gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycogen Detection by in Vivo 13C NMR: A Comparison of Proton Decoupling and Polarization Transfer (1992)

The performance of gated proton decoupling and polarization transfer with respect to glycogen detection by 13C NMR was investigated. Experiments were performed on a 1.5-T whole-body scanner using a 13C surface coil in combination with a proton head coil. Spectra were acquired from a glycogen phantom and from the lower leg of a healthy volunteer using proton decoupling and the polarization transfer method SINEPT. The signal strength of the C1 resonance of glycogen was determined and compared to a reference spectrum acquired without any form of sensitivity enhancement. In the phantom experiment both decoupling and SINEPT produced a signal gain of 3.5. Under in vivo conditions, the signal gain was approximately 2.5 for both techniques. We conclude that decoupling and polarization transfer are equivalently useful techniques for glycogen detection.
20703 Stress Analyses during CMP Processing with the Cu/porous low-k Suturcture (2005)

Porous low-k materials are required in the construction of 45nm-node LSI devices. However, the extremely low Young's modulus values of these materials result in SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) of Cu interconnects during CMP processing. We performed FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis of stress during each steps in CMP processing. The results supported that the horizontal tensile stress concentrated especially at the edges of the isolated fine wiring, and that higher tensile stresses appeared at the step of Cu clear CMP. Moreover, the maximum values of tensile stress increased with the decrease of Young's modulus of low-k films. Since the cause of horizontal tensile stress is due to the downward CMP pressure on the hard surface (Cu) and the soft surface (low-k film), which indented the low-k films, CMP process with a lighter downward pressure and a structure with dummy pattern is recommended.
Kinetic Phase Evolution of Spinel Cobalt Oxide during Lithiation (2016)

Spinel cobalt oxide has been proposed to undergo a multiple-step reaction during the electrochemical lithiation process. Understanding the kinetics of the lithiation process in this compound is crucial to optimize its performance and cyclability. In this work, we have utilized a low-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy method to visualize the dynamic reaction process in real time and study the reaction kinetics at different rates. We show that the particles undergo a two-step reaction at the single-particle level, which includes an initial intercalation reaction followed by a conversion reaction. At low rates, the conversion reaction starts after the intercalation reaction has fully finished, consistent with the prediction of density functional theoretical calculations. At high rates, the intercalation reaction is overwhelmed by the subsequently nucleated conversion reaction, and the reaction speeds of both the intercalation and conversion reactions are increased. Phase-field simulations show the crucial role of surface diffusion rates of lithium ions in controlling this process. This work provides microscopic insights into the reaction dynamics in non-equilibrium conditions and highlights the effect of lithium diffusion rates on the overall reaction homogeneity as well as the performance.
Comparative studies on the affinities of ATP derivatives for P2X‐purinoceptors in rat urinary bladder (1994)

1. Radioligand binding assays have been used to determine the affinities of a series of ATP derivatives with modifications of the polyphosphate chain, adenine and ribose moieties of the ATP molecule for [H]-alpha,beta-methylene ATP ([3H]-alpha,beta-MeATP) binding sites in rat urinary bladder. 2. The replacement of the bridging oxygen in the triphosphate chain of ATP (pIC50 = 5.58) with a methylene or imido group markedly increased the affinity (691 fold in IC50 values for beta,gamma-imidoATP, 15 fold for beta,gamma-methylene ATP), and the replacement of an ionized oxygen on the gamma-phosphate with a sulphur (ATP gamma S) also led to increased affinity (5623 fold in IC50 values). 3. Modifications at N6, N1, and C-8 positions on the purine base usually reduced the affinity of ATP (a decrease of 2.8 fold in IC50 values for N6-methylATP and 8.9 fold for 8-bromo ATP), while the attachment of an alkylthio group to the C-2 position greatly increased the affinity for P2x-purinoceptors (from 3.5 to 98 fold increase in IC50 values). 4. Replacement of the 3'-hydroxyl group on the ribose with substituted amino or acylamino groups produced more potent P2x-purinoceptor agonists (an increase of 447 fold in IC50 values for 3'-deoxy-3'-benzylamino ATP and 28 fold for 3'-deoxy-3'-(4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)amino ATP. 5. Diadenosine polyphosphates (Ap[n]A) were also shown to displace the [3H]-alpha,beta-MeATP binding. The rank order of potency was Ap6A > Ap5A > Ap4A >> Ap3A >> Ap2A. 6. Suramin, PPADS, and reactive blue 2 could competitively displace the binding of [3H]-alpha,beta-MeATP toP2X-purinoceptors, with pIC50 values of 6.26, 5.35, and 6.22, respectively.
Ideal blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission assisted by a thermally activated delayed fluorescence assistant dopant through a fast reverse intersystem crossing mediated cascade energy transfer process (2019)

