gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in Levels of Viremia in Cattle Persistently Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (1998)

Virus isolation and serum neutralizing antibody titers were determined over a period of time from samples collected from animals persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). To evaluate over time the ability to detect BVDV by virus isolation from serum or white blood cell preparations, 4 persistently infected calves were monitored from birth until 70 days of age. In 3 of 4 persistently infected calves, virus isolation from serum and white blood cells was negative until approximately 42 days of age, when colostral antibody had declined. The level of viremia in 7 adult (> 12 months) persistently infected animals decreased by 1 10-fold dilution over at least a 2-year period. The level of viremia became undetectable by virus isolation from serum in 1 of the 7 animals examined. This decline was associated with the development of virus neutralizing antibody. Although the level of viremia is fairly stable within persistently infected animals, the presence of specific neutralizing antibody may affect the ability to isolate BVDV. These findings are important when considering diagnostic testing to identify persistently infected animals by virus isolation.
Approximate analysis of coupled queueing in ATM networks (1999)

We discuss a scheduling discipline for multiclass traffic in asynchronous transfer mode network nodes. The scheduler provides minimum bandwidth guarantees for each class of traffic and is well suited for high-speed implementation. The scheme is a modification of static head-of-line priority queueing, and was originally presented in a slightly different form by Huang and Wu (1993). We begin by considering a system with two queues which is analyzed by decoupling the system into separate M/G/1 queues. The analysis provides a very good estimate for the mean response time of customers in each queue. We also demonstrate the applicability of the analysis to a system with n/spl ges/2 queues.
Design and instrumentation of an intelligent building testbed (2015)

This paper presents the design and instrumentation of a 3:5-scale physical testbed of an intelligent building. The testbed is designed to enable performance evaluation of various temperature control algorithms in a controlled and repeatable setting. Key features of this testbed include fully controlled mass flow and supply air temperature, a sensor-rich environment (producing both temperature and energy measurements), control of the ambient temperature around the testbed, and a modular structure with multiple zones and varying degrees of thermal and mass flow coupling. The testbed is partitioned into 6 rooms; the interconnected structure of these rooms allows us to study the thermal coupling that occurs between adjacent zones and to explore the challenges associated with under-actuated zones. Air conditioning is provided by wall mounted thermoelectric coolers controlled wirelessly from a central computer. A unique feature of this testbed is its placement inside a larger temperature-controlled enclosure, which allows simulation of time-varying ambient weather. Precise control of ambient temperature provides a means for robust comparison and evaluation of control architectures. As a preliminary demonstration, we present experimental results comparing the performance of a decentralized proportional-integral controller and a decentralized adaptive controller under time-varying ambient temperature.
Wettability, Saturation, and Viscosity From NMR Measurements (2003)

Summary This paper discusses a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method that can provide wettability, saturation, and oil viscosity values in rocks partially saturated with oil and brine. The method takes advantage of two new technological advances in NMR well logging—the MRF* Magnetic Resonance Fluid Characterization Method and NMR "diffusion-editing" (DE) pulse sequences. We discuss the principles underlying the fluid characterization method and the pulse sequences. The fluid characterization method is used to provide robust inversions of DE data suites acquired on fully brine-saturated and partially saturated rock samples. The outputs of the inversion are separate diffusion-free brine and oil T2 distributions for the fluids measured in the rocks. NMR measurements on partially saturated rocks are sensitive to wettability because of surface relaxation of the wetting-phase fluid. The surface relaxation rate, however, must be significant compared to the bulk relaxation rate in order for wettability to noticeably affect the NMR response. We present results showing that the surface relaxation rate at lower wetting-phase saturations is enhanced compared to that measured at higher saturations. The consequence of wetting-phase saturation on NMR-based wettability determination is discussed. Wettability affects the relaxation rates of both the wetting and nonwetting phases in partially saturated rocks. Surface relaxation of the wetting phase in a rock results in shorter relaxation times than would otherwise be observed for the bulk fluid. The nonwetting-phase fluid molecules do not come into contact with the pore surfaces, and therefore their relaxation rate in the rock is the same as in the bulk fluid. We present accurate and robust computations of diffusion-free T2 relaxation time distributions for both the wetting and nonwetting phases in four rocks that include two sandstones and two dolomites. A DE data suite was acquired on each rock, measured in two different partial saturation states and also fully brine-saturated. Wettability is determined by comparing the oil and brine T2 relaxation-time distributions measured in the partially saturated rocks with the bulk oil T2 distribution and with the T2 distribution of the fully brine-saturated sample. The brine and oil T2 distributions are used to compute saturation and oil viscosity values. A general discussion elucidating the sensitivity range and T2 limits of diffusion-based NMR methods is given in the appendix. The appendix also derives and displays the gain in signal-to-noise ratio that is achieved by using DE data sequences for fluid characterization in place of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) data suites.
Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Three‐Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets: Superior Cathode Electrocatalysts (2016)

