gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disorder−Order Transition in Mesoscopic Silica Thin Films (2000)

Electron microscopy has been used to study the mesoscopic (nanometer-level) and microscopic (micrometer-level) structural evolution of mesoscopic silica thin films grown at the air−water interface under dilute, acidic (pH < 2) conditions. Transmission electron microscope observations reveal that the film begins with a disordered (amorphous) structure. Over time, mesoscopically ordered regions (hexagonally packed cylindrical channels) nucleate and grow within the film. Scanning electron microscopy reveals microscopic structural features such as ribbons, protrusions, domain boundaries, microindentations, and pits. Our work shows that mesoscopic order develops within the film through a “disorder to order transition.” Our observations also clarify the role of the air−water interface in confining film growth to two dimensions during the initial stages. We note that a two-dimensional (in-plane) to three-dimensional (unconstrained) growth transition occurs when the film exceeds a critical thickness. We extend the current understanding of the structural evolution of the film by providing a detailed mechanism for the development of mesoscopic order and microscopic features and consider the possibility of a universal growth mechanism for films and particles.
Design of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides Embedded in Air-Slot Waveguide (2011)

We propose a design method of slow-light slot waveguide based on one-dimensional photonic crystal coupled resonator optical waveguides (1-D PC-CROWs). We show that slot waveguides proposed here realize small group velocity and low-loss simultaneously.
A Multiphase Series-Capacitor Buck Converter with Reduced Flying Capacitor Volume and Auxiliary Start-Up Circuit (2019)

This paper introduces a modification to the conventional multiphase series-capacitor (SC) buck converter topology that transforms it into a more suitable candidate for emerging high step-down, high current point-of-load (PoL) applications. The introduced topology reduces the total energy storage of the flying capacitors (FC), compared to an equivalently-phase conventional SC topology, as a result of lowering their respective steady-state voltages. This translates into easier procurement of capacitors and greater than 33% smaller FC volume due to lower capacitive derating. The converter also includes an unobtrusive auxiliary switch to facilitate the pre-charging of each FC to near their steady-state voltage such that the critical high current-carrying synchronous rectifiers (SR) never experience a voltage stress equal to the supply voltage. This advantageous property subsequently enables the designer to safely use lower voltage / higher figure-of-merit (FoM) SRs to boost operating efficiency. An interleaved 4-phase discrete prototype was developed for 48-V nominal input and 1.0-1.8-V output at 140-A load to confirm diminished SR voltage stress during start-up that ultimately improves efficiency at heavy-load.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF BENZALDEHYDE, BENZYL ALCOHOL AND BENZYL BENZOATE FROM BENZOIC ACID IN CRANBERRY (VACCINIUM MACROCARPON) (1978)

The aroma complex of cranberry contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate as major components, and [7-14C] benzoic acid was converted into benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, and minor amounts of other benzyl and benzoate esters in tissue slices of ripe cranberry. Hydrolysis of the benzyl benzoate indicated that label was about equally distributed between benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol. [7-14C] benzaldehyde was converted in tissue slices into benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate, and hydrolysis of the ester indicated that only the alcohol moiety was labeled. Incubation of cranberry tissue slices with [7-14C] benzyl alcohol yielded primarily benzyl benzoate, and only the alcohol portion of the ester was labeled. All biosynthetic products were identified by radio chromatographic analysis and by preparation of derivatives, and the direct incorporation of precursors into biosynthetic products was demonstrated by chemical degradation studies. These results strongly suggest that, in the biosynthesis of benzyl benzoate, benzoic acid is first reduced to benzaldehyde, followed by reduction of the aldehyde to benzyl alcohol which is subsequently esterified. None of the aforementioned transformations of [14C] benzoic acid and its derivatives could be demonstrated in tissue slices from unripe (green) cranberry, suggesting that development of the ability to synthesize volatile benzenoid compounds is associated with ripening.
Dual input hybrid buck LC converter for a mixed wind and PV array generation system (2012)

A small power, mixed wind and PV array generation system (WPVGS) working in off-grid regime, that comprises a dual input hybrid buck LC converter (HBLC) with high ratio of the input/ output voltage, a battery bank and a corresponding energy management control is presented in this paper. Analytical description, digital simulation and experimental results are given for the HBLC. The control technique uses the maximum power point (MPP) tracking or power regulation (PR) modes for the input renewable energy sources, taking into account the battery state of charge (SOC). Digital simulations of the WPVGS show the behaviour of the system in three possible operating modes.
Light interaction in sapphire/MgF2/Al triple-layer omnidirectional reflectors in AlGaN-based near ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (2015)

