gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep learning acceleration based on in-memory computing (2019)

Performing computations on conventional von Neumann computing systems results in a significant amount of data being moved back and forth between the physically separated memory and processing units. This costs time and energy, and constitutes an inherent performance bottleneck. In-memory computing is a novel non-von Neumann approach, where certain computational tasks are performed in the memory itself. This is enabled by the physical attributes and state dynamics of memory devices, in particular, resistance-based nonvolatile memory technology. Several computational tasks such as logical operations, arithmetic operations, and even certain machine learning tasks can be implemented in such a computational memory unit. In this article, we first introduce the general notion of in-memory computing and then focus on mixed-precision deep learning training with in-memory computing. The efficacy of this new approach will be demonstrated by training the MNIST multilayer perceptron network achieving high accuracy. Moreover, we show how the precision of in-memory computing can be further improved through architectural and device-level innovations. Finally, we present system aspects, such as high-level system architecture, including core-to-core interconnect technologies, and high-level ideas and concepts of the software stack <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">.</i>
Study of MR head and neck coils for its use in an integrated MR/PET scanner (2009)

1476 Objectives One of the challenges of creating a combined MR/PET scanner is obtaining attenuation maps for PET reconstruction. The presence of MR coils in the field of view has to be accounted for. But, in contrast to PET/CT, there is no information available on the attenuation of these structures.This study describes the development of attenuation models of a pair of head and neck RF coils. Methods A series of transmission measurements were performed using a Siemens HR+ scanner. These measurements were used to identify potential sources of reconstruction artefacts.After redesigning the coils according to the previous results, a high resolution measurement with an industrial CT scanner was used to create a 3d attenuation model. This was validated by registering it onto the attenuation map of a PET/CT phantom scan and comparing the reconstructions. Results The transmission scans of the head and neck coils revealed important attenuation in the lock fixing each coil, as well as the signal cables and connectors. However, the worst source of attenuation (25%) proved to be the casing itself, especially at the junction between the coils. Emission scans showed an important artifact at the corresponding axial plane.Using the model, the reconstructed emission of the phantom fitted with the coil was within a 10% of the reference PET/CT reconstruction in the absence of coils. An accurate registration in the axial direction was necessary to avoid reconstruction artefacts. Conclusions The results show that model-based attenuation correction is possible, given an adequate localization of the coils with respect to the patient.
The IBM 2007 speech transcription system for European parliamentary speeches (2007)

TC-STAR is an European Union funded speech to speech translation project to transcribe, translate and synthesize European Parliamentary Plenary Speeches (EPPS). This paper describes IBM's English speech recognition system submitted to the TC-STAR 2007 Evaluation. Language model adaptation based on clustering and data selection using relative entropy minimization provided significant gains in the 2007 evaluation. The additional advances over the 2006 system that we present in this paper include unsupervised training of acoustic and language models; a system architecture that is based on cross-adaptation across complementary systems and system combination through generation of an ensemble of systems using randomized decision tree state-tying. These advances reduced the error rate by 30% relative over the best-performing system in the TC-STAR 2006 evaluation on the 2006 English development and evaluation test sets, and produced one of the best performing systems on the 2007 evaluation in English with a word error rate of 7.1%.
5MHz PWM-controlled current-mode resonant DC-DC converter using GaN-FETs (2014)

In this paper, the method of the realization of a MHz level switching frequency DC-DC converter for high power-density is presented. For high power-density, Gallium Nitride field effect transistor (GaN-FET) and current-mode resonant DC-DC converter are adopted. In addition, the proposed pulse width modulation (PWM) control method which is suitable for the isolated current-mode resonant DC-DC converter operated at MHz level switching frequency, and the novel primary-side zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn on method for the proposed PWM control are presented. Some experiments have been done with 5 MHz isolated DC-DC converter which has GaN-FET, and the total volume of the circuit is 16.14 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . With the proposed PWM control method, input voltage range is 36-44 V, and maximum load current range is 8 A at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</sub> = 44 V. The primary-side ZVS turn on is confirmed, and the maximum power-efficiency is 89.4%.
The effect of constraint on the field of interface cracks between strength mismatched materials in elastic - perfectly plastic plane strain conditions (2013)

