gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Right Lower Limb Injury - Football (2015)

HISTORY: 18 y/o college linebacker with prior history of bilateral shoulder dislocations sustained a right lower limb injury while defending a pass. After successfully deflecting a pass he landed on his plantar flexed/inverted right foot. His medial foot was then struck by a teammate’s helmet at high velocity, forcing it into eversion. He went down immediately in obvious distress. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Obvious closed deformity of the distal fibula, prominence of the anterior tibial plafond/medial malleolus, excessive external rotation of the foot. Dorsalis pedis was not palpable. Light touch sensation to the dorsal/pedal foot remained intact. Edema was expanding acutely at/distal to the ankle. 5/5 dig 1-5 flexion/extension was noted. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Bi/Tri Malleolar Fracture/Syndesmosis Tear/Ankle Dislocation 2. Fibula Fracture/Syndesmosis Tear/Subtalar Dislocation 3. Fibula Fracture/Syndesmosis Tear/Deltoid Ligament Tear TEST AND RESULTS: XR TIBIA/FIBULA: 10/20/14, 10:27pm Fracture distal fibula with angulation laterally, fracture posterior malleolus displaced posteriorly, lateral dislocation talus. XR TIBIA/FIBULA: 10/21/14, 12:23am Successful reduction of the fracture/dislocation at the tibiotalar joint. Markedly improved alignment of fibular fracture. Asymmetric widening of the medial mortise. Posterior malleolar fracture displaced posteriorly 6 mm. PRE-OPERATIVE FLOROSCOPIC EXAM: 10/24/14, 12:16pm Displaced/shortened fracture distal fibula with lateral angulation and comminuted distal aspect. Passive dorsiflexion induced widening of the medial mortise from approximately 6 mm (at neutral) to approximately 10mm. FINAL/WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Right tri-malleolar ankle fracture/dislocation with distal tibiofibular dysfunction. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: 1. Ankle reduced on the field, dorsalis pedis palpable immediately thereafter. 2. EMS contacted immediately, vacume air splint placed on the field, patient transferred to local ED emergently. 3. Pulses remained palpable, yet due to unstable mortis ankle required re-reduction and solid splinting in the ED. 4. 4 days later ORIF of distal fibula & tibiofibular joint performed. 5. The patient was placed in a knee high boot and will continue as NWB with crutches x 6 weeks. ROM therapies initiated immediately.
Search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H → ZZ → 2ℓ2ν channel in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {\text{s}} = {7}\;{\text{TeV}} $ (2012)

A bstract A search for the standard model Higgs boson in the H → ZZ → 2 ℓ 2 ν decay channel, where ℓ = e or μ , in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The data were collected at the LHC, with the CMS detector, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb −1 . No significant excess is observed above the background expectation, and upper limits are set on the Higgs boson production cross section. The presence of the standard model Higgs boson with a mass in the 270-440 GeV range is excluded at 95% confidence level.
Characterization of cytotoxic function of CMV-pp65-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes identified by HLA tetramers in recipients and donors of stem-cell transplants (2002)

We hypothesize that in the setting of the reconstituting immune system of HSCT recipients, CMV reactivation may stimulate a functional change in CMV-specific CD8 T-lymphocytes, rendering them able to directly lyse target cells presenting CMV antigens without in vitro stimulation. These findings have important implications for development of vaccines designed to induce protective cellular immunity to CMV in transplant recipients.
CO2‐assisted polymer processing: A new alternative for intractable polymers (2004)

Abstract CO 2 ‐assisted polymer processing is proposed as an alternative route for intractable and high molecular weight polymers based on the plasticization effects of CO 2 and its direct effect on the melting behavior of semicrystalline polymers. A modified processing system was used to process a variety of polymers in the presence of high‐pressure CO 2 . The system includes an extruder that was modified to allow for high pressures created by the injection of CO 2 . The new design includes a modified feed section that allows a given mass of polymer to interact with CO 2 before and during the extrusion process. The inherent shear mixing and the presence of CO 2 allow for a specific control over the extrudate morphology. Results suggest that this alternative design provides a new and easy route to melt process high melt viscosity polymers of commercial importance, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP), and syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS). The increased processability of these systems in CO 2 is related to the plasticization effect of CO 2 that was quantified through a depression in the glass‐transition temperature according to the Chow model. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1501–1511, 2004
Importance of Hypervariable Region 2 for Stability and Affinity of a Shark Single-Domain Antibody Specific for Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein (2016)

Single-domain antibodies derived from the unique New Antigen Receptor found in sharks have numerous potential applications, ranging from diagnostic reagents to therapeutics. Shark-derived single-domain antibodies possess the same characteristic ability to refold after heat denaturation found in single-domain antibodies derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies. Recently, two shark derived single-domain antibodies specific for the nucleoprotein of Ebola virus were described. Our evaluation confirmed their high affinity for the nucleoprotein, but found their melting temperatures to be low relative to most single-domain antibodies. Our first approach towards improving their stability was grafting antigen-binding regions (complementarity determining regions) of one of these single-domain antibodies onto a high melting temperature shark single-domain antibody. This resulted in two variants: one that displayed excellent affinity with a low melting temperature, while the other had poor affinity but a higher melting temperature. These new proteins, however, differed in only 3 amino acids within the complementarity determining region 2 sequence. In shark single-domain antibodies, the complementarity determining region 2 is often referred to as hypervariable region 2, as this segment of the antibody domain is truncated compared to the sequence in camelid single-domain antibodies and conventional heavy chain variable domains. To elucidate which of the three amino acids or combinations thereof were responsible for the affinity and stability we made the 6 double and single point mutants that covered the intermediates between these two clones. We found a single amino acid change that achieved a 10°C higher melting temperature while maintaining sub nM affinity. This research gives insights into the impact of the shark sdAb hypervariable 2 region on both stability and affinity.
Tunable Constant-Bandwidth Substrate-Integrated Bandstop Filters (2017)

A new method for designing tunable bandstop filters with constant fractional and absolute bandwidths (ABWs) is presented. The constant bandwidth is achieved through a new coupling structure, which is passive and consists only of coupling elements and transmission lines. Its theory of operation is presented, and design principles and tradeoffs are examined in detail. Several prototype filters are fabricated and measured to demonstrate the performance and versatility of this method. An octave-tunable filter with less than 12% fractional bandwidth variation is demonstrated, along with an octave-tunable filter with 12.3% variation in ABW variation, a filter with a 50% tuning range and less than 4% variation in ABW, and a four-pole octave-tunable filter with less than 4% variation in its 10-dB ABW. These results represent state-of-the-art performance when compared to other constant-bandwidth bandstop filters at frequencies higher than those compatible with lumped-element filters.
Atomistic simulation of cross-slip processes in model fcc structures (1999)

Abstract Three-dimensional cross-slipped core structures of (a/2)[110] screw dislocations in model fcc structures are simulated using lattice statics within the embedded-atom method (EAM) formalism. Two parametric EAM potentials fitted to the elastic and structural properties of fcc Ni were used for the simulations. The two- and three-dimensional Green's function techniques newly developed by Rao et al, are used to relax the boundary forces in the simulations. Core structures and energetics of the constrictions occurring in the cross-slip process are studied. The core structure of the constrictions are diffuse, as opposed to a point constriction as envisaged by Stroh. The two constrictions formed by cross-slip onto a cross {111} plane have significantly different energy profiles, at variance with classical continuum theory of Stroh. This suggests that self-stress forces and atomistics dominate the energetics of the cross-slip process; the far-field elastic-energy contribution to cross-slip appears to be minimal. However, the Shockley partial separation distances near the constrictions as well as the variation in cross-slip energy with stacking-fault energy are in reasonable agreement with continuum predictions. Cross-slip energies estimated for Cu and Ni from these calculations show reasonable agreement with experimental data. The cross-slip energy shows a significantly weaker dependence on the Escaig stress compared with elasticity calculations. The activation volume for the cross-slip process is estimated to be of the order of 20b 3 at an applied Escaig stress of 10−3μ in Cu, an order of magnitude lower than experimental estimates and continuum predictions.
Pilot-Symbol-Assisted Phase Noise Compensation With Forward–Backward Wiener Smoothing Filters (2017)

We present a novel Wiener smoothing filter procedure for pilot-symbol-assisted estimation of oscillator phase noise. The procedure consists of forward and backward first-order infinite impulse response filtering the pilot symbols and combining the filter outputs to generate an estimate of the phase noise. We analyze the mean-square-error performance of this pilot-symbol-assisted forward-backward Wiener smoothing filter (FBWSF) procedure and show its optimality under the assumption that the phase noise is modeled as a first-order autoregressive moving average process. We then apply the FBWSF as a code-aided phase noise compensation technique in an iterative receiver framework. The iterative receiver presented here first estimates phase noise roughly by using the pilot-symbol-assisted FBWSF; then, it refines the estimates with the code-aided version of FBWSF. The resulting receiver achieves excellent error performance at a feasible level of computational complexity.
Applicability of scaling laws for superconducting critical currents in pseudo-binaries based on Nb3Ge (1978)

Abstract Pinning forces in chemical-vapour-deposited (CVD) Nb3Ge1_ x M x pseudo-binaries, where M = Ga or Sn, and 0≤x≤0.02, have been measured as a function of the reduced field. An absence of scaling of the flux-pinning-force density with reduced field is attributed to sample inhomogeneity. The reduced field is re-defined in a way that excludes the very-high-field-critical-current behaviour. Pinning forces as a function of this re-defined field obey a universal scaling law, i.e. the same function describes the normalized pinning for all temperatures and samples.
Paquinimod reduces skin fibrosis in tight skin 1 mice, an experimental model of systemic sclerosis (2016)

Paquinimod reduces skin fibrosis in an experimental model of SSc, and this effect correlates with local and systemic effects on the immune system.
Handling out-of-grammar commands in mobile speech interaction using backoff filler models (2007)

In command and control (C&C) speech interaction, users interact by speaking commands or asking questions typically specified in a context-free grammar (CFG). Unfortunately, users often produce out-of-grammar (OOG) commands, which can result in misunderstanding or nonunderstanding. We explore a simple approach to handling OOG commands that involves generating a backoff grammar from any CFG using filler models, and utilizing that grammar for recognition whenever the CFG fails. Working within the memory footprint requirements of a mobile C&C product, applying the approach yielded a 35% relative reduction in semantic error rate for OOG commands. It also improved partial recognitions for enabling clarification dialogue.
Metabolic model for diversity-generating biosynthesis (2016)

A conventional metabolic pathway leads to a specific product. In stark contrast, there are diversity-generating metabolic pathways that naturally produce different chemicals, sometimes of great diversity. We demonstrate that for one such pathway, tru, each ensuing metabolic step is slower, in parallel with the increasing potential chemical divergence generated as the pathway proceeds. Intermediates are long lived and accumulate progressively, in contrast with conventional metabolic pathways, in which the first step is rate-limiting and metabolic intermediates are short-lived. Understanding these fundamental differences enables several different practical applications, such as combinatorial biosynthesis, some of which we demonstrate here. We propose that these principles may provide a unifying framework underlying diversity-generating metabolism in many different biosynthetic pathways.
Discovery of the Migraine Prevention Therapeutic Aimovig (Erenumab), the First FDA-Approved Antibody against a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (2019)

In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Aimovig (erenumab) for the prevention of migraine. Erenumab is the first FDA approved antibody therapeutic against a G-protein-coupled receptor, the canonical receptor of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP-R). A novel, epitope-focused antigen was created to reconstruct the extracellular domains of the CGRP-R in a stable conformation. Successful inoculation of XenoMouse animals and careful screening yielded multiple candidate molecules for high potency and exquisite selectivity toward the CGRP-R over related receptors. These efforts led to the discovery of erenumab which has demonstrated the desired efficacy and safety profiles in multiple clinical studies for the prevention of migraine. The innovation developed in the discovery of erenumab furthers the ability to target G-coupled protein receptors using antibody approaches.
Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma (2017)

This systematic review compared the effects of chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy in adults with early stage HL .For the comparison with same numbers of chemotherapy cycles in both arms, we found moderate- quality evidence that PFS is superior in patients receiving chemotherapy plus radiotherapy than in those receiving chemotherapy alone. The addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy has probably little or no difference on OS . The sensitivity analysis without the trials with potential other high risk of bias showed that chemotherapy plus radiotherapy improves OS compared to chemotherapy alone.For the comparison with different numbers of chemotherapy cycles between the arms there are no implications for OS and PFS possible, because of the low quality of evidence of the results.
Sub‐micron InGaN ring structures for high‐efficiency LEDs (2004)

A novel technique based on the Fresnel diffraction effect for the fabrication of sub-micron ring structures in InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well structures has been demonstrated. The ring structures have an external diameter of 1.5 μm and a wall width of 500 nm. A 1 cm−1 Raman shift has been measured, signifying substantial strain relaxation from the fabricated structure. The 5 nm blue shift observed in the cathodoluminescence spectra can be attributed to band-filling and/or screening of the piezoelectric field. A light emitting diode based on this geometry has been demonstrated. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multistep electron transfer systems based on silicon phthalocyanine, [60]fullerene and trinitrofluorenone (2010)

The synthesis and photodynamics in the absence and in the presence of Mg(2+) ions of a novel TNF-C(60)-SiPc-C(60)-TNF pentad are reported. The redox gradient approach allows to obtain a long-lived CS state of 160 ns and 200 micros in the absence and in the presence of Mg(2+) ions, respectively.
Thermodynamic considerations of same-metal electrodes in an asymmetric cell (2019)

An electrochemical cell contains three open thermodynamic systems that, in dynamic equilibrium, equalize their electrochemical potentials with that of their surrounding by forming an electric-double-layer-capacitor at the interface of the electrolyte with each of the two electrodes. Since the electrode/electrolyte interfaces are heterojunctions, the electrochemical potentials or Fermi levels of the two materials that contact the electrolyte at the two electrodes determine the voltage of a cell. The voltage is the sum of the voltages of the two interfacial electric-double-layer capacitors at the two electrode/electrolyte interfaces. A theoretical analysis of the thermodynamics that gives a quantitative prediction of the observed voltages in an asymmetric cell with an S8 relay at the positive electrode is provided. In addition, new discharge data and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the lithium plated on the positive electrode of a discharged cell is presented. Ab initio, DFT methods were used to calculate the band structure and surface-state energies of the crystalline S8 solid sulfur relay. The theoretical exposition of the thermodynamics of the operative driving force of the chemical reactions in an electrochemical cell demonstrate that our initial experimental data and conclusions are valid. Other reported observations of lithium plating on the positive electrode, observations that were neither exploited nor their origins specified, are also cited.
ChemInform Abstract: Issues and Challenges in the Chemistry of Alkylcarbenes (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Developmental Therapeutics for Myelodysplastic Syndromes (2006)

The management strategy for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has evolved from sole reliance on supportive measures to active treatment guided by disease risks. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of MDS has accelerated the discovery of new therapeutic targets, and consequently launched the development of several novel therapeutics that are currently in varied stages of clinical testing. One such agent is lenalidomide, which has shown remarkable effectiveness in the cytogenetically defined subset of MDS with the chromosome 5q31 deletion. The advent of new and effective targeted therapeutics may beneficially affect outcomes of an ever-increasing number of patients with MDS. This discussion summarizes the preliminary results of selected novel therapeutics.
A novel platform simulating irregular motion to enhance assessment of respiration-correlated radiation therapy procedures (2005)

Respiratory motion continues to present challenges in the delivery of radiation therapy to tumors in the thorax and abdomen by causing movement of structures within those areas. Several approaches to account for this movement in the planning and delivery of treatment have been developed over the past several years. To assist in the development and assessment of various techniques for respiration-correlated radiation therapy, a platform capable of programmable irregular longitudinal motion has been designed and fabricated to simulate intrafractional respiratory motion. A sliding platform and the base on which it was mounted were constructed from polycarbonate plastic, and a stepper motor provided platform motion. Respiratory motion data, either artificially generated on a spreadsheet or extracted from respiratory monitoring files, were converted to a format appropriate for driving the stepper motor. Various phantoms were placed on top of the platform and used in studies related to respiration-correlated radiation therapy. Several applications of the platform were demonstrated, such as improving the quality of acquisition of time-dependent computed tomography image datasets, comparing various methods of acquiring such datasets, and implementing feedback-guided breath hold treatment delivery procedures. This study showed that a platform capable of programmable irregular motion is a useful tool for the development and assessment of procedures related to the effects of respiratory motion in radiation therapy. PACS number: 87.66.Xa
Novel Synthetic Total Disk Model for Mechanical Testing of Nucleus Replacement Devices (2008)

We are presenting a novel, non-biologic model of the healthy human annulus. This lumbar Total Disc Model (TDM) ideally would be both biofidelic and sufficiently robust to withstand long-term fatigue testing without breaking down or tearing apart. Mechanical validation testing was performed to confirm that the compressive and torsional properties were similar to literature values of denucleated human lumbar discs in two-body constructs. Long-term fatigue tests were performed to establish the durability of the model. We have reported data for both our empty TDM and the TDM filled with a representative nucleus replacement device (NRD). The silicone model is geometrically equivalent to the healthy human lumbar disc, including the discoid cavity present following a total nuclectomy, the annulus fibrosis with micro-annulotomy, and the cartilaginous endplates. The pressure transmitted through the center of the disc went from negligible when the TDM was empty to over 40% when the TDM was filled. The compression stiffness was 992±15 N/mm for the empty TDM and 1583±136 N/mm for the filled TDM. The torsional stiffness was 0.505±0.024 Nm/° for the empty and 0.550±0.056 Nm/° for the filled TDM. Lastly, the only mechanical damage suffered by either empty or filled TDMs during dynamic testing came from debonding from the endplates at higher torque levels. No damage was seen during dynamic compression testing. After determining the appropriate geometry for the TDM, validation testing was performed to ensure that the load sharing, compressive, and torsional properties were similar to the native human disc. The silicone model was durable enough to avoid tearing or mechanical failure at physiologic loads. This study demonstrated that a silicone total disc model was developed with appropriate properties necessary for determining the mechanical degradation properties of a NRD and will not mechanical fail at physiologic loads.