gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blue Solid-State Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence from Novel Poly(para-phenyleneethynylene) Copolymers (2001)

We report the synthesis of a series of random copolymers composed of phenyleneethynylene and 3,7-di-tert-butylnaphthalene units by alkyne metathesis with simple catalyst systems, formed from Mo(CO)6 and 4-chlorophenol in situ. These novel copolymers give rise to efficient (Φ = 0.16−0.76) blue solid-state emission (λmax = 422−443 nm) which can be fine-tuned according to their naphthalene content differing greatly from that of standard dialkyl-PPE (λmax 500−520 nm). The effective and blue-shifted solid-state emission is a result of disrupting the solid-state alignment thereby diminishing π-π interactions of the copolymers in addition to the efficient interruption of planarization of the conjugated backbone. Electroluminescent multilayer devices showed low turn-on voltages (5.5 V) and a maximum brightness of 100 cd/m2.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Isocyanides in the Synthesis of Heterocycles (2013)

Abstract Review: 211 refs.
Molecular Brightness analysis of GPCR oligomerization in the presence of spatial heterogeneity (2019)

Measuring the oligomerization of plasma membrane proteins is rife with biophysical and biomedical implications. This is particularly true for GPCRs, a large family of proteins representing the targets of over one third of all FDA approved medications. Over the last thirty years, fluorescence microscopy has been the leading approach to address this problem. However, in spite of a large number of studies and approaches, for most GPCRs the results have remained highly contentious, possibly due to the large spectrum of specific methods employed.
Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Decorated with Cu Nanoparticles: Efficient Photocatalysts for Degradation of Tartrazine Yellow Dye (2018)

A series of mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-C₃N₄) materials are synthesized by directly pyrolyzing melamine containing many embedded silica nanoparticles templates, and then etching the silica templates from the carbonized products. The mass ratio of melamine-to-silica templates and the size of the silica nanoparticles are found to dictate whether or not mpg-C₃N₄ with large surface area and high porosity form. The surfaces of the mpg-C₃N₄ materials are then decorated with copper (Cu) nanoparticles, resulting in Cu-decorated mpg-C₃N₄ composite materials that show excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of tartrazine yellow dye. The materials' excellent photocatalytic performance is attributed to their high surface area and the synergistic effects created in them by mpg-C₃N₄ and Cu nanoparticles, including the Cu nanoparticles' greater ability to separate photogenerated charge carriers from mpg-C₃N₄.
Detection of "neutral" type 7F and type 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides by immunoelectrophoresis (1982)

Type 7F and type 14 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, neutral at pH 8.6, were studied by immunoelectrophoresis at pH 5. Three techniques were used: rocket, countercurrent, and reversed immunoelectrophoresis. Our results show that these two capsular polysaccharides types can be detected at pH 5 with high sensitivity.
The Determination of Haloacetic Acids in Real World Samples using IC-ESI-MS-MS (2009)

This paper presents the determination of nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) in high ionic strength, treated effluent waters using an ion chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-MS-MS) method with internal standards and discussions of each of the method parameters. Data is also provided for these same samples using USEPA Method 552.2. The sample matrices contain up to 170 mg/L chloride and 243 mg/L sulfate. Matrix ions are separated from the analytes using a high capacity anion exchange analytical column and diverted to a waste stream during each analysis to avoid signal suppression and contamination of the detector. No derivatization, offline matrix elimination, or preconcentration is used. Four isotopically-labeled HAAs are used for quantification, and detection limits are in the range of 400-1000 microg/L with R(2) of at least 0.997 over two orders of magnitude for all analytes in matrix. A trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) internal standard with the label on the alpha carbon is found to be more stable than the TCAA-1-(13)C. Amounts found using IC-MS-MS are 65-130% of amounts found using Method 552.2 for all analytes in the real world treated effluent waters. Detection limits for all nine analytes in matrix are in the range of 100-700 ng/L.
Unsaturation Characterization of Polyolefins by NMR and Thermal Gradient NMR (TGNMR) with a High Temperature Cryoprobe (2012)

Abstract Summary: It is important to identify the types of unsaturation and to quantify the amount of unsaturation in polyolefins for understanding chain termination mechanisms of polymerization with different catalysts. Unsaturation is also closely related to processibility, weatherability of polyolefin products and the level of antioxidants to be added for stabilizing purposes. However, it can be very challenging to accurately measure samples with a low level of the unsaturation within a reasonable amount of NMR acquisition time, along with some challenging technical issues, such as dynamic range with 1 H NMR. This paper reports a new method to accurately quantify unsaturation by using multi peak presaturation 1 H NMR with a high temperature NMR cryoprobe. The limit of quantification can be less than 1 unsaturation/1,000,000 carbons with about 30 min NMR acquisition. This paper also introduces a new technique, temperature gradient NMR (TGNMR) with or without substrates, to characterize unsaturation distribution directly in NMR tube upon temperature change.
MRI-monitored ultrasonic heating allows for the spatially controlled in vivo expression of the transgene luciferase in canine prostate (2004)

