gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of Direct Lithiation of Thin Si Membranes with Spatially-Correlative Low Energy Focused Li Ion Beam and Analytical Electron Microscopy Techniques (2016)

Understanding and controlling defect interactions and transport properties of Li ions in silicon is crucial for the development of emerging technologies in energy storage and microelectronics [1-4]. With a theoretical energy storage capacity of ~4200 mAhg -1 , which is more than 10 times over than that of graphite (372 mAhg -1 ), Si is an attractive anode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries [1, 4]. The practical use of Si-based anodes is, however, hampered by the large volumetric changes (up to ~400%) that occur during electrochemical charge/discharge cycling and the concomitant capacity fading. Further insights into fundamental mechanisms of Li-Si reactions are needed to address these problems. Here, we report on controlled low dose Li + ion implantation into 9 nm-thick amorphous (a-Si) membranes and 35 nm-thick single crystalline <100>-oriented (c-Si) membranes using a low-energy focused lithium ion beam ((LiFIB), FIG. With probe sizes of a few tens of nanometers at energies ranging from 500 eV to 6 keV and beam currents of a few pA, the LiFIB enables surface topography and composition sensitive imaging using ion-induced secondary electrons (iSE) and backscattered ions (BSI), respectively [5]. Furthermore, the LiFIB has a unique ability to implant certain amounts of 7 Li + ions into any material with nanoscale precision, making it a potentially powerful tool for advanced battery materials research and material design via defect engineering and surface modification. In this work, we analyze the spatial distributions of lithium in the selected regions of the thin Si membranes where the low dose Li + ions were implanted through a combination of correlative low-energy LiFIB implantation/imaging, conventional and phase-contrast high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (CTEM/HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning TEM (STEM), and electron energy-loss spectroscopic STEM imaging (EELS-STEM SI). This reveals information about the Li + -Si interactions, bonding and lateral distributions of low Li + concentrations within the membranes in the range from 110 3 ion/nm 2 to 1310 3 ion/nm 2 or from 1.110 -20 g/nm 2 to 14.610 -20 g/nm 2 , respectively (FIGs. 1 and 2). It is noteworthy that this approach avoids the inherent electrochemical complications from the formation of an unstable solidelectrolyte interface (SEI) with poor conductivity. Through this approach we directly reveal the series of overlapping nanoscale physico-chemical processes that occur during the early stages of Li + implantation, including: (a) selective etching, amorphization and cracking of the Si membranes (FIGs. 1b and 2b); (b) the creation of interstitial-rich extended stepped and v-shaped defects (FIG. 2b); (c) clustering of mobile interstitials in tetragonal sites of the c-Si matrix (FIG. 2c) as well as (d) concentration gradient driven local diffusion of Li ions followed by (e) the formation of various mixed composition Si-Li alloy phases.
Increased VEGFR-2 Gene Copy Is Associated with Chemoresistance and Shorter Survival in Patients with Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Who Receive Adjuvant Chemotherapy (2011)

VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2 or kinase insert domain receptor; KDR) is a known endothelial target also expressed in NSCLC tumor cells. We investigated the association between alterations in the KDR gene and clinical outcome in patients with resected non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC; n = 248). KDR copy number gains (CNG), measured by quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization, were detected in 32% of tumors and associated with significantly higher KDR protein and higher microvessel density than tumors without CNGs. KDR CNGs were also associated with significantly increased risk of death (HR = 5.16; P = 0.003) in patients receiving adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, but no differences were observed in patients not receiving adjuvant therapy. To investigate potential mechanisms for these associations, we assessed NSCLC cell lines and found that KDR CNGs were significantly associated with in vitro resistance to platinum chemotherapy as well as increased levels of nuclear hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in both NSCLC tumor specimens and cell lines. Furthermore, KDR knockdown experiments using small interfering RNA reduced platinum resistance, cell migration, and HIF-1α levels in cells bearing KDR CNGs, providing evidence for direct involvement of KDR. No KDR mutations were detected in exons 7, 11, and 21 by PCR-based sequencing; however, two variant single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes were associated with favorable overall survival in adenocarcinoma patients. Our findings suggest that tumor cell KDR CNGs may promote a more malignant phenotype including increased chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and HIF-1α levels, and that KDR CNGs may be a useful biomarker for identifying patients at high risk for recurrence after adjuvant therapy, a group that may benefit from VEGFR-2 blockade.
Regulation of NF-κB activity through lysine monomethylation of p65 (2009)

