gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene delivery systems using the Sendai virus (1999)

Fusogenic liposome (FL) is a delivery system that can transfer encapsulated materials into living cells directly through membrane fusion. FL is a promising approach for gene therapy because it can deliver various genetic materials much more efficiently than other non-viral vectors without damaging the cell. FL-mediated gene transfer consists of two independent membrane fusion phenomena; generation of a FL by fusing a Sendai virus (SV) particle with a simple liposome encapsulating DNA, and successive fusion of the FL with cell membrane. The former requires viral F protein but no other special molecule on the liposomal membrane, whereas the latter may require the receptor (sialic acid) and unidentified assistant molecule(s) on the cell membrane. Further analysis suggests that these assistant molecule(s), not the receptor, may control the fusion and govern the cell specificity of FL-mediated delivery. This review has described a detailed analysis of these fusion phenomena and discussed possible applications of FL-mediated gene delivery to human gene therapy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rechargeable pouch cell batteries: beating the skin depth by excitation and detection via the casing (2020)

Rechargeable batteries are notoriously difficult to examine nondestructively, and the obscurity of many failure modes provides a strong motivation for developing efficient and detailed diagnostic techniques that can provide information during realistic operating conditions. In-situ NMR spectroscopy has become a powerful technique for the study of electrochemical processes, but has mostly been limited to laboratory cells. One significant challenge to applying this method to commercial cells has been that the radiofrequency, required for NMR excitation and detection, cannot easily penetrate the battery casing due to the skin depth. This complication has limited such studies to special research cell designs or to 'inside-out' measurement approaches. This article demonstrates that it is possible to use the battery cell as a resonator in a tuned circuit, thereby allowing signals to be excited inside the cell, and for them to subsequently be detected via the resonant circuit. Employing this approach, <sup>7</sup>Li NMR signals from the electrolyte, as well as from intercalated and plated metallic lithium in a multilayer (rolled) commercial pouch cell battery were obtained. Therefore, it is anticipated that critical nondestructive device characterization can be performed with this technique in realistic and even commercial cell designs.
Stochastic Macromodeling of Nonlinear Systems Via Polynomial Chaos Expansion and Transfer Function Trajectories (2014)

A novel approach is presented to perform stochastic variability analysis of nonlinear systems. The versatility of the method makes it suitable for the analysis of complex nonlinear electronic systems. The proposed technique is a variation-aware extension of the Transfer Function Trajectory method by means of the Polynomial Chaos expansion. The accuracy with respect to the classical Monte Carlo analysis is verified by means of a relevant numerical example showing a simulation speedup of 1777×.
Selectivity and Biodistribution of WVE-120101, a Potential Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy for the Treatment of Huntington’s Disease (S56.001) (2017)

To investigate whether WVE-120101 promotes allele-specific targeting of the mutant Huntingtin allele (mHTT) in vitro and evaluate its biodistribution in non-human primates (NHPs).
Faster Free-Breathing 3D Coronary MR Angiography using Multi-Stack Spiral Imaging (2001)

