gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of ZnS phases in CZTS thin-films by EXAFS (2011)

Copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) is a promising Earth-abundant thin-film solar cell material; it has an appropriate band gap of ~1.45 eV and a high absorption coefficient. The most efficient CZTS cells tend to be slightly Zn-rich and Cu-poor. However, growing Zn-rich CZTS films can sometimes result in phase decomposition of CZTS into ZnS and Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> SnS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , which is generally deleterious to solar cell performance. Cubic ZnS is difficult to detect by XRD, due to a similar diffraction pattern. We hypothesize that synchrotron-based extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), which is sensitive to local chemical environment, may be able to determine the quantity of ZnS phase in CZTS films by detecting differences in the second-nearest neighbor shell of the Zn atoms. Films of varying stoichiometries, from Zn-rich to Cu-rich (Zn-poor) were examined using the EXAFS technique. Differences in the spectra as a function of Cu/Zn ratio are detected. Linear combination analysis suggests increasing ZnS signal as the CZTS films become more Zn-rich. We demonstrate that the sensitive technique of EXAFS could be used to quantify the amount of ZnS present and provide a guide to crystal growth of highly phase pure films.
Non-intrusive load monitoring for water (WaterNILM) (2014)

Better water consumption decisions benefit from detailed use information.Easily installed non-intrusive vibration sensors provide a "no-fuss" retrofit solution for detecting the operation of water consuming appliances.The sensors measure pipe vibration, which are revealed to be a rich source of information for identifying loads.Vibration is processed to extract power spectral density based features which are classified with a clustering algorithm trained during install.The results can be used to track load operating schedule from the vibration data collected from as little as one pipe in a home.Mechanics governing the observed signals, and signal processing to extract operating information, are discussed in this paper.Field data from three different homes demonstrates the accuracy of this approach.
Micromachined Thin Film MI Element for Integrated Magnetic Sensor (2006)

A micromachined thin film magnetoimpedance (MI) element was developed and its MI properties were investigated. Consisting of a SiN/Al/NiFe/SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film, it was formed on a Si (100) wafer and fabricated by photolithography and etching. Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">80</sub> Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">20</sub> film with nearly zero magnetostriction prepared by bias magnetron sputtering under a magnetic field was adopted as a magnetic layer in the MI element and magnetic anisotropy was induced parallel to the driving current direction. Sensitivity defined as the maximum fractional change in impedance increased with thickness and length, and was greatest for a width of 20 mum. The values for which the MI element had the best properties were 38% for the sensitivity, 1446 ppm/degC for the temperature coefficient of impedance TCZ and 712 ppm/degC for the temperature coefficient of sensitivity TCS at the driving frequency of 100 MHz. These values were much better than those of conventional magnetoresistance (MR) sensors. Therefore, these micromachined thin film MI elements have great potential for use in high sensitive integrated magnetic sensors.
Estimating accuracy for text classification tasks on large unlabeled data (2010)

Rule based systems for processing text data encode the knowledge of a human expert into a rule base to take decisions based on interactions of the input data and the rule base. Similarly, supervised learning based systems can learn patterns present in a given dataset to make decisions on similar and other related data. Performances of both these classes of models are largely dependent on the training examples seen by them, based on which the learning was performed. Even though trained models might fit well on training data, the accuracies they yield on a new test data may be considerably different. Computing the accuracy of the learnt models on new unlabeled datasets is a challenging problem requiring costly labeling, and which is still likely to only cover a subset of the new data because of the large sizes of datasets involved. In this paper, we present a method to estimate the accuracy of a given model on a new dataset without manually labeling the data. We verify our method on large datasets for two shallow text processing tasks: document classification and postal address segmentation, and using both supervised machine learning methods and human generated rule based models.
Science-Based Multiscale Modeling of Fatigue Damage for Structural Prognosis (2010)

Probabilistic microstructurally-based models for fatigue are being developed as part of a DARPA/Northrop Grumman Structural Integrity Prognosis System (SIPS). An integrated framework has been developed to provide probabilistic fatigue life prognosis of individual air vehicles by leveraging research across a large multi-disciplinary team. Development of the framework was made possible by advancements made by the SIPS Modeling and Simulation multidisciplinary research team in the statistical modeling of polycrystalline metal microstructures, finite element meshing, multiscale analysis, modeling of constitutive behavior of polycrystals, and materials testing technology for property measurement and validation procedures. The fatigue models are based on a fundamental understanding of the fatigue process, and trace the structural degradation caused by fatigue back to its physical origins in the microstructure of the metallic component. The objectives are to discover and link all the important damage mechanisms leading to a macroscopically observable crack and to allow defects to emerge naturally from statistically meaningful ensembles of material representations, subject to more accurate, scale-specific, damage inducing fields. An example is modeling the interplay between the grain crystallography and crack incubation at a constituent particle. A microstructurally-based model allows estimation of the total fatigue life from incubation and nucleation at a constituent second phase particle to propagation of micro-cracks to emergence of macro-cracks all in a statistical sense to permit accurate estimation of reliability indices.
Applications of “Dry” Processing in the Microelectronics Industry Using Carbon Dioxide (2004)

