gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Focusing and leveling based on wafer surface profile detection with interferometry for optical lithography</title> (1994)

A new concept of shot-by-shot leveling for high resolution stepper systems, profile-based- leveling, is presented. This detects the wafer surface profile using laser interferometry. From the detected profile, this system determines where on the LSI chip to focus, and controls the wafer stage for focusing and leveling. With an experimental setup, a profile detection repeatability of +/- 0.02 micrometers , a tilt measurement repeatability of +/- 0.24 (mu) rad and a tilt measurement linearity of +/- 1.4 (mu) rad were obtained.
Influence of porosity and impurities on the thermal conductivity of pressure-less sintered Cu powder green bodies (2021)

Copper as a material with a high electrical and thermal conductivity awakes large interest for many applications in industry, e.g. thermal management of electronic components. Powder-based manufacturing techniques (e.g. Selective Laser Melting, Binder Jetting, Fused Filament Fabrication and Metal Injection Molding) enable the complex shaping of metals. Especially the methods without melting processes like Binder Jetting, Fused Filament Fabrication and Metal Injection Molding have a great potential for complex Cu structures. These techniques built up a powder-based green body and require a subsequent sintering step to reach a high density with maximum properties. This work reports the development of the heat conductivity during pressure-less sintering of Cu powder green bodies. The experimental results are compared to analytical models and a numerical simulation and show the limits of the reachable heat conductivity depending on the remaining porosity and the impurity concentration.
Standard Errors for Elasticities: A Comparison of Bootstrap and Asymptotic Standard Errors (1987)

Richard Green, William Hahn, David Rocke, Standard Errors for Elasticities: A Comparison of Bootstrap and Asymptotic Standard Errors, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan., 1987), pp. 145-149
Effect of Bending on Skew of Multicore Fibers and Optical Fiber Ribbbons (2020)

Skew of MCFs and fiber ribbons are compared. It is found that skew of an MCF can be larger than that of a fiber ribbon if the MCF is bent with a small bending diameter.
Angiopoietin 2 expression in the retina: upregulation during physiologic and pathologic neovascularization (2000)

Vascular development in the embryo requires coordinated signaling through several endothelial cell-specific receptors; however, it is not known whether this is also required later during retinal vascular development or as part of retinal neovascularization in adults. The Tie2 receptor has been implicated in stabilization and maturation of vessels through action of an agonist ligand, angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and an antagonistic ligand, Ang2. In this study, we have demonstrated that ang2 mRNA levels are increased in the retina during development of the deep retinal capillaries by angiogenesis and during pathologic angiogenesis in a model of ischemic retinopathy. Mice with hemizygous disruption of the ang2 gene by insertion of a promoterless beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene behind the ang2 promoter, show constitutive beta gal staining primarily in cells along the outer border of the inner nuclear layer identified as horizontal cells by colocalization of calbindin. During development of the deep capillary bed or retinal neovascularization, other cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer, in regions of neovascularization, stain for beta gal. Thus, there is temporal and spatial correlation of Ang2 expression with developmental and pathologic angiogenesis in the retina, suggesting that it may play a role.
Synthesis of the first radiolabeled 188Re N‐heterocyclic carbene complex and initial studies on its potential use in radiopharmaceutical applications (2014)

