gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes of Mineral Concentrations in Preterm and Term Human Milk from Lactating Swiss Women (2019)

An adequate mineral supply to preterm infants is essential for normal growth and development. This study aimed to compare the mineral contents of human milk (HM) from healthy mothers of preterm (28–32 weeks) and full term (&gt;37 weeks) infants. Samples were collected weekly for eight weeks for the term group (n = 34) and, biweekly up to 16 weeks for the preterm group (n = 27). Iron, zinc, selenium, copper, iodine, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium were quantitatively analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The mineral contents of both HM showed parallel compositional changes over the period of lactation, with occasional significant differences when compared at the same postpartum age. However, when the comparisons were performed at an equivalent postmenstrual age, preterm HM contained less zinc and copper from week 39 to 48 (p &lt; 0.002) and less selenium from week 39 to 44 (p &lt; 0.002) than term HM. This translates into ranges of differences (min–max) of 53% to 78%, 30% to 72%, and 11% to 33% lower for zinc, copper, and selenium, respectively. These data provide comprehensive information on the temporal changes of ten minerals in preterm HM and may help to increase the accuracy of the mineral fortification of milk for preterm consumption.
Artificial Simulation of Renal Stone Formation (1993)

The effect of natural admixtures occurring in human urine (citrate, pyrophosphate and glycosaminoglycans) on the precipitation of stone-forming compounds was studied. Experiments were carried out under conditions closely simulating the early stages of renal stone formation. Among the studied admixtures, citrate was determined as the most effective substance preventing the phosphate particle formation. Indeed, in the presence of citrate, some calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals were found. Pyrophosphate induced the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals. Phosphate crystals appeared at pH 6 and never at pH 5. The easy formation of phosphate particles supports the hypothesis that these crystals represent a very important heterogeneous nucleus-initiating oxalocalcic calculus formation in the kidney. Reported results also indicated uric acid as a significant heterogeneous nucleus of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals at urinary pH equal or lower than 5 and the important role of bacteria in increasing the organic detritus deposited on the solid surfaces.
Fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene Transparent Thin Films with Tunable Optoelectronic Properties (2016)

MXenes, a new class of 2D transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, show great promise in supercapacitors, Li‐ion batteries, fuel cells, and sensor applications. A unique combination of their metallic conductivity, hydrophilic surface, and excellent mechanical properties renders them attractive for transparent conductive electrode application. Here, a simple, scalable method is proposed to fabricate transparent conductive thin films using delaminated Ti 3 C 2 MXene flakes by spray coating. Homogenous films, 5–70 nm thick, are produced at ambient conditions over a large area as shown by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The sheet resistances ( R s ) range from 0.5 to 8 kΩ sq −1 at 40% to 90% transmittance, respectively, which corresponds to figures of merit (the ratio of electronic to optical conductivities, σ DC / σ opt ) around 0.5–0.7. Flexible, transparent, and conductive films are also produced and exhibit stable R s values at up to 5 mm bend radii. Furthermore, the films' optoelectronic properties are tuned by chemical or electrochemical intercalation of cations. The films show reversible changes of transmittance in the UV–visible region during electrochemical intercalation/deintercalation of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. This work shows the potential of MXenes to be used as transparent conductors in electronic, electrochromic, and sensor applications.
Polygonophenone, a naturally MEM-substituted acetophenone from Polygonum maritimum (2008)

A new acetophenone, polygonophenone (1) and a new resorcinol, polygonocinol (2), were isolated from the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of Polygonum maritimum (Polygonaceae) and identified as 2-hydroxy-4-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methoxy] acetophenone and 2-methyl-5-nonadecylresorcinol respectively. In addition 12 other known compounds were identified: the sesquiterpenoid (+)-8-hydroxycalamene, four ferulic esters (tetracosyl, hexacosyl, octacosyl and triacontyl ferulate), the arylpropane broussonin B, the hydroquinone glucoside isotachioside, quercetin, quercitrin, (+)-catechin, β-sitosterol, and palmitic acid. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their NMR and MS data. It is noteworthy that the isolation of polygonophenone (1) gives evidence for the use of MEM-protection in biomimetic synthetic strategies. It is the first time that the MEM group is found in the structure of a natural product and its biosynthesis remains unknown.
sNebula, a network-based algorithm to predict binding between human leukocyte antigens and peptides (2016)