Introduction Three-dimensional spiral imaging, a scheme that samples data in kspace very efficiently, seems to be very useful in cardiac applications. Thedens et al. (1) showed successfully the feasibility of spiral 3D coronary MRA. However, despite methodological advances, such as e.g. thin slab double-oblique 3D acquisition, spiral scanning times for free breathing protocols are still rather long. To reduce the total measuring times of 3D spiral imaging, ref. (2) showed that the sampling efficiency can be increased by a factor of 2-3 if several spiral interleaves are sampled within each heart beat (R-R) interval. However, a further scan time reduction for an entire coronary protocol seems to be possible by acquiring the different thin 3D double-oblique slabs almost simultaneously (in different cardiac phases) each covering a selected branch of the coronary artery tree (RCA, LAD, RCX). This was theoretically suggested by Thedens et al. (3) and shown experimentally successfully by Manke et al. (..) recently for a Cartesian gradient echo protocol. It is the aim of this paper to show that fast free breathing, submillimeter 3D spiral imaging can further be accelerated due to the simultaneous acquisition of multiple 3D stacks. Methods Healthy volunteers (informational consent obtained) were studied using a commercial 1.5 T whole body scanner (Gyroscan, ACS-NT15, Philips Medical Systems) and a three-element synergy coil. The coronary MRA protocol to be discussed enables the simultaneous acquisition of multiple geometrically independent 3D stacks (within the R-R interval), each covering a different portion of the coronary artery tree and each is oriented along the individual vessel axis (c.f. Fig. 1). Restricting us to two individual stacks the corresponding trigger delays of the two cardiac acquisition windows can be chosen independently in the cardiac cycle. Each imaging block can be preceded by an individual tailored magnetization preparation phase (T2 preparation, fat saturation, regional signal suppression etc., c.f. ref (4)) and a respiratory navigator used for gating and prospective motion correction. To show the basic feasibility in the present experiments only one magnetisation preparation step (T2 preparation and chest wall signal suppression) was performed after an appropriate R-wave trigger delay prior to the acquisition of both geometrically independent stacks covering the RCA and the LAD. Data acquisition was performed in late diastole.
Multicolumn Countercurrent Gradient Chromatography for the Purification of Biopharmaceuticals (2014)

Multicolumn countercurrent chromatography is capable of improving the performance of many chromatographic batch separations; however, the right process has to be selected for the right purpose. This chapter presents different countercurrent chromatography processes according to their applicability in biopharmaceuticals production. The increased capacity utilization of CaptureSMB leads to significant resin cost savings, which is particularly relevant in the case of capture with expensive affinity materials with low resin lifetime. Multicolumn countercurrent chromatography in the form of multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP) is the only process capable of resolving the yield/purity tradeoff, performing a ternary separation and preserving the gradient that was used in the reference batch run. Through the N-Rich process, the effort of repeated HPLC runs, fractionation, manual handling, and pooling can be significantly reduced and replaced by a fully automated process.
Limits of imaging resolution for atomic force microscopy of molecules (1991)

The imaging resolution of an atomic force microscope operating in contact with a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film is predicted as a function of applied force, tip radius, adhesive force, and tip and film properties. The elastic modulus and the hardness of the LB film were measured using a nanoindenter and the imaging resolution is predicted using both a simple Hertzian elastic analysis and one that includes adhesive forces between the tip and the sample. For a small applied force (&amp;lt;1 nN) the resolution improves sharply as the tip radius and the adhesive force decrease. The onset of inelastic deformation, however, limits the resolution of the sharpest tips.
Effectiveness–NTU Relations for Counterflow Heat Exchangers: The Effect of Kinetic Energy Variation and Heat Leak From Outside (2012)

The effectiveness–number of transfer units (NTU) relations are useful data for designing and performance evaluation of heat exchangers with fluids having considerable variation in velocities in the presence of heat leak. In this article, the closed-form (benchmark) solutions for counterflow heat exchangers, when the heat leak is either on the hot or cold side of the heat exchanger in the presence of kinetic energy variation, are presented. It was found that the effectiveness depends on NTU and fluid capacity ratio along with six other dimensionless variables that reflect the magnitude and axial distribution of the kinetic energy and heat leak on the hot and cold sides of the heat exchanger. The results are also presented in a graphical form exhibiting the variation of effectiveness of the heat exchanger with the already-mentioned parameters. It was demonstrated that when the dimensionless heat leak and kinetic energy terms approach zero, the solution reduces to the classical effectiveness–NTU relations for counterflow heat exchangers.
Solid Solubility and Magnetism upon Mn Incorporation in the Bulk Ternary Carbides Cr2AlC and Cr2GaC (2014)

