gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Approach for Dynamic Information Flow Tracking Games for Advanced Persistent Threats. (2020)

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy attacks that threaten the security and privacy of sensitive information. Interactions of APTs with victim system introduce information flows that are recorded in the system logs. Dynamic Information Flow Tracking (DIFT) is a promising detection mechanism for detecting APTs. DIFT taints information flows originating at system entities that are susceptible to an attack, tracks the propagation of the tainted flows, and authenticates the tainted flows at certain system components according to a pre-defined security policy. Deployment of DIFT to defend against APTs in cyber systems is limited by the heavy resource and performance overhead associated with DIFT. In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient model for DIFT by incorporating the security costs, false-positives, and false-negatives associated with DIFT. Specifically, we develop a game-theoretic framework and provide an analytical model of DIFT that enables the study of trade-off between resource efficiency and the effectiveness of detection. Our game model is a nonzero-sum, infinite-horizon, average reward stochastic game. Our model incorporates the information asymmetry between players that arises from DIFT's inability to distinguish malicious flows from benign flows and APT's inability to know the locations where DIFT performs a security analysis. Additionally, the game has incomplete information as the transition probabilities (false-positive and false-negative rates) are unknown. We propose a multiple-time scale stochastic approximation algorithm to learn an equilibrium solution of the game. We prove that our algorithm converges to an average reward Nash equilibrium. We evaluate our proposed model and algorithm on a real-world ransomware dataset and validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A New Perceptual Quality Measure for Bit-Rate Reduced Audio (1996)

Introduction Perceptual audio coding algorithms perform a drastic irrelevancy reduction in order to achieve a high coding gain. Signal components that are assumed to be unperceivable are not transmitted and the coding noise is spectrally shaped according to the masking threshold of the audio signal. Simple quality measures (e.g. signal to noise ratio, harmonic distortions), which can not separate these inaudible artefacts from audible errors, can not be used to assess the performance of such coders. Since subjective listening tests are very time consuming and expensive, there is a strong demand for new measurement systems that are capable to estimate the perceived audio quality of such perceptual coders. Those perceptual measurement methods detect and assess audible artefacts by comparing the output of the codec with the uncoded reference. Most of the known approaches are based on perceptual models for steady state signals. In order to limit computational complexity, they use
Impact of Isoniazid Resistance-Conferring Mutations on the Clinical Presentation of Isoniazid Monoresistant Tuberculosis (2012)

These data suggest that INH resistance-conferring mutations do not impact the clinical presentation of TB.
Channel synthesized modulation employing singular vector for secured access on physical layer (2004)

This paper proposes the channel synthesized modulation (CSM) employing singular vector. The channel synthesized modulation is designed to decompose the modulation waveform to n transmitting signals according to the channel parameter between transmitter and receiver. Since the singular value decomposition (SVD) produces singular vectors as characteristics of matrix, these are suitable parameters for the channel synthesized modulation to decompose. And these parameters also enable establishment of secured access easily. This paper describes the principle of the channel synthesized modulation and SVD analysis, and introduces secured access employing the singular vectors with the channel synthesized modulation, and then shows its performance.
Modeling and Synthesis of Facial Motion Driven by Speech - eScholarship (2004)

We introduce a novel approach to modeling the dynamics of human facial motion induced by the action of speech for the purpose of synthesis. We represent the trajectories of a number of salient features on the human face as the output of a dynamical system made up of two subsystems, one driven by the deterministic speech input, and a second driven by an unknown stochastic input. Inference of the model (learning) is performed automatically and involves an extension of independent component analysis to time-depentend data. Using a shapetexture decompositional representation for the face, we generate facial image sequences reconstructed from synthesized feature point positions.
Honokiol and magnolol stimulate glucose uptake by activating PI3K‐dependent Akt in L6 myotubes (2012)

Honokiol and magnolol, ingredients of Magnolia officinalis, which is used in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines, have been reported to have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiangiogenic effects. Effects of these compounds on glucose metabolism in adipocytes have also been reported. However, their effects on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we investigated the direct effects and signaling pathways activated by honokiol and magnolol in skeletal muscle cells using L6 myotubes. We found that honokiol and magnolol dose-dependently acutely stimulated glucose uptake without synergistic effects of combined administration in L6 myotubes. Treatment with honokiol and magnolol also stimulated glucose transporter-4 translocation to the cell surface. Honokiol- and magnolol-stimulated glucose uptake was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. Both honokiol and magnolol stimulated Akt phosphorylation, a key element in the insulin signaling pathway, which was completely inhibited by wortmannin. These results suggest that honokiol and magnolol might have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism by activating the insulin signaling pathway.
Site-Specific and On-Demand High Heat-Flux Cooling Using Superlattice Based Thin-Film Thermoelectrics (2009)

