gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Stereochemistry of P-N Bond Cleavage in the Staudinger -Wittig-type Reaction of 2-Anilido-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine-2-thiones (1978)

Abstract Both isomers of 2-anilido-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine-2-thiones (2 a and 2 b) derived from (-)ephedrine were obtained and converted to corresponding 2-thiomethyl derivatives (3 a and 3 b). The Staudinger-Wittig-type reaction of P-N bond cleavage was found to proceed with full retention of configuration at P-atom involved into five-membered ring system.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Fluid overload and fluid removal in pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. (2012)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Fluid overload and fluid removal in pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation requiring continuous renal replacement therapy.
Recognition and Processing of a New Repertoire of DNA Substrates by Human 3-Methyladenine DNA Glycosylase (AAG) (2009)

The human 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) recognizes and excises a broad range of purines damaged by alkylation and oxidative damage, including 3-methyladenine, 7-methylguanine, hypoxanthine (Hx), and 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilonA). The crystal structures of AAG bound to epsilonA have provided insights into the structural basis for substrate recognition, base excision, and exclusion of normal purines and pyrimidines from its substrate recognition pocket. In this study, we explore the substrate specificity of full-length and truncated Delta80AAG on a library of oligonucleotides containing structurally diverse base modifications. Substrate binding and base excision kinetics of AAG with 13 damaged oligonucleotides were examined. We found that AAG bound to a wide variety of purine and pyrimidine lesions but excised only a few of them. Single-turnover excision kinetics showed that in addition to the well-known epsilonA and Hx substrates, 1-methylguanine (m1G) was also excised efficiently by AAG. Thus, along with epsilonA and ethanoadenine (EA), m1G is another substrate that is shared between AAG and the direct repair protein AlkB. In addition, we found that both the full-length and truncated AAG excised 1,N(2)-ethenoguanine (1,N(2)-epsilonG), albeit weakly, from duplex DNA. Uracil was excised from both single- and double-stranded DNA, but only by full-length AAG, indicating that the N-terminus of AAG may influence glycosylase activity for some substrates. Although AAG has been primarily shown to act on double-stranded DNA, AAG excised both epsilonA and Hx from single-stranded DNA, suggesting the possible significance of repair of these frequent lesions in single-stranded DNA transiently generated during replication and transcription.
Apical membrane limits urea permeation across the rat inner medullary collecting duct. (1990)

(a) in the absence of vasopressin, urea permeation across the IMCD cell is limited by the apical membrane; (b) the basolateral membrane contains a phloretin-sensitive urea transporter; (c) transepithelial urea transport occurs by movement of urea through the IMCD cell.
A first look at traffic on smartphones (2010)

Using data from 43 users across two platforms, we present a detailed look at smartphone traffic. We find that browsing contributes over half of the traffic, while each of email, media, and maps contribute roughly 10%. We also find that the overhead of lower layer protocols is high because of small transfer sizes. For half of the transfers that use transport-level security, header bytes correspond to 40% of the total. We show that while packet loss is the main factor that limits the throughput of smartphone traffic, larger send buffers at Internet servers can improve the throughput of a quarter of the transfers. Finally, by studying the interaction between smartphone traffic and the radio power management policy, we find that the power consumption of the radio can be reduced by 35% with minimal impact on the performance of packet exchanges.
Dynamic structural equation models for tracking topologies of social networksy (2013)

Many real-world processes evolve in cascades over complex networks, whose topologies are often unobservable and change over time. However, the so-termed adoption times when blogs mention popular news items, individuals in a community catch an infectious disease, or consumers adopt a trendy electronics product are typically known, and are implicitly dependent on the underlying network. To infer the network topology, a dynamic structural equation model is adopted that captures the relationship between observed adoption times and the unknown edge weights. Assuming a slowly time-varying network and leveraging the sparse connectivity inherent to social networks, edge weights are estimated by minimizing a sparsity-regularized exponentially-weighted least-squares criterion. An alternating-direction method of multipliers solver is developed to this end, and preliminary tests on synthetic network data corroborate the effectiveness of the novel algorithm in unveiling the dynamically-evolving network topology.
Multi-link Techniques for New Radio-Unlicensed URLLC in Hostile Environments (2021)

