gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Axial sub-nanometer accuracy in digital holographic microscopy (2008)

We present state-of-the-art dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy (DHM) measurement on a calibrated 8.9 nm high chromium thin step sample and demonstrate sub-nanometer axial accuracy. By using a modified DHM reference calibrated hologram (RCH) reconstruction method, a temporal averaging procedure and a specific dual-wavelength DHM arrangement, it is shown that specimen topography can be measured with an accuracy, defined as the axial standard deviation, reduced to at least 0.9 nm. Indeed for the first time to the best of our knowledge, it is reported that averaging each of the two wavefronts recorded with real-time dual-wavelength DHM can provide up to 30% spatial noise reduction for the given configuration. Moreover, the presented experimental configuration achieves a temporal stability below 0.8 nm, thus paving the way to Angström range for dual-wavelength DHM.
S2281 CMV Colitis Mimicking as IBD Flare-Up in Immunocompetent Patient (2020)

INTRODUCTION: Although almost 70 % of human beings are likely to be infected with CMV, the majority, being immunocompetent, are unlikely to manifest. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis rarely occurs in immunocompetent patients. Usually, CMV colitis occurs in immunocompromised individuals but there have been reports in immunocompetent individuals as well. Here, we present a case of a 64 year old female initially presenting as IBD flare-up but later getting diagnosed with CMV colitis. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 64-year-old woman, with a past medical history of HTN, type II diabetes, and GERD, IBD - Crohn's type on mesalamine, with recently done EGD and colonoscopy, presented to the hospital for abdominal pain and bloody stools for one month. When she came to the hospital, her WBCs were elevated, and she also had elevated lactate, ferritin but the rest of her labs were unremarkable. Subsequently, a CAT scan of Abdomen and Pelvis showed non-specific colitis. Gastroenterology service recommended starting the patient on Solu-Medrol for a possible Crohn’s Disease Flare Up. Other stool studies were negative. Over the course of her hospitalization, the patient underwent colonoscopy which showed severe inflammation and was also started on Infliximab due to unresponsiveness to treatment. Strongyloides serologies were checked and came back negative as well. The pathology results from colonoscopy came back and the findings were consistent with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis. CMV IgG Ab checked came back positive and viral load came back at 7400 U/L. It was decided to treat the patient with Ganciclovir. The patient reported improvement and was able to tolerate her diet. She was subsequently discharged on valganciclovir. On subsequent follow up reported the resolution of her signs and symptoms. DISCUSSION: CMV colitis occurs in immunocompromised individuals but there have been reports in immunocompetent individuals as well. The mechanism is unclear but it has been hypothesized that CMV superinfects already inflamed mucosa. It is also stated that MHC proteins are upregulated leading to an autoimmune response. The treatment of choice for CMV colitis remains ganciclovir. The association between cytomegalovirus infection and inflammatory bowel disease challenges both the clinicians and the pathologists to establish the correct diagnosis and to prescribe the most appropriate form of therapy, therefore a high suspicion should be there for CMV colitis in Immunocompetent IBD patients as well who are not responding to treatment.Figure 1.: CT Scan of Abdomen and Pelvis showing prominent diffuse colonic wall thickening.
White Matter Injury: Cellular-Level Myelin Damage Quantication in Live Animals (2016)

Crushed Sciatic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 20.4.3 Myelin Histomorphometry Reveals Remyelination of In VivoCrushed Sciatic Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45020.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45120.6 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45320.1 Introduction Peripheral nerve pathology, whether through direct injury (trauma) or chronic disease (carpal tunnel compressive neuropathy), results in a disability that has widespread repercussions for both personal and occupational rehabilitation. While complete division of a nerve can be directly observed and managed appropriately with standard microsurgery, the spectrum of injury related to crushed nerves or chronic neuropathies cannot be accurately assessed. e ability to observe the microarchitecture of the nerve, in particular its level of myelination, is limited at present to destructive histological techniques that are not appropriate in a clinical setting and therefore currently there is no method that can help a clinician assess nerve health in vivo following injury. Electrical studies, although a useful diagnostic technique, cannot in the early phase of injury distinguish between nerves with minor or severe internal disruption. Furthermore, only aer recovery has occurred over a period of several months can such a determination be made empirically. is “wait and see” approach prolongs the period of muscle denervation distally, lengthens the time to ultimate recovery if surgical reconstruction is required, and ultimately hastens the time aer which meaningful reconstruction, particularly of motor neuron lesions, is no longer possible. A technique that would provide information to allow for grading of the nerve injury would be a valuable clinical tool in terms of both a diagnostic and prognostic indication of functional recovery.
The Development of Visual Accommodation during Early Infancy (1980)

4 experiments were conducted concerning the development of visual accommodation in 1- to 3-month-old infants. In experiments 1 and 2 dynamic retinoscopy was used to measure accomodation responses at 3 stimulus distances. The results of experiment 1 revealed better accommodative capability from 1 to 3 months than reported originally. The procedure of experiment 2 was somewhat different but the results confirmed those of experiment 1. In experiment 3, accommodative responses at 7 stimulus distances were carefully measured in a small number of infants. These data provided estimates of the shape of infants' accommodation functions. In experiment 4, we used infrared photography to measure infants' pupil diameters while they viewed the stimuli of experiments 1 and 2. 2 simple hypotheses of the developmental mechanisms which underlie early accommodative development were considered. First, development of the motor component of the accommodative system might determine accommodative development. Second, development of the sensory component of the accommodative system might determine the observed development. The first hypothesis was tentatively rejected because it is inconsistent with some clinical findings. Evaluation of the second hypothesis involved calculating infants' depth of focus. We used those depth-of-focus values to predict how well infants of different ages should accommodate if their only limitation were in the sensory component of the accommodative system. The agreement between those predictions and observed accommodation was excellent, suggesting that changes in depth of focus in the first 3 months are largely responsible for growth in accommodation. The theoretical implications of this finding are discussed.
Phase-referenced probe interferometer for biological surface profiling and displacement measurements (2007)

We present a probe-based, phase-referenced low coherence interferometer in which the reference field is provided by a fiber end reflection. A gradient-index microlens focuses light onto a sample and collects reflected light. We use the probe interferometer to measure surface profiles of the compound eye of a housefly (Musca domestica) and measure nanometer-scale vibrations in a test sample.
Heat Resistant and Low-Loss Fluorinated Polymer Optical Waveguides at 1310/1550 nm for Optical Interconnects (2011)

Multi-mode polymer optical waveguides using heat resistant and low-loss fluorinated polymers were demonstrated. We fabricated 125-cm-long optical waveguides and estimated the propagation loss at 1310/1550 nm. The reliability and the thermal stability were also evaluated.
Phytate levels and bone parameters A retrospective pilot clinical trial (2010)

This study evaluated the relationship between phytate urinary levels and bone characteristics in a large population of postmenopausal women. The study population consisted of 180 postmenopausal women who participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. A urine sample was collected from each subject to determine phytate levels and the volunteers were divided into two groups according to phytate urinary concentration (i.e., low and high levels). Bone mineral density was determined in the lumbar spine and femoral neck of groups with low and high phytate urinary levels. Urinary levels of phytate were linked to dietary phytate consumption. Hence, bone mineral density values were significantly higher in the lumbar spines and femoral necks of women who consumed high levels of phytate than in women with low urinary phytate concentrations. Higher urinary levels of phytate correlated with higher bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral necks of postmenopausal women. This finding demonstrates the potential use of phytate in the treatment of bone related diseases, as it uses a mechanism of action similar to some bisphosphonates.
Risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: a population based nested case control study. (2002)

Corticosteroid use and pregnancy, both of which modulate the immune response, may influence the development of PsA in patients with PS.
ATF4 leads to glaucoma by promoting protein synthesis and ER client protein load (2020)

The underlying pathological mechanisms of glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) damage and elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) are poorly understood. Here, we report that the chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway is activated in TM of human and mouse glaucoma. Expression of ATF4 in TM promotes aberrant protein synthesis and ER client protein load, leading to TM dysfunction and cell death. These events lead to IOP elevation and glaucomatous neurodegeneration. ATF4 interacts with CHOP and this interaction is essential for IOP elevation. Notably, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway prevents TM cell death and rescues mouse models of glaucoma by reducing protein synthesis and ER client protein load in TM cells. Importantly, glaucomatous TM cells exhibit significantly increased protein synthesis along with induction of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway. These studies indicate a pathological role of ATF4-CHOP-GADD34 pathway in glaucoma and provide a possible treatment for glaucoma by targeting this pathway.
Evolutionary History of Chimpanzees Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes (2010)

Investigations into the evolutionary history of the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, have produced inconsistent results due to differences in the types of molecular data considered, the model assumptions employed, and the quantity and geographical range of samples used. We amplified and sequenced 24 complete P. troglodytes mitochondrial genomes from fecal samples collected at multiple study sites throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Using a "relaxed molecular clock," fossil calibrations, and 12 additional complete primate mitochondrial genomes, we analyzed the pattern and timing of primate diversification in a Bayesian framework. Our results support the recognition of four chimpanzee subspecies. Within P. troglodytes, we report a mean (95% highest posterior density [HPD]) time since most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of 1.026 (0.811-1.263) Ma for the four proposed subspecies, with two major lineages. One of these lineages (tMRCA = 0.510 [0.387-0.650] Ma) contains P. t. verus (tMRCA = 0.155 [0.101-0.213] Ma) and P. t. ellioti (formerly P. t. vellerosus; tMRCA = 0.157 [0.102-0.215] Ma), both of which are monophyletic. The other major lineage contains P. t. schweinfurthii (tMRCA = 0.111 [0.077-0.146] Ma), a monophyletic clade nested within the P. t. troglodytes lineage (tMRCA = 0.380 [0.296-0.476] Ma). We utilized two analysis techniques that may be of widespread interest. First, we implemented a Yule speciation prior across the entire primate tree with separate coalescent priors on each of the chimpanzee subspecies. The validity of this approach was confirmed by estimates based on more traditional techniques. We also suggest that accurate tMRCA estimates from large computationally difficult sequence alignments may be obtained by implementing our novel method of bootstrapping smaller randomly subsampled alignments.
Clinical Investigation of Knee-Joint Sounds in Patients With Patellofemoral Syndrome (2002)

Patellofemoral syndrome is a common disorder of the knee-joint that is known to present difficulty in clinical assessment, diagnosis and treatment. Currently, clinicians use various conservative and non-conservative methods for treating the disorder, but there are no tools for providing good, quantitative measures of their effectiveness. The goal of this research is to look at the use of knee-joint sound as a clinical tool for progress assessment in rehabilitation of patellofemoral syndrome. There is a significant amount of literature on the use of acoustics in joint research, including the knee-joint. In the literature on knee-joint sound analysis, many researchers have attempted to use sound as a diagnostic tool. It is often problematic to try and identify a single, acoustic ‘signature’ that is characteristic of a specific disorder. In this research, relative changes in joint sounds will be used in analysis rather than absolute measurement. Changes of the knee-joint sounds throughout different treatment modalities will be compared to the patient base line in order to provide an indicator of treatment progress.
Heck Vinylation of Aryl Iodides by a Silica Sol−Gel Entrapped Pd(II) Catalyst and Its Combination with a Photocyclization Process (2004)

[reaction: see text] Silica sol-gel encaged PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(2) is a recyclable catalyst for the Heck vinylation of aryl iodides. It is possible to couple the Heck reaction with photocyclization in a one-pot process.
7.3: Auto‐Stereoscopic Swing 3D Display (2005)

Abstract We have developed auto‐stereoscopic swing 3D display for the first time in the world. It makes us to feel stereoscopically the images of portrait and landscape mode simultaneously by rotating the display. We have designed a black and white liquid crystal display as parallax barrier so that it is convertible electrically between 2D and 3D mode. We have used 2.2″ QVGA AM TFT LCD as 2D imager for mobile application. To improve 3D image quality we have designed and developed the various patterns of liquid crystal barrier and to improve 3D brightness we have designed and developed the new backlight schemes of LCD module.
The Lymph Node B Cell Immune Response: Dynamic AnalysisIn-Silico (2008)

Lymph nodes are organs in which lymphocytes respond to antigens to generate, among other cell types, plasma cells that secrete specific antibodies and memory lymphocytes for enhanced future responses to the antigen. To achieve these ends, the lymph node (LN) has to orchestrate the meeting and interactions between the antigen and various cell types including the rare clones of B cells and T cells bearing receptors for the antigen. The process is dynamic in essence and involves chemotaxis of responding cells through various anatomical compartments of the LN and selective cell differentiation, proliferation and programmed death. Understanding the LN requires a dynamic integration of the mass of data generated by extensive experimentation. Here, we present a fully executable, bottom-up computerized model of the LN using the visual language of Statecharts and the technology of reactive animation (RA) to create a dynamic front-end. We studied the effects of amount of antigen and LN size on the emergent properties of lymphocyte dynamics, differentiation and anatomic localization. The dynamic organization of the LN visualized by RA sheds new light on how the immune system transforms antigen stimulation into a highly sensitive, yet buffered response.
Bone Tissue Strain and Lattice Strain of HAp Crystals Under Tensile Loading (2004)

Bone tissue is a composite material composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and collagen. Because HAp in bone tissue is a crystal structure, the X-ray diffraction method is available to measure the lattice strain of HAp. A relationship between macroscopic bone tissue strain and lattice strain of HAp in a bone specimen was investigated using X-ray strain measurement under tensile loading. The strip specimens were cut from cortical bone in a shaft of bovine femur. As a result, lattice strains of HAp showed lower value than the bone tissue strain. The strain ratio of the HAp crystals to the bone tissue was formulated with an elastic modulus and volume fraction of HAp in the bone tissue.
Challenges and key lessons from the design and implementation of an international haemophilia registry supported by a pharmaceutical company (2020)

Researchers planning studies similar to ECHO may want to consider the barriers identified in this global registry of PWH and suggestions to mitigate these limitations, such as greater patient involvement in design and analysis, clearer assessment and understanding of local infrastructure and potential changes to the administration of the study.
Strategies for management of connection oriented data sessions employing the idle times in cellular telephony (1995)

We consider strategies for and performance of a class of connection-oriented data session services that might be supported using only the idle times between telephone calls on the channels of a cellular radio system. Two types of service are envisaged: a short transaction service and a suspendable data session service. We give expressions for the mean active and inactive times for data sessions and show how session assignment and displacement strategies can shape the distributions of session active and inactive times. We find useful amounts of capacity in the background of telephony systems even at high load, but in its raw form the opportunities for data transmission, and the data session suspension times implied, are rather large-grained for interactive data sessions. However, enforced time-sharing can improve these statistics for interactive data uses. With prioritized session assignment, a number of logical data sessions can be supported providing a range of service characteristics onto which interactive users, mobile fax, paging, navigation, and fleet tracking applications can be mapped in decreasing order of required session availability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐4′‐DEMETHYL‐4‐EPIPODOPHYLLOTOXIN BY INSERTION‐CYCLIZATION (1981)

Abstract Piperonal (I) liefert über die Zwischenstufe (II) das Phyllotoxin (III).
Partial Oxidation of Methane on Ni−MgO Catalysts Supported on Metal Foams (2005)

The catalytic partial oxidation of methane on Ni−MgO solid solutions supported on metal foams has been studied at temperatures from 600 to 800 °C, 1 atm, 3000−19 000 mL/g−h, CH4/O2 = 2/1. The catalysts were prepared in two ways: (a) oxidized foams were dipped directly into a citrate/ethylene glycol solution containing nitrate precursors and (b) oxidized foams were primed with a bohemite primer and washcoated with Ni−MgO powders, derived from the above solution, in an acidic solution. Results show that the foam-supported catalysts reach near-equilibrium conversions of methane and H2/CO selectivities at the indicated space velocities. Rates of carbon deposition differ greatly among the catalysts, varying from 0.24 mg C/g cat h for the dipped foams to 7.0 mg C/g cat h for the powder-coated foams. Both of these rates are much lower than for the calcined, unsupported powder (57 mg C/g cat h). The results suggest that exposed Cr on all of the foam samples interact with the Ni−MgO catalyst to kinetically limit carbon formation.
Interfacial microstructures and impact properties for Nb/MOSi2 laminate composites (1997)

The purpose of present work is to investigate effects of fabricating temperature and ZrO2, SiC and NbSi2 addition on interfacial reaction layer and impact properties for Nb/MoSi2 laminate composites. Four types of laminate composites alternating four layers of Nb foil with each MoSi2, mixture layer containing ZrO2. SiC and NbSi2 particles were fabricated by hot pressing. The volume fraction of Nb foil involved in these system was nominally 10 vol%. It has been found that the impact value of Nb/MoSi2 laminate composites decreased at a fabricating temperature higher than 1523 K, since the thickness of reaction layer between Nb and MoSi2 increased along with fabricating temperature. However, the addition ofZrO2 particles to Nb/MoSi2 laminate composites fabricated at 1623 K resulted in a change of the interfacial microstructure as well as a reduction of the reaction layer. Nb/MoSi2-ZrO2 laminate composites maintained the same density as that of Nb/MoSi2 laminate composites fabricated at 1773 K and showed a higher impact value than that of Nb/MoSi2 laminate composites at 1523 K.
Low threshold current AlGaAs/GaAs distributed feedback laser grown by two-step molecular beam epitaxy (1985)

AlGaAs/GaAs distributed feedback lasers with oxide-stripe structure were fabricated by two-step molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth for the first time. The large coupling coefficient of 90 cm−1 was obtained by controlling precisely the thickness of each layer. As a result, the threshold current of 165 mA, which is the lowest ever reported, was obtained at room temperature. The characteristic temperature T0 was as high as 210 K. Single longitudinal mode oscillation over the temperature range of 50 K was observed without mode hopping. Due to the uniformity of the thickness and composition of the layers grown by MBE, uniform oscillation wavelengths were observed.
A 1:2 crystalline complex of ApA:proflavine: a model for binding to single-stranded reigons in RNA (1978)

The structure of a 1"2 complex of adenylyl-(3',5')-adenosine phosphate and proflavine hemisulfate has been determined using the methods of x-ray crystallography. Since the ApA does not form a mini double helix, it may serve as a model for the interaction of planar molecules with single stranded nucleic acids. The dinucleotide adopts an extended conformation with the adenines in adjacent molecules forming base pairs. A most unusual feature of the molecule is that it does not obey the "rigid nucleotide" concept although none of the torsion angles occur in energetically unfavourable regions. This is most probably due to the strong interactions between the proflavine and the oligonucleotide.