gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Clustering in an Additively Manufactured Zr-Based Metallic Glass Evaluated by Atom Probe Tomography (2023)

Composition analysis at the nm-scale, marking the onset of clustering in bulk metallic glasses, can aid the understanding and further optimization of additive manufacturing processes. By atom probe tomography, it is challenging to differentiate nm-scale segregations from random fluctuations. This ambiguity is due to the limited spatial resolution and detection efficiency. Cu and Zr were selected as model systems since the spatial distributions of the isotopes therein constitute ideal solid solutions, as the mixing enthalpy is, by definition, zero. Close agreement is observed between the simulated and measured spatial distributions of the isotopes. Having established the signature of a random distribution of atoms, the elemental distribution in amorphous Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion is analyzed. By comparison with the length scales of spatial isotope distributions, the probed volume of the bulk metallic glass shows a random distribution of all constitutional elements, and no evidence for clustering is observed. However, heat-treated metallic glass samples clearly exhibit elemental segregation which increases in size with annealing time. Segregations in Zr59.3Cu28.8Al10.4Nb1.5 &gt; 1 nm can be observed and separated from random fluctuations, while accurate determination of segregations &lt; 1 nm in size are limited by spatial resolution and detection efficiency.
Metal ion photoinitiated addition of acetonitrile and methanol to olefins (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal ion photoinitiated addition of acetonitrile and methanol to olefinsJoseph W. Bruno, Tobin J. Marks, and Frederick D. LewisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 21, 5580–5585Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00385a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00385a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views731Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quantification of Drive Cycle's Rapid Speed Fluctuations Using Fourier Analysis (2015)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper presents a new way to evaluate vehicle speed profile aggressiveness, quantify it from the perspective of the rapid speed fluctuations, and assess its impact on vehicle fuel economy. The speed fluctuation can be divided into two portions: the large-scale low frequency speed trace which follows the ongoing traffic and road characteristics, and the small-scale rapid speed fluctuations normally related to the driver's experience, style and ability to anticipate future events. The latter represent to some extent the driver aggressiveness and it is well known to affect the vehicle energy consumption and component duty cycles. Therefore, the rapid speed fluctuations are the focus of this paper. Driving data collected with the GPS devices are widely adopted for study of real-world fuel economy, or the impact on electrified vehicle range and component duty cycles. However, the accompanying signal noise poses a challenge, and needs to be separated from realistic rapid speed fluctuations. Filtering is commonly used, but aggressive smoothing technique can lead to loss of useful driving information. In contrast, mild smoothing technique can lead to under-filtering and inclusion of redundant information. The main contribution of this paper is a proposed metric, denoted as “Ripple Aggressiveness”, to quantify the rapid speed fluctuations over a drive cycle based on the Fourier analysis. This metric allows assessment of the filtering level, and detection of over-filtering, or under-filtering. The data used to develop and demonstrated the new technique are from the 2001∼2002 Southern California Household Travel Survey, 2010∼2012 California Household Travel Survey, 2001∼2005 Michigan Road Departure Crash Warning System Field Operational Tests, and EPA dynamometer drive schedules. The newly developed metric is correlated with fuel economy using the vehicle simulation, and the results show a positive correlation between Ripple Aggressiveness and vehicle fuel consumption. Hence the metric can also be used as a surrogate to quantify the driver aggressiveness.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Sooty mangabey genome sequence provides insight into AIDS resistance in a natural SIV host (2018)

In contrast to infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques, SIV infection of a natural host, sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), is non-pathogenic despite high viraemia. Here we sequenced and assembled the genome of a captive sooty mangabey. We conducted genome-wide comparative analyses of transcript assemblies from C. atys and AIDS-susceptible species, such as humans and macaques, to identify candidates for host genetic factors that influence susceptibility. We identified several immune-related genes in the genome of C. atys that show substantial sequence divergence from macaques or humans. One of these sequence divergences, a C-terminal frameshift in the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) gene of C. atys, is associated with a blunted in vitro response to TLR-4 ligands. In addition, we found a major structural change in exons 3-4 of the immune-regulatory protein intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM-2); expression of this variant leads to reduced cell surface expression of ICAM-2. These data provide a resource for comparative genomic studies of HIV and/or SIV pathogenesis and may help to elucidate the mechanisms by which SIV-infected sooty mangabeys avoid AIDS.
Structural segmentation with the Variable Markov Oracle and boundary adjustment (2016)

