gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Methane with Calcium Ferrite in the Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation Application: Experimental and DFT Study (2019)

Experimental studies using mass spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and theoretical density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the mechanism of methane partial oxidation over a CaFe2O4 oxygen carrier. The XRD analysis revealed the formation of the calcium ferrite phases during methane reduction occurred in the sequence CaFe2O4 →O2− CaFe3O5 + Ca2Fe2O5 →O2− FeO + Fe + CaO →O2− Fe + CaO. Each of these phases was modeled using periodic density functional theory to study the activity of these phases for the reactivity with CH4, CO, and H2 along with the adsorbed surface species to help elucidate the effect that phase changes during reduction have on the chemical looping products CO and H2. Mass spectroscopic analysis revealed the formation of H2O and CO2 occurred prior to the formation of CO and H2, and these products may be due to the removal of lattice oxygen bound in the discrete primary phase, which contributes to a small portion (∼16%) of the total transferable oxygen in the solid. The density functional theory (DFT) results suggest that the gaseous CO and H2 are not thermodynamically favorable to react with the Ca2Fe2O5 where the release of CO and H2 led to an increase in selectivity for these products. The DFT results suggest that some of the adsorbed atomic hydrogen combined to form adsorbed H2 and then gaseous H2 on the CaFe2O4 surface, while the carbon deposition and some adsorbed atomic hydrogen react to form the CaFe3O5 and Ca2Fe2O5 phases simultaneously. DFT simulations suggest that both the gaseous H2 and adsorbed atomic H are less thermodynamically favorable to drive the deep reduction of Ca2Fe2O5 to CaO and Fe0. The deep reduction of the calcium ferrite therefore favors the generation of syngas products (CO and H2) through mechanisms of methane dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of carbon to CO. The significant difference in mechanisms for partial oxidation of methane to syngas with the CaFe2O4 carrier can be correlated to the differences in the oxide phases present during the reduction process, concentration of oxygen species, and bonding in the lattice structure.
Superior Efficacy of a Combined Epigenetic Therapy against Human Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells (2012)

These preclinical in vitro and in vivo findings show that cotreatment with DZNep and PS is an active combined epigenetic therapy worthy of further in vivo testing against MCL.
Effect of gradient alignment in heat assisted magnetic recording (2009)

Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is one of the leading technologies to extend magnetic storage. Significant progress has been achieved in head and media fabrication [M. Seigler et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 44, 119 (2008); Y. Peng et al., TMRC, Seagate Research, 2008], resulting in a basic technology demonstration (C. Hardie et al., ODS Conference Proceedings, 2008) of HAMR. Both field and field-gradient limitations of a conventional perpendicular recording are overcome by engineering the thermal profile (notably the gradient) and recording at a temperature near Tc (thus requiring a smaller head field). We have used a micromagnetic recording model to study the effect of thermal and field-gradient alignment in HAMR by varying the separation between the thermal spot and the leading edge of the head field. The output of the recording model includes transition jitter, which is based on Monte Carlo simulations of isolated transitions. We use a realistic granular medium with HK∼50–80 kOe and a grain size of ∼2.5–6 nm that covers a broad range of HAMR media parameters. The model indicates that HAMR can achieve &amp;gt;1 Tbyte/in.2 using a grain size of 6 nm and is scalable to &amp;gt;4 Tbyte/in.2 on a granular media by careful alignment of the thermal and magnetic field gradients.
Electrical and adaptive properties of rod photoreceptors in Bufo marinus. II. Effects of cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins. (1977)

Substances known to alter cyclic nucleotide levels in cells were applied to the isolated toad retina and effects on rod electrical and adaptive behavior were studied. The retina was continually superfused in control ringer's or ringer's containing one or a combination of drugs, and rod activity was recorded intracellularly. Superfusion with cGMP, Bu(2)GMP, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; a phosphodiesterase inhibitor), or PGF(2alpha) (a prostaglandin) caused effects in rods that closely match those observed when extracellular Ca(2+) levels were lowered. For example, short exposures (up to 6 min) of the retina to these substances caused depolarization of the membrane potential, increase in response amplitudes, and some changes in waveform; but under dark-adapted or partially light-adapted conditions receptor sensitivity was virtually unaffected. That is, the position of the V-log I curve on the intensity axis was determined by the prevailing light level, not by drug level. These drugs, like lowered extracellular Ca(2+), also decreased the period of receptor saturation after a bright-adapting flash, resulting in an acceleration of the onset of membrane and sensitivity recovery during dark adaptation. Long-term (6-15 min) exposure of a dark-adapted retina to 5 mM IBMX or a combination of IBMX and cGMP caused a loss of response amplitude and a desensitization of the rods that was similar to that observed in rods after a long-term low Ca(2+) (10(-9)M) treatment. Application of high (3.2 mM) Ca(2+) to the retina blocked the effects of applied Bu(2)cGMP. PGE(1) superfusion mimicked the effects of increasing extracellular Ca(2+). The results show that increased cGMP and lowered Ca(2+) produce similar alterations in the electrical activity of rods. These findings suggest that Ca(2+) and cGMP are interrelated messengers. We speculate that low Ca(2+) may lead to increased intracellular cGMP, and/or that applied cGMP, and/or that applied cGMP may lower cytosol Ca(2+), perhaps by stimulating Ca(2+)- ATPase pumps in the outer segment.
Frequency coordination between CDMA and non-CDMA systems (2002)

