gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embedding-based representation of signal distances (2013)

Traditional signal representation and coding theory is focused on how to most efficiently represent and encode a signal with the goal of preserving it as best as possible. However, very often, the processing only concerns specific information in the signal and does not require conserving the signal itself. In this work we examine the problem of representing signals such that some function of their distance is preserved. For that goal, we consider randomized embeddings as a representation mechanism and provide a framework to design them and analyze their performance. This work generalizes previously developed universal embeddings, already proven quite successful in practice.
Recovery of bioactive compounds from roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra by novel techniques of extraction (2008)

Licorice is the most popular ingredient used in over 70% of Chinese medicines and has been used by human beings for at least 4000 years (mainly the species Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Leguminosae). Greek sources provide the first use of licorice as a drug in Europe [1]. Many biological activities such as antimutagenic activity, anti-ulcer effects, protective action against hepatotoxicity, antitumor promoting activity, antimicrobial effects etc., were reported. These activities are reported due to two kinds of main constituents, the saponins and flavonoids [2]. The woody parts of the thickening roots are mentioned as a rich source of these substances [3]. The herb yields the licorice products of commerce that are used as an analgesic or antispasmodic agents, an antidotal agent, and as an expectorant. The licorice extracts have generally been recognized as safe and are also used as flavoring and sweetening agents for tobaccos, chewing gums, candies, toothpaste, and beverages [4]. Various novel techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), have been developed for the extraction of neutraceuticals of plants [5].
Cooperation Between Transcription Factor AP-1 and NF-kappa B in the Induction of Interleukin-8 in Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells by Hypoxia (1999)

The expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been shown to play an important role in the growth and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of IL-8 gene expression by hypoxic environments. Exposure of the human pancreatic cancer cells COLO357 and FG to hypoxia in culture resulted in a time-dependent increase in steady-state levels of IL-8 mRNA and IL-8 protein secretion. The induction of IL-8 expression was correlated with transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene. Deletion and point mutation analyses of the IL-8 promoter revealed that both AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding sites were necessary for IL-8 induction by hypoxia. Consistently, hypoxia induced both AP-1 and NF-kappaB activity. These data suggest that hypoxic environments upregulate the IL-8 gene via cooperation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 and contribute to the progression and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Arylation of Pyridines: High Regioselectivity as a Consequence of the Electronic Character of C—H Bonds and Heteroarene Ring. (2012)

Abstract A new and highly regioselective method for C—H arylation of pyridines and quinolines containing electron‐withdrawing substituents is reported.
Two Novel Diterpenoids from Clerodendrum Bungei. (1999)

Two novel royleanones, bungone A (1) and B (2) have been isolated from the stem of Clerodendrum bungei. The structures of these two compounds [9, 10-dihydro-3, 4, 9-trimethyl phenanthro[3, 2-b]pyran (7H)-7, 12(8H)-dione (bungone A) and 9, 10-dihydro-8-hydroxymethyl-3, 4, 9-trimethyl phenanthro[3, 2-b]pyran (2H)-7, 12-dione (bungone B)] were determined mainly on the spectral analysis.
Desymmetrization of a meso-Allylic Acetal by Enantioselective Conjugate Elimination (2008)

An unprecedented enantioselective deprotonation/conjugate elimination sequence, which transforms an allylic meso-dioxepane into a chiral diene, is described. The best desymmetrization conditions (ee up to 70%) involve s-BuLi and sparteine at -78 degrees C in THF.
Evidence of Long-range nerve pathways connecting and coordinating activity in secondary lymph organs (2020)

In this report, we demonstrate that activation of nerves and stimulated release of neurotransmitters within a local lymph node results in transient retention of immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes and neutrophils) at that location. Furthermore, such stimulation results in transient changes in neurotransmitter concentrations at distal organs of the immune system, spleen and liver, and mobilization of immune cells into the circulation. This report will enable future studies in which stimulation of these long-range nerve connections between lymphatic and immune organs can be applied for clinical purpose, including therapeutic modulation of cellularity during vaccination, active allergic response, or active auto-immune disease.
Activation and In Situ Ethylene Polymerization on Silica-Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts (2015)

The structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of silica-supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts industrially relevant for polyethylene production were investigated in detail by means of a multitechnical approach at each step of catalyst preparation, including precatalyst activation. In the precatalyst, the TiClx phase is grafted mainly to the silica surface and almost independent of the supported MgClx phase. However, the subsequent activation by means of an aluminum–alkyl compound causes important changes to both the supported MgClx phase and the TiClx phase. The resulting catalyst is entirely reconstructed so that most of the titanium sites are detached from the silica surface and in interaction with a highly dispersed MgCl2 phase, thus mimicking the most famous and highly investigated Ziegler–Natta catalysts (not silica-supported). For the first time, the catalyst performances were monitored by means of in situ FT-IR spectroscopy in transmission mode, simulating industrially significant polymerization conditions (i.e., ethylene is fed onto the catalyst in the presence of the activator and the solvent). These results demonstrate that it is now possible to achieve a complete description at a molecular level of all the constituents of Ziegler–Natta catalysts and at each step of the catalyst preparation.
Impact of wastewater treatment processes on organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and DBP precursors in effluent organic matter (2006)

Unintentional, indirect wastewater reuse often occurs as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges contaminate receiving waters serving as drinking-water supplies. A survey was conducted at 23 WWTPs that utilized a range of treatment technologies. Samples were analyzed for typical wastewater and drinking-water constituents, chemical characteristics of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors present in the effluent organic matter (EfOM). This was the first large-scale assessment of the critical water quality parameters that affect the formation of potential carcinogens during drinking water treatment relative to the discharge of upstream WWTPs. This study considered a large and wide range of variables, including emerging contaminants rarely studied at WWTPs and never before in one study. This paper emphasizes the profound impact of nitrification on many measures of effluent water quality, from the obvious wastewater parameters (e.g., ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand) to the ones specific to downstream drinking water treatment plants (e.g., formation potentials for a diverse group of DBPs of health concern). Complete nitrification reduced the concentration of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) and changed the ratio of BDOC/DOC. Although nitrification reduced ultraviolet absorbance (UVA) at 254 nm, it resulted in an increase in specific UVA (UVA/DOC). This is attributed to preferential removal of the less UV-absorbing (nonhumic) fraction of the DOC during biological treatment. EfOM is composed of hydrophilic and biodegradable DOM, as well as hydrophobic and recalcitrant DOM, whose proportions change with advanced biological treatment. The onset of nitrification yielded lower precursor levels for haloacetic acids and nitrogenous DBPs (haloacetonitriles, &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-nitrosodimethylamine). However, trihalomethane precursors were relatively unaffected by the level of wastewater treatment. Thus, one design/operations parameter in wastewater treatment, the decision to have a long enough solids retention time to get reliable nitrification, affected much beyond its immediate goal of ammonium oxidation.
Cognitive PHY and MAC layers for dynamic spectrum access and sharing of TV bands (2006)

Research in the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers for dynamic spectrum access (DSA) and dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) is still at its infancy. Aspects such as spectrum sensing, coexistence, measurement and spectrum management, network reliability and QoS support in face of the need to avoid causing harmful interference into incumbents, to name a few, are key to the success of future cognitive radio (CR) systems and have received little attention so far. In addition, it is critical to understand the interplay of these various cognitive radio concepts and how they impact the overall network performance. In this paper we address these questions by presenting the design and performance evaluation of a CR-based PHY and MAC for DSA and DSS of vacant television (TV) channels. This air interface described here forms the baseline of the current IEEE 802.22 draft standard, and features a number of key PHY and MAC CR-based components for use by license-exempt devices in the spectrum that is currently allocated primarily to TV services. Through simulations and prototyping, we analyze the performance of this first CR-based wireless network with respect to spectrum sensing, system capacity, QoS support, coexistence, and network reliability.
A hybrid approach for machining optimization of the WEDM using grey-fuzzy with Metaphor-Less algorithms for Ti-3Al-2.5V (2023)

