gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wake-up-free properties and high fatigue resistance of HfxZr1−xO2-based metal–ferroelectric–semiconductor using top ZrO2 nucleation layer at low thermal budget (300 °C) (2022)

Ferroelectricity and crystallinity of TiN/ZrO2/HfxZr1−xO2 (Hf:Zr = 0.43:0.57; HZO)/SiO2/Si metal–ferroelectric–semiconductor (MFS) capacitors with a top ZrO2 nucleation layer fabricated by low-temperature processes at 300 °C of atomic layer deposition and post-metallization annealing (PMA) were systematically investigated. The HZO (10 nm)-based MFS capacitors without (w/o) and with 2- and 10-nm-thick ZrO2 films (ZrO2-2 nm and ZrO2-10 nm, respectively) were found to form an extremely thin SiO2 interfacial layer (SiO2-IL) with a thickness of one or two monolayers. The HZO film in the TiN/ZrO2/HZO/SiO2/Si capacitors formed the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase even with a low thermal budget of 300 °C; in contrast, that of the w/o capacitor exhibited a predominantly amorphous structure. This result is attributed to the polycrystalline ZrO2 film acting as a nucleation layer for the crystallization of an amorphous HZO film during PMA treatment. Therefore, the remnant polarization (2Pr) increased in the order of w/o (2.2 µC/cm2) &amp;lt; ZrO2-2 nm (6.8 µC/cm2) &amp;lt; ZrO2-10 nm (15 µC/cm2). The endurance properties of the ZrO2-10 nm capacitor were free from the wake-up effect and exhibited less degradation because of the insertion of a thick ZrO2 film of 10 nm at the TiN/HZO interface, which promoted the preferential formation of the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase and prevented the formation of oxygen vacancies at the ZrO2/HZO interface. These results suggest that superior ferroelectricity with wake-up-free properties and higher fatigue resistance of HZO-based MFS capacitors can be achieved by a low-temperature fabrication technique (300 °C) using a top ZrO2 nucleation layer.
Challenges of Plasma Processes for Advanced ULK Patterning (2006)

International audience
Recovery from Interruptions: Knowledge Workers' Strategies, Failures and Envisioned Solutions (2005)

Abstract : This paper presents qualitative results from interviews with knowledge workers about their recovery strategies after interruptions. Special focus is given to when these strategies fail due to the nature of the interruption and existing computer support. Potential solutions offered by participants to overcome some of these problems are presented. These findings will benefit researchers and designers in the area of task-centric applications, especially in the area of support for recovery from interruptions.
Mechanisms of Thermal Atomic Layer Etching (2020)

ConspectusAtomic layer control of semiconductor processing is needed as critical dimensions are progressively reduced below the 10 nm scale. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) methods are meeting this challenge and produce conformal thin film growth on high aspect ratio features. Atomic layer etching (ALE) techniques are also required that can remove material with atomic layer precision. ALE processes are defined using sequential, self-limiting reactions based on surface modification and volatile release. Plasma ALE methods employ energetic ion or neutral species to release the modified material anisotropically using sputtering. In contrast, thermal ALE processes utilize gas species to release the modified material isotropically using thermal reactions. Thermal ALE can be viewed as the "reverse of ALD".There are a number of mechanisms for thermal ALE that have developed over the last five years. This Account will first examine the fluorination and ligand-exchange mechanism for thermal ALE. This mechanism is applicable for many metal oxide and metal nitride materials. Subsequently, the "conversion etch" mechanisms will be explored that are derived from the conversion of the surface of the substrate to a new material. The "conversion etch" mechanisms are needed when the initial material does not have a viable etching pathway via fluorination and ligand-exchange or when the material has a volatile fluoride. The thermal ALE mechanisms founded on either oxidation or halogenation of the initial substrate will then be examined with an emphasis on metal thermal ALE. Lastly, thermal ALE mechanisms will be considered that are based on self-limiting surface ligands or temperature modulation mechanisms. These various mechanisms offer a wide range of pathways to remove material isotropically with atomic layer control.Thermal ALE will be required to fabricate advanced semiconductor devices. This fabrication will increasingly occur beyond the limits of lithography and will extend into the third dimension. The situation is like Manhattan during the advent of skyscrapers. When there was no more room on the ground, building started to move to the third dimension. Three-dimensional devices require a sequential series of deposition and etching steps to build the skyscraper structures. Some etching needs to be vertical and anisotropic to make the elevator shafts. Other etching needs to be horizontal and isotropic to form the hallways. The mechanisms of thermal ALE will be critical for the definition of isotropic ALE processes.Reaching beyond the limits of lithography will also increase the need for maskless processing. The mechanisms of thermal ALE lead to strategies for selective etching of one material in the presence of many materials. In addition, area-selective deposition can benefit from the ability of thermal ALE to enhance deposition on the desired growth surfaces by removing deposition from other surrounding surfaces. Looking ahead, thermal ALE will continue to provide unique capabilities and will grow in importance as a nanofabrication processing technique.
Cu/adhesive hybrid bonding through a Cu-first bonding approach by using H-containing HCOOH vapor surface treatment (2017)

