gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effective Sensors, Interoperable With International Existing Ocean Observing Systems, To Meet EU Policies Requirements (2014)

Abstract COMMON SENSE is a new project that supports the implementation of European Union marine policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The project, which was launched in November 2013, is funded by the EC Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and has been designed to directly respond to requests for integrated and effective data acquisition systems by developing innovative sensors that will contribute to our understanding of how the marine environment functions. COMMON SENSE is coordinated by the Leitat Technological Centre, Spain, and its consortium brings together 15 partners from seven different countries, encompassing a wide range of technical expertise and know-how in the marine monitoring area.
Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A (2018)

Individual astrophysical sources previously detected in neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017 we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of approximately 290 TeV. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multi-wavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to gamma-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the first detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy gamma-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a gamma-ray emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.
Autonomic function in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (1990)

Afferent input from Aδ and C-fibres innervating the urinary bladder are processed differently by the brain, and have different roles in signaling bladder sensation. Aδ fibres that signal bladder filling activate a spino-bulbo-spinal loop, which relays in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) and pontine micturition centre (PMC). The excitability of this circuitry is regulated by tonic GABAergic inhibitory processes. In humans and socialised animals micturition is normally under volitional control and influenced by a host of psychosocial factors. Higher nervous decision-making in a social context to ‘go now’ or ‘do not go’ probably resides in frontal cortical areas, which act as a central control switch for micturition. Exposure to psychosocial stress can have profoundly disruptive influence on the process and lead to maladaptive changes in the bladder. During sleeping the voiding reflex threshold appears to be reset to a higher level to promote urinary continence.Under physiological conditions C-fibre bladder afferents are normally silent but are activated in inflammatory bladder states and by intense distending pressure. Following prolonged stimulation visceral nociceptors sensitise, leading to a lowered threshold and heightened sensitivity. In addition, sensitization may occur within the central pain processing circuitry, which outlasts the original nociceptive insult. Visceral nociception may also be influenced by genetic and environmental influences. A period of chronic stress can produce increased sensitivity to visceral pain that lasts for months. Adverse early life events can produce even longer lasting epigenetic changes, which increase the individual's susceptibility to developing visceral pain states in adulthood.
Novel pulse-delayed scheme for degenerate optical parametric amplification in χ^(3) waveguides (1996)

We describe a novel pulse-delayed scheme to realize degenerate optical parametric amplification in chi((3)) planar waveguides. The scheme utilizes two identical birefringent plates placed before and after a chi((3)) planar waveguide to implement a single-arm, pulse-multiplexed nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Using this scheme, we demonstrate ultrafast degenerate optical parametric amplification in AlGaAs waveguides.
Sex-Related Differences in Neural Activity during Risk Taking: An fMRI Study (2008)

This study explored sex effects on the process of risk-taking. We observed that the female participants (n = 10) showed stronger activation in the right insula and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) than did the male participants (n = 12) while they were performing in the Risky-Gains task. The female participants also showed stronger activations in the precentral, postcentral, and paracentral regions after receiving punishment feedback. In addition, the strength of neural activity in the insula correlated with the rate of risky behaviors for the female participants but not for the male participants. Similarly, the percent signal changes in the right OFC correlated negatively with the rate of selecting risky choices for the female group. These findings strongly suggest a sex-related influence modulating brain activity during risk-taking tasks. When taking the same level of risk, relative to men, women tend to engage in more neural processing involving the insula and the OFC to update and valuate possible uncertainty associated with risk-taking decision making. These results are consistent with the value-based decision-making model and offer insights into the possible neural mechanisms underlying the different risk-taking attitudes of men and women.
A review of the porous transport layer in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (2021)

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is the most promising and environmentally friendly method for highly pure hydrogen production when integrated into renewable energy sources. Presently, water electrolysis has merely 4% contribution to global hydrogen production owing to its economic challenges. To reduce the capital and operational cost of PEM water electrolysis, the porous transport layer (PTL) has been investigated intensively in the recent past. A PTL, sandwiched between a catalyst layer and a flow field, is responsible to transport water and oxygen on the anode side as well as hydrogen on the cathode side. In addition to the role of multiphase fluid transportation, PTL also acts as a current collector. A comprehensive insight into PTL materials, structural properties, and their function is strongly required for researchers to enhance performance and reduce the cost of PEMWE system. In this review, we widely discussed the findings on PTL's structural properties, surface modifications, and their impact on enhancing electrochemical performance and durability. In particular, the effect of pore size, porosity, pore gradient, thickness, and pretreatment on ohmic, mass transport, activation overpotential, and PTL modeling has been intensively analyzed. This review will unequivocally increase the previous understanding and open up an avenue for the development of state-of-the-art PTL, thereafter advancing the commercialization of PEMWE.
Design of Nanocomposite Injectable Hydrogels for Minimally Invasive Surgery (2019)

