gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel Training of Deep Networks with Local Updates (2020)

Deep learning models trained on large data sets have been widely successful in both vision and language domains. As state-of-the-art deep learning architectures have continued to grow in parameter count so have the compute budgets and times required to train them, increasing the need for compute-efficient methods that parallelize training. Two common approaches to parallelize the training of deep networks have been data and model parallelism. While useful, data and model parallelism suffer from diminishing returns in terms of compute efficiency for large batch sizes. In this paper, we investigate how to continue scaling compute efficiently beyond the point of diminishing returns for large batches through local parallelism, a framework which parallelizes training of individual layers in deep networks by replacing global backpropagation with truncated layer-wise backpropagation. Local parallelism enables fully asynchronous layer-wise parallelism with a low memory footprint, and requires little communication overhead compared with model parallelism. We show results in both vision and language domains across a diverse set of architectures, and find that local parallelism is particularly effective in the high-compute regime.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Aminosilanes by Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Vinylsilanes (2014)

Abstract The synthesis of α‐aminosilanes by a highly enantio‐ and regioselective copper‐catalyzed hydroamination of vinylsilanes is reported. The system employs Cu‐DTBM‐SEGPHOS as the catalyst, diethoxymethylsilane as the stoichiometric reductant, and O ‐benzoylhydroxylamines as the electrophilic nitrogen source. This hydroamination reaction is compatible with differentially substituted vinylsilanes, thus providing access to amino acid mimics and other valuable chiral organosilicon compounds.
Europium(3+): An Efficient Luminescence Probe for the Si to Al Ratio and Silylation Effects in the Microporous−Mesoporous Zeogrid Materials (2008)

The optical response of europium ions in the parent (non-silylated) and silylated microporous-mesoporous Zeogrid materials was investigated in detail in relation to Zeogrid structure. All materials were characterized using nitrogen adsorption isotherms, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry, and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. A two europium species distribution with distinct luminescence spectra and lifetimes was found for both parent and silylated Zeogrid. In the parent Zeogrid, the short-lived europium species is characterized by the intensity ratio R=I(5D0-(7)F2)/I(5D0-(7)F1) or asymmetry values of approximately 0.4-0.7 and photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes of 110-125 micros and therefore is assigned to an almost fully hydrated europium species. In the silylated Zeogrid, the short-lived europium species is characterized by asymmetry values of 1.0-2.4 and lifetimes of 160-180 micros suggesting a relatively distorted europium environment. The long-lived europium species exhibits similar asymmetry ratios in the parent and silylated Zeogrid, which vary between 5.0 and 6.2 with increasing Si to Al ratio from 25 to 150 and slightly different PL lifetimes. The mechanism responsible for the intensity of the electric and magnetic forbidden 5D0-(7)F0 transition was determined to be J-mixing of the 7F2 into the 7F0 state through the axial second-order crystal-field potential. The comparison between the photoluminescence properties of europium in the parent and silylated Zeogrid demonstrates that the effects of rehydration were strongly suppressed following silylation.
Metal emitter SiGe:C HBTs (2005)

SiGe:C heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) offer high cut-off frequencies, f/sub T/, but low open base breakdown voltages, BV/sub CEO/, due to the relatively high current gain, h/sub FE/. In this paper, we show that the integration of a metal emitter, made by complete silicidation of a mono-emitter, increases the base current, I/sub B/ without reducing the collector current, I/sub C/. Hence, the BV/sub CEO/ is increased without affecting the f/sub T/. Furthermore, this metal emitter reduces the emitter series resistance, R/sub E/, and increases the f/sub T/ compared with a mono-emitter. SiGe:C HBTs with f/sub T/=230GHz and BV/sub CEO/=1.8V have been realised using a metal emitter in a self-aligned integration scheme.
Supplementary Table 2 from Targeting PI3K/mTOR Overcomes Resistance to HER2-Targeted Therapy Independent of Feedback Activation of AKT (2023)

&lt;p&gt;XLSX file - 213K, Table S2. Summary of in vivo activity of BKM120, BYL719, RAD001 and BEZ235 in breast cancer tumor models. T/C: Ratio of mean tumor volume of treated (T) to control (C) at final day of treatment. Final day was determined as the final day of treatment for the vehicle control arm for each study in Figure 5. Comparisons between groups were all made by Repeated Measures ANOVA (RMANOVA) followed by Dunnett test for multiple comparisons. BW: body weight; TR: treatment related; NTR: non-treatment related.&lt;/p&gt;
Observation of the Associated Production of a Single Top Quark and aWBoson inppCollisions ats=8  TeV (2014)

The first observation of the associated production of a single top quark and a W boson is presented. The analysis is based on a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 12.2 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s] = 8 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Events with two leptons and a jet originating from a b quark are selected. A multivariate analysis based on kinematic and topological properties is used to separate the signal from the dominant tt background. An excess consistent with the signal hypothesis is observed, with a significance which corresponds to 6.1 standard deviations above a background-only hypothesis. The measured production cross section is 23.4 ± 5.4 pb, in agreement with the standard model prediction.
Table S2 from Integrative Molecular Characterization of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S2 contains BAP1 analysis results, as well as detailed lists of YY1 and IRF8 target genes.&lt;/p&gt;
Advances in electric drive control (2003)

Advances in electric drive control which have shown significant practical advantages over the previously existing technology include physics-based state variable controls design, state observer design for sensor replacement, disturbance input decoupling design, self-sensing (sensorless) control, region-based fuzzy logic and structured neural networks. This paper discusses the design methods underlying their use.
Salivary glands as a potential gene transfer target for gene therapeutics of some monogenetic endocrine disorders (2005)

Salivary glands (SGs) exhibit several important features which are also common to endocrine glands: self-containment due to a surrounding capsule, highly efficient protein production and the ability to secrete proteins into the bloodstream. We have hypothesized that SGs are potentially useful as gene transfer targets for the correction of inherited monogenetic endocrine disorders. In the present communication, we extend our studies and attempt to test our hypothesis by comparing the efficacy of two commonly used viral vectors and the resulting serum and salivary distribution of transgene encoded hormones. A low dose (5 x10(9) particles) of either an adenoviral serotype 5 (Ad5) vector encoding the human erythropoietin (hEPO) cDNA or an adeno-associated virus sero-type 2 (AAV2) vector encoding either the hEPO or human growth hormone (hGH) cDNA was administered to individual submandibular SGs of Balb/c mice. Serum and salivary hEPO and hGH levels were determined at defined time points. Two additional recombinant viruses encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP) were also used (AdGFP and AAVGFP) in order to perform immunohistochemical analyses of transgenic protein localization in SG sections post-administration. AAV2 vectors led to stable gene transfer unlike the results with the Ad5 vectors. Indeed, in one mouse we observed hEPO production for a period of two years after administration of AAVhEPO to SGs. hEPO, which is a constitutive pathway secretory protein, was readily secreted into the bloodstream from the SGs, yielding therapeutically adequate serum levels. Conversely, hGH, a regulated secretory pathway protein, was preferentially secreted into saliva. SGs may be an attractive candidate target tissue for gene therapeutics of some monogenetic endocrine deficiency disorders. At present, AAV2 vectors seem particularly useful for such applications, and transgenes encoding constitutive secretory pathway hormones are more suitable for this application with SGs than those encoding regulated secretory pathway hormones.
Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox‐Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices (2018)

Abstract Recent breakthroughs in artificial neural networks (ANNs) have spurred interest in efficient computational paradigms where the energy and time costs for training and inference are reduced. One promising contender for efficient ANN implementation is crossbar arrays of resistive memory elements that emulate the synaptic strength between neurons within the ANN. Organic nonvolatile redox memory has recently been demonstrated as a promising device for neuromorphic computing, offering a continuous range of linearly programmable resistance states and tunable electronic and electrochemical properties, opening a path toward massively parallel and energy efficient ANN implementation. However, one of the key issues with implementations relying on electrochemical gating of organic materials is the state‐retention time and device stability. Here, revealed are the mechanisms leading to state loss and cycling instability in redox‐gated neuromorphic devices: parasitic redox reactions and out‐diffusion of reducing additives. The results of this study are used to design an encapsulation structure which shows an order of magnitude improvement in state retention and cycling stability for poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polyethyleneimine:poly(styrene sulfonate) devices by tuning the concentration of additives, implementing a solid‐state electrolyte, and encapsulating devices in an inert environment. Finally, a comparison is made between programming range and state retention to optimize device operation.
Xanthine urolithiasis: Inhibitors of xanthine crystallization (2018)

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify in vitro inhibitors of xanthine crystallization that have potential for inhibiting the formation of xanthine crystals in urine and preventing the development of the renal calculi in patients with xanthinuria. METHODS The formation of xanthine crystals in synthetic urine and the effects of 10 potential crystallization inhibitors were assessed using a kinetic turbidimetric system with a photometer. The maximum concentration tested for each compound was: 20 mg/L for 3-methylxanthine (3-MX); 40 mg/L for 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), 1- methylxanthine (1-MX), theobromine (TB), theophylline, paraxanthine, and caffeine; 45 mg/L for 1-methyluric acid; 80 mg/L for 1,3-dimethyluric acid; and 200 mg/L for hypoxanthine. All crystals were examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Only 7-MX, 3-MX, and 1-MX significantly inhibited xanthine crystallization at the tested concentrations. Mixtures of inhibitors had an additive effect rather than a synergistic effect on crystallization. CONCLUSION Two of the inhibitors identified here —7-MX and 3-MX — are major metabolites of TB. In particular, after TB consumption, 20% is excreted in the urine as TB, 21.5% as 3-MX, and 36 % as 7-MX. Thus, consumption of theobromine could protect patients with xanthinuria from the development of renal xanthine calculi. Clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate these effects in vivo .
Privacy and Cybersecurity: The Next 100 Years (2012)

The past and the future of privacy and cybersecurity are addressed from four perspectives, by different authors: theory and algorithms, technology, policy, and economics. Each author considers the role of the threat from the corresponding perspective, and each adopts an individual tone, ranging from a relatively serious look at the prospects for improvement in underlying theory and algorithms to more lighthearted considerations of the unpredictable futures of policy and economics.
Fine-grained Event Classification in News-like Text Snippets - Shared Task 2, CASE 2021 (2021)

Jacek Haneczok, Guillaume Jacquet, Jakub Piskorski, Nicolas Stefanovitch. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Challenges and Applications of Automated Extraction of Socio-political Events from Text (CASE 2021). 2021.
Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations (2004)

In an attempt to find a novel catalyst system for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), a parameter estimation method based on nonlinear regression was developed to evaluate various catalyst systems by determining kinetic parameters of polymerization. From our model system considering small molecular atom transfer addition reaction, we found that equilibrium constant of atom transfer reaction could be successfully determined using our parameter estimation method. However, the each value of activation rate constant and deactivation reaction constant is hard to be determined ubiquitously because of the poor sensitivities of them and the local minima trapping. By applying second minimization algorithm, the parameter estimation algorithm achieves higher propensity to reach global minimum, yet not all the time. The simulation results using kinetic rate constants determined by our method shows better agreement with the experimental data than that using literature values. This is because the current method uses fewer assumptions than other literature methods in determining rate constants. We also demonstrated the determination of kinetic constants in the polymerization of styrene and MMA using various metal catalysts, and the simulations using these kinetic constants agree well with the experimental data.
An advanced laser-Doppler velocimeter for full-vector particle position and velocity measurements (2009)

An advanced laser-Doppler measurement technique has been developed for fully resolved three-component particle position and velocity vector measurements in turbulent flows. The instrument deemed the 'comprehensive' laser-Doppler velocimeter employs a novel optical arrangement to measure multiple-component sub-measurement-volume-scale seed particle positions simultaneously with the velocity vector measurements of conventional laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV). In the current paper, the effectiveness of the position resolution capabilities is considered, which allows for velocity statistics measurements at multiple locations within the measurement volume. Design estimates for the position vector uncertainties for a particle passing the measurement volume are about 3 µm root mean square in any direction, although in situ estimates indicate an uncertainty value closer to 14 µm with the possibility of further refinement through optimized alignment. To validate the operation of the instrument, measurements are presented in turbulent boundary layers previously examined with high-resolution conventional LDV. The flat-plate turbulent boundary layer is studied at two Reynolds numbers up to Reθ = 7500. Measurements are also presented in a pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer created beside a wing/body junction. These measurements illustrate the effectiveness of the technique for obtaining highly resolved velocity profiles within the measurement volume and give the highest spatial resolution velocity statistics published for Reynolds numbers of the magnitude studied.
Multi-view predictive partitioning in high dimensions (2012)

Many modern data mining applications are concerned with the analysis of datasets in which the observations are described by paired high-dimensional vectorial representations or "views". Some typical examples can be found in web mining and genomics applications. In this article we present an algorithm for data clustering with multiple views, Multi-View Predictive Partitioning (MVPP), which relies on a novel criterion of predictive similarity between data points. We assume that, within each cluster, the dependence between multivariate views can be modelled by using a two-block partial least squares (TB-PLS) regression model, which performs dimensionality reduction and is particularly suitable for high-dimensional settings. The proposed MVPP algorithm partitions the data such that the within-cluster predictive ability between views is maximised. The proposed objective function depends on a measure of predictive influence of points under the TB-PLS model which has been derived as an extension of the PRESS statistic commonly used in ordinary least squares regression. Using simulated data, we compare the performance of MVPP to that of competing multi-view clustering methods which rely upon geometric structures of points, but ignore the predictive relationship between the two views. State-of-art results are obtained on benchmark web mining datasets.
Superconducting FeSe membrane synthesized by etching of water-soluble Sr3Al2O6 layer (2023)

The development of the epitaxial lift-off technique using a pseudoperovskite Sr3Al2O6 sacrificial layer has unleashed latent physical properties emerging in freestanding membranes, mainly composed of lattice-matched perovskite-type complex oxides. Here, we report the superconductivity in a freestanding single-crystalline FeSe membrane prepared using a SrTiO3 capped water-soluble Sr3Al2O6 sacrificial layer, which serves as an ex situ growth template. The FeSe membrane is synthesized by etching the sacrificial layer and transferred on a SiO2/Si substrate. X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning transmission electron microscopy reveal that the FeSe membrane is fully relaxed with minimum degradation of its structural properties during the lift-off process. A superconductivity with zero resistance below 4.2 K is exhibited in the freestanding FeSe membrane, while it is not observed in a compressed thin-film form by an in-plane tensile strain. In addition, critical magnetic field and critical current density of the FeSe membrane are comparable to those of the bulk single crystal. Our demonstration of the superconducting FeSe membrane ensures a high utility of the epitaxial lift-off technique for various thin-film materials grown on SrTiO3. This study paves the way for functional applications using ex situ thin-film growth and lift-off technique with an expanded selection from an inventory of various materials.
Antibody Efficacy in Murine Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection: A Role for Nitric Oxide (2002)

We investigated the pathogenesis of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection and passive Ab efficacy in mice deficient in inducible NO synthase (NOS2(-/-)) and the parental strain. Parental mice lived significantly longer than NOS2(-/-) mice after intratracheal infection, despite having a higher lung fungal burden. Administration of Ab reduced lung CFU in both NOS2(-/-) and parental mice, but prolonged survival and increased the inflammatory response only in parental mice. Ab administration was associated with increased serum nitrite and reduced polysaccharide levels in parental mice. Eosinophils were present in greater numbers in the lung of infected NOS2(-/-) mice than parental mice, irrespective of Ab administration. C. neoformans infection in NOS2(-/-) mice resulted in significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha than parental mice. Ab administration had different effects on infected NOS2(-/-) and parental mice with respect to IFN-gamma, monocoyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha levels. Ab administration increased lung levels of IFN-gamma in parental mice and reduced levels in NOS2(-/-) mice. The results indicate that NO is involved in the regulation of cytokine expression in response to cryptococcal pneumonia and is necessary for Ab efficacy against C. neoformans in mice. Our findings indicate a complex relationship between Ab efficacy against C. neoformans and cytokine expression, underscoring the interdependency of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms.
The A3Adenosine Receptor Induces Cytoskeleton Rearrangement in Human Astrocytoma Cells via a Specific Action on Rho Proteins (2001)

In previous studies, we have demonstrated that exposure of astroglial cells to A3 adenosine receptor agonists results in dual actions on cell survival, with "trophic" and antiapoptotic effects at nanomolar concentrations and induction of cell death at micromolar agonist concentrations. The protective actions of A3 agonists have been associated with a reinforcement of the actin cytoskeleton, which likely results in increased resistance of cells to cytotoxic stimuli. The molecular mechanisms at the basis of this effect and the signalling pathway(s) linking the A3 receptor to the actin cytoskeleton have never been elucidated. Based on previous literature data suggesting that the actin cytoskeleton is controlled by small GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family, in the study reported here we investigated the involvement of these proteins in the effects induced by A3 agonists on human astrocytoma ADF cells. The presence of the A3 adenosine receptor in these cells has been confirmed by immunoblotting analysis. As expected, exposure of human astrocytoma ADF cells to nanomolar concentrations of the selective A3 agonist 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (CI-IB-MECA) resulted in formation of thick actin positive stress fibers. Preexposure of cells to the C3B toxin that inactivates Rho-proteins completely prevented the actin changes induced by CI-IB-MECA. Exposure to the A3 agonist also resulted in significant reduction of Rho-GDI, an inhibitory protein known to maintain Rho proteins in their inactive state, suggesting a potentiation of Rho-mediated effects. This effect was fully counteracted by the concomitant exposure to the selective A3 receptor antagonist MRS1191. These results suggest that the reinforcement of the actin cytoskeleton induced by A3 receptor agonists is mediated by an interference with the activation/inactivation cycle of Rho proteins, which may, therefore, represent a biological target for the identification of novel neuroprotective strategies.
The fracture behaviour of polymers: In situ investigations in the ESEM (2005)

A tensile stage mounted in an ESEM allows the simultaneous recording of the stress-strain curves and the progress of crack propagation. Thus the global macroscopic values can be correlated with the evolution of features at the crack tip, strongly influenced by the microscopic structure of the material.
Supplementary Tables 1 to 11 from Ontogenic Changes in Hematopoietic Hierarchy Determine Pediatric Specificity and Disease Phenotype in Fusion Oncogene–Driven Myeloid Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Tables 1 to 11&lt;/p&gt;