Cu/adhesive hybrid bonding is a promising technology to fabricate 3D integrated microsystems with ultra-fine pitch and short vertical interconnects, low electrical resistance, and high reliability. The main remaining issues of this technology include bonding temperature mismatch between Cu-Cu (350-400 °C) and adhesive (typically ≤250 °C), long thermal-compression time (low throughput), and high thermal stress. In this paper, we present a sub-200 °C Cu/adhesive hybrid bonding method. By using H-containing HCOOH vapor pre-bonding treatment, the bonding temperature is lowered to 180-200 °C and the thermal-compression time is shortened to 600 s, enabling a Cu-first hybrid bonding approach. Cu/adhesive hybrid bonding was successfully demonstrated at bonding temperature of 180 °C. The effects of prebonding treatment temperature and time on Cu-Cu bonding and cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) adhesive bonding are investigated in detail.
Expression of a RecQ Helicase Homolog Affects Progression through Crisis in Fission Yeast Lacking Telomerase (2005)

RecQ helicases play roles in telomere maintenance in cancerous human cells using the alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism and in budding yeast lacking telomerase. Fission yeast lacking the catalytic subunit of telomerase (trt1(+)) up-regulate the expression of a previously uncharacterized sub-telomeric open reading frame as survivors emerge from crisis. Here we show that this open reading frame encodes a protein with homology to RecQ helicases such as the human Bloom's and Werner's syndrome proteins and that copies of the helicase gene are present on multiple chromosome ends. Characterization of the helicase transcript revealed a 7.6-kilobase RNA that was associated with polyribosomes, suggesting it is translated. A 3.6-kilobase domain of the helicase gene predicted to encode the region with catalytic activity was cloned, and both native and mutant forms of this domain were overexpressed in trt1(-) cells as they progressed through crisis. Overexpression of the native form caused cells to recover from crisis earlier than cells with a vector-only control, whereas overexpression of the mutant form caused delayed recovery from crisis. Taken together, the sequence homology, functional analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis indicate that the protein is likely a second fission yeast RecQ helicase (in addition to Rqh1) that participates in telomere metabolism during crisis. These results strengthen the notion that in multiple organisms RecQ helicases contribute to survival after telomere damage.
Synthesis and Luminescence Spectroscopy of a Series of [η5-CpFe(CO)2] Complexes Containing 1,12-Dicarba-closo-dodecaboranyl and -ylene Ligands (2001)

