gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New micellar morphologies from amphiphilic block copolymers: disks, toroids and bicontinuous micelles (2011)

This review discusses recent advances of the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers into novel micellar architectures in dilute solutions. The formation of multi-compartment, disk-like, toroidal and bicontinuous micelles and the macromolecular architectures that give rise to these morphologies are reviewed and discussed.
Morphology of Large ZSM-5 Crystals Unraveled by Fluorescence Microscopy (2008)

Understanding the internal structure of ZSM-5 crystallites is essential for improving catalyst performance. In this work, a combination of fluorescence microscopy, AFM, SEM, and optical observations is employed to study intergrowth phenomena and pore accessibility in a set of five ZSM-5 samples with different crystal morphologies. An amine-functionalized perylene dye is used to probe acid sites on the external crystal surface, while DAMPI (4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)- N-methylpyridinium iodide) is used to map access to the straight channels in MFI from the outer surface. The use of these dyes is validated by studying the well-understood rounded-boat type ZSM-5 crystals. Next coffin-shaped ZSM-5 crystals are considered; we critically evaluate the seemingly conflicting 2-component and 3-component models that have been proposed to account for the hourglass structure in these crystals. The data prove that observation of an hourglass structure is essentially unrelated to a 90 degree rotation of the pyramidal crystal components under the (010) face. Hence, in perfectly formed coffin-shaped crystals, the straight channels can be accessed from (010). However, in other crystal batches, sections with a 90 degrees rotation can be found; they are indeed located inside the crystal sections under (010) but often only partially occupy these pyramidal components. In such a case, both straight and sinusoidal pores surface at the hexagonal face. The results largely support the 3-component model, but with the added notion that 90 degree rotated sections (as proposed in the 2-component model) are most likely to be formed inside the defect-rich, pyramidal crystal sections under the (010) faces.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Selects for Lung Adenocarcinoma Stem Cells Dependent on Notch Signaling (2023)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Selects for Lung Adenocarcinoma Stem Cells Dependent on Notch Signaling
Cracking Open the Window for Strongly Interacting Massive Particles as the Halo Dark Matter (2001)

In the early 1990's, an analysis was completed by several theorists of the available mass/cross-section parameter space for unusual particle candidates to solve the dark matter problem, e.g. strongly interacting massive particles (SIMPs). This analysis found several unconstrained windows, such that for SIMP masses and cross-sections within these windows, SIMPs could still be the dominant dark matter in our Galactic halo. Since the early 1990's, some of these windows have been narrowed or closed, and some of these windows have been widened further by more careful analysis. We summarize the present state of the SIMP parameter space, and point to the cosmological salience of SIMPs as dark matter, given some of the present inadequacies of the WIMP solution to the dark matter problem.
Robust partially observable Markov decision process (2015)

We seek to find the robust policy that maximizes the expected cumulative reward for the worst case when a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) has uncertain parameters whose values are only known to be in a given region. We prove that the robust value function, which represents the expected cumulative reward that can be obtained with the robust policy, is convex with respect to the belief state. Based on the convexity, we design a value-iteration algorithm for finding the robust policy. We prove that our value iteration converges for an infinite horizon. We also design point-based value iteration for fining the robust policy more efficiency possibly with approximation. Numerical experiments show that our point-based value iteration can adequately find robust policies.
Abnormal Expression of Pancreatic Islet Exocytotic SolubleN-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptors in Goto-Kakizaki Rats Is Partially Restored by Phlorizin Treatment and Accentuated by High Glucose Treatment (2002)

The role of glucotoxicity in dysregulation of islet exocytotic soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex proteins and insulin response was explored in the hyperglycemic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat. Syntaxin-1A and vesicle-associated membrane protein isoform 2, which drive insulin granule exocytotic fusion, and the associated nSec1, which modulates the SNARE complex assembly, were diminished in GK pancreatic islets to approximately 40% of the levels in control Wistar rat islets. Phlorizin treatment (12 d) induced normoglycemic control in GK rats, resulting in partial restoration of the insulin response to glucose. Furthermore, islet SNARE complex and nSec1 proteins increased by about 40%. Phlorizin treatment did not affect levels of islet SNARE proteins in controls or on the same SNARE complex proteins in GK rat brain. To examine the role of hyperglycemia per se, GK and control rat islets were exposed for 5 d in culture to 5.5 and 16.7 mM glucose. High glucose treatment greatly increased the levels of synaptosomal-associated membrane protein of 25 kDa and, less markedly, the levels of syntaxin-1A and nSec1 in control islets more than in GK rat islets, whereas levels were reduced in both. This was accompanied by sustained impairment of the insulin response to glucose in GK islets and a normal response in control islets. Thus, GK islets demonstrate dysregulation of SNARE protein expression, and their compensatory increase by high glucose exposure is abrogated. Conversely, normoglycemic control results in partial replenishment of these critical components of the insulin exocytotic machinery and improvement in the insulin response. We propose that dysregulation of SNARE proteins is an important mechanism behind glucotoxicity-mediated impairment of the insulin response to glucose.
Effect of Director Distortions on Polymer-Liquid Crystal Phase Separation (2001)

We study photopolymerization in a low-molecular weight liquid crystal with non-uniform director gradients. Phase separation results in spatially non-uniform distribution of polymer density controlled by the distorted nematic matrix. Director-gradient-controlled polymerization provides a new and useful technique to assemble micron-scale polymer architectures.
Abstract representations as a basis for usable user interfaces (2004)

Journal Article Abstract representations as a basis for usable user interfaces Get access Shari Trewin, Shari Trewin ∗ aIBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 704, Yorktown, NY 10598, USA ∗Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-914-784-7616; fax: +1-914-784-7455 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gottfried Zimmermann, Gottfried Zimmermann bTrace Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gregg Vanderheiden Gregg Vanderheiden bTrace Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Interacting with Computers, Volume 16, Issue 3, June 2004, Pages 477–506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2004.04.005 Published: 04 May 2004
MODERN CHINA: A Companion to a Rising Power. (2001)

At the end of a century of political upheaval, there is worldwide speculation about the growing influence of China on the world political and economic stage in the near future. Interest in Chinese history and current affairs is growing apace. This companion to modern China aims to meet the need for information amongst businessmen, journalists, politicians and statesmen. It brings together historical insights, up-to-date statistics and analysis, and reasoned forecasts concerning the future. The story of modern China is recounted through an introductory essay, and is supported by an extensive list of 500 A-Z dictionary-style entries which form the body of the text. A concluding essay sketches out the options for China's future political, social and economic development.
Deep Learning in Medical Ultrasound—From Image Formation to Image Analysis (2020)

Over the past years, deep learning has established itself as a powerful tool across a broad spectrum of domains. While deep neural networks initially found nurture in the computer vision community, they have quickly spread over medical imaging applications, ranging from image analysis and interpretation to-more recently-image formation and reconstruction. Deep learning is now rapidly gaining attention in the ultrasound community, with many groups around the world exploring a wealth of opportunities to improve ultrasound imaging in several key aspects, ranging from beamforming and compressive sampling to speckle suppression, segmentation, and super-resolution imaging.
ChemInform Abstract: Cram Selectivity in the Reaction of 2‐Phenylpropanal with Alkyllithium Reagents: Myth and Reality. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
In vivo hormonal control of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression. Effects of glucagon, cyclic AMP, insulin, cortisone, and thyroid hormones on the dietary induction of mRNAs in the liver. (1984)

Using a cDNA probe complementary to rat L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs, we studied the respective roles of glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, glucagon, and insulin in the induction of specific mRNAs in the liver of animals refed either a maltose-rich or a fructose-rich diet. Neither adrenalectomized nor thyroidectomized nor diabetic animals could express L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs in their liver when refed the carbohydrate-rich diets. When the animals were given the missing hormone, the level of hybridizable mRNAs returned to normal values but administration of the hormone alone failed to induce mRNA synthesis in fasted animals. Both glucagon and cyclic AMP abolished the induction of L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs in refed animals. Exogenous insulin, whatever the dose, could not reverse the inhibitory action of glucagon. Insulin has usually been regarded as the main regulator of L-type pyruvate kinase gene expression. It appears now that glucagon, beside regulating the enzyme activity by phosphorylation mechanisms, may also modulate L-type pyruvate kinase synthesis at a pre-translational level. Consequently, our results show that three conditions are required for the synthesis of liver L-type pyruvate kinase mRNAs: (i) the presence of dietary carbohydrates, (ii) the cessation of glucagon release, and (iii) the presence of permissive hormones, including insulin.
Switching density analysis for power and reliability in VLSI circuits (1996)

Advances in integrated circuit fabrication and improved computer-aided-design tools have made it possible to design and fabricate multi-million transistor integrated circuits. With such a large number of devices in a single package, new design and analysis issues have emerged. The power consumption of these giga-scale integrated circuits becomes a serious concern for packaging, heat dissipation, and energy efficiency reasons. Reliability of such complex circuits also is a serious design concern since failure of a single transistor may induce functional failure of the entire circuit. In this thesis, four key issues relating to these problems are considered.
First, short-circuit power consumption is considered. We present a probabilistic algorithm for the analysis of short-circuit power in VLSI designs. This technique is used to assess the significance of short-circuit power consumption during power optimization. We also analyze short-circuit power in static CMOS gates, D flip-flops, multiplexors, and tri-state I/O pads.
Second, we consider the issue of guaranteeing the final accuracy of a simulation-based switching density estimate. We propose a set of stopping criteria for a specified final accuracy. Additionally, algorithms to estimate the number of required input patterns are proposed.
Third, we address the issue of estimating maximum current and power consumption through simulation. Order statistics are used to provide statistically improved estimates for these maxima. Results are presented which provide confidence intervals on the estimated maximum values and bound typical values for both current and power.
Finally, worst-case switching density is considered. Algorithms based on the concept of single-transition intervals (STIs) are presented which can bound the maximum switching density, and extensions based on gate functionality are proposed.
High-mobility enhancement-mode 4H SiC lateral nMOSFETs with atomic layer deposited Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> gate dielectric (2009)

In this study, MOSFETs were fabricated on CREE Si-face 4H SiC p-type epilayers on ntype substrates. An initial SiC sacrificial oxidation and etch was performed, after which device active areas were formed by implantation and anneal.
Image-guided neurosurgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital (2006)

In this article, we report efforts to integrate a number of state-of-the-art technologies for MRI-guided neurosurgery at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) in Boston. These include advanced intraoperative imaging, image registration, visualization, navigation, minimally invasive ablative therapies, and robotics. This is part of a multidisciplinary Image-Guided Therapy Program that comprises several key research thrusts, including the surgical planning laboratory, magnetic resonance therapy (MRT), focused ultrasound surgery, thermal ablation, and neurosurgery
Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons Encapsulated in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2011)

A novel material, graphene nanoribbons encapsulated in single-walled carbon nanotubes (GNR@SWNT), was synthesized using confined polymerization and fusion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. Formation of the GNR is possible due to confinement effects provided by the one-dimensional space inside nanotubes, which helps to align coronene or perylene molecules edge to edge to achieve dimerization and oligomerization of the molecules into long nanoribbons. Almost 100% filling of SWNT with GNR is achieved while nanoribbon length is limited only by the length of the encapsulating nanotube. The PAH fusion reaction provides a very simple and easily scalable method to synthesize GNR@SWNT in macroscopic amounts. First-principle simulations indicate that encapsulation of the GNRs is energetically favorable and that the electronic structure of the encapsulated GNRs is the same as for the free-standing ones, pointing to possible applications of the GNR@SWNT structures in photonics and nanoelectronics.
TGF-β/β2-spectrin/CTCF-regulated tumor suppression in human stem cell disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (2016)

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a human stem cell disorder, and individuals with this disease have a substantially increased risk (~800-fold) of developing tumors. Epigenetic silencing of β2-spectrin (β2SP, encoded by SPTBN1), a SMAD adaptor for TGF-β signaling, is causally associated with BWS; however, a role of TGF-β deficiency in BWS-associated neoplastic transformation is unexplored. Here, we have reported that double-heterozygous Sptbn1+/- Smad3+/- mice, which have defective TGF-β signaling, develop multiple tumors that are phenotypically similar to those of BWS patients. Moreover, tumorigenesis-associated genes IGF2 and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were overexpressed in fibroblasts from BWS patients and TGF-β-defective mice. We further determined that chromatin insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is TGF-β inducible and facilitates TGF-β-mediated repression of TERT transcription via interactions with β2SP and SMAD3. This regulation was abrogated in TGF-β-defective mice and BWS, resulting in TERT overexpression. Imprinting of the IGF2/H19 locus and the CDKN1C/KCNQ1 locus on chromosome 11p15.5 is mediated by CTCF, and this regulation is lost in BWS, leading to aberrant overexpression of growth-promoting genes. Therefore, we propose that loss of CTCF-dependent imprinting of tumor-promoting genes, such as IGF2 and TERT, results from a defective TGF-β pathway and is responsible at least in part for BWS-associated tumorigenesis as well as sporadic human cancers that are frequently associated with SPTBN1 and SMAD3 mutations.
Non-Denaturing Solubilization of Inclusion Bodies (2010)

It has been a conventional notion that cytoplasmic recombinant expression leads to either soluble protein or inclusion bodies. In the latter case, it was always assumed that proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs) are more or less unfolded and hence require complete denaturing condition for solubilization, which uses strong detergents, urea or guanidine hydrochloride. However, we often observe distribution of expressed proteins in both soluble and insoluble fractions. In such expression, IBs are often loose and of flocculate morphology. We believe that such distribution is due to association of near native structures of the expressed proteins, which cause either aggregation into insoluble fractions or unstable soluble proteins. In our experience, although not reported by others, interleukin-1alpha, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factors, fibroblast growth factors, His-tagged fyn kinase and many other proteins showed such behavior. If this occurs, we have experienced problems of instability, low yield and insolubility whether purification is done from the soluble fraction or by refolding of IBs. Arginine has shown great promise in non-denaturating solubilization of some of these proteins we have tested.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Anthraquinones. (1989)

Abstract The dimethoxyphenyloxazoline (I) is coupled with the benzylmagnesium chloride (II) to give the diphenylmethane (III).
Neutral RuII-Based Emitting Materials:  A Prototypical Study on Factors Governing Radiationless Transition in Phosphorescent Metal Complexes (2006)

In addition to the metal-centered dd transition that is widely accepted as a dominant radiationless decay channel, other factors may also play important roles in governing the loss of phosphorescence efficiency for heavy-transition-metal complexes. To conduct our investigation, we synthesized two dicarbonylruthenium complexes with formulas [Ru(CO)2(BQ)2] (1) and [Ru(CO)2(DBQ)2] (2), for which the cyclometalated ligands BQ and DBQ denote benzo[h]quinoline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline, respectively. Replacing one CO ligand with a P donor ligand such as PPh2Me and PPhMe2 caused one cyclometalated ligand to undergo a 180 degrees rotation around the central metal atom, giving highly luminous metal complexes [Ru(CO)L(BQ)2] and [Ru(CO)L(DBQ)2], where L = PPh2Me and PPhMe2 (3-6), with emission peaks lambda(max) in the range of 571-656 nm measured in the fluid state at room temperature. It is notable that the S0-T1 energy gap for both 1 and 2 is much higher than that of 3-6, but the corresponding phosphorescent spectral intensity is much weaker. Using these cyclometalated Ru metal complexes as a prototype, our experimental results and theoretical analysis draw attention to the fact that, for complexes 1 and 2, the weaker spin-orbit coupling present within these molecules reduces the T1-S0 interaction, from which the thermally activated radiationless deactivation may take place. This, in combination with the much smaller 3MLCT contribution than that observed in 3-6, rationalizes the lack of room-temperature emission for complexes 1 and 2.
Solid Catadioptric telephoto lens design with SMS method (2011)

Two new optical structures are designed using the Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) method, comprised of 2 reflecting surfaces and 2 refracting surfaces, 800mm focal length, f/8 (aperture diameter 100 mm) and 1.18<sup>0</sup> diagonal field of view in the SWIR band. The lens surfaces are rotational symmetric and calculated to have good control of non-paraxial rays. We have achieved designs with excellent performance, and with total system length of less than 60 mm.
Non-volatile iron carbonyls as versatile precursors for the synthesis of iron-containing nanoparticles (2017)

The most commonly used method for the formation of well-defined iron and iron-containing heterometallic nanoparticles is the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>). However, iron pentacarbonyl is highly toxic and volatile, which introduces safety concerns and drastically diminishes control over the reaction stoichiometry. Here we alleviate these issues by beginning with an easy-to-handle solid, triiron dodecacarbonyl (Fe<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub>). The issue of poor solubility of this cluster is addressed by its reaction with amine, which renders the cluster fully soluble in common high boiling point solvents. This reaction generates non-volatile anionic iron carbonyl species in solution which are subsequently used as the nanoparticle precursor. We demonstrate that the thermolysis of this novel precursor solution yields well-defined Fe, Fe<sub>1-x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>, and Fe<sub>1-x</sub>Pt<sub>x</sub> nanoparticles. In addition, the same approach overcomes the solubility issue of another poorly soluble iron carbonyl compound, diiron nonacarbonyl (Fe<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>9</sub>). By using these precursors in an array of nanoparticle-forming reactions, we demonstrate a convenient replacement for the commonly used Fe(CO)<sub>5</sub>, producing particles of similar quality, but without the drawbacks of the precursor volatility and high toxicity.
Examining the Role of Neutrophils in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection (168.26) (2012)

Abstract The inflammatory process in the respiratory tracts of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected infants is not well characterized. Respiratory syncytial virus infects bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in epithelial activation and damage and an increased neutrophil response. However, the role of neutrophils in RSV pathogenesis is not known. To examine their role, we used a monoclonal antibody to Ly6G to deplete neutrophils in BALB/c mice infected with an RSV clinical isolate. Mice were then examined for weight loss, viral load, cytokine production, mucus production, and lung pathology. Administration of anti-Ly6G resulted in depletion of neutrophils from RSV-infected mice in blood and lungs. Neutrophil-depleted, RSV-infected animals lost more weight than infected isotype-control treated animals. There was, however, no significant effect on viral load. Neutrophil-depleted, RSV-infected mice produced less mucin than isotype-treated, RSV-infected mice. Neutrophil depletion during RSV infection also resulted in decreased TNF-α, IL-13, IL-4 and MIP-1α levels in the lung. Neutrophil depletion during RSV infection resulted in greater bronchiolar and alveolar edema, perivascular cuffing, alveolar hemorrhage, and vasculitis compared to control-treated, RSV-infected mice. This data shows that neutrophils play a major immune modulation role in RSV infection, promoting TH2 cytokine expression and airway mucus expression but also protecting against lung damage and disease severity.
A Practical Radical Based Access to Functionalised Geminal Bisphosphonates (2003)

International audience