gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal interpolation of real-time cine images for ventricular function assessment (2014)

Background In uncooperative patients or in presence of arrhythmia, real-time free-breathing cine MR approaches may offer an alternative to well-established segmented data acquisition strategies [1,2]. Segmented acquisition strategies collect data throughout a number of heartbeats and typically a fixed number of cardiac phases are reconstructed for each slice representing an average RR interval. In real-time cine imaging, the number of reconstructed phases may be different for each slice due to heart rate variations. However, it is desirable to reconstruct a predefined number of cardiac phases per slice to facilitate functional analysis and processing. In this work, we present an image reconstruction approach that retrospectively interpolates real-time cine images to calculate a predefined number of cardiac phases per heartbeat and slice. Ejection fraction is compared between segmented cine images and interpolated realtime cine images in healthy volunteers. Methods
Mechanisms involved in the progression of androgen-independent prostate cancers: it is not only the cancer cell's fault. (2002)

The acquisition of an androgen-independent phenotype by prostate cancer cells is presently a death sentence for patients. In order to have a realistic chance of changing this outcome, an understanding of what drives the progression to androgen independence is critical. We review here a working hypothesis based on the position that the development of androgen-independent epithelial cells is the result of a series of cellular and molecular events within the whole tissue that culminates in the loss of normal tissue-maintained growth control. This tissue includes the epithelial and stromal cells, the supporting extracellular matrix and circulating hormones. This review discusses the characteristics of these malignant cells, the role of stromal cells involved in growth and the differentiation of epithelial cells, and the role of the extracellular matrix as a mediator of the phenotypes of stromal and epithelial cells. In addition, environmental, neuroendocrine and immune factors that may contribute to disturbance of the fine balance of the epithelial-stromal-extracellular matrix connection are considered. While the goal of many therapeutic approaches to prostate cancer has been androgen ablation or targeting the androgen receptor (AR) of epithelial cells, these therapies become ineffective as the cells progress beyond dependence on androgen for growth control. Twenty years ago Sir David Smithers debated that cancer is the result of loss of tolerance within tissues and the organizational failure of normal growth-control mechanisms. This is precipitated by prolonged or abnormal demands for regeneration or repair, rather than of any inherent disorder peculiar to each of the individual components involved. He wrote "It is not the cell itself that is disorderly, but its relationship with the rest of the tissue". We have gained significantly large amounts of precise data on the effects of androgenic ablation on cancerous prostate cells and on the role of the AR in prostate cancer. The need has come to compile this information towards a perspective of dysregulation of tissue as a whole, and to develop experimental systems to address this broader perspective to find and develop therapies for treatment and prevention.
Experimental investigation of receiver sensitivity of RZ-DQPSK modulation using balanced detection (2003)

We investigate experimentally the power penalty obtained by doubling the data rate from 10 Gb/s using RZ-DPSK modulation format to 20 Gb/s using RZ-DQPSK modulation format. The measurement results confirm theoretical limits and compare balanced and single-ended detection.
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM THE FRUITS OF ZANTHOXYLUM LEPRIEURII (2009)

Summary Four acridone alkaloids, tegerrardin A 1, 1-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-Nmethylacridone 2, arborinine 3 and xanthoxoline 4 and a coumarin, scoparone 5 have been isolated from the fruits of Zanthoxylum leprieurii, used as spice in many Cameroonian traditional dishes. Compounds 3 and 4 displayed a good in vitro antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 4.5 ± 1.0 and 4.6 ± 0.6 µg/ml, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 are good chelating agents with 90% and 61% Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA), respectively. Compound 2 showed good activity in the superoxide anion scavenging assay with 90.3% RSA. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic and physical data.
Electrofunctionalization: Small 20/2009 (2009)

The cover picture illustrates an innovative functionalization technique, referred to as “contactless electrofunctionalization” (CLEF). The inner surface of a pore etched in a dielectric membrane can be easily coated in a single step and in physiologically compatible conditions. Localized deposition of polypyrrole copolymers bearing oligonucleotides, as well as metallic oxides, are experimentally demonstrated. Both are selectively deposited on the pore walls with no additional deposition onto the dielectric membrane. CLEF thus constitutes a significant improvement over classically used surface-modification techniques. Its high efficiency makes it a promising technique, particularly for biosensor applications. For more information, please read the Full Paper “Contactless Electrofunctionalization of a Single Pore” by A. Bouchet, V. Haguet, et al., beginning on page 2297.
Accurate chip scale topography modeling in O(n) run time (2005)

Currently, semiconductor manufacturing topography models for design and process optimization can investigate only a tiny portion of a die at a given time. Therefore, important coupling effects between areas are ignored. As interconnect capacitance and resistance become the limiting factor to chip speed, the coupling effects of process variations upon timing delays will become critical. Additionally, current process models are unable to consider known die scale effects such as stepper lens aberrations, tilt, scaling, polishing variations and etch loading effects. We are introducing a model for accurately simulating die scale effects upon semiconductor topography in O(n) run time, where n is the number of mask features, and with efficient memory usage. The inherently parallel model combines existing process models with new developments. The model provides a better interface between design and process areas for complete die performance optimization studies.
No Surprises: Training Robust Lung Nodule Detection for Low-Dose CT Scans by Augmenting With Adversarial Attacks (2020)

Detecting malignant pulmonary nodules at an early stage can allow medical interventions which may increase the survival rate of lung cancer patients. Using computer vision techniques to detect nodules can improve the sensitivity and the speed of interpreting chest CT for lung cancer screening. Many studies have used CNNs to detect nodule candidates. Though such approaches have been shown to outperform the conventional image processing based methods regarding the detection accuracy, CNNs are also known to be limited to generalize on under-represented samples in the training set and prone to imperceptible noise perturbations. Such limitations can not be easily addressed by scaling up the dataset or the models. In this work, we propose to add adversarial synthetic nodules and adversarial attack samples to the training data to improve the generalization and the robustness of the lung nodule detection systems. To generate hard examples of nodules from a differentiable nodule synthesizer, we use projected gradient descent (PGD) to search the latent code within a bounded neighbourhood that would generate nodules to decrease the detector response. To make the network more robust to unanticipated noise perturbations, we use PGD to search for noise patterns that can trigger the network to give over-confident mistakes. By evaluating on two different benchmark datasets containing consensus annotations from three radiologists, we show that the proposed techniques can improve the detection performance on real CT data. To understand the limitations of both the conventional networks and the proposed augmented networks, we also perform stress-tests on the false positive reduction networks by feeding different types of artificially produced patches. We show that the augmented networks are more robust to both under-represented nodules as well as resistant to noise perturbations.
The control of game form recognition in experiments: understanding dominant strategy failures in a simple two person “guessing” game (2008)

Abstract This paper focuses on instructions and procedures as the reasons that subjects fail to behave according to the predictions of game theory in two-person “guessing game” (beauty contest game) experiments. In this game, two individuals simultaneously choose a number between 0 and 100. The winner is the person whose chosen number is the closest to 2/3 of the average of the two numbers. The weakly dominant strategy is zero. Because of the simplicity of the game, the widespread failure of subjects to choose the weakly dominant strategy has been interpreted as evidence of some fundamental inability to behave strategically. By contrast, we find that subjects’ behavior reflects a lack of understanding of the game form, which we define as the relationships between possible choices, outcomes and payoffs. To a surprising degree, subjects seem to have little understanding of the experimental environment in which they are participating. If subjects do not understand the game form, the experimental control needed for testing game theory is lost. The experiments reported here demonstrate that the failure to act strategically is related to how the game is presented. We test how well subjects are able to recognize the game under a variety of different presentations of the game. Some subjects fail to recognize the game form when it is presented abstractly. When the game is transformed into a simple isomorphic game and presented in a familiar context, subjects do choose weakly dominant strategies. While our results confirm the ability of subjects to make strategic decisions, they also emphasize the need to understand the limitations of experimental subjects’ ability to grasp the game as the experimenter intends. Given these limitations, we provide suggestions for better experimental control.
NCCN Task Force Report: Molecular Markers in Leukemias and Lymphomas (2009)

The introduction of targeted therapies has revolutionized treatment and improved outcomes in patients with leukemias and lymphomas. However, many patients experience relapse caused by the persistence of residual malignant cells. Cytogenetic and molecular techniques are increasingly being used to assess and quantify minimal residual disease (MRD). The emergence of advanced technologies has led to the discovery of multiple novel molecular markers that can be used to detect MRD and predict outcome in patients with leukemias and lymphomas. Gene expression signatures that predict clinical outcomes in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have been identified. In chronic myelogenous leukemia, molecular monitoring has become more important in assessing response and detecting resistance to therapy. In acute leukemias, several new markers have shown potential in prognostication and monitoring treatment. In leukemias and lymphomas, microRNAs have been identified that may be useful in diagnostics and prognostication. To address these issues, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) organized a task force consisting of a panel of experts in leukemia and lymphoma to discuss recent advances in the field of molecular markers and monitoring MRD.
Nanocarrier Lipid Composition Modulates the Impact of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein B (SP-B) on Cellular Delivery of siRNA (2019)

Two decades since the discovery of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, we are now witnessing the approval of the first RNAi-based treatments with small interfering RNA (siRNA) drugs. Nevertheless, the widespread use of siRNA is limited by various extra- and intracellular barriers, requiring its encapsulation in a suitable (nanosized) delivery system. On the intracellular level, the endosomal membrane is a major barrier following endocytosis of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles in target cells and innovative materials to promote cytosolic siRNA delivery are highly sought after. We previously identified the endogenous lung surfactant protein B (SP-B) as siRNA delivery enhancer when reconstituted in (proteo) lipid-coated nanogels. It is known that the surface-active function of SP-B in the lung is influenced by the lipid composition of the lung surfactant. Here, we investigated the role of the lipid component on the siRNA delivery-promoting activity of SP-B proteolipid-coated nanogels in more detail. Our results clearly indicate that SP-B prefers fluid membranes with cholesterol not exceeding physiological levels. In addition, SP-B retains its activity in the presence of different classes of anionic lipids. In contrast, comparable fractions of SP-B did not promote the siRNA delivery potential of DOTAP:DOPE cationic liposomes. Finally, we demonstrate that the beneficial effect of lung surfactant on siRNA delivery is not limited to lung-related cell types, providing broader therapeutic opportunities in other tissues as well.
Nickel-doped nanocrystalline glass-ceramic fiber (2002)

The spectroscopic properties of Ni(2+)- doped nanocrystalline glass-ceramic fibers are reported. The cerammed fibers show strong fluorescence with peak wavelength at 1250 nm, 3-dB bandwidth at ~250nm, measured lifetimes at >1ms, and low-fluorescence saturation powers (~35mW) for 980-nm diode pumping. Current diode-pumped output powers are ~100microW .
Side chain elongation causes a change from enthalpy driven to entropy driven binding in the molecular recognition of tetraanionic peptides (2000)

In binding to tetraguanidinium compounds, the average side chain length of tetraanionic peptides determines the thermodynamics of binding, the degree of helix induction and the rigidity of the complex formed.
Low on-resistance lateral U-gate MOSFET with DSS pattern layout (2003)

This paper describes a low on-resistance lateral U-gate MOSFET having a DSS (drain window surrounded by source windows) pattern layout with TDRs (trench drain rings). The DSS pattern layout is effective in increasing the source cell density (Hoshi et al, 1995). The TDRs, which are filled with highly N/sup +/ doped polysilicon, shrink the drain cell size and reduce the resistance of the sinkers. Specific on-resistance of 0.38 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ with a blocking voltage of 44 V is obtained.
Quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae (2020)

The production of virulence factors including cholera toxin and the toxin-coregulated pilus in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae is strongly influenced by environmental conditions. The well-characterized ToxR signal transduction cascade is responsible for sensing and integrating the environmental information and controlling the virulence regulon. We show here that, in addition to the known components of the ToxR signaling circuit, quorum-sensing regulators are involved in regulation of V. cholerae virulence. We focused on the regulators LuxO and HapR because homologues of these two proteins control quorum sensing in the closely related luminous marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi. Using an infant mouse model, we found that a luxO mutant is severely defective in colonization of the small intestine. Gene arrays were used to profile transcription in the V. cholerae wild type and the luxO mutant. These studies revealed that the ToxR regulon is repressed in the luxO mutant, and that this effect is mediated by another negative regulator, HapR. We show that LuxO represses hapR expression early in log-phase growth, and constitutive expression of hapR blocks ToxR-regulon expression. Additionally, LuxO and HapR regulate a variety of other cellular processes including motility, protease production, and biofilm formation. Together these data suggest a role for quorum sensing in modulating expression of blocks of virulence genes in a reciprocal fashion in vivo.
Low magnetisation alloys for in-plane spin transfer torque devices (2012)

Magnetic properties of thin films of three in-plane alloy systems, namely, Co40Ni40−xCrxB20, Co40Fe40−xNixB20, and Co40Fe40−xCrxB20 are investigated with a view to reducing the critical current density (jc) for spin transfer torque switching in MgO barrier magnetic tunnel junction nanopillars. In all three systems, the saturation magnetisation, Ms, decreases with increasing Cr or Ni substitution. The Co40Fe40−xCrxB20 alloy system is found to be the best in terms of reducing Ms, while maintaining a high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio. Ferromagnetic resonance experiments revealed that the damping coefficient of CoFeCrB alloy remains unchanged with increasing Cr content, but jc is reduced by a factor of four to 4.9 × 105 A/cm2 by using a Co40Fe32.7Cr7.3B20 free layer while maintaining a magnetoresistance of around 60 %.
Minimising virtual machine support for concurrency (2013)

Co-operative and pre-emptive scheduling are usually considered to be complementary models of threading. In the case of virtual machines, we show that they can be unified using a single concept, the bounded execution of a thread of control, essentially providing a first-class representation of a computation as it is reduced. Furthermore this technique can be used to surface the thread scheduler of a language into the language itself, allowing programs to provide their own schedulers without any additional support in the virtual machine, and allowing the same virtual machine to support different thread models simultaneously and without re-compilation.
High-Resolution 1.5-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Tissue-Engineered Constructs: A Noninvasive Tool to Assess Three-Dimensional Scaffold Architecture and Cell Seeding (2009)

Tissue-engineered scaffolds are made of biocompatible polymers with various structures, allowing cell seeding, growth, and differentiation. Noninvasive imaging methods are needed to study tissue-engineered constructs before and after implantation. Here, we show that high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed on a clinical 1.5-T device is a reliable technique to assess three-dimensional structures of porous scaffolds and to validate cell-seeding procedures. A high-temperature superconducting detection coil was used to achieve a resolution of 30 x 30 x 30 microm(3) when imaging the scaffolds. Three types of structures with tuneable architectures were prepared from naturally derived polysaccharides and evaluated as scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture. To monitor cell seeding, MSCs were magnetically labeled using simple incubation with anionic citrate-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles for 30 min. Iron uptake was quantified using single-cell magnetophoresis, and cell proliferation was checked for 7 days after labeling. Three-dimensional (3D) microstructures of scaffolds were assessed using MRI, revealing lamellar or globular porous organization according to the scaffold preparation process. MSCs with different iron load (5, 12 and 31 pg of iron per cell) were seeded on scaffolds at low density (132 cells/mm(3)) and detected on 3D gradient-echo MR images according to phase distortions and areas of intensely low signal, whose size increased with cell iron load and echo time. Overall signal loss in the scaffold correlated with the number of seeded cells and their iron load. Different organizations of cells were observed depending on the scaffold architecture. After subcutaneous implantation in mice, scaffolds seeded with labeled cells could be distinguished in vivo from scaffold with nonlabeled cells by observation of signal and phase heterogeneities and by measuring the global signal loss. High-resolution 1.5-T MRI combined with efficient intracellular contrast agents shows promise for noninvasive 3D visualization of tissue-engineered constructs before and after in vivo implantation.
Mechanisms of solute rejection in solvent resistant nanofiltration: the effect of solvent on solute rejection (2010)

The separation performance of solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes was studied in a systematic way to elucidate the complex mechanisms involved in rejection of solutes. Rejection of three dyes (Sudan II, Sudan Black, Sudan 408) from common organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene and n-hexane) through a polyimide based SRNF membrane, STARMEM™122, was studied. It was found that the rejection of the STARMEM™122 membrane was lower than that indicated by the manufacturer. The experimental observations for Sudan II were not promising for the rejection study as they were lower than expected. Sudan Black and Sudan 408, which are larger solutes than Sudan II, provided more interesting insights. The effects of the solvent on the membrane and solute were studied separately. A higher permeation rate of ketones and alcohols was observed, while permeabilities of non-polar solvents were low which shows that this membrane shows higher affinity toward semi-polar solvents (alcohols, ketones). The effect of the solvent on the solute's rejection, based on the results for Sudan Black and Sudan 408, was studied for solvents in the same chemical groups, since the membrane showed a similar separation performance for solvents with similar functional groups (e.g. alcohols). The effect of solvent on solute molecular size was investigated by using simulation with Molecular Dynamics. It was shown that the effective size of a molecule is dependent on the solvent due to solvation and hydration of the solute by the solvent. The size of the solute in the solvent belonging to a similar family was studied separately. It was clear that the rejection was influenced by molecular size of the solute in the same group of solvents. A surprising negative rejection of solutes was achieved for n-hexane. Although solutes in n-hexane have higher volume compared to those in other solvents, the affinity between the solute and membrane increases the solute permeation in the presence of n-hexane. The affinity of solvent and solute for the membrane was investigated by means of solubility parameters for solvents within the same chemical family. In two different systems including two different solvents and one solute (Sudan Black and methanol, Sudan Black and ethanol), lower rejection (in this case for Sudan Black and methanol) was achieved when the solutes have higher affinity toward the solvent. Finally, it was found that in a system comprising the solvent, solute and membrane, interactions between solvent and membrane have much more effect on separation than solvent-solute interactions.
Limitations of current Ethernet switch architectures for enhanced flow control and service differentiation (2008)

Abstract One of the new challenges associated with full‐duplex Ethernet is that of providing for network congestion control. The IEEE 802.3x Standard does not specify the switch architecture for implementing PAUSE flow control or at what point a MAC Control entity actually generates a PAUSE frame. This is an implementation issue that is product specific and as a result many different switch architectures are possible. There are also a number of limitations of the PAUSE flow control mechanism when implemented in Ethernet switches. These issues have not been adequately addressed in the literature. In addition, multimedia traffic such as real‐time voice and streaming video are now being deployed over switched Ethernet networks, thus calling for congestion control with service differentiation for the various classes of traffic. Here we examine current Ethernet switch architectures and show that the PAUSE flow control when implemented in these architectures does not provide service selectivity and differentiation, making it unsuitable for real‐time traffic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.