gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal-Level Models of Pointwise Electromagnetic Exposure for Millimeter Wave Communication (2019)

Electromagnetic exposure from wireless devices is strictly regulated around the world to ensure the safety of consumers. Recent studies have demonstrated that multi-antenna systems can leverage signal-level exposure models to jointly mitigate user radiation absorption and achieve high data rates. This is especially important for millimeter wave technologies, which are susceptible to power back-off techniques due to high propagation and blockage losses. However, prior models require significant overhead in the form of exposure measurements to compute model parameters and cannot be easily modified to predict electromagnetic absorption in different testing configurations. This article proposes methods to approximate the characteristic matrix of a quadratic model for two exposure measures in the millimeter wave band: incident power density and surface specific absorption rate (SAR). The presented models can be calculated with a small number of parameters and can be altered to account for mutual coupling, near-field effects, and changes in the exposure scenario. Spatial sampling schemes based on these models are derived to determine how many testing points are necessary to estimate exposure in a region within a specified margin of error. Software simulation results with half-wave dipoles validate the accuracy of the proposed models in a millimeter wave scenario.
Partially Coherent Multiple Antenna Systems: Design Criterion and Construction Methods for Constellations and Coded Modulation (2004)

We consider multiple-antenna communication systems in Rayleigh fading channel, where the trans-mitter does not know the channel coefficients and the receiver has only an estimate of them. We further assume that the transmitter and receiver know the statistics of the estimation error. We refer to this system as partially coherent system, for which we derive the expressions for the optimal detector and study the code and constellation design problems. Since the Chernoff bound on pairwise error probability of the partially coherent systems appears to be intractable, we use Stein’s Lemma to propose a design criterion based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance between conditional distributions. We show that the KL distance is relatively easy to derive and work with, and when used as a design criterion, results in codes and constellations that significantly improve the performance of the partially coherent systems. Using the KL-based design criterion, we construct constellations for multiple-antenna systems which can be demodulated in the presence of channel estimation errors. Such constellations are suitable for scenarios where long preambles or training sequences are either impossible, e.g., fading channels with short coherence intervals; or impractical, e.g., applications that require transmission of short control packets (such as RTS and CTS in IEEE 802.11). The proposed constellations are multi-level, with
Staged tests increase awareness of arc-flash hazards in electrical equipment (2000)

The cause and prevention of electrical arcs have been explored since the early 1960s. Engineering design, construction of equipment enclosure, modifications with structural protection, and more recently, requirements for employee safe work practices have all targeted the risks of electrical arc hazards. Yet arcs accompanied by explosions continue to occur in electrical systems. Both human factors and equipment malfunctions contribute to the unexpected release of explosive electrical energy in the workplace. This paper presents experimental results of staged tests simulating the participation of workers in the test scene. Observations regarding the intensities of electrical arc flash events, variances between predicted and observed measurements, and implications for safety management are discussed. The intent is to improve understanding of how people are exposed to electrical hazards in industrial settings so that prevention strategies may be enhanced.
Backhaul Reliability Analysis on Cluster-Based Transmit Diversity Schemes in Private Networks (2020)

For a multi-cluster-based transmit diversity scheme that supports joint transmissions (JT) in private networks, a distributed remote radio unit system (dRRUS) is deployed in each of the clusters to increase the spectral efficiency and coverage, and to achieve flexible spatial degrees of freedom. Due to its distributed structure, the dRRUS relies on backhaul communications between the private network server (PNS) and cluster master (CM), which is the main backhaul communication, and between the CM to remote radio units (RRUs), which is the secondary backhaul communication. Thus, this paper mainly investigates the reliability of main and secondary backhaul connections for cluster-based transmit diversity schemes in private networks. Employing a Bernoulli process to model each backhaul reliability, a composite backhaul connection is modeled by an independent product of Bernoulli processes. By employing the distributed cyclic delay diversity scheme over the dRRUS and precision time protocol for clock synchronization, the multicluster-based JT can be achieved without full channel state information of the private network environment at the PNS and CMs. Having developed necessary distributions for the signal-tonoise ratio realized at the receiver, the closed-form expressions for the outage probability and spectral efficiency are derived. To verify their accuracy, the analytical performances are compared with link-level simulations.
Atom-Resolved Imaging of Dynamic Shape Changes in Supported Copper Nanocrystals (2002)

In situ transmission electron microscopy is used to obtain atom-resolved images of copper nanocrystals on different supports. These are catalysts for methanol synthesis and hydrocarbon conversion processes for fuel cells. The nanocrystals undergo dynamic reversible shape changes in response to changes in the gaseous environment. For zinc oxide-supported samples, the changes are caused both by adsorbate-induced changes in surface energies and by changes in the interfacial energy. For copper nanocrystals supported on silica, the support has negligible influence on the structure. Nanoparticle dynamics must be included in the description of catalytic and other properties of nanomaterials. In situ microscopy offers possibilities for obtaining the relevant atomic-scale insight.
Gas‐Phase and Surface Reaction Mechanisms in MOCVD of GaAs with Trimethyl‐Gallium and Arsine (1991)

A kinetic model for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of from trimethylgallium and arsine has been developed. From the large number of gas‐phase and surface reactions that might in principle occur, we have identified a reduced set that preserves key features observed in experimental studies. The proposed mechanism involves 15 gas‐phase species participating in 17 gas‐phase reactions and 9 surface species participating in 26–28 surface reactions depending on the crystallographic orientation of the substrate. The orientations considered in this study are the (110), the (100)‐misoriented As‐stabilized, and the (111)‐Ga surface. The kinetic model also includes a reaction scheme for carbon incorporation based on two‐site adsorption of carbene containing gallium species. The detailed reaction mechanism provides insights into the relative importance of different reaction pathways. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the growth rate predictions strongly depend on surface reactions but not on the details of the gas‐phase chemistry. However, the complete reaction mechanism is critical to the simulation of carbon incorporation. The model predicts quantitatively decomposition data for the metalorganic precursor in hot isothermal tubes. In addition, it reproduces observed trends in growth behavior and carbon incorporation measurements.
Advancements in Through Glass Via (TGV) Technology (2015)

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The material properties give many opportunities. As an insulator, glass provides advantages in providing low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks. Forming processes allow the potential to both form in panel format as well as to form at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to provide cost-effective solutions for the industry. Via fabrication technology development continues to advance providing via diameters &amp;lt; 20 um in size in production ready environment. [1–5] As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. We will provide an update on advancements in these areas as well as handling techniques to achieve desired process flows. There also continues to be increasing amounts of data showing the ability to achieve electrical and thermo-mechanical reliability of substrates with TGV and latest data here will also be provided.
The Effects of Lidocaine, Bupivacaine or Combined with Enflurane on the Contraction of Tracheal Smooth Muscle in Guinea Pig (2006)

The effects of local and inhalation anesthesia on the contraction of the tracheal smooth muscle have been reported. However, when inhalation and local anesthesia are administered simultaneously, their effects on the contraction of the airway smooth muscle are not well known. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of lidocaine, bupivacaine, with or without enflurane, on the histamine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in guinea pigs.
High oxidation state alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes (2005)

Electron deficient high oxidation state early transition metal complexes that contain metal-carbon double or triple bonds and bulky supporting ligands have been found to be highly reactive catalysts for the alkene and alkyne metathesis reactions, respectively.
ESPRESSO COFFEE BEVERAGE: CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTURE TERMS (2004)

ABSTRACT The present study reports on the classification of terms used to describe texture and/or mouthfeel characteristics of coffee, particularly espresso coffee, resorting to the classical food texture approach and putting in evidence how consumption habits (i.e., the brewing method) affect the terms used to describe it. Trained panelists have been interviewed in order to generate spontaneously a large number of descriptive texture terms. The terms collection was processed according to methodology previously adopted for liquid foods and beverages to classify the terms into well known mouthfeel categories. This classification identified a reduced number of texture terms categories to set up a list of terms submitted to the same trained panelists and to 93 Italian and 143 non‐Italian consumers in the form of a questionnaire with forced choice. Results show that the term “body” alone cannot be used to describe the mouthfeel of coffee beverages, prepared with different brewing methods. The obtained responses may constitute the basis for the development of an appropriate terminology for communicating the mouthfeel characteristics of espresso coffee, and may assist in addressing the finding of correlations between perceived texture and objective measurements of physical properties of the beverage.
Solar thermal, decomposition kinetics of zinc sulfate at high heating rates (1989)

This paper describes the experimental and analytical methods required to study decomposition of zinc sulfate in a simulated solar environment. Experiments were conducted at sample heating rates greater than 2 K/s and temperatures in excess of 1400 K in a specially designed thermogravimetric system which employed a 30-kWe/2-kWth downward-facing beam, arc-image furnace. The zinc sulfate decomposition took place almost exclusively through the high-temperature ZnSO4β phase under experimental conditions of this study. The kinetic parameters were determined from the thermogravimetric data by using a nonlinear least-squares optimization algorithm. An apparent activation energy, E, between 210 and 250 kJ/mol and an apparent reaction order, n, between 0 and 0.3 were obtained for β-phase ZnSO4decomposition reaction. The comparison of these results with those from lower temperature and lower heating rate zinc sulfate decomposition tends to suggest a change in reaction mechanism at the high heating rates expected in a concentrated solar environment. © 1989, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Deprenylation of Ethers and Esters Catalysed by Zirconium(IV) Chloride-Sodium Iodide (2003)

An efficient protocol for the deprotection of prenyl ethers and esters is developed using 20 mol% ZrCl4-NaI (1:1) in CH3CN as a reagent system. A variety of substrates as well as functional groups well tolerate the present reaction conditions.
Bulk electronic structure of SiO2 (1979)

The electronic structures of crystalline and amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are examined via the tight-binding method. A new tight-binding Hamiltonian, fit to experiment and to the pseudopotential band structure of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ quartz, is used to calculate densities of states for both $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ quartz and an Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ Bethe lattice. These are shown to compare favorably with x-ray photoemission spectra of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ quartz and amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The computational results are analyzed qualitatively using the bond-orbital approach. For both crystalline and amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ it is suggested that oxygen $2s$ character in the lower conduction bands may be necessary to account for the large gap. Local symmetries of the lone-pair-like bands of possible relevance to the optical properties are discussed.
Indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (IAG) is a putative diagnostic urinary marker for autism spectrum disorders. (2003)

Our results strongly suggest that urinary titres of IAG may constitute an objective diagnostic indicator for ASD. Mechanisms for the involvement of IAG in ASD are discussed together with future strategies to address its specificity.
Toxicidade de fármacos nitrofurânicos (2008)

During the structural designing of new drugs, it is possible predict the influence of specific chemical groups on pharmacological activity. Among these, the nitro group has potential antiparasitic activity, being present in many antimicrobial drugs, such as metronidazole, nitrofurazone, furazolidone, oxamniquine and chloramphenicol. Also, the introduction of the nitro group into a molecule can modify the physicochemical and electronic properties of the substance. Besides antimicrobial drugs, this group is also found in other drug classes, such as antiulcer, anti-inflamatory and anxiolytic. However, the use of the nitro group in drug design has encountered restrictions, due to the associated toxicity. This article is a review of the toxicity of nitrofuran compounds, as well the possible mechanisms involved and the strategy of latentiation by molecular modification to decrease their toxicity.
Figure S1 from A Phase II Trial of Guadecitabine plus Atezolizumab in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Progressing after Initial Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 1: Patient recruitment and sample collection overview.&lt;/p&gt;
A MICROMACHINED WIRELESS GAMMA RADIATION DETECTOR USING BULK METAL CONVERSION LAYERS (2008)

This paper reports a micromachined wireless gamma radiation sensor. The gas-based detector is comprised of a patterned bulk metal conversion layer assembled on top of a pair of thin-film copper electrodes electroplated on a glass substrate. The metal layer converts gamma radiation into photoelectrons, which ionize the sensing gas. A bias between the electrodes creates an electric field that accelerates the charged particles, resulting in a current pulse. These current pulses generate a wideband signal extending into the GHz frequency range. Experiments were conducted in two gas environments: in an N 2 /Ne mixture at 640 Torr and in air at 760 Torr. Two types of metals (platinum-rhodium and tungsten) for the conversion layer were evaluated using 1.0 Ci gamma sources of 65 Zn and 22 Na. By using a trench pattern (1.5 mm X 1.8 mm), machined in a 200 m-thick Pt-Rh metal layer, the count rate from the detector exceeded 28 kcpm and showed >10X improvement in sensing when compared to an un-patterned metal layer. The detector operated under partial pressure in the nitrogen/neon mixture. Other metal conversion patterns and stack configurations were also investigated.
Zero time delay input shaping for smooth settling of industrial robots (2016)

Precise motion control is desired in a variety of industrial robot applications. In order to achieve precise and rapid rest-to-rest motion, the overshoot and the residual vibration should be minimized. In this paper, a modified input shaping approach is developed to address these problems. The time delay introduced by conventional input shaping technique is fully compensated in the proposed approach. Experiment result on an industrial robot has shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Ultrafast impulsive Raman spectroscopy across the terahertz–fingerprint region (2022)

Broadband Raman spectroscopy (detection bandwidth >1000 cm − 1) is a valuable and widely used tool for understanding samples via label-free measurements of their molecular vibrations. Two important Raman spectral regions are the chemically specific “fingerprint” (200 to 1800 cm − 1) and “low-frequency” or “terahertz” (THz) (<200 cm − 1; <6 THz) regions, which mostly contain intramolecular and intermolecular vibrations, respectively. These two regions are highly complementary; broadband simultaneous measurement of both regions can provide a big picture comprising information about molecular structures and interactions. Although techniques for acquiring broadband Raman spectra covering both regions have been demonstrated, these methods tend to have spectral acquisition rates <10 spectra / s, prohibiting high-speed applications, such as Raman imaging or vibrational detection of transient phenomena. Here, we demonstrate a single-laser method for ultrafast (24,000 spectra / s) broadband Raman spectroscopy covering both THz and fingerprint regions. This is achieved by simultaneous detection of Sagnac-enhanced impulsive stimulated Raman scattering (SE-ISRS; THz-sensitive) and Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FT-CARS; fingerprint-sensitive). With dual-detection impulsive vibrational spectroscopy, the SE-ISRS signal shows a >500 × enhancement of <6.5 THz sensitivity compared with that of FT-CARS, and the FT-CARS signal shows a >10 × enhancement of fingerprint sensitivity above 1000 cm − 1 compared with that of SE-ISRS.
Role of bcl-2 and IL-5 in the regulation of anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in immature B cell lines. A cooperative regulation model for B cell clonal deletion. (1994)

Recent studies of transgenic mice have confirmed that clonal deletion is involved in the development of B cells. However, little is known about intercellular and intracellular molecular events regulating B cell clonal deletion. We investigated the role of bcl-2 and cytokines in the regulation of B cell clonal deletion using anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in immature B cell lines as a model. We show here that overexpression of Bcl-2 protein in stably transfected immature B cells partially inhibits anti-Ig M-induced apoptosis but does not affect growth arrest. Similarly, IL-5 has a strong inhibitory effect on anti-IgM-mediated apoptosis but has a weak inhibitory effect on growth arrest. Finally, although both bcl-2 overexpression and exogenous IL-5 cooperate with bacterial LPS to block apoptosis, bcl-2 overexpression and exogenous IL-5 have no additive inhibitory effect on anti-Ig induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that anti-IgM-induced apoptosis is independently regulated from growth arrest and is controlled by at least two independent pathways: One is regulated by either Bcl-2 protein or IL-5 and the other is regulated by LPS. Activation of both the bcl-2/IL-5 and LPS pathways is necessary for complete inhibition of apoptosis, and presumably, clonal selection of the immature B cells.
Selective oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone over a Pd–Ag catalyst (2012)

Glycerol oxidation with molecular oxygen was conducted using Pd-based catalysts under neutral conditions. Pd–Ag/C showed higher selectivity to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and higher activity than Pd/C. The DHA yield reached 44% at 52% glycerol conversion over Pd–Ag/C (Ag/Pd = 1). The Pd–Ag alloy phase is responsible for the high activity and DHA selectivity.
CMOS LSI-based multi-chip flexible retinal prosthesis device for subretinal implantation (2008)

A CMOS-based multi-chip flexible retinal stimulator with light-sensing function was designed. The light sensing function is implemented for light-controlled retinal stimulation in subretinal configuration. The basic functionality and feasibility of the multi-chip flexible retinal stimulator was confirmed. A photo-activating operation with adjustable photosensitivity was successfully implemented on the retinal stimulator without any additional input line. We demonstrated and characterized the photosensing function.
Phase in speech and pictures (2005)

It is generally known that preservation of phase information in images is important as evidenced by the fact that modifying an image such that phase is preserved but the magnitude of all the spectral components is set to unity generally preserves many of the features of the original image. A similar experiment has been carried out with speech, showing that preservation of only the long-time phase retains many important features of the original speech. An interpretation of these results, and their potential application to blind deconvolution, is suggested.
Structural consequences of competing noncovalent forces: the out–out conformation of the doubly protonated [2.2.2]cryptand (1997)

The reaction of [2.2.2]cryptand 1 with 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (dhbH) in toluene affords the complex [1-2H]- [(2,6-dhb) 2 ]; its crystal structure exhibits the first solid state evidence of the out–out form of the doubly protonated macrobicycle and illustrates the role of C–H···O hydrogen bonds in providing additional stability to the cavity of the ligand.
A hybrid mono/stereo acoustic echo canceler (2002)

In many applications, such as teleconferencing, multimedia workstations, televideo games, etc., stereo sound is already, or will soon be, implemented to give spatial realism that mono systems cannot offer. In such hands-free systems, stereophonic acoustic echo cancelers are absolutely necessary for full-duplex communication. We propose a new acoustic echo canceler (AEC) based on a fundamental experimental observation that the stereo effect is due mostly to sound energy below about 1000 Hz. The principle of the hybrid mono/stereo AEC is to use stereophonic sound with a stereo AEC at low frequencies (e.g., below 1000 Hz) and monophonic sound with a conventional mono AEC at higher frequencies (e.g., above 1000 Hz). This solution is a good compromise between the complexity of a full-band stereo AEC and spatial realism. For the stereo case we borrow from a previous innovation and add a small nonlinearity into each channel in order to accurately identify the two receiving room impulse responses.
Structural, electronic, and magnetic investigation of magnetic ordering in MBE-grown Cr x Sb 2−x Te 3 thin films (2016)

This work arises from research funded by the John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund. LJC-M and LBD acknowledge financial support from EPSRC. LBD acknowledges financial support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) and AS from the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust.