gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of tirasemtiv, a selective activator of the fast skeletal muscle troponin complex, in patients with peripheral artery disease (2014)

Tirasemtiv (CK-2017357), a novel small-molecule activator of the fast skeletal muscle troponin complex, slows the rate of calcium release from troponin, thus sensitizing fast skeletal muscle fibers to calcium. In preclinical studies, tirasemtiv increased muscle force and delayed the onset and reduced the extent of muscle fatigue during hypoxia in vitro and muscle ischemia in situ. This study evaluated the effect of single doses of tirasemtiv on measures of skeletal muscle function and fatigability in patients with stable calf claudication due to peripheral artery disease (PAD). Sixty-one patients with an ankle-brachial index ≤0.90 in the leg with claudication received single double-blind doses of tirasemtiv 375 mg and 750 mg and matching placebo in random order about 1 week apart. After 33 patients were treated, the 750 mg dose was decreased to 500 mg due to adverse events and these dose groups were combined for analysis. On each study day, bilateral heel-raise testing was performed before and at 3 and 6 hours after dosing; a 6-minute walk test was performed at 4 hours after dosing. Claudicating calf muscle performance was increased at the highest dose and plasma concentration of tirasemtiv; however, the 6-minute walk distance decreased with both the dose and plasma concentration of tirasemtiv, possibly due to dose-related adverse events, particularly dizziness, that could impede walking ability. In conclusion, the mechanism of fast skeletal muscle troponin activation improved muscle function but not 6-minute walking distance in patients with claudication due to PAD. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT01131013:
Elevated Flk1 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2) Signaling Mediates Enhanced Angiogenesis in β3-Integrin–Deficient Mice (2004)

Tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-specific angiogenesis are all enhanced in beta(3)-integrin-null mice. Furthermore, endothelial cells isolated from beta(3)-null mice show elevated levels of Flk1 (VEGF receptor 2) expression, suggesting that beta(3)-integrin can control the amplitude of VEGF responses by controlling Flk1 levels or activity. We now show that Flk1 signaling is required for the enhanced tumor growth and angiogenesis seen in beta(3)-null mice. Moreover, beta(3)-null endothelial cells exhibit enhanced migration and proliferation in response to VEGF in vitro, and this phenotype requires Flk1 signaling. Upon VEGF stimulation, beta(3)-null endothelial cells exhibit higher levels of phosphorylated Flk1 and extracellular-related kinases 1 and 2 than wild-type endothelial cells. Furthermore, signaling via ERK1/2 is required to mediate the elevated responses to VEGF observed in beta(3)-null endothelial cells and aortic rings in vitro. These data confirm that VEGF signaling via Flk1 is enhanced in beta(3)-integrin-deficient mice and suggests that this increase may mediate the enhanced angiogenesis and tumor growth observed in these mice in vivo.
Acquisition of knowledge sources for natural language processing (2003)

Tools for facilitating the task of encoding knowledge in developing lexicons and knowledge bases (KBs) are discussed. The specific tools discussed are Lextool (lexicon development tool) and KBtool (knowledge base development tool). These tools, written in Lisp, are the result of an attempt to automate the process of acquiring the data for the benefit of users with varying levels of sophistication. These tools allow for data to be encoded easily and verified automatically. Both expert and nontechnical user aspects of these tools are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
From Loschmidt daemons to time-reversed waves (2016)

Time-reversal invariance can be exploited in wave physics to control wave propagation in complex media. Because time and space play a similar role in wave propagation, time-reversed waves can be obtained by manipulating spatial boundaries or by manipulating time boundaries. The two dual approaches will be discussed in this paper. The first approach uses 'time-reversal mirrors' with a wave manipulation along a spatial boundary sampled by a finite number of antennas. Related to this method, the role of the spatio-temporal degrees of freedom of the wavefield will be emphasized. In a second approach, waves are manipulated from a time boundary and we show that 'instantaneous time mirrors', mimicking the Loschmidt point of view, simultaneously acting in the entire space at once can also radiate time-reversed waves.
A smart PV inverter controller with PMU capability (2016)

