gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hidden Caves in an Aggregate of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns Found by Using Gd2O3 Probes (2009)

We investigated the inner structure of an aggregate made of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs). This structure has not been clarified because the thousands of SWNHs are densely packed and difficult to observe directly by electron microscopy. We used Gd2O3 as a probe for the electron microscope observation: Gd2O3 was confined inside SWNH via the incorporation of Gd acetate inside SWNHs with holes opened (NHox), followed by heat treatment at 1200 °C in Ar gas. From microscopic study, we found that Gd2O3 formed clumped crystals with sizes of 7−21 nm around the center of the SWNH aggregates, suggesting that there were 10−20-nm caves near the aggregate’s center.
Realistic Squared-Rods Circular F-Doped Large-Mode- Area Leakage Channel Fibers with Low Bending Loss (2010)

We investigate realistic all-glass large-mode-area leakage channel fibers (LCFs) with a single down-doped-silica circular flattened-rod ring, engineering the silica bridge width for effectively single-mode behavior and reduced bending loss.
Aging and Posture Control: Changes in Sensory Organization and Muscular Coordination (1986)

The following study examined two aspects of balance control in the older adult: the coordination of the timing and the amplitude of muscle responses to postural perturbations, and the ability of the participant to reorganize sensory inputs and subsequently modify postural responses as a consequence of changing environmental conditions. Coordination of muscle activity in postural responses of twelve elderly (sixty-one to seventy-eight years) participants were compared to those of young (nineteen to thirty-eight years) adults using a movable platform and recording the electromyographic activity of muscles of the legs. The following changes were noted in the timing and amplitude of muscle activity within a postural response synergy: increases in the absolute latency of distal muscle responses were observed in all older adults; in five of the twelve older adults temporal reversals of proximal and distal muscle response onset were observed; and there was a breakdown in the correlation of the amplitude of responses within a synergy. The ability of the older adult to balance under conditions of reduced or conflicting sensory information was also impaired. When confronted with functionally inappropriate visual and/or somatosensory inputs, half of the older group lost balance. In most instances, however, the older participants were able to maintain stability during subsequent responses to conflicting stimuli.
Small molecule inhibitors of PSD95-nNOS protein-protein interactions as novel analgesics. (2015)

Aberrant increases in NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signaling contributes to central nervous system sensitization and chronic pain by activating neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and generating nitric oxide (NO). Because the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density 95kDA (PSD95) tethers nNOS to NMDARs, the PSD95-nNOS complex represents a therapeutic target. Small molecule inhibitors IC87201 (EC5O: 23.94 μM) and ZL006 (EC50: 12.88 μM) directly inhibited binding of purified PSD95 and nNOS proteins in AlphaScreen without altering binding of PSD95 to ErbB4. Both PSD95-nNOS inhibitors suppressed glutamate-induced cell death with efficacy comparable to MK-801. IC87201 and ZL006 preferentially suppressed phase 2A pain behavior in the formalin test and suppressed allodynia induced by intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant administration. IC87201 and ZL006 suppressed mechanical and cold allodynia induced by the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (ED50s: 2.47 and 0.93 mg/kg i.p. for IC87201 and ZL006, respectively). Efficacy of PSD95-nNOS disruptors was similar to MK-801. Motor ataxic effects were induced by MK-801 but not by ZL006 or IC87201. Finally, MK-801 produced hyperalgesia in the tail-flick test whereas IC87201 and ZL006 did not alter basal nociceptive thresholds. Our studies establish the utility of using AlphaScreen and purified protein pairs to establish and quantify disruption of protein-protein interactions. Our results demonstrate previously unrecognized antinociceptive efficacy of ZL006 and establish, using two small molecules, a broad application for PSD95-nNOS inhibitors in treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Collectively, our results demonstrate that disrupting PSD95-nNOS protein-protein interactions is effective in attenuating pathological pain without producing unwanted side effects (i.e. motor ataxia) associated with NMDAR antagonists.
3D shape measurement with thermal pattern projection (2016)

