gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Fully automated immunoassay system utilizing microchip electrophoresis]. (2009)

Application of microTAS (micro Total Analysis Systems) technologies utilizing chips with microfluidic channels to clinical diagnostic testing has drawn a lot of attention since it is expected to contribute to shortening reaction time, reduction of reagent/sample consumption, reducing instrument size, and other advantages of microchip electrophoresis. We have developed a fully automated immunoassay system by employing isotachophoresis followed by capillary gel electrophoresis for immunoreaction and B/F separation in microfluidic channels on polymer microchips. Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) was used for detection of the sandwich immunocomplex composed of DNA-conjugate antibody, antigen and fluorescent dye-conjugated antibody. An immunoassay for PIVKA II was demonstrated on this new microTAS system utilizing the DNA-conjugated anti PIVKA II antibody and the fluorescent-dye labeled anti-prothrombin antibody. The resulting assay showed good assay performance with high sensitivity (LOD = 5mAU/mL), good reproducibility(CV = 1.0 - 5.7%) and good correlation with the commercially available PIVKA II assay kit (regression curve of y = 1.04x + 11.1, r = 0.991). The assay turn around time (TAT) was about 9 min. The PIVKA II assay will be useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Toll-like Receptor 9 Agonist IMO Cooperates with Cetuximab in K - Ras Mutant Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers (2011)

We showed that IMO markedly inhibits growth of K-Ras mutant colon and pancreatic cancers in vitro and in nude mice and cooperates with cetuximab via multiple mechanisms of action. Therefore, we propose IMO plus cetuximab as a therapeutic strategy for K-Ras wild-type as well for K-Ras mutant, cetuximab-resistant colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
Coded Aperture Nuclear Scintigraphy: A Novel Small Animal Imaging Technique (2002)

We introduce and demonstrate the utility of coded aperture (CA) nuclear scintigraphy for imaging small animals. CA imaging uses multiple pinholes in a carefully designed mask pattern, mounted on a conventional gamma camera. System performance was assessed using point sources and phantoms, while several animal experiments were performed to test the usefulness of the imaging system in vivo, with commonly used radiopharmaceuticals. The sensitivity of the CA system for 99m Tc was 4.2 × 10 3 cps/Bq (9400 cpm/μCi), compared to 4.4 × 10 4 cps/Bq (990 cpm/μCi) for a conventional collimator system. The system resolution was 1.7 mm, as compared to 4–6 mm for the conventional imaging system (using a high-sensitivity low-energy collimator). Animal imaging demonstrated artifact-free imaging with superior resolution and image quality compared to conventional collimator images in several mouse and rat models. We conclude that: (a) CA imaging is a useful nuclear imaging technique for small animal imaging. The advantage in signal-to-noise can be traded to achieve higher resolution, decreased dose or reduced imaging time. (b) CA imaging works best for images where activity is concentrated in small volumes; a low count outline may be better demonstrated using conventional collimator imaging. Thus, CA imaging should be viewed as a technique to complement rather than replace traditional nuclear imaging methods. (c) CA hardware and software can be readily adapted to existing gamma cameras, making their implementation a relatively inexpensive retrofit to most systems.
Observer-Based Estimation of Modulus of Elasticity for Papermaking Process (2013)

Real-time estimation of the modulus of elasticity (E) in paper machines would enable it to be controlled, improving final product quality and reducing the occurrence of sheet breaks. This paper develops a novel topology to estimate E on web machines based on an adaptive observer structure that combines model reference adaptive control with a closed-loop observer using field signals such as tension force, velocity/position, and torque. The evaluation of the proposed topology is performed on the dryer-calender span of the dry-end section of a lightweight coated paper machine. Results show a fast and accurate estimation of E, confirming the robustness of the adaptive observer structure.
Concise Paper: Optimization Models for Congestion Mitigation in Virtual Networks (2014)

