gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using mutual information to design feature combinations (2000)

Combination of different feature streams is a well-established method for improving speech recognition performance. This empirical success, however, poses theoretical problems when trying to design combination systems: is it possible to predict which feature streams will combine most advantageously, and which of the many possible combination strategies will be most successful for the particular feature streams in question? We approach these questions with the tool of conditional mutual information (CMI), estimating the amount of information that one feature stream contains about the other, given knowledge of the correct subword unit label. We argue that CMI of the raw feature streams should be useful in deciding whether to merge them together as one large stream, or to feed them separately into independent classifiers for later combination; this is only weakly supported by our results. We also argue that CMI between the outputs of independent classifiers based on each stream should help predict which streams can be combined most beneficially. Our results confirm the usefulness of this measure.
A log-linearized arterial viscoelastic model for evaluation of the carotid artery (2013)

This paper proposes a method for qualitatively estimating the mechanical properties of arterial walls on a beat-to-beat basis through noninvasive measurement of continuous arterial pressure and arterial diameter using an ultrasonic device. First, in order to describe the nonlinear relationships linking arterial pressure waveforms and arterial diameter waveforms as well as the viscoelastic characteristics of arteries, we developed a second-order nonlinear model (called the log-linearized arterial viscoelastic model) to allow estimation of arterial wall viscoelasticity. Next, to verify the validity of the proposed method, the viscoelastic indices of the carotid artery were estimated. The results showed that the proposed model can be used to accurately approximate the mechanical properties of arterial walls. It was therefore deemed suitable for qualitative evaluation of arterial viscoelastic properties based on noninvasive measurement of arterial pressure and arterial diameter.
Bacterial Abscess Formation Is Controlled by the Stringent Stress Response and Can Be Targeted Therapeutically (2016)

Cutaneous abscess infections are difficult to treat with current therapies and alternatives to conventional antibiotics are needed. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that govern abscess pathology should reveal therapeutic interventions for these recalcitrant infections. Here we demonstrated that the stringent stress response employed by bacteria to cope and adapt to environmental stressors was essential for the formation of lesions, but not bacterial growth, in a methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cutaneous abscess mouse model. To pharmacologically confirm the role of the stringent response in abscess formation, a cationic peptide that causes rapid degradation of the stringent response mediator, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), was employed. The therapeutic application of this peptide strongly inhibited lesion formation in mice infected with Gram-positive MRSA and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, we provide insights into the mechanisms governing abscess formation and a paradigm for treating multidrug resistant cutaneous abscesses.
Experimental characterization of $${\text {H}}_2$$/water multiphase flow in heterogeneous sandstone rock at the core scale relevant for underground hydrogen storage (UHS) (2022)

Geological porous reservoirs provide the volume capacity needed for large scale underground hydrogen storage (UHS). To effectively exploit these reservoirs for UHS, it is crucial to characterize the hydrogen transport properties inside porous rocks. In this work, for the first time in the community, we have performed [Formula: see text]/water multiphase flow experiments at core scale under medical X-ray CT scanner. This has allowed us to directly image the complex transport properties of [Formula: see text] when it is injected or retracted from the porous rock. The important effective functions of capillary pressure and relative permeability are also measured, for both drainage and imbibition. The capillary pressure measurements are combined with MICP data to derive a receding contact angle for the [Formula: see text]/water/sandstone rock system. The rock core sample is a heterogeneous Berea sandstone (17 cm long and 3.8 cm diameter). Our investigation reveals the interplay between gravitational, capillary, and viscous forces. More specifically, it illustrates complex displacement patterns in the rock, including gravity segregation, enhancement of spreading of [Formula: see text] due to capillary barriers, and the formation of fingers/channel during imbibition which lead to significant trapping of hydrogen. These findings shed new light on our fundamental understanding of the transport characteristics of [Formula: see text]/water relevant for UHS.
Polymorphisms in human CYP2C8 decrease metabolism of the anticancer drug paclitaxel and arachidonic acid (2001)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol). It is also the predominant P450 responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid to biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) in human liver and kidney. In this study, we describe two new CYP2C8 alleles containing coding changes: CYP2C8*2 has an Ile269Phe substitution in exon 5 and CYP2C8*3 includes both Arg139Lys and Lys399Arg amino acid substitutions in exons 3 and 8. CYP2C8*2 was found only in African-Americans, while CYP2C8*3 occurred primarily in Caucasians. Neither occurred in Asians. The frequency of the CYP2C8*2 allele was 0.18 in African-Americans, and that of CYP2C8*3 was 0.13 in Caucasians. CYP2C8*1 (wild-type), CYP2C8*2 and CYP2C8*3 cDNAs were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the ability of these enzymes to metabolize both paclitaxel and arachidonic acid was assessed. Recombinant CYP2C8*3 was defective in the metabolism of both substrates. The turnover number of CYP2C8*3 for paclitaxel was 15% of CYP2C8*1. CYP2C8*2 had a two-fold higher Km and two-fold lower intrinsic clearance for paclitaxel than CYP2C8*1. CYP2C8*3 was also markedly defective in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to 11,12- and 14,15-EET (turnover numbers 35-40% that of CYP2C8*1). Thus, CYP2C8*3 is defective in the metabolism of two important CYP2C8 substrates: the anticancer drug paclitaxel and the physiologically important compound arachidonic acid. This polymorphism has important clinical and physiological implications in individuals homozygous for this allele.
Prophylactic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii treatment prevents the acute breakdown of colonic epithelial barrier in a preclinical model of pelvic radiation disease (2020)

