gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Natural Product and Natural Product-Derived Gamma Secretase Modulators from Actaea Racemosa Extracts (2015)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathogenic oligomerization, aggregation, and deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), resulting in severe neuronal toxicity and associated cognitive dysfunction. In particular, increases in the absolute or relative level of the major long form of Aβ, Aβ42, are associated with increased cellular toxicity and rapidity of disease progression. As a result of this observation, screening to identify potential drugs to reduce the level of Aβ42 have been undertaken by way of modulating the proteolytic activity of the gamma secretase complex without compromising its action on other essential substrates such as Notch. In this review we summarize results from a program that sought to develop such gamma secretase modulators based on novel natural products identified in the extract of <i>Actaea racemosa,</i> the well-known botanical black cohosh. Following isolation of compound <b>1</b> (SPI-014), an extensive medicinal chemistry effort was undertaken to define the SAR of <b>1</b> and related semisynthetic compounds. Major metabolic and physicochemical liabilities in <b>1</b> were overcome including replacement of both the sugar and acetate moieties with more stable alternatives that improved drug-like properties and resulted in development candidate <b>25</b> (SPI-1865). Unanticipated off-target adrenal toxicity, however, precluded advancement of this series of compounds into clinical development.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptidomimetics of Efflux Pump Inhibitors Potentiate the Activity of Levofloxacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Numerical Analysis of Wing-Tip Flows and Aerodynamic Sound Generated From the Flows (2011)

We study the flow and the aerodynamic sound generated from the wing-tip using numerical analysis. The objective of this study is to clarify the contribution to level of sound generated from the wing-tip. We predicted the aerodynamic sound by the separation method based on Lighthill analogy. The model is a rectangular wing having NACA0012 profiles. The shape of wing-tip is blunt, which has sharp edges. The Reynolds number based on the chord length and uniform velocity is 2×105. The angle of attack is 9 degree which is the lifting condition. The flow around the airfoil is predicted by Large-eddy simulation of turbulent incompressible flow. Current results indicated that the simulated surface pressure distribution and pressure power spectrum agreed quantitatively with measured data. In this result, we calculated the Lighthill tensor from velocity and density of air. In addition we discussed the wing-tip vortex structure and its origin. The far field sound predicted by Lighthill tensor shows a similar tendency to the measured data. To investigate the contribution of the overall level around the airfoil with wing-tip, the far field sound was predicted by Lighthill tensor only around wing-tip. The aerodynamic sound level generated from wing-tip is small compared to the overall level of the sound all around airfoil, however it remains possible that contribute to particular frequency band.
Instrumentation and Operation (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General Description of the DNA Chromatograph Detailed Description of the DNA Chromatograph The General Instrument and Materials Dead Volume Degassing the Eluent Pumps Gradient Formation Pressure Autosampler Injector Separation Column Column Protection Column Oven Detection Data Analysis Fragment Collection
Calibration Model for Apnea-Hypopnea Indices: Impact of Alternative Criteria for Hypopneas (2015)

The three methods of scoring hypopneas yielded significantly different estimates of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), although the relative difference is reduced in severe disease. The regression models presented will enable clinicians and researchers to more appropriately compare AHI values obtained using differing metrics for hypopnea.
TRIMMING JAVA DOWN TO SIZE (1997)

Java is both a programming language and a collection of libraries called packages. Much of the interest in Java is due to the large collection of existing packages which allow complex applications to be built quickly. Perhaps even more important, many programmers find the Java language to be a more desirable language than C or C++, Java&amp;apos;s primary competitors. The advantages of Java apply to any application domain that previously used C or C++, including embedded systems. However, typical Java systems today require 4-8 Mbytes of RAM or more, including those Java systems supplied by traditional embedded systems companies. JavaCam is an embedded Java application that can operate with as little as 1 Mbyte of memory. In this paper we describe how we were able to build a system that runs applications that exercise all of the Java language features in as little as 1 Mbyte of memory. Keywords: Java, class unloading, embedded systems, Internet device. 1 Introduction Java is both a programming ...
Router Buffer Sizes In The WAN (2015)

This draft identifies the set of data that needs to be collected, and
analyzed to quantify router buffer sizes used in routers in the Wide
Area Network (WAN). The scope of this draft is limited to WAN links
that have link latencies of 40 to 150 milliseconds. Reducing router
buffer sizes has many advantages, the most important being cost.
However, there is not much data available today to effectively
calculate this. This draft details use cases for the study, and lists
data that needs to be taken into consideration to be able to quantify
the size of router buffers. The details of the individual measurement
metrics are beyond the scope of this document. Neither does the draft
identify methods to gather the data. What it identifies is a need to
be able to collect, and report this empirical data in a readable
fashion thus providing the ability to study and compare data in a more
standardized method.
Overcoming hypoxia-induced functional suppression of NK cells (2020)

