gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of PI-RADS Version 2 in Transition Zone Lesions for the Detection of Prostate Cancer (2018)

Purpose To determine the association between Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 scores and prostate cancer (PCa) in a cohort of patients undergoing biopsy of transition zone (TZ) lesions. Materials and Methods A total of 634 TZ lesions in 457 patients were identified from a prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients undergoing prostate magnetic resonance imaging. Prostate lesions were retrospectively categorized with the PI-RADS version 2 system by two readers in consensus who were blinded to histopathologic findings. The proportion of cancer detection for all PCa and for clinically important PCa (Gleason score ≥3+4) for each PI-RADS version 2 category was determined. The performance of PI-RADS version 2 in cancer detection was evaluated. Results For PI-RADS category 2 lesions, the overall proportion of cancers was 4% (one of 25), without any clinically important cancer. For PI-RADS category 3, 4, and 5 lesions, the overall proportion of cancers was 22.2% (78 of 352), 39.1% (43 of 110), and 87.8% (129 of 147), respectively, and the proportion of clinically important cancers was 11.1% (39 of 352), 29.1% (32 of 110), and 77.6% (114 of 147), respectively. Higher PI-RADS version 2 scores were associated with increasing likelihood of the presence of clinically important PCa (P < .001). Differences were found in the percentage of cancers in the PI-RADS category between PI-RADS 3 and those upgraded to PI-RADS 4 based on diffusion-weighted imaging for clinically important cancers (proportion for clinically important cancers for PI-RADS 3 and PI-RADS 3+1 were 11.1% [39 of 352] and 30.8% [28 of 91], respectively; P < .001). Conclusion Higher PI-RADS version 2 scores are associated with a higher proportion of clinically important cancers in the TZ. PI-RADS category 2 lesions rarely yield PCa, and their presence does not justify targeted biopsy.
<title>Anisotropic photonic-bandgap structures</title> (2002)

We show that introducing anisotropy into periodic dielectric structures leads to new optical phenomena as well as to a new approach to a variety of applications. One-dimensional anisotropic structures allow a new type of chiral twist defect resulting in a localized photonic mode with unusual properties. Unlike isotropic layers of alternating index of refraction, where the periodicity can be destroyed only by changing the refractive index or thickness of a layer, a defect can be created in anisotropic media by introducing an additional rotation between consecutive layers. Computer simulations show that introducing an additional rotation in the middle of a sample with cholesteric ordering produces a localized state whose frequency can be tuned from one edge of the photonic stop band to the other by varying the angle of rotation from 0 to 180 degrees. Most of the energy of this mode exists as a circularly polarized standing wave with the same handedness as the structure, independent of the polarization of the exciting wave. This localized mode gives rise to a crossover in the nature of propagation. Below a crossover thickness, the localized mode is excited only by a wave with the same handedness as the structure and exhibits a peak in transmission at the defect frequency. Above the crossover, however, the defect mode can be excited only by the oppositely polarized wave and a resonant peak appears in reflection. Simulations for lengths below the crossover are in agreement with measurements of microwave transmission through stacks of overhead transparencies, ordered in the same way as the molecular layers of a cholesteric liquid crystal. Three types of defect are introduced: (1) an additional 90 degrees rotation, (2) an additional 45 degrees rotation, and (3) a combination of a 45 degrees rotation and a quarter-wavelength separation.
Low power and area efficient image segmentation VLSI architecture using 2-dimensional pixel-block scanning (2009)

We report a pixel-block scanning image segmentation VLSI based on a region-growing approach. Using the two techniques of (i) a limited scan to the boundary of each grown region and (ii) continued block-internal region growing, we have improved the overall segmentation speed and power consumption in comparison to a previous design. We evaluated the segmentation performance by MATLAB simulation and an ASIC design. The scan block shape and size are scalable, and can be optimized to fulfill segmentation speed, power consumption, and implementation area requirements. The pixel-parallel segmentation unit area could be reduced to 1/10 by changing the pixel-block size from 80 × 2 pixels to 4 × 4 pixels, which still enables real-time segmentation performance.
Robustness of partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in filters with methanol and glycerol as carbon sources (2023)

