gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient ray tracing of complex natural scenes (1998)

In this paper we present a method for the consistent modelling and efficient ray tracing of complex natural scenes. Both plants and terrains are modelled and represented in the same way to allow mutual influences of their appearance and interdependencies of their geometry. Plants are generated together with a fractal terrain, so that they directly grow on it. This allows an accurate calculation of reflections and the cast of shadows. The scenes are modeled with a special kind of PL-Systems and are represented by cyclic object-instancing graphs. This is a very compact representation for ray tracing, which avoids restrictions to the complexity of the scenes. To significantly increase the efficiency of ray tracing with this representation an adaptation of conventional optimization techniques to cyclic graphs is necessary. In this paper we introduce methods for the calculation of a bounding box hierarchy and the use of a regular 3d-grid for cyclic graphs. Key Words: natural phenomena, PL-...
Double Layer Capacitive Power and Heat Transfer in Rotating Machinery (2022)

Doubly fed induction machines, wound field synchronous machines and dc homopolar machines all require a brushed slip ring connection to the rotor conductors. This connection inherently limits the performance and/or lifespan of these machines. Noncontact methods, such as brushless exciters and wireless power transfer, have been used to support some of these machine types, but they can be physically large and/or overly reliant on power electronics. Additionally, these methods do not support the cooling of the rotor conductors since their function is purely electrical. This article introduces a rotating electric double layer capacitor concept, or supercapacitor, to form a noncontact, slip-ring-like, ac electrical connection between a stator and rotor that simultaneously provides a cooling platform. An experimental proof-of-concept consists of concentric stainless-steel sleeves separated by a ceramic bearing to facilitate relative rotary motion but maintain constant facing area and gap distance. Electrolyte floods the space between the sleeves to form double layer capacitances and can also serve as a heat transfer mechanism. The sleeves were tested as bare metal and with an activated carbon coating to enhance capacitance further. Measurements demonstrate coupling capacitances up to Farad levels with three to six orders of magnitude improvement in A/Hz over rotary air capacitors, enabling low frequency operation.
Secondary acute monocytic leukemia positive for 11q23 rearrangement in Nijmegen breakage syndrome (2014)

Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is an autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder characterized by a high incidence of pediatric hematologic malignancies. Majority of patients affected are of Slavic origin and share the same founder mutation of 657del5 within the NBN gene encoding protein involved in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair. We report a case of a pediatric patient with NBS, who developed t(9;11)/AF9-MLL-positive AML as a second malignancy after successful treatment of T-NHL. The coexistence of NBN and MLL mutations suggests that the profound dysfunction of NBN may promote alterations of MLL that is mediated by error-prone non-homologous end joining pathway particularly in patients treated with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors.
An automatized topological method to test a priori global identifiability of a class of compartmental models (1992)

The paper deals with a priori global identifiability of compartmental models of biological systems. We propose an automatized topological method to test a priori global identifiability of a class of linear compartmental models of relatively large order (n≤ 10). The class is defined by some structural constraints but is sufficiently general to warrant automation. A case study is presented.
How Does a Computer Make Music? (1978)

To start, you must remember that music can easily be represented by an electrical voltage in a wire. Whether you understand this or not, you see it at work around you all the time. A wire that goes from your stereo amplifier to a speaker is an example (see Fig. 1). This is called an analog signal because the signal in the wire is a voltage which follows (is proportional to) the air pressure wave that makes up the sound.
Total Chemical Synthesis of a Nonfibrillating Human Glycoinsulin (2019)

Glycosylation is an accepted strategy to improve the therapeutic value of peptide and protein drugs. Insulin and its analogues are life-saving drugs for all type I and 30% of type II diabetic patients. However, they can readily form fibrils which is a significant problem especially for their use in insulin pumps. Because of the solubilizing and hydration effects of sugars, it was thought that glycosylation of insulin could inhibit fibril formation and lead to a more stable formulation. Since enzymatic glycosylation results in heterogeneous products, we developed a novel chemical strategy to produce a homogeneous glycoinsulin (disialo-glycoinsulin) in excellent yield (∼60%). It showed a near-native binding affinity for insulin receptors A and B <i>in vitro</i> and high glucose-lowering effects <i>in vivo</i>, irrespective of the route of administration (<i>s.c. vs i.p.</i>). The glycoinsulin retained insulin-like helical structure and exhibited improved stability in human serum. Importantly, our disialo-glycoinsulin analogue does not form fibrils at both high concentration and temperature. Therefore, it is an excellent candidate for clinical use in insulin pumps.
Book Review: Organofluorine Compounds. Chemistry and Applications. Edited by Hisashi Yamamoto. (2001)

published to coincide with the first International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, which took place in
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-2 from MicroRNAs 221 and 222 Bypass Quiescence and Compromise Cell Survival (2023)

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-2 from MicroRNAs 221 and 222 Bypass Quiescence and Compromise Cell Survival
Genetic Analysis of Essential Hypertension in Japanese Populations (2000)

The reverse genetic approach, which examines genetic factors underlying the root of pathogenesis first, is a powerful tool to clarify the genetic cause of essential hypertension. Using the rat cross model, studies of the genetically hypertensive inbred rat model indicated several candidate loci on the rat chromosome responsible for blood pressure, but failed to identify the exact causal gene. Moreover, it was not certain that the rat data really reflect the human case. Thus, we shifted our focus to human genetics and carried out case control studies using the candidate gene approach. We mainly focused on gene components of the renin-angiotensin system as candidates, finding that angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms are genetic predisposing factors for hypertension. However, the results obtained from case-control studies using Japanese subjects were not consistent, suggesting that there was a problem in control sampling. In our recent study, we recruited more than 5,000 residents of an urban community as a general population and examined the association between genetic factors and their health status. Our results indicate that angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism is a male-specific genetic risk for essential hypertension. In light of our previous investigations, we present a discussion concerning the design of future studies of the genetics of hypertension.
SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors with thin alpha -Si emitters (1993)

A SiGe-base heterojunction bipolar transistor with an extremely thin n hydrogenated amorphous Si ( alpha -Si:H) emitter is proposed and characterized. The structure results in enhanced emitter injection efficiency, current gain, and frequency performance. The fabricated devices exhibited maximum current gains of 100 and Early voltages of 55 V. The unity current gain cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) for a device with an emitter size of 2 mu m*4 mu m was 8.5 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
REPAIR OF TEARS OF THE SUBSCAPULARIS: MINIMUM TWO YEAR FOLLOW-UP RESULTS OF 84 CASES (2010)

Background: Rotator cuff tears involving the subscapularis are less common than those involving the posterior superior rotator cuff. The purpose of this study is to report the results of repair of isolated tears of the subscapularis. Methods: Eighty-four shoulders that had undergone open repair of the subscapularis tendon were reviewed. The mean age at surgery was 53.2 years. The mean interval from onset of symptoms to surgery was 12.5 months. Fifty-seven tears were traumatic, and twenty-seven were degenerative in etiology. Twenty-three of the tears involved the superior third of the subscapularis tendon, forty-one involved the superior two thirds, and twenty were complete tears. Fifty-four shoulders had a dislocation or subluxation of the long head of the biceps tendon, while ten shoulders had a rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon. Forty-eight shoulders underwent concomitant biceps tenodesis; thirteen shoulders underwent concomitant biceps tenotomy; and four shoulders underwent concomitant recentering of the biceps. Patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean fortyfive month follow-up (range 24 to 132 months). Results: The mean Constant score increased from 55.0 points preoperatively to 79.5 points postoperatively (p
Sb2O3/Sb2O4 in reducing/oxidizing environments: an in situ Raman spectroscopy study (1994)

An in situ Raman characterization of alpha-Sb2O4 and Sb2O3 is reported. The aim of the study was to understand the spectroscopic behavior of these oxides in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. No detectable variations in the Raman spectra of Sb2O4 can be attributed to either the loss of lattice oxygen (under reducing conditions) or an incorporation of O-18 (during reoxidation). All the observed spectral changes must be due to changes of the Raman scattering tenser with temperature, suggesting a higher symmetry at high temperatures. H2O present in the gas phase has no detectable influence on the exchange properties of Sb2O4. Sb2O3 used in this study is a mixture of molecular (alpha-senarmontite) and polymeric (beta-valentinite) polymorphs. Under reducing conditions the suboxide Sb2O3-x seems to be formed, and reoxidation in O-18(2) leads to a spectrum different from those of (Sb2O3)-O-16 and (Sb2O4)-O-16. Reexchange in 16(2)(O) Or H2O-saturated O-16(2) does not alter the Raman spectra. This may be explained by a stable incorporation of O-18 into the lattice, thus rendering the reexchange impossible, and by an incomplete oxidation to Sb2O4-x under the conditions applied.
Learn-and-adapt network resource allocation (2017)

Recognizing the central role of Lagrange multipliers in network resource allocation, a novel learn-and-adapt stochastic dual gradient (LA-SDG) method is developed in this paper to learn the empirical optimal Lagrange multiplier from historical data, and adapt to the upcoming resource allocation strategy. Remarkably, it only requires one more sample (gradient) evaluation than the celebrated stochastic dual gradient (SDG) method. LA-SDG can be interpreted as a foresighted learning approach with an eye on the future. It is established - both theoretically and empirically - that LA-SDG markedly improves the cost-delay tradeoff over state-of-the-art network resource allocation schemes.
Induction of Rapid Detachment in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Biofilms (2005)

ABSTRACT Active detachment of cells from microbial biofilms is a critical yet poorly understood step in biofilm development. We discovered that detachment of cells from biofilms of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can be induced by arresting the medium flow in a hydrodynamic biofilm system. Induction of detachment was rapid, and substantial biofilm dispersal started as soon as 5 min after the stop of flow. We developed a confocal laser scanning microscopy-based assay to quantify detachment. The extent of biomass loss was found to be dependent on the time interval of flow stop and on the thickness of the biofilm. Up to 80% of the biomass of 16-h-old biofilms could be induced to detach. High-resolution microscopy studies revealed that detachment was associated with an overall loosening of the biofilm structure and a release of individual cells or small cell clusters. Swimming motility was not required for detachment. Although the loosening of cells from the biofilm structure was observed evenly throughout thin biofilms, the most pronounced detachment in thicker biofilms occurred in regions exposed to the flow of medium, suggesting a metabolic control of detachability. Deconvolution of the factors associated with the stop of medium flow revealed that a sudden decrease in oxygen tension is the predominant trigger for initiating detachment of individual cells. In contrast, carbon limitation did not trigger any substantial detachment, suggesting a physiological link between oxygen sensing or metabolism and detachment. In-frame deletions were introduced into genes encoding the known and putative global transcriptional regulators ArcA, CRP, and EtrA (FNR), which respond to changes in oxygen tension in S. oneidensis MR-1. Biofilms of null mutants in arcA and crp were severely impacted in the stop-of-flow-induced detachment response, suggesting a role for these genes in regulation of detachment. In contrast, an Δ etrA mutant displayed a variable detachment phenotype. From this genetic evidence we conclude that detachment is a biologically controlled process and that a rapid change in oxygen concentration is a critical factor in detachment and, consequently, in dispersal of S. oneidensis cells from biofilms. Similar mechanisms might also operate in other bacteria.
Inhibition of bird's beak in LOCOS by new bufferN 2 O oxide (1995)

In the Letter new N2O buffer oxide was used to replace the conventional dry oxide for LOCOS isolation. This new structure can result in a shorter bird&apos;s beak than the conventional structure without adding extra steps and inducing the defect in silicon substrate.
Field trial of a 1250-km private optical network based on a single-fiber, shared-amplifier WDM system (2006)

We report the first field trial of an ultra-longhaul WDM transmission system with a single-fiber, shared-amplifier architecture over a fourteen-span, 1250-km optical link with mixed fiber types for remote data replication in storage area networks.
Expression of the Immune Regulator Tripartite-Motif 21 Is Controlled by IFN Regulatory Factors (2013)

Tripartite-motif 21 (TRIM21) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates innate immune responses by ubiquitinating IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). TRIM21 is mainly found in hematopoietic cells in which its expression is induced by IFNs during viral. infections and in systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. However, the exact molecular mechanism by which the expression of the Trim21 gene is regulated is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that IFNs induce Trim21 expression in immune cells via IRFs and that IFN-α and IFN-β are the most potent inducers of Trim21. A functional IFN-stimulated response element but no conserved IFN-γ-activated site was detected in the promoter of Trim21. IRF1 and IRF2 strongly induced Trim21 expression in an IFN-stimulated response element-dependent manner, whereas IRF4 and IRF8 strongly repressed the IRF1-mediated induction of Trim21. Consistent with this observation, baseline expression of Trim21 was elevated in Irf4(-/-) cells. TRIM21, IRF1, and IRF2 expression was increased in PBMCs from patients with Sjögren's syndrome compared with healthy controls. In contrast, IRF4 and IRF8 expression was not increased in PBMCs from patients. The IFN-γ-mediated induction of Trim21 was completely abolished by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, and Trim21 expression could not be induced by IFN-γ in Irf1(-/-) cells, demonstrating that IFN-γ induces Trim21 indirectly via IRF1 and not directly via STAT1 activation. Our data demonstrate that multiple IRFs tightly regulate expression of Trim21 in immune cells, suggesting that a well-controlled expression of the E3 ligase TRIM21 is important for regulation of immune responses.
Measurement of charged particle multiplicities in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =7~\mbox{TeV}$ in the forward region (2012)

Charged particle production in proton-proton collisions is studied with the LHCb detector at a centre-of-mass energy of s = 7 TeV in different intervals of pseudorapidity . Charged particles are reconstructed close to the interaction region in the vertex detector, which provides high reconstruction efficiency in the ranges -2.5 < < -2.0 and 2.0 < < 4.5. The data were taken with a minimum bias trigger, only requiring one or more reconstructed tracks in the vertex detector. By selecting an event sample with at least one track with a transverse momentum greater than 1 GeV/c a hard QCD subsample is investigated. Several event generators are compared with the data; none are able to describe fully the multiplicity distributions or the charged particle density distribution as a function of . In general, the models underestimate charged particle production.
Practical Olefin Metathesis in Protic Media under an Air Atmosphere. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Head Motion Correction for jPET-D4 (2005)

We propose a new method of head motion tracking for positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging. This method uses one optical camera and one solid marker, differing from the conventional method, which uses two or more cameras and markers (e.g. the POLARIS system). We expect this to be useful for jPET-D4, whose patient port is long and small. We present the principle of the head motion measurement and show the results of preliminary experiments.
Electrophoresis experiment for space (1976)

The Apollo 16 electrophoresis experiment was analyzed, demonstrating that the separation of the two different-size monodisperse latexes did indeed take place, but that the separation was obscured by the pronounced electroosmotic flow of the liquid medium. The results of this experiment, however, were dramatic since it is impossible to carry out a similar separation on earth. It can be stated unequivocally from this experiment that any electrophoretic separation will be enhanced under microgravity conditions. The only question is the degree of this enhancement, which can be expected to vary from one experimental technique to another. The low-electroosmotic-mobility coating (Z6040-MC) developed under this program was found to be suitable for a free-fluid electrophoretic separation such as the experiment designed for the ASTP flight. The problem with this coating, however, is that its permanency is limited because of the slow desorption of the methylcellulose from the coated surface.
Exploring Three-Dimensional Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data: Three-Dimensional Spatial Segmentation of Mouse Kidney (2012)

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has a significant impact on many challenges of life sciences. Three-dimensional matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is an emerging label-free bioanalytical technique capturing the spatial distribution of hundreds of molecular compounds in 3D by providing a MALDI mass spectrum for each spatial point of a 3D sample. Currently, 3D MALDI-IMS cannot tap its full potential due to the lack efficient computational methods for constructing, processing, and visualizing large and complex 3D MALDI-IMS data. We present a new pipeline of efficient computational methods, which enables analysis and interpretation of a 3D MALDI-IMS data set. Construction of a MALDI-IMS data set was done according to the state-of-the-art protocols and involved sample preparation, spectra acquisition, spectra preprocessing, and registration of serial sections. For analysis and interpretation of 3D MALDI-IMS data, we applied the spatial segmentation approach which is well-accepted in analysis of two-dimensional (2D) MALDI-IMS data. In line with 2D data analysis, we used edge-preserving 3D image denoising prior to segmentation to reduce strong and chaotic spectrum-to-spectrum variation. For segmentation, we used an efficient clustering method, called bisecting k-means, which is optimized for hierarchical clustering of a large 3D MALDI-IMS data set. Using the proposed pipeline, we analyzed a central part of a mouse kidney using 33 serial sections of 3.5 μm thickness after the PAXgene tissue fixation and paraffin embedding. For each serial section, a 2D MALDI-IMS data set was acquired following the standard protocols with the high spatial resolution of 50 μm. Altogether, 512 495 mass spectra were acquired that corresponds to approximately 50 gigabytes of data. After registration of serial sections into a 3D data set, our computational pipeline allowed us to reveal the 3D kidney anatomical structure based on mass spectrometry data only. Finally, automated analysis discovered molecular masses colocalized with major anatomical regions. In the same way, the proposed pipeline can be used for analysis and interpretation of any 3D MALDI-IMS data set in particular of pathological cases.
Understanding and Assessing Demographic (In)Equity Resulting from Extreme Heat Exposure due to Lack of Tree Canopies in Norfolk, VA using Agent-Based Modeling (2023)

Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can result in illness and death. In urban areas of dense concentrations of pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that absorb and retain heat, extreme heat conditions can arise regularly and create harmful environmental exposures for residents daily during certain parts of the year. Tree canopies provide shade and help to cool the environment, making mature trees with large canopies a simple and effective way to reduce urban heat. We develop a demographically representative 1 (agent): 1 (person) agent-based model to understand the extent to which different demographics of residents in Norfolk, VA are equitably shaded from extreme heat conditions during a walk on a clear summer day. We use the model to assess the extent to which the city's Tree Planting Plan will be effective in remediating any existing inequities. Our results show that inequitable conditions exist for residents (1) at different education levels, (2) at different income levels and, (3) living in different census tracts. Norfolk's Tree Planting Program effectively reduces the distance residents of all demographics walk in extreme heat. However, residents of the city at lower income levels still experience statistically significantly more extreme heat exposure due to a lack of tree canopies in summer months than those at higher income levels.
Induction of Tissue Factor by Urokinase in Lung Epithelial Cells and in the Lungs (2010)

uPA increased TF expression and TF-dependent coagulation in the lungs of mice. We hypothesize that uPA-mediated induction of TF occurs in lung ECs to promote increased fibrin deposition in the airways during acute lung injury.
Model Studies for the Preparation of Oxepanes and Fused Compounds by Tandem [4+3] Cycloaddition/Ring‐Opening Metathesis/Cross Metathesis (2017)

Functionalised medium‐sized ether rings were prepared in an efficient manner by [4+3] cycloaddition followed by ring‐opening metathesis. This procedure provided medium‐sized rings, which were shown to be useful for the assembly of fused bicyclic structures present in complex natural compounds. The potential of the chemistry described in this paper to be used in synthesis has been demonstrated by the preparation of functionalised large cyclic ethers and bicyclic structures.