gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fetal Lymphoid Progenitors Become Restricted to B-1 Fates Coincident with IL-7Rα Expression (2016)

B-1 cells represent a sub-fraction of B lymphocytes that participate in T cell-independent antibody production and contribute to innate immunity. While the production of B-1 cells is favored during the fetal waves of lymphopoiesis, it has been unclear when and how that differentiation option is specified. To clarify this, lymphoid and hematopoietic progenitors of fetal liver (FL) and adult bone marrow (ABM) were examined for the B cell differentiation potential. Mouse common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and more primitive KSL fraction of FL and ABM were transferred to SCID mice and donor-derived B cell subsets were analyzed 4 weeks later. CLPs were also cultured on ST2 stromal cells for 6 days prior to transplantation. While Lin- IL-7Rα+ CLPs from ABM differentiated to B-1, B-2 and marginal zone B (MZB) cells, equivalent cells from d15 FL differentiated mostly to B-1a cells. We found that fetal CLPs had less ability to colonize the bone marrow than adult CLPs. However, the fetal/adult difference was already present when progenitors were cultured in an identical condition before transplantation. More primitive KSL fraction of FL could generate the same broad spectrum of B cells typical of adults, including splenic MZB cells. In conclusion, we argue that FL and ABM-CLPs are intrinsically different regarding B-1/B-2 fates and the difference is acquired just before or coincident with the acquisition of IL-7Rα expression.
Intact mass analysis reveals the novel O-linked glycosylation on the stalk region of PD-1 protein (2022)

Abstract Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a key receptor in the immune checkpoint pathway and has emerged to be a promising target for cancer therapy. PD-1 consists of an intracellular domain followed by a transmembrane domain that is connected to the extracellular domain by the stalk region. Although the PD-1 structure has been studied for more than two decades, the posttranslational modification of this protein has been incompletely characterized. In this study, we identified the previously undescribed modification sites of O-linked glycan on the stalk region of PD-1 protein using O-protease digestion coupling with intact mass analysis. The result indicates that T153, S157, S159, and T168 are modified by sialylated mucin-type O-glycan with core 1–and core 2–based structures. This study provides both information on potential novel modification sites on the PD-1 protein and an attractive method for identifying O-linked glycosylation using a specific enzyme and intact mass analysis.
Engineering Hydraulic Fracturing Chemical Treatment to Minimize Water Blocks: A Simulated Reservoir-on-a-Chip Approach (2016)

Abstract Fracturing fluid trapping is one of the major sources of damage after well stimulation as the remaining fluids in the pore space reduce the effective hydrocarbon permeability. Especially in tight formations, fluid trapping can require significant time to clean up, even at a high production rate. Outcrop cores have traditionally been used to confirm the existence of damage and to quantify it. However, it is difficult to clearly discern the trapping mechanism in cores and to accurately determine the trapping location and the volume of residual fluid. In this study, a reservoir-on-a-chip approach was adapted to visualize the residual water blocking process of fracturing fluids. The major advances in using this approach are the clear visualization of the trapping process in the pore space and the control of testing parameters including formation wettability, reservoir/stimulation fluid properties, flow rate, and reservoir pore-space geometry. This study includes two sections: A fluid mechanical study to determine which reservoir conditions require chemical treatments to mitigate water blocks; and a chemical evaluation study to determine how well chemicals, such as surfactants, can alleviate severe water block conditions. Experimental results confirm that the geometry of the pore throat plays a critical role in trapping and releasing fluid. Furthermore, displacing reservoir fluid at high rates, or with a higher oil viscosity, increases cleanup efficiency. With this fundamental understanding, the reservoir conditions that require chemical treatment can be identified. Cleanup efficiency was significantly improved by using a surfactant. The designs of engineered chemical treatments to mitigate water blocks under specific conditions will be discussed in this paper. These new findings expand the industry’s understanding of the fluid mechanics behind residual fluid trapping, capillary effects, and the implications for engineered fracturing fluid systems.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of Protected and Free Homoallylic Alcohols: Catalytic Use of Dibutyltin Dichloride in the Allylation of Aldehydes with Allyltributyltin. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Flexible and robust capping-metal gate integration technology enabling multiple-VT CMOS in MuGFETs (2008)