NF-kappaB is a key activator of inflammatory and immune responses with important pathological roles in cancer, heart disease, and autoimmune diseases. Transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB is regulated by different posttranslational modifications. Here, we report a novel mechanism of NF-kappaB regulation through lysine monomethylation by SET9 methyltransferase. Set9 specifically methylates p65 at lysine 37. Both TNFalpha and IL-1beta treatments induced methylation of p65. Methylated p65 is restricted to the nucleus and this modification regulates the promoter binding of p65. Moreover, Set9 mediated methylation of p65 is required for the expression of a subset of NF-kappaB target genes in response to TNFalpha stimulation.
Thrombospondin receptor expression in human neutrophils coincides with the release of a subpopulation of specific granules (1992)

The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein thrombospondin (TSP) binds specifically to polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) surface receptors and promotes cell adhesion and motility. TSP receptor expression increases 30-fold after activation with the synthetic chemotactic peptide, N-formylmethionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) or the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, in combination with cytochalasin B. The expression of TSP receptors was correlated with the exocytosis of both specific and azurophil granules. Newly expressed TSP receptors are not derived from easily mobilized specific granules since agents that trigger some specific granule release [phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), FMLP or ionophore A23187 alone] do not increase TSP receptor expression. In this study we used the anion-channel blocker, 4,4'-di-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) to investigate the source of these newly expressed receptors. When PMNs were exposed to cytochalasin B and FMLP or to cytochalasin B and ionophore A23187 in the presence of 30-100 microM-DIDS, TSP receptor expression increased coincidently with vitamin B12-binding protein release from specific granules. Under these same conditions, the release of the azurophil granule component, myeloperoxidase, was significantly inhibited. Using agonists that cause release of specific granules, or both specific granules and azurophil granules, we determined that DIDS blocked the release of PMA-mobilized specific granules and cytochalasin B plus FMLP- or cytochalasin B plus ionophore A23187-mobilized myeloperoxidase-containing azurophil granules but not specific granules mobilized by cytochalasin B plus FMLP or cytochalasin B plus ionophore A23187. These results suggested that PMNs contain at least two subpopulations of specific granules: one that is easily mobilized, lacks TSP receptors and is inhibitable by DIDS, and one that is difficult to mobilize, contains a large pool of TSP receptors and the release of which is enhanced in the presence of DIDS.
Determination of physical parameters and processes in hologram formation in ferroelectrics (1976)

The material parameters and physical processes during hologram formation in ferroelectric crystals have previously been identified. Some methods (based largely on new diagnostic techniques) for evaluating these critical parameters and for quantifiying the physical processes are summarized here.
<title>Color measurement of the mucous membrane using sequential endoscopic images</title> (1997)

In order to give medical doctors objective information of the internal surface of the organs, which will lead to an improvement of the quality of the endoscopic diagnosis, it is necessary to develop a method to quantitatively measure colors from the digital images of CCD endoscope. However, when the internal surface of the human digestive organs is illuminated by the light of the endoscope, images captured by the endoscope become reddish compared to the original object due to the reflections by the surrounding red mucosal surface. This phenomenon makes it difficult to measure the object color correctly. We propose a method to compensate the color shift of illumination and to estimate the color of the mucous internal surface from CCD endoscopic images. In this method, the spectral reflectance of the internal surface and the spectral distribution of the illumination are represented by a weighted sum of some functions given by the statistical analysis of the surface reflectances. Each weighting factor is estimated from sequential images captured by the CCD endoscope. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by a basic experiment using a CCD endoscope and color charts.
A Tetrazolyl-Substituted Subtype-Selective AMPA Receptor Agonist (2007)

Replacement of the methyl group of the AMPA receptor agonist 2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-methyl-2H-5-tetrazolyl)-4-isoxazolyl]propionic acid (2-Me-Tet-AMPA) with a benzyl group provided the first AMPA receptor agonist, compound 7, capable of discriminating GluR2-4 from GluR1 by its more than 10-fold preference for the former receptor subtypes. An X-ray crystallographic analysis of this new analogue in complex with the GluR2-S1S2J construct shows that accommodation of the benzyl group creates a previously unobserved pocket in the receptor, which may explain the remarkable pharmacological profile of compound 7.
Abstract 17649: Inhibition of Src Homology 2 Domain-containing Phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) Increases Insulin Sensitivity in High-fat Diet-induced Insulin Resistant C57black6 Mice (2014)

