gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Best Practice for Reporting Wet Mechanical Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Materials (2020)

Nanocellulose-based materials and nanocomposites show extraordinary mechanical properties with high stiffness, strength, and toughness. Although the last decade has witnessed great progress in understanding the mechanical properties of these materials, a crucial challenge is to identify pathways to introduce high wet strength, which is a critical parameter for commercial applications. Because of the waterborne fabrication methods, nanocellulose-based materials are prone to swelling by both adsorption of moist air or liquid water. Unfortunately, there is currently no best practice on how to take the swelling into account when reporting mechanical properties at different relative humidity or when measuring the mechanical properties of fully hydrated materials. This limits and in parts fully prevents comparisons between different studies. We review current approaches and propose a best practice for measuring and reporting mechanical properties of wet nanocellulose-based materials, highlighting the importance of swelling and the correlation between mechanical properties and volume expansion.
MiniTerminal - a small antenna for satellite reception (2007)

For the reception of satellite signals with a low signal to noise ratio a small antenna has been developed. The maximum aperture size is 400 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with an envisioned G/T of 0 dB/K.
Near-field characterization of low-loss photonic crystal waveguides (2005)

A scanning near-field optical microscope is used to directly map the propagation of light in the wavelength range of 1500--1630 nm along straight photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers. The PCWs were formed by removing a single row of holes in the triangular 428-nm-period lattices with different filling factors (0.76 and 0.82) and connected to access ridge waveguides. Using the near-field optical images we investigate the light propagation along PCWs for TM and TE polarizations (the electric field is perpendicular/parallel to the sample surface). Efficient guiding (for both samples) of the TM-polarized radiation is observed in the whole range of laser tunability. For TE polarization, the efficient guiding is limited to the wavelengths shorter than 1552 or 1570 nm for the PCW with the filling factor of 0.76 or 0.82, respectively. For longer wavelengths, we observe drastic and rapid deterioration of the waveguiding and PCW mode confinement, ending up with the complete disappearance of the PCW mode once the wavelength exceeds the cutoff value by merely 2 nm. Using averaged cross sections of the intensity distributions along the PCW axis, the propagation loss is evaluated and found to be in good agreement with the corresponding transmission spectra. Considering spatial frequency spectra of the intensity variations along the PCW axis, we determine (for both polarizations) the dispersion of the PCW mode propagation constant and, thereby, the mode group and phase velocities.
Changes in resistance vessels during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in conscious hamster model (1999)

The unanesthetized hamster dorsal skinfold preparation was used to monitor diameters and blood flow rates in resistance arteries (small arteries, A0: diameter, 156 +/- 23 micrometers) and capacitance vessels (small veins, V0: 365 +/- 64 micrometers), during 45 min of hemorrhagic shock at 40 mmHg mean arterial pressure (MAP) and resuscitation. A0 and V0 vessels constricted significantly to 52 and 70% of the basal values, respectively, whereas precapillary arterioles (A1-A4, 8-60 micrometers) and collecting venules (VC-VL, 26-80 micrometers) did not change or tended to dilate. Blood flow rates in the microvessels declined to <20% of the basal values. Resuscitation with shed autologous blood (SAB) showed incomplete recovery of A0 and V0 diameters even 2 h after resuscitation (71 +/- 14% and 81 +/- 18%, respectively, of basal value), whereas other vessels did not change significantly. The behavior of A0 diameter coincided with the incomplete recovery of blood flow rates in all the vessels (ca. 50%) according to Poiseuille's law, and the incomplete recovery of functional capillary density (ca. 75%). Resuscitation with 8% human serum albumin in saline (HSA) tended to show higher levels of A0 constriction and A4 dilation and lowered blood flow rates. Resuscitation with SAB restored tissue PO2 27 +/- 10 mmHg after 2 h, which was near control levels (28 +/- 5 mmHg), whereas resuscitation with HSA caused tissue PO2 to remain significantly depressed (6 +/- 2 mmHg), and flow rates were significantly lower than resuscitation with SAB. These results indicate that response of the A0 vessels is the crucial determinant of blood flow in the observed area. The constriction of A0 may help sustain MAP, and constriction of V0 may enhance blood redistribution from the skin to the vital organs under the hypotensive condition.
Intrinsic Properties of 40 nm-sized LiFePO4 Particles (2009)

