gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Customized Shape-Memory Biopolymers (2016)

The technological revolution which is smart biopolymers illuminates the propensity of certain multifunctional materials - shape biopolymers - to change form and move on exposure to a stimulus, and in so doing, perform functions which furnish them with a range of capabilities. Thus, the mechanized uniqueness of these polymers is embodied not only in their macroscopic structural changes, but in their reversible shape change. There is a binary classification of shape biopolymers: shape-memory and shape-changing biopolymers. The focus of this chapter is on shape-memory biopolymers (SMBPs), which possess dual-shape competence. In terms of biomedical applications, SMBPs could have diverse applications in stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems, intelligent medical and surgical devices, tissue engineering, or implants for minimally invasive surgery. In this chapter, we firstly elaborate on the fundamental molecular mechanisms culminating in the macroscopic dynamics of shape-memory systems bringing about their pertinent action and the recovery of their original shape. Further, we highlight the diverse stimuli instigating the polymeric response such as thermal stimuli, light, magnetism, mechanical stress or moisture. In addition, we discuss the biopolymers exhibiting potential shape-memory capabilities, as well as various modifications, functionalizations and reinforcements to these to customize their biomedical applications. An expert summation of the application of these biopolymers in the design of smart delivery systems, implants and devices, as divulged through recent investigations, is presented. The chapter culminates in current and future trends in the design and application of SMBPs and their overall potential benefits.
Attention-weighted depth map rate-allocation in free-viewpoint television (2016)

We propose optimal rate-allocation, using viewer attention information among viewpoints, for depth map cameras within a free-viewpoint television broadcast system. An attention-weighted rate-allocation framework enables bit-rate, or quality, to be distributed across the multiple cameras in accordance with viewer interest, minimizing total observed distortions perceived among all viewers. Prior work has considered attention-weighted rate-allocation for texture cameras only in such systems. Depth maps, nonetheless, are a common requirement for view rendering in many systems. They may constitute a significant part of overall transmission bit-rate and they present their own distortion characteristics, different from those of texture. We model the effects of depth camera distortions upon virtual or synthesized views and propose an optimal attention-weighted rate-allocation among depth cameras. Results show significant gains in average PSNR of synthesized views and bit-rate savings of our proposal relative to the balanced rate-allocation alternative.
The cancer-testis antigens CT7 (MAGE-C1) and MAGE-A3/6 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and correlate with plasma-cell proliferation (2005)

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells. Vaccine immunotherapy is among the novel therapeutic strategies under investigation for this disease. To identify myeloma-associated antigens as potential targets for vaccine immunotherapy, we surveyed a comprehensive panel of bone marrow specimens from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma for expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that 82% of stage-III myeloma specimens expressed the CT antigen CT7 (also known as melanoma antigen C1 [MAGE-C1]) and 70% expressed MAGE-A3/6. Messenger RNA for CT7 and MAGE-A family members was detected in 87% and 100% of stage-III samples, respectively. CT7 protein expression increased with advanced stage of disease. Higher levels of CT7 and MAGE-A3/6 proteins also correlated with elevated plasma-cell proliferation. These results show that CT7 and MAGE-A3/6 are promising myeloma-associated antigens for application in vaccine immunotherapy. Furthermore, the common expression and correlation with proliferation suggest a possible pathogenic role for these proteins in myeloma.
Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of Helical Baffle Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers (2019)

Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are frequently used in several industrial applications. A model was developed using engineering equations solver software to predict the performance of various baffle configurations of shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The model is based on the Bell-Delaware method for the segmental baffle, while mathematical correlations for the helical baffle are provided for design and analysis purpose. The accuracy of the present model is validated against the experimental data available in the literature. The results showed that helical baffles offer much higher performance compared to the segmental baffled heat exchanger. It was found that the performance of the helical baffle increases with increasing baffle angle until it reaches an optimum value; it then starts to decrease at an angle of 42°.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure of the N-Terminal Domain of Nonstructural Protein 3 from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (2007)

This paper describes the structure determination of nsp3a, the N-terminal domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nonstructural protein 3. nsp3a exhibits a ubiquitin-like globular fold of residues 1 to 112 and a flexibly extended glutamic acid-rich domain of residues 113 to 183. In addition to the four beta-strands and two alpha-helices that are common to ubiquitin-like folds, the globular domain of nsp3a contains two short helices representing a feature that has not previously been observed in these proteins. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift perturbations showed that these unique structural elements are involved in interactions with single-stranded RNA. Structural similarities with proteins involved in various cell-signaling pathways indicate possible roles of nsp3a in viral infection and persistence.
MECP2 gene analysis in classical Rett syndrome and in patients with Rett-like features (2001)

