gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling misses and false alarms in a machine learning framework for predicting uniformity of printed pages (2015)

In our previous work<sup>1</sup> , we presented a block-based technique to analyze printed page uniformity both visually and metrically. The features learned from the models were then employed in a Support Vector Machine (SVM) framework to classify the pages into one of the two categories of acceptable and unacceptable quality. In this paper, we introduce a set of tools for machine learning in the assessment of printed page uniformity. This work is primarily targeted to the printing industry, specifically the ubiquitous laser, electrophotographic printer. We use features that are well-correlated with the rankings of expert observers to develop a novel machine learning framework that allows one to achieve the minimum "false alarm" rate, subject to a chosen "miss" rate. Surprisingly, most of the research that has been conducted on machine learning does not consider this framework. During the process of developing a new product, test engineers will print hundreds of test pages, which can be scanned and then analyzed by an autonomous algorithm. Among these pages, most may be of acceptable quality. The objective is to find the ones that are not. These will provide critically important information to systems designers, regarding issues that need to be addressed in improving the printer design. A "miss" is defined to be a page that is not of acceptable quality to an expert observer that the prediction algorithm declares to be a "pass". Misses are a serious problem, since they represent problems that will not be seen by the systems designers. On the other hand, "false alarms" correspond to pages that an expert observer would declare to be of acceptable quality, but which are flagged by the prediction algorithm as "fails". In a typical printer testing and development scenario, such pages would be examined by an expert, and found to be of acceptable quality after all. "False alarm" pages result in extra pages to be examined by expert observers, which increases labor cost. But "false alarms" are not nearly as catastrophic as "misses", which represent potentially serious problems that are never seen by the systems developers. This scenario motivates us to develop a machine learning framework that will achieve the minimum "false alarm" rate subject to a specified "miss" rate. In order to construct such a set of receiver operating characteristic<sup>2</sup> (ROC) curves, we examine various tools for the prediction, ranging from an exhaustive search over the space of the nonlinear discriminants to a Cost-Sentitive SVM<sup>3</sup> framework. We then compare the curves gained from those methods. Our work shows promise for applying a standard framework to obtain a full ROC curve when it comes to tackling other machine learning problems in industry.
Measure of synchrony in the activity of intrinsic cardiac neurons (2014)

Recent multielectrode array recordings in ganglionated plexi of canine atria have opened the way to the study of population dynamics of intrinsic cardiac neurons. These data provide critical insights into the role of local processing that these ganglia play in the regulation of cardiac function. Low firing rates, marked non-stationarity, interplay with the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and artifacts generated by myocardial activity create new constraints not present in brain recordings for which almost all neuronal analysis techniques have been developed. We adapted and extended the jitter-based synchrony index (SI) to (1) provide a robust and computationally efficient tool for assessing the level and statistical significance of SI between cardiac neurons, (2) estimate the bias on SI resulting from neuronal activity possibly hidden in myocardial artifacts, (3) quantify the synchrony or anti-synchrony between neuronal activity and the phase in the cardiac and respiratory cycles. The method was validated on firing time series from a total of 98 individual neurons identified in 8 dog experiments. SI ranged from -0.14 to 0.66, with 23 pairs of neurons with SI > 0.1. The estimated bias due to artifacts was typically <1%. Strongly cardiovascular- and pulmonary-related neurons (SI > 0.5) were found. Results support the use of jitter-based SI in the context of intrinsic cardiac neurons.
Lithography with the scanning tunneling microscope (1986)

In a recent paper [McCord and Pease, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 3, 198 (1985)] we described how it should be possible to generate, for lithography and other materials processing, an electron beam with an extraordinary combination of high current (&amp;gt;1 mA), low voltage (&amp;lt;100 V) and small diameter (&amp;lt;0.1 μm) using a modified scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operating in the field emission mode. To test this prediction we have built a modified STM onto the stage of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) so that we can monitor system geometry. The tip, an etched tungsten wire, can be manually moved in the z direction (normal to the target) for coarse motion and three PZT piezoelectric transducers allow 10 μm travel in the x, y, and z directions. A feedback system stabilizes the field emission current (and hence the tip-to-target spacing). We have obtained beams with currents from 1 nA to several microamps at voltages from 1 to 1000 V. We have used the beam to produce lines of contamination on a gold film; the contamination was then used as a mask against sputter etching to produce gold lines. In addition we have exposed a Langmuir–Blodgett resist film. In both cases we have produced sub-tenth-micron lines.
Emerging Atomic Energy Levels in Zero-Dimensional Silicon Quantum Dots (2020)

Driven by the emergence of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) of tunable emission wavelengths, characteristic of exciton absorption peaks, outstanding photostability and solution processability in device fabrication have become a key tool in the development of nanomedicine and optoelectronics. Diamond cubic crystalline silicon (Si) QDs, with a diameter larger than 2 nm, terminated with hydrogen atoms are known to exhibit bulk-inherited spin and valley properties. Herein, we demonstrate a newly discovered size region of Si QDs, in which a fast radiative recombination on the order of hundreds of picoseconds is responsible for photoluminescence (PL). Despite retaining a crystallographic structure like the bulk, controlling their diameters in the 1.1-1.7 nm range realizes the strong PL with continuous spectral tunability in the 530-580 nm window, the narrow spectral line widths without emission tails, and the fast relaxation of photogenerated carriers. In contrast, QDs with diameters greater than 1.8 nm display the decay times on the microsecond order as well as the previous Si QDs. In addition to the five-orders-of-magnitude variation in the PL decay time, a systematic study on the temperature dependence of PL properties suggests that the energy structure of the smaller QDs does not retain an indirect band gap character. It is discussed that a 1.7 nm diameter is critical to undergo changes in energy structure from bulky to molecular configurations.
Improved mode stability in low threshold single quantum well native-oxide defined vertical-cavity lasers (1994)

Single quantum well active region vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) fabricated using a ‘‘native-oxide’’ technique are compared with three quantum well active region VCSELs. The single quantum well active region exhibits improved transverse mode stability under a variety of operating conditions. The suggested reason is due to the reduced gain of the single quantum well, which results in greater lasing mode selectivity. For the single quantum well active region, a continuous wave threshold current of 178 μA at room temperature is measured for a 5 μm diam VCSEL and a pulsed threshold of 160 μA.
Athila4 of Arabidopsis and Calypso of Soybean Define a Lineage of Endogenous Plant Retroviruses (2001)

The Athila retroelements of Arabidopsis thaliana encode a putative envelope gene, suggesting that they are infectious retroviruses. Because most insertions are highly degenerate, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of the A. thaliana genome sequence to discern their conserved features. One family (Athila4) was identified whose members are largely intact and share >94% nucleotide identity. As a basis for comparison, related elements (the Calypso elements) were characterized from soybean. Consensus Calypso and Athila4 elements are 12-14 kb in length and have long terminal repeats of 1.3-1.8 kb. Gag and Pol are encoded on a single open reading frame (ORF) of 1801 (Calypso) and 1911 (Athila4) amino acids. Following the Gag-Pol ORF are noncoding regions of ~0.7 and 2 kb, which, respectively, flank the env-like gene. The env-like ORF begins with a putative splice acceptor site and encodes a protein with a predicted central transmembrane domain, similar to retroviral env genes. RNA of Athila elements was detected in an A. thaliana strain with decreased DNA methylation (ddm1). Additionally, a PCR survey identified related reverse transcriptases in diverse angiosperm genomes. Their ubiquitous nature and the potential for horizontal transfer by infection implicates these endogenous retroviruses as important vehicles for plant genome evolution.
Enzymes, Extremely Thermostable (1999)

Introduction Extremely Thermostable Enzyme Discovery Direct Purification From Extreme Thermophile Biomass Expression Cloning Sequence Analysis of Genomic DNA Enzymes from Extreme Thermophiles General Characteristics Enzymes from Extreme Thermophiles Involved in Intermediate Metabolism Proteases from Extreme Thermophiles Glycosyl Hydrolases from Extreme Thermophiles Mechanisms of Thermostability Intrinsic Factors Influencing Protein Stability Extrinsic Factors Influencing Protein Stability Recombinant Extremely Thermophilic Enzymes Uses of Extremely Thermostable Enzymes General Considerations Polymerase Chain Reaction Replacements of Existing Industrial Enzymes New Opportunities Summary Bibliography
Role of Antibodies in Controlling Viral Disease: Lessons from Experiments of Nature and Gene Knockouts (2000)

While the role of antibodies in preventing virus infection and reinfection is unquestionable, their contribution to the resolution of viral disease is much more controversial. When humoral deficiencies, in particular Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) ([8][1]), were initially described, it
Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors (2014)

We analyze the contributions of quality factor, fill fraction, and group index of chip-integrated resonance microcavity devices, to the detection limit for bulk chemical sensing and the minimum detectable biomolecule concentration in biosensing. We analyze the contributions from analyte absorbance, as well as from temperature and spectral noise. Slow light in two-dimensional photonic crystals provide opportunities for significant reduction of the detection limit below 1 × 10<sup>-7</sup> RIU (refractive index unit) which can enable highly sensitive sensors in diverse application areas. We demonstrate experimentally detected concentration of 1 fM (67 fg/ml) for the binding between biotin and avidin, the lowest reported till date.
Synthesis and some pharmacological activities of [2-L-valine]-oxytocin and [2-L-leucine]-oxytocin (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and some pharmacological activities of [2-L-valine]-oxytocin and [2-L-leucine]-oxytocinVictor J. Hruby and Vincent Du VigneaudCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1969, 12, 5, 731–733Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00305a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00305a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sinusoidal Input Current and Average Speed Control of a Single-Phase Supplied Three-Phase Inverter Drive Without Electrolytic Capacitor (2018)

Single-phase supplied variable speed drives are mostly realized as two-stage systems comprising a single-phase PFC rectifier and a three-phase inverter stage. The intrinsic power pulsation of single-phase converters with twice the grid frequency is typically buffered by a bulky electrolytic DC-link capacitor, which is a major drawback concerning converter volume, costs and especially lifetime. Therefore, this paper presents a novel and simple implementation of a Machine-integrated Power Pulsation Buffer (MPPB) concept, which utilizes the inertia of the rotating mass as an energy storage to cover a part or the full input power pulsation. This allows to either reduce or even eliminate the electrolytic capacitor resulting in a smaller and cheaper converter system with increased lifetime. The proposed MPPB control concept is fully implemented in software, which means that only simple couplings are added to the control structure. Since the hardware remains unaffected, this concept can also be easily applied to already existing drive systems. In addition to the derivation of the control scheme, the proper operation of the MPPB is verified for steady-state and transient operation by circuit simulations.
Subsediment Seismic Explosions Do Not Injure Caged Fishes in a Freshwater Reservoir (1993)

ABSTRACT Floating cages with largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish, were placed directly above and at distances of 7.6, 30.5, 53.3, and 91.4 m from two shot holes, drilled 27.4 and 33.5 m into the sediment of Lake-of-the-Pines, Texas. The holes were charged with 4.5 and 9.1 kg of dynamite and the resulting explosions produced no more than 0.37 kg/cm2 pressure changes at any measured distance. No immediate mortalities or internal injuries to any fish were observed.
What if you had a flood in your computer room? (1996)

Deals with the dangers to computer systems from flooding and water‐related hazards which so far appear to have been underestimated, and offers preventive and remedial advice to companies which may find themselves in such a position.
A Simple and Versatile Field Prediction Model for Indoor and Indoor-to-Outdoor Propagation (2017)

A simple field prediction model based on a combination of a two-parameter propagation formula and a multi-wall model is proposed for fast and yet accurate indoor and indoor-to-outdoor field prediction. The model's approach is based on: simplicity; physical soundness; and adaptability to the available environment-database format. The model is validated versus both ray tracing and measurements in different environments and it is shown to perform very well in all cases. Moreover, the model is very fast and can exploit the accuracy plus of deterministic prediction based on the 3-D indoor building map whenever it is available.
Spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers with optical feedback (1982)

Optical feedback-induced changes in the output spectra of several GaAlAs lasers operating at 0.83 μm are described. The feedback radiation obtained from a mirror 60 cm away from the laser is controlled in intensity and phase. Spectral line narrowing or broadening is observed in each laser depending on the feedback conditions. Minimum linewidths observed with feedback are less than 100 kHz. Improved wavelength stability is also obtained with optical feedback resulting in 15 dB less phase noise. An analytical model for the three-mirror cavity is developed to explain these observations.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular C‐Glycosylation of a Novel Carbohydrate‐Derived Phosphinite. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS OF INTERFACES, THIN LIQUID FILMS AND MEMBRANE (1997)

Abstract First we review some recent studies devoted to the role of surface moments (torques) in the mechanics and thermodynamics of fluid interfaces of arbitrary shape. The presence of bending and torsion moments leads to a difference between the mechanical and thermodynamical surface tensions and shear stresses. Next we review recent results in the mechanics of thin liquid films and the transition region film-Plateau border. Line and transversal tensions are assigned as excesses on the contact line. The transversal tension accounts for the attractive forces in the transition zone. Experiments with floating bubbles show that the movement of the contact line can lead to non-equilibrium values of the line tension, which can be interpreted in terms of a plastic deformation.
Effect of Nitrofurazone or Novobiocin on Salmonella enteritidis Cecal Colonization and Organ Invasion in Leghorn Hens (1992)

