gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomical Approaches for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (2007)

Traditional open surgical approaches to the spine require disruption of muscular and ligamentous components in order to expose bony structures. Spinal stability supplied by these components is therefore compromised as part of the surgical exposure. This chapter provides a description of anatomical structures and potential complications associated with various minimally invasive approaches to the spine. The anterior cervical foraminotomy exposure was designed to negate the need for bone fusion and immobilization, while maintaining spinal stability following anatomical decompression of the spinal cord. Posterior cervical approaches are often employed to address the site of neurological compression while avoiding risk of injury to the anterior neck structures, including the trachea, esophagus, thyroid, thymus, carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, ansa cervicalis, and thoracic duct. Thoracoscopic exposures have been used extensively in thoracic surgery for a variety of pathologies that affect the chest and mediastinum.
New Insights into Mechanisms of Spontaneous Liver Transplant Tolerance: The Role of Foxp3-Expressing CD25+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells (2008)

Liver allografts in mice are accepted across MHC barriers without requirement for immunosuppressive therapy. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely undefined. In this study, we investigated the role of Foxp3-expressing CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) in the induction of murine liver transplant tolerance. Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells were increased in liver grafts and recipient spleens from day 5 to day 100 posttransplantation, associated with enhanced CTLA4 and TGF-beta expression and IL-4 production. Depletion of recipient CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells using anti-CD25 mAb (250 microg/day) induced acute liver allograft rejection. This was associated with a decreased ratio of Foxp3(+) Treg: T effector cells, decreased IL-4 and elevated IL-10 and IL-2 production by graft-infiltrating T cells, and reduced apoptotic activity of graft-infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in anti-CD25-mAb-treated recipients. Thus, the data suggest that Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+)Treg are involved in spontaneous acceptance of liver allografts in mice. The ratio of Treg to T effector cells appears to determine liver transplant outcome. CTLA4, IL-4, TGF-beta and apoptosis of graft-infiltrating T cells are also associated with liver transplant tolerance and may contribute, at least in part, to the mechanisms of Treg-mediated immune regulation in this model.
PECVD silicon carbide for micromachined transducers (2002)

We report preliminary work on PECVD amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) as a material with many potential applications in micromachined transducers. Four examples are presented: an electrochemical probe; a fully packaged, encapsulated pressure sensor; a sealed and coated microfluidic channel; and deep etched channels in glass. A designed experiment was undertaken in an attempt to correlate stress, resistivity and wet etchability with the following process parameters: pressure, CH/sub 4/ flow rate, low frequency power, low frequency cycle time, high frequency power, and high frequency cycle time. While this preliminary work does demonstrate a CMOS compatible, insulating thin film with low stress (<100 MPa compressive), high etch resistance, and conformal coating, the complexity of the plasma chemistry will require further investigation to elaborate parameter dependencies.
Balanced allocation on graphs (2006)

It is well known that if n balls are inserted into n bins, with high probability, the bin with maximum load contains (1 + o(1)) log n/log log n balls. Azar, Broder, Karlin, and Upfal [1] showed that instead of choosing one bin, if d ≥ 2 bins are chosen at random and the ball in serted into the least loaded of the d bins, the maximum load reduces drastically to log log n/log d + O(1). In this paper, we study the two choice balls and bins process when balls are not allowed to choose any two random bins, but only bins that are connected by an edge in an underlying graph. We show that for n balls and n bins, if the graph is almost regular with degree ne, where e is not too small, the previous bounds on the maximum load continue to hold. Precisely, the maximum load is log log n + O(1/e) + O(1). So even if the graph has degree nΩ(1/log log n), the maximum load is O(log log n). For general Δ-regular graphs, we show that the maximum load is log log n + O(log n/log (Δ/log4n)) + O(1) and also provide an almost matching lower bound of log log n + log n/log (Δ log n). Further this does not hold for non-regular graphs even if the minimum degree is high.Vocking [29] showed that the maximum bin size with d choice load balancing can be further improved to O(log log n/d) by breaking ties to the left. This requires d random bin choices. We show that such bounds can be achieved by making only two random accesses and querying d/2 contiguous bins in each access. By grouping a sequence of n bins into 2n/d groups, each of d/2 consecutive bins, if each ball chooses two groups at random and inserts the new ball into the least-loaded bin in the lesser loaded group, then the maximum load is O(log log n/d) with high probability. Furthermore, it also turns out that this partitioning into aligned groups of size d/2 is also essential in achieving this bound, that is, instead of choosing two aligned groups, if we simply choose random but possibly unaligned random sets of d/2 consecutive bins, then the maximum load jumps to Ω(log log n/log d) even if the two sets are always chosen to be disjoint.
Task Constraints Specification via Optimized Hyperellipsoids (1998)

This paper proposes a method to numerically construe task con straints ellipsoids from bounded task domains. The nature of tasks and bounded task domains are discussed, and some geometric bounded domains are presented with their suitable hyperquadratic approximations. Analytical solutions yielding their maximum vol ume substitute ellipsoids are compared against the bounded do mains themselves and against a competing maximum volume sub stitute box. The aforementioned numerical method is presented and is gauged against the known analytical solutions.
A nomenclature for intestinal in vitro cultures (2012)

Many advances have been reported in the long-term culture of intestinal mucosal cells in recent years. A significant number of publications have described new culture media, cell formations, and growth patterns. Furthermore, it is now possible to study, e.g., the capabilities of isolated stem cells or the interactions between stem cells and mesenchyme. However, at the moment there is significant variation in the way these structures are described and named. A standardized nomenclature would benefit the ability to communicate and compare findings from different laboratories using the different culture systems. To address this issue, members of the NIH Intestinal Stem Cell Consortium herein propose a systematic nomenclature for in vitro cultures of the small and large intestine. We begin by describing the structures that are generated by preparative steps. We then define and describe structures produced in vitro, specifically: enterosphere, enteroid, reconstituted intestinal organoid, induced intestinal organoid, colonosphere, colonoid, and colonic organoid.
Deep Learning Implicitly Handles Tissue Specific Phenomena to Predict Tumor DNA Accessibility and Immune Activity (2019)

DNA accessibility is a key dynamic feature of chromatin regulation that can potentiate transcriptional events and tumor progression. To gain insight into chromatin state across existing tumor data, we improved neural network models for predicting accessibility from DNA sequence and extended them to incorporate a global set of RNA sequencing gene expression inputs. Our expression-informed model expanded the application domain beyond specific tissue types to tissues not present in training and achieved consistently high accuracy in predicting DNA accessibility at promoter and promoter flank regions. We then leveraged our new tool by analyzing the DNA accessibility landscape of promoters across The Cancer Genome Atlas. We show that in lung adenocarcinoma the accessibility perspective uniquely highlights immune pathways inversely correlated with a more open chromatin state and that accessibility patterns learned from even a single tumor type can discriminate immune inflammation across many cancers, often with direct relation to patient prognosis.
The Influence of a Golf Club's Inertia on Shaft Movement During the Golfer's Swing (2016)

To study the influence of a golf club's inertia we demonstrated the shaft movement with inertia divided into components. We formulated a simulation model using the finite element method (FEM). We then computed the inertia force using measured data. We further divided the inertia force into shaft and grip inertia components and the club head's acceleration, angle rate, and angular acceleration components. We input each inertia into the simulation model to demonstrate the shaft movement for each inertia. The objective of this research is to simulate shaft movement while taking into account the inertia for each component in order to study the influence of golf club inertia.
2-inch size crystal growth of Ce:Gd<inf>3</inf>Al<inf>2</inf>Ga<inf>3</inf>O<inf>12</inf> with various Ce concentration and their scintillation properties (2012)

2 inch size CeO.2, 1%, 2.5% and 3% doped Gd <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> (Ga,Al) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> (GAGG) single crystals were grown by the Cz method. Luminescence and scintillation properties were measured. Light yield change along the growth direction and effects of Ce concentration on scintillation properties in Ce:GAGG were studied. Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> 5d-4f emission within 520-530nm was observed in the Ce:GAGG crystals. The Ce1%:GAGG sample with 5×5×5mm size showed the highest light yield of 62000 photon/MeV. The energy resolution was 4.7%@662keV. With increasing solidification fraction, the L Y were decreased. It is proposed that the increase of Ga concentration along the growth direction is the main cause of the decrease of L Y. The scintillation decay times were accelerated with increasing Ce concentration in the Ce:GAGG crystals. The scintillation decay times were 92.0ns, 79.1ns and 68.3ns in the Ce1, 2 and 3% GAGG, respectively. CeO.2% sample showed scintillation decay time of 61.9ns (49%) with slower decay component of 595ns(51%).
Bacillus anthracis’ lethal toxin induces broad transcriptional responses in human peripheral monocytes (2012)