We report, for the first time, a comprehensive study on various capping integration options for WF engineering in MuGFET devices with TiN gate electrode: HfSiO/cap/TiN, cap/HfSiO/TiN and HfSiO/TiN/cap/TiN vs. reference deposition sequence HfSiO/TiN (cap = Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> for pmos, and Dy <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> or La <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> for nmos). We show that: 1) low-VT values (Lt 0.3 V) are achieved for both nmos and pmos, with excellent process control and device behavior down to Lg ap 50 nm and W <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FIN</sub> ap 20 nm, for optimized gate stack configurations; 2) inserting a cap layer in-between TiN layers instead of HfSiO/cap/TiN leads to improved mobility, reduced CET without impacting J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> , similar noise response and improved BTI behavior, with correction of the abnormal PBTI degradation seen for HfSiO/DyO/TiN. Is also enables simplified and more robust CMOS co-integration of low- and med-VT devices in the same wafer, avoiding loss in CET and damage of the host dielectric with the cap removal process.
Morphology of diblock copolymers of norbornene and organometallic derivatives of norbornene (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMorphology of diblock copolymers of norbornene and organometallic derivatives of norborneneV. Sankaran, R. E. Cohen, C. C. Cummins, and R. R. SchrockCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 25, 6664–6669Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00025a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00025a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views322Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Normally-off AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor using digital etching technique (2015)

A normally-off AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) with a recessed-gate structure fabricated by novel digital etching is reported. Digital etching consists of multiple cycles of oxidation and wet etching of the oxide, and has the merits of easy control of the recess depth and reduction of surface damage in comparison with conventional dry etching. However, in conventional digital etching, the oxidation process involves the possibility of undercutting. In the digital etching, a reactive ion etcher was used and recess etching without any undercut was confirmed. Normally-off operation and the improvement of transconductance were confirmed in an AlGaN/GaN HEMT fabricated by this technique.
A Superconducting Tunnel Junction X-Ray Spectrometer Without Liquid Cryogens (2009)

Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) are being developed as X-ray detectors because they combine the high energy resolution of cryogenic detector technologies with the high count rate capabilities of athermal devices. We have built STJ spectrometers for chemical analysis of dilute samples by high-resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy at the synchrotron. The instruments use 36 pixels of 200 mum times 200 mum Nb-Al-AlOx-Al-Nb STJs with 165 nm thick Nb absorber films. They have achieved an energy resolution of ~ 10-20 eV FWHM for X-ray energies below 1 keV, and can be operated at a total count rate of ~ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> counts/s. For increased user-friendliness, we have built a liquid-cryogen-free refrigerator based on a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler in combination with a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization stage. It holds the STJ detector at the end of a 40-cm-long cold finger, and attains the required operating temperature of ~ 0.3 K at the push of a button. We describe the instrument performance and present speciation measurements on Eu dopant activators in the novel scintillator material SrI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> to illustrate the potential for STJ spectrometers at the synchrotron.
Interactive annotation on mobile phones for real and virtual space registration (2011)

Registration of real space and virtual information is a fundamental requirement for any augmented reality system. This paper presents an interactive method to quickly create a 3D room model and annotate locations within the room to provide registration anchors for virtual information. The method operates on a mobile phone and uses a visual rotation tracker to obtain orientation tracking for in-situ applications. The simple interaction allows non-expert users to create models of their environment and thus contribute marked-up representations to an online AR platform.
Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation for Sum-Rate Maximization in OFDMA Full-Duplex Systems (2015)

In this paper, we focus on the joint subcarrier and power allocation for an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) full-duplex (FD) system with the goal of maximizing the sum-rate subject to power constraints at the base station (BS) and uplink users, and subcarrier constraints. A greedy subcarrier allocation algorithm based on the necessary conditions of the optimization problem and a power allocation algorithm based on the iterative water-filling (IWF) are proposed. A hybrid scheduler that can switch between FD, half-duplex (HD) uplink and HD downlink mode at each time-slot to maximize the sum-rate is presented. Simulation results reveal that the proposed hybrid scheduling switches to FD scheduling at high self-interference cancellation values, and to HD-time-division- duplexing (TDD) scheduling at low self-interference cancellation values, and thus improves the sum-rate over the traditional HD-TDD scheduling.
Properties and dose dependence of embedding media for cryo-automated electron tomography (1993)

