gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus Infection in an Area Hyperendemic for Hepatitis B and Chronic Liver Disease: The Taiwan Experience (1990)

To assess the contribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in liver disease in Taiwan, antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) was studied by radioimmunoassay in 392 patients with chronic liver disease and in 440 healthy adults and 444 subjects at risk. The anti-HCV prevalence was 0.95% in 420 volunteer blood donors, 90% in 100 hemophiliacs, and 81% in 58 parenteral drug abusers. Anti-HCV was present in 6 (7.7%) of 78 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and 28 (65%) of 43 HBsAg-negative patients with chronic hepatitis, 3 (10%) of 31 HBsAg-positive and 13 (43%) of 30 HBsAg-negative cirrhotics, and 7 (17%) of 42 HBsAg-positive and 15 (63%) of 24 HBsAg-negative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis revealed 18% of 57 patients to be positive for anti-HCV, and in 29 patients with posttransfusion hepatitis prospectively followed, 7 (24%) developed anti-HCV. Thus, HCV infection appears to play a relatively minor role in HBsAg-positive liver disease in Taiwan but is strongly associated with HBsAg-negative chronic liver disease and HCC. The infection is extremely common in hemophiliacs and parenteral drug abusers.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Efficient Protocols for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions of Secondary Amides and Carbamates. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Three‐chain insulin analogs demonstrate the importance of insulin secondary structure to bioactivity (2015)

This report describes the chemical synthesis and biological characterization of novel three-chain insulin analogs with a destabilized secondary structure. The analogs, obtained by chemical synthesis via a single-chain precursor and selective enzymatic digestion, were used to investigate the role of the highly conserved 'insulin fold'. Biological characterization through in vitro biochemical signaling showed extremely low activity at each insulin receptor when compared with native insulin. We conclude that the 'insulin fold' is a structural foundation that supports insulin biological action.
Application of feed forward and recurrent neural networks in simulation of left ventricular mechanics (2020)

An understanding of left ventricle (LV) mechanics is fundamental for designing better preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies for improved heart function. Because of the costs of clinical and experimental studies to treat and understand heart function, respectively, in-silico models play an important role. Finite element (FE) models, which have been used to create in-silico LV models for different cardiac health and disease conditions, as well as cardiac device design, are time-consuming and require powerful computational resources, which limits their use when real-time results are needed. As an alternative, we sought to use deep learning (DL) for LV in-silico modeling. We used 80 four-chamber heart FE models for feed forward, as well as recurrent neural network (RNN) with long short-term memory (LSTM) models for LV pressure and volume. We used 120 LV-only FE models for training LV stress predictions. The active material properties of the myocardium and time were features for the LV pressure and volume training, and passive material properties and element centroid coordinates were features of the LV stress prediction models. For six test FE models, the DL error for LV volume was 1.599 ± 1.227 ml, and the error for pressure was 1.257 ± 0.488 mmHg; for 20 LV FE test examples, the mean absolute errors were, respectively, 0.179 ± 0.050 for myofiber, 0.049 ± 0.017 for cross-fiber, and 0.039 ± 0.011 kPa for shear stress. After training, the DL runtime was in the order of seconds whereas equivalent FE runtime was in the order of several hours (pressure and volume) or 20 min (stress). We conclude that using DL, LV in-silico simulations can be provided for applications requiring real-time results.
Polycarbonates Derived from Glucose via an Organocatalytic Approach (2013)

An organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization methodology was developed for the preparation of polycarbonates derived from glucose as a natural product starting material. The cyclic 4,6-carbonate monomer of glucose having the 1, 2, and 3 positions methyl-protected was prepared in three steps from a commercially available glucose derivative, and the structure was confirmed by means of NMR and IR spectroscopies, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Polymerization of the monomer, initiated by 4-methylbenzyl alcohol in the presence of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene as the organocatalyst, proceeded effectively in a controlled fashion to afford the polycarbonate with a tunable degree of polymerization, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined end groups, as confirmed by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, gel-permeation chromatography, and MALDI-TOF MS. A distribution of head-to-head, head-to-tail, and tail-to-tail regiochemistries was determined by NMR spectroscopy and tandem MS analysis by electron transfer dissociation. These polycarbonates are of interest as engineering materials because of their origination from renewable resources combined with their amorphous character and relatively high glass transition temperatures as determined by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry studies.
Analysis of the two-photon D 1Δ–X 1Σ+ transition in CO: Perturbations in the (10–0) band (1991)