We have recently reported the first ever demonstration of active cooling of hot-spots of &amp;gt;1 kW/cm2 in a packaged electronic chip using thin-film superlattice thermoelectric cooler (TEC) cooling technology [1]. In this paper, we provide a detailed account of both experimental and theoretical aspects of this technological demonstration and progress. We have achieved cooling of as much as 15°C at a location on the chip where the heat-flux is as high as ∼1300 W/cm2, with the help of a thin-film TEC integrated into the package. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of high heat-flux cooling with a thin-film thermoelectric device made from superlattices when it is fully integrated into a usable electronic package. Our results, which validate the concept of site-specific micro-scale cooling of electronics in general, will have significant potential for thermal management of future generations of microprocessors. Similar active thermal management could also be relevant for high-performance solid-state lasers and power electronic chips.
Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Pretreatment evaluation of the patient Goals of treatment Treatment indications and algorithm and specific treatment approaches Conclusion References
Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression (2022)

Results of this long-term epidemiologic follow-up study of the AREDS2 cohort suggest that lutein/zeaxanthin was an appropriate replacement for beta carotene in AREDS2 supplements. Beta carotene usage nearly doubled the risk of lung cancer, whereas there was no statistically significant increased risk with lutein/zeaxanthin. When compared with beta carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin had a potential beneficial association with late AMD progression.
Internet-Based Administration of Shared Instruments with Facility Online Manager (2006)

Abstract Resource sharing has become an absolute necessity for modern scientific research because of the increasing expense and complexity of instruments, and the ever changing funding paradigm which often requires sharing of major instrumentation resource across multiple disciplines. Many universities and even large companies have set up centralized facilities to serve researchers from different departments, divisions and units to minimize expenses and maximizing usage. Just in the materials research area alone, it is estimated that there are more than 500 mid-size facilities existing nationwide, as reported in 2005 by the Committee on Smaller Facilities of National Research Council. Resource sharing is also common in large research groups, between Principal Investigators, as well as in corporate/industrial laboratories.
2-Azido-2-deoxy-3,4-O-isopropylidene-2-C-methyl-D-talono-1,5-lactone (2010)

The relative stereochemistry of the title compound, C(10)H(15)N(3)O(5), was confirmed by the crystal structure determin-ation. The absolute configuration was determined from the use of d-lyxonolactone as the starting material. The six-membered ring adopts a boat conformation with the larger azide group, rather than the methyl group, in the bowsprit position. In the crystal structure, a bifurcated inter-molecular O-H⋯O/O-H⋯N hydrogen bond links mol-ecules into chains running parallel to the b axis.
Monoclonal antibodies to Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Bacteroides fragilis were produced by immunizing mice before hybridization with bacterial outer membranes solubilized with Triton X-100. Nineteen stabile clones were established. They all produced antibodies that reacted more strongly with purified B. fragilis LPS than with crude sonicated antigen in an enzyme immunoassay. Four MoAbs were studied by immunoblotting and enzyme immunoassay inhibition. Immunoblotting confirmed that the target of the MoAbs was LPS. Marked and homogeneous staining occurred in the immunoblotting with both purified LPS and outer membranes in the molecular weight range of 8,000 to 27,000. In enzyme immunoassay inhibition, MoAbs reacted positively with 93 to 96% of B. fragilis strains, including prototype strains ATCC 23745 and NCTC 9343. Within the B. fragilis group, the MoAbs reacted positively with two of five B. ovatus strains and two to six of nine B. thetaiotaomicron strains. No marked cross-reactivity with other bacteria was observed. These results confirm earlier findings that the B. fragilis LPS contains an immunodominant antigenic determinant common to almost all B. fragilis isolates.
Synthetic quorum-sensing circuit to control consortial biofilm formation and dispersal in a microfluidic device (2012)

To utilize biofilms for chemical transformations in biorefineries they need to be controlled and replaced. Previously, we engineered the global regulator Hha and cyclic diguanylate-binding BdcA to create proteins that enable biofilm dispersal. Here we report a biofilm circuit that utilizes these two dispersal proteins along with a population-driven quorum-sensing switch. With this synthetic circuit, in a novel microfluidic device, we form an initial colonizer biofilm, introduce a second cell type (dispersers) into this existing biofilm, form a robust dual-species biofilm and displace the initial colonizer cells in the biofilm with an extracellular signal from the disperser cells. We also remove the disperser biofilm with a chemically induced switch, and the consortial population could tune. Therefore, for the first time, cells have been engineered that are able to displace an existing biofilm and then be removed on command allowing one to control consortial biofilm formation for various applications.
Preparation of block copolymers from occluded vinyl acetate macroradicals (1976)

