gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast PMI-Based Word Embedding with Efficient Use of Unobserved Patterns (2019)

Continuous word representations that can capture the semantic information in the corpus are the building blocks of many natural language processing tasks. Pre-trained word embeddings are being used for sentiment analysis, text classification, question answering and so on. In this paper, we propose a new word embedding algorithm that works on a smoothed Positive Pointwise Mutual Information (PPMI) matrix which is obtained from the word-word co-occurrence counts. One of our major contributions is to propose an objective function and an optimization framework that exploits the full capacity of “negative examples”, the unobserved or insignificant wordword co-occurrences, in order to push unrelated words away from each other which improves the distribution of words in the latent space. We also propose a kernel similarity measure for the latent space that can effectively calculate the similarities in high dimensions. Moreover, we propose an approximate alternative to our algorithm using a modified Vantage Point tree and reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm to |V |log|V | with respect to the number of words in the vocabulary. We have trained various word embedding algorithms on articles of Wikipedia with 2.1 billion tokens and show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art in most word similarity tasks by a good margin.
Combined Reaction-Separation Processes in CO2 (2000)

Production of hydrogen peroxide and recovery of platinum group metals (PGM's) represent good application targets for the CO2-technology. Hydrogen peroxide is currently produced via the sequential hydrogenation and oxidation of a 2-alkyl anthraquinone. Recovery of PGM's include leaching of the metals from the crushed ore using HCl / Cl2 biphasic mixture at elevated pressure, followed by selective extraction of the metal chloride species, recovery and reduction of the zero-valent metal. In each of these processes, the use of CO2 as the sole process solvent ameliorates several environmental and engineering problems including (a) eliminating the contamination of the product during its recovery by liquid-liquid extraction into water, (b) optimizing throughput via elimination of mass transport limitations, which also reduces energy input. We have generated functionalized anthraquinones (FAQ's) and CO2-philic chelating agents that are miscible with carbon dioxide, thus making it possible to run the processes in liquid CO2. Not only is the use of CO2 as a solvent a green route to hydrogen peroxide manufacture or recovery of PGM's, but it is also economically feasible owing to the ability to recover the product without employing a large pressure drop, ready recycling of the functionalized anthraquinones or the chelating agents, and operation at relatively low absolute pressure due to special characteristics of the phase behavior of the CO2-philic compound.
Estimation of the possible scale for holographic switches with liquid-crystal displays (1995)

Simulating the positions of output beams under the assumption that a liquid-crystal display acts as a binary phase modulator reveals that the number of the outputs increases almost linearly with the square root of the number of pixels assigned to an input. This result is confirmed by experiments, and it is estimated that 1016 outputs can be obtained when the number of pixels is 700 × 700. Holographic switches with liquid-crystal displays are therefore suitable for large-scale switches.
Flapping dynamics of a flexible flag in a uniform flow (2014)

Numerical simulations using the immersed boundary method were performed to investigate the flapping dynamics of a flexible flag in a uniform flow. The relevant parameters related to the problem are the mass ratio , the bending rigidity of the flag and the Reynolds number , where ρ1 denotes the line density difference between the flag and the surrounding fluid. By varying the parameters over the ranges 0 ≦̸ ρ ≦̸ 10 and 10−4 ≦̸ KB ≦̸ 10–1 for Re = 200, we identified three dynamical states: the stretched–straight state (I), the regular flapping state (II), and the irregular flapping state (III) with a region in which violent snapping events occurred, characterized by rapid changes in velocity, tension and drag. The description of the flapping dynamics at each dynamic state was provided through a sequence of time-evolving instantaneous fields, and was examined in detail with respect to the frequency and the energy rank based on the dynamic mode decomposition technique. Furthermore, the hysteresis phenomena with varying the mass ratio and the Reynolds number was examined, and the results showed that the hysteresis loop width was varied for approximately 20–65%, depending on the values of the relevant parameters employed.
A versatile method for the preparation of rigid submicron hollow capsules containing a temperature responsive shell (2011)

This paper presents a novel method for the preparation of temperature responsive and hollow polymer microcapsules consisting of a rigid cross-linked primary layer on the hollow core and temperature responsive shell. Temperature responsive and perfect core–shell structured magnetic polymer particles were prepared first by a two step seed emulsion polymerization process. i) Divinylbenzene (DVB) cross-linked magnetic@P(DVB) particles were obtained by the emulsion polymerization of DVB using potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator in the presence of an oil-in-water magnetic emulsion. ii) The magnetic@P(DVB) composite particles were then functionalized by the precipitation polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) with functional co-monomer aminoethylmethacrylate hydrochloride (AEMH) and cross-linker N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V-50) was used as an initiator. Core–shell magnetic@P(DVB)@P(NIPAm-AEM) particles were then treated with concentrated HCl. The treatment with HCl dissolved the iron oxide nanoparticles from the magnetic core to form hollow P(DVB)@P(NIPAm-AEM) particles. The hollow structure of temperature responsive P(DVB)@P(NIPAm-AEM) particles prepared was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results prove that the P(DVB)@P(NIPAm-AEM) hollow microcapsules are submicron in size with a narrow size distribution, cationic surface charge and most importantly, volume phase transition above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of P(NIPAm-AEM) shell. This volume phase transition behaviour of the P(NIPAm-AEM) shell can be utilised as an on/off switch in controlling the permeability of biomolecules or drugs into/from the hollow capsules.
Recombineering: Genetic Engineering in Escherichia coli Using Homologous Recombination (2023)