Spin-orbit perturbations among the D 1Δ(v=10), d 3Δ(v=14), a 3Π(v=18), and a′ 3Σ+(v=19) levels of carbon monoxide have been observed in the two-photon laser excitation spectrum of the D 1Δ–X 1Σ+ (10–0) band. Spectra have been analyzed using a weighted nonlinear least-squares-fitting method. Detailed assignments and wave numbers are presented for the D–X (10–0), a–X (18–0), and d–X (14–0) bands. Molecular constants and perturbation parameters have been determined, and mixing coefficients have been calculated. Electronic perturbation parameters associated with the D 1Δ∼a 3Π spin-orbit interaction and the d 3Δ∼D 1Δ isoconfigurational interaction are obtained for the first time. The latter parameter could be determined because of an unusual multiple crossing among the a, d, and D states. The v=18 level is the highest vibrational level of the a 3Π state ever observed.
QbD Approach Method Development for Estimation of Dabigatran Etexilate along with Its Impurities and Identification of Degradants in Capsule Dosage Form (2016)

The concept of Quality by Design was demonstrated in the development of a stability-indicating assay and related substances method by HPLC for Dabigatran Etexilate Capsules dosage form. Method design, method evaluation, method control and life cycle management were explained by systematic flow chart. Analytical Target Product profile was defined. The method was developed using the Inertsil ODS-3V, 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm column using the gradient program with ammonium formate buffer as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Risk assessment was performed as part of method evaluation. Design of experiment tools was used to optimize the chromatographic conditions. A two-level Full Factorial Design along with Face Centered Central Composite design augmentation was employed and statistical analysis of the experimental data uncovered the significant influential of chromatographic factors. The design space and the contour plot suggest that the current center point parameters can be further modified, resulting in better acceptability of the response parameters. The performance of the optimized method was validated according to current ICH guidelines. Dabigatran Etexilate Capsules was subjected to various stress conditions like oxidative, acid, base, hydrolytic, thermal, humidity, and photolytic degradations and evaluated chromatograms at 220 nm. The degradation products were well separated from each other and main peak, demonstrating the stability-indicating power of the method. One of the major degradant impurities, which are forming in neutral hydrolysis stress condition, is isolated and characterized by using analytical techniques like IR, LC-MS and NMR. Degradation pathway for Dabigatran Etexilate was proposed based on forced degradation data along with reaction mechanism.
Phase 2 Evaluation of Parainfluenza Type 3 Cold Passage Mutant 45 Live Attenuated Vaccine in Healthy Children 6–18 Months Old (2004)

A phase 2 evaluation of live attenuated parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3)-cold passage mutant 45 (cp45) vaccine was conducted in 380 children 6-18 months old; 226 children (59%) were seronegative for PIV3. Of the 226 seronegative children, 114 received PIV3-cp45 vaccine, and 112 received placebo. No significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events (i.e., runny nose, cough, or temperature > or =38 degrees C) was noted during the 14 days after vaccination. There was no difference between groups in the occurrence of acute otitis media or serous otitis media. Paired serum samples were available for 109 of the seronegative vaccine recipients and for 110 of the seronegative placebo recipients; 84% of seronegative vaccine recipients developed a > or =4-fold increase in antibody titers. The geometric mean antibody titer after vaccination was 1 : 25 in the vaccine group and <1 : 4 in the placebo group. PIV3-cp45 vaccine was safe and immunogenic in seronegative children and should be evaluated for efficacy in a phase 3 field trial.
Annealing to reduce scattering centers in Czochralski-grown β-BaB_2O_4 (1999)

When a visible laser beam passes through beta-BaB(2)O(4) (BBO), scattered light can be observed along the beam within the crystal. Scattering centers caused by structural defects in Czochralski-grown BBO can be reduced by 95% by annealing at 920 degrees C. In the flux-grown BBO, centers actually increase by the same annealing because the process causes microcracks and/or secondary inclusions. It is shown that annealed Czochralski-grown BBO is superior to flux-grown BBO (annealed or as-grown) in terms of optical loss.
Supplementary Movie S9 from Plk1 Inhibitors and Abiraterone Synergistically Disrupt Mitosis and Kill Cancer Cells of Disparate Origin Independently of Androgen Receptor Signaling (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Entosis of mitotic C4-2 cells&lt;/p&gt;
Fabrication of PVD-TiN metal-gate SOI-CMOS integrated circuits using minimal-fab and mega-fab hybrid process (2016)