We conclude LT directly targets human peripheral monocytes and causes multiple aberrant gene responses that would be expected to be associated with defects in human monocyte's normal signaling transduction pathways and function. This study provides further insights into the mechanisms associated with the host immune system collapse during an anthrax infection, and suggests that anthrax LT may have additional downstream targets outside the well-known MAPK pathway.
Towards quantum networks with single rare-earth ions in nanophotonic cavities (2022)

Quantum optical networks will enable distribution of quantum entanglement at long distances, with applications including interconnects between future quantum computers and secure quantum communications. I will present our recent work on developing quantum networking components based on rare-earth ions such as single optically addressable quantum bits based on ytterbium 171 in yttrium orthovanadate, microwave to optical transducers based on erbium doped crystals coupled to microwave and optical resonators, and on-chip telecom optical quantum memories.
Query Refinement in Similarity Retrieval Systems. (2001)

In many applications, users specify target values for certain attributes/features without requiring exact matches to these values in return. Instead, the result is typically a ranked list of the top k objects that best match the specified feature values. User subjectivity is an important aspect of such queries, i.e., which objects are relevant to the user and which are not depends on the perception of the user. Due to the subjective nature of similarity-based retrieval, the answers returned by the system to a user query often do not satisfy the user&amp;apos;s information need right away; either because the weights and the distance functions associated with the features do not accurately capture the user&amp;apos;s perception or because the specified target values do not fully capture her information need or both. The most commonly used technique to overcome this problem is query refinement. In this technique, the user provides to the system some feedback on the &amp;quot;relevance&amp;quot; of the answers to the user&amp;apos;s query. The system then analyzes the feedback, refines the query (i.e., modifies the weights, distance functions, target values etc.) evaluates it and returns the new results. In this paper, we provide an overview of the techniques used to construct the refined query based on the feedback from the user as well as the techniques to evaluate the refined query efficiently. We present experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the techniques discussed in the paper.
A bound on the output of a circular convolution with application to digital filtering (1969)

When implementing a digital filter, it is important to utilize in the design a bound or estimate of the largest output value which will be obtained. Such a bound is particularly useful when fixed point arithmetic is to be used since it assists in determining register lengths necessary to prevent overflow. In this paper we consider the class of digital filters which have an impulse response of finite duration and are implemented by means of circular convolutions performed using the discrete Fourier transform. A least upper bound is obtained for the maximum possible output of a circular convolution for the general case of complex input sequences. For the case of real input sequences, a lower bound on the least upper bound is obtained. The use of these results in the implementation of this class of digital filters is discussed.
Direct Observation of Charge Transfer in Double-Perovskite-LikeRbMn[Fe(CN)6] (2003)

The charge density distribution has been determined for a transition metal cyanide, RbMn[Fe(CN)(6)], by means of the maximum entropy-Rietveld method combined with the highly angularly resolved synchrotron radiation x-ray powder diffraction at SPring-8 BL02B2. We directly observed a charge transfer from the Mn site to the Fe site in the low-temperature phase. On the basis of a local density approximation calculation, we discuss the origin for the anisotropic bonding electron distribution around the Mn3+ ion in the low-temperature phase.
Resilient Distributed Parameter Estimation With Heterogeneous Data (2019)

This paper studies resilient distributed estimation under measurement attacks. A set of agents each makes successive local, linear, noisy measurements of an unknown vector field collected in a vector parameter. The local measurement models are heterogeneous across agents and may be locally unobservable for the unknown parameter. An adversary compromises some of the measurement streams and changes their values arbitrarily. The agents' goal is to cooperate over a peer-to-peer communication network to process their (possibly compromised) local measurements and estimate the value of the unknown vector parameter. We present SAGE, the Saturating Adaptive Gain Estimator, a distributed, recursive, consensus + innovations estimator that is resilient to measurement attacks. We demonstrate that, as long as the number of compromised measurement streams is below a particular bound, then, SAGE guarantees that all of the agents' local estimates converge almost surely to the value of the parameter. The resilience of the estimator - i.e., the number of compromised measurement streams it can tolerate - does not depend on the topology of the inter-agent communication network. Finally, we illustrate the performance of SAGE through numerical examples.
Li/Ag2VO2PO4 Batteries: The Roles of Composite Electrode Constituents on Electrochemistry (2017)

