gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Asia (2001)

Studies of Asians in Asia show relatively low incidence rates for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease compared with North America and Europe. The prevalence of ulcerative colitis in migrant South Asians in Europe is similar to Europeans, whereas the prevalence of Crohn's disease for migrant South Asians in Europe is decreased compared with Europeans. The prevalence for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Japan and Korea is relatively low. There are no obvious differences in age or sex distribution or rates of familial aggregation, and there are no significant differences in the clinical characteristics and natural history of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Asians compared with other racial groups with inflammatory bowel disease.
TFT-LCD panel driver IC using dynamic function shuffling technique (2002)

Most of the power supplied to a thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panel is consumed at the video signal input lines of the driver ICs, and at the panel vertical lines driven by the driver ICs. The signal frequency at the video signal inputs is about 240 MHz/spl divide/ (number of lines) and about 60 kHz at the vertical lines assuming a super extended graphics array (SXGA) display format. The parasitic capacitance of each line is over 60 pF on the video input side and over 150 pF at the vertical lines. The required signal amplitude at the vertical lines, which depends on the liquid crystal material, is always more than 3 V/sub pp/ for good black and white picture contrast. Conversely, a small signal amplitude is crucial to low power consumption and low electromagnetic radiation. Thus, a gain stage is needed to amplify the signals. For reasons of signal processing speed, the sample and hold (SH) stage precedes the gain stage. However, this configuration increases the offset pedestal originating from the SH stage at the gain stage. To overcome this, dynamic function shuffling is introduced in this CMOS driver IC.
Noninvasive Monitoring and Tracking of Muscle Stem Cell Transplants (2004)

MR monitoring is a highly sensitive technique that is applicable to muscle stem cell transplantation. We anticipate that it will enhance stem cell investigations by reducing the need for invasive tissue harvests and biopsies.
Energy Efficient 5G NR Street-Macro Deployment in a Dense Urban Scenario (2019)

In this paper we study the impact on radio network energy consumption, system capacity and end-user performance when deploying 5G NR street-macro cells in a dense urban area. The network energy consumption is a significant part of the operator OPEX [1], and here NR has a clear advantage over LTE thanks to the lean design of the physical layer enabling more efficient hardware sleep during times with low traffic [2]. To evaluate the energy performance advantage of 5G NR we perform system evaluations in a scenario based on a real network in a European capital city. First, we study a NR-only scenario where high-power NR "street-macro cells" are added to a network of above-rooftop NR macro cells. Secondly, we examine a network migration scenario where NR is added to an existing LTE deployment and we show that in a dense urban scenario with very high traffic the network energy consumption is decreased by introducing NR. In both scenarios the street-macro cells increase the total system capacity as well as the cell-edge user throughput performance significantly. When cell sleep functionality utilizing discontinuous transmission (DTX) is used these performance enhancements are achieved without increasing the total network energy consumption.
The Mercury Project: A kW Scale Yb:S-FAP Laser for Inertial Fusion Energy and Target Experiments (2007)

The laser is nearing completion with demonstration of 73% frequency-conversion efficiency, deformable mirror operation that generated a 4-times diffraction limited spot, and commissioning of an advanced front end to be installed on the main laser.
Design of Multivalent Ligands that Cross the Blood Brain Barrier for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Without Toxicities (2015)

Pain, especially prolonged and neuropathic, is the most ubiquitous and expensive disease in the U.S. and worldwide and treatments are inadequate or ineffective and often lead to enhanced pain sensitivity, addiction and poor quality of life. New modalities for treatment are urgently needed but are not forthcoming from pharma. We have proposed that a new approach to drug design is needed which takes into account the changes in the expressed genome that accompany these disease states [1]. In particular, in prolonged and neuropathic pain there is up-regulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors in ascending and descending pain pathways that are stimulatory and therefore enhance the pain perception. From these and other findings, we have hypothesized that the design of a multivalent ligand that has agonist activity at the mu and delta opioid receptors (balanced or favoring μ or δ receptors) with antagonist activities at the up-regulated stimulatory receptor (e.g. ligands for neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor) all in single ligand, would have potent analgesic activities but without the toxicities of current opioid drugs and without the development of tolerance or addiction.
Temperature-Dependence of an Amorphous Organic Thin Film Polariton Laser (2020)