A novel blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic light-emitting diode with an emitting layer made up of a TADF assistant dopant and a pure blue-emitting TADF emitter was developed.
Effect of ventilation strategy and surfactant on inflammation in experimental pneumonia (2005)

This study explored, the inflammatory response during experimental pneumonia in surfactant-depleted animals as a function of ventilation strategies and surfactant treatment. Following intratracheal instillation of Group B streptococci (GBS), surfactant-depleted piglets were treated with conventional (positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O, tidal volume 7 mL x kg(-1)) or open lung ventilation. During the latter, collapsed alveoli were recruited by applying high peak inspiratory pressures for a short period of time, combined with high levels of PEEP and the smallest possible pressure amplitude. Subgroups in both ventilation arms also received exogenous surfactant. Conventionally ventilated healthy animals receiving GBS and surfactant-depleted animals receiving saline served as controls. In contrast with both control groups, surfactant-depleted animals challenged with GBS and conventional ventilation showed high levels of interleukin (IL)-8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and myeloperoxidase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after 5 h of ventilation. Open lung ventilation attenuated this inflammatory response, but exogenous surfactant did not. Systemic dissemination of the inflammatory response was minimal, as indicated by low serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha. In conclusion, the current study indicates that the ventilation strategy, but not exogenous surfactant, is an important modulator of the inflammation during Group B streptococci pneumonia in mechanically ventilated surfactant-depleted animals.
Iron Nanoparticles Catalyzing the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones (2012)

Investigation into the mechanism of transfer hydrogenation using trans-[Fe(NCMe)CO(PPh(2)C(6)H(4)CH═NCHR-)(2)][BF(4)](2), where R = H (1) or R = Ph (2) (from R,R-dpen), has led to strong evidence that the active species in catalysis are iron(0) nanoparticles (Fe NPs) functionalized with achiral (with 1) and chiral (with 2) PNNP-type tetradentate ligands. Support for this proposition is given in terms of in operando techniques such as a kinetic investigation of the induction period during catalysis as well as poisoning experiments using substoichiometric amounts of various poisoning agents. Further support for the presence of Fe(0) NPs includes STEM microscopy imaging with EDX analysis, XPS analysis, and SQUID magnetometry analysis of catalytic solutions. Further evidence of Fe NPs acting as the active catalyst is given in terms of a polymer-supported substrate experiment whereby the NPs are too large to permeate the pores of a functionalized polymer. Final support is given in terms of a combined poisoning/STEM/EDX experiment whereby the poisoning agent is shown to be bound to the Fe NPs. This paper provides evidence of a rare example of asymmetric catalysis with nonprecious metal, zerovalent nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Oxidative Coupling of Captodative Substituted Anions. (1986)

Abstract Die captodativ substituierten Methane (I) lassen sich nach Deprotonierung mit Basen (H) durch Iod oder Ag(I)‐Ionen leicht zu den Ethanen (III) kuppeln.
Self-portrait of an ultrasonic wave propagating in a random scattering medium (2021)

