gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles and 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
NK Cells Lyse T Regulatory Cells in Human Infection with An Intracellular Pathogen (B167) (2007)

Abstract Previously we found that regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells, Tregs) expand in response to M.tuberculosis (M. TB) through mechanism that depend on prostaglandin E2 production. In the current study, we determined the role of NK cells in regulating Tregs expansion in human M. TB infection. M. TB whole cell lysate (TB lysate) resulted in regulatory T cell expansion (15.33±1.02% vs 1.5±0.22%, P&amp;lt;0.001). Addition of monokine-activated NK cells (IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18) markedly inhibited Treg expansion (6.2±1.2% vs 15±1.5%, P&amp;lt;0.001) but freshly isolated NK cells had no effect. NK cells activated with TB lysate-stimulated monocytes also reduced Tregs expansion (13.2±0.3% to 3.4±1.4%, P&amp;lt;0.001) confirming the physiological relevance of this effect. Reduced Tregs expansion was not due to inhibition of PGE2 production or because of IFN γ. Monokine activated NK cells lysed TB lysate-expanded Tregs, but not freashly isolated Tregs (% specific lysis of 21±3% vs 1±1% P&amp;lt;0.001), nor T regs depleted T cells. Anti-NKG2D and anti-NKp46 reduced the % specific lysis of expanded Tregs from 22±3% to 7±3% and 8±3%, respectively (P&amp;lt;0.001) but abs to CD16, DNAM-1, and 2B4 had no effect. NKG2D ligand, ULBP1 expression was markedly upregulated on expanded T regs, compared to T regs depleted cells ( 31±5% vs 2.1 ±0.4%, P=0.002) and freshly isolated Tregs (4.6±1.1%). Anti -ULBP1 significantly inhibited the NK mediated lysis of expanded Tregs (specific lysis of 27±4% vs 9±2%, P&amp;lt;0.001) but abs to ULBP2, ULBP3 and MICA/B had no effect. These finding suggest that NK cells reduce the frequency of M.TB-expanded T regs by direct lysis.
Stratospheric CH4, N2O, H2O, NO2, N2O5, and ClONO2 profiles retrieved from Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS 1A)/STS 39 measurements (1997)

Atmospheric infrared spectral measurements were made by the Cryogenic Infrared Radiance Instrumentation for Shuttle (CIRRIS 1A) during the Space Transportation System 39 (STS 39) mission (April 28 to May 6, 1991). High quality Earth limb emissions were collected by an interference filter bandwidth limited cryogenic Michelson interferometer. Volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of the various gases were retrieved using an onion‐peeling technique with the Fast Atmospheric Signature Code 3 and the HITRAN92 database as a forward model and predetermined temperature‐pressure profiles from the National Meteorological Center as the auxiliary parameters. The high quality of the moderate‐resolution (∼1.0 cm −1 ) CIRRIS 1A (C‐1A) interferometer data and the accuracy of the forward model allowed VMR profiles of the prominent atmospheric gases (e.g., CFC‐11, CFC‐12, HNO 3 , O 3 , CH 4 , N 2 O, H 2 O, NO 2 , N 2 O 5 , and ClONO 2 ) to be retrieved simultaneously through the stratosphere. Profiles were recorded near the northern arctic region (daytime) and in the southern midlatitude region (nighttime). VMR profiles from C‐1A measurements reported in this paper are compared with measurements collected by other investigators. While only a few atmospheric profiles are available from the C‐1A data set, the values are significant, as they are the last atmospheric profiles of these strategically important gases collected before the Mount Pinatubo eruption of June 12–15, 1991.
Identifiability of compartmental models (1980)

The problem considered in the present paper concerns a structural identifiability test for an appealing class of mathematical models, the so called compartmental models, which are widely employed in several fields of biology, medicine, ecology, etc.
Supplemental Table 1 from Spatially Resolved Metabolic Phenotyping of Breast Cancer by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 1. Number of patients and samples per group and model.&lt;/p&gt;
Multiphysics monitoring design under uncertainty: A case study using a benchmark waterflood field development dataset (2018)

We present a new workflow for designing and feasibility analysis of multiphysics fluid monitoring. The workflow fully utilizes reservoir simulation results and calculates the corresponding effective tool responses of electromagnetic, neutron capture, and seismic measurements consistent with the thermodynamic and petrophysical properties of the formation. The workflow enables determining the most effective measurements for fluid monitoring, identifies zones, where the magnitudes of time-lapse changes in multiphysics measurements are likely to be detectable, and informs us when to conduct measurements for a successful fluid monitoring. It accounts for both the parametric and reservoir model uncertainties and introduces a 4D probability map for efficient uncertainty analysis in multiphysics fluid monitoring. The developed workflow is illustrated using ISAPP Field Development Optimization Challenge benchmark dataset introduced in 2017, ensuring reproducibility of the presented analysis. Presentation Date: Tuesday, October 16, 2018 Start Time: 1:50:00 PM Location: Poster Station 22 Presentation Type: Poster
De novo sphingolipid biosynthesis necessitates detoxification in cancer cells (2022)

