gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of (−)-Reserpine Using the Chiron Approach (1997)

A highly stereocontrolled synthesis of ring D/E precursor to reserpine has been developed starting from (-)-quinic acid as a chiral template. The total synthesis of (-)-reserpine is described through the cyclization of an immonium lactam intermediate.
Experimental considerations for the proximate standoff detection of highly scattering hazardous materials using infrared techniques (2019)

Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful laboratory technique for detection of and discrimination between hazardous chemical threats, such as explosive materials, and non-hazardous background chemicals. Transitioning this method to the field however has significant challenges, especially when being deployed as a standoff, or proximate standoff technique. The main issue for proximate standoff detection lies in the ability of a system to collect enough reflected light from a source illuminating a surface to provide chemical information for the target material. This issue is further exacerbated when trying to detect highly scattering materials on surfaces, such as particulates or powders, which are typical forms for explosive materials. While diffuse reflectance from such materials provides good chemical vibrational absorption band information, when being collected at some distance away from the sample, this scattering provides a significant detection challenge. We present detection results for highly scattering inkjet printed explosive standards, collected at proximate standoff distances (~ 0.5 m) in a laboratory environment. Discrimination between these standards using both conventional infrared spectroscopy, as well as NRL’s unique optical filter based biomimetic sensing approach are discussed. This work is meant to inform the rational development of portable infrared optical sensors for detection of explosives at proximate distances in operational environments.
A Consideration of Real-Time Imaging and Printing (2011)

Modern variable data presses use substantial processing power. In many cases, a bank of processors is used to manage the RIP (raster image processing), and print jobs are performed using sophisticated parallel scheduling approaches. The high processing power of digital presses enables the possibility of performing valuable imaging tasks using the same processing units. Important imaging tasks include reading printed marks (such as barcodes), print validation and inspection.In order to optimize the interleaving of real-time printing and imaging tasks, different imaging approaches must be considered. In this paper, we consider three different classes of imaging optimization in order to compare their relative effect on throughput and on amenability to processing on the press. These are (1) performing down-sampling before image segmentation versus performing native resolution image segmentation, (2) selecting different programming languages/compilers (e.g. Java versus C++ in our experiments) for the imaging, and (3) marshaling images into a single buffer versus allowing the system to manage the image,. Our results demonstrate that, in general, changes in structural approach to imaging, such as (1) provides, have the greatest positive impact on processing, while (2) has the least impact. The impact of approach (3) is more highly dependent on the architecture of the press, and so is perhaps the method that can be most positively affected by intelligent modeling.
Deep Unfolded Robust PCA with Application to Clutter Suppression in Ultrasound (2018)

Abstract Contrast enhanced ultrasound is a radiation-free imaging modality which uses encapsulated gas microbubbles for improved visualization of the vascular bed deep within the tissue. It has recently been used to enable imaging with unprecedented subwavelength spatial resolution by relying on super-resolution techniques. A typical preprocessing step in super-resolution ultrasound is to separate the microbubble signal from the cluttering tissue signal. This step has a crucial impact on the final image quality. Here, we propose a new approach to clutter removal based on robust principle component analysis (PCA) and deep learning. We begin by modeling the acquired contrast enhanced ultrasound signal as a combination of a low rank and sparse components. This model is used in robust PCA and was previously suggested in the context of ultrasound Doppler processing and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. We then illustrate that an iterative algorithm based on this model exhibits improved separation of microbubble signal from the tissue signal over commonly practiced methods. Next, we apply the concept of deep unfolding to suggest a deep network architecture tailored to our clutter filtering problem which exhibits improved convergence speed and accuracy with respect to its iterative counterpart. We compare the performance of the suggested deep network on both simulations and in-vivo rat brain scans, with a commonly practiced deep-network architecture and the fast iterative shrinkage algorithm, and show that our architecture exhibits better image quality and contrast.
Deletion of p16INK4A/CDKN2 and p15INK4B in human somatic cell hybrids and hybrid-derived tumors. (1999)