Every year, millions of people around the world benefit from radiation therapy to treat cancers localized in the pelvic area. Damage to healthy tissue in the radiation field can cause undesirable toxic effects leading to gastrointestinal complications called pelvic radiation disease. A change in the composition and/or function of the microbiota could contribute to radiation-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. In this study, we tested the prophylactic effect of a new generation of probiotic like <i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> (<i>F. prausnitzii</i>) on acute radiation-induced colonic lesions. Experiments were carried out in a preclinical model of pelvic radiation disease. Rats were locally irradiated at 29 Gray in the colon resulting in colonic epithelial barrier rupture. Three days before the irradiation and up to 3 d after the irradiation, the <i>F. prausnitzii</i> A2-165 strain was administered daily (intragastrically) to test its putative protective effects. Results showed that prophylactic <i>F. prausnitzii</i> treatment limits radiation-induced para-cellular hyperpermeability, as well as the infiltration of neutrophils (MPO+ cells) in the colonic mucosa. Moreover, <i>F. prausnitzii</i> treatment reduced the severity of the morphological change of crypts, but also preserved the pool of Sox-9+ stem/progenitor cells, the proliferating epithelial PCNA+ crypt cells and the Dclk1+/IL-25+ differentiated epithelial tuft cells. The benefit of <i>F. prausnitzii</i> was associated with increased production of IL-18 by colonic crypt epithelial cells. Thus, <i>F. prausnitzii</i> treatment protected the epithelial colonic barrier from colorectal irradiation. New-generation probiotics may be promising prophylactic treatments to reduce acute side effects in patients treated with radiation therapy and may improve their quality of life.
Functional Analysis of Active Urethral Closure Mechanisms Under Sneeze Induced Stress Condition in a Rat Model of Birth Trauma (2006)

Sneeze induced stress urinary incontinence in a rat model of birth trauma was caused by decreased active closure mechanisms at the mid urethra without affecting the passive transmission of abdominal pressure in the proximal urethra.
Inhibition of Glycolysis Reduces Disease Severity in an Autoimmune Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis (2018)

The K/BxN mouse is a spontaneous model of arthritis driven by T cell receptor transgenic CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from the KRN strain that are activated by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) peptides presented by the H-2<sup>g7</sup> allele from the NOD strain. It is a model of autoimmune seropositive arthritis because the production of anti-GPI IgG is necessary and sufficient for joint pathology. The production of high levels of anti-GPI IgG requires on the expansion of CD4<sup>+</sup> follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. The metabolic requirements of this expansion have never been characterized. Based on the therapeutic effects of the combination of metformin and 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) in lupus models that normalized the expansion of effector CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. We showed that the CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells and to a lesser extent, the B cells from K/BxN mice are more metabolically active than the KRN controls. Accordingly, preventive inhibition of glycolysis with 2DG significantly reduced joint inflammation and the activation of both adaptive and innate immune cells, as well as the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. However, contrary to the lupus-prone mice, the addition of metformin had little beneficial effect, suggesting that glycolysis is the major driver of immune activation in this model. We propose that K/BxN mice are another model in which autoreactive Tfh cells are highly glycolytic and that their function can be limited by inhibiting glucose metabolism.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Video capsule endoscopy compared with standard endoscopy for the evaluation of small-bowel polyps in persons with familial adenomatous polyposis (with video). (2006)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Video capsule endoscopy compared with standard endoscopy for the evaluation of small-bowel polyps in persons with familial adenomatous polyposis (with video).
A control method for angle-controlled STATCOMs under system faults (2013)

Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC) based Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM) is used for voltage regulation in transmission and distribution systems. Comparing with PWM STATCOMs, angle-controlled STATCOMs are fired once with the line frequency to lower the system losses. In recent years, angle-controlled STATCOMs have been deployed by utility owners for the purpose of voltage regulation, voltage stability improvement and increasing operational functionality. Despite the superior feature on voltage waveform quality and efficiency, the practical angle-controlled STATCOMs suffer from the over-current (and trips) and possible saturation of the interfacing transformers caused by negative sequence current during unbalanced conditions and faults. This paper specifically proposes a control structure to improve the angle-controlled STATCOMs performance under unbalanced conditions and faults. The main improvement is to decrease the negative sequence current and DC-link voltage oscillations substantially under power line faults through the control and not the component design. PSCAD/EMTDC and Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) results verify the validity of the proposed control structure under fault conditions.
Identification of an l-Arabinose Reductase Gene in Aspergillus niger and Its Role in l-Arabinose Catabolism (2010)

The first enzyme in the pathway for l-arabinose catabolism in eukaryotic microorganisms is a reductase, reducing l-arabinose to l-arabitol. The enzymes catalyzing this reduction are in general nonspecific and would also reduce d-xylose to xylitol, the first step in eukaryotic d-xylose catabolism. It is not clear whether microorganisms use different enzymes depending on the carbon source. Here we show that Aspergillus niger makes use of two different enzymes. We identified, cloned, and characterized an l-arabinose reductase, larA, that is different from the d-xylose reductase, xyrA. The larA is up-regulated on l-arabinose, while the xyrA is up-regulated on d-xylose. There is however an initial up-regulation of larA also on d-xylose but that fades away after about 4 h. The deletion of the larA gene in A. niger results in a slow growth phenotype on l-arabinose, whereas the growth on d-xylose is unaffected. The l-arabinose reductase can convert l-arabinose and d-xylose to their corresponding sugar alcohols but has a higher affinity for l-arabinose. The K(m) for l-arabinose is 54 + or - 6 mm and for d-xylose 155 + or - 15 mm.
Statistical properties of ray directions in a monochromatic speckle pattern (1983)

The statistical properties of the spatial derivatives of the phase of a monochromatic speckle pattern are studied. Initially, a one-dimensional probability density function for the derivative of the phase is obtained and compared with the solution for the analogous problem concerning instantaneous frequency of narrow-band Gaussian noise. Subsequently, a two-dimensional probability density function is derived that depends on the two first and three second spatial moments of the illumination intensity distribution of the scattering object. Some sample intensity distributions are considered for which explicit expressions for the probability density function are given.
Computed imaging for the near-field (2003)

A method is presented to reconstruct the structure of a scattering object from data acquired with a photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM). The data may be understood to form a near-field hologram of the Gabor type. Data are obtained at a distance from the sample where the field is defocused and normally undecipherable. Object structure is obtained by solution of the linearized inverse scattering problem. The method is demonstrated using a thin gold-on-glass sample, probed by light of wavelength 633 nm, with data taken at probe heights of 100 nm and 200 nm.
Coil−Globule Transition of Poly(Dimethylacrylamide):  Fluorescence and Light Scattering Study . Volume 36, Number 21, October 21, 2003, pp 8119−8129. (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCoil−Globule Transition of Poly(Dimethylacrylamide): Fluorescence and Light Scattering Study . Volume 36, Number 21, October 21, 2003, pp 8119−8129.Susana Piçarra, Paula Relógio, Carlos A. M. Afonso, J. M. G. Martinho, and J. P. S. FarinhaCite this: Macromolecules 2004, 37, 4, 1670Publication Date (Web):January 6, 2004Publication History Published online6 January 2004Published inissue 1 February 2004https://doi.org/10.1021/ma030565qCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views239Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (11 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Dynamic changes of the extracellular matrix after acute tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy (2015)

Funding Tenovus Scotland. Grant number G13/10.
Timing-Driven Titan (2015)

Benchmarks play a key role in Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) architecture and CAD research, enabling the quantitative comparison of tools and architectures. It is important that these benchmarks reflect modern large-scale systems that make use of heterogeneous resources; however, most current FPGA benchmarks are both small and simple. In this artile, we present Titan, a hybrid CAD flow that addresses these issues. The flow uses Altera’s Quartus II FPGA CAD software to perform HDL synthesis and a conversion tool to translate the result into the academic Berkeley Logic Interchange Format (BLIF). Using this flow, we created the Titan23 benchmark set, which consists of 23 large (90K--1.8M block) benchmark circuits covering a wide range of application domains. Using the Titan23 benchmarks and an enhanced model of Altera’s Stratix IV architecture, including a detailed timing model, we compare the performance and quality of VPR and Quartus II targeting the same architecture. We found that VPR is at least 2.8 × slower, uses 6.2 × more memory, 2.2 × more wire, and produces critical paths 1.5 × slower compared to Quartus II. Finally, we identified that VPR’s focus on achieving a dense packing and an inability to take apart clusters is responsible for a large portion of the wire length and critical path delay gap.
Best focus determination: bridging the gap between optical and physical topography (2007)

