gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the Effects of Thermal and Compositional Stratification on HCCI Combustion – Part I: Metal Engine Results (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study utilized a 4-valve engine under HCCI combustion conditions. Each side of the split intake port was fed independently with different temperatures and reactant compositions. Therefore, two stratification approaches were enabled: thermal stratification and compositional stratification. Argon was used as a diluent to achieve higher temperatures and stratify the in-cylinder temperature indirectly via a stratification of the ratio of specific heats (γ = c&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;/c&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;). Tests covered five operating conditions (including two values of A/F and two loads) and four stratification cases (including one homogeneous and three with varied temperature and composition).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Stratifications of the reactants were expected to affect the combustion control and upper load limit through the combustion phasing and duration, respectively. The two approaches to stratification both affect thermal unmixedness. Since argon has a high γ, it reached higher temperatures through the compression stroke [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Therefore, the result of the stratified composition cases was an indirect thermal stratification.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Over all test conditions, the direct thermal stratification had no noticeable effect on the combustion duration or phasing within the limits of the experiment (a thermal difference of 45°C in the reactant gas mixtures, measured at the valve stems). However, the argon stratification case produced indirect thermal stratifications of sufficient magnitude to keep a constant combustion phasing with a mass-averaged intake temperature up to 14°C lower than the fully homogeneous case. For a given combustion phasing, it also increased the combustion duration by approximately 2°CA (and thereby decreased the maximum pressure rise rate by 20 – 40%). The combined thermally and compositionally stratified case had the same combustion phasing effect (to a smaller degree), and the same combustion duration effect (to a slightly larger degree).&lt;/div&gt;
Penetration of recombinant interleukin-2 across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (1988)

Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) is an immunotherapeutic agent with efficacy against certain advanced cancers. The penetration of rIL-2 across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier was studied in 12 cancer patients who had no evidence of tumor involvement of the central nervous system. At different times during treatment with intravenous rIL-2, CSF was withdrawn either continuously for 8 to 26 hours via a lumbar subarachnoid catheter (in eight patients) or by a single lumbar puncture (in four). Bioassay showed the appearance of rIL-2 in lumbar CSF 4 to 6 hours after the first intravenous dose, a rise over 2 to 4 hours to a plateau of 3 to 9 U/ml, and clearance to less than 0.1 U/ml by 10 hours after the last dose. An abnormally elevated CSF albumin level in two of the twelve patients indicated alteration of the blood-brain barrier. There were no abnormalities in the CSF glucose level or white blood cell count. The CSF pharmacokinetics contrast with the rapid elimination of rIL-2 from plasma and demonstrate significant blood-CSF barrier penetration. These data support the possibility of achieving CSF levels of rIL-2 that are adequate to maintain activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells after parenteral administration, and argue for rIL-2-associated disruption of the human blood-brain barrier in some patients.
FLUID: Improving Throughputs in Enterprise Wireless LANs through Flexible Channelization (2012)

This paper introduces models and a system for designing 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) using flexible channelization— the choice of an appropriate channel width and center frequency for each transmission. In contrast to current 802.11 systems that use fixed width channels, the proposed system, FLUID, configures all access points and their clients using flexible channels. We show that a key challenge in designing such a system stems from managing the effects of interference due to multiple transmitters employing variable channel widths, in a network-wide setting. We implemented FLUID in an enterprise-like setup using a 50 node testbed (with off-the shelf wireless cards) and we show that FLUID improves the average throughput by 59 percent across all PHY rates, compared to existing fixed-width approaches.
Lanreotide depot/autogel (LAN) vs. placebo (PBO) for carcinoid syndrome (CS) in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): Subgroup analysis of the ELECT study. (2015)

