gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biodistribution and anticancer activity of a newvincaalkaloid encapsulated into long-circulating liposomes (2010)

S12363 is a potent therapeutic agent with a strong in vitro activity against a variety of tumor types but also a high in vivo toxicity. Loading of this drug into long-circulating liposomes is expected to enhance its therapeutic index. Pharmacokinetics of liposomal S12363 showed that circulating S12363 was entrapped into liposomes until 24 hours after intravenous injection in mice. The liposomal formulation significantly increased the plasma concentration, half-life, and AUC and decreased the plasma clearance rates and volume of distribution of S12363. Liposome extravasation was evaluated with two tumor models by both microscopic analysis and liposome radiolabeling. Liposome accumulation was much more important in the case of B16 melanoma, compared to H460 tumor, with both inoculated subcutaneously and with comparable size. H460 tumor was also inoculated into the lung. The tumor localization did not influence liposome accumulation into the tissue. The liposomal formulation injected into mice bearing B16 melanoma allowed a 10-fold accumulation of S12363 into the tumor interstitium, as compared to the solution. Bioluminescence data, supported by the survival curves of the animals, showed that S12363-liposomes were able to significantly restrict B16 melanoma progression and increase mice survival.
Test time reduction using parallel RF test techniques (2010)

Wireless connectivity SOCs integrate multi-band radios on a single chip. Examples include WLAN 802.11 ("A" band or "BG" band), Bluetooth, Global Positioning System (GPS) and FM (Frequency Modulation) transmitters and receivers. It has been observed the cost of testing these RF components constitutes about 40% of the total cost of testing such an SOC. Reduction of this test cost is, therefore, important. The usage of multiple radios on a single chip provides the option of testing all of them concurrently. The unique functionality and different frequency bands of these radio modules however, prevent blind (unconstrained) parallelism, something which is ubiquitously possible for digital logic and memory modules. Additionally, the ability to test multiple dies in parallel (multi-site testing) and the ability to adopt low-cost tester platforms must also be considered. In this presentation, a case study of a complex SOC with four such radio modules is presented. It is shown how their concurrent test can be planned, together with high levels of multi-site with a low-cost tester platform. Various considerations and tradeoffs in the adoption of this solution are discussed, keeping in mind co-existence and coupling issues when these radios operate in parallel. The software BIST solution (where firmware is executed on a host processor inside the RF module) used to enable such concurrency is also explained, together with the design support required.
Posterior sampling for multi-agent reinforcement learning: solving extensive games with imperfect information (2020)

Posterior sampling for reinforcement learning (PSRL) is a useful framework for making decisions in an unknown environment. PSRL maintains a posterior distribution of the environment and then makes planning on the environment sampled from the posterior distribution. Though PSRL works well on single-agent reinforcement learning problems, how to apply PSRL to multi-agent reinforcement learning problems is relatively unexplored. In this work, we extend PSRL to two-player zero-sum extensive-games with imperfect information (TZIEG), which is a class of multi-agent systems. More specifically, we combine PSRL with counterfactual regret minimization (CFR), which is the leading algorithm for TZIEG with a known environment. Our main contribution is a novel design of interaction strategies. With our interaction strategies, our algorithm provably converges to the Nash Equilibrium at a rate of $O(\sqrt{\log T/T})$. Empirical results show that our algorithm works well.
Critical cooling rate and thermal stability of Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Be alloys (2001)

The critical cooling rate as well as the thermal stability are measured for a series of alloys in the Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Be system. Upon cooling from the molten state with different rates, alloys with compositions ranging along a tie line from (Zr70Ti30)55(Ni39Cu61)25Be20 to (Zr85Ti15)55(Ni57Cu43)22.5Be27.5 show a continuous increase in the critical cooling rate to suppress crystallization. In contrast, thermal analysis of the same alloys shows that the undercooled liquid region, the temperature difference between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature, is largest for some compositions midway between the two endpoints, revealing that glass forming ability does not correlate with thermal stability. The relationship between the composition-dependent glass forming ability and thermal stability is discussed with reference to a chemical decomposition process.
Search for Direct Top Squark Pair Production in Final States with One Isolated Lepton, Jets, and Missing Transverse Momentum ins=7  TeVppCollisions Using4.7  fb−1of ATLAS Data (2012)

A search is presented for direct top squark pair production in final states with one isolated electron or muon, jets, and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at s√=7 TeV. The measurement is based on 4.7 fb−1 of data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Each top squark is assumed to decay to a top quark and the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). The data are found to be consistent with standard model expectations. Top squark masses between 230 GeV and 440 GeV are excluded with 95% confidence for massless LSPs, and top squark masses around 400 GeV are excluded for LSP masses up to 125 GeV.
Induction of apoptosis by heat and γ-radiation in a human lymphoid cell line; role of mitochondrial changes and caspase activation (2006)

These results suggest that the commitment to apoptosis in HL60 cells after heat-treatment is started by mitochondrial membrane transition involving the Bcl-2 family members and is mainly executed in a caspase-dependent pathway. The results suggest that caspase-2 plays a key role in the heat-induced apoptosis.
Polymer defect engineering – conductive 2D organic platelets from precise thiophene-doped polyethylene (2021)

Synthesis and crystallization of polyethylene with precisely positioned thiophene groups were used to produce polymer crystals with a conductive surface.
Electrode characterization for functional application to upper extremity FNS (1990)

A quantitative method has been developed to characterize the isometric force vectors of electrically stimulated paralyzed muscles of the thumb. The vectorial force output as a function of the stimulus level was measured for individual electrode/muscle combinations in a number of intramuscular and epimysial electrodes implanted in paralyzed thenar muscles of cervical level spinal cord injury subejcts. Vectors are used to determine the output characteristics of each electrode/muscle combination. The characteristics studied include: the strength of the contraction, the stimulus level at which fibers from other muscles are stimulated, the recruitment gain of force, dependency of the output on the skeletal position, and the direction of force produced. These characteristics can then be used to select stimulus parameters to produce coordinated hand motion and force generation by functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). The range of muscle force and direction for each electrode/muscle combination showed considerable variation between subjects and between electrodes in the same subject. This variation is primarily due to differences in electrode placement within the muscle. Comparison between intramuscular and epimysial electrodes demonstrated similar characteristics in the force vector output. Preliminary results show the potential for using the force vector output to predict the cocontracted output of two muscles.
A Reconfigurable 3-D-Stacked SPAD Imager With In-Pixel Histogramming for Flash LIDAR or High-Speed Time-of-Flight Imaging (2019)

A 256 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 256 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensor integrated into a 3-D-stacked 90-nm 1P4M/40-nm 1P8M process is reported for flash light detection and ranging (LIDAR) or high-speed direct time-of-flight (ToF) 3-D imaging. The sensor bottom tier is composed of a 64 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 64 matrix of 36.72- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pitch modular photon processing units which operate from shared <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\,\,\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 SPADs at 9.18- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pitch and 51% fill-factor. A 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 14 bit counter array integrates photon counts or events to compress data to 31.4 Mb/s at 30-frame/s readout over 8 I/O operating at 100 MHz. The pixel-parallel multi-event time-to-digital converter (TDC) approach employs a programmable internal or external clock for 0.56–560-ns time bin resolution. In conjunction with a per-pixel correlator, the power is reduced to less than 100 mW in practical daylight ranging scenarios. Examples of ranging and high-speed 3-D ToF applications are given.
Coherent Ptychographic Imaging Microscope With 17.5nm Spatial Resolution Employing 13.5nm High Harmonic Light (2016)

Journal Article Coherent Ptychographic Imaging Microscope With 17.5nm Spatial Resolution Employing 13.5nm High Harmonic Light Get access Michael Tanksalvala, Michael Tanksalvala JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Dennis F Gardner, Dennis F Gardner JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Giulia F Mancini, Giulia F Mancini JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Elisabeth R Shanblatt, Elisabeth R Shanblatt JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Xiaoshi Zhang, Xiaoshi Zhang Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Benjamin R Galloway, Benjamin R Galloway JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Christina R Porter, Christina R Porter JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Robert Karl, Jr., Robert Karl, Jr. JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Charles Bevis, Charles Bevis JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Margaret M Murnane, Margaret M Murnane JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USAKapteyn-Murnane Laboratories, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more Henry Kapteyn, Henry Kapteyn JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USAKapteyn-Murnane Laboratories, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Daniel E Adams Daniel E Adams JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 22, Issue S3, 1 July 2016, Pages 88–89, https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761600129X Published: 25 July 2016
Investigation of the Instability of Plasmids Directing the Expression of Met-Prochymosin in Escherichia coli (1985)

