gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mismatch in Credit Markets (2002)

Abstract: This paper studies the phenomenon of mismatches in a decentralized credit market where borrowers and lenders must engage in costly search to establish credit relationships. Our dynamic general equilibrium framework integrates informational frictions with matching frictions arising from (i) the endogenous market entry and exit decision by borrowers and (ii) the time and resource costs necessary to locate credit opportunities. A key feature of the incentive compatible loan contracts negotiated between borrowers and lenders is the interaction of incentive frictions (in the form of moral hazard) with search and entry frictions. We find that the disappearance of entry barriers can eliminate information-based equilibrium credit rationing. More generally, we show that entry and incentive frictions are important in understanding the extent of credit rationing, while entry and search frictions are important determinants of credit market breakdown.
QUADRICEPS EFFICIENCY FOLLOWING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY WITH A MEDIAL-PIVOT SYSTEM IS SIMILAR TO CONTROL (2016)

Introduction Quadriceps performance following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a critical factor in patient satisfaction that can be significantly affected by implant design (Greene, 2008). The objective of this study was to compare quadriceps efficiency (QE) following TKA with a medial-pivot system (EVOLUTION®, MicroPort Orthopedics Inc., Arlington, TN, USA) to non-implanted control measurements. Methods Five cadaveric leg specimens with no prior surgeries, deformities, or disease were obtained. Each was placed in a custom closed chain device and loaded to simulate a heel-up squat from full-extension to deep flexion (approximately 115°) and back to full extension. Quadriceps force (FQ) and ground reaction force (FZ) were measured, and the ratio of the two was calculated as the quadriceps load factor (QLF). QFLs are inversely related to QE, with higher QFLs representing reduced efficiency. Each specimen was then implanted with a medial-pivot implant by a board certified orthopedic surgeon and force measurements were repeated. Mean pre- (represents control values) and post-implantation QFLs were compared to determine any differences in QE throughout the range of motion. Results Mean QFLs were not statistically different for pre- and post-implantation measurements throughout loading (Figure 1). QE was increased in the post-implantation measurements compared to pre-implantation between approximately 80° and 115° flexion and reduced between 5° and 80°. The mean peak post-implantation QFL was 5% less than that measured pre-implantation. Discussion Quadriceps muscles were least efficient during peak flexion (80°–115°) when FQ was highest during both pre- and post-implantation measurements. The similar QE seen between the pre- and post-implantation measurements for most of the range of motion could be a result of the system design, which seeks to mimic the kinematics of the normal knee (Schmidt, 2003). The observed nearly-linear change in the FQ through 75° is likely due to the combination of the medial spherical radius and the conformity of the medial tibial insert socket that provides a constant moment arm on which the extensor mechanism can act. The primary driver of decreasing efficiency of the extensor mechanism is the increasing moment arm of the load with increasing flexion. The second increase in FQ in deep flexion (>110°) for the implanted measurements is likely due to the smaller closing radius on the femoral component in this range. These preliminary data have the potential to be significant clinically in that decreased QE may result in increased quadriceps forces manifesting in anterior knee pain or patient fatigue. Additionally, increased QE may play a role in rehabilitation and return to activities of daily living. The current results show the medial-pivot system may increase QE during peak flexion and does not significantly reduce QE during midflexion when compared to control. In-vivo testing is needed to confirm if these results translate to clinical practice.
Revealing the Functions of the Transketolase Enzyme Isoforms in Rhodopseudomonas palustris Using a Systems Biology Approach (2011)

Taken together, our results indicate that the two isoforms of transketolase in R. palustris could affect photoautotrophic growth through both common and divergent metabolic mechanisms.
Interactive machine teaching: a human-centered approach to building machine-learned models (2020)

Modern systems can augment people’s capabilities by using machine-learned models to surface intelligent behaviors. Unfortunately, building these models remains challenging and beyond the reach of non-machine learning experts. We describe interactive machine teaching (IMT) and its potential to simplify the creation of machine-learned models. One of the key characteristics of IMT is its iterative process in which the human-in-the-loop takes the role of a teacher teaching a machine how to perform a task. We explore alternative learning theories as potential theoretical foundations for IMT, the intrinsic human capabilities related to teaching, and how IMT systems might leverage them. We argue that IMT processes that enable people to leverage these capabilities have a variety of benefits, including making machine learning methods accessible to subject-matter experts and the creation of semantic and debuggable machine learning (ML) models. We present an integrated teaching environment (ITE) that embodies principles from IMT, and use it as a design probe to observe how non-ML experts do IMT and as the basis of a system that helps us study how to guide teachers. We explore and highlight the benefits and challenges of IMT systems. We conclude by outlining six research challenges to advance the field of IMT.
Face‐Selective Nucleation of Calcite on Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiols: Effect of the Parity of the Alkyl Chain (2003)

Aufgereiht: Eine Untersuchung selbstorganisierter Monoschichten von Sulfanylalkansäuren mit gerader und ungerader Kettenlänge auf Gold- und Silbersubstraten zeigt, dass die kristallographische Richtung darauf wachsender Calcitkristalle von der Orientierung der funktionellen Gruppen auf der Oberfläche abhängt (siehe Bild).
Neuronal calcium dysregulation in mice at an early stage of tauopathy and its alleviation by a tau antibody (2022)

Abstract Background Tau immunotherapies are promising approaches to treat Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. How tau antibodies restore neuronal function remains unknown. Neuronal activity can be monitored by two‐photon calcium imaging in awake and behaving animals. Using this method, we observed altered neuronal calcium activity in the motor cortex of 12‐month‐old JNPL3 tauopathy mice during quiet wakefulness or forced running (Wu Q et al , Neurobiol. Dis. 2021). We also demonstrated that a mouse monoclonal antibody, targeting phosphorylated tau‐Ser396/Ser404, significantly restored the abnormal calcium activity and decreased pathological tau levels in these mice. Analysis of possible neuronal functional deficits and tau antibody efficacy in younger tauopathy mice warrants further investigation. Methods Somatic calcium activity in the motor cortex of 6‐month‐old JNPL3 mice were assessed by two‐photon microscopy when animals were either resting or running on a treadmill. At this age, JNPL3 mice are in their early stage of tauopathy. The frequency, amplitude and total activity of calcium transients were analyzed and compared between wild‐type and JNPL3 mice. After the first imaging session, two doses (100 µg each) of a tau antibody were administered intravenously to JNPL3 mice four days apart. The somatic calcium activity was assessed again in these animals four days later, and compared to their neuronal calcium activity profile before tau antibody treatment. Results We found abnormal cortical calcium activity in resting and running JNPL3 mice at 6 months of age. Brain levels of pathological tau correlated with the degree of calcium dysfunction. Acute treatment with a tau antibody attenuated these changes, whereas littermate JNPL3 mice treated with control IgG showed no improvements. Conclusion These findings revealed neuronal calcium dysregulation in JNPL3 mice at an early stage of tauopathy that was partially corrected by an acute tau antibody treatment, analogous to our prior findings at a later stage of tauopathy. Together, these results indicate that neuronal dysfunction correlates with tau pathology at various stages of tauopathy, which can be consistently alleviated by a tau antibody treatment. This type of functional evaluation in vivo is a valuable way to study tau pathogenesis, and assess therapeutic efficacy at different stages of tauopathy.
Optimisation du calcul et de la fabrication par microlithographie d'optiques diffractives numeriques pour leur integration dans des micro-systemes. Une approche de cao/cfao (1997)

Le but de cette these est de proposer des bases conceptuelles pour l'elaboration d'un logiciel de cao pour le calcul, la simulation et la fabrication d'optiques diffractives numeriques sous contraintes technologiques, et en particulier de nature microlithographiques
Cockle (Anadara granosa) shells-based hydroxyapatite and its potential for defluoridation of drinking water (2022)

The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of a hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based adsorbent derived from biogenic cockle (Anadara granosa) shells for the defluoridation of drinking water. The raw cockle shells and synthesized HAp were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopes-energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. As demonstrated by FTIR, cockle shells were found to be composed of calcium carbonate (97.4%), an aragonite polymorphous type of carbonate mineral. XRD and SEM analysis supported the formation of a nanocrystalline HAp with an average crystal size of 19.08 nm and 57.1 nm, respectively, with a surface area of 105.8 m2/g and a pore size of 5.6 nm, as depicted by BET. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) with five input parameters: adsorbent dose (2–10 g/L), initial fluoride concentration (10–80 mg/L), contact time (0.5–24 h), reaction temperature (303–333 K), and pH. (3–11). BBD revealed the following optimum conditions: adsorbent dose (6 g/L), initial fluoride concentration (45 mg/L), contact period 12.25 h, reaction temperature (303 K), and pH 3. Experimentally, the adsorption of fluoride on HAp fitted well with the non-linear Langmuir isotherm and linear pseudo-second order kinetics, signifying the chemisorption process. A maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 15.374 mg/g, which is closer to the experimental value of 14.053 mg/g, was presented by the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamically, the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and stable in nature. The defluoridation mechanism was through electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and precipitation. Furthermore, the synthesized HAp and bone char were used to examine their efficacy in defluoridating field water: HAp performed better at natural pH, where the treated water met WHO and TBS standards, whereas bone char had insufficient fluoride removal, especially at high fluoride levels. As a result, this study suggests that HAp derived from Anadara granosa shells could be a viable adsorbent for the defluoridation of drinking water.
The Role of Wnt Signaling In Cancer and Stem Cells (2005)

