gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper-catalyzed three-component synthesis of 5-acetamidoimidazoles from carbodiimides, acyl chlorides and isocyanides (2014)

Only very limited methods are available for the synthesis of 5-amino imidazoles. We report in this paper that three-component reaction of acyl chlorides, carbodiimides and α-isocyanoacetates or TosMIC took place smoothly in the presence of Et3N (2.5 equiv.) and a catalytic amount of copper iodide (0.2 equiv.) to afford 1,4-disubstituted 5-acetamidoimidazoles in good yields.
Differentiation of Reactive-Like Astrocytes Cultured on Nanofibrillar and Comparative Culture Surfaces (2014)

Nanofibrillar scaffold properties were shown to reduce immunoreactivity responses while poly-L-lysine-functionalized Aclar® (Ted Pella Inc., CA, USA) properties were shown to induce responses reminiscent of glial scar formation. The comparison study indicated that directive cues may differ in wound-healing versus quiescent situations.
Energy Efficient Edge Computing: When Lyapunov Meets Distributed\n Reinforcement Learning (2021)

In this work, we study the problem of energy-efficient computation offloading\nenabled by edge computing. In the considered scenario, multiple users\nsimultaneously compete for limited radio and edge computing resources to get\noffloaded tasks processed under a delay constraint, with the possibility of\nexploiting low power sleep modes at all network nodes. The radio resource\nallocation takes into account inter- and intra-cell interference, and the duty\ncycles of the radio and computing equipment have to be jointly optimized to\nminimize the overall energy consumption. To address this issue, we formulate\nthe underlying problem as a dynamic long-term optimization. Then, based on\nLyapunov stochastic optimization tools, we decouple the formulated problem into\na CPU scheduling problem and a radio resource allocation problem to be solved\nin a per-slot basis. Whereas the first one can be optimally and efficiently\nsolved using a fast iterative algorithm, the second one is solved using\ndistributed multi-agent reinforcement learning due to its non-convexity and\nNP-hardness. The resulting framework achieves up to 96.5% performance of the\noptimal strategy based on exhaustive search, while drastically reducing\ncomplexity. The proposed solution also allows to increase the network's energy\nefficiency compared to a benchmark heuristic approach.\n
Removal of organics and control of bromate for a southern china water supply (2007)

A pilot plant with successive preozonation, coagulation‐sedimentation, sand filtration, postozonation, and biological activated carbon was operated for more than six months to treat reservoir water containing 15–38 μg/L of bromide in southern China. Preozonation enhanced the removal of chemical oxygen demand using potassium permanganate as the oxidant (COD Mn ) and ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV 254 ) using coagulation‐sedimentation but did not improve total organic carbon (TOC)‐removal effectively. However, preozonation markedly enhanced the removal of trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) by the conventional process, and THMFP removal by the combination of preozonation and conventional treatment was 57% using an ozone dose of 0.8 mg/L. Almost no bromate formed during preozonation. An ozone dose of 2.0 mg/L (0.5 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L for pre‐ and postozonation, respectively) was found to be the optimal dosage for the maximum removal of organics (65% of THMFP, 52% of TOC, 63% of COD Mn , and 84% of UV 254 ) while keeping bromate under 5 μg/L. A combination of conventional treatment with preozonation should be a suitable alternative if the primary goal is to remove THMFP.
Copper(i)-induced amplification of a [2]catenane in a virtual dynamic library of macrocyclic alkenes (2014)