The bacterial chromosome and bacterial plasmids can be engineered in vivo by homologous recombination using either PCR products or synthetic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or single-stranded DNA as substrates. Multiple linear dsDNA molecules can be assembled into an intact plasmid. The technology of recombineering is possible because bacteriophage-encoded recombination proteins efficiently recombine sequences with homologies as short as 35 to 50 bases. Recombineering allows DNA sequences to be inserted or deleted without regard to the location of restriction sites and can also be used in combination with CRISPR/Cas targeting systems. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol: Making electrocompetent cells and transforming with linear DNA Support Protocol 1: Selection/counter-selections for genome engineering Support Protocol 2: Creating and screening for oligo recombinants by PCR Support Protocol 3: Other methods of screening for unselected recombinants Support Protocol 4: Curing recombineering plasmids containing a temperature-sensitive replication function Support Protocol 5: Removal of the prophage by recombineering Alternate Protocol 1: Using CRISPR/Cas9 as a counter-selection following recombineering Alternate Protocol 2: Assembly of linear dsDNA fragments into functional plasmids Alternate Protocol 3: Retrieval of alleles onto a plasmid by gap repair Alternate Protocol 4: Modifying multicopy plasmids with recombineering Support Protocol 6: Screening for unselected plasmid recombinants Alternate Protocol 5: Recombineering with an intact λ prophage Alternate Protocol 6: Targeting an infecting λ phage with the defective prophage strains.
Spatial People Density Estimation from Multiple Viewpoints by Memory Based Regression (2014)

Crowd analysis using cameras has attracted much attention for public safety and marketing. Among techniques of the crowd analysis, we focus on spatial people density estimation which estimates the number of people for each small area in a floor region. However, spatial people density cannot be estimated accurately for an area far from the camera because of the occlusion by people in a closer area. Therefore, we propose a method using a memory based regression method with images captured from cameras from multiple viewpoints. This method is realized by looking up a table that consists of correspondences between people density maps and crowd appearances. Since the crowd appearances include situations where various occlusions occur, an estimation robust to occlusion should be realized. In an experiment, we examined the effectiveness of the proposed method.
c-FLIP is crucial for IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46+ ILC development and protection from intestinal inflammation in mice (2020)

NKp46<sup>+</sup> innate lymphoid cells (ILC) modulate tissue homeostasis and anti-microbial immune responses. ILC development and function are regulated by cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15. However, the ILC-intrinsic pathways translating cytokine signals into developmental programs are largely unknown. Here we show that the anti-apoptotic molecule cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is crucial for the generation of IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC1, including conventional natural killer (cNK) cells, and ILC3. Cytokine-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) precedes up-regulation of c-FLIP, which protects developing NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC from TNF-induced apoptosis. NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC-specific inactivation of c-FLIP leads to the loss of all IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC, thereby inducing early-onset chronic colitis and subsequently microbial dysbiosis; meanwhile, the depletion of cNK, but not NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC1/3, aggravates experimental colitis. In summary, our data demonstrate a non-redundant function of c-FLIP for the generation of NKp46<sup>+</sup> ILC, which protect T/B lymphocyte-sufficient mice from intestinal inflammation.
Distributed Protocols for Interference Management in Cooperative Networks (2012)

In scenarios where devices are too small to support MIMO antenna arrays, symbol-level cooperation may be used to pool the resources of distributed single-antenna devices to create a virtual MIMO antenna array. We address design fundamentals for distributed cooperative protocols where relays have an incomplete view of network information. A key issue in distributed networks is potential loss in spatial reuse due to the increased radio footprint of flows with cooperative relays. Hence, local gains from cooperation have to balance against network level losses. By using a novel binary network model that simplifies the space over which cooperative protocols must be designed, we develop a mechanism for the systematic and computational development of cooperative protocols as functions of the amount of network state information available at relay nodes. Through extensive network analysis and simulations, we demonstrate the successful application of this method to a series of protocols that span a range of network information availability at cooperative relays.
Characterization of the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of sheath alloy materials for Bi-2223 superconductor tapes (2001)