For the music structure segmentation task, one wants to solve two co-existing but sometimes contradicting problems; find global repetitive/homogenous structures and locate accurate local change points. In this paper we propose two algorithms to address these two problems. The algorithms can independently or jointly be plugged into various existing structural segmentation algorithms to improve their results. One algorithm utilizes the Variable Markov Oracle, a suffix automaton for multi-variate time series capable of finding repeating segments, is proposed to obtain a self-similarity matrix which encodes the global repetitive structure of a music piece. The other proposed algorithm is an iterative boundary adjustment algorithm refining boundary locations. The algorithms are evaluated against the Beatles-ISO dataset and achieve comparable performance to state-of-the-art.
Balancing ballistic and hopping light transport by purposive arraying of colloidal particles (2014)

Ordered and disordered monolayers of spheres were assembled on dielectric and metallized substrate using the Langmuir-Blodgett style technique. The coexistence of Mie and diffraction resonances was investigated. Experiments showed the weak dependence of diffraction resonances on the distance between spheres, but their gradual destruction with increasing disorder. In turn, Mie resonances appear along the increased light localization in the monolayer, but experience strong blue shift and gradual reduction of the magnitude along the increased isolation in the lattice. Calculation proved that hybridization of Mie resonances rapidly vanishes along the increase of the spacing between spheres and the hopping of excitations between spheres can be expected only in tightly packed arrays.
From Adhesion to Wetting: Contact Mechanics at the Surfaces of Super-Soft Brush-Like Elastomers (2017)

Fundamental understanding of rigid particle indentation into soft elastic substrates has been elusive for decades. In conventional heterogeneous and multicomponent systems, the ill-defined interplay between elastic and capillary forces has confounded explanation of the crossover region between the classical wetting and adhesion regimes. Herein, we study the indentation behavior of micrometer-sized silica particles on supersoft, solvent-free PDMS elastomers with brush-like network strands. By varying the side chain grafting density and the cross-linking density of the networks, we control their elastic modulus from ∼1 to 100 kPa without adding solvent. This isostructurally regulated balance between elastic and capillary forces allows for accurate mapping of the entire range of particle–substrate interactions by measuring indentation depth as a function of substrate stiffness and particle radius. A generalized theoretical model, accounting for the collaborative contribution of both forces to the system free energy, demonstrates excellent quantitative agreement with our experimental results as well as with results of computer simulation for particles in contact with soft surfaces.
In Vitro Characterization of the Bacteria-derived Hypoxia- Selective Cytotoxin Be-43547 (2023)

Abstract Hypoxia-activated pro-drugs like TH-302 have failed clinically, possible due to variable activity of drug-activating reductases. Here we compared TH-302 and the natural product BE-43547, that targets hypoxic cells independently of reductases. Tumor cells in monolayers were treated with BE-43547 for 4 or 24h while exposed to different oxygenation regimes, and hypoxia-cytotoxicity-ratios (HCR) were quantified from dose-response curves. For comparison, selected experiments were repeated for TH-302. Finally, both drugs were tested in spheroids exposed to 20%/0% O 2 for 24h. BE-43547 displayed strongly enhanced, cell line-independent, cytotoxicity under anoxia with HCR’s of ~ 100 following 24h treatment. HCR dropped to ~ 20 at 0.5% O 2 . HCR remained above 40 even when treatment time was reduced to 4h. Hypoxia selectivity was excellent regardless of whether drug was added prior to or during the hypoxic challenge. In comparison, HCR’s for TH-302 were lower with considerable variability across cell lines. BE-43547 and TH-302 were both unable to fully sterilize anoxic incubated spheroids. BE-43547 is highly hypoxia-selective, and, unlike TH-302, displayed minimal variability between cell lines, suggesting that BE-43547 targets a fundamental feature/target that is only present, or of survival importance, during hypoxia. Spheroid experiments suggests inadequate tissue penetrability, which may be overcome by designing novel drug analogues.
T cell lipid peroxidation induces ferroptosis and prevents immunity to infection (2015)

The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is a major scavenger of phospholipid hydroperoxides. Although Gpx4 represents a key component of the reactive oxygen species-scavenging network, its relevance in the immune system is yet to be defined. Here, we investigated the importance of Gpx4 for physiological T cell responses by using T cell-specific Gpx4-deficient mice. Our results revealed that, despite normal thymic T cell development, CD8(+) T cells from T(ΔGpx4/ΔGpx4) mice had an intrinsic defect in maintaining homeostatic balance in the periphery. Moreover, both antigen-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells lacking Gpx4 failed to expand and to protect from acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Leishmania major parasite infections, which were rescued with diet supplementation of high dosage of vitamin E. Notably, depletion of the Gpx4 gene in the memory phase of viral infection did not affect T cell recall responses upon secondary infection. Ex vivo, Gpx4-deficient T cells rapidly accumulated membrane lipid peroxides and concomitantly underwent cell death driven by ferroptosis but not necroptosis. These studies unveil an essential role of Gpx4 for T cell immunity.
Fetal dermal fibroblasts exhibit enhanced growth and collagen production in two- and three-dimensional culture in comparison to adult fibroblasts (2009)

The high morbidity of tendon injuries and the poor outcomes observed following repair or replacement have stimulated interest in regenerative approaches to treatment and, in particular, the use of cell-based analogues as alternatives to autologous and allogeneic graft repair. Given the known regenerative properties of fetal tissues, the objective of this study was to assess the biological and mechanical properties of tissue-engineered three-dimensional (3D) composites seeded with fetal skin cells. Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from pregnant rats and their fetuses and characterized in monolayer culture and on 3D resorbable polyester scaffolds. To determine the differences between fetal and adult fibroblasts, DNA, total protein and types I and III collagen production were measured. In addition, morphology and mechanical properties of the 3D constructs were examined. In monolayer culture, fetal fibroblasts produced significantly more types I and III collagen and displayed serum-independent growth, while adult fibroblasts elaborated less collagen and exhibited reduced cell spreading and attachment under low-serum conditions. In 3D culture, fetal constructs appeared more developed based on gross examination, with significantly more total DNA, total protein and normalized type I collagen production compared to adult specimens. Finally, after 35 days, fetal fibroblast-seeded constructs possessed superior mechanical properties compared to adult samples. Taken together, these findings indicate that fetal dermal fibroblasts may be an effective source of cells for fabricating tissue equivalents to regenerate injured tendons.
Facilitating Deployable Mechanisms and Structures Via Developable Lamina Emergent Arrays (2015)

A method is presented utilizing networks of lamina emergent joints, known as lamina emergent arrays, to accommodate large-curvature developable structures suited to deployable applications. By exploiting the ruling lines in developable surfaces, this method enables developable structures and mechanisms that can be manufactured with two-dimensional geometry and yet have a greater range of elastic motion than is possible with a solid sheet of material. Aligning the joints to the ruling lines also biases the structure to a specific deployment path. A mathematical model is developed to describe the resulting stiffness of the structure employing the lamina emergent arrays and equations are derived to facilitate stress analysis of the structure. Finite element results show the sensitivity of alignment of the elements in the array to the stress present in the developed structure. A specific technique for creating an array pattern for conical developable surfaces is described. Examples of developable structures and mechanisms, including curved-fold origami models transitioned to thick materials and two origami-inspired mechanisms, are examined.
Selective-delay push-in buffering mechanism for QoS provisioning in ATM switching nodes loaded with on-off arrival processes (2002)

We propose a new space priority mechanism, and analyze its performance in a single CBR server. The arrival process is derived from the superposition of two types of traffic, each in turn results from the superposition of homogeneous on-off sources that can be approximated by means of a two-state Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP). The buffer mechanism enables the ATM layer to adapt the quality of the cell transfer to the QoS requirements and to improve the utilization of network resources. This is achieved by "selective-delaying and pushing-in " (SDPI) cells according to the class they belong to. The scheme is applicable to schedule delay-tolerant non-real time traffic and delay-sensitive real time traffic. Analytical expressions for various performance parameters and numerical results are obtained. Simulation results in terms of the cell loss probability (CLP) conform with our numerical analysis.
Proposal of Mycoplasma buccale nom. nov. and Mycoplasma faucium nom. nov. for Mycoplasma orale "Types" 2 and 3, Respectively (1974)

Following recommendations made by the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mycoplasmatales of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology, it is proposed that Mycoplasma orale 2 and Mycoplasma orale 3 be recognized as two separate species, Mycoplasma buccale nom. nov. (type strain: CH20247; ATCC 23636) and Mycoplasma faucium nom. nov. (type strain: DC-333; ATCC 25293), respectively. The general properties and distinctive characteristics of the newly named species are summarized.
1400 volt, 5 mΩ-cm 2 SiC MOSFETs for high-speed switching (2010)

We have demonstrated 1400V SiC power MOSFETs with a specific on-resistance of 5 mΩ-cm2. Discrete SiC MOSFETs (4.5 mm × 4.5 mm) have been demonstrated with a total on-resistance of 30 mΩ. SiC MOSFETs were packaged and characterized for switching losses. When switched at 600V and 15A, SiC MOSFETs with size of 2.25mm × 4.5 mm have a total switching energy of 0.26 mJ per pulse. These devices were characterized in a buck converter to evaluate the device performance in switching applications. SiC gate oxide reliability is predicted to achieve lifetimes > 100 years at 250°C.
All-optical control of localized plasmonic resonance realized by photoalignment of liquid crystals (2013)

Large shifts in the plasmonic resonances of a thin film of gold nanorods (GNRs) are induced through the modulation of the local refractive index of the neighboring dielectric medium. This change is enabled through light-induced surface reorientation of a nematic liquid crystal in contact with a nanometer-thin photoalignment layer coating the GNR film. The presence of isolated and well distributed GNRs, both before and after the photoalignment layer deposition, is shown through atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Exposure of the photoalignment layer to polarized light is shown to reorient aligned nematic liquid crystal molecules to an orthogonal direction, thereby changing the local refractive index of the medium in close proximity to the GNR film. This large change in the local dielectric strength is shown to cause a broad red shift of the localized plasmonic longitudinal resonance and almost no shift in the local transverse resonance. The ability to remotely and quickly change the plasmonic properties of this GNR system marks a breakthrough towards the realization of all-optical plasmonic and photonic devices such as plasmonic colour filters.
Complex 2D pattern lithography at λ/4 resolution using chromeless phase lithography (CPL) (2002)

Fostered by continued advancements in the field of optical extension technologies, optical lithography continues to extend far beyond what was thought possible only a few years ago. The application of chromeless phase lithography (CPL), or '100% transmission PSM,' has been used to demonstrate the potential for achieving quarter-wavelength optical lithography (k<SUB>1</SUB> approximately 0.2). The ability to print 70 nm lines through pitch using a 248 nm, 0.70 NA wafer scanner, QUASAR off axis illumination, and a chromeless mask (CLM) has been demonstrated. However, it was confirmed by Chen, et al., that imaging complex 2D structures with high transmission CLM reticles involves very strong optical proximity effects. The need to use high NA wafer steppers with off-axis illumination in order to apply chromeless phase lithography exacerbates these effects. This phenomenon is further magnified and the interactions become more complex as the pitch between 2D structures is decreased. The nature of the proximity effects observed with chromeless phase lithography and the means to correct for them using various optical proximity correction (OPC) methods are described and explained. Patterns representing real device- like structures are used to demonstrate that data processing algorithms are feasible which can correct for the induced proximity effects and thus make it possible to incorporate CPL technology for low-k<SUB>1</SUB> production lithography.
Sex differences in pain (2015)

Substantial evidence has implicated microglia in neuropathic pain. After peripheral nerve injury, microglia in the spinal cord proliferate and increase cell-surface expression of the purinergic receptor P2X4. Activation of P2X4 receptors results in release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which acts on neurons to produce disinhibition of dorsal horn neurons which transmit nociceptive information to the brain. Disinhibition of these neurons produces pain hypersensitivity, a hallmark symptom of neuropathic pain. However, elucidating this microglia-neuronal signalling pathway was based on studies using only male rodents. Recent evidence has shown that the role of microglia in pain is sexually dimorphic. Despite similar microglia proliferation in the dorsal horn in both sexes, females do not upregulate P2X4Rs and use a microglia-independent pathway to mediate pain hypersensitivity. Instead, adaptive immune cells, possibly T cells, may mediate pain hypersensitivity in female mice. This profound sex difference highlights the importance of including subjects of both sexes in preclinical pain research.
Data from Elesclomol induces cancer cell apoptosis through oxidative stress (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Elesclomol (formerly STA-4783) is a novel small molecule undergoing clinical evaluation in a pivotal phase III melanoma trial (SYMMETRY). In a phase II randomized, double-blinded, controlled, multi-center trial in 81 patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma, treatment with elesclomol plus paclitaxel showed a statistically significant doubling of progression-free survival time compared with treatment with paclitaxel alone. Although elesclomol displays significant therapeutic activity in the clinic, the mechanism underlying its anticancer activity has not been defined previously. Here, we show that elesclomol induces apoptosis in cancer cells through the induction of oxidative stress. Treatment of cancer cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; with elesclomol resulted in the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of a transcriptional gene profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response. Inhibition of oxidative stress by the antioxidant &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acetylcysteine blocked the induction of gene transcription by elesclomol. In addition, &lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-acetylcysteine blocked drug-induced apoptosis, indicating that ROS generation is the primary mechanism responsible for the proapoptotic activity of elesclomol. Excessive ROS production and elevated levels of oxidative stress are critical biochemical alterations that contribute to cancer cell growth. Thus, the induction of oxidative stress by elesclomol exploits this unique characteristic of cancer cells by increasing ROS levels beyond a threshold that triggers cell death. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(8):2319–27]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;