An MECP2 mutation can be found in almost every patient with classical Rett syndrome. More patients need to be analyzed in order to clarify the mutation prevalence in patients with atypical Rett syndrome and in patients with mental retardation.
Protocol of the Snuggle Bug/Acurrucadito Study: a longitudinal study investigating the influences of sleep-wake patterns and gut microbiome development in infancy on rapid weight gain, an early risk factor for obesity (2021)

Repeated, valid, and objective assessment at clinically and developmentally meaningful intervals will provide robust measures of longitudinal sleep, GM, and growth. Project findings will provide evidence for future interventions to prevent RWG in infancy and subsequent obesity. The work also may spur the development of evidence-based guidelines to address modifiable factors that influence sleep-wake and GM development and prevent childhood obesity.
Identification of a Novel Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-inducible Gene, SCC-S2, Containing the Consensus Sequence of a Death Effector Domain of Fas-associated Death Domain-like Interleukin- 1β-converting Enzyme-inhibitory Protein (2000)

We report here the isolation and characterization of a novel tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-inducible gene,<i>SCC-S2</i>. Based on the nucleotide sequence, the SCC-S2 open reading frame contains a sequence in the amino terminus that shows a significant homology to death effector domain II of cell death regulatory protein, Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (FLIP). Unlike FLIP, the SCC-S2 open reading frame contains only one death effector domain and lacks the carboxyl-terminal caspase-like homology domain, raising the possibility that SCC-S2 may be a novel member of the FLIP family. <i>SCC-S2</i> mRNA expression is found in most normal tissues and malignant cells. The steady state level of<i>SCC-S2</i> mRNA is significantly induced by TNF-α in different tumor cells (TNF-α at 20 ng/ml for 3 h: A549, ∼2–9-fold; SKOV-3, ∼3-fold; PCI-04A, ∼3–6-fold). TNF-α treatment (100 ng/ml, 4 h) of HeLa cells transiently transfected with FLAG epitope-tagged <i>SCC-S2</i> cDNA or expression vector alone led to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells as compared with the untreated counterpart. Interestingly, however,<i>SCC-S2</i> transfectants revealed a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic cells as compared with the vector transfectants (<i>p</i> < 0.001). These data implicate a role of SCC-S2 as a negative mediator of apoptosis in certain cell types.
Structural Studies of the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus trans ‐Activator Protein (1996)

Trans-activator (tat) proteins are necessary components for the completion of the T replication cycle of lentiviruses. The three-dimensional structure of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) tat protein (e-tat) was studied with CD spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and restrained molecular-dynamics calculations. No stable elements of regular secondary structure were detected, but the sequence regions responsible for nucleic acid binding showed helix-forming tendency, e-tat exhibits a flexible tertiary structure, and only the amino acids comprising the core sequence region form a well-defined tertiary fold. The three-dimensional structure allows discussion of biochemical data as well as data from molecular biological investigations of lentiviral tat proteins.
Overlapped loop support in the Cydra 5 (1989)

The CydraTM 5 architecture adds unique support for overlapping successive iterations of a loop to a very long instruction word (VLIW) base. This architecture allows highly parallel loop execution for a much larger class of loops than can be vectorized, without requiring the unrolling of loops usually used by compilers for VLIW machines. This paper discusses the Cydra 5 loop scheduling model, the special architectural features which support it, and the loop compilation techniques used to take full advantage of the architecture.
THz spectroscopy of paramylon, paramylon-ester and cellulose (2019)

The terahertz (THz) spectroscopy of paramylon ($\beta$-1,3-glucan) and paramylon ester extracted from Euglena have been studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) in a frequency range from 0.3 to 10 THz. The absorption spectra of paramylon were analyzed by comparing with cellulose that has a similar long-chain -(C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> -structure. The broad absorption spectra of paramylon can be attributed to some sort of disorder of long chain molecular vibration modes due to the interactions.
Improvements in investment casting with stereolithography patterns (2001)

The use of investment casting to gain functional metal parts from stereolithography (SL) models is well documented. However, despite the thousands of metal castings produced, the original stereolithography build structures that were designed for investment casting have only been partly successful in combating the effects of the thermal expansion SL resins. Investment casting foundries still have to alter their existing techniques and, significantly, are dewaxing shells containing SL models in the flash furnace rather than the steam autoclave. This paper describes how a greater understanding has been established of why SL investment casting patterns are causing the shells to crack. Theoretical and practical stress analysis, utilizing finite element analysis and strain gauge techniques, has given a much clearer picture of the failure modes of the ceramic shells and SL models. This has led to a set of criteria for the design of build structures that allows the successful autoclaving and subsequent casting of stereolithography models. Details of the background research, stress analysis and design criteria are presented along with a new design of internal build structure that allows the successful autoclaving and casting of stereolithography models.
Optimum Reference Signal Structure for MIMO Multiplexing using Precoding in Evolved UTRA Downlink (2007)