Background: Insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the development of type 2 diabetes, and exerts great impact on vascular inflammation and remodeling. At the molecular level a post-insulin receptor (IR) defect in insulin signaling has been suggested to contribute to insulin resistance. IR signaling is antagonized and tightly controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The precise role of PTPs in insulin resistance, however, has not been explored. Results: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal from fat) to induce insulin resistance, or a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% kcal from fat) for 10 weeks. Afterwards, HFD mice were treated with PTP-inhibitors for additional 6 weeks. Mice under HFD exhibited a significant increase in body weight as well as decreased respiratory quotient and adiponectin levels, and were characterized by impaired insulin- and glucose tolerance. Organ-based gene expression analyses in insulin-resistant mice demonstrated upregulation of SHP-1, PTP1B, LAR, and DEP-1 in insulin-sensitive organs. SHP-1 was further explored in vitro. Insulin stimulation in murine liver cells induced site-selective hyper-phosphorylation at IR tyrosine-sites Y1158, and Y1361 after inhibition of SHP-1. Furthermore, SHP-1 impairment time-dependently enhanced insulin-induced Akt- and Erk-phosphorylation, and resulted in elevated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. Administration of a SHP-1 inhibitor (Sodium Stibogluconate) and a brought pan-PTP inhibitor (BMOV) in HFD mice led to improvement of both insulin- and glucose tolerance. In accordance, PTP-activity was significantly impaired in epididymal fat, skeletal muscle, and liver under BMOV treatment, being confirmed by reduced ex vivo dephosphorylation of a radioactive labelled peptide (AEEEIYGEFEAKKKK). Finally, BMOV- and SHP-1 treatment also resulted in reduced body weight. Conclusions: IR-antagonizing PTPs were organ-specifically regulated in insulin resistance. The results indicate a central role of PTPs and, in particular, of SHP-1 as endogenous antagonists of the IR. Taken together targeting PTPs led to beneficial effects in insulin resistance, and may thus improve metabolic diseases as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Direct Visualization of Efficient Energy Transfer in Single Oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) Vesicles (2006)

Monitoring self-assembled objects: Optical studies and scanning confocal microscopy have been used to monitor intermolecular energy transfer (ENT) in mixed vesicles of donor/acceptor oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)s (OPVs) in water (see picture) over time. This probing of the ongoing exchange process between separate donor and acceptor vesicles proved that the properties of individual vesicles were different from those of the bulk solution. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z502187_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Essential oil composition of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. from the Northern Himalayan region of India (2006)

Abstract The leaves of Indian yew Taxus wallichiana , growing in Gulmarg, Jammu and Kashmir, on hydrodistillation, gave 0.025% oil on a fresh weight basis. GC and GC‐MS analysis of the oil resulted in the identification of 62 constituents, representing 93.3% of the oil. The main constituents identified in the leaf oil were ( E )‐2‐octen‐1‐ol (14.5%), n ‐pentacosane (8.1%), caryophyllene oxide (7.1%), 1‐octanol (6.5%), hexanoic acid (5.5%) and ( Z )‐3‐hexenol (4.1%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Are Ionic Liquids Really a Boon for the Synthesis of Inorganic Materials? A General Method for the Fabrication of Nanosized Metal Fluorides. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
3rd International workshop on intelligent user interfaces for developing regions (2013)

Information Technology (IT) has had significant impact on the society and has touched all aspects of our lives. Up and until now computers and expensive devices have fueled this growth. It has resulted in several benefits to the society. The challenge now is to take this success to its next level where IT services can be accessed by users in developing regions.
A Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network Security on Nano-Qplus Platform (2007)

The sensor network features characteristics such as nodes being densely distributed, large quantities of nodes being scattered around, necessity of frequently changing the network topology as well as utilizing broadcasting system for communication. It also reflects a wireless network environment where batteries and computing powers are limited that it would be difficult to even make a decision on whether surrounding nodes are in credible conditions. Not only the numbers of nodes through which sensor nodes communicate exceed one, but additional research on password key control is required. It would be used on mutual authentication between nodes as well as authentication and enciphering by using limited sensor resources within the sensor network, which is based on the mesh structure. This paper makes statements on encryption algorithm, key management, security protocol, authentication and essential security elements of secure routing. It will be acting as basis of developing security mechanism, which will provide confidentiality of the MAC class level, authentication and integrity on a sensor network environment referred as the nano-Qplus platform.
Tunable metamaterials for conformally mapped Transformation Optics lenses (2010)

Conformally mapped TO designs simplify the specified material properties, compared to the requirements for general TO devices, while still allowing a high degree of design flexibility. As an example application of the new approach, an easily constructed metamaterial lens is presented that allows electrically tunable beam scanning through the introduction of PIN diodes or MEMs switches. Variations on this metamaterial design could be used to implement additional conformally-mapped TO devices of interest.
A Novel Method for Initial Rotor Position Estimation for IPM Synchronous Machine Drives (2004)

Novel methods for initial position estimation during startup are presented for interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drives. The magnet cavities in the IPMSM rotor create a sizable difference in the inductances of the two orthogonal rotor axes. This spatial saliency based on the rotor position makes it possible to use persistent, rotating or pulsating vector, carrier-frequency image tracking techniques to reliably identify and track the orientation of the d and q axes even when the rotor is at standstill. However, additional details in the saliency image must be used to identify the polarization of the magnets in order to distinguish the north and south poles. The magnet polarity is identified using magnetic saturation effects on the saliency image to uniquely identify the polarity being tracked. Carrier currents for both rotating and pulsating voltage carrier injection are derived by using IPM machine model including saturation and verified by measured carrier current components. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms are capable of reliable and fast initial position estimation including the polarity at standstill.
A Simple Chemical Approach for PbTe Nanowires with Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties (2008)

