gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation and MASH Full-Scale Crash Testing of the Practice of Raising Blockouts on W-Beam Rail Systems (2022)

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) clarifies appropriate height measures for W-beam guardrails. Identification of existing locations where rail height is lower than recommended by FHWA is common. A research study was conducted to investigate the crashworthiness of raising blockouts on posts to restore barrier height and provide clarification on implementation of such methodology. The researchers evaluated the crashworthiness of raising blockouts by conducting a full-scale Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Crash Test 3-11 of a 28-in. W-beam guardrail system with composite blockouts raised 4 in. on posts. The 28-in. W-beam guardrail system with raised composite blockouts contained and redirected the 2270P vehicle, and it performed acceptably for MASH Test 3-11. The results of this study include guidance on the procedure for raising blockout mounting height on steel posts to achieve recommended rail height for a W-beam guardrail.
2 SEMANTICS ANDPRAGMATICS (2013)

Semantics deals with the literal meaning of sentences. Pragmatics deals with what speakers mean by their utterances of sentences over and above what those sentences literally mean. However, it is not always clear where to draw the line. Natural languages contain many expressions that may be thought of both as contributing to literal meaning and as devices by which speakers signal what they mean. After characterizing the aims of semantics and pragmatics, this chapter will set out the issues concerning such devices and will propose a way of dividing the labor between semantics and pragmatics.
Development of a cooling control system for data centers utilizing indirect fresh air based on Model Predictive Control (2015)

In this paper, a cooling control system based on Model Predictive Control is developed in order to reduce energy consumption of the facility equipment for the modular data center utilizing indirect fresh air, while considering the relationship between energy savings and temperature management of servers. Furthermore, the developed cooling control system is applied to the actual modular data center utilizing indirect fresh air, and its practical effectiveness is verified by conducting a demonstration experiment. To develop the proposed control system, a dynamic mathematical model for the actual modular data center is designed, and the proposed control system is mounted on an existing management server. The control system is able to operate without using a separate hardware controller. As a result, it is revealed that the proposed control system reduces facility's total power consumption by about 49% compared to a conventional system under condition where the supply air flow rate is 20°C.
ChemInform Abstract: NO‐CO Activity and Selectivity Over a Pt10Rh90(111) Alloy Catalyst in the 10‐Torr Pressure Range. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
In vitro differentiation of T-cells capable of mediating the regression of established syngeneic tumors in mice. (1987)

Previous studies have shown that successful adoptive immunotherapy of a newly induced, weakly immunogenic murine sarcoma, MCA 105, can be achieved either with fresh noncultured immune spleen cells or with immune cells after in vitro stimulation and expansion. In this study, we utilized in vivo and in vitro depletions with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of T-cell subpopulations expressing the L3T4 or Lyt-2 antigens to investigate the phenotype of the T-cells that mediate in vivo tumor regression. The efficiency of depletion was assessed by flow microfluorometric analysis and by the ability of specifically treated spleen cell populations to generate allogeneic cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred fresh noncultured MCA 105 immune cells was abrogated by in vivo administration of either L3T4 or Lyt-2 mAb to mice bearing 3-day established pulmonary metastases. In vitro treatment of fresh noncultured MCA 105 immune cells with either L3T4 or Lyt-2 mAb and complement also abrogated their antitumor efficacy confirming the initial findings. However, mixing L3T4 and Lyt-2 mAb and complement-treated MCA 105 immune cells reconstituted the antitumor efficacy indicating that cellular cooperation between these two lymphoid subpopulations was essential for the regression of established tumors. Unlike fresh noncultured immune cells, the antitumor efficacy of in vitro sensitized and expanded immune cells was abrogated by in vivo treatment with Lyt-2 but not with L3T4 mAb indicating Lyt-2+ cells alone played a major role in mediating the regression of tumors. These findings provide evidence for an in vitro-induced differentiation of therapeutic T-lymphocytes. Our results thus suggest that the antitumor activities expressed by the two types of cells may represent T-cells at different stages of immunological differentiation.
Avian H7N9 influenza viruses are evolutionarily constrained by stochastic processes during replication and transmission in mammals (2022)

Abstract H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have caused over 1,500 documented human infections since emerging in 2013. Although wild type H7N9 AIV can transmit by respiratory droplets in ferrets, they have not yet caused widespread outbreaks in humans. Previous studies have revealed molecular determinants of H7N9 AIV virus host-switching, but little is known about potential evolutionary constraints on this process. Here we compare patterns of sequence evolution for H7N9 AIV and mammalian H1N1 viruses during replication and transmission in ferrets. We show that three main factors – purifying selection, stochasticity, and very narrow transmission bottlenecks – combine to severely constrain the ability of H7N9 AIV to effectively adapt to mammalian hosts in isolated, acute spillover events. We find rare evidence of natural selection favoring new or mammalian-adapting mutations within ferrets, but no evidence of natural selection acting during transmission. We conclude that human-adapted H7N9 viruses are unlikely to emerge during typical spillover infections. Our findings are instead consistent with a model in which the emergence of a human-transmissible virus would be a rare and unpredictable, though highly consequential, “jackpot” event. Strategies to limit the total number of spillover infections will limit opportunities for the virus to win this evolutionary lottery.
Effect of different parities on reproductive performance, birth intervals, and tail behavior in sows (2019)

A goal for swine farming is the improvement in the number of live-born and weaned piglets per <i>sow.</i> Hence, the effect of parities should consider the correlation between the component traits of reproductive performance, weaning, and duration. Sows were housed in farrowing pens (W 2.2 × D 1.8 × H 1.2 m) on a partially slatted plastic floor. Twenty sows used in this study were between the first and sixth parity in gilts (P1), parity 2-5 (P3), and parity 6-9 (P6). Data collection by parity was classified into three categories: (1) reproduction performance (gestation length, total number of piglets born, number of piglets live born, number of piglets stillborn, total piglet birth weight; (2) weaning traits (weaning period, number of piglets weaning, total piglets weaning weight); (3) duration traits (farrowing duration, placenta expulsion duration, time from last piglet to first placenta, average birth interval, and tail wagging behavior). Gestation length was higher in P6 than P1 and P3 of different parity sows. The maximum value in P1 and P3 was 117 days, but the median value in P6 was 117 days (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The total number of piglets born (<i>p</i> = 0.113), number of piglets live born (<i>p</i> = 0.118), number of still piglets born (<i>p</i> = 0.151), and total piglet birth weight (<i>p</i> = 0.117) were not affected by parity. The number of live piglets was higher than the other parities by an average of 15.6 ± 2.1 in P1. The duration of farrowing was the lowest at 22.2 min in P6, but the maximum value was 42.2 min more than other parities (<i>p</i> = 0.355). Weaning traits of sows also did not differ significantly (<i>p</i> > 0.05), but the weaning period from P1 was lower than that of the other parities (<i>p</i> = 0.170). The number of piglets weaned was 10 heads on average in P1, P3, and P6 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, the mean values of the total piglet weaning weight (<i>p</i> = 0.377) of P6 (62.0 10.4 kg) were higher than those of P1 (54.9 10.2 kg) and P3 (58.4 13.6 kg). The placenta expulsion duration was higher in P6 than that in P1 and P3 (<i>p</i> = 0.447). The time from the last piglet to first placenta was be lower in P3 than that of the other parities (<i>p</i> = 0.206). The average birth interval was higher in P3 than that of the other parities (<i>p</i> = 0.156). Tail wagging (count) behavior was higher in P6 than in the other parities (<i>p</i> = 0.065). The data showed that the reproduction performance, total piglets born, and weight were higher in the gilts group, and higher in the weaning trait than that in the P6 group. This study examined the relationship between reproductive performance, birth interval and tail motion according to sow parity. Regarding duration, farrowing duration was lower in P6 than that in the other parities, but placenta expulsion and tail wagging were higher in P6 than in the other parities. Therefore, it is possible that the results from these sows could be used as basic data for effective farm management.
Modeling and control of a six degree-of-freedom magnetic/fluidic motion control stage (1996)

In this paper we describe a six degree of freedom positioning stage for fine motion control. The stage achieves a 6 /spl sigma/ positioning noise of 0.3 nm at a 1 Hz measuring bandwidth and a controller bandwidth of 5 Hz. Total travel is within a cube of 100 /spl mu/m. The single moving element is immersed in oil, forming squeeze film dampers between itself and the frame. This design results in a highly overdamped and vibration resistant system. Twelve electromagnets provide the forces necessary to suspend and servo the platen while six capacitance probes sense the position. We perform all of the controls digitally, using a PC-based digital signal processing board. The controller performs two functions that are essential to achieving 0.3 nm positioning resolution. First, it uses a detailed model of the stage in a feedback linearization scheme that linearizes and decouples the degrees of freedom. Second, it uses a combination of a digital filter and an estimator to reduce the effect of measurement noise by about two orders of magnitude. The end result is a stage that is suitable for positioning a sample with better than atomic resolution. Envisioned applications of the stage include producing the scanning motions required in scanned probe microscopy or as a motion control stage for integrated circuit metrology.
Characterization of potent aroma compounds in Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Garland) using aroma extract dilution analysis (2004)

Abstract Volatile compounds of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Garland) from Korea were isolated and analysed by simultaneous distillation–extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. Myrcene (31.9%) was the most abundant compound, followed by α ‐bisabolol (16.5%), ( E , E )‐ α ‐farnesene (11.0%) and ( E )‐ β ‐farnesene (8.4%). Eighteen aroma‐active compounds were detected by aroma extract dilution analysis conducted on two GC columns with different polarities. ( Z )‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple), ( E )‐2‐hexenal (green/fruity), methional (boiled potato/roasty), myrcene (metallic/plastic), nonanal (green/waxy) and ( E , Z )‐2,6‐nonadienal (cucumber) showed high ﬂavour dilution factors of 3 3 –3 5 on both columns. Because no single characteristic impact compound represented the total aroma characteristics of C. coronarium , the aroma is considered to be determined by a combination of various aroma‐active compounds with different aroma properties. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Properties and Network Structure of Wheat Gluten Foams (2011)

This Article reports the influence of the protein network structure on the mechanical properties of foams produced from commercial wheat gluten using freeze-drying. Foams were produced from alkaline aqueous solutions at various gluten concentrations with or without glycerol, modified with bacterial cellulose nanosized fibers, or both. The results showed that 20 wt % glycerol was sufficient for plasticization, yielding foams with low modulus and high strain recovery. It was found that when fibers were mixed into the foams, a small but insignificant increase in elastic modulus was achieved, and the foam structure became more homogeneous. SEM indicated that the compatibility between the fibers and the matrix was good, with fibers acting as bridges in the cell walls. IR spectroscopy and SE-HPLC revealed a relatively low degree of aggregation, which was highest in the presence of glycerol. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed distinct differences in HMW-glutenin subunits and gliadin distributions for all of the different samples.
Integrating-sphere diffuser for wireless infrared communication (2000)

The application of an integrating sphere (IS) as a diffuser in a wireless infrared (IR) network is investigated. Going beyond the simplified analytical model, it is shown that ray-tracing simulations provide realistic data for the optical insertion loss, the transfer function and the far-field light distribution. As an example, a sphere diffuser for a 155 Mbit/s 16-PPM IR transmitter is investigated with an insertion loss of 0.66 dB, a cutoff frequency of 570 MHz and a 104° full width at half-maximum (FWHM) angle of the intensity distribution. The device has also been manufactured using a proprietary material and good agreement between simulation and experimental data is found. A method to increase the FWHM angle and some aspects of eye safety are discussed.
Very high coupling of TM polarised light in photonic crystal directional couplers (2005)

The experimental and simulated spectra for TE and TM polarised light for the transmission through photonic crystal directional couplers are presented. The 3D FDTD simulations successfully explain all the major features of the experimental spectra as well as the actual transmission level. Especially noteworthy is the transmission level, experimentally found to be above -3 dB in the wavelength range 1520-1690 nm, for TM polarised light in the coupled channel. It is noted that even though band calculations show that the propagation of the TM polarisation takes place below the TM valence band, very high and spectrally smooth coupling is observed for the TM polarisation in this wavelength range.
Left atrial vagal stimulation resulting in atrial fibrillation driven from the right atrium (2008)

Case Reports
A High efficiency, Current Injection Based Quantum-Well Phase Modulator Monolithically Integrated with a Tunable Laser for Coherent Systems (2006)

A monolithically integrated tunable laser and quantum-well phase modulator is demonstrated. Phase efficiency under forward bias is improved &gt;20dB at low frequencies compared with reverse bias. Bandwidths &gt;30 GHz are demonstrated in frequency modulation measurements.
Morphology and mechanical properties of binary triblock copolymer blends (2005)

Abstract The influence of the morphology on the mechanical properties of binary styrene–butadiene (SB) triblock copolymer blends of a thermoplastic block copolymer and a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with different molecular architectures was studied with bulk samples prepared from toluene. Both block copolymers contained SB random copolymer middle blocks, that is, the block sequence S–SB–S. The two miscible triblock copolymers were combined to create a TPE with increased tensile strength without a change in their elasticity. The changes in the equilibrium morphology of the miscible triblock copolymer blends as a function of the TPE content (lamellae, bicontinuous morphology, hexagonal cylinders, and worms) resulted in a novel morphology–property correlation: (1) the strain at break and Young's modulus of blends with about 20 wt % TPE were larger than those of the pure thermoplastic triblock copolymer; (2) at the transition from bicontinuous structures to hexagonal structures (∼35 wt % TPE), a change in the mechanical properties from thermoplastic to elastomeric was observed; and (3) in the full range of wormlike and hexagonal morphology (60–100 wt % TPE), elastomeric properties were observed, the strength greatly increasing and high‐strength elastomers resulting. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 429–438, 2005
Effect of thermomechanical treatment and microstructure on pseudo-elastic behavior of Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni-(V, C) shape memory alloy (2022)

This study systematically investigated the effects of heat and thermomechanical treatments on the pseudo-elastic behavior of an Fe-based shape-memory alloy (Fe–17Mn–5Si–10Cr–4Ni-1(V, C) %wt.). First, samples were solution-annealed at 1000 °C for 2 h and aged at 760 °C for 6 h. A thermomechanical treatment was then applied to the heat-treated samples. The microstructure and mechanical properties (i.e., 0.1% yield stress and pseudo-elasticity) were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and uniaxial tensile tests. The results showed that decreasing the grain size and precipitation of VCs resulted in an improved pseudo-elasticity. The thermomechanical treatment decreased the number of thermal twins and developed a [111] texture in the austenite phase, which reduced the critical stress for inducing martensite. The presence of VC precipitates and texture formation in the thermomechanical-treated samples increased the pseudo-elastic strain more than twofold from 0.4 to 0.98%.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Brain Tumor Resection (2008)

Functional MRI was accurate for localizing areas of eloquent neurologic function before ioMRI-guided brain tumor resection.
Species-dependent actions of the Goαb selective adenosine A 1 receptor agonist BnOCPA (2022)

Summary We have previously reported that in rat hippocampal area CA1, the A 1 R-selective agonist, BnOCPA, potently inhibited excitatory synaptic transmission but did not cause membrane hyperpolarisation in CA1 pyramidal neurons, as would be expected of A 1 R agonists. This functional discrimination by BnOCPA may arise from its ability, in cAMP inhibition assays, to selectively activate only Gob out of the six Gαi/o subtypes. This may explain why BnOCPA is a potent analgesic that does not cause sedation or cardiorespiratory depression in the rat. Since many preclinical studies are performed using mice, we have here investigated whether BnOCPA’s functional discrimination extends to the mouse. While the potency of BnOCPA against the inhibition of hippocampal synaptic transmission was comparable between rats and mice, we discovered that low concentrations of BnOCPA hyperpolarised mouse CA1 neurons and reduced both their input resistance and firing rate in an A 1 R-dependent manner. In interleaved experiments we confirmed our previous observations in the rat that concentrations of BnOCPA equivalent to those tested in the mouse had little or no effect on membrane potential or input resistance. Using NanoBRET binding we established that BnOCPA had similar affinity at the mouse and rat A 1 Rs, and displayed little difference in G protein coupling, as determined using the TRUPATH assay. Thus, although the mechanism for the loss of BnOCPA functional selectivity between pre- and postsynaptic receptors in the mouse hippocampus is currently unclear, it may stem from differences in expression of the individual G proteins subunits or the coupling to murine K + channels. Short summary We describe the differential actions of the selective A 1 R agonist BnOCPA in mouse vs rat hippocampus. In mice, BnOCPA does not show a selectivity between pre and postsynaptic A 1 Rs, unlike in rats. This may stem from differences in the G protein coupling to K + channels.
A technique for measuring the plane-wave reflection coefficient of the ocean bottom (1980)

A new technique for the measurement of the plane-wave reflection coefficient of a horizontally stratified ocean bottom is described. It is based on the exact Hankel transform relationship between the reflection coefficient and the bottom reflected field due to a point source. The method employs a new algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the Hankel transform which is based on the ’’projection-slice’’ theorem for the two-dimensional Fourier transform. The details of the algorithm are described in the companion paper. Although the algorithm is applied to the case of an isovelocity ocean, the general theory for measuring the plane-wave reflection coefficient in a refracting ocean is developed. The technique provides information about the reflection coefficient, not only for real incident angles, but also for complex angles, thus potentially providing substantial additional structural information about the bottom. The method is shown to yield excellent results with synthetically generated data for the cases of a hard bottom and slow isovelocity bottom.
Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Formation : Restorative Encoding Memory Integration Neural Device As a Cognitive Neural Prosthesis (2012)

Remind, which stands for "restorative encoding memory integration neural device," is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-sponsored program to construct the first-ever cognitive prosthesis to replace lost memory function and enhance the existing memory capacity in animals and, ultimately, in humans. Reaching this goal involves understanding something fundamental about the brain that has not been understood previously: how the brain internally codes memories. In developing a hippocampal prosthesis for the rat, we have been able to demonstrate a multiple-input, multiple- output (MIMO) nonlinear model that predicts in real time the spatiotemporal codes for specific memories required for correct performance on a standard learning/memory task, i.e., delayed-nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) memory. The MIMO model has been tested successfully in a number of contexts; most notably, in animals with a pharmacologically disabled hippocampus, we were able to reinstate long-term memories necessary for correct DNMS behavior by substituting a MIMO model-predicted code, delivered by electrical stimulation to the hippocampus through an array of electrodes, resulting in spatiotemporal hippocampal activity that is normally generated endogenously. We also have shown that delivering the same model-predicted code to electrode-implanted control animals with a normally functioning hippocampus substantially enhances animals memory capacity above control levels. These results in rodents have formed the basis for extending the MIMO model to nonhuman primates; this is now underway as the last step of the REMIND program before developing a MIMO-based cognitive prosthesis for humans.