gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shunt‐Blocking Layers for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Perovskite solar cells have shown phenomenal progress and have great potential to be manufactured as low‐cost large area modules. However, perovskite films often suffer from pinholes and the resulting contact between hole‐ and electron transporting layers provides lower resistance (shunt) pathways, leading to decreased open‐circuit voltage and fill factor. This problem is even more severe in large area cells and especially in the case of neutral color semitransparent cells, where a large absorber‐free area is required to provide the desired transparency. Herein, a simple, inexpensive, and scalable wet chemical method is presented to block these “shunting paths” via deposition of transparent, insulating molecular layers, which preferentially bind to the uncovered surface of the electron collecting oxide, without hindering charge extraction from the perovskite to the charge collection layers. It is shown that this method improves the performance in semitransparent cells, where the enhancement in open‐circuit voltage is up to 30% without negatively impacting the photocurrent. Using this method, we achieved an efficiency of 6.1% for a neutral color semitransparent perovskite cell with 38% average visible transmittance. This simple shunt blocking technique has applications in improving the yield as well as efficiency of large area perovskite solar cells and light emitting devices.
An Investigation of Critical Issues in Bias Mitigation Techniques (2022)

A critical problem in deep learning is that systems learn inappropriate biases, resulting in their inability to perform well on minority groups. This has led to the creation of multiple algorithms that endeavor to mitigate bias. However, it is not clear how effective these methods are. This is because study protocols differ among papers, systems are tested on datasets that fail to test many forms of bias, and systems have access to hidden knowledge or are tuned specifically to the test set. To address this, we introduce an improved evaluation protocol, sensible metrics, and a new dataset, which enables us to ask and answer critical questions about bias mitigation algorithms. We evaluate seven state-of-the-art algorithms using the same network architecture and hyperparameter selection policy across three benchmark datasets. We introduce a new dataset called Biased MNIST that enables assessment of robustness to multiple bias sources. We use Biased MNIST and a visual question answering (VQA) benchmark to assess robustness to hidden biases. Rather than only tuning to the test set distribution, we study robustness across different tuning distributions, which is critical because for many applications the test distribution may not be known during development. We find that algorithms exploit hidden biases, are unable to scale to multiple forms of bias, and are highly sensitive to the choice of tuning set. Based on our findings, we implore the community to adopt more rigorous assessment of future bias mitigation methods. All data, code, and results are publicly available <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Intra-arterial verapamil post-thrombectomy is feasible, safe, and neuroprotective in stroke (2017)

Large vessel ischemic stroke represents the most disabling subtype. While t-PA and endovascular thrombectomy can recanalize the occluded vessel, good clinical outcomes are not uniformly achieved. We propose that supplementing endovascular thrombectomy with superselective intra-arterial (IA) verapamil immediately following recanalization could be safe and effective. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, has been shown to be an effective IA adjunct in a pre-clinical mouse focal ischemia model. To demonstrate translational efficacy, mechanism, feasibility, and safety, we conducted a group of translational experiments. We performed in vivo IA dose-response evaluation in our animal stroke model with C57/Bl6 mice. We evaluated neuroprotective mechanism through in vitro primary cortical neuron (PCN) cultures. Finally, we performed a Phase I trial, SAVER-I, to evaluate feasibility and safety of administration in the human condition. IA verapamil has a likely plateau or inverted-U dose-response with a defined toxicity level in mice (LD<sub>50</sub> 16-17.5 mg/kg). Verapamil significantly prevented PCN death and deleterious ischemic effects. Finally, the SAVER-I clinical trial showed no evidence that IA verapamil increased the risk of intracranial hemorrhage or other adverse effect/procedural complication in human subjects. We conclude that superselective IA verapamil administration immediately following thrombectomy is safe and feasible, and has direct, dose-response-related benefits in ischemia.
Estimation of the Risk of Thrombocytopenia in the Offspring of Pregnant Women With Presumed Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (1991)

