gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Plasma Characteristics and Ion Beam Extraction for a Micro RF Ion Thruster (2014)

Two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell simulations with a Monte Carlo collision algorithm, external circuit analysis, and measurements of plasma densities and ion beam currents have been conducted for a micro RF ion thruster. The plasma source of the thruster is 5.0 mm in radius and 10 mm in length with a five-turn helical coil around a cylindrical quartz chamber, where the plasma is generated at low RF powers (< 10 W). The numerical results have indicated that high RF frequencies (> 100 MHz) lead to a high coupling efficiency between the RF power and the plasma, although too high RF frequencies (> 300 MHz) degrade the efficiency. The optimum gas flow rate for ion beam extraction is determined to be 10 μg/s. These results are qualitatively in good agreement with the experimental results, which validates our numerical model, and thus the model would be useful to estimate the performance of the micro RF ion thruster.
Chromosome 3p allele loss in early invasive breast cancer: detailed mapping and association with clinicopathological features (2001)

This is the largest study to date defining the extent and range of 3p allelic losses in early stage invasive breast cancer and the results indicate that region 3p21-22 containing LCTSGR1 and a region at 3p12 within LCTSGR2 are the most frequent sites of 3p allelic loss in these breast carcinomas. This suggests that tumour suppressor genes located in these regions may play important roles in the development of breast cancer. There was an association between increasing 3p allelic loss and increasing tumour grade and loss of progesterone (p = 0.0098) and oestrogen (p = 0.0472) receptor expression, indicating a link between 3p allelic loss and the regulation of differentiation.
Design and implementation of an ultra high precision parametric mismatch measurement system (2005)

Design and implementation of an ultra high precision parametric mismatch measurement system
<title>Alkali metal ion monitoring and reduction in dielectric oxides</title> (1997)

Alkali contamination in dielectric oxides has been a critical issue during the shrinking of integrated circuit devices. Identification and monitoring of ionic contamination is typically done with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Improvements in the sampling procedure and analysis of the SIMS data was accomplished during this study. The identification of tools, processes, or materials that cause the ionic contamination and the resultant corrective actions to effectively lower the contamination in the circuit was done, and an improvement of over 3 orders of magnitude was accomplished. An ionic contamination reduction technique that can be done following an analysis of mobile ion concentration and location on, or within, the dielectric oxide films is discussed. Characterization of the clean process parameters that contributes to contamination removal was done, as well as particle and defectivity reduction by process and equipment optimization.
A Probabilistic Approach to Identifying the Number of Frequency Hoppers for Spectrum Sensing (2009)

Characterizing the number and type of transmitters occupying a given frequency band is a critical aspect of spectrum sensing specifically and cognitive radio generally. We present an analytical framework based on probability to identify the number of frequency hopping transmitters of one specific type in a band of interest, and show that the probability mass functions associated with the different potential number of transmitters quickly becomes Gaussian as the number of channel observations increases. Simulation results confirm that the approach can lead with high probability to a correct decision regarding the number of interferers. Thus, the methods here can serve as a valuable complement to other spectrum sensing approaches.
Millimeter-Wave Generation via Plasma Three-Wave Mixing (1988)

Abstract : Plasma three-wave mixing is a collective phenomena whereby electron- beam-driven electron plasma waves (EPWs) are nonlinearly coupled to an electromagnetic radiation field. The basic physics of three-wave mixing in the millimeter- wave regime will establish the scaling of millimeter-wave characteristics with beam and plasma parameters. Two counterinjected electron beams are used in a plasma loaded circular waveguide to drive counterpropagating EPWs. The nonlinear coupling of these waves generates an EM waveguide mode, oscillating at twice the plasma frequency, is coupled out into rectangular waveguides. Independent control of the waveguide plasma, beam voltage, and beam current allows a careful parametric investigation of beam transport, EPW dynamics. The beam plasma experiment, which employs a wire anode discharge to generate high density plasma in a 3.8-cm diameter waveguide, has been used to generate radiation from 7 to 60 GHz. Two cold cathode, secondary emission electron guns (<90 kV, and <6.5 A) are used to excite the EPWs. Output radiation is observed only when both beams are injected, and the total beam current exceeds a threshold value of 3 A. The threshold is related to the self magnetic pinch of each beam which increases the beam density and growth rate of the EPWs. Above the threshold current, the millimeter wave power scales nonlinearly with beam current up to peak values of 8 kW, which represents a peak beam power conversion efficiency of 4% and a conversion efficiency of about 0.4% when averaged over the envelope of the amplitude modulated millimeter wave pulse. The millimeter wave frequency scales as the square root of the discharge current and equals twice the plasma frequency of the waveguide plasma.
Multiharmonic Correlations of Different Flow Amplitudes in Pb-Pb Collisions at sNN=2.76  TeV (2021)

The event-by-event correlations between three flow amplitudes are measured for the first time in Pb-Pb collisions, using higher-order symmetric cumulants. We find that different three-harmonic correlations develop during the collective evolution of the medium when compared to correlations that exist in the initial state. These new results cannot be interpreted in terms of previous lower-order flow measurements since contributions from two-harmonic correlations are explicitly removed in the new observables. A comparison to Monte Carlo simulations provides new and independent constraints for the initial conditions and system properties of nuclear matter created in heavy-ion collisions.
A 4-Channel, 7 ns-Delay Tuning Range, 400 fs-Step, 1.8 ps RMS Jitter, Delay Generator Implemented in a 180 nm CMOS Technology (2020)

This paper discloses the integration, in a 180 nm CMOS technology, of a 4-channel delay generator dedicated to synchronization down to a few ps. The delay generation principle relies on the linear charge of a capacitor triggered by the input pulse. The output pulse generation occurs when the capacitor voltage exceeds a threshold voltage. The delay full scale is automatically set to match the period of the master clock, ranging from 5-7 ns, with the help of an embedded calibration circuit. The delay value is controlled with the help of a 14-bit DAC setting the threshold voltage, which leads to a 400 fs delay step. Among other features, the chip embeds a combination mode of either 2 or 4 channels to output narrow width pulses. The chip is fully compliant with LVDS, LVPECL and CML differential input pulses and outputs LVPECL pulses. The chip has been fully characterized over temperature (0 to 60 °C) and supply voltage (± 10%). The chip is compliant with pulse repetition frequencies up to 20 MHz. The measured INL is 100 LSB and the RMS jitter is 1.8 ps. The power consumption has been measured to 350 mW for 4 active channels.
Development of a Spontaneous HPV16 E6/E7-Expressing Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice (2022)

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a growing global health problem. HPV16 has been attributed to a majority of HPV-associated HNSCCs. In order to test candidate immunotherapies, we developed a spontaneous HPV16-driven HNSCC model in HLA-A2 (AAD) transgenic mice. We sought to eliminate the confounding effects of dominant HPV antigen presentation through murine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) via epitope mutagenesis (without compromising tumorigenicity). We generated HPV16 E6(R55K)(delK75) and E7(N53S) expression constructs with mutations in known dominant H-2D<sup>b</sup> epitopes and characterized their presentation through murine and human MHC-I molecules using <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> activation of HPV16 E6/E7 antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. In addition, we tested the ability of E6(R55K)(delK75) and E7(N53S) for oncogenicity. The mutated E7(N53S) abolished the presentation of murine H-2D<sup>b</sup>-restricted HPV16 E7 peptide (i.e., amino acids [aa] 49 to 57) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope and resulted in HLA-A2-restricted presentation of the HPV16 E7 (aa 11 to 20)-specific CTL epitope. The mutated E6(R55K)(delK75) abolished the activation of murine MHC-I-restricted E6-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated immune responses in C57BL/6 mice. In addition, the vaccination led to the activation of human HLA-A2-restricted E6-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell-mediated immune responses in HLA-A2 (AAD) transgenic mice. Injection of DNA plasmids encoding LucE7(N53S)E6(R55K)(delK75), AKT, c-Myc, and SB100 followed by electroporation results in development of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral/pharyngeal cavity of all of the HLA-A2 (AAD) transgenic mice (5/5), with 2/5 tumor-bearing mice developing metastatic carcinoma in the neck lymph nodes. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Our data indicate that mutated HPV16 E6(R55K)(delK75) and mutated HPV16 E7(N53S) DNA abolishes the presentation of HPV16 E6 and E7 through murine MHC-I and results in their presentation through human HLA-A2 molecules. Additionally, the mutated HPV16 E6 and E7 remain oncogenic. Our approach is potentially applicable to different human MHC-I transgenic mice for the identification of human MHC-I restricted HPV16 E6/E7-specific CTL epitopes as well as the generation of spontaneous HPV E6/E7-expressing oral/pharyngeal carcinoma.
Prevention effect of rare ginsenosides against stress-hormone induced MTOC amplification (2016)

Stress has been suggested as one of important cause of human cancer without molecular biological evidence. Thus, we test the effect of stress-related hormones on cell viability and mitotic fidelity. Similarly to estrogen, stress hormone cortisol and its relative cortisone increase microtubule organizing center (MTOC) number through elevated expression of γ-tubulin and provide the Taxol resistance to human cancer cell lines. However, these effects are achieved by glucocorticoid hormone receptor (GR) but not by estrogen receptor (ER). Since ginsenosides possess steroid-like structure, we hypothesized that it would block the stress or estrogen-induced MTOC amplification and Taxol resistance. Among tested chemicals, rare ginsenoside, CSH1 (Rg6) shows obvious effect on inhibition of MTOC amplification, γ-tubulin induction and Taxol resistance. Comparing to Fulvestant (FST), ER-α specific inhibitor, this chemical can block the cortisol/cortisone-induced MTOC deregulation as well as ER-α signaling. Our results suggest that stress hormone induced tumorigenesis would be achieved by MTOC amplification, and CSH1 would be useful for prevention of stress-hormone or steroid hormone-induced chromosomal instability.
Thermal stability of photovoltaic a-Si:H determined by neutron reflectometry (2014)

Neutron and X-ray reflectometry were used to determine the layer structure and hydrogen content of thin films of amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) deposited onto crystalline silicon (Si) wafers for surface passivation in solar cells. The combination of these two reflectometry techniques is well suited for non-destructive probing of the structure of a-Si:H due to being able to probe buried interfaces and having sub-nanometer resolution. Neutron reflectometry is also unique in its ability to allow determination of density gradients of light elements such as hydrogen (H). The neutron scattering contrast between Si and H is strong, making it possible to determine the H concentration in the deposited a-Si:H. In order to correlate the surface passivation properties supplied by the a-Si:H thin films, as quantified by obtainable effective minority carrier lifetime, photoconductance measurements were also performed. It is shown that the minority carrier lifetime falls sharply when H has been desorbed from a-Si:H by annealing.
Invasive Characteristics of Neural Crest Cells In Vitro (1987)

An investigation of the invasiveness of avian neural crest cells and neural crest-derived melanocytes through a human amniotic basement membrane (BM) was undertaken. Avian neural tube explants or derived melanocyte populations were seeded directly onto BMs in membrane invasion culture system (MICS) chambers for periods of 24, 48, and 72 h. In 36 experimental trials for each group, neither neural crest nor neural crest-derived melanocytes were observed to have invaded the BMs. In concert with these studies, coculturing of B16F10 murine melanoma cells with avian neural crest-derived melanocytes was performed in MICS chambers. Under these experimental conditions, the neural crest-derived melanocytes were able to successfully invade the BMs and to a greater extent than the B16F10 tumor cells. These data suggest that neural crest cells and neural crest-derived melanocytes do not have the ability to invade the BM alone; however, they can be induced to be invasive when cocultured in the presence of B16F10 cells. Alternatively, the B16F10 cells may create weaknesses within the BM that facilitate migration of the pigmented crest cells.
The U.S. Patent System (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: What is a Patent? Why Should You File A Patent?
A search for a model of experimental atherosclerosis: comparative studies in rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. (1985)

Rabbits, guinea pigs and rats received for 3 months a high lipid diet containing coconut oil and cholesterol, separately or in combination. The blood lipid content was assayed. Lipoproteins were separated into fractions by agarose electrophoresis. The aorta, heart and liver were investigated macro- and microscopically. The most pronounced changes in lipid metabolism appeared as a consequence of combined administration of coconut oil and cholesterol; they were most expressed in rabbits, less in guinea pigs, and most weakly in rats. Typical atherosclerotic lesions were observed only in rabbit's aorta. They were accompanied by a marked depression of the percentage content of alpha-lipoproteins in blood serum.
Corrigendum: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 in Chinese Hospital Workers: Reliability, Latent Structure, and Measurement Invariance Across Genders (2020)

In the published article, there was an error in affiliation **3**. Instead of “** Tao Xiao3* **”, it should be “** Tao Xiao2* **”. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.
HyperLogLog Sketch Acceleration on FPGA (2020)

Data sketches are a set of widely used approximated data summarizing techniques. Their fundamental property is sub-linear memory complexity on the input cardinality, an important aspect when processing streams or data sets with a vast base domain such as URLs, IP addresses, user IDs, etc. Among the many data sketches available, HyperLogLog has become the reference for cardinality counting i.e., how many distinct data items there are in a data set. Although it does not count every data item but provides probabilistic guarantees on the result thereby reducing its memory footprint, and the result is often used to analyze data streams. In this paper, we explore how to implement HyperLogLog on an FPGA to benefit from the parallelism available and the ability to process data streams coming from high-speed networks. Our multi-pipelined high-cardinality HyperLogLog implementation delivers 1.8x higher throughput than the best-optimized multi-thread HyperLogLog running on a dual-socket Intel Xeon E5-2630 v3 system with a total of 16 cores and 32 hyper-threads.
Characteristics of respiratory viral infections during influenza season in Canadian Hutterite Communities (2012)

Please cite this paper as : Kim et al. (2012) Characteristics of respiratory viral infections during influenza season in Canadian Hutterite Communities. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/irv.12021. Objectives: To determined the pathogen‐specific incidence of respiratory virus infection in Hutterite communities occurring over the 2008–2009 influenza season and assess temporal characteristics of respiratory illness related to infection. Methods: 3273 participants community members enrolled in a cluster randomized trial of influenza vaccine were studied. Results: One hundred forty‐nine participants had laboratory‐confirmed influenza, and 595 had at least one episode of laboratory‐confirmed respiratory viral infection other than influenza. Entero/rhinovirus had the highest incidence among children &lt;5 years. Conclusions: A decline in the incidence of infections with age was observed for influenza as well as for most other respiratory viruses.
Ciguatoxin Detection Methods and High‐Throughput Assays (2017)

Ciguatera, the most common form of ichthyosarcotoxism, is caused by consumption of fish contaminated with heat-stable polycyclic neurotoxins known as ciguatoxins. Although ciguatera affects at least 50,000 people annually and is a serious public health concern, no effective treatments are available. Thus, identification of ciguatoxic fish and avoidance of consumption remain key to reducing the impact of ciguatera without restricting essential dietary sources of fish protein. However, while significant advances in detection and quantification of ciguatoxins have been made, no single assay is available currently that can detect ciguatoxins in a rapid, quantitative and highly sensitive manner. Here we review and summarise the pharmacology of ciguatoxins and outline the advantages and disadvantages of in vivo assays, antibody-based assays, receptor binding assays, functional and cell-based assays, as well as mass spectrometry for detection and quantification of ciguatoxins.
Semisynthesis and Characterization of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase (2006)

Thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin constitute the cellular thioredoxin system, which provides reducing equivalents to numerous intracellular target disulfides. Mammalian thioredoxin reductase contains the rare amino acid selenocysteine. Known as the "21st" amino acid, selenocysteine is inserted into proteins by recoding UGA stop codons. Some model eukaryotic organisms lack the ability to insert selenocysteine, and prokaryotes have a recoding apparatus different from that of eukaryotes, thus making heterologous expression of mammalian selenoproteins difficult. Here, we present a semisynthetic method for preparing mammalian thioredoxin reductase. This method produces the first 487 amino acids of mouse thioredoxin reductase-3 as an intein fusion protein in Escherichia coli cells. The missing C-terminal tripeptide containing selenocysteine is then ligated to the thioester-tagged protein by expressed protein ligation. The semisynthetic version of thioredoxin reductase that we produce in this manner has k(cat) values ranging from 1500 to 2220 min(-)(1) toward thioredoxin and has strong peroxidase activity, indicating a functional form of the enzyme. We produced the semisynthetic thioredoxin reductase with a total yield of 24 mg from 6 L of E. coli culture (4 mg/L). This method allows production of a fully functional, semisynthetic selenoenzyme that is amenable to structure-function studies. A second semisynthetic system is also reported that makes use of peptide complementation to produce a partially active enzyme. The results of our peptide complementation studies reveal that a tetrapeptide that cannot ligate to the enzyme (Ac-Gly-Cys-Sec-Gly) can form a noncovalent complex with the truncated enzyme to form a weak complex. This noncovalent peptide-enzyme complex has 350-500-fold lower activity than the semisynthetic enzyme produced by peptide ligation.
Phase Noise Robust Terahertz Communications (2022)

Terahertz (THz) communications is envisaged as one of the key enablers for beyond fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks because of its massive bandwidth opportunities. However, wireless transmission at such high frequencies comes with its own challenges, including the increased power consumption and hardware complexity, the challenging task of channel estimation, as well as the strong impact of phase noise (PN). In this work, we consider coherent and noncoherent transmission techniques based on spatial modulation (SM) for the THz channel with PN impairments. SM schemes carry part of the information by the baseband modulated symbols and part by the used antenna or subarray index. Our investigations show that the index detection in the SM chain remains robust against the strong PN impairment, unlike the symbol detection which deteriorates as the modulation order increases. The robustness of index detection under PN coupled with low modulation order renders SM an attractive candidate for THz communications. Under strong PN, space-shift keying (SSK) schemes, i.e., SM schemes which solely transmit index information, are preferable.
Improving cellular function through modulation of energy metabolism (2004)

The ambivalent consequences of mitochondrial stimulation on cellular activity have been well established. Mitochondria supply the cell with energy through a process of oxidative phosphorylation but thereby generate free radicals, resulting in the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cytoplasm. We have investigated the impact of cellular senescence as well as UV irradiation, on the balance between these two activities. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, DNA and protein synthesis in fibroblasts obtained from donors between 30 and 90 years of age appeared to be significantly influenced by the aging process. Both DNA and protein synthesis could be stimulated by increasing intracellular ATP levels. In‐vitro senescent fibroblasts showed a reduction in the level of ATP as well as a shift in mitochondrial membrane potential. At the same time, there was an increase in intracellular hydrogen peroxide with increasing population doubling, indicating a clear dysfunction of the metabolic machinery in the mitochondria of senescent cells. To counteract this degradation of the energy pool, we treated cells with creatine, which is known to restore the pool of phosphocreatine in the mitochondria. Creatine treatment significantly increased cell survival after UV exposure, stimulated the repair of UVB‐induced DNA damage in keratinocytes and caused a significant reduction in the number of sunburn cells in a UVB‐exposed reconstituted skin model. These results clearly indicate that restoration of the energy pool in mitochondria increased cellular self‐defense mechanism. These data show the important role played by the mitochondrial energy metabolism on the aging process, and indicate a possible therapy that can be used to counteract this negative effect. Treatment with creatine seems to provide the necessary boost to the cellular metabolism, which leads to an induction of a significant amount of protection and repair to human skin cells.