gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3-Dimensional Deep Learning with Spatial Erasing for Unsupervised Anomaly Segmentation in Brain MRI (2021)

Purpose. Brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) are essential for the diagnosis of neurological diseases. Recently, deep learning methods for unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) have been proposed for the analysis of brain MRI. These methods rely on healthy brain MRIs and eliminate the requirement of pixel-wise annotated data compared to supervised deep learning. While a wide range of methods for UAD have been proposed, these methods are mostly 2D and only learn from MRI slices, disregarding that brain lesions are inherently 3D and the spatial context of MRI volumes remains unexploited. Methods. We investigate whether using increased spatial context by using MRI volumes combined with spatial erasing leads to improved unsupervised anomaly segmentation performance compared to learning from slices. We evaluate and compare 2D variational autoencoder (VAE) to their 3D counterpart, propose 3D input erasing, and systemically study the impact of the data set size on the performance. Results. Using two publicly available segmentation data sets for evaluation, 3D VAE outperform their 2D counterpart, highlighting the advantage of volumetric context. Also, our 3D erasing methods allow for further performance improvements. Our best performing 3D VAE with input erasing leads to an average DICE score of 31.40% compared to 25.76% for the 2D VAE. Conclusions. We propose 3D deep learning methods for UAD in brain MRI combined with 3D erasing and demonstrate that 3D methods clearly outperform their 2D counterpart for anomaly segmentation. Also, our spatial erasing method allows for further performance improvements and reduces the requirement for large data sets.
Demonstration of speckle and interference pattern control using a wavelength-swept fiber laser (2006)

A distorting optical object is illuminated with a wavelength-swept fiber laser to investigate how changes in wavelength affect image quality degraded by speckle/interference noise. An experimental result showing excellent reduction of speckle/interference is presented.
Chiral Amplification in the Transcription of Supramolecular Helicity into a Polymer Backbone (2005)

Ein chiraler supramolekularer „Aufpasser“ als strukturdirigierendes Agens beeinflusst die Rückgratkonfiguration während der Polymerisation der achiralen monomeren „Untergebenen“ (siehe Bild). Das erhaltene Polymer ist trotz seiner gemischten Mikrostruktur bevorzugt helical gefaltet.
Continuous enzymatic production of xylitol with simultaneous coenzyme regeneration in a charged membrane reactor (2000)

We have developed a new process for the production of xylitol from D-xylose by enzyme technology. An NADH-dependent xylose reductase (XR) from Candida tenuis catalyzes the reduction of xylose, which is coupled to enzymatic oxidations of D-glucose or D-xylose by glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus cereus to make achievable an up to 10,000-fold regeneration of NADH per cycle of discontinuous conversion. Using a simple kinetic model as a tool for process optimization, suitable conditions with regard to performance and stability of the multi-component reaction system were established, and 300 g/L of substrate could be converted in yields above 96% in one single batch reaction. Due to selective and over 98% complete retention of the native coenzyme by negatively charged nanofiltration membranes used in a continuously operated enzyme reactor, a specific productivity of 80 g xylitol per liter, day, and kilounit of XR was maintained over the 150-h reaction time with only a single dosage of NADH. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive identification and control of hysteresis in smart materials (2005)

Hysteresis hinders the effective use of smart materials in sensors and actuators. This paper addresses recursive identification and adaptive inverse control of hysteresis in smart material actuators, where hysteresis is modeled by a Preisach operator with a piecewise uniform density function. Two classes of identification schemes are proposed and compared, one based on the hysteresis output, the other based on the time-difference of the output. Conditions for parameter convergence are presented in terms of the input to the Preisach operator. An adaptive inverse control scheme is developed by updating the Preisach operator (and thus its inverse) with the output-based identification method. The asymptotic tracking property of this scheme is established, and for periodic reference trajectories, the parameter convergence behavior is characterized. Practical issues in the implementation of the adaptive identification and inverse control methods are also investigated. Simulation and experimental results based on a magnetostrictive actuator are provided to illustrate the proposed approach.
Floating solid cellulose nanofibre nanofoams for sustained release of the poorly soluble model drug furosemide (2017)

Furosemide-loaded CNF-based foams with sustained release and buoyancy have been successfully prepared in a simple casting and drying procedure.
Contribution of the dielectric spectroscopy to the multiscale study of the electrode materials (2016)

International audience
Electric machines as metamaterials: Induction machine design using planar layer models (2011)

