gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitroActivation of B-CLL Cells (1991)

Apart from surface Ig receptors, a variety of membrane molecules have now been described to deliver activation and progression signals to human B cells. Among them, CD40 antigen is likely to play a crucial role in the antigen-dependent maturation process. Recent studies performed in the laboratory have established that presentation of anti-CD40 mAbs in a crosslinked fashion by mouse Ltk(-) cells stably expressing human FcyRII/CDw32, allowed normal human B cells to enter into sustained proliferation. In their overwhelming majority, B-CLL cells are positive for CD40 expression. We have therefore examined the capacity of purified B-CLL cells to be stimulated by various cytokines for growth and differentiation, following crosslinking of slgs or CD40 antigen. In most B-CLL specimens studied, IL-2 was the sole factor, among a wide panel of cytokines tested, which reproducibly and significantly induced proliferation of leukemic B cells activated with anti-Ig reagents (SAC or anti-IgM antibodies). Unlike normal B cells, the great majority of anti-Ig activated B-CLL cells failed to proliferate in response to IL-4. In this activation system, IL-4 profoundly suppressed the IL-2 driven proliferation of B-CLL. An opposite pattern of growth-response was obtained following ligation of CD40 since IL-4 elicited proliferation of B-CLL whereas the growth-promoting effect of IL-2 was reduced. Under these culture conditions, IL-4 and IL-2 displayed additive effects on leukemic B cell growth. Surprisingly, IL-4 combined with anti-CD40 mAb allowed activation of certain leukemia specimens otherwise refractory to other stimulatory signals. Most B-CLL samples were induced for IgM synthesis upon SAC stimulation. This Ig response was potentiated by IL-2 and antagonized by IL-4. Anti-CD40 mAb used alone or in combination with cytokines (IL1-IL6, IFNγ, TNFα, TGFβ) failed to induce Ig secretion from B-CLL. No evidence for Ig isotype switching was obtained with the cytokines listed above, whatever the mode of B-CLL activation. Taken together, our results suggest that B-CLL can be released in vitro from their apparent maturation block, by IL-2 and anti-Ig reagents or by IL-4 and immobilized anti-CD40 mAb. Additionally, the data reported here suggest that development of the agonistic and antagonistic activities of IL-4 on B cell growth and differentiation may depend upon the nature of the activation signal provided.
Differential Impacts of Cereal and Protein Sources Fed to Pigs after Weaning on Diarrhoea and Faecal Shedding of Escherichia coli, Production, and Total Tract Apparent Digestibility (2023)

Different cereal types, in combination with different protein sources, are fed to pigs after weaning, but their interactions and possible implications are not well researched. In this study, 84 male weaned piglets were used in a 21-day feeding trial to investigate the effects of feeding either medium-grain or long-grain extruded rice or wheat, in a factorial combination with protein sources of either vegetable or animal origin, on postweaning performance, shedding of β-haemolytic <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD). Pigs fed either rice type performed the same (<i>p</i> > 0.05) as wheat-fed pigs after weaning. The use of vegetable protein sources reduced growth rate (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and feed intake (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and deteriorated the feed conversion ratio (<i>p</i> = 0.028) in weeks two and three compared to pigs fed animal protein sources. The number of antibiotic treatments given for clinical diarrhoea was similar <i>(p</i> > 0.05). However, the faecal <i>E. coli</i> score showed a trend for the main effect of protein source, with pigs fed animal proteins showing a higher <i>E. coli</i> score than pigs fed vegetable proteins (0.63 vs. 0.43, <i>p</i> = 0.057). There was also a tendency for an interaction (<i>p</i> = 0.069) between cereal type and protein source (<i>p</i> = 0.069), with this difference being associated with a greater faecal score in pigs fed diets with long-grain rice plus animal proteins and wheat plus animal proteins. Significant interactions occurred for the CTTAD when assessed in week three. In general, pigs fed diets with medium-grain rice or long-grain rice with animal proteins had a higher (<i>p</i> < 0.001) CTTAD for dietary components than pigs fed all other diets, and vegetable proteins depressed (<i>p</i> < 0.001) CTTAD compared to animal proteins (main effect of protein: <i>p</i> < 0.001). In summary, pigs tolerated the extruded rice-based diets well and performed equivalently to pigs fed wheat as the sole cereal, and the use of vegetable proteins decreased the <i>E. coli</i> score.
Pathogenic Role of Surface Platelet Factor 4 Complexes in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. (2005)

