gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of p-type nanostructured PbTe–MTe (M = Cd, Hg) materials (2013)

We investigated the effect of Cd and Hg substitution on the thermoelectric properties of p-type PbTe–x% CdTe and PbTe–x% HgTe (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) doped with Na2Te. Both ingot samples and spark plasma sintered (SPS) samples were studied and the properties are compared. We present detailed structural, spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, and transport properties of both cast ingot and SPS samples. The SPS processed samples with HgTe as the second phase show better thermoelectric properties than those with CdTe mainly because of more effective phonon scattering. The SPS process gives significantly lower lattice thermal conductivity for the p-type PbTe–HgTe system than the cast ingot. The same effect is not observed in the p-type PbTe–CdTe system. A maximum ZT of ∼1.64 at ∼770 K is achieved for the p-type PbTe–2% HgTe–1% Na2Te SPS sample. TEM studies reveal the formation of nanostructures whose number density generally increases with increasing concentrations of CdTe and HgTe as the second phase. Meso-scale grain boundaries along with nanostructured precipitates in the SPS samples play an important role in significantly reducing the lattice thermal conductivity compared to cast ingot in the case of p-type PbTe–HgTe.
Evaluation of Down-scatter Contamination in Multi-Pinhole 123I-IMP Brain Perfusion SPECT Imaging (2021)

Brain imaging with 123I radionuclide remains essential to assess the dopamine transporter activity or cerebral blood flow in various cerebral disorders. However, imaging with <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">123</sup> I-labeled tracers suffers from down-scatter contaminations from the emission of a series of high-energy (>183 keV, ~3% abundance) gamma photons in addition to the primary photons (159 keV, 83% abundance). In this work, we investigated through simulation studies the effect of down-scatter contamination on image quality using multiple pinhole configurations and aperture sizes of AdaptiSPECT-C, which is a next-generation multi-pinhole system currently under construction. We simulated a brain phantom with source distribution for the perfusion imaging agent <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">123</sup> I-IMP as imaged 1h post injection. To enable comparison of imaging without down-scatter interactions, reconstructions were compared qualitatively and quantitively to the ones obtained from acquisition of similar activity distribution simulated for solely the 159-keV principal emission of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">123</sup> I. In this initial study, we demonstrated through quantification and visual inspection of cerebral perfusion reconstruction incorporating down-scatter correction that the inclusion of down-scatter counts does not hamper the imaging performance of AdaptiSPECT-C even for the pinhole combination the most contaminated by such interactions. We have initiated a comparison of these findings against the ones obtained from a dual-head system employing parallel-hole collimator for which acquisition is considerably more impacted by down-scatter interactions.
Effect of titanium on solidification microstructure of Al-16%B4C composites (2005)

Aluminum boron carbide particulate reinforced composites have found new applications in nuclear industry due to their special capability to capture neutrons. Recently, Alcan successfully developed a liquid metal mixing process to fabricate Al-B4C metal matrix composite instead of powder metallurgical technology. In the process, titanium is added into the composites to control interactions between boron carbide particulates and aluminum matrix. To understand the effects of titanium on the composites, the solidification microstructure of Al-16%B4C without or with titanium was examined by optical and electron microscopes. The results show that titanium can improve the uniformity of the particulate distribution within aluminum matrix if the titanium content in the composites is more than 0.5%. Furthermore, it is found that the layer with rich titanium on the surface of the particulates can limit the formation of AlB2 type compounds, which may greatly deteriorate the fluidity of the composites. In addition, it is also found that the amount of the reaction products in the composites increases with the increase of holding time. However, the rate of the increase is mitigated by the increase of the content of titanium in the composites. Besides, a procedure was proposed and implemented for the evaluation of uniformity of particulate distribution within aluminum matrix.
Exploring the Error-Runtime Trade-off in Decentralized Optimization (2020)

