gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclic AMP, the Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein, and Their Dual Control of the Galactose Operon (1980)

INTRODUCTION In this paper we summarize the experimental evidence which led to the demonstration of the role of cyclic AMP and its receptor protein (CRP) in the activation of gene transcription in bacteria. We also examine the function of this protein in the control of the galactose operon of Escherichia coli . Regulation of this operon is more complex than that of the lac operon: two interspersed promoters which respond to different regulatory mechanisms control the expression of the gal genes. The activity of one gal promoter is stimulated and the activity of the other gal promoter is inhibited by cyclic AMP and CRP. CYCLIC AMP AND CATABOLITE REPRESSION When E. coli find both glucose and lactose in their environment, they metabolize glucose and repress the utilization of lactose. This phenomenon has been called “catabolite or glucose repression of lactose utilization,” and it results in the inhibition of the synthesis of the enzymes for lactose metabolism (Monod 1947; Magasanik 1962). This repression by glucose is not unique for the lactose metabolizing enzymes and has been observed for the enzymes which degrade a number of other carbohydrates (Epps and Gale 1942; Magasanik 1962; Koch et al. 1964). One intracellular compound which varies when the composition of the medium changes is the cyclic nucleotide adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Sutherland and his colleagues, who had first discovered cyclic AMP in animal cells, found that when E. coli were growing in a glucose-containing medium they had low levels of cyclic AMP and that withdrawal of glucose...
<title>Polishing characteristics of different glass films</title> (1993)

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is becoming a mainstream technology for the planarization of dielectrics at various process levels. Widely different types of glass films are now routinely processed using CMP techniques. In this work, the polish rates using an aqueous silica based slurry for thermally grown SiO<SUB>2</SUB>, plasma deposited SiO<SUB>2</SUB>, and boro-phospho-silicate glasses have been compared. A polishing mechanism based on the concentration of water in the glass is proposed. It is also shown that the presence of phosphorous changes the polishing mechanism compared to undoped glasses and the rate increase due to phosphorous is much greater than that due to boron.
Review of MPPT Methods for LLC Converters in Photovoltaic Applications (2022)

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods used in solar applications based on LLC resonant converters. With the increasing demand for solar-based technologies, an MPPT Algorithm is very essential in order to harness maximum energy from solar panels. Different approaches for harvesting maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) connected LLC architectures are investigated in the literature. In this paper, we will present an overall review of these methodologies by categorizing them according to the MPPT approach. Finally, a summary of these control methods with merits, demerits, and future research directions is presented.
Cytokines and COVID-19: friends or foes? (2020)

The cytokine storm following sepsis has been proven to be an important mechanism for triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is a fatal uncontrolled systemic inflammation characterized by high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, secreted by immune effector cells. The cytokine storm also occurs in the recently emerged novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Therefore, cytokines which usually help the immune system to fight infections are potentially harmful in the course of COVID-19 infections. Therefore, avoiding or mitigating the cytokine storm may be a key treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Breast magnetic resonance image screening and ductal lavage in women at high genetic risk for breast carcinoma (2004)

Breast MRI identified high-grade DCIS and high-risk lesions that were missed by mammography. DL detected cytologic atypia in a high-risk cohort. A larger screening trial is needed to determine which subgroups of high-risk women will benefit and whether the identification of malignant and high-risk lesions at an early stage will impact breast carcinoma incidence and mortality.
Noninvasive Diagnostics for Early Detection of Lung Cancer: Challenges and Potential with a Focus on Changes in DNA Methylation (2020)

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and the world. Early detection of this disease can reduce mortality, as demonstrated for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. However, there remains a need for improvements in lung cancer detection to complement LDCT screening and to increase adoption of screening. Molecular changes in the tumor, and the patient's response to the presence of the tumor, have been examined as potential biomarkers for diagnosing lung cancer. There are significant challenges to developing an effective biomarker with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the early detection of lung cancer, particularly the detection of circulating tumor DNA, which is present in very small quantities. We will review approaches to develop biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer, with special consideration to detection of rare tumor events, focus on the use of DNA methylation-based detection in plasma and sputum, and discuss the promise and challenges of lung cancer early detection. Plasma-based detection of lung cancer DNA methylation may provide a simple cost-effective method for the early detection of lung cancer.<b>See all articles in this <i>CEBP Focus</i> section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."</b>
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Partially Fluorinated Monomers and Polymers for Ion‐Exchange Resins. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The ESR1 (6q25) Locus Is Associated with Calcaneal Ultrasound Parameters and Radial Volumetric Bone Mineral Density in European Men (2011)

Our data replicate previous associations found between SNPs in the 6q25 locus and BMD(a) at the hip and extend these data to include associations with calcaneal ultrasound parameters and radial volumetric BMD.
DsMLP: A Learning-Based Multi-Layer Perception for MIMO Detection Implemented by Dynamic Stochastic Computing (2022)

