gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mutant of Bacteriophage T7 Deficient in Polynucleotide Ligase (1971)

Abstract An amber mutant of bacteriophage T7, obtained by mutagenesis with hydroxylamine, fails to induce the T7 polynucleotide ligase upon infection of Escherichia coli. The mutant (T7amHA13) grows normally on a suppressor-negative host; its sensitivity to ultraviolet light is the same as that of wild type T7. The DNA synthesized upon infection of E. coli by T7amHA13 is identical with that synthesized after infection by wild type phage, as measured by sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. However, T7amHA13 does not grow in a ligase-deficient mutant of E. coli, E. coli N1318. Small fragments (11 S) of DNA accumulate after T7amHA13 infection of N1318, suggesting that the T7 ligase plays a role in DNA replication, but that the wild type host can supply sufficient ligase activity for growth of phage T7.
Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms (2013)

A fully illustrated reference book giving an easy-to-understand introduction to compliant mechanisms A broad compilation of compliant mechanisms to give inspiration and guidance to those interested in using compliant mechanisms in their designs, the Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms includes graphics and descriptions of many compliant mechanisms. It comprises an extensive categorization of devices that can be used to help readers identify compliant mechanisms related to their application. It also provides chapters on the basic background in compliant mechanisms, the categories of compliant mechanisms, and an example of how the Compendium can be used to facilitate compliant mechanism design. Fully illustrated throughout to be easily understood and accessible at introductory levels Covers all aspects pertaining to classification, elements, mechanisms and applications of compliant mechanisms Summarizes a vast body of knowledge in easily understood diagrams and explanations Helps readers appreciate the advantages that compliant mechanisms have to offer Practical approach is ideal for potential practitioners who would like to realize designs with compliant mechanisms, members and elements Breadth of topics covered also makes the book a useful reference for more advanced readers Intended as an introduction to the area, the Handbook avoids technical jargon to assist non engineers involved in product design, inventors and engineers in finding clever solutions to problems of design and function.
A Cell-Based Ultra-High-Throughput Screening Assay for Identifying Inhibitors of D-Amino Acid Oxidase (2006)

Enzymes are often considered less "druggable" targets than ligand-regulated proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, or other hormone receptors. Reasons for this include cellular location (intracellular vs. cell surface), typically lower affinities for the binding of small molecules compared to ligand-specific receptors, and binding (catalytic) sites that are often charged or highly polar. A practical drawback to the discovery of compounds targeting enzymes is that screening of compound libraries is typically carried out in cell-free activity assays using purified protein in an inherently artificial environment. Cell-based assays, although often arduous to design for enzyme targets, are the preferred discovery tool for the screening of large compound libraries. The authors have recently described a novel cell-based approach to screening for inhibitors of a phosphatase enzyme and now report on the development and implementation of a homogeneous 3456-well plate assay for D-amino acid oxidase (DAO). Human DAO was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and its activity was measured as the amount of hydrogen peroxide detected in the growth medium following feeding the cells with D-serine. In less than 12 weeks, the authors proved the concept in 96-and then 384-well formats, miniaturized the assay to the 3456-well (nanoplate) scale, and screened a library containing more than 1 million compounds. They have identified several cell-permeable inhibitors of DAO from this cell-based high-throughput screening, which provided the discovery program with a few novel and attractive lead structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of a Series of Diketopiperazine Inhibitors of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Deficient ryanodine receptor S -nitrosylation increases sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak and arrhythmogenesis in cardiomyocytes (2007)

Altered Ca(2+) homeostasis is a salient feature of heart disease, where the calcium release channel ryanodine receptor (RyR) plays a major role. Accumulating data support the notion that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) regulates the cardiac RyR via S-nitrosylation. We tested the hypothesis that NOS1 deficiency impairs RyR S-nitrosylation, leading to altered Ca(2+) homeostasis. Diastolic Ca(2+) levels are elevated in NOS1(-/-) and NOS1/NOS3(-/-) but not NOS3(-/-) myocytes compared with wild-type (WT), suggesting diastolic Ca(2+) leakage. Measured leak was increased in NOS1(-/-) and NOS1/NOS3(-/-) but not in NOS3(-/-) myocytes compared with WT. Importantly, NOS1(-/-) and NOS1/NOS3(-/-) myocytes also exhibited spontaneous calcium waves. Whereas the stoichiometry and binding of FK-binding protein 12.6 to RyR and the degree of RyR phosphorylation were not altered in NOS1(-/-) hearts, RyR2 S-nitrosylation was substantially decreased, and the level of thiol oxidation increased. Together, these findings demonstrate that NOS1 deficiency causes RyR2 hyponitrosylation, leading to diastolic Ca(2+) leak and a proarrhythmic phenotype. NOS1 dysregulation may be a proximate cause of key phenotypes associated with heart disease.
Polycrystalline La0.5Sr0.5CoO3/PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3/ La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 ferroelectric capacitors on platinized silicon with no polarization fatigue (1994)

Pulsed laser ablation-deposition is used to produce fatigue-free La0.5Sr0.5CoO3(LSC)/ PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT)/LSC ferroelectric capacitors on oxidized (100) Si substrates coated with a bilayer of Pt/Ti. These capacitors utilize a unique bottom electrode combination of LSC on Pt, where the LSC (a conducting oxide) acts as a template to promote the ferroelectric perovskite phase of PZT and to minimize polarization fatigue, while Pt is used for its high electrical conductivity and high temperature stability. We have used the hybrid Pt/LSC electrode discussed in this letter to integrate PZT-based capacitors with Si substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the PZT film is polycrystalline and is entirely perovskite phase. Devices show no significant degradation of the switchable polarization after 3×1010 switching cycles. Aging tests show that the rate of loss of switchable polarization may allow useful memory retention for times up to 1010 s.
Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis (2012)

Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection that occurs in patients who are immunocompromised because of diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, organ transplantation, and/or increased serum levels of available iron. Because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, cancer, and organ transplantation, the number of patients at risk for this deadly infection is increasing. Despite aggressive therapy, which includes disfiguring surgical debridement and frequently adjunctive toxic antifungal therapy, the overall mortality rate is high. New strategies to prevent and treat mucormycosis are urgently needed. Understanding the pathogenesis of mucormycosis and the host response to invading hyphae ultimately will provide targets for novel therapeutic interventions. In this supplement, we review the current knowledge about the virulence traits used by the most common etiologic agent of mucormycosis, Rhizopus oryzae. Because patients with elevated serum levels of available iron are uniquely susceptible to mucormycosis and these infections are highly angioinvasive, emphasis is placed on the ability of the organism to acquire iron from the host and on its interactions with endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Several promising therapeutic strategies in preclinical stages are identified.
Single module pressurized fuel cell turbine generator system (2023)

A pressurized fuel cell system (10), operates within a common pressure vessel (12) where the system contains fuel cells (22), a turbine (26) and a generator (98) where preferably, associated oxidant inlet valve (52), fuel inlet valve (56) and fuel cell exhaust valve (42) are outside the pressure vessel.
Synthesis of New Valinol‐Derived Sultam Triazoles as α ‐Glucosidase Inhibitors (2021)

Abstract α ‐Glucosidase inhibition is one of the key targets for controlling diabetes. In consideration of that, new L‐valinol derived fluorinated sultam triazoles were synthesized as α ‐glucosidase inhibitors, and their activities were further compared with the precursor molecules (sulfonamides, sultams, and N ‐propargyl sultams). Primarily, all the synthesized sultam triazoles and precursor compounds (sulfonamides, sultams, and N ‐propargyl sultams) were evaluated for different biological activities, including cytotoxicity, anti‐inflammatory, and α ‐glucosidase inhibitory activities. Results revealed that only sultam triazoles exhibited inhibition against α ‐glucosidase enzyme (IC 50 values: 173 to 194 μ M) using acarbose (IC 50 : 875.85 ± 2.03 μ M) as the standard drug. These sultam triazoles were prepared after few steps, starting from enantiopure L‐valinol, which differ electronically (due to the position of fluorine atom and different positions on aromatic ring). Structures of all the compounds were evaluated using different spectroscopic techniques. Kinetics of active compounds were also investigated to find their mode of inhibition.
Tuberculin-Purified Protein Derivative-, MPT-64-, and ESAT-6-Stimulated Gamma Interferon Responses in Medical Students before and afterMycobacterium bovisBCG Vaccination and in Patients with Tuberculosis (1999)

ABSTRACT Quanti FERON- TB (QIFN) (CSL Limited) is a whole-blood assay for the recognition of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . QIFN measures gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production when purified protein derivatives (PPDs) of mycobacteria are incubated with venous blood samples. The specificity of QIFN in medical students before and after BCG immunization was assessed, and sensitivity in patients with tuberculosis was assessed. Antigens were PPD derived from M. tuberculosis and two M. tuberculosis -specific proteins, ESAT-6 and MPT-64. Of 60 medical students, all of whom had 0-mm tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) at study entry, 58 (97%) were initially classified as negative for M. tuberculosis infection by PPD QIFN. Five months after BCG immunization, 7 of 54 students (13%) had a TST result of ≥10 mm and 11 of 54 students (20%) tested positive by PPD QIFN. ESAT-6- and MPT-64-stimulated IFN-γ responses in the medical students were negative prior to and after BCG immunization. For patients with active tuberculosis, 12 of 19 (63%) were positive by PPD QIFN, 11 of 19 (58%) were positive by ESAT-6 QIFN, and 0 of 12 were positive by MPT-64 QIFN. In conclusion, PPD QIFN was negative in 97% of a low-risk population who had not received BCG and who had negative TSTs. The specificities of both the TST and PPD QIFN were reduced following BCG immunization. PPD QIFN and ESAT-6 QIFN were of similar and moderate sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis, but ESAT-6 QIFN is likely to be more specific because it is not influenced by past BCG exposure.
Structural dependence of chemical durability in modified aluminoborate glasses (2018)

