gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ebolavirus Is Internalized into Host Cells via Macropinocytosis in a Viral Glycoprotein-Dependent Manner (2010)

Ebolavirus (EBOV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with mortality rates of up to 90% in humans and nonhuman primates. Previous studies suggest roles for clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis in EBOV entry; however, ebolavirus virions are long, filamentous particles that are larger than the plasma membrane invaginations that characterize clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The mechanism of EBOV entry remains, therefore, poorly understood. To better understand Ebolavirus entry, we carried out internalization studies with fluorescently labeled, biologically contained Ebolavirus and Ebolavirus-like particles (Ebola VLPs), both of which resemble authentic Ebolavirus in their morphology. We examined the mechanism of Ebolavirus internalization by real-time analysis of these fluorescently labeled Ebolavirus particles and found that their internalization was independent of clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis, but that they co-localized with sorting nexin (SNX) 5, a marker of macropinocytosis-specific endosomes (macropinosomes). Moreover, the internalization of Ebolavirus virions accelerated the uptake of a macropinocytosis-specific cargo, was associated with plasma membrane ruffling, and was dependent on cellular GTPases and kinases involved in macropinocytosis. A pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus possessing the Ebolavirus glycoprotein (GP) also co-localized with SNX5 and its internalization and infectivity were affected by macropinocytosis inhibitors. Taken together, our data suggest that Ebolavirus is internalized into cells by stimulating macropinocytosis in a GP-dependent manner. These findings provide new insights into the lifecycle of Ebolavirus and may aid in the development of therapeutics for Ebolavirus infection.
Measurement of forward W and Z boson production in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 $$ \sqrt{s}=8 $$ TeV (2016)

The production of W and Z bosons in association with jets is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 0.02 fb -1 . The W boson is identified using its decay to a muon and a neutrino, while the Z boson is identified through its decay to a muon pair. Total cross-sections are measured and combined into charge ratios, asymmetries, and ratios of W +jet and Z+jet production cross-sections. Differential measurements are also performed as a function of both boson and jet kinematic variables. All results are in agreement with Standard Model predictions.
Production Proven, High Precision Temporary Bond/De-bond Process (2013)

Wafer thinning represents a critical step in 2.5D and 3D-IC integration. Achieving low total thickness variation (TTV) of a bonded stack is essential since it directly impacts the TTV of the thinned device wafer. It is essential to understand and utilize appropriate processes and materials that provide precision bonded stacks prior to thinning operations in order to achieve high process yields. The 3M™ Wafer Support System and Corning's precision glass carrier wafers were used to produce bonded stacks. Leveraging metrology tools like the Flatmaster MSP-300 and low coherence interferometric probes allow for characterization of the TTV of each layer of a bonded stack and better understanding of the stack-up as well as how to minimize stack TTV. The ability to deliver stack TTV of &amp;lt; 2 um in a repeatable manner has been demonstrated.
[Cephalometric clinical evaluation of the efficiency of the bimetric Wilson arch]. (1990)

In this work a clinical and cephalometric research has been made among 82 orthodontic cases treated by the method of the bimetric wire of Wilson. We have already had an objective cephalometric confirmation of the clinical results.
Trimming the Tail for Deterministic Read Performance in SSDs (2019)

With SSDs becoming commonplace in several customer-facing datacenter applications, there is a critical need for optimizing for tail latencies (particularly reads). In this paper, we conduct a systematic analysis, removing one bottleneck after another, to study the root causes behind long tail latencies on a state-of-the-art high-end SSD. Contrary to a lot of prior observations, we find that Garbage Collection (GC) is not a key contributor, and it is more the variances in queue lengths across the flash chips that is the culprit. Particularly, reads waiting for long latency writes, which has been the target for much study, is at the root of this problem. While write pausing/preemption has been proposed as a remedy, in this paper we explore a more simple and alternate solution that leverages existing RAID groups into which flash chips are organized. While a long latency operation is ongoing, rather than waiting, the read could get its data by reconstructing it from the remaining chips of that group (including parity). However, this introduces additional reads, and we propose an adaptive scheduler called ATLAS that dynamically figures out whether to wait or to reconstruct the data from other chips. The resulting ATLAS optimization cuts the 99.99 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> percentile read latency by as much as 10X, with a reduction of 4X on the average across a wide spectrum of workloads.
NCSbench Demo: Reproducible Benchmarking Platform for Networked Control Systems (2020)

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are widely spreading thanks to fast-paced technological breakthroughs of microcontrollers and communication networks. Among them, Networked Control Systems (NCS) gained notable attention thanks to their application in industrial operations. In NCS, the interconnection of a control logic with sensors and actuators used to steer a physical system occurs over a communication network. Despite large research interest on NCS, the reproducibility and comparison of experimental results are difficult to achieve. This is caused by the lack of well-established models and methodologies that combine the theoretical and practical aspects of NCS. We tackle this problem by proposing and demonstrating NCSbench: the first open-source reproducible benchmarking platform for NCS. NCSbench enables the benchmarking of research experiments using a networked two-wheeled inverted pendulum robot. For each benchmarking experiment, a set of values is measured and used to quantify the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the NCS. In our demonstration, we visualize in real-time the evolution of the benchmarking KPIs on a web-based Graphical User Interface.
High intensity ultrasound transducer used in gene transfection (2012)

This paper describes a novel therapeutic high intensity non-focused ultrasound (HIU) transducer designed with uniform pressure distribution to aid in accelerated gene transfer in large animal liver tissues in vivo. The underlying HIU transducer was used to initiate homogeneous cavitation throughout the tissue while delivering up to 2.7 MPa at 1.1 MHz across its radiating surface. The HIU transducer was built into a 6 cm diameter x 1.3 cm tall housing ergonomically designed to avoid collateral damage to the surrounding anatomy during dynamic motion. The ultrasound (US) radiation was applied in a 'paintbrush-like' manner to the surface of the liver. The layers and geometry of the transducer were carefully selected to maximize the active diameter (5.74 cm), maximize the electrical to acoustic conversion efficiency (85%) to achieve 2.7 MPa of peak negative pressure, maximize the frequency operating band at the fundamental resonance to within a power transfer delta of 1 dB, and reduce the pressure delta to within 2 dB across the radiating surface. For maximum peak voltage into the transducer, a high performance piezoceramic was chosen and a DC bias circuit was built integral to the system. An apodized two element annular pattern was made from a single piezoceramic element, resulting in significant pressure uniformity enhancement. In addition to using apodization for pressure uniformity, a proprietary multi-layered structure was used to improve efficiency while sustaining an operating band from 900 kHz to 1.3 MHz. The resultant operating band allowed for dithering techniques using frequency modulation. The underlying HIU transducer for use in large animals enhances gene expression up to 6300-fold.
Flexible micromirror linear array for high-resolution projection display (2003)

The visual displays of contemporary military flight simulators lack adequate definition to represent scenes in basic fast-jet fighter tasks. For example, air-to-air and air-to-ground targets are not projected with sufficient contrast and resolution for a pilot to perceive aspect, aspect rate and object detail at real world slant ranges. Simulator display geometries require the development of ultra-high resolution projectors with greater than 20 megapixel resolution at 60 Hz frame rate. A new micromirror device has been developed to address this requirement; it is able to modulate light intensity in an analog fashion with switching times shorter than 5 &#956;s. When combined with a scanner, a microlaser and Schlieren optics, a linear array of these flexible micromirrors can display images composed of thousands of lines at a frame rate of 60 Hz. The approach selected for light modulation and the micromirror fabrication process flow are reviewed. Static and dynamic performances of these electrostatic MOEMS are described. Preliminary results following the integration of the described modulator into a projector prototype are reported. Developments toward a fully addressable 2000 × 1 flexible micromirror array are presented. The specifications and design of the CMOS circuit required to control this micromirror array are described. Packaging issues related to these large arrays are discussed.
Position self-sensing evaluation of a FI-IPMSM based on high frequency signal injection methods (2011)

The flux intensified, interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, FI-IPMSM, lends itself to designing for good self-sensing properties. This paper begins by evaluating the self-sensing position estimation performance of a suitably designed FI-IPMSM machine using different high frequency injection methods. The paper then proposes a new rotor position estimation method for square wave injection. The experiment results show that the estimation accuracy and system robustness is greatly improved by the proposed method. It is known that secondary saliencies and saliency offset caused by the saturation of the machine can degrade the estimation accuracy. This paper also includes modeling, measurement, and decoupling methods that mitigate these undesirable effects, which are also implemented using an experimental FI-IPMSM. Estimation accuracy and torque ripple caused by the injection current are examined for this FI-IPMSM. Comparisons of the methods are presented.
Hydrogenation of Graphene Nanoribbon Edges: Improvement in Carrier Transport (2013)

This letter is the first to present a method to selectively hydrogenate the edges of sub-30-nm graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). After hydrogenation of the edges, the GNRs exhibit improved transport properties; carrier mobility increases by up to 50% at a carrier density of 5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> at room temperature.
HIV infection reveals widespread expansion of novel centromeric human endogenous retroviruses (2013)

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) make up 8% of the human genome. The HERV-K (HML-2) family is the most recent group of these viruses to have inserted into the genome, and we have detected the activation of HERV-K (HML-2) proviruses in the blood of patients with HIV-1 infection. We report that HIV-1 infection activates expression of a novel HERV-K (HML-2) provirus, termed K111, present in multiple copies in the centromeres of chromosomes throughout the human genome yet not annotated in the most recent human genome assembly. Infection with HIV-1 or stimulation with the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the activation of K111 proviruses. K111 is present as a single copy in the genome of the chimpanzee, yet K111 is not found in the genomes of other primates. Remarkably, K111 proviruses appear in the genomes of the extinct Neanderthal and Denisovan, while modern humans have at least 100 K111 proviruses spread across the centromeres of 15 chromosomes. Our studies suggest that the progenitor K111 integrated before the Homo-Pan divergence and expanded in copy number during the evolution of hominins, perhaps by recombination. The expansion of K111 provides sequence evidence suggesting that recombination between the centromeres of various chromosomes took place during the evolution of humans. K111 proviruses show significant sequence variations in each individual centromere, which may serve as markers in future efforts to annotate human centromere sequences. Further, this work is an example of the potential to discover previously unknown genomic sequences through the analysis of nucleic acids found in the blood of patients.
Low Noise Figure, Wide Bandwidth Analog Optical Link (2005)

We report achieving a record low noise figure for an amplifierless fiber-optic link — ≤ 15 dB over the frequency range 1.0 – 9.5 GHz — via a combination of a low-V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">π</inf> Mach-Zehnder modulator with two antiphase outputs, a high-power laser, and a balanced photodetector pair. We also present a complete model for this link that predicts its measured performance to within 1 dB.
HLA-DR1 (DRB1*0101) and DR4 (DRB1*0401) Use the Same Anchor Residues for Binding an Immunodominant Peptide Derived from Human Type II Collagen (2002)

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which susceptibility is strongly associated with the expression of specific HLA-DR haplotypes, including DR1 (DRB1*0101) and DR4 (DRB1*0401). As transgenes, both of these class II molecules mediate susceptibility to an autoimmune arthritis induced by immunization with human type II collagen (hCII). The dominant T cell response of both the DR1 and DR4 transgenic mice to hCII is focused on the same determinant core, CII(263-270). Peptide binding studies revealed that the affinity of DR1 and DR4 for CII(263-270) was at least 10 times less than that of the model Ag HA(307-319), and that the affinity of DR4 for the CII peptide is 3-fold less than that of DR1. As predicted based on the crystal structures, the majority of the CII-peptide binding affinity for DR1 and DR4 is controlled by the Phe(263); however, unexpectedly the adjacent Lys(264) also contributed significantly to the binding affinity of the peptide. Only these two CII amino acids were found to provide binding anchors. Amino acid substitutions at the remaining positions had either no effect or significantly increased the affinity of the hCII peptide. Affinity-enhancing substitutions frequently involved replacement of a negative charge, or Gly or Pro, hallmark amino acids of CII structure. These data indicate that DR1 and DR4 bind this CII peptide in a nearly identical manner and that the primary structure of CII may dictate a different binding motif for DR1 and DR4 than has been described for other peptides that bind to these alleles.
Negative bias temperature instability of carrier-transport enhanced pMOSFET with performance boosters (2006)

The effects of mobility boosters such as straining technologies and modified transport direction emerging for 65 nm pFET and beyond on negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) have been investigated. Although compressive silicon nitride film as contact etch stopper layer (CESL) increases the device performance of pFET, NBTI is degraded by excessive hydrogen from CESL depending on gate length and active width. In addition, induced mechanical strain in gate oxide plays an important role in NBTI degradation behavior. From NBTI on <100> p-channel transistor, it is found that NBTI is not influenced by channel direction and mobility change, but degraded by hydrogen incorporated CESL. Recessed SiGe source/drain (S/D) for high-performance pFET gives more resistant nature against NBTI degradation by elevated S/D structure even with compressive CESL containing high amount of hydrogen. The combination among performance booster for targeting device should be carefully balanced by considering performance gain and reliability
Highly Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2-Methylenesuccinamic Acid Using a Rh-DuPHOS Catalyst (2003)

An extremely efficient route to highly enantiomerically enriched 2-methylsuccinamic acid via asymmetric hydrogenation has been developed. By using [(S,S)-Et-DuPHOS Rh COD]BF4 as the precatalyst under a set of broadly optimised process parameters, (R)-2-methylsuccinamic acid was obtained in 96% ee at a substrate-to-catalyst ratio (S/C) of 100000 (average turnover frequency ∼13000 h-1). The exclusion of chloride-containing contaminants in the substrate was found to be crucial in obtaining exceptionally low catalyst loadings. This material could be upgraded with a single-crystal digestion to yield (R)-2-methylsuccinamic acid in >99.5% ee containing less than 1 ppm rhodium.
Participation of kinins in the captopril‐induced inhibition of intimal hyperplasia caused by interruption of carotid blood flow in the mouse (2000)

1. In the rat balloon injury model, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent vascular remodelling by inhibiting angiotensin II generation and kinin breakdown. We investigated if ACE inhibition also prevents the structural vascular responses to disruption of carotid artery blood flow and if kinin potentiation plays a role in such a protection. 2. Morphometric analysis of the structural alterations caused by ligation of the left carotid artery was performed 14 days after surgery in J129Sv wild-type mice (B(2)(+/+)) drinking normal tap water or water containing captopril (120 mg kg(-1) per day). In addition, the effect of captopril on vascular remodelling was tested in B(2)(+/+) given the bradykinin (BK) B(1) receptor antagonist des-Arg(9)-[Leu(8)]-BK (DALBK, 50 nmol kg(-1) per day, intraperitoneally) or the BK B(2) receptor antagonist D-Arg, [Hyp(3),Thi(5)D-Tic(7),Oic(8)]-BK (icatibant, 1 micromol kg(-1) per day, intraperitoneally), and in B(2) receptor gene knockout mice (B(2)(-/-)). 3. Interruption of blood flow resulted in carotid artery intimal hyperplasia and media thickening in untreated B(2)(+/+), these responses being partially suppressed by captopril. The inhibition of intimal thickening exerted by captopril was reduced in B(2)(+/+) given DALBK or icatibant (P<0.05 for both comparisons) as well as in B(2)(-/-) (P<0.05). Neither antagonism of kinin receptors nor disruption of the B(2) receptor gene altered the suppressive effect of captopril on media thickening. The protection of vascular wall structure was independent of the reduction in blood pressure by captopril. 4. These results demonstrate that kinins participate in the inhibitory effect of captopril on intimal hyperplasia via B(1) and B(2) receptor signalling. Our findings may have important implications in treating vascular remodelling evoked by altered shear stress conditions.
Decreased Liver Tumorigenesis in Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) Knockout Mice May Be Mediated Through Inhibition of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) (2011)

Background and Aim. The pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer involves conversion of TGFβ suppressive signaling in early lesions to an unmasked, TGFβ proliferative signaling cascade in metastatic lesions. We have previously demonstrated that TGFβ proliferative signaling downregulates the tumor suppressor PTEN and induces motility of pancreatic cancer cells after ligand-receptor binding with subsequent increase in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) and activation of PKCα and NF-κB. [Ca2+]cyt homeostasis is important to maintain cell functionality dysregulation of which contributes to tumorigenesis of pancreas. Transient receptor potential ion channels (TRPC) help regulate [Ca2+]cyt, and here we evaluated the role of TRPC channels in regulating TGFβ proliferative signaling. Methods. BxPc3 pancreatic cancer cells were treated with TGFβ (10 ng/mL), and TRPC and PTEN expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and/or Western blots. [Ca2+]cyt was assessed using Fura-2 fluorescence ratio digital imaging. Pharmacological reagents (TRPC inhibitors: 2-APB, SKF96365, and LaCl3) and siRNAs to TRPCs were used to determine the role of TRPCs on TGFβ-induced PTEN regulation and cell migration. Cell motility was assessed by Boyden chamber migration assay. Results. BxPc3 cells express TRPC1, 4, and 6 isoforms. TGFβ induced an increase in [Ca2+]cyt in Ca2+-free solutions and also induced an increase in [Ca2+]cyt when extracellular Ca2+ was restored. TGFβ-induced Ca2+ entry involves the activation of TRPC, as the TRPC inhibitors 2-APB, SKF96365, and LaCl3, were able to reduce peak [Ca2+]cyt by 80%, 40%, and 29%, respectively, and reversed TGFβ-induced PTEN downregulation. The 2-APB, SKF96365, and LaCl3 inhibitors also reduced TGFβinduced cell motility. Using siRNA, inhibition of TRPC1 but not other isoforms, successfully prevented TGFβ-induced cell motility. Conclusion. TRPC1 regulates TGFβ-induced downregulation of PTEN and pancreatic cell motility. This aspect of TGFβ regulation of PTEN and pancreatic cell motility might be exploited therapeutically to control pancreatic cancer metastasis.
Shifting the equilibrium of methanol synthesis from CO2 by in situ absorption using ionic liquid media (2019)

A promising way to increase the methanol yields in CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation significantly up to 60% by <italic>in situ</italic> sorption of methanol and water in alkali salt-doped ionic liquids (ILs) is demonstrated.