gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Aromatic and Aliphatic N-Heterocyclic Salts and Their Application as Organic Electrolyte Supporters in Electrochemical Capacitor (2021)

Aromatic and aliphatic N-heterocyclic chemical salts were synthesized by counter-anion-exchange reactions after substitution reactions in order to apply them as organic electrolyte supporters in an electrochemical capacitor (super capacitor). The aromatic N-heterocyclic salts were N-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([MPy]+[BF4]−), N-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate ([MPy]+[PF6]−), 1,3-dibuthylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([DI]+[BF4]−), 1,3-dibuthylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([DI]+[PF6]−), 1-buthyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMTA]+[BF4]−), and 1-buthyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMTA]+[PF6]−). The aliphatic N-heterocyclic salts were N,N-dimethylpiperilidium tetrafluoroborate ([DMP]+[BF4]−), N,N-dimethylpiperilidium hexafluorophosphate ([DMPy]+[PF6]−), N,N-dimethylpyrrolidium tetrafluoroborate ([DMPy]+[BF4]−) and N,N-dimethylpyrrolidium hexafluorophosphate ([DMPy]+[PF6]−), 1-ethyltriethamine tetrafluoroborate ([E-TEDA]+[BF4]−), and 1-ethyltriethamine hexafluorophosphate ([E-TEDA]+[PF6]−), respectively. We confirmed the successful synthesis of the aromatic and aliphatic N-heterocyclic chemical salts by 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and GC/MS analysis before conducting the counter-anion-exchange reactions. Then, we determined the electrochemical potential of vanadium acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) under acetonitrile in the presence of the N-heterocyclic chemical salts as energy-storage chemicals. By cyclic voltammetry, the maximum voltages with the N-heterocyclic chemical salts in acetonitrile reached 2.2 V under a fixed current value. Charge-discharge experiments were performed in the electrochemical capacitor with an anion-exchange membrane using a non-aqueous electrolyte prepared with a synthesized N-heterocyclic salt in acetonitrile.
Novel Cells-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Investigating the Interactions of Cancer Cells with Molecules and Screening Multitarget Anticancer Drugs (2020)

A novel, effective, and label-free electrochemical sensor was constructed for investigating the interactions between cancer cells and molecules, based on targeted cancer cells immobilized on a bilayer architecture of N-doped graphene-Pt nanoparticles-chitosan (NGR-Pt-CS) and polyaniline (PANI). The interactions between folic acid (FA, positive control) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, negative control) and the choice of targeted cells, HepG2 and A549 cells, were investigated by measuring the current change of the sensor to [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3-/4-</sup> before and after interactions, and the binding constants were calculated to be 1.37 × 10<sup>5</sup> and 1.92 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>-1</sup> by sensing kinetics. Furthermore, 18 main components from Aidi injection (ADI) were studied to screen compounds that have interactions with different targeted cancer cells including HepG2 and A549 cells. The potential target groups of the interactions between screened active compounds and targeted cancer cells were analyzed through computer-aided molecular docking. In this sensing system, molecules did not require electrochemical activity, and different targeted cancer cells could be immobilized on the modified electrode surface, truly reflecting the categories and numbers of targets. Additionally, the proposed sensor specifically circumvented the current paradigm in most cells-based electrochemical sensors for screening drugs, in which the changes in cell behavior induced by drugs are monitored. This study provided a novel, simple, and generally applicable method for exploring the interaction of molecules with cancer cells and screening multitarget drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2′‐Amino‐2′‐deoxypyrimidine 5′‐Triphosphates. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Singlet exciton diffusion length in organic light-emitting diodes (2012)

We present a simple and accurate method to determine the singlet diffusion length in an operating organic light-emitting device (OLED). By using electrical rather than optical excitation, the method ensures that excitons are formed in a tightly confined generation zone, from which they can diffuse towards a quenching material. For a series of devices with varying distance between generation and quenching region, different emission intensities are found, and the experimentally obtained emission spectra of these devices can be used to determine the singlet diffusion length in the emissive layer of the device. By carefully choosing OLED layer materials and thicknesses, we can ensure well-defined quenching and blocking boundary conditions and exclude cavity effects as well as emission from the quenching material. An analytical model is developed to analyze the emission intensity found experimentally. We show that disregarding the fact that the generation zone has a nonzero width leads to an overestimation of the diffusion length. Furthermore, the current, i.e., the excitation density dependency of the singlet diffusion length, is investigated. At low current density (0.15 mA/cm${}^{2}$), a singlet diffusion length of $4.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ nm is obtained in N,N${}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-di-1-naphthalenyl-N,N${}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-diphenyl-[1,1${}^{\ensuremath{'}}$:4${}^{\ensuremath{'}}$,1${}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$:4${}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$,1${}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{'}}$-quaterphenyl]-4,4${}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{'}}$-diamine (4P-NPD). The singlet diffusion length decreases to $4.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ nm at 154.08 mA/cm${}^{2}$.
Brief History of Early Lithium-Battery Development (2020)

