gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coding Stencil Computations Using the Pochoir Stencil-Specification Language (2011)

Pochoir is a compiler for a domain-specific language embedded in C++ which produces excellent code from a simple specification of a desired stencil computation. Pochoir allows a wide variety of boundary conditions to be specified, and it automatically parallelizes and optimizes cache performance. Benchmarks of Pochoir-generated code demonstrate a performance advantage of 2–10 times over standard parallel loop implementations. This paper describes the Pochoir specification language and shows how a wide range of stencil computations can be easily specified.
Hydrofluoroolefins Leakage Detection by Nondispersive Infrared Gas Sensor Using InAsSb Light Emitting Diodes and Photodiodes (2023)

Increasing concerns on global warming has been causing the shift of refrigerant from hydrofluorocarbons to natural refrigerants and hydrofluoroolefins, because of their very low global warming potential. We have fabricated nondispersive infrared gas sensing module for refrigerant R-1234yf, which is a possible substitute for refrigerant in automotive air conditioning systems. Signal response of up to 5000 ppm was observed with 60 ppm resolution (1σ). Unlike semiconductor type sensors, humidity had negligible impact on measurement capability. In order to achieve a low power operation, we have utilized light emitting diode and photodiode working in long wavelength infrared range, which have led to an extremely low current consumption of 150 µA.
Selecting Computations: Theory and Applications (2014)

Sequential decision problems are often approximately solvable by simulating possible future action sequences. Metalevel decision procedures have been developed for selecting which action sequences to simulate, based on estimating the expected improvement in decision quality that would result from any particular simulation; an example is the recent work on using bandit algorithms to control Monte Carlo tree search in the game of Go. In this paper we develop a theoretical basis for metalevel decisions in the statistical framework of Bayesian selection problems, arguing (as others have done) that this is more appropriate than the bandit framework. We derive a number of basic results applicable to Monte Carlo selection problems, including the first finite sampling bounds for optimal policies in certain cases; we also provide a simple counterexample to the intuitive conjecture that an optimal policy will necessarily reach a decision in all cases. We then derive heuristic approximations in both Bayesian and distribution-free settings and demonstrate their superiority to bandit-based heuristics in one-shot decision problems and in Go.
Neural Turbo Equalization: Deep Learning for Fiber-Optic Nonlinearity\n Compensation (2019)

Recently, data-driven approaches motivated by modern deep learning have been\napplied to optical communications in place of traditional model-based\ncounterparts. The application of deep neural networks (DNN) allows flexible\nstatistical analysis of complicated fiber-optic systems without relying on any\nspecific physical models. Due to the inherent nonlinearity in DNN, various\nequalizers based on DNN have shown significant potentials to mitigate fiber\nnonlinearity. In this paper, we propose a turbo equalization (TEQ) based on DNN\nas a new alternative framework to deal with nonlinear fiber impairments for\nfuture coherent optical communications. The proposed DNN-TEQ is constructed\nwith nested deep residual networks (ResNet) to train extrinsic likelihood given\nsoft-information feedback from channel decoding. Through extrinsic information\ntransfer (EXIT) analysis, we verify that our DNN-TEQ can accelerate decoding\nconvergence to achieve a significant gain in achievable throughput by\n0.61b/s/Hz. We also demonstrate that optimizing irregular low-density\nparity-check (LDPC) codes to match EXIT chart of the DNN-TEQ can improve\nachievable rates by up to 0.12 b/s/Hz.\n
Retinal Vascular Parameter Variations in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2013)

Our study showed that patients with HIV have significant variations in retinal vasculature. Retinal vascular imaging may offer further insight into the pathophysiology behind HIV-related vascular disease in future.
ChemInform Abstract: CYSTEIN UND CYSTEINPEPTIDE 5. MITT. S‐TRITYL‐ UND S‐DIPHENYLMETHYL‐CYSTEIN UND ‐CYSTEINPEPTIDE 6. MITT. S‐ACYLCYSTEINE IN DER PEPTIDSYNTH. (1971)

Abstract Nach einer neuen Methode werden Cystein oder Cysteinpeptide mit Aralkylcarbinolen (Triphenyl‐, Diphenyl‐, Bis‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐carbinol) in Gegenwart von Trifluoressigsäure oder Halogenwasserstoffen in essigsaurer Lösung zu S‐Trityl‐ bzw. S‐Diphenylmethyl‐cystein oder ‐cysteinpeptiden umgesetzt.
Selfish behavior and stability of the internet: (2002)

For years, the conventional wisdom [7, 22] has been that the continued stability of the Internet depends on the widespread deployment of "socially responsible" congestion control. In this paper, we seek to answer the following fundamental question: If network end-points behaved in a selfish manner, would the stability of the Internet be endangered?.We evaluate the impact of greedy end-point behavior through a game-theoretic analysis of TCP. In this "TCP Game" each flowattempts to maximize the throughput it achieves by modifying its congestion control behavior. We use a combination of analysis and simulation to determine the Nash Equilibrium of this game. Our question then reduces to whether the network operates efficiently at these Nash equilibria.Our findings are twofold. First, in more traditional environments -- where end-points use TCP Reno-style loss recovery and routers use drop-tail queues -- the Nash Equilibria are reasonably efficient. However, when endpoints use more recent variations of TCP (e.g., SACK) and routers employ either RED or drop-tail queues, the Nash equilibria are very inefficient. This suggests that the Internet of the past could remain stable in the face of greedy end-user behavior, but the Internet of today is vulnerable to such behavior. Second, we find that restoring the efficiency of the Nash equilibria in these settings does not require heavy-weight packet scheduling techniques (e.g., Fair Queuing) but instead can be done with a very simple stateless mechanism based on CHOKe [21].
Un procedimiento para la síntesis de ésteres (2007)

Solicitud de patente (concesión en curso).-- Referencia OEPM: P200600834.-- Fecha de presentación: 15/03/2006.-- Solicitantes: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).
Spatial and Spectral Resolution of Semiconductor Detectors in Medical Imaging (2017)

The potential benefits of semiconductor detectors in medical imaging rely mainly on their spatial and spectral resolution. This chapter analyzes the signal transport in both a scintillator and a semiconductor detector. The primary interaction in a detector pixel is given by absorption of an incoming x-ray quantum by a gadolinium atom. The scintillation detector is an optical device using light photons as intermittent information carriers. The physics of the primary energy deposition are comparable with the indirect conversion detector. The main signal degradation mechanisms are comparable with indirect conversion scintillator detectors: first, fluorescence scattering takes place. High-resolution detectors on the other hand address applications in mammography, radiography, and computed tomography. The spatial resolution of x-ray detectors is mainly given by pixel pitch and aperture. Scintillator detectors are often limited by the required septa walls and the cost of the required number of electronic digitization channels.
Abstract LB-189: Pharmacological reactivation of MYC-dependent apoptosis cooperates with anti-PD1 immunotherapy (2019)

Abstract Elevated MYC levels sensitize tumor cells to apoptosis but the therapeutic potential of this mechanism remains unclear. We find, in a model of MYC-driven breast cancer, that pharmacological activation of AMPK dramatically synergizes with BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitors to activate MYC-dependent apoptosis. We demonstrate the translational potential of an AMPK and BCL- 2/BCL-XL co-targeting strategy in ex vivo and in vivo models of MYC-high breast cancer. Metformin combined with either navitoclax or venetoclax efficiently inhibits tumor growth, confers survival benefits and induces tumor infiltration by immune cells. However, withdrawal of the drugs allowed tumor re- growth with presentation of PD1+/CD8+ T cell infiltrates, suggesting immune escape. A two-step treatment regimen, beginning with neoadjuvant metformin+venetoclax to induce apoptosis and followed by tumor resection and adjuvant metformin+venetoclax+anti-PD1 treatment to overcome immune escape, led to durable antitumor responses even after drug withdrawal. We demonstrate that pharmacological reactivation of MYC-dependent apoptosis is a powerful antitumor strategy involving both tumor cell depletion and immunosurveillance. Citation Format: Heidi M. Haikala, Johanna M. Anttila, Mariel Savelius, Elsa Marques, Tiina Raatikainen, Mette Ilander, Henna Hakanen, Johanna Mattson, Paivi Heikkila, Marjut Leidenius, Heikki Joensuu, Satu Mustjoki, Panu Kovanen, Martin Eilers, Joel D. Leverson, Juha T. Klefström. Pharmacological reactivation of MYC-dependent apoptosis cooperates with anti-PD1 immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-189.
Modélisation de la coprécipitation d'oxalates mixtes d'uranium et de plutonium dans le cadre du recyclage du combustible nucléaire : solubilité des solutions solides oxalate (2009)