Mutual interference between non-CDMA (FM and TDMA) subscriber stations (SS) and CDMA base stations (BS), as well as interference between CDMA SS and non-CDMA BS are investigated. The noise figure is used as a measure of degradation of the receiver performance. It is shown that at a frequency offset of more than 870 kHz, the non-CDMA SS will not cause any degradation to the CDMA BS. Conversely, the CDMA BS will degrade the noise figure of the non-CDMA SS. It is also shown that a space separation (guard zone) of 144 dB path loss or more is sufficient in cases where the CDMA system shares the frequency band with the non-CDMA system. This can be achieved by having one tier of cells, operating at a different frequency, separating the two systems. The effect of a CDMA SS on an FM BS depends on the size of the CDMA BS. For large cells, the CDMA SS is required to transmit at full power with noticeable sidebands and will cause more degradation to the FM BS before the FM BS can degrade the CDMA SS noise figure. For medium size cells, the CDMA SS is not required to transmit at full power (hence, having much lower sidebands). In this case the FM BS will be able to tolerate the CDMA SS. Meanwhile, the CDMA SS will suffer degradation as it is moved closer to the FM BS. For small cells, the CDMA SS will transmit at much less than full power and will have no effect at all on the FM BS, even if moved very close to the FM BS.
Thin Graphite Supporting Films for High Resolution Work (1976)

Background noise arising from amorphous carbon supporting films is a crucial problem for high resolution CTEM work, particularly for biological materials. Many people have been trying to overcome this problem, for example, by use of sophisticated image analysis by computers, but without convincingly successful results so far. On the other hand, it is theoretically expected that if we use thin single crystal films the background noise can be completely eliminated. This has been attempted by a few workers (1,2) who used single crystals of BeO or graphite for observing very small metal particles or single atoms. Here we shall report a method of preparing very thin and clean single crystal films of graphite and their properties. Preparation of thin graphite films. Firstly relatively thin graphite films were prepared by repeated cleavage of a graphite crystal between Scotch tapes. Small flakes of cleaved graphite crystal stuck on the tapes were separated in ethylene dichloride.
Synthesis of and Ferromagnetic Coupling in Poly(phenylenevinylene)s Bearing Built-in t-Butyl Nitroxides (1996)

Abstract Poly[[2- or 4-[N-t-butyl-N-(triethylsiloxy- or t-butyldimethylsiloxy)amino]-1,4- or 1,2-phenylene]vinylene] was synthesized by polymerizing 4- or 2-bromo-2- or 4-[N-t-butyl-N-(triethylsiloxy- or t-butyldimethylsiloxy)amino]styrene with a palladium catalyst, respectively. They were deprotected and chemically oxidized to yield poly(1,4- or 1,2-phenylenevinylene)s bearing a 2- or 4-substituted built-in nitroxide radical. The polyradicals were chemically stable, and their spin concentration was increased to 0.8 spin/unit. A SQUID measurement which included the corresponding diradicals and triradicals indicated that a partial, but strong, intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling was established through the conjugated backbone, despite a spin defect in the side radical moiety, for the poly(1,2- phenylenevinylene) bearing 4-substituted built-in nitroxide radical.
Framing Machine Learning Opportunities for Hypotension Prediction in Perioperative Care: A Socio-technical Perspective (2023)

