gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing resolution with a new method for efficient broadband marine acquisition and processing (2009)

We present a new method for broadband marine acquisition and processing. A 3D shallow towed‐streamer spread is deployed, designed to optimize the mid‐ and high‐frequency parts of the bandwidth. In addition, data are simultaneously acquired from a small number of deeper towed streamers. The depth of these deeper streamers is optimized for the low frequencies such that the combined overall bandwidth is enhanced. Because the deep streamers are only going to provide the low‐frequency part of the bandwidth, we can more sparsely sample these data enabling efficient acquisition scenarios as fewer streamers are required. The data are combined in processing, optimizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio over the entire bandwidth. The resulting data exhibit both high resolution and deep penetration, for subsalt and sub‐basalt imaging, for example. In addition, inversion for acoustic impedance, imaging, and velocity model building, also benefit from the broadband result. Data acquired in this way are also more robust to poor weather conditions than conventionally acquired data. Data for a 3D case study using this new acquisition method were acquired off the NW Shelf of Australia. The streamer spread consisted of six shallow streamers towed at a depth of 6 m and two deeper streamers (below shallow streamers 2 and 5) towed at a depth of 20 m. A novel over/under source design was also used to bias source output toward low frequencies and further enhance the low‐frequency signal‐to‐noise ratio of the acquired data.
COMPROMISE IN BONE DENSITY RESULTS IN AMPLIFIED CEMENT LAYER STRESS IN HIP RESURFACING ARTHROPLASTY (2019)

As an alternative to total hip arthroplasty (THA), hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) provides the advantage of retaining bone stock. However, femoral component loosening and femoral neck fracture ...
DrugEx v3: Scaffold-Constrained Drug Design with Graph Transformer-based Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Due to the large drug-like chemical space available to search for feasible drug-like molecules, rational drug design often starts from specific scaffolds to which side chains/substituents are added or modified. With the rapid growth of the application of deep learning in drug discovery, a variety of effective approaches have been developed for de novo drug design. In previous work, we proposed a method named DrugEx, which can be applied in polypharmacology based on multi-objective deep reinforcement learning. However, the previous version is trained under fixed objectives similar to other known methods and does not allow users to input any prior information (i.e. a desired scaffold). In order to improve the general applicability, we updated DrugEx to design drug molecules based on scaffolds which consist of multiple fragments provided by users. In this work, the Transformer model was employed to generate molecular structures. The Transformer is a multi-head self-attention deep learning model containing an encoder to receive scaffolds as input and a decoder to generate molecules as output. In order to deal with the graph representation of molecules we proposed a novel positional encoding for each atom and bond based on an adjacency matrix to extend the architecture of the Transformer. Each molecule was generated by growing and connecting procedures for the fragments in the given scaffold that were unified into one model. Moreover, we trained this generator under a reinforcement learning framework to increase the number of desired ligands. As a proof of concept, our proposed method was applied to design ligands for the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) and compared with SMILES-based methods. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of our method in that 100% of the generated molecules are valid and most of them had a high predicted affinity value towards A2AAR with given scaffolds.
Impact of a Double-Pigtail Stent on Ureteral Peristalsis in the Porcine Model: Initial Studies Using a Novel Implantable Magnetic Sensor (2005)

The new technique permits close monitoring of ureteral peristalsis in vivo. Smaller stents appear to have less immediate effect than larger ones, but all type of stents tested eventually caused aperistalsis.
Towards Endoscopic Image-Guided Laser Coagulation Using a Double-Clad Fiber Coupler (2015)