This work develops accepted layer-based analysis techniques to support the preliminary stages of electric machine design. The approach pairs a simplified geometric model with an analytical solution for magnetic diffusion to make computations for optimization tractable. The flexibility of the method supports exploration of unusual material parameter combinations, and is illustrated through a three-layer composite system. Design tradeoffs associated with rotor material parameters are studied, and subsequent reduced-order system optimization is shown to act as a preliminary objective within electric machine realization. Emphasis is placed on induction machines.
Role of nonselective cation channels in spontaneous and protein kinase A-stimulated calcium signaling in pituitary cells (2011)

Several receptors linked to the adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway stimulate electrical activity and calcium influx in endocrine pituitary cells, and a role for an unidentified sodium-conducting channel in this process has been proposed. Here we show that forskolin dose-dependently increases cAMP production and facilitates calcium influx in about 30% of rat and mouse pituitary cells at its maximal concentration. The stimulatory effect of forskolin on calcium influx was lost in cells with inhibited PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) and in cells that were haploinsufficient for the main PKA regulatory subunit but was preserved in cells that were also haploinsufficient for the main PKA catalytic subunit. Spontaneous and forskolin-stimulated calcium influx was present in cells with inhibited voltage-gated sodium and hyperpolarization-activated cation channels but not in cells bathed in medium, in which sodium was replaced with organic cations. Consistent with the role of sodium-conducting nonselective cation channels in PKA-stimulated Ca(2+) influx, cAMP induced a slowly developing current with a reversal potential of about 0 mV. Two TRP (transient receptor potential) channel blockers, SKF96365 and 2-APB, as well as flufenamic acid, an inhibitor of nonselective cation channels, also inhibited spontaneous and forskolin-stimulated electrical activity and calcium influx. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated the expression of mRNA transcripts for TRPC1 >> TRPC6 > TRPC4 > TRPC5 > TRPC3 in rat pituitary cells. These experiments suggest that in pituitary cells constitutively active cation channels are stimulated further by PKA and contribute to calcium signaling indirectly by controlling the pacemaking depolarization in a sodium-dependent manner and directly by conducting calcium.
Cochrane Summary of Findings: Horse Chestnut seed Extract for Chronic Venous Insufficiency (2012)

As part of its efforts to disseminate the results of Cochrane reviews to a wider audience, the Cochrane Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Field develops Summary of Findings (SoF) tables and then uses these tables as a basis for its Plain Language Summaries. In each SoF table, the most important outcomes of the review, the effect of the intervention on each outcome, and the quality of the evidence for each outcome are presented. The process of developing the SoF table involves deciding which outcomes to present for which time points and evaluating the strength and quality of the evidence for the outcomes. The Cochrane CAM Field contacted the authors of this review to request clarification on any points that are not understood in the Cochrane review and also to request their review of the SoF. In this article, review authors in the Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the effects of horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency.
Dynamic Modelling of a Traveling-Wave Type Ultrasonic Motor With Beam Teeth via Finite Elements (2011)

The study is dedicated to establish the dynamic model of a traveling-wave type ultrasonic motor (USM) with beam teeth via finite elements. The modeling is accomplished mainly by finite elements, the task of which consists of three parts — for stator, rotor and contact. It is first assumed that the complex dynamics of the stator emulates a single one-dimensional Euler-beam vibrating harmonically in the transverse direction. On the top surfaces of the stator are vertical beam teeth that is in contact with rotor, which is simply a thin disk fixed to spindle. The friction between the teeth tips and stator rotates the spindle moves the stator and finally rotates the disk to the desired speed. A contact model between beam tips and rotor disk with proper friction assumed is next built in conjunction with the established finite element model of the rotor disk. With a complete model in hands, the dynamics of the USM is predicted along with associated exerted torques. Experiments are finally conducted for collecting sets of data of rotation speeds versus torques that validate the effectiveness of the built models for the motor, stator and contact force.
FlashNet (2018)

During the past decade, network and storage devices have undergone rapid performance improvements, delivering ultra-low latency and several Gbps of bandwidth. Nevertheless, current network and storage stacks fail to deliver this hardware performance to the applications, often due to the loss of I/O efficiency from stalled CPU performance. While many efforts attempt to address this issue solely on either the network or the storage stack, achieving high-performance for networked-storage applications requires a holistic approach that considers both. In this article, we present FlashNet, a software I/O stack that unifies high-performance network properties with flash storage access and management. FlashNet builds on RDMA principles and abstractions to provide a direct, asynchronous, end-to-end data path between a client and remote flash storage. The key insight behind FlashNet is to co-design the stack’s components (an RDMA controller, a flash controller, and a file system) to enable cross-stack optimizations and maximize I/O efficiency. In micro-benchmarks, FlashNet improves 4kB network I/O operations per second (IOPS by 38.6% to 1.22M, decreases access latency by 43.5% to 50.4μs, and prolongs the flash lifetime by 1.6-5.9× for writes. We illustrate the capabilities of FlashNet by building a Key-Value store and porting a distributed data store that uses RDMA on it. The use of FlashNet’s RDMA API improves the performance of KV store by 2× and requires minimum changes for the ported data store to access remote flash devices.
Abstract B30: Ex vivo culture of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts in modified 3-D hyaluronan hydrogels (2016)