Nitrofurazone (433 mg/liter drinking water) administration to leghorn laying hens for 72 hours with a 48-hour withdrawal period before nitrofurazone-sensitive Salmonella enteritidis challenge resulted in a S. enteritidis culture-positive rate significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than that of unmedicated controls when hens were cultured 6 days following challenge. In a similar experiment, simultaneous nitrofurazone administration and S. enteritidis challenge resulted in no significant differences in S. enteritidis isolation frequency. However, unchallenged nitrofurazone-medicated contact control hens showed a significantly higher S. enteritidis culture-positive rate than the unchallenged unmedicated controls. This increase in apparent S. enteritidis susceptibility was associated with significantly lower cecal propionic acid and fewer anaerobic colony-forming units (CFU). In a third experiment, nitrofurazone treatment had no effect when the antibiotic was withdrawn 72 hours before S. enteritidis challenge. In a subsequent experiment, novobiocin (385 mg/kg) or nitrofurazone (300 mg/kg) was administered to adult hens for 7 days before challenge with nitrofurazone and novobiocin-resistant S. enteritidis. Both nitrofurazone and novobiocin administration resulted in a significantly higher S. enteritidis culture-positive rate than unmedicated controls at end of the experiment 7 days post-challenge. Results indicate that administration of some antibiotics may enhance susceptibility to S. enteritidis in leghorn hens.
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in F-Doped Optical Fibers and Its Dependences on Strain and Temperature (2008)

Our study proves that F-doped fibers have almost the same Brillouin gain-coefficient as that of GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -doped fibers. The sensitivity of acoustic resonance frequency on strain/temperature shows a dependence on fluorine-concentration opposite to that on germanium-concentration.
LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications (2022)

We present LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applications. LaMDA is a family of Transformer-based neural language models specialized for dialog, which have up to 137B parameters and are pre-trained on 1.56T words of public dialog data and web text. While model scaling alone can improve quality, it shows less improvements on safety and factual grounding. We demonstrate that fine-tuning with annotated data and enabling the model to consult external knowledge sources can lead to significant improvements towards the two key challenges of safety and factual grounding. The first challenge, safety, involves ensuring that the model's responses are consistent with a set of human values, such as preventing harmful suggestions and unfair bias. We quantify safety using a metric based on an illustrative set of human values, and we find that filtering candidate responses using a LaMDA classifier fine-tuned with a small amount of crowdworker-annotated data offers a promising approach to improving model safety. The second challenge, factual grounding, involves enabling the model to consult external knowledge sources, such as an information retrieval system, a language translator, and a calculator. We quantify factuality using a groundedness metric, and we find that our approach enables the model to generate responses grounded in known sources, rather than responses that merely sound plausible. Finally, we explore the use of LaMDA in the domains of education and content recommendations, and analyze their helpfulness and role consistency.
Caspase-3 Is the Primary Activator of Apoptotic DNA Fragmentation via DNA Fragmentation Factor-45/Inhibitor of Caspase-activated DNase Inactivation (1999)

Caspase-3 initiates apoptotic DNA fragmentation by proteolytically inactivating DFF45 (DNA fragmentation factor-45)/ICAD (inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase), which releases active DFF40/CAD (caspase-activated DNase), the inhibitor's associated endonuclease. Here, we examined whether other apoptotic proteinases initiated DNA fragmentation via DFF45/ICAD inactivation. In a cell-free assay, caspases-3, -6, -7, -8, and granzyme B initiated benzoyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp (DEVD) cleaving caspase activity, DFF45/ICAD inactivation, and DNA fragmentation, but calpain and cathepsin D failed to initiate these events. Strikingly, only the DEVD cleaving caspases, caspase-3 and caspase-7, inactivated DFF45/ICAD and promoted DNA fragmentation in an in vitro DFF40/CAD assay, suggesting that granzyme B, caspase-6, and caspase-8 promote DFF45/ICAD inactivation and DNA fragmentation indirectly by activating caspase-3 and/or caspase-7. In vitro, however, caspase-3 inactivated DFF45/ICAD and promoted DNA fragmentation more effectively than caspase-7 and endogenous levels of caspase-7 failed to inactivate DFF45/ICAD in caspase-3 null MCF7 cells and extracts. Together, these data suggest that caspase-3 is the primary inactivator of DFF45/ICAD and therefore the primary activator of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
Advanced direct-water-cool power module having pinfin heatsink with low pressure drop and high heat transfer (2013)

In the direct-water-cooled power module, there is a small gap between the heatsink and the channel wall. This gap results in bypass flow that reduces the pressure drop while maintaining high heat transfer. In this paper, we discuss the effect of this gap on both pressure drop and heat transfer over pinfin heatsinks using our semi-analytical model based on mass, momentum, and energy conservation within two control volumes. The first control volume in the model is located within the finned area, and the second one is located in the gap between the tip of the pins and the flow channel. Dimensionless pressure drops could be predicted within an error of 30%, and the predicted Nusselt numbers agreed within an error of 50%.