gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen mineralisation dynamics of meat bone meal and cattle manure as affected by the application of softwood chip biochar in soil (2012)

ABSTRACT We studied the impact of added biochar on the N mineralisation dynamics of two organic fertilisers by incubating loamy sand soil for 133 days in controlled conditions. Biochar made from softwood chips was added to soil at 0, 4·6, 9·1 and 13·6 g kg –1 soil dry matter (DM) either alone, or in combination with meat bone meal (MBM) and composted cattle manure (CCM) fertilisers. Soil mineral N concentration was determined on days 0, 14, 28, 56, 84 and 133. Net N mineralisation in the MBM treatment was much larger than in the CCM or the unfertilised treatments. Constant soil moisture during the incubation provided suitable aerobic soil conditions for nitrification: after day 14, soil mineral N was dominated by nitrate in all treatments. Biochar additions decreased the mineral N concentrations in all treatments, probably because of immobilisation by microbes. In unfertilised soil, the immobilisation by biochar increased steadily with application rate and time, but in the MBM and CCM treatments, it started to decrease or level off after two months, possibly due to the turnover of microbial biomass. The main biochar-induced impacts on soil N mineralisation dynamics could be modelled by using standard and confined exponential models.
Dual inhibition of HER2 in breast cancer treatment (2012)

1present results from the phase 3 NeoALLTO trial, a pivotal investigation of dual anti-HER2 therapy for neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer. The investigators used a straightforward approach to assess whether combination treatment with the antibody trastuzumab and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib was better than single-agent treatment. 455 women were randomised to treatment with trastuzumab, lapatinib, or both drugs combined for 6 weeks, followed by addition of paclitaxel for 12 weeks and subsequent surgery. In terms of the primary endpoint, pathological complete response (pCR) at the time of surgery, dual blockade was signifi cantly more effi cacious (51·3% [95% CI 43·1–59·5]) than was lapatinib (24·7% [18·1–32·3]) or trastuzumab (29·5% [22·4–37·5]) alone. Because targeting of HER2 and molecules important in downstream signalling is a paradigm for targeted anticancer therapy, NeoALLTO is a model for future research and clinical trial design. A crucial scientifi c strength of NeoALLTO is the study’s design. During the initial 6 week biological window, targeted anti-HER2 treatment was given without chemotherapy, enabling collection of samples for translational research, and early tumour response to be assessed without confounding by cytotoxic therapy. Such approaches should be used more often in pivotal trials of new drugs that target specifi c biological pathways, to enable unbiased effi cacy assessments to be made. Equally important, such trials could help to identify clinically useful markers of early response, with the ultimate goal of tailoring neoadjuvant treatments for individual patients.
Reference governors for linear systems with nonlinear constraints (2011)

The paper considers the application of reference governors to linear discrete-time systems with constraints on state and output variables given by functional inequalities. Properties and on-line computational procedures which facilitate the implementation of the reference governors for linear systems with convex, convex quadratic, concave, and mixed logical dynamic constraints of if-then type are discussed. Two examples are considered. The first example is a three dimensional spacecraft rendezvous and proximity maneuvering problem where constraints are imposed on thrust magnitude, velocity of approach, collision avoidance, and positioning within the line-of-sight cone. While the spacecraft relative motion dynamics in this problem can be treated as linear, two of the constraints in this problem are convex quadratic and one of the constraints is of mixed logical dynamic type. Our second example is an electromagnetically actuated mass spring damper that has linear dynamics, a linear constraint on position, and a concave nonlinear constraint on the force due to nonlinear dependence of force on the distance. The reference governor based on the developments in this paper can elegantly and effectively handle the prescribed constraints.
The tumor suppressor MIR139 is silenced by POLR2M to promote AML oncogenesis (2021)