Abstract Structured light projection techniques are well-established optical methods for contactless and nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) measurements. Most systems operate in the visible wavelength range (VIS) due to commercially available projection and detection technology. For example, the 3D reconstruction can be done with a stereo-vision setup by finding corresponding pixels in both cameras followed by triangulation. Problems occur, if the properties of object materials disturb the measurements, which are based on the measurement of diffuse light reflections. For example, there are existing materials in the VIS range that are too transparent, translucent, high absorbent, or reflective and cannot be recorded properly. To overcome these challenges, we present an alternative thermal approach that operates in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For this purpose, we used two cooled mid-wave (MWIR) cameras (3–5 μm) to detect emitted heat patterns, which were introduced by a CO 2 laser. We present a thermal 3D system based on a GOBO (GOes Before Optics) wheel projection unit and first 3D analyses for different system parameters and samples. We also show a second alternative approach based on an incoherent (heat) source, to overcome typical disadvantages of high-power laser-based systems, such as industrial health and safety considerations, as well as high investment costs. Thus, materials like glass or fiber-reinforced composites can be measured contactless and without the need of additional paintings.
Easy improvement of signal-to-noise in RARE-sequences with low refocusing flip angles (2000)

It is demonstrated that the signal intensity in a RARE (TSE, FS...)-sequence with low refocusing flip angle alpha can be significantly increased by setting the flip angle of the first refocusing pulse to 90 degrees +alpha/2. In addition to the gain in signal intensity, the initial signal modulations over the first few echoes are reduced compared to a CPMG-echo train with constant alpha.
Depth profile of the residual stress in ceramics coating (2003)

Depth profiles of the residual stress in TiCN films coated on either TiC or TiN interfacial layer were compared in order to examine a possibility of controlling residual stress near the interface. 0.3 micron thick interfacial layer and then 10 microns thick TiCN film were coated on WC-Co substrate by chemical vapour deposition. A constant penetration depth method with synchrotron radiation available at SPring-8 was used to obtain the stress depth profiles. A difference in the stress depth profiles between the two TiCN films was observed though the method was under development. The TiCN film on the TiC layer showed lower residual stress than that of the TiCN on the TiN near the interface. The difference is ascribable to the fact that the thermal expansion coefficient of TiC is between TiCN and WC-Co though that of TiN is larger than both TiCN and WC-Co.
Event Presence Prediction Helps Trigger Detection Across Languages (2020)

The task of event detection and classification is central to most information retrieval applications. We show that a Transformer based architecture can effectively model event extraction as a sequence labeling task. We propose a combination of sentence level and token level training objectives that significantly boosts the performance of a BERT based event extraction model. Our approach achieves a new state-of-the-art performance on ACE 2005 data for English and Chinese. We also test our model on ERE Spanish, achieving an average gain of 2 absolute F1 points over prior best performing model.
Cooperative packet scheduling via pipelining in 802.11 wireless networks (2005)

The proliferation of 802.11a/b/g based wireless devices has fueled their adoption in many domains -- some of which are unforseen. Yet, these devices lack native support for some of the advanced features (such as service differentiation, etc.) required in specific application domains. A subset of these features relies on cooperative scheduling whereby nodes cooperate among each other to effectively manage resources such as power, throughput and interference in wireless networks. The trajectory of evolution in these devices has been primarily through new extension standards (such as 802.11e/s etc.) that offer support for these features. Plagued with long design cycles and cost overhead to upgrade, this process of upgrading creates an uphill task to users who want to use their wireless devices for different applications. In this paper, we argue that such cooperative scheduling extensions can be supported using a new layer on top of the existing MAC layer. We propose a 2½- pipeline architecture as a generic mechanism to create such domain specific extensions and propose two such protocols, SPARTA (power conservation) and ARGOS (throughput guarantees) over the native 802.11/b/g MAC layer.
A 50mW CMOS wind sensor with &#x00B1;4% speed and &#x00B1;2&#x00B0; direction error (2011)

