gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous needle placement using laser guidance: a practical solution (2013)

In interventional radiology, various navigation technologies have emerged aiming to improve the accuracy of device deployment and potentially the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive procedures. While these technologies’ performance has been explored extensively, their impact on daily clinical practice remains undetermined due to the additional cost and complexity, modification of standard devices (e.g. electromagnetic tracking), and different levels of experience among physicians. Taking these factors into consideration, a robotic laser guidance system for percutaneous needle placement is developed. The laser guidance system projects a laser guide line onto the skin entry point of the patient, helping the physician to align the needle with the planned path of the preoperative CT scan. To minimize changes to the standard workflow, the robot is integrated with the CT scanner via optical tracking. As a result, no registration between the robot and CT is needed. The robot can compensate for the motion of the equipment and keep the laser guide line aligned with the biopsy path in real-time. Phantom experiments showed that the guidance system can benefit physicians at different skill levels, while clinical studies showed improved accuracy over conventional freehand needle insertion. The technology is safe, easy to use, and does not involve additional disposable costs. It is our expectation that this technology can be accepted by interventional radiologists for CT guided needle placement procedures.
Accurate validation of Electromagnetic Transient models of cascaded power transmission systems (2016)

Conventional transmission line model validation methods are not suitable for validating Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) models of cascaded transmission systems such as cross-bonded cables due to accumulation of errors in repeated matrix multiplications. This paper introduces an approach to accurately validate EMT models of such cascaded transmission systems. This technique utilizes four composite propagation functions and the characteristic admittances to represent the transmission line model. Results from electromagnetic transient models are compared with those from the novel technique and conventional validation techniques to demonstrate the superiority of this approach.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐DIMETHOXYBENZYL ALS SCHUTZGRUPPE FUER GLUTAMIN UND ASPARAGIN BEI PEPTIDSYNTHESEN (1972)

Abstract 2,4‐Dimethoxy‐benzaldehyd (Ia) liefert das Oxim (Ib), das zum Amin (II) reduziert und anschließend in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid oder Dimethylaminopropin mit den freien Carboxylgruppen N‐geschützter Derivate von Asparagin‐ oder Glutaminsäure (III) zu den Amiden (IV) kondensiert wird.
Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of the Antiviral Agent β-d-2′,3′-Dideoxy-3′-Oxa-5-Fluorocytidine in Cells and Rhesus Monkeys (2005)

Beta-D-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-oxa-5-fluorocytidine (D-FDOC) is an effective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intracellular metabolism of d-FDOC in human hepatoma (HepG2), human T-cell lymphoma (CEM), and primary human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells by using tritiated compound. By 24 h, the levels of D-FDOC-triphosphate (D-FDOC-TP) were 2.8 +/- 0.4, 6.7 +/- 2.3, and 2.0 +/- 0.1 pmol/10(6) cells in HepG2, CEM, and primary human PBM cells, respectively. Intracellular D-FDOC-TP concentrations remained greater than the 50% inhibitory concentration for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase for up to 24 h after removal of the drug from cell cultures. In addition to d-FDOC-monophosphate (D-FDOC-MP), -diphosphate (D-FDOC-DP), and -TP, D-FDOC-DP-ethanolamine and d-FDOC-DP-choline were detected in all cell extracts as major intracellular metabolites. D-FDOC was not a substrate for Escherichia coli thymidine phosphorylase. No toxicity was observed in mice given D-FDOC intraperitoneally for 6 days up to a dose of 100 mg/kg per day. Pharmacokinetic studies in rhesus monkeys indicated that D-FDOC has a t(1/2) of 2.1 h in plasma and an oral bioavailability of 38%. The nucleoside was excreted unchanged primary in the urine, and no metabolites were detected in plasma or urine. These results suggest that further safety and pharmacological studies are warranted to assess the potential of this nucleoside for the treatment of HIV- and HBV-infected individuals.
PET Oncological Radiopharmaceuticals: Current Status and Perspectives (2022)

Molecular imaging is the visual representation of biological processes that take place at the cellular or molecular level in living organisms. To date, molecular imaging plays an important role in the transition from conventional medical practice to precision medicine. Among all imaging modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) has great advantages in sensitivity and the ability to obtain absolute imaging quantification after corrections for photon attenuation and scattering. Due to the ability to label a host of unique molecules of biological interest, including endogenous, naturally occurring substrates and drug-like compounds, the role of PET has been well established in the field of molecular imaging. In this article, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the development of PET radiopharmaceuticals and their clinical applications in oncology.
Leakage currents on non-ceramic insulators and materials (1999)