This paper introduces the control of a photovoltaic (PV) interface converter ready to offer auxiliary service - reactive power control - that also has Phasor Measurement Unit capability. A prototype of the controller is implemented using a National Instruments Compact RIO and tested using Hardware In the Loop techniques. Experimental results demonstrate the converter functionalities.
A combinatorial DNA assembly approach to biosynthesis ofN-linked glycans inE. coli (2023)

Glycoengineering of recombinant glycans and glycoconjugates is a rapidly evolving field. However, the production and exploitation of glycans has lagged behind that of proteins and nucleic acids. Biosynthetic glycoconjugate production requires the coordinated cooperation of three key components within a bacterial cell: a substrate protein, a coupling oligosaccharyltransferase, and a glycan biosynthesis locus. While the acceptor protein and oligosaccharyltransferase are the products of single genes, the glycan is a product of a multigene metabolic pathway. Typically, the glycan biosynthesis locus is cloned and transferred en bloc from the native organism to a suitable Escherichia coli strain. However, gene expression within these pathways has been optimized by natural selection in the native host and is unlikely to be optimal for heterologous production in an unrelated organism. In recent years, synthetic biology has addressed the challenges in heterologous expression of multigene systems by deconstructing these pathways and rebuilding them from the bottom up. The use of DNA assembly methods allows the convenient assembly of such pathways by combining defined parts with the requisite coding sequences in a single step. In this study, we apply combinatorial assembly to the heterologous biosynthesis of the Campylobacter jejuni N-glycosylation (pgl) pathway in E. coli. We engineered reconstructed biosynthesis clusters that faithfully reproduced the C. jejuni heptasaccharide glycan. Furthermore, following a single round of combinatorial assembly and screening, we identified pathway clones that outperform glycan and glycoconjugate production of the native unmodified pgl cluster. This platform offers a flexible method for optimal engineering of glycan structures in E. coli.
Data from Targeting of Bone-Derived Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II by a Human Neutralizing Antibody Suppresses the Growth of Prostate Cancer Cells in a Human Bone Environment (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Advanced prostate cancer frequently involves the bone, where the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is abundant. However, the importance of IGF-II in bone metastasis from prostate cancer is uncertain. The present study was aimed at examining the therapeutic importance of targeting IGF-II in bone metastases from prostate cancer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We investigated whether inhibiting IGF-II using a human neutralizing antibody (m610) suppresses the growth of prostate cancer cells in a human bone environment. Human MDA PCa 2b prostate cancer cells were inoculated into human adult bone implanted into mammary fat pad of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice or inoculated into mammary fat pad of the mice without human bone implantation. The mice were treated with m610 or a control antibody (m102.4) once weekly for 4 weeks immediately after inoculation with MDA PCa 2b cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Histomorphologic examination indicated that m610 treatment significantly decreased the MDA PCa 2b tumor area in the human bone compared with the control. Ki-67 immunostaining revealed that the percentage of proliferating cancer cells in the m610-treated bone tumor sections was significantly lower than that in the control. m610 had no effect on MDA PCa 2b tumor growth in the absence of implanted human bone. m610 prevented the &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; IGF-II–induced proliferation of MDA PCa 2b cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Our results indicate that IGF-II plays an important role in the prostate cancer cell growth in human bone, suggesting that targeting it by neutralizing antibodies offers a new therapeutic strategy for bone metastasis from prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(1); 121–29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CANDESARTAN AND AMLODIPINE ON CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN HIGH-RISK HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS: RESULTS OF CASE-J EXTENSION: HT.2.04 (2010)

