gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Analysis for Acid Bullheading Treatment in Oil and Gas Wells Using Lattice Boltzmann Method (2018)

Abstract Acid bullheading is a well-known treatment for removing downhole scale and formation damage in oil and gas fields. The treatment is performed by using a controlled percentage of hydrogen chloride, and is normally operated under restricted wellhead pressure for health, safety, and environment (HSE) and well integrity purposes. These constraints sometimes prevent the treatment to be more effective in removing formation damage and improving injectivity and/or productivity of oil and gas wells. The present work is related to a fundamental study of fluid invasion in different types of formation with regard to the designed acid bullheading setups. The results are compared and analyzed based on a numerical investigation for the same geometrical and dynamical parameters to assess the efficiency of the fluid invasion designed process. The new treatment design utilizes the concept of cyclic pressure by fluctuating the injection velocity. In this paper, a mathematical formulation of fluid flow invasion in a porous medium is presented using a lattice Boltzmann numerical analysis. This method uses a mesoscopic approach to solve the flow problem instead of using Navier-Stokes equations and giving good numerical accuracy. It mimics different formation porosities, injection velocities, and procedures over time. A qualitative comparison between constant and variable injection velocities was performed under a fixed period of time. The new simulation code visually demonstrates the growth of fluid invasion in the investigated domains and highlights clear differences between the two cases of continuous and cyclic injections. This approach presents a new design in matrix stimulation that could effectively optimize oil and gas treatment operations.
Distributed Management in Ambient Networks (2007)

Traditional centralized management approaches are not suitable for Ambient Networks (ANs), since centralized management systems neither scales well nor adapts fast enough to changing topologies and network compositions. To meet the requirements for AN management systems, we propose the use of distributed approaches. Specifically, we demonstrate the validity of these approaches through three instantiations: (i) a solution for real-time AN monitoring, (ii) a solution for load balancing in wireless networks and (iii) a solution for resource discovery in AN.
Safety Grates for Cross-Drainage Culverts (2008)

This paper presents findings of an investigation of the safety performance of culvert safety grates when installed on slopes as steep as 3:1, as recommended by the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide (RDG). LS-DYNA modeling was used to identify critical impact conditions for roadside culvert grates installed on 3:1 slopes. Two full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted under the guidelines of NCHRP Report 350 on a 6.4- × 6.4-m (21-×21-ft) culvert safety grate installed on a 3:1 slope. The full-scale crash tests demonstrated that the AASHTO RDG recommended safety grates provide acceptable safety performance when installed on 3:1 slopes.
Effects of relative humidity on heterogeneous reaction of SO2 with CaCO3 particles and formation of CaSO4·2H2O crystal as secondary aerosol (2021)

Haze related air pollution has become one of major environmental concerns in some Asian countries. Sulfate is a main component of ambient particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment during haze episodes. Among the pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an important precursor of sulfate and new atmospheric particle formation. However, under different atmospheric conditions its underlying formation mechanisms are not clearly elucidated. In the current work, we collected ambient PM in two cities: Zurich (Switzerland) and Beijing (China). The PM morphology and the composition were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy. In addition, a series of lab controlled experiments were also performed to study the SO2 reaction with CaCO3 aerosol. We found different types of CaSO4·2H2O crystals in the Chinese urban samples, with clearly different compositions than those from Zurich. The experimental data showed that the relative humidity played a significant role on the new CaSO4·2H2O crystal formation including its size, morphology and composition. Relative humidity (RH) above 80% can significantly promote SO2 oxidation on the CaCO3 particles and form the CaSO4·2H2O crystals. In contrast, at relative humidity below 40%, only few CaCO3 particles can be converted to CaSO4 particles. The results of this study facilitate the understanding of secondary inorganic aerosol formation by the reaction of CaCO3 particles with SO2 with different RHs in different city environments, and provide useful information for air pollution control.
Medications, Toxins, and the Colon (2016)