Efficient and controlled delivery is one of the largest obstacles towards effective clinical use of gene therapy. In this study, we investigate the use of MRI-monitored ultrasound to induce enhanced expression of luciferase after local injection of the gene construct Ad-HSP-Luc, an adenoviral vector containing a human hsp70B promoter and a transgene for the firefly luciferase gene. Using a construct that includes an hsp promoter allows us to activate the associated transgene only in areas that are subsequently heated after injection. Using ultrasound imaging, 1mL of purified virus was injected into both lobes of the prostates of three beagles. 48 hours later, under MRI guidance, we heated the left lobe of the prostate using a 1.5MHz ultrasound transducer driven by a multi-channel, RF driving system. Left lobe prostate temperature was maintained at or above 42/spl deg/C for periods of 25 minutes as measured by thermocouples placed in the prostate. After 12 hours, the dogs were sacrificed and the lobes were analyzed for luciferase activity. Increased luciferase expression was observed in areas that were exposed to ultrasonic heating. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ultrasonic heating to spatially control transgene expression using a minimally invasive approach.
TEM and AFM studies of structural defects in α-GaN films (1995)

Interest in wide band-gap GaN and related group-III nitrides has grown recently due to their potential applications for short wavelength optoelectronic devices. One of the main obstacles for their application is the high density of defects formed during heteroepitaxy. Though important progress has been made by using a low temperature A1N buffer layer% recently reported films still contain a defect density (mainly threading dislocations) on the order of 10 10 cm -2 . This paper reports our current studies of structural defects in α-GaN thin films grown on a-plane (11 0) and c-plane (0001) sapphire substrates by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the nature and origin of these defects. Single crystal α-GaN films were grown using a low temperature A1N or GaN buffer layer in an inductively-heated, water cooled, vertical OMVPE reactor operated at 57 torr.
Synthesis of 2′-thio-uridine and -cytidine derivatives as potential inhibitors of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase: thionitrites, disulfides and 2′-thiouridine 5′-diphosphate (1997)

In order to study or/and inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, thio derivatives of uridine and cytidine which can interact with the reducing cysteines at the active site have been prepared. The first nucleosidic thionitrites 12 and 15 have been synthesized from 2′-thiouridine 4 and 2′-thiocytidine 11, respectively and their ability to generate spontaneously nitric oxide, a potent inhibitor of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RDPR), has been evidenced. The 2′-thiol function in 2′-thiouridine is protected as a mixed disulfide to obtain the stable and useful precursor 18 of 2′-thiouridine 5′-diphosphate 19 which has been found strongly to inhibit RDPR.The same protection has been successfully used during the conversion of 2′-thiouridine into 2′-thiocytidine.
Regulation of the Cardiac Muscle Ryanodine Receptor by O2Tension andS-Nitrosoglutathione (2008)

The cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channels contain thiols that are potential targets of endogenously produced reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. Previously, we showed that the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1) has O(2)-sensitive thiols; only when these thiols are in the reduced state (pO(2) approximately 10 mmHg) can physiological concentrations of NO (nanomolar) activate RyR1. Here, we report that cardiac muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR2) activity also depends on pO(2), but unlike RyR1, RyR2 was not activated or S-nitrosylated directly by NO. Rather, activation and S-nitrosylation of RyR2 required S-nitrosoglutathione. The effects of peroxynitrite were indiscriminate on RyR1 and RyR2. Our results indicate that both RyR1 and RyR2 are pO(2)-responsive yet point to different mechanisms by which NO and S-nitrosoglutathione influence cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release.
Immobilization of π-Assembled Metallo-Supramolecular Arrays in Thin Films: From Crystal-Engineered Structures to Processable Materials (2001)

Die Schicht-für-Schicht-Abscheidung von π-π-verbrückten Verbänden aus diskreten Metallkomplexen, die an den Liganden über Arylsubstituenten verfügen, mit Polystyrolsulfonat liefert strukturierte Filme (siehe schematische Darstellung). Die Bildung dieser strukturierten Schichtanordnung, die außer durch π-Wechselwirkungen noch durch Metallionen-Koordination und elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen beeinflusst wird, schließt die Lücke zwischen supramolekularem Kristall-Engineering und dem Design von Schichtmaterialien.
AdaFuse: Adaptive Temporal Fusion Network for Efficient Action\n Recognition (2021)

