gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The low temperature atomic layer deposition of ruthenium and the effect of oxygen exposure (2012)

We have studied the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ruthenium using bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl) ruthenium and oxygen. We show that the process is achievable at a low operating temperature of 185 °C. Variation in the exposure time and pressure of the oxygen counterreactant has significant effects on the nucleation, growth rate and composition of the deposited ruthenium films. High oxygen pressure helps to promote the nucleation of ruthenium on a silicon dioxide substrate. Although saturation conditions are achieved with the Ru precursor, saturation of the ruthenium growth rate with oxygen exposure is observed only for a small range of oxygen exposure. Increasing the oxygen exposure further results in the incorporation of oxygen in the deposited film to form ruthenium oxide, a process which is enhanced at higher deposition temperature. We propose that the slow diffusion of oxygen to the subsurface region is a rate-limiting step in this process. We demonstrate that the composition of the deposited films from metallic ruthenium to ruthenium oxide, as well as the average grain size, may be regulated by tuning the pressure and exposure time of the oxygen counterreactant. Hence, this low temperature ALD process provides a flexible route to the deposition of Ru-based films.
Beitrag zur experimentellen Bestimmung der Wartezeitfunktion bei Leistungsuntersuchungen im spurgeführten Verkehr (2009)

Die Eisenbahnbetriebswissenschaft befasst sich unter anderem damit, den Zusammenhang zwischen Auslastung einer Infrastruktur und Betriebsqualität zu beschreiben und daraus Empfehlungen für eine optimale Auslastung abzuleiten. Zwei sehr übliche Ansätze in der Eisenbahnbetriebswissenschaft sind die Simulation und die analytischen Methoden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Verfahren weiterentwickelt, mit dem zwischen beiden Ansätzen eine Brücke geschlagen wird: Mit Hilfe von Simulationen wird eine funktionale Beziehung zwischen Auslastung und Wartezeiten hergestellt - die Wartezeitfunktion. Aus der Wartezeitfunktion wird anschließend der optimale Leistungsbereich bestimmt wie ihn [Hertel 1992] beschreibt. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Bestimmung der Wartezeitfunktion. Es werden für die einzelnen Arbeitsschritte jeweils verschiedene Algorithmen vorgestellt, an Fallbeispielen getestet und daraus Empfehlungen für ein verbessertes Verfahren abgeleitet. Dieses Verfahren zeichnet sich durch zwei Vorteile aus: Zum einen wird durch Automatisierung einiger manuell sehr aufwändiger Schritte der Arbeitsaufwand stark gesenkt, zum anderen lassen sich nun – je nach Struktur des untersuchten Teilnetzes – sehr viel besser abgesicherte Ergebnisse erzielen. Die wichtigsten Verbesserungen sind die Folgenden: - Zur Bestimmung der maximalen Leistungsfähigkeit wird ein neuer Ansatz entwickelt, der auch für Teilnetze anwendbar ist. Er basiert darauf, bestimmte Indikatoren über einen weiten Auslastungsbereich hinweg zu beobachten. Im Bereich der maximalen Leistungsfähigkeit tritt ein charakteristisches Verhalten des jeweiligen Indikators auf. Besonders geeignet ist der Indikator "Verhältnis von Eingangs- und Ausgangsbelastung". - Die Fahrpläne sollten mit dem hier vorgestellten Algorithmus "Zufällige Fahrpläne" verdichtet werden. Dieser arbeitet mit einem Parameter (der Zeitscheibe), mit dem ein Bezug zum Variationskoeffizienten der Ankunftsverteilungen und damit der "Ordnung" des Betriebsprogramms hergestellt werden kann. Planmäßige Wartezeiten sollten bei der Fahrplanverdichtung grundsätzlich vermieden werden. - Das bisher verwendete Approximationsverfahren wird durch ein anderes Verfahren ersetzt (hier "logarithmische Approximation" genannt), das durchweg geeigneter ist und plausiblere Ergebnisse liefert. Damit hat das Verfahren zur Leistungsuntersuchung nach Hertel einen entscheidenden Schritt in Richtung Praxistauglichkeit vollzogen. Darüber hinaus werden in dieser Arbeit einige Ansätze für zukünftige Entwicklungen aufgezeigt.
Baseline C-reactive Protein (CRP) and Plasma Anti-TNF Concentration in Patients with Active Crohnʼs Disease Treated with certolizumab pegol (CZP) (2011)

