gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of a Direct Injected, Glow Plug Ignition-Assisted, Natural Gas Engine (1995)

Conventional (Otto cycle) natural gas engines are limited in power and thermal efficiency relative to a diesel engine due to detonation and the need to run a nearly stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Technology is under development to burn natural gas in a direct-injected diesel cycle that is not prone to detonation or air/fuel ratio control limitations. Direct-injected gas (DIG) technology will allow natural gas engines to match the power and thermal efficiency of the equivalent diesel-fueled engine. Laboratory development now under way is targeted for field experimental evaluation of a DIG 3516 engine in a 1500 kW road switcher locomotive. This paper will describe DIG 3516 engine component design and single and multicylinder performance development.
Differential cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responsiveness to the hepatitis B and C viruses in chronically infected patients (1996)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are thought to control hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, since they are readily detectable in patients who clear the virus whereas they are hard to detect during chronic HBV infection. In chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, however, the virus persists in the face of a CTL response. Indeed, most infected patients respond to one or more HCV-1 (genotype 1a)-derived CTL epitopes in the core, NS3, and NS4 proteins, and the CTL response is equally strong in patients infected by different HCV genotypes, suggesting broad cross-reactivity. To examine the effect of the HCV-specific CTL response in patients with chronic hepatitis C on viral load and disease activity, we quantitated the strength of the multispecific CTL response against 10 independent epitopes within the HCV polyprotein. We could not detect a linear correlation between the CTL response and viral load or disease activity in these patients. However, the CTL response was stronger in the subgroup of patients whose HCV RNA was below the detection threshold of the HCV branched- chain DNA assay than in branched-chain-DNA-positive patients. These results suggest that the HCV-specific CTL response may be able to control viral load to some extent in chronically infected patients, and they indicate that prospective studies in acutely infected patients who successfully clear HCV should be performed to more precisely define the relationship between CTL responsiveness, viral clearance, and disease severity in this infection.
Biomimetic and bioinspired approaches for wiring enzymes to electrode interfaces (2016)

Our review focuses on biomimetic and bioinspired ideas to improve enzyme-driven bioelectrochemical systems for applications in energy, biomedical and environmental fields.
A High Bandwidth Analog Heterodyne RF Optical Link With High Dynamic Range and Low Noise Figure (2004)

We demonstrate a 1.55-μm wavelength 5-GHz analog heterodyne optical link employing an integrated balanced photodiode (BPD) with a noise figure of (20/spl plusmn/1) dB and spurious-free dynamic range of (102/spl plusmn/2) dB/spl middot/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 3/. A wide-band rectifier narrow-band receiver architecture is employed to allow for phase noise cancellation. The advantage of BPD over a single photodiode is also explored.
Enabling Remote Whole-Body Control with 5G Edge Computing (2020)

Real-world applications require light-weight, energy-efficient, fully autonomous robots. Yet, increasing autonomy is oftentimes synonymous with escalating computational requirements. It might thus be desirable to offload intensive computation-not only sensing and planning, but also low-level whole-body control-to remote servers in order to reduce on-board computational needs. Fifth Generation (5G) wireless cellular technology, with its low latency and high bandwidth capabilities, has the potential to unlock cloud-based high performance control of complex robots. However, state-of-the-art control algorithms for legged robots can only tolerate very low control delays, which even ultra-low latency 5G edge computing can sometimes fail to achieve. In this work, we investigate the problem of cloud-based whole-body control of legged robots over a 5G link. We propose a novel approach that consists of a standard optimization-based controller on the network edge and a local linear, approximately optimal controller that significantly reduces on-board computational needs while increasing robustness to delay and possible loss of communication. Simulation experiments on humanoid balancing and walking tasks that includes a realistic 5G communication model demonstrate significant improvement of the reliability of robot locomotion under jitter and delays likely to be experienced in 5G wireless links.
Safer at school early alert: an observational study of wastewater and surface monitoring to detect COVID-19 in elementary schools (2023)

