gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement, modeling, and synthesis of time-varying appearance of natural phenomena (2010)

Many natural phenomena evolve over time — often coupled with a change in their reflectance and geometry — and give rise to dramatic effects in their visual appearance. In computer graphics, such time-varying appearance phenomena are critical for synthesizing photo-realistic images. In computer vision, understanding the formation of time-varying appearance is important for image enhancement and photometric-based reconstruction. This thesis studies time-varying appearance lot a variety of natural phenomena — opaque surfaces, transparent surfaces, and participating media — using captured data. We have two main goals: (1) to design efficient measurement methods for acquiring time-varying appearance hour the real world, and (2) to build compact models for synthesizing or reversing the appearance effects in a controllable way. 
We started with time-varying appearance for opaque surfaces. Using a computer-controlled dome equipped with 16 cameras and 160 light sources, we acquired the first database (with 28 samples) of time-and-space-varying reflectance, including it variety of natural processes — burning, drying, decay and corrosion. We also proposed a space time appearance factorization model which disassembles the high-dimensional appearance phenomena into components that can be independently modified and controlled for rendering. 
We then focused on time-varying appearance of transparent objects. Real-world transparent objects are seldom clean — over time their surfaces will gradually be covered by a variety of contaminants, which produce the weathered appearance that is essential for photorealism. We derived a physically-based analytic reflectance model for recreating the weathered appearance in real time, and developed single-image based methods to measure contaminant texture patterns from real samples. 
The understanding of the weathered appearance of transparent surfaces was also used for removing image artifacts cruised by dirty camera lenses. By incorporating priors on natural images, we developed two fully-automatic methods to remove the attenuation and scattering artifacts caused by dirty camera lenses. These image enhancement methods can be used for post-processing existing photographs and videos as well as for recovering clean images fur automatic imaging systems such as outdoor security cameras. 
Finally, we studied time-varying appearance of volumetric phenomena, such as smoke and liquid. For generating realistic animations of such phenomena, it is critical to obtain the time-varying volume densities, which requires either intensive modeling or extremely high speed cameras and projectors. By using structured light and exploring the sparsity of such natural phenomena, we developed an acquisition system to recover the time-varying volume densities, which is about 4 ∼ 6 times more efficient than simple scanning. From the perspective of computer vision, our method provides a way to extend the applicable domain of structured light methods from 2D opaque surfaces to 3D volumes.
Mercury: user centric device and service processing. (2012)

Mobile devices are everywhere. In our personal environment we own and utilize a heterogeneous infrastructure of simple sensors, actuators and services. While there are compelling scenarios how users could benefit from an integration of all these devices into one coherent system [GT09] and while it is possible to realize dedicated scenarios with
Impact of spatial audiovisual coherence on source unmasking (2016)

The influence of the spatial audiovisual coherence is evaluated in the context of a video recording of live music. In this context, audio engineers currently balance the audio spectrum to unmask each music instrument making it intelligible inside the stereo mix. In contrast, sound engineers using spatial audio technologies have reported that sound source equalization is unnecessary in live music mixing when the sound sources are played at the same location of the physical instruments. The effects of spatial audiovisual coherence and sound spatialization have been assessed: expert subjects were asked to compare two mixes in audio only and in audiovisual mode. For this aim, music concerts were visually projected and audio rendered using Wave Field Synthesis (WFS). Three sound engineers did the audio mixing for all pieces of music in the same room where the tests were carried out.
Minimum sum-MSE Design for distributed multi-relay aided multi-user MIMO network (2011)

This paper proposes an determination algorithm of amplify-and-forward (AF) relay precoders and user receivers to minimize sum mean-squared-error (SMSE) for multi-relay aided multi-user (MRAMU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network. This algorithm is advantageous in that it can be executed with only local channel state information (CSI) at relays, meaning that a relay is aware of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> hop CSI of only the channel from itself to all users. Block diagonalization (BD) precoder at base station (BS) can make it unnecessary that 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> hop CSI should be shared among relays. Given fixed BD precoder at BS, relay precoders and user receivers are designed as solution of optimization problem. We attempt to achieve suboptimal structures of relay precoders and user receivers based on sequential iteration and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) theorem. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm provides the reduced SMSE compared to conventional simple AF (SAF) and minimum mean-squared-error (MMSE) relaying.
Supplementary Figure 4 from αvβ6 Integrin Promotes Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer through JNK1-Mediated Activation of Androgen Receptor (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Full-size scans of PSA and androgen receptor immunoblots shown in Figure 4.&lt;/p&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Methods to Prepare Cryptands and Crowns Containing Reactive Functional Groups (1990)

