gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Candidate biomarkers for applications as intermediate end points of lung carcinogenesis (1992)

The need for validated intermediate end point markers to facilitate lung cancer chemointervention research is compelling. Three major classes of lung markers are relevant for this application. Since lung cancer includes four distinct histologies, markers that map degrees of histologic differentiation are important. Many of the markers for squamous differentiation overlap with the candidates for application in the study of head and neck cancer. Production of tissue-specific cell products especially for surfactant or CEA is of interest, because the gene structure is known and many differentiation-related polymorphisms exist. This strategy would be useful for adenomatous type tissue. A second type of marker is the broad group of differentiation markers. The carbohydrate or blood group-like antigens comprise a representative example. Carbohydrate structures are expressed in a specific sequence during fetal processes, and this sequence appears to reverse with the development of a cancer. Retrodifferentiation of specific differentiation markers is the basis of a major effort to effect earlier lung cancer detection using sputum immunocytochemistry. The final class includes markers which affect either positive or negative aspects of growth. Candidates in this area include growth factors or their receptors, or genes that regulate growth. If the intermediate end point marker reflects tumor biology and that biology is in the causal path of tumor progression, serial observation of that parameter should indicate the success of the intervention. In all three of these examples, the clinical material to be analyzed could be sputum specimens, bronchial biopsies or resected lung tissue. Systematic analysis of these markers in context of intervention trials is required to validate their utility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Broadband Mine Detection and Classification in Shallow Water (1998)

Abstract : Our long-term goal is to advance the development of underwater mine reconnaissance sonar for shallow water environments. Specifically, we wish to increase the range at which classification of mine-like returns can be done successfully (low probability of false alarms) and thus increase the reconnaissance area coverage rate. We also wish to improve the detection of buried mines in sandy bottom environments, and to explore the potential of low frequency and broadband signals not currently used by Mine Countermeasure (MCM) sonar systems to improve the performance of such systems. In moderately shallow water (deeper than the surf zone), sonar signal interference is usually dominated by reverberation rather than by ambient noise, so that new reverberation suppression techniques are needed to improve performance. We combine broadband signals and advanced imaging techniques to achieve robust detection and classification, and operate at relatively low (for MCM) acoustic frequencies to mitigate attenuation and scattering effects of the shallow water environment for increased range of operation. Our objectives are to develop the required algorithms and to test them in a realistic shallow water environment with realistic mines and mine-like targets. We wish to emphasize the sloping sandy bottom environment which will result in substantial multipath interaction with the surface and bottom interfaces, and make detection of buried mines more challenging.
Oligo-β-(1 → 3)-glucans: Impact of Thio-Bridges on Immunostimulating Activities and the Development of Cancer Stem Cells (2014)

Recent developments of innovative anticancer therapies are based on compounds likely to stimulate the immune defense of the patients. β-(1 → 3)-Glucans are natural polysaccharides well-known for their immunostimulating properties. We report here on the synthesis of small oligo-β-(1 → 3)-glucans characterized by thioglycosidic linkages. The presence of sulfur atom(s) was not only crucial to prolong in vivo immunoactive activities in time, compared to native polysaccharides, but sulfur atoms also had a direct impact on the development of colorectal cancer stem cells. As a result, a short, pure, and structurally well-defined trisaccharidic thioglucan demonstrated similar activities compared to those of natural laminarin.
Immunomonitoring Tumor-Specific T Cells in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Skin Biopsies After Dendritic Cell Vaccination Correlates With Clinical Outcome (2005)

These findings demonstrate the potency of this novel approach in the monitoring of vaccination studies in cancer patients.
Characterization of the surface acid-base properties of metal oxides by titration/displacement reactions (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharacterization of the surface acid-base properties of metal oxides by titration/displacement reactionsR. N. Spitz, J. E. Barton, M. A. Barteau, R. H. Staley, and A. W. SleightCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 17, 4067–4075Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100408a047https://doi.org/10.1021/j100408a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views626Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
SU‐F‐I‐16: Short Breast MRI with High‐Resolution T2‐Weighted and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced T1‐Weighted Images (2016)

