gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generating Adversarial Examples for Hardware-Trojan Detection at Gate-Level Netlists (2021)

Recently, the great demand for integrated circuits (ICs) drives third parties to be involved in IC design and manufacturing steps. At the same time, the threat of injecting a malicious circuit, called a hardware Trojan, by third parties has been increasing. Machine learning is one of the powerful solutions for detecting hardware Trojans. However, a weakness of such a machine-learning-based classification method against adversarial examples (AEs) has been reported, which causes misclassification by adding perturbation in input samples. This paper firstly proposes a framework generating adversarial examples for hardware-Trojan detection at gate-level netlists utilizing neural networks. The proposed framework replaces hardware Trojan circuits with logically equivalent ones, and makes it difficult to detect them. Secondly, we propose a Trojan-net concealment degree (TCD) and a modification evaluating value (MEV) as measures of the amount of modifications. Finally, based on the MEV, we pick up adversarial modification patterns to apply to the circuits against hardware-Trojan detection. The experimental results using benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully decreases the true positive rate (TPR) by a maximum of 30.15 points.
Electrogenesis in mouse neuroblastoma cells In vitro (1971)

Abstract Intracellular microelectrode studies of passive membrane properties and action potential generation were carried out on cloned and uncloned mouse neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture. The cloned cells were studied between the eighth and tenth months and the uncloned cells between the third and fifth weeks after primary dissociation. Electrophysiologic measurements of cell membrane properties were made by passing stimulating current pulses across the cell membrane from an intracellular microelectrode and recording simultaneously from the same electrode, by means of a bridge circuit, the changes in membrane potential. The range of responses to electrical stimulation varied from passive increases in membrane potential to repetitive firing of action potentials. A 20 fold range in spike generating capability was found. Passive membrane properties (membrane potential, specific membrane resistivity, and specific membrane capacitance) were similar to those of sympathetic neurons in intact preparations. Seventy‐nine percent of the cloned cell line compared to 94% of the uncloned line were capable of generating action potentials. Less than 2% of the cloned cells showed repetitive firing whereas 23% of the uncloned cells had this property. As in several types of normal neurons, the action potential mechanism was largely, although not completely, blocked by iontophoretic and bath applied tetrodotoxin.
Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor of Testis (2007)

No AccessJournal of UrologyPathology page1 Jun 2007Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor of Testis Shams K. Halat, Lee E. Ponsky, and Gregory T. MacLennan Shams K. HalatShams K. Halat , Lee E. PonskyLee E. Ponsky , and Gregory T. MacLennanGregory T. MacLennan View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.071AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor of Testis." The Journal of Urology, 177(6), p. 2338 References 1 : World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Lyons: IARC Press2003. Google Scholar 2 : Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Tumors of the Testis, Adnexa, Spermatic Cord, and Scrotum. Washington, D.C: AFIP Press1999. Google Scholar 3 : Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarities and differences with consideration of selected problems. Mod Pathol2005; 18: S81. Google Scholar Departments of Pathology and Urology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio© 2007 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 177Issue 6June 2007Page: 2338 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2007 by American Urological AssociationMetrics Author Information Shams K. Halat More articles by this author Lee E. Ponsky More articles by this author Gregory T. MacLennan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Direct Observation of Early-Stage Quantum Dot Growth Mechanisms with High-Temperature Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics (2016)

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit highly desirable size- and shape-dependent properties for applications from electronic devices to imaging. Indium phosphide QDs have emerged as a primary candidate to more toxic CdSe QDs, but production of InP QDs with the desired properties lags behind other QD materials due to a poor understanding of how to tune the growth process. Using high-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we report the first direct observation of early-stage intermediates and subsequent formation of an InP cluster from indium and phosphorus precursors. In our simulations, indium agglomeration precedes formation of In–P bonds. We observe a predominantly intercomplex pathway in which In–P bonds form between one set of precursor copies, and the carboxylate ligand of a second indium precursor in the agglomerated indium abstracts a ligand from the phosphorus precursor. This process produces an indium-rich cluster with structural properties comparable to those in bulk zinc-blende InP crystals. Minimum energy pathway characterization of the AIMD-sampled reaction events confirms these observations and identifies that In–carboxylate dissociation energetics solely determine the barrier along the In–P bond formation pathway, which is lower for intercomplex (13 kcal/mol) than intracomplex (21 kcal/mol) mechanisms. The phosphorus precursor chemistry, on the other hand, controls the thermodynamics of the reaction. Our observations of the different roles of precursors in controlling QD formation strongly suggest that the challenges thus far encountered in InP QD synthesis optimization may be attributed to an overlooked need for a cooperative tuning strategy that simultaneously addresses the chemistry of both indium and phosphorus precursors.
Design and Synthesis of Potent Macrocyclic Benzolactam Growth Hormone Secretagogues (1997)

