gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Timing of Initiation and Discontinuation of Renal Replacement Therapy in AKI (2008)

Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) often require initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Currently, there is wide variation worldwide on the indications for and timing of initiation and discontinuation of RRT for AKI. Various parameters for metabolic, solute, and fluid control are generally used to guide the initiation and discontinuation of therapy; however, there are currently no standards in this field. Members of the recently established Acute Kidney Injury Network, representing key societies in critical care and nephrology along with additional experts in adult and pediatric AKI, participated in a 3-d conference in Vancouver in September 2006 to evaluate the available literature on this topic and draft consensus recommendations for research studies in this area. Key questions included the following: what are the indications for RRT, when should acute RRT support be initiated, and when should RRT be stopped? This report summarizes the available evidence and describes in detail the key questions, and some of the methods of answering them that will need to be addressed with the goal of standardizing the care of patients with AKI and improving outcomes.
A New Family of Macrocycles Produced by Sequential Claisen—Schmidt Condensations (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
THE INFLUENCE OF COLLOIDAL STABILITY ON CRITICAL PIGMENT VOLUME CONCENTRATION (CPVC) (1984)

ABSTRACT The level of colloidal stability of a latex coating formulation is governed by the hydrodynamic size of the pigment particle and its aggregates, along with the electrolyte concentration of the coating formulation. Model latex coating films were developed to investigate the effects of pigment aggregate size and the electrolyte concentration in the latex coating formulation on the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC), as determined by mechanical optical and permeability properties. The poly(styrene) pigment and poly(styrene-butadiene) (60:40) binder particles were characterized for their relative sizes, the surfactant surface coverage and the critical coagulation concentration, in dilute (1.8% solids) and concentrated (42% solids) dispersions, for sodium chloride and calcium chloride. The hydrodynamic diameter of the strong pigment aggregates formed as a function of aging time, after adjusting the electrolyte concentration of the pigment dispersion to the c.c.c. level were characterized by capillary chromatography technique. The Increasing size of the pigment aggregates and the increasing electrolyte concentration of the latex coating formulation were shown to sharply decrease the CPVC values determined by mechanical and optical properties such as tensile strength and contrast ratio of the coating. Their influence on the permeability property of the films such as porosity was limited by the availability of the binder to form smooth surface below 35-40% PVC. The morphological studies of the coating films showed that aggregates cause an increase in the degree of non-uniform distribution of the binder and pigment in the latex coating film
Lysine‐50 is a likely site for anchoring the plasminogen N‐terminal peptide to lysine‐binding kringles (1998)

Interactions between the kringle 4 (K4) domain of human plasminogen (Pgn) and segments of the N-terminal Glu1-Lys77 peptide (NTP) have been investigated via 1H-NMR at 500 MHz. NTP peptide stretches devoid of Lys residues but carrying an internal Arg residue show negligible affinity toward K4 (equilibrium association constant Ka < 0.05 mM(-1)). In contrast, while most fragments containing an internal Lys residue exhibit affinities comparable to that shown by the blocked Lys derivative Nalpha-acetyl-L-lysine-methyl ester (Ka approximately 0.2 mM(-1), peptides encompassing Lys50O consistently show higher Ka values. Among the investigated linear peptides, Nalpha-acetyl-Ala-Phe-Tyr-His-Ser-Ser-Lys5O-Glu-Gln-NH2 (AcAFYHSK5OEQ-NH2) exhibits the strongest interaction with K4 (Ka approximately 1.4 mM(-1)), followed by AcYHSK50EQ-NH2 (Ka approximately 0.9 mM(-1)). Relative to the wild-type sequence, mutated hexapeptides exhibit lesser affinity for K4. When a Lys50 --> Ser mutation was introduced (==> AcYHSS50EQ-NH2), binding was abolished. The Ile27-lle56 construct (L-NTP) contains the Lys50 site within a loop constrained by two cystine bridges. The propensity of recombinant Pgn K1 (rK1) and K2 (rK2) modules, and of Pgn fragments encompassing the intact K4 and K5 domains, for binding L-NTP, was investigated. We find that L-NTP interacts with rK1, rK2, K4, and K5-all lysine-binding kringles-in a fashion that closely mimics what has been observed for the Glul-HSer57 N-terminal fragment of Pgn (CB-NTP). Thus, both the constellation of kringle lysine binding site (LBS) aromatic residues that are perturbed upon complexation of L-NTP and magnitudes of kringle-L-NTP binding affinities (rK1, Ka approximately 4.3 mM(-1); rK2, Ka approximately 3.7 mM(-1; K4, Ka approximately 6.4 mM(1); and K5, Ka approximately 2.1 mM(-1)) are essentially the same as for the corresponding kringle-CB-NTP pairs. Molecular modeling studies suggest that the Glu39-Lys50 stretch in NTP generates an area that complements, both topologically and electrostatically, the solvent-exposed kringle LBS surface.
Roles of bacteriophage T7 gene 4 proteins in providing primase and helicase functions in vivo. (1992)

The helicase and primase activities of bacteriophage T7 are distributed between the 56- and 63-kDa gene 4 proteins. The 56-kDa gene 4 protein lacks 63 amino acids found at the N terminus of the colinear 63-kDa protein and catalyzes helicase activity. The 63-kDa gene 4 protein catalyzes both primase and helicase activities. A bacteriophage deleted for gene 4, T7 delta 4-1, has been tested for growth by complementation on Escherichia coli strains that contain plasmids expressing either one or both of the gene 4 proteins. T7 delta 4-1 cannot grow (efficiency of plating, 10(-7)) on E. coli cells that express only 56-kDa gene 4 protein. In contrast, T7 delta 4-1 has an efficiency of plating of 0.1 on an E. coli strain that expresses only 63-kDa gene 4 protein in which glycine is substituted for methionine at position 64. A bacteriophage, T7 4B-, in which methionine at residue 64 is replaced by glycine, expresses only 63-kDa gene 4 protein. The burst sizes, latency periods, and Okazaki fragment sizes of T7 4B- are similar in the presence and absence of the 56-kDa gene 4 protein; however, T7 4B- has a reduced rate of DNA synthesis when compared with a phage that synthesizes both gene 4 proteins.
Quanta image sensor: concepts and progress (2016)

The QIS was conceived when contemplating shrinking pixel sizes and storage capacities, and the steady increase in digital processing power. In the single-bit QIS, the output of each field is a binary bit plane, where each bit represents the presence or absence of at least one photoelectron in a photodetector. A series of bit planes is generated through high-speed readout, and a kernel or “cubicle” of bits (x,y,t) is used to create a single output image pixel. The size of the cubicle can be adjusted post-acquisition to optimize image quality. The specialized sub-diffraction-limit photodetectors in the QIS are referred to as “jots” and a QIS may have a gigajot or more, read out at 1000 fps, for a data rate exceeding 1Tb/s. Basically, we are trying to count photons as they arrive at the sensor. This paper reviews the Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) concept and its imaging characteristics. Recent progress towards realizing the QIS for commercial and scientific purposes is discussed. The QIS represents a possible major paradigm shift in image capture.
Investigating FinFET Sidewall Passivation Using Epitaxial (100)Ge and (110)Ge Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Devices on AlAs/GaAs (2017)

Device-quality crystallographically oriented epitaxial (100)Ge and (110)Ge were grown on GaAs substrates using a large bandgap AlAs buffer. Electrical characteristics of p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (pMOS) capacitors, fabricated from the aforementioned material stacks, are presented for the first time. High-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated atomically abrupt heterointerfaces between Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /Ge as well as Ge/AlAs for both (100) and (110) orientations. Various process conditions were implemented during MOS capacitor fabrication to study their impact on the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> /Ge interface. The fabricated pMOS devices demonstrated excellent electrical characteristics with efficient modulation of the Fermi level from midgap to the conduction band edge, corresponding to a minimum D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</sub> value of 1.2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> ·ev <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> on (100)Ge, indicative of a high-quality oxide/Ge heterointerface, and an effective electrical passivation of the Ge surface. Postdeposition annealing under O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> was found to be less effective at reducing oxide trap density (NOT) as compared to forming gas or O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> postmetallization anneals (PMA), indicating that metal-induced bandgap states at the gate metal/dielectricinterface have a notable impact on Ge pMOS N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OT</sub> . On the other hand, a tradeoff must be made between N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OT</sub> and the equivalent oxide thickness when performing PMA under O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> or forming gas ambient.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Measles Virus Vaccine–Infected Tumor Cells Induce Tumor Antigen Cross-Presentation by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 223K, Supplemental Figure 4: Activation of pDC in response to MV-infected tumor cells is independent of MV replication in pDC and infection by CD46. (A) pDC were cultured with IL-3 alone, R848, IL-3/MV-eGFP (MV), IL-3/MV-eGFP with 10mg/ml of anti-CD46 or IL-3/UV-irradiated MV-eGFP (MV*) at MOI=1 during 18hrs. Expression of CD83, CD80 and CD86 by pDC was determined by flow cytometry. (B) pDC were cultured with IL-3, UV-irradiated M18, MV-infected M18 (M18MV) in presence or absence of 10mg/ml of anti-CD46 (Hycult biotech), or MV-infected M18 irradiated by UV before exposition to pDC (M18MV*). Expression of CD83, CD80 and CD86 by pDC (gate on BDCA-4+/HLA-DR+ cells) was determined by flow cytometry. (C) IFN-a production by pDC measured by ELISA. (D) MV-eGFP infection inhibition of M18 by 10mg/ml of anti-CD46 monoclonal antibody after 72hrs of culture.&lt;/p&gt;
The Power of Linear Programming for General-Valued CSPs (2015)

Let $D$, called the domain, be a fixed finite set and let $\Gamma$, called the valued constraint language, be a fixed set of functions of the form $f:D^m\to\mathbb{Q}\cup\{\infty\}$, where different functions might have different arity $m$. We study the valued constraint satisfaction problem parametrized by $\Gamma$, denoted by VCSP$(\Gamma)$. These are minimization problems given by $n$ variables and the objective function given by a sum of functions from $\Gamma$, each depending on a subset of the $n$ variables. For example, if $D=\{0,1\}$ and $\Gamma$ contains all ternary $\{0,\infty\}$-valued functions, VCSP($\Gamma$) corresponds to 3-SAT. More generally, if $\Gamma$ contains only $\{0,\infty\}$-valued functions, VCSP($\Gamma$) corresponds to CSP($\Gamma$). If $D=\{0,1\}$ and $\Gamma$ contains all ternary $\{0,1\}$-valued functions, VCSP($\Gamma$) corresponds to Min-3-SAT, in which the goal is to minimize the number of unsatisfied clauses in a 3-CNF instance. Finite-valued constraint languages contain functions that take on only rational values and not infinite values. Our main result is a precise algebraic characterization of valued constraint languages whose instances can be solved exactly by the basic linear programming relaxation (BLP). For a valued constraint language $\Gamma$, BLP is a decision procedure for $\Gamma$ if and only if $\Gamma$ admits a symmetric fractional polymorphism of every arity. For a finite-valued constraint language $\Gamma$, BLP is a decision procedure if and only if $\Gamma$ admits a symmetric fractional polymorphism of some arity, or equivalently, if $\Gamma$ admits a symmetric fractional polymorphism of arity 2. Using these results, we obtain tractability of several novel classes of problems, including problems over valued constraint languages that are (1) submodular on arbitrary lattices; (2) $k$-submodular on arbitrary finite domains; (3) weakly (and hence strongly) tree submodular on arbitrary trees.
Predicting the clinical outcome of ICSI by sperm head vacuole examination (2016)

ART: assisted reproductive technology; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; ICSI: intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF: in vitro fertilization; LNVs: large nuclear vacuoles; MSOME: motile sperm organelle morphology examination; SHVE: sperm head vacuole examination; WHO: World Health Organization.
A Kinase Chaperones Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly and Captures Capsid Dynamics in vitro (2011)

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is involved in regulating multiple stages of the HBV lifecycle. CTD phosphorylation correlates with pregenomic-RNA encapsidation during capsid assembly, reverse transcription, and viral transport, although the mechanisms remain unknown. In vitro, purified HBV core protein (Cp183) binds any RNA and assembles aggressively, independent of phosphorylation, to form empty and RNA-filled capsids. We hypothesize that there must be a chaperone that binds the CTD to prevent self-assembly and nonspecific RNA packaging. Here, we show that HBV capsid assembly is stalled by the Serine Arginine protein kinase (SRPK) binding to the CTD, and reactivated by subsequent phosphorylation. Using the SRPK to probe capsids, solution and structural studies showed that SRPK bound to capsid, though the CTD is sequestered on the capsid interior. This result indicates transient CTD externalization and suggests that capsid dynamics could be crucial for directing HBV intracellular trafficking. Our studies illustrate the stochastic nature of virus capsids and demonstrate the appropriation of a host protein by a virus for a non-canonical function.
Harmonic spectrogram for the analysis of semi-periodic physiologic signals (2003)

This paper describes a simple method that improves the resolution of power spectral density (PSD) estimates of nonsinusoidal semi-periodic signals. This method can also be used to generate time-frequency mappings similar to the spectrogram. This is a useful tool for the analysis of physiologic signals such as the electrocardiogram and blood pressure. Several examples are given of the method applied to biomedical signals.
Bayesian touch (2013)

To improve the accuracy of target selection for finger touch, we conceptualize finger touch input as an uncertain process, and derive a statistical target selection criterion, Bayesian Touch Criterion, by combining the basic Bayes' rule of probability with the generalized dual Gaussian distribution hypothesis of finger touch. The Bayesian Touch Criterion selects the intended target as the candidate with the shortest Bayesian Touch Distance to the touch point, which is computed from the touch point to the target center distance and the target size. We give the derivation of the Bayesian Touch Criterion and its empirical evaluation with two experiments. The results showed that for 2-dimensional circular target selection, the Bayesian Touch Criterion is significantly more accurate than the commonly used Visual Boundary Criterion (i.e., a target is selected if and only if the touch point falls within its boundary) and its two variants.
Immuno-modulating properties of saliphenylhalamide, SNS-032, obatoclax, and gemcitabine (2015)

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) impact the public health and global economy by causing yearly epidemics and occasional pandemics. Several anti-IAV drugs are available and many are in development. However, the question remains which of these antiviral agents may allow activation of immune responses and protect patients against co- and re-infections. To answer to this question, we analysed immuno-modulating properties of the antivirals saliphenylhalamide (SaliPhe), SNS-032, obatoclax, and gemcitabine, and found that only gemcitabine did not impair immune responses in infected cells. It also allowed activation of innate immune responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and interferon alpha (IFNα)-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, immuno-mediators produced by gemcitabine-treated IAV-infected macrophages were able to prime immune responses in non-infected cells. Thus, we identified an antiviral agent which might be beneficial for treatment of patients with severe viral infections.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Corynoline and (±)-6-Oxocorynoline (1982)

The condensation o f a-methyl-3.4-methylenedioxyhomophthalicanhydride 11
Which are the best e-learning tools for an Engineering Degree in the European Higher Education Area? (2007)

In Europe, a unified Higher Education Area is being created, with the aim of establishing a homogeneous system of University degrees in all member states. In this context, the use of virtual campus or LMS's will be generalized. Currently, LMS's are offering more and more capabilities for teaching and learning. However, engineering degrees present some specific problems since typical learning in engineering is based on synchronous communication, graphical drawing and labs. In this paper we investigated which educational resources, both online and on campus, are needed in order to develop an Engineering University degree in this new scenario. An opinion survey of Spanish University Faculty was collected and the survey results analyzed and presented. . Based on the results of this study, we defined a group of minimum tools of a LMS that enables the development of the students 'expected competences . This study is a continuation of some previous studies by the same authors on the efficiency of e- learning tools.
Electrochemical Intercalation of Calcium and Magnesium in TiS2: Fundamental Studies Related to Multivalent Battery Applications (2018)

A comparative study of the electrochemical intercalation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in layered TiS2 using alkylcarbonate-based electrolytes is reported, and for the first time, reversible electrochemical Ca2+ insertion is proved in this compound using both X-ray diffraction and differential absorption X-ray tomography at the Ca L2 edge. Different new phases are formed upon M2+ insertion that are structurally characterized, their amount and composition being dependent on M2+ and the experimental conditions. The first phase formed upon reduction is found to be the result of an ion-solvated intercalation mechanism, with solvent molecule(s) being cointercalated with the M2+ cation. Upon further reduction, new non-cointercalated calcium-containing phases seem to form at the expense of unreacted TiS2. The calculated activation energy barriers for Ca2+ migration in TiS2 (0.75 eV) are lower than those previously reported for Mg (1.14 eV) at the dilute limit and within the CdI2 structural type. DFT results indicate that the expansion of the interlayer space lowers the energy barrier and favors a different pathway for Ca2+ migration.
More Than Skin Deep: The Human Skin Tissue Equivalent as an Advanced Drug Discovery Tool (2010)

Advanced human tissue equivalents are an emerging drug discovery tool that aims at minimizing costly candidate attrition in later stages of preclinical and clinical development. 3-D cellular tissue models amenable to screening in 96-well plate format and drug monitoring in real time provide more accurate compound screening in a physiologically relevant context, not achievable in traditional two dimensional, single cell type-based assays. Currently, equivalents that represent the healthy or pathological physiology of human tissues including skin, vasculature, lung, prostate, and various malignant tumors are used for rapid activity screening, toxicity profiling, and pharmacokinetic characterization of compound libraries. Human skin equivalents with intact stratum corneum reconstructed in vitro from matrix-embedded dermal fibroblasts and epidermal primary keratinocytes closely resemble the complex architecture and functional complexity of skin. Using human skin equivalents, delivery of novel topical agents for photoprotection has been studied, and toxicity and activity profiling of skin care products and FDA-approved drugs including sunscreens has been performed. Importantly, human skin equivalents are better predictors of drug activity than available animal models as mouse and guinea pig skin do not reflect the architecture of human skin in terms of physico-optical properties such as light reflectance and scattering, epidermal thickness, cellularity, and biochemical composition. Recently, cellular composition of advanced commercial skin reconstructs has been further optimized by incorporation of melanogenic melanocytes and immunomodulatory dendritic (Langerhans) cells in order to assess drug modulation of cutaneous pigmentation, inflammation, photo-immunosuppression, and photo-carcinogenesis. Continuous progress in skin equivalent engineering will ensure the expanding role of skin equivalents in disease model-based assays for rapid identification and development of novel cutaneous therapeutics.
Alkylammonium Cation Intercalation into Ti3C2 (MXene): Effects on Properties and Ion-Exchange Capacity Estimation (2017)

Ti3C2Tx MXene intercalated with Li+ ions was produced and ion-exchanged with a series of trimethylalkylammonium (AA) cations of increasing alkyl chain length. A discontinuous expansion in the MXene layer spacing was observed, attributed to complete packing of the interlayer space at a critical chain length. The latter was used to estimate the number of cations per Ti3C2 formula unit, which was found to be in good agreement with a similar quantification obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The system was also modeled using density functional theory and molecular dynamics, arriving at cation concentrations in the same range. The intercalated AA cations led to tunable increases in resistivity of the normally highly electrically conductive MXene and were investigated as interlayer pillars in electrochemical capacitors.
Fast freeform reflector generation using source-target maps (2010)

We propose a freeform reflector design method based on the mapping of equi-flux grids between a point source and a target. This method imposes no restriction on the target distribution, the reflector collection angle or the source intensity pattern. Source-target maps are generated from a small number of target points using the Oliker algorithm. Such maps satisfy the surface integrability condition and can thus be used to quickly generate reflectors that produce continuous illuminance distributions.