gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Ortho C-H Cyanation of Vinylarenes (2014)

A copper-based catalytic technique for the regioselective ortho C-H cyanation of vinylarenes has been developed. This method provides an effective means for the selective functionalization of vinylarene derivatives. A copper-catalyzed cyanative dearomatization mechanism is proposed to account for the regiochemical course of this reaction.
In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models for Assessing Drug Permeation across the Cornea (2023)

Drug permeation across the cornea remains a major challenge due to its unique and complex anatomy and physiology. Static barriers such as the different layers of the cornea, as well as dynamic aspects such as the constant renewal of the tear film and the presence of the mucin layer together with efflux pumps, all present unique challenges for effective ophthalmic drug delivery. To overcome some of the current ophthalmic drug limitations, the identification and testing of novel drug formulations such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles began to be considered and widely explored. In the early stages of corneal drug development reliable <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> alternatives, are required, to be in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), with such methods being in addition faster and more ethical alternatives to <i>in vivo</i> studies. The ocular field remains limited to a handful of predictive models for ophthalmic drug permeation. <i>In vitro</i> cell culture models are increasingly used when it comes to transcorneal permeation studies. <i>Ex vivo</i> models using excised animal tissue such as porcine eyes are the model of choice to study corneal permeation and promising advancements have been reported over the years. Interspecies characteristics must be considered in detail when using such models. This review updates the current knowledge about <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> corneal permeability models and evaluates their advantages and limitations.
Unsupervised Part Segmentation through Disentangling Appearance and Shape (2021)

We study the problem of unsupervised discovery and segmentation of object parts, which, as an intermediate local representation, are capable of finding intrinsic object structure and providing more explainable recognition results. Recent unsupervised methods have greatly relaxed the dependency on annotated data which are costly to obtain, but still rely on additional information such as object segmentation mask or saliency map. To remove such a dependency and further improve the part segmentation performance, we develop a novel approach by disentangling the appearance and shape representations of object parts followed with reconstruction losses without using additional object mask information. To avoid degenerated solutions, a bottleneck block is designed to squeeze and expand the appearance representation, leading to a more effective disentanglement between geometry and appearance. Combined with a self-supervised part classification loss and an improved geometry concentration constraint, we can segment more consistent parts with semantic meanings. Comprehensive experiments on a wide variety of objects such as face, bird, and PASCAL VOC objects demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Noise properties of an individual and two crossing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (2002)

The noise properties at room temperature of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under forward bias, for frequencies between 10 Hz–10 kHz, have been investigated. The noise measurements were made for one individual multiwalled carbon nanotube (1 MW) and two crossing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (2 CMW). The excess noise found in 1 MW is consistently 1/f-like. However, 2 CMW shows higher noise level, and the noise spectrum has an unusual dependence on the current. The main origin of noise in 2 CMW was attributed to the diffusion noise.
Microstructural Behavior of the Alumina Shell and Aluminum Core Before and After Melting of Aluminum Nanoparticles (2011)

The oxidation mechanism of nanoaluminum particles, nominally employed as fuel component, is still an unsettled problem, because of the complex nature of thermomechanical properties of the oxide shell surrounding the elemental core. Although mechanical breakage of the alumina shell upon or after melting of aluminum core has been thought to play a key role in the combustion of aluminum nanoparticles, there has been little direct evidence. In this study, the microstructural behaviors of Al core and alumina shell lattices were investigated with increasing temperatures. Three in situ techniques, high-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis, hot-stage transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy for heat-treated samples, were employed to probe the thermal behaviors of aluminum and alumina lattices before and after melting of the aluminum core. High-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that nano aluminum lattice was initially expanded under tension at room temperature, and then when heated passed through a zero-strain state at ∼300 °C. Upon further heating above the bulk melting temperature of aluminum, the aluminum lattice expanded under almost no constraint. This interesting observation, which is contrary to almost all of the previous results and models, was ascribed to the inhomogeneous (localized) crystalline phase transformation of amorphous alumina. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and in situ hot-stage transmission electron microscopy evidenced localized phase transformation accompanied by a significant shell thickening, presumably resulting from diffusion processes of Al cations and O anions, which is to absorb the pressure built in aluminum core, by creating a more ductile shell.
TensorFlow.js: Machine Learning for the Web and Beyond (2019)

TensorFlow.js is a library for building and executing machine learning algorithms in JavaScript. TensorFlow.js models run in a web browser and in the Node.js environment. The library is part of the TensorFlow ecosystem, providing a set of APIs that are compatible with those in Python, allowing models to be ported between the Python and JavaScript ecosystems. TensorFlow.js has empowered a new set of developers from the extensive JavaScript community to build and deploy machine learning models and enabled new classes of on-device computation. This paper describes the design, API, and implementation of TensorFlow.js, and highlights some of the impactful use cases.
A system for chaos generation and its implementation in monolithic form (2002)