Abstract The high attrition rate of potential anti-cancer drugs entering clinical trials indicates the need for more predictive pre-clinical model systems. Standard compound screening is high-throughput and relatively inexpensive, but conducted with non-representative cells in a non-physiological environment. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems provide cells a more physiological microenvironment including relevant extracellular matrix (ECM) cues and cell-cell interactions. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) culture preserves tumor heterogeneity while mitigating harsh selective pressures induced by traditional 2D culture methods. However, in vivo mouse models are slow and expensive, often with low “take” rates that limit the numbers of drugs and drug combinations that can be tested. Within the present study, we established the direct culture of breast cancer PDX cells in a hyaluronan-based hydrogel matrix that is amenable to automated dispensing. Washington University Human in Mouse (WHIM) breast cancer PDX tumors were dissociated and PDX cell were encapsulated in 3D hydrogels for in vitro culture. In vitro cultured PDX cells showed high viability over 7 days, as assessed by standard live/dead assay. Cell morphology and marker retention were also examined using immunofluorescence staining for markers including ER, EpCAM, and vimentin, and were found to be subtype-consistent. Ongoing studies seek to expand the PDX tumors in hydrogel matrices such that they may be useful for a variety of applications including drug screening, proteome and kinome activation analysis, and other applications that will enable the development of personalized therapies suited to individual breast cancer patients presenting with various disease subtypes. Citation Format: Lindsey K. Sablatura, MeghaShyam Kavuri, Priya Richards, Daniel A. Harrington, Matthew J. Ellis, Mary C. Farach-Carson. Ex vivo culture of breast cancer patient-derived xenografts in modified 3-D hyaluronan hydrogels. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr B30.
Universal remote console standard (2004)

The draft standard on a Universal Remote Console (URC) framework is on its way to be reviewed and released by ANSI in 2004. This standard will contribute to the goal of Ambient Intelligence by allowing users to interact with networked devices and services in their environments in universal and natural ways, utilizing technologies such as natural language interaction and wearable computing. This SIG will follow up on last year's successful SIG, whose contributions helped to shape the URC draft standard.Participants in this SIG will present and discuss the impact of the URC draft standard on the field of Ambient Intelligence. The goal of this SIG is to build a network of people from industry and academia who are interested in moving the Universal Remote Console standard forward, and in pursuing its wide-spread adoption in order to implement adaptable and usable user interfaces for networked devices and services.
Managing mixed services with controlled QoS in GERAN - the GSM/EDGE radio access network (2001)

Managing multiple services with controlled quality of service (QoS) is crucial to 3rd generation cellular systems. This paper describes and evaluates a simple radio resource management scheme; service-based power setting, employed to accomplish this goal for the GSM/EDGF radio access network (GERAN). Simulation results indicate that with proper power offsets between bearer services previously established high capacities for single services may be maintained also for a mix of different services with controlled QoS.
Effects of Humic Acids on Recovery of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis (2018)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of humic acids (HA) on recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis, in an in vitro digestive system and on intestinal colonization in neonate broiler chickens. In experiment 1, two runs using an in vitro digestion model with two sources of HA (commercial or natural extraction) at 0.1 or 0.2%, and inoculated with 107 CFU/tube of S. Enteritidis, were carried out. In experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n=25) with or without 0.2% of isolated HA from worm compost, and challenged with 106 CFU of S. Enteritidis per chicken at 10-d old. All chicks were euthanized 24-h post challenge, and were subjected to serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) determination. A section of ileum was removed to obtain total concentration of IgA. Ceca-cecal tonsils were removed to evaluate Salmonella recovery, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total Gram negative bacteria. In experiment 1, neither concentration of commercial nor natural HA were able to reduce the recovery of S. Enteritidis in any of the simulated compartments (P&gt;0.05). Only the crop compartment showed significant differences in pH in both trials between control and treated groups. In experiment 2, no significant differences were observed in serum concentration of FITC-d, intestinal IgA, S. Enteritidis recovery, LAB or total Gram negative bacteria in the ceca between control and treated chickens. In conclusion, no effects of HA on recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis, in an in vitro digestive system and on intestinal colonization of Salmonella, bacterial counts in ceca, intestinal IgA and serum FITC-d in neonate broiler chickens were observed. Further studies to evaluate the effect of HA under feed restriction model as an inducer of intestinal inflammation are currently being conducted.
3D scaling for insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with low V<inf>ce(sat)</inf> (2017)