Olefin cross-metathesis of diluted dichloromethane solutions (≤0.15 M) of the 28-membered macrocyclic alkene C1, featuring a 1,10-phenanthroline moiety in the backbone, as well as of catenand 1, composed of two identical interlocked C1 units, generates families of noninterlocked oligomers Ci. The composition of the libraries is strongly dependent on the monomer concentration, but independent of whether C1 or 1 is used as feedstock, as expected for truly equilibrated systems. Accordingly, the limiting value 0.022 M approached by the equilibrium concentration of C1 when the total monomer concentration approaches the critical value, as predicted by the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory, provides a reliable estimate of the thermodynamically effective molarity. Catenand 1 behaves as a virtual component of the dynamic libraries, in that there is no detectable trace of its presence in the equilibrated mixtures, but becomes the major component - in the form of its copper(I) complex - when olefin cross-metathesis is carried out in the presence of a copper(I) salt.
Virtual Private Networking: A View From the Trenches (1999)

1. Introduction. Networking 101. An Abridged Evolution of the Internet. So What Is a VPN Anyway? Goals of This Book. 2. The Networking Evolution to VPNs. Voice VPNs. Wide Area Branch Office and Backbone Networks. Remote Access. Electronic Commerce. SNA Networks. The Internet and IP. Conclusions. 3. The Business Case for VPNs. The Enterprise Customer. From the Service Provider's Perspective. 4. Tunneling. VPN Models. VPN Tunneling Protocols. 5. VPN Products and Solutions. Software-Based VPN Solutions. Hardware-Based VPN Solutions. Service Provider.located VPN Products. Summary. 6. The Enterprise Environment for VPNs. Authentication Services. Public Key Infrastructure. The Lightweight Directory Protocol (LDAP). Address management. Name Services. Quality of Service. Fixed Qos Mechanism: Entry Priority, Queueing, Shaping, and Preprovisioning. Summary. 7. The Service Provider Environment for VPNs. A Large-scale L2TP Deployment. Modem Provisioning and Dial Number Planning. Pricing Models and Billing Services. Network Management. VPN Provisioning. Summary. 8. A Look Ahead. Cellular Telephony and VPNs. VPN Applications in Broadband Access Networks. Multicasting Protocols in the VPN Environment. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). IP Version 6-IPv6. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Biometric Authentication Methods. Summary. The Light at the End of the Tunnel. Index.
Effect of Combined Shot Treatment and Nitriding on Galling Property of Die Used for High Strength Steels (2011)

The methodologies of controlling the surface texture of die by hybrid (double)-shot treatment and nitiding at a low temperature were examined for the development of long life cycle die applied to the high strength steel sheets. Hybrid-shot improved the galling property because of its lubricating effect, while nitriding at low temperature which is useful for decreasing distortion by heat-treatment had sufficient hardness of 1500 HV for anti-abrasion. Surface texture of die material, evaluated by using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis revealed that the ratio of the spectrum amplitude between high and low frequencies was corresponding to the galling generation load.
Long throw and rotary output electro-thermal actuators based on bent-beam suspensions (2002)

This paper reports on several aspects of the performance and application of bent-beam microactuators. Orthogonal pairs of p/sup +/ Si cascaded actuators with 500-1000 /spl mu/m long, 6.5 /spl mu/m thick beams designed for rotary drives are shown to produce 20-30 /spl mu/m non-resonant displacement with >150 /spl mu/N loading at less than 8 V, 300 mW. Inchworm type devices using 500-1500 /spl mu/m long, 8-14 /spl mu/m thick bent-beams are shown to produce up to 104 /spl mu/m displacement against 204 /spl mu/N loading farce with 250-750 mW DC and pulse actuation. Integrated passive locks reduce standby power to zero. Measured frequency response of bent-beam actuators and refinements in modeling that include non-linear thermal expansion coefficients and buckling are also reported.
Heat shock and recovery are mediated by different translational mechanisms. (1982)