Electron tomography is well suited to the study of complicated, non symmetric biological structures. In our laboratory, we use intermediate voltage electron microscopic tomography to follow complex paths of chromatin fibers within intact sections of Hela telophase chromosomes. In order to accurately reconstruct these features at resolutions beyond 50Å, precise imaging conditions and data collection schemes have been developed and employed. To obtain useful high resolution information, the specimen needs to be well preserved. Data collection must also be accurate and self-consistent. However, a serious limitation has been radiation damage to the specimen during scanning, and data collection. Because of the high doses required for tomography, the standard approach has been to accept the inevitability of serious radiation damage, and to heavily pre-irradiate the sample in an attempt to provide stability and consistency during data collection. The use of fully-automated data collection methods allows a substantial decrease in beam dose, suggesting that the entire approach should be reevaluated.
Adaptive weighted log subtraction based on neural networks for markerless tumor tracking using dual‐energy fluoroscopy (2019)

A novel method to perform automated WLS for DE fluoroscopy was developed. Having similar soft tissue quality as well as bone suppression capability as mWLS, this method allows for real-time processing of DE images for MTT.
Free viewpoint virtual try-on with commodity depth cameras (2011)

We present a system that allows users to interactively control a 3D model of themselves at home using a commodity depth camera. It augments the model with virtual clothes that can be downloaded. As a result, users can enjoy a private, virtual try-on experience in their own homes. As a prerequisite, the user needs to enter or pass through a multi-camera setup that captures him or her in a fraction of a second. From the captured data, a 3D model is created. The model is transmitted to the user's home system to serve as a realistic avatar for the virtual try-on application. The system provides free-viewpoint high quality rendering with smooth animations and correct occlusion, and therefore improves the state of the art in terms of quality. It utilizes cheap hardware and therefore is affordable for and accessible to a wide audience.
Mice deficient for N-ras: impaired antiviral immune response and T-cell function. (2003)

Ras proteins have a key role in the regulation of several cellular functions, and are involved in a significant percentage of human tumors. However, the specific functions of the different Ras isoforms are poorly understood. In this work, we show for the first time a specific role for N-ras in T-cell function and development. Mice defective for N-ras have low numbers of CD8 single positive thymocytes and decreased thymocyte proliferation in vitro. In Ras signaling and activation assays, KO-N-ras thymocytes showed a defective response to T-cell activation. In turn, these deficiencies resulted in a significant reduction in the production of interleukin 2 on thymocyte activation. We have also detected in vivo the functional consequences of N-ras deficiency. KO-N-ras mice showed an increased sensitivity to influenza infection, especially when low doses of virus were used. Finally, we have detected an abnormal activation pattern of downstream Ras molecules in T-cell receptor-activated KO-N-ras thymocytes that is consistent with the defective T-cell function found in these animals. All of the results derived from this work constitute a significant contribution to the knowledge of N-ras-specific functions.
Positronium-atom/Molecule interactions: Momentum-Transfer Cross Sections and Zeff (2005)

An overview is presented of current results on the measurements of the momentum-transfer cross sections for positronium - atom/molecule scattering and the effective numbers of electrons per atom/molecule for positronium pickoff annihilation (1 Z eff).
Enhanced Stability in vitro and in vivo of Immunoconjugates Prepared with 5-Methyl-2-iminothiolane (1994)

Substituted 2-iminothiolanes (X2ITs) are new heterobifunctional crosslinking agents designed for the preparation of disulfide-linked conjugates with enhanced resistance to reduction. Based upon 2-IT substituted at the 4 and/or 5 position, these reagents appear to function by sterically protecting the conjugate disulfide bond from attack by thiolate nucleophiles. Here, we have used the X2ITs to prepare and evaluate a series of immunoconjugates (antibody-cytotoxin conjugates) between the murine monoclonal antibody 791/T36, which recognizes a 72-kDa surface antigen present on many human tumor cells, and RTA30, the naturally occurring 30-kDa glycoform of ricin A chain. The X2IT-linked conjugates were also compared to immunoconjugates prepared with N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP) and 4-[(succinimidyloxy)carbonyl]-alpha-methyl-alpha-(2- pyridyldithio)toluene (SMPT), as well as with methyl- and dimethyl-substituted structural analogs of SPDP. In vitro, 791-(X2IT)-TNB model compounds exhibited a 6000-fold range of stabilities. In contrast, the corresponding 791-(X2IT)-RTA30 immunoconjugates were up to 20-fold more stable than conjugates made with unhindered linkages. These improvements resulted in immunoconjugates with prolonged serum half-lives in animals. Our data indicate that one of the crosslinking agents, 5-methyl-2-iminothiolane (M2IT), has optimal properties for the preparation of disulfide crosslinked immunoconjugates intended for therapeutic use in that (i) it is highly water soluble and reacts rapidly with protein amino groups at neutral pH, preserving the positive charge, (ii) it forms conjugates with RTA30 efficiently, and (iii) its conjugates exhibited enhanced disulfide bond stability in vitro and in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Functionally Diverse Nylon-3 Copolymers from Readily Accessible β-Lactams (2012)

