gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the origin of a potential clearance marker: The contribution of enlarged perivascular fluid diffusion to an MRI derived proxy of interstitial fluid (2022)

Abstract Background IntraVoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MRI can detect the diffusion of cerebral interstitial fluid (ISF) ( D int ) and its volume fraction ( f int ), which has the potential as a proxy of cerebral waste clearance. f int has been suggested to both be driven by fluid diffusivity within enlarged perivascular spaces (ePVS) ‐ transporting fluid from the subarachnoid space into the parenchyma ‐ and the ISF between the parenchymal cells. Both factors play a crucial role in soluble protein clearance, e.g., Amyloid‐Beta (Aβ). This study simultaneously aims to verify the contribution of ePVS fluid diffusivity to f int and highlights the ability to specifically assess ePVS fluid diffusion in the cerebrum using a non‐invasive MR method. Method Twenty neurotypical elderly subjects (Table 1) underwent ultra‐high field MRI (7T research system, Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) (Table 2). The intermediate diffusion components ( D int ) in the range 1.5 * 10 ‐3 &lt; Diffusivity&lt;4.0 * 10 ‐3 mm 2 /s were calculated using spectral analysis (Fig.1). The relative signal contribution of D int was quantified by f int . ePVS were segmented from the enhanced perivascular contrast images (Fig.2). Median f int values were extracted from ePVS and non‐ePVS voxels within the basal ganglia (BG). f int and D int values from within the ePVS mask were compared with values from surrounding non‐ePVS voxels in the BG using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests. Result Figure 3 contains a graphic summary of the statistical comparison of D int and f int values from the ePVS and non‐ePVS voxels in the BG. Higher D int and f int values are observed in the ePVS compared to the non‐ePVS tissue. Conclusion The current study identified a higher IVIM‐derived proxy of ISF within the ePVS compared to surrounding non‐ePVS tissue, confirming that ePVS indeed contribute to the waste clearance marker f int . ePVS are fluid‐filled spaces surrounding cerebral blood vessels, in which ISF diffusivity is less restricted. This explains the higher D int values in ePVS compared to non‐ePVS. Furthermore, this study suggests a potential method to investigate diffusivity within the microscopic ePVS, independent of the ISF diffusivity between parenchymal cells. In patients with Alzheimer’s disease, this method could be applied to investigate alterations in ISF diffusivity which could be representative of potential Aβ blockages in ePVS.
Surface Recognition and Helix Stabilization of a Tetraaspartate Peptide by Shape and Electrostatic Complementarity of an Artificial Receptor (1999)

The recognition of tetraaspartate peptide (2) by tetra-guanidinium (1) in (a) water and (b) aqueous methanol (10% H2O/90% CH3OH) has been investigated. The conformations of the free peptide and its complex with 1 have been characterized in both solvent systems by CD and 2D NMR spectroscopies. Increased α-helicity as a result of solvent composition and receptor binding are discussed. Control experiments show that the recognition stems from complementary electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and matching of surface topologies.
A Harmonized Data Quality Assessment Terminology and Framework for the Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record Data (2016)

A consistent, common DQ terminology, organized into a logical framework, is an initial step in enabling data owners and users, patients, and policy makers to evaluate and communicate data quality findings in a well-defined manner with a shared vocabulary. Future work will leverage the framework and terminology to develop reusable data quality assessment and reporting methods.
Water-Based Melanin Multilayer Thin Films with Broadband UV Absorption (2015)

Natural melanin is difficult to process due to its poor solubility and poorly understood structure. Synthetic melanin has been produced more recently, which is dispersible in mildly alkaline water and has many of the same properties of natural melanin. In this study, thin films of synthetic melanin and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) were deposited layer-by-layer from dilute aqueous solutions in ambient conditions. This is likely the first time melanin has been deposited from water to produce a functional nanocoating. These films display broadband UV light absorption, absorbing over 63% of incident light that is most damaging to human eyes with a thickness of 108 nm. In an effort to demonstrate the utility of these melanin-based nanocoatings, a 30 bilayer film is shown to increase the useful life of a conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) film by 550%. This novel method of depositing melanin should open the door to a variety of useful applications.
Modeling and experimental analysis of rotating magnet receivers for electrodynamic wireless power transmission (2019)