ABSTRACT Condensed carbon dioxide (CO2) has emerged as a leading enabler of advanced semiconductor manufacturing processes. By exploiting the physical properties of CO2, some of the current challenges encountered in microelectronics processing related to shrinking feature sizes and materials compatibility have been addressed. Furthermore, the potential for reduction of chemicals used in processing is realized. Applications of CO2 in microelectronics operations such as wafer cleaning, spin-coating, development, and stripping of photoresists, drying, low-k film preparation and repair, etching, and metal deposition are discussed.
Economic evaluation of different suture closure methods: barbed versus traditional interrupted sutures (2017)

Healthcare systems are receiving increasing pressures from payers, such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS), to reduce the costs associated with procedures, and with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, high costs are addressed through pay-for-performance programs. Thus, multiple areas of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery are under scrutiny, including surgical times, material costs, and the costs of associated complications and readmissions. Suture type has been determined to be a factor that may influence closure times, as well as direct material costs. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to compare: (I) the cost of using barbed <i>vs.</i> conventional interrupted sutures; (II) the additional cost of differences in complications, if any; (III) to extrapolate cost savings on a hospital and national level; and (IV) to discuss the role of these findings on hospital savings and the effect on bundled payments. It was found that the main factors affecting differences in overall costs between barbed and standard interrupted suture were material cost and closure time. Many studies have demonstrated greater cost savings with the barbed suture due to shorter operative times, despite the higher material costs. The majority of studies also demonstrated similar complication rates between the suture types, and thus these are unlikely to affect the cost difference. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no TKA studies in the literature evaluating the effect of suture type and associated complications on lengths of stay and readmission rates. Thus, it is unclear how these cost savings will translate to reimbursements rates and the role that they might play in bundled payments. Several studies in other specialties demonstrate decreased infection rates with the use of barbed sutures, which, if found to be true for TKA can be extrapolated to 3 million dollars of savings in revision TKA costs. Further studies on this topic are needed to define these relationships.
One Step Conversion of Heteroaromatic-N-Oxides to Imidazolo-Heteroarenes (2007)

Various pyridine-, quinoline-, isoquinoline-, and pyrimidine-N-oxides were converted to their corresponding alpha-imidazoloheteroarenes in good yield by treatment with sulfuryl diimidazole in nonpolar solvents at elevated temperatures.
Predicting the dynamic behavior of moving magnet actuators (1993)

Electromagnetic actuators are widely used for applications involving controlled motion. An important class of these devices is the moving magnet actuator. This type of actuator is gaining widespread use due to the concurrent development of high-strength NdFeB magnetic materials. In this article, a method is presented for computing the dynamic behavior of moving magnet actuators. This method comprises a hybrid mathematical approach that includes magnetic circuit analysis, finite element analysis, and the direct computation of force and torque using integral expressions. The method is demonstrated herein using a specific actuator.
Broad anti-HIV activity of the Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin homologue lectin family (2014)

OAA and OPA are unique CBAs with broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity; however, further optimization will be necessary for microbicidal application.
Supramolecular Elastomers: Self-Assembling Star–Blocks of Soft Polyisobutylene and Hard Oligo(β-alanine) Segments (2015)

A series of novel self-assembling star-blocks consisting of Mw = 29 000 g/mol 3-arm polyisobutylene (PIB) stars and oligo(β-alanine) end segments were synthesized and characterized. Star–blocks containing β-alanine dimers are viscous liquids, while those with tri-, tetra-, and penta(β-alanine)s are elastic solids. According to IR spectroscopy, the β-alanine dimer is partially hydrogen-bonded, while the trimer, tetramer, and pentamer are fully hydrogen-bonded and form β-sheets. DSC suggests crystalline β-alanine trimer tetramer and pentamer domains phase separated from the rubbery PIB. The melting temperature of the crystalline domains increases with the length of the oligo(β-alanine) segment. Transmission electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and small-angle X-ray scattering of star-blocks containing tetra(β-alanine) indicate stacks of hydrogen-bonded β-sheets dispersed in a soft continuous PIB phase. The crystalline phases form fibrous lamellae with lengths up to ∼200 nm, widths up to ∼20 nm, and thicknesses of ∼2 nm, which is the length of β-alanine tetramer. Although the oligo(β-alanine) contents are very low (from 1.5 to 3.6 wt % in the series), the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the star–blocks are very different. The elastic moduli of the TPEs increase 5-fold with increasing β-alanine content. Evidently, the oligo(β-alanine) domains provide not only physical cross-links but also act as fillers.
InAs quantum dot growth by APMOCVD (1999)

Although the majority of InAs quantum dots are currently grown on MBE and LPMOCVD systems, investigations into quantum dots grown by APMOCVD are virtually nonexistent. Growth parameters for InAs quantum dots using MOCVD are limited by both the pyrolysis efficiencies of the metalorganics at temperatures below 500/spl deg/C as well as monatomic hydrogen from AsH/sub 3/ possibly leading to increased surface mobilities of the InAs dots. We report on InAs quantum dots deposited on GaAs grown by APMOCVD at 450/spl deg/C.
Subject Index Vol. 42, 2005 (2005)

SG-SSPN complex 1 Extracellular matrix 202, 255 Extremity vessels 157
Input power minimization of an induction motor operating from an electronic drive under ripple correlation control (2008)

This paper elaborates on the application of ripple correlation control (RCC) to induction motor input power minimization. Simulations, hardware experiments, and frequency analyses verify that the direct component of the rotor flux in the synchronous frame (lambda <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dr</sub> ) can be adjusted to minimize the input power to the motor while maintaining the required output power. Motor characteristics are shown to give a convex input power function with respect to lambda <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dr</sub> which could be feasible for optimization using RCC. Sensitivity analyses based on RCC of a boost converter and for an induction motor are presented. A Simulinkreg simulation shows the convergence of the ripple correlation controller to the optimum operating point that was determined by hardware experiments. Other results include the use of flux estimators from stator-side voltage and current measurements. Efficiency improvement has been verified across the load torque range, including light load conditions.
Concentration dependence of hydrogen diffusion in clamped vanadium (0 0 1) films (2016)

The chemical diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in a 50 nm thin film of vanadium (0 0 1) is measured as a function of concentration and temperature, well above the known phase boundaries. Arrhenius analysis of the tracer diffusion constants reveal large changes in the activation energy with concentration: from 0.10 at 0.05 in H V<sup>-1</sup> to 0.5 eV at 0.2 in H V<sup>-1</sup>. The results are consistent with a change from tetrahedral to octahedral site occupancy, in that concentration range. The change in site occupancy is argued to be caused by the uniaxial expansion of the film originating from the combined hydrogen induced expansion and the clamping of the film to the substrate.
SCH 2047069, a Novel Oral Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitor, Shows Single-Agent Antitumor Activity and Enhances the Efficacy of Chemotherapeutics (2010)

Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) is a mitotic kinesin required for the formation of the bipolar mitotic spindle, and inhibition of this motor protein results in mitotic arrest and cell death. KSP inhibitors show preclinical antitumor activity and are currently undergoing testing in clinical trials. These agents have been dosed intravenously using various dosing schedules. We sought to identify a KSP inhibitor that could be delivered orally and thus provide convenience of dosing as well as the ability to achieve more continuous exposure via the use of dose-dense administration. We discovered SCH 2047069, a potent KSP inhibitor with oral bioavailability across species and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The compound induces mitotic arrest characterized by a monaster spindle and is associated with an increase in histone H3 and mitotic protein monoclonal 2 phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. SCH 2047069 showed antitumor activity in a variety of preclinical models as a single agent and in combination with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, or vincristine.
Implementation of NETL Knowledge-Base System with Programmable Opto-Electronic Multiprocessor architecture. (1989)

The field of Artificial Intelligence has reached a critical stage. A good Artificial Intelligence system, must include a knowledge-base with abilities comparable to those possessed by humans. To date, we have not been able to achieve this goal. Even in a restricted problem domain, current sequential search techniques are much too slow to handle a knowledge-base of sufficient size to produce a human-like intelligence, since the search time increases linearly with the increasing size of the knowledge-base.
Technical and Conceptual Review on the L5-S1 Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion Surgery (OLIF51) (2020)

Lumbar lateral interbody fusion (LLIF) has been gaining popularity among the spine surgeons dealing with degenerative spinal diseases while LLIF on L5-S1 is still challenging for its technical and anatomical difficulty. OLIF51 procedure achieves effective anterior interbody fusion based on less invasive anterior interbody fusion via bifurcation of great vessels using specially designed retractors. The technique also achieves seamless anterior interbody fusion when combined with OLIF25. A thorough understanding of the procedures and anatomical features is mandatory to avoid perioperative complications.
Multi-frequency wideband RF filters using high electromechanical coupling laterally vibrating lithium niobate MEMS resonators (2013)

This paper reports on the first implementation of monolithically integrated wideband RF filters using Lithium Niobate (LN) based high electromechanical coupling (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) MEMS resonators. MEMS-based RF filters operating at 500 and 750 MHz have been demonstrated on the same chip and shown a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 2% and 3.9%, respectively - the highest demonstrated to date by laterally vibrating resonators (LVRs). The insertions loss (IL) of the 750 MHz filters is as low as 4 dB. The demonstration of these wideband filters is made possible by the design and fabrication of a two-port LN resonator topology that has lithographically defined center frequencies and exhibits k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> as high as 10% and Q of 500 in air.
Ferroelectric Liquid-Crystalline Binary Mixtures Based on Achiral and Chiral Trifluoromethylphenylterthiophenes (2020)

This paper presents a new family of ferroelectric smectic liquid-crystalline binary mixtures composed of achiral and chiral trifluoromethylphenylterthiophenes. The chiral symmetry breaking of the ferroelectric smectic phases can lead to chiral photovoltaic (CPV) effects, as a type of ferroelectric photovoltaic (FePV) effect, which is caused by the internal electric field originating from the spontaneous polarization. These ferroelectric properties were examined using the Sawyer-Tower method, and the CPV effect was confirmed by measuring the steady-state photocurrent response under zero bias. We found that the remnant polarization and photocurrent density in the polarized ferroelectric phases increased nonlinearly with the increase in the content of the chiral component in the mixture. Moreover, the hole mobility evaluated by time-of-flight measurements was kept constant by varying the composition. More than 40 mol % of the chiral component was required to form the polar structure, inducing the CPV effect. Binary mixture systems are advantageous for not only optimizing liquid crystal structures and temperature ranges but also facilitating the design of materials exhibiting CPV effects.
Pulse timing in edge-readout PET detectors (2017)

We have proposed a novel edge-readout detector design for PET, which can easily provide sub-millimeter in-plane spatial resolution together with DOI information with resolution determined by the thickness of the crystal layers. Multiple factors that can potentially affect the coincidence resolving time (CRT) have been studied in this work. The result indicates there is a strong correlation between the coincidence resolving time and the parameters of a constant fraction discriminator (CFD), while the correlation between CRT and other factors such as inclusion of optical barriers, locations of gamma-ray interactions in the detector and light-coupling material’s refractive index (between crystal and SiPM’s silicon substrate) is weak. With optimum CFD parameters, a 200-ps CTR can be achieved.
Engineering cell-fluorescent ion track hybrid (2013)

Background: The lack of sensitive biocompatible particle track detectors has so far limited parallel detection of physical energy deposition and biological response. Fluorescent nuclear track detectors (FNTDs) based on Al2O3:C,Mg single crystals combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) provide 3D information on ion tracks with a resolution limited by light diffraction. Here we report the development of next generation cell-fluorescent ion track hybrid detectors (Cell-Fit-HD). Methods: The biocompatibility of FNTDs was tested using six different cell lines, i.e. human non-small cell lung carcinoma (A549), glioblastoma (U87), androgen independent prostate cancer (PC3), epidermoid cancer (A431) and murine (VmDk) glioma SMA-560. To evaluate cell adherence, viability and conformal coverage of the crystals different seeding densities and alternative coating with extracellular matrix (fibronectin) was tested. Carbon irradiation was performed in Bragg peak (initial 270.55 MeV u −1 ). A series of cell compartment specific fluorescence stains including nuclear (HOECHST), membrane (Glut-1), cytoplasm (Calcein AM, CM-DiI) were tested on Cell-Fit-HDs and a single CLSM was employed to co-detect the physical (crystal) as well as the biological (cell layer) information. Results: The FNTD provides a biocompatible surface. Among the cells tested, A549 cells formed the most uniform, viable, tightly packed epithelial like monolayer. The ion track information was not compromised in Cell-Fit-HD as compared to the FNTD alone. Neither cell coating and culturing, nor additional staining procedures affected the properties of the FNTD surface to detect ion tracks. Standard immunofluorescence and live staining procedures could be employed to co-register cell biology and ion track information. Conclusions: The Cell-Fit-Hybrid Detector system is a promising platform for a multitude of studies linking biological response to energy deposition at high level of optical microscopy resolution.