gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic Value Added of Engineering Education (2020)

Abstract Economic Value Added of Engineering EducationAbstractThe United States government is emphasizing Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (STEM) education as a remedy to the gathering storm of social and laborinstability. This paper evaluates the relative value of different undergraduate education optionsas measured by economic value added (EVA). In the traditional corporate definition, EVA is theprofit earned by a firm less the cost of financing the firm’s capital. The same concept can beapplied at the individual level by comparing the expected future earnings of various graduateswith the cost of the undergraduate programs including financing and opportunity costs.Accordingly, value is created when the return on the individual’s economic capital employed isgreater than the cost of that capital.The EVA of different undergraduate programs is statistically analyzed at the national level withvalidation and comparison at the institutional level. The Bureau of Labor Statistics at the UnitedStates Department of Labor annually provides occupational employment data and ten year salaryprojections indicative of expected future earnings for various disciplines; the cost ofundergraduate programs are assessed by national statistics related to graduation rates and collegecosts. Available institutional data are also incorporated to account for varying tuition cost,graduation rates, financial aid packages, placement rates, and graduate salary information.The analysis results indicate that, in general, education pays: higher levels of educationcorrespond to greater expected economic value added. However, the results are informative inthat they show significant disparities outside and within STEM degree programs. Furthermore,the results provide guidance to the selection and execution of undergraduate programs. Ingeneral, greater economic value added was generated by individuals undertaking study at publicrather than private institutions. Demographic data was also assessed as a determinant ofeconomic value added due to related variances in increased financing costs and decreasedgraduation rates.The conclusions support national initiatives related to STEM education as well as minorityrecruitment and retention in STEM majors. However, the conclusions also indicate that there arepotential dislocations growing in the free market for higher education: disciplines and institutionswith low economic value added may not be sustainable.
Slab waveguide rf-excited CO 2 laser for material processing (1996)

Results of investigations of output power and beam divergence for a slab waveguide rf-excited carbon-dioxide laser are presented. Laser output of range 200 W and efficiency about 10% in a beam with near-diffraction-limit divergence has been achieved. In the repetitive-rate mode, the pulsed power was more than twice as much as the average one in the cw mode. After beam shaping telescope, the total beam divergence of 2-3 mrad at the 0.8 power level has been obtained.
High-throughput spatiotemporal monitoring of single-cell secretions via plasmonic microwell arrays (2023)

Methods for the analysis of cell secretions at the single-cell level only provide semiquantitative endpoint readouts. Here we describe a microwell array for the real-time spatiotemporal monitoring of extracellular secretions from hundreds of single cells in parallel. The microwell array incorporates a gold substrate with arrays of nanometric holes functionalized with receptors for a specific analyte, and is illuminated with light spectrally overlapping with the device's spectrum of extraordinary optical transmission. Spectral shifts in surface plasmon resonance resulting from analyte-receptor bindings around a secreting cell are recorded by a camera as variations in the intensity of the transmitted light while machine-learning-assisted cell tracking eliminates the influence of cell movements. We used the microwell array to characterize the antibody-secretion profiles of hybridoma cells and of a rare subset of antibody-secreting cells sorted from human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells. High-throughput measurements of spatiotemporal secretory profiles at the single-cell level will aid the study of the physiological mechanisms governing protein secretion.
Multipoint LDP In-Band Signaling for Point-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-Multipoint Label Switched Paths (2013)

Consider an IP multicast tree, constructed by Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), that needs to pass through an MPLS domain in which Multipoint LDP (mLDP) point-to-multipoint and/or multipoint-tomultipoint Labels Switched Paths (LSPs) can be created.The part of the IP multicast tree that traverses the MPLS domain can be instantiated as a multipoint LSP.When a PIM Join message is received at the border of the MPLS domain, information from that message is encoded into mLDP messages.When the mLDP messages reach the border of the next IP domain, the encoded information is used to generate PIM messages that can be sent through the IP domain.The result is an IP multicast tree consisting of a set of IP multicast sub-trees that are spliced together with a multipoint LSP.This document describes procedures regarding how IP multicast trees are spliced together with multipoint LSPs.
Functional ultrasound localization microscopy reveals brain-wide neurovascular activity on a microscopic scale (2022)