Abstract—Virtualization of network functions and services can significantly reduce capital and operational expenditures of telecommunication operators through the sharing of a single network infrastructure. However, the utilization of the same resources can increase their congestion due to the spatio-temporal correlation of traffic demands and computational loads. In this paper, we propose novel orchestration mechanisms to optimally control and reduce the resource congestion of a physical infrastructure based on the NFV paradigm. In particular, we formulate the network functions composition problem as a non-linear optimization model to accurately capture the congestion of the physical resources. In order to meet both efficiency and load balancing goals of the physical operator, we introduce two variants of such model to minimize the total and the maximum congestion in the network. Our models allow us to efficiently compute the optimal solution in a short computing time. Numerical results, obtained with real ISP topologies and network instances, show that the proposed approach represents an efficient and practical solution to control the congestion in virtual networks. Furthermore, they indicate that a holistic approach that optimizes the virtual system by jointly considering all elements/components would further improve the performance.
Minimizing and Managing Cloud Failures (2017)

Guaranteeing high levels of availability is a huge challenge for cloud providers. The authors look at the causes of cloud failures and recommend ways to prevent them and to minimize their effects when they occur.
Nucleated Conformational Conversion and the Replication of Conformational Information by a Prion Determinant (2000)

Prion proteins can serve as genetic elements by adopting distinct physical and functional states that are self-perpetuating and heritable. The critical region of one prion protein, Sup35, is initially unstructured in solution and then forms self-seeded amyloid fibers. We examined in vitro the mechanism by which this state is attained and replicated. Structurally fluid oligomeric complexes appear to be crucial intermediates in de novo amyloid nucleus formation. Rapid assembly ensues when these complexes conformationally convert upon association with nuclei. This model for replicating protein-based genetic information, nucleated conformational conversion, may be applicable to other protein assembly processes.
Analyzing the Potential Root Causes of Variability of Pharmacokinetics in Preclinical Species (2017)

The purpose of this research was to assess variability in pharmacokinetic profiles (PK variability) in preclinical species and identify the risk factors associated with the properties of a drug molecule that contribute to the variability. Exposure data in mouse, rat, dog, and monkey for a total of 16,592 research compounds studied between 1999 and 2013 were included in the analysis. Both in vivo study parameters and in silico/experimental physicochemical properties of the molecules were analyzed. Areas under the plasma concentration vs time curves (AUC) were used to assess PK variability. PK variability was calculated as the ratio of the highest AUC within a defined set of AUC values (AUC<sub>max</sub>) over the lowest AUC within that set (AUC<sub>min</sub>). Both intra- and inter-animal variability were analyzed, with intra-animal exposures found to be more variable than inter-animal exposures. While several routes of administration were initially studied, the analysis was focused on the oral route, which corresponds to the large majority of data points and displays higher variability than the subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous routes. The association between inter-animal PK variability and physical properties was studied, and low solubility, high administered dose, high preclinical dose number (PDo), and pH-dependent solubility were found to be associated with high variability in exposures. Permeability-as assessed by the measured permeability coefficient in the LLC-PK1 cell line-was also considered but appeared to only have a weak association with variability. Consistent with these findings, BCS class I and III compounds were found to be less prone to PK variability than BCS class II and IV compounds. A modest association of PK variability with clearance was observed while the association with bioavailability, a higher PK variability for compounds with lower bioavailability, appeared to be more pronounced. Finally, two case studies that highlight PK variability issues are described, and successful mitigation strategies are presented.
Electrical Properties of Giant‐Grain Copper Thin Films Formed by a Low Kinetic Energy Particle Process (1992)

