gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Empowering ASCI’s support of physician-scientists through stronger institutional connections (2019)

The American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI), a nonprofit honorary society, was established to support physician-scientists by serving as a benchmark of excellence in medical research, a forum to celebrate advances in medicine, and a vehicle to communicate advances that bridge basic and translational research and their implementation across the growing myriad of medical specialties. A core intention of the Society is to engage the medical research community broadly through transparent communications of our activities and initiatives with the institutions that comprise the base for our membership. Recognizing the importance in identifying and actuating a strategy to support the Society's broad mission, the current leadership has undertaken a strategic plan that initiates with the goal of revamping its Institutional Representatives program. While the Society has grown with the historical privilege of close connections to institutions through an informal web created largely by the elected membership, we aim to improve institutional engagement towards overall goals of embracing and enhancing diversity of our community and implementing future collaborative programs to support physician-scientists. We briefly review ASCI's history, mission, and structure, and present the blueprint of the new Institutional Representatives program.
Smart dust infrared sensors for standoff explosives detection (2009)

We demonstrate a prototype sensor based on a new eye-safe detection strategy with the potential to report the presence trace explosives from standoff distances of up to 100 m. The method detects the reflected infrared radiation from groups of micron-sized chemically-sensitized metallodielectric nanostructures. Specifically, the sensors change from reflecting to absorbing nearly 100% of the incident probe beam radiation over a narrow band of mid-IR wavelengths when explosive vapor is present. This strategy is not limited to the detection to explosives, but can also be used to detect other threats by modifying the chemically-sensitive layers of the nanostructure.
A Feature-Driven Active Framework for Ultrasound-Based Brain Shift Compensation (2018)

A reliable Ultrasound (US)-to-US registration method to compensate for brain shift would substantially improve Image-Guided Neurological Surgery. Developing such a registration method is very challenging, due to factors such as missing correspondence in images, the complexity of brain pathology and the demand for fast computation. We propose a novel feature-driven active framework. Here, landmarks and their displacement are first estimated from a pair of US images using corresponding local image features. Subsequently, a Gaussian Process (GP) model is used to interpolate a dense deformation field from the sparse landmarks. Kernels of the GP are estimated by using variograms and a discrete grid search method. If necessary, the user can actively add new landmarks based on the image context and visualization of the uncertainty measure provided by the GP to further improve the result. We retrospectively demonstrate our registration framework as a robust and accurate brain shift compensation solution on clinical data acquired during neurosurgery.
Colloidal photonic crystal mirrors for high-resolving-power Fabry-Perots (2004)

An open-structure Fabry-Perot resonator with a quality factor of 2400 was fabricated for the first time with colloidal photonic crystal mirrors, demonstrating that colloidal self-assembly can offer new means for creating high resolving power optical devices
Noise insensitive image motion estimation using cumulants (1991)

A class of algorithms is presented that estimate the displacement vector from two successive image frames. The frames are assumed to be corrupted by Gaussian (perhaps correlated) noises of unknown covariance. Viewing image motion estimation as a 2-D time delay estimation problem, the displacement vector of a moving object is estimated by solving linear equations involving third-order auto-cumulants and cross-cumulants. Additionally, a block-matching type algorithm is developed which follows from a cumulant-error optimality criterion. Finally, using a recursive algorithm the displacement vector for each pel is estimated by minimizing a 2-D fourth-order cumulant criterion. Simulation results are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pharmakologische Analyse des noradrenergen Einflusses auf zentrale, den unteren Harntrakt kontrollierende sympathische und somatische Reflexe bei der Katze (2009)

Im Nucleus intermediolateralis und im Onuf’s Nucleus des Rückenmarks befinden sich zahlreiche noradrenalinhaltige Nervenendigungen, welche präganglionäre Neurone innervieren, die via N. hypogastricus und N. pudendus den unteren Harntrakt versorgen. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert den Einfluß adrenerger Rezeptoren auf zentrale, den unteren Harntrakt steuernde somatische und sympathische Reflexe, den Pudendus- Pudendus-Reflex und den Pelvikus-Hypogastrikus-Reflex. Wir versuchten hiermit folgende Fragen zu beantworten: 1. sind α1-,α2- und β-Rezeptoren tonisch aktiv entlang sympathischer und somatischer Nervenbahnen zum unteren Harntrakt? 2. Was ist die Netto-Wirkung bei Erhöhung der extrazellularen, endogenen Noradrenalinkonzentration durch einen selektiven Noradrenalin- Reuptake-Inhibitor? 3. Wird die Hemmung sympathischer und somatischer Reflexe während einer Miktionskontraktion durch das adrenerge System kontrolliert oder beeinflußt? Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden bei 41 mit α-Chloralose anästhesierten Katzen beide Nn. pudendi oder die Nn. pelvici und Nn. hypogastrici freigelegt. Entweder wurde der eine N. pudendus stimuliert und vom kontralatralen N. pudendus das evozierte Potential abgeleitet, oder die Nn. pelvici stimuliert und von den Nn. hypogastrici evozierte Potentiale abgeleitet. Nach Ermittlung der Kontrollwerte wurden die Wirkungen von Prazosin (1 - 300 ug/kg i. v.), ein α1-Rezeptor-Antagonist, Idazoxan (1-300 ug/kg i.v.), ein α2-Rezeptor- Antagonist, Tomoxetine (0,003-3mg/kg i.v.), ein Noradrenalin- Reuptake-Inhibitor oder Propranolol (1 mg/kg i. v.), ein p-Rezeptor-Antagonist in verschiedenen Reihenfolgen appliziert und deren Effekte auf den Pudendus-Pudendus- Reflex und Pelvikus-Hypogastrikus-Reflex registriert. Die Resultate zeigen: 1. Zentrale α1-Rezeptoren sind tonisch stimuliert durch endogenes Noradrenalin und halten sowohl eine sympathische als auch eine somatische tonische Aktivitat via N. hypogastricus bzw. N. pudendus zum unteren Harntrakt aufrecht. 2. α2-Rezeptoren sind nicht tonisch aktiv. 3. Die Hemmung des Noradrenalin- Reuptake bewirkt als Nettoeffekt durch Erhöhung des endogenen Noradrenalins an den adrenergen Rezeptoren (α1 und α2) a) eine Hemmung der sympathischen (Pelvikus-Hypogastrikus-Reflex) neuronalen Aktivität durch vorzugsweise Stimulation der α2-Rezeptoren, und b) keine relevante Veränderung der somatischen (Pudendus-Pudendus-Reflex) neuronalen Aktivität zum unteren Harntrakt durch ausgeglichene Stimulation von α1 und α2-Rezeptoren. 4. Die physiologische Hemmung beider Reflexe wahrend einer Miktionskontraktion wird nicht durch adrenerge Antagonisten beeinflußt. 5. Die Blockierung von β-Rezeptoren hat keinen Effekt auf den Pudendus-Pudendus-Reflex und den Pelvikus-Hypogastrikus- Reflex.
Backhopping-based STT-MRAM Poisson Spiking Neuron for Neuromorphic Computation (2023)

Spin-transfer-torque magnetic random-access memory (STT-MRAM) is a proven technology for embedded non-volatile memory applications. The backhopping phenomena in STT-MRAM, whereby the resistance of the device oscillates under higher current, has been recently explored for emerging spiking neural network applications. We report a detailed characterization of backhopping in foundry compatible STT-MRAM having ~15kb bit-cell arrays by analyzing the behavior of backhopping spike rate versus applied current and temperature. Our study shows that the backhopping in STT-MRAM exhibits the Poisson statistics with a controllable spike rate with current that displays three regimes: non-backhopping, exponential and linear. This mimics the behavior of a rectified linear unit (ReLU) neuron, a commonly used activation function in deep learning models. A spiking neural network (SNN) communication channel is simulated using the derived statistics and a first principles mathematical framework to analyze the reliability performance of backhopping-based SNN in terms of trading-off the accuracy and applied current.
Insight into the Fast‐Rechargeability of a Novel Mo1.5W1.5Nb14O44 Anode Material for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 36/2022) (2022)

