gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of plasma-induced &#x201C;Si recess structure&#x201D; and its effects on threshold voltage variability in advanced MOSFETs (2009)

Si recess structure formed by plasma-induced physical damage and its effects on the device performance were studied. The depth of Si recess region (d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> ) was determined from the experiments by using an inductively coupled plasma reactor with simple Ar gas mixtures. Threshold voltage shift (DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) of n-ch MOSFETs with the recess structure was modeled by using device simulation for various d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> . The plasma-induced recess structure was found to strongly affect DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> and the off-state leakage current. The |DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> | increases with the increase in d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> and the decrease in gate length L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> . From the plasma diagnostics, the correlation between DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> and plasma parameters was investigated. The results imply that the plasma-induced damage also enhances V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> (DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> )-variability in advanced devices.
The structure of poly(D-(-)-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate). A refinement based on the Rietveld method (1988)

The crystal structure of optically active microbial poly(D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyrate) has been refined with the Rietveld whole-fitting method applied to powder X-ray diffraction data. This natually occurring polymer gives rise to a very crystalline phase and therefore to very detailed and resolved powder profiles. Reliability of the refinement is discussed in relation to results obtained from previous studies on oriented-fiber diffraction patterns. The conclusion is that well-detailed powder profile data are highly discriminatory toward structural models not very dissimilar from each other. This result is considered an encouraging step toward a more general assessment of the accuracy of structural parameters obtained from best fitting of powder X-ray diffraction profiles.
Overexpression of the αvβ6 Integrin in Endometrial Cancer (2008)

The alpha(v)beta(6) integrin (alphavbeta6) has been shown to be up-regulated in adenocarcinoma of the breast, colon, stomach, and ovary, generally reflecting a more aggressive phenotype. Expression in endometrial cancer has not been reported. We analyzed alphavbeta6 expression in the tissue from primary endometrial carcinomas (endometrioid type) using a mouse monoclonal antibody against human alphavbeta6, and correlated the findings with grade, stage, and nodal involvement. Normal cycling endometrium was studied for comparison. alphavbeta6 was only weakly expressed in normal epithelium and infrequently expressed in precancers, but up-regulated in the majority of endometrial carcinomas, especially with high grade. Nodal metastases strongly expressed alphavbeta6, even when the primary tumor showed only focal expression. No correlation was found between expression and depth of invasion or the presence of metastases. Overexpression of alphavbeta6 in endometrial carcinoma is common. Expression is high in metastatic lesions. The level of expression of the primary tumor was not indicative of the presence of nodal metastasis; however, the number of cases with nodal metastases was limited.
Aroma characterization of tangerine hybrids by gas‐chromatography–olfactometry and sensory evaluation (2011)

There was no one compound characteristic of tangerine flavor. Nevertheless, each sample sensory characteristic could be explained by a set of aroma-active volatile compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Receptor‐Based Modeling and 3D‐QSAR for a Quantitative Production of the Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Based on Genetic Algorithm. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Photochromism of doped terbium gallium garnet (2006)

In order to understand the photochromic effect in terbium gallium garnet doubly doped with calcium and cerium, the spectral characteristics of absorption changes induced by heating and irradiation are studied. Based on the findings we conclude that the photochromic band at $420\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ originates from defects involving ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{4+}$. Previously the band was attributed to ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$. Two possible models are suggested and discussed, both of which are in agreement with the obtained experimental results.
In Defense of the Unprovability of the Church-Turing Thesis. (2010)

One of us has previously argued that the Church-Turing Thesis (CTT), contra Elliot Mendelson, is not provable, and is — in light of the mind’s ability to effortlessly hypercompute — moreover false. But a new, more serious challenge has appeared on the scene: an attempt by Peter Smith to prove CTT. His reasoning is an ingenious “squeezing argument” that makes crucial use of Kolmogorov-Uspenskii (KU) machines. We analyze Smith’s case, and in light of three objections find it wanting. We end by briefly pointing to our next steps in a thorough evaluation of all published attempts to prove CTT.
Application of in-situ aberration measurements to pattern-specific imaging optimization (2003)

With the advent of in-situ aberration measurement, users may now gather a 'snapshot’ of a given lens’ aberration fingerprint following installation of the exposure tool in their fab. This paper will detail how this information may be used as input data into an optimization routine whose final output is a set of lens adjustments that will yield improved imaging performance. It will be shown that a lens with many reliable degrees of adjustment freedom can offer a wide range of optimization options. For example, for some process levels, a fixed focus latitude requirement is well defined, and it often is desirable to optimize the CD distribution over that available focus range. For other levels, there may be a strict 'image shift’ requirement over a specified focus range. In general, such optimization should include some combination of imaging performance targets. Within some limits, the user may specify the imaging performance priorities, and an optimization routine can be executed. The optimization routine may in principle allow manipulation of all available lens adjustment degrees of freedom, ending with a lens adjustment prescription that delivers the optimum result in terms of the user-specified priorities. Examples of such optimization, showing the expected improvement in the imaging performance, will be presented through image simulation results.
Contemporary use trends and survival outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy or bladder‐preservation therapy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (2017)

In the National Cancer Data Base, receipt of BPT was associated with decreased OS compared with RC in patients with stage II to III urothelial carcinoma. Increasingly stringent definitions of BPT and more rigorous statistical methods adjusting for selection biases attenuated observed survival differences. Cancer 2017;123:4337-45. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Shearing Interferometer for Quantifying the Coherence of Hard X-Ray Beams (2005)

We report a quantitative measurement of the full transverse coherence function of the 14.4 keV x-ray radiation produced by an undulator at the Swiss Light Source. An x-ray grating interferometer consisting of a beam splitter phase grating and an analyzer amplitude grating has been used to measure the degree of coherence as a function of the beam separation out to 30 microm. Importantly, the technique provides a model-free and spatially resolved measurement of the complex coherence function and is not restricted to high resolution detectors and small fields of view. The spatial characterization of the wave front has important applications in discovering localized defects in beam line optics.
Testing of Fixed Broadband Wireless Systems at 5.8 GHZ (2006)

The advent of 802.16-2004 standard for wireless metro area network (MAN) has created interest amongst telecom service providers. Equipment manufacturers are already marketing point-to-point and point-to-multipoint broadband wireless systems in the 5.8 GHz unlicensed band for fixed applications. Before deploying on a large scale, a precise estimate of capacity and coverage of these systems is needed. This report gives an insight on expected throughput and performance for equipment based on 802.16-2004, using TDD, OFDM, 256 FFT, and many of the WiMAX choices made for use at 5.8 GHz. Tests are setup in different environments, in the lab and outdoors: we first report on a study in a controlled lab environment, where radio multipaths and fades are generated by a channel emulator, simulating Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models; then the same radio system is tested for throughput in a suburban area in Denver. The two experiments are compared.
Acoustic Characterization of a 32 × 32 Element PZT-on-ASIC Matrix Transducer for 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography (2017)

Echocardiography is a portable, safe, and low-cost imaging technique for accurate assessment of the heart. In transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) the esophagus is utilized as the imaging window to examine the cardiac anatomy and function. In conventional TEE probes, a one-dimensional (1D) ultrasound array is employed to obtain two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional images of the heart. Since cardiac morphology, leakage of valves and function of the outflow tracts are all three-dimensional (3D) phenomena, it is beneficial to interpret them from 3D images. Therefore, there is high clinical demand for matrix TEE probes that are capable of providing real-time volumetric images [1]. Several matrix arrays (Philips X7-2t, Siemens V5M TEE, General Electric 6VTD) have been developed for this purpose, however all of them are large in size (~10 cm3) and uncomfortable to use on non-anesthetized patients [2]. We aim to develop a matrix TEE probe with a small head volume (&amp;lt;1 cm3), which is suitable for long term monitoring of cardiac system on adults and in babies. We have developed a prototype of a small matrix TEE probe, which consists of a piezoelectric matrix transducer directly mounted on an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The ASIC performs the task of micro-beamforming, signal amplification and efficient data reduction. The piezoelectric matrix array consist of a 32×32 PZT elements with a pitch of 150 μm × 150 μm. The transmit aperture consists of 8×8 elements at the centre of the array, which are directly wired out to the ultrasound system. The remaining 864 elements are used in receive and are organized in 96 sub-arrays of 3×3 elements to reduce the cable count with a factor of 9. The signals from the individual elements in a sub-array are combined to a single output signal using a micro-beamformer on the ASIC. The micro-beamformer allows pre-steering of 0◦, ±17◦, and ±37◦ angles in both lateral and elevation directions. By recording datasets for different pre-steering angles, and by processing and combining them, a large volume image can be constructed. Acoustic performance of the prototype is evaluated in a water tank. The transmit transfer function of a single element is measured by applying a 20 cycle sinusoidal voltage, sweeping from 3 to 8 MHz with steps of 50 kHz. The output pressure is recorded by a calibrated hydrophone. It is found that the transducer has a central frequency of 5 MHz, a bandwidth of 40% and a transmit efficiency of 6.4 kPa/V (at 51 mm). To characterize the micro-beamforming function, three delay angles of 0◦, 17◦ and 37◦ were programmed. While transmitting with a well-defined external source, the output voltage from a sub-group was recorded from -50◦ to +50◦ degrees. We observe that the theoretical values of the beam profile agree well with the measurement results, especially with regard to the position of the grating lobes and side lobes.
Expression of ApoE Gene in Chinese Hamster Cells with a Reversible Defect in O-Glycosylation (1989)

