gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Can a specifically-aimed pathologic classification overcome the difficulties in defining HIV-associated lymphomas? (1995)

High grade B-cell systemic lymphomas in HIV-infected patients exhibit pleomorphic features as well as some overlap between established histologic subtypes thus highlighting the difficulties in defining them precisely by making use of the classifications for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) proposed before the AIDS epidemic. A series of HIV-associated systemic lymphomas including 114 NHL and 25 Hodgkin's disease (HD) cases were morphologically and immunopheno-genotypically investigated at the Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy during a period of nine years. The International Working Formulation (WF) for NHL, the updated Kiel Classification and, later, morphologic variants of high grade B-cell NHL have been adopted in order to obtain a more detailed and specific histopathologic description of HIV-associated lymphomas. As a consequence of morphologic data, and considering also pathogenetic aspects as derived from literature, we have attempted a pathological categorization of HIV-associated systemic lymphomas based on the recognition of two main groups: the "blastic" cell group and the "anaplastic" one, both including specific cytomorphologic subtypes with, possibly, aggressive HD subtypes within one of them. This categorization uses the WF, the updated Kiel system, and the morphologic variants of high-grade lymphomas, and provides a provisional category for cases with intermediate morphologic features. Thus other histologic subtypes, such as small noncleaved cell (Burkitt) and immunoblastic lymphomas, can be defined in a more accurate way. The clear-cut placement of "anaplastic" cell lymphomas, including anaplastic large cell (CD30/Ki-1+) lymphomas, including anaplastic large cell (CD30/Ki-1+) lymphomas and possibly a proportion of HD cases, emphasizes the need for their diagnostic differentiation from polymorphic "blastic"' cell lymphomas, immunoblastic ones in particular.
Exergy Return on Exergy Investment and CO2 Intensity of the Underground Biomethanation Process (2022)

This paper presents an assessment of the life-cycle exergetic efficiency and CO2 footprint of the underground biomethanation process. The subsurface formation, hosting microorganisms required for the reaction, is utilized to convert CO2 and green (produced from renewable energy) hydrogen to the so-called “green” or synthetic methane. The net exergy gain and CO2 intensity of the biomethanation process are compared to the alternative options of (1) green H2 storage (no energy upgrading process to CH4) and (2) fossil-based CH4 with carbon capture and storage (CCS), i.e., blue CH4. It is found that with the current state of the technology and within the assumptions of this study, the exergy return on the exergy invested for underground biomethanation does not outperform the direct storage and utilization of green H2. The maximum exergetic efficiency of the biomethanation process is calculated to be 15–33% for electricity and 36–47% for heating, while the overall exergetic efficiency of the direct use of H2 for electricity is estimated to be between 20 and 61%. Moreover, the energy produced from the underground biomethanation process has the largest CO2 intensity among the studied options. Depending on the technology used in the CCS and hydrogen production stages, the CO2 intensity of the electricity generated from synthetic CH4 can be as large as 142 g CO2/MJe, which is at least 56–73% larger than those of the two other studied cases.
Affine varieties with equivalent cylinders (2001)

A well-known cancellation problem asks when, for two algebraic varieties $V_1, V_2 \subseteq {\bf C}^n$, the isomorphism of the cylinders $V_1 \times {\bf C}$ and $V_2 \times {\bf C}$ implies the isomorphism of $V_1$ and $V_2$. In this paper, we address a related problem: when the equivalence (under an automorphism of ${\bf C}^{n+1}$) of two cylinders $V_1 \times {\bf C}$ and $V_2 \times {\bf C}$ implies the equivalence of their bases $V_1$ and $V_2$ under an automorphism of ${\bf C}^n$? We concentrate here on hypersurfaces and show that this problem establishes a strong connection between the Cancellation conjecture of Zariski and the Embedding conjecture of Abhyankar and Sathaye. We settle the problem for a large class of polynomials. On the other hand, we give examples of equivalent cylinders with inequivalent bases (those cylinders, however, are not hypersurfaces). Another result of interest is that, for an arbitrary field $K$, the equivalence of two polynomials in $m$ variables under an automorphism of $K[x_1,..., x_n], n \ge m,$ implies their equivalence under a tame automorphism of $K[x_1,..., x_{2n}]$.
Novel terpenyl esters from Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica) peel extract (2009)

Abstract The volatile constituents of the peel solvent extract of the Australian finger lime Citrus australasica were analysed by GC–MS. Besides limonene, isomenthone was a major component, which is rare in Citrus species. Six new terpenyl esters were also identified and confirmed by chemical synthesis: citronellyl 2‐methylbutanoate; 1,8(10)‐ p ‐menthadien‐9‐yl propanoate; 1,8(10)‐ p ‐menthadien‐9‐yl 2‐methylbutanoate; 1,8(10)‐ p ‐menthadien‐9‐yl 3‐methylbutanoate; 1‐ p ‐menthen‐9‐yl 2‐methylbutanoate; and 1‐ p ‐menthen‐9‐yl 3‐methylbutanoate. To the best of our knowledge, the last four compounds have never before been identified in a natural product extract. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Structure and Corrosion Performance of a Non-Chromium Process (NCP) Zr/Zn Pretreatment Conversion Coating on Aluminum Alloys (2016)

We report on the physicochemical properties and anti-corrosion performance of a non-chromated Zr/Zn conversion coating (NCP) on AA2024-T3. The immersion coating was formed on polished, degreased and deoxidized specimens. Electrochemical methods were used to assess the corrosion inhibition provided by the coating in laboratory tests. The results were compared with environmental exposure tests to assess the stand-alone corrosion protection. Coated AA6061-T6 and 7075-T6 specimens were also used in the environmental tests. Electrochemical testing in naturally-aerated 0.5 M Na2SO4 + 0.1% NaCl revealed that the NCP coating shifted Ecorr positive by about 250 mV, suppressed anodic more than cathodic current around Ecorr by at least a factor of 10x and shifted Epit more noble. The coating functions more as an anodic inhibitor through barrier layer protection. The coating provided excellent corrosion protection to all three alloys during a 14-day full immersion test in 0.5 M Na2SO4 + 0.1% NaCl. However during 14-day neutral salt spray and thin-layer mist tests, NCP failed to provide much stand-alone corrosion protection to the aluminum alloys and the anti-corrosion properties were found to be inferior to TCP conversion coatings of comparable thickness. A 7-day beach exposure revealed the NCP coating also provides little resistance to galvanic corrosion on the aluminum alloys as compared to TCP coatings. The results demonstrate that laboratory evaluation of the anti-corrosion properties of non-chromated conversion coatings does not always reflect coating performance during accelerated degradation or environmental exposure. The inferior anti-corrosion behavior of NCP, as compared to TCP, is due to (i) inherent defect density of the former (i.e., reduced throwing power) and (ii) the absence of Cr(III) species.
Metabolic memory in diabetes-focus on insulin (2005)

Large-scale clinical trials have demonstrated that metabolic control achieved early in the course of diabetes substantially reduces development and progression of diabetes and the associated microvascular complications. Additionally, prospective observational studies have demonstrated that atherogenic and inflammatory mediators are elevated even prior to the onset of diabetes and significantly contribute to subsequent development of macrovascular complications. Collectively, these data suggest that metabolic memories are stored early in the course of diabetes. We believe that insulin suppresses inflammation and also suppresses glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity (and the consequences thereof, such as the formation of advanced glycation end products and epigenetic phenomena), and thus has a pivotal and beneficial role. Comprehensive metabolic control, especially when instituted early, may alter the natural history of diabetic complications by affecting this metabolic memory. Thus, our overall goal is to understand in more detail the molecular mechanisms involved in these changes, thereby affording us opportunities to reduce the long-term effects of diabetes.
Extensions to the pseudo-random class of energy-conserving access protocols (2002)

A myriad of applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and smart card networks are emerging in which nodes are designed for extremely low cost, large scale applications such that the replacement of batteries is not feasible. Energy conservation therefore becomes a major constraint. Classical access protocols are either not energy conserving or lead to unacceptable delays. In a previous work (I. Chlamtac et al., 1996), we proposed three new classes of energy conserving access protocols designed to minimize delay while drastically reducing the energy required at the mobile node. We propose an extension to one of those protocols which greatly reduces the worst case delay experienced by the packets.
SAT-171 USE OF A HOLLOW FIBER DIALYZER BASED DEVICE TO PROVIDE PURE WATER IN VILLAGES (2019)

The provision of clean water to villages without power or functioning boreholes is difficult since inhabitants must rely on rainwater, wells, local streams and lakes. Fecal contamination of water, including of wells, is very common and results in high incidences of diarrhea, dehydration, acute kidney failure and death particularly in young children.
Grafted Low Molecular Weight Polymers as Steric Stabilizers of Commercial Titania Nanoparticles in Polydimethylsiloxane Fluids (2010)

A commercial titania nanopowder was surface modified by grafting with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers with a molecular weight of 5000, and characterized for particle dispersion and rheology in a silicone oil fluid medium. Methods employed include TEM, TGA, dynamic light scattering, and steady shear and dynamic rheology. Estimates of the adsorbed amount of grafted chains suggest the steric layer is at the interface of the mushroom and brush conformation regions. The interaction energy between the particles is modeled using van der Waals expressions and steric repulsion derived from self-consistent field theory calculations. Calculations show that the steric layer is a “wet” brush under good (athermal) solvent conditions, and is of low grafting density. These results are related to flow properties and fluid structure up to absolute volume fractions of 37%, corresponding to effective volume fractions of 63.9 vol%. Based on the effective volume fraction, a fluid to solid transition is found at 60.5 vol%. This system shows that nanoparticle dispersion can be effective even with low density brush layers and good solvent conditions.
Characterization of Ultra-Widefield Angiographic Vascular Features in Diabetic Retinopathy with Automated Severity Classification (2021)

Automated analysis of retinal vasculature demonstrated associations with DR severity and visual and subvisual vascular biomarkers. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these parameters for DR prognosis and therapeutic response.
SU‐FF‐T‐120: Characterisation of Dose in SBRT Lung Via Monte Carlo (2006)

Purpose: To accurately characterize the doses received by static lung lesions, as well as doses to the critical structures for the serial tomotherapeutic IMRT delivery method used for SBRT in our clinic. Method: 77 SBRT lung patients previously treated with doses calculated using the effective path length/Finite size pencil beam (EPL/ FSPB were retrieved. The critical structures (ipsi‐lateral lung, contra‐lateral lung, major airways, spinal cord and esophagus) were redelineated in order to standardize the contouring. All plans were run with Monte Carlo (MC), EPL/FSPB and No inhomogeneity correction (NI/FSPB). The intensity maps and MUs were the same for all three plans. The minimum, maximum and mean target doses were compared with MC calculation used as the benchmark. The normalized total dose, NTD; minimum, mean and maximum doses for critical structures were also compared. Results: The mean CTV volume of the 90 lesions presented here is 35.6 cm 3 (range: 0.3–370.2 cm 3 ). The minimum dose to both CTV and PTV were overestimated by the EPL/FSPB algorithm by an average of 17.3 ± 7.8% and 20.6 ± 10.8% of prescribed dose respectively. The absolute mean deviation in the minimum CTV and PTV doses were 5.7% (0.2–20.1) and 10.6% (0.03–27.3) respectively with NI. The magnitude of deviation depends on target location (embedded dense soft tissue, surrounded by lung and its proximity to a more dense interface) and dimensions. The minimum dose, mean dose and NTD for the lungs were in good agreement with MC. Larger, localized discrepancies exist for maximum dose. Doses to the other critical structures were generally in good agreement with those predicted by MC. Conclusion: MC dose calculation may prove valuable in accurately assessing the delivered dose in SBRT and may, thus, contribute to a more informed decision on the optimal dose and fractionation scheme.
Mastozytose – eine kurze Übersicht (2021)

Zusammenfassung Die Mastozytose ist eine ungewöhnliche Erkrankung des hämatopoetischen Gewebes (Knochenmark) mit heterogenem klinischem Erscheinungsbild und dementsprechend ganz unterschiedlicher Prognose. Prinzipiell wird eine rein kutane Mastozytose (fast immer bei Kindern) von einer systemischen Mastozytose (bei Erwachsenen) mit fakultativem, gleichwohl häufigem Hautbefall unterschieden. Im Zentrum der Diagnose steht der Histopathologe mit Nachweis einer Zunahme atypischer Mastzellen im Gewebeschnitt, häufig unter Ausbildung kompakter Infiltrate.
Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Pancreatic Cancer: Potential Target for New Therapeutic Approach? (2015)

Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors play a key role in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is involved in carcinogenesis and its altered expression has been shown in several tumors, such as breast, thyroid and pancreatic cancer. The two isoforms of FGFR2 gene, FGFR2- IIIb (also known as KGFR) and FGFR2-IIIc have been shown to exert differential roles in pancreatic cancer. FGFR2- IIIc supports pancreatic cell proliferation, while overexpression of FGFR2-IIIb is correlated to major invasion and metastasis formation. This review focuses on the role of FGFR2 signaling in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and the potential use of FGFR2 tissutal expression as a predictive and/or prognostic marker. Moreover, it will discuss about the potential use of strategies for FGFR2 signaling inhibition in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Retrieval from hierarchical texts by partial patterns (1993)

Structured texts (for example dictionaries and user manuals) typically have a heirarchical (tree-like) structure. We describe a query language for retrieving information from collections of hierarchical text. The language is based on a tree pattern matching notion called tree inclusion. Tree inclusion allows easy expression of queries that use the structure and the content of the document. In using it a user need not be aware of the whole structure of the database. Thus a language based on tree inclusion is data independent, a property made necessary because of the great variance in the structure of the texts.
Saving cognitive outcome data in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Commentary on the virtual administration of the ADAS‐Cog (2020)

Elderly participants in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials are at high risk of morbidity and mortality with interpersonal exposure to COVID-19, a situation that is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Yet, in-person neuropsychological assessments remain the mainstay primary outcomes for clinical trials seeking prevention and cure for AD. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) is among the most commonly used cognitive assessment in AD clinical trials, and though currently lacking specific guidelines for virtual administrations, it can be used remotely with appropriate modifications and considerations. Here we propose a novel method of virtual administration of the ADAS-Cog, which considers workarounds for technological and human limitations imposed when the participant is no longer sitting across from the test administrator.
An Unexpected Improvement of the Symptom from Herniated Intervertebral Disc during Trial of Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Post-herpetic Neuralgia -A case report- (2001)

In controlling chronic intractable pains, the current therapeutic methods used are exercise, over the counter medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, opioid medication, neural blockade, operation, etc., spinal cord stimulation being the last resort. Spinal cord stimulation was initiated when Shearly and others clinically tested the Gate control theory of Melzack and Wall. This had triggered the advancement of theoretic research on the mechanism and hardware necessary and has resulted in an accumulation of clinical experiences. This is known to be effective for treating sympathetic pain, arachnoiditis, failed back pain syndrome, radiculopathy, peripheral vascular disease, phantom limb syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia, peripheral neuropathy, and angina pectoris. This report describes our experience in experimental spinal cord stimulation in patients with simultaneous post-herpetic neuralgia and herniated intervertebral disc. There wasn't any improvement in the post-herpetic neuralgia but the symptoms of a herniated intervertebral disc was much ameliorated. This was quite an unexpected result. The patient's back pain returned when the stimulation stopped.
Silicon modulators based on photonic-crystal waveguides (2006)

Ultra-compact silicon-photonic-crystal-waveguide-based thermo-optic and electro-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometers have been proposed and fabricated. Thermal and electrical simulations and optical characterizations have been performed. Experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Accurate Performance Estimation for Nonlinear System (2021)

The nonlinear term cannot be considered as the equivalent nonlinear noise in general because the odd order term contains the signal information. The orthogonal component is the correct noise and the estimation error is 0.2dB.
Mold Allergens in Respiratory Allergy: From Structure to Therapy (2015)

Allergic reactions to fungi were described 300 years ago, but the importance of allergy to fungi has been underestimated for a long time. Allergens from fungi mainly cause respiratory and skin symptoms in sensitized patients. In this review, we will focus on fungi and fungal allergens involved in respiratory forms of allergy, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Fungi can act as indoor and outdoor respiratory allergen sources, and depending on climate conditions, the rates of sensitization in individuals attending allergy clinics range from 5% to 20%. Due to the poor quality of natural fungal allergen extracts, diagnosis of fungal allergy is hampered, and allergen-specific immunotherapy is rarely given. Several factors are responsible for the poor quality of natural fungal extracts, among which the influence of culture conditions on allergen contents. However, molecular cloning techniques have allowed us to isolate DNAs coding for fungal allergens and to produce a continuously growing panel of recombinant allergens for the diagnosis of fungal allergy. Moreover, technologies are now available for the preparation of recombinant and synthetic fungal allergen derivatives which can be used to develop safe vaccines for the treatment of fungal allergy.
Pleiotropy of leptin receptor signalling is defined by distinct roles of the intracellular tyrosines (2004)

The leptin receptor (LEPR) is a class I cytokine receptor signalling via both the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and the MAP kinase pathways. In addition, leptin has been shown previously to activate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle. To enable a detailed analysis of leptin signalling in pancreatic beta cells, LEPR point mutants with single or combined exchanges of the three intracellular tyrosines were expressed in HIT-T15 insulinoma cells. Western blots with activation state-specific antibodies recognizing specific signalling molecules revealed that the wild-type receptor activated STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 and ERK1/2 but failed to alter the phosphorylation of AMPK. Each of the three intracellular tyrosine residues in LEPR exhibited different signalling capacities: Tyr985 was necessary and sufficient for leptin-induced activation of ERK1/2; Tyr1077 induced tyrosyl phosphorylation of STAT5; and Tyr1138 was capable of activating STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5. Consistent results were obtained in reporter gene assays with STAT3 or STAT5-responsive promoter constructs, respectively. Furthermore, the sequence motifs surrounding the three tyrosine residues are conserved in LEPR from mammals, birds and in a LEPR-like cytokine receptor from pufferfish. Mutational analysis of the box3 motif around Tyr1138 identified Met1139 and Gln1141 as important determinants that define specificity towards the different STAT factors. These data indicate that all three conserved tyrosines are involved in LEPR function and define the pleiotropy of signal transduction via STAT1/3, STAT5 or ERK kinases. Activation and inhibition of AMPK appears to require additional components of the signalling pathways that are not present in beta cells.
Photocatalytic Property and Electronic Structure of Triple-Layered Perovskite Tantalates, MCa2Ta3O10 (M = Cs, Na, H, and C6H13NH3) (2005)

The Dion-Jacobson series of triple-layered perovskite tantalates (MCa2Ta3O10, M = Cs, Na, H, and C6H13NH3) were synthesized to evaluate their photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting to evolve H2/O2 under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity was susceptible to the hydration of interlayer space. The hydrous Na phase exhibited much higher activity (H2: 308 micromol.h(-1)) compared to the anhydrous Cs phase (24 micromol.h(-1)) and the hydrous H phase (22 micromol.h(-1)) in the presence of 0.5 wt % Ni impregnated. H2O/D2O isotopic experiment suggested that the hydrated interlayer plays as an active site for water splitting, where the high mobility of water molecule in the interlayer should correlate with the total photocatalytic activity. The FLAPW electronic structure calculation demonstrated that the terminating oxygen site, O4, which faces to the interlayer space, contributes largely to the top of the valence band. Judging from comparison with the double-layered tantalates, MLaTa2O7, in our previous study, the contribution of terminating oxygen site to the band structure is supposed to depend on the number of perovskite layers.