Deletion or epigenetic inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p16INK4/CDKN2 (p16) has been observed in multiple human tumors. We assayed hybrid cell lines between human diploid fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells for p16 allelic status and expression and found that p16 was expressed in the parental diploid fibroblast cell lines used, whereas the parental fibrosarcoma cell line HT1080.6TG exhibited homozygous deletion of p16. Most immortalized hybrid cell lines derived from these parent cell lines, whether tumorigenic or nontumorigenic, exhibited loss of fibroblast-derived p16 alleles. All p16-negative hybrid cell lines also exhibited deletion of p15INK4B (p15). Hybrid cell lines yielded tumors upon s.c. injection into athymic nude mice regardless of p16/p15 status. Tumors derived from six p16/p15-positive hybrid cells, however, revealed deletions of both p16 and p15. When human diploid fibroblasts were fused with A388.6TG squamous cell carcinoma cells, which exhibit aberrant methylation of p16, the resulting hybrids again exhibited deletion of the unmethylated fibroblast-derived p16 alleles. Transfection of both HT1080.6TG and A388.6TG cells with wild-type p16 expression vector resulted in decreased clonogenicity in culture. Although the determinants directing genetic versus epigenetic inactivation of p16 and p15 remain unclear, these results demonstrate that p16-mediated growth suppression could be abrogated by either mechanism in somatic cell hybrids.
Binaural localization using interaural cues (1990)

Major nuclei of the superior olivary complex--the lateral superior olive (LSO) and the medial superior olive (MSO) are presumed to play a major role in the localization of sound signals using interaural level and interaural phase differences between the signals arriving at the two ears. The present work develops a novel approach--function based modeling--for assessing the role of these nuclei in binaural localization. The interaural level difference is shown to be the sufficient statistic at high frequencies when only level cues are available. This level difference is processed optimally when the inputs are excitatory from one ear and inhibitory from the other ear. Response characteristics of LSO single units are remarkably similar to the optimal processor's, strongly supporting the notion that LSO units are intimately involved in high-frequency binaural hearing. For low frequencies the optimal processor makes use of the interaural phase difference cue by correlating the inputs to the two ears thus requiring that the two inputs be excitatory. Hence, high and low frequency localization systems are shown to differ greatly, suggesting separate pathways for each.
NPAS2 as a transcriptional regulator of non-rapid eye movement sleep: Genotype and sex interactions (2006)

Because the transcription factor neuronal Per-Arnt-Sim-type signal-sensor protein-domain protein 2 (NPAS2) acts both as a sensor and an effector of intracellular energy balance, and because sleep is thought to correct an energy imbalance incurred during waking, we examined NPAS2's role in sleep homeostasis using npas2 knockout (npas2-/-) mice. We found that, under conditions of increased sleep need, i.e., at the end of the active period or after sleep deprivation (SD), NPAS2 allows for sleep to occur at times when mice are normally awake. Lack of npas2 affected electroencephalogram activity of thalamocortical origin; during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), activity in the spindle range (10-15 Hz) was reduced, and within the delta range (1-4 Hz), activity shifted toward faster frequencies. In addition, the increase in the cortical expression of the NPAS2 target gene period2 (per2) after SD was attenuated in npas2-/- mice. This implies that NPAS2 importantly contributes to the previously documented wake-dependent increase in cortical per2 expression. The data also revealed numerous sex differences in sleep; in females, sleep need accumulated at a slower rate, and REMS loss was not recovered after SD. In contrast, the rebound in NREMS time after SD was compromised only in npas2-/- males. We conclude that NPAS2 plays a role in sleep homeostasis, most likely at the level of the thalamus and cortex, where NPAS2 is abundantly expressed.
Immunodominance hierarchy after seasonal influenza vaccination (2022)

