gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to Use Bitcoin to Incentivize Correct Computations (2014)

We study a model of incentivizing correct computations in a variety of cryptographic tasks. For each of these tasks we propose a formal model and design protocols satisfying our model's constraints in a hybrid model where parties have access to special ideal functionalities that enable monetary transactions. We summarize our results:
Improved nucleation of TiN atomic layer deposition films on SiLK low-k polymer dielectric using an Al2O3 atomic layer deposition adhesion layer (2003)

Diffusion barriers are required to prevent copper from diffusing into low-k polymer dielectrics in backend interconnects. The ability to deposit conformal diffusion barriers onto high aspect ratio, low-k polymer features requires atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. This study examined TiN ALD on SiLK (a trademark of the Dow Chemical Company) low-k polymer dielectric using tetrakis-dimethylamino titanium and NH3. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS), optical microscopy, and surface profiling of the TiN ALD films deposited on SiLK revealed discontinuous films displaying distinct patchy regions. The patches corresponded to a thinner TiN coating and were attributed to difficulties for TiN ALD nucleation on SiLK. To study TiN ALD nucleation, in situ quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements were performed by spincoating SiLK onto the QCM sensor. Subsequent QCM measurements during TiN ALD revealed very low initial TiN ALD growth rates indicating poor nucleation. Al2O3 ALD was then performed on the SiLK film using trimethyl aluminum and H2O. Surface profiling, XRFS, QCM, and transmission electron microscopy measurements revealed that the Al2O3 ALD film nucleates immediately on SiLK producing a continuous Al2O3 film. In addition, QCM measurements showed that TiN ALD nucleates readily on the Al2O3 surface. The Al2O3 ALD adhesion layer facilitated the growth of a continuous TiN ALD film on SiLK. Examination of TiN ALD films prepared on SiLK with progressively thinner Al2O3 ALD adhesion layers revealed that 10 Al2O3 ALD cycles were sufficient to promote the nucleation of the TiN ALD film.
Modeling and vector control of planar magnetic levitator (1998)

The authors designed and implemented a magnetically levitated stage with large planar motion capability. This planar magnetic levitator employs four novel permanent-magnet linear motors. Each motor generates vertical force for suspension against gravity, as well as a horizontal force for drive. These linear levitation motors can be used as building blocks in the general class of multi-degree-of-freedom motion stages. In this paper, they discuss the electromechanical modeling and real-time vector control of such a permanent-magnet levitator. They describe the dynamics in a dq frame introduced to decouple the forces acting on the magnetically levitated moving part, namely, the platen. A transformation similar to the Blondel-Park transformation is derived for commutation of the stator phase currents. They provide test results on step responses of the magnetically levitated stage. They show 5 nm RMS positioning noise in x and y, which demonstrates the applicability of such stages in the next-generation photolithography in semiconductor manufacturing.
Gender-aware re-ranking (2012)

In this paper we study usefulness of users' gender information for improving ranking of ambiguous queries in personalized and non-contextual settings. This study is performed as a sequence of offline re-ranking experiments and it demonstrates that the proposed gender-aware ranking features provide improvements in ranking quality. It is also shown that the proposed personalized features exhibit performance superior to non-contextual ones.
A concise synthesis of the potent inflammatory mediator 5-oxo-ETE (2011)

A concise and practical method for synthesis of the potent inflammatory mediator 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE, 1) from arachidonic acid in four steps and 70% overall yield is reported. Stability studies indicate that 1 can be safely handled without rigorous precautions.
Hydrophobic Domain Structure of Linear-Dendritic Poly(ethylene glycol) Lipids Affects RNA Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles (2020)