Les nouveaux procedes a l’etude pour les nouvelles generations d’usine de traitement/recyclage du combustible nucleaire privilegient un mode de cogestion de l’uranium et du plutonium. Dans le procede COEX TM, une des operation-cles correspond a la coconversion de l’uranium(IV) et du plutonium(III) par coprecipitation oxalique. Elle conduit a un oxyde mixte destine a la fabrication de combustible via la synthese puis la calcination d’un precurseur de type solution solide oxalate. La modelisation de l’etape de coprecipitation oxalique, support d’une meilleure comprehension du procede, s’appuie sur le calcul de la sursaturation dont l’expression est fonction de donnees thermodynamiques relatives a la formation de la solution solide oxalate. Ces donnees thermodynamiques ont ete acquises au moyen de mesures de solubilite effectuees sur des solutions solides oxalate du type uranium(IV)-neodyme(III), le neodyme(III) simulant le comportement du plutonium(III). A partir du developpement d’une methode analytique de speciation des actinides en solution, un caractere non congruent de l’interaction entre la solution solide et la phase aqueuse est mis en evidence. Sur la base des constantes de reaction des equilibres mis en jeu, un modele tire de la theorie de LIPPMANN permet de predire l’etat du systeme solution solide-phase aqueuse a l’equilibre thermodynamique. La methodologie a ete etendue aux oxalates mixtes analogues de type U(IV)-Pu(III) et U(IV)-Am(III) demontrant la validite du modele pour ces systemes.
Spectrum (2016)

This chapter examines and investigates the available choices for spectrum in the 5G system. The relative attractiveness of specific choices of spectrum for various 5G scenarios is identified. The chapter is presented in two parts.
Extreme ultraviolet mask fabrication with high inspection contrast TaSiNx absorber stack (2003)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a leading candidate for next generation lithography with the potential for extendibility beyond the 45 nm node. The three-layer absorber stack for EUVL reticles consists of an absorber, repair buffer and etch stop layers, while a two-layer absorber stack eliminates the etch stop layer. Improving inspection contrast is critically important to finding defects. In previous work, using TaSiN as the EUV absorber, the inspection contrast was less than 10%, which did not allow for effective defect detection to occur. However, other TaSiN properties such as thin film stress control and critical dimension etch bias were clearly superior to the Cr absorber. An improved process using a Ta-based absorber stack that maintains the beneficial characteristics of the film, on SEMI Standard P1-92 6025 format substrates, is discussed.
Towards Electrostatic Levitation of Rotating Machines (2020)

Contact-less suspension of macro-scale objects has traditionally been reserved almost exclusively for magnetic systems containing copper, steel laminations, and permanent magnets. Electrostatic systems, on the other hand, have been left out primarily due to their much lower force density in atmosphere. However, the ability to levitate non-ferromagnetic materials, and recent developments in high-torque density electrostatic motors may allow for practical electrostatic suspensions at meaningful scales. To transport electrostatic forces out of the MEMs scale and potentially into the power domain, this paper proposes a unique electrostatic bearing for vacuum condition. Basic operating principles, force analysis, linear system model, and control strategy are presented, along with the structure of an experimental levitator.
Ultrafast photodetection in an all-silicon chip enabled by two-photon absorption (2009)

In this letter we theoretically demonstrate that by dramatically enhancing two-photon absorption, all-silicon optical microresonators can act as efficient photodetectors for light at telecom wavelengths. We illustrate this approach with two specific designs based on a ring resonator and a photonic crystal cavity. The proposed scheme is fully compatible with standard silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processing technology, and thus, could contribute to the development of chip-scale integrated photodetectors based exclusively on silicon.
Friend murine leukaemia virus is integrated at a common site in most primary spleen tumours of erythroleukaemic animals. (1992)