This paper presents the optimum reference signal (RS) structure for channel estimation in MIMO multiplexing using precoding for OFDMA radio access in the Evolved UTRA downlink. In the evaluations, we compare common RSs and dedicated RSs from the viewpoint of the achievable throughput taking into account the overhead such as that for the respective RSs and Layer 1 (L1)/Layer 2 (L2) control signals related to precoding matrix information (PMI). Based on extensive simulations on the throughput in 2-by-2 and 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing employing precoding, we conclude that channel estimation based on common RSs with L1/L2 control signaling of PMI achieves higher throughput compared to that using dedicated RSs when the number of available precoding matrices, i.e., the codebook size, is less than 16, which corresponds to a resolution of four bits.
Application of Fragment Screening by X-ray Crystallography to β-Secretase (2007)

This paper describes an application of fragment screening to the aspartyl protease enzyme, beta-secretase (BACE-1), using high throughput X-ray crystallography. Three distinct chemotypes were identified by X-ray crystallography as binding to the catalytic aspartates either via an aminoheterocycle (such as 2-aminoquinoline), a piperidine, or an aliphatic hydroxyl group. The fragment hits were weak inhibitors of BACE-1 in the millimolar range but were of interest because most of them displayed relatively good ligand efficiencies. The aminoheterocycles exhibited a novel recognition motif that has not been seen before with aspartic proteases. Virtual screening around this motif identified an aminopyridine with increased potency and attractive growth points for further elaboration using structure-based drug design. The companion paper illustrates how sub-micromolar inhibitors were developed starting from this fragment.
Motif-based communication network formation for task specific collaboration in complex environments (2011)

Networks of mobile autonomous vehicles rely heavily on wireless communications as well as sensing devices for distributed path planning and decision making. Designing energy efficient distributed decision making algorithms in these systems is challenging and requires that different task-oriented information becomes available to the corresponding agents in a timely and reliable manner. We develop a systems engineering oriented approach to the design of networks of mobile autonomous systems, in which a cross-layer design methodology determines what structures are to be used to satisfy different task requirements. We identify a three-tier organization of these networks consisting of connectivity, communication, and action graphs and study the interaction between them. It is expected that in each functionality of a network, there are certain topologies that facilitate better achievement of the agents' objectives. Inspired from biological complex networks, we propose a bottom-up approach in network formation, in which small efficient subgraphs (motifs) for different functionalities of the network are determined. The overall network is then formed as a combination of these sub-graphs. We show that the bottom-up approach to network formation is capable of generating efficient topologies for multi-tasking complex environments.
Cramér–Rao analysis of orientation estimation: viewing geometry influences on the information conveyed by target features (2003)

A methodology for analyzing an imaging sensor's ability to assess target properties is developed. By the application of a Cramér-Rao covariance analysis to a statistical model relating the sensor measurements to the target, a lower bound can be calculated on the accuracy with which any unbiased algorithm can form estimates of target properties. Such calculations are important in understanding how a sensor's design influences its performance for a given assessment task and in performing feasibility studies or system architecture design studies between sensor designs and sensing modalities. A novel numerical model relating a sensor's measurements to a target's three-dimensional geometry is developed in order to overcome difficulties in accurately performing the required numerical computations. The accuracy of the computations is verified against simple test cases that can be solved in closed form. Examples are presented in which the approach is used to investigate the influence of viewing perspective on orientation accuracy limits. These examples are also used to examine the potential accuracy improvement that could be gained by fusing multiperspective data.
Can Fiber Posts Increase Root Stresses and Reduce Fracture? (2010)

The clinical success of fiber posts has been attributed to their lower elastic modulus. The tested hypothesis was that fiber posts could lead to lower risk of post debonding and lower risk of root fracture, despite an increase in root stresses. Stress analyses were carried out with a 3D finite element model of a premolar restored with a metallic or a fiber post. Bonded and non-bonded post/cement interface conditions were simulated. We calculated risk-of-fracture indices by determining the highest principal stress values divided by the tensile strength. Shear stresses along the post/cement interface were analyzed for the bonded models. Compared with the premolar restored with a metallic post, the fiber post generated lower stresses along the interface and higher stresses in the root. However, with the fiber post, fracture was less likely to occur in the root, since its core and post fracture indices were higher.
Dimerization of ADAR2 is mediated by the double-stranded RNA binding domain (2006)

