gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Allylation from Allene, a Petroleum Cracking Byproduct (2018)

&lt;p&gt;Allene (C3H4) gas is produced and separated on million-metric-ton scale per year during petroleum refining but is only rarely employed in chemical manufacturing. Meanwhile, the addition of an allyl group (C3H5) to ketone-containing molecules is among the most common&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;and prototypical reactions in organic synthesis. Herein, we report that the combination of allene with environmentally benign hydrosilanes can replace harsher, more wasteful, and more&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;expensive allylmetal reagents in enantioselective ketone allylation reactions. This process is catalyzed by an earth-abundant metal and commercially available ligands, operates without specialized equipment or pressurization, and tolerates a broad range of functional groups. Furthermore, the exceptional chemoselectivity of our catalyst system enables industrially relevant C3 hydrocarbon mixtures of allene with methylacetylene and propylene to be applied&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;directly. Based on our strategy, we anticipate the rapid development of methods that leverage this unexploited feedstock as a surrogate for existing nucleophilic allylation reagents.&lt;/p&gt;
Development of molecular detection methods of Bovicola ovis from sheep fleece (2022)

The sheep body louse (Bovicola ovis) commonly referred to as sheep lice are small chewing ectoparasites of sheep. Infection results in significant economic costs to the Australian sheep industry due to reduced wool quality caused by chronic itching from sheep rubbing and biting fleece. Treatment relies on use of insecticides; however, resistance has developed against pyrethroid and other insect growth regulator lousicides. There is urgent need to develop cost-effective lice management to reduce the use of insecticides, with the application of insecticidal treatments only applied when an infestation is detected. However, the current detection method relies on fleece parting for detection of B. ovis which is highly dependent on the skill of the inspector, the number of sheep examined, and the prevalence and severity of the infestation. To improve B. ovis detection, a highly sensitive (5 × 10<sup>-8</sup> ng/μL) and specific multiplex quantitative PCR which simultaneously detects sheep lice and sheep DNA was developed. In addition, a B. ovis loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for field use. The B. ovis LAMP (Bov-LAMP) assay was optimized to reliably detect B. ovis from wool samples down to 5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> ng/μL, with time to positive (T<sub>p</sub>) < 10 min. Both assays demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid identification of B. ovis DNA from sheep fleece samples and have the capacity to be used for ongoing management and surveillance of B. ovis in Australian sheep flocks.
Molecular imaging investigations of a 67Ga/64Cu labeledbivalent ligand, [RGD-Glu-(DO3A)-6-Ahx-RM2], targeting GRPR/α v β 3 biomarkers: a comparative study (2016)

Abstract In the present study, we report the metallation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies comparing 67 Ga/ 64 Cu-radiolabeled bivalent peptide ligands as targeting probes with the capability of targeting the α v β 3 integrin or the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) for preclinical and clinical use in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of prostate tumors. The ligand precursor, [RGD-Glu-6-Ahx-RM2] (RGD: Arg-Gly-Asp; Glu: glutamic acid; 6-Ahx: 6-amino hexanoic acid; RM2: D-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH 2 ), was conjugated to a DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) bifunctional chelator (BFCA), purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), characterized via electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and radiolabeled with 67 Ga or 64 Cu. The in vitro investigations of the binding affinities of the natural-metallated ligands for the GRPR or the α v β 3 integrin were conducted via competitive displacement binding assays in human prostate PC-3 and glioblastoma U87-MG cell lines. Following stability investigations via RP-HPLC, the in vivo evaluations of the Ga 67 /Cu 64 -radiolabeled ligands were performed in CF-1 mice and SCID mice bearing PC-3 tumors. The in vitro studies of the natural-metallated ligands showed high binding affinities for the GRPR (7.78 ± 2.42, 8.64 ± 2.16 nM; Ga, Cu respectively) and moderate binding affinity for the α v β 3 integrin receptor (307 ± 40.0, 308 ± 42.6 nM; Ga, Cu respectively). In vivo biodistribution studies displayed high tumor uptake (7.44 ± 1.09, 10.85 ±4.02% ID/g at 1 h post-intravenous injection; 67 Ga, 64 Cu respectively) and prolonged tumor retention (4.89 ± 1.11, 4.09 ±0.96% ID/g at 24 h post-intravenous injection; 67 Ga, 64 Cu respectively) in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice. Micro-single photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) and micro-positron emission computed tomography (microPET) molecular imaging studies produced high-quality, high-contrast images in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice at 18 h post-intravenous injection. Both radiolabeled ligands show satisfactory tumor uptake and retention in PC-3 tumor-bearing mice. However, [RGD-Glu-( 67 Ga-DO3A)-6-Ahx-RM2] demonstrates superior pharmacokinetic profiles to [RGD-Glu-( 64 Cu-DO3A)-6-Ahx-RM2], presumably due to more favorable in vivo stability.
Interference management via space and frequency domain resource partitioning (2017)