This paper describes a smart CMOS wind sensor that measures wind speed and direction without moving parts. It combines a 2D thermal flow sensor and the required readout circuitry on a standard CMOS chip. The flow-dependent heat distribution in the chip is controlled and digitized by two thermal delta-sigma (TΔΣ) modulators. Both wind speed and direction can then be determined from their bitstream outputs. For wind speeds ranging from 1 to 25m/s, the sensor's error is less than ±4% (speed) and ±2° (direction), while consuming 9χ less power than a previous design.
Field driven ferromagnetic phase evolution originating from the domain boundaries in antiferromagnetically coupled perpendicular anitsotropy films (2008)

Strong perpendicular anisotropy systems consisting of Co/Pt multilayer stacks that are antiferromagnetically coupled via thin Ru or NiO layers have been used as model systems to study the competition between local interlayer exchange and long-range dipolar interactions [1,2]. Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) studies of such systems reveal complex magnetic configurations with a mix of antiferromagnetic (AF) and ferromagnetic (FM) phases. However, MFM allows detecting surface stray fields only and can interact strongly with the magnetic structure of the sample, thus altering the original domain configuration of interest [3,4]. In the current study they combine magnetometry and state-of-the-art soft X-ray transmission microscopy (MXTM) to investigate the external field driven FM phase evolution originating from the domain boundaries in such antiferromagnetically coupled perpendicular anisotropy films. MXTM allows directly imaging the perpendicular component of the magnetization in an external field at sub 100 nm spatial resolution without disturbing the magnetic state of the sample [5,6]. Here they compare the domain evolution for two similar [Co(4{angstrom})/Pt(7{angstrom})]x-1/{l_brace}Co(4{angstrom})/Ru(9{angstrom})/[Co(4{angstrom})/Pt(7{angstrom})]x-1{r_brace}16 samples with slightly different Co/Pt stack thickness, i.e. slightly different strength of internal dipolar fields. After demagnetization they obtain AF domains with either sharp AF domain walls for the thinner multilayer stacks or 'tiger-tail' domain walls (one dimensional FM phase) for the thicker stacks. When increasing the external field strength the sharp domain walls in the tinner stack sample transform into the one-dimensional FM phase, which then serves as nucleation site for further FM stripe domains that spread out into all directions to drive the system towards saturation. Energy calculations reveal the subtle difference between the two samples and help to understand the observed transition, when applying an external field.
Enhanced optical discrimination system based on switchable retroreflective films (2016)

Reported herein is the design, characterization, and demonstration of a laser interrogation and response optical discrimination system based on large-area corner-cube retroreflective films. The switchable retroreflective films use light-scattering liquid crystal to modulate retroreflected intensity. The system can operate with multiple wavelengths (visible to infrared) and includes variable divergence optics for irradiance adjustments and ease of system alignment. The electronic receiver and switchable retroreflector offer low-power operation (<4 mW standby) on coin cell batteries with rapid interrogation to retroreflected signal reception response times (<15 ms). The entire switchable retroreflector film is <1 mm thick and is flexible for optimal placement and increased angular response. The system was demonstrated in high ambient lighting conditions (daylight, 18k lux) with a visible 10-mW output 635-nm source out to a distance of 400 m (naked eye detection). Nighttime demonstrations were performed using a 1.5-mW, 850-nm infrared laser diode out to a distance of 400 m using a night vision camera. This system could have tagging and conspicuity applications in commercial or military settings.
Structure of the Sec23p/24p and Sec13p/31p complexes of COPII (2001)

COPII-coated vesicles carry proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. This vesicular transport can be reconstituted by using three cytosolic components containing five proteins: the small GTPase Sar1p, the Sec23p/24p complex, and the Sec13p/Sec31p complex. We have used a combination of biochemistry and electron microscopy to investigate the molecular organization and structure of Sec23p/24p and Sec13p/31p complexes. The three-dimensional reconstruction of Sec23p/24p reveals that it has a bone-shaped structure, (17 nm in length), composed of two similar globular domains, one corresponding to Sec23p and the other to Sec24p. Sec13p/31p is a heterotetramer composed of two copies of Sec13p and two copies of Sec31p. It has an elongated shape, is 28-30 nm in length, and contains five consecutive globular domains linked by relatively flexible joints. Putting together the architecture of these Sec complexes with the interactions between their subunits and the appearance of the coat in COPII-coated vesicles, we present a model for COPII coat organization.
A third generation glucose biosensor based on cellobiose dehydrogenase from Corynascus thermophilus and single-walled carbon nanotubes (2010)

A third generation glucose biosensor working under physiological conditions with a linear range of 0.1-30 mM, a detection limit of 0.05 mM, and a sensitivity of 222 nA µM(-1) cm(-2) has been developed by co-adsorption of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) from the ascomycete Corynascus thermophilus (CtCDH) and oxidatively shortened single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs).
360-Gb/s NRZ-DP-DQPSK modulation with full-ETDM technique (2010)

360-Gb/s (90-Gbaud) NRZ-DP-DQPSK modulation with full-ETDM technique is demonstrated by using a high-speed LiNbO 3 optical modulator. The modulator with a ridge-type optical waveguide structure on a thin substrate helps realize high symbol-rate modulation.
A Silicon Photonic Transceiver and Hybrid Tunable Laser for 64 Gbaud Coherent Communication (2018)

We demonstrate an all-silicon-photonic coherent link, including a hybrid tunable laser with 45dB SMSR, and <−135dB/Hz RIN as light source for a BGA-packaged 64Gbaud coherent transceiver with direct edge-coupling to 10μm-MFD fiber.
Dual Focus Optical Head For 0.6mm and 1.2mm Disks (1994)

It is preferable to use thin (0.6mm) substrate to read a high density optical disk with a large numerical aperture (NA) lens 1) , because of allowance to disk tilt. Spherical aberration which is caused by disk thickness differences must be corrected to read conventional (1.2mm) disks. We propose a dual focus optical head with a holographic optical element (HOE) which corrects the aberration to read both 0.6mm and 1.2mm disks. It was confirmed that 0.6mm and 1.2mm disks can be read by the dual focus optical head.
Structural Repertoire of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Supersite in 14 Donors (2020)

The site on the HIV-1 gp120 glycoprotein that binds the CD4 receptor is recognized by broadly reactive antibodies, several of which neutralize over 90% of HIV-1 strains. To understand how antibodies achieve such neutralization, we isolated CD4-binding-site (CD4bs) antibodies and analyzed 16 co-crystal structures –8 determined here– of CD4bs antibodies from 14 donors. The 16 antibodies segregated by recognition mode and developmental ontogeny into two types: CDR H3-dominated and VH-gene-restricted. Both could achieve greater than 80% neutralization breadth, and both could develop in the same donor. Although paratope chemistries differed, all 16 gp120-CD4bs antibody complexes showed geometric similarity, with antibody-neutralization breadth correlating with antibody-angle of approach relative to the most effective antibody of each type. The repertoire for effective recognition of the CD4 supersite thus comprises antibodies with distinct paratopes arrayed about two optimal geometric orientations, one achieved by CDR H3 ontogenies and the other achieved by VH-gene-restricted ontogenies.
Frontispiz: Engineering Catalyst Microenvironments for Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Biologically Derived Platform Chemicals (2014)

Katalysatorstabilität In der Zuschrift auf S. 12932 ff. zeigen J. A. Dumesic et al., dass Mikroumgebungen in den Katalysatorporen von trägerfixierten metallbasierten Hydrierkatalysatoren deren Deaktivierung durch biogene Verunreinigungen mildern können.
In-Depth Evaluation of Deep-Rock Hydrajet Results Shows Unique Jetted Rock Surface Characteristics (2012)

Abstract The use of hydrajetting for perforating of wells has been commonplace since the 1960s. During those early years, wells were relatively shallow, and jetting success was consistently demonstrated. However, as wells became deeper, where rock formations tend to be harder, hydrajetting performance became less dependable; subsequently, stimulation failures more often occur as a result of the lack of fracture initiation. To remedy this situation, a series of tests were performed to define new best practices for hydrajet perforating of hard rock under high ambient pressure environments. Various rocks were subjected to these tests, which were performed using different jetting pressures and different abrasives. The perforation surfaces were then dissected and evaluated using photographic and chemical means. Further assessments were then made to determine what actually occurred during the hydrajetting process. This paper discusses various test results, and new constraints for hydrajetting are defined and presented.
Comb-based photonic neural population for parallel and nonlinear processing (2021)

It is believed that neural information representation and processing relies on the neural population instead of a single neuron. In neuromorphic photonics, photonic neurons in the form of nonlinear responses have been extensively studied in single devices and temporal nodes. However, to construct a photonic neural population (PNP), the process of scaling up and massive interconnections remain challenging considering the physical complexity and response latency. Here, we propose a comb-based PNP interconnected by carrier coupling with superior scalability. Two unique properties of neural population are theoretically and experimentally demonstrated in the comb-based PNP, including nonlinear response curves and population activities coding. A classification task of three input patterns with dual radio-frequency (RF) tones is successfully implemented in a real-time manner, which manifests the comb-based PNP can make effective use of the ultra-broad bandwidth of photonics for parallel and nonlinear processing.
Tracking behaviour in the presence of conductive interfacial defects (2009)

The study presented in this paper aim at extending the knowledge on how interfacial defects in composite insulation systems may affect surface tracking under contaminated conditions. Model samples mimicking an inter-facial conducting defect were made of high temperature vulcanised silicone rubber moulded on epoxy substrate with a circular metallic foil inserted at the interface. They were tested for the tracking resistance by means of the inclined plane test procedure. The samples with defects exhibited shorter time to track compared to reference samples without defects. In addition the tracking was more severe on the defected samples. Electric field simulation performed in parallel revealed that presence of surface contamination increases the distortion of electric field around the defect and thus explain both the effects of more severe damage of material surface and lower time to tracking experienced in this study.
Acquisition of pluripotency through continued environmental influence on OCT4-induced plastic human fibroblasts (2015)

The combination of OCT4 expression and short-term exposure to reprogramming media induces a state of transcriptional plasticity in human fibroblasts, capable of responding to changes in the extracellular environment that facilitate direct cell fate conversion toward lineage specific progenitors. Here we reveal that continued exposure of OCT4-induced plastic human fibroblasts to reprogramming media (RM) is sufficient to induce pluripotency. OCT4-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC(OCT4)) colonies emerged after prolonged culture in RM, and formed independently of lineage specific progenitors. Human iPSC(OCT4) are morphologically indistinguishable from conventionally derived iPSCs and express core proteins involved in maintenance of pluripotency. iPSC(OCT4) display in vivo functional pluripotency as measured by teratoma formation consisting of the three germ layers, and are capable of targeted in vitro differentiation. Our study indicates that acquisition of pluripotency is one of multiple cell fate choices that can be facilitated through environmental stimulation of OCT4-induced plasticity, and suggests the role of other reprogramming factors to induce pluripotency can be substituted by prolonged culture of plastic fibroblasts.
Finite element numerical analysis of blood flow and temperature distribution in three‐dimensional image‐based finger model (2008)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the blood flow and temperature distribution in human extremities. Design/methodology/approach The simulation is carried out from three aspects. Firstly, the hemodynamics in the human upper limb is analyzed by one‐dimensional model for pulsalite flow in an elastic tube. Secondly, the blood flow and heat transfer through living tissues are described basing on porous media theory, and the tissue model is coupled with the one‐dimensional blood flow model. With respect to geometric modeling, MR‐image‐based modeling method is employed to construct a realistic model of the human finger. Findings It is found that the temperature variation is closely related to the blood flow variation in the fingertip and the blood flow distribution in the tissue is dependent on the locations of large arteries and veins. Originality/value Blood flow and temperature distribution in a 3D realistic human finger are firstly obtained by coupling the blood circulation and porous media model.