Decentralized stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has recently become one of the most promising methods to use data parallelism in order to train a machine learning model on a network of arbitrarily connected nodes/edge devices. Although the error convergence of decentralized SGD has been well studied in the last decade, most of the previous works do not explicitly consider how the network topology influences the overall convergence time. Communicating over all available links in the network may give faster error convergence, however, it will also incur higher communication overhead. The MATCHA algorithm proposed in [1] achieves a win-win in this error-runtime trade-off by judiciously sampling the communication graph. In this paper, we propose several variants of the MATCHA algorithm and show that MATCHA can work with many other activation schemes and decentralized computation tasks. It is a flexible framework to reduce the communication delay for free in decentralized environments.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 mediates early protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by regulating type I IFN production (2023)

The ADP ribosyltransferases (PARPs 1-17) regulate diverse cellular processes, including DNA damage repair. PARPs are classified on the basis of their ability to catalyze poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) or mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation). Although PARP9 mRNA expression is significantly increased in progressive tuberculosis (TB) in humans, its participation in host immunity to TB is unknown. Here, we show that PARP9 mRNA encoding the MARylating PARP9 enzyme was upregulated during TB in humans and mice and provide evidence of a critical modulatory role for PARP9 in DNA damage, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) expression, and type I IFN production during TB. Thus, Parp9-deficient mice were susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and exhibited increased TB disease, cGAS and 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) expression, and type I IFN production, along with upregulation of complement and coagulation pathways. Enhanced M. tuberculosis susceptibility is type I IFN dependent, as blockade of IFN α receptor (IFNAR) signaling reversed the enhanced susceptibility of Parp9-/- mice. Thus, in sharp contrast to PARP9 enhancement of type I IFN production in viral infections, this member of the MAR family plays a protective role by limiting type I IFN responses during TB.
Lower-extremity musculoskeletal geometry affects the calculation of patellofemoral forces in vertical jumping and weightlifting (2010)

The calculation of the patellofemoral joint contact force using three-dimensional (3D) modelling techniques requires a description of the musculoskeletal geometry of the lower limb. In this study, the influence of the complexity of the muscle model was studied by considering two different muscle models, the Delp and Horsman models. Both models were used to calculate the patellofemoral force during standing, vertical jumping, and Olympic-style weightlifting. The patellofemoral forces predicted by the Horsman model were markedly lower than those predicted by the Delp model in all activities and represented more realistic values when compared with previous work. This was found to be a result of a lower level of redundancy in the Delp model, which forced a higher level of muscular activation in order to allow a viable solution. The higher level of complexity in the Horsman model resulted in a greater degree of redundancy and consequently lower activation and patellofemoral forces. The results of this work demonstrate that a well-posed muscle model must have an adequate degree of complexity to create a sufficient independence, variability, and number of moment arms in order to ensure adequate redundancy of the force-sharing problem such that muscle forces are not overstated.
Preface (2010)

Human culture is simultaneously extending its capabilities to master the physical world at its molecular scale and to connect people, businesses, information, and things globally, locally, and pervasively in real time. Nanotechnologies, mobile communication, and the Internet have had a disruptive impact on our economies and everyday lives. Nanotechnologies enable us to use physical, chemical, and biological processes to create new functional materials, nanoscale components, and systems. This book explains how these technologies are related to each other, how nanotechnologies can be used to extend the use of mobile communication and the Internet, and how nanotechnologies may transform future manufacturing and value networks.
A new method to calculate leakage current and its applications for sub-45nm MOSFETs (2005)

This paper proposes a new quantum mechanical model for the calculation of leakage currents. The model incorporates both variational calculus and the transfer matrix method to compute the subband energies and the life times of the inversion layer states. The use of variational calculus simplifies the subband energy calculation due to the analytical form of the wave functions, which offers an attractive perspective towards the calculation of the electron mobility in the channel. The model can be extended to high-k dielectrics with several layers. Good agreement between experimental data and simulation results is obtained for metal gate capacitors.
Modelling of Fiber Pull-out from a Cement matrix (1988)