One key requirement for the fifth-Generation (5G) mobile system is the enhancement of cell edge user performance to ensure that every user is supported with consistent experience anywhere in the network. An active interference design to improve anywhere performance, particularly in the low SINR regime, can be achieved by applying a recently proposed new type of modulation scheme, frequency quadrature-amplitude modulation (FQAM), which could change the distribution of interference and therefore improve channel capacity. In this paper, a resource partitioning scheme to support FQAM in interference intensive scenarios is proposed. The proposed scheme slices radio resources into orthogonal parts for QAM and FQAM, respectively, along two different resource dimensions, namely, space and frequency. This can be achieved by incorporating advanced beamforming algorithms, e.g., full-dimension (FD-MIMO), and performing a frequency-based split of FQAM resources to effectively improve the data rate of the edge users experiencing heavy interference. Two resource partitioning mechanisms are proposed followed by complexity analysis. Evaluation results on both space and frequency-based FQAM interference management are presented, showing significant performance improvements when compared to the regular QAM modulation.
Assessing internet video quality using crowdsourcing (2013)

In this paper, we present a subjective video quality evaluation system that has been integrated with different crowdsourcing platforms. We try to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the time consuming and expensive traditional tests with a faster and less expensive crowdsourcing alternative. CrowdFlower and Amazon's Mechanical Turk were used as the crowdsourcing platforms to collect data. The data was compared with the formal subjective tests conducted by MPEG as part of the video standardization process, as well as with previous results from a study we ran at the university level. High quality compressed videos with known Mean Opinion Score (MOS) are used as references instead of the original lossless videos in order to overcome intrinsic bandwidth limitations. The bitrates chosen for the experiment were selected targeting Internet use, since this is the environment in which users were going to be evaluating the videos. Evaluations showed that the results are consistent with formal subjective evaluation scores, and can be reproduced across different crowds with low variability, which makes this type of test setting very promising.
Bicontinuous Polymeric Microemulsions from Polydisperse Diblock Copolymers (2008)

Polymeric bicontinuous microemulsions are thermodynamically stable structures typically formed by ternary blends of immiscible A and B homopolymers and a macromolecular surfactant such as an AB diblock copolymer. Investigations of these bicontinuous morphologies have largely focused on model systems in which all components have narrow molecular weight distributions. Here we probe the effects of AB diblock polydispersity in ternary blends of polystyrene (PS), polyisoprene (PI), and poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (PS-PI). Three series of blends were prepared using the same PS and PI homopolymers; two of them contain nearly monodisperse components while the third includes a polydisperse PS-PI diblock. The PS and PI homopolymers and two of the PS-PI diblocks were prepared by anionic polymerization using sec-butyllithium and have narrow molecular weight distributions. The polydisperse PS-PI diblock was prepared by anionic polymerization using the functional organolithium 3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-1-propyllithium; this diblock has a polydisperse PS block (Mw/Mn = 1.57) and a nearly monodisperse PI block (Mw/Mn < 1.1). The phase behavior of the three series of blends was probed using a combination of dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and cloud point measurements, and a bicontinuous microemulsion channel was identified in each system. These results prove that monodisperse components are not required to form bicontinuous microemulsions and highlight the utility of polydispersity as a tool to tune polymer blend phase behavior. The random-phase approximation, originally advanced by de Gennes, and self-consistent field theory are used to provide a theoretical supplement to the experimental work. These theories are able to predict the directions of the polydispersity-driven shifts in domain spacing, order-disorder transition temperatures, and the location of the microemulsion channel. Self-consistent field theory is also used in conjunction with the experimental data from a series of nearly monodisperse blends to probe the variations of chi with temperature. A single linear relation of the form chi = alpha/T + beta does not describe chi at all blend compositions. Rather, two separate relations describe chi as a function of temperature; one is obtained from data on the diblock-rich side of the bicontinuous microemulsion channel while the other is obtained from data on the homopolymer-rich side of the channel. The blend morphology, rather than the composition (homopolymer fraction), apparently dictates whether the system is in the "diblock chi" or "homopolymer chi" regime. These results reinforce the notion that a true understanding of chi still eludes the polymer science community.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction on Cu single atom catalyst and Cu nanoclusters: an ab initio approach (2022)

The electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction presents a sustainable route to the production of chemicals such as ethylene or ethanol, however the design of selective catalysts is still challenging. The use of single site copper nitrogen doped carbon materials with porphyrin-like Cu graphene structures have shown a significant improvement towards the production of multi carbon products, particularly ethanol. Nonetheless, during reaction the porphyrin like Cu sites transiently convert into metallic copper nanoclusters in a reversible process, making difficult to understand the actual role of each phase. Here, we present a computational study, where adequate structural models to describe the experimentally determined phases of the single atom catalyst (Cu-N-C material) have been constructed. Moreover, the electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to ethanol and ethylene has been addressed <i>via</i> periodic DFT calculations on each of the systems. On the basis of the computed free energies of reaction, it was found that the Cu nanoclusters exhibit a superior performance for the CO reduction in comparison with the single site. Moreover, they possess a high activity towards the production of ethanol, suggesting them as the active phase responsible for the catalytic performance of the studied material.
Endurance of thin-oxide nonvolatile MNOS memory transistors (1977)

A discussion of the factors which determine the endurance of thin-oxide MNOS memory transistors is presented. Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> interface states are influential in the early stages of erase/write cycling, while charge movement into the nitride controls the long term cycling characteristics. Other important variables include the method of preparation of the thin-oxide region, its composition, dielectric properties and thickness; the high density of spatially localized traps near the nitride-oxide interface; the low conductivity Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> dielectric, and electric field strengths. Optimizing these variables permits MNOS memory transistors to be operated with high endurance, reliably to beyond 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> erase/write cycles with ±20-V, 100-µs pulses and demonstrate a minimum 2-V memory window at 2900 h retention time.
High-resolution EUV imaging tools for resist exposure and aerial image monitoring (2005)

Key features are presented of two high-resolution EUV imaging tools: the MS-13 Microstepper wafer exposure and the RIM-13 reticle imaging microscope. The MS-13 has been developed for EUV resist testing and technology evaluation at the 32nm node and beyond, while the RIM-13 is designed for actinic aerial image monitoring of blank and patterned EUV reticles. Details of the design architecture, module layout, major subsystems and performance are presented for both tools.
Joint evaluation and mitigation of RF impairments and nonlinear distortion in WiMAX Transceiver under Nakagami-m fading channel (2011)

This Paper presents a joint evaluation of WiMAX Transceiver in presence of various hardware based RF impairments along with compensation for RF wireless environment effects. The wireless environment is modeled using Nakagami-m fading channel. Behavior model of a nonlinearity compensated transmitter and a homodyne receiver have been adopted and implemented in a MATLAB/Simulink co-simulation platform to model and mitigate the RF-impairments and channel effect in the proposed WiMAX based system. The effect of power amplifier (PA) non-linearity at the transmitter and its linearization in presence of IQ imperfection is evaluated and a Non-linear Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm (NMCMA) is proposed along with a memory polynomial model to mitigate the effect of both transceiver IQ imperfection and PA nonlinearity.
28 GHz Millimeter-Wave Ultrawideband Small-Scale Fading Models in Wireless Channels (2016)

This paper presents small-scale fading measurements for 28 GHz outdoor millimeter-wave ultrawideband channels using directional horn antennas at the transmitter and receiver. Power delay profiles were measured at half-wavelength spatial increments over a local area (33 wavelengths) on a linear track in two orthogonal receiver directions in a typical base-to-mobile scenario with fixed transmitter and receiver antenna beam pointing directions. The voltage path amplitudes are shown to follow a Rician distribution, with K-factor ranging from 9 - 15 dB and 5 - 8 dB in line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) for a vertical-to-vertical co- polarized antenna scenario, respectively, and from 3 - 7 dB in both LOS and NLOS vertical-to- horizontal cross-polarized antenna scenario. The average spatial autocorrelation functions of individual multipath components reveal that signal amplitudes reach a correlation of 0 after 2 and 5 wavelengths in LOS and NLOS co-polarized V-V antenna scenarios. The models provided are useful for recreating path gain statistics of millimeter- wave wideband channel impulse responses over local areas, for the study of multi-element antenna simulations and channel estimation algorithms.
Epigenetic codes of PPARγ in metabolic disease (2011)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-regulated nuclear hormone receptor, plays critical roles in metabolism and adipogenesis. PPARγ ligands such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exert insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects primarily through action on adipocytes, and are thus widely used to treat metabolic syndrome, especially type II diabetes. A number of PPARγ interacting partners have been identified, many of which are known epigenetic regulators, including enzymes for histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation. However, their functional roles in the PPARγ transcriptional pathway are not well defined. Recent advances in ChIP-based and deep sequencing technology are revealing previously underappreciated epigenomic mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of this nuclear receptor pathway.
Design of orthogonal genetic switches based on a crosstalk map of σs, anti‐σs, and promoters (2013)