Herein, we report on the bulk synthesis of (Cr1-xMnx)(2)AlC and (Cr1-yMny)(2)GaC MAX phases. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy performed locally on MAX phase grains, revealed x and y to be 0.06 (3 at%) and 0.3 (15 at%), respectively. The introduction of Mn into the structure did not result in appreciable changes in the c-lattice constants. Vibrating sample magnetometry measurements suggest that bulk (Cr0.7Mn0.3)(2)GaC may be magnetic.
<title>Automated virtual colonoscopy</title> (1997)

Virtual colonscopy (VC) is a minimally invasive alternative to conventional fiberoptic endoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. The VC technique involves bowel cleansing, gas distension of the colon, spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning of a patient's abdomen and pelvis, and visual analysis of multiplanar 2D and 3D images created from the spiral CT data. Despite the ability of interactive computer graphics to assist a physician in visualizing 3D models of the colon, a correct diagnosis hinges upon a physician's ability to properly identify small and sometimes subtle polyps or masses within hundreds of multiplanar and 3D images. Human visual analysis is time-consuming, tedious, and often prone to error of interpretation.We have addressed the problem of visual analysis by creating a software system that automatically highlights potential lesions in the 2D and 3D images in order to expedite a physician's interpretation of the colon data.
ChemInform Abstract: The Tetrahydropyranyl Group as a Chiral Auxiliary for the Nucleophilic Addition to α‐Alkoxy Ketones. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nuclear Genes Associated With a Single Brassica CMS Restorer Locws Influence Transcripts of Three Different Mitochondrial Gene Regions (1996)

Previous studies have shown that the mitochondrial orf224/atp6 gene region is correlated with the Polima (pol) cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of Brassica napus. We now extend this correlation by showing that the effects of nuclear fertility restoration on orf224/atp6 transcripts cosegregate with the pol restorer gene Rfp1 in genetic crosses. We also show, however, that the recessive rfp1 allele, or a very tightly linked gene, acts as a dominant gene, designated Mmt (modifier of mitochondrial transcripts), in controlling the presence of additional smaller transcripts of the nad4 gene and a gene possibly involved in cytochrome c biogenesis. A common sequence, TTGTGG, maps immediately downstream of the 5' termini of both of the transcripts specific to plants with the Mmt gene and may serve as a recognition motif in generation of these transcripts. A similar sequence, TTGTTG, that may be recognized by the product of the alternate allele (or haplotype), Rfp1, is found within orf224 just downstream of the major 5' transcript terminus specific to fertility restored plants. Our results suggest that Rfp1/ Mmt is a novel nuclear genetic locus that affects the expression of multiple mitochondrial gene regions, with different alleles or haplotypes exerting specific effects on different mitochondrial genes.
Flow through suppressor with enhanced flow dynamics (2023)

An improved firearm suppressor is provided. The firearm suppressor generally includes a primary flow path and a secondary flow path. The primary flow path is centrally disposed within the suppressor and includes multiple internal chambers that are separated by conical baffles. The secondary flow path is helically disposed within the firearm suppressor. A diverter directs a portion of the propellant gas rearward, over a firearm barrel, before entering spiral lanes in the forward direction. The primary flow path slows the movement of propellant gas escaping through a projectile exit port, while the secondary flow path slows the movement of propellant gas escaping through a plurality of propellant gas exit ports.
Experimental Investigation of Uniform-Shear Flow Past a Circular Cylinder (1992)

Extensive laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the uniform-shear flow approaching a circular cylinder. The aim was to present the Strouhal number (St)- Reynolds number (Re) diagrams over a broad range of the shear parameter K (0 ≤ K ≤ 0.25) and at higher values of Re (600 ≤ Re ≤ 1600). An image processing technique, in conjunction with flow visualization studies, was used to secure more quantitative depictions of vortex shedding from the cylinder. The Strouhal number increases with increasing shear parameter. The drag coefficient decreases with increasing Re; also, Cd decreases as the shear parameter K increases.
Fast Radiosity Using a Data Parallel Architecture (1992)

