gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrathin poly(methylmethacrylate) resist films for microlithography (1989)

To improve pattern fidelity of electron beam lithography in the nanometer regime a new class of ultrathin resist (less than 20 nm) has been investigated. Such films can be exposed with very low energy (&amp;lt;1 keV) electrons to virtually eliminate proximity effects or, at conventional electron energies, to allow easier proximity effect correction. In a previous study we investigated ultrathin (14 nm) poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films, prepared both by spin casting and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) techniques, as high resolution electron beam resists. We reported that the pinhole density in 14-nm LB PMMA films was considerably lower than the density in spin-cast PMMA films of comparable thickness. 45-nm-wide lines were fabricated in 50-nm thick chromium films using LB PMMA films as resists. In this paper, we have investigated the lithographic performance of LB PMMA films with thicknesses ranging from 0.85 (one monolayer) to 7.7 nm (nine monolayer) exposed with different electron beam energies. Two distributions of pore-line defects, with diameter less than 20 nm, have been observed in the films after exposure and pattern transfer into chromium. The first distribution, observed only with PMMA resist films thinner than seven layers, was uniform over the sample, and the number of the defects increased dramatically as the film thickness decreased. The second type was only observed around the exposed regions in the films thinner than nine layers. For the second type, the number of defects was found to depend on the beam energy and substrate type. Sources of the two types of defects will be discussed, and the experimental results will be compared with a Monte Carlo simulation.
Microglial inclusions and neurofilament light chain release follow neuronal α-synuclein lesions in long-term brain slice cultures (2021)

The successful translation of these brain cultures from mouse to human with the first reported induction of human αS lesions in a true adult human brain environment underlines the potential of this model to study proteopathic lesions in intact mouse and now even aged human brain environments.
Technology and the ob/gyn (2013)

It's an interesting time to be a gynecologic surgeon. As technologies evolve and refine, we and our patients will benefit.
The Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) Challenge (2021)

This manuscript describes the first challenge on Federated Learning, namely the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge 2021. International challenges have become the standard for validation of biomedical image analysis methods. However, the actual performance of participating (even the winning) algorithms on "real-world" clinical data often remains unclear, as the data included in challenges are usually acquired in very controlled settings at few institutions. The seemingly obvious solution of just collecting increasingly more data from more institutions in such challenges does not scale well due to privacy and ownership hurdles. Towards alleviating these concerns, we are proposing the FeTS challenge 2021 to cater towards both the development and the evaluation of models for the segmentation of intrinsically heterogeneous (in appearance, shape, and histology) brain tumors, namely gliomas. Specifically, the FeTS 2021 challenge uses clinically acquired, multi-institutional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from the BraTS 2020 challenge, as well as from various remote independent institutions included in the collaborative network of a real-world federation (https://www.fets.ai/). The goals of the FeTS challenge are directly represented by the two included tasks: 1) the identification of the optimal weight aggregation approach towards the training of a consensus model that has gained knowledge via federated learning from multiple geographically distinct institutions, while their data are always retained within each institution, and 2) the federated evaluation of the generalizability of brain tumor segmentation models "in the wild", i.e. on data from institutional distributions that were not part of the training datasets.
High Temperature Stable Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) Inscribed Through Polyimide Coating of Optical Fibers Using a Phase Mask (2016)

High temperature stable FBGs are observed after 800°C-annealing of Type I gratings that were written through the polyimide coating of H2-loaded high Ge-doped silica fibers with a fs-IR laser and a phase mask.
Association of Type 2 Hemadsorption (Parainfluenza 1) Virus and Asian Influenza a Virus with Infectious Croup (1959)

CROUP is one of the most dramatic, frightening dangerous syndromes in pediatrics. In some cases when treatment is not available, death results.In the fall of 1957 a study to isolate new viruses and to associate these agents with clinical illness, including croup, was initiated by the Virus Section, Research Foundation of the Children's Hospital of the District of Columbia, and the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health. The patients were separated into two major categories in the study: those with severe respiratory-tract illness requiring hospitalization; and those with mild respiratory-tract illness seen in the Out Patient Department. . . .
Stimulating pro-reparative immune responses to prevent adverse cardiac remodelling: consensus document from the joint 2019 meeting of the ESC Working Groups of cellular biology of the heart and myocardial function (2020)