4103 Background: ELECT, a large phase 3 study of the long-acting somatostatin analog (SSA) LAN for symptomatic control of CS in NET patients showed significant improvement over PBO in % days with short-acting octreotide use as rescue medication. Here, we investigate reduction in use of rescue medication for LAN vs PBO in subgroups defined by baseline characteristics. Methods: Patients with histologically confirmed NETs and history of CS received double-blind LAN 120 mg (n=59) or PBO (n=56) every 4 wks for 16 wks, with access to short-acting octreotide for breakthrough symptoms (NCT00774930). Least-squares mean differences in % of days rescue octreotide use for LAN vs PBO were calculated by ANCOVA within subgroups. Results: The significant reduction for LAN vs PBO in rescue medication use in the overall population (Table; approximately one-third lower for LAN group relative to PBO group) was generally consistent with reductions favoring LAN over PBO across subgroups, except small subgroups in which CIs were wide (e.g. BMI ≥30). Conclusions: Beneficial effects of LAN for CS symptom control in NET patients are consistent regardless of baseline characteristics. Clinical trial information: NCT00774930. Subgroup Short-acting octreotide use, % days* Treatment difference (LAN – PBO) [95% CI]* LAN PBO Overall population (n=115) 33.7 48.5 -14.8 [-26.8, -2.8] Age <65 y (n=78) 35.8 53.2 -17.4 [-34.1, -0.6] ≥65 y (n=37) 25.8 45.5 -19.7 [-35.5, -3.9] Gender Male (n=48) 36.7 60.8 -24.1 [-45.7, -2.5] Female (n=67) 33.7 39.1 -5.4 [-21.5, 10.7] BMI <25 (n=41) 29.9 48.5 -18.6 [-39.6, 2.3] >25 to <30 (n=50) 30.9 52.7 -21.8 [-39.6, -4.1] ≥30 (n=21) 37.4 31.6 5.8 [-32.4, 44.0] Race/ethnicity Caucasian (n=96) 34.2 48.7 -14.5 [-27.6, -1.4] Other (n=19) 21.9 46.6 -24.8 [-70.4, 21.0] Region US (n=40) 19.6 30.2 -10.7 [-32.5, 11.2] Ex-US (n=75) 39.5 55.8 -16.3 [-31.6, -1.0] Prior SSA No (n=51) 25.3 44.3 -18.9 [-37.0, -0.9] Yes (n=64) 33.9 44.2 -10.3 [-26.5, 5.9] Time since diagnosis <1 y (n=41) 39.1 53.3 -14.2 [-36.3, 7.9] ≥1 y (n=74) 28.8 38.3 -9.5 [-24.4, 5.4] *LS mean, from subgroup ANCOVAs containing treatment, stratification factor(s) and baseline parameters (octreotide, diarrhea and flushing events), intent-to-treat population.
Effect of monoclonal antibodies on human insulin receptor autophosphorylation, negative cooperativity, and down-regulation. (1987)

Three major functional characteristics of the insulin receptor are negative cooperativity, down-regulation, and beta-subunit tyrosine kinase activity. To investigate the inter-relationships among these functions we studied four antibodies to the insulin receptor alpha-subunit. These monoclonal antibodies competitively inhibited 125I-insulin binding to the insulin receptor of human IM-9 and HEP-G2 cells. When the antibodies were radiolabeled, insulin competed strongly with two antibodies (MA-10 and MA-51) for binding to the insulin receptor, but competed weakly with the two others (MA-5 and MA-20). Antibodies MA-10 and MA-51, like insulin, accelerated the dissociation of bound 125I-insulin from receptors; in contrast, MA-5 and MA-20 strongly inhibited 125I-insulin dissociation. Antibodies MA-10 and MA-51 induced down-regulation of insulin receptors with a potency similar to that of insulin. In contrast, MA-5 and MA-20 were more potent than insulin. None of the antibodies either alone or in combination influenced autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor beta-subunit. These data indicate, therefore, that two major epitopes can be identified on the alpha-subunit of the insulin receptor by the use of monoclonal antibodies. One epitope, recognized by antibodies MA-10 and MA-51, is close to or near the insulin-binding site and mimics insulin-induced negative cooperatively and down-regulation. The other epitope, recognized by antibodies MA-5 and MA-20, is at some distance from the insulin-binding site, and only mimics down-regulation. These data suggest, therefore, that: negative cooperativity and down-regulation may not be inter-related and both processes are independent of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity.
Evaluation of a Raman probe for pathological diagnosis at colonoscopy: Figure 1 (2011)