We demonstrate the potential of partial denitrification-anammox filters to retrofit plants into sustainable and cost-effective nitrogen removal systems.
Towards accessible search systems (2011)

The SIGIR workshop Towards Accessible Search Systems was the first workshop in the field to raise the discussion on how to make search engines accessible for different types of users. We report on the results of the workshop that was held on 23 July 2010 in conjunction with the 33rd Annual ACM SIGIR Conference in Geneva, Switzerland.
Local Charge Injection and Extraction on Surface-Modified Al2O3 Nanoparticles in LDPE (2016)

We use a recently developed scanning probe technique to image with high spatial resolution the injection and extraction of charge around individual surface-modified aluminum oxide nanoparticles embedded in a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. We find that the experimental results are consistent with a simple band structure model where localized electronic states are available in the band gap (trap states) in the vicinity of the nanoparticles. This work offers experimental support to a previously proposed mechanism for enhanced insulating properties of nanocomposite LDPE and provides a powerful experimental tool to further investigate such properties.
Acoustic characterization of chemically altered cortical bone (1993)

A novel combination of microscopic evaluation techniques is utilized to evaluate localized compositional and material properties of bovine femoral cortical bone. Cortical bone sections were selectively demineralized by timed immersion in supersaturated (ethylenedinitrilo)-tetraacetic acid. Optical microscopy of the sections indicated that a collagen layer of varying thickness surrounded a core of mineralized tissue. The treated sections were characterized with a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) using a 50-MHz transducer. Based on the acoustic signals reflected from both the surface of the collagen layer and the mineralized tissue layer below, the sonic wave velocities and elastic stiffnesses of the mineralized tissue and collagen were 3.65±0.12 km/s and 1.49±0.06 km/s and 27.2±2.5 GPa and 2.95±0.26 GPa, respectively [Broz etal., 12th South. Biomed. Conf., Tulane Univ. (1993)]. Following the acoustic evaluation, microhardness and elemental composition maps were obtained for the sections using a diamond pyramid indenter and a Jeol JXA-8600 Superprobe, respectively. The size and location of the demineralized regions as determined by the microhardness testing and wave dispersive analysis were in good agreement with the acoustic micrograph data. The combination of acoustic, chemical, and mechanical microscopic techniques provides important insights into the site-specific phasic properties of cortical bone.
Some features of the spatial organization of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat (1978)

A series of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments have been conducted within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat in order to determine some features of the spatial organization of the nucleus. Results from these experiments have demonstrated: (1) the origins of the auditory brain stem afferents to ICC and the topography of those projections in relation to the cochleotopic organization of ICC; (2) the segregation of at least some of those brain stem projections within ICC; and (3) ICC neurons with similar response properties (response properties which are often similar or identical to those of neurons in brain stem auditory nuclei) are often clustered within the nucleus. These results provide evidence that the laminated division of the ICC probably consists of anatomically, physiologically, and functionally distinct subdivisions and that some aspects of auditory sensation may be encoded or represented separately (i.e., in spatially distinct "regions") within the nucleus.
CATENAE: A scalable service function chaining system for legacy mobile networks (2017)