Three new cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl compounds, 1-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(11), 1-[[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10)-12-yl](2)Hg, and 1,12-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)](2)-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10), composed of 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane as a ligand precursor were synthesized and found to be luminescent. The uncoordinated 1,12-C(2)B(10)H(12) bridging ligand precursor is luminescent with a band maximum at 25180 cm(-1), while the iron complexes luminesce at lower energies in the range 13120-14210 cm(-1). The lowest energy excited electronic state in the iron complexes is assigned to a ligand field transition of the iron chromophore. Cyclic voltammetry of 1,12-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)](2)-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10) displays two discrete one-electron oxidations, and the luminescence maximum is red shifted from that observed in 1-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(11). Both of these observations suggest that the iron-centered chromophores are weakly coupled. In contrast, the 1-[[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10)-12-yl](2)Hg complex is uncoupled as is evident from the single oxidation process observed with cyclic voltammetry. The extinction coefficient of 1,12-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)](2)-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10) is six times that of 1-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(11), while the extinction coefficient of 1-[[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(10)-12-yl](2)Hg is only twice that of 1-[eta(5)-CpFe(CO)(2)]-1,12-C(2)B(10)H(11). These spectroscopic properties are explained in terms of two coupled antiparallel transition dipole moments.
Straightforward and Scalable Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected 3,7-Diazabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane (2009)

Orthogonally N-protected (Boc and Cbz) 3,4-aziridinopiperidine is a versatile building block for the synthesis of 4-substituted 3-aminopiperidines, which are compounds with a high potential for biological activity. A multigram synthesis over five steps, starting with extraordinarily simple materials (pyridine and benzyl chloride), was developed.
Fast Hydrating Fracturing Fluid for Ultrahigh Temperature Reservoirs (2014)

Abstract An increase in the number of explorations of deeper and hotter formations has prompted the need for an ultrahigh- temperature fracturing fluid. Conventional fracturing fluids are typically based on polysaccharides or their derivatives, which can provide enough viscosity to carry proppant deep into the formation at temperatures only up to 177 °C (350 °F). Beyond this temperature, these biopolymers hydrolyze too rapidly to be an effective and cost-efficient carry fluid; therefore, a new fluid was needed. We developed a new fluid system that can deliver the required rheological properties for successful fracturing operations up to bottom hole static temperature of 232 °C (450 °F) without the need for cool-down. This fluid is composed of a fast-hydrating synthetic copolymer and a metal crosslinker. This system has been engineered to provide a controllable crosslink mechanism and viscosity reduction profile to accommodate varying well conditions and job designs. Numerous proppant-pack conductivity tests have shown that this resilient fluid system can be broken and easily cleaned up at temperatures above 149 °C (300 °F). The rheological performance of the fluid, along with its high proppant pack regained permeability, makes the new fluid ideal in ultrahigh-temperature explorations. The fluid has already been successfully applied in the field. Preliminary lab and field implementation results are discussed.
Additive manufacturing of complex micro-architected graphene aerogels (2018)

High-resolution 3D printing of intricate graphene aerogel micro-architectures with enhanced mechanical properties at decreasing densities.
H4D: Human 4D Modeling by Learning Neural Compositional Representation (2022)

Despite the impressive results achieved by deep learning based 3D reconstruction, the techniques of directly learning to model 4D human captures with detailed geometry have been less studied. This work presents a novel framework that can effectively learn a compact and compositional representation for dynamic human by exploiting the human body prior from the widely used SMPL parametric model. Particularly, our representation, named H4D, represents a dynamic 3D human over a temporal span with the SMPL parameters of shape and initial pose, and latent codes encoding motion and auxiliary information. A simple yet effective linear motion model is proposed to provide a rough and regularized motion estimation, followed by per-frame compensation for pose and geometry details with the residual encoded in the auxiliary code. Technically, we introduce novel GRU-based architectures to facilitate learning and improve the representation capability. Extensive experiments demonstrate our method is not only efficacy in recovering dynamic human with accurate motion and detailed geometry, but also amenable to various 4D human related tasks, including motion retargeting, motion completion and future prediction. Please check out the project page for video and code: https://boyanjiang.github.io/H4D/.
Deep Optical Coding Design in Computational Imaging: A data-driven framework (2023)

