gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SiO2 etching in an Ar/c-C4F8/O2 dual frequency capacitively coupled plasma (2016)

SiO2 etching in an Ar/c-C4F8/O2 dual frequency (13.56 and 60 MHz) capacitively coupled plasma is examined in this paper. Experiments were done in a dilute mixture of c-C4F8/O2 in Ar for a wide range of conditions (low frequency power, c-C4F8 flow rate, O2 flow rate, total flow rate, and gas pressure), and the SiO2 etch rate was measured at multiple locations on 300 mm wafers. A two-dimensional hybrid fluid-kinetic plasma model was used to understand the experimental observations. A surface coverage based etch mechanism was found to best capture the experimental results over the range of conditions considered. In this mechanism, the SiO2 surface gets partially covered by a fluorocarbon thin film, and SiO2 is etched by energetic ions in the presence of these fluorocarbons. Conditions that enhance fluorocarbon coverage such as higher c-C4F8 flow rate or lower O2 flow rate lead to higher SiO2 etch rate. Many relevant quantities such as the fluxes of ions and neutral radicals to the wafer and ion energy sensitively depend on gas pressure. However, their effects on SiO2 etching were found to partially cancel each other, and the SiO2 etch rate exhibited only weak dependence on pressure. In order to capture experimentally observed uniformity trends, electron heating needed to be treated kinetically (using a Monte Carlo model) in the plasma model. The surface coverage based etch model is also compared to a thickness based dielectric etch mechanism, which is more applicable to fluorocarbon rich plasmas.
Inhibition of BCR/ABL-T315I by Dismantling the Hydrophobic Spine. (2008)

Abstract Mutation in the ABL kinase domain is the principal mechanism of imatinib resistance (IMR) in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The second generation BCR/ABL inhibitors, Nilotinib and Dasatinib, are effective in inhibiting essentially all IMR variants, but not the gatekeeper mutant T315I. Substitution of a bulky hydrophobic residue for the gatekeeper threonine not only causes steric blockade to the inhibitor but also stabilizes the active kinase conformation through a network of hydrophobic connections dubbed the hydrophobic-spine. In this study we describe the molecular mechanisms employed by the gatekeeper mutation to stabilize the active conformation, and demonstrate that these structural components can be targeted by the small molecule inhibitor compound #14, which efficiently inhibits native and gatekeeper mutant forms of the BCR/ABL kinase. Structural modeling and mutagenesis of residues constituting the spine suggests that compound #14 inhibits the kinase by disrupting the hydrophobic spine. Screening for drug resistance in vitro selected for clones having compound mutations involving both the P-loop and gatekeeper residues. Our studies provide structural guidance for the design of inhibitors against the gatekeeper mutant, and suggest that combination therapy may be required to prevent the emergence of compound resistance mutations.
Implementation and prospects for chip-to-chip free-space optical interconnects (2002)

This paper describes the state of the art in free space optical interconnects as applied to chip-to-chip communication. We will review various technologies that integrate micro lasers and optical detectors with silicon CMOS, provide optical link characteristics obtained with these devices, and discuss the capabilities of low cost and robust optoelectronic packaging techniques to seamlessly integrate optics and electronics at the board level.
The Disruption of the β-Catenin/TCF-1/STAT3 Signaling Axis by 4-Acetylantroquinonol B Inhibits the Tumorigenesis and Cancer Stem-Cell-Like Properties of Glioblastoma Cells, In Vitro and In Vivo (2018)

Summarily, we show for the first time that 4-AAQB suppresses the tumor-promoting catenin/LEF1/Stat3 signaling, and inhibited CSCs-induced oncogenic activities in GBM in vitro, with in vivo validation; thus projecting 4-AAQB as a potent therapeutic agent for anti-GBM target therapy.
John C. Bailar, Jr. (1904-1991) (1994)

