gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addendum: Modular Heat Sinks for Desktop Computers and Other Electronics (2004)

The evaporative cooling technique described in this paper is uniquely suited to systems where the chip or actual electronic device can be bonded directly to the graphite foam and then immersed in the cooling fluid. It is desired, however, to adapt this technology to stand alone and aftermarket heat sinks for desktop computers and electronic devices. This would be suitable for either OEM or aftermarket heat sinks if the thermal resistance can be similar to the state of the art aluminum and copper finned heat sinks.
Si Industry at a Crossroads: New Materials or New Factories? (2002)

Many trends in the silicon industry could be interpreted as the herald of the end of traditional Si scaling. If this premise holds, future performance and system-on-chip applications may not be reached with conventional Si technology extensions. We review progress towards our vision that a larger crystal structure on Si, namely relaxed SiGe epitaxial layers, can support many generations of higher performance Si CMOS and new system-on-chip functionality without the expense of significant new equipment and change to CMOS manufacturing ideology. We will review the impact of tensile strained Si layers grown on relaxed SiGe layers. Both NMOS and PMOS exhibit higher carrier mobilities due to the strained Si MOSFET channel. Heterostructure MOSFETs designed on relaxed SiGe can have multiple-generation performance increases, and therefore determine a new performance roadmap for Si CMOS technology, independent of MOSFET gate length. We also indicate that this materials platform naturally leads to incorporating new optical functionality into Si CMOS technology.
Quality of life and metabolic outcomes after total pancreatectomy and simultaneous islet autotransplantation (2022)

The findings emphasize the importance of risk-stratified pancreas surgery. Feasibility of sIAT should govern the indication for primary total pancreatectomy particularly in high-risk patients. In rescue completion pancreatectomy sIAT should be performed whenever possible due to tremendous metabolic benefit and associated QoL.
Insights into the Performance Degradation of Oxygen-Type Manganese-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for High-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries (2018)

The cost of batteries is becoming as important as the energy density for large-scale electrochemical energy storage application. Sodium manganese-rich layered oxides (P-type and O-type) are thus one of the promising cathode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the relatively low cost of manganese and sodium. The O-type cathodes are more promising for practical application owing to their high sodium-ion stoichiometry. However, most of these materials suffer from rapid capacity decay during high-voltage cycling. Herein, we used synchrotron X-ray probes coupled with electrochemical techniques to disclose the structural evolution of α-NaMnO2 during solid-state synthesis and electrochemical cycling. During high-voltage cycling, a substantial increase of interfacial microstrain from both stacking faults and Mn cation migration was found to pin down this material’s layered structures and simultaneously block the diffusion pathways of Na+, thus leading to the performance degradation. The findings presented in this work can guide future development of high-performance sodium-ion cathode materials.
Simultaneously Structured Models with Application to Sparse and Low-rank\n Matrices (2012)

The topic of recovery of a structured model given a small number of linear\nobservations has been well-studied in recent years. Examples include recovering\nsparse or group-sparse vectors, low-rank matrices, and the sum of sparse and\nlow-rank matrices, among others. In various applications in signal processing\nand machine learning, the model of interest is known to be structured in\nseveral ways at the same time, for example, a matrix that is simultaneously\nsparse and low-rank.\n Often norms that promote each individual structure are known, and allow for\nrecovery using an order-wise optimal number of measurements (e.g., $\\ell_1$\nnorm for sparsity, nuclear norm for matrix rank). Hence, it is reasonable to\nminimize a combination of such norms. We show that, surprisingly, if we use\nmulti-objective optimization with these norms, then we can do no better,\norder-wise, than an algorithm that exploits only one of the present structures.\nThis result suggests that to fully exploit the multiple structures, we need an\nentirely new convex relaxation, i.e. not one that is a function of the convex\nrelaxations used for each structure. We then specialize our results to the case\nof sparse and low-rank matrices. We show that a nonconvex formulation of the\nproblem can recover the model from very few measurements, which is on the order\nof the degrees of freedom of the matrix, whereas the convex problem obtained\nfrom a combination of the $\\ell_1$ and nuclear norms requires many more\nmeasurements. This proves an order-wise gap between the performance of the\nconvex and nonconvex recovery problems in this case. Our framework applies to\narbitrary structure-inducing norms as well as to a wide range of measurement\nensembles. This allows us to give performance bounds for problems such as\nsparse phase retrieval and low-rank tensor completion.\n
Millimeter-wave-Lightwave Converters Using X-Cut Ti:LiNbO3 Waveguide Suspended to Patch Antennas Embedded with a Gap on Low-k Dielectric Substrate (2013)