When Drosophila cells are shifted from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C, protein synthesis is rapidly redirected from the complex pattern characteristic of normal growth to the simple pattern of heat shock proteins (HSPs). On return to 25 degrees C, synthesis of normal proteins is gradually reactivated and that of HSPs is repressed. In quantifying many different recovery experiments, we found that preexisting mRNAs always behaved as a cohort, with messages for different proteins returning to translation at the same rate. Heat shock mRNAs (HS mRNAs), on the other hand, never behaved as a cohort. Their repression was asynchronous, with translation of hsp70 always the first and translation of hsp82 always the last to be repressed. Although recovery times varied enormously (depending on the severity of the heat treatment), repression of hsp70 was always correlated with restoration of normal synthesis, suggesting a link between the two events, hsp70 repression was not simply due to competition with reactivated 25 degrees C mRNAs. A general decline in the translation efficiency of hsp70 mRNA was not observed. Instead, an increasing number of messages were translationally inactivated, while those remaining in the translational pool retained full ribosome loading. Unlike inactive 25 degrees C mRNAs, which are stable during heat shock, inactive HSP mRNAs are degraded during recovery.
Topical VEGF-C/D Inhibition Prevents Lymphatic Vessel Ingrowth into Cornea but Does Not Improve Corneal Graft Survival (2020)

Vascular endothelial growth factor-C/D (VEGF-C/D) regulates lymphangiogenesis. Ingrowth of lymphatic vessels is negatively associated with corneal transplantation success. In this study, we therefore analyzed the effect local blockade of VEGF-C/D has on inflamed corneas. We used the murine model of suture-induced neovascularization and subsequent high-risk corneal transplantation. Mice were treated with a VEGF-C/D trap prior to transplantation. Topical inhibition of VEGF-C/D significantly reduced lymphatic vessel ingrowth, but increased Macrophage numbers in the cornea. Furthermore, corneal transplantation success was not improved by the topical application of the compound. This study demonstrates that local VEGF-C/D inhibition is insufficient to increases corneal transplantation success, likely due to interaction with immune cells.
Aging of Preleukemic Thymocytes Drives CpG Island Hypermethylation in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2020)

Cancer cells display DNA hypermethylation at specific CpG islands in comparison to their normal healthy counterparts, but the mechanism that drives this so-called CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) remains poorly understood. Here, we show that CpG island methylation in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) mainly occurs at promoters of Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) target genes that are not expressed in normal or malignant T-cells and which display a reciprocal association with H3K27me3 binding. In addition, we revealed that this aberrant methylation profile reflects the epigenetic history of T-ALL and is established already in pre-leukemic, self-renewing thymocytes that precede T-ALL development. Finally, we unexpectedly uncover that this age-related CpG island hypermethylation signature in T-ALL is completely resistant to the FDA-approved hypomethylating agent Decitabine. Altogether, we here provide conceptual evidence for the involvement of a pre-leukemic phase characterized by self-renewing thymocytes in the pathogenesis of human T-ALL.
Just Ask: An Interactive Learning Framework for Vision and Language Navigation (2020)

In the vision and language navigation task (Anderson et al. 2018), the agent may encounter ambiguous situations that are hard to interpret by just relying on visual information and natural language instructions. We propose an interactive learning framework to endow the agent with the ability to ask for users' help in such situations. As part of this framework, we investigate multiple learning approaches for the agent with different levels of complexity. The simplest model-confusion-based method lets the agent ask questions based on its confusion, relying on the predefined confidence threshold of a next action prediction model. To build on this confusion-based method, the agent is expected to demonstrate more sophisticated reasoning such that it discovers the timing and locations to interact with a human. We achieve this goal using reinforcement learning (RL) with a proposed reward shaping term, which enables the agent to ask questions only when necessary. The success rate can be boosted by at least 15% with only one question asked on average during the navigation. Furthermore, we show that the RL agent is capable of adjusting dynamically to noisy human responses. Finally, we design a continual learning strategy, which can be viewed as a data augmentation method, for the agent to improve further utilizing its interaction history with a human. We demonstrate the proposed strategy is substantially more realistic and data-efficient compared to previously proposed pre-exploration techniques.
First-line therapy for stress incontinence. (2000)

Two excellent articles from Europe focus on first-line therapy for patients with stress urinary incontinence. Although many papers have debated the merits of pelvic floor exercise, functional electrical stimulation, and estrogen, few studies have been conducted using strict scientific methodology, which would allow unbiased judgment. The 2 studies selected for review are appropriately designed so that definitive conclusions related to the management of stress incontinence can be made.

