gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Macro-micro Channel Reactor for Reforming Glycerol Produced from Biodiesel Productions (2014)

Glycerol is produced as a major byproduct in a biodiesel production process but has been thrown out as a waste. The glycerol byproduct will increase rapidly in amount if the biodiesel commercialization is attainable, so the glycerol reforming technology is required to use as a high value product. In the present study, a novel macro-micro channel reactor for the glycerol reforming was proposed. The reactor consists of a macro channel for the glycerol reforming and micro channels for a catalytic combustion. The macro channel prevents the glycerol reformer from being clogged by the carbon formation. The micro channel improves the heat transfer between the glycerol reformer and the catalytic combustor. The effect of channel configurations, flow conditions and catalyst properties on the heat transfer rate and pressure drop was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Based on the CFD results, the optimal macro-micro channel reactor was manufactured and its performance was evaluated. The macro-micro channel reactor had a higher glycerol conversion compared to the conventional packed-bed reactor because it had a uniform temperature distribution through the reactor.
Comparative performance studies of indium and gold-tin packaged diode laser bars (2006)

This paper is mainly dedicated to a short-time scale reliability study of different packages applied to the same type of laser diode bars: indium and gold-tin packaged laser bars are operated in cw hard-pulse mode with increasing currents until their destruction. The destruction currents serve as guide values for long-time aging tests that should be performed at lower currents. Gold-tin packaged diode lasers turn out to have clearly higher destruction currents in hard-pulse mode. This result is underlined by long-time aging tests at appropriate currents.
Foveated near-eye display for mixed reality using liquid crystal photonics (2020)

Foveated near-eye display is one of the most promising approaches to deliver immersive experience of mixed reality. However, it is challenged to conceive a compact optical system. Here, we introduce a method to use polarization optics via liquid crystal photonics to improve the foveated display performance. We demonstrate a benchtop prototype of this idea. We implement and combine two display modules for peripheral and foveal visions. A peripheral display consists of a polarization selective lens (PSL) module, a polarization selective diffuser (PSD), and a slanted projection system. An 80[Formula: see text] diagonal field of view is achieved by on-axis optical configuration of the PSL module and the PSD. A foveal holographic display is composed of a spatial light modulator (SLM), a volume grating lens, and a microelectromechanical system mirror possibly in combination with a switchable polarization selective grating module. The holographic reconstruction using the SLM enables accurate focus cue generation and high resolution above 30 cycles per degree within 15[Formula: see text] by 15[Formula: see text] field of view. We explore and discuss the liquid crystal photonics in the prototype that has a novel optical design using volume gratings with polarization selectivity.
Auditory Brainstem Response and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Acoustic Neuromas (2000)

Decisions regarding assessment of patients at risk for acoustic neuromas must be made on a case-by-case basis. Use of ABR + MRI-( 64)Gd allows considerable savings when patients are in the intermediate- or low-risk subgroups. New MRI and ABR testing techniques offer promise for reducing costs.
Assessment of arterial characteristics in human atherosclerosis by extracting optical properties from polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2008)

In this research, we assessed arterial characteristics in human atherosclerosis by determining both scattering and birefringence properties of vessel tissue from polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) images. We demonstrated that optical characteristics including scattering coefficient (mu(s)), effective anisotropy factor (g(eff)), birefringence coefficient (Delta n), and fast-axis angle (beta) of normal and different kinds of atherosclerotic lesions in human vessels can be quantitatively described. Based on our findings, a quantitative PS-OCT image criterion for plaque characterization was constructed.
TURBULENCE AND SCALAR TRANSPORT IN HEATED BOUNDARY LAYERS WITH VISCOSITY STRATIFICATION (2013)

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent boundary layers over isothermally-heated walls were performed to investigate the effect of viscosity stratification on the turbulent and thermal boundary layer flows. An empirical relation of temperature-dependent viscosity for water was adopted. Based on the free-stream temperature (30°C), two wall temperatures (70°C and 99°C) were selected. In the heated flows, the turbulence energy diminishes in the buffer layer, but increases near the wall. The reduction in turbulence kinetic energy in the buffer layer is accompanied by smaller levels of Reynolds shear stresses and, hence, weaker turbulence production. The enhanced turbulence energy near the wall is attributed to enhanced transfer of energy via additional diffusion-like terms due to the viscosity stratification. Wall heating also results in increased scalar flux in the sublayer. Large wall-normal gradients of U and Θ lead to increased production in the scalar flux budget.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Polyamine-Blocking Therapy Reverses Immunosuppression in the Tumor Microenvironment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 797K, Increased macrophage infiltration in Ker/Ras tumors from mice treated with DFMO and AMXT 1501.&lt;/p&gt;
Changes in Electric Power Demands of Mongolian and Japanese Local Areas in 2020 and Discussion on Seasonal Electricity Usage Based on the Temperature Dependence (2022)

