gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional electron imaging of dislocations from a single sample tilt (2016)

Linear crystal defects called dislocations are one of the most fascinating concepts in materials science that govern mechanical and optoelectronic properties of many materials across a broad range of application [1–3]. Three‐dimensional (3‐D) study of dislocation network is in principle accessible by conventional tomographic and stereoscopic techniques in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) [4,5]. In these techniques in general the need to tilt the specimen for acquiring image series over large tilt ranges remain however an intricate problem, in particular when diffraction contrast or sensitivity to electron beam are involved [6]. Here, a novel method in scanning TEM (STEM) is presented that provides a reliable and fast assessment of the 3‐D configuration of dislocations using data acquired from just one sample tilt. This technique acquires a stereoscopic pair of images by selecting different ray paths of a convergent illumination in STEM mode. The resulting images are then treated with a dedicated stereovision reconstruction algorithm, yielding a full 3‐D reconstruction of dislocations arrangement. The success of this method is demonstrated by measurement of dislocation arrangements in two experimental cases.
Enabling Accurate and Practical Online Flash Channel Modeling for Modern MLC NAND Flash Memory (2016)

NAND flash memory is a widely used storage medium that can be treated as a noisy channel. Each flash memory cell stores data as the threshold voltage of a floating gate transistor. The threshold voltage can shift as a result of various types of circuit-level noise, introducing errors when data are read from the channel and ultimately reducing flash lifetime. An accurate model of the threshold voltage distribution across flash cells can enable mechanisms within the flash controller that improve channel reliability and device lifetime. Unfortunately, existing threshold voltage distribution models are either not accurate enough or have high computational complexity, which makes them unsuitable for online implementation within the controller. We propose a new low-complexity flash memory model, built upon a modified version of the Student's t-distribution and the power law, which captures the threshold voltage distribution and predicts future distribution shifts as wear increases. Using our experimental characterization of the state-of-the-art 1X-nm (i.e., 15-19 nm) multi-level cell NAND flash chips, we show that our model is highly accurate (with an average modeling error of 0.68%), and also simple to compute within the flash controller (requiring 4.41 times less computation time than the most accurate prior model, with negligible decrease in accuracy). Our model also predicts future threshold voltage distribution shifts with a 2.72% modeling error. We demonstrate several example applications of our model in the flash controller, which improve flash channel reliability significantly, including a new mechanism to predict the remaining lifetime of a flash device. Our evaluations for two of these applications show that our model: 1) helps improve flash memory lifetime by 48.9% and/or (2) enables the flash device to safely sustain 69.9% more write operations than manufacturer specifications. We hope and believe that the analyses and models developed in this paper can inspire other novel approaches to flash memory reliability and modeling.
Structural brain changes in bipolar disorder using deformation field morphometry (2005)

The objective of this study was to investigate anatomical brain abnormalities in adult bipolar patients using a deformation field morphometry technique. Our sample consisted of 32 right-handed bipolar I patients (men/women=16/16) and 32 right-handed, age and gender matched healthy controls. Deformation field morphometry analysis was performed on three-dimensional spoiled gradient recalled acquisition images. We found gender-specific structural differences between bipolar patients and healthy individuals. Bipolar men had significantly larger lateral ventricles (especially pronounced in the left hemisphere) and smaller left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex than healthy male controls. Our results are complementary to the findings of functional imaging and post-mortem studies that demonstrate abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar patients.
Site‐specific cleavage of double‐strand DNA by hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (1984)

The breakage of double-strand (ds) DNA by 13-L-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (LAHPO) was investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis of supercoiled pBR322 DNA and the site of cleavage on the DNA molecule was determined by the method of DNA sequence analysis using 3'-end and 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments as substrates. LAHPO caused cleavage at the position of guanine nucleotide in dsDNA. LAHPO caused dsDNA breaks at specific sites, but linoleic acid (LA) and 13-L-hydroxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid (LAHO) have no such effects on dsDNA. The active oxygen atom of the hydroperoxy group of LAHPO was perhaps responsible for the site-specific cleavage of dsDNA.
Reserve Powers of the Crown [Book Review] (1991)

