gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon photonics (2006)

The silicon chip has been the mainstay of the electronics industry for the last 40 years and has revolutionized the way the world operates. Today, a silicon chip the size of a fingernail contains nearly 1 billion transistors and has the computing power that only a decade ago would take up an entire room of servers. As the relentless pursuit of Moore's law continues, and Internet-based communication continues to grow, the bandwidth demands needed to feed these devices will continue to increase and push the limits of copper-based signaling technologies. These signaling limitations will necessitate optical-based solutions. However, any optical solution must be based on low-cost technologies if it is to be applied to the mass market. Silicon photonics, mainly based on SOI technology, has recently attracted a great deal of attention. Recent advances and breakthroughs in silicon photonic device performance have shown that silicon can be considered a material onto which one can build optical devices. While significant efforts are needed to improve device performance and commercialize these technologies, progress is moving at a rapid rate. More research in the area of integration, both photonic and electronic, is needed. The future is looking bright. Silicon photonics could provide low-cost opto-electronic solutions for applications ranging from telecommunications down to chip-to-chip interconnects, as well as emerging areas such as optical sensing technology and biomedical applications. The ability to utilize existing CMOS infrastructure and manufacture these silicon photonic devices in the same facilities that today produce electronics could enable low-cost optical devices, and in the future, revolutionize optical communications
Microwave-Assisted Organic Reduction Reactions (2010)

The present review covers the topic of microwave-assisted reduction of organic compounds including catalytic (metalcatalyzed hydrogenation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation) and stochiometric reactions (ionic and transfer hydrogenation). The article is subcategorized with respect to the different functionalities which so far have been subjected to reduction: C-C multiple bonds, carbonyls, N-containing functional groups, aromatics and heteroaromatics, reductive deprotection strategies, and miscellaneous reactions like dehalogenation or hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Keywords: Enantioselective hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, ionic hydrogenation, microwave irradiation, transfer hydrogenation, Reduction Reactions, metal-catalyzed hydrogenation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, stochiometric reactions, microwave chemistry, condensations, cycliza-tions, oxidations, synthetic chemistry, natural product syntheses, fine chemistry, Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction, homogenous (e.g. Wilkinson catalyst), heterogeneous (e.g. Pd/C, Pd/Al2O3), diformic acid salt, tetramethyl-ethylenediamine (TMEDA), formic acid, triethylamine (NEt3), [HCOO][NHEt3], diimine, chemoselective, unsaturated moieties (e.g. carbonyl groups), cinnamyl-derivatives, chalcones, chemose-lectivity, rasp-berry ketone, Amberlit, triethylammonium formate, N-butyl-N-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, camphes-terol, sitosterol, charcoal, Stryker's reagent, hydrosilylation, stereoselective synthesis, Burk's catalyst, QRS (Quartz-Reactor-System), stoichiometric amounts, Meer-wein-Ponndorf-Verley-reduction (MPV-Reduction), acetophenone, hydrogen acceptor, esterification, deuterated hydride, 1H NMR-spectra, chiral diamines, asymmetric reduction, enanti-omeric ratio, Bechamp-reduction, p-nitro-o-chlorobenzaldehydoxime, p-fluoro-m-chloronitrobenzene, TpI2 kinase inhibitors, NH4Cl + Fe as reductant-systems, Imatinib, nucleo-philic, electrophilic substitution, ambient pressure, lactone, cyclic io-donium, ND-functionalization, p-alkoxylated ben-zonitriles, Eschweiler-Clarke methylation, in situ imine-formation, dioxo-lan, pipecolinic acid, N-Deprotection, N-PMB (p-methoxybenzoyl), O-Bn-Deprotection, Raney-Ni, carpetimycin, azetidine, Wolff, –, Kishner reduction, Huang-Minlon modification, furanoid sugar-aza-crown ethers, Dehalogenation, CEM Voyager, Cannizzaro Reaction, scavenger
N-heterocyclic carbenes of iridium(I): ligand effects on the catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation (2009)

New Ir-NHC complexes based on different heterocyclic moieties like imidazole, benzimidazole and imidazolidine are presented and tested in transfer hydrogenation catalysis. A broad range of steric and electronic properties of NHC ligands is covered to give an idea for catalyst design from the experimental point of view.
Improved CD-SEM optics with retarding and boosting electric fields (1999)

Because of rapidly decreasing line-width of integrated circuits, it is necessary to measure and control their critical dimensions with high accuracy. Hitachi has developed a new critical-dimension-measurement scanning electron microscope S-9000 series, which has a new electron optics with retarding and boosting electric fields. The upper pole piece of the objective lens is kept at a high positive voltage with respect to the ground so as to reduce aberration of the objective lens drastically. To optimize the boosting voltage we have developed optics simulators that is capable of computing aberration coefficients in electric and magnetic mixed fields. At the optimized boosting voltage of around 5kV, 3nm resolution is achieved for a final accelerating voltage of 800V. The high boosting voltage is effective in imaging bottoms of contact holes having high aspect ratios.
Enhanced luminescence in InGaN multiple quantum wells with quaternary AlInGaN barriers (2000)

We report on the comparative photoluminescence studies of AlGaN/GaN, GaN/InGaN, and AlInGaN/InGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures. The study clearly shows the improvement in materials quality with the introduction of indium. Our results point out the localized state emission mechanism for GaN/InGaN structures and the quantum well emission mechanism for AlInGaN/InGaN structures. The introduction of indium is the dominant factor responsible for the observed differences in the photoluminescence spectra of these MQW structures.
Hadrontherapy for Thymic Epithelial Tumors: Implementation in Clinical Practice (2021)

Radiation therapy is part of recommendations in the adjuvant settings for advanced stage or as exclusive treatment in unresectable thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). However, first-generation techniques delivered substantial radiation doses to critical organs at risk (OARs), such as the heart or the lungs, resulting in noticeable radiation-induced toxicity. Treatment techniques have significantly evolved for TET irradiation, and modern techniques efficiently spare normal surrounding tissues without negative impact on tumor coverage and consequently local control or patient survival. Considering its dosimetric advantages, hadrontherapy (which includes proton therapy and carbon ion therapy) has proved to be worthwhile for TET irradiation in particular for challenging clinical situations such as cardiac tumoral involvement. However, clinical experience for hadrontherapy is still limited and mainly relies on small-size proton therapy studies. This critical review aims to analyze the current status of hadrontherapy for TET irradiation to implement it at a larger scale.
The Di-Tert-Butyl Oxymethylphosphonate Route to the Antiviral Drug Tenofovir (2020)

&lt;div&gt;The present manuscript describes a simple, two step synthesis of tenofovir from HPA through phosphonomethalation with a novel doubly protected oxymethylphosphonate electrophile. The crystalline electrophile can be prepared in a simple reaction sequence and can be deblocked more easily than its ditehyl analogue involved in the current commercial process for making the drug.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The approach is general and can also be used for the preparation of related antivirals and the synthesis of adefovir is described as well.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Supplementary Figure S4 from Small Molecule–Mediated Activation of RAS Elicits Biphasic Modulation of Phospho-ERK Levels that Are Regulated through Negative Feedback on SOS1 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Modulation of phospho ERK levels is observed at various treatment concentrations of 1. HeLa cells were treated with between 6.25 μM to 100 μM 1 for a time course of up to 30 minutes. Two biological repeats of this experiment were independently conducted.&lt;/p&gt;
Optical Properties Enhancement of Electrosprayed Quantum Dot/Polymer Nanohybrid Films by a Solvent Vapor Treatment (2016)

Colloidal quantum dot (QD)/polymer nanohybrid (NHB) films were fabricated by electrospray method, and the optical properties of the NHB films are improved by a post-treatment, named solvent vapor treatment (SVT). Dodecanethiol (DDT)-capped AgIn5S8/ZnS QDs and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were used as the QD and the polymer matrix respectively. The morphological and optical properties of high QD loaded (similar to 75 part) NHB films are significantly altered by SVT. The porous morphology of as e-sprayed films are completely disappear after SVT yielding continuous films. The effects of SVT are varied depending on the types of solvents and chloroform worked most efficiently among studied solvents because of the similar solubility parameter with PMMA. The optical transmission of the NHB films was dramatically improved by SVT using chloroform. The e-sprayed NHB films after SVT were applied as the down conversion phosphor for white light emitting diodes (LED). Using an InGaN blue LED with the NHB films, the luminous efficacy of 39.7 Im/W at 3,087 K was achieved with a forward current of 60 mA.
Study of the underlying event at forward rapidity in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=0.9,2.76,\;\mathrm{and}\;7\;\mathrm{TeV} $ (2013)

A bstract The underlying event activity in proton-proton collisions at forward pseudo-rapidity (−6.6 &lt; η &lt; −5.2) is studied with the CMS detector at the LHC, using a novel observable: the ratio of the forward energy density, d E /d η , for events with a charged-particle jet produced at central pseudorapidity (| η jet | &lt; 2) to the forward energy density for inclusive events. This forward energy density ratio is measured as a function of the central jet transverse momentum, p T , at three different pp centre-of-mass energies ( $ \sqrt{s}=0.9 $ , 2.76, and 7 TeV). In addition, the $ \sqrt{s} $ evolution of the forward energy density is studied in inclusive events and in events with a central jet. The results are compared to those of Monte Carlo event generators for pp collisions and are discussed in terms of the underlying event. Whereas the dependence of the forward energy density ratio on jet p T at each $ \sqrt{s} $ separately can be well reproduced by some models, all models fail to simultaneously describe the increase of the forward energy density with $ \sqrt{s} $ in both inclusive events and in events with a central jet.
Intelligibility evaluation of speech coding standards in severe background noise and packet loss conditions (2015)

Speech intelligibility is an important aspect of speech transmission but often when speech coding standards are compared only the quality is evaluated using perceptual tests. In this study, the performance of three wideband speech coding standards, adaptive multi-rate wideband (AMR-WB), G.718, and enhanced voice services (EVS), is evaluated in a subjective intelligibility test. The test covers different packet loss conditions as well as a near-end background noise condition. Additionally, an objective quality evaluation in different packet loss conditions is conducted. All of the test conditions extend beyond the specification range to evaluate the attainable performance of the codecs in extreme conditions. The results of the subjective tests show that both EVS and G.718 are better in terms of intelligibility than AMR-WB. EVS attains the same performance as G.718 with lower algorithmic delay.
A Weak Asynchronous RESet (ARES) PUF Using Start-up Characteristics of Null Conventional Logic Gates (2020)

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are widely researched security primitive in the digital and analog domain but have yet to be explored for asynchronous circuits. In this paper, we propose novel optimization methods to design a weak Asynchronous RESet (ARES) PUF that exploits random start-up characteristics of Threshold M of N Null Conventional Logic (NCL) gates as a source of entropy. We employ two different methods to design the ARES PUF. The first includes traditional delay matching techniques using linear programming-based optimization, whereas the second one uses the genetic algorithm (GA) with delay matching as a fitness function. Both methodologies are explained with analysis and design specifications required to model NCL TH22 gates to achieve PUF characteristics. Threshold 2 of 2 (TH22) and 4 of 4 (TH44) gates are used as test cases for evaluation and comparison. Simulation results using initial delay matching techniques at 90nm and 65nm technology in HSPICE shows that the proposed ARES PUF has a uniqueness of 49.98% and reliability of 96.53% across VDD variation (±10%) and 93.39% across temperature variation (0°C-80°C). Whereas, the GA method can optimize NCL cells to form a PUF with 49% uniqueness at 65nm with an average reliability of 96.4% across VDD and 93.82% across temperature. Preliminary silicon results for proposed TH22 at TSMC 90nm technology node shows a 34% improvement in uniqueness compared to standard TH22 gate with best-case uniqueness of 53.3% and reliability of 100% respectively across repeated measurements (noise). Unlike standard TH22, standard TH44 performs better with 47.62% best-case uniqueness and 98.1% reliability <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Influence of Data Analysis Method and Allowable Stress Criterion on Allowable Stress of Gr.122 Heat Resistant Steel (2006)

Long-term creep rupture life is usually evaluated from short-term data by a time-temperature parameter (TTP) method. The allowable stress of Gr.122 steel listed in the ASME code has been evaluated by this method and is recognized to be overestimated. The objective of the present study is to understand the causes of the overestimation and propose appropriate methodology for avoiding the overestimation. The apparent activation energy Q for rupture life of the steel changes from a high value of short-term creep to a low value of long-term creep. However, the decrease in Q is ignored in the conventional TTP analyses, resulting in the overestimation of rupture life. A multiregion analysis of creep rupture data is employed to avoid the overestimation; in the analysis creep rupture data are divided into a couple of regions so that the Q value is unique in each divided region. The multiregion analysis provides a good fit to the data and the lowest value of 105h creep rupture strength among the three ways of data analysis examined. A half of 0.2% proof stress cannot provide an appropriate boundary for dividing data to be used in the multiregion analysis. In the 2001 edition of the ASME code an F average concept has been proposed as a substitution for the safety factor of 2∕3 for average rupture stress. The allowable stress of Gr.122 steel changes significantly depending on the allowable stress criteria as well as the methods of rupture data analysis: i.e., from 74MPato48MPa.
Abstract 558: Mutational heterogeneity related to neoadjuvant therapy response in muscle invasive urothelial cell carcinoma revealed by whole-exome sequencing (2014)

Abstract Twenty five to thirty-five percent of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) patients either present with or develop muscle-invasive disease (MIUCC). Cisplatin-eligible MIUCC patients is treated with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy followed by radical cystoprostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. In spite of this approach, the incidence of systemic relapse of MIUCC is high with only 50% of patients remaining alive and disease free at 5 years. Therapies targeted at altered genetic pathways have proven efficacy in different localized solid tumors. However, no such targeted therapies have proven clinical benefit in MIUCC. This may partially due to comparatively few genetic characterizations or no characterization of neoadjuvant therapy sensitive (NAS) and neoadjuvant therapy resistant (NAR) MIUCC patient's samples. So, we attempted to define molecular signatures of NAR and NAS MIUCC samples to identify differential mutational events that could predict therapy response and may eventually use for targeted therapy. To this end, we performed whole exome sequencing of three pairs of urothelial cell carcinomas and matched normal tissues. One patient was neoadjuvant therapy responder (NAS) and the other two were non-responders (NAR). Using these pilot data, candidate tumor-specific mutations in NAS and NAR were extracted. Initially we determined tumor specific mutations in MIUCC. The numbers of identified tumor-specific mutated genes in each of the 3 samples were 127, 57 and 68 respectively. Only two genes (FAM75A3 and GOLGA6L10) were detected as common tumor-specific mutations in all three tissue sets. Eight genes (TP53, CUL1, CENPC1, IGSF10, OR2AG2, ZNF93, LRRFIP1 and CRIPAK) were detected as candidate non responder-specific mutations in both of the NAR samples but not in the NAS samples. In conclusion, genome-wide mutation analysis of coding genes successfully revealed candidate lists of novel tumor-specific gene mutations in MIUCC and neoadjuvant therapy response specific gene mutations that were not reported previously. Further studies in extended set of NAS and NAR samples and technical validation are in progress to well define the molecules that are related to neoadjuvant therapy response. Functional studies of the selected molecules will be undertaken to understand the molecular basis of these genes to modulate neoadjuvant therapy response. Citation Format: Masamichi Hayashi, Enrico Munari, Christina Michailidi, Mariana Brait, Mark Schoenberg, Trinity Bivalacqua, George Netto, Wayne Koch, David Sidransky, Mohammad O. Hoque. Mutational heterogeneity related to neoadjuvant therapy response in muscle invasive urothelial cell carcinoma revealed by whole-exome sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 558. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-558
Syntheses and bio-activities of the l-enantiomers of two potent transition state analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylases (2006)

(1R)-1-(9-Deazahypoxanthin-9-yl)-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-ribitol [(+)-5] and (3S,4S)-1-[(9-deazahypoxanthin-9-yl)methyl]-4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol [(-)-6] are the L-enantiomers of immucillin-H (D-ImmH) and DADMe-immucillin-H (D-DADMe-ImmH), respectively, these D-isomers being high affinity transition state analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPases) developed as potential pharmaceuticals against diseases involving irregular activation of T-cells. The C-nucleoside hydrochloride D-ImmH [(-)-5) x HCl], now "Fodosine" is in phase II clinical trials as an anti-T-cell leukaemia agent, while D-DADMe-ImmH is a second generation inhibitor with extreme binding to the target enzyme and has entered the clinic for phase I testing as an anti-psoriasis drug. Since the enantiomers of some pharmaceuticals have revealed surprising biological activities, the L-nucleoside analogues (+)-5 x HCl and (-)-6, respectively, of D-ImmH and D-DADMe-ImmH, were prepared and their PNPase binding properties were studied. For the synthesis of compound (-)-6 suitable enzyme-based routes to the enantiomerically pure starting material (3S,4S)-4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol [(-)-6] and its enantiomer were developed. The L-enantiomers (+)-5 x HCl and (-)-6 bind to the PNPases approximately 5- to 600-times less well than do the D-compounds, but nevertheless remain powerful inhibitors with nanomolar dissociation constants.
Ozone-Induced Programmed Cell Death in the Arabidopsis radical-induced cell death1 Mutant (2005)

Short, high-concentration peaks of the atmospheric pollutant ozone (O(3)) cause the formation of cell death lesions on the leaves of sensitive plants. Numerous similarities between the plant responses to O(3) and pathogens suggest that O(3) triggers hypersensitive response-like programmed cell death (PCD). We examined O(3) and superoxide-induced cell death in the O(3)-sensitive radical-induced cell death1 (rcd1) mutant. Dying cells in O(3)-exposed rcd1 exhibited several of the typical morphological characteristics of the hypersensitive response and PCD. Double-mutant analyses indicated a requirement for salicylic acid and the function of the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel AtCNGC2 in cell death. Furthermore, a requirement for ATPases, kinases, transcription, Ca(2+) flux, caspase-like proteolytic activity, and also one or more phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-sensitive protease activities was shown for the development of cell death lesions in rcd1. Furthermore, mitogen-activated protein kinases showed differential activation patterns in rcd1 and Columbia. Taken together, these results directly demonstrate the induction of PCD by O(3).
Effective energy of nonlinear elastic and conducting composites: Approximations and cross-property bounds (1998)

By using similar techniques that were employed in an earlier article on nonlinear conductivity [L. V. Gibiansky and S. Torquato, J. Appl. Phys. 84, 301 1998], we find approximations for the effective energy of nonlinear, isotropic, elastic dispersions in arbitrary space dimension d. We apply our results for incompressible dispersions with rigid or liquid inclusions and, more generally, with a power-law-type shear energy. It is shown that the new approximations lie within the best available rigorous upper and lower bounds on the effective energy. We also develop bounds on the effective energy of nonlinear conducting media with voids or cracks, purely in terms of the effective and phase elastic moduli of the media.
A Quality-of-Content-Based Joint Source and Channel Coding for Human Detections in a Mobile Surveillance Cloud (2016)

More than 70% of consumer mobile Internet traffic will be mobile video transmissions by 2019. The development of wireless video transmission technologies has been boosted by the rapidly increasing demand of video streaming applications. Although more and more videos are delivered for video analysis (e.g., object detection/tracking and action recognition), most existing wireless video transmission schemes are developed to optimize human perception quality and are suboptimal for video analysis. In mobile surveillance networks, a cloud server collects videos from multiple moving cameras and detects suspicious persons in all camera views. Camera mobility in smartphones or dash cameras implies that video is to be uploaded through bandwidth-limited and error-prone wireless networks, which may cause quality degradation of the decoded videos and jeopardize the performance of video analyses. In this paper, we propose an effective rate-allocation scheme for multiple moving cameras in order to improve human detection (content) performance. Therefore, the optimization criterion of the proposed rate-allocation scheme is driven by quality of content (QoC). Both video source coding and application layer forward error correction coding rates are jointly optimized. Moreover, the proposed rate-allocation problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem and can be efficiently solved by standard solvers. Many simulations using High Efficiency Video Coding standard compression of video sequences and the deformable part model object detector are carried, and results demonstrate the effectiveness and favorable performance of our proposed QoC-driven scheme under different pedestrian densities and wireless conditions.