We present a data parallel algorithm for radiosity. The algorithm was designed to take advantage of large numbers of processors. It has been implemented on the Connection Machine CM2 system and scales linearly in the number of available processors over a wide range. All parts of the algorithm -- form-factor computation, visibility determination, adaptive subdivision, and linear algebra solution -- execute in parallel with a completely distributed database. Load balancing is achieved through processor allocation and dynamic data structures which reconfigure appropriately to match the granularity of the required calculations.
Synthesis of 4-styrylpyrazoles and Evaluation of their Inhibitory Effects onCyclin-dependent Kinases (2021)

Background: Cycle-regulating and transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are attractive targets in cancer drug development. Several CDK inhibitors have already been obtained or are close to regulatory approval for clinical applications. Objective: Phenylazopyrazole CAN508 has been described as the first selective CDK9 inhibitor with an IC50 of 350 nM. Since the azo-moiety is not a suitable functionality for drugs due to pharmacological reasons, the preparation of carbo-analogues of CAN508 with similar biological activities is desirable. The present work is focused on the synthesis of carbo-analogues similar to CAN508 and their CDK inhibition activity. Methods: Herein, the synthesis of 21 novel carbo analogues of CAN508 and their intermediates is reported. Subsequently, target compounds 8a - 8u were evaluated for protein kinase inhibition (CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D, CDK9/cyclin T) and antiproliferative activities in cell lines (K562, MCF-7, MV4-11). Moreover, the binding mode of derivative 8s in the active site of CDK9 was modelled. Results: Compounds 8a - 8u were obtained from key intermediate 7, which was prepared by linear synthesis involving Vilsmeier-Haack, Knoevenagel, Hunsdiecker, and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. Styrylpyrazoles 8t and 8u were the most potent CDK9 inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 1 μM. Molecular modelling suggested binding in the active site of CDK9. The flow cytometric analysis of MV4-11 cells treated with the most active styrylpyrazoles showed a significant G1-arrest. Conclusion: The prepared styrylpyrazoles showed inhibition activity towards CDKs and can provide a novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors.
Ultra-low-voltage Micro-ring Modulator Integrated with a CMOS Feed-forward Equalization Driver (2011)

We present an all-CMOS micro-ring modulator packaged with a feed-forward equalization driver circuit, operating in charge-injection mode at 8 Gbps with a drive voltage of only 50 mVp-p and a power consumption of 1.8 pJ/bit.
Capsule carbohydrate structure determines virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii (2021)

Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogen for which novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Unfortunately, the drivers of virulence in A. baumannii remain uncertain. By comparing genomes among a panel of A. baumannii strains we identified a specific gene variation in the capsule locus that correlated with altered virulence. While less virulent strains possessed the intact gene gtr6, a hypervirulent clinical isolate contained a spontaneous transposon insertion in the same gene, resulting in the loss of a branchpoint in capsular carbohydrate structure. By constructing isogenic gtr6 mutants, we confirmed that gtr6-disrupted strains were protected from phagocytosis in vitro and displayed higher bacterial burden and lethality in vivo. Gtr6+ strains were phagocytized more readily and caused lower bacterial burden and no clinical illness in vivo. We found that the CR3 receptor mediated phagocytosis of gtr6+, but not gtr6-, strains in a complement-dependent manner. Furthermore, hypovirulent gtr6+ strains demonstrated increased virulence in vivo when CR3 function was abrogated. In summary, loss-of-function in a single capsule assembly gene dramatically altered virulence by inhibiting complement deposition and recognition by phagocytes across multiple A. baumannii strains. Thus, capsular structure can determine virulence among A. baumannii strains by altering bacterial interactions with host complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis.
Acupuncture for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial (2013)

Acupuncture has been demonstrated to improve menstrual frequency and to decrease circulating testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our aim was to investigate whether acupuncture affects ovulation frequency and to understand the underlying mechanisms of any such effect by analyzing LH and sex steroid secretion in women with PCOS. This prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted between June 2009 and September 2010. Thirty-two women with PCOS were randomized to receive either acupuncture with manual and low-frequency electrical stimulation or to meetings with a physical therapist twice a week for 10-13 wk. Main outcome measures were changes in LH secretion patterns from baseline to after 10-13 wk of treatment and ovulation frequency during the treatment period. Secondary outcomes were changes in the secretion of sex steroids, anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and serum cortisol. Ovulation frequency during treatment was higher in the acupuncture group than in the control group. After 10-13 wk of intervention, circulating levels of estrone, estrone sulfate, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, testosterone, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androsterone glucuronide, androstane-3α,17β-diol-3-glucuronide, and androstane-3α,17β-diol-17-glucuronide decreased within the acupuncture group and were significantly lower than in the control group for all of these except androstenedione. We conclude that repeated acupuncture treatments resulted in higher ovulation frequency in lean/overweight women with PCOS and were more effective than just meeting with the therapist. Ovarian and adrenal sex steroid serum levels were reduced with no effect on LH secretion.
Novel assist layers to enhance EUV lithography performance of photoresists on different substrates (2023)

In EUV lithography, good resist patterning requires an assist layer beneath it to provide adhesion to prevent pattern collapse of small features and allow for higher aspect ratios. In addition, future EUV high numerical aperture (NA) is expected to require a decrease in thickness from the overall patterning stack. In this study, we are exploring a fundamentally new approach to developing an alternative and cost-effective underlayer to functionalize surfaces and enable EUV patterning. Rather than forming a 5-nm polymer film between the resist and its substrate, we propose to modify the substrate by spin-coating a thinner layer. In contrast to conventional underlayers (5–10 nm), the substrate is modified by a sub-1-nm layer during baking. Comprehensive analysis of the surface modification and coating was conducted by GPC, ellipsometer, and contact angle to identify the structure, stability, coating quality, and surface energy. Lithographic performance of existing EUV resist with the assist of this thin layer on Si wafers and different silicon hardmasks was evaluated using NXE3400 EUV exposure system to print HP14nm line-space features. It has been demonstrated that this sub-1-nm layer is able to realize HP14nm with a wider process window, higher depth of focus, and lower LWR on a Si wafer. Moreover, a silicon hardmask that could not realize printable features had significantly improved lithographic performance with the assist of this layer. Comparisons were also made with the industry-standard HMDS priming. Systematic analysis indicates that a sub-1-nm layer exemplifies a novel and effective way to enhance photoresist-substrate compatibility and improve EUV lithographic performance.
Measurement ofZBoson Production in Pb-Pb Collisions atsNN=2.76  TeVwith the ATLAS Detector (2013)

The ATLAS experiment has observed 1995 Z boson candidates in data corresponding to 0.15 nb(-1) of integrated luminosity obtained in the 2011 LHC Pb+Pb run at sqrt[s(NN)]=2.76 TeV. The Z bosons are reconstructed via dielectron and dimuon decay channels, with a background contamination of less than 3%. Results from the two channels are consistent and are combined. Within the statistical and systematic uncertainties, the per-event Z boson yield is proportional to the number of binary collisions estimated by the Glauber model. The elliptic anisotropy of the azimuthal distribution of the Z boson with respect to the event plane is found to be consistent with zero.
Mitigating Sampling Bias and Improving Robustness in Active Learning (2021)

This paper presents simple and efficient methods to mitigate sampling bias in active learning while achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and model robustness. We introduce supervised contrastive active learning by leveraging the contrastive loss for active learning under a supervised setting. We propose an unbiased query strategy that selects informative data samples of diverse feature representations with our methods: supervised contrastive active learning (SCAL) and deep feature modeling (DFM). We empirically demonstrate our proposed methods reduce sampling bias, achieve state-of-the-art accuracy and model calibration in an active learning setup with the query computation 26x faster than Bayesian active learning by disagreement and 11x faster than CoreSet. The proposed SCAL method outperforms by a big margin in robustness to dataset shift and out-of-distribution.