Abstract Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by antibodies that recognize complexes between high molecular weight heparin and Platelet Factor 4 (PF4). Current therapy with direct thrombin inhibitors is not effective in all cases, likely because it acts downstream of antibody-induced platelet activation. More directed therapies to the underlying pathology in HIT may be more effective. Heparin and PF4 only bind HIT antibodies over a narrow molar ratio of reactants at which ultralarge soluble complexes are formed. We asked whether similar complexes form between PF4 and endogenous platelet glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and their pathogenic role in experimental HIT. Platelet surface GAG:PF4 complexes are indeed antigenic over a narrow molar range of reactants. Heparin is not required for either HIT-IgG or a HIT-like monoclonal antibody KKO to bind to PF4 on human or mouse platelet surfaces in vitro, but enhances antigenicity when very high levels of surface PF4 are present. Antigenicity is maximal at a PF4 concentration of 50 μg/mL (well within the range that can be achieved within a thrombus) and ~25 μg/mL heparin (~0.5 U/mL, which is within the therapeutic range) optimally enhances antigenicity when surface PF4 levels were increased 4-fold. Using transgenic mice lines each with platelets expressing a different level of hPF4, ranging from 0.5 – 6 X’s human platelet levels and all expressing FcRγIIA, were given KKO. The different lines developed thrombocytopenia proportional in severity and duration to hPF4 expression. A standard subcutaneous (sq) heparininzing dose (20 U/kg, sq daily) prolonged the duration of severe thrombocytopenia in high hPF4 expressing mice. We reasoned that altering the ratio of PF4 to GAG in either direction would alter antigenicity and could block the development of thrombocytopenia. In accordance with this concept, both high concentrations of anionic heparin (100 U/kg, sq daily) and cationic protamine sulfate (2 mg/kg, sq daily) decreased KKO binding in vitro and prevented KKO-induced thrombocytopenia in vivo as a demonstration of successful therapeutic intervention. These studies affirm a central role of surface GAG:PF4 complexes in the development of HIT, suggest ways to identify patients at high risk to develop HIT even prior to heparin exposure, and offers a new and rationale therapeutic paradigm based on disrupting surface antigen formation.
Predicting substrate resonance mode frequency shifts using conductive, through-substrate vias (2016)

Through-substrate-vias (TSVs) provide conduction paths to allow for three-dimensional integration of microelectronic structures. It is also known that metallic TSVs can be used to suppress resonance modes within dielectric substrates by altering the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Numerical analyses of transmission through substrates containing metallic TSVs revealed that although resonance modes of the composite structure are shifted to higher frequencies, these frequencies are not solely dictated by the TSV periodicity. Simulations show that hybrid modes are formed through a convolution of the original substrate modes and a long-wavelength mode analogous to that found in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. An analytical formula is proposed that provides a simple relation between the intrinsic substrate mode frequencies and the long-wavelength mode that scales with the ratio of TSV radius to its periodicity.
Ideal observer and human observer analyses of visual acuity with wavefront aberration level (2004)

The discrepancy between subjective and objective refraction is known to be large for eyes with large optical aberrations. 22 eyes with moderate keratoconus were refracted subjectively and objectively. Objective data (KR9000PW autorefracter and wavefront sensor, Topcon, Japan) were regressed against subjective data, as subjective refractive results are considered the gold standard. The regression for equivalent sphere was y = 0.531x − 2.43, far from the expected y = x. Average difference of equivalent sphere between subjective and objective refraction was more than two diopters. This defocus value would represent significant blur for a normally sighted subject. LogMAR visual acuity of these keratoconic eyes was 0.024 ± 0.15 SD, almost equal to 20/20. We investigated the relationship between the severity of optical aberrations and the discrepancy between refractive measures. Aberration data from two keratoconic eyes, two normal eyes, and computational model eyes with simple wavefront aberrations were used to simulate retinal images of Landolt rings with added amounts of defocus ranging from −2D to +2D. Visual acuity for the simulated retinal images was evaluated with ideal observer analysis and with human psychophysical experimental analysis. For images simulated from a normal eye, visual acuity clearly peaked at low introduced defocus levels, while for images simulated from keratoconic, largely aberrated eyes, visual acuity was relatively unaffected by the amount of introduced defocus. This result was found for both ideal and human analyses, though efficiency of the ideal observer was much better than that of human observers. The data pattern may explain why patients with highly aberrated eyes are not sensitive to the defocus blur caused by the discrepancy between objective and subjective refractions.
Improved Crystalline Quality of Molecular Beam Epitaxy Grown GaAs-on-Si Epilayer through the Use of Low-Temperature GaAs Intermediate Layer (1994)

Improvements in crystalline quality of GaAs epilayers on Si have been achieved through the use of low-temperature (LT) GaAs intermediate layer grown at 230° C. The use of this LT-GaAs intermediate layer between the GaAs nucleation layer and the GaAs overlayer has improved the photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity by about five times, and reduced the GaAs (004) X-ray diffraction full width at half maximum (FWHM) by 59 arcsecs. The PL results were subsequently confirmed by cathodoluminescence images.
Coal flash pyrolysis in a free-jet reactor (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCoal flash pyrolysis in a free-jet reactorDavid F. Tatterson, Ken K. Robinson, Terry L. Marker, and Rick GuercioCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 9, 1606–1613Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00081a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00081a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effective and Variable Functionalization of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines Involving Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions (2000)

Various 7-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines were synthesized by palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Starting from the corresponding 7-iodo derivatives, incorporation of phenyl, vinyl, ethynyl, cyano, and amino was accomplished. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-ylzinc iodide could be reacted under Negishi conditions to afford the coupling product 16.
Near-Infrared 1064 nm Laser Modulates Migratory Dendritic Cells To Augment the Immune Response to Intradermal Influenza Vaccine (2017)

Abstract Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared (NIR) laser light has been shown to augment the immune response to intradermal vaccination and thus act as an immunologic adjuvant. Although evidence indicates that the NIR laser adjuvant has the capacity to activate innate subsets including dendritic cells (DCs) in skin as conventional adjuvants do, the precise immunological mechanism by which the NIR laser adjuvant acts is largely unknown. In this study we sought to identify the cellular target of the NIR laser adjuvant by using an established mouse model of intradermal influenza vaccination and examining the alteration of responses resulting from genetic ablation of specific DC populations. We found that a continuous wave (CW) NIR laser adjuvant broadly modulates migratory DC (migDC) populations, specifically increasing and activating the Lang+ and CD11b−Lang− subsets in skin, and that the Ab responses augmented by the CW NIR laser are dependent on DC subsets expressing CCR2 and Langerin. In comparison, a pulsed wave NIR laser adjuvant showed limited effects on the migDC subsets. Our vaccination study demonstrated that the efficacy of the CW NIR laser is significantly better than that of the pulsed wave laser, indicating that the CW NIR laser offers a desirable immunostimulatory microenvironment for migDCs. These results demonstrate the unique ability of the NIR laser adjuvant to selectively target specific migDC populations in skin depending on its parameters, and highlight the importance of optimization of laser parameters for desirable immune protection induced by an NIR laser–adjuvanted vaccine.
Autothermal Reforming of Biodiesel–Ethanol–Diesel Blends for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications (2013)

The autothermal reforming (ATR) performance of diesel, biodiesel, diesel blended with 25% biodiesel, and diesel blended with both 25% biodiesel and 10% ethanol was investigated under different operating environments in a single-tube reformer with rhodium/zirconia wash-coated ceramic monoliths. A customized nozzle integrated with a microsize porous device was designed to finely atomize the input heavy hydrocarbon fuels and enhance the homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon fuel with steam and air. The optimum operating conditions with high syngas yields and carbon-free content for ATR of each studied fuel were identified, from both thermodynamic analysis and experimental measurements. After establishing the test points for the reformation of the studied fuels under the same initial operating environment [total O/C = 1.47, S/C = 0.6, and gas hourly space velocity at standard temperature and pressure (GHSV) = 34 120 h–1, at 950 °C reformer temperature] with the goal of achieving the same rate of syngas production, three series of experimental tests were conducted to analyze the impacts of input air reduction, reformer temperature reduction, and GHSV changes on the effluent species from the reactor. A direct photoacoustic microsoot meter was applied to quantify the dynamic evolution of carbon formation under these changing conditions to determine the carbon boundaries for the ATR of each fuel. The correlations between ethylene and carbon formation were observed, and the fundamental understanding of their relationship was further investigated.
Effect of IrO6 Octahedron Distortion on the OER Activity at (100) IrO2 Thin Film (2019)

The (100) crystallographic plane is the most active facet of iridium dioxide (IrO2) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Pulsed laser deposition was used to grow (100) IrO2 on a (100) SrTiO3 substrate at deposition temperature ranging from room temperature to 600 °C. Detailed structural and morphological characterization was performed using AFM, XRD, and X-ray reciprocal space mapping (RSM) to unravel the geometrical arrangement of [IrO6] octahedra in the (100) IrO2 thin films. It is shown that the symmetry mismatch between the substrate and the epitaxial thin film imposed an orthorhombic distortion of the tetragonal structure of IrO2 and, as a consequence, the [IrO6] geometry is distorted. These data were correlated to the OER characteristics established from electrochemical measurements. DFT modeling was employed to relate differences in surface relaxation of IrO2 films prepared at different temperatures with changes in OER activity. Vacancy formation leads to higher surface stability at temperatures around 500 °C, which corresponds to the deposition temperature at which the electrocatalytic activity of (100) epitaxial IrO2 film is maximal.
STUDIES OF MASSIVE, COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE IN POST-SOEHARTO INDONESIA (2009)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This essay was first presented at the 8th Asean Inter-University Conference on Social Development, Manila, 28–31 May 2008. Natasha Hamilton-Hart, Jacques Bertrand, Gerry van Klinken, John Sidel, Vince Boudreau, and Portia Reyes provided insightful feedback on earlier drafts. They are not accountable for the views or errors contained therein.
Recent GRC Aerospace Technologies Applicable to Terrestrial Energy Systems (2002)

