gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans (1977)

Eighteen substituted 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furans and related analogues, including "masked" amidines in which the guanyl function is incorporated into a heterocyclic ring, have been synthesized and their antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activity has been evaluated. None of the compounds exhibited high orders of antimalarial activity; however, 11 were very active against Trypanosoma rhodesiense in mice. Six compounds, including 2,5-bis(4-guanylphenyl)furan (4) and its 3-chloro (32), 3,4-dichloro (31), 3-methyl (25), 3,4-dimethyl (20), and 3-chloro-4-methyl (38) derivatives, produced cures in mice at submilligram dosage levels; the 3,4-dimethyl (20) analogue exhibited a prolonged curative effect providing protection for 30 days after a single dose against a challenge by T. rhodesiense. These six compounds are somewhat more active in this screen than stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, and pentamidine. The "masked" amidines generally exhibited lower antitrypanosomal activity than their true guanyl counterparts. Compound 4 was synthesized from 1,4-di-p-bromophenyl-1,4-butanedione by cyclodehydrative furanization to 2,5-bis(4-bromophenyl)furan (2) which was allowed to react with Cu2(CN)2 to produce the corresponding bis-nitrile 3. The latter compound was ultimately converted by way of an imidate ester into 4. Similarly, the 3- and/or 4-substituted derivatives of 2 were employed to prepare the other members of the series.
Low‐level laser therapy for zymosan‐induced arthritis in rats: Importance of illumination time (2007)

LLLT with 810-nm laser is highly effective in treating inflammatory arthritis in this model. Longer illumination times were more effective than short times regardless of total fluence or irradiance. These data will be of value in designing clinical trials of LLLT for various arthritides.
NAD(P)H and collagen as in vivo quantitative fluorescent biomarkers of epithelial precancerous changes. (2002)

During the development of neoplasia, epithelial tissues undergo biochemical and structural changes that can manifest in tissue fluorescence. There have been several reports on different in vivo fluorescence characteristics between normal and precancerous (dysplastic) tissues. However, it has been difficult to identify and quantify the origins of these changes, mainly because of distortions introduced in measured tissue fluorescence spectra by tissue scattering and absorption. Such distortions can be removed by combining information in simultaneously measured fluorescence and reflectance spectra. Thus, we can recover the intrinsic (undistorted) tissue fluorescence. In this report, we show that extraction of the intrinsic fluorescence allows us: (a) to determine the fluorescence spectra of NAD(P)H and collagen in an in vivo environment, and (b) to use these NAD(P)H and collagen spectra to describe, quantitatively, diagnostically significant biochemical changes between normal and dysplastic tissues. Specifically, by analyzing intrinsic fluorescence of human epithelial tissue as it becomes deoxygenated in vivo, we can resolve the fluorescence spectra of NAD(P)H and collagen, two of the major tissue fluorophores. This is important because fluorescence depends on the local environment of the chromophore. Then, we extract the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of sites from 35 patients with suspected cervical lesions and 7 patients with Barrett's esophagus and describe them accurately as a linear combination of NAD(P)H and collagen contributions. In both tissue cases, we find that low collagen and high NAD(P)H fluorescence characterizes the high-grade dysplastic lesions when compared with nondysplastic tissues. These data present evidence for the presence of detectable levels of NAD(P)H fluorescence in human epithelial tissues in an in vivo setting and demonstrate that NAD(P)H and collagen may be used as quantitative fluorescence biomarkers for in vivo detection of dysplasia in the cervix and the esophagus.
Optofluidic Microring Dye Laser (2007)

We demonstrated, for the first time, an optofluidic microring dye laser on a monolithic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chip. Laser threshold of 9.2 nJ was obtained with a single mode liquid-core waveguide based microring cavity.
Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons with Molecular Oxygen Catalyzed by Transition Metal Substituted Silicotungstates (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metamaterials: electromagnetic enhancement at zero-index transition (2008)

Resonant enhancement of electromagnetic waves propagating at oblique incidence in metamaterials, with dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability linearly changing from positive to negative values, has been predicted and theoretically studied. This effect occurs for both TE and TM polarizations near the point where a refractive index changes its sign. Our model elucidates the unique features of the resonant enhancement in "positive-to-negative transition" metamaterials for a broad frequency range from microwaves to optics.
Use of High Pressure Freezing and Freeze Substitution Processing of Tissues (2006)

Electron microscopy is a widely used morphological tool in renal research, however, chemical fixatives could cause ultratructural artifacts and fixation of antigenic epitopes can hinder immunocytochemical studies. Cryofixation using high pressure freezing can preserve biological tissues which can minimize ice crystal damage and preserve antigenic epitopes. Our laboratory processed cells (MDCK cells grown on sapphire discs) and various tissues (collected using a microbiopsy needle) using the Leica EM PACT high pressure freezer. After a rat was anesthetized, tissue from the renal cortex and medulla, liver, pancreas and uterus were obtained using the Leica microbiopsy system. Another rat was anesthetized and fluorescent tagged ligands infused into the tail vein and the kidney visualized using a two photon microscope. Sequential biopsies were taken using the microbiopsy needle and high pressure frozen. These tissues could be correlated with the 2‐photon microscope images. The frozen tissues were processed using the Automated Freeze Substitution (AFS) system. The tissue was processed in 1%OsO4 in acetone with or without 0.1% uranyl acetate / 0.1% glutaraldehyde and embedded in EMBED 812 or LR Gold. MDCK cells grown on sapphire discs froze well, without obvious freezing artifacts with excellent preservation of the cellular organelles. Kidney tissues obtained with the microbiopsy needle were generally well fixed, without significant artifacts. The current availability of high pressure freezers like the Leica EM PACT, with their compact size and mobility, make good cryofixation a more available option.
Predicting ICU hemodynamic instability using continuous multiparameter trends (2008)

Area under receiver-operating curve (ROC) 0.83+/-0.03, sensitivity 0.75+/-0.06, and specificity 0.80+/-0.07; if the specificity is targeted at 0.90, then the sensitivity is 0.57+/-0.07. Based on our preliminary results, we conclude that the algorithms we developed using HR and BP trend data may provide a promising perspective toward reliable predictive alerts for hemodynamically unstable patients.
Colocación de implantes asistida por odenador: plantillas Scan, SimPlant, SurgiGuide y Sistema SAFE (2007)

La odontologia implantologica asistida por ordenador utiliza la tecnologia mas avanzada para coordinar todos los aspectos del tratamiento implantologico. Esta es una tecnica con la que se puede controlar la colocacion de los implantes con una gran precision. Esto es muy importante, ya que dicha precision incide directamente en la seguridad, la estetica, la invasividad y el coste del tratamiento implantologico.
Debemos concebir la odontologia implantologica asistida por ordenador como una cadena en la que cada uno de los eslabones esta relacionado con los demas. Dentro de esta cadena existen elementos que se pueden utilizar para potenciar los efectos beneficiosos aportados por la odontologia implantologica asistida por ordenador.
Una plantilla scan es una plantilla radiologica que permite visualizar el plan protesico antes de iniciar el tratamiento y determinar la evolucion del tratamiento implantologico desde el punto de vista estetico. El programa informatico Sim Plant (Materialise) permite planificar los implantes en dos o tres dimensiones utilizando los datos obtenidos a partir de un estudio tomografico informatizado. El plan implantologico resultante puede transferirse a la boca y hacerse realidad por medio de una guia quirurgica estereolitografica (SurgiGuide, Materialise). Por ultimo, el Sistema SAFE (Materialise) se utiliza para guiar la colocacion de los implantes. Incluye dispositivos de perforacion dedicados y se puede combinar con las SurgiGuides o con guias de resma acrilica tradicionales fabricadas por el laboratorio dental sobre un modelo de escayola sintetica.
Multiple Yeast Genes, Including Paf1 Complex Genes, Affect Telomere Length via Telomerase RNA Abundance (2008)

Twofold reductions in telomerase RNA levels cause telomere shortening in both humans and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To test whether multiple genes that affect telomere length act by modulating telomerase RNA abundance, we used real-time reverse transcription-PCR to screen S. cerevisiae deletion strains reported to maintain shorter or longer telomeres to determine the levels of their telomerase RNA (TLC1) abundance. Of 290 strains screened, 5 had increased TLC1 levels; 4 of these maintained longer telomeres. Twenty strains had decreased TLC1 levels; 18 of these are known to maintain shorter telomeres. Four strains with decreased TLC1 RNA levels contained deletions of subunits of Paf1C (polymerase II-associated factor complex). While Paf1C had been implicated in the transcription of both polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated RNAs, Paf1C had not been associated previously with the noncoding telomerase RNA. In Paf1C mutant strains, TLC1 overexpression partially rescues telomere length and cell growth defects, suggesting that telomerase RNA is a critical direct or indirect Paf1C target. Other factors newly identified as affecting TLC1 RNA levels include cyclin-dependent kinase, the mediator complex, protein phosphatase 2A, and ribosomal proteins L13B and S16A. This report establishes that a subset of telomere length genes act by modulating telomerase RNA abundance.
Improving performance of linear field generation with multi-coil setup by optimizing coils position (2017)

