gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molybdenum-containing oxidases and their application in cascade synthesis (2016)

Molybdenum-dependent xanthine oxidoreducatases (XOR) are a family of well characterized enzymes which are known to oxidise purines, imines and aldehydes in cellular metabolism. Despite significant studies relating to drug metabolism, application to chemical synthesis is relatively unexplored.. Herein we report the first use of XORs in the cascade synthesis of carboxylic acids from activated and unactivated alcohols by the combination of the mutant alcohol oxidase GOaseM3-5 and XOR (E.coli XDH &amp; PaoABC). Twenty five carboxylic acids were obtained in quantitative conversion and the methodology compares very well with state-of-the-art catalytic chemical oxidation methods. The reactions were performed in water at ambient temperature and pH using oxygen as the terminal oxidant with the only by-product being H2O2. The oxidation system was also applied to the synthesis of the biomass-derived platform chemical FDCA starting from HMF. The biocatalysts used were able to tolerate a substrate concentration of 100 mM, 20 times higher than previous reported methods with 74% isolated yield of FDCA. Although XORs exhibited a wide substrate scope, no chiral selectivity could be demonstrated. The application of XOR enzymes was also demonstrated in the synthesis of lactams from amino alcohols via an in situ generated imine intermediate. Although pyrrolidone was obtained in 85% yield from its corresponding amino alcohol, longer chain amino alcohols were not well tolerated with either poor or no conversion observed. Although currently limited in substrate scope, this novel biomimetic oxidative cyclisation represents an interesting synthetic approach to lactams, found in a wide variety of biologically interesting target molecules.
Photochemical reactions of phenylacetylenes with ethylene trithiocarbonate. Synthesis of phenyl-substituted 2-thioxo-1,3-dithioles (1984)

A novel photochemical synthetic route to phenyl-substituted 2-thioxo-1,3-dithioles (TDT), intermediates in the synthesis of tetrathiafulvalenes (TTF), starting from ethylene trithiocarbonate (ETC) and phenylacetylenes is described. Phenyl- and diphenyl-acetylene and 1-phenylpropyne reacted with ETC derivatives in reasonable yields. The fluorescence of the acetylenes was quenched by ETC via a trivial process: sensitization with benzophenone and quenching with air suggested that the reaction proceeded mainly through the triplet excited states of the acetylenes. Irradiation of ETC alone with light of longer wavelength and quenching experiments suggested that the excited singlet state of ETC also participated in the reaction, in a minor process.
MIF Contributes to Trypanosoma brucei Associated Immunopathogenicity Development (2014)

African trypanosomiasis is a chronic debilitating disease affecting the health and economic well-being of many people in developing countries. The pathogenicity associated with this disease involves a persistent inflammatory response, whereby M1-type myeloid cells, including Ly6C(high) inflammatory monocytes, are centrally implicated. A comparative gene analysis between trypanosusceptible and trypanotolerant animals identified MIF (macrophage migrating inhibitory factor) as an important pathogenic candidate molecule. Using MIF-deficient mice and anti-MIF antibody treated mice, we show that MIF mediates the pathogenic inflammatory immune response and increases the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils to contribute to liver injury in Trypanosoma brucei infected mice. Moreover, neutrophil-derived MIF contributed more significantly than monocyte-derived MIF to increased pathogenic liver TNF production and liver injury during trypanosome infection. MIF deficient animals also featured limited anemia, coinciding with increased iron bio-availability, improved erythropoiesis and reduced RBC clearance during the chronic phase of infection. Our data suggest that MIF promotes the most prominent pathological features of experimental trypanosome infections (i.e. anemia and liver injury), and prompt considering MIF as a novel target for treatment of trypanosomiasis-associated immunopathogenicity.
Study of the n+ GaN Cap in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors with Reduced Source–Drain Resistance (2007)