Summary Service function chaining promises to ease the introduction of new services in mobile networks by enabling the dynamic composition of virtualized network functions. However, current implementations rely on new tunneling protocols and on network infrastructure changes, which make deployments in legacy networks difficult. In this paper, we present a system for service function chaining that can be readily deployed in mobile networks, without requiring any protocols or network modifications. Our system, named CATENAE, exploits the specific properties of the targeted deployment environment to overcome scalability issues and efficiently implement traffic steering. Using a centralized controller, CATENAE coordinates software‐defined networking software switches to implement a steering method based on MAC address rewriting. Furthermore, we present the design of a hybrid hardware‐software software‐defined networking switch to realize a scalable network traffic classifiers, which CATENAE employs to assign network flows to corresponding function chains. Using experimental evaluations based on physical testbeds, emulated environments, and simulations, we demonstrate that our approach is ready to be deployed in mobile networks, scales to handle expected mobile networks' workloads, introduces no overhead in the (virtual) network functions, and integrates seamlessly with legacy network management systems.
Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. IX. Oudemansin, an antifungal antibiotic from Oudemansiella mucida (Schrader ex Fr.) hoehnel (Agaricales). (1979)

From mycelial cultures of Oudemansiella mucida a crystalline optically active antibiotic, oudemansin (2), has been isolated; its structure is closely related to strobilurin A (1). The relative configuration of oudemansin have been determined by X-ray analysis. The antibiotic exhibits strong antifungal properties and inhibits respiration in fungi, cells of the ascitic form of EHRLICH carcinoma, and rat liver mitochondria.
Dopamine uptake inhibitory activity of novel tryptamine 5‐HT1 receptor ligands (1994)

Abstract In the search for novel serotonin receptor ligands, a series of 5‐thiazolyl‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine derivatives was synthesized which exhibited high affinity binding to 5‐HT 1A , 5‐HT 1B , and 5‐HT 1D receptors and the functional characteristics of receptor agonists. One member, 5‐(4‐anilnomethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (CP‐110,330), was found also to be a potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake in rat striatal synaptosomes. This activity was confirmed by its potent displacement of [ 3 H]N(1‐[2‐benzo(b)thiophenyl]cyclohexyl piperidine (BTCP) binding to the dopamine transporter in striatal membranes. A limited structure‐activity study indicated that optimal dopamine uptake blocking activity was obtained when the thiazole C4 substituent consisted of phenyl with a 2‐atom spacer. The potent effect of these 5‐HT 1 receptor ligands on dopamine uptake can be rationalized by the observation that the flexibility of these tryptamine molecules allows the superimposition of the phenyl ring and amino group of the side chain with the corresponding moieties of tametraline, a known catecholamine uptake inhibitor of fixed conformation. A related compound, 3‐( R ‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinylmethyl)‐5‐(4‐benzyl‐2‐thiazolylamino)‐1H‐indole (CP‐146,662) showed similar potent binding affinity to 5‐HT 1 receptors and the dopamine transporter. Compounds with this dual serotonergic and dopaminergic activity may have utility as antidepressant agents. As potent dopamine uptake inhibitors, they may also have application in the treatment of cocaine addiction. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presentation of a Verilog-AMS Model for Detailed Transient Electro-Thermal Simulations of PV Modules and Systems (2014)

Recent developments in silicon photovoltaic (PV) research include smart-PV modules with reconfigurable topologies and short-term prediction of the energy yield of the module for grid regulation purposes. Nevertheless in many cases, traditional simulation models are rendered ineffective both in detail and speed, since extensive transient simulations cannot be covered by simple sets of equations. On top of that, most models do not account for intra-module temperature gradients, or fast non-linear dynamic effects, which can affect the final result. A novel set of Verilog-AMS models is introduced in this paper, enabling transient electro-thermal analysis of a PV module with thermal coupling down to the cell level. These models are based on a validated electro-thermal cell model, extending its capabilities to include shading and wind effects. A speed-up of 3600x is achieved versus finite element method (FEM) solvers, while maintaining accuracy in applicable levels. Moreover, a parameterizable, behavioral maximum power point (MPP) tracker is presented, allowing the exploration of interesting dynamic situations and estimation of long-term energy yield with speed-ups of 500x versus real-time.
Phosphorylation, Dephosphorylation, and Multiprotein Assemblies Regulate Dynamic Behavior of Neuronal Cytoskeleton: A Mini-Review (2018)