Understanding the binding between human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and peptides is important to understand the functioning of the immune system. Since it is time-consuming and costly to measure the binding between large numbers of HLAs and peptides, computational methods including machine learning models and network approaches have been developed to predict HLA-peptide binding. However, there are several limitations for the existing methods. We developed a network-based algorithm called sNebula to address these limitations. We curated qualitative Class I HLA-peptide binding data and demonstrated the prediction performance of sNebula on this dataset using leave-one-out cross-validation and five-fold cross-validations. This algorithm can predict not only peptides of different lengths and different types of HLAs, but also the peptides or HLAs that have no existing binding data. We believe sNebula is an effective method to predict HLA-peptide binding and thus improve our understanding of the immune system.
Hollow Cathode and Keeper-Region Plasma Measurements (2005)

The successful performance of the NSTAR ion thruster in Deep Space 1 mission, coupled with the recently completed 30,032 hour life test of the flight spare thruster, has accelerated with the implementation of electric propulsion in NASA missions.
Low-temperature operation of AlGaN single-quantum-well light-emitting diodes with deep ultraviolet emission at 285 nm (2002)

We present a study of the electrical and optical characteristics of 285 nm emission deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LED) at temperatures from 10 to 300 K. At low bias, our data show the tunneling carrier transport to be the dominant conduction mechanism. The room-temperature performance is shown to be limited mostly by poor electron confinement in the active region and a pronounced deep level assisted recombination but not by the hole injection into the active region. At temperatures below 100 K, the electroluminescence peak intensity increases by more than one order of magnitude indicating that with a proper device design and improved material quality, milliwatt power 285 nm LED are viable.
J0320304 Bending test of porous aluminum / dense aluminum plate sandwich panel fabricated by friction stir processing (2014)

Porous aluminum is a lightweight material with high energy absorption properties. In this study, ADC12 porous aluminum / A1050 dense aluminum plate sandwich panel was fabricated by friction stir processing route. Three-point bending test was carried out to observe the deformation behavior of fabricated sandwich panel. It was shown that crack firstly occurred in porous aluminum part, then spread to dense aluminum part.
Use of robotic technology in cam femoroacetabular impingement corrective surgery (2013)

This dry bone study validates the use of robotic technology to perform cam FAI corrective surgery. A more accurate bony resection may minimize complications due to over- and under-resection.
On the thermalization of dense hadronic matter in Au + Au collisions at FAIR (2015)

The conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium of baryons (non-strange, strange) and mesons (strange) are presented for central Au + Au collisions at FAIR energies using the microscopic transport model UrQMD. The net particle density, longitudinal-to-transverse pressure anisotropy and inverse slope parameters of the energy spectra of non-strange and strange hadrons are calculated inside a cell in the central region within rapidity window $|y| < 1.0$ at different time steps after the collision. We observed that the strangeness content is dominated by baryons at all energies, however contribution from mesons become significant at higher energies. The time scale obtained from local pressure (momentum) isotropization and thermalization of energy spectra are nearly equal and found to decrease with increase in laboratory energy. The equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the system are obtained with statistical thermal model. The time evolution of the entropy densities at FAIR energies are found very similar with the ideal hydrodynamic behaviour at top RHIC energy.
Exploring the complexities associated with full-scale wind plant wakemitigation control experiments (2019)

Abstract. Recent research promotes implementing next-generation wind plant control methods to mitigate turbine-to-turbine wake effects. Numerical simulation and wind tunnel experiments have previously demonstrated the potential benefit of wind plant control for wind plant optimization, but full-scale validation of the wake-mitigating control strategies remains limited. As part of this study, the yaw and blade pitch of a utility-scale wind turbine were strategically modified for a limited time period to examine wind turbine wake response to first-order turbine control changes. Wind turbine wake response was measured using Texas Tech University's Ka-band Doppler radars and dual-Doppler scanning strategies. Results highlight some of the complexities associated with executing and analysing wind plant control at full-scale using brief experimental control periods. Some difficulties include (1) the ability to accurately implement the desired control changes, (2) identifying reliable data sources and methods to allow these control changes to be accurately quantified, and (3) attributing variations in wake structure to turbine control changes rather than a response to the underlying atmospheric conditions (e.g. boundary layer streak orientation, atmospheric stability). To better understand wake sensitivity to the underlying atmospheric conditions, wake evolution within the early-evening transition was also examined using a single-Doppler data collection approach. Analysis of both wake length and meandering during this period of transitioning atmospheric stability indicate the potential benefit and feasibility of wind plant control should be enhanced when the atmosphere is stable.
Improved bounds for the rate loss of multiresolution source codes (2003)

We present new bounds for the rate loss of multiresolution source codes (MRSCs). Considering an M-resolution code, the rate loss at the ith resolution with distortion D/sub i/ is defined as L/sub i/=R/sub i/-R(D/sub i/), where R/sub i/ is the rate achievable by the MRSC at stage i. This rate loss describes the performance degradation of the MRSC compared to the best single-resolution code with the same distortion. For two-resolution source codes, there are three scenarios of particular interest: (i) when both resolutions are equally important; (ii) when the rate loss at the first resolution is 0 (L/sub 1/=0); (iii) when the rate loss at the second resolution is 0 (L/sub 2/=0). The work of Lastras and Berger (see ibid., vol.47, p.918-26, Mar. 2001) gives constant upper bounds for the rate loss of an arbitrary memoryless source in scenarios (i) and (ii) and an asymptotic bound for scenario (iii) as D/sub 2/ approaches 0. We focus on the squared error distortion measure and (a) prove that for scenario (iii) L/sub 1/<1.1610 for all D/sub 2/<D/sub 1/; (b) tighten the Lastras-Berger bound for scenario (ii) from L/sub 2//spl les/1 to L/sub 2/<0.7250; (c) tighten the Lastras-Berger bound for scenario (i) from L/sub i//spl les/1/2 to L/sub i/<0.3802, i/spl isin/{1,2}; and (d) generalize the bounds for scenarios (ii) and (iii) to M-resolution codes with M/spl ges/2. We also present upper bounds for the rate losses of additive MRSCs (AMRSCs). An AMRSC is a special MRSC where each resolution describes an incremental reproduction and the kth-resolution reconstruction equals the sum of the first k incremental reproductions. We obtain two bounds on the rate loss of AMRSCs: one primarily good for low-rate coding and another which depends on the source entropy.
Packet Loss Concealment using adaptive lattice modeling (2010)

A new Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) algorithm which is based on an adaptive lattice filter is presented in this paper. The new approach generates the lost packets by using lattice structure synthesis model and its excitation. The model parameters estimation relies on packets received, preceding and succeeding to the lost one. The algorithm is compared to ITU and ANSI recommendations for G.711 PLC, and to the zero stuffing approach as a lower bound. The algorithm evaluation consists of objective methods and an informal subjective test. The objective measure used is the MOS-LQO measured by the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) algorithm. The test vectors used in the proposed PLC evaluation are the ITU P-Series Sup.23 database and the TIMIT database. The proposed lattice based algorithm outperforms in comparison with the other PLCs evaluated in the paper, especially in high loss rates.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1 (2023)