The PVD-TiN metal-gate SOI-CMOS integrated circuits including inverters and ring oscillators have successfully been fabricated on a half-inch (100)-oriented SOI wafer using the minimal-fab and mega-fab hybrid process, and their electrical characteristics have systematically been investigated. It was experimentally found that almost an ideal subthreshold slope (SS) of 67 mV/decade and an extremely low leakage current (<;1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-13</sup> A), and the almost a symmetrical threshold voltage (|V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> |) for P- and N-channel devices due to the midgap work function of the PVD-TiN are obtained in the fabricated SOI-CMOS devices. Moreover, it was confirmed that the fabricated 41-stage ring oscillators show normal operations at different supply voltages and the oscillation frequencies are close to the estimated values by gate capacitances and drive currents. These excellent results indicate that the developed minimal-fab and mega-fab hybrid process is suitable for the fabrication of conventional CMOS integrated circuits.
Preclinical studies and characterization of BMS-698769, a small molecule inhibitor of Met receptor tyrosine kinase (2007)

B258 The Met receptor tyrosine kinase is the exclusive high-affinity receptor for the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) ligand. Met activation can occur by ligand binding or, as identified in multiple types of cancer, by either Met overexpression or a variety of activating mutations. Receptor activation subsequently results in a variety of pleiotropic responses that include cell motility, migration, proliferation, invasion and survival. These processes not only underlie tumor growth and metastasis, but are also critical in normal physiological processes such as wound healing and tissue regeneration. We have identified a small molecule inhibitor of Met kinase activity, BMS-698769, that inhibits both ligand stimulated and constitutive Met phosphorylation. As a result, HGF induced scattering and migration were observed to be inhibited when cells were treated with this compound. BMS-698769 also suppressed proliferation of tumor cells in which Met was constitutively active. Tumor growth inhibition in vivo was observed with the GTL-16 tumor model in which Met is amplified and activated. In addition, Met receptor phosphorylation in tumor tissue from mice treated with varying doses of BMS-698769 was inhibited in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Because Met conditional knock-out mice exhibit significantly impaired recovery from acute liver injury, we also evaluated the potential of this compound to impair this process in adult mice using a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced model of liver injury. Our results demonstrate that pharmacologically (maximum antitumor activity) relevant doses of BMS-698769 do not affect recovery from CCl4 induced liver injury. As a result, these studies suggest a low potential for tissue regeneration liabilities with BMS-698769 administration as well as the potential for targeted therapeutic intervention in cancer.
Evolutionary conserved NSL complex/BRD4 axis controls transcription activation via histone acetylation (2020)

Cells rely on a diverse repertoire of genes for maintaining homeostasis, but the transcriptional networks underlying their expression remain poorly understood. The MOF acetyltransferase-containing Non-Specific Lethal (NSL) complex is a broad transcription regulator. It is essential in Drosophila, and haploinsufficiency of the human KANSL1 subunit results in the Koolen-de Vries syndrome. Here, we perform a genome-wide RNAi screen and identify the BET protein BRD4 as an evolutionary conserved co-factor of the NSL complex. Using Drosophila and mouse embryonic stem cells, we characterise a recruitment hierarchy, where NSL-deposited histone acetylation enables BRD4 recruitment for transcription of constitutively active genes. Transcriptome analyses in Koolen-de Vries patient-derived fibroblasts reveals perturbations with a cellular homeostasis signature that are evoked by the NSL complex/BRD4 axis. We propose that BRD4 represents a conserved bridge between the NSL complex and transcription activation, and provide a new perspective in the understanding of their functions in healthy and diseased states.
Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia Progressively Impairs Force Adaptation During Goal-Directed Arm Movements (2004)

We investigated how humans with hereditary cerebellar degeneration [spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 6 and 8, n = 9] and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 9) adapted goal-directed arm movements to an unknown external force field. We tested whether learning could be generalized to untrained regions in the workspace, an aspect central to the idea of an internal model, and if any learning could be retained. After removal of the force field, SCA patients showed little or no learning-related aftereffects indicating that repeated force-field exposure never led to successful force compensation. In contrast, healthy control subjects quickly adapted their movements to the new force field. The difference in force adaptation was significant for movements to targets that required both the shoulder and elbow joint (P < 0.001). Moreover, the generalization of learned movements to targets outside the learned workspace was prevented by the cerebellar degeneration (P < 0.01). Retention of force adaptation was significantly lower in SCA patients (P = 0.003). The severity of ataxia in SCA patients correlated negatively with the extent of learning (r = -0.84, P = 0.004). Our findings imply that progressive loss of cerebellar function gradually impairs force adaptation. The failure to generalize learning suggests that cerebellar degeneration prevents the formation of an internal representation of the limb dynamics.
Broadband seismology in oil and gas exploration and production — Introduction (2013)

The last decade has seen considerable success toward solving long-standing exploration and reservoir characterization challenges, such as subsalt reservoir imaging. These advances have been enabled through new acquisition techniques in combination with advances in methods for processing, imaging and inversion of seismic data that is rich in low frequencies. In particular, methods such as reverse-time migration rely on highly accurate velocity models. Deriving such velocity models in turn fundamentally requires the acquisition of low-frequency seismic data. In addition, as is nicely demonstrated in one of the papers in this special section, low frequencies also benefit higher resolution images and enables deeper penetration in the subsurface (ten Kroode et al., 2013). The need for extending the temporal bandwidth of seismic data has therefore become increasingly evident and is a key area for research and development both in industry and academia.

In this special section we have included papers both describing marine and land applications. We have included papers that 

The techniques for providing broadband frequency data in turn follow three different directions. First, seeking to widen the data bandwidth by filling in the notches caused by ghost arrivals, several papers in the special section present techniques for deghosting conventional marine seismic data. Second, aiming to push data acquisition toward …
Task-Oriented Data Compression for Multi-Agent Communications Over Bit-Budgeted Channels (2022)

Various applications for inter-machine communications are on the rise. Whether it is for autonomous driving vehicles or the internet of everything, machines are more connected than ever to improve their performance in fulfilling a given task. While in traditional communications the goal has often been to reconstruct the underlying message, under the emerging task-oriented paradigm, the goal of communication is to enable the receiving end to make more informed decisions or more precise estimates/computations. Motivated by these recent developments, in this paper, we perform an indirect design of the communications in a multi-agent system (MAS) in which agents cooperate to maximize the averaged sum of discounted one-stage rewards of a collaborative task. Due to the bit-budgeted communications between the agents, each agent should efficiently represent its local observation and communicate an abstracted version of the observations to improve the collaborative task performance. We first show that this problem can be approximated as a form of data-quantization problem which we call task-oriented data compression (TODC). We then introduce the state-aggregation for information compression algorithm (SAIC) to solve the formulated TODC problem. It is shown that SAIC is able to achieve near-optimal performance in terms of the achieved sum of discounted rewards. The proposed algorithm is applied to a geometric consensus problem and its performance is compared with several benchmarks. Numerical experiments confirm the promise of this indirect design approach for task-oriented multi-agent communications.
Myristica fragrans Extract Inhibits Platelet Desialylation and Activation to Ameliorate Sepsis-Associated Thrombocytopenia in a Murine CLP-Induced Sepsis Model (2023)

Sepsis, characterized by an uncontrolled host inflammatory response to infections, remains a leading cause of death in critically ill patients worldwide. Sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia (SAT), a common disease in patients with sepsis, is an indicator of disease severity. Therefore, alleviating SAT is an important aspect of sepsis treatment; however, platelet transfusion is the only available treatment strategy for SAT. The pathogenesis of SAT involves increased platelet desialylation and activation. In this study, we investigated the effects of <i>Myristica fragrans</i> ethanol extract (MF) on sepsis and SAT. Desialylation and activation of platelets treated with sialidase and adenosine diphosphate (platelet agonist) were assessed using flow cytometry. The extract inhibited platelet desialylation and activation via inhibiting bacterial sialidase activity in washed platelets. Moreover, MF improved survival and reduced organ damage and inflammation in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. It also prevented platelet desialylation and activation via inhibiting circulating sialidase activity, while maintaining platelet count. Inhibition of platelet desialylation reduces hepatic Ashwell-Morell receptor-mediated platelet clearance, thereby reducing hepatic JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation and thrombopoietin mRNA expression. This study lays a foundation for the development of plant-derived therapeutics for sepsis and SAT and provides insights into sialidase-inhibition-based sepsis treatment strategies.
Optimal control of the service rate in an M/G/1 queueing system (1978)

We consider an M/G /1 queue in which the service rate is subject to control. The control is exercised continuously and is based on the observations of the residual workload process. For both the discounted cost and the average cost criteria we obtain conditions which are sufficient for a stationary policy to be optimal. When the service cost rate and the holding cost rates are non-decreasing and convex it is shown that these sufficient conditions are satisfied by a monotonic policy, thus showing its optimality.