County of San Diego, Health and Human Services Agency, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, Centers for Disease Control.
Infrared spectroscopy for chemical agent detection using tailored hypersorbent materials (2015)

We report long-wave infrared (LWIR, 5-15 &mu;m) and mid-wave infrared (MWIR, 2.5 – 5 &mu;m) differential absorption spectra of different nerve agent simulants and common solutes sorbed to poly(methyldi(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-trifluoromethyl- 2-hydroxypent-4-enyl)silane, HCSFA2, an NRL developed hypersorbent polymer. HCSFA2 is a strong hydrogen-bond acidic polymer which exhibits large gas-polymer partitions for a variety of hazardous chemicals with hydrogen-bond basic properties such as the phosphonate ester G-nerve agents or their simulants. The measured ATR-FTIR differential absorption spectra show complex fingerprint signal changes in the resonances for the sorbent material itself, as well as new resonances arising from chemical bonding between the solute or analyte and the sorbent or the solute itself being present in the sorbent.
Novel Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Pulvinones: A Heck Coupling, Transesterification, and Dieckmann Condensation Strategy (2007)

Corrected by: Novel Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Pulvinones: A Heck Coupling, Transesterification, and Dieckmann Condensation StrategySynthesis 2009; 2009(09): 1582-1582DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088054
Using Visualization of t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding To Identify Immune Cell Subsets in Mouse Tumors (2017)

High-dimensional flow cytometry is proving to be valuable for the study of subtle changes in tumor-associated immune cells. As flow panels become more complex, detection of minor immune cell populations by traditional gating using biaxial plots, or identification of populations that display small changes in multiple markers, may be overlooked. Visualization of <i>t</i>-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (viSNE) is an unsupervised analytical tool designed to aid the analysis of high-dimensional cytometry data. In this study we use viSNE to analyze the simultaneous binding of 15 fluorophore-conjugated Abs and one cell viability probe to immune cells isolated from syngeneic mouse MB49 bladder tumors, spleens, and tumor-draining lymph nodes to identify patterns of anti-tumor immune responses. viSNE maps identified populations in multidimensional space of known immune cells, including T cells, B cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and NK cells. Based on the expression of CD86 and programmed cell death protein 1, CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were divided into distinct populations. Additionally, both CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and CD8<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells were identified in the tumor microenvironment. Apparent differences between splenic and tumor polymorphonuclear cells/granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are due to the loss of CD44 upon enzymatic digestion of tumors. In conclusion, viSNE is a valuable tool for high-dimensional analysis of immune cells in tumor-bearing mice, which eliminates gating biases and identifies immune cell subsets that may be missed by traditional gating.
Biomaterial Drug Delivery Systems for Prominent Ocular Diseases (2023)

Ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, have had a profound impact on millions of patients. In the past couple of decades, these diseases have been treated using conventional techniques but have also presented certain challenges and limitations that affect patient experience and outcomes. To address this, biomaterials have been used for ocular drug delivery, and a wide range of systems have been developed. This review will discuss some of the major classes and examples of biomaterials used for the treatment of prominent ocular diseases, including ocular implants (biodegradable and non-biodegradable), nanocarriers (hydrogels, liposomes, nanomicelles, DNA-inspired nanoparticles, and dendrimers), microneedles, and drug-loaded contact lenses. We will also discuss the advantages of these biomaterials over conventional approaches with support from the results of clinical trials that demonstrate their efficacy.
Differential receptor selectivity of the FGF15/FGF19 orthologues determines distinct metabolic activities in db/db mice (2018)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 19, 21 and 23 are characterized by being endocrinely secreted and require co-receptor α-klotho or β-klotho (BKL) for binding and activation of the FGF receptors (FGFR). FGF15 is the rodent orthologue of human FGF19, but the two proteins share only 52% amino acid identity. Despite the physiological role of FGF21 and FGF19 being quite different, both lower blood glucose (BG) when administered to diabetic mice. The present study was designed to clarify why two human proteins with distinct physiological functions both lower BG in <i>db/db</i> mice and if the mouse orthologue FGF15 has similar effect to FGF19 and FGF21. Recombinant human FGF19, -21 and a mouse FGF15 variant (C110S) were expressed and purified from <i>Escherichia coli</i> While rhFGF19 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 19) and rhFGF21 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor) bound FGFRs in complex with both human and mouse BKL, rmFGF15CS (recombinant mouse fibroblast growth factor 15 C110S) only bound the FGFRs when combined with mouse BKL. Recombinant hFGF21 and rhFGF19, but not rmFGF15CS, increased glucose uptake in mouse adipocytes, while rhFGF19 and rmFGF15CS potently decreased <i>Cyp7a1</i> expression in rat hepatocytes. The lack of effect of rmFGF15CS on glucose uptake in adipocytes was associated with rmFGF15CS's inability to signal through the FGFR1c/mouse BKL complex. In <i>db/db</i> mice, only rhFGF19 and rhFGF21 decreased BG while rmFGF15CS and rhFGF19, but not rhFGF21, increased total cholesterol. These data demonstrate receptor- and species-specific differential activity of FGF15 and FGF19 which should be taken into consideration when FGF19 is used as a substitute for FGF15.
Electrical TCAD Study of the Low-Voltage Avalanche-Mode Superjunction LED (2021)