Abstract An electrodynamic wireless power transmission (EWPT) approach that utilizes mechanically responsive receivers to safely deliver power in cluttered environments is presented. Mainstream WPT techniques are predominately based on near-field inductive coupling of two coils (MHz) or directed, far-field RF transmission (GHz) between a transmitter and a receiver. These approaches face significant technical hurdles (safety concerns, detuning, parasitic heating) in real-world scenarios where electrically conductive media exists in between the transmitter and receivers. The EWPT approach presented here relies on electrodynamic coupling between a magnetic near-field produced by a transmitter and a permanent magnet in the receiver. This approach enables wireless power delivery using low-frequency (&lt;1 kHz) fields, which facilitates transmission through and around common electrically conductive media such as metal objects, people, etc. Here, we present an electromechanical model of a rotating magnet receiver in order to analyze the transient and steady-state dynamics of the receiver magnet. We then experimentally demonstrate wireless power transmission with an efficiency of 7% to a 3 cm 3 receiver achieving 1.3 W (0.42 W cm −3 power density) at 1 cm and 9 mW at 9 cm. These experimental results are well matched by simulations. Lastly, we demonstrate simultaneous charging of two wearable electronic devices in a cluttered environment.
A Sequence-to-Sequence Model for User Simulation in Spoken Dialogue Systems (2016)

User simulation is essential for generating enough data to train a statistical spoken dialogue system. Previous models for user simulation suffer from several drawbacks, such as the inability to take dialogue history into account, the need of rigid structure to ensure coherent user behaviour, heavy dependence on a specific domain, the inability to output several user intentions during one dialogue turn, or the requirement of a summarized action space for tractability. This paper introduces a data-driven user simulator based on an encoder-decoder recurrent neural network. The model takes as input a sequence of dialogue contexts and outputs a sequence of dialogue acts corresponding to user intentions. The dialogue contexts include information about the machine acts and the status of the user goal. We show on the Dialogue State Tracking Challenge 2 (DSTC2) dataset that the sequence-to-sequence model outperforms an agenda-based simulator and an n-gram simulator, according to F-score. Furthermore, we show how this model can be used on the original action space and thereby models user behaviour with finer granularity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Crown Ethers Bonded to a Polystyrene Matrix Through an Amido Linkage and Their Use as Phase‐Transfer Catalysts. (1986)

Abstract The title compounds (III) are synthesized as described in the scheme and the preparation of the title compounds (V) is carried out analogously (yields 34‐5l%).
Immunotherapy using bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibodies: preclinical and clinical experience in acute leukemia (2014)

Meeting abstracts BiTE® antibodies are novel recombinant single chain Ig domain constructs that leverage the endogenous cytotoxic potential of polyclonal T cells to target malignant cells by utilizing the specific binding properties of variable domains from two different antibodies. Antibody-based
<title>Optical system for DOC II</title> (1991)

ABSTRACT OptiComp Corporation is developing a general purpose digital optical computer which makes useof commercially available component technology. This computer has been named DOC II. In thismanuscript, we briefly discuss some of the issues relating to the optical system of DOC II. Wediscuss the optical design of the various subsystems, the opto-mechanical design, and the simple system evaluation tests that were performed. As part of this discussion, we reveal some of thedriving specifications, tolerance issues, and show actual test data for some of the optical subsystems. 2. OPTICAL SYSTEM DESIGN In layman's terms, this instrument performs digital operations by switching laser beams fromspecial laser diode array bars (LAB's). Each LAB has 8 emission surfaces that have a 100 im center-to-center spacing. Eight LAB's are interlaced in such a fashion to create a linear array of 64elliptical Gaussian sources. These 64 sources are then imaged into a 64 channel Bragg cell whichoperates as a point source modulator (PSA). This modulation method is used since the technology
A New Modified “Montanari Oxidation Process” by Means of Chlorine Dissolved in the Reaction Solvent as Oxidant and TEMPO as Catalyst:  Oxidation of 3-S-Quinuclidinol to 3-Quinuclidinone (2002)

