gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addition of Non‐Stabilized Carbon‐Based Nucleophilic Reagents to Chiral N ‐Sulfinyl Imines (2019)

Natural products and pharmaceuticals that contain chiral branched amines are compounds of considerable interest. One strategy for preparing chiral branched amines involves the addition of a nucleophile to an imine bearing a readily cleavable chiral auxiliary. Sulfinamide‐based auxiliaries are well‐suited to this approach because (i) many sulfonamides are commercially available or can be prepared by efficient synthetic methods, (ii) N ‐sulfinyl aldimines and ketimines can be prepared in a straightforward manner, (iii) the chiral amine products are obtained with high diastereomeric ratios across a wide range of carbon‐based nucleophiles, and (iv) the N ‐sulfinyl group is cleaved under mild conditions. This chapter focuses on the addition of non‐stabilized, carbon‐based nucleophiles to N ‐sulfinyl aldimines and ketimines. Specifically, additions of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, allylic, propargylic, alkynyl, and cyano nucleophiles are presented. Factors that can influence the stereoselectivity of the addition reaction are presented, along with the most prevalent reaction conditions employed for each class of nucleophile. Nucleophilic additions to N ‐sulfinyl aldimines and ketimines are key steps in the syntheses of a number of drug discovery targets and natural products, examples of which are highlighted in this review.
Photocatalytic Cellulose Reforming for H2 and Formate Production by Using Graphene Oxide-Dot Catalysts (2021)

The mechanism of photocatalytic biomass reforming for H2 production is far from fully understood. This study uses functionalized graphene dots with Pt-cocatalyst to reform cellulose in an alkaline solution under 1 sun illumination. Reforming of cellulose is initiated with the peeling of its constituent d-glucose units, which subsequently transform into deprotonated isosaccharinic acid (C6). Further degradation of C6 into molecules C5-C1 proceeds through successive alternation of C-eliminating hydrolysis and photocatalytic oxidation of C6 derivatives. The C6-C1 species are quantitatively identified using chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The end C-containing product is predominantly HCOO– rather than HCO3– (or CO2). The photocatalytic oxidation is accompanied by the photocatalytic reduction of water to produce H2. This reforming steadily produced H2 for 6 days with a negligible rate decay, accomplishing 35% of the theoretical ultimate value for the reforming of cellulose. This study elucidates the detailed mechanism in the photocatalytic reforming of cellulose.
Frequency Doubling Conversion Efficiencies for Deep Space Optical Communications (1987)

The theory of optical frequency doubling conversion efficiency is analyzed for the small signal input case along with the strong signal depleted input case. Angle phase matching and beam focus spot size are discussed and design trades are described which maximize conversion efficiency. Experimental conversion efficiencies from the literature, which are less than theoretical results at higher input intensities due to saturation, reconversion, and higher order processes, are applied to a case study of an optical communications link from Saturn. Double pass conversion efficiencies as high as 45 percent are expected. It is believed that even higher conversion efficiencies can be obtained using multipass conversion.
Regular Mixing in a Two-Dimensional Lattice System: The Coadsorption of N and O on Ru(0001) (1998)

The coadsorption of N and O on Ru(0001) has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy; by this technique we can distinquish between the two atomic adsorbates. N and O form a dense intermixed $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ phase in equilibrium with a dilute lattice gas. The two-dimensional ``vapor pressure'' of N, i.e., its concentration in the lattice gas, has been determined for various ratios of N and O in the dense phase by adjusting the total coverage of N and O. The resulting vapor pressure curve indicates a positive enthalpy of mixing, due to relatively weak N-O interactions in the dense phase.
Type 2 immunity induced by bladder extracellular matrix enhances corneal wound healing (2021)

The avascular nature of cornea tissue limits its regenerative potential, which may lead to incomplete healing and formation of scars when damaged. Here, we applied micro- and ultrafine porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) particulate to promote type 2 immune responses in cornea wounds. Results demonstrated that UBM particulate substantially reduced corneal haze formation as compared to the saline-treated group. Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis showed that UBM particulate suppressed the differentiation of corneal stromal cells into α-smooth muscle actin-positive (αSMA<sup>+</sup>) myofibroblasts. UBM treatments up-regulated interleukin-4 (IL-4) produced primarily by eosinophils in the wounded corneas and CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in draining lymph nodes, suggesting a cross-talk between local and peripheral immunity. Gata1<sup>-/-</sup> mice lacking eosinophils did not respond to UBM treatment and had impaired wound healing. In summary, stimulating type 2 immune responses in the wounded cornea can promote proregenerative environments that lead to improved wound healing for vision restoration.
Acetylcholine Receptors in the Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland* (1980)

The muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) was used to study muscarinic cholinergic binding sites in a crude membrane fraction prepared from the rat anterior pituitary gland. Specific [3H]QNB binding is saturable with a Kd of 16 pM and a receptor concentration of 46 fmol/mg protein. The rates of association and dissociation were calculated to be 0.0013 pM-1min-1 and 0.007 mun-1, respectively. [3H]QNB binding in the anterior pituitary is linear with tissue protein concentration, and optimal binding occurred within a broad pH range (pH 6.5–7.2) at 37 C. Stereospecificity of [3H]QNB binding was demonstrated by inhibition with acetylcholine (Ki = 10-5 M), the muscarinic antagonists (scopolamine, atropine, imipramine, and diphenhydramine; Ki = 10-10 − 10-9m), and muscarinic agonists (pilocarpine and oxotremorine; Ki = 10-6m). In contrast, nicotinic agonist (nicotine) and antagonists (d-tubocurarine and dimethylphenylpiperazinium) were less potent (Ki = 5 × 10-3 − 10-6m). The concentration of muscarinic receptors in the anterior pituitary is approximately 3-fold less than that in the hypothalamus and 5-fold greater than that in the posterior pituitary. Ovary, kidney, and adrenal contained negligible amounts of QNB-binding sites. Specific a-[125I]bungarotoxin binding was used to identify nicotinic receptors. No nicotinic receptor was detected in the anterior or posterior pituitary, whereas the highest concentrations of specific a-bungarotoxin binding were found in the hypothalamus and superior and inferior colliculi. This study is the first demonstration of high affinity, low capacity stereospecific muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the anterior pituitary of rats and provides the basis for further studies on the cholinergic regulation of anterior pituitary function. (Endocrinology106: 1377, 1980)
Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Directed against Pandemic H1N1 2009 Virus Are Protective in a Highly Sensitive DBA/2 Mouse Influenza Model (2010)

Our ability to rapidly respond to an emerging influenza pandemic is hampered somewhat by the lack of a susceptible small-animal model. To develop a more sensitive model, we pathotyped 18 low-pathogenic non-mouse-adapted influenza A viruses of human and avian origin in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice. The majority of the isolates (13/18) induced severe morbidity and mortality in DBA/2 mice upon intranasal challenge with 1 million infectious doses. Also, at a 100-fold-lower dose, more than 50% of the viruses induced severe weight loss, and mice succumbed to the infection. In contrast, only two virus strains were pathogenic for C57BL/6 mice upon high-dose inoculation. Therefore, DBA/2 mice are a suitable model to validate influenza A virus vaccines and antiviral therapies without the need for extensive viral adaptation. Correspondingly, we used the DBA/2 model to assess the level of protection afforded by preexisting pandemic H1N1 2009 virus (H1N1pdm) cross-reactive human antibodies detected by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Passive transfer of these antibodies prior to infection protected mice from H1N1pdm-induced pathogenicity, demonstrating the effectiveness of these cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in vivo.
Nanohoop Rotaxanes via Active Template Syntheses and Their Potential in Sensing Applications (2019)

The synthesis of nanohoop rotaxanes via two different active template strategies is reported. By preparing triazole-embedded rotaxanes, the observation of metal binding events in both organic and aqueous conditions are readily observed via dramatic changes in nanohoop emission. Inspired by this result, we then describe the design and synthesis of a new type of "self-destructing" nanohoop rotaxane that, in the presence of an analyte, releases a quenched nanohoop macrocycle resulting in a bright fluorescence response. More broadly, this work highlights the conceptual advantages of combining compact π-rich macrocyclic frameworks with mechanical bonds formed via active-template syntheses.
Light on perenniality: Para‐dormancy is based on ABA‐GA antagonism and endo‐dormancy on the shutdown of GA biosynthesis (2023)

Perennial para- and endo-dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para-dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo-dormancy is the short-day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para-dormancy, whereas endo-dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA-deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox-biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA-metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non-13-hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA<sub>4</sub> function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA<sub>3/4</sub> -inducible α- and γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD-callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA-deficient plants repressed GA<sub>4</sub> biosynthesis and established endo-dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA<sub>4</sub> biosynthesis involved short-day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para-dormancy, PD-callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short-day conditions, lack of GA<sub>4</sub> biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo-dormancy.
Knowledge Generation Model for Visual Analytics (2014)