The effects of medications and toxins on the colon range from the developmen t of mild symptoms of diarrhea and constipation to the very serious complications of perforation and toxic megacolon. Although some medications, such as laxatives, are designed to produce specific effects on the colon, the majority of medication-induced alterations of colonic function are unintended. Manifestations of medication and toxin-induced colonic damage predominantly fall into four main categories: histological changes (colitis), ischemic injury, diarrhea, and constipation. This chapter will discuss all major medications and toxins that affect the colon in these ways. Other, less common, forms of medication-induced colonic injury will also be briefly discussed.
A CMOS active pixel sensor system for laboratory- based x-ray diffraction studies of biological tissue (2008)

X-ray diffraction studies give material-specific information about biological tissue. Ideally, a large area, low noise, wide dynamic range digital x-ray detector is required for laboratory-based x-ray diffraction studies. The goal of this work is to introduce a novel imaging technology, the CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) that has the potential to fulfil all these requirements, and demonstrate its feasibility for coherent scatter imaging. A prototype CMOS APS has been included in an x-ray diffraction demonstration system. An industrial x-ray source with appropriate beam filtration is used to perform angle dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADXRD). Optimization of the experimental set-up is detailed including collimator options and detector operating parameters. Scatter signatures are measured for 11 different materials, covering three medical applications: breast cancer diagnosis, kidney stone identification and bone mineral density calculations. Scatter signatures are also recorded for three mixed samples of known composition. Results are verified using two independent models for predicting the APS scatter signature: (1) a linear systems model of the APS and (2) a linear superposition integral combining known monochromatic scatter signatures with the input polychromatic spectrum used in this case. Cross validation of experimental, modelled and literature results proves that APS are able to record biologically relevant scatter signatures. Coherent scatter signatures are sensitive to multiple materials present in a sample and provide a means to quantify composition. In the future, production of a bespoke APS imager for x-ray diffraction studies could enable simultaneous collection of the transmitted beam and scattered radiation in a laboratory-based coherent scatter system, making clinical transfer of the technique attainable.
Phenotype–genotype correlation in eight patients with Finnish variant late infantile NCL (CLN5) (2000)

The authors analyzed the clinical phenotype, including MRI, of eight patients with Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (vLINCLFin; CLN5; MIM256731). Although the four known mutations, including one novel mutation identified in this study, have very different consequences for the predicted polypeptide, none of them results in an atypical phenotype, as has been reported in other forms of NCL. Thus, it seems likely that each mutation severely disturbs the normal function of the CLN5 protein.
SPAWN use cases (2019)

The wireless medium presents significant specific challenges to
achieve properties similar to those of wired deterministic networks.
At the same time, a number of use cases cannot be solved with wires
and justify the extra effort of going wireless. This document presents
some of these use-cases.
False-Negative Rate of Abdominal Sonography for Detecting Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Hepatitis B and Elevated Serum α-Fetoprotein Levels (2004)

Negative results on a screening abdominal sonogram among hepatitis B virus carriers with elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels does not rule out the presence of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Routine use of Lipiodol CT as a supplementary screening tool is not recommended.
Fast and Scalable Distributed Tensor Decompositions (2019)

Tensor decomposition is a prominent technique for analyzing multi-attribute data and is being increasingly used for data analysis in different application areas. Tensor decomposition methods are computationally intense and often involve irregular memory accesses over large-scale sparse data. Hence it becomes critical to optimize the execution of such data intensive computations and associated data movement to reduce the eventual time-to-solution in data analysis applications. With the prevalence of using advanced high-performance computing (HPC) systems for data analysis applications, it is becoming increasingly important to provide fast and scalable implementation of tensor decompositions and execute them efficiently on modern and advanced HPC systems. In this paper, we present distributed tensor decomposition methods that achieve faster, memory-efficient, and communication-reduced execution on HPC systems. We demonstrate that our techniques reduce the overall communication and execution time of tensor decomposition methods when they are used for analyzing datasets of varied size from real application. We illustrate our results on HPE Superdome Flex server, a high-end modular system offering large-scale in-memory computing, and on a distributed cluster of Intel Xeon multi-core nodes.
Modeling the 3D shape of a fingernail and pre-distorting an image to be printed on the fingernail to yield the correct appearance (2022)

In this paper, we explore a technique for printing on the curved surface of a human fingernail. We start by reproducing the shape of the fingernail via a 3D model. In our future work, we will apply a distortion to the halftone image to correct the deformation of the printed image.
Polysilicon nanowire NEMS fabricated at low temperature for above IC NEMS mass sensing applications (2015)

In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the performance of polysilicon (poly-Si) NEMS fabricated with a low temperature process compatible with a NEMS above IC 3D integration. Most important figures of merit feature values still competitive in comparison to mono-crystalline (c-Si) NEMS: Allan deviation, quality factor (Q), Signal-to-Background ratio (SBR), Dynamic Range (DR), yield and variability, piezoresistive and elastic properties. We found the best process window (laser annealing conditions and dopant concentration) to optimize poly-Si NEMS with excellent features compared to conventional c-Si NEMS. The goal of this study is to replace c-Si for low cost 3D integration.
Vibrational Spectra of Fluorinated Aromatics. XII. m-Fluorochlorobenzene (1956)

The infrared absorption spectra of gaseous and liquid m-fluorochlorobenzene have been obtained in the region 2—38μ with NaCl and CsBr prisms. The Raman spectrum of the liquid has been photographed with a 3-prism glass spectrograph of linear dispersion 15 A/mm at 4358 A. A complete assignment of the fundamental vibrational frequencies is given, and the spectra are interpreted in detail.
Coordination Polymers from Silver(I) and Bifunctional Pyridyl Ligands (2005)

Coordination polymers and a macrocycle formed from the reactions between flexible bis(2-pyridyl) ligands and AgCF(3)SO(3) are reported. The type of structure formed depends on the choice of ligand and the stoichiometry of the reaction. When 1 equiv of 1,4-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)benzene (L2), 4,4'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)biphenyl (L4), or bis((4-pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)methane (L5) is used, 1D chain coordination polymers held together via Ag-N bonds are generated. When a 2:1 ratio of L2 and silver ion is used, a 2D porous network is formed. The reaction between silver ions with a mixture of ligands (L1 and L2 in 1:1 ratio, L1 = 1,4-bis((pyridin-2-yl-methyl)thio)benzene) results in a novel 1D ABAB type coordination copolymer where L1 and L2 act as a bis-bidentate and a bis-monodentate ligand, respectively. The reaction of 1-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-4-((pyridin-2-yl-methyl)thio)benzene (L3) with silver ions in a 1:1 ratio gives a bimetallic macrocycle rather than a polymeric species. Structural analyses of the polymeric compounds suggest that interactions between the aromatic rings play a significant role in stabilizing the polymeric structures.
A preliminary study of fractional CO2 laser added to topical tacrolimus combined with 308 nm excimer lamp for refractory vitiligo (2018)

Fractional CO<sub>2</sub> laser has been proposed recently to be effective and well tolerated in patients with refractory vitiligo. In this preliminary, prospective study, 21 patients with multiple, localized, refractory, non-segmental vitiligo lesions were randomized to receive either tacrolimus ointment plus 308 nm excimer lamp (control), with or without the addition of fractional CO<sub>2</sub> laser. There was no statistically significant improvement in the repigmentation on the laser side compared to the control side. Treatment was generally well-tolerated; only localized adverse effects were noted. Overall the triple combination therapy was not superior to tacrolimus ointment plus 308 nm excimer lamp. Treatment failure may reflect insufficient penetration of tacrolimus ointment through the holes created by fractional CO<sub>2</sub> laser on the skin.
Monolayer crystal structure of the organic semiconductor 7-decyl-2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2- b ][1]benzothiophene, revisited (2020)

Abstract The monolayer crystal phase structure of the organic semiconductor 7-decyl-2-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2- b ][1]benzothiophene was reinvestigated. A smaller two- or three-step bilayer–monolayer transition model than the previous transition model was newly proposed. The carrier mobilities of the resultant two monolayer crystal structure models were theoretically compared. The results show that the antiparallel monolayer crystal model that can be transformed with only two steps (without any rotation) from the bilayer structure is more probable than the nanosegregated model.
Balancing Charge Storage and Mobility in an Oligo(Ether) Functionalized Dioxythiophene Copolymer for Organic‐ and Aqueous‐ Based Electrochemical Devices and Transistors (2018)

This work presents a soluble oligo(ether)-functionalized propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT)-based copolymer as a versatile platform for a range of high-performance electrochemical devices, including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), electrochromic displays, and energy-storage devices. This polymer exhibits dual electroactivity in both aqueous and organic electrolyte systems, redox stability for thousands of redox cycles, and charge-storage capacity exceeding 80 F g<sup>-1</sup> . As an electrochrome, this material undergoes full colored-to-colorless optical transitions on rapid time scales (<2 s) and impressive electrochromic contrast (Δ%T > 70%). Incorporation of the polymer into OECTs yields accumulation-mode devices with an I<sub>ON/OFF</sub> current ratio of 10<sup>5</sup> , high transconductance without post-treatments, as well as competitive hole mobility and volumetric capacitance, making it an attractive candidate for biosensing applications. In addition to being the first ProDOT-based OECT active material reported to date, this is also the first reported OECT material synthesized via direct(hetero)arylation polymerization, which is a highly favorable polymerization method when compared to commonly used Stille cross-coupling. This work provides a demonstration of how a single ProDOT-based polymer, prepared using benign polymerization chemistry and functionalized with highly polar side chains, can be used to access a range of highly desirable properties and performance metrics relevant to electrochemical, optical, and bioelectronic applications.
Crystal and molecular structures of isomeric 2-morpholino-2-thiono-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane and 2-morpholino-2-oxo-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane (1998)

Two isomeric pairs of compounds, cis- and trans-2-morpholino-2-thiono-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane (1A + 1B) and 2-morpholino-2-oxo-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane (2A + 2B) were obtained and separated into the pure compounds by silica gel chromatography. Attempts at crystallization afforded 1A, 1B, and 2B. Each crystalline isomer was studied by the X-ray technique, and each crystal and molecular structures assigned. These studies revealed that 1B and 2B have exocyclic 4-CH3 and sulfur (for 1B) or 4-CH3 and oxygen (for 2B) in the diequatorial position (cis-geometry), while compound 1A possesses the 4-CH3 group in equatorial position while sulfur is in an axial position (trans-geometry). For all the examined compounds, all the basic geometrical parameters, such as bond lengths, bond and torsion angles, and the deformation of a chair conformation of the six-membered heterocyclic rings, have been established. Such unambiguous assignment of cis-trans geometry in both pairs of 1 and 2 allowed us to confirm the stereoretentive PS → PO conversion by means of OXONE® and the stereoinvertive mechanism of formic-acid catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphorothiomorpholidates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:271–279, 1998
A Superior Low‐Cost Cathode for a Na‐Ion Battery (2013)

Natriummanganhexacyanoferrate (NMHFCs), die in wässriger Lösung bei Raumtemperatur synthetisiert werden können, zeigen hohe reversible Kapazitäten und herausragende Entladungsraten als Kathoden für die wiederaufladbare Natriumionenbatterie (SIB). Reichlich vorkommende Elemente und eine kostengünstige Syntheseroute machen diese NMHFCs zu vielversprechenden Kathoden für SIBs, ohne Abhängigkeit von Lithiumvorkommen.
The N- and C-Terminal Domains of the NS1 Protein of Influenza B Virus Can Independently Inhibit IRF-3 and Beta Interferon Promoter Activation (2004)