Cardiac injury may have multiple causes, including ischaemic, non-ischaemic, autoimmune, and infectious triggers. Independent of the underlying pathophysiology, cardiac tissue damage induces an inflammatory response to initiate repair processes. Immune cells are recruited to the heart to remove dead cardiomyocytes, which is essential for cardiac healing. Insufficient clearance of dying cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction (MI) has been shown to promote unfavourable cardiac remodelling, which may result in heart failure (HF). Although immune cells are integral key players of cardiac healing, an unbalanced or unresolved immune reaction aggravates tissue damage that triggers maladaptive remodelling and HF. Neutrophils and macrophages are involved in both, inflammatory as well as reparative processes. Stimulating the resolution of cardiac inflammation seems to be an attractive therapeutic strategy to prevent adverse remodelling. Along with numerous experimental studies, the promising outcomes from recent clinical trials testing canakinumab or colchicine in patients with MI are boosting the interest in novel therapies targeting inflammation in cardiovascular disease patients. The aim of this review is to discuss recent experimental studies that provide new insights into the signalling pathways and local regulators within the cardiac microenvironment promoting the resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. We will cover ischaemia- and non-ischaemic-induced as well as infection-related cardiac remodelling and address potential targets to prevent adverse cardiac remodelling.
DoubleCheck: Multi-path verification against man-in-the-middle attacks (2009)

Self signed certificates for SSL and self generated hosts keys for SSH are popular zero cost, simple alternatives to public key infrastructure (PKI). They provide security against man in the middle attacks, as long as the the client connecting to those services knows the certificates or host keys a priori. A simple solution used in practice is to trust the certificate or the host key when the client connects to a server for the first time. This approach is susceptible to man in the middle attacks, a fact exploited by adversaries in a variety of attacks against unsuspecting users. We develop a simple and scalable solution named DoubleCheck to protect against such attacks. Our solution is achieved by retrieving the certificate from a remote host using multiple alternate paths. Our scheme does not require any new infrastructure; we make use of the Tor anonymity system to reach the destination using multiple independent paths. Hence our solution is easy to deploy in practice. Our solution does not introduce any privacy concerns. We have implemented DoubleCheck as SSH and Firefox extensions, demonstrating its practicality. Our experimental evaluation shows that the impact of DoubleCheck on performance is minimal, since the Tor network is used only for retrieving the certificate for the first time, while the data transfer and subsequent connection establishment follow normal routing rules. Our scheme is an effective way of mitigating the impact of man in the middle attacks without requiring new infrastructure and at low overhead.
Light-induced redox reactions of proflavine in aqueous and micellar solution (1980)

LPI
Developing Build-up Printed Wiring Board with 1-3 Layer Via for Notebook PC. (1999)

We have developed and adopted build-up technology for printed wiring boards (PWB) of notebook PC, which uses via holes that connect 3 layers compared to the normal build-up PWB which used via holes that connect 2 layers. This technology is more superior in electrical characteristics, which enables one to easily control characteristic impedance and reduce crosstalk noise. For the method of manufacturing, we selected laser drilling method and B2itTM. Although the shape of their vias are different, their electrical characteristics are equal.
Supplementary Table 4 from Impact of Screening Test Performance and Cost on Mortality Reduction and Cost-effectiveness of Multimodal Ovarian Cancer Screening (2023)

&lt;p&gt;XLS file - 44K, Variability in model output based on 100 simulations using independent random seeds&lt;/p&gt;
Structure and Function of NzeB, a Versatile C–C and C–N Bond Forming Diketopiperazine Dimerase (2020)

This report details the discovery and characterization of a versatile bacterial cytochrome P450, NzeB, which catalyzes the dimerization of diketopiperazines via enzymatic C–H functionalization. This includes the first high-resolution crystal structure of a diketopiperazine dimerase, which along with active site via mutagenesis and quantum mechanical calculations, provides insight into the selectivity and mechanism of these enzymes.
Visible Light‐Promoted Aryl Azoline Formation over Mesoporous Organosilica as Heterogeneous Photocatalyst (2021)

