gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Susceptibility Locus on Chromosome 6q Greatly Increases Lung Cancer Risk among Light and Never Smokers (2010)

Cigarette smoking is the major cause for lung cancer, but genetic factors also affect susceptibility. We studied families that included multiple relatives affected by lung cancer. Results from linkage analysis showed strong evidence that a region of chromosome 6q affects lung cancer risk. To characterize the effects that this region of chromosome 6q region has on lung cancer risk, we identified a haplotype that segregated with lung cancer. We then performed Cox regression analysis to estimate the differential effects that smoking behaviors have on lung cancer risk according to whether each individual carried a risk-associated haplotype or could not be classified and was assigned unknown haplotypic status. We divided smoking exposures into never smokers, light smokers (<20 pack-years), moderate smokers (20 to <40 pack-years), and heavy smokers (>or=40 pack-years). Comparing results according to smoking behavior stratified by carrier status, compared with never smokers, there was weakly increasing risk for increasing smoking behaviors, with the hazards ratios being 3.44, 4.91, and 5.18, respectively, for light, moderate, or heavy smokers, whereas among the individuals from families without the risk haplotype, the risks associated with smoking increased strongly with exposure, the hazards ratios being, respectively, 4.25, 9.17, and 11.89 for light, moderate, and heavy smokers. The never smoking carriers had a 4.71-fold higher risk than the never smoking individuals without known risk haplotypes. These results identify a region of chromosome 6q that increases risk for lung cancer and that confers particularly higher risks to never and light smokers.
Atomic Deflection Using an Adaptive Microelectromagnet Mirror (1998)

We have deflected a beam of metastable helium atoms using the inhomogeneous magnetic field above a microfabricated electromagnet mirror. The mirror consisted of a single current-carrying wire in a periodic serpentine pattern on a planar sapphire substrate. A time-dependent current (and magnetic field) synchronized with a pulsed thermal atomic beam was used to compensate for the chromaticity of the deflection. The freedom to fabricate a wide variety of geometries and to employ time-dependent fields make microelectromagnets promising new tools for atom manipulation.
Mobile device camera design with Q-type polynomials to achieve higher production yield (2013)

The camera lenses that are built into the current generation of mobile devices are extremely stressed by the excessively tight packaging requirements, particularly the length. As a result, the aspheric departures and slopes on the lens surfaces, when designed with conventional power series based aspheres, are well beyond those encountered in most optical systems. When the as-manufactured performance is considered, the excessive aspheric slopes result in unusually high sensitivity to tilt and decenter and even despace resulting in unusually low manufacturing yield. Q(bfs) polynomials, a new formulation for nonspherical optical surfaces introduced by Forbes, not only build on orthogonal polynomials, but their unique normalization provides direct access to the RMS slope of the aspheric departure during optimization. Using surface shapes with this description in optimization results in equivalent performance with reduced alignment sensitivity and higher yield. As an additional approach to increasing yield, mechanically imposed external pivot points, introduced by Bottema, can be used as a design technique to further reduce alignment sensitivity and increase yield. In this paper, the Q-type polynomials and external pivot points were applied to a mobile device camera lens designed using an active RMS slope constraint that was then compared to a design developed using conventional power series surface descriptions. Results show that slope constrained Q-type polynomial description together with external pivot points lead directly to solutions with significantly higher manufacturing yield.
<title>Photorefractivity in liquid crystals doped with a soluble conjugated polymer</title> (1999)

