gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Median Barrier Guidelines for Texas (2006)

Cross-median crashes are typically violent collisions with a high probability of multiple serious injuries and deaths. Previous research has shown that while cross-median crashes are not as common as other types of median-related crashes, they have a fatality rate that is disproportionately high. Many of these severe crossmedian crashes can be prevented with adequate barrier protection. However, the decision of whether or not to use a median barrier should take into account the overall changes in the characteristics of median-related crashes that will result, including the frequency and severity of barrier impacts. There is a need for an analysis of the characteristics of median-related crashes and an investigation into the use of median barriers to identify changes to current standards, specifications, and procedures for median barrier need, selection, and placement that will result in the highest practical level of safety. Under this project, new guidelines were developed to assist highway engineers with the evaluation of median barrier need such that the highest practical level of median safety can be achieved. The recommended guidelines are based on analysis of median-related crashes in Texas. The crash data were used to develop crash statistical models for the various types of median-related crashes. Based on the estimates derived from the frequency and severity models and crash costs used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), an economic analysis of median barrier need was performed. Guidelines for installing median barriers on divided, access-controlled freeways were developed as a function of average annual daily traffic (AADT) and median width. Guidance based on mean cross-median crash rate was also developed to assist engineers with evaluation of median barrier need on existing highway facilities.
The Discovery and Chemical Development of BMS-919373: A SelectiveIKurInhibitor for the Potential Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (2020)

This chapter describes identification and characterization of the clinical candidate from the phenylquinazoline series of I Kur inhibitors as a potential treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). An introduction to the I Kur target in the context of current standard of care options for AF and the discovery approach taken to optimize the series for potency, ion channel selectivity, metabolic stability, pharmacodynamic and safety profile leading to clinical candidate, BMS-919373 are described. The transition to process chemistry, the initial scale-up route, commercial route exploration, and commercial route development is also detailed herein.
VLSI silicon multi-gas analyzer coupling gas chromatography and NEMS detectors (2011)

This work demonstrates for the first time a VLSI-compatible nano/microfabricated, high-performance, portable multi-gas analyzer associating gas chromatography and NEMS resonators.
Viscoelastic Finite Difference Modeling II (1993)

Real earth media disperse and attenuate propagating mechanical waves. This anelastic behavior can be described well by a viscoelastic model. We have developed a finite difference simulator to model wave propagation in viscoelastic media. The finite difference method was chosen in favor of other methods for several reasons. Finite difference codes are more portable than pseudo-spectral codes for instance. Moreover, finite difference schemes provide a convenient environment in which to define complicated boundaries. Several finite difference schemes for viscoelastic wave propagation are thoroughly investigated with convergence tests, dispersion and stability analyses. We illustrate our method and the importance of accurately modeling anelastic media through 2-D and 3-D examples from shallow marine environments.
Evolution of DNA Sequence Nonhomologies among Maize Inbreds (2005)

Allelic chromosomal regions totaling more than 2.8 Mb and located on maize (Zea mays) chromosomes 1L, 2S, 7L, and 9S have been sequenced and compared over distances of 100 to 350 kb between the two maize inbred lines Mo17 and B73. The alleles contain extended regions of nonhomology. On average, more than 50% of the compared sequence is noncolinear, mainly because of the insertion of large numbers of long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons. Only 27 LTR-retroelements are shared between alleles, whereas 62 are allele specific. The insertion of LTR-retrotransposons into the maize genome is statistically more recent for nonshared than shared ones. Most surprisingly, more than one-third of the genes (27/72) are absent in one of the inbreds at the loci examined. Such nonshared genes usually appear to be truncated and form clusters in which they are oriented in the same direction. However, the nonshared genome segments are gene-poor, relative to regions shared by both inbreds, with up to 12-fold difference in gene density. By contrast, miniature inverted terminal repeats (MITEs) occur at a similar frequency in the shared and nonshared fractions. Many times, MITES are present in an identical position in both LTRs of a retroelement, indicating that their insertion occurred before the replication of the retroelement in question. Maize ESTs and/or maize massively parallel signature sequencing tags were identified for the majority of the nonshared genes or homologs of them. In contrast with shared genes, which are usually conserved in gene order and location relative to rice (Oryza sativa), nonshared genes violate the maize colinearity with rice. Based on this, insertion by a yet unknown mechanism, rather than deletion events, seems to be the origin of the nonshared genes. The intergenic space between conserved genes is enlarged up to sixfold in maize compared with rice. Frequently, retroelement insertions create a different sequence environment adjacent to conserved genes.
Effect of Intravesical Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Mitomycin C on Urinary Survivin Levels and Outcome (2003)

