gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of a Novel Sensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2013)

The core element of a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system is the glucose sensor, which should enable reliable CGM readings in the interstitial fluid in subcutaneous tissue for a period of several days. The aim of this article is to describe the layout and constituents of a novel glucose sensor and the rationale behind the measures that were used to optimize its performance. In order to achieve a stable glucose sensor signal, special attention was paid to the sensor materials and architecture, i.e., biocompatible coating of the sensor, limitation of glucose flux into the working electrode, low oxidation potential by use of manganese dioxide, and a tissue-averaging sensor design. A series of in vitro and in vivo evaluations showed that the sensor enables stable and accurate glucose sensing in the subcutaneous tissue for up to 7 days. Parallel measurements with four sensors in a single patient showed a close agreement between these sensors. In summary, this high-performance needle-type glucose sensor is well suited for CGM in patients with diabetes.
Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells as a biomarker for cerebral microvascular pathology in cognitively normal older adults (2020)

Abstract Background Cerebral microvascular pathologies—including white matter lesions, microbleeds and lacunes—are associated with increased risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Despite the role of cerebral microvascular pathological changes in cognitive decline, such changes often remain asymptomatic until pathology progresses to severe stages, and early‐stage markers of cerebrovascular changes are lacking. Elevated levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have previously been observed in response to vascular injury and may represent a protective vascular mechanism. However, few previous studies have examined levels of circulating EPCs in older adults with signs of cerebral microvascular pathology. Method Independently living older adults (ages 55‐90) free of dementia or clinical stroke were recruited from the community and underwent venipuncture and brain MRI. Mononuclear cells were isolated and stained for EPC surface markers CD34, CD133 and CD309. Circulating EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry as the number of cells in the lymphocyte gate positively expressing all three markers (CD34+CD133+CD309+). MRI changes thought to represent microvascular pathologies (white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds and lacunes) were evaluated and total microvascular disease load was determined using a previously validated score. Result Fifty‐three older adults (mean age = 69.3 years (SD = 7.5); education = 15.7 years (SD = 2.8); 19 (35.8%) male) were included in this preliminary analysis. Moderate/severe white matter hyperintensity burden was identified by Fazekas scale in 35.8% of participants, small lacunes were identified in 15.1% and microbleeds in 5.7%. Linear regression analyses revealed that older adults with more circulating EPCs exhibited greater total microvascular pathology load (p = .034), after accounting for age, sex and education. Conclusion Our preliminary findings suggest a role for circulating EPCs as an early‐stage biomarker for cerebral microvascular pathology in older adults free of dementia or stroke symptoms. Novel diagnostic approaches to recognize microvascular changes are needed to identify individuals at risk of dementia before the onset of irreversible cognitive impairment. Longitudinal studies examining the association between EPCs and dementia risk are warranted to further explore the utility of EPCs as a biomarker for cerebral microvascular disease.
Relationship between Oxidation Level and Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol (2013)

Brown carbon (BrC), which may include secondary organic aerosol (SOA), can be a significant climate-forcing agent via its optical absorption properties. However, the overall contribution of SOA to BrC remains poorly understood. Here, correlations between oxidation level and optical properties of SOA are examined. SOA was generated in a flow reactor in the absence of NOx by OH oxidation of gas-phase precursors used as surrogates for anthropogenic (naphthalene, tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane), biomass burning (guaiacol), and biogenic (α-pinene) emissions. SOA chemical composition was characterized with a time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. SOA mass-specific absorption cross sections (MAC) and refractive indices were calculated from real-time cavity ring-down photoacoustic spectrometry measurements at 405 and 532 nm and from UV-vis spectrometry measurements of methanol extracts of filter-collected particles (300 to 600 nm). At 405 nm, SOA MAC values and imaginary refractive indices increased with increasing oxidation level and decreased with increasing wavelength, leading to negligible absorption at 532 nm. Real refractive indices of SOA decreased with increasing oxidation level. Comparison with literature studies suggests that under typical polluted conditions the effect of NOx on SOA absorption is small. SOA may contribute significantly to atmospheric BrC, with the magnitude dependent on both precursor type and oxidation level.
Brain-Specific Knock-Out of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Reduces Rather Than Increases Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage (2005)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) plays an essential role in cellular and systemic O(2) homeostasis by regulating the expression of genes important in glycolysis, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, and catecholamine metabolism. It is also believed to be a key component of the cellular response to hypoxia and ischemia under pathophysiological conditions, such as stroke. To clarify the function of HIF-1alpha in the brain, we exposed adult mice with late-stage brain deletion of HIF-1alpha to hypoxic injuries. Contrary to expectations, the brains from the HIF-1alpha-deficient mice were protected from hypoxia-induced cell death. These surprising findings suggest that decreasing the level of HIF-1alpha can be neuroprotective. Gene chip expression analysis revealed that, contrary to expectations, the majority of hypoxia-dependent gene-expression changes were unaltered, whereas a specific downregulation of apoptotic genes was observed in the HIF-1alpha-deficient mice. Although the role of HIF-1alpha has been extensively characterized in vitro, in cancer models, and in chronic preconditioning paradigms, this is the first study to evaluate the role of HIF-1alpha in vivo in the brain in response to acute hypoxia/ischemia. Our data suggest, that in acute hypoxia, the neuroprotection found in the HIF-1alpha-deficient mice is mechanistically consistent with a predominant role of HIF-1alpha as proapoptotic and loss of function leads to neuroprotection. Furthermore, our data suggest that functional redundancy develops after excluding HIF-1alpha, leading to the preservation of gene expression regulating the majority of other previously characterized HIF-dependent genes.
CaSCADE: Compressed Carrier and DOA Estimation (2017)

Spectrum sensing and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation have both been thoroughly investigated. Estimating the support of a set of signals and their DOAs is crucial to many signal processing applications, such as cognitive radio (CR). A challenging scenario, faced by CRs, is that of multiband signals, composed of several narrowband transmissions spread over a wide spectrum each with unknown carrier frequency and DOA. The Nyquist rate of such signals is high and constitutes a bottleneck for both analog and digital processing. To alleviate the sampling rate issue, several sub-Nyquist sampling methods, such as multicoset or the modulated wideband converter (MWC), have been proposed in the context of spectrum sensing. In this paper, we first suggest an alternative sub-Nyquist sampling and signal reconstruction method to the MWC, based on a uniform linear array (ULA). We then extend our approach to joint spectrum sensing and DOA estimation and propose the CompreSsed CArrier and DOA Estimation (CaSCADE) system, composed of an L-shaped array with two ULAs. In both cases, we derive conditions for perfect recovery of the signal parameters and the signal itself and provide two reconstruction algorithms. The first is based on the ESPRIT method and the second on compressed sensing techniques. Both our joint carriers and DOA recovery algorithms overcome the well-known pairing issue between the two parameters. Simulations demonstrate joint carrier and DOA recovery from CaSCADE sub-Nyquist samples. In addition, we show that our alternative spectrum sensing system outperforms the MWC in terms of recovery error and design complexity.
Performance and Reliability of Westinghouse's Air Electrode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell at Atmospheric and Elevated Pressures (1996)

The state-of-the-art solid oxide fuel cell called the alr electrode supPorted-solid oxide fhel cell(AES-SOFC)deveioped by Westinghousehas shown substantially improved perfomance and reliability over the previous zirconia porous support tube(PST)designThis latest generation of cells has demonstrated the abiiity to themally cycle over100times without any perfonnance lossThe AES-SOFC has also demonstrated the abUity to operate in cell bundles(3x6)under generator conditions fbr over6300hours without any perfoance degradationThe number of Electrochemical Vapor Deposition(EVD)steps used in the manufacturlng ofAES-SOFCs has been reduced fom three to two in productionand fom three to one in the laboratory resulting in signiflcant manufacting cost reductionsThe focus ofthis paper is to describetheperfoanceandreliabiityofthislatestgenerationofcellsunderavarietyofgenerator operatingconditions l INTRODUCTlON Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs)are one of the most promising means for direct conversion of chemical to electrical energy and with thelr high electrica efficiency and high temperature waste heatare ideally suited for cogeneration or gassteam combined cycle applications SOFC power systemswith their modularity ani low emissionsare suitable over a broadrange ofapplicationsom onsite(500kWe)to distributed power(50MWe)to central power applicationsThe Westinghouse cylindrical SOFC has mdergonemuchdevelopmentintherecentyears resulting in increased power output improved reliabilityhigh efficiencyand extremely low levels of perfoance degradation placing them on the verge of commercialization This paper will describe these enhancements and detail how they place air electrode
Analyzing the Impact of Decarbonizing Residential Heating on the Electric Distribution Grid (2023)

Heating buildings using fossil fuels such as natural gas, propane and oil makes up a significant proportion of the aggregate carbon emissions every year. Because of this, there is a strong interest in decarbonizing residential heating systems using new technologies such as electric heat pumps. In this paper, we conduct a data-driven optimization study to analyze the potential of replacing gas heating with electric heat pumps to reduce CO 2 emission in a city-wide distribution grid. We conduct an in-depth analysis of gas consumption in the city and the resulting carbon emissions. We then present a flexible multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework that optimizes carbon emission reduction while also maximizing other aspects of the energy transition such as carbon-efficiency, and minimizing energy inefficiency in buildings. Our results show that replacing gas with electric heat pumps has the potential to cut carbon emissions by up to 81%. We also show that optimizing for other aspects such as carbon-efficiency and energy inefficiency introduces tradeoffs with carbon emission reduction that must be considered during transition. Finally, we present a detailed analysis of the implication of proposed transition strategies on the household energy consumption and utility bills, electric grid upgrades, and decarbonization policies. We compute the additional energy demand from electric heat pumps at the household as well as the transformer level and discuss how our results can inform decarbonization policies at city scale.
Design of a Plate Type Multi-DOF Ultrasonic Motor and Its Self-Oscillation Driving Circuit (2004)

Multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) actuators have become more useful in the field of robotics, as a result of the increasing number of DOFs of systems. The general features of ultrasonic motors are suitable for constructing a direct-drive multi-DOF actuator. However, previously developed ultrasonic motors do not have advantages in volume and weight in contrast to multi-DOF motion units composed of plural electromagnetic motors. In the present study, authors developed a novel multi-DOF ultrasonic motor with a compact plate stator and spherical rotor. First, a new driving principle of the motor is proposed. Next, the stator geometry is designed in detail using the finite element method, and a prototype of the multi-DOF ultrasonic motor is produced. Then, vibration characteristics of the stator and driving characteristics of the motor have been measured, respectively. The results confirm that the motor successfully provides the desired multi-DOF motion of the rotor around orthogonal axes driven by a single plate stator. Finally, a novel self-oscillation driving circuit for the motor is proposed and driving tests using the circuit are conducted.
Particle-like wave packets in complex scattering systems (2016)

Waves propagating in complex media typically undergo diffraction and multiple scattering at all the inhomogeneities they encounter. As a consequence, a wave packet suffers from strong temporal and spatial dispersion while propagating through a scattering medium. This wave scattering is often seen as a nightmare in wave physics whether it be for focusing, imaging, or communication purposes. Controlling wave propagation through complex systems is thus of fundamental interest in many areas, ranging from optics or acoustics to medical imaging or telecommunications. Here, we study the propagation of elastic waves in a cavity and a disordered waveguide by means of laser interferometry. We demonstrate how the direct experimental access to the information stored in the scattering matrix of these systems allows us to selectively excite stationary scattering states and wave packets that follow particle-like bouncing patterns in transmission through (or in reflection from) a complex scattering landscape. Due to their limited dispersion, these particle-like scattering states will be crucially relevant for all applications involving selective wave focusing and efficient information transfer through complex media.
Logical-operator tradeoff for local quantum codes (2012)

We study the structure of logical operators in local $D$-dimensional quantum codes, considering both subsystem codes with geometrically local gauge generators and codes defined by geometrically local commuting projectors. We show that if the code distance is $d$, then any logical operator can be supported on a set of specified geometry containing $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{d}$ qubits, where $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{d}{d}^{1/(D\ensuremath{-}1)}=O(n)$ and $n$ is the code length. Our results place limitations on partially self-correcting quantum memories, in which at least some logical operators are protected by energy barriers that grow with system size. We also show that for any two-dimensional local commuting projector code there is a nontrivial logical ``string'' operator supported on a narrow strip, where the operator is only slightly entangling across any cut through the strip.
A Non-adjuvanted Transcutaneous Tetanus Patch Is Effective In Boosting Anti-Tetanus Toxoid (2013)

74 words) 10 Dry tetanus toxoid (TTx) patches were formulated without any adjuvant, with excipients to impart 11 antigen stabilization and to enhance skin delivery. The booster effects of the TTx patches were assessed 12 in a guinea pig model. The study revealed significant rises in TTx IgG titers by the TTx patches after a 13 low-dose s.c. prime with TTx adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide. The TTx patch can therefore be 14 considered as an effective alternative to a subcutaneous booster. 15
Allergy testing: the role of recombinant allergens (2006)

Currently, diagnosis of type I allergy is performed using crude allergen extracts, which allow the identification of the allergen-containing source responsible for type I allergic symptoms (e.g., allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, asthma) but not the disease-eliciting molecules. With the introduction of recombinant allergens produced by molecular biology techniques, a large panel of allergenic molecules has become available. The application of these recombinant allergens for in vitro tests has led to new forms of component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and allows the establishment of a patient's individual reactivity profile. The increasing number of recombinant allergens characterized during the last decade has allowed the development of chip-based allergy tests for simultaneous detection of up to 5000 different allergens and epitopes. The introduction of these recombinant allergen-based tests into clinical practice improves the selection of patients for traditional specific immunotherapy and allows monitoring of the immunological efficacy of specific immunotherapy by measuring allergen-specific IgG antibodies. Besides their diagnostic application, recombinant allergens and hypoallergenic derivatives thereof have also been used as vaccines in clinical trials, and recent results have shown their usefulness for the treatment of type I allergy.
Memristive devices as parameter setting elements in programmable gain amplifiers (2012)

In this paper, we investigate the AC performance of a variable gain amplifier that utilizes an in-house manufactured memristor as a gain setting element. Analysis includes frequency and phase responses as the memristor is programmed at different resistive states. A TiO2-based solid-state memristor was employed in the feedback branch of an inverting voltage amplifier and was programmed externally. We have also observed indications of memcapacitive effects and a correlation with resistive states is presented. We demonstrate that our TiO2 memristive devices, although possessing relatively low ROFF/RON switching ratios (∼10), are versatile and can be used reliably in programmable gain amplifiers.
Irreversible Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Lectin Engagement with Two Glycan Clusters on the Spike Protein (2023)

Host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2, similar to that by HIV-1, is driven by a conformationally metastable and highly glycosylated surface entry protein complex, and infection by these viruses has been shown to be inhibited by the mannose-specific lectins Cyanovirin-N (CV-N) and Griffithsin (GRFT). We discovered in this study that CV-N and His6-tagged GRFT not only inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection but also lead to irreversibly inactivated pseudovirus particles. The irreversibility effect was revealed by the observation that pseudoviruses first treated with either CV-N or GRFT and then washed to remove all soluble lectin did not recover infectivity. Infection inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus mutants with single-site glycan mutations in Spike suggested that two glycan clusters in S1 are important for both CV-N and GRFT inhibition, one cluster associated with the RBD (receptor binding domain) and the second with the S1/S2 cleavage site. We observed lectin antiviral effects with several SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus variants, including the recently emerged omicron, as well as a fully infectious coronavirus, therein reflecting the breadth of lectin antiviral function and the potential for pan-coronavirus inactivation. Mechanistically, observations made in this work indicate that multivalent lectin interaction with S1 glycans is likely a driver of the lectin infection inhibition and irreversible inactivation effect and suggest the possibility that lectin inactivation is caused by an irreversible conformational effect on Spike. Overall, lectins' irreversible inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, taken with their breadth of function, reflects the therapeutic potential of multivalent lectins targeting the vulnerable metastable Spike before host cell encounter.
Cooperative Spectrum Sharing on SWIPT-Based DF Relay: An Energy-Aware Retransmission Approach (2019)

In this paper, cooperative cognitive radio networks are considered, in which a primary user (PU) and an off-the-grid secondary user (SU) co-exist by exploiting simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. Based on a two-phase relaying model, adaptive power splitting is performed at the SU for information decoding while collecting the energy remaining in the first phase. The energy harvested is then used to forward the decoded primary signal, with the secondary signal superimposed in the second phase. To enhance the utilization of both the spectrum and energy, an energy-aware retransmission approach is proposed for enabling successful decoding at the SU while collecting a reasonable amount of energy for relaying. The outage probability and throughput are theoretically analyzed for both the PU and the SU. To provide more analytical insights, tight performance upper and lower bounds are obtained in closed forms. Our results demonstrate that a mutually beneficial relationship can be built between the PU and the SU under proper parameter configurations. Furthermore, a performance tradeoff with respect to the number of retransmissions is demonstrated, where additional performance gains can be achieved by the proposed retransmission approach under unfavorable conditions of high rate, low power, and weak channels.
Choroidal Thickness Profiles and Associated Factors in Myopic Children (2023)

Choroidal thickness was thinnest in the nasal macular region and varied systematically across all macular locations, with axial length and spherical equivalent refraction being the strongest determinants of ChT. Longitudinal evidence will need to evaluate whether any differences in ChT profiles are predictive of myopic progression and to determine the role of ChT measurements in identifying myopic children most in need of myopia control treatment.
Fluctuations in basal levels and effects of altered nutrition on plasma somatostatin (1982)

Rapid oscillations in basal plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and glucose in rhesus monkeys have been reported previously. We now report large minute-to-minute fluctuations in plasma somatostatinlike immunoreactivity (SLI) in undisturbed, chair-adapted, and chronically cannulated male rhesus monkeys. Plasma samples were drawn from eight monkeys at 1- to 2-min intervals for 30-40 min following an overnight fast. Large fluctuations in SLI levels with periods of 4.4-9.4 min/cycle and possibly secondary periods of 14-18 min/cycle with average amplitudes of +/- 23% relative to the respective mean SLI levels were observed both within a single experiment and across monkeys under basal conditions. No consistent relationship was found between SLI fluctuations and that of insulin or glucagon. When portal and central blood samples were drawn precisely simultaneously no consistent portal-central gradient was found. Patterns of fluctuations in central and portal SLI levels were not correlated. Overfeeding significantly increased insulin levels but did not alter SLI levels. After 5 days of food deprivation basal SLI levels were unchanged. These data indicate the need to exercise care in the interpretation of single samples in the measurement of plasma SLI levels. Somatostatin secreted into the blood under basal, unstimulated conditions appears to be unrelated to nutritional balance.