We demonstrate a double-clad fiber (DCF) based system using a novel DCF coupler to simultaneously combine optical coherence tomography and laser coagulation. Such a system allows monitoring of dynamic thermal processes during laser irradiation, thus enabling image-guided laser marking and therapy.
Automated Sampling and Imaging of Analytes Separated on Thin-Layer Chromatography Plates Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Modest modifications to the atmospheric sampling capillary of a commercial electrospray mass spectrometer and upgrades to an in-house-developed surface positioning control software package (HandsFree TLC/MS) were used to enable the automated sampling and imaging of analytes on and within large area surface substrates using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Sampling and imaging of rhodamine dyes separated on TLC plates were used to illustrate some of the practical applications of this system. Examples are shown for user-defined spot sampling from separated bands on a TLC plate (one or multiple spots), scanning of a complete development lane (one or multiple lanes), or imaging of analyte bands in a development lane (i.e., multiple lane scans with close spacing). The post data acquisition processing and data display aspects of the software system are also discussed.
CAAC Boranes. Synthesis and characterization of cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbene borane complexes from BF3 and BH3 (2010)

In situ formation of two cyclic (alkyl) (amino) carbenes (CAACs) followed by addition of BF₃•Et₂O provided the first two examples of CAAC-BF₃ complexes: 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-3-phenylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene trifluoroborane, and 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]decan-1-ylidene trifluoroborane. These CAAC-BF₃ complexes are robust compounds that are stable to ambient laboratory conditions and silica gel chromatography. They were characterized by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In contrast, a CAAC complex with borane (BH₃) was readily formed in situ according to ¹H and ¹¹B NMR analysis, but did not survive the workup conditions. These results set the stage for further studies of the chemistry of CAAC boranes.
Shared data line technique for doubling the data transfer rate per pin of differential interfaces (2002)

A technique for almost doubling the data transfer rate per pin of the differential interfaces has been proposed. In this technique the number of the differential transmission lines between transmitter LSI and the receiver LSI are shared with adjacent buffers to increase the transfer rate per pin. Each receiver consists of two comparators and a decoder circuit translates the signal voltage at the receiver end of the transmission line into digital data. A data rate of 1.1 Gbps/pin has been achieved in the fabricated test circuit in CMOS technology.
Sub-70-nm pattern fabrication using an alternating phase-shifting mask in 157-nm lithography (2002)

In Selete, we have developed various resolution-enhancement technologies (RETs) such as the alternating phase shifting mask (alt-PSM), attenuated-PSM (att-PSM), and off-axis illumination (OAI). The alt-PSM, for example, reduces the k1 factor and extends the lithographic performance. A problem concerning the alt-PSM is the difference in the transmitted light intensities of the non-phase-shifting region and the phase-shifting region which can cause critical-dimension (CD) placement error. The transmitted light intensities of the two regions can be made equal by side-etching, in which the quartz (Qz) is undercut by wet-etching at the side of the transmitting region. We sought to optimize the mask structure in terms of a high numerical aperture (NA) through a simulation using two kinds of structures with a 157 nm exposure wavelength. The structures were a single-trench structure and a dual-trench structure, with each trench dug in the transmitting region. To attain a high NA (NA equals 0.85), we tried to optimize the parameters of the Cr film thickness, the amount of the undercut (side-etching), and the phase shift. The evaluated line pattern sizes were 70 nm (line/space size equals 70/70 nm, 70/140 nm, 70/210 nm, and 70/350 nm) and 50 nm (line/space size equals 50/50 nm, 50/100 nm, 50/150 nm, and 50/250 nm) at the wafer. Further, using the optimized mask, we calculated the lithographic margin of a sub 70 nm pattern through a simulation. For the 70 nm line patterns, we found that it will be difficult to fabricate precisely a 70 nm line patten using a mask with a single- trench structure. And we also found that the most suitable conditions for the dual-trench structure mask were a 90 nm undercut, a 100 nm Cr film thickness, and a 180 degree(s) phase shift. The exposure latitude at a depth of focus (DOF) of 0.3 micrometers , simulated using the optimized mask, was 5.3% for the 70/70 nm pattern, 3.6% for 70/140 nm 16.0% for 70/210 nm, and 29.3% for 70/350 nm. As the pitch widened, the exposure latitude increased for the 70 nm line patterns. Using the optimized dual-trench mask for 157 nm lithography, it will be able to keep the EL more than 3% at DOF of 0.3 micrometers for a 70 nm line pattern.
Low‐Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Deposition by Very High Frequency Sputtering Using Ar and  H 2 (1997)

