gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Chemokine (CCL21) Activates CXCR3 to Trigger a Cl− Current and Chemotaxis in Murine Microglia (2002)

Microglial cells represent the major immunocompetent element of the CNS and are activated by any type of brain injury or disease. A candidate for signaling neuronal injury to microglial cells is the CC chemokine ligand CCL21, given that damaged neurons express CCL21. Investigating microglia in acute slices and in culture, we demonstrate that a local application of CCL21 for 30 s triggered a Cl(-) conductance with lasted for tens of minutes. This response was sensitive to the Cl(-) channel blockers 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and 4-acetamide-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene, 2,2'-disulfonic acid. Moreover, CCL21 triggered a chemotaxis response, which was sensitive to Cl(-) channel blockers. In microglial cells cultured from CCR7 knockout mice, CCL21 produced the same type of Cl(-) current as well as a chemotaxis response. In contrast, in microglial cells from CXCR3 knockout mice, CCL21 triggered neither a Cl(-) conductance nor a chemotaxis response after CCL21 application. We conclude that the CCL21-induced Cl(-) current is a prerequisite for the chemotaxis response mediated by the activation of CXCR3 but not CCR7 receptors, indicating that in brain CCL21 acts via a different receptor system than in lymphoid organs.
Extracranial to Intracranial Bypass for Treatment of Complex, Large and Giant Aneurysms of the Middle Cerebral Artery: An Analysis of 27 Years of Experience in 26 Patients (2012)

Complex, large, and giant aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery are challenging lesions that are not usually amenable to endovascular therapy, and may require extracranial to intracranial or in-situ bypasses with hunterian ligation of the parent vessel or excision of the aneurysm. We retrospectively reviewed our experience between 1983 and 2011 with the microsurgical treatment of 26 complex, large, or giant middle cerebral artery aneurysms, where an extracranial to intracranial bypass was used in conjunction with clipping of the aneurysm. Our series consisted of 9 females (34.6%) and 17 males (65.4%) with a mean age of 35.6 years (range, 4–62 years; median, 39.5 years). Three of the patients in our series presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 3; 11.5%). Twenty-one of the aneurysms in our series were giant (69.1%), the remainder were large and complex lesions. At a median follow-up of 63.6 months (range, 1–240 months; median, 36 months), the majority of the patients (81%) made an excellent recovery (modified Rankin scores 0–2) from the bypass and microsurgical clipping of their middle cerebral artery aneurysm. The mean modified Rankin score for the patients in our series was 1.5 (range, 0–3; median, 1). We advocate the use of an extracranial to intracranial bypass in the treatment of complex, large, or giant aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery.
Rates of Chemical Reactions Embedded in a Metabolic Network by Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation NMR (2018)

The isomerisation of 6-phosphogluconolactones and their hydrolyses into 6-phosphogluconic acid form a non enzymatic side cycle of the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) in cells. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation can be used for determining the kinetic rates of the involved transformations in real time. It is found that the hydrolysis of both lactones is significantly slower than the isomerisation process, thereby shedding new light onto this subtle chemical process.
What the survivors' areas do at long times? (1997)

We investigate the long time behavior of the survivors' area in the scaling state of two dimensional soap froth. We relate this problem to the recently studied temporal decay of the fraction of Potts spins that have never been flipped till time t. The results of our topological simulations are consistent with the value $θ=1$ for the scaling exponent of the survivors' areas, in agreement with a recently obtained analytical result. We find, however, that the relaxation time needed to get into the scaling regime depends on the degree of randomness in the topological rearrangements and becomes very large in the deterministic limit.
Nonchronological Video Synopsis and Indexing (2008)

The amount of captured video is growing with the increased numbers of video cameras, especially the increase of millions of surveillance cameras that operate 24 hours a day. Since video browsing and retrieval is time consuming, most captured video is never watched or examined. Video synopsis is an effective tool for browsing and indexing of such a video. It provides a short video representation, while preserving the essential activities of the original video. The activity in the video is condensed into a shorter period by simultaneously showing multiple activities, even when they originally occurred at different times. The synopsis video is also an index into the original video by pointing to the original time of each activity. Video Synopsis can be applied to create a synopsis of an endless video streams, as generated by webcams and by surveillance cameras. It can address queries like "Show in one minute the synopsis of this camera broadcast during the past day''. This process includes two major phases: (i) An online conversion of the endless video stream into a database of objects and activities (rather than frames). (ii) A response phase, generating the video synopsis as a response to the user's query.
Iminosugar Inhibitors for Substrate Reduction Therapy for the Lysosomal Glycosphingolipidoses (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Glycolipid lysosomal storage diseases Options for glycosphingolipidosis therapy Iminosugars for substrate reduction therapy Iminosugars as inhibitors of glycolipid biosynthesis SRT combination therapy Prospects for iminosugars as therapeutics References
Segmented correlation measurements on superconducting bandpass delta–sigma modulator with and without input tone (2003)