Visual analytics enables us to analyze huge information spaces in order to support complex decision making and data exploration. Humans play a central role in generating knowledge from the snippets of evidence emerging from visual data analysis. Although prior research provides frameworks that generalize this process, their scope is often narrowly focused so they do not encompass different perspectives at different levels. This paper proposes a knowledge generation model for visual analytics that ties together these diverse frameworks, yet retains previously developed models (e.g., KDD process) to describe individual segments of the overall visual analytic processes. To test its utility, a real world visual analytics system is compared against the model, demonstrating that the knowledge generation process model provides a useful guideline when developing and evaluating such systems. The model is used to effectively compare different data analysis systems. Furthermore, the model provides a common language and description of visual analytic processes, which can be used for communication between researchers. At the end, our model reflects areas of research that future researchers can embark on.
Optical frequency comb generation using asymmetrically dual-driven Mach-Zehnder modulator (2005)

We propose and demonstrate optical frequency comb generation with good spectral flatness, using a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator asymmetrically dual-driven by large-amplitude sinusoidal signals with different amplitudes. 120-GHz bandwidth, 10-GHz spacing frequency comb was experimentally generated. (2 pages)
Anti-inflammatory effect of green tea petiole extracts in poly(I:C)–stimulated human epidermal keratinocytes and a human 3D skin equivalent (2019)

Green tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops worldwide. Leaf extracts of the green tea, Camellia sinensis, are known to have natural anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, relatively few studies have focused on the biological activities of green tea petiole (GTP) (the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem, currently considered waste material) compared with other parts of the tree, such as the leaf, root, and flower. Here, we report the first investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of GTP extract against poly(I:C)–stimulated human keratinocytes (a model of skin inflammatory conditions) and EpiDerm (a three-dimensional skin equivalent). Our results reveal that GTP extract suppresses the induction of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and Interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). These findings indicate that GTP extract could prove useful in protecting skin cells from inflammatory conditions and skin aging.
Six Distinct Nuclear Factors Interact with the 75-Base-Pair Repeat of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Enhancer (1987)

Binding sites for six distinct nuclear factors on the 75-base-pair repeat of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer have been identified by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay combined with methylation interference. Three of these factors, found in WEHI 231 nuclear extracts, which we have named LVa, LVb, and LVc (for leukemia virus factors a, b, and c) have not been previously identified. Nuclear factors that bind to the conserved simian virus 40 corelike motif, the NF-1 motif, and the glucocorticoid response element were also detected. Testing of multiple cell lines showed that most factors appeared ubiquitous, except that the NF-1 binding factor was found neither in nuclear extracts from MEL cells nor in the embryonal carcinoma cell lines PCC4 and F9, and core-binding factor was relatively depleted from MEL and F9 nuclear extracts.
Estimating the prevalence of missing experiments in a neuroimaging meta‐analysis (2020)

Coordinate-based meta-analyses (CBMA) allow researchers to combine the results from multiple functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments with the goal of obtaining results that are more likely to generalize. However, the interpretation of CBMA findings can be impaired by the file drawer problem, a type of publication bias that refers to experiments that are carried out but are not published. Using foci per contrast count data from the BrainMap database, we propose a zero-truncated modeling approach that allows us to estimate the prevalence of nonsignificant experiments. We validate our method with simulations and real coordinate data generated from the Human Connectome Project. Application of our method to the data from BrainMap provides evidence for the existence of a file drawer effect, with the rate of missing experiments estimated as at least 6 per 100 reported. The R code that we used is available at https://osf.io/ayhfv/.
Revealing the beneficial effect of protease supplementation to high gravity beer fermentations using "-omics" techniques (2011)

Both the transcriptome and the metabolome analysis revealed that there is a significantly higher impact of protease addition for maltose syrup supplemented fermentations, while addition of glucose syrup to increase the gravity in the wort resulted in increased glucose repression that lead to inhibition of amino acid uptake and hereby inhibited the effect of the protease addition.
Übergangsmetall-substituierte VB Elementsysteme, 7. : Übergangsmetall-Antimon(III)bromide / Transition Metal-Antimony(III) Bromides (2014)

The reaction of SbBr₃ with the complex metal carbonyl anions [π-C₅H₆(CO)₃M]Na (M = Mo, W) leads to the formation of transition metal antimony bromides π-C₅H₅(CO)₃M-Sb-Br₂, which can be further metallated, yielding the stable species [XXX]All bromine substituted transition metal stibines prove to be excellent coordinating ligands and can easily be introduced into activated metal carbonyls. The interaction of π-C₅H₅(CO)₃M-SbBr₂, with bromine results in a quantitative Sb-M bond cleavage, presumably via primary formation of pentavalent intermediates. All new compounds are fully characterized by means of IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectroscopy.
Multi-RAT IoT -- What's to Gain? An Energy-Monitoring Platform (2022)