Abstract The oxygen reduction reaction taking place in the cathode compartment of alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells plays a crucial role in optimizing the electrochemical energy conversion efficiency of the cell. It has therefore become imperative to design electrocatalysts that can efficiently catalyze the electroreduction of oxygen in alkaline media. In this work, palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by using a surfactant‐free method and deposited on 3D graphene nanosheets (Pd/3D‐GNSs) with morphologies modified by sacrificial templating. The Pd nanoparticles dispersed on the 3D‐GNSs have a face‐centered cubic crystalline structure with an average particle size of 4–5 nm. By using various surface analysis techniques, it was shown that the porous 3D‐GNS supports were highly graphitized and facilitated the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles. By using cyclic voltammetry, it was demonstrated that, relative to Pd nanoparticles supported on commercial carbon black (Vulcan XC‐72R), the Pd/3D graphene nanocomposites had increased electrochemically accessible surface areas and significantly higher catalytic activity towards the four‐electron reduction of oxygen, with an onset potential closer to theoretical values and minimal hydrogen peroxide yields (3–4 %). Overall, the 3D graphene nanosheets significantly enhanced the performance of Pd nanoparticles in alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells by improving their dispersion, increasing the active surface area, and enhancing mass‐transport kinetics through its porous 3D morphology.
Point-and-Click Cursor Control With an Intracortical Neural Interface System by Humans With Tetraplegia (2011)

We present a point-and-click intracortical neural interface system (NIS) that enables humans with tetraplegia to volitionally move a 2-D computer cursor in any desired direction on a computer screen, hold it still, and click on the area of interest. This direct brain-computer interface extracts both discrete (click) and continuous (cursor velocity) signals from a single small population of neurons in human motor cortex. A key component of this system is a multi-state probabilistic decoding algorithm that simultaneously decodes neural spiking activity of a small population of neurons and outputs either a click signal or the velocity of the cursor. The algorithm combines a linear classifier, which determines whether the user is intending to click or move the cursor, with a Kalman filter that translates the neural population activity into cursor velocity. We present a paradigm for training the multi-state decoding algorithm using neural activity observed during imagined actions. Two human participants with tetraplegia (paralysis of the four limbs) performed a closed-loop radial target acquisition task using the point-and-click NIS over multiple sessions. We quantified point-and-click performance using various human-computer interaction measurements for pointing devices. We found that participants could control the cursor motion and click on specified targets with a small error rate (< 3% in one participant). This study suggests that signals from a small ensemble of motor cortical neurons (∼40) can be used for natural point-and-click 2-D cursor control of a personal computer.
Modified nucleotides may have enhanced early RNA catalysis (2020)