The CMOS silicon avalanche-mode light-emitting diode (AMLED) has emerged as a potential light source for monolithic optical interconnects. Earlier we presented a superjunction light-emitting diode (SJLED) that offers a higher electroluminescent intensity compared to a conventional AMLED because of its more uniform field distribution. However, for reducing power consumption low-voltage ( ≤ 15V) SJLEDs are desired, not explored before. In this work we present a TCAD simulation feasibility study of the low-voltage SJLED for various doping concentrations and device dimensions. The results show that for obtaining a constant field, approximately a tenfold more aggressive charge balance condition in the SJLED is estimated than traditionally reported. This is important for establishing a guideline to realize optimized RESURF and SJLEDs in the ever-shrinking advanced CMOS nodes.
In Vivo Selection of Neutralization-Resistant Virus Variants But No Evidence of B Cell Tolerance in Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Carrier Mice Expressing a Transgenic Virus-Neutralizing Antibody (1999)

B cell tolerance is maintained by active deletion and functional anergy of self-reactive B cells depending on the time, amount, and site of the self-antigen expression. To study B cell tolerance toward a transplacentally transmitted viral Ag, we crossed transgenic mice expressing the mu heavy and the kappa light chain of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing mAb KL25 (HL25-transgenic mice) with persistently infected LCMV carrier mice. Although HL25-transgenic LCMV carrier mice exhibited the same high virus titers as nontransgenic LCMV carrier mice, no evidence for B cell tolerance was found. In contrast, enhanced LCMV-neutralizing Ab titers were measured that, however, did not clear the virus. Instead, LCMV isolates from different tissues turned out to be neutralization resistant Ab escape variants expressing different substitutions of amino acid Asn119 of the LCMV-glycoprotein 1 that displays the neutralizing B cell epitope. Virus variants with the same mutations were also selected in vitro in the presence of the transgenic mAb KL25 confirming that substitutions of Asn119 have been selected by LCMV-neutralizing Abs. Thus, despite abundant expression of viral neo-self-antigen in HL25-transgenic LCMV carrier mice, transgenic B cells expressing LCMV-neutralizing Abs were rather stimulated than tolerized and neutralization resistant Ab escape variants were selected in vivo.
Accelerated absorption of regular insulin administered via a vascularizing permeable microchamber implanted subcutaneously in diabetic Rattus norvegicus (2022)