The presence of urinary survivin 1 month after the completion of treatment predicts TCC recurrence with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity. Specificity to predict TCC recurrence increases to 92% after 1 year. No TCC recurred for 1 year in 12 of the 14 subjects with a posttreatment survivin level of 0.1 ng or less per ml urine. Three of the 4 subjects who were survivin positive but in remission 1 month after the completion of treatment had recurrent TCC within 1 year. Subjects who have urinary survivin after the completion of intravesical instillation have a high likelihood of TCC recurrence.
Assessment of Conjunctival Microvascular Hemodynamics in Stages of Diabetic Microvasculopathy (2017)

Diabetes impairs the microcirculation and function of various vital tissues throughout the body. The conjunctival microcirculation can be non-invasively imaged and thus enables assessment of microvascular hemodynamics. In this study, alterations in conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics were quantitatively assessed at stages of increasing diabetic microvasculopathy based on diabetic retinopathy (DR). Subjects were categorized into non-diabetic control (C, N = 34), no clinically visible DR (NDR, N = 47), non-proliferative DR (NPDR, N = 45), and proliferative DR (PDR, N = 35). Conjunctival hemodynamic descriptors, namely vessel diameter (D), blood velocity (V), blood flow (Q), wall shear rate (WSR), and wall shear stress (WSS) were measured in arterioles and venules, and compared between DR and C subjects using generalized linear mixed models. In arterioles, V, WSR, and WSS were lower in NDR (P ≤ 0.01). V was lower in NDR than NPDR and PDR subjects (P ≤ 0.02). In venules, D was higher in NDR and NPDR (P ≤ 0.03), while V was lower in PDR (P = 0.04). Venular V and Q were higher in NPDR than PDR subjects (P ≤ 0.04). WSR and WSS were lower in all stages of DR (P ≤ 0.05), suggestive of the potential of WSS as a marker of diabetic microvasculopathy. Quantitative assessment of conjunctival hemodynamics can potentially be useful for evaluation of diabetic microvasculopathy.
Robust visual servoing based on relative orientation (2003)

In this paper the problem of controlling the spatial position and orientation of a robotic platform based on the image data obtained from a video camera mounted on that platform is considered. More specifically, we propose control laws that generate translational and angular velocities that will cause the robot to achieve and maintain a fixed position and orientation with respect to a set of feature points in the scene. The proposed control schemes make use of well established techniques for computing estimates for the relative orientation of two camera positions from a set of feature correspondences. An important advantage of these control schemes is that it is possible to demonstrate analytically that they are globally convergent even in the presence of large calibration errors in both the intrinsic parameters of the camera and in the extrinsic parameters which relate the frame of reference of the camera to the body frame of the robot platform which is being controlled. Furthermore no a priori knowledge about the structure of the scene is assumed.
Single cell differential impedance spectroscopy analys using high density hydrodynamic cell trapping arrays. (2006)

We present a novel device for performing differential impedance spectroscopic analysis of single cells hydrodynamically captured in an array of trapping sites. The method combines the advantages offered by impedimetric analysis used for flow cytometry with the ability to capture multiple single cells and perform long-term transient and steady state analysis. We have tested the device by capturing single polystyrene beads and HeLa cells and measuring differential impedance responses.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Expressing CXCL14 Rely upon NOS1-Derived Nitric Oxide Signaling for Their Tumor-Supporting Properties (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 53KB, Enhanced activation of Hif1α-signaling in CXCL14-fibroblasts.&lt;/p&gt;
Evaluation of characterization methods of printer MTF (2007)

We explore two recent methods for measuring the Modeling Transfer Function of a printing system<sup>12</sup>. We investigate the dependency on the amplitude when using the sinusoidal patches of the method proposed in<sup>1</sup> and show that for too small amplitudes the measurement of the MTF is not trustworthy. For the method proposed in<sup>2</sup> we discuss the underlying theory and in particular the use of a significance test for a statistical analysis. Finally we compare both methods with respect our application - the processing and printing of photographic images.
Modular Polyketide Synthases (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Prototypical Polyketide Biosynthesis Polyketide Double Bonds Atypical PKS Domains Acknowledgments References
The Type 2 Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction: Synthesis and Chemistry of Bridgehead Alkenes (2001)

Anti-Bredt alkenes, bicyclic molecules that contain a bridgehead double bond, were for many years regarded as chemical curiosities. The type 2 intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction provides a one-step entry into this fascinating class of molecules. The reaction has made available numerous anti-Bredt alkenes for structural and chemical studies. X-ray crystallography has revealed the magnitude of the deformations associated with the bridgehead double bond, and rate studies of reactions of bridgehead alkenes have allowed quantification of the kinetic consequences of the torsional distortions. More recently, the type 2 intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction and the resulting anti-Bredt alkenes have found application in organic synthesis. The constraints resulting from the connectivity in the Diels–Alder precursor creates a strong regio- and stereochemical bias in the cycloaddition step. The end result of this bias is the stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted six-membered rings. The reaction also achieves a facile synthesis of seven- and eight-membered rings in a single step from acyclic precursors. The utility of this reaction has been verified in recent applications of the type 2 IMDA reaction as a key step in the total synthesis of complex natural products.
A randomized phase II trial of abiraterone, olaparib or abiraterone + olaparib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with DNA repair defects. (2017)

TPS5086 Background: Approximately 20% of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) harbor mutations in genes encoding DNA repair proteins (e.g. ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, RAD51, CHEK2, FANCA). These mutations impact base excision repair and alternative end-joining, which rely on the activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Olaparib (olap) inhibits PARP and showed activity in a post hoc analysis in mCRPC patients with DNA repair defects (DRD). In a subgroup analysis of the NCI 9012 trial evaluating abiraterone (abi) +/- veliparib (a PARP inhibitor), patients with DRD in both treatment groups had a &gt; 80% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate and prolonged progression free survival (PFS) (13.8 mos vs. 7.8 mos; P = 0.01). Preclinical data suggests interactions between androgen signaling and PARP activity. These observations provide the rationale to evaluate the efficacy of olap, abi or the combination in patients with DRD. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, open-label phase 2 clinical trial with a primary endpoint of objective PFS (radiographic + clinical). Secondary endpoints: objective disease and PSA response rates. Analysis of tumor specimens, circulating tumor cells/DNA will be performed. Eligible patients with progressive mCRPC, no prior mCRPC therapy with tumor loss of ATM, BRCA1 or BRCA2 (based on known germline loss, prior CLIA certified tumor analysis or new metastatic biopsy) will be stratified by germline vs. somatic mutational status and randomized 1:1:1 to abi (1000 mg daily) + prednisone (5 mg bid), olap (300 mg daily) or olap + abi + prednisone (same doses). Patients in single agent arms may cross over to opposite single agent therapy at progression. An exploratory cohort of patients with DNA repair defects besides ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2 may receive olap. Statistical analysis will provide median, 12-month, and 24-month product-limit estimates of PFS by treatment arm. The study is recruiting 60 randomized patients at sites in the US. The trial is coordinated by the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium, LLC and funded by AstraZeneca. Clinical trial information: NCT03012321.
Learn How to Choose: Independent Detectors Versus Composite Visual Phrases (2017)

Most approaches for scene parsing, recognition or retrieval use detectors that are either (i) independently trained or (ii) jointly trained for conjunctions of object-object or object-attribute phrases. We posit that neither of these two extremes is uniformly optimal, in terms of performance, across all categories and conjunctions. The choice of whether one should train an independent or composite detector should be made for each possible conjunction separately, and depends on the statistics of the dataset as well. For example, person holding phone may be more accurately modeled using a single composite detector, while tall person may be more accurately modeled as combination of two detectors. We extensively study this issue in the context of multiple problems and datasets. Further, for e ciency, we propose a predictor that is based on a number of category speci c features (e.g., sample size, entropy, etc.) for whether independent or joint composite detector may be more accurate for a given conjunction. We show that our prediction and selection mechanism generalizes and leads to improved performance on a number of large-scale datasets and vision tasks.
Detection of sialic acid residues in the axonal reticulum of rat superior cervical ganglion cells by lectin-gold cytochemistry. (1990)

Highly glycosylated compounds have been demonstrated in the axonal reticulum elements of the superior cervical ganglion cells of the rat, and this is considered to suggest a connection of the reticulum with the trans Golgi side. In the present study, the axonal reticulum and the Golgi elements were further characterized by post-embedding methods of lectin-gold cytochemistry to determine their carbohydrate residues and to see, more specifically, if sialic acid residues could be detected in the axonal reticulum elements. Therefore, the affinity of neuronal cell structures for Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I) was tested in ultra-thin sections of glycolmethacrylate-embedded material, counterstained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) at low pH. The trans Golgi network, the Golgi-associated axonal reticulum, the reticulum within axons, the large dense-cored vesicles, and the plasma membranes were reactive for all three lectins used. We conclude that the axonal reticulum elements carry sialic acid residues, relating them to the trans Golgi network. The present results support the concept that the axonal reticulum is an extension of the trans network of the Golgi apparatus specialized for neurosecretion.
Study of global frequency dynamic behavior of large power systems (2005)

A global view of power system's frequency behavior electromechanical wave phenomenon of power system opens up a new window for analyzing system dynamics. With the aid of global positioning system (GPS), measurements from different locations would have synchronous time; therefore a system-wide observation and analysis would be possible. As part of the US-wide power frequency monitoring network project (FNET), this paper focus on simulation study results of power frequency dynamics of major US systems (e.g. WSCC, Eastern US). The study assesses the frequency measurement accuracy needed to observe frequency oscillations from events such as remote generation drops. Electromechanical wave propagation phenomena during system disturbances have been observed. The speeds of electromechanical wave propagation in different areas of the US systems were estimated and their characteristics were discussed. Simulation of the 2003 August 14 northeastern US blackout is given as an example to show wide area monitoring systems such as FNET could have provided crucial information for possible remedial actions.
Design of high speed GaInAs/InP p-i-n photodetectors (1990)

The material and design constraints for high speed InGaAs/InP p-i-n photodetectors and the operation of such devices are discussed. The photodetector wafer was grown on
FS-model predictive control of microgrid interface converters for reactive power and harmonic compensation (2016)

Microgrids can be controlled to optimize the generation and consumption of energy in a bounded geographical area which, in the global current scenario, facilitates the integration of distributed energy resources to the main grid. Additionally, some ancillary services, such as support of grid instabilities or power quality improvements, can be also obtained modifying the microgrid control scheme. In this paper, the compensation of reactive power and harmonic components in the main grid current using the microgrid interface converter is proposed. Using predictive current control for fast dynamical response and an energy-based model to avoid linear approximation the microgrid converter works as an active filter while the microgrid DC bus is regulated to the desired voltage. Simulations results for a 80 kW microgrid connected to the main grid is presented to support theoretical analysis.
DNA assembly for nanopore data storage readout (2019)

Synthetic DNA is becoming an attractive substrate for digital data storage due to its density, durability, and relevance in biological research. A major challenge in making DNA data storage a reality is that reading DNA back into data using sequencing by synthesis remains a laborious, slow and expensive process. Here, we demonstrate successful decoding of 1.67 megabytes of information stored in short fragments of synthetic DNA using a portable nanopore sequencing platform. We design and validate an assembly strategy for DNA storage that drastically increases the throughput of nanopore sequencing. Importantly, this assembly strategy is generalizable to any application that requires nanopore sequencing of small DNA amplicons.
Peripheral nerve and neuromuscular junction pathology in Pompe disease (2014)

Pompe disease is a systemic metabolic disorder characterized by lack of acid-alpha glucosidase (GAA) resulting in ubiquitous lysosomal glycogen accumulation. Respiratory and ambulatory dysfunction are prominent features in patients with Pompe yet the mechanism defining the development of muscle weakness is currently unclear. Transgenic animal models of Pompe disease mirroring the patient phenotype have been invaluable in mechanistic and therapeutic study. Here, we demonstrate significant pathological alterations at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of the diaphragm and tibialis anterior muscle as prominent features of disease pathology in Gaa knockout mice. Postsynaptic defects including increased motor endplate area and fragmentation were readily observed in Gaa(-/-) but not wild-type mice. Presynaptic neuropathic changes were also evident, as demonstrated by significant reduction in the levels of neurofilament proteins, and alterations in axonal fiber diameter and myelin thickness within the sciatic and phrenic nerves. Our data suggest the loss of NMJ integrity is a primary contributor to the decline in respiratory and ambulatory function in Pompe and arises from both pre- and postsynaptic pathology. These observations highlight the importance of systemic phenotype correction, specifically restoration of GAA to skeletal muscle and the nervous system for treatment of Pompe disease.
Lamellar nanostructure in ‘Somasif’-based organoclays (2007)

Abstract Thermally induced lamellar structure changes due to phase transition and degradation in organoclays based on a synthetic ‘Somasif’ mineral and two organic surfactants, di-methyl dihydro-ditallow ammonia chloride (DMDTA) and tri-butyl-hexadecyl phosphonium bromide (HTBP) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, in situ simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) over the temperature range 30–280°C. Results indicated that the surfactant layer in ‘Somasif’-based organoclays underwent thermally induced melting-like order-disorder transition followed by desorption of surfactant molecules, resulting in drastic changes in the character of the layer periodicity. The transition temperature ( T tr ), determined from the endothermic transition in DSC, was found to depend strongly on the type and the content of surfactant incorporated. Temperature-resolved SAXS indicated complex intercalated layered structures, containing multiple lamellar stack populations of two different organic layer thicknesses. A weak scattering peak ( s 0 ), located at exactly the half angular position of the strong first scattering maximum s 1 ( s 0 = 0.5 s 1 ), was found in all tested ‘Somasif’ clays. The presence of this peak can be attributed to a slight breaking of the translational symmetry in the layered structure, causing the 1D repeat period in real space to be doubled. In other words, some portions of layers are grouped into pairs and a single pair forms the new repeat unit. This arrangement is reminiscent of the Peierls-like distortion.