gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First attosecond pulse control by multilayer mirrors above 100 eV photon energy (2010)

Multilayer XUV mirrors serve as key components in the generation of the attosecond pulses from high harmonic radiation1. Those pulses pave the way to investigation of dynamics of electronic motion in atoms, molecules and nanostructures with a never before achieved precision and thus allow to draw conclusions on the basic underlying physics2, 3. Each experiment requires its perfectly tailored attosecond XUV pulse, fully optimized to perfectly match the experimental requirements as spectral resolution with sufficient signal to noise, temporal resolution and chirp. Until recently, experiments were limited to photon energies below 100 eV due to the available HH intensities as well as X-ray optics. Here, we have performed for the first time characterization of single isolated attosecond pulses at about 130 eV by attosecond electron streaking measurements and applied these pulse to photoionization experiments in Xe atoms. In order to achieve improved spectral resolution and high time resolution simultaneously, as is required for comparing attosecond electron dynamics of two adjacent electronic states, we have spectrally cleaned the attosecond pulse by suppressing unwanted “out-of band” radiation by improved a-periodic multilayer technology, resulting in an improved signal-to noise ratio for time-resolved electron spectroscopy experiments. This opens the way to study electron dynamics of energetically adjacent electronic states with a temporal resolution which is well below the attosecond pulse length itself4.
Selective Inhibition of Cav3.3 T-type Calcium Channels by Gαq/11-coupled Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors (2007)

T-type calcium channels play critical roles in controlling neuronal excitability, including the generation of complex spiking patterns and the modulation of synaptic plasticity, although the mechanisms and extent to which T-type Ca(2+) channels are modulated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain largely unexplored. To examine specific interactions between T-type Ca(2+) channel subtypes and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRS), the Cav3.1 (alpha(1G)), Cav3.2 (alpha(1H)), and Cav3.3 (alpha) T-type Ca(2+)(1I)channels were co-expressed with the M1 Galpha(q/11)-coupled mAChR. Perforated patch recordings demonstrate that activation of M1 receptors has a strong inhibitory effect on Cav3.3 T-type Ca(2+) currents but either no effect or a moderate stimulating effect on Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 peak current amplitudes. This differential modulation was observed for both rat and human T-type Ca(2+) channel variants. The inhibition of Cav3.3 channels by M1 receptors is reversible, use-independent, and associated with a concomitant increase in inactivation kinetics. Loss-of-function experiments with genetically encoded antagonists of Galpha and Gbetagamma proteins and gain-of-function experiments with genetically encoded Galpha subtypes indicate that M1 receptor-mediated inhibition of Cav3.3 occurs through Galpha(q/11). This is supported by experiments showing that activation of the M3 and M5 Galpha(q/11)-coupled mAChRs also causes inhibition of Cav3.3 currents, although Galpha(i)-coupled mAChRs (M2 and M4) have no effect. Examining Cav3.1-Cav3.3 chimeric channels demonstrates that two distinct regions of the Cav3.3 channel are necessary and sufficient for complete M1 receptor-mediated channel inhibition and represent novel sites not previously implicated in T-type channel modulation.
Performance Evaluation of a Self-Maintained Memory Module (2007)

Hardware approach emerges as one of the candidate in improving the performance of dynamic memory management. This paper presents measurements of a self-maintained memory module subjected to several different workloads. This memory module supporting explicit dynamic memory management takes advantage of the high speed of a pure hardware implementation. Object allocation and deletion are strictly bounded in time. The whole heap space is divided into two semi-spaces, and a concurrent bidirectional memory compaction algorithm is exploited, so that memory compaction can be done while mutator process is running on the processor concurrently. Reported measurements demonstrate that hardware-assisted memory management is a viable alternative to traditional explicit memory management techniques. Experimental results show that more than 60% of memory traffic is saved by the proposed memory compaction scheme compared to software-only approach. Both processor delay and program execution time are greatly reduced.
Cloud resiliency and security via diversified replica execution and monitoring (2013)

The Information Technology industry heavily relies on the cloud computing paradigm for large-scale infrastructures, and more military and critical infrastructure systems are moving towards cloud platforms as well. Leveraging the cloud can reduce the total cost of ownership and allocates resources on demand in order to cope with load. Two key expectations when shifting to cloud-based services are availability and security. However, recent outages with major Platform as a Service (PaaS) providers reportedly widely in the press have proven that even a cloud platform cannot provide perfect availability. In addition, a 2013 Defense Science Board report on “Cyber Security and Reliability in a Digital Cloud” finds that while some security practices can be improved in a cloud environment, some threats are different or exacerbated. In this paper we present an approach to leverage the elasticity and on-demand provisioning features of the cloud to improve resilience to availability concerns and common attacks. Our approach utilizes diversification of lightweight virtualized application servers for redundancy and protection against both application errors and network-based attacks.
A review on synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic dyes for textile fibers - Part 1: Five and six-membered heterocycles (2018)

