gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The anti-HIV pentameric pseudopeptide HB-19 is preferentially taken up in vivo by lymphoid organs where it forms a complex with nucleolin (2001)

The HB-19 pseudopeptide 5[Kpsi(CH(2)N)PR]-TASP, psi(CH(2)N) for reduced peptide bond, is a specific inhibitor of HIV infection in different CD4(+) cell lines and in primary T-lymphocytes and macrophages. It blocks virus-particle attachment to permissive cells by binding and forming a stable complex with nucleolin expressed on the cell surface. Here, we have investigated the tissue distribution of the tritiated HB-19 by using beta-radio imager whole-body mapping in rats. A rapid, selective, and stable distribution and accumulation of the systematically administered HB-19 was demonstrated within the spleen, liver, bone, and kidney as soon as 5 min following its administration. No apparent uptake of HB-19 occurred in the brain and the muscle tissue. Interestingly and despite its rapid clearance from the blood, at 24 h postexposure a significant proportion of HB-19 was still recovered from target organs, of which 16-37% could be accounted for intact pseudopeptide. The elimination of HB-19 mainly occurred by renal glomerular filtration and most of the excreted radioactivity appeared to be HB-19 metabolites. Finally, injection of the biotin-labeled HB-19 pseudopeptide but not its control counterpart allowed the recovery of the HB-19-nucleolin complex from the liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow, thus indicating that the in vivo molecular target of HB-19 is surface nucleolin. Our results demonstrate the preferential uptake and stability of HB-19 in lymphoid organs that are the site of HIV propagation.
Self-Healability of Poly(Ethylene-co-Methacrylic Acid): Effect of Ionic Content and Neutralization (2022)

Self-healing polymers such as poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers (PEMAA) can heal themselves immediately after a projectile puncture which in turn lowers environmental pollution from replacement. In this study, the thermal-mechanical properties and self-healing response of a library of 15 PEMAA copolymers were studied to understand the effects of the ionic content (Li, Na, Zn, Mg) and neutralization percentage (13 to 78%) on the results. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile testing were used to study the thermo-mechanical properties of PEMAA copolymers while the self-healing response was studied using the projectile test. Puncture sites were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the healing efficiency was quantitatively measured using the water leakage test. Five different self-healing responses were observed and correlated to ionic content and neutralization. At high neutralization, divalent neutralizing ions (Zn and Mg) that have stronger ionic interactions exhibited brittle responses during projectile testing. PEMAA samples neutralized with Mg and Li at low concentrations had a higher healing efficiency than PEMAA samples neutralized with Zn and Na at low neutralization. The PEMAA copolymers with higher tensile stress and two distinct peaks in the graph of loss factor versus temperature that indicate the presence of sufficient ionic aggregate clusters had improved healing efficiency. By increasing the neutralization percentage from 20% to 70%, the tensile strength and modulus of the samples increased and their self-healability generally increased. Among the investigated samples, the copolymer with ~50% neutralization by Li salt showed the highest healing efficiency (100%). Overall, the strength and elastic response required for successful self-healing responses in PEMAA copolymers are shown to be governed by the choice of ion and the amount of neutralization.
Manifold Learning of Overcomplete Feature Spaces in a Multimodal Biometric Recognition System of Iris and Palmprint (2017)

This paper presents a bimodal biometric recognition system based on iris and palmprint. Different wavelet-based filters including log Gabor, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Walsh and Haar are used to extract features from images. Then we fuse iris and palmprint at the feature level by concatenating the feature vectors from two modalities. Since wavelet transforms generate huge number of features, a dimensionality reduction step is necessary to make the classification and matching steps tractable and computationally feasible. In this paper, two well-known dimensionality reduction algorithms including Laplacian eigenmaps and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are used to reduce the size of feature space. Applying these dimensionality reduction methods not only decreases the computational cost of matching remarkably but also it improves the accuracy of recognition by reducing the unnecessary model complexity. Eventually multiple classification techniques are used in the transformed feature spaces for the final matching and recognition. CASIA datasets for iris and palmprint are used in this study. The experiments show the effectiveness of our feature level fusion method and also the dimensionality reduction methods we used. Based on our experiments, our multimodal biometric system always outperforms the unimodal recognition systems with higher accuracy. Moreover, an appropriate dimensionality reduction algorithm always helps to improve the accuracy of classifier. Finally, the log Gabor filter extracts the most discriminative features from images compared to other wavelet transforms.
An Investigation of Metrics for the In Situ Detection of Software Expertise (2014)

Task-based analysis is a common and effective way to measure expertise levels of software users. However, such assessments typically require in-person laboratory studies and inherently require knowledge of the user's task. Today, there is no accepted method for assessing a user's expertise levels outside of a lab, during a user's own home or work environment activities. In this article, we explore the feasibility of software applications automatically inferring a user's expertise levels, based on the user's in situ usage patterns. We outline the potential usage metrics that may be indicative of expertise levels and then perform a study, where we capture such metrics, by installing logging software in the participants' own workplace environments. We then invite those participants into a laboratory study and perform a more traditional task-based assessment of expertise. Our analysis of the study examines if metrics captured in situ, without any task knowledge, can be indicative of user expertise levels. The results show the existence of significant correlations between metrics calculated from in situ usage logs, and task-based user expertise assessments from our laboratory study. We discuss the implications of the results and how future software applications may be able to measure and leverage knowledge of the expertise of its users.
Coumarins and Gastrointestinal Cancer: A New Therapeutic Option? (2021)

Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are often life-threatening malignancies, which can be a severe burden to the health care system. Globally, the mortality rate from gastrointestinal tumors has been increasing due to the lack of adequate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic measures to combat these tumors. Coumarin is a natural product with remarkable antitumor activity, and it is widely found in various natural plant sources. Researchers have explored coumarin and its related derivatives to investigate their antitumor activity, and the potential molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms include hormone antagonists, alkylating agents, inhibitors of angiogenesis, inhibitors of topoisomerase, inducers of apoptosis, agents with antimitotic activity, telomerase inhibitors, inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrase, as well as other potential mechanisms. Consequently, drug design and discovery scientists and medicinal chemists have collaborated to identify new coumarin-related agents in order to produce more effective antitumor drugs against GI cancers. Herein, we summarize the therapeutic effects of coumarin and its derivatives against GI cancer.
Performance evaluation in multimedia CDMA wireless transmission (2002)

Investigates the behavior of block errors in multimedia direct-sequence (DS) CDMA transmission systems operating over slow fading channels. We show that block errors can be accurately modeled by a first-order Markov process. Although Markov models have been used before to analyze packet transmission over radio channels, they have not been applied to CDMA systems that incorporate convolutional codes (CC) with soft-decision decoding. A major contribution of this work is to include in the new Markov model the effects of the CC, soft-decision decoding, and the RAKE diversity fingers with maximal ratio combining. The validity and accuracy of the model are established based on information-theoretic arguments and confirmed by computer simulation. A method to estimate the Markov process parameters is also presented. Another major contribution of this paper is the analysis of the throughput of the go-back-N and selective-repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols over DS-CDMA systems using the proposed Markov model. Several cases involving different numbers of RAKE fingers and various values of round-trip delays are analyzed. Our approximation is found to be excellent in all cases. The study of multimedia transmission, especially video, over DS-CDMA channels is greatly simplified using the model introduced in this work.
A world-to-chip microfluidic interconnection technology with dual functions of sample injection and sealing for a multichamber micro PCR chip (2005)

This paper presents a practical world-to-chip microfluidic interconnection technology with dual functions of sample injection and sealing for a multichamber Micro PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) chip. After sample injection and sealing, leakage test is conducted by elevating the temperature up to 100 /spl deg/C for 30 min. No leakage flows are found during the test for 10 cartridges. In conclusion, we have introduced a simple and cheap microfluidic interconnection technology for both sample injection and sealing, which provides a zero dead volume, a zero leakage flow, and biochemical compatibility. Also, this world-to-chip interconnection technology enables one or more operators to interface between the micro world and real world easily by using conventional pipettes.
Phenotypic Variants of Staphylococci and Their Underlying Population Distributions Following Exposure to Stress (2013)

This study investigated whether alterations in environmental conditions would induce the formation of small colony variant phenotypes (SCV) with associated changes in cell morphology and ultra-structure in S. aureus, s. epidermidis, and S. lugdunensis. Wild-type clinical isolates were exposed to low temperature (4 °C), antibiotic stress (penicillin G and vancomycin; 0-10,000 µg mL(-1)), pH stress (pH 3-9) and osmotic challenge (NaCl concentrations of 0-20%). Changes in cell diameter, cell-wall thickness, and population distribution changes (n ≥ 300) were assessed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and compared to control populations. Our analyses found that prolonged exposure to all treatments resulted in the subsequent formation of SCV phenotypes. Observed SCVs manifested as minute colonies with reduced haemolysis and pigmentation (NaCl, pH and 4°C treatments), or complete lack thereof (antibiotic treatments). SEM comparison analyses revealed significantly smaller cell sizes for SCV populations except in S. aureus and S. epidermidis 10% NaCl, and S. epidermidis 4 °C (p<0.05). Shifts in population distribution patterns were also observed with distinct sub-populations of smaller cells appearing for S. epidermidis, and S. lugdunensis. TEM analyses revealed significantly thicker cell-walls in all treatments and species except S. lugdunensis exposed to 4 °C. These findings suggest that staphylococci adapted to environmental stresses by altering their cell size and wall thickness which could represent the formation of altered phenotypes which facilitate survival under harsh conditions. The phenotypic response was governed by the type of prevailing environmental stress regime leading to appropriate alterations in ultra-structure and size, suggesting downstream changes in gene expression, the proteome, and metabolome.
De Novo Design of Ligands for Metal Separation - Final Report - 09/15/1996 - 09/14/2000 (2001)

