gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
18F-FSPG PET/CT Imaging of System xC– Transporter Activity in Patients with Primary and Metastatic Brain Tumors (2022)

Background The PET tracer (4S)-4-(3-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (<sup>18</sup>F-FSPG) targets the system x<sub>C</sub><sup>-</sup> cotransporter, which is overexpressed in various tumors. Purpose To assess the role of <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG PET/CT in intracranial malignancies. Materials and Methods Twenty-six patients (mean age, 54 years ± 12; 17 men; 48 total lesions) with primary brain tumors (<i>n</i> = 17) or brain metastases (<i>n</i> = 9) were enrolled in this prospective, single-center study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02370563) between November 2014 and March 2016. A 30-minute dynamic brain <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG PET/CT scan and a static whole-body (WB) <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG PET/CT scan at 60-75 minutes were acquired. Moreover, all participants underwent MRI, and four participants underwent fluorine 18 (<sup>18</sup>F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging. PET parameters and their relative changes were obtained for all lesions. Kinetic modeling was used to estimate the <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG tumor rate constants using the dynamic and dynamic plus WB PET data. Imaging parameters were correlated to lesion outcomes, as determined with follow-up MRI and/or pathologic examination. The Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test or Student <i>t</i> test was used for group mean comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for performance comparison of different decision measures. Results <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG PET/CT helped identify all 48 brain lesions. The mean tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) on the whole-brain PET images at the WB time point was 26.6 ± 24.9 (range: 2.6-150.3). When <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET was performed, <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG permitted visualization of non-<sup>18</sup>F-FDG-avid lesions or allowed better lesion differentiation from surrounding tissues. In participants with primary brain tumors, the predictive accuracy of the relative changes in influx rate constant K<sub>i</sub> and maximum standardized uptake value to discriminate between poor and good lesion outcomes were 89% and 81%, respectively. There were significant differences in the <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG uptake curves of lesions with good versus poor outcomes in the primary brain tumor group (<i>P</i> < .05) but not in the brain metastases group. Conclusion PET/CT imaging with (4S)-4-(3-[<sup>18</sup>F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (<sup>18</sup>F-FSPG) helped detect primary brain tumors and brain metastases with a high tumor-to-background ratio. Relative changes in <sup>18</sup>F-FSPG uptake with multi-time-point PET appear to be helpful in predicting lesion outcomes. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02370563 © RSNA, 2022 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i>
Heterobinuclear s‐Indacene Rhodium Complexes: Synthesis and Characterization (2009)

In the original article,1 the acknowledgments are missing; they are given below. The Authors Our thanks go to FONDECYT Chile (project numbers 1060588, 1060589), Apoyo de Tesis Doctoral (Ph.D. Scholarship CONICYT Project) [numbers 23070215 (D. M-C.), 24080034 (C. M-V.)], and ECOS-CONICYT Project (numbers C04-E05, C05-E06, C08-E01).
Role of liposome in treatment of overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis (2015)

Intravesical (local) therapy of agents has been effective in delaying or preventing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. This route of drug administration has also shown tremendous promise in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) and overactive bladder without systemic side effects. Liposomes are lipid vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers surrounding an aqueous core. They can incorporate drug molecules, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, and show greater uptake into cells via endocytosis. Intravesical liposomes have therapeutic effects on IC/PBS patients, mainly because of their ability to form a protective lipid film on the urothelial surface. Recent studies have shown the sustained efficacy and safety of intravesical instillation of botulinum toxin formulated with liposomes (lipo-BoNT) for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder This review considers the current status of intravesical liposomes or liposomal mediated drug delivery for the treatment of IC/PBS and overactive bladder.
Informative sensing of natural images (2009)