Cells react to their environment through gene regulatory networks. Network integrity requires minimization of undesired crosstalk between their biomolecules. Similar constraints also limit the use of regulators when building synthetic circuits for engineering applications. Here, we mapped the promoter specificities of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σs as well as the specificity of their interaction with anti-σs. DNA synthesis was used to build 86 ECF σs (two from every subgroup), their promoters, and 62 anti-σs identified from the genomes of diverse bacteria. A subset of 20 σs and promoters were found to be highly orthogonal to each other. This set can be increased by combining the -35 and -10 binding domains from different subgroups to build chimeras that target sequences unrepresented in any subgroup. The orthogonal σs, anti-σs, and promoters were used to build synthetic genetic switches in Escherichia coli. This represents a genome-scale resource of the properties of ECF σs and a resource for synthetic biology, where this set of well-characterized regulatory parts will enable the construction of sophisticated gene expression programs.
Extruder Mixing Analysis Via A Fiber Optically Coupled Visible Spectrophotometer (1989)

An instrument has been designed to measure residence time distribution (RTD) in an extruder in a fast semiautomatic fashion. The instrument is composed of a spectrophotometer fiber optically coupled to the exit port of the extruder. Experiments illustrate the effects of screw design and rotation speed on RTD elution profiles.
Void engineering in epitaxially regrown GaAs-based photonic crystal surface emitting lasers by grating profile design (2021)

We report the engineering of air voids embedded in GaAs-based photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers realized by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy regrowth. Two distinct void geometries are obtained by modifying the photonic crystal grating profile within the reactor prior to regrowth. The mechanism of void formation is inferred from scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis, with the evolution of the growth front illustrated though the use of an AlAs/GaAs superlattice structure. Competition between rapid lateral growth of the (100) surface and slow diffusion across higher index planes is exploited in order to increase the void volume, leading to an order of magnitude reduction in threshold current and an increase in output power through an increase in the associated grating coupling strength.
Preclinical and Clinical Characteristics of Rivaroxaban: A Novel, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor (2007)

There are several novel anticoagulants in development that target factor Xa(FXa)-the pivotal point of the coagulation cascade. One promising agent is rivaroxaban (a highly selective, oral, direct FXa inhibitor), which is in advanced clinical development for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Oral rivaroxaban may be given in fixed once-daily doses, with the potential for no coagulation monitoring. These properties, along with results from preclinical and clinical studies, suggest that rivaroxaban may have advantages over current treatments. Studies in arterial and venous animal models demonstrated that rivaroxaban has potent antithrombotic effects, without prolonging bleeding times. In healthy subjects, rivaroxaban was well tolerated, with a predictable pharmacological profile and a low propensity for clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Phase II studies of rivaroxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after major orthopedic surgery support these findings. The results also suggested that a total daily dose range of 5 to 20 mg rivaroxaban had similar efficacy and safety to enoxaparin, and that 10 mg rivaroxaban once daily was the optimal dose. This review assesses the preclinical and clinical characteristics of rivaroxaban, and discusses phase II findings with rivaroxaban for the prevention of VTE after major orthopedic surgery.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Part 18. p‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl nitroimidazole as a new condensing agent in the triester synthesis of oligonucleotides (1981)

Abstract p ‐Nitrobenzenesulfonyl nitroimidazole ( p ‐NBSNI) ( 5 ) has been shown to be an efficient and convenient condensing agent in the coupling of protected nucleotide fragments. Its utility has been demonstrated by a direct comparison with previously‐described condensing agents in the synthesis of various di‐ and tetradeoxy‐nucleotides.
Increased neuronal activity in motor cortex reveals prominent calcium dyshomeostasis in tauopathy mice (2020)

Perturbed neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, which has primarily been demonstrated in mice with amyloid-β deposits but to a lesser and more variable extent in tauopathy models. In this study, we injected AAV to express Ca<sup>2+</sup> indicator in layer II/III motor cortex neurons and measured neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup> activity by two photon imaging in awake transgenic JNPL3 tauopathy and wild-type mice. Various biochemical measurements were conducted in postmortem mouse brains for mechanistic insight and a group of animals received two intravenous injections of a tau monoclonal antibody spaced by four days to test whether the Ca<sup>2+</sup> dyshomeostasis was related to pathological tau protein. Under running conditions, we found abnormal neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup> activity in tauopathy mice compared to age-matched wild-type mice with higher frequency of Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients, lower amplitude of peak Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients and lower total Ca<sup>2+</sup> activity in layer II/III motor cortex neurons. While at resting conditions, only Ca<sup>2+</sup> frequency was increased. Brain levels of soluble pathological tau correlated better than insoluble tau levels with the degree of Ca<sup>2+</sup> dysfunction in tauopathy mice. Furthermore, tau monoclonal antibody 4E6 partially rescued Ca<sup>2+</sup> activity abnormalities in tauopathy mice after two intravenous injections and decreased soluble pathological tau protein within the brain. This correlation and antibody effects strongly suggest that the neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup> dyshomeostasis is causally linked to pathological tau protein. These findings also reveal more pronounced neuronal Ca<sup>2+</sup> dysregulation in tauopathy mice than previously reported by two-photon imaging that can be partially corrected with an acute tau antibody treatment.