Multiple LPWANs have been rolled out to support the variety of IoT applications that are crucial to the ongoing digital transformation. These networks vary largely in terms of quality-of-service, throughput and energy-efficiency. To cover all LPWAN use-cases most optimally, multiple networks can be combined into a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) solution. In particular environmental monitoring in both smart city and remote landscapes. We present and share such a multi-RAT platform. To derive an accurate profile of the multi-RAT opportunities in various scenarios, in the-field network parameter are monitored. The platform collects per-packet energy-consumption, packet delivery ratio (PDR) and other parameters of LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and Sigfox. Our preliminary measurements demonstrate the validity of using a multi-RAT solution. For example, we illustrate the potential energy savings when adopting multi-RAT in various scenarios.
Lassoing line outages in the smart power grid (2011)

Fast and accurate unveiling of power line outages is of paramount importance not only for preventing faults that may lead to blackouts, but also for routine monitoring and control tasks of the smart grid, including state estimation and optimal power flow. Existing approaches are either challenged by the combinatorial complexity issues involved, and are thus limited to identifying single- and double-line outages; or, they invoke less pragmatic assumptions such as conditionally independent phasor angle measurements available across the grid. Using only a subset of voltage phasor angle data, the present paper develops a near real-time algorithm for identifying multiple line outages at the affordable complexity of solving a quadratic program via block coordinate descent iterations. The novel approach relies on reformulating the DC linear power flow model as a sparse overcomplete expansion, and leveraging contemporary advances in compressive sampling and variable selection using the least-absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso). Analysis and simulated tests on the standard IEEE 118-bus system confirm the effectiveness of lassoing line changes in the smart power grid.
IL-18 and Subcapsular Lymph Node Macrophages are Essential for Enhanced B Cell Responses with TLR4 Agonist Adjuvants (2016)

Designing modern vaccine adjuvants depends on understanding the cellular and molecular events that connect innate and adaptive immune responses. The synthetic TLR4 agonist glycopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) formulated in a squalene-in-water emulsion (GLA-SE) augments both cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccine Ags. This adjuvant is currently included in several vaccines undergoing clinical evaluation including those for tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, and influenza. Delineation of the mechanisms of adjuvant activity will enable more informative evaluation of clinical trials. Early after injection, GLA-SE induces substantially more Ag-specific B cells, higher serum Ab titers, and greater numbers of T follicular helper (T<sub>FH</sub>) and Th1 cells than alum, the SE alone, or GLA without SE. GLA-SE augments Ag-specific B cell differentiation into germinal center and memory precursor B cells as well as preplasmablasts that rapidly secrete Abs. CD169<sup>+</sup> SIGNR1<sup>+</sup> subcapsular medullary macrophages are the primary cells to take up GLA-SE after immunization and are critical for the innate immune responses, including rapid IL-18 production, induced by GLA-SE. Depletion of subcapsular macrophages (SCMф) or abrogation of IL-18 signaling dramatically impairs the Ag-specific B cell and Ab responses augmented by GLA-SE. Depletion of SCMф also drastically reduces the Th1 but not the T<sub>FH</sub> response. Thus the GLA-SE adjuvant operates through interaction with IL-18-producing SCMф for the rapid induction of B cell expansion and differentiation, Ab secretion, and Th1 responses, whereas augmentation of T<sub>FH</sub> numbers by GLA-SE is independent of SCMф.
<title>Human interfaces for robotic satellite servicing</title> (2002)

On-orbit servicing (OOS) is growing in importance for the sustainment of certain satellite systems. Although it is more economical to replace satellites in many cases, OOS could be beneficial, or even critical, for more expensive satellites such as Space-Based Laser and constellations such as the Global Positioning System. Some future OOS missions including refueling and modular component replacement will be highly autonomous, but there will still be a need for humans to supervise and to recover when unexpected situations arise. Non-routine tasks such as damage repair or optics cleaning will likely require a more significant level of human control. The human interfaces for such activities can include body tracking systems, three-dimensional audio and video, tactile feedback devices, and others. This paper will provide some insights into when and at what level human interaction may be needed for OOS tasks. Example missions will be discussed and the argument will be made that human interfaces are important even for primarily autonomous missions. Finally some current research efforts within NASA, academia and the military will be discussed including research being conducted in the Air Force Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
Carbon‐Based Anodes for Lithium Sulfur Full Cells with High Cycle Stability (2013)

The lithium sulfur battery system has been studied since the late 1970s and has seen renewed interest in recent years. However, even after three decades of intensive research, prolonged cycling can only be achieved when a large excess of electrolyte and lithium is used. Here, for the first time, a balanced and stable lithium sulfur full cell is demonstrated with silicon–carbon as well as all‐carbon anodes. More than 1000 cycles, a specific capacity up to 1470 mAh g −1 sulfur (720 mAh g −1 cathode ), and a high coulombic efficiency of over 99% even with a low amount of electrolyte are achieved. The alternative anodes do not suffer from electrolyte depletion, which is found to be the main cause of cell failure when using metallic lithium anodes.