Abstract N‐heterocyclic compounds demonstrate wide applications ranging from natural compound production to coordination chemistry. Usually, the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic compounds is conducted under thermal conditions, mostly by Lewis acids or metal‐containing compounds as molecular catalysts. Here, we report a photocatalytic route for aryl azoline formation by mesoporous organosilica as visible light‐active and heterogeneous photocatalyst. Via formation of aromatic aldehydes with various amines, 2‐phenyl‐2‐imidazoline, 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline, 2‐phenyl‐2‐thiazoline and their derivatives could be formed with high conversion and selectivity. Additionally, the organosilica photocatalyst showed high stability and reusability.
High-Performance Hybrid Bismuth–Carbon Nanotube Based Contrast Agent for X-ray CT Imaging (2017)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for a plethora of biomedical applications, including their use as delivery vehicles for drugs, imaging agents, proteins, DNA, and other materials. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new CNT-based contrast agent (CA) for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. The CA is a hybrid material derived from ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes (20–80 nm long, US-tubes) and Bi(III) oxo-salicylate clusters with four Bi(III) ions per cluster (Bi4C). The element bismuth was chosen over iodine, which is the conventional element used for CT CAs in the clinic today due to its high X-ray attenuation capability and its low toxicity, which makes bismuth a more-promising element for new CT CA design. The new CA contains 20% by weight bismuth with no detectable release of bismuth after a 48 h challenge by various biological media at 37 °C, demonstrating the presence of a strong interaction between the two components of the hybrid material. The performance of the new Bi4C@US-tubes solid material as a CT CA has been assessed using a clinical scanner and found to possess an X-ray attenuation ability of >2000 Hounsfield units (HU).
On the importance of tetrel bonding interactions in lead(ii) complexes with (iso)nicotinohydrazide based ligands and several anions (2016)

Four Pb(ii) complexes of (iso)nicotinohydrazide-based ligands and different anionic coligands (azide, nitrate, acetate and iodide) have been synthesized and characterized by structural, analytical and spectroscopic methods. The mono-deprotonated or neutral forms of the ligands coordinate in a tridentate fashion via two nitrogen and one oxygen donor atoms to the Pb. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography showed that the molecular complexes can aggregate into larger entities depending upon the anion coordinated to the metal centre. In all four complexes the lead center is hemidirectionally coordinated and, consequently, it is sterically ideal for establishing tetrel bonding interactions. In the crystal structures of all complexes, the lead atoms participate in short contacts with nitrogen atoms. These contacts are shorter than the sums of the van der Waals radii and larger than the sums of the covalent radii. The tetrel bonding interactions interconnect the covalently bonded units (monomers or dimers) into supramolecular assemblies (chains and 3D structures). We have analysed the interesting supramolecular assemblies observed in the solid state of all four complexes by means of DFT calculations.
96 GHz static frequency divider in SiGe bipolar technology (2003)

We report a static frequency divider designed in a 210 GHz f/sub T/, 0.13 /spl mu/m SiGe bipolar technology. The circuit consumes about 44 mA per latch (140 mA total for the chip, with input-output stages) from a -5.5 V power supply and operates up to 96.6 GHz.
Deletion of PPAR-&gamma; in immune cells enhances susceptibility to antiglomerular basement membrane disease (2010)

Activation of the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) has been shown to be immunoregulatory in autoimmune diseases by inhibiting production of a number of inflammatory mediators. We investigated whether PPAR-γ gene deletion in hematopoietic cells would alter disease pathogenesis in the antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) mouse model. PPAR-γ(+/+) and PPAR-γ(-/-) mice were immunized with rabbit antimouse GBM antibodies and lipopolysaccharide and evaluated for two weeks. Although both the PPAR-γ(+/+) and PPAR-γ(-/-) mice had IgG deposition in the glomerulus and showed proteinuria two weeks after injection, glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease in PPAR-γ(-/-) mice were significantly more severe compared with the PPAR-γ(+/+) animals. We observed that the PPAR-γ(-/-) mice had decreased CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells and an increased CD8(+):CD4(+) ratio as compared with the PPAR-γ(+/+) mice, suggesting that PPAR-γ has a role in the regulation of T cells. Furthermore, plasma interleukin-6 levels were significantly increased in the PPAR-γ(-/-) mice at two weeks as compared with the PPAR-γ(+/+) animals. Taken together, these studies show that the lack of PPAR-γ expression enhances inflammatory renal disease in the anti-GBM antibody-induced glomerulonephritis mouse model and suggests targeting PPAR-γ may have therapeutic efficacy.
A trace-driven analysis of disk working set sizes (1993)

This paper is organized as follows. First comes a description of our tracing method and some details of the systems traced. It is followed by an analysis of the I/O working sets observed on each of the systems. Finally, a concluding section describing the possible effects of the working set results on I/O system design is given. The main results of this study are the following: . the working set size is usually small (2.6--6.7% of the total storage space over 24 hours); . maximum working set sizes can be quite large (16--34% of the total storage over 24 hours); . the median write working set sizes are only about a third of the size of the joint working set size.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Methyl and β‐Methyl Pyrrolidine 5,5‐trans‐Lactam (5‐Oxo‐hexahydro‐pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrrole) and Stereoselective Alkylation of the Strained Pyrrolidine 5,5‐trans‐Lactam Ring System. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Minimum Curvature Variation Curves, Networks, and Surfaces for Fair (1993)

Traditionally methods for the design of free-form curves and surfaces focus on achieving a specific level of inter-element continuity. These methods use a combination of heuristics and constructions to achieve an ultimate shape. Though shapes constructed using these methods are technically continuous, they have been shown to lack fairness, possessing undesirable blemishes such as bulges and wrinkles. Fairness is closely related to the smooth and minimal variation of curvature. In this work we present a new technique for curve and surface design that combines a geometrically based specification with constrained optimization (minimization) of a fairness functional. The difficult problem of achieving inter-element continuity is solved simply by incorporating it into the minimization via appropriate penalty functions. Where traditional fairness measures are based on strain energy, we have developed a better measure of fairness; the variation of curvature. In addition to producing objects of clearly superior quality, minimizing the variation of curvature makes it trivial to model regular shapes such as, circles and cyclides, a class of surface including: spheres, cylinders, cones, and tori. In this thesis we introduce: curvature variation as a fairness metric, the minimum variation curve (MVC), the minimum variation network (MVN), and the minimum variation surface (MVS). MVC minimize the arc length integral of the square of the arc length derivative of curvature while interpolating a set of geometric constraints consisting of position, and optionally tangent direction and curvature. MVN minimize the same functional while interpolating a network of geometric constraints consisting of surface position, tangent plane, and surface curvatures. Finally, MVS are obtained by spanning the openings of the MVN while minimizing a surface functional that measures the variation of surface curvature. We present the details of the techniques outlined above and describe the trade-offs between some alternative approaches. Solutions to difficult interpolation problems and comparisons with traditional methods are provided. Both demonstrate the superiority of curvature variation as a fairness metric and efficacy of optimization as a tool in shape design, albeit at significant computational cost.
Antibacterial, pH Neutralizing, and Remineralizing Fillers in Polymeric Restorative Materials (2020)

With the advancement of nanotechnology and polymer engineering, several approaches have been established to introduce bioactivity into resin composites. This chapter focuses on the use of remineralizing, pH neutralizing, and antibacterial fillers to modulate oral biofilms. Silver nanoparticles have been used in medicine for centuries due to its unique antibacterial effect and biocompatibility. Silver ions can interact with the cell membrane and DNA confirmation of many bacterial species. In nanotechnology, the use of nanodiamonds in polymer engineering has improved the mechanical and antibacterial properties of several materials in the industrial and medical fields. The use of bioactive materials in vital dental pulp therapy is a hot-spot area in dental research. In case of reversible pulpitis due to caries progression toward the pulp, it is recommended to use specific liners as pulp-capping materials before the placement of the final restoration to enhance the formation of reparative dentin and remineralizing the surrounding dentin.
Basic study of intrinsic elastography: Relationship between tissue stiffness and propagation velocity of deformation induced by pulsatile flow (2015)

Abstract We proposed an estimation method for a tissue stiffness from deformations induced by arterial pulsation, and named this proposed method intrinsic elastography (IE). In IE, assuming that the velocity of the deformation propagation in tissues is closely related to the stiffness, the propagation velocity (PV) was estimated by spatial compound ultrasound imaging with a high temporal resolution of 1 ms. However, the relationship between tissue stiffness and PV has not been revealed yet. In this study, the PV of the deformation induced by the pulsatile pump was measured by IE in three different poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) phantoms of different stiffnesses. The measured PV was compared with the shear wave velocity (SWV) measured by shear wave imaging (SWI). The measured PV has trends similar to the measured SWV. These results obtained by IE in a healthy male show the possibility that the mechanical properties of living tissues could be evaluated by IE.
Accelerating Charge/Discharge of Lithium Iron Phosphate by Charge Mediation Reaction of Poly(dimethylfluoflavin-substituted norbornene) (2022)

Charging and discharging reactions of lithium metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries are accelerated by adding a catalytic amount of redox-active polymer, poly(dimethylfluoflavin-substituted norbornene). The potential difference between the polymer (E1/2 = 3.5 and 4.1 V vs. Li/Li+) and metal oxides induce redox mediation reactions. Their heterogeneous charge-transfer processes are analyzed to estimate the acceleration effects of mediation. Charging and discharging reactions of lithium metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries are accelerated by adding a catalytic amount of redox-active polymer, poly(dimethylfluoflavin-substituted norbornene). The potential difference between the polymer (E1/2 = 3.5 and 4.1 V vs. Li/Li+) and metal oxides induce redox mediation reactions. Their heterogeneous charge-transfer processes are analyzed to estimate the acceleration effects of mediation.