gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ex Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels: 2018 State of Technology and Future Research (2018)

This report will update modeled costs for a fixed bed ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis process for the conversion of biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels based on recent bench-scale experimental results. It will also update previously published information for this conversion pathway in the DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office 2016 Multi-Year Program Plan with current understanding of research goals achievable by 2022 and associated modeled cost reductions. All costs will be updated to a consistent set of assumptions in 2016 dollars.
Postprandial paradoxical IGFBP-1 response in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes (2008)

IGFs (insulin-like growth factors), which in an unbound form induce glucose and amino acid uptake, circulate bound to IGFBPs (IGF-binding proteins), which modulate their bioavailability and activity. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a standard meal [2301 kJ (550 kcal)] on the serum levels of IGFBP-1 in obese patients with T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus), non-obese patients with T1DM (Type 1 diabetes mellitus) and healthy controls, using the artificial pancreas (Biostator) to obtain a normal glycaemic response to the meal. IGFBP-1 levels decreased by 50% over 2 h following the meal at a similar clearance in both the healthy controls and patients with T1DM, but no significant decline was seen in the patients with T2DM, despite a several-fold increase in insulin levels. The patients with T2DM were also studied during Sandostatin (somatostatin) infusion to decrease the inappropriate secretion of glucagon during the meal. During the 210 min of somatostatin infusion, the glucagon response was suppressed and IGFBP-1 levels were increased concomitantly with the peak in insulin levels, without any significant decrease after the meal. In conclusion, the impaired IGFBP-1 response to meal-related hyperinsulinaemia in obese patients with T2DM suggests a decreased availability of active IGF-1, leading to a decrease in glucose uptake during and after a meal in these patients. The stimulated meal response to glucagon, which contributes to postprandial hyperglycaemia, could not explain the increase in serum IGFBP-1 in these obese patients with T2DM.
Cytotoxicity and variant cellular internalization behavior of water-soluble sulfonated nanographene sheets in liver cancer cells (2013)

Highly exfoliated sulfonated graphene sheets (SGSs), an alternative to graphene oxide and graphene derivatives, were synthesized, characterized, and applied to liver cancer cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity profiles were obtained using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, WST-1[2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, and lactate dehydrogenase release colorimetric assays. These particles were found to be non-toxic across the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 μg/ml. Internalization of SGSs was also studied by means of optical and electron microscopy. Although not conclusive, high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed variant internalization behaviors where some of the SGS became folded and compartmentalized into tight bundles within cellular organelles. The ability for liver cancer cells to internalize, fold, and compartmentalize graphene structures is a phenomenon not previously documented for graphene cell biology and should be further investigated.
Efficient Enzymatic Cyclization of 2-(Carbamoyloxy)- and 2-(Sulfamoyloxy)benzonitriles by Ultrasonically Stimulated Baker's Yeast (1990)

Abotnnct -An nppnooch to the q n t k e n i h 06 4-imino hubotituted 1.3- benroxazin-2-oneh, 1,Z,3-benroxathiazi~-2-oneA and 2-quinnrolinoneh bahed on the enzymntic cyclization 06 the tabile-6unctionalized compound4 with ultnanonically htimulated bnkeafh yeaht.1 We recently demonstrated the use of catalase as an effective reagent for the enzymatic cyclization of N-allylcarbamoyl anthranilonitriles and further manifested their double cyclization with baker's y e a ~t .~ However, the use of catalase has limited the enzymatic process to only small scale (100 mg or less) substrate conversions.We now wish to report that an 'ultrasonically stimulated' suspension of baker's yeast ISaccha4ornyceo ceaeuioiael is an efficient and inexpen-
Interactive Virtual Probing of 4D MRI Blood-Flow (2011)

Better understanding of hemodynamics conceivably leads to improved diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, an elaborate analysis of the blood-flow in heart and thoracic arteries is essential. Contemporary MRI techniques enable acquisition of quantitative time-resolved flow information, resulting in 4D velocity fields that capture the blood-flow behavior. Visual exploration of these fields provides comprehensive insight into the unsteady blood-flow behavior, and precedes a quantitative analysis of additional blood-flow parameters. The complete inspection requires accurate segmentation of anatomical structures, encompassing a time-consuming and hard-to-automate process, especially for malformed morphologies. We present a way to avoid the laborious segmentation process in case of qualitative inspection, by introducing an interactive virtual probe. This probe is positioned semi-automatically within the blood-flow field, and serves as a navigational object for visual exploration. The difficult task of determining position and orientation along the view-direction is automated by a fitting approach, aligning the probe with the orientations of the velocity field. The aligned probe provides an interactive seeding basis for various flow visualization approaches. We demonstrate illustration-inspired particles, integral lines and integral surfaces, conveying distinct characteristics of the unsteady blood-flow. Lastly, we present the results of an evaluation with domain experts, valuing the practical use of our probe and flow visualization techniques.
Vitamin D and/or calcium deficient diets may differentially affect muscle fiber neuromuscular junction innervation (2016)

These data suggest that detrimental effects of a Vit. D deficient or a Vit. D and Ca<sup>2+</sup> deficient diet may be a result of differential alterations in the structure and function of the NMJ and a lack of a sustained stress response in muscles. Muscle Nerve 54: 1120-1132, 2016.
Self‐Assembly of a Spin‐Coupled Octanuclear Copper(II) Circular Array from a Single‐Stranded Ligand (2004)

Rund gemacht: Eine gebogene Anordnung von verbrückenden zweizähnigen Bindungsstellen an einem Ligandengerüst verhindert die lineare Ausrichtung von Metallionen. Diese Konformation führt zu einer cyclischen achtkernigen Kupfer(II)-Einheit mit Spinkopplung und schwachem ferromagnetischem Austausch zwischen den Metallzentren.
Methods in Reepithelialization: A Porcine Model of Partial-Thickness Wounds (2003)

The healing of skin wounds progresses through sequential and overlapping phases of infl ammation, repair, and remodeling ( Fig. 1A ). Each phase of healing is directed by the complex coordination and interaction of several cell types contained within the wound, including inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and platelets. Native skin cells such as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and vascular endothelial cells are also intricately involved in these processes. Although these processes are well described at the macroscopic cell biology level, until recently they were poorly understood at the molecular level.
2, 5‐Bis( t butyl)‐2, 5‐Diaza‐1‐Germa‐Cyclopentane‐A New Precursor for Amorphous Germanium Films (1995)

A novel organometallic precursor has been synthesized and used for the deposition of amorphous germanium by thermal OM CVD (organometallic chemical vapour deposition) at temperatures below 300 °C. The films are of high purity with an oxygen content below the detection limit of about ≤ 1018 cm−3. OM CVD from a novel precursor 2, 5-Bis(tbutyl)-2, 5-diaza-1-germa-cyclopentane is a promising alternative for the deposition of a-Ge at low temperature. Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon impurities of the films are very low, but their electrical properties do not reach the quality of the best plasma CVD material. Work is in progress to solve these problems.
Noise Enhanced Propagation (1998)

We use noise to extend signal propagation in one- and two-dimensional arrays of two-way coupled bistable oscillators. In a numerical model, we sinusoidally force one end of a chain of noisy oscillators. We record a signal-to-noise ratio at each oscillator. We demonstrate that moderate noise significantly extends the propagation of the sinusoidal input. Oscillators far from the input, where noise extends the signal, exhibit a classical stochastic resonance. We obtain similar results with two-dimensional arrays. The simplicity of the model suggests the generality of the phenomenon.
Time-reversed image synthesis of dielectric objects (2001)

Summary form only given. Typically, the inverse problem has employed frequency domain techniques to reconstruct an object from directly measured scattered fields. Recently, time-domain approaches to the inverse problem have been demonstrated using both electromagnetic and acoustic pulses. More recently, we developed another time-domain imaging technique in which diffracted transients from amplitude-contrast (metallic) objects were used to reconstruct their spatial transmission functions. In a similar vein, we now demonstrate the effectiveness and completeness of this technique using 1D and 2D dielectric objects, for which the image arises from both amplitude and (perhaps even more importantly) phase contrast.
Optimization of the physical layer signalling overhead of DVB-T2 and DVB-NGH (2012)

The robust transmission of sensitive signalling information on the physical layer is an important task in state-of-the-art transmission standards. Especially due to flexible scheduling concepts, which allow for the transmission of services with individual robustness, there is a need for extensive signalling information in order to acquire the payload data. For this purpose a sophisticated signalling concept with several signalling stages has been developed for DVB-T2 - the second generation terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard of the DVB Project. As current standards like DVB-T2 miss the theoretical Shannon limit by only some tenths of a dB, it is natural to optimize the overhead required for the signalling as well, which can otherwise consume several percents of the available capacity. Therefore, an optimized variant of the DVB-T2 signalling is proposed, significantly reducing the signalling overhead in typical scenarios. This variant was recently accepted for the upcoming DVB-NGH standard.
Dark Matter Structures in the Universe: Prospects for Optical Astronomy in the Next Decade (2009)

Astro2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, Science White Papers, no. 194
Healthcare professional’s guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (2015)

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPEX) is a valuable clinical tool that has proven indications within the fields of cardiovascular, respiratory and pre-operative medical care. Validated uses include investigation of the underlying mechanism in patients with breathlessness, monitoring functional status in patients with known cardiovascular disease and pre-operative functional state assessment. An understanding of the underlying physiology of exercise, and the perturbations associated with pathological states, is essential for healthcare professionals to provide optimal patient care. Healthcare professionals may find performing CPEX to be daunting, yet this is often due to a lack of local expertise and guidance with testing. We outline the indications for CPEX within the clinical setting, present a typical protocol that is easy to implement, explain the key underlying physiological changes assessed by CPEX, and review the evidence behind its use in routine clinical practice. There is mounting evidence for the use of CPEX clinically, and an ever-growing utilisation of the test within research fields; a sound knowledge of CPEX is essential for healthcare professionals involved in routine patient care.
Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus (2016)

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and black phosphorus (BP) have beneficial electronic, optical, and physical properties at the few-layer limit. As atomically thin materials, 2D TMDCs and BP are highly sensitive to their environment and chemical modification, resulting in a strong dependence of their properties on substrate effects, intrinsic defects, and extrinsic adsorbates. Furthermore, the integration of 2D semiconductors into electronic and optoelectronic devices introduces unique challenges at metal-semiconductor and dielectric-semiconductor interfaces. Here, we review emerging efforts to understand and exploit chemical effects to influence the properties of 2D TMDCs and BP. In some cases, surface chemistry leads to significant degradation, thus necessitating the development of robust passivation schemes. On the other hand, appropriately designed chemical modification can be used to beneficially tailor electronic properties, such as controlling doping levels and charge carrier concentrations. Overall, chemical methods allow substantial tunability of the properties of 2D TMDCs and BP, thereby enabling significant future opportunities to optimize performance for device applications.
Adaptive noise-predictive maximum-likelihood (NPML) data detection for magnetic tape storage systems (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Advanced data detection will be one of the key enablers to achieving the very high areal recording densities of future tape storage systems. Departing from the partial-response maximum-likelihood (PRML)-based read channel design traditionally used in tape systems, this paper describes noise-predictive maximum-likelihood (NPML) detection, which is a technique that has been known for many years in the hard-disk-drive industry but has been introduced for the first time in the tape storage industry in IBM tape drives. In the NPML read channel design, the readback signals are conditioned prior to data detection so that their noise components are statistically decorrelated and reduced in power. This paper describes the basic principles of NPML detection and its application to tape systems in the form of a 16-state detector. It is argued that, because of the inherent variability of the recording channel characteristics in tape drives, fully adaptive NPML detection needs to be realized in order to optimize detection performance. Actual readback waveforms of data recorded on metal particulate as well as barium-ferrite particulate tape media are used to illustrate the error rate performance achieved by 16-state and 32-state NPML detectors. It is shown that, under realistic worst-case channel conditions, a 16-state NPML detector could offer an improvement in error rate after an error-correcting code of approximately two orders of magnitude. </para>
REACH‐driven developments in analysis and physicochemistry (2009)

Abstract The enforcement of the REACH regulation in the fragrance domain has created new challenges for the analytical and physical chemist. Many chemicals used as perfumery ingredients are hydrophobic, because low‐polar compounds exhibit a higher substantivity (i.e. persistence after application) than do polar compounds. As a result, the usual protocols are often unsuitable and new methods must be developed. Biodegradation studies sometimes call for the quantification of traces of such hydrophobic analytes in complex media (e.g. waste water, aqueous surfactant solutions). Existing sample preparation techniques are either inefficient or time consuming. A new approach is proposed, based on single‐use absorbants, which allows accurate quantification down to the 100 ppb range. This extremely simple technique allows good throughput analyses. Determining the environmental profile of a compound requires the determination of some physical constants. Among these, solubility in water can be obtained from theoretical models or experimentally, but the resulting values may greatly differ as a function of the model or the protocol. Several experimental approaches are critically discussed and compared with a reference technique. The air‐to‐water partition coefficients are determined by using an improved version of the previously developed static‐and‐trapped headspace technique. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Fast multilevel physical optics algorithm for far- and near-field scattering analysis of very large targets (2011)

A fast algorithm based on the physical optics approximation for the evaluation of backscattered field from large scatterers in the near- and far-fields, over a range of aspect angles, frequencies, and radii is presented. The fast computational scheme employs a hierarchical decomposition of the scatterer into sub-domains, direct calculation of the scattered field on very sparse grids for the smallest domains, and multilevel phase/amplitude compensation-interpolation and aggregation scheme applied to increasingly dense grids for the evaluation of the total scattered field.
ϕ25 mm Coin sized Polarization Maintaining Highly Nonlinear Fiber Module with Practical Polarization Crosstalk (2011)

Down-sized polarization-maintaining highly nonlinear fiber with 100m length is packaged into a ϕ25×5mm module with −22dB of polarization crosstalk for the first time. FWM wavelength conversion bandwidth of the module is confirmed to be 52nm.
Cloning and Expression of the Histo-blood Group PkUDP-galactose:Galβ1–4Glcβ1-Cer α1,4-Galactosyltransferase (2000)

The molecular genetic basis of the P histo-blood group system has eluded characterization despite extensive studies of the biosynthesis of the P(1), P, and P(k) glycolipids. The main controversy has been whether a single or two distinct UDP-Gal:Galbeta1-R 4-alpha-galactosyltransferases catalyze the syntheses of the structurally related P(1) and P(k) antigens. The P(1) polymorphism is linked to 22q11.3-ter. Data base searches with the coding region of an alpha4GlcNAc-transferase identified a novel homologous gene at 22q13.2 designated alpha4Gal-T1. Expression of full coding constructs of alpha4Gal-T1 in insect cells revealed it encoded P(k) but not P(1) synthase activity. Northern analysis showed expression of the transcript correlating with P(k) synthase activity and antigen expression in human B cell lines. Transfection of P(k)-negative Namalwa cells with alpha4Gal-T1 resulted in strong P(k) expression. A single homozygous missense mutation, M183K, was found in six Swedish individuals of the rare p phenotype, confirming that alpha4Gal-T1 represented the P(k) gene. Sequence analysis of the coding region of alpha4Gal-T1 in P(1)+/- individuals did not reveal polymorphisms correlating with P(1)P(2) typing.
Conduction in carbon nanotubes through metastable resonant states (2004)

We report here on electrical measurements on individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes that show that the presence or movement of impurities or defects in the carbon nanotube can radically change its low-temperature transport characteristics. The low-temperature conductance can either decrease monotonically with decreasing temperature, or show a sudden increase at very low temperatures, sometimes in the same sample at different times. This unusual behavior of the temperature dependence of the conductance is correlated with large variations in the differential conductance as a function of the dc voltage across the wire. The effect is well described as arising from quantum interference of conduction channels corresponding to direct transmission through the nanotube and resonant transmission through a discrete electron state, the so-called Fano resonance.
High-Sensitivity Single Molecule Array Assays for Pathological Isoforms in Parkinson’s Disease (2021)

Measurement of post-translational modifications and pathological isoforms in patients with Parkinson's disease improved diagnostic accuracy above that of total protein measurements, demonstrating the potential utility of these assays for monitoring patients in clinical trials.
Unusual entry to the novel 8-halo-N1-ribosyl hypoxanthine system by degradation of a cyclic adenosine-5′-diphosphate ribose analogue (2006)

Cyclic 8-bromo-inosine-5'-diphosphate ribose (8-Br-N1-cIDPR) was cleanly degraded at acidic pH by N9 ribosyl scission and subsequent pyrophosphate cleavage to give 8-bromo-N1-ribosyl hypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (8-Br-N1-IMP), a novel class of mononucleotide, as the sole product.
Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene and Related Materials (2015)

Research on atomic layers including graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and their heterostructures has attracted a great deal of attention. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) can provide large-area structure-defined high-quality atomic layer samples, which have considerably contributed to the recent advancement of atomic-layer research. In this article, we focus on the CVD growth of various atomic layers and review recent progresses including (1) the CVD growth of graphene using methane and ethanol as carbon sources, (2) the CVD growth of hBN using borazine and ammonia borane, (3) the CVD growth of various TMDCs using single and multi-furnace methods, and (4) CVD growth of vertical and lateral heterostructures such as graphene/hBN, MoS2/graphite, WS2/hBN and MoS2/WS2
Direct Comparison of Mononucleated and Binucleated Cardiomyocytes Reveals Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Distinct Proliferative Competencies (2020)

The mammalian heart is incapable of regenerating a sufficient number of cardiomyocytes to ameliorate the loss of contractile muscle after acute myocardial injury. Several reports have demonstrated that mononucleated cardiomyocytes are more responsive than are binucleated cardiomyocytes to pro-proliferative stimuli. We have developed a strategy to isolate and characterize highly enriched populations of mononucleated and binucleated cardiomyocytes at various times of development. Our results suggest that an E2f/Rb transcriptional network is central to the divergence of these two populations and that remnants of the differences acquired during the neonatal period remain in adult cardiomyocytes. Moreover, inducing binucleation by genetically blocking the ability of cardiomyocytes to complete cytokinesis leads to a reduction in E2f target gene expression, directly linking the E2f pathway with nucleation. These data identify key molecular differences between mononucleated and binucleated mammalian cardiomyocytes that can be used to leverage cardiomyocyte proliferation for promoting injury repair in the heart.