Abstract In Type 1 diabetes patients, even ultra-rapid acting insulins injected subcutaneously reach peak concentrations in 45 minutes or longer. The lag time between dosing and peak concentration, as well as intra- and inter-subject variability, render prandial glucose control and dose consistency difficult. We postulated that insulin absorption from subcutaneously implantable vascularizing microchambers would be significantly faster than conventional subcutaneous injection. Male athymic nude R. norvegicus rendered diabetic with streptozotocin were implanted with vascularizing microchambers (single chamber; 1.5 cm2 surface area per side; nominal volume, 22.5 µL). Plasma insulin was assayed after a single dose (1.5 U/kg) of diluted insulin human (Humulin®R U-100), injected subcutaneously or via microchamber. Microchambers were also implanted in additional animals and retrieved at intervals for histologic assessment of vascularity. Following conventional subcutaneous injection, the mean peak insulin concentration was 22.7 (SD 14.2) minutes. By contrast, when identical doses of insulin were injected via subcutaneous microchamber 28 days after implantation, the mean peak insulin time was shortened to 7.50 (SD 4.52) minutes. Peak insulin concentrations were similar by either route; however, inter-subject variability was reduced when insulin was administered via microchamber. Histologic examination of tissue surrounding microchambers showed mature vascularization on days 21 and 40 post-implantation. Implantable vascularizing microchambers of similar design may prove clinically useful for insulin dosing, either intermittently by needle, or continuously by pump including in “closed loop” systems, such as the artificial pancreas.
Threadmill (2011)

Post-silicon validation poses unique challenges that bring-up tools must face, such as the lack of observability into the design, the typical instability of silicon bring-up platforms and the absence of supporting software (like an OS or debuggers). These challenges and the need to reach an optimal utilization of the expensive but very fast silicon platforms lead to unique design considerations - like the need to keep the tool simple and to perform most of its operation on platform without interaction with the environment.
Current status of molecular-targeted drugs for endometrial cancer (Review) (2013)

Endometrial cancer is a common gynecological malignant tumor in Western countries and its incidence has also been on the increase in Asia. Genetic abnormalities related to onset and progression of malignancy in the endometrial membrane and signaling system have been identified and the developmental mechanism of endometrial cancer is becoming elucidated. The identification of the molecules related to these abnormalities has led to new potential treatment regimens for endometrial cancer, using molecular-targeted drugs. The current chemotherapy for endometrial cancer often causes systemic side effects that require discontinuation of the treatment. Furthermore, a treatment regimen for cancers of rare histological types has not been established. Recent studies on endometrial cancer revealed patterns of genetic disorders that differ among the histological types. Genetic and molecular information that underlie pathological changes and is associated with DNA mismatch repair genes and epigenetic regulation was also identified. Targeting of these mechanisms with molecular-targeted drugs has been performed with the aim of linking treatment to the carcinogenic mechanism at the molecular and genetic levels. However, the response rates with single-agent therapy are generally low and several problems remain unresolved. Trials of combinations of molecular-targeted drugs with currently available treatments and identification of factors determining sensitivity are required to overcome these difficulties.
Active-State Models of Ternary GPCR Complexes: Determinants of Selective Receptor-G-Protein Coupling (2013)

Based on the recently described crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor--Gs-protein complex, we report the first molecular-dynamics simulations of ternary GPCR complexes designed to identify the selectivity determinants for receptor-G-protein binding. Long-term molecular dynamics simulations of agonist-bound β2AR-Gαs and D2R-Gαi complexes embedded in a hydrated bilayer environment and computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis identified distinct residues of the N-terminal region of intracellular loop 3 to be crucial for coupling selectivity. Within the G-protein, specific amino acids of the α5-helix, the C-terminus of the Gα-subunit and the regions around αN-β1 and α4-β6 were found to determine receptor recognition. Knowledge of these determinants of receptor-G-protein binding selectivity is essential for designing drugs that target specific receptor/G-protein combinations.
The Machine Learnings Leading the Cuffless PPG Blood Pressure Sensors Into the Next Stage (2021)