Synthetic beamforming for ultrasound imaging relies on a double focusing operation of back-scattered waves at transmission and reception on each point of the medium. Matrix imaging consists in decoupling the location of these transmitted and received focal spots .The response between those virtual transducers forms the focused reflection matrix that contains much more information than raw ultrasound images. Here, we aim to investigate the focused reflection matrix beyond the focusing time to fully leverage the available temporal information. In this time-dependent frame, each virtual source is associated with a focused incident wave while each virtual sensor enables to probe the propagation of this wave through the medium in thetime domain. . This approach is the matrix equivalent of iterative time-reversal methods developed in speckle noise(Montaldo, PRL 2011). However, the matrix formalism enables to perform this whole process in post-processing and provides a much greater flexibility and efficiency. It constitutes a promising tool for an optimized local spatio-temporal focusing of ultrasonic waves, even in presence of reverberation and multiple scattering phenomena. It also paves the way towards a quantitative characterization of random scattering media, by providing, for instance, a high resolution map of integrated speed-of-sounds in soft tissues.
Cation−π Interaction in the Polyolefin Cyclization Cascade Uncovered by Incorporating Unnatural Amino Acids into the Catalytic Sites of Squalene Cyclase (2006)

It has been assumed that the pi-electrons of aromatic residues in the catalytic sites of triterpene cyclases stabilize the cationic intermediates formed during the polycyclization cascade of squalene or oxidosqualene, but no definitive experimental evidence has been given. To validate this cation-pi interaction, natural and unnatural aromatic amino acids were site-specifically incorporated into squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius and the kinetic data of the mutants were compared with that of the wild-type SHC. The catalytic sites of Phe365 and Phe605 were substituted with O-methyltyrosine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which have higher cation-pi binding energies than phenylalanine. These replacements actually increased the SHC activity at low temperature, but decreased the activity at high temperature, as compared with the wild-type SHC. This decreased activity is due to the disorganization of the protein architecture caused by the introduction of the amino acids more bulky than phenylalanine. Then, mono-, di-, and trifluorophenylalanines were incorporated at positions 365 and 605; these amino acids reduce cation-pi binding energies but have van der Waals radii similar to that of phenylalanine. The activities of the SHC variants with fluorophenylalanines were found to be inversely proportional to the number of the fluorine atoms on the aromatic ring and clearly correlated with the cation-pi binding energies of the ring moiety. No serious structural alteration was observed for these variants even at high temperature. These results unambiguously show that the pi-electron density of residues 365 and 605 has a crucial role for the efficient polycyclization reaction by SHC. This is the first report to demonstrate experimentally the involvement of cation-pi interaction in triterpene biosynthesis.
Modeling of Carrier Trapping and Its Impact on Switching Performance (2018)

This investigation focusses on the effect of carrier-trapping on device characteristics. It is demonstrated that consideration of the trap density of states and the trap-time constant in the compact model is sufficient to reproduce the resulting effect on device characteristics both accurately and in a consistent way. With model-parameter extraction from conventional I-V measurements and device-switching characteristics, the carrier-trapping effect on circuit performance can also be predicted accurately. The long-term dynamic carrier-trapping increase can be investigated on the same platform through the use of the additional stress measurements.
High order ribbon fiber modes, simulations, and experiments for high power fiber amplifiers (2013)

Diffraction limited fiber amplifiers in a circular geometry are likely to be limited by nonlinearities to 2 kW for narrowband and 10-36 kW for broadband lasers. We have proposed a ribbon fiber geometry to allow scaling fiber lasers above these limits in which a high order ribbon mode is amplified and converted back to the fundamental mode in free space. Novel methods of illuminating a high order ribbon fiber mode are discussed and compared with modeling and experimental results showing high purity illumination, &gt; 90%. A 10 kW single frequency ribbon fiber amplifier design is presented and BPM simulation results verify the approach.
Improvement of Luminescence Properties and Particle Growth of AlN Phosphors By Si-Doping (2015)

