gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Layer 3 VPN Services over IPv6 Backbone Networks: Requirements, Technology, and Standardization Efforts (2007)

Layer 3 virtual private networks (L3VFN) enable organizations to connect geographically dispersed sites to one another across the packet switched network of a service provider. The most popular form of L3VPN is based on BGP/MPLS (border gateway protocol/multiprotocol label switching) technology in which the service provider offers a network-based IP VPN routing and forwarding service to its customers across its own IPv4-based MPLS backbone network. With the deployment of IPv6-based backbone networks underway, there is an emerging requirement to support these same L3VPN services across a native IPv6 backbone network. This introduces a requirement to provide routing and tunneling of IPv6 VPN (and IPv4 VPN) packets across an IPv6 backbone network. Softwires is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Working Group chartered to address the requirement of providing a generalized, network-based, multi-address family, IP routing and tunneling capability across native IP backbone networks pursuant to IPv6 transitions. Elements of the softwires work can form the basis of an L3VPN over IPv6 solution. After providing a brief overview of how L3VPN works in various topologies, this article presents the requirements for L3VPN services over an IPv6 backbone network and discusses a possible solution set that builds over the softwire technology and related IETF standards. Finally, we outline future directions and how the softwire technology can support new services and improved scalability
Adhesion of coagulase‐negative staphylococci to methacrylate polymers and copolymers (1986)

Adhesion of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) was studied onto a homologous series of methacrylate polymers and copolymers. The materials varied in wettability (contact angles) and were either positively or negatively charged (zeta-potential). Bacterial adhesion experiments performed in a parallel-plate perfusion system showed that positively charged TMAEMA-Cl copolymers significantly promoted the adhesion of CNS as compared with all other methacrylate (co)polymers tested. The bacterial adhesion rates onto the positively charged surfaces are diffusion-controlled, whereas those onto the surfaces with a negative zeta-potential are more surface-reaction-controlled due to the presence of a potential energy barrier. The bacterial adhesion rates onto various poly (alkyl methacrylates) were similar. The number of adhering bacteria onto the negatively charged MMA/MAA copolymer did not differ from that onto pMMA, indicating that sufficient sites on the copolymer surface with the same potential energy barrier as that on pMMA, were available for adhesion. Decreasing rates of adhesion of CNS were observed onto MMA/HEMA copolymers with increasing HEMA content coinciding with increasing hydrophilicity. Low plateau values for the bacterial adhesion were observed on 50MMA/50HEMA, pHEMA, and 85HEMA/15MAA, indicating that the adhesion onto these materials was reversible. Four CNS strains with different surface characteristics all showed higher numbers of adhering bacteria onto 85MMA/15TMAEMA-Cl than onto 85MMA/15MAA and pMMA.
Development of chicken antibodies to bovine interferon α (1999)

We have developed chicken polyclonal antibody to bovine interferon alpha (IFNalpha). Five hundred microg of recombinant bovine IFNalpha suspended with complete Freund's adjuvant was used in the first immunization round. A suspension of the same amount of IFNalpha and incomplete Freund's adjuvant was used for all subsequent boosters. The antibody was purified from egg yolks using polyethylene glycol precipitation. The first reactive antibody appeared several weeks after the first immunization. The antibody is specific for IFNalpha in immunoblotting, it is also useful in ELISA and immunohistochemistry. This method provides a fast, cheap and efficient alternative to development of monoclonal antibodies to conserved mammalian antigens.
Hyper‐spectral Raman imaging correlating chemical substitution and crystallinity in biogenic hydroxyapatite: Dentin and enamel in normal and hypoplastic human teeth (2018)