Since its first observation, the polariton lasing threshold in organic films has been anomalously high, given that Bosonic condensation should occur at vanishingly small pumping powers. Here, we investigate the temperature dependence of a polariton laser employing an amorphous organic thin film, 2,7-bis[9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)-fluoren-2-yl]-9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)fluorene, in a vertical optical microcavity. An increase in laser threshold is observed at temperatures <45 K, while the threshold remains unchanged as the temperature increases up to room temperature. In contrast, the energy dispersion characteristic of cavity polaritons is independent of temperature. At low temperature, an energy relaxation bottleneck along the polariton dispersion takes place below threshold. The bottleneck is found to be responsible for the anomalous increase in threshold with decreasing temperature. As the pumping power increases, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is observed prior to the onset of lasing. We also study the photoluminescence of the neat organic film versus temperature to explain the origin of the bottleneck in the exciton polariton dispersion.
High Yield Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis Through Multilayer Porous Mesh Substrates (2018)

We demonstrate the high yield synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using a multi-layer, three-dimensional (3-D) metal mesh porous substrate consisting of eight parallel and evenly spaced mesh substrates. SWCNT yield in this synthesis improved 78-times compared to that of a single flat nonporous substrate. In addition, the total SWCNT yield was greater than eight-fold (mesh layered number). This yield improvement caused from the two reasons. First, mesh substrate could play a role as higher surface substrates than that of a flat nonporous substrate. Second, it also could achieve gas heating elements to allow the uniform delivery of heated source gases. In addition, CNTs grown were sustained the single-walled structure from the first layer to the final (8th) layer. This architecture leads to achieve the total carbon conversion efficiency of above 80% with single-walled structure (average: 1.2 number of walls). We can demonstrate this process as an interesting alternative approach for the efficient synthesis of high yield SWCNT synthesis for mass production through simply a change to the layered porous substrates (metal meshes). [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.279]
OFDM Transform‐Domain Receivers for Multi‐Standard Communications (2010)

This chapter presents transform-domain (TD) receivers, based on charge sampling, as a candidate for the implementation of high-performance wideband and ultrawideband radio frequency (RF) receivers. It introduces the TD receiver, including the receiver structure, RF front end, mixing, and integration blocks. The chapter presents the fundamental detection, synchronization, and calibration equations for the design of the digital baseband blocks for multicarrier signals. The multi-channel sinc filter bank is compared with conventional analog filter banks. Both the analog and digital complexities of both filter banks are analyzed and compared in a multi-carrier receiver scenario. Simulation results are presented to show least-mean-squares (LMS) calibration and frequency offset estimation of the system. A lower bound on the gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of the OP-AMP in a charge sampling circuit is obtained in the chapter. The chapter provides two applications of TD receivers such as software-defined radio multi-standard receiver and TD distributed sensor relay. Controlled Vocabulary Terms least mean squares methods; OFDM; radio frequency; signal processing system; software radio
Room-Temperature Operation of Buffer-Free GaSb–AlGaSb Quantum-Well Diode Lasers Grown on a GaAs Platform Emitting at 1.65 $\mu$m (2007)

Buffer-free growth of GaSb on GaAs using interfacial misfit (IMF) layers may significantly improve the performance of antimonide-based emitters operating between 1.6 and 3 mum by integrating III-As and III-Sb materials. Using the IMF, we are able to demonstrate a GaSb-AlGaSb quantum-well laser grown on a GaAs substrate and emitting at 1.65 mum, the longest known operating wavelength for this type of device. The device operates in the pulsed mode at room temperature and shows 15-mW peak power at -10degC and shows high characteristic temperature (T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ) for an Sb-based active region. Further improvements to IMF formation can lead to high-performance lasers operating up to 3 mum.
Effect of Ligand Chemistry on the Electronic Properties and Reactivity of Cobalt Acetate Autoxidation Catalysts (2023)