With decreasing critical dimension (CD) budgets and smaller k1 values the need for perfect focus control becomes paramount. Among the individual contributors to the overall focus budget, the accuracy of the leveling system on a process wafer and the focus setting accuracy for the individual layers are two major contributors. In our study we discuss the usage of a new non-optical leveling system and its measurement capability of wafer topography. By exposing focus-exposure matrices (FEMs) and measuring them on multiple points in the field, we demonstrate the systematic and random focus variation across the scanner exposure field for several layers. Critical back end of line (BEoL) layers in particular show considerable impact of topography, thus resulting in the across field focus variations shown. By using the newly developed AGILE leveling system which uses an air-gauge focus sensor we demonstrate a more accurate best focus determination across field, resulting in better overall focus performance. This AGILE system is expected to be independent on any process variation, since there is no (optical) interaction between the measurement device and the process layer stack. By the use of multi-point FEMs we show that the intrafield focus range can be reduced by as much as 50%, depending on certain layer and layout characteristics. We discuss the impact of the new sensor in conjunction with the extended FEM scheme on the overall focus budget for critical layers. Finally, we briefly show a possible integration scenario into the overall exposure strategy.
Effects of inactivation of oxytocin receptor and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis on uterine oxytocin receptor and gap junction formation and labor in the rat (1991)

Normal term labor is associated with a surge in myometrial oxytocin receptor formation and gap junction development. We have previously shown that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by naproxen sodium, 2.0 mg/day, suppressed oxytocin receptor formation but not gap junction formation and prolonged gestation. In this study, we investigated the effects of a specific oxytocin antagonist on oxytocin receptor formation, gap junction formation, and labor in the rat. [Pen1,Phe(Me)2,Thr4,Orn8]oxytocin, a specific oxytocin antagonist, was infused subcutaneously during the last 3 days of pregnancy at 300 micrograms/day. Measurements of myometrial oxytocin receptor concentrations and gap junction formation on days 21 and 22 and days 22-23 (in labor) pregnant uteri showed no significant differences in the Bmax and Kd values between the control and the treated group. Gestation period was not prolonged by the oxytocin antagonist. However, in a separate group of day 23 pregnant rats, the uterine contractile response to 60 mU of oxytocin i.v. was found completely blocked by 10 micrograms of the oxytocin antagonist. These findings suggest that although functional oxytocin receptors did not appear to be essential for the initiation of labor, oxytocin antagonists may still be effective in the prevention of premature contractions. We also examined the effects of a higher dose of naproxen sodium, 5.0 mg/day, on gap junction formation. At this dose, naproxen sodium suppressed both oxytocin receptor and gap junction formation, prolonged gestation, and delayed parturition by 24 h or longer. Prostaglandin appears to be an important regulator or mediator of oxytocin receptor and gap junction formation and plays a critical role in the initiation of labor.
DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINUOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESSES FOR COAL DERIVED CARBON PRODUCTS (2006)

The purpose of this DOE-funded effort is to develop continuous processes for solvent extraction of coal for the production of carbon products. The largest applications are those which support metals smelting, such as anodes for aluminum smelting and electrodes for arc furnaces. Other carbon products include materials used in creating fuels for the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell, metals smelting, especially in the aluminum and steel industries, as well as porous carbon structural material referred to as ''carbon foam'' and carbon fibers. During this reporting period, efforts have focused on the development of carbon electrodes for Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFC), and on carbon foam composites used in ballistic armor, as well as the hydrotreatment of solvents used in the basic solvent extraction process. A major goal is the production of 1500 pounds of binder pitch, corresponding to about 3000 pounds of hydrotreated solvent.
Design and Fabrication of Integrated 1×5 Optical Phased Array Switch on InP (2007)

An integrated semiconductor 1times5 optical phased-array switch is designed and demonstrated for the first time. Using the carrier-induced refractive index change in the InGaAsP bulk layer, we achieve successful switching to five output ports with less than 60-mA current injection.
Vibration Suppression Control Method using Extended State Observer for Angular Transmission Error in Cycloid Gear (2014)

This paper proposes a method for suppressing the speed vibration caused by the angular transmission error in cycloid gears used in industrial robots. It is important for industrial robots to have high accuracy. However, cycloid gears with an angular transmission error may cause vibration in the arms of a robot. The proposed method for compensating for the speed vibration uses a new extended state observer that is based on a model that considers a cycloid gear with an angular transmission error. A compensation current is generated by using the torque vibration which is converted from the estimated speed vibration. The speed vibration is suppressed using this compensation current. The experimental results show that the proposed system suppresses the vibration at the load speed.