The theory of compressed sensing tells a dramatic story that sparse signals can be reconstructed near-perfectly from a small number of random measurements. However, recent work has found the story to be more complicated. For example, the projections based on principal component analysis work better than random projections for some images while the reverse is true for other images. Which feature of images makes such a distinction and what is the optimal set of projections for natural images? In this paper, we attempt to answer these questions with a novel formulation of compressed sensing. In particular, we find that bandwise random projections in which more projections are allocated to low spatial frequencies are near-optimal for natural images and demonstrate using experimental results that the bandwise random projections outperform other kinds of projections in image reconstruction.
Game of Trojans: A Submodular Byzantine Approach (2022)

Machine learning models in the wild have been shown to be vulnerable to Trojan attacks during training. Although many detection mechanisms have been proposed, strong adaptive attackers have been shown to be effective against them. In this paper, we aim to answer the questions considering an intelligent and adaptive adversary: (i) What is the minimal amount of instances required to be Trojaned by a strong attacker? and (ii) Is it possible for such an attacker to bypass strong detection mechanisms? We provide an analytical characterization of adversarial capability and strategic interactions between the adversary and detection mechanism that take place in such models. We characterize adversary capability in terms of the fraction of the input dataset that can be embedded with a Trojan trigger. We show that the loss function has a submodular structure, which leads to the design of computationally efficient algorithms to determine this fraction with provable bounds on optimality. We propose a Submodular Trojan algorithm to determine the minimal fraction of samples to inject a Trojan trigger. To evade detection of the Trojaned model, we model strategic interactions between the adversary and Trojan detection mechanism as a two-player game. We show that the adversary wins the game with probability one, thus bypassing detection. We establish this by proving that output probability distributions of a Trojan model and a clean model are identical when following the Min-Max (MM) Trojan algorithm. We perform extensive evaluations of our algorithms on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and EuroSAT datasets. The results show that (i) with Submodular Trojan algorithm, the adversary needs to embed a Trojan trigger into a very small fraction of samples to achieve high accuracy on both Trojan and clean samples, and (ii) the MM Trojan algorithm yields a trained Trojan model that evades detection with probability 1.
Systematic Analysis of Self-Assembled Nanodielectric Architecture and Organization Effects on Organic Transistor Switching (2022)

The unconventional self-assembled nanodielectric (SAND) architecture is composed of solution-processed alternating inorganic (e.g., ZrOx and HfOx) and π-organic nanolayers (e.g., stilbazolium). As gate dielectrics, SANDs are compatible with a wide variety of organic and inorganic semiconductors and often impart superior thin-film transistor (TFT) performance in comparison to analogous inorganic-only dielectrics. The enhanced performance has been partly attributed to the interactions within the organic layers. To probe the role of the highly polarizable stilbazolium (Chr) organic layer in SAND structural organization and dielectric response, a saturated hydrocarbon chain-based self-assembling building block (Alk) was synthesized and incorporated in SAND structures. By using Chr and Alk in the different SAND organic layers, the effects of the Chr built-in dipole on bulk SAND structural and dielectric characteristics can be evaluated. The Zr-SAND structures are characterized by atomic force microscopy, X-ray reflectivity, metal-insulator-semiconductor electrical measurements, and pentacene-based organic TFTs. The layer identity and arrangement of the organic layers within the Zr-SAND structure are found to have a significant impact on the capacitor leakage current and pentacene transistor threshold voltage/turn-on voltage characteristics. Furthermore, significant cooperative interactions between adjacent Chr organic π-layers are important in enhancing these effects.
Visible Light Generation in Integrated Photonics (2022)

Integrated photonics has gained great success in generating highly coherent light at telecom wavelength. However, building such source on-chip at visible is far more challenging. In this talk, we will present some recent progress for coherent visible light generation using integrated photonics, including the demonstration of ultra-low loss Si3N4 platform at blue and violet wavelengths, as well as the Pockels laser that convert laser light from telecom to visible.
Mix and Match: An Optimistic Tree-Search Approach for Learning Models from Mixture Distributions (2020)

We consider a covariate shift problem where one has access to several different training datasets for the same learning problem and a small validation set which possibly differs from all the individual training distributions. This covariate shift is caused, in part, due to unobserved features in the datasets. The objective, then, is to find the best mixture distribution over the training datasets (with only observed features) such that training a learning algorithm using this mixture has the best validation performance. Our proposed algorithm, ${\sf Mix\&Match}$, combines stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with optimistic tree search and model re-use (evolving partially trained models with samples from different mixture distributions) over the space of mixtures, for this task. We prove simple regret guarantees for our algorithm with respect to recovering the optimal mixture, given a total budget of SGD evaluations. Finally, we validate our algorithm on two real-world datasets.
Luteinizing Hormone Causes Phosphorylation and Activation of the cGMP Phosphodiesterase PDE5 in Rat Ovarian Follicles, Contributing, Together with PDE1 Activity, to the Resumption of Meiosis1 (2016)

The meiotic cell cycle of mammalian oocytes in preovulatory follicles is held in prophase arrest by diffusion of cGMP from the surrounding granulosa cells into the oocyte. Luteinizing hormone (LH) then releases meiotic arrest by lowering cGMP in the granulosa cells. The LH-induced reduction of cGMP is caused in part by a decrease in guanylyl cyclase activity, but the observation that the cGMP phosphodiesterase PDE5 is phosphorylated during LH signaling suggests that an increase in PDE5 activity could also contribute. To investigate this idea, we measured cGMP-hydrolytic activity in rat ovarian follicles. Basal activity was due primarily to PDE1A and PDE5, and LH increased PDE5 activity. The increase in PDE5 activity was accompanied by phosphorylation of PDE5 at serine 92, a protein kinase A/G consensus site. Both the phosphorylation and the increase in activity were promoted by elevating cAMP and opposed by inhibiting protein kinase A, supporting the hypothesis that LH activates PDE5 by stimulating its phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Inhibition of PDE5 activity partially suppressed LH-induced meiotic resumption as indicated by nuclear envelope breakdown, but inhibition of both PDE5 and PDE1 activities was needed to completely inhibit this response. These results show that activities of both PDE5 and PDE1 contribute to the LH-induced resumption of meiosis in rat oocytes, and that phosphorylation and activation of PDE5 is a regulatory mechanism.
Conoscopic systems (2002)

Conoscopic holography was discovered in 1985 by Sirat and Psaltis. Two complementary techniques of measuring both distance and shape were developed. Conoscopy is a technique of incoherent interferometry. It is an active technique and requires the use of structured light projected on to the object. In the most simple case, a point is projected onto the object; this is the conoscopic probe. The other practical case is the projection of a line onto the object, this being the conoscopic profilometer. Conoscopic holography is a holographic technique. It is a passive technique which analyses the light coming naturally from the object. Conoscopic holography is more difficult to realize than conoscopy since it requires more sophisticated components. However, application test beds are under development. The two techniques were initially developed scientifically and technically at California Institute of Technology between 1984 and 1986 and then at ENST in France. The aim of this research was initially to understand the physical principles of conoscopy and conoscopic holography. The second step has been to demonstrate the efficiency of conoscopic holography as a two-dimensional and its basic feasibility as a three-dimensional imaging system. The third step has been to develop simple accurate rangefinding devices based on conoscopy.
The genome of Diuraphis noxia, a global aphid pest of small grains (2015)

This genome is the second sequenced aphid genome, and the first of a phytotoxic insect. D. noxia's reduced gene content of may reflect the influence of phytotoxic feeding in shaping the D. noxia genome, and in turn in broadening its host range. The presence of methylation-related genes, including cytosine methylation, is consistent with other parthenogenetic and polyphenic insects. The D. noxia genome will provide an important contrast to the A. pisum genome and advance functional and comparative genomics of insects and other organisms.
Outer-Sphere Effects on Reduction Potentials of Copper Sites in Proteins: The Curious Case of High Potential Type 2 C112D/M121E Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin (2010)