Abstract Micro‐Raman imaging and spectroscopy has become an established technique for the characterization of biogenic hydroxyapatite as, for example, the primary constituent of human teeth. However, few studies have yet gone beyond a qualitative analysis of the Raman response providing only limited insight into spatial heterogeneity of composition, structure, and degree of crystallinity. Here, we show how correlative electron microprobe and extended hyperspectral Raman imaging with high spatial and spectral resolution, with peak position and linewidth analysis, and from the μm to mm scale, provides insight into structural characteristics in dentin and enamel. From comparison of healthy and hypoplastic teeth as a representative tooth disease example, we determine variations in degree of crystallinity, both locally across the dentin–enamel junction, and with distinct long‐range spatial variations. We identify a correlation of spectral peak position and linewidth as a measure of crystal lattice disorder across tubules, dentin, dentin–enamel junction, and enamel. This correlative Raman imaging and analysis approach may help to provide a better understanding of apatite geochemistry and biomineralization.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PEPTIDE‐COUPLING REAGENTS. PART 8. TERTIARY PHOSPHINE/HEXACHLOROETHANE AS A CONDENSING REAGENT IN PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS: THE SYNTHESIS OF BRADYKININ (1979)

Abstract Das Tetrapeptid (IIIb), erhältlich aus den Komponenten (I) und (II) [→(IIIa)] durch nachfolgende Behandlung mit TFA, wird mit dem Pentapeptid (IV) zum Nonapeptid (Va) kondensiert, das durch Schutzgruppenabspaltung (Hydrierung an Pd/BaSO 4 in Eisessig/Methanol) die Titelverbindung (Vb) liefert.
Effect of Hydrocarbon on DeNOx Performance of Selective Catalytic Reduction by a Combined Reductant over Cu-Containing Zeolite Catalysts (2019)

The effects of hydrocarbons (HCs) on a combined selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system by NH3 and mixed HCs for simulated exhaust over five different types of Cu2+-exchanged zeolite catalysts have been systematically examined according to the reaction temperature. CuSSZ-13 with three-dimensional (3D) small pores and CuFER with 2D medium- and small-pore channels showed good resistance to poisoning by heavy HCs such as dodecane (C12H26) and m-xylene (C8H10), while they were not tolerant to poisoning by short-chain HCs such as propylene (C3H6). The deNOx activities of CuZSM-5 and CuBEA containing 3D medium- and large-pore channels, respectively, were significantly decreased by the inclusion of C12H26 in the reaction feed stream. Another large-pore channel-based zeolite catalyst, CuMOR, showed a peculiar behavior of NOx reduction by the combined SCR: complete conversions of NO and NH3 without any side reactions in the medium-temperature region, probably due to small-pore side pockets alongside straight large-pore channels. The NH3/SCR performances of the catalysts tested varied depending on the structural features of the zeolite supports, while there were somewhat common features according to the reaction temperatures. Inhibition of surface NO oxidation by adsorbed HCs was the primary cause of the decrease in NH3/SCR performance at low temperature. In the medium-temperature region, NH3 reacted with HCs to form nitrile compounds through ammoxidation, resulting in a further decrease in deNOx activity due to a shortage of NH3 for NOx reduction. On the other hand, deNOx activity increased at high temperature due to NOx reduction by HCs present in the feed stream.
Fetal Protection Against a Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Challenge in Cattle Vaccinated with a Type I Modified Live BVDV Vaccine (2005)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a continual concern to the cattle industry. Infection with BVDV may result in either acute disease or persistently infected, asymptomatic carriers. Clinical signs of acute disease include depression, anorexia, reproductive failure, respiratory and gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Acute BVDV infection of pregnant cattle at 30-150 days of gestation may result in calves that are persistently infected (PI). Due to intermittent shedding of virus, these calves pose a continual threat to other cattle. In addition, calves may be at risk for superinfection with a different strain of BVDV, resulting in high mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a BVDV Type I modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine to protect against the development of persistently infected calves following a homologous Type 2 challenge of heifers.
Polymerization of N‐Vinyl Lactam with (Meth)Acrylate Based Comonomers (2021)

