gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistics of retinal image blur during natural viewing (2015)

Blur is determined by the geometry of the viewed scene, where in the scene the eye is focused, and the size of the pupil. Blur can provide useful information for discriminating distances (Held et al., 2012) and the scale of a scene (Held et al., 2010; Vishwanath & Blaser, 2010). But to make appropriate inferences about scene properties, the visual system needs statistical information about the relationship between blur, scenes, and fixations. We used a mobile eye-tracking and scene-tracking device to investigate this relationship during natural viewing. The device measured fixations and 3D scene layout while participants engaged in everyday activities. We reconstructed the distances to points in each scene from the eye and calculated the point-spread function for all positions in the central 20° of the visual field. The pattern of blur varies from one task to another, but is remarkably consistent between participants. A weighted combination of the patterns across tasks reveals the natural distribution of blur for each position in the visual field. There is a significant vertical gradient of blur, while the horizontal gradient much smaller. The magnitude of likely blurs in different field positions is reasonably consistent with the variation in blur discrimination capability across the visual field. These data reveal the prior distribution of blur as a function of field position and can be used in probabilistic models that infer depth from blur. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
Differential disruption of cell cycle pathways in small cell and non-small cell lung cancer (2006)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising the two major cell types. Although these cell types can be distinguished readily at the histological level, knowledge of their underlying molecular differences is very limited. In this study, we compared 14 SCLC cell lines against 27 NSCLC cell lines using an integrated array comparative genomic hybridisation and gene expression profiling approach to identify subtype-specific disruptions. Using stringent criteria, we have identified 159 of the genes that are responsible for the different biology of these cell types. Sorting of these genes by their biological functions revealed the differential disruption of key components involved in cell cycle pathways. Our novel comparative combined genome and transcriptome analysis not only identified differentially altered genes, but also revealed that certain shared pathways are preferentially disrupted at different steps in these cell types. Small cell lung cancer exhibited increased expression of MRP5, activation of Wnt pathway inhibitors, and upregulation of p38 MAPK activating genes, while NSCLC showed downregulation of CDKN2A, and upregulation of MAPK9 and EGFR. This information suggests that cell cycle upregulation in SCLC and NSCLC occurs through drastically different mechanisms, highlighting the need for differential molecular target selection in the treatment of these cancers.
Low-loss SOI waveguides at Mid-IR wavelengths (4800 nm) using the second-order TE mode (2016)

A SOI pedestal waveguide can greatly reduce the material absorption induced loss at the Mid-IR wavelengths range. We propose using the second-order TE mode to reduce the propagation loss of the waveguide by >7 times compared to the fundamental TE mode.
A Multimodal Vocabulary for Augmentative and Alternative Communication from Sound/Image Label Datasets (2010)

Existing Augmentative and Alternative Communication vocabularies assign multimodal stimuli to words with multiple meanings. The ambiguity hampers the vocabulary effectiveness when used by people with language disabilities. For example, the noun “a missing letter ” may refer to a character or a written message, and each corresponds to a different picture. A vocabulary with images and sounds unambiguously linked to words can better eliminate misunderstanding and assist communication for people with language disorders. We explore a new approach of creating such a vocabulary via automatically assigning semantically unambiguous groups of synonyms to sound and image labels. We propose an unsupervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) voting algorithm, which combines different semantic relatedness measures. Our voting algorithm achieved over 80 % accuracy with a sound label dataset, which significantly outperforms WSD with individual measures. We also explore the use of human judgments of evocation between members of concept pairs, in the label disambiguation task. Results show that evocation achieves similar performance to most of the existing relatedness measures. 1
Breast cancer HER-2 amplicon-associated targets for immunotherapy identified by gene array analysis (2007)

