gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data from Targeting Hypoxic Prostate Tumors Using the Novel Hypoxia-Activated Prodrug OCT1002 Inhibits Expression of Genes Associated with Malignant Progression (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; To understand the role of hypoxia in prostate tumor progression and to evaluate the ability of the novel unidirectional hypoxia-activated prodrug OCT1002 to enhance the antitumor effect of bicalutamide.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; The effect of OCT1002 on prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC3) was measured in normoxia and hypoxia &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, tumor growth and lung metastases were measured in mice treated with bicalutamide, OCT1002, or a combination. Dorsal skin fold chambers were used to image tumor vasculature &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. Longitudinal gene expression changes in tumors were analyzed using PCR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Reduction of OCT1002 to its active form (OCT1001) decreased prostate cancer cell viability. In LNCaP-luc spheroids, OCT1002 caused increased apoptosis and decreased clonogenicity. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, treatment with OCT1002 alone, or with bicalutamide, showed significantly greater tumor growth control and reduced lung metastases compared with controls. Reestablishment of the tumor microvasculature following bicalutamide-induced vascular collapse is inhibited by OCT1002. Significantly, the upregulation of &lt;i&gt;RUNX2&lt;/i&gt; and its targets caused by bicalutamide alone was blocked by OCT1002.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; OCT1002 selectively targets hypoxic tumor cells and enhances the antitumor efficacy of bicalutamide. Furthermore, bicalutamide caused changes in gene expression, which indicated progression to a more malignant genotype; OCT1002 blocked these effects, emphasizing that more attention should be attached to understanding genetic changes that may occur during treatment. Early targeting of hypoxic cells with OCT1002 can provide a means of inhibiting prostate tumor growth and malignant progression. This is of importance for the design and refinement of existing androgen-deprivation regimens in the clinic. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1797–808. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Abnormal Forearm Vascular Responses During Dynamic Leg Exercise in Patients With Vasovagal Syncope (1995)

Patients with vasovagal syncope exhibit a failure of the normal vasoconstrictor response in the forearm during dynamic leg exercise. Exercise syncope and presyncope are not uncommon in unselected patients with classic vasovagal syncope, as is exercise hypotension.
On routability for FPGAs under faulty conditions (1995)

The field programmable gate array (FPGA) routing resources are fixed and their usage is constrained by the location of programmable interconnects (PIs) such as antifuses. The routing or the interconnect delays are determined by the length of segments assigned to the nets of various lengths and the number of PIs programmed for routing of each net. Due to the use of PIs certain unconventional faults may appear. In this paper we model the PI faults and address the design and routability of the FPGA channel architecture to achieve 100% routing with minimum performance penalty in the presence of PI faults. A channel routing algorithm has also been developed which routes nets in the presence of PI faults. Experiments were performed by randomly injecting faults of different types into the routing channel and then using the routing algorithm to determine the routability of the synthesized architecture. Results on a set of industrial designs and MCNC benchmark examples show the feasibility of achieving routability with minimum performance penalty when a large number of faults are present in the channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Speed-Dependent Photofragment Orientation in the Photodissociation of OCS at 223 nm (1999)

Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) was photolyzed with linearly polarized 223 nm light and the sulfur-atom photofragment S(1D2) was probed by (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) using alternatively left and right circularly polarized light. The measured orientation of the angular momentum was found to depend strongly on the speed of the sulfur atom photofragment: fast S atoms show a large orientation, whereas slow S atoms show little or no orientation. Orientation results from quantum mechanical interference associated with mixed parallel 1A‘(1Δ)−1A‘(1Σ+) and perpendicular 1A‘ ‘(1Σ)−1A‘(1Σ+) transitions that lead to the same photofragment state (1D2). Comparison of speed-dependent orientation with the expected envelope of the oscillation of the orientation suggests that the asymptotic phase differences of the two wave functions are nearly constant over different rotational states of the CO photofragment. This result can be explained by the similarity of the two potential energy surfaces involved.
Back Cover: Ion Intercalation Induced Capacitance Improvement for Graphene‐Based Supercapacitor Electrodes (ChemNanoMat 7/2016) (2016)

A facile electrochemical method was demonstrated to be effective in boosting the capacitance of graphene-based electrodes, while retaining their excellent rate capability. This method involves two ion-intercalation steps (lithium-ion and perchlorate-ion intercalation), followed by hydrolysis of perchlorate ion intercalation compounds. Lithium ion intercalation mainly leads to surface exfoliation, while the hydrolysis of perchlorate ion intercalation compounds functionalizes the graphene surface with oxygen moieties. The gravimetric capacitance of 3D printed graphene aerogels was almost double after the treatment, without significant decay in rate capability. More information can be found in the Communication by Y. Li et al. on page 641 in Issue 7, 2016 (DOI:10.1002/cnma.201600107).
Inverted Polymer Solar Cells (2012)

Inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells have become the preferred device architecture for roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, which allows large area devices to be fabricated on flexible substrates. Significant improvements in inverted solar cell performance have been made with novel photovoltaic polymers, along with optimized blend morphology and improved carrier extraction materials. For the first time, inverted polymer solar cells display their potential for low-cost R2R processing with power conversion efficiencies exceeding 8%.
Fluorocarbon polymer deposition kinetics in a low-pressure, high-density, inductively coupled plasma reactor (2000)

Maintaining dimensional control and adequate throughput during the etching of submicron features requires plasma etch tools that operate at low pressures and high densities, such as inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs). Unfortunately, in this regime, it has proven difficult to achieve a stable, reproducible chemistry for selective oxide etching of contacts and vias. In particular, it is difficult to control the passivating polymer film which provides etching selectivity to silicon, nitride, and photoresist. As a first step toward sorting out the complicated oxide etching chemistry, we have measured and modeled the kinetics of the polymer film deposition in an ICP reactor for C2F6/H2 and CHF3 chemistries. Using a unique application of statistical design of experiments, we have explored the pressure range of 3–15 mTorr, power range of 300–2000 W, residence times from 0.5 to 1.0 s, and magnetic field from 0 to 24 G. Polymer deposition rates on a bare Si wafer are measured using a laser interferometer. The concentration of fluorocarbon radicals, CF, CF2, and CF3, are measured in the plasma using wavelength modulated infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Additional measurements include actinometric F atom density and ion saturation current. These measurements are analyzed in terms of a polymer deposition model and the important physical phenomena are inferred. Significantly, we find a unique polymer deposition mechanism over the entire range of tool parameters including direct deposition of CF and ion-assisted deposition of CF2.
The heparin-binding domain of HB-EGF mediates localization to sites of cell-cell contact and prevents HB-EGF proteolytic release (2010)

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a ligand for EGF receptor (EGFR) and possesses the ability to signal in juxtacrine, autocrine and/or paracrine mode, with these alternatives being governed by the degree of proteolytic release of the ligand. Although the spatial range of diffusion of released HB-EGF is restricted by binding heparan-sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in the extracellular matrix and/or cellular glycocalyx, ascertaining mechanisms governing non-released HB-EGF localization is also important for understanding its effects. We have employed a new method for independently tracking the localization of the extracellular EGF-like domain of HB-EGF and the cytoplasmic C-terminus. A striking observation was the absence of the HB-EGF transmembrane pro-form from the leading edge of COS-7 cells in a wound-closure assay; instead, this protein localized in regions of cell-cell contact. A battery of detailed experiments found that this localization derives from a trans interaction between extracellular HSPGs and the HB-EGF heparin-binding domain, and that disruption of this interaction leads to increased release of soluble ligand and a switch in cell phenotype from juxtacrine-induced growth inhibition to autocrine-induced proliferation. Our results indicate that extracellular HSPGs serve to sequester the transmembrane pro-form of HB-EGF at the point of cell-cell contact, and that this plays a role in governing the balance between juxtacrine versus autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Catalytic Production of Conjugated Fatty Acids and Oils (2011)

The reactive double bonds in conjugated vegetable oils are of high interest in industry. Traditionally, conjugated vegetable oils are added to paints, varnishes, and inks to improve their drying properties, while recently there is an increased interest in their use in the production of bioplastics. Besides the industrial applications, also food manufactures are interested in conjugated vegetable oils due to their various positive health effects. While the isomer type is less important for their industrial purposes, the beneficial health effects are mainly associated with the c9,t11, t10,c12 and t9,t11 CLA isomers. The production of CLA-enriched oils as additives in functional foods thus requires a high CLA isomer selectivity. Currently, CLAs are produced by conjugation of oils high in linoleic acid, for example soybean and safflower oil, using homogeneous bases. Although high CLA productivities and very high isomer selectivities are obtained, this process faces many ecological drawbacks. Moreover, CLA-enriched oils can not be produced directly with the homogeneous bases. Literature reports describe many catalytic processes to conjugate linoleic acid, linoleic acid methyl ester, and vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid: biocatalysts, for example enzymes and cells; metal catalysts, for example homogeneous metal complexes and heterogeneous catalysts; and photocatalysts. This Review discusses state-of-the-art catalytic processes in comparison with some new catalytic production routes. For each category of catalytic process, the CLA productivities and the CLA isomer selectivity are compared. Heterogeneous catalysis seems the most attractive approach for CLA production due to its easy recovery process, provided that the competing hydrogenation reaction is limited and the CLA production rate competes with the current homogeneous base catalysis. The most important criteria to obtain high CLA productivity and isomer selectivity are (1) absence of a hydrogen donor, (2) absence of catalyst acidity, (3) high metal dispersion, and (4) highly accessible pore architecture.
X-Ray Microscopy of Polymer Blends Compatibilized with Clay Nanocomposites (2000)

