gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated electronic shutter for back-illuminated charge-coupled devices (1993)

A novel electronic shutter has been integrated into the structure of a back-illuminated frame-transfer charge-coupled device (CCD) to permit short optical exposure times and to reduce the smear that occurs during the transfer of an image from the CCD detection area. The shutter consists of an n/sup +/ shutter drain placed in the vertical channel stop regions and stepped p-type buried layers formed by a high-energy implantation (1.0-1.5 MeV) located between the CCD n-type buried channel the and p substrate. These structures create electric fields that direct the photoelectrons to either the CCD detection region or the n/sup +/ shutter drain. The ratio of photons detected with the shutter open to photons detected with the shutter closed has been measured to be greater than 75000 for wavelengths below 540 nm. The corresponding shutter rise and fall times are less than 55 ns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Formation Damage Avoidance by Reducing Invasion with Sodium Silicate-Modified Water-Based Drilling Fluid (2019)

Drilling multilateral and horizontal wells through tight gas reservoirs is a very difficult task. The drilling fluid should be designed to reduce both fluid and solid invasion into the tight formation to avoid formation damage by aqueous phase trapping. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of sodium silicate on the drilling fluid properties such as rheological and filtration properties. Rheological properties (RPs) were measured at different temperatures while the filtration test was performed at 300 °F and 300 psi differential pressure. A retained permeability calculation was determined to confirm the prevention of solid invasion. The rheological properties results confirmed that the optimal concentration of sodium silicate (SS) was 0.075 wt.% and at the same time, the temperature has no effect on the SS optimum concentration. Using 0.075 wt.% of SS reduced the filtrate volume by 53% and decreased the filter cake thickness by 65%. After mechanical removal of the filter cake, the return permeability of the tight sandstone core was 100% confirming the prevention of solid invasion. The computer tomography (CT) scanner showed that the CT number before and after the filtration test was very close (almost the same) indicating zero solid invasion and prevention of the formation damage.
über Sauerstoffradikale, XXI. Untersuchungen an schwefelhaltigen Aroxylen mittels der Elektronenresonanz (1961)

Abstract Es wird die Herstellung von Lösungen schwefelhaltiger Aroxyle beschrieben und mit Hilfe von EPR‐Spektren versucht, die mesomeren Grenzzustände dieser Radikale festzulegen. Einige Thioätherphenole werden in die entsprechenden Sulfoxyde und Sulfone übergeführt, um den Einfluß der freien Elektronenpaare am Schwefelatom auf die Mesomerie der durch Dehydrierung entstehenden Radikale kennen zu lernen. Es kann wahrscheinlich gemacht werden, daß es sich bei den untersuchten Verbindungen um mesomere Sauerstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Schwefel‐Radikale handelt.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Total Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Anachelin H. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
X-ray crystal structure of the triple-decker-sandwich complex bis(.eta.6-mesitylene)(.mu.-.eta.6:.eta.6-mesitylene)dichromium (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTX-ray crystal structure of the triple-decker-sandwich complex bis(.eta.6-mesitylene)(.mu.-.eta.6:.eta.6-mesitylene)dichromiumWilliam M. Lamanna, William B. Gleason, and Doyle BrittonCite this: Organometallics 1987, 6, 7, 1583–1584Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00150a036https://doi.org/10.1021/om00150a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views127Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Gut microbiota associate with recurrence of cancer after surgery in colorectal cancer patients. (2022)

Background: Esophageal cancer (EsC) often recurs early after surgery. Recent studies shown that commensal bacteria affect the treatment for cancer through the mediation of host immune system and become a biomarker for recurrence of cancer after surgery in colorectal cancer. We, therefore, hypothesize that commensal bacteria are a potential biomarker of postoperative recurrence of EsC. This study leads to clarifying the immunological mechanism of the EsC microenvironment. Method: We collected the stool sample from patients that underwent surgery for esophageal cancer at the Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery of Showa University, between January 2017 and September 2018. Patients were followed for twelve months to allow time to assess recurrences of EsC. We investigated the composition of the bacterial microbiome in the stool of patients with EsC by using 16s rRNA sequencing. Furthermore, we identified specific microbiotas as a risk factor in the recurrence of EsC by using AI/machine learning. Result: 16s analysis with Qiime2 showed a significant difference between recurrence of EsC group and non-recurrence of EsC group in the bacteria A in the Odoribacteraceae family. AI/machine learning showed a significant difference between the two groups in 8 species including bacteria A in the Odoribacteraceae family and bacteria B in the Actinomyces family. Bacteria A was significant higher in the recurrence group with the two analysis methods. Conclusion: Commensal bacteria become a potential biomarker of postoperative recurrence of EsC. Among commensal bacteria, bacteria A has been suggested to be a biomarker as a risk factor for EsC recurrence.
Fluid-Rock intraction in the miocene Tejeda Caldera, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (2007)

Rhyolite-trachyte tuffs deposited within the Miocene Tejeda caldera (Mogán Group 14-13.3Ma) show evidence of severe fluid-rock interaction. The altered tuffs are restricted to a peripheral zone directly inside the caldera margin, and occur at four distinct horizons within the mid-upper Mogán ignimbrite succession. Upper-Mogán tuffs display pervasive intermediate argillic alteration (smectite+illite+zeolites+adularia) and silicification (microcrystalline quartz+amorphous silica), indicative of low-temperature (≤250°C) near-neutral pH conditions. Quartz+kaolinite+muscovite+chlorite+calcite alteration of mid-Mogán tuffs and breccias may reflect boiling of higher-temperature, acidic hydrothermal fluids at depth. Si+Na+K+Pb+Sr+Rb were highly mobile during fluid-rock interaction, whereas Ti+Zr+Nb were dominantly refractory. Altered intra-caldera tuffs (n=65) have higher δ18O values than equivalent unaltered extra-caldera ignimbrites, reflecting an overall low-temperature near-surface environment in which meteoric water (δD ca.-15‰, δ18O ca.-3‰) was the dominant fluid source. A decrease in δ18O from upper- to mid- Mogán altered tuffs is consistent with an increase in fluid temperature with depth. Unaltered ignimbrites have δD values of -110 to -168‰ (n=6) and ≤0.2wt% H2O, indicative of Rayleigh-type H2O-exsolution. Altered tuffs have δD values of -52 to -117‰ (n=75) and up to 4wt% H2O, reflecting interaction with steam (δD\\ll-15‰) or an evolved low-δD fluid. Apparently unaltered ignimbrites between altered horizons (n=13), and shield basalts directly outside the caldera margin (n=6), have elevated δD and H2O values relative to equivalent unaltered rocks, indicative of minor alteration. Supported by numerical modelling, our Gran Canaria data reflect an intrusion-related, structurally controlled epithermal system, in which fluids and/or vapours migrated through intra-caldera tuffs via channelised, porous flow. This study may help to unravel the complex processes of fluid-rock interaction characteristic of both active and fossil caldera-hosted epithermal systems that are presently inaccessible or poorly exposed.
2‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐dithianylium Triflate: A Convenient “Masked” Electrophilic Pentafluoroethylation Reagent. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Homogeneous Human Complex‐Type Oligosaccharides in Correctly Folded Intact Glycoproteins: Evaluation of Oligosaccharide Influence On Protein Folding, Stability, and Conformational Properties (2012)

The N-glycosylation of proteins is generated at the consensus sequence NXS/T (where X is any amino acid except proline) by the biosynthetic process, and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In order to investigate the influence of human complex-type oligosaccharides on counterpart protein conformation, crambin and ovomucoide, which consist of 46 and 56 amino acid residues, respectively, were selected for synthesis of model glycoproteins. These small glycoproteins were intentionally designed to be glycosylated at the α-helix (crambin: 8 position), β-sheet (crambin: 2 position) and loop position between the antiparallel β-sheets (ovomucoide: 28 position), and were synthesized by using a peptide-segment coupling strategy. After preparation of these glycosylated polypeptide chains, protein folding experiments were performed under redox conditions by using cysteine-cystine. Although the small glycoproteins bearing intentional glycosylation at the α-helix and β-sheet exhibited a suitable folding process, glycosylation at the loop position between the antiparallel β-strands caused multiple products. The conformational differences in the isolated homogeneous glycoproteins compared with non-glycosylated counterparts were evaluated by circular dichroism (CD) and NMR spectroscopy. These analyses suggested that this intentional N-glycosylation did not result in large conformational changes in the purified protein structures, including the case of glycosylation at the loop position between the antiparallel β-strands. In addition to these experiments, the conformational properties of three glycoproteins were evaluated by CD spectroscopy under different temperatures. The oligosaccharides on the protein surface fluctuated considerably; this was dependent on the increase in the solution temperature and was thought to disrupt the protein tertiary structure. Based on the measurement of the CD spectra, however, the glycoproteins bearing three disulfide bonds did not exhibit any change in their protein tertiary structure. These results suggest that the oligosaccharide conformational fluctuations were not disruptive to protein tertiary structure, and the tertiary structure of glycoproteins might be stabilized by the disulfide bond network.
β-Sulphonylenamines. An X-ray and1H nuclear magnetic resonance study of the stereochemistry of the isomeric β-chloromethylsulphonyl-β-methyl-α-morpholinostyrenes (1975)

A study has been made, both in the solid state and in solution, of the stereochemistry of the components of the mixture of the isomeric β-chloromethylsulphonyl-β-methyl-α-morpholinostyrenes obtained among other products in the reaction between chloromethanesulphonyl chloride and (E)-β-methyl-α-morpholinostyrene in the presence of triethylamine. X-Ray analysis of two different kinds of manually separated crystals shows the presence of three conformational racemic rotamers of the same molecule with the E-configuration. Two of them coexist in the same crystal. The 1H n.m.r. data give evidence for the presence in solution of an equilibrium mixture of the E-and Z-isomers. The position of equilibrium depends partially on the nature of the solvent.
Assembling an ion channel: ORF 3a from SARS‐CoV (2013)

Protein 3a is a 274 amino acid polytopic channel protein with three putative transmembrane domains (TMDs) encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV). Synthetic peptides corresponding to each of its three individual transmembrane domains (TMDs) are reconstituted into artificial lipid bilayers. Only TMD2 and TMD3 induce channel activity. Reconstitution of the peptides as TMD1 + TMD3 as well as TMD2 + TMD3 in a 1 : 1 mixture induces membrane activity for both mixtures. In a 1 : 1 : 1 mixture, channel like behavior is almost restored. Expression of full length 3a and reconstitution into artificial lipid bilayers reveal a weak cation selective (PK ≈ 2 PCl ) rectifying channel. In the presence of nonphysiological concentration of Ca-ions the channel develops channel activity.
Biochemical &amp; Genetic Engineering In Marine Aquaculture: The Role Of Modern Biotechnology In The Production Of Food From The Oceans (1983)

Intensification of production, modernization of techniques, and improvement of cultivars are needed to increase the economic efficiency of marine aquaculture industries in the United States and many other countries, to make these industries compatible with contemporary economic reality.Recently developed methods of biochemical and genetic engineering can be adapted for control of those biological processes which intrinsically limit the efficiency and yield of aquaculture production, to help achieve these necessary improvements. As illustrated by results obtained with abalones and other commercially valuable marine molluscs described here, critical life-cycle stages which thus far have proved amenable to improved control by these methods include:reproduction, larval settlement, metamorphosis, and the acceleration of early growth.
Understanding Community Structure in Layered Neural Networks (2018)

A layered neural network is now one of the most common choices for the prediction of high-dimensional practical data sets, where the relationship between input and output data is complex and cannot be represented well by simple conventional models. Its effectiveness is shown in various tasks, however, the lack of interpretability of the trained result by a layered neural network has limited its application area. In our previous studies, we proposed methods for extracting a simplified global structure of a trained layered neural network by classifying the units into communities according to their connection patterns with adjacent layers. These methods provided us with knowledge about the strength of the relationship between communities from the existence of bundled connections, which are determined by threshold processing of the connection ratio between pairs of communities. However, it has been difficult to understand the role of each community quantitatively by observing the modular structure. We could only know to which sets of the input and output dimensions each community was mainly connected, by tracing the bundled connections from the community to the input and output layers. Another problem is that the finally obtained modular structure is changed greatly depending on the setting of the threshold hyperparameter used for determining bundled connections. In this paper, we propose a new method for interpreting quantitatively the role of each community in inference, by defining the effect of each input dimension on a community, and the effect of a community on each output dimension. We show experimentally that our proposed method can reveal the role of each part of a layered neural network by applying the neural networks to three types of data sets, extracting communities from the trained network, and applying the proposed method to the community structure.
SEXTANT (1992)

For a very long time, it has been considered that the only way of automatically extracting similar groups of words from a text collection for which no semantic information exists is to use document co-occurrence data. But, with robust syntactic parsers that are becoming more frequently available, syntactically recognizable phenomena about word usage can be confidently noted in large collections of texts. We present here a new system called SEXTANT which uses these parsers and the finer-grained contexts they produce to judge word similarity.
Linewidth Roughness and Cross-sectional Measurements of Sub-50 nm Structures Using CD-SAXS and CD-SEM (2008)

Critical dimension small angle X-ray scattering (CD- SAXS) is a metrology platform that is capable of measuring the average cross section and linewidth roughness (LWR) in test patterns with pitches ranging from 10 to 500 nm with sub-nm precision. These capabilities are obtained by measuring and modeling the scattering intensities of a collimated X-ray beam with sub-nm wavelength from a periodic pattern, such as those found in optical scatterometry targets. In this work, we evaluated the capability of both synchrotron-based and laboratory-scale CD-SAXS for characterizing LWR from measurements of periodic line/space patterns fabricated with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography with sub-50 nm linewidths and designed with programmed roughness amplitude and frequency. For these patterns, CD-SAXS can provide high precision data on cross section dimension, including sidewall angle, line height, linewidth and pitch, as well as the amplitude of LWR. We will also discuss the status of ongoing efforts to compare quantitatively the CD- SAXS data with top-down scanning electron microscopy (CD- SEM) measurements.
TGF-β Sustains Tumor Progression through Biochemical and Mechanical Signal Transduction (2018)

Transforming growth factor &beta; (TGF-&beta;) signaling transduces immunosuppressive biochemical and mechanical signals in the tumor microenvironment. In addition to canonical SMAD transcription factor signaling, TGF-&beta; can promote tumor growth and survival by inhibiting proinflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In this article, we review how TGF-&beta; activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activation lies at the intersection of proinflammatory signaling by immune receptors and anti-inflammatory signaling by TGF-&beta; receptors. Additionally, we discuss the role of TGF-&beta; in the mechanobiology of cancer. Understanding how TGF-&beta; dampens proinflammatory responses and induces pro-survival mechanical signals throughout cancer development is critical for designing therapeutics that inhibit tumor progression while bolstering the immune response.
Use of apparent thickness for preprocessing of low-frequency electromagnetic data in inversion-based multibarrier evaluation workflow (2018)

The concept of apparent thicknesses is introduced for the inversion-based, multicasing evaluation interpretation workflow using multifrequency and multispacing electromagnetic measurements. A thickness value is assigned to each measurement, enabling the development of two new preprocessing algorithms to remove casing collar artifacts. First, long-spacing apparent thicknesses are used to remove, from the pipe sections, artifacts (“ghosts”) caused by the transmitter crossing a casing collar or corrosion. Second, a collar identification, localization, and assignment algorithm is developed to enable robust inversion in collar sections. Last, casing eccentering can also be identified on the basis of opposite deviation of short-spacing phase and magnitude apparent thicknesses from the nominal value. The proposed workflow can handle an arbitrary number of nested casings and has been validated on synthetic and field data.
Numerical study on the airfoil self-noise of three owl-based wings with the trailing-edge serrations (2021)

Previous publications have summarized that three special morphological structures of owl wing could reduce aerodynamic noise under low Reynolds number flows effectively. However, the coupling noise-reduction mechanism of bionic airfoil with trailing-edge serrations is poorly understood. Furthermore, while the bionic airfoil extracted from natural owl wing shows remarkable noise-reduction characteristics, the shape of the owl-based airfoils reconstructed by different researchers has some differences, which leads to diversity in the potential noise-reduction mechanisms. In this article, three kinds of owl-based airfoils with trailing-edge serrations are investigated to reveal the potential noise-reduction mechanisms, and a clean airfoil based on barn owl is utilized as a reference to make a comparison. The instantaneous flow field and sound field around the three-dimensional serrated airfoils are simulated by using incompressible large eddy simulation coupled with the FW-H equation. The results of unsteady flow field show that the flow field of Owl B exhibits stronger and wider-scale turbulent velocity fluctuation than that of other airfoils, which may be the potential reason for the greater noise generation of Owl B. The scale and magnitude of alternating mean convective velocity distribution dominates the noise-reduction effect of trailing-edge serrations. The noise-reduction characteristic of Owl C outperforms that of Barn owl, which suggests that the trailing-edge serrations can suppress vortex shedding noise of flow field effectively. The trailing-edge serrations mainly suppress the low-frequency noise of the airfoil. The trailing-edge serration can suppress turbulent noise by weakening pressure fluctuation.
Improving Mission Success of CubeSats (2018)

As a concept, the CubeSat class of satellites is over 15 years old. The first CubeSat satellites were launched in 2003 and a few more in 2006. In recent years, CubeSats have proliferated at an astonishing rate. What started as a largely academic exercise has taken on much greater significance, with commercial entities gearing up to produce vast constellations of the small but capable spacecraft. Amidst all the hype one fact tends to get overlooked: CubeSats do not have a great record of mission success. This presentation provides simple, actionable recommendations that should improve the likelihood of mission success for future CubeSat development projects. The recommendations were gleaned from a study across academic, commercial and government organizations engaged in the design and development of miniature spacecraft. These organizations generously shared their processes, circumstances, results, and lessons learned; they also shared their current processes and philosophies on design, testing, and mission assurance. The results highlighted a number of important themes and issues, all of which formed the basis for the eight recommendations. Most of the recommendations can be tailored and implemented without much cost, and many seem to be common sense—though the study team found that few CubeSat developers followed them all. This paper specifically looks at the research process, the recurring themes and the eight recommendations to improve mission success of CubeSats.