gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signaling by Toll-like Receptors 8 and 9 Requires Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (2007)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a primary surveillance system for the detection of pathogens and are crucial to the activation of host defense. TLR7 and TLR8 sense single-stranded RNA from viruses or host ribonucleoproteins and synthetic imidazoquinolines such as R848, whereas TLR9 senses unmethylated CpG motifs in viral and bacterial DNA and in host DNA. Here we report the endogenous interaction between Brutons's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and human TLR8 and TLR9 in the monocytic cell line THP1. We also show that R848, single-stranded RNA, and CpGB-DNA activate Btk in THP1 cells as shown by phosphorylation of the tyrosine 223 residue of Btk and also by increased autokinase activity. We demonstrate that Btk is required for NFkappaB activation, participating in the pathway to increased phosphorylation of p65 on serine 536 activated by TLR8 and TLR9. Finally we demonstrate that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) that have dysfunctional Btk are impaired in the induction of interleukin-6 by CpGB-DNA. This study therefore establishes Btk as a key signaling molecule that interacts with and acts downstream of TLR8 and TLR9. Lack of functioning Btk in XLA patients downstream of TLR8 and TLR9 might explain the susceptibility of XLA patients to viral infections.
Validation of New Process Models for Large Injection-Molded Long-Fiber Thermoplastic Composite Structures (2012)

This report describes the work conducted under the CRADA Nr. PNNL/304 between Battelle PNNL and Autodesk whose objective is to validate the new process models developed under the previous CRADA for large injection-molded LFT composite structures. To this end, the ARD-RSC and fiber length attrition models implemented in the 2013 research version of Moldflow was used to simulate the injection molding of 600-mm x 600-mm x 3-mm plaques from 40% glass/polypropylene (Dow Chemical DLGF9411.00) and 40% glass/polyamide 6,6 (DuPont Zytel 75LG40HSL BK031) materials. The injection molding was performed by Injection Technologies, Inc. at Windsor, Ontario (under a subcontract by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL) using the mold offered by the Automotive Composite Consortium (ACC). Two fill speeds under the same back pressure were used to produce plaques under slow-fill and fast-fill conditions. Also, two gating options were used to achieve the following desired flow patterns: flows in edge-gated plaques and in center-gated plaques. After molding, ORNL performed measurements of fiber orientation and length distributions for process model validations. The structure of this report is as follows. After the Introduction (Section 1), Section 2 provides a summary of the ARD-RSC and fiber length attrition models. A summary of model implementations in the latest research version of Moldflow is given in Section 3. Section 4 provides the key processing conditions and parameters for molding of the ACC plaques. The validations of the ARD-RSC and fiber length attrition models are presented and discussed in Section 5. The conclusions will be drawn in Section 6.
An Update on Surgical Management of the Repairable Large-to-Massive Rotator Cuff Tear (2020)

➢ Despite an evolving array of surgical options and technologies available to perform rotator cuff repair, as well as advances in postoperative rehabilitation strategies, reported failure rates remain high, with large-to-massive rotator cuff tears showing higher failure rates than small-to-medium-sized tears. ➢ Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is critical for judging the potential repairability of a large-to-massive rotator cuff tear based on imaging characteristics, including tear size and retraction, length and attenuation of the tendon stump, and fatty infiltration or atrophy in the rotator cuff muscle bellies. Advanced fatty infiltration and atrophy in the rotator cuff muscles have been found to be independent predictors of retear following repair of large-to-massive tears. ➢ While there is some evidence that double-row rotator cuff repairs have lower failure rates for larger tears, a double-row repair may not always be possible in some chronic, retracted large-to-massive rotator cuff tears that cannot be completely mobilized and have tendon loss. ➢ Strategies to augment rotator cuff repairs are based on the desire to improve the mechanical integrity and biologic healing environment of the repair, and they have shown promise in improving healing rates following repair of large-to-massive tears. ➢ While most patients report pain relief and have increased patient-reported outcomes scores after surgery, studies have shown that patients with an intact repair have better functional scores, range of motion, and strength, and less fatty degeneration compared with patients with a failed repair.
Chapter 2. Physical methods and techniques. Part (ii) X-Ray crystallography (1979)

S. Neidle, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem., 1979, 76, 13 DOI: 10.1039/OC9797600013
Real-Time Monitoring of Hurricane Winds using Wireless and Sensor Technology (2009)

This paper presents a distributed software system for a wireless sensor network application that remotely monitors the effects of hurricane winds on manmade structures. The software system is divided into three independent segments that are distributed across the Internet to provide real-time collection and transmission of data between wireless remote sensor units and a centralized server. The software system uses a custom-designed communications architecture that is built upon existing wireless networking standards (IEEE 802.11 and HSPA) and that benefit from capabilities of Microsoft .NET development framework. By segmenting the software and separating application-specific code from the communications architecture, the software can be reused and applied towards a wide variety of wireless sensor networks operating in harsh environments. The system is currently under test and will be deployed for the 2009 hurricane season.
Map Patterns of Rafted Blocks in Outcrops and Experimental Models (2004)

Early evolutionary stages of salt-bearing margins (e.g., South Atlantic or eastern Gulf of Mexico) often include one or more episodes of raft tectonism, during which large overburden blocks, separated by normal fault zones, are translated basinward. Because boundary conditions prevailing during onset of deformation partly control the trend and spacing of normal faults, they also determine the shape of rafted blocks in map view. In addition, because boundary conditions in the downdip part of the margin determine available accommodation space into which the rafted blocks are translated, they can influence the direction of raft movement (parallel, convergent, or divergent).
A Plug and Play Operational Approach for Implementation of an Autonomous-Micro-Grid System (2012)

In this paper, a plug and play type autonomous-micro-grid system formation is proposed. Multiple distributed generating sources and loads interaction is considered pertaining to the stability of the micro-grid. The proposed method enables communication-less operation of each of the elements of the micro-grid system. It is also considered that the sources are of different power capacity as can be seen in a typical autonomous micro-grid system. Spatial Repetitive Controller (SRC) is proposed to control each of the distributed generating sources in a decentralized manner to stabilize the overall micro-grid system. The proposed system considers sudden change in load as well as other distributed generators conditions like a true plug and play operation. A novel signature frequency voltage injection method is proposed to identify the presence of special distributed generator and operation of backup distributed generators. The implemented control architecture also ensures stability of the micro-grid fundamental frequency even in the case of dynamic conditions unlike the traditional droop-control method. A detailed experimental study is carried out and the experimental results presented show the efficacy of the proposed system.
Evaluation of reflections in a MIMO OTA test setup (2014)

With the commercialization of MIMO devices, accurate over-the-air testing has become a major research area in mobile communications. Several test methods are investigated in the related work. This paper discusses the anechoic chamber method and specifically deals with reflections between probes on the multi-probe ring. It is shown that reflections are at least 25 dB below the direct path. The paper also raises the difficulties to accurately measure the level of reflections in a real setup, due to instabilities.
Envisioning 6G Outlook and Technical Enablers (2023)

6G research has been extensively conducted by individual organizations as well as pre-competitive joint research initiatives. One of the joint initiatives is the Hexa-X European 6G flagship project. This paper shares the up-to-date deliverables through which Hexa-X is envisioning the 6G era. The Hexa-X deliverables presented in this paper encompass the overall 6G vision, use cases and technical enablers. The latest deliverables on tenets of 6G architectural design and central pillars of technical enablers are presented. In conclusion, the authors encourage joint research and PoC collaboration with Japanese industry, academia and research initiatives for the potential technical enablers presented in this paper, aimed at global harmonization towards 6G standards.
Combination of supported bimetallic rhodium–molybdenum catalyst and cerium oxide for hydrogenation of amide (2015)

Hydrogenation of cyclohexanecarboxamide to aminomethylcyclohexane was conducted with silica-supported bimetallic catalysts composed of noble metal and group 6-7 elements. The combination of rhodium and molybdenum with molar ratio of 1:1 showed the highest activity. The effect of addition of various metal oxides was investigated on the catalysis of Rh-MoO <sub><i>x</i></sub> /SiO<sub>2</sub>, and the addition of CeO<sub>2</sub> much increased the activity and selectivity. Higher hydrogen pressure and higher reaction temperature in the tested range of 2-8 MPa and 393-433 K, respectively, were favorable in view of both activity and selectivity. The highest yield of aminomethylcyclohexane obtained over Rh-MoO <sub><i>x</i></sub> /SiO<sub>2</sub> + CeO<sub>2</sub> was 63%. The effect of CeO<sub>2</sub> addition was highest when CeO<sub>2</sub> was not calcined, and CeO<sub>2</sub> calcined at >773 K showed a smaller effect. The use of CeO<sub>2</sub> as a support rather decreased the activity in comparison with Rh-MoO <sub><i>x</i></sub> /SiO<sub>2</sub>. The weakly-basic nature of CeO<sub>2</sub> additive can affect the surface structure of Rh-MoO <sub><i>x</i></sub> /SiO<sub>2</sub>, i.e. reducing the ratio of Mo-OH/Mo-O<sup>-</sup> sites.
Homomultimeric protease in the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima has structural and amino acid sequence homology to bacteriocins in mesophilic bacteria (1998)

A novel homomultimeric protease (> 669 kDa), based on 31 kDa subunits, was purified from cell extracts of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. This protease exhibits activity toward chymotrypsin and trypsin substrates, optimally at 90 degrees C and pH 7.1, and has a half-life of 36 min at 95 degrees C. Transmission electron microscopy established that the protease consists of a large globular assembly which appears circular from the front view. The function of this protease in T. maritima remains unclear, although putative homologs include a 29 kDa antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a 31 kDa monomer of a high molecular weight bacteriocin produced by Brevibacterium linens [Valdes-Stauber, N. and Scherer, S. (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1283-1286]. The relationship of these mesophilic proteins to the T. maritima protease suggests that their antibacterial activity may involve elements of proteolysis, and raises the prospect for antimicrobial ecological strategies in hyperthermophilic niches.
Variable‐frequency microwave curing of benzocyclobutene (2002)

Abstract Polymer dielectrics are widely used in the microelectronics industry for several applications including interlevel dielectrics, encapsulants, and passivating layers. To attain the desired properties, these materials need to be processed via lengthy cure cycles. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing has been investigated as a rapid curing alternative for the processing of thin‐film dielectrics. Previous studies on epoxies and polyimide‐based materials have shown significant reduction in cure time and improvement in properties on VFM processing. In this study, VFM curing of Dow Chemical Cyclotene™ 3022 benzocyclobutene (BCB) was investigated. The kinetics of the cure reaction were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR studies indicated no significant differences in chemical structure between VFM and thermally cured films. The electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of VFM‐processed films were characterized and compared with thermally processed films to determine the effectiveness of microwave processing. The results showed that VFM curing of BCB is feasible, and properties comparable to thermally cured films can be attained. The residual stress of partially cured BCB was lower for VFM processing than for traditional thermal processing. The residual stress in fully cured BCB was similar. Improvements such as shorter cure times and lower processing temperatures than conventional thermal processing can be achieved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3055–3067, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10286
Capacity Improvement with Base-Station Arrays in Cellular CDMA Antenna (1994)

In this paper, the use of antenna array at base-sta- tion for cellular CDMA is studied. We present a performance analysis for a multicell CDMA network with an antenna array at the base-station for use in both base-station to mobile (down- link) and mobile to base-station (uplink) links. We model the effects of path loss, Rayleigh fading, log-normal shadowing, multiple access interference, and thermal noise, and show that by using an antenna array at the base-station, both in receive and transmit, we can increase system capacity several fold. Simulation results are presented to support our claims.
Special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Electrical Insulation (2015)

We are pleased to announce that the June 2016 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation (TDEI) will be a special issue on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics topics. The following non-exclusive list of topics may serve as a guideline for prospective authors:  Condition monitoring and diagnostics of electrical power equipment  Diagnostics and monitoring of electrical insulation  Challenges in partial discharge electrical insulation based assessment  Impact of new materials on electrical insulation diagnostics  Emerging diagnostics methods  High frequency methods in diagnostics of electrical insulation  Application of signal and image processing to diagnostics of electrical insulation  Asset management in diagnostics of electrical insulating systems
Integrated 100-Gb/s PDM-QPSK modulator using a hybrid assembly technique with silica-based PLCs and LiNbO<inf>3</inf> phase modulators (2008)

We demonstrate a PDM-QPSK modulator operating at 100-Gb/s. Two QPSK modulators and a polarization beam combiner are integrated using a hybrid assembly technique with silica PLCs and LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> phase modulators.
Ultralight Last Mile Vehicles on Public Walkways for Sustainable Traffic Chains (2017)

Foldable ultralight electric vehicles (E-ULV) with a range of 4-5 kilometers and a weight of 5-7 kilograms are a promising key component for future sustainable traffic chains in urban regions with mountainous topography. While E-Bikes are hard to use in the rush-hour of metropolitan public transport, theseactually not available and not legally usable -E-ULV are a real innovation for the "last mile". This paper presents electric drive add-on kits for foldable scooters that can be used on public walkways, train stations and subway platforms. The key innovation of these very light, slow and powerful foldable scooters is the adaptive speed limitation based on ultrasonic sensors, that limits the maximum velocity to 6 km/h on crowded walkways and permits a faster movement up to 10 km/h if the walkway is obstacle-free. The E-ULV had been tested legally in small fleets on public walkways in Stuttgart and Esslingen by special permission of the Ministry for Traffic and Infrastructure Baden-Wrttemberg. The modal split of the probands has been monitored by a specially designed Smartphone-App. These E-ULV turned out shift car kilometers to the public transport system effectively as well as they avoid parking lot search traffic.
Simulation of void formation in interconnect lines (2003)

The predictive simulation of the formation of voids in interconnect lines is important for improving capacitance and timing in current memory cells. The cells considered are used in wireless applications such as cell phones, pagers, radios, handheld games, and GPS systems. In backend processes for memory cells, ILD (interlayer dielectric) materials and processes result in void formation during gap fill. This approach lowers the overall k-value of a given metal layer and is economically advantageous. The effect of the voids on the overall capacitive load is tremendous. In order to simulate the shape and positions of the voids and thus the overall capacitance, the topography simulator ELSA (Enhanced Level Set Applications) has been developed which consists of three modules, a level set module, a radiosity module, and a surface reaction module. The deposition process considered is deposition of silicon nitride. Test structures of interconnect lines of memory cells were fabricated and several SEM images thereof were used to validate the corresponding simulations.
Modeling and Simulation of Cu Drift in Porous Low-k Dielectrics (2017)

Our previous modeling and simulation study of Cu atom diffusion in porous dielectrics based on elementary jump probabilities is extended to include ion drift. Conditions for conductive filament formation are considered. The filament formation occurs at high fields where the mobility concept is no longer valid. Drift transport depends not only on the level of porosity but even more sensitively on pore morphology. At room temperature and high enough porosity levels together with certain type of morphology, ion drift becomes ineffective and filament formation is prevented. However, at elevated temperatures lower than 400°C the ion drift is dramatically enhanced posing a serious reliability issue for BEOL CMOS. Since pure drift is unidirectional, the effective drift transport can be characterized by channeling effects parallel to the electric field which is related to the concept of tortuosity. We show that tortuosity of a given porous material strongly depends on the ambient temperature.
Functional mapping of the rev-responsive element of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2): influence of HIV-2 envelope-encoding sequences on HIV-1 gp120 expression in the presence or absence of Rev (1992)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein Rev stimulates expression of structural viral proteins via a target response element (RRE) located within gag-pol and env mRNAs. To analyse the HIV-2 Rev trans-activation effect on the expression of the envelope protein, we cloned a functionally active HIV-2 rev cDNA and showed that it contained four exons. Using transient expression assays, we mapped a 353 bp RRE fragment within the env gene of HIV-2 on which both HIV-1 and HIV-2 Rev could act. Interestingly, smaller fragments suppressed the use of additional splice sites within the env gene and caused envelope protein expression independent of Rev.
FPGA implementation and evaluation of discrete-time chaotic generators circuits (2012)

In this paper, implementation of discrete-time chaotic generators widely used in digital communications is studied and evaluated. The study focuses on power consumption, resource usage, and maximum execution frequency of implementations for two common Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). While the Bernoulli map ranks first in all three aspects, results show significant ranking differences among the other chaotic generators. Results were obtained by first implementing the chaotic generators in a high level register to transistor level description language and then using tools from FPGA manufacturers to obtain the resource usage as well as estimate the other desired characteristics.
A single-feeding circularly polarized microstrip antenna with the effect of hybrid feeding (2003)

A single series feed cross-aperture coupled microstrip antenna with the effect of hybrid feeding is proposed and demonstrated. To understand this antenna better, the characteristics according to the variation of parameters are shown. This proposed antenna has the following advantages of the effect of hybrid feeding: improved axial ratio bandwidth (4.6%); high gain (8 dBi); flat 3 dB gain bandwidth (above 16.7%). In measured radiation patterns, we have 3 dB beamwidth of /spl plusmn/30/spl deg/ and good F/B (front to back ratio) of 20 dB.
Texture Analysis in Lung HRCT Images (2008)

Automatic classification of lung tissue patterns in high resolution computed tomography images of patients with interstitial lung diseases is an important stage in the construction of a computer-aided diagnosis system. To this end, a novel approach is proposed using two sets of overcomplete wavelet filters, namely discrete wavelet frames (DWF) and rotated wavelet frames (RWF), to extract the features which best characterizes the lung tissue patterns. Support vector machines learning algorithm is then applied to perform the pattern classification. Four different lung patterns (ground glass, honey combing, reticular, and normal) selected from a database of 340 images are classified using the proposed method. The overall multiclass accuracy reaches 90.72%, 95.85%, and 96.81% for DWF, RWF, and their combination, respectively. These results prove that RWF is superior to DWF, due to its orientation selectivity. However, best results are obtained by the combination of two filter banks which shows that the two set of filters are complementary.
An Important Role for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Restricted T Cells, and a Limited Role for Gamma Interferon, in Protection of Mice against Lethal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (1999)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) inhibits major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression in infected cells and does so much more efficiently in human cells than in murine cells. Given this difference, if MHC class I-restricted T cells do not play an important role in protection of mice from HSV, an important role for these cells in humans would be unlikely. However, the contribution of MHC class I-restricted T cells to the control of HSV infection in mice remains unclear. Further, the mechanisms by which these cells may act to control infection, particularly in the nervous system, are not well understood, though a role for gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) has been proposed. To address the roles of MHC class I and of IFN-gamma, C57BL/6 mice deficient in MHC class I expression (beta2 microglobulin knockout [beta2KO] mice), in IFN-gamma expression (IFN-gammaKO mice), or in both (IFN-gammaKO/beta2KO mice) were infected with HSV by footpad inoculation. beta2KO mice were markedly compromised in their ability to control infection, as indicated by increased lethality and higher concentrations of virus in the feet and spinal ganglia. In contrast, IFN-gamma appeared to play at most a limited role in viral clearance. The results suggest that MHC class I-restricted T cells play an important role in protection of mice against neuroinvasive HSV infection and do so largely by mechanisms other than the production of IFN-gamma.