Lithium Ion Batteries In article number 2200519, Sheng Dai and co-workers facilely develop a new high-performance nanoporous Mo1.5W1.5Nb14O44 lithium-ion battery anode material via a novel ionothermal-synthesis-assisted doping strategy, realizing the concurrent improvement of lithium-ion diffusivity and electrical conductivity. Thereby, the obtained nanoporous Mo1.5W1.5Nb14O44 exhibits superb fast-rechargeability in lithium-ion battery half-cells and full-cells.
The Canadian Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome (CHILDNEPH) Project: Overview of Design and Methods (2014)

Quantitative and qualitative results will be integrated at end of study and will collectively inform strategies for the development and implementation of standardized evidence-based protocols across centres.
Scalable and sustainable production of Ti3C2Tz MXene and fluorine recovery from wastewater through cryolite precipitation (2022)

Treatment of HF or HCl/LiF etched Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub><i>z</i></sub> with 0.05 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub> before water washing reduces the wastewater generated by 75%. When etched with HF, cryolite (Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>) precipitation from spent etching waste effectively removes fluorine from this waste stream, offers insight into the etching chemistry of MAX to MXene, and provides an effective analytical tool for optimization of MXene production. Additionally, washing HF etched multilayered Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub><i>z</i></sub> with 0.05 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub> allows for the production of delaminated Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub><i>z</i></sub> colloidal suspensions, which typically requires the use of TBAOH or DMSO for intercalation and subsequent delamination. Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T <sub><i>z</i></sub> made with HCl/LiF and washed with 0.05 M NaHCO<sub>3</sub> yields a colloidal suspension with a concentration of 18 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> and a film conductivity of 1150 S cm<sup>-1</sup>.
Pathways and products for the metabolism of vitamin D3 by cytochrome P450scc (2008)

Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) can hydroxylate vitamin D3 to produce 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 and other poorly characterized hydroxylated products. The present study aimed to identify all the products of vitamin D3 metabolism by P450scc, as well as the pathways leading to their formation. Besides 20-hydroxyvitamin D3, other major metabolites of vitamin D3 were a dihydroxyvitamin D3 and a trihydroxyvitamin D3 product. The dihydroxyvitamin D3 was clearly identified as 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by NMR, in contrast to previous reports that postulated hydroxyl groups in positions 20 and 22. NMR of the trihydroxy product identified it as 17alpha,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D3. This product could be directly produced by P450scc acting on 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, confirming that hydroxyl groups are present at positions 20 and 23. Three minor products of D3 metabolism by P450scc were identified by MS and by examining their subsequent metabolism by P450scc. These products were 23-hydroxyvitamin D3, 17alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 17alpha,20-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and arise from the three P450scc-catalysed hydroxylations occurring in a different order. We conclude that the major pathway of vitamin D3 metabolism by P450scc is: vitamin D3 --> 20-hydroxyvitamin D3 --> 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3 --> 17alpha,20,23-trihydroxyvitamin D3. The major products dissociate from the P450scc active site and accumulate at a concentration well above the P450scc concentration. Our new identification of the major dihydroxyvitamin D3 product as 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, rather than 20,22-dihydroxyvitamin D3, explains why there is no cleavage of the vitamin D3 side chain, unlike the metabolism of cholesterol by P450scc.
The Growth and Performance Diagnostics Initiative: A Multi-Dimensional Framework for Sales Performance Analysis and Management (2011)

Often there is substantial disparity in sales performance across various units of an organization. It is crucial to model the effects of various drivers/inhibitors on sales performance, particularly those that can be acted upon, since insight into such drivers/inhibitors is essential for determining optimal actions for improving performance. We present a framework for sales performance diagnostics which focuses on: (1) modeling and quantifying the effects of various factors on multiple sales performance metrics to help identify actionable factors that can impact performance; and (2) providing scenario analysis and optimization capabilities to understand the effects of taking various actions on sales performance, as well as to suggest the best possible actions to achieve certain objectives given current constraints. We describe an implementation of this framework at IBM and provide examples of analyses to demonstrate how it can be used to support sales performance initiatives. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]
Opto-electronic generation of microwave signals with zeptosecond level absolute timing noise and characterization (2017)

International audience
Strain induced optical waveguides in lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, and barium titanate (1992)