Segmented correlation is a useful technique for testing a superconducting analogue-to-digital converter, as it allows the output spectrum to be estimated with fine frequency resolution even when data record lengths are limited by small on-chip acquisition memories. Previously, we presented segmented correlation measurements on a superconducting bandpass delta–sigma modulator sampling at 40.2 GHz under idle channel (no input) conditions. This paper compares the modulator output spectra measured by segmented correlation with and without an input tone. Important practical considerations of calculating segmented correlations are discussed in detail. Resolution enhancement by segmented correlation does reduce the spectral width of the input tone in the desired manner, but the signal power due to the input increases the variance of the spectral estimate near the input frequency, hindering accurate calculation of the in-band noise. This increased variance, which is predicted by theory, must be considered carefully in the application of segmented correlation. Methods for obtaining more accurate estimates of the quantization noise spectrum which are closer to those measured with no input are described.
High thermal stability of poly-Si nodes with novel CrTiN/TiN double barrier layers for high-density ferroelectric memory applications (2002)

We propose a novel CrTiN/TiN double barrier layer technology for high-density COB structure applications. After furnace annealing at 800/spl deg/C for 30min, a 0.35/spl mu/m poly-Si contact test structure with the Pt/CrTiN/TiN layer was found to maintain ohmic behaviors and provide a resistance of about 1k/spl Omega/. In addition, these contact structures successfully exhibited long time thermal stability at 750/spl deg/C. The findings of this study suggest that the CrTiN/TiN double barrier layer method is suitable for the COB structure in order to realize high-density ferroelectric memory applications.
Detection of choline signal in human breast lesions with chemical‐shift imaging (2008)

The ROC analysis presented in this work could be used to set an objective diagnostic criterion depending on preferred emphasis on sensitivity or specificity.
Quantitative Characterization of Aqueous Byproducts from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Municipal Wastes, Food Industry Wastes, and Biomass Grown on Waste (2017)

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a viable thermochemical process for converting wet solid wastes into biocrude that can be hydroprocessed to liquid transportation fuel blendstocks and specialty chemicals. The aqueous byproduct from HTL contains significant amounts (20–50%) of the biogenic feed carbon, which must be valorized to enhance economic sustainability of the process on an industrial scale. In this study, aqueous fractions produced from HTL of food industry wastes, municipal wastes, and biomass cultivated on wastewater were characterized using a wide variety of analytical approaches. Organic species present in these aqueous fractions were identified using two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Identified compounds include organic acids, nitrogen compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Conventional gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection and liquid chromatography utilizing refractive index detection were employed to quantify the identified compounds. Inorganic species in the aqueous streams were also were quantified using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The concentrations of organic compounds and inorganic species are reported, and the significance of these results are discussed in detail.
Experimental Demonstration of Fault-Tolerant State Preparation with Superconducting Qubits (2017)

Robust quantum computation requires encoding delicate quantum information into degrees of freedom that are hard for the environment to change. Quantum encodings have been demonstrated in many physical systems by observing and correcting storage errors, but applications require not just storing information; we must accurately compute even with faulty operations. The theory of fault-tolerant quantum computing illuminates a way forward by providing a foundation and collection of techniques for limiting the spread of errors. Here we implement one of the smallest quantum codes in a five-qubit superconducting transmon device and demonstrate fault-tolerant state preparation. We characterize the resulting code words through quantum process tomography and study the free evolution of the logical observables. Our results are consistent with fault-tolerant state preparation in a protected qubit subspace.
An algorithm design environment for signal processing (2002)

Some of the issues involved in supporting the symbolic rearrangements of algorithms are explored. The potential of automatic rearrangement is shown through the design of an incoherent detector for sonar (FSK) frequency shift keying code signals. An innovative implementation, discovered by the computer environment, for the frequency-chip matched filters is presented. This implementation reduces the computational requirements from order N log N to order N.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
MAILBOX BRACKET CRASH TESTS (1993)

Researchers conducted a total of 11 full-scale crash tests. Each test was conducted and evaluated in accordance with nationally recognized guidelines as contained in NCHRP Report 230. The purpose of the first eight tests was to determine the adequacy of a new, universal bracket developed by TxDOT to attach any size mailbox to the support post. Researchers conducted tests with one and two mailboxes of various sizes mounted on single support post, as well as on single support designs, and with multiple mailboxes mounted on a modified version of the Firesight Tubular Support. The modified installation consisted of a 'replacement footing' to facilitate use of salvaged parts from damaged supports and to minimize cost of replacement following a vehicular impact. A size 2 mailbox supported by two steal winged-channel posts was evaluated in the tenth test. A 1/4-inch (0.64 cm) thick steel plate 'vandal-proof' mailbox mounted on a single support was evaluated in the final test.
Abstract 2750: Multi-detector Computed Tomography Is An Accurate Screening Imaging Modality For Detection Of Thrombus In Patients Undergoing Catheter Ablation Of Atrial Fibrillation (2007)

Introduction Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is commonly used to identify pulmonary vein and left atrial anatomy prior to catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (CAAF). Additionally, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is utilized to exclude left atrial/left atrial appendage thrombus (ICT). Whether MDCT alone can be used to exclude thrombus obviating the need for TEE is unknown. Methods All Pts referred for CAAF at Mayo Clinic between March 2004 and October 2006 were included. Clinical data (including CHADS score), 64 slice MDCT (non-ECG gated), TEE and intra-cardiac echocardiograph (ICE) were all performed and recorded. Image data was reviewed independently and blinded. The left atrial appendage (LAA) was defined as fully opacified or underfilled. An underfilled LAA was further interrogated using a region of interest over the filling defect and mean attenuation in Hounsfield Units (HU) were recorded. Results In total 400 Pts (mean age 56 ± 10 yrs; 76% male; EF 56 ± 10 % ) were included. 362 had no ICT by TEE nor filling defect by MDCT. 38 patients had an underfilled LAA in whom ICT was confirmed by TEE in 7. Sensitivity and specificity of MDCT for ICT was 100% and 92% respectively with a NPV of 100%. In 19 Pts with underfilled LAA’s, a mean LAA emptying velocity was found to be significantly reduced at 26 cm/s (6 – 61 cm/s). Those with a thrombus had a mean attenuation value below 70 HU. CHADS2 score was higher (2.0 versus 1.0) in Pts with LAA filling defect versus those without LAA filling defect. All Pts with confirmed thrombus were taking Warfarin. ICT was not seen in any Pts aged &lt;52 yrs with CHADS score ≤1. Conclusions Sensitivity and specificity of MDCT for detection of LAA thrombus is high. LAA filling defects on MDCT correlate with low emptying velocities by TEE and low attenuation value in HU. These data would suggest that in the absence of MDCT filling defect, no further imaging is required. TEE should be utilized prior to CAAF to investigate MDCT filling defects. Multidetector Computed Tomography for the Detection of LAA Thrombus
Particle separation by phase modulated surface acoustic waves (2017)

High efficiency isolation of cells or particles from a heterogeneous mixture is a critical processing step in lab-on-a-chip devices. Acoustic techniques offer contactless and label-free manipulation, preserve viability of biological cells, and provide versatility as the applied electrical signal can be adapted to various scenarios. Conventional acoustic separation methods use time-of-flight and achieve separation up to distances of quarter wavelength with limited separation power due to slow gradients in the force. The method proposed here allows separation by half of the wavelength and can be extended by repeating the modulation pattern and can ensure maximum force acting on the particles. In this work, we propose an optimised phase modulation scheme for particle separation in a surface acoustic wave microfluidic device. An expression for the acoustic radiation force arising from the interaction between acoustic waves in the fluid was derived. We demonstrated, for the first time, that the expression of the acoustic radiation force differs in surface acoustic wave and bulk devices, due to the presence of a geometric scaling factor. Two phase modulation schemes are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Theoretical findings were experimentally validated for different mixtures of polystyrene particles confirming that the method offers high selectivity. A Monte-Carlo simulation enabled us to assess performance in real situations, including the effects of particle size variation and non-uniform acoustic field on sorting efficiency and purity, validating the ability to separate particles with high purity and high resolution.
CLINICAL PERFORMANCE OF A DURASUL HIGHLY CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE ACETABULAR LINER FOR TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY AT FIVE YEARS (2005)

Background: Highly cross-linked polyethylene is currently the most common articulation surface used for total hip arthroplasty. The hypothesis of the present study was that the Durasul highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular liner would have less wear at five years than would a conventional polyethylene liner used in association with the same total hip replacement system. Methods: Forty-three consecutive patients (fifty hips) underwent total hip replacement with an uncemented titanium porous-coated metal cup and a Durasul liner that was mated with a 28-mm cobalt-chromium femoral head. Thirty-one patients (thirty-seven hips) were followed for at least five years. Thirty-five other patients (thirty-seven hips) underwent total hip arthroplasty with the same system but with a conventional polyethylene liner, and these patients also were followed for five years. Clinical assessment was performed with use of the Harris hip score and a patient self-assessment examination. Radiographic analysis included measurements of acetabular component position, fixation, and osteolysis. Femoral head penetration of the Durasul liners was compared with that of the conventional liners. Results: The clinical results as determined on the basis of Harris hip scores and patient self-assessment examinations did not differ between the Durasul group and the control group. The mean bedding-in penetration was 0.054 ± 0.07 mm for the Durasul group and 0.059 ± 0.154 mm for the control group. The subsequent penetration, with elimination of the bedding-in wear, resulted in a linear wear rate of 0.029 ± 0.02 mm per year for the Durasul group, compared with 0.065 ± 0.03 mm per year for the control group (p < 0.005). The annual penetration at one and five years was 0.074 mm and 0.011 mm, respectively, for the Durasul group, compared with 0.151 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively, for the control group. Conclusions: While the qualitative wear pattern of the highly cross-linked polyethylene liner was the same as that of the conventional polyethylene liner, the annual linear wear rate was 45% of that seen with the conventional polyethylene liner. Therefore, we believe that these early data support the continued use of this highly cross-linked polyethylene liner for total hip arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Applicability of Bi[sub 2]Ru[sub 2]O[sub 7] Pyrochlore Electrodes for ESB and BIMEVOX Electrolytes (2006)

Bismuth ruthenate pyrochlore (Bi2 Ru2 O7: BRO) was tested as a cathode in several bismuth oxide-based electrolyte cells. Erbium oxide stabilized bismuth oxide (ESB) (Bi2 O3) 0.8 (Er2 O3) 0.2, Bi2 V0.9 Me0.1 O5.35 (BIMEVOX10, Me=Co, Cu, Zn), and Bi2 Ru2 O7 (BRO) were synthesized via solid-state reaction. ESB and BIMEVOX powders were pressed and sintered into dense pellets while BRO was deposited and sintered as porous electrodes onto ESB and BIMEVOX dense pellet surfaces. Morphologies and phases of the materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Electrochemical performances of BRO/ESB and BRO/BIMEVOX symmetric cells were tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 200-700°C in air. High polarization for BRO/BIMEVOX cells was observed. In contrast, BRO/ESB cells showed promising low polarization behavior. Different electrochemical performances of BRO electrodes, with ESB or BIMEVOX, indicated that the phases formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface dominated the cell polarization process for BRO/BIMEVOX cells.The Electrochemical Society © 2006 The Electrochemical Society.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-4 from Cancer-Induced Immunosuppression: IL-18–Elicited Immunoablative NK Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 98K&lt;/p&gt;
Efficient implementation of lattice operations (1989)

Lattice operations such as greatest lower bound (GLB), least upper bound (LUB), and relative complementation (BUTNOT) are becoming more and more important in programming languages supporting object inheritance. We present a general technique for the efficient implementation of such operations based on an encoding method. The effect of the encoding is to plunge the given ordering into a boolean lattice of binary words, leading to an almost constant time complexity of the lattice operations. A first method is described based on a transitive closure approach. Then a more space-efficient method minimizing code-word length is described. Finally a powerful grouping technique called modulation is presented, which drastically reduces code space while keeping all three lattice operations highly efficient. This technique takes into account idiosyncrasies of the topology of the poset being encoded that are quite likely to occur in practice. All methods are formally justified. We see this work as an original contribution towards using semantic (vz., in this case, taxonomic) information in the engineering pragmatics of storage and retrieval of (vz., partially or quasi-ordered) information.
Combination therapy with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators augment the airway functional microanatomy (2016)

Recently approved therapies that modulate CFTR function have shown significant clinical benefit, but recent investigations regarding their molecular mechanism when used in combination have not been consistent with clinical results. We employed micro-optical coherence tomography as a novel means to assess the mechanism of action of CFTR modulators, focusing on the effects on mucociliary clearance. Primary human airway monolayers from patients with a G551D mutation responded to ivacaftor treatment with increased ion transport, airway surface liquid depth, ciliary beat frequency, and mucociliary transport rate, in addition to decreased effective viscosity of the mucus layer, a unique mechanism established by our findings. These endpoints are consistent with the benefit observed in G551D patients treated with ivacaftor, and identify a novel mechanism involving mucus viscosity. In monolayers derived from F508del patients, the situation is more complicated, compounded by disparate effects on CFTR expression and function. However, by combining ion transport measurements with functional imaging, we establish a crucial link between in vitro data and clinical benefit, a finding not explained by ion transport studies alone. We establish that F508del cells exhibit increased mucociliary transport and decreased mucus effective viscosity, but only when ivacaftor is added to the regimen. We further show that improvement in the functional microanatomy in vitro corresponds with lung function benefit observed in the clinical trials, whereas ion transport in vitro corresponds to changes in sweat chloride. Functional imaging reveals insights into clinical efficacy and CFTR biology that significantly impact our understanding of novel therapies.