gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation of roughness-induced scattering losses in III-nitride laser diodes with a photoelectrochemically etched current aperture (2016)

We estimate the roughening-induced scattering optical losses in III-nitride current aperture laser diodes (CA-LDs) caused by imperfect photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of the active region of a InGaN multi quantum well (MQW) laser diode. Roughness data were obtained by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image processing of the remnant PEC-etched waveguides after the top p-layers were removed by focused ion beam cuts. Roughness (correlation length) values of ∼60 (∼600) nm have been measured that cause optical loss in the range of ∼8 cm−1 as estimated by using the 3D volume current method (VCM). Larger and more irregular bends contribute more significantly to the scattering loss. Extraction of the roughness (red line) from one edge of the remnant photoelectrochemical (PEC) etched active region of current aperture laser diode (CA-LD) by image processing after the p-epilayers were removed by focused ion beam (FIB).
Digital Financial Services: Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Market Banks (2017)

A digital transformation is taking place in the financial services industry, with a host of non-bank innovators offering both customer facing and back office financial technology products and services. This transformation includes emerging market economies, and in many places offers a viable digital alternative to traditional banks, which have left significant populations underbanked. This note explores the challenges and opportunities that financial technology innovations present for banks in these nations.
Speech based optimization of cochlear implants (2012)

The Clarujust optimization method of programming CIs shows promise to improve patient performance and increase patient satisfaction in a shorter clinical test time.
Relationship between electrohysterogram and internal uterine pressure: a preliminary study (2006)

Electrohysterography (EHG) is a promising technique for monitoring the uterine activity, based on electrical recordings on the abdominal surface. However, a quantitative estimation of the internal uterine pressure (IUP) by means of EHG is not available for clinical practice. In this paper we present a preliminary study on the estimation of the mechanical uterine activity from abdominal EHG measurements. For the EHG analysis we use two different Time Frequency Distributions (TFD): the spectrogram and the Wigner-Ville Distribution. We assume the EHG to be the sum of frequency modulated signals. Based on this assumption, the IUP is estimated from the unnormalized first moment of the TFD. Eventually, a third order polynomial model is applied to the estimated IUP in order to improve the estimate accuracy. A recent method for detection of uterine contraction by EHG is employed for comparison of the performance. The algorithms were tested on two patient recordings. The results were compared with a reference IUP which is simultaneously measured by an intrauterine catheter. The IUP estimated by our method showed a correlation coefficient with the reference IUP (R=0.93) higher than that achieved by the comparison method (R=0.85). Therefore the proposed method may be considered as a promising clinical technique for accurate non invasive IUP measurements.
Cross‐protection and cross‐reactive cytotoxic T cells induced by influenza virus vaccines in mice (1980)

Subunit and intact influenza A virus vaccines have been compared with infectious virus in a mouse model for their ability to induce memory for cross-reactive cytotoxic T cell responses and to protect mice from challenge with different subtypes of influenza A virus. There is an overall correlation between secondary cytotoxic T cell responses and cross-protection. The most long-lasting and successful cross-protection was observed after intranasal infection with influenza virus A/X31 (H3 N2) that replicates efficiently in mice and induces high levels of memory for cross-reactive cytotoxic T cell responses. Short-lasting cross-protection and low levels of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity were associated with infection by A/USSR (H1 N1) virus, that replicates to lower titers in mice, or after multiple injections of inactivated whole virus vaccine. No cross-protection to challenge with heterologous influenza virus was detectable after 1-2 injections of HANA influenza subunit vaccine which failed to prime hosts for cytotoxic T cell responses. These findings may have important implications for vaccination strategy. If cytotoxic T cells play a role in the protection of humans from influenza, live attenuated vaccines should be considered instead of the currently recommended inactivated virus or subunit vaccines.
New Novobiocin Analogues as Antiproliferative Agents in Breast Cancer Cells and Potential Inhibitors of Heat Shock Protein 90 (2007)

Selective hsp90 inhibitors simultaneously destabilize and deplete key signaling proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Investigation of novobiocin analogues lacking the noviose moiety as novel inhibitors of hsp90 was carried out. A novel series of 3-aminocoumarin analogues has been produced and screened in cell proliferation, and the molecular signature of hsp90 inhibition was assessed by depletion of estrogen receptor, HER2, Raf-1, and cdk4 in human breast cancer cells. This structure-activity relationship study highlights the crucial role of the C-4 and/or C-7 positions of coumarin which appeared to be essential for degradation of hsp90 client proteins. Removal of the noviose moiety in novobiocin together with introduction of a tosyl substituent at C-4 or C-7 coumarins provides 6e and 6f as lead structures which compared favorably with novobiocin as demonstrated by enhanced rates of cell death. The processing and activation of caspases 7 and 8 and the subsequent cleavage of PARP by 6e suggest stimulation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.
Blood D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations after oral administration of trioctanoin, trinonanoin, or tridecanoin to newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). (2010)

Premature newborn infants are born with limited stores of glycogen and fat. Energy, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), which can spare the use of body protein as metabolic energy, may be beneficial. This study compares MCT containing C8, C9, or C10 fatty acids as oral sources of energy for newborn rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). On day 1 of life, 4 groups of 5 monkeys were given a single dose of water or MCT by nasogastric tube. The dose provided approximately 80% of the expected energy requirement. Plasma C8:0, C9:0, and C10:0 fatty acids and whole-blood D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) concentrations were measured at 0, 1, and 3 h after dosing. Concentrations of free fatty acids (C8, C9, or C10) and ketone (3HB) increased with time after the dose. At 1 and 3 h, concentrations of C8 and C9 did not differ, but C9 was greater than C10. At 1 h, blood 3HB concentrations due to C8 triglyceride were higher than C9 or C10 (503 versus 174 and 225 μmol/L respectively). As MCT chain length increased from C8 to C10, blood concentration of 3HB decreased. Odd-chain MCT (C9 versus C8) resulted in lower whole-blood ketone (3HB), perhaps due to C9 metabolism or the rate of release or uptake of fatty acids. These results have implications for the use of MCT in nutritional supplements for preterm infants.
Ohmic Heating of Peaches in the Wide Range of Frequencies (50 Hz to 1 MHz) (2010)

In this study, we investigated the electric field frequency effect on the rate of OH of peaches. It was shown that the time required for reaching the target temperature is strongly dependent upon the frequency. Samples exposed to low-frequency OH demonstrated higher electro-thermal damage rates. It has been shown that the combination of high-frequency OH with pasteurization at moderate temperature followed by rapid cooling minimizes texture degradation of peach tissue. Obtained results provide new information on the impact of electric field frequency on OH, which is useful for OH process design.
Real refractive indices of infrared‐characterized nitric‐acid/ice films: Implications for optical measurements of polar stratospheric clouds (1994)

The infrared spectra of nitric‐acid/ice films representative of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) were collected with simultaneous optical interference measurements to determine the real refractive indices at λ = 632 nm. Ice and amorphous nitric‐acid/ice films were prepared by condensation of water and nitric acid vapors onto a wedged Al 2 O 3 substrate. The real refractive indices of these films were determined from the optical interference of a reflected helium‐neon laser during film growth. The indices of the amorphous films varied smoothly from n = 1.30 for ice to n = 1.49 for nitric acid, similar to observations in previous work. We were unable to obtain the refractive index of crystalline films during adsorption because of optical scattering caused by surface roughness. Therefore crystalline nitric acid hydrate films were prepared by annealing amorphous nitric‐acid/ice films. Further heating caused desorption of the crystalline hydrate films. During desorption, the refractive indices for ice, NAM (nitric acid monohydrate), α‐ and β‐NAT (nitric acid trihydrate) films were measured using the optical interference technique. In agreement with earlier data, the real refractive indices for ice and NAM determined in desorption were n = 1.30±0.01 and n = 1.53±0.03, respectively. The real refractive indices for α‐ and β‐NAT were found to be n = 1.51±0.01 and n ≥ 1.46, respectively. Our measurements also suggest that the shape of crystalline nitric acid particles may depend on whether they nucleate from the liquid or by vapor deposition. If confirmed by future studies, this observation may provide a means of distinguishing the nucleation mechanism of crystalline PSCs.
In situ ballistic-carrier spectroscopy on epitaxial CoSi2/Si(111) and Si(100) (1995)

In situ ballistic-electron-emission microscopy (BEEM) and spectroscopy (BEES) have been performed at 77 K on CoSi2/Si(100) and Si(111) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Scattering at individual interface dislocations and point defects gives rise to a localized increase of the BEEM current on n-Si(111) and a decrease on p-Si(111) in agreement with a kinematic interpretation. On n-Si(100), (110)-oriented grains exhibit a Schottky barrier of 0.58±0.04 V compared to 0.74±0.04 V on (100)-oriented CoSi2. The magnitude of the BEEM current strongly depends on the epitaxial orientation on Si(100) and is comparable for CoSi2(100)/n-Si(100) and CoSi2/n-Si(111).
Abstract P370: Early Brain Volume Change After Stroke: Subgroup Analysis From the Axis-2 Trial (2021)