Purpose: To develop and demonstrate a short breast (sb) MRI protocol that acquires both T2‐weighted and dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images in approximately ten minutes. Methods: The sb‐MRI protocol consists of two novel pulse sequences. The first is a flexible fast spin‐echo triple‐echo Dixon (FTED) sequence for high‐resolution fat‐suppressed T2‐weighted imaging, and the second is a 3D fast dual‐echo spoiled gradient sequence (FLEX) for volumetric fat‐suppressed T1‐weighted imaging before and post contrast agent injection. The flexible FTED sequence replaces each single readout during every echo‐spacing period of FSE with three fast‐switching bipolar readouts to produce three raw images in a single acquisition. These three raw images are then post‐processed using a Dixon algorithm to generate separate water‐only and fat‐only images. The FLEX sequence acquires two echoes using dual‐echo readout after each RF excitation and the corresponding images are post‐processed using a similar Dixon algorithm to yield water‐only and fat‐only images. The sb‐MRI protocol was implemented on a 3T MRI scanner and used for patients who had undergone concurrent clinical MRI for breast cancer screening. Results: With the same scan parameters (eg, spatial coverage, field of view, spatial and temporal resolution) as the clinical protocol, the total scan‐time of the sb‐MRI protocol (including the localizer, bilateral T2‐weighted, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images) was 11 minutes. In comparison, the clinical breast MRI protocol took 43 minutes. Uniform fat suppression and high image quality were consistently achieved by sb‐MRI. Conclusion: We demonstrated a sb‐MRI protocol comprising both T2‐weighted and dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted images can be performed in approximately ten minutes. The spatial and temporal resolution of the images easily satisfies the current breast MRI accreditation guidelines by the American College of Radiology. The protocol has the potential of making breast MRI more widely accessible to and more tolerable by the patients. JMA is the inventor of United States patents that are owned by the University of Texas Board of Regents and currently licensed to GE Healthcare and Siemens Gmbh.
Surface-Bound Porphyrazines:  Controlling Reduction Potentials of Self-Assembled Monolayers through Molecular Proximity/Orientation to a Metal Surface (2004)

We report the preparation of two novel H2[pz(An;B(4-n))] porphyrazines (pzs) which were designed to position themselves quite differently when attached to a surface: one to form a standard self-assembled monolayer (SAM) roughly perpendicular to a surface, the other to lie horizontally along a surface. As the former, we synthesized a pz, 1, where one pyrrole group is functionalized with two thioethers terminated in mercaptides (SR, R = (CH2)3CONH(CH2)2S-), each protected as a disulfide, and -S-Me is attached to the other pyrrole sites; the latter is a pz, 2, with dialkoxybenzo groups fused to two trans-pyrroles of the pz ring, and SR groups are attached to the other pair of pyrroles. Nanostructures of 1 and 2 were successfully patterned on gold surfaces via dip-pen nanolithography, and the predicted molecular orientation of the resulting structures was confirmed by topographic AFM images. The two pzs exhibit similar reduction potentials in solution. Both show large shifts in potential upon surface binding, with the magnitude of the shift depending on the proximity/orientation of the pz to the surface. The first reduction potential of the "vertically" aligned 1 shifts by ca. +430 mV when incorporated in a binary pz/hexanethiol SAM, while that for 2, which lies flat, shifts by ca. +800 mV; the potential thus shifts by ca. +370 mV upon taking a given pz that stands atop a two-legged insulating "standoff" in a traditional SAM and "laying it down". We suggest these observed effects can be explained by image-charge energetics, and this is supported by a simple model.
Improved sampling for gradient-domain metropolis light transport (2014)

We present a generalized framework for gradient-domain Metropolis rendering, and introduce three techniques to reduce sampling artifacts and variance. The first one is a heuristic weighting strategy that combines several sampling techniques to avoid outliers. The second one is an improved mapping to generate offset paths required for computing gradients. Here we leverage the properties of manifold walks in path space to cancel out singularities. Finally, the third technique introduces generalized screen space gradient kernels. This approach aligns the gradient kernels with image structures such as texture edges and geometric discontinuities to obtain sparser gradients than with the conventional gradient kernel. We implement our framework on top of an existing Metropolis sampler, and we demonstrate significant improvements in visual and numerical quality of our results compared to previous work.
Immune Tolerance in Breast Cancer (2004)

In spite of the demonstrated coexistence of tumor-associated rejection antigens expressed by breast tumors along with T cells that are capable of recognize them, breast cancers arises in immunocompetent hosts, outmaneuver immune recognition and ultimately progress to widely disseminated disease. In recent years, several explanations have been proposed to account for the inability of the immune system to recognize and reject antigenic breast tumors. Among them, the immune tolerance mechanisms have gained particular attention. Here, we discuss the increasing evidence pointing to tolerance towards tumor antigens as an important explanation for the failure of the immune system to reject breast tumors. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in breast tumor-induced antigen-specific T-cell tolerance may lead to approaches to effectively harness the immune system against this malignancy.
Simultaneous recording of cell volume changes and intracellular pH or Ca2+ concentration in single osteosarcoma cells UMR-106-01. (1992)

