gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative evaluation of mask phase defects from through-focus EUV aerial images (2011)

We present an improved method of phase retrieval from through-focus image series with higher precision and reduced sensitivity to noise. The previous method, developed for EUV, actinic mask measurements, was based on the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and made use of two aerial images recorded in different focal planes. The new technique improves the reconstruction uncertainty and increases the convergence speed by integrating information contained in multiple images from a through focus series. Simulations characterize the new technique in terms of convergence speed, accuracy and stability in presence of photon noise. We have demonstrated the phase-reconstruction method on native, mask-blank phase defects and compared the results with phase predictions made from AFM data collected after the multilayer deposition. Measurements show that a defect's top-surface height profile is not a reliable predictor of phase change in all cases. The method and the current results can be applied to improve defect modeling and to enhance our understanding of the detectability and printability of native phase defects.
Vector network analyzer measurements of frequency fluctuations in aluminum nitride contour-mode resonators (2013)

As part of the current drive to engineer minitureized monolithic high performance microelectromechanical enabled oscillators there is a need for further study of frequency fluctuations in microelectromechanical resonators. To facilitate this we consider the measurement of frequency fluctuations using a vector network analyzer and demonstrate the utility of this approach using an aluminum nitride contour-mode resonator. We examine a generalized quasi-static model as well as a more detailed dynamic model and compare one- and two-port measurement setups.
A metabolic perspective on CSF-mediated neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (2019)

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the CNS, characterized by inflammatory lesions and an underlying neurodegenerative process, which is more prominent in patients with progressive disease course. It has been proposed that mitochondrial dysfunction underlies neuronal damage, the precise mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. To investigate potential mechanisms of neurodegeneration, we conducted a functional screening of mitochondria in neurons exposed to the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients with a relapsing remitting (n = 15) or a progressive (secondary, n = 15 or primary, n = 14) disease course. Live-imaging of CSF-treated neurons, using a fluorescent mitochondrial tracer, identified mitochondrial elongation as a unique effect induced by the CSF from progressive patients. These morphological changes were associated with decreased activity of mitochondrial complexes I, III and IV and correlated with axonal damage. The effect of CSF treatment on the morphology of mitochondria was characterized by phosphorylation of serine 637 on the dynamin-related protein DRP1, a post-translational modification responsible for unopposed mitochondrial fusion in response to low glucose conditions. The effect of neuronal treatment with CSF from progressive patients was heat stable, thereby prompting us to conduct an unbiased exploratory lipidomic study that identified specific ceramide species as differentially abundant in the CSF of progressive patients compared to relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Treatment of neurons with medium supplemented with ceramides, induced a time-dependent increase of the transcripts levels of specific glucose and lactate transporters, which functionally resulted in progressively increased glucose uptake from the medium. Thus ceramide levels in the CSF of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis not only impaired mitochondrial respiration but also decreased the bioavailability of glucose by increasing its uptake. Importantly the neurotoxic effect of CSF treatment could be rescued by exogenous supplementation with glucose or lactate, presumably to compensate the inefficient fuel utilization. Together these data suggest a condition of 'virtual hypoglycosis' induced by the CSF of progressive patients in cultured neurons and suggest a critical temporal window of intervention for the rescue of the metabolic impairment of neuronal bioenergetics underlying neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis patients.
Manufacturing of Organic Transistor Circuits by Solution‐based Printing (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Printed Organic Thin Film Transistors Overview of Printing-based Manufacturing Approaches for OTFTs Screen Printing Offset Printing Gravure Printing Flexography Inkjet Printing Laser-based Dry-printing Techniques Other Nonlithographic Manufacturing Approaches High-resolution, Self-aligned Inkjet Printing Self-aligned Printing by Selective Surface Treatment Self-aligned Printing by Surface Segregation Self-aligned Printing by Autophobing Performance and Reliability of Solution-processed OTFTs for Applications in Flexible Displays Conclusions Acknowledgments References
An Option to Generate Seeded FEL Radiation for FLASH1 (2018)

The FLASH free-electron laser (FEL) at DESY is currently operated in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode in both beamlines FLASH1 and FLASH2. Seeding offers unique properties for the FEL pulse, such as full coherence, spectral and temporal stability. In this contribution, possible ways to carry the seeded FEL radiation to the user hall are presented with analytical considerations and simulations. For this, components of the sFLASH seeding experiment are used.
Urolithiasis, Endourology and Laparoscopy (2008)

No AccessJournal of UrologyAdult Urology1 Sep 2008Urolithiasis, Endourology and Laparoscopy Ralph ClaymanM.D. Ralph ClaymanRalph Clayman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.05.089AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 180Issue 3September 2008Page: 894-896 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Ralph Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Supplementary Figure S6 from Thyroid Cancers Exhibit Oncogene-Enhanced Macropinocytosis that Is Restrained by IGF1R and Promote Albumin–Drug Conjugate Response (2023)

&lt;p&gt;IGF1R and IGF1 expression in four individual ATC patients, and IGF1 expression in myeloid cell subsets&lt;/p&gt;
Theory of Cation Solvation and Ionic Association in Nonaqueous Solvent Mixtures (2023)

Conventional lithium-ion batteries, and many next-generation technologies, rely on organic electrolytes with multiple solvents to achieve the desired physicochemical and interfacial properties. The complex interplay between these properties can often be elucidated via the coordination environment of the cation. We develop a theory for the coordination shell of cations in nonaqueous solvent mixtures that can be applied with high fidelity, up to extremely high salt concentrations. Our theory can naturally explain simulation and experimental values of cation solvation in “classical” nonaqueous electrolytes. Moreover, we utilize our theory to understand general design principles of emerging classes of nonaqueous electrolyte mixtures, such as high entropy electrolytes. It is hoped that this theory provides a systematic framework to understand simulations and experiments that engineer the solvation structure and ionic associations of concentrated nonaqueous electrolytes.
Downtown Lofts vs. Suburban Sprawl: A Rational Approach for Fabricating 3-D Battery Architectures From the Drywall Up (2006)

Abstract not Available.
Identify a Spoofing Attack on an In-Vehicle CAN Bus Based on the Deep Features of an ECU Fingerprint Signal (2020)

An in-vehicle controller area network (CAN) bus is vulnerable because of increased sharing among modern autonomous vehicles and the weak protocol design principle. Spoofing attacks on a CAN bus can be difficult to detect and have the potential to enable devastating attacks. To effectively identify spoofing attacks, we propose the authentication of sender identities using a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory units (RNN-LSTM) based on the features of a fingerprint signal. We also present a way to generate the analog fingerprint signals of electronic control units (ECUs) to train the proposed RNN-LSTM classifier. The proposed RNN-LSTM model is accelerated on embedded Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) to allow for real-time detection despite high computational complexity. A comparison of experimental results with the latest studies demonstrates the capability of the proposed RNN-LSTM model and its potential as a solution to in-vehicle CAN bus security.
Inhibition of Src Family Kinases with Dasatinib Blocks Migration and Invasion of Human Melanoma Cells (2008)

Src family kinases (SFK) are involved in regulating a multitude of biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival, depending on the cellular context. Therefore, although SFKs are currently being investigated as potential targets for treatment strategies in various cancers, the biological responses to inhibition of SFK signaling in any given tumor type are not predictable. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor with potent antiproliferative activity against hematologic malignancies harboring activated BCR-ABL. In this study, we show that dasatinib blocks migration and invasion of human melanoma cells without affecting proliferation and survival. Moreover, dasatinib completely inhibits SFK kinase activity at low nanomolar concentrations in all eight human melanoma cell lines investigated. In addition, two known downstream targets of SFKs, focal adhesion kinase and Crk-associated substrate (p130(CAS)), are inhibited with similar concentrations and kinetics. Consistent with inhibition of these signaling pathways and invasion, dasatinib down-regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. We also provide evidence that dasatinib directly inhibits kinase activity of the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase, which is overexpressed and/or overactive in many solid tumors, including melanoma. Thus, SFKs and downstream signaling are implicated as having key roles in migration and invasion of melanoma cells.
On-chip oocyte denudation from cumulus–oocyte complexes for assisted reproductive therapy (2018)

Human infertility can be treated using assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). But current ART techniques suffer from multiple cumbersome processes requiring technically skilled personnel. Microfluidics technologies offer unique opportunities to streamline ART procedures, reduce stress imposed upon gametes and embryos, and minimize the operator-to-operator variability. However, there have been no automated and continuous processing systems that can reduce the dependence on well-trained embryologists to obtain ICSI-ready oocytes from patients. In this study, using mouse models, we developed a microfluidic device to denude oocytes from the surrounding cumulus-corona cell mass, facilitating the evaluation of oocyte quality and the injection of sperm. Enzyme-treated cumulus-oocyte complexes pass through a series of jagged-surface constriction microchannels of optimized geometries. The jagged inner wall of constriction channels facilitates stripping off of the cumulus-corona cell mass. Oocytes that were denuded by the device showed comparable fertilization and developmental competence compared with mechanical pipetting. The device developed in this study achieves the automation of a manual process for oocyte denudation in a continuous flow, as well as improving standardization and ease-of-use. Our denudation-on-a-chip approach requires inexpensive and simple equipment, which represents one step forward towards improving the accessibility and affordability of assisted reproductive therapy.
High numerical aperture ring field projection system for extreme ultraviolet lithography (2023)

An all-refelctive optical system for a projection photolithography camera has a source of EUV radiation, a wafer and a mask to be imaged on the wafer. The optical system includes a first concave mirror, a second mirror, a third convex mirror, a fourth concave mirror, a fifth convex mirror and a sixth concave mirror. The system is configured such that five of the six mirrors receives a chief ray at an incidence angle less than substantially 12.degree., and each of the six mirrors receives a chief ray at an incidence angle of less than substantially 15.degree.. Four of the six reflecting surfaces have an aspheric departure of less than substantially 7 .mu.m. Five of the six reflecting surfaces have an aspheric departure of less than substantially 14 .mu.m. Each of the six refelecting surfaces has an aspheric departure of less than 16.0 .mu.m.
Benefit of pure NxM WSS for optical multiflow application (2013)

In the context of "multiflow" application optimizing the operation of superchannel transponders, this study compares different candidates for NxM Wavelength Selective Switch used as colorless, directionless, and contentionless add/drop stages
ChemInform Abstract: PYROLYSIS OF THE TOSYLHYDRAZONE SODIUM SALTS OF TWO BICYCLIC LACTONES (1982)

Abstract Die Tosylhydrazone (I) werden in die Na‐Salze (II) übergeführt, bei deren Thermolyse die Olefine (III) sowie die Ketone (IV) entstehen.
Weeble (2012)

One of the key distinctive requirements of white-space networks is the power asymmetry. Static nodes are allowed to transmit with 15dB-20dB higher power than mobile nodes. This poses significant coexistence problems, as high-power nodes can easily starve low-power nodes. In this paper, we propose Weeble, a novel distributed and state-less MAC protocol that solves the coexistence problem. One of the key building blocks is an adaptive preamble support, an add-on to the PHY layer that allows high-power nodes to detect a low-power transmission even when the difference in transmit power is as high as 20dB. The other key building block is a MAC protocol that exploits the adaptive preambles functionality. It implements a virtual carrier-sensing and automatically adapts the preamble size to optimize network performance. We extensively evaluate our system in a test-bed and in simulations. We show that we can prevent starvation of low-power nodes in almost all existing scenarios and improve the data rates of low-power links several-fold over existing MACs, and as a trade-off we decrease the throughput of the rest of the system by 20%-40%.
Wireless millimeter-wave-lightwave signal converter using stacked patch-antennas embedded with a micrometer-gap and electro-optic crystal (2016)

We have proposed a new electro-optic signal converter which enables us to convert wireless millimeter-wave signals to lightwave signals. This is based on a LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> guided-wave optical modulator combined with vertically-stacked planar patch antennas embedded with a narrow (~5 μm) gap. Utilizing the stacked structure, the antenna gain, antenna area, and electric field for optical modulation are increased, so that the signal conversion efficiency is increased by 3.65 dB at 60 GHz.
Efficacy of Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950 against DSS-induced colitis is dependent on bacterial preparation and timing of administration (2014)

Probiotics have been proposed as a therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, but variations in strains, formulations, and protocols used in clinical trials have hindered the creation of guidelines for their use. Thus, preclinical insight into the mechanisms of specific probiotic strains and mode of administration would be useful to guide future clinical trial design. In this study, live, heat inactivated (HI), and spent culture medium preparations of the probiotic Bifidobacterium breve NCC2950 were administered to specific pathogen free C57BL/6 mice before or during colitis, as well as before colitis reactivation. Five days of 3.5% dextran sulphate sodium in drinking water was used to induce colitis. Pretreatment with live B. breve reduced disease severity, myeloperoxidase activity, microscopic damage, cytokine production, interleukin (IL)-12/IL-10 ratio, and lymphocyte infiltration in the colon. B. breve did not attenuate on-going colitis. After acute colitis, disease symptoms were normalised sooner with live and HI B. breve treatment; however, reactivation of colitis was not prevented. These findings indicate that the efficacy of a probiotic to modulate intestinal inflammation is dependent on the formulation as well as state of inflammation when administered. Overall, live B. breve was most efficacious in preventing acute colitis. Live and HI B. breve also promoted recovery from diarrhoea and colon bleeding after a bout of acute colitis.
Receptor Specificity and Transmission of H2N2 Subtype Viruses Isolated from the Pandemic of 1957 (2010)

Influenza viruses of the H2N2 subtype have not circulated among humans in over 40 years. The occasional isolation of avian H2 strains from swine and avian species coupled with waning population immunity to H2 hemagglutinin (HA) warrants investigation of this subtype due to its pandemic potential. In this study we examined the transmissibility of representative human H2N2 viruses, A/Albany/6/58 (Alb/58) and A/El Salvador/2/57 (ElSalv/57), isolated during the 1957/58 pandemic, in the ferret model. The receptor binding properties of these H2N2 viruses was analyzed using dose-dependent direct glycan array-binding assays. Alb/58 virus, which contains the 226L/228S amino acid combination in the HA and displayed dual binding to both alpha 2,6 and alpha 2,3 glycan receptors, transmitted efficiently to naïve ferrets by respiratory droplets. Inefficient transmission was observed with ElSalv/57 virus, which contains the 226Q/228G amino acid combination and preferentially binds alpha 2,3 over alpha 2,6 glycan receptors. However, a unique transmission event with the ElSalv/57 virus occurred which produced a 226L/228G H2N2 natural variant virus that displayed an increase in binding specificity to alpha 2,6 glycan receptors and enhanced respiratory droplet transmissibility. Our studies provide a correlation between binding affinity to glycan receptors with terminal alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid and the efficiency of respiratory droplet transmission for pandemic H2N2 influenza viruses.
Central Role of IFNγ–Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Axis in Regulation of Interleukin-12–Mediated Antitumor Immunity (2009)

Sustained intratumoral delivery of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces tumor regression via restoration of tumor-resident CD8+ T-effector/memory cell cytotoxicity and subsequent repriming of a secondary CD8+ T-effector cell response in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN). However, treatment-induced T-effector activity is transient and is accompanied with a CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cell rebound. Molecular and cellular changes in posttherapy tumor microenvironment and TDLN were monitored to elucidate the mechanism of counterregulation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed a 5-fold enhancement of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in the tumor and the TDLN after treatment. IDO induction required IFNgamma and persisted for up to 7 days. Administration of the IDO inhibitor D-1-methyl tryptophan concurrent with treatment resulted in a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression. Enhanced efficacy was associated with a diminished T-suppressor cell rebound, revealing a link between IDO activity and posttherapy regulation. Further analysis established that abrogation of the regulatory counterresponse resulted in a 10-fold increase in the intratumoral CD8+ T-cell to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-cell ratio. The ratio of proliferating CD8+ T-effector to CD4+ Foxp3+ T-suppressor cells was prognostic for efficacy of tumor suppression in individual mice. IFNgamma-dependent IDO induction and T-suppressor cell expansion were primarily driven by IL-12. These findings show a critical role for IDO in the regulation of IL-12-mediated antitumor immune responses.
Nanoscale phase change memory materials (2012)

Phase change memory materials store information through their reversible transitions between crystalline and amorphous states. For typical metal chalcogenide compounds, their phase transition properties directly impact critical memory characteristics and the manipulation of these is a major focus in the field. Here, we discuss recent work that explores the tuning of such properties by scaling the materials to nanoscale dimensions, including fabrication and synthetic strategies used to produce nanoscale phase change memory materials. The trends that emerge are relevant to understanding how such memory technologies will function as they scale to ever smaller dimensions and also suggest new approaches to designing materials for phase change applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities raised by integrating nanoscale phase change materials into switching devices are discussed.
Voice selection for speech synthesis (1997)

A TTS voice quality experiment was conducted to select a speaker and to evaluate synthesis techniques. Small-scale TTS diphone inventories using six professional female speakers who were pre-selected in an audition were recorded. Two types of inventories were recorded for each speaker: a series of nonsense words and a series of English sentences. Using these 12 inventories, two synthesis methods were compared: PSOLA [Charpentier and Moulines, Eurospeech ’89] and Harmonic Plus Noise (HNM) [Stylianou et al., Eurospeech ’97]. Synthetic prosody closely modeled naturally spoken versions of the target utterances. Three fully synthetic (TTS) and two hybrid (i.e., partly recorded from the human speaker and partly synthesized) sentences formed the experimental stimuli for subjective testing. For references, two MNRU versions of the naturally spoken sentences were used: (a) Q10 (resembling low-end commercial 16-kbps encoded speech) and (b) Q35 (resembling high-quality telephone speech). Forty-one subjects rated intelligibility [I], naturalness [N], and pleasantness [P] on five-point MOS scales. A total of 936 ratings were collected from each subject. Repeated measures of analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed on the data. There were significant main effects of speaker, synthesis method, and inventory, plus interactions. It was found that (1) the best speaker consistently outperformed the others on all three rating scales; for the optimal combination of parameters, TTS ratings ranged (across speakers) as follows: [I] 3.64–2.94, [N] 3.36–2.7, [P] 3.34–2.53. (2) HNM outperformed PSOLA (consistently 0.25 points higher for [I], [N], [P] scores), and (3) the diphone inventory extracted from sentences was preferred over that extracted from nonsense words (with a significantly smaller difference of 0.10 for HNM than 0.19 for PSOLA).