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) has been regarded as a promising material for ceramic phosphors. Recently, we have developed a high efficiency blue AlN phosphor by co-doping with Si and Eu [1-2]. It has been proven that particle have grown rapidly with the highest luminescent intensity on the proper Si doping. Now, it is important to understand the role of Si on AlN particle growth and luminescence enhancement. For this purpose, AlN powders doped with Si from 0 to 4 at. % were prepared using gas-pressure sintering (GPS) furnace at 1950°C in N 2 atmosphere. Firstly, particle size, phases and luminescence spectra of Si-doped AlN powder were investigated using SEM, XRD and CL. Secondly, the defect were evaluated by EPR to identify the defects transitions. Finally, the particle growth mechanism was clarified by cross-sectional CL-EDS. From 0.4 to 2.0 % Si, particle growth of AlN powders as well as ultraviolet emissions at 290 and 350 nm are enhanced. The 350 nm emission may be attributed to native AlN defects such as vacancy-oxygen complexes. The shoulder at 290 nm and 450 nm can be ascribed to the different states of Si related defects in AlN by EPR analysis. Cross sectional CL images show that the 1.6 % Si-doped AlN yields 280 nm emission at the surfaces of AlN particles (Fig. 1). Many particles are connected to each other with these bright surfaces. It suggests that the Si-rich surface may act as the binder of AlN particles and enhance the Ostwald growth. References: [1] T. Takeda et al., J. Mater. Chem., 20 , 9948 (2010). [2] B. Dierre et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 2 , R126 (2013). Figure: Cross sectional SE (a), CL images taken at 280 nm (b), 350 nm (c) for 1.6% Si-doped AlN powders and schematics explanning the growth mechanism (d)) Figure 1
Prophylactic but Not Delayed Administration of Simvastatin Protects Against Long-Lasting Cognitive and Morphological Consequences of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury, Reduces Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α mRNA Induction, and Does Not Affect Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression (2003)

These findings indicate that prophylactic but not delayed administration of simvastatin improves functional outcome in neonatal rat stroke. The reduced induction of cytokines suggests that the neuroprotective effect of simvastatin may be related to a dampening of the inflammatory response.
The PacketCable architecture (2001)

PacketCable/sup TM/ defines a multimedia system architecture that overlays a high-speed cable modem access network, with the goal of enabling a wide variety of Internet protocol-based multimedia services, such as voice over IP, unified messaging, PBX extension, videoconferencing, and online gaming. Currently, the architecture provides a complete solution for delivering VoIP services. We present the core capabilities necessary to implement such services in a scalable fashion. Next, we describe the major functional components that comprise the PacketCable architecture and illustrate how they work together to form an integrated IP multimedia-enabled system architecture, which is presently focused on voice over IP. Finally, we present some possible next steps in the evolution of PacketCable.
Systematic Cloning ofTreponema pallidumOpen Reading Frames for Protein Expression and Antigen Discovery (2003)

A topoisomerase-based method was used to clone PCR products encoding 991 of the 1041 open reading frames identified in the genome sequence of the bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Cloning the open reading frames into the univector plasmid system permitted the rapid conversion of the original clone set to other functional vectors containing a variety of promoters or tag sequences. A computational prediction of signal sequences identified 248 T. pallidum proteins that are potentially secreted from the cell. These clones were systematically converted into vectors designed to express the encoded proteins as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins. To test the potential of the clone set for novel antigen discovery, 85 of these fusion proteins were expressed from Escherichia coli, partially purified, and tested for antigenicity by using sera from rabbits infected with T. pallidum. Twelve of the 85 proteins bound significant levels of antibody. Of these 12 proteins, seven had previously been identified as T. pallidum antigens, and the remaining five represent novel antigens. These results demonstrate the potential of the T. pallidum clone set for antigen discovery and, more generally, for advancing the biology of this enigmatic spirochete.
A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum—Chapter 8: The Posterior Cingulate Cortex, Medial Parietal Lobe, and Parieto-Occipital Sulcus (2018)