An n+ GaN cap layer has been applied on an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) to achieve a non-alloyed ohmic contact. Delta dopings were used at the heterointerface of the n+ GaN cap and AlGaN layer to lower the AlGaN potential barrier and to improve communication between the n+ GaN cap and the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel. Non-alloyed ohmic contact resistance as low as 0.2 Ω·mm, and sheet resistance of 60 Ω/square were achieved. Selective etch and sidewall technology were applied during processing. The n+ capped device was fabricated and compared to a standard AlGaN/GaN HEMT. Lower on-resistance and access resistance, higher fτ and fMAX, and better linearity in terms of gm were achieved.
Influence of the germline sequence on the thermodynamic stability and fibrillogenicity of human lambda 6 light chains (2008)

Light chain-associated amyloidosis is a fatal disease characterized by the aggregation and pathologic deposition of monoclonal light chain-related fragments as amyloid fibrils in organs or tissues throughout the body. Notably, it has been observed that proteins encoded by the lambda variable light chain (V(L)) gene segment 6a are invariably associated with amyloid deposition; however, the contribution of the gene to this phenomenon has not been established. In this regard, we have determined the thermodynamic stability and kinetics of in vitro fibrillogenesis of a recombinant (r) V(L) protein, designated 6aJL2, which contains the predicted sequences encoded by the 6a and JL2 germline genes. Additionally, we studied a 6a mutant (6aJL2-Arg25Gly), that is present in approximately 25% of all amyloid-associated lambda6 light chains. Remarkably, the wild-type 6aJL2 protein was more stable than were all known amyloidogenic kappa and lambda light chains for which stability parameters are available; more importantly, it was even more so (and less fibrillogenic) than the only clinically proven nonamyloidogenic lambda6 protein, Jto. Conversely, the mutated 6aJL2-R25G molecule was considerably less stable and more fibrillogenic than was the native 6aJL2. Our data indicate that the propensity of lambda6 light chains to form amyloid can not be attributed to thermodynamic instability of the germline-encoded Vlambda6 domain, but rather, is dependent on sequence alterations that render such proteins amyloidogenic.
Mixing by bubble-induced turbulence (2015)

This work reports an experimental investigation of the dispersion of a low-diffusive dye within a homogeneous swarm of high-Reynolds-number rising bubbles at gas volume fractions ${\it\alpha}$ ranging from 1 % to 13 %. The capture and transport of dye within bubble wakes is found to be negligible and the mixing turns out to result from the bubble-induced turbulence. It is described well by a regular diffusion process. The diffusion coefficient corresponding to the vertical direction is larger than that corresponding to the horizontal direction, owing to the larger intensity of the liquid fluctuations in the vertical direction. Two regimes of diffusion have been identified. At low gas volume fraction, the diffusion time scale is given by the correlation time of the bubble-induced turbulence and the diffusion coefficients increase roughly as ${\it\alpha}^{0.4}$ . At large gas volume fraction, the diffusion time scale is imposed by the time interval between two bubbles and the diffusion coefficients become almost independent of ${\it\alpha}$ . The transition between the two regimes occurs sooner in the horizontal direction ( $1\,\%\leqslant {\it\alpha}\leqslant 3\,\%$ ) than in the vertical direction ( $3\,\%\leqslant {\it\alpha}\leqslant 6\,\%$ ). Physical models based on the hydrodynamic properties of the bubble swarm are introduced and guidelines for practical applications are suggested.
Analytical approximation of the two-dimensional percolation threshold for fields of overlapping ellipses (2002)

Percolation of particle arrays is of high interest in microstructural design of materials. While there have been numerous contributions to theoretical modeling of percolation in particulate systems, no analytical approximation for the generalized problem of variable aspect-ratio ellipses has been reported. In the present work, we (1) derive, and verify through simulation, an analytical percolation approach capable of identifying the percolation point in two-phase materials containing generalized ellipses of uniform shape and size; and (2) explore the dependence of percolation on the particle aspect ratio. We validate our technique with simulations tracking both cluster sizes and percolation status, in networks of elliptical and circular particles. We also outline the steps needed to extend our approach to three-dimensional particles (ellipsoids). For biological materials, we ultimately aim to provide direct insight into the contribution of each single phase in multiphase tissues to mechanical or conductive properties. For engineered materials, we aim to provide insight into the minimum amount of a particular phase needed to strongly influence properties.
Engineered Muscle Actuators: Cells and Tissues (2007)