Biocompatible hydrogels are materials that hold great promise in medicine and biology since the porous structure, the ability to entrap a large amount of water, and the tunability of their mechanical and tissue adhesive properties make them suitable for several applications, including wound healing, drug and cell delivery, cancer treatment, bioelectronics, and tissue regeneration. Among the possible developed systems, injectable hydrogels, owing to their properties, are optimal candidates for <i>in vivo</i> minimally invasive procedures. To be injectable, a hydrogel must be liquid before and during the injection, but it must quickly jellify after injection to form a soft, self-standing, solid material. The possibility to work with a liquid precursor encoding the functions that will be available after gelation allows the development of biocompatible materials that can be employed in surgery and, in particular, in noninvasive procedures. The underlying idea is to reach the target tissue by using just a needle, or by exploiting the natural body orifices, reducing surgery procedure time, induced pain, and risk of infections. Hydrogels with different properties can be obtained by changing the type of cross-linking, the cross-linking density or the molecular weight of the polymer, or by introducing pending functional groups. The introduction of a nanofiller in the hydrogel network allows for expanding the suite of the structural and functional properties and for better mimicking native tissues. In this Account, we discuss how to provide a hydrogel network with designed properties by playing with both the polymeric chains and the fillers. We present selected examples from the literature that show how to introduce stiffness, stretchability, adhesiveness, self-healing, anisotropy, antimicrobial activity, biodegradability, and conductivity in injectable hydrogels. We further describe how the chemical composition, the mechanical properties, and the microarchitecture of the hydrogel influence cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Examples of injectable hydrogels for innovative minimally invasive procedures are then discussed in detail; in particular, we showcase the use of hydrogels for tumor resection and as vascular chemoembolization agents. We further discuss how one can improve the rheological properties of injectable hydrogels to exploit them in osteochondral tissue engineering. The effect of the introduction of a conductive filler is then presented in relation to the development of electroactive scaffolds for cardiac-tissue engineering and neural and nerve repair. We believe that the rational design of biocompatible, injectable hybrid hydrogels with tunable properties will likely play a crucial role in reducing the invasiveness and improving the outcome of several clinical and surgical setups.
Investigation of quercetin binding sites on chloroplast coupling factor (1976)

The quercetin binding sites on spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) have been investigated using direct and competitive binding, stopped-flow, temperature-jump, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. It was found that 8-anilino-1-naphthalensulfonic acid (ANS) competes with quercetin binding at two sites on the solubilized enzyme which are distinct from the two tight nucleotide binding sites and the 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) reactive site. The bimolecular association of quercetin with CF1 is too fast to measure directly and is followed by two slower conformational changes. The distances from the tight nucleotide sites to the quercetin-ANS sites were estimated as 40-48 A by fluorescence resonance energy transfer using 1,N6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate and 1,N6-ethenoadenylyl imidodiphosphate as donors and quercetin as the acceptor. The distance from the quercetin-ANS site to the NBD-C1 reactive site was found to be about 30 A using ANS as a donor and NBD-C1 reacted with a tyrosine group on CF1 as the energy acceptor. A model is proposed for the relative location of these sites on CF1.
Promoter hypermethylation of SHOX2 and SEPT9 is a potential biomarker for minimally invasive diagnosis in adenocarcinomas of the biliary tract (2016)

<i>SHOX2</i> and <i>SEPT9</i> are frequently methylated in biliary tract cancers. Promoter hypermethylation of <i>SHOX2</i> and <i>SEPT9</i> may therefore serve as a minimally invasive biomarker supporting diagnosis finding and therapy monitoring in clinical specimens.
Narrowband photoresponse of a self-powered CuI/SrTiO3 purple light detector with an ultraviolet-shielding effect (2022)

The CuI/SrTiO 3 photodetector presents excellent self-powered characteristics and shows a narrowband photoresponse at zero bias. This device shows a transparency of 70% over the visible light region and blocks 99.9% UV light.
Size dependence of carrier dynamics and carrier multiplication in PbS quantum dots (2011)