The demand for high quality multimedia services by mobile devices increases continuously [1]. To meet the demand, large capacity of wireless communication is required. The capacity can be enhanced using millimeter- wave (MMW) carriers with large bandwidth. However, one drawback of the MMW carrier is high transmission losses in the free space. It can be used to realize short range and indoor wireless communication. The small coverage area can be expanded by adopting radio-over-fiber (ROF) technology. The key device in the ROF technology is MMW to lightwave (LW) converters.
An air spark glow phase model (1990)

Summary form only given, as follows. A 0-dimensional kinetic model is developed for the glow phase of a spark gap in air. The model includes heavy-heavy collisions leading to thermal ionization, and electron collision processes. Rates for the latter are calculated by a Boltzmann analysis and from empirical measurements. These include attachment and ionization, excitation/ionization, and dissociated/ionization; detachment was found to be necessary to match experimental closing times. With only those processes, the model predicts closing times well over a wide range above and below the DC breakdown voltage
Diurnal and Ultradian Rhythmicity of Plasma Leptin: Effects of Gender and Adiposity1 (1998)

Plasma leptin shows a nocturnal rise and a pulsatile pattern. This work was undertaken to determine the effects of gender and obesity on this pattern. Twenty-four-hour leptin profiles were evaluated in 31 subjects [17 male, 14 female; age: 36 +/- 2 yr (mean +/- SEM); body mass index: 27.5 +/- 1.0 kg/m2]. Plasma leptin profiles were higher in obese (body mass index > 27 kg/m2) than in lean subjects and higher in women than in men, regardless of fat mass. Leptin showed diurnal rhythmicity with peaks between 2200-0300 (median: 0120) and nadirs between 0800 and 1740 (median: 1033). Spectral analysis revealed 2 components (periodicities: 24 and 12 h) with higher relative amplitudes in lean than in obese subjects. The relative diurnal amplitude also was higher in men than in women, controlling for adiposity. Insulinemia, female sex, and age were negative determinants of diurnal rhythm relative amplitude. Pulse analysis revealed 3.6 +/- 0.3 pulses/24 h, occurring mostly 2-3 h after meals. Pulse frequency correlated negatively with fat mass and insulinemia (Spearman's r = -0.54 and -0.37, respectively; P < 0.05 for each). Thus, obesity is associated not only with higher leptin levels but also with blunted diurnal excursions and dampened pulsatility. This abnormal rhythmicity may contribute to leptin resistance in obesity. The significance of the sexual dimorphism in the diurnal amplitude is unclear, but it may be related to leptin's putative role as a metabolic signal to the reproductive axis.
Accurate determination of rivaroxaban levels requires different calibrator sets but not addition of antithrombin (2012)

Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor, which can be monitored by anti-factor Xa chromogenic assays. This ex vivo study evaluated different assays for accurate determination of rivaroxaban levels. Eighty plasma samples from patients receiving rivaroxaban (Xarelto) 10 mg once daily and 20 plasma samples from healthy volunteers were investigated using one anti-factor Xa assay with the addition of exogenous antithrombin and two assays without the addition of antithrombin. Two different lyophilised rivaroxaban calibration sets were used for each assay (low concentration set: 0, 14.5, 59.6 and 97.1 ng/ml; high concentration set: 0, 48.3, 101.3, 194.2 and 433.3 ng/ml). Using a blinded study design, the rivaroxaban concentrations determined by the assays were compared with concentrations measured by HPLC-MS/MS. All assays showed a linear relationship between the rivaroxaban concentrations measured by HPLC-MS/MS and the optical density of the anti-FXa assays. However, the assay with the addition of exogenous antithrombin detected falsely high concentrations of rivaroxaban even in plasma samples from controls who had not taken rivaroxaban (intercept values using the high calibrator set and the low calibrator set: +26.49 ng/ml and +13.71 ng/ml, respectively). Plasma samples, initially determined by the high calibrator setting and containing rivaroxaban concentrations <25 ng/ml, had to be re-run using the low calibrator setting for precise measurement. In conclusion, anti-factor Xa chromogenic assays that use rivaroxaban calibrators at different concentration levels can be used to measure accurately a wide range of rivaroxaban concentrations ex vivo. Assays including exogenous antithrombin are unsuitable for measurement of rivaroxaban.
Identification of the position of objects in three dimensions using an extended radiography system (2012)

Digital radiography is a very useful tool in nondestructive evaluation. However, single radiographic projection contains information about the potential defect only in two dimensions. Thus, the defects may be overlapped or placed parallel to the X-ray beam. We present how a simple, low-cost extension of an existing radiographic system may increase its capability so that it is possible to localize objects in three dimensions. The presented methodology is based on approximate three-dimensional reconstruction from few projections and depth identification procedure. The proposed method also increases detectability of the potential defect.
Biodegradable Peptide–Silica Nanodonuts (2016)

We report hybrid organosilica toroidal particles containing a short peptide sequence as the organic component of the hybrid systems. Once internalised in cancer cells, the presence of the peptide allows for interaction with peptidase enzymes, which attack the nanocarrier effectively triggering its structural breakdown. Moreover, these biodegradable nanovectors are characterised by high cellular uptake and exocytosis, showing great potential as biodegradable drug carriers. To demonstrate this feature, doxorubicin was employed and its delivery in HeLa cells investigated.
Thermal Assessment and Enhancement of Molded Array (MAP) PBGA Packages for Handheld Telecommunication Applications (2000)

Abstract Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to characterize the thermal performance of Molded Array Plastic Ball Grid Array (MAP PBGA) packages for hand-held applications. Due to size constraints, these PBGA packages tend to have fine pitch solder ball arrays and small overall size. Thermal analysis is required to assess the design risks associated with this trend toward smaller size and increasing power dissipation requirements. A conjugate heat transfer problem, in which radiative losses from the exposed surfaces of the package and the printed wiring board to the walls of the wind tunnel, was solved for horizontal natural convection cooling conditions. Thermal model assumptions and development for the MAP PBGA package are provided. The model is benchmarked with measurements obtained for a 64 I/O 0.8 mm pitch, 8 mm MAP PBGA. Predictions for junction-to-ambient thermal resistance were within 10% of measured values. Baseline simulations were conducted for 0.8 mm pitch MAP PBGA packages with substrate/die size combinations in the range of 6 to 12 mm substrate size and 3.81 to 7.62 mm die size. Junction-to-ambient thermal resistances varied over the range of 28.8 °C/W to 62.4 °C/W. Methods to improve thermal performance of these packages were investigated. Previous work indicated that effective conduction to the substrate by heat spreaders, metallic lids, mold compound, heat sinks, and their combinations promoted thermal performance. A necessary further step is to understand how effective area for heat spreading inside the package affects its thermal behavior, while varying the die size for package configurations with and without heat spreader. Studies were conducted to evaluate thermal performance improvement through the use of a copper heat spreader on the package top surface as it is affected by die size, package size, and substrate effective thermal conductivity. Substrate effective thermal conductivity is varied through the use of two and four layer substrates with thermal vias under the die. Results show a modest 1% to 15% reduction in junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for the MAP PBGA package sizes of interest.
Triggering the apoptosis of targeted human renal cancer cells by the vibration of anisotropic magnetic particles attached to the cell membrane (2015)