In this supplement, we build on work previously published under the Human Connectome Project. Specifically, we seek to show a comprehensive anatomic atlas of the human cerebrum demonstrating all 180 distinct regions comprising the cerebral cortex. The location, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity of these regions are outlined, and where possible a discussion is included of the functional significance of these areas. In part 8, we specifically address regions relevant to the posterior cingulate cortex, medial parietal lobe, and the parieto-occipital sulcus.
Sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans of human lung fibroblasts as influenced by the number of subcultures and glycosaminoglycan polysulfate. (1987)

The influence of a glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS) on the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism was investigated in relation to in vitro ageing of cultured human lung fibroblasts (Flow 2002). The incorporation of 35S-sulfate was determined following proteolytic digestion and specific degradation methods for the individual GAGs. In untreated cultures the pericellular matrix and medium showed a decrease of chondroitin sulfate (CS) 35S-radioactivity of the higher passage numbers, while the pericellular heparan sulfate (HS) showed increasing values. In GAGPS-treated cultures the decrease of 35S-sulfate incorporation into CS and dermatan sulfate of the cells and medium as well as into the pericellular CS was negatively correlated to the passage numbers, since GAGPS preferentially increased the radioactivity in cultures of low passage numbers. The HS values, however, were changed in the same direction as observed in untreated controls. Thus, age-related changes in the GAG metabolism become visible when exogenous GAGPS is used as a stimulus.
Investigation of a 3D-Magnetic Flux PMSM With High Torque Density for Electric Vehicles (2021)

This paper presentsan investigation of a 3D-magnetic flux permanent magnet synchronous motor (3D-MF PMSM) used for electric vehicle applications. The investigated 3D-MF PMSM consists of an integrated radial-flux and axial-flux structure. It has two radial-flux air-gaps and two axial-flux air-gaps, as well as a toroidal winding wound stator. The integrated structure helps to concentrate all the flux within the motor to maximize torque production. Moreover, there are no end-windings in this motor and all the stator windings effectively are used in torque production. A comprehensive performance evaluation, in terms of the back-electromotive force, average output torque, cogging torque, torque ripple, flux-weakening capability, etc., of the investigated 3D-MF PMSM is conducted. An interior PMSM is purposely included as a benchmark for comparison. The results show that compared to the benchmark interior PMSM, the original 3D-MF PMSM exhibits significantly improved torque density, higher power factor, and higher efficiency, but suffers from serious cogging torque and torque ripple. Accordingly, a skewed arrangement is introduced to the 3D-MF PMSM. As a result, the cogging torque and torque ripple are significantly reduced.
Comparision between different metal oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for sensing, energy generation, and energy harvesting (2016)

Highlights from research on different nanocomposites and nanostructures for sensing and other energy related applications will be presented. The synthesized nanostructures and nanocomposites presented here were all obtained using the low temperature (&lt; 100 &deg;C) chemical approach. Nanostructures featured by small foot-print and synthesized by the low temperature aqueous chemical approach allows the utilization of non-conventional solid and soft substrates like e.g. glass, plastic, textile and paper. We here present results from different metal oxide nanostructures employed for chemical sensing and some innovative energy related applications. Efficient sensitive and selective sensing of dopamine, melamine, and glucose are presented as some examples of self-powered sensors utilizing the electrochemical phenomenon i.e. transferring chemical energy into electrical signal. Further the use of nanomaterials for developing selfpowered devices utilizing mechanical ambient energy is presented via piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. Here the self-powered devices and systems were relying on utilizing the electormechanical phenomenon i.e. transferring ambient mechanical energy into useful electrical energy. Finally the visibility of nanomaterials prepared by the low temperature chemical synthesis as possible low cost replacement of Pt electrodes for hydrogen production is briefly presented and discussed.
The novel curcumin analog FLLL32 decreases STAT3 DNA binding activity and expression, and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines (2011)

These data demonstrate that the novel curcumin analog FLLL32 has biologic activity against OSA cell lines through inhibition of STAT3 function and expression. Future work with FLLL32 will define the therapeutic potential of this compound in vivo.
Cycloadditions in organic synthesis : development and application of new methods for constructing polycyclic aromatic systems (1994)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 1994.