Abstract : We report the completion of Phase II of a technological development program for the production of living muscle mechanical actuators for robotic and prosthetic applications. Our primary objectives were to engineer living skeletal muscle actuators in culture using integrated bioreactors to guide tissue development and to maintain tissue contractility, to achieve 50% of adult phenotype muscular contractility, and then to install the engineered muscles into a centimeter-scale hybrid swimming robotic platform. Outcomes by milestone: (1) Develop integrated tissue culture bioreactor systems: completed all but bulk perfusion (2) Develop appropriate tissue interfaces in culture: full success, muscle-tendon & nerve (3) Achieve 50% of adult muscle functional capacity: excellent progress but not 50% (4) Swimming robotic platform with muscle: 50% success due to inadequate muscle performance Overall, this project resulted in many planned and collateral technological advances, including sub-cm scale cardiac muscle powered swimming actuators, functional tendon and nerve tissue interfaces, integrated rapid manufactured tissue bioreactors and improved contractility.
1.5V Supply Voltage, Low Standby Current SRAMs (1991)

High-Density SRAMs have been increasing much attention in view of applications to Hand-Held computer and IC cards (1-4).
Turnaround of hysterisis for capacitance–voltage characteristics of hafnium oxynitride dielectrics (2004)

The capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of hafnium oxynitride gate dielectrics for silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with different sweep voltage were investigated. It was found that, for the p-type substrate MOS capacitor, the C–V hysterisis has a turnaround characteristic as the applied voltage exceeds −3.0 V. The phenomenon is explained by electron trappings at the low electric field and hole trappings, which resulted from the impact ionization, at the high electric field in the dielectrics.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclo‐SEM: A New Carbonyl Protecting Group. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Intensity and Phase Modulators at 1.55 μm with InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dots Epitaxially Grown on Silicon (2018)

InAs quantum dot core electro-optic modulators are fabricated on (100) silicon substrates opening up large-scale III-V photonic integration. Mach-Zehnder modulator with 8 mm long electrode has 2.2V Vπ and less than 3 dB/cm propagation loss.
Interplay of Cytokines and Adjuvants in the Regulation of Mucosal and Systemic HIV-Specific CTL (2000)

We examined the interplay between cytokines and adjuvants to optimize the induction of CTL by a mucosal HIV peptide vaccine. We show synergy between IL-12 and GM-CSF when administered together with the HIV peptide PCLUS3-18IIIB and cholera toxin (CT) in the induction of CTL activity and protection against mucosal viral transmission. Further, we examine the efficacy of mutant Escherichia coli labile toxin, LT(R192G), as a less toxic adjuvant than CT. LT(R192G) was as effective as or more effective than CT at inducing a mucosal CTL response. Moreover, LT(R192G) was as effective without IL-12 as CT was when combined with IL-12, and the response elicited by LT(R192G) with the vaccine was not further enhanced by the addition of IL-12. GM-CSF synergized with LT(R192G) without exogenous IL-12. Therefore, LT(R192G) may induce a more favorable cytokine response by not inhibiting IL-12 production. In particular, less IL-4 is made after LT(R192G) than CT immunization, and the response is less susceptible to anti-IL-12 inhibition. Thus, the choice of mucosal adjuvant affects the cytokine environment, and the mucosal response and protection can be enhanced by manipulating the cytokine environment with synergistic cytokine combinations incorporated in the vaccine.
A New Symmetric Transceiver Architecture for Pulsed Short-Range Communication (2008)

This paper proposes a novel symmetric super- regenerative transceiver architecture for pulsed short-range communication. The proposed architecture is targeted for wireless applications where ultra low power consumption and data-rate in tens of megabits per second are needed over distances in the range of tens of centimeters. The transmitter and receiver are both based on super-regenerative principle and both functions in the transceiver utilize one mutual super-regenerative oscillator. Additionally, the transceiver architecture allows fast synchronization of transceivers thanks to the delayed reflection phenomenon which makes it possible to detect correct timing simultaneously at both ends of the system. Measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed principle.
Feedback Control Applications in New Radio: Exploring Delay Control and Alignment (2019)

In a new radio (NR) communication system, low latency and limited jitter are critical to support new use cases exploiting haptic feedback and other closed-loop feedback control applications. Therefore, mechanisms for delay control and delay alignment are important. The simplest approaches to mitigating delay jitter, using buffering techniques, come at the price of memory and increased delay. More recently, techniques using feedback of delays experienced have shown great promise for improved performance with low overhead. The scope of this article is to discuss and motivate recognition of the need for delay alignment in general.
Incorporating Events into Cross-Organizational Business Processes (2008)

Because Web-scale processes are inherently cross-organizational, they require the robust enactment of interactions among autonomous parties. However, specifying the processes involved is difficult. To overcome this obstacle, the authors use a business protocol that lets the applicable events and responses vary based on where the process is deployed and the infrastructure and IT applications installed therein. Treating events and business logic as separate concerns also yields clearer models and improves reusability. The authors describe the architecture and tools and outline a methodology by which each participant in a process can define, detect, and respond to events.
Shape-morphing living composites (2020)

This work establishes a means to exploit genetic networks to create living synthetic composites that change shape in response to specific biochemical or physical stimuli. Baker's yeast embedded in a hydrogel forms a responsive material where cellular proliferation leads to a controllable increase in the composite volume of up to 400%. Genetic manipulation of the yeast enables composites where volume change on exposure to l-histidine is 14× higher than volume change when exposed to d-histidine or other amino acids. By encoding an optogenetic switch into the yeast, spatiotemporally controlled shape change is induced with pulses of dim blue light (2.7 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). These living, shape-changing materials may enable sensors or medical devices that respond to highly specific cues found within a biological milieu.
Analysis of rational sample rate conversion using image response combining (2003)

Using discrete-time response modelling, we analyse the complicated frequency domain input-output relationship of sample rate conversion with a rational, non-integer factor and address the ambiguity of the concept of frequency response in fractional multirate systems. The dependence of a system response on the phase of a real signal is shown. We develop a method to translate a magnitude response from a higher sample rate to a lower one to allow better comparison between filter properties and system specifications when rational sample rate conversion is used. The method is based on the idea of combining the responses of all (aliased) images of an input frequency into a scalar quantity. The method is hence referred to as image response combining (IRC) and the resulting response function as image-combined magnitude response. Two different IRC schemes are proposed. To overcome the sometimes very high computational complexity of frequency domain IRC, we derive a drastically faster time domain IRC algorithm referred to as sampled autocorrelation of impulse response (SACIR). The paper concentrates on decimation, but the analysis and proposed methods can be easily applied to interpolation, as well.
Late complex tensile fracturing interacts with topography at Cumbre Vieja, La Palma (2023)

Volcanic eruptions are often preceded by episodes of inflation and emplacement of magma along tensile fractures. Here we study the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, and present evidence for tensile fractures dissecting the new cone during the terminal stage of the eruption. We use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations, together with drone images and time-lapse camera data, to determine the timing, scale and complexities associated with the fracturing event, which is diverging at a topographic ridge. By comparing the field dataset with analogue models, we further explore the details of lens-shaped fractures that are characteristic for faults diverging at topographic highs and converging at topographic lows. The observations made at Cumbre Vieja and in our models are transferrable to other volcanoes and add further evidence that topography is substantially affecting the geometry and complexity of fractures and magma pathways, and the locations of eruptions.
Space-Efficient Scheduling of Multithreaded Computations (1998)