Review(s) of: Evan and Forsey on the Reserve Powers: A complete and unabridged reprint of H.V. Evatt, The King and His Dominion Governors 2nd ed., 1967, and E.A. Forsey, The Royal Power of Dissolution of Parliament in the British Commonwealth, 1968 reprint, together with a new Introduction by Dr. Forsey [and] Foreword by George Winterton, Legal Books, Sydney 1990, ISBN 1863160000. Includes footnotes.
Degradation Model of Self-Heating Effects in Silicon-on-Glass TFTs (2011)

This paper investigates the origin and reduction of self-heating effects in single-crystal silicon-on-glass (SiOG) thin-film transistors (TFTs). A hump forms in the transfer characteristics of p-channel SiOG TFTs when the temperature of the devices is increased either by direct heating or electrical biasing. The size of the hump proportionally scales with the channel width <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</i> , indicating that it is related to the bulk active-layer properties such as conduction through a backchannel. While the hump increases in the positive direction, the main transistor shifts in the negative direction with increasing self-heating stress time, supporting the exclusion of edge effects. The time dependence of the hump shift is well described by the stretched-exponential behavior, indicating that the backchannel is a result of electron trapping into the silica layer that is between the glass and silicon active layer. To mitigate this hump effect, we demonstrate in this paper that TFTs with an active layer divided into smaller parts along the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</i> direction (in order to increase heat dissipation) show better stability to self-heating stress (i.e., no hump formation) than TFTs with full active layers. Split devices have more channel edges, compared with those with a full active layer, supporting the idea that the hump is indeed not due to edge effects.
Molten Salt Assisted Self Assembly (MASA): Synthesis of Mesoporous Metal Titanate (CoTiO3, MnTiO3, and Li4Ti5O12) Thin Films and Monoliths (2014)

Mesoporous metal titanates are very important class of materials for clean energy applications, specifically transition metal titanates and lithium titanates. The molten salt assisted self-assembly (MASA) process offers a new synthetic route to produce mesoporous metal titanate thin films. The process is conducted as follows: first a clear solution that contains two solvents (namely the hydrated salt (Co(NO3)2·6H2O or Mn(NO3)2·6H2O, or LiNO3·xH2O, and ethanol), two surfactants (cethyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, and 10-lauryl ether, C12EO10), an acid and titanium source (titanium tetrabutoxide, TTB) is prepared and then spin or spray coated over a substrate to form a thin or thick lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) film, respectively. Finally, the films are converted into transparent spongy mesoporous metal titanates by a fast calcination step. Three mesoporous metal titanates (namely, CoTiO3, MnTiO3, and Li4Ti5O12) have been successfully synthesized and structurally/thermally characterized using microscopy, spectroscopy, diffraction, and thermal techniques. The mesoporous cobalt and manganese titanates are stable up to 500 °C and collapse at around 550 °C into nanocrystalline Co3O4–TiO2 and Mn2O3–TiO2; however, lithium titanate is stable up to 550 °C and crystalline even at 350 °C. The crystallinity and pore size of these titanates can be adjusted by simply controlling the annealing and/or calcination temperatures.
Empirical efficiency maximization: improved locally efficient covariate adjustment in randomized experiments and survival analysis. (2008)

It has long been recognized that covariate adjustment can increase precision in randomized experiments, even when it is not strictly necessary. Adjustment is often straightforward when a discrete covariate partitions the sample into a handful of strata, but becomes more involved with even a single continuous covariate such as age. As randomized experiments remain a gold standard for scientific inquiry, and the information age facilitates a massive collection of baseline information, the longstanding problem of if and how to adjust for covariates is likely to engage investigators for the foreseeable future. In the locally efficient estimation approach introduced for general coarsened data structures by James Robins and collaborators, one first fits a relatively small working model, often with maximum likelihood, giving a nuisance parameter fit in an estimating equation for the parameter of interest. The usual advertisement is that the estimator will be asymptotically efficient if the working model is correct, but otherwise will still be consistent and asymptotically Gaussian. However, by applying standard likelihood-based fits to misspecified working models in covariate adjustment problems, one can poorly estimate the parameter of interest. We propose a new method, empirical efficiency maximization, to optimize the working model fit for the resulting parameter estimate. In addition to the randomized experiment setting, we show how our covariate adjustment procedure can be used in survival analysis applications. Numerical asymptotic efficiency calculations demonstrate gains relative to standard locally efficient estimators
Multistage solid-state power amplifier design by a new alternative synthesis technique (2004)