Photoconductive polymers are doped into liquid crystals to create a new mechanism for space-charge field formation in photorefractive liquid crystal composites. The composites contain poly(2,5-bis(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4- phenylenevinylene) (BEH-PPV) and the electron acceptor N,N'- dioctyl-1,4:5,8-naphthalenediimide, NI. Using asymmetric energy transfer (beam coupling) measurements that are diagnostic for the photorefractive effect, the direction of beam coupling as a function of grating fringe spacing inverts at a spacing of 5.5 micrometers . We show that the inversion is due to a change in the dominant mechanism for space-charge field formation. At small fringe spacings, the space-charge field is formed by ion diffusion in which the photogenerated anion is the more mobile species. At larger fringe spacings, the polarity of the space charge field inverts due to dominance of a charge transport mechanism in which photogenerated holes are the most mobile spaces due to hole migration along the BEH-PPV chains coupled with interchain hole hopping. Control experiments are presented, which use composites that can access only one of the two charge transport mechanisms. The results show that charge migration over long distances leading to enhanced photorefractive effects can be obtained using conjugated polymers dissolved in liquid crystals.
Curved Silicon Micromirror for Linear Displacement-to-Angle Conversion With Uniform Spot Size (2014)

This paper reports a novel class of deeply etched curved micromirrors enabling linear conversion between the reflection angle of incident light beam and displacement of the beam axis with respect to the curved mirror principal axis. Moreover, the mirror provides phase-transformation of the light beam independent of the inclination angle of the incident light on the mirror surface. The micromirrors are fabricated on SOI substrate by deep reactive ion etching technology. The profile of the curved surface is optimized and controlled precisely, thanks to the photolithographic process. High optical throughput micromirrors exhibiting submillimeter focal lengths are fabricated with 200-μm etching depth and with a sidewall angle deviation from perfect verticality, which is smaller than 0.1°. Optical measurements at wavelengths of 675 and 1550 nm show transformation of the optical beam with high optical spot size stability during a beam steering process with less than ±5% dependence on the inclination/reflection angle over a scanning angle range of 120°. The presented micromirror has applications in MEMS scanners, displacement/rotation sensing, and optical imaging.
Differing rind characteristics of developing fruits of smooth and netted melons (Cucumis melo) (2004)

SummaryThe suberized net tissue of the rind of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is of agricultural importance as an indicator of fruit maturity and quality, and as a preventive factor against mechanical injury, both pre- and postharvest. The net originates from cracks that appear at the surface of the fruit. Therefore, a comparative study was conducted with two netted-rind and two smooth-rind melon varieties, to identify fruit characteristics associated with initiation of netting development. The developmental pattern of fruit expansion did not differ between smooth and netted melon varieties. Rather, our results indicated that inherited cuticular/epidermal characteristics are probably associated with the development of ®ssures in the fruit rind. The rind of the netted fruit was found to contain signi®cantly more cuticle than that of the smooth-rind variety during the period of maximal growth rate; moreover, in the rind of the smooth varieties the deposition of the cuticle was mainly on the outside of the epidermal cells, while in the case of the netted varieties it enclosed most of the cells. These cuticular characteristics of the netted varieties may reduce the elasticity of the rind during the dramatic expansion phase of the fruit, and so make it more susceptible to cracking and suberization. Further, the con®guration of ¯attened epidermal cells in the netted rind allowed less surface contact between adjacent cells and fewer cells per unit area of fruit surface, than the narrow and elongated epidermal cells found in the smooth-rind fruit. These epidermal characteristics of the netted varieties may contribute to the weakness of the epidermal layer in resisting the tensile forces imposed by the internal pressure of the growing fruit.
Evidence for in vivo upregulation of the intestinal vitamin D receptor during dietary calcium restriction in the rat. (1988)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] increases intestinal calcium absorption through events that include binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 to the intracellular vitamin D receptor. In vitro studies using mammalian cell cultures reveal an increase in vitamin D receptor content after exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3. To test the hypothesis that 1,25(OH)2D3 increases enterocyte vitamin D receptor content in vivo, male rats were fed either a normal calcium diet (NCD, 1.2% Ca) or low calcium diet (LCD, 0.002% Ca). After 21 d LCD increased serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels (27 +/- 3 vs. 181 +/- 17 pg/ml, P less than 0.001) and increased transepithelial mucosal to serosal calcium fluxes (Jms) across duodenum (65 +/- 21 vs. 204 +/- 47 nmol/cm2.h, NCD vs. LCD, P less than 0.01) and jejunum (23 +/- 3 vs. 46 +/- 4, P less than 0.007). No change in serosal to mucosal calcium fluxes (Jsm) were observed. LCD increased 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor number threefold in duodenum (32.9 +/- 6.7 vs. 98.7 +/- 13.7 fmol 1,25(OH)2D3/mg protein) and jejunum (34.1 +/- 9.5 vs. 84.9 +/- 7.7) without a change in the receptor affinity for 1,25(OH)2D3 (Kd is 0.17 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.02 nM for NCD and LCD duodenum, respectively). Duodenal polyadenylated vitamin D receptor mRNA determined by Northern blot analysis did not increase appreciably during LCD, suggesting that upregulation in vivo may not be due primarily to increased receptor synthesis. The results of this study indicate that under physiologic conditions as during chronic dietary calcium restriction, increased intestinal vitamin D receptor content accompanies increased calcium active transport. Upregulation of the vitamin D receptor by 1,25(OH)2D3 may result primarily from posttranslational processes that decrease degradation of the receptor with increased receptor synthesis responsible for a negligible portion of the accumulation.
Biology and Endodontics: Thinking Outside the Box (2022)