MIR139 is a tumor suppressor and is commonly silenced in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the tumor-suppressing activities of miR-139 and molecular mechanisms of MIR139-silencing remain largely unknown. Here, we studied the poorly prognostic MLL-AF9 fusion protein-expressing AML. We show that MLL-AF9 expression in hematopoietic precursors caused epigenetic silencing of MIR139, whereas overexpression of MIR139 inhibited in vitro and in vivo AML outgrowth. We identified novel miR-139 targets that mediate the tumor-suppressing activities of miR-139 in MLL-AF9 AML. We revealed that two enhancer regions control MIR139 expression and found that the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) downstream of MLL-AF9 epigenetically silenced MIR139 in AML. Finally, a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen revealed RNA Polymerase 2 Subunit M (POLR2M) as a novel MIR139-regulatory factor. Our findings elucidate the molecular control of tumor suppressor MIR139 and reveal a role for POLR2M in the MIR139-silencing mechanism, downstream of MLL-AF9 and PRC2 in AML. In addition, we confirmed these findings in human AML cell lines with different oncogenic aberrations, suggesting that this is a more common oncogenic mechanism in AML. Our results may pave the way for new targeted therapy in AML.
Hyaluronated imatinib liposomes with hybrid approach to target CD44 and P-gp overexpressing MDR cancer: an in-vitro, in-vivo and mechanistic investigation (2018)

Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) of cancer cells is a constant threat to the clinically used drugs as well as new drug development. In present work, we aimed to assess in-vitro as well as in-vivo efficacy of the developed Imatinib loaded liposomes in MDR cancer. An array of tests was also carried out to comprehensively understand the bio-mechanism that enable these nanocarriers to modulate P-gp activity. Hyaluronic acid coated, Imatinib mesylate containing lipsomes (HA-LIPO-IM) were analysed through in-vitro and in-vivo studies in MDR cancer cells and tumour models. Effect of developed hyaluronated liposomes on various biomolecular mechanisms was also evaluated. Around 3.5 times lower IC50 for HA-LIPO-IM in comparison to drug solution in HT-29 and Colo-320 cells proved the enhanced action of the drug in MDR cells. HA-LIPO formulations were demonstrated to have inhibitory effect on ATPase enzyme. Molecular masking of Imatinib mesylate and CD-44 mediated endocytosis were also found responsible for anti-MDR effect. In-vivo studies revealed the prolonged tumour accumulation and 4-fold increase in tumour regression efficacy of HA-LIPO-IM in comparison to free drug solution. The work demonstrated the target specific accumulation of HA-LIPO-IM in CD-44 overexpressing cancer cells through P-gp modulation.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Propagation Models With Large Vehicle Obstructions (2014)

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is an enabler for improved traffic safety and congestion control. As for any wireless system, the ultimate performance limit is determined by the propagation channel. A particular point of interest is the shadowing effect of large vehicles such as trucks and buses, as this might affect the communication range significantly. In this paper we present measurement results and model the propagation channel, in which a bus acts either as a shadowing object or as a relay between two passenger cars. The measurement setup is based on a Wireless Open-Access Research Platform (WARP) Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) software radio as transmitter and a Tektronix RSA5106A real-time complex spectrum analyzer as receiver. We analyze the influence of the bus location and car separation distance on the path loss, shadowing, small-scale fading, delay spread, and cross correlation. The main effect of the bus is that it is acting as an obstruction creating an additional 15- to 20-dB attenuation and an increase in the root-mean-square delay spread by roughly 100 ns. A Nakagami distribution is found to well describe the statistics of the small-scale fading, by using Akaike's Information Criterion and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The distance dependence of the path loss is analyzed and a stochastic model is developed.
Mucosal stromal fibroblasts markedly enhance HIV infection of CD4+ T cells (2017)

Understanding early events of HIV transmission within mucosal tissues is vital for developing effective prevention strategies. Here, we report that primary stromal fibroblasts isolated from endometrium, cervix, foreskin, male urethra, and intestines significantly increase HIV infection of CD4+ T cells-by up to 37-fold for R5-tropic HIV and 100-fold for X4-tropic HIV-without themselves becoming infected. Fibroblasts were more efficient than dendritic cells at trans-infection and mediate this response in the absence of the DC-SIGN and Siglec-1 receptors. In comparison, mucosal epithelial cells secrete antivirals and inhibit HIV infection. These data suggest that breaches in the epithelium allow external or luminal HIV to escape an antiviral environment to access the infection-favorable environment of the stromal fibroblasts, and suggest that resident fibroblasts have a central, but previously unrecognized, role in HIV acquisition at mucosal sites. Inhibiting fibroblast-mediated enhancement of HIV infection should be considered as a novel prevention strategy.
A Basis for Comparing Characteristics of Policy Systems (2006)

Policy-based computing is being studied and applied in a number of different domains by industrial organizations and academia. Standards are also being pursued in many standards bodies (e.g., IETF, DMTF, OASIS, GGFand W3C). This has led to the creation of different policy languages and policy implementations. In this paper, we attempt to provide a framework for the classification and comparison of the different approaches that such languages and systems have taken. This is important because it helps in the understanding of the capabilities of policy systems, and in clarifying what they can and cannot do. It also identifies basic issues in translating policies from one language to another, and in transforming policies specified for a particular system implementation into policies that can be enforced by a different system implementation
Anomalous Subsurface Thermal Behavior in Tissue Mimics Upon Near Infrared Irradiation Mediated Photothermal Therapy (2013)

Photothermal therapy using (Near Infrared) NIR region of EM spectrum is a fast emerging technology for cancer therapy. Different types of nanoparticles may be used for enhancing the treatment. Though the treatment protocols are developed based on experience driven estimated temperature increase in the tissue, it is not really known what spatiotemporal thermal behavior in the tissue is. In this work, this thermal behavior of tissue models is investigated with and without using nanoparticles. An increased temperature inside tissue compared to surface is observed which is counter intuitive from the present state of knowledge. It is shown from fiber level microstructure that this increased temperature leads to enhanced damage at the deeper parts of biomaterials. Nanoparticles can be utilized to control this temperature increase spatially. A multiple scattering based physical model is proposed to explain this counterintuitive temperature rise inside tissue. The results show promising future for better understanding and standardizing the protocols for photothermal therapy.
Cardiovascular Profile of Valbenazine: Analysis of Pooled Data from Three Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials (2017)

Results from double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showed no apparent difference between valbenazine and placebo on cardiovascular outcomes. No additional cardiovascular risk was detected during a longer extension study with valbenazine.
Smart Gas Lift Valves Eliminate Multiple Slickline Trips in Gas Lift Operations (2014)

In many gas lift systems, dummy valves are loaded in side-pocket mandrels to isolate the annulus from the tubing where pressurization is required to test the tubing, test the annulus, set a hydraulic packer, or activate an isolation device. If the well then requires gas lift to unload the completion fluid or to assist the well to flow, slickline intervention would be required to remove the dummy valves and install the live gas lift string. This can be a long, cumbersome process and can pose risks to existing infrastructure. Production is also delayed while a new live valve unit is installed. This paper presents a smart gas lift valve with disintegrable nanostructured composite material technology. The valve is installed in the well to function as a dummy valve during completion operations. It is converted from a dummy valve to a live valve through in-situ disintegration of the nanostructured composite plug in brine during the cleanup process. This eliminates multiple slickline trips or well intervention after the completion, and enables unloading and immediate production of these wells under optimized gas lift conditions. The nanostructured composite material for the smart plug is lighter than aluminum but as strong as some mild steels. The smart plug has pressure rating of 5,000 psi or higher and will disintegrate in sea water within 12 to 50 hours, making it an ideal tool for offshore gas lift applications. So far, more than 1,000 gas lift valves equipped with disintegrable nanostructured composite plugs have been installed in gas lift wells producing offshore Southeast Asia. The nanostructured composite material, the valve design, the lab test data and a successful field case history will be presented.
Video Adaptation: Concepts, Technologies, and Open Issues (2004)

Video adaptation is an emerging field that offers a rich body of techniques for answering challenging questions in pervasive media applications. It transforms the input video(s) to an output in video or augmented multimedia form by utilizing manipulations at multiple levels (signal, structural, or semantic) in order to meet diverse resource constraints and user preferences while optimizing the overall utility of the video. There has been a vast amount of activity in research and standard development in this area. This paper first presents a general framework that defines the fundamental entities, important concepts (i.e., adaptation, resource, and utility), and formulation of video adaptation as constrained optimization problems. A taxonomy is used to classify different types of adaptation techniques. The state of the art in several active research areas is reviewed with open challenging issues identified. Finally, support of video adaptation from related international standards is discussed.
A versatile flow phantom for intravoxel incoherent motion MRI (2011)

Although there have been many advancements in cancer research, much is still unknown about the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. Diffusion-weighted MRI has proven to be a viable and versatile microstructural probe. Diffusion-weighted sequences specifically sensitive to intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) have seen a recent resurgence of interest as they promise to provide a valuable window on the vascular microenvironment. To understand, test, and optimize IVIM-sensitive approaches, a complex flow phantom was constructed to mimic certain characteristics of the tumor microenvironment such as tortuous microvasculature, heterogeneous vascular permeability, and interstitial fluid pressure buildup. Results using this phantom on a clinical scanner platform confirmed IVIM sensitivity to microscopic flow effects. Biexponential fitting of signal decay curves enabled quantitative extraction of perfusion fraction, IVIM-related pseudodiffusivity, and tissue diffusivity. Parametric maps were also generated, illustrating the potential utility of IVIM-sensitive imaging in clinical settings. The flow phantom proved to be an effective test-bed for validating and optimizing the IVIM-MRI technique to provide surrogate markers for microvascular properties.
Recent Advances in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Gastroparesis (2013)

Gastroparesis is a clinical disorder characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms related with delayed gastric emptying of solids and liquids in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Diabetes mellitus has been the most common cause of gastroparesis and idiopathic gastroparesis also accounts for a third of all chronic cases. The most important mechanisms of gastroparesis, as understood to date, are loss of expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and loss of the interstitial cells of Cajal. However, the pathogenesis of gastroparesis is poorly understood. There have been several studies on specific molecules related to the pathogenesis of gastroparesis. Additionally, the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium of the National Institutes of Health has achieved several promising results regarding the pathophysiology of gastroparesis. As the progress in the pathophysiology of gastroparesis has been made, a promising new drug therapy has been found. The pathophysiology and drug therapy of gastroparesis are focused in this review. Until now, the real-world medication options for treatment of gastroparesis are limited. However, it is expected to be substantially improved as the pathophysiology of gastroparesis is elucidated.
Identification of candidate genes, regions and markers for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2014)

Our study identified candidate genes involved in abscissic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) metabolism, and flowering time in four genomic regions of Brachypodium and rice respectively, in addition to 18 KASP markers for PHS resistance in wheat. These markers can be deployed in future genetic studies of PHS resistance and might also be useful in the evaluation of PHS in germplasm and breeding material.
French Top Civil Servants Within Changing Configurations:From Monopolisation to Challenged Places and Roles? (2007)

The top civil service under the French Fifth Republic is usually considered to be a distinctive, closed and powerful social group within the state. Many scholars underscore that the early Fifth Republic has accentuated the historical French pattern of a centralized political system with elitist institutions and an administrative system which offers both a high degree of autonomy to its administrative system and great opportunities for its top civil servants to occupy key administrative and political positions. Since the early 1980s, important shifts in the political, institutional, social and economic context have considerably modified the environment in which senior officials operate and on which their power and influence depends. National policies such as decentralization, nationalization and privatization and other changes, such as those resulting from EU membership and changes in parties in power have transformed the roles, work and conditions of top civil servants. Many have argued that the higher civil service remains unchanged and unreformed. However, this view may be misleading. The aim of this chapter is to examine the dynamics of change in the top civil service and to identify more changes, not necessarily radical breaks with the past, than are usually recognized. As a large and heterogeneous group, the higher civil service reveals and reflects some of the transformative dynamics which affect the French state.
Ethylene‐Bridged Bissulfoximines in Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hetero‐Diels‐‐Alder Reactions (2005)

Abstract Ethylene‐bridged bissulfoximines were applied as chiral ligands in copper‐catalyzed enantioselective hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions. After optimization of the reaction conditions, products with up to 99% ee were obtained.
Impact of polarization on an attenuated phase shift mask with ArF hyper-numerical aperture lithography (2006)

In recent low-k1 lithography, the size of a mask pattern is becoming close to the wavelength of the light source. In a sub-100-nm pattern at wafer scale of 4× masks, transverse electric (TE) polarization light had higher transmittance of the zeroth order than TM polarization for a Cr mask according to rigorous model simulation of a finite difference time domain method. On the other hand, transverse magnetic (TM) polarization light had higher transmittance than TE polarization light for a MoSi mask. From the results of lithography simulation for a 45-nm pattern on the MoSi mask, TE polarization was better for wide exposure latitude, but TM polarization was better for large depth of field. The performance of a current MoSi mask is inferior to that of a Cr mask. However, a lower transmittance MoSi mask has better performance in the exposure defocus window under the dipole illumination. Also, rigorous simulation showed transmittance dependency of the light incident angle to the MoSi mask. The dependency was larger for TM polarization than for TE polarization.
Unprecedented Stereocontrol in the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines through an Asymmetric Pictet–Spengler Reaction towards Sarpagine‐Type Indole Alkaloids (2018)

The asymmetric Pictet–Spengler (P‐S) reaction of chiral N b ‐ethynyl‐substituted tryptophan methyl ester derivatives (from both d ‐ and l ‐tryptophan) with a simple aliphatic aldehyde, exhibited unprecedented selectivity towards either of the diastereomeric products. A simple variation of conditions could alter the outcome of the cyclization from either 100 % trans ‐selective to 100 % cis ‐selective originating entirely from internal asymmetric induction under mild conditions. This resulted in a highly efficient access to both 1,3‐ cis ‐(1,2,3‐trisubstituted tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines, TH β Cs) and 1,3‐ trans ‐(1,2,3‐trisubstituted TH β Cs). To the best of our knowledge, this type of stereocontrol has never been observed from tryptophan methyl ester derivatives (either D or L) in accessing either 1,3‐disubstituted or 1,2,3‐trisubstituted TH β Cs. By exploiting this very useful ambidextrous diastereoselectivity, we have set the crucial C‐3 and C‐5 stereocenters of C‐19 methyl‐substituted sarpagine/macroline/ajmaline alkaloids beginning with the DNA‐encoded and cheaper l ‐(–)‐tryptophan, as well as optionally from commercially available d ‐(+)‐tryptophan.
Deep Learning Models for Fast Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (2020)

Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) can surpass the resolution limit of conventional ultrasound imaging. However, a trade-off between resolution and data acquisition time is introduced. For microbubble (MB) localization, centroid detection is commonly used. Therefore, low-concentrations of MBs are required to avoid overlapping point spread functions (PSFs), leading to a long data acquisition time due to the limited number of detectable MBs in an image frame. Recently, deep learning-based MB localization methods across high-concentration regimes have been proposed to shorten the data acquisition time. In this work, a data-driven encoder-decoder convolutional neural network (deep-ULM) and a model-based deep unfolded network embedding a sparsity prior (deep unfolded ULM) are analyzed in terms of localization accuracy and computational complexity. The results of simulated test data showed that both deep learning methods could handle overlapping PSFs better than centroid detection. Additionally, thanks to its model-based approach, deep unfolded ULM needed much fewer learning parameters and was computationally more efficient, and consequently achieved better generalizability than deep-ULM. It is expected that deep unfolded ULM will be more robust <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in-vivo</sub> .