gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binocular vision and fixational eye movements (2019)

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between binocular vision and fixation stability (FS). Across three experiments, we investigated (a) whether fixation was more stable during binocular versus monocular viewing across a range of stimulus contrasts in normal observers (n = 11), (b) whether binocular rivalry affected FS in normal observers (n = 14), and (c) whether FS was affected by interocular contrast differences in normal observers (n = 8) and patients with anisometropic amblyopia (n = 5). FS was quantified using global bivariate contour ellipse area, and microsaccades were detected using an unsupervised cluster-detection method. In normal observers, binocular viewing showed more stable fixation at all stimulus contrasts, and binocular rivalry did not affect FS. When interocular contrast was manipulated under dichoptic viewing conditions, normal observers exhibited less stable fixation for an eye that viewed 0% contrast (no fixation target). In anisometropic amblyopia, fixation was less stable in both eyes when the fellow eye viewed at 0% contrast. No effects were observed at other interocular contrast differences. Overall, binocular FS was impaired in both eyes in anisometropic amblyopia compared to normal observers. We conclude that binocular vision influences FS in normal observers but in an all-or-nothing fashion, whereby the presence or absence of a binocular target is important rather than the relative contrast of the targets in each eye. In anisometropic amblyopia, the fellow eye appears to control FS of both eyes under dichoptic viewing conditions.
Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Reveals Dynamics of Factor-inhibiting Hypoxia-inducible Factor-catalyzed Hydroxylation (2011)

The asparaginyl hydroxylase, factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), is central to the oxygen-sensing pathway that controls the activity of HIF. Factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH) also catalyzes the hydroxylation of a large set of proteins that share a structural motif termed the ankyrin repeat domain (ARD). In vitro studies have defined kinetic properties of FIH with respect to different substrates and have suggested FIH binds more tightly to certain ARD proteins than HIF and that ARD hydroxylation may have a lower K(m) value for oxygen than HIF hydroxylation. However, regulation of asparaginyl hydroxylation on ARD substrates has not been systematically studied in cells. To address these questions, we employed isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry to monitor the accrual, inhibition, and decay of hydroxylation under defined conditions. Under the conditions examined, hydroxylation was not reversed but increased as the protein aged. The extent of hydroxylation on ARD proteins was increased by addition of ascorbate, whereas iron and 2-oxoglutarate supplementation had no significant effect. Despite preferential binding of FIH to ARD substrates in vitro, when expressed as fusion proteins in cells, hydroxylation was found to be more complete on HIF polypeptides compared with sites within the ARD. Furthermore, comparative studies of hydroxylation in graded hypoxia revealed ARD hydroxylation was suppressed in a site-specific manner and was as sensitive as HIF to hypoxic inhibition. These findings suggest that asparaginyl hydroxylation of HIF-1 and ARD proteins is regulated by oxygen over a similar range, potentially tuning the HIF transcriptional response through competition between the two types of substrate.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer for detection of antiretroviral drugs in brain tissue (2021)

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral drug (ARV) theranostics facilitates biodistribution and efficacy of therapies designed to target viral reservoirs. To this end, we have now deployed intrinsic drug chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast to detect ARV distribution within the central nervous system (CNS). Methods CEST effects for lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) were measured by asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio analyses in solutions. CEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 3TC-treated mice with analysis made by Lorentzian fitting. Results CEST effects of 3TC and FTC hydroxyl and amino protons linearly correlated to drug concentrations. 3TC was successfully detected in brain sub-regions by MRI. The imaging results were validated by measurements of CNS drug concentrations. Conclusion CEST contrasts can be used to detect ARVs using MRI. Such detection can be used to assess spatial-temporal drug biodistribution. This is most notable within the CNS where drug biodistribution may be more limited with the final goal of better understanding ARV-associated efficacy and potential toxicity.
Effect of Residual Stress on Hydrogen Embrittlement at Sheared Edge (2022)