Combining evidence-based dentistry (EBD) with years of clinician experience should have a great impact on treatment planning and decision-making for achieving the best treatment outcomes, thus warranting patient satisfaction. In addition, understanding and appreciating the role of biology on the reliance on and progress of treatment healing is also a crucial element that clinicians should always keep in mind in their dental practice. This study demonstrates that clinicians should always rely on their own clinical and radiographical test results for evaluation and judgment of any clinical situation before presenting and proceeding with any dental treatment for their patients.
Linear Stokes measurement of thermal targets using compact LWIR spectropolarimeter (2020)

The trade-off between spectral resolution and instrument throughput is analyzed for a compact, uncooled, long-wave infrared (LWIR) channeled spectropolarimeter (IRCSP). The IRCSP was developed as a part of the Sub-mm Wave and InfraRed Polarimeters (SWIRP) project out of NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center. The IRCSP scientific objective targets measurements of AOLP and DOLP with 1-mu m spectral resolution from 8.5 - 12.5 mu m in a single snapshot. The geometry of the field stop determines the field of view (FOV) of the IRCSP. This work relates the spectral resolution, instrument throughput, and polarimetric accuracy of a spectro-polarimeter to the FOV. The accuracy of linear Stokes retrievals for low temperature thermal targets are predicted for varying FOV and measurement noise conditions. This work presents a method to quantify the achievable accuracy in AOLP and DOLP as a function of field stop dimensions and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). While smaller field stops are shown to improve accuracy as the spectral resolution is increased, low SNR is the dominant source of error for the IRCSP prototype. For the IRCSP, a SNR of at least 80 is required to produce DOLP measurements with &lt; 5% error for targets with DOLP &lt; 0.2.
Tradeoff between co-channel Interference and collision probability in LAA systems (2016)

Small cell base stations (SBSs) have been deployed in heterogeneous networks to improve the spectrum efficiency on licensed channels by reusing the spectrum resource of the macro base station (MBS). To relief the shortage on the licensed spectrum resources, licensed-assisted access (LAA) has been introduced to LTE small cell systems to share the unlicensed channel with the Wi-Fi users. In this paper, we investigate the fundamental tradeoff between the collision probability (CP) to the Wi-Fi users and the co-channel interference (CI) power to the MBS in such a heterogeneous LAA system. A multi-objective resource allocation problem is first formulated while guaranteeing the quality-of-service (QoS) of small cell users (SUEs). Then, the double waterfilling-line power allocation on the licensed and unlicensed channels is developed to analyze the CI-CP tradeoff and the weighted Tchebycheff method is applied to convert the multi-objective optimization problem into a single objective optimization problem. To find the complete set of Pareto optimal solutions to the tradeoff problem, a novel feasibility method is proposed. Based on the simulation results, the proposed joint resource allocation algorithm can achieve a flexible CI-CP tradeoff according to the QoS of SUEs in LAA systems.
Application of self-recovering micro fuse to a disaster prevention device operated by mechanical impact or vibration (2007)