The modern version of the RNA World Hypothesis begins with activated ribonucleotides condensing (nonenzymatically) to make RNA molecules, some of which possess (perhaps slight) catalytic activity. We propose that noncanonical ribonucleotides, which would have been inevitable under prebiotic conditions, might decrease the RNA length required to have useful catalytic function by allowing short RNAs to possess a more versatile collection of folded motifs. We argue that modified versions of the standard bases, some with features that resemble cofactors, could have facilitated that first moment in which early RNA molecules with catalytic capability began their evolutionary path toward self-replication.
Efficient language model lookahead through polymorphic linguistic context assignment (2002)

In this study, we examine how fast decoding of conversational speech with large vocabularies profits from efficient use of linguistic information, i.e. language models and grammars. Based on a re-entrant single pronunciation prefix tree, we use the concept of linguistic context polymorphism to achieve an early incorporation of language model information. This approach allows us to use all available language model information in a one-pass decoder, using the same engine to decode with statistical n-gram language models as well as context free grammars or re-scoring of lattices in an efficient way. We compare this approach to our previous decoder, which needed three passes to incorporate all available information. The results on a very large vocabulary task show that the search can be speeded up by almost a factor of three, without introducing additional search errors. On all examined tasks, we observed significant improvements by using an exact language model lookahead over usual bigram lookahead strategies, even for very hard tasks with unmatched conditions, without introducing extra memory overhead.
An offset-free LPF for π/4-shift QPSK signal generator (1996)

An intrinsically offset-free third-order active-RC LPF with 200 MHz cutoff is described. A /spl pi//4-shift QPSK signal generator for the personal handy phone system (PHS) was fabricated including the lowpass filters (LPF's) with a standard 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process, It operates from a 2.7 V power supply and dissipates 45 mW. The active die size is 2.0 mm/spl times/2.1 mm.
Fusion Proteins Containing Family 1 and Family 2 PspA Fragments Elicit Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae That Correlates with Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of Complement Deposition (2007)

PspA is an important pneumococcal vaccine candidate that is capable of inducing protection in different animal models. Because of its structural diversity, a PspA-based vaccine should contain at least one fragment from each of the two major families (1 and 2) in order to elicit broader protection. In the present work, we have tested the potential of PspA hybrids containing fused portions of family 1 and 2 (PspA1ABC-4B and PspA1ABC-3AB) PspA fragments to induce protection against pneumococci bearing distinct PspA fragments. Sera from mice immunized with these hybrid PspA fragments were able to increase C3 deposition on pneumococci bearing PspA fragments from both families, in contrast with sera made against the PspA family 1 (PspA1ABC) and PspA family 2 (PspA3ABC) fragments, which were effective only within the same family. Although PspA hybrids were able to extend protection against pneumococcal infection with strains bearing diverse PspA fragments, the immunity elicited by family 2 was clade dependent, suggesting that PspA fragments from family 2 clades 3 and 4 should both be included in a comprehensive PspA vaccine. These results indicate that PspA fusion proteins constitute an efficient immunization strategy for future PspA-based antipneumococcal vaccines since they are able to extend protection provided by a protein derived from a single transcript.
Order–disorder transitions in Langmuir–Blodgett films. II. IR studies of the polymerization of Cd–octadecylfumarate and Cd–octadecylmaleate (1986)

The two isomeric compounds, octadecylfumaric acid and octadecylmaleic acid (C18H37OCOCH=CHCOOH) have been synthesized, and Langmuir–Blodgett films of their cadmium salts have been studied by means of transmission and grazing incidence reflection infrared spectroscopy. These measurements provided information about the orientation of molecular segments relative to the substrate surface as well as about the lateral packing of the chains in the unit cell. A structural change of the maleate film was revealed at elevated temperatures. Polymerization of the films was brought about by either UV irradiation or thermal treatment and was followed spectroscopically as a function of exposure time. By comparison with films polymerized on the water surface of a Langmuir trough, it was concluded that the molecular structure is independent of where the polymerization occurs. Interestingly, upon polymerization on the water surface the fumarate undergoes an expansion at constant surface pressure whereas the maleate contracts. A mixture of fumarate and maleate in the ratio of 1 to 3, however, forms a two dimensional solution and preserves its area upon polymerization, a critical feature required for the fabrication of crack free Langmuir–Blodgett films polymerized on solid substrates.
Radiographic and Clinical Comparisons of Distal Tibia Shaft Fractures (4 to 11 cm Proximal to the Plafond): Plating Versus Intramedullary Nailing (2008)