Autoxidation chemistry catalyzed by cobalt(II) acetate is an industrial pathway for converting hydrocarbons into oxygenated compounds and has promising potential applications in plastic waste deconstruction. However, the chemical properties of the Co acetate-based catalysts and their roles in the reaction mechanism are poorly understood, and as a result, attempts to redesign the autoxidation chemical process for novel applications lack clear direction. In this work, we investigate the structure and electronic properties of a series of multinuclear Co(III) compounds that have been proposed as active participants in catalytic autoxidation. Through a combination of X-ray spectroscopic measurements [Co K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) XAS] and theoretical methods, we characterize the interactions of Co with acetate and hydroxyl ligands in these compounds. We show that the substitution of acetate ligands with hydroxyls in these compounds causes an increase in the electron density on Co, driven by the loss of a π back-bonding interaction between Co and acetate and an increase in electron donation to Co from the hydroxyl ligands. We further classify the bonding between Co and acetate based on the orbital overlap and show that the experimental absorption and emission spectra are well-described by the resulting molecular orbitals. Finally, we predict the impacts of acetate/hydroxyl ligand exchange on autoxidation catalytic properties, showing that the reaction free energies for key Co oxidation and reduction steps are extremely sensitive to metal–ligand bonding interactions and thus have meaningful impacts on overall reactivity. The results of this study constitute an important set of design criteria for developing novel homogeneous autoxidation catalysts.
Real-time molecular imaging of EGFR mutations using fibred confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM) (2013)

Introduction: EGFR mutations are routinely explored in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) by sequencing tumoral DNA. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a specific fluorescent tracer for in situ and real time EGFR-mutations molecular imaging. Methods: Four human ADC cell lines were used as xenographs in 3 nude mice groups. Group A received HCC827 and H1650 cell lines that harbour DelE746-A750 (TKI-sensitive) EGFR mutation. Group B received the A549 cell line that contains wild-type EGFR. Group C received the H1975 cell line that harbours both the T790M (TKI-resistance) and the L858R (TKI sensitive) EGFR mutations. The fluorescent tracer was synthesized in our laboratory by the addition of a fluorescein to the erlotinib molecule. Fresh tumors were excised and exposed to a 1 µM tracer solution in PBS for one hour. After multiple washings, real-time molecular imaging was performed using FCFM. The median fluorescence intensity (MFI) was recorded for each tumor. Results: 19 lesions were imaged (Group A =11, Group B =4; Group C =4). The MFI was significantly higher in the 2 groups harbouring mutated-EGFR (groups A and C) compared to wild-type EGFR tumors (group B) (A: 757.3 arbitrary units (A.U) and C: 823.8 A.U vs. B: 307.5 A.U ; p&lt;0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Using a cut-off MFI value of 386 A.U, the tracer showed a Se=100% and Sp=100% for mutated EGFR tumor. Conclusion: Our fluorescent tracer was able to distinguish tumors with EGFR-mutations, both with sensitive or resistant phenotype, from EGFR-wild-type in real time using FCFM. If confirmed by using fresh human tumors, the technique may be used as a rapid-on-site test to select tumors requiring sequencing.
Prediction of Pyrolysis Process for Wood and Grass Biomass by CPD Model (2008)