Lithium batteries are electrochemical devices that are widely used as power sources. This history of their development focuses on the original development of lithium-ion batteries. In particular, we highlight the contributions of Professor Michel Armand related to the electrodes and electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
Parallel Search Trie-Based Scheme for Fast IP Lookup (2007)

As data rates in the Internet increase, the Internet Protocol (IP) address lookup is required to be resolved in shorter resolution times. IP address lookup involves finding the longest matching prefix from a database of prefixes that better matches the destination address of a packet. The fastest IP-address lookup solutions are based on ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs), which can resolve the IP lookup in one memory-access time. However, TCAMs have a high power consumption and large complexity that may limit their scalability and storage capacity. An alternative is to use random access memory (RAM) that stores a forwarding table in a trie form. Proposed trie-based solutions for IP lookup require three or more memory-access times in the worst-case scenario. This makes them unattractive despite their reduced power consumption. In this paper, we propose a flexible and fast trie-based IP-lookup algorithm where parallel searching is performed. This algorithm performs lookup in two memory- access times whith a feasible amount of memory or three memory access times with reduced memory.
MOVPE growth of 1.3 μm GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well lasers with high performance (2003)

We have investigated growth and annealing condition of GaInNAs by MOVPE using all organometallic sources. Considerable improvement of optical properties of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum well structures has been achieved. And also high performance GaInNAs lasers operating at 1.3 /spl mu/m has been demonstrated with threshold current density of 580A/cm/sup 2/, which is among the lowest value reported.
MMP-13 In-Vivo Molecular Imaging Reveals Early Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma (2015)

MMP-13 is detected in early pulmonary invasive adenocarcinomas and may be a potential target for molecular imaging of lung cancer.
Overexpression of CD163 in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: possible involvement of periostin (2014)

These findings indicate that the overexpression of CD163 by macrophages may be involved in the development of FVMs partly through periostin production.
Multiple‐Angle Incident Ellipsometry Measurement on Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposited Amorphous Silicon and Polysilicon (1994)

Multiple‐angle incident (MAI) ellipsometry is used to study the optical properties of both amorphous silicon and poly‐Si after different heat‐treatments. At first, the error sensitivity of MAI ellipsometry has been studied and the optimum conditions to achieve the best precision are obtained. The optical constants and thickness of amorphous silicon deposited by LPCVD at 550°C are changed significantly after sample annealing. The optical constants of the amorphous silicon reached the values of single‐crystalline silicon after annealing for both the high and low temperature treatments. A thickness shrinking phenomenon is observed when amorphous silicon is transformed to the polycrystalline form. This phenomenon is confirmed by cross‐sectional TEM photography. The thickness shrinking ratio is 3.5 to 6.0%.
Improved bias-temperature instability characteristics in SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor devices with aluminum oxynitride dielectrics (2014)

Significant improvement of bias-temperature instability characteristics in SiC-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices was demonstrated with high-permittivity aluminum oxynitride (AlON) dielectrics deposited on thin thermal oxides. AlON/SiO2 stacked dielectrics were found to be beneficial not only for reducing gate leakage current but also for suppressing diffusion of positively charged ions, leading to stable SiC-MOS characteristics even under strong electric fields and high temperatures. Unlike the prompt electric-field-induced ion migration in thermally grown and sputter-deposited SiO2 dielectrics, the ion drift for the stacked gate dielectrics was confined within the thin SiO2 underlayers owing to low ion diffusivity in AlON layers. Impacts of mobile ions on interface properties of SiC-MOS devices and effects of intentional ion trapping within the AlON layers were also systematically investigated.
Application of NIR-Photopolymers in the Graphic Industry: From Physical Chemistry to Lithographic Applications (2014)

Abstract This contribution discusses photoinitiated crosslinking of multifunctional acrylic esters in polymeric binders based on digital imaging using the Computer to Plate (CtP) technology applying laser exposure at 830 nm in the near infrared (NIR). All coating components (NIR photoinitiator system, monomers, binder, adhesion promoter, contrast dye, and oxygen barrier material) were applied as thin double layer film (1–2 μm dry film thickness) on Al-plates with an anodized surface. Materials exposed exhibit a sensitivity between 30–200 mJ/cm 2 depending on the NIR-photoinitiator composition. This was processed in a weak aqueous alkaline bath to obtain the image. Generation of initiating radicals occurs by electron transfer from the excited state of the NIR-sensitizer to the radical generator; that is either an onium salt or neutral electron deficient compound. Redox potentials were determined for the NIR-sensitizers and the radical generator. These data allow a rough estimate regarding the free energy of electron transfer of the excited state of the sensitizer and radical generator in NIR-photosensitive imaging material. Photoinduced electron transfer plays a major function to generate initiating radicals by a sensitized mechanism but thermal events also influence sensitivity of the coating. Particular the non-radiative deactivation of the NIR-sensitizer possesses a major function to release selectively the heat. Absorption data of many NIR-sensitizers used exhibit molar extinction coefficient of more than 200000 M – 1 cm – 1 .
Advanced state clustering for very large vocabulary HMM-based on-line handwriting recognition (1999)

The paper presents some novel methods for the introduction of context dependent hidden Markov models (HMM) to online handwriting recognition. The use of these so-called n-graphs can lead to substantially improved modeling accuracy, but requires some intelligent parameter reduction methods (state clustering). This is especially the case for the investigated very large vocabulary system, incorporating an active vocabulary of 200000 words. Switching from context independent models to context dependent models-considering the underlying vocabulary-yields in the worst case to 25000 HMMs and very poor trainability for most of the introduced models. Therefore, the conducted investigations are focused on an appropriate state clustering method which is supported by decision trees and some new self organizing approaches to generate the required trees. The presented comparison takes also the different context dependencies (left, right or both sides) into consideration.
La filosofía de la naturaleza en la "Enciclopedia" de Hegel (2013)

espanolEste articulo pretende dar una vision sencilla y adecuada a filosofos amateurs y principiantes de una de las partes del Comentario a la Enciclopedia de las ciencias filosoficas de Hegel que el autor esta escribiendo. El Comentario entero, asi como la parte que se resume aqui, pretende ser una especie de deletreo de un texto extremadamente dificil. La Filosofia de la Naturaleza articula el sistema hegeliano desde su mismo centro, colocada entre la Logica y la Filosofia del Espiritu. El articulo arranca desde la deduccion de la Naturaleza que se encuentra en Enc § 244, porque esta deduccion es el paso (Ubergang) desde la Logica a la Filosofia de la Naturaleza Se completa el comentario a este pasaje con una Introduccion general a la Filosofia de la Naturaleza. A pesar de la pesadez y obsolescencia del texto de Hegel, resulta imprescindible su conocimiento para la deseable comprension del todo sistematico hegeliano. EnglishThis paper is intended as a commentary on Hegel’s Encyclopedia. Specially, it is devoted to analyze the Philosophy of Nature, located between Logics and Philosophy of Spirit, since it plays a key role in this study.
Effect of seasonal and geographical differences on skin and effect of treatment with an osmoprotectant: Sorbitol. (2013)

Human skin maintains an optimal permeability barrier function in a terrestrial environment that varies considerably in humidity. Cells cultured under hyperosmotic stress accumulate osmolytes including sorbitol. Epidermal keratinocytes experience similar high osmolality under dry environmental conditions because of increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and concomitant drying of the skin. This study was designed to determine if epidermal keratinocytes, in vitro, could be protected from high osmotic stress, with the exogenous addition of sorbitol. In addition, we evaluated the effect of a formulation containing topical sorbitol on skin barrier and moisturization of subjects living in arid and humid regions in summer as well as in winter. Results from in vitro experiments showed that 50 mM sorbitol protected epidermal keratinocytes from osmotic toxicity induced by sodium chloride. Clinical studies indicated that skin chronically exposed to hot, dry environment appeared to exhibit stronger skin barrier and a lower baseline TEWL. In addition, skin barrier was stronger in summer than in winter. Sorbitol exhibited significant improvement in both barrier repair and moisturization, especially in individuals subjected to arid environmental conditions.
Starting point designs for freeform four-mirror systems (2017)

Driven by the development of freeform four-mirror solutions, we review and compare analytical methods to generate starting point designs with various states of correction, surface types, symmetry, and obscuration. The advantages and disadvantages of each are examined. We have combined several concepts and techniques from the literature to analytically generate unobscured freeform starting point designs that are corrected through the third-order image degrading aberrations. The surfaces in these starting point designs are described as base off-axis conics that image stigmatically for the central field point, also known as Cartesian reflectors, with an aspheric departure “cap” (quartic with the aperture) added to the Cartesian reflectors. Tilt angles are chosen to cancel field-asymmetric field-linear astigmatism and unobscure the system. Paraxial data from an equivalent on-axis system are used to solve a system of linear equations to determine the magnitude of the aspheric departure “caps” that are placed on top of the base Cartesian reflectors, in order to eliminate the remaining third-order image degrading aberrations. In this approach, each aspheric departure “cap” is centered about the intersection of the optical-axis-ray, also known as the base ray, with the base surface, rather than being centered about the axis of rotational invariance.
iLeak: A Lightweight System for Detecting Inadvertent Information Leaks (2010)