The causes of the instability of a multicopy plasmid, pCT70, which directs the expression of calf prochymosin in Escherichia coli, were investigated. Plasmid pAT153 and its derivative, pCT54, were stable for more than 90 generations in continuous culture with glucose limitation. The multicopy plasmid pCT66, which expressed very low levels of prochymosin due to poor translational efficiency, and low copy number plasmids which efficiently expressed the prochymosin gene, were also stable. These results indicated that high level translation of the recombinant gene was the cause of the instability of pCT70. The maximum specific growth rate of E. coli(pCT70) was reduced by 30% compared with E. coli(pCT66). To fulfil the requirements of a production system, a dual origin plasmid with controllable copy number was developed. Both this plasmid (pMG165) and a derivative which contained the prochymosin gene (pMG168) were stable when maintained at low copy number. When the copy number of plasmid pMG168 was increased by putting replication under the control of the lambda PR promoter and the cI857 temperature sensitive repressor, expression of prochymosin was achieved. This strategy enables large-scale production of prochymosin without the need for antibiotic selection or other methods of preventing plasmid loss.
4D CHANGE DETECTION (2009)

The purpose of this paper is to show how the utilization of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) in the change detection problem can mitigate analyst fatigue, enhance data fusion, perform cross modality change detection, and be used to model illumination & shadow effects. We register two DSMs and subtract them from each other to obtain residual height information (named a Q-DSM). Implicitly there is a relationship between the Q-DSM and the original DSM; hence we can exploit this relationship to reduce fatigue for the analyst and minimize the search space for changes. Moreover, if the original Digital Surface Models are from disparate modalities then we can implicitly map 3D residual changes to 2D modality disparate imagery (e.g., Correlated DSM from Synthetic Aperture Radar & Electro-Optical Imagery). Finally, we can model illumination differences in 3-Space and project those changes into 2-Space such that if an image was collected with varying aspect angles then we can ascertain if there was true change or change attributed to shadow and illumination effects. Therefore, shadow-masked 2D and 3D change detection can be realized. Our end product can be viewed in 3D Visualization tools such as Harris InReality, Google Earth, and NASA Worldwind.
Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements (2010)

We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of central sensitization (2005)

Abstract As a sensory and emotional experience generally associated with tissue-damaging or nearly tissue-damaging stimuli, pain might be considered to be a unitary physiological and pathological process. However, a wealth of evidence indicates that multiple mechanisms contribute to pain, each of which is subject to or an expression of neural plasticity (i.e. the capacity of neurons to change their function, chemical profile, or structure). Three principal categories of pain have been identified: physiological, inflammatory, and neuropathic. This chapter discusses these categories of pain and the mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity using the concepts of activation, modulation, and modification as applied to integration and processing of sensory inputs by the network of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn.
Papain gel containing methylene blue for simultaneous caries removal and antimicrobial photoinactivation against Streptococcus mutans biofilms (2016)

This study intended to evaluate the effects of a papain-gel with a red-light absorbing pigment (methylene blue - MB) to mediate photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. The PapaMBlue was compared with free MB to generate reactive oxygen species using fluorescence probes (SOSG and HPF). PDT (660-nm light) was carried out against S. mutans biofilms grown on either plastic dishes or on collagen membrane and assayed by CFU, live-dead staining using confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining for collagen films. Cytotoxicity and subcellular localization was studied in human fibroblasts. Sponges of bioabsorbable type I collagen membrane were exposed to papain based gel, irradiated with laser and analyzed about their integrity by ATR-FTIR. The PapaMBlue produced higher amounts of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals than free MB, possibly due to better disaggregation of the dye in solution. The PapaMBlue antimicrobial effects on biofilms proved to be capable of reducing the S. mutans. Both MTT and PrestoBlue assays showed higher cell viability and metabolism scores in fibroblasts treated with PapaMBlue and MB, possibly due to stimulation of mitochondrial activity and that collagen triple helix is unaffected. The PapaMBlue is equally effective as MB in destroying S. mutans biofilms growing on plastic or collagen without affecting fibroblasts.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychosis, and Bipolarity: A Longitudinal Cohort and Multigenerational Family Study (2014)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often co-occurs with psychotic and bipolar disorders; this comorbidity complicates the clinical management of these conditions. In this population-based longitudinal and multigenerational family study, we examined the patterns of comorbidity, longitudinal risks, and shared familial risks between these disorders. Participants were individuals with a diagnosis of OCD (n = 19,814), schizophrenia (n = 58,336), bipolar disorder (n = 48,180), and schizoaffective disorder (n = 14,904) included in the Swedish Patient Register between January 1969 and December 2009; their first-, second-, and third-degree relatives; and population-matched (1:10 ratio) unaffected comparison individuals and their relatives. The Swedish Prescribed Drug Register was used to control for the potential effect of medication in the longitudinal analyses. Individuals with OCD had a 12-fold increased risk of having a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia and a 13-fold increased risk of bipolar disorder and schizoaffective disorder. Longitudinal analyses showed that individuals first diagnosed with OCD had an increased risk for later diagnosis of all other disorders, and vice versa. The risk of bipolar disorder was reduced, but not eliminated, when the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors was adjusted for. OCD-unaffected first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of probands with OCD had a significantly increased risk for all 3 disorders; the magnitude of this risk decreased as the genetic distance increased. We conclude that OCD is etiologically related to both schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders. The results have implications for current gene-searching efforts and for clinical practice.
Insulation of the Ubiquitous Rxrb Promoter from the Cartilage-specific Adjacent Gene, Col11a2 (2008)

The retinoid X receptor beta gene (Rxrb) is located just upstream of the alpha2(XI) collagen chain gene (Col11a2) in a head-to-tail manner. However, the domain structures of these genes are unknown. Col11a2 is specifically expressed in cartilage. In the present study, we found Rxrb expression in various tissues with low expression in the cartilage. Col11a2 1st intron enhancer directed cartilage specific expression when linked to the heterologous promoter in transgenic mice. These results suggest the presence of enhancer-blocking elements that insulate Rxrb promoter from the Col11a2 enhancer. So far, most of insulators examined in vertebrates contain a binding site for CTCF. We found two possible CTCF-binding sites: one (11P) in the intergenic region between Rxrb and Col11a2 by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and the other in the 4th intron of RXRB by data base search. To examine the function of these elements, we prepared bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgene constructs containing a 142-kb genomic DNA insert with RXRB and COL11A2 sequences in the middle. Mutation of 11P significantly decreased the RXRB promoter activity in muscular cells and significantly increased expression levels of RXRB in chondrosarcoma cells. In transgenic mouse assays, the wild-type BAC transgene partly recapitulated endogenous Rxrb expression patterns. A 507-bp deletion mutation including 11P enhanced the cartilage-specific activity of the RXRB promoter in BAC transgenic mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that CTCF was associated with RX4, but not with 11P. Our results showed that the intergenic sequence including 11P insulates Rxrb promoter from Col11a2 enhancer, possibly associating with unknown factors that recognize a motif similar to CTCF.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐Aroyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b]furan‐3‐carboxylic Acids and 7‐Benzoyl‐2,3‐ dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxylic Acids as Analgesic Agents. (1986)

Abstract Die im Titel genannten Verbindungen (IV) werden durch Friedel‐Crafts‐ Aroylierung der nach verschiedenen Methoden hergestellten Dihydrobenzo‐[b]furane bzw. ‐thiophene (II) in mäßigen Ausbeuten erhalten und die Derivate (V) hergestellt.
600 V GaN HEMT on 6-inch Si substrate using Au-free Si-LSI process for power applications (2013)

In this paper, we describe 600 V GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) technologies on a 6-inch Si substrate using an Au-free Si-LSI mass production line. Metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) HEMTs were fabricated using AlN as a gate insulator. The AlN layer was deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) method using the mass-production-type vertical reactor which was capable for over 100 wafer depositions per run. High-temperature breakdown voltage of over 600 V was confirmed. Uniform static on-resistance (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> ) across a 6-inch wafer was demonstrated using the AlN based gate insulator. Stable dynamic R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> characteristics till 600 V were also verified using packaged GaN HEMT devices, suggesting that GaN on Si technology in this study is ready for manufacturing. Power factor control (PFC) circuit board operation was also demonstrated at high frequency up to 1 MHz.