This paper is an overview of a wide range of recent aerospace technologies under development at the NASA Glenn Research Center, in collaboration with other NASA centers, government agencies, industry and academia. The focused areas are space solar power, advanced power management and distribution systems, Stirling cycle conversion systems, fuel cells, advanced thin film photovoltaics and batteries, and combustion technologies. The aerospace-related objectives of the technologies are generation of space power, development of cost-effective and reliable, high performance power systems, cryogenic applications, energy storage, and reduction in gas-turbine emissions, with attendant clean jet engines. The terrestrial energy applications of the technologies include augmentation of bulk power in ground power distribution systems, and generation of residential, commercial and remote power, as well as promotion of pollution-free environment via reduction in combustion emissions.
A Method for Hiding the Increased Non-Volatile Cache Read Latency (2021)

The increased memory demands of workloads is putting high pressure on Last Level Caches (LLCs). Unfortunately, there is limited opportunity to increase the capacity of LLCs due to the area and power requirements of the underlying SRAM technology. Interestingly, emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies promise a feasible alternative to SRAM for LLCs due to their higher area density. However, NVMs have substantially higher read and write latencies, which offset their area density benefit. Although researchers have proposed methods to tolerate NVM's increased write latency, little emphasis has been placed on reducing the critical NVM read latency. To address this problem, this paper proposes Cloak. Cloak exploits data reuse in the LLC at the page level, to hide NVM read latency. Specifically, on certain L1 TLB misses to a page, Cloak transfers LLC-resident data belonging to the page from the LLC NVM array to a set of small SRAM Page Buffers that will service subsequent requests to this page. Further, to enable the high-bandwidth, low-latency transfer of lines of a page to the page buffers, Cloak uses an LLC layout that accelerates the discovery of LLC-resident cache lines from the page. We evaluate Cloak with full-system simulations of a 4-core processor across 14 workloads. We find that, on average, Cloak outperforms an SRAM LLC by 23.8% and an NVM-only LLC by 8.9% -- in both cases, with negligible additional area. Further, Cloak's ED^2 is 39.9% and 17.5% lower, respectively, than these designs.
Comparison Of Wireline Formation-Tester Sampling With Focused And Conventional Probes In The Presence Of Oil-Base Mud-Filtrate Invasion (2008)

Acquisition of fluid samples is challenging in the presence of oil-base mud (OBM) filtrate invasion due to its partial or full miscibility with reservoir hydrocarbons. In the course of fluid sampling, varying concentrations of OBM will lead to variations of fluid properties such as viscosity, density, and gas-oil ratio (GOR). Contamination of OBM filtrate in the sampled fluid can drastically affect sample quality and lead to non-representative fluid properties. Fluid pumpout time can be extended to reduce filtrate contamination, although at the expense of increasing overall rig cost. A focused probe can be useful in reducing OBM contamination by diverting flow into different channels without compromising fluid pumpout time. However, it is important to properly quantify the relative performance of focused and conventional probes for a wide range of field conditions.
Crochelins: Siderophores with an Unprecedented Iron‐Chelating Moiety from the Nitrogen‐Fixing Bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum (2017)

Abstract Microbes use siderophores to access essential iron resources in the environment. Over 500 siderophores are known, but they utilize a small set of common moieties to bind iron. Azotobacter chroococcum expresses iron‐rich nitrogenases, with which it reduces N 2 . Though an important agricultural inoculant, the structures of its iron‐binding molecules remain unknown. Here, the “chelome” of A. chroococcum is examined using small molecule discovery and bioinformatics. The bacterium produces vibrioferrin and amphibactins as well as a novel family of siderophores, the crochelins. Detailed characterization shows that the most abundant member, crochelin A, binds iron in a hexadentate fashion using a new iron‐chelating γ‐amino acid. Insights into the biosynthesis of crochelins and the mechanism by which iron may be removed upon import of the holo‐siderophore are presented. This work expands the repertoire of iron‐chelating moieties in microbial siderophores.
Novel Pyridyl Ring C5 Substituted Analogues of Epibatidine and 3-(1-Methyl-2(S)- pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (A-84543) as Highly Selective Agents for Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Containing β2 Subunits (2004)

Introduction of a hydrophobic or hydrogen-bonding alkynyl group into the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of epibatidine and A-84543 significantly increased the selectivity for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) containing beta2 subunits over nAChRs containing beta4 subunits (K(i) ratio up to 92000-fold). Our data indicate that the extracellular domains of the nAChRs are sufficiently different to allow for the design of novel ligands with high affinity and selectivity for the nAChR subtypes.