As the number of antennas increases in multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems, even linear detection methods suffer from sharply increasing complexity. This paper proposes a learning-based multi-layer perception (MLP), named dynamic stochastic multi-layer perception (DsMLP), which is implemented by dynamic stochastic computing (DSC). We first establish a similar form between the MLP structure and minimum mean square error (MMSE) matrix operations. Consequently, DsMLP transforms the complex computation problem into an optimization problem of MLP training. Due to the specific design of MLP structure, e.g., same input/output dimension and single layer without activation function, the mathematical representation of DsMLP is identical to the MMSE matrix operations. Therefore, DsMLP guarantees sound model explainability in mathematics, fast convergence in training, and low complexity in computation. Furthermore, we transform the MLP training process to the DSC domain and propose a hardware-efficient scheme for DsMLP. Compared with other state-of-the-art MIMO detectors, DsMLP achieves 1.2× energy efficiency and 1.74× area efficiency.
Synthesis and X-ray structure of stable 2H-isoindoles (2000)

Stable 2H-isoindoles with electron-withdrawing groups were prepared using the reaction of dinitrobenzene derivatives with isocyanoacetate in the presence of DBU. The use of acetonitrile as the solvent or a phosphazene base (BTPP) as a non-ionic base improved the yields. The structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the compound 2e′. According to the X-ray analysis, this substance existed in the solid phase only as the 2H-isomer.
Optimal Channel Spacing for Next-Gen WDM Networking with 800ZR+ Elastic Optical Transponders (2023)

By foreseeing an evolution from 800ZR to 800ZR+, like 400ZR+ just after 400ZR, we evaluate how WDM networks benefit from these 800ZR+ interfaces depending on their traffic and on their quality of wavelength routing equipment
Biological inorganic chemistry at the beginning of the 21st century (2003)

Advances in bioinorganic chemistry since the 1970s have been driven by three factors: rapid determination of high-resolution structures of proteins and other biomolecules, utilization of powerful spectroscopic tools for studies of both structures and dynamics, and the widespread use of macromolecular engineering to create new biologically relevant structures. Today, very large molecules can be manipulated at will, with the result that certain proteins and nucleic acids themselves have become versatile model systems for elucidating biological function.
Comparison of linewidth narrowing in quantum-dot and quantum-wellintegrated III-V/SiN lasers (2022)

Abstract This paper describes an analysis of integrated III-V/SiN lasers operating with quantum-dot and quantum-well active regions. We focus on the effects of 0- and 2-dimensional carrier densities of states on linewidth narrowing. The theoretical approach includes a) multimode laser interaction to treat mode competition and wave mixing, b) quantum-optical contributions from spontaneous emission and c) composite laser/free-space eigenmodes to describe outcoupling and coupling among components within an extended cavity. The approach is able to describe the progression to Hz-level lasing linewidth observed in III-V/SiN lasers with quantum-dot active regions. In addition, it predicts that the integration of III-V/SiN mitigates the high quantum-well linewidth enhancement factor, resulting in similar Hz-level linewidth performance. Tradeoffs are explored among linewidth, output power and injection current.
The influence of polyamide 6,10 synthesis variables on the physicochemical characteristics and drug release kinetics from a monolithic tablet matrix (2009)

This study investigated the influence of solute-solvent quotients on the physicochemical properties and release kinetics of two amitryptyline-loaded polyamide 6,10 (PA 6,10) monolithic matrices, Formulations A and B (FA and FB). The molecular mass, crystallinity, structural elucidation and thermo-transitions were assessed using mass spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and DSC. Surface morphologies of the matrices and physicomechanical strength were captured using SEM and textural analysis. Drug release, distension and matrix erosion were evaluated using mathematical modeling. FA and FB displayed overall drug release fractions of 0.58 and 0.92 with 55% and 30% of matrix remaining over 24 hours, respectively. The indentation diameters (FA = 1.51 mm; FB = 2.39 mm), deformation energies (FA = 0.02 J; FB = 0.03 J) and Brinell Hardness Numbers (FA = 17.88 N/mm²; FB = 14.45 N/mm²) were divergent. SEM revealed irregular matrix surfaces with varying pore distributions. Minimal shifts in the structural backbone of PA 6,10 and semi-crystallinity was noted. Multiple reversible and irreversible thermal transitions with molar masses of FA = 345.2 g/mol and FB = 307.2 g/mol were obtained. Drug release supported by in vivo studies provided sustained plasma levels of amitryptyline (T(max) = 24 ± 0.5 h and 12 ± 0.5 h; C(max) = 0.024 ± 0.003 μg/mL and 0.036 ± 0.002 μg/mL for FA and FB, respectively) compared to a conventional formulation, Trepiline® (T(max) = 4 ± 0.5 h and C(max) = 0.05 ± 0.002 μg/mL). The physicochemical properties of both formulations were reversibly influenced by differences in the PA 6,10 solute-solvent quotient employed during development.
Two‐step Prediction and Image Deflection for Exact Head Tracking in Virtual Environments (1995)