LiFePO4 particles of sizes in the range 35-45 nm have been prepared by jet-milling route. The bulk and surface properties have been investigated by a combination of XRD, TEM, FTIR, and magnetic measurements before and after the carbon coating of the particles intended to optimize the electrochemical performance of the powder used as a cathode element. The particles are crystallites free from impurity and defect, surrounded by a surface layer. Before carbon coating, the surface layer is highly disordered, inside which the iron ions are in the Fe3+ low spin (S=1/2) configuration. The disorder is found to have dramatic effects on the electrochemical properties as it stabilizes the solid solution inside the passivation layer. This disorder is strongly reduced by the carbon coating at 750 {degree sign}C, which switches the Fe3+ ions in the surface layer to the high spin (S=5/2) configuration, and restores the plateau of the voltage versus capacity. The results are discussed in the context of the controversy on the shrinking of the miscibility gap upon decreasing the size of the particles to the nanoscale.
<title>Living chips for drug discovery</title> (2000)

We have developed novel microarray technology for performing large numbers (up to 10<SUP>6</SUP>) of chemical and cell-based assays in parallel. This technology is particularly relevant to the high-throughput screening methods used by the pharmaceutical industry to identify potential drug candidates. In this paper we provide an overview of the system and its enabling technologies, including an economical manufacturing process for creating these microarrays, a fluorescence imaging system for detecting `hits', a fluid delivery system for loading arrays, and a method for mixing reagents.
LineSwitch: Efficiently Managing Switch Flow in Software-Defined Networking while Effectively Tackling DoS Attacks (2015)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking architecture which aims to provide better decoupling between network control (control plane) and data forwarding functionalities (data plane). This separation introduces several benefits, such as a directly programmable and (virtually) centralized network control. However, researchers showed that the required communication channel between the control and data plane of SDN creates a potential bottleneck in the system, introducing new vulnerabilities. Indeed, this behavior could be exploited to mount powerful attacks, such as the control plane saturation attack, that can severely hinder the performance of the whole network. In this paper we present LineSwitch, an efficient and effective solution against control plane saturation attack. LineSwitch combines SYN proxy techniques and probabilistic blacklisting of network traffic. We implemented LineSwitch as an extension of OpenFlow, the current reference implementation of SDN, and evaluate our solution considering different traffic scenarios (with and without attack). The results of our preliminary experiments confirm that, compared to the state-of-the-art, LineSwitch reduces the time overhead up to 30%, while ensuring the same level of protection.
Analysis of the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in Urine by Extraction on a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Column and Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2005)

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is present in the urine of tobacco users and, at lower concentrations, in the urine of nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. NNAL is a valuable biomarker of human exposure to the carcinogenic nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke, but its presence at low concentrations in urine requires sensitive and often complex analytic procedures. In this report, we describe the development of an efficient method for the analysis of NNAL in human urine using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) combined with a novel sample cleanup based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) column developed specifically for this assay. Our results suggest that this combination of MIP column extraction and LC/MS/MS can provide a sensitive and relatively simple analytical method suitable for application to epidemiologic investigations of health risks associated with the exposure to tobacco smoke or SHS in both smokers and nonsmokers.
Absorbing FSS ground plane for reduced-Radar Cross Section of conformal antennas (2013)