In contrast to HD NK cells, haNK cells are resistant to acute hypoxia. The potent cytolytic function of haNK cells was maintained in an environment comparable to what would be encountered in a tumor. The data presented here provide an additional mechanism of action for haNK cells that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for several tumor types.
Low thermal-mass LEDs: size effect and limits (2014)

In this work, low thermal-mass LEDs (LTM-LEDs) were developed and demonstrated in flip-chip configuration, studying both experimentally and theoretically the enhanced electrical and optical characteristics and the limits. LTM-LED chips in 25 × 25 μm<sup>2</sup>, 50 × 50 μm<sup>2</sup>, 100 × 100 μm<sup>2</sup> and 200 × 200 μm<sup>2</sup> mesa sizes were fabricated and comparatively investigated. Here it was revealed that both the electrical and optical properties are improved by the decreasing chip size due to the reduced thermal mass. With a smaller chip size (from 200 μm to 50 μm), the device generally presents higher current density against the bias and higher power density against the current density. However, the 25 × 25 μm<sup>2</sup> device behaves differently, limited by the fabrication margin limit of 10 μm. The underneath mechanisms of these observations are uncovered, and furthermore, based on the device model, it is proven that for a specific flip-chip fabrication process, the ideal size for LTM-LEDs with optimal power density performance can be identified.
Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Anodized Aluminum Alloy Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation (2006)

The effect of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al and Al-Mg alloy was investigated by electrochemical techniques in a solution containing 0.2 mol/L of AlCl3 and by surface analysis. The time required for initiating pitting corrosion of anodized Al was longer with ECAP than without, indicating improvement in the pitting corrosion resistance by application of ECAP. However, in anodized Al-Mg alloy, the pitting corrosion occurred earlier with ECAP than without, showing that the corrosion resistance was worse with ECAP than without. SEM and EPMA observation revealed that pitting corrosion of anodized Al occurred around the impurity precipitates and that the size of the impurity precipitates decreased as a result of the ECAP. The improvement in pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al by ECAP appears to be attributable to a decrease in the size of impurity precipitates. On the other hand, in anodized Al-Mg alloy, cracks occurred in the anodic oxide films during initial corrosion and the cracks were larger with ECAP than without. It is assumed that the pitting corrosion was promoted by the cracks due to the higher internal stress resulting from ECAP.
Fast and Accurate Calculation of Physically Complete (2005)

In this paper, the coupling and close-proximity effects arising between highly conducting and permeable metallic objects are exposed and analyzed, for the electromagnetic induction (EMI) frequency range (from tens of hertz up to several hundreds of kilo- hertz). To understand the physics of the interaction phenomena, a numerical technique is applied, consisting of the full method of auxiliary sources (MAS) at low frequencies and a combination of the MAS with thin-skin approximation (TSA) at high frequencies. Both numerical MAS-MAS/TSA and experimental studies have shown that the scattered field from a heterogeneous target gener- ated as a simple superposition of independent responses from each part can be very different from the field determined from whole object with full internal interaction. A new numerical technique for fast and accurate representation of EMI responses for hetero- geneous objects is pursued here, applicable to any three-dimen- sional heterogeneous object placed in an arbitrary time-varying EMI field. First, any primary magnetic field input is decomposed into the spheroidal modes over a fictitious surface surrounding the object. Then, for each input spheroidal mode, the full EMI problem including all interaction is solved using the MAS-MAS/TSA tech- nique, and each modal response is reproduced using a compact reduced set of sources (RSS). Finally, the total response from the given target for any other excitation can be synthesized simply by calculating that primary field's constituent spheroidal modes and combining their stored responses. Several numerical exam- ples are designed to show how an object's electromagnetic param- eters, geometry, distance between objects, antenna positions, and orientations relative to the object affect the coupling. Comparisons between numerical and measured data for a machined composite object and for an actual unexploded ordnance demonstrate the superior accuracy and applicability of the MAS-MAS/TSA RSS model over simple dipole approximations, for certain classes of het- erogeneous objects. Index Terms—Detection, discrimination, electromagnetic induc- tion (EMI), heterogeneous, hybrid, interaction, method of auxil- iary sources (MAS), metal, spheroidal mode, thin-skin approxima- tion (TSA), unexploded ordnance (UXO).
Human thymic epithelial cells present superantigens to T-cell lines and thymocytes. (1996)

It is generally accepted that thymic epithelial cells (TEC) act as accessory cells in positive selection of pre-T cells. However, our knowledge of the antigen presentation and accessory cell function to human TEC is limited. Here we present results obtained by the use of serum-free cultured human TEC, showing that IFN-gamma-treated TEC are able to support T-cell-mediated responses to the bacterial superantigens (Sag) SEA and SEB, even at very low Sag concentrations. T-cell responses to TEC-presented Sags were dependent on the presence of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, ICAM-2, LFA-1, and LFA-3, but not on CD4 and CD8 molecules. There is a low but significant expression of B7 molecules on human TEC, and treatment of TEC with anti-B7.1 and anti-B7.2 antibodies before Sag pulsing leads to decreased Sag responses, indicating a significant importance of B7 molecules on TEC. Both CD4+ T-cell lines and CD4+ as well as CD8+ subpopulations of thymocytes showed significant responses, whereas nonseparated thymocytes, CD4+8+, and CD4-CD8- thymocytes did not respond or showed very low responses. In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that cultured human TEC are able to present Sag to thymocytes.
Abstract 358: Beneficial Effects of Cardiac Progenitor Cells on LV Function 1 Year after Treatment in Rats with Myocardial Infarction (2008)

We have previously shown that administration of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) to rats with either acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) results in functional and structural LV improvement a...
Gain of a region on 7p22.3, containing MAD1L1, is the most frequent event in small‐cell lung cancer cell lines (2005)

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive lung neoplasm, which accounts for 20% of yearly lung cancer cases. The lack of knowledge of the progenitor cell type for SCLC precludes the definition of a normal gene expression profile and has hampered the identification of gene expression changes, while the low resolution of conventional genomic screens such as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and loss of heterozygosity analysis limit our ability to fine-map genetic alterations. The recent advent of whole genome tiling path array CGH enables profiling of segmental DNA copy number gains and losses at a resolution 100 times that of conventional methods. Here we report the analysis of 14 SCLC cell lines and six matched normal B-lymphocyte lines. We detected 7p22.3 copy number gain in 13 of the 14 SCLC lines and 0 of the 6 matched normal lines. In 4 of the 14 cell lines, this gain is present as a 350 kbp gene specific copy number gain centered at MAD1L1 (the human homologue of the yeast gene MAD1). Fluorescence in situ hybridization validated the array CGH finding. Intriguingly, MAD1L1 has been implicated to have tumor-suppressing functions. Our data suggest a more complex role for this gene, as MAD1L1 is the most frequent copy number gain in SCLC cell lines.
Design and development of a poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) copolymer to improve the viscoelastic and surface properties critical to scratch resistance (2016)

The present paper reports the design, development and evaluation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN) copolymers to improve viscoelastic and surface properties critical to scratch resistance.
Emergent Surface Topography Enabled by Concurrent Crystallization and Polymerization (2020)

Materials with dynamic surface topography may enable a variety of new technologies from smart coatings to biomaterials with controlled cell–material interaction. However, current approaches to create morphing surfaces require programming procedures, either before or after polymerization, that complicate the application of these materials. Here, we exploit the metastability of the microstructure of semicrystalline polymer networks that crystallize while photopolymerizing to create polymer coatings and microstructures that irreversibly morph from smooth to rough in an emergent manner when heated. For example, a smooth polymer coating with a root-mean-square (Rq) roughness of 15 nm transforms into a rough film with a Rq roughness of 688 nm on heating through the melt temperature. We show that this behavior is observed across a range of polymer networks and that the degree of undercooling during polymerization is the primary factor that controls the magnitude of roughness. This technique is not limited to polymer films; microstructures fabricated utilizing micromolding or emulsion polymerization also undergo changes in roughness on heating. Finally, we discuss using this approach to create polymer structures with spatiotemporal control of coefficients of friction and contact angles.
Microtubule growth rates are sensitive to global and local changes in microtubule plus-end density (2019)

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton plays critically important roles in numerous cellular functions in eukaryotes, and it does so across a functionally diverse and morphologically disparate range of cell types [1]. In these roles, MT assemblies must adopt distinct morphologies and physical dimensions to perform specific functions [2-5]. As such, these macromolecular assemblies—as well as the dynamics of the individual MT polymers from which they are made—must scale and change in accordance with cell size and geometry. As first shown by Inoue using polarization microscopy, microtubules assemble to a steady state in mass, leaving enough of their subunits soluble to allow rapid growth and turnover. This suggests some negative feedback that limits the extent of assembly, for example decrease in growth rate, or increase in catastrophe rate, as the soluble subunit pool decreases. Such feedbacks might be global or local. Although these ideas have informed the field for decades, they have not been observed experimentally. Here we describe an experimental system designed to examine these long-standing ideas and determine a role for MT plus-end density in regulating MT growth rates.
Unraveling the Molecular Structures of Asphaltenes by Atomic Force Microscopy (2015)

Petroleum is one of the most precious and complex molecular mixtures existing. Because of its chemical complexity, the solid component of crude oil, the asphaltenes, poses an exceptional challenge for structure analysis, with tremendous economic relevance. Here, we combine atomic-resolution imaging using atomic force microscopy and molecular orbital imaging using scanning tunnelling microscopy to study more than 100 asphaltene molecules. The complexity and range of asphaltene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are established in detail. Identifying molecular structures provides a foundation to understand all aspects of petroleum science from colloidal structure and interfacial interactions to petroleum thermodynamics, enabling a first-principles approach to optimize resource utilization. Particularly, the findings contribute to a long-standing debate about asphaltene molecular architecture. Our technique constitutes a paradigm shift for the analysis of complex molecular mixtures, with possible applications in molecular electronics, organic light emitting diodes, and photovoltaic devices.
Did Jan van Eyck build the first photocopier in 1432? (2003)

Recently it has been claimed that some early Renaissance painters used concave mirrors to project real inverted images onto their supports (paper, canvas, oak panel, ...) which they then traced or painted over, and that this was an important source of the increase in realism in European painting around 1420. Key exhibits adduced as evidence in support of this bold theory are a pair of portraits by Jan van Eyck of Cardinal Niccolo Albergati(&?) - a silverpoint study of 1431 and a larger oil of 1432. The contours in these two works bear striking resemblance in form (after being appropriately scaled) and at least one distinctive "relative shift" - evidence that has led proponents of the projection theory to claim that the oil was copied by means of an epidiascope or primitive opaque projector, the shift due to an accidental "bump" during the copying process. We find several difficulties with this optical explanation: there are at least two relative shifts (one horizontal and one vertical), the latter being somewhat unlikely given the putative projection equipment and setup; these shifts are in the ratio of distances of nearly 1:2, a ratio that has no natural role in the projection explanation; any accidental "bump" would surely have been noticed by van Eyck, and if so desired, corrected by him; recent analysis shows physical evidence (tiny pinpricks presumably from mechanical compass) consistent with mechanical transfer that has no role in the optical explanation; and several other points. The fidelity of the copy as well as the direction and relative magnitudes of these shifts are, however, consistent with the use of a familiar grid construction and with mechanical transfer using drawing compass and ruler or <i>Reductionszirkel</i>. Further, there are prominent vertical <i>Bruchkanten</i> (fold or fraction) lines on the grounded paper in the silverpoint study whose orientation and separation have no natural role in an optical theory, but have a plausible role in other explanations. Our rebuttal to the projection theory for these works is supposed by considertaion of hte lack of documentary evidence from both artists and scientists, of surviving optical devices, and of the artistic goals and established painting praxis in the early Renaissance.
Multi-layer articles and methods of making same (2023)

The invention relates to superconductor articles, and compositions and methods for making superconductor articles. The methods can include using a precursor solution having a relatively small concentration of total free acid. The articles can include more than one layer of superconductor material in which at least one layer of superconductor material can be formed by a solution process, such as a solution process involving the use of metalorganic precursors.
224-OR: Diurnal Pattern of Insulin Action and Beta-Cell Function in Health and Type 2 Diabetes (2019)

We have previously reported differences in insulin sensitivity (SI) between T1D and nondiabetic (ND) subjects throughout the day. To explore differences in the diurnal pattern of SI, beta-cell responsivity to glucose (Φ) and disposition index (DI) between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and ND subjects, we present novel preliminary data from 5 ND (BMI 26.6±1.8 kg/m2, age 62.6±4.8 years, Mean±SE) and 5 T2D subjects (BMI 33.6±2.4 kg/m2, age 60.0±6.0 years, HbA1c 55±11 mmol/mol). Studies were conducted in the Clinical Research Unit. Subjects ingested identical mixed meals (75 g carbs, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 30% fat) at either breakfast (B), lunch (L) or dinner (D) in randomized Latin Square order on three consecutive days. Plasma glucose (G), insulin (I) and C-peptide (C) concentrations were frequently sampled. Oral glucose and C-peptide minimal models were applied to estimate SI, Φ and DI. Differences among B, L and D and between ND and T2D were assessed by two-way ANOVA (a p-value &amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant). The emerging patterns suggest that SI, Φ and DI were lower in T2D than ND (Figure 1) subjects throughout the day. While SI steadily decreased in T2D, it was variable in ND subjects as the day progressed. DI was significantly lower in T2D at dinner than at Breakfast. The data to date indicate that the diurnal patterns of insulin action and beta cell function differ between ND and T2D subjects through the day. Disclosure D. Romeres: None. M. Schiavon: None. C. Cobelli: None. C. Dalla Man: None. A. Basu: Research Support; Spouse/Partner; AstraZeneca. R. Basu: Other Relationship; Self; AstraZeneca. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01029953)