Recent works on the machine learnings designed for cuffless blood pressure (BP) estimation based on measured photoplethysmogram (PPG) waveforms are reviewed by this study, with future trends of the related technology developments distilled. This review starts with those based on the conventional pulse wave velocity (PWV) theory, by which few equations are derived to calculate BPs based on measured pulse arrival times (PATs) and/or pulse transit time (PTT). Due to the inadequacy of PATs and PPTs to characterize BP, some works were reported to employ more features in PPG waveforms to achieve better accuracy. In these works, varied machine learnings were adopted, such as support vector machine (SVM), regression tree (RT), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and artificial neural network (ANN), etc., resulting in satisfactory accuracies based on a large number of data in the databases of Queensland and/or MIMIC II. Most recently, a few studies reported to utilize the deep learning machines like convolution neural network (CNN), recursive neural network (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM), etc., to handle feature extraction and establish models integrally, with the aim to cope with the inadequacy of pre-determined (hand-crafted) features to characterize BP and the difficulty of extracting pre-determined features by a designed algorithm. Therefore, the deep learning opens an opportunity of achieving much better BP accuracy by using a single PPG sensor. Favorable accuracies have been resulted by these few studies in comparison with prior works. Finally, future research efforts needed towards successful commercialization of the cuffless BP sensor are distilled.
Development of Optical Engineering. Diffraction Efficiency and Fabrication Technology of Surface-Relief Diffractive Optical Elements. (1997)

In the field of microoptics, surface-relief diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are of great interest. Their thin film structure makes it possible to produce and integrate them with other optical components. Recent development in microfabrication technology including electron-beam lithography and binary optics lithography has demonstrated DOEs with blazed/multilevel relief structure. Such relief structure can improve diffraction efficiency of DOEs. Electron-beam lithography has several advantages such as a potential for submicron patterning and flexibility in design and fabrication. In addition, blazed structure can be formed by one process. Binary optics lithography is also attractive because high efficiency DOEs with multilevel structure can be fabricated by semiconductor techniques used in electronic integrated circuits. Typical DOEs with blazed/multilevel structure and their application to micro infrared sensor are demonstrated. Such surface-relief DOEs are expected to be used in various optical systems.
EBM-9000: EB mask writer for product mask fabrication of 16nm half-pitch generation and beyond (2014)

In the half pitch (hp) 16nm generation, the shot count on a mask is expected to become bipolar. The multi-patterning technology in lithography seems to maintain the shot count around 300G shots instead of increase in the number of masks needed for one layer. However, as a result of mask multiplication, the better positional accuracy would be required especially in Mask-to-Mask overlay. On the other hand, in complex OPC, the shot count on a mask is expected to exceed 1T shots. In addition, regardless of the shot count forecast, the resist sensitivity needs to be lower to reduce the shot noise effect so as to get better LER. In other words, slow resist would appear on main stream, in near future. Hence, such trend would result in longer write time than that of the previous generations. At the same time, most mask makers request masks to be written within 24 hours. Thus, a faster mask writer with better writing accuracy than those of previous generations is needed. With this background, a new electron beam mask writing system, EBM- 9000, has been developed to satisfy such requirements of the hp 16nm generation. The development of EBM-9000 has focused on improving throughput for larger shot counts and improving the writing accuracy.
An aggregator-based-strategy to minimize the cost of energy consumption by optimal utilization of energy resources in an apartment building (2019)

Buildings and transport consume two thirds of the total global energy. It is desirable to maximize the use of renewable generation in these sectors, and to optimize the use of that energy by managing diverse sources and loads. This is particularly challenging in high-density residential premises where the space for such infrastructure is limited, and storage can have significant impact on energy utilization and demand. In this paper, we have proposed an aggregator-based-strategy (ABS) to optimally utilize the available energy resources and storage in an apartment building with twenty households, each having an electric vehicle (EV), and an aggregated solar photovoltaic (PV) energy and stationary battery storage (BS) system. The strategy is flexible and can be applied to any building with EVs, solar PV and BS to minimize the cost of energy consumption without compromising the flexibility of energy usage or travel requirements. The model also accounts for the battery capacity degradation and its associated cost to make it more realistic. The model is evaluated using real data and the results show that the strategy not only reduces the cost of energy consumption but also reduces the amount of energy drawn from the grid significantly.