gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applicable Solvent Photoresist Strip Process for High-K/Metal Gate (2012)

In the very near future 32(28)-nm node device technology innovations will enter high volume manufacturing. New materials and structures, e.g. high-k (HK), high-k cap (HK cap), metal gate (MG) and SiGe channel, are being highly considered. Requirements for wet processing are varied according to metal-first or metal-last integration schemes. [1, 2, 3] One of the biggest challenges in wet processing for implementing new materials and structures is to achieve both high selectivity and low substrate loss. At some wet cleaning or etching processes, standard chemicals, e.g. APM, HF and O3, can be accommodated by optimizing the chemical condition. However, photoresist (PR) strip processes require the development of new chemicals or techniques, since SPM does not have sufficient compatibility against presently reported materials. This study focused on the PR strip technique via the dissolution and swelling effects in solvent, and an applicable process technique and its effectiveness for 32(28)-nm and beyond device fabrication is reported.
Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Vortex Generators: Alloy Design (2022)

Abstract Aerodynamic devices, such as vortex generators, are often used to reenergize flow and improve aerodynamic performance of aircraft control surfaces. Often the static, non-moving surfaces are designed for specific flight conditions and decrease performance, such as increasing drag and fuel consumption, at other conditions. One example is vortex generators (VGs), small vanes located throughout the aircraft surfaces. VGs are typically not required for the entire flight profile but are essential for conditions such as low speeds during take-off and landing. The static nature of standard VGs stems from the inability to adapt conventional actuators due to mass, complexity, or footprint constraints given their small size and placement on outer surfaces of the aircraft. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) present an opportunity to enable actuation of such devices with a minimal mass and dimension, while still providing high energy densities. Additionally, SMAs can be passively used as sensors if carefully "tuned" to respond to the altitude temperature differential and passively actuate without the need for heaters, active controls, or additional sensors and instrumentation. In this work, the authors report on the development of low temperature SMAs for passively actuating VGs based on temperature changes from ground to cruise altitudes.
High contrast and fast three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging at high fields (1995)

A new three-dimensional imaging strategy based on magnetization prepared ultrafast gradient recalled echo technique that demonstrates pronounced T1 contrast at high fields is introduced. High-resolution three-dimensional image sets of human brain showing high contrast between white and gray matter areas are presented. The ratio of contrast-to-noise was examined as a function of the relevant parameters in the imaging sequence; calculations based on high-field T1 values as well as the experimental data demonstrated that maximal contrast-to-noise ratio is attained under the same magnetization preparation conditions both for cortical and subcortical gray matter relative to white matter, leading to approximately equivalent appearance of all gray matter areas in the same image. In addition, the images displayed clear visualization of subtle anatomical structures such as the subthalamic nuclei (ventral tier nuclei, dorsomedial nucleus, and pulvinar) and mammillothalamic tracts.
A Segmentation Method for MRI Images Based on Signal Characteristics in Space (2007)

Understanding the shape of an organ is important because it is representative of the condition of an organ in case of diseases affecting it. The intensity and the phase distribution in MRI image are influenced by the system and the object. The influences in the distribution could be changed by the type of the organ. In this paper, we discuss a method that was developed to evaluate the shape of organs in MR images based on the anisotropy in the intensity or phase distribution. First, the entire intensity range or the phase is divided into intervals. The bounding rectangle for the particle, comprising neighboring points in each divided range, is used to recognize the object based on the elongation direction of the rectangle. This method can be applied to images obtained by phase-contrast, gradient-echo, and spin-echo methods. All the results demonstrate the efficiency of this method in recognizing the outline of the object. Moreover, the distribution anisotropy in the object differed from that in its outside. The result would make the method better.
A Full-Band Multi-Standard Global Analog & Digital Car Radio SoC with a Single Fixed-Frequency PLL (2019)

This paper presents a wideband car radio SoC for global multi-standard and multi-channel analog and digital broadcast radio. One of the major challenges of a wideband receiver is that the RF circuits and A/D converters need to have very high in-band IIP3 while the receiver NF should be low. These IIP3 and NF requirements are difficult to meet simultaneously. Key techniques to achieve low noise and very high linearity are high gain-bandwidth multi-inverter-based amplifiers supplied by PVT-tracking low-ohmic low dropout regulators, very linear high-speed 1-bit ΔΣ ADCs and a mixerless wideband AM front-end architecture. In FM mode the measured in-band IIP3 is 17.5dBm at a NF of 6dB. At maximum gain the NF is 4.1dB in DAB mode.
Effects of Volatile Aromatics, Aldehydes, and Phenols in Tobacco Smoke on Viability and Proliferation of Mouse Lymphocytes (2002)

Thirteen chemicals present in tobacco smoke were assessed for their effect on viability and proliferation of mouse lymphocytes in vitro. Acetaldehyde, benzene, butyraldehyde, isoprene, styrene, and toluene produced no effect on either viability or proliferation after 3 h of exposure. Formaldehyde, catechol, acrylonitrile, propionaldehyde, and hydroquinone significantly inhibited T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 1.19 x 10(-5) M to 8.20 x 10(-4) M after 3 h of exposure. Acrolein and crotonaldehyde not only inhibited T-cell and B-cell proliferation, but also acted on viability with IC50 values ranging from 2.06 x 10(5) M to 4.26 x 10(-5) M. Mixtures of acrolein, formaldehyde, and propionaldehyde or crotonaldehyde were tested and interactive effects at 0.5 and 1 x IC50 were observed. Two mixtures significantly inhibited T-cell proliferation when compared to the control at 0.1 x IC50 concentration. The present study shows that some chemicals known to be present in tobacco smoke exert an effect on lymphocyte viability and proliferation in vitro.
Supervision based Smart Microgrid Systems: Grid Connected, Island Mode and Seamless Transition (2020)

The uninterruptible power supply and the seamless transition between operation modes, are the principal aims in microgrid systems. During the grid-connection mode, the inverter regulates the active and reactive power transferred with the grid. On the other hand, during the grid-forming mode, the inverter emulates the grid by imposing the voltage and frequency. In order to guarantee a seamless transition, the transferred power and the phase synchronization have to be taken into account. This paper proposes a smart inverter solution which fulfills the requirements working in both operating modes, and ensuring a seamless transition by regulating the power and phase before the mode transition. The operation of the proposed microgrid system is based on the installation of a Supervisor Unit, which manages the references generation and the mode operation. Simulation results are presented in order to validate the proposed approach.
Cascaded H-bridge with bidirectional boost converters for energy storage (2011)

This paper presents the design and control of a cascaded H-bridge converter for energy storage with bidirectional boost converter as charge/discharge unit. The disadvantage of the second harmonic on the main energy storage unit as well as its voltage variation with the state of charge is solved by this structure. The independent phase grid control is proposed for this topology. This strategy is able to control the average dc-link voltage for each phase independently and to balance the cells capacitors voltages. The balance of the energy storage units is achieved by controlling independently each cell charge/discharge current, together with the capacitors voltage control and balancing. Converter cell loss distribution and total loss over a wide battery voltage variation is calculated for charge/discharge operation modes for a 4.16 kV grid coupling point and 5 MW rated power.
Quantum Control of the Tin-Vacancy Spin Qubit in Diamond (2021)

Group-IV color centers in diamond are a promising light-matter interface for quantum networking devices. The negatively charged tin-vacancy center (SnV) is particularly interesting, as its large spin-orbit coupling offers strong protection against phonon dephasing and robust cyclicity of its optical transitions toward spin-photon-entanglement schemes. Here, we demonstrate multiaxis coherent control of the SnV spin qubit via an all-optical stimulated Raman drive between the ground and excited states. We use coherent population trapping and optically driven electronic spin resonance to confirm coherent access to the qubit at 1.7 K and obtain spin Rabi oscillations at a rate of =2 19.01 MHz. All-optical Ramsey interferometry reveals a spin dephasing time of T 2 1.33 s, and four-pulse dynamical decoupling already extends the spin-coherence time to T 2 0.308 ms. Combined with transform-limited photons and integration into photonic nanostructures, our results make the SnV a competitive spin-photon building block for quantum networks.
Nanoelectromechanical structures are starting to approach the ultimate quantum mechanical limits for detecting and exciting motion at the nanoscale. Nonclassical states of a mechanical resonator are also on the horizon. (2005)

verything moves! In a world dominated by electronic devices and instruments it is easy to forget that all measurements involve motion, whether it be the motion of electrons through a transistor, Cooper pairs or quasiparticles through a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), photons through an optical interferometer—or the simple displacement of a mechanical element. Nanoscience today is driving a resurgence of interest in mechanical devices, which have long been used as front ends for sensitive force detectors. Among prominent historical examples are Coulomb’s mechanical torsion balance, which allowed him in 1785 to establish the inversesquare force law of electric charges, and Cavendish’s mechanical instrument that allowed him in 1798 to measure the gravitational force between two lead spheres. Today, micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS) are widely employed in ways similar to those early force detectors, yet with vastly greater force and mass sensitivity—now pushing into the realm of zeptonewtons (10 ⊗21
The adeno-associated virus Rep78 major regulatory/transformation suppressor protein binds cellular Sp1 in vitro and evidence of a biological effect. (1996)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) Rep78 is a multifunctional protein that is required for AAV transcriptional activity, AAV DNA replication, and possibly for site-specific integration of AAV into human chromosome 19. Rep78 is also able to inhibit a variety of heterologous promoters, including those of c-H-ras, human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, and HIV type 1. However, Rep78 is unable to significantly affect murine osteosarcomavirus (MSV). It was noticed that promoters that are inhibited possess binding motifs for the cellular transcription factor Sp1, whereas the MSV long terminal repeat promoter did not. These data stimulated the hypothesis that Rep78 may recognize and interact with cellular Sp1. Here, we demonstrate that Rep78 is able to interact with Sp1 in vitro as analyzed by West(far)-Western, electrophoretic mobility shift assay-supershift, and coimmunoprecipitation analyses. Furthermore, in support of an in vivo biological effect from this interaction, Rep78 is demonstrated to inhibit a synthetic, Sp1-dependent promoter. Further still, the insertion of Sp1 DNA binding motifs into the Rep78-resistant MSV long terminal repeat results in a promoter that has increased sensitivity to inhibition by Rep78. Finally, it is demonstrated that the Sp1-Rep78 interaction requires the amino half of Rep78. The interaction of Rep78 with Sp1, along with possible downstream effects on the transcription initiation process of RNA polymerase II, may partially explain the rather broad-based antitumor abilities of AAV.
Deniable Authentication and Key Exchange. (2006)

Abstract. We extend the definitional work of Dwork, Naor and Sahai from deniable authentication to deniable key-exchange protocols. We then use these definitions to prove the deniability features of SKEME and SIGMA, two natural and efficient protocols which serve as basis for the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol. The two protocols require distinct approaches to their deniability analysis, hence highlighting important definitional issues as well as necessitating different tools in the analysis. SKEME is an encryption-based protocol for which we prove full deniability based on the plaintext awareness of the underlying encryption scheme. Interestingly SKEME’s deniability is possibly the first “natural ” application which essentially requires plaintext awareness (until now this notion has been mainly used as a tool for proving chosen-ciphertext security); in particular this use of plaintext awareness is not tied to the random oracle model. SIGMA, on the other hand, uses non-repudiable signatures for authentication and hence cannot be proven to be fully deniable. Yet we are able to prove a weaker, but meaningful, “partial deniability ” property: a party may not be able to deny that it was “alive ” at some point in time but can fully deny the contents of its communications and the identity of its interlocutors. We remark that the deniability of SKEME and SIGMA holds in a concurrent setting and does not essentially rely on the random oracle model.
NADPH Oxidase as a Therapeutic Target for Oxalate Induced Injury in Kidneys (2013)

A major role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes is to catalyze the production of superoxides and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS, in turn, play a key role as messengers in cell signal transduction and cell cycling, but when they are produced in excess they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress in the kidneys is now considered a major cause of renal injury and inflammation, giving rise to a variety of pathological disorders. In this review, we discuss the putative role of oxalate in producing oxidative stress via the production of reactive oxygen species by isoforms of NADPH oxidases expressed in different cellular locations of the kidneys. Most renal cells produce ROS, and recent data indicate a direct correlation between upregulated gene expressions of NADPH oxidase, ROS, and inflammation. Renal tissue expression of multiple NADPH oxidase isoforms most likely will impact the future use of different antioxidants and NADPH oxidase inhibitors to minimize OS and renal tissue injury in hyperoxaluria-induced kidney stone disease.
Expression of Fetal Hemoglobin among Adult Human Erythroblasts Is Associated with an Altered Expression Pattern for the Transcription Factor c-Myb. (2005)

Abstract The c-Myb transcription factor plays a central role in regulating growth and differentiation during definitive erythropoiesis. In addition, c-Myb expression has been previously linked to GATA-1 expression and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin. Here we examined a potential role for c-Myb in signaled expression of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) among primary adult human erythroblasts. Initial experiments were performed to determine the expression pattern of c-Myb under conditions of low fetal hemoglobin production (CD34 cells cultured over 14 days in media supplemented with erythropoietin (EPO) alone). Quantitative PCR performed on cells sampled on days 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 demonstrated highly regulated c-Myb expression. A dramatic increase (&amp;gt;30 fold) in c-Myb mRNA was measured between days 5 and 8 as the committed progenitor cells differentiated to the proerythroblast stage. That increase was followed by a 3-fold reduction in c-Myb during terminal differentiation. Western blotting of nuclear extracts obtained on days 7 and 14 in EPO cultures corroborated with the quantitative PCR analyses. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays performed using day 7 and day 14 nuclear extracts showed a shifted major band with a c-Myb consensus probe. That major band was competed by unlabeled c-Myb probe on both days. Moreover, day 14 extracts repeatedly revealed two additional bands that were not competed suggesting the possibility of other complexes binding to the Myb motif or changes in c-Myb conformation during terminal differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays also revealed preliminary evidence for Myb binding directly to beta globin locus. When compared to low HbF culture conditions (EPO; HbF &amp;lt;1%), cells grown in high HbF conditions (erythropoietin + stem cell factor + TGF-beta (EST); HbF&amp;gt;35%) demonstrated a distinct pattern of c-Myb expression. Relative to the low HbF conditions, high HbF expressing cells had reduced c-Myb levels on day 7 followed by increased levels on day 14. These results suggest that c-Myb possesses highly regulated patterns of expression and DNA binding during erythroid maturation. In addition, the association of changes in c-Myb expression patterns with HbF production suggests that this growth-related transcription factor may help regulate fetal hemoglobin synthesis in patients with beta-hemoglobinopathies.
Polarity determination for MOCVD growth of GaN on Si(111) by convergent beam electron diffraction[Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition] (2000)

The polarity of laterally epitaxially overgrown (LEO) GaN on Si(111) with an AlN buffer layer grown by MOCVD has been studied by convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). The LEO GaN was studied by cross-section and plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The threading dislocation density is less than 10{sup 8} cm{sup {minus}2} and no inversion domains were observed. CBED patterns were obtained at 200 kV for the zone. Simulation was done by many-beam solution with 33 zero-order beams. The comparison of experimental CBED patterns and simulated patterns indicates that the polarity of GaN on Si(111) is Ga face.
Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Ring‐Strained Monoterpenes: A Route to High‐Performance Sustainable Aviation Fuels (2021)

Two novel hydrocarbon fuels derived from bio-based monoterpene feedstocks by chemoselective hydrogenation are prepared. The ring-strained, multicyclic structures of these molecules result in higher energy densities and lower viscosities compared to conventional jet fuel. Generation of the starting monoterpenes via fermentation of biomass sugars will enable the sustainable production of high-performance aviation fuels. More details can be found in article number 2100221, Josanne-Dee Woodroffe, Benjamin G. Harvey.
TU‐H‐CAMPUS‐JeP3‐01: Towards Robust Adaptive Radiation Therapy Strategies (2016)

Purpose: To set up a framework combining robust treatment planning with adaptive reoptimization in order to maintain high treatment quality, to respond to interfractional variations and to identify those patients who will benefit the most from an adaptive fractionation schedule. Methods: We propose adaptive strategies based on stochastic minimax optimization for a series of simulated treatments on a one‐dimensional patient phantom. The plan should be able to handle anticipated systematic and random errors and is applied during the first fractions. Information on the individual geometric variations is gathered at each fraction. At scheduled fractions, the impact of the measured errors on the delivered dose distribution is evaluated. For a patient that receives a dose that does not satisfy specified plan quality criteria, the plan is reoptimized based on these individual measurements using one of three different adaptive strategies. The reoptimized plan is then applied during future fractions until a new scheduled adaptation becomes necessary. In the first adaptive strategy the measured systematic and random error scenarios and their assigned probabilities are updated to guide the robust reoptimization. The focus of the second strategy lies on variation of the fraction of the worst scenarios taken into account during robust reoptimization. In the third strategy the uncertainty margins around the target are recalculated with the measured errors. Results: By studying the effect of the three adaptive strategies combined with various adaptation schedules on the same patient population, the group which benefits from adaptation is identified together with the most suitable strategy and schedule. Preliminary computational results indicate when and how best to adapt for the three different strategies. Conclusion: A workflow is presented that provides robust adaptation of the treatment plan throughout the course of treatment and useful measures to identify patients in need for an adaptive treatment strategy.
A DNA controlled-release coating for gene transfer: transfection in skeletal and cardiac muscle (2016)

coating for gene transfer. A proprietary DNA polymer solution was used for thin-layer coating on a chromic gut suture as a model study. The coated sutures were characterized for physical properties such as coating thickness, mass of the DNA deposited on the suture, surface characteristics as determined by scanning electron microscopy, and in vitro DNA release characteristics under simulated physiologic conditions. The in vivo gene transfection using DNA-coated sutures was demonstrated in rat skeletal muscle and in canine atrial myocardium. A heat-stable human placental alkaline phosphatase (AP) plasmid was used as a marker gene. Incisions of 1 to 1.5 cm were made in the rat skeletal muscles or the canine atrial myocardium. The sites were closed with either the DNA-coated sutures or control sutures. Two weeks after the surgery, the tissue samples adjacent to the suture lines were retrieved and analyzed for AP activity. The DNA-coated sutures demonstrated a sustained release of the DNA
Ovarian stimulation by concomitant administration of cetrorelix acetate and HMG following Diane-35 pre-treatment for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized study (2004)

The Diane/cetrorelix protocol has a similar pregnancy outcome to the GnRH agonist long protocol for women with PCOS undergoing IVF treatment.
High-yielding continuous-flow synthesis of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (2018)

Numerous synthetic methods for the continuous preparation of fine chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API's) have been reported in recent years resulting in a dramatic improvement in process efficiencies. Herein we report a highly efficient continuous synthesis of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Key improvements in the new process include the elimination of protecting groups with an overall yield improvement of 52% over the current commercial process. The continuous process employs a combination of packed bed reactors with continuous stirred tank reactors for the direct conversion of the starting materials to the product. This high-yielding, multigram-scale continuous synthesis provides an opportunity to achieve increase global access to hydroxychloroquine for treatment of malaria.