Abstract (i.e.
Measurement of the production cross section for a W boson and two b jets in pp collisions at s=7 TeV (2014)

The production cross section for a W boson and two b jets is measured using proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV in a data sample collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb -1 . The W + bb events are selected in the W decay mode by requiring a muon with transverse momentum p T > 25 GeV and pseudorapidity || < 2.1, and exactly two b-tagged jets with p T > 25 GeV and || < 2.4. The measured W + bb production cross section in the fiducial region, calculated at the level of final-state particles, is (pp W + bb) B(W ) = 0.53 0.05 (stat.) 0.09 (syst.) 0.06 (theo.) 0.01 (lum.) pb, in agreement with the standard model prediction. In addition, kinematic distributions of the W + bb system are in agreement with the predictions of a simulation using MadGraph and pythia.
RAND Review: Vol. 35, No. 1, Spring 2011 (2011)

Stories discuss gays in the military, police recruitment, home health care, breast cancer, health insurance exchanges, alternative fuels, refinery taxes, alcohol prices, outer space debris, mental illness, diplomatic trends, and health care costs.
Transcriptional bursts and heterogeneity among cardiomyocytes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2022)

Transcriptional bursting is a common expression mode for most genes where independent transcription of alleles leads to different ratios of allelic mRNA from cell to cell. Here we investigated burst-like transcription and its consequences in cardiac tissue from Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with heterozygous mutations in the sarcomeric proteins cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C, MYBPC3 ) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI, TNNI3 ). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) we found that both, MYBPC3 and TNNI3 are transcribed burst-like. Along with that, we show unequal allelic ratios of TNNI3 -mRNA among single cardiomyocytes and unequally distributed wildtype cMyBP-C protein across tissue sections from heterozygous HCM-patients. The mutations led to opposing functional alterations, namely increasing (cMyBP-C c.927−2A&amp;gt;G ) or decreasing (cTnI R145W ) calcium sensitivity. Regardless, all patients revealed highly variable calcium-dependent force generation between individual cardiomyocytes, indicating contractile imbalance, which appears widespread in HCM-patients. Altogether, we provide strong evidence that burst-like transcription of sarcomeric genes can lead to an allelic mosaic among neighboring cardiomyocytes at mRNA and protein level. In HCM-patients, this presumably induces the observed contractile imbalance among individual cardiomyocytes and promotes HCM-development.
Exploiting the Directional Features in MPEG-2 for H.264 Intra Transcoding (2006)

This paper presents an MPEG-2 to H.264 intra frame video transcoder. The DCT coefficients gathered from the MPEG-2 process are used to estimate the directional features in a picture. The estimated directional features are then used to compute the intra prediction modes in the H.264 encoding stage. The INTRA 16/spl times/16 vs. INTRA4/spl times/4 MB coding mode decision is made based on the variance of the DC coefficients of the 8/spl times/8 DCT blocks in the input MPEG-2 video. The proposed approach completely avoids the MB mode and prediction mode computations in the H.264 encoding stage, there by reducing the transcoder complexity substantially. The results show that our approach results in over 30% drop in the intra frame encoding time with a negligible drop in PSNR. A comparison with a cascaded reference transcoder is presented.
Causal Inference in the Presence of Interference in Sponsored Search Advertising (2022)

In classical causal inference, inferring cause-effect relations from data relies on the assumption that units are independent and identically distributed. This assumption is violated in settings where units are related through a network of dependencies. An example of such a setting is ad placement in sponsored search advertising, where the likelihood of a user clicking on a particular ad is potentially influenced by where it is placed and where other ads are placed on the search result page. In such scenarios, confounding arises due to not only the individual ad-level covariates but also the placements and covariates of other ads in the system. In this paper, we leverage the language of causal inference in the presence of interference to model interactions among the ads. Quantification of such interactions allows us to better understand the click behavior of users, which in turn impacts the revenue of the host search engine and enhances user satisfaction. We illustrate the utility of our formalization through experiments carried out on the ad placement system of the Bing search engine.
Remote Detection of Earth’s Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with a Robust Induction Magnetometer (2020)

Performing NMR experiments using the Earth's magnetic field, which would require a robust, low-cost, ultrasensitive induction magnetometer, could enable many remote-sensing applications in geological science. Here implementation of active flux feedback flattens the frequency response of the receiver without compromising the signal-to-noise ratio, permitting detection at frequencies above the self-resonance of the coil. This overcomes the key limitation on the density of windings and thus on intrinsic coil sensitivity. Probe dead times of a few milliseconds at 2 kHz allow the quantification of freely movable fluids in porous rock, which is critical for evaluating subsurface formations.
Development of miltefosine as an oral treatment for leishmaniasis (2006)