Computational optical imaging (COI) systems leverage optical coding elements (CEs) in their setups to encode a high-dimensional scene in a single or in multiple snapshots and decode it by using computational algorithms. The performance of COI systems highly depends on the design of its main components: the CE pattern and the computational method used to perform a given task. Conventional approaches rely on random patterns or analytical designs to set distribution of the CE. However, the available data and algorithm capabilities of deep neural networks (DNNs) have opened a new horizon in CE data-driven designs that jointly consider the optical and computational decoders. Specifically, by modeling the COI measurements through a fully differentiable image-formation model that considers the physics-based propagation of light and its interaction with the CEs, the parameters that define the CE and the computational decoder can be optimized in an end-to-end (E2E) manner. Moreover, by optimizing just CEs in the same framework, inference tasks can be performed from pure optics. This work surveys the recent advances in CE data-driven design and provides guidelines on how to parameterize different optical elements to include them in the E2E framework. As the E2E framework can handle different inference applications by changing the loss function and the DNN, we present low-level tasks such as spectral imaging reconstruction or high-level tasks such as pose estimation with privacy preservation enhanced by using optimal task-based optical architectures. Finally, we illustrate classification and 3D object-recognition applications performed at the speed of the light using all-optics DNNs.
Rationally Designed Analogs of Tamoxifen with Improved Calmodulin Antagonism (1995)

Computerized molecular modeling studies on the interactions of the antiestrogen tamoxifen (1) and its analogues bound to the calcium-binding protein calmodulin have guided the rational design of more potent antagonists. Compounds with either three or four methylene units in the basic side chain or slim lipophilic 4-substituents were expected to be more potent. All compounds were tested for antagonism of the calmodulin-dependent activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase and for binding affinity to the estrogen receptor from rat uteri. Some compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells in vitro. Introduction of lipophilic 4-substituents was accomplished by using palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling reactions with a 4-iodinated precursor. Both the 4-ethynyl (16 and 17) and 4-butyl (18 and 19) compounds were more potent calmodulin antagonists than tamoxifen. Extension of the basic aminoethoxy side chain of 4-iodotamoxifen (3) and idoxifene (2) ((E)-1-[4-[2-(N-pyrrolidino)ethoxy]phenyl]-1-(4-iodophenyl)-2-phen yl-1- butene) by one or two methylene units resulted in modest gains in calmodulin antagonism (10-13). All the compounds assayed retained estrogen receptor binding characteristics. The compound possessing the optimal combination of calmodulin antagonism and estrogen receptor binding was 12 ((E)-1-[4-[3-(N-pyrrolidino)propoxy]phenyl]-1-(4-iodophenyl)-2-phe nyl-1 - butene) (IC50 = 1.1 microM, RBA = 23). Correlation between calmodulin antagonism and cytotoxicity was demonstrated for selected compounds.
Electronic defect states at annealed metal∕4H–SiC interfaces (2005)

We have used low energy electron-excited nanoscale luminescence spectroscopy (LEEN) to study the formation of electronic surface states at metal∕4H–SiC contacts. These junctions were formed using both low and high reactivity metals to study how the nature of interface chemical bonding affects the interface state formation. We observe evidence for the formation and removal of localized states at energies that have been associated with morphological SiC defects. Metals such as Au and Ag with no strong chemical reactivity exhibited the most pronounced changes. Conversely, chemically-reactive metals such as Ti and Ni exhibited only minor changes and only with high temperature annealing. These observations suggest that native defects rather then metal-specific chemical bonding dominate the interface electronic features.
Palladium-Mediated Soluble Precursor Route into Poly(arylethynylenes) and Poly(arylethylenes) (1997)

Soluble precursor polymers 8 and 14 were successfully synthesized via the palladium-mediated condensation of 4,4‘-(1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)biphenyl (7) with the bis(p-bromophenyl)norbornadiene monomer 5 and the bis(p-bromophenyl)norbornene monomer 13, respectively. The number-averaged molecular weights of these materials were determined by GPC−LS to be 34 000 for 8 and 75 000 for 14. Thermolysis of 8 by a retro-Diels−Alder reaction began at 260 °C and appeared (by GC−MS analysis of the volatile byproducts) to yield a conjugated polymer with both alkyne and cyclopentadiene functionalities in the polymer backbone; however, TGA analysis indicated that the transformation was accompanied by some decomposition. The analogous thermolysis of 14 to yield the polymer with a double bond in the backbone began at 230 °C and appeared to proceed without the concomitant decomposition.
Laser Injection and Channel Guided Acceleration of Electrons in a Laser Wakefield Accelerator (2005)