Members of the family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) can catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine and thereby change the sequence of specific mRNAs with highly double-stranded structures. The ADARs all contain one or more repeats of the double-stranded RNA binding motif (DRBM). By both in vitro and in vivo assays, we show that the DRBMs of rat ADAR2 are necessary and sufficient for dimerization of the enzyme. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) demonstrates that ADAR2 also exists as dimers in living mammalian cells and that mutation of DRBM1 lowers the dimerization affinity while mutation of DRBM2 does not. Nonetheless, the editing efficiency of the GluR2 Q/R site depends on a functional DRBM2. The ADAR2 DRBMs thus serve differential roles in RNA dimerization and GluR2 Q/R editing, and we propose a model for RNA editing that incorporates the new findings.
Effects Of Vibrations On Grasp Control (1989)

Vibration powerful and specific stimulus to low-level reflex behavior. Report describes experiments on interactions between human operators and hand control device for control of extent of opening and gripping force of remote gripper. Major purpose of study to determine effects of vibrations in device upon ability of operators to control gripping force. Used beneficially in design of controls to provide warning signals preventing operators from commanding excessive, or perhaps insufficient forces.
Characterizing the Temporal Dynamics of Information in Visually Guided\n Predictive Control Using LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks (2018)

Theories for visually guided action account for online control in the\npresence of reliable sources of visual information, and predictive control to\ncompensate for visuomotor delay and temporary occlusion. In this study, we\ncharacterize the temporal relationship between information integration window\nand prediction distance using computational models. Subjects were immersed in a\nsimulated environment and attempted to catch virtual balls that were\ntransiently "blanked" during flight. Recurrent neural networks were trained to\nreproduce subject's gaze and hand movements during blank. The models\nsuccessfully predict gaze behavior within 3 degrees, and hand movements within\n8.5 cm as far as 500 ms in time, with integration window as short as 27 ms.\nFurthermore, we quantified the contribution of each input source of information\nto motor output through an ablation study. The model is a proof of concept for\nprediction as a discrete mapping between information integrated over time and a\ntemporally distant motor output.\n
Mitigation of UV-Induced Propagation Loss in PECVD Silicon Nitride Photonic Waveguides (2018)

We observe a drastic increase in propagation loss at visible wavelengths in PECVD silicon nitride waveguides after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Low temperature annealing or high intensity optical exposure at visible wavelengths brings the propagation loss back toward the original value before UV exposure or even lower. We postulate that these effects can be explained by the population and depopulation of defect centers in the silicon nitride. We demonstrate the importance of defect depopulation before using waveguides in any silicon nitride based visible photonic application and provide a cleaning procedure that yields reproducible, low-loss, initial waveguide conditions.
Understanding the ecospace of philanthropic projects (2017)

U.S. citizens donated an estimated $373.25 billion to charity in 2015. These donations came from individuals, corporations, and various foundations. Most of the funds were used for launching projects focused on topics in specific regions of the world. However, there is infrequent formal knowledge transfer between the wide array of projects, and often no singular, unifying historical database. Therefore, an organization initiating a new project may not be aware of what organizations it can partner with, what the estimated value (or the budget) should be, and what learning can be derived from projects that have happened in the past. In this paper, we study publicly available data from the Clinton Global Initiative's Commitment to Action directory, a philanthropic project portfolio comprising 3,200 projects, 10,000 organizations, and multiple topics such as healthcare and education (as of June 2016). We propose a kernel-based tensor factorization approach that provides recommendations to organizations starting on a new project, based on the lessons learned from previous projects.
How To Train Your Program. (2021)

We present a Bayesian approach to machine learning with probabilistic programs. In our approach, training on available data is implemented as inference on a hierarchical model. The posterior distribution of model parameters is then used to \textit{stochastically condition} a complementary model, such that inference on new data yields the same posterior distribution of latent parameters corresponding to the new data as inference on a hierachical model on the combination of both previously available and new data, at a lower computation cost. We frame the approach as a design pattern of probabilistic programming referred to herein as `stump and fungus', and illustrate realization of the pattern on a didactic case study.
Can that be Really True? (2003)

Für uns jedoch, die ihre Jugend- und Lehrzeit mit ihm verbracht haben oder noch verbringen, ist er immer noch der alte junge Chef und akademische Lehrer, der vor Tatendrang und Ideen wie vor 20 Jahren unentwegt sprüht. Eine Art wissenschaftliche Dauerwunderkerze. Während manch 60-Jähriger im Garten Rosen schneidet, schneidet Rolf Günther als flotter Autofahrer Kurven und schneidert an neuen Ideen für unser Fach, wobei ein perfekt sitzender Maßanzug das Minimalziel darstellt.