Cancer cells develop resistance to chemotherapy, and the side effects encountered seriously limit the effectiveness of treatments. For these reasons, the search for alternative therapies that target cancer cells without affecting healthy tissues is currently one of the most active areas of research on cancer. The present study focuses on a recently proposed approach for cancer cell destruction based on the targeted triggering of cancer cell spontaneous death through the mechanical vibration of anisotropic magnetic micro/nanoparticles attached to the cell membranes at low frequencies (∼20 Hz) and in weak magnetic fields (∼30 mT). The study was conducted in vitro, on human renal cancer cells with superparamagnetic-like particles. Three types of such particles made of NiFe or magnetite were prepared and characterized (either synthetic antiferromagnetic, vortex or polycrystalline with random grain anisotropy). The triggering of the apoptosis of these cancer cells was demonstrated with NiFe vortex particles and statistically characterized by flow-cytometry studies. The death pathway via apoptosis and not necrosis was identified by the clear observation of caspase activation.
Optical comb frequencies stabilization and super mode noise suppression of harmonically mode locked semiconductor ring laser using a single etalon (2004)

Using an intracavity Pound-Drever-Hall technique, simultaneous optical frequency comb stabilization within /spl plusmn/3 MHz range and supermode phase noise suppression were demonstrated for a 10 GHz harmonically modelocked semiconductor ring laser resulting in timing jitter of 63.5 fs integrated from 10 Hz to 10 MHz.
Gelation of Polymer Solutions: An Experimental Verification of the Scaling Behavior of the Size Distribution Function (1985)

Polystyrene chains in solution have been crosslinked by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation. The gelation reaction has been stopped at various stages before the gel point and the size distribution function has been measured. We show that the distribution functions obey a simple scaling law.
Dynamic Changes in Thrombin Generation in Abdominal Sepsis in Mice (2014)

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and severe infections are associated with major derangements in the coagulation system. The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamic alterations in thrombin generation in abdominal sepsis. Abdominal sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in C57/Bl6 mice. Cecal ligation and puncture caused a systemic inflammatory response, with neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage in the lung as well as thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia. Thrombin generation, coagulation factors, lung histology, and myeloperoxidase activity was determined 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after induction of CLP. It was found that thrombin generation was increased 1 h after CLP and that thrombin generation started to decrease at 3 h and was markedly reduced 6 and 24 h after CLP induction. Platelet-poor plasma from healthy mice could completely reverse the inhibitory effect of CLP on thrombin generation, suggesting that sepsis caused a decrease in the levels of plasma factors regulating thrombin generation in septic animals. Indeed, it was found that CLP markedly decreased plasma levels of prothrombin, factor V, and factor X at 6 and 24 h. Moreover, we observed that CLP increased plasma levels of activated protein C at 6 h, which returned to baseline levels 24 h after CLP induction. Finally, pretreatment with imipenem/cilastatin attenuated the CLP-evoked decrease in thrombin generation and consumption of prothrombin 24 h after CLP induction. Our novel findings suggest that thrombin generation is initially increased and later decreased in abdominal sepsis. Sepsis-induced reduction in thrombin generation is correlated to changes in the plasma levels of coagulation factors and activated protein C. These findings help explain the dynamic changes in global hemostasis in abdominal sepsis.
A Distributed Approach for Location Lookup in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (2009)

Efficient location management is one of the major challenges in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Due to the high mobility of vehicles and the increase in their number, the location information updating and querying messages will consume the limited bandwidth of VANETs. This involves the development of a scalable and locality-aware location service management protocol. In this paper, we propose a promising solution called the modified region-based location service management protocol (MRLSMP), which utilizes the existing infrastructure on the road as a location management service entity. To evaluate the efficiency of our proposal, we compare our scheme with existing solutions using both analytical and simulation approaches. Specifically, we develop analytical models to evaluate the total control overhead. Numerical and simulation results show that our protocol scales better than existing schemes, when increasing the size of VANETs which enhances the feasibility of such large scale ad hoc networks.
Technical Notes: Modification of a No-till Planter for Tree Seeds (1995)