This study examined systematically the mechanism of light interaction in the sapphire/MgF2/Al triple-layer omnidirectional reflectors (ODR) and its effects on the light output power in near ultraviolet light emitting diodes (NUV-LEDs) with the ODR. The light output power of NUV-LEDs with the triple-layer ODR structure increased with decreasing surface roughness of the sapphire backside in the ODR. Theoretical modeling of the roughened surface suggests that the dependence of the reflectance of the triple-layer ODR structure on the surface roughness can be attributed mainly to light absorption by the Al nano-structures and the trapping of scattered light in the MgF2 layer. Furthermore, the ray tracing simulation based upon the theoretical modeling showed good agreement with the measured reflectance of the ODR structure in diffuse mode.
Comparison of Three Feedback Modalities for Haptics Sensation in Remote Machine Manipulation (2021)

Previous studies have verified the usefulness of visual haptics for achieving the appropriate grasping force and task success rate to operate remote machines. However, its capabilities have not been evaluated objectively and quantitatively. We comprehensively compare three feedback modalities (i.e., sound, vibration, and light) for providing pseudo-haptic information on contact with an object, which we apply to grasping an object with a remotely operated robot arm. Experimental results verify that the light modality (i.e., visual haptics) minimizes the grasping force and processing load in the operator's brain. We then develop a prototype of a remote machine to demonstrate the feasibility of visual haptic feedback. We consider three implementations (i.e., a light-emitting diode, model-based superimposition, and model-less superimposition) to verify the performance. The results show that visual haptics can stabilize the performance of delicate tasks such as grasping and carrying fragile raw eggs and potato chips. We demonstrate that our visual haptics method (i.e., superimposing haptic information as images on the contact points of the robot's fingertips) can significantly improve the operability of remote machines without the need for highly complex and expensive interfaces.
First X‐Ray Crystal Structure and Internal Reference Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy Study of the Prototypical Posner Reagent, MeCu(SPh)Li(THF)3 (2013)

Grow slow: The usual direct treatment of MeLi and CuSPh did not yield X-ray quality crystals of MeCu(SPh)Li. An indirect method starting from Me2CuLi⋅LiSPh and chalcone afforded the desired crystals by the slow reaction of the intermediate π-complex (see scheme). This strategy produced the first X-ray crystal structure of a Posner cuprate. A complementary NMR study showed that the contact ion pair was also the main species in solution.
Unraveling ancient hexaploidy through multiply-aligned angiosperm gene maps (2008)

Large-scale (segmental or whole) genome duplication has been recurring in angiosperm evolution. Subsequent gene loss and rearrangements further affect gene copy numbers and fractionate ancestral gene linkages across multiple chromosomes. The fragmented "multiple-to-multiple" correspondences resulting from this distinguishing feature of angiosperm evolution complicates comparative genomic studies. Using a robust computational framework that combines information from multiple orthologous and duplicated regions to construct local syntenic networks, we show that a shared ancient hexaploidy event (or perhaps two roughly concurrent genome fusions) can be inferred based on the sequences from several divergent plant genomes. This "paleo-hexaploidy" clearly preceded the rosid-asterid split, but it remains equivocal whether it also affected monocots. The model resulting from our multi-alignments lays the foundation for approximating the number and arrangement of genes in the last universal common ancestor of angiosperms. Comparative analysis of inferred homologous genes derived from this model shows patterns of preferential gene retention or loss after polyploidy and reveals large variability of nucleotide substitution rates among plant nuclear genomes.
Estimation of Hybridization and Introgression Frequency in Toads (Genus: Bufo) Using DNA Sequence Variation at Mitochondrial and Nuclear Loci (2008)

Habitat disturbance leading to the breakdown of ecological barriers has resulted in hybridization between numerous sympatric species and the decline or extinction of the parental species. Despite strong postzygotic selection, hybridization occurs between two normally ecologically isolated toad species, the Gulf Coast Toad (Bufo nebulifer) and Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri). This hybridization has potentially contributed to a decline of the rarer species, B. fowleri. Putative hybrids may be morphologically cryptic; therefore, molecular methods were used to identify them. We used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify hybrids, and mitochondrial sequence variation in a segment of the 12S and 16S rRNA region was also used to identify maternal ancestry of hybrids and seek evidence of directional hybridization and introgression of male B. nebulifer with female B. fowleri. Seventy-two individuals of both species from nine breeding populations were directly sequenced. Twelve species-specific SNPs from a 333 base pair fragment in a nuclear intron of the Rhodopsin gene were used to identify each species, and two male hybrids were identified based on heterozygosity at these sites. The possession of a different mtDNA sequence by each hybrid indicated an alternate maternal lineage from each of the parental species and identified the hybrids as progeny from each reciprocal cross. Use of mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers allowed unambiguous identification of hybrids and their maternal parent that could not have been performed without the use of both datasets. We also investigated phylogenetic relationships among B. fowleri and its close relatives in the B. americanus species complex using mitochondrial sequence variation.
Some Thoughts on Barry M. Trost and Natural Products (2020)

Abstract Barry and I share a common interest in natural products. In his career, Barry covered all the subfields: isolation, structural determination, synthesis and biological characterization, me too but at a more modest level. I am approaching retirement and I have dedicated all my scientific life to all aspects of natural products chemistry. Based on my own experience and on examples extracted from Barry's immense production, I wish to show some of the fascinating facets of the field, examples of problems that remain to be solved and underline difficulties associated with the development of new drugs from Nature's warehouse.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2016)

CRT in patients with dilated/end-stage HCM does not appear to confer a salutary effect on ventricular function. In medium-term follow-up, however, left ventricular function did not appear to deteriorate further, yet advanced heart failure therapy was common in this group.
1H‐decoupling and Isotopic Labeling for the Measurement of the Longitudinal Relaxation Time of Hyperpolarized 13C‐Methylenes in Choline Analogs (2019)

Abstract The T 1 of a hyperpolarized site in solution is a key parameter that determines the time‐window in which its NMR signals are observable. For 13 C sites adjacent to protons, 1 H‐decoupling has been shown to increase the hyperpolarized signal resolution and SNR. Additionally, polarization transfer to protons has shown utility in increasing the sensitivity of detection. However, 1 H‐decoupling could lead to a change in the decay rate of a hyperpolarized 13 C site. Here we tested this possible effect in a case where the protons are directly bound to an sp 3 hyperpolarized 13 C site (using [1,2‐ 13 C 2 ]choline) and 1 H‐decoupling was applied continuously throughout the hyperpolarized decay measurement. We found that 1 H‐decoupling did not lead to any significant changes in the 13 C polarization decay time but did result in the expected collapse of J‐coupling and produced sharper signals. This result suggested that 1 H‐decoupling did not affect the decay rate of hyperpolarized sp 3 13 C sites. The deuterium‐substitution approach (using [1,1,2,2‐D 4 ,1‐ 13 C]choline) showed a dramatic prolongation of T 1 . Upper bounds on the T 1 of all investigated sites were calculated.
Differential sensitization of cardiac actions of adenosine in rats after chronic theophylline treatment (1993)

To determine the effect of chronic adenosine receptor blockade on atrial responsiveness, we administered theophylline to rats in their drinking water (0.6 mg/ml) for 2 wk. Inotropic and chronotropic responses to the adenosine receptor agonists N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)-adenosine (NECA) were then measured in isolated atria from treated and control animals. The indirect (antiadrenergic) actions of CPA and NECA on force and rate, measured during beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation by isoproterenol, were markedly sensitized (2- to 10-fold reductions in the agonist concentration needed to obtain a half-maximal response) after theophylline. The sensitization was homologous because inotropic and chronotropic responses to carbachol were not affected by theophylline. The direct negative inotropic and chronotropic actions of CPA and NECA, measured without concomitant beta-adrenergic stimulation, were not sensitized after theophylline. The number of atrial A1-receptors, measured by antagonist radioligand binding (maximum specific binding at saturation), was increased by 22% in theophylline-treated rats [66.2 +/- 3.4 vs. 54.3 +/- 1.9 (control) fmol/mg protein, P < 0.05]. Competition binding indicated that the fraction of coupled (high-affinity) receptors was unchanged. The number of ventricular A1-receptors was increased to a similar extent without any change in coupling. Thus chronic dietary theophylline upregulated cardiac A1-adenosine receptors without changing coupling state or affinity and sensitized rat atria to the indirect, antiadrenergic, inhibitory inotropic and chronotropic actions of adenosine receptor agonists.
Personal verification system based on retina and SURF descriptors (2016)

Today, Human recognition, especially based on retina, has been an important and attractive topic of scientific research. Most efforts in Biometrics tend to develop more efficient systems which compromise speed and robustness of authentication. In fact, retinal images often suffer from imperfections such as background intensity variation, affine transformations (translation, rotation, scale changes, etc.) variations from pattern to other. These defects can seriously affect features extraction in terms of quality and execution time. In this context, in order to overcome these defects, we propose in this paper a novel retinal verification system based on the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) extraction. This feature extraction method is so fast and invariant to the affine transformations such as rotation, scale changes and translation. We employ the Optical Disc interest Ring (ODR) method as a preprocessing step in order to further speed up the system and improve the performance. A subset of the VARIA database is used to evaluate the proposed SURF based system. It compromises a high quality with 100% of verification accuracy rate and a time processing very lower than existing verification systems.
Top surface imaging through silylation (1998)

Top surface imaging provides one process alternative for 193 nm lithography and is an important aspect of the EUV imaging strategy. This paper describes an effort to characterize the fundamental mechanisms underlying the silylation process. The extent of silylation has been measured as a function of exposure dose using FTIR spectroscopy. These studies demonstrate that for certain polymers, the extent of silylation has a nonlinear dependence on exposure dose. Simulation modeling has demonstrated how this nonlinearity may contribute to improved contrast. The influence of resist optical density on the shape of the silylated image has also been simulated, and these results have helped guide the design of polymers with the optimal optical density. The TSI processes function on the basis of photogenerated differences in the reactive transport of the silylating agent into and through the resist film. We are exploring alternative mechanisms for photo-induced changes in the permeability of the silylating agent. The results of these studies will be presented.
Burg estimation of radar covariance matrix for mixtures of Gaussian stationary distributions (2014)

We propose three estimators for the covariance matrix of a continuous mixture of Gaussian stationary autoregressive vectors. For Gaussian autoregressive processes, Burg methods are often used in case of stationarity for their efficiency when few samples are available. Unfortunately, if we directly apply these methods to estimate the common covariance matrix of N vectors coming from a non-Gaussian distribution, the efficiency will strongly decrease. We propose then to adapt these methods to mixtures of Gaussian vectors by changing the energy functional to minimize in the Burg algorithm.
Fibrosis Progression in Hepatitis C Positive Liver Recipients After Sustained Virologic Response to Antiviral Combination Therapy (Interferon???Ribavirin Therapy) (2007)

The rate of fibrosis progression was analyzed in 28 hepatitis C virus-infected liver graft recipients showing sustained virologic response after treatment with ribavirin plus either standard interferon alpha-2b (n=8), pegylated interferon alpha-2b (n=8), or pegylated interferon alpha-2a (n=12). Protocol biopsies before treatment as well as one, three, and five years after treatment showed no significant increase in mean fibrosis scores within the first three years after treatment (mean score at baseline 1.8 and at one and three years 2.0 and 2.1, respectively). Five years after cessation of treatment, the mean fibrosis score declined to 1.4 (P=0.2). Six of 28 patients (21%) showed an increase in fibrosis, five (18%) a decrease, and 17 (60%) no changes. The yearly fibrosis progression rate was 0.75 before treatment and 0.15 after antiviral treatment. Sustained virologic response is associated with a deceleration of fibrosis progression and might therefore play a major role in prevention of graft cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected liver graft recipients.
HPCS HPCchallenge Benchmark Suite (2005)

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) HPCchallenge Benchmarks examine the performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) architectures using kernels with more challenging memory access patterns than just the High Performance LINPACK (HPL) benchmark used in the Top 500 list. The HPCchallenge Benchmarks build on the HPL framework and augment the Top 500 list by providing benchmarks that bound the performance of many real applications as a function of memory access locality characteristics. The real utility of the HPCchallenge benchmarks are that architectures can be described with a wider range of metrics than just Flop/s from HPL. Even a small percentage of random memory accesses in real applications can significantly affect the overall performance of that application on architectures not designed to minimize or hide memory latency. The HPCchallenge Benchmarks includes a new metric Giga UPdates per Second and a new benchmark RandomAccess to measure the ability of an architecture to access memory randomly, i.e., with no locality. When looking only at HPL performance and the Top 500 List, inexpensive build-your-own clusters appear to be much more cost effective than more sophisticated HPC architectures. HPCchallenge Benchmarks provide users with additional information to justify policy and purchasing decisions. We will compare the measured HPCchallenge Benchmark performance on various HPC architectures from Cray XIs to Beowulf clusters in the presentation and paper. Additional information on the HPCchallenge Benchmarks can be found at http://icl. cs.utk.edu/hpcc/
Remote and local drivers of Pleistocene South Asian summer monsoon precipitation: A test for future predictions (2021)

South Asian precipitation amount and extreme variability are predicted to increase due to thermodynamic effects of increased 21st-century greenhouse gases, accompanied by an increased supply of moisture from the southern hemisphere Indian Ocean. We reconstructed South Asian summer monsoon precipitation and runoff into the Bay of Bengal to assess the extent to which these factors also operated in the Pleistocene, a time of large-scale natural changes in carbon dioxide and ice volume. South Asian precipitation and runoff are strongly coherent with, and lag, atmospheric carbon dioxide changes at Earth's orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession bands and are closely tied to cross-equatorial wind strength at the precession band. We find that the projected monsoon response to ongoing, rapid high-latitude ice melt and rising carbon dioxide levels is fully consistent with dynamics of the past 0.9 million years.
Cover Image, Volume 34, Issue 3 (2023)

The cover image is based on the Original Article Clinical use conditions of lead deployment and simulated lead fracture rate in left bundle branch area pacing by Jiangang Zou MD et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.15843.