Formation of giant‐grain copper thin films on by a low‐kinetic energy particle process followed by thermal annealing has been investigated. When Cu films are grown on by the process under a sufficient amount of energy deposition, they exhibit almost perfect crystal orientation conversion from Cu(111) to Cu(100) upon thermal annealing. Such crystal orientation conversion is accompanied by the giant grain growth in the film as large as 100 μm. With regard to these phenomena, the effects of the ion flux density and of the ion bombardment energy have been studied. It was found that the crystal orientation conversion and the accompanying grain growth are governed by the total energy deposited to the as deposited film. The Cu film resistivity decreases when the giant grain growth occurs in the film due to the increase in the grain boundary scattering. At room temperature, the resistivity of the Cu film having giant grains is 1.76 μΩ · cm, almost equal to the bulk resistivity of 1.72 μΩ · cm. When the temperature is reduced to a low temperature of 12 K, the resistivity becomes as low as 18.3 nΩ · cm, which is almost one order of magnitude lower than that of the as deposited film also measured at 12 K (152 nΩ · cm). Furthermore, it is confirmed that the interconnects formed by giant‐grain Cu films can with‐stand from one to two orders of magnitude larger currents than Al‐Si‐Cu alloy interconnects, provided both interconnects exhibit the same electromigration lifetime. It is also shown that giant‐grain Cu interconnects exhibit longer lifetime than the Al‐Si‐Cu alloy interconnects by three to four orders of magnitude under the same current stress. These experimental results demonstrate that the giant‐grain Cu film is a very promising material to form low‐resistivity, high‐reliability interconnects for future subhalf micron ultralarge scale integrated circuits.
Phase Behavior in NaSiCON Electrolytes and Electrodes (2020)

The replacement of the presently used liquid electrolytes by a non-flammable solid electrolyte is an important avenue to create safer batteries. The Natrium Superionic CONductor (NaSiCON) Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 (0 < x < 3) that displays high bulk ionic conductivity and good stability towards other NaSiCON-based electrodes is a good solid electrolyte in NaSiCON-based batteries. Despite the sizeable share of research on Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12, the structural and thermodynamic properties of NaSiCON require better understanding for more efficient synthesis and optimization as a solid electrolyte, which often follows chemical intuition. Here, we analyze the thermodynamic properties of the NaSiCON electrolyte by constructing the Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 phase diagram, based on density functional theory calculations, a cluster expansion framework, and Monte Carlo simulations. Specifically, we build the phase diagram as a function of temperature and composition (0 < x < 3) for the high-temperature rhombohedral structure, which has been also observed in several positive electrode materials, such as Na3Ti2(PO4)3, Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na3Cr2(PO4)3. Through the phase diagram, we identify the concentration domains providing the highest Na+-ion conductivity and previously unreported phase-separation behavior across three different single-phase regions. Further, we note the similarities in the phase behavior between Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 and other NaSiCON-based mono-transition metal electrodes and discuss the potential competition between thermodynamics and kinetics in experimentally observed phase separation. Our work is an important addition in understanding the thermodynamics of NaSiCON-based materials and in the development of inexpensive Na-ion batteries. From our results we propose that the addition of SiO44– moieties to single-transition metal NaSiCON-phosphate-based electrodes will slow significantly the kinetics toward phase separation.
Embedding cyclic nitrone in mesoporous silica particles for EPR spin trapping of superoxide and other radicals (2019)

The generation of superoxide radical anion in biological systems is one of the major initiating events in the redox biology of NADPH oxidases and mitochondrial redox signalling. However, the pallette of chemical tools for superoxide detection is very limited, hampering progress in understanding the chemical biology of superoxide. Although EPR spin trapping is regarded as the most rigorous technique for superoxide detection, rapid reduction of the EPR-active superoxide spin adducts to EPR-silent hydroxylamines, or to hydroxyl radical adducts by bioreductants, significantly limits the applicability of this technique in biological systems. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new mesoporous silica functionalized with a phosphorylated cyclic spin trap (DIPPMPO nitrone). The DIPPMPO-grafted silica is a versatile spin-trap agent enabling the identification of a wide range of carbon or oxygen-centered transient radicals in organic and in aqueous media. Moreover, superoxide was efficiently trapped under in vitro conditions in both cell-free and cellular systems. The generated superoxide adduct exhibited an exceptional half-life of 3.5 h and a resistance toward bioreductant agents such as glutathione for several hours.
Rapamycin Analogs Reduce mTORC2 Signaling and Inhibit AKT Activation in AML. (2006)

Abstract The mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) containing mTOR and rictor is thought to be rapamycin-insensitive, and was recently shown to regulate the pro-survival kinase AKT by phosphorylation on Ser473 (Sarbassov Science 2005;307 and Mol Cell 2006;22). We investigated the molecular effects of mTOR inhibition by rapamycin analog CCI-779 in AML cells. Unexpectedly, CCI-779 not only inhibited the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) containing mTOR and raptor with decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K, 4EPB1 and reduction in Glut-1 mRNA, but also blocked AKT activation via inhibition of mTORC2 formation. This resulted in suppression of phosphorylation of the direct AKT substrate FKHR and decreased transcription of D-Cyclins in AML cell line and 5 of 8 primary AML samples in vitro. Similar observations were made in samples from patients with hematological malignancies who were treated with the rapamycin analogs temsirolimus or everolimus: the levels of Ser473 phosphorylated AKT decreased in 3/5 patient samples at 1 or 24 hour(s) of temsirolimus treatment, and in 6/8 patient samples treated with everolimus. In the 9 samples in which AKT was inhibited, ≥2-fold decrease in Cyclin D1 mRNA was observed in 5, Cyclin D2 in 3, both, Cyclin D1 and D2 in 1 sample, and Glut-1 in 4 patient samples. In 7 of the 9 patients in whom AKT was inhibited, a &gt;50% decrease in peripheral blood absolute blast count (3 AML, 1 ALL) or absolute lymphocyte count (1 CLL) for &gt;1 week duration was documented, and two patients with RAEB-1 had improvements in platelet counts, one fulfilling the criteria for clinical response (hematological improvement). No change in peripheral blood counts or progression of leukemia was seen in 6 patients. Of these, decrease in pAKT was observed in 2, no change in 3 and increase in 1 (Fisher exact two-tailed p= 0.021). Altogether, our study provides first evidence that rapamycin analogs inhibit AKT signaling in primary AML cells both in vitro and in vivo, and support the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibition strategies in leukemias.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid serum levels in obsessive compulsive disorder (1988)

Vitamin B12 and folate serum levels were studied in 30 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and in two control groups comprised of 30 chronic schizophrenics and 30 normal healthy subjects. Six patients (20%) of the OCD group had abnormal low levels of vitamin B12. This prevalence was significantly higher than that of the control groups. No clinical neurological or haematological abnormalities accompanied the reduced vitamin B12 levels. Possible implication of this finding for the pathophysiology of OCD in a subgroup of patients and the possibility that the B12 deficiency could be the consequence rather than the cause of OCD are suggested.
CrkL Activates Integrin-Mediated Hematopoietic Cell Adhesion Through the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor C3G (1999)

CrkL is a member of the Crk family of adapter proteins consisting mostly of SH2 and SH3 domains. CrkL is most abundantly expressed in hematopoietic cells and has been implicated in pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, its function has not been precisely defined. Here, we show that overexpression of CrkL enhances the adhesion of hematopoietic 32D cells to fibronectin. The CrkL-induced increase in cell adhesion was blocked by antibodies against VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) and VLA-5 (alpha5beta1) but was observed without changes in surface expression levels of these integrins. Studies using CrkL mutants demonstrated that the SH2 domain is partially required for enhancing cell adhesion, whereas the C-terminal SH3 domain as well as the tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y207) is dispensable. In contrast, the N-terminal SH3 domain, involved in binding C3G and other signaling molecules, was showed to play a crucial role, because a mutant defective of this domain showed an inhibitory effect on the cell adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, overexpression of C3G also increased the adhesion of hematopoietic cells to fibronectin, whereas a C3G mutant lacking the guanine nucleotide exchange domain abrogated the CrkL-induced increase in cell adhesion. On the other hand, a dominant negative mutant of H-Ras or that of Raf-1 enhanced the basal and CrkL-induced cell adhesion and that of R-Ras modestly decreased the adhesion. Taken together, these results indicate that the CrkL-C3G complex activates VLA-4 and VLA-5 in hematopoietic cells, possibly by activating the small GTP binding proteins, including R-Ras, through the guanine nucleotide exchange activity of C3G.
Fatigue crack growth of filled rubber under constant and variable amplitude loading conditions (2007)

ABSTRACT Service conditions experienced by rubber components often involve cyclic loads which are more complex than a constant amplitude loading history. Consequently, a model is needed for relating the results of constant amplitude characterization of fatigue behaviour to the effects of variable amplitude loading signals. The issue is explored here via fatigue crack growth experiments on pure shear specimens conducted in order to evaluate the applicability of a linear crack growth model equivalent to Miner's linear damage rule. This model equates the crack growth rate for a variable amplitude signal to the sum of the constant amplitude crack growth rates associated with each individual cycle. The variable amplitude signals were selected to show the effects of R ‐ratio (ratio of minimum to maximum energy release rate), load level, load sequence, and dwell periods on crack growth rates. In order to distinguish the effects of strain crystallization on crack growth behaviour, two filled rubber compounds were included: one that strain crystallizes, natural rubber, and one that does not, styrene‐butadiene rubber. The linear crack growth model was found to be applicable in most cases, but a dwell effect was observed that is not accounted for by the model.
Ventilation and Heart Rate Monitoring in Drivers using a Contactless Electrical Bioimpedance System (2013)

Nowadays, the road safety is one of the most important priorities in the automotive industry. Many times, this safety is jeopardized because of driving under inappropriate states, e.g. drowsiness, drugs and/or alcohol. Therefore several systems for monitoring the behavior of subjects during driving are researched. In this paper, a device based on a contactless electrical bioimpedance system is shown. Using the four-wire technique, this system is capable of obtaining the heart rate and the ventilation of the driver through multiple textile electrodes. These textile electrodes are placed on the car seat and the steering wheel. Moreover, it is also reported several measurements done in a controlled environment, i.e. a test room where there are no artifacts due to the car vibrations or the road state. In the mentioned measurements, the system response can be observed depending on several parameters such as the placement of the electrodes or the number of clothing layers worn by the driver.
Diffraction-efficiency side-lobe suppression in stratified VDOEs (1997)

The potential utilization of volume diffractive elements (VDOEs) in a variety of sophisticated imaging applications has been established. VDOEs are capable of designed-in arbitrary phase distributions (indigenous to multi-layer diffractive structures), while maintaining high diffraction efficiencies (exhibited in volume holographic optical elements (HOEs)). Furthermore, multi-layer VDOE structure facilitates further improvement over HOEs. High diffraction efficiencies with simultaneous side lobe suppression can be achieved in VDOEs, while narrow bandwidths and desirable free spectral ranges are maintained. In this paper, we show that with proper utilization of VDOE and spacer thickness, we can achieve efficient side lobe suppression in the behavior of the diffraction efficiency, as a function of both incident wavelength and angle.
CarbonScaler: Leveraging Cloud Workload Elasticity for Optimizing Carbon-Efficiency (2023)

Cloud platforms are increasing their emphasis on sustainability and reducing their operational carbon footprint. A common approach for reducing carbon emissions is to exploit the temporal flexibility inherent to many cloud workloads by executing them in periods with the greenest energy and suspending them at other times. Since such suspend-resume approaches can incur long delays in job completion times, we present a new approach that exploits the elasticity of batch workloads in the cloud to optimize their carbon emissions. Our approach is based on the notion of "carbon scaling," similar to cloud autoscaling, where a job dynamically varies its server allocation based on fluctuations in the carbon cost of the grid's energy. We develop a greedy algorithm for minimizing a job's carbon emissions via carbon scaling that is based on the well-known problem of marginal resource allocation. We implement a CarbonScaler prototype in Kubernetes using its autoscaling capabilities and an analytic tool to guide the carbon-efficient deployment of batch applications in the cloud. We then evaluate CarbonScaler using real-world machine learning training and MPI jobs on a commercial cloud platform and show that it can yield i) 51% carbon savings over carbon-agnostic execution; ii) 37% over a state-of-the-art suspend-resume policy; and iii) 8 over the best static scaling policy.
High conversion efficiency solid-state 263-nm laser for triggering high- voltage switches at Sandia’s Z-Accelerator (2002)

Several advanced technologies, including phase conjugation with non-hazardous fluorinert and harmonic conversion with large 2 × 2 × 1 cm BBO crystals, were used to generate near diffraction-limited, 2.4-J, 20-ns-long pulses at 263-nm.