Samuels, P.; Bussel, J. B.; Braitman, L. E.; Tomaski, A.; Druzin, M. L.; Mennuti, M. T.; Cines, D. B. Author Information
Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Carbons from Self‐Assembled Nanocrystalline Cellulose (2012)

C-ing cellulose in a new light: The self-assembly of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with tetraalkoxysilane produces a chiral nematic NCC–silica composite material, which upon carbonization, and then etching of the silica with dilute base solution produces a novel high surface area chiral nematic mesoporous carbon (see picture).
Electrical Molecular Memory Using Diarylethene Derivatives (2005)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a principle for a novel electrical molecular memory device using a photochromic diarylethene, which has the potential ability of inexpensive, disposable, extremely high bit-density, and very low power consumption. This device is based on an isomerization reaction of the diarylethene molecule via its excited state by injection of electric carriers, not by photon absorption. The reversible writing by carrier injection is demonstrated. The advantages and applications of the molecular memory are discussed.
Bilateral Representation of Language Function (1998)

A 33-year-old right-handed man with intermittent headache was found to have agenesis of the corpus callosum. He underwent magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and detailed neuropsychologic tests, including a Wada test. There was bilateral representation of language, and a PET activation study with word repetition revealed bilateral areas of activation that were not completely symmetric. These findings and the literature concerning agenesis of the corpus callosum are discussed as is the possible compensatory mechanism for absence of the corpus callosum, which is important for cross-communication.
The importance of resource recovery for environmental sustainability of an energy self-sufficient sewage treatment plant (2015)

We have applied a state-of-the-art env. sustainability assessment to an energy positive sewage treatment plant, its supply chain and resource recovery: electricity production out of biogas from sludge digestion and the associated stabilized digestate, applied as agricultural fertilizer, production. Prominent aspects of our study are: a holistic environmental impact assessment, measurement of greenhouse gas emissions (including N2O), and accounting for infrastructure, toxicity of metals present in the digestate and replacement of conventional fertilizers and electricity. The impact of latter products is prevented. Overall, the system leads to a prevention of resource extraction from nature and a potential prevention of ecosystem diversity loss (though for some impact categories this cannot be quantified) but it also leads to a damaging effect on human health, mainly via climate change (dominated by N2O) and heavy metal (mainly Zn) toxicity of digestate. Resource recovery plays a crucial role in the environmental sustainability though the assessment methodology needs improvement.
Two-path plasmonic interferometer with integrated detector (2023)

An electrically tunable terahertz two-path plasmonic interferometer with an integrated detection element can down convert a terahertz field to a rectified DC signal. The integrated detector utilizes a resonant plasmonic homodyne mixing mechanism that measures the component of the plasma waves in-phase with an excitation field that functions as the local oscillator in the mixer. The plasmonic interferometer comprises two independently tuned electrical paths. The plasmonic interferometer enables a spectrometer-on-a-chip where the tuning of electrical path length plays an analogous role to that of physical path length in macroscopic Fourier transform interferometers.
Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Header Extension (2014)

The IETF Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) base
protocol (RFC 6325) specifies minimal hooks to safely support TRILL
Header extensions. This document specifies an initial extension
providing additional flag bits and specifies some of those bits. It
updates RFC 6325.
Organically Functionalized Mixed-Valent Polyoxo-30-molybdate Wheel and Neutral Tetramolybdenum(V) Oxo Cluster (2022)