A common proviral integration site was identified and characterized in erythroleukaemias induced by Friend murine leukaemia virus (F-MuLV). Using inverse polymerase chain reaction, we found a proviral integration site common to at least 90% of 20 primary tumours tested. This site was identical to Fli-1, a locus recently reported by others to be rearranged in 75% (9/12) of cell lines established from spleens of erythroleukaemic mice and to code for a member of the ets gene family. Our data suggest that about half of the F-MuLV-induced erythroleukaemias contained more than one cell clone with a proviral integration in Fli-1, with different individual integration sites within Fli-1 in each cell clone. All proviruses were found to be integrated in the same transcriptional orientation with respect to flanking cellular DNA. We discuss these findings in relation to multistage models of neoplasm.
Sustained degradation of hyaluronic acid using an in situ forming implant (2022)

In pancreatic cancer, excessive hyaluronic acid (HA) in the tumor microenvironment creates a viscous stroma, which reduces systemic drug transport into the tumor and correlates with poor patient prognosis. HA can be degraded through both enzymatic and nonenzymatic methods to improve mass transport properties. Here, we use an in situ forming implant to provide sustained degradation of HA directly at a local, targeted site. We formulated and characterized an implant capable of sustained release of hyaluronidase (HAase) using 15 kDa poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and bovine testicular HAase. The implant releases bioactive HAase to degrade the HA through enzymatic hydrolysis at early timepoints. In the first 24 h, 17.9% of the HAase is released, which can reduce the viscosity of a 10 mg/mL HA solution by 94.1% and deplete the HA content within primary human pancreatic tumor samples and ex vivo murine tumors. At later timepoints, as lower quantities of HAase are released (51.4% released in total over 21 d), the degradation of HA is supplemented by the acidic by-products that accumulate as a result of implant degradation. Acidic conditions degrade HA through nonenzymatic methods. This formulation has potential as an intratumoral injection to allow sustained degradation of HA at the pancreatic tumor site.
Impaired neuronal migration and endochondral ossification in Pex7 knockout mice: a model for rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (2003)

Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata is a human autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal, eye and brain abnormalities. The disorder is caused by mutations in the PEX7 gene, which encodes the receptor for a class of peroxisomal matrix enzymes. We describe the generation and characterization of a Pex7 mouse knockout (Pex7(-/-)). Pex7(-/-) mice are born severely hypotonic and have a growth impairment. Mortality in Pex7(-/-) mice is highest in the perinatal period although some Pex7(-/-) mice survived beyond 18 months. Biochemically Pex7(-/-) mice display the abnormalities related to a Pex7 deficiency, i.e. a severe depletion of plasmalogens, impaired alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid and impaired beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. In the intermediate zone of the developing cerebral cortex Pex7(-/-) mice have an increase in neuronal density. In vivo neuronal birthdating revealed that Pex7(-/-) mice have a delay in neuronal migration. Analysis of bone ossification in newborn Pex7(-/-) mice revealed a defect in ossification of distal bone elements of the limbs as well as parts of the skull and vertebrae. These findings demonstrate that Pex7 knockout mice provide an important model to study the role of peroxisomal functioning in the pathogenesis of the human disorder.
High Production Rate Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles Using a Reverse Oscillatory Flow Method (2014)

A reverse oscillatory flow (ROF) mixing system is discussed having a reaction channel 460 μm high by 152 mm wide for high flow rate processing of nanoparticle chemistries. The ROF system is demonstrated to produce CdS nanoparticles at a production rate of 115.7 g/hour with a coefficient of variation for particle size down to 19%. These production rates are substantially higher than those achieved using other microchannel mixers while maintaining comparable size distributions. Advantages of the ROF approach include the use of larger microchannels which make the reactor easier to fabricate and less vulnerable to clogging.
Automatic extraction of the multiple semantic and syntactic categories of words (2007)