Cellular localization, assembly and abnormal aggregation of neurofilaments depend on phosphorylation. Pathological processes associated with neurodegeneration exhibit aberrant accumulation of microtubule associated aggregated forms of hyperphosphorylated neuronal protein tau in cell bodies. These processes are critical for the disease progression in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In healthy cells, tau is localized in axons. Topographic regulation suggests that whereas the sites of synthesis of kinases and neurofilaments are the cell bodies, and sites of their functional assemblies are axons, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation are the key processes that arrange the molecules at their precise locations. Phosphorylation sites in the dynamic developmental and degenerative processes differ. Not all these processes are well understood. New advancements identify epigenetic factors involved in AD which account for the influence of age-related environment/genome interactions leading to the disease. Progress in proteomics highlights previously found major proteins and adds more to the list of those involved in AD. New key elements of specificity provide determinants of molecular recognition important for the assembly of macromolecular complexes. In this review, we discuss aberrant spatial distribution of neuronal polypeptides observed in neuropathies: aggregation, association with proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton, and phosphorylation dependent dynamics. Particularly, we emphasize recent advancements in understanding the function and determinants of specific association of molecules involved in Alzheimer's disease with respect to the topographic regulation of phosphorylation in neuronal cytoskeleton and implications for the design of new therapies. Further, we address the role of various filament systems in maintenance of the shape, rigidity and dynamics of the cytoskeleton.
Direct electrolytic dissolution of silicate minerals for air CO 2 mitigation and carbon-negative H 2 production (2013)

We experimentally demonstrate the direct coupling of silicate mineral dissolution with saline water electrolysis and H 2 production to effect significant air CO 2 absorption, chemical conversion, and storage in solution. In particular, we observed as much as a 10 5 -fold increase in OH − concentration (pH increase of up to 5.3 units) relative to experimental controls following the electrolysis of 0.25 M Na 2 SO 4 solutions when the anode was encased in powdered silicate mineral, either wollastonite or an ultramafic mineral. After electrolysis, full equilibration of the alkalized solution with air led to a significant pH reduction and as much as a 45-fold increase in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration. This demonstrated significant spontaneous air CO 2 capture, chemical conversion, and storage as a bicarbonate, predominantly as NaHCO 3 . The excess OH − initially formed in these experiments apparently resulted via neutralization of the anolyte acid, H 2 SO 4 , by reaction with the base mineral silicate at the anode, producing mineral sulfate and silica. This allowed the NaOH, normally generated at the cathode, to go unneutralized and to accumulate in the bulk electrolyte, ultimately reacting with atmospheric CO 2 to form dissolved bicarbonate. Using nongrid or nonpeak renewable electricity, optimized systems at large scale might allow relatively high-capacity, energy-efficient (&lt;300 kJ/mol of CO 2 captured), and inexpensive (&lt;$100 per tonne of CO 2 mitigated) removal of excess air CO 2 with production of carbon-negative H 2 . Furthermore, when added to the ocean, the produced hydroxide and/or (bi)carbonate could be useful in reducing sea-to-air CO 2 emissions and in neutralizing or offsetting the effects of ongoing ocean acidification.
Concerning Lewis Acid Promoted, Directing-Group-Free Epoxide-Ring-Opening Cascades (2006)

Lewis acid promoted cascades of a tris(disubstituted epoxide) triggered by silver-promoted abstraction of a bromide ion favors trans-dioxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes, rather than diads or triads of tetrahydropyrans (trans-dioxabicylco[4.4.0]decanes, for example). These results suggest that an epoxide-attacking-epoxonium mechanism is not operative in this system.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Peptidase (IImes) from Mesquite (Prosopis velutina) Pollen (1998)

Although the mesquite plant (Prosopis velutina) is not as widely distributed as some other allergenic species, its pollen can induce serious pollinosis in areas where it is localized. We previously isolated and characterized a peptidase from mesquite pollen with trypsin-like specificity (peptidase Imes) (Matheson, N., Schmidt, J., and Travis, J. (1995) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 441-448). Now we have characterized a second enzyme with specificity for hydrophobic residues (mesquite pollen peptidase IImes). This enzyme has a molecular mass near 92 kDa and activity that was not affected by reducing or chelating agents but was inhibited by specific synthetic serine proteinase inhibitors and the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin. However, it was not inhibited by human plasma proteinase inhibitors, nor did it inactivate any of those tested. The enzyme possessed amidolytic activity against p-nitroanilide substrates most effectively after alanine residues and also displayed aminopeptidase activity against non-p-nitroanilide peptides with a preference for phenylalanine. This specificity for hydrophobic amino acid residues was corroborated by inhibition studies with chloromethyl ketone and organophosphonate inhibitors. More interesting from a physiological point of view is that the bioactive peptides, angiotensins I and II and vasoactive intestinal peptide, were also hydrolyzed rapidly, indicating an ability of peptidase IImes to act also as an oligopeptidase. Because these bioactive peptides play a role in the inflammatory responses in allergic asthma, our data suggest that the purified mesquite pollen peptidase IImes may be involved in the degradation of neuro- and vasoactive peptides during pollen-initiated allergic reactions.
Hemostatic and Anesthetic Efficacy of 4% Articaine HCl With 1:200,000 Epinephrine and 4% Articaine HCl With 1:100,000 Epinephrine When Administered Intraorally for Periodontal Surgery (2007)

For patients undergoing periodontal surgery, 4% articaine anesthetic formulations containing epinephrine (1:100,000 or 1:200,000) provided excellent surgical pain control. For patients who can tolerate higher amounts of epinephrine, the 4% articaine 1:100,000 epinephrine formulation had the additional therapeutic advantage of providing better visualization of the surgical field and less bleeding.
Developments in International Video Coding Standardization After AVC, With an Overview of Versatile Video Coding (VVC) (2021)

In the last 17 years, since the finalization of the first version of the now-dominant H.264/Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG-4) Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard in 2003, two major new generations of video coding standards have been developed. These include the standards known as High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC). HEVC was finalized in 2013, repeating the ten-year cycle time set by its predecessor and providing about 50% bit-rate reduction over AVC. The cycle was shortened by three years for the VVC project, which was finalized in July 2020, yet again achieving about a 50% bit-rate reduction over its predecessor (HEVC). This article summarizes these developments in video coding standardization after AVC. It especially focuses on providing an overview of the first version of VVC, including comparisons against HEVC. Besides further advances in hybrid video compression, as in previous development cycles, the broad versatility of the application domain that is highlighted in the title of VVC is explained. Included in VVC is the support for a wide range of applications beyond the typical standard- and high-definition camera-captured content codings, including features to support computer-generated/screen content, high dynamic range content, multilayer and multiview coding, and support for immersive media such as 360° video.
DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS FOR NON-LINEAR MODEL-BASED ULTRASOUND RECONSTRUCTION (2018)

Ultrasound reflection tomography is widely used to image large complex specimens that are only accessible from a single side, such as well systems and nuclear power plant containment walls. Typical methods for inverting the measurement rely on delay-and-sum algorithms that rapidly produce reconstructions but with significant artifacts. Recently, model-based reconstruction approaches using a linear forward model have been shown to significantly improve image quality compared to the conventional approach. However, even these techniques result in artifacts for complex objects because of the inherent non-linearity of the ultrasound forward model.In this paper, we propose a non-iterative model-based reconstruction method for inverting measurements that are based on non-linear forward models for ultrasound imaging. Our approach involves obtaining an approximate estimate of the reconstruction using a simple linear back-projection and training a deep neural network to refine this to the actual reconstruction. We apply our method to simulated and experimental ultrasound data to demonstrate dramatic improvements in image quality compared to the delay-and-sum approach and the linear model-based reconstruction approach.