Peer Reviewed
Remote Magnetic Navigation With Irrigated Tip Catheter for Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (2010)

In patients with PAF, MNS-guided PVI with the newly available irrigated tip magnetic catheter backed up with manual ablation whenever required is feasible. However, it requires longer ablation, fluoroscopy, and procedural times than the conventional approach in the early experience stage.
Optimal local topology knowledge for energy efficient geographical routing in sensor networks (2004)

Since sensor networks can be composed of a very large number of nodes, the developed protocols for these networks must be scalable. Moreover, these protocols must be designed to prolong the battery lifetime of the nodes. Typical existing routing techniques for ad hoc networks are known not to scale well. On the other hand, the so-called geographical routing algorithms are known to be scalable but their energy efficiency has never been extensively and comparatively studied. For this reason, a novel analytical framework is introduced. In a geographical routing algorithm, the packets are forwarded by a node to its neighbor based on their respective positions. The proposed framework allows to analyze the relationship between the energy efficiency of the routing tasks and the extension of the range of the topology knowledge for each node. The leading forwarding rules for geographical routing are compared in this framework, and the energy efficiency of each of them is studied. Moreover partial topology knowledge forwarding, a new forwarding scheme, is introduced. A wider topology knowledge can improve the energy efficiency of the routing tasks but can increase the cost of topology information due to signaling packets that each node must transmit and receive to acquire this information, especially in networks with high mobility. The problem of determining the optimal knowledge range for each node to make energy efficient geographical routing decisions is tackled by integer linear programming. It is demonstrated that the problem is intrinsically localized, i.e., a limited knowledge of the topology is sufficient to take energy efficient forwarding decisions, and that the proposed forwarding scheme outperforms the others in typical application scenarios. For online solution of the problem, a probe-based distributed protocol which allows each node to efficiently select its topology knowledge, is introduced and shown to converge to a near-optimal solution very fast.
Phase II trial of sorafenib and erlotinib in advanced pancreatic cancer (2014)

This trial was designed to assess efficacy and safety of erlotinib with sorafenib in the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. An exploratory correlative study analyzing pretreatment serum samples using a multivariate protein mass spectrometry-based test (VeriStrat®), previously shown to correlate with outcomes in lung cancer patients treated with erlotinib, was performed. Patients received sorafenib 400 mg daily along with erlotinib 150 mg daily with a primary endpoint of 8-week progression free survival (PFS) rate. Pretreatment serum sample analysis by VeriStrat was done blinded to clinical and outcome data; the endpoints were PFS and overall survival (OS). Difference between groups (by VeriStrat classification) was assessed using log-rank P values; hazard ratios (HR) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards model. Thirty-six patients received study drug and were included in the survival analysis. Eight-week PFS rate of 46% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-0.67) did not meet the primary endpoint of a rate ≥70%. Thirty-two patients were included in the correlative analysis, and VeriStrat "Good" patients had superior PFS (HR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.06-0.57; P = 0.001) and OS (HR = 0.31 95% CI: 0.13-0.77, P = 0.008) compared to VeriStrat "Poor" patients. Grade 3 toxicities of this regimen included fever, anemia, diarrhea, dehydration, rash, and altered liver function. This study did not meet the primary endpoint, and this combination will not be further pursued. In this small retrospective analysis, the proteomic classification was significantly associated with clinical outcomes and is being further evaluated in ongoing studies.
Frequency-Domain Volterra-Based Equalization Structures for Efficient Mitigation of Intrachannel Kerr Nonlinearities (2015)