Miltefosine was originally formulated and registered as a topical treatment for cutaneous cancers. For this indication and in subsequent development for leishmaniasis, a large body of non-clinical data has been generated. The gastrointestinal organ is the main site of toxicity, in both animal and in human studies. The testis and retina were identified as target organs in rats, although corresponding changes were not observed in clinical studies in humans. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the terminal elimination half-life is long (84h and 159h in rats and dogs respectively). Miltefosine is widely distributed in body organs and not metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. The drug is embryotoxic and fetotoxic in rats and rabbits, and teratogenic in rats but not in rabbits. It is therefore contraindicated for use during pregnancy, and contraception is required beyond the end of treatment in women of child-bearing age.
Peptides mimicking the flap of human renin: synthesis, conformation, and antibody recognition (1988)

Four peptides related to human renin flap region have been synthesized. Two of them are ring closed through appropriately designed disulfide bridges. Structure analysis involving IR and NMR techniques and recognition by polyclonal human renin antibodies provides support for a beta-hairpin secondary structure of the cyclized peptides identical with that presented by the flap section in the speculative human renin model [Blundell, T., Sibanda, B. L., & Pearl, L. (1983) Nature (London) 304, 273-275; Sibanda, B. L., Blundell, T., Hobart, P. M., Fogliano, M., Bindra, J. S., Dominy, B. W., & Chirgwin, J. M. (1984) FEBS Lett. 174, 102-111].
Knowledge Distillation in Document Retrieval (2019)

Complex deep learning models now achieve state of the art performance for many document retrieval tasks. The best models process the query or claim jointly with the document. However for fast scalable search it is desirable to have document embeddings which are independent of the claim. In this paper we show that knowledge distillation can be used to encourage a model that generates claim independent document encodings to mimic the behavior of a more complex model which generates claim dependent encodings. We explore this approach in document retrieval for a fact extraction and verification task. We show that by using the soft labels from a complex cross attention teacher model, the performance of claim independent student LSTM or CNN models is improved across all the ranking metrics. The student models we use are 12x faster in runtime and 20x smaller in number of parameters than the teacher
Introduction (2021)

This introductory chapter provides a definition of DMPs and identifies their core design features. The role of DMPs is situated in relation to the broader project of deliberative democratisation to make a measured case about the role of these processes in shaping the course of collective decision-making. To avoid accusations of participatory elitism, the chapter argues that DMPs are not the only tool citizens use to promote deliberative norms or institutions of democracy. Deliberative democracy can only flourish in broader transformations in political parties, media systems and political economy.
Hybrid shearing and phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (2023)

A new interferometry configuration combines the strengths of two existing interferometry methods, improving the quality and extending the dynamic range of both. On the same patterned mask, placed near the image-plane of an optical system under test, patterns for phase-shifting point diffraction interferometry and lateral shearing interferometry coexist. The former giving verifiable high accuracy for the measurement of nearly diffraction-limited optical systems. The latter enabling the measurement of optical systems with more than one wave of aberration in the system wavefront. The interferometry configuration is a hybrid shearing and point diffraction interferometer system for testing an optical element that is positioned along an optical path including: a source of electromagnetic energy in the optical path; a first beam splitter that is secured to a device that includes means for maneuvering the first beam splitter in a first position wherein the first beam splitter is in the optical path dividing light from the source into a reference beam and a test beam and in a second position wherein the first beam splitter is outside the optical path: a hybrid mask which includes a first section that defines a test window and at least one reference pinhole and a second section that defines a second beam splitter wherein the hybrid mask is secured to a device that includes means for maneuvering either the first section or the second section into the optical path positioned in an image plane that is created by the optical element, with the proviso that the first section of the hybrid mask is positioned in the optical path when first beam splitter is positioned in the optical path; and a detector positioned after the hybrid mask along the optical path.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Inkjet Assisted Spray Cooling (2004)

Increases in microprocessor power density along with an accompanying spatial variation in power density has been well documented in recent years. These combined factors pose a severe challenge for the provisioning of cooling resources at the microprocessor level. The use of thermal inkjet technology to precisely supply coolant onto the surface of a microprocessor has the potential to address this problem in a chip-scale form factor. By providing coolant when and where it is needed on the surface of a chip or package, very high critical heat fluxes can be obtained in an energy efficient manner in a minimum of physical space. In this paper, the unique heat transfer characteristics of inkjet assisted spray cooling of a heated surface are investigated. Sprays of water are used to cool heated surfaces ranging from 281mm2 to 35mm2. Several experiments are conducted at different nozzle-to-surface distances to measure critical heat flux (CHF) at different flow rates and firing frequencies. The impact of volumetric flux variation on CHF is studied. CHF data, measured over broad range of operating conditions is correlated to volumetric flux and liquid properties. Flow visualization studies are also conducted to understand the vapor-liquid interaction at the heater surface and the intermediate region. Jet breakup length studies are carried out to understand the propagation of Rayleigh instabilities in the spray jets and, subsequent, formation of liquid drops. CHF data combined with fluid flow studies have been used to optimize the nozzle-to-surface clearance. Results obtained from these experiments are invaluable for the design of micro scale spray cooling devices for chips.
Photon Emission Microscopy of HfO2 ReRAM Cells (2021)

