gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Late-Stage Transformations of Indolo[2,3-a]quinolizines Skeleta to Nature-Inspired Scaffolds (2021)

The indolo[2,3-<i>a</i>]quinolizines, canthines, and arborescidines natural products exhibit a wide range of bioactivities including anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory, among others. Therefore, the development of modular and efficient strategies to access the core scaffolds of these classes of natural products is a remarkable achievement. The Complexity-to-Diversity (CtD) strategy has become a powerful tool that transforms natural products into skeletal and stereochemical diversity. However, many of the reactions that could be utilized in this process are limited by the type of functional groups present in the starting material, which restrict transformations into a variety of products to achieve the desired diversity. In the course of employing a (CtD) strategy en route to the synthesis of nature-inspired compounds, unexpected stereoelectronic-driven rearrangement reactions have been discovered. These reactions provided a rapid access to indolo[2,3-<i>a</i>]quinolizines-, canthines-, and arborescidines-inspired alkaloids in a modular and diastereoselective manner. The disclosed strategies will be widely applicable to other late-stage natural product transformation programs and drug discovery initiatives.
Effects of Oral Administration of Chitin Nanofiber on Plasma Metabolites and Gut Microorganisms (2015)

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oral administration of chitin nanofibers (CNFs) and surface-deacetylated (SDA) CNFs on plasma metabolites using metabolome analysis. Furthermore, we determined the changes in gut microbiota and fecal organic acid concentrations following oral administrations of CNFs and SDACNFs. Healthy female mice (six-week-old) were fed a normal diet and administered tap water with 0.1% (v/v) CNFs or SDACNFs for 28 days. Oral administration of CNFs increased plasma levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Oral administration of SDACNFs affected the metabolisms of acyl-carnitines and fatty acids. The fecal organic level analysis indicated that oral administration of CNFs stimulated and activated the functions of microbiota. These results indicate that oral administration of CNFs increases plasma levels of ATP and 5-HT via activation of gut microbiota.
A turning function based approach for foot outline classification (2009)

This study introduces a turning function based technique to classify foot outlines. Foot scans from ten males and ten females were obtained using a laser scanner. The similarities among the different foot shapes were assessed based on the Euclidean distance between turning functions. Thereafter, average linkage clustering was used to classify the differing foot outlines. Two distinct shape groups emerged for both medial and lateral sides. The presence or absence of a medial bulge results in two clusters on the medial side. Similarly, a narrow lateral side with more concavity and a wider lateral side in the midfoot region are the two clusters for the lateral side. More males (60%) showed a bulge on the medial side. The group that belongs to the narrower lateral side were predominantly females (70%). These differences in the structure of the clusters were reflected in the lack of a correlation between the medial and lateral side clusters.
The Loss of Telomerase Activity in Highly Differentiated CD8+CD28−CD27− T Cells Is Associated with Decreased Akt (Ser473) Phosphorylation (2007)

The enzyme telomerase is essential for maintaining the replicative capacity of memory T cells. Although CD28 costimulatory signals can up-regulate telomerase activity, human CD8(+) T cells lose CD28 expression after repeated activation. Nevertheless, telomerase is still inducible in CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells. To identify alternative costimulatory pathways that may be involved, we introduced chimeric receptors containing the signaling domains of CD28, CD27, CD137, CD134, and ICOS in series with the CD3 zeta (zeta) chain into primary human CD8(+) T cells. Although CD3 zeta-chain signals alone were ineffective, triggering of all the other constructs induced proliferation and telomerase activity. However, not all CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells could up-regulate this enzyme. The further fractionation of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells into CD8(+)CD28(-) CD27(+) and CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) subsets showed that the latter had significantly shorter telomeres and extremely poor telomerase activity. The restoration of CD28 signaling in CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells could not reverse the low telomerase activity that was not due to decreased expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, the enzyme catalytic subunit. Instead, the defect was associated with decreased phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, that phosphorylates human telomerase reverse transcriptase to induce telomerase activity. Furthermore, the defective Akt phosphorylation in these cells was specific for the Ser(473) but not the Thr(308) phosphorylation site of this molecule. Telomerase down-regulation in highly differentiated CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells marks their inexorable progress toward a replicative end stage after activation. This limits the ability of memory CD8(+) T cells to be maintained by continuous proliferation in vivo.
Structural Design and Analysis for 3D Ultrasonic Anemometer (2016)

A 3D ultrasonic anemometer measures the direction and velocity of wind in a 3D space. The 2D ultrasonic anemometers developed by different manufacturers do not differ significantly in terms of their form or structure. The 3D ultrasonic anemometers, on the other hand, have more diverse forms than their 2D counterparts depending on the measurement algorithms and methods. Designing and reviewing the structure at the initial stage and defining its performance objectives are time-consuming processes. The process can be made cost-effective and time-saving if the validity is tested by model design and structural interpretation, and the structure is designed to withstand high wind velocities. This study presents the results of a 3D ultrasonic anemometer on real sample data by using a 3D modeling program, CATIA, for ultrasonic anemometer modeling.
Coimmunization with IFN- gamma or IL-2, but Not IL-13 or IL-4 cDNA Can Enhance Th1-Type DNA Vaccine-Induced (2000)

As we explore the potential improvements to the current DNA vaccine strategies, it may be desirable to investigate methods to improve the level of resulting immune responses. One strategy is the use of cytokine cDNA as molecular adjuvants for DNA-based vaccines. Codelivery of these molecular adjuvants consisting of expression plasmid encoding for cytokines with DNA vaccine constructs is an effective method to modulate
Effects of Concrete Added with High Strength Additive on Reduction of Environmental Burden. (2001)

It is discussed the effects of a high strength additive on reduction of environmental burden from the viewpoint of LCA in this paper. The high strength additive is mainly consisted of anhydrite and silica powder, the CO2 primary unit of one is calculated from the power consumption at its production, which amounts to be one order smaller figure compared to that of the cement. This implies to be an effective re-utilizing of industrial wastes and the material itself is considered to be of low environmental burden. It is found that placing of high strength concrete is more effective in reducing environmental burden than repetitive placing of ordinary strength concrete, when highly durable concrete is required. It is revealed that production of high strength concrete by using high strength additive which produce ettringite, can reduce the unit weight of cement for the required design strength, and can reduce environmental burden. It is also found that the compressive strength can be achieved approximately equivalent to that with autoclave curing by using blastfurnace slag cement and ettringite-formed high strength additive and with only steam curing, and thus that high strength concrete products are possibly produced in this manner. In addition, the method is revealed to be able to reduce the CO2 primary unit significantly compared to the production with autoclaving, and effective in reducing environmental burden by calculating the CO2 primary unit required for the production of concrete products.
Verification of optics for the die-to-wafer-like image mask inspection (2008)

Due to the feature size shrinking, the application of 193nm-ArF scanner systems with high numerical aperture (NA) and the use of resolution enhancement technologies (RET) have been essential for obtaining the desired pattern accuracy on a wafer. Thus the complexity and volume of data required for masks have been rapidly increasing. Moreover, the complexity of mask pattern makes mask inspection increasingly more difficult. The most annoying problem relating to the sensitivity of inspection system is the encountering of false signals arising from nuisance defects. Setting up thresholds in the defect detection algorithm is a difficult task between high sensitivity and less false defect detection. In addition, the effect of variations in defect printability which is strongly dependent on defect types and position must be considered in order to correctly evaluate mask defect inspection procedures. In order to overcome the problems we have previously proposed new algorithm for die-to-wafer-like image (D-to-WI) in real time. This inspection method compares the die, i.e. the wafer image calculated from CAD data, with the wafer-like image calculated from the mask images detected by the mask inspection system. This paper described optimum mask inspection optics for the D-to-WI mask inspection. We verify the optimum mask inspection optics with numerical simulation for various NA and partial coherence of illumination (&sigma;) in the mask inspection optics. The simulated result shows that the optimum mask inspection optics has NA 0.9 and &sigma;=1 for ArF-6%-PSM (Phase Shift Mask) 65/65 nm Line/Space pattern of 193nm-ArF scanner with NA 0.92. In this case the difference of the critical dimensions (CDs) found by D-to-WI and rigorous simulation results from CAD data was less than 1.5nm.
Passivation of a Metal Contact with a Tunneling Layer (2012)

The potential of contact passivation for increasing cell performance is indicated by several results reported in the literature. However, scant characterization of the tunneling layers used for that purpose has been reported. In this paper, contact passivation is investigated by insertion of an ultra-thin AlOx layer between an n-type emitter and a Ti/Pd/Ag contact. By using a 1.5 nm thick layer, an increase of the minority carrier lifetime by a factor of 2.7 is achieved. Since current-voltage measurements indicate that an ohmic behavior is conserved for AlOx layers as thick as 1.5 nm, a 1.5 nm AlOx layer is found to be a candidate of choice for contact passivation.
Widely tunable Vernier ring laser on hybrid silicon (2013)

A hybrid silicon tunable Vernier ring laser is designed and fabricated by integration of two intra-cavity ring resonators, hybrid III-V-on-silicon gain elements, and resistive heaters for thermal tuning. Thermal tuning of more than 40 nm is demonstrated with side mode suppression ratio greater than 35 dB and linewidth of 338 kHz.
Capsule Typing ofHaemophilus influenzaeby Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry1 (2018)

Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains belong to type-specific genetic lineages. Reliable capsule typing requires PCR, but a more efficient method would be useful. We evaluated capsule typing by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Isolates of all capsule types (a-f and nontypeable; n = 258) and isogenic capsule transformants (types a-d) were investigated. Principal component and biomarker analyses of mass spectra showed clustering, and mass peaks correlated with capsule type-specific genetic lineages. We used 31 selected isolates to construct a capsule typing database. Validation with the remaining isolates (n = 227) showed 100% sensitivity and 92.2% specificity for encapsulated strains (a-f; n = 61). Blinded validation of a supplemented database (n = 50) using clinical isolates (n = 126) showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for encapsulated strains (b, e, and f; n = 28). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is an accurate method for capsule typing of H. influenzae.
Data from <sup>18</sup>F-FAZA PET Imaging Response Tracks the Reoxygenation of Tumors in Mice upon Treatment with the Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibitor BAY 87-2243 (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; We describe a noninvasive PET imaging method that monitors early therapeutic efficacy of BAY 87-2243, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I as a function of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) activity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Four PET tracers [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG, &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-Fpp(RGD)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FLT, and &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA] were assessed for uptake into tumor xenografts of drug-responsive (H460, PC3) or drug-resistant (786-0) carcinoma cells. Mice were treated with BAY 87-2243 or vehicle. At each point, RNA from treated and vehicle H460 tumor xenografts (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 3 each) was isolated and analyzed for target genes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Significant changes in uptake of &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA, &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FLT, and &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-Fpp(RGD)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.01) occurred with BAY 87-2243 treatment with &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA being the most prominent. &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG uptake was unaffected. &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA tumor uptake declined by 55% to 70% (1.21% ± 0.10%ID/g to 0.35 ± 0.1%ID/g; &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 6, vehicle vs. treatment) in both H460 (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) and PC3 (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05) xenografts 1 to 3 days after drug administration. &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA uptake in 786-0 xenografts was unaffected. Decline occurred before significant differences in tumor volume, thus suggesting &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA decrease reflected early changes in tumor metabolism. BAY 87-2243 reduced expression of hypoxia-regulated genes &lt;i&gt;CA IX&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;ANGPTL4&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;EGLN-3&lt;/i&gt; by 99%, 93%, and 83%, respectively (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001 for all), which corresponds with reduced &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA uptake upon drug treatment. Heterogeneous expression of genes associated with glucose metabolism, vessel density, and proliferation was observed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Our studies suggest suitability of &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FAZA-PET as an early pharmacodynamic monitor on the efficacy of anticancer agents that target the mitochondrial complex I and intratumor oxygen levels (e.g., BAY 87-2243). &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 21(2); 335–46. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Characteristics and Applications of CAAC-IGZO FET with Gate Length of 13nm (2020)

A field-effect transistor (FET) with a gate length of 13 nm having a c -axis aligned crystalline In-Ga-Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) channel was fabricated. The CAAC-IGZO FET has an off-state leakage current of 200 yA/μm, a cutoff frequency of 60GHz, and a maximum oscillation frequency of 16GHz. A CAAC-IGZO FET, though it is a small transistor, withstands voltages up to approximately 2.5 V. It also has stable current characteristics with less temperature dependence than Si devices. We have constructed an equivalent-circuit model of the CAAC-IGZO FET and designed an RF amplifier to show CAAC-IGZO FET's applicability to the GHz-range RF circuitry.
Endoscopic optical coherence tomography imaging probe using a MEMS actuator (2004)

Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (EOCT) is a medical imaging technique that uses infrared light delivered via an endoscope to produce high-resolution images of tissue microstructure of the gastrointestinal tract. A key component of an EOCT system is the method used to scan the infrared beam across the tissue surface. We have begun developing electrostatic MEMS micromirror devices for use in EOCT. These devices consist of 1 mm square gold-plated silicon mirrors on polyimide tables that tilt on 3 micron thick torsion hinges. The MEMS actuator used to tilt the mirror, the integrated forces array (IFA) is a thin (2.2 &mu;m) polyimide membrane consisting of hundreds of thousands of deformable capacitors that can produce strains up to 20% and forces equivalent to 13 mg with applied voltages from 30-120 V. Measurements of optical deflections of these devices range from 18° at low frequencies to more than 120° near the resonant frequencies of the structures (30-60 Hz). The support structures, hinges, and actuators are fabricated from polyimide on silicon using photolithography. These electrostatic MEMS micromirrors were inserted into the scanning arm of an OCT imaging system to take <i>in vitro </i>images of porcine tissue and <i>in vivo </i>images of human skin at frame rates from 4-8 Hz. SLA probe tips were designed and fabricated to align the optics of the device and to protect the fragile polyimide devices during endoscopic imaging. In addition, devices are being fabricated that combine the IFA and mirror structures onto a single silicon wafer, reducing fabrication difficulty.
Low power voltage transformer accuracy class effects on the residual voltage measurement (2018)

The paper addresses one of the new and most important issues arising when Low Power Voltage Transformers (LPVT) are used in power network substations for evaluating, among others, also the residual voltage. Conversely to open-triangle inductive instrument transformers, the use of phase voltage transformers for measuring the residual voltage gets challenging due to the very high accuracy required for the three LPVTs. In the paper, an analytical study will be presented along with simulation results in order to show the relationship between the accuracy class and the uncertainty affecting the residual voltage value.
HIGH-POWER SWITCHING USING III-NITRIDE METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES (2006)

III-Nitride Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Heterojunction (MOSH) structure consists of a thin dielectric layer deposited on top of a semiconductor heterostructure with a 2D electron gas at the heterojunction interface. MOSH structures are the key components for high-power low-loss, fast RF switches. The paper discusses two types of high-power switches using III-Nitride MOSH structures. The first type uses the MOSH structure as the gate region of an AlGaN/GaN HFET. The second type uses MOSH structure as a switching capacitor. In the 2GHz - 10 GHz frequency range, switching powers from 20 to 60 W/mm have been achieved with the insertion loss below 1 dB.
Single Secret Leader Election (2020)

In a Single Secret Leader Election (SSLE), a group of participants aim to randomly choose exactly one leader from the group with the restriction that the identity of the leader will be known to the chosen leader and nobody else. At a later time, the elected leader should be able to publicly reveal her identity and prove that she has won the election. The election process itself should work properly even if many registered users are passive and do not send any messages. Among the many applications of SSLEs, their potential for enabling more efficient proof-of-stake based cryptocurrencies have recently received increased attention.
A 0.5-V bulk-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifier (2004)

We present a fully differential two-stage Miller op-amp operating from a 0.5 V power supply. The input signal is applied to the bulk nodes of the input devices. A prototype was designed in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process using standard 0.5 V V/sub T/ devices. It has a measured 52 dB DC gain, a 2.5 MHz gain-bandwidth and consumes 110 /spl mu/W.
Chilling-Induced Heat Evolution in Plants (1995)

Increases in respiration, particularly via the alternative pathway, are observed in response to chilling. These increases result in increased heat evolution. We have measured increases in heat evolution in response to chilling in a number of plant species using a microcalorimeter. After 8 h of exposure to 8[deg]C, heat evolution in a variety of chilling-sensitive species increased 47 to 98%. No increase in heat evolution was seen with the extremely chilling-sensitive ornamental Episcia cupreata Hook. Heat evolution increased only 7 to 22% in the chilling-resistant species. Increases in heat evolution were observed when plants were chilled in constant light or in the dark, but not when plants were chilled at high humidity. Increased capacity to produce respiratory heat after exposure to chilling temperatures may contribute to the cold-acclimation process.
Viewing the Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer through the Window of Folic Acid Effects (2010)

In this issue of the journal (beginning on page 1552), Wallace and colleagues shed new light on the epigenetics of colorectal cancer by exploring the role of changes in DNA methylation in normal-appearing colon biopsies collected during a chemoprevention trial of folic acid. This study and the parent clinical trial will potentially further elucidate the long-studied role of folate in colon cancer development. In particular, the focus on the intermediate biomarker DNA methylation could provide a mechanistic link between folate exposure and colon cancer. Dietary or supplemental folate has complex interactions with important processes that may alter colon cancer development or progression, but this influence is likely altered by supplementation's timing and duration and whether in the setting of depleted or more typical, higher levels of folate. Despite decades of epidemiologic, molecular, and animal studies, answers to what effects these interactions have are complex, often contradictory. This perspective will place this study in context, looking at what it tells us and what it does not.
An all-beryllium-aluminum optical system for reconnaissance applications (2009)

BAE Systems has developed an all-beryllium-aluminum version of the F-9120; a compact, lightweight, dual-band Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) long range sensor for high altitude tactical reconnaissance applications. The use of beryllium-aluminum as a common mirror and structure material provides a novel sensor solution that satisfies the military's need to gather high quality, long range, simultaneous, visible and infrared imagery at a lower cost. This paper will discuss the formulation and implementation of BAE Systems innovative material approach as well as its manufacturing and performance advantages.