an evident increase in the mortality rate from colorectal carcinoma in all the communes in the region of Osijek. The rate was 22.2% per 100,000 inhabitants which represents 1.9% of overall mortality or 11.6% of the mortality from all malignant diseases in the region. With regard to epidemiological data and the authors' own investigations it has become obvious that more care and attention should be paid to the prevention of colorectal carcinoma as an integral part of the chronic disease prevention programme.
A hybrid computer vision and Wi-Fi Doppler radar system for capturing the 3-D hand gesture trajectory with a smartphone (2017)

This paper presents a 3-D hand gesture capture technique using the 2D camera and Wi-Fi connection signals of a smartphone. The motion detection principle of this technique involves combining the algorithm of pixel-based computer vision and the extraction of Doppler shift from the reflected Wi-Fi signals. Moreover, a joint displacement calibration procedure is proposed to transform the camera pixel coordinates to the radar space coordinates. This technique has the advantages of lower computation resources and power consumption than the current counterparts and requires no extra cameras and RF transmission sources when used on a smartphone.
Magnetic Ligation Method for Quantitative Detection of MicroRNAs (2014)

A magnetic ligation method is utilized for the detection of microRNAs among a complex biological background without polymerase chain reaction or nucleotide modification. The sandwich probes assay can be adapted to analyze a panel of microRNAs associated with cardiovascular diseases in heart tissue samples.
GATA and Nkx factors synergistically regulate tissue-specific gene expression and development in vivo (2006)

In vitro studies have suggested that members of the GATA and Nkx transcription factor families physically interact, and synergistically activate pulmonary epithelial- and cardiac-gene promoters. However, the relevance of this synergy has not been demonstrated in vivo. We show that Gata6-Titf1 (Gata6-Nkx2.1) double heterozygous (G6-Nkx DH) embryos and mice have severe defects in pulmonary epithelial differentiation and distal airway development, as well as reduced phospholipid production. The defects in G6-Nkx DH embryos and mice are similar to those observed in human neonates with respiratory distress syndromes, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and differential gene expression analysis reveals essential developmental pathways requiring synergistic regulation by both Gata6 and Titf1 (Nkx2.1). These studies indicate that Gata6 and Nkx2.1 act in a synergistic manner to direct pulmonary epithelial differentiation and development in vivo, providing direct evidence that interactions between these two transcription factor families are crucial for the development of the tissues in which they are co-expressed.
Declared-strategy voting: an instrument for group decision-making (1996)

The goal of this research is to determine whether declared-strategy voting (DSV) can be an effective tool for group decision-making. DSV is a novel group decision-making procedure in which preference is specified using voting strategies --- first-order mathematical functions that specify a choice in terms of zero or more parameters. Three ideas motivate DSV: the possibility of taking advantage of electronic voting systems to achieve more beneficial methods of vote aggregation than are feasible with traditional voting systems, the desire to find an information-neutral voting system, and the desire to maximize a voting system&amp;apos;s expressiveness. We present designs for two types of DSV systems: batch DSV and ballot-by-ballot DSV. We also develop a rational-strategy formulator that can determine optimal strategies for each voter given only the v...
Autosomal‐dominant locus for restless legs syndrome in French‐Canadians on chromosome 16p12.1 (2008)

We describe an autosomal-dominant locus for Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in a French-Canadian (FC) pedigree. Genome-wide microsatellite scan and linkage analysis were used in this study. The locus maps to chromosome 16p12.1 and spans 1.18 Mega bases. The maximum multipoint LOD scores are of 3.5 over the total of 10 markers. Evidence for the same locus was also found in a smaller FC pedigree sime095. The analysis of the sequence of 8 annotated genes within the region did not reveal any pathogenic mutations. Copy number variation and karyotype analyses did not reveal any chromosomal abnormality in the region. Further analyses of the region are necessary to find the genetic cause of RLS in this family.
Localized plasmon-engineered spontaneous emission of CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals closely-packed in the proximity of Ag nanoislands (2007)

As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we show that the localized plasmons of metal nanoisland films provide the ability to modify and control the collective spontaneous emission of nanocrystals in their proximity (including emission peak wavelength and linewidth in addition to intensity). Using randomly-distributed Ag nanoparticles, we demonstrate plasmonic resonance tuned for the proximal CdSe/ZnS NC emitters to shift PL peak wavelength (by 14 nm) and reduce the FWHM (by 10 nm), while enhancing PL intensity by 15.1 and 21.6 times compared to the control groups of nanocrystals alone and those with nanoAg but no dielectric spacer, respectively.
Encrypting the internet (2010)

End-to-end communication encryption is considered necessary for protecting the privacy of user data in the Internet. Only a small fraction of all Internet traffic, however, is protected today. The primary reason for this neglect is economic, mainly security protocol speed and cost. In this paper we argue that recent advances in the implementation of cryptographic algorithms can make general purpose processors capable of encrypting packets at line rates. This implies that the Internet can be gradually transformed to an information delivery infrastructure where all traffic is encrypted and authenticated. We justify our claim by presenting technologies that accelerate end-to-end encryption and authentication by a factor of 6 and a high performance TLS 1.2 protocol implementation that takes advantage of these innovations. Our implementation is available in the public domain for experimentation.
Set-Membership Constrained Particle Filter: Distributed Adaptation for Sensor Networks (2011)

Target tracking is investigated using particle filtering of data collected by distributed sensors. In lieu of a fusion center, local measurements must be disseminated across the network for each sensor to implement a centralized particle filter (PF). However, disseminating raw measurements incurs formidable communication overhead as large volumes of data are collected by the sensors. To reduce this overhead and thus enable distributed PF implementation, the present paper develops a set-membership constrained (SMC) PF approach that i) exhibits performance comparable to the centralized PF; ii) requires only communication of particle weights among neighboring sensors; and iii) can afford both consensus-based and incremental averaging implementations. These attractive attributes are effected through a novel adaptation scheme, which is amenable to simple distributed implementation using min- and max-consensus iterations. The resultant SMC-PF exhibits high gain over the bootstrap PF when the likelihood is peaky, but not in the tail of the prior. Simulations corroborate that for a fixed number of particles, and subject to peaky likelihood conditions, SMC-PF outperforms the bootstrap PF, as well as recently developed distributed PF algorithms, by a wide margin.
Stress Distribution in Teeth Due to Dimensional Changes of the Restorative Material (2006)

The objective of this paper is to theoretically investigate the stress distribution in a tooth model due to expansion or contraction of the filler material. Finite element calculations were carried out to determine the stresses and deformations in a model of the tooth. The tooth was modelled to consist of two concentric cylinders, an inner cylinder of 7 mm diameter dentine and an outer layer of 1 mm thick enamel. The two cylinders were assumed to be rigidly fixed at the bottom end and the top end was free. Different sizes of occlusal cavities (2, 4 and 7 mm) as well as mesial-occlusal and mesial-occlusal-distal were simulated through removal of dentine from the centre. The fillings were subjected to an internal pressure of 1 MPa and a chewing pressure of 1 MPa. Since the cylinders were rigidly fixed at one end, the inner part of the cavity (dentine) tended to bend outwards, thus compressing the outer (enamel) layer. This behaviour, coupled with a strong mismatch of the elastic moduli of dentine and enamel, leads to widely different distributions of stress in the tooth as the cavity sizes and filling types are varied. The radial deformations were of the order of microns, most of it occurring in the softer dentine. The maximum stresses occur in the stiffer enamel layer when a chewing pressure is applied, without a chewing pressure the stresses are more evenly distributed.
Muscle glycogen storage following prolonged exercise: effect of timing of ingestion of high glycemic index food (1997)

This study examined the effect of delaying the ingestion of carbohydrate on muscle glycogen storage following prolonged exhaustive exercise. Six endurance trained men cycled on two separate occasions at a workload corresponding to 70% VO2max for 2 h followed by four "all-out" 30-s sprints. Following exercise, subjects were fed five high glycemic index (HGI) meals over a 24-h period, with the first three being fed either at 0-4 h (IT) or 2-6 h (DT) at 2-h intervals. Muscle biopsies were taken immediately after exercise and at 8 and 24 h post-exercise and analyzed for glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate. Blood samples were obtained prior to and at 30, 60, and 90 min after each meal and analyzed for glucose and insulin. No differences were observed in the incremental glucose and insulin areas after each meal when IT and DT were compared. In addition, no differences were observed in muscle glycogen or glucose-6-phosphate any time in the two trials. These data indicate that delayed feeding of a HGI meal by 2 h has no effect on the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis at 8 and 24 h post-exercise, providing that sufficient carbohydrate is ingested during the recovery period.
Reliable Integer Ambiguity Resolution: Multi-Frequency Code Carrier Linear Combinations and Statistical Attitude A Priori Knowledge (2012)

This paper provides two methods to improve the reliability of carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution: The first one is a group of multi-frequency linear combinations that include both code and carrier phase measurements, and allow an arbitrary scaling of the geometry, an arbitrary scaling of the ionospheric delay, and any preferred wavelength. The maximization of the ambiguity discrimination results in combinations with a wavelength of several meters and a noise level of a few centimeters. These combinations could be beneficial for both Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The second method incorporates some statistical attitude a priori knowledge into the actual fixing. The a priori knowledge includes the length and direction of the baseline between two receivers and is given either as a uniform or Gaussian distribution. It enables a substantial reduction of the search space volume but also ensures a large robustness over errors in the a priori information. Both methods improve the accuracy of the float solution, which motivates a simple rounding for ambiguity fixing. A method is described, which enables an efficient computation of its success rate with a few integral transformations.
A context-aware e-bike system to reduce pollution inhalation while cycling (2017)

The effect of transport-related pollution on human health is fast becoming recognised as a major issue in cities worldwide. Cyclists, in particular, face great risks, as they typically are most exposed to tail-pipe emissions. Three avenues are being explored worldwide in the fight against urban pollution: (i) outright bans on polluting vehicles and embracing zero tailpipe emission vehicles; (ii) measuring air-quality as a means to better informing citizens of zones of higher pollution; and (iii) developing smart mobility devices that seek to minimize the effect of polluting devices on citizens as they transport goods and individuals in our cities. Following this latter direction, in this paper we present a new way to protect cyclists from the effect of urban pollution. Namely, by exploiting the actuation possibilities afforded by pedelecs or e-bikes (electric bikes), we design a cyber-physical system that mitigates the effect of urban pollution by indirectly controlling the breathing rate of cyclists in polluted areas. Results from a real device are presented to illustrate the efficacy of our system.
A 6-bit 50 MHz current-subtracting two step flash converter (2002)

The design of it 6-bit 50 MHz CMOS-current-subtracting two-step flash A/D converter in 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology is described. The two-step current-subtracting technique reduces the number of current comparators and their resolution requirements thus reducing both area and power. A new design for a high speed current subtracter is presented. A differential positive feedback technique is used in the current comparators to increase speed while maintaining high resolution. The complete A/D converter, including encoding logic, operates at 50 MHz and dissipates a maximum of 25 mW.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>