Hypotension during perioperative care, if undetected or uncontrolled, can lead to serious clinical complications. Predictive machine learning models, based on routinely collected EHR data, offer potential for early warning of hypotension to enable proactive clinical intervention. However, while research has demonstrated the feasibility of such machine learning models, little effort is made to ground their formulation and development in socio-technical context of perioperative care work. To address this, we present a study of collaborative work practices of clinical teams during and after surgery with specific emphasis on the organisation of hypotension management. The findings highlight where predictive insights could be usefully deployed to reconfigure care and facilitate more proactive management of hypotension. We further explore how the socio-technical insights help define key parameters of machine learning prediction tasks to align with the demands of collaborative clinical practice. We discuss more general implications for the design of predictive machine learning in hospital care.
Wavelet Transform for Structural Health Monitoring: A Compendium of Uses and Features (2006)

The strategic and monetary value of the civil infrastructure worldwide necessitates the development of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems that can accurately monitor structural response due to real-time loading conditions, detect damage in the structure, and report the location and nature of this damage. In the last decade, extensive research has been carried out for developing vibration-based damage detection algorithms that can relate structural dynamics changes to damage occurrence in a structure. In the mean time, the wavelet transform (WT), a signal processing technique based on a windowing approach of dilated ‘scaled’ and shifted wavelets, is being applied to a broad range of engineering applications. Wavelet transform has proven its ability to overcome many of the limitations of the widely used Fourier transform (FT); hence, it has gained popularity as an efficient means of signal processing in SHM systems. This increasing interest in WT for SHM in diverse applications motivates the authors to write an exposition on the current WT technologies. This article presents a utilitarian view of WT and its technologies. By reviewing the state-of-the-art in WT for SHM, the article discusses specific needs of SHM addressed by WT, classifies WT for damage detection into various fields, and describes features unique to WT that lends itself to SHM. The ultimate intent of this article is to provide the readers with a background on the various aspects of WT that might appeal to their need and sector of interest in SHM. Additionally, the comprehensive literature review that comprises this study will provide the interested reader a focused search to investigate using wavelets in SHM.
Soluble Murine IL-1 Receptor Type I Induces Release of Constitutive IL-1α (1999)

Abstract IL-1α and IL-1β are proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of many infectious and noninfectious inflammatory diseases. To reduce IL-1 toxicity, extracellular domains of the soluble (s) IL-1R are shed from cell membranes and prevent triggering of cell-bound receptors. We investigated to what extent murine sIL-1RI can neutralize the IL-1 produced by LPS-stimulated macrophages. When mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with LPS, addition of sIL-1RI significantly inhibited the bioactivity of IL-1. Stimulation of cells with sIL-1RI alone induced no bioactive IL-1. When immunoreactive cytokine concentrations were measured with specific radioimmunoassays, sIL-1RI alone appeared to induce a significant release of IL-1α in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was independent of new protein synthesis. The production of IL-1β or TNF-α was not influenced by sIL-1RI. There was no interference of sIL-1RI with the IL-1α radioimmunoassay. In mice, an i.v. injection of sIL-RI alone induced a rapid release of IL-1α, but not of TNF-α or IL-1β. Treatment of mice with sIL-1RI improved the survival during a lethal infection with Candida albicans. In conclusion, sIL-1RI induces a rapid release of IL-1α from cells, as well as into the systemic circulation. Although this IL-1α may be inactivated in circulation by the same sIL-1RI, this phenomenon probably has immunostimulatory effects at local levels where the sIL-1RI-induced IL-1α acts in a paracrine or autocrine manner.
Progress Towards Therapeutic Small Molecule MEK Inhibitors for Use in Cancer Therapy (2005)

This paper reviews recent progress in the design and evaluation of MEK inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Activation of the Ras / Raf / MEK / MAP kinase pathway has been implicated in uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor growth. Mutated, oncogenic forms of Ras are found in 50% of colon, 90% of pancreatic and 30% of lung cancers. Recently, B-Raf mutations have been identified in more than 60% of malignant melanomas and from 40-70% of papillary thyroid cancers. MEK, a dual specificity kinase, is a key player in this pathway; it is downstream of both Ras and Raf and activates ERK1/2 through phosphorylation of key tyrosine and threonine residues. Representative examples of both ATP competitive and non-competitive inhibitors as well as natural product based inhibitors will be discussed.
Effect of metal content on CO<sub>2</sub> gasification behavior of K- and Fe-loaded bio-chars (2014)

The effects of Fe and K contents of Fe- and K-loaded chars containing 0-23% Fe and 0-20% K, respectively, with negligible amounts of poisoning elements, on the CO2 gasification behavior (C + CO2 → 2CO) were investigated in the temperature range of 750-1050°C. For 23% Fe-loaded char at gasification temperatures of 900 and 1000 °C, the CO2 gasification rate constants (Kp) were respectively 3.3 times and ～ 8 times higher than those of the char without Fe. At 900 °C, the Kp value increased with an increase in the Fe content up to 10% and remained almost constant above 10% Fe. For K-loaded chars, the Kp value of the char loaded with 10% K had a maximum value of 5.4 min−1at 900 °C; this value was ～ 300 times that of the char without K loading and ～ 90 times higher than the corresponding Kp values of Fe-loaded chars at 900 °C. The addition of excess K (upon loading greater than 10%) to bio-char decreased the Kp because of the decrease in the number of active sites on the char surface.
Integrating the quality of the cytotoxic response and tumor susceptibility into the design of protective vaccines in tumor immunotherapy (2003)

Nonstandard abbreviations used: sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR); nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT); protein kinase A (PKA); ryanodine receptor (RyR2); Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII); cardiac isoform of CaMKII
A Fully Integrated 5 Gyrator Filter at Video Frequencies (1977)

A single chip silicon integrated circuit filter is described comprising 5 gyrator resonators operating in the range 4 - 6 MHz. The complete filter is tuned by a single bias potential applied to the pn junction capacitors on the chip.
Direct visualization and on-line monitoring in injection moulding (2008)

The increasing complexity of injection moulded products is highlighting the need for better sensing of the process. Monitoring of the process has been approached in many different ways since there are many processing parameters and there are no specific techniques that measure all the relevant parameters. In-line monitoring of the injection moulding operations requires continuous measurements of different parameters during the cycle. The use of direct visualization systems to assess the flow development of polymer melts inside confined geometries has become a major issue to understand the different thermo-mechanical phenomena associated to the injection moulding process. Under the above referred framework a transparent mould with two injection locations, allowing flow visualization on both conventional and two materials non-conventional injection moulding techniques was developed and used in this research. Visual access in the mould is allowed by the sapphire windows, surrounding the cavity. Apart from visualization, instrumentation of the mould allows pressure and temperature monitoring. Images were obtained, using high speed analogue device NAC1000 and digital device Photron Fastcam APX. The aim of this work is to monitor and assess the polymer melt behaviour under controlled processing conditions, during the filling and holding stages of the moulding cycle. Visualization of conventional injection was used to understand some open problems associated to the process, namely the development of the filling patterns under different processing conditions identical or close to the industrial ones. Comparison of the obtained results with a mathematical model of the process was used for validating their accuracy. Visualization of the monosandwich and multimaterial (bi-injection) moulding techniques was used for analyzing the filling patterns in complex polymer systems. Monosandwich visualization enables a clear understanding of the mechanism of formation of core-skin morphology and in combination with adequate instrumentation (pressure and temperature) is a good reference for detailed analysis of this complex flow pattern. Visualization of the bi-injection technique displays the phenomena of the flow front clash of the two materials with different MFI and supports structure development studies, including flow weld lines.
Mechanism Design for Policy Routing (2003)

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for interdomain routing is designed to allow autonomous systems (ASes) to express policy preferences over alternative routes.We model these preferences as arising from an AS's underlying utility for each route and study the problem of finding a set of routes that maximizes the overall welfare (i.e., the sum of all ASes' utilities for their selected routes).We show that, if the utility functions are unrestricted, this problem is NP-hard even to approximate closely.We then study a natural class of restricted utilities that we call nexthop preferences.We present a strategyproof, polynomialtime computable mechanism for welfare-maximizing routing over this restricted domain.However, we show that, in contrast to earlier work on lowest-cost routing mechanism design,
The influence of polygenic risk for bipolar disorder on neural activation assessed using fMRI (2012)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated a significant polygenic contribution to bipolar disorder (BD) where disease risk is determined by the summation of many alleles of small individual magnitude. Modelling polygenic risk scores may be a powerful way of identifying disrupted brain regions whose genetic architecture is related to that of BD. We determined the extent to which common genetic variation underlying risk to BD affected neural activation during an executive processing/language task in individuals at familial risk of BD and healthy controls. Polygenic risk scores were calculated for each individual based on GWAS data from the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group (PGC-BD) of over 16 000 subjects. The familial group had a significantly higher polygene score than the control group (P=0.04). There were no significant group by polygene interaction effects in terms of association with brain activation. However, we did find that an increasing polygenic risk allele load for BD was associated with increased activation in limbic regions previously implicated in BD, including the anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, across both groups. The findings suggest that this novel polygenic approach to examine brain-imaging data may be a useful means of identifying genetically mediated traits mechanistically linked to the aetiology of BD.