gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A CMOS RING OSCILLATOR VCO WITH QUADRATURE OUTPUTS AND HIGH-TUNING RANGE (2009)

This paper presents the design of a new four-stage ring oscillator with quadrature outputs using a 0.13μm CMOS 1P8M technology. The oscillator utilizes feed-forward technique and negative resistance to reduce the delay per stage and provides high frequencies. Employing single PMOS transistor to vary the load impedance allows reaching ultra-wide tuning range. The output frequency ranges from 0.8 to 11.3 GHz, which is equivalent to nearly 175% tuning range, while the circuit consumes only 10mW. Simulation results illustrate a phase noise of 83dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset from centre frequency. Also, the worst case phase variation due to mismatch is better than 0.4 over the above frequency range.
BBPD with wide input phase range (2019)

Wireline communication circuits often include serialisers/deserialisers using multiphase signals for multiplexing or sampling. From a power efficiency viewpoint, configurations are desired in which a single differential clock at frequency f is distributed to decentralised multiphase generators as opposed to distribution at 2 f with local frequency dividers. A bang–bang phase detector (BBPD) is presented for such a multiphase generator operated from 4 to 16 GHz. Owing to the 2‐octave frequency range, a wide input phase range is required for which the BBPD may not generate false locks. This is achieved by an implementation in which down pulses at the output of a fully symmetrical set/reset latch are stretched via pulse‐width extension circuitries. A sampling pulse generated from one of the input phases can then easily capture the extended down pulses across a wide input phase range to unambiguously indicate phase leading or phase lagging to the control logic of the multiphase generator. The proposed circuitry has been implemented in a 7 nm CMOS technology. A comparison to alternative BBPD approaches implemented in the same technology shows that the proposed architecture outperforms them in terms of achievable input phase range.
Encapsulation of Paramagnetic Chelates in Perfluorcarbon-loaded Fractal Nanoparticles Enables Modulation of Fluorine-19 and Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal (2021)

19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is an emerging technique for quantitative imaging of novel therapies, such as cellular therapies and theranostic nanoparticles. A modification of perfluorocarbon (PFC)-loaded, nanocarrier-based 19F MRI probes with paramagnetic chelates can enhance probe’s functionality. Liquid PFC-loaded nanocarriers typically have a core-shell structure with PFC in the core due to the poor miscibility of PFC. However, paramagnetic relaxation enhancement acts only at a distance of a few angstroms. Thus, efficient modulation of 19F signal is possible only with fluorophilic PFC-soluble chelates. Such chelates, however, cannot interact with the surroundings of nanoparticles. Conversely, chelates on the surface typically affect only the aqueous environment but not the 19F signal. We show that the confinement of PFC in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles with fractal structure enables modulation of longitudinal and transverse 19F relaxation, as well as proton signal, using non-fluorophilic paramagnetic chelates. We compared nanoparticles with fractal multicore versus conventional core-shell structure, where the PFC is encapsulated in the core(s) and the chelate in the surrounding polymeric matrix. Importantly, paramagnetic chelates affected both longitudinal and transverse 19F relaxation in fractal multicore nanoparticles, but not in core-shell nanocapsules. Both relaxation rates of 19F nucleus increased with an increasing concentration of the paramagnetic chelate. Moreover, as the polymeric matrix remained water-permeable, proton enhancement additionally was observed in MRI. In the future, the effects of fractal confinement could be combined with more effective paramagnetic chelates to develop multifunctional imaging probes, for example, for high-sensitivity 19F MRI combined with sensing.
Undulations in a confined lamellar system with surface anchoring (2001)

We visualize undulations in layered systems using a cholesteric stripe phase with a macroscopic supramicron periodicity. The wave vector of stripe pattern is in the cell's plane. The undulation is induced by an in-plane magnetic field normal to the stripes. The observed displacement of layers is much larger than the value predicted by the Helfrich-Hurault classic theory. We propose a model of undulations that explains the data by finite surface anchoring of layers.
Adaptive MIMO transmission in a realistic multicell scenario (2008)

Cochannel interference in multicellular radio systems is a challenge when full area coverage needs to be ensured. On the physical layer there exist several concepts to combat the interference. However, their performance in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system has not been thoroughly investigated yet. One promising technique is the employment of multiple antennas at the terminal side for the purpose of interference rejection. To increase the cell capacity further and under the assumption of a narrowband feedback channel, unitary beamforming can be used at the base station. We provide a performance evaluation of these techniques for an OFDMA system in the downlink and give quantitative results for the achievable capacity gains.
Guided Three-Dimensional Catalyst Folding during Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon (2011)

