gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory and experiment on laser-enabled inner-valence Auger decay of rare-gas atoms (2011)

In rare-gas atoms, an inner-valence shell $\mathit{ns}$ hole cannot be filled by Auger decay because of an energy deficiency. We show theoretically and experimentally that by adding a moderately intense infrared laser, Auger decay is possible with decay rates increasing dramatically for laser intensities $\ensuremath{\geqslant}{10}^{13}$ W/cm${}^{2}$. For Xe atoms, the simulated laser-enabled Auger decay yields are comparable with the experimental one, while for Ar atoms, the simulated ones are much smaller. We attribute the discrepancies to screening effects of the photoelectron. Laser-enabled Auger decay is of fundamental importance for understanding attosecond science, and is also important for experimental applications in ultrafast atomic, molecular, and materials dynamics using x rays. More importantly it may provide a way to control the Auger decay time and selectively break chemical bonds of molecules using a control infrared laser field.
EventRiver: Visually Exploring Text Collections with Temporal References (2010)

Many text collections with temporal references, such as news corpora and weblogs, are generated to report and discuss real life events. Thus, event-related tasks, such as detecting real life events that drive the generation of the text documents, tracking event evolutions, and investigating reports and commentaries about events of interest, are important when exploring such text collections. To incorporate and leverage human efforts in conducting such tasks, we propose a novel visual analytics approach named EventRiver. EventRiver integrates event-based automated text analysis and visualization to reveal the events motivating the text generation and the long term stories they construct. On the visualization, users can interactively conduct tasks such as event browsing, tracking, association, and investigation. A working prototype of EventRiver has been implemented for exploring news corpora. A set of case studies, experiments, and a preliminary user test have been conducted to evaluate its effectiveness and efficiency.
Antiinflammatory Properties of a Plant-Derived Nonsteroidal, Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2009)

Abstract Compound A (CpdA), a plant-derived phenyl aziridine precursor, was recently characterized as a fully dissociated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent, acting via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, thereby down-modulating nuclear factor-κB-mediated transactivation, but not supporting glucocorticoid response element-driven gene expression. The present study demonstrates the effectiveness of CpdA in inhibiting the disease progress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-characterized animal model of multiple sclerosis. CpdA treatment of mice, both early and at the peak of the disease, markedly suppressed the clinical symptoms of EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide immunization. Attenuation of the clinical symptoms of EAE by CpdA was accompanied by reduced leukocyte infiltration in the spinal cord, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and reduced neuronal damage and demyelination. In vivo CpdA therapy suppressed the encephalogenicity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-specific T cells. Moreover, CpdA was able to inhibit TNF- and lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in primary microglial cells in vitro, in a differential mechanistic manner as compared with dexamethasone. Finally, in EAE mice the therapeutic effect of CpdA, in contrast to that of dexamethasone, occurred in the absence of hyperinsulinemia and in the absence of a suppressive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Based on these results, we propose CpdA as a compound with promising antiinflammatory characteristics useful for therapeutic intervention in multiple sclerosis and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Comparison of Three Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Devices (2011)

All three devices functioned as intended by their respective manufacturers, but each appeared to excel in different areas; therefore, each should be used for unique clinical applications.
Cytokine profiles in tuberculosis patients and healthy subjects in response to complex and single antigens ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (2006)

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from tuberculosis (TB) patients and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinated healthy subjects. PBMC were tested for secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-10 in response to complex (whole cells, culture filtrate and cell walls), single secreted (Ag85B, ESAT6, MPT64, PstS and MPT70) and single cytosolic (DnaK, GroES and GroEL) antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the absence of antigens, detectable concentrations of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were secreted by PBMC of both donor groups, but the concentrations of only IL-10 were significantly higher (P=0.015) in TB patients than in healthy subjects. In the presence of complex antigens, PBMC secreted IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in response to all three preparations, whereas IL-10 was secreted in response to whole cells and cell walls only. In the presence of single antigens, IFN-gamma was secreted in response to Ag85B, ESAT6 and MPT64 in TB patients and ESAT6 in healthy donors. Except for GroEL and DnaK, single antigens did not induce TNF-alpha and IL-10 secretion from PBMC in either donor group. The secretion of IFN-gamma, but not IL-10, in the presence of Ag85B, ESAT6 and MPT64 supports their potential as subunit vaccine candidates against TB.
Review on Utilization of Fly Ash for Improvement of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymer Composites (2021)

최근들어 플라이 애쉬의 환경 문제가 대두되며 이의 경제적 활용에 대한 연구가 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 다양한 용도 중에서, 플라이 애쉬는 저가이며 고유의 안정한 물리화학적 성질로 인하여 고분자 재료에 충전제로 사용하여 기계적 및 열적 성질을 증가시키는 연구들이 수행되고 있다. 하지만 충전제로 사용함에 있어 플라이 애쉬와 고분자 매트릭스와의 낮은 젖음성으로 인하여 활용은 제한되어 있다. 본 논문에서는 플라이 애쉬 자체의 물성을 정리하였으며, 고분자와의 상호인력을 증가시키기 위한 플라이 애쉬의 다양한 표면 개질방법을 요약하였다. 또한 처리되지 않거나 표면처리된 플라이 애쉬가 포함된 고분자 복합재료의 다양한 물성들을 정리하였다.
Thermal profile of a high-density data center: hot spot heat fluxes of 512 W/ft2. (2005)

The performance of computing equipment continues to increase following Moore's law of doubling the performance every 18 months. The performance improvements achieved by the semiconductor and computer manufacturers stand alone among any other industry for achieving increased performance over a sustained period of time. However, these increases in performance have a downside in that it has caused a significant increase in heat dissipated by the computing equipment, such that it is becoming very difficult to cool these systems in data centers or telecommunications rooms. Some of the highest powered systems are dissipating upward of 2500 W/ft 2 (27,000 W/m 2 ) based on the equipment footprint. When systems dissipate this amount of heat and then are clustered together within a data center, significant cooling challenges can result. This paper describes the thermal profile of a 76 ft × 98 ft (23.2 m × 29.9 m) data center and the measurement techniques employed to fully capture the detailed thermal environment. In a portion of the data center(16 ft × 26 ft 4.9m × 7.9 m), which encompasses very high powered servers, the heat flux is 512 W/ft2(5500 W/m 2 ). Most racks within this area dissipated approximately 19 kW. Detailed measurements were taken in this data center of electronic equipment power usage, perforated floor tile airflow, cable cutout airflow, computer room air-conditioning (CRAC) airflow, and electronic equipment inlet air temperatures. In addition to these measurements, the physical features of the data center were recorded such that a detailed CFD model could be employed to compare the results (this will be the subject of a follow-up paper).
Stimulation of cell proliferation in the subventricular zone by synthetic murine pheromones (2013)

Adult neurogenesis in female mice is known to be enhanced by exposure to soiled bedding from males, although the identity of the relevant chemosignals has remained unknown. Here we show that the previously recognized male murine pheromones, the farnesenes and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT), strongly increase cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult female mice, but not younger female mice. In addition, we found that a unique female murine pheromone, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, facilitates similar changes in males. SBT stimulated cell proliferation in the SVZ of only adult females and not in young adult or pre- and post-puberty females. Our study suggests that pheromonal communication between males and females is enhancing reproductive success by controlling the estrous cycle and by promoting cell proliferation in a reciprocal manner.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Up-regulation in Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Enhances Nephroprotection After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Rat (2016)

Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor enhances the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, mainly by mitogenic, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Ring 21 chromosome and a satellited 1p in the same patient: Novel origin for an ectopic NOR (2003)

Nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are present on the satellite stalks located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes. NORs present on non-acrocentric chromosomes (ectopic NORs) are rare and were reported in both phenotypically normal and abnormal individuals. We describe a patient, ascertained prenatally, with an ectopic NOR on 1p and a ring 21 chromosomes. Amniocentesis was performed at 27-weeks gestation on a 19-year-old woman after identification of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) by ultrasound. Cytogenetic analysis of amniocytes from the fetus showed a mos 46,XX,1ps,r(21) (p11.2q22.3)[44]/45,XX,1ps,-21[6] karyotype. Parental karyotypes were normal, indicating a de novo origin for these rearrangements in the fetus. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of the 1ps showed no loss of euchromatin and retention of the telomeric repeats. Characterization of the r(21) using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) identified that the deletion was approximately 5 Mb encompassing most of chromosome band 21q22.3. The ectopic NOR (1ps) was most likely derived from the acentric 21p fragment generated by the chromosome breakage event that lead to formation of the r(21) chromosome. This represents a novel mechanism for the origin of ectopic NORs. In addition, this study illustrates the importance of FISH analysis with telomeric and subtelomeric probes for characterization of chromosomes with ectopic NORs.
Integrated Synthesis and Testing of Substituted Xanthine Based DPP4 Inhibitors: Application to Drug Discovery (2013)

A novel integrated discovery platform has been used to synthesize and biologically assay a series of xanthine-derived dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) antagonists. Design, synthesis, purification, quantitation, dilution, and bioassay have all been fully integrated to allow continuous automated operation. The system has been validated against a set of known DPP4 inhibitors and shown to give excellent correlation between traditional medicinal chemistry generated biological data and platform data. Each iterative loop of synthesis through biological assay took two hours in total, demonstrating rapid iterative structure-activity relationship generation.
The association between tumour density and prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy (2011)

PURPOSE: Tumour density (TD) may be an independent prognostic factor in men with prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between prostate cancer TD and recurrence following radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1995 and 2007, 645 patients from The Ottawa Hospital or Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center who had cancer and prostate volumes measured from radical prostatectomy specimens. Tumour density was defined as the relative tumour to prostate volume (tumour volume/prostate volume) and recurrence was defined as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) >0.2 ng/mL and rising, or postoperative use of radiation or hormonal therapy. Associations between TD and recurrence are adjusted for preoperative PSA, prostatectomy Gleason sum, tumour stage and margin status. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 40.8 months. Tumour density was associated with preoperative PSA, Gleason sum, tumour stage and surgical margin status (all p < 0.0001). As a continuous variable, TD predicted recurrence-free survival (adjusted HR 1.34 per 10% increase in TD; p = 0.04). As a categorical variable, the group of patients with a TD of >10% had a 2.7 times greater hazard of recurrence compared to patients with a TD <5% (95%CI 1.41, 5.19; p = 0.003). Despite the independent association between TD and recurrence, the clinical value of TD remains in question as the discriminative performance (area under the curve) of predictive models only improved from 0.865 to 0.876. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer TD is associated with known prognostic factors and is also independently predictive of recurrence following radical prostatectomy.
Abstract 518: Loss of Caveolin-1 in Mouse, Rat and Human Proximal Tubule Cells Increases GRK4 Activity and Decreases D1-Like Receptor Cell Surface Levels (2014)

Normal dopaminergic signaling in the renal proximal tubule under conditions of sodium loading leads to natriuresis without the need to increase blood pressure. Low caveolin-1 (CAV1) expression in the kidney is associated with dopaminergic signaling defects and salt sensitive hypertension in both mice and rats. We and others have shown that SNPs in human CAV1 are associated with hypertension. We hypothesize that low CAV1 expression causes increased GRK4 kinase activity due to lack of physical interaction and inhibition of GRK4; thus overactive GRK4 would inactivate the dopamine-1 receptor (D 1 R). We have previously shown that CAV1 reduction, knockdown or knockout in mouse, rat and human renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) leads to decreased dopamine D 1 -like receptor binding at the proximal tubule cell surface and that re-expression of CAV1 alpha isoform is necessary to rescue this dopaminergic defect. Here we extend those studies by showing that defects in D 1 R cell surface expression due to low CAV1 expression can also be rescued by inhibiting GRK4 in human RPTC using GRK4 siRNA or by introducing heparin (1 μmol/L, 24 hrs) in mouse and rat RPTC. GRK4 siRNA lowered GRK4 expression by greater than 80% in all four human RPTC cell lines and partially restored fluorescent D 1 -like receptor antagonist bodipy630 SKF83566 cell surface binding (scrambled siRNA 66,231±7,286 RFU, GRK4 siRNA 96,206±11,035 RFU, P&lt;0.05, N=28). In RPTC from CAV1 knockout mice, electroporation of heparin restored bodipy630 SKF83566 cell surface binding (vehicle 21,346±3,219 RFU, heparin 58,380±8,032 RFU, P&lt;0.05, N=7). In rat SHR RPTC, CAV1 expression is very low, and the stable transfection of CAV1 partially restored their D 1 -like receptor surface expression. Electroporation of heparin in these CAV1 transfected cells (SHR CAV1) restored bodipy630 SKF83566 cell surface binding back to levels found in WKY RPTC (SHR CAV1 35,241±4,280 RFU, SHR CAV1 heparin 54,218±6,564 RFU, WKY 56,821± 3,546 RFU, P&lt;0.05, N=7). In summary, we show that dopamine D 1 -like receptor defects caused by loss of CAV1 are likely due to increased GRK4 activity and can be restored by either increasing CAV1 expression or decreasing GRK4 expression.
NbN-Gated GaN Transistor Technology for Applications in Quantum Computing Systems (2021)

A NbN-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology for applications in quantum computing systems is demonstrated for the first time. Transistors with gate lengths scaled to 250 nm were characterized at 4.2 K, with excellent gate modulation (I D,ON /I D,OFF ~ 108) and current saturation. The potential of these devices for low noise amplifiers was evaluated, revealing a low DC power dissipation of 25 μW/μm when biased for expected minimum noise. The RF performance was also characterized at 4.2 K. This work highlights the potential of NbN-gated GaN transistor technology for applications in low-noise cryogenic amplifiers in future quantum computing systems.
InxGa1-xN Alloys Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy (PAMBE) with Growth Rates Up to $1.3\ \boldsymbol{\mu} \mathbf{m}/\mathbf{hr}$ (2019)

In this work In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</sub> N films were grown with growth rates up to 1.30 μm/hr enabled by large active nitrogen fluxes up to 3.5 μm/hr while maintaining high quality crystal structure and surface morphology. At growth temperatures of 550 and 600°C compositions up to In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.22</sub> Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.78</sub> N were achieved. Minor In incorporation was observed at 700°C, and further optimization of growth parameters is expected to yield moderate In incorporation at this temperature.
The role of cytokines in infection (1991)

Cytokines are proteins produced by a variety of cells that function as immunomodulators. Microbial products may alter cytokine expression. Two proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis have potential as vaccine adjuvants because they stimulate interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor expression. Colony-stimulating factors increase leukocyte proliferation and affect leukocyte function, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor have been approved for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration. Nonblood cells can produce cytokines and respond to cytokines (eg, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Kaposi sarcoma cells produce interleukin-6 and interleukin-6 increases Kaposi sarcoma cell proliferation). Cytokines work within networks and can act locally (eg, increases in lung tumor necrosis factor and interferon-γ can limit M. tuberculosis infection). In sepsis the cascade of cytokines can cause a generalized shock reaction. Researchers are pursuing ways to augment the cytokine response at local sites of infection (eg, tumor necrosis factor-a decreases Leishmania major lesion size) and to modulate the septic shock response (eg, anti-tumor necrosis factor-a decreases the severity of murine septic shock).
PAPER 036: ARTHROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF DEEP PARTIAL THICKNESS TEARS OF THE SUPRASPINATUS TENDON (2010)

Purpose: Partial rotator cuff tears are a frequent source of shoulder pain. At times, diagnosis is difficult and treatment unsuccessful. Historical treatment has involved open debridement when conservative treatment has failed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic treatment of deep partial thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon in patients over 40 years and to assess the healing radiographically.

Method: Forty-nine patients (mean age: 55 years) underwent treatment of a deep partial thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon. Exclusion criteria: age < 40 years, associated instability, posterosuperior impingement or previous shoulder surgery. Patients were re-examined with a mean 32 months follow-up. For lesions involving less than 50% of the tendon thickness, an acromioplasty and either a debridement (n=39) or a side-to-side repair (n=3) was performed. For lesions involving greater than 50% of the tendon thickness (n=7), an acromioplasty and a trans-osseous repair was performed after completion of the tear. Twenty patients (41%) had an assessment of tendon healing by CT arthrogram, MRI or MR arthrogram, at a minimum 12 months post-operatively.

Results: Results were good or excellent in 90% of patients, and 94% were satisfied. The Constant score improved from 56 to 82 points (p<0.0001) and the UCLA score improved from 15 to 30 points (p<0.0001). Of the 31 patients employed preoperatively, three did not return to work; an occupational injury was predictive of a lower Constant score (p=0.02). Four out of 13 (31%) cases involving less than 50% of the tendon thickness healed and all cases (n=7) involving greater than 50% had healed.

Conclusion: Patients over 40 years with an isolated deep partial thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon benefited both subjectively and objectively from arthroscopic intervention. For deep tears involving < 50% of the tendon thickness, resolution of pain and return to work is possible after acromioplasty and debridement. For deeper tears, completion of the tendon and reattachment to the greater tuberosity enables tendon healing.
Active pulse shaping in the picosecond domain (1979)

Active pulse shaping in the picosecond domain is reported using a fast Pockels cell controlled by an optically driven GaAs electrical switch. The center is sliced out of a long optical pulse, yielding a 70-psec FWHM pulse with 40-psec rise and fall times.
Nitration of Benzo[a]pyrene Adsorbed on Coal Fly Ash Particles by Nitrogen Dioxide: Role of Thermal Activation (2005)

Nitration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) adsorbed on the surface of thermally activated coal fly ash and model aluminosilicate particles led to the formation of nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes as verified by extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was utilized to follow the nitration reaction on the surface of zeolite Y. Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene formation was observed along with the formation of nitrous acid and nitrate species. The formation of the BaP radical cation was also observed on thermally activated aluminosilicate particles by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. On the basis of GC/MS, DRIFTS, and ESR spectroscopy results, a mechanism of nitration involving intermediate BaP radical cations generated on thermally activated aluminosilicate particles is proposed. These observations have led to the hypothesis that nitration of adsorbed polyaromatic hydrocarbons on coal fly ash by reaction with nitrogen oxides can occur in the smokestack, but with the aging of the fly ash particles, the extent of the nitration reaction will be diminished.
Vector-Controlled Voltage-Source-Converter-Based Transmission Under Grid Disturbances (2012)

Voltage-source converter (VSC)-based transmission systems have attractive potential features in terms of power flow control and stability of the network. Although relatively low switching frequency operation of high-power converters (9-15 times the line frequency) is desirable, it makes them sensitive to power network imbalances when they may be needed the most. This paper specifically proposes a control structure to improve the performance of high-power vector-controlled back-to-back VSC systems for conventional and emerging utility applications. The main improvement is to suppress the possible dc-link voltage fluctuations under power line faults and unbalanced conditions. The proposed controller structure is designed based on regulating the converter system's states locally in dq synchronous reference frame without sequence components extraction or resonant notch compensator. RTDS results verify the validity of the proposed control architecture during normal and unbalanced power system conditions.