Three dimensionally (3D) scaled IGBTs that have a scaling factor of 3 (k=3) with respect to current commercial products (k=1) were fabricated for the first time. The scaling was applied to the lateral and vertical dimensions as well as the gate voltage. A significant decrease in ON resistance, - V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ce(sat)</sub> reduction from 1.70 to 1.26 V - was experimentally confirmed for the 3D scaled IGBTs.
Evaluation of Sampling and Extraction Methodologies for the Global Metabolic Profiling ofSaccharophagus degradans (2010)

Metabolomics is based on the unbiased and global analysis of metabolites of organisms at specific time points. Therefore, the nonselective and reproducible recovery of all existing metabolites while preventing their transformation is the ideal criterion for metabolome sample preparation. We evaluated currently used sampling methods and extraction solvents for global metabolic profiling of a gram-negative bacterium, Saccharophagus degradans, using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) with an emphasis on three steps: the sampling method, which consisted of cold methanol quenching or fast filtration; the subsequent washing step; and the extraction solvents. After cold methanol quenching with 70% (v/v) methanol at -70 degrees C, washing with 2.3% NaCl produced a serious loss of intracellular metabolites. In addition, when cold methanol quenching and fast filtration were compared, severe cell leakage caused by cold methanol quenching resulted in a significant loss of intracellular metabolites, which was confirmed by spectrometric analysis at 260 and 280 nm. Upon evaluation of extraction solvents such as pure methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile/water (50ACN; 1:1, v/v), acetonitrile/methanol/water mixture (AMW; 2:2:1), and water/isopropanol/methanol (WiPM; 2:2:5). AMW and WiPM were found to be superior extraction solvents for S. degradans based on the total peak intensities of the metabolites, the total number of metabolite peaks, and the reproducibility of recovered metabolite quantities; however, the metabolite profiles differed significantly between AMW and WiPM. This is the first evaluation of each step of sample preparation involved in global scale metabolic analysis by GC-TOF MS, which can be used as a model in the preparation of organism-specific samples for metabolome analysis.
3-D NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF DESITY FLOW FOR ADVANCE AND INNER SEICHE (2000)

In the stratified closed water systems such as bays, lakes, and river mouths flowing into sea, the unique phenomena caused by the density differences are observed. Numerical simulation is useful for investigating such phenomena and three-dimentional numerical models are required when it have occured under the effects of changeable wind direction and complicated ground shape. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model which employs LES and CIP methods is proposed for the purpose of calculating incompressible density current. The model is closs-checked by the results of an experimental density flow in a flume, in which the movement of density front and internal seiche can be observed. The applicability of such a process is confirmed by the calculated results of miglation of density front, vortexes behind it, diffusion of inner density boundary, and period of internal seiche.
Optimal Trajectory Generation Using an Improved Probabilistic Road Map Algorithm for Autonomous Driving (2020)

Abstract This paper presents a technique based on the probabilistic road map algorithm for trajectory planning in autonomous driving. The objective is to provide an algorithm allowing to compute the trajectory of the vehicle by reducing the distance traveled and minimizing the lateral deviation and relative yaw angle of the vehicle with respect to the reference trajectory, while maximizing its longitudinal speed. The vehicle is considered as a 3 Degree-of-Freedom bicycle model and a Model Predictive Control algorithm is implemented to control the lateral and longitudinal dynamics. Both the control and trajectory generation algorithms take the road lane boundaries as the only input from the surrounding environment exploiting a simulated camera. The performance of the technique is compared with the case in which the reference trajectory is the central line between the lane boundaries. The proposed algorithm is validated in a simulated driving scenario.
Mining historical texts for diachronic spelling variants (2020)

Abstract The paper describes a method for finding diachronic spelling variants in a corpus that consists of historical and modern Polish texts. The procedure applies the Levenshtein distance and the similarity measure determined with a Word2vec model. The method was applied for both words and sub-word units. A sample of spelling variants was manually evaluated and compared against an existing morphological analyser for Polish historical texts. The resulting lists of spelling variants and spelling modernisation rules were used in a text modernisation tool and their contribution was evaluated. The paper also presents an analogous method for finding spelling variants that result from erroneous OCR. The obtained lists of OCR variants and rules may serve for the correction of OCR output.
How Amazon web services uses formal methods (2015)

Engineers use TLA+ to prevent serious but subtle bugs from reaching production.