We evaluated the effects of adding alloying-element to the Ag sheath on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of Bi-2223 tapes. The thermal conductivity of Ag and Ag-alloys was evaluated by using the thermal integral method in the temperature range of 10 to 100 K, and correlated to the indirectly-measured values obtained from the density, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity. It was observed that the additions of Au, Pd, and Mg to the Ag sheath significantly decreased thermal conductivity at low temperatures, probably due to the presence of alloying-elements. Specifically, the thermal conductivity of the Ag/sub 0.92/Pd/sub 0.06/Mg/sub 0.02/ and Ag/sub 0.973/Au/sub 0.025/Mg/sub 0.002/ alloys at 30 K was 28.9 and 59.2 (W/(m/spl middot/K)), respectively, which is about 17 to 35 times lower than that of Ag (997.2 (W/(m/spl middot/K))). At the same time, these additions to the Ag sheath, improved its mechanical strength. It is believed that this improvement is related to the presence of dispersed alloying-elements which leads to a smaller grain size.
HIRA-dependent H3.3 deposition and its modification facilitate somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin gene by maintaining the proper chromatin context and transcription (2021)

Abstract The histone variant H3.3 and its chaperone HIRA are involved in active transcription but their detailed roles in regulating somatic hypermutation (SHM) in human B cells have not been fully elucidated. Here we found that the knockout (KO) of H3.3 HIRA chaperone significantly decreased SHM in the Ramos human germinal center like B cell line without changing the levels of AID and other major proteins known to be involved in SHM. The HIRA KO was associated with a decrease at the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain locus of many factors related to transcription elongation including H3.3 and this was accompanied by decreased nascent transcription of the Ig heavy chain locus. However, H3K79me2/3 elongation modification was not affected. The abundance of ZMYND11 that specifically binds to H3.3K36me3 on the Ig locus was also reduced by the HIRA KO, suggesting that the HIRA loss decreased the level of H3.3K36me3. However, the chromatin accessibility of Ig locus was increased by the HIRA depletion. Furthermore, stable expression of ectopic H3.3G34V and H3.3G34R mutants that inhibit the trimethylation of H3.3K36 reduced SHM in Ramos cells, while the H3.3K79M mutant did not. Consistent with HIRA KO, H3.3G34V mutant also decreased the occupancy of various elongation factors and of ZMYND11 on Ig heavy chain variable and the downstream switching regions. These results reveal an unrecognized role of HIRA and the H3.3K36me3 modification in SHM and further confirm the central role of transcription-coupled chromatin accessibility in SHM in human B cells.
Characterization of Thermally Cross-Linkable Hollow Fiber Membranes for Natural Gas Separation (2012)

The performance of thermally cross-linkable hollow fiber membranes for CO2/CH4 separation and the membrane stability against CO2 plasticization was investigated. The fiber membranes were thermally cross-linked at various conditions. Cross-linking temperature was found to have a significant effect, while shorter soak time and the presence of trace oxidizer (O2 or N2O) had a negligible effect. The cross-linked fibers were tested using high CO2 content feeds (50–70% CO2) at a variety of feed pressures (up to 1000 psia), temperatures, and permeate pressures (up to 100 psia) to evaluate membrane performance under various realistic operating conditions. The results demonstrated that cross-linking improves membrane selectivity and effectively eliminates swelling-induced hydrocarbon loss at high pressures. Excellent stability under aggressive feeds (with CO2 partial pressure up to 700 psia) suggests that cross-linked hollow fiber membranes have great potential for use in diverse aggressive applications, even beyond the CO2/CH4 example explored in this work.
Differential Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Free α-Subunit Secretion from the Gonadotrope by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Evidence from the Use of Two GnRH Antagonists* (1990)

To examine the differential regulation of glycoprotein hormone secretion from the gonadotrope by GnRH, the Nal-Glu GnRH antagonist was administered to euthyroid women in the early follicular phase (days 1-5) of the menstrual cycle, and the results compared to previous studies with the Nal-Arg GnRH antagonist. After a 4-h period of baseline sampling at a frequency of every 10 min, a single sc dose of the GnRH antagonist was administered to each subject. Frequent sampling continued for 8 h, followed by hourly sampling for a further 16 h. LH, FSH, and free alpha-subunit were measured serially in assays with high specificity. There was a 90% concordance of LH and free alpha-subunit pulses during the baseline sampling period. Pulsatile secretion of LH and free alpha-subunit was immediately abolished at the highest dose of the Nal-Glu antagonist for at least 8 h. The maximum percent suppression of LH after administration of the Nal-Glu GnRH antagonist was 70 +/- 4%, 80 +/- 4%, and 83 +/- 1% at doses of 15, 50, and 150 micrograms/kg, respectively, compared to 51 +/- 10%, 70 +/- 5%, and 69 +/- 5% at doses of 50, 150, and 500 micrograms/kg Nal-Arg antagonist. Decreases in FSH were 28 +/- 2%, 32 +/- 7%, and 39 +/- 2%, with increasing doses of the Nal-Glu antagonist compared with 25 +/- 6%, 17 +/- 6%, and 28 +/- 4% reductions at increasing doses of the Nal-Arg antagonist. Free alpha-subunit decreased 22 +/- 4%, 23 +/- 4%, and 28 +/- 3% at increasing doses of the Nal-Glu antagonist and 12 +/- 4%, 27 +/- 4%, and 30 +/- 7% with increasing doses of the Nal-Arg antagonist. For the Nal-Glu antagonist, suppression of LH was greater than that of FSH and free alpha-subunit at all doses (P less than 0.001), while FSH suppression was greater than that of free alpha-subunit at the highest dose only (P less than 0.05). For the Nal-Arg antagonist, LH suppression was greater than that of FSH or free alpha-subunit at all doses (P greater than 0.01), and FSH suppression exceeded that of free alpha-subunit at the 50 micrograms/kg dose. Suppression of LH was greater with the Nal-Glu antagonist than with the Nal-Arg antagonist at doses of 50 and 150 micrograms/kg (P less than 0.05), and FSH suppression was greater with the Nal-Glu antagonist at 150 micrograms/kg (P less than 0.01), while the degrees of maximum suppression were similar for the two different GnRH antagonists for free alpha-subunit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interaction of Solvent and the Nature of Adducts on the Chemical Synthesis of Molybdenum Nitride Powders (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInteraction of Solvent and the Nature of Adducts on the Chemical Synthesis of Molybdenum Nitride PowdersM. A. Sriram, P. N. Kumta, and E. I. KoCite this: Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 5, 859–864Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00053a008https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00053a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Maggot versus conservative debridement therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers (2002)

To define the efficacy and safety of maggot therapy, a cohort of 103 inpatients with 145 pressure ulcers was evaluated. Sixty-one ulcers in 50 patients received maggot therapy at some point during their monitored course; 84 ulcers in 70 patients did not. Debridement and wound healing could be quantified for 43 maggot-treated wounds and 49 conventionally treated wounds. Eighty percent of maggot-treated wounds were completely debrided, while only 48% of wounds were completely debrided with conventional therapy alone (p=0.021). Within 3 weeks, maggot-treated wounds contained one-third the necrotic tissue (p = 0.05) and twice the granulation tissue (p < 0.001), compared to non-maggot-treated wounds. Of the 31 measurable maggot-treated wounds monitored initially during conventional therapy, necrotic tissue decreased 0.2 cm(2) per week during conventional therapy, while total wound area increased 1.2 cm(2) per week. During maggot therapy, necrotic tissue decreased 0.8 cm(2) per week (p = 0.003) and total wound surface area decreased 1.2 cm2 per week (p = 0.001). Maggot therapy was more effective and efficient in debriding chronic pressure ulcers than were the conventional treatments prescribed. Patients readily accepted maggot therapy, and adverse events were uncommon.
Local Optoelectronic Characterization of Solvent-Annealed, Lead-Free, Bismuth-Based Perovskite Films (2018)

Traditional organolead-halide perovskite-based devices have shown rapid improvements in their power conversion efficiency in less than a decade, yet challenges remain for improving stability and film uniformity, as well as the elimination of lead to address toxicity issues. We fabricated lead-free methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) perovskite films and studied the effect of solvent annealing with dimethylformamide (DMF) on both (1) the crystallinity and structure of the films with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and (2) the local optoelectronic properties of the films as measured via (photo)conductive atomic force microscopy. We found that solvent annealing leads to improved crystallinity and increased grain size in the MBI films as compared to the thermally annealed films. Furthermore, solvent-annealed MBI films show significantly increased electrical conductivity in the out-of-plane direction. Photoconductivity in both solvent-annealed and thermally annealed MBI films was increased in the grain interiors versus the grain boundaries. It was observed that DMF-induced solvent annealing impacts charge transport through the film, which can be a unique design parameter for optimizing local optoelectronic properties. By studying how solvent annealing affects the MBI film structure and changes the ways in which charges are transported through the film, we have developed a better understanding of how local optoelectronic properties are affected by DMF annealing.
A Case of Severe Hyperaldosteronism Caused by a De Novo Mutation Affecting a Critical Salt Bridge Kir3.4 Residue (2014)

Herein we report the identification of a novel KCNJ5 germline mutation responsible for severe hyperaldosteronism that presented in infancy with symptoms of diabetes insipidus. The findings of this study further elucidate the etiology of FH-III and expand our knowledge of this rare condition.