Objects: We have previously reported the results of CASE-J trial, which disclosed that candesartan and amlodipine produced no statistical differences in terms of the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, whereas candesartan suppressed new-onset diabetes more effectively than amlodipine during a mean of 3.2 years follow-up. Since it has not been known whether the efficacy of the two drugs is sustained beyond the testing period of CASE-J trial, we followed up CASE-J participants for another 3 years to evaluate their longer-term prognosis. Method: Of the initial 526 doctors and 4728 high-risk hypertensive patients enrolled in the CASE-J trial, 244 doctors and 2232 patients agreed to further follow-up. Primary endpoint was cardiovascular mortality and morbidity with blinded assessment which represents a composite of sudden death and cerebrovascular, cardiac, renal and vascular events. For the primary analysis, we included all available data on 4703 CASE-J trial participants based on the intention-to treat principle. The incidence proportions were compared with log-rank test stratified by the stratification factor at randomization. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using the Cox regression analysis. Results: The distribution of demographic characteristics of 2232 patients followed-up was similar to that of 4703 patients who were evaluable for analysis in CASE-J trial. Both drugs controlled blood pressure well over a long period of time. The incidence of cardiovascular events was 15.5/1000 patient-year in the candesartan group and 16.3/1000 patient-year in the amlodipine group (HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.77–1.18; P = 0.650). The incidence of new-onset diabetes was 9.5/1000 patient-year in the candesartan group and 13.3/1000 patient-year in the amlodipine group, indicating that candesartan tended to better suppress new-onset diabetes compared to amlodipine (HR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.51–1.00). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that the same efficacy of the two drugs on cardiovascular events was sustained beyond the testing period of CASE-J trial in high-risk hypertensive patients. Additionally, the benefits of candesartan for new-onset diabetes observed during CASE-J trial were maintained in CASE-J Extension.
Rule base management using meta knowledge (1986)

This paper describes the rule base management strategy of an expert system environment. The environment includes a set of integrated tools which facilitate acquisition, manipulation and maintenance of knowledge. The rule base management component of the system, called RBM, assists these tasks by organizing global semantic information within the rule base. RBM extracts this semantic information from the texts included in “rule structures” and builds a semantic network of the concepts found in the rule base. The rule base is then divided into rulesets which are clusters of rules that refer to the same atomic concept. Construction of this meta knowledge is achieved through a keyword matching mechanism. The paper includes a brief description of the RBM system, the dictionary it uses for building meta-level knowledge, and its keyword matching technique.
Thermally activated switching of small magnetic tunnel junctions (2004)

Small magnetic tunnel junctions were prepared and the magnetization reversal of their free layers was studied by applying high-speed reversal fields driven by pulsed currents. From the decay of the switching field with the number of pulses or the pulse length the thermal activation energy was deduced. Large cells (width>150 nm) showed a significant lower activation energy than expected from single-domain-theory, indicating non-uniform switching. Small cells (width /spl sim/ 90 nm and length 150 to 200 nm) could be well described by Stoner-Wohlfarth single domain model and single step switching with Arrhenius activation energy. For scaling of magnetic random access memories down to 100 nm this would indicate that a smaller free layer volume is to a large degree compensated by higher relative activation energy due to more uniform switching.
Human Alpha- and Beta-Interferon But Not Gamma- Suppress the In Vitro Replication of LAV, HTLV-III, and ARV-2 (1986)

The effect of human interferons (IFNs) (alpha, beta, and gamma) on the in vitro replication of AIDS viruses (LAV, HTLV-III, and ARV-2) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was investigated. At the time of peak virus production, IFN-alpha preparations (leukocyte, Namalwa, alpha 1, and alpha 2) at 100 U/ml, suppressed LAV, HTLV-III, and ARV-2 replication as measured by reverse transcriptase (RT) activity by greater than 50%. This suppression was dose dependent and high dosages (500 U/ml) of IFN-alpha resulted in almost complete suppression of RT activities (77-99%). A low dose (100 U/ml) of IFN-beta suppressed all three AIDS viruses by 75%. In contrast, human IFN-gamma at a dose range from 100 U/ml to 500 U/ml had no significant effect on the production of infectious viruses. These results indicate that only IFN-alpha and -beta are effective against LAV, HTLV-III, and ARV-2 replication. A continuous supply of IFN appeared to be essential for the constant suppression of RT activity. In fact, upon termination of single IFN treatment, enhanced virus production resulted.
Traceless Protection for More Broadly Applicable Olefin Metathesis (2019)