PbTe nanowires (NWs) with controlled size, e.g., diameter 10∼30 nm and length 500∼3000 nm, have been synthesized by the simple solvothermal approach. The size and morphology of the NWs can be tuned with respect to the synthesis conditions. Very high p-type seebeck coefficients >470 μV/K at T = 375−425 K were obtained in the NW film samples.
Fluorine in Thermal Oxides from HF Preoxidation Surface Treatments (1999)

The effect of fluorine added into thermal oxides via preoxidation and anhydrous surface treatments was investigated. Under typical conditions the resulting fluorine dose is in the range of to , respectively. In ultrathin oxides fluorine appears to be, within the limits of secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth resolution, uniformly distributed in a very limited volume of the oxide. In the course of an extended oxidation fluorine remains preferentially at the interface which leads to nonuniform distribution of fluorine in the oxide. The higher concentration of fluorine at the interface causes slight retardation of oxidation kinetics in the thick oxidation regime. No electrical characterization was carried out in this experiment, but it is postulated that because of this pronounced difference in distribution fluorine may have a somewhat different effect on the electrical characteristics of ultrathin and thick oxides. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
Development of optically transparent cyclic olefin photoresist binder resins (2005)

Of all candidate 193 nm photoresist binder resins, transition metal catalyzed vinyl addition cyclic olefin (i.e., norbornene) polymers (PCO) hold the promise of high transparency and excellent etch resistance. In order to access lower molecular weight polymers, which are typically used in photoresists, &#945;-olefin chain transfer agents (CTAs) are used in synthesizing vinyl addition poly(norbornenes). For example, HFANB (&#945;,&#945;-bis(trifluoromethyl)bicyclo [2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-ethanol) homopolymers (p(HFANB)) with molecular weights (<i>M</i><sub>n</sub>) less than 5000 have been synthesized using such chain transfer agents. However, the optical density (OD) at 193 nm of these materials was found to rise as their molecular weights decreased consistent with a polymer end group effect. Extensive NMR and MS analysis of these polymers revealed that olefinic end groups derived from the chain transfer agent were responsible for the deleterious rise in OD. Chemical modification of these end groups by epoxidation, hydrogenation, hydrosilation, etc. lowers the OD of the polymer by removing the olefinic chromophore, however, it does require a second synthetic step. Thus a new class of non-olefinic chain transfer agents has been developed at Promerus that allow for excellent control of vinyl addition cyclic olefin polymer molecular weight and low optical density without the need of a post-polymerization chemical modification. Low molecular weight homopolymers of HFANB have been synthesized using these chain transfer agents that exhibit ODs &le; 0.07 absorbance units per micron. This molecular weight control technology has been applied to both positive tone and negative tone vinyl addition cyclic olefin binder resins. Lithographic and etch performance of positive tone photoresists based on these binder resins will be presented.
Nonlinear impairment mitigation in homogeneous and Heterogeneous networks (2015)

We report performance improvements by nonlinear mitigation techniques in homogeneous and heterogeneous network environments. Our results show that super channels with small sub carrier count benefit most from nonlinear mitigation.
TX-004HR clinically improves symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women (2019)

<b>Objective:</b> This study aimed to evaluate improvement of dyspareunia and associated vaginal dryness with a 17β-estradiol softgel vaginal insert (TX-004HR; TherapeuticsMD, Boca Raton, FL, USA) in women with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA). <b>Methods:</b> Postmenopausal women with VVA and moderate to severe dyspareunia received TX-004HR (4, 10, or 25 μg) or placebo in the 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 REJOICE trial. <i>Post hoc</i> analyses examined improvement levels in dyspareunia and concurrent vaginal dryness with TX-004HR and assessed the effects of patient characteristics on vaginal dryness treatment. <b>Results:</b> Significantly more women treated with TX-004HR (all doses) than placebo had complete resolution or substantial improvement in dyspareunia or vaginal dryness (concurrent with dyspareunia) by 12 weeks, observed as early as week 2 with most doses. TX-004HR significantly improved both dyspareunia and vaginal dryness at least one level versus placebo by week 12 in women with both symptoms. Subgroup analyses showed TX-004HR improved vaginal dryness associated with dyspareunia regardless of age, body mass index, uterine status, prior pregnancy, and vaginal birth number. <b>Conclusion:</b> TX-004HR provided clinically meaningful improvements in dyspareunia and vaginal dryness associated with dyspareunia in postmenopausal women with VVA. Clinicians may be able to use this information when discussing patients' expectations regarding symptom improvement with the estradiol vaginal insert.