gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Obesity Contributes to Ovarian Cancer Metastatic Success through Increased Lipogenesis, Enhanced Vascularity, and Decreased Infiltration of M1 Macrophages (2015)

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy, with high mortality attributable to widespread intraperitoneal metastases. Recent meta-analyses report an association between obesity, ovarian cancer incidence, and ovarian cancer survival, but the effect of obesity on metastasis has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to use an integrative approach combining in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies to test the hypothesis that obesity contributes to ovarian cancer metastatic success. Initial in vitro studies using three-dimensional mesomimetic cultures showed enhanced cell-cell adhesion to the lipid-loaded mesothelium. Furthermore, in an ex vivo colonization assay, ovarian cancer cells exhibited increased adhesion to mesothelial explants excised from mice modeling diet-induced obesity (DIO), in which they were fed a "Western" diet. Examination of mesothelial ultrastructure revealed a substantial increase in the density of microvilli in DIO mice. Moreover, enhanced intraperitoneal tumor burden was observed in overweight or obese animals in three distinct in vivo models. Further histologic analyses suggested that alterations in lipid regulatory factors, enhanced vascularity, and decreased M1/M2 macrophage ratios may account for the enhanced tumorigenicity. Together, these findings show that obesity potently affects ovarian cancer metastatic success, which likely contributes to the negative correlation between obesity and ovarian cancer survival.
TheMycobacterium tuberculosisSigma Factor σBIs Required for Full Response to Cell Envelope Stress and Hypoxia In Vitro, but It Is Dispensable for In Vivo Growth (2009)

The numerous sigma (sigma) factors present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are indicative of the adaptability of this pathogen to different environmental conditions. In this report, we describe the M. tuberculosis sigma(B) regulon and the phenotypes of an M. tuberculosis sigB mutant strain exposed to cell envelope stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia. The sigB mutant was especially defective in survival under hypoxic conditions in vitro, but it was not attenuated for growth in THP-1 cells or during mouse and guinea pig infection.
X-Ray Computed Tomography of Full-Scale Castings (1991)

Computed Tomography (CT) has been investigated for its potential to evaluate full-scale castings. Currently, casting manufacturers suffer from a number of shortfalls in inspection which affect the use of castings in the aircraft/aerospace industry. An earlier task assignment indicated that CT has superior sensitivity to casting defects in small test coupons than conventional film radiography. But, as casting size and geometric complexity is increased, the CT sensitivity and measurement accuracy are reduced. In this task, CT testing was conducted to quantify the detection sensitivity and measurement accuracies possible on full-scale castings and to establish the CT system performance factors necessary for defect detection. The identification of cost- effective applications for CT in the casting industry was also sought. This effort has identified four areas in which CT can be cost-effectively utilized in casting manufacturing. These areas are new product development, early screening, manufacturing of complex geometries and critical region inspection. A CT system may be cost effective if the foundry has: (1) a large production rate (&gt; $100M/ year), (2) a high percentage of parts requiring internal dimensional measurements, (3) a large percentage of complex aerospace castings, or (4) material review board (MRD) authority for engineering buy-off of rejected castings. X-Ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Casting, Manufacturing, Defects, Voids, Design, Sensitivity, Product Development, Finite Element Analysis.
Speech intelligibility in a realistic virtual sound environment (2021)

In the present study, speech intelligibility was evaluated in realistic, controlled conditions. "Critical sound scenarios" were defined as acoustic scenes that hearing aid users considered important, difficult, and common through ecological momentary assessment. These sound scenarios were acquired in the real world using a spherical microphone array and reproduced inside a loudspeaker-based virtual sound environment (VSE) using Ambisonics. Speech reception thresholds (SRT) were measured for normal-hearing (NH) and hearing-impaired (HI) listeners, using sentences from the Danish hearing in noise test, spatially embedded in the acoustic background of an office meeting sound scenario. In addition, speech recognition scores (SRS) were obtained at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of -2.5 dB, corresponding to the median conversational SNR in the office meeting. SRTs measured in the realistic VSE-reproduced background were significantly higher for NH and HI listeners than those obtained with artificial noise presented over headphones, presumably due to an increased amount of modulation masking and a larger cognitive effort required to separate the target speech from the intelligible interferers in the realistic background. SRSs obtained at the fixed SNR in the realistic background could be used to relate the listeners' SI to the potential challenges they experience in the real world.
Design, implementation, and deployment of the iKP secure electronic payment system (2000)

