gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
That was the year that was (2020)

That was the year that was David Russell, AM QC, David Russell, AM QC David Russell AM QC, Outer Temple Chambers, The Gate, DIFC, Dubai UAE and 222 Strand, London, UK Email: David.RussellQC@outertemple.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Toby Graham Toby Graham Toby Graham, Partner and Head of Contentious Trusts and Estates, Farrer & Co, 66 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LH, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Trusts & Trustees, Volume 26, Issue 10, December 2020, Pages 891–896, https://doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttaa104 Published: 11 April 2021
Multiband Optics for Imaging Systems (2016)

This paper presents new multispectral IR glasses with transmission from 0.9 to &gt; 14 μm in wavelength and refractive index from 2.38 to 2.17. These new glasses are designed to have comparable glass softening temperatures and compatible coefficients of thermal expansion to allow bonding and co-molding of multilayer optics. With large variation in their Abbe numbers and negative to near-zero dn/dT, optics made from these new glasses can significantly reduce the size/weight or complexity of the multispectral imaging systems for weight sensitive platforms.
Deep Learning: Basics and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) (2023)

Abstract Deep learning belongs to the broader family of machine learning methods and currently provides state-of-the-art performance in a variety of fields, including medical applications. Deep learning architectures can be categorized into different groups depending on their components. However, most of them share similar modules and mathematical formulations. In this chapter, the basic concepts of deep learning will be presented to provide a better understanding of these powerful and broadly used algorithms. The analysis is structured around the main components of deep learning architectures, focusing on convolutional neural networks and autoencoders.
Oxidative Etching of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Toward Nanosheets with Defined Edges and Holes (2015)

Lateral surface etching of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets results in holey 2D nanosheets that have abundant edge atoms. Recent reports on holey graphene showed that holey 2D nanosheets can outperform their intact counterparts in many potential applications such as energy storage, catalysis, sensing, transistors, and molecular transport/separation. From both fundamental and application perspectives, it is desirable to obtain holey 2D nanosheets with defined hole morphology and hole edge structures. This remains a great challenge for graphene and is little explored for other 2D nanomaterials. Here, a facile, controllable, and scalable method is reported to carve geometrically defined pit/hole shapes and edges on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) basal plane surfaces via oxidative etching in air using silver nanoparticles as catalysts. The etched h-BN was further purified and exfoliated into nanosheets that inherited the hole/edge structural motifs and, under certain conditions, possess altered optical bandgap properties likely induced by the enriched zigzag edge atoms. This method opens up an exciting approach to further explore the physical and chemical properties of hole- and edge-enriched boron nitride and other 2D nanosheets, paving the way toward applications that can take advantage of their unique structures and performance characteristics.
Experience With Vibroplasty Couplers at the Stapes Head and Footplate (2011)

OW- or Clip-Coupler-Vibroplasty using couplers was found to be a straightforward procedure, which produced good results in this group of patients.
An emerging cell‐based strategy in orthopaedics: endothelial progenitor cells (2012)

EPCs offer the potential to emerge as a new strategy among other cell-based therapies to promote bone regeneration. Further investigations and human trials are required to address current questions with regard to biology and mechanisms of action of EPCs in bone tissue engineering.
Selection of Antigens and Development of Prototype Tests for Point-of-Care Leprosy Diagnosis (2008)

Leprosy can be a devastating chronic infection that causes nerve function impairment and associated disfigurement. Despite the recent reduction in the number of registered worldwide leprosy cases as a result of the widespread use of multidrug therapy, the number of new cases detected each year remains relatively stable. The diagnosis of leprosy is currently based on the appearance of clinical signs and requires expert clinical, as well as labor-intensive and time-consuming laboratory or histological, evaluation. For the purpose of developing an effective, simple, rapid, and low-cost diagnostic alternative, we have analyzed the serologic antibody response to identify Mycobacterium leprae proteins that are recognized by leprosy patients. More than 100 recombinant antigens were analyzed in a protein array format to select those with discriminatory properties for leprosy diagnosis. As expected, multibacillary leprosy patients recognized more antigens with stronger antibody responses than paucibacillary leprosy patients. Our data indicate, however, that multibacillary patients can be distinguished from paucibacillary patients, and both of these groups can be segregated from endemic control groups. We went on to confirm the diagnostic properties of antigens ML0405 and ML2331 and the LID-1 fusion construct of these two proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We then demonstrated the performance of these antigens in rapid test formats with a goal of developing a point-of-care diagnostic test. A serological diagnostic test capable of identifying and allowing treatment of leprosy could reduce transmission, prevent functional disabilities and stigmatizing deformities, and facilitate leprosy eradication.
Production of carrier-peptide conjugates using chemically reactive unnatural amino acids (2023)

Provided are methods of making carrier polypeptide that include incorporating a first unnatural amino acid into a carrier polypeptide variant, incorporating a second unnatural amino acid into a target polypeptide variant, and reacting the first and second unnatural amino acids to produce the conjugate. Conjugates produced using the provided methods are also provided. In addition, orthogonal translation systems in methylotrophic yeast and methods of using these systems to produce carrier and target polypeptide variants comprising unnatural amino acids are provided.
The Effect of Measurement on the Quantum Kicked Rotator (1987)

The detailed time-dependent behaviour of the kinetic energy of the quantum kicked rotator is found for both destructive and nondestructive measurement models. This represents a full measurement analysis of a nonlinear dynamical system which shows chaos classically.
Functional Dissection of a Multimodular Polypeptide of the Pikromycin Polyketide Synthase into Monomodules by Using a Matched Pair of Heterologous Docking Domains (2009)

The pikromyin polyketide synthase (PKS) in Streptomyces venezulae is comprised of a loading module and six extension modules, which generate the corresponding 14-membered macrolactone product. PikAI is a multimodular component of this PKS and houses both the loading domain and the first two extension modules, joined by short intraprotein linkers. We have shown that PikAI can be separated into two proteins at either of these linkers, only when matched pairs of docking domains (DDs) from a heterologous modular phoslactomycin PKS are used in place of the intraprotein linker. In both cases the yields of pikromycin produced by the S. venezuelae mutant were 50% of that of a S. venezuelae strain expressing the native trimodular PikAI. This observation provides the first demonstration that such separations do not dramatically impact the efficiency of the entire in vivo biosynthetic process. Expression of module 2 as a monomodular protein fused to a heterologous N-terminal docking domain was also observed to give almost a tenfold improvement in the in vivo generation of pikromycin from a synthetic diketide intermediate. These results demonstrate the utility of DDs to manipulate biosynthetic processes catalyzed by modular PKSs and the quest to generate novel polyketide products.
A Simple and Effective Method to Generate Lentiviral Vectors for Ex Vivo Gene Delivery to Mature Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (2012)

Human ex vivo gene therapy protocols have been used successfully to treat a variety of genetic disorders, infectious diseases, and cancer. Murine oncoretroviruses (specifically, gammaretroviruses) have served as the primary gene delivery vehicles for these trials. However, in some cases, such vectors have been associated with insertional mutagenesis. As a result, alternative vector platforms such as lentiviral vectors (LVVs) are being developed. LVVs may provide advantages compared with gammaretroviral vectors, including the ability to transduce large numbers of nondividing cells, resistance to gene silencing, and a potentially safer integration profile. The aim of this study was to develop a simplified process for the rapid production of clinical-grade LVVs. To that end, we used a self-inactivating bicistronic LVV encoding an MART (melanoma antigen recognized by T cells)-1-reactive T cell receptor containing oPRE, an optimized and truncated version of woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranslational regulatory element (wPRE). Using our simplified clinical production process, 293T cells were transiently transfected in roller bottles. The LVV supernatant was collected, treated with Benzonase, and clarified by modified step filtration. LVV produced in this manner exhibited titers and a biosafety profile similar to those of cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practices) LVVs previously manufactured at the Indiana University Vector Production Facility in support of a phase I/II clinical trial. We describe a simple, efficient, and low-cost method for the production of clinical-grade LVV for ex vivo gene therapy protocols.
PBFA II lithium beam characterization from inner-shell x-ray images (1995)

The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator (PBFA II) is now driving targets with ICF-relevant lithium ion beams. During the most recent lithium beam target series, time-integrated x-ray pinhole cameras viewed the ion-induced inner-shell x-ray fluorescence from the central gold cone target and a titanium-coated strip. Ion-beam profiles at a nominal 10-mm radius and fixed azimuthal direction were obtained from images of the Ti Kα fluorescence of a Ti-coated Al diagnostic wire. The gold cone gave us beam profiles at a nominal 3-mm radius and at all azimuthal angles from the Au Lα fluorescence. From these profiles, we obtained the ion-beam vertical focus position, the full width at half maximum, and the degree of azimuthal uniformity for the lithium target shots. For these initial results, beam steering problems were evident. Azimuthal uniformity was measured from the ion-beam footprint on the outer Au case (predominantly Au Lα) of the hohlraum target and was found to be in the same range (up to 30%) as for previous proton beam target series.
Comparison of hearing outcomes in patients with congenital aural atresia managed with canaloplasty and bone conduction hearing devices (2021)

In terms of hearing, the outcome was better with the OBCD compared to canaloplasty. Canaloplasty may be an alternative option in patients who refuse OBCD implantation.
A method to increase sheet electron density and mobility by vacuum annealing for Ti/Al deposited AlGaN/GaN heterostructures (2012)

Temperature dependence of sheet electron density (ns) and mobility (μ) for Ti/Al deposited AlGaN/GaN heterostructures annealed in vacuum has been investigated using Hall effect measurements. The vacuum annealing at 1020 K caused the increase in both ns and μ at room temperature, with the amount of one order of magnitude and 65%, respectively, as compared to without annealed sample. The amount of increase was much less for only Ti or Al deposited or totally thin Ti/Al deposited sample. The origin of the increase is attributed to tensile strain induced by vacuum annealing. The method is useful for reducing the ohmic contact resistivity and/or the access resistance between source and gate in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Generating Medical Reports from Patient-Doctor Conversations Using Sequence-to-Sequence Models (2020)

Seppo Enarvi, Marilisa Amoia, Miguel Del-Agua Teba, Brian Delaney, Frank Diehl, Stefan Hahn, Kristina Harris, Liam McGrath, Yue Pan, Joel Pinto, Luca Rubini, Miguel Ruiz, Gagandeep Singh, Fabian Stemmer, Weiyi Sun, Paul Vozila, Thomas Lin, Ranjani Ramamurthy. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Medical Conversations. 2020.
A semi-direct approach to structure from motion (2002)

Reconstructing three-dimensional structure and motion is often decomposed into two steps: point feature correspondence and three-dimensional reconstruction. This separation often causes gross errors since correspondence relies on the brightness constancy constraint that is local in space and time. Therefore, we advocate the necessity to integrate visual information not only in time (i.e. across different views), but also in space, by matching regions-rather than points-using explicit photometric deformation models. We present an algorithm that integrates 2D region tracking and 3D motion estimation into a closed loop based on an explicit geometric and photometric model, while detecting and rejecting outlier regions that do not fit the model. Our algorithm is recursive and suitable for real-time implementation. Our experiments show that it far exceeds the accuracy and robustness of point feature-based SFM algorithms.
13C-metabolic flux ratio and novel carbon path analyses confirmed that Trichoderma reesei uses primarily the respirative pathway also on the preferred carbon source glucose (2009)

High similarity between the biosynthetic pathways of amino acids in T. reesei and yeast S. cerevisiae was concluded. In vivo flux distributions confirmed that T. reesei uses primarily the respirative pathway also when growing on the repressive carbon source glucose in contrast to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which substantially diminishes the respirative pathway flux under glucose repression.
LOX-1 inhibition in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: modulation of MMP-1 and inflammation (2002)

A recently identified lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) mediates endothelial cell injury and facilitates inflammatory cell adhesion. We studied the role of LOX-1 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 60 min of left coronary artery (LCA) ligation, followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Rats were treated with saline, LOX-1 blocking antibody JXT21 (10 mg/kg), or nonspecific anti-goat IgG (10 mg/kg) before I/R. Ten other rats underwent surgery without LCA ligation and served as a sham control group. LOX-1 expression was markedly increased during I/R (P < 0.01 vs. sham control group). Simultaneously, the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and adhesion molecules (P-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1) was also increased in the I/R area (P < 0.01 vs. sham control group). There was intense leukocyte accumulation in the I/R area in the saline-treated group. Treatment of rats with the LOX-1 antibody prevented I/R-induced upregulation of LOX-1 and reduced MMP-1 and adhesion molecule expression as well as leukocyte recruitment. LOX-1 antibody, but not nonspecific IgG, also reduced myocardial infarct size (P < 0.01 vs. saline-treated I/R group). To explore the link between LOX-1 and adhesion molecule expression, we measured expression of oxidative stress-sensitive p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The activity of p38 MAPK was increased during I/R (P < 0.01 vs. sham control), and use of LOX-1 antibody inhibited p38 MAPK activation (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that myocardial I/R upregulates LOX-1 expression, which through p38 MAPK activation increases the expression of MMP-1 and adhesion molecules. Inhibition of LOX-1 exerts an important protective effect against myocardial I/R injury.
Magneto-optic and optical characterization of Tb/Co compositionally modulated amorphous films (1991)

Amorphous Tb/Co compositionally modulated films were deposited on Si substrates with different modulation layer thicknesses ranging from about 2.5 to 15 Å. The nominal Tb to Co layer thickness ratios were systematically varied and the complex refractive index (n and k) and polar magneto-optical Kerr effects (rotation and ellipticity) were measured in the 3000–8000-Å spectral range as well. The samples were divided into two groups. In one group, the thickness of the Co layers was fixed, the Tb layer thickness varied. In the second group, the thickness of the Tb layer was fixed, and that of the Co layer thickness varied. The Kerr rotation and the coercivities of the samples showed very consistent and interesting changes. X-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence were also performed on the samples, which revealed layered structures, or compositional modulation, and provided information on the Tb to Co atomic ratios in the samples.
Serologic Response of Horses to the Structural Proteins of Equine Arteritis Virus (1998)

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, an apparently emerging disease of equids. In this study, the antibody response of horses to the structural proteins of EAV was evaluated using gradient-purified EAV virions and baculovirus-expressed recombinant EAV structural proteins (G(L), G(S), M, N) as antigens in a Western immunoblotting assay. Thirty-three sera from horses that previously had been naturally or experimentally infected with EAV were evaluated, including samples from mares, geldings, and both persistently and nonpersistently infected stallions. Sera also were evaluated from 4 horses that had been vaccinated with the commercial modified live EAV vaccine. The data suggest that the serologic response of individual horses to EAV may vary with the infecting virus strain and duration of infection. The M protein was most consistently recognized by the various serum samples, whereas the response to the N and G(L) proteins was variable and the G(S) protein was bound by only 1 serum sample. The immunoblotting assay definitively established the protein specificity of the humoral response of horses to EAV; however, it clearly is less sensitive than the standard serum neutralization (SN) test--2 of the 37 sera that were seropositive by the SN test failed to react in the immunoblot assay with any EAV structural protein. Furthermore, the G(L) protein expresses the known neutralization determinants of EAV, yet only 22 of the 37 sera that had SN antibodies bound the G(L) protein in the immunoblotting assay. Information from this study will assist ongoing efforts to develop improved methods for the serologic diagnosis of EAV infection of horses.
Numerical Study on Conjugate Conduction–Convection in a Cubic Enclosure Submitted to Time-Periodic Sidewall Temperature (2012)

The laminar conjugate conduction-natural convection heat transfer in a cubic enclosure of finite thickness conductive walls and central cavity filled with fluid is comprehensively studied by using recently developed high accuracy temporal-spatial multidomain pseudospectral method. The enclosure is assumed to have one sidewall submitted to time-periodic pulsating temperature and the opposing sidewall constant temperature, and the top, bottom and two lateral sidewalls are adiabatic. The present study is devoted to explore the fluid mechanics and heat transfer mechanisms of the time-periodic conjugate conduction-natural convection in the enclosure, with particular highlights on the heat transfer resonance and back heat transfer phenomena, the perturbation propagation patterns and the three-dimensional characteristics. The computations are performed for wide ranges of controlling parameters of engineering significance, i.e., the dimensionless wall thickness 0 ≤ s ≤ 0.10, the solid–fluid thermal conductivity ratio 10 ≤ k ≤ 50 and diffusivity ratio 0.001 ≤ a ≤ 0.1, and the sidewall temperature pulsating period 1 ≤ P ≤ 103. Numerical results reveal that the time-periodic fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer performances of the enclosure system are greatly affected by the conductive walls and complexly dependent on the controlling parameters. The thickness and thermophysical properties of the conductive walls, together with the pulsating period of the sidewall temperature, govern the sidewall temperature disturbance propagation patterns (amplitude, phase position and speed) within the enclosure. The heat transfer resonance only appears in cases of large diffusivity ratio, but the variation of period-averaged heat transfer rate with respect to the pulsating period is quite different from that of the zero wall thickness enclosure. The back heat transfer exists in region close to the corners formed by either the top or bottom walls and the enclosure hot sidewall, and the former is more remarkable in both scale and duration and is gradually disappearing as the pulsating period increases.
Detection of Raised Cloths Characteristics by Heat Flow Using a Miniaturized Warmth and Force Sensor (2021)

This paper reports on detection of raised cloths characteristics by a miniaturized warmth and force sensor. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that a warmth and force sensor discriminates block materials by a heat-flow peak in a heat-flow transitional phenomenon. In this study, heat-flow-peak characteristics of the raised cloths with different raising-part lengths were measured, and capability of discrimination of raised cloths was investigated. The experimental results showed that the heat-flow-peak value decreases with increase of the raising-part length when the raising-part length is under 12 mm to 15 mm. The raising-part lengths of the raised clothes were discriminated by the warmth and force sensor.
Defense Through Diverse Directions (2020)

In this work we develop a novel Bayesian neural network methodology to achieve strong adversarial robustness without the need for online adversarial training. Unlike previous efforts in this direction, we do not rely solely on the stochasticity of network weights by minimizing the divergence between the learned parameter distribution and a prior. Instead, we additionally require that the model maintain some expected uncertainty with respect to all input covariates. We demonstrate that by encouraging the network to distribute evenly across inputs, the network becomes less susceptible to localized, brittle features which imparts a natural robustness to targeted perturbations. We show empirical robustness on several benchmark datasets.
Temperature Dependence of Tissue Impedivity in Electrical Impedance Tomography of Cryosurgery (2005)

The temperature-dependent impedivity of rat liver, transverse abdominal muscle and full skin was determined in vitro as a function of frequency across the temperature range 5 degrees C to 37 degrees C and from 100 Hz to 10 kHz. This study was motivated by an increasing interest in using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for imaging of cryosurgery and a lack of applicable data in the hypothermic range. Using a controlled-temperature impedance analyzer, it was found that as the temperature is reduced the resulting increase in tissue impedivity is more pronounced at low frequencies and that the beta dispersion, resulting from cell membrane polarization, shifts to lower frequencies. With these new data a simple case study of EIT of liver cryosurgery was examined, using a finite-element model incorporating the Pennes bio-heat equation, to determine the impact of this behavior on imaging accuracy. Overestimation of the ice-front position was found to occur if the EIT system ignored the effects of the low-temperature zone surrounding the frozen tissue. This error decreases with increasing blood perfusion and with higher measurement frequencies.