Silver vanadium phosphorous oxide, Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 , was used as a bimetallic cathode system to systematically study the impact of the constituents of a composite electrode, including polymeric and conductive additives, on the electrochemical polarization and the bimetallic discharge progression of the battery. Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 has been developed as a cathode material intended for use in batteries that power implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). This application demands primary battery systems that are reliable over long periods of implantation and are able to deliver high current pulses to charge the capacitors of the device. With these requirements in mind, primary Li/ Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 batteries are particularly promising because of their high capacity (270 mAh/g), excellent rate capability with pulses &gt;30 mA sq. 1/cm, and lower cathode dissolution compared to the commercially used Li/Ag 2 V 4 O 11 system. Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 is especially well suited for studies of discharge progression in bimetallic cathode systems. Notably, it can be discharged as a pure electroactive material in the absence of a conductive additive as it generates an in situ conductive matrix via a reduction displacement reaction resulting in the formation of Ag 0 nanoparticles. The electrochemical reduction of Ag + and V 5+ in Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 has previously been determined to take place sequentially at low rates, with reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 through a reduction-displacement reaction occurring first but with a small level of V 5+ reduction occurring concurrently. The Ag 0 nanoparticles formed can be detected by diffraction based techniques and can be spatially resolved by in situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDXRD) to assess the homogeneity of discharge. EDXRD provides unique insight into the state of the electrode by enabling evaluation of discharged phases as a function of spatial location. Furthermore, the white beam energy of the synchrotron light source can penetrate the steel casing of the battery, providing in situ measurements of coin type cells without the need for specially designed X-ray windows. Three different electrode compositions were investigated: Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 only, Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 with binder, and Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 with binder and carbon. Constant current discharge, pulse testing and impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the electrochemical properties of the electrodes as a function of depth of discharge. In situ EDXRD was used to spatially resolve the discharge progression within the cathode by following the formation of Ag 0 . Ex situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) modeling were used to quantify the amount of Ag 0 formed. Results indicated that the metal center reduced (V 5+ or Ag + ) were highly dependent on composite composition (presence of PTFE, carbon), depth of discharge (Ag 0 nanoparticle formation), and spatial location within the cathode.
Figure S1 from High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Triggers Immune Sensitization of Refractory Murine Neuroblastoma to Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1. Time-lapse of tumor growth in untreated mice and mice treated with HIFU+ Î±CTLA-4 + Î±PD-L1, HIFU alone, and Î±CTLA-4 + Î±PD-L1.&lt;/p&gt;
Vericiguat and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From the VICTORIA Trial (2022)

gov; Unique identifier: NCT02861534.
A Novel Small-Specimen Planar Biaxial Testing System With Full In-Plane Deformation Control (2017)

Simulations of soft tissues require accurate and robust constitutive models, whose form is derived from carefully designed experimental studies. For such investigations of membranes or thin specimens, planar biaxial systems have been used extensively. Yet, all such systems remain limited in their ability to: (1) fully prescribe in-plane deformation gradient tensor F2D, (2) ensure homogeneity of the applied deformation, and (3) be able to accommodate sufficiently small specimens to ensure a reasonable degree of material homogeneity. To address these issues, we have developed a novel planar biaxial testing device that overcomes these difficulties and is capable of full control of the in-plane deformation gradient tensor F2D and of testing specimens as small as ∼4 mm × ∼4 mm. Individual actuation of the specimen attachment points, combined with a robust real-time feedback control, enabled the device to enforce any arbitrary F2D with a high degree of accuracy and homogeneity. Results from extensive device validation trials and example tissues illustrated the ability of the device to perform as designed and gather data needed for developing and validating constitutive models. Examples included the murine aortic tissues, allowing for investigators to take advantage of the genetic manipulation of murine disease models. These capabilities highlight the potential of the device to serve as a platform for informing and verifying the results of inverse models and for conducting robust, controlled investigation into the biomechanics of very local behaviors of soft tissues and membrane biomaterials.
[Drug vectorization or how to modulate tissular and cellular distribution of biologically active compounds]. (2001)

Drug vectorization has undergone considerable development over the last few years. This review focuses on the intravenous route of administration. Colloid formulations allow a modulation of drug tissue distribution. Using liposomes and nanoparticles with unmodified surfaces, drugs can be targeted to macrophages of the reticulum endothelium system. When the liposomes or nanoparticles are covered with hydrophilic or flexible polymers, the vascular phase can be favored in order, for example, to facilitate selective extravasation at a tumor site. Therapeutic applications of these systems are presented. The development of "intelligent" vectors capable of modulating intracellular distribution of an active compounds is an equally interesting approach, for example pH-sensitive liposomes or nanoparticles decorated with folic acid capable of targeting intracellular cytoplasm.