Abstract This chapter focuses on N‐vinyl pyrrolidone and/or N‐vinyl caprolactam‐based copolymers by conventional free‐radical chemistry with acrylate‐based comonomers. It describes the void on information of different copolymers of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone or N‐vinyl caprolactam with many acrylate‐based monomers. The chapter discusses some fundamentals in conventional free‐radical copolymerization, and the resultant copolymer formed. The effect of adding alkyl‐groups onto to the pendant amide is evaluated from dimethyl acrylamide to isopropyl acrylamide with N‐vinyl pyrrolidone. The first copolymerizations were performed in organic solvents like dimethylformamide and toluene. One route to copolymerize vinylpyrrolidone (VP) copolymers with acidic comonomers without hydrolysis is to use a precipitation copolymerization process. Vinylcaprolactam can be copolymerized with acidic monomers like that of VP with acrylic or methacrylic acid monomers just discussed. High molecular weight water‐soluble copolymers based on methacrylamide with VP have been difficult to synthesize by free‐radical polymerization.
AUDIT study. Evidence of global undertreatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2006)

The Analysis and Understanding of Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia: Improving Treatment (AUDIT) study was a confidential, web-based, cross-sectional survey involving 2,043 diabetes specialists in 50 countries. The study investigated the attitudes of physicians specialising in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus towards the management of dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in these patients. Physicians reported obtaining lipid profiles in 91% of patients with type 2 diabetes and estimated that 62% of type 2 diabetic patients have dyslipidaemia. Across all regions, stated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride and total cholesterol targets were lower for type 2 diabetic patients with than without cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fewer physicians reported having an LDL-C target of &lt; 2.6 mmol/L (≤100 mg/dL) for patients without CVD (59%) than with CVD (85%). Physicians reported that 54% of patients achieve LDL-C targets, with significantly more estimated to achieve their LDL-C goal in North America (69%) than in any other region (43—61%; p&lt;0.001). When setting targets, 58% of physicians stated that they were most influenced by lipid management guidelines, although a large proportion of physicians from Eastern Europe (54%) and Africa/Middle East (50%) cited a personal read of the literature. Patient compliance was the most commonly perceived barrier to lipid goal attainment in most regions (42—61%); financial constraints were cited most often in South America (76%), Africa/Middle East (65%) and Eastern Europe (63%). The AUDIT study revealed a disparity between lipid screening and control in type 2 diabetic patients. Physicians reported that they treated patients without CVD less intensively than patients with CVD, suggesting that type 2 diabetes was not widely considered a coronary heart disease risk equivalent. A reassessment of guideline implementation is needed for physicians worldwide to improve lipid control to decrease cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
Multicomponent and Regioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines from Aromatic Aldehydes, Meldrum’s Acid, and Aminopyrazole CAN508 (2014)

A regioselective synthesis of dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines is reported. The multicomponent reaction of readily available arylaldehydes, Meldrum's acid, and aminopyrazole CAN508 afforded fused pyrazolopyrimidines in high yields. The reaction proceeded regioselectively via initial Michael addition of the exocyclic amino group to arylidene Meldrum's acid intermediate followed by a ring closure at the endocyclic nitrogen of aminopyrazole. The regioselectivity of the reaction was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Quality Estimation & Interpretability for Code Translation (2020)

Recently, the automated translation of source code from one programming language to another by using automatic approaches inspired by Neural Machine Translation (NMT) methods for natural languages has come under study. However, such approaches suffer from the same problem as previous NMT approaches on natural languages, viz. the lack of an ability to estimate and evaluate the quality of the translations; and consequently ascribe some measure of interpretability to the model's choices. In this paper, we attempt to estimate the quality of source code translations built on top of the TransCoder model. We consider the code translation task as an analog of machine translation (MT) for natural languages, with some added caveats. We present our main motivation from a user study built around code translation; and present a technique that correlates the confidences generated by that model to lint errors in the translated code. We conclude with some observations on these correlations, and some ideas for future work.
Importance of CYP2D6 metabolism in the in vitro antiestrogenic activity of toremifene and tamoxifen. (2011)

