gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of climate models in relation to the “pool of inhibited cloudiness” over South of the Bay of Bengal (2019)

Abstract Realistic simulation of cloud variability and rainfall by the coupled models still remains a challenge particularly over the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). The simulation of the “pool of inhibited cloudiness” (hereafter referred to as PIC) and associated cloud variability have been analysed in the historical run of 26 models which participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and it is shown that the current state of the art general circulation models (GCMs) still have difficulties in properly simulating the PIC. The pool covers an area greater than 1 million km 2 between 3°–13°N and 77°–90°E over the southwest Bay of Bengal (BoB); persisting throughout the ASM and interestingly it is surrounded by the deep convective region. The majority of the models could not simulate cloud variability over the ASM. The performance of National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) version 2.0, which is being used for operational monsoon prediction over the Indian region, is also tested to evaluate its fidelity in capturing PIC. The moist convective process in the default CFSv2 is found to be one of the major sources of uncertainty in its monsoon prediction. In this study, evaluation of the default CFSv2 (CTRL) and suites of modified CFSv2 have been carried out. The default version of CFSv2 has the simplified Arakawa Schubert (SAS) as convection scheme and Zhao and Carr (ZC) as microphysics. In another modification, the SAS is changed to revised simplified Arakawa Schubert (RSAS) keeping the microphysics unchanged. Further, a more physically based cloud scheme (WRF Single Moment 6‐class microphysics—WSM6) is used with SAS and RSAS for comparison of simulation of PIC. Among the CMIP5 models, ACESS‐1‐0, GFDL‐CM3, HadGEM2‐CC, HadGEM2‐ES are able to represent the PIC reasonably well. CFSCR has shown an improved fidelity in comparison to the CTRL, CTRL‐WSM and RSAS and other CMIP5 models. The impact of cloud microphysics in CTRL‐WSM and CFSCR appears to play an important role in the simulation of the PIC.
uantum C~~~~ent Computation Using Superconducting Electronics (1997)

We discuss the prospects and challenges for implementing a quantum computer using supercon- ducting electronics. It appears that Josephson junction devices operating at milli-Kelvin temperatures can achieve a quantum dephasing time of milliseconds, allowing quantum coherent computations of lo1* or more steps. This figure of merit is comparable to that of atomic systems currently being studied for quantum computation.
TMLE for Marginal Structural Models Based on an Instrument (2016)

We consider estimation of a causal effect of a possibly continuous treatment when treatment assignment is potentially subject to unmeasured confounding, but an instrumental variable is available. Our focus is on estimating heterogeneous treatment effects, so that the treatment effect can be a function of an arbitrary subset of the observed covariates. One setting where this framework is especially useful is with clinical outcomes. Allowing the causal dose-response curve to depend on a subset of the covariates, we define our parameter of interest to be the projection of the true dose-response curve onto a user-supplied working marginal structural model. We develop a targeted minimum loss-based estimator (TMLE) of this estimand. Our TMLE can be viewed as a generalization of the two-stage regression method in the instrumental variable methodology to a semiparametric model with minimal assumptions. The asymptotic efficiency and robustness of this substitution estimator is outlined. Through detailed simulations, we demonstrate that our estimator's finite-sample performance can beat other semiparametric estimators with similar asymptotic properties. In addition, our estimator can greatly outperform standard approaches. For instance, the use of data-adaptive learning to achieve a good fit can lead to both lower bias and lower variance than for an incorrectly specified parametric estimator. Finally, we apply our estimator to a real dataset to estimate the effect of parents' education on their infant's health.
Decreased CD40 ligand induction in CD4 T cells and dysregulated IL-12 production during HIV infection (1999)