Abstract Multi-component polymer films are important for numerous technological applications such as paint systems, adhesives, photographic material, and index-matched optical coatings. Unfortunately, different polymer components are often incompatible so they will phase-separate and create large agglomerations of like phases, which has adverse effects on the structural integrity of thin films. Stabilizing polymer blends usually requires the addition of a third component which is often an expensive emulsifying agent such as a block copolymer. Recent studies have shown the emulsifying benefits of less expensive clay additives in oil-water mixtures [1] but the effect on stabilizing polymer blends is not entirely understood. We are systematically examining the effects of clay additives on polymer thin film blends using Near Edge Xray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Microscopy. We present results from films composed of a 50/50 weight percent blend of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (Mw=62k, 25k, respectively) spun cast from toluene onto Si3N4 membranes.
Clinical trials of self-replicating RNA-based cancer vaccines (2023)

Therapeutic cancer vaccines, designed to activate immune effectors against tumor antigens, utilize a number of different platforms for antigen delivery. Among these are messenger RNAs (mRNA), successfully deployed in some prophylactic SARS-CoV2 vaccines. To enhance the immunogenicity of mRNA-delivered epitopes, self-replicating RNAs (srRNA) that markedly increase epitope expression have been developed. These vectors are derived from positive-strand RNA viruses in which the structural protein genes have been replaced with heterologous genes of interest, and the structural proteins are provided in trans to create single cycle viral replicon particles (VRPs). Clinical stage srRNA vectors have been derived from alphaviruses, including Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), Sindbis, and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and have encoded the tumor antigens carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and human papilloma virus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7. Adverse events have mainly been grade 1 toxicities and minimal injection site reactions. We review here the clinical experience with these vaccines and our recent safety data from a study combining a VRP encoding HER2 plus an anti-PD1 monoclonal antibody (pembrolizumab). This experience with VRP-based srRNA supports recent development of fully synthetic srRNA technologies, where the viral structural proteins are replaced with protective lipid nanoparticles (LNP), cationic nanoemulsions or polymers.
Softwires Network Address Translation (SNAT) (2008)

Service providers (ISPs) are interested in reducing the use of IPv4 in
their internal networks because of the anticipated exhaustion of the
IPv4 address space. Softwires Network Address Translation (SNAT)
combines IPv4 NAT and IPv4-in-IPv6 softwires to carry IPv4 traffic
through the ISP network that uses only IPv6 service. Multiple
subscribers are multiplexed through a single external global IPv4
address, reducing the total number of IPv4 addresses in use by the ISP
to support Internet traffic to those subscribers.
High scotopic/photopic ratio white-light-emitting diodes integrated with semiconductor nanophosphors of colloidal quantum dots (2011)

We propose and demonstrate single-chip white-light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) integrated with semiconductor nanophosphors of colloidal quantum dots for high scotopic/photopic (S/P) ratio. These color conversion WLEDs achieve S/P ratios over 3.00, which exceeds the current limit of 2.50 in common lighting technologies, while sustaining sufficient levels of color rendering index.
Materials for controlling the epitaxial growth of photoactive layers in photovoltaic devices (2023)

There is disclosed ultrathin film material templating layers that force the morphology of subsequently grown electrically active thin films have been found to increase the performance of small molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. There is disclosed electron-transporting material, such as hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) can be used as a templating material that forces donor materials, such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to assume a vertical-standing morphology when deposited onto its surface on an electrode, such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. It has been shown that for a device with HAT-CN as the templating buffer layer, the fill factor and short circuit current of CuPc:C60 OPVs were both improved compared with cells lacking the HAT-CN template. This is explained by the reduction of the series resistance due to the improved crystallinity of CuPc grown onto the ITO surface.
Polynomial Pulses for Mitigating Fiber Nonlinearity in Coherent Optical Fiber Communications (2015)

Root polynomial (RP) pulses are considered for mitigating fiber nonlinearity for 128 Gb/s dual-polarization 8-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems. RP pulses exhibit a fast asymptotic decay rate, low peak-to-average power ratio, and narrow pulse width. Consequently, they are tolerant toward intrachannel nonlinearity, digital-to-analog converter quantization effects, and timing recovery errors. In a nine-channel DWDM transmission experiment with a 25 GHz channel spacing and null-to-null modulated optical signal bandwidth of 25 GHz, the RP pulse shape yields a maximum distance of 4800 km, which extends the transmission distance by 300 km (length of the recirculating loop) relative to the root raised cosine pulse shape.
Design considerations of a coded source neutron imaging system at the PULSTAR reactor (2011)

A Neutron Imaging Facility is operational at beam tube #5 of the 1-MW PULSTAR Reactor at North Carolina State University. The neutrons are collimated through a 3.66 cm × 4.45 cm rectangular aperture, the effective diameter (D) of which is 4.57 cm. If the image plane is set to be at the end of the beam line, the distance from the aperture to the image plane (L) can be maximized to be 6.5 m. At this location the L/D ratio is approximately 140 and the neutron flux is 1.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> n/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·sec. To explore high resolution imaging at the current facility, a coded source technique is under development. In this case, the neutron source is encoded using a mosaic of pinholes. The collection of pinholes represents an aperture (or mask) that generates an encoded image of the object at the detector. Consequently, the use of a large number of pinholes ensures sufficient signal-to-noise performance. In addition, the L/D ratio of the system is increased, which greatly improves the geometric degradation of the image. Coded masks with pinholes of 50 μm diameter are being evaluated using Monte Carlo neutron transport simulations that take into account facility characteristics. Using the existing system dimensions, it is estimated that for a coded mask placed in an open area of 4 cm × 4 cm, a field of view that is 2.7 cm × 2.7 cm in size can be established. Furthermore, assuming the use of a detector with an inherent spatial resolution of 100 μm, the simulations demonstrate that an overall spatial resolution of approximately 50 μm can be achieved. Experimental implementation of the coded imaging arrangement is currently underway.
AGE-RELATED DECLINE IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 1106 (1997)

The decline in physical activity with age may be the most consistent finding in physical activity epidemiology. Although this phenomenon is well accepted, it is not well understood. A related issue is that females are typically found to have lower levels of physical activity at virtually all ages, and the age-related decline is greater in females. The purposes of this symposium are to quantify the decline in physical activity within different age ranges, determine if there are critical periods of decline, and quantify sex differences in the decline. To evaluate the generalizability of age and sex differences, data from cross-sectional and prospective studies of subjects from different age groups will be presented. The studies use a variety of self-report and objective methods of assessing physical activity, and they have been conducted in several nations. The potential biological bases of age and sex differences in physical activity will be explored in a presentation on results from studies of several species of non-human animals. It is hoped this symposium will stimulate further research on this fundamental feature of physical activity. The decline in physical activity with age is antithetical to public health goals, so methods of countering the decline need to be developed, based upon an improved understanding.
Inertial Sensors and Inertial Measurement Units (2021)

This chapter focuses on the inertial sensors and inertial measurement units (IMUs) in context of their operating principles. Inertial sensors are the hardware basis for inertial navigation. Inertial sensors are sensors based on inertia and relevant measuring principles. There are two types of inertial sensors: accelerometers and gyroscopes, measuring the specific forces and rotations, respectively. Accelerometers can typically be categorized into two classes: static accelerometers and resonant accelerometers. Gyroscope is a kind of sensor that measures rotation. Some of the gyroscope classes include mechanical gyroscopes, optical gyroscopes, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gyroscopes, and micro electro mechanical systems vibratory gyroscopes. The chapter introduces some of the commonly used technologies to combine individual inertial sensors into a single IMU. IMU miniaturization approach is through vertical chip stacking. There is no IMU technology that is best for all applications, and therefore, a proper selection of the technology is needed for various application scenarios.
A versatile and automated microfluidic platform for a quantitative magnetic bead based protocol: application to gluten detection (2022)

A microfluidic platform for the integration of multi-step biological assays has been developed. The presented system is a unique instrument compatible with microfluidic chips for various applications based on bead manipulation. Two examples of microfluidic cartridges are presented here. The first one contains two rows of eight chambers (40 and 80 μL), six reagent inlets, eight testing solution (calibrators and samples) inlets and eight outlets to reproduce precisely each step of a biological assay. This configuration is versatile enough to integrate many different biological assays and save a lot of development time. The second architecture is dedicated to one specific protocol and is completely automated from the standard and sample dilutions to the optical detection. Linear dilutions have been integrated to prepare automatically a range of standard concentrations and outlets have been modified for integrated colorimetric detection. The technology uses pneumatically collapsible chambers to perform all the fluidic operations for a fully automated protocol such as volume calibrations, fluid transport, mixing, and washing steps. A programmable instrument with a software interface has been developed to adapt rapidly a protocol to this cartridge. As an example, these new microfluidic cartridges have been used to successfully perform an immunoassay for gluten detection in the dynamic range of 10-30 ppm with good sensitivity (2 ppm) and specificity.