e13067 Background: Toremifene (TOR) and tamoxifen (TAM) are approved treatments for advanced breast cancer. It has been suggested that poor metabolizers of TAM have worse clinical outcomes than patients who exhibit normal TAM metabolism. TOR and TAM are extensively metabolized by the human cytochrome P450 system (TAM - 3A4 and 2D6; TOR - 3A4). To gain a better understanding of CYP2D6 status and the potential impact on breast cancer activity, we investigated the estrogen and antiestrogen actions of TOR and TAM and their NDM, 4-OH, and 4-OH-NDM metabolites in Ishikawa endometrial and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Methods: Estrogen receptor binding affinity was evaluated in vitro using purified ER-LBD and 3H-estradiol. Transactivation activity was determined in HEK-293 cells. TOR, TAM and their N-desmethyl (NDM), 4-OH, and 4-OH-NDM metabolites were evaluated at up to [10 μM] in Ishikawa endometrial and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: TAM and metabolites had similar binding affinity to TOR analogs. The 4-OH and 4-OH-NDM metabolites bound to ER subtypes with 5-50-fold greater affinity and were 50-100 more efficient at ER transactivation than TOR and TAM. Endoxifen (a CYP2D6 product) exhibited the greatest potency of all compounds tested. Estrogen induced Ishikawa cell growth with maximal effects observed at 0.1 nM. TOR and TAM prevented estrogen-mediated agonist effects with similar activity. TOR and TAM had similar antiestrogen activity against Ishikawa cell growth, however, 4-OH metabolites of TAM and TOR are up to 377-fold more potent than their parent drugs. These data are consistent with in vivo studies in intact rats demonstrating TOR and TAM block estrogenic effects on the uterus. TOR and TAM and metabolites were also antagonists in MCF-7 cells, with the order of antiestrogenic potency being 4-OH and 4-OH-NDM metabolites > TOR/TAM and NDM metabolites. Conclusions: Our results provide mechanistic insight into the potential contributions of the 4-OH and 4-OH-NDM metabolites to TOR and TAM activity and perhaps an explanation for the importance of CYP2D6 metabolism to TAM but not TOR clinical outcomes.
Simultaneous improvement of field-of-view and resolution in an imaging optical system (2021)

A novel imaging system design is proposed, in which the FOV and maximum resolution are improved simultaneously while the detector remains fixed. These improvements are realized using freeform optical surfaces and field-dependent characteristic parameters. The resulting imaging system design has optical properties that vary continuously with the field angle. In the central FOV, the system is equivalent to a long-focal-length camera, while in the marginal FOV, it is equivalent to a short-focal-length camera; however, the system has a constant F-number across the FOV. A 2× variation in the field-dependent characteristic parameters across the FOV is achieved.
Automatic depth grading tool to successfully adapt stereoscopic 3D content to digital cinema and home viewing environments (2013)

To ensure an immersive, yet comfortable experience, significant work is required during post-production to adapt the stereoscopic 3D (S3D) content to the targeted display and its environment. On the one hand, the content needs to be reconverged using horizontal image translation (HIT) so as to harmonize the depth across the shots. On the other hand, to prevent edge violation, specific re-convergence is required and depending on the viewing conditions floating windows need to be positioned. In order to simplify this time-consuming work we propose a depth grading tool that automatically adapts S3D content to digital cinema or home viewing environments. Based on a disparity map, a stereo point of interest in each shot is automatically evaluated. This point of interest is used for depth matching, i.e. to position the objects of interest of consecutive shots in a same plane so as to reduce visual fatigue. The tool adapts the re-convergence to avoid edge-violation, hyper-convergence and hyper-divergence. Floating windows are also automatically positioned. The method has been tested on various types of S3D content, and the results have been validated by a stereographer.
Quantifying Polymer Chain Orientation in Strong and Tough Nanofibers with Low Crystallinity: Toward Next Generation Nanostructured Superfibers (2019)