This paper presents new pyrolysis model of wood and grass biomass. It is named biomass-CPD model. A scheme of the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model which was used in numerical analysis of coal pyrolysis was applied to description of wood and grass biomass pyrolysis. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which are three main components of wood and grass were modeled at first. A molecular structure of each component was determined from that of its monomer, and a rate constant of each component was determined from both the conventional model and the pyrolysis curve from experiment. The pyrolysis process of wood and grass biomass was expressed by a summation of that of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin calculated from the developed model. The content of each component in wood and grass was predicted from the ultimate analysis and the proximate analysis of wood and grass. By using above-mentioned new method, the pyrolysis process and the yields of total volatiles and tar of wood and grass biomass was predicted by only values of biomass properties and pyrolysis conditions. From a comparison between calculation and experimental results, the predicted pyrolysis process and yields of total volatiles and tar of various wood and grass biomass pyrolyzed under various conditions are in good agreement with the experimental ones, and we show the validity of the biomass-CPD model.
Endocrine-Related Biochemistry in the Spectrum of Human Lung Carcinoma* (1981)

The association of hormonal syndrome and APUD (amine precursor uptake, decarboxylase) features with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCC) has suggested that SCC has a separate cell origin from other major forms of lung cancer. Recently, however, both SCC and non-SCC lung cancers have been found to contain small polypeptide hormones and APUD enzymes. The present study quantitates, in 50 samples of human lung cancer tissue, relationships among the 4 major types of lung cancer and endocrine-related properties. Among 4 parameters measured (dopa decarboxylase, histaminase, beta-endorphin, and calcitonin), no single marker clearly separated SCC from non-SCC lung cancer. The high activity of dopa decarboxylase (the "D" in "APUD") best separated SCC from non-SCC, but significant overlap existed even for this critical APUD property. In fact, 2 adenocarcinomas had among the highest concentrations of dopa decarboxylase, histaminase, and calcitonin of any tumor tissue studied. The simultaneous appearance of high levels of 2 or more markers favored SCC. This was quantitated by deriving an index unit based upon the product of the values for the 4 markers in each lesion. This index separated all SCC from all non-SCC lung carcinomas, with the exception of the above 2 adenocarcinomas. Endocrine-related properties thus occur throughout the spectrum of human lung cancer. Biochemical differences between the major histopathological types are quantitative rather than qualitative and probably reflect the fact that the major forms of lung cancer represent a continuum of differentiation within a common cell lineage which includes both SCC and non-SCC lung tumors.
Supplement Table 2 from A Systematic Analysis Reveals Heterogeneous Changes in the Endocytic Activities of Cancer Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplement Table 2: NSCLC cell line properties&lt;/p&gt;
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Part-solid Nodules (2015)

3 T MRI with quantitative ADC values demonstrated potential for discriminating benign part-solid pulmonary nodules from malignant lesions. ADC and T2* values correlated with adenocarcinoma subtypes. No MRI parameters correlated with SUVmax. T1 and T2 values showed significant correlation with HU measurements of the entire nodule and of the solid components.
Development of Small-sized Generator of Ozone-dissolved Water Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes (2009)

A new electrochemical generator of ozone-dissolved water, which is comprised of an electro-conductive diamond electrode and of an ion exchange membrane, was evaluated using tap water as source solution, in order to confirm general versatility. Although the current efficiency became lower than that obtained in the case of pure water due to the effects of co-existing substances, ozone-dissolved water of over 1 mg dm-3 can be produced. The stability was found to being over than 300 hours.
Neuromodulation beyond neurostimulation for epilepsy: scope for focused ultrasound (2019)

<b>Introduction</b>: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and is often difficult to control with medication. Intractable epilepsy often results in compromised quality of life (QOL), neurologic morbidity and even mortality. In carefully selected cases, resective surgery offers the best potential for cure or seizure control. However, a large proportion of patients are not suitable for resective epilepsy surgery. Neuromodulation techniques are increasingly being used to treat such refractory cases. Recently, the FDA approved Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) for essential tremor and this novel technology is also being explored in several other neuropsychiatric conditions and neurological disorders, including epilepsy. <b>Area covered</b>: While the literature is scant and scattered, the pertinent literature of the MRgFUS is reviewed with an emphasis on research relevant to its application for epilepsy. <b>Expert opinion</b>: Limited preliminary clinical experiences and research studies with MRgFUS ablation or neuromodulation for epilepsy have shown promising results; however, this procedure remains experimental requiring further investigations. Safe and reversible opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with MRgFUS adds an additional therapeutic avenue by allowing targeted delivery of neurotherapeutics in neurological disorders, potentially including epilepsy. Ongoing clinical trials and research coupled with technological advancements contribute to strengthening the MRgFUS epilepsy field. MRgFUS could be the future technology of choice for 'ablation' or 'sononeuromodulation', and/or a 'targeted therapeutics' for epilepsy.
Synthesis of pyridyl substituted pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines as potential inhibitors of protein kinases (2013)