For the first time, the numerical real-frequency technique has been applied to the design of a nonlinear power amplifier. This synthesis technique does not require any transistor model by directly using measured large-signal S-parameters of the power transistor device. The double power-frequency dependence of these S-parameters requires the use of a bidimensional interpolation (spline functions). With the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization and large-signal S-parameters, a specific CAD program optimizes the added-power in order to synthesize the matching networks of the PA. The simulated and measured results of two S-band power amplifiers validate the new synthesis approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 14, 87–98, 2004.
Metal-Directed Assembly of Novel Helicating Ligands from 3-Oxa-1,5-diaminopentane and Acetone (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal-Directed Assembly of Novel Helicating Ligands from 3-Oxa-1,5-diaminopentane and AcetoneM. L. Tulchinsky, L. I. Demina, S. V. Lindeman, and Yu. T. StruchkovCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 25, 5836–5841Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00103a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00103a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Bond Oxygenation of Amides (2021)

Abstract C–O bond formation represents a fundamental chemical transformation in organic synthesis to develop valuably oxygenated (hetero)arenes. Particularly, the direct and regioselective C–H bond oxygenation of privileged amides, using a transition metal catalyst and a mild oxygenating source, is a step-economy and attractive approach. During the last decade, considerable progress has been realized in the direct C–H oxygenation of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides. This Short Review compiles the advances in transition-metal-catalyzed oxygenation of C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H bonds on various amides with diverse oxygenation sources. The review is categorized into two different major sections: (i) C(sp2)–H oxygenation and (ii) C(sp3)–H oxygenation. Each section is discussed based on the directing group (monodentate and bidentate) attached to the amide derivatives. 1 Introduction 2 C(sp2)–H Oxygenation 2.1 Monodentate Directed 2.2 Bidentate Directed 3 C(sp3)–H Oxygenation 3.1 Monodentate Directed 3.2 Bidentate Directed 4 Conclusion and Outlook
Illuminating the agent of syphilis: The Treponema pallidum genome project (minireview) (1998)

As the causative agent of the common sexually transmitted disease syphilis and a fastidious, microaerophilic obligate parasite of humans, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is one of the few prominent infectious agents that has not been cultured continuously in vitro. T pallidum therefore represents an attractive candidate for genomic sequencing. Preliminary sequence results from the 1.13 million base pair genome are consistent with the expected limited metabolic capabilities of this spirochete, but indicate that the bacterium may express toxins and surface proteins that have not been identified previously.
Divergent Pathways of Gene Expression Are Activated by the RAGE Ligands S100b and AGE-BSA (2004)

Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) reportedly triggers a variety of proinflammatory responses. However, our previous work revealed that RAGE-binding AGEs free of endotoxin were incapable of inducing vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression. Thus, the objective of this study was to clarify the role of AGEs in cell activation through gene expression profiling using both in vitro and in vivo model systems. Endothelial cells treated with AGE-BSA, previously shown to bind RAGE with high affinity, did not show gene expression changes indicative of an inflammatory response. In contrast, the alternate RAGE ligand, S100b, triggered an increase in endothelial mRNA expression of a variety of immune-related genes. The effects of AGEs were studied in vivo using healthy mice exposed to two different treatment conditions: 1) intravenous injection of a single dose of model AGEs or 2) four intraperitoneal injections of model AGEs (once per day). In both cases, the liver was extracted for gene expression profiling. Both of the short-term AGE treatments resulted in a moderate increase in liver mRNA levels for genes involved in macrophage-based clearance/detoxification of foreign agents. Our findings using AGEs with strong RAGE-binding properties indicate that AGEs may not uniformly play a role in cellular activation.
Cardiac myosin binding protein C regulates postnatal myocyte cytokinesis (2015)

Homozygous cardiac myosin binding protein C-deficient (Mybpc(t/t)) mice develop dramatic cardiac dilation shortly after birth; heart size increases almost twofold. We have investigated the mechanism of cardiac enlargement in these hearts. Throughout embryogenesis myocytes undergo cell division while maintaining the capacity to pump blood by rapidly disassembling and reforming myofibrillar components of the sarcomere throughout cell cycle progression. Shortly after birth, myocyte cell division ceases. Cardiac MYBPC is a thick filament protein that regulates sarcomere organization and rigidity. We demonstrate that many Mybpc(t/t) myocytes undergo an additional round of cell division within 10 d postbirth compared with their wild-type counterparts, leading to increased numbers of mononuclear myocytes. Short-hairpin RNA knockdown of Mybpc3 mRNA in wild-type mice similarly extended the postnatal window of myocyte proliferation. However, adult Mybpc(t/t) myocytes are unable to fully regenerate the myocardium after injury. MYBPC has unexpected inhibitory functions during postnatal myocyte cytokinesis and cell cycle progression. We suggest that human patients with homozygous MYBPC3-null mutations develop dilated cardiomyopathy, coupled with myocyte hyperplasia (increased cell number), as observed in Mybpc(t/t) mice. Human patients, with heterozygous truncating MYBPC3 mutations, like mice with similar mutations, have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanism leading to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in heterozygous MYBPC3(+/-) individuals is myocyte hypertrophy (increased cell size), whereas the mechanism leading to cardiac dilation in homozygous Mybpc3(-/-) mice is primarily myocyte hyperplasia.
Extended Object Tracking With Automotive Radar Using B-Spline Chained Ellipses Model (2021)

This paper introduces a B-spline chained ellipses model representation for extended object tracking (EOT) using high-resolution automotive radar measurements. With offline automotive radar training datasets, the proposed model parameters are learned using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Then the probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracking (PMHT) along with the unscented transform (UT) is proposed to deal with the nonlinear forward-warping coordinate transformation, the measurement-to-ellipsis association, and the state update step. Numerical validation is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed EOT framework with automotive radar measurements.
Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design (2018)

Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possible for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. However, they also suffer from tradeoffs due to nonideal material properties. Here, a method is presented that allows engineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and finite element models are presented to calculate the maximum stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced and tested to verify the models.
High-temperature neutron diffraction and first-principles study of temperature-dependent crystal structures and atomic vibrations in Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, and Ti5Al2C3 (2013)

Herein we report on the thermal expansions and temperature-dependent crystal structures of select ternary carbide Mn+1AXn (MAX) phases in the Ti–Al–C phase diagram in the 100−1000 °C temperature range. A bulk sample containing 38(±1) wt. % Ti5Al2C3 (“523”), 32(±1) wt. % Ti2AlC (“211”), 18(±1) wt. % Ti3AlC2 (“312”), and 12(±1) wt. % (Ti0.5Al0.5)Al is studied by Rietveld analysis of high-temperature neutron diffraction data. We also report on the same for a single-phase sample of Ti3AlC2 for comparison. The thermal expansions of all the MAX phases studied are higher in the c direction than in the a direction. The bulk expansion coefficients—9.3(±0.1)×10−6 K−1 for Ti5Al2C3, 9.2(±0.1) ×10−6 K−1 for Ti2AlC, and 9.0(±0.1)×10−6 K−1 for Ti3AlC2—are comparable within one standard deviation of each other. In Ti5Al2C3, the dimensions of the Ti–C octahedra for the 211-like and 312-like regions are comparable to the Ti–C octahedra in Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2, respectively. The isotropic mean-squared atomic displacement parameters are highest for the Al atoms in all three phases, and the values predicted from first-principles phonon calculations agree well with those measured.
Classification of Human Postural and Gestural Movements Using Center of Pressure Parameters Derived From Force Platforms (2010)

The human body, while standing, can be imagined as a complex feedback system that produces continuous sway patterns. Subtle body movements that can be caused by sensory cues such as visual or auditory, affective, cognitive, pathological or many other factors besides intended movements can be easily captured in the sway patterns derived from ground reaction forces and the body's center of pressure (COP). The purpose of this research is to classify human body movements, even the subtle movements, using a carefully selected feature set. For the first time, we propose a method to classify postural and gestural movements using data from force platforms collected from participants performing 11 choreographed movements. Twenty-three different displacement and frequency based features were initially extracted from COP time series, and ranking and wrapper methods were used for classification-guided feature extraction. Linear classifiers such as Fisher's Linear Discriminant analysis classifier and nonlinear classifiers such as nearest neighbor classifiers, support vector machines (SVM), and neural networks were explored and successfully applied to the aforementioned movement classification. The average classification rates on test sets ranged from approximately 79% to 92%. All the methods proposed in this experiment performed well by themselves over at least one movement type, but none could outperform the others for all movement types and therefore a set of movement-specific features and classifiers is proposed.
Classification of acute kidney injury using RIFLE: Whatʼs the purpose?* (2007)

The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (Kellum) Department of Intensive Care and Department of Medicine, Austin Hospital and University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Australia (Bellomo) Department of Nephrology, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy (Ronco)