This paper considers the problem of scheduling dynamic parallel computations to achieve linear speedup without using significantly more space per processor than that required for a single-processor execution. Utilizing a new graph-theoretic model of multithreaded computation, execution efficiency is quantified by three important measures: T1 is the time required for executing the computation on a 1 processor, $T_\infty$ is the time required by an infinite number of processors, and S1 is the space required to execute the computation on a 1 processor. A computation executed on P processors is time-efficient if the time is $O(T_1/P + T_\infty)$, that is, it achieves linear speedup when $P=O(T_1/T_\infty)$, and it is space-efficient if it uses O(S1P ) total space, that is, the space per processor is within a constant factor of that required for a 1-processor execution. The first result derived from this model shows that there exist multithreaded computations such that no execution schedule can simultaneously achieve efficient time and efficient space. But by restricting attention to "strict" computations---those in which all arguments to a procedure must be available before the procedure can be invoked---much more positive results are obtainable. Specifically, for any strict multithreaded computation, a simple online algorithm can compute a schedule that is both time-efficient and space-efficient. Unfortunately, because the algorithm uses a global queue, the overhead of computing the schedule can be substantial. This problem is overcome by a decentralized algorithm that can compute and execute a P-processor schedule online in expected time $O(T_1/P + T_\infty\lg P)$ and worst-case space $O(S_1P\lg P)$, including overhead costs.
Light‐activated sutureless closure of wounds in thin skin (2011)

PTB produces an immediate seal of incisions in thin, delicate skin that heals well, is more rapid than suturing, does not require painful suture removal and is easy to apply.
Expanding nanoparticle multifunctionality: size-selected cargo release and multiple logic operations (2021)

Physically stimulated nanoparticles that deliver size-selected cargo and function as logic gates are reported. To achieve this goal the particle requires multiple components, and we recognized early on that the components, not just the released cargo, could be used to demonstrate logic operations (OR and AND logic). For stimuli, we chose two non-invasive types, red light and alternating magnetic fields (AMF), because they both have potential biological relevance. To realize cargo delivery with size selection and logic operations, we mechanized the surface of core@shell nanoparticles with a superparamagnetic core that generates localized heating when exposed to an AMF, and a mesoporous silica shell into which cargo molecules with different sizes were loaded. We demonstrate the core@shell nanoparticles can load the dual cargos with different sizes and subsequently release the smaller (∼0.5 nm) and bigger (∼2 nm) cargos in succession when stimulated by a red light followed by an AMF. Finally, we demonstrate that the multi-component nanoparticles could function as nanoparticle-based Boolean logic gates where AMF and red light served as the two inputs and the release of small cargo, and free cyclodextrin served as the outputs. The construction of two Boolean logic gates (OR, and AND) was realized.
A Robust Face Recognition Algorithm Using Markov Stationary Features and Adjacent Pixel Intensity Difference Quantization Histogram (2011)

In this paper, we present a robust face recognition algorithm using adjacent pixel intensity difference quantization (APIDQ) histogram combined with Markov Stationary Features (MSF). Previously, we have proposed a very simple yet highly reliable face recognition algorithm using Adjacent Pixel Intensity Difference Quantization (APIDQ) histogram. After the intensity variation vectors for all the pixels in an image are calculated, each vector is quantized directly in (dIx, dIy) plane instead of polar plane. By counting the number of elements in each quantized area in the (dIx, dIy) plane, a histogram can be created. This histogram, obtained by APIDQ for facial images, is utilized as a very effective personal feature. In this paper, we combine the APIDQ histogram with MSF so as to add spatial structure information to histogram. Experimental results show maximum average recognition rate of 97.16% is obtained for 400 images of 40 persons from the publicly available face database of AT&T Laboratories Cambridge. Furthermore, Top 1 recognition rate of 98.2% is achieved by using FB task of the publicly available face database of FERET.