Results from a process improvement project for preparation of 3-R-quinuclidinol, a highly valuable intermediate for several muscarine-active compounds are described. The studied process was based on the kinetic resolution of racemic 3-quinuclidinol and thus involved a large side-stream production. Our outline for process improvement is based on that this side stream can be recycled by a two-step sequence of oxidation and reduction processes. Findings concerning the conversion of 3-S-quinuclidinol into 3-quinuclidinone by using an improved oxidation process based on TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl radical) and molecular chlorine are discussed in detail. The developed oxidation procedure affords nearly quantitatively yield in the conversion of 3-S-quinuclidinol into 3-quinuclidinone.
Steel-to-Aluminum Joining by Control of Interface Microstructures - Laser-Roll Bonding and Magnetic Pulse Welding - (2007)

Laser-roll bonding and magnetic pulse welding are two relatively new processes that greatly minimize problems of metallurgical incompatibilities between dissimilar metals and alloys. These two processes, though technologically apart and invented for components with distinct geometries, utilize to various extents high pressures to facilitate rapid and localized interfacial heating and create reliable joints. In this paper, relations between process parameters, microstructures, and properties are discussed for aluminum-to-steel joints made by laser-roll bonding and magnetic pulse welding.
Heteronuclear Spin-Spin Coupling Constants Between Directly Bonded Atoms as a Probe of Configuration at Phosphorus Atom Involved in Diastereoisomeric 4-Methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinans (1974)

The 1 JPH and 1 Jpse absolute values showed a clear dependence on the orientation of the substituents at 2-P in several pairs of substituted diastereoisomeric 2-X-2-Y-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinans (X = H, Se, SeR; Y=O, S, OR) and may therefore provide information about conformation and configuration at phosphorus atom.
StandardGAN: Multi-source Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation of Very High Resolution Satellite Images by Data Standardization (2020)

Domain adaptation for semantic segmentation has recently been actively studied to increase the generalization capabilities of deep learning models. The vast majority of the domain adaptation methods tackle single-source case, where the model trained on a single source domain is adapted to a target domain. However, these methods have limited practical real world applications, since usually one has multiple source domains with different data distributions. In this work, we deal with the multi-source domain adaptation problem. Our method, namely StandardGAN, standardizes each source and target domains so that all the data have similar data distributions. We then use the standardized source domains to train a classifier and segment the standardized target domain. We conduct extensive experiments on two remote sensing data sets, in which the first one consists of multiple cities from a single country, and the other one contains multiple cities from different countries. Our experimental results show that the standardized data generated by StandardGAN allow the classifiers to generate significantly better segmentation.
Elimination of photorefractive grating writing instabilities in iron-doped lithium niobate (2002)

Two types of instabilities, one slow (seconds) and one fast (nanoseconds), are observed while writing volume gratings in bulk crystals of iron-doped lithium niobate using contra-directional two-beam coupling along the c axis. A method to eliminate the fast instability was achieved by coating the z surfaces of the crystal with either dielectric (anti-reflection) or transparent conductive coatings. For the second case, electrically shorting the crystal eliminated the slow instability.
A Parametric Study of Dimensional Tolerance and Hydrodynamic Debris Removal in Micro-Electro-Discharge Machining (2006)

This paper reports a detailed evaluation of batch mode micro-electro-discharge machining (μEDM) of 316L stainless steel. Lithographically fabricated copper tools with parallel line features of 5-50 μm width and 5-75 μm spacing were used to quantify trends in machining tolerance and the impact of debris accumulation. As tool feature density increased, debris accumulation effects began to dominate, eventually destroying both tool and workpiece. A two-step hydrodynamic debris removal technique yielded significant improvements in surface and edge finish, machining time, and tool wear over past work using standard vertical dither flushing.
An In Vitro Investigation into Cryoablation and Adjunctive Cryoablation/Chemotherapy Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Using the PANC-1 Cell Line (2022)