Advanced fibers revolutionized structural materials in the second half of the 20th century. However, all high-strength fibers developed to date are brittle. Recently, pioneering simultaneous ultrahigh strength and toughness were discovered in fine (<250 nm) individual electrospun polymer nanofibers (NFs). This highly desirable combination of properties was attributed to high macromolecular chain alignment coupled with low crystallinity. Quantitative analysis of the degree of preferred chain orientation will be crucial for control of NF mechanical properties. However, quantification of supramolecular nanoarchitecture in NFs with low crystallinity in the ultrafine diameter range is highly challenging. Here, we discuss the applicability of traditional as well as emerging methods for quantification of polymer chain orientation in nanoscale one-dimensional samples. Advantages and limitations of different techniques are critically evaluated on experimental examples. It is shown that straightforward application of some of the techniques to sub-wavelength-diameter NFs can lead to severe quantitative and even qualitative artifacts. Sources of such size-related artifacts, stemming from instrumental, materials, and geometric phenomena at the nanoscale, are analyzed on the example of polarized Raman method but are relevant to other spectroscopic techniques. A proposed modified, artifact-free method is demonstrated. Outstanding issues and their proposed solutions are discussed. The results provide guidance for accurate nanofiber characterization to improve fundamental understanding and accelerate development of nanofibers and related nanostructured materials produced by electrospinning or other methods. We expect that the discussion in this review will also be useful to studies of many biological systems that exhibit nanofilamentary architectures and combinations of high strength and toughness.
Detecting and resolving policy misconfigurations in access-control systems (2008)

Access-control policy misconfigurations that cause requests to be erroneously denied can result in wasted time, user frustration and, in the context of particular applications (e.g., health care), very severe consequences. In this paper we apply association rule mining to the history of accesses to predict changes to access-control policies that are likely to be consistent with users' intentions, so that these changes can be instituted in advance of misconfigurations interfering with legitimate accesses. Instituting these changes requires consent of the appropriate administrator, of course, and so a primary contribution of our work is to automatically determine from whom to seek consent and to minimize the costs of doing so. We show using data from a deployed access-control system that our methods can reduce the number of accesses that would have incurred costly time-of-access delays by 44%, and can correctly predict 58% of the intended policy. These gains are achieved without increasing the total amount of time users spend interacting with the system.
Sets with large additive energy and symmetric sets (2010)

We show that for any set A in a finite Abelian group G that has at least c |A|^3 solutions to a_1 + a_2 = a_3 + a_4, where a_i belong A there exist sets A' in A and L in G, |L| \ll c^{-1} log |A| such that A' is contained in Span of L and A' has approximately c |A|^3 solutions to a'_1 + a'_2 = a'_3 + a'_4, where a'_i belong A'. We also study so-called symmetric sets or, in other words, sets of large values of convolution.
Numerical Simulation Study for Frequency Sharing Between Micro-Cellular Systems and Fixed Service Systems in Millimeter-Wave Bands (2016)

This paper presents numerical simulation results to study the impact of the co-existence between a fixed service (FS) system and 5G small cell networks at 28-, 38-, and 60-GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands. For this paper, two scenarios are considered: aggregation of interference from small cells into an FS receiver from base stations (BSs) to their associated user equipment (UE) (downlink) and the aggregation of cellular interference at the FS receiver from UEs to their associated BSs (downlink). Moreover, mmWave-specific propagation characteristics and attenuation factors are considered for a more precise simulation study. The simulation results determine how much interference rejection is required to protect the operation of FS. In addition, currently available mmWave modular antenna array (MAA) architectures are introduced. Based on the information, additionalmmWave frequency sharing study is performed using the realistic MAA radiation patterns. Last, we compare and analyze the performance differences between ITU standard models and MAA solutions.
Helper-Free Herpes Simplex Virus Amplicons allow Efficient Transduction of Leukemia Cells with a costimulatory ligand without Loss of MHC-I Expression (1999)

Tolba, Khaled; Federoff, Howard J.; Bowers, William; Facciponte, John; Baka, Jennifer; Challita-Eid, Pia; Rosenblatt, Joseph D. Author Information
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Compatible Ultrasound Therapeutic System (2002)

Since an ultrasound (US) imaging system can image in real-time and interactively, it can be used as an image guidance assisting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for minimally invasive therapy. The effects of MRI-compatible US probes on MRI monitoring were evaluated, and it was found that the MRI-compatible US probes, whose backing material contained 100 ppm ferrite, did not disturb MR monitoring except at a few mm radius from the US probe's position. MRI temperature monitoring of a swine liver irradiated with a high-intensity focused US beam from an MRI-compatible therapeutic transducer with US image guidance was then performed, and the potential usefulness of such a therapeutic system in minimally invasive therapy was demonstrated.