A single unsupervised algorithm called lexical context deconvolution (LCD) is proposed to discover the semantic categories (senses) of polysemous words (those with more than one meaning) and the syntactic categories (parts of speech) of ambiguous words (those with more than one part of speech), relying solely on training with raw and unannotated text. No dictionaries, part-of-speech lexicons, stop-word lists, etc., are required or used. The knowledge about semantic and syntactic categories is acquired by collecting statistics from the lexical contexts in which words are found. The method first finds compact clusters of semantically similar words, which are assumed to represent the different semantic categories present in training texts. Discovering a given polysemous word's semantic categories is then treated as a problem of deconvolution. A target word's cooccurrence feature vector is assumed to be a linear combination of the categories' cooccurrence feature vectors. Thus a word's semantic categories are discovered by finding the non-negative least-squares solution to the system of linear equations formed by the word's and the categories' cooccurrence feature vectors. Finding syntactic categories of a word is accomplished by changing the word's feature vectors from cooccurrences to n-grams; every other part of the algorithm remains unchanged.
Comparison of Apoptosis in Wild-Type and Fas-Resistant Cells: Chemotherapy-Induced Apoptosis Is Not Dependent on Fas/Fas Ligand Interactions (1997)

The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway is widely involved in apoptotic cell death in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. It has recently been postulated that many chemotherapeutic agents also induce cell death by activating the Fas/FasL pathway. In the present study we compared apoptotic pathways induced by anti-Fas or chemotherapeutic agents in the Jurkat human T-cell leukemia line. Immunoblotting showed that treatment of wild-type Jurkat cells with anti-Fas or the topoisomerase II-directed agent etoposide resulted in proteolytic cleavage of precursors for the cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases caspase-3 and caspase-7 and degradation of the caspase substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and lamin B1. Likewise, affinity labeling with N-(N(alpha)-benzyloxycarbonylglutamyl-N(epsilon)-biotinyllysyl+ ++)aspartic acid [(2,6-dimethyl-benzoyl)oxy]methyl ketone [Z-EK(bio)D-amok] labeled the same five active caspase species after each treatment, suggesting that the same downstream apoptotic pathways have been activated by anti-Fas and etoposide. Treatment with ZB4, an antibody that inhibits Fas-mediated cell death, failed to block etoposide-induced apoptosis, raising the possibility that etoposide does not initiate apoptosis through Fas/FasL interactions. To further explore the relationship between Fas- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, Fas-resistant Jurkat cells were treated with various chemotherapeutic agents. Multiple independently derived Fas-resistant Jurkat lines underwent apoptosis that was indistinguishable from that of the Fas-sensitive parental cells after treatment with etoposide, doxorubicin, topotecan, cisplatin, methotrexate, staurosporine, or gamma-irradiation. These results indicate that antineoplastic treatments induce apoptosis through a Fas-independent pathway even though Fas- and chemotherapy-induced pathways converge on common downstream apoptotic effector molecules.
Predictors for heparin resistance in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (1999)

Heparin resistance (HR) is a common event in cardiac operations. At present, no clear recognition of the risk factors for HR has been reached. The aim of this study was to determine a predictive model for HR, based on the preoperative patient's profile. Two hundred consecutive patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass operations were enrolled in a prospective trial. Demographics, type of preoperative anticoagulation therapy and preoperative coagulation profile were collected and statistically analysed with respect to the evidence of a HR. Heparin resistance was defined as at least one activated clotting time < 400 s after heparinization and/or the need for purified antithrombin III (AT-III) administration. With a multivariate analysis we could identify five predictors for HR: AT-III < or = 60%; preoperative subcutaneous heparin therapy; intravenous heparin therapy; platelet count > or = 300000 cells/mm3; age > or = 65 years. We conclude that HR is a predictable event. In the presence of all the risk factors, the likelihood of HR is 99%; in the absence of all of them, it is 10%. Predicting HR allows us to apply many possible therapeutic strategies.
A Low-Power Multi-Gate FET CMOS Technology with 13.9ps Inverter Delay, Large-Scale Integrated High Performance Digital Circuits and SRAM (2007)

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of digital performance of a Multi-Gate FET technology. Ring oscillators with metal gates and undopedfins show an inverter delay of 13.9ps at 1V, the highest performance of a Multi-Gate FET technology reported at 1.9nA off-current/stage. NAND and NOR show significant improvement in delay vs. stack height compared to bulk CMOS. SRAM cells and product-typical critical paths with more than 10k transistors demonstrate the capability for large-scale integration.
Total Knee Arthroplasty Following Proximal Tibial Osteotomy (2004)

Prognostic study. Level II-1 (retrospective study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.