John Christian Bailar, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Illinois, 1959 ACS President, 1964 Priestley Medalist, and dean of coordination chemists in the U.S., died on Oct. 17, 1991 in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 87. Born in Golden, Colorado on May 27, 1904, John received his B.A. (magna cum laude) (1924) and M.A. (1925) degrees from the University of Colorado and his Ph.D. (1928) from the University of Michigan under Moses Gomberg. Although trained in organic chemistry, he became fascinated with inorganic isomerism, especially among coordination compounds, and he trained several generations of coordination chemists (90 doctorates, 38 postdoctoral fellows, and numerous master's and bachelor's degree candidates). He was co-founder and first Chairman (1957) of the ACS Division of Inorganic Chemistry and played crucial roles in founding the journals Inorganic Syntheses and Inorganic Chemistry. More than anyone, he was responsible for the renaissance in inorganic chemistry in the U.S. Had he lived, John undoubtedly would have played an active role in this Coordination Chemistry Centennial Symposium.
Supplementary Figure from Carbon Monoxide Activates PERK-Regulated Autophagy to Induce Immunometabolic Reprogramming and Boost Antitumor T-cell Function (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Carbon Monoxide Activates PERK-Regulated Autophagy to Induce Immunometabolic Reprogramming and Boost Antitumor T-cell Function
Pulse shortening due to filamentation in transparent medium (2006)

Spatial contraction of high-peak-power femtosecond pulse in air leads to its simultaneous shortening in time domain. Numerical simulations in the slowly evolving wave approximation show that the full width at half maximum duration of the 45 fs 800 nm pulse becomes ∼8 fs as soon as the intensity reaches the ionization threshold. At this propagation distance the compressed pulse accumulates maximum of its energy that is ∼4% of the initial pulse energy. Higher than the second orders of material dispersion decrease the maximum possible energy achieved in the compressed pulse.
Impact of lipid composition and photosensitizer hydrophobicity on the efficiency of light-triggered liposomal release (2017)

Photo-triggerable liposomes are considered nowadays as promising drug delivery devices due to their potential to release encapsulated drugs in a spatial and temporal manner. In this work, we have investigated the photopermeation efficiency of three photosensitizers (PSs), namely verteporfin, pheophorbide a and m-THPP when incorporated into liposomes with well-defined lipid compositions (SOPC, DOPC or SLPC). By changing the nature of phospholipids and PSs, the illumination of the studied systems was shown to significantly alter their lipid bilayer properties via the formation of lipid peroxides. The system efficiency depends on the PS/phospholipid association, and the ability of the PS to peroxidize acyl chains. Our results demonstrated the possible use of these three clinically approved (or under investigation) PSs as potential candidates for photo-triggerable liposome conception.
Characterization of friction and moisture of porcine lingual tissue in vitro in response to artificial saliva and mouthwash solutions (2018)

The results of this study demonstrate that a magnetic levitation device can be an effective tool for in vitro oral tribology and that artificial saliva is an effective substitute for real saliva in extended in vitro experiments. The application of mouthwash generally reduces the coefficient of friction of the tongue samples while preserving a relatively high moisture level, and some mouthwashes reduce friction significantly more than others.
Design of adaptive observer for plant under input disturbance and measurement noise (1988)

This paper discusses the adaptive observer design of an unknown plant under uncertain input disturbance and output measurement noise. The principal contribution is the design of two classes of adaptive law that render the signals of the overall system uniformly bounded and uniformly ultimately bounded. Their relative merits are also discussed.
Scattering loss in single-mode fibers by outside process (1983)

Single-mode fibers with very low attenuations in the wavelength range from 1.3 to 1.6 μm have been fabricated by various processes.1-3 The ultimate low loss In single-mode fibers Is basically limited by the Rayleigh scattering loss and the IR absorption edge. In single-mode fibers, with a significant fraction of the total power propagating in the cladding, the effective Rayleigh scattering loss depends on the power distribution and the Rayleigh scattering coefficients in both the core and cladding. Also, with the mode power distribution varying with the V parameter, a simple λ−4 relationship for scattering loss is not quite accurate.
Data Augmentation for Visual Question Answering (2017)

Data augmentation is widely used to train deep neural networks for image classification tasks. Simply flipping images can help learning by increasing the number of training images by a factor of two. However, data augmentation in natural language processing is much less studied. Here, we describe two methods for data augmentation for Visual Question Answering (VQA). The first uses existing semantic annotations to generate new questions. The second method is a generative approach using recurrent neural networks. Experiments show the proposed schemes improve performance of baseline and state-of-the-art VQA algorithms.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of two core modules of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (2006)

