gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical Quality-Assessment of High-Order One-Dimensional Silicon Photonic Crystals With a Reflectivity Notch at $\lambda \sim 1.55\ \mu\hbox{m}$ (2010)

In this paper, high-order silicon/air vertical 1-D photonic crystals (PhCs) featuring a deep reflectivity notch (Q of about 3000) within the third telecommunication transmission window are fabricated by electrochemical micromachining of silicon and optically characterized. Although, from scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations, the microfabricated structures appear to be of high quality in terms of in-plane and out-of-plane uniformity as well as of low surface roughness, optical measurements highlight variability of the spectral position of reflectivity notches, which turns out to be affected by fine variations of structural features induced by fabrication. A nondestructive optical method is used to recover the distribution of typical fabrication features, which is not easily quantifiable with other techniques in these high aspect-ratio vertical structures, from the experimentally detected distribution of the optical features. Optical distribution is obtained by scanning the device with high spatial resolution and recording spectral reflectivity at normal incidence (in the wavelength range 1.0-1.7 μm) on different locations of the 1-D PhC surface (X-Y plane). Distribution of silicon thickness variation on the X-Y plane is then inferred by best fitting the experimental spectral reflectivity data with theoretical spectra that are calculated by taking into account nonidealities of both PhC structure and measuring setup. On-sample fabrication-induced variation of the average silicon thickness, as a function of the X-Y position, is estimated to be limited to ±80 nm (percentage error of ±1%) within a range of ±100 μm from a reference location. As a consequence of such thickness variation, a maximum shift of the reflectivity spectrum of 40 nm occurs as a function of the X-Y position in the range of ±100 μm. Sample-to-sample average silicon thickness variation among nominally equivalent structures is also tested in similar X-Y positions and found to be lower than ±1.5% (absolute variation of ±120 nm), within a range of ±15 μm, with respect to the average value on the investigated samples.
Bracing for Idiopathic Scoliosis: How Many Patients Require Treatment to Prevent One Surgery? (2014)

Within the limitations of a nonrandomized prospective study design, bracing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was found to substantially decrease the risk of curve progression to a range requiring surgery when patients were highly compliant with brace wear. Since many patients avoid surgery without wearing a brace, current indications appear to lead to marked overtreatment. Bracing appears to decrease the risk of curve progression to a magnitude requiring surgery, but current bracing indications include many curves that would not have progressed to a magnitude requiring surgery even if the patient had not worn the brace, and overall compliance with brace wear is low. Identifying these lower-risk patients and improving the compliance of those likely to have curve progression could substantially improve bracing results.
High Pressure as a Tool to Study Protein Conformation. (1998)

The recent interest on high pressure biotechnology requires fundamental studies on the pressure behavior of biochemical constituents. In this laboratory, we use hydrostatic pressure both as a thermodynamic parameter, complementary to temperature, to determine the energetic quantities of enzyme reactions and as a tool to study protein conformation. For the second point, different new approaches are presented mainly based on spectroscopic observations which necessitate special high pressure adaptations.
Assessment of photodiodes as a light detector for PET scanners (2005)

Current PET systems based on pixelated scintillator arrays coupled to photomultiplier tubes suffer from pile-up and electronics dead time at high count rates. With a pixelated readout, i.e. one-to-one coupling of a scintillator crystal to a photo detector, these effects can be strongly reduced. Recent developments of high light output scintillators like LYSO and LaBr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> in combination with very low noise amplifiers based on modern CMOS processes make it possible to use high quantum efficiency blue-sensitive PIN photodiodes as a light detector. To explore the potential of this approach, a model of the signal detection chain was implemented. It comprises the scintillation light pulse and its quantum noise, optical coupling, charge conversion in the diode, noise sources of the integrating amplifier, shaper circuits for the energy and timing channel, and the discriminator for the timing channel. The model is verified using off-the-shelf PIN photodiodes and a dedicated CMOS preamplifier excited by a picosecond laser as well as scintillator pulses. The model predicts that with high light output scintillators, high quantum efficiency photodiodes and optimized preamplifiers, a pixelated PET readout with very good energy resolution and sufficient timing resolution can be realized. To complement the study, an APD-based readout is also considered and the related signal to noise issues are discussed
Ultrafast dynamics of reversible photoinduced phase transitions in rubidium manganese hexacyanoferrate investigated by midinfrared CN vibration spectroscopy (2012)