We propose a novel autonomous system for chaos generation based on a third-order abstract canonical mathematical model. Nonlinearity in this system is introduced by a bipolar switching constant which reflects the behaviour of a simple inverter circuit. Two implementations of the system are given. The first uses commercially available components while the second was designed on a CMOS chip. Numerical simulations and experimental results are provided.
Incidence of Pubic Osteomyelitis After Bladder Neck Suspension Using Bone Anchors (2005)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological survey1 Jan 2006Incidence of Pubic Osteomyelitis After Bladder Neck Suspension Using Bone Anchors R.P. Goldberg, M.B. Tchetgen, P.K. Sand, S. Koduri, R. Rackley, R. Appell, and P.J. Culligan R.P. GoldbergR.P. Goldberg More articles by this author , M.B. TchetgenM.B. Tchetgen More articles by this author , P.K. SandP.K. Sand More articles by this author , S. KoduriS. Koduri More articles by this author , R. RackleyR. Rackley More articles by this author , R. AppellR. Appell More articles by this author , and P.J. CulliganP.J. Culligan More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00129-1AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Incidence of Pubic Osteomyelitis After Bladder Neck Suspension Using Bone Anchors." The Journal of Urology, 175(1), pp. 222–223 Evanston Continence Center, Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston, Illinois, and Division of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio© 2006 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 175Issue 1January 2006Page: 222-223 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2006 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information R.P. Goldberg More articles by this author M.B. Tchetgen More articles by this author P.K. Sand More articles by this author S. Koduri More articles by this author R. Rackley More articles by this author R. Appell More articles by this author P.J. Culligan More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Supplementary Figure S12 from Evolution of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in ctDNA during Sequential Androgen Receptor Pathway Inhibition (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S12 shows the re-detection rate for somatic mutations identified in an earlier cfDNA sample&lt;/p&gt;
Self-Complementarity Achieved through Quadruple Hydrogen Bonding (1998)

Highly stable dimers are formed in solution and in the solid state by a class of readily synthesized, self-complementary building blocks for supramolecular chemistry, which associate through a donor-acceptor-donor-acceptor array of four hydrogen-bonding sites. An additional intramolecular hydrogen bond in the compound whose crystal structure is shown on the right preorganizes the molecule for dimerization.
Energetic contributions at the substrate in various regimes of reactive magnetronsputter deposition (2016)

International audience
Spreading of a Water Drop Triggered by the Surface Tension Gradient Created by the Localized Addition of a Surfactant (2006)

The spreading of aqueous solutions of trisiloxane surfactants on solid surfaces has been studied extensively. Trisiloxane surfactants are used in pesticide delivery as adjuvants to promote spreading on leaves and provide a larger area for solute transfer. The spreading of a dew-drop on a leaf when a spray of pesticide is delivered is simulated by studying the spreading of a water drop on a hydrophobic surface when a small drop of aqueous trisiloxane surfactant is brought in contact with it. This study reveals many new features that differ from the spreading of an aqueous trisiloxane drop on a solid surface; the spreading of the substrate drop is characterized by an inertial rather than a viscous response, the imposed surface tension gradient dies out rapidly, and the spreading velocity is consistent with a balance of kinetic energy imparted to the substrate drop and the decrease in its surface energy.
Development of Calcium Oxalate Crystals on Urothelium: Effect of Free Radicals (1998)

The effects of free radicals on the development of crystals attached to the living epithelium have been studied using an experimental model that enables close simulation of the conditions prevailing in the kidney. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that free radical-damaged cells produce a favorable environment for crystal development. At low free radical concentrations, crystals develop on calcium-enriched zones, whereas at higher concentrations, crystals develop on areas with a destroyed monolayer of superficial cells. Evaluation of the action of some products with antioxidant action and/or crystallization-inhibitory capacity is also included. Antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid and mannitol, exerted the most remarkable effects in avoiding calcium oxalate crystal development, whereas crystal inhibitors, such as citric acid, did not produce any remarkable reduction in calcium oxalate crystallization. Phytic acid notably decreased calcium oxalate crystal development. The ability of phytic acid to diminish calcium oxalate crystallization must be attributed to the combination of its inhibitory capacity of calcium oxalate crystallization and its preventive antioxidant action.
Protein crystallization promotes type 2 immunity and is reversible by antibody treatment (2019)

Although spontaneous protein crystallization is a rare event in vivo, Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs) consisting of galectin-10 (Gal10) protein are frequently observed in eosinophilic diseases, such as asthma. We found that CLCs derived from patients showed crystal packing and Gal10 structure identical to those of Gal10 crystals grown in vitro. When administered to the airways, crystalline Gal10 stimulated innate and adaptive immunity and acted as a type 2 adjuvant. By contrast, a soluble Gal10 mutein was inert. Antibodies directed against key epitopes of the CLC crystallization interface dissolved preexisting CLCs in patient-derived mucus within hours and reversed crystal-driven inflammation, goblet-cell metaplasia, immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis, and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) in a humanized mouse model of asthma. Thus, protein crystals may promote hallmark features of asthma and are targetable by crystal-dissolving antibodies.
<title>Toward modeling the long-tail for a P2P community streaming system in DSL networks</title> (2008)

An increasingly common feature of a Set Top Box (STB) is that of a Personal/Digital Video Recorder (PVR), which enables subscribers to record broadcasted content to be viewed at a later time--time-shifting. Currently, subscribers have the limited choice of watching time-shifted shows either from their own PVRs or from a centralized VoD server that makes available only the popular shows for time shifted viewing. Our CommunityPVR-a new system that forms a peer-to-peer network among the STBs and streams recorded content among peer STBs-makes available less popular titles to niche audiences (the long tail effect) of a community without incurring addtional cost to service providers for servers, bandwidth, and storage. In this paper, we present an analytical model to investigate how far along the tail of the popularity curve can be covered by CommunityPVR. Using TV shows ranked by Nielsen Media Research and VoD shows from China Telecom, our model provides a framework to determine the number of copies of broadcast/VoD content recorded by a community and the probability that CommunityPVR is able to deliver an on-demand stream of a given show over a DSL network. For example, CommunityPVR can stream near DVD quality video of the top ranked 5000 shows with 100% probability to a community of 100K. Unlike a centralized VoD solution, CommunityPVR has the potential to deliver both popular and long tail content on demand to a service provider's community in a cost-effective manner.
Avidity Mechanism of Dendrimer–Folic Acid Conjugates (2014)

Multivalent conjugation of folic acid has been employed to target cells overexpressing folate receptors. Such polymer conjugates have been previously demonstrated to have high avidity to folate binding protein. However, the lack of a monovalent folic acid-polymer material has prevented a full binding analysis of these conjugates, as multivalent binding mechanisms and polymer-mass mechanisms are convoluted in samples with broad distributions of folic acid-to-dendrimer ratios. In this work, the synthesis of a monovalent folic acid-dendrimer conjugate allowed the elucidation of the mechanism for increased binding between the folic acid-polymer conjugate and a folate binding protein surface. The increased avidity is due to a folate-keyed interaction between the dendrimer and protein surfaces that fits into the general framework of slow-onset, tight-binding mechanisms of ligand/protein interactions.
Do elastic transponders with granularity finer than 50 Gb/s make gradual fit of modulation to ageing more profitable? (2017)

We evaluate the potential benefits of finer granularity rate-adaptive transponders to better progressively fit ageing of the margin in WDM networks. The underlying technology and cost savings are presented for two network core topologies.
Identification of Endosymbionts in Ticks by Broad-Range Polymerase Chain Reaction and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Many organisms, such as insects, filarial nematodes, and ticks, contain heritable bacterial endosymbionts that are often closely related to transmissible tickborne pathogens. These intracellular bacteria are sometimes unique to the host species, presumably due to isolation and genetic drift. We used a polymerase chain reaction/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry assay designed to detect a wide range of vectorborne microorganisms to characterize endosymbiont genetic signatures from Amblyomma americanum (L.), Amblyomma maculatum Koch, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), Ixodes scapularis Say, Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, Ixodes ricinus (L.), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) ticks collected at various sites and of different stages and both sexes. The assay combines the abilities to simultaneously detect pathogens and closely related endosymbionts and to identify tick species via characterization of their respective unique endosymbionts in a single test.
Differential nucleotide binding to catalytic and noncatalytic sites and related conformational changes involving alpha/beta-subunit interactions as monitored by sensitive intrinsic fluorescence in Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitochondrial F1. (1992)

International audience
Large Scale Domain Alignment of a Block Copolymer from Solution Using Electric Fields (2002)

We have aligned the microdomains of a polystyrene-b-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PHEMA-b-PMMA) triblock copolymer during preparation from solution by virtue of an external electric dc field (1.8 kV/mm). Bulk samples cast in the presence of an electric field exhibit lamellar microdomains highly oriented parallel to the electric field vector, as shown by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy.
Templated insertions at VD and DJ junctions create unique B‐cell receptors in the healthy B‐cell repertoire (2020)

