gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NeuralFP: Out-of-distribution Detection using Fingerprints of Neural Networks (2021)

Edge devices use neural network models learnt on cloud to predict labels of its data records, which may lead to incorrect predictions especially for records that are different from the data involved in the training process, i.e., out-of-distribution (OOD) records. However, recent efforts in OOD detection either require the retraining of the model or assume the existence of a certain amount of OOD records, thus limiting their application in practice. In this work, we propose a novel OOD detection method (named as NeuralFP) without requiring any access to OOD records, which constructs non-linear fingerprints of neural network models memorizing the information of data observed during training. The key idea of NeuralFP is to exploit the difference in how the neural network model responds to data records in its training set versus data records that are anomalous. Specifically, NeuralFP builds autoencoders for each layer of the neural network model and then carefully analyzes the error distribution of the autocoders in reconstructing the training set to identify OOD records. Through extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, we show the effectiveness of NeuralFP in detecting OOD records as well as its advantages over previous approaches. Furthermore, we provide useful guidelines for parameter selection in the practical adoption of NeuralFP.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Model of Diffusion and Convection Processes in Electrochemical Sensor (2004)

Electrochemical amperometric transducers monitor the electric current through the electrochemical cell and measure, with high sensitivity, the concentration of biological or chemical species. The present study examined the physical phenomena of mass transfer in the vicinity of an electrochemical sensor operating in flow conditions using a theoretical model. A three-dimensional (3-D) geometry of the electrochemical cell with computational fluid dynamic simulations of time-dependent convection and diffusion are used. The study focused mainly on the contribution of the convection, while migration due to ion movement by the electric field and kinetics limitations due to enzyme activity have been neglected. The concentration of the electroactive species from a thin layer close to the electrode is calculated by numerical simulations. This calculated concentration has been compared with the concentration obtained from the electric current measured by an amperometric experimental system. Comparison between the simulations and experimental patterns shows good agreement. Only a short delay at the onset of the measured experimental concentration was observed, compared to the simulation data. The source for the small disagreements could be connected to the manual procedures of the incomplete bubble removal in the experimental setup and to the migration effect that was neglected in the model assumptions.
Targeted immunotherapy of cancer: development of antibody-induced cellular immunity (2003)

Although immunotherapy of cancer encompasses a large variety of distinct protocols, virtually all therapeutic strategies require the enabling/training of the immune system to distinguish tumour tissue from healthy tissue. In the case of antibody-based therapies, specificity obviously arises from the selectivity of the antibodies for tumour antigens, and tumour cell death derives from either direct cytotoxicity of the antibody or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, even when both of the above killing mechanisms are simultaneously active, we suggest that antibody-based immunotherapies may fall far short of their full potential. In this editorial, we first summarize the mechanisms by which current antibody-based therapies mediate cancer cell removal, and then propose two strategies by which this class of immunotherapies might be further improved. These suggested improvements involve the decoration of tumour cell surfaces with foreign haptens against which an endogenous humoral immune response can be mounted and the recruitment of the cellular arm of the immune system in an antibody-dependent process.
Nonlinear Absorption Spectroscopy of a Bis(Porphyrin)-Substituted Squaraine (2009)

The nonlinear absorption mechanisms of a bis(porphyrin)-substituted squaraine have been studied with femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond pulsewidths. The two-photon absorption is ~10× larger than those of the constituents and is explained by intra-molecular charge transfer.
Efficient Inhibition of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Expression by RNA Interference Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation and Chemotherapy (2005)

Efficient inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression by RNA interference sensitizes
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A SERIES OF PERFLUOROALKYLENAMINES AND PERFLUOROALKYLENAMINOKETONES (1977)

Abstract Aus den Acetylenderivaten (I) entstehen mit den Aminen (II) z.B. in Tetrachlormethan die ungesättigten Amine (III) ausschließlich als E‐Isomere.
Self Calibrated Optical Imaging of Sparse RF Arrays (2007)

We present an experimental demo of a wideband Fourier optical beamformer that compensates for beam squint using spectrally selective imaging in a spectral hole burning crystal and corrects for phase errors using optical self calibration.
Photometric Stereo in a Scattering Medium (2016)

Photometric stereo is widely used for 3D reconstruction. However, its use in scattering media such as water, biological tissue and fog has been limited until now, because of forward scattered light from both the source and object, as well as light scattered back from the medium (backscatter). Here we make three contributions to address the key modes of light propagation, under the common single scattering assumption for dilute media. First, we show through extensive simulations that single-scattered light from a source can be approximated by a point light source with a single direction. This alleviates the need to handle light source blur explicitly. Next, we model the blur due to scattering of light from the object. We measure the object point-spread function and introduce a simple deconvolution method. Finally, we show how imaging fluorescence emission where available, eliminates the backscatter component and increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results in a water tank, with different concentrations of scattering media added, show that deconvolution produces higher-quality 3D reconstructions than previous techniques, and that when combined with fluorescence, can produce results similar to that in clear water even for highly turbid media.
Evaluation of Presence or Absence of α-Tocopherol and α-Tocopheryl Acetate in Various E-Liquids (2021)

Summary The presence of α-tocopheryl acetate in e-liquids is linked to EVALI (Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, product use-Associated Lung Injuries). Typical e-liquids containing flavors and nicotine have a glycerin/propylene glycol carrier and are highly unlikely to contain α-tocopherol or α-tocopheryl acetate. However, the e-liquids containing cannabinoids, most notably tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), may contain α-tocopherol or α-tocopheryl acetate for enhancing the solubility of THC which is a lipophilic compound. For the analysis of α-tocopherol and of α-tocopheryl acetate in e-liquids a new HPLC technique was adopted which has been developed for the analysis of these compounds in tobacco and cigarette smoke and was previously reported. Both UV and MS/MS (MRM mode) were used as detection procedure. Thirty four e-liquids containing different levels of nicotine were evaluated using this method. None of the e-liquids contained either α-tocopherol or α-tocopheryl acetate. Also, three e-liquids containing cannabidiol (CBD) were analyzed. Two of the CBD containing liquids did not contain α-tocopherol or α-tocopheryl acetate. However, one of these e-liquids did contain α-tocopherol, but the level was low at about 10 μg/g, which is lower than the level of α-tocopherol per smoke of one cigarette (ISO smoking), and significantly lower than the level of α-tocopherol in tobacco.
Massive MIMO for Communications With Drone Swarms (2017)

We illustrate the potential of Massive MIMO for communication with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We consider a scenario, where multiple single-antenna UAVs simultaneously communicate with a ground station (GS) equipped with a large number of antennas. Specifically, we discuss the achievable uplink (UAV to GS) capacity performance in the case of line-of-sight conditions. We develop a realistic geometric model, which incorporates an arbitrary orientation, of the GS and UAV antenna elements to characterize the polarization mismatch loss, which occurs due to the movement and orientation of the UAVs. A closed-form expression for a lower bound on the ergodic rate for a maximum-ratio combining receiver with estimated channel state information is derived. The optimal antenna spacing that maximizes the ergodic rate achieved by an UAV is also determined for uniform linear and rectangular arrays. It is shown that when the UAVs are spherically uniformly distributed around the GS, the ergodic rate per UAV is maximized for an antenna spacing equal to an integer multiple of one-half wavelength.
Synthesis of Analogues of 2-iodohexadecanal, a Regulator of Iodine Metabolism in the Thyroid Gland (1999)

Com o objetivo futuro de fazer um estudo da relação estrutura-atividade, foram sintetisados vários derivados do 2-iodo-hexadecanal [1], um regulador do metabolismo de iodo na glândula tireóide, que diferem no comprimento da cadeia, natureza do substituinte e grupo funcional terminal.
Self-induced transparency in two-photon transition (1978)

The propagation of two pulses in a three-level absorber is treated by using Maxwell's equations and an effective "two-photon Bloch equations" which are analogous to the one-photon Bloch equations, except for two-photon coupling and frequency shifts. I derive relaxation-dependent shifts in the equilibrium $2n\ensuremath{\pi}$ Lorentzian pulses. Part of these shifts depends on weighted time integrals of harmonics of the area and hence remove the propagation degeneracy of pulses having equal areas but different shapes. Absorption of small-area pulses is studied as a function of absorption length, input energies, and relaxation, and it is found that a local enhancement in the transmission occurs as a function of the absorption length.
Cell‐specific actions of HIV‐Tat and morphine on opioid receptor expression in glia (2008)

HIV-1 patients who abuse opiate-based drugs, including heroin and morphine, are at a higher risk of developing HIV dementia. The effects of opiates are mediated predominantly through opioid receptors, which are expressed on glial cells. As HIV-1 infection in the CNS is restricted to glial cells, experiments were designed to measure the cell-specific effects of HIV Tat and morphine exposure on opioid receptor expression in both astrocytes and microglia. Specifically, the cell-type-specific pattern of mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) localization (surface vs. intracellular) and expression of opioid receptor mRNA were determined after exposure to morphine in the presence and the absence of Tat in primary cultured microglia and astrocytes. Data show that morphine treatment caused significantly decreased cell surface expression of opioid receptors in microglia but not in astrocytes. However, morphine treatment in the presence of Tat significantly increased intracellular expression of opioid receptors and prevented morphine-induced cell surface opioid receptor down-regulation in microglia. These findings document that cell surface opioid receptor expression is divergently regulated by morphine in microglia compared with in astrocytes, and further suggest that HIV-Tat could exacerbate opioid receptor signaling in microglia by increasing receptor expression and/or altering ligand-induced trafficking of opioid receptors.
Rationale, Design, Methodology, and Baseline Data of a Population-Based Study in Rural China: The Handan Eye Study (2009)

The HES successfully examined over 90% of eligible Han Chinese adults aged 30 and older from a rural region of north China. Results from the HES will provide key information about the prevalence, risk factors, impact, and trends of ocular disease in rural regions of China.
KAPASİTİF DEİYONİZASYON PROSESİNİN İYON GİDERME VERİMİNİ ARTTIRMAK AMACI İLE METAL OKSİTLER KULLANILARAK KAPASİTÖRLERİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ (2017)

Acı sular, temiz sulardan daha fazla, deniz suyundan daha az tuz içeren ve tuz miktarı yaklaşık 500 ppm ile 30000 ppm arasında değişen sular olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yakın zamanda su kaynaklarının azalması ile acı su olarak nitelendirilen kaynaklarımızda iyon giderimi yapılarak bu suların tekrar kullanımı oldukça önem kazanmaktadır. Sudan iyon giderimi için birçok termal ve membran prosesleri mevcut olsa da, bu teknolojilerin birçoğu pahallı ekipmanlara ihtiyaç duyması, yüksek enerji gereksinimi olması, yan kirletici üretilmesi ve sürekli bakıma ihtiyaç duyması sebebiyle uygulanabilirliği sınırlıdır. Kapasitörlerle deiyonizasyon yada kapasitif deiyonizasyon (CDI), bu amaç ile son yıllarda hızla gelişen teknolojilerin başında gelmektedir. CDI, özellikle acı sulardan yüksek verimlerde iyon giderimi yapabilen ve günümüz arıtma teknolojilerine alternatif olabilecek bir teknoloji olarak son yıllarda öne çıkmaktadır. Bu projenin amacı, acı sulardan iyonların giderilmesi amacıyla geliştirilecek olan CDI ünitesinin iyon giderme veriminin arttırılabilmesi için nanokompozit esaslı süperkapasitör elektrotların hazırlanması, bu malzemenin detaylı karakterizasyonlarının yapılarak elektrosorpsiyon kapasitesinin belirlenmesidir. Projede ulaşılmak istenilen hedef ise ileri malzeme bilgisini kullanarak CDI prosesinde iyon giderimini daha etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirebilecek elektrotların geliştirilmesidir.
Predicting the mutational drivers of future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (2021)

SARS-CoV-2 evolution threatens vaccine- and natural infection-derived immunity, and the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. Herein we sought to predict Spike amino acid changes that could contribute to future variants of concern. We tested the importance of features comprising epidemiology, evolution, immunology, and neural network-based protein sequence modeling. This resulted in identification of the primary biological drivers of SARS-CoV-2 intra-pandemic evolution. We found evidence that resistance to population-level host immunity has increasingly shaped SARS-CoV-2 evolution over time. We identified with high accuracy mutations that will spread, at up to four months in advance, across different phases of the pandemic. Behavior of the model was consistent with a plausible causal structure wherein epidemiological variables integrate the effects of diverse and shifting drivers of viral fitness. We applied our model to forecast mutations that will spread in the future, and characterize how these mutations affect the binding of therapeutic antibodies. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to forecast the driver mutations that could appear in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. This modeling approach may be applied to any pathogen with genomic surveillance data, and so may address other rapidly evolving pathogens such as influenza, and unknown future pandemic viruses.
Raman spectroscopy is sensitive and specific in the detection of lymph node metastases in breast cancer (2005)

laboratory Raman spectroscopy was performed on 59 lymph node sections from breast cancer patients, demonstrating 91% sensitivity and 93% specificity for the correct classification of positive node spectra in a model.
Practical Computer Security Analysis (1998)

This dissertation introduces Methodically Organized Argument Trees, a new approach to the development and presentation of assurance arguments about security properties. The MOAT approach was developed to assist users of the Legion Security Model, one of many new approaches to building novel distributed security architectures. Users of these new approaches need assurance that their systems will exhibit the security properties they require. Conventional security techniques do not solve this problem. Existing evaluation criteria are based on experience with conventional architectures and are not applicable to novel systems. And formal methods approaches are simply impractical. The MOAT approach presents assurance arguments using AND/OR trees, similar to system fault trees. The trees provide a framework for the combination of multiple notations in a risk-specific manner. This allows the construction of balanced assurance arguments, where different elements are pursued to different extents, and assertions and assumptions coexist within a single framework. MOATs are developed using a risk-driven process model. Informal assurance strategies are gradually refined, by making them both more complete and more precise. The ordering of this refinement is based on the identified risks. The analysis is iterative and can be halted as soon as all interested parties are sufficiently convinced. Based on several experiments involving aspects of the Legion Security Model, MOATs have proven to be a useful and affordable approach to building novel security architectures. They contribute to general problem understanding. They facilitate the communication of security arguments. And they can be smoothly integrated into a realistic, risk-driven process model. Based on these results, further development of the method appears to be warranted.
Biomechanical comparison of two new atlantoaxial fixation techniques with C1–2 transarticular screw–graft fixation (2006)

Biomechanically, the gold-standard C1-2 transarticular screw fixation outperformed the two new techniques during lateral bending and axial rotation. Wiring C-2 to C1-3 rods provided greater stability than C1-2 laminar screws, but it sacrificed C2-3 mobility. It is unknown whether the small differences observed biomechanically would lead to clinically relevant differences in fusion rates.
Auditory attention in autism spectrum disorder: An exploration of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging findings (2017)

Studies have shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to perform significantly below typically developing individuals on standardized measures of attention, even when controlling for IQ. The current study sought to examine within ASD whether anatomical correlates of attention performance differed between those with average to above-average IQ (AIQ group) and those with low-average to borderline ability (LIQ group) as well as in comparison to typically developing controls (TDC). Using automated volumetric analyses, we examined regional volume of classic attention areas including the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus in ASD AIQ (n = 38) and LIQ (n = 18) individuals along with 30 TDC. Auditory attention performance was assessed using subtests of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) compared among the groups and then correlated with regional brain volumes. Analyses revealed group differences in attention. The three groups did not differ significantly on any auditory attention-related brain volumes; however, trends toward significant size-attention function interactions were observed. Negative correlations were found between the volume of the precuneus and auditory attention performance for the AIQ ASD group, indicating larger volume related to poorer performance. Implications for general attention functioning and dysfunctional neural connectivity in ASD are discussed.
Tritium Production and Permeation in High-Temperature Reactor Systems (2013)

Tritium (H13) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen formed by ternary fission events (rare emissions of three nuclides rather than two during a fission) and neutron absorption (and subsequent decay) of predecessor radionuclides, particularly 6Li and 7Li. Also in fusion, the concept of breeding tritium during the fusion reaction is of significance for the future needs of a large-scale fusion power plant. Tritium is of special interest among the fission products created in next-generation nuclear reactors such as gas cooled reactors and molten salt reactors, because of the large quantities produced when compared with conventional light-water reactors (LWR) and the higher temperatures of operation for these systems enhances permeation. To prevent the tritium contamination of proposed reactor buildings and surrounding sites, this paper examines the root causes and potential solutions for mitigation of permeation of this radionuclide, including materials selection and inert gas sparging. A model is presented that can be used to predict permeation rates of hydrogen through metallic alloys at temperatures from 450–750°C. Results of the diffusion model are presented along with mitigation strategies for tritium permeation.
Corrupted encoded data detection for a CELP decoder (2016)

Undetectable data corruption in wireless communication links can occur in some cases, including cases in which a ciphering algorithm can fail to generate the same keystream for encryption at a receiver side as it does for a sender side. In wireless speech communication, such corruption might trigger an explosion of decoded sound, which might in turn hurt a user’s ear. This article presents a simple algorithm for detecting corruption for a typical code-excited linear-prediction (CELP) speech decoder. The algorithm requires no additional bits for corruption detection, but detects it by monitoring the amplitude ratio of decoded adaptive and fixed excitation signals in CELP. Its practicality is demonstrated by simulation.
Expression and secretion of thaumatin from Aspergillus oryzae. (1990)

The plant protein thaumatin has been expressed and secreted in Aspergillus oryzae. The thaumatin II cDNA was expresed via a Saccharomyces cerevisiae glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter, and its secretion is apparently directed into the medium by the native plant signal sequence. The S. cerevisiae GPD promoter is properly regulated in A. oryzae; the addition of glucose stimulates the production of thaumatin. A 22-kDa immunoreactive protein indistinguishable from mature thaumatin is present in the culture medium. A slightly larger, 25-kDa protein is observed in cell extracts and may represent the unprocessed form of the protein. Maximum accumulation of the extracellular immunoreactive protein is observed after two days and no further production is observed.
PuppetPhone (2018)

Video games enable the representation and control of characters that can agilely evolve in virtual environments. However, the detached character interaction they propose - often using a push-button metaphor - is far from the satisfactory feeling of grasping and moving physical toys. In this paper, we propose a new interaction metaphor that reduces the gap between physical toys and virtual characters. The user moves a smartphone around, and a puppet that responds in real time to the manipulations is seen through the screen. The virtual character moves in order to follow the user gestures, as if it was attached to the phone via a rigid stick. This yields a natural interaction, similar to moving a physical toy, and the puppet now feels alive because its movements are augmented with compelling animations. Using the smartphone, our method ties together the control of the character and camera into a single interaction mechanism. We validate our system by presenting an application in Augmented Reality.