gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Appel reactions (2012)

Organophosphorus chemistry plays a key role in the modern synthesis of organic compounds. The formation of phosphine oxides from phosphines often drives reactions to completion. However, these oxides also result in waste and purification issues. Organophosphorus catalysis aims to address these problems, and in this paper we present our progress in developing and utilizing new organophosphorus catalysts. More specifically, the in situ reduction of a range of cyclic phosphine oxides was explored, leading to the development of dibenzophospholes as new organophosphorus catalysts and the application thereof in the phosphorus-mediated substitution of alcohols by halides, which is also known as the Appel reaction. We show that the electronic fine-tuning of the catalyst is crucial for the success of the reaction and that the development of reactions using the in situ reduction protocol all depends on finding the right balance in the reactivities of the reaction components. This balance has been successfully found for the bromination of alcohols, and significant progress has been made for the chlorination reactions.
2D vs 3D NAND technology: Reliability benchmark (2017)

In this paper, the key reliability characteristics of the 3D NAND technology are discussed and compared to the 2D NAND corresponding features. It is shown that 3D NAND can achieve up to 50% improvement of the intrinsic cell threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> ) distribution width, due to increased cell size and between - cell distance. Two 3D NAND specific reliability aspects are discussed in detail. The presence of the polysilicon channel in 3D NAND array causes temperature related cell current and threshold voltage variations. Also, the CMOS Under the Array (CuA) architecture requires the introduction of the GIDL - Assisted Erase technique, which must be properly designed and optimized not to impact the array reliability performance.
A Fresh Look At Stimulating Unconsolidated Sands With Proppant-Laden Fluids (2004)

Abstract Can unconsolidated sands, with no intergranular cohesion forces, really be hydraulically fractured? Does conventional hydraulic fracturing theory adequately explain treatment behavior and production results? If the unconsolidated formation is considered to be a fluidized sand bed, is the classical linear-elastic two-wing hydraulic frac assumption still valid? Alternative proppant stimulation mechanisms may better describe the process, including squeezing or forcing by viscous fingering of the high-permeability proppant slurry into the formation. In this scenario, traditional fracturing design parameters such as pad volume, pump rate, proppant concentration and especially fluid viscosity will have new and significantly different effects on the treatment outcome. This paper explores these concepts and shows how they can explain both treating behavior and production responses of so-called "frac jobs" or "sand-oil-squeezes". Alternative treatment and fluid design criteria are proposed to achieve more consistent and predictable production responses, based on field performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Stilbenes from Sulfur‐Mediated Dehydrodimerization of Substituted Toluenes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Adhesion Effects of a Guanidinium Ion Appended Dendritic “Molecular Glue” on the ATP‐Driven Sliding Motion of Actomyosin (2010)

A sticky end: A heterotropic conjugate of actin and myosin–actomysin–is stabilized by a water-soluble dendritic “molecular glue” bearing nine pendant guanidinium ions (see picture; ATP= adenosine triphosphate, ADP=adenosine diphosphate). The ATP-driven sliding motion of actin filaments on a myosin-functionalized coverslip is decelerated or totally arrested with a higher-generation dendrimer, but not with a lower-generation one. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Ultraviolet Radiation Induced Dopant Loss in a TiO2 Photocatalyst (2017)

Doped TiO2 has been studied with intense interest in recent decades because of its ability to utilize visible wavelengths and enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic processes. Thus, as a class of materials, it is of significant interest for use in environmental ambient energy utilization applications. Using a popular and well-studied form of doped TiO2 (nitrogen doped) as an example, we show how 28 days of UVA irradiation which is identical in intensity with solar conditions is sufficient to cause the UV induced surface segregation and eventual loss of nitrogen dopant species in TiO2. This is evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transient absorption spectroscopy. The loss of interstitial nitrogen dopants correlates with the eventual permanent loss of photocatalytic activity and visible light absorption. The UV induced loss of dopants in a metal oxide is unprecedented and represents a potential problem where the environmental use of doped metal oxides in applications is concerned.
<title>Decoherence bounds on the capabilities of cold trapped ion quantum computers</title> (1997)

Using simple physical arguments we investigate the capabilities of a quantum computer based on cold trapped ions of the type recently proposed by Cirac and Zoller. From the limitations imposed on such a device by decoherence due to spontaneous decay, laser phase coherence times, ion heating and other possible sources of error, we derive bounds on the number of laser interactions and on the number of ions that may be used. As a quantitative measure of the possible performance of these devices, the largest number which may be factored using Shor's quantum factoring algorithm is determined for a variety of species of ion.
The homeobox-containing gene XANF-1 may control development of the Spemann organizer (1995)

At the beginning of gastrulation the homeobox-containing gene, XANF-1, is expressed at a low level throughout the animal hemisphere of Xenopus laevis embryos, with a local maximum of expression in the region of the dorsal blastopore lip. By the end of gastrulation expression ceases everywhere except in the most anterior part of the neurectoderm. We have investigated the functions of this gene by microinjecting XANF-1 mRNA in the blastomeres of the 32-cell stage embryo and have observed the following effects. First, microinjections of the mRNA in the animal blastomeres and the blastomeres of the marginal zone elicited massive migration of cells to the interior of the embryo at the early gastrula stage. Second, overexpression of XANF-1 in the ventral marginal zone (VMZ) resulted in the appearance of an additional centre of gastrulation movements and the formation of a secondary axis. In addition we showed that synthetic XANF-1 mRNA was able to cause dorsal-type differentiation in VMZ explants extirpated from the microinjected embryos at the beginning of gastrulation. These results suggest that XANF-1 may control the main functions of cells of the Spemann organizer.
Model for Bias Frequency Effects on Plasma-Damaged Layer Formation in Si Substrates (2010)

Bias frequency effects on damaged-layer formation during plasma processing were investigated. High-energy ion bombardment on Si substrates and subsequent damaged-layer formation are modeled on the basis of range theory. We propose a simplified model introducing a stopping power S d ( E ion ) with a power-law dependence on the energy of incident ions ( E ion ). We applied this model to damaged-layer formation in plasma with an rf bias, where various energies of incident ions are expected. The ion energy distribution function (IEDF) was considered, and the distribution profile of defect sites was estimated. We found that, owing to the characteristic ion-energy-dependent stopping power S d ( E ion ) and the straggling, the bias frequency effect was subject to suppression, i.e., the thickness of the damaged layer is a weak function of bias frequency. These predicted features were compared with experimental data on the damage created using an inductively coupled plasma reactor with two different bias frequencies; 13.56 MHz and 400 kHz. The model prediction showed good agreement with experimental observations of the samples exposed to plasmas with various bias configurations.
Teaching Creative Engineering: Education in Japan and the USA (2008)

This paper describes two approaches to teaching engaging creative engineering design classes. Both of these classes have evolved over many years using feedback from annual class reviews. One is the computer-aided design class, CAD-EX, at the University of Tokushima (UT) in Japan, and the other is the introductory design and manufacturing class, 2.007, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA. Comparing these two classes conducted in two difference countries, this paper discusses how we created learning environments that engage students in a variety of design-related activities.
Voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca<sub>V</sub>) in GtoPdb v.2021.3 (2021)

Ca2+ channels are voltage-gated ion channels present in the membrane of most excitable cells. The nomenclature for Ca2+channels was proposed by [127] and approved by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Ca2+ channels [70]. Most Ca2+ channels form hetero-oligomeric complexes. The α1 subunit is pore-forming and provides the binding site(s) for practically all agonists and antagonists. The 10 cloned α1-subunits can be grouped into three families: (1) the high-voltage activated dihydropyridine-sensitive (L-type, CaV1.x) channels; (2) the high- to moderate-voltage activated dihydropyridine-insensitive (CaV2.x) channels and (3) the low-voltage-activated (T-type, CaV3.x) channels. Each α1 subunit has four homologous repeats (I-IV), each repeat having six transmembrane domains (S1-S6) and a pore-forming region between S5 and S6. Voltage-dependent gating is driven by the membrane spanning S4 segment, which contains highly conserved positive charges that respond to changes in membrane potential. All of the α1-subunit genes give rise to alternatively spliced products. At least for high-voltage activated channels, it is likely that native channels comprise co-assemblies of α1, β and α2-δ subunits. The γ subunits have not been proven to associate with channels other than the α1s skeletal muscle Cav1.1 channel. The α2-δ1 and α2-δ2 subunits bind gabapentin and pregabalin.
Stable and time‐dissipative finite element methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in advection dominated flows (1995)

Abstract This paper examines a new Galerkin method with scaled bubble functions which replicates the exact artificial diffusion methods in the case of 1‐D scalar advection–diffusion and that leads to non‐oscillatory solutions as the streamline upwinding algorithms for 2‐D scalar advection–diffusion and incompressible Navier–Stokes. This method retains the satisfaction of the Babuska–Brezzi condition and, thus, leads to optimal performance in the incompressible limit. This method, when, combined with the recently proposed linear unconditionally stable algorithms of Simo and Armero (1993), yields a method for solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations ideal for either diffusive or advection‐dominated flows. Examples from scalar advection–diffusion and the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are presented.
Ureteral Cell Cultures II: Collagen Production and Response to Pharmacologic Agents (1996)

