gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteasekatalysierte kinetisch kontrollierte Peptidsynthese (1991)

Abstract Trotz des enormen Fortschritts bei der Synthese von Peptiden und Proteinen mit kommerziellen Peptidsynthesizern und der großen biotechnologischen Möglichkeiten der DNA‐Rekombinationstechnik ist zur racemisierungssicheren Verknüpfung von Peptidsegmenten eine C‐N‐Ligase ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel. Da die Aktivierung der α‐Carboxyfunktion eines Peptidsegmentes mit dem partiellen Verlust der Enantiomerenreinheit verbunden sein kann, bergen chemische Verknüpfungen von Peptidsegmenten Racemisierungsgefahren. Die Natur hat zur Synthese der riesigen Sequenzvielfalt von Peptiden und Proteinen mit der Peptidyltransferase nur ein einziges Enzym entwickelt, das unabhängig vom Charakter der Seitenkettenfunktionen der proteinogenen Aminosäurebausteine seine volle katalytische Funktion entfaltet. Jedoch ist die Peptidyltransferase nur als integraler Bestandteil des Ribosoms in einer koordinierten Interaktion mit anderen ribosomalen Faktoren wirksam, d.h. für die enzymatische Synthese nicht zu verwenden. Alternativ bieten sich für enzymatische Peptidsynthesen, wenn man von den eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten der Nutzung von Multienzymkomplexen der bakteriellen Peptidsynthese absieht, nur noch die Proteasen an, die aber aufgrund ihrer in‐vivo‐Funktion als Hydrolasen keine idealen C‐N‐Ligasen sein können. Erst gezielte thermodynamische und reaktionskinetische Manipulationen ermöglichen die Umkehrung der Proteasewirkung und damit eine Programmierung in Richtung Ligation. Ohne Zweifel ist eine synthesebegünstigende Einflußnahme bei einer durch Serin‐ und Cysteinproteasen katalysierten kinetisch kontrollierten Reaktionsführung variabler und effizienter zu realisieren als bei gleichgewichtskontrollierten Synthesen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den Einfluß der Enzymspezifität auf die Effizienz von kinetisch kontrollierten Synthesen. Es werden Schlußfolgerungen für eine breitere Nutzung von Serin‐ und Cysteinproteasen zur Katalyse von C‐N‐Verknüpfungen abgeleitet.
Investigation of Wave Propagation Behavior in Magnetically Coupled MEMS Oscillators (2015)

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a 1D array of magnetically coupled MEMS oscillators. To facilitate future research and innovation, this paper details the model used to predict wave propagation behavior in the microfabricated array. The investigations model the oscillator array as a series of clamped-clamped beams that are coupled via magnetic proof masses. The contributions to system dynamics of the beam and magnetic interactions of each oscillator are theorized. Finally, the dynamic behavior for the entire array is investigated with a series of theoretical trend studies.
A Quantitative Look Inside the Body: Minimally Invasive Infrared Analysis in Vivo (2014)

Today's minimally invasive biosensors are often based on chemical reagents and suffer from, e.g., oxygen dependence, toxic reaction products, excess analyte consumption, and/or degradation of the reagents. Here, we show the first successful analyte quantification by means of a minimally invasive sensor in vivo, which does not use chemical reactions. The concentration of glucose is determined continuously in vivo using transcutaneous, fiber-based mid-infrared laser spectroscopy. When comparing the infrared data measured in vivo with the 127 reference readings of glucose obtained in vitro, an overall standard deviation of 17.5% and a median of the absolute values of the relative deviations of 11.0% are achieved. The encouraging results open up the path toward a reagent-free long-term implant for the continuous surveillance of metabolites. In addition, the high sampling rate facilitates important research in body metabolism as well as its application outside the field of medicine such as real-time analyte sensing during fermentation.
Prevalence of growth hormone deficiency in middle-age adults recovering from stroke (2019)

<b>Objective</b>: The prevalence of chronic growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and its association with other hormonal deficiencies was determined in middle-aged patients post-stroke with and without consideration of body mass index (BMI).<b>Methods</b>: Clinical records were reviewed to determine pituitary function at least 3 months post-stroke. Patients with a history of endocrine anomalies were excluded. GHD was determined by utilizing standard peak GH cutoffs following the glucagon stimulation test. A secondary analysis was conducted with stricter BMI-adjusted cutoffs. The accuracy of IGF-1 in predicting GHD was also examined.<b>Results</b>: GHD was diagnosed in 54% of patients (≥5.0 μg/L), with 32% falling into the severe (≤3 μg/L) category. Patients with GHD had lower levels of FSH, T3, LH, and SHBG. Analyzes of BMI-adjusted GH levels, revealed that 14% of patients were GHD. These patients had higher prolactin. IGF-1 values were not predictive of GHD. Latency to be admitted to post-acute rehabilitation was greater in patients with GHD.<b>Conclusions</b>: Evidence suggests patients with stroke may be at risk for developing GHD. GHD was associated with decreased levels of other hormones. Co-morbidities for stroke and neuroendocrine dysfunction overlap and may have implications for recovery following stroke.
Functional separation of adrenergic and cholinergic fibers to skeletal muscle vessels (1965)

The hypothesis that sympathetic innervation to skeletal muscle vasculature contains functionally distinct adrenergic and cholinergic fibers was investigated utilizing the dog isolated perfused gracilis muscle. The use of hemicholinium in an attempt to abolish cholinergic dilatation, but not adrenergic constriction, in response to intermittent nerve stimulation was not successful. Continuous nerve stimulation produced vasoconstriction which was maintained for the duration of stimulation. Conversely, when cholinergic vasodilatation was unmasked, continuous stimulation resulted in a dilator response which disappeared rapidly. These experiments suggested that release of the adrenergic transmitter could not be dependent upon an intermediate cholinergic link in the sympathetic nerve. This postulate was supported further by experiments utilizing electrical stimulation of medullary vasoconstrictor areas. Whereas cholinergic vasodilatation was unmasked routinely by peripheral stimulation following reserpine, guanethidine or ß-TM 10, this response was never seen when medullary vasoconstrictor neurons were activated following these agents. It was concluded that sympathetic cholinergic nerves to skeletal muscle vessels possess a purely vasodilator function, and do not play an intermediate role involving release of the adrenergic transmitter.
Neue Dieselkraftstoffe: Emissionen und Optimierungspotenziale (2005)

Es wurden verschiedene fossile und biogene Kraftstoffe hinsichtlich ihrer Emissionen untersucht. Dabei handelte es sich um vier Biodiesel-qualitaten, die durch unterschiedliche Anteile von Raps-, Soja-und Palmolmethylester gewonnen wurden, einen Gas-to-Liquid-Kraftstoff(GTL), die neu eingefuhrten Kraftstoffe V-Power Diesel von Shell und Ultimate Diesel aus dem Hause Aral sowie zum Vergleich konventioneller Referenz-Dieselkraftstoff (DK).Die Partikelmasse- und Stickoxidemissionen lagen bei der Verwendung von Dieselkraftstoff und GTL unterhalb der Grenzwerte. Der GTL-Kraftstoff bewirkte eine Absenkung dieser Emissionen im Vergleich zu DK. V-Power Diesel und Ultimate Diesel hatten keine Auswirkung auf die Stickoxidemissionen, senkten jedoch die Partikelemissionen leicht ab. Die Verwendung von Biodiesel senkte ebenfalls die Partikelmasse-emissionen deutlich, fuhrte jedoch zu einer Erhohung der Stickoxid-emissionen, so dass bei drei der vier Qualitaten der Abgas-grenzwertuberschritten wurde, wohingegen er mit einer Charge eingehalten wer-den konnte. Bei den Partikelmasse- und Stickoxidemissionen unter-schieden sich die Biodieselqualitaten untereinander betrachtlich.Die partikularen Emissionen von RME sowie V-Power und Ultimate Dieselkraftstoff wurden im Vergleich zu DK auf ihre Mutagenitat untersucht. Alle drei Kraftstoffe wirkten etwa 40-60 % weniger mutagen als DK.Zusammenfassend ist festzustellen, dass die Kraftstoffformulierung einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Emissionen hat. Dieses Ergebnis ist insbesondere fur Biodiesel von groser Bedeutung, weil das Ergebnis der Testreihe deutliche Hinweise darauf gibt, dass das Potenzial der Kraftstoffoptimierung bei Biodiesel mit Blick auf die NOx-Emissionen noch nicht erschopft ist.
Mechanisms Underlying Growth Hormone Effects in Augmenting Nitric Oxide Production and Protein Tyrosine Nitration during Endotoxin Challenge (2004)

The present study defined the effects of GH administration on components of the nitric oxide (NO)-generating cascade to account for observed increases in NO production and protein nitration after an immune challenge. Calves were assigned to groups with or without GH treatment (100 microg GH/kg body weight or placebo im, daily for 12 d) and with or without low-level endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 2.5 microg/kg, or placebo, iv]. Plasma was obtained for estimation of NO changes as [NO(2)(-) + NO(3)(-)] (NO(x)). Transcutaneous liver biopsies were collected for measurement of protein tyrosine nitration, cationic amino acid transporter (CAT)-2 mRNA transporter, and constitutive NO synthase (cNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and arginase activity. Liver protein nitration increased more than 10-fold 24 h after LPS and an additional 2-fold in animals treated with GH before LPS. GH increased plasma NO(x) after LPS to levels 27% greater than those measured in non-GH-treated calves. LPS increased CAT-2 mRNA after LPS; GH was associated with a 24% reduction in CAT-2 mRNA content at the peak time response. cNOS activity was 3-fold greater than iNOS after LPS. NOS activities were increased 140% (cNOS) at 3 h and 169% (iNOS) at 6 h, respectively, after LPS; GH treatment increased cNOS activity and the phosphorylation of endothelial NOS after LPS more than 2-fold over that measured in non-GH-treated calves. The data suggest that an increased production of nitrated protein develops in the liver during low-level, proinflammatory stress, and nitration is increased by GH administration through a direct effect on the competing activities of NOS and arginase, modulatable critical control points in the proinflammatory cascade.
High Absorption Coefficient Cyclopentadithiophene Donor-Free Dyes for Liquid and Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2016)

We report a series of “donor-free” dyes featuring moieties of oligo(4,4-dihexyl-4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophene) (CPDT) functionalized with cyanoacrylic end groups for mesoscopic titania solar cells based on I–/I3– or Co(II)/Co(III) redox couple and spiro-OMeTAD hole transporter. These were compared with similar cells using an oligo(3-hexylthiophene) dye (5T), which we reported before. Extending the CPDT moiety of the dye molecules from one to three (denoted as CPDT-1, CPDT-2, and CPDT-3) widens the photoresponse overlap with the solar spectrum, increases the molar absorption coefficient up to 75 000 M–1 cm–1, and improves the short-circuit current (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) for all types of DSSCs. Among these sensitizers, CPDT-3 shows the highest PCE of 6.7%, 7.3%, and 3.9% with I–/I3–, Co(II)/Co(III) redox couple, and spiro-OMeTAD hole transporter, respectively, compared with 7.6%, 9.0%, and 4.0% for 5T. Benefiting from the high absorption of CPDT-3, we demonstrate 900 nm thick mesoporous TiO2 film with remarkable JSC of 10.9 mA cm–2 in solid-state DSCs.
Underwater tensor sensors based on optical fiber bragg gratings (2008)

This paper deals with the development a new type of low-noise underwater tensor sensor aimed at improving the performance and the design of directional arrays. The transducer can be configured either as a particle velocity sensor (dipole) or as fluid shear sensor (quadrupole). The sensing principle of the device relies on the interference signal from two Bragg gratings written on the same fiber, and illuminated by a tunable, narrowband light source. The gratings are a few centimeters apart, and they each reflect a portion of the incident light. The fiber is epoxied to two spacers separated by a small gap situated between the gratings. This assembly is then adhered to two plates connected by a hinge, which is located below the gap. One plate is held rigidly and the tip of the other (free) plate experiences transverse vibrations, when ensonified. These vibrations produce periodic gap length changes, which modulate the interference signal from the two gratings. The modulation is related to the amplitude of the sound wave and is monitored with a photodetector. A noise analysis will be presented and the performance of prototype sensors will be discussed.
LanCLs add glutathione to dehydroamino acids generated at phosphorylated sites in the proteome (2021)

Enzyme-mediated damage repair or mitigation, while common for nucleic acids, is rare for proteins. Examples of protein damage are elimination of phosphorylated Ser/Thr to dehydroalanine/dehydrobutyrine (Dha/Dhb) in pathogenesis and aging. Bacterial LanC enzymes use Dha/Dhb to form carbon-sulfur linkages in antimicrobial peptides, but the functions of eukaryotic LanC-like (LanCL) counterparts are unknown. We show that LanCLs catalyze the addition of glutathione to Dha/Dhb in proteins, driving irreversible C-glutathionylation. Chemo-enzymatic methods were developed to site-selectively incorporate Dha/Dhb at phospho-regulated sites in kinases. In human MAPK-MEK1, such "elimination damage" generated aberrantly activated kinases, which were deactivated by LanCL-mediated C-glutathionylation. Surveys of endogenous proteins bearing damage from elimination (the eliminylome) also suggest it is a source of electrophilic reactivity. LanCLs thus remove these reactive electrophiles and their potentially dysregulatory effects from the proteome. As knockout of LanCL in mice can result in premature death, repair of this kind of protein damage appears important physiologically.
Immediate and extended effects of abrasion on stratum corneum natural moisturizing factor (2015)

These results demonstrate that acute barrier disruption induced by mechanical abrasion has relatively little impact on biochemical events responsible for NMF generation. Though reductions in certain NMF components were observed, abrasion had no measureable effect on SC water content over the duration of the study. This implies that the reduced NMF components may not contribute substantially to water retention in the SC. The reduced components belong to a group of NMF molecules thought to be principally derived through degradation of S-100 proteins in the epidermis. NMF components measured in this study that are derived from sweat and/or urea cycling were not impacted. These data imply that while abrasion elicits clinical signs of barrier disruption within the SC, effects on its biochemical constituents and ability to retain water are relatively minor.
The role of the very late antigen-4 and its counterligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis of the Lewis rat (1998)

We have investigated the functional role of very late antigen-4 [VLA-4 (alpha4/beta1) integrin] and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), an animal model of the Guillain-Barré syndrome, using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as probes. Disease was induced by intravenous adoptive transfer of P2 specific T cells (AT-EAN), or by immunization with bovine myelin (active EAN). Preventive treatment with 500 microg anti-VLA-4 mAb (TA-2) or with an isotype control antibody was given in AT-EAN 4 h before cell transfer and at day 3. Intravenous injection of 500 microg anti-VCAM-1 mAb (5F10) or a corresponding isotype control was given in AT-EAN 4 h before disease induction, and at days 2, 4 and 6. Preventive treatment of active EAN with mAb to VLA-4 or VCAM-1 was performed at days 5, 9 and 13. On immunohistochemical examination, VCAM-1 in sciatic nerve was found to be upregulated at early stages of EAN (days 3-5 after T-cell transfer), whilst no expression was noted in healthy controls. In both EAN models, blockade of VLA-4 markedly attenuated disease severity. Blockade of VCAM-1 also significantly ameliorated the disease course and diminished T-cell infiltration in sciatic nerve, but to a lesser degree. These experiments demonstrate the critical role of VLA-4 in the pathogenesis of EAN and show that upregulation of VCAM-1 expression contributes, at least in part, to the progression of the disease in the early stages. Future studies are needed to assess the potential contribution of other VLA-4 ligands.
HIV-1 Nef impairs multiple T-cell functions in antigen-specific immune response in mice (2011)

The viral protein Nef is a key element for the progression of HIV disease. Previous in vitro studies suggested that Nef expression in T-cell lines enhanced TCR signaling pathways upon stimulation with TCR cross-linking, leading to the proposal that Nef lowers the threshold of T-cell activation, thus increasing susceptibility to viral replication in immune response. Likewise, the in vivo effects of Nef transgenic mouse models supported T-cell hyperresponse by Nef. However, the interpretation is complicated by Nef expression early in the development of T cells in these animal models. Here, we analyzed the consequence of Nef expression in ovalbumin-specific/CD4(+) peripheral T cells by using a novel mouse model and demonstrate that Nef inhibits antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and multiple functions required for immune response in vivo, which includes T-cell helper activity for the primary and memory B-cell response. However, Nef does not completely abrogate T-cell activity, as defined by low levels of cytokine production, which may afford the virus a replicative advantage. These results support a model, in which Nef expression does not cause T-cell hyperresponse in immune reaction, but instead reduces the T-cell activity, that may contribute to a low level of virus spread without viral cytopathic effects.
Comparison of Electrochemical Behavior of LiCoO[sub 2] Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel and Sputtering Processes (2005)

The effects of crystal orientation and the presence of impurity phase on Li-ion insertion and extraction processes and oxidation behavior of propylene carbonate (PC) containing were investigated by using thin films prepared by the sol-gel process and rf sputtering with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance measurement, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Three kinds of thin film electrodes were prepared by rf sputtering and sol-gel processes. These electrodes contained different amounts of cubic phase as an impurity phase and had different crystal orientations depending on the preparation conditions. These properties greatly influenced the electrochemical behaviors and adsorption phenomena of oxidation products derived from PC. The organic surface film on thin film was analyzed with XPS. This surface film formation also depended on the crystal orientation and amount of impurity involved in the thin films. When the (003) plane of the is more perpendicular to substrate and the thin film does not contain impurity, the best electrochemical performance can be attained.
Innate Immunity, Autotoxicity and Degenerative Neurologies (2001)

The lesions of established Alzheimer's disease are characterized by the presence of a broad spectrum of inflammatory molecules. They include complement proteins and their regulators, inflammatory cytokines, acute-phase reactants, and numerous proteases and protease inhibitors. Neurons, astrocytes and microglia participate in their production. Several of these inflammatory products are known to be toxic to neurons, providing a rational basis for the hypothesis that neuroinflammation is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Integrated Optical Switch Controlled with a MEMS Rotational Electrostatic Actuator (2017)

We demonstrate the first optical switch based on a rotating microelectromechanical device integrated with silicon nitride waveguides. This prototype has less than 15 dB of total insertion loss and requires actuation voltages below 120 V.
Improved Algorithms for Misspecified Linear Markov Decision Processes (2021)

For the misspecified linear Markov decision process (MLMDP) model of Jin et al. [2020], we propose an algorithm with three desirable properties. (P1) Its regret after $K$ episodes scales as $K \max \{ \varepsilon_{\text{mis}}, \varepsilon_{\text{tol}} \}$, where $\varepsilon_{\text{mis}}$ is the degree of misspecification and $\varepsilon_{\text{tol}}$ is a user-specified error tolerance. (P2) Its space and per-episode time complexities remain bounded as $K \rightarrow \infty$. (P3) It does not require $\varepsilon_{\text{mis}}$ as input. To our knowledge, this is the first algorithm satisfying all three properties. For concrete choices of $\varepsilon_{\text{tol}}$, we also improve existing regret bounds (up to log factors) while achieving either (P2) or (P3) (existing algorithms satisfy neither). At a high level, our algorithm generalizes (to MLMDPs) and refines the Sup-Lin-UCB algorithm, which Takemura et al. [2021] recently showed satisfies (P3) for contextual bandits. We also provide an intuitive interpretation of their result, which informs the design of our algorithm.
Microstructural differences between the catalyst and the standard V5+ phases of VPO (2003)

Vanadium phosphorus oxides, (VPO) are commercially used as catalysts for the synthesis of maleic anhydride, (MA) from the partial oxidation of n-butane. The phase constitution and the morphology of the catalyst are found to be dependent on the preparation routes and the applied solvent. The final catalyst consists of the main V phase, (VO)2P2O7 and a mixture of pentavalent phases: αI-VOPO4, αII-VOPO4, γ-VOPO4 [1]. These phases are crucial for the conversion and selectivity rate of the final catalyst. It is believed that only a specific combination of Vand V phase leads to the high catalytic performance [2]. In this work we present a comprehensive characterisation of the standard V phases: αI-VOPO4, αII-VOPO4, β-VOPO4 and γ-VOPO4 and the real VPO catalyst.
Ion conducting fluoropolymer carbonates for alkali metal ion batteries (2023)

Liquid or solid electrolyte compositions are described that comprise a homogeneous solvent system and an alkali metal salt dissolved in said solvent system. The solvent system may comprise a fluoropolymer, having one or two terminal carbonate groups covalently coupled thereto. Batteries containing such electrolyte compositions are also described.
ChemInform Abstract: ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC GIBBERELLIN AL5 AND (+‐)‐GIBBERELLIN A15‐ISOLACTONE (1974)

Abstract Die wachstumfördemde Wirksamkeit von synthetischem (D‐Gibberellin A15 (I) und (′D‐Gibberellin A15‐isolacton (II) wurde im Vergleich zu natürlichem und dem aus Enmein (III) synthetisierten Gibberellin A15 untersucht (Reissämlinge, Cucumis sativus).
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe Doped CeO<SUB>2</SUB> Nanoparticles for Pigmented Ultraviolet Filter Applications (2011)

Iron doped CeO2 nanoparticles with doping concentrations between 0 and 30 mol% were synthesized by the co-precipitation method for potential application as a pigmented ultraviolet filtration material. Each sample was calcined in air and in argon. The iron solubility limit in the CeO2 lattice was found to be between 10 and 20 mol%. Raman spectroscopy results revealed that both iron doping and argon calcination increase the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 lattice. Iron doping causes a blue-shift of the absorbance spectrum, which can be linked to the decreased crystallite size, as obtained by XRD peak broadening using the Scherrer formula. The undoped samples showed weak ferromagnetic behaviour whereas the doped samples were all paramagnetic.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Intrinsic Breast Tumor Subtypes, Race, and Long-Term Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (2023)

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