gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A staggered three-layer DOI PET detector with a 1 mm crystal pitch for a high resolution small animal PET imaging (2019)

529 Objectives: Development of a staggered three-layer DOI PET detector with a 1 mm crystal pitch for realizing a 0.7 mm resolution small animal PET imager of 52 mm ring diameter. Methods: The proposed small animal DOI PET detector consists of three-layer staggered LYSO crystal arrays, an acrylic light guide with a thickness of 1 mm, and 4×4 SiPM (Hamamatsu, S13360-3050NE-04, Japan) array with a pixel pitch of 3.2 mm. The LYSO crystal had a dimension of 0.9 × 0.9 × 5.0 mm3 with a pitch of 1 mm. The 1st (10 × 9), the 2nd (10 × 10), and the 3rd (11 × 11) LYSO layers were stacked with a staggered configuration to provide DOI information in the 2D crystal map. In order to investigate the optimal reflector and light guide thickness, the performance of the PET detector module was evaluated with different reflectors (ESR and BaSO4), and different light guide thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm). A 22Na source was used to irradiate 511 keV photon to the detector module. The sixteen SiPM output signals were multiplexed into four position signals by using the Anger logic circuit, and a trigger signal was generated by using the common cathode signals. The SiPM signals were digitized by CAMAC DAQ. Results: The BaSO4 reflector resulted in better crystal identification for the three-layer staggered LYSO crystal arrays as compared to the ESR. However, the energy resolution with BaSO4 (38.8%) was worse than that of the ESR (20.3%). The acrylic light guide thickness of 1 mm resulted in the best crystal identification for both BaSO4 and ESR reflector cases. Conclusions: A staggered three-layer DOI PET detector with a 1 mm crystal pitch was developed. All the LYSO crystals could be identified clearly on the 2D flood histogram by using the BaSO4 reflector. In future, a prototype high resolution small animal DOI PET scanner will be developed by using the proposed three-layer staggered DOI PET detector module.
Screening report on cell materials for high-power Li-Ion HEV batteries. (2003)

The Battery Technology Department at Argonne National Laboratory is a major participant in the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Development (ATD) program. This multi-national laboratory program is dedicated to improving lithium-ion batteries for high-power HEV and FCEV applications. As part of the FreedomCAR Partnership, this program is addressing the three key barriers for high-power lithium-ion batteries: calendar life, abuse tolerance, and cost. All three of these barriers can be addressed by the choice of materials used in the cell chemistry. To date, the ATD program has developed two high-power cell chemistries, denoted our Gen 1 and Gen 2 cell chemistries. The selection of materials for use in the Gen 2 cell chemistry was based largely on reducing material cost and extending cell calendar life, relative to our Gen 1 cell chemistry. Table 1 provides a list of the materials used in our Gen 2 cell chemistry and their projected costs, when produced in large-scale quantities. In evaluating advanced materials, we have focused our efforts on materials that are lower cost than those listed in Table 1, while simultaneously offering enhanced chemical, structural, and thermal stability. Therefore, we have focused on natural graphite anode materials (having round-edge particle morphologies), cathode materials that contain more Mn and less Co and Ni (which can be produced via low-cost processes), lower cost electrode binders and/or binders that possess superior bonding properties at lower concentrations, and lower cost salts and solvents (with superior thermal and oxidation/reduction stability) for use in the electrolyte. The purpose of this report is to document the results of screening tests that were performed on a large number of advanced low-cost materials. These materials were screened for their potential to impact positively on the calendar life, safety, and/or cost of high-power lithium-ion cell chemistries, relative to our Gen 2 cell chemistry. As part of this effort, we developed and employed a set of standard test protocols to evaluate all of the materials. After brief descriptions of the screening test methodologies and equipment, relevant data on each material are summarized in the body of this report. We have evaluated five categories of materials, and the report is organized accordingly. Results will be presented on advanced carbons for anodes, improved cathode materials, new salts and solvent systems, alternative binders, and novel separators.
Auto ADP‐ribosylation of NarE, a Neisseria meningitidis ADP‐ribosyltransferase, regulates its catalytic activities (2013)