The residual stresses at a circular punched end face in tempered martensitic high-strength steel sheets were investigated using triaxial stress analysis via X-ray diffraction. The maximum principal stress and its direction were calculated from the measured nine stress components. The relationship between the directions of the maximum principal stress and hydrogen cracks was verified by generating hydrogen cracks on the punched end face in the same specimen using cathodic hydrogen charging. The direction of the cracks was perpendicular to that of the maximum principal stress. This result indicates that hydrogen embrittlement at the sheared end face is caused by the maximum principal stress. Moreover, the distribution of the residual stresses toward the thickness direction and the relationship between residual stresses and tensile strength of the specimens were investigated. The maximum principal stress on the punch side was lower than that on the dice side. Unlike the maximum principal stresses, the normal stresses did not increase monotonically with the tensile strength of the specimens. Therefore, it was concluded that investigating the maximum principal stress at any area between the dice side and a line located midway from the end face and dice side is crucial for considering the hydrogen embrittlement criteria.
Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloy Spot Welds (2015)

With the broader utilization of a variety of aluminum alloys in the automotive industry for structural lightweight applications, the need for resistance spot welding (RSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys is increasing. General Motors (GM) has developed a proprietary RSW process using a multi-ring, domed electrode geometry that significantly improves the performance of the aluminum resistance spot welds. In addition, to enhance structural performance, epoxy adhesivesare also often applied prior to RSW to obtain weld-bonded joints. As a contribution, the load-controlled fatigue behavior of dissimilar aluminum alloy spot welds made of 2 mm thick AA5754 wrought sheet and 3 mm thick Aural2 die casting sheet with and without the addition of adhesive prior to welding was studied. The same GM proprietary resistance spot welding electrode and current schedule was applied to both welding conditions leading to a larger nugget size when using adhesive, but both weld configurations presented similar maximum load in tension-shear testing. X-ray computed tomography was used to detect internal welding discontinuities such as voids and also to follow the damage evolution and fatigue crack initiation and growth during interrupted fatigue testing of the spot welds. The results show that the main fatigue crack initiates at the edge of the nugget and penetrates through the Aural2 die casting sheet in the thickness direction. Using the structural stress concept, it was also found that the structural stress-fatigue life curve for AA5754 to Aural2 aluminum spot welds with and without adhesive falls into a master curve indicating that the nugget size which corresponds to the tensile and bending strength dominates fatigue life.
The Superlight Inverse Doppler Effect (2018)

An inverse Doppler frequency shift of light, i.e., superlight inverse Doppler effect, is shown possible even in homogeneous media with positive-refractive index, contrary to the status quo ante. We show an example with graphene plasmons.
Electrochromic emittance modulation devices for spacecraft thermal control (2000)

Electrochromic devices operating in the infrared have potential for control of spacecraft surface emissivity. These light-weight, thin film devices change emissivity due to optical property changes in Tungsten Oxide upon reversible intercalation or de-intercalation by Li+ ions. Other contributors to thermal control performance are the properties of the underlying thin film layers and the transport of Li+ ions between the layers. In this paper we discuss the potential for ultimate device performance and the present status of prototypical devices.
LLT1 and CD161 Expression in Human Germinal Centers Promotes B Cell Activation and CXCR4 Downregulation (2016)

Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical structures critical for the development of high-affinity Abs and B cell memory. They are organized into two zones, light and dark, with coordinated roles, controlled by local signaling. The innate lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1) is known to be expressed on B cells, but its functional role in the GC reaction has not been explored. In this study, we report high expression of LLT1 on GC-associated B cells, early plasmablasts, and GC-derived lymphomas. LLT1 expression was readily induced via BCR, CD40, and CpG stimulation on B cells. Unexpectedly, we found high expression of the LLT1 ligand, CD161, on follicular dendritic cells. Triggering of LLT1 supported B cell activation, CD83 upregulation, and CXCR4 downregulation. Overall, these data suggest that LLT1-CD161 interactions play a novel and important role in B cell maturation within the GC in humans.
Evaluation of Model Based State of Charge Estimation Methods for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2014)

Four model-based State of Charge (SOC) estimation methods for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are studied and evaluated in this paper. Different from existing literatures, this work evaluates different aspects of the SOC estimation, such as the estimation error distribution, the estimation rise time, the estimation time consumption, etc. The equivalent model of the battery is introduced and the state function of the model is deduced. The four model-based SOC estimation methods are analyzed first. Simulations and experiments are then established to evaluate the four methods. The urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) current profiles are applied to simulate the drive situations of an electrified vehicle, and a genetic algorithm is utilized to identify the model parameters to find the optimal parameters of the model of the Li-ion battery. The simulations with and without disturbance are carried out and the results are analyzed. A battery test workbench is established and a Li-ion battery is applied to test the hardware in a loop experiment. Experimental results are plotted and analyzed according to the four aspects to evaluate the four model-based SOC estimation methods.
Al-2.20 Clearance Dose, Dn0${D}_{N}^{0}$ (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
GHR: are there benefits of endocrine defects? (2017)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
Ultrafast dynamics of non-epitaxially grown semiconductor-doped silica film saturable absorbers (2002)