The NS1 proteins of influenza A and B viruses (A/NS1 and B/NS1 proteins) have only approximately 20% amino acid sequence identity. Nevertheless, these proteins show several functional similarities, such as their ability to bind to the same RNA targets and to inhibit the activation of protein kinase R in vitro. A critical function of the A/NS1 protein is the inhibition of synthesis of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) during viral infection. Recently, it was also found that the B/NS1 protein inhibits IFN-alpha/beta synthesis in virus-infected cells. We have now found that the expression of the B/NS1 protein complements the growth of an influenza A virus with A/NS1 deleted. Expression of the full-length B/NS1 protein (281 amino acids), as well as either its N-terminal RNA-binding domain (amino acids 1 to 93) or C-terminal domain (amino acids 94 to 281), in the absence of any other influenza B virus proteins resulted in the inhibition of IRF-3 nuclear translocation and IFN-beta promoter activation. A mutational analysis of the truncated B/NS1(1-93) protein showed that RNA-binding activity correlated with IFN-beta promoter inhibition. In addition, a recombinant influenza B virus with NS1 deleted induces higher levels of IRF-3 activation, as determined by its nuclear translocation, and of IFN-alpha/beta synthesis than wild-type influenza B virus. Our results support the hypothesis that the NS1 protein of influenza B virus plays an important role in antagonizing the IRF-3- and IFN-induced antiviral host responses to virus infection.
Cathepsin K Knockout Mice Develop Osteopetrosis Due to a Deficit in Matrix Degradation but Not Demineralization (1999)

Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease expressed predominantly in osteoclasts. Activated cathepsin K cleaves key bone matrix proteins and is believed to play an important role in degrading the organic phase of bone during bone resorption. Mutations in the human cathepsin K gene have been demonstrated to be associated with a rare skeletal dysplasia, pycnodysostosis. The degree of functional activity of the mutated forms of cathepsin K in these individuals has not been elucidated, but is predicted to be low or absent. To study the role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, we have generated mice deficient in the cathepsin K gene. Histologic and radiographic analysis of the mice revealed osteopetrosis of the long bones and vertebrae, and abnormal joint morphology. X-ray microcomputerized tomography images allowed quantitation of the increase in bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number in both the primary spongiosa and the metaphysis of the proximal tibiae. Not all bones were similarly affected. Chondrocyte differentiation was normal. The mice also had abnormalities in hematopoietic compartments, particularly decreased bone marrow cellularity and splenomegaly. The heterozygous animals appeared normal. Close histologic examination of bone histology revealed fully differentiated osteoclasts apposed to small regions of demineralized bone. This strongly suggests that cathepsin K-deficient osteoclasts are capable of demineralizing the extracellular matrix but are unable to adequately remove the demineralized bone. This is entirely consistent with the proposed function of cathepsin K as a matrix-degrading proteinase in bone resorption.
Fast-Switching Electrochromic Polythiophene (2007)

A novel dithiinoquinoxaline-functionalized terthiophene 1 was prepared and its non-planar structure was indicated by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The electrochemically prepared polymer 2 was carefully examined by absorption spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry. This polythiophene exhibited fast-switching property, which was attributed to the enhanced diffusion of anions through loosely packed polymer chains, owing to the non-planar structure of the dithiin-ring unit.
Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Underexplored Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage (2021)

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are characterized by an electronically delocalized backbone bearing ionic functionalities. These features lead to properties relevant for use in energy-storing pseudocapacitor devices, including ionic conductivity, water processability, gel-formation, and formation of polaronic species stabilized by electrostatic interactions. In this Perspective, the basis for evaluating the figures of merit for pseudocapacitors is provided, together with the techniques used for their evaluation. The general utility and challenges encountered with neutral conjugated polymers are then discussed. Finally, recent advances on the use of CPEs in pseudocapacitor devices are reviewed. The article is concluded by discussing how their miscibility in aqueous media permits the incorporation of CPEs in living materials that are capable of switching function from extraction of energy from bacterial metabolic pathways to pseudocapacitor energy storage.