gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AIR: A Fast but Lazy Timing-Driven FPGA Router (2020)

Routing is a key step in the FPGA design process, which significantly impacts design implementation quality. Routing is also very time-consuming, and can scale poorly to very large designs. This paper describes the Adaptive Incremental Router (AIR), a high-performance timing-driven FPGA router. AIR dynamically adapts to the routing problem, which it solves `lazily' to minimize work. Compared to the widely used VPR 7 router, AIR significantly reduces route-time ($7.1 \times$ faster), while also improving quality (15% wirelength, and 18% critical path delay reductions). We also show how these techniques enable efficient incremental improvement of existing routing.
Improving the Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of a Novel Aromatic Aldehyde Antisickling Agent (PP10) for the Treatment of Sickle Cell Disease (2021)

Oral and IV formulations of PP10 were successfully developed using HP-β-CD binary system and TPGS aqueous micelles, respectively, resulting in significantly improved solubility and bioavailability.
764 Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Etrasimod for Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the Open-Label Extension of the OASIS Study (2019)

INTRODUCTION: Etrasimod, a once-daily, oral, selective, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, was previously tested in the 12-week (wk) phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind (DB) OASIS study (NCT02447302) in adults with moderate–to–severe ulcerative colitis (UC). This open-label extension (OLE) study (NCT02536404) evaluated safety/efficacy of etrasimod for an additional 34 wk in OASIS completers. METHODS: All patients completing the DB study could enroll in the OLE and receive etrasimod 2 mg QD for a subsequent 34 wk. Efficacy was summarized in the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population evaluable cohort, which included patients with required assessments who received etrasimod 2 mg throughout the OLE. The treat-through (TT) group received etrasimod 2 mg in both the DB and OLE studies. Endpoints were clinical remission (endoscopic score ≤1 [with absence of friability], rectal bleeding [RB] = 0, and stool frequency [SF] score ≤1 with ≥1 point decrease from DB baseline), clinical response (clinical remission or decrease in modified Mayo Clinic score [endoscopy findings, RB, or SF] of ≥2 points and ≥30% decrease from DB baseline, with either a RB decrease of ≥1 or RB score of ≤1), and endoscopic improvement (subscore ≤1). All statistics are descriptive. End of treatment (EOT) was the last observation for each patient. RESULTS: 118 patients (84% of DB completers) entered the OLE; 112 patients received etrasimod 2 mg at any point in the OLE (safety population), of whom 105 received etrasimod 2 mg throughout the OLE (evaluable cohort), and 92 completed the OLE. At EOT, 70% of patients had a clinical response, increased from 40% at wk 12 (Table 1). Most patients with clinical response, clinical remission, or endoscopic improvement at wk 12 maintained that status at EOT (Table 2). Median lymphocyte reduction from DB baseline was 44.6% at wk 12 with etrasimod 2 mg and 42.9% at EOT in the TT group. In the safety population, 60% experienced ≥1 TEAE (mostly mild or moderate) and 9% stopped study drug due to a TEAE. Of 14 serious TEAEs in 7 patients, only 1 was considered treatment-related (worsening UC). Effects on heart rate and atrioventricular (AV) conduction were minimal; no patients withdrew due to bradycardia or AV block. CONCLUSION: Etrasimod 2 mg showed sustained clinical response, clinical remission, and endoscopic improvement at the end of the OLE. Etrasimod had a favourable long-term safety profile, with most AEs of mild to moderate severity; no new safety findings were reported.
Molecular Basis of the Light-driven Switching of the Photochromic Fluorescent Protein Padron (2010)

Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins can be repeatedly photoswitched between a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent state by irradiation with the light of two different wavelengths. The molecular basis of the switching process remains a controversial topic. Padron0.9 is a reversibly switchable fluorescent protein with "positive" switching characteristics, exhibiting excellent spectroscopic properties. Its chromophore is formed by the amino acids Cys-Tyr-Gly. We obtained high resolution x-ray structures of Padron0.9 in both the fluorescent and the nonfluorescent states and used the structural information for molecular dynamics simulations. We found that in Padron0.9 the chromophore undergoes a cis-trans isomerization upon photoswitching. The molecular dynamics simulations clarified the protonation states of the amino acid residues within the chromophore pocket that influence the protonation state of the chromophore. We conclude that a light driven cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore appears to be the fundamental switching mechanism in all photochromic fluorescent proteins known to date. Distinct absorption cross-sections for the switching wavelengths in the fluorescent and the nonfluorescent state are not essential for efficient photochromism in fluorescent proteins, although they may facilitate the switching process.
Pediatric interstitial lung disease revisited (2004)

The spectrum of pediatric interstitial lung disease (PILD) includes a diverse group of rare disorders characterized by diffuse infiltrates and disordered gas exchange. Children with these conditions typically present with tachypnea, crackles, and hypoxemia. Recent advances have been made in the identification of different types of PILD that are unique to infancy. More exciting has been the discovery of genetic abnormalities of surfactant function, now described in both children and adults. A systematic evaluation of the child presenting with diffuse infiltrates of unknown etiology is essential to the diagnosis. Most often, lung biopsy is required. Current treatment options remain less than satisfactory, and morbidity and mortality remain considerable.
Abstract 11835: Different Dynamic Luminal Compression of Intramural Segment During Cardiac Cycle in Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronary Arteries Revealed by Ivus Gated Sequences (2022)

Introduction: Anomalous Aortic Origin of Coronary Artery (AAOCA) with intramural (IM) segment is associated with risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The pathogenic mechanism is believed to be the IM compression caused by the aorta expansion during effort. However, the IM compression occurrence and magnitude during the cardiac cycle remain unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the IM segment is subjected to dynamic compression during different phases of cardiac cycle with a luminal area and roundness smaller in systole than in end-diastole. Methods: Lumen dynamics was derived from IVUS pullbacks of N=35 AAOCA (N=23 with IM tract) after retrospective image-based gating to identify cardiac cycles. The cyclic change of area (A) and roundness (R=minimum/maximum lumen axis) of ostial, distal IM, and extramural (EM) tracts were described after manual lumen segmentation. The systolic phase was identified, in each patient, by estimating normal PQ and QT intervals from image-based gating. Results are presented with median and interquartile range. One-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p&lt;0.025) assessed differences between systolic and diastolic phases in each tract. Results: A systolic reduction of roundness was observed in ostium [R systole = 0.5 (0.2), R diastole = 0.6 (0.3), flattening: -7% (10), p=0.01] and distal IM segment [R systole = 0.7 (0.2), R diastole = 0.8 (0.2), flattening: -6% (16), p=0.004]. No-IM segments showed normal behaviour and remained circular during the entire cardiac cycle. The distal IM had an area reduction during systole [A systole = 8.3 (2.3) mm 2 , A diastole = 8.1 (2.9) mm 2 , narrowing: -4% (11), p=0.009] that was not observed in all other segments (Figure 1). Conclusion: AAOCA with IM segment has pathological dynamic compression mainly in systole. Studying AAOCA behaviour with IVUS during the cardiac cycle may help to evaluate and quantify the severity of the narrowing.
Large area solar cells for future space power systems (1990)

Space silicon solar cell technology has matured to the extent that large-area planar silicon cells can be fabricated in sizes up to 8 cm*8 cm with efficiencies up to approximately 15%. In order to achieve substantially higher efficiencies, cells based on GaAs are required. It is shown that, subject to certain boundary conditions, the efficiency of GaAs/Ge cells can reach 24% when used in the dual-junction configuration or approximately 19.5% if the Ge substrate is passive. The electrooptical properties of these cells are reviewed, and prospects for achieving these efficiency goals are presented. Experimental performance data are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Forecasting physician workforce requirements (1995)

To the Editor. —In regard to Dr Weiner's 1 article on the physician staffing that will be required with health system reform, I would like to be assured that the comparison of staffing patterns in nephrology between HMOs and the US supply is a valid one. Because the prevalent end-stage renal disease population (in December 1991) was 721 patients per million population 2 and since a substantial fraction of nephrologists' clinical work is in the care of end-stage renal disease patients, it is important to know the prevalence of such patients in the 16 HMOs used for the comparison. In this group, the nephrology staffing was 0.6 to 0.9 nephrologist per 100 000 population compared with 1.1 per 100 000 in the United States. I hope that Weiner will provide this information. The adjusted end-stage renal disease prevalence rate is growing at an average rate of 9.3% per year, but
SrP3N5O: A Highly Condensed Layer Phosphate Structure Solved from a Nanocrystal by Automated Electron Diffraction Tomography (2011)

The oxonitridophosphate SrP(3)N(5)O has been synthesized by heating a multicomponent reactant mixture that consisted of phosphoryl triamide OP(NH(2))(3), thiophosphoryl triamide SP(NH(2))(3), SrS, and NH(4)Cl enclosed in evacuated and sealed silica-glass ampoules up to 750 °C. The compound was obtained as nanocrystalline powder with needle-shaped crystallites. The crystal structure was solved ab initio on the basis of electron diffraction data by means of automated electron diffraction tomography (ADT) and verified by Rietveld refinement with X-ray powder diffraction data. SrP(3)N(5)O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (no. 62) with unit-cell data of a=18.331(2), b=8.086(1), c=13.851(1) Å and Z=16. The compound is a highly condensed layer phosphate with a degree of condensation κ=½. The corrugated layers (∞)(2){(P(3)N(5)O)(2-)} consist of linked, triangular columns built up from P(O,N)(4) tetrahedra with 3-rings and triply binding nitrogen atoms. The Sr(2+) ions are located between the layers and exhibit six-, eight-, and ninefold coordination. FTIR and solid-state NMR spectra of SrP(3)N(5)O are discussed as well.
Superconducting detector for visible and near-infrared quantum emitters [Invited] (2017)

Further development of quantum emitter based communication and sensing applications intrinsically depends on the availability of robust single-photon detectors. Here, we demonstrate a new generation of superconducting single-photon detectors specifically optimized for the 500–1100 nm wavelength range, which overlaps with the emission spectrum of many interesting solid-state atom-like systems, such as nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers in diamond. The fabricated detectors have a wide dynamic range (up to 350 million counts per second), low dark count rate (down to 0.1 counts per second), excellent jitter (62 ps), and the possibility of on-chip integration with a quantum emitter. In addition to performance characterization, we tested the detectors in real experimental conditions involving nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy emitters enhanced by a hyperbolic metamaterial.
Bulk properties of two-phase disordered media. II. Effective conductivity of a dilute dispersion of penetrable spheres (1985)

The calculation of the effective electrical conductivity σ* of a dilute dispersion of equisized spheres of radius R distributed with arbitrary degree of penetrability is considered. It is demonstrated that σ*, through second order in the inclusion volume fraction φ2, can be written in terms of the zero-density limits of the pair-connectedness and pair-blocking functions, and certain polarizability tensors which involve one and two inclusions. Rigorous upper and lower bounds on σ*, through order φ22, are shown to depend upon, among other quantities, the aforementioned pair distribution functions and are evaluated for two models: an interpenetrable-sphere model and a certain sphere distribution in which the minimum distance between sphere centers is greater than or equal to 2R. An approximate expression obtained for the low-density expansion of σ* for dispersions of penetrable spheres always lies between the derived bounds on σ*. The study demonstrates that the effect of connectivity of the inclusion phase on σ*, through second order in φ2, can be substantial relative to the conductivity of dispersions of spheres characterized by a pair-connectedness function that is zero for all sphere separations.
Hardware-assisted 3D TCAD for predictive capacitance extraction in 32nm SOI SRAMs (2011)

A comprehensive technology-node/process/layout-independent TCAD flow for guiding FEOL/BEOL analysis/design of 32nm SOI SRAMs is presented using, for the first time, iterative 3D TCAD capacitance extraction assisted by hardware data. The methodology is unique in the industry, giving insight into FEOL/BEOL components independently, when total capacitance is the only experimentally measurable quantity. 32nm SOI simulations from the flow are in excellent agreement with hardware data for two different 6T SRAM macros in the same process. In particular, they isolate the FEOL component, consisting mainly of junction capacitance, as the dominant factor affecting total bitline capacitance variation across wafers, owing to the sensitivity to body doping. Leveraging hardware data, the method is able to effectively predict other key capacitances (e.g., wordline) of generic layouts in the same process, thereby reducing the silicon footprint (cost) for test structures during early phases of technology development.
Data from Phyllanthusmin Derivatives Induce Apoptosis and Reduce Tumor Burden in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer by Late-Stage Autophagy Inhibition (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a lethal gynecological malignancy with a need for new therapeutics. Many of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs are derived from natural products or their semi-synthetic derivatives. We have developed potent synthetic analogues of a class of compounds known as phyllanthusmins, inspired by natural products isolated from &lt;i&gt;Phyllanthus poilanei&lt;/i&gt; Beille. The most potent analogue, PHY34, had the highest potency in HGSOC cell lines &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and displayed cytotoxic activity through activation of apoptosis. PHY34 exerts its cytotoxic effects by inhibiting autophagy at a late stage in the pathway, involving the disruption of lysosomal function. The autophagy activator, rapamycin, combined with PHY34 eliminated apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy inhibition may be required for apoptosis. PHY34 was readily bioavailable through intraperitoneal administration &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; where it significantly inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines in hollow fibers, as well as reduced tumor burden in a xenograft model. We demonstrate that PHY34 acts as a late-stage autophagy inhibitor with nanomolar potency and significant antitumor efficacy as a single agent against HGSOC &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. This class of compounds holds promise as a potential, novel chemotherapeutic and demonstrates the effectiveness of targeting the autophagic pathway as a viable strategy for combating ovarian cancer. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 17(10); 2123–35. ©2018 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Development and Demonstration of a Prototype Solar Methane Reforming System for Thermochemical Energy Storage -- Including Preliminary Shakedown Testing Results (2011)

12 Infinia Corporation This paper reports on the design, fabrication and preliminary testing of a solar steam- methane reforming system including a parabolic dish solar concentrator, the endothermic chemical reactor and associated heat exchangers. During shakedown testing, methane conversions exceeded 90% and solar-to-chemical energy conversions of about 63 ± 4% were obtained, based on the change in the higher heating value of the stream. Potential applications include thermochemical energy storage for concentrating solar power generation facilities and solar augments of fossil and biomass fuels for power generation and/or synthetic fuel production.
Development of a Microfluidic Front-End, Sample-Processing Subsystem (2020)

