gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Serologic Disease Markers in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease (2001)

In patients with IBD, the sensitivity of ANCA varied widely in different laboratories, whereas the prevalence of ASCA was similar. The positive predictive values of the ANCA assay combined with the ASCA assay for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are high enough to be clinically useful.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Promoted Reactions of Substituted Pentacyclo‐(5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9)undecane‐8,11‐diones with Ethyl Diazoacetate. (1989)

Abstract The cage diones (VI), prepared by photocycloaddition reactions of p‐benzoquinone cycloadducts such as (V), are treated with ethyl diazoacetate (VII) in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, yielding the homologous diketo esters in their stabilized enol forms (VIII).
Approximate Communication (2018)

Approximate computing has gained research attention recently as a way to increase energy efficiency and/or performance by exploiting some applications’ intrinsic error resiliency. However, little attention has been given to its potential for tackling the communication bottleneck that remains one of the looming challenges to be tackled for efficient parallelism. This article explores the potential benefits of approximate computing for communication reduction by surveying three promising techniques for approximate communication: compression, relaxed synchronization, and value prediction. The techniques are compared based on an evaluation framework composed of communication cost reduction, performance, energy reduction, applicability, overheads, and output degradation. Comparison results demonstrate that lossy link compression and approximate value prediction show great promise for reducing the communication bottleneck in bandwidth-constrained applications. Meanwhile, relaxed synchronization is found to provide large speedups for select error-tolerant applications, but suffers from limited general applicability and unreliable output degradation guarantees. Finally, this article concludes with several suggestions for future research on approximate communication techniques.
New concepts in OPC (2004)

In this paper, we will discuss two new concepts to be used in model-based OPC: model-based fragmentation, and model tagging to account for long-range proximity effects. In model-based fragmentation we create an initial fragmentation consisting of small fragmentation across the design. Then, specific fragments are removed according to image criteria in order to keep only those fragmentation points which affect the aerial image the most. Optical flare and long-range etch effects are challenging because they have long interaction ranges. We describe here an edge tagging technique that binds different models to different regions on the layout enabling aberration- or density- sensitive corrections. We show application of this technique on a layout section. We discuss how to implement these techniques in practice and what impact they have on OPC speed and accuracy.
Anthropometric Study of the Upper Lip and the Nose of Infants Less than a Year of Age (2006)

We divided healthy newborns (aged between 2 weeks and 6 months) into four groups, less than 2 weeks old, 60 +/- 7 days, 120 +/- 7 days, and 180 +/- 7 days, between June 2001 and February 2002, and each group had 40 infants. The lineal distances included 13 items related to the nose, mouth, and lips. The average width of the columella at the midpoint was 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, and 3.8 mm for the 2-week-old group, the 2-month-old group, the 4-month-old group, and the 6-month-old group, respectively. The average height of the columella was 4.7, 4.9, 5.2, and 5.3 mm. The average length between the medial alar bases was 13.7, 14.4, 17.4, and 17.6 mm. The average length from the base to the tip of Cupid's bow was 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, and 10.6 mm. The average length from the columella lateral base to the tip of Cupid's bow was 8.4, 9.9, 10.2, and 10.5 mm. The average length from the columella central base to the center of Cupid's bow was 8.3, 9.5, 9.8, and 9.9 mm. The average width of one limb of Cupid's bow was 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, and 3.5 mm. The average length from the tip of Cupid's bow to the commissure was 13.4, 14.7, 16.4, and 16.9 mm. The average intercommissural distance was 26.8, 30.3, 30.8, and 32.7 mm. The average width of the philtral column at the columella base was 3.1, 3.6, 3.7, and 4.0 mm. The average width of the philtral columns at the mid-portion was 3.7, 4.6, 4.6, and 4.6 mm. The average height of the nasal tip protrusion was 8.7, 11.0, 11.7, and 12.1 mm. The average width of the nose was 20.7, 23.7, 25.3, and 25.9 mm. In conclusion, these data are expected to be useful for patients with a bilateral cleft lip.
Site-Specific and Complete Enzymic Deglycosylation of the Native Human Chorionic Gonadotropin alpha-Subunit (1995)

Numerous studies have shown that glycosylation of the alpha-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (alpha hCG) is essential for the biological activity of this hormone. To obtain detailed insight into the function of N-glycosylation, the availability of site-specifically and fully deglycosylated alpha-subunits obtained under non-denaturing conditions is a prerequisite. NMR spectroscopy in combination with FAB-mapping demonstrates that only Asn52 of the alpha-subunit is accessible to digestion by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F under native conditions. Treatment of native alpha hCG with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase B results in full deglycosylation yielding alpha hCG with one GlcNAc residue at both Asn52 and Asn78.
Comprehensive Multi-cohort Transcriptional Meta-analysis of Muscle Diseases Identifies a Signature of Disease Severity (2022)

Abstract Muscle diseases share common pathological features suggesting common underlying mechanisms. We hypothesized there is a common set of genes dysregulated across muscle diseases compared to healthy muscle and that these genes correlate with severity of muscle disease. We performed meta-analysis of transcriptional profiles of muscle biopsies from human muscle diseases and healthy controls. Studies obtained from public microarray repositories fulfilling quality criteria were divided into six categories: i) Immobility, ii) inflammatory myopathies, iii) ICU acquired weakness (ICUAW), iv) congenital muscle diseases, v) chronic systemic diseases, vi) motor neuron disease. Patient cohorts were separated in discovery and validation cohorts retaining roughly equal proportions of samples for the disease categories. To remove bias towards a specific muscle disease category we repeated the meta-analysis five times by removing data sets corresponding to one muscle disease class at a time in a “leave-one-disease-out” analysis. We used 636 muscle tissue samples from 30 independent cohorts to identify a 52 gene signature (36 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated genes). We validated the discriminatory power of this signature in 657 muscle biopsies from 12 additional patient cohorts encompassing five categories of muscle diseases with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91, 83% sensitivity, and 85.3% specificity. The expression score of the gene signature inversely correlated with quadriceps muscle mass (r =-0.50, p-value = 0.011) in ICUAW and shoulder abduction strength (r=-0.77, p-value = 0.014) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The signature also positively correlated with histologic assessment of muscle atrophy in ALS (r=0.88, p-value=1.62x10 −3 ) and fibrosis in muscular dystrophy (Jonckheere trend test p-value = 4.45 x 10 −9 ). Our results identify a conserved transcriptional signature associated with clinical and histologic muscle disease severity. Several genes in this conserved signature have not been previously associated with muscle disease severity.
The Paradoxical Signals of Two TrkC Receptor Isoforms Supports a Rationale for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in ALS (2016)

Full length TrkC (TrkC-FL) is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose mRNA can be spliced to a truncated TrkC.T1 isoform lacking the kinase domain. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) activates TrkC-FL to maintain motor neuron health and function and TrkC.T1 to produce neurotoxic TNF-α; hence resulting in opposing pathways. In mouse and human ALS spinal cord, the reduction of miR-128 that destabilizes TrkC.T1 mRNA results in up-regulated TrkC.T1 and TNF-α in astrocytes. We exploited conformational differences to develop an agonistic mAb 2B7 that selectively activates TrkC-FL, to circumvent TrkC.T1 activation. In mouse ALS, 2B7 activates spinal cord TrkC-FL signals, improves spinal cord motor neuron phenotype and function, and significantly prolongs life-span. Our results elucidate biological paradoxes of receptor isoforms and their role in disease progression, validate the concept of selectively targeting conformational epitopes in naturally occurring isoforms, and may guide the development of pro-neuroprotective (TrkC-FL) and anti-neurotoxic (TrkC.T1) therapeutic strategies.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Mechanism of Action of Anticancer 3-Fluoroazetidin-2-ones (2022)

The stilbene combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a potent microtubule-disrupting agent interacting at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. In the present work, the synthesis, characterisation and mechanism of action of a series of 3-fluoro and 3,3-difluoro substituted β-lactams as analogues of the tubulin-targeting agent CA-4 are described. The synthesis was achieved by a convenient microwave-assisted Reformatsky reaction and is the first report of 3-fluoro and 3,3-difluoro β-lactams as CA-4 analogues. The β-lactam compounds 3-fluoro-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxy phenyl)azetidin-2-one <b>32</b> and 3-fluoro-4-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)azetidin-2-one) <b>33</b> exhibited potent activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.075 µM and 0.095 µM, respectively, and demonstrated low toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Compound <b>32</b> also demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity at nanomolar concentrations in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line Hs578T (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.033 μM), together with potency in the invasive isogenic subclone Hs578Ts(i)8 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.065 μM), while <b>33</b> was also effective in MDA-MB-231 cells (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.620 μM). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that <b>33</b> inhibited tubulin polymerisation, induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, and induced a downregulation in the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and survivin with corresponding upregulation in the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax. In silico studies indicated the interaction of the compounds with the colchicine-binding site, demonstrating the potential for further developing novel cancer therapeutics as microtubule-targeting agents.
Personalizing with Human Cognitive Biases (2019)

Human cognitive biases are numerous and well established. Due to inherent limitations in our knowledge of the world, and computational constraints, our judgments and decisions do not rigidly adhere to the principle of maximizing expected utility. We frequently employ cognitive shortcuts, ignoring relevant information, and make errors in how we store and retrieve items from memory. Human decisions are additionally influenced by moral, emotional and cultural parameters. People often perceive value in a way that is very different from well-established decision-theoretic frameworks, but much of the work on personalization does not capture human cognitive biases. Our central hypothesis is that a new generation of recommendation systems can be designed by explicitly modeling human cognitive biases such as contrast, decoy, distinction, and framing. We are just now beginning to see explicit non-linear models of human risk perception being incorporated into machine learning algorithms, and we believe this trend will accelerate in the near future. In this paper we review today's recommendation systems, give an analysis of their limitations and make an argument for why future recommendation systems should incorporate explicit models of human cognitive bias.
Methionine synthase reductase polymorphisms are associated with serum osteocalcin levels in postmenopausal women (2006)

Homocysteine (Hcy) is thought to play an important role in the development of osteoporosis and fracture. Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is an enzyme involved in the conversion of Hcy to methionine. We hypothesized that certain genetic polymorphisms of MTRR leading to reduced enzyme activity may cause hyperhomocysteinemia and affect bone metabolism. We therefore examined the associations of the A66G and C524T polymorphisms of the MTRR gene with bone mineral density (BMD) and serum osteocalcin levels in postmenopausal women. Although we did not detect any significant associations between MTRR polymorphisms and BMD or serum osteocalcin levels, we found that the 66G/524C haplotype, which has reduced enzyme activity, was significantly associated with serum osteocalcin levels in a gene-dose dependent manner (P = 0.002). That is, the highest osteocalcin levels (34.5 +/- 16.8 ng/ml) were observed in subjects bearing two copies, intermediate osteocalcin levels (32.6 +/- 14.4 ng/ml) were observed in subjects bearing one copy, and the lowest levels of osteocalcin (28.8 +/- 10.9 ng/ml) were observed in subjects bearing no copies. These results suggest that the 66G/524C haplotype of the MTRR gene affect bone turn over rate.
Homodyne scanning holography (2006)

We have developed a modified version of a scanning holography microscope in which the Fresnel Zone Plates (FZP) are created by a homodyne rather than a heterodyne interferometer. Therefore, during the scanning the projected pattern on the specimen is frozen rather than varied as previously. In each scanning period the system produces an on-axis Fresnel hologram. The twin image problem is solved by a linear combination of at least three holograms taken with three FZPs with different phase values.
Shape-dependent two-photon absorption in two-dimensionally extended benzoporphyrin arrays (2013)

In this study, we have investigated the shape-dependence of TPA cross-section values of two-dimensionally extended benzoporphyrin arrays to determine the relationship between the directionality of π-conjugation pathways and TPA properties.
Ruthenation of Non‐stacked Guanines in DNA G‐Quadruplex Structures: Enhancement of c‐MYC Expression (2016)

Guanine quadruplexes (GQs) are compact four-stranded DNA structures that play a key role in the control of a variety of biological processes, including gene transcription. Bulky ruthenium complexes featuring a bipyridine, a terpyridine, and one exchangeable ligand ([Ru(terpy)(bpy)X]<sup>n+</sup> ) are able to metalate exposed guanines present in the GQ of the c-MYC promoter region that are not involved in quadruplex base pairing. qRT-PCR and western-blot experiments indicated that the complexes promote a remarkable increase in the expression of this oncogene. We also show that exchangeable thioether ligands (X=RSR', Met) allow regulation of the metalating activity of the complex with visible light.
Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation as Tumor Therapy: An Overview for the Oncology Team (2001)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsBradford J. WoodBradford J. Wood, M.D., is clinical investigator and staff interventional radiologist at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Diagnostic Radiology Department, Special Procedures Division, in Bethesda, Md. He is also clinical associate at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Mass. Mary T. Winkler is research intern at the NIH Clinical Center, Diagnostic Radiology Department. She is also a third-year medical student at George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.Mary T. WinklerBradford J. Wood, M.D., is clinical investigator and staff interventional radiologist at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Diagnostic Radiology Department, Special Procedures Division, in Bethesda, Md. He is also clinical associate at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Mass. Mary T. Winkler is research intern at the NIH Clinical Center, Diagnostic Radiology Department. She is also a third-year medical student at George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.
Carrier-confined vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers for higher gain and efficiency (2003)

Vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) are interesting devices because of their small form factor, potential low manufacturing cost, high coupling efficiency to optical fiber, and polarization-independent gain. We present an overview of the properties of VCSOAs, as well as emerging applications for this new class of devices. We present general design rules and analyze how the mirror reflectivity affects the properties of the VCSOA. Experimental results of carrier-confined, optically pumped VCSOAs operating at 1.3-μm wavelength are presented. The devices were fabricated by wafer bonding high-quality AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) to an InGaAsP/InP active region. A carrier-confining structure was formed on the active region before the top mirror was bonded to the sample. These VCSOAs show the highest fiber-to-fiber gain (17 dB) and the lowest noise figure (6.1 dB) of any long-wavelength VCSOAs to date. VCSOAs should find applications as low-cost, single-channel amplifiers, amplifying filters, amplifying switches or modulators, as well as in two-dimensional array applications such as optical interconnects. We demonstrate the use of VCSOAs for optical preamplification at 10 Gb/s. Using an 11-dB gain VCSOA, the sensitivity of a regular p-i-n detector was increased by 7 dB resulting in a receiver sensitivity of -26.2 dBm.
INDEX OF SUSPICION (1995)

This section of Pediatrics in Review reminds clinicians of those conditions that can present in a misleading fashion and require suspicion for early diagnosis. Emphasis has been placed on conditions in which early diagnosis is important and that the general pediatrician might be expected to encounter, at least once in a while. The reader is encouraged to write possible diagnoses for each case before turning to the discussion, which is on the following page. We invite readers to contribute case presentations and discussions. Case 1 Presentation A 4-year-old boy who has SC (sickle cell-hemoglobin C) hemoglobinopathy comes to the Resident Practice Group Clinic for a preschool evaluation. At present he has no complaints, although he has had several hospital admissions related to febrile illnesses and painful crises from his sickle cell disease. He has been receiving penicillin prophylaxis and folic acid supplementation. A complete blood count yields the following findings: white blood cell count, 27 900/mm3, with 1% band forms, 19% segmented neutrophils, 26% lymphocytes, 9% monocytes, and 45% eosinophils; hemoglobin, 10.9 g/dL; hematocrit, 31.8%; and platelet count, 464 000/mm3. Further evaluation is undertaken because of his abnormal hematologic picture, revealing two unsuspected conditions. Case 2 Presentation Twins are born after a 29-week first pregnancy to healthy parents.
Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Imines with Chiral (Phosphanodihydrooxazole)iridium Catalysts (1997)

Abstract Cationic iridium(I) complexes of chiral phosphanodihydrooxazoles were used as catalysts for the enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral N ‐alkyl and N ‐aryl imines. The complexes are air‐stable crystalline solids that can be readily prepared and are easy to handle. The structures of two complexes were determined by X‐ray analysis. For N ‐alkyl imines of acetophenone, enantiomeric excesses of up to 79% were obtained. Dialkyl ketimines and cyclic imines showed lower reactivity and selectivity. A remarkable dilution effect was observed for the hydrogenation of the N ‐phenyl imine of acetophenone: decreasing the substrate and catalyst concentration led to a significant improvement of the enantioselectivity. Thus, up to 89% ee could be achieved using 0.1 mol% of catalyst. The highest enantioselectivities were obtained in weakly coordinating solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 . Additives such as halides, imides, or amines were found to poison the catalyst. Hydrogen pressures of 100 bar were usually employed, but in some cases identical results were achieved with only 1 bar H 2 .
Phenanthroimidazole dimers: structure and free radical reactivity; piezochromism, thermochromism, and photochromism (1998)

A series of 2-phenyl phenanthroimidazole dimers was synthesized by means of a two-phase preparative method, which allowed their isolation in pure form. Definitive proof of structure was obtained by means of 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy; five of the six possible structural isomers of the dimer could thus be eliminated. The dimers exhibited thermochromic and piezochromic behavior, but not photochromic. The colored species were shown to be free radicals formed on dissociation of the dimers; this was confirmed through ESR measurements. The electronic absorption spectra of the radicals were influenced by substituents on the phenyl ring. The UV-VIS measurements allowed the evaluation of the dimer-radical equilibrium constants, which were also found to be dependent on substituents on the phenyl ring.Key words: phenanthroimidazole dimers, free radical equilibrium, piezochromism, thermochromism, photochromism.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Synthesis of Squalenoid Epoxide Vinyl Ethers as Inhibitors of 2,3‐Oxidosqualene Cyclase. (1988)

Abstract The synthesis of the title compounds (VI) and (VII) involves the preparation of the bromohydrins (II) by a new method via a one‐step cleavage of lipophilic epoxides (Ia)/(Ib) using HIO 4 in Et 2 O, and the subsequent reaction of (II) with the phosphine oxide (IV) which is reported to give the isomers (Va) and (Vb).