A novel approach towards the synthesis of radiolabeled organometallic rhenium complexes is presented. We successfully synthesized and analyzed the first (188)Re-labeled N-heterocyclic biscarbene complex, trans-dioxobis(1,1'-methylene-bis(3,3'-diisopropylimidazolium-2-ylidene))(188)rhenium(V) hexafluorophosphate ((188)Re-4) via transmetalation using an air-stable and moisture-stable silver(I) biscarbene complex. In order to assess the viability of this complex as a potential lead structure for in vivo applications, the stability of the (188)Re-NHC complex was tested in physiologically relevant media. Ultimately, our studies illustrate that the complex we synthesized dissociates rapidly and is therefore unsuitable for use in radiopharmaceuticals. However, it is clear that the transmetalation approach we have developed is a rapid, robust, and mild method for the synthesis of new (188)Re-labeled carbene complexes.
The Ability of AMSTAR Dechlorination Solution to Remove and Degrade PCBs from Contaminated Surfaces (2006)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of synthetic aromatic compounds with the general formula C12H(10-x)Cl(-x) that were historically used in industrial paints, caulking material and adhesives, as their properties enhanced structural integrity, reduced flammability and boosted antifungal properties. Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has banned the manufacture of PCBs since 1979, they have been found in at least 500 of the 1,598 National Priorities List (Superfund) sites identified by the USEPA. Prior to the US EPA's ban on PCB production, PCBs were commonly used as additives in paints and asphalt-based adhesives that were subsequently applied to a variety of structures. Government facilities constructed as early as 1930 utilized PCB-containing binders or PCB-containing paints, which are now leaching into the environment and posing ecological and worker health concerns. In 2006, a commercially available product known as AMSTAR Dechlorination Solution was tested at NASA's Kennedy Space Center for its ability to remove and degrade PCBs from structural materials. This evaluation was requested by the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) evaluating the ability of NASA's Bimetallic Treatment System (BTS) to remove and degrade PCBs from structural materials. The results of the laboratory testing are to be used to determine if a side-by-side field-scale test comparing BTS to AMSTAR was warranted. A recommended sampling and analysis testing program was submitted to ESTCP that included triplicate screening of AMSTAR's PCB dechlorination capabilities on a variety of surfaces including glass, bare metal, and painted metal coupons. The test procedures, analytical techniques and results obtained are presented in this interim report to ESTCP.
Study on the underpinning mechanisms of microwave-induced synthesis of carbon-coated metal nanoparticles (2023)

Microwave-induced metal arc discharge provides an intriguing solution for the synthesis of carbon-coated metal nanoparticles (M@CNPs) due to its fast formation and improved quality of products, however, the underpinning reaction mechanism is not comprehensively revealed. In this work, the effect of arc discharge intensity on the product morphology is firstly investigated by adjusting microwave power. And then, the effects of the organic groups (i.e. cyclopentadienyl v. s Acetylacetonate groups) and metal catalysis on the product morphology are also investigated by selecting ferrocene, iron acetylacetonate, nickelocene, and nickel acetylacetonate as precursors. Specifically, moderate microwave power can not only destroy the precursor to form carbon nanosheets by inducing intense discharge heat release but also provide sufficient intermittency to allow the carbon nanosheets to deposit on the surface of the metal core, which is an important precondition in fabricating M@CNPs. The structure of organic groups in the precursor also plays a predominant role in adjusting product morphology. Cyclopentadienyl groups tend to encapsulate the metal core to form graphitized carbon shells as the coordination bond between cyclopentadienyl and metal is recognized as a very strong covalent bond that confines the cyclopentadienyl collapse to metal core, and the cyclic structure facilitates the formation of graphite. In contrast, the acetylacetonate groups intend to combine randomly due to their open-loop structure. Moreover, for open-loop structures such as acetylacetonate groups, metal catalysis also affects the growth trend, of which Ni is more likely to induce the formation of carbon nanotubes relative to Fe. This work can provide a good reference for the synthesis of M@CNPs with controllable morphology.
Integration of multi-radio access in a beyond 3G network (2004)

A major aspect of Beyond 3G networks is the efficient integration of multiple radio access technologies in a common network. One advantage of this multi-radio access integration is the increase in radio resource efficiency, e.g. due to a larger trunking gain and reduced radio cost per link. This paper analyses and compares the different ways of how multi-radio access integration can be achieved. In particular, it investigates three multi-radio integration alternatives, two of them solving the problem at the network level and the third one on the link level. The comparison of the different approaches reveals that link level integration allows access path switching on a shorter time scale than network level integration. Another difference is where they allow the multi-radio resource management functions to take place, on network side or on user terminal side. In general, it is concluded that all schemes have certain advantages and disadvantages depending on the considered scenario. It is also highlighted, that these different integration schemes can be combined, i.e. some radio access technologies can be integrated on link level, while others can be integrated on network level.
The dopamine receptor in adult and maturing kidney (1989)

Dopamine, like other neurotransmitters, exerts its biological effects by occupation of specific receptor subtypes. The dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and certain endocrine organs are classified into the D1/D2 subtypes. Outside the central nervous system, the dopamine receptors are classified into the DA1/DA2 subtypes. The D1/D2 and DA1/DA2 receptor have marked similarities and some differences, the most notable of which is the lower affinity of the DA dopamine compared with the D dopamine receptor. DA1 receptor activation increases renal blood flow (RBF); stimulation of DA1 and DA2 receptors may also increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR). DA1 agonists inhibit fluid and electrolyte transport indirectly via hemodynamic mechanisms and directly by occupation of DA1 receptors in specific nephron segments. In the proximal tubule, DA1 agonists simulate adenylate cyclase and inhibit Na+-H+ antiport activity. They also increase phospholipase C and inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase activity (presumably as a consequence of protein kinase C activation). The latter effects may be facilitated by DA2 agonists. In cortical collecting ducts, dopamine antagonizes the effects of mineralocorticoids and the hydrosomotic effect of antidiuretic hormone. It has also been suggested that DA1 may also decrease sodium transport by influencing other hormones, such as atrial natriuretic peptide. Studies of dopamine in the young are complicated because of the propensity for dopamine to stimulate alpha-adrenoceptors. Dopamine alone may actually decrease RBF in the perinatal period. In some animals, the renal vasodilatory and natriuretic effects of dopamine increase with age. Renal tubular DA1-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity increases, whereas renal tubular DA1 receptors decrease with age. Renal DA2 receptor density is greater in the fetus; after birth renal DA2 receptors do not change. Endogenous dopamine may regulate sodium excretion in the young differently than in the adult. In the adult, sodium surfeit is associated with an increase in urinary dopamine; the opposite occurs in the young. A decrease in dopamine production or blockade of dopamine receptors results in an antinatriuresis in the adult; dopamine blockade in the young results in a natriuresis. It remains to be determined whether these age-related differences in dopamine effects are due to changes in receptor DA subtype density, second messengers, and/or interaction with other receptors.
Inorganic ammonium salts and carbonate salts are efficient catalysts for aldol condensation in atmospheric aerosols (2010)

In natural environments such as atmospheric aerosols, organic compounds coexist with inorganic salts but, until recently, were not thought to interact chemically. We have recently shown that inorganic ammonium ions, NH(4)(+), act as catalysts for acetal formation from glyoxal, a common atmospheric gas. In this work, we report that inorganic ammonium ions, NH(4)(+), and carbonate ions, CO(3)(2-), are also efficient catalysts for the aldol condensation of carbonyl compounds. In the case of NH(4)(+) this was not previously known, and was patented prior to this article. The kinetic results presented in this work show that, for the concentrations of ammonium and carbonate ions present in tropospheric aerosols, the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and acetone could be as fast as in concentrated sulfuric acid and might compete with their reactions with OH radicals. These catalytic processes could produce significant amounts of polyconjugated, light-absorbing compounds in aerosols, and thus affect their direct forcing on climate. For organic gases with large Henry's law coefficients, these reactions could also result in a significant uptake and in the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). This work reinforces the recent findings that inorganic salts are not inert towards organic compounds in aerosols and shows, in particular, that common ones, such as ammonium and carbonate salts, might even play important roles in their chemical transformations.
myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate-5-phosphorothioate: chemical synthesis and biochemical properties (1988)

Conference Article| December 01 1988 myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate-5-phosphorothioate: chemical synthesis and biochemical properties ALLAN M. COOKE; ALLAN M. COOKE *Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar NICHOLAS J. NOBLE; NICHOLAS J. NOBLE *Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ROY GIGG; ROY GIGG †Laboratory of Lipid and General Chemistry, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ALAN L. WILLCOCKS; ALAN L. WILLCOCKS ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar JAMES STRUPISH; JAMES STRUPISH ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar STEFAN R. NAHORSKI; STEFAN R. NAHORSKI ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar BARRY V. L. POTTER BARRY V. L. POTTER § *Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K. §To whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1988) 16 (6): 992–993. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0160992 Article history Received: June 03 1988 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation ALLAN M. COOKE, NICHOLAS J. NOBLE, ROY GIGG, ALAN L. WILLCOCKS, JAMES STRUPISH, STEFAN R. NAHORSKI, BARRY V. L. POTTER; myo-Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate-5-phosphorothioate: chemical synthesis and biochemical properties. Biochem Soc Trans 1 December 1988; 16 (6): 992–993. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0160992 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: InsP2, InsP3, inositol bis- and tris-phosphate respectively, with locants designated where appropriate, InsP[S]3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphorothioate, Ins(1,4)P2(5′)P[S], inositol 1,4-bisphosphate-5-phosphorothioate This content is only available as a PDF. © 1988 Biochemical Society1988 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Gaussian free field light cones and $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }(\rho )$ (2019)

Let $h$ be an instance of the GFF. Fix $\kappa \in (0,4)$ and $\chi =2/\sqrt{\kappa }-\sqrt{\kappa }/2$. Recall that an imaginary geometry ray is a flow line of $e^{i(h/\chi +\theta)}$ that looks locally like $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }$. The light cone with parameter $\theta \in [0,\pi ]$ is the set of points reachable from the origin by a sequence of rays with angles in $[-\theta /2,\theta /2]$. It is known that when $\theta =0$, the light cone looks like $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }$, and when $\theta =\pi $ it looks like the range of an $\mathrm{SLE}_{16/\kappa }$ counterflow line. We find that when $\theta \in (0,\pi )$ the light cones are either fractal carpets with a dense set of holes or space-filling regions with no holes. We show that every non-space-filling light cone agrees in law with the range of an $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }(\rho )$ process with $\rho \in ((-2-\kappa /2)\vee (\kappa /2-4),-2)$. Conversely, the range of any such $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }(\rho )$ process agrees in law with a non-space-filling light cone. As a consequence of our analysis, we obtain the first proof that these $\mathrm{SLE}_{\kappa }(\rho )$ processes are a.s. continuous curves and show that they can be constructed as natural path-valued functions of the GFF.
In situ recording of Mars soundscape (2022)

Before the Perseverance rover landing, the acoustic environment of Mars was unknown. Models predicted that: (1) atmospheric turbulence changes at centimetre scales or smaller at the point where molecular viscosity converts kinetic energy into heat<sup>1</sup>, (2) the speed of sound varies at the surface with frequency<sup>2,3</sup> and (3) high-frequency waves are strongly attenuated with distance in CO<sub>2</sub> (refs. <sup>2-4</sup>). However, theoretical models were uncertain because of a lack of experimental data at low pressure and the difficulty to characterize turbulence or attenuation in a closed environment. Here, using Perseverance microphone recordings, we present the first characterization of the acoustic environment on Mars and pressure fluctuations in the audible range and beyond, from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. We find that atmospheric sounds extend measurements of pressure variations down to 1,000 times smaller scales than ever observed before, showing a dissipative regime extending over five orders of magnitude in energy. Using point sources of sound (Ingenuity rotorcraft, laser-induced sparks), we highlight two distinct values for the speed of sound that are about 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> apart below and above 240 Hz, a unique characteristic of low-pressure CO<sub>2</sub>-dominated atmosphere. We also provide the acoustic attenuation with distance above 2 kHz, allowing us to explain the large contribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> vibrational relaxation in the audible range. These results establish a ground truth for the modelling of acoustic processes, which is critical for studies in atmospheres such as those of Mars and Venus.
Randomized Trial of Hypofractionated External-Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer (2013)

The hypofractionation regimen did not result in a significant reduction in BCDF; however, it is delivered in 2.5 fewer weeks. Men with compromised urinary function before treatment may not be ideal candidates for this approach.
Distributed Quantization of Order Statistics with Applications to CSI Feedback (2011)

Feedback of channel state information (CSI) in wireless systems is essential in order to exploit multi-user diversity and achieve the highest possible performance. When each spatially distributed user in the wireless system is assumed to have i.i.d. scalar CSI values, the optimal fixed-rate and entropy-constrained point density functions are established in the high-resolution regime for the quantization of the CSI feedback to a centralized scheduler under the mean square error (MSE) criterion. The spatially distributed nature of the users leads to a distributed functional scalar quantization approach for the optimal high resolution point densities of the CSI feedback. Under a mild absolute moment criterion, it is shown that with a greedy scheduling algorithm at the centralized scheduler, the optimal fixed-rate point density for each user corresponds to a point density associated with the maximal order statistic distribution. This result is generalized to monotonic functions of arbitrary order statistics. Optimal point densities under entropy-constrained quantization for the CSI are established under mild conditions on the distribution function of the CSI metric.
21007 Study on Velocity Profile Measurement Techniques using the Ultrasonic Array (2008)

Ultrasonic velocity profile monitor (UVP) for the flow metering system has been developed. The principle of this system is based on the integration of instantaneous velocity profiles over a pipe diameter. This system is expected to be able to eliminate installation problems such as entry length as well as to follow transient flow rate precisely. In the previous study, the authors reported the results of multi-line flow rate measurement employing this method. However, the previous multi-line measurement requires a lot of ultrasonic transducers. Therefore the system was high cost performance and complicated. From this fact, the authors developed the ultrasonic array transducer for multi-line velocity profile measurements. The array transducer has 128ch elements on the same surface of the transducer. It is very useful techniques because it can measure cross section image using only one transducer. In this study the authors developed multi-line velocity profile measurement system in rectangular channel using UVP DUP with the array transducer. Furthermore the authors applied the array transducer to two phase flow measurements.