gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibody detection by agglutination–PCR (ADAP) enables early diagnosis of HIV infection by oral fluid analysis (2018)

Oral fluid (OF) is a highly effective substrate for population-based HIV screening efforts, as it is noninfectious and significantly easier to collect than blood. However, anti-HIV antibodies are found at far lower concentrations in OF compared with blood, leading to poor sensitivity and a longer period of time from infection to detection threshold. Thus, despite its inherent advantages in sample collection, OF is not widely used for population screening. Here we report the development of an HIV OF assay based on Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) technology. This assay is 1,000-10,000 times more analytically sensitive than clinical enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIAs), displaying both 100% clinical sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting HIV antibodies within OF samples. We show that the enhanced analytical sensitivity enables this assay to correctly identify HIV-infected individuals otherwise missed by current OF assays. We envision that the attributes of this improved HIV OF assay can increase testing rates of at-risk individuals while enabling diagnosis and treatment at an earlier time point.
Velcrand Functionalized Polyethylene (2019)

Velcrands are a specific class of cavitands whose complementary surfaces induce self-dimerization. The insertion of a velcrand as physical cross-linking unit into a polymer is reported. To this purpose, the velcrand was functionalized at the lower rim with an isocyanate group. The functional velcrand was reacted with poly (ethylene-co-(2-hydroxethylmethacrylate)) (PE-HEMA), a polymer equipped with free hydroxyl groups suitable for reaction with the isocyanate group. The obtained functionalized polymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proving the introduction of velcraplexes in the polymer. Films with varying amounts of velcrands were obtained by solution casting and slow evaporation, testifying the processability of the functionalized polymers. The obtained films were used to measure the oxygen barrier properties of the functionalized material.
Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Particles for Fabrication of Structural Color Materials toward Advanced Intelligent Systems (2019)

Inspired by the intelligent systems in nature, artificial systems with complicated practical functions have been developed for decades. The pathway toward the target is now based on the discoveries for new stimuli‐responsive and free‐standing materials to construct the advanced intelligent systems, instead of just electronic machines. Structural color materials, including both photonic crystalline and amorphous structures, are typical candidates due to the smart biomimetic characteristics, such as self‐healing, autonomous regulation, and on‐demand adaptability. However, to improve the stability and simplify the fabrication process of such materials, great efforts have been made in the modification of colloidal self‐assembly techniques for more efficient real‐life applications. A comprehensive review investigating various direct self‐assembly techniques of colloids for the facile fabrication of structural color materials toward practical applications is provided. Recent advances of these self‐assembly schemes of colloidal particles are presented, along with valuable design guidelines of these techniques to achieve efficient structural color materials for advanced intelligent systems.
Mitigating the Twin Threats of Climate-Driven Atlantic Hurricanes and COVID-19 Transmission (2020)

The co-occurrence of the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season and the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic creates complex dilemmas for protecting populations from these intersecting threats. Climate change is likely contributing to stronger, wetter, slower-moving, and more dangerous hurricanes. Climate-driven hazards underscore the imperative for timely warning, evacuation, and sheltering of storm-threatened populations - proven life-saving protective measures that gather evacuees together inside durable, enclosed spaces when a hurricane approaches. Meanwhile, the rapid acquisition of scientific knowledge regarding how COVID-19 spreads has guided mass anti-contagion strategies, including lockdowns, sheltering at home, physical distancing, donning personal protective equipment, conscientious handwashing, and hygiene practices. These life-saving strategies, credited with preventing millions of COVID-19 cases, separate and move people apart. Enforcement coupled with fear of contracting COVID-19 have motivated high levels of adherence to these stringent regulations. How will populations react when warned to shelter from an oncoming Atlantic hurricane while COVID-19 is actively circulating in the community? Emergency managers, health care providers, and public health preparedness professionals must create viable solutions to confront these potential scenarios: elevated rates of hurricane-related injury and mortality among persons who refuse to evacuate due to fear of COVID-19, and the resurgence of COVID-19 cases among hurricane evacuees who shelter together.
A Novel Strategy for the Application of an Oxide Layer to the Front Interface of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin Film Solar Cells: Al2O3/HfO2 Multi-Stack Design With Contact Openings (2021)

