gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Hormones and osteoporosis update. Effect of angiotensin II on bone metabolism]. (2009)

Bone metabolism is closely regulated by hormones and cytokines, which have effects on both bone resorption and deposition. Since renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been known to play an important role to regulate remodeling in several tissues, we focused on the potential role of RAS in bone metabolism. It is known that the receptors of angiotensin II are expressed in culture osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and angiotensin II induced the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption. Of importance, angiotensin II significantly induced the expression of RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand) in osteoblasts, leading to the activation of osteoclasts, while these effects were completely blocked by an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade. In a rat ovariectomy model of estrogen deficiency, administration of angiotensin II accelerated the increase in TRAP activity, accompanied by a significant decrease in bone density and an increase in urinary deoxypyridinoline. As it has been known that osteoclast differentiation is regulated by a variety of hormones, local factors and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF-alpha, RAS might also be involved in this autocrine system. Of importance, sub-analysis of recent clinical study demonstrated that the usage of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors significantly reduced the fracture risk. RAS might be a novel target to treat the subgroups of hypertensive patients with osteoporosis.
Biosynthesis of Natural Flavanones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2005)

A four-step flavanone biosynthetic pathway was constructed and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant yeast strain was fed with phenylpropanoid acids and produced the flavanones naringenin and pinocembrin 62 and 22 times more efficiently compared to previously reported recombinant prokaryotic strains. Microbial biosynthesis of the flavanone eriodictyol was also achieved.
Endometrial Development and Function in Experimentally Induced Luteal Phase Deficiency (2008)

Histological endometrial dating does not reflect circulating P concentrations and cannot serve as a reliable bioassay of the quality of luteal function. Assessment of selected functional markers by either immunohistochemistry or qRT-PCR is similarly insensitive to decreased circulating P. Preliminary evidence suggests that abnormally low luteal phase serum P concentrations may have important functional consequences not otherwise detected.
Focus considerations of design pitches and absorber choice for EUV random logic (2022)

Background: In EUV lithography, the absorber material determines the amplitude and phase of the diffracted orders, which define best focus (BF) and depth of focus (DOF). Control of BF and DOF is needed for mid and high numerical aperture (NA) systems. Aim: Generate recommendations for EUV absorber classes and explain the best focus shifts that occur for bright and dark field mask imaging. Approach: We anchor simulations with experiments using a TaBN absorber, then investigate the BF and DOF for various absorbers using simulation. We use a simple analytical model to show that the analytically predicted diffraction orders behave similarly in magnitude and phase to EMF simulations. Results: We find good prediction for BF experiments and simulations using a very simple resist model, and fair prediction in DOF. We explain the BF shift depending on simple absorber parameters using an analytical model. The exact BF shift needs to be calculated using EMF simulations. Conclusions: Best focus shifts are more pronounced for dark than clear field masks, and more so in attPSM materials than in more binary absorbers. Magnitude and phase of the 0th order plays an important role in BF shifts. We are encouraged to explore low-reflection attPSM materials as mask absorbers.
Efficient Calculation of Molecular Integrals over London Atomic Orbitals (2017)

The use of London atomic orbitals (LAOs) in a nonperturbative manner enables the determination of gauge-origin invariant energies and properties for molecular species in arbitrarily strong magnetic fields. Central to the efficient implementation of such calculations for molecular systems is the evaluation of molecular integrals, particularly the electron repulsion integrals (ERIs). We present an implementation of several different algorithms for the evaluation of ERIs over Gaussian-type LAOs at arbitrary magnetic field strengths. The efficiencies of generalized McMurchie-Davidson (MD), Head-Gordon-Pople (HGP), and Rys quadrature schemes are compared. For the Rys quadrature implementation, we avoid the use of high precision arithmetic and interpolation schemes in the computation of the quadrature roots and weights, enabling the application of this algorithm seamlessly to a wide range of magnetic fields. The efficiency of each generalized algorithm is compared by numerical application, classifying the ERIs according to their total angular momenta and evaluating their performance for primitive and contracted basis sets. In common with zero-field integral evaluation, no single algorithm is optimal for all angular momenta; thus, a simple mixed scheme is put forward that selects the most efficient approach to calculate the ERIs for each shell quartet. The mixed approach is significantly more efficient than the exclusive use of any individual algorithm.
Synthesis of 2‐N‐alkyl(aryl)amino‐7‐nitrobenzothiazoles. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
19‐4: Late-News Paper: New P‐type Amorphous Semiconductor with High Transparency and High Mobility of 9 cm 2 /Vs for Next‐Generation Displays (2018)

Over the last decade, thin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors (TAOSs) have significantly contributed to flat‐panel display (FPD) technologies because of their various advantages. However, a practical complementary circuit using TAOSs has not been realized as conventional TAOSs exhibit only n‐type semiconducting behavior. Herein, we propose a material design concept of a high‐performance p‐type transparent amorphous semiconductor (TAS) utilizing the pseudo s‐orbital nature of spatially spread large p‐orbitals and demonstrate an amorphous Cu−Sn−I (a‐CuSnI) thin film with high transparency and high Hall mobility (9 cm 2 /V). The proposed a‐CuSnI thin film was successfully fabricated using a solution process at considerably low temperature (&lt;140 °C). We hope this new p‐type TAS proves to be a turning point in the field of active matrix devices for next‐generation displays.
Field-effect mobility measurements of conjugated polymer/fullerene photovoltaic blends (2000)

Organic field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated using an active region consisting of a conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MDMO-PPV) blended with a soluble derivative of C60 (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Such blends are promising for use in organic photovoltaic devices. Fabrication of the FET provides a technique for estimating both the hole and electron field-effect mobilities of the material in the active region by measuring the saturation current as a function of the gate voltage. The hole field-effect mobility for pristine MDMO-PPV was found to be 9×10−4 cm2/(Vs). Saturation of electron current could not be attained for pristine MDMO-PPV. Evidence for the saturation of electron current could be seen only at very high PCBM doping levels.
Torque Production Capability of Axial Flux Machines with Single and Double Rotor Configurations (2018)

Axial flux PM (AFPM) machines are used particularly in applications requiring a compact structure. Their disc shape topology and axial air-gap have lead to a variety of configurations including two popular ones: the yokeless and segmented armature (YASA), and the single-stator single-rotor or single sided machine. In this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis of these configurations is conducted at different magnetic and electric loadings. It is found that at lower loadings, typically employed for air-cooled machines, the torque/ampere characteristics of the YASA machine are almost identical to those of a single sided machine constructed with half the magnet volume. On the other hand, the single sided machine outperforms the YASA machine when the magnet volumes in both machines are maintained equal. However, for higher electric loadings, the torque/ampere characteristics of the YASA machine droop significantly less than those of the single sided machine. The paper includes analytical estimations which are verified with experimentally validated FEA simulations. In addition, the impacts of the armature reaction on saturation and the magnetic flux linkage in both machines is also explored.
Resurgence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W ST-11 (cc11) in Madagascar, 2015–2016 (2016)

The resurgence of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W with sequence type ST-11 (cc11) was observed in Madagascar in 2015-2016. Three cases were investigated in this study. Molecular characterization of the strains suggests the local transmission of a single genotype that may have been circulating for years.
<title>Algebraic reconstruction of images of a diffusive medium containing strong absorbers: comparative study of different illumination schemes and the effect of restricted view angle</title> (1995)

The quality of the answer computed by an image reconstruction algorithm could significantly depend on certain details of the data collection and analysis procedures. We describe some of the decisions that must be made during both of these steps, e.g. the geometry, number, and locations of both sources and detectors, selection of a set of time windows or modulation frequencies, and whether to process the data in a simultaneous or sequential manner. Because no set of choices is self-evidently optimal, we chose to use one comprehensive set of internal light intensity distributions and detector reading, both computed from Monte Carlo simulations, as a standard for tests of different varieties of image reconstruction algorithms applied to different subsets of detector readings. The reference medium in all cases was a densely scattering homogeneous, infinitely long cylinder. The three targets consisted of the same cylinder with the addition of either a single black absorbing rod on the axis, a single black absorbing rod parallel to the axis, or thirteen black absorbing rods distributed in the form of an 'X'. Time-resolved detector responses and internal collision densities were computed directly, and from these, time-independent and frequency domain data were subsequently calculated. Images were recontructed using algebraic algorithms that solve a system of linear perturbation equations that are valid only for sufficiently weak perturbations of the reference medium. Results shown compare images obtained using data from different domains and different sets of source locations. The quality of the one-absorber images is very good to excellent. The quality of the images of the thirteen-absorber target, for which the weak perturbation premise is very strongly voilated, is only fair. Sources of random and systematic errors are identified, and the effects of both types is discussed.
Induction of HLA class I and class II expression by IFN in adherent cells (2011)

<b>Copyright information:</b>Taken from "Transcriptional profiles discriminate bone marrow-derived and synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells"Arthritis Research &amp; Therapy 2005;7(6):R1304-R1315.Published online 20 Sep 2005PMCID:PMC1297577.Copyright © 2005 Djouad et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. One example of basal and IFN-γ-induced expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C (left) and HLA-DR (right) molecules on mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow (BM) by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Expression of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C (left) and HLA-DR (right) molecules by BM-derived cells (= 5; two normal, two osteoarthritis and one rheumatoid arthritis) and synovium-derived cells (= 7; three rheumatoid arthritis, two normal, two osteoarthritis) after induction with 1,000 U/ml IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ, shown as the fold increase of the mean fluorescence intensity over the control ± standard error of the mean. Detection of the 6–16 early response gene to IFN, assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, normalized to GAPDH mRNA (= 3 for synovium-derived and = 4 for BM-derived cell samples). Results display the fold increase of the 6–16 gene in IFN-induced samples over nontreated samples. * &lt; 0.05.
Self-Assembled Hierarchical Structure of Fullerene Building Blocks; Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and C60 (2011)

We report a self-assembled hierarchical nanostructure produced by mixing two carbon nanobuilding blocks—fullerene nanospheres (C60) and (10,10) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes— at ambient temperature and pressure. It was found that upon mixing the fullerene building blocks, they self-assemble into films with smectic liquid crystal-like periodicity. The films wrap around to form nanospheres (50 to 150 nm in diameter) with central cavities resembling pitted nanofruits that are connected by a network of stems. Raman spectroscopy showed 10 cm–1 softening in the frequency of the G+ mode of the assembled nanotubes indicating significant alteration in the assembly’s electronic structure. The current findings point out a new rich subject to explore which could promote engineered nanostructured assemblies leading to many advances in materials science and biological and environmental fields.
Radiation history and energy coupling to cylindrical target on the Z machine (1999)

Summary form only given, as follows. A series of experiments have been designed and fielded on the Sandia Z machine to characterize the radiation history and energy coupling to cylindrical targets embedded in a central cushion. The implosion of a nested wire array, which has produced temperatures of 230 eV in a central cushion (flying radiation case/dynamic hohlraum), is used as a source, in the calculations, to drive ablative shocks in cylindrical shells. These shells have initial radii of 1 mm, wall thickness of 20 to 50 /spl mu/m and are embedded in low density foam. Simulations of the radiation environment in the cushion, including the radiation pre-pulse associated with the run-in of the load plasma and the energy coupling to the target will be presented. The dynamics of the imploding plasma, its evolution near the axial aperture and its effects on diagnostic access will also be considered.
Advances and challenges of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (2007)

The ability to deliver highly efficient therapeutic compounds specifically to diseased sites is crucial for effectively treating all human illnesses. Unfortunately, conventional therapeutic strategies require unnecessarily high systemic administration due to non-specific biodistribution and rapid metabolism of free drug molecules prior to reaching their targeted sites. Using the tools of nanotechnology, drug delivery systems within the nanometer size regime can be developed to alter both pharmacological and therapeutic effects of drug molecules. Due to their small size, these novel DDS offer superior advantages, such as altered pharmacokinetic behaviour and improved payload, over traditional large-scale systems. In addition, the relative ease in modifying their surface chemistry permits the attachment of targeting and therapeutic molecules for specific therapeutic applications. Finally, complex nanostructures can be assembled using different building blocks with multiple functionalities ranging from targeting, detecting, imaging and therapeutic capabilities.
Packed-Bed Bioreactors Under the Influence of Chemical Modulators (1990)

This report considers the behaviour of packed-bed immobilized enzyme reactors operating in the presence of substrate and/or product sequestrators. In some cases, enzyme inhibition by the reaction product and presence of chemical modulators are also considered. For each case, an appropriate analytical model is developed. Using numerical simulations, it is shown that reactor performance is impaired by substrate sequestration. This effect can be partially reversed when competitive sequestration by product or modulator is operational.In addition, a comparison is made between some of the predicted characteristics of the reactor and experimental data. It reveals the capabilities and limitations of the models employed.
Biomechanical Comparison of Hintermann and Evans Osteotomy for Lateral Column Lengthening (2019)

Category: Hindfoot, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Both Evans and Hintermann procedures are opening wedge calcaneal osteotomies used for lateral column lengthening in flatfoot reconstruction. Risks of lateral column lengthening include lateral forefoot overload and increased calcaneocuboid (CC) joint pressure. The Evans osteotomy is preformed closer to the CC joint increasing the theoretical risk of higher CC pressures. The Hintermann technique is a more posteriorly located osteotomy developed to avoid destabilization of the anterior calcaneal fragment and subsequent CC joint incongruency. The purpose of this study is to biomechanically compare the Evans and Hintermann osteotomies through analysis of CC joint pressures and forefoot plantar pressures after sequential lengthening of the lateral column. Methods: A flatfoot model with radiographic confirmation was created in 10 matched cadaveric specimens which were then randomly selected to undergo either the Evans or Hintermann osteotomy. Specimens were physiologically loaded and the peak pressure of the CC joint and forefoot plantar pressures were measured under the following conditions: (1) intact foot, (2) flatfoot, and (3) sequential lengthening of the lateral column from 6 mm to 14 mm, in 2 mm increments. Results: Lateral column lengthening lead to significantly increased pressure across the CC joint in both the Evans and Hintermann specimens. With increasing lateral column length, mean peak CC pressures ranged from 2.9–4.0 and 1.2–2.2 times intact CC pressure for the Evans and Hintermann group, respectively. Normalized mean and normalized peak CC pressures were significantly higher in the Evans osteotomy group compared to the Hintermann group at every level of distraction (see figure). The CC pressures under each testing condition were normalized with respect to the intact foot. Forefoot lateral plantar pressures were significantly increased in specimens corrected with Evans osteotomy at 10 mm and 12 mm of distraction compared to the intact foot. Conclusion: The Evans osteotomy lead to significantly higher CC pressures than the Hintermann osteotomy. This data suggests the Hintermann osteotomy for flatfoot reconstruction minimizes increase in CC joint pressures and could reduce the risk of subsequent CC osteoarthritis.
Cyclo[9]pyrrole: Selective Synthesis of [34]Nonaphyrin(0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0) (2021)

Cyclo[9]pyrrole, a ring-expanded porphyrin without <i>meso</i>-bridges and having an odd number of pyrroles, was synthesized via the oxidative coupling of 2,2':5',2″-terpyrrole. X-ray crystallography showed a <i>C</i><sub>2</sub>-like symmetry with a large root-mean-square deviation. The optical properties and electronic structures were analyzed using magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
A synthesis oriented omniscient manual editor (2004)

The cost functions used to evaluate logic synthesis transformations for FPGAs are far removed from the final speed and routability determined after placement, routing and timing analysis. This distance has given rise to the field of physical synthesis, which attempts to improve logic synthesis by employing cost functions that contain placement, routing and/or timing analysis information.In this work we take this notion to an extreme that we call omniscience, in which post-routing timing analysis is provided in the context of a manual editor in which the user selects logical and physical transformations. After each incremental circuit modification, the user is informed of the circuit performance after routing and timing analysis. Since the computations involved in providing this level of information are large, we restrict the application to relatively small circuits, no larger than 1000 logic elements.Using this approach on a commercial FPGA, we propose a set of logic transformations specific to the logic and routing architecture of the Xilinx Virtex-E device. On a set of 10 circuits we have achieved an average performance improvement of 10% when both logical and physical changes are used. Another value of the editor is that it reveals new types of automatable physical-synthesis transformations and optimization strategies that arise from architectural properties of the target device.
The two-component lysis system ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteriophage Twort: a large TTG-start holin and an associated amidase endolysin (1998)

The lysis genes of the virulent Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Twort were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. The endolysin gene plyTW encodes a 53.3-kDa protein, whose catalytic site is located in the amino-terminal domain. An enzymatically active fragment (N-terminal 271 amino acids) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and partially purified. The enzyme rapidly cleaves staphylococcal peptidoglycan, and was shown to act as N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (EC 3.5.1.28). Significant sequence homology to the specific cell wall targeting domain of lysostaphin was observed in a 101-amino acid C-terminal overlap. However, we found that the large C-terminal portion (63%, 295 aa) of PlyTW is not required for staphylolytic activity. Located upstream of and overlapping plyTW by 35 bp in a different reading frame (+1), we identified holTW, which starts with a single TTG triplet. The gene specifies a 185-amino acid (20.5 kDa) holin protein, which features two potential hydrophobic, antiparallel transmembrane domains, and a highly charged, acidic C-terminus. HolTW is the largest class II holin described to date. It can substitute for the defective allele in phase lambda S' amber mutants, both in trans from an expression plasmid, and from within gt11::holTW. The proposed function is the formation of unspecific membrane lesions to promote access of the endolysin to the bacterial peptidoglycan.
Measuring Two-phase Flow Behavior and Heat Transfer Characteristics during Coasting Flight, Development of Experimental Equipment for S-310-43 Sounding Rocket (2015)

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched the S-310-43 sounding rocket from the Uchinoura Space Center on Aug.04, 2014 for the purpose of investigating such behavior as boiling and flow of cryogenic liquid rocket propellant in an environment simulating coasting flight on orbit by using the sounding rocket's sub-orbital ballistic flight. In the low-gravity state, the cryogenic fluid (liquid nitrogen) was introduced into the test sections of similar shapes to the flow channels in the cryogenic propulsion systems. The boiling of liquid nitrogen inside the test-sections and the transition of flow regimes from gas/liquid two-phase flow to liquid mono-phase flow were visualized. The temperatures, pressures and void fractions of each channels were measured as well. Development of the experimental equipment for S-310-43 sounding rocket is described in this paper.