gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Mileage Accumulation on the Particle Mass and Number Emissions of Two Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles (2013)

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is a new engine technology intended to improve fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions as required by recently enacted legislative and environmental regulations. The development of this technology must also ensure that these vehicles meet new LEV III and Tier 3 emissions standards as they phase in between 2017 and 2021. The aim of the present paper is to examine, at least for a small set, how the PM emissions from GDI vehicles change over their lifetime. The paper reports particle mass and number emissions of two GDI vehicles as a function of mileage up to 150K miles. These vehicles exhibit PM emissions that are near or below the upcoming 3 mg/mi FTP and 10 mg/mi US06 mass standards with little, if any, deterioration over 150K miles. Particle number emissions roughly follow the previously observed 2 × 10(12) particles/mg correlation between solid particle number and PM mass. They remained between the interim and final EU stage 6 solid particle count standard for gasoline vehicles throughout the mileage accumulation study. These examples demonstrate feasibility to meet near-term 3 mg/mi and interim EU solid particle number standards, but continued development is needed to ensure that this continues as further fuel economy improvements are made.
Transport layer and Synchronization for Smart Grid and Industrial Internet in 5G Networks (2019)

Industrial internet is the main customer for 5G networks. However, mobile networks cannot deliver currently the required reliability and transport infrastructure. In the past mobile networks were designed for personal communications optimized for downlink data transfer. A new transport that provides seamless connectivity between mobile and fixed devices is required. Moreover, reliable timing information has to be delivered to both cellular and fixed devices with predictable delay to enable synchronous communications. This paper studies limitations of utilizing the current transport in mobile networks for smart grid and industrial communications. A new transport layer is proposed and the solution to deliver accurate timing information. Finally, the paper studies capabilities of deploying the proposed transport in both 4G but also in emerging 5G cellular networks.
Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation Following Ventricular Defibrillation with Transvenous Lead Systems in Man (1992)

Atrial Fibrillation After Ventricular Defibrillation. Introduction: The induction of atrial fibrillation (AF) following implantable defibrillator therapy of ventricular fibrillation carries multiple risks. The frequency of shock‐induced AF may be more problematic in patients with transvenous defibrillators because current is often delivered through atrial tissue. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of AF following transvenous ventricular defibrillation. Methods and Results: Atrial electrograms were recorded before and after energy delivery in patients undergoing intraoperative testing of transvenous defibrillation lead systems. A total of 114 tracings were examined from 21 patients following ventricular defibrillation. Transvenous deflbrillation shock strength ranged between 200–800 volts (2–40 joules). Bipolar atrial electrograms were obtained from atrial electrodes with 1‐cm interelectrode spacing located on one of the defibrillation catheters. The timing of the ventricular defibrillation shock was expressed as a percentage of the preceding sinus PP interval. Three of the 114 transvenous shocks (2.6%) generated AF. Each episode of AF occurred in a different patient. The shocks responsible for AF occurred at 21%, 43%, and 84% of the preceding sinus PP interval. No relation was found between AF induction and the timing of pulse delivery, pulse strength, or pulse number. Conclusion: We conclude that transvenous ventricular defibrillation infrequently causes AF and that timing shock delivery to the atrial cycle is likely to be of marginal or no benefit in the prevention of shock‐induced AF. ( J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 3, pp. 411–417, October 1992 )
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOBUTENONE 1. MITT. SYNTH. VON TETRAPHENYLCYCLOBUTENON (1970)

Abstract Quadratsäure‐dichlorid (II) reagiert mit Aromaten in Gegenwart katalyticher Mengen Aluminiumchlorid zu 1‐Arylcyclobutendionen (I), mit äquimolaren Mengen AlCl 3 jedoch zu 1,2‐Diarylcyclobutendionen (III).
In vitro sensitivity of T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia to UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) is dependent on p16 protein status: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. (2000)

p16 regulates the cell cycle pathway by inhibiting the cyclin Ds-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6-mediated phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Previously, we reported that most primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) harbored p16 inactivation and hyperphosphorylated pRb without cyclin Ds or CDK4/6 alterations. Therefore, inhibiting CDK4/6 may be an ideal therapeutic approach for p16 (-) T-ALL. UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) is a potent antitumor agent that exerts its effects through the inhibition of CDKs. We now report that p16 protein expression status of T-ALL cells influences their sensitivity to UCN-01. In 36 primary T-ALL cells, the IC50s of UCN-01 in the 27 p16 (-) cells (43+/-52 nM) was significantly lower than that in the 9 p16 (+) cells (258+/-260 nM). Our results suggest that agents like UCN-01 may be useful as a p16-selective therapy for T-ALL.
Identification of glia phenotype modulators based on select glial function regulatory signaling pathways (2018)

Despite the considerable social and economic burden on the healthcare system worldwide due to neurodegenerative diseases, there are currently few disease-altering treatment options for many of these conditions. Therefore, new approaches for both prevention and intervention for neurodegenerative diseases are urgently required. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity is one of the pathologic hallmarks common to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Current therapeutic approaches to target microglia-mediated neurotoxicity are focused on the identification of glia phenotype modulators (GPMs), which can inhibit the 'classical' pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotypes of microglia. Areas covered: This article reviews selected microglial molecular targets and pathways involved in either neurotoxicity or neuroprotection and how their identification. Expert opinion: Microglial activation and their signaling pathways have important implications in the neurotoxicity and brain disorders. Pharmacological modulation of microglial activation may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. However, given that microglia change their activation states depending on the timing, stage, and severity of disease, and even aging, the appropriate window should be considered for this approach to be clinically effective. In the future, the identification of unknown extracellular signals and intracellular molecular switches that control phenotypic shifts may facilitate the development of novel therapeutics targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
Product grouping for batch processes (1996)

This paper considers a production environment in which multiple products produced in a batch process share several facilities, and the products must be grouped (or, equivalently, assigned to facilities) so as to minimize associated inventory carrying costs (an NP-hard problem). The main contributions of the paper are (1) to derive a polynomial-time procedure that computes optimal solutions to an important special case of the problem, (2) to extend the procedure as an heuristic to the more general case, and (3) to demonstrate computationally that the heuristic is remarkably effective in the general case.
SARS-CoV-2 Infects Red Blood Cell Progenitors and Dysregulates Hemoglobin and Iron Metabolism (2022)

Our data identify RBC precursors as a direct target of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that SARS-CoV-2 induced dysregulation in hemoglobin- and iron-metabolism contributes to the severe systemic course of COVID-19. This opens the door for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Far Infrared Edge Photoresponse and Persistent Edge Transport in an Inverted InAs/GaSb Heterostructure (2016)

Direct current (DC) transport and far infrared photoresponse were studied an InAs/GaSb double quantum well with an inverted band structure. The DC transport depends systematically upon the DC bias configuration and operating temperature. Surprisingly, it reveals robust edge conduction despite prevalent bulk transport in our device of macroscopic size. Under 180 GHz far infrared illumination at oblique incidence, we measured a strong photovoltaic response. We conclude that quantum spin Hall edge transport produces the observed transverse photovoltages. Overall, our experimental results support a hypothesis that the photoresponse arises from direct coupling of the incident radiation field to edge states.
Intraovarian Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Weak Inducer of Apoptosis/Fibroblast Growth Factor-Inducible-14 Ligand-Receptor System Limits Ovarian Preovulatory Follicles from Excessive Luteinization (2006)

In addition to gonadotropins, many ovarian paracrine factors are crucial for optimal follicle rupture, oocyte maturation, and luteinization. Based on DNA microarray analyses, we found that transcripts for the fibroblast growth factor-inducible-14 (Fn14) receptor are increased after LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment of gonadotropin-primed immature mice or rats. Fn14 is the cognate receptor for TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a TNF superfamily member. TWEAK transcripts also were detected in the ovary; however, their levels were not regulated by gonadotropins. In situ hybridization analyses indicated that the Fn14 receptor is expressed in the granulosa and cumulus cells of preovulatory follicles and, to a lesser extent, in theca cells. In contrast, in situ hybridization analyses revealed that TWEAK is primarily expressed in theca cells. In cultured granulosa cells pretreated with hCG to induce Fn14 receptor expression, treatment with TWEAK suppressed progesterone synthesis without accompanying changes in cAMP production. Furthermore, intrabursal injection of TWEAK suppressed ovarian progesterone content in gonadotropin-primed rats. In contrast, preovulatory follicles cultured in the presence of the Fn14 decoy, a recombinant protein containing the ligand-binding domain of Fn14, led to increases in progesterone production, presumably by antagonizing the actions of endogenous TWEAK. Likewise, ip injection of the Fn14 decoy enhanced serum progesterone levels with accompanying increases in transcript levels for several key steroidogenic enzymes. The present findings demonstrate a suppressive role of the TWEAK/Fn14 signaling system in the ovary. Following gonadotropin induction of ovulation, Fn14 is induced and could protect preovulatory follicles from excessive luteinization.
Field demonstration of a 24-kV warm dielectric HTS cable (2001)

Prototype HTS cable systems have been installed in laboratories and tested successfully around the world, proving the technical feasibility of the HTS cable system. Commercial cable systems, however, must not only be feasible, but meet practical requirements as well. To facilitate the transition of HTS cable technology from the laboratory to the field, a project has been initiated to install the world's first HTS power cable to deliver electricity in a utility network. This program will demonstrate a retrofit upgrade application of the warm dielectric HTS cable design in the Detroit Edison utility network, and involve the design, engineering, installation, test and routine operation of a 24-kV, 100 MVA, 3-phase cable system. Each HTS cable will carry 2400 A RMS, a level triples the ampacity of original cables powering this circuit. This paper addresses the field application of HTS cables in the context of the demonstration program. Customer perception will play a crucial role in the adoption of HTS cable systems by the utility industry. An updated perspective provided by the utility industry team members is included.
A 184.6-dBc/Hz FoM 100-kHz Flicker Phase Noise Corner 30-GHz Rotary Traveling-Wave Oscillator Using Distributed Stubs in 22-nm FD-SOI (2019)

A rotary traveling-wave oscillator (RTWO) has an ability to generate multiple phases at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies while achieving low phase noise (PN). Unfortunately, due to transmission line (TL) dispersion, RTWOs suffer from flicker noise upconversion. In this letter, we propose a "distributed stubs" technique to mitigate this mechanism. To cancel out phase shifts due to the TL dispersion, we intentionally generate a phase difference between TL modes. The proposed 26.2–30 GHz RTWO is implemented in 22-nm FD-SOI CMOS. At 30 GHz, it achieves PN of − 107 and −128.1 dBc/Hz at 1 and MHz 10 offsets, respectively. This translates into figure-of-merits (FoM) of 183.5 and 184.6 dBc/Hz, respectively. The proposed architecture consumes 20 mW from 0.8-V supply. It achieves a flicker noise corner of 100 kHz, which is an order-of-magnitude better than currently achievable by state-of-the-art mmW RTWOs.
Synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of the gbsAB genes (1996)

Synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from the exogenously provided precursor choline or glycine betaine aldehyde confers considerable osmotic stress tolerance to Bacillus subtilis in high-osmolarity media. Using an Escherichia coli mutant (betBA) defective in the glycine betaine synthesis enzymes, we cloned by functional complementation the genes that are required for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine in B. subtilis. The DNA sequence of a 4.1-kb segment from the cloned chromosomal B. subtilis DNA was established, and two genes (gbsA and gbsB) whose products were essential for glycine betaine biosynthesis and osmoprotection were identified. The gbsA and gbsB genes are transcribed in the same direction, are separated by a short intergenic region, and are likely to form an operon. The deduced gbsA gene product exhibits strong sequence identity with members of a superfamily of specialized and nonspecialized aldehyde dehydrogenases. This superfamily comprises glycine betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases from bacteria and plants with known involvement in the cellular adaptation to high-osmolarity stress and drought. The deduced gbsB gene product shows significant similarity to the family of type III alcohol dehydrogenases. B. subtilis mutants with defects in the chromosomal gbsAB genes were constructed by marker replacement, and the growth properties of these mutant strains in high-osmolarity medium were analyzed. Deletion of the gbsAB genes destroyed the choline-glycine betaine synthesis pathway and abolished the ability of B. subtilis to deal effectively with high-osmolarity stress in choline- or glycine betaine aldehyde-containing medium. Uptake of radiolabelled choline was unaltered in the gbsAB mutant strain. The continued intracellular accumulation of choline or glycine betaine aldehyde in a strain lacking the glycine betaine-biosynthetic enzymes strongly interfered with the growth of B. subtilis, even in medium of moderate osmolarity. A single transcription initiation site for gbsAB was detected by high-resolution primer extension analysis. gbsAB transcription was initiated from a promoter with close homology to sigma A-dependent promoters and was stimulated by the presence of choline in the growth medium.
Phosphotyrosine-specific Phosphatase PTP-SL Regulates the ERK5 Signaling Pathway (2002)

The duration and the magnitude of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation specifies signal identity and thus allows the regulation of diverse cellular functions by the same kinase cascade. A tight and finely tuned regulation of MAPK activity is therefore critical for the definition of a specific cellular response. We investigated the role of tyrosine-specific phosphatases (PTPs) in the regulation of ERK5. Although unique in its structure, ERK5 is activated in analogy to other MAPKs by dual phosphorylation of threonine and tyrosine residues in its activation motif. In this study we concentrated on whether and how PTP-SL, a kinase-interacting motif-containing PTP, might be involved in the down-regulation of the ERK5 signal. We found that both proteins interact directly with each other in vitro and in intact cells, resulting in mutual modulation of their enzymatic activities. PTP-SL is a substrate of ERK5 and independent of phosphorylation binding to the kinase enhances its catalytic phosphatase activity. On the other hand, interaction with PTP-SL not only down-regulates endogenous ERK5 activity but also effectively impedes the translocation of ERK5 to the nucleus. These findings indicate a direct regulatory influence of PTP-SL on the ERK5 pathway and corresponding downstream responses of the cell.
Enhanced gain metamaterial-based Leaky-wave beam-forming antenna for the V2X communication (2015)

In this paper, a (Composite Right/ Left Hand) CRLH Leaky-wave two-dimensional array antenna for hemispherical beam-forming aimed at V2X communication is proposed. This antenna is composed of 4×4 feed-network and 4 rows of CRLH leaky-wave radiating structures that adopt the capacitive inter-element coupled mushrooms. Every single capacitive coupling uses 0.75 pF. We will show beam-forming and enhanced gain performances.
Maternal Antibody and ASD: Clinical Data and Animal Models (2019)

Over the past several decades there has been an increasing interest in the role of environmental factors in the etiology of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiologic studies have shifted from an exclusive focus on the identification of genetic risk alleles for such disorders to recognizing and understanding the contribution of xenobiotic exposures, infections, and the maternal immune system during the prenatal and early post-natal periods. In this review we discuss the growing literature regarding the effects of maternal brain-reactive antibodies on fetal brain development and their contribution to the development of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Autoimmune diseases primarily affect women and are more prevalent in mothers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are significantly more likely to have an autoimmune disease than women of neurotypically developing children. Moreover, they are four to five times more likely to harbor brain-reactive antibodies than unselected women of childbearing age. Many of these women exhibit no apparent clinical consequence of harboring these antibodies, presumably because the antibodies never access brain tissue. Nevertheless, these maternal brain-reactive antibodies can access the fetal brain, and some may be capable of altering brain development when present during pregnancy. Several animal models have provided evidence that <i>in utero</i> exposure to maternal brain-reactive antibodies can permanently alter brain anatomy and cause persistent behavioral or cognitive phenotypes. Although this evidence supports a contribution of maternal brain-reactive antibodies to neurodevelopmental disorders, an interplay between antibodies, genetics, and other environmental factors is likely to determine the specific neurodevelopmental phenotypes and their severity. Additional modulating factors likely also include the microbiome, sex chromosomes, and gonadal hormones. These interactions may help to explain the sex-bias observed in neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies on this topic provide a unique opportunity to learn how to identify and protect at risk pregnancies while also deciphering critical pathways in neurodevelopment.
Parallel interleaved VSCs: Influence of the PWM scheme on the design of the coupled inductor (2014)

The line current ripple and the size of the dc-link capacitor can be reduced by interleaving the carriers of the parallel connected Voltage Source Converters (VSCs). However, the interleaving of the carriers gives rise to the circulating current between the VSCs, and it should be suppressed. To limit the circulating current, magnetic coupling between the interleaved legs of the corresponding phase is provided by means of a Coupled Inductor (CI). The design of the CI is strongly influenced by the Pulsewidth Modulation (PWM) scheme used. The analytical model to evaluate the flux-linkage in the CI is presented in this paper. The maximum flux density and the core losses, being the most important parameters for the CI design, are evaluated for continuous PWM and discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) schemes. The effect of these PWM schemes on the design of the CI is discussed. The simulation and the experimental results are finally presented to validate the analysis.
Reaction mechanism of EUV resists (2007)

In this paper, the deprotection kinetics in polyphenol-molecular resist and phenol-resin resist materials induced by the EUV exposure and the vacuum effect on the dissolution during the development was studied.
Author Correction: Oxidative rearrangement of (+)-sesamin by CYP92B14 co-generates twin dietary lignans in sesame (2018)

The original version of of the Supplementary Information associated with this Article inadvertently omitted oligonucleotide primer sequences from Supplementary Table 3 and Supplementary Methods describing the molecular cloning of CYP92B14, CPR1 and CYP81Q cDNA fragments. The HTML has been updated to include a corrected version of the Supplementary Information.
Carbon dioxide adsorption and conversion to methane and ethane on hydrogen boride sheets (2022)

Hydrogen boride (HB) sheets are metal-free two-dimensional materials comprising boron and hydrogen in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. In spite of the several advancements, the fundamental interactions between HB sheets and discrete molecules remain unclear. Here, we report the adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub> and its conversion to CH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> using hydrogen-deficient HB sheets. Although fresh HB sheets did not adsorb CO<sub>2</sub>, hydrogen-deficient HB sheets reproducibly physisorbed CO<sub>2</sub> at 297 K. The adsorption followed the Langmuir model with a saturation coverage of 2.4 × 10<sup>-4</sup> mol g<sup>-1</sup> and a heat of adsorption of approximately 20 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>, which was supported by density functional theory calculations. When heated in a CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere, hydrogen-deficient HB began reacting with CO<sub>2</sub> at 423 K. The detection of CH<sub>4</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> as CO<sub>2</sub> reaction products in a moist atmosphere indicated that hydrogen-deficient HB promotes C-C coupling and CO<sub>2</sub> conversion reactions. Our findings highlight the application potential of HB sheets as catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> conversion.