This paper presents a review of leakage current (Lc) measurements on nonceramic insulators and material samples. It is divided into two parts: First, the field investigations of LC, include a development of LC measuring systems and how the on-line LC measurements correlate to the insulator performance as well as to the atmospheric and pollution parameters. Then, the laho. ratory investigations, describe how the LC are used to evaluate materials, to develop new testingprocedures and to predict insulator performance. An extensive bibliography and additional references is provided.
Introduction: Asian Maritime Networking Centered in Fifteenth Century Melaka (2022)

Abstract This introductory chapter and those that follow in this issue of JESHO celebrate the 500th anniversary of the c .1400–1511 strategic Melaka port-of-trade based Sultanate that controlled the Straits of Melaka maritime passageway connecting the Western and Eastern Indian Oceans to the China and Java Seas and beyond in eastern Asia until the Portuguese seizure of Melaka in 1511. As such, these studies update prior JESHO publications that have addressed Melaka’s history since the Journal ’s inception.
Fully Depleted Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistor in Inversion Mode (2007)

A different mode of transport: Intrinsic silicon nanowires grown by the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism were used to fabricate nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs). Clear current saturation is observed and the device operates in inversion mode, thereby corresponding to a fully depleted n-channel metal oxide semiconductor FET in enhancement mode (see schematic representation).
AskMSR: Question Answering Using the Worldwide Web (2002)

Introduction The design of the AskMSR question answering system is motivated by recent observations in natural language processing that for many applications, significant improvements in accuracy can be attained simply by increasing the amount of data used for learning (e.g., Banko &amp;amp; Brill, 2001). By taking advantage of the vast amount of online text available via the worldwide web, rather than relying on an approach that depends heavily on natural language intensive techniques, we developed a simple but effective question answering system. Many groups working on question answering use a variety of linguistic resources - part-of-speech tagging, parsing, named entiry extraction, WordNet, etc. We chose instead to focus on the tremendous resource that the web provides simply as a gigantic data repository. The web, which is home to billions of pages of electronic text, is orders of magnitude larger than the TREC QA document collection, which consists of fewer than 1 million documents. Re
Generating Event Causality Hypotheses through Semantic Relations (2015)

Event causality knowledge is indispensable for intelligent natural language understanding. The problem is that any method for extracting event causalities from text is insufficient; it is likely that some event causalities that we can recognize in this world are not written in a corpus, no matter its size. We propose a method of hypothesizing unseen event causalities from known event causalities extracted from the web by the semantic relations between nouns. For example, our method can hypothesize "deploy a security camera" -&gt; "avoid crimes" from "deploy a mosquito net" -&gt; "avoid malaria" through semantic relation . Our experiments show that, from 2.4 million event causalities extracted from the web, our method generated more than 300,000 hypotheses, which were not in the input, with 70% precision. We also show that our method outperforms a state-of-the-art hypothesis generation method.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of hyperbranched polyfluorenes containing 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine as the core (2011)

A series of new hyperbranched polymers containing a 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine core unit and polyfluorene chain arms have been synthesized via Suzuki coupling, and characterized by NMR, IR and GPC. All the polymers exhibit good thermal stability with a high decomposition temperature. By changing the 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine/fluorene ratio the UV-vis absorption and emission spectra can be partially tuned. It has been found that the polymers containing a low ratio of 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine units (P1-P3) have an absorption maximum around 385 nm, localized in the polyfluorene chain, and a shoulder around 425 nm ascribable to a charge transfer state involving the fluorene and the 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine core. Increasing the molar ratio of the 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine unit enhances the charge transfer band which becomes dominant for P4. The LUMO level of these polymers is relatively low due to the electron affinity of the triazine group. The polymers show dual emission, with a structured band in the blue (410-440 nm), attributed to the polyfluorene, and a broad band in the red (470-500 nm) associated with the charge transfer state. All the polymers exhibit two-photon absorption activity in the range of 660 to 900 nm with the maximum two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section red-shifted from the corresponding linear absorption. The values of the TPA cross-sections vary from 1000 to 5000 GM, following the 2,4,6-tris(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine/fluorene ratio.
Microscopic Origin of Liquid Crystal Alignment on Rubbed Polymer Surfaces (1998)