The significance of heterocyclic dyestuffs has recently increased due to their deep hues and brightness, high color strength and better colorfastness compared to benzene analogous dyes. In this review, we give details outlining the synthetic approaches of all recently synthesized nitrogen-containing five and six-membered ring heterocyclic dyestuffs and their dyeing efficiency on textile fibers.
Monitoring land- and water-use dynamics in the Columbia Plateau using remote-sensing computer analysis and integration techniques (1981)

This study successfully utilized advanced, remote-sensing computer-analysis techniques to quantify and map land- and water-use trends potentially relevant to siting, developing, and operating a high-level national, nuclear waste repository on the US Department of Energy's Hanford Site in eastern Washington State. Specifically, using a variety of digital data bases (primarily multidate LANDSAT data) and digital analysis programs, the study produced unique numerical data and integrated data reference maps relevant to regional (Columbia Plateau) and localized (Pasco Basin) hydrologic considerations associated with developing such a facility. Because all study data developed are in digital form, they can be called upon to contribute to future reference repository location monitoring and reporting efforts, as well as to be utilized in other US Department of Energy programmatic areas having technical and/or environmental interest in the Columbia Plateau region. The results obtained indicate that multidate digital LANDSAT data provide an inexpensive, up-to-date, and accurate data base and reference map of natural and cultural features existing in any region. These data can be (1) computer enhanced to highlight selected surface features of interest; (2) processed/analyzed to provide regional land cover/use information and trend data; and (3) combined with other line and point data files to accommodatemore » interactive, correlative analyses and integrated colorgraphic displays to aid interpretation and modeling efforts. Once the digital base is established, selected site information can be assessed immediately, various forms of data can be accessed concurrently or separately, and data sets may be displayed or mapped at any scale. Available editing software provides the opportunity to generate credible scenarios for a site while preserving the actual data base. 6 references.« less
Parametric Excitation and Instabilities of Spin Waves driven by Surface Acoustic Waves (2022)

The parametric excitation of spin waves by coherent surface acoustic waves is demonstrated experimentally in metallic magnetic thin film structures. The involved magnon modes are analyzed with micro-focused Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy and complementary micromagnetic simulations combined with analytical modelling are used to determine the origin of the spin-wave instabilities. Depending on the experimental conditions, we observe spin-wave instabilities originating from different phonon-magnon and magnon-magnon scattering processes. Our results demonstrate that an efficient excitation of high amplitude, strongly nonlinear magnons in metallic ferromagnets is possible by surface acoustic waves, which opens novel ways to create micro-scaled nonlinear magnonic systems for logic and data processing that can profit from the high excitation efficiency of phonons using piezoelectricity.
NCSbench: Reproducible Benchmarking Platform for Networked Control Systems (2020)

The evolution of the Internet of Things accelerated the development of Cyber-Physical Systems. Among them, Networked Control Systems (NCS) gained notable attention thanks to their application to industrial operations. Experimental NCS require expertise from control, computation, and communication disciplines. This requirement, together with the fragmentation of implementation platforms and experimental investigations, represents a challenge for the reproducibility and comparison of research results. In this paper, we tackle this problem by proposing a novel NCS benchmarking methodology that aids the reproducibility of NCS experiments. Relying on a novel approach to model the architectural elements and the delays of NCS, the methodology defines the experiment parameters and the relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that need to be observed during its execution. Furthermore, we detail the implementation of the first reproducible benchmarking platform for NCS. The proposed platform is open-source and designed to be easily reproducible and extensible by anyone. Finally, we replicate and evaluate the platform following the proposed NCS benchmarking methodology. The experimental results evaluate and compare the KPIs during the execution of the platform in different benchmarking scenarios, proving the validity of the proposed benchmarking methodology.
Application of bi-state magnetic material to an automotive IPM starter/alternator machine (2003)

A new bi-state soft magnetic material has been developed that can have its normally high magnetic permeability reduced permanently to that of air by means of heat treatment. As a result, localized heating via laser or other means can be used to locally "unmagnetize" regions in machine laminations while retaining the high permeability of adjacent untreated regions. A 6 kW interior permanent magnet (IPM) direct-drive starter/alternator machine was used as the target for this investigation. Two alternative designs for the same set of starter/alternator specifications are presented using the new magnetic material for the rotor laminations. Lumped-parameter magnetic circuit models including saturation were used to design both machines and the electromagnetic performance results were subsequently confirmed using finite element analysis (FEA). These results indicate that the performance specifications can be met using this new material while significantly increasing the mechanical integrity of the rotor at high speeds. Advantages and limitations of using this new bi-state magnetic material in IPM machine designs for starter/alternators and other applications are discussed.
Involvement of complement and fibronectin in eosinophil‐mediated damage to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae (2001)

