gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of chemical etching with sulfuric acid on glass surface (2000)

Glass slides were chemically etched with sulfuric acid using five different methods. We investigated the effects of chemical etching condition on such properties as chemical composition, surface roughness, and thermal stability of the glass. Sodium and carbon atoms on the surface of the glass are effectively eliminated by chemical etching with sulfuric acid. The glass slides were boiled for 30 min in 95% sulfuric acid and were depth profiled at room temperature with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Na 1s signal was not detected in the resolution limit of XPS. Surface morphology of the glass was very different depending on the concentration of sulfuric acid. The surface of the glass etched with 50% sulfuric acid was rougher than that of glass etched with 95% sulfuric acid. The sodium concentration of the glass boiled for 30 min in 95% sulfuric acid was nearly zero at the glass surface, and the sodium composition changed very little with annealing temperatures up to 350 °C in a vacuum environment. However the sulfur concentration at the glass surface due to the sulfuric acid increased with increasing temperature.
Design of Compact Transmission Line Transformers in LTCC Technology (2012)

Concepts for ceramic integrated transmission line transformers (TLT) to conduct powers up to some kW and currents up to 10 A with an impedance ratio of 4:1 are presented. In this power range, a TLT usually consists of coaxial cables. To optimize size, improve integrability and enhance electric performance, our work pursues the integration into a planar multilayer board with electroplated conductors using Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics Technology (LTCC). The methodical design approach is presented, using complementary simulation tools for circuit, multilayer and FEM analysis to reach the aforementioned application-specific performance. Size is reduced further using specific ferrites and optimizing their position. The correlation between measured characteristics of various transmission line transformers produced and underlying design considerations are given in detail. Minimum sizes of 10 to 15 mm squared have been realized using single sided metallisation, which is also well suited for electroplating.
Stuxnet worm impact on industrial cyber-physical system security (2011)

Industrial systems consider only partially security, mostly relying on the basis of “isolated” networks, and controlled access environments. Monitoring and control systems such as SCADA/DCS are responsible for managing critical infrastructures operate in these environments, where a false sense of security assumptions is usually made. The Stuxnet worm attack demonstrated widely in mid 2010 that many of the security assumptions made about the operating environment, technological capabilities and potential threat risk analysis are far away from the reality and challenges modern industrial systems face. We investigate in this work the highly sophisticated aspects of Stuxnet, the impact that it may have on existing security considerations and pose some thoughts on the next generation SCADA/DCS systems from a security perspective.
NMR and PXRD analysis of the structure of a new hydrous layer silicate (2005)

MICROSYMPOSIA C100emerging nascent chain, binds to the large ribosomal subunit in the vicinity of the tunnel opening and forms a sheltered folding space.The 3.5Å crystal structure of the large ribosomal subunit of the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, D50S, in complex with the TF binding domain (TFa) from Deinococcus radiodurans, reveals for the first time the molecular structure of the entire TFa bound to the bacterial ribosome.In comparison with structures of isolated TF/TFa molecules from different bacterial sources, the current structure displays a conformational change in the TFa domain that assures a degree of dynamic flexibility and may hint at mobility during early folding.The signature part of TFa anchors on small exposed regions of ribosomal proteins L23 and L29 some 40Å away from the opening of the exit tunnel, in general agreement with the reported chimeric structure of the archaeal large ribosomal subunit (H50S) with the eubacterial TFa (Ferbitz et al., 2004).The chaperone TF does not exist in the archaeal kingdom, and therefore the similarity of its local interactions with both ribosomal systems highlights the high structural and sequence conservation of its contact region on the ribosome.Still, the archaeal ribosomal protein L23 lacks the sizable elongated loop, present in bacteria, which extends into the tunnel opening and can actively interact with the nascent protein passing through it.Our structure shows that TFa binds to two separate regions of L23 on both sides of the extended loop, thus linking the TF binding site with the ribosomal tunnel and enabling communication with the newly synthesized nascent chain.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of nonpeptide, potent triazolone-based angiotensin II receptor antagonists (1993)

2,5-Dibutyl-2,4-dihydro-4-[[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4' - yl]methyl]-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, SC-51316, was synthesized as a potent and orally active angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonist with a long duration of action. To explore the lipophilic pocket in the AII receptor interacting with the substituent at the 2-position of triazolone-based antagonists, a series of compounds were prepared and evaluated for receptor binding affinity and antagonism of AII-contracted rabbit aortic rings. It has been found that the pocket is very spacious and can accommodate different sizes of lipophilic groups and various functionalities. Acidic groups generally result in a slight decrease in binding affinity. Branched chains are unfavorable. The freedom of rotation around C2-C3 in the flexible side chain is crucial for good binding. The 2-phenylethyl-substituted triazolone analogue exhibits the highest in vitro potency among all compounds that have been synthesized.
Multiplexed Dynamic Imaging of Genomic Loci by Combined CRISPR Imaging and DNA Sequential FISH (2017)