Toward reduced-complexity digital implementation, frequency domain Volterra-based nonlinear equalization (VNLE) structures for multistep fiber nonlinearity compensation are proposed. In the cascade structures, nonlinear equalization is performed before (cascade-1) or after (cascade-2) the dispersion compensation in each step. Superior performance with the shorter discrete Fourier transform (DFT) lengths and fewer equalization steps compared to the conventional VNLE with parallel structure is demonstrated in a transmission experiment. The experimental results are obtained for 256 Gb/s single-carrier dual-polarization 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation with root-raised-cosine pulse shaping and a roll-off factor of 0.1. The new cascade structures demonstrate superior robustness to insufficient DFT lengths and/or a limited complexity budget. Compared to the conventional parallel arrangement of linear and nonlinear compensation filters, the cascade-1 structure provides more than 90% complexity reduction without any notable performance penalty. The structure enables the extension of the transmission reach by 1570 km, a 48% increase compared to the linear solution that uses only electronic dispersion compensation.
Novel Adenosine-Derived Inhibitors of 70 kDa Heat Shock Protein, Discovered Through Structure-Based Design (2009)

The design and synthesis of novel adenosine-derived inhibitors of HSP70, guided by modeling and X-ray crystallographic structures of these compounds in complex with HSC70/BAG-1, is described. Examples exhibited submicromolar affinity for HSP70, were highly selective over HSP90, and some displayed potency against HCT116 cells. Exposure of compound 12 to HCT116 cells caused significant reduction in cellular levels of Raf-1 and Her2 at concentrations similar to that which caused cell growth arrest.
Visualizing insulin vesicle neighborhoods in β cells by cryo–electron tomography (2020)

Subcellular neighborhoods, comprising specific ratios of organelles and proteins, serve a multitude of biological functions and are of particular importance in secretory cells. However, the role of subcellular neighborhoods in insulin vesicle maturation is poorly understood. Here, we present single-cell multiple distinct tomogram acquisitions of β cells for in situ visualization of distinct subcellular neighborhoods that are involved in the insulin vesicle secretory pathway. We propose that these neighborhoods play an essential role in the specific function of cellular material. In the regions where we observed insulin vesicles, a measurable increase in both the fraction of cellular volume occupied by vesicles and the average size (diameter) of the vesicles was apparent as sampling moved from the area near the nucleus toward the plasma membrane. These findings describe the important role of the nanometer-scale organization of subcellular neighborhoods on insulin vesicle maturation.
Selection and Efficient Use of Local Features for Face and Facial Expression Recognition in a Cortical Architecture (2007)

In this chapter, we reviewed our previously proposed leaning methods (unsupervised and supervised) for appropriate and shared (economical) local feature selection and extraction for generic face related recognition. In particular, we demonstrated feasibility of our hierarchical, component based visual pattern recognition model, MCoNN, as an implicit constellation model in terms of convolutional operation of local feature, providing a substrate for generic object detection/recognition. Detailed simulation study showed that we can realize face recognition as well as facial expression recognition efficiently and economically with satisfactory performances by using the same set of local features extracted from the MCoNN for face detection.
Cooperative activity of noggin and gremlin 1 in axial skeleton development (2011)

Inductive signals from adjacent tissues initiate differentiation within the somite. In this study, we used mouse embryos mutant for the BMP antagonists noggin (Nog) and gremlin 1 (Grem1) to characterize the effects of BMP signaling on the specification of the sclerotome. We confirmed reduction of Pax1 and Pax9 expression in Nog mutants, but found that Nog;Grem1 double mutants completely fail to initiate sclerotome development. Furthermore, Nog mutants that also lack one allele of Grem1 exhibit a dramatic reduction in axial skeleton relative to animals mutant for Nog alone. By contrast, Pax3, Myf5 and Lbx1 expression indicates that dermomyotome induction occurs in Nog;Grem1 double mutants. Neither conditional Bmpr1a mutation nor treatment with the BMP type I receptor inhibitor dorsomorphin expands sclerotome marker expression, suggesting that BMP antagonists do not have an instructive function in sclerotome specification. Instead, we hypothesize that Nog- and Grem1-mediated inhibition of BMP is permissive for hedgehog (Hh) signal-mediated sclerotome specification. In support of this model, we found that culturing Nog;Grem1 double-mutant embryos with dorsomorphin restores sclerotome, whereas Pax1 expression in smoothened (Smo) mutants is not rescued, suggesting that inhibition of BMP is insufficient to induce sclerotome in the absence of Hh signaling. Confirming the dominant inhibitory effect of BMP signaling, Pax1 expression cannot be rescued in Nog;Grem1 double mutants by forced activation of Smo. We conclude that Nog and Grem1 cooperate to maintain a BMP signaling-free zone that is a crucial prerequisite for Hh-mediated sclerotome induction.
Phosphorylated tyrosine 93 of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A is essential for interaction with host c-Src and efficient viral replication (2019)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) plays a key role in viral replication and virion assembly, and the regulation of the assembly process critically depends on phosphorylation of both serine and threonine residues in NS5A. We previously identified SRC proto-oncogene, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (c-Src), as an essential host component of the HCV replication complex consisting of NS5A, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B, and c-Src. Pulldown assays revealed an interaction between NS5A and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of c-Src; however, the precise binding mode remains undefined. In this study, using a variety of biochemical and biophysical techniques, along with molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the interaction between NS5A and the c-Src SH2 domain strictly depends on an intact phosphotyrosine-binding competent SH2 domain and on tyrosine phosphorylation within NS5A. Detailed analysis of c-Src SH2 domain binding to a panel of phosphorylation-deficient NS5A variants revealed that phosphorylation of Tyr-93 located within domain 1 of NS5A, but not of any other tyrosine residue, is crucial for complex formation. In line with these findings, effective replication of subgenomic HCV replicons as well as production of infectious virus particles in mammalian cell culture models were clearly dependent on the presence of tyrosine at position 93 of NS5A. These findings indicate that phosphorylated Tyr-93 in NS5A plays an important role during viral replication by facilitating NS5A's interaction with the SH2 domain of c-Src.
Socioeconomic position and stage at diagnosis of head and neck cancer – a nationwide study from DAHANCA (2015)

In this nationwide population-based study, socioeconomic differences in stage at diagnosis were found for all HNSCC subsites. Focus on the high risk for advanced stage HNSCC among vulnerable patients may be beneficial during referral and diagnosis in order to improve HNSCC outcomes.
Regulation of CD4 T Cell Reactivity to Self and Non-Self (1995)

While the thymus may be effective in inducing tolerance to lymphoid associated antigens, it is not as efficient in deleting T cells reactive to peripheral tissue specific antigens. Therefore, to maintain self tolerance to peripheral tissues, post-thymic mechanisms must be invoked. One important way to prevent autoimmune pathology mediated by autoreactive CD4 T cells is the diversion of clones to regulatory Th2 effector cells. However, many different factors contribute in vivo to the decision of stimulated CD4 T cells to develop into Th1 versus Th2 cells. For example, T cell signaling pathways may influence the types of cytokines produced by naive T cells, and studies have provided evidence for a genetic polymorphism among common mouse strains that can significantly influence the early cytokine production in stimulated naive CD4 T cells. The allele carried by the BALB/c strain promotes IL-4 production, and consequently provides resistance to autoimmune diabetes in our transgenic mouse model. In addition, antigen presenting cells can influence the development of stimulated CD4 T cells in part through the production of cytokines such as IL-12. The absorption of IL-12 in vivo can permit the expansion of Th2 type effector cells, and this phenomenon will also protect mice from autoimmunity. Finally, the relative potency of various class II positive antigen presenting cell types can influence the development of autoreactive T cells, with dendritic cells apparently being the strongest stimulator of Th1 responses. Consistent with this notion, a relB knockout mouse, which is missing dendritic cells, appears to drive Th2 development even in response to viral infection. In sum, these various influences over the Th1/Th2 decision in vivo may provide new targets for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases.