gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Structure Analysis of Metal–Oxide–Insulator Field Effect Transistors with Different Electrical Properties by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (2011)

To clarify the origin of on-state drain current (ION) variability in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), we applied three-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (3D STEM) observation to two transistors that had different ION values but the same threshold voltage (VT). The results clearly showed a difference in the distance between the gate and source/drain silicide, suggesting that the ION difference between two transistors can be explained by the difference in the source/drain extension resistance. We showed that it is possible to discuss the 3D device structures in relation to their electrical characteristics.
Use of distributed fibre-optic sensing for marine seismic measurements (2016)

Heterodyne distributed vibration sensing (hDVS) and, more generically, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) are technologies that rely on traditional fibre-optic cables to provide inline strain measurement. In recent years, hDVS has found application in seismic monitoring; in particular vertical seismic profiling (VSP) greatly benefits from the advantage of using permanent fibres cemented behind casing (Mateeva et al., 2013). VSP measurements were also demonstrated using fibre installed on production tubing (Barberan et al., 2012) and deployed within a wireline cable (Hartog et al., 2014). Another potential application for hDVS is flow monitoring, where, owing to the fibre’s large spatial coverage, it is possible to monitor vibrations and waves along the length of the well. Baihly et al. (2015) offered an insight on this use of hDVS. Furthermore, Molteni et al. (2016) evaluated microseismic monitoring as another compelling hDVS application. This paper evaluates the viability of using hDVS for distributed dynamic pressure sensing in marine seismic acquisition while reviewing the readiness of hDVS technology for this application. An initial concept of including hDVS in a streamer was disclosed by Kragh et al. (2012). Here, a possible design of a towed streamer using hDVS was discussed along with experimental results showing the potential of the technology to acquire pressure measurements in marine seismic surveys. We show the results of using hDVS to measure the pressure wavefield in two different experiments, and the results are compared with reference data acquired with traditional hydrophones. The use of a distributed measurement in towed streamers would provide a new type of measurement. The characterization of the pressure wavefield would be continuous along the cable with a denser spatial sampling. Similarly, straight fibres deployed along the streamer could characterize the tugging noise with increased spatial resolution. Furthermore, the use of cost-effective and lightweight fibres would greatly reduce the electronics embedded in the streamer and the total weight of the cable. The use of hDVS would also have new challenges – for example in how to segment the streamer into shorter sections without the fibre-optic connectors compromising the quality of the backscattered hDVS signal.
Finite element solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation for semiconductor devices using the fixed-point iteration method (1993)

The fixed-point iteration method is extended to the finite element solution of the nonlinear Poisson equation of semiconductor devices. The boundary value problem is derived and shown to have a global convergence. In addition, using explicit formulas to update the value of the electrostatic potential, the solution of simultaneous equations is avoided. A numerical example of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor at thermal equilibrium is presented.
Ribavirin Had Demonstrable Effects on the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) Population and Load in a Patient With CCHF Infection (2018)

The use of ribavirin to treat Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection has been controversial, based on uncertainties about its antiviral efficacy in clinical case studies. We studied the effect of ribavirin treatment on viral populations in a recent case by deep-sequencing analysis of plasma samples obtained from a CCHFV-infected patient before, during, and after a 5-day regimen of ribavirin treatment. The CCHFV load dropped during ribavirin treatment, and subclonal diversity (transitions) and indels increased in viral genomes during treatment. Although the results are based on a single case, these data demonstrate the mutagenic effect of ribavirin on CCHFV in vivo.
Highly sensitive Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy via genetic algorithm pulse shaping (2021)

We report highly sensitive Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy enabled by genetic algorithm (GA) pulse shaping for adaptive dispersion compensation. We show that the non-resonant four-wave mixing signal from water can be used as a fitness indicator for successful GA training. This method allows GA adaptation to sample measurement conditions and offers significantly improved performance compared to training using second-harmonic generation from a nonlinear crystal in place of the sample. Results include a 3× improvement to peak signal-to-noise ratio for 2-propanol measurement, as well as a 10× improvement to peak intensities from the high-throughput measurement of polystyrene microbeads under flow.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Dipeptide β-Turn Mimetics Targeting Melanocortin Peptide Receptors (2003)

[reaction: see text] The novel dipeptide beta-turn mimetic, 4,8-disubstituted azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane amino acid ester (15), has been synthesized to serve as a peptide mimetic of the dipeptide Phe-Arg, which contains two important pharmacophore elements in melanotropin peptides. Introduction of side-chain functionality at C-8 was achieved by using beta-functionalized pyroglutamate (8) as a synthetic precursor. The side chain at C-4 was introduced by bromination of dehydroamino acid intermediate (10) followed by Suzuki cross-coupling.
Theoretical Analysis for Surface Reconstruction of AlN and InN in the Presence of Hydrogen (2007)

We have investigated the surface structures of AlN and InN using ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory within generalized gradient approximation. We studied the surface energies obtained from total energy calculations for various (2×2) geometries of cation-terminated (0001) surfaces and anion-terminated (0001) surfaces of AlN and InN, with hydrogen in a carrier gas. It was found that the structures with N–H bonds were favorable under hydrogen ambient, while in the absence of hydrogen, the structures with metal adatoms and N adatoms tended to be stable under metal-rich conditions and N-rich conditions, respectively.
Gas storage materials, including hydrogen storage materials (2023)

A material for the storage and release of gases comprises a plurality of hollow elements, each hollow element comprising a porous wall enclosing an interior cavity, the interior cavity including structures of a solid-state storage material. In particular examples, the storage material is a hydrogen storage material such as a solid state hydride. An improved method for forming such materials includes the solution diffusion of a storage material solution through a porous wall of a hollow element into an interior cavity.
On-site growth of perovskite nanocrystal arrays for integrated nanodevices (2023)

Despite remarkable progress in the development of halide perovskite materials and devices, their integration into nanoscale optoelectronics has been hindered by a lack of control over nanoscale patterning. Owing to their tendency to degrade rapidly, perovskites suffer from chemical incompatibility with conventional lithographic processes. Here, we present an alternative, bottom-up approach for precise and scalable formation of perovskite nanocrystal arrays with deterministic control over size, number, and position. In our approach, localized growth and positioning is guided using topographical templates of controlled surface wettability through which nanoscale forces are engineered to achieve sub-lithographic resolutions. With this technique, we demonstrate deterministic arrays of CsPbBr<sub>3</sub> nanocrystals with tunable dimensions down to <50 nm and positional accuracy <50 nm. Versatile, scalable, and compatible with device integration processes, we then use our technique to demonstrate arrays of nanoscale light-emitting diodes, highlighting the new opportunities that this platform offers for perovskites' integration into on-chip nanodevices.
Characterization of breast lesion morphology with delayed 3DSSMT: An adjunct to dynamic breast MRI (2000)

The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of various morphologic criteria in distinguishing malignant from benign breast lesions using a new sequence (3DSSMT) performed immediately after dynamic breast MRI. 3DSSMT combines a water-selective spectral-spatial excitation and an on-resonance magnetization transfer pulse with three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo imaging. Morphologic features of 87 pathologically confirmed lesions were analyzed. The presence of either skin thickening, or a combination of a spiculated or microlobulated border, with a rim, ductal, linear, or clumped enhancement pattern was 94% specific and 54% sensitive for malignancy. Conversely, the presence of either a perfectly smooth border, a well-defined margin, non-enhancing internal septations, or a macrolobulated border was 97% specific and 35% sensitive for a benign diagnosis. In conclusion, delayed 3DSSMT discriminates a significant number of benign and malignant breast lesions; it has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic breast MRI.
Effect of Reduced Cu(InGa)(SeS)$_{\bm 2}$ Thickness Using Three-Step H$_{\bm 2}$Se/Ar/H$_{\bm 2}$S Reaction of Cu–In–Ga Metal Precursor (2012)

Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (CIGSS) absorbers with thicknesses from 1.9 to 0.25 μm have been grown using a three-step selenization/Ar-anneal/sulfization reaction of Cu-In-Ga metal precursors. Material characterization revealed changes in orientation, apparent grain size, and formation of voids at the Mo/CIGSS interface with reduced thickness. Even with absorber thickness decreased to 0.25 μm and lateral compositional nonuniformity, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> and fill factor were nearly sustained, while J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</sub> decreased due to incomplete absorption. With the 0.25-μm-thick absorber layer, an efficiency of 9.1% (without AR coating) with V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</sub> = 612 mV, J <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SC</sub> = 21.0 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and FF = 71.1% was obtained.
The Digital MIQE Guidelines Update: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments for 2020 (2020)

Digital PCR (dPCR) has developed considerably since the publication of the Minimum Information for Publication of Digital PCR Experiments (dMIQE) guidelines in 2013, with advances in instrumentation, software, applications, and our understanding of its technological potential. Yet these developments also have associated challenges; data analysis steps, including threshold setting, can be difficult and preanalytical steps required to purify, concentrate, and modify nucleic acids can lead to measurement error. To assist independent corroboration of conclusions, comprehensive disclosure of all relevant experimental details is required. To support the community and reflect the growing use of dPCR, we present an update to dMIQE, dMIQE2020, including a simplified dMIQE table format to assist researchers in providing key experimental information and understanding of the associated experimental process. Adoption of dMIQE2020 by the scientific community will assist in standardizing experimental protocols, maximize efficient utilization of resources, and further enhance the impact of this powerful technology.
Cover and startup gas supply system for solid oxide fuel cell generator (2023)

A cover and startup gas supply system for a solid oxide fuel cell power generator is disclosed. Hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas or diesel fuel, and oxygen-containing gas are supplied to a burner. Combustion gas exiting the burner is cooled prior to delivery to the solid oxide fuel cell. The system mixes the combusted hydrocarbon fuel constituents with hydrogen which is preferably stored in solid form to obtain a non-explosive gas mixture. The system may be used to provide both non-explosive cover gas and hydrogen-rich startup gas to the fuel cell.
Emotional Labor, Burnout, Medical Error, and Turnover Intention among South Korean Nursing Staff in a University Hospital Setting (2021)

Nurses are vulnerable to mental health challenges, including burnout, as they are exposed to adverse job conditions such as high workload. The mental health of this population can relate not only to individual well-being but also to patient safety outcomes. Therefore, there is a need for a mental health improvement strategy that targets this population. This cross-sectional survey study investigates emotional labor, burnout, turnover intention, and medical error levels among 117 nursing staff members in a South Korean university hospital; it also analyzes correlations among outcomes and conduct correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis to determine relationships among these factors. The participants had moderate to high levels of emotional labor and burnout, and 23% had experienced medical errors within the last six months. Save for medical errors, all outcomes significantly and positively correlated with each other. These results can be used to improve the mental health outcomes of nurses working in the hospital and their consequences. Specifically, the job positions of nursing personnel may be a major consideration in such a strategy, and job-focused emotional labor and employee-focused emotional labor may be promising targets in ameliorating turnover intention and client-related burnout, respectively.
Sub-40 μA continuous-wave lasing in an oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with dielectric mirrors (1996)

Due to two improvements in cavity design, low-threshold lasing is achieved in oxidized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers incorporating upper dielectric distributed Bragg reflectors. Intracavity absorption is reduced by removal of a heavily p-type contact layer and the use of a low-loss MgF-ZnSe upper mirror. We report sub-100 μA lasing for a 7-μm diameter device, and sub-40 μA lasing for a 3-μm diameter device. The low-loss cavity design also allows for highly multimode operation at a low-bias current of 600 μA in a detuned cavity.
A mutant P53 can activate apoptosis through a mechanism distinct from those induced by wild type P53 (2002)

A common mutation in P53 protein occurs at amino acid residue 281 in the DNA binding domain (P53(gly(281))), which results in loss of transcriptional regulation of P53 target genes and has been reported to gain pro-oncogenic functions. In the present study, we investigated the activity of P53(gly(281)) in P53-null PC3 human prostate cancer cells and found that the P53(gly(281)) induced apoptosis as efficiently as the wild-type P53 (wtP53). However, in contrast to wtP53-induced apoptosis, the P53(gly(281))-induced apoptosis was insensitive to overexpression of bcl-2. Thus, our findings indicate that while a mutation in the DNA binding domain of p53 may result in a more oncogenic form of the protein, it may also paradoxically result in the 'gain' of a new, alternative pathway for apoptosis.
Talk to the Vehicle: Language Conditioned Autonomous Navigation of Self Driving Cars (2019)

We propose a novel pipeline that blends encodings from natural language and 3D semantic maps obtained from visual imagery to generate local trajectories that are executed by a low-level controller. The pipeline precludes the need for a prior registered map through a local waypoint generator neural network. The waypoint generator network (WGN) maps semantics and natural language encodings (NLE) to local waypoints. A local planner then generates a trajectory from the ego location of the vehicle (an outdoor car in this case) to these locally generated waypoints while a low-level controller executes these plans faithfully. The efficacy of the pipeline is verified in the CARLA simulator environment as well as on local semantic maps built from real-world KITTI dataset. In both these environments (simulated and real-world) we show the ability of the WGN to generate waypoints accurately by mapping NLE of varying sequence lengths and levels of complexity. We compare with baseline approaches and show significant performance gain over them. And finally, we show real implementations on our electric car verifying that the pipeline lends itself to practical and tangible realizations in uncontrolled outdoor settings. In loop execution of the proposed pipeline that involves repetitive invocations of the network is critical for any such language-based navigation framework. This effort successfully accomplishes this thereby bypassing the need for prior metric maps or strategies for metric level localization during traversal.
Real-time ultrahigh resolution OCT systems for in vivo imaging (2003)

We demonstrate compact ultrahigh resolution OCT systems for in vivo studies, with broadband light sources based on a commercially available Nd:Glass femtosecond laser and nonlinear fiber continuum generation. In vivo OCT images of hamster cheek pouch and human skin acquired at 4 frames per second and with 5.5 µm axial resolution are presented. These systems are robust, compact and portable.
COORDINATORS: Coordination Managers for First Responders (2004)

COORDINATORs are coordination managers for fielded first responders. Each first response team is paired with a COORDINATOR coordination manager which is running on a mobile computing device. COORDINATORs provide decision support to first response teams by reasoning about who should be doing what, when, with what resource, in support of which other team, and so forth. COORDINATORs respond to the dynamics of the environment by (re)coordinating to determine the right course of action for the current circumstances. COORDINATORs have been implemented using wireless PDAs and proprietary first responder location tracking technologies. This paper describes COORDINATORs, the motivation for them, the underlying agent architecture, evaluation first response exercises, research issues, and next steps for more advanced cognitive COORDINATORs that learn and perform more sophisticated operations.
ArF excimer laser irradiation effects in AlF3-based fluoride glasses for vacuum ultraviolet optics (1999)

Color center formation in AlF3–YF3–RF2 (R=alkaline earth metal) glasses doped with PO2.5 (0–3 mol %) by irradiation with ArF excimer laser light was examined by optical absorption (vacuum ultraviolet–visible) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Concentrations of impurity iron in all the glasses and oxygen in the P-free samples were ∼0.2 and ∼450 ppm, respectively. Optical absorption ranging from 2–8 eV was induced via one-photon absorption processes. The optical band dominating the transmission loss at 193 nm has a peak at 5 eV in the P-free glasses or a peak at 6.9 eV in the P-doped glasses. The origins of the 5 and 6.9 eV bands were tentatively ascribed to an oxygen-related hole center giving an EPR signal with a width of 7.2 mT at g=2.0097 and P E′ center giving a hyperfine doublet with a separation of ∼70 mT. Provided these correspondences, then the values of oscillator strength for the 5 and 6.9 eV bands were calculated as ∼0.15 and ∼0.1, respectively. No formation of color centers associated with intrinsic constituents such as Al, Y, R, and F ions, was observed. The present results suggest that the reduction of impurity oxygen content is a route to effectively suppress the solarization in the P-free AlF3-based glasses.
Electronically Beam-steerable Dual-band Reflectarray for Satellite Communications (2019)

This paper presents a novel continuously beam-steering dual-band, dual circularly polarized (CP) reflectarray. The dual band operation of the reflectarray is obtained by using the interleaved circularly polarized triangular patches as the radiating elements. Each of the patches has two proximity feed lines that are electromagnetically coupled to a branch line coupler, where the phase shifters are integrated. The phase shifter is realized by using a new type of high-frequency tunable dielectric materials, Lead Niobate Pyrochlores Pb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5+n</sub> (PN). By controlling the applied voltage, the dielectric permittivity of the PN material can be changed. This characteristic is utilized to the design of tunable dielectric capacitors, which is placed between the ground and the signal line of a Co-planar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. To validate the design concept, X-band passive antenna prototype was designed, fabricated and measured. Preliminary results on the designed phase shifter and tunable dielectric materials are also presented in this paper.
Fixture For Mounting A Pressure Sensor (1995)

Fixture for mounting pressure sensor in aerodynamic model simplifies task of removal and replacement of sensor in event sensor becomes damaged. Makes it unnecessary to dismantle model. Also minimizes any change in aerodynamic characteristics of model in event of replacement. Removable pressure sensor installed in fixture in wall of model. Wires from sensor pass through channel under surface.
Borosilicate Glasses (2021)

Borosilicate glasses are ubiquitous in modern science and technology. What we generally consider a well-established system in glass science is actually quite young and has a fascinating history. The discovery and commercialization of borosilicate glasses is widely credited to Michael Faraday and Otto Schott, respectively. Since their inception in the nineteenth century, these materials have been exploited for their thermal properties and chemical durability (Duran® and Pyrex®). They are characterized by significant phase separation, both as an attribute (e.g. Vycor®) and a challenge in glass fabrication, and remain the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical examination of glass structure at the short- and intermediate-range length scales. Along with an overview of commercial borosilicate glasses, this chapter addresses structure–property relations, short- and intermediate-range structure as determined by NMR and other spectroscopies, and the impact of both temperature and pressure on the structure of these glasses. This discussion is concluded with several key scientific questions and opportunities that are typical of glasses in general. Owing to the impact of borosilicates on humanity, however, these are critical for advances in understanding and usage of these important materials.