Abstract Stable vinyl acetate macroradicals were produced by polymerization in a nonviscous poor solvent, a viscous good solvent and a viscous poor solvent. These macroradicals were then allowed to react with a second vinyl monomer to produce block copolymers. The formation of block copolymers was monitored for rate and yield data. The block copolymers produced were poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐acrylic acid), poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐vinylpyrrolidone), poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐acrylonitrile), poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐styrene), and poly(vinyl acetate‐ b ‐methyl acrylate). The block copolymers were characterized by yield, precipitation in selected solvents, pyrolysis gas chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry.
Training-Free Uncertainty Estimation for Dense Regression: Sensitivity as a Surrogate (2022)

Uncertainty estimation is an essential step in the evaluation of the robustness for deep learning models in computer vision, especially when applied in risk-sensitive areas. However, most state-of-the-art deep learning models either fail to obtain uncertainty estimation or need significant modification (e.g., formulating a proper Bayesian treatment) to obtain it. Most previous methods are not able to take an arbitrary model off the shelf and generate uncertainty estimation without retraining or redesigning it. To address this gap, we perform a systematic exploration into training-free uncertainty estimation for dense regression, an unrecognized yet important problem, and provide a theoretical construction justifying such estimations. We propose three simple and scalable methods to analyze the variance of outputs from a trained network under tolerable perturbations: infer-transformation, infer-noise, and infer-dropout. They operate solely during the inference, without the need to re-train, re-design, or fine-tune the models, as typically required by state-of-the-art uncertainty estimation methods. Surprisingly, even without involving such perturbations in training, our methods produce comparable or even better uncertainty estimation when compared to training-required state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/lumi9587/train-free-uncertainty.
Content-based image-retrieval system in chest computed tomography for a solitary pulmonary nodule: method and preliminary experiments (2012)

These results suggest that, despite some differences in the search results among the users, this system has been confirmed that it can improve the accuracy of diagnosis as it displays similar cases at high probability. In addition, with the use of this system, past cases and their reports can be effectively referred to. Therefore, this diagnostic-assistant system has the potential to improve the efficiency of the CT image-reading workflow.
"Improvised" Barite Sag Analysis for Better Drilling-Fluid Planning in Extreme Drilling Environments (2014)

Drilling fluids often require an optimized design to meet well-control challenges. Barite or weight-material sag is one such challenge in need of better tests/analysis. This paper focuses on a sag testing device, a dynamic high angle sag tester, and its modified application for analysing sag in drilling fluids. The paper is a continuation of previous work 1 . The sag testing device was used to measure the “dynamic” barite settling rate (mm/hr) under high-temperature (320°F) and pressure conditions at various shear rates. Contrary to standard test protocols employing an “ascending” shear rate sequence, this paper discusses the application of various modified shear rate sequences on the sag testing device to measure the dynamic sag rate of drilling-fluid samples. Sag rates measured at each particular shear rate from different shear rate sequences, including the ascending and descending sequences, were then compared. The observation from these modified tests—about the sag rate dependence on the fluid’s shear history—was helpful in correlating test results to the observed sag behaviour in the field. The sag rate information from the modified test protocol was also found to be responsive to changes in fluid formulations and aided in designing “low-sag” fluids. Along with conventional sag testing, rheological measurements, and operational practices, the improvised protocols employed on the sag testing device become powerful tools for designing “low-sag” fluids and understanding sag occurrence in the field. This type of comprehensive sag analysis could help stabilize drilling fluids in extreme high-pressure/hightemperature (HP/HT), harsher, deeper environments.
Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009)

The degree of confidence in a decision provides a graded and probabilistic assessment of expected outcome. Although neural mechanisms of perceptual decisions have been studied extensively in primates, little is known about the mechanisms underlying choice certainty. We have shown that the same neurons that represent formation of a decision encode certainty about the decision. Rhesus monkeys made decisions about the direction of moving random dots, spanning a range of difficulties. They were rewarded for correct decisions. On some trials, after viewing the stimulus, the monkeys could opt out of the direction decision for a small but certain reward. Monkeys exercised this option in a manner that revealed their degree of certainty. Neurons in parietal cortex represented formation of the direction decision and the degree of certainty underlying the decision to opt out.
Supramolecular multicomponent BTA polymers as a modular platform for intracellular delivery (2016)

