gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro model for investigating aerosol dispersion in a simulated COVID-19 patient during high-flow nasal cannula treatment (2022)

The use of high-flow nasal cannula in the treatment of COVID-19 infected patients has proven to be a valuable treatment option to improve oxygenation. Early in the pandemic, there were concerns for the degree of risk of disease transmission to health care workers utilizing these treatments that are considered aerosol generating procedures. This study developed an <i>in vitro</i> model to examine the release of simulated patient-derived bioaerosol with and without high-flow nasal cannula at gas flow rates of 30 and 50 L/min. Aerosol dispersion was evaluated at 30 and 90 cm distances. Reduction of transmission risk was assessed using a surgical facemask on the manikin. Results indicated that the use of a facemask facilitated a 94-95% reduction in exhaled aerosol concentration at 30 cm and 22-60% reduction for 90 cm distance across both gas flow rates. This bench study confirms that this <i>in vitro</i> model can be used as a tool to assess the risk of disease transmission during aerosol generating procedures in a simulated patient and to test factors to mitigate the risk.
Source location estimation for possibly unknown propagation models (2014)

In this paper the source localization problem is considered without any knowledge of the signal propagation model, beyond the fact that the measured signal, e.g. received signal strength, strictly decreases with distance. Three algorithms dedicated to various scenarios are developed. Their convergence and other properties are established.
Encapsulation of Perchlorate Salts within Metal Oxides for Application as Nanoenergetic Oxidizers (2011)

Abstract In this work, high‐oxygen‐content strong oxidizer perchlorate salts were successfully incorporated into current nanothermite composite formulations. The perchlorates were encapsulated within mild oxidizer particles through a series of thermal decomposition, melting, phase segregation, and recrystallization processes, which occurred within confined aerosol droplets. This approach enables the use of hygroscopic materials by stabilizing them within a matrix. Several samples, including Fe 2 O 3 /KClO 4 , CuO/KClO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 /NH 4 ClO 4 composite oxidizer particles, have been created. The results show that these composite systems significantly outperform the single metal oxide system in both pressurization rate and peak pressure. The ignition temperatures for these mixtures are significantly lower than those of the metal oxides alone, and time‐resolved mass spectrometry shows that O 2 release from the oxidizer also occurs at a lower temperature and with high flux. The results are consistent with O 2 release being the controlling factor in determining the ignition temperature. High‐speed imaging clearly shows a much more violent reaction. The results suggest that a strategy of encapsulating a very strong oxidizer, which may not be environmentally compatible, within a more stable weak oxidizer offers the opportunity to both tune reactivity and employ materials that previously could not be considered.
Évaluation de la filtration sur tourbe et compost pour le traitement de l'effluent d'une usine de compostage de résidus verts (1996)

Yard waste compost leachates may contain relatively high concentrations of organic matter and thus require treatment before being released into the environment. The leachate used in this study is characterized by variations in organic content, BOD 5 (biochemical oxygen demand after a 5-day incubation period at 20 °C) varying from 100 to 5000 mg/L. Promising results were obtained in the laboratory using 20-L biofilters of peat and compost as filtering media for the treatment of this effluent. BOD 5 reductions of 82% at an organic loading of 0.21 kg BOD 5 /m 3 ∙d, and of more than 80% for SS (suspended solids) were obtained. Residual color in the effluent of the columns, leached from the humic material used as filtering medium, affected COD reduction, which reached 70% at best. Compost biofilters were as efficient as peat biofilters for reduction of SS and BOD 5 , and could be regarded as economical filtering media for treating leachate from composting sites. However, the effluents treated by these units did not meet Quebec standards for release into some surface water systems or storm sewers when the higher organic loads were used (0,21 and 0,42 kg BOD 5 /m 3 ∙d). Key words: composting, yard waste, compost leachate, biofiltration, peat.
Interfacial analysis of tribological systems containing molybdenum disulfide and iron using XPS and CEMS (1989)

In the present evaluation of results from studies of the interfacial chemistry and morphology of a buried lubricant-substrate interface, specimens of increasing complexity that culminated with the effects of excess sulfur and defects were characterized by XPS and SEM, as well as conversion-electron Moessbauer spectroscopy (CEMS). In order to simulate sputtered systems, single crystals of MoS2 were damaged with Ar(+) bombardment and coated with Fe. Fe is found to react differently with MoS2 depending on surface treatments, surface defects, annealing treatments, and the presence of excess sulfur. The annealing temperature determines which compounds are formed, as well as the crystal habit and plane at the Fe-MoS2 interface.
ON REGULARIZATIONOFLEASTSQUAREPROBLEMS VIAQUADRATICCONSTRAINTS (2007)

We consider uncertainty reduction inleast square problems raised insystem identification withunknown state space. We assume existence ofsomeprior information obtained through afinite series ofmeasurements. Thisdataismodeled inthe formofafinite collection ofquadratic constraints enclosing thestate space. A simple closed formexpression isderived fortheoptimal solution featuring geometric insights andintuitions that reveal atwo-fold effort inreducing uncertainty: by correcting theobservation error andbyimproving thecondition number ofthedata matrix. Todeal withthedual problem offinding theoptimal Lagrange multipliers, weintroduce an approximate, positive semidefinite program that canbeeasily solved using thestandard numerical techniques. IndexTerms-Identification, least squares methods, linearsystems, uncertainty, andregularization.
Two New Edge Detectors (1981)

This paper introduces two new edge detection algorithms. One uses multiple difference-based edge detectors. This scheme selects peak center by absolute maximum or center of mass techniques. The other algorithm is motivated by the observation that second-order enhancement improves human contour extraction, but generally confuses difference-based edge detectors. This algorithm translates intensity images into three state images (plus one, zero, and minus one), then uses multiple three-state edge masks to find edge positions. The second scheme has a multiple hardware implementation and interesting biological analogs. Finally, the two operators introduced are compared to some popular edge detection techniques from the literature.
Verification of a Continuous Guidance Procedure of Xenon Oscillation Control (1995)

A new method for controlling axial spatial xenon oscillations in large PWRs has been proved to be effective. The method is based on two additional newly defined axial offsets, AOi and AOX together with the conventional axial offset of power distribution AOp. AOi and AOx are the axial offsets of power distributions which would give the current iodine and xenon distributions under equilibrium conditions, respectively. Further efforts have been continued to establish a new control concept which can give continuous and clear guidance on a display to the operator for xenon oscillation control. The new concept uses information from AOi, AOx and AOp to display the trajectory of (AOp-AOx, AOi-AOx) in the X-Y plane. The trajectory shows a very characteristic behavior. With these simple characteristics in mind the xenon oscillation can be controlled quite easily. In other words, to eliminate the xenon oscillation, we watch the trajectory and use the control rods to lead the plot to the origin where three AOs are identical. Verification of the concept was carried out based on the full record of the axial offset during a xenon oscillation in an actual reactor and good results were obtained.
Inter- and intraclade neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: genetic clades do not correspond to neutralization serotypes but partially correspond to gp120 antigenic serotypes (1996)

We have studied genetic variation among clades A through E of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at the levels of antibody binding to gp120 molecules and virus neutralization. We are unable to identify neutralization serotypes that correspond to the genetic clades. Instead, we observe that inter- and intraclade neutralization of primary isolates by HIV-1-positive sera is generally weak and sporadic; some sera show a reasonable degree of neutralization breadth and potency whereas others are relatively sensitive to neutralization, but no consistent pattern was found. However, a few sera were able to neutralize across clades with significant potency, an observation which may have implications for the feasibility of a broadly effective HIV-1 vaccine involving humoral immunity. Serological assays measuring anti-gp120 antibody binding also failed to identify serotypes that correspond precisely to the genetic clades, but some indications of clade-specific binding were observed, notably with sera from clades B and E. A representative protein for each clade (A through E) was selected on the basis of its specificity, defined as high seroreactivity with sera from individuals infected with virus of that clade and lower reactivity with sera from individuals infected with viruses from other clades. The seroreactivity patterns against these five proteins could be used to predict the genotype of the infecting virus with moderate success.
Communication par Affiche : "Piles à combustible par procédés plasmas (Projet PCP)" (2008)

Les Rendez-Vous Carnot / R&D Network, 19-20 Mars 2008, Versailles (France)
Novel Imidazo[2,1-b]oxazole Derivatives Inhibit Epithelial Cell Transformation and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis (2020)

Inhibition of RAF kinases using KIST0215-1 and KIST0215-2 is a promising chemotherapeutic strategy to treat TNBC.
GANGRENE: exploring the mortality of flash memory (2012)

Flash memory is used for non-volatile storage in a vast array of devices that touch users at work, at home, and at play. Flash memory offers many desirable character-istics, but its key weakness is limited write endurance. Endurance limits continue to decrease as smaller inte-grated circuit architectures and greater storage densities are pursued. There is a significant body of published work demonstrating methods to extend flash endurance under normal use, but performance of these methods un-der malicious use has not been adequately researched. We introduce GANGRENE, an attack to accelerate wear of flash devices to induce premature failure. By testing a sampling of flash drives, we show that wear can be accelerated by an order of magnitude. Our results offer evidence that vendor-provided endurance ratings, based on normal use, ignore this underlying vulnerabil-ity. Because of the high penetration of flash memory, the threat of such attacks deserves attention by vendors and researchers in the community. We propose recom-mendations and mitigations for GANGRENE and sug-gest future work to address such vulnerabilities. 1
Modification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides with the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of NADP+ (oNADP+). (1987)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides is irreversibly inactivated by the 2,3'-dialdehyde of NADP+ (oNADP+) in the absence of substrate. The inactivation is first order with respect to NADP+ concentration and follows saturation kinetics, indicating that the enzyme initially forms a reversible complex with the inhibitor followed by covalent modification (KI = 1.8 mM). NADP+ and NAD+ protect the enzyme from inactivation by oNADP+. The pK of inactivation is 8.1. oNADP+ is an effective coenzyme in assays of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Km = 200 microM). Kinetic evidence and binding studies with [14C] oNADP+ indicate that one molecule of oNADP+ binds per subunit of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase when the enzyme is completely inactivated. The interaction between oNADP+ and the enzyme does not generate a Schiff's base, or a conjugated Schiff's base, but the data are consistent with the formation of a dihydroxymorpholino derivative.
Representing Musical Sounds With an Interpolating State Model (2010)

A computationally efficient algorithm is proposed for modeling and representing time-varying musical sounds. The aim is to encode individual sounds and not the statistical properties of several sounds representing a certain class. A given sequence of acoustic feature vectors is modeled by finding such a set of ¿states¿ (anchor points in the feature space) that the input data can be efficiently represented by interpolating between them. The proposed interpolating state model is generic and can be used to represent any multidimensional data sequence. In this paper, it is applied to represent musical instrument sounds in a compact and accurate form. Simulation experiments were carried out which show that the proposed method clearly outperforms the conventional vector quantization approach where the acoustic feature data is k-means clustered and the feature vectors are replaced by the corresponding cluster centroids. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm as a function of the input sequence length T is O(T log T).
Stability Analysis in Face Milling Operations, Part 2: Experimental Validation and Influencing Factors (1999)

This paper presents rigorous experimental validation results of the stability algorithm as developed in the Part I. The two experiments which will be presented here focus on; first, a workpiece whose vibrational modes constitute the weakest part of the overall system, and second, a machine tool whose vibrational modes are the weakest part of the system. Next, it discusses some of the influencing factors that affect the onset of chatter in face milling processes. The factors considered include cutting conditions, entry and exit angles, axial dynamics, cutter geometry, material properties and structural dynamic parameters. Lastly, it presents the effect of structural dynamic change under operating condition on stability lobes.
FIB direct write of ALD Al 2 O 3 mask for silicon DRIE (2008)

The focussed ion beam mill rate of ALD AlOx has been measured and found to be 0.147µm3/nC. Standard FIB milling of the AlOx is conjectured to result in re-deposition of the AlOx material on the milled surfaces hindering the subsequent DRIE etching of the underlying silicon. The use of the enhanced etch gas iodine in the FIB system has been shown to remove this re-deposition and allows the subsequent etch to progress unhindered. Optimisation of the mill gas pressure and beam current density has also been shown to be essential for consistent pattern transfer into the underlying silicon.
Plantenna: Using Plant Leaves to Increase Antenna Performance (2022)

In agricultural applications, it is becoming ever more important to be able to send sensor data in an energy-efficient way, possibly from each plant. This study investigates the possibility to excite a plant leaf using an Antenna Booster to enhance antenna performance. A PCB including a Matching Network is designed to accommodate the Antenna Booster. This PCB is placed in a simulation environment on material emulating the electrical properties of a plant. It is shown that the Antenna Booster uses the PCB and the leaf it is placed upon to radiate. The simulations show that it is possible to increase the radiation efficiency of the antenna structure from 9.6&#x0025; up to 15&#x0025; at a frequency of approximately 2 G Hz by attaching the Antenna Booster to a leaf-like plane, and that using the leaf thus should be considered in the Internet of Plants (IoP).
Integrated RGB laser light module for autostereoscopic outdoor displays (2015)

We have developed highly compact RGB laser light modules to be used as light sources in multi-view autostereoscopic outdoor displays and projection devices. Each light module consists of an AlGaInP red laser diode, a GaInN blue laser diode, a GaInN green laser diode, as well as a common cylindrical microlens. The plano-convex microlens is a so-called “fast axis collimator”, which is widely used for collimating light beams emitted from high-power laser diode bars, and has been optimized for polychromatic RGB laser diodes. The three light beams emitted from the red, green, and blue laser diodes are collimated in only one transverse direction, the so-called “fast axis”, and in the orthogonal direction, the so-called “slow axis”, the beams pass the microlens uncollimated. In the far field of the integrated RGB light module this produces Gaussian beams with a large ellipticity which are required, e.g., for the application in autostereoscopic outdoor displays. For this application only very low optical output powers of a few milliwatts per laser diode are required and therefore we have developed tailored low-power laser diode chips with short cavity lengths of 250 &mu;m for red and 300 &mu;m for blue. Our RGB laser light module including the three laser diode chips, associated monitor photodiodes, the common microlens, as well as the hermetically sealed package has a total volume of only 0.45 cm³, which to our knowledge is the smallest RGB laser light source to date.
Preliminary biocompatibility screening of several biodegradable phosphate fiber reinforced polymers (1993)

This article describes preliminary biocompatibility screening of three degradable phosphate fibers containing K +, Ca +2/Na + and Na +/Ca +2/Al +3 ions in the polymer chain, and of several different degradable polymers reinforced with these fibers. Biodegradable phosphate fibers of calcium-sodium-metaphosphate (CSM) and sodium-calcium-aluminum-polyphosphate (NCAP) were acutely nontoxic in cellular, tissue, and whole animal evaluations, as determined by standard acute toxicity tests. Histological studies of bone implants sites fabricated from composites of copolymers of poly(E-caprolactone/L-lactide) and poly(ortho ester) reinforced with either CSM or NCAP fibers showed these composite materials to be nontoxic, with no abnormal inflammatory response. However, histological evaluation of muscle implants sites revealed the appearance of necrotic foci associated with implant sites in 12 of 22 NCAP containing composite specimens (p less than 0.05). Results of this preliminary biocompatibility screening suggest CSM fibers may be useful in reinforcing degradable polymers for production of completely biodegradable composites for implant use.
Characterization of the focusing properties of a homogeneous lens and design of its primary source with FEKO software (2004)

International audience
Measurement optimization for near-infrared optical tomography (2005)

The image resolution and contrast in Near-Infrared (NIR) tomographic image reconstruction is in part affected by the number of available boundary measurements. In the presented study, singular-value decomposition (SVD) of the Jacobian has been used to find the benefit of the total number of measurements that can be obtained in a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) problem. Reconstructed images show an increase in improvement in the reconstructed images when the number of measurements are increased, with a central anomaly showing more improvement as compared to a more superficial one. It is also shown that given a 2D model of the domain, the increase in amount of useful data drops exponentially with an increase in total number of measurements. For 3D NIR tomography use of three fundamentally different data collection strategies are discussed and compared. It is shown that given a 3D NIR problem, using three planes of data gives more independent information compared to the single plane of data. Given a three planes of data collection fibers, it is shown that although more data can be collected in the out-of-plane data collection strategy as compared to the only in-plane case, the addition of new data does not increase image accuracy dramatically where as it increases the data collection and computation time.
Statistical modelling of multichannel blind system identification errors (2014)

It is well known that blind system identification (BSI) algorithms misconverge in the presence of noise and that applications relying on such channel estimates must be designed to be robust to these blind system identification errors (BSIEs). However, there is currently no generalized model of BSIEs in the literature and instead, white Gaussian noise (WGN) is commonly assumed. This paper investigates the statistics of BSIEs based on a robust state-of-the-art BSI algorithm using both simulated and real impulse responses. A BSIE model is proposed based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and a method for generating artificial BSIEs based on this model for simulations is given. Comparisons against alternative assumptions used in the literature are given and it is shown through experimental results that the proposed model gives BSIEs that are most statistically similar to the ground truth.
Nickel Silicide Formation Using Excimer Laser Annealing (2012)

In this work, we report on a self-aligned nickel silicide formation technique based on excimer laser annealing (ELA). We evaluate this process for the front contact formation of industrial PERC type solar cells on random pyramid textured Si surfaces where damage to surface texture, emitter passivation, or to the shallow junction should be avoided or minimized. PERC type solar cells obtained by POCl3 diffusion were processed on large area (12.5x12.5 cm2) CZ-Si. Self-aligned litho-free Ni/Cu contacts defined by ps-laser ablation of the SiO2/SiNx anti-reflective coating (ARC) and subsequent ELA of the Ni layer were compared to conventional Ag screen printed contacts. The novel ELA process results in an absolute gain in Jsc of 0.8 mA/cm2 as well as a drop of 0.3 Ω.cm2 in series resistance (Rs) compared to SP Ag contacts due to reduced shading and resistance losses. This leads to 0.5% absolute increase in efficiency from 19.3% to 19.7% since other characteristics (Voc, pFF) could be maintained to the same level. In this work, the best performing cell with the ELA process reached an outstanding 20.0% energy conversion efficiency with Jsc=39.3 mA/cm2, Voc=649.8 mV, and FF=78.3%.
Dependence of FET/HEMT reliability on substrate thickness and gate length (2010)

The transistor substrate has a significant role on RF losses, device heating, and reliability. The substrate thickness, and the gate length, among other parameters, have direct implications on the transistor lifetime. This paper presents an analytical expression relating the reliability to gate length and to substrate thickness for a field effect transistor (FET), or a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), based on thermal considerations. Experimental observations support the model's predicted results. The derived methodology and analytical expressions are useful for device/MMIC designers to assess the device/circuit reliability performance.