21174 Background: Gene array technology was used to investigate Trastuzumab (T) induced molecular expression patterns in HER/2 amplified breast cancer cell lines. A variety of over-expressed and aberrantly expressed proteins were identified. Further analysis of these data demonstrated potential candidate target proteins for T-cell immunotherapy. The advantages of utilizing gene array analysis to identify target proteins for immunotherapy include rapid data generation and analysis, statistical confidence and reproducibility. Methods: BT 474 and SK-BR3 breast cancer cell lines contain the HER/2 amplicon. Under growth conditions demonstrating inhibitory effects of T (0.25–50 micrograms/ml), RNA extracts from treated and untreated cells were analyzed and compared by whole human genome, gene array analysis. Results: Three sperm associated proteins were found to be expressed in these breast cancer cell lines. In comparison to the HER/2 expression, sperm associated antigen-1 (saa-1) was found to be expressed at very high levels, approximately 30–40% the level of HER/2. Furthermore, treatment of breast cancer cell lines with T did not reduce the level of saa-1 expression. Two other aberrantly expressed genes were also identified, sperm associated antigen 8 (saa-8) and sperm associated antigen-14 (saa-14). Unlike saa-1, both saa-8 and saa-14 expression were down regulated by T treatments. Conclusions: Breast cancer patients with HER/2 over expressing tumors have a poorer prognosis. T treatment is an important part of the clinical management of these patients especially early in their course. The immunotherapy targets described here may further improve outcomes of T treatments and for T resistant disease when utilized as vaccines. These proteins are components of sperm acrosomes and whether they play a role in invasion and metastases is under investigation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Immunogenicity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Outer Membrane Vesicles and Protective Ability in the Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media (2017)

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria are enriched in several outer membrane components, including major and minor outer membrane proteins and lipooligosaccharide. We assessed the functional activity of nontypeable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (NTHi) OMV-specific antisera and the protective ability of NTHi OMVs as vaccine antigens in the chinchilla otitis media model. OMVs were purified from three HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains, two of which were also engineered to overexpress Hia proteins. OMV-specific antisera raised in guinea pigs were assessed for their ability to mediate killing of representative NTHi in an opsonophagocytic assay. The three OMV-specific antisera mediated killing of 18 of 65, 24 of 65, and 30 of 65 unrelated HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains. Overall, they mediated killing of 39 of 65 HMW1/HMW2-expressing strains. The two Hia-expressing OMV-specific antisera mediated killing of 17 of 25 and 14 of 25 unrelated Hia-expressing NTHi strains. Overall, they mediated killing of 20 of 25 Hia-expressing strains. OMVs from prototype NTHi strain 12 were used to immunize chinchillas and the course of middle ear infection was monitored following intrabullar challenge with the homologous strain. All control animals developed culture-positive otitis media, as did two of three HMW1/HMW2-immunized animals. All OMV-immunized animals, with or without supplemental HMW1/HMW2 immunization, were completely protected against otitis media. NTHi OMVs are the first immunogens examined in this model that provided complete protection with sterile immunity after NTHi strain 12 challenge. These data suggest that NTHi OMVs hold significant potential as components of protective NTHi vaccines, possibly in combination with HMW1/HMW2 proteins.
Dominant cell wall proteins of Mycobacterium leprae recognized by monoclonal antibodies. (1987)

A cell wall fraction of Mycobacterium leprae has enhanced potency in activating immune T cells. By using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), the dominant immunogen in this preparation was shown to be a complex of proteins of apparent molecular weight (Mr) 65 to 50 kD with a major antigen of 65 kD. Antigen capture assays supported the results of immunoblots and ELISA that this protein was concentrated in the cell wall. By varying the MoAb used as capture or tracer antibody, one of the three MoAb-defined epitopes on the 65 kD protein proved to be unique to M. leprae while the other two were shared by M. bovis (BCG) and M. tuberculosis. The cross-reactive epitope defined by MoAb L22 was present on a protein of Mr 12 kD as well as the 65 kD protein. The 12 kD protein was strongly radiolabelled with 125I and was immunoprecipitated by L22 but not by two other MoAb, L12 or L14. By contrast the higher molecular weight forms were only weakly precipitated by the three MoAb. Competitive inhibition assays with lepromatous leprosy sera demonstrated that the MoAb-defined epitopes were recognized by human B cells. The proteins bearing one of the cross-reactive determinants was purified from M. bovis (BCG) sonicate by affinity chromatography with MoAb L22 coupled to Sepharose 4B. This antigen fraction stimulated proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BCG vaccinated, mantoux positive individuals indicating that the cell wall protein has cellular as well as humoral reactivity. The three MoAb defined epitopes are encoded by the DNA clone Y3178 recently isolated from M. leprae.
Molecular Study of Interactions between Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stromal Cells (2002)

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are progenitors of all types of hematopoietic cells, and the efficient isolation and propagation of HSCs will significantly enhance our ability to manage many human disorders with bone marrow transplantation, stem cell transplantation and gene therapy. We employed "Signal Sequence Trap (SST)" method with yeast invertase to clone proteins on the surface of or secreted by stromal cells that enhance or inhibit the propagation of HSC’s in culture. AFT024, a mouse fetal liver stromal cell line that maintains stem cell activity in long-term culture, was subjected to SST analysis. We identified more than 60 signal sequences or transmembrane domain containing genes expressed by AFT024 cells. We compared their expression levels between AFT024 cells and BFC012 cells, a mouse fetal liver stromal cell line that was developed in the same way as for AFT024 cells but could not support HSC in long-term culture. Pleiotrophin, T16, Sca-1, deltalike and cytokine receptor like-1(CLF-1) are expressed significantly higher in AFT024 cells than in BFC012 cells. We recently employed Affymatrix genechip technology to study the interaction of HSCs and their microenvironment. In genechip experiments, Sca-1, deltalike, pleiotrophin and CLF-1 are among the most differentially expressed genes between AFT024 and BFC012 cells, while T16 was not represented on the chip. In addition, osteopontin, pigment epithelium-derived factor, proliferins, activin subunit, CXC chemokines GRO1 and LIX are more abundant in AFT024 cells than in BFC012 cells. Genechip technology was also applied to bone marrow stromal cell lines, including MS5, S17 and OP9 cells. Two murine multipotent hematopoietic cell lines, FDCP.mix and EML cells, were also analyzed. Data from these experiments are presented.
A Microvalve Module with High Chemical Inertness and Embedded Flow Heating for Microscale Gas Chromatography (2021)

This paper reports a multi-valve module with high chemical inertness and embedded flow heating for microscale gas chromatography (µGC) systems. The multi-valve module incorporates a monolithically microfabricated die stack, polyimide valve membranes, and solenoid actuators. The design incorporates three valves within a single module of volume 30.2 cm<sup>3</sup>, which is suitable for the small form factor of µGC systems. The die stack uses fused silica wafers and polyimide valve membranes that enhance chemical inertness. The monolithic die stack requires only three lithographic masks to pattern fluidic microchannels, valve seats, and thin-film metal heaters and thermistors. The performance of fabricated multi-valve modules is compared to a commercial valve in tests using multiple volatile organic compounds, including alkanes, alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phosphonates. The valves show almost no distortion of chromatographic peaks. The experimentally measured ratio of flow conductance is 3.46 × 10<sup>3</sup>, with 4.15 sccm/kPa in the open state and 0.0012 sccm/kPa in the closed state. The response time is <120 ms.
Architecture and implementation of Vulcan (2002)

IBM's recently announced Scalable POWERparallel family of systems is based upon the Vulcan architecture, and the currently available 9076 SP1 parallel system utilizes fundamental Vulcan technology. The experimental Vulcan parallel processor is designed to scale to many thousands of microprocessor-based nodes. To support a machine of this size, the nodes and network incorporate a number of unusual features to scale aggregate bandwidth, enhance reliability, diagnose faults, and simplify cabling. The multistage Vulcan network is a unified data and service network driven by a single oscillator. An attempt is made to detect all network errors via cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) and component shadowing. Switching elements contain a dynamically allocated shared buffer for storing blocked packet flits from any input port. This paper describes the key elements of Vulcan's hardware architecture and implementation details of the Vulcan prototype. >
FPU Implementations with Denormalized Numbers (2005)

Denormalized numbers are the most difficult type of numbers to implement in floating-point units. They are so complex that certain designs have elected to handle them in software rather than in hardware. Traps to software can result in long execution times, which renders denormalized numbers useless to programmers. This does not have to happen. With a small amount of additional hardware, denormalized numbers and underflows can be handled close to the speed of normalized numbers. This paper summarizes the little known techniques for handling denormalized numbers. Most of the techniques described here only appear in filed or pending patent applications.
Corrigendum to Cao W, Shi M, Wu L, et al. “A renal-cerebral-peripheral sympathetic reflex mediates insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease” EBioMedicine. 2018 Nov;37:281–293 (2022)

In the above-stated article, the authors inadvertently placed a duplicated image of angiotensin II staining in SFO for the 5/6Nx+HS Epi RTX group in Fig. 4a. This unfortunate mistake was made during the final assembly of the images from different groups. Fig. 4a now contains the correct angiotensin II staining image. This correction does not change the description, interpretation, or conclusion of the manuscript. A renal-cerebral-peripheral sympathetic reflex mediates insulin resistance in chronic kidney diseaseCKD engages a renal/adipose-cerebral-peripheral sympathetic reflex that activates the RAS/ROS axes to promote IR via local inflammation and impaired Glut4 trafficking that are enhanced by high-salt intake. The findings point to a role for blockade of RAS or α-and-β-adrenergic receptors to reduce IR in patients with CKD. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Exploring the angiographic-biologic phenotype in the IMAGINE study: quantitative UWFA and cytokine expression (2021)

Baseline and longitudinal quantitative UWFA imaging parameters correlated with multiple aqueous humour cytokine concentrations, including VEGF and IL-6. Further research is needed to assess the possible implications of using these findings for evaluating treatment response.
Application of a highly sensitive portable ammonia sensor for explore odor sources in public restrooms (2018)

においに関して鉄道利用者からの意見が多い，公共トイレの一つである駅トイレでは，鉄道事業者が様々な評価や対策を行っている。筆者らは，手軽に使える検知管法によって，代表的な臭気成分の一つであるアンモニアを指標に，臭気発生源の探索を行ってきた。しかし，検知管の検出可能な濃度がアンモニアの検知閾値（0.1ppm）に対して高いため，不快臭を感じるトイレでも測定結果が不検出となることが多かった。このため，臭気発生源の発見に繋がらない場合もあった。そこで，現場での臭気源の探索のためには，より濃度の低いアンモニアの検出法が必要とされてきた。このような状況に対応するため，筆者らは，既に開発した，より検出感度が高いアンモニアガスセンサ素子を用いた可搬型のシステムを試作し，それを用いて，臭気の強さが異なる3つの駅トイレにおいて実証試験を行った。その結果，より低濃度のアンモニアを検出することができること，約5分で臭気源の位置を推定することができることを確認した。
Seasonal influenza activity in Hong Kong and its association with meteorological variations (2009)

Influenza seasons appear consistently in the temperate regions, but are more variable in tropical/subtropical regions. The determinant for such variation remains poorly understood. This study documented the activity of influenza over a 10-year period in Hong Kong; examining its association with changes in temperature and relative humidity. The two types of influenza exhibited different correlations with meteorological variations. Influenza A showed two seasonal peaks occurring respectively in winter/spring and summer months in most years. Influenza B showed a clear winter/spring peak, but its activity during summer months was more variable. Cold and humid conditions were associated with a higher activity of both influenza A and B. In contrast, hot and humid conditions were associated with a higher activity of influenza A, but were associated with only a moderate, less consistent increase in the activity of influenza B. A trend of increase in the magnitude of summer peaks of influenza A, but not influenza B, was observed. A hypothetical 2 degrees C rise in temperature would decrease the proportion of favorable days for influenza A in December-April from 78% to 57%, but an increase from 58% to 71% in May-November; with a similar effect (from 83% to 62%) for influenza B during December-April, but a modest change (from 17% to 18%) during May-November. The presence of two seasonal peaks of influenza annually emphasizes the need to evaluate the duration of protective immunity offered by vaccination. Further study on the effects of climate change and global warming on the activity of influenza is warranted.
Protection of neonatal kittens against feline immunodeficiency virus infection with passive maternal antiviral antibodies (1995)

Objective: Maternal antibodies from either vaccinated or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected female cats (queens) were evaluated for their ability to protect kittens against homologous FIV infection. Design: Kittens that received different levels of maternal antiviral antibodies from either vaccinated or infected queens were inoculated with homologous FIV at 1 week post-parturition and monitored for FIV infection. Maternal antiviral antibodies in the kittens were also measured and compared to the level of FIV infection. Methods: Kittens at 1 week post-parturition were inoculated intraperitoneally with five median cat infectious doses of FIVPet. FIV infection was monitored by virus isolation for infectious FIV and by nested polymerase chain reaction for proviral DNA. Virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies and antibodies to FIV transmembrane peptide and core protein were also monitored throughout the 25 weeks. Results: Neonatal kittens that received high levels of antiviral antibodies from either vaccinated or infected queens were protected from FIV inoculation. Kittens that received low levels of maternal antiviral antibodies were not completely protected from similar FIV inoculation. Protection correlated more closely with the level of maternal VN antibodies than the anti-p25 antibodies transferred to the kittens. The unprotected kittens born to infected queens were not infected from vertical transmission because all littermates that were not FIV-inoculated remained free of FIV infection. Conclusions: Maternal antiviral antibodies, including VN antibodies, from either vaccinated or infected queens protected neonatal kittens from FIV inoculation. Thus, maternal antiviral antibodies play a key role in preventing or limiting infection in neonates and such antiviral immunity can be provided by vaccinated queens.
Reactions of N-aryl nitrogen oxides. 2. Reaction of N-aryl nitrones with oxalyl chloride (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of N-aryl nitrogen oxides. 2. Reaction of N-aryl nitrones with oxalyl chlorideDennis Liotta, A. D. Baker, Norman L. Goldman, and Robert EngelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 13, 1975–1976Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00927a052https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00927a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
4-Arylazo-3,5-diamino-1H-pyrazole CDK Inhibitors:  SAR Study, Crystal Structure in Complex with CDK2, Selectivity, and Cellular Effects (2006)

In a routine screening of our small-molecule compound collection we recently identified 4-arylazo-3,5-diamino-1H-pyrazoles as a novel group of ATP antagonists with moderate potency against CDK2-cyclin E. A preliminary SAR study based on 35 analogues suggests ways in which the pharmacophore could be further optimized, for example, via substitutions in the 4-aryl ring. Enzyme kinetics studies with the lead compound and X-ray crystallography of an inhibitor-CDK2 complex demonstrated that its mode of inhibition is competitive. Functional kinase assays confirmed the selectivity toward CDKs, with a preference for CDK9-cyclin T1. The most potent inhibitor, 4-[(3,5-diamino-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl]phenol 31b (CAN508), reduced the frequency of S-phase cells of the cancer cell line HT-29 in antiproliferation assays. Further observed cellular effects included decreased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, inhibition of mRNA synthesis, and induction of the tumor suppressor protein p53, all of which are consistent with inhibition of CDK9.
A 200MS/s 14b 97mW DAC in 0.18μm CMOS (2004)

A fully analog loop calibrates 32 MSB floating current sources in the background to achieve 14b accuracy. Operating at 200MS/s, the 97mW DAC achieves maximum SFDR of 85dB in NRZ mode, 76dB in RZ mode, and maintains -160dBm/Hz noise spectral density. Implemented in 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS, the core area is less than 1mm/sup 2/.