A new strategy for design and construction of peptide fragments that acquire defined, native-like structure is based upon two hypotheses: peptides corresponding to ‘core elements’ of a protein will favor native-like structure, and incorporation of a well-placed ‘crosslink’ will eliminate high entropy, extended conformations. Identification of core elements is based on H/D exchange rates [1]. Core elements are the secondary structural elements containing the slow exchange core, a collective term for stretches of residues that bracket the slowest exchanging backbone amide protons in a native protein.
Adrenergic Receptors and Fat Cells: Differential Recruitment by Physiological Amines and Homologous Regulation (1995)

The control of fat cell lipolysis by the catecholamines involves at least four different adrenoceptor subtypes; three beta (beta 1-, beta 2-, and beta 3-ARs) and one alpha 2-adrenoceptor (alpha 2-AR). The physiological importance of the beta- and alpha 2A-ARs varies according to the species, the sex, the age, the anatomical location of fat deposits and the degree of obesity in humans and animals. The physiological amines operate through differential recruitment of these sites on the basis of their relative affinities. This point has been assessed by in vitro studies and has partly been confirmed in in vivo experiments using selected alpha/beta-AR antagonists and in situ microdialysis. The affinity of the beta 3-AR for catecholamines is less than that of the classical beta 1- and beta 2-ARs in the various species investigated. Conversely, it is the alpha 2-AR which exhibit the highest affinity for the physiological amines in all fat cells. The relative order of affinity of the various fat cell ARs for the physiological amines defined in binding studies and in vitro assays is alpha 2 > beta 1 > or = beta 2 > beta 3 for norepinephrine and alpha 2 > beta 2 > beta 1 > beta 3 for epinephrine. When considering differential beta-AR recruitment by catecholamines, it is the beta 1-AR which is always activated at the lowest norepinephrine levels, whatever the species, while the activation of the beta 3-AR requires higher norepinephrine levels. In addition to the differential recruitment, differential regulation by hormones could also occur for each fat cell AR subtype. The alpha 2-and beta 3-ARs are less prone to desensitization and down-regulation by comparison with the beta 1- and beta 2-AR.
Keep Forwarding: Towards k-link failure resilient routing (2014)

Handling link failures is the fundamental task of routing schemes. Routing protocols based on link state (e.g., OSPF) require a global state advertisement and re-computation when link failure happens, and will cause inevitable delivery failures. To improve the routing resilience without introducing significant extra overhead, we propose a new routing approach, Keep Forwarding (KF) to achieve k-link failure resilience using inport-aware forwarding. KF is (i) flexible to handle multiple failures (or k-failure) with only small path stretch, (ii) efficient in recovery speed by instant and local lookup, (iii) bounded on memory requirement. Besides, the proposed approach is compatible with existing Internet protocols and routing infrastructures (e.g., requires no packet labeling or state recording), and the pre-computation has a linear temporal complexity. Experimental results on real ISP and datacenter networks reveal that KF guarantees near-optimal resilience (99.9%~100% for single failure and over 99.7% for multiple failures), with the average path stretch increment less than 5%.
Quenching and Recoupling of Echo Modulations in NMR Spectroscopy (2007)

