gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced TSV Filling Technology for 3-Dimensional Electronic Packaging (2014)

The development of 3D integration is necessarily required for high speed, high density, small size, and multi-functional electronic devices. Through silicon via (TSV) technology has been rapidly developed to fulfill the demand of the next generation of multifunctional electronic systems as one of the most alternative applications for 3D packaging. In this study, low cost and high speed molten solder-filling of TSV and bonding process by using micro bump was investigated. Micro bumps were formed with two step, Cu pillar bump and Sn-Ag cap bump by using electroplating. The size of micro-bumps was 10 and 20um and the precise content of the bump was developed with good planarity by adding reflow process. Additionally, the SiC nanoparticle composite solder was fabricated for low CTE filling material. From the results, it is possible that the CTE of composite solder added 1.0wt% SiC nanoparticles had decreased until 15.0ppm/°C. Comparing CTE of pure Sn, which was about 24.0ppm/°C, it was very low CTE and lower then CTE of Cu (16.5ppm/°C). Even if the electrical resistance of nanopowder composite solder is increased, the increasing rate is very slow until 1.0 wt%. However, the resistance changing rate is rapidly increased over the 1.0wt%. From the result, it is expected that nanopowder composite solder can contribute high reliability of molten solder filling TSV.
Prolonged survival of Bordetella pertussis in a simple buffer after nasopharyngeal secretion aspiration (1992)

A simple method for recovery of Bordetella pertussis is described using phosphate-buffered saline containing a casein hydrolysate for transporting secretions collected by nasopharyngeal aspirate. Bordetella pertussis was reisolated from 92% of clinical specimens held at 4 degrees C for 1 week and from all specimens held at -20 degrees C. This method will facilitate the centralization of laboratory facilities for the diagnosis of pertussis.
Realization of mass production for 130-nm node and future applicatiton for high transmission using ZrSi-based attenuated phase-shift mask in ArF lithography (2001)

Attenuated phase shifting mask (att-PSM) is one of the key technologies for 130 nm and below device fabrication. We have proposed zirconium silicon oxide (ZrSiO) as a suitable material for next-generation att-PSM material. Through our optimization process both for film deposition and dry etching condition, we confirmed that we could control its phase shift and transmittance precisely. Because of its low film stress, we could neglect registration degradation. From its excellent spectral property, we can apply currently available defect inspection systems. Defect repair is easily performed by gas assisted etching. Further, we were successful to make high-transmittance material (16 %) at ArF laser source even keeping inspectability.
Braid Theory (2020)

This appears to be my first publication, written when I was a high school student.  It shows that I was not a child prodigy.
Involvement of the intrinsic and extrinsic cell‐death pathways in the induction of apoptosis of mature lymphocytes by the Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterotoxin (2009)

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) exhibits a broad range of immunomodulatory activities, including the induction of lymphocyte-programmed cell death. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that in vivo LT promotes apoptosis of immature T and B cells through the stimulation of endogenous glucocorticoids. In the present study, we show that the extrinsic cell-death pathway as well as the apoptosis-inducing factor do not participate in the LT-induced elimination of thymocytes. In contrast to developing lymphocytes, LT promotes the death of mature lymphocytes by both glucocorticoid- and Fas death receptor/Fas ligand-dependent mechanisms. However, the dependency of these mechanisms in the LT-induced cell-death activity seems to be different among CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Altogether, our study shows that the same bacterial toxin can induce apoptosis of lymphoid cells through several mechanisms depending on the status of differentiation of these cells.
Chemistry in a Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary World (2018)

Abstract The World Chemistry Leadership Meeting (WCLM) is an integral part of the IUPAC General Assembly and offers a platform for representatives from National Adhering Organizations (NAOs) to meet and discuss emerging and pressing issues of global concern. Recent WCLMs have had a special focus on Young Observers (YOs) to provide them with the space to interact and discuss emerging issues and future challenges facing the world of chemistry.
Greece (1986)

Between 1974–83 the total population of Greece altered quite substantially, increasing by 9.8 per cent.
Supplementary Figure S1 from Delivery of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Small Interfering RNA in Complex with Positively Charged Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Suppresses Tumor Growth (2023)

Supplementary Figure S1 from Delivery of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Small Interfering RNA in Complex with Positively Charged Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Suppresses Tumor Growth
Sb2Te3 Nanoparticles with Enhanced Seebeck Coefficient and Low Thermal Conductivity (2010)

Nanostructured thermoelectric semiconductors represent a promising new direction that can further increase energy conversion efficiency, which requires the realization of thermoelectric nanocrystals with size comparable to their de Broglie wavelength while maintaining a high electrical conductivity. Here, we demonstrate a new facile process to grow self-assembled Sb2Te3 nanoparticles with controlled particle size and enhanced thermoelectric properties by using a catalyst-free vapor transport growth technique. The samples show much more enhanced Seebeck coefficients than that of bulk Sb2Te3 with similar charge carrier concentration. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity measurements with pulse photothermal reflectance suggest that the these Sb2Te3 nanoparticle films show much reduced thermal conductivity as compared to that of bulk Sb2Te3. The discussed approach is promising for realizing new types of highly efficient thermoelectric semiconductors.
Coordinated Control of EGR Valve and Intake Throttle for Better Fuel Economy in Diesel Engines (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Modern diesel engines are frequently equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve and intake throttle (ITH). The intake throttle serves to depress intake manifold pressure, create a greater pressure differential across the EGR valve, and enhance the ability to flow EGR at low speed and load conditions. A conventional approach to controlling the intake throttle is to schedule its desired position as a function of engine speed and load. In this paper we present a coordinated approach to the control of EGR valve and intake throttle.&lt;/div&gt;
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Regulates Fatty Acid Utilization in Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells (2002)

In humans, skeletal muscle is a major site of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) expression, but its function in this tissue is unclear. We investigated the role of hPPAR-alpha in regulating muscle lipid utilization by studying the effects of a highly selective PPAR-alpha agonist, GW7647, on [(14)C]oleate metabolism and gene expression in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Robust induction of PPAR-alpha protein expression occurred during muscle cell differentiation and corresponded with differentiation-dependent increases in oleate oxidation. In mature myotubes, 48-h treatment with 10-1,000 nmol/l GW7647 increased oleate oxidation dose-dependently, up to threefold. Additionally, GW7647 decreased oleate esterification into myotube triacylglycerol (TAG), up to 45%. This effect was not abolished by etomoxir, a potent inhibitor of beta-oxidation, indicating that PPAR-alpha-mediated TAG depletion does not depend on reciprocal changes in fatty acid catabolism. Consistent with its metabolic actions, GW7647 induced mRNA expression of mitochondrial enzymes that promote fatty acid catabolism; carnitine palmityltransferase 1 and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase increased approximately 2-fold, whereas pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 increased 45-fold. Expression of several genes that regulate glycerolipid synthesis was not changed by GW7647 treatment, implicating involvement of other targets to explain the TAG-depleting effect of the compound. These results demonstrate a role for hPPAR-alpha in regulating muscle lipid homeostasis.
Impact of Asymmetric and Symmetric Overhangs on Torque Quality and Axial Magnetic Force Computations in Surface Mounted PM Synchronous Motors (2021)

Permanent magnet (PM) motors have become great alternatives to traditional induction motors. Overhang, on either the rotor or the stator, is commonly used in PM motors. In this study, various alternatives of stator or rotor overhang in PM synchronous motors are investigated in detail. Both asymmetric and symmetric overhang cases are considered in the article. The impact of overhang on the torque quality and torque densities is investigated using 3-D finite element analysis (3D-FEA). Axial magnetic forces during assembly with and without overhang are also simulated and variation of axial force for different cases of overhangs is explored. A prototype PM motor with rotor overhang is used to validate the analyses experimentally.
Organic Thin-Film Transistors with Transfer-Printed Au Electrodes on Flexible Substrates (2010)

Bottom-gate, bottom-contact organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) based on 6,13-bis(tri-isopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) were fabricated on flexible substrates by transfer-printing and solution-based processes and their performances were characterized. Au gate and source/drain electrodes were transfer-printed from a release-layer-coated flexible mold at 2.4 MPa and 120 °C in ambient air. A polymer gate dielectric of poly(4-vinyl phenol) (PVP) and an active layer of TIPS-pentacene were deposited by solution processing. In addition, the TFT characteristics in channels of 40 and 4 µm length were compared. Also, the lack of saturation of the drain–source current ( I DS ) was investigated by considering the output characteristics in a short channel.
Application of Atomic Hydrogen at Low Temperatures: The Recirculating Cryogenic Hydrogen Maser (1987)

Conventional hydrogen masers are the most stable of all atomic clocks with stabilities Δf/f of better than 10 -15 for measuring times τ of 10 3 sec. A new generation of cryogenic hydrogen masers has the potential to improve this figure by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Here we describe how research on spin-polarized atomic hydrogen led to the construction at the University of British Columbia of a uniquely cryogenic hydrogen maser. In this maser, which operates at 0.5K and uses liquid helium coated walls throughout, H atoms circulate back and forth between a microwave pumped state selector and the maser cavity. The measurement of the frequency stability is presently limited by the frequency stability of the available references, but values of Δf/f&lt;10 -13 for τ=1 sec have been recently established. The successful development of rather different cryogenic masers at other institutions will also be discussed.
Hydrocarbon reforming catalyst material and configuration of the same (2023)

A hydrocarbon reforming catalyst material comprising a catalyst support impregnated with catalyst is provided for reforming hydrocarbon fuel gases in an electrochemical generator. Elongated electrochemical cells convert the fuel to electrical power in the presence of an oxidant, after which the spent fuel is recirculated and combined with a fresh hydrocarbon feed fuel forming the reformable gas mixture which is fed to a reforming chamber containing a reforming catalyst material, where the reforming catalyst material includes discrete passageways integrally formed along the length of the catalyst support in the direction of reformable gas flow. The spent fuel and/or combusted exhaust gases discharged from the generator chamber transfer heat to the catalyst support, which in turn transfers heat to the reformable gas and to the catalyst, preferably via a number of discrete passageways disposed adjacent one another in the reforming catalyst support. The passageways can be slots extending inwardly from an outer surface of the support body, which slots are partly defined by an exterior confining wall. According to a preferred embodiment, the catalyst support is non-rigid, porous, fibrous alumina, wherein the fibers are substantially unsintered and compressible, and the reforming catalyst support is impregnated, at least in the discrete passageways with Ni and MgO, and has a number of internal slot passageways for reformable gas, the slot passageways being partly closed by a containing outer wall.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 ATXN2 CAG Repeat Alleles (2014)

In contrast to prior studies with smaller numbers, risk for ALS associated with long-normal alleles is complex. Alleles with 27 and 28 repeats lower ALS risk slightly. The risk for ALS increases beginning with 29 repeats and reaches a maximum at 32 and 33 repeats. Of note, alleles with repeats of these lengths are known to be predisposed to meiotic expansion to full-penetrance mutant alleles. In patients with ALS, alleles with 31 to 33 repeats may have undergone preferential expansion in motor neurons during mitosis or DNA repair. Our meta-analysis provides a framework for counseling individuals with long-normal ATXN2 repeats.
Front Cover: Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt‐based Electrocatalysts – Part I: High‐loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface (ChemPhysChem 6/2020) (2020)

The Front Cover illustrates the rate-determining step of oxygen reduction reaction on platinum nanoparticle supported by carbon, which requires electron transfer but no proton. More information can be found in the Article by T. Y. George et al. on page 469 in Issue 6, 2020 (DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201901091).
The Regulation of Liver Cell Survival by Complement (2009)

Complement effectors are known to contribute to host cell injury in several inflammatory diseases. Contrary to this paradigm, in this study utilizing surgical liver resection (partial hepatectomy) in various complement-deficient mice as a model, we have demonstrated that complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are required for the survival of liver cells during regeneration. The mechanisms of these cytoprotective functions of complement were related to the regulation of IL-6 and TNF production or release after liver resection. Disturbances in the cytokine milieu, induced by a loss of complement activity, were found to alter prosurvival signaling, including the IL-6/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. In conclusion, this study documents functions of complement proteins as prosurvival factors that, through their interactions with cytokines, inhibit apoptotic signaling in proliferating cells of epithelial origin.
Effects of Excitation Density on Scintillation Dynamics of CdWO4 (2022)

The scintillation temporal profiles of CdWO 4 at different linear energy transfers (LETs) were analyzed in this study. The profiles were obtained using pulsed ion beams with different LETs in CdWO 4 . In the temporal profiles, faster rise and decay were observed at higher LETs. The faster rise at higher LETs is attributed to the competition between the quenching due to excited-state interactions and the energy transfer from the host to the emission sites, i.e., the WO 6 6-complex.
An Overview of Rickets in Children (2020)

Rickets is a common bone disease worldwide that is associated with disturbances in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and can lead to short stature and joint deformities. Rickets can be diagnosed based on history and physical examination, radiological features, and biochemical tests. It can be classified into 2 major groups based on phosphate or calcium levels: phosphopenic and calcipenic. Knowledge of categorization of the type of rickets is essential for prompt diagnosis and proper management. Nutritional rickets is a preventable disease through adequate intake of vitamin D through both dietary and sunlight exposure. There are other subtypes of rickets, such as vitamin D-dependent type 1 rickets and vitamin D-dependent type 2 rickets (due to defects in vitamin D metabolism), renal rickets (due to poor kidney function), and hypophosphatemic rickets (vitamin D-resistant rickets secondary to renal phosphate wasting wherein fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) often plays a major role), which requires closer monitoring and supplementation with activated vitamin D with or without phosphate supplements. An important development has been the introduction of burosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to FGF-23, which is approved for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia among children 1 year and older.
Particle separation and diffusion based limitation (2016)

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a promising method for particle separation in the micrometer range, the proof of principle of which has been demonstrated to be successful in fields such as biomedicine and physics [1]. However, the enhanced particle dispersion (Figure 1 & 2) arising when separating very small particles (such as viruses and proteins) constitutes the main functional barrier of DLD-based devices. In this study theoretical predictions made by [2, 3] have been experimentally observed, the relation of the dispersion effect with the construction parameters of the bumper arrays has been investigated, and a strategy for dispersion reduction is suggested.
Thermal conductivity of amorphous rare earth—transition metal thin films for magneto-optic recording (1992)

The thermal conductivity of a magneto-optic recording layer of sputtered amorphous TbFeCoZr is measured, and the results correlated with the thin film microstructure. Thermal conductivity K⊥ perpendicular to the plane of the film is measured using a thermal comparator method, while thermal conductivity K‖ parallel to the plane of the film is calculated from electrical conductivity using the Wiedemann-Franz conversion. K⊥ ∼ 7 W mK−1 for non-columnar dense films, while K‖ ∼ 4 W mK−. For columnar, less dense films sputtered at higher pressures, K⊥ ∼ 4 W mK−1, while K‖ ∼ 0.3 W mK−1. The lowering of K⊥ is probably due to the decrease in density, while the strong anisotropy in the thermal conductivity of the columnar material is due to the introduction of intercolumnar contacts perpendicular to the film plane. Magnetic coercivity also drops with increasing deposition pressure, owing in part to the introduction of voids and defects into the film.
The Role of Mixed Conduction in W-WO3 Redox Kinetics (2014)

The tungsten–tungsten oxide (W-WO 3 ) materials system has shown promise as a medium for grid level storage and solar energy conversion. In both these applications the thermal energy transfer is accompanied by a redox reaction in the W-WO 3 couple. For viability of this system as an energy storage medium, it is important to have facile redox kinetics that allow for rapid energy storage and release. Facile kinetics are also required in the utilization of this system in solar syngas production. We show that adding an ionic conducting phase, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), enhances the redox kinetics. Specifically, the reduction kinetics of the WO 3 -W reaction are facilitated. As a control, a redox experiment with a filler material that is not an ionic conductor did not show such an enhancement in the kinetics. Chemical reaction rates were determined by transient thermogravimetry, and the data were analyzed using relevant kinetic and transport theory.
Long-Term Administration of Intranasal Oxytocin Is a Safe and Promising Therapy for Early Adolescent Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2013)

Although our results on the efficacy of long-term nasal OT therapy still remain controversial, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the safety of long-term nasal OT therapy for children with ASD. Even though our data are too preliminary to draw any definite conclusions about efficacy, they do suggest this therapy to be safe, promising, and worthy of a large-scale, double-blind placebo-controlled study.
How efficient is patient discharge following lower limb arthroplasty? (2015)

We believe POMS is able to identify patients remaining in hospital with no significant morbidity and has utility as a prospective bed utilisation tool. Addition of a mobility measure to POMS may improve its utility in detecting morbidity requiring hospitalisation, particularly following lower limb arthroplasty.
The Study of Low Temperature Sintering MgCuZn Ferrites. (2001)

In 1980, multilayer chip inductors were developed by thick film and co-firing technologies using low temperature sintered NiCuZn ferrites and Ag. The NiCuZn ferrites have been known as the only ones that can be sintered below the melting point of Ag, and have been used as the material of multilayer ferrite chip components. Since NiCuZn ferrites have a large magnetostriction, these ferrites are comparatively sensitive against stress, and therefore magnetic properties are easily deteriorated or changed by the stress. In this study, therefore, MgCuZn ferrites are chosen as a useful material for the multilayer ferrite chip components, because the magnetostriction (λ ?? ) of these ferrites is normally less than that of NiCuZn ferrites. MgCuZn ferrites, however, is generally sintered over 1000°C, so the investigations to sinter MgCuZn ferrites at the low temperature were performed.
Francisco Varela and Immune System Modeling, Closure, Cognition and Enaction (2017)

Vaz and Andrade recount how Varela collaborated with a group of immunologists to advance a nonconformist view of the immune system. Here, I outline my interpretation of four concepts related to the…
Fine structure of electron-transmission spectra across AlAs single barriers (1994)

We propose a general approach to the problem of intervalley mixing of electron states in heterostructures in the effective-mass method. The method has been used to calculate electron-transmission spectra across GaAs(AlAs${)}_{\mathit{M}}$GaAs single-barrier structures taking into account the \ensuremath{\Gamma}-X mixing at interfaces. The spectra exhibit sharp peaks and dips connected with the electron resonant transmission through quasibound X-like states in the AlAs layer. The peak and dip sequence depends on the parity of M. The developed approach allows us to present the energy dependence of transmission probability in an analytical form. The low-temperature dc current-voltage characteristics of the single-barrier structure has been derived making allowance for the camel-back X-band structure in bulk AlAs and GaAs.