Photoinduced phase switching dynamics between LTP (low-temperature phase: Fe${}^{2+}$-CN-Mn${}^{3+}$) and PIHTP (photoinduced high-temperature phase: Fe${}^{3+}$-CN-Mn${}^{2+}$) in rubidium manganese hexacyanoferrate at 4 K was investigated by visible pump midinfrared probe transient absorption spectroscopy. By monitoring the CN stretching vibration modes, which are sensitive to the valence states of the adjacent metal ions, we could qualify not only LTP and PIHTP but also the phase boundary configurations (Fe${}^{2+}$-CN-Mn${}^{2+}$ and Fe${}^{3+}$-CN-Mn${}^{3+}$). In addition, by irradiating with another light inducing the reverse process to the pump light, we were able to apply a pump-probe measurement to the persistent phase transitions. The electronic and structural dynamics in the picosecond region were understood with a phenomenological spectral fitting model. In particular, in both directions of these phase transitions, the instantaneous generation of the boundary configuration was observed. This observation suggests that relatively small domains and/or low-dimensional fjord-like domains are created at the early stage of the transition.
High-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities (1986)

From July 1975 to December 1982, 358 patients were referred to the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) with the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities. Two hundred eleven of these patients presented with resectable, localized high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas and have been included in the present analysis of the management and outcome of patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity treated at the NCI. One hundred forty-seven of these 211 patients have been included in randomized prospective trials. The remaining 64 patients in this analysis have been followed at the NCI, but were not included in randomized trials because of patient refusal or ineligibility. Tumor size was identified as a highly significant prognostic variable for disease-free and overall survival (P2 = 0.00001 and 0.0081, respectively). Tumor site, histologic type, and microscopic margins of resection were not significant prognostic variables. There was no difference between patients undergoing amputation compared to those undergoing limb-sparing procedures plus postoperative radiotherapy in disease-free or overall survival for all 211 patients in this study (P2 = 0.068 and 0.131, respectively). A significantly greater frequency of local failure among patients treated by local excision was noted compared to patients undergoing amputation (12/128 versus 0/83, P2 = 0.004), but this did not result in decreased overall survival in patients undergoing combined modality limb-sparing procedures. Adjuvant chemotherapy significantly prolonged disease-free survival (P2 = 0.005) for the 124/211 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, although analysis of overall survival did not reveal a significant increase (P2 = 0.10). In a subset of 65 patients included in a prospective randomized trial evaluating the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy, a significant improvement in both disease-free (P2 = 0.033) and overall (P2 = 0.055) survival was seen in patients receiving chemotherapy. Sixty-five patients developed recurrent disease (65/211, 31%) and 42 of these patients were rendered disease-free surgically. Survival from the time of first recurrence was significantly prolonged among the 42 patients who were rendered disease-free (median survival, 31 months) compared to those who were not (median survival, 9 months, P2 less than 0.001).
Consumer Privacy Protection using Flexible Thermal Loads. (2020)

Due to the increasing adoption of smart meters, there are growing concerns about consumer privacy risks stemming from the high resolution metering data. To counter these risks, there have been various works in shaping the grid-visible energy consumption profile using controllable loads. However, most works have focused on using energy storage systems (ESSs). In this paper, we explore the use of flexible thermal loads (FTLs) for consumer privacy protection. The theoretical limitations of using FTLs are compared to systems using ESSs. It is shown that due to the limitations in the operation of FTLs, without significant over-sizing of systems, and sacrifices in consumer comfort, FTLs of much higher equivalent energy storage capacity are required to afford the same level of protection as ESSs. Nonetheless, given their increasing ubiquity, controllable FTLs should be considered for use in consumer privacy protection.
HMGB1-Driven Inflammation and Intimal Hyperplasia After Arterial Injury Involves Cell-Specific Actions Mediated by TLR4 (2015)

These findings place HMGB1 and its receptor, TLR4 as critical regulators of the events that drive the inflammation leading to IH after endoluminal arterial injury and identify this pathway as a possible therapeutic target to limit IH to attenuate damage-associated molecular pattern molecule-mediated vascular inflammatory responses.
The PI3K/mTOR inhibitor Gedatolisib eliminates dormant breast cancer cells in organotypic culture, but fails to prevent metastasis in preclinical settings (2021)

Dormant, disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are thought to be the source of breast cancer metastases several years or even decades after initial treatment. To date, a selective therapy that leads to their elimination has not been discovered. While dormant DTCs resist chemotherapy, evidence suggests that this resistance is driven not by their lack of proliferation, but by their engagement of the surrounding microenvironment, via integrin-β1-mediated interactions. Because integrin-β1-targeted agents have not been translated readily to the clinic, signaling nodes downstream of integrin-β1 could serve as attractive therapeutic targets in order to sensitize dormant DTCs to therapy. By probing a number of kinases downstream of integrin-β1, we determined that PI3K inhibition with either a tool compounds or a compound (PF-05212384; aka Gedatolisib) in clinical trials robustly sensitizes quiescent breast tumor cells seeded in organotypic bone marrow cultures to chemotherapy. These results motivated the preclinical study of whether Gedatolisib-with or without genotoxic therapy-would reduce DTC burden and prevent metastases. Despite promising results in organotypic culture, Gedatolisib failed to reduce DTC burden or delay, reduce or prevent metastasis in murine models of either triple-negative or estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer dissemination and metastasis. This result held true whether analyzing Gedatolisib on its own (vs. vehicle-treated animals) or in combination with dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (vs. animals treated only with dose-dense chemotherapies). These data suggest that PI3K is not the node downstream of integrin-β1 that confers chemotherapeutic resistance to DTCs. More broadly, they cast doubt on the strategy to target PI3K in order to eliminate DTCs and prevent breast cancer metastasis.
Effects of cavity dimensions in split-post dielectric resonator technique for complex permittivity measurements (2012)

The effects of cavity dimensions on the resonance frequency and resonance strength of the TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01δ</sub> mode in split post-dielectric resonator (SPDR) technique are investigated by using full-wave simulations. The results of simulations provide guidance for adjusting the dimensions of the SPDR fixture so that a strong TE01d resonance mode can be excited to correctly determine the complex permittivity of dielectric materials.
Orientation dependence and decay characteristics of T2* relaxation in the human meniscus studied with 7 Tesla MR microscopy and compared to histology (2018)

The MR microscopy approach used in this study allows the identification of meniscus substructures and to quantify T<sub>2</sub> * with a voxel resolution approximately 100 times higher than previously reported. T<sub>2</sub> * decay showed a strong fiber-to-field angle dependence reflecting the anisotropic properties of the meniscal collagen fibers. No clear biexponential decay behavior was found for the meniscus substructures.
Substitution of a single amino acid (aspartic acid for histidine) converts the functional activity of human complement C4B to C4A. (1990)

The C4B isotype of the fourth component of human complement (C4) displays 3- to 4-fold greater hemolytic activity than does its other isotype C4A. This correlates with differences in their covalent binding efficiencies to erythrocytes coated with antibody and complement C1. C4A binds to a greater extent when C1 is on IgG immune aggregates. The differences in covalent binding properties correlate only with amino acid changes between residues 1101 and 1106 (pro-C4 numbering)--namely, Pro-1101, Cys-1102, Leu-1105, and Asp-1106 in C4A and Leu-1101, Ser-1102, Ile-1105, and His-1106 in C4B, which are located in the C4d region of the alpha chain. To more precisely identify the residues that are important for the functional differences, C4A-C4B hybrid proteins were constructed by using recombinant DNA techniques. Comparison of these by hemolytic assay and binding to IgG aggregates showed that the single substitution of aspartic acid for histidine at position 1106 largely accounted for the change in functional activity and nature of the chemical bond formed (ester vs. amide). Surprisingly, substitution of a neutral residue, alanine, for histidine at position 1106 resulted in an increase in binding to immune aggregates without subsequent reduction in the hemolytic activity. This result strongly suggests that position 1106 is not "catalytic" as previously proposed but interacts sterically/electrostatically with potential acceptor sites and serves to "select" binding sites on potential acceptor molecules.
Near-Optimal Solution to the Non-Uniform Sampling Problem in Kalman Filtering (2019)

In the optimal sampling problem, we are interested in selecting the optimal subset of times to sample a sensor such that the mean square estimation error (MSE) between the unobserved states and the estimated states is minimized. In this problem, the states evolve according to a discrete, LTI system and the sensor takes measurements according to a discrete, LTI system. A Kalman Filter recursively estimates the evolving states based on the sensor measurements. Ideally, we would select all available times (in the horizon of interest) to sample the sensor for estimating the states. However, there are communication and energy costs affiliated with sampling and therefore we aim to minimize the estimation error when the number of times we can sample is fixed. There have been multiple attempts to solve this problem by relaxing the original problem, which is NP-hard. Such relaxations allow for nice algorithms, but provide no guarantees on the gap between the solution of the relaxed problem and the solution of the original problem. We leverage the idea of supermodularity in discrete optimization to show a greedy solution to the sampling problem will produce a near-optimal solution with an approximation factor. To prove the supermodularity property for the mean squared estimation error as a function of samples, we make a few assumptions: the covariance matrices for the system and measurement noise are diagonal matrices of the form constant times identity with certain restrictions on the constant; C and A matrices only have positive elements.
Energy concentration and phosphorus digestibility in meat meal, fish meal, and soybean meal fed to pigs (2021)

The MM contains less energy concentrations compared with FM and SBM, and digestibility of phosphorus in MM does not differ from that in FM and SBM.
On ranking fuzzy numbers using valuations (1999)

The importance as well as the difficulty of the problem of ranking fuzzy numbers is pointed out. Here we consider approaches to the ranking of fuzzy numbers based upon the idea of associating with a fuzzy number a scalar value, its valuation, and using this valuation to compare and order fuzzy numbers. Specifically we focus on expected value type valuations which are based upon the transformation of a fuzzy subset into an associated probability distribution. We develop a number of families of parameterized valuation functions. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Core–shell Particles by Combined Semibatch Emulsion/Suspension Polymerizations (2011)

Abstract Core–shell polymer particles were produced by combined semibatch emulsion/suspension polymerizations, using different monomers. It is shown that the morphology of the shell depends on the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the emulsified particles and that specific areas can vary considerably (7.9 to 37 m 2 · g −1 ), depending on reaction conditions and used monomers. Particularly, a thin film is formed around the core when the T g of the polymer that constitutes the shell is lower than the reaction temperature, while a porous shell is formed when the T g of the polymer material is higher than the reaction temperature. Based on the observed data, a physical model was proposed to explain the formation of core–shell particles by combination of typical suspension and emulsion polymerization recipes. magnified image
Finding common quadratic Lyapunov functions for switched linear systems using particle swarm optimisation (2011)

It is undoubtedly important to be able to ensure the existence of a common quadratic Lyapunov function (CQLF) for a given switched system because this is proof of its asymptotic stability, but equally important is the ability to calculate it in order to obtain more specific information about the behaviour of the switched system under analysis. This article describes the development of a new methodology for calculating a CQLF based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO) once the existence of a CQLF has been assured. Several comparative analyses are presented to show the strengths and advantages of the proposed methodology.
Video Applications in the Era of Computer Networks - Computer & Video = Multimedia? (1995)

The areas of television, telecommunication, and information technology are converging, new services are establishing and new application areas arise. Aside from traditional delivery channels, computer networks play an increasing role for providing the new services.
Influence of Route of Vaccine Administration Against Experimental Intramammary Infection Caused by Escherichia coli (1998)

The route of immunization of a commercially available Escherichia coli J5 bacterin was investigated. Jersey cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1) unvaccinated (control), 2) vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck, and 3) vaccinated in the area of the supramammary lymph node. Cows were vaccinated at drying off and at 2 wk prior to anticipated calving. Two quarters of each cow were challenged with approximately 60 cfu of E. coli at 14 d postcalving. Route of immunization in the neck or the area of the supramammary lymph node did not influence severity of coliform mastitis. However, the mean number of colony-forming units of E. coli recovered from challenged quarters was significantly lower for vaccinated cows than for control cows at 24 h postchallenge. A quicker milk yield recovery following intramammary challenge was also observed for vaccinated cows. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgG1, and IgG2 and whey IgG1 and IgG2 antibody titers against E. coli J5 whole-cell antigens were significantly enhanced in vaccinated cows. Somatic cell counts in milk from challenged quarters and rectal temperatures following intramammary challenge were not different for cows across treatment groups. Immunization did not prevent intramammary infection.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Functional Sialyl LewisX Mimetics with a Heteroaromatic Core (2014)

Functional mimetics of the sialyl Lewis(X) tetrasaccharide were prepared by the enzymatic sialylation of a 1,3-diglycosylated indole and a glycosyl azide, which was subsequently transformed into a 1,4-diglycosylated 1,2,3-triazole, by using the trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi. These compounds inhibited the binding of E-, L-, and P-selectin-coated nanoparticles to polyacrylamide-bound sialyl-Lewis(X) -containing neighboring sulfated tyrosine residues (sTyr/sLe(X) -PAA) at low or sub-millimolar concentrations. Except for E-selectin, the mimetics showed higher activities than the natural tetrasaccharide.
Effects of steroidal and non‐steroidal antiandrogens on wild‐type and mutant androgen receptors (2007)

Switching antiandrogens may be reasonable in prostate cancer with mutant ARs.
Comparison of a Duraflo II-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and a trillium-coated oxygenator during open-heart surgery (2004)

There were small differences in the inflammatory response between the two extracorporeal circulation devices compared in this study.
A thermodynamic study of mesophilic, thermophilic, and hyperthermophilic l‐arabinose isomerases: The effects of divalent metal ions on protein stability at elevated temperatures (2005)

To gain insight into the structural stability of homologous homo-tetrameric l-arabinose isomerases (AI), we have examined the isothermal guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)-induced unfolding of AIs from mesophilic Bacillus halodurans (BHAI), thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GSAI), and hyperthermophilic Thermotoga maritima (TMAI) using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The GdnHCl-induced unfolding of the AIs can be well described by a two-state reaction between native tetramers and unfolded monomers, which directly confirms the validity of the linear extrapolation method to obtain the intrinsic stabilities of these proteins. The resulting unfolding free energy (DeltaGU) values of the AIs as a function of temperature were fit to the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to determine their thermodynamic parameters based on a two-state mechanism. Compared with the stability curves of BHAI in the presence and absence of Mn2+, those of holo GSAI and TMAI were more broadened than those of the apo enzymes at all temperatures, indicating increased melting temperatures (Tm) due to decreased heat capacity (DeltaGp). Moreover, the extent of difference in DeltaCp between the apo and holo thermophilic AIs is larger than that of BHAI. From these studies, we suggest that the metal dependence of the thermophilic AIs, resulting in the reduced DeltaCp, may play a significant role in structural stability compared to their mesophilic analogues, and that the extent of metal dependence of AI stability seems to be highly correlated to oligomerization.