gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Bromide Pretreatment on the Performance of Supported Au–Pd Catalysts for the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide (2009)

Abstract The effect of pretreating Au–Pd catalysts on MgO and C supports with aqueous bromide solution, prior to using them for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide, has been investigated. These two supports were selected since the parent materials exhibit contrasting microstructures and activities. The carbon‐supported catalysts comprise homogeneous Au–Pd alloy nanoparticles, which give high activity, whereas the MgO‐supported catalyst has Au–Pd alloys with a Pd‐rich surface and a Au‐rich core, which result in lower activity. Pretreatment of these catalysts with bromide was found to enhance H 2 O 2 productivity and the degree of enhancement was largely dependent on the nature of the Au–Pd nanoparticles. Whereas bromide pretreatment significantly enhanced H 2 O 2 productivity over the MgO‐based catalysts, the carbon‐based catalyst only showed a subtle promotional effect. Very low loadings of bromide (0.00034–0.044 wt %) were required to yield a significant positive effect. Higher bromide loadings (0.5–8.3 wt %) proved deleterious. The promotional effect has been correlated to selective poisoning of sites responsible for H 2 O 2 hydrogenation and decomposition. In view of the limited effect of bromide pretreatment on the yield of H 2 O 2 coupled with the effective performance of the carbon supported Au‐Pd catalysts in the absence of halides, for practical processes the addition of halides is not considered advisable with this catalyst system.
Crosstalk Between Nuclear MET and SOX9/β-Catenin Correlates with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2014)

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) (CRPC) is relapse after various forms of androgen ablation therapy and causes a major mortality in PCa patients, yet the mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report the nuclear form of mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (nMET) is essential for CRPC. Specifically, nMET is remarkably increased in human CRPC samples compared with naïve samples. Androgen deprivation induces endogenous nMET and promotes cell proliferation and stem-like cell self-renewal in androgen-nonresponsive PCa cells. Mechanistically, nMET activates SRY (sex determining region Y)-box9, β-catenin, and Nanog homeobox and promotes sphere formation in the absence of androgen stimulus. Combined treatment of MET and β-catenin enhances the inhibition of PCa cell growth. Importantly, MET accumulation is detected in nucleus of recurrent prostate tumors of castrated Pten/Trp53 null mice, whereas MET elevation is predominantly found in membrane of naïve tumors. Our findings reveal for the first time an essential role of nMET association with SOX9/β-catenin in CRPC in vitro and in vivo, highlighting that nuclear RTK activate cell reprogramming to drive recurrence, and targeting nMET would be a new avenue to treat recurrent cancers.
ChemInform Abstract: Minisci Reactions: Versatile C—H Functionalizations for Medicinal Chemists (2012)

Abstract Review: 245 refs.
Cdc37 is a molecular chaperone with specific functions in signal transduction. (1997)

Cdc37 is required for cyclin-dependent kinase activation and is genetically linked with the activity of several other kinases, including oncogenic v-Src, casein kinase II, MPS-1 kinase, and sevenless. Strikingly, many pathways involving Cdc37 also involve the protein chaperone Hsp90. The identification of Cdc37 as the 50-kD protein in several Hsp90-kinase complexes, together with other data, led to the recent suggestion that Cdc37 is a kinase-targeting "subunit" of Hsp90. We directly examined the effect of Cdc37 on Hsp90 functions. Rather than simply acting as an accessory factor for Hsp90, Cdc37 is itself a protein chaperone with properties remarkably similar to those of Hsp90. In vitro, Cdc37 maintains denatured beta-galactosidase in an activation-competent state without reactivating it and stabilizes mature, but unstable, casein kinase II. In vivo, Cdc37 overexpression can compensate for decreased Hsp90 function, but the proteins are not interchangeable. Cdc37 can compensate for Hsp90 in maintaining the activity of v-Src kinase but does not maintain the activity of the glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, the very similar chaperone activities of the two proteins, uncovered through in vitro analysis, diverge in vivo in specific signal transduction pathways.
Functional Organization of the Retrotransposon Ty from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Ty Protease is Required for Transposition (1988)

We used several mutations generated in vitro to further characterize the functions of the products encoded by the TyB gene of the transpositionally active retrotransposon TyH3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutations close to a core protein domain of TyB, which is homologous to retroviral proteases, have striking effects on Ty protein processing, the physiology of Ty viruslike particles, and transposition. The Ty protease is required for processing of both TyA and TyB proteins. Mutations in the protease resulted in the synthesis of morphologically and functionally aberrant Ty viruslike particles. The mutant particles displayed reverse transcriptase activity, but did not synthesize Ty DNA in vitro. Ty RNA was present in the mutant particles, but at very low levels. Transposition of a genetically tagged element ceased when the protease domain was mutated, demonstrating that Ty protease is essential for transposition. One of these mutations also defined a segment of TyB encoding an active reverse transcriptase. These results indicate that the Ty protease, like its retroviral counterpart, plays an important role in particle assembly, replication, and transposition of these elements.
Characterization of Polymer Brushes on Nanoparticle Surfaces (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Materials Instrumentation Pyrolysis GC-MS Infrared Monitoring of Polymer Formation Synthesis of Alkanethiol-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis of Stober Silica Nanoparticles Synthesis of NCSEOS Synthesis of BCH, NCSEOS, and TMEOS-Coated Nanoparticles Synthesis of TMEOS Silica-Polymer Mixture Synthesis of Silica-Poly(norbornene) Nanocomposites Isolation of Grafted Polymer Chains Polymer Stability Test Results and Discussion
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Isomerization of Tetrakistrifluoromethyl Tetraaryl [4]Radialenes to the Type II (All‐Z) Isomers. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polarization and Vortex Control of Extreme-Ultraviolet Attosecond Pulses through Simultaneous Control of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum (2019)

The angular momentum of light is present in two different forms: spin angular momentum (SAM), related to the field's polarization, and orbital angular momentum (OAM), associated with the spatial profile of the phase of the electromagnetic wave. While these properties have been long studied and exploited in the visible/infrared regions, recent developments have extended SAM [1,2] and OAM [3,4] control into the EUV/soft x-ray regions. However, to date it has not been possible to generate coherent EUV beams with fully controlled SAM and OAM.
Response to different benznidazole doses in animal models of chronic phase Chagas disease: a critical review (2018)

Chagas disease is a protozoan infection that was identified over a century ago. No drugs are available to treat the indeterminate and determinate chronic phases of the disease. Success of a drug design is dependent on correct biological evaluation. Concerning new drug designs for Chagas disease, it is essential to first identify the most effective, existing, experimental chronic protocols that can be used for comparison purposes. Here, we present a literature review regarding experimental models with chronic Chagas disease to evaluate the efficacy of benznidazole (BZN). We searched literature published in PubMed and Web of Science databases, using these keywords: animal model, BZN, Chagas disease, T. cruzi, and chronic phase, with no timeframe limitations. We excluded articles involving acute phase animal models and/or those without BZN treatment. The selected studies were conducted using different BZN concentrations (10mg-100mg) involving several different periods (5-70 days). Concentrations and durations of use are directly related to side effects, but do not prevent chronic tissue lesions. BZN use during the late/chronic phases of Chagas disease is unable to eliminate amastigote forms present in infected tissues. This study suggests the administration of a lower BZN concentration (<100mg/kg/day) during the chronic phase of the animal model, as this had been reported to result in fewer side effects.
Temperature effects on surface plasmon enhanced Smith-Purcell terahertz radiation for InSb-based grating (2016)

An electron beam passing over metallic gratings can generate Smith-Purcell radiation in THz region. The emission frequency and angle strongly depend on the period of gratings which is previously designed. Very recently, the enhanced Smith-Purcell radiation by surface plasmon (SP) excitation has been demonstrated. The high-energy electrons deposited on the substrate will cause the temperature of substrate to increase. However, the temperature effect of the substrate on the properties of Smith-Purcell radiation is seldom discussed. In this work, the temperature effects on Smith-Purcell THz radiation for electron beam passing over the InSb-based gratings are examined. The FDTD method is used to simulate the process of electron moving and radiation emission. The mechanisms of temperature modulated Smith-Purcell radiation are elucidated by considering the dispersion curves of investigated grating and electron beam. The simulation results show that the intensity of radiation is increased by four times as comparing to that of the metal-based grating, which is ascribed to excitation of SP and mimic SP in InSb-based gratings. The operation frequency and radiation angle of enhanced radiation is modulated by the change of substrate's temperature (at fixed electron beam energy). The proposed device can be applied to realizing the compact and tunable THz radiation source.
Response of Jurkat T cells to phorbol ester and bryostatin. Development of sublines with distinct functional responses and changes in protein kinase C activity (1991)

T lymphocyte activation is initiated as a result of the interaction between the TCR complex and Ag as seen in the framework of a membrane-bound MHC molecule. Receptor stimulation results in a rise in free intracellular Ca2+ and the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Bryostatin (Bryo) and phorbol esters (e.g., 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA] are PKC activators with somewhat different immunologic effects. We compared the effect of Bryo and TPA on the T cell tumor line Jurkat and derivatives of Jurkat cells grown in media supplemented with 100 nM Bryo ("BR100" cells) or 100 nM TPA ("TP100" cells). In untreated Jurkat cells, there is a dose- and time-dependent decrease in proliferation, compared to media controls, after the administration of as little as 10 nM TPA. This can be reversed in a dose- and time-dependent manner by Bryo. Interestingly, the expression of the transferrin receptor parallelled this effect on proliferation. Furthermore, Jurkat cells grown continuously in 100 nM TPA regained full proliferative capacity after several weeks in culture and transferrin receptor expression returned to near the level seen in untreated Jurkat cells. The chromatographic separation of PKC activity in these three cell lines showed that total PKC activity was dramatically decreased in both the TP100 and BR100 cells when compared to untreated Jurkat cells. However, in the TP100 cells there exists a peak of activity that is activated by Bryo, but not TPA. Western blots of whole cell lysates of the three cell lines showed that PKC-alpha and PKC-beta II were both down-regulated in BR100 and TP100 cells compared to untreated Jurkat cells. PKC-gamma was not detected in any of the cell lines. Therefore, the Bryo-specific peak seen in TP100 cells may be PKC-delta, -epsilon, -zeta, -eta, or a novel PKC isoform. This could provide the basis for a molecular characterization of the differences in PKC activation between phorbol esters and Bryo.
INTRARENAL EXPRESSION OF CYTOTOXIC ATTACK MOLECULES DURING ACUTE REJECTION OF RENAL ALLOGRAFTS IN PEDIATRIC RECIPIENTS (1998)

349 Recent investigations have resolved two distinct cytolytic effector pathways of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In the granule exocytosis pathway, the pore-forming protein perforin and the serine protease granzyme function as the principle lytic molecules and collaborate to kill their targets. In the other, crosslinking of the cell surface fas antigen by the fas ligand (FasL) initiates a cascade of events culminating in apoptosis of target cells. In the current study, renal allograft biopsy specimens, obtained from patients enrolled in the cooperative clinical trials in pediatric transplantation, were examined for intrarenal presence of mRNA encoding perforin, granzyme B or FasL. Identification and quantification of mRNA were accomplished using mRNA specific DNA competitor templates in the quantitative competitive PCR. RNA yield, reverse transcription efficiency and PCR amplification were controlled by quantification of the constitutively expressed GAPDH transcripts. The correlations between biopsy diagnosed acute rejection (AR), occurring within 100 days of transplantation or at any time post-transplantation, and CTL mRNA expression, are summarized in the Table below:In addition: 1) 14/50 (28%) of CTL mRNA negative, 17/99 (35%) of one of the CTL mRNA positive, and 25/43 (58%) of multiple CTL mRNA positive biopsies displayed histologic features of acute rejection; 2) among the surveillance biopsies, 0/23 with low granzyme B and 7/25 (28%) with high granzyme B had rejection (p<0.01); 3) the rates of complete reversal of 52 clinical acute rejections were 79% among one or more CTL mRNA-positive biopsies and 54% among CTL mRNA-negative biopsies (p=0.07); and4) the mean change in creatinine between 1 and 3 months was higher in the gene elevated group (p=NS). Our observations, in addition to demonstrating the significant correlation between early acute pathologic rejection and intragraft expression of CTL molecules, suggest that acute rejection is heterogeneous with respect to molecular mechanisms and that further investigation of unsuccessful reversal of CTL mRNA-negative acute rejection is warranted.
Design of a Small-Molecule Entry Inhibitor with Activity against Primary Measles Virus Strains (2005)

The incidence of measles virus (MV) infection has been significantly reduced in many nations through extensive vaccination; however, the virus still causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Measles outbreaks also occur in some developed countries that have failed to maintain high vaccine coverage rates. While vaccination is essential in preventing the spread of measles, case management would greatly benefit from the use of therapeutic agents to lower morbidity. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies is desirable. We previously reported the generation of a panel of small-molecule MV entry inhibitors. Here we show that our initial lead compound, although providing proof of concept for our approach, has a short half-life (<16 h) under physiological conditions. In order to combine potent antiviral activity with increased compound stability, a targeted library of candidate molecules designed on the structural basis of the first lead has been synthesized and tested against MV. We have identified an improved lead with low toxicity and high stability (half-life >> 16 h) that prevents viral entry and hence infection. This compound shows high MV specificity and strong activity (50% inhibitory concentration = 0.6 to 3.0 microM, depending on the MV genotype) against a panel of wild-type MV strains representative of viruses that are currently endemic in the field.
Fabrication of Ultra-Low-Loss Photonic Circuits with Angstrom Precision (2012)

Researchers have achieved much progress in fabricating complex photonic circuits, laying the groundwork for revolutionary applications in optical computing, communications and fundamental science. Yet attenuation of light primarily caused by surface roughness and insufficient fabrication precision remains a major bottleneck.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper Hydride‐Catalyzed Tandem 1,4‐Reduction/Alkylation Reactions. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Differences in the intrinsic immunogenicity and allergenicity of B et v 1 and related food allergens revealed by site‐directed mutagenesis (2013)

These findings lead to the suggestion that the Bet v 1 structure has unique intrinsic properties, which could account for its high allergenicity. Obviously, these characteristics are not entirely shared with its food homologues from apple and hazelnut. Thus, it is important to tackle pollen-related food allergies from different angles for the generation of effective vaccine candidates to treat birch PFS.
A Short, Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (—)-Detoxinine (1988)

Abstrsct -An improved synthesis of (-)-detoxinine is described. ... In 1968, s group of antagonists were found to negate the toxic eida effects of blasticidin S agsinet Be&L1?!s-c_8_r~g& This group of antasonista, termed the detoxin complex, was produced by the organism S t r e p b g c ~s caes~itosus vsr.d .& s & 7072 GCI.The complex contained several components of varying detoxifying activity.Bhsticidin S inhibits the virulent fungus Piriculuria og.-which causes rice blast disease in Japan.'The curative effect of blasticidin S --on rice plant-required dosages which also caused phytotoxicity.This phytotoxicity was greatly reduoed when the detoxin complex was administered with blesticidin S, without diminishing the effectiveness of the drug against Piriculuria oryz*.Degradation of detoxin Dz &forded the amino acida L-vsline, L-phenylalanine and the previouely unknown debxinine (l).'A detoxinine All detoxins contain detoxinine, except dahxins BI and Ba whrch lack the 3-hydroxyl group in the proline ring.Detoxine B, and B a have been previously synthesieed in our laboratory.6Debxinine possesses several unusual structural features.Known hydraxylated amino acide may be divided into two categories.There are Shydroxy-a-amino scida such a s BMT," h~droxyhomotyrosine,' or hydroxymethylproline,~ in which the hydmxyl group is contained in the side chain.The other category contains such amino acids as slatine,.dohiaoleuine,g or d o l a ~r o i n e , ~ in which the urrboxylic acid group is r e p k e d by a 8-hydrory acid unit.The amino acid detoxinine wntaina both of these structural features.The synthesis of de4Axinine hae been reported by our groupro a s well se by other investigators."J'Our original synthesim" represented the shortest route to this molecule.This synthesis, however, had some shortfomings in that the proline ring syetem was racsmic and required rssolution & an eldol condensation employing a ohiral snolate.Herein, we report the ensntioselective synthesis of the pyrrolidine moiety, end the stereocontrolled eyntheais of (-1detoxinine.The aynthesis begins with D-serine as the source of chirality (Scheme 1).Scheme 1 b -87% BocNH 0SiMe2tBu 41% BocNH OSiMe,tBu a 99% 0 OSiMe,tBu Boc Boc ( 3 ) ( 4 ) OSiMe,tBu 0SiMe2tBu C -6 d 74% Boc Boc (5) ( 6 ) a. 1. tBUMezSiCi, DMF, imldazole, 2. K,CO,; b. 1. lsopropenyl chloroformate, DMAP, Meldrum's add, 2. EtOAc, reflux, 3. NaBH,, AcOH, CH,CI,; c. BHiSMe,, THF, reflux; d
Metrics for Assessing the Reliability of a Telemedicine Remote Monitoring System (2013)

The system was quite effective in providing accurate remote health data. The different system reliability measures identify important error sources in remote monitoring systems.
Renaissance of the Blocking Antibody Concept in Type I Allergy (2003)

Formation of IgE antibodies against per se harmless antigens (i.e. allergens) is the hallmark and key pathomechanism of type I allergy, a hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 25% of the population. Classical experiments performed more than 65 years ago demonstrated that allergen-specific IgG antibodies, termed blocking antibodies, can antagonize the cascade of allergic inflammation resulting from allergen recognition by IgE antibodies. However, controversial results have questioned the protective role of IgG antibodies in allergic diseases. Here, we review recent data demonstrating that blocking antibodies inhibit allergen-induced release of inflammatory mediators from basophils and mast cells as well as IgE-facilitated allergen presentation to T cells, thus leading to suppression of T cell activation. Furthermore, it has been reported that the development of blocking antibodies is associated with reduced boosts of allergen-specific IgE production in patients receiving allergen-specific immunotherapy. These findings suggest that blocking antibodies have protective activity by inhibiting immediate as well as late inflammatory responses and long-term ameliorating activity on the allergic immune response by antagonizing the underlying IgE production. Induction of blocking antibodies is thus an important mechanism underlying allergen-specific immunotherapy. In addition, passive administration of blocking antibodies may be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for allergic diseases.
Sparse Reconstruction of Complex Signals in Compressed Sensing Terahertz Imaging (2009)

In reconstructing complex signals, many existing methods apply regularization on the magnitude only. We show that by adding control on the phase, the quality of the reconstruction can be improved. This is demonstrated in a compressed sensing terahertz imaging system.
DMBA induces tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-[gamma]1 and activates the tyrosine kinases lck and fyn in the HPB-ALL human T-cell line (1993)

Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that DMBA alters biochemical events associated with lymphocyte activation including formation of the second messenger IP[sub 3] and the release of intracellular Ca[sup 2+]. The purpose of the present studies was to evaluate the mechanisms by which DMBA induces IP[sub 3] formation and Ca[sup 2+] release by examining phosphorylation of membrane associated proteins and activation of protein tyrosine kinases lck and fyn. These studies demonstrated that exposure of HPB-ALL cells to 10[mu]M DMBA resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-[gamma]1 that correlated with our earlier findings of IP[sub 3] formation and Ca[sup 2+] release. These results indicate that the effects of DMBA on the PI-PLC signaling pathway are in part, the result of DMBA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the PLC-[gamma]1 enzyme. The mechanism of DMBA- induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-[gamma]1 may be due to activation of fyn or lck kinase activity, since it was found that DMBA increased the activity of these PTKs by more than 2-fold. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that DMBA may disrupt T cell activation by stimulating PTK activation with concomitant tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-[gamma]1, release of IP[sub 3], and mobilization of intracellular Ca[sup 2+].
Microsporins A (Ia) and B (Ib): New Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Microsporum cf. gypseum and the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Microsporin A. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.