Visualization of chromosome dynamics allows the investigation of spatiotemporal chromatin organization and its role in gene regulation and other cellular processes. However, current approaches to label multiple genomic loci in live cells have a fundamental limitation in the number of loci that can be labeled and uniquely identified. Here we describe an approach we call "track first and identify later" for multiplexed visualization of chromosome dynamics by combining two techniques: CRISPR imaging and DNA sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization. Our approach first labels and tracks chromosomal loci in live cells with the CRISPR-Cas9 system, then barcodes those loci by DNA sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization in fixed cells and resolves their identities. We demonstrate our approach by tracking telomere dynamics, identifying 12 unique subtelomeric regions with variable detection efficiencies, and tracking back the telomere dynamics of respective chromosomes in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Power generation of hybrid direct carbon fuel cell using SOFC and molten carbonate (2018)

Highly efficient energy conversion systems for converting solid fuels such as coal and biomass to electricity are required for clean energy production. Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) directly convert the chemical energy in the solid char into electricity without the need for a gasification process. In this study, a hybrid DCFC using SOFC and molten carbonate was developed. As a result, a stable discharge was achieved when a level of carbon/carbonate slurry was low. Meanwhile, the continuous discharge was not achieved when the level of slurry was high. This was because carbon particles were biased toward the surface due to the buoyance, leading to less contact between the anode and the carbon.
Supplemental Figure 1 from Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> Receptors Intrinsically Regulate CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1. Phenotypic analysis of myeloid dendritic cells isolated from spleen (SPL) and B16F10 tumors.&lt;/p&gt;
Modern Methods of Drug Discovery (2003)

Research in the pharmaceutical industry today is in many respects quite different from what it used to be only fifteen years ago. There have been dramatic changes in approaches for identifying new che
Agaricus blazeiExtract Induces Apoptosis through ROS‐Dependent JNK Activation Involving the Mitochondrial Pathway and Suppression of Constitutive NF‐κB in THP‐1 Cells (2009)

Agaricus blazei is widely accepted as a traditional medicinal mushroom, and it has been known to exhibit immunostimulatory and anti-cancer activity. However, the apoptotic mechanism in cancer cells is poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated whether A. blazei extract (ABE) exerts antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in human leukemic THP-1 cells. We observed that ABE-induced apoptosis is associated with the mitochondrial pathway, which is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and prolonged c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. In addition, the ABE treatment resulted in the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytoplasm, an increase in caspase activity, and an upregulation of Bax and Bad. With those results in mind, we found that ABE decreases constitutive NF-κB activation and NF-κB-regulated gene products such as IAP-1 and -2. We concluded that ABE induces apoptosis with ROS-dependent JNK activation and constitutive activated NF-κB inhibition in THP-1 cells.
Dead-time correction for a rotating rod normalization in a cylindrical PET system (2003)

Depending on the geometry between the rotating coincidence rod source, the PET detectors and the rod activity, a variable amount of block dead-time is found in a PET system during normalization. This dead-time is driven by the relative location between the rod source and the crystals in the block detector. Normalization scans were acquired on a GE Discovery ST PET-CT system with 3 rod activities of duration such that the total acquired counts (T+S+R) were held constant. To develop a model of the dead-time, acquisitions at six static source locations, centered over each crystal in a single block detector, were acquired for each of the rod activity levels. The resultant block busy data were analyzed such that the profile of block busy as the rod traversed all lines-of-response (with respect to the said block) was found. The profile was fit with a Gaussian function and parameterized by the FWHM and amplitude of the Gaussian. For image analysis, a 20 cm uniform cylinder and a whole-body patient scan were analyzed in reconstructed image space. The datasets were reconstructed with each normalization correction, then with the normalization corrected for dead-time. A model has been found and is described allowing application of dead-time correction to a rotating rod normalization scan based on measured block-busy in the normalization raw data. The model corrects for dead-time effects in the normalization. Analysis of image quality impact shows that bias and variance effects are reduced.
A Computational and Evolutionary Perspective on the Role of Representation in Vision (1994)

Recently, the assumed goal of computer vision, reconstructing a representation of the scene, has been critcized as unproductive and impractical. Critics have suggested that the reconstructive approach should be supplanted by a new purposive approach that emphasizes functionality and task driven perception at the cost of general vision. In response to these arguments, we claim that the recovery paradigm central to the reconstructive approach is viable, and, moreover, provides a promising framework for understanding and modeling general purpose vision in humans and machines. An examination of the goals of vision from an evolutionary perspective and a case study involving the recovery of optic flow support this hypothesis. In particular, while we acknowledge that there are instances where the purposive approach may be appropriate, these are insufficient for implementing the wide range of visual tasks exhibited by humans (the kind of flexible vision system presumed to be an end-goal of artificial intelligence). Furthermore, there are instances, such as recent work on the estimation of optic flow, where the recovery paradigm may yield useful and robust results. Thus, contrary to certain claims, the purposive approach does not obviate the need for recovery and reconstruction of flexible representations of the world.
Additional file 3: Table S1. of Further validation to support clinical translation of [18F]FTC-146 for imaging sigma-1 receptors (2015)

Ex vivo stability of [18F]FTC-146 in WT mouse (nâ =â 4). (DOC 29Â kb)
Challenges in Electronic Cooling—Opportunities for Enhanced Thermal Management Techniques—Microprocessor Liquid Cooled Minichannel Heat Sink (2004)

The volumetric heat dissipated by computer equipment at each level of the package from the chip to the chassis is having a tremendous impact on the thermal management of computer equipment. Because of the consumer's insatiable desire for increased performance, the competitive pressures are driving the computer manufacturer to pack as much processor/memory performance within the smallest volume possible. The consumer views high performance in a compact package as a benefit. These market pressures seem to be in direct conflict with the desire to continue to provide air cooling solutions for the foreseeable future. Because of these trends in power and package design, other cooling technologies beside air are now becoming viable, techniques, but each must be weighed with many other factors that influence the cooling technology selected. These factors will be discussed along with two specific IBM server packages and their associated cooling technology employed. Finally a microprocessor liquid cooled minichannel heat sink will be described and its performance presented as it applies to a current microprocessor (IBM Power4) chip.
Recent progress in the application of wavelets in surveillance systems (1994)

We briefly discuss two approaches for enhancing the resolution enhancement of range-Doppler images (including synthetic aperture radar and inverse synthetic aperture radar images). The first approach can be used in conjunction with current radar systems that use a fixed narrowband waveform to acquire target data. It measures Doppler shifts more accurately than the traditional fast Fourier transform based techniques. It performs well in low signal-to-clutter regimes regardless of the statistical structure of the clutter. The second technique assumes that the radar can transmit different waveforms that are matched to the imaging task under consideration. It is based on the fact that the most accurate reconstruction of a range-Doppler target density function from <i>N</i> waveforms and their echoes is obtained by transmitting the singular functions corresponding to the <i>N</i> largest singular values of two kernels derived from the target density. We discuss two strategies for selecting the radar waveforms. The first strategy uses fixed waveforms that act as approximate singular functions for the kernels corresponding to wide classes of target densities. The second strategy adaptively selects the transmitted waveforms by solving a simultaneous target classification and image reconstruction problem.
Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in 3D Brain MRI using Deep Learning with Multi-Task Brain Age Prediction (2022)

Lesion detection in brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) remains a challenging task. MRIs are typically read and interpreted by domain experts, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. Recently, unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) in brain MRI with deep learning has shown promising results to provide a quick, initial assessment. So far, these methods only rely on the visual appearance of healthy brain anatomy for anomaly detection. Another biomarker for abnormal brain development is the deviation between the brain age and the chronological age, which is unexplored in combination with UAD. We propose deep learning for UAD in 3D brain MRI considering additional age information. We analyze the value of age information during training, as an additional anomaly score, and systematically study several architecture concepts. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel deep learning approach for UAD with multi-task age prediction. We use clinical T1-weighted MRIs of 1735 healthy subjects and the publicly available BraTs 2019 data set for our study. Our novel approach significantly improves UAD performance with an AUC of 92.60% compared to an AUC-score of 84.37% using previous approaches without age information.
Effect of Secondary Aerobic Digestion on Properties of Anaerobic Digested Biosolids (2006)

Effect of Secondary Aerobic Digestion on Properties of Anaerobic Digested BiosolidsIn this study, the performance of sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion was compared to conventional anaerobic digestion for sludge from the Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant. Volatile solids removal, polymer conditioning demand for dewatering, and biosolids odor characteristics following anaerobic digestion and sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion were monitored. Aerobic...Author(s)Nitin KumarJohn T. NovakSudhir MurthySourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 88: Residuals and Biosolids Management: Promising Ideas for Minimization and Odor ReductionDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2006ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20060101)2006:5L.6806;1-DOI10.2175/193864706783761527Volume / Issue2006 / 5Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)6806 - 6829Copyright2006Word count218
Interactions between risky decisions, impulsiveness and smoking in young tattooed women (2013)

The present study was specifically designed to resolve questions regarding associations between impulsiveness and risky decision-making in tattooed women. It shows that in tattooed women, risky decisions are not a direct result of their self-reported impulsiveness. Smoking does not explain the psychometric differences between tattooed women and controls.
Optically pumped AlGaN quantum‐well lasers at sub‐250 nm grown by MOCVD on AlN substrates (2014)

Abstract In this study, we employed bulk (0001) AlN substrates for the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of AlGaN multi‐quantum‐well heterostructures in an Aixtron 6 × 2″ close‐coupled showerhead reactor. The wafers were fabricated into cleaved bars with a cavity length of ∼1 mm. Two different layer structure designs are presented in this work. Both laser bars were optically pumped by a pulsed 193 nm ArF excimer laser at room temperature. The lasing wavelengths are 243.5 nm and 245.3 nm with threshold power density 427 kW/cm 2 and 297 kW/cm 2 , respectively. Both laser bars showed transverse electric‐polarization‐dominated optical emission when operating above threshold. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alpha‐defensins: risk factor for thrombosis in COVID‐19 infection (2021)

The inflammatory response to SARS/CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection may contribute to the risk of thromboembolic complications. α-Defensins, antimicrobial peptides released from activated neutrophils, are anti-fibrinolytic and prothrombotic in vitro and in mouse models. In this prospective study of 176 patients with COVID-19 infection, we found that plasma levels of α-defensins were elevated, tracked with disease progression/mortality or resolution and with plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and D-dimers. Immunohistochemistry revealed intense deposition of α-defensins in lung vasculature and thrombi. IL-6 stimulated the release of α-defensins from neutrophils, thereby accelerating coagulation and inhibiting fibrinolysis in human blood, imitating the coagulation pattern in COVID-19 patients. The procoagulant effect of IL-6 was inhibited by colchicine, which blocks neutrophil degranulation. These studies describe a link between inflammation and the risk of thromboembolism, and they identify a potential new approach to mitigate this risk in patients with COVID-19 and potentially in other inflammatory prothrombotic conditions.
High-speed large-area surface-normal multiple quantum well modulators (2004)

Since 1998, the Naval Research Laboratory has been developing modulating retro-reflectors (MRR) for free-space optical (FSO) communication links. Using an MRR is beneficial for asymmetric links containing one node with weight or power constraints, such as ground-to-air links. An MRR configuration shifts most of the power, weight, and pointing requirements onto one node. To close an MRR link at any significant distance, the area of the modulator must be fairly large. Using a large area limits the data rate, since capacitance is proportional to area. Resistance also depends on device size, although not in the same manner. To increase the data rate, we designed a top metal contact that diminishes the effect of the semiconductor resistivity. Using this new top contact design decreases the rise time from approximately 2.6 &mu;s to 60 ns using the same wafer structure. However, increasing the data rate increases the power input and results in self-heating, which changes the optimal operating wavelength of MQW modulators. Accordingly, a new coupled quantum well structure is designed. The new design lowers the required drive voltage, which in turn lowers the power consumption, increases yield, and simplifies drive circuitry. The lower power input also reduces the modulation rate dependence of the wavelength.
Viscosity measurement based on the tapping-induced free vibration of sessile droplets using MEMS-based piezoresistive cantilevers (2015)

We report a simple technique to measure the free vibration of microlitre-sized droplets using an array of thirteen MEMS-based piezoresistive cantilevers and demonstrate its application for the measurement of viscosity. Because the damping of the free vibration of a liquid droplet is known to be affected by the viscosity of the liquid, measuring the vibration of a droplet allows the viscosity to be estimated from a dilute sample volume. However, conventional methods to measure the droplet vibration require sophisticated apparatuses, which hinder the development of a portable viscometer. Here, we show that MEMS-based piezoresistive cantilevers can be an excellent tool to measure the vibration of a sessile droplet due to the high sensitivity and simplicity of the readout scheme. Using the cantilever array, we analyse the normal force distribution on the contact area of a sessile droplet in the static state and during the vibration. Next, we show that the viscosity (from ~1-30 mPa s) can be estimated within an error of less than 10% from the attenuation rate of the cantilever output during the tapping-induced vibration of small droplets (~2.4 μL). In addition to the advantage of the small sample volume, the proposed viscometer has simple operation and readout schemes, which are desirable for many applications, including point-of-care testing and drug development.