gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially continuous learning systems: artificial neural networks in a bulk material continuum (1999)

Artificial (and biological) neural networks are usually envisioned as a collection of massively connected discrete nonlinear processors. There is a finite number of neurons and each neuron can be individually identified and occupies a certain location in 2D or 3D space. There are also numerous but a finite number of interconnections between neurons. A major hurdle, when attempting to build neural networks in hardware is implementing the massive number of these physical interconnections required for all but the simplest applications. As an alternative, the paper describes the physical development of trainable computational devices implemented in bulk materials as feedforward continuum artificial neural networks (CANNs). Nonlinear neuron processing and connectivity are a natural result of the linear and nonlinear physical processes inherent in the bulk material in which the network is implemented. These physical processes can be externally controlled and the control mechanism can be trained by an error backpropagation method based on gradient descent optimization. When trained, the physical systems can function as a feedforward artificial neural networks. An example is presented where a feedforward artificial neural network is implemented in a cube of Zinc Selenide, a bulk Kerr-type nonlinear optical material. Inputs are encoded as patterns on an information laser beam propagating through the material. Nonlinear neuron processing results from the 3/sup rd/ order /spl chi//sup 3/ optical nonlinearity of the material. Connectivity and weighting results from optical paths created in the material by a trainable weight pattern imposed on an additional weighting laser beam which propagates through the material along with the input information beam.
Maximization of information in energy-limited directed communication (2016)

This study is concerned with an observer who desires to inform optimally a distant agent regarding a physical stochastic process in the environment. We consider that the observer has a constraint on the energy resource for the directed communication to the agent. The information we are interested in is the change in the knowledge possessed by the agent about the state of the process. We find the maximum information that can be transferred from the observer to the agent over a finite horizon subject to a bound on the total energy of the observer. We show that the maximum information is the optimal value of a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem. We obtain lower and upper bounds on the maximum information and also a suboptimal admissible solution based on a semi-definite programming. Moreover, we propose an optimized event-triggering mechanism based on a linear matrix inequality which yields event-driven sampling. Numerical and simulation results are presented for simple stable and unstable systems.
Review of Contemporary Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm in Atrial Fibrillation (2011)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice, and its prevalence and incidence are rising rapidly as the population ages with its attendant complications. Management of AF involves anticoagulation, and fortunately new drugs for long-term anticoagulation are now available. Maintenance of sinus rhythm, though intuitively better than rate control strategy, has not been shown to offer mortality benefit. Still, maintenance of sinus rhythm is considered an appropriate therapeutic strategy when symptoms are not adequately controlled with rate control. Though significant advances have been made in ablation techniques for AF, pharmacological therapy is still the first line of treatment for rate control and maintenance of sinus rhythm, given ease of use, noninvasive nature, and limited experience with catheter-based ablation techniques. Class IC and III agents (Vaughan Williams classification) form the backbone for pharmacological maintenance of sinus rhythm. Dronedarone, a recently approved class III agent, provides a significant advance because of its relatively safe side effect profile. Currently drugs with selective atrial channels blocking properties, like Vernakalant, are being tested in trials and may provide an opportunity to maintain sinus rhythm with limited toxicity. Large trials are also being conducted to better define the efficacy of catheter-based ablation strategy as first-line treatment. Here, we review the current status of commonly used antiarrhythmic medications for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in AF.
Bacterial protein for food and feed generated via renewable energy and direct air capture of CO2: Can it reduce land and water use? (2019)

The global food demand is projected to significantly increase. To maintain global food security in the future, protein production needs to become more efficient regarding the use of limited land and water resources. Protein-rich biomass can be produced via direct air capture of CO2 with the help of H2-oxidizing bacteria and renewable electricity in a closed, climate-independent system. This quantitative literature review conservatively estimated the direct land and water use of bacterial protein production relying on secondary data for the components of the technology and for the reference protein sources. A several times higher potential protein yield per land area can be achieved by this technology with approximately one-tenth of the water use compared to that required for soybean production.
POWER CONSUMPTION CHARATERISTICS OF VIDEO PLAYBACK ON MOBILE DEVICES (2008)

Digital video playback on mobile devices requires substantial amount of computing resources and battery power. While computing and communications capabilities have increased at exponential rates, the battery capacities have not increased to meet the increased power consumption needs of mobile devices. Power adaptive applications are critical to provide a high quality of experience to the end users. We propose a methodology for power aware video playback. By estimating the power consumption before the playback begins, applications can provide better adaptation and quality of experience. Since the receiver hardware significantly influences power consumption, we propose an integrated methodology that considers the content, the receiver, and the application. We analyze the power consumption characteristics of video playback by considering object based as well as rectangular video. We derive a metric based on bitstream characteristics to estimate power consumption caused by memory and bus transactions.
Sequencing the B Cell Receptor Repertoires of Antibody-Deficient Individuals With and Without Infection Susceptibility (2023)

Antibody-deficient patients with infection susceptibility who needed IgG-RT had more diverse peripheral antibody repertoires that were less diverged from germline and thus may not be as optimal for targeting pathogens, possibly contributing to infection susceptibility.
Using Bonding Enamel-Coated Steel Fixtures to Produce More Durable Brick/Masonry Structures (2010)

Abstract : Topics discussed in this briefing include: *Problems with Masonry Ties; *Properties of Bonding Coatings; *Effects of Corrosion and Failure; *Types of Ties and Installation; *Standardization; *Target Test Site; and *Test Program and Metrics.
Factoring estimates for a 1024-bit RSA modulus (2003)

Abstract. We estimate the yield of the number field sieve factoring al-gorithm when applied to the 1024-bit composite integer RSA-1024 and the parameters as proposed in the draft version [17] of the TWIRL hard-ware factoring device [18]. We present the details behind the resulting improved parameter choices from [18].
Design, Synthesis, and Targeted Delivery of an Immune Stimulant that Selectively Reactivates Exhausted CAR T Cells (2022)

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated significant promise in suppressing hematopoietic cancers, their applications in treating solid tumors have been limited by onset of CAR T cell exhaustion that accompanies continuous CAR T cell exposure to tumor antigen. To address this limitation, we have exploited the abilities of recently designed universal CARs to bind fluorescein and internalize a fluorescein-TLR7 agonist conjugate by CAR-mediated endocytosis. We demonstrate here that anti-fluorescein CAR-mediated uptake of a fluorescein-TLR7-3 conjugate can reactivate exhausted CAR T cells, leading to dramatic reduction in T cell exhaustion markers (PD-1<sup>+</sup> Tim-3<sup>+</sup> ) and shrinkage of otherwise resistant tumors without inducing systemic activation of the immune system. We conclude that CAR T cell exhaustion can be reversed by administration of a CAR-targeted TLR7 agonist, thereby enabling the CAR T cells to successfully treat solid tumors without incurring the systemic toxicity that commonly accompanies administration of nontargeted TLR7 agonists.
Mapping myocardial elasticity changes after RF-ablation using supersonic shear imaging (2009)

Shear Wave Imaging was used to monitor radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of myocardial tissues in vivo and in vitro. This technique was used to quantify and to map the myocardial stiffness before and after cardiac ablation. Experiments were performed in vivo on a sheep and in vitro samples of bovine muscle. The feasibility of mapping the myocardial elasticity was demonstrated in vitro after RFA. A strong increase of the myocardial stiffness was found after RFA. In vivo, the normal variation of the myocardial stiffness was measured during the cardiac cycle. The Young's modulus was found 8 times higher in the systolic phase than in the diastolic phase. During ablation a significant increase of the Young's modulus was observed in the diastolic phase whereas a sudden decrease was observed in systole.
Semiconductor laser sources for externally modulated microwave analog links (1997)

High-performance semiconductor continous-wave (CW) sources are demonstrated in this paper, which include a Fabry-Perot (FP) laser oscillator (LO) with relative intensity noise (RIN) <-165 dB/Hz at frequencies above 500 MHz, and a tapered semiconductor optical amplifier with 35-dB gain, a maximum output power of 820 mW, and RIN/spl ap/-155 dB/Hz at microwave frequencies. These are used in suboctave-bandwidth analog links to demonstrate link performance comparable to that available with solid-state laser sources.
Characteristic shift of a CTFT inverter using n-type IGZO and p-type F8T2 TFTs after temperature and operation stresses (2012)

We developed three-dimensional stacked complementary TFT devices using n-type amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O and p-type poly-(9, 9-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene) TFTs. In this presentation, we will report the characteristic shift of the CTFT inverter after temperature and operation stresses. The characteristic shifts extremely negatively after temperature stress. This is caused by the characteristic degradation of the F8T2 TFT. On the other hand, the characteristic shifts gradually positively after operation stress. This is caused by the characteristic degradation of the a-IGZO TFT.
Determination of <em>cis,cis-</em> and <em>cis,trans-</em>Muconic Acid from Biological Conversion: Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) (2019)

Muconic acid is an important platform molecule for production of bio-based polymers. To date, cis,cis-muconic acid (ccMA) has been produced from multiple types of carbon sources including carbohydrates and aromatic compounds via cultivation with genetically engineered microbes. Accurate analysis of muconic acid has previously been a challenge due to ccMA isomerization into cis,trans-muconic acid (ctMA). This Laboratory Analytical Procedure (LAP) is used to separately quantify ccMA and ctMA as the total sum of muconic acid present in the liquid fraction of pretreated biological samples.
Complexity distortion theory (2003)

Complexity distortion theory (CDT) is a mathematical framework providing a unifying perspective on media representation. The key component of this theory is the substitution of the decoder in Shannon's classical communication model with a universal Turing machine. Using this model, the mathematical framework for examining the efficiency of coding schemes is the algorithmic or Kolmogorov (1965) complexity. CDT extends this framework to include distortion by defining the complexity distortion function. We show that despite their different natures, CDT and rate distortion theory (RDT) predict asymptotically the same results, under stationary and ergodic assumptions. This closes the circle of representation models, from probabilistic models of information proposed by Shannon in information and rate distortion theories, to deterministic algorithmic models, proposed by Kolmogorov in Kolmogorov complexity theory and its extension to lossy source coding, CDT.
Identification of Malodorous Compounds from a Fish Meal Plant (2007)

Odor emissions and control of nuisance odors are important to the agriculture industry because of growing populations around processing operations. Spoilage of fish and associated odors are due to activities of enzymes produced by pseudomonas patheromonas strains. The possibility of removing only those odorants that have long-distance contributions appears to be a more achievable and cost-effective means of controlling downwind odors than addressing all odorous compounds. A research project was conducted at a fish meal plant to identify those specific compounds that contribute significantly to the overall downwind odor. Sampling was conducted using Tedlar bags, thermal desorption tubes and personal vacuum pumps. The study employed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC/MS-O). The overlaying of chemical analyses results with human panelist data indicated the most offensive odors detected were trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). The information was used to successfully design mitigation strategies for reduction of odors downwind of the plant.
Ground distance relaying algorithm for high resistance fault (2009)

This study proposes a new fault impedance estimation algorithm of phase-ground fault for ground distance relaying based on the negative-, zero- and comprehensive negative–zero-sequence current component. The principle is based on the assumption that fault path is purely resistive, and the phase angle of fault point voltage and fault path current is equal to construct the fault impedance estimating equations for ground distance relay, which can eliminate the effect of fault path resistance, load current and power swing. PSCAD software simulations show the accuracy of proposed algorithm.
Iterative Optimization of Quarter Sampling Masks for Non-Regular Sampling Sensors (2018)

Non-regular sampling can reduce aliasing at the expense of noise. Recently, it has been shown that non-regular sampling can be carried out using a conventional regular imaging sensor when the surface of its individual pixels is partially covered. This technique is called quarter sampling (also 1/4 sampling), since only one quarter of each pixel is sensitive to light. For this purpose, the choice of a proper sampling mask is crucial to achieve a high reconstruction quality. In the scope of this work, we present an iterative algorithm to improve an arbitrary quarter sampling mask which results in a continuous increase of the reconstruction quality. In terms of the reconstruction algorithms, we test two simple algorithms, namely, linear interpolation and nearest neighbor interpolation, as well as two more sophisticated algorithms, namely, steering kernel regression and frequency selective extrapolation. Besides PSNR gains of +0.31 dB to +0.68 dB relative to a random quarter sampling mask resulting from our optimized mask, visually noticeable enhancements are perceptible.
GRAND for Rayleigh Fading Channels (2022)

Guessing Random Additive Noise Decoding (GRAND) is a code-agnostic decoding technique for short-length and high-rate channel codes. GRAND tries to guess the channel noise by generating test error patterns (TEPs), and the sequence of the TEPs is the main difference between different GRAND variants. In this work, we extend the application of GRAND to multipath frequency non-selective Rayleigh fading communication channels, and we refer to this GRAND variant as Fading-GRAND. The proposed Fading-GRAND adapts its TEP generation to the fading conditions of the underlying communication channel, outperforming traditional channel code decoders in scenarios with $L$ spatial diversity branches as well as scenarios with no diversity. Numerical simulation results show that the Fading-GRAND outperforms the traditional Berlekamp-Massey (B-M) decoder for decoding BCH code $(127,106)$ and BCH code $(127,113)$ by $\mathbf{0.5\sim6.5}$ dB at a target FER of $10^{-7}$. Similarly, Fading-GRAND outperforms GRANDAB, the hard-input variation of GRAND, by $0.2\sim8$ dB at a target FER of $10^{-7}$ with CRC $(128,104)$ code and RLC $(128,104)$. Furthermore the average complexity of Fading-GRAND, at $\frac{E_b}{N_0}$ corresponding to target FER of $10^{-7}$, is $\frac{1}{2}\times\sim \frac{1}{46}\times$ the complexity of GRANDAB.
Regioselective template synthesis, X-ray structure, and chiroptical properties of a topologically chiral sulfonamide catenane (2000)

The synthesis of a topologically chiral in,out-bis-sulfonamide catenane and its "dimer" are reported. The structures of the amide wheel and of the catenane were resolved by X-ray analysis. NMR-titration of the monosulfonamide-wheel yielded conclusive association constants supporting the proposed regioselective mechanism of the catenane formation. The enantioseparation of the catenane via chiral HPLC was successful. The enantiomers show pronounced Cotton effects in the aromatic region of the CD-spectrum. Since the template synthesis was carried out leading to the in-oriented sulfonamide-wheel blocked with an N-methyl group at its reactive sulfonamide functionality, the catenane represents the first monofunctional topologically chiral amide-based catenane. Reaction with 1,2-bis(2-iodoethoxy)ethane led to a bis-catenane containing two topological units. The meso- and the RR/SS-isomers represent a new type of topological diastereomers.
Matrix Design for Pseudo Strain-Hardening Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (1995)

Peer Reviewed
Toward a Direct Measure of Video Quality Perception Using EEG (2012)

An approach to the direct measurement of perception of video quality change using electroencephalography (EEG) is presented. Subjects viewed 8-s video clips while their brain activity was registered using EEG. The video signal was either uncompressed at full length or changed from uncompressed to a lower quality level at a random time point. The distortions were introduced by a hybrid video codec. Subjects had to indicate whether they had perceived a quality change. In response to a quality change, a positive voltage change in EEG (the so-called P3 component) was observed at latency of about 400-600 ms for all subjects. The voltage change positively correlated with the magnitude of the video quality change, substantiating the P3 component as a graded neural index of the perception of video quality change within the presented paradigm. By applying machine learning techniques, we could classify on a single-trial basis whether a subject perceived a quality change. Interestingly, some video clips wherein changes were missed (i.e., not reported) by the subject were classified as quality changes, suggesting that the brain detected a change, although the subject did not press a button. In conclusion, abrupt changes of video quality give rise to specific components in the EEG that can be detected on a single-trial basis. Potentially, a neurotechnological approach to video assessment could lead to a more objective quantification of quality change detection, overcoming the limitations of subjective approaches (such as subjective bias and the requirement of an overt response). Furthermore, it allows for real-time applications wherein the brain response to a video clip is monitored while it is being viewed.
Uninterrupted edoxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for ablation of atrial fibrillation: the ELIMINATE-AF trial (2019)

Abstract Aims Edoxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor approved for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). Uninterrupted edoxaban therapy in patients undergoing AF ablation has not been tested. Methods and results The ELIMINATE-AF trial, a multinational, multicentre, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study, was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of once-daily edoxaban 60 mg (30 mg in patients indicated for dose reduction) vs. vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in AF patients undergoing catheter ablation. Patients were randomized 2:1 to edoxaban vs. VKA. The primary endpoint (per-protocol population) was time to first occurrence of all-cause death, stroke, or International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis-defined major bleeding during the period from the end of the ablation procedure to end of treatment (90 days). Overall, 632 patients were enrolled, 614 randomized, and 553 received study drug and underwent ablation; 177 subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to assess silent cerebral infarcts. The primary endpoint (only major bleeds occurred) was observed in 0.3% (1 patient) on edoxaban and 2.0% (2 patients) on VKA [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.16 (0.02–1.73)]. In the ablation population (modified intent-to-treat population including patients with ablation), the primary endpoint was observed in 2.7% of edoxaban (N = 10) and 1.7% of VKA patients (N = 3) between start of ablation and end of treatment. There were one ischaemic and one haemorrhagic stroke, both in patients on edoxaban. Cerebral microemboli were detected in 13.8% (16) patients who received edoxaban and 9.6% (5) patients in the VKA group (nominal P = 0.62). Conclusion Uninterrupted edoxaban therapy represents an alternative to uninterrupted VKA treatment in patients undergoing AF ablation.
Leakage currents in Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films for ultrahigh-density dynamic random access memories (1997)

(Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin films grown by chemical vapor deposition and with platinum (Pt) top and bottom electrodes have been characterized with respect to the leakage current as a function of temperature and applied voltage. The data can be interpreted via a thermionic emission model. The Schottky approximation accounts for superohmic behavior at higher fields, but the barrier lowering is stronger than expected from this theory. While the leakage mechanism is comparable to SrTiO3 thin films prepared by chemical solution deposition, the absolute values of the leakage current are significantly lower for the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) prepared BST film. This is presumably due to a more homogeneous microstructure of the latter and may also be due to different electrode processing. The influence of the film thickness on the leakage in combination with additional findings is used to discuss the field distribution in the films under a dc voltage stress.
Patterning: Optical Nanoscale Patterning Through Surface‐Textured Polymer Films (Advanced Optical Materials 9/2014) (2014)

On page 855, J. C. Ho and co-workers exploit a simple photolithographic technique using surface-textured soft polymer films as optical masks for the area selective exposure of photoresists upon flood UV illumination. This allows rapid fabrication of periodic nanopatterns over large areas, and by simply varying the mask and tuning the exposure dose, patterns with different geometric characteristics can be obtained in a controllable manner. Importantly, these polymer masks can be used numerous times, making this technique a reliable low-cost alternative to the existing methods.