gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron Rich Triarylphosphines as Nucleophilic Catalysts for Oxa-Michael Reactions (2021)

Herein, we study the activity of methoxysubstituted arylphosphines (4-methoxy-phenyl)diphenylphosphine (MMTPP) and tris(4-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMTPP) in catalyzing oxa-Michael additions in comparison to commonly used triphenylphosphine (TPP). Acrylonitrile, acryl amide and divinyl sulfone are used as Michael acceptors and propargyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, n-propanol and i-propanol are assessed as Michael donors. In many cases, catalyst loadings of only 1 mol% in respect to the Michael acceptor are sufficient to provide full conversion towards the Michael adduct in 24 h at room temperature. Generally, TMTPP is the most active catalyst in all cases. The experimental activity trend was rationalized by calculating the Michael acceptor affinities of all phosphine – Michael acceptor combinations. Besides this parameter, the acidity of the alcohol has a strong impact on the reaction speed. The oxidation stability of the phosphines was evaluated and electron richest TMTPP was found to be only slightly more sensitive to oxidation than TPP. Finally, the catalysts were employed in the oxa-Michael polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. With TMTPP polymers characterized by number average molar masses of about 1200 g/mol at room temperature are accessible. Polymerizations carried out at 80 °C resulted in macromolecules containing a considerable share of Rauhut-Currier type repeat units and consequently lower molar masses were obtained.
Development of stand-alone germanium solar cells for application in space using spin-on diffusants (2003)

The development of stand-alone germanium solar cells is essential for application of this type of cell in highly efficient mechanically stacked solar cells and in Thermo Photo-Voltaic (TPV) systems. Up to now the highest efficiency reported for this type of cell is 6.4 percent (AM0). Simulations show that in order to obtain high efficiencies it is essential to create a shallow emitter and sufficiently passivate the front and back surfaces. The research presented in this paper makes use of a cheap and easy cell process using a spin-on diffusant source to realise the emitter. Passivation of the front surface is obtained by applying amorphous silicon deposited by PECVD. An innovative process is used to create the contact with the emitter through the passivating layer. As a result a cell efficiency of 6.7 percent (AM1.5) is obtained.
Modelling a Fuzzy Time System (1993)

We analyze the DEC fuzzy time technique (Hu [HU]) for both a single computer system and a network of hosts. Specifically, we investigate covert channels in a model of a fuzzy time system and in a network model of n fuzzy time hosts and one nonfuzzy t
Resident cardiac mast cells contribute to ischemia‐reperfusion injury in the isolated, perfused mouse heart (2008)

Studies show that resident cardiac mast cells (MCs) play an injurious role in various cardiac pathologies. We hypothesize that MC degranulation contributes to ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury, and that an adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A AR) agonist would limit infarct size (IS) by inhibiting MC degranulation. Isolated mouse hearts were subjected to 30 minutes ischemia and 30 minutes reperfusion. Either vehicle or 100 nM ATL146e (a specific A 2A AR agonist; gift from Jayson Rieger, Adenosine Therapeutics, LLC) was infused throughout reperfusion. Coronary effluent was assayed for tryptase activity and hearts were TTC stained to determine IS. Vehicle‐treated hearts had an average IS of 38±2 % area at risk whereas ATL146e treatment decreased IS to 24±2% (P&lt;0.05). Also, tryptase release was significantly less in ATL146e‐ versus vehicle‐treated hearts at several time points during reperfusion. Studies were repeated in A 2A AR KO mice and ATL146e had no effect on IS or tryptase release. Mice with genetic MC deficiency were protected in the vehicle‐treated state (16±3% IS), and ATL146e treatment provided no additional benefit (11±3% IS). These findings support the hypothesis that degranulation of MCs contributes to I/R‐mediated cardiac damage and cardiac MC degranulation can be inhibited by A 2A AR activation and attenuate I/R injury. Support provided by NIH grant R01‐HL37942. THR is an AHA postdoctoral fellow (0725488U).
Direct induction of T lymphocyte-specific gene expression by the mammalian Notch signaling pathway (2002)

The Notch signaling pathway regulates the commitment and early development of T lymphocytes. We studied Notch-mediated induction of the pre-T cell receptor alpha (pTa) gene, a T-cell-specific transcriptional target of Notch. The pTa enhancer was activated by Notch signaling and contained binding sites for its nuclear effector, CSL. Mutation of the CSL-binding sites abolished enhancer induction by Notch and delayed the up-regulation of pTa transgene expression during T cell lineage commitment. These results show a direct mechanism of stage- and tissue-specific gene induction by the mammalian Notch/CSL signaling pathway.
Immunosuppression in homosexual men seronegative for HTLV-III. (1985)

Clinical, microbiological, and lifestyle patterns in homosexual men showing in vitro immunological abnormalities were studied and related to the susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. In a cohort of male homosexual volunteers in Finland, 90% were HTLV-III antibody negative. Ten % of the HTLV-III negative cases showed decreased T-helper/suppressor cell ratios, mostly due to elevated numbers of T-suppressor cells. In this immunosuppressed group, more signs of diarrhea, intestinal giardiasis, genital warts, and hepatitis B were observed than in the other HTLV-III antibody-negative study subjects. The type of sexual practice was not associated with the in vitro immune abnormalities. During a follow-up of up to 16 months, 4 initially HTLV-III antibody negative cases showed seroconversion. Three of these had inverted T-helper/suppressor cell ratios prior to the seroconversion. It is concluded that persons showing in vitro immunosuppression are more susceptible to HTLV-III infection when being exposed to the virus or else alteration in T-cell subsets signals a pre-antibody-positive or early phase of HTLV-III infection.
A novel coaxial tube catheter for central nervous system infusions: performance characteristics in brain phantom gel (2010)

We tested a novel neurocatheter in a brain-tissue gel model of drug infusion via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for the treatment of a variety of neurological diseases. CED is an alternative to systemic administration of agents by intravenous or oral routes, which are often less effective or carry risk of systemic side effects. We investigated two co-axial tube devices, with outer diameters of 1.6 mm and 2.0 mm. Bromophenol blue dye was infused into 400 ml of 0.6% agarose gel at 1 μl/min for 1 h, with/without the inner and outer tubes Luer-locked at the proximal end, with/without the inner tube primed, and with/without the inner tube preloaded into the outer tube upon insertion into the gel. The unlocked, primed, and unloaded configuration produced infusions that resulted in significantly less (p < 0.05) entrapped air escaping into the gel and resulted in no reflux of infusate.
Abstract 1028: Patient-derived xenografts undergo mouse-specific tumor evolution (2018)

Abstract Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have become a prominent cancer model system, as they are presumed to faithfully represent the genomic features of primary tumors. Here we monitored the dynamics of copy number alterations (CNAs) in 1,110 PDX samples across 24 cancer types. We observed rapid accumulation of CNAs during PDX passaging, often due to selection of pre-existing minor clones. CNA acquisition in PDXs was correlated with the tissue-specific levels of aneuploidy and genetic heterogeneity observed in primary tumors. However, the particular CNAs acquired during PDX passaging differed from those acquired during tumor evolution in patients. Several CNAs recurrently observed in primary tumors gradually disappeared in PDXs, indicating that events undergoing positive selection in humans can become dispensable during propagation in mice. Importantly, the genomic stability of PDXs was associated with their response to chemotherapy and targeted drugs. These findings have important implications for PDX-based modeling of human cancer. Citation Format: Uri Ben-David, Gavin Ha, Yuen-Yi Tseng, Noah F. Greenwald, Coyin Oh, Juliann Shih, James M. McFarland, Bang Wong, Jesse S. Boehm, Rameen Beroukhim, Todd R. Golub. Patient-derived xenografts undergo mouse-specific tumor evolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1028.
An Innovative Cell Microincubator for Drug Discovery Based on 3D Silicon Structures (2016)

We recently employed three-dimensional (3D) silicon microstructures (SMSs) consisting in arrays of 3 μ m-thick silicon walls separated by 50 μ m-deep, 5 μ m-wide gaps, as microincubators for monitoring the biomechanical properties of tumor cells. They were here applied to investigate the in vitro behavior of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells driven to apoptosis by the chemotherapeutic drug Bleomycin. Our results, obtained by fluorescence microscopy, demonstrated that HT1080 cells exhibited a great ability to colonize the narrow gaps. Remarkably, HT1080 cells grown on 3D-SMS, when treated with the DNA damaging agent Bleomycin under conditions leading to apoptosis, tended to shrink, reducing their volume and mimicking the normal behavior of apoptotic cells, and were prone to leave the gaps. Finally, we performed label-free detection of cells adherent to the vertical silicon wall, inside the gap of 3D-SMS, by exploiting optical low coherence reflectometry using infrared, low power radiation. This kind of approach may become a new tool for increasing automation in the drug discovery area. Our results open new perspectives in view of future applications of the 3D-SMS as the core element of a lab-on-a-chip suitable for screening the effect of new molecules potentially able to kill tumor cells.
MFM and Its Application to Magnetic Recording: For D.C. and High-Frequency Characterization (1993)

The magnetic force microscope (MFM) is a tool for observing the microscopic magnetic structure of a sample surface using a scanning probe. Its use in investigations of the microscopic characteristics of magnetic components has been studied intensively. In this review, we describe applications of MFM to the characterization of magnetic recording heads and media. The principle of operation is based on detection of the force between the MFM probe tip and the sample; hence various experimental results can be obtained by changing the magnetic properties of the MFM probe tip. We also discuss interpretation of results and their applications.
General Approach for the Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids via the Asymmetric Pictet−Spengler Reaction:  First Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (−)-Corynantheidine as Well as the Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (−)-Corynantheidol, (−)-Geissoschizol, and (+)-Geissoschizine (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTGeneral Approach for the Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids via the Asymmetric Pictet−Spengler Reaction: First Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (−)-Corynantheidine as Well as the Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (−)-Corynantheidol, (−)-Geissoschizol, and (+)-GeissoschizineShu Yu, Otto Mathias Berner, and James M. CookView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 32, 7827–7828Publication Date (Web):July 28, 2000Publication History Received15 May 2000Published online28 July 2000Published inissue 1 August 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0016553https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0016553rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4082Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical synthesis,Organic compounds,Organic synthesis,Pharmaceuticals,Spectroscopy Get e-Alerts
Scaffold technologies for controlling cell behavior in tissue engineering (2013)

Scientists in the field of tissue engineering are now applying the principles of cell biology, material science and biomedical engineering to create biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues/organs [1–3]. Tissue-engineered scaffolds should (i) facilitate the localization and delivery of tissue-specific cells to precise sites in the body, (ii) maintain a three-dimensional architecture that permits the formation of new tissues, and (iii) guide the development of new tissues with appropriate function. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that tissue morphogenesis is heavily influenced by the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) during normal tissue development. While simple polymeric scaffolds that have been used in the past provide architectural support for neo-tissue development, they do not adequately mimic the complex interactions between tissue-specific cells and the tissue-specific ECMs that promote functional tissue regeneration. Thus, future advances in tissue engineering will depend on the development of novel scaffolding systems that actively modulate cell behaviors for functional tissue regeneration. In this regard, the present special issue describes the current status of scaffold technologies in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
Nonbenzamidine Tetrazole Derivatives as Factor Xa Inhibitors. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Wheat Straw Biomass (2022)

The reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is a promising method for the development of “lignin-first” biorefineries. Apart from the widely investigated virgin woody biomass, it is essential to explore the potential of waste biomass feedstocks. Herein, the RCF of wheat straw is examined to produce lignin mono-/oligomers along with a processable carbohydrate pulp. The use of different catalysts (Ru/C and Ru/Al2O3) and catalyst loadings (0–20% w/wbiomass) revealed the superior performance of Ru/C, which resulted in the largest yield of phenolic monomers (up to ∼25 wt % of initial acid-insoluble lignin) and in the lowest formation of high-molecular-weight fragments in the extracted lignin oil. Furthermore, the operating temperature was shown to substantially affect both lignin extraction–depolymerization and polysaccharides preservation–processability. For a reaction time of 3 h, an increase of the temperature from 200 to 250 °C resulted in a >2-fold boost of the yields of lignin oil and monophenolics, while the recovery of polysaccharides decreased by about 30 wt % (with ∼20% lower enzymatic digestibility). An economic assessment highlighted that the high-temperature treatment becomes the most profitable configuration as the market price of lignin products increases. Overall, this work provides insight into the adoption of the RCF for the upgrading of lignocellulose from inexpensive and widely available wheat straw biomass.
Ancestral causal learning in high dimensions with a human genome-wide application (2019)

We consider learning ancestral causal relationships in high dimensions. Our approach is driven by a supervised learning perspective, with discrete indicators of causal relationships treated as labels to be learned from available data. We focus on the setting in which some causal (ancestral) relationships are known (via background knowledge or experimental data) and put forward a general approach that scales to large problems. This is motivated by problems in human biology which are characterized by high dimensionality and potentially many latent variables. We present a case study involving interventional data from human cells with total dimension $p \! \sim \! 19{,}000$. Performance is assessed empirically by testing model output against previously unseen interventional data. The proposed approach is highly effective and demonstrably scalable to the human genome-wide setting. We consider sensitivity to background knowledge and find that results are robust to nontrivial perturbations of the input information. We consider also the case, relevant to some applications, where the only prior information available concerns a small number of known ancestral relationships.
Exit pupil expander: image quality performance enhancements and environmental testing results (2003)

The numerical aperture of the light emanating from display pixels in a given display system determines the exit pupil size. In retinal scanning displays, the exit pupil is defined by the scanner optics, creating a rastered, projected image at an intermediate plane, typically resulting in an exit pupil approximately the size of an eye's pupil. Positional freedom of the eye and relative display placement define the required expansion of the limited input NA for producing the desired exit pupil size for the display system. Currently Microvision utilizes an optical element comprised of two Microlens Arrays (MLAs) in tandem to expand the NA. The dual-MLA system has demonstrated exit pupil size that is independent of color; and uniformity of the beamlet structure is quite Top-Hat like. To further improve the perceived image quality, Microvision has now refined the optical system to minimize interference effects in the Exit Pupil plane that were caused by the coherent nature of the light source. We describe here a single refractive double-sided aspheric element that diminishes this interference effect by converting an input Gaussian beam profile to a Top-Hat profile. We also discuss the theory behind the use of a Gaussian-to-Top-Hat Converter, the tradeoffs associated with its use, as well as experimental results showing the uniformity improvements when using a Top-Hat converter element in conjunction with the MLA-based Exit Pupil Expander. In addition, we report the progress of environmental testing of the Exit Pupil Expander (EPE).
Follicular dendritic cells: B-cell proliferation and maturation. (1992)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) play a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of the secondary humoral immune response. FDC located in the follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues are part of a special mechanism that handles antigen in a specific antibody-rich environment and are integral members of the antigen transport cell-FDC-iccosome-B-cell axis that leads to the formation of germinal centers, antibody-forming cells, and memory B-cells. This review briefly outlines the basic biology of FDC function and provides a source of pertinent references.
Efficacy of Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner Against Metisa Plana Walker and its Application using Thermal Fogger and Mistblower (2004)

The effectiveness of Bacillus thringiensis Berliner (Bt) against the bagworm, Metzsa plana Walker and its application using thermal fogger and mistblower was studied in threeyear old oil palms. Initially, a standardized rearing protocol of the bagworm was established to produce healthy test insects. Met& plana was reared on oil palm seedlings fiom eggs surfacesterilized for one hour in 8% formaldehyde. This sterilization regime did not affect the egg hatchability and it significantly (P<0.05)in creased the survivorship of the first to second instar larvae when compared to larvae hatched from unsterilized eggs. Following a laboratory bioassay conducted against the third and fifth instar larvae at temperatures of 2529°C and 50-80% relative humudity, formulations from both Bt subsp. kurstaki: ~ i ~ eElS@, D ipel@D F, Dipel@W P and ABG-6429 FC; and Bt subsp. aizawai: FlorbacB SC and ~entar i@W G were shown to be effective on the bagworm. Evaluation on the suitability and effectiveness of portable thermal fogging (PulsFogQK10 and AgroFoga AF 35) and mistblower (solo@ Master 412) application of Bt (Dipel ES@) against M. plana in three-year old oil palm revealed that when water was used as the diluent in spray mixtures, efficacious activity was achieved which was attributed from the formation of an adequately stable emulsion. For both types of applicators, the kill of M. plana was shown to be positively dependent on droplet densities and concentrations of Bt. In the field trial on three-year old oil palm, Agro~og@AF 35 with AFX Fogging Solution and solo@ Master 412 Knapsack Mistblower were shown to give effective horizontal throw of 6 m whereas P ~ ~ S FO~@w-KasI oOn ly 2 m. Under the condition of these experiments, cost effectiveness analysis showed that the use of portable fogger to apply Bt formulation to control M. plana was not as cost-effective, practical or suitable as knapsack mistblower. The predicted kill of the bagworm obtained by mistblower was satisfactory and higher (50-92%) compared to thermal fogger (38-46%) at the middle and top strata of the oil palm. The poor deposition rates from fogging application in the palm increased the usage of ~ i ~ e ElS@ an d AFX Fogging Solution thus incurred higher cost. Furthermore, the fogging application was limited to early morning or late evening, and that also incurred higher labour cost, notwithstanding the possibility of labour shortage. Comparatively, the use of mistblower gave higher deposition rates that reduced the rates of ~ i ~ eElS@ per hectare thus saved cost. Mistblower is also easily available, versatile and can be used during the daytime.
Dinuclear Cyclam Complex as a Non-Cytotoxic, Anti-Hyperurecemic Lead: In vitro to In vivo Studies (2017)

Our studies concluded that complex 1 is a non-cytotoxic inhibitor that decreases the activity of XO in a non-competitive manner. It can serve as a potential anti-hyperurecemic lead after further pre-clinical and clinical studies.