Purpose: Elevated serum CRP (>10 mg/L) is a biomarker of inflammation and disease severity. Low baseline (BL) CRP concentrations (<10 mg/L) are associated with high placebo response rates (47%-60%) in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in active Crohn's disease (CD).1,2 A greater treatment effect with the TNF antagonist, CZP, has been reported in patients (pts) with higher BL CRP concentrations.1 However, in 2 RCTs evaluating CZP in CD, the efficacy of CZP did not correlate with the BL CRP.2,3 This post hoc analysis further explored the relationship between BL CRP and plasma concentration of CZP in pts with active CD. Methods: The PRECiSE 2 (P2: NCT00152425)3 and WELCOME (WEL: NCT00308581)4 trials enrolled adult pts (N=668 and 539, respectively) with active CD (CD Activity Index [CDAI] 220-450). In both trials, pts who responded at Wk 6 to induction therapy with CZP (400 mg administered subcutaneously at Wks 0, 2, and 4) were randomized to continuous therapy with CZP (400 mg every 4 wks in P2; 400 mg every 2 or 4 wks in WEL) or placebo through Wk 24. The analysis population included pts who had a BL CRP and a blood CZP concentration at Wk 6 for both P2 (n=567) and WEL (n=484). Blood samples for plasma CZP concentration were collected at Wk 6, stratified by BL CRP (≥10 mg/L and <10 mg/L), and analyzed by remission subgroup. Remission was defined as a Wk 6 CDAI score of ≤150. Results: Fifty percent (282/567) and 49% (235/484) pts in P2 and WEL had elevated BL CRP (≥10 mg/L) (range 10.0-244.0 mg/L). In both studies, the geometric mean plasma CZP (gmCZP) at Wk 6 was lower among pts with BL CRP ≥10 mg/L than among pts with BL CRP <10 mg/L. This trend was observed in the overall population and in each remission subgroup. Conclusion: A trend toward lower plasma CZP levels at Wk 6 was observed in pts with high BL CRP levels, suggesting that further studies would help clarify the relationship between CZP and CRP.
Study of Atrp Process for the Grafting of Vinyl Monomers on PVC and PVDF (2014)

STUDY OF ATRP PROCESS FOR THE GRAFTING OF VINYL MONOMERS ON PVC AND PVDF Sonia Lanzalaco, Onofrio Scialdone, Alessandro Galia, Rosalia Mauro, Flavia Lazzano Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo e-mail: sonia.lanzalaco@unipa.it ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) has been recently used to prepare graft copolymers with regularly-spaced polymer chains from polymeric macroinitiators that have pendant chemical groups containing radically transferable halogen atoms [1]. The halogen atom serves as initiation site for the polymerization of side chains. Furthermore, Matyjaszewsky and Gennaro showed that an externally applied electrochemical potential can reversibly activate the copper catalyst for this process and demonstrated the dynamic modulation of polymerization rates through electrochemical means, fostering precise temporal control over initiation, cessation, and rejuvenation of the living process [2]. Our group has recently studied the atom transfer radical graft copolymerization by using halogen macroinitiators (polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) ) in organic media and used electrochemical approach to investigate the polymer effectiveness as ATRP macroinitiator and to detect the relative population of the redox couple Cu(I)/Cu(II) during the copolymerization . In particular in order to achieve preliminary information on the grafting of polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate on PVC and PVDF catalyzed by copper complexes, a study on the behavior of the various components of the system, such as halogenated polymer (PVC or PVDF), copper catalyst (CuCl or CuBr), ligand (TPMA or Me6TREN) , was carried out by cyclic voltammetric, chronoamperometric and spectrophotometric experiments. Some grafting experiments were also carried out in the more promising operative conditions. [1] J. F. Hester, P. Banerjee, Y. Y. Won, A. Aktakul, M. H. Acar, A. M. Mayes, Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 7652. [2] A. J. D. Magenau, N. Strandwitz, A. Gennaro, K. Matyjaszewski, Science, 332 (2011) 81-84.
Spectroscopic Investigation of Nitrate−Metal and Metal−Surfactant Interactions in the Solid AgNO3/C12EO10 and Liquid-Crystalline [M(H2O)n](NO3)2/C12EO10 Systems (2003)