The hydrogen concentrations in equilibrium with local stress and plastic straining are studied in conjunction with large elastic-plastic deformation in the neighborhood of a blunting crack tip.The hydrogen effect on material behavior is modeled through the hydrogen-induced volume dilatation and the reduction in the local flow stress.Plane strain finite element analysis shows that stress relaxation due to solute hydrogen decreases the extend of plastic yielding whereas hydrogen-induced material softening causes the deformation to center in the region directly ahead of the crack tip.The consequence of this result on the hydrogen-induced fracture processes is discussed.
Quick X-ray microtomography using a laser-driven betatron source (2017)

Laser-driven X-ray sources are an emerging alternative to conventional X-ray tubes and synchrotron sources. We present results on microtomographic X-ray imaging of a cancellous human bone sample using synchrotron-like betatron radiation. The source is driven by a 100-TW-class titanium-sapphire laser system and delivers over $10^8$ X-ray photons per second. Compared to earlier studies, the acquisition time for an entire tomographic dataset has been reduced by more than an order of magnitude. Additionally, the reconstruction quality benefits from the use of statistical iterative reconstruction techniques. Depending on the desired resolution, tomographies are thereby acquired within minutes, which is an important milestone towards real-life applications of laser-plasma X-ray sources.
Benzyl Azide (2009)

[622-79-7] C7H7N3 (MW 133.151) InChI = 1S/C7H7N3/c8-10-9-6-7-4-2-1-3-5-7/h1-5H,6H2 InChIKey = UDLLFLQFQMACJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used to introduce a PhCH2N group into a molecule) Alternate Name: azidomethyl benzene, α-azido toluene. Physical Data: bp 50 °C/1 Torr, density 1.0655, nd 1.5341. Solubility: insoluble in H2O, soluble in EtOH, Et2O. Form Supplied in: oil, commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR (2099 cm−1), 1H NMR, GC, GC–MS. Preparative Methods: nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding benzyl halides. Purification: distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: like all alkyl azides, benzyl azide is potentially explosive and appropriate care should be taken. The stability of benzyl azide is generally quite good, but due to the reactive nature of the azide functional group, benzyl azide should be stored away from heat and light. Benzyl azide is incompatible with reducing agents and strong acids.
12.1‐in. WXGA AMOLED display driven by InGaZnO thin‐film transistors (2009)