In vitro evidence suggests that hydrocortisone, verapamil, and D-penicillamine have effects that could favorably alter the healing of endoscopic ureteral incisions.
Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of mouse lung development and Nmyc target genes (2007)

Although microarray analysis has provided information regarding the dynamics of gene expression during development of the mouse lung, no extensive correlations have been made to the levels of corresponding protein products. Here, we present a global survey of protein expression during mouse lung organogenesis from embryonic day E13.5 until adulthood using gel-free two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to shotgun tandem mass spectrometry (MudPIT). Mathematical modeling of the proteomic profiles with parallel DNA microarray data identified large groups of gene products with statistically significant correlation or divergence in coregulation of protein and transcript levels during lung development. We also present an integrative analysis of mRNA and protein expression in Nmyc loss- and gain-of-function mutants. This revealed a set of 90 positively and negatively regulated putative target genes. These targets are evidence that Nmyc is a regulator of genes involved in mRNA processing and a repressor of the imprinted gene Igf2r in the developing lung.
Ethnic Differences in Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Hepatic Extraction Between Japanese and Caucasians: A Minimal Model Analysis (2014)

Our study provides evidence for a similar ability of Japanese and Caucasians to compensate for increased insulin resistance.
500 °C operation of AlGaN/GaN and AlInN/GaN Integrated Circuits (2014)

High-temperature technology platform has been developed utilizing planar III-nitride heterostructures approach. The record high electron concentration and mobility in 2DEG channel of III-nitride devices result in very high operation speed and are remarkably stable within a broad temperature range, allowing device operation above 500 °C. The developed IC technology is based on three key elements: (1) exceptional quality III-nitride heterostructure with very high carrier concentration and mobility that enables IC fast operation in a broad temperature range; (2) heterostructure field effect transistor approach that provides fully planar IC structure which is easy to scale and to combine with the other high temperature electronic components; (3) robust design with self-compensating 2DEG load resistors, advance metallization and high-k passivation/gate dielectrics, specially developed for high temperature operation. The feasibility of technology was demonstrated by modeling, design and fabrication of inverter and differential amplifier type of ICs using III-nitride heterostructures. IC's performance was studied using probe station with heating chuck in ambient atmosphere. Temperature stability of structures with various barrier compositions was compared. At temperature exceeding 500 °C the developed ICs show the leakage currents below 10−7A, unit-gain bandwidth above 1 MHz and internal response time 45 ns.
Single layer fluropolymer resists for 157-nm lithography (2003)

We have developed a family of 157 nm resists that utilize fluorinated terpolymer resins composed of 1) tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), 2) a norbornene fluoroalcohol (NBFOH), and 3) <i>t</i>-butyl acrylate (<i>t</i>-BA). TFE incorporation reduces optical absorbance at 157 nm, while the presence of a norbornene functionalized with hexafluoroisopropanol groups contributes to aqueous base (developer) solubility and etch resistance. The <i>t</i>-butyl acrylate is the acid-catalyzed deprotection switch that provides the necessary contrast for high resolution 157 nm imaging. 157 nm optical absorbances of these resists depend strongly upon the amount of <i>t</i>-BA in the polymers, with the TFE/NBFOH dipolymers (which do not contain <i>t</i>-BA) exhibiting an absorbance lower than 0.6 &mu;m<sup>-1</sup>. The presence of greater amounts of <i>t</i>-BA increases the absorbance, but also enhances the dissolution rate of the polymer after deprotection, yielding higher resist contrast. Formulated resists based upon these fluorinated terpolymer resins have been imaged at International Sematech, using the 157 nm Exitech microstepper with either 0.6 NA or 0.85 NA optics. We have carefully explored the relationship between imaging performance, resist contrast, optical absorbance, and <i>t</i>-BA content of these terpolymer resist resins, and describe those results in this contribution.
BrdU incorporation in multiparameter flow cytometry: A new cell cycle assessment approach in multiple myeloma (2018)

Combination of flow cytometry with BrdU or ki67/DAPI staining could become a standard for the determination of MM cell proliferation. Furthermore, in the context of new effective myeloma treatment options, assessment of MM cell proliferation may be valuable, in clinical trials, to identify novel agents that could significantly affect the small proliferative compartment of MM cells. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Noncontact Evaluation of Plated Layer Properties Using the Velocity Dispersion of Laser Surface Acoustic Waves. (1996)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the thickness, elastic constants, and bond quality of the electroplated metallic layer by using the quantitative analysis of the velocity dispersion of laser surface acoustic waves (SAWs). SAWs were nondestructively generated by a Q-switched YAG laser and monitored using a heterodyne laser interferometer, without inducing thermal damages. The group velocity dispersion obtained by wavelet transform was compared to the analytical velocity dispersion of Rayleigh and Lamb waves. The thickness and elastic stiffness of the well bond layer were estimated by quantitatively analyzing the velocity dispersion of the Rayleigh wave. The velocity dispersion of the 0th order symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb waves was used to estimate the thickness and quality of the delaminated layer. The bond quality could not be estimated, however, because the weak bond area was too small in comparison to the larger SAW propagation distance.
Anti-hypersensitivity mechanism of action for a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan, 2.0% PVM/MA copolymer, 0.243% NaF and specially-designed silica. (2011)