In recent years metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE) of silicon, in which etching is confined to a small region surrounding metal catalyst templates, has emerged as a promising low cost alternative to commonly used three-dimensional (3D) fabrication techniques. We report a new methodology for controllable folding of 2D metal catalyst films into 3D structures using MaCE. This method takes advantage of selective patterning of the catalyst layer into regions with mismatched characteristic dimensions, resulting in uneven etching rates along the notched boundary lines that produce hinged 2D templates for 3D folding. We explore the dynamics of the folding process of the hinged templates, demonstrating that the folding action combines rotational and translational motion of the catalyst template, which yields topologically complex 3D nanostructures with intimately integrated metal and silicon features.
Abstract B199: In vitro and in vivo efficacy of the novel Hsp90 inhibitor STA-9090 and its synergy with paclitaxel (2009)

Abstract Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that regulates the post-translational folding of its protein substrates (“client proteins”). Cancer cells contain elevated levels of active Hsp90 and, because many client proteins play critical oncogenic roles, cancer cells are especially sensitive to Hsp90 inhibition. Here we report on the initial characterization of STA-9090, a highly potent Hsp90 inhibitor that is currently in multiple Phase 1/2 clinical trials in solid tumor and hematological malignancies. STA-9090 is a small molecule drug that is structurally unrelated to the ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG and binds the N-terminal ATP-binding pocket of the chaperone. In vitro, treatment with STA-9090 rapidly induced the degradation of known Hsp90 client proteins, such as HER2 and KIT, and growth inhibition IC50 values typically ranged from 1 to 100 nM. STA-9090 demonstrated, on average, ∼30-fold greater potency than 17-AAG for the ∼60 hematological and solid tumor cell lines tested. STA-9090 also retained its potency against cell lines expressing mutated kinases that confer resistance to kinase inhibitors such as erlotinib and imatinib. In vivo, STA-9090 demonstrated single-agent activity in a wide variety of human tumor cell line subcutaneous xenograft models in mice, including those representing solid tumor malignancies such as gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate carcinoma and melanoma, and hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. In a mouse leukemia model in which wild type BCR-ABL or imatinib/dasatinib-resistant BCR-ABLT315I was introduced into mouse bone marrow cells and then transplanted into host mice to induce the development of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, STA- 9090 prolonged average survival from 27 to 37 days for BCR-ABL and from 29 to 57 days for BCR-ABLT315I. STA-9090 also accumulated in tumors, with a half-life of 58 hr in tumors versus 3–5 hr in plasma and non-tumor tissues. To examine the potential for therapeutic synergy, STA-9090 was combined with the microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel. STA-9090 dramatically synergized with paclitaxel in in vitro cytotoxicity assays, particularly when paclitaxel treatment preceded treatment with STA-9090. Similarly, STA-9090 enhanced the activity of paclitaxel in the erlotinib-resistant NCI-H1975 lung cancer xenograft model, although this enhancement depended less on the order of dosing than was observed in vitro. No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed between the two agents. In conclusion, STA-9090 is a highly potent Hsp90 inhibitor that in vitro and in vivo rapidly induces the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins and apoptosis in a broad range of cancer types, including those resistant to targeted kinase inhibitors. It also demonstrates synergy with paclitaxel. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B199.
The perforatorium and postacrosomal sheath of rat spermatozoa share common developmental origins and protein constituents† (2019)

The perinuclear theca (PT) is a cytosolic protein capsule that surrounds the nucleus of eutherian spermatozoa. Compositionally, it is divided into two regions: the subacrosomal layer (SAL) and the postacrosomal sheath (PAS). In falciform spermatozoa, a third region of the PT emerges that extends beyond the nuclear apex called the perforatorium. The formation of the SAL and PAS differs, with the former assembling early in spermiogenesis concomitant with acrosome formation, and the latter dependent on manchette descent during spermatid elongation. The perforatorium also forms during the elongation phase of spermiogenesis, suggesting that like the PAS, its assembly is facilitated by the manchette. The temporal similarity in biogenesis between the PAS and perforatorium led us to compare their molecular composition using cell fractionation and immunodetection techniques. Although the perforatorium is predominantly composed of its endemic protein FABP9/PERF15, immunolocalization indicates that it also shares proteins with the PAS. These include WBP2NL/PAWP, WBP2, GSTO2, and core histones, which have been implicated in early fertilization and zygotic events. The compositional homogeny between the PAS and perforatorium supports our observation that their development is linked. Immunocytochemistry indicates that both PAS and perforatorial biogenesis depend on the transport and deposition of cytosolic proteins by the microtubular manchette. Proteins translocated from the manchette pass ventrally along the spermatid head into the apical perforatorial space prior to PAS deposition in the wake of manchette descent. Our findings demonstrate that the perforatorium and PAS share a mechanism of developmental assembly and thereby contain common proteins that facilitate fertilization.
Exploring a multidimensional representation of documents and queries (2010)

