gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General Broadcast Channels (2011)

We resume the discussion of broadcast channels started in Chapter 5. Again consider the 2-receiver DM-BCp(y1, y2|x) with private and common messages depicted in Figure 8.1. The definitions of a code, achievability, and capacity regions are the same as in Chapter 5. As mentioned before, the capacity region of the DM-BC is not known in general. In Chapter 5, we presented the superposition coding scheme and showed that it is optimal for several classes of channels in which one receiver is stronger than the other. In this chapter, we study coding schemes that can outperform superposition coding and present the tightest known inner and outer bounds on the capacity region of the general broadcast channel.
Bridging the Digital Divide: A Risk-Based “Telehealth Needs” Scoring Model for Patient Outcome Prediction (2020)

The purpose of the research was to develop a predictive model of the effect of patient characteristics on outcomes and resource utilization in telehealth interventions for chronic disease management. Clinical studies have shown high variability in telehealth across settings and populations. The central hypothesis of this study was that patient characteristics, including disease type, illness severity, demographic information, and socio-technical preferences play a role in determining telehealth intervention outcomes. A non-experimental, retrospective study evaluated the feasibility of creating a Telehealth Needs score using Medicare and Medicaid claims data from 2016 to 2017. Claims were summarized into de-identified cases to train a series of outcome prediction models using parametric and non-parametric Bayesian analytical machine learning methods. Telehealth and non-telehealth cohorts were matched by illness severity and stratified by disease type, as well as the number of comorbidities to control for group differences. The telehealth cohort demonstrated statistically significant differences with higher mean total utilization (representing outpatient and prescription use) and lower mean inpatient utilization as compared to the non-telehealth cohort. This effect demonstrated a shifting of clinical resources from inpatient to outpatient services for the telehealth intervention. The creation of a Telehealth Needs score using machine learning for outcome prediction is feasible. Adoption of the Telehealth Needs score may improve patient outcome prediction by reducing variability in digital health services delivery across populations and settings in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
The African strain of Zika virus causes more severe in utero infection than Asian strain in a porcine fetal transmission model (2019)

Studies in mice showed that African Zika virus (ZIKV) strains cause more damage in embryos. These studies, however, were limited to the mouse-adapted African MR766 strain or infection at early gestation. Here, we compared infection of Asian and African strains in the fetal pig model at midgestation. Both strains caused fetal infection. ZIKV was detected in placenta, amniotic membrane, amniotic fluid, fetal blood, and brain. The African strain produced more vigorous <i>in utero</i> infection as represented by more efficient virus transmission between siblings, and higher viral loads in fetal organs and membranes. Infection with both strains was associated with reduced fetal brain weight and increased number of placental CD163-positive cells, as well as elevated <i>in utero</i> interferon alpha and cortisol levels. This is the first large animal model study which demonstrated that African strain of ZIKV, with no passage history in experimental animals, can cause persistent infection in fetuses and fetal membranes at midgestation. Our studies also suggest that similar to Asian strains, ZIKV of African lineage might cause silent pathology which is difficult to identify in deceptively healthy fetuses. The findings emphasize the need for further studies to highlight the impact of ZIKV heterogeneity on infection outcomes during pregnancy.
A novel power source for high-precision, highly efficient micro w-EDM (2015)

The study presents the development of a novel power source for high-precision, highly efficient machining of micropart microstructures using micro wire electrical discharge machining (w-EDM). A novel power source based on a pluri resistance–capacitance (pRC) circuit that can generate a high-frequency, high-peak current with a short pulse train is proposed and designed to enhance the performance of micro w-EDM processes. Switching between transistors is precisely controlled in the designed power source to create a high-frequency short-pulse train current. Various microslot cutting tests in both aluminum and copper alloys are conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the pRC power source creates instant spark erosion resulting in markedly less material for removal, diminishing discharge crater size, and consequently an improved surface finish. A new evaluation approach for spark erosion ability (SEA) to assess the merits of micro EDM power sources is also proposed. In addition to increasing the speed of micro w-EDM by increasing wire feed rates by 1.6 times the original feed rate, the power source is more appropriate for machining micropart microstructures since there is less thermal breaking. Satisfactory cutting of an elaborate miniature hook-shaped structure and a high-aspect ratio microstructure with a squared-pillar array also reveal that the developed pRC power source is effective, and should be very useful in the manufacture of intricate microparts.
Isolation and Identification of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY05 from Natural Fermented Yak Yogurt and Its Effect on Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice (2019)