The first organofunctionalized mixed-valent polyoxo-30-molybdate wheel, [Mo<sup>VI</sup><sub>18</sub>Mo<sup>V</sup><sub>12</sub>O<sub>84</sub>{AsO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>18</sub>]<sup>18-</sup> (<b>Mo</b><sub><b>30</b></sub>), was synthesized in aqueous, mildly acidic conditions, and upon further acidification, the neutral tetramolybdenum(V) oxo cluster [Mo<sup>V</sup><sub>4</sub>O<sub>8</sub>{AsO<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}<sub>4</sub>] (<b>Mo</b><sub><b>4</b></sub>) was obtained. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that <b>Mo</b><sub><b>30</b></sub> comprises 18 Mo<sup>VI</sup> and 12 Mo<sup>V</sup> ions arranged in a cyclic fashion with alternating {Mo<sup>V</sup><sub>2</sub>} and {Mo<sup>VI</sup><sub>3</sub>} groups, which are capped by 18 dimethylarsinate ligands, resulting in a novel polyoxo-30-molybdate wheel with a central cavity of ∼1.5 nm. On the other hand, <b>Mo</b><sub><b>4</b></sub> has a distorted-cubic structure, with the corners of the cube being occupied by alternating Mo<sup>V</sup> ions and oxo ligands. The compounds were characterized in solution by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and powder XRD. <b>Mo</b><sub><b>30</b></sub> represents a novel type of polyanionic cycle with manyfold possibilities regarding host-guest chemistry.
The genetic basis of tail-loss evolution in humans and apes (2021)

The loss of the tail is one of the main anatomical evolutionary changes to have occurred along the lineage leading to humans and to the “anthropomorphous apes” 1,2 . This morphological reprogramming in the ancestral hominoids has been long considered to have accommodated a characteristic style of locomotion and contributed to the evolution of bipedalism in humans 3–5 . Yet, the precise genetic mechanism that facilitated tail-loss evolution in hominoids remains unknown. Primate genome sequencing projects have made possible the identification of causal links between genotypic and phenotypic changes 6–8 , and enable the search for hominoid-specific genetic elements controlling tail development 9 . Here, we present evidence that tail-loss evolution was mediated by the insertion of an individual Alu element into the genome of the hominoid ancestor. We demonstrate that this Alu element – inserted into an intron of the TBXT gene (also called T or Brachyury 10–12 ) – pairs with a neighboring ancestral Alu element encoded in the reverse genomic orientation and leads to a hominoid-specific alternative splicing event. To study the effect of this splicing event, we generated a mouse model that mimics the expression of human TBXT products by expressing both full-length and exon-skipped isoforms of the mouse TBXT ortholog. We found that mice with this genotype exhibit the complete absence of a tail or a shortened tail, supporting the notion that the exon-skipped transcript is sufficient to induce a tail-loss phenotype, albeit with incomplete penetrance. We further noted that mice homozygous for the exon-skipped isoforms exhibited embryonic spinal cord malformations, resembling a neural tube defect condition, which affects ∼1/1000 human neonates 13 . We propose that selection for the loss of the tail along the hominoid lineage was associated with an adaptive cost of potential neural tube defects and that this ancient evolutionary trade-off may thus continue to affect human health today.
Metabolic drug survey highlights cancer cell dependencies and vulnerabilities (2021)

Interrogation of cellular metabolism with high-throughput screening approaches can unravel contextual biology and identify cancer-specific metabolic vulnerabilities. To systematically study the consequences of distinct metabolic perturbations, we assemble a comprehensive metabolic drug library (CeMM Library of Metabolic Drugs; CLIMET) covering 243 compounds. We, next, characterize it phenotypically in a diverse panel of myeloid leukemia cell lines and primary patient cells. Analysis of the drug response profiles reveals that 77 drugs affect cell viability, with the top effective compounds targeting nucleic acid synthesis, oxidative stress, and the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Clustering of individual drug response profiles stratifies the cell lines into five functional groups, which link to specific molecular and metabolic features. Mechanistic characterization of selective responses to the PI3K inhibitor pictilisib, the fatty acid synthase inhibitor GSK2194069, and the SLC16A1 inhibitor AZD3965, bring forth biomarkers of drug response. Phenotypic screening using CLIMET represents a valuable tool to probe cellular metabolism and identify metabolic dependencies at large.
Spontaneous Cytotoxicity by Monocyte‐Enriched Subpopulations of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells against Human or Mouse Anchorage‐Dependent Tumour Cell Lines (1983)