Polycrystalline silicon thin films have been deposited on silicon oxide at 300°C by very high frequency (182.5 MHz) sputtering using an Ar and H 2 gas mixture and an arsenic-doped Si wafer target. Characteristics of films are affected by the hydrogen partial pressure, and polysilicon of lowest resistivity is obtained at 20 to 30% hydrogen partial pressure ratio. We found that as the hydrogen content of the film is reduced, resistivity decreases. This is attributed to reduction of amorphous grain boundary regions due to better crystallization. It is also found that the normalized ion flux incident on the growing surface varies with hydrogen partial pressure, an important parameter for determining the properties of as-deposited polysilicon.
A Microfluidic Platform to Study Bioclogging in Porous Media (2022)

Bacterial biofilms are found in several environmental and industrial porous media, including soils and filtration membranes. Biofilms grow under certain flow conditions and can clog pores, thereby redirecting the local fluid flow. The ability of biofilms to clog pores, the so-called bioclogging, can have a tremendous effect on the local permeability of the porous medium, creating a pressure buildup in the system, and impacting the mass flow through it. To understand the interplay between biofilm growth and fluid flow under different physical conditions (e.g., at different flow velocities and pore sizes), in the present study, a microfluidic platform is developed to visualize biofilm development using a microscope under externally-imposed, controlled physical conditions. The biofilm-induced pressure buildup in the porous medium can be measured simultaneously using pressure sensors and, later, correlated with the surface coverage of the biofilm. The presented platform provides a baseline for a systematic approach to investigate bioclogging caused by biofilms in porous media under flow conditions and can be adapted to studying environmental isolates or multispecies biofilms.
Controlled rotation of the F1-ATPase reveals differential and continuous binding changes for ATP synthesis (2012)

F(1)-ATPase is an ATP-driven rotary molecular motor that synthesizes ATP when rotated in reverse. To elucidate the mechanism of ATP synthesis, we imaged binding and release of fluorescently labelled ADP and ATP while rotating the motor in either direction by magnets. Here we report the binding and release rates for each of the three catalytic sites for 360° of the rotary angle. We show that the rates do not significantly depend on the rotary direction, indicating ATP synthesis by direct reversal of the hydrolysis-driven rotation. ADP and ATP are discriminated in angle-dependent binding, but not in release. Phosphate blocks ATP binding at angles where ADP binding is essential for ATP synthesis. In synthesis rotation, the affinity for ADP increases by >10(4), followed by a shift to high ATP affinity, and finally the affinity for ATP decreases by >10(4). All these angular changes are gradual, implicating tight coupling between the rotor angle and site affinities.
Author Correction: Silica accelerates the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol on cobalt catalysts (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Production of Λ and KS0 in jets in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV and pp collisions at s=7 TeV (2022)

The production of Λ baryons and KS0 mesons (V0 particles) was measured in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV and pp collisions at s=7 TeV with ALICE at the LHC. The production of these strange particles is studied separately for particles associated with hard scatterings and the underlying event to shed light on the baryon-to-meson ratio enhancement observed at intermediate transverse momentum (pT) in high multiplicity pp and p–Pb collisions. Hard scatterings are selected on an event-by-event basis with jets reconstructed with the anti-kT algorithm using charged particles. The production of strange particles associated with jets pT,jetch>10 and pT,jetch>20 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions, and with jet pT,jetch>10 GeV/c in pp collisions is reported as a function of pT. Its dependence on angular distance from the jet axis, R(V0,jet), for jets with pT,jetch>10 GeV/c in p–Pb collisions is reported as well. The pT-differential production spectra of strange particles associated with jets are found to be harder compared to that in the underlying event and both differ from the inclusive measurements. In events containing a jet, the density of the V0 particles in the underlying event is found to be larger than the density in the minimum bias events. The Λ/KS0 ratio associated with jets in p–Pb collisions is consistent with the ratio in pp collisions and follows the expectation of jets fragmenting in vacuum. On the other hand, this ratio within jets is consistently lower than the one obtained in the underlying event and it does not show the characteristic enhancement of baryons at intermediate pT often referred to as “baryon anomaly” in the inclusive measurements.
The Transonics Spoken Dialogue Translator: An aid for English-Persian Doctor-Patient interviews (2004)

In this paper we describe our spoken english-persian medical dialogue translation system. We describe the data collection effort and give an overview of the component technologies, including speech recognition, translation, dialogue management, and user interface design. The individual modules and system are designed for flexibility, and to be able to leverage different amounts of available resources to maximize the ability for communication between medical care-giver and pa-
Distributed temperature sensing in solid-core fibres (1985)

A distributed temperature sensor using the Raman line of backscattered light in solid-core optical fibres is reported. A device having a resolution of 1 K over 1 km of fibre and with a spatial resolution of 7.5 m was constructed using a semiconductor source and detector.
Cover Picture: Small 8/2008 (2008)

The cover picture shows the use of gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for aptamer-based sensing. A DNA aptamer for cocaine is engineered into two pieces of random coil-like single-stranded oligonucleotides through elaborate design. These two oligonucleotides readily fold into a rigid aptamer structure in the presence of cocaine. Since gold nanoparticles possess markedly different affinities toward these two states, the ligand-induced structural variation of the aptamer can be translated into the different aggregation states of gold nanoparticles. Hence, the color of gold nanoparticles that arises from their surface plasmon resonance serves as a sensitive probe for the presence of the cocaine target. By using this strategy, micromolar cocaine can be detected within minutes. For more information, please read the Full Paper “Visual Cocaine Detection with Gold Nanoparticles and Rationally Engineered Aptamer Structures” by C. Fan et al. beginning on page 1196.
GPS Signal-in-Space Anomalies in the Last Decade: Data Mining of 400,000,000 GPS Navigation Messages (2010)

For the Global Positioning System (GPS), signal-in-space (SIS) performance is key to the positioning accuracy and the integrity. In practice, SIS anomalies occasionally happens and the consequent user range errors of tens of meters or even more have been observed. In this paper, all potential SIS anomalies in the last decade are screened out by comparing the broadcast ephemerides/clocks with the precise ones. 
Validated broadcast ephemerides/clocks are generated from more than 400,000,000 broadcast navigation messages logged by all International GNSS Service (IGS) stations during the period 6/1/2000–8/31/2010. Both IGS and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) precise ephemerides /clocks are used as truth references. In addition, the NGA satellite antenna corrections are employed to convert IGS center-of-mass data into antenna-phase-center. The validated broadcast ephemerides/clocks are used to propagate broadcast satellite orbits/clocks at 15-minute intervals that coincide with the precise ones. A potential SIS anomaly is claimed when the navigation message is healthy and in its fit interval but the consequent worst-case SIS range errors (SISRE) exceeds the SIS not-to-exceed tolerance, 4.42 times the user range accuracy (URA) upper bound (UB). 
Finally, 3275 potential SIS anomalies are screened out. Most anomalies between 2004 and 2009 are confirmed by other literature. Some mysterious anomalies during the first year after SA was turned o_ are discovered and investigated. Cumulative distribution of anomalous worst-case SISRE shows that approximately 10% anomalies result in worstcase SISRE greater than 10 times URA UB, and approx- imately 1% anomalies result in worst-case SISRE greater than 100 times URA UB. The total number of potential SIS anomalies per year demonstrates that the SIS performance was improving in the last decade.
Modelling DNA Repair Pathways: Recent Advances and Future Directions (2016)

We hope that this short, yet comprehensive review can help in discovering novel strategies to overcome the resistance effects inherent in various cancer treatments.
Physical Gelation of Nematic Liquid Crystals with Amino Acid Derivatives Leading to the Formation of Soft Solids Responsive to Electric Field. (2000)

4′-heptyloxybiphenyl (7OCB), have been physically gelled due to the formation of hydrogen-bonded networks comprised of amino acid derivatives. The mixtures of nematic liquid crystals and amino acid derivatives exhibit thermoreversible three states, isotropic, isotropic gel, and nematic liquid-crystalline gel, through the phase change of each of components. The gel states are induced by the formation of microphase-separated structures and transition properties of liquid-crystalline solvents in the network structures are maintained. The anisotropic gels of 5CHB can respond to electric fields in polyimide-coated liquid crystal cells. The existence of a small amount of gelling agents has great effects on the electro-optic properties. Acceleration of response behavior of the nematic liquid crystal has been achieved by such physical gelation.
A Patch Antenna Array With a Rotatable Polarization Plane for Ku-Band Phased Arrays (2021)

A Ku-band linear array that can change the main- beam direction and the polarization plane electronically is presented. The radiating elements are dual circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas, and the main-beam direction and the polarization angle of the resultant linearly polarized (LP) wave are controlled by changing only the excitation phases. Experimental results of the beam steering and polarization plane control are presented.
Fever and Prostatic Mass in a Young Man (1978)

Co- and terpolyesters based on 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucitol (isosorbide), 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-l-iditol (isoidide) and succinic acid were evaluated for their applicability in solvent-cast and powder coatings. These biobased polyesters have functionalities and Tg values in the appropriate range for such applications and were cross-linked using conventional curing agents. Introduction of poly-functional monomers such as glycerol and citric acid led to coatings with enhanced performance with respect to mechanical and chemical resistance, compared to formulations based on linear polymers. The curing behavior of these systems was investigated with DSC and rheological experiments. Formulations containing citric acid-modified polyester resins showed rapid curing, probably facilitated by anhydride formation at the chain ends. Hydroxy- as well as carboxylic acid-functional 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitol-based polyesters proved to be suitable materials for coating applications with respect to solvent resistance, impact resistance and hardness, with performance comparable to commercially available systems. Accelerated weathering experiments showed that functional groups such as hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acids, anhydrides and peroxides are formed during UV-exposure. The weathered coatings have reduced impact stability. On the other hand, the appearance of the coatings does not change significantly. Isosorbide-based coating systems appear to have similar weathering resistance as conventional terephthalic acid-based poly(ester urethane) coatings. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Synthesis, Equilibration, and Coupling of 4-Lithio-1,3-dioxanes:  Synthons for syn- and anti-1,3-Diols (1999)

Configurationally defined alpha-alkoxylithium reagents were prepared by reductive lithiation of 4-(phenylthio)-1,3-dioxanes. A new and more general synthesis of 4-(phenylthio)-1,3-dioxanes has been developed on the basis of the reduction and in situ acetylation of 1,3-dioxan-4-ones. For each of the substitution patterns examined (23a-d), reductive lithiation gave the axial alkyllithium (24a-d) with 99:1 stereoselectivity. Equilibrations of these alkyllithium reagents were possible with unhindered substrates to give the equatorial alkyllithiums 26a and 26b with excellent stereoselectivities. The more hindered axial alkyllithium reagents (24c, 24d) did not equilibrate efficiently. The equilibrium between alkyllithium reagents 24c and 26c strongly favors the equatorial isomer 26c. The inefficient equilibration with this hindered substrate is attributed to a slow rate of equilibration rather than insufficient driving force. These alkyllithium reagents could be coupled with a variety of electrophiles with retention of configuration by direct addition, copper-mediated coupling, or transmetalation to the corresponding alkylzinc reagent followed by copper-mediated coupling.
Practical considerations for designing IPT system for EV battery charging (2009)

The paper proposes a hands-free inductive power transfer system for charging the batteries of an electrical vehicle. A typical system comprises a power supply, a transfer pad on the ground, a receiving pad on the vehicle together and a power regulator. This paper describes the design of the power regulator which must ensure continuous power flow at high efficiency despite wide separation between the charging pads as a result of variation in the vehicle to ground heights. The paper also discusses the need to meet new and stringent electromagnetic field exposure regulations. Measurements show good efficiency across various separations and emissions compliance providing the pad is placed underneath the vehicle.