During HIV infection various cytokines are overproduced in early stages, whereas in advanced disease cytokines of the T helper 1 type (e.g. interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) are selectively deficient. During antigenic stimulation, the production of type-1 cytokines is enhanced by IL-12, secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APC) after their interaction with activated CD4 T cells. Two factors are essential in this process: priming APC with IFN-gamma and triggering the CD40 receptor on APC by CD40 ligand (CD40L). In view of the importance of this pathway, we compared its regulation in HIV-infected and control subjects. After cross-linking of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, the proportional expression of CD40L was similar on CD4+ T cells from controls and from patients with high circulating CD4 T counts (> 500/microl), but CD40L up-regulation was significantly reduced in patients with more advanced disease. Simultaneous triggering of the costimulatory receptor CD28 on T cells through its natural ligand CD80 partly corrected the CD40L defect in patients with intermediate CD4 T counts (200-500), but not in AIDS patients. Early production of IFN-gamma was preserved in lymphocytes from HIV+ patients. The expression of CD40 on peripheral monocytes from HIV+ subjects was increased in a disease stage-related fashion. Stimulation of mononuclear cells through cell-bound CD40L and soluble IFN-gamma induced significantly higher IL-12 in cultures from patients with > 200 circulating CD4 T cells, whereas IL-12 production was marginally decreased in cultures from patients with < 200 CD4 T cells, compared with healthy control cultures. In conclusion, our data suggest that impaired CD40L induction on CD4 T cells contributes to deficient type-1 responses through decreased IL-12 production in AIDS infection, whereas enhanced CD40-mediated IL-12 production in less advanced stages might contribute to increased levels of various cytokines in early disease
ChemInform Abstract: MAOS Protocols for the General Synthesis and Lead Optimization of 3,6‐Disubstituted‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Superparamagnetic Gadolinium Ferrite Nanoparticles with Controllable Curie Temperature – Cancer Theranostics for MR‐Imaging‐Guided Magneto‐Chemotherapy (2016)

A facile polyol approach for preparing low‐Curie‐temperature ( T C ) gadolinium‐doped iron oxide nanoparticles (GdIO NPs) for targeted magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy coupled with T 1 – T 2 dual‐model magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (where T 1 and T 2 are the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times, respectively) is reported. A small amount of Gd doping decreases the T C of iron oxide down to about 400 K. In the presence of ethanolamine, controlled polyol synthesis leads to the formation of low‐ T C , highly magnetic (52.87 emu g –1 ), and size‐controlled (ca. 10 nm) GdIO NPs. A further conjugation with folate and a chemotherapeutic drug has been developed, and the whole system is used for in vitro magneto‐chemotherapy (magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy) for cancer treatment. The synthesized GdIO NPs are stable colloids that are hemocompatible and cytocompatible over a wide concentration range and have a high affinity towards cancer cells. The release of a chemotherapeutic drug from the GdIO NPs significantly affects cancer cell viability, and the T 1 – T 2 dual‐model magnetic resonance enhances bioimaging in a breast cancer cell model. We suggest that the chemotherapeutic‐drug‐conjugated GdIO NPs have great potential for cell targeting and magnetic resonance imaging in cancer magneto‐chemotherapy.
First synthesized WS<inf>2</inf> nanotube and nanoribbon field effect transistors grown by chemical vapor transport (2017)

While planar two-dimensional field effect transistors (FETs) are being widely explored [1], there are only a few reports of MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> [2-4] and WS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> [5-8] nanotube (NT) and nanoribbon (NR) FETs. A benefit of these crystalline forms is the absence of edges associated with traps, and the potential for ideal subthreshold swing with wrapped gates. Density functional theory predicts that the bandgap of MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanotubes remains direct and decreases with diameter [9] due to strain. This makes nanotubes appealing for tunnel FETs at the scaling limit because the decrease in bandgap should provide an increase in current. Here we report the first WS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> NT and NR FETs synthesized by chemical vapor transport (CVT) [10]. Prior reports on WS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> [5-8] are based on sulphurization of W and WO nanowhiskers.
Vascular Drug Delivery Using Carrier Red Blood Cells: Focus on RBC Surface Loading and Pharmacokinetics (2020)

Red blood cells (RBC) have great potential as drug delivery systems, capable of producing unprecedented changes in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity. Despite this great potential and nearly 50 years of research, it is only recently that RBC-mediated drug delivery has begun to move out of the academic lab and into industrial drug development. RBC loading with drugs can be performed in several ways-either via encapsulation within the RBC or surface coupling, and either ex vivo or in vivo-depending on the intended application. In this review, we briefly summarize currently used technologies for RBC loading/coupling with an eye on how pharmacokinetics is impacted. Additionally, we provide a detailed description of key ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination) changes that would be expected for RBC-associated drugs and address unique features of RBC pharmacokinetics. As thorough understanding of pharmacokinetics is critical in successful translation to the clinic, we expect that this review will provide a jumping off point for further investigations into this area.
Developmental regulation of neuron‐specific P2X3 receptor expression in the rat cochlea (2005)