An operationally simple in situ protection/deprotection strategy that significantly expands the scope of kinetically controlled catalytic Z- and E-selective olefin metathesis is introduced. Prior to the addition of a sensitive Mo- or Ru-based complex, treatment of a hydroxy- or a carboxylic-acid-containing olefin with commercially available HB(pin) or readily accessible HB(trip)<sub>2</sub> (pin=pinacolato, trip=2,4,6-tri(isopropyl)phenyl) for 15 min is sufficient for efficient generation of a desired product. Routine workup leads to quantitative deprotection. A range of stereochemically defined Z- and E-alkenyl chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and boronates or Z-trifluoromethyl-substituted alkenes with a hydroxy or carboxylic acid group were thus prepared in 51-97 % yield with 93 to >98 % stereoselectivity. We also show that, regardless of whether a polar functional unit is present or not, a small amount of HB(pin) may be used to remove residual water, significantly enhancing efficiency.
Electro-Optic Properties of Holographically Patterned, Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (Preprint) (2007)

Electro-optic properties of cholesteric liquid crystals with holographically patterned polymer stabilization were examined. It is hypothesized that increasing the LC domain size in a single dimension, relative to a random 3-D network of LC pockets separated by polymer strands, will allow for enhanced electro-optic properties of the final device. Prior to holographic patterning, polymer stabilization with large elastic memory was generated by way of high irradiation intensities and optimized material choices. High irradiation intensities are required for the holographic patterning process to maintain polymer layer formation. At optimized conditions, polymer patterning of the stabilization allowed for an approximate 20% increase in the clear state transmission of the device, and allowed for 3 Vmicron reduction in the overall switching voltage as compared to an analogous floodlit irradiated sample. Switching times were increased at most three-fold with holographic patterning, but all relaxation times were below 20 ms. These enhanced electro-optic properties appear to stem from a single dimension domain size increase, which allows for a reduction in the LC/polymer interaction.
Electrical contact resistance degradation of a hot-switched simulated metal MEMS contact. (2005)

Electrical contact resistance testing was performed by hot-switching a simulated gold-platinum metal microelectromechanical systems contact. The experimental objective was to determine the sensitivity of the contact resistance degradation to current level and environment. The contact resistance increased sharply after 100 hot-switched cycles in air. Hot-switching at a reduced current and in nitrogen atmosphere curtailed contact resistance degradation by several orders of magnitude. The mechanism responsible for the resistance degradation was found to be arc-induced decomposition of adsorbed surface contaminants.
Church Membership and Chapel Attendance (2015)

Abstract This chapter analyses the adverse impact of the crisis of Dissent on church membership and on chapel attendance in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It presents statistics collected by the various Arminian Methodist denominations, by the Baptists (from the 1860s), and by the Calvinistic Methodists in Wales (again from the late 1860s) as well as periodic newspaper surveys of church and chapel attendance published in the four decades before the First World War.
Study of plasma rotation in the GOL-3 facility (2012)

The MHD activity of plasma in the GOL-3 facility was studied experimentally. The complicated azimuthal structure of the profile of the longitudinal current is revealed by magnetic measurements and high-speed imaging. The azimuthal mode composition of magnetic perturbations, as well as the frequency of their rotation in different regimes, is determined. The signs of differential plasma rotation in the facility are described. Possible mechanisms responsible for the relation of differential rotation to current filamentation and magnetic reconnection in the GOL-3 plasma are proposed. These mechanisms explain the previously observed experimental evidences of these processes.
Better on wafer performance and mask manufacturability of contacts with no or non-traditional serifs (2007)

In the course of using Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) to optimize contact printing, the obvious solution is not always the correct solution. This paper will explore two different types of contact layers, with two different sets of objectives. In the first type of contact layer, the primary objective is to achieve consistent area uniformity. For these designs, use of contacts without serifs over contacts with traditional corner serifs will result in a mask that has a lower data volume input to the mask writer and an easier time in inspection and repair. We also show that on the wafer, this simpler style of OPC will result in lower variation of area and CD. In second type of contact layer, there are additional complicating factors over the first type of contact layer in that these mask designs include layouts with different sizes of contacts that must be printed simultaneously. As contacts get pushed close together on corner to corner type spacing, traditional serifs will be more likely to drive mask inspection issues and high mask error enhancement factor (meef). One way to address this is with OPC that employs inverse serifs, with the center fragment of the rectangle pushed out and the corners pushed in. This approach reduces meef and provides better image parameters for lower variability through process window. However, this solution does not lend itself to very aggressive correction to achieve aggressive contact aspect ratios. We compare these different OPC strategies (squares, traditional corner serifs and inverse corner serifs) and describe the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
Role of Nitric Oxide in Short-term and Prolonged Effects of Angiotensin II on Renal Hemodynamics (1996)

Short-term infusions of angiotensin II (Ang II) increase renal vascular resistance and thereby endothelial shear stress and nitric oxide (NO) release. Prolonged stimulation of Ang II can decrease the expression of NO synthase isoforms in the macula densa, but prolonged increases in shear stress can increase transcription of endothelial NO synthase. Therefore, we designed these studies to test the hypothesis that Ang II exerts time-dependent effects on renal NO generation as assessed from renal excretion of nitrate and nitrite, percent increases in renal vascular resistance during inhibition of NO synthase with intravenous NG -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), or decreases in renal vascular resistance during stimulation of endothelial NO synthase with intravenous acetylcholine. Rats were tested during graded short-term (30 to 90 minutes intravenous) or prolonged (5 to 6 days subcutaneous) Ang II infusions that led to dose-dependent increases in blood pressure and renal vascular resistance and reductions in renal blood flow. Captopril was administered for 3 to 4 days to suppress Ang II generation. The renal excretion of nitrate and nitrite was increased during short-term Ang II infusions (from 205 +/- 22 to 331 +/- 58 pmol.min-1, P < .05) but was unchanged during prolonged Ang II infusion (control group, 197 +/- 33 versus Ang II, 245 +/- 42 pmol.min-1, P=NS). The percent increase in renal vascular resistance with L-NAME was potentiated dose dependently by short-term but not long-term Ang II infusions. The increase in renal vascular resistance with L-NAME in control rats without Ang II infusions was +150 +/- 13%. At an Ang II infusion of 200 ng.kg-1.min-1, the L-NAME-induced percent increase in renal vascular resistance was significantly (P < .01) increased compared with controls in short-term Ang II-infused rats (+369 +/- 70%) but was not significantly different in prolonged infused rats (+190 +/- 33%). Intravenous acetylcholine caused dose-dependent renal vasodilation that was not significantly changed in rats receiving short-term intravenous Ang II but was significantly (P < .005) potentiated in those receiving prolonged Ang II infusions (change in renal vascular resistance with acetylcholine at 10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 versus control, -21.5 +/- 5.0%; with short-term Ang II, -24.9 +/- 4.5%; with long-term Ang II, -52.1 +/- 7.2%). In conclusion, short- and long-term Ang II infusions caused equivalent changes in blood pressure and renal blood flow and hence presumably equivalent increases in endothelial shear stress. However, only short-term Ang II infusions increased NO generation and the dependence of the renal circulation on NO, whereas acetylcholine-induced NO release was enhanced selectively during long-term Ang II infusions. This suggests that during long-term Ang II, renal NO release may become uncoupled from shear stress yet remains highly responsive to receptor-mediated stimulation.