Abstract The synthesis of a variety of potent macrocyclic growth hormone secretagogues, i.e. 5 , 9 , 12 , and 20 – 22 , based on the known lead structure L‐692,429 ( 1 ) is described. These conformationally constrained growth hormone secretagogues were prepared by joining the two essential pharmacophores, the amino‐acid side chain at the 1 H ‐1‐benzazepine moiety and the 1,1′‐biphenyl moiety with a variety of linkers. The most potent analog was found to be L‐744,080 ( 21 ), a derivative in which a 2′‐carboxamide moiety at 1,1‐biphenyl is N , O ‐joined to the OH group of the (2‐hydroxypropyl)amino‐acid side chain by a C 4 ester linker. This potent analog may be useful in determining the bound conformation of the benzolactam class of growth hormone secretagogues at the newly identified GHS receptor, L‐744,080 ( 21 ) with an ED 50 of 20 n M was up to fifty times more potent than the seco‐acid precursor and 3‐fold more potent than the parent 2′‐tetrazole compound L‐692, 429 ( 1 ).
Myosin translocation in retinal pericytes during free-radical induced apoptosis (1999)

Vascular pathologies induced by ischemia/reperfusion involve the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that in part cause tissue injury. The production of ROS that occurs upon reperfusion activates specific second messenger pathways. In diabetic retinopathy there is a characteristic loss of the microvascular pericyte. Pericytes are more sensitive than endothelial cells to low concentrations of ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) when tested in vitro. Whether the pericyte loss is due to toxic cell death triggered by the noxious H(2)O(2) or apoptosis, due to activation of specific second messenger pathways, is unknown. During apoptosis, a cell's nucleus and cytoplasm condense, the cell becomes fragmented, and ultimately forms apoptotic bodies. It is generally assumed that apoptosis depends on nuclear signaling, but cytoplasmic morphological processes are not well described. We find that exposing cultured retinal pericytes to 100 microM H(2)O(2) for 30 min leads to myosin heavy chain translocation from the cytosol to the cytoskeleton and a significant decrease in cell surface area. Pericyte death follows within 60-120 min. Exposing cells to 150 mJ/cm(2) ultraviolet radiation, an alternate free radical generating system, also causes pericyte myosin translocation and apoptosis. Proteolytic cleavage of actin is not observed in pericyte apoptosis. 3-aminobenzamide, a pharmacological inhibitor of the cleavage and activation of the DNA-repairing enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibits pericyte apoptosis, and prevents myosin translocation. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator known to interfere with free radical generation, also inhibits pericyte myosin translocation, contractility, and cell death. Myosin translocation to the cytoskeleton may be an early step in assembly of a competent contractile apparatus, which is involved in apoptotic cell condensation. These results suggest that pericyte loss associated with increased free radical production in diabetic retina may be by an apoptotic phenomenon.
Fine-Tuning Electronic Properties of Luminescent Pt(II) Complexes via Vertex-Differentiated Coordination of Sterically Invariant Carborane-Based Ligands (2018)

We report the synthesis of two isomeric Pt(II) complexes ligated by doubly deprotonated 1,1′-bis(o-carborane) (bc). The κ2-C,C-bound isomer (3a) is generated through salt metathesis of K2[bc] and Pt(dtb-bpy)Cl2 (dtb-bpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine), whereas the κ2-B,C-bound isomer (3b) forms after the addition of K[H-bc] to a reaction mixture containing the Pt(II) starting material and an alkyl lithium reagent. The structures of both isomers were confirmed with 1H NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray crystallography. A cathodic shift is observed for both oxidation (>260 mV) and reduction (∼130 mV) potentials of 3b versus those of 3a, which is corroborated by DFT calculations of both complexes. While photophysical studies reveal similar quantum yields and excited state lifetimes for both isomers, emission spectra for 3b in a PMMA film, frozen solution at 77 K, and as a neat solid are slightly blue-shifted relative to the corresponding emission spectra for 3a. Ultimately, this work provides a potential route to fine-tune the electronic properties of luminescent metal complexes by virtue of vertex-differentiated coordination chemistry of carborane-based ligands.
Resequencing in distributed systems with multiple classes (2003)

The resequencing problem is considered in a distributed system environment with multiple classes. A system consisting of two parallel heterogeneous M/M/1 queues shared by C different arrival classes is presented and analyzed. Arriving customers are distributed among the two queues according to a probability distribution which depends upon their class. If customers belong to the same class must depart from the server at the same order as they arrived, they incur additional delay called resequencing delay. A recursive solution technique is first introduced to obtain the exact expression for the expected resequencing delay for a single-class case. The result is then extended to the case of a single class with interfering traffic. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate changes of resequencing delay as a function of distributed loads to servers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interactive Robotic Plastering: Augmented Interactive Design and Fabrication for On-site Robotic Plastering (2022)

This paper presents Interactive Robotic Plastering (IRoP), a system enabling designers and skilled workers to engage intuitively with an in-situ robotic plastering process. The research combines three elements: interactive design tools, an augmented reality interface, and a robotic spraying system. Plastering is a complex process relying on tacit knowledge and craftsmanship, making it difficult to simulate and automate. However, our system utilizes a controller-based interaction system to enable diverse users to interactively create articulated plasterwork in-situ. A customizable computational toolset converts human intentions into robotic motions while respecting robotic and material constraints. To accomplish this, we developed both an interactive computational model to translate the data from a motion-tracking system into robotic trajectories using design and editing tools as well as an audio-visual guidance system for in-situ projection. We then conducted two user-studies of designers and skilled workers who used IRoP to design and fabricate a full-scale demonstrator.
Structure and activities of a steroidal saponin from Chlorophytum nimonii (Grah) Dalz (2009)

A new steroidal saponin, chloragin (1), was isolated and characterised from the aerial part of Chlorophytum nimonii. The structure of chloragin (1) was established as tigogenin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-xyloopyranoside on the basis of detailed chemical and spectral evidence. The saponin showed potent antihyperglycaemic and antidyslipidaemic activities in albino rats.
THE IMPACT OF DEWATERING EQUIPMENT ON ODORANT PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED BIOSOLIDS (2003)

THE IMPACT OF DEWATERING EQUIPMENT ON ODORANT PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED BIOSOLIDSThis study was conducted to evaluate factors influencing odorant production from high-solids dewatering equipment. In an initial experiment, the headspace of a high-solids centrifuge dewatered cake sample was analyzed for methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, indole, skatole and p-cresol. It was found that the concentration of the volatile sulfur compounds were two orders of magnitude greater than the...Author(s)Sudhir MurthyMatthew HigginsYen-Chih ChenKevin CovertNicholas MaasWilliam ToffeySourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 5 - Residuals and Biosolids Management: Volume Reduction and Odor ControlDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2003ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20030101)2003:12L.579;1-DOI10.2175/193864703784755562Volume / Issue2003 / 12Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)579 - 591Copyright2003Word count369
Anodic biofilms as the interphase for electroactive bacterial growth on carbon veil (2016)

The structure and activity of electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) are usually investigated on flat electrodes. However, real world applications such as wastewater treatment and bioelectrosynthesis require tridimensional electrodes to increase surface area and facilitate EAB attachment. The structure and activity of thick EABs grown on high surface area electrodes are difficult to characterize with electrochemical and microscopy methods. Here, the authors adopt a stacked electrode configuration to simulate the high surface and the tridimensional structure of an electrode for large-scale EAB applications. Each layer of the stacked electrode is independently characterized using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and digital image processing. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm on stacked carbon veil electrodes is grown under constant oxidative potentials (0, +200, and +400 mV versus Ag/AgCl) until a stable current output is obtained. The textural, aerial, and volumetric parameters extracted from CLSM images allow tracking of the evolution of morphological properties within the stacked electrodes. The electrode layers facing the bulk liquid show higher biovolumes compared with the inner layer of the stack. The electrochemical performance of S. oneidensis MR-1 is directly linked to the overall biofilm volume as well as connectivity between cell clusters.
Modeling the Excess Cell Surface Stored in a Complex Morphology of Bleb-Like Protrusions (2016)

Cells transition from spread to rounded morphologies in diverse physiological contexts including mitosis and mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transitions. When these drastic shape changes occur rapidly, cell volume and surface area are approximately conserved. Consequently, the rounded cells are suddenly presented with a several-fold excess of cell surface whose area far exceeds that of a smooth sphere enclosing the cell volume. This excess is stored in a population of bleb-like protrusions (BLiPs), whose size distribution is shown by electron micrographs to be skewed. We introduce three complementary models of rounded cell morphologies with a prescribed excess surface area. A 2D Hamiltonian model provides a mechanistic description of how discrete attachment points between the cell surface and cortex together with surface bending energy can generate a morphology that satisfies a prescribed excess area and BLiP number density. A 3D random seed-and-growth model simulates efficient packing of BLiPs over a primary rounded shape, demonstrating a pathway for skewed BLiP size distributions that recapitulate 3D morphologies. Finally, a phase field model (2D and 3D) posits energy-based constitutive laws for the cell membrane, nematic F-actin cortex, interior cytosol, and external aqueous medium. The cell surface is equipped with a spontaneous curvature function, a proxy for the cell surface-cortex couple, that is a priori unknown, which the model "learns" from the thin section transmission electron micrograph image (2D) or the "seed and growth" model image (3D). Converged phase field simulations predict self-consistent amplitudes and spatial localization of pressure and stress throughout the cell for any posited stationary morphology target and cell compartment constitutive properties. The models form a general framework for future studies of cell morphological dynamics in a variety of biological contexts.
An improved active-clamp ZVS forward converter circuit (2008)

In order to achieve Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) easier for both primary switch and auxiliary switch in the active clamp forward converter, an improved active-clamp ZVS forward converter topology is proposed in this paper. Compared with the conventional active-clamp forward converter, the improved one with an auxiliary network which is consisted of a clamp capacitor and an inductor could easily achieve ZVS in full-load range. Therefore the circuit efficiency is increased by reducing the switching loss of the switches. The operation principles of the proposed converter circuit are analyzed in detail and the performance is compared with the conventional one. The design procedure and the experimental results are presented for a converter with a 230 V input; 14.4 V/10 A output. The experimental results match the theoretical analysis very well.
Recent Trends in Vending (1976)

The recent evolution in design and construction of food and beverage vending machines is discussed, with particular emphasis on machine features having health and safety importance. New types of equipment and future innovations are explored on the basis of presently available technology.
Physical Properties of p-Type Tin Monoxide Films Deposited at Low Temperature by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering (2011)

Physical Properties of p-Type Tin Monoxide Films Deposited at Low Temperature by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering, Toyama, Toshihiko, Seo, Yuichi, Konishi, Takafumi, Okamoto, Hiroaki, Tsutsumi, Yasuo
Synthesis and Properties of New Polyamides Based on Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylmethane (1999)

A new diamine, bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]diphenylmethane (BAPDM), bearing diphenylmethylene linkage was prepared starting from bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylmethane. The diamine was reacted with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids to obtain a series of new polyamides with moderate to high inherent viscosities of 0.65−0.97 dL g-1. Almost all of the polymers could be readily dissolved in NMP, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, m-cresol, pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, and cyclohexanone. All of the polymers were amorphous, and the polyamide films had a tensile strength range of 85−108 MPa. These polyamides had glass transition temperatures between 237 and 272 °C and 10% weight loss temperatures in the range 500−524 °C in nitrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal CH Insertion Reaction of an Aryl Nitrene into an Alkyl CH Bond. (1986)

Abstract (IV).
Immunocytochemical Localization of Factor VIII-related Antigen and Tubular Bodies (Weibel-Palade Bodies) in Blood Vessels of Human Gliomas (1985)

The authors have studied the distribution of factor Vi-related antigen (FVMR: Ag) using both immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic techniques with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixation and tubular bodies (Weibel-Palade bodies) in endothelial cells in 15 cases of gliomas and 3 samples of non-tumor brain tissue. Twelve glioblastoma, 1 ependymoma, 1 astrocytoma grade II, and 1 oligodendroglioma were evaluated. On FVIIIR: Ag study 7 non-filial tumors (2 metastatic tumor, 3 meningioma, 1 hemangioblastoma, and 1 chordoma) were compared with gliomas. FVIIIR: Ag was localized to the vascular lumen, to the intercellular spaces between endothelial cells (apparently without tight junctions), and to the endothelial cell basement membrane. In the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells FVIIIR: Ag was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, perinuclear space, intracytoplasmic vacuoles, vesicles, and luminal surfaces of endothelial cell membranes. Characteristic of malignant tumors (6 out of 7), especially in the cases having endothelial proliferation or hyperplasia, it was strongly-positive at the dilated endoplasmic reticulum, whereas only 1 of 5 benign tumors showed such staining. These findings suggest that FVfIR: Ag synthesis occurs more effectively in the endothelial cells of malignant tumors, such as glioblastoma. The tubular body (Weibel-Palade body) observed in the endothelial cells of the glioma vessels consisted of a membrane-limited round, oval or elongated intracytoplasmic body (about 0.1-0.2 μm) which contained tubules of 150-200 Å outer diameter. Tubular bodies were classified into two types. One of them, mature type, is relatively electron dense, the other, immature type, has a relatively pale matrix. The immature types were located in close proximity to the Golgi complex or endoplasmic reticulum. Tubular bodies were common only in the endothelial cells in the marginal zones of glioblastoma with respect to the increased microvessels. In the endothelial cells of glioblastoma they appeared more prominently consistent with neovascularity than with benign glioma. It is suggested that large numbers of tubular bodies may be a marker for proliferating endothelial cells.
Negative bias illumination stress assessment of indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (2015)

Abstract Electrical performance stability of indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is evaluated under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS). A bottom‐gate IGZO TFT whose top surface is passivated with zinc tin silicon oxide (ZTSO) exhibits a dramatic improvement in NBIS stability compared with that of an unpassivated, bottom‐gate IGZO TFT. Oxygen chemisorption/desorption at the channel layer top surface is proposed to explain why an unpassivated TFT exhibits significantly more NBIS than a passivated TFT.