Yak yogurt is a type of naturally fermented dairy product prepared by herdsmen in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is rich in microorganisms. In this study, a strain of <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> was isolated and identified from yak yogurt in Hongyuan, Sichuan Province and named <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> HFY05 (LP-HFY05). LP-HFY05 was compared with a common commercial strain of <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp</i>. <i>bulgaricus</i> (LDSB). LP-HFY05 showed better anti-artificial gastric acid and bile salt effects than LDSB in in vitro experiments, indicating its potential as a probiotic. In animal experiments, long-term alcohol gavage induced alcoholic liver injury. LP-HFY05 effectively reduced the liver index of mice with liver injury, downregulated the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, nitric oxide, and MDA and upregulated the levels of albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase in the serum of liver-injured mice. LP-HFY05 also reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the serum of liver-injured mice. The pathological observations showed that LP-HFY05 reduced the damage to liver cells caused by alcohol. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays further showed that LP-HFY05 upregulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, manganese-SOD, cuprozinc-SOD, CAT, and inhibitor of κB-α mRNA and protein expression and downregulated the expression of nuclear factor-κB-p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the livers of liver-injured mice. A fecal analysis revealed that LP-HFY05 regulated the microbial content in the intestinal tract of mice with liver injury, increased the content of beneficial bacteria, including <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus</i> and reduced the content of harmful bacteria, including <i>Firmicutes</i>, <i>Actinobacteria</i>, <i>Proteobacteria</i>, and <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, thus, regulating intestinal microorganisms to protect against liver injury. The effect of LP-HFY05 on liver-injured mice was better than that of LDSB, and the effect was similar to that of silymarin. LP-HFY05 is a high-quality microbial strain with a liver protective effect on experimental mice with alcoholic liver injury.
Ultrashort free electron pulses scattering on matter and light (2016)

We are developing microwave cavities to chop a low-emittance electron beam into 100 fs bunches at a repetition rate of 3 GHz. Accurately synchronized to a modelocked laser, these bunches can be used for ultrafast time-resolved TEM [1]. We show recently measured time-of-flight femtosecond electron energy loss spectra (ToF-FEELS) of graphite measured in a horizontal SEM-based setup using a second ‘streak’ cavity. With this cavity we have directly measured an electron pulse length of 2.7 ps and an EELS energy resolution of 12 eV. Currently we use this setup to study the ponderomotive scattering of electron bunches off a standing wave of high intensity laser light. At the moment of writing we have already achieved the spatial and temporal overlap of two 30-fs laser pulses. If successful, we plan to study diffraction of electrons on a standing wave of light, the so-called Kapitza-Dirac effect.
Effect of gaseous void on bipolar charge transport in layered polymer film (2014)

This paper describes a hybrid algorithm to study the effect of a gaseous void on bipolar charge transport in layered polymer film. This hybrid algorithm uses a source distribution technique based on an axisymmetric boundary integral equation method to solve the Poisson equation and a fourth order Runge–Kutta (RK4) method with an upwind scheme for time integration. Iterative stability is assured by satisfying the Courant–Friedrichs–Levy stability criterion. Dynamic charge mapping is achieved by allowing conducting and insulating boundaries and material interfaces to be represented by equivalent free and bound charge distributions that collectively satisfy all local and far-field conditions. This hybrid technique caters to bipolar charge injection, field-dependent mobility transport, recombination, and trapping/de-trapping in the bulk and at material and physical interfaces. The resulting charge map is the taxonomy of the different charge types and their abundance, and presents a dynamic view of the temporal and spatial distributions. The paper is motivated by images of breakdown experiments that point to the role of gaseous void in delamination growth. For the test configuration, the high field at the edge of the gaseous void act as a sink first for positive and then negative charge. The net effect is to increase delamination stress at the edge leading to further growth of the defect and increasing the potential for partial discharge within the void.
Buckling and yield strength estimation of architected materials under arbitrary loads (2021)

Buckling strength estimation of architected materials has mainly been restricted to load cases oriented along symmetry axes. However, realistic load scenarios normally exhibit more general stress distributions. In this paper we propose a simple yet accurate method to estimate the buckling strength of stretch-dominated lattice structures based on individual member analysis. As an integral part of the method, the yield strength is also determined. This simplified model is verified by rigorous numerical analysis. In particular, we efficiently compute the complete buckling strength surfaces of an orthotropic bulk modulus optimal plate lattice structure and isotropic stiffness optimal plate and truss lattice structures subjected to rotated uni-axial loads, where the ratio between the highest and lowest buckling strength is found to be 1.77, 2.11 and 2.41, respectively. For comparison, we also provide their yield strength surfaces, where the corresponding ratios are 1.84, 1.16 and 1.79. Furthermore, we use the knowledge gained from the simplified model to create a new configuration of the isotropic plate lattice structure with a more isotropic buckling strength surface and buckling strength ratio of 1.24, without deterioration of the stiffness or yield strength. The proposed method provides a valuable tool to quickly estimate the microstructural buckling strength of stretch-dominated lattice structures, especially for applications where the stress state is non-uniform such as infill in additive manufacturing.
Vertical Split-Ring Resonator based Metasurface for Light Manipulation (2016)

Metasurfaces have unusual abilities to manipulate light with artificial metal nanostructures that are patterned on surfaces of different media. Limited by nanofabrication difficulties, most reported works have been based on 2D metal structures. We have developed an advanced e-beam process that allowed for the deposition of 3D nanostructures which called vertical split-ring resonators (VSRRs). VSRR opens another degree of freedom in the metasurface design. Here we explore the functionality of beam steering with phase modulation by tuning only the vertical dimension of the VSRRs and show that anomalous steering reflection of a wide range of angles can be accomplished with high extinction ratio using the finite-difference-time-domain simulation. We also demonstrate that metasurfaces made of 3D VSRRs can be made with roughly half of the footprint compared to that of 2D nano-rods, enabling high density integration of metal nanostructures.
Sparse Reconstruction of Aliased Seismic Signals Recorded During the Insight Mars Mission (2019)

The NASA InSight lander successfully placed a seismometer on the surface of Mars. Alongside, a hammering device was deployed that penetrated into the ground to attempt the first measurements of the planetary heat flow of Mars. The hammering generated repeated seismic signals that were registered by the seismometer. These signals can potentially be used to image the shallow subsurface just below the lander. However, the frequencies excited by the hammering probe widely exceed the Nyquist frequency dictated by the seis-mometer's sampling rate. Here, we propose an algorithm to reconstruct the seismic signals beyond the classical sampling theorem. We exploit the structure in the data due to thousands of repeated, only gradually varying hammering signals as the heat probe slowly penetrates into the ground. This allows us to reconstruct signals by enforcing a sparsity constraint in a modified Radon transform domain.
Bladder afferent hyperexcitability in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (2014)

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is a disease with lower urinary tract symptoms, such as bladder pain and urinary frequency, which results in seriously impaired quality of life of patients. The extreme pain and urinary frequency are often difficult to treat. Although the etiology of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is still not known, there is increasing evidence showing that afferent hyperexcitability as a result of neurogenic bladder inflammation and urothelial dysfunction is important to the pathophysiological basis of symptom development. Further investigation of the pathophysiology will lead to the effective treatment of patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.
Use of dietary supplements among people living with HIV/AIDS is associated with vulnerability to medical misinformation on the internet (2012)

Dietary supplement use is common among PLWH and is associated with a broad array of health information seeking behaviors. Interventions are needed to reduce the vulnerability of PLWH, particularly dietary supplement users, to medical misinformation propagated on the internet.
Strain-compensated infrared photodetector and photodetector array (2023)

A photodetector is disclosed for the detection of infrared light with a long cutoff wavelength in the range of about 4.5-10 microns. The photodetector, which can be formed on a semiconductor substrate as an nBn device, has a light absorbing region which includes InAsSb light-absorbing layers and tensile-strained layers interspersed between the InAsSb light-absorbing layers. The tensile-strained layers can be formed from GaAs, InAs, InGaAs or a combination of these III-V compound semiconductor materials. A barrier layer in the photodetector can be formed from AlAsSb or AlGaAsSb; and a contact layer in the photodetector can be formed from InAs, GaSb or InAsSb. The photodetector is useful as an individual device, or to form a focal plane array.
Hybrid Fabry-Pérot étalon using an electro-optic polymer for optical modulation (2006)

The authors present a Fabry-Pérot étalon using an electro-optic (EO) polymer material as the nonlinear medium. The two electrodes used to apply voltage across the EO polymer include an indium tin oxide electrode outside the étalon cavity and a low-absorption indium oxide electrode inside the étalon cavity. High finesse (∼234) and a low insertion loss (∼4dB) have been obtained. An isolation ratio of 10dB and ∼10% modulation depth at 200kHz with 5V applied voltage have been achieved. These results indicate that EO polymer étalons are promising as spatial light modulators for information technology.
Characterization of InGaAsP surface corrugation used for distributed feedback lasers by means of Raman spectroscopy (1986)

Thermally deformed surface corrugations on both an InP substrate and an InGaAsP layer have been analyzed by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy. From the spectra of the deformed surface corrugations on an InP substrate on which a GaAs wafer was placed during its heat treatment, it has been found that material formed in the grooves is an InGaAsP alloy single crystal.
Regenerative Medicine Clinical Readiness (2021)

Regenerative medicine, poised to transform 21st century healthcare, has aspired to enrich care options by bringing cures to patients in need. Science-driven responsible and regulated translation of innovative technology has enabled the launch of previously unimaginable care pathways adopted prudently for select serious diseases and disabilities. The collective resolve to advance the design, manufacture and validity of affordable regenerative solutions aims to democratize such health benefits for all. The objective of this Review is to outline the framework and prerequisites that underpin clinical readiness of regenerative care. Integrated research and development, specialized workforce education and accessible evidence-based practice implementation are at the core of realizing an equitable regenerative medicine vision.
Stapling Mimics Noncovalent Interactions of γ-Carboxyglutamates in Conantokins, Peptidic Antagonists of N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid Receptors (2012)

Conantokins are short peptides derived from the venoms of marine cone snails that act as antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor family of excitatory glutamate receptors. These peptides contain γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues typically spaced at i,i+4 and/or i,i+7 intervals, which by chelating divalent cations induce and stabilize helical conformation of the peptide. Introduction of a dicarba bridge (or a staple) can covalently stabilize peptide helicity and improve its pharmacological properties. To test the hypothesis that stapling can effectively replace γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues in stabilizing the helical conformation of conantokins, we designed, synthesized, and characterized several stapled analogs of conantokin G (conG), with varying connectivities in terms of staple length and location along the face of the α-helix. NMR studies confirmed that the ring-closing metathesis reaction yielded a single product with the Z configuration of the olefinic bond. Based on circular dichroism and molecular modeling, the stapled analogs exhibited significantly enhanced helicity compared with the native peptide in a metal-free environment. Stapling i,i+4 was benign with respect to effects on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties. One analog, namely conG[11-15,S(i,i+4)S(8)], blocked NR2B-containing NMDA receptors with IC(50) = 0.7 μm and provided significant protection in the 6-Hz psychomotor model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy in mice. Remarkably, unlike native conG, conG[11-15,S(i,i+4)S(8)] produced no behavioral motor toxicity. Our results extend the applications of peptide stapling to helical peptides with extracellular targets and provide a means for engineering conantokins with improved pharmacological properties.
Is phase-mask alignment aberrating your STED microscope? (2015)

The performance of a stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope depends critically upon the pupil plane phase mask that is used to shape the depletion focus. Misalignments of the mask create unwanted distortions of the depletion focus to the detriment of image quality. It is shown how the phase errors introduced by a misplaced mask are similar to coma aberrations. The effects are investigated analytically, through numerical modelling and experimental measurement. Strategies for the systematic alignment of the masks are discussed.
Active control of nanolitre droplet contents with convective concentration gradients across permeable walls (2011)

Nanolitre droplets in microfluidic devices can be used to perform thousands of independent chemical and biological experiments while minimizing reagents, cost and time. However, the absence of simple and versatile methods capable of controlling the contents of these nanolitre chemical systems limits their scientific potential. To address this, we have developed a method that is simple to fabricate and can continuously control nanolitre chemical systems by integrating a time-resolved convective flow signal across a permeable membrane wall. With this method, we can independently control the volume and concentration of nanolitre-sized drops without ever directly contacting the fluid. Transport occurring in these systems was also analyzed and thoroughly characterized. We achieved volumetric fluid introduction and removal rates ranging from 0.23 to 4.0 pL s(-1). Furthermore, we expanded this method to perform chemical processes. We precipitated silver chloride using a flow signal of sodium chloride and silver nitrate droplets. From there, we were able to separate sodium chloride reactants with a water flow signal, and dissolve silver chloride solids with an ammonia hydroxide flow signal. Finally, we demonstrate the potential to deliver large molecules and perform physical processes like crystallization and particle packing.
64 kbit Ferroelectric-Gate-Transistor-Integrated NAND Flash Memory with 7.5 V Program and Long Data Retention (2012)

A 64 kbit (kb) one-transistor-type ferroelectric memory array was fabricated and characterized. Pt/SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 /Hf–Al–O/Si ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistors (FeFETs) were used as the memory cells. The gate length and width were 5 and 5 µm, respectively. The array design was based on NAND flash memory organized as 8 word lines × 32 blocks × 256 bit lines. Erase, program, and nondestructive-read operations were demonstrated in every block. Threshold-voltage ( V th ) reading of all the 64 kb memory cells showed a clear separation between their all-erased and all-programmed states. A checkerboard pattern was also programmed in a block and the two distinguishable V th distributions were read out. The V th retention of a block of 2 kb memory cells showed no significant degradation after two days.