In Information Retrieval (IR), whether implicitly or explicitly, queries and documents are often represented as vectors. However, it may be more beneficial to consider documents and/or queries as multidimensional objects. Our belief is this would allow building truly interactive IR systems, i.e., where interaction is fully incorporated in the IR framework.The probabilistic formalism of quantum physics represents events and densities as multidimensional objects. This paper presents our first step towards building an interactive IR framework upon this formalism, by stating how the first interaction of the retrieval process, when the user types a query, can be formalised.
Endoscopic Interventions for Weight Loss Surgery (2009)

In this paper we review the state-of-the-art in endoscopic interventions for obesity treatment and make best practice recommendations for weight loss surgery (WLS). We performed a systematic search of English-language literature published between April 2004 and June 2008 in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library on WLS and endoscopic interventions, endoscopically placed devices, minimally invasive surgery, image-guided surgery, endoluminal surgery, endoscopic instrumentation, interventional gastroenterology, transluminal surgery, and natural orifice transluminal surgery. We also searched the literature on endoscopic interventions and WLS and patient safety. We identified 36 pertinent articles, all of which were reviewed in detail; assessed the current science in endoscopic interventions for WLS; and made best practice recommendations based on the latest available evidence. Our findings indicate that endoscopic interventions and endoscopically placed devices may provide valuable approaches to the management of WLS complications and the primary management of obesity. Given the rapid changes in endoscopic technologies and techniques, systematic literature review is required to address issues related to the emerging role of endoluminal surgery in the treatment of obesity. These interventions should be a high priority for development and investigation.
Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptides can activate the early components of complement classical pathway in a C1q-independent manner (1999)

beta-Amyloid (beta-A) accumulates in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is presumably involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, on account of its neurotoxicity and complement-activating ability. Although assembly of beta-A in particular aggregates seems to be crucial, soluble non-fibrillar beta-A may also be involved. Non-fibrillar beta-A does not bind C1q, so we investigated alternative mechanisms of beta-A-dependent complement activation in vitro. On incubation with normal human plasma, non-fibrillar beta-A 1-42, and truncated peptide 1-28, induced dose-dependent activation of C1s and C4, sparing C3, as assessed by densitometric analysis of immunostained membrane after SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The mechanism of C4 activation was not dependent on C1q, because non-fibrillar beta-A can still activate C1s and C4 in plasma genetically deficient in C1q (C1qd). In Factor XII-deficient plasma (F.XIId) the amount of cleaved C4 was about 5-10% less that in C1qd and in normal EDTA plasma; the reconstitution of F.XIId plasma with physiologic concentrations of F.XII resulted in an increased (8-15%) beta-A-dependent cleavage of C4. Thus our results indicate that the C1q-independent activation of C1 and C4 can be partially mediated by the activation products of contact system. Since the activation of contact system and of C4 leads to generation of several humoral inflammatory peptides, non-fibrillar beta-A might play a role in initiating the early inflammatory reactions leading to a multistep cascade contributing to neuronal and clinical dysfunction of AD brain.
S‐(E)‐Elenolide: a new constituent of extra virgin olive oil (2019)

S-(E)-Elenolide is a new important substance of olive oil and could be used as marker of high-quality oils with low water content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Growth of GaN Directly on Si(111) Substrate by Controlling Atomic Configuration of Si Surface by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (2006)

The direct growth of a GaN epitaxial layer on a Si(111) substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was performed using a low-temperature (LT)-GaN buffer layer with no Al-containing intermediate layer (e.g., AlN or AlGaN). No deterioration in the Si surface caused by the reaction between Si and Ga vapor was observed. However, when there were Ga droplets on the surface, Ga and Si formed a Ga–Si alloy, which caused the generation of numerous holes on the surface by melt-back etching at high temperatures. In addition, it was revealed that the coverage of the LT-GaN buffer layer on Si was strongly affected by the hydrogen (H2) partial pressure in the carrier gas. Using nitrogen (N2) carrier gas, a complete coverage of the LT-GaN buffer layer could be achieved directly over the Si surface. These features can be explained by the facts that the Si surface is partially terminated by hydrogen atoms and the coverage of hydrogen on Si surface depends on H2 partial pressure.
A Combinatorial Approach to the Study of Particle Size Effects on Supported Electrocatalysts: Oxygen Reduction on Gold (2006)

A novel high-throughput technique has been developed for the investigation of the influence of supported metal particle size and the support on electrocatalytic activity. Arrays with a gradation of catalyst particle sizes are fabricated in a physical vapor deposition system that also allows selection of the support material. Simultaneous electrochemical measurements at all electrodes in the array, together with determination of the actual particle size distribution on each of the electrodes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), then allows rapid determination of the activity as a function of catalyst center size. The procedure is illustrated using data for the reduction of oxygen on gold nanoparticles supported on both substoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO(x)()) and carbon and the conclusions are verified using voltammetry at rotating disk electrodes. Gold centers with diameters in the range 1.4-6.3 nm were investigated and it is demonstrated that, with both supports, the catalytic activity for oxygen reduction decays rapidly for particle sizes below 3.0 nm. This may be observed as a decrease in current at constant potential or an increase in the overpotential for oxygen reduction.
Charge-coupled device (CCD) adaptive discrete analog signal processing (1979)

A CCD adaptive signal processor is described which uses a so-called `clipped-data' least mean square (LMS) error algorithm to optimize the selection of tap weights in a CCD filter. A detailed description of a 16-tap monolithic silicon CCD analog adaptive filter is also presented. The filter is comprised of a basic linear combiner formed with a nondestructively tapped CCD analog delay line and electrically reprogrammable MOS analog conductances as the tap weights. To demonstrate the feasibility of adaptive analog signal processing, a 2-tap weight CCD adaptive filter is described and experimental results presented.
Comparison of metabolism and toxicity to the structure of the anticancer agent sulofenur and related sulfonylureas (1992)

The metabolic formation of p-chloroaniline from the oncolytic agent sulofenur [N-(5-indanesulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea, LY186641,] and from similar diaryl-substituted sulfonylureas, and its possible relevance to the compound's toxicity, was studied. In previous studies it was found that significant amounts of metabolites such as 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate (II), which is also a metabolite of p-chloroaniline, are formed from sulofenur in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans. The metabolism of N-(4-tolyl)-N'-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-urea (V) was studied, and V was not found to be an intermediate in the metabolic formation of II from the sulfonylurea N-(4-tolyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984, III). The amounts of this p-chloroaniline metabolite (II) formed in C3H mice from a series of diarylsulfonylureas were found to correlate with the compound's propensities to form methemoglobin, one notable toxicity of p-chloroaniline. This metabolism was also found to correlate with the structure of the arylsulfonyl moiety of the sulfonylurea. Other evidence supports the hypothesis that p-chloroaniline is directly formed by metabolism of sulfofenur and similar diarylsulfonylureas as well. Metabolic formation of p-chloroaniline thus appears to be a plausible explanation for the methemoglobinemia and anemia found to be dose-limiting toxicities of sulofenur in Phase I trials.
Current Status of COVID‐19 (Pre)Clinical Vaccine Development (2020)

Abstract The current COVID‐19 pandemic has a tremendous impact on daily life world‐wide. Despite the ability to dampen the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of the diseases, through restrictive interventions, it is believed that only effective vaccines will provide sufficient control over the disease and revert societal live back to normal. At present, a double‐digit number of efforts are devoted to the development of a vaccine against COVID‐19. Here, we provide an overview of these (pre)clinical efforts and provide background information on the technologies behind these vaccines. In addition, we discuss potential hurdles that need to be addressed prior to mass scale clinical translation of successful vaccine candidates.
Multimodal Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic Brain Imaging in Small Animals (2021)

Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging has demonstrated versatile applications in biomedical research, visualizing the disease pathophysiology and monitoring the treatment effect in an animal model, as well as toward applications in the clinical setting. Given the complex disease mechanism, multimodal imaging provides important etiological insights with different molecular, structural, and functional readouts <i>in vivo</i>. Various multimodal optoacoustic molecular imaging approaches have been applied in preclinical brain imaging studies, including optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging, optoacoustic imaging/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optoacoustic imaging/MRI/Raman, optoacoustic imaging/positron emission tomography, and optoacoustic/computed tomography. There is a rapid development in molecular imaging contrast agents employing a multimodal imaging strategy for pathological targets involved in brain diseases. Many chemical dyes for optoacoustic imaging have fluorescence properties and have been applied in hybrid optoacoustic/fluorescence imaging. Nanoparticles are widely used as hybrid contrast agents for their capability to incorporate different imaging components, tunable spectrum, and photostability. In this review, we summarize contrast agents including chemical dyes and nanoparticles applied in multimodal optoacoustic brain imaging integrated with other modalities in small animals, and provide outlook for further research.
Instrumentation for advanced processes for coal utilization (1978)

Process control instrumentation for large-scale coal gasification, liquefaction, and fluidized-bed combustion systems is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. Initial focus is on instrumentation to measure mass-flow rates and provide continuous in-stream analysis of solids in solids/fluids streams. These instruments and others are described.