gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In situCharacterization of Photoresist Dissolution (2010)

The dissolution process plays an important role in optimizing photoresist materials and processes for next-generation lithographic technologies. In this paper, we describe the application of high-speed atomic force microscopy for in situ analysis and characterization of photoresist dissolution. In particular, the physical changes in an exposed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoresist film are analyzed in real time – before, during, and after the development process. In this initial work, we report the dissolution characteristics of an EUV-exposed poly(4-hyrdroxystyrene)-based polymer resist processed with a tetramethylammonium hydroxide developer solution.
Workshop on challenges, insights, and future directions for mouse and humanized models in cancer immunology and immunotherapy: a report from the associated programs of the 2016 annual meeting for the Society for Immunotherapy of cancer (2017)

Understanding how murine models can elucidate the mechanisms underlying antitumor immune responses and advance immune-based drug development is essential to advancing the field of cancer immunotherapy. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a workshop titled, "Challenges, Insights, and Future Directions for Mouse and Humanized Models in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy" as part of the SITC 31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs on November 10, 2016 in National Harbor, MD. The workshop focused on key issues in optimizing models for cancer immunotherapy research, with discussions on the strengths and weaknesses of current models, approaches to improve the predictive value of mouse models, and advances in cancer modeling that are anticipated in the near future. This full-day program provided an introduction to the most common immunocompetent and humanized models used in cancer immunology and immunotherapy research, and addressed the use of models to evaluate immune-targeting therapies. Here, we summarize the workshop presentations and subsequent panel discussion.
Concerns regarding resistance to self-proteins (2003)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Molecular dynamics simulation on LO phonon mode decay in Si nano-structure covered with oxide films (2010)

A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is conducted to investigate the dynamics of longitudinal optical (LO) phonon in Si nano-structure confined with oxide films. This work is motivated by heat issues in nanoscopic devices; it is considered that the LO phonons with low group velocity are accumulated in the nanoscopic device and the electric property deteriorates. We estimate the relaxation time of the LO phonon and investigate its dependency on the oxide thickness. The calculation results show that the LO phonon decays faster as the oxide thickness increases and turns into acoustic phonon. The result indicates that the presence of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> films promotes the scattering of the phonon and this is effective to diminish the optical phonon.
Magnetic peptide nucleic acids for DNA targeting (2009)

A versatile synthetic platform for the efficient immobilization of PNAs on magnetic iron oxides, providing magnetic nanosensors for selective DNA recognition, is presented.
Amphiphilic Rhodamine Nano-assembly as a Type I Supramolecular Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy (2022)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising clinical method for treating a wide range of cancers. Recently, PDT employing type I photosensitizers (PSs) has attracted considerable attention owing to the feasibility of efficient PDT under hypoxic conditions. Particularly, type I supramolecular PSs (SPSs) are promising candidates owing to their functional extensibility by facile hybridization. However, type I SPSs are rare, and the development strategy has not been established yet. In this work, we demonstrated that supramolecular assembly of a simple amphiphilic rhodamine 19 (Rh19-MA-C18) functioned as a type I SPS and exhibited significant PDT effect on cancer cells and cancer-bearing mice. This work demonstrates the potential of supramolecular nano-assembly composed of an amphiphilic rhodamine dye as an efficient type I SPS.
Progress on Enabling an Interactive Conversation Between Commercial Building Occupants and Their Building To Improve Comfort and Energy Efficiency (2012)

Many studies have reported energy savings after installing a dashboard, but dashboards provide neither individual feedback to the occupant nor the ability to report individual comfort. The Building Agent (BA) provides an interface to engage the occupant in a conversation with the building control system and the building engineer. Preliminary outcomes of the BA-enabled feedback loop are presented, and the effectiveness of the three display modes will be compared to other dashboard studies to baseline energy savings in future research.
Analysis of subcarrier pairing in a cellular OFDMA relay link (2008)

We consider a cellular OFDMA relay link consisting of a base station (BS), an infrastructure-based amplify-and-forward relay node (RN) and N active mobile user equipments (UEs). We study how to optimally pair the BS-RN subcarriers with the RN-UE subcarriers when the K subcarriers in the RN-UE channel are assigned for the UEs using round robin scheduling. The main contribution is to analyze the performance of the system by deriving closed-form expressions for average end-to-end SNR and capacity. The calculated measures facilitate performance evaluation that illustrates the benefit of channel-adaptive subcarrier pairing over fixed pairing.
Fatty acid profiles in tissues of mice fed conjugated linoleic acid (2006)