Abstract Alkali and alkaline earth aluminoborate glasses feature high resistance to cracking under sharp contact loading compared to other oxide glasses. However, due to the high content of hygroscopic B 2 O 3 , it is expected that applications of these glasses could be hindered by poor chemical durability in aqueous solutions. Indeed, the compositional and structural dependence of their dissolution kinetics remains unexplored. In this work, we correlate the dissolution rates of aluminoborate glasses in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions with the structural changes induced by varying the aluminum‐to‐boron ratio. In detail, we investigate a total of seventeen magnesium, lithium, and sodium aluminoborate glasses with fixed modifier content of 25 mol%. We show that the structural changes induced by alumina depend on the network modifier. We also demonstrate a correlation between the chemical durability at various pH values and the structural changes in Mg‐, Li‐ and Na‐aluminoborate glasses. The substitution of alumina by boron oxide leads to a general decrease in chemical corrosion in neutral and acidic solutions. The lowest dissolution rate value is observed in Mg‐aluminoborate glasses, as a consequence of the intermediate character of magnesium which can increase the network cross‐linking. For basic solutions, the chemical durability is almost constant for the different amount of alumina in the three series, likely because B 2 O 3 is susceptible to nucleophilic attack, which is favored in high‐ OH − solutions.
Enhanced silicon single-photon avalanche diode based on light trapping (2018)

We present a nano-structured light-trapping Si SPAD with improved detection efficiency, without sacrificing jitter distribution or dark count rate. The design can be adopted for CMOS-compatible SPAD image sensors and silicon photomultipliers.
Compounding Unit Planetary Roller Extruder (2002)

Abstract Planetary roller extruders (PREs) are currently being employed first and foremost to feed calender/lamination units, for pelleting, for compounding powdered paint and for the reuse of recyclate. In these disciplines it is the most successful multi‐screw extruder. The range of materials that are compounded extends from classical plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), via poly(propylene) (PP) and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS), through to powdered rubber. The planetary roller extruders convince in comparison with other compounding machines through the thermally carefully compounding, the balanced ratio of shear and heat transfer and the narrow residence time distribution. Experimental investigations to analyze the process behavior of PREs were carried out for the first time. Homogenization and dispersion at a material‐bank in the planetary roller extrusion test stand. magnified image Homogenization and dispersion at a material‐bank in the planetary roller extrusion test stand.
New Modified Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F with Enhanced Potency (2021)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are notorious toxins and powerful agents and can be lethal, causing botulism, but they are also widely used as therapeutics, particularly to treat neuromuscular disorders. As of today, the commercial BoNT treatments available are from native A or B serotypes. Serotype F has shown efficacy in a clinical trial but has scarcely been used, most likely due to its medium duration of effect. Previously, the uniqueness of the light chain of the F7 subtype was identified and reported, showing an extended interaction with its substrates, VAMPs 1, 2 and 3, and a superior catalytic activity compared to other BoNT/F subtypes. In order to more extensively study the properties of this neurotoxin, we engineered a modified F7 chimera, mrBoNT/F7-1, in which all the regions of the neurotoxin were identical to BoNT/F7 except the activation loop, which was the activation loop from BoNT/F1. Use of the activation loop from BoNT/F1 allowed easier post-translational proteolytic activation of the recombinant protein without otherwise affecting its properties. mrBoNT/F7-1 was expressed, purified and then tested in a suite of in vitro and in vivo assays. mrBoNT/F7-1 was active and showed enhanced potency in comparison to both native and recombinant BoNT/F1. Additionally, the safety profile remained comparable to BoNT/F1 despite the increased potency. This new modified recombinant toxin F7 could be further exploited to develop unique therapeutics to address unmet medical needs.
Cover Image, Volume 22, Issue 7 (2020)

The cover image is based on the Review Article SGLT-2 Inhibitor Renal Outcome Modification in Type-2 Diabetes: Evidence from Studies in Patients with High or Low Renal Risk by Guntram Schernthaner, PHILIP A KALRA, M Taal et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13994.
Materials for Diabetes Therapeutics (2012)

This review is focused on the materials and methods used to fabricate closed-loop systems for type 1 diabetes therapy. Herein, we give a brief overview of current methods used for patient care and discuss two types of possible treatments and the materials used for these therapies–(i) artificial pancreases, comprised of insulin producing cells embedded in a polymeric biomaterial, and (ii) totally synthetic pancreases formulated by integrating continuous glucose monitors with controlled insulin release through degradable polymers and glucose-responsive polymer systems. Both the artificial and the completely synthetic pancreas have two major design requirements: the device must be both biocompatible and be permeable to small molecules and proteins, such as insulin. Several polymers and fabrication methods of artificial pancreases are discussed: microencapsulation, conformal coatings, and planar sheets. We also review the two components of a completely synthetic pancreas. Several types of glucose sensing systems (including materials used for electrochemical, optical, and chemical sensing platforms) are discussed, in addition to various polymer-based release systems (including ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, and phenylboronic acid containing hydrogels).
End‐to‐end nanophotonic inverse design for imaging and polarimetry (2020)

Abstract By codesigning a metaoptical front end in conjunction with an image‐processing back end, we demonstrate noise sensitivity and compactness substantially superior to either an optics‐only or a computation‐only approach, illustrated by two examples: subwavelength imaging and reconstruction of the full polarization coherence matrices of multiple light sources. Our end‐to‐end inverse designs couple the solution of the full Maxwell equations—exploiting all aspects of wave physics arising in subwavelength scatterers—with inverse‐scattering algorithms in a single large‐scale optimization involving degrees of freedom. The resulting structures scatter light in a way that is radically different from either a conventional lens or a random microstructure, and suppress the noise sensitivity of the inverse‐scattering computation by several orders of magnitude. Incorporating the full wave physics is especially crucial for detecting spectral and polarization information that is discarded by geometric optics and scalar diffraction theory.
Telomerase Activity in Small-Cell and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancers (1995)

Telomerase activity may be useful both as a diagnostic marker to detect the existence of immortal lung cancer cells in clinical materials and as a target for therapeutic intervention.
Design and experimental results of small silicon-based optical modulators (2004)

In silicon based photonic circuits, optical modulation is usually performed via the plasma dispersion effect or via the thermo-optic effect, both of which are relatively slow processes. Until relatively recently, the majority of the work in Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) was based upon waveguides with cross sectional dimensions of several microns. This limits the speed of devices based on the plasma dispersion effect due to the finite transit time of charge carriers, and on the thermo-optic effect due to the volume of the silicon device. Consequently moving to smaller dimensions will increase device speed, as well as providing other advantages of closer packing density, smaller bend radius, and cost effective fabrication. As a result, the trend in recent years has been a move to smaller waveguides, of the order of 1 micron in cross sectional dimensions. In this paper we discuss both the design of small waveguide modulators (of the order of ~1 micron) together with a presentation of preliminary experimental results. In particular two approaches to modulation are discussed, based on injection of free carriers via a p-i-n device, and via thermal modulation of a ring resonator.
Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Spinning Disc Processing (2006)

Spinning disc processing (SDP) has been utilized to modify the aqueous, inverse co-precipitation method for the production of Fe3O4 nanomaterials patented by Massart in 1982 [1]. Size distributions within the 3 to 12 nm range have been produced, with narrow particle size spread, on a rapid, continuous basis. It has been demonstrated that this processing technique results in a general reduction in particle size. Further, the role and limits of applicability of tartaric acid as a surfactant for particle formation control have been established to lie within the range of 1:1 to 10:1, [tartaric] to [Fe], with concentrations in excess resulting in amorphous materials and below this having minimal effect. Marginal, high concentrations have been demonstrated to occasionally result in particles with induced twinning and lattice dislocation defects.
Landing Posture Control for a Generalized Twin-Body System Using Methods of Input--Output Linearization and Computed Torque (2009)

This study aims to examine landing posture control for a generalized twin-body system using methods of input-output linearization and computed torque. The considered system mimics the mechanism of a certain popular cellular phone that is composed of two rigid links and an active joint that not only connects the two links but also offers torques about three orthogonal axes. A standard modeling procedure for robotic dynamics is employed to capture the twin-body dynamics in terms of 312 Euler angles on the basis of the Newton-Euler formulation. Herein, the posture components, i.e., the included angle, the tilt angle, and the first landing body, are employed to represent the landing posture that is particularly designed to prevent the fragile areas of the system from being damaged. Since the three posture components are nonlinear functions of state variables, the standard control strategy cannot be applied. In order to resolve this difficulty, the three posture components are transformed into three control outputs, which are linear functions of state variables. However, the system reveals a nonlinear control problem, and the method of input-output linearization is used to cancel the nonlinear terms. The computed torque method is then utilized to determine the input torques. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed landing posture control is confirmed via MATLAB simulations. This study successfully implemented a standard control strategy to realize landing posture control by establishing transformations from real landing posture components to simulated control outputs, and the controllable regions were defined completely.