Current influenza vaccines elicit humoral immune responses against the haemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza viruses. Different antigenic sites have been identified in the HA head as the main target of haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies (Sb, Sa, Cb, Ca1 and Ca2). To determine immunodominance (ID) of each site, we performed HAI assays against a panel of mutant viruses, each one lacking one of the classically defined antigenic sites and compared it to wild type (Wt). Agglutinating antibodies were measured before and after vaccination in two different regimens: Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine (QIV) in young adults; or Adjuvanted Trivalent influenza Vaccine (ATIV) in elderly. Our results showed abs before vaccination were significantly reduced against all antigenic sites in the elderly and only against Sb and Ca2 in young adults compared to the Wt. Humoral response to vaccination was significantly reduced against all viruses compared to the Wt for the ATIV and only against Sb and Ca2 for the QIV. The strongest reduction was observed in all cases against Sb followed by Ca2. We concluded that ID profile was clearly dominated by Sb followed by Ca2. Additionally, the antibody response evolved with age, increasing the response towards less immunodominant epitopes of HA head. Adjuvants can positively influence ID hierarchy broadening responses towards multiple antigenic sites of HA head.
Some Deviations Associated With Vector Perturbation Diffraction Theory (1985)

Last year at this conference our lab presented some data which strongly supports the use of the vector perturbation relationship between light scattered from smooth surfaces and the surface power spectral density (PSD). Last year&apos;s data showed that a consistent answer was obtained for the PSD for measurements taken with S and P polarization, with incident angles up to 45&apos;, for positive and negative sweeps, and for one and two dimensional samples. If in fact the theoretical relationship is correct then this must be the case, as the PSD is determined by a combination of surface topography and the scattering situation (geometry, polarization, wavelength, etc.). It appears, however that for large scatter angles (&gt;700) and for large angles of incidence (&gt;60Ã‚Â°) there is some deviation in the calculated PSD. In addition, the high angle scatter region is an area where a scatterometer with a semicircular detector sweep loses the one-to-one relationship between detector position and surface spatial frequency. Or, in other words, light diffracted to high scatter angles from single spatial frequencies appears over a small band on the observation semicircle instead of a diffraction limited point. Fata supporting these two deviations is presented. Although they are not regarded as serious violations of the vector perturbation theory they do impose a limit on the useful range over which the PSD may be calculated.
0.5V image processor with 563 GOPS/W SIMD and 32bit CPU using high voltage clock distribution (HVCD) and adaptive frequency scaling (AFS) with 40nm CMOS (2013)

A 0.5V, 10MHz, 9mW image processor with 320 processing element (PE) SIMD and a 32bit CPU has been developed using 40-nm CMOS. High voltage clock distribution (HVCD) reduces the number of excessive hold buffers required in a 0.5-V logic circuit design, thereby reducing the area, delay, and energy of the SIMD by 14 %, 13%, and 6%, respectively. The 0.5-V SIMD with HVCD achieves an energy efficiency of 563 GOPS/W (= 4.26mW at 7.5MHz), the highest yet reported for near-threshold SIMD. In addition, adaptive frequency scaling (AFS), used to mitigate the impact of the ripple of a buck converters, increases average clock frequency by 33%.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Ferrocene‐Based C2‐Symmetric Diphosphine Ligands: Application to the Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted Cinnamic Acids (2007)

Chiralität hoch drei: Ein neuer ferrocenbasierter Diphosphanligand wurde für die hoch enantioselektive Hydrierung α-substituierter Zimtsäurederivate eingesetzt. Der P-zentriert, C-zentriert und planar chirale Ligand (RC,RC,SFc,SFc,SP,SP)-1 erwies sich bei dieser Rh-katalysierten asymmetrischen Hydrierung als außergewöhnlich enantioselektiv (siehe Schema; cod=Cycloocta-1,5-dien).
5-Amino-2‘-deoxyuridine, a Novel Thymidine Analogue for High-Resolution Footprinting of Protein−DNA Complexes (2002)

[formula: see text] 5-Amino-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate, an analogue of deoxythymidine triphosphate, was synthesized and found to be a substrate of Taq DNA polymerase. The DNA-borne analogue underwent selective chemical reaction with permanganate. The use of 5-amino-dU as an interference probe was validated using the Ada protein/ada promoter complex. The performance of 5-amino-dU in interference footprints is similar to that of the previously described analogue 5-hydroxy-dU, but the former is incorporated more readily into DNA during enzymatic polymerization.
Shapewriter on the iphone (2009)