This paper discusses the design, implementation, and deployment of a secure and practical payment system for electronic commerce on the Internet. The system is based on the iKP family of protocols-(i=1,2,3)-developed at IBM Research. The protocols implement credit card-based transactions between buyers and merchants while the existing financial network is used for payment clearing and authorization. The protocols are extensible and can be readily applied to other account-based payment models, such as debit cards. They are based on careful and minimal use of public-key cryptography, and can be implemented in either software or hardware. Individual protocols differ in both complexity and degree of security. In addition to being both a precursor and a direct ancestor of the well-known SET standard, iKP-based payment systems have been in continuous operation on the Internet since mid-1996. This longevity-as well as the security and relative simplicity of the underlying mechanisms-makes the iKP experience unique. For this reason, this paper also reports on, and addresses, a number of practical issues arising in the course of implementation and real-world deployment of a secure payment system.
Leakage Control in 0.4-nm EOT Ru/SrTiO<sub><italic>x</italic></sub>/Ru Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors: Process Implications (2014)

Leakage currents as low as 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at both 1 V and -1 V top electrode bias in the sub-0.4-nm equivalent SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> thickness range are demonstrated in Ru/SrTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /Ru metal- insulator-metal capacitors in which the 8.5-nm SrTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> layer is deposited by atomic layer deposition. The top electrode material and deposition technique as well as the postdeposition anneal are crucial parameters to control the leakage, not only at negative, but also at positive top electrode bias.
Mode analysis of two-dimensional photonic crystal terahertz lasers with gain/loss dispersion characteristics (2010)

Gain/loss dispersion characteristics of photonic modes in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) are demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge. The dispersion analysis is based on an improved plane-wave expansion method that includes the gain/loss factor along the propagation direction of each plane wave and treats surface-emission properties. PC lasers operating at terahertz frequency are considered for the numerical calculation. Our analysis indicates that although PC lasers with different lattice periods possess almost the same photonic band structure, their gain/loss dispersion characteristics are significantly different. The systematic study on gain/loss dispersion characteristics reveals the optimum PC structure to obtain high-performance surface-emitting lasers.
Complete donor chimerism is a prerequisite for the effect of Predicted Indirectly ReCognizable HLA Epitopes (PIRCHE) on acute graft-versus-host disease (2014)

Predicted indirectly recognizable HLA epitopes (PIRCHE) computationally predict donor T-cell recognition of mismatched-HLA derived peptides following allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), as is evidenced by the correlation between presence of HLA-DPB1-derived PIRCHE and the occurrence of graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Complete donor T-cell chimerism associates with an increased GVHD risk compared to mixed patient and donor chimerism. If the correlation between the presence of PIRCHE and GVHD occurrence is indeed mediated by donor T cells, the presence of donor T cells should be required to observe such a correlation. This study was initiated to investigate whether the effect of PIRCHE is different in patients with complete chimerism compared to those with mixed chimerism. Indeed, the correlation between PIRCHE and GVHD is present in patients with complete chimerism, whereas it is absent in those with mixed chimerism. The data presented here suggest that chimerism status is important for the detection of potential GVHD epitopes.
Communication. A simple laser-induced fluorescence detector for sulforhodamine 101 in a capillary electrophoresis system: detection limits of 10 yoctomoles or six molecules (1994)

High sensitivity fluorescence detection was generated for capillary electrophoresis based on a post-column sheath-flow cuvette. An inexpensive 8 mW He–Ne laser operating at 594 nm was used for excitation of Sulforhodamine 101. This dye, which is commonly used for both protein labelling and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis, has molar absorptivity that is matched to the laser wavelength. Collection efficiency was doubled compared with previous work by using two microscope objectives, one located on each side of the illuminated sample stream. A series of injections of Sulforhodamine 101 was performed; the average detection limit (3σ) was 6 ± 1 molecule of dye injected onto the capillary. These injections ranged from 250 to 17 molecules of dye. Both the detection limits and the amount of injection are the lowest ever reported in capillary electrophoresis. The mass sensitivity of this detector is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the best on-column capillary electrophoresis fluorescent detector.
Neural Structures within Human Meniscofemoral Ligaments: A Cadaveric Study (2014)

Aim. To investigate the existence of neural structures within the meniscofemoral ligaments (MFLs) of the human knee. Methods. The MFLs from 8 human cadaveric knees were harvested. 5 μm sections were H&E-stained and examined under light microscopy. The harvested ligaments were then stained using an S100 monoclonal antibody utilising the ABC technique to detect neural components. Further examination was performed on 60-80 nm sections under electron microscopy. Results. Of the 8 knees, 6 were suitable for examination. From these both MFLs existed in 3, only anterior MFLs were present in 2, and an isolated posterior MFL existed in 1. Out of the 9 MFLs, 4 demonstrated neural structures on light and electron microscopy and this was confirmed with S100 staining. The ultrastructure of these neural components was morphologically similar to mechanoreceptors. Conclusion. Neural structures are present in MFLs near to their meniscal attachments. It is likely that the meniscofemoral ligaments contribute not only as passive secondary restraints to posterior draw but more importantly to proprioception and may therefore play an active role in providing a neurosensory feedback loop. This may be particularly important when the primary restraint has reduced function as in the posterior cruciate ligament-deficient human knee.
On the estimation of state matrix and noise statistics in state-space models (2003)

State-space models have been extensively used in various applications. When the linearity of the system and the Gaussianity of the noise are assumed, this type of models lead to the implementation of Kalman filter in order to estimate the state. The optimality of the Kalman filter is based on the fact that all the quantities describing the model are known except for the state which has to be estimated. In this paper we investigate the estimation of several important quantities involved in Kalman filter recursions. The proposed techniques are investigated in both toy and communications-type of scenarios.
Downhole Determination Of Gor On Single-Phase Fluids By Optical Spectroscopy (2001)

Obtaining accurate oil samples from downhole formations is extremely important to assess reservoir value and to design production facilities properly. Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) of a crude oil is a critical parameter for optimal resource exploitation, and must be ascertained for the various hydrocarbon formations. In this paper, we describe a newly developed tool that can measure GOR do wnhole on a single-phase fluid using optical spectroscopy. The wireline LFA Tool (Live Fluid Analyzer Tool) can assist in directing the sampling program on a real-time basis, aid in quantitative OBM filtrate contamination analysis, validate surface and lab PVT analyses, detect gas and provide a real-time assessment of a critical reservoir parameter. Several log examples are presented and comparisons are made between downhole and laboratory measurements of GOR and OBM filtrate contamination. In addition, comparisons of downhole and laboratory optical spectroscopy measurements prove the GOR concept. Complexities of reservoir fluid GOR's apparent in initial logs indicate the utility of the LFA Tool.
Design of a Laser CVD Rapid Prototyping System (2008)

A laser-jet chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) rapid prototyping system was designed, which is capable of fabricating net shape complex metal, ceramic, and metal/ceramic composite parts. Novel design features include three modes of operation, a reagent gas jet delivery system, bimodal heating, a flexible interface between dual chambers, and on-line deposit dimensional control. This design enables direct fabrication of fiber-reinforced composites, functionally graded materials, and nanolaminates.
Organic Materials for Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (2012)