A synthetic route towards 3-(2-pyridyl)-6-(hetero)aryl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridines is described. The key step consists of a microwave-assisted multi-component reaction, including a Sonogashira type cross-coupling of appropriate 5-chloropyrazole-4-carbaldehydes with alkynyl-(hetero)arenes followed by pyridine ring formation of the coupling products in the presence of tert-butylamine, directly affording the title compounds. A congener without substituent at N-1 was accessed via cleavage of a tert-butyl protecting group. Detailed NMR spectroscopic studies ( 1 H, 13 C and 15 N) were undertaken with the obtained compounds. Selected representatives were evaluated for their potential as inhibitors of protein kinases.
First-in-Human Phase I Study to Evaluate the Brain-Penetrant PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor GDC-0084 in Patients with Progressive or Recurrent High-Grade Glioma (2020)

GDC-0084 demonstrated classic PI3K/mTOR-inhibitor related toxicities. FDG-PET and concentration data from brain tumor tissue suggest that GDC-0084 crossed the blood-brain barrier.
Sequence of the circle junction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: implications for reverse transcription and integration (1990)

The sequence of the LTR-LTR circle junction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was determined. The circle junction sequences were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into M13 sequencing vectors. The circle junction contains 4 base pairs that are not present in the integrated provirus. We show that reverse transcription in HIV-1 initiates with the addition of a dC to the tRNA primer, suggesting that the tRNA used to initiate reverse transcription ends with the consensus CCA triplet. This indicates that the source of one of the four bases in the circle junction is probably the terminal A of the tRNA primer used to initiate reverse transcription. We propose that, in HIV-1, removal of the tRNA primer by RNase H cleavage shows an unusual specificity such that cleavage occurs between the terminal rA and the adjacent rC of the tRNA primer. These data also imply that the HIV-1 integration protein removes two bases from each end of the linear viral DNA during integration as has been described for other well-studied retroviruses.
From Amino Acids to Fused Chiral Pyrrolidines and Piperidines via the INOC Route (2000)

Intramolecular nitrile oxide olefin cycloaddition (INOC) reactions of oximes 1–3 and of 24–27 derived from L-amino acids have been found to proceed stereoselectively, yielding tricyclic fused pyrrolidines and piperidines. Further manipulation led to chiral hydroxymethyl-substituted fused piperidines 33–35 and to 3-amino-4-(1-hydroxypropyl)-2-mercaptomethyl-N-methylpiperidine (36). The structures and stereochemistries of the fused systems, as well as those of the piperidines, have been established by NMR.
Walk-assist robot: A novel approach to gain selection of a braking controller using differential flatness (2010)

With the growth of elderly population in our society, technology will play an important role in providing functional mobility to humans. From the perspective of human safety, it is desirable that controllers for walk-assist robots be dissipative, i.e., the energy is supplied by the human to the walker, while the controller modulates this energy, also the motion of the walker, while dissipating this energy. The simplest form of a dissipating controller is a brake, where resistive torques are applied to the wheels proportional to their speeds. The fundamental question that we ask in this paper is how to modulate these proportionality gains over time for the two wheels so that the walker can perform point-to-point motions in the state space. The unique contribution of this paper is a novel way in which the theory of differential flatness is used to plan the trajectory of these braking gains. Since the user input force is not known prior, the theory of model predictive control is used to periodically compute the trajectory of these braking gains. The simulation results show that the walking assist robot, along with the structure of this proposed control scheme, can guide the user to a goal accurately.