Data loss incidents, where data of sensitive nature are exposed to the public, have become too frequent and have caused damages of millions of dollars to companies and other organizations. Repeatedly, information leaks occur over the Internet, and half of the time they are accidental, caused by user negligence, misconfiguration of software, or inadequate understanding of an application's functionality. This paper presents iLeak, a lightweight, modular system for detecting inadvertent information leaks. Unlike previous solutions, iLeak builds on components already present in modern computers. In particular, we employ system tracing facilities and data indexing services, and combine them in a novel way to detect data leaks. Our design consists of three components: uaudits are responsible for capturing the information that exits the system, while Inspectors use the indexing service to identify if the transmitted data belong to files that contain potentially sensitive information. The Trail Gateway handles the communication and synchronization of uaudits and Inspectors. We implemented iLeak on Mac OS X using DTrace and the Spotlight indexing service. Finally, we show that iLeak is indeed lightweight, since it only incurs 4% overhead on protected applications.
Linking calcium-channel isoforms to potential therapies. (2008)

Voltage-gated calcium channels underlie a plethora of physiological functions in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Calcium channels are considered important targets for the treatment of conditions such as absence epilepsy and hypertension, and significant efforts are increasing to discover novel calcium-channel modulators for the treatment of pain. An overview of advances in the development of calcium-channel therapeutics in the areas of pain, epilepsy and disorders associated with cardiovascular function are discussed.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of LnIII–DOTA–Bipy Complexes and LnIII–DOTA–Bipy–RuII Coordination Conjugates (2010)

Abstract The synthesis and the systematic and comparative photophysical study of a series of visible (Eu III , Tb III ) and NIR‐emitting (Nd III , Yb III ) lanthanide complexes (Ln 2 L) and ruthenium–lanthanide coordination conjugates (Ln 2 LRu) are reported. The Gd III complex, the Gd III –Ru II coordination conjugate, as well as the Ru II complex of the ligand H 6 L have also been synthesized and photophysically studied as control systems. The ligand H 6 L, composed of a central bipyridine binding unit and functionalized on each 5′‐position with a DOTA macrocycle, has been successfully synthesized from cyclen, 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,2‐ethylendiamine in a nine‐step process. Detailed luminescence studies of all complexes, including the determination of the quantum yield and lifetime, were carried out on finely powdered microcrystalline samples as well as in water, deuterated water and [D 6 ]DMSO at ambient (295 K) and low temperature (77 K). The photophysical data corroborate the existence of energy transfer in the Ln 2 L complexes and in the Nd 2 LRu coordination conjugate. However, no (or at most, very little) energy transfer is takes place from the Ru(bipy) 3 chromophore to the Ln III ion in the other Ln 2 LRu heteropolymetallic complexes. Moreover, the photophysical studies reveal that all the complexes and coordination conjugates adopt different conformations and hydration states in solution and in the solid state, which influences the efficiency of the energy transfer between the bipy and/or Ru(bipy) 3 antennae and the Ln III ions.
A mathematical model of ctDNA shedding predicts tumor detection size (2020)

Abstract Early cancer detection aims to find tumors before they progress to an incurable stage. We developed a stochastic mathematical model of tumor evolution and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shedding to determine the potential and the limitations of cancer early detection tests. We inferred normalized ctDNA shedding rates from 176 early stage lung cancer subjects and calculated that a 15 mL blood sample contains on average 1.7 genome equivalents of ctDNA for lung tumors with a volume of 1 cm 3 . For annual screening, the model predicts median detection sizes between 3.8 and 6.6 cm 3 corresponding to lead times between 310 and 450 days compared to current lung tumor sizes at diagnosis. For monthly cancer relapse testing based on 20 a priori known mutations, the model predicts a median detection size of 0.26 cm 3 corresponding to a lead time of 150 days. This mechanistic framework can help to optimize early cancer detection approaches.
Geomagnetic observatories threatened again (1987)

In its fiscal year (FY) 1988 budget, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is again proposing to close two geomagnetic observatories ( Eos , February 10, 1987, p. 78). Reliable sources have indicated to us that one of the contemplated closings is of an Alaskan observatory. The same actions, proposed for the FY 1987 budget and commented upon by one of us (Lanzerotti; Eos , March 25, 1986, p. 145), fortunately did not occur.
Formation of ionic transition-metal carbonyl cluster fragments by ion-molecule reactions. 1. The chromium hexacarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl systems (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of ionic transition-metal carbonyl cluster fragments by ion-molecule reactions. 1. The chromium hexacarbonyl and iron pentacarbonyl systemsDonnaJean Anderson Fredeen and David H. RussellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 13, 3762–3768Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00299a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00299a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts