gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Commentary: psychological disorders linked to functional dyspepsia – authors' reply (2012)

We appreciate the insightful comments by Koloski et al. on our paper.1, 2 Experience of distress from physical symptoms or medical conditions is not equivalent to having a psychiatric diagnosis.3 It is therefore not likely that ‘effort after meaning’ may confound our assessment of the onset of these. These require the individual to meet specific diagnostic and impairment criteria, and would not be equivalent to the experience of distress from a stressful event. Had time allowed, adding a rating of severity from time of onset may help clarify this issue. Recall bias may certainly limit the accuracy of onset data, which delimits causal inference. As such, our observation of coincident onset was one that invites further studies. While recall bias is a known problem in cross-sectional studies, a vast literature on psychiatric epidemiology has been based on retrospective designs, where memory aids have been adopted to improve recall accuracy. For example, an interviewer may probe onset more accurately by asking about landmarks in the life course,4 such as ‘Was that when you were in high school? If so would it be in the last year?’ These probes, however, were barely feasible in time-limited telephone surveys as the additional time required for completing an interview is not only costly but would invite refusal and further reduce the participation rate. Face-to-face prospective cohorts are doubtless superior in this respect, but do have methodological and practical problems too, such as attrition and costs issues, making these studies on gastrointestinal disorders a rarity. The recently published prospective population-based cohort on functional dyspepsia (FD) and psychiatric morbidities5 deserve special attention in supporting a bidirectional chronological association between anxiety symptoms and FD onset. As depression overlaps significantly with anxiety disorders on both diagnosis and symptom levels, the lack of association of FD with anxiety is intriguing and deserves further studies. The authors' declarations of personal and financial interests are unchanged from those in the original article.2
Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate Esters by using Hybrid Nafion–Silica Catalyst (2013)

Glycerol carbonate esters (GCEs), which are valuable biomass-derivative compounds, have been prepared through the direct esterification of glycerol carbonate and long organic acids with different chain lengths, in the absence of solvent, and with heterogeneous catalysts, including acidic-organic resins, zeolites, and hybrid organic-inorganic acids. The best results, in terms of activity and selectivity towards GCEs, were obtained using a Nafion-silica composite. A full reaction scheme has been established, and it has been demonstrated that an undesired competing reaction results in the generation of glycerol and esters derived from a secondary hydrolysis of the endocyclic ester group, which is attributed to water formed during the esterification reaction. The influence of temperature, substrate ratio, catalyst-to-substrate ratio, and the use of solvent has been studied and, under optimized reaction conditions and with the adequate catalyst, it was possible to achieve 95% selectivity for the desired product at 98% conversion. It was demonstrated that the reaction rate decreased as the number of carbon atoms in the linear alkyl chain of the carboxylic acid increased for both p-toluenesulfonic acid and Nafion-silica nanocomposite (Nafion SAC-13) catalysts. After fitting the experimental data to a mechanistically based kinetic model, the reaction kinetic parameters for Nafion SAC-13 catalysis were determined and compared for reactions involving different carboxylic acids. A kinetic study showed that the reduced reactivity of carboxylic acids with increasing chain lengths could be explained by inductive as well as steric effects.
Signaling characteristics of the surf zone acoustic communications channel (1999)

The Near Shore Acoustic Network Experiment (NSANE) was conducted at the Scripps Pier in May 1999 to ascertain the physical properties of the very shallow water and surf zone environments which enable or constrain acoustic communications. Results of the analysis of the experimental data will be presented focusing on the properties of the environment which are of particular relevance to the performance of acoustic communications systems. Communications channel characteristics such as multipath spread, coherence time, and channel outage and signal attenuation characteristics will be examined. These characteristics will be related to observable environmental conditions and their effect on the performance of acoustic communications systems will be discussed.
Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Escapes the Endosome and Induces Apoptosis in Epithelial Cells (1998)

We examined the invasion of an established bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) by a Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolate to study the potential role of intracellular survival in the persistence of staphylococcal infections. S. aureus cells displayed dose-dependent invasion of MAC-T cells and intracellular survival. An electron microscopic examination of infected cells indicated that the bacteria induced internalization via a mechanism involving membrane pseudopod formation and then escaped into the cytoplasm following lysis of the endosomal membrane. Two hours after the internalization of S. aureus, MAC-T cells exhibited detachment from the matrix, rounding, a mottled cell membrane, and vacuolization of the cytoplasm, all of which are indicative of cells undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis). By 18 h, the majority of the MAC-T cell population exhibited an apoptotic morphology. Other evidence for apoptosis was the generation of MAC-T cell DNA fragments differing in size by increments of approximately 180 bp and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling of the fragmented nuclear DNA of the infected host cells. These results demonstrate that after internalization S. aureus escapes the endosome and induces apoptosis in nonprofessional phagocytes.
Analysis of thermal processes in piezoceramic actuator (2010)

