gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Al-2.74 Micromolding (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Cooled snubber structure for turbine blades (2023)

A turbine blade assembly in a turbine engine. The turbine blade assembly includes a turbine blade and a first snubber structure. The turbine blade includes an internal cooling passage containing cooling air. The first snubber structure extends outwardly from a sidewall of the turbine blade and includes a hollow interior portion that receives cooling air from the internal cooling passage of the turbine blade.
Microstructural Factors Governing Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welds (2007)

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process. During FSW, microstructure drastically changes in local region of the workpiece by introduction of frictional heat and severe plastic deformation arising from rotation of the welding tool, which results in inhomogeneous microstructural distribution in the welds. To maintain high reliability of the structure produced by FSW, precise understanding of microstructural factors governing weld properties is required. In the present paper, microstructural factors governing mechanical properties, especially hardness profile and tensile properties, of friction stir welded Al and Mg alloys are reviewed.
Direct observation of secondary ionization current in n-channel MOSFETs (2002)

Hot-electron current in an n-channel MOSFET at high drain bias and on or off gate bias generates secondary currents amounting to a fraction of the primary (drain) current, in a surrounding n-well and the underlying p-substrate for a triple well device. Secondary current can also be collected in the source for the gate-off condition. The relative magnitude of these secondary currents is studied depending on MOSFET length and channel doping concentration. For a MOSFET with a heavy doping concentration in the channel near the drain junction, it is shown that a significant part of the secondary current is made of electrons originating from the space charge region of the drain, that escape the drain field and diffuse through the neutral substrate toward the source and surrounding n-well. These electrons are likely the product of secondary impact ionization by holes generated in the space-charge region of the drain. Similar secondary current is collected in the n-well surrounding a MOSFET in Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling from the inversion layer to the gate. In this case, too, secondary electrons generated by holes returning from the oxide into the MOS channel appear to escape into the p-type body and flow to the surrounding n-well. These findings contradict the belief that secondary currents associated with hot carrier phenomena are only induced by hot carrier generated light, or secondary bipolar injection. Secondary ionization as a source of secondary current was rejected for older MOS devices. This paper shows experimentally and theoretically that secondary ionization and the ensuing hot carrier escape have become significant in today's deep submicron devices.
A real-time histographic approach to road sign recognition (2002)

This paper presents the development and real-time implementation of an algorithm capable of recognizing stop, yield, and do-not-enter traffic warning signs. It consists of six modules: color segmentation, edge localization, RGB differencing, edge detection, histograph extraction, and classification. RGB transformed pixels are sparsely segmented and sequentially XOR-ed to localize edge areas. RGB differencing together with maxima edge detection is then deployed to locate edges in these areas. Recognition is achieved based on the angular histographic attribute extracted by a semi-rectangular histographic mask. All the modules are implemented on the TMS320C40 DSP processor allowing video data captured by a video camera to be processed in real-time. The devised real-time processing platform has led to an understanding of various environmental effects on video data.
Association of the GTP-binding protein Rab3A with bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. (1990)

The Rab3A protein belongs to a large family of small GTP-binding proteins that are present in eukaryotic cells and that share amino acid identities with the Ras proteins (products of the ras protooncogenes). Rab3A, which is specifically located in nervous and endocrine tissues, is suspected to play a key role in secretion. Its localization was investigated in bovine adrenal gland by using a polyclonal antibody. Rab3A was detected in adrenal medulla but not in adrenal cortex. In cultured adrenal medulla cells. Rab3A was specifically expressed in the catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells. Subcellular fractionation suggested that Rab3A is about 30% cytosolic and that particulate Rab3A is associated with the membrane of chromaffin granules (the catecholamine storage organelles) and with a second compartment likely to be the plasma membrane. The Rab3A localization on chromaffin granule membranes was confirmed by immunoadsorption with an antibody against dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Rab3A was not extracted from this membrane by NaCl or KBr but was partially extracted by urea and totally solubilized by Triton X-100, suggesting either an interaction with an intrinsic protein or a membrane association through fatty acid acylation. This study suggests that Rab3A, which may also be located on other secretory vesicles containing noncharacterized small GTP-binding proteins, is involved in their biogenesis or in the regulated secretion process.
Adherence to home-based videogame treatment for amblyopia in children and adults (2020)