Abstract— A full‐color 12.1‐in.WXGA active‐matrix organic‐light‐emitting‐diode (AMOLED) display was, for the first time, demonstrated using indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) as an active‐matrix backplane. It was found that the fabricated AMOLED display did not suffer from the well‐known pixel non‐uniformity in luminance, even though the simple structure consisting of two transistors and one capacitor was adopted as the unit pixel circuit, which was attributed to the amorphous nature of IGZO semiconductors. The n ‐channel a‐IGZO TFTs exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 17 cm 2 /V‐sec, threshold voltage of 1.1 V, on/off ratio &gt;10 9 , and subthreshold gate swing of 0.28 V/dec. The AMOLED display with a‐IGZO TFT array is promising for large‐sized applications such as notebook PCs and HDTVs because the a‐IGZO semiconductor can be deposited on large glass substrates (larger than Gen 7) using the conventional sputtering system.
Correction of GSK3ß at young age prevents muscle pathology in mice with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (2017)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a progressive neuromuscular disease caused by expanded CUG repeats, which misregulate RNA metabolism through several RNA-binding proteins, including CUG-binding protein/CUGBP1 elav-like factor 1 (CUGBP1/CELF1) and muscleblind 1 protein. Mutant CUG repeats elevate CUGBP1 and alter CUGBP1 activity via a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-cyclin D3-cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) signaling pathway. Inhibition of GSK3β corrects abnormal activity of CUGBP1 in DM1 mice [human skeletal actin mRNA, containing long repeats ( HSA<sup>LR</sup>) model]. Here, we show that the inhibition of GSK3β in young HSA<sup>LR</sup> mice prevents development of DM1 muscle pathology. Skeletal muscle in 1-yr-old HSA<sup>LR</sup> mice, treated at 1.5 mo for 6 wk with the inhibitors of GSK3, exhibits high fiber density, corrected atrophy, normal fiber size, with reduced central nuclei and normalized grip strength. Because CUG-GSK3β-cyclin D3-CDK4 converts the active form of CUGBP1 into a form of translational repressor, we examined the contribution of CUGBP1 in myogenesis using Celf1 knockout mice. We found that a loss of CUGBP1 disrupts myogenesis, affecting genes that regulate differentiation and the extracellular matrix. Proteins of those pathways are also misregulated in young HSA<sup>LR</sup> mice and in muscle biopsies of patients with congenital DM1. These findings suggest that the correction of GSK3β-CUGBP1 pathway in young HSA<sup>LR</sup> mice might have a positive effect on the myogenesis over time.-Wei, C., Stock, L., Valanejad, L., Zalewski, Z. A., Karns, R., Puymirat, J., Nelson, D., Witte, D., Woodgett, J., Timchenko, N. A., Timchenko, L. Correction of GSK3β at young age prevents muscle pathology in mice with myotonic dystrophy type 1.
Psychological Stress Deteriorates Skin Barrier Function by Activating 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA Axis (2018)

Psychological stress (PS) increases endogenous glucocorticoids (GC) by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The negative effects of GC on skin barrier function under PS have been well-established. However, endogenous GC can also be active when cortisone (inactive form) is converted to cortisol (active form) by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11ß-HSD1) in the peripheral tissue. Here, we evaluated the changes in 11ß-HSD1 and barrier function under PS. Elevated 11ß-HSD1 in oral mucosa correlated with increased cortisol in the stratum corneum and deteriorated barrier function. Expression of 11ß-HSD1 in the oral mucosa correlated with that in the epidermal keratinocytes. We further investigated whether barrier function improved when PS was relieved using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in patients with anxiety. Decreased 11ß-HSD1 and improved barrier function were observed after SSRI treatment. The collective findings suggest that elevated 11ß-HSD1 under PS increases the level of cutaneous GC and eventually impairs barrier function. PS-alleviating drugs, such as SSRI, may help to treat PS-aggravated skin diseases.
Tribological Effects of Brush Scrubbing in Post Chemical Mechanical Planarization Cleaning on Electrical Characteristics in Novel Non-porous Low-k Dielectric Fluorocarbon on Cu Interconnects (2011)

Damage reduction during planarization is strongly required to avoid scratch generation and the variation in the electrical properties of low- k dielectrics leading to yield loss in an integrated circuit after the implementation of an ultralow- k dielectric in Cu damascene interconnects. An optimum process condition to reduce damage on brush scrubbing in post-chemical–mechanical-planarization (post-CMP) cleaning was proposed for advanced nonporous organic ultralow- k dielectric fluorocarbon/Cu interconnects. Increasing brush rotation rate by decreasing down pressures results in the improvement in both electric properties and particle removal efficiency. The tribological effects of brush scrubbing in post-CMP cleaning on the electrical characteristics were explored. The brush scrubbing condition of a high brush rotation rate at low down pressures contributes to the suppression of damage generation.
The Role of Zyflamend, an Herbal Anti-inflammatory, as a Potential Chemopreventive Agent Against Prostate Cancer: A Case Report (2007)

Correlation between dietary intake and occurrence of prostate cancer has gained significant support in recent years. Although a direct correlation has yet to be proven between inflammation and prostate cancer, chronic or recurrent inflammation has been hypothesized to be the major predisposing factor for this disease. The authors have been studying Zyflamend, a novel herbal anti-inflammatory mixture, as a potential chemopreventive agent in a phase 1 trial for patients diagnosed with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. They report the results of the first patient who has completed the 18-month study in which 24 patients were assigned to a cohort and placed on successive herbal supplement regimen starting with Zyflamend alone.
<title>Partial response precoding for parallel readout optical memories</title> (1993)

The data density that can be resolved in optical memories is limited by the inherently bandlimited nature of optical systems. In this paper, we show how a precoding technique used in serial communications, Partial Response (PR) precoding, can be applied to a parallel readout optical system to pre-compensate for the spatial data broadening that occurs as a result of this bandlimiting. We examine the performance of 1+D PR precoding, a particular form of PR precoding, in an unapodized coherent imaging system. However, this technique can also be applied to other readout systems. A factor of 15 improvement in average worst case contrast ratio and a factor of 11 improvement in average contrast ratio were measured experimentally. Approximately 50% more area would be needed to achieve the same contrast ratio in a system without precoding. PR precoding was also found to be robust to defocusing and slight tilts, and can be used with a broad range of detector sizes.
Electron Optical Study of Surface Morphologies of Crystals (1980)

Suppose the thickness of a thin film of a crystal varies periodically like a regular array of surface steps, kinematical intensities of diffracted waves from this crystal are modulated by a shape transform,
A Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against Heat Shock Protein 60 Suppresses Murine Arthritis and Colitis and Skews the Cytokine Balance toward an Anti-Inflammatory Response (2015)

We have previously shown that naturally occurring as well as acquired Abs against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein (HSP)65 protect against the induction of murine autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. In the present work, we have studied the anti-inflammatory effect of prozumab, a humanized anti-HSP mAb in murine inflammatory arthritis and colitis, and its effects on cytokine secretion. Prozumab was shown to bind to HSP60, the highly conserved mammalian homolog of the bacterial protein, and it was found to be effective in protecting and suppressing autoimmune arthritis in the models of adjuvant arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis in rats and mice, respectively, as well as in acute hapten-mediated colitis and chronic, spontaneous colitis models. Mechanistically, prozumab induces IL-10 secretion from naive human PBMCs and suppresses the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-6 from anti-CD3-activated human PBMCs. These findings make prozumab a promising potential drug for treating human rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as a wide range of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
A Continuous Flow Strategy for the Coupled Transfer Hydrogenation and Etherification of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)furfural using Lewis Acid Zeolites (2014)

Hf-, Zr- and Sn-Beta zeolites effectively catalyze the coupled transfer hydrogenation and etherification of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural with primary and secondary alcohols into 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furans, thus making it possible to generate renewable fuel additives without the use of external hydrogen sources or precious metals. Continuous flow experiments reveal nonuniform changes in the relative deactivation rates of the transfer hydrogenation and etherification reactions, which impact the observed product distribution over time. We found that the catalysts undergo a drastic deactivation for the etherification step while maintaining catalytic activity for the transfer hydrogenation step. (119) Sn and (29) Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR studies show that this deactivation can be attributed to changes in the local environment of the metal sites. Additional insights were gained by studying effects of various alcohols and water concentration on the catalytic reactivity.
Ultra-short pulse characterization using a reference laser pulse (2005)

We propose a novel and simple technique to determine the temporal profile of ultra-short laser pulses uniquely from a measured auto-correlation spectrum. It involves forming a sequence of two laser pulses spaced by a time delay &tau;, the first one being the pulse to be characterized and the second one a reference pulse. This sequence is sent through any device that measures the Fourier transform (FT) magnitude of the sequence's temporal profile, such as a classical optical auto-correlator. This FT magnitude is then processed analytically using a novel algorithm to retrieve the temporal profile of the sample pulse unambiguously. The reference pulse can be either an unchirped symmetric pulse or any pulse with a known profile. This requirement does not constitute a limitation because once the temporal profile of a given pulse has been characterized by this technique, even though it may not be an unchirped symmetric pulse, this pulse can be used as the reference pulse to determine the profile of any other ultra-short pulse. Compared to other measurement techniques, such as frequency-resolved optical gating, our technique is much faster and simpler, in terms of both experimental and computational complexity. Simulations also show that the profile recovery is quite accurate even in the presence of strong noise on the measured FT magnitude.
Strain engineered Ge photodetectors on Si platform for broad band optical communications (2004)

This paper presents a strain engineering of Ge photodetectors on Si to cover both C-band and L-band. This high responsivity, Si-CMOS compatible device has promising applications in the next generation of broad band optical communications.
Signal separability in integrated neurophotonics (2020)

Abstract A new modality Photonic probes record fluorescent signals by using arrays of light emitters and detectors embedded in neural tissue. Neither the emitted nor collected light fields are focused. Instead, in proposed configurations, hundreds of emitters will form rapid sequences of structured illumination patterns—providing sufficient spatial and temporal differentiation of neural signals for computational demixing. Here we define criteria for evaluating probe designs for achieving better signal separability. We find that probe geometry has profound, often unintuitive, effects on the separability of neural signals, providing initial design guidelines to achieve separation of individual cells in densely labeled populations.
Atomic Structure of SiS2and SiSe2Glasses (1983)

The first study of the atomic structure of Si chalcogenide glasses is reported. The Raman spectra are remarkably simple and can be understood in terms of the vibrations of a bitetrahedral ${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{({X}_{\frac{1}{2}})}_{8}$ ($X=\mathrm{S},\mathrm{S}\mathrm{e}$) unit. The present results represent the most compelling evidence for medium-range order and a molecular-cluster description of a compound amorphous semiconductor.
High-Speed Photodiode Characterization using a Filtered Intensity Noise Technique (1994)

High-frequency characterization of photodiodes and optoelectronic receivers is important for optical communications and instrumentation as optical receiver bandwidths continually increase. A number of methods have successfully demonstrated high-frequency response measurements beyond 20 GHz. These include time domain picosecond pulse techniques [1], optical heterodyne using two narrow-linewidth tunable laser sources [2] and the optical intensity noise technique [3]. The intensity noise technique is of particular interest since the optical intensity fluctuations exist simultaneously at all frequencies, allowing for quick measurement of the photodiode response. Also, the optical field polarization dependence is low, and the short source coherence length permit very stable measurements. With a straightforward setup, optical receiver measurements extending well into the millimeter wave frequency range can be performed. However, with the current intensity noise technique, measurement dynamic range is severely limited by thermal noise of the measurement instrumentation. In this paper we report on a novel technique for increasing the measurement dynamic range of high-speed photoreceiver measurements.
Ethylrhodamine as a fluorescent penetrating cation and a membrane potential‐sensitive probe in cyanobacterial cells (1984)

Ethylrhodamine, a homolog of rhodamine 123, was found to generate a diffusion potential across a planar bilayer phospholipid membrane (the compartment with the lower ethylrhodamine concentration positive). Addition of a penetrating synthetic anion increased the sensitivity of the membrane to ethylrhodamine, an effect similar to that previously described for triphenylmethylammonium, tetraphenylphosphonium and other synthetic penetrating cations. In experiments with the filamentous multicellular cyanobacteria Phormidium uncinatum, ethylrhodamine was used as a cationic penetrant and vital fluorescent probe for membrane potential (δΨ). It is shown that a treatment increasing protonic potential (illumination) and converting δpH to δΨ (nigericin) enhanced the fluorescence of cyanobacteria, as ethylrhodamine accumulated inside the cells. Uncouplers discharging δΨ completely abolished the fluorescence increase. Individual variations in the fluorescence of cells composing cyanobacterial trichomes could be observed. Illumination of a small part of a trichome with a narrow beam of the light actuating photosynthesis was shown to induce a fluorescence increase in both illuminated and non‐illuminated regions of this trichome, indicating δΨ transmission from cell to cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Iridium/PipPhos. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.