Dentin specimens treated with Test Dentifrices 1 and 2 were significantly occluded compared to Placebo Dentifrice and Negative Control Dentifrice when visualized with CLSM. The level of occlusion remaining after challenge with cola was highest for dentin treated with Test Dentifrice 1 in CLSM xz views. Test Dentifrice 1 produced dentin surface deposits and tubule plugs containing silicon in addition to calcium and phosphorus as indicated by ESCA and EDX. CLSM visualization of fluorescently-tagged material confirmed occlusion by the specially-designed silica which was localized at the dentin tubule openings. Imaging of dentin by CLSM after the 4-day cycling model revealed a significantly higher amount of occluded tubules for dentin treated with Test Dentifrice 1 compared to the Negative Control Dentifrice or Test Dentifrice 2. Etched dentin treated with the Test Dentifrice 1 was significantly less permeable compared to that treated with the Negative Control Dentifrice, exhibiting over 80% reduction in dentin permeability. The occlusion provided by the Test Dentifrice 1 was maintained and provided significantly better reduction in permeability after extended pulpal pressure and acid challenge compared to dentin treated with Test Dentifrice 2.
Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices, Backends, Applications, and Components (2023)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the ecosystem of networked devices encountered in both work and home. IoT security is a great concern and vulnerabilities are reported daily. IoT is mixed into other digital infrastructure both in terms of sharing the same networks and using the same software components. In this paper, we analyze Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) entries, including known exploited vulnerabilities, to describe the vulnerabilities in the IoT context. The results indicate that 88% of reported vulnerabilities are relevant to IoT systems. Half of the vulnerabilities are in the backend or frontend systems while 10‐20% concern the IoT devices. HTTP servers are the vulnerability hotspots wherever they are located. Software components are used in all IoT subsystems and tracking and updating them is essential for system security. The results can be used to understand where and what kind of vulnerabilities are in IoT systems.
Acute Changes in Maternal Thyroid Hormone Induce Rapid and Transient Changes in Gene Expression in Fetal Rat Brain (2000)

Despite clinical evidence that thyroid hormone is essential for brain development before birth, effects of thyroid hormone on the fetal brain have been largely unexplored. One mechanism of thyroid hormone action is regulation of gene expression, because thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors. We used differential display to identify genes affected by acute T(4) administration to the dam before the onset of fetal thyroid function. Eight of the 11 genes that we identified were selectively expressed in brain areas known to contain TRs, indicating that these genes were directly regulated by thyroid hormone. Using in situ hybridization, we confirmed that the cortical expression of both neuroendocrine-specific protein (NSP) and Oct-1 was affected by changes in maternal thyroid status. Additionally, we demonstrated that both NSP and Oct-1 were expressed in the adult brain and that their responsiveness to thyroid hormone was retained. These data are the first to identify thyroid hormone-responsive genes in the fetal brain.
Mutation rate dynamics reflect ecological change in an emerging zoonotic pathogen (2021)

Abstract While mutation is often deleterious, it can also be adaptive. Mutation rates vary both within and between bacterial species, and understanding what drives this variation is essential for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of bacterial populations. In this study we investigate two factors that are predicted to influence the trade-off between the costs and benefits of mutation: ecology and genome size. To investigate the relationship between these factors and mutation rate we conducted mutation accumulation experiments on eight strains of the emerging zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis . Natural variation within this species allows us to compare tonsil carriage and invasive disease isolates, from both more and less pathogenic populations, with a wide range of genome sizes. We find that invasive disease isolates have repeatedly evolved mutation rates that are higher than those of closely related carriage isolates, regardless of variation in genome size. Independent of this variation in overall rate, we also observe a stronger bias towards G/C to A/T mutations in isolates from more pathogenic populations, whose genomes tend to be smaller and more AT-rich. Our results suggest that ecology is a stronger correlate of mutation rate than genome size over these timescales, and that transitions to invasive disease are consistently accompanied by rapid increases in mutation rate. These results shed light on the impact ecology can have on the adaptive potential of bacterial pathogens.
Virtual model of the city of Liège in the eighteen century - "Virtual Leodium" (2009)

peer reviewed