An analytical expression has been derived to calculate the temperature in the bulk of a piezoelectric cell and on its surface with allowance made for the distributed heat release. It is experimentally shown that the temperature at the center of actuator exceeds the temperature on its surface by 10–40°C and reaches 50–140°C under specific loads of 50–100 W/cm3. The reason for this is that up to 25–45% of the supplied energy is transformed into heat. It is established that the main cause of actuator failure is electric breakdown and exfoliation of passive ceramic layers.
Nonlinear elasticity imaging:theory and phantom study (2004)

In tissue the Young's modulus cannot be assumed constant over a wide deformation range. For example, direct mechanical measurements on human prostate show up to a threefold increase in Young's modulus over a 10% deformation. In conventional elasticity imaging, these effects produce strain-dependent elastic contrast. Ignoring these effects generally leads to suboptimal contrast (stiffer tissues at lower strain are contrasted against softer tissues at higher strain), but measuring the nonlinear behavior results in enhanced tissue differentiation. To demonstrate the methods extracting nonlinear elastic properties, both simulations and measurements were performed on an agar-gelatin phantom. Multiple frames of phase-sensitive ultrasound data are acquired as the phantom is deformed by 12%. All interframe displacement data are brought back to the geometry of the first frame to form a three-dimensional (3-D) data set (depth, lateral, and preload dimensions). Data are fit to a 3-D second order polynomial model for each pixel that adjusts for deformation irregularities. For the phantom geometry and elastic properties considered in this paper, reconstructed frame-to-frame strain images using this model result in improved contrast to noise ratios (CNR) at all preload levels, without any sacrifice in spatial resolution. From the same model, strain hardening at all preload levels can be extracted. This is an independent contrast mechanism. Its maximum CNR occurs at 5.13% preload, and it is a 54% improvement over the best case (preload 10.6%) CNR for frame-to-frame strain reconstruction. Actual phantom measurements confirm the essential features of the simulation. Results show that modeling of the nonlinear elastic behavior has the potential to both increase detectability in elasticity imaging and provide a new independent mechanism for tissue differentiation.
Black to Transmissive Switching in a Pseudo Three-Electrode Electrochromic Device (2009)

We introduce the first π-conjugated polymer-based, black-to-transmissive and multicolored switching electrochromic device (ECD) constructed in a Pseudo 3-Electrode Electrochromic Device (P3-ECD) architecture. In this ECD, the non-electrochromic, yet electroactive, polymer poly(3,4-propylenedioxypyrrole-N-propionitrile) (PProDOP-N-EtCN) serves as a counter electrode material. This transmissive polymer helps eliminate the contrast limitations seen in dual polymer ECDs that use combinations of anodically and cathodically coloring polymers. The P3-ECD adds colors by transmitting light through two independently controlled working electrodes (coated with two different electrochromic polymer films) and two counter electrodes (coated with PProDOP-N-EtCN) stacked together with a gel electrolyte. The two cathodically coloring EC polymers that were used in this work are, a diester-substituted poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-(CH2CO2C12H25)2) for the first one, namely PProDOT-ester, and a donor−acceptor analogue, namely PProDOT-BTD, which consists of a specific alternation of donor and acceptor building units spanning the electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), 2-ethylhexyloxy-substituted 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene ProDOT-(CH2O(2-EtHx))2 and the electron-deficient 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD). The PProDOT-ester switches from a deep purple (L* = 41 a* = 22 b* = −48) to a highly transmissive gray/blue (L* = 87 a* = −2 b* = −7), while the PProDOT-BTD switches from a deep green (L* = 60, a* = −23, b* = 12) to transmissive sky blue (L* = 84, a* = −4, b* = −6). Utilizing PProDOT-ester and PProDOT-BTD in their neutral form in the P3-ECD yields a deep blue-black with color coordinates of L* = 26 ,a* = −3, b* = −17 switching to a transmissive state with color coordinates of L* = 75, a* = −7, b* = −7. The device has a high Michelson contrast of 0.8 (which can range from 0 to 1). Separate potential control over the electrodes allows color mixing of the polymers in intermediate oxidation states in the P3-ECD. As such, a full palette of colors is accessible through proper choice of EC materials as desired for the construction of multicolored information displays, and in the case of black-to-transmissive electronic paper.
Some Practical Applications of a Nonlinear Block Structure Identification Procedure (2007)

In this paper, a structure identification method based upon the best linear approximation which was presented in earlier work is applied to three different physical systems: the silverbox, a crystal detector, and an RF amplifier. The approach of this method consists in applying a Gaussian-like input signal, and to vary in a first experiment the root mean square (rms) value of this signal while maintaining the colouring of the power spectrum. Next, in a second experiment the colouring of the power spectrum is varied while keeping the rms value constant. Based on the resulting behaviour of the best linear approximation, a distinction can be made between candidate nonlinear block structures for approximating the real system.
Final Report: Cathode Catalysis in Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cells: New Catalysts, Mechanism, and Characterization (2016)

In this research, we prosecuted a comprehensive plan of research directed at developing new catalysts and new understandings relevant to the operation of low temperature hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. The focal point of this work was one centered on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR), the electrochemical process that most fundamentally limits the technological utility of these environmentally benign energy conversion devices. Over the period of grant support, we developed new ORR catalysts, based on Cu dimers and multimers. In this area, we developed substantial new insight into design rules required to establish better ORR materials, inspired by the three-Cu active site in laccase which has the highest ORR onset potential of any material known. We also developed new methods of characterization for the ORR on conventional (metal-based) catalysts. Finally, we developed a new platform to study the rate of proton transfer relevant to proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions, of which the ORR is an exemplar. Other aspects of work involved theory and prototype catalyst testing.
1,1,3,3-Tetraoxo-1,2,3-triazapropene Anion, a New Oxy Anion of Nitrogen:  The Dinitramide Anion and Its Salts (1997)

We report the synthesis of a completely new, stable class of inorganic salts named the dinitramide salts. These salts are based on a newly discovered nitrogen oxide anion known as the dinitramide anion. The dinitramide anion is a uniquely stable, high oxygen density grouping that can be prepared in many salt combinations including the ammonium or hydrazinium salts. The dinitramide anion has both fundamental scientific interest and practical applications. We describe here the synthesis of dinitramide salts and give a preliminary report on their properties.
Cancelling non-linear processing products due to strong out-of-band interference in radio astronomical arrays (2015)

Radio astronomy instrumentation uses phased array feeds to provide radio telescopes with wider fields of view and enhanced beam control for detection and interference suppression. The standard assumption in Radio Astronomy is that receiver amplifiers operate in a linear region. In the presence of strong radio-frequency interference (RFI), however, it is possible to drive the amplifiers non-linear. This can cause out-of-band RFI to become non-linear and mix harmonics into the filter passband. In this scenario, classical RFI-mitigating beamformers may not be very good at suppressing the interference. This paper analyzes the effect of several beamformers in suppressing interference resulting from non-linear amplifiers. Experimental results show that a subspace projection beamformer is able to suppress the interference despite the nonlinear RFI.
Stereoselective synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrazin‐1(2H)‐one derivatives as PIM kinase inhibitors inspired from marine alkaloids (2022)

We previously demonstrated that natural product-inspired 3,4-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-1(2H)-ones derivatives delivered potent and selective PIM kinases inhibitors however with non-optimal ADME/PK properties and modest oral bioavailability. Herein, we describe a structure-based scaffold decoration and a stereoselective approach to this chemical class. The synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies, chiral analysis, and pharmacokinetic data of compounds from this inhibitor class are presented herein. Compound 20c demonstrated excellent potency on PIM1 and PIM2 with exquisite kinases selectivity and PK properties that efficiently and dose-dependently promoted c-Myc degradation and appear to be promising lead compounds for further development.
Photonic Crystal Microcavities in a Microelectronics 45-nm SOI CMOS Technology (2015)

We demonstrate the first monolithically integrated linear photonic crystal microcavities in an advanced SOI CMOS microelectronics process (IBM 45nm 12SOI) with no in-foundry process modifications. The cavities were integrated into a standard microelectronics design flow meeting process design rules, and fabricated alongside transistors native to the process. We demonstrate both 1520nm wavelength and 1180nm cavity designs using different cavity implementations due to design rule constraints. For the 1520nm and 1180nm designs, loaded quality factors of 2,000 and 4,000 are measured, and intrinsic quality factors of 100,000 and 60,000 are extracted. We also demonstrate an evanescent coupling geometry which decouples the cavity and waveguide-coupling design.
Improved endothelialization of small-diameter ePTFE vascular grafts through growth factor therapy (2019)

This study suggests that transient local overexpression of VEGFR2 ligands in the peri-implant tissues at the time of graft implantation is a novel strategy to increase endothelialization of high-porosity ePTFE vascular grafts and improve the patency of small-diameter vascular prostheses.
q‐space analysis of lung morphometry in vivo with hyperpolarized3He spectroscopy (2006)

The q-space parameters agreed remarkably well with published alveolar morphometry data. The results suggest that the technique may be sensitive to disease, as evident from the elevated mean displacements in COPD patients compared to healthy volunteers. Detailed lung microstructural information can be obtained using a very low volume of inhaled (3)He.
Suppression of threshold voltage shift on In-Si-O-C Thin-Film Transistor with an Al2O3 Passivation Layer under Negative and Positive Gate-Bias Stress (2019)

We investigated effect of an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> passivation layer on threshold voltage shift (ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) of Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> insulator/In-Si-O-C thin-film transistors (TFTs) under several gate bias stress conditions. A large ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> due to the four components such as electron trap, hole trap at around the valence band edge, deep trap, and generated hole was observed in In-Si-O-C TFT. By introducing an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> passivation layer, ΔV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> due to the deep trap and generated hole could be reduced 37%.
X-linked myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual disability (2002)

XMESID is a rare X-linked recessive myoclonic epilepsy with spasticity and intellectual disability in boys. Hyperreflexia is found in carrier women. XMESID is associated with a missense mutation in ARX. This disorder is allelic with X-linked infantile spasms (ISSX; MIM 308350) where polyalanine tract expansions are the commonly observed molecular defect. Mutations of ARX are associated with a wide range of phenotypes; functional studies in the future may lend insights to the neurobiology of myoclonic seizures and infantile spasms.
The northern corn leaf blight resistance gene Ht1 encodes an nucleotide‐binding, leucine‐rich repeat immune receptor (2022)

Northern corn leaf blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum, is a major disease of maize. The first major locus conferring resistance to E. turcicum race 0, Ht1, was identified over 50 years ago, but the underlying gene has remained unknown. We employed a map-based cloning strategy to identify the Ht1 causal gene, which was found to be a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene, which we named PH4GP-Ht1. Transgenic testing confirmed that introducing the native PH4GP-Ht1 sequence to a susceptible maize variety resulted in resistance to E. turcicum race 0. A survey of the maize nested association mapping genomes revealed that susceptible Ht1 alleles had very low to no expression of the gene. Overexpression of the susceptible B73 allele, however, did not result in resistant plants, indicating that sequence variations may underlie the difference between resistant and susceptible phenotypes. Modelling of the PH4GP-Ht1 protein indicated that it has structural homology to the Arabidopsis NLR resistance gene ZAR1, and probably forms a similar homopentamer structure following activation. RNA sequencing data from an infection time course revealed that 1 week after inoculation there was a threefold reduction in fungal biomass in the PH4GP-Ht1 transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, PH4GP-Ht1 transgenics had significantly more inoculation-responsive differentially expressed genes than wild-type plants, with enrichment seen in genes associated with both defence and photosynthesis. These results demonstrate that the NLR PH4GP-Ht1 is the causal gene underlying Ht1, which represents a different mode of action compared to the previously reported wall-associated kinase northern corn leaf blight resistance gene Htn1/Ht2/Ht3.
Frequency-Domain Signal Processing for Spectrally-Enhanced CP-OFDM\n Waveforms in 5G New Radio (2020)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected as the\nbasis for the fifth-generation new radio (5G-NR) waveform developments.\nHowever, effective signal processing tools are needed for enhancing the OFDM\nspectrum in various advanced transmission scenarios. In earlier work, we have\nshown that fast-convolution (FC) processing is a very flexible and efficient\ntool for filtered-OFDM signal generation and receiver-side subband filtering,\ne.g., for the mixed-numerology scenarios of the 5G-NR. FC filtering\napproximates linear convolution through effective fast Fourier transform\n(FFT)-based circular convolutions using partly overlapping processing blocks.\nHowever, with the continuous overlap-and-save and overlap-and-add processing\nmodels with fixed block-size and fixed overlap, the FC-processing blocks cannot\nbe aligned with all OFDM symbols of a transmission frame. Furthermore, 5G-NR\nnumerology does not allow to use transform lengths shorter than 128 because\nthis would lead to non-integer cyclic prefix (CP) lengths. In this article, we\npresent new FC-processing schemes which solve the mentioned limitations. These\nschemes are based on dynamically adjusting the overlap periods and\nextrapolating the CP samples, which make it possible to align the FC blocks\nwith each OFDM symbol, even in case of variable CP lengths. This reduces\ncomplexity and latency, e.g., in mini-slot transmissions and, as an example,\nallows to use 16-point transforms in case of a 12-subcarrier-wide subband\nallocation, greatly reducing the implementation complexity. On the receiver\nside, the proposed scheme makes it possible to effectively combine cascaded\ninverse and forward FFT units in FC-filtered OFDM processing. Transform\ndecomposition is used to simplify these computations. Very extensive set of\nnumerical results is also provided, in terms of radio-link performance and\nassociated processing complexity.\n