Several approaches in the literature have been attempted for reducing the Radar Cross-Section (RCS) of antennas, specifically for conformal patch antennas. Ideally, the antenna should function unimpeded at the communication frequency but should have a minimal radar signature at all other frequencies of interest. Here, absorbing Frequency Selective Surfaces are used as the ground plane of a conformal antenna in order to reduce the RCS at higher frequencies. This technique offers many advantages over existing published techniques in the literature that generally show limited RCS reduction or poor antenna performance.
GC-MS Quantification of Suspected Volatile Allergens in Fragrances. 2. Data Treatment Strategies and Method Performances (2006)

The performances of the GC-MS determination of suspected allergens in fragrance concentrates have been investigated. The limit of quantification was experimentally determined (10 mg/L), and the variability was investigated for three different data treatment strategies: (1) two columns and three quantification ions; (2) two columns and one quantification ion; and (3) one column and three quantification ions. The first strategy best minimizes the risk of determination bias due to coelutions. This risk was evaluated by calculating the probability of coeluting a suspected allergen with perfume constituents exhibiting ions in common. For hydroxycitronellal, when using a two-column strategy, this may statistically occur more than once every 36 analyses for one ion or once every 144 analyses for three ions in common.
Transketolase abnormality in cultured fibroblasts from familial chronic alcoholic men and their male offspring. (1987)

We have investigated a thiamine-dependent enzyme, transketolase, in cultured fibroblasts from 41 human subjects, including patients with alcoholism-associated Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (n = 3), familial chronic alcoholic males (n = 7), their sons (n = 7), nonalcoholic men (n = 7), their male offspring (n = 7), and three generations of an Amish family (n = 10) without any history of alcoholism. This study was undertaken to delineate whether transketolase abnormality (i.e., high Michaelis Menton constant (Km) for thiamine pyrophosphate), previously reported in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is prevalent among familial chronic alcoholic men and their sons without prior history of alcohol abuse but who are at high risk for alcoholism. Our data suggest that an inborn error (i.e., high Km of transketolase for thiamine pyrophosphate) predisposing to thiamine deficiency diseases similar to those reported in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may occur in the general population. However, for some as yet unexplained reason(s) this variant seems to occur more frequently among familial chronic alcoholic men and their male offspring without any history of alcoholism. The inheritance pattern of this enzyme variant as revealed from an Amish pedigree study may be autosomal recessive as previously suggested.
Zwitterionic Group VIII transition metal initiators supported by olefin ligands (2023)

A zwitterionic Group VIII transition metal complex containing the simple and relatively small 3-(arylimino)-but-1-en-2-olato ligand that catalyzes the formation of polypropylene and high molecular weight polyethylene. A novel feature of this catalyst is that the active species is stabilized by a chelated olefin adduct. The present invention also provides methods of polymerizing olefin monomers using zwitterionic catalysts, particularly polypropylene and high molecular weight polyethylene.
Gratings: Light‐Driven Wide‐Range Nonmechanical Beam Steering and Spectrum Scanning Based on a Self‐Organized Liquid Crystal Grating Enabled by a Chiral Molecular Switch (Advanced Optical Materials 2/2015) (2015)

A compact light-driven beam-steering device splits white light into a rainbow, enabling nonmechanical tuning of the diffraction angle. On page 166, it is fabricated by T.-H. Lin, Q. Li, and co-workers with a thin film of a self-organized cholesteric liquid crystal grating containing a photosensitive chiral molecular switch. With the aid of the molecular switch, the grating period can vary reversibly in response to purple and green irradiation. The steering range tunability of around 30° boosts the applicability of such devices in light-propagation control, spectroscopic applications, and beyond.
Towards Imaging Pt Chemoresistance Using Gd(III)‐Pt(II) Theranostic MR Contrast Agents (2021)