The effects of O-glycosylation on the synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein E (apoE, a glycoprotein with O- but not N-linked sugars) were studied with a UDP-galactose/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-epimerase-deficient cell mutant (ldlD cells) which expresses a reversible defect in protein O-glycosylation. Under normal culture conditions the mutant ldlD cells cannot add N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to proteins. GalNAc is the first sugar of mucin-type O-linked oligosaccharides attached to the protein. This O-glycosylation defect is rapidly corrected when GalNAc is added to the culture medium. These cells also require external sources of galactose for the addition of this sugar to O-linked and other oligosaccharides. A bovine papilloma virus-based expression vector for human apoE and the human metallothionein 1A gene were transfected into ldlD cells, and apoE-expressing cell clones resistant to CdCl2 were selected and used in the present studies. The structure and secretion of apoE in these cells were examined by immunoprecipitation and one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The synthesis, rate, and extent of secretion of apoE were unaffected by O-glycosylation (GalNAc-independent). In the presence of both galactose and GalNAc, multiple apoE isoforms were synthesized in ldlD cells as a result of variation in the extent of sialylation. ApoE sialylation was dependent on the addition of galactose as well as GalNAc to the extracellular medium, suggesting that addition of galactose to the nascent oligosaccharide chains was required for the addition of sialic acid.
Whole‐genome analysis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated in Uganda from 2009 to 2011 (2016)

We report a whole-genome analysis of 19 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from four Ugandan hospitals between 2009 and 2011. The isolates differed from the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 by three amino acid substitutions P100S, S220T, and I338V in the hemagglutinin and by two amino acid substitutions V106I and N248D in the neuraminidase proteins with consistent mutations in all gene segments distinguishing isolates from the 2009/2010 to 2010/2011 seasons. Phylogenetic analysis showed low genetic evolution, with genetic distances of 0%-1.3% and 0.1%-1.6% for HA and NA genes, respectively. The amino acid substitutions did not lead to antigenic differences from the reference strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of the Diazeniumdiolates (I)—(IV). Part 3. Photoreactivity. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation on the differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells into neural progenitor cells (2018)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs), which are expressed in various embryonic cells, may regulate neuronal differentiation. In the present study, we examined the effects of mAchR stimulation on the differentiation of mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Mouse iPS cells were cultured on ultra-low attachment dishes to induce embryoid body (EB) formation. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, 3 μmol/L) and/or pilocarpine (10 or 100 μmol/L), a mAchR agonist, were added to EB cultures for 4 days, following which the EBs were cultured on gelatin-coated plates for 7 days. Subtype-specific antibody staining revealed that mouse iPS cells predominantly express m<sub>2</sub> - and m<sub>4</sub> -AchR. Treatment with pilocarpine alone did not affect the expression of Nestin (a specific marker for neural progenitor cells). However, additional treatment with pilocarpine significantly suppressed ATRA-induced Nestin expression. Pretreating EBs with either AF-DX116 (an antagonist of both m<sub>2</sub> - and m<sub>4</sub> -AchR) or forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) significantly reversed the pilocarpine-induced suppression of Nestin expression. In addition, treatment with pilocarpine significantly suppressed ATRA-induced phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB). These findings suggest that the stimulation of m<sub>2</sub> - or m<sub>4</sub> -AchR suppresses ATRA-induced differentiation of mouse iPS cells into NPCs by inhibiting the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and CREB activation.
SYNTHESIS OF AMPHIPHILIC PORPHINATO IRON COMPLEXES HAVING PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE GROUPS (1983)

Abstract New porphyrin derivatives having alkyl phosphorylcholine groups as amphiphilic moieties and their iron complexes were prepared. Based on the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance, some of the synthesized complexes were efficiently embedded in the bilayer of phospholipid liposomes.
Optical And Other Properties Of MPACVD Diamond (1989)

The exceptional properties of diamond have stimulated a considerable research effort into the low pressure synthesis of diamond thin films for a diverse range of applications including:- tribological coatings, semiconductor heat sinks and (as in this work) protective optical coatings. Numerous deposition techniques have been reported in the literature including Microwave Plasma Assisted CVD (MPACVD). This paper briefly describes the MPACVD deposition system used at Plessey Research Caswell Ltd and outlines the effects of important deposition parameters on the growth morphology of diamond crystallites and thin films. Techniques including SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction have been used to study the growth mechanisms of MPACVD diamond. IR and Raman spectroscopy have been used to characterise the deposited films and an IR reflection technique is described for studying the infrared properties of the layers. The effect of deposition parameters on the properties of diamond thin films is discussed with regard to the use of these films for protecting IR windows and domes.
The absence of a human-specific ribosomal DNA transcription factor leads to nucleolar dominance in mouse greater than human hybrid cells. (1984)

The basis for nucleolar dominance in mouse-human cell hybrids which contained all of the mouse chromosomes but an incomplete set of human chromosomes (M greater than H) was examined at the molecular level. S1 mapping data showed that these cells had the expected levels of steady-state rRNA transcribed from mouse ribosomal gene (rDNA) transcription units but undetectable levels of rRNA derived from the human rDNA transcription templates that are also present. RNA polymerase I-dependent, cell-free transcription extracts were made from three hybrid lines and were found to be capable of transcribing cloned rDNA templates of mouse but not human origin. Partially purified human factors required for rDNA transcription in vitro were added to the M greater than H extracts. One fraction with almost no RNA polymerase I activity conferred on these hybrid cell extracts the ability to transcribe a human rDNA template. These rescue experiments suggested that this required human-specific rDNA transcription factor(s) was effectively absent from the lines we examined and could account for nucleolar dominance in M greater than H hybrid cells.
Measurements methodology for evaluation of Digital TV operation in VHF high-band (2016)

This paper describes the experimental setup of field measurements carried out for evaluating the operation of the ISDB-TB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting, Terrestrial, Brazilian version) standard digital TV in the VHF-highband. Measurements were performed in urban and suburban areas in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Besides the direct measurements of received power and environmental noise, a measurement procedure involving the injection of Gaussian additive noise was employed to achieve the signal to noise ratio threshold at each measurement site. The analysis includes results of static reception measurements for evaluating the received field strength and the signal to noise ratio thresholds for correct signal decoding.
Segmental quasi-Bayesian learning of the mixture coefficients in SCHMM for speech recognition (2002)

A theoretical formulation of the segmental quasi-Bayes learning of mixture coefficients in semi-continuous hidden Markov models (SCHMM) is presented. Its viability is confirmed by a series of comparative experiments using different adaptive training algorithms in estimating the mixture coefficients of the SCHMM for speaker adaptation (SA) application. Despite the fact that a batch (or block) adaptation scheme is adopted in this study, the proposed segmental quasi-Bayes method is also very suitable for performing an incremental (or on-line) adaptation of the HMM parameters, in view of its sequential nature in updating both the hyper-parameters of the prior distribution and the mixture coefficients themselves.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Balanced Relay Allocation on Heterogeneous Unstructured Overlays (2008)

Due to the increased usage of NAT boxes and firewalls, it has become harder for applications to establish direct connections seamlessly among two end-hosts. A recently adopted proposal to mitigate this problem is to use relay nodes, end-hosts that act as intermediary points to bridge connections. Efficiently selecting a relay node is not a trivial problem, specially in a large-scale unstructured overlay system where end-hosts are heterogeneous. In such environment, heterogeneity among the relay nodes comes from the inherent differences in their capacities and from the way overlay networks are constructed. Despite this fact, good relay selection algorithms should effectively balance the aggregate load across the set of relay nodes. We address this problem using algorithms based on the two random choices method. We first prove that the classic load-based algorithm can effectively balance the load even when relays are heterogeneous, and that its performance depends directly on relay heterogeneity. Second, we propose an utilization-based random choice algorithm to distribute load in order to balance relay utilization. Numerical evaluations through simulations illustrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, indicating that it might also yield provable performance (which we conjecture). Finally, we support our theoretical findings through simulations of various large-scale scenarios, with realistic relay heterogeneity.