The time dynamics of the photoexcited carriers and carrier-multiplication efficiencies in PbS quantum dots (QDs) are investigated. In particular, we report on the carrier dynamics, including carrier multiplication, as a function of QD size and compare them to the bulk value. We show that the intraband 1$P$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$S$ decay becomes faster for smaller QDs, in agreement with the absence of a phonon bottleneck. Furthermore, as the size of the QDs decreases, the energy threshold for carrier multiplication shifts from the bulk value to higher energies. However, the energy threshold shift is smaller than the band-gap shift and, therefore, for the smallest QDs, the threshold approaches 2.35 ${E}_{g}$, which is close to the theoretical energy conservation limit of twice the band gap. We also show that the carrier-multiplication energy efficiency increases with decreasing QD size. By comparing to theoretical models, our results suggest that impact ionization is sufficient to explain carrier multiplication in QDs.
Multicast instant channel change in IPTV systems (2008)

IPTV delivers television content over an IP infrastructure with the potential to enrich the viewing experience of users by integrating data applications with video delivery. From an engineering perspective, IPTV places both significant steady state and transient demands on network bandwidth. Typical IPTV streaming techniques incur delays to fill the play-out buffer. But, when viewers switch or surf channels, it is important to minimize this user-perceived latency. Traditional Instant Channel Change (ICC) techniques reduce this latency by having a separate unicast assist channel for every user changing channels. Instead, we propose a multicast-based approach using a secondary ldquochannel change streamrdquo in association with the multicast of the regular quality stream for the channel requested. During channel change events, the user does a multicast join to this new stream and experiences smaller display latency. In the background, the play-out buffer of the new full-quality multicast stream is filled. Then, the transition to the new channel is complete. We show that this approach has several performance benefits including lower bandwidth consumption even during flash crowds of channel changes, lower display latency (50% lower), and lower variability of network & server load. The tradeoff is a lower quality video during the play-out buffering period of a few seconds. Our results are based upon both synthetic channel change arrival patterns as well as traces collected from an operational IPTV environment.
Vulnerable Road Users Safety in Infrastructure Assisted Intelligent Transportation System (2021)

About 20–50 million people are involved in road accidents every year caused by human errors, with more than 500,000 of the victims being low-mobility, high-physical-impact-prone users of the road such as pedestrians, cyclists, motorbikes, scooter, and the likes. Such road users are called vulnerable road users (VRUs). Taking VRU awareness message (VAM) for assessment of the potential collision risk, we argue that the state-of-the-art metric, time-to-collision, is insufficient for accurate collision risk analysis and collision avoidance. A new metric, minimum safe distance, is proposed for realistic collision risk analysis based on VAM exchange to enhance VRU safety. Results show feasibility of pre-emptive triggering of collision warning at approaching vehicle thus enhancing VRU safety. Furthermore, VRU cluster formation and management schemes are proposed for high density VRU s to achieve at least one order of magnitude reduction in VAM messaging overhead.
Characterisation Of Avalanche Photodiodes For LIDAR Atmospheric Return Signal Detectors (1988)

NASA Langley Research Center has initiated several programs to develop space flight and aircraft LIDAR instruments. These instruments will be used for scientific investigation of aerosols and trace gas constituents in the troposphere and stratosphere. Extensive analysis shows that avalanche photodiodes have definite advantages over photomultiplier tubes for given laser wavelengths and return signal amplitudes. For this class of signal returns, avalanche photodiodes have improved quantum efficiency, signal to noise ratio, linearity and overload recovery. These features help minimize the systematic errors caused by the detector. Laboratory measurements of the avalanche photodiodes were conducted to collect data for system performance analysis. This data was used to maximize system signal to noise ratios, and provided electronic and other useful design parameters. Tests were conducted on approximately ten avalanche photodiodes to characterize noise, dark currents, overload, and gain versus bias relationships. This paper presents the results and conclusions of the above analysis.
Transcutaneous Flexible Sensor forIn VivoPhotonic Detection of pH and Lactate (2022)

Clinical research shows that frequent measurements of both pH and lactate can help guide therapy and improve patient outcome. However, current methods of sampling blood pH and lactate make it impractical to take readings frequently (due to the heightened risk of blood infection and anemia). As a solution, we have engineered a subcutaneous pH and lactate sensor (PALS) that can provide continuous, physiologically relevant measurements. To measure pH, a sheet containing a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye is placed over 400 and 465 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a filter-coated photodetector. The filter-coated photodetector collects an emitted signal from the dye for each LED excitation, and the ratio of the emitted signals is used to monitor pH. To measure lactate, two sensing sheets comprising an oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent dye are each mounted to a 625 nm LED. One sheet additionally comprises the enzyme lactate oxidase. The LEDs are sequentially modulated to excite the sensing sheets, and their phase shift at the LED drive frequency is used to monitor lactate. <i>In vitro</i> results indicate that PALS successfully records pH changes from 6.92 to 7.70, allowing for discrimination between acidosis and alkalosis, and can track lactate levels up to 9 mM. Both sensing strategies exhibit fast rise times (< 5 min) and stable measurements. Multianalyte <i>in vitro</i> models of physiological disorders show that the sensor measurements consistently quantify the expected pathophysiological trends without cross talk; <i>in vivo</i> rabbit testing further indicates usefulness in the clinical setting.
Electrochemical Characteristics of Nanosized Cu, Ni, and Zn Cobaltite Spinel Materials (2022)

For a long time, transition metal oxide systems have been considered well explored materials in heterogeneous catalysis. Amongst, the spinel-type oxides, materials such as cobaltites (Co3O4) received significant attention, owing to their use in many industrial applications. In the present study, nanosized Cu, Ni, and Zn cobaltite spinel oxides were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Physicochemical characterization of the synthesized materials was performed utilizing XRD, HRTEM, CO2-TPD, and XPS techniques. The textural characteristics (BET-surface area, pore size, etc.) of samples were determined from N2 physisorption measurements at −196 °C. The CO2-electrocatalytic reduction was selected as a model reaction to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the synthesized spinel cobaltites. For Ni, Cu, and Zn spinel materials, hydrogen was produced as the main product at the whole potential, along with other products, such as CO and HCOOH. Despite the advantages, the catalytic electrochemical CO2 reduction performance of spinel cobaltite catalysts is still far from adequate, which is principally ascribed to the low number of active sites combined with poor electrical conductivity.
Geometry-Aware Network for Non-rigid Shape Prediction from a Single View (2018)

We propose a method for predicting the 3D shape of a deformable surface from a single view. By contrast with previous approaches, we do not need a pre-registered template of the surface, and our method is robust to the lack of texture and partial occlusions. At the core of our approach is a geometry-aware deep architecture that tackles the problem as usually done in analytic solutions: first perform 2D detection of the mesh and then estimate a 3D shape that is geometrically consistent with the image. We train this architecture in an end-to-end manner using a large dataset of synthetic renderings of shapes under different levels of deformation, material properties, textures and lighting conditions. We evaluate our approach on a test split of this dataset and available real benchmarks, consistently improving state-of-the-art solutions with a significantly lower computational time.
Moire interferometry formulas for hard x-ray wavefront sensing (2004)

We derive mathematical relations for hard X-ray moire wavefront analysis with a grating interferometer. In particular, the first derivative of the wavefront phase profile and the local radius of curvature of the wavefront are related to the position and inclination of the observed moiré fringes.
E-MiLi (2011)

WiFi interface is known to be a primary energy consumer in mobile devices, and idle listening (IL) is the dominant source of energy consumption in WiFi. Most existing protocols, such as the 802.11 power-saving mode (PSM), attempt to reduce the time spent in IL by sleep scheduling. However, through an extensive analysis of real-world traffic, we found more than 60% of energy is consumed in IL, even with PSM enabled. To remedy this problem, we propose E-MiLi (Energy-Minimizing idle Listening) that reduces the power consumption in IL, given that the time spent in IL has already been optimized by sleep scheduling. Observing that radio power consumption decreases proportionally to its clock-rate, E-MiLi adaptively downclocks the radio during IL, and reverts to full clock-rate when an incoming packet is detected or a packet has to be transmitted. E-MiLi incorporates sampling rate invariant detection, ensuring accurate packet detection and address filtering even when the receiver's sampling clock-rate is much lower than the signal bandwidth. Further, it employs an opportunistic downclocking mechanism to optimize the efficiency of switching clock-rate, based on a simple interface to existing MAC-layer scheduling protocols. We have implemented E-MiLi on the USRP software radio platform. Our experimental evaluation shows that E-MiLi can detect packets with close to 100% accuracy even with downclocking by a factor of 16. When integrated with 802.11, E-MiLi can reduce energy consumption by around 44% for 92% of users in real-world wireless networks.
Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Arthritis (1998)

Arthritis of the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint is a common disorder that affects shoewear, ambulation, and other activities of daily living. Etiologies include degenerative arthritis (hallux rigidus), crystal induced arthropathy (gout, pseudogout), rheumatoid arthritis, the seronegative spondyloathropathies, posttraumatic degeneration, and advanced hallux valgus. Accurate diagnosis and selection of the appropriate intervention depends on recognition of pertinent clinical and radiographic features. This study presents a synopsis of the senior author's (LCS) experience with 439 surgically treated patients with hallux metatarsophalangeal arthritis, focusing on origin and treatment.