Introduction Numerous techniques for improving lesion detection and classification at colonoscopy are under development. When light is scattered by a substance it may be altered in wavelength. By detection of scattered light this process can be represented as a Raman spectrum where wavelength change is plotted against intensity. Raman spectroscopy of human tissue can provide a molecular ‘fingerprint’ unique to the tissue studied and has potential to classify disease.1 An ‘in-house’ fibreoptic Raman probe has been designed which can fit down the accessory channel of a colonoscope2 (see figure 1). This study evaluated the potential to provide a pathological diagnosis at colonoscopy using Raman spectroscopy. Figure 1 PTU-029 Methods Biopsy samples were collected at colonoscopy, placed in a 2 ml Cryovial (BDH Corning Ltd.), immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. Raman spectra with 10s acquisition period were measured with the probe tip in contact with the mucosal surface of thawed specimens. The probe illuminated samples with 830 nm laser light. Scattered light was collected by the probe and returned via fibreoptic cables to a Renishaw system 100 spectrometer. Following measurement, samples were formalin fixed and subjected to routine histopathological processing and review. Preliminary mathematical modelling using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis was used to correlate Raman spectra with routine histopathological diagnoses. Results 350 Raman spectra were measured from a total of 310 colon biopsies (81, 72, 86 and 71 biopsies of normal colon mucosa, hyperplastic polyps (HP), adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma respectively). Overall spectral classification accuracy was 78.8% for normal tissue versus HP, 77.5% for normal tissue vs. adenomas, 80.7% for normal tissue versus adenocarcinoma, 85.5% for HP versus adenomas, 86.1% for HP versus adenocarcinoma, and 83.5% for adenomas versus adenocarcinoma. Conclusion Our Raman probe system can distinguish between different colorectal pathologies. It is anticipated that a more advanced analysis of this data will increase the classification accuracy to a level suitable for clinical implementation. Experiments with 1s spectral acquisition times are underway which we anticipate will show Raman probe spectroscopy to be a useful tool that can provide an instant pathological diagnosis at colonoscopy.
Pre- versus Post-Dilution CVVH (2005)

FIGURES 37−38. 37−38, Adelencyrtus noyesi sp. n., female: 37, antenna; 38, fore wing.
Lasing characteristics of GaSb∕GaAs self-assembled quantum dots embedded in an InGaAs quantum well (2007)

The authors report the optical characteristics of GaSb∕GaAs self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) embedded in an InGaAs quantum well (QW). Variations in the In composition of the QW can significantly alter the emission wavelength up to 1.3μm and emission efficiency. Lasing operation at room temperature is obtained from a 2-mm-long device containing five stacked GaSb QDs in In0.13Ga0.87As QWs at 1.026μm with a threshold current density of 860A∕cm2. The probable lasing transition involves electrons and holes confined in the QW and QDs, respectively, resulting in a large peak modal gain of 45cm−1. A significant blueshift of the electroluminescence peak is observed with increased injection current and suggests a type-II band structure.
Abstract A16: Multi-omic analyses in genetically engineered mice reveal distinct and opposite effects of leukemogenic Idh and Tet2 mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (2023)