Unlicensed spectrum operation mandates the performance of channel access mechanisms to ensure the absence of transmissions by other unlicensed radio access technologies. Packets are prone to be impacted by these mechanisms as transmissions might be delayed. In this paper, we first analyse the impact of unexpected and sporadic IEEE 802.11ax interference on a New Radio-Unlicensed (NR-U) deployment in an industrial environment. Given the need for improvement in such scenarios, frequency diversity techniques are proposed to fulfil tight latency-reliability requirements and combat the impact of 802.11ax interference. A multi-channel NR-U system in which, at least, one of the channels is free of IEEE 802.11ax interference is studied. The paper shows that multi-channel techniques with a lack of flexibility in the channel selection exhibit modest benefits in scenarios with the presence of sporadic interference. A scheme with flexible channel selection is proposed and verified as the preferred option for stringent latency and reliability applications.
On the impact of spatial correlation and precoder design on the performance of MIMO systems with space-time coding (2009)

The symbol error performance of spatially correlated multi-antenna systems is analyzed herein. When the transmitter only has statistical channel information, the use of space-time block codes still permits spatial multiplexing and mitigation of fading. The statistical information can be used for precoding to optimize some quality measure. Herein, we analyze the performance in terms of the symbol error rate (SER). It is shown analytically that spatial correlation at the receiver decreases the performance both without precoding and with an SER minimizing precoder. Without precoding, correlation should also be avoided at the transmitter side, but with an SER minimizing precoder the performance is actually improved by increasing spatial correlation at the transmitter. The structure of the optimized precoder is analyzed and the asymptotic properties at high and low SNRs are characterized and illustrated numerically.
Algorithm Driven Power-Timing Optimization Methodology for CMOS Digital Circuits Considering PVTA Variations (2021)

In this paper, we aim at optimizing the leakage power and propagation delays using optimization algorithms like Glowworm Swarm Optimization and Neighbourhood Cultivation Genetic Algorithm, subjected to variations in Process, Voltage, Temperature and Aging degradation (PVTA) targeting low power or high performance applications. For high performance applications, we synthesize transistor sizes, at which the critical path delay in worst case PVT conditions with 3 years of NBTI aging degradation is optimized below the critical path delay (of initial sizing) at nominal conditions keeping power budget in bound. On the other hand, for low power applications, we obtain transistor sizing where leakage is reduced by more than 50%, keeping a bound on critical path delay. All the pre and post stress simulations are performed using HSPICE for 22nm Metal Gate High-K dielectric model parameters. The temperature range and the supply voltage ranges are -55 °C to 125 °C and 0.72V to 0.88V respectively. The process parameters are considered at ±3σ variation. The ingenuous working of the circuits for the obtained sizing is ensured by Monte Carlo analysis evaluating over entire range of process variations and operating conditions for intended life time.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of New Nitridosilicate Phosphors for Solid State Lighting by the Single‐Particle‐Diagnosis Approach. (2014)

Abstract A high‐speed single‐particle‐diagnosis method is reported for the discovery of new phosphors by just characterizing a luminescent crystalline particle of 10 μm in diameter.
A residual marker of cognitive reserve is associated with resting-state intrinsic functional connectivity along the Alzheimer’s disease continuum (2022)

Abstract Background Cognitive reserve (CR) explains interindividual differences in the impact of neurodegenerative burden on cognitive and daily functioning. A residual model was proposed to estimate CR more accurately compared to static measures, such as years of education. However, the functional brain correlates of residual CR markers (CRM) remain unexplored. Methods From the DELCODE cohort, 318 participants with resting-state functional and structural MRI data were included and stratified using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers according to the A(myloid-β, Aβ)/T(au)/N(eurodegeneration) classification scheme, resulting in 112 Aβ-negative healthy controls and 206 Aβ-positive patients in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spectrum.. CRM was calculated utilizing residuals obtained from a multilinear regression model using global cognition as dependent variable and demographic and disease burden measures as predictors. Associations between the CRM and intrinsic network connectivity (INC) in resting-state networks associated with cognition were explored, including the default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), salience network (SAL) and dorsal attention network (DAN). Moreover, the association between memory performance-associated regional INC and CRM was assessed. Results CRM was positively associated with INC in the DMN in the entire cohort. In a subgroup analysis, the A+T+N+ group revealed an anti-correlation between SAL and DMN. Furthermore, CRM was positively associated with the anti-correlation between the memory-related regions in the FPN and the DMN in the A+ and A+T/N+ subgroups. Conclusions CRM is associated with alterations of functional connectivity in resting-state networks of cognitive function, particularly the DMN and the FPN. Our results provide evidence on individual functional network differences associated with CRM in the AD continuum.
Nuclear and Electronic Relaxation of Eu2+(aq):  An Extremely Labile Aqua Ion1 (1999)

Variable-temperature (at 4.7 and 9.4 T) and variable-pressure (9.4 T) 17O nuclear relaxation rates were measured for the Eu(II) aqua ion. Variable-temperature 1H nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles were recorded. In addition, EPR spectra of the Eu(II) aqua ion are reported as a function of temperature at 0.34, 2.7, 5.4, and 8.1 T. The simultaneous fit of the nuclear and electronic relaxation rate data results in kex298 = 4.4 × 109 s-1 for the water exchange rate with activation parameters ΔH⧧ = 15.7 kJ mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = −7.0 J K-1 mol-1, ΔV⧧ = −11.3 cm3 mol-1 for the volume of activation for exchange, and τR298 = 16.3 ps for the rotational correlation time. Water exchange at Eu2+(aq) occurs via an associative mechanism and has the highest rate ever measured at an aqua ion by magnetic resonance. The high-field EPR spectra, reported here for the first time for divalent Eu, show hyperfine coupling to 151Eu and 153Eu and the coupling constants are determined (37.3 and 16.4 G for 151Eu and 153Eu, respectively). The electronic relaxation times, T1e and T2e, are longer than for the isoelectronic Gd(III) aqua ion. The implications of these results for ligand exchange at Ca(II) and for magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents are discussed.
Effects of auditory segregation of a harmonic component on discrimination of diotic intensity and of interaural time difference (1989)

Researchers have demonstrated that the just-noticeable difference (jnd) for interaural time difference (ITD) of a tonal target increases in the presence of tonal maskers, even with target/masker separations greater than a critical band [Buell and Hafter, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 83, S122 (1988); Stellmack et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 85, S83 (1989)]. In most cases, subjects report the perception of one “sound object,” whose subjective position is affected by the ITD at each frequency of the stimulus. It has also been noted that asynchronizing the onset times of components of a stimulus yields more than one “sound object.” This experiment investigates whether this parsing can lead to unmasking of a component, and whether a general model of parsing can be used to predict observed effects. A 41, 2AFC adaptive procedure was used to measure diotic intensity and ITD discrimination jnd's for a 100-ms, 600-Hz target, both in isolation and when masked by a two-tone masker comprising 400- and 800-Hz tones, under varying conditions of relative onset time of masker and target. Although generally lower jnd's were obtained for the asynchronous case, the fact that the difference was small relative to the variability in the adaptively measured jnd's prompted a fixed-increment measurement of sensitivity under the same conditions. [Work supported by NINCDS.]
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Hydrolysis of Phosphonate Diesters: An Efficient Protocol for the Preparation of Phosphonic Acids. (2012)

