gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization and mitigation of overlay error on silicon wafers with nonuniform stress (2014)

Process-induced overlay errors are a growing problem in meeting the ever-tightening overlay requirements for integrated circuit production. While uniform process-induced stress is easily corrected, non-uniform stress across the wafer is much more problematic, often resulting in non-correctable overlay errors. Measurements of the wafer geometry of free, unchucked wafers give a powerful method for characterization of such non-uniform stress. We will describe a Patterned Wafer Geometry (PWG) tool, which uses optical methods to measure the geometry of in-process wafers. PWG data can be related to In-Plane Distortion (IPD) of the wafer through the PIR (Predicted IPD Residual) metric. This paper will explore the relationship between the PIR data and measured overlay data on Engineered Stress Monitor (ESM) wafers containing various designed stress variations. The process used to fabricate ESM wafers is quite versatile and can mimic many different stress variation signatures. For this study, ESM wafers were built with strong across-wafer stress variation and another ESM wafer set was built with strong intrafield stress variation. IPD was extensively characterized in two different ways: using standard overlay error metrology and using PWG metrology. Strong correlation is observed between these two independent sets of data, indicating that the PIR metric is able to clearly see wafer distortions. We have taken another step forward by using PIR data from the PWG tool to correct process-induced overlay error by feedforward to the exposure tool, a novel method that we call PWG-FF. We conclude that appropriate wafer geometry measurements of in-process wafers have strong potential to characterize and reduce process-induced overlay errors.
Picture orientation information in video compression (2012)

This paper proposes changing of picture orientation on a picture-by-picture basis, without requiring the encoding of an Instantaneous Decoder Refresh (IDR) picture. It can be implemented by small modifications to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and the design of the upcoming High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, or most other video coding technologies employing inter picture prediction. To enable picture orientation changes, a high layer syntax element is needed to indicate the rotation to be applied to the decoded pictures. Modifications to the decoding process are also required to avoid the use of IDR pictures. For some applications with handheld cameras that may be held at different orientations, the proposed modifications allow shifting the rotation function to the decoding end, reducing overall system complexity. Additionally, selection by the encoder of the coded picture orientation may result in better coding efficiency. In this respect, an algorithm for selecting the coded picture orientation limited to intra coding is also described, and experimental results show coding efficiency improvements up to 3.4% BD-rate gain.
Leptin concentrations in patients with bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus (2003)

Aim. estimate leptin production in long-term steroid therapy, insulin resistance and obesity. Material and methods. Leptin concentrations were measured with enzyme immunoassay in 101 patients with bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus and 31 healthy controls with overweight. The mean age was 54.4 ± 14.1 years in males and 56.8 ± 12.1 years in females. The body mass index ranged from 18 to 47 kg/m2, while leptin varied from 0.1 to 105.8 ng/ml. Results. Leptin was highest in patients with bronchial asthma and steroids-induced diabetes mellitus, lower in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and obese controls while it was lowest in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. Conclusion. Steroids and insulin resistance participate in the regulation of leptin production. Steroids induce hyperleptinemia in vivo more intensively than insulin.
TLA+ Proofs (2012)

TLA+ is a specification language based on standard set theory and temporal logic that has constructs for hierarchical proofs. We describe how to write TLA+ proofs and check them with TLAPS, the TLA+ Proof System. We use Peterson's mutual exclusion algorithm as a simple example to describe the features of TLAPS and show how it and the Toolbox (an IDE for TLA+) help users to manage large, complex proofs.
An early-warming-method for detecting agglomeration in fluidized bed combustors (1999)