The incorporation of vaccenic acid (VA, 0.5 and 1.2%), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, mixture of primarily c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA, 1.2%), linoleic acid (LA, 1.2%) and oleic acid (OA, 1.2%) into different tissues of mice was examined. The effects on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) in kidney, spleen, liver and adipose tissue were investigated. VA and CLA (c9,t11- and t10,c12-CLA) were primarily found in TAG, especially in kidney and adipose tissue, respectively. Conversion of VA to c9,t11-CLA was indicated by our results, as both fatty acids were incorporated into all the analyzed tissues when a diet containing VA but not c9,t11-CLA was fed. Most of the observed effects on the fatty acid profiles were seen in the CLA group, whereas only minor effects were observed in the VA groups compared with the OA group. Thus, CLA increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in PL from kidney and spleen and lowered the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in these tissues. Furthermore, CLA increased C22 PUFA in the PL fraction of kidney, spleen and liver, but reduced the level of arachidonic acid in PL of liver and spleen and lowered the Δ9-desaturation indexes in all analyzed tissue TAG.
Low-latency time-portable real-time programming with Exotasks (2009)

Exotasks are a novel Java programming construct that achieve three important goals. They achieve low latency while allowing the fullest use of Java language features, compared to previous attempts to restrict the Java language for use in the submillisecond domain. They support pluggable schedulers, allowing easy implementation of new scheduling paradigms in a real-time Java system. They can achieve deterministic timing, even in the presence of other Java threads, and across changes of hardware and software platform. To achieve these goals, the program is divided into tasks with private heaps. Tasks may be strongly isolated, communicating only with each other and guaranteeing determinism, or weakly isolated, allowing some communication with the rest of the Java application. Scheduling of the tasks' execution, garbage collection, and value passing is accomplished by the pluggable scheduler. Schedulers that we have written employ logical execution time (LET) in association with strong isolation to achieve time portability. We have also built a quad-rotor model helicopter, the JAviator, which we use to evaluate our implementation of Exotasks in an experimental embedded version of IBM's J9 real-time virtual machine. Our experiments show that we are able to maintain very low scheduling jitter and deterministic behavior in the face of variations in both software load and hardware platform. We also show that Exotasks perform nearly as well as Eventrons on a benchmark audio application.
Expression of human interferon ω1 in Sf9 cells (1993)

Human interferon omega 1 (IFN-omega 1) was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. Half of the protein purified by immunoaffinity chromatography was shown to be N-glycosylated at the same site as the natural IFN-omega 1. The degree of glycosylation was independent of the expression rate. While natural IFN-omega 1 was shown to carry complex-type oligosaccharides [Adolf, G. R., Maurer-Fogy, I., Kalsner, I. & Cantell, K. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9290-9295], the insect cell produced protein which was demonstrated by lectin blot, mass spectroscopy and HPLC analysis to contain only the core oligosaccharide. Two different structures, (Man)2(GlcNAc)2[Fuc] and (Man)3(GlcNAc)2[Fuc] were identified. The fucosylation was identified to be (alpha 1-6)-linked to the core saccharide. Sialic acid residues were clearly absent. IFN-omega 1 expressed in S. frugiperda cells was shown to be partially truncated at the C-terminus by nine residues; its antiviral activity when glycosylated was significantly lower than the activity of IFN-omega 1 produced by Sendai-virus-stimulated leukocytes. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy did not reveal any structural differences between glycosylated and nonglycosylated IFN-omega 1. This implies the importance of a complex-type glycosylation for the maximal biological activity of human IFN-omega 1.
Experiences evaluating personal metasearch (2008)

Many current evaluation techniques for information retrieval, such as test collections and simulations, are difficult to apply in situations where queries and preferred results are context-dependent. This is particularly true in personal metasearch applications, which provide a person with unified search access to all their usual online sources. A recently-proposed technique, based on presenting two or more search results sets in a single comparison interface, offers an alternative.
The Reduction of Switching Noise Using CMOS Current Steering Logic (2006)

The main advantage of the current steering technique is the small amount of noise generated during state commutations of logic gates. However, it presents a steady state consumption, which is considered as a limitation for low power applications when compared to the conventional static logic.
Quaternization of 2‐aziridino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone, an efficient synthesis of medazepam (1977)

Abstract Quaternization of 2‐aziridino‐5‐chlorobenzophenone (1) with methyl iodide resulted in formation of 2‐( N ‐β‐iodoethyl‐ N ‐methyl)aminobenzophenone ( 2 ), via an unstable quaternary compound. Rate constants for 1 → 2 conversion, as determined by an nmr method at 35 ± 0.1°, varied between 0.22 × 10 −3 sec −1 in DMSO‐d 6 , and 0.95 × 10 −6 sec −1 in methanol‐d 4 . Ammonolysis with hexamine, and subsequent cyclization afforded 7‐chloro‐l‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐l H ‐1,4‐benzodiazepine (3, generic name medazepam) in 92% over‐all yield.
Hybrid Palliation for Neonates With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Current Strategies and Outcomes (2010)