Objective: The timing of brain atrophy after stroke is not well understood. We investigated the associations between age and imaging features and brain volume change in the first month after stroke. Methods: We retrospectively studied patients with acute ischemic stroke enrolled in the AXIS-2 trial. Total brain volume change from hyperacute MRI data to the first month after stroke was assessed using unified segmentation in SPM12. We hypothesized that age, ischemic brain lesion size and white matter changes were associated with larger brain volume change. Enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were rated visually and the presence of lacunes was assessed. Results: We enrolled 173 patients with a mean age of 67±11 years, 44 % were female. There was a median 6 mL decrease in volume (25th percentile -1mL-75th percentile 21mL) over time, equivalent to a median 0.5% (IQR-0.07% - 1.4%), decrease in brain volume. Age was associated with larger brain volume loss (per 10 years of age, 5 mL 95% CI 2 mL-8 mL). Baseline DWI lesion volume was not associated with greater volume loss (per 10 mL of lesion volume, change by 0 mL (95% CI -0.1 mL-0.1mL). Increasing Fazekas scores of deep white matter hyperintensity were associated with greater tissue loss (5 mL, 95% CI 1 mL-10 mL). Brain volume change was associated with ordinal change on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days (per 10 ml, OR 1.085, 95% CI 1.031-1.141) but the association was not present when adjusting for age, baseline diffusion lesion volume and NIHSS score (OR 1.044, 95% CI 0.990-1.010).Interpretation-Global brain volume loss occurs over 1 month after stroke and is associated with age and deep white matter disease. We did not find evidence that more severe strokes lead to increased early tissue loss.
lactotransferrin (LTF) gene polymorphism and dental caries (2010)

Analysis of the bjective: The present study evaluated the association between lactotransferrin (LTF) gene polymorphism (exon 2, A/G, Lys/Arg) and dental caries. Material and Methods: A convenience sample of 110 individuals, 12 years old, was divided into: group 1, 48 individuals without caries experience (DMFT=0), and group 2, 62 subjects with caries experience (DMFT≥1). DNA was obtained from a mouthwash with 3% glucose solution, followed by a scrapping of the oral mucosa. After DNA purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was performed to access the study polymorphism. The LTF A/G (Lys/Arg) polymorphism had been previously reported as located in exon 1. Results: Allele 1 of the study polymorphism was associated with low DMFT index and showed a protective effect against caries experience (OR=0.16, IC=0.03- 0.76, p=0.01). Conclusion: Lactotransferrin A/G (exon 2, Lys/Arg) polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to dental caries in 12-year-old students.
Perioperative Complications and Mortality After Spinal Fusions (2013)

N/A.
Examination of high frequency dielectric properties of thin film polymers using an in-situ resonant technique (2002)

Using an on-wafer resonant technique the high frequency dielectric properties of six thin film polymers are measured in the range from 1 GHz to 9 GHz. Comparisons are made between the high frequency and low frequency values of the dielectric constant. The effects of different cure conditions and metallizations are also examined.
Optical tomographic imaging of the hemodynamic response to a breath hold in breast cancer patients (2011)

Continuous wave optical tomography is non-ionizing, uses endogenous contrast, and can be performed quickly and at
low cost which makes it a suitable imaging modality for breast cancer screening. Using multiple wavelengths of light to
illuminate the breast at various angles, three-dimensional images of the distribution of chromophores such as oxy- and
deoxy-hemoglobin can help identify cancerous tissue. Dynamic optical imaging can provide additional insight into
cancer characteristics such as angiogenesis and metabolism. Here we present the first clinical data acquired with our
novel digital breast imaging system. This system is based upon a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) architecture that
leverages the immediate digitization of acquired analog data to reduce noise and quickly process large amounts of data.
Employing this new instrument we have investigated the dynamic changes due to a breath hold and its potential for use
in breast cancer screening. Over the course of a breath hold, images have been collected simultaneously from both
breasts at a rate of 1.7 frames per second with 32 sources and 64 detectors per breast and four wavelengths of light at
765, 805, 827, and 905nm. Initial results involving one healthy volunteer and one breast cancer patient support the
potential use of dynamic imaging for breast cancer detection.
S63 Genome-wide sex-by-SNP interaction analysis of susceptibility to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2021)

<h3></h3> Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex and heterogeneous fibrotic lung disease with median survival of 3 years. The disease has a genetic component, with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identifying 15 genetic loci that influence IPF risk. The rs35705950 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism), in the promoter region of the <i>MUC5B</i> gene, is the largest common genetic risk factor of IPF (OR=4.84 [95%CI: 4.37, 5.36], minor allele (T) frequency in cases=29.1%). IPF is more prevalent in males than females but the reasons behind this are not understood. We hypothesised that the genetic determinants of IPF might help to identify biological mechanisms that drive differences in IPF susceptibility and presentation between males and females. To address this, we performed a genome-wide sex-by-SNP interaction analysis of IPF susceptibility. A genome-wide sex-by-SNP interaction meta-analysis was performed that included four independent IPF case-control data sets comprising a discovery of 3,432 cases (2,421 males &amp; 1,011 females) and 18,559 controls (12,096 males &amp; 6,463 females) of European descent. We sought replication in an independent dataset comprising 664 cases (488 males &amp; 176 females) and 1,874 controls (507 males &amp; 1,367 females). We defined suggestive statistical significance as independent variants with P&lt;5×10<sup>-5­</sup>, and consistent direction of effect with P&lt;0.05 in at least 3 of the 4 studies. Eight independent variants meeting these criteria were identified in the meta-analysis. Five variants had P&lt;0.05 for IPF risk in both males and females when analysed separately; all five were observed to have an opposite direction of effect on males compared to females. None of the eight significant variants were associated (P&lt;0.05) with IPF susceptibility when males and females were combined, and none reached our replication significance threshold in the independent dataset. Our findings suggest that there may be differences in genetic determinants of IPF risk between males and females, but larger studies are needed to confirm the reported variants. Understanding the mechanisms behind these could provide further insight into different biological pathways that underlie pulmonary fibrosis.
Electrolysis by Using Diamond Thin Film Electrodes (1997)

Thin diamond films formed on Si substrates were electrolyzed in terms of the characteristics of their electrolysis in acidic solution for testing of the possibility of their use in industrial electrochemistry. It was found that boron doped diamond anodes (100, 1000 ppm) can be operated under conditions of severe polarization, with a current density of 10 A/cm 2 in a sulfuric acid solution. It was also found that ozone gas is stably generated from boron doped diamond anodes at high current densities of over 1 A/cm 2 . This reveals that diamond electrodes can be used in various types of industrial electrolysis.
Bargaining and the Right to Remain Silent (1989)

This paper analyzes a class of alternating-offer bargaining games with one-sided incomplete information for the case of "no gap." If sequential equilibria are required to satisfy the additional restrictions of stationarity, monotonicity, pure strategies, and no free screening, the authors establish the silence theorem: when the time interval between successive periods is made sufficiently short, the informed party never makes any serious offers in the play of alternating-offer bargaining games. A class of parametric examples suggests that the time interval required to assure silence is not especially brief. Copyright 1992 by The Econometric Society.
Heterocellular OSM-OSMR signalling reprograms fibroblasts to promote pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis (2021)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal malignancy with a complex microenvironment. Dichotomous tumour-promoting and -restrictive roles have been ascribed to the tumour microenvironment, however the effects of individual stromal subsets remain incompletely characterised. Here, we describe how heterocellular Oncostatin M (OSM) - Oncostatin M Receptor (OSMR) signalling reprograms fibroblasts, regulates tumour growth and metastasis. Macrophage-secreted OSM stimulates inflammatory gene expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which in turn induce a pro-tumourigenic environment and engage tumour cell survival and migratory signalling pathways. Tumour cells implanted in Osm-deficient (Osm<sup>-/-</sup>) mice display an epithelial-dominated morphology, reduced tumour growth and do not metastasise. Moreover, the tumour microenvironment of Osm<sup>-/-</sup> animals exhibit increased abundance of α smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblasts and a shift in myeloid and T cell phenotypes, consistent with a more immunogenic environment. Taken together, these data demonstrate how OSM-OSMR signalling coordinates heterocellular interactions to drive a pro-tumourigenic environment in PDA.
Yaw Rate Based Trailer Hitch Angle Estimation for Trailer Backup Assist (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the current Ford Pro-Trailer Backup Assist (TBA) system, trailer hitch angle is determined utilizing the reverse camera of the vehicle. In addition to being sensitive to environmental factors such as lighting conditions and occlusion, the vision-based approach is difficult to be applied to gooseneck or fifth wheel trailers. In this paper, a yaw rate based hitch angle observer is proposed as an alternative sensing solution for TBA. Based on the kinematic model of the vehicle-trailer, an instantaneous hitch angle is first derived by utilizing vehicle yaw rate, trailer yaw rate, vehicle velocity and vehicle/trailer parameters provided by the TBA system. Due to signal errors and parameter uncertainties, this instantaneous hitch angle may be noisy, especially at lower vehicle speed. To improve the estimation accuracy, a Kalman filter (or an extended Kalman filter) which is based on the vehicle-trailer kinematic model is then formulated to obtain the optimal estimate, with the instantaneous hitch angle treated as a pseudo-measurement. Experiment results verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach, and that the same algorithm can be applied to both conventional trailers and gooseneck/fifth wheel trailers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Al-2.80 Morphology (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.