Just for fun, please answer the following questions before reading the review.


Which of the following is the best first-line treatment for stress urinary incontinence?


Pelvic floor exercise


Functional electrical stimulation


Vaginal cone




Can estrogen replacement decrease or prevent stress urinary incontinence?


Yes


No
Protonation as a driving force for pentacoordination of phosphorus (1979)

Abstract CNDO/2 calculations are reported on four caged phosphorus compounds, Y‐P(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 X (X = N, CH; Y = O, OH + , H + ). Structures with and without a transannular bond between P and X were taken into account; the influence of this bond on the stability of the compounds was examined. For X = N and Y = H + the lowest‐energy structure corresponds with the geometry found by X‐ray analysis. If X = CH, formation of a transannular bond proves to be unlikely, as expected. The calculations predict the formation of a P‐N bond upon protonation of the phosphate (X = N, Y = O). The net atomic charges in the protonated phosphite were used to calculate its NMR coupling constant, 1 J PH , which correlates well with the value found experimentally.
Phase separation in InGaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1998)

We report on phase separation in thick InGaN films with up to 50% InN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition from 690 to 780 °C. InGaN films with thicknesses of 0.5 μm were analyzed by θ–2θ x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area diffraction (SAD). Single phase InGaN was obtained for the as-grown films with &amp;lt;28% InN. However, for films with higher than 28% InN, the samples showed a spinodally decomposed microstructure as confirmed by TEM and extra spots in SAD patterns that corresponded to multiphase InGaN.
Fiber-based Raman spectroscopy of glucose (2004)

Design and functionality of a reagent-free Raman-based fiber optic sensor are described in the context of glucose monitoring. Theoretical calculations of sensor performance are shown using raytrace software. An optimized sensor design with an outer diameter of 1.5 mm was carried out. First experiments in aqueous glucose solutions showed a root mean square error of prediction of 10.5 mg/dl in an independent validation.
Single Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Critical Analysis of the Bianalyte versus Isotopologue Proof (2016)

Verification of single-molecule (SM) detection for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) requires the use of two analytes via either the bianalyte or isotopologue approach. For both approaches, the preferential observation of the individual analytes over a combination of both analytes is used to conclude that SM detection has been achieved. Isotopologues are preferred because they have identical surface binding affinities and Raman cross sections, whereas bianalyte pairs typically do not. We conducted multianalyte SERS studies to investigate the limitations of the bianalyte approach. The bianalyte partners, Rhodamine 6G (R6G-d0) and crystal violet (CV-d0), were directly compared, while SM detection was verified (or disproved) using their corresponding isotopologues (R6G-d4, CV-d12). We found that the significant difference in counts between R6G and CV can provide misleading evidence for SMSERS. We then rationalized these results using a joint Poisson-binomial model with unequal detection probabilities and adjusted the relative concentrations of R6G and CV to achieve a comparable distribution of SMSERS counts. Using this information, we outlined the necessary considerations, such as accounting for the differences in molecular properties, for reliable SMSERS proofs. Moreover, we showed that multianalyte experiments at the SM level are achievable, opening the opportunity for new types of SM studies.
Wavefield separation via principle component analysis and deep learning in the local angle domain (2017)

We present a novel method for decomposing different geometrical characteristics of seismic imaged data using principle component analysis (PCA) applied to directional (dip/azimuth) gathers, and then performing deep learning (convolutional neural network) for automatic classification interpretation. The subsurface geometrical objects to be classified are reflectors (continuous structural surfaces) and different types of diffractors (discontinuous objects such as small-scale fractures and faults). Our preliminary results show superiority over other methods involved in geometrical transformation (e.g., Radon) and specular/diffraction weighted stacks. Presentation Date: Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Start Time: 10:10 AM Location: 381A Presentation Type: ORAL
Live imaging of blood flow in mammalian embryos using Doppler swept-source optical coherence tomography (2008)

Studying hemodynamic changes during early mammalian embryonic development is critical for further advances in prevention, diagnostics, and treatment of congenital cardiovascular (CV) birth defects and diseases. Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to provide sensitive measurements of blood flow in avian and amphibian embryos. We combined Doppler swept-source optical coherence tomography (DSS-OCT) and live mouse embryo culture to analyze blood flow dynamics in early embryos. SS-OCT structural imaging was used for the reconstruction of embryo morphology and the orientation of blood vessels, which is required for calculating flow velocity from the Doppler measurements. Spatially and temporally resolved blood flow profiles are presented for the dorsal aorta and a yolk sac vessel in a 9.5-day embryo. We demonstrate that DSS-OCT can be successfully used for structural analysis and spatially and temporally resolved hemodynamic measurements in developing early mammalian embryos.
Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation (BIRD) (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Book Reviews (1991)

Book Reviews Get access Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical CorrelationsGuttierrez Yezid Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1990 532 pp., $75.00 ISBN 0-8121-1237-7 Ronald A. Sherman Ronald A. Sherman Division of Infectious Diseases Long Beach Veterans Affairs Medical Center Long Beach, Calif Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume 28, Issue 6, 1 November 1991, Page 882, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/28.6.882 Published: 01 November 1991
Trafficking Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engraftment and Differentiation in Tumor-Bearing Mice by Bioluminescence Imaging (2009)

The objective of the study was to track the distribution and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tumor-bearing mice. The 4T1 murine breast cancer cells were labeled with renilla luciferase-monomeric red fluorescence protein (rLuc-mRFP) reporter gene. The MSCs labeled with firefly luciferase-enhanced green fluorescence protein (fLuc-eGFP) reporter gene (MSCs-R) were isolated from L2G85 transgenic mice that constitutively express fLuc-eGFP reporter gene. To study the tumor tropism of MSCs, we established both subcutaneous and lung metastasis models. In lung metastasis tumor mice, we injected MSCs-R intravenously either on the same day or 4 days after 4T1 tumor cell injection. In subcutaneous tumor mice, we injected MSCs-R intravenously 7 days after subcutaneous 4T1 tumor inoculation. The tumor growth was monitored by rLuc bioluminescence imaging (BLI). The fate of MSCs-R was monitored by fLuc BLI. The localization of MSCs-R in tumors was examined histologically. The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs-R was investigated by alizarin red S and oil red O staining, respectively. The mechanism of the dissimilar differentiation potential of MSCs-R under different tumor microenvironments was investigated. We found that the 4T1 cells were successfully labeled with rLuc-mRFP. The MSCs-R isolated from L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively express fLuc-eGFP reporter gene. When injected intravenously, MSCs-R survived, proliferated, and differentiated in tumor sites but not elsewhere. The localization of GFP(+) MSCs-R in tumor lesions was confirmed ex vivo. In conclusion, the MSCs-R can selectively localize, survive, and proliferate in both subcutaneous tumor and lung metastasis as evidenced by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging and ex vivo validation. The MSCs-R migrated to lung tumor differentiated into osteoblasts, whereas the MSCs-R targeting subcutaneous tumor differentiated into adipocytes.
LDA measurement of tangential and axial velocity profiles within swirl pressure-jet nozzles (1987)

Flow fields were measured within scaled-up plexiglass models of pressure-jet nozzles with the use of Laser-Doppler-Anemometry. The most significant items of interest were the tangential and axial velocity profiles for a variety of Reynolds numbers and swirl intensities in spill-controlled nozzles. The orifice film properties are of particular relevance for the subsequent disintegration of the fluid emission and hence for the final droplet distribution curves.