Channel waveguides have been produced in LiNbO3, LiTaO3, and BaTiO3 ferroelectric crystals by depositing thick SiO2 films at an elevated temperature and patterning them by reactive ion etching. The static strain resulting from the large thermal expansion mismatch between the substrate and film causes a localized increase in the refractive index via the strain-optic effect. In addition, an electro-optic contribution to the index increase is believed to result from a surface charge distribution which compensates the electric field due to the piezoelectric effect. Single-mode waveguides at a wavelength of 0.633 μm for both polarizations have been produced in x-cut LiNbO3, with losses of 0.8 dB/cm for TE polarization and 0.9 dB/cm for TM polarization. The 11-μm-wide channel waveguides were formed by a z-axis strain induced by a 2.8-μm-thick SiO2 film deposited at 300 °C. Electro-optic modulation was also demonstrated in these waveguides. Guiding for both polarizations was also observed in LiTaO3 and BaTiO3 channel waveguides at 0.83 μm wavelength.
Presilicon modeling: challenges in the late CMOS era (2005)

IEEE Micro editor in chief Pradip Bose writes that in a future of "integrated microarchitectures," high-end, server-class microprocessor chips will begin to look like system-on-chip designs with multiple processor cores, special-purpose accelerators invoked on demand, and a scalable on-chip interconnection network, among other on-chip heterogeneous elements. The resulting presilicon modeling challenges in the setting of this late CMOS design era are quite mind-boggling.
Chikungunya: An Emerging Disease in Travelers (2009)

A large-scale outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) occurred in 2004 in East Africa, spread through West Indian Ocean islands in an unprecedented devastating outbreak in 2005–6, then jumped to India, where millions of people were affected, and continued to expand into eastern Asia. More than 1000 cases have been documented in travelers who were diagnosed after returning home from epidemic areas. Imported cases in returned travelers paralleled the spread of the explosive outbreaks. New clinical entities, including severe to lethal cases, have been reported in addition to the classical features, including a febrile polyarthritis with tenosynovitis, followed by long-lasting rheumatism. CHIKV has now been repeatedly associated with a new vector, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, which is present worldwide. Within one year, a single new mutation was found in the CHIKV isolates in most places, providing a selective advantage for CHIKV transmission by Ae. albopictus and increasing the potential for CHIKV to permanently extend its range into Europe, the Americas, and other susceptible regions. A returned traveler was the source of a local outbreak in Italy in 2007. All physicians should be prepared to encounter CHIKV infection.
Cover Picture (2001)

The cover picture shows linear motor molecules in action on a silicate support. Under the spotlight, tethered threadlike polyether chains (pink) intercepted by electron-donating naphthalene units (red) doff and don electron-accepting cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) girdles (blue). Their risque actions are revealed by the luminescence of the naphthalene units when the girdles are removed. The temporal sequence (left to right) shows the bare thread donning a girdle and then doffing it under the influence of light. The action is attentively monitored by the luminescence spectra; the intensity increases when the girdle is doffed and is quenched when it is donned. More about this process is reported by Zink, Stoddart, and co-workers on p. 2447 ff.
Incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cardiovascular disease: buffered aspirin versus enteric-coated aspirin (2011)

The type of aspirin does not affect the incidence of overt GI bleeding and decreased hemoglobin, but enteric-coated aspirin may be associated with an increased incidence of decreased hemoglobin.
Spongistatin synthetic studies. 3. Construction of the C(1–17) spiroketal (1997)

A convergent synthesis of the C(1–17) AB-ring subunit of the spongistatins, exceedingly scarce and highly antimitotic polyether macrolides, has been achieved via a one-flask dithiane bisalkylation, stereocontrolled spiroketalization, and Julia sulfone coupling/methylenation.
Microbe-Independent Entry of Oomycete RxLR Effectors and Fungal RxLR-Like Effectors Into Plant and Animal Cells Is Specific and Reproducible (2013)

