gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of ADT on B7-H3 expression during CRPC progression from hormone-naïve prostate cancer (2023)

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard care for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Unfortunately, although tumors respond well initially, they enter dormancy and eventually progress to fatal/incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). B7-H3 is a promising new target for PCa immunotherapy. CD276 (B7-H3) gene has a presumptive androgen receptor (AR) binding site, suggesting potential AR regulation. However, the relationship between B7-H3 and AR is controversial. Meanwhile, the expression pattern of B7-H3 following ADT and during CRPC progression is largely unknown, but critically important for identifying patients and determining the optimal timing of B7-H3 targeting immunotherapy. In this study, we performed a longitudinal study using our unique PCa patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and assessed B7-H3 expression during post-ADT disease progression. We further validated our findings at the clinical level in PCa patient samples. We found that B7-H3 expression was negatively regulated by AR during the early phase of ADT treatment, but positively associated with PCa proliferation during the remainder of disease progression. Our findings suggest its use as a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and ADT treatment response, and the potential of combining ADT and B7-H3 targeting immunotherapy for hormone-naïve PCa treatment to prevent fatal CRPC relapse.
Design and Selection of Small Molecule Inhibitors (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Virtual Screening in Selecting Small Molecule Inhibitors Receptor-Based VLS Ligand-Based Virtual Screening (2-D Similarity Search, 3-D Pharmacophore Search) Design of Small Molecule Inhibitors Scaffolds and Fragments-Based Lead Design Hybrid Design Based on Known Inhibitors DE Novo Design Hit and Lead Optimization Structure Based QSAR Based Design of Selective Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Differences in the Binding Pocket Engineering Selectivity Using Chemical Genetics Summary References Further Reading
Emissivity of microstructured silicon (2010)

Infrared transmittance and hemispherical-directional reflectance data from 2.5 to 25 microm on microstructured silicon surfaces have been measured, and spectral emissivity has been calculated for this wavelength range. Hemispherical-total emissivity is calculated for the samples and found to be 0.84 before a measurement-induced annealing and 0.65 after the measurement for the sulfur-doped sample. Secondary samples lack a measurement-induced anneal, and reasons for this discrepancy are presented. Emissivity numbers are plotted and compared with a silicon substrate, and Aeroglaze Z306 black paint. Use of microstructured silicon as a blackbody or microbolometer surface is modeled and presented, respectively.
Réacteurs homogènes de polymérisation radicalaire - Conception et fonctionnement (2020)

Dans un procédé de fabrication de polymère, le réacteur de polymérisation est responsable des caractéristiques structurales des macromolécules produites. L’établissement du schéma cinétique retenu pour la réaction et le choix du modèle de réacteur constituent les premières étapes incontournables de la démarche.
Direct Observation of Spin-Torque Driven Magnetization Reversal through Nonuniform Modes (2008)

We present time-resolved x-ray images with 30 nm spatial and 70 ps temporal resolution, which reveal details of the spatially resolved magnetization evolution in nanoscale samples of various dimensions during reversible spin-torque switching processes. Our data in conjunction with micromagnetic simulations suggest a simple unified picture of magnetic switching based on the motion of a magnetic vortex. With decreasing size of the magnetic element the path of the vortex core moves from inside to outside of the nanoelement, and the switching process evolves from a curled nonuniform to an increasingly uniform mode.
Polymer Degradation Study by Factor Analysis of GPC-FT-IR Data (2001)

Factor analysis has been performed on gel permeation chromatography (GPC)-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic data sets for one control and two artificially aged, multicomponent polymer systems. This approach was utilized to provide insight into degradation chemistry and to obtain component spectra (factors) and their concentration profiles (scores). The results are evaluated in terms of the infrared spectra of the chemical species present, their concentration profiles, and the different aging environments. For the formulation of a poly(ester urethane) with added plasticizer, and stabilizer, the results demonstrate that chain scission and nitration of the poly(ester urethane) are dominant degradation pathways under radiolytic aging conditions. Thermal aging conditions induce some chain scission. In both aging studies, branching is shown not to be a dominant degradation pathway. However, because branching processes produce insoluble cross-linked material, this possibility was not further investigated in this study.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of Titanium Nitride Using Sequential, Self-Limiting Reactions: Oxidation to TiO2 and Fluorination to Volatile TiF4 (2017)

The thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) of TiN was demonstrated using a new etching mechanism based on sequential, self-limiting oxidation and fluorination reactions. The oxidation reactant was either O3 or H2O2, and the fluorination reactant was hydrogen fluoride (HF) derived from HF-pyridine. In the proposed reaction mechanism, the O3 reaction oxidizes the surface of the TiN substrate to a TiO2 layer and gaseous NO. HF exposure to the TiO2 layer then produces TiF4 and H2O as volatile reaction products. The overall reaction can be written as TiN + 3O3 + 4HF → TiF4 + 3O2 + NO + 2H2O. Quartz crystal microbalance studies showed that HF can spontaneously etch TiO2 films. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray reflectivity analysis showed that TiN films were etched linearly versus the number of ALE cycles using O3 and HF as the reactants. The TiN etching also occurred selectively in the presence of Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2, SiO2, and Si3N4. The etch rate for TiN ALE was determined at temperatures from 150 to 350 °C. The etch rates increased with temperature from 0.06 Å/cycle at 150 °C to 0.20 Å/cycle at 250 °C and stayed nearly constant for temperatures ≥250 °C. TiN ALE was also accomplished using H2O2 and HF as the reactants. The etch rate was 0.15 Å/cycle at 250 °C. The TiN films were smoothed by TiN ALE using either the O3 or H2O2 oxidation reactants. The thermal ALE of many other metal nitrides should be possible using this new etching mechanism based on oxidation and fluorination reactions. This thermal ALE mechanism should also be applicable to metal carbides, metal sulfides, metal selenides, and elemental metals that have volatile metal fluorides.
Hyperechoes (2001)

A novel spin-echo-based refocusing strategy called a hyperecho mechanism is introduced by which the full coherence of magnetization submitted to a sequence of arbitrary RF pulses can be reinstalled. First implementations illustrate the potential of hyperecho formation-especially for Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement (RARE) imaging, in which the full image intensity can be retrieved using a fraction of the RF power of a fully refocused sequence. The contribution of stimulated echo pathways to the hyperecho signal leads to an increased signal intensity at a given refocusing time for tissues with T(1) > T(2). For identical T(2) contrast, longer echo times have to be used. Further possibilities for using hyperechoes in gradient-echo sequences and for spin selection are discussed. Magn Reson Med 46:6-12, 2001.
An error-driven word-character hybrid model for joint Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging (2009)

In this paper, we present a discriminative word-character hybrid model for joint Chinese word segmentation and POS tagging. Our word-character hybrid model offers high performance since it can handle both known and unknown words. We describe our strategies that yield good balance for learning the characteristics of known and unknown words and propose an error-driven policy that delivers such balance by acquiring examples of unknown words from particular errors in a training corpus. We describe an efficient framework for training our model based on the Margin Infused Relaxed Algorithm (MIRA), evaluate our approach on the Penn Chinese Treebank, and show that it achieves superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art approaches reported in the literature.
Deep learning–based cell composition analysis from tissue expression profiles (2020)

We present Scaden, a deep neural network for cell deconvolution that uses gene expression information to infer the cellular composition of tissues. Scaden is trained on single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to engineer discriminative features that confer robustness to bias and noise, making complex data preprocessing and feature selection unnecessary. We demonstrate that Scaden outperforms existing deconvolution algorithms in both precision and robustness. A single trained network reliably deconvolves bulk RNA-seq and microarray, human and mouse tissue expression data and leverages the combined information of multiple datasets. Because of this stability and flexibility, we surmise that deep learning will become an algorithmic mainstay for cell deconvolution of various data types. Scaden's software package and web application are easy to use on new as well as diverse existing expression datasets available in public resources, deepening the molecular and cellular understanding of developmental and disease processes.
Trust your Model: Light Field Depth Estimation with Inline Occlusion Handling (2018)

We address the problem of depth estimation from light-field images. Our main contribution is a new way to handle occlusions which improves general accuracy and quality of object borders. In contrast to all prior work we work with a model which directly incorporates both depth and occlusion, using a local optimization scheme based on the PatchMatch algorithm. The key benefit of this joint approach is that we utilize all available data, and not erroneously discard valuable information in pre-processing steps. We see the benefit of our approach not only at improved object boundaries, but also at smooth surface reconstruction, where we outperform even methods which focus on good surface regularization. We have evaluated our method on a public light-field dataset, where we achieve state-of-the-art results in nine out of twelve error metrics, with a close tie for the remaining three.
Analog-to-Digital Converters, Amplifiers, and Their Interface (2016)

The main purpose of this chapter is to present an optimum way to match the radio frequency (RF) amplifier with the ADC. The word “optimum”means obtaining a certain sensitivity and dynamic range, desired by the designer, within the limits of the amplifier performance and the ADC. This chapter will very briefly discuss analog receiver performance and point out the difference between it and digital receiver performance. The ADC and its impact on the receiver performance will then be discussed. The important parameters of the ADC related to receiver performance are the number of bits, number of effective bits, maximum sampling frequency, and input bandwidth. The most significant effect of an ADC is on the dynamic range of the receiver, which is closely related to the sensitivity of the receiver since the sensitivity is the lower limit of the dynamic range of the receiver. There are several ways to consider the dynamic range, and each approach leads to a slightly different result. All these approaches will be discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Reversal of Stereochemistry in a Modification of the Rychnovsky Cyanohydrin Alkylation. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Focus cues to display distance affect perceived depth from disparity (2010)

To recover absolute depth from binocular disparity, horizontal disparities must be scaled by an estimate of fixation distance. Conventional 3d digital displays present stimuli at one focal distance and this could result in distortions of perceived depth at simulated distances other than the actual distance to the display. To investigate this we independently varied distance specified by the eyes' vergence and by focal distance using a novel display that allowed us to interleave stimulus presentations at different focal planes within a block of trials. Observers viewed sparse random-dot stereograms depicting two planes forming a hinge (“open book”) and adjusted the dihedral angle until it appeared to be 90 deg. The vertical size of the stimulus was always small (2 deg) to minimize the contribution of distance information from vertical disparity. Depth constancy (with changes in vergence-specified distance) was assessed by calculating, for each stimulus configuration, the distance at which the patterns of disparities set by the observers would have corresponded to a dihedral angle of 90 deg. When focal distance was fixed, depth constancy was poor (around 40%). However, when the focal distance varied appropriately with vergence-specified distance, depth constancy increased (in some subjects to as much as 65%). Depth constancy was highest in a baseline condition in which the stimulus was a real hinge with all depth cues available, but even then constancy rarely exceeded 80%. These results show that focus cues to distance can have a significant effect on the percept of depth in 3d displays and point to the need in vision research to develop means of circumventing or minimizing cue conflicts created by conventional displays.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Deoxoapodine (2017)

The first enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-deoxoapodine is described. Our synthesis of this hexacyclic aspidosperma alkaloid includes an efficient molybdenum-catalyzed enantioselective ring-closing metathesis reaction for the desymmetrization of an advanced intermediate that introduces the C5-quaternary stereocenter. After C21-oxygenation, the pentacyclic core was accessed by electrophilic C19-amide activation and transannular spirocyclization. A biogenetically inspired dehydrative C6-etherification reaction proved highly effective to secure the F-ring and the fourth contiguous stereocenter of (-)-deoxoapodine with complete stereochemical control.
Characterizing Fiber Crimp by Image Analysis: Definitions, Algorithms, and Techniques (1992)

Crimp is one of the most important aspects of fiber geometry. Image analysis provides a means for quantifying crimp morphology in an efficient and reliable manner. This study presents a protocol for the automated analysis of two-dimensional crimp data. Preprocessing operations consist of histogram equalization, boundary definition with the use of image morphology, and boundary information storage by chain codes. Descriptors for characterizing and quantifying crimps are defined and algorithms for calculating these descriptors are developed. Preliminary results of a trial analysis indicate that these techniques may prove useful in the general application of crimp characterization and classification.
Dielectric Properties of Large Area Processed Nanostructured Barium Strontium Titanate Thin-films (2009)

Nanostructured Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin-films with large dielectric tunability as high as 4:1 were obtained using a large area pulsed laser deposition process, with low loss-tangents below 0.01 at zero-bias and 10 GHz. This paper summarizes experimental results obtained on large area processed BST thin films. The BST thin films were characterized using a varactor shunt switch device. The BST thin films with an average grain size of 60 nm exhibited large dielectric tunability, the relative dielectric permittivity at zero bias of 1000 tuned to 250 at 8 V dc bias. The loss-tangent of the BST films was 0.006 at zero bias, and reduced to 0.003 at 10 V, at 10 GHz. The leakage current through the BST film was below 1 nA up to 5 V dc bias. These results confirm that large area processed BST thin films are ready for commercial applications such as for frequency and phase agile circuits.
Mapping Auto-context Decision Forests to Deep ConvNets for Semantic Segmentation (2016)

We consider the task of pixel-wise semantic segmentation given a small set of labeled training images. Among two of the most popular techniques to address this task are Decision Forests (DF) and Neural Networks (NN). In this work, we explore the relationship between two special forms of these techniques: stacked DFs (namely Auto-context) and deep Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNet). Our main contribution is to show that Auto-context can be mapped to a deep ConvNet with novel architecture, and thereby trained end-to-end. This mapping can be used as an initialization of a deep ConvNet, enabling training even in the face of very limited amounts of training data. We also demonstrate an approximate mapping back from the refined ConvNet to a second stacked DF, with improved performance over the original. We experimentally verify that these mappings outperform stacked DFs for two different applications in computer vision and biology: Kinect-based body part labeling from depth images, and somite segmentation in microscopy images of developing zebrafish. Finally, we revisit the core mapping from a Decision Tree (DT) to a NN, and show that it is also possible to map a fuzzy DT, with sigmoidal split decisions, to a NN. This addresses multiple limitations of the previous mapping, and yields new insights into the popular Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), and more recently proposed concatenated ReLU (CReLU), activation functions.
Design and Evaluation of a Hybrid Mock Circulatory Loop for total Artificial Heart Testing (2014)

Aims A hybrid mock circulatory loop (MCL) was developed for total artificial heart (TAH) performance evaluation. The hybrid MCL consists of hydraulic hardware components and a software computer model. Design The hydraulic components are divided into the systemic and pulmonary circulation, each of which includes electrically controlled compliances, resistors, and a venous volume which can be adjusted for a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. The software model simulates the baroreflex autoregulatory response by automatically adjusting the hydraulic parameters according to changes of condition in the MCL. Results The experimental results demonstrated a good representation of the human cardiovascular system and the capability of real-time variation of physiological and pathological conditions. The functionality of the baroreflex autoregulatory mechanism was evaluated by simulation of a postural change. Conclusions The hybrid MCL that we developed allows variable and continuous in vitro evaluation of mechanical circulatory support devices in TAH configuration and particularly their control algorithms in response to various cardiovascular conditions. The system has been built in a modular configuration to allow testing of different types of devices and thus provides a valuable test platform prior to animal experiments.
WLAN/WPAN (2008)

Over the past several years, wireless devices have evolved from relatively simple, high-cost, low-data-rate, single-function, single-mode, single-band components to highly integrated, low-cost, high-performance multimode ICs. These changes have been driven by the ever-increasing demand for higher throughput, higher spectral efficiency and more reliable communications which in turn owe their growth to the consumer's growing appetite for ubiquitous unfettered access to all their data at all times, and the need for increased productivity at work and data-intensive multimedia and gaming applications at home.
Forestry herbicides in the United States: an overview (2004)

Abstract Herbicides are used in forestry to manage tree-species composition, reduce competition from shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, manipulate wildlife habitat, and control invasive exotics. There are no national statistics on extent of forestry herbicide use. A survey of 13 forest products companies found that 51 distinct applications of 1–3 herbicides were used and that 11 applications (with 6 active ingredients) accounted for 90% of the area reported treated. Reported rates were always lower than maximum labeled rate, and average rates ranged from 10–42% of the labeled maxima. Herbicides were used on 74,464 hectares in the National Forest System (including rangeland) in 2001. Another survey of forestry herbicide use by all ownerships in the southern United States in 2002 reported 985,237 hectares treated. Public concerns over use of herbicides in forests include toxicity to humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife and effects of herbicides on wildlife habitat. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) provides a comprehensive system of toxicity testing and regulates sale and use of herbicides. However, there are concerns about FIFRA testing: use of a small number of sentinel species, testing only active herbicide ingredients, and not testing the mixtures of ≥2 herbicides commonly used in forestry. Recent litigation suggests that aerial application of pesticides (including herbicides) is a point-source discharge of pollutants into waters of the United States and thus requires a Clean Water Act (CWA) permit. These lawsuits have created confusion about how 2 federal statutes (FIFRA and CWA) relate with regard to pesticides, and new policy clarification is being developed. Other litigation has initiated a process to improve consultation among federal agencies regarding potential for pesticides to affect threatened and endangered species. In summary, herbicides are vital for commercial timber management and have applications for managing wild-life habitat. Federal regulations and water-quality monitoring indicate that use of herbicides in forestry constitutes low risk to humans and wildlife.
Effects of Subharmonics in LO Generation on RF Transceivers (2018)

Subharmonic residual in LO can degrade the performance of RF/mm-wave transceivers that employ frequency multipliers for LO generation. In this paper, we analyze the side effects that such subharmonics can cause. The effects are categorized to three parts: distortions in the up/down-converted signal, out-of-band emissions, and blocker tolerance in the receivers. A 60 GHz direct-conversion transceiver with a frequency tripler is taken for analysis. It is proved that there is no distortion or out-of-band emission issue with the presence of subharmonic in LO. For normal blocker tolerance requirements, the intrinsic subharmonic rejection capability in frequency multipliers is sufficient. In extreme cases, extra subharmonic filtering/rejection is needed.
(Hg,Cd)Te Photodiodes for Detection of Two-Micrometer Infrared Radiation (1977)

Detection of 1.5 to 2.3-micrometer radiation is important for a number of earth resource and military applications. Hgi_xCdxTe photodiodes have recently been developed which offer substantial improvement in operating temperature for detection of 1.5 to 2.3-micrometer radiation. For example, arrays of Hg1-xCdxTe photodiodes with cutoffs in the 2.0 to 2.3-micrometer spectral range have achieved detectivities of 1.0 x 1012 - 4.0 x 1012 cm Hz1/2/W at an operating temp-erature of 193 K. In this paper we present results on these (Hg,Cd)Te photodiode arrays.
CORDIC-based HiFi digital FM demodulator algorithm for compact VLSI implementation (1985)

A robust HiFi digital FM demodulation algorithm is discussed. Simulations demonstrate a performance surpassing analogue top-class receivers: a signal/noise ratio better than 90 dB for a sufficiently large carrier/noise ratio and a distortion level below 0.1% at 1 kHz modulation. For compact VLSI implementation, efficient shift-and-add-based CORDIC and IIR filter algorithms are used.