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the influence of “BroncoCut-X” (copper core-ZnCu50 coating) electrode on the machining of Ti-3Al-2.5V in view of its extensive use in aerospace and medical applications. The machining parameters are selected as Spark-off Time (ST off ), Spark-on Time (ST on ), Wire-speed (S w ), Wire-Tension (WT) and Servo-Voltage (S v ) to explore the machining outcomes. The response characteristics are measured in terms of material removal rate (MRR), average kerf width (KW) and average-surface roughness (SA). Design/methodology/approach Taguchi’s approach is used to design the experiment. The “AC Progress V2 high precision CNC-WEDM” is used to conduct the experiments with ϕ 0.25 mm diameter wire electrode. The machining performance characteristics are examined using main effect plots and analysis of variance. The grey-relation analysis and fuzzy interference system techniques have been developed to combine (called grey-fuzzy reasoning grade) the experimental response while Rao-Algorithm is used to calculate the optimal performance. Findings The hybrid optimization result is obtained as ST off = 50µs, ST on = 105µs, S w = 7 m/min, WT = 12N and S v =20V. Additionally, the result is compared with the firefly algorithm and improved gray-wolf optimizer to check the efficacy of the intended approach. The confirmatory test has been further conducted to verify optimization results and recorded 8.14% overall machinability enhancement. Moreover, the scanning electron microscopy analysis further demonstrated effectiveness in the WEDMed surface with a maximum 4.32 µm recast layer. Originality/value The adopted methodology helped to attain the highest machinability level. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first investigation within the considered parametric range and adopted optimization technique for Ti-3Al-2.5V using the wire-electro discharge machining.
Characterization of the available feedback gain margin at two device microphone locations, in the fossa triangularis and Behind the Ear, for the light-based contact hearing device (2013)

Assistive devices compensate for hearing impairment by amplifying sounds with gain, which is limited by acoustic feedback. The light-based Contact Hearing Device (CHD) provides amplification to 10 kHz by mechanically vibrating the umbo with a wireless Tympanic-Contact Actuator (TCA). Driving the eardrum mechanically generates a pressure wave, which travels laterally down the ear canal and produces feedback. Placing the microphone in the fossa triangularis (FT) may preserve more natural acoustic cues than the BTE location, although it may reduce available feedback gain margin (FGM). Thirteen subjects with bilateral mild-to-severe hearing impairment were fit with CHDs (26 ears). The TCA was driven with light-pulses and the feedback pressure was measured at the FT and above the pinna at the BTE microphone locations. The mean FGM varied from 32 to 48 dB and 38 to 60 dB for the FT and BTE microphone locations, respectively. FGM was lowest in the 3–5 kHz range and highest at about 7 kHz (below 1 kHz FGM is not measurable). The STD of FGM varied from 5.3 to 13 dB due individual anatomies. A microphone at the BTE has 6 to 12 dB additional FGM over the FT location, and allows a broader inclusion range to fit patients with amplification to 10 kHz.
Sufficient conditions for sound tree and sequential hashing modes. (2009)