Sphingolipids play important signaling and structural roles in cells. Here, we find that during de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, a toxic metabolite is formed with critical implications for cancer cell survival. The enzyme catalyzing the first step in this pathway, serine palmitoyltransferase complex (SPT), is upregulated in breast and other cancers. SPT is dispensable for cancer cell proliferation, as sphingolipids can be salvaged from the environment. However, SPT activity introduces a liability as its product, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (3KDS), is toxic and requires clearance via the downstream enzyme 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR). In cancer cells, but not normal cells, targeting KDSR induces toxic 3KDS accumulation leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction and loss of proteostasis. Furthermore, the antitumor effect of KDSR disruption can be enhanced by increasing metabolic input (via high-fat diet) to allow greater 3KDS production. Thus, de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis entails a detoxification requirement in cancer cells that can be therapeutically exploited.
Practice Characteristics Among Dental Anesthesia Providers in the United States (2010)

General descriptions or "snapshots" of sedation/general anesthesia practices during dental care are very limited in reviewed literature. The objective of this study was to determine commonalities in dental sedation/anesthesia practices, as well as to accumulate subjective information pertaining to sedation/anesthesia care within the dental profession. This questionnaire-based survey was completed by participating anesthesia providers in the United States. A standardized questionnaire was sent via facsimile, or was delivered by mail, to 1500 anesthesia providers from a randomized list using an online database. Data from the returned questionnaires were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet and were imported into a JMP Statistical Discovery Software program for analyses. Quantitative evaluations were confined to summation of variables, an estimation of means, and a valid percent for identified variables. A total of 717 questionnaires were entered for data analysis (N=717). Data from this study demonstrate the wide variation that exists in sedation/anesthesia care and those providing its administration during dental treatment in the United States. The demographics of this randomized population show anesthesia providers involved in all disciplines of the dental profession, as well as significant variation in the types of modalities used for sedation/anesthesia care. Data from this study reveal wide variation in sedation/anesthesia care during dental treatment. These distinctions include representation of sedation/anesthesia providers across all disciplines of the dental profession, as well as variations in the techniques used for sedation/anesthesia care.
Engineering Privacy in Social Applications (2016)

Experience with a social application depends crucially upon how it supports or interferes with the users' social expectations. Because privacy is central to the user's experience, the authors introduce Danio, a methodology based on modeling users' expectations in various contexts. Preliminary evaluation involving 34 developers suggests that Danio simplifies the development of social applications and saves time during implementation and testing.
Recent progress in organic synthesis with lanthanoids. (1988)

Recent developments of organic transformations using lanthanoid elements are described. This review deals also with novel reactions of organolanthanoid complexes which have potential utility in organic synthesis.
Hardware/Software Co-Assurance using the Rust Programming Language and ACL2 (2022)

The Rust programming language has garnered significant interest and use as a modern, type-safe, memory-safe, and potentially formally analyzable programming language. Our interest in Rust stems from its potential as a hardware/software co-assurance language, with application to critical systems such as autonomous vehicles. We report on the first known use of Rust as a High-Level Synthesis (HLS) language. Most incumbent HLS languages are a subset of C. A Rust-based HLS brings a single modern, type-safe, and memory-safe expression language for both hardware and software realizations with high assurance. As a a study of the suitability of Rust as an HLS, we have crafted a Rust subset, inspired by Russinoff's Restricted Algorithmic C (RAC), which we have imaginatively named Restricted Algorithmic Rust, or RAR. In our first implementation of a RAR toolchain, we simply transpile the RAR source into RAC. By so doing, we leverage a number of existing hardware/software co-assurance tools with a minimum investment of time and effort. In this paper, we describe the RAR Rust subset, detail our prototype RAR toolchain, and describe the implementation and verification of several representative algorithms and data structures written in RAR, with proofs of correctness conducted using the ACL2 theorem prover.
Left ventricle blood flow patterns in a mouse model of temperature sensitive sodium channelopathy (2019)