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were found to be cytotoxic for mouse or human anchorage-dependent target cell lines in a 48-72 h [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) release assay. Unfractionated, adherent or nonadherent cells had significant levels of cytotoxicity, as did cells fractionated according to size into 'lymphocytes' or 'monocytes' by elutriation. Intermediate size cells, not enriched for monocytes, had high levels of cytotoxicity. In all fractions tested, including adherent populations, some cells with the morphology of large granular cells were observed. Treatment of all fractions with interferon (IFLrA, a purified, recombinant alpha-IFN) boosted cytotoxicity against four target cells lines. Treatment with lymphokines containing putative 'macrophage-activating factor' (MAF) also enhanced cytotoxicity in fractions depleted of monocytes. Culture in fetal bovine serum enhanced cytotoxicity mainly in unfractionated and nonadherent PBMNC. These experiments indicated that NK-like cells can be appreciable contaminants in elutriator-purified monocyte-enriched or adherent cell populations and thereby contribute to observed cytotoxicity, particularly after pretreatment with IFN or other stimulatory factors.
Anisotropy in structural and physical properties in tetrathiafulvalene derivatives-based zone-cast layers as seen by Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and field effect measurements (2010)

We have studied anisotropy of thin layers of amphiphilic tetrathiafulvalene derivatives (TTF-4SCn, with n=12, 18, and 22) obtained by zone-casting technique. All the films show optical anisotropy, as seen by polarized optical microscopy and polarized UV-visible spectroscopy. By using polarized Raman spectroscopy an angular dependence of intensity of different vibrational modes in respect to the zone-casting direction was determined. It was found that intensities of the modes related to central and ring C=C vibrations in the TTF core depend very strongly on the angle between the zone-cast direction and polarization plane of incident laser light. Comparison of the deduced orientation of the molecules in one of the films (TTF-4SC18) with its crystal structure shows that the polarized Raman spectroscopy can be useful for controlling orientation of molecules in thin films (e.g., for online monitoring). Organic field effect transistors (OFETs), with channels oriented in parallel and perpendicularly to the zone-casting direction, were built using the oriented TTF-4SCn films. In all cases a strong anisotropy of the charge carrier mobility (μ) was found; the best results were obtained for OFETs with TTF-4SC18, for which μ∥=0.25 cm2/V s, ON/OFF&amp;gt;105, and μ∥/μ⊥≈170.
CADD, a Chlamydia Protein That Interacts with Death Receptors (2002)

We report here the identification of a bacterial protein capable of interacting with mammalian death receptors in vitro and in vivo. The protein is encoded in the genome of Chlamydia trachomatis and has homologues in other Chlamydia species. This protein, which we refer to as "Chlamydia protein associating with death domains" (CADD), induces apoptosis in a variety of mammalian cell lines when expressed by transient gene transfection. Apoptosis induction can be blocked by Caspase inhibitors, indicating that CADD triggers cell death by engaging the host apoptotic machinery. CADD interacts with death domains of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family receptors TNFR1, Fas, DR4, and DR5 but not with the respective downstream adaptors. In infected epithelial cells, CADD is expressed late in the infectious cycle of C. trachomatis and co-localizes with Fas in the proximity of the inclusion body. The results suggest a role for CADD modulating the apoptosis pathways of cells infected, revealing a new mechanism of host-pathogen interaction.
Assessing surface DEM and roughness with a 3D-printed gravel bed (2014)

High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) of gravel riverbeds are common tools for studying surface roughness. However, a necessary step in these studies, the DEM quality assessment, remains challenging. To highlight its importance, we review present surface roughness characterization methods for gravel beds and propose to build a realistic gravel-bed model with known elevations using modern 3D printing technology. The model is placed in a laboratory flume and measured through-air with digital stereo photogrammetry. To evaluate the measurement performance, the measured and “truth” models are mutually aligned and compared point-by-point. Our experiments showed high accuracy, namely, the mean unsigned error (MUE) of 0.43-mm and standard deviation of error (SDE) of 0.62-mm in the viewed area of 296×184-mm2. In terms of external reliability, small discrepancies were observed between the measured and true statistical roughness parameters. DEM quality assessment with a 3D printed model will be useful for setting up the optimum strategy for gravel-bed DEM collection, both in air and through-water, in future.
Flow cytometric analysis of fine needle aspirates is affected by tumor subtype, but not by anatomic location nor technique (2020)

