gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(l-lysine)-grafted-poly(ethylene glycol)-based surface-chemical gradients. Preparation, characterization, and first applications (2006)

A simple dipping process has been used to prepare PEGylated surface gradients from the polycationic polymer poly(L-lysine), grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG), on metal oxide substrates, such as TiO(2) and Nb(2)O(5). PLL-g-PEG coverage gradients were prepared during an initial, controlled immersion and characterized with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gradients with a linear change in thickness and coverage were generated by the use of an immersion program based on an exponential function. These single-component gradients were used to study the adsorption of proteins of different sizes and shapes, namely, albumin, immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen. The authors have shown that the density and size of defects in the PLL-g-PEG adlayer determine the amount of protein that is adsorbed at a certain adlayer thickness. In a second step, single-component gradients of functionalized PLL-g-PEG were backfilled with nonfunctionalized PLL-g-PEG to generate two-component gradients containing functional groups, such as biotin, in a protein-resistant background. Such gradients were combined with a patterning technique to generate individually addressable spots on a gradient surface. The surfaces generated in this way show promise as a useful and versatile biochemical screening tool and could readily be incorporated into a method for studying the behavior of cells on functionalized surfaces.
Incorporating Experts' Judgment into Machine Learning Models (2023)

Machine learning (ML) models have been quite successful in predicting outcomes in many applications. However, in some cases, domain experts might have a judgment about the expected outcome that might conflict with the prediction of ML models. One main reason for this is that the training data might not be totally representative of the population. In this paper, we present a novel framework that aims at leveraging experts' judgment to mitigate the conflict. The underlying idea behind our framework is that we first determine, using a generative adversarial network, the degree of representation of an unlabeled data point in the training data. Then, based on such degree, we correct the \textcolor{black}{machine learning} model's prediction by incorporating the experts' judgment into it, where the higher that aforementioned degree of representation, the less the weight we put on the expert intuition that we add to our corrected output, and vice-versa. We perform multiple numerical experiments on synthetic data as well as two real-world case studies (one from the IT services industry and the other from the financial industry). All results show the effectiveness of our framework; it yields much higher closeness to the experts' judgment with minimal sacrifice in the prediction accuracy, when compared to multiple baseline methods. We also develop a new evaluation metric that combines prediction accuracy with the closeness to experts' judgment. Our framework yields statistically significant results when evaluated on that metric.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Supersaturated Solid Solutions and Nanostructured n‐Type PbTe–GeTe (2018)

Abstract Sb‐doped and GeTe‐alloyed n‐type thermoelectric materials that show an excellent figure of merit ZT in the intermediate temperature range (400–800 K) are reported. The synergistic effect of favorable changes to the band structure resulting in high Seebeck coefficient and enhanced phonon scattering by point defects and nanoscale precipitates resulting in reduction of thermal conductivity are demonstrated. The samples can be tuned as single‐phase solid solution (SS) or two‐phase system with nanoscale precipitates (Nano) based on the annealing processes. The GeTe alloying results in band structure modification by widening the bandgap and increasing the density‐of‐states effective mass of PbTe, resulting in significantly enhanced Seebeck coefficients. The nanoscale precipitates can improve the power factor in the low temperature range and further reduce the lattice thermal conductivity (κ lat ). Specifically, the Seebeck coefficient of Pb 0.988 Sb 0.012 Te–13%GeTe–Nano approaches −280 µV K −1 at 673 K with a low κ lat of 0.56 W m −1 K −1 at 573 K. Consequently, a peak ZT value of 1.38 is achieved at 623 K. Moreover, a high average ZT avg value of ≈1.04 is obtained in the temperature range from 300 to 773 K for n‐type Pb 0.988 Sb 0.012 Te–13%GeTe–Nano.
Non‐physiological overexpression of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene in the liver induces pathological intracellular lipid and cholesterol storage (2004)

The non-physiological constitutive overexpression of an LDL receptor gene induces an imbalance between the speed of LDL uptake and metabolism which leads to pathological accumulation of lipids and cholesterol in hepatocytes. To protect cells from negative effects of LDLr overexpression, future vector design should consider the use of physiologically controlled expression elements.
Bridging the Digital Divide Using SuperCell Massive MIMO (2022)

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) emerged as the leading technology for supporting fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G cellular communication systems. Due to the tremendous increase in data traffic in urban areas and to meet such a significant demand, most studies consider macro/micro cell deployments in urban environments. Internet service providers (ISPs) are less interested in providing communication services in rural areas considering the relatively low profits compared to the deployment and maintenance costs. In this paper, we investigate the massive MIMO performance in rural scenarios. In particular, we investigate different aspects to consider while designing a long-range communication system. We propose to use elevated base station (BS) with sectorized antennas with unusually large aperture and implement a user scheduling algorithm at the BS to provide full digital coverage. We analyze the coverage range of a massive MIMO system to provide high-rate services. Furthermore, we also analyze the link budget requirements and the rates users can achieve in such a SuperCell massive MIMO network.
High-performance 193-nm photoresist materials based on a new class of polymers containing spaced ester finctionalities (2003)

ArF lithography has been selected as the imaging method for the 90 nm technology node. Manufacturing related issues will have to be addressed when designing advanced 193 nm resists that are production worthy. Post exposure bake (PEB) sensitivity, dissolution properties and process window are some issues that need continuous improvement. Initially our investigation focused on a cyclic olefin (CO) platform which led us to a better understanding of the relationship between polymer structure and physical properties and how to improve cyclic olefin resist performance. Since then we have developed a new class of acrylate polymers with pendant “spaced ester” functionality. We have investigated the potential use of “spaced ester” functionality on improving the lithographic performance of CO and acrylate resist platforms. We have found that with “spaced ester” as pending group in CO polymer structures, it can lower the Tg and improve the dissolution properties of the CO resists. Resists formulated with acrylate containing “spaced ester” group exhibit excellent PEB temperature sensitivity (1 nm/°C), and are soluble in PGMEA. In addition, we have demonstrated sub-100 nm resolution with excellent process window through formulation optimization for acrylate based resists. This paper will focus on the “spaced ester” based polymer design, material properties; resist characteristics, and the lithographic performance for logic dense line applications.
Implementation of a self-consistent slab model of bilayer structure in the SasView suite (2021)

Slab models are simple and useful structural descriptions which have long been used to describe lyotropic lamellar phases, such as lipid bilayers. Typically, slab models assume a midline symmetry and break a bilayer structure into three pieces, a central solvent-free core and two symmetric outer layers composed of the soluble portion of the amphiphile and associated solvent. This breakdown matches reasonably well to the distribution of neutron scattering length density and therefore is a convenient and common approach for the treatment of small-angle scattering data. Here, an implementation of this model within the <i>SasView</i> software suite is reported. The implementation is intended to provide physical consistency through the area per amphiphile molecule and number of solvent molecules included within the solvent-exposed outer layer. The proper use of this model requires knowledge of (or good estimates for) the amphiphile and solvent molecule volume and atomic composition, ultimately providing a self-consistent data treatment with only two free parameters: the lateral area per amphiphile molecule and the number of solvent molecules included in the outer region per amphiphile molecule. The use of this code is demonstrated in the fitting of standard lipid bilayer data sets, obtaining structural parameters consistent with prior literature and illustrating the typical and ideal cases of fitting for neutron scattering data obtained using single or multiple contrast conditions. While demonstrated here for lipid bilayers, this model is intended for general application to block copolymers, surfactants, and other lyotropic lamellar phase structures for which a slab model is able to reasonably estimate the neutron scattering length density/electron-density profile of inner and outer layers of the lamellae.
Large‐Scale Fabrication of MoS2 Ribbons and Their Light‐Induced Electronic/Thermal Properties: Dichotomies in the Structural and Defect Engineering (2018)

Abstract Controlled design and patterning of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) into specific dimensions and geometries hold great potential for next‐generation micro/nanoscale electronic applications. Herein, the large‐scale fabrication of MoS 2 ribbons with widths ranging from micro‐ to nanoscale is reported. Their unique electric and thermal properties introduced by the shape change and defect creation are also demonstrated, with particular focus on the performance associated with light–matter interactions. The theoretical calculation indicates significantly increased absorption and scattering efficiency of the MoS 2 ribbons with decreasing width. As a result, enhanced photocarrier generation ability is detected on their phototransistors with defect‐modulated light‐response behavior. The light‐induced thermal transport properties of the MoS 2 ribbons are further studied. A decreased thermal conductivity is observed on narrower ribbons, attributed to the defects created during fabrication. It is also found that the effect of phonon scattering at ribbon edges on their thermal conductivity is insignificant, and the thermal transport has no obvious dependence on the ribbon direction at such width scale. This study evaluates the prospects for designing and fabricating TMD semiconductors with specific geometries for future optoelectronic applications.
RECODE: a database of frameshifting, bypassing and codon redefinition utilized for gene expression (2001)

The RECODE database is a compilation of 'programmed' translational recoding events taken from the scientific literature and personal communications. The database deals with programmed ribosomal frameshifting, codon redefinition and translational bypass occurring in a variety of organisms. The entries for each event include the sequences of the corresponding genes, their encoded proteins for both the normal and alternate decoding, the types of the recoding events involved, trans-factors and cis-elements that influence recoding. The database is freely available at http://recode.genetics. utah.edu/.
Specific targeting of IL-1β activity to CD8+ T cells allows for safe use as a vaccine adjuvant (2020)

Annual administration and reformulation of influenza vaccines is required for protection against seasonal infections. However, the induction of strong and long-lasting T cells is critical to reach broad and potentially lifelong antiviral immunity. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its product interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are pivotal mediators of cellular immune responses to influenza, yet, overactivation of these systems leads to side effects, which hamper clinical applications. Here, we present a bypass around these toxicities by targeting the activity of IL-1β to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Using this approach, we demonstrate safe inclusion of IL-1β as an adjuvant in vaccination strategies, leading to full protection of mice against a high influenza virus challenge dose by raising potent T cell responses. In conclusion, this paper proposes a class of IL-1β-based vaccine adjuvants and also provides further insight in the mechanics of cellular immune responses driven by IL-1β.
Forced vibrations of KT-cut width-extensional mode quartz crystal resonators (2002)

The author describes an analysis of forced vibrations for KT-cut width-extensional mode quartz crystal resonators with a zero temperature coefficient at room temperature and an absolute value of its second order temperature coefficient /spl beta/ smaller than that of the DT-cut. The objectives are to clarify the influence on frequency temperature behavior of a piezoelectric term and errors of temperature coefficients of elastic stiffness constants and the piezoelectric term used in the calculation. A frequency equation and a transcendental equation are derived including a piezoelectric term, i.e., the frequency equation is given as a one-dimensional-approximate equation. The frequency constant and temperature coefficients of /spl alpha/, /spl beta/, and /spl gamma/ are calculated from the frequency equation. The calculated values of frequency temperature behavior were compared with the measured ones for a WE resonator with frequencies of fs = 13.6, 16.3, and 30.7 MHz, when the error of temperature coefficients for the elastic stiffness constants and the piezoelectric term used in this calculation was taken onto account.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Field trial of data-granularity-flexible reconfigurable OADM with wavelength-packet-selective switch (2006)

Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), which enable dynamic and flexible node-to-node connection via wavelength paths, are key components in metro ring network nodes. A data-granularity-flexible ROADM node that combines a wavelength-tunable filter, and an optical packet ADM (PADM) has been proposed and demonstrated. In this paper, the first field trial of the data-granularity-flexible ROADM network with wavelength- and packet-selective switch is demonstrated using a novel concurrent generation technique of address-reconfigurable optical-code (OC) labels and payload data. Bit error rates (BERs) of less than 10/sup -12/ for all 16-wavelength channels are obtained over 90 km of transmission at 10 Gb/s.
Automated Semantic Grading of Programs (2012)

We present a new method for automatically grading introductory programming assignments. In order to use this method, instructors provide a reference implementation of the assignment, and an error model consisting of potential corrections to errors that students might make. Using this information, the system automatically derives minimal corrections to student’s incorrect solutions, providing them with a quantifiable measure of exactly how incorrect a given solution was, as well as feedback about what they did wrong. We introduce a simple language for describing error models in terms of correction rules, and formally define a rule-directed translation strategy that reduces the problem of finding minimal corrections in an incorrect program to the problem of synthesizing a correct program from a sketch. We have evaluated our system on over 1000 solution attempts by real beginner programmers. Our results show that relatively simple error models can correct on average 73% of fixable fraction of submissions with non-trivial errors. We also show that the error models generalize across different problems from the same category, and our technique scales well for more complex error models and programming assignments such as those found in AP level computer science final examinations.
Sthira: A Formal Approach to Minimize Voltage Guardbands under Variation in Networks-on-Chip for Energy Efficiency (2017)

Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) in chip multiprocessors are prone to within-die process variation as they span the whole chip. To tolerate variation, their voltages (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> ) carry over-provisioned guardbands. As a result, prior work has proposed to save energy by operating at reduced V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> while occasionally suffering and fixing errors. Unfortunately, these proposals use heuristic controller designs that provide no error bounds guarantees. In this work, we develop a scheme that dynamically minimizes the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> of groups of routers in a variation-prone NoC using formal control-theoretic methods. The scheme, called Sthira, saves substantial energy while guaranteeing the stability and convergence of error rates. We also enhance the scheme with a low-cost secondary network that retransmits erroneous packets for higher energy efficiency. The enhanced scheme is called Sthira+. We evaluate Sthira and Sthira+ with simulations of NoCs with 64-100 routers. In an NoC with 8 routers per V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> domain, our schemes reduce the average energy consumptionof the NoC by 27%; in a futuristic NoC with one router per Vdd domain, Sthira+ and Sthira reduce the average energy consumption by 36% and 32%, respectively. The performance impact is negligible. These are significant savings over the state-of-the-art. We conclude that formal control is essential, and that the cheaper Sthira is more cost-effective than Sthira+.
Utilization of simulink verification and validation (V&V) and simulink design verifier (SDV) for HVAC controls software (2012)

This presentation introduces Simulink Verification and Validation™ and Simulink Design Verifier™ and highlights advanced verification and validation techniques (involving structural coverage analysis and formal methods) for testing various components within the HVAC Controls Software Readiness and Core Engineering groups. The session also summarises some of General Motors’ results and discusses the benefits already obtained and those we hope to achieve in the long run, as well as some of the challenges that confront us.
Mechanical Properties of Alginate Beads Hosting Hepatocytes in a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (2006)

Fluidized bed bioartificial liver has been proposed as a temporary support to bridge patients suffering from acute liver failure to transplantation. In such a bioreactor, alginate beads hosting hepatocytes are in continuous motion during at least six hours. After having shown in vitro the functionality of such a device, the present study aims at analyzing the potential mechanical alterations of the beads in the bioreactor, perfused by different surrounding media. Compression experiments are performed and coupled for analysis with Hertz theory. They provide qualitative and quantitative data. The average value of the shear modulus, calculated for the different cases studied varied from 2.4 to 10.4 kPa, and could therefore be considered as a quantitative measure of the beads mechanical properties. From the compression experiments and the estimated values of the shear modulus, we could now evaluate the effect of different operating conditions (fluidization, presence of cells, surrounding medium) on the mechanical behavior of alginate beads. On the one hand, the motion during six hours in the bioreactor does not alter the beads significantly. On the other hand, the presence of different substances in the fluid phase might change their mechanical strength. These results can be considered as new encouragements to use such a device as a bioartificial organ.
On the Transmission of a Class of Non-Gaussian Signals over a Power Constrained AWGN Channel (1998)

In this work we study the problem of transmitting a particular family of non-gaussian signals (conditionally independent, zero-mean gaussian random variables, whose variances are determined by the states of a stationary and ergodic Markov chain), over a power constrained additive white gaussian noise channel. If the state sequence were available at the receiver, this problem is trivial. But for the case when it is not, we propose a system in which the same transmitter as in the known sequence case is used, but at the receiver the state sequence is estimated from the received data using an estimator we develop, whose goal is to minimize the Mean Squared Error in the reconstruction. We also give an algorithm to, given a total average power constraint, perform power allocation to each of the states of the chain. We compare the performance of our proposed system against two reference systems: an ideal system in which the state sequence is observed at the receiver too, and a system that ignores the memory in the source, and computes estimates based on the stationary distribution of the chain only.
O-band InAs/InGaAs Quantum Dot Laser Diode with Sandwiched Sub-nano Separator (SSNS) Structures (2009)

O-band InAs/InGaAs quantum-dot (QD) laser-diode has been successfully demonstrated by using sandwiched sub-nano separator (SSNS) structures on GaAs. Improvement of crystal-qualities and enhancement of luminescence intensities were attained for the QD laser by SSNS technique.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Azido‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium Chloride: An Efficient Diazo Transfer Reagent for 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Imaging conduction pathways in carbon nanotube network transistors by voltage-contrast scanning electron microscopy (2011)

The performance of field-effect transistors based on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks depends on the electrical percolation of semiconducting and metallic nanotube pathways within the network. We present voltage-contrast scanning electron microscopy (VC-SEM) as a new tool for imaging percolation in a SWCNT network with nano-scale resolution. Under external bias, the secondary-electron contrast of SWCNTs depends on their conductivity, and therefore it is possible to image the preferred conduction pathways within a network by following the contrast evolution under bias in a scanning electron microscope. The experimental VC-SEM results are correlated to percolation models of SWCNT-bundle networks.
Biocatalysis in Organic Synthesis 7. Enantioselective Transesterification Catalyzed by an Acylase: Remarkable Influence of Remote Substitution and the Nature of the Solvent on the Selectivity1 (1996)

Acylase I from Aspergillus species catalyzes the reaction of transesterification between vinyl acetate and racemic derivatives of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine. It has been found that the enantioselectivity of the reaction depends on the solvent. Also it has been observed that remote substituents have a great influence on the enantioselectivity.