Hash functions are usually composed of a mode of operation on top of a concrete primitive with fixed input-length and fixed output-length, such as a block cipher or a permutation. In practice, the mode is often sequential, although parallel (or tree) hashing modes are also possible. The former requires less memory, while the latter has several advantages such as its inherent parallelism and a lower cost of hash value recomputation when only a small part of the input changes. In this paper, we consider the general case of (tree or sequential) hashing modes that make use of an underlying hash function, which may in turn be sequential. We formulate a set of three simple conditions for such a (tree or sequential) hashing mode to be sound. By sound, we mean that the advantage in differentiating a hash function obtained by applying a tree hashing mode to an ideal underlying hash function from an ideal monolithic hash function is upper bounded by $$q^2/2^{n+1}$$ q 2 / 2 n + 1 with $$q$$ q the number of queries to the underlying hash function and $$n$$ n the length of the chaining values. We provide a proof of soundness in the indifferentiability framework. The conditions we formulate are easy to implement and to verify and can be used by the practitioner to build a tree hashing mode on top of an existing hash function. We show how to apply tree hashing modes to sequential hash functions in an optimal way, demonstrate the applicability of our conditions with two efficient and simple tree hashing modes and provide a simple method to take the union of tree hashing modes that preserves soundness. It turns out that sequential hashing modes using a compression function (i.e., a hash function with fixed input-length) can be considered as particular cases and, as a by-product, our results also apply to them. We discuss the different techniques for satisfying the three conditions, thereby shedding a new light on several published modes.
An Experimental And Theoretical Model For The Passive Biomechanical Properties Of The Intact Heart (2005)

Previous attempts to model the biomechanics of the heart have either imposed restrictive simplifications on geometry or have ignored the inherent complexities of the tissue. The present work intends to capitalize upon advances in cardiac imaging and material modelling to overcome some of these limitations so that the passive biomechanical properties of the intact heart may be quantified in-vivo. State-of-the-art nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made it possible to image the beating heart in extraordinary detail. This technology has been employed in obtaining threedimensional intact measurements of cardiac geometry synchronized with ventricular pressure. Fiducial markers suitable for cardiac MRI have been developed to assist the determination of motion from MR images. The present research also initiates a systematic formulation of constitutive equations for the passive mechanical behavior of intact myocardium - based on first principles of continuum mechanics. This will serve as a sound foundation upon which more comprehensive models may be built, and will hopefully lead to improved understanding, diagnosis, and management of cardiac disease.
Radical Anions of Sterically Protected Polyenes: An ESR and ENDOR Study (1999)

Owing to the steric protection by four bulky substituents in the terminal positions 1 and n, several conjugated polyenes could be reduced with K or Cs metal in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) or tetrahydrofuran (THF) to fairly persistent radical anions. These compounds, denoted here as 2, 3,…︁7 (which corresponds to the number, \2 n=2, 3, …︁7, of their formal double bonds) are 1,1,n,n-tetra(tert-butyl) derivatives of buta-1,3-diene, hexa-1,3,5-triene, octa-1,3,5,7-tetraene, deca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene, dodeca-1,3,5,7,9,11-hexaene, and tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13-heptaene. In addition to the six polyenes 2 – 7 with all-trans-configuration, the studies comprised an isomer of 3, the trans,cis,trans-triene, c-3. The radical anions 2.− – 7.− and c-3.− were characterized by their hyperfine data acquired with ESR, ENDOR, and TRIPLE-resonance spectroscopy. The 1H-coupling constants comply with the spin distribution predicted for the radical anions of such `linear' π-systems by simple MO models. Ion pairs formed with K+ in DME were loose but became tighter with Cs+ in THF. Propensity to ion pairing decreased with the lengthening of the π-system on going from 2.− to 3.− – 7.−. Hyperfine data are likewise reported for the radical anions of all-trans-polyenes 8 and 9, in which two tert-butyl substituents in one terminal position of 2 and 3, respectively, were replaced by CN groups.
Einleitung (1995)

Die Sicherheit der Datenübertragung gehört zu den wesentlichen Aufgabengebieten der Nachrichtentechnik. Dabei soll eine Nachricht von einem Sender möglichst fehlerfrei zum Empfänger übertragen werden. Der Begriff Sicherheit wird also in einem ausschließlich technischen Sinn benutzt und bezieht sich hier nicht auf Fragen der Abhörsicherheit oder auf Verschlüsselungssysteme (Kryptologie). Zwar werden in fast allen elektrotechnischen Fachgebieten Systeme entwickelt und eingesetzt, die auch fehlerhaftes Verhalten (z.B. einfach durch Rauschen verursacht) aufweisen, aber es ist charakteristisch für die Informations- und Codierungstheorie, daß hier eine systematische Behandlung von auftretenden Fehlern bei der Übertragung oder Speicherung von Nachrichten im Vordergrund steht. Es wird, mit anderen Worten, in diesem Fachgebiet eine wissenschaftliche Betrachtung zur Fehlererkennung und -korrektur durchgeführt sowie die zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe erforderliche Arbeitsmethodik entwickelt.
Two eARCHT3.0 Lines for Optogenetic Silencing of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurons (2019)

Dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons modulate and control processes ranging from reward signaling to regulation of motor outputs. Further, dysfunction of these neurons is involved in both degenerative and psychiatric disorders. Elucidating the roles of these neurons has been greatly facilitated by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mouse lines expressing channelrhodopsin to readily enable cell-type specific activation. However, corresponding lines to silence these monoaminergic neurons have been lacking. We have generated two BAC transgenic mouse lines expressing the outward proton pump, enhanced ArchT3.0 (eArchT3.0), and GFP under control of the regulatory elements of either the dopamine transporter (DAT; Jax# 031663) or the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2; Jax# 031662) gene locus. We demonstrate highly faithful and specific expression of these lines in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons respectively. Additionally we validate effective and sensitive eArchT3.0-mediated silencing of these neurons using slice electrophysiology as well as with a well-established behavioral assay. These new transgenic tools will help expedite the study of dopaminergic and serotonergic system function in normal behavior and disease.
Molecular characterization of latent GDF8 reveals mechanisms of activation (2017)

Abstract Growth/differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) or myostatin negatively regulates muscle mass. GDF8 is held in a latent state through interactions with its N-terminal prodomain, much like TGF-β. Using a combination of small angle X-ray scattering and mutagenesis, we characterized the interactions of GDF8 with its prodomain. Our results show that the prodomain:GDF8 complex can exist in a fully latent state and an activated or ‘triggered’ state where the prodomain remains in complex with the mature domain. However, these states are not reversible, indicating the latent GDF8 is ‘spring-loaded’. Structural analysis shows that the prodomain:GDF8 complex adopts an ‘open’ configuration, distinct from the latency state of TGF-β and more similar to the ‘open’ state of Activin A and BMP9 (non-latent complexes). We determined that GDF8 maintains similar features for latency, including the alpha-1 helix and fastener elements, and identified a series of mutations in the prodomain of GDF8 that alleviate latency, including I56E, which does not require activation by the protease Tolloid. In vivo, active GDF8 variants were potent negative regulators of muscle mass, compared to wild-type GDF8. Collectively, these results help characterize the latency and activation mechanisms of GDF8.
Valection: Design Optimization for Validation and Verification Studies (2018)

Abstract Background Platform-specific error profiles necessitate confirmatory studies where predictions made on data generated using one technology are additionally verified by processing the same samples on an orthogonal technology. In disciplines that rely heavily on high-throughput data generation, such as genomics, reducing the impact of false positive and false negative rates in results is a top priority. However, verifying all predictions can be costly and redundant, and testing a subset of findings is often used to estimate the true error profile. To determine how to create subsets of predictions for validation that maximize inference of global error profiles, we developed Valection, a software program that implements multiple strategies for the selection of verification candidates. Results To evaluate these selection strategies, we obtained 261 sets of somatic mutation calls from a single-nucleotide variant caller benchmarking challenge where 21 teams competed on whole-genome sequencing datasets of three computationally-simulated tumours. By using synthetic data, we had complete ground truth of the tumours’ mutations and, therefore, we were able to accurately determine how estimates from the selected subset of verification candidates compared to the complete prediction set. We found that selection strategy performance depends on several verification study characteristics. In particular the verification budget of the experiment ( i.e. how many candidates can be selected) is shown to influence estimates. Conclusions The Valection framework is flexible, allowing for the implementation of additional selection algorithms in the future. Its applicability extends to any discipline that relies on experimental verification and will benefit from the optimization of verification candidate selection.