This paper deals with new application of selfrecovering micro fuse (SRF) as a disaster prevention device to stop supplying electric power when not only over-current flowed thorough it, but also mechanical impact or vibration that caused by a clash, drop or large earthquake was applied. In order to verify the possible application, we experimentally investigated the relationship between the impact acceleration and the ON to OFF state transition of the SRF device by taking into the magnitude of applied impact and the nature of insulation liquid matrix consideration. As a result, we have verified that the SRF device can be basically used as a disaster prevention device operated by mechanical impact, i.e. OFF state transition of the SRF device occurs by mechanical impact.
Sensory control of ocular accommodation (1988)

The investigations described in this thesis have examined how, with particular reference to optical cues, the retinal image is analysed by the brain so as to generate the appropriate signals for controlling accommodation. This line of research involved behavioural studies on trained monkeys (<em>Macaca mulatto</em>), human psychophysical studies, mathematical analysis of the capabilities of visual neurons in detecting defocus and single unit studies in an anaesthetized preparation. The chromatic, temporal and binocular aspects of accommodation control were considered. CHROMATIC: The accuracy of accommodation in monkeys was found to be reduced in the absence of chromatic cues. The nature of the neural processing that might be involved in utilising chromatic cues to accommodation was investigated, both theoretically and electrophysiologically, and a specific neural model was constructed. TEMPORAL: The effects on human accommodation of varying the temporal parameters of simple grating stimuli were investigated. These experiments provided information about both the sensory mechanisms involved in accommodation control and the possible role of temporal cues to accommodation. The temporal variability of accommodation (and accommodative-vergence) were examined in the rhesus monkey. BINOCULAR: The nature of the binocular interactions in accommodation control were investigated, in both man and monkey, by presenting conflicting blur cues to the two eyes and recording the accommodation response. In the presence of such conflicting cues, the accommodative response was best described as a weighted average of the inputs to the two eyes. In addition to providing insights into the sensory guidance of accommodation, these studies have also permitted a detailed comparison of accommodative function in man and the rhesus monkey. There was a striking similarity between these two species in all areas studied; ie. role of chromatic cues, temporal variability and nature of binocular interactions. Thus the rhesus monkey appears to be an excellent experimental model for investigating the accommodation control system.
Characterization of Core/Shell PMMA/CdS Nanoparticles Synthesized by Surfactant-free Emulsion Polymerization (2012)

in-situ 무유화 유화중합 및 후속 CdS 코팅 공정으로 이루어진 방법을 이용하여 CdS로 코팅된 PMMA 나노입자를 제조하고 그 특성을 분석하였다. 합성된 CdS/PMMA 나노입자의 크기는 201.7 nm 였으며, TGA 및 원소 분석 결과 10.37 wt%의 CdS를 함유하고 있었다. PMMA 입자 표면에 코팅된 CdS 나노결정의 크기는 3.55 nm였으며 주로 (111) 결정면으로 성장되었다. UV-vis 분석 결과 blue-shifting 현상이 관찰되었으며, 이는 CdS/PMMA 하이브리드 입자상태에서의 CdS는 벌크 상태의 CdS가 갖는 2.41 eV의 밴드갭 에너지보다 큰 2.70 eV를 갖기 때문에 발생하는 양자구속효과에 의하여 기인하였다. Herein, CdS-coated PMMA nanoparticles were prepared by in-situ surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization and subsequent CdS coating process. As-prepared CdS/PMMA hybrid particles had 201.7 nm in diameter. The amount of CdS nanocrystals in the hybrid particles was 10.37 wt% determined by TGA and elemental analysis. The size of CdS crystals was 3.55 nm preferentially grown in (111) plane. UV-vis spectrum of PMMA/CdS nanoparticles showed the significant blue-shift in optical illumination. The reason was found because the synthesized CdS nanocrystals on PMMA particles had a different band gap energy of 2.70 eV which was significantly higher than that of known-value of bulk CdS (2.41 eV) due to a quantum confinement effect.
453. Protection Against Lethal Dengue Challenge By IM Delivery of Synthetic, EP-Delivered DNA Encoding Designed Anti-Dengue Neutralizing Antibodies (2015)