A wide diversity of pathogens and mutualists of plant and animal hosts, including oomycetes and fungi, produce effector proteins that enter the cytoplasm of host cells. A major question has been whether or not entry by these effectors can occur independently of the microbe or requires machinery provided by the microbe. Numerous publications have documented that oomycete RxLR effectors and fungal RxLR-like effectors can enter plant and animal cells independent of the microbe. A recent reexamination of whether the RxLR domain of oomycete RxLR effectors is sufficient for microbe-independent entry into host cells concluded that the RxLR domains of Phytophthora infestans Avr3a and of P. sojae Avr1b alone are NOT sufficient to enable microbe-independent entry of proteins into host and nonhost plant and animal cells. Here, we present new, more detailed data that unambiguously demonstrate that the RxLR domain of Avr1b does show efficient and specific entry into soybean root cells and also into wheat leaf cells, at levels well above background nonspecific entry. We also summarize host cell entry experiments with a wide diversity of oomycete and fungal effectors with RxLR or RxLR-like motifs that have been independently carried out by the seven different labs that coauthored this letter. Finally we discuss possible technical reasons why specific cell entry may have been not detected by Wawra et al. (2013).
Carbohydrate Amino Acids:  The Intrinsic Conformational Preference for a β-Turn-Type Structure in a Carbopeptoid Building Block (2006)

Infrared ion-dip spectroscopy coupled with DFT and ab initio calculations are used to establish the intrinsic conformational preference of the basic structural unit of a peptide mimic, a cis-tetrahydrofuran-based "carbopeptoid" (amide-sugar-amide), isolated at low temperature in the gas phase. The carbopeptoid units form a beta-turn-type structure, stabilized by an intramolecular NH --> O=C hydrogen bond across the sugar ring, thus forming a 10-membered, C10 turn. Despite the clear preference for C10 beta-turn structures in the basic unit, however, the presence of multiple hydrogen-bond donating and accepting groups also generates a rich conformational landscape, and alternative structures may be populated in related molecules. Calculations on an extended, carbopeptoid dimer unit, which includes an alternating amide-sugar-amide-sugar-amide chain, identify conformers exhibiting alternative hydrogen-bonding arrangements that are somewhat more stable than the lowest-energy double beta-turn forming conformer.
Computing at different levels of approximation: examples in molecular biology (1995)

As the power of computing grows, we can solve ever more complex biological problems. Still, the size of systems and the number of particles impose limitations. The paper considers how different levels of approximation can be useful in overcoming these limits. It presents an application example of each of these levels of approximation, examples which are particularly relevant in industrial product development: the use of amphiphilic molecules as surfactants, the adsorption of organic molecules on substrates, and the catalytic reaction of enzymes. It discusses the combination of atomic-scale and macroscale simulation.
BENEFICIAL KINETIC ADAPTATIONS AFTER ENDURANCE TRAINING (2001)

Endurance training produces adaptations in running kinetics, although it does not produce changes in kinematics. We performed a prospective study of 23 runners who joined established marathon training teams. Each was tested in their first month of training and again two weeks prior to their marathon. The approximate time between tests was three months. Four peak ground reaction forces were reduced significantly after the training: lateral (15.4%), acceleration (7.10%), vertical (2.1%) and the normalized resultant (2.1%). Kinetic variables associated with iliotibial band injuries and anterior knee pain also had significant reductions. Peak hip adduction moments were reduced by 6.0%, peak patellofemoral contact force was reduced by 7.6%.
Linear stability analysis of a sub-to-supercritical jet (2012)

A linear stability analysis was performed on a viscous jet injected into subcritical and supercritical atmospheres. The analysis complements previous experiments. The system is binary, so that effects of the second species on jet disintegration could be inspected in the analysis. The subcritical cases showed good correlation with previously solved cases of stability in viscous jets. The supercritical solutions, which have not yet been solved using a similar analysis, are found here through an asymptotic solution of the dispersion equation for exceedingly high Weber numbers.
Conjugated Polycyanines: A New Class of Materials with Large Third‐Order Optical Nonlinearities (2015)

A fully conjugated polycyanine (AJMPC02) showing a very large Re(γ) value of −9.0 × 10−57 mks at 1.3 μm is synthesized. It is used as a host polymer for anionic TCF-cyanines for creating a complementary polymeric cyanine salt complex, which exhibits a Re(γ) value of −5.6 × 10−57 mks at 1.3 μm. A good optical quality thin film based on AJMPC02-TCF gives a Re(γ) value of −2.1 × 10−18 mks at 1.3 μm and −8.5 × 10−19 mks at 1.55 μm, which are among the highest values reported for molecular materials, and much higher than those derived from silicon.