Cisplatin and related Pt(II) chemotherapeutics are indispensable tools for the treatment of various solid tumors. Despite their widespread clinical use in approximately 50 % of chemotherapy regimens, they are hindered by issues with off-target toxicity and chemoresistance, both innate and acquired. To date, there is no effective way to predict the outcome of Pt(II) chemotherapy because the genes associated with resistance are not completely known or understood. Instead, patients undergo weeks to months of potentially harmful therapy before knowing if it is effective. Here we report two Gd(III)-Pt(II) theranostic MR contrast agents that contain cisplatin and carboplatin-based moieties respectively. We used these agents to demonstrate that accumulation differences in Pt(II) sensitive and resistant cells, a dominant factor in chemoresistance, can be imaged by MR. Both theranostic agents bind to DNA, are cytotoxic, and enhance the intracellular T<sub>1</sub> -weighted MR contrast of multiple cell lines. Most importantly, the cisplatin-based agent accumulates less in Pt(II) resistant cells in vitro and in vivo, resulting in decreased MR contrast enhancement compared to the parent Pt(II) sensitive cell line. This straightforward method to image a key factor of Pt(II) resistance using MRI is an important first step towards the ultimate goals of predicting response to Pt(II) chemotherapy and monitoring for the onset of chemoresistance - a critical unmet need in medicine that could significantly improve patient outcomes.
Rotational Control Method with Transformer Loss Savings in Solid-State Transformer based Converter System (2018)

This paper presents a novel control strategy for high-frequency transformer loss reduction in modular solid-state transformer (SST) based converter system. The modular SST design is based on an ac-dc power-electronic building block (PEBB) comprised of an H-bridge at the AC input and a bi-directional soft-switching isolated dc-dc converter with a high frequency transformer. The AC terminals of input H-bridges are connected in series and directly coupled to the AC line, while the output DC terminals are all connected in parallel at low voltage. The key innovation described in the paper is the control scheme that reduces core and winding losses associated with the dc-dc resonant stage by turning off the selected dc-dc converters in synchronism with the line voltage. The prototype for test described in this paper is based on a modular SST where each module is rated at 50 kVA, with a 200 kHz transformer using 1.7 kV SiC MOSFETs, but the described control concepts are more broadly applicable to similar topologies.
TARGET trial: Molecular profiling of circulating tumour DNA to stratify patients to early phase clinical trials. (2016)

TPS11614 Background: Molecular stratification of patients to early phase trials of targeted therapies is a rational approach to drug development to help maximise benefit for individuals and provide an early indication of drug efficacy. Tumour characterisation is often performed on archival biopsies which may not reflect the current and complete genetic profile of disease and there may be practical issues and delays with obtaining archival specimens. Analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) will provide a rapid and contemporaneous profile, perhaps representing tumour heterogeneity and thus a more complete molecular profile than a single biopsy can achieve. The Tumour chARacterisation to Guide Experimental Targeted Therapy Trial (TARGET) will test the hypothesis that ctDNA molecular profiling can be used to help guide selection of experimental medicines and monitor tumour response for patients that receive a matched targeted therapy. Methods: This is a single centre prospective study at the Manchester Cancer Research Centre. Eligible patients referred for consideration of phase 1 trials will be consented for blood sampling, archival tumour analysis and optional fresh biopsies. Circulating free DNA will be extracted from plasma using standard Qiagen protocols and subjected to enrichment for a 654 gene panel followed by next generation sequencing on an Illumina platform. In Part A of the trial, 100 patients will undergo ctDNA analysis for optimisation and reporting of results within 28 days to the Molecular Tumour Board. Data will be considered alongside sequencing of tumour to assess confidence in utilising ctDNA for decision making. In part B results will be required within 14 days for real-time clinical trial selection for up to 250 patients. Serial samples for ctDNA will be collected for patients matched with targeted therapies. Outcomes will include number of patients for which ctDNA analysis guided trial selection and response rates/PFS to matched targeted drugs. Patient derived xenografts will be created to explore drug sensitivity and resistance mechanisms in cases of ctDNA molecular aberrations of uncertain clinical significance. Recruitment commenced in April 2015 and will accrue over 3.5 years.
VAI-B: a multicenter platform for the external validation of artificial intelligence algorithms in breast imaging (2023)