NarE is an arginine-specific mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase identified in Neisseria meningitidis that requires the presence of iron in a structured cluster for its enzymatic activities. In this study, we show that NarE can perform auto-ADP-ribosylation. This automodification occurred in a time- and NAD-concentration-dependent manner; was inhibited by novobiocin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitor; and did not occur when NarE was heat inactivated. No reduction in incorporation was evidenced in the presence of high concentrations of ATP, GTP, ADP-ribose, or nicotinamide, which inhibits NAD-glycohydrolase, impeding the formation of free ADP-ribose. Based on the electrophoretic profile of NarE on auto-ADP-ribosylation and on the results of mutagenesis and mass spectrometry analysis, the auto-ADP-ribosylation appeared to be restricted to the addition of a single ADP-ribose. Chemical stability experiments showed that the ADP-ribosyl linkage was sensitive to hydroxylamine, which breaks ADP-ribose-arginine bonds. Site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the auto-ADP-ribosylation site occurred preferentially on the R(7) residue, which is located in the region I of the ADP-ribosyltransferase family. After auto-ADP-ribosylation, NarE showed a reduction in ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, while NAD-glycohydrolase activity was increased. Overall, our findings provide evidence for a novel intramolecular mechanism used by NarE to regulate its enzymatic activities.
Exome sequencing of Finnish isolates enhances rare-variant association power (2019)

Exome-sequencing studies have generally been underpowered to identify deleterious alleles with a large effect on complex traits as such alleles are mostly rare. Because the population of northern and eastern Finland has expanded considerably and in isolation following a series of bottlenecks, individuals of these populations have numerous deleterious alleles at a relatively high frequency. Here, using exome sequencing of nearly 20,000 individuals from these regions, we investigate the role of rare coding variants in clinically relevant quantitative cardiometabolic traits. Exome-wide association studies for 64 quantitative traits identified 26 newly associated deleterious alleles. Of these 26 alleles, 19 are either unique to or more than 20 times more frequent in Finnish individuals than in other Europeans and show geographical clustering comparable to Mendelian disease mutations that are characteristic of the Finnish population. We estimate that sequencing studies of populations without this unique history would require hundreds of thousands to millions of participants to achieve comparable association power.
A quantitative evaluation method using processed optical images and analysis of age‐dependent changes on nasolabial lines (2014)

This study has shown that NL severity is related to decrease of dermal elasticity and age using quantitative new method by processing optical images.
Endoscopic high-resolution auto fluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography of airways in vivo(Conference Presentation) (2016)

In this work, we present multimodal imaging of peripheral airways in vivo using an endoscopic imaging system capable of co-registered optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence imaging (OCT-AFI). This system employs a 0.9 mm diameter double-clad fiber optic-based catheter for endoscopic imaging of small peripheral airways. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can visualize detailed airway morphology in the lung periphery and autofluorescence imaging (AFI) can visualize fluorescent tissue components such as collagen and elastin, improving the detection of airway lesions. Results from in vivo imaging of 40 patients indicate that OCT and AFI offer complementary information that may increase the ability to identify pulmonary nodules in the lung periphery and improve the safety of biopsy collection by identifying large blood vessels. AFI can rapidly visualize in vivo vascular networks using fast scanning parameters resulting in vascular-sensitive imaging with less breathing/cardiac motion artifacts compared to Doppler OCT imaging. By providing complementary information about structure and function of tissue, OCT-AFI may improve site selection during biopsy collection in the lung periphery.
Ergebnisse nach Implantation des vollimplantierbaren Hörsystems Carina bei Patienten mit chronischer Otitis media (2018)

Insbesondere bei Patienten nach mehrfacher Mittelohroperation stellen aktive Mittelohrimplantate heute eine vielversprechende Versorgungsoption dar. Das vollimplantierbare Hörsystem Carina ermöglicht die Hörrehabilitation bei hochgradiger Schallempfindungs- oder kombinierter Schwerhörigkeit.
Diacetyl and Other Ketones in e-Cigarette Aerosols: Some Important Sources and Contributing Factors (2021)

<b>Background:</b> Concerns over the presence of the diketones 2,4 butanedione (DA) and 2,3 pentanedione (AP) in e-cigarettes arise from their potential to cause respiratory diseases. Their presence in e-liquids is a primary source, but they may potentially be generated by glycerol (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) when heated to produce aerosols. Factors leading to the presence of AP, DA and acetoin (AC) in e-cigarette aerosols were investigated. We quantified direct transfer from e-liquids, examined thermal degradation of major e-liquid constituents VG, PG and 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PD) and the potential for AC, AP and DA production from sugars and flavor additives when heated in e-cigarettes. <b>Method:</b> Transfers of AC, AP and DA from e-liquids to e-cigarette aerosols were quantified by comparing aerosol concentrations to e-liquid concentrations. Thermal generation from VG, PG or 1,3 PD e-liquids was investigated by measuring AC, AP and DA emissions as a function of temperature in an e-cigarette. Thermal generation of AC, AP and DA from sugars was examined by aerosolising e-liquids containing sucrose, fructose or glucose in an e-cigarette. Pyrolytic formation of AP and DA from a range of common flavors was assessed using flash pyrolysis techniques. <b>Results:</b> AC transfer efficiency was >90%, while AP and DA were transferred less efficiently (65%) indicating losses during aerosolisation. Quantifiable levels of DA were generated from VG and PG, and to a lesser extent 1,3 PD at coil temperatures >300°C. Above 350°C AP was generated from VG and 1,3 PD but not PG. AC was not generated from major constituents, although low levels were generated by thermal reduction of DA. Aerosols from e-liquids containing sucrose contained quantifiable (>6 ng/puff) levels of DA at all sucrose concentrations tested, with DA emissions increasing with increasing device power and concentration. 1% glucose, fructose or sucrose e-liquids gave comparable DA emissions. Furanose ring compounds also generate DA and AP when heated to 250°C. <b>Conclusions:</b> In addition to less than quantitative direct transfer from the e-liquid, DA and AP can be present in the e-cigarette aerosol due to thermal decomposition reactions of glycols, sugars and furanonse ring flavors under e-cigarette operating conditions.
Two-Dimensional Crystals For Ubiquitous Electronics (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Attaching the NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitor INF55 to Methylene Blue Enhances Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Vitro and in Vivo (2017)

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) uses photosensitizers (PSs) and harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill microbes. Multidrug efflux systems can moderate the phototoxic effects of PSs by expelling the compounds from cells. We hypothesized that increasing intracellular concentrations of PSs by inhibiting efflux with a covalently attached efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) would enhance bacterial cell phototoxicity and reduce exposure of neighboring host cells to damaging ROS. In this study, we tested the hypothesis by linking NorA EPIs to methylene blue (MB) and examining the photoantimicrobial activity of the EPI-MB hybrids against the human pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Photochemical/photophysical and in vitro microbiological evaluation of 16 hybrids carrying four different NorA EPIs attached to MB via four linker types identified INF55-(Ac)en-MB 12 as a lead. Compound 12 showed increased uptake into S. aureus cells and enhanced aPDI activity and wound healing effects (relative to MB) in a murine model of an abrasion wound infected by MRSA. The study supports a new approach for treating localized multidrug-resistant MRSA infections and paves the way for wider exploration of the EPI-PS hybrid strategy in aPDI.
Kinetic Control of Self-Catalyzed Indium Phosphide Nanowires, Nanocones, and Nanopillars (2009)

The morphological phase diagram is reported for InP nanostructures grown on InP (111)B as a function of temperature and V/III ratio. Indium droplets were used as the catalyst and were generated in situ in the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy reactor. Three distinct nanostructures were observed: wires, cones, and pillars. It is proposed that the shape depends on the relative rates of indium phosphide deposition via the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) processes. The rate of VLS is relatively insensitive to temperature and results in vertical wire growth starting at 350 degrees C. By contrast, the rate of VPE accelerates with temperature and drives the lateral growth of cones at 385 degrees C and then pillars at 400 degrees C.
A nanoparticle enabled focused ultrasound-stimulated magnetic resonance imaging spotlight (2019)

Periodic high-intensity focused ultrasound modulation of a nanoparticle generates reversible MRI T1 relaxivity changes at the 1.5 mm3 focal point causing periodic T1-weighted signal changes. Fourier analysis extracts signal changes at the modulation frequency, and a modulation enhancement map spotlights the precise region of interest by increasing contrast almost 100-fold.
Pulse Delays Through Metallic Aperture Arrays (2011)

Pulse propagation delays of 60-100fs through metallic aperture arrays were measured using an up-conversion technique, which are suggested to be originated from the coupling between surface plasmons waves on multiple metal/dielectric interfaces.
72-kD (MMP-2) and 92-kD (MMP-9) Type IV Collagenase Production and Activity in Different Histologic Types of Lung Cancer Cells (1998)

In this study we examined the production of gelatinases A and B (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and their natural inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in cell lines derived from different histologic types of lung cancer. Gelatinolytic activity was measured by zymography and radiolabeled gelatin degradation. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to corroborate the presence of immunoreactive MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 proteins. The highest gelatinolytic activity was identified in the cell extracts from a small-cell carcinoma cell line. MMP-9 was observed in all samples as a proenzyme, while MMP-2 was present as zymogen in the squamous-cell and in the small-cell carcinomas, and in its active form in one squamous-cell carcinoma cell line. TIMPs were also present in the neoplastic lung cell lines. TIMP-1 was observed in the media of all cells as a 21-kD band, and as TIMP-1 polymers with the exception of the small-cell carcinoma samples. TIMP-2 was found as higher-order molecular immunoreactive complexes that may correspond to proMMP-2/TIMP-2 complexes. These results demonstrate that lung neoplastic cells produce both MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors, with the small-cell carcinoma cell extracts showing the highest enzymatic activity. This gelatinolytic activity fits well with the clinical metastatic behavior of this type of lung cancer.
Lithium Dendrite Suppression with UV-Curable Polysilsesquioxane Separator Binders (2016)

For the first time, an inorganic-organic hybrid polymer binder was used for the coating of hybrid composites on separators to enhance thermal stability and to prevent formation of lithium dendrite in lithium metal batteries. The fabricated hybrid-composite-coated separators exhibited minimal thermal shrinkage compared with the previous composite separators (<5% change in dimension), maintenance of porosity (Gurley number ∼400 s/100 cm(3)), and high ionic conductivity (0.82 mS/cm). Lithium metal battery cell examinations with our hybrid-composite-coated separators revealed excellent C-rate and cyclability performance due to the prevention of lithium dendrite growth on the lithium anode even after 200 cycles under 0.2-5C (charge-discharge) conditions. The mechanism for lithium dendrite prevention was attributed to exceptional nanoscale surface mechanical properties of the hybrid composite coating layer compared with the lithium metal anode, as the elastic modulus of the hybrid-composite-coated separator far exceeded those of both the lithium metal anode and the required threshold for lithium metal dendrite prevention.
Characterization of an Insertion Sequence Element Associated with Genetically Diverse Plant Pathogenic Streptomyces spp (1999)

Streptomycetes are common soil inhabitants, yet few described species are plant pathogens. While the pathogenicity mechanisms remain unclear, previous work identified a gene, nec1, which encodes a putative pathogenicity or virulence factor. nec1 and a neighboring transposase pseudogene, ORFtnp, are conserved among unrelated plant pathogens and absent from nonpathogens. The atypical GC content of nec1 suggests that it was acquired through horizontal transfer events. Our investigation of the genetic organization of regions adjacent to the 3' end of nec1 in Streptomyces scabies 84.34 identified a new insertion sequence (IS) element, IS1629, with homology to other IS elements from prokaryotic animal pathogens. IS1629 is 1,462 bp with 26-bp terminal inverted repeats and encodes a putative 431-amino-acid (aa) transposase. Transposition of IS1629 generates a 10-bp target site duplication. A 77-nucleotide (nt) sequence encompassing the start codon and upstream region of the transposase was identified which could function in the posttranscritpional regulation of transposase synthesis. A functional copy of IS1629 from S. turgidiscabies 94.09 (Hi-C-13) was selected in the transposon trap pCZA126, through its insertion into the lambda cI857 repressor. IS1629 is present in multiple copies in some S. scabies strains and is present in all S. acidiscabies and S. turgidiscabies strains examined. A second copy of IS1629 was identified between ORFtnp and nec1 in S. acidiscabies strains. The diversity of IS1629 hybridization profiles was greatest within S. scabies. IS1629 was absent from the 27 nonpathogenic Streptomyces strains tested. The genetic organization and nucleotide sequence of the nec1-IS1629 region was conserved and identical among representatives of S. acidiscabies and S. turgidiscabies. These findings support our current model for the unidirectional transfer of the ORFtnp-nec1-IS1629 locus from IS1629-containing S. scabies (type II) to S. acidiscabies and S. turgidiscabies.
Family Resilience and Psychological Responses to COVID-19: A Study of Concordance and Dyadic Effects in Singapore Households (2022)

The impacts of COVID-19 may be magnified in a shared environment like the household, especially with people spending extended time at home during the pandemic. Family resilience is the ability of a family to adapt to crisis and can be a protective factor against stress and negative affect. While there have been calls to address family resilience during the pandemic, there is a lack of empirical study on its benefit. In this dyadic observational study, we sought to investigate the concordance of family members' psychological responses to COVID-19, whether dyad members' risk factors (COVID-19 exposure and financial impact) mutually affected each other's psychological responses, and importantly, whether family resilience was a significant factor in these responses. A total of 200 family dyads from the same household completed the Family Resilience Assessment Scale and questionnaires on COVID-19 threat perception, impacts, and exposure. We found concordant dyad responses for COVID-19 threat perception, but not for psychological impact. Using the Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model framework, we found that one's psychological impact was affected by the financial impact from both dyad members. After controlling for risk factors and demographic covariates, we found that family resilience significantly associated with lower COVID-19 psychological impact, though not with threat perception. The findings suggest that both family and individual factors need to be addressed and there may be benefit in addressing multilevel risk and protective factors using an ecological systems approach, which may help prepare the population for future crises.
Did the great masters use optical projections while painting? Perspective comparison of paintings and photographs of Renaissance chandeliers (2004)

It has been claimed that as early as 1420 some European artists constructed their paintings by optically projecting images onto their supports (canvas, oak panel, etc.) and then tracing or painting over these projections. Because projected images obey the laws of perspective, a powerful test of this claim centers on analyzing the geometric accuracy of key Renaissance paintings. This paper investigates new techniques for analyzing the perspective accuracy of paintings. Notably, we focus on a portion of a painting central to debate the theory: the chandelier in Jan van Eyck's "Portrait of Arnolfmi and his wife". Despite the high level of visual realism of the painting, the technique proposed here highlights the large geometric inaccuracies that are very hard to explain in the optical projection route. The contribution of this paper is two fold: i) we present a projective geometry-based technique for detecting and measuring the geometric inaccuracies in paintings, and ii) we demonstrate that in the Arnolfmi portrait, the source of those inaccuracies lies in the imaging process, as opposed to the manufacture of the actual chandelier. The results presented in this paper cast serious doubts on the validity of the claim that optical tools were employed in painting the Arnolfmi portrait.
Materials and devices for reduced switching field toggle magnetic random access memory (2006)

Toggle magnetic random access memory (MRAM) has been proposed to solve the problems of small switching margins and half-select activated errors found in Stoner-Wohlfarth MRAM. However, it is widely acknowledged that the switching fields required for toggle MRAM are substantially larger than those needed for Stoner-Wohlfarth MRAM. Previously published reports on toggle switching use large toggle start fields around 75Oe. Here we examine, both experimentally and with a single-domain model, how both the toggle start and end fields vary with free layer intrinsic anisotropy, thickness, width, aspect ratio, and interlayer exchange coupling. By optimizing these parameters, we obtain 400nm width devices with toggle start fields below 30Oe.