Surface-sensitive and polarization-dependent near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements clearly reveal a preferred in-plane and out-of-plane orientation of phenyl and CO groups at the surface of rubbed polyimide films. The unidirectional molecular alignment at the surface is argued to provide the template for liquid crystal (LC) alignment of the films. Both the LC orientation along the rubbing direction as well as the direction of the out-of-plane LC pretilt are explained in a simple model. In this model the LC direction follows the preferential orientation of the phenyl rings at the surface. The preferred phenyl orientation is explained in terms of preferential chain segment alignment through a pulling action of the rubbing cloth fibers. The proposed LC alignment model is based on the existence of a statistically significant unidirectional bond asymmetry at the polymer surface, and it does not require the existence of crystalline order.
Oxide/Oxide Composites with Fiber Coatings (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Applications CMC Fiber-Matrix Interfaces Interface Control Fiber Coating Methods CMC Processing Fiber-Matrix Interfaces Weak Oxides Porous Coatings and Fugitive Coatings Other Coatings Summary and Future Work
The cohesin acetylation cycle controls chromatin loop length through a PDS5A brake mechanism (2022)

Cohesin structures the genome through the formation of chromatin loops and by holding together the sister chromatids. The acetylation of cohesin's SMC3 subunit is a dynamic process that involves the acetyltransferase ESCO1 and deacetylase HDAC8. Here we show that this cohesin acetylation cycle controls the three-dimensional genome in human cells. ESCO1 restricts the length of chromatin loops, and of architectural stripes emanating from CTCF sites. HDAC8 conversely promotes the extension of such loops and stripes. This role in controlling loop length turns out to be distinct from the canonical role of cohesin acetylation that protects against WAPL-mediated DNA release. We reveal that acetylation controls the interaction of cohesin with PDS5A to restrict chromatin loop length. Our data support a model in which this PDS5A-bound state acts as a brake that enables the pausing and restart of loop enlargement. The cohesin acetylation cycle hereby provides punctuation in the process of genome folding.
Recent Updates on Molecular Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (MI-RADS) for Theranostic Radiotracers—Navigating Pitfalls of SSTR- and PSMA-Targeted PET/CT (2019)

The theranostic concept represents a paradigmatic example of personalized treatment. It is based on the use of radiolabeled compounds which can be applied for both diagnostic molecular imaging and subsequent treatment, using different radionuclides for labelling. Clinically relevant examples include somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-targeted imaging and therapy for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NET), as well as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted imaging and therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer (PC). As such, both classes of radiotracers can be used to triage patients for theranostic endoradiotherapy using positron emission tomography (PET). While interpreting PSMA- or SSTR-targeted PET/computed tomography scans, the reader has to navigate certain pitfalls, including (I.) varying normal biodistribution between different PSMA- and SSTR-targeting PET radiotracers, (II.) varying radiotracer uptake in numerous kinds of both benign and malignant lesions, and (III.) resulting false-positive and false-negative findings. Thus, two novel reporting and data system (RADS) classifications for PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET imaging (PSMA- and SSTR-RADS) have been recently introduced under the umbrella term molecular imaging reporting and data systems (MI-RADS). Notably, PSMA- and SSTR-RADS are structured in a reciprocal fashion, i.e., if the reader is familiar with one system, the other system can readily be applied. Learning objectives of the present case-based review are as follows: (I.) the theranostic concept for the treatment of NET and PC will be briefly introduced, (II.) the most common pitfalls on PSMA- and SSTR-targeted PET/CT will be identified, (III.) the novel framework system for theranostic radiotracers (MI-RADS) will be explained, applied to complex clinical cases and recent studies in the field will be highlighted. Finally, current treatment strategies based on MI-RADS will be proposed, which will demonstrate how such a generalizable framework system truly paves the way for clinically meaningful molecular imaging-guided treatment of either PC or NET. Thus, beyond an introduction of MI-RADS, the present review aims to provide an update of recently published studies which have further validated the concept of structured reporting systems in the field of theranostics.
Correlated Compositions, Structures, and Photoluminescence Properties of Gallium Nitride Nanoparticles (2011)

Introducing nitrogen vacancies into gallium nitride nanoparticles might allow tuning optoelectronic properties. Comparing experimental and theoretical data establishes that an observed broad chemical shift distribution in 71Ga MAS NMR spectra results from chemical inhomogeneities at the atomic level within GaN nanoparticles, which can be correlated with the intensity of blue band edge related photoluminescence. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Palm Oil Carotenoids (1994)

Crude palm oil is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (provitamin A) equivalent. This article reports on » the carotenoids found in palm oil, its fractions, byproducts, and derivatives from the Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera palms, including their hybrids and a back-cross, as well as the carotenoids of pressed palm fibres, second-pressed oil, palm leaves, and palm-derived alkyl esters; » two novel procedures for preparing highly concentrated sources of carotenoids (&gt;80,000 ppm), by recovery by palm alkyl esters, and by retention and concentration in deacidified and deodorized red palm oil; » the carotenoid content and profiles of the above sources obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography; and » nutritional effects of palm oil carotenoids and their potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention.
Training a neural network to learn other dimensionality reduction removes data size restrictions in bioinformatics and provides a new route to exploring data representations (2020)

Abstract High dimensionality omics and hyperspectral imaging datasets present difficult challenges for feature extraction and data mining due to huge numbers of features that cannot be simultaneously examined. The sample numbers and variables of these methods are constantly growing as new technologies are developed, and computational analysis needs to evolve to keep up with growing demand. Current state of the art algorithms can handle some routine datasets but struggle when datasets grow above a certain size. We present a training deep learning via neural networks on non-linear dimensionality reduction, in particular t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE), to overcome prior limitations of these methods. One Sentence Summary Analysis of prohibitively large datasets by combining deep learning via neural networks with non-linear dimensionality reduction.
Dictionary Learning Based Sparse Channel Representation and Estimation for FDD Massive MIMO Systems (2016)

This paper addresses the problem of uplink and downlink channel estimation in FDD Massive MIMO systems. By utilizing sparse recovery and compressive sensing algorithms, we are able to improve the accuracy of the uplink/downlink channel estimation and reduce the number of uplink/downlink pilot symbols. Such successful channel estimation builds upon the assumption that the channel can be sparsely represented under some basis/dictionary. Previous works model the channel using some predefined basis/dictionary, while in this work, we present a dictionary learning based channel model such that a dictionary is learned from comprehensively collected channel measurements. The learned dictionary adapts specifically to the cell characteristics and promotes a more efficient and robust channel representation, which in turn improves the performance of the channel estimation. Furthermore, we extend the dictionary learning based channel model into a joint uplink/downlink learning framework by observing the reciprocity of the AOA/AOD between the uplink/downlink transmission, and propose a joint channel estimation algorithm that combines the uplink and downlink received training signals to obtain a more accurate channel estimate. In other words, the downlink training overhead, which is a bottleneck in FDD Massive MIMO system, can be reduced by utilizing the information from simpler uplink training.
ChemInform Abstract: Diaryl‐α‐heteroarylmalonates from Cerium(IV)‐Promoted Reactions of Dialkyl Malonates with Heterocyclic Compounds. (1989)

Abstract Oxidative coupling of the furans and thiophenes (I) with the malonates (II) gives the 2‐substituted heterocycles (III).
Media and protocols for multimedia communications over disparate networks (1998)

It is widely recognized that multimedia applications will be a \\killer-app. &amp;quot; These applications depend so heavily on the typeofnetwork used that no real time application can claim to be truly network-independent. We present two disparate networks and address the challenges in building real-time applications for each. First we examine a network which can provide guarantees on bandwidth and delay. Despite these network guarantees, the interaction between the server and the client can severely a ect the performance of the system, including scalability. Wepresent a model for providing an end-to-end guarantee on Quality of Service (QoS) by mapping QoS parameters at the video server to subjective parameters at the video client. We then present a network which cannot guarantee QoS. This network requires special protocols and algorithms for maintaining quality for the end user. Applications operating in this environment must continually adapt to the state of the network and mustdosoinaway that does not damage the performance of other tra c on the network. This involves extracting implicit or explicit information about the
Microwave-detected photoconductance decay (2002)

Microwave-detected photoconductance decay provides a contactless measurement of the recombination lifetime of free carriers in semiconductors following a pulse of optical excitation. Several complications in interpreting the results obtained by this method have prevented its widespread acceptance. Detailed models are proposed and verified experimentally using a commercially available apparatus. The model adequately predicts the behavior of the microwave reflectance as a function of wafer conductivity and system configuration. A light-biased variation of the technique which makes it possible to characterize lifetimes as a function of excess carrier density is described. This capability makes it possible to measure the emitter saturation current density for diffusion in high-resistivity wafers, a valuable process control tool.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Direct measurement of diffusion by hot tunneling microscopy: Activation energy, anisotropy, and long jumps (1992)

We measure the activation energy for surface diffusion of isolated Pb adatoms on Ge(111) by observing individual atomic interchanges using a scanning tunneling microscope. The diffusion occurs mainly along one direction of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8) reconstructed surface with Pb adatoms moving between substitutional Ge adatom sites. Only half of the adatom interchanges are to near-neighbor sites, the rest are ``long jumps.'' The scanning process does not affect the diffusion. For temperatures from 24 to 79 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C we find the diffusion obeys an Arrhenius law with an activation energy of 0.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV.