gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infectious Complications Associated with Alemtuzumab Use for Lymphoproliferative Disorders (2006)

Despite the use of herpesvirus and Pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis, serious infectious complications occur in patients receiving alemtuzumab for lymphoproliferative disorders. Infectious complications are more varied and diverse in patients receiving alemtuzumab than has been reported in trials to date.
Progress in laser propagation in a maritime environment at the Naval Research Laboratory (2005)

In this paper, we summarize progress in free space laser propagation research at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, specifically in the context of propagating and detecting signals through the atmosphere in a maritime environment. Transmission through the atmosphere over large bodies of water presents different challenges than transmission through the atmosphere over land. Our paper reports some of these findings as well as progress in our collaborative efforts to mitigate turbulence to enhance our data links.
Two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV (2010)

The first measurement of two-pion Bose–Einstein correlations in central Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.
Investigation of Sampling Techniques for Maximum Entropy Language Modeling Training (2019)

Maximum entropy language models (MaxEnt LMs) are log-linear models which are able to incorporate various hand-crafted features and non-linguistic information. Standard MaxEnt LMs are computationally heavy for tasks with a large vocabulary size due to the expensive normalization computation in the denominator. To address this issue, most recent works on MaxEnt LMs have used class based MaxEnt LMs. However, the performance of class based MaxEnt LMs might be sensitive to word clustering and it is also time-consuming to generate high-quality word classes. Motivated by the recent success of sampling techniques in accelerating the training of neural network language models, in this paper, three widely used sampling techniques, importance sampling, noise contrastive estimation (NCE) and sampled softmax, are investigated for the MaxEnt LM training. Experimental results on the Google One Billion corpus and an internal speech recognition system demonstrate the effectiveness of sampled softmax and NCE on MaxEnt LM training. However, importance sampling is not effective for MaxEnt LM training despite its similarity to sampled softmax. To our knowledge, this is the first work applying sampling techniques on MaxEnt LM training.
Sodium-cationized oligosaccharides do not appear to undergo ‘internal residue loss’ rearrangement processes on tandem mass spectrometry (1998)

The phenomenon of 'internal residue loss' of protonated native- and per-O-methylated oligosaccharides has recently been described as occurring on high-energy collision conditions. Awareness of this phenomenon in the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides is of great importance since the rearrangement ions produced by this process may complicate monosaccharide sequence assignment. In this research, oligosaccharides having N-acetyl-glucosamine residues as the reducing or non-reducing terminal residue have been included in our MS/MS analyses in order to try to better understand the factors that influence 'internal residue loss'. Native and per-O-methylated compounds were submitted to positive and negative MS/MS, selecting protonated, sodium-cationized, or de-protonated pseudomolecular ions as precursors. High- and low-energy collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry experiments were performed using a four sector instrument and a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer respectively. The phenomenon of 'internal residue loss' was not observed on either high- or low-energy CID-MS/MS when sodium-cationized precursor ions of either native or per-O-methylated oligosaccharides were examined. Similarly, MS/MS analysis performed in the negative ionization mode also failed to generate ions resulting from 'internal residue loss'. This combination of experiments therefore offers a way to be sure whether ions observed in the tandem mass spectra of protonated native or per-O-methylated oligosaccharides originate from 'internal residue loss' or from direct glycosidic linkage fragmentation.
Cortical pattern of reduced perfusion in hearing loss revealed by ASL‐MRI (2019)

Age-related hearing loss (HL) can be related to brain dysfunction or structural damage and may result in cerebral metabolic/perfusion abnormalities. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows investigating noninvasively brain perfusion changes. Pseudocontinuous ASL and T1-weighted MRI (at 3 T) and neuropsychological testing (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were performed in 31 HL (age range = 47-77 years, mean age ± SD = 63.4 ± 8.4 years, pure-tone average [PTA] HL > 50 dB) and 28 normal hearing (NH; age range = 48-78 years, mean age ± SD = 59.7 ± 7.4 years) subjects. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and gray matter volume (GMV) were analyzed in the cortical volume to assess perfusion and structural group differences. Two HL subjects showing cognitive impairment were excluded from group comparisons. No significant differences in either global or local atrophy were detected between groups but the HL group exhibited significant regional effects of reduced perfusion within the bilateral primary auditory cortex, with maximal CBF difference (-17.2%) in the right lateral Heschl's gyrus. For the whole sample of HL and NH subjects (n = 59 = 31 HL + 28 NH), the regional CBF was correlated positively to the regional GMV (p = 0.020). In HL subjects (n = 31), the regional CBF was correlated negatively to the audiogram steepness (frequency range: 2-4 kHz, right ear: p = 0.022, left ear: p = 0.015). The observed cortical pattern of perfusion reduction suggests that neuronal metabolism can be related to HL before the recognition of brain structural damage. This also illustrates the potential of ASL-MRI to contribute early functional markers of reduced central processing associated with HL.
Growth, morphology, and optical and electrical properties of semicontinuous metallic films (2003)

The growth and optical properties of semicontinuous silver films on insulator substrates were studied experimentally and theoretically. In the experimental studies, films were synthesized by the pulsed-laser deposition technique, characterized by electron microscopy and in situ optical and dc electrical resistance measurements and studied using near-field optical microscopy. The percolation threshold of the films was found to be at \ensuremath{\sim}65% metal filling fraction, higher than the 50%--60% range of values predicted for two-dimensional (2D) bond or site percolation films and suggesting the importance of grain coalescence and 3D growth in our system. Local optical properties measured by near-field optical microscopy were compared with theoretical results obtained using the block-elimination method, with good agreement. Local-field distributions were found to depend strongly on the metal concentration and wavelength of illumination. The degree of localization was found to increase at metal concentrations both above and below the percolation threshold. At a very high metal coverage, very strong local fields were observed in submicron voids of a metal dielectric film. These fields are likely due to localized surface plasmon polaritons.
3 mu m laser performance of Ho:YAlO/sub 3/ and Nd,Ho:YAlO/sub 3/ (1990)

A study of the 3- μm laser transitions in Ho:YAlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and Nd,Ho:YAlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> using both flashlamp and laser pumping is discussed. Fluorescence measurements for the Nd,Ho:YAlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> rod indicate that the neodymium is effective in quenching the lower holmium laser level and in sensitizing the upper level. Intracavity laser pumping of Ho:YAlO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> produced laser lines at 2.92 and 2.85 μm and demonstrated high efficiency.
Superoptimization of memory subsystems (2014)

The disparity in performance between processors and main memories has led computer architects to incorporate large cache hierarchies in modern computers. Because these cache hierarchies are designed to be general-purpose, they may not provide the best possible performance for a given application. In this paper, we determine a memory subsystem well suited for a given application and main memory by discovering a memory subsystem comprised of caches,scratchpads, and other components that are combined to provide better performance. We draw motivation from the superoptimization of instruction sequences, which successfully finds unusually clever instruction sequences for programs. Targeting both ASIC and FPGA devices, we show that it is possible to discover unusual memory subsystems that provide performance improvements over a typical memory subsystem.
The Role of Glutamate Signaling in Pain Processes and its Regulation by GCP II Inhibition (2012)

Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter used by primary afferent synapses and neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Glutamate and glutamate receptors are also located in areas of the brain, spinal cord and periphery that are involved in pain sensation and transmission. Not surprisingly, glutamate receptors have been an attractive target for new pain therapies. However, their widespread distribution and array of function has often resulted in drugs targeting these sites having undesirable side-effects. This chapter will review, in general terms, the current knowledge of glutamate and its effects at various glutamate receptors with regards to nociception. In addition, we will briefly review the glutamatergic drugs currently in use as treatments for pain, as well as known novel candidates in various stages of clinical trial. Lastly, we will summarize the data supporting a novel target for pain intervention by way of GCPII inhibition, which appears devoid of the side-effects associated with direct glutamate receptor antagonists and thus holds major promise for future therapy. GCPII (glutamate carboxypeptidase II) cleaves the prevalent neuropeptide NAAG into NAA and glutamate and there is widespread evidence and belief that targeting the glutamate derived from this enzymatic action may be a promising therapeutic route.
Investigating the position of manufacturers’ binding positions of alpine skis with similar shape and flexural rigidity (2008)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the manufacturers’ binding positions of skis of similar shape and flexural rigidity. The shape of eight skis from five different manufacturers was characterized by six primary geometric variables. The skis were then subjected to a mechanical three‐point bend test, and the resulting deformation was measured using three high‐speed cameras. The Euler‐Bernoulli equation was used to calculate the distributed flexural rigidity (E[x]I[x]) from the shape of the deformed ski, where E is elasticity, I is inertia, and x is the longitudinal position along the ski's length. Two null hypotheses were tested: skis that are similar in shape will have similar binding positions, and skis that have similar flexural rigidities will have similar binding positions. The results of the study identified two different groups of skis that were nearly identical in geometry and whose patterns of flexural rigidity nearly coincided; however, the skis in each of the two groups had substantially different binding positions. The inconsistent binding position of skis that were otherwise similar in shape and in flexural rigidity manifests as a confounding variable in experimental studies. If ski shape and flexural rigidity are maintained as control variables, efforts need to be made to measure and control binding position, so as not to compromise the internal validity of the experimental design in alpine skiing research.
DNA Copy Number Aberrations in Breast Cancer by Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (2009)

Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been popularly used for analyzing DNA copy number variations in diseases like cancer. In this study, we investigated 82 sporadic samples from 49 breast cancer patients using 1-Mb resolution bacterial artificial chromosome CGH arrays. A number of highly frequent genomic aberrations were discovered, which may act as "drivers" of tumor progression. Meanwhile, the genomic profiles of four "normal" breast tissue samples taken at least 2 cm away from the primary tumor sites were also found to have some genomic aberrations that recurred with high frequency in the primary tumors, which may have important implications for clinical therapy. Additionally, we performed class comparison and class prediction for various clinicopathological parameters, and a list of characteristic genomic aberrations associated with different clinicopathological phenotypes was compiled. Our study provides clues for further investigations of the underlying mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis.
Photoreactive salt cocrystal: N+–H⋯N hydrogen bond and cation–π interactions support a cascade-like photodimerization of a 4-stilbazole (2021)

Hydrogen bonds (<italic>i.e.</italic>, N<sup>+</sup>–H⋯N) in combination with cation⋯π interactions enable a cascade-like [2 + 2] photodimerization of 4-stilbazole in a salt cocrystal.
Classification of Digital Optics (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Early Digital Optics Guided-wave Digital Optics Free-space Digital Optics Hybrid Digital Optics
Apoptosis Induced by Lack of Hemodynamic Forces is a General Endothelial Feature Even Occuring in Immortalized Cell Lines (1999)

Confluent monolayers of primary endothelial cells display a high viability and an apparently constant cell density. However upon prolonged cultivation the monolayer degenerates with increasing numbers of senescent cells finally representing the whole culture. Recently we showed that lack of hemodynamic forces induces apoptosis in organ cultures as well as in confluent monolayers of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The apoptosis started at a low level and was counteracted by a continuous proliferation of the remaining cells. Here we show that the induction of apoptosis by lack of hemodynamic forces is a general characteristic of vascular endothelial cells, valid for endothelial cells from various organs and species: human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human microvascular placental endothelial cells (HPEC) and bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC). Furthermore apoptosis due to the lack of hemodynamic forces can also be induced in various endothelial cell lines: EA.hy 926 derived from HUVEC and PBMEC-A1 derived from PBMEC. However degeneration of confluent monolayers does not occur with these cell lines even in monolayers kept for several weeks. This indicates that the degeneration of normal endothelial cell monolayers is caused by depletion of the proliferation potential of the endothelial cells.
A humanized CD3ε-knock-in mouse model for pre-clinical testing of anti-human CD3 therapy (2021)

Pre-clinical murine models are critical for translating drug candidates from the bench to the bedside. There is interest in better understanding how anti-human CD3 therapy works based on recent longitudinal studies of short-term administration. Although several models have been created in this pursuit, each have their own advantages and disadvantages in Type-1 diabetes. In this study, we report a murine genetic knock-in model which expresses both a murine and a humanized-CD3ε-exon, rendering it sensitive to manipulation with anti-human CD3. These huCD3εHET mice are viable and display no gross abnormalities. Specifically, thymocyte development and T cell peripheral homeostasis is unaffected. We tested immune functionality of these mice by immunizing them with T cell-dependent antigens and no differences in antibody titers compared to wild type mice were recorded. Finally, we performed a graft-vs-host disease model that is driven by effector T cell responses and observed a wasting disease upon transfer of huCD3εHET T cells. Our results show a viable humanized CD3 murine model that develops normally, is functionally engaged by anti-human CD3 and can instruct on pre-clinical tests of anti-human CD3 antibodies.
Relationship between phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition and anti‐inflammatory activity of CI‐1044 in rat airways (2009)

The anti-inflammatory effects of CI-1044 and of the other selective PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and cilomilast were investigated in Brown-Norway (BN) rats, against lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production in whole blood and antigen-induced lung eosinophilia. In vitro, CI-1044 inhibited TNFalpha production with an IC(50) of 0.31 microm being equipotent to Cilomilast (IC(50) = 0.26 microm) and rolipram (IC(50) = 0.11 microm). Given orally, CI-1044 inhibited ex vivo TNFalpha production with an ED(50) value of 0.4 mg/kg after single administration, whereas rolipram (ED(50) = 1.4 mg/kg) and cilomilast (ED(50) = 1.6 mg/kg) were less potent. In the same ex vivo setting, but given repeatedly, CI-1044 led to an ED(50) of 0.5 mg/kg corresponding to a plasma concentration of 82.6 ng/mL (0.22 microm). In vivo, CI-1044 prevented TNFalpha release with an ED(50) of 1 mg/kg p.o. and inhibited ovalbumin-induced lung eosinophilia following single or repeated oral administration with an ED(50) of 3.25 and 4.8 mg/kg p.o., respectively, suggesting the absence of pharmacological tolerance. CI-1044 in this model was equipotent to rolipram (81% inhibition at 10 mg/kg) but better than cilomilast (25% inhibition at 10 mg/kg). Finally, CI-1044 (10 mg/kg) inhibited inflammatory cell recruitment with a long duration of action (up to 8 h) and was still active when given post-challenge. Our data show that CI-1044 is an orally active PDE4 inhibitor that may be used as an anti-inflammatory therapy in lung inflammatory diseases.
Exploiting information extraction annotations for document retrieval in distillation tasks (2007)

Information distillation aims to extract relevant pieces of information related to a given query from massive, possibly multilingual, audio and textual document sources. In this paper, we present our approach for using information extraction annotations to augment document retrieval for distillation. We take advantage of the fact that some of the distillation queries can be associated with annotation elements introduced for the NIST Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) task. We experimentally show that using the ACE events to constrain the document set returned by an information retrieval engine significantly improves the precision at various recall rates for two different query templates. Index Terms: information distillation, information retrieval, information extraction, document retrieval
Design and Analysis of an Axial Bypass Compressor Blade in a Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine (2010)

A supercritical carbon dioxide gas turbine can generate power at a high cycle thermal efficiency, even at modest temperatures of 500-550°C. Consequently, a more reliable and economically advantageous power generation system is achieved by coupling with a Na-cooled fast reactor. This paper mainly describes the bypass compressor (a key component) design and thermal hydraulic analysis using CFD (with FLUENT code). Fluid conditions of the bypass compressor are determined by the cycle calculation of this system. Aerodynamic design was conducted using the loss model described by Cohen et al., which enables the use of several stages while providing total adiabatic efficiency of 21 and 87%, respectivly. Blade shapes were prepared based on flow angles and chord length obtained for the aerodynamic design. In the CFD analysis, the calculated value of the mass flow rate for each stage was adjusted to that of the design. The value of the design outlet pressure was reached at stage No. 16, which is fewer stages than that for design, No. 21. The difference between these stage numbers is attributed to the three-dimensional effect in design. If these effects are eliminated, then the design calculation yields an almost identical number of stages. Therefore, it was concluded that the existing design method is applicable to the supercritical CO2 bypass compressor. Furthermore, CFD analysis appears to be an effective aerodynamic design tool, but these conclusions should be verified experimentally.
Photoconductor receiver sensitivity (1984)

The various contributions to photoconductor (PC's) noise are calculated and are used to determine the sensitivity of digital photoconductor receivers for use in lightwave communication systems. We find that Johnson noise is the most significant source of noise current up to bit rates as high as 4 Gbit/s, above which FET channel noise becomes dominant. In comparing the results obtained for ideal photoconductive receivers with receivers employing p-i-n photodetectors, we find that the sensitivities of both circuits are comparable, provided that low-capacitance p-i-n receivers are employed. In contrast, we find that avalanche photodiode receivers have higher sensitivities than either photoconductor or p-i-n receivers over the entire bit-rate range considered. It is concluded that equalization necessary for photoconductor receiver operation at high bit rates due to a limited gain-bandwidth product significantly degrades the sensitivity of the receiver.
The root extraction problem in braid group-based cryptography (2022)

The root extraction problem in braid groups is the following: given a braid $β\in \mathcal{B}_n$ and a number $k\in \mathbb{N}$, find $α\in \mathcal{B}_n$ such that $α^k=β$. In the last decades, many cryptosystems such as authentication schemes and digital signatures based on the root extraction problem have been proposed. In this paper, we first describe these cryptosystems built around braid groups. Then we prove that, in general, these authentication schemes and digital signature are not secure by presenting for each of them a possible attack.
Control of Formations with Nonlinear Non-Passive Actuation (2019)

This paper considers the problem of cooperatively inducing a group of agents to achieve a rigid formation specified by a subset of interagent distances, by decentralized control: The agents have access to their relative positions with respect to their neighbors and their own velocity. Barring our work in [17], all previous papers have assumed that the actuation dynamics represented by the system relating the agent velocity to the control input is passive. On its part [17] relaxed this assumption to include systems that are linear time invariant (LTI) but not passive. In this paper we extend to nonlinear dynamics, and require that it and its inverse be L2-stable and have an asymptotically stable zero dynamics. We formulate a control algorithm and prove its local asymptotic stability.
Dual-band, dual-polarized microstrip arrays for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (1996)

The next generation of civilian, satellite based synthetic aperture radar is expected to be multispectral with polarization synthesis, cross polarization and multi-mode capabilities. In order to minimize the overall size of the antenna subsystems required by these radars, techniques are being investigated which will allow the aperture to be shared between the multiple frequency bands and multiple polarization channels.