gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
L-glutamine Induces Expression of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Genes (2017)

The high environmental adaptability of bacteria is contingent upon their ability to sense changes in their surroundings. Bacterial pathogen entry into host poses an abrupt and dramatic environmental change, during which successful pathogens gauge multiple parameters that signal host localization. The facultative human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes flourishes in soil, water and food, and in ~50 different animals, and serves as a model for intracellular infection. L. monocytogenes identifies host entry by sensing both physical (e.g., temperature) and chemical (e.g., metabolite concentrations) factors. We report here that L-glutamine, an abundant nitrogen source in host serum and cells, serves as an environmental indicator and inducer of virulence gene expression. In contrast, ammonia, which is the most abundant nitrogen source in soil and water, fully supports growth, but fails to activate virulence gene transcription. We demonstrate that induction of virulence genes only occurs when the Listerial intracellular concentration of L-glutamine crosses a certain threshold, acting as an on/off switch: off when L-glutamine concentrations are below the threshold, and fully on when the threshold is crossed. To turn on the switch, L-glutamine must be present, and the L-glutamine high affinity ABC transporter, GlnPQ, must be active. Inactivation of GlnPQ led to complete arrest of L-glutamine uptake, reduced type I interferon response in infected macrophages, dramatic reduction in expression of virulence genes, and attenuated virulence in a mouse infection model. These results may explain observations made with other pathogens correlating nitrogen metabolism and virulence, and suggest that gauging of L-glutamine as a means of ascertaining host localization may be a general mechanism.
Superresolution by spatial-frequency aliasing (1996)

A super-resolution scheme based on the use of a sampling grating has been proposed to extend the spatial resolution of an IR imager operating in the 8 - 14 micrometer spectral region, where there are at present technological difficulties in manufacturing large arrays of photon detectors. An intrinsic property associated with any sampling device is the aliasing effect which transfers the higher spatial frequency content of the scene down onto the lower frequency regions. While this property is regarded as a problem for many image processing algorithms, it is used in this paper as a spatial frequency encoding technique which enables all the spatial frequency information of the scene to pass through the imaging system. A new higher resolution image is then reconstructed from a series of images obtained with the grating in a series of different positions. This method is illustrated by computational and experimental simulations and is compared with super- resolution algorithms based on inverse transform techniques.
The heterogeneous interaction of NO2 with amorphous carbon (1993)

From uptake measurements of NO 2 on solid amorphous carbon in the mTorr pressure range and at ambient temperature an accommodation coefficient for NO 2 of (4.8±0.6)·10 −2 has been measured. These experiments reveal a complex chemical mechanism. The only major product observed is NO whose yield corresponds to about 60% of the NO 2 adsorbed on the surface. Thermal desorption of a carbon sample that has been exposed to NO 2 yields CO and CO 2 along with some NO 3 and/or N 2 O 5 . H 2 O does not interact measurably at ambient temperature with the type of carbon used in the present study.
Modified Adenovirus Prime-Protein Boost Clade C HIV Vaccine Strategy Results in Reduced Viral DNA in Blood and Tissues Following Tier 2 SHIV Challenge (2021)

Designing immunogens and improving delivery methods eliciting protective immunity is a paramount goal of HIV vaccine development. A comparative vaccine challenge study was performed in rhesus macaques using clade C HIV Envelope (Env) and SIV Gag antigens. One group was vaccinated using co-immunization with DNA Gag and Env expression plasmids cloned from a single timepoint and trimeric Env gp140 glycoprotein from one of these clones (DNA+Protein). The other group was a prime-boost regimen composed of two replicating simian (SAd7) adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing Gag and one Env clone from the same timepoint as the DNA+Protein group paired with the same Env gp140 trimer (SAd7+Protein). The env genes were isolated from a single pre-peak neutralization timepoint approximately 1 year post infection in CAP257, an individual with a high degree of neutralization breadth. Both DNA+Protein and SAd7+Protein vaccine strategies elicited significant Env-specific T cell responses, lesser Gag-specific responses, and moderate frequencies of Env-specific T<sub>FH</sub> cells. Both vaccine modalities readily elicited systemic and mucosal Env-specific IgG but not IgA. There was a higher frequency and magnitude of ADCC activity in the SAd7+Protein than the DNA+Protein arm. All macaques developed moderate Tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, while neutralization of Tier 1B or Tier 2 viruses was sporadic and found primarily in macaques in the SAd7+Protein group. Neither vaccine approach provided significant protection from viral acquisition against repeated titered mucosal challenges with a heterologous Tier 2 clade C SHIV. However, lymphoid and gut tissues collected at necropsy showed that animals in both vaccine groups each had significantly lower copies of viral DNA in individual tissues compared to levels in controls. In the SAd7+Protein-vaccinated macaques, total and peak PBMC viral DNA were significantly lower compared with controls. Taken together, this heterologous Tier 2 SHIV challenge study shows that combination vaccination with SAd7+Protein was superior to combination DNA+Protein in reducing viral seeding in tissues in the absence of protection from infection, thus emphasizing the priming role of replication-competent SAd7 vector. Despite the absence of correlates of protection, because antibody responses were significantly higher in this vaccine group, we hypothesize that vaccine-elicited antibodies contribute to limiting tissue viral seeding.
Modulation in the HVS Domain for Hardcopy Watermarking of Color Documents (2012)

This paper describes a novel color hardcopy watermarking embedding. The proposed color embedding provides high transparency by modulating the watermark into the value and saturation color components of the document. After the color document is printed and distributed, the message is decoded by scanning the document and applying the proposed post processing based on a Laplacian of Gaussian whitening filter. The decoding is performed in the frequency domain for speed and the optimal pattern detection threshold is determined by the analysis provided. An error correction code approach is proposed and the probabilities of false positives and false negatives for the embedding patterns are provided in the experiments for some printer and scanner devices. The examples illustrate the message coding using a combinatorial encoding and time division modulation to achieve with our error correction code approach a message payload of 168 bytes in a color image of about 2400 × 3200 pixels and estimated decoding probability per message of 1.3E-7 for inkjet printer and 2.6E-10 for laser printer. The proposed modulation provides a very high perceived transparency. The objective resulting quality is contrasted with the perceived quality of the embedding by employing 3 objective metrics: PSNR, SSIM on the RGB and on HVS color models. For the proposed modulation, the SSIM on the HVS is the metric with best correspondence with the perceived quality by the human visual system.
Adaptive Antennas and Dynamic Spectrum Management for Femtocellular Networks: A Case Study (2008)

In this paper, we present a case study focusing on the combination of adaptive antenna arrays and dynamic spectrum management for enabling femtocellular communication networks employed in high-density base station distributions. The objective of the proposed framework is to minimize the amount of transmission interference introduced to a communication link from other users and base stations by using a combination of spectral band selection and null steering. Although each of these technologies have the ability to significantly attenuate interference sources, their combined operation has not been extensively studied in the open literature. We investigate the combination of spectral band selection and null steering within the context of a Third Generation (3G) Home Node B architecture. The system performance of the proposed framework with respect to network outage is compared to femtocellular networks employing only null steering, only spectral band selection, or neither technology. Simulation results show that the combination of these two technologies yield significant performance gains relative to when neither technology is employed.
Adapt-lite (2011)

As healthcare in many countries faces an aging population and rising costs, mobile sensing technologies promise a new opportunity. Using mobile health (mHealth) sensing, which uses medical sensors to collect data about the patients, and mobile phones to act as a gateway between sensors and electronic health record systems, caregivers can continuously monitor the patients and deliver better care. Although some work on mHealth sensing has addressed security, achieving strong security and privacy for low-power sensors remains a challenge.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoconvergent Cyclocondensation Reactions: Synthesis of Enantiopure cis‐Decahydroquinolines (2013)

Up to four stereocenters with a well-defined configuration are generated in a single synthetic step by the cyclocondensation of (R)-phenylglycinol or (1S,2R)-1-amino-2-indanol with stereoisomeric mixtures (racemates, meso forms, diastereoisomers) of cyclohexanone-based δ-keto-acid and δ-keto-diacid derivatives in enantio- and diastereoconvergent processes that involve dynamic kinetic resolution and/or desymmetrization of enantiotopic groups. A detailed analysis of the stereochemical outcome of this process is presented. This method provides easy access to enantiopure 8- and 6,8-substituted cis-decahydroquinolines, including alkaloids of the myrioxazine family.
AllergoOncology: Opposite outcomes of immune tolerance in allergy and cancer (2017)

While desired for the cure of allergy, regulatory immune cell subsets and nonclassical Th2-biased inflammatory mediators in the tumour microenvironment can contribute to immune suppression and escape of tumours from immunological detection and clearance. A key aim in the cancer field is therefore to design interventions that can break immunological tolerance and halt cancer progression, whereas on the contrary allergen immunotherapy exactly aims to induce tolerance. In this position paper, we review insights on immune tolerance derived from allergy and from cancer inflammation, focusing on what is known about the roles of key immune cells and mediators. We propose that research in the field of AllergoOncology that aims to delineate these immunological mechanisms with juxtaposed clinical consequences in allergy and cancer may point to novel avenues for therapeutic interventions that stand to benefit both disciplines.
The rhythm of yeast (2003)

Although yeast are unicellular and comparatively simple organisms, they have a sense of time which is not related to reproduction cycles. The glycolytic pathway exhibits oscillatory behaviour, i.e. the metabolite concentrations oscillate around phosphofructokinase. The frequency of these oscillations is about 1 min when using intact cells. Also a yeast cell extract can oscillate, though with a lower frequency. With intact cells the macroscopic oscillations can only be observed when most of the cells oscillate in concert. Transient oscillations can be observed upon simultaneous induction; sustained oscillations require an active synchronisation mechanism. Such an active synchronisation mechanism, which involves acetaldehyde as a signalling compound, operates under certain conditions. How common these oscillations are in the absence of a synchronisation mechanism is an open question. Under aerobic conditions an oscillatory metabolism can also be observed, but with a much lower frequency than the glycolytic oscillations. The frequency is between one and several hours. These oscillations are partly related to the reproductive cycle, i.e. the budding index also oscillates; however, under some conditions they are unrelated to the reproductive cycle, i.e. the budding index is constant. These oscillations also have an active synchronisation mechanism, which involves hydrogen sulfide as a synchronising agent. Oscillations with a frequency of days can be observed with yeast colonies on plates. Here the oscillations have a synchronisation mechanism which uses ammonia as a synchronising agent.
Semiconductor Laser as High Speed Functional Device. (1998)

Research trends of semiconductor lasers as high speed functional device are reviewed. Enhanced nonlinear-optical response in the active region of semiconductor laser offers excellent functionality such as femtosecond pulse source, optical switch and wavelength converter. Specifically the research efforts on broad bandwidth anti-reflection coating for semiconductor laser amplifiers and external cavity mode-locked lasers are summarized. Bandwidth of 100 nm with reflectivity of 10-4 is expected.
Block and Bigraft copolymers by Carbocation Polymerizaation (1975)

Abstract The recent observation that the rate of methylation of t-BuCl by Me3Al is several orders faster than that of t-bubr, Which in turn is much faster than that of t-BuI, Provides the basis of a new synthetic method for the preparation of block and bigraft copolymers. This presentation concerns the synthesis and characterization of the first well-defined block and bigraft copolymers produced by the carbenium ion mechanisum i. e., poly(styrene-b-isobutylene), poly[(ethylene-co-propylence)-gStyrence-g-α-methylstyrence)]. The synthesis of the block copolymers involved three key steps: 1)the synthesis of a chlorobrominated alkane initiator, 2) the selective initiation of styrence polymerization by the chlorobrominated alkane in conjunction with alkylayuminum halide under conditions of no chain transfer, and 3)selective initiation of isobutylence polymerization by the polystyrence-Br in conjuction with alkylaluminum halide. Selective solubility, DSC, and GPC data indicate pure block copolymer. The effect of temperatute on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(styrence-b-isobutylence) exhibited peculiarities characterstic of block copolymers. The bigraft was synthesized by chlorobrominating an ethylene-propylene copolymer and selectively initiating first the polymerization os styrence and subsequently that of α-methylstyrence of isobutylene by the chlorobrominated copolymer plus an alkylaluminum compound.
PHASE I STUDIES OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS, TOXICITIES, AND BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN-6 IN PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY ADVANCED MALIGNANCIES (1993)

Journal of Immunotherapy with Emphasis on Tumor Immunology: January 1993 - Volume 13 - Issue 1 - p 74
Photo-responsive surface topology in chiral nematic media (2012)

We report on the design and fabrication of 'smart surfaces' that exhibit dynamic changes in their surface topology in response to exposure to light. The principle is based on anisotropic geometric changes of a liquid crystal network upon a change of the molecular order parameter. The photomechanical property of the coating is induced by incorporating an azobenzene moiety into the liquid crystal network. The responsive surface topology consists of regions with two different types of molecular order: planar chiral-nematic areas and homeotropic. Under flood exposure with 365 nm light the surfaces deform from flat to one with a surface relief. The height of the relief structures is of the order of 1 um corresponding to strain difference of around 20%. Furthermore, we demonstrate surface reliefs can form either convex or concave structures upon exposure to UV light corresponding to the decrease or increase molecular order parameter, respectively, related to the isomeric state of the azobenzene crosslinker. The reversible deformation to the initial flat state occurs rapidly after removing the light source.
Phase characterisation of metalenses (2021)

Metalenses have emerged as a new optical element or system in recent years, showing superior performance and abundant applications. However, the phase distribution of a metalens has not been measured directly up to now, hindering further quantitative evaluation of its performance. We have developed an interferometric imaging phase measurement system to measure the phase distribution of a metalens by taking only one photo of the interference pattern. Based on the measured phase distribution, we analyse the negative chromatic aberration effect of monochromatic metalenses and propose a feature size of metalenses. Different sensitivities of the phase response to wavelength between the Pancharatnam-Berry phase-based metalens and propagation phase-reliant metalens are directly observed in the experiment. Furthermore, through phase distribution analysis, it is found that the distance between the measured metalens and the brightest spot of focusing will deviate from the focal length when the metalens has a low nominal numerical aperture, even though the metalens is ideal without any fabrication error. We also use the measured phase distribution to quantitatively characterise the imaging performance of the metalens. Our phase measurement system will help not only designers optimise the designs of metalenses but also fabricants distinguish defects to improve the fabrication process, which will pave the way for metalenses in industrial applications.
Application of holographic augmented reality for external approaches to the frontal sinus (2020)

We describe proof of concept of a novel technique utilizing AR to enhance external approaches to the frontal sinus. Holographic AR-enhanced surgical navigation holds promise for enhanced visualization of target structures during surgical approaches to the sinuses.
Small footprint high gain and low noise figure preamplifier for 7T MRI scanner (2017)

This work presents the design and construction of a low input impedance preamplifier with a gain of more than 30 dB and a noise figure of less than 1 dB. It has a low input impedance, around 1Ω. A λ/4 transmission line is used to transform the low input impedance of the preamplifier to a high impedance at the coil to reduce the cross-coupling between coils. In order to test the preamplifier, a single-transmit, single-receive coil was developed at 297.2 MHz. The designed preamplifier can have a footprint as small as 27 mm × 13 mm. Small footprint preamplifiers are crucial where space is at a premium in multichannel coil arrays.
Complex acoustic impedance of the human ear (1981)

Instrumentation capable of measuring and displaying the swept-frequency, complex acoustic impedance of the human ear, in the range 200 Hz to 2 kHz, has been built, tested, and shown to provide accurate results (3% to 5%). The mean complex acoustic impedance loci measured in a sample population of 20 normal (screened) subjects is presented. Impedance magnitudes showed a variation of 20% to 40% of the mean. Mean resonant frequencies of 641 and 1140 Hz were observed with mean damping factors of 0.33 and 0.26, respectively. To evaluate repeatability, a population of five normals, evaluated five times, established a variation of 5% to 10% of the mean. Five otosclerotic subjects, having received unilateral stapedectomy were tested, indicating that the operation causes a return to normal resistance levels at the expense of increased resonant responses. [Work supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Grant ♯A4316.]
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor activation decreases the airway hyperresponsiveness induced by allergen in sensitized mice (2013)

Several studies suggest that the N/OFQ (nociceptin/orphanin FQ)-NOP (N/OFQ peptide) receptor pathway is involved in airway physiology. We previously demonstrated a modulation of the endogenous N/OFQ levels in allergen-sensitized mice. Here, we investigated the effects of NOP receptor activation in allergen sensitization using a murine model of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally treated with the NOP receptor agonist UFP-112, either during the sensitization phase (30 min before ovalbumin administration) or at the end of sensitization process (15 min before bronchopulmonary reactivity evaluation). At day 21 from the first allergen exposure, bronchopulmonary reactivity and total and differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated. In a separate set of experiments cell proliferation in lymphocytes, cytokine levels, IgE serum levels, and the effect of UFP-112 on IL-13-induced AHR were evaluated. Pretreatment with UFP-112, during the sensitization phase, caused a significant reduction in allergen-induced AHR and total cell lung infiltration. No effect on allergen-induced AHR was observed when the treatment was performed at the end of sensitization process, on tissues harvested from OVA-sensitized mice and on IL-13-induced AHR. The in vitro proliferative response of lymphocytes was significantly reduced by pretreatment during the sensitization phase with UFP-112. This effect was paralleled by a significant modulation of cytokine secretion in pulmonary tissues and lymphocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated a role for the NOP receptor and N/OFQ pathway in the AHR induced by allergen, probably through a modulation of the immune response that triggers the development of AHR that involves pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Endoscopic imaging of the human vocal cords using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2005)

Endoscopic polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was used to obtain cross-sectional images of laryngeal tissues in human subjects, in vivo. Imaging in tissue to a depth of 1.2 mm and with axial resolution below 10 micrometers enabled the epithelial layer to be readily identified in OCT intensity images, with the underlying superficial lamina propria characterized by an increased backscatter signal, and increased birefringence in polarization-sensitive images.
Stereospecific Replacement of the Boranato Group of Phosphine–Boranes by Oxygen or Sulfur. Synthesis of Optically Active,P-Chiral Phosphine Oxides, Phosphine Sulfides, Phosphinates, and Phosphinothioates (1996)

Optically active, P-chiral phosphine–boranes were oxidized by m-chloroperbenzoic acid to give phosphine oxides or phosphinates with almost complete retention of configuration. The oxidation of the same phosphine–boranes with iodine in the presence of