Recently, great progress has been made in the device performance of deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) by developing high triplet energy charge-transport materials, high triplet energy host and deep blue emitting phosphorescent dopant materials. A high quantum efficiency of over 25% and a high power efficiency of over 15 lm/W have already been achieved at 1000 cd m(-2) in the deep blue PHOLEDs with a y color coordinate less than 0.20. In this work, recent developments in organic materials for high efficiency deep blue PHOLEDs are reviewed and a future strategy for the development of high efficiency deep blue PHOLEDs is proposed.
A 22 nm 15-Core Enterprise Xeon® Processor Family (2014)

This paper describes a 4.3B transistors, 15-cores, 30-threads enterprise Xeon® processor with a 37.5 MB shared L3 cache implemented in a 22 nm 9M Hi-K metal gate tri-gate process. A modular floorplan methodology enables easy chops to 10 and 6 cores. Multiple clock and voltage domains are used to reduce power consumption. The clock distribution uses a single PLL per column to save power and minimize deskew crossing points. Integrated PCIe Gen3 and Quick Path Interconnect® (QPI) ports operate at 8GT/s. The 4-channel memory interface supports both 1866 MT/s DDR3 and a new memory buffer interface running at 2667 MT/s on the same pins. The core, cache and I/O recovery techniques improve manufacturing yields and enable multiple product flavors from the same silicon die.
Synthesis of DOV21947 (2006)

DOV21947 is in clinical trials for the treatment of pain. It is a potent inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake transporters and it is an N-methyl-d-aspartate agonist. The Merck paper describes a careful optimization study of two key steps: (a) the selective alkylation of (S)-(+)-epi­chlorohydrin at C3 leading to A and (b) the selective cyclization of the metallated ketimine via rotamer D.
Spiritual Issues of Family Members in a Pancreatic Cancer Chat Room (2006)

Nurse developers of cancer information Web sites should periodically assess how the sites are being used and apply the information to the refinement of the sites to better meet user needs. Further study is needed to develop and evaluate cancer Web sites as an evolving medium for providing spiritual support to family members of patients with life-threatening forms of cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Class of Pyrimidine Nucleosides: Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and C Viruses. (2013)

Abstract Novel dideoxy pyrimidine nucleosides possessing a 4′‐carboxyl function are synthesized and recognized to be inhibitors of HBV and / or HCV replication.
Diazo chemistry controlling the selectivity of olefin ketonisation by nitrous oxide (2007)

The thermal reaction of olefins with nitrous oxide was recently put forward as a promising synthetic ketone source. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N(2)O to the C=C double bond, forming a 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,3]oxadiazole intermediate, was predicted to be the first elementary reaction step. This oxadiazole can subsequently decompose to the desired carbonyl product and N(2)via a hydrogen shift. In this contribution, Potential Energy Surfaces are constructed at the reliable G2M level of theory and used to evaluate thermal rate constants by Transition State Theory. Compelling theoretical and experimental evidence is presented that an oxadiazole intermediate not only can undergo a hydrogen shift, but eventually also a methyl- or even an alkyl-shift. Special emphasis is also given on a hitherto neglected decomposition of the oxadiazole via a concerted C-C and N-O cleavage. For some substrates, such as internal olefins, this diazo route is negligibly slow, compared to the ketone path, leaving no marks on the selectivity. For cyclopentene the diazo cleavage was however found to be nearly as fast as the desired ketone route. However, the diazo compound, viz. 5-diazopentanal, reconstitutes the oxadiazole much faster upon ring-closure than it is converted to side-products. Therefore, a pre-equilibrium between the diazoalkanal and the oxadiazole is established, explaining the high ketone yield. On the other hand, for primary alkenes, such a concerted C-C and N-O cleavage to diazomethane is identified as an important side reaction, producing aldehydes with the loss of one C-atom. For these substrates, the bimolecular back-reaction of the C(n-1) aldehyde and diazomethane is too slow to sustain an equilibrium with the oxadiazole; diazomethane rather reacts with the substrate to form cyclopropane derivatives. The overall selectivity is thus determined by a combination of H-, methyl- or alkyl-shift, and the eventual impact of a diazo cleavage in the oxadiazole intermediate.
Emergency Call Delivery Standards Impair Cellular Positioning Accuracy (2010)

Cellular location based services need to use a variety of positioning methods in order to fulfill regulatory requirements in terms of availability, response time and accuracy. Each positioning method generates results in its own format. In the wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) standard, 7 geographical formats are therefore available for reporting from the radio network (RAN) to the core network (CN). Unfortunately, the standards used in the US for emergency call delivery support only the ellipsoid point with uncertainty circle format when delivering the calculated position to the public safety answer point (PSAP). This limitation therefore requires geographical shape conversion algorithms to be applied in the cellular network. Three new such conversions are derived in the paper. The paper also shows by several examples that the shape conversions that are needed due to the reporting restriction can increase the inaccuracy by more than a factor of 30 for A-GPS positioning and by more than a factor of 200 for RTT positioning, as measured by the area of the reported format. This makes the current location reporting standards a major bottleneck for fulfilling E911 Phase 2 requirements. The obvious solution is to enhance the number of reporting formats for emergency positioning reporting to the PSAP, and to provision supporting software systems for distribution of graphical position information to field personnel.
Optimizing QoS aware ethernet spanning trees. (2015)

Ethernet is gaining in importance in both access and metro networks. As a layer 2 technology, Ethernet gives a basic framework for routing, QoS and traffic engineering (TE), as well as a protocol for building up trees. IEEE 802.1 standards define default configuration parameters considering the topology only. We propose methods for resource management in Ethernet networks through spanning tree optimization for both STP (spanning-tree protocol) (IEEE 802.1D) and MSTP (multiple spanning-tree protocol) (IEEE 802.1s). As a result of optimization, we assign costs to the bridge ports in the network to build trees based on these costs via STP and MSTP. These trees yield optimized routing, TE and support for different QoS classes. We show on typical metro-access networks that, through optimization, the total network throughput can be significantly increased for both enforcing fairness or allowing starvation of some demands. This gain can be realized by simultaneously assigning demands to trees and routing these trees.
Interpretations of Indentation Size Effects (2002)

For very shallow indentations in W, Al, Au, and Fe-3wt%Si single crystals, hardness decreased with increasing depth irrespective of increasing or decreasing strain gradients. As such, strain gradient theory appears insufficient to explain the indentation size effect (ISE) at depths less than several hundred nanometers. Present research links the ISE to a ratio between the energy of newly created surface and plastic strain energy dissipation. Also, the contact surface to plastic volume ratio was nearly constant for a range of shallow depths. Based on the above, an analytical model of hardness versus depth provides a satisfactory fit to the experimental data and correlates well with embedded atom simulations.
Type-safe runtime code generation: accelerate to LLVM (2015)

Embedded languages are often compiled at application runtime; thus, embedded compile-time errors become application runtime errors. We argue that advanced type system features, such as GADTs and type families, play a crucial role in minimising such runtime errors. Specifically, a rigorous type discipline reduces runtime errors due to bugs in both embedded language applications and the implementation of the embedded language compiler itself. In this paper, we focus on the safety guarantees achieved by type preserving compilation. We discuss the compilation pipeline of Accelerate, a high-performance array language targeting both multicore CPUs and GPUs, where we are able to preserve types from the source language down to a low-level register language in SSA form. Specifically, we demonstrate the practicability of our approach by creating a new type-safe interface to the industrial-strength LLVM compiler infrastructure, which we used to build two new Accelerate backends that show competitive runtimes on a set of benchmarks across both CPUs and GPUs.