Distal tibia fractures may be treated successfully with plates or nails. Delayed union, malunion, and secondary procedures were more frequent after nailing. Randomized prospective assessment may further clarify these issues and provide information about costs associated with these fractures.
Search for CP violation in the decay D+→π−π+π+ (2013)

A search for CP violation in the phase space of the decay D + - + + is reported using pp collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 , collected by the LHCb experiment at a centreof-mass energy of 7 TeV. The Dalitz plot distributions for 3.1 10 6 D + and D -candidates are compared with binned and unbinned model-independent techniques. No evidence for CP violation is found.
Estimation of seating face geometry during a curve using belt-shaped sensor system (2020)

In this paper, we propose the estimation method of face geometry during a curve using a belt-shaped inertial sensor system in which multiple inertial sensors are mounted in a belt shape. In order to reduce the effects of dynamic acceleration and drift error during operation, the roll angle and pitch angle, which are the attitude information of the inertial sensor, are estimated using sensor fusion that focuses on velocity information including centrifugal acceleration during a curve motion. The shape of the entire belt-shaped inertial sensor system can be estimated by conducting forward kinematics analysis using the rotation matrix calculated from the attitude information and the distance between the sensors and applying the adaptive Kalman filter. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated by comparing the estimation result with the measurement result of the motion capture system. It is shown that high-precision shape estimation is possible by using this method even in an environment where dynamic acceleration acts significantly during curved motion.
Near-infrared spectroscopy systems for biomedical applications (2018)

Near infrared spectroscopy in both frequency domain and time domain has many biomedical applications: mainly brain measurements; monitoring tumour chemotherapy responses; diffuse optical spectroscopic tomography imaging; and pulse oximetry.
Soft Decoding of LT-Codes for Wireless Broadcast (2005)

Abstract — This work investigates reliable wireless broadcast with asynchronous data access. A wireless broadcast system based on LT-codes, a realization of the recently introduced Fountain codes, is introduced. We review the traditional problem formalization for Fountain codes operating on erasure channels and generalize the framework to arbitrary types of channels coining the terminology and the concept of information collecting. Thesum-product algorithm in order to exploit soft-information available at the wireless receiver for decoding of LT codes is applied. Simulation results on the AWGN, as well as the fading channel, show remarkable performance gains compared to traditional erasure decoding. I.
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal requirements for ultraprotective mechanical ventilation: Mathematical model predictions (2019)

Extracorporeal carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub> ) removal (ECCO<sub>2</sub> R) facilitates the use of low tidal volumes during protective or ultraprotective mechanical ventilation when managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, the rate of ECCO<sub>2</sub> R required to avoid hypercapnia remains unclear. We calculated ECCO<sub>2</sub> R rate requirements to maintain arterial partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> (PaCO<sub>2</sub> ) at clinically desirable levels in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients using a six-compartment mathematical model of CO<sub>2</sub> and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub> ) biochemistry and whole-body transport with the inclusion of an ECCO<sub>2</sub> R device for extracorporeal veno-venous removal of CO<sub>2</sub> . The model assumes steady state conditions. Model compartments were lung capillary blood, arterial blood, venous blood, post-ECCO<sub>2</sub> R venous blood, interstitial fluid and tissue cells, with CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> distribution within each compartment; biochemistry included equilibrium among bicarbonate and non-bicarbonate buffers and CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> binding to hemoglobin to elucidate Bohr and Haldane effects. O<sub>2</sub> consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> production rates were assumed proportional to predicted body weight (PBW) and adjusted to achieve reported arterial partial pressure of O<sub>2</sub> and a PaCO<sub>2</sub> level of 46 mmHg at a tidal volume of 7.6 mL/kg PBW in the absence of an ECCO<sub>2</sub> R device based on average data from LUNG SAFE. Model calculations showed that ECCO<sub>2</sub> R rates required to achieve mild permissive hypercapnia (PaCO<sub>2</sub> of 46 mmHg) at a ventilation frequency or respiratory rate of 20.8/min during mechanical ventilation increased when tidal volumes decreased from 7.6 to 3 mL/kg PBW. Higher ECCO2R rates were required to achieve normocapnia (PaCO2 of 40 mmHg). Model calculations also showed that required ECCO2R rates were lower when ventilation frequencies were increased from 20.8/min to 26/min. The current mathematical model predicts that ECCO2R rates resulting in clinically desirable PaCO2 levels at tidal volumes of 5-6 mL/kg PBW can likely be achieved in mechanically ventilated ARDS patients with current technologies; use of ultraprotective tidal volumes (3-4 mL/kg PBW) may be challenging unless high mechanical ventilation frequencies are used.
Structure and bonding in the neutral and anionic forms of dimethylglyoxime and its complexes (1980)

In order to permit a comparative study of the structure and bonding behaviour of dimethylglyoxime in its neutral and monoanionic forms, both 'free' and complexed to transition metals, redeterminations of the crystal structures of dimethylglyoxime, dmgH2, and the complexes Cu(dmgH2)Cl2 and Cu(dmgH2)Br2 have been carried out, together with an initial determination of the structure of the hydrated sodium salt Na2(dmg),8H2O. Crystals of dmgH2 are triclinic, space group Pi, a 6.078(3), b 6.319(3), c 4.492(2) ?, a 122.69(3), ß 91.71(4), ? 77.72(4)°, Z 1 the structure was refined to a residual of 0.049 for 748 'observed' reflections. Crystals of Na2(dmg),8H2O are monoclinic, P21/c, a 11.317(7), b 12.995(7), c 4.901(4) ?, ß 100.55(5)°, Z 2, the structure being refined to a residual of 0.040 for 942 ?observed? reflections. Crystals of Cu(dmgH2)Cl2 are triclinic, Pi, a 8.163(4), b 8.109(3), c 7.701(2) ?, a 110.88(3), ß 101.31(3), ? 108.04(3)°, Z 2; for the isomorphous bromide a 8.628(3), b 8.276(4), c 7.757(2) ?, a 111.18(3), ß 101.02(3), ? 108.55(3)°. The two structures were refined to residuals of 0.052 and 0.045 for 964 and 1597 'observed' reflections respectively.
Inactivation ofSalmonella enteritidis on shell eggs by novelN-halamine biocidal compounds (1992)

Several newN-halamine compounds have been evaluated as potential replacements for free chlorine as disinfectants for the egg-processing industry. The compounds were tested againstSalmonella enteritidis on the surfaces of egg shells. Test procedure included spraying inoculated egg shells with solutions of several of theN-halamine compounds and free chlorine for comparison, suspending the most stableN-halamine compound in a thin coating of mineral oil on the egg shell and subsequent inoculation, and measuring the rates of diffusion of the compounds and free chlorine through the egg shells. Compounds DBC (1-bromo-3-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one) and DC (1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5,-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one) were significantly more efficacious than free chlorine in inactivatingSalmonella in the spray experiments, while compound MC (1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylmidazolidin-4-one), in a mineral oil suspension, provided disinfection of the egg shells within 72 h of contact. None of the disinfectant compounds penetrated egg shells at a rate greater than 1 mg/l over a period of 6 h. Compound MC is recommended as a possible replacement for unstable, corrosive-free chlorine as a bactericide for the egg-processing industry.