One of the highest science risks during NASA missions involving living organisms, including the search for them and/or their biomarkers or signatures, is the quality and reliability of sample preparation and handling prior to in-situ analysis (1; 2). Afluidic instrument is being developed, Charged Info-storage Polymer Prep System (ChIPPS), that will enable automated preparation of an environmental sample by extracting, concentrating, and desalting information-storage polymers. Linear charged polymers with multiple functional block types—typified by, though not limited to, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA— are a class of molecules understood to be necessary for life’s function and replication (3). The capability to characterize charged polymers for detecting biosignatures is driven by the emergence of nanopore technology. ChIPPS will prepare environmental samples for downstream delivery to biosignatures detection instruments, such as those being developed using nanopore technologies. References: (1) La Duc, M.T.et al."Comparative analysis of methods for the purification of DNA from low‐bio-mass samples based on total yield and conserved microbial diversity," JRapid Methods &amp; Automation Microbio17.3(2009): 350-68. (2) Salmon, K.et al."Global gene expression profiling in Escherichia coliK12 the effects of oxy-gen availability and FNR," J.BioChem278.32(2003): 29837-55. (3) Benner, Steven A., and Daniel Hutter. "Phosphates, DNA, and the search for nonterrean life: A second generation model for genetic molecules," BioorgChem30.1(2002): 62-80
Thermal Budget Limits of Quarter-Micrometer Foundry CMOS for Post-Processing MEMS Devices (2005)

Thermal budget limits for low stand-by power ( LSP), 0.25 /spl mu/m foundry CMOS devices have been investigated, in order to assess the impact of post-processing microelectromechanical devices devices. Resistance increases for vias (metal-to-metal contacts) rather than transistor-performance shifts limits the post-processing thermal budget. An empirical relation is found to predict the via resistance increase for various annealing conditions, based on third-order reactions of vacancies supplied by surface diffusion of metal atoms. The resistance increase is strongly dependent on annealing time and temperature. With a criterion of 10% increase, 6 h at 425/spl deg/C, 1 h at 450/spl deg/C, and 0.5 h at 475/spl deg/C are the maximum allowable thermal budgets, respectively. Electromigration (EM) of via chain structures was also evaluated, and after annealing for 6h at 425/spl deg/C showed only a 33% decrease in the EM lifetime.
Electrical Design for 5G Hardware—Digital Focus (2018)

This chapter begins with an introduction to printed circuit board (PCB), since it provides a platform on which a packaged integrated circuit (IC) communicates with another packaged IC. It concentrates on electrical design for some key hardware used in a mobile phone. Electrical designs in the chapter are based on Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. Modal analysis in the chapter provides a mathematical reasoning for the existence of differential signals. The chapter focuses on the signal transmission types, signal integrity for IC-package co-design, and bandwidth for through silicon via (TSV), as applied in wide I/O and also focuses on digital design. It also explains a few examples of co-designs, and obtains RF models for the first level interconnections, wirebond and flip chip bumps, since they represent parasitic effects that cannot be ignored at RF frequencies.
Estimates of power requirements for a manned Mars rover powered by a nuclear reactor (1991)

This paper assesses the power requirement for a Manned Mars Rover vehicle. Auxiliary power needs are fulfilled using a hybrid solar photovoltaic/regenerative fuel cell system, while the primary power needs are met using an SP‐100 type reactor. The primary electric power needs, which include 30‐kWe net user power, depend on the reactor thermal power and the efficiency of the power conversion system. Results show that an SP‐100 type reactor coupled to a Free Piston Stirling Engine (FPSE) yields the lowest total vehicle mass and lowest specific mass for the power system. The second lowest mass was for a SP‐100 reactor coupled to a Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) using He/Xe as the working fluid. The specific mass of the nuclear reactor power systrem, including a man‐rated radiation shield, ranged from 150‐kg/kWe to 190‐kg/kWe and the total mass of the Rover vehicle varied depend upon the cruising speed.
Thermal effect depends on focus position in CW single-pass high power SHG in PPMg: SLT (2009)

We investigated the properties of single-pass second-harmonic generation of CW 532 nm radiation with a single frequency Nd:YAG laser by QPM in Mg:SLT. SHG upper limit can be increased by shifting the focus position.
Multiple retinal emboli following a new carotid stenting procedure. (2006)

This report discusses the observation of multiple retinal emboli following placement of a new carotid stenting device. Especially dense plaques in the carotid artery can shatter into dust-like particles that may be fine enough to penetrate the filter of the new device, thus posing the danger of retinal perfusion.