We present our experience in bringing ShapeWriter, a novel HCI research product, from the laboratory to real world users through iPhone's App Store.
Metastasis prognostic factors and cancer stem cell-related transcription factors associated with metastasis induction in canine metastatic mammary gland tumors (2021)

BACKGROUND: Canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) is the most common cancer in aged female dogs. Although it's important to identify reliable metastasis or prognostic factors by evaluating related to cell division, adhesion, and cancer stem cell-related transcription factor (TF) in metastasis-induced canine MGT, but there are limited studies. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify metastasis prognostic factors and cancer stem cell-TFs in canine MGTs. METHODS: Age-matched female dogs diagnosed with MGT only were classified into metastatic and non-metastatic groups by histopathological staining of MGT tissues. The mRNA levels of cancer prognostic metastasis molecular factors (E-cadherin, ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, HPRT1, RPL4 and hnRNP H) and cancer stem cell-related TFs (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) were compared between metastatic and non-metastatic canine MGT tissues using qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog in metastatic MGT group were significantly higher than those in non-metastatic MGT group. However, mRNA level of RPL4 was significantly lower in metastatic MGT group. Loss of E-cadherin and HPRT1 was observed in the metastatic MGT group but it was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent expression patterns of all metastasis-related factors showing elevation in ICAM-1, PRR14, VEGF, hnRNP H, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, but decreases in RPL4 levels occurred in canine MGT tissues, which was associated with metastasis. Thus, these cancer prognostic metastasis factors and TFs of cancer stem cells, except for E-cadherin and HPRT1, can be used as reliable metastasis factors for canine MGT and therapeutic strategy.
Coherent Combination of Two Semiconductor Lasers Using Optical Phase Locked Loops (OPLLs) (2006)

We experimentally demonstrate 95% efficient coherent power combination of two semiconductor DFB lasers by using electronic feedback and Optical Phase-Locked Loops (OPLLs). The rms phase error between the locked lasers is about 30 degrees.
CD8+ T-cell effector molecules are differentially expressed in blood and gastrointestinal mucosa in chronic HIV-1 infection (2018)

Abstract CD8+ T-cells in human gastrointestinal mucosa exhibit reduced perforin expression and weak cytotoxicity compared to their counterparts in blood. We previously reported that these cells are predominantly T-bet-low and Eomesodermin-negative. Nevertheless, in response to antigenic stimulation these cells degranulate and express cytokines and chemokines. The goal of this study was to elucidate expression patterns of granzymes (Gzm) A, B and K in conjunction with perforin in rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells during chronic HIV-1 infection and determine whether these patterns vary with disease status. We used flow cytometry to compare intracellular Gzm A, B, K and perforin in resting CD8+ T-cells from blood and rectosigmoid biopsies of HIV-1+ controllers; viremic individuals; virologically suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy; and seronegatives. Expression of perforin and GzmB, but not GzmA or GzmK, was reduced in mucosa compared to blood. A large fraction of rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells did not express granzymes or were single-positive for GzmA. Rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells appeared skewed towards cytokine production rather than cytotoxicity, with cells expressing multiple cytokines/chemokines lacking perforin and granzyme expression. Percentages of mucosal CD8+ T-cells expressing cytotoxic effectors were higher in HIV-1+ groups, compared to seronegatives. These data support the interpretation that perforin and granzymes are differentially regulated, and display distinct expression patterns in blood and rectosigmoid T-cells. These findings also reinforce our previous work, suggesting that rectosigmoid CD8+ T-cells are programmed for cytokine polyfunctionality rather than cytotoxicity.
Mental Processes & Strategic Equilibration: An fMRI Study of Selling Strategy in Second Price Auctions (2004)

This study is the first to attempt to isolate a relationship between cognitive activity and equilibration to a Nash Equilibrium. Subjects, while undergoing fMRI scans of brain activity, participated in second price auctions against a single competitor following predetermined strategy that was unknown to the subject. For this auction there is a unique strategy that will maximize the subjects' earnings, which is also a Nash equilibrium of the associated game theoretic model of the auction. As is the case with all games, the bidding strategies of subjects participating in second price auctions most often do not reflect the equilibrium bidding strategy at first but with experience, typically exhibit a process of equilibration, or convergence toward the equilibrium. This research is focused on the process of convergence. In the data reported here subjects participated in sixteen auctions, after which all subjects were told the strategy that will maximize their revenues, the theoretical equilibrium. Following that announcement, sixteen more auctions were performed. The question posed by the research concerns the mental activity that might accompany equilibration as it is observed in the bidding behavior. Does brain activation differ between equilibrated and non-equilibrated in the sense of a bidding strategy? If so, are their differences in the location of activation during and after equilibration? We found significant activation in the frontal pole especially in Brodmann's area 10, the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the basal forebrain. There was significantly more activation in the basal forebrain and the anterior cingulate cortex during the first sixteen auctions than in the second sixteen. The activity in the amygdala shifted from the right side to the left after the solution was given.
Caffeine-catalyzed gels (2018)

Covalently cross-linked gels are utilized in a broad range of biomedical applications though their synthesis often compromises easy implementation. Cross-linking reactions commonly utilize catalysts or conditions that can damage biologics and sensitive compounds, producing materials that require extensive post processing to achieve acceptable biocompatibility. As an alternative, we report a batch synthesis platform to produce covalently cross-linked materials appropriate for direct biomedical application enabled by green chemistry and commonly available food grade ingredients. Using caffeine, a mild base, to catalyze anhydrous carboxylate ring-opening of diglycidyl-ether functionalized monomers with citric acid as a tri-functional crosslinking agent we introduce a novel poly(ester-ether) gel synthesis platform. We demonstrate that biocompatible Caffeine Catalyzed Gels (CCGs) exhibit dynamic physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, which can be tailored in shape, surface texture, solvent response, cargo release, shear and tensile strength, among other potential attributes. The demonstrated versatility, low cost and facile synthesis of these CCGs renders them appropriate for a broad range of customized engineering applications including drug delivery constructs, tissue engineering scaffolds, and medical devices.
A Theoretical Analysis on Static Characteristics of Voltage Based Control Method and Current Based Control Method for the Wayside Energy Storage System in DC-electrified Railway (2018)

As one of the solution for energy saving in DC-electrified railway system, wayside energy storage systems (WESSs) are recently studied. In the previous study, current based control, which regulates current of ESSs, and voltage based control, which regulates the filter capacitor (FC) voltage, have been proposed as a power control method for WESSs. However, the difference between these two power control methods has not discussed before. In this paper, a theoretical comparison between voltage based power control method and current based power control method is carried out focusing on each static characteristic. Furthermore, an influence of distance between a WESS and a rail vehicle on characteristics of each control is also considered. Though the study in this paper, theoretical comparison between both control methods is carried out. Results of this paper contribute to establish a method to design WESSs which realize maximum energy saving effect with minimum energy capacity of energy storage devices.
Allocation schemes of resources with downgrading (2017)

Abstract We consider a server with large capacity delivering video files encoded in various resolutions. We assume that the system is under saturation in the sense that the total demand exceeds the server capacity C . In such a case, requests may be rejected. For the policies considered in this paper, instead of rejecting a video request, it is downgraded. When the occupancy of the server is above some value C 0 &lt; C , the server delivers the video at a minimal bit rate. The quantity C 0 is the bit rate adaptation threshold. For these policies, request blocking is thus replaced with bit rate adaptation. Under the assumptions of Poisson request arrivals and exponential service times, we show that, by rescaling the system, a process associated with the occupancy of the server converges to some limiting process whose invariant distribution is computed explicitly. This allows us to derive an asymptotic expression of the key performance measure of such a policy, namely the equilibrium probability that a request is transmitted at requested bitrate. Numerical applications of these results are presented.