Abstract Mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 are recurrently observed in myeloid neoplasms. IDH1 and IDH2 encode isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms, which normally catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Oncogenic IDH1/2 mutations confer neomorphic activity, leading to the production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a potent inhibitor of α-KG-dependent enzymes which include the TET methylcytosine dioxygenases. Given their mutual exclusivity in myeloid neoplasms, IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 mutations may converge on a common oncogenic mechanism. Contrary to this expectation, we observed that they have distinct, and even opposite, effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in genetically engineered mice. Endogenous Idh2R172K caused much higher D-2-HG production compared to Idh1R132H and Idh2R140Q. This led to profound alterations in hematopoietic progenitor differentiation and to the development of myelodysplastic syndrome-like disease, with shorter survival compared to Tet2−/- mice. Epigenetic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that Idh2R172K and Tet2 loss-of-function have divergent and opposite effects on the expression and activity of key hematopoietic and leukemogenic regulators. Notably, chromatin accessibility and transcriptional deregulation in Idh2R172K cells were partially disconnected from DNA methylation alterations. These results highlight unanticipated divergent effects of IDH1/2 and TET2 mutations, which may inform the development of genotype-specific therapies. Citation Format: Jerome Fortin, Ming-Feng Chiang, Cem Meydan, Jonathan Foox, Parameswaran Ramachandran, Julie Leca, Francois Lemonnier, Wanda Y. Li, Miki S. Gams, Takashi Sakamoto, Mandy Chu, Chantal Tobin, Eric Laugesen, Troy M. Robinson, Annick You-Ten, Daniel J. Butler, Thorsten Berger, Mark D. Minden, Ross L. Levine, Cynthia J. Guidos, Ari M. Melnick, Christopher E. Mason, Tak W. Mak. Multi-omic analyses in genetically engineered mice reveal distinct and opposite effects of leukemogenic Idh and Tet2 mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome; 2023 Jan 23-25; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2023;4(3_Suppl):Abstract nr A16.
Thick silicon membrane technology for reliable and high performance operation of high voltage LIGBTs in Power ICs (2008)

A step change in performance and reliability of thick SOI membrane devices compared to earlier generation of devices on ultra-thin SOI membranes is reported in here. The membrane concept first reported offered a landmark improvement in the trade-off between switching losses and breakdown capability (in excess of 700V) but its current capability was limited by the thickness of the silicon membrane (around 30 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for LIGBTs on 0.25 mum silicon membranes, achieving a loss related power density approaching 100 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). This paper reports on membrane power devices with current densities which approach the best of those offered by vertical devices (current density greater than 100 A/cm with power density of 180 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), without sacrificing switching speed (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> < 60 ns for 1.5 mum membranes). HTRB results showing 1000 h+ operation at 125degC at 80% of the rated voltage are also presented. Finally, it is shown that both the static and dynamic high temperature operation of thick membrane LIGBTs is superior to that of state-of-the-art integrated LDMOSFETs.
Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease (2002)

Accumulation of a 40-42-amino acid peptide, termed amyloid-beta peptide (A beta), is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and identifying medicines that inhibit A beta could help patients with AD. Recent evidence suggests that a class of medicines that lower cholesterol by blocking the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), termed statins, can inhibit A beta production. Increasing evidence suggests that the enzymes that generate A beta function best in a high-cholesterol environment, which might explain why reducing cholesterol would inhibit A beta production. Studies using both neurons and peripheral cells show that reducing cellular cholesterol levels, by stripping off the cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or by treating the cells with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, decreases A beta production. Studies performed on animal models and on humans concur with these results. In humans, lovastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, has been shown to reduce A beta levels in blood of patients by up to 40%. The putative role of A beta in AD raises the possibility that treating patients with statins might lower A beta, and thereby either delay the occurrence of AD or retard the progression of AD. Two large retrospective studies support this hypothesis. Both studies suggest that patients taking statins had an approx. 70% lower risk of developing AD. Since statins are widely used by doctors, their ability to reduce A beta offers a putative therapeutic strategy for treating AD by using medicines that have already been proved safe to use in humans.
B.F. Matta MB BA DA FRCAnaes, P. Magee MB BA DA FRCAnaes (1992)

A case is described of complete heart block during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section in a fit 23 yr-oM-woman. This developed shortly after the institution of the block, with the height of the block below T s and in the absence of hypotension. The patient was resuscitated successfully with vagolytic and alpha-agonist drugs. A Wenckebach block persisted for a short period postoperatively. The importance of institating monitoring before the beginning of anaesthesia and the immediate availability of atropine and alpha-agonists before the initiation of spinal anaesthesia is stressed.
Darth's Saber: A Key Exfiltration Attack for Symmetric Ciphers Using Laser Light (2018)

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of exfiltrating a key from an AES primitive by injecting double transient faults into the digital circuit using two laser lights. We present some theoretical consideration on the effectiveness of this approach and show a few experimental results supporting our reasoning.
Computational models in the service of X‐ray and cryo‐ electron microscopy structure determination (2021)

Critical assessment of structure prediction (CASP) conducts community experiments to determine the state of the art in computing protein structure from amino acid sequence. The process relies on the experimental community providing information about not yet public or about to be solved structures, for use as targets. For some targets, the experimental structure is not solved in time for use in CASP. Calculated structure accuracy improved dramatically in this round, implying that models should now be much more useful for resolving many sorts of experimental difficulties. To test this, selected models for seven unsolved targets were provided to the experimental groups. These models were from the AlphaFold2 group, who overall submitted the most accurate predictions in CASP14. Four targets were solved with the aid of the models, and, additionally, the structure of an already solved target was improved. An a posteriori analysis showed that, in some cases, models from other groups would also be effective. This paper provides accounts of the successful application of models to structure determination, including molecular replacement for X-ray crystallography, backbone tracing and sequence positioning in a cryo-electron microscopy structure, and correction of local features. The results suggest that, in future, there will be greatly increased synergy between computational and experimental approaches to structure determination.
Inside Cover: Design and Synthesis of a Homogeneous Erythropoietin Analogue with Two Human Complex‐Type Sialyloligosaccharides: Combined Use of Chemical and Bacterial Protein Expression Methods (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50/2009) (2009)

Bioengineering of proteins using mammalian cells has facilitated the development of potential pharmaceutical erythropoietins (EPOs) that bear N-linked oligosaccharides. In their Communication on page 9557 ff., Y. Kajihara and co-workers report the chemical synthesis of a homogeneous bioactive EPO analogue, which was prepared by native chemical ligation between a synthetic glycopeptide-α-thioester with two complex-type sialyloligosaccharides and a large polypeptide chain, obtained by expression in E. coli.
Updating ESP and AH Algorithm Requirements for Efficiency and Security (2010)

This note defines an update to the ESP and AH algorithm requirements
that promotes efficiency, security, and interoperability, by
recommending the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block
cipher in the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) of operation. It is an
individual submission, intended as input to future standards track
work on IPsec policy.
Heterogeneous Integration of Epitaxial Ge on Si using AlAs/GaAs Buffer Architecture: Suitability for Low-power Fin Field-Effect Transistors (2014)

Germanium-based materials and device architectures have recently appeared as exciting material systems for future low-power nanoscale transistors and photonic devices. Heterogeneous integration of germanium (Ge)-based materials on silicon (Si) using large bandgap buffer architectures could enable the monolithic integration of electronics and photonics. In this paper, we report on the heterogeneous integration of device-quality epitaxial Ge on Si using composite AlAs/GaAs large bandgap buffer, grown by molecular beam epitaxy that is suitable for fabricating low-power fin field-effect transistors required for continuing transistor miniaturization. The superior structural quality of the integrated Ge on Si using AlAs/GaAs was demonstrated using high-resolution x-ray diffraction analysis. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed relaxed Ge with high crystalline quality and a sharp Ge/AlAs heterointerface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated a large valence band offset at the Ge/AlAs interface, as compared to Ge/GaAs heterostructure, which is a prerequisite for superior carrier confinement. The temperature-dependent electrical transport properties of the n-type Ge layer demonstrated a Hall mobility of 370 cm(2)/Vs at 290 K and 457 cm(2)/Vs at 90 K, which suggests epitaxial Ge grown on Si using an AlAs/GaAs buffer architecture would be a promising candidate for next-generation high-performance and energy-efficient fin field-effect transistor applications.
Locally-Weighted Template-Matching Based Prediction for Cloud-Based Image Compression (2016)

Thanks to the increasing number of images stored in the cloud, external image redundancies can be leveraged to efficiently compress images by exploiting inter-images correlations. In this paper, we propose a novel cloud-based image coding scheme. Unlike current state-of-the-art systems, our method relies on a data dimensionality reduction technique. A global compensation is associated to a locally-weighted template matching compensation method to predict a reference frame, to be then differential-coded with classic video coding tools. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach yields significant rate-distortion performance improvements compared to current image coding solutions.