By using IL-5 transgenic mice, it has been shown that eosinophils might play a key role in elimination of larval stages of nematode infections. The present study was carried out to clarify molecular mechanisms involved in the eosinophil-mediated killing of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. The larvicidal activity was observed in the presence of normal serum in vitro. Electron microscopic observations revealed firm attachment of eosinophils to the cuticular surface of larvae, which was damaged by electron-dense materials released from eosinophils. The larvicidal activity was abrogated by heat- or zymosan-treatment of the serum, whereas depletion of IgG or IgM from the serum did not interfere with eosinophil adhesion and killing. Moreover, pretreatment of eosinophils with monoclonal antibodies against CD11b or VLA-4 inhibited the eosinophil-mediated killing of larvae. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated the deposition of C3c and plasma fibronectin on the cuticle of the larvae. These results indicate that interactions between CD11b and VLA-4 and their respective counter-ligands deposited on the cuticle are essential in eosinophil-mediated adhesion and damage to larvae of N. brasiliensis.
Comparative analysis of double-edge versus single-edge triggered clocked storage elements (2003)

We present a comparison of Double-Edge Triggered clocked Storage Elements (DETSE) with their single-edge triggered counterparts in terms of delay and power consumption. In general, Latch-Mux based DETSE perform better then their single-edge counterparts while double-edge triggered flip-flops exhibit performance degradation. Up to 15% improvement in Energy-Delay Product (EDP) of Latch-Mux designs is achieved when using DETSE. The presented results indicate that the use of DETSE is a good choice when low-power operation is required.
64  Gb/s low-voltage waveguide SiGe avalanche photodiodes with distributed Bragg reflectors (2020)

We demonstrate low-voltage waveguide silicon-germanium avalanche photodiodes (APDs) integrated with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The internal quantum efficiency is improved from 60% to 90% at 1550 nm assisted with DBRs while still achieving a 25 GHz bandwidth. A low breakdown voltage of 10 V and a gain bandwidth product of near 500 GHz are obtained. APDs with DBRs at a data rate of 64 Gb/s pulse amplitude modulation with four levels (PAM4) show a 30%–40% increase in optical modulation amplitude (OMA) compared to APDs with no DBR. A sensitivity of around <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo form="prefix">−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>dBm</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> at a data rate of 64 Gb/s PAM4 and a bit error rate of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is realized for APDs with DBRs, which improves the sensitivity by <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo form="prefix">∼</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext> <mml:mi>dB</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> compared to APDs with no DBR.
High-efficiency GaN class-E power amplifier with compact harmonic-suppression network (2007)

This paper presents a high efficiency class-E power amplifier (PA) suitable for wireless transmitters operating at 2 GHz. Compact impedance transformation network is designed, using micro-strip transmission lines, so that it simultaneously achieves fundamental load transformation and harmonic impedance control using only two open-circuit stubs (2fo, 3fo). The dimensions of the network’s elements were determined in order to concurrently attain a high harmonic suppression, minimum loss and high power added efficiency. The measurement results of the PA prototype, which is designed using a 10 W Gallium Nitride (GaN) HEMT transistor, showed state-of-the-art drain and power added efficiency (PAE). The achieved PAE, power gain and output power, when the drain is biased at 50V, were equal to 74%, 12.6 dB and 11.4W respectively. In addition, a second and third harmonic suppression in excess of −40 dBc and −75 dBc, respectively, is achieved without extra circuit tuning or additional filtering.
Microengineered Human Gut‐on‐a‐Chip for Dissecting Intestinal Inflammatory Disease (2015)

Human intestinal inflammatory diseases involve debilitating inflammation and mucosal injury caused by complex interactions between gut microbes, intestinal mucosa and immune components. However, it has not been possible to precisely define how these interacting factors contribute to the disease development or to responses to clinical therapies because human‐relevant experimental models that can independently control these factors do not exist. We developed a 'Gut‐on‐a‐Chip' microdevice lined by intestinal villi that mimics the structure and function of living intestine. The physiological microenvironment was recreated by flowing fluid and exerting mechanical cyclic deformations that emulate peristalsis. We used this model to independently vary potential contributors to human intestinal inflammation and epithelial injury. We found that pathological destruction of intestinal villi resulted when the villi were challenged to luminal stimulation such as lipopolysaccharide and immune cells, simultaneously. These intestinal injuries induced secretion of four proinflammatory cytokines that were necessary and sufficient to induce villus injury, which were suppressed by co‐administering probiotic or antibiotic therapy. Our results can lead to the development of a humanized in vitro disease model that faithfully mimics human intestinal pathophysiology observed in IBD patients, which can be used to dissect disease mechanisms and determine the efficacy of new drugs.
Aldehydic peptides inhibiting renin (1984)

Aldehydic peptides in which the C terminal residue is leucinal or phenylalaninal were synthesized. These compounds exhibited potent inhibition of renin activity and appeared to be precursors of transition state analogues for renin-catalysed amide bond hydrolysis.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance detection of thiol exchange on gold(I): significance in chemotherapy (1976)

A. A. Isab and P. J. Sadler, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 1051b DOI: 10.1039/C3976001051B
Fructose and Proteins in Human Semen/Fruktose und Proteine des menschlichen Spermaplasmas (2009)

The aim of this study was to correlate human seminal fructose determinations by enzymatic UV method with protein content, using three different methods (Biuret, Lowry, Meulemans). On one hand, the incidence on fructose levels of partial deproteinization after treatment by perchloric acid was tested: the fructose levels values increased after deproteinization 14.1 +/- 3.7 versus 4.2 +/- 1.7 mMol/l. On the other hand, physiologically, semen proteolysis occurs for many hours after collection and concerns mainly low molecular weight proteins. No modifications were found in protid levels and fructose concentrations during the first four hours, at 20 degrees C. All these data seem to indicate a better linkage of fructose to the highest molecular weight proteins and might explain the absence of fructose rise during the first four hours.
Wie die Chemie nach Bayern kam (2003)

Abstract Justus von Liebig hat dazu beigetragen, dass die Chemieausbildung in München eine Basis bekam, die Chemie als Wissenschaft ins Bewusstsein der Öffentlichkeit rückte, die Landwirtschaft in Bayern modernisiert wurde und sich dort chemische Industrie entwickeln konnte.
SIMD parallelization of applications that traverse irregular data structures (2013)

Fine-grained data parallelism is increasingly common in mainstream processors in the form of longer vectors and on-chip GPUs. This paper develops support for exploiting such data parallelism for a class of non-numeric, non-graphic applications, which perform computations while traversing many independent, irregular data structures. While the traversal of any one irregular data structure does not give opportunity for parallelization, traversing a set of these does. However, mapping such parallelism to SIMD units is nontrivial and not addressed in prior work. We address this problem by developing an intermediate language for specifying such traversals, followed by a run-time scheduler that maps traversals to SIMD units. A key idea in our run-time scheme is converting branches to arithmetic operations, which then allows us to use SIMD hardware. In order to make our approach fast, we demonstrate several optimizations including a stream compaction method that aids with control flow in SIMD, a set of layouts that reduce memory latency, and a tiling approach that enables more effective prefetching. Using our approach, we demonstrate significant increases in single-core performance over optimized baselines for two applications.
Alteration of Developmental and Pathological Retinal Angiogenesis in angptl4-deficient Mice (2011)

Proper vessel maturation, remodeling of endothelial junctions, and recruitment of perivascular cells is crucial for establishing and maintaining vessel functions. In proliferative retinopathies, hypoxia-induced angiogenesis is associated with disruption of the vascular barrier, edema, and vision loss. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate vascular maturation is critical to target pathological angiogenesis. Given the conflicting role of angiopoietin-like-4 (ANGPTL4) reported in the current literature using gain of function systems both in vitro and in vivo, the goal of this study was to characterize angiogenesis, focusing on perinatal retinal vascularization and pathological circumstances in angpl4-deficient mice. We report altered organization of endothelial junctions and pericyte coverage, both leading to impaired angiogenesis and increased vascular leakage that were eventually caught up, suggesting a delay in vessel maturation. In a model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, pathological neovascularization, which results from tissue hypoxia, was also strongly inhibited in angptl4-deficient mice. This study therefore shows that ANGPTL4 tunes endothelial cell junction organization and pericyte coverage and controls vascular permeability and angiogenesis, both during development and in pathological conditions.
Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis: Insights from Transcatheter and Surgical Implants (2020)

Although aortic valve replacement with implantation of a bioprosthesis has been widely performed for more than 50 years, appreciation of the development of bioprosthetic leaflet thrombosis has increased recently with the emergence of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and the use of advanced imaging modalities, such as 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Recent observational and randomized studies have demonstrated how this condition could affect patients treated with either TAVR or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). The clinical relevance of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis and the optimal antithrombotic strategies to prevent this condition in patients treated with SAVR or TAVR are still a matter of debate, while anticoagulation is considered effective treatment to address bioprosthetic valve thrombosis once it is diagnosed. This review provides an overview on timing and mechanism of bioprosthetic valve thrombosis, its prevalence and clinical impact in patients treated with TAVR or SAVR, and how the different designs of various types of bioprostheses could influence the risk of thrombosis.