gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Silicon Particles by Laser Surface Scanning and Angle‐Resolved Light Scattering (2006)

Distinguishing false counts caused by surface microroughness and haze when measuring particles below 0.1 μm has become a significant concern for ultralarge scale integrated (ULSI) product yield. Initial results are presented from an industry‐wide, cross‐functional, SEMATECH task force exploring this issue by investigating both measurement capability and alternative detector strategies for laser surface scanners. Polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres and real‐world particles deposited under controlled conditions on 150 mm polished silicon wafers are used. Particle counting measurements taken at several facilities using the same model of laser surface scanner and the same instrument parameter settings are compared. Silicon particles are consistently sized incorrectly when the laser surface scanner is calibrated using standardized procedures utilizing PSL spheres. Measurements from similarly prepared samples using angle‐resolved scattering (ARS) to obtain scattering cross section as a function of angle are favorably compared to a numerical light scattering model. Modeling allows the comparison of data from instruments which measure ARS from individual particles as well as those which measure ARS from multiple identical particles. The improved signal‐to‐noise ratio of the multiple particle technique allows study of particle scattering at sizes below typical commercial equipment detection limits. A novel haze surface is described which can be used to verify the modeling of both research and commercial light scattering instruments.
Charged Nanoparticle Attraction in Multivalent Salt Solution: A Classical-Fluids Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamics Study (2016)

Negatively charged nanoparticles (NPs) in 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 electrolyte solutions are studied in a primitive ion model using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and classical density functional theory (DFT). We determine the conditions for attractive interactions between the like-charged NPs. Ion density profiles and NP-NP interaction free energies are compared between the two methods and are found to be in qualitative agreement. The NP interaction free energy is purely repulsive for monovalent counterions, but can be attractive for divalent and trivalent counterions. Using DFT, the NP interaction free energy for different NP diameters and charges is calculated. The depth and location of the minimum in the interaction depend strongly on the NPs' charge. For certain parameters, the depth of the attractive well can reach 8-10 kBT, indicating that kinetic arrest and aggregation of the NPs due to electrostatic interactions is possible. Rich behavior arises from the geometric constraints of counterion packing at the NP surface. Layering of counterions around the NPs is observed and, as secondary counterion layers form the minimum of the NP-NP interaction free energy shifts to larger separation, and the depth of the free energy minimum varies dramatically. We find that attractive interactions occur with and without NP overcharging.
Plasmonic Metal Nitrides for Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells (2013)

We numerically investigate electromagnetic interactions with metal nitride nanoparticles and discuss potential applications for thin-film silicon solar cells. The results indicate strong local-field enhancement, particularly in the near infrared.
Nonopiate Effects of Dynorphin and Des-Tyr-Dynorphin (1982)

Intracerebroventricular administration of dynorphin produced potent and long-lasting effects on motor function and the electroencephalogram in rats. In addition, local iontophoretic or pressure ejection of dynorphin consistently inhibited hippocampal unit activity. None of these effects were significantly affected by naloxone even at high doses. Moreover, a fragment of dynorphin that failed to displace any of a number of tritiated narcotics from rat brain homogenates produced similar effects on these physiological measures in vivo. On the basis of a variety of criteria for "opiate action," the results suggest that a second biologically active site within the dynorphin sequence is capable of quite potent but nonopiate effects.
Liquid Schedule Searching Strategies for the Optimization of Collective Network Communications (2004)

For collective communications, the upper limit of a network's capacity is its liquid throughput. The liquid throughput corresponds to the flow of a liquid in an equivalent network of pipes. However, in communication networks, the aggregate throughput of a collective communication pattern (traffic) scheduled according to straight forward topology unaware techniques may be several times lower than the maximal potential throughput of the network. In most of the cut-through, wormhole and wavelength division optical networks, there is a loss of performance due to congestions between simultaneous transfers sharing a common link resource. We propose to schedule the transfers of a traffic according to a schedule yielding the liquid throughput. Such a schedule, called liquid schedule, relies on the knowledge of the underlying network topology and ensures an optimal utilization of all bottleneck links. To build a liquid schedule, we partition the traffic into time frames comprising mutually non-congesting transfers keeping all bottleneck links occupied all the time. The search for mutually non-congesting transfers utilizing all bottleneck links is of exponential complexity. We present an efficient algorithm which non-redundantly traverses the search space and limits the search to only those sets of transfers, which are non-congesting and utilize all bottleneck links. We further propose a liquid schedule construction technique, which efficiently reduces the search space without affecting the solution space.
Low-Resolution Massive MIMO Under Hardware Power Consumption Constraints (2021)

We consider a fully digital massive multiple-input multiple-output architecture with low-resolution analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters (ADCs/DACs) at the base station (BS) and analyze the performance trade-off between the number of BS antennas, the resolution of the ADCs/DACs, and the bandwidth. Assuming a hardware power consumption constraint, we determine the relationship between these design parameters by using a realistic model for the power consumption of the ADCs/DACs and the radio frequency chains. Considering uplink pilot-aided channel estimation, we build on the Bussgang decomposition to derive tractable expressions for uplink and downlink ergodic achievable sum rates. Numerical results show that the ergodic performance is boosted when many BS antennas with very low resolution (i.e., 2 to 3 bits) are adopted in both the uplink and the downlink.
Electronic and photonic integrated circuits for fast data center optical circuit switches (2013)

This article surveys recent work in optical switching technologies and presents a fast optical circuit switch that intimately integrates the control electrics at the chip level using a novel wafer-scale heterogeneous integration technique.
Activation and splitting of carbon dioxide on the surface of an inorganic electride material (2013)

Activation of carbon dioxide is the most important step in its conversion into valuable chemicals. Surfaces of stable oxide with a low work function may be promising for this purpose. Here we report that the surfaces of the inorganic electride [Ca24Al28O64](4+)(e(-))4 activate and split carbon dioxide at room temperature. This behaviour is attributed to a high concentration of localized electrons in the near-surface region and a corrugation of the surface that can trap oxygen atoms and strained carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide molecules. The [Ca24Al28O64](4+)(e(-))4 surface exposed to carbon dioxide is studied using temperature-programmed desorption, and spectroscopic methods. The results of these measurements, corroborated with ab initio simulations, show that both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide adsorb on the [Ca24Al28O64](4+)(e(-))4 surface at RT and above and adopt unusual configurations that result in desorption of molecular carbon monoxide and atomic oxygen upon heating.
SAR Measurements of UHF RFID Reader Antenna Operating in Close Proximity to a Flat Phantom (2019)

This paper presents the results of measurements of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution produced by the UHF RFID reader antenna located close to the standard flat phantom. SAR measurements have been carried out by the SPEAG DASY5 system at 918 MHz for the varying distance between the antenna and the phantom. RHCP antenna with 8.5dBic gain connected to the commercial UHF RFID reader operating at Pout=30dBm has been used to irradiate the phantom. Safety levels of 10-g averaged SAR not exceeding the 2W/kg limit have been confirmed by the series of measurements. However, it has been found that the maximum values of SAR distribution inside the phantom are localized in front of the antenna. The results obtained can be used as a benchmark data for the applications of wearable, biomedical and implantable UHF RFID systems.
Hydroformylation of ω-Functionalized 1,1-Disubstituted Alkenes and Its Use Toward the Synthesis of (±)Muscone (1997)

Abstract The rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of ω-functionalized 1,1-disubstituted alkenes and the synthesis of (±)-muscone using this hydroformylation and cyanohydrin alkylation are described.
Probing the Chemistry of Alumina Atomic Layer Deposition Using Operando Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2016)

This work demonstrates for the first time the capability of measuring surface vibrational spectra for adsorbates during atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactions using operando surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). We use SERS to study alumina ALD growth at 55 °C on bare silver film-over nanosphere (AgFON) substrates as well as AgFONs functionalized with thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). On bare AgFONs, we observe the growth of Al–C stretches, symmetric C–H and asymmetric C–H stretches during the trimethylaluminum (TMA) dose half-cycle, and their subsequent decay after dosing with H2O. Al–C and C–H vibrational modes decay in intensity with time even without H2O exposure providing evidence that residual H2O in the ALD chamber reacts with −CH3 groups on AgFONs. The observed Al–C stretches are attributed to TMA dimeric species on the AgFON surface in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) studies. We observe Al–C stretches and no thiol vibrational frequency shifts after dosing TMA on AgFONs functionalized with toluenethiol and benzenethiol SAMs. Conversely, we observe thiol vibrational frequency shifts and no Al–C stretches for AgFONs functionalized with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 4-mercaptophenol SAMs. Lack of observed Al–C stretches for COOH- and OH-terminated SAMs is explained by the spacing of Al–(CH3)x groups from the SERS substrate. TMA penetrates through SAMs and reacts directly with Ag for benzenethiol and toluenethiol SAMs and selectively reacts with the −COOH and −OH groups for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and 4-mercaptophenol SAMs, respectively. The high sensitivity and chemical specificity of SERS provides valuable information about the location of ALD deposits with respect to the enhancing substrate. This information can be used to evaluate the efficacy of SAMs in blocking or allowing ALD deposition on metal surfaces. The ability to probe ALD reactions using SERS under realistic reaction conditions will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of ALD reactions.
Reliability study of perpendicular STT-MRAM as emerging embedded memory qualified for reflow soldering at 260°C (2016)

A comprehensive reliability analysis of perpendicular Spin-Transfer-Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (pSTT-MRAM) is demonstrated that pSTT-MRAM is capable of fast write, more than 107 cycles endurance, less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-20</sup> read disturb error rate at 125°C, and 10 years data retention up to 225°C at chip level. Furthermore, we prove for the first time that pSTT-MRAM technology can withstand reflow soldering at 260°C, thus enabling the opportunity for embedded nonvolatile memories in consumer and automotive Microcontrollers (MCUs) applications.
Photonic-crystal-diaphragm-based fiber-tip hydrophone optimized for ocean acoustics (2008)

We report a miniature fiber hydrophone that consists of a Fabry-Perot interferometer made of a photonic-crystal reflector embedded on a compliant silicon diaphragm placed at the tip of a single-mode fiber. A model was developed to show that after proper optimization to ocean acoustics, this sensor has a minimum detectable pressure that follows the minimum ambient noise of the ocean (reaching a minimum of ~10 &mu;Pa/Hz<sup>1/2</sup> at ~30 kHz) in the bandwidth of 1 Hz-100 kHz. By placing several such sensors with different acoustic power ranges within a single hydrophone head, the hydrophone is able of exhibiting a dynamic range in the excess of 200 dB. A prototype was fabricated, assembled, and tested that confirmed this high sensitivity and bandwidth.
A Method for Tractable Dynamical Studies of Single and Double Shock Compression (2004)

A new multi‐scale simulation method is formulated for the study of shocked materials. The method combines molecular dynamics and the Euler equations for compressible flow. Treatment of the difficult problem of the spontaneous formation of multiple shock waves due to material instabilities is enabled with this approach. The method allows the molecular dynamics simulation of the system under dynamical shock conditions for orders of magnitude longer time periods than is possible using the popular non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) approach. An example calculation is given for a model potential for silicon in which a computational speedup of 105 is demonstrated. Results of these simulations are consistent with the recent experimental observation of an anomalously large elastic precursor on the nanosecond timescale.
Atom interferometry using wavepackets with constant spatial separations (2006)

We demonstrate a standing wave light pulse sequence that places atoms into a superposition of displaced wavepackets with precisely controlled separations that remain constant for times as long as 1 s. The separated wavepackets are subsequently recombined resulting in atom interference patterns that probe energy differences of approximately 10^-34 J, and can provide acceleration measurements that are insensitive to platform vibrations.
A General Catalyst for the Asymmetric Strecker Reaction (2000)

From a parallel library of 70 compounds, the salicylidene imine derivative 1 was identified as a remarkably enantioselective and general catalyst for the Strecker reaction with a variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldimines. While the soluble catalyst affords slightly higher ee values in most reactions, the use of its polystyrene-resin-bound analogue allows facile isolation of the Strecker products in nearly quantitative yield, and it can be recycled over ten times without loss of activity or selectivity. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2000/z14292_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Left Ventricular Myocardial Deformation on Cine MR Images: Relationship to Severity of Disease and Prognosis in Light-Chain Amyloidosis (2018)

Purpose To measure left ventricular (LV) myocardial strain with cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and a deformable registration algorithm (DRA) and to assess the prognostic value of myocardial strain in patients with light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 78 consecutive patients with AL amyloidosis who underwent contrast material-enhanced cardiac MR imaging were enrolled at West China Hospital. LV myocardial strains and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were evaluated. Association between myocardial strain and all-cause mortality was analyzed with the stepwise Cox regression model. Results Global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) were significantly lower in the no or nonspecific LGE group compared with the subendocardial LGE and transmural LGE groups (mean GLS, -10% ± 3 [standard deviation] vs -7% ± 3 vs -4% ± 1; P < .001) (mean GCS, -13% ± 3 vs -11% ± 3 vs -7% ± 2; P < .001). GLS and GCS were reduced in patients without clinical cardiac amyloidosis (mean GLS, -13% ± 3 vs -16% ± 2; P = .005) (mean GCS, -16% ± 1 vs -19% ± 2; P = .02). Circumferential and radial strains were impaired in basal segments in accordance with the distribution of LGE. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that GCS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.16 per 1% absolute decrease; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.31; P = .02) and the presence of transmural LGE (HR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.80; P = .02) were independent predictors of all-cause mortality after adjustment for LV ejection fraction, right ventricular ejection fraction, LV mass index, GLS, and global radial strain. Conclusion Strain parameters derived with cine MR imaging-based DRA may be a new noninvasive imaging marker with which to evaluate the extent of cardiac amyloid infiltration and may offer independent prognostic information for all-cause mortality in patients with AL amyloidosis.
Dynamic and Transparent Data Tiering for In-Memory Databases in Mixed Workload Environments. (2015)

Current in-memory databases clearly outperform their diskbased counterparts. In parallel, recent PCIe-connected NAND flash devices provide significantly lower access latencies than traditional disks allowing to re-introduce classical memory paging as a cost-efficient alternative to storing all data in main memory. This is further eased by new, dedicated APIs which bypass the operating system, optimizing the way data is managed and transferred between a DRAM caching layer and NAND flash. In this paper, we will present a new approach for in-memory databases that leverages such an API to improve data management without jeopardizing the original performance superiority of in-memory databases. The approach exploits data relevance and places less relevant data onto a NAND flash device. For real-world data access skews, the approach is able to efficiently evict a substantial share of the data stored in memory while suffering a performance loss of less than 30%.
Determination of the full structure and absolute stereochemistry of the antifungal agent FR-900848: an X-ray crystallographic study of (1R,3S,4R,6S,7S,9R,10S,12R)-quatercyclopropyl-1,12-dimethanediyl di-4-bromobenzoate (1995)

A. G. M. Barrett, K. Kasdorf, G. J. Tustin and D. J. Williams, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1143 DOI: 10.1039/C39950001143
High isolation MIC Ka band upconverter (2002)

A mixer is a critical element in almost every microwave communication system. The two most important parameters of an up-converter mixer are the LO to RF isolation and its P/sub -1/dB. In many cases the LO frequency is too close to or even overlapping the RF frequency. In that case the rejection of the LO signal by a filter is difficult or sometimes even impossible. The LO signal could possibly saturate the following power amplifiers and/or be too high at the antenna port. A high LO to RF isolation mixer can solve this problem. An up-converter with a high dynamic range or high 1 dB compression point can simplify the amplifier chain by reducing the number of stages. There are a few techniques one can use to design an up-converter with high LO to RF isolation. In order to develop a manufacturable product and to achieve enough margin over the temperature range, we considered developing a "power combined" up-converter mixer for 40 GHz range, which is simple, inexpensive, and provides both high LO to RF isolation and high P/sub -1/dB. We present a Ka band up-converter mixer with LO to RF isolation of better than 50 dB and 1 dB compression of 3 dBm at the RF port over a bandwidth of 2 GHz. The up-converter was implemented using thin film alumina technology 180/spl deg/ splitter.
Code Quality Prediction Under Super Extreme Class Imbalance (2022)

Predicting the quality of software in the early phases of the development life cycle has various benefits to an organization's bottom line with wide applicability across industry and government. Yet, developing robust software quality prediction models in practice is a challenging task due to “super” extreme class imbalance. In this paper, we present our work on a code quality prediction framework, we call Automated Incremental Effort Investments (AIEl), to fasten the process of going from data to a performant model under super extreme class imbalance. Experiments on a large scale real-world dataset, from Meta Platforms, show that the proposed approach competes with or outperforms state-of-the art shallow and deep learning approaches. We evaluate the practical significance of the model predictions on test case prioritization efficiency, where AIEl achieves the top rank reducing code review time by 2.5 % and test case resource utilization by 9.3%.
A Physiological Ear Model for the Emulation of Masking (1999)

Auditory masking is exploited in technical audio systems for transmission and storage to improve the perceived audio quality. In this respect, perception models are necessary for a masked threshold prediction to quantify the threshold of audibility for a given signal or distortion. The presented ear model emulates those parts of the auditory sound processing which are relevant to masking. The physiological modeling approach is not limited to simple masker-test-signal configurations as usually employed in psychoacoustical measurements, but it is valid for complex signals as well, which is desired in the aforementioned applications. The ear model includes a nonlinear active cochlear model which emulates the basic mechanisms effective in masking: excitation and suppression. Nonlinear mechanical amplification by means of the outer hair cells plays a crucial role in proper modeling of these effects. In addition to physiological measurements at the mechanical level of sound processing in the cochlea, classical masking patterns and nonlinear masking effects are demonstrated by the ear model.
Acrylates via Metathesis of Crotonates (2014)

Crotonic acid has the potential to be produced from renewable resources at low cost but currently has a limited market. We are investigating catalytic routes to exploit the functionalities of crotonic acid to produce a range of established industrial chemicals. Here we report our work on converting crotonates to acrylates, where a cost-competitive bio-based alternative can provide a market advantage. Our optimized reaction conditions for the cross-metathesis between crotonates and ethylene resulted in an increase in catalyst turnover numbers by 2 orders of magnitude compared with literature values. Control experiments showed the cross-metathesis with ethylene to be an equilibrium reaction. The turnover-number-limiting factor was found to be the stability of the metathesis catalyst.