gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Female Knee: Anatomic Variations (2007)

Traditional knee implants have been designed "down the middle,"based on the combined average size and shape of male and female knee anatomy.Sex-based research in the field of orthopaedics has led to new understanding of the anatomic differences between the sexes and the associated implications for women undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Through the use of a comprehensive bone morphology atlas that utilizes novel three-dimensional computed tomography analysis technology, significant anatomic differences have been documented in the shape and size of female knees compared with male knees. This research identifies three notable anatomic differences in the female population: a less prominent anterior condyle, an increased Q angle, and a reduced medial-lateral:anterior-posterior aspect ratio.
IN VIVO EFFECTS OF LEFLUNOMIDE ON NORMAL PANCREATIC ISLET AND SYNGENEIC ISLET GRAFT FUNCTION (1997)

Leflunomide (Lef) is a novel immunosuppressant that can prevent islet allograft and xenograft rejection. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effects of Lef on the function of normal pancreatic islets and syngeneic islet grafts in rats and compared its effect to cyclosporine (CsA) and FK506. Different groups of rats were treated with Lef (10 and 20 mg/kg/day), CsA (20 mg/kg/day), or FK506 (2 mg/kg/day). After 4 and 6 weeks, nonfasting blood glucose (BG) levels of all the treatment groups were not different from that of the control group. Intravenous glucose tolerance test revealed that the rate of glucose disappearance was normal in Lef-treated groups. However, the rate of glucose disappearance in the CsA- and FK506-treated rats was impaired. In contrast, long-term (7 months) treatment of rats with CsA (10 mg/kg/day) resulted in five of seven rats developing hyperglycemia. However, normal BG was observed in all rats treated for 7 months with Lef (10 mg/kg/day). In the second experimental model, streptozocin-induced diabetic ACI rats were grafted with an average of 1200 syngeneic islets into the liver or kidney capsule. Diabetes in these ACI recipients was stably reversed for 6 months, then these rats were treated with Lef (20 mg/kg/day), CsA (20 mg/kg/day), and FK506 (2 mg/kg/day). After 14 days of treatment, nonfasting BG levels were significantly increased in rats treated with CsA (before: 105 +/- 2.9 mg/ dl, after: 275.8 +/- 60 mg/dl) as well as in rats treated with FK506 (before: 108 +/- 2.4 mg/dl, after: 209 +/- 10.1 mg/dl). In contrast, the BG levels of the Lef-treated rats were indistinguishable from those of the untreated control groups. Site of transplantation, i.e., liver and kidney, did not affect the results. Our results indicating that Lef has no diabetogenic property in vivo lends support to the promise that leflunomide may be effective for clinical islet transplantation.
Measurement of the flavour-specific CP-violating asymmetry asls in Bs0 decays (2013)

The CP-violating asymmetry as&#13;\nsl is studied using semileptonic decays of B0s&#13;\nand B0s&#13;\nmesons produced in&#13;\npp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV at the LHC, exploiting a data sample corresponding&#13;\nto an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1. The reconstructed final states are D±&#13;\ns μ∓, with the D±&#13;\ns particle&#13;\ndecaying in the φπ± mode. The D±&#13;\ns μ∓ yields are summed over B0s&#13;\nand B0s&#13;\ninitial states, and integrated&#13;\nwith respect to decay time. Data-driven methods are used to measure efficiency ratios. We obtain as&#13;\nsl&#13;\n=&#13;\n(−0.06±0.50±0.36)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic.
An IGBT integrated power module for configurable series/parallel operation at high power and frequency (2013)

Summary form only given. Eagle Harbor Technologies (EHT) has developed a modular solid state power supply based on IGBT technology which can support a wide array of applications. The EHT Integrated Power Module (IPM) incorporates fast gate drive technology, high voltage isolation (~ 30 kV), fiber optic control, and optional crowbar diodes into a single unit. Modules are designed for pulsed/burst operation at frequencies up to 2 MHz. For a 10 ms 100 kHz pulse width modulated (PWM) burst, the modules have a nominal 1 kV at 2.5 kA output. Currents up to 10 kA can be switched for shorter periods. The modules can be stacked in series and/or parallel arrangements as needed to obtain higher voltages and currents. The EHT IPM utilizes off the shelf IGBTs that reduce cost while allowing a great deal of flexibility for output voltage, current, switching frequency and efficiency by simply choosing the correct IGBTs for the desired application.
Persistence of recipient human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies and production of donor HLA antibodies following reduced intensity allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2014)

The effects of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) on human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-alloimmunization and platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT) are unknown. We studied HLA-alloantibodies in a cohort of 16 patients (eight HLA-alloimmunized with pre-transplant histories of PTR and eight non-alloimmunized controls) undergoing Allo-HSCT using fludarabine/cyclophosphamide-based RIC. Pre- and post-transplant serum samples were analysed for HLA-antibodies and compared to myeloid, T-cell and bone marrow plasma cell chimaerism. Among alloimmunized patients, the duration that HLA-antibodies persisted post-transplant correlated strongly with pre-transplant HLA-antibody mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and PRA levels (Spearman's rank correlation = 0·954 (P = 0·0048) and 0·865 (P = 0·0083) respectively). Pre-transplant MFI >10,000 was associated with post-transplant HLA antibody persistence >100 d (P = 0·029). HLA-antibodies persisted ≥100 d in 3/8 patients despite recipient chimaerism being undetectable in all lympho-haematopoietic lineages including plasma cells. Post-transplant de-novo HLA-antibodies developed in three control patients with two developing PTR; the donors for two of these patients demonstrated pre-existing HLA-antibodies of equivalent specificity to those in the patient, confirming donor origin. These data show HLA-antibodies may persist for prolonged periods following RIC. Further study is needed to determine the incidence of post-transplant PTR as a consequence of donor-derived HLA alloimmunization before recommendations on donor HLA-antibody screening can be made.
In-Vitro Visualization of Thrombus Growth in Artificial Lungs Using Real-Time X-Ray Imaging: A Feasibility Study (2021)

We showed the feasibility of a new in-vitro method for real-time thrombus growth visualization by means of phase contrast X-ray imaging. In addition, with more blood parameters that are clinically relevant, this approach might contribute to improved oxygenator exchange protocols in the clinical routine.
ATP-induced Structural Transitions in PAN, the Proteasome-regulatory ATPase Complex in Archaea (2007)

ATP binding to the PAN-ATPase complex in Archaea or the homologous 19 S protease-regulatory complex in eukaryotes induces association with the 20 S proteasome and opening of its substrate entry channel, whereas ATP hydrolysis allows unfolding of globular substrates. To clarify the conformational changes associated with ATP binding and hydrolysis, we used protease sensitivity to monitor the conformations of the PAN ATPase from Methanococcus jannischii. Exhaustive trypsin treatment of PAN generated five distinct fragments, two of which differed when a nucleotide (either ATP, ATP gamma S, or ADP) was bound. Surprisingly, the nucleotide concentrations altering protease sensitivity were much lower (K(a) 20-40 microm) than are required for ATP-dependent protein breakdown by the PAN-20S proteasome complex (K(m) approximately 300-500 microm). Unlike trypsin, proteinase K yielded several fragments that differed in the ATP gamma S and ADP-bound forms, and thus revealed conformational transitions associated with ATP hydrolysis. Mapping the fragments generated by each revealed that nucleotide binding and hydrolysis induce local conformational changes, affecting the Walker A and B nucleotide-binding motif, as well as global changes extending to its carboxyl terminus. The location and overlap of the fragments also suggest that the conformation of the six subunits is not identical, probably because they do not all bind ATP simultaneously. Partial nucleotide occupancy was supported by direct assays, which demonstrated that, at saturating conditions, only four nucleotides are bound to hexameric PAN. Using the protease protection maps, we modeled the conformational changes associated with ATP binding and hydrolysis in PAN based on the x-ray structures of the homologous AAA ATPase, HslU.
Fe(III)-Coordination Properties of Neuromelanin Components:  5,6-Dihydroxyindole and 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic Acid (2006)

The Fe(III)-coordination chemistry of neuromelanin building-block compounds, 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), and 5,6-dihydroxy-N-methyl-indole (Me-DHI), and the neurotransmitter dopamine were explored in aqueous solution by anaerobic pH-dependent spectrophotometric titrations. The Fe(III)-binding constants and pH-dependent speciation parallel those of catechol in that mono, bis, and tris FeLx species are present at concentrations dependent on the pH. The bis FeL2 dihydroxyindole species are favorable for L = DHI and DHICA under neutral to mildly acidic conditions. DHI and DHICA are stronger Fe(III) chelates than catechol, dopamine, and Me-DHI at pH values from 3 to 10. Oxidation studies reveal that iron accelerates the air oxidation of DHI and DHICA.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroformylation of 1‐Hexene with Rhodium in Non‐aqueous Ionic Liquids: How to Design the Solvent and the Ligand to the Reaction. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Real time plasmonic spectroscopy of the interaction of Hg2+ with single noble metal nanoparticles (2012)

In this work, we use dark-field optical microscopy (DFM) and hyper spectral imaging (HSI) to study the interactions of single Ag and Au nanoparticles (NPs) with Hg2+ in real time, at room temperature (25 °C). NPs were immobilized on glass substrates using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) as the anchoring agent. Red, green and blue colors were assigned to the particles in hyper spectral images on the basis of their relative scattering intensities at 640, 550 and 460 nm, where the particles showed maxima in their scattering spectra. While Ag NPs showed all the colors, Au NPs were mostly red and rarely green in DFM images. The scattering spectra of Ag NPs were more blue shifted (with an average shift of 46 nm in the case of red particles) in a given time compared to Au NPs, after passing over Hg2+ solution and these shifts increased with time. Depending on the extent of blue shift, the colors of the particles got modified. Red particles appeared more reactive than green and blue, as revealed from the larger extent of shifts and their time dependence. The greater reactivity of red particles is attributed to their anisotropic nature possessing reactive tips, edges and more surface area due to their large size. The effect of quality of water on the scattering spectrum was checked by passing over deionized (DI) and tap waters separately, which showed that the effect is minimal compared to the presence of Hg2+, when data at a given time, flow rate and temperature were compared. Solution phase interactions of NPs with Hg2+ were also performed for comparison. These were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). Solution phase experiments showed citrate-induced aggregation of Ag NPs and partial reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0 upon exposure to Hg2+. Immobilized particles cannot aggregate and they show only reduction.
Abstract LB-85: Ectopic expression of eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is a hallmark for human lung cancer and is associated with poor prognosis (2012)

Abstract Background: The elongation factor eEF1A is one of the most abundantly expressed cellular proteins. It exists in two forms, eEF1A2, expressed in neurons and striated muscle, and eEF1A1, expressed in all other cell types. No normal adult cell expresses both forms. We investigated their role in lung cancer. Methods: We studied over 500 NSCLC and SCLC lung cancers and over 170 cell lines, as well as corresponding non- malignant lung tissues and immortalized respiratory epithelial lines. Methods included microarray, qPCR, immunostaining and western blots for eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, genomic sequencing and SNP analyses. Results: All normal and malignant cells highly expressed eEF1A1. EEF1A2 was expressed in 70-80% of all forms of lung cancers and 95% of cell lines, while all non-malignant tissues were negative. Expression of eEF1A2 in neuroendocrine tumors was particular high. The ectopic expression of eEF1A2 was not the consequence of mutations or copy number gains. Use of demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors resulted in expression of eEF1A2 in respiratory epithelial cells, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms prevented expression in non-malignant cells. Transient knockdown of the eEF1A2 expression inhibited proliferation and colony formation of lung cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the expression of eEF1A2 in resected NSCLC cancers was associated with poor survival. Conclusions: Highly specific ectopic expression of eEF1A2 gene is frequent in all types of lung cancer, plays an important role in tumor pathogenesis and is a potential diagnostic and prognostic factor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-85. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-85
An interview with Charles Cantor: achievements and advice from 50 years of biotechnology expertise (2015)

Interview with Professor Charles Cantor PhD by Claire Raison (Commissioning Editor) Professor Charles Cantor was awarded his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley (CA, USA), in 1966, and via professorships at Columbia University (New York, NY, USA), UC Berkeley and Boston University (Boston, MA, USA), went on to be Chief Scientific Officer of Sequenom (San Diego, CA, USA) and now retired, continues to act as consultant for more than 16 biotechnology companies. His research focused on inventing new techniques for solving biological problems, including faster DNA sequencing, better DNA amplification and advanced methods: for nucleic acid separation.
Activity, creatine kinase, and myoglobin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1985)

Large and seemingly random fluctuations in the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb) have been noted in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We studied seven affected boys, aged 2 to 9 years. Blood was drawn for CK and Mb every 4 hours, and the boys9 activity was documented hourly for 4 days. There was a close correlation between serum levels of CK and Mb with physical activity. Fluctuations in serum levels of CK and Mb are not random and may result from an abnormality of fatty acid metabolism.
FlexGibbs: Reconfigurable Parallel Gibbs Sampling Accelerator for Structured Graphs (2019)

Many consider one of the key components to the success of deep learning as its compatibility with existing accelerators, mainly GPU. While GPUs are great at handling linear algebra kernels commonly found in deep learning, they are not the optimal architecture for handling unsupervised learning methods such as Bayesian models and inference. As a step towards, achieving better understanding of architectures for probabilistic models, Gibbs sampling, one of the most commonly used algorithms for Bayesian inference, is studied with a focus on parallelism that converges to the target distribution and parameterized components. We propose FlexGibbs, a reconfigurable parallel Gibbs sampling inference accelerator for structured graphs. We designed an architecture optimal for solving Markov Random Field tasks using an array of parallel Gibbs samplers, enabled by chromatic scheduling. We show that for sound source separation application, FlexGibbs configured on the FPGA fabric of Xilinx Zync CPU-FPGA SoC achieved Gibbs sampling inference speedup of 1048x and 99.85% reduction in energy over running it on ARM Cortex-A53.
DICTATION MACHINE BASED ON JAPANESE CHARACTER SOURCE MODELING (1994)

This paper describes a phonetic typewriter and a dictation machine that utilize the underlying statistical structure of phoneme or character sequences. The approach of using syllable or character trigrams is applied to language source modeling. The language source models are obtained by calculating trigram probabilities from a large text database. These models are combined with the HMM-LR continuous speech recognition system. 3,6 The phonetic typewriter is tested using 274 phrases uttered by one male speaker. The syllable source model achieves a 94.9% phoneme recognition rate with the test-set phoneme perplexity of 3.9. Without the syllable source model, the phoneme recognition rate is only 73.2%. A trigram model based on characters is also evaluated. This character source model can reduce the syllable perplexity significantly to 7.7, compared with 10.5 of the syllable source model. The character source model achieves a 78.5% character transcription rate for the 274 phrase utterances. The experimental results show that a syllable source model and a character source model are very effective for realizing a Japanese dictation machine.
Three-dimensionally profiled optical couplers fabricated by grayscale lithography (2003)

We have developed writing techniques for grayscale masks that we utilize in the fabrication of tapered coupling devices. These devices provide efficient coupling into optical circuits as compared to presently employed methods. We discuss mask process development, fabrication techniques, and device performance.
Effects of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Somatomedin-C/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication of Fetal Rat Islets of Langerhans in Tissue Culture* (1988)

The effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on DNA replication and release of insulin and somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (SM-C/IGF-I) from cultured fetal rat islets have been studied. In medium containing 1% fetal calf serum and 16.7 mM glucose, both PDGF (2-10 ng/ml) and SM-C/IGF-I (100 ng/ml) stimulated DNA replication 2-fold. The growth stimulatory effects of the two peptides were additive. In the absence of serum, SM-C/IGF-I, but not PDGF, stimulated DNA replication. Under conditions of PDGF-stimulated DNA replication there was no increased release of either insulin or SM-C/IGF-I into the culture medium. An antibody against SM-C/IGF-I which inhibited SM-C/IGF-I-stimulated DNA replication did not affect PDGF-stimulated DNA replication. Similarly, an antibody against PDGF did not affect DNA replication stimulated by SM-C/IGF-I. It is concluded that PDGF stimulates islet cell DNA replication. This is the first demonstration of a tissue of nonmesodermal origin responding to PDGF. Stimulation of DNA replication appears to be independent of SM-C/IGF-I release, and furthermore, the results indicate that the islets do not produce PDGF-like substances themselves. It is suggested that PDGF is of importance for fetal islet development.
Crystal structure of bis-(2,2′ :6′,2″-terpyridyl)cobalt(II) bromide trihydrate (1974)

The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by Patterson and Fourier methods from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data, and refined by least squares to R 0·096 (2704 reflections). Crystals are triclinic, probable space group P, a= 19·763(4), b= 9·563(2), c= 8·537(1)Å, α= 95·96(1), β= 93·48(1), γ= 94·44(1)°, Z= 2. Within the cation, each terpyridyl ligand co-ordinates via the three nitrogen atoms, the central Co–N distance being shorter than the outer [〈Co–N〉, 1·89, 2·10(1)Å respectively] and the ligand being strained to accommodate the bonding; the overall cation symmetry is approximately D2d. The bromide ions are disordered between lattice sites ca. 2·0 Å apart; the potential barrier between the two sites appears small and may be the determinant of the ‘crossover’ situation which exists in this complex.
A Bayesian Perspective of Convolutional Neural Networks through a Deconvolutional Generative Model (2018)

Inspired by the success of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for supervised prediction in images, we design the Deconvolutional Generative Model (DGM), a new probabilistic generative model whose inference calculations correspond to those in a given CNN architecture. The DGM uses a CNN to design the prior distribution in the probabilistic model. Furthermore, the DGM generates images from coarse to finer scales. It introduces a small set of latent variables at each scale, and enforces dependencies among all the latent variables via a conjugate prior distribution. This conjugate prior yields a new regularizer based on paths rendered in the generative model for training CNNs-the Rendering Path Normalization (RPN). We demonstrate that this regularizer improves generalization, both in theory and in practice. In addition, likelihood estimation in the DGM yields training losses for CNNs, and inspired by this, we design a new loss termed as the Max-Min cross entropy which outperforms the traditional cross-entropy loss for object classification. The Max-Min cross entropy suggests a new deep network architecture, namely the Max-Min network, which can learn from less labeled data while maintaining good prediction performance. Our experiments demonstrate that the DGM with the RPN and the Max-Min architecture exceeds or matches the-state-of-art on benchmarks including SVHN, CIFAR10, and CIFAR100 for semi-supervised and supervised learning tasks.