RAG complexes recognise (cryptic) RSS sites both in and outside immunoglobulin sites. Excision circles may be reinserted into V(D)J rearrangements as long templated insertions to diversify the adaptive immune repertoire. We show that such VDJ with templated insertions are incidentally found in the repertoire of healthy donors.
Mania-related effects on structural brain changes in bipolar disorder – a narrative review of the evidence (2023)

Cross-sectional neuroimaging studies show that bipolar disorder is associated with structural brain abnormalities, predominantly observed in prefrontal and temporal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and subcortical regions. However, longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate whether these abnormalities presage disease onset or are consequences of disease processes, and to identify potential contributing factors. Here, we narratively review and summarize longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging studies that relate imaging outcomes to manic episodes. First, we conclude that longitudinal brain imaging studies suggest an association of bipolar disorder with aberrant brain changes, including both deviant decreases and increases in morphometric measures. Second, we conclude that manic episodes have been related to accelerated cortical volume and thickness decreases, with the most consistent findings occurring in prefrontal brain areas. Importantly, evidence also suggests that in contrast to healthy controls, who in general show age-related cortical decline, brain metrics remain stable or increase during euthymic periods in bipolar disorder patients, potentially reflecting structural recovering mechanisms. The findings stress the importance of preventing manic episodes. We further propose a model of prefrontal cortical trajectories in relation to the occurrence of manic episodes. Finally, we discuss potential mechanisms at play, remaining limitations, and future directions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 1‐Substituted 2‐Fluoro‐ and 2,2‐Difluoroaziridines. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stochastic Bottleneck: Rateless Auto-Encoder for Flexible Dimensionality Reduction (2020)

We propose a new concept of rateless auto-encoders (RL-AEs) that enable a flexible latent dimensionality, which can be seamlessly adjusted for varying distortion. In the proposed RL-AEs, instead of a deterministic bottleneck architecture, we use an over-complete representation that is stochastically regularized with weighted dropouts. Our RL-AEs employ monotonically increasing dropout rates across the latent representation nodes such that the latent variables become sorted by importance like in principal component analysis (PCA). This is motivated by the rateless property of conventional PCA, where the least important principal components can be discarded to realize variable rate dimensionality reduction that gracefully degrades the distortion. Our proposed stochastic bottleneck framework enables seamless rate adaptation with high reconstruction performance, without requiring predetermined latent dimensionality at training. We experimentally demonstrate that the proposed RL-AEs can achieve variable dimensionality reduction while retaining nearly optimal distortion compared to conventional AEs.
<title>Portable diagnostics for EUV light sources</title> (2000)

The EUV light source is a critical factor for the success of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EULV), ASML, FOM and Philips Research have developed a portable set of diagnostics for the characterization of candidate EUV sources, called Flying Circus. The set of diagnostics is used to perform the following measurements: Absolute EUV power measurements, pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations, plasma size and shape, size/shape/positional stability, spectral distribution of radiation and stability, timing jitter and contamination by the source. These measurements are to be performed on-site, at the laboratories of the different source developers. The design as well as the first calibration measurements performed by the Flying Circus on the FOM Xe double gas jet source and on the PLEX z-pinch source will be discussed.
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Versus Hemiarthroplasty for the Treatment of Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Model-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (2021)

Level III.
Active DHCPv4 Lease Query (2015)

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4 (DHCPv4) has been
extended with a Leasequery capability that allows a requestor to
request information about bindings (RFC 4388). That mechanism
is limited to queries for individual bindings. In some situations,
individual binding queries may not be efficient, or even possible. In
addition, continuous update of an external requestor with Leasequery
data is sometimes desired. This document expands on the DHCPv4
Leasequery protocol, and allows for active transfer of near real-time
DHCPv4 binding information data via TCP. This document updates RFC
6926, DHCPv4 Bulk Leasequery.
Differential on-line sensor calibration (2006)

We have developed an on-line calibration scheme that employs a single source as the external stimulus that creates differential sensor readings used for calibration. The technique utilizes the maximal likelihood principle and a nonlinear system optimization solver to derive the calibration function of arbitrary complexity and accuracy. The approach is intrinsically localized and we present two variants: i) one where only two neighboring sensors have to communicate in order to conduct calibration; ii) one where a provably minimum amount of communication is achieved. We evaluate the techniques using traces from light sensors recorded by deployed sensors, and statistical evaluations are conducted in order to obtain the interval of confidence to support all the results.