Redox and spectroscopic (electronic absorption, multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray absorption) properties together with X-ray crystal structures are reported for the type 2 Cu(II) C112D/M121E variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin. The results suggest that Cu(II) is constrained from interaction with the proximal glutamate; this structural frustration implies a "rack" mechanism for the 290 mV (vs NHE) reduction potential measured at neutral pH. At high pH (∼9), hydrogen bonding in the outer coordination sphere is perturbed to allow axial glutamate ligation to Cu(II), with a decrease in potential to 119 mV. These results highlight the role played by outer-sphere interactions, and the structural constraints they impose, in determining the redox behavior of transition metal protein cofactors.
Spiral computed tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (1998)

In cases of pulmonary embolism, sensitivity of spiral CT is greater than that of scintigraphy. Interobserver agreement is better with spiral CT.
Study of thermal oxidation in medium density polyethylene (2003)

Studies of thermal oxidation in a well-characterized medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) were performed using thermostimulated depolarization current (TSD) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). TSD spectra clearly indicate structural changes occurring during oxidation of the material. For the virgin samples, evidence for existence of only a weak alpha process were found, but the oxidation led, at its initial stage, to the appearance of both gamma and beta processes, whereas the intensity of the alpha process remained initially unchanged. The results of the other analyses show that the oxidation process takes place in the amorphous phase and results in a significant reduction of molecular mass, which is the main factor contributing to the embrittlement of the polymer. TSD also indicated creation of deep electronic states, possibly at the amorphous-crystalline boundaries.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Unconventional therapies in ocular adnexal lymphomas (2010)

usually represented by a rituximab–cyclophosphamide–adriamycin–vincristine– prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen. A large proportion of patients are usually treated as a first-line approach with radiotherapy, with obvious implications related to the long-term complications of this strategy.
Notch3 Targeting: A Novel Weapon against Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells (2019)

Notch signaling is frequently activated in ovarian cancer (OC) and contributes to the proliferation and survival of cultured OC cells as well as to tumor formation and angiogenesis in xenograft models. Several studies demonstrate that Notch3 expression renders cancer cells more resistant to carboplatin, contributing to chemoresistance and poor survival of OC-bearing patients. This suggests that Notch3 can represent both a biomarker and a target for therapeutic interventions in OC patients. Although it is still unclear how chemoresistance arises, different lines of evidence support a critical role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), suggesting that CSC targeting by innovative therapeutic approaches might represent a promising tool to efficiently reduce OC recurrence. To date, CSC-directed therapies in OC tumors are mainly targeted to the inhibition of CSC-related signaling pathways, including Notch. As it is increasingly evident the involvement of Notch signaling, and in particular of Notch3, in regulating stem-like cell maintenance and expansion in several tumors, here we provide an overview of the current knowledge of Notch3 role in CSC-mediated OC chemoresistance, finally exploring the potential design of innovative Notch3 inhibition-based therapies for OC treatment, aimed at eradicating tumor through the suppression of CSCs.
Hypoglycemia in Prospective Multicenter Study of Pregnancies with Pre-Existing Type 1 Diabetes on Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy: The LOIS-P Study (2022)

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Pregnancies in type 1 diabetes are high risk, and data in the United States are limited regarding continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-based hypoglycemia throughout pregnancy while on sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in the LOIS-P Study (Longitudinal Observation of Insulin use and glucose Sensor metrics in Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes using continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps) were enrolled before 17 weeks gestation at three U.S. centers and we used their personal insulin pump and a study Dexcom G6 CGM. We analyzed data of 25 pregnant women for CGM hypoglycemia based on international consensus guidelines for percentage time <63 and 54 mg/dL, hypoglycemic events and prolonged hypoglycemia events for 24-h, daytime, and overnight periods, and severe hypoglycemia (SH) episodes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> For a 24-h period, biweekly median percentage of time <63 mg/dL ranged from 0.8% at biweek 4-5 to 3.7% at biweek 14-15 with high variability throughout pregnancy. Median percentage of time <63 and 54 mg/dL was higher overnight than daytime (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Hypoglycemic events occurred throughout the pregnancy, ranged 1-4 events per 2 weeks, significantly decreased after the 20th week, and occurred predominantly during daytime (<i>P</i> < 0.01). For overnight period, hypoglycemia and events were more concentrated from 12 to 3 am. Seven prolonged hypoglycemia events without any associated SH occurred in four participants (16%), primarily overnight. Three participants experienced a single episode of SH. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our results suggest a higher overall risk of hypoglycemia throughout pregnancy during the overnight period with continued daytime risk of hypoglycemic events in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes.
Entropy Minimization for Convex Relaxation Approaches (2015)

Despite their enormous success in solving hard combinatorial problems, convex relaxation approaches often suffer from the fact that the computed solutions are far from binary and that subsequent heuristic binarization may substantially degrade the quality of computed solutions. In this paper, we propose a novel relaxation technique which incorporates the entropy of the objective variable as a measure of relaxation tightness. We show both theoretically and experimentally that augmenting the objective function with an entropy term gives rise to more binary solutions and consequently solutions with a substantially tighter optimality gap. We use difference of convex function (DC) programming as an efficient and provably convergent solver for the arising convex-concave minimization problem. We evaluate this approach on three prominent non-convex computer vision challenges: multi-label inpainting, image segmentation and spatio-temporal multi-view reconstruction. These experiments show that our approach consistently yields better solutions with respect to the original integral optimization problem.
Programmable low-frequency divider in 180-nm CMOS technology (2020)

This paper presents the design and measurements of a programmable frequency divider that converts the input clock of 32 kHz to 1 Hz. The circuit is designed, simulated and the layout is drawn in Cadence simulation environment. The binary counter used in the circuit design is synchronous counter with asynchronous reset. The output frequency drift is measured and compared with simulation results for the varying supply voltage from 1.1 to 1.3 V and temperature from -40°C to 80°C.
Modeling boron diffusion in ultrathin nitrided oxide p/sup +/ Si gate technology (1997)

Based on a network defect model for the diffusion of B in SiO/sub 2/, we propose that B diffuses via a peroxy linkage defect (pld) whose concentration in the oxide changes under different processing conditions. We show that as N is added to the gate oxide (nitridation), N atoms compete with B atoms for activation through the diffusion-defect sites. The model predicts that nitridation is ineffective in stopping B penetration when BF/sub 2/ implants dope the polysilicon gate, as well as for the case of very thin gate dielectrics with B-implanted gates.
The role of the Src family kinase Lyn in the immunomodulatory activities of cathelicidin peptide LL-37 on monocytic cells (2012)

Cathelicidin LL-37 is a multifunctional, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial host-defense peptide of the human immune system. Here, we identified the role of SFKs in mediating the chemokine induction activity of LL-37 in monocytic cells. LL-37 induced SFK phosphorylation; and chemical inhibitors of SFKs suppressed chemokine production in response to LL-37 stimulation. SFKs were required for the downstream activation of AKT, but Ca(2+)-flux and MAPK induction were SFK-independent. Through systematic siRNA knockdown of SFK members, a requirement for Lyn in mediating LL-37 activity was identified. The involvement of Lyn in cathelicidin activities was further confirmed using Lyn-knockout mouse BMDMs. The role of SFKs and Lyn was also demonstrated in the activities of the synthetic cationic IDR peptides, developed as novel, immunomodulatory therapeutics. These findings elucidate the common molecular mechanisms mediating the chemokine induction activity of natural and synthetic cationic peptides in monocytic cells and identify SFKs as a potential target for modulating peptide responses.