Purpose/Introduction: Recent publications[1],[2] report a high capability of a multi-coil setup to generate equivalent linear fields. Hence, the spatial encoding which is performed by scanner’s built-in linear gradient, can be accomplished with a multi-coil setup and therefore can be used for imaging in parallel with shimming[3]. The accuracy of the linear field produced by multi-coil is the benchmark key factor. Increasing the number of individual coils brings more degrees of freedom and a better generation of linear fields with the cost of a more complex setup to fabricate and maintain. Here, it is demonstrated how optimization of coil position results in generating superior linear fields with a limited number of coils. Subjects and Methods: Recent reports[1],[2] have used 48 and 84 coils which were arranged with a layout of 6*8 and 6*14 respectively. For comparison, we simulated a local multi-coil setup with 16, 24, 32, 48 and 84 circular shaped coils. All coils are placed on a cylinder with a diameter/length of 360/300 mm which is large enough to house an RF coil. We used optimization-based search of coil positions that result in three linear orthogonal fields for the FOV of 200*200*200 mm around the isocenter. Simulation started from arranging individual coils in a regular fashion on the cylinder surface. The magnetic field for each coil was calculated using the Biot–Savart law with no constraint for the floating current in the coils. The optimization was performed using the fmincon function in MATLAB. Results: As an initial position for the optimization, we placed the coils in a symmetric configuration such that they cover the whole cylinder surface. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of 16 individual coils before and after optimization to produce the linear field. Figure 2 demonstrates a comparison between the ideal linear fields, the generated linear field from 16 symmetrically positioned coils and the generated linear fields from 16 position-optimized coils. Figure 3 illustrates how position optimization can improve the quality of the linear fields generated by a multi-coil setup. As a cost function, we used cross-correlation between optimized field and the ideal linear field and also the l2-norm of their difference. Discussion/Conclusion: According to Fig. 3, position optimized arrangement for 16, 24 and 32 coils can bring the same or even better quality compared to the symmetric arrangement for 32, 48 and 84 coils respectively. This proves the importance of the optimal coil configuration to acquire high fidelity linear field with less coils.
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOROIDAL ISCHEMIA IN PREECLAMPSIA (1998)

The results suggest that the incidence of RPE lesions and serous retinal detachments, which are transient manifestations of choroidal ischemia, is high in patients with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. These conditions resulted in significant scarring in only a small number of patients.
Identification of an Intronic Regulatory Element Necessary for Tissue-Specific Expression of Foxn1 in Thymic Epithelial Cells (2019)

The thymus is critical for the establishment of the adaptive immune system and the development of a diverse T cell repertoire. T cell development depends upon cell-cell interactions with epithelial cells in the thymus. The thymus is composed of two different types of epithelial cells: cortical and medullary epithelial cells. Both of these express and critically depend on the transcription factor <i>Foxn1</i> <i>Foxn1</i> is also expressed in the hair follicle, and disruption of <i>Foxn1</i> function in mice results in severe thymic developmental defects and the hairless (nude) phenotype. Despite its importance, little is known about the direct regulation of <i>Foxn1</i> expression. In this study, we identify a <i>cis</i>-regulatory element (RE) critical for expression of <i>Foxn1</i> in mouse thymic epithelial cells but dispensable for expression in hair follicles. Analysis of chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and sequence conservation identified regions within the first intron of <i>Foxn1</i> that possessed the characteristics of REs. Systematic knockout of candidate regions lead us to identify a 1.6 kb region that, when deleted, results in a near total disruption of thymus development. Interestingly, <i>Foxn1</i> expression and function in the hair follicle were unaffected. RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization showed a near complete loss of <i>Foxn1</i> mRNA expression in the embryonic thymic bud. Our studies have identified a genomic RE with thymic-specific control of <i>Foxn1</i> gene expression.
Functionalization of Polymethylcarboranes. Preparation and Reactivity of 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11-Decamethyl-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)-1-carboxylic Acid. (1999)

The preparation and reactivity of poly-B-methyl-1, 12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (poly-B-methyl-p-carborane) derivatives are described. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11-Decamethyl-1, 12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12)-1-carboxylic acid was prepared from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11-decamethyl-1, 12-decarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) by lithiation with methyllithium, followed by carboxylaiton. Conversion of the carboxylic acid into its ester and amide were achieved through its acyl chloride. The ester and the amide could not be hydrolyzed due to severe steric hindrance around the carbonyl group of the molecules owing to the adjacent B-methyl groups.
Dynamic quantitative ultrasound imaging of mimicked breast lesions during shear wave propagation to emphasize differences in tissue statistical backscatter properties (2013)

The main motivation was to increase the accuracy of the breast tissue characterization by combining quantitative ultrasound (QUS) with ultrasound (US) dynamic elastography. An agar-gelatin breast mimicking phantom with two inclusions containing the same density of agar (US scatterers) but different proportions of gelatin corresponding to different mechanical properties was made. Transient plane shear waves (SW) at 200 Hz were transmitted through the phantom while the displacement of scatterers was imaged at 5 MHz with an ultrafast imaging technique. From segmented inclusions, the reciprocal of the effective density of scatterers of a general distribution model of the echo envelope and its normalized range were estimated for each inclusion. The results showed that the relative difference of magnitudes between the surrounding medium and both inclusions A and B were 65.4% (A) and 6.4% (B), respectively, whereas differences (in %) of the normalized range (under SW propagation) were 35.3% (A) and 35.1% (B), respectively. The static value could barely distinguish inclusion B from the surrounding; however, the dynamic range of succeeded in that task for both inclusions. Thus, dynamic QUS might add information to QUS performed traditionally in a static framework.
High-Power, High-SFDR, Heterogeneously Integrated III-V on Si MZI Modulators (2018)

Heterogeneously integrated III-V/Si MZI modulators measured at high optical power levels demonstrate applicability for high SFDR analog fiber-optic links without an optical amplifier. Optical power up to 100 mW injected into the modulator shows no degradation in linearity, demonstrating 110 dB.Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> typical SFDR.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1983)

Fifty-two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following cytoreduction with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide. Twenty-two patients were in second remission, 15 in a later remission, and 15 were in relapse at the time of the transplant. At a median follow-up of 24 mo, 14 of those in second remission survive in continuous remission compared to 5 in later remission and 4 in the relapse group. Statistical analysis showed an improved disease-free survival for the second remission group (p = 0.09). Patients transplanted in later remission or relapse had a similar survival. The improved survival in second remission resulted from a decreased relapse rate posttransplant, as the early mortality from nonleukemic causes was similar among the groups (p = 0.01). In the second remission patients, no characteristics of the initial leukemia were identified that significantly affected outcome. In the combined later remission and relapse group, poor prognosis posttransplant was associated with initial WBC greater than 20K, age at diagnosis older than 10, or initial remission duration less than or equal to 1 yr. These results suggest that extended disease-free survival may be achieved by second remission transplantation and that improved therapy is necessary for later remission or relapse transplants due to the high rate of posttransplant relapse.
Supplementary Data from Targeting BET Proteins BRD2 and BRD3 in Combination with PI3K-AKT Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 3. Individual dsiRNA knockdown targeting BRD2 and BRD3 in OCI-C5x cells.&lt;/p&gt;
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment and Non-Flux Lead-Free-Soldering of Cu Wire and Strand (2007)

There has been an intensive effort in the industries in recent years to replace leaded solder with lead-free process in order to minimize the emission of toxic materials. However, leaded solder is still used in many cases where no alternative lead-free process is currently available. Leaded soldering of the wire terminals is one of the worst examples as it causes cross contamination of lead into the lead-free solder bath during the successive process. To avoid this problem, it is important to develop a new process of successfully removing polymer film coated on a copper wire. We have investigated the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as a solution for the polymer removal in conjunction with lead-free solder plating. The atmospheric plasma technology has some unique advantages compared with the conventional low pressure plasma processes such as low cost operation and high speed processing as the chemical reaction tends to be more enhanced at higher pressure. An atmospheric micro-plasma source was thus developed for this purpose and its high etching rate of more than 100 μm/min with fluorine gas mixture was demonstrated. Furthermore, it was found that the copper wires processed by this plasma could be readily plated with lead-free solder at low temperature of 250°C without any use of fluxes even at 168 hours after removing the polymer film.
A scalable framework for learning from implicit user feedback to improve natural language understanding in large-scale conversational AI systems (2020)

Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is an established component within a conversational AI or digital assistant system, and it is responsible for producing semantic understanding of a user request. We propose a scalable and automatic approach for improving NLU in a large-scale conversational AI system by leveraging implicit user feedback, with an insight that user interaction data and dialog context have rich information embedded from which user satisfaction and intention can be inferred. In particular, we propose a general domain-agnostic framework for curating new supervision data for improving NLU from live production traffic. With an extensive set of experiments, we show the results of applying the framework and improving NLU for a large-scale production system and show its impact across 10 domains.