Trains of spin echoes are normally modulated by homonuclear scalar couplings. It has long been known that echo modulations are quenched when the pulse-repetition rates are much larger than the offsets of the coupling partners, because the spin systems behave as if they consisted of magnetically equivalent spins when the offsets are suppressed. This type of quenching of the echo modulations can occur when the radio-frequency (RF) pulses are ideal, that is, when they are perfectly homogeneous, properly calibrated to induce rotations through an angle, pi, and have an RF amplitude, omega(1)=-gammaB(1), that is strong compared to the largest offset, Omega(S)=omega(0S)-omega(RF), with respect to the carrier frequency. Recently, it was discovered that echo modulations can also be quenched when the RF pulses are nonideal, that is, when they are too weak to bring about an ideal rotation of the magnetization of the coupling partners, so that the effective fields associated with the RF pulses are tilted in the rotating frame. This phenomenon typically occurs when the pulse-repetition rates are much slower than the offset of the coupling partner. Under such conditions, it turns out, however, that for certain offsets, when the phase, Phi(S) (which arises from a free precession of the magnetization of the coupling partner, S, in the pulse interval, 2tau, and the pulse length, tau(pi)), approaches a multiple of 2pi, the echo modulations are restored. However, the frequencies of these echo modulations are not simply determined by the homonuclear scalar coupling, J(IS). The Fourier transforms of the echo trains (the so-called "J spectra") reveal surprising multiplet patterns, and the amplitudes of the echo modulations depend on the offsets of the coupling partners. Herein, we present a unified theory, based on an average-Hamiltonian approach, to describe these effects for two-spin systems. Experimental evidence of echo modulations in a system of two spins is presented. Experiments with three and more spins, backed up by extensive numerical simulations, will be presented elsewhere.
Examining the use and non-use of mobile payment systems for merchant payments in India (2019)

Many countries across the globe are engaged in efforts to promote a cashless society. In India, there is a strong top-down push by the government and the private sector for mobile payments. In this work, we examine the benefits and pitfalls people perceive in using mobile payments for customer-merchant transactions. Through interviews with 19 customers and 15 merchants across rural, periurban, and urban India, we explore people's awareness about mobile payment systems, perceived trade-offs among different payment methods, and the security, privacy, and utility barriers in its adoption and use. Overall, we found that customers were interested in adopting mobile payments for referral rewards and sign-up incentives, but were hesitant to regularly use them, whereas merchants saw mobile payments as an unnecessary burden for their business. We discuss the nuanced views of customers and merchants, and offer recommendations to address the barriers in the use of mobile payments for customer-to-merchant transactions.
A Vivens Ex Vivo Study on the Synergistic Effect of Electrolysis and Freezing on the Cell Nucleus (2015)

Freezing-cryosurgery, and electrolysis-electrochemical therapy (EChT), are two important minimally invasive surgery tissue ablation technologies. Despite major advantages they also have some disadvantages. Cryosurgery cannot induce cell death at high subzero freezing temperatures and requires multiple freeze thaw cycles, while EChT requires high concentrations of electrolytic products-which makes it a lengthy procedure. Based on the observation that freezing increases the concentration of solutes (including products of electrolysis) in the frozen region and permeabilizes the cell membrane to these products, this study examines the hypothesis that there could be a synergistic effect between freezing and electrolysis in their use together for tissue ablation. Using an animal model we refer to as vivens ex vivo, which may be of value in reducing the use of animals for experiments, combined with a Hematoxylin stain of the nucleus, we show that there are clinically relevant protocols in which the cell nucleus appears intact when electrolysis and freezing are used separately but is affected by certain combinations of electrolysis and freezing.
Triple Emission of 5′-(para-R-Phenylene)vinylene-2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (PVHBO). Part I: Dual Emission from the Neutral Species (2022)

The effects of 5'-(<i>para</i>-R-phenylene)vinylene (PV) substituents on the emission properties of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (HBO) are analyzed using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopies in addition to quantum chemical calculations. All members in the series of <b>PVHBO</b>s are capable of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) with a solvent sensitivity that is typical of a HBO derivative to produce a normal (aka enol) emission and an excited-state tautomer (aka keto) emission. These two emission bands of the neutral dyes are discussed in the current paper. The intermolecular proton transfer, i.e., the deprotonation, of a <b>PVHBO</b> results in the third band of the triple emission, which is described in the succeeding paper. The placement of an electron-withdrawing substituent R on the <b>PVHBO</b> scaffold increases the intensity of the keto emission relative to the enol emission in hydrogen-bonding solvents. The R substituents do not significantly alter the wavelengths of the enol and keto emission bands, which are located in the blue and green regions, respectively, of the visible spectrum. The ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies and quantum chemical calculations offer explanations on how the R group and the solvent affect the enol and keto emission properties (i.e., wavelength, lifetime, fluorescence quantum yield, and relative ratio of their emissions). The key findings include the following: (1) the emission energies of both enol and keto forms are not sensitively dependent on the R substituent and (2) the solvent-engaged enol excited state is quenched more efficiently as the R substituent becomes more electron-withdrawing. A <b>PVHBO</b> acts as a fusion of HBO and stilbenoid that intersect at the hydroxyphenyl moiety. Depending on the solvent and other environmental conditions, <b>PVHBO</b>s may exhibit the ESIPT property of HBO or the substituent-dependent emission of stilbenoid. This paper and the succeeding article provide a photophysical model of <b>PVHBO</b>s to explain the wavelengths and relative abundances of the three emission bands (enol, keto, and anion) that these compounds are able to produce. Judicial selection of the environmental factors may drive the emission of a <b>PVHBO</b> into the spectral regions of blue, green, and, in a couple of cases, orange or red.
Plasmon-enhanced optical nonlinearity for femtosecond all-optical switching (2017)