Abstract Time lag and image jittering are the main reasons for destroying the feeling of reality in most virtual environments. They cause motion sickness because human beings are simply not used to unrealistically generated feedback. This paper proposes advanced software methods that greatly reduce these unwanted effects: a new improved two‐step prediction method for better head tracking, an image deflection technique to reduce remaining error and a new software configuration that allows the full use of available hardware capabilities. Our improved prediction technique reduces prediction error by 50% in comparison to standard methods. The image deflection allows to extend the prediction distance by 100% while keeping the error below a tolerable level.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: endoscopic and histologic placebo rates in induction and maintenance trials of ulcerative colitis (2018)

Placebo endoscopic and histologic rates range from 14% to 35% in UC RCTs but are highly heterogeneous. Outcome standardisation may reduce heterogeneity and is needed in this field.
A DNF Blocking Scheme Learner for Heterogeneous Datasets (2015)

Entity Resolution concerns identifying co-referent entity pairs across datasets. A typical workflow comprises two steps. In the first step, a blocking method uses a one-many function called a blocking scheme to map entities to blocks. In the second step, entities sharing a block are paired and compared. Current DNF blocking scheme learners (DNF-BSLs) apply only to structurally homogeneous tables. We present an unsupervised algorithmic pipeline for learning DNF blocking schemes on RDF graph datasets, as well as structurally heterogeneous tables. Previous DNF-BSLs are admitted as special cases. We evaluate the pipeline on six real-world dataset pairs. Unsupervised results are shown to be competitive with supervised and semi-supervised baselines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first unsupervised DNF-BSL that admits RDF graphs and structurally heterogeneous tables as inputs.
Gaussian-3 theory using scaled energies (2000)

A modification of Guassian-3 (G3) theory using multiplicative scale factors, instead of the additive higher level correction, is presented. In this method, referred to as G3S, the correlation energy is scaled by five parameters and the Hartree–Fock energy by one parameter. The six parameters are fitted to the G2/97 test set of 299 energies and the resulting mean absolute deviation from experiment is 0.99 kcal/mol compared to 1.01 kcal/mol for G3 theory. The G3S method has the advantage compared to G3 theory in that it can be used for studying potential energy surfaces where the products and reactants have a different number of paired electrons. In addition, versions of the computationally less intensive G3(MP3) and G3(MP2) methods that use scaled energies are also presented. These methods, referred to as G3S(MP3) and G3S(MP2), have mean absolute deviations of 1.16 and 1.35 kcal/mol, respectively.
Bioinformatics and experimental analyses of glutamate receptor and its targets genes in myocardial and cerebral ischemia (2023)

In this study, we found that the GLU receptor-related genes IL1B, FOS, JUN, FCGR2A, and SRC were expressed in MI and IS with the same trend, which can be used to predict the occurrence of cardiac and cerebral ischemic diseases and provide reliable biomarkers to further explore the co-protective mechanism after cardiac and cerebral ischemic injury.
A Dawn for Carbon Electronics? (2002)

Diamond is in many ways the perfect semiconductor material for high power electronic applications. But difficulties with making diamond films with the required purity and structural integrity has prevented widespread application. In his Perspective, [Amaratunga][1] highlights the report by [ Isberg et al .][2], who have overcome these problems. They report the highest electron and hole mobility values in diamond to date.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5587/1657
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5587/1670
The novel calcineurin inhibitor ISA247: a more potent immunosuppressant than cyclosporine in vitro (2005)

ISA247 is a novel cyclosporine analog. In this study we compare, in vitro, the effects of ISA247 on immune function with those of cyclosporine. Whole blood from cynomolgus monkeys (n = 5) was incubated with different concentrations of ISA247 or cyclosporine and stimulated with different mitogens in culture medium. Lymphocyte proliferation was assessed by [3H]-TdR incorporation assay and by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also used to assess production of intracellular cytokines by T cells and expression of T cell activation surface antigens. The concentration of drug necessary to attain 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) was subsequently calculated. EC50 values for ISA247 were lower than for cyclosporine, and the differences were statistically significant for lymphocyte proliferation, T cell cytokine production, and expression of all T cell activation surface antigens but one. We conclude that ISA247 suppresses diverse immune functions more potently than cyclosporine in vitro.
Pituitary Response to Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone in IDDM: Abnormal Responses to Insulin and Hyperglycemia (1992)

In poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), hyperglycemia fails to inhibit the pituitary response to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF). To evaluate whether this derangement is reversed by a simultaneous elevation of circulating insulin, 0.3 micrograms/kg i.v. GRF 1-40 was administered to nine poorly controlled IDDM subjects (HbA1 greater than 11.1%) with and without concomitant infusion of insulin. In the absence of insulin, the poorly controlled IDDM subjects demonstrated a growth hormone response to GRF similar to that of nondiabetic subjects, despite marked hyperglycemia (approximately 16.8 mM). When insulin was infused into these same patients (insulin clamp) to produce combined hyperinsulinemia (528 +/- 90 pM) and hyperglycemia (16.5 +/- 1.98 mM), the GRF-induced growth hormone rise was markedly exaggerated (65 +/- 11 vs. 20 +/- 4 micrograms/L without insulin infusion, P less than 0.001). This enhancement of GRF-stimulated growth hormone release by insulin was strikingly attenuated (22 +/- 7 micrograms/L) in five well-controlled diabetic subjects studied under conditions of similar hyperinsulinemia (486 +/- 84 pM) and hyperglycemia (16.41 +/- 0.95 mM). In contrast, in nondiabetic subjects, acute hyperinsulinemia reduced the growth hormone response to GRF. We conclude that the failure of hyperglycemia to block the pituitary response to GRF in poorly controlled diabetes is not attributable to the lack of a coincident increase in circulating insulin. The paradoxical stimulatory effect of insulin on GRF-induced growth hormone release may contribute to the high spontaneous growth hormone levels characteristically seen in poorly controlled insulin-treated patients, and its attenuation after intensive insulin therapy may contribute to the reversal of growth hormone hypersecretion in well-controlled diabetic patients.
A mathematical model for predicting drug release from a biodurable drug‐eluting stent coating (2008)

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) are drug-device combination products that have been commercialized and demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in treating coronary artery disease. They have been very effective in reducing the extent of neointimal hyperplasia and therefore in preventing or minimizing the occurrence of in-stent restenosis. In order to develop a successful DES, it is imperative that the coating be designed so as to deliver, after stent implantation, a therapeutic dose of the drug for the desired time duration at the site of the arterial blockage. Mathematical models are very valuable tools that can be used to study the effect of different coating parameters on drug delivery and can therefore help in coating design. We have developed a bimodal lumped-parameter mass transport model to describe the release of the drug everolimus from a biodurable fluoropolymer-based DES coating. We assume that the dispersed drug phase contributes to two discrete modes of drug transport through the coating. These are the fast mode (mode I) which is the release of the drug from a highly percolated structure of drug phase within the polymer, and the slow mode (mode II) which is the release of the drug from a nonpercolated, polymer-encapsulated phase of the drug within the coating. The three coefficients in the governing equations describing the model, i.e. the two effective diffusivities corresponding to each of the two modes and the fraction of the drug in one of the two modes, were determined by fitting with available DES release data. The predictive power of the model is demonstrated by comparing the release rate from different coating configurations (thickness and drug to polymer ratios) with experimental data. Also, it is demonstrated that if limited experimental data are available at early time points, the model can be used to predict drug release at subsequent time points.
Differential effects of lenalidomide during plasma cell differentiation (2016)

Thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide have greatly improved the outcome of patients with multiple myeloma. However, their effects on plasma cells, the healthy counterpart of myeloma cells, are unknown. Here, we investigated lenalidomide effects on normal human plasma cell generation using an in vitro model. Lenalidomide inhibited the generation of pre-plasmablasts and early plasma cells, while it moderately affected plasmablast production. It also reduced the expression level of Ikaros, Aiolos, and IRF4 transcription factors, in plasmablasts and early plasma cells. This suggests that their differential sensitivity to lenalidomide is not due to a difference in Ikaros or Aiolos degradation. Lenalidomide also inhibited long-lived plasma cell generation, but did not impair their long-term survival once generated. This last observation is in agreement with the finding that lenalidomide treatment for 3-18 months did not affect the bone marrow healthy plasma cell count in allografted patients with multiple myeloma. Our findings should prompt to investigate whether lenalidomide resistance in patients with multiple myeloma could be associated with the emergence of malignant plasmablasts or long-lived plasma cells that are less sensitive to lenalidomide.
Electron-phonon coupling inMn+1AXn-phase carbides (2006)

We have investigated the electrical resistivity, magnetotransport, and heat capacity in several compounds of the type ${M}_{n+1}A{C}_{n}$. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and the electronic contribution to the heat capacity of this family of materials are strongly influenced by electron-phonon coupling. We have extracted two independent values for the electron-phonon coupling parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ from the experimental data and find consistency between the two sets. We use $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ to predict the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of these materials. In agreement with those predictions, ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{2}\mathrm{AsC}$ has a superconducting transition near $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$.