We present a new technique for the simultaneous measurement of cell volume changes and intracellular ionic activities in single cells. The technique uses measurement of changes in the concentration of intracellularly trapped fluorescent dyes to report relative cell volume. By using pH- or Ca(2+)-sensitive dyes and recording at the ion-sensitive and -insensitive (isosbestic) wavelengths, the method can measure both cell volume changes and intracellular ionic activities. The technique was used to study the mechanisms of regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in the osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106-01 grown on cover slips. Swelling cells in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-buffered hypotonic medium was followed by stable cytosolic acidification and a decrease in cell volume back toward normal. The recovery of cell volume could be blocked by depolarization, treatment with ouabain, or depletion of cell Cl-. These suggest the conductive efflux of K+ and Cl- during RVD. The cytosolic acidification that accompanied cell swelling was not blocked by amiloride, bafilomycin A, or removal of Cl- and could not be reproduced by depletion of cellular ATP. These findings exclude Na+/H+ and Cl-/HCO-3 exchange, intracellularly generated acid, or increased metabolism, respectively, as the cause of the acidification. The cell swelling-induced acidification was inhibited by depolarization, suggesting the involvement of an electrogenic pathway. The acidification, as well as RVD, was inhibited by short incubation with deoxyglucose, and these effects could not be reversed by valinomycin. Thus, the anionic pathway(s) participating in RVD and the acidification are sensitive to the cellular level of ATP. Together, these studies indicate that RVD in UMR-106-01 cells in HEPES-buffered medium is mediated by the conductive efflux of K+, Cl-, and OH-.
Displays take new shape (2013)

This workshop provides a forum for discussing emerging trends in interactive surfaces that leverage alternative display types and form factors to enable more expressive interaction with information. The goal of the workshop is to push the current discussion forward towards a synthesis of emerging visualization and interaction concepts in the area of improvised, minimal, curved and malleable interactive surfaces. By doing so, we aim to generate an agenda for future research and development in interactive surfaces.
An Unsupervised Algorithm for Learning Blocking Schemes (2013)

A pair wise comparison of data objects is a requisite step in many data mining applications, but has quadratic complexity. In applications such as record linkage, blocking methods may be applied to reduce the cost. That is, the data is first partitioned into a set of blocks, and pair wise comparisons computed for pairs within each block. To date, blocking methods have required the blocking scheme be given, or the provision of training data enabling supervised learning algorithms to determine a blocking scheme. In either case, a domain expert is required. This paper develops an unsupervised method for learning a blocking scheme for tabular data sets. The method is divided into two phases. First, a weakly labeled training set is generated automatically in time linear in the number of records of the entire dataset. The second phase casts blocking key discovery as a Fisher feature selection problem. The approach is compared to a state-of-the-art supervised blocking key discovery algorithm on three real-world databases and achieves favorable results.
Thermal limits on field alignment of nanoparticle FePt media (2006)

We derive a simple expression for the average angular orientation distribution of ferromagnetic FePt particles in an applied field in thermal equilibrium. This system is closely related to the Langevin expression for paramagnetic susceptibility, which computes the average orientation of particles in this configuration. We note that practical fields are unlikely to be able to provide well-aligned arrays of the smallest thermally stable FePt particles at room temperature and that this has significant consequences for self-organized nanoparticle magnetic media. It suggests that it may be difficult to obtain an acceptable degree of perfection in orientation for the smallest particles.
Nano: Nested Human-in-the-Loop Reward Learning for Few-shot Language Model Control (2022)

Pretrained language models have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in language generation. However, real-world tasks often require controlling the distribution of generated text in order to mitigate bias, promote fairness, and achieve personalization. Existing techniques for controlling the distribution of generated text only work with quantified distributions, which require pre-defined categories, proportions of the distribution, or an existing corpus following the desired distributions. However, many important distributions, such as personal preferences, are unquantified. In this work, we tackle the problem of generating text following arbitrary distributions (quantified and unquantified) by proposing Nano, a few-shot human-in-the-loop training algorithm that continuously learns from human feedback. Nano achieves state-of-the-art results on single topic/attribute as well as quantified distribution control compared to previous works. We also show that Nano is able to learn unquantified distributions, achieves personalization, and captures differences between different individuals' personal preferences with high sample efficiency.
Studies of self-driven synchronous rectification in low voltage power conversion (1999)

In self-driven synchronous rectification circuit, transformer secondary winding is often used directly to drive synchronous MOSFETs. Transformer leakage inductance and other parasitic inductance in the rectification loop are found to contribute to rectification loss. The body diode of synchronous rectifiers is on during current commutation in two SRs because reflected secondary voltage falls on these parasitic inductances instead of the gate terminal of SR in this duration. Body diode turn on greatly degrades the performance of SR. The case is worse in high frequency, high current applications. Detailed analysis of this phenomenon is given in the paper. An equivalent model is established to analyze and evaluate the performance of SR with the existence of parasitic inductance. Simulation and experiment waveforms confirm the model and analysis. Additionally, optimal driving waveforms for SRs are discussed. Two improved gate drive methods are presented and compared.
Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease: A laser microprobe (LAMMA) study (1992)

We report the results of an examination of the elemental content of neurofibrillary tangle-bearing and neurofibrillary tangle-free neurons identified within the hippocampus of 10 subjects with Alzheimer's disease and 4 neuropathologically intact age-matched control subjects. The study employed laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA), a technique that provides extremely sensitive multielement detection in plastic-embedded, semithin-sectioned tissues. Evidence for the selective accumulation of aluminum within the neurofibrillary tangle-bearing neurons was obtained in all 10 subjects with Alzheimer's disease. The site of aluminum deposition within these cells was the neurofibrillary tangle itself, and not the "nuclear region," as we previously reported. Iron accumulation was also detected within neurofibrillary tangles. Evaluation for the accumulation of other elements within the tangle-bearing neurons failed to reveal any other metallic element as being consistently present. In addition, probe sites directed to neurons identified in snap-frozen cryostat sections from 2 subjects with Alzheimer's disease revealed similar spectra with prominent aluminum-related peaks, confirming that our findings are not related to exogenous contamination through fixation, embedding, or other procedures prior to analysis. This study further confirms the association of aluminum and neurofibrillary tangle formation in Alzheimer's disease.
Plumage Response of Young Turkeys to Diets with Increased Methionine to Lysine Ratios at Three Dietary Arginine Levels (2022)

A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two dietary methionine levels (Met; 30% and 45% of Lys content) and three arginine levels (Arg; 90%, 100%, and 110% of Lys content) on plumage development in 4- and 16-week-old female turkeys. One-day-old turkey poults were assigned to six groups (eight replicate pens per group and 18 birds per pen) and fed experimental diets containing 1.6%, 1.5%, 1.3%, and 1.0% of Lys in four successive four-week periods. After weeks 4 and 16 of feeding, eight turkeys per group were selected for plumage evaluation. Feathers were collected from the outer side of one thigh and from an area of 4 cm<sup>2</sup> in the interscapular region. Plumage was evaluated based on an established pattern of five feather development stages in turkeys, from stage I (pinfeathers covered in sheaths) to stage V (mature feathers). An increase in the Met inclusion rate to 45% of Lys content had no significant effect on feather growth in 4-week-old turkeys, but it accelerated the development of feathers in 16-week-old birds. A lower percentage of stage II (<i>p</i> = 0.035), stage III (<i>p</i> = 0.019), and stage IV (<i>p</i> = 0.003) immature feathers, and a higher percentage of stage V (mature) feathers (<i>p</i> = 0.001) were observed. Methionine exerted a greater effect on the development of thigh feathers (<i>p</i> = 0.001) than interscapular feathers (<i>p</i> = 0.074). Unlike Met, different Arg concentrations had no influence on plumage development in turkeys. Overall, the present results indicate that supplemental Met has a potential for accelerating feather development in 16-week-old turkeys via an increased supply of total sulfur amino acids.
Therapeutic ultrasound induced cell death from a histological perspective (2008)

High-power, short-exposure time, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) treatment protocols are under development that offer the potential to increase procedure throughput and optimize individual therapies. Histological examination and optical image analysis of tissues following dynamic HIFU exposure in ex vivo bovine liver have revealed that cells undergo a fundamentally different form of cell death. The rapid temperature rise due to the HIFU exposure leaves the cells structurally intact but no longer viable, similar to the cell "fixation" induced by snap-freezing. These results suggest that careful choice of both staining technique and metric for determining cell death are important in quantifying type and morphology of cell ablation, and more broadly, safety and efficacy of treatment. This finding is similar to those obtained and under discussion in the laser and RF ablation communities. Specifically, the NADH staining technique is superior to H&amp;E for assessing cell viability, and an alternative measure of cell death may be preferable to the binary thermal dose threshold currently the standard for HIFU treatment. [Work supported by NIH.]