Supramolecular polymers are an emerging family of nanosized structures with potential use in materials chemistry and medicine. Surprisingly, application of supramolecular polymers in the field of drug delivery has received only limited attention. Here, we explore the potential of pegylated 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxamide (BTA) supramolecular polymers for intracellular delivery. Exploiting the unique modular approach of supramolecular chemistry, we are able to co-assemble neutral and cationic BTAs and to control the overall properties of the polymer by simple monomer mixing. Moreover, this platform offers a versatile approach towards functionalization. The inner part can be efficiently loaded with a hydrophobic guest molecule while the exterior can be electrostatically complexed with siRNA. It is demonstrated that both compounds can be delivered in living cells, and that they can be combined to enable a dual delivery strategy. These results show the advantages of employing a modular system and pave the way for the application of supramolecular polymers in intracellular delivery.
Assessment of JC virus DNA in blood and urine from natalizumab‐treated patients (2010)

Measuring JCV DNA in blood or urine with currently available methods is unlikely to be useful for predicting PML risk in natalizumab-treated MS patients.
Effect of reverberation on instrumental vibrato tones (2015)

Musical vibrato is the process by which a performer subtly varies the frequency and amplitude of a note for expressive effect. Previous work has suggested that the vibrato modulation may not be uniform across all overtones, causing the individual frequency trajectories to become decorrelated. In this study, we investigate the effect of reverberation on instrumental tones performed with vibrato. This is accomplished by performing a detailed time-frequency analysis to extract the instantaneous frequencies of many overtones. In order to accurately track the low amplitudes of the upper harmonics, we present an algorithm tailored for optimal tracking in as little as 10 dB SNR. For tones recorded in an anechoic environment, the instantaneous frequency modulations of all the overtones are found to be highly correlated. However, tones recorded in a reverberant space, as well as anechoic recordings processed with a synthetic reverberation are found to have significantly lower correlations between the overtones. In addition to providing insight into musical timbre variations, these results could be useful for characterization of acoustic transfer functions or applications where overtone correlation is assumed, such as audio source separation.
Urokinase- and tissue-type plasminogen activators are suppressed by cortisol in the involuting prostate of castrated rats (1990)

The effects of cortisol on the inhibition of cell-death processes and suppression of plasminogen-activator (PA) activity during involution of the rat ventral prostate gland were investigated to determine the principal type of PA activated by castration and inhibited by this hormone and whether the mechanism responsible for decreased PA activity involved reductions in enzyme synthesis or increased activity of a PA inhibitor. By using the technique of fibrin-agarose zymography, three bands of PA activity were detected at 4 and 7 days after castration: a major band with a molecular mass of approx. 30 kDa and two minor bands of 48 kDa and 64 kDa. Both the 30 kDa and 48 kDa activities were inhibited with anti-[urokinase-type PA (u-PA)] IgG. The 64 kDa activity was inhibited by anti-[tissue-type PA (t-PA)] IgG. In addition to retarding prostatic involution, daily administration of cortisol to the castrated animals suppressed all three bands of PA activity. A comparison of the pattern of total PA activity and of e.l.i.s.a. estimates of u-PA concentration during the castration-induced rise and after cortisol inhibition indicated a near perfect correlation between the two parameters. Northern-blot analysis using prostatic polyadenylated RNA revealed that the level of u-PA mRNA was highest at 4 and 7 days after castration and that cortisol treatment repressed u-PA mRNA to a level similar to that in non-castrated controls. Neither Northern hybridizations nor reverse zymography detected RNA transcripts or activity corresponding to the PA inhibitor PAI-1 in any of the prostate samples. Western-blot analysis revealed that, although the amount of arginine esterase A, another prostatic proteinase, also increased after castration, the rise in concentration of this protein was not blocked by glucocorticoid administration. Together our findings indicate the following: (1) the predominant form of PA activity induced in the prostate after castration and inhibited by cortisol is a 30 kDa form of u-PA. Although less prominent, t-PA and a 48 kDa form of u-PA follow a similar pattern of induction and inhibition; (2) changes in u-PA activity in response to castration and cortisol treatment are due to alterations in the level of u-PA mRNA and protein rather than in the activity of PAI-1; (3) not all castration-induced proteinases in the prostate are inhibited by cortisol.
Troubleshooting wireless mesh networks (2006)

Effective network troubleshooting is critical for maintaining efficient and reliable network operation. Troubleshooting is especially challenging in multi-hop wireless networks because the behavior of such networks depends on complicated interactions between many factors such as RF noise, signal propagation, node interference, and traffic flows. In this paper we propose a new direction for research on fault diagnosis in wireless mesh networks. Specifically, we present a diagnostic system that employs trace-driven simulations to detect faults and perform root cause analysis. We apply this approach to diagnose performance problems caused by packet dropping, link congestion, external noise, and MAC misbehavior. In a 25 node mesh network, we are able to diagnose over 10 simultaneous faults of multiple types with more than 80% coverage.