Interface recombination is one of the factors limiting the performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (CIGS). Especially in the absence of band grading at the front and rear surface, interface passivation approaches become important to improve device performance. The integration of an oxide layer as passivation layer at the front surface of the CIGS requires meticulous considerations in order not to impact the further steps of the solar cell production. In this article, a novel approach is reported to try to tackle the problem of interface recombination at the front surface of CIGS without affecting further solar cell production steps. In this approach, an Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> multi-stack layer with contact openings is applied. NaCl template patterning with preliminarily selected parameters was used to create a homogeneous pattern of contact opening on the CIGS surface and allow the current flow in the device. After the removal of the NaCl islands, the holes in the multi-stack (openings) were visualized by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed before and after chemical bath deposition of the buffer layer. The EDS result confirmed that the undesired etching of the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer during buffer layer deposition was prevented by using a thin HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer. Solar cells were produced by using preliminarily selected parameters for the multi-stack design. As a result, without having a significant negative impact on the solar cell parameters, a device design was achieved which is almost comparable with the reference device. In addition, options for future improvement and development are discussed.
Understanding Rate-Limiting Mechanisms in LiFePO4 Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries (2011)

This work encompasses modeling and experimental work to improve understanding of transport and other resistances for LiFePO4 composite cathodes used in Li-ion batteries. Modeling LiFePO4 active material requires consideration of the carbon coating around the particle, phase-change behavior, and diffusion in only one of the lattice dimensions of the crystal. Physically realistic parameters for the full-cell sandwich model were measured directly in separate experiments where possible. Despite the complexity of solid-state diffusion in this system, we found that a constant diffusion coefficient was generally adequate. The full model was compared to experiments of LiFePO4 cathodes vs. lithium and good agreement was obtained for a range of electrode thicknesses and discharge rates. We found that a distribution of inter-particle contact resistances is needed to obtain this level of agreement if one wishes to keep all model parameters at physically realistic values. The model shows that resistances corresponding to bulk electronic conductivity and even more so, to local inter-particle contact are significant and in need of further optimization for the cells tested.
Effect of NO 2 on Particle Formation in SO 2 /H 2 O/Air Mixtures by Ion-Induced and Homogeneous Nucleation (2002)

Effects of NO₂ on particle formation in SO₂/H₂O/Air mixtures by f-ray irradiation as a source of hydroxyl radicals are investigated to evaluate the contribution of homogeneous and ion-induced nucleation in the nanometer-sized aerosol particle generation. The total particle number concentration, the charged-particle fraction, and the electrical mobility distribution of particles and hydrated and solvated ions generated in NO₂/SO₂/H₂O/Air mixtures were measured at NO₂ levels of 0-1.98 ppm, SO₂ levels of 0-3.87 ppm, and H₂O levels of 6480-9889 ppm. Total particle number concentration first tends to increase with increasing NO₂ concentration up to a certain NO₂ level and then decreases for NO₂ concentrations beyond this point. The charged-particle fraction, indicative of particle formation by ion-induced nucleation, tends to decrease with increasing NO₂ concentration, reaching a minimum value. The peak intensity of the electrical mobility distribution for particles significantly exceeded that in the absence of NO₂ at a relatively low concentration of NO₂. The intensity decreased with increasing NO₂ concentration and fell below that in the absence of NO₂. The results indicate that 2 opposing mechanisms that enhance and suppress the particle formation work simultaneously in NO₂/SO₂/H₂O/Air mixtures, and the dominant mechanism depends on the NO₂ concentration.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF SUPEROXIDE WITH IRON PORPHYRINS IN APROTIC SOLVENTS. A HIGH SPIN FERRIC PORPHYRIN PEROXO COMPLEX (1980)

Abstract Bei der Untersuchung der Reaktion von K02 mit Chloroporphyrinatoeisen(III)‐Komplexen werden in Abhängigkeit von den verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen, speziell von der Natur der Lösungsmittel, drei unterschiedliche Reaktionswege beobachtet: 1. die Einelektronreduktion unter Bildung von Fe(II)‐porphyrin und Disauerstoff.
Field Deployment of a Remote Multi-Path Methane Sensor (2013)

The design and field deployment of a near-infrared chirped laser dispersion spectroscopy system for atmospheric methane detection at 1.651µm are discussed. A multi-path CH4 detection at Sallie’s Fen over a three-month campaign will be presented.
Biased Agonism at Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptors: A Structure Activity Study on N/OFQ(1–13)-NH2 (2020)