Ultrafast all-optical switching in metals can be an efficient way for high-speed active photonic devices. However, with the improvement in modulation speed, typically by reducing the optical switching pulse width from picoseconds to femtoseconds, the nonlinear optical response of the metal will decrease significantly, which hinders the realization of the sufficient modulation depth at femtosecond optical control. Here, by combining two optical nonlinear enhancement effects of surface plasmon polaritons, including their extreme sensitivity to refractive index change and their capability to induce strong localized optical fields, we have achieved an ∼50-times enhancement in the modulation depth simultaneously with a switching time of ∼75-fs. Such enhancement was found to be independent of the control intensity, which sets a basis for the future application of femtosecond switching at a minimum power.
Plasmid-Encoded Iron Uptake Systems (2015)

Iron is one of the most important metals for life, as it is necessary for the proper functioning of proteins that mediate essential cellular processes such as DNA precursor synthesis, respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation. Iron is one of the most abundant elements on earth; however, its bioavailability is very low. In the presence of oxygen, ferrous iron oxidizes to ferric iron that is poorly soluble at neutral pH. Additionally, free iron is toxic due to the formation of free oxygen radicals that can cause cell damage (1). Therefore, in biological systems the iron is complexed to keep it soluble and to reduce the toxicity of free iron.
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of (1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazol)-(E)-2-Methyl-but-2-Enyl Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs (2021)

A series of hitherto unknown (1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazol)-(<i>E</i>)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl nucleosides phosphonate prodrugs bearing 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as the key synthetic step. All novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HBV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Among these molecules, only compound <b>15j</b>, a hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)/(<i>isopropyloxycarbonyl</i>-oxymethyl)-ester (POC) prodrug, showed activity against HBV in Huh7 cell cultures with 62% inhibition at 10 μM, without significant cytotoxicity (IC<sub>50</sub> = 66.4 μM in HepG2 cells, IC<sub>50</sub> = 43.1 μM in HepG2 cells) at 10 μM.
Manassantin B inhibits melanosome transport in melanocytes by disrupting the melanophilin–myosin Va interaction (2012)

Human skin hyperpigmentation disorders occur when the synthesis and/or distribution of melanin increases. The distribution of melanin in the skin is achieved by melanosome transport and transfer. The transport of melanosomes, the organelles where melanin is made, in a melanocyte precedes the transfer of the melanosomes to a keratinocyte. Therefore, hyperpigmentation can be regulated by decreasing melanosome transport. In this study, we found that an extract of Saururus chinensis Baill (ESCB) and one of its components, manassantin B, inhibited melanosome transport in Melan-a melanocytes and normal human melanocytes (NHMs). Manassantin B disturbed melanosome transport by disrupting the interaction between melanophilin and myosin Va. Manassantin B is neither a direct nor an indirect inhibitor of tyrosinase. The total melanin content was not reduced when melanosome transport was inhibited in a Melan-a melanocyte monoculture by manassantin B. Manassantin B decreased melanin content only when Melan-a melanocytes were co-cultured with SP-1 keratinocytes or stimulated by α-MSH. Therefore, we propose that specific inhibitors of melanosome transport, such as manassantin B, are potential candidate or lead compounds for the development of agents to treat undesirable hyperpigmentation of the skin.