In recent years, increased environmental demands has led to growing interest in co-firing biomass or waste in fluidized bed combustors. The addition of these kinds of fuel to the coal feed can enhance the formation of ash agglomerates in the bed. Because of agglomeration, the fluidization quality decreases and even (partial) defluidization may occur. When detected in an early stage, one can take measures to prevent this unwanted situation, for instance, by increased removal of bottom ash or by temporarily increasing the gas velocity. Therefore, on-line detection of agglomerate formation (i.e., changes in the particle size distribution) is a valuable tool in fluidized bed combustor operation. In this paper, a recently reported monitoring method, based on three characteristics of pressure signals (viz., short-term predictability, intensity, and time-scale), is evaluated and the influence of these characteristics on the method outcomes is investigated. The method, which showed good results in laboratory-scale agglomeration experiments, shows to be very sensitive to the signal intensity and therefore to changes in the superficial gas velocity. The authors present an improved monitoring method, based solely on the time-scale of pressure signals, which is sensitive to changes in the particle size distribution, but relatively insensitive to changes inmore » the superficial gas velocity. Because the gas supply often shows small fluctuations in fluidized bed combustors, this method will be useful as an early-warning-method for bed agglomeration in such installations.« less
Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of Heteroaryl Halides. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photoinduced Surface Alignment for Optical Thin Films and Liquid Crystal Displays (2007)

Over the past few years, photoinduced surface alignment of liquid crystal layers has evolved into a mature technology which enables the production of high-quality liquid crystal displays and functional optical thin films. Owing to its versatile possibilities to control the azimuthal and polar orientation of liquid crystals without mechanical intervention, photoalignment (PA) brings along considerable advantages over alternative alignment methods and opens up a plethora of novel applications. Improved optical performances, high production throughputs and yield increases are additional benefits of this technology. PA materials undergoing anisotropic photochemical crosslinking reactions have now reached technological maturity and are entering the market on a large commercial scale.
Low-Power Hardware Implementation of a Support Vector Machine Training and Classification for Neural Seizure Detection (2019)

In this paper, a low power support vector machine (SVM) training, feature extraction, and classification algorithm are hardware implemented in a neural seizure detection application. The training algorithm used is the sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm. The system is implemented on different platforms: such as field programmable gate array (FPGA), Xilinx Virtex-7 and application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using hardware-calibrated UMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The implemented training hardware is introduced as an accelerator intellectual property (IP), especially in the case of large number of training sets, such as neural seizure detection. Feature extraction and classification blocks are implemented to achieve the best trade-off between sensitivity and power consumption. The proposed seizure detection system achieves a sensitivity around 96.77% when tested with the implemented linear kernel classifier. A power consumption evaluation is performed on both the ASIC and FPGA platforms showing that the ASIC power consumption is improved by a factor of 2X when compared with the FPGA counterpart.
CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo gene editing for transthyretin amyloidosis (2022)

N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):493–502. PMID: 34215024 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107454. Epub 2021 Jun 26.
Mono-, bi- and tri-metallic platinum group metal-free electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction following a facile synthetic route (2023)

HER electrocatalysts were synthesized starting from metal-phthalocyanine. The higher pyrolysis temperature is beneficial and associated with the formation of nanoparticles. The addition of the second and third metal is also beneficial for HER.
Terpene und terpenoide Verbindungen, 15. Darstellung von tetramethyliertem Perillaalkohol [3,3,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐4‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐1‐cyclohexen‐1‐methanol] und verwandten Monoterpenoiden (1985)

Abstract Die Lithiumperchlorat‐induzierte Umlagerung von 1,3,3,5,5‐Pentamethyl‐4‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan ( 2 ) in Toluol liefert die epimeren Tetramethyldihydrocarvone 4t , c sowie 2,2,4,4‐Tetramethyl‐6‐methylen‐3‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐ trans ‐cyclohexanol ( 5 ) in variablem Verhältnis. In Essigsäure und Ameisensäure lagert sich der Allylalkohol 5 glatt in die entsprechenden Ester 6a und 6b um, die mit Alkali quantitativ zum Tetramethylperillaalkohol 7 verseift werden. Oxidation von Tetramethylperillaaldehyd 8 mit Luftsauerstoff ergibt Tetramethylperillasäure 9 in 54% Ausbeute. Die Produkte der Epoxidierung von 5 , 6a und 7 werden beschrieben.
Evaluation of bandwidth for tunable antennas with physical limitations on small antennas (2016)