This application focuses on the development of appropriate computation tools and parameters for the de novo design of selective metal ligands. We have developed a successful suite of tools for computer-aided design of ligands for receptors of known three-dimensional structure (structure-based design), including the prediction of affinity. Adaptation of the algorithms to place donor atoms at appropriate geometrical locations surrounding the metal of interest, rather than filling up a cavity with donor/acceptor atoms placed optimally to interact with a protein active site, is straightforward. Appropriate geometrical parameters for metals can be derived from crystal structures and force constants adapted from recent advances in theories of metal-ligand interactions. The practical goal is computer-aided design of ligands which would be selective for one metal over another with a predicted selectivity ratio and affinity.
Abstract 287: Formation of Temporary Niches Is Required for Bone Marrow Cells To Adopt the Cardiomyogenic Fate In Vivo (2007)

The course in history of psychology can be challenging for students, many of whom enter it with little background in history and faced with unfamiliar names and concepts. The sheer volume of material can encourage passive memorization unless efforts are made to increase student involvement. As part of a trend toward experiential history, historians of science have begun to supplement their lectures with demonstrations of classic physics experiments as a way to bring the history of science to life. Here, the authors report on computer simulations of five landmark experiments from early experimental psychology in the areas of reaction time, span of attention, and apparent motion. The simulations are designed not only to permit hands-on replication of historically important results but also to reproduce the experimental procedures closely enough that students can gain a feel for the nature of early research and the psychological processes being studied.
Highly Efficient PVDF‐HFP/Colloidal Alumina Composite Separator for High‐Temperature Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2018)

Abstract Toward high‐temperature lithium‐ion batteries, adding inorganic materials are proposed as an effective strategy. However, inorganic particles tend to aggregate in the polymer matrix, causing degradation in battery performance. Here, a PVDF‐HFP/colloidal Al 2 O 3 composite separator is prepared with a phase inverse method. The colloidal Al 2 O 3 particles well dispersed in the PVDF‐HFP polymer matrix substantially enhance the mechanical strength of the PVDF‐HFP separator. The PVDF‐HFP/colloidal Al 2 O 3 composite separator owns a high electrolyte uptake of 372%, a high ionic conductivity of 1.3 × 10 −3 S cm −1 at 80 °C and delivers high capacity retention of 95.6% after 100 charge–discharge cycles at 0.5 C. In addition, PVDF‐HFP/colloidal Al 2 O 3 separator only has a 4.5% thermal shrinkage at 150 °C and exhibits high electrochemical performances upon annealing at 140 °C.
Opportunities and Challenges of Resistive RAM for Neuromorphic Applications (2018)

Many technological concepts of Resistive RAM (RRAM) have been demonstrated in recent years. Simultaneously, a paradigm shift towards integrating computational functions into memory has been observed, with neuromorphic networks as one example. We discuss where and how RRAM might come in as a potential functional device for developing hardware accelerators for neuromorphic applications. We also discuss the opportunities for using RRAM as a true computational element in an integrated in-memory computing concept. Understanding the dynamic statistical properties of RRAM is the key challenge to unlock the potential of these devices for on-chip artificial intelligence.
Diffusion of HDO into Single-Crystal H216O Ice Multilayers:  Comparison with H218O (1997)

The diffusion of HDO into ultrathin single-crystal H216O ice multilayers was investigated using a novel combination of laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) probing and isothermal desorption depth-profiling. The single-crystal hexagonal ice multilayers were grown epitaxially on a Ru(001) metal substrate, and the diffusion coefficients were measured perpendicular to the basal (0001) facet. The measured HDO diffusion coefficients ranged from D = (2.2 ± 0.3) × 10-16 to D = (3.9 ± 0.4) × 10-14 cm2/s over the temperature range 153−170 K. Arrhenius analysis of the temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients yielded a diffusion activation energy of EA = 17.0 ± 1.0 kcal/mol and a preexponential factor of D0 = (4.2 ± 0.8) × 108 cm2/s. The similarity of the diffusion coefficients for HDO and H218O indicates that H/D exchange does not contribute significantly to HDO diffusion in ice. The agreement between the diffusion kinetics for HDO and H218O argues that the HDO diffusion occurs via a molecular transport mechanism. The large diffusion preexponentials for both HDO and H218O diffusion into the ultrathin ice multilayers also suggest that bulk transport properties in ice may be perturbed by close proximity to the ice surface.
Supplemental Table 4 from Characterization of a Naturally Occurring Breast Cancer Subset Enriched in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Stem Cell Characteristics (2023)

Supplemental Table 4 from Characterization of a Naturally Occurring Breast Cancer Subset Enriched in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Stem Cell Characteristics
Jet Separator (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
That's the Way the Cookie Crumbles (2016)

Recent incidents have once again brought the topic of encryption to public discourse, while researchers continue to demonstrate attacks that highlight the difficulty of implementing encryption even without the presence of "backdoors". However, apart from the threat of implementation flaws in encryption libraries, another significant threat arises when web services fail to enforce ubiquitous encryption. A recent study explored this phenomenon in popular services, and demonstrated how users are exposed to cookie hijacking attacks with severe privacy implications. Many security mechanisms purport to eliminate this problem, ranging from server-controlled options such as HSTS to user-controlled options such as HTTPS Everywhere and other browser extensions. In this paper, we create a taxonomy of available mechanisms and evaluate how they perform in practice. We design an automated testing framework for these mechanisms, and evaluate them using a dataset of 30 days of HTTP requests collected from the public wireless network of our university's campus. We find that all mechanisms suffer from implementation flaws or deployment issues and argue that, as long as servers continue to not support ubiquitous encryption across their entire domain (including all subdomains), no mechanism can effectively protect users from cookie hijacking and information leakage.
2D Electrets of Ultrathin MoO2 with Apparent Piezoelectricity (2020)

Since graphene, a variety of 2D materials have been fabricated in a quest for a tantalizing combination of properties and desired physiochemical behavior. 2D materials that are piezoelectric, i.e., that allow for a facile conversion of electrical energy into mechanical and vice versa, offer applications for sensors, actuators, energy harvesting, stretchable and flexible electronics, and energy storage, among others. Unfortunately, materials must satisfy stringent symmetry requirements to be classified as piezoelectric. Here, 2D ultrathin single-crystal molybdenum oxide (MoO<sub>2</sub> ) flakes that exhibit unexpected piezoelectric-like response are fabricated, as MoO<sub>2</sub> is centrosymmetric and should not exhibit intrinsic piezoelectricity. However, it is demonstrated that the apparent piezoelectricity in 2D MoO<sub>2</sub> emerges from an electret-like behavior induced by the trapping and stabilization of charges around defects in the material. Arguably, the material represents the first 2D electret material and suggests a route to artificially engineer piezoelectricity in 2D crystals. Specifically, it is found that the maximum out-of-plane piezoresponse is 0.56 pm V<sup>-1</sup> , which is as strong as that observed in conventional 2D piezoelectric materials. The charges are found to be highly stable at room temperature with a trapping energy barrier of ≈2 eV.
Augmentation of Stagnation Region Heat Transfer Due to Turbulence From a DLN Can Combustor (2000)

Heat transfer measurements have been made in the stagnation region of a flat plate with a circular leading edge. Electrically heated aluminum strips placed symmetrically about the leading edge stagnation region were used to measure spanwise-averaged heat transfer coefficients. The maximum Reynolds number obtained, based on leading edge diameter, was about 100,000. The model was immersed in the flow field downstream of an approximately half-scale model of a can-type combustor from a low NOx, ground-based power-generating turbine. The tests were conducted with room temperature air; no fuel was added. Room air flowed into the combustor through six vane-type fuel/air swirlers. The combustor can contained no dilution holes. The fuel/air swirlers all swirled the incoming airflow in a counterclockwise direction (facing downstream). A five-hole probe flow field survey in the plane of the model stagnation point showed the flow was one big vortex with flow angles up to 36 deg at the outer edges of the rectangular test section. Hot-wire measurements showed test section flow had very high levels of turbulence, around 28.5 percent, and had a relatively large axial-length scale-to-leading edge diameter ratio of 0.5. X-wire measurements showed the turbulence to be nearly isotropic. Stagnation heat transfer augmentation over laminar levels was around 77 percent and was about 14 percent higher than predicted by a previously developed correlation for isotropic grid-generated turbulence.