Abstract Objective Home-based videogame treatments are increasingly being used for various sensory conditions, including amblyopia (“lazy eye”), but adherence continues to limit success. To examine detailed behavioral patterns associated with home-based videogame treatment, we analyzed in detail the videogame adherence data from the B inocular t reatment of a mblyopia with v ide o games (BRAVO) clinical trial (ACTRN12613001004752). Methods Children (7-12 years), Teenagers (13-17 years) and Adults (≥18 years) with unilateral amblyopia were loaned iPod Touch devices with either an active treatment or placebo videogame and instructed to play for 1-2 hours/day for six weeks at home. Objectively-recorded adherence data from device software were used to analyze adherence patterns such as session length, daily distribution of gameplay, use of the pause function, and differences between age groups. Objectively-recorded adherence was also compared to subjectively-reported adherence from paper-based diaries. Results 105 of the 115 randomized participants completed six weeks of videogame training. Average adherence was 65% (SD 37%) of the minimum hours prescribed. Game training was generally performed in short sessions (mean 21.5, SD 11.2 minutes), mostly in the evening, with frequent pauses (median every 4.1 minutes, IQR 6.1). Children played in significantly shorter sessions and paused more frequently than older age groups (p&lt;0.0001). Participants tended to over-report adherence in subjective diaries compared to objectively-recorded gameplay time. Conclusion Adherence to home-based videogame treatment was characterized by short sessions interspersed with frequent pauses, suggesting regular disengagement. This complicates dose-response calculations and may interfere with the effectiveness of treatments like binocular treatments for amblyopia, which require sustained visual stimulation. Clinical trial ID ACTRN12613001004752
Speech and gesture multimodal control of a whole Earth 3D visualization environment (2002)

A growing body of research shows several advantages to multimodal interfaces including increased expressiveness, flexibility, and user freedom. This paper investigates the design of such an interface that integrates speech and hand gestures. The interface has the additional property of operating relative to the user and can be used while the user is in motion or standing at a distance from the computer display. The paper then describes an implementation of the multimodal interface for a whole Earth 3D visualization which presents navigation interface challenges due to the large magnitude of scale and extended spaces that are available. The characteristics of the multimodal interface are examined, such as speed, recognizability of gestures, ease and accuracy of use, and learnability under likely conditions of use. This implementation shows that such a multimodal interface can be effective in a real environment and sets some parameters for the design and use of such interfaces.
Polymer nanocomposites for shape memory applications (2007)

Nanoparticles, such as reactive nanoclay, functionalized carbon nanofibers, silicon carbide, and carbon black particles were used as fillers to augment the values of shape recovery stress and shape fixity in shape memory polyurethanes. It was found that of these nanoparticles, reactive layered silicate clay was most effective due to claypolymer chain tethering, strain-induced crystallization of soft segment, and orientation of stretched amorphous soft segments. Other filler particles caused large reduction in soft segment crystallinity and led to deterioration in shape memory properties. The shape memory polyurethane nanocomposites developed are suitable for applications as stents, actuators, and heat shrink materials.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc(II) Complexes Bearing 4-Acridinol and 1-Phenazinol Ligands (2021)

The synthesis and characterization of zinc(II) chelates bearing acridin-4-ol (<b>A</b>), phenazin-1-ol (<b>P</b>), and benzo[<i>b</i>]phenazin-1-ol (<b>bP</b>) are presented. The formation of homoleptic (<b>ZnX</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>) or heteroleptic (<b>ZnX</b><sub><b>1</b></sub>) products can be controlled by stochiometric or excess amounts of zinc(II) acetylacetonate monohydrate, Zn(acac)<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Electrochemical and photophysical studies show that the homoleptic complexes (<b>ZnA</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>, <b>ZnP</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>, and <b>ZnbP</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>) have ligand-centered properties inherited from the corresponding free ligands. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) agree with the observed experimental ligand-centered photophysical and electrochemical behavior.
LONG-TERM IMPACT OF A ROBOT ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC PROSTATECTOMY MINI-RESIDENCY TRAINING PROGRAM ON POST-GRADUATE UROLOGIC PRACTICE PATTERNS (2008)

