gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DUAL EFFECT OF GABA ON THE CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY OF THE GUINEA‐PIG ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER (1985)

The effects of GABA and related substances were examined in isolated detrusor strips from the dome of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. GABA (0.01-1 mM) produced concentration-related phasic contractions of isolated strips from the guinea-pig urinary bladder dome. This effect of GABA was mimicked by homotaurine and muscimol, selective GABAA receptor agonists but not by (+/-)-baclofen, a selective GABAB receptor agonist. A specific cross desensitization was observed between GABA, homotaurine and muscimol but not between (+/-)-baclofen and GABA. GABA (1 mM)-induced contractions were antagonized by picrotoxin, a selective GABAA receptor antagonist. GABA-induced contractions were almost abolished by tetrodotoxin (0.5 microM, TTX) thus indicating their neurogenic origin. In addition GABA-induced contractions were partially antagonized by atropine (to about the same extent as those produced by dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), a ganglionic stimulant), but were unaffected by hexamethonium (10 microM), phentolamine (0.2 microM) or indomethacin (5 microM). In the presence of GABA the contractile effect of both DMPP (TTX-sensitive) and acetylcholine (ACh, TTX-insensitive) were significantly reduced. Similar findings were obtained with DMPP, i.e. in preparations exposed to this ganglionic stimulant both GABA- and ACh-induced contractions were depressed. Homotaurine but not (+/-)-baclofen mimicked the depressant effect of GABA on DMPP-induced contractions. The depressant effect of GABA on ACh-induced contractions of the guinea-pig urinary bladder was neurogenic in origin, i.e., was not observed in preparations exposed to TTX. These experiments indicate that GABA has a dual effect on the contractile behaviour of the guinea-pig isolated urinary bladder. Recently it has been proposed that endogenous GABA plays a neuromodulatory role in this organ. Our data suggest that in the early phase of neurogenic activation of detrusor muscle (micturition reflex) GABA might transiently enhance excitatory neurotransmission followed by a more sustained inhibition of contractility.
Cine-servo lens technology for 4K broadcast and cinematography (2015)

Central to the rapid evolution of 4K image capture technology in the past few years, deployment of large-format cameras with Super35mm Single Sensors is increasing in TV production for diverse shows such as dramas, documentaries, wildlife, and sports. While large format image capture has been the standard in the cinema world for quite some time, the recent experiences within the broadcast industry have revealed a variety of requirement differences for large format lenses compared to those of the cinema industry. A typical requirement for a broadcast lens is a considerably higher zoom ratio in order to avoid changing lenses in the middle of a live event, which is mostly not the case for traditional cinema productions. Another example is the need for compact size, light weight, and servo operability for a single camera operator shooting in a shoulder-mount ENG style. On the other hand, there are new requirements that are common to both worlds, such as smooth and seamless change in angle of view throughout the long zoom range, which potentially offers new image expression that never existed in the past. This paper will discuss the requirements from the two industries of cinema and broadcast, while at the same time introducing the new technologies and new optical design concepts applied to our latest “CINE-SERVO” lens series which presently consists of two models, CN7x17KAS-S and CN20x50IAS-H. It will further explain how Canon has realized 4K optical performance and fast servo control while simultaneously achieving compact size, light weight and high zoom ratio, by referring to patent-pending technologies such as the optical power layout, lens construction, and glass material combinations.
Assessment of Papillary Muscle Infarction with Dark-Blood Delayed Enhancement Cardiac MRI in Canines and Humans (2022)

Background The relationship between papillary muscle infarction (papMI) and the culprit coronary lesion has not been fully investigated. Delayed enhancement cardiac MRI may detect papMI, yet its accuracy is unknown. Flow-independent dark-blood delayed enhancement (FIDDLE) cardiac MRI has been shown to improve the detection of myocardial infarction adjacent to blood pool. Purpose To assess the diagnostic performance of delayed enhancement and FIDDLE cardiac MRI for the detection of papMI, and to investigate the prevalence of papMI and its relationship to the location of the culprit coronary lesion. Materials and Methods A prospective canine study was used to determine the accuracy of conventional delayed enhancement imaging and FIDDLE imaging for detection of papMI, with pathology-based findings as the reference standard. Participants with first-time myocardial infarction with a clear culprit lesion at coronary angiography were prospectively enrolled at a single hospital from 2015 to 2018 and compared against control participants with low Framingham risk scores. In canines, diagnostic accuracy was calculated for delayed enhancement and FIDDLE imaging. Results In canines (<i>n</i> = 27), FIDDLE imaging was more sensitive (100% [23 of 23] vs 57% [13 of 23], <i>P</i> < .001) and accurate (100% [54 of 54] vs 80% [43 of 54], <i>P</i> = .01) than delayed enhancement imaging for detection of papMI. In 43 participants with myocardial infarction (mean age, 56 years ± 16 [SD]; 28 men), the infarct-related artery was the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), left circumflex coronary artery (LCX), and right coronary artery in 47% (20 of 43), 26% (11 of 43), and 28% (12 of 43), respectively. The prevalence of anterior papMI was lower than posterior papMI (37% [16 of 43 participants] vs 44% [19 of 43 participants]) despite more LAD culprit lesions. Culprits leading to papMI were restricted to a smaller "at-risk" portion of the coronary tree for anterior papMI (subtended first diagonal branch of the LAD or first marginal branch of the LCX) compared with posterior (subtended posterior descending artery or third obtuse marginal branch of the LCX). Culprits within these at-risk portions were predictive of papMI at a similar rate (anterior, 83% [15 of 18 participants] vs posterior, 86% [18 of 21 participants]). Conclusion Flow-independent dark-blood delayed enhancement cardiac MRI, unlike conventional delayed enhancement cardiac MRI, was highly accurate in the detection of papillary muscle infarction (papMI). Anterior papMI was less prevalent than posterior papMI, most likely due to culprit lesions being restricted to a smaller portion of the coronary tree rather than because of redundant, dual vascular supply. © RSNA, 2022 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i> See also the editorial by Kawel-Boehm and Bremerich in this issue.
Trojan Horse Training for Breaking Defenses against Backdoor Attacks in Deep Learning (2022)

Machine learning (ML) models that use deep neural networks are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Such attacks involve the insertion of a (hidden) trigger by an adversary. As a consequence, any input that contains the trigger will cause the neural network to misclassify the input to a (single) target class, while classifying other inputs without a trigger correctly. ML models that contain a backdoor are called Trojan models. Backdoors can have severe consequences in safety-critical cyber and cyber physical systems when only the outputs of the model are available. Defense mechanisms have been developed and illustrated to be able to distinguish between outputs from a Trojan model and a non-Trojan model in the case of a single-target backdoor attack with accuracy &gt; 96 percent. Understanding the limitations of a defense mechanism requires the construction of examples where the mechanism fails. Current single-target backdoor attacks require one trigger per target class. We introduce a new, more general attack that will enable a single trigger to result in misclassification to more than one target class. Such a misclassification will depend on the true (actual) class that the input belongs to. We term this category of attacks multi-target backdoor attacks. We demonstrate that a Trojan model with either a single-target or multi-target trigger can be trained so that the accuracy of a defense mechanism that seeks to distinguish between outputs coming from a Trojan and a non-Trojan model will be reduced. Our approach uses the non-Trojan model as a teacher for the Trojan model and solves a min-max optimization problem between the Trojan model and defense mechanism. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that our training procedure reduces the accuracy of a state-of-the-art defense mechanism from &gt;96 to 0 percent.
Impulsive stimulated scattering study of the coupled acoustic and soft modes in KD2PO4 (1992)

Abstract The temperature and wave vector dependence of the soft shear acoustic mode and the soft polarization mode of KD2PO4 are examined in the high-temperature phase through impulsive stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering. With different scattering wave vectors the regimes ωτ < 1, ωτ ≈ 1 and ωτ > 1 are probed where ω is the acoustic frequency and τ is the polarization relaxation time. The results illustrate how the coupled acoustic and polarization response may be observed in the time domain, and indicate advantages for the time-domain approach in the ωτ τ 1 regime. In this regime the softening of the acoustic mode is followed by hardening (increasing of the frequency) as the transition temperature is approached from above. On femtosecond time scales, it is possible to test critically for any inertial component to the polarization response, which would indicate an overdamped oscillator rather than relaxational description of the polar optic phonon mode.
Lifetimes of epicardial rotors in panoramic optical maps of fibrillating swine ventricles (2006)

During ventricular fibrillation (VF), electrical activation waves are fragmented, and the heart cannot contract in synchrony. It has been proposed that VF waves emanate from stable periodic sources (often called "mother rotors"). The objective of the present study was to determine if stable rotors are consistently present on the epicardial surface of hearts comparable in size to human hearts. Using new optical mapping technology, we imaged VF from nearly the entire ventricular surface of six isolated swine hearts. Using newly developed pattern analysis algorithms, we identified and tracked VF wave fronts and phase singularities (PS; the pivot point of a reentrant wave front). We introduce the notion of a compound rotor in which the rotor's central PS can change and describe an algorithm for automatically identifying such patterns. This prevents rotor lifetimes from being inappropriately abbreviated by wave front fragmentation and collision events near the PS. We found that stable epicardial rotors were not consistently present during VF: only 1 of 17 VF episodes contained a compound rotor that lasted for the entire mapped interval of 4 s. However, shorter-lived rotors were common; 12.2 (SD 3.3) compound rotors with lifetime >200 ms were visible on the epicardium at any given instant. We conclude that epicardial mother rotors do not drive VF in this experimental model; if mother rotors do exist, they are intramural or septal. This paucity of persistent rotors suggests that individual rotors will eventually terminate by themselves and therefore that the continual formation of new rotors is critical for VF maintenance.
Survey of Current Management Practices for Carotid Webs (2019)

<b>Background:</b> Carotid webs are thick, fibrous intimal bands that appear as intraluminal shelf-like defects at the carotid bifurcation on vascular imaging. These lesions are a potential underrecognized cause of cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Although the recognition of carotid webs has increased, no evidence-based treatment guidelines are available. We surveyed subspecialists across multiple neurologic disciplines to assess the state of current clinical practice. <b>Methods:</b> An 8-question multiple-choice style survey of neurologists and radiologists assessed familiarity with this disease entity, preferred imaging modalities, and management strategies for asymptomatic and symptomatic (producing stroke) carotid webs. Responses were collected through SurveyMonkey software via anonymous responses to a posted survey link on the Society of Neurointerventional Surgery website in addition to invitation emails sent to colleagues in corresponding fields. <b>Results:</b> Of the 74 total respondents, 64% identified as neurointerventionalists. Respondents identified computed tomography angiography as the most commonly used imaging modality to place carotid webs in the differential diagnosis (57% of respondents' preference), while conventional digital subtraction angiogram was the preferred modality to confirm a web (54% of respondents' preference). Respondents preferred single and dual antiplatelet therapy to manage asymptomatic and acute stroke-producing carotid webs, while invasive treatment was most commonly sought for webs producing recurrent strokes. <b>Conclusion:</b> Familiarity with carotid webs varied across subspecialties. We found some consensus among respondents on the imaging modality preferred to identify webs, on asymptomatic carotid web management, and on recurrently symptomatic (multiple strokes) carotid web management. Less consistency was seen regarding preferences for confirmatory imaging and management of acutely symptomatic (initial stroke) carotid webs.
Optimal Pricing for Online Delivery Platforms with Group Buying and Direct Delivery (2021)

Group buying is an emerging business model innovation in online delivery industry. In this paper, we model a platform which provides products and delivery service, including direct delivery and group buying. We study the behavior of customers and pricing strategy of platforms. The results show that: (1) Customers tend to choose group buying for low-price products and direct delivery for high-price products. (2) For platforms, the optimal price is first decreasing and then increasing in delivery fee. (3) The platforms could choose to become mid-end or high-end platform. Mid-end platforms would provide both services with low price and delivery fee while high-end platform would only provide direct delivery service with high price and high delivery fee.
Steroid sulfatase inhibitors for the topical treatment of skin disorders (2008)

Inhibition of steroid sulfatase (STS) activity in skin is a potential new treatment strategy for a number of skin disorders, including hirsutism, androgen-dependent alopecia, acne and psoriasis. In skin and its appendages, STS regulates the hydrolysis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone, a weak androgen, which can be converted to the biologically active androgens testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone by other steroidogenic enzymes also present in skin. A number of potent, irreversible STS inhibitors have been developed based around a core arylsulfamate ester motif, the active pharmacophore required for potent STS inhibition. Such inhibitors include AHBS and STX-64. Topical application of AHBS to the skin of mice or pigs resulted in almost complete inhibition of skin STS activity. Furthermore, when applied to the skin of Gottingen minipigs daily for 2 weeks, by day 10 AHBS had inhibited sebum production, a desired requisite for an antiacne drug. When applied topically to the skin of nude mice at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg STX-64 inhibited skin STS activity by > 90%, but it also inhibited liver STS activity. While preclinical studies have confirmed the ability of topically applied STS inhibitors to inhibit skin STS activity, further studies using preclinical models of skin disorders and clinical trials are needed to test their efficacy in treating skin disorders.
Facile synthesis of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles on germanane, Ge nanoparticles and wafers (2023)

The unique solid-solution structure and multi-element compositions of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA NPs) have garnered substantial attention. Various methods have been developed to prepare a diverse array of HEA NPs using different substrates for support and stabilization. In this study, we present a facile surface-mediated reduction method to prepare HEA NPs (AuAgCuPdPt) decorated germanane (HEA NPs@GeNSs), and employ X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize their structure, composition, and morphology. Subsequently, we demonstrate that the HEA NPs can be liberated from the surfaces of GeNSs as freestanding systems <i>via</i> straightforward exposure to UV light. We also explore germanium nanoparticles (GeNPs) as an alternative substrate for HEA NP formation/production, given their similarity to germanane and their Ge-H surface. Finally, we extend our investigation to bulk Ge wafers and demonstrate successful deposition of HEA NPs.
Analysis of polarization pinning in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers using etched trenches (1999)

Recent work has shown that the etching of deep trenches in close proximity to GaAs VCSEL apertures consistently causes the linear TE polarization of the emission to be pinned in a direction parallel to the line etch. Further enhancement of this polarization pinning has been achieved by post- annealing after etching. Initial studies have been carried out using photoluminescence and Raman measurements of the VCSEL wafer before and after etching as well as after annealing. Modeling the observed shift in the optical cavity (longitudinal) mode has indicated that etching introduces strain perpendicular to the etch in the active region of the VCSEL of 4 X 10<SUP>8</SUP> dyn/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. The strain causes the cavity mode to shift to longer wavelength and reduces the spontaneous emission in the direction perpendicular to the etched trenches. The strain introduced by etching is believed to be the origin of this polarization pinning effect. Measurements of the spontaneous emission profile across the VCSEL facet after etching give valuable information on the mechanisms involved.
The Effects of a Switch-Off Response Accompanied by Hypothalamically Induced Restlessness on Immunoendocrinological Changes in Cats (2004)

Electrical stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus in cats elicits a behavior called restlessness. When a switch is available for the cats to shut off the electrical stimulation, the cats learn to turn off the stimulation (switch-off response; SOR). In this study, we examined the relationship between the SOR and immunoendocrinological alterations. First of all, an escapable stimulation, in which cats could turn off the stimulation, was applied (escapable condition; EC). One month later, inescapable stimulation was delivered under the same conditions except for the fact that the cats could not turn off the stimulation (inescapable condition; IC). A behavioral analysis revealed that unstable patterns of behavior and a reduction in motor activity were observed in IC compared with those in EC. Furthermore, no significant changes in peripheral leukocytes were observed, while plasma epinephrine and cortisol transiently increased after the series of stimulations, but immediately decreased after the end of the stimulation in EC. On the other hand, there was a greater and prolonged increase in the number of peripheral granulocytes and the plasma levels of epinephrine and cortisol from 1 to 2 h after the stimulation until the end of the experiment in IC. Regarding the number of peripheral lymphocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes and the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio, no significant differences were found between EC and IC. These results suggest that the inability to escape from the aversive stimulation caused a decrease in movement and a prolonged alteration of the immune and endocrine systems, as is often observed in learned helplessness.
The cardiac-restricted protein ADP-ribosylhydrolase-like 1 is essential for heart chamber outgrowth and acts on muscle actin filament assembly (2016)

Adprhl1, a member of the ADP-ribosylhydrolase protein family, is expressed exclusively in the developing heart of all vertebrates. In the amphibian Xenopus laevis, distribution of its mRNA is biased towards actively growing chamber myocardium. Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of all Adprhl1 variants inhibits striated myofibril assembly and prevents outgrowth of the ventricle. The resulting ventricles retain normal electrical conduction and express markers of chamber muscle differentiation but are functionally inert. Using a cardiac-specific Gal4 binary expression system, we show that the abundance of Adprhl1 protein in tadpole hearts is tightly controlled through a negative regulatory mechanism targeting the 5'-coding sequence of Xenopus adprhl1. Over-expression of full length (40kDa) Adprhl1 variants modified to escape such repression, also disrupts cardiac myofibrillogenesis. Disarrayed myofibrils persist that show extensive branching, with sarcomere division occurring at the actin-Z-disc boundary. Ultimately, Adprhl1-positive cells contain thin actin threads, connected to numerous circular branch points. Recombinant Adprhl1 can localize to stripes adjacent to the Z-disc, suggesting a direct role for Adprhl1 in modifying Z-disc and actin dynamics as heart chambers grow. Modelling the structure of Adprhl1 suggests this cardiac-specific protein is a pseudoenzyme, lacking key residues necessary for ADP-ribosylhydrolase catalytic activity.
Data from ZIP4 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Repressing ZO-1 and Claudin-1 through a ZEB1-Dependent Transcriptional Mechanism (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; ZIP4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and promotes tumor growth. However, little is known about the role of ZIP4 in advanced stages of this dismal neoplasm. Our goal is to study the underlying mechanism and define a novel signaling pathway controlled by ZIP4-modulating pancreatic tumor metastasis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; The expression of ZIP4, ZO-1, claudin-1, and ZEB1 in human pancreatic cancer tissues, genetically engineered mouse model, xenograft tumor model, and pancreatic cancer cell lines were examined, and the correlations between ZIP4 and those markers were also analyzed. Functional analysis of ZO-1, claudin-1, and ZEB1 was investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and orthotopic xenografts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Genetic inactivation of ZIP4 inhibited migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer and increased the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1. Conversely, overexpression of ZIP4 promoted migration and invasion and increased the expression of ZEB1 and downregulation of the aforementioned epithelial genes. ZIP4 downregulation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 requires the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. Further analysis demonstrated that ZIP4-mediated repression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 leads to upregulation of their targets FAK and Paxillin. Silencing of ZIP4 caused reduced phosphorylation of FAK and Paxillin, which was rescued by simultaneous blocking of ZO-1 or claudin-1. Clinically, we demonstrated that ZIP4 positively correlates with the levels of ZEB1 and inversely associates with the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; These findings suggest a novel pathway activated by ZIP4-controlling pancreatic cancer invasiveness and metastasis, which could serve as a new therapeutic target for this devastating disease. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3186–96. ©2018 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;