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the use of spontaneous photon emission microscopy (PEM) for observing filaments formed in HfO2 resistive random access memory (ReRAM) cells. The setup employs a CCD and an InGaAs camera, revealing photon emissions in both forward (set) and reverse (reset) bias conditions. Photon emission intensity is modeled using an electric-field equation and inter-filament distance and density are determined assuming a uniform spatial distribution. The paper also discusses the use of high frame rate and prolonged photon emission measurements to assess lifetime and reliability and explains how single filament fluctuations and multiple filaments in a single cell were observed for the first time.
Bis(pentafluorophenyl)carbonate (2004)

[59483-84-0] C13F10O3 (MW 394.1) InChI = 1S/C13F10O3/c14-1-3(16)7(20)11(8(21)4(1)17)25-13(24)26-12-9(22)5(18)2(15)6(19)10(12)23 InChIKey = IOVVFSGCNWQFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a carbonyl equivalent and for various coupling reactions, e.g., for azapeptides) Alternate Name: pentafluorophenyl carbonate, dipentafluorophenyl carbonate. Physical Data: mp 48–51 °C. Solubility: readily soluble in most inert organic solvents, e.g., chloroform, ethyl acetate, or methylene chloride, but may be crystallized/purified by addition of heptane to a solution in methylene chloride. Hydrolyses slowly in the presence of water. Form Supplied in: available as almost colorless non-hygroscopic crystalline compound from several suppliers. Preparative Methods: the title reagent may be prepared1 by slow addition (30 min) of a solution of phosgene (Caution!) in toluene (1 equiv) to pentafluorophenol (2 equiv) in methylene chloride/triethylamine (2 equiv) (rt, 3 h), followed by aqueous work-up and purification as above or by sublimation.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stored dry at room temperature, the compound is stable for several months, even years. Slight coloration occurs after years of storage. Being a reactive equivalent of phosgene, any contact between the reagent and the skin should be avoided. Use only in a well-ventilated hood.
Large-area optical metasurface fabrication using nanostencil lithography (2021)

We demonstrate a large-area fabrication process for optical metasurfaces utilizing reusable SiN on Si nanostencils. To improve the yield of the nanostencil fabrication, we partially etch the front-side SiN layer to transfer the metasurface pattern from the resist to the nanostencil membrane, preserving the integrity of the membrane during the subsequent potassium hydroxide etch. To enhance the reliability and resolution of metasurface fabrication using the nanostencil, we spin coat a sacrificial layer of resist to precisely determine the gap between the nanostencil and the metasurface substrate for the subsequent liftoff. 1.5 mm diameter PbTe meta-lenses on ${\rm{Ca}}{{\rm{F}}_2}$ fabricated using nanostencils show diffraction-limited focusing and focusing efficiencies of 42% for a 2 mm focal length lens and 53% for a 4 mm focal length lens. The nanostencils can also be cleaned using chemical cleaning methods for reuse.
Propagation properties of PD-induced electromagnetic wave in GIS model tank with T branch structure (2011)

The authors investigated the influence of a T-branch on propagation properties of PD-induced electromagnetic (EM) wave measured with ultra high frequency (UHF) sensors in 66 kV and 154 kV gas insulated switchgears (GIS). A low pass filtering (LPF) process for the cutoff frequency of TE11 mode was used to eliminate the higher order mode above TE11 of detected signal. The authors discussed the effects of the T-branch on the positive peak amplitude of the first wave V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> of propagating EM wave after the LPF processing. As a result, TEM mode propagates according to the traveling theory based on the distributed constant circuit with considering the characteristic impedance of the T-branch. In addition, a high pass filtering (HPF) process for the cutoff frequency of TE11 mode was used to eliminate the lower frequency component below TE11 of the detected signal. The authors discussed the effects of the T-branch on the peak to peak amplitude V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> of propagating EM wave after the HPF processing. The authors compared transmission rate THS of propagating EM wave after HPF processing through T-branch in a straight direction with that T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HR</sub> of propagating EM wave after HPF processing turning in a right angle direction at the T-branch. As a result, it was found that T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HS</sub> was larger than T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HR</sub> with the HPF processing.