A new family of β-lactams is described that enables anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) to prepare nylon-3 materials bearing diverse appended functionality, including carboxylic acid, thiol, hydroxyl and secondary amine groups. Nylon-3 copolymers generated with the new β-lactams are shown to display distinctive self-assembly behavior and biological properties.
Penetrance estimation of SORL1 loss‐of‐function variants adjusted on APOE genotypes suggest a non‐monogenic inheritance (2021)

Abstract Background SORL1 rare loss‐of‐function (LoF) variants are a strong risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) with odds ratios above 30 for protein‐truncating variants (PTVs). Accordingly, some pedigrees suggest a high penetrance with individuals developing AD before 65 years. However, the age‐dependent penetrance of these variants is unknown, precluding an accurate use for genetic counselling or inclusion in preventive trials. Importantly, both rarity of these variants and co‐occurrence with other risk factors, including the common APOE 4 allele, make penetrance estimations difficult based on classical strategies. Method We selected LoF SORL1 rare variants (PTVs and missense variants with a LoF effect following in vitro analyses) from exome sequencing data of &gt;1,300 EOAD cases from France (Rouen‐CNRMAJ). To evaluate the age‐related penetrance of AD associated with SORL1 LoF variants, we first built a model based on family information. To ensure an accurate adjustment for APOE genotypes, our model combines a literature‐based baseline for SORL1 non carriers to an additive effect of SORL1 LoF variants computed from our pedigrees. Since pedigrees include relatives with missing genotypes, we applied an Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm to take full advantage of the available information. Probands’ phenotype information was excluded to avoid ascertainment biases. We applied this first method to 34 pedigrees (69 affected relatives, 270 unaffected relatives, 45 relatives with available genotype information). Additionally, we used sequencing data from 7306 cases and 5852 controls to compute a population‐based estimate of the age‐dependent lifetime risk associated with both APOE 4 allele and SORL1 rare PTVs or predicted damaging missense variants. Result In both models, 100% penetrance was reached before 75 years for carriers of SORL1 LoF variants who were also homozygous for APOE4. Penetrance remained incomplete for heterozygous E4 carriers, even at age 75, and was lower for non‐E4 carriers. We are providing penetrance estimation curves and 95%IC for the first time for SORL1 rare variants and at the digenic level. Conclusion Our results suggest that SORL1 rare LoF variants should be considered in a non‐monogenic model, different from APP and PSEN1/2 mutations. Such curves appear critical before these variants are used for genetic counseling and preventive clinical trials.
Electronic Controls - Breeding New Engines (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Internal combustion engines evolve based on the technical and economic pressures that surround their design and manufacture. Today, the perspective is one of overall effectiveness and not just specific technical performance.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;From the earliest internally fuel-burning engines, the process has been continually refined. Modern demands on both efficiency and emissions have raised the requirements significantly. Stricter performance limits, involving very accurate systems control, have hastened the evolution of new forms of design. Electronic systems have become the heart of the unit, coordinating overall operation. We look forward here towards the next stages of evolution, where the powerplant is enabled almost entirely by software, making a new balance between the engine mechanical design and the control strategy. The level of engineering effort and time allocated to accomplish the higher performance levels is reducing. The engineering process must therefore become more effective and more efficient - another challenge.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We look at the future as involving a range of non-traditional operational schemes. Some are re-inventions, appearing since they are now achievable using electronic systems, others may be entirely new concepts that again are enabled through the greater reach that we have as a result of mechatronic systems (ones where there is an inseparable collaboration between the mechanical and the electronics.)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One such example is HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition), which as an emerging engine technology offers the possibility of such a co-design approach. The control needs are accentuated by the absence of any “ignition” actuation. The engine requires precise control of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio such that during the compression stroke, the burn occurs at the required point. Predictive approaches to control are thus essential, but the control system and the design of mechanical parts must be developed synchronously. There is a further step forward, where the calibration process is developed and optimized alongside the design.&lt;/div&gt;