Interactions of the nitrate ions in various metal nitrate salts with CnH2n-1(CH2CH2O)mOH (CnEOm)-type nonionic surfactants have been investigated both in the solid and in the liquid-crystalline (LC) systems. In the ternary system, the mixture of salt/water/CnEOm has a mesophase up to a certain concentration of salt, and the nitrate ions in this phase are usually in a free-ion form. However, upon the evaporation of the water phase, the nitrate ion interacts with the metal center and coordinates as either a bidentate or unidentate ligand. It is this interaction that makes the AgNO3 ternary system undergo a phase separation by releasing solid Ag(CnEOm)xNO3 complex crystals. In contrast, the salt/surfactant systems maintain their stable LC phases for months. Note also that the salt/surfactant systems consist of transition-metal aqua complexes in which the coordinated water molecules play a significant role in the self-assembly and organization of the nonionic surfactant molecules into an LC mesophase. Throughout this work, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been extensively used to investigate the interactions of the nitrate ions with a metal center and the metal ions with the surfactant molecules. Polarized optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to investigate the nature of the crystalline and LC phases.
Simplified Motor Control Conductor Protection Based upon the 1984 National Electrical Code (1986)

Section 430-72 of the 1984 National Electrical Code has increased the level of protection required for conductors and transformers in motor control circuits, and has made these requirements somewhat easier to understand through the addition of Table 430-72(b). However, many variables, such as 1) whether or not the control conductors leave the enclosure, 2) the size branch circuit protective device (BCPD), 3) whether or not a control transformer is employed, and 4) the size of the control transformer, make it very difficult to determine when, where, and what size of a protective device is required. To simplify compliance with these requirements, two matrices were developed. One matrix determines the requirements for control circuits in series with a control transformer, and the other determines the requirements for control circuits not in series with a control transformer. The background of these matrices, along with an explanation of the various footnotes, is discussed.
Multi-metrology: towards parametric yield predictions beyond EPE (2023)

Variability control has been a key enabler for achieving continuing technology shrinks in both logic as well as DRAM. With ever-tightening requirements, simple one-dimensional metrology and control aspects, i.e. separate variability control for CD and overlay, are no longer adequate [1]. To improve on this approach, simultaneous control of more than one parameter has been discussed to minimize the parametric yield impact. One such example is to improve edge placement error (EPE), a metric where overlay and CD metrology are combined [1]. In this work, we will revisit the EPE concept from the perspective of using established methodologies used in yield modeling. Rather than starting with a litho-centric approach, we cast the problem as a parametric yield loss mechanism driven by patterning parameters. In contrast to the widely disseminated EPE budget that originates from a patterning process-centric view, we introduce a modified analysis framework. The development of the approach discussed in this work starts with well-known yield engineering approaches rooted in defectivity modeling/statistics. It then proceeds towards quantifying and thus allowing a statistically sound quantification and thus prioritization of patterning (i.e. litho or post etch) improvements based on their impact on the yield loss Pareto. In doing so, the new formalism sheds light on what aspects of the EPE distribution most prominently affects yield loss. It also reveals that the ratio of potentially failing instances with a die and the max number of fails tolerable before the die fails plays a role in formulating any kind of budget approach. When putting our concepts to the test we discovered that there is yet another significant contributor affecting the acceptable variation range. We find that the “rigid structure approach”, an inherent assumption in any budget breakdown, and feature-to-feature interactions drive a significant reduction of the available processing tolerances. We attribute this mechanism to the 3D aspects of the patterning process and present a model that can handle the interactions. Finally, we discuss our approach to addressing the fact that process variability happens on length scales that cover several orders of magnitude. We developed a physical budget breakdown that attempts to optimize the tradeoff between sample size and the ability to capture variability over this wide range of length scales. We will postpone our discussion on other sampling-related topics. The question of how one obtains all required metrology data on one wafer in a manufacturing environment will be addressed in a future publication.
Prescription of CRRT: a pathway to optimize therapy (2020)

Severe acute kidney injury (AKI), especially when caused or accompanied by sepsis, is associated with prolonged hospitalization, progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD), financial burden, and high mortality rate. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a predominant form of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to its accurate volume control, steady acid-base and electrolyte correction, and achievement of hemodynamic stability. This manuscript reviews the different aspects of CRRT prescription in critically ill patients with severe AKI, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in ICU. These include the choice of CRRT versus Intermittent and extended hemodialysis (HD), life of the filter/dialyzer including assessment of filtration fraction, anticoagulation including regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA), prescribed versus delivered CRRT dose, vascular access management, timing of initiation and termination of CRRT, and prescription in AKI/sepsis including adsorptive methods of removing endotoxins and cytokines.
New model systems with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for spin transfer torque experiments (2011)

Les effets de transfert de spin sont devenus un sujet de recherche majeur ces quinze dernières années. Cependant, un manque de vérifications expérimentales pour beaucoup de modèles décrivant les effets de transfert de spin peut être constaté. Ceci est surtout lié à un manque de systèmes magnétiques modèles permettant un contrôle précis des paramètres pertinents utilisés dans les modèles théoriques. Dans ce travail deux systèmes magnétiques à aimantation perpendiculaire ont été analysés : les alliages amorphes de Co1-xTbx élaborés par pulvérisation cathodique et les super-réseaux [Co/Ni](111) élaborés par épitaxie par jets moléculaires. L'anisotropie et l'aimantation, qui sont des paramètres pertinents dans beaucoup de modèles sur le transfert de spin, sont variables dans une large gamme. L'origine de cette anisotropie est discutée. La structure des domaines magnétiques est analysée et les résultats des mesures de transport sont interprétés. Pour les super-réseaux [Co/Ni](111) une forte polarisation en spin au niveau de Fermi est démontrée grâce à des expériences de photo émission résolue en spin et un coefficient d'amortissement intrinsèque [alpha] très faible est trouvé. Il est conclu que les alliages amorphes de Co1-xTbx et les super-réseaux [Co/Ni](111) sont des systèmes modèles pour le transfert de spin.
Image fusion for context enhancement and video surrealism (2005)

We present a class of image fusion techniques to automatically combine images of a scene captured under different illumination. Beyond providing digital tools for artists for creating surrealist images and videos, the methods can also be used for practical applications. For example, the non-realistic appearance can be used to enhance the context of nighttime traffic videos so that they are easier to understand. The context is automatically captured from a fixed camera and inserted from a day-time image (of the same scene). Our approach is based on a gradient domain technique that preserves important local perceptual cues while avoiding traditional problems such as aliasing, ghosting and haloing. We presents several results in generating surrealistic videos and in increasing the information density of low quality nighttime videos.
Ultrahigh-speed cryogenic optical fiber link (1994)

High-speed optical fiber communication links require laser diodes operating at 1,55 pm with large modulation bandwidth. In most of these systems, the laser diodes are at or near room temperature. In some systems, such as space applications, the electrical and optical devices may be at cryogenic temperatures. Ultrahigh-speed superconducting integrated circuits require low thermal conductance, low cross talk noise, and high bandwidth interconnects to room temperature electronics. A high bandwidth cryogenic optical fiber link is an excellent candidate. Here we report a systematic study of the bandwidth of an optical fiber link with an InGaAsP quantum well laser diode as the transmitter at cryogenic temperatures. We found that as the laser diode was cooled from 300 K to 10 K, the threshold current was reduced from 25 mA to 1.2 mA. We also found that at temperature near 80 K, we achieved a modulation bandwidth of the optical fiber link exceeding 26 GHz.
Supplementary Figure 2 from hTERT Inhibition Triggers Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Cycle and Apoptosis in Immortalized and Transformed B Cells: A Basis for New Therapies (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 130K, Effects of shRNA hTERT and ganciclovir on cell cycle and cell viability in Raji and HBL-1 cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;
The synthesis and characterization of some liquid crystalline polyesters based upon the oxybenzoate-terephthalate mesogenic unit. (2021)

Several series of thermotropic polyesters were prepared by solution polymerization methods using various specially prepared diols and diacid chlorides. The effect that different flexible spacers and mesogenic units based on oxybenzoate terephthalate dyads and triads had on liquid crystallinity was studied by microscopic and thermal analysis techniques. Polymers combining triad aromatic mesogenic groups and polymethylene flexible spacers in the main chain were shown to possess a single mesophase. The transition temperatures of the homologous series were determined by polarized-light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal-optical analysis (TOA), and were shown to follow an even-odd relationship. Those polymers with less than seven methylene groups in the spacer possessed nematic mesophases while those polymers with seven or more methylene groups showed the optical textures of smectic mesophases. Other polymers were prepared based upon the mesogenic triad and either a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), or a poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) flexible spacer. Some polymers with spacers of PEO exhibited two mesophase transitions. Polymers with PPO spacers showed a single mesophase and no melt transition. More than 50 weight-% spacer led to mesophase loss. Polymers with flexible spacers and mesogenic dyads were prepared which showed either a random or alternating placement of the dyads. All of the liquid crystalline polymers containing the mesogenic dyad were nematic, and the arrangement of the dyads in the polymer chain was important, because two polymers with decamethylene spacers and differing dyad sense had different melt behaviors. A final series of polyesters was prepared by melt-transesterification that contained the mesogenic elements described above. In order to incorporate oxybenzoate groups into the polymer chain, it was necessary to use terephthalate copolymers that contained ethylene glycol in addition to a second diol. These materials were found to be more "weakly" liquid crystalline than the other polymers with mesogenic aromatic dyads and triads.
Photoluminescence and excitation spectrum of Mg‐doped p‐type AlXGa1–XN (2009)

Abstract We have been measured the near band edge photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of Mg doped AlGaN. PL and PLE peak energies were almost corresponding to those of undoped AlGaN. From the temperature dependent measurement of the PL spectra, the PL peak energy shift as a function of temperature showed S ‐shaped behaviour. These results suggest that the mechanisms of the near band edge PL of AlGaN:Mg are basically similar to those of undoped AlGaN. Using the known spectral feature of undoped AlGaN which consists of main and LO phonon replica emission bands at even interval energy and same line width, the spectral decomposition of the PL spectrum reveals an additional band which is expected as the transition to the acceptor level arising from Mg doping. The temperature dependences of its peak energy and intensity suggest relative temperature shift of the acceptor level and also may imply the existence of another relaxation pathway. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SCR-QRNG: Side-Channel Resistant Design using Quantum Random Number Generator (2019)

Random number generators play a pivotal role in generating security primitives, e.g., encryption keys, nonces, initial vectors, and random masking for side-channel countermeasures. A quantum entropy source based on radioactive isotope decay can be exploited to generate random numbers with sufficient entropy. If a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG) is combined for post-processing, throughput of the quantum random number generator (QRNG) can be improved. However, general DRBGs are susceptible to side-channel attacks. In this paper, we propose a framework called SCR-QRNG framework, which offers Side-Channel Resistant primitives using QRNG. The QRNG provides sources of randomness for modulating the clock frequency of a DRBG to obfuscate side-channel leakages, and to generate unbiased random numbers for security primitives. The QRNG has robustness against power side-channel attacks and is in compliance with NIST SP 800-22/90B and BSI AIS 31. We fabricate a quantum entropy chip, and implement a PCB module for a random frequency clock generator and a side-channel resistant QRNG on an FPGA.
Observation of dynamical eigenmodes induced by the moving refractive index grating of TMI in a rod amplifier (2021)

We report a novel, to the best of our knowledge, analysis of high power rod fiber amplifiers by monitoring the cross-polarization of the output. Spatially and temporally resolved imaging of co- and cross-polarizations at high power amplification reveals dynamic eigenmode behavior of the rod fiber. The dynamic of the eigenmodes is caused by the moving refractive index grating written by the modal interference pattern of transverse mode instability and is the first direct observation of this refractive index grating, to our knowledge.