The advent of neuroimaging has increased our understanding of brain function. While most brain-wide functional imaging modalities exploit neurovascular coupling to map brain activity at millimeter resolutions, the recording of functional responses at microscopic scale in mammals remains the privilege of invasive electrophysiological or optical approaches, but is mostly restricted to either the cortical surface or the vicinity of implanted sensors. Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) has achieved transcranial imaging of cerebrovascular flow, up to micrometre scales, by localizing intravenously injected microbubbles; however, the long acquisition time required to detect microbubbles within microscopic vessels has so far restricted ULM application mainly to microvasculature structural imaging. Here we show how ULM can be modified to quantify functional hyperemia dynamically during brain activation reaching a 6.5-µm spatial and 1-s temporal resolution in deep regions of the rat brain.
Analysis of the Effects of Decay Coefficient and Time Resolution in SNN Backpropagation (2020)

High-performance neural networks operating at low power use spiking neural network (SNN) that are biologically closer than traditional ANN. SNN, unlike ANN, receives a series of binary-coded spike trains as input and updates the membrane potential of the neuron and generates spikes over a period of time specified by the number of spike trains. The function that generates the spike corresponding to the activation function of the ANN is not differentiable, which makes it difficult to apply the backpropagation (BP) algorithm used in the ANN. In order to overcome this problem, studies using numerical approximation of derivatives have been carried out in various ways. However, research on the decay coefficient and the number of spike trains, which are characteristic of SNN neuron, are insufficient. In this paper, we analyze the distribution of spikes and discuss how the decay coefficient characteristics of neurons and the number of spike trains affect network performance.
Patterned Block-Copolymer-Silica Mesostructures as Host Media for the Laser Dye Rhodamine 6G (2001)

Rhodamine 6G-doped mesostructured silica is prepared by an acidic sol−gel route using poly-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (EOx−POy−EOx) block copolymer surfactants. Using low-refractive-index (n ∼ 1.2) mesoporous SiO2 as a support, the synthesis is combined with soft lithography to produce high-quality waveguides. This enables efficient waveguiding in the line-patterned rhodamine 6G-doped mesostructured domains, which have a higher refractive index than both the mesoporous support and cladding. For the structure-directing block copolymer surfactants used, (EO)20(PO)70(EO)20 (P123) and (EO)106(PO)70(EO)106 (F127), X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy reveal hexagonal mesophases, whose longitudinal cylinder axes are aligned predominantly parallel to the substrate plane. For samples made by micromolding-in-capillaries (MIMIC), the longitudinal axes are also aligned along the longitudinal waveguide axes. Samples made by micromolding also possess a high mesostructural order, though in the absence of an aligning flow field, their long-range order (ca. several hundred nanometers) is lower than for samples processed using the MIMIC technique. When optically pumped, the rhodamine 6G-doped waveguides exhibit amplified spontaneous emission with thresholds as low as ∼6 kW cm-2, substantially lower than rhodamine 6G-doped sol−gel glasses. This is attributed to the ability of the polymeric surfactant to co-assemble with the dye molecules, thereby leading to high dye dispersions and reduced dye dimerization. Additionally, rhodamine 6G shows good photostablility in the mesostructured waveguides, similar to that of rhodamine 6G in organically modified silicates.
How Much Will Tiny IoT Nodes Profit from Massive Base Station Arrays? (2018)

In this paper we study the benefits that Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices will have from connecting to a massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) base station. In particular, we study how many users that could be simultaneously spatially multiplexed and how much the range can be increased by deploying massive base station arrays. We also investigate how the devices can scale down their uplink power as the number of antennas grows with retained rates. We consider the uplink and utilize upper and lower bounds on known achievable rate expressions to study the effects of the massive arrays. We conduct a case study where we use simulations in the settings of existing IoT systems to draw realistic conclusions. We find that the gains which ultra narrowband systems get from utilizing massive MIMO are limited by the bandwidth and therefore those systems will not be able to spatially multiplex any significant number of users. We also conclude that the power scaling is highly dependent on the nominal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the single-antenna case.
210Tb/s self-homodyne PDM-WDM-SDM transmission with DFB lasers in a 19-core fiber (2013)

We demonstrate a 210Tb/s self-homodyne transmission system based on a 19-core using DFB laser transmitters and compare the transmission penalties for self-homodyne and intradyne detection in single and dual polarization schemes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Ions Associated to Molecular Sieve Frameworks as Catalytic Sites for Selective Oxidation Reactions (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Toward better build volume packing in additive manufacturing: classification of existing problems and benchmarks (2015)

In many cases, the efficient operation of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology relies on build volumes being packed effectively. Packing algorithms have been developed in response to this requirement. The configuration of AM build volumes is particularly challenging due to the multitude of irregular geometries encountered and the potential benefits of nesting parts. Currently proposed approaches to address this packing problem are routinely evaluated on data sets featuring shapes that are not representative of targeted manufacturing products. This study provides a useful classification of AM build volume packing problems and an overview of existing benchmarks for the analysis of such problems. Additionally, this paper discusses characteristics of future, more realistic, benchmarks with the intention of promoting research toward effective and efficient AM build volume packing being integrated into AM production planning methodologies.
End-User Software Engineering and Why It Matters (2012)

End-user programming has become ubiquitous; so much so that there are more end-user programmers today than there are professional programmers. End-user programming empowers—but to do what? Make bad decisions based on bad programs? Enter software engineering’s focus on quality. Considering software quality is necessary, because there is ample evidence that the programs end users create are filled with expensive errors. In this paper, we consider what happens when we add considerations of software quality to end-user programming environments, going beyond the “create a program” aspect of end-user programming. We describe a philosophy of software engineering for end users, and then survey several projects in this area. A basic premise is that end-user software engineering can only succeed to the extent that it respects that the user probably has little expertise or even interest in software engineering.
Microstructures for fracture toughness characterization of brittle thin films (2003)

A simple one-mask technique for characterizing fracture design parameters has been applied to tensile-stressed low-pressure chemical vapor deposited silicon nitride films. The design parameter obtained is the critical geometry parameter, which can be converted into fracture toughness by multiplying by the residual stress. Values of this parameter range from 14 to 290 mu m/sup 1/2/. Corresponding K/sub I/ values are from 4.2 MPa-m/sup 1/2/ to 87 MPa-m/sup 1/2/, assuming a residual stress of 300 MPa. Fabrication and test results are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Valence band discontinuity, surface reconstruction, and chemistry of (0001), (0001), and (1100) 2H–AlN/6H–SiC interfaces (1999)

A detailed examination of the valence band discontinuity (ΔEv) formed at the (0001), (0001̄), and (11̄00) interfaces between 2H–AlN and 6H–SiC has been conducted using x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopies. The ΔEv was observed to range from 0.6–2.0 eV depending on the growth direction (i.e., AlN on SiC vs SiC on AlN), as well as the crystallographic orientation, cut of the SiC substrate (i.e., on versus off axis), and SiC surface reconstruction and stoichiometry. A ΔEv of 1.4–1.5 eV was observed for AlN grown on (3×3) (0001)Si6H–SiC on-axis substrates; a ΔEv of 0.9–1.0 eV was observed for off-axis substrates with the same surface reconstruction. The values of ΔEv for AlN grown on (√3×√3)R30°(0001) 6H–SiC on-and-off-axis substrates were 1.1–1.2 eV. A larger valence band discontinuity of 1.9–2.0 eV was determined for 3C–SiC grown on (0001) 2H–AlN. Smaller values of ΔEv of 0.6–0.7 and 0.8–0.9 eV were observed for AlN grown on on-axis (0001̄)C and (11̄00)6H–SiC substrates, respectively.
Phase noise optimization of a self-cascode VCO by changing the capacitor ratio and substrate bias (2011)

This paper reports a low-voltage low-power self-cascode VCO with a phase noise optimization technique. Self-cascode structure with capacitive feedback network provides better phase noise performance without degrading the voltage headroom. Phase noise performance of the proposed VCO has been optimized by an optimum selection of capacitor ratio. Fabricated in a 0.18-μm RF CMOS process, the oscillator can work with a supply voltage of 1.0 V, with an operating frequency of 1.30 GHz while providing a phase noise of -114.48 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset and an output power of -22.27 dBm. Measurement results indicate that an optimum substrate bias ensures the minimization of phase noise.
Advanced visual analytics interfaces (2010)

Advanced visual interfaces, like the ones found in information visualization, intend to offer a view on abstract data spaces to enable users to make sense of them. By mapping data to visual representations and providing interactive tools to explore and navigate, it is possible to get an understanding of the data and possibly discover new knowledge. With the advent of modern data collection and analysis technologies, the direct visualization of data starts to show its limitations due to limited scalability in terms of volumes and to the complexity of required analytical reasoning. Many analytical problems we encounter today require approaches that go beyond pure analytics or pure visualization. Visual analytics provides an answer to this problems by advocating a tight integration between automatic computation and interactive visualization, proposing a more holistic approach. In this paper, we argue for Advanced Visual Analytics Interfaces (AVAIs), visual interfaces in which neither the analytics nor the visualization needs to be advanced in itself but where the synergy between automation and visualization is in fact advanced. We offer a detailed argumentation around the needs and challenges of AVAIs and provide several examples of this type of interfaces.
MTD-PLS: A PLS-Based Variant of the MTD Method. A 3D-QSAR Analysis of Receptor Affinities for a Series of Halogenated Dibenzoxin and Biphenyl Derivatives (2001)

MTD-PLS, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) variant of the Minimum Topological Difference (MTD) method is described. In MTD-PLS, molecules are characterised not only by the occupancy or nonoccupancy of the hypermolecular vertices (as in classical MTD), but also by additional descriptors for each vertex: fragmental van der Waals volumes, fragmental hydrophobicities, partial atomic charges, etc. This method was applied to a series of 73 polyhalogenated derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxine, dibenzofuran and biphenyl (induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydrolase and affinities to rat cytosolic receptor), previously studied by MTD. The separation of steric, hydrophobic, and electrostatic effects was achieved retranslating from the latent variable space into a linear combination of the initial structural variables. The MTD-PLS method yields more detailed results compared to classical MTD, indicating the importance of electrostatic effects at some substituent positions.
Low Power Consumption L-Band Tunable Laser Diode with Backside Waveguides (2014)

A low power consumption tunable DFB laser diode array, integrated with backside waveguides, is experimentally demonstrated. Fiber output power of 14 dBm was obtained in full L-band with module power consumption less than 3 W.
Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder (2023)

UVB and vitamin D may have an important influence on the development of bipolar disorder. Study limitations included a lack of data on patient vitamin D levels, lifestyles, or supplement use. More study of the impacts of UVB and vitamin D in bipolar disorder is needed to evaluate this supposition.
The European TREatment of ATopic eczema (TREAT) Registry Taskforce survey: prescribing practices in Europe for phototherapy and systemic therapy in adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe atopic eczema* (2020)

This study provides insight into prescribing practices for conventional phototherapy and systemic therapy in Europe and shows that off-label therapies are also preferred as first-line choice of systemic therapy.
Supplemental Figures and Tables from A Phase I Study of Topotecan, Carboplatin and the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib in Acute Leukemias, Aggressive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, and Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure S1. A, pretreatment bone marrow samples were treated diluent (-) with 10 μM melphalan (+) for 6 h and analyzed by immmunoblotting for FANCD2, ubiquitinated FANCD2 (Ub-FANCD2) and, as a loading control, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Supplemental Figure S2. A, Aliquots of whole cell lysates containing 5 x 106 pretreatment marrow mononuclear cells from the indicated patients were subjected to SDS-PAGE and blotting for the indicated antigens (lanes 5-12). Supplemental Figure S3. A, PAR suppression in PBMCs at various veliparib dose levels as a function of times during therapy. B, PAR suppression in PBMCs at 2 hours post dosing on day 1 and its relationship to clinical response. C, PAR suppression as assessed in bone marrow aspirates. Supplemental Table S1. MPN-Associated Leukemia Characteristics Supplemental Table S2 Accumulation of γH2AX in Viable Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cells Following Veliparib Administration at 80 mg Twice Daily Relative to Pretreatment (Day 0) Levels of DNA Damage&lt;/p&gt;
OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL SKILLS USING HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS BASED ON HAPTIC INFORMATION AND TOOL/TISSUE INTERACTIONS (2000)

Laparoscopic surgical skills evaluation of surgery residents is usually a subjective process, carried out in the operating room by senior surgeons. By its nature, this process is performed using fuzzy criteria. The objective of the current study was to develop and assess an objective laparoscopic surgical skill scale using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) based on haptic information, tool/tissue interactions and visual task decomposition. Methods: Eight subjects (six residents: first year surgical residents 2xR1, third year surgical residents 2xR3 fifth year surgical residents 2xR5; and two expert laparoscopic surgeons: 2xES) performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy following a specific 7 step protocol on a pig. An instrumented laparoscopic grasper equipped with a three-axis force/torque sensor was used to measure the forces and torques at the hand/tool interface synchronized with a video of the tool operative maneuvers. A synthesis of frame-by-frame video analysis was used to define 14 different types of tool/tissue interactions each one associated with unique force/torque (F/T) signatures. HMMs were developed for each subject representing the surgical skills in terms of haptic information and tool tissue interactions. The statistical distance between the HMMs representing residents at different levels of their training and the HMMs of expert surgeons were calculated in order to evaluate the learning curve of selected steps of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results: The objective laparoscopic surgical skill learning-curve showed significant differences between all skill levels. The major differences between skill levels were: (i) magnitudes of F/T applied (ii) types of tool/tissue interactions used and with the transition between them and (iii) time interva...
Inter‐Flake Quantum Transport of Electrons and Holes in Inkjet‐Printed Graphene Devices (2020)

Abstract 2D materials have unique structural and electronic properties with potential for transformative device applications. However, such devices are usually bespoke structures made by sequential deposition of exfoliated 2D layers. There is a need for scalable manufacturing techniques capable of producing high‐quality large‐area devices comprising multiple 2D materials. Additive manufacturing with inks containing 2D material flakes is a promising solution. Inkjet‐printed devices incorporating 2D materials have been demonstrated, however there is a need for greater understanding of quantum transport phenomena as well as their structural properties. Experimental and theoretical studies of inkjet‐printed graphene structures are presented. Detailed electrical and structural characterization is reported and explained by comparison with transport modeling that include inter‐flake quantum tunneling transport and percolation dynamics. The results reveal that the electrical properties are strongly influenced by the flakes packing fraction and by complex meandering electron trajectories, which traverse several printed layers. Controlling these trajectories is essential for printing high‐quality devices that exploit the properties of 2D materials. Inkjet‐printed graphene is used to make a field effect transistor and Ohmic contacts on an InSe phototransistor. This is the first time that inkjet‐printed graphene has successfully replaced single layer graphene as a contact material for 2D metal chalcogenides.