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) controls different biological functions <i>via</i> selective stimulation of the N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor. The pleiotropic actions of N/OFQ may limit the development of NOP ligands as innovative drugs in different therapeutic areas. The pharmacological concept of functional selectivity (aka biased agonism) might be useful for amplifying beneficial actions and/or counteracting side effects. Thus, molecules with large bias factors toward G protein or β arrestin are required for investigating the translational value of NOP biased modulation. Herein, the biased behavior of a heterogeneous library of NOP-targeting peptide derivatives was evaluated <i>in vitro</i> with the aim to provide possible insights into the structural determinants that govern the selective activation of G protein <i>versus</i> β-arrestin. Our results demonstrate that lipidation of N/OFQ(1-13)-NH<sub>2</sub> is a useful strategy for obtaining G protein biased agonists for the NOP receptor.
Tear Proteases and Protease Inhibitors: Potential Biomarkers and Disease Drivers in Ocular Surface Disease (2019)

Tears are highly concentrated in proteins relative to other biofluids, and a notable fraction of tear proteins are proteases and protease inhibitors. These components are present in a delicate equilibrium that maintains ocular surface homeostasis in response to physiological and temporal cues. Dysregulation of the activity of protease and protease inhibitors in tears occurs in ocular surface diseases including dry eye and infection, and ocular surface conditions including wound healing after refractive surgery and contact lens (CL) wear. Measurement of these changes can provide general information regarding ocular surface health and, increasingly, has the potential to give specific clues regarding disease diagnosis and guidance for treatment. Here, we review three major categories of tear proteases (matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and plasminogen activators [PAs]) and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, cystatins, and PA inhibitors), and the changes in these factors associated with dry eye, infection and allergy, refractive surgery, and CLs. We highlight suggestions for development of these and other protease/protease inhibitor biomarkers in this promising field.
Association Between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Mortality Among Patients With Prostate Cancer and COVID-19 (2021)

Findings from this cohort study suggest that ADT use was not associated with decreased mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, large ongoing clinical trials will provide further evidence on the role of ADT or other androgen-targeted therapies in reducing COVID-19 infection severity.
Multidimensional luminescence microscope for imaging defect colour centres in diamond (2019)

We report a multidimensional luminescence microscope providing hyperspectral imaging and time-resolved (luminescence lifetime) imaging for the study of luminescent diamond defects. The instrument includes crossed-polariser white light transmission microscopy to reveal any birefringence that would indicate strain in the diamond lattice. We demonstrate the application of this new instrument to detect defects in natural and synthetic diamonds including N3, nitrogen and silicon vacancies. Hyperspectral imaging provides contrast that is not apparent in conventional intensity images and the luminescence lifetime provides further contrast.
Facile Incorporation of Pd(PPh3)2Hal Substituents into Polymethines, Merocyanines, and Perylene Diimides as a Means of Suppressing Intermolecular Interactions (2016)

Compounds with polarizable π systems that are susceptible to attack with nucleophiles at C-Hal (Hal = Cl, Br) bonds react with Pd(PPh3)4 to yield net oxidative addition. X-ray structures show that the resulting Pd(PPh3)2Hal groups greatly reduce intermolecular π-π interactions. The Pd-functionalized dyes generally exhibit solution-like absorption spectra in films, whereas their Hal analogues exhibit features attributable to aggregation.
An assessment of patterning options for 15nm half-pitch (2011)

Despite the challenges in scaling below 20nm half-pitch, several technology roadmaps show applications with 15nm half-pitch patterning requirements as early as 2014~2015. These include 15nm node NAND wordlines, and possibly active/STI and bitline; as well as 15nm node fin patterning for Logic, if the FinFET technology is adopted. This timing, however, is well in advance of the EUV manufacturing tool roadmaps for 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> or 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation EUV scanners; the current 15nm proof of concept used a laboratory configuration combining high numerical aperture (>;0.3), off-axis illumination from a synchrotron light-source, and pseudo-phase-shift-masks. Therefore, the industry will most likely need to turn to process integration schemes and apply density multiplication techniques to achieve the 15nm half-pitch from existing manufacturing technologies.
Range-based geolocation in fading environments (2008)

We consider source geolocation based on range estimates from sensors with known coordinates. In a fading propagation environment, where a line-of-sight (LOS) path may be weak or essentially nonexistent, range estimates may have positive biases. We study this problem by considering a weighted least squares (WLS) location estimator, based on noisy range estimates, each of which is contaminated by additive Gaussian noise and possibly a positive bias. We derive the mean and mean-square error (MSE) of the WLS estimator, showing that in general the estimator produces biased estimates. The error expressions are developed via first-order perturbation analysis. They provide a means to study achievable localization performance, as a function of the measurement bias and variance, as well as the sensor network geometry.
Automatic construction of inlining heuristics using machine learning (2013)

Method inlining is considered to be one of the most important optimizations in a compiler. However, a poor inlining heuristic can lead to significant degradation of a program's running time. Therefore, it is important that an inliner has an effective heuristic that controls whether a method is inlined or not. An important component of any inlining heuristic are the features that characterize the inlining decision. These features often correspond to the caller method and the callee methods. However, it is not always apparent what the most important features are for this problem or the relative importance of these features. Compiler writers developing inlining heuristics may exclude critical information that can be obtained during each inlining decision. In this paper, we use a machine learning technique, namely neuro-evolution [18], to automatically induce effective inlining heuristics from a set of features deemed to be useful for inlining. Our learning technique is able to induce novel heuristics that significantly out-perform manually-constructed inlining heuristics. We evaluate the heuristic constructed by our neuro-evolutionary technique within the highly tuned Java HotSpot server compiler and the Maxine VM C1X compiler, and we are able to obtain speedups of up to 89% and 114%, respectively. In addition, we obtain an average speedup of almost 9% and 11% for the Java HotSpot VM and Maxine VM, respectively. However, the output of neuro-evolution, a neural network, is not human readable. We show how to construct more concise and read-able heuristics in the form of decision trees that perform as well as our neuro-evolutionary approach.
KVA-D-88, a Novel Preferable Phosphodiesterase 4B Inhibitor, Decreases Cocaine-Mediated Reward Properties in Vivo (2020)

Cocaine addiction remains a major public concern throughout the world especially in developed countries. In the last three decades, significant achievements have led to a greater understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the development of cocaine addiction; however, there are no FDA-approved treatments available to reverse or block this brain disease due to either the unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy or severe side effects. Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to cocaine elevates levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a neuroadaptative response in reward-related brain regions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, which elevate cAMP levels, have been shown to block cocaine-mediated behavioral changes related to psychoactive and reinforcing properties. Unfortunately, previously studied PDE4 inhibitors induce severe side-effects, which limit their clinical usage. In this study, we identified a novel PDE4B inhibitor, KVA-D-88, with an improved selectivity profile compared to previous compounds (e.g., rolipram). Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that this compound is brain penetrant and preferably acts on PDE4B compared to PDE4D <i>in vitro</i>, alluding to less unwanted side effects with KVA-D-88 <i>in vivo</i>. Interestingly, pretreatment with KVA-D-88 significantly inhibited cocaine-induced hyperlocomotor activity. In cocaine self-administering mice with differential schedules, KVA-D-88 strikingly decreased the number of active nose-pokes and cocaine infusions and reduced the break point. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that this novel PDE4 inhibitor, KVA-D-88, could inhibit cocaine-mediated rewarding effects implying its potential clinical usage for cocaine addiction.
Packaging technologies of direct-cooled power module (2010)

A power module, which includes an insulating plate soldered to a heatsink, is called a direct-cooled power module. There are several packaging technologies to improve a direct-cooled power module in terms of not only reduction of thermal resistance but also elongation of lifetime. Among those approaches, this paper describes optimization of heatsink thickness and prevention of ratchet deformation. The calculation results show that a thicker heatsink is better to avoid liquid leakage although thicker heatsink provides shorter solder-lifetime. A heatsink with Vickers hardness of greater than 60 MPa is expected to prevent ratchet deformation under the condition of thermal cycling between -40°C and 125°C. And hardness is verified as an effective approach to produce reliable direct-cooled power modules.
Optical Interface States Protected by Synthetic Weyl Points (2017)

Weyl points, characterized as nodal points in the band structure of solids, can give rise to novel physical properties but are difficult to investigate experimentally. A new analysis expands the scope of Weyl points using synthetic dimensions, paving the way for greater flexibility in future investigations.
Formation Flying L-Band Aperture Synthesis Mission Concept (2022)

ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission, SMOS, in operation since November 2009, is producing global maps of soil moisture and sea surface salinity with an average resolution of 40 km. In the context of a future L-band mission, it is necessary to address the future needs for a range of applications over land and ocean that call for much enhanced spatial resolution, down to 1–10 km. With today's knowledge, the spatial resolution of a microwave radiometer can be improved only by increasing and reshaping its aperture size. In this context, this paper presents the Formation Flying L-Band Aperture Synthesis (FFLAS) mission concept which focuses on using formation flying in combination with aperture synthesis as a potential way to improve the spatial resolution significantly. Moreover FFLAS makes full use of all lessons learnt from SMOS in-orbit experience.