Abstract A highly efficient methodology for the hydrolysis of organo‐phosphonates, especially acyclic nucleoside phosphonate diesters (15 examples) to the corresponding phosphonic acids using equimolar amounts of hydrochloric acid is reported.
Global Sensitivity Analysis for Natural Fracture Geological Modeling Parameters from Pressure Transient Tests (2013)

Abstract We have observed that pressure transient data gathered in most naturally fractured reservoirs tend not to exhibit the well-known characteristic behavior, including pressure derivative, of the Warren and Root (1963) dual-porosity reservoir model. In reality, there are a rich variety of flow regimes dependent on the fracture distribution, spatial intensity and fracture conductivity. A semi-analytical solution for pressure transient behavior of fractured reservoirs has recently been presented that can be used to model the pressure response of formations with an arbitrary fracture distribution, density, and conductivity. The fractured system can be distributed discretely or continuously (network) with conductivities ranging from very low to infinite. Using the semi-analytical solution for fractured reservoirs, we perform a sensitivity analysis to identify which reservoir and geological parameters can be estimated from pressure transient test data collected from single or multiple well locations. We employ principal component analysis to explore the model parameterization as a pre-screening step. The global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methodology is then employed to determine how the uncertainty of each parameter influences the uncertainty in the output from the reservoir model. This methodology avoids the need to apply a linearized model. Our results indicate that near-wellbore region fracture conductivities have the largest contribution to the total variance of the ensemble of output pressure responses whether the well intersects fractures or not. While this is an intuitive result, GSA indicates that this parameter may be estimated independently from other geomodeling parameters unlike interpretations based on the dual-porosity pressure transient solutions. This study describes how GSA is used to design a pressure transient well test for uncertain reservoir parameters.
A practical framework for formation planning and control of multiple unmanned ground vehicles (2004)

Finding trajectories in real-time for multiple vehicles moving in a dynamic environment while satisfying all constraints is challenging. For some special groups of systems, group flatness and formation laws allow for a parameterization of the member's trajectories by the leader's flat outputs, which can significantly reduce the problem's complexity. 
In the literature, most studies have focused on one aspect of the robot motion planning and control problem. Robot path planning is typically addressed using artificial intelligence techniques. Robot motion coordination and control schemes are developed using control techniques. The path planning and motion coordination and control are usually treated as two separate problems. In this research, we bridge the gap between path planning, trajectory generation, and motion control. A technique for real-time path planning has been developed and implemented. A practical framework for on-line planning and control of formations of multiple unmanned vehicles to traverse between goal points in a dynamic environment has been proposed. The formation is allowed to dynamically change in order to avoid obstacles in the environment while minimizing a cost function aimed at obtaining collision-free and deadlock-free paths. The framework combines global search and local optimization. The global path for the leader of a group is generated via a graph search method. Algorithms are developed to generate smooth trajectories from discrete path sequences. The trajectory planner optimizes the trajectory locally to satisfy the dynamics and input constraints of the individual vehicles while accounting for inter-vehicle collisions and path constraints. A Lyapunov-based controller is designed to keep the vehicles on their planned trajectories. The framework has been extended to multiple unmanned vehicles with trailers. Formation following of a simulated autonomous small grain harvesting system is presented. A powerful set of hardware-in-the-loop software tools for developing and testing behaviors of a group of robots is designed. Illustrative experiments of groups of unmanned vehicles show promise of this approach.
Cover Picture: Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: A Versatile Catalyst for Electrochemical Applications (ChemPhysChem 13/2010) (2010)

The picture shows electron-transfer pathways between a sugar substrate (aldose) oxidized by cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) and an electrode. CDH is a two-domain oxidoreductase with a larger FAD-containing (FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide, shown in yellow) dehydrogenase domain connected through a linker region to a smaller heme-b-containing (shown in red) cytochrome domain. Two electrons are initially donated by the substrate (aldose) to the catalytic domain. The electrons are then transferred to the electrode either in the direct electron transfer (DET) mode via the heme or in the mediated electron transfer (MET) mode through the help of small redox mediator molecules (light blue). On p. 2674, L. Gorton et al. review the biochemical and bioelectrochemical chacteristics of CDH as well as those biosensors and biofuel-cell anodes based on CDH and the possible use of this enzyme in bioelectrosynthesis.
Image restoration of multiple noisy images by use of a priori knowledge of the anisoplanatic point-spread function (1998)

We propose and simulate an iterative maximum-likelihood image reconstruction method that uses multiple images taken through the turbulent atmosphere under photon-limited conditions. The method assumes that the point-spread function corresponding to each image has been measured by a guide star or other technique. Although a guide star is still required, wave-front correction is achieved through postprocessing instead of by the mechanical methods currently used with adaptive optics. A restored image of greatly increased quality was found to be produced after only 10 iterations. Additional iterations continued to reduce the mean-square error.
Severe Retinal Degeneration Associated with Disruption of Semaphorin 4A (2004)

These findings identify a previously unknown function of Sema4A in the developing visual system and provide a useful model for understanding cell-cell interactions that occur between photoreceptors and the RPE.
The prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement anatomy in Division 1 aquatic athletes who tread water (2020)

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a disorder that causes hip pain and disability in young patients, particularly athletes. Increased stress on the hip during development has been associated with increased risk of cam morphology. The specific forces involved are unclear, but may be due to continued rotational motion, like the eggbeater kick. The goal of this prospective cohort study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify the prevalence of FAI anatomy in athletes who tread water and compare it to the literature on other sports. With university IRB approval, 20 Division 1 water polo players and synchronized swimmers (15 female, 5 male), ages 18-23 years (mean age 20.7 ± 1.4), completed the 33-item International Hip Outcome Tool and underwent non-contrast MRI scans of both hips using a 3 Tesla scanner. Recruitment was based on sport, with both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals included. Cam and pincer morphology were identified. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank/Rank Sum tests were used to assess outcomes. Seventy per cent (14/20) of subjects reported pain in their hips yet only 15% (3/20) sought clinical evaluation. Cam morphology was present in 67.5% (27/40) of hips, while 22.5% (9/40) demonstrated pincer morphology. The prevalence of cam morphology in water polo players and synchronized swimmers is greater than that reported for the general population and at a similar level as some other sports. From a clinical perspective, acknowledgment of the high prevalence of cam morphology in water polo players and synchronized swimmers should be considered when these athletes present with hip pain.
Nonproportionality of Scintillator Detectors. IV. Resolution Contribution from Delta-Rays (2015)

This paper is the fourth in a series of articles published on the light yield nonproportionality of scintillators and its impact on the detector's energy resolution. Herein, we focus on modeling the resolution degradation induced by delta-rays. To do this, we begin with Møller's classic equation to describe collisions between incident high-energy electrons and those in the scintillator medium, which lead to the delta-rays. The trajectories of delta-rays having energies above a specified cut-off value are further analyzed to determine the resolution degradation induced by fluctuations in their light yield and ionization density. Our conclusion is that the delta-ray contribution to resolution is typically smaller but comparable to that arising from the primary electron. We have considered the cases for two illustrative scintillators: NaI(Tl) and LSO(Ce).
Impact of economics on compiler optimization (2001)

Compile-time program optimizations are similar to poetry: more are written than are actually published in commercial compilers. Hard economic reality is that many interesting optimizations have too narrow an audience to justify their cost in a general-purpose compiler, and custom compilers are too expensive to write. An alternative is to allow programmers to define their own compile-time optimizations. This has already happened accidentally for C++, albeit imperfectly, in the form of template metaprogramming. This paper surveys the problems, the accidental success, and what directions future research might take to circumvent current economic limitations of monolithic compilers.