A tunable antenna is one of the solutions to enable a built-in antenna to operate over wideband wireless systems. In this report, the bandwidth of a tunable antenna is compared with that of physical limitations on antennas of arbitrary shape. The operating bandwidth of tunable antennas can be over 3 times wider than that of passive antennas.
Microstructure Refinement in W-Y2O3 Alloy Fabricated by Wet Chemical Method with Surfactant Addition and Subsequent Spark Plasma Sintering (2017)

With the aim of preparing high performance oxide-dispersion-strengthened tungsten based alloys by powder metallurgy, the W-Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite nanopowder precursor was fabricated by an improved wet chemical method with anion surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) addition. It is found that the employment of SDS can dramatically decrease W grain size (about 40 nm) and improve the size uniformity. What's more, SDS addition can also remarkably improve the uniform dispersion of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particles during the synthesis process. For the alloy whose powder precursor was fabricated by traditional wet chemical method without SDS addition, only a few Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dispersoids with size of approximate 10-50 nm distribute unevenly within tungsten grains. Nevertheless, for the sintered alloy whose powder precursor was produced by improved wet chemical method, the Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dispersoids (about 2-10 nm in size) with near spherical shape are dispersed well within tungsten grains. Additionally, compared with the former, the alloy possesses smaller grain size (approximate 700 nm) and higher relative density (99.00%). And a Vickers microhardness value up to 600 Hv was also obtained for this alloy. Based on these results, the employment of SDS in traditional wet chemical method is a feasible way to fabricate high performance yttria-dispersion-strengthened tungsten based alloys.
Abstract 5547: EF24 attenuates radiation-regulated eNOS→NO-dependent NFκB-mediated matrix metalloproteinases in human neuroblastoma (2010)

Abstract We recently reported that radiation (IR) induced NFκB in neuroblastoma cells and treatment with curcumin impedes the activation of NFκB and enhance IR-induced cell death. However, full potential of curcumin is yet to be realized because of its poor bioavailability. This prompted us to investigate the efficacy of a more potent synthetic analogue, EF24 in inhibiting IR-induced NFκB dependent cell survival and tumor progression and delineated the functional mechanism involved. Human SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells, either exposed to 2Gy or treated with 100nM EF24 were exposed to IR and examined after 1h, 3, 6, 24, 48 or 72h. IR profoundly inhibited both eNOS phosphorylation and transcriptional activation. Consistently, IR reduced the bioavailability of NO. EMSA analysis showed a robust and persistent NFκB activation at least up to 72h in IR exposed cells. eNOS inhibition (L-NAME) and NO induction (GSNO) studies demonstrated the influence of IR-regulated eNOS and NO in NFκB activation. Furthermore, IR significantly induced transcriptional levels of MMP-1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 14 in neuroblastoma cells. NFκB knock-out (using RelA siRNA) or forced expression of NF-kB (p50, p65 over expression) exhibits that IR-induced NFκB mediates MMPs activation. Conversely, EF24 treatment significantly reverted IR-negated eNOS activity and enhanced NO availability in the cells. Moreover, EF24 profoundly inhibited IR-induced NFκB and this induced inhibition was sustained at least up to 72h. eNOS inhibition studies with EF24 clearly portraits that EF24 regulates induced NFκB in an eNOS-NO dependent manner. More importantly, EF24 completely suppressed IR-induced MMPs transcript levels in these cells. NFκB over expression studies validates that EF24 regulates IR-induced MMPs by muting IR-activated NFκB. In addition, MTT analysis revealed that EF24 significantly conferred IR-induced inhibition of cell survival in both SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells by targeting IR-induced NFκB. Taken together these results suggests that IR-regulated eNOS and reduction in NO availability activates NFκB and NFκB dependent transcriptional activation of MMPs. More importantly, reverting IR-regulated eNOS→NO with EF24 may significantly inhibit NFκB dependent survival advantage and, may serve as a potential deliverable in mitigating neuroblastoma relapse and progression after radiotherapy. Funding Support: ACS- IRG-05-066-01; Presbyterian Health Foundation Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5547.
Consensus Equilibrium: A Framework for Model Integration (2018)

We introduce a framework for integrating heterogeneous models based on a modular framework which we call consensus equilibrium (CE). In the CE framework, each source of information, such as for example a sensor or machine learning algorithm, is represented by a functional map or agent. The estimate of the desired unknown is than computed as the solution to a set of force-balance equations. We show that the CE framework is a generalization of the previous plug &amp; play (P&amp;P) approach because it allows for the integration of multiple models each of which can be implemented as either the solution to an optimization problem (i.e., a proximal map) or a machine learning technique (e.g., a DNN). We present results illustrating the use of the CE method in a variety of applications ranging from restoration of images with unknown blurring models, to tomographic reconstruction of additively manufactured parts, to holographic imaging through deep turbulence.
Identification of proteins encoded by the Gazdar murine sarcoma virus genome by in vitro translation and comparison with Moloney murine sarcoma virus 124 (1982)

The gene products of Gazdar murine sarcoma virus (Gz-MuSV) were identified by in vitro translation of Gz-MuSV virion RNA. An overlapping set of proteins with approximate molecular weights of 37,000 (37K), 33K, 24K, and 18K were synthesized from the transforming gene of Gz-MuSV, v-mosGz. In addition, Gz-MuSV-specific RNA directed the in vitro synthesis of a 62K gag gene protein and a 37.5K env gene-related product. The Gz-MuSV-specific in vitro translation products were compared with the in vitro translation products of M-MuSV 124, an independent isolate with a similar v-mos gene. This analysis showed that the 62K Gz-MuSV gag gene protein and the 37K, 33K, 24K, and 18K v-mosGz proteins were almost identical to the M-MuSV 124 62K (gag) and 37K, 33K, 24K, and 18K (v-mosMo) proteins that we previously identified and characterized. The 37.5K env gene product from Gz-MuSV does not have a correlate in the M-MuSV 124 translation products. These results were analyzed in the context of expectations based on similarities and differences in genetic organization of these two viral genomes.
Helium Ion Microscopy with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for Nanoscale Chemical Imaging and Analysis of Polyolefins (2021)

To date, chemical imaging of polymers and polymer blends has been primarily accomplished using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to directly visualize the distribution of components in a complex material with spatial resolution ranging from 100 nm to 5 μm. However, in many cases, this resolution falls far short of visualizing interfaces directly. To overcome these limitations, recent work has focused on developing a SIMS detection system based on a helium ion microscope (HIM) enabling chemical imaging with a demonstrated ∼14 nm spatial resolution. Here, we utilize HIM-SIMS for differentiation between the olefin-based polymers of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). We illustrate both analyses for separating PE and PP using specific mass fragment ratios as well as demonstrate spatially resolved imaging of phase-separated domains within PE. Overall, we demonstrate the abilities of HIM-SIMS as a multimodal chemical technique for imaging and quantification of polyolefin interfaces, which could be more broadly applied to the analysis of more complex polymeric systems.
Spectroscopic and thermal studies of a-SiC:H film growth: Comparison of mono-, tri-, and tetramethylsilane (1998)

Thin a-SiC:H films were grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at 200 K on Si(100) using mono-, tri-, and tetramethylsilane as single source precursors. The film structure and thermal reactivity were compared using in situ multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed reaction/desorption. The results indicate that both mono- and trimethylsilane precursors yield films containing mixed silicon hydrides, SiHx (x=1–3), and mostly intact methyl groups. Tetramethylsilane did not lead to substantial film growth. These results are consistent with a mechanism for film growth involving Si–H bond cleavage. All the films are stable to above 550 K. By 600 K, silane and methylsilanes evolve, following the loss of terminal SiH3 and Si(CH3)xH3−x groups in the films. At higher temperatures, hydrogen desorption and hydrocarbon evolution are observed. For films grown with monomethylsilane, methane is the main hydrocarbon evolved, but films grown with trimethylsilane yield mainly acetylene. The production of acetylene is consistent with the higher concentration of methyl groups in the trimethylsilane films.
Comparison of pre-treatments for inducing germination in highly dormant wheat genotypes (2003)

An effective dormancy-breaking method may be of interest to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders selecting for increased seed dormancy prior to advancing their populations in greenhouse grow-outs. The objective of this study was to identify an effective pre-treatment for breaking dormancy in wheat that did not result in seedling etiolation. In 2000, eight dormant (W98616, line 211, EMDR-4, EMDR-9, EMDR-14, RL4137, Columbus, and AC Domain) and one nondormant line (Roblin) were grown at two locations in Saskatchewan. Seeds were: (i) stored for zero to 21 wks at 24°C before incubating at 20°C for 7 d; (ii) incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C for 14 d; and (iii) treated with gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) (0.0006 and 0.0014 M), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) (0.01 and 0.02 M), chilling, heating, chilling with 0.01 M KNO 3 , and heating with 0.01 M KNO 3 before incubating at 10°C for 14 d. Seedling growth was observed in a duplicated growth chamber experiment. Seedling length, first inter-node length, and biomass yield data were collected from plants grown from seeds treated with four effective pretreatments. Data were subjected to an ANOVA. Six to 18 weeks of storage at 24°C were required to break the dormancy (≥ 95% germination) in dormant genotypes. Incubation at 10°C was the most effective temperature for promoting germination in dormant seeds after 10d of testing. Four pre-treatments including 0.0006 M GA 3 , 0.0014 M GA 3 , chilling with 0.01 M KNO 3 , and heating with 0.01 M KNO 3 led to ≥ 95% germination within 10 d of testing. Only GA 3 treatments were associated with etiolated seedling growth. Heating with 0.01 M KNO 3 or chilling with 0.01 M KNO 3 , applied before incubating at 10°C in darkness, may be of interest to breeders selecting for increased dormancy before advancing breeding populations in greenhouse grow-outs. Key words: Triticum, dormancy, nitrate, chilling, heating, etiolated seedling
A Unified Operating System for Clouds and Manycore: fos (2009)

Single chip processors with thousands of cores will be available in the next ten years and clouds of multicore processors afford the operating system designer thousands of cores today. Constructing operating systems for manycore and cloud systems face similar challenges. This work identifies these shared challenges and introduces our solution: a factored operating system (fos) designed to meet the scalability, faultiness, variability of demand, and programming challenges of OSâ s for single-chip thousand-core manycore systems as well as current day cloud computers. Current monolithic operating systems are not well suited for manycores and clouds as they have taken an evolutionary approach to scaling such as adding fine grain locks and redesigning subsystems, however these approaches do not increase scalability quickly enough. fos addresses the OS scalability challenge by using a message passing design and is composed out of a collection of Internet inspired servers. Each operating system service is factored into a set of communicating servers which in aggregate implement a system service. These servers are designed much in the way that distributed Internet services are designed, but provide traditional kernel services instead of Internet services. Also, fos embraces the elasticity of cloud and manycore platforms by adapting resource utilization to match demand. fos facilitates writing applications across the cloud by providing a single system image across both future 1000+ core manycores and current day Infrastructure as a Service cloud computers. In contrast, current cloud environments do not provide a single system image and introduce complexity for the user by requiring different programming models for intra- vs inter-machine communication, and by requiring the use of non-OS standard management tools.
Reduction of Bu2tC˭O by H3MNMe3(M = Al or Ga): Product AssociationviaBridging Alkyloxides (M = Al, Ga) and Hydrides (M = Al) (1995)

Treatment of di-t-butyl ketone with excess H3 MNMe3 , M = Al or Ga, yields dimeric [H2 M{μ-OC(H)But 2 }]2 which for M = A1 association prevails, in the solid via two symmetrical bridging hydrides between single aluminium centers from different dimers