As the incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to grow, so does the need for new strategies for treatment. One such area being evaluated is cryoablation. While promising, studies remain limited and questions surrounding basic dosing (minimal lethal temperature) coupled with technological issues associated with accessing PDAC tumors and tumor proximity to vasculature and bile ducts, among others, have limited the use of cryoablation. Additionally, as chemotherapy remains the first-line of attack for PDAC, there is limited information on the impact of combining freezing with chemotherapy. As such, this study investigated the in vitro response of a PDAC cell line to freezing, chemotherapy, and the combination of chemotherapy pre-treatment and freezing. PANC-1 cells and PANC-1 tumor models were exposed to cryoablation (freezing insult) and compared to non-frozen controls. Additionally, PANC-1 cells were exposed to varying sub-clinical doses of gemcitabine or oxaliplatin alone and in combination with freezing. The results show that freezing to -10 °C did not affect viability, whereas -15 °C and -20 °C resulted in a reduction in 1 day post-freeze viability to 85% and 20%, respectively, though both recovered to controls by day 7. A complete cell loss was found following a single freeze below -25 °C. The combination of 100 nM gemcitabine (1.1 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) pre-treatment and a single freeze at -15 °C resulted in near-complete cell death (<5% survival) over the 7-day assessment interval. The combination of 8.8 µM oxaliplatin (130 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) pre-treatment and a single -15 °C freeze resulted in a similar trend of increased PANC-1 cell death. In summary, these in vitro results suggest that freezing alone to temperatures in the range of -25 °C results in a high degree of PDAC destruction. Further, the data support a potential combinatorial chemo/cryo-therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PDAC. These results suggest that a reduction in chemotherapeutic dose may be possible when offered in combination with freezing for the treatment of PDAC.
Treatment of refractory glaucoma using UC3 procedure with HIFU (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound). Prospective series (2013)

Abstract Purpose To assess the safety and efficacy of Ultrasound Circular Cyclo‐Coagulation (UC3 procedure) using HIFU (high intensity focused ultrasound) in patients with refractory glaucoma. Methods Prospective clinical series performed in two centers, on twenty‐seven eyes of twenty‐seven patients with refractory glaucoma, treated with the EyeOP1 medical device equipped with six miniaturized cylindrical piezoelectric transducers. All eyes were treated with a 6‐second exposure time from each transducer. The main assessment criteria were safety and efficacy as indicated by the incidence of complications and by the IOP reduction. Ophthalmic, ultrasound biomicroscopy and flare examinations were performed before treatment and during clinical follow‐up at D1, D7, M1, M2, M3 and M6 Results No major intra‐ or post‐operative complications occurred. Clinical examination showed no lesions of the ocular structures other than the ciliary body and no or few signs of intraocular inflammation after treatment. Visual acuity was not modified after the procedure. The mean intraocular pressure was reduced from 27.5 ± 7.0 mmHg before treatment to 18.3 ± 4.4 mmHg at last follow‐up. Four patients needed to be re‐treated. The success rate, as defined by an IOP reduction &gt;20%, was 67%.The mean IOP reduction achieved was 33%. Ocular inflammation evidenced by flare was very limited and non‐significant. Conclusion Coagulation of the ciliary body using high intensity focused ultrasound delivered by miniaturized transducers is a simple, well‐tolerated procedure which enables to significantly reduce the intraocular pressure in patients with refractory glaucoma. Commercial interest
A Computational and Experimental Study of Metal and Covalent Organic Frameworks Used in Adsorption Cooling (2015)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted enormous interest over the past few years due to their potential applications in energy storage and gas separation. However, there have been few reports on MOFs for adsorption cooling applications. Adsorption cooling technology is an established alternative to mechanical vapor compression refrigeration systems. Adsorption cooling is an excellent alternative in industrial environments where waste heat is available. Applications also include hybrid systems, refrigeration, powerplant dry cooling, cryogenics, vehicular systems and building HVAC. Adsorption based cooling and refrigeration systems have several advantages including few moving parts and negligible power consumption. Key disadvantages include large thermal mass, bulkiness, complex controls, and low COP (0.2–0.5). We explored the use of metal organic frameworks that have very high mass loading and relatively low heats of adsorption, with certain combinations of refrigerants to demonstrