gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of preoperative coronary computed tomography angiography in patients treated by orthotopic liver transplantation (2012)

CT angiography that is normal or with a nonobstructive coronary plaque has a negative predicting value of 95% [0.82-0.99] for major cardiac adverse events, and of 100% [0.91-1] for clinical coronary events in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. The prognostic value of CT angiography was comparable with that of dobutamine stress echography.
Stereoselective Yang cyclizations of α-amido ketones (1999)

A. G. Griesbeck, H. Heckroth and J. Lex, Chem. Commun., 1999, 1109 DOI: 10.1039/A901723B
Limited Accessibility to Surface Area Generated by Thermal Pretreatment of Electrodes Reduces Its Impact on Redox Flow Battery Performance (2021)

Thermal oxidation of carbon electrodes is a common approach to improving flow battery performance. Here, we investigate how thermal pretreatment increases electrode surface area and the effect this added surface area has on electrode performance. Specifically, we rigorously analyze the surface area of Freudenberg H23 carbon paper electrodes, a binder-free model material, by systematically varying pretreatment temperature (400, 450, and 500 °C) and time (0 to 24 h) and evaluating changes in the physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the electrodes. We compare physical surface area, measured by a combination of gas adsorption techniques, to surface area measured via electrochemical double layer capacitance. We find good agreement between the two at shorter treatment times (0-3 h); however, at longer treatment times (6-24 h), the surface area measured electrochemically is an underestimate of the physical surface area. Further, we use gas adsorption to measure a pore size distribution and find that the majority of pores are in the micropore range (&lt; 2 nm), and ca. 60% of the added surface area are in the sub-nanometer (&lt; 1 nm) pore size range. We postulate that the solvated radii and imperfect wetting of electrochemical species may hinder active species transport into these recessed regions, explaining the discrepancy between electrochemical and physical surface area. These results are supported with in situ flow cell testing, where single-electrolyte polarization measurements show little improvement with increasing surface area. Further, using a simple convection-reaction model to simulate electrode overpotential as a function of surface area, we find that increasing surface area improves the performance to a point, but the mass transport to and the catalytic activity of the reaction sites offer greater comparative impact. Ultimately, this work aims to inform the design of electrodes that offer maximal accessible surface area to redox species.
Asymmetric biomimetic oxidations of phenols using oxazolidines as chiral auxiliaries: the enantioselective synthesis of (+)‐ and (−)‐dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (2006)

Abstract Stereoselective bimolecular radical coupling reactions of phenylpropenoid phenols are described. Evans's 2‐oxazolidinone 11a–d derivatives of ferulic acid were prepared and oxidized to give dimeric benzofuran neolignan structures 12–13a–d in 40–50% overall yields. The chiral phenols were dimerized either enzymatically with hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or with silver oxide. The enantioselectivity after reductive cleavage of the chiral auxiliaries to give dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol ranged from 18% to 62% enantiomeric excess. The conformational analysis and the activation energy using semiempirical PM3 calculations on the intermediate quinomethides is used to explain the observed stereoselectivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid AI/Cognitive Tactical Behavior Framework for LVC (LDRD Project Final Report) (2012)

This Lab-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) sought to develop technology that enhances scenario construction speed, entity behavior robustness, and scalability in Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC) simulation. We investigated issues in both simulation architecture and behavior modeling. We developed path-planning technology that improves the ability to express intent in the planning task while still permitting an efficient search algorithm. An LVC simulation demonstrated how this enables 'one-click' layout of squad tactical paths, as well as dynamic re-planning for simulated squads and for real and simulated mobile robots. We identified human response latencies that can be exploited in parallel/distributed architectures. We did an experimental study to determine where parallelization would be productive in Umbra-based force-on-force (FOF) simulations. We developed and implemented a data-driven simulation composition approach that solves entity class hierarchy issues and supports assurance of simulation fairness. Finally, we proposed a flexible framework to enable integration of multiple behavior modeling components that model working memory phenomena with different degrees of sophistication.
Understanding Ability of 3D Integral Displays to Provide Accurate Out-of-focus Retinal Blur (2019)

Many current far-eye 3D displays are incapable of providing accurate out-of-focus blur on the retina and hence cause discomfort with prolonged use. This out-of-focus blur rendered on the retina is an important stimulus for the accommodation response of the eye and hence is one of the major depth cues. Properly designed integral displays can render this out-of-focus blur accurately. In this paper, we report a rigorous simulation study of far-eye integral displays to study their ability to render depth and the out-of-focus blur on the retina. The beam propagation simulation includes the effects of diffraction from light propagation through the free space, the apertures of lenslet and the eye pupil, to calculate spot sizes on the retina formed by multiple views entering the eye. Upon comparing them with the spot sizes from the real objects and taking into account depth of field and spatial resolution of the eye, we determine the minimum number of views needed in the pupil for accurate retinal blur. In other words, we determine the minimum pixel pitch needed for the screen of a given integral display configuration. We do this for integral displays with varying pixel sizes, lenslet parameters and viewing distances to confirm our results. One of the key results of the study is that roughly 10 views are needed in a 4 mm pupil to generate out-of-focus blur similar to the real world. The 10 views are along one dimension only and out-focus-blur is only analyzed for the fovea. We also note that about 20 views in a 4 mm pupil in one dimension in the pupil would be more than sufficient for accurate out-of-focus blur on the fovea. Although 2-3 views in the pupil may start triggering accommodation response as shown previously, much higher density of views is needed to mimic the real world blur.
Above 30% External Quantum Efficiency in Green Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2015)

Highly efficient green thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of 31.2% were investigated by using 3-(3-(carbazole-9-yl)phenyl) pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-b]pyridine (3CzPFP) derived from carbazole and pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-b]pyridine. The host material showed well-matched photoluminescence emission with absorption of the green dopant material, (4s,6s)-2,4,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN) and harvested all excitons of 4CzIPN. The 3CzPFP:4CzIPN film exhibited high photoluminescence quantum yield of 100%, and the green delayed fluorescence device employing the 3CzPFP host showed high maximum quantum efficiency of 31.2 ± 0.5% at 1% doping after optimization of the device structure.
Low k 1 lithography patterning option for the 90-nm and 65-nm nodes (2003)

As IC fabrication processes are maturing for the 130nm node, silicon manufacturers are focusing on 90nm device manufacturing at ever-lower k<sub>1</sub> factors. Driven by cost savings, many integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) and foundries are working toward patterning critical mask layers of 90nm designs using high numerical aperture KrF exposure tools. The goal of this study is to find out whether KrF can be successfully used instead of ArF for fabricating 90nm devices. This exercise will help to gain learning for the upcoming 65nm node, where the early manufacturing phase will also be carried out at similar k<sub>1</sub> near 0.3. For high volume wafer production, the cost and throughput are in favor of using a single exposure PSM technique. For low-volume, the high mask cost of Alt-PSM discourages its use. What are the most sensible KrF lithography patterning options at k<sub>1</sub> = 0.3? For single exposure mask solutions at the 90nm node using KrF, there are two leading candidates: 6% attenuated PSM (Att-PSM) and Chromeless Phase Lithography (CPL). In this work, we explored and compared these two options in terms of the best achievable process latitude for patterning poly gate layer. First, we analyzed the diffraction patterns from 6% Att-PSM and CPL mask features and identified the optimum transmission for various pitches. Next, we examined the two options from a mask making perspective, accessing mask manufacturability, phase and transmission error control, defect sources, etc. In this paper, we describe how hybrid CPL can be used as a variable transmission mask to produce the best through pitch imaging performance and a practical implementation method for mask manufacturing.
Direct coupling between 2D-PDA and triangular/square shape aligned MCF for universal SDM photoreceiver (2018)

We successfully achieved the high coupling efficiencies and alignment tolerances between a newly developed 10-GHz 32-pixel two dimensional photodetector array (2D-PDA) and triangular- and square-shape-aligned multi-core fiber (MCF) for universal SDM photoreceivers.
Can Massive MIMO Support Uplink Intensive Applications? (2019)

Current outdoor mobile network infrastructure cannot support uplink intensive mobile applications such as connected vehicles that collect and upload large amount of real time data. Our investigation reveals that with maximum-ratio (MR) decoding, it is theoretically impossible to support such applications with cell-free Massive MIMO, and it requires a very large number of service antennas in single cell configuration, making it practically infeasible; but with zero-forcing (ZF) decoding, such applications can be easily supported by cell-free Massive MIMO with very moderate number of access points (AP's), and it requires a lot more service antennas in single cell configuration. Via the newly derived SINR expressions for cell-free Massive MIMO with ZF decoding we show that uplink power control is unnecessary, and that with 10 MHz effective bandwidth for uplink data transmission, in urban and suburban morphologies, on the 2 GHz band, 90 single antenna AP's per square kilometer and 32 single antenna AP's per square kilometer are enough to support 18 autonomous vehicles respectively. In rural morphology, using 450 MHz band, only 2 single antenna AP's per square kilometer is enough.
Melting of a macroscale binary Coulombic crystal (2023)

The question of melting has been addressed theoretically and experimentally for two-dimensional crystals in thermal equilibrium. However, as it pertains to out-of-equilibrium systems, the question is unresolved. Here, we present a platform to study the melting of a two-dimensional, binary Coulombic crystal composed of equal numbers of nylon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) beads that measure a couple of millimeters in diameter. The beads are tribocharged-nylon positively and PTFE negatively-and they experience long-range electrostatic interactions. They form a square crystal in which nylon and PTFE beads sit at alternating sites on a checkerboard lattice. We melt the crystal by agitating the dish in which it resides using an orbital shaker. We compare the melting behavior of the crystal without impurities to that of the crystal with impurities, where we use gold-coated nylon beads as impurities because they tribocharge negligibly. Our results reveal that impurities do not influence the melting of the crystal. Instead, the crystal undergoes shear-induced melting, beginning from its edges, due to its collisions with the dish. As a result of repetitive collisions, the beads acquire kinetic energy, undergo rearrangements, and become disordered. Unlike most examples of shear-induced melting, portions of the crystal remain locally ordered given the persistence of electrostatic interactions and the occurrence of some collisions that are favorable to ordering clusters of beads. Our work clarifies the melting behavior of sheared crystals whose constituents have persistent long-range interactions. It may prove valuable in determining the conditions under which such materials are immune to disorder.
Stoichiometric active site modification observed by alkali ion titrations of Sn-Beta (2019)

Titrations and functional assays are combined to gain insight into the stoichiometric correlations for alkali ions and the tin active sites in Sn-Beta, and show that three different states with distinct catalytic properties exist.
More Predictable Return of Motor Function with Mepivacaine Versus Bupivacaine Spinal Anesthetic in Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty (2020)

Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A general and efficient procedure for the preparation of enantiopure anti-1,2-diols—synthesis and utility of (R ′,R ′,S,R)-2,3-butane diacetal protected butane tetrol (1999)

The synthesis and utility of 2,3-butane diacetal protected butane tetrol (R′,R′,R,S)-2 for the general and efficient production of enantiopure anti-1,2-diols through selective silylation, alkylation and acetalisation of the spatially different hydroxy termini is described.
Dissecting Mammalian Target of Rapamycin to Promote Longevity (2012)

Treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) can increase mammalian life span. However, extended treatment with rapamycin results in increased hepatic gluconeogenesis concomitant with glucose and insulin insensitivity through inhibition of mTOR complex 2 (C2). Genetic studies show that increased life span associated with mTORC1 inhibition can be at least partially decoupled from increased gluconeogenesis associated with mTORC2 inhibition. Adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) agonists such as metformin, which inhibits gluconeogenesis by downregulating expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, might be expected to block the glucose dysmetabolism mediated by rapamycin. The search for inhibitors of the mTORC1 component Raptor may prove a productive approach to create a better mTOR inhibitor.
Biological Control Activity of Three Trichoderma Isolates Against Fusarium Wilts of Cotton and Muskmelon and Lack of Correlation with their Lytic Enzymes (1991)

Abstract The enzymatic activity and the biocontrol ability of two new isolates of Trichoderma spp. (T‐68 and Gh‐2) were compared in laboratory and glasshouse experiments with a previously studied T. harzianum strain (T‐35). In dual culture tests with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum , isolates T‐68 and Gh‐2 overgrew the colonies of Fusarium , whereas T‐35 failed to parasitize both wilt pathogens. Under glasshouse conditions, the three isolates of Trichoderma were effective in controlling Fusarium wilt of cotton but only T‐35 was effective against F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis on muskmelon. When the three Trichoderma isolates were grown on liquid media containing laminarin, colloidal chitin or F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis cell walls as sole carbon sources, maximum β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase specific activity in the culture filtrates of all fungi was reached after 72h of incubation. When culture filtrates of the three Trichoderma isolates were incubated with freeze‐dried mycelium of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis or F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum , different concentrations of glucose and N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine were released. Overall no correlation was found between enzymatic activity and the biocontrol capability against Fusarium wilt on muskmelon and cotton.
Discovery of a small arterivirus gene that overlaps the GP5 coding sequence and is important for virus production (2011)

The arterivirus family (order Nidovirales) of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses includes porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and equine arteritis virus (EAV). Their replicative enzymes are translated from their genomic RNA, while their seven structural proteins are encoded by a set of small, partially overlapping genes in the genomic 3'-proximal region. The latter are expressed via synthesis of a set of subgenomic mRNAs that, in general, are functionally monocistronic (except for a bicistronic mRNA encoding the E and GP2 proteins). ORF5, which encodes the major glycoprotein GP5, has been used extensively for phylogenetic analyses. However, an in-depth computational analysis now reveals the arterivirus-wide conservation of an additional AUG-initiated ORF, here termed ORF5a, that overlaps the 5' end of ORF5. The pattern of substitutions across sequence alignments indicated that ORF5a is subject to functional constraints at the amino acid level, while an analysis of substitutions at synonymous sites in ORF5 revealed a greatly reduced frequency of substitution in the portion of ORF5 that is overlapped by ORF5a. The 43-64 aa ORF5a protein and GP5 are probably expressed from the same subgenomic mRNA, via a translation initiation mechanism involving leaky ribosomal scanning. Inactivation of ORF5a expression by reverse genetics yielded a severely crippled EAV mutant, which displayed lower titres and a tiny plaque phenotype. These defects, which could be partially complemented in ORF5a-expressing cells, indicate that the novel protein, which may be the eighth structural protein of arteriviruses, is expressed and important for arterivirus infection.
Phase Ib study of WNT inhibitor ipafricept (IPA) with nab-paclitaxel (Nab-P) and gemcitabine (G) in patients (pts) with previously untreated stage IV pancreatic cancer (mPC). (2019)

369 Background: The first-in-class recombinant fusion protein IPA blocks WNT signaling by binding WNT ligands, and in combination with Nab-P/G caused tumor regression in pt-derived PC xenografts. This open-label Phase 1b dose escalation study evaluated the combination of IPA with Nab-P/G in untreated mPC pts using a standard 3+3 design. Methods: Dose escalation in cohort 1 started with Nab-P 125 mg/m 2 and G 1000 mg/m 2 given on days 1, 8 ,15, with IV IPA (3.5 mg/kg) on days 1 and 15, in 28-day cycles. Due to fragility fractures seen in other studies with similar targeted agents, cohorts 2-4 were 6-pt cohorts treated with weekly Nab-P/G + IPA 3 mg/kg (cohort 2) or 5 mg/kg (cohorts 3 and 4) on day 1. These cohorts included strict bone marker monitoring and use of bisphosphonates as indicated. Based on pre-clinical data suggesting improved efficacy with sequential dosing, pts in Cohort 4 received IPA on day 1 followed by weekly chemotherapy starting on day 3 of 28-day cycles. Objectives included safety, maximum tolerated dose, recommended phase 2 dose, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy. Results: Twenty-six pts in four dose escalation cohorts were enrolled, five in the cohort one and seven each in cohorts 2-4. Median age was 61.7 years and a majority were male (73%). Reported IPA-related AEs of any grade occurring in ≥ 20% of pts included fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and pyrexia. IPA-related AEs grade ≥ 3 included 2 events of AST elevation, and 1 each of nausea, maculopapular rash, vomiting and WBC decrease. No dose limiting toxicities or fragility fractures were observed. Of 26 evaluable pts, 9 (34.6%) had a partial response and 12 (46.2%) stable disease, with clinical benefit rate of 80.8%. The study was closed due to termination of the program by the sponsor. At time of data cut off, median progression free survival was 5.9 months (95% CI 3.4-18.4), median overall survival was 9.7 months (95% CI: 7.0-14). One pt remains on therapy under compassionate use with ongoing response. Conclusions: IPA can be safely administered with Nab-P and G in pts with mPC. Additional studies targeting the WNT pathway in pancreatic cancer are warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT02050178.
Modeling neuron-glia interactions: From parametric model to neuromorphic hardware (2011)

Recent experimental evidence suggests that glial cells are more than just supporting cells to neurons - they play an active role in signal transmission in the brain. We herein propose to investigate the importance of these mechanisms and model neuron-glia interactions at synapses using three approaches: A parametric model that takes into account the underlying mechanisms of the physiological system, a non-parametric model that extracts its input-output properties, and an ultra-low power, fast processing, neuromorphic hardware model. We use the EONS (Elementary Objects of the Nervous System) platform, a highly elaborate synaptic modeling platform to investigate the influence of astrocytic glutamate transporters on postsynaptic responses in the detailed micro-environment of a tri-partite synapse. The simulation results obtained using EONS are then used to build a non-parametric model that captures the essential features of glutamate dynamics. The structure of the non-parametric model we use is specifically designed for efficient hardware implementation using ultra-low power subthreshold CMOS building blocks. The utilization of the approach described allows us to build large-scale models of neuron/glial interaction and consequently provide useful insights on glial modulation during normal and pathological neural function.
Investigations on joint-multigram models for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (2002)

We present a fully data-driven, language independent way of building a grapheme-to-phoneme converter.We apply the joint-multigram approach to the alignment problem and use standard language modelling techniques to model transcription probabilities.We study model parameters, training procedures and effects of corpus size in detail.Experiments were conducted on English and German pronunciation lexica.Our proposed training scheme performs better than previously published ones.Phoneme error rates as low as ¿ ± for English and ¼ ½± for German were achieved.
Stability and identification of ocean acoustic multipaths (1980)

A phase-coded signal with 64-ms resolution was transmitted at 10-min intervals for a 48-day period between an acoustic source moored at 2000-m depth and a bottom mounted receiver at ∠3000-m depth and at ∠900-km range. About 16 multipaths were resolved. They were stable in the presence of ocean fluctuations and could be identified (with some exceptions) from ray theory. The precision to which daily travel-time fluctuations along multipaths could be measured was better than 10 ms. The resolution, stability, identification, and precision is adequate for acoustic monitoring of mesoscale ocean variability by measuring travel-time variations along ray paths.
Organic solar cells with sensitivity extending into the near infrared (2005)

We describe an organic photovoltaic cell based on a tin(II) phthalocyanine (SnPc)∕C60 donor/acceptor heterojunction with sensitivity at wavelengths of λ&amp;gt;900nm. We find that the low hole mobility in polycrystalline thin films of SnPc, μh=(2±1)×10−10cm2∕Vs, prevents the use of thick layers, leading to low fill factors and therefore low-power conversion efficiencies. However, owing to its large absorption coefficient, a 50-Å-thick layer of SnPC yields solar cell external quantum efficiencies of up to 21% at λ=750nm. With the double heterostructure of indium-tin oxide/100Å copper phthalocyanine/50Å SnPc∕540Å C60∕75Å bathocuproine/Ag, we obtain a power conversion efficiency of (1.0±0.1)% under 1 sun standard AM1.5G solar illumination and efficiencies of (1.3±0.1)% under intense (10 suns) standard AM1.5G solar illumination.