Temporal modelling is the key for efficient video action recognition. While\nunderstanding temporal information can improve recognition accuracy for dynamic\nactions, removing temporal redundancy and reusing past features can\nsignificantly save computation leading to efficient action recognition. In this\npaper, we introduce an adaptive temporal fusion network, called AdaFuse, that\ndynamically fuses channels from current and past feature maps for strong\ntemporal modelling. Specifically, the necessary information from the historical\nconvolution feature maps is fused with current pruned feature maps with the\ngoal of improving both recognition accuracy and efficiency. In addition, we use\na skipping operation to further reduce the computation cost of action\nrecognition. Extensive experiments on Something V1 &amp; V2, Jester and\nMini-Kinetics show that our approach can achieve about 40% computation savings\nwith comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art methods. The project page can be\nfound at https://mengyuest.github.io/AdaFuse/\n
Vehicle system controller design for a hybrid electric vehicle (2002)

As a way to meet the challenge of developing more fuel efficient and lower emission producing vehicles, auto manufacturers are increasingly looking toward revolutionary changes to conventional powertrain technologies as a solution. One alternative under consideration is that of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). An HEV combines some of the benefits of electric vehicles (efficient and clean motive power supplied by an electric motor, regenerative braking) with the features of a conventional vehicle that consumers expect (convenient refueling, long driving range). However, these benefits come with increased complexity in the powertrain design. Instead of having one motive power source, there are two that can each act independently or in combination. The complexity of an HEV powertrain together with the vehicle's many operating modes demand that a supervisory or hybrid controller be developed at the vehicle level to guarantee stable and consistent operation. Inherent in this controller is a logical structure to guide the vehicle through its various operating modes and a dynamic control strategy associated with each operating mode to specify the vehicle demands to each subsystem controller. Capturing all possible operating modes and guaranteeing smooth dynamic control transitions from one operating mode to the next are significant challenges in the controller design. A formal method for designing this supervisory controller has been developed. A description of the method and its application to an HEV will be presented.
Design of a Micropump Based on an Industrial Microphone Manufacturing Process (2019)

We present a micro-electro-mechanical pump design, up to one order of magnitude smaller in surface area compared to state-of-the-art solutions. After identifying a standard MEMS microphone manufacturing process as suitable vantage point for the production of an integrated micropump, designs with device edge lengths below 1.9 mm are implemented. Sophisticated finite element simulations including full electro-mechanical-fluidic coupling and mechanical contact are carried out in order to support the development and to identify the most promising and efficient device variants. This approach results in a micropump concept with expected flow rates in the range of 20 μl/min per mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> device volume.
016 Ex-Vivo Model of Human Penile Transplantation and Rejection: Effects of Rejection and Immunosuppresion on Erectile Physiology (2016)

Penile tissue loss is seen in wartime injuries and congenital anomalies. Penile transplantation may be a treatment option. How the rejection process and immunosuppression affects erectile function (EF) is unknown. Using a novel ex-vivo mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) model of human corporal tissue (hCT) we evaluated the EF effects of rejection and immunosuppression. hCT from penile prosthesis operations (donor) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the donor and a healthy volunteer were cultured for 48 hours: hCT+Media (Ctrl), hCt+autologous-PBMCs (Auto), hCt+allogenic-PBMCs (Allo), hCt+allogenic-PBMCs+cyclosporineA (CsA). Additional hCt were cultured without PBMCs for 24 hours in the presence of media alone, cyclosporineA, or FK506. Tissues were evaluated by IHC and live confocal fluorescent imaging. Myography was used to examine nerve-mediated contraction and relaxation in response to electrical field stimulation. PBMC activation was assessed by flow cytometry and qPCR-array. This study was approved by the IRB. Microscopy demonstrated increased caspase-3/7 activation and TUNEL staining in tissues exposed to allogeneic PBMCs, which was prevented by CsA. Flow cytometry and qPCR-array demonstrated PBMC activation when exposed to allogenic hCt, which was prevented by CsA treatment. Myography demonstrated impaired contraction and relaxation in Allo compared to Auto. CsA treated Allo had similar contraction and surprisingly impaired relaxation compared to non-treated Allo tissues. Compared to media and FK506, CsA impaired nerve-mediated relaxation.
Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J in Feather Pulp (2002)

Feather pulp from experimentally infected chickens was used as a source of DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) proviral DNA. A primer set that produces a large amplicon (approximately 2,125) was used to detect ALV-J proviral DNA. This primer set was used in lieu of previously published primers because it allows for sequencing of the entire envelope gene and because it was able to detect diagnostically a number of North American ALV-J isolates that could not be detected with previously published primers and PCR conditions. ALV-J proviral DNA was detected in feather pulp at 7 days of age in more than 90% of birds infected as embryos and 7 days postinoculation in over 50% of chickens infected at 3 days of age. The results obtained with PCR on feather pulp were compared with those of virus isolation. In the embryo-inoculated birds, the percentages of agreement between PCR and virus isolation were 92.5% at 7 days of age and 100% at 28, 42, 49, and 56 days of age. However, the overall sensitivity of virus isolation in embryo-infected birds was higher, particularly at 7 and 56 days of age. In chickens inoculated at 3 days of age, the percentages of agreement of detection between PCR and virus isolation ranged from 75% at 10 days of age to 100% at 42 days of age. Agreement of negative results of ALV-J detection by PCR and virus isolation in chickens infected posthatch ranged between 66.6% and 100% between the ages of 10 and 42 days. Virus isolation requires chicken embryo fibroblasts of specific genetic lines, and the process takes onaverage 7-9 days. Aseptic collection of blood and tissues for virus isolation and molecular detection of ALV-J requires sterile necropsy instruments as well as syringes and needles for each individual chicken, whereas sterile microcentrifuge tubes and gloves are the only equipment necessary for aseptic feather pulp collection for ALV-J detection by PCR. PCR-based detection of ALV-J in feather pulp is especially suitable when ALV-J infection must be diagnosed rapidly and unequivocally without killing the chicken(s) and in situations where crucial reagents or suitable virus propagation substrates are not readily available for isolation and propagation of ALV-J in cell culture.
A method for optimizing LINAC treatment geometry for volumetric modulated arc therapy of multiple brain metastases (2010)

The authors conclude that the use of the projection method minimizes the sharing of MLC leaves between lesions and improves the plan quality for multilesion VMAT delivery.
ΔEITP is now ITU-R BT.2124-is the industry ready to move on from ΔE2000? (2019)

For many years, ΔE2000 has been considered the industry standard for estimating perceptual color differences and evaluating the color accuracy of display technologies. Recently, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) released Recommendation ITU-R BT.2124, which defines a new metric, ΔE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ITP</inf> , as the new standard for evaluating perceptual color differences. Given this new recommendation, it is important that we become familiar with how ΔE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ITP</inf> performs in practice and what can be expected when using it in existing workflows. A key part in this process is having an understanding of the properties of the color space that the color difference metric is based on and how that relates to the intended application of the metric. In this paper, we explore this relationship as it pertains to the ΔE2000 and ΔE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ITP</inf> color difference metrics, specifically in the context of evaluating color reproduction on self-luminous displays. Simulated data and measured data from calibrated displays are used to compare the metrics' performance. Given that ΔE2000 and ΔE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ITP</inf> are based on significantly different derivation principles, there are notable differences that must be acknowledged between these two metrics, especially as we transition between them. It is highly likely that ΔE2000 has been underpredicting perceptual color differences, significantly so when used for the evaluation of high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG) displays.
On Critical Event Observability Using Social Networks: A Disaster Monitoring Perspective (2014)

The proliferation of social networks with large scale information dissemination capabilities, such as Twitter, significantly increases the degree of observability of critical events, such as natural or man-made disasters. This paper analyzes the extent to which critical physical events indeed are observable, thanks to social networks, as well as the extent to which the offered view into event state that affects the state's own evolution. As a case study, we investigate the gas shortage that ensued around New York City in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in November 2012. Both ground truth data regarding the shortage as well as Twitter data describing it are collected. Results suggest that the social network responds to the shortage in a manner that enables (noisy) reconstruction of actual damage evolution. Non-linear models of social response tend to fit the data better, suggesting that the response switches from an initial rational reaction to a subsequent panic reaction that is largely a function of its own history, as opposed to that of the physical event. Deriving a good model of this (over)reaction is therefore critical for correct reconstruction of the actual damage. Similarly, the paper presents models for actual damage and demonstrates that combining social response with actual damage can improve the damage modeling capability.
Boson Peak Investigation of Unusually Disproportionated Amorphous Silicon Monoxide via Terahertz Spectroscopy (2020)

To investigate multi-boson peaks (multi-BP), terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was performed on amorphous silicon monoxide (a-SiO), which exhibits unusual disproportion in the nanoscale region where the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and Si regions are separated. In the resulting THz spectrum, the BP was observed at 2.4 THz, as a broad asymmetric peak, and the BP frequency was evidently higher than that of silica glass. The results suggest that the higher BP frequency of a-SiO in the infrared spectrum originates from the a-Si cluster region.
A multidisciplinary study of competition in unlicensed networks (2003)

At the same time as 3G networks are deployed low-cost WLAN technology is used to create high data rate coverage in hotspots. Should this be viewed as a complement to 3G systems or is it a competitor? To understand, these technical properties of short range systems are mapped on the influence on the microeconomic firm behaviour. The influence on competition and the possibility to gain benefits from cheating are studied. The results indicate competition can be ensured.