Summary form only given. Semiconductor saturable absorbers are a widely used technology for generating femtosecond pulses in solid state lasers, providing advantages such as self-starting operation and the potential for compact laser cavities. The most common semiconductor saturable absorber devices are fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and have been used for both saturable absorber modelocking and initiation of Kerr lens modelocking (KLM) in many solid state laser systems. However, MBE has disadvantages including high complexity and cost as well as lattice matching constraints that limit material choice. Recently, we have developed non-epitaxially grown saturable absorber devices and applied them to self-starting KLM in a Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser. The devices consist of InAs nanocrystallites doped into SiO/sub 2/ films and deposited on sapphire substrates using a non-magnetron radio frequency (RF) sputtering system. The current work focuses on methods for reducing the saturation fluence in these devices.
Safety standards: an urgent need for Evidence-Based Regulation (2008)

Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." This opinion article describes and analyses some of the consequences of the ever-growing stringency of regulatory standards in the field of drugs and vaccines for human health, with distinct issues in the developed and developing countries. It is argued that the cost and benefit of safety standards, prior and after implementation, are not sufficiently evaluated, nor sufficiently informed by science. We suspect that, as a result, significant amounts of public and private money might be misspent, because assessments of risks/benefits are often questionable, sometimes out of context and inadequate. It is suggested that, just as it happened in medicine 30 years ago, a move towards Evidence-Based Regulation should be promoted. Given the probable and predictable negative impacts on costs and innovation, both in developed and developing countries -particularly in the latter where the needs are huge and the resources highly limited -we contend that such a move is urgently needed.
Cognitive Load Affects Lower Limb Force-Time Relations During Voluntary Rapid Stepping in Healthy Old and Young Adults (2009)

Older adults have difficulty allocating sufficient attention for fast muscle recruitment when concurrently challenged by an attention-demanding task.
The kinetic Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (kDPRA): Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility in a seven-laboratory ring trial (2020)

While the skin sensitization hazard of substances can be identified using non-animal methods, the classification of potency into UN GHS sub-categories 1A and 1B remains challenging. The kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA) is a modification of the DPRA wherein the reaction kinetics of a test substance towards a synthetic cysteine-containing peptide are evaluated. For this purpose, several concentrations of the test substance are incubated with the synthetic peptide for several incubation times. The reaction is stopped by addition of monobromobimane, which forms a fluorescent complex with the free cysteine of the model peptide. The relative remaining non-depleted amount of peptide is determined. Kinetic rate constants are derived from the depletion vs concentration and time matrix and used to distinguish between UN GHS sub-category 1A sensitizers and test substances in sub-category 1B/not classified test substances. In this study, we present a ring trial of the kDPRA with 24 blind-coded test substances in seven laboratories. The intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility were 96% and 88%, respectively (both for differentiating GHS Cat 1A sensitizers from GHS Cat 1B/not classified). Following an independent peer review, the kDPRA was considered to be acceptable for the identification of GHS Cat 1A skin sensitizers. Besides GHS Cat 1A identification, the kDPRA can be used as part of a defined approach(es) with a quantitative data integration procedure for skin sensitization potency assessment. For this aim, next to reproducibility of classification, the quantitative reproducibility and variability of the rate constants were quantified in this study.
Tunable diode-laser absorption measurements of temperature, velocity, and H2O in hypervelocity flows (1997)