ATP-gated ion channels assembled from P2X3 receptor (P2X3R) subunits contribute to neurotransmission and neurotrophic signaling, associated with neurite development and synaptogenesis, particularly in peripheral sensory neurons. Here, P2X3R expression was characterized in the rat cochlea from embryonic day 16 (E16) to adult (P49-56), using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. P2X3R mRNA was strongly expressed in the cochlea prior to birth, declined to a minimal level at P14, and was absent in adult tissue. P2X3R protein expression was confined to spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) within Rosenthal's canal of the cochlea. At E16, immunolabeling was detected in the SGN neurites, but not the distal neurite projection within the developing sensory epithelium (greater epithelial ridge). From E18, the immunolabeling was observed in the peripheral neurites innervating the inner hair cells but was reduced by P6. However, from P2-8, immunolabeling of the SGN neurites extended to include the outer spiral bundle fiber tract beneath the outer hair cells. This labeling of type II SGN afferent fiber declined after P8. By P14, all synaptic terminal immunolabeling in the organ of Corti was absent, and SGN cell body labeling was minimal. In adult cochlear tissue, P2X3R immunolabeling was not detected. Noise exposure did not induce P2X3R expression in the adult cochlea. These data indicate that ATP-gated ion channels incorporating P2X3R subunit expression are specifically targeted to the afferent terminals just prior to the onset of hearing, and likely contribute to the neurotrophic signaling which establishes functional auditory neurotransmission.
Effect of a 12‐week endurance training program on force transfer and membrane integrity proteins in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects (2020)

The mechanisms accounting for the loss of muscle function with obesity and type 2 diabetes are likely the result of a combination of neural and muscular factors. One muscular factor that is important, yet has received little attention, is the protein machinery involved in longitudinal and lateral force transmission. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of force transfer and membrane integrity proteins before and after a 12-week endurance training program in lean, obese, and obese type 2 diabetic adults. Nineteen sedentary subjects (male = 8 and female = 11) were divided into three groups: Lean (n = 7; 50.3 ± 4.1 y; 69.1 ± 7.2 kg); Obese (n = 6; 49.8 ± 4.1 y; 92.9 ± 19.5 kg); and Obese with type 2 diabetes (n = 6; 51.5 ± 7.9 years; 88.9 ± 15.1 kg). Participants trained 150 min/week between 55% and 75% of VO<sub>2max</sub> for 12 weeks. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and after the training intervention. Baseline dystrophin and muscle LIM protein levels were higher (~50% p < .01) in lean compared to obese and type 2 diabetic adults, while the protein levels of the remaining force transfer and membrane integrity proteins were similar between groups. After training, obese individuals decreased (-53%; p < .01) the levels of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein and lean individuals decreased dystrophin levels (-45%; p = .01), while the levels of the remaining force transfer and membrane integrity proteins were not affected by training. These results suggest that there are modest changes to force transfer and membrane integrity proteins in middle-aged individuals as a result of 12 weeks of lifestyle and training interventions.
Security Printing Deterrents: A Comparison of Thermal Ink Jet, Dry Electrophotographic, and Liquid Electrophotographic Printing (2008)

Security printing is the use of variable data printing (VDP) to add readable information to printed regions. This is used for brand identification, track and trace, product authentication, and, if applicable, for investigation and evidentiary purposes. Well-crafted, multiregion deterrents can be a powerful means to simultaneously provide readable information and deter would-be counterfeiters through the crafting of difficult-to-reproduce printing effects. This allows the brand owner to select the best printing technology for the deterrents (or for different aspects of a multiregion deterrent), and to gain insight into how the counterfeiter may attempt to reproduce their deterrent with a different printing approach. In this article, repeated line patterns, two-dimensional (2D) bar code reading, and authentication of a color deterrent (color tile) are considered. These features are printed using thermal ink jet (TIJ), dry electrophotography (DEP), and liquid electrophotography (LEP) digital printers. Line patterns and 2D bar code differences are representative of the printer's binary print quality. Color tiles are representative of the printer's ability to produce color-based deterrents with fidelity, and are also used to show authentication accuracy on multiple printers and on multiple substrates. Authentication of TIJ printed color tiles is better on glossy paper than on plain office paper, whereas the opposite was observed for DEP printed color tiles. Finally, meaningful metrics for comparison are discussed, including security payload density, deterrent reproducibility, color and spatial frequency fidelity, deterrent precompensation, and the sensitivity of deterrent authentication to image capture settings and devices.
Electronic Nose for Rapid Detection of Food Borne Pathogens in Meats (1999)

The AromaScan electronic-nose detects volatile chemicals with an array of semi-conducting polymer sensors which enable the user to map aromas in a graphic and digital format. The goal of this research is to explore the use of an electronic nose for rapid detection of food spoilers and pathogens via development of a standard curve of some potential volatile compounds that can be used to develop some specific aroma-labeled substrates similar to the MUG assay for indicator organisms and pathogen detection. The test system was ground pork that was mixed with a diluent, homogenized with a stomacher then incubated at 37 o C with 30% RH. The stomacher bag was connected to the AromaScan electronic nose via teflon tubing which as held in a column heater (35 o C), through a teflon syringe filter to prevent contamination of the sensors. The AromaScan incubator was held at 35 o C and 30% RH. Benzaldehyde was the aroma compound which illustrated the best response as low as 91 ppb. However, to be workable as a rapid method for detection of pathogens this aroma labeled compound must be detectable at part per trillion.
Commentary: The evolution of methods to assess the effects of treatments, illustrated by the development of treatments for diphtheria, 1825-1918 (2011)

References 1 Choksy NH. Letter to the Editor: Professor Lustig’s plague serum. Lancet 1900;156:291–92; Reprinted Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:654–56. 2 Nathan R. The Plague in India, 1896, 1897. Simla: The Government Central Printing Office, 1898. 3 Condon JK. The Bombay Plague, being A History of the Progress of Plague in the Bombay Presidency from September 1896 to June 1899. Bombay: The Education Society’s Steam Press, 1900. 4 Lustig A, Galeotti G. The Prophylactic and Curative Treatment of Plague. Brit Med J 1901;1:206–08. 5 Choksy NH. The Treatment of Plague with Professor Lustig’s Serum. Bombay: Indian Textile and Municipal Journal Company, 1903. 6 The Indian Plague Commission: 1898–99: Bombay: Minutes of Evidence taken before the Indian Plague Commission at the Secretariat. 7 Haffkine WM. Concerning Inoculation Against Plague and Pneumonia and the Experimental Study of Curative Methods. J Hyg (Lond) 1915;15:64–101. 8 Bannerman WB, Haffkine WM. Serum-therapy of Plague in India; (Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India; New Series). Calcutta: Government Printing Office, 1905; p. 73. 9 The Plague. Br Med J 1907;1:878. 10 Choksy KBNH. On recent progress in the serum therapy of plague. Br Med J 1908;1:1282–84. 11 Choksy NS. Public health in India. Br Med J 1923;569.
Calcineurin Inhibition in Hypertrophy (2001)

eactive cardiac hypertrophy has long been recognized as a compensatory process that enhances ventricular function through normalization of wall stress in the face of increased hemodynamic load. For almost as long, it has also been appreciated that the natural history of a hypertrophied heart faced with unremitting hemodynamic overload is progression from a state of functional compensation to one of functional decompensation, or heart failure. 1 Under these circumstances, the heart dilates and fails because hypertrophy fails, and in this manner, nature's temporary cure for hemodynamic overload becomes part and parcel of the disease.
Selective increase in plasma luteinising hormone concentrations in drug free young men with mania. (1985)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system was investigated in drug free young men with either mania or acute schizophrenia and in age matched controls by measuring, at frequent intervals during a 17 hour "neuroendocrine day," plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and cortisol. Plasma LH in mania was significantly increased compared with the control value at all time periods and increased in the morning and evening samples compared with values in the schizophrenic patients. Plasma prolactin and cortisol concentrations were significantly greater in mania and schizophrenia compared with control values at several times during the day, but there were no significant between group differences in plasma testosterone or SHBG. These results show that in young men with mania there is a major disturbance in the central mechanisms that control the release of LH, the control of prolactin and cortisol secretion is abnormal in mania and acute schizophrenia, and plasma LH concentrations may provide a useful hormonal diagnostic test for mania.
Influence of Spinel head window thickness on the performance characteristics of a submarine panoramic infrared imaging system (2011)

This work explores the influence of head window thickness on the performance of a mid-wave infrared, panoramic periscope imager. Our focus is on transparent spinel ceramic as the head window material. Spinel is an attractive material for IR applications due to its good strength and transmission properties (visible through mid-wave). However, there is some degradation in spinel transmission near the high end of the mid-wave band ( 5&mu;m) as the head window thickness increases. In this work we predict the relationship between head window thickness and imager performance, as quantified by the Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference, and compare these predictions to values estimated from experimental data. We then discuss the implications for imager design and demonstrate a possible approach to correcting for the headwindow-induced losses. The imager used in this study is a compact, catadioptric, camera that provides a 360<sup>o</sup> horizontal azimuth by -10<sup>o</sup> to +30<sup>o</sup> elevation field of view and uses a 2048 x 2048, 15&mu;m pitch InSb detector.
A General Method for the Direct α‐Arylation of Aldehydes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides (2007)

Breites Produktspektrum: Es wurde ein Katalysatorsystem entwickelt, das effizient die Titelreaktion vermittelt (siehe Schema). Seine hohe Aktivität ermöglicht die Synthese hoch funktionalisierter Verbindungen mit unterschiedlichsten Substitutionsmustern unter sehr milden Bedingungen. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2007/z703009_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.