The Wingless-Int (Wnt) signaling pathway has been widely investigated in recent years. Initially, its role regulating cell proliferation and survival during embryogenesis aroused the interest of researchers. Later, the focus was placed on the link between aberrant Wnt pathway activation and human cancer. The improper function of Wnt signaling components can lead to aberrant cell proliferation and cancer. Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli and beta-catenin genes first implicated Wnt signaling in carcinogenesis. Over time, a wealth of evidence has indicated that amplification or inhibition of other components might also play a role in human cancers. In addition, Wnt signaling pathways also play a crucial role in normal tissue regeneration and stem cell self-renewal, raising the possibility of controlling immature tumor stem cells.
<title>Vertical cavity lasers for optical interconnects</title> (1991)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers1 are generating much interest due to their geometric suitability for two-dimensional array fabrication and their potential for achieving ultra-low thresholds. Here we report on optically- and electrically-pumped microlaser devices. having transverse dimensions of a few microns and active material lengths of a few hundred A. The very small volumes are a key factor in achieving low thresholds. So far however surface recombination has prevented us from achieving thresholds much below 1 mA.
In Vivo Quantitative Mapping of Myocardial Stiffening and Transmural Anisotropy During the Cardiac Cycle (2010)

Shear wave imaging was evaluated for the in vivo assessment of myocardial biomechanical properties on ten open chest sheep. The use of dedicated ultrasonic sequences implemented on a very high frame rate ultrasonic scanner ( > 5000 frames per second) enables the estimation of the quantitative shear modulus of myocardium several times during one cardiac cycle. A 128 element probe remotely generates a shear wave thanks to the radiation force induced by a focused ultrasonic burst. The resulting shear wave propagation is tracked using the same probe by cross-correlating successive ultrasonic images acquired at a very high frame rate. The shear wave speed estimated at each location in the ultrasonic image gives access to the local myocardial stiffness (shear modulus μ). The technique was found to be reproducible (standard deviation ) and able to estimate both systolic and diastolic stiffness on each sheep (respectively μ(dias) ≈ 2 kPa and μ(syst) ≈ 30 kPa). Moreover, the ability of the proposed method to polarize the shear wave generation and propagation along a chosen axis permits the study the local elastic anisotropy of myocardial muscle. As expected, myocardial elastic anisotropy is found to vary with muscle depth. The real time capabilities and potential of Shear Wave Imaging using ultrafast scanners for cardiac applications is finally illustrated by studying the dynamics of this fractional anisotropy during the cardiac cycle.
Inter-message correlation for intrusion detection in controller area networks (2019)

Electronic Control Units (ECUs) exchange data via in-vehicle network protocols such as the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. These protocols do not encrypt data or authenticate messages since they were designed for an isolated network. Many studies have developed Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) that fingerprint each ECU to secure the CAN protocol. These IDSs, however, cannot detect an attack in which an adversary spoofs sensor measurements or control signals in a message without changing the transmitter of that message. In order to detect such attacks, we develop a motion-based IDS (MIDS) that exploits the correlation between messages that convey the same information of a vehicle’s movement, such as vehicle speed. We also introduce a new metric to quantify the effectiveness of MIDS. We evaluate MIDS using CAN data from two real vehicles by demonstrating that MIDS can detect the attacks on the CAN bus or ECUs.
Epitaxial growth of MgO/Ga2O3 heterostructure and its band alignment studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (2018)

We have grown an epitaxial MgO/Ga2O3 heterostructure on a MgO(001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Crystallographic studies revealed the out-of-plane and in-plane crystal orientations between the MgO overlayer and the Ga2O3 layer, which were MgO(001) ∥ β-Ga2O3(001) and MgO[100] ∥ β-Ga2O3, respectively. The valence band offset at the MgO/β-Ga2O3 interface was determined to be 0.19 eV (type-II band alignment) by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, resulting in a large conduction band offset of 2.7–3.2 eV. These results indicate that MgO is a promising potential barrier for electrons in an epitaxial MgO/Ga2O3 multilayered structure.
JackIn (2014)

JackIn is a new human-human communication framework for connecting two or more people. With first-person view video streaming from a person (called Body) wearing a transparent head-mounted display and a head-mounted camera, the other person (called Ghost) participates in the shared first-person view. With JackIn, people's activities can be shared and assistance or guidance can be given through other peoples expertise. This can be applied to daily activities such as cooking lessons, shopping navigation, education in craft-work or electrical work, and sharing experiences of sporting and live events. For a better viewing experience with frist-person view, we developed the out-of-body view in which first-person images are integrated to construct a scene around a Body, and a Ghost can virtually control the viewpoint to look around the space surrounding the Body. We also developed a tele-pointing gesture interface. We conducted an experiment to evaluate how effective this framework is and found that Ghosts can understand the spatial situation of the Body.
Synthesis and Biophysical Studies of High Affinity Morpholino Oligomers Containing G-clamp Analogs (2023)

Synthesis of chlorophosphoramidate morpholino monomers containing tricyclic cytosine analogs phenoxazine, G-clamp, and G8AE-clamp were achieved and incorporated into 12-mer oligonucleotides using trityl-chemistry by automated synthesizer. Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers containing a single G-clamp had significantly enhanced affinity for complementary RNA and DNA relative to unmodified oligomers. The G-clamp-modified oligomers adopt a B-type helical conformation as per CD spectra. Binding affinities were sequence and position dependent.
Early Events in Retrovirus XMRV Infection of the Wild-Derived MouseMus pahari (2010)

A novel gammaretrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), has been identified in patients with prostate cancer and in patients with chronic fatigue syndromes. Standard Mus musculus laboratory mice lack a functional XPR1 receptor for XMRV and are therefore not a suitable model for the virus. In contrast, Gairdner's shrew-mice (Mus pahari) do express functional XPR1. To determine whether Mus pahari could serve as a model for XMRV, primary Mus pahari fibroblasts and mice were infected with cell-free XMRV. Infection of cells in vitro resulted in XMRV Gag expression and the production of XMRV virions. After intraperitoneal injection of XMRV into Mus pahari mice, XMRV proviral DNA could be detected in spleen, blood, and brain. Intravenous administration of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) vector pseudotyped with XMRV produced GFP(+) CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells. Mice mounted adaptive immune responses against XMRV, as evidenced by the production of neutralizing and Env- and Gag-specific antibodies. Prominent G-to-A hypermutations were also found in viral genomes isolated from the spleen, suggesting intracellular restriction of XMRV infection by APOBEC3 in vivo. These data demonstrate infection of Mus pahari by XMRV, potential cell tropism of the virus, and immunological and intracellular restriction of virus infection in vivo. These data support the use of Mus pahari as a model for XMRV pathogenesis and as a platform for vaccine and drug development against this potential human pathogen.
van der Waals Heterostructures with High Accuracy Rotational Alignment (2016)

We describe the realization of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures with accurate rotational alignment of individual layer crystal axes. We illustrate the approach by demonstrating a Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene formed using successive transfers of monolayer graphene flakes. The Raman spectra of this artificial bilayer graphene possess a wide 2D band, which is best fit by four Lorentzians, consistent with Bernal stacking. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals no moiré pattern on the artificial bilayer graphene, and tunneling spectroscopy as a function of gate voltage reveals a constant density of states, also in agreement with Bernal stacking. In addition, electron transport probed in dual-gated samples reveals a band gap opening as a function of transverse electric field. To illustrate the applicability of this technique to realize vdW heterostructuctures in which the functionality is critically dependent on rotational alignment, we demonstrate resonant tunneling double bilayer graphene heterostructures separated by hexagonal boron-nitride dielectric.
Bits About the Channel: Multiround Protocols for Two-Way Fading Channels (2011)

Most communication systems use some form of feedback, often related to channel state information. In this paper, we study diversity multiplexing tradeoff for both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) systems, when both receiver and transmitter knowledge about the channel is noisy and potentially mismatched. For FDD systems, we first extend the achievable tradeoff region for 1.5 rounds of message passing to get higher diversity compared to the best known scheme, in the regime of higher multiplexing gains. We then break the mold of all current channel state based protocols by using multiple rounds of conferencing to extract more bits about the actual channel. This iterative refinement of the channel increases the diversity order with every round of communication. The protocols are on-demand in nature, using high powers for training and feedback only when the channel is in poor states. The key result is that the diversity multiplexing tradeoff with perfect training and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$K$</tex></formula> levels of perfect feedback can be achieved, even when there are errors in training the receiver and errors in the feedback link, with a multiround protocol which has <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$K$</tex></formula> rounds of training and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$K-1$</tex></formula> rounds of binary feedback. The above result can be viewed as a generalization of Zheng and Tse, and Aggarwal and Sabharwal, where the result was shown to hold for <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$K=1$</tex></formula> and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$K=2$</tex> </formula> , respectively. For TDD systems, we also develop new achievable strategies with multiple rounds of communication between the transmitter and the receiver, which use the reciprocity of the forward and the feedback channel. The multiround TDD protocol achieves a diversity-multiplexing tradeoff which uniformly dominates its FDD counterparts, where no channel reciprocity is available.