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors [351]) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate [140]. The mGlu family is composed of eight members (named mGlu1 to mGlu8) which are divided in three groups based on similarities of agonist pharmacology, primary sequence and G protein coupling to effector: Group-I (mGlu1 and mGlu5), Group-II (mGlu2 and mGlu3) and Group-III (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8) (see Further reading).Structurally, mGlu are composed of three juxtaposed domains: a core G protein-activating seven-transmembrane domain (TM), common to all GPCRs, is linked via a rigid cysteine-rich domain (CRD) to the Venus Flytrap domain (VFTD), a large bi-lobed extracellular domain where glutamate binds. mGlu form constitutive dimers, cross-linked by a disulfide bridge. The structures of the VFTD of mGlu1, mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu5 and mGlu7 have been solved [200, 275, 268, 403]. The structure of the 7 transmembrane (TM) domains of both mGlu1 and mGlu5 have been solved, and confirm a general helical organisation similar to that of other GPCRs, although the helices appear more compacted [88, 433, 62]. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have provided structures of full-length mGlu receptor homodimers [217, 191] and heterodimers [91]. Studies have revealed the possible formation of heterodimers between either group-I receptors, or within and between group-II and -III receptors [89]. First characterised in transfected cells, co-localisation and specific pharmacological properties suggest the existence of such heterodimers in the brain [270, 440, 145, 283, 259, 218]. Beyond heteromerisation with other mGlu receptor subtypes, increasing evidence suggests mGlu receptors form heteromers and larger order complexes with class A GPCRs (reviewed in [140]). The endogenous ligands of mGlu are L-glutamic acid, L-serine-O-phosphate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and L-cysteine sulphinic acid. Group-I mGlu receptors may be activated by 3,5-DHPG and (S)-3HPG [30] and antagonised by (S)-hexylhomoibotenic acid [235]. Group-II mGlu receptors may be activated by LY389795 [269], LY379268 [269], eglumegad [354, 434], DCG-IV and (2R,3R)-APDC [355], and antagonised by eGlu [170] and LY307452 [425, 105]. Group-III mGlu receptors may be activated by L-AP4 and (R,S)-4-PPG [130]. An example of an antagonist selective for mGlu receptors is LY341495, which blocks mGlu2 and mGlu3 at low nanomolar concentrations, mGlu8 at high nanomolar concentrations, and mGlu4, mGlu5, and mGlu7 in the micromolar range [185]. In addition to orthosteric ligands that directly interact with the glutamate recognition site, allosteric modulators that bind within the TM domain have been described. Negative allosteric modulators are listed separately. The positive allosteric modulators most often act as ‘potentiators’ of an orthosteric agonist response, without significantly activating the receptor in the absence of agonist.
Atomic garbage collection: managing a stable heap (1989)

Modern database systems use transactions to achieve a high degree of fault-tolerance. Many modern programming languages and systems provide garbage collected heap storage, which frees the programmer from the job of explicitly deallocating storage. In this paper we describe integrated garbage collection and recovery algorithms for managing a stable heap in which accessible objects survive both system crashes and media failures.
Relation between N2 and two-photon absorption (1990)

We present evidence from nonlinear refractive index measurements, two-photon absorption measurements, and four- wave mixing measurements on semiconductors showing that the bound electronic nonlinearity can be calculated from two-photon absorption dispersion via a simple Kramers-Kronig analysis. This analysis shows n2 changing from positive to negative as the photon energy approaches the band-gap energy, consistent with observations. Additionally, this simple calculation, which assumes two parabolic bands, gives good agreement with measured values of n2 in wide- gap dielectrics that are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller than in semiconductors.
A low power switching power supply for self-clocked systems (1996)

This paper presents a digital power supply controller for variable frequency and voltage circuits. By using a ring oscillator as a method of predicting circuit performance, the regulated voltage is set to the minimum required to operate at a reference frequency which maximizes energy efficiency. Our initial test silicon, implemented with a fixed frequency controller is analyzed and reveals that the controller's power consumption is a major limitation for such a design. To make the controller power dissipation scale with the CV/sup 2/f power of the load, we introduce a new architecture with variable frequency control, which allows the controller's supply and frequency to scale along with the load device.
From Regularization to Risk-Sensitivity–and Back Again (2022)

We explore (h,f)-divergence regularized RL objectives (as a generalization of KL regularized and maximum entropy objectives) through the lens of risk sensitivity and offer two iterative schemes for approaching such regularized objectives. This allows for (I) understanding of RL algorithms through the lens of risk optimization which in turn provides a more cohesive view of well-known RL algorithms and (II) introduction of theoretically well-motivated regularization terms that lead to risk-sensitive RL algorithms. We offer two iterative frameworks for using (h,f)-divergence-based Convex risk measures to facilitate further algorithmic development in risk-sensitive RL.
Long-term Follow-up of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Techniques in Sweden (2021)

These findings suggest that adolescents conceived with ARTs around the millennium are not at risk of poor psychiatric health compared with the general population, except for an elevated risk of OCD that may be explained by differences in parental characteristics.
Wafer Bonding and Layer Transfer Approach for Strained Silicon-On-Insulator (sSOI) Fabrication (2006)

Two different types of oxide layers (a low-temperature oxide and an ultrathin thermal oxide) were deposited on strained silicon (sSi) and bonded hydrophilically to oxidized Si(001) handle wafers. To enhance the bonding energy, the bonded wafers were annealed at 300°C for 5 h and subsequently at 500°C for 2 h. The quality of the bonded interface was assessed and the bonding energy measured after each annealing step by the crack-opening method. Using these two wafer bonding approaches and layer transfer techniques, the fabrication of SSOI wafers were demonstrated with sSi thickness of about 11 nm.
Computational modeling approaches to characterize risk and achieve safe, effective, and trusted designs in the development of artificial intelligence and autonomous closed-loop medical systems (2021)

While software using artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) is pervasive in many areas of society today, the use of these technologies to diagnose and treat medical conditions is limited due to a number of challenges associated with the trustworthiness of the results. This may include the inability to fully explain how an algorithm works inherent to the black-box nature of the system. Additionally, AI/ML may create a potential for bias and artifacts that cannot be validated due to the same limitations. In a medical application, the lack of transparency in how the system operates may lead to a loss of trust by users. Bayesian approaches that use computational modeling to quantify the level of uncertainty in a given result may provide a path towards improved confidence and use. In this paper, evidence from studies in a range of medical applications is presented and discussed, showing how Bayesian approaches can help to foster trust. A retrospective study using a publicly available dataset explored the feasibility of creating predictive models for early intervention in a Type 1 diabetes population. Creating the perfect model was not the goal of the exercise, rather the study aimed to demonstrate how Bayesian methods could be used to identify areas of uncertainty during model development. Feature selection was based on analytical assessment of various patterns found in the data. Models were trained, validated, and tested, generating uncertainty estimates. A two-feature Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) model, using the previous five minutes and ten minutes of blood glucose values, showed similar results for predictive accuracy as a threefeature model that included average change over the preceding 30 minutes. The two-feature model was selected because it allowed for a more easily understood visualization of uncertainty. The 2-feature GNB achieved an AUC = .94. The model showed good sensitivity for exceeding the &lt; 180 mg/dl limit, obtaining threshold prediction = 89.8% and normal range prediction = 90.8%. The sensitivity was lower for the &lt; 70 mg/dl limit, attaining a sensitivity = 77.5%. Posterior probabilities showed differing levels of uncertainty in the prediction of high and low out-of-range conditions. The model demonstrated the feasibility of providing robust parameter estimates. Bayesian machine learning approaches to model uncertainty may improve the transparency, explainability, and applicability of AI/ML in medical treatment, realizing the promise to improve patient safety and outcomes.