gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Locally Administered Antibiotics for Prophylaxis Against Surgical Wound Infection (2007)

Background: Currently, the standard for prophylaxis against surgical infection consists of perioperative systemic antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the relative efficacy of various methods of antibiotic delivery for the prevention of surgical wound infections. We hypothesized that sustained release of local antibiotics inside the wound cavity by a drug delivery system would be more effective than systemically administered antibiotics. Methods: Using a rat model, we inoculated a surgical wound in the quadriceps muscle with 8.0 × 105 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus and then administered one of seven types of treatment: no treatment (control), bacitracin irrigation, calcium sulfate flakes, systemic gentamicin, local aqueous gentamicin, local gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate flakes, and a combination of local gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate and systemic gentamicin. The seven treatment groups consisted of ten rats each. To further evaluate a trend, the group treated with systemic gentamicin and the one treated with local gentamicin solution were extended to include twenty-five and twenty-seven rats, respectively. At forty-eight hours postoperatively, specimens from the wounds were obtained for quantitative culture. Results: The control group, the group treated with bacitracin irrigation, and the one treated with plain calcium sulfate had very high bacterial counts and high mortality rates while the groups treated with gentamicin had low bacterial counts and a 100% survival rate. Local gentamicin was significantly more effective than systemic gentamicin in reducing bacterial counts. Conclusions: The gentamicin-loaded calcium sulfate flakes did not result in bacterial counts that were significantly lower than those following systemic administration of gentamicin, which refuted our hypothesis. However, gentamicin solution injected directly into the closed wound did result in levels of bacteria that were significantly lower than those following treatment with the systemic gentamicin. Clinical Relevance: We believe that a high initial concentration of locally applied antibiotic inside the wound effectively kills bacteria present in the wound cavity, where systemic antibiotics have poor penetration, suggesting that this method of antibiotic administration may be a desirable adjunct for prophylaxis against infection in surgical wounds.
Infrared absorption of hydrogen-related defects in ammonothermal GaN (2016)

Polarization controlled Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption measurements were performed on a high quality m-plane ammonothermal GaN crystal grown using basic chemistry. The polarization dependence of characteristic absorption peaks of hydrogen-related defects at 3000–3500 cm−1 was used to identify and determine the bond orientation of hydrogenated defect complexes in the GaN lattice. Majority of hydrogen was found to be bonded in gallium vacancy complexes decorated with one to three hydrogen atoms (VGa-H1,2,3) but also hydrogenated oxygen defect complexes, hydrogen in bond-center sites, and lattice direction independent absorption were observed. Absorption peak intensity was used to determine a total hydrogenated VGa density of approximately 4 × 1018 cm−3, with main contribution from VGa-H1,2. Also, a significant concentration of electrically passive VGa-H3 was detected. The high density of hydrogenated defects is expected to have a strong effect on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of ammonothermal GaN crystals.
Decomposition of Nitric Oxide over Barium Oxide Supported on Magnesium Oxide. 3. In Situ Raman Characterization of the Role of Oxygen (1997)

Time-resolved high-temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy was successfully used to study details of the complex reaction network between gas phase oxygen and the species present in highly loaded Ba/MgO catalysts. The decomposition of the catalyst precursor Ba(NO3)2 to an amorphous phase containing nitrate and nitrite ions (phase II‘) occurs at higher temperatures in the presence of O2 than in He. Thus, the presence of O2 stabilizes the precursor Ba(NO3)2. In the presence of O2, phase III, containing the Ba−nitro complex, is not observed, and the decomposition of the amorphous phase II‘ directly reacts to BaO2. Defect-rich BaO rather than BaO2 is formed when the decomposition is in pure He. Gas-phase oxygen, therefore, exerts a strong effect on the stability of the phases present on the catalyst. In addition, it was shown that oxygen, added to the gas feed during catalytic NO decomposition, reduces the number of active Ba−nitro complex species via oxidation to nitrates. This reaction is identified with the inhibiting effect of oxygen on the catalytic activity. Crystalline BaO2 reacts with NO to form nitrates, nitrites, and Ba−nitro complexes, depending on the O2 and NO partial pressures and reaction temperatures. At lower temperatures, phase II‘ is formed, while at elevated temperatures, the reaction results in phase III containing Ba−nitro complexes. The formation of these phases from BaO2 and their interconversions confirms the previously established phase diagram and suggests the role of BaO2 in the activation of NO. Crystalline BaO2, however, was never detected under catalytic conditions. It has been shown that, in the absence of crystalline BaO2, NO activation occurs on O22- ions that are present in or on defect-rich BaO. Peroxide species, therefore, may play an important role in the catalytic cycle. A catalytic cycle is proposed in which the intermediate Ba−nitro species are formed from the reaction of NO with O22- ions in or on defect-rich BaO. In the rate-determining step, the intermediate Ba−nitro species react with a second gas phase, or weakly adsorbed, NO molecule to produce N2 and O2. Oxygen reforms the activating peroxide species.
Ruthenium-catalysed linear-selective allylic alkylation of allyl acetates (2006)

The regioselectivity in the ruthenium-catalysed allylic alkylation of mono substituted allyl acetates with the malonate anion was highly controlled by Ru3(CO)12 with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid, and the linear-type alkylated product was obtained.
Distributed Hierarchical File Systems strike back in the Cloud (2020)

Cloud service providers have aligned on availability zones as an important unit of failure and replication for storage systems. An availability zone (AZ) has independent power, networking, and cooling systems and consists of one or more data centers. Multiple AZs in close geographic proximity form a region that can support replicated low latency storage services that can survive the failure of one or more AZs. Recent reductions in inter-AZ latency have made synchronous replication protocols increasingly viable, instead of traditional quorum-based replication protocols. We introduce HopsFS-CL, a distributed hierarchical file system with support for high-availability (HA) across AZs, backed by AZ-aware synchronously replicated metadata and AZ-aware block replication. HopsFS-CL is a redesign of HopsFS, a version of HDFS with distributed metadata, and its design involved making replication protocols and block placement protocols AZ-aware at all layers of its stack: the metadata serving, the metadata storage, and block storage layers. In experiments on a real-world workload from Spotify, we show that HopsFS-CL, deployed in HA mode over 3 AZs, reaches 1.66 million ops/s, and has similar performance to HopsFS when deployed in a single AZ, while preserving the same semantics.
Moderate aerobic exercise training attenuates inflammatory response to streptococus pneumoniae in mice (2011)

Streptococus pneumoniae is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in respiratory diseases. Aerobic exercise is known to attenuate inflammatory processes in some lung injuries. Objectives: To study if moderate exercise training prior to bacterial infection alters the pulmonary inflammatory profile. Methods: 40 Balb/C mice (14-16 weeks) were divided into 4 groups: Control (C), Aerobic Exercise (AE), S. pneumonia infection (P), S. pneumonia + Aerobic Exercise (P+AE). Moderate intensity treadmill training was performed over 4 weeks, 5 time/wk, 60 min/session in the AE and P+AE groups. After 72 hs of the last exercise training session, P and P+AE groups were challenged intranasally with pneumococcal strains M10 (type 11A) through the inoculation of 50 μl of the suspension of the bacteria in 0.9% saline. C group did not receive intranasal instillation or exercise training. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 10 days after the intranasal challenge to quantify the number of total cells, macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Results: S. pneumonia inoculation resulted in increase number of total cells (18.63×10 4 cels/mL ± 9.02; p 4 cels/mL ± 1.94; p 4 cels/mL ± 6.84; p S. pneumonia inoculated animals resulted in significantly decrease in total number of cells (10.15×10 4 cels/mL ± 1.10; p 4 cels/mL ± 0.84; p=0.003) in BAL. Conclusion: These results suggest that moderate aerobic exercise training attenuated the neutrophilic inflammation in an animal model of bacterial infection.Supported by FAPESP, LIMHC-FMUSP, CNPq, Brazil.
Dental implant system design and its potential impact on the establishment and sustainability of aesthetics (2014)

There is aÂ growing appreciation of the importance of establishing and sustaining the aesthetics of implant restorations. Four of the most important factors for achieving this goal are: implant primary stability, implant surface, implantabutmentjunction geometry, and implant-abutment connection. This article reviews each of these factors as they relate to the design of the BIOMET 3i T3â„c Tapered Implant System and discusses the potential impact these factors can have on long-term aesthetics.
Direct Mass Spectrometric Peptide Profiling and Sequencing of Single Neurons Reveals Differential Peptide Patterns in a Small Neuronal Network (1998)

Mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to detect and structurally characterize peptides in two functionally related neurons, named VD1 and RPD2, which form a network involved in the modulation of heartbeat in Lymnaea. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS, directly applied to single neurons VD1 and RPD2, showed overlapping yet distinct mass profiles, with a subset of putative peptides specifically present in neuron VD1. Direct tandem MS of a single VD1 neuron revealed the primary structures of the VD1-specific peptides, which were identified as members of the family of small cardioactive peptides. Based on the tandem MS data, a degenerate oligonucleotide was made for use in a polymerase chain reaction strategy to isolate the cDNA encoding the precursor to the small cardioactive peptides from a brain-specific cDNA library. The calculated masses of the mature, posttranslationally modified peptides, as predicted from the corresponding cDNA, agreed with the measured masses of the actual peptides, as detected in single-cell MS analysis. In situ hybridization studies showed that the transcript encoding the precursor is present in VD1, but not in RPD2, thus corroborating the single-cell MS analysis. Finally, the small cardioactive peptides were shown to enhance the contractions of the auricle in vitro.
Traceless Protection for More Broadly Applicable Olefin Metathesis (2019)

Abstract An operationally simple in situ protection/deprotection strategy that significantly expands the scope of kinetically controlled catalytic Z ‐ and E ‐selective olefin metathesis is introduced. Prior to the addition of a sensitive Mo‐ or Ru‐based complex, treatment of a hydroxy‐ or a carboxylic‐acid‐containing olefin with commercially available HB(pin) or readily accessible HB(trip) 2 (pin=pinacolato, trip=2,4,6‐tri(isopropyl)phenyl) for 15 min is sufficient for efficient generation of a desired product. Routine workup leads to quantitative deprotection. A range of stereochemically defined Z ‐ and E ‐alkenyl chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and boronates or Z ‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted alkenes with a hydroxy or carboxylic acid group were thus prepared in 51–97 % yield with 93 to &gt;98 % stereoselectivity. We also show that, regardless of whether a polar functional unit is present or not, a small amount of HB(pin) may be used to remove residual water, significantly enhancing efficiency.
rAAV-compatible MiniPromoters for restricted expression in the brain and eye (2020)

Abstract Background Small promoters that recapitulate endogenous gene expression patterns are important for basic, preclinical, and now clinical research. Recently, there has been a promising revival of gene therapy for diseases with unmet therapeutic needs. To date, most gene therapies have used viral-based ubiquitous promoters–however, promoters that restrict expression to target cells will minimize off-target side effects, broaden the palette of deliverable therapeutics, and thereby improve safety and efficacy. Here, we take steps towards filling the need for such promoters by developing a high-throughput pipeline that goes from genome-based bioinformatic design to rapid testing in vivo. Methods For much of this work, therapeutically interesting Pleiades MiniPromoters (MiniPs; ~4 kb human DNA regulatory elements), previously tested in knock-in mice, were “cut down” to ~2.5 kb and tested in recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), the virus of choice for gene therapy of the central nervous system. To evaluate our methods, we generated 29 experimental rAAV2/9 viruses carrying 19 different MiniPs, which were injected intravenously into neonatal mice to allow broad unbiased distribution, and characterized in neural tissues by X-gal immunohistochemistry for icre, or immunofluorescent detection of GFP. Results The data showed that 16 of the 19 (84 %) MiniPs recapitulated the expression pattern of their design source. This included expression of: Ple67 in brain raphe nuclei; Ple155 in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and retinal bipolar ON cells; Ple261 in endothelial cells of brain blood vessels; and Ple264 in retinal Müller glia. Conclusions Overall, the methodology and MiniPs presented here represent important advances for basic and preclinical research, and may enable a paradigm shift in gene therapy.
ChemInform Abstract: A Model Study for the Synthesis of the Tumor Promoting Agents Lyngbyatoxin A and Teleocidin B. (1986)

Abstract Aus dem N‐Ethoxycarbonylpyrrol‐3‐aldehyd (I) erhält man über das Imin durch Vinylierung das Allylamin (III), das mit in situ erzeugtem tert.‐Butylnitriloxid und nach anschließender Hydrierung über (IV) in bekannter Weise zum Pyrrol (V) führt.
Short and long latency afferent inhibition in Parkinson's disease (2003)

Sensory abnormalities have been reported in Parkinson's disease and may contribute to the motor deficits. Peripheral sensory stimulation inhibits the motor cortex, and the effects depend on the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the sensory stimulus and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the motor cortex. Short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) occurs at an ISI of approximately 20 ms, and long latency afferent inhibition (LAI) at an ISI of approximately 200 ms. We studied SAI and LAI in 10 Parkinson's disease patients with the aim of assessing whether sensorimotor processing is altered in Parkinson's disease. Patients were studied on and off medication, and the findings were compared with 10 age-matched controls. Median nerve and middle finger stimulation were delivered 20-600 ms before TMS to the contralateral motor cortex. The motor evoked potentials were recorded from the relaxed first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. SAI was normal in Parkinson's disease patients off dopaminergic medications, but it was reduced on the more affected side in Parkinson's disease patients on medication. LAI was reduced in Parkinson's disease patients compared with controls independent of their medication status. LAI reduced long interval intracortical inhibition in normal subjects but not in Parkinson's disease patients. The different results for SAI and LAI indicate that it is likely that separate mechanisms mediate these two forms of afferent inhibition. SAI probably represents the direct interaction of a sensory signal with the motor cortex. This pathway is unaffected by Parkinson's disease but is altered by dopaminergic medication in Parkinson's disease patients and may contribute to the side effects of dopaminergic drugs. LAI probably involves other pathways such as the basal ganglia or cortical association areas. This defective sensorimotor integration may be a non-dopaminergic manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
Colorectal Cancer and the Intersection between Basic and Clinical Research (1994)

Colorectal cancer provides an excellent example of a human tumor type that can be productively studied. The reasons for this are simple: Such tumors are prevalent and progress through easily recognizable stages ranging from very small benign polyps (adenomas) to large malignant cancers (carcinomas). Tumors representing each of these stages can be easily obtained, examined biochemically and genetically, and compared with appropriate control cells from normal colorectal epithelium. In the past few years, the study of colorectal cancer has also provided an example of a different sort—demonstrating how research in basic areas of cell physiology and biochemistry can have a direct and unexpected impact on understanding common human diseases. In this review, we focus on two recent developments that illustrate this intersection between basic and clinical research.
Electrochemical Micromachining as an Enabling Technology for Advanced Silicon Microstructuring (2012)

Abstract Based on previous theoretical and experimental results on the electrochemical etching of silicon in HF‐based aqueous electrolytes, it is shown for the first time that silicon microstructures of various shapes and silicon microsystems of high complexity can be effectively fabricated in any research lab with sub‐micrometer accuracy and high aspect ratio values (about 100). This is well beyond any up‐to‐date wet or dry microstructuring approach and is achieved using a wet etching, low‐cost technology: silicon electrochemical micromachining (ECM). Dynamic control of the etching anisotropy (from 1 to 0) as the electrochemical etching progresses allows the silicon dissolution to be switched in real‐time from the anisotropic to the isotropic regime and enables advanced silicon microstructuring to be achieved through the use of high‐aspect‐ratio functional and sacrificial structures, the former being functional to the microsystem operation and the latter being sacrificed for accurate microsystem fabrication. World‐wide dissemination of the ECM technology for silicon microstructuring is envisaged in the near future, due to its low cost and high flexibility, with high‐potential impact on, though not limited to, the broad field of microelectronics and microfabrication.
Fabrication of Metamagnetics for Visible Wavelengths (2007)

An improvement in the surface roughness of coupled silver nanostrips produces stronger magnetic response. We designed and experimentally demonstrated that improved coupled strips can provide controllable metamagnetism from 491 nm to 754 nm.
<title>Poled electro-optic photolime gel polymer doped with chlorophenol red and bromomethyl-blue chromophores</title> (1994)

an electrooptic polymer with chlorophenol red dye and type-A photolime gel was demonstrated. The electrooptic coefficient (gamma) <SUB>33</SUB> in the direction of the poling field was measured to be 28 pm/V. Chlorophenol red in polymer showed a 1/e relaxation time constant of 820 hours, which is more stable than other dye demonstrated previously to be electrooptic in the same polymer.
1831-P: Delayed Glucagon Suppression Contributes to Postprandial Hyperglycemia Independently of the Degree of Insulin Secretion (2019)

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by impaired postprandial insulin secretion and glucagon suppression. Recent work suggests that α-cell dysfunction is independent of β-cell dysfunction. The effect of diabetes-associated variation in TCF7L2 on α-cell function also suggests a direct role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. To quantify the interaction between a lack of glucagon suppression with intact, mildly or moderately impaired insulin secretion we studied 45 nondiabetic subjects with and without suppressed glucagon. On both occasions, an intravenous glucose infusion mimicking the systemic appearance of 50g oral glucose was administered in the presence of a pancreatic clamp. Glucagon was infused at a rate of 0.65ng/kg/min, starting at 0 min or 120 min (non-suppressed vs. suppressed respectively). In one group (100%) a nondiabetic insulin profile was infused; another group received 80% of this profile and the third group received 60% of the insulin infused in the first group. We observed that a lack of glucagon suppression increased peak (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and area above basal (AAB) glucose (p &amp;lt; 0.02) in all groups (1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1; 1.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1; 1.5 ± 0.1 vs.1.3 ± 0.1 Mol per 5hr, 100%, 80%, 60% respectively). These increases were explained by delayed suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) so that EGP at 120 minutes was higher (p &amp;lt; 0.05) in the presence of non-suppressed glucagon (6.6 ± 1.0 vs. 4.2 ± 0.6; 7.2 ± 0.8 vs. 5.1 ± 0.5; 7.7 ± 0.8 vs. 5.9 ± 0.6 μmol/kg/min, 100%, 80%, 60% respectively) as was integrated EGP (p &amp;lt; 0.05) over the postprandial period (-1.9 ± 0.4 vs. -2.1 ± 0.1; -1.8 ± 0.1 vs. -1.9 ± 0.2; -1.6 ± 0.3 vs. -1.8 ± 0.1 mmol/kg per 5hr, 100%, 80%, 60% respectively). These data indicate that impaired postprandial glucagon suppression contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia through increased EGP even when insulin secretion is intact as can occur early in prediabetes. These effects are exacerbated by increasing degrees of insulin deficiency. Disclosure J. Adams: None. M.C. Laurenti: Employee; Self; GlySens Incorporated. R.A. Rizza: Advisory Panel; Self; Lilly Diabetes, Metavention, Novo Nordisk A/S, vTv Therapeutics. A.M. Egan: None. C. Cobelli: None. C. Dalla Man: None. A. Vella: Advisory Panel; Self; vTv Therapeutics. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health
Epithelial polarity following ischemia: a requirement for normal cell function (1989)

Ischemic injury results in proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction and loss of surface membrane (SM) polarity. Since epithelial vectorial transport requires SM polarity, we set out to determine if correction of renal cortical PT dysfunction following ischemia was dependent on the reestablishment of SM polarity. Acute renal failure was induced using a bilateral 50-min pedicle clamp. Serum creatinine and fractional sodium excretion were maximal on day 1, remained elevated on day 3, and returned toward base line by day 8. PT cellular ultrastructure was normal by day 3. Despite rapid morphological recovery, ischemia resulted in a prolonged defect in glucose reabsorption. The delayed recovery of normal glucose handling closely paralleled the slow normalization of apical membrane lipid polarity. Na+-K+-ATPase polarity was also lost secondary to ischemia as demonstrated cytochemically and biochemically by the redistribution of Na+-K+-ATPase to the apical membrane. The time required to reestablish normal Na+-K+-ATPase polarity (8 days) paralleled the recovery of normal PT Na+ reabsorption (8 days), as assessed by fractional lithium clearances. This finding supports the hypothesis that apical Na+-K+-ATPase is in part responsible for reduced Na+ reabsorption following ischemic injury. In summary, these data suggest that functional recovery of PT glucose and Na+ reabsorption following a reversible ischemic insult requires not only morphological recovery, but also the reestablishment of surface membrane lipid and protein polarity.