A no-till planter was modified to plant tree seeds for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The planter was constructed using two, modified no-till, row-crop planter units. Modified finger-pickup corn meters were capable of dispensing pin oak (Quercus palustris), Kentucky coffee (Gymnocladus dioicus), small pecans (Carya illinoensis), paw-paws (Asimina triloba), and other similar tree seeds. Seed tubes were modified to accommodate larger seeds. A drive system was built to control the speed of the seed meter and height of the toolbar. A monitor was designed and built to accurately register low seeding rates. The prototype planter was capable of planting 8 ha/h (20 acre/h). Planter and monitor cost was less than $6,000.
Association of a Novel Mutation in the Retinol Dehydrogenase 12 (RDH12) Gene With Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (2008)

The demonstration that mutations in a gene previously associated with recessive Leber congenital amaurosis can also cause dominant RP illustrates the wide phenotypic variability of retinal degeneration genes.
Prognostic influence of BRCA 1 somatic mutations in African Amercian versus Caucasian ovarian cancer patients. (2017)

e17054 Background: Racial disparities in outcomes exist between African-American (AA) and Caucasian (C) patients (pts) with high grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Not all disparity is explained by socio-economic and access related issues. Many argue that differences in tumor biology also play a role. Germline BRCA mutations confer a protective effect in these pts. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for BRCA 1 is being developed to detect somatic BRCA1 mutations. Parp-inhibitors have been approved for use in pts with germline and/or somatic BRCA mutations. We describe the first comparison of the prognostic implications of BRCA1 somatic mutation status in tumor samples taken from AA and C EOC pts who underwent primary surgery followed by systemic chemotherapy. Methods: IHC staining of whole tumor sections from AA and C pts was performed using a commercially available monoclonal antibody against BRCA1 (Calbiochem). Staining was scored as: loss, retention, or equivocal in the presence of a positive control. Retention was described as wild-type and loss or equivocal as mutation. Standard statistical analyses were used to correlate race, BRCA1 status, and survival. Results: Tumor from 33 pts (16AA and 17C) was stained and scored. Most pts had Stage III (66.7%) disease and high grade serous subtype (82%). Stage, histology, and debulking status did not differ between groups. Overall, loss of BRCA 1 occurred 16/33 (48.5%) tumors. BRCA1 was mutated more frequently in tumors from AA pts (11/16) compared to C pts (5/17) (p=.024). BRCA 1 mutation conferred a protective effect, with a trend towards improved progression free survival: 9.5 vs 15.8 mos in AA (p=0.44) and 16.5 vs. 21 mos in C pts (p=0.97). No statistically significant difference in OS was seen. Conclusions: We demonstrate that IHC for BRCA 1 mutation is feasible in a standard hospital pathology laboratory. Race based differences in somatic BRCA 1 mutation exist; mutational differences are associated with a trend in improved PFS. A larger cohort is needed to elucidate the true effect of this status on outcome. Conceivably, knowledge of BRCA 1 tumor status could be used to improve outcomes in AA pts who may be able to achieve survival numbers comparable to C pts.
Parts per billion detection of uranium with a porphyrinoid-containing nanoparticle and in vivo photoacoustic imaging (2015)

Chemical tools that can report radioactive isotopes would be of interest to the defense community. Here we report ∼250 nm polymeric nanoparticles containing porphyrinoid macrocycles with and without pre-complexed depleted uranium and demonstrate that the latter species may be detected easily and with high sensitivity via photoacoustic imaging. The porphyrinoid macrocycles used in the present study are non-aromatic in the absence of the uranyl cation, but aromatic after cation complexation. We solubilized both the freebase and metalated forms of the macrocycles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and found a peak in the photoacoustic spectrum at 910 nm excitation in the case of the uranyl complex. The signal was stable for at least 15 minutes and allowed detection of uranium concentrations down to 6.2 ppb (5.7 nM) in vitro and 0.57 ppm (19 fCi; 0.52 μM) in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a nanoparticle that detects an actinide cation via photoacoustic imaging.