Electric power demand (EPD) varies depending on weather conditions, social activity, industrialization, and so on. For reliable operation of the electric power system, including renewable energy (RE) sources, it is necessary to monitor the EPD for generation and weather conditions to forecast the EPD as well as the generation of the RE sources. Since there were few studies on EPD changes over time or with weather conditions in Mongolia, it is necessary to clarify the change in EPD and the relationship between the EPD and temperature that is representative of the weather condition for future monitoring of the EPD and the weather condition. The authors are also interested in identifying differences in EPD change between Mongolia and Japanese characteristics. As a result, the linear relation between EPD and temperature was seen in Mongolia, while “U-shape” characteristics in Japan. Also, differences in electricity usage between summer and winter seasons were clearly seen as the term for premature dependence.
Supplementary Tables 1-5 from Genome-Wide Gene Expression Changes in the Normal-Appearing Airway during the Evolution of Smoking-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Tables Table S1. Early efffcts of NNK exposure on the mouse airway transcriptome. Table S2. Evolutionarily conserved decreased gene expression in the airway following NNK exposure. Table S3. Genes differentially regulated in the mouse airway at the indicated timepoints post NNK exposure. Table S4. Mouse genes downregulated as early as T2 vs T0 and enriched in airways of human smokers with lung cancer relative to cancer-free smokers. Table S5. Pathways analysis of Mouse genes enriched in airways of human smokers with lung cancer and modulated during in vivo lung oncogenesis&lt;/p&gt;
Suppressed quantum-confined Stark effect in InGaN-based LEDs with nano-sized patterned sapphire substrates (2013)

This paper demonstrates that quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) within the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) can be suppressed by the growths of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the nano-sized patterned c-plane sapphire substrates (PCSSs) with reducing the space. The efficiency droop is also determined by QCSE. As verified by the experimentally measured data and the ray-tracing simulation results, the suppressed efficiency droop for the InGaN-based LED having the nano-sized PCSS with a smaller space of 200 nm can be acquired due to the weaker function of the QCSE within the MQWs as a result of the smaller polarization fields coming from the lower compressive strain in the corresponding epitaxial layers.
Revisiting an Ongoing Debate: What Role Do Surface Groups Play in Silicon Nanocrystal Photoluminescence? (2017)

The origin of photoluminescence (PL) in silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) remains a subject of considerable debate. Size-dependent PL that supports the quantum confinement model has been proposed by several researchers. On the other hand, SiNC PL arising from surface states that are independent of nanocrystal size has also been shown. This work addresses the origin of surface-functionalized SiNC PL as relating to surface states and the NC size. SiNCs of different sizes (3 and 5 nm diameters) were prepared with three distinct surface chemistries. Steady-state and time-resolved PL measurements were performed at temperatures ranging from 37 to 377 K. Temperature-dependent luminescence consistent with core emission was observed for alkyl-terminated SiNCs, while alkylamine-functionalized SiNCs displayed minimal temperature-dependent luminescence, consistent with a charge-transfer mechanism. Lightly oxidized alkyl SiNCs had similar emission profiles to alkyl SiNCs; however, they showed longer luminescence lifetimes and their luminescence spectrum was shifted to shorter wavelengths than their nonoxidized counterparts. A general mechanism is proposed to explain all three phenomena, suggesting that surface groups play a crucial role in SiNC optical response.
Maintenance of ischemic β cell viability through delivery of lipids and ATP by targeted liposomes (2014)

Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes, but despite the successes, existing challenges prevent widespread application. Ischemia, occurring during pancreas preservation and isolation, as well as after islet transplantation, decreases islet viability and function. We hypothesized that the liposomal delivery of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) could prevent the loss of cell viability during an ischemic insult. In this work we use a model β cell line, INS-1 to probe the liposome/cell interactions and examined the ability of liposomes functionalized with the fibronectin-mimetic peptide PR_b to facilitate the delivery of ATP to ischemic β cells. We demonstrate that PR_b increases the binding and internalization of liposomes to the β cells. Unexpectedly, when comparing the ability of PR_b liposomes with and without ATP to protect INS-1 cells from ischemia we found that both formulations increased cell survival. By probing the functional activity of ischemic cells treated with PR_b functionalized liposomes with and without ATP we find that both lipids and ATP play a role in maintaining cell metabolic activity after an ischemic insult and preventing cell necrosis. This approach may be beneficial for preventing ischemia related damage to islet cells, especially in the organ preservation stage.
A phase I study to assess oral bioavailability of a novel oral soft gelatin capsule formulation of rigosertib (ON 01910.Na) under fasted and fed conditions in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. (2012)

3081 Background: Rigosertib (ON 01910.Na) is a novel multikinase inhibitor, with selective cytotoxic effects on tumor cells without impact on normal cells. Rigosertib, administered as a 3-day continuous infusion, is now undergoing phase 3 evaluation in higher risk MDS patients refractory to hypomethylating agents. Here, we report the results of the effect of food on the absolute bioavailability of a novel rigosertib oral formulation (soft gelatin capsule) in MDS patients. Methods: This was a single-dose, three-treatment, three-period sequential design for studying the effects of food on the bioavailability of an immediate-release soft gelatin capsule formulation. The following dosing groups were tested in 12 patients: IV Dose 800 mg/m 2 over 24 hours and oral dose 560 mg (2 x 280 mg capsules) under fasting and fed conditions. The oral dose was the recommended phase 2 dose, as reported previously (R.S. Komrokji et al., Oral Formulation of Rigosertib (ON 01910.Na) in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) – Phase I Study Results. Blood 2011, 118:Abstract #3797). Plasma samples were collected pre-dose, and over 32 hours (IV dose) or 8 hours (oral dose) after dose initiation. Rigosertib plasma levels were analyzed by a validated LC/MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlinÒ). Results: Rigosertib pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in the table below. The results of the present study demonstrate good oral bioavailability under fasting condition.Oral administration of rigosertib after a meal decreased Cmax and AUC by 77% and 61%, respectively, compared to fasting conditions. Conclusions: The results of this study support the potential for oral delivery of rigosertib, which could become a preferred therapy over a 3-day continuous intravenous infusion. [Table: see text]
Combined MM/GBSA and NMR study of fentanyl binding to modified b-cyclodextrins (2020)

The opioid crisis in the United States has risen to a national emergency. It is imperative to find ways to neutralize opioids such as fentanyls that are responsible for many fatal overdoses. In this study, we are investigating the potential of modified cyclodextrins in selectively binding fentanyls with high affinity. Using a combination of MM/GBSA calculations and NMR
Local Chemical Stimulation of Neurons with the Fluidic Force Microscope (FluidFM) (2017)

Physiological communication between neurons is dependent on the exchange of neurotransmitters at the synapses. Although this chemical signal transmission targets specific receptors and allows for subtle adaptation of the action potential, in vitro neuroscience typically relies on electrical currents and potentials to stimulate neurons. The electric stimulus is unspecific and the confinement of the stimuli within the media is technically difficult to control and introduces large artifacts in electric recordings of the activity. Here, we present a local chemical stimulation platform that resembles in vivo physiological conditions and can be used to target specific receptors of synapses. Neurotransmitters were dispensed using the force-controlled fluidic force microscope (FluidFM) nanopipette, which provides exact positioning and precise liquid delivery. We show that controlled release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate induces spiking activity in primary rat hippocampal neurons, as measured by concurrent electrical and optical recordings using a microelectrode array and a calcium-sensitive dye, respectively. Furthermore, we characterized the glutamate dose response of neurons by applying stimulation pulses of glutamate with concentrations from 0 to 0.5 mm. This new stimulation approach, which combines FluidFM for gentle and precise positioning with a microelectrode array read-out, makes it possible to modulate the activity of individual neurons chemically and simultaneously record their induced activity across the entire neuronal network. The presented platform not only offers a more physiological alternative compared with electrical stimulation, but also provides the possibility to study the effects of the local application of neuromodulators and other drugs.
Interface stability in hybrid metal-oxide magnetic trilayer junctions (2000)

We show that for hybrid oxide-metal trilayer junctions of ${\mathrm{Co}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.2}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{Fe}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ the sign and field dependence of junction magnetoresistance are sensitive to the junction interface condition. Both positive and negative magnetoresistance can be obtained in either system, depending on the state of the junction interface. For high biases above 0.5 V, junction resistance shows time-dependent creep. The magnitude and direction of the creep depend on the magnitude and direction of the applied bias, indicating reversible structural modification of the junction interface. For these junctions, the interface chemistry, rather than fundamental band structures of the electrode materials, appears responsible for the observed sign-change of junction magnetoresistance.
Enhanced Radio Access and Data Transmission Procedures Facilitating Industry-Compliant Machine-Type Communications over LTE-Based 5G Networks (2016)

Priority alarm messages for MTC in industry applications require guaranteed delays of a few dozen milliseconds only, with super-critical applications even calling for below-10-ms access. With the best state-of-the-art cellular systems barely able to meet below-50-ms delays, in this article we propose some important improvements to the 3GPP MTC access procedure allowing a significantly performance boost for alarm messages. Notably, the first method encompasses an SMSlike approach where the alarm is transmitted in a secure and backward-compatible form over the connection-establishing access channel, thus allowing the data transmission to be terminated significantly earlier and to support emerging critical alarm messages. The second method uses a secure and previously agreed sequence of random access codes to convey super-critical alerts within a few milliseconds, and is thus able to support emergency alarm messages. Both methods not only achieve control-compliant access delays but are also highly energy efficient, thus allowing long battery lifetimes and hence quicker uptake by the industry.
Bioinspired catalysis at the crossroads between biology and chemistry: A remarkable example of an electrocatalytic material mimicking hydrogenases (2010)

There is an increasing need for new, efficient and cheap chemical catalysts, as part of the emerging “green” chemistry field. Living organisms provide a wealth of fascinating enzymes, with exceptional catalytic efficiencies and selectivities, which can be either directly exploited in biotechnological synthetic systems or imitated by chemists. The bioinspired catalysis approach exploits the basic chemical principles on which a biological enzyme active site is built in order to generate original functional analogs of this site. This is illustrated here with a molecular electrode material inspired from hydrogenases, metalloenzymes involved in hydrogen metabolism, and displaying exceptional electrocatalytic properties for hydrogen production and oxidation, thus with potential applications for electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies.
[Type B aortic dissections: surgical technique and results]. (1994)

Between 1978 and 1992, 70 patients were operated for type B aortic dissection (tear in the descending aorta without involvement of the ascending aorta). 15/70 (21%) patients had an acute dissection (onset of symptoms < 24 h), 19/70 (27%) a subacute dissection (onset of symptoms < 14 days), and 36/70 (51) a chronic dissection (onset of symptoms > 14 days). The indications for surgery in cases of acute dissection were: hematothorax, oliguria, leg ischemia and persistent pain. Persistent hypertension was an additional indication in cases of subacute dissection. In large majority (93%) of chronic dissections the indication for surgery was enlarged aortic diameter. In 86% (60/70) graft replacement of the aorta was performed, in 6% (4/70) extra-anatomic bypass, in 3% (2/70) fenestration, in 3% (2/70) thrombendarterectomy, in 3% (2/70). The overall mortality was 17% (12/70); 27% of acute dissection, 26% for subacute dissection, and 8% for chronic dissection. The morbidity for acute dissection was 73%, of subacute dissection 43%, and of chronic dissection 12%. The most frequent complications were: leg ischemia (8 patients), renal failure (4 patients), paraparesis (4 patients) and sepsis (2 patients). No paraparesis was encountered in surgery of the chronic dissection. Conservative treatment was tried in all acute B-dissections, with surgical therapy being reserved for complications of the dissection, such as rupture, such as rupture, risk of rupture (hematothorax, large aortic diameter resp. expansion, persistent hypertension, persistent pain) or ischemia of distal vascular beds. Long-term survival for chronic type B dissections is good. Strong control of risk factors (hypertension) is essential.
Laser gain media fabricated via direct ink writing (DIW) and ceramic processing (2023)

A transparent ceramic optic includes: a lasing region comprising at least one lasing species dopant; and a transparent region transparent to light generated by the lasing species. At least the transparent region is doped with at least one other dopant species such that the lasing region and the transparent region are characterized by a difference in refractive index between the two regions in an amount of about 1.0×10−4 or less. Inventive formulations of inks suitable for fabricating transparent ceramic optics having desirable compositional characteristics such as concentration gradients in desired spatial arrangements, e.g. using additive manufacturing techniques such as direct ink writing and/or extrusion freeform fabrication are also disclosed, along with suitable techniques for forming the transparent ceramic optics from such inks.
Adaptive Multiset Stochastic Decoding of Non-Binary LDPC Codes (2013)

We propose a non-binary stochastic decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over GF(q) with degree two variable nodes, called Adaptive Multiset Stochastic Algorithm (AMSA). The algorithm uses multisets, an extension of sets that allows multiple occurrences of an element, to represent probability mass functions that simplifies the structure of the variable nodes. The run-time complexity of one decoding cycle using AMSA is O(q) for conventional memory architectures, and O(1) if a custom memory architecture is used. Two fully-parallel AMSA decoders are implemented on FPGA for two (192,96) (2,4)-regular codes over GF(64) and GF(256), both achieving a maximum clock frequency of 108 MHz. The GF(64) decoder has a coded throughput of 65 Mb/s at E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> =2.4 dB when using conventional memory, while a decoder using the custom memory version can achieve 698 Mb/s at the same E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> . At a frame error rate (FER) of 2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-6</sup> the GF(64) version of the algorithm is only 0.04 dB away from the floating-point SPA performance, and for the GF(256) code the difference is 0.2 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully parallel non-binary LDPC decoder over GF(256) reported in the literature.