gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed Bayesian quickest change detection in sensor networks via large deviation analysis (2016)

We propose a distributed Bayesian quickest change detection algorithm for sensor networks, based on a random gossip inter-sensor communication structure. Without a control or fusion center, each sensor executes its local change detection procedure in a parallel and distributed fashion, interacting with its neighbor sensors via random inter-sensor communications to propagate information. By modeling the information propagation dynamics in the network as a Markov process, two-layer large deviation analysis is presented to analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm. The first-layer analysis shows that the probability of false alarm according to a rare event decays to zero at an exponentially fast rate when the conditional averaged detection decay increases, where the Kullback-Leibler information number is established as a crucial factor. The second-layer analysis shows that the probability of the rare event that not all observations are available at a sensor decays to zero at an exponentially fast rate when the averaged number of communications increases, where the large deviation upper and lower bounds for this rate are also derived, based on which we show that the performance of the distributed algorithm converges exponentially fast to that of the centralized one.
Measurement of the Spatial Evolution of the Deprotection Reaction Front With Nanometer Resolution Using Neutron Reflectometry (2002)

The use of chemically amplified photoresists for the fabrication of sub-100 nm features will require spatial control with nanometer level resolution. To reach this goal, a detailed understanding of the complex reaction-diffusion mechanisms at these length scales is needed and will require high spatial resolution measurements. In particular, few experimental methods can directly measure the spatial evolution of the deprotection reaction front and correlate it with the developed structure. In this work, we demonstrate the complementary use of neutron (NR) and x-ray (XR) reflectometry to measure the reaction front profile with nanometer resolution. Using a bilayer geometry with a lower deuterium-substituted poly(tert-butoxycarboxystyrene) (d-PBOCSt) layer and an upper poly(hydroxystyrene) (PHOSt) layer loaded with a photoacid generator (PAG), we directly measure the spatial evolution of the reaction front. We show that the reaction front profile is broader than the initial interface after a post-exposure bake and the compositional profile changes upon development in an aqueous base solution. We also directly correlate the final developed structure with the reaction front profile. The spatial detail enabled by this general methodology can be used to differentiate between and evaluate quantitatively reaction-diffusion models.
Improving energy efficiency by making DRAM less randomly accessed (2005)

Existing techniques manage power for the main memory by passively monitoring the memory traffic, and based on which, predict when to power down and into which low-power state to transition. However, passively monitoring the memory traffic can be far from being effective as idle periods between consecutive memory accesses are often too short for existing power-management techniques to take full advantage of the deeper power-saving state implemented in modern DRAM architectures. In this paper, we propose a new technique that will actively reshape the memory traffic to coalesce short idle periods --- which were previously unusable for power management --- into longer ones, thus enabling existing techniques to effectively exploit idleness in the memory
Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China (2020)

The automatic emergency braking (AEB) system is an effective intelligent vehicle active safety system for avoiding certain types of collisions. This study develops a national-level safety impact evaluation model for this intelligent vehicle function, including the potential maximum impact and realistic impact. The evaluation model was firstly applied in China to provide insights into Chinese policymaking. Road traffic fatality and severe injury trends, the proportion of different collision types, the effectiveness of collision avoidance, and the AEB market penetration rates are considered in the potential maximum impact scenario. Furthermore, the AEB activation rate and the technology's technical limitations, including its effectiveness in different weather, light, and speed conditions, are discussed in the realistic scenario. With a 100% market penetration rate, fatalities could be reduced by 13.2%, and injuries could be reduced by 9.1%. Based on China's policy, the market penetration rate of intelligent vehicles with AEB is predicted to be 34.0% in 2025 and 60.3% in 2030. With this large market penetration rate increase of AEB, the reductions in fatalities and severe injuries are 903-2309 and 2025-5055 in 2025; and 1483-3789 and 3895-7835 in 2030, respectively. Considering AEB's activation rate and its three main limitations, the adjusted realistic result is approximately 2/5 of the potential maximum result.
Fluctuation of partial discharge inception voltage and discharge location of twisted pair sample under repetitive impulse voltage (2005)

Partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of twisted pair under repetitive bipolar impulse voltage was found to fluctuate as PDIV measurements repeat. In this paper the discharge location is observed to each PDIV measurement using high-sensitive CCD camera just after PD inception. The result shows the PD location changes as measurements repeats; discharge occurs in a whole air gap between two wires in the early stage, then it tends to concentrate at local sites in the final stage. In the middle stage discharge location behaves complicatedly. The PD behavior was discussed in relation with surface conductivity of enameled wire and discharge product in air.
Sers: Plasmonic Nanogap‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Using a Resonant Nanodome Array (Small 18/2012) (2012)

PNA substrates created by B. T. Cunningham and co-workers on page 2878 provide a dense array of electromagnetic hot spots within ∼10 nm gaps between adjacent gold domes. The structures are inexpensively produced over large surface areas on flexible plastic substrates using nanoreplica molding to produce an array of polymer cylinders. The nanogap spacing is controlled via the thickness of deposited films of silicon dioxide and metal, so the structure can be produced without lithography. These PNA substrates are suitable for the real-time detection of biological and chemical compounds.
Dual Functional, Polymeric Self-Assembled Monolayers as a Facile Platform for Construction of Patterns of Biomolecules (2007)

We report a facile approach to the construction of patterns of biomolecules based on polymeric self-assembled monolayers (pSAMs) that possess dual functions: "bio-reactive (post-functionalizable)" and "bio-inert (anti-biofouling)" properties. To prepare pSAMs on Si/SiO2 wafers were synthesized new random copolymers by radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSMA), and N-acryloxysuccinimide (NAS), and referred to as poly(TMSMA-r-PEGMA-r-NAS). Poly(TMSMA-r-PEGMA-r-NAS) was designed to play triple roles: "surface-reactive", "bio-reactive", and "bio-inert" ones. The pSAMs of poly(TMSMA-r-PEGMA-r-NAS) were formed on Si/SiO2 wafers with 1 h incubation of the substrates in the polymer solution, which showed approximately a 1 nm-thick film as measured by ellipsometry. After the formation of the pSAMs, the feasibility of the pSAMs as a dual functional surface (bio-inert and bio-reactive properties) was examined. The ability of the pSAMs to block nonspecific adsorption of proteins was evaluated against bovine serum albumin as a model protein. High-resolution N(1s) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis on the protein adsorption revealed that significant reduction up to approximately 97% was observed compared to the unmodified Si/SiO2 wafer. In addition, micropatterns of streptavidin with high signal-to-noise ratios were achieved using microcontact printing (microCP) of NH2-bearing biotin onto the pSAMs of poly(TMSMA-r-PEGMA-r-NAS) on glass slides, which suggests that other biomolecules could also be efficiently immobilized onto the pSAMs with high specificity while minimizing nonspecific adsorption. On the other hand, the surface density of both bio-reactive and anti-biofouling functionality could be tailored by simply changing initial feed ratios of each monomer in the polymer synthesis: different molar ratios of the bio-reactive group (NAS: 33%, 20%, and 10%, respectively) were employed. When micropatterns of streptavidin were constructed, the pSAMs with 33% NAS moiety showed the highest immobilization of the protein. Taken together, the present dual functional, random copolymers may have warrant applications in the field of biosensors and biochips.
Dynamically obfuscated scan for protecting IPs against scan-based attacks throughout supply chain (2017)

Scan-based test is commonly used to increase testability and fault coverage, however, it is also known to be a liability for chip security. Research has shown that intellectual property (IP) or secret keys can be leaked through scan-based attacks. In this paper, we propose a dynamically-obfuscated scan design for protecting IPs against scan-based attacks. By perturbing all test patterns/responses and protecting the obfuscation key, the proposed architecture is proven to be robust against existing non-invasive scan attacks, and can protect all scan data from attackers in foundry, assembly, and system developers (i.e., OEMs) without compromising the testability. Furthermore, the proposed architecture can be easily plugged into EDA generated scan chains without having a noticeable impact on conventional integrated circuit (IC) design, manufacturing, and test flow. Finally, detailed security and experimental analyses have been performed on several benchmarks. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can protect chips from existing brute force, differential, and other scan-based attacks that target the obfuscation key. The proposed design is of low overhead on area, power consumption, and pattern generation time, and there is no impact on test time.
Design of All-Dielectric Frequency Selective Surfaces Using Genetic Algorithms Combined with the Finite Element-Boundary Integral Method (2005)

A genetic algorithm (GA) design methodology is presented for the synthesis of doubly periodic all-dielectric frequency selective surfaces (DFSS). The GA is used to optimize the dielectric constants of the material as well as the topology of the unit cell to produce the desired frequency response. The finite element-boundary integral method (FE-BI) is employed to evaluate efficiently the fitness of a candidate design.
Microelectronics and Computers in Medicine (1982)

Microelectronics and computers are in use in virtually every aspect of modern medicine. Computers are used widely in medical research, where an important need is for better microelectronic sensors for data acquisition. In medical practice, data collection from patients as well as subsequent storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data are enhanced by the computer. In medical decision-making computers improve accuracy, increase cost-efficiency, and advance understanding of the structure of medical knowledge and of the decision-making process itself. Powerful new noninvasive diagnostic instruments including x-ray tomographic scanners and ultrasonic imaging systems are based on computers. The efficiency and scope of clinical laboratory procedures and advanced analytical instruments are greatly increased by computerization, and careful application of computers has improved the interpretation of diagnostic tests, such as the electrocardiogram, and monitoring of critically ill patients. The powerful sensory, computational, memory, and display capabilities of microcomputer systems and their compact size offer new opportunities to relieve functional deficiencies associated with loss of limbs, paralysis, speech impediments, deafness, and blindness.
Growth and Sintering of Fullerene Nanotubes (1994)

Carbon nanotubes produced in arcs have been found to have the form of multiwalled fullerenes, at least over short lengths. Sintering of the tubes to each other is the predominant source of defects that limit the utility of these otherwise perfect fullerene structures. The use of a water-cooled copper cathode minimized such defects, permitting nanotubes longer than 40 micrometers to be attached to macroscopic electrodes and extracted from the bulk deposit. A detailed mechanism that features the high electric field at (and field-emission from) open nanotube tips exposed to the arc plasma, and consequent positive feedback effects from the neutral gas and plasma, is proposed for tube growth in such arcs.
Ultrafast carrier relaxation dynamics in InN films (2009)

Ultrafast and slow photo-carrier dynamics in InN films were investigeted using femtosecond transient measurements. We found the slow component disappears under the optimized condition due to the equilibrium of band filling and bandgap renormalization effects.
Flexible graphene based microwave attenuators (2015)

We demonstrate flexible 3 dB and 6 dB microwave attenuators using multilayer graphene grown by the chemical vapor deposition method. On the basis of the characterized results of multilayer graphene and graphene-Au ohmic contacts, the graphene attenuators are designed and measured. The flexible graphene-based attenuators have 3 dB and 6 dB attenuation with a return loss of less than -15 dB at higher than 5 GHz. The devices have shown durability in a bending cycling test of 100 times. The circuit model of the attenuator based on the characterized results matches the experimental results well.
Prolactin-induced proliferation of Nb2 cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of the prolactin receptor and its associated tyrosine kinase JAK2. (1994)

The interaction of prolactin with its receptor in the Nb2 cell line has been shown to induce the phosphorylation of cell-associated proteins and mitogenesis. It has been reported previously that one of these proteins, phosphorylated upon prolactin stimulation, was a tyrosine kinase. We have identified this kinase as JAK2, and demonstrate its association with the prolactin receptor. In addition, we show that the prolactin receptor itself becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon ligand stimulation in Nb2 cells. These actions are time-dependent and occur rapidly after prolactin stimulation, with first the kinase being activated within 5 min and then the receptor being phosphorylated maximally at 20 min. Moreover, phosphorylation of both JAK2 and the receptor as well as Nb2 cell proliferation are dependent on the concentration of lactogenic hormone, resulting in a bell-shaped response curve similar to that observed in the two site model of hGH action. This indicates that early events in signal transduction as well as later events like mitogenesis and proliferation involve prolactin receptor dimerization. Together these data indicate that the prolactin receptor in Nb2 cells is associated to JAK2 and that upon ligand stimulation, and receptor dimerization, the kinase and the receptor are tyrosine-phosphorylated, which represents the first event in the process of prolactin receptor signal transduction in Nb2 cells.
<title>Experimental and finite element analysis of stand-off layer damping treatments for beams</title> (2005)

Passive stand-off layer (PSOL) and slotted stand-off layer (SSOL) damping treatments are presently being implemented in many commercial and defense designs. In a PSOL damping treatment, a stand-off or spacer layer is added to a conventional passive constrained layer damping treatment. In an SSOL damping treatment, slots are included in the stand-off layer. A set of experiments using PSOL and SSOL beams in which the geometric properties of the stand-off layer were varied was conducted to analyze the contribution of the stand-off layer to the overall system damping. This set of experiments measured the frequency response functions for a series of beams in which the total slotted area of the stand-off layer was held constant while the number of slots in the stand-off layer was increased for a constant stand-off layer material. Finite element analysis models were developed in ANSYS to compare the predicted frequency response functions with the experimentally measured frequency response functions for the beams treated with PSOL and SSOL damping treatments. In these beams, the bonding layers used to fabricate these treatments were found to have a measurable and significant effect on the frequency response of the structure. The finite element model presented here thus included an epoxy layer between the base beam and the stand-off layer, a contact cement layer between the stand-off layer and the viscoelastic layer, and a method for modelling delamination.
ChemInform Abstract: An Excellent Protocol for the Synthesis of Benzopyrans Using Basic Resin under MWI. (2011)

Abstract The reaction is conducted under solvent‐free and mild conditions.
A Novel Platform for Root Protection Applies New Root-Coating Technologies to Mitigate Soil-Borne Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus Disease (2023)

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a soil-borne virus showing a low percentage of ca. 3% soil-mediated infection when the soil contains root debris from a previous 30-50 day growth cycle of ToBRFV-infected tomato plants. We designed stringent conditions of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection by increasing the length of the pre-growth cycle to 90-120 days, adding a ToBRFV inoculum as well as truncating seedling roots, which increased seedling susceptibility to ToBRFV infection. These rigorous conditions were employed to challenge the efficiency of four innovative root-coating technologies in mitigating soil-mediated ToBRFV infection while avoiding any phytotoxic effect. We tested four different formulations, which were prepared with or without the addition of various virus disinfectants. We found that under conditions of 100% soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of uncoated positive control plants, root-coating with formulations based on methylcellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica Pickering emulsion and super-absorbent polymer (SAP) that were prepared with the disinfectant chlorinated-trisodium phosphate (Cl-TSP) showed low percentages of soil-mediated ToBRFV infection of 0%, 4.3%, 5.5% and 0%, respectively. These formulations had no adverse effect on plant growth parameters when compared to negative control plants grown under non ToBRFV inoculation conditions.
Positron Lifetimes in Blends of Recycled Polystyrene and Polyethylene (1991)

Positron lifetimes and intensities are used to characterize the microstructure of products made from the blending of recycled plastics: post-industrial polystyrene and post-consumer high density polyethylene. For samples of various compositions, the extent of polymeric microheterogeneity (homogeneity) is estimated, the degree of crystallinity of the polyethylene phase, and, using a trapping model, the size and number of microvoids. The results obtained correlate well with wide-angle x-ray diffraction measurements and mechanical properties. A unique morphology which results in optimal properties is identified using positron annihilation. Positronenlebensdauern und Intensitäten werden benutzt, um die Mikrostruktur von Produkten zu charakterisieren, die aus dem Verschnitt von wiederverwerteten Plastikmaterialien: Post-Industrie-Polystyren und Post-Konsumenten-Hochdichtopolyethylen hergestellt werden. Für Proben unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung wird der Grad polymerer Mikroheterogenität(homogenität), der Grad der Kristallinität der Polyethylenphase und, mit einem Trap-Modell, die Größe und Zahl der Mikrohohlräume bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse korrelieren gut mit Röntgen-Großwinkelbeugungsmessungen und mechanischen Eigenschaften. Eine spezielle Morphologie, die zu optimalen Eigenschaften führt, wird mittels Positronenannihilation identifiziert.
Downsizing of Enzymes by Chemical Methods: Arginine Mimics with Low pKa Values Increase the Rates of Hydrolysis of RNA Model Compounds (2009)

Ein talentierter Imitator: Sehr viel schneller werden katalytische Reaktionen von RNA-Modellen, wenn zwei Argininreste und zwei Histidinreste in einem gefalteten Polypeptidkatalysator durch Reste mit einer Guanidiniocarbonylpyrrol(Gcp)-Seitenkette (siehe Struktur) ersetzt werden. Gcp übernimmt nicht nur die Funktionen von Arg und His, sondern übertrifft diese sogar leistungsmäßig. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A role for interleukin 1 in the in vivo actions of tumor necrosis factor. (1989)

We have observed a marked species specificity in the in vivo antitumor, shock-inducing and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)-inducing activities of human recombinant TNF (hrTNF) versus murine rTNF (mrTNF) in mouse models. We also have observed that this species specificity can be abolished when synergistic factors are co-administered. We now present data showing that the profiles of induced IL-6 and TNF after lethal and non-lethal doses of endotoxin are different. These results are discussed in the context of a model of dual signalling for the induction of the major post-endotoxin phenomena that takes into consideration the involvement of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the in vivo actions of TNF.
Protonation of Planar and Nonplanar Porphyrins: A Calorimetric and Computational Study (2020)

Herein, we report the first calorimetric study of the protonation of planar and nonplanar free-base porphyrins: H<sub>2</sub>OETPP (strongly saddled by its substituents), H<sub>2</sub>T(tBu)P (strongly ruffled by its substituents), and the nominally planar porphyrins (npPs) H<sub>2</sub>OEP, H<sub>2</sub>TPP, H<sub>2</sub>T(nPe)P, and H<sub>2</sub>T(iPr)P. The observed enthalpies of protonation in solution (Δ<i>H</i><sub>protsoln</sub>) for formation of the dications in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 2% trifluoroacetic acid are -45 ± 1 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup> for the npPs, -52.0 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup> for H<sub>2</sub>T(tBu)P, and -70.9 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup> for H<sub>2</sub>OETPP. The corresponding enthalpies of protonation (Δ<i>H</i><sub>DFT</sub>) obtained from DFT calculations (-27 ± 5, -42, and -63 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>, respectively) reproduce this trend. The much more negative enthalpy of protonation seen for H<sub>2</sub>OETPP is consistent with this molecule being pre-deformed into the saddle structure favored by porphyrin dications. Except for OETPP, the calculated enthalpies of the first protonations (Δ<i>H</i><sub>1</sub>) are significantly more positive than the enthalpies of the second protonations (Δ<i>H</i><sub>2</sub>). In addition, the structural strain energies for the first protonations (Δ<i>E</i><sub>st</sub>(1)) are also significantly more positive than Δ<i>E</i><sub>st</sub>(2). According to the calculations, the monocations thus have higher proton affinities than the corresponding free-base porphyrins due to a structural strain effect, which is consistent with the generally elusive nature of the porphyrin monocation. The recent observations of monocations for free-base porphyrins with a high degree of saddling can be rationalized in terms of Δ<i>H</i><sub>1</sub> and Δ<i>H</i><sub>2</sub> being similar; so, the monocation is no longer an unstable intermediate.