Tunable diode-laser absorption measurements of temperature, velocity, and H2O partial pressures have been recorded in hypervelocity air flows using a dual-wavelength tunable diode-laser system developed at Stanford and installed at the Calspan University of Buffalo Research Center's (CUBRC) Large Energy National Shock Tunnel (LENS Tunnel) in Buffalo, New York. The measurements were recorded using a hardened probe, which contained critical optical components and photodetectors, that was installed directly into the flowfield near the nozzle exit to minimize complications due to boundary layers and facility vibration. The wavelengths of the distributed feedback diode lasers were independently current-tuned at an 8-kHz rate across H2O transitions (v,+v3 band) near 1400 nm and 1396 nm to yield high-resolution absorption lineshape measurements every 125 |0,s. Values of rotational temperature, determined from the ratio of measured absorbances, were in excellent agreement with translational temperatures, determined from the measured (Doppler-broadened) lineshapes, over the measured range (400-900 K). H2O partial pressure was determined from the measured absorbance of one transition and the gas temperature. Gas velocity was determined from Doppler-shifted absorption recorded by directing the 1400-nm beam through the flowfield at a 54° angle relative to the bulk gas velocity. The measured gas temperatures and velocities were consistent with calculated steady-state values (650 K and 4500 m/s, respectively). The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of diode-laser absorption diagnostics for direct multi-parameter gas measurements in hypervelocity flowfields for improved characterization of high-enthalpy facilities.
Bridging Three Orders of Magnitude: Multiple Scattered Waves Sense Fractal Microscopic Structures via Dispersion (2015)

Wave scattering provides profound insight into the structure of matter. Typically, the ability to sense microstructure is determined by the ratio of scatterer size to probing wavelength. Here, we address the question of whether macroscopic waves can report back the presence and distribution of microscopic scatterers despite several orders of magnitude difference in scale between wavelength and scatterer size. In our analysis, monosized hard scatterers 5 μm in radius are immersed in lossless gelatin phantoms to investigate the effect of multiple reflections on the propagation of shear waves with millimeter wavelength. Steady-state monochromatic waves are imaged in situ via magnetic resonance imaging, enabling quantification of the phase velocity at a voxel size big enough to contain thousands of individual scatterers, but small enough to resolve the wavelength. We show in theory, experiments, and simulations that the resulting coherent superposition of multiple reflections gives rise to power-law dispersion at the macroscopic scale if the scatterer distribution exhibits apparent fractality over an effective length scale that is comparable to the probing wavelength. Since apparent fractality is naturally present in any random medium, microstructure can thereby leave its fingerprint on the macroscopically quantifiable power-law exponent. Our results are generic to wave phenomena and carry great potential for sensing microstructure that exhibits intrinsic fractality, such as, for instance, vasculature.
Intramedullary Nail Fixation with Posterior-to-Anterior Compared to Transverse Distal Screw Placement for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: A Biomechanical Investigation (2006)

In this biomechanical investigation of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with intramedullary nail fixation, posterior-to-anterior distal screw orientation provided more stable fixation than lateral-to-medial screw orientation.
Combined Glenohumeral Arthrodesis and Above-Elbow Amputation for the Flail Limb Following a Complete Posttraumatic Brachial Plexus Injury (2005)

The treatment of a severe traction injury resulting in complete, posttraumatic brachial plexus palsy remains a daunting challenge to the upper extremity surgeon. Operative intervention must address painful glenohumeral instability while optimizing functional rehabilitation. Glenohumeral arthrodesis has been shown to reliably alleviate pain from shoulder instability and place the extremity in a functional position for activities of daily living. An above the elbow amputation has also been advocated to remove the flail insensate extremity and create a stable stump for prosthetic training and rehabilitation. We describe the technique of a combined glenohumeral arthrodesis and above elbow amputation to address the flail insensate limb following a severe posttraumatic brachial plexus injury. In our clinical experience, the combination of procedures results in an improved pain level, enhances shoulder stability, encourages functional rehabilitation via prosthetic fitting, and is associated with high patient satisfaction.
Al-2.56 Glass-Transition Temperature, Tg (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Surface Finishing of High Speed Print Bands: I. A Prototype Tool for Electrochemical Microfinishing and Character Rounding of Print Bands (1998)

A prototype tool is described for electrochemical surface finishing of an anodic workpiece in strip form, such as the stainless steel print bands used in high speed printers. The tool consists of two units, an electropolishing unit for microfinishing of print bands, and a directional electroetching assembly to provide rounding of characters in the print band. The prototype tool is completely automated and has provisions for rinsing and drying of the mounted print band. Buffed and unbuffed print band samples were used for process development and feasibility testing of the tool. Results demonstrated that the described electrolytic process yields reproducible mirror‐finished print band surfaces with desired leading and trailing edges of characters. The process is applicable either as a complement to traditional buffing to give a final microfinish to print bands, or it can replace the presently used buffing technique for character rounding and surface finishing.