Summary form only given. Laser driven accelerators such as the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) have tremendous advantages over conventional radio-frequency accelerators because of the ultra-high acceleration gradients (>100 GV/m) provided by the large amplitude relativistic plasma waves that are excited by the intense ultra-short laser pulse. These ultra-high gradients were demonstrated in the last decade using a variation of the LWFA called the self-modulated LWFA (SM-LWFA). However, the high energy electrons generated in these schemes have an energy distribution that is essentially thermal in nature. The large energy spread is a consequence of the uncontrolled self-trapping and acceleration of background plasma electrons. Recent experimental results have made breakthroughs both in the first demonstration of controlled acceleration of optically injected electrons at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and the first production of quasi-monoenergetic (~100 MeV) beams at several international institutes. An incorporation of the optical injection and an extended acceleration in a plasma channel can lead to stable and high-quality electron beams in the multi-GeV regime in a single stage. Staging of GeV LWFA's to generate substantially higher energy electrons is also being actively considered. The LWFA experiments at NRL have demonstrated high energy electron production in the optical injection scheme of high-density laser ionization and ponderomotive acceleration (HD-LIPA) and the first two-staged optically injected LWFA. Acceleration of optically injected electrons to >10 MeV was observed indicating an acceleration gradient of -10 GeV/m for the 1 mm acceleration distance. Further experiment to extend the acceleration distance to many centimeters for the demonstration of well controlled injection and acceleration to very high energies is in progress. The details of these injection-acceleration experiments will be presented
Pavement Design for Curved Road Sections (2009)

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on damage processes other than the main one observed and studied in pavement design. Previous research has targeted the experimental fatigue performance of tack coats. The French Pavement Design method has been chosen herein to illustrate how interface fatigue performance can lead to improved design, especially when pavements are subjected to repeated horizontal loadings. In a curved pavement section, longitudinal top-down cracking is observed, and this damage process may also be taken into account during the design approach. A 3D finite element model has been derived to assess pavement lifetime. In conclusion, it is proposed to include the fatigue performance of interfaces when designing pavements with horizontal loadings and thin surface layers.
Supracolloidal Assemblies as Sacrificial Templates for Porous Silk-Based Biomaterials (2015)

Tissues in the body are hierarchically structured composite materials with tissue-specific properties. Urea self-assembles via hydrogen bonding interactions into crystalline supracolloidal assemblies that can be used to impart macroscopic pores to polymer-based tissue scaffolds. In this communication, we explain the solvent interactions governing the solubility of urea and thereby the scope of compatible polymers. We also highlight the role of solvent interactions on the morphology of the resulting supracolloidal crystals. We elucidate the role of polymer-urea interactions on the morphology of the pores in the resulting biomaterials. Finally, we demonstrate that it is possible to use our urea templating methodology to prepare Bombyx mori silk protein-based biomaterials with pores that human dermal fibroblasts respond to by aligning with the long axis of the pores. This methodology has potential for application in a variety of different tissue engineering niches in which cell alignment is observed, including skin, bone, muscle and nerve.
Sangeet Swara (2015)

Interactive voice forums have emerged as a promising platform for people in developing regions to record and share audio messages using low-end mobile phones. However, one of the barriers to the scalability of voice forums is the process of screening and categorizing content, often done by a dedicated team of moderators. We present Sangeet Swara, a voice forum for songs and cultural content that relies on the community of callers to curate high-quality posts that are prioritized for playback to others. An 11-week deployment of Sangeet Swara found broad and impassioned usage, especially among visually impaired users. We also conducted a follow-up experiment, called Talent Hunt, that sought to reduce reliance on toll-free telephone lines. Together, our deployments span about 53,000 calls from 13,000 callers, who submitted 6,000 posts and 150,000 judgments of other content. Using a mixed-methods analysis of call logs, audio content, comparison with outside judges, and 204 automated phone surveys, we evaluate the user experience, the strengths and weaknesses of community moderation, financial sustainability, and the implications for future systems.