In this work, a series of linear-dendritic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipids (PEG-GnCm) were synthesized through a strategy using sequential aza- and sulfa-Michael addition reactions. The effect of modulating the hydrophobic domain of linear-dendritic PEG lipids was systematically investigated for <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> small RNA delivery as the surface-stabilizing component of 5A2-SC8 dendrimer lipid-based nanoparticles (DLNPs). The lipid alkyl lengths (C8, C12, and C16) and dendrimer generations (G1, G2, and G3) were altered to create PEG-GnCm with different physical properties and anchoring potential. The tail chemical structure of PEG-GnCm did not affect the formulation of 5A2-SC8 DLNPs, including the nanoparticle size, RNA encapsulation, and stability. However, the tail chemical structure did dramatically affect the RNA delivery efficacy of the formed 5A2-SC8 DLNPs with different PEG-GnCm. First-generation PEG lipids (PEG-G1C8, PEG-G1C12, and PEG-G1C16) and a second-generation PEG lipid (PEG-G2C8) formed 5A2-SC8 DLNPs that could deliver siRNAs effectively <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. 5A2-SC8 DLNPs formulated with second-generation PEG lipids (PEG-G2C12 and PEG-G2C16) and all three third-generation PEG lipids (PEG-G3C8, PEG-G3C12, and PEG-G3C16) lost the ability to deliver siRNA effectively <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Overall, we determined that the hydrophobic domain chemical structure of linear-dendritic poly(ethylene glycol) lipids affected the RNA delivery of DLNPs by impacting the escape of 5A2-SC8 DLNPs from endosomes at early cell incubation times, thereby indicating how PEG lipid anchoring and chemical structure can modulate <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> siRNA delivery efficacies.
Designing Disaggregated Evaluations of AI Systems: Choices,\n Considerations, and Tradeoffs (2021)

Disaggregated evaluations of AI systems, in which system performance is\nassessed and reported separately for different groups of people, are\nconceptually simple. However, their design involves a variety of choices. Some\nof these choices influence the results that will be obtained, and thus the\nconclusions that can be drawn; others influence the impacts -- both beneficial\nand harmful -- that a disaggregated evaluation will have on people, including\nthe people whose data is used to conduct the evaluation. We argue that a deeper\nunderstanding of these choices will enable researchers and practitioners to\ndesign careful and conclusive disaggregated evaluations. We also argue that\nbetter documentation of these choices, along with the underlying considerations\nand tradeoffs that have been made, will help others when interpreting an\nevaluation's results and conclusions.\n
Single cell RNA-seq in regenerative and fibrotic biomaterial environments defines new macrophage subsets (2019)

Summary Macrophages play diverse roles in the immune response to infection, cancer, and wound healing where they respond to local environmental signals, yet identification and phenotypic characterization of functional subsets in vivo remains limited. We performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis on differentiated macrophages sorted from a biologic matrix-induced regenerative environment versus a synthetic biomaterial foreign body response (FBR), characterized by T H 2/interleukin (IL)-4 and T H 17/IL-17, respectively. In the regenerative environment, unbiased clustering and pseudotime analysis revealed distinct macrophage subsets responsible for antigen presentation, chemoattraction, and phagocytosis, as well as a small population with expression profiles of both dendritic cells and skeletal muscle. In the FBR environment, we identified a CD9 hi+ IL-36γ + macrophage subset that expressed T H 17-associated molecules characteristic of certain auto-immune responses that were virtually absent in mice lacking the IL-17 receptor. Surface marker combinations including CD9 and CD301b defined macrophage fibrotic and regenerative subsets enabling functional assessment and identification in human tissue. Application of the terminal macrophage subsets to train the SingleCellNet algorithm and comparison to human and mouse macrophages in tumor, lung, and liver suggest broad relevance of macrophage classification. These distinct macrophage subsets demonstrate previously unrecognized myeloid phenotypes involved in different tissue responses and provide new targets for potential therapeutic modulation of certain pathologic states and tissue repair.
CD4-T-cell antigen receptor complexes on human leukemia T cells. (1990)

CD4 and T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) comodulate from the surface of human and murine T cells following exposure to monoclonal anti-CD4 or anti-TCR. This comodulation may occur because expression of CD4 and TCR is regulated by similar transmembrane signals or because CD4 and TCR are physically associated. To study multimolecular assemblies on the plasma membrane, we developed a flow cytometric method for detecting singlet-singlet energy transfer between fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies as sensitized TRITC emission on intact, single cells. Using this procedure, we detected CD4-TCR complexes on the surface of the transformed human leukemia T cells, HPB-ALL, in the absence of stimulation. More than one CD4 were found in association with one TCR. CD4-TCR complexes were not in rapid equilibrium with free CD4 and free TCR, and they were not induced by the dye-labeled anti-CD4 or anti-TCR.
Table S4 from Clinical Importance of the lncRNA <i>NEAT1</i> in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Glioblastoma patient characteristics (GSE121810)&lt;/p&gt;
52.2 Non‐Destructive Analyses of Operational Degradation of OLED Devices (2015)

Non‐destructive analyses are conducted on the intrinsic degradation of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). After longterm operation, sum‐frequency spectroscopy reveals changes in the molecular orientation. Furthermore, change in the mobility of the OLEDs can be evaluated from impedance spectroscopy. Carrier trap behavior is also investigated via thermally stimulated current spectroscopy.
Metals by Micro‐Scale Additive Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties (2020)

Many emerging applications in microscale engineering rely on the fabrication of 3D architectures in inorganic materials. Small-scale additive manufacturing (AM) aspires to provide flexible and facile access to these geometries. Yet, the synthesis of device-grade inorganic materials is still a key challenge toward the implementation of AM in microfabrication. Here, a comprehensive overview of the microstructural and mechanical properties of metals fabricated by most state-of-the-art AM methods that offer a spatial resolution ≤10 μm is presented. Standardized sets of samples are studied by cross-sectional electron microscopy, nanoindentation, and microcompression. It is shown that current microscale AM techniques synthesize metals with a wide range of microstructures and elastic and plastic properties, including materials of dense and crystalline microstructure with excellent mechanical properties that compare well to those of thin-film nanocrystalline materials. The large variation in materials' performance can be related to the individual microstructure, which in turn is coupled to the various physico-chemical principles exploited by the different printing methods. The study provides practical guidelines for users of small-scale additive methods and establishes a baseline for the future optimization of the properties of printed metallic objects-a significant step toward the potential establishment of AM techniques in microfabrication.
Design of a Functionally Binary Pinned-Pinned Segment for Use as a Tension-Compression Spring in Compliant Micro Mechanisms (2002)

As mechanisms approach the micro scale, manufacture and assembly of linear coil springs becomes nearly impossible. For this reason, compliant functionally binary pinned-pinned segments are frequently used in place of them. A new pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) is presented for circular functionally binary pinned-pinned (FBPP) segments that undergo large, nonlinear deflections for both tension and compression. A new method of evaluating the maximum moment in the beam is presented, called the focal moment method, which significantly increases the accuracy of the force for a given displacement. This paper also shows how some FBPP segments can be modeled as simple linear tension/compression springs. The deflection limits for a given maximum error can be determined analytically, thereby making it possible to use optimization algorithms in the design of these springs. The effect of the size of the rigid pin joints is also discussed.
Abstract 4378: Targeting the embryonic morphogen Nodal reduces viability of doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells in vitro (2015)

Abstract Triple negative breast cancer represents an aggressive malignancy for which few targeted therapies exist. The embryonic morphogen Nodal is re-expressed in highly aggressive breast cancers and reduction of Nodal signaling decreases tumor cell metastatic characteristics. This represents a potential avenue for the development of therapeutics aimed at inhibiting the Nodal pathway. To explore this further, we evaluated Nodal expression in breast cancer cells following chemotherapy. In vitro treatment of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cell lines with Doxorubicin, a chemotherapy commonly used for the treatment of malignant breast cancer, resulted in the generation of surviving subpopulations that retained Nodal expression (&amp;gt;80%) and remained viable. To validate these findings in vivo, we analyzed Doxorubicin treated metastatic patient derived breast cancer xenografts (PDX) which displayed a residual population of Nodal positive cells when analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that targeting Nodal in a combinatorial approach with chemotherapy will lead to a reduction in remaining viable populations of cancer cells. When we utilized an anti-Nodal neutralizing antibody to inhibit Nodal signaling, antibody treatment reduced cell proliferation, attachment and increased rates of apoptosis in Doxorubicin treated breast cancer cell lines. Decreases in phosphorylation of Histone 3, a marker of cellular proliferation, and increases in the cleavage of PARP, correlating to induction of apoptosis, were noted in response to antibody treatment. These data suggest that Nodal signaling plays a critical role in the growth of metastatic breast cancer cells and targeting Nodal may improve therapeutic outcome in malignancies such as triple negative breast cancer. The initial results highlight translational potential for the development of humanized antibodies capable of inhibiting Nodal function. Citation Format: Thomas M. Bodenstine, Grace S. Chandler, Naira V. Margaryan, Luigi Strizzi, Alina Gilgur, Elisabeth A. Seftor, Richard E B Seftor, Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis, Andrey Ugolkov, Andrew P. Mazar, Mary J C Hendrix. Targeting the embryonic morphogen Nodal reduces viability of doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cells in vitro. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4378. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4378
REDUCED ORDER MODELING FOR NONLINEAR MULTI-COMPONENT MODELS (2012)

Reduced order modeling plays an indispensible role in most real-world complex models. A hybrid application of order reduction methods, introduced previously, has been shown to effectively reduce the computational cost required to find a reduced order model with quantifiable bounds on the reduction errors, which is achieved by hybridizing the application of local variational and global sampling methods for order reduction. The method requires the evaluation of first-order derivatives of pseudo-responses with respect to input parameters and the ability to perturb input parameters within their user-specified ranges of variations. The derivatives are employed to find a subspace that captures all possible response variations resulting from all possible parameter variations with quantifiable accuracy. This paper extends the applicability of this methodology to multi-component models. This is achieved by employing a hybrid methodology to enable the transfer of sensitivity information between the various components in an efficient manner precluding the need for a global sensitivity analysis procedure, which is often envisaged to be computationally intractable. Finally, we introduce a new measure of conditioning for the subspace employed for order reduction. Although, the developments are general, they are applied here to smoothly behaving functions only. Extension to non-smooth functions will be addressed in a future article. In addition to introducing these new developments, this manuscript is intended to provide a pedagogical overview of our current developments in the area of reduced order modeling to real-world engineering models.
Shale gas-to-syngas chemical looping process for stable shale gas conversion to high purity syngas with a H2 : CO ratio of 2 : 1 (2014)

The shale gas-to-syngas (STS) chemical looping process was conceived by Fan and associates in 2013 for the production of high-purity syngas from shale gas. The STS process producing syngas does not require the use of molecular oxygen from air separation and steam. This paper describes the rationale for the process concept with experimental data that substantiates the process validity. Specifically, the STS process consists of a co-current gas (shale gas)–solid (metal oxides) moving bed contact mode reducer operation with metal oxides for shale gas conversion to syngas. The reduced metal oxides from the reducer operation are regenerated via an oxidation operation with air. Various active metal oxides or metal oxide composites can be utilized. However, it is through the combination of desired metal oxides and co-current moving bed reducer that high syngas purity and a desirable H2 : CO molar ratio of ∼2 : 1 can be achieved. In this study, active iron–titanium composite metal oxide (ITCMO) materials are used as the oxygen carrier for the demonstration of the STS process. The desirable thermodynamic property of ITCMO is a key factor for the generation of high quality syngas. The co-current moving bed provides a desirable gas–solid contacting pattern that minimizes carbon deposition and maximizes the syngas yield. The syngas produced by the STS process can achieve a H2 : CO molar ratio of ∼2 : 1 with little CO2, CH4 and steam, which is required for downstream processes to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. The experimental results for reaction kinetics including oxygen carrier recyclability and pressure effects are obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and syngas generation using a fixed bed, a bench-scale moving bed, and a sub-pilot scale moving bed reactor demonstrations are achieved in this study. The bench and sub-pilot demonstrations confirm that the syngas produced by the STS process is close to thermodynamic equilibrium with the reduced ITCMO. Furthermore, simulation studies are conducted to compare the efficiency of the STS process with a conventional autothermal natural gas reforming process.
Transverse-electric Brewster effect enabled by nonmagnetic two-dimensional materials (2016)

Discovered in the 19th century, the Brewster effect is known to occur for transverse-magnetic waves in regular optical dielectrics; however, it is believed to arise for transverse-electric (TE) waves only in systems with magnetic responses, i.e., nonunity effective relative permeability. This paper introduces a scheme to realize the TE Brewster effect in a homogeneous dielectric interface without magnetic responses, by adding ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene. In particular, the effect remains even for waves approaching normal incidence, spanning from terahertz to visible frequencies. In contrast to the conventional Brewster effect, the graphene-assisted TE Brewster effect is asymmetric, and can be achieved only when the incidence is from the higher-refractive-index side. Moreover, graphene layers can tailor a total-internal-reflection dielectric interface into zero reflection, accompanied by perfect absorption. This control over TE waves enabled by ultrathin 2D materials may lead to a variety of applications, such as atomically thin absorbers, polarizers, and antireflection coating.
Synchronized Synthesis of Peptide‐Based Macrocycles by Digital Microfluidics (2010)

Eine digitale Synthese ergibt peptidbasierte Makrocyclen und deren Analoga, wobei die Seitenketten in einem späten Stadium durch Aziridinringöffnung aufgebaut wurden. Die nL- bis μL-Tropfen der Proben und Reagentien werden parallel durch Anwenden elektrischer Potentiale auf einer Anordnung von Elektroden bewegt, die mit einem hydrophoben Isolator bedeckt ist. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.