In the last decade the hybrid procedure has emerged as an alternative stage I palliation in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). This review discusses the historical aspect, surgical and interventional techniques, current outcomes and future direction of this procedure. Hybrid palliation yields equivalent but not superior stage I palliation survival and comparable 1-year survival to conventional Norwood palliation, comparable prestage II hemodynamics and pulmonary artery growth, and preserved ventricular function in stage II palliation. Hybrid palliation utilizes significantly less resource and shortens postoperative recovery. In comprehensive stage II palliation the impact of pulmonary artery reconstruction on subsequent pulmonary artery growth has not been determined and should be further investigated. A prospective, randomized trial is warranted to compare these two surgical strategies for neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
A Reproducible and Tunable Synthetic Soil Microbial Community Provides New Insights into Microbial Ecology (2022)

Microbial soil communities form commensal relationships with plants to promote the growth of both parties. The optimization of plant-microbe interactions to advance sustainable agriculture is an important field in agricultural research. However, investigation in this field is hindered by a lack of model microbial community systems and efficient approaches for building these communities. Two key challenges in developing standardized model communities are maintaining community diversity over time and storing/resuscitating these communities after cryopreservation, especially considering the different growth rates of organisms. Here, a model synthetic community (SynCom) of 16 soil microorganisms commonly found in the rhizosphere of diverse plant species, isolated from soil surrounding a single switchgrass plant, has been developed and optimized for <i>in vitro</i> experiments. The model soil community grows reproducibly between replicates and experiments, with a high community α-diversity being achieved through growth in low-nutrient media and through the adjustment of the starting composition ratios for the growth of individual organisms. The community can additionally be cryopreserved with glycerol, allowing for easy replication and dissemination of this <i>in vitro</i> system. Furthermore, the SynCom also grows reproducibly in fabricated ecosystem devices (EcoFABs), demonstrating the application of this community to an existing <i>in vitro</i> plant-microbe system. EcoFABs allow reproducible research in model plant systems, offering the precise control of environmental conditions and the easy measurement of plant microbe metrics. Our results demonstrate the generation of a stable and diverse microbial SynCom for the rhizosphere that can be used with EcoFAB devices and can be shared between research groups for maximum reproducibility. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Microbes associate with plants in distinct soil communities to the benefit of both the soil microbes and the plants. Interactions between plants and these microbes can improve plant growth and health and are therefore a field of study in sustainable agricultural research. In this study, a model community of 16 soil bacteria has been developed to further the reproducible study of plant-soil microbe interactions. The preservation of the microbial community has been optimized for dissemination to other research settings. Overall, this work will advance soil microbe research through the optimization of a robust, reproducible model community.
Release mechanism utilizing shape memory polymer material (2023)

Microfabricated therapeutic actuators are fabricated using a shape memory polymer (SMP), a polyurethane-based material that undergoes a phase transformation at a specified temperature (Tg). At a temperature above temperature Tg material is soft and can be easily reshaped into another configuration. As the temperature is lowered below temperature Tg the new shape is fixed and locked in as long as the material stays below temperature Tg. Upon reheating the material to a temperature above Tg, the material will return to its original shape. By the use of such SMP material, SMP microtubing can be used as a release actuator for the delivery of embolic coils through catheters into aneurysms, for example. The microtubing can be manufactured in various sizes and the phase change temperature Tg is determinate for an intended temperature target and intended use.
A Dye Uptake Method using Cultured Human Cancer Cells and Its Application to a Sensitivity Test for Anti-cancer Drug (1981)

A dye (Neutral Red) uptake method by using cultured human cancer cells and an application of this method to a sensitivity test for anti-cancer drug are described. The amount of Neutral Red (NR) taken by the cells was proportional to the concentration of NR added. The little additional dye was taken up by the cells after incubation for more than 60 min. In addition, the uptake of dye was linear to the number of viable cells by Trypan Blue exclusion. However, in vitro monolayer aging had an effect on the correlation between the uptake of dye and the number of viable cells. EC50s of mitomycin C, bleomycin, adriamycin, neocarzinostatin by this assay method were 0.11 μg/ml, 6.0 μg/ml, 0.054 μg/ml and 1.9 units/ml, respectively. This assay method is suited for a sensitivity test for anti-cancer drug because of its technical simplicity, convenience, allowing efficient handling of large number of specimens, precision and reproducibility.
Antineoplastic busulfan encapsulated in a metal organic framework nanocarrier: first in vivo results (2015)

Nanoparticles of a mesoporous iron(iii) trimesate MIL-100 nanocarrier encapsulating high amounts of the challenging antineoplastic busulfan were administered to rats and compared with the commercial Busilvex®. Large differences in serum concentration of both busulfan and trimesate revealed the great impact of drug encapsulation both on the drug and on nanoparticle pharmacokinetics during the first 24 h of administration.
Skill-Critic: Refining Learned Skills for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2023)

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) can accelerate long-horizon decision-making by temporally abstracting a policy into multiple levels. Promising results in sparse reward environments have been seen with skills, i.e. sequences of primitive actions. Typically, a skill latent space and policy are discovered from offline data. However, the resulting low-level policy can be unreliable due to low-coverage demonstrations or distribution shifts. As a solution, we propose the Skill-Critic algorithm to fine-tune the low-level policy in conjunction with high-level skill selection. Our Skill-Critic algorithm optimizes both the low-level and high-level policies; these policies are initialized and regularized by the latent space learned from offline demonstrations to guide the parallel policy optimization. We validate Skill-Critic in multiple sparse-reward RL environments, including a new sparse-reward autonomous racing task in Gran Turismo Sport. The experiments show that Skill-Critic's low-level policy fine-tuning and demonstration-guided regularization are essential for good performance. Code and videos are available at our website: https://sites.google.com/view/skill-critic.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis: An Overview (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The impact of dietary protein source on observed and predicted metabolizable energy of dry extruded dog foods1 (2006)

Fifty-five observations were used to determine the ME content of 8 foods containing different protein sources. The major protein sources tested included low-oligosaccharide whole soybeans; 2 low-oligosaccharide, low-phytate whole soybeans; 2 conventional soybean meals; low-ash poultry meal; low-oligosaccharide, low-phytate soybean meal; and conventional whole soybeans. The ME content of all foods ranged from 3,463 to 4,233 kcal/kg of DM. The first objective was to utilize the observed ME data and test the accuracy of the modified Atwater equation. In this study, the modified Atwater equation generally underpredicted ME compared with the observed ME (residual mean = 247 kcal/kg). The second objective was to use individual data to develop an equation, based on the chemical composition of the food, to predict the ME content of the foods. A multivariate regression analysis was used to predict ME content based on chemical composition. Five models were fitted to the data. Model 1 included CP, ether extract (EE), and crude fiber (CF). Because the foods varied in protein sources, and the ratio of total AA (TAA) to non-AA (NAA) CP ranged from 3.5:1 to 14.4:1, it was hypothesized that accounting for the proportion of TAA and NAA in CP would improve the fit of the model. Therefore, model 2 included TAA, NAA, EE, and CF. Defining CP in terms of TAA and NAA improved the r2 of the model from 0.46 to 0.79. Subsequently, models 3, 4, and 5 replaced the CF term with ADF, NDF, and hemicellulose (HEM). Model 3 included TAA, NAA, EE, and NDF. Model 4 included TAA, NAA, EE, ADF, and HEM. Model 5 included TAA, NAA, EE, and HEM. Defining dietary fiber in terms of HEM improved the r2 of model 2 from 0.79 to 0.81. Residual analysis suggested that replacing the CF term with HEM (model 5) improved the prediction of ME content. In contrast, defining fiber in terms of NDF (model 3) did not result in an improvement over model 2, whereas the ADF term (model 4) did not (P > 0.34) contribute to the overall model. Fractionating CP into TAA and NAA components further defined the chemical composition of the food. These data suggest that defining protein composition improves the accuracy of predicting the ME content of dog foods.
Bordetella pertussis population dynamics and phylogeny in Japan after adoption of acellular pertussis vaccines (2018)

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has experienced a resurgence in the past 15 years, despite the existence of both whole-cell and acellular vaccines. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing analysis of 149 clinical strains, provided by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan, isolated in 1982-2014, after Japan became the first country to adopt acellular vaccines against B. pertussis. Additionally, we sequenced 39 strains provided by the Konan Kosei Hospital in Aichi prefecture, Japan, isolated in 2008-2013. The genome sequences afforded insight into B. pertussis genome variability and population dynamics in Japan, and revealed that the B. pertussis population in Japan was characterized by two major clades that divided more than 40 years ago. The pertactin gene was disrupted in about 20 % of the 149 NIID isolates, by either a deletion within the signal sequence (ΔSS) or the insertion of IS element IS481 (prn :: IS481). Phylogeny suggests that the parent clones for these isolates originated in Japan. Divergence dating traced the first generation of the pertactin-deficient mutants in Japan to around 1990, and indicated that strains containing the alternative pertactin allele prn2 may have appeared in Japan around 1974. Molecular clock data suggested that observed fluctuations in B. pertussis population size may have coincided with changes in vaccine usage in the country. The continuing failure to eradicate the disease warrants an exploration of novel vaccine compositions.