FNA with associated FC is a powerful diagnostic technique; however, lymphoma subtype may affect diagnostic sensitivity by FC, and therefore, discordant FNA and FC results should be interpreted with caution.
A Study of Second Moment Closure Modeling for Stratified Wakes Using DNS Ensembles (2022)

Abstract Buoyant wakes are widely encountered in ocean environment and undersea vehicle flows. These are typically characterized by high Reynolds (Re) and Froude (Fr) numbers, so turbulence resolving CFD models of such flows, i.e., Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES), require significant computational resources. Therefore, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based models are attractive for these configurations, but their performance hinges on numerous modeling assumptions. The inherently complex dynamics of stratified systems render eddy-viscosity-based modeling inappropriate. RANS Second-Moment Closure (SMC) based modeling is more suitable for such complex systems because they account for flow anisotropy by solving the transport equations of important second-moment terms. For stratified flows, turbulent density fluctuations and their auto- and velocity cross-correlations are dynamically important. Accordingly, at the SMC level of modeling, eleven transport equations are solved, and a range of sub-models are implemented for diffusion, pressure strain and scrambling, and dissipation, in the Reynolds stress, density flux, variance, and dissipation transport equations. In this work, we study the stratified wakes of axisymmetric towed bodies using SMC and DNS. Sub-models in the SMC are evaluated in terms of how well their exact Reynolds averaged form impact the accuracy of the full RANS closure. An ensemble average of 100 DNS realizations is conducted to obtain converged higher-order statistics for direct comparison. For a stratified towed wake at Re = 10000 and Fr = 2, RANS successfully captures the peak mean defect velocity and wake width evolution when accurate initial conditions are provided from DNS. However, RANS over-predicts the wake height, and turbulent kinetic and potential energies, and exhibits larger amplitude oscillations and slower decay rates. Also, RANS predicts a near isotropic decay of normal Reynolds stresses in contrast to the anisotropic decay returned by DNS. The DNS data also provide important physics and modeling insights related to the inaccuracy of the dissipation rate isotropy assumption, and the non-negligible size of pressure-diffusion terms. These results lead to several important recommendations for SMC modeling improvement.
Structural localization of the O2-evolving apparatus to multimeric (tetrameric) particles on the lumenal surface of freeze-etched photosynthetic membranes. (1987)

Isolated appressed chloroplast membranes, highly enriched in photosystem II (PSII) activity, were examined by freeze-etch electron microscopy. The exposed surfaces of these Triton X-100 solubilized membrane fragments correspond to the lumenal or ESs surface of intact stacked thylakoid membrane regions (Dunahay, T. G., L. A. Staehelin, M. Seibert, P. D. Ogilvie, and S. P. Berg. 1984. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 764:179-193). The sequential removal from this sample of three extrinsic proteins (17, 23, and 33 kD) associated with the O2-evolving apparatus and the concomitant loss of O2 evolution, was related to subtle changes in the height and substructure of characteristic multimeric (often tetrameric) particles that protrude from the ESs membrane surface. After removal of these proteins, the multimeric particles disappeared and dimeric particles of similar diameter but of lesser height (6.1 vs. 8.2 nm in the controls) were observed. Reconstitution of the depleted membrane fragments with the extrinsic proteins led to rebinding of the three proteins, to a 63% recovery of the control rates of O2 evolution, and to the reappearance of the larger multimeric particles. Analysis of the structural changes associated with the loss and rebinding of the extrinsic proteins is consistent with a stoichiometry of one PSII complex for either one or two copies of the 17-, 23-, and 33-kD proteins, and these are symmetrically arranged on the lumenal surface of the complex. These results demonstrate that the multimeric ESs particles correspond to part of the intact O2-evolving apparatus of PSII, thus confirming previous indirect studies relating these particles to PSII. The dimeric particles probably contain the rest of the O2-evolving complex.