Sophisticated methods of visualizing and analyzing the complex blood flow patterns in humans have been available for a number of years on ultrasound machines. To date, these methods have not been applied to healthy mouse models or mice with cardiac defects. Here, a high-speed plane-wave imaging approach was used to study left ventricle blood flow patterns in a model of sodium channelopathy using mice lacking fibroblast growth factor homologous factor 2 (Fhf2KO) and littermate wild-type (WT) controls. FHF2 binds to the cytoplasmic tails of voltage-gated sodium channels in mouse cardiomyocytes and modulates channel inactivation and cellular excitability. Fhf2KO mice have impaired cardiac sodium channel function that when body temperature rises causes a severe reduction in cardiac sodium currents, cardiomyocyte excitation, and conduction failure. The effect is reversible as body temperature returns to normothermia. Fhf2WT and Fhf2KO mice were imaged with a Verasonics Vantage 128 using an 18-MHz linear array with a 30 kHz absolute plane-wave transmission rate. The mice were supine on an imaging platform and a warm-air source was used to raise the body temperature. Surface ECGs were continuously recorded throughout the duration of the experiment. Data were post-processed using a least-squares, multi-angle Doppler analysis approach to obtain vector-flow estimates at all pixel locations. Vortex patterns, flow rates and ECG signals were compared between the Fhf2WT and Fhf2KO mice.
Spectrum Allocation for Noncooperative Radar Coexistence (2017)

Access to the electromagnetic spectrum is an ever-growing challenge for radar. Future radar will be required to mitigate RF interference from other RF sources, relocate to new frequency bands while maintaining quality of service, and share frequency bands with other RF systems. The spectrum sensing, multioptimization (SS-MO) technique was recently investigated as a possible solution to these challenges. Prior results have indicated significant improvement in the signal-to-interference plus noise ratio at the cost of a high computational complexity. However, the optimization computational cost must be manageable in real time to address the dynamically changing spectral environment. In this paper, a bioinspired filtering technique is investigated to reduce the computational complexity of SS-MO. The proposed technique is analogous to the processing of the thalamus in the human brain in that the number of samples input to SS-MO is significantly decreased, thus, resulting in a reduction in computational complexity. The performance and computational complexity of SS-MO and the proposed technique are investigated. Both techniques are used to process a variety of measured spectral data. The results indicate a significant decrease in computational complexity for the proposed approach while maintaining performance of the SS-MO technique.
High-precision edge-roughness measurement of transistor gates using three-dimensional electron microscopy combined with marker-assisted image alignment (2011)

We have improved both the spatial resolution and precision of three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy, which is based on conventional scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), by using a micro-pillar specimen together with a 3D analysis holder, and by introducing marker-assisted image alignment prior to 3D reconstruction. Our 3D STEM measurement of aggressively scaled metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) gate structures not only successfully showed the z-axis positional dependence of gate-edge profiles and edge-roughness profiles such as line edge roughness (LER) and line width roughness (LWR), but also revealed uniformity of each layer of which the gate structure was composed. Such observations are very important in controlling future device characteristics, but are difficult to obtain using other measurement techniques.
Direct brain recordings reveal continuous encoding of structure in random stimuli (2021)

Abstract The brain excels at processing sensory input, even in rich or chaotic environments. Mounting evidence attributes this to the creation of sophisticated internal models of the environment that draw on statistical structures in the unfolding sensory input. Understanding how and where this modeling takes place is a core question in statistical learning and predictive processing. In this context, we address the role of transitional probabilities as an implicit structure supporting the encoding of a random auditory stream. Leveraging information-theoretical principles and the high spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electroencephalography, we analyzed the trial-by-trial high-frequency activity representation of transitional probabilities. This unique approach enabled us to demonstrate how the brain continuously encodes structure in random stimuli and revealed the involvement of a network outside of the auditory system, including hippocampal, frontal, and temporal regions. Linking the frame-works of statistical learning and predictive processing, our work illuminates an implicit process that can be crucial for the swift detection of patterns and unexpected events in the environment.
Decreased Renal Cytochrome P450 2C Enzymes and Impaired Vasodilation Are Associated With Angiotensin Salt-Sensitive Hypertension (2003)

Excess dietary salt intake differentially modulates the activity of cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes in kidney cortex. Exactly how increased angiotensin (Ang) II levels and hypertension change the regulatory effect of high salt on CYP450 enzymes remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of combined administration of Ang II and a high-salt diet on P450 epoxygenase and hydroxylase protein levels in kidney, as well as afferent arteriolar responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. High dietary salt administration for 14 days resulted in increased renal cortical CYP2C11 protein levels, and a significant increase of CYP2C11 and CYP2C23 protein levels in renal microvessels. Administration of Ang II in combination with a high-salt diet prevented the upregulation of renal cortical CYP2C11 protein expression observed with high dietary salt alone, and significantly downregulated expression of CYP2C11, CYP2C23, and CYP2J protein in renal microvessels. A high-salt diet alone decreased CYP4A protein in kidney cortex, and renal cortical CYP4A protein level remained at a low level in Ang II-infused rats treated with a high-salt diet. Increases in blood pressure during Ang II infusion were greater in rats fed a high-salt diet. In addition, afferent arteriolar responsiveness to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was significantly attenuated in Ang II-treated rats versus controls. This decrease was significantly enhanced in Ang II-treated rats given a high-salt diet. These results support the hypothesis that an inability to upregulate CYP2C and maintain CYP2J in the rat kidney and impaired afferent arteriolar vasodilation with chronic Ang II infusion contribute to salt-induced elevation of arterial pressure.
A Synthetic Micro-Consensus DNA Vaccine Generates Comprehensive Influenza A H3N2 Immunity and Protects Mice Against Lethal Challenge by Multiple H3N2 Viruses (2018)

Influenza A H3N2 viruses circulate globally, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Commercially available, antigen-matched influenza vaccines must be updated frequently to match dynamic sequence variability in immune epitopes, especially within viral influenza A H3N2 hemagglutinin (H3). In an effort to create comprehensive immune responses against H3N2, four micro-consensus antigens were designed to mimic the sequence and antigenic diversity of H3. Synthetic plasmid DNA constructs were developed to express each micro-consensus immunogen and combined into a multi-antigen DNA vaccine cocktail, pH3HA. Facilitated delivery of pH3HA via intramuscular electroporation in mice induced comprehensive, potent humoral responses against diverse seasonal H3N2 viruses that circulated between 1968 and the present. Vaccination with pH3HA also induced an antigen-specific cellular cytokine response. Mice immunized with pH3HA were protected against lethal challenge using two distinct H3N2 viruses, highlighting the heterologous protection afforded by synthetic micro-consensus immunogens. These findings warrant further study of the DNA vaccine micro-consensus platform for broad protection against influenza viruses.
Distribution of Crenarchaeota Representatives in Terrestrial Hot Springs of Russia and Iceland (2008)

Culture-independent (PCR with Crenarchaeota-specific primers and subsequent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and culture-dependent approaches were used to study the diversity of Crenarchaeota in terrestrial hot springs of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Lake Baikal region (Russia) and of Iceland. Among the phylotypes detected there were relatives of both cultured (mainly hyperthermophilic) and uncultured Crenarchaeota. It was found that there is a large and diverse group of uncultured Crenarchaeota that inhabit terrestrial hot springs with moderate temperatures (55 to 70 degrees C). Two of the lineages of this group were given phenotypic characterization, one as a result of cultivation in an enrichment culture and another one after isolation of a pure culture, "Fervidococcus fontis," which proved to be a moderately thermophilic, neutrophilic (optimum pH of 6.0 to 7.5), anaerobic organotroph.
Spot joining of AA 5754 and high strength steel sheets by consumable bit (2010)

Spot joining of dissimilar metal alloys is difficult because of differences in melting temperature as well as differences in composition. If a fusion welding process like resistance spot welding is employed, then alloys mix in the fusion zone and can create brittle intermetallic compounds during solidification. When self-piercing riveting (SPR) is used, the alloys to be joined must be ductile enough to be formed around the rivet. In this paper, a new approach to joining dissimilar metal alloys has been studied, where a consumable bit has been used to create a spot joint between dissimilar alloys. The resulting joint has both metallurgical and mechanical bonding characteristics and can be made between very soft and very hard alloys, like dual phase (DP) 590 and DP 980 and light metals like AA 5754. Lap shear strengths of joints made by friction bit joining (FBJ) are similar to or better than comparable joints made by self-piercing riveting.
Nanostructured Silicon Photocathodes for Solar Water Splitting Patterned by the Self-Assembly of Lamellar Block Copolymers (2015)

We studied a type of nanostructured silicon photocathode for solar water splitting, where one-dimensionally periodic lamellar nanopatterns derived from the self-assembly of symmetric poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) block copolymers were incorporated on the surface of single-crystalline silicon in configurations with and without a buried metallurgical junction. The resulting nanostructured silicon photocathodes with the characteristic lamellar morphology provided suppressed front-surface reflection and increased surface area, which collectively contributed to the enhanced photocatalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction. The augmented light absorption in the nanostructured silicon directly translated to the increase of the saturation current density, while the onset potential decreased with the etching depth because of the increased levels of surface recombination. The pp(+)-silicon photocathodes, compared to the n(+)pp(+)-silicon with a buried solid-state junction, exhibited a more pronounced shift of the current density-potential curves upon the introduction of the nanostructured surface owing to the corresponding increase in the liquid/silicon junction area. Systematic studies on the morphology, optical properties, and photoelectrochemical characteristics of nanostructured silicon photocathodes, in conjunction with optical modeling based on the finite-difference time-domain method, provide quantitative description and optimal design rules of lamellar-patterned silicon photocathodes for solar water splitting.