You have accessJournal of Urology1 Apr 2008LONG-TERM IMPACT OF A ROBOT ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC PROSTATECTOMY MINI-RESIDENCY TRAINING PROGRAM ON POST-GRADUATE UROLOGIC PRACTICE PATTERNS Aldrin JR Gamboa, Rosanne Santos, Eric R Sargent, Ricardo JS Santos, Omar Ozgur, Romit Kar, William Chu, Maximilian Cho, David K Ornstein, Thomas E Ahlering, Ralph V Clayman, and Elspeth M McDougall Aldrin JR GamboaAldrin JR Gamboa More articles by this author , Rosanne SantosRosanne Santos More articles by this author , Eric R SargentEric R Sargent More articles by this author , Ricardo JS SantosRicardo JS Santos More articles by this author , Omar OzgurOmar Ozgur More articles by this author , Romit KarRomit Kar More articles by this author , William ChuWilliam Chu More articles by this author , Maximilian ChoMaximilian Cho More articles by this author , David K OrnsteinDavid K Ornstein More articles by this author , Thomas E AhleringThomas E Ahlering More articles by this author , Ralph V ClaymanRalph V Clayman More articles by this author , and Elspeth M McDougallElspeth M McDougall More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(08)61829-7AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "LONG-TERM IMPACT OF A ROBOT ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC PROSTATECTOMY MINI-RESIDENCY TRAINING PROGRAM ON POST-GRADUATE UROLOGIC PRACTICE PATTERNS." The Journal of Urology, 179(4S), p. 625 © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 179Issue 4SApril 2008Page: 625 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Aldrin JR Gamboa More articles by this author Rosanne Santos More articles by this author Eric R Sargent More articles by this author Ricardo JS Santos More articles by this author Omar Ozgur More articles by this author Romit Kar More articles by this author William Chu More articles by this author Maximilian Cho More articles by this author David K Ornstein More articles by this author Thomas E Ahlering More articles by this author Ralph V Clayman More articles by this author Elspeth M McDougall More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Figure S7 from Silencing the Snail-Dependent RNA Splice Regulator ESRP1 Drives Malignant Transformation of Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S7 provides additional evidence that Snail malignantly transforms epithelial cells in vivo. Information on the stem cell phenotype of the cells transformed by Snail is provided.&lt;/p&gt;
Single Line of Sight CMOS radiation tolerant camera system design overview (2016)

This paper covers the preliminary design of a radiation tolerant nanosecond-gated multi-frame CMOS camera system for use in the NIF. Electrical component performance data from 14 MeV neutron and cobalt 60 radiation testing will be discussed. The recent development of nanosecond-gated multi-frame hybrid-CMOS (hCMOS) focal plane arrays by the Ultrafast X-ray Imaging (UXI) group at Sandia National Lab has generated a need for custom camera electronics to operate in the pulsed radiation environment of the NIF target chamber. Design requirements and performance data for the prototype camera system will be discussed. The design and testing approach for the radiation tolerant camera system will be covered along with the evaluation of commercial off the shelf (COTS) electronic component such as FPGAs, voltage regulators, ADCs, DACs, optical transceivers, and other electronic components. Performance changes from radiation exposure on select components will be discussed. Integration considerations for x-ray imaging diagnostics on the NIF will also be covered.
Vanadate is a potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor found in ATP derived from muscle. (1977)

A potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor purified from "Sigma Grade* ATP has been identified as vanadium using electron probe microanalysis and confirmed by microwave-induced emission spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sodium orthovanadate (Na3 VO4) is identical with the purified inhibitor with respect to ultraviolet absorbance, migration on thin layer chromatography, and inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase. The (Na,K)-ATPase is in-inhibited 50% by 40 nM Na3 VO4 under optimal conditions (28 mM Mg2+) and the inhibition is 100% reversible by millimolar concentrations of norepinephrine. The physiological significance of this inhibition is discussed in relation to vanadium concentrations in vivo.
A theory for the anisotropic and inhomogeneous dielectric properties of proteins (2011)

Using results from the dielectric theory of polar solids and liquids, we calculate the mesoscopic, spatially-varying dielectric constant at points in and around a protein by combining a generalization Kirkwood-Fröhlich theory along with short all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of equilibrium protein fluctuations. The resulting dielectric permittivity tensor is found to exhibit significant heterogeneity and anisotropy in the protein interior. Around the surface of the protein it may exceed the dielectric constant of bulk water, especially near the mobile side chains of polar residues, such as K, N, Q, and E. The anisotropic character of the protein dielectric selectively modulates the attractions and repulsions between charged groups in close proximity.
Spin-Induced Organization of Cellulose Nanocrystals (2022)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are composed of chiral cellulose units, which form chiral nematic liquid crystals in water that, upon drying, self-assemble to more complex spiral chiral sheets. This secondary structure arrangement is found to change with an external magnetic or electric field. Here, we show that one of the basic organization driving forces is electron spin, which is produced as the charge redistributes in the organization process of the chiral building blocks. It is important to stress that the electron spin-exchange interactions supply the original driving force and not the magnetic field per se. The results present the first utilization of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in sugars, enabling one to regulate the CNC bottom-up fabrication process. Control is demonstrated on the organization order of the CNC by utilizing different magnetization directions of the ferromagnetic surface. The produced spin is probed using a simple Hall device. The measured Hall resistance shows that the CNC sheets' arrangement is affected during the first four hours as long as the CNC is in its wet phase. On introducing the 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid cross-linker into the CNC sheet, the packing density of the CNC helical structure is enhanced, presenting an increase in the Hall resistance and the chiral state.
Transient Thermal Response of Hotspots in Graphene–Silver Nanowire Hybrid Transparent Conducting Electrodes (2018)

Graphene-nanowire hybrid films have recently shown excellent performance as transparent conducting electrodes. However, due to their fundamental nonhomogeneity (grain boundaries, nanowire-nanowire junctions), self-heating induces hotspots along the co-percolating electrical conduction pathways. Although the steady-state characteristics of the hotspot temperature and location have been reported, the temporal response of the hotspots has not been studied in detail. In this paper, we use transient thermoreflectance imaging with high temporal resolution to quantify the transient characteristics of the hotspots. At local hotspots as well as nearby intermediate temperature regions, the temperature response in both heating and cooling phases exhibits two distinct time constants. We quantitatively determine the thermal time constants and associated amplitudes and show dependence of these parameters on distance from the contact. Based on solutions to heat diffusion equations, the short-time constant is attributed to the local self-heating within the hotspot region, and the long-time constant to diffusion of heat through the channel region. The knowledge of time evolution of hotspots and hence a more detailed understanding of the electrothermal conduction process through co-percolating networks could enable more reliable, advanced transparent conductors as well as one-dimensional/two-dimensional hybrid materials for other applications.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MELANESIANS AND POLYNESIANS IN NEW CALEDONIA (1981)

Hepatitis B virus infections were examined in two ethnically different Pacific Island groups, 532 Melanesians and 401 Polynesians, living under similar environmental circumstances on the island of Ouvea, New Caledonia. High hepatitis B virus infection rates (Melanesians, 89.3%, and Polynesians, 86.3%) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rates (Melanesians, 11.7%, and Polynesians, 8.0%) were observed in both groups. The carrier rate for HBsAg was generally higher in men, particularly Melanesian men. Comparing the Ouvea Melanesians and Polynesians to 170 Melanesians living on the main island of New Caledonia, significantly lower rates for hepatitis B virus infection (47.1%) and HBsAg carrier state (0.6%) were found. The findings suggest that environmental factors may be more important than genetic factors in hepatitis B infections in these populations. Tattooing did not appear to influence the presence of hepatitis B virus infection.
New Building Blocks for the Preparation of Branched Oligonucleotides (1998)

Abstract New building blocks 2 and 3 were prepared and successfully employed for the synthesis of branched oligonucleotides 5 and 6. The structure of oligomers obtained was confirmed by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.
Image-Guided Spectroscopy of Cancer: Translating Optical Technology into Clinical Tools (2012)

Integration of localized molecular spectroscopy into standard medical imaging instrumentation has been slow in developing, yet today there have been major developments which make it achievable on a routine basis. Perhaps the most striking thing about optical imaging is the incredibly wide range of technologies available, and the correspondingly large range of resolutions in which they target, from microscopic imaging at 1 micron resolution, upto macroscopic imaging with 1-5mm resolution. The choice of technology must be done for the application desired.
An endogenous CCL21-Ser deficiency reduces melanoma growth by an enhanced antitumor immunity (2022)

Abstract The chemokine CCL21 regulates immune and cancer cell migration through its receptor CCR7. The Ccl21a gene encodes the isoform CCL21-Ser, predominantly expressed in the thymic medulla and the secondary lymphoid tissues. In this study, we used Ccl21a -knockout (KO) mice to examine the roles of CCL21-Ser in the antitumor immune response. We found that the KO mice had significantly decreased melanoma growth and increased CD8 T cell infiltration compared with the wild-type mice. The tumor in KO mice had a higher number of Tregs but no positive correlation existed between tumor weight and Treg/activated CD8 T cell ratio. The enhanced CD8 T cell antitumor immunity in the Ccl21a -KO mice demonstrates a functional contribution of endogenous CCL21-Ser to melanoma proliferation in vivo .
Gas6 is dispensable for pubertal mammary gland development (2018)

Mammary gland development is a complex and dynamic process that occurs mainly postnatally. Ductal elongation and branching morphogenesis are regulated by a plethora of factors, including cytokines, hormones, growth factors and the extracellular matrix. Gas6 is a secreted gamma-carboxylated protein that binds to a family of receptors tyrosine kinase receptors known as the TAMR family (Tyro3, Axl, Mer). Gas6 function in developmental processes has been shown in nervous, reproductive and immune systems. In this study, we found that Gas6 is highly expressed in virgin adult mammary glands but declines during pregnancy and lactation. Specifically, Gas6 is highly expressed in luminal and basal mammary epithelial cells during puberty and adulthood, while TAMR expression is low. Mammary whole mount analysis revealed that Gas6 germline deletion does not impact ductal elongation, branching morphogenesis or terminal end bud formation. Masson's trichrome staining showed that collagen deposition is similar in Gas6-/- mice as compared to wildtype mice. Gas6-/- mammary glands presented an organized luminal and myoepithelial bilayer of cells, and the proportion of mammary stem cells was unchanged in Gas6-/- mammary glands as compared to wildtype. Finally, proliferation of epithelial cells and macrophage number were similar in both groups. These studies suggest that Gas6 is not essential for pubertal mammary gland development in nulliparous mice.