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most important mosquito-borne viral infection in humans, with nearly 400 million infections occurring each year and a continually expanding geographic reach. While vaccines are being developed, none are currently available that provide balanced protection against all DENV serotypes. Advances in human antibody isolation have uncovered DENV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that are capable of preventing infection from multiple serotypes. Yet delivering monoclonal antibodies using conventional methods is impractical due to high costs. Engineering nucleic acid-based strategies for delivering monoclonal antibodies could tip the scale in the fight against DENV, as well as other emerging infectious diseases. Here, we describe an approach to delivering cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against DENV into the host circulation using DNA plasmid-mediated antibody gene transfer. This approach, which we term DNA mAb (DMAB) delivery, generates biologically relevant levels of mAbs after a single intramuscular injection of antibody-encoding DNA followed by in vivo electroporation (EP). Since this approach allows for genetic tailoring of the exact features of the desired antibody, we incorporated Fc region modifications to a naturally occurring human anti-DENV neutralizing antibody to enhance antibody function in vivo. We demonstrate that intramuscular delivery in mice of pDVSF-3 LALA, which encodes a human anti-DENV1-3 IgG1 neutralizing antibody modified with a mutation that abrogates FcgR binding, produces anti-DENV antisera capable of binding and neutralizing DENV1-3. Importantly, mice receiving pDVSF-3 LALA, but not the unmodified pDVSF-3 WT, were protected from both virus-only disease and antibody-enhanced lethal disease. These data establish this novel platform as a safe, effective means of delivering protective monoclonal antibodies to a host. This work was supported by grants funded to DBW through the National Institutes of Health, the DARPA-PROTECT award, and Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Growth of vestibular schwannomas: in situ model employing the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 and DNA flow cytometry. (1996)

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) growth potentials were studied in an in situ model, in which the cycling cellular fraction was determined immunohistochemically by applying the mouse monoclonal Ki-67 antibody, and the tumor ploidy was estimated by DNA flow cytometry in a consecutive series of 124 VSs. The tumors were classified according to the average number of positively stained nuclei in 10 high-power fields into three groups: 28 highly (> 10), 33 moderately (> 5-10) and 63 low proliferating (< or = 5). The intratumoral proliferative variation was studied in 10 tumors. Only slight variation in the number of the positively stained nuclei were observed. Six of seven tumors removed because of macroscopically documented growth by computed tomography (CAT) scan were moderately or highly proliferative. Proliferation of VS was correlated to prospectively registered clinical data. A statistically significant relation was found between VS proliferation and the prediagnostic duration of symptoms (p = 0.0001). The proliferative status was unrelated to age, sex, and tumor size. Flow-cytometric determination of DNA index of the 124 tumors revealed 12 tetraploid (DNA index = 2), 110 diploid (DNA) index = 1) and two nondiploid tumors. A statistically significant relation was noted between tumor ploidy and proliferation status expressed by Ki-67 (p = 0.024). The tetraploid tumors showed significantly lower proliferation compared with the diploid tumors. Tumor ploidy was statistically unrelated to age, sex, tumor size, and duration of symptoms. The results of this study provide a link between the immunohistochemical, flow cytometric findings, and clinical data, which could probably be relevant in identifying patients at risk for rapid tumor growth and tumor recurrences, because a rapid test for cell proliferation is now available.