We have created a platform that will allow downstream evaluation of AI systems for breast cancer detection, which enables faster development cycles for participating vendors and safer AI adoption for participating hospitals. The platform was designed to be scalable and ready to be expanded should a new vendor want to evaluate their system or should a new hospital wish to obtain an evaluation of different AI systems on their images.
Vertical Wall Loads in a Model Grain Bin with Non-Axial Internal Inserts (2002)

A study was conducted to estimate the degree of load asymmetry in a bin with non-axialinternal inserts. Internal inserts in the form of an annulus segment of various dimensions wereattached to the wall and their influence on vertical wall loads during centric filling and discharge in amodel bin were measured. Wall and floor loads were measured in a corrugated walled, model grainbin with a diameter of 2.44 m and a height of 7.3 m filled with soft red winter wheat to a depth of 6.7m (height-to-diameter ratio of 2.75). Tests were conducted with inserts that extendedcircumferentially 30 , 60 or 90 around the bin, having a width of 7.6, 15 or 23 cm and attached tothe bin wall at H/D ratios of 0.31, 0.62 or 0.95. These inserts represented between 1 and 8.6% of thebin floor area.<br><br>The results showed that with centric filling considerable asymmetry of static wall loads occurred. Thereason for this was the horizontal component of velocity of the grain stream filling the bin. Thisproduced a wall moment of approximately 3 kNm. The wall moment generated by imperfect centricfilling was decreased or increased when the insert was installed depending on its angular position.For a 23 cm wide, 90 insert, which was the worst observed situation, the wall moment wasapproximately equal (5 kNm) to that produced by eccentric discharge through an orifice located at adistance of 0.3 radius from the bin center. The onset of symmetric discharge resulted in an increasein vertical wall load and a decrease in the wall moment. A change of flow pattern from mass flow tofunnel flow, as well as the influence of the insert were clearly shown by the change in wall momentwith discharge time.
Phosphorylation-Inducing Chimeric Small Molecules (2020)

Small molecules have been classically developed to inhibit enzyme activity; however, new classes of small molecules that endow new functions to enzymes via proximity-mediated effect are emerging. Phosphorylation (native or neo) of any given protein-of-interest can alter its structure and function, and we hypothesized that such modifications can be accomplished by small molecules that bring a kinase in proximity to the protein-of-interest. Herein, we describe phosphorylation-inducing chimeric small molecules (PHICS), which enable two example kinases-AMPK and PKC-to phosphorylate target proteins that are not otherwise substrates for these kinases. PHICS are formed by linking small-molecule binders of the kinase and the target protein, and exhibit several features of a bifunctional molecule, including the hook-effect, turnover, isoform specificity, dose and temporal control of phosphorylation, and activity dependent on proximity (i.e., linker length). Using PHICS, we were able to induce native and neo-phosphorylations of BRD4 by AMPK or PKC. Furthermore, PHICS induced a signaling-relevant phosphorylation of the target protein Bruton's tyrosine kinase in cells. We envision that PHICS-mediated native or neo-phosphorylations will find utility in basic research and medicine.
Difference in LET‐based biological doses between IMPT optimization techniques: Robust and PTV‐based optimizations (2020)

Robust optimization was found to be more favorable than PTV-based optimization in that the results presented by TPS were closer to the "true" values and that the clinical evaluation based on TPS was more reliable.
A Convex Optimization Approach for Solving the Robust Strictly Positive Real (SPR) Problem (2012)

In system identification and adaptive control, the problem of designing strictly positive real (SPR) transfer functions in the presence of uncertain adaptation parameters is essential for stability and convergence in a group of parameter adaptation algorithms. This paper proposes a convex optimization approach to address the robust SPR problem. Besides achieving the robust SPR condition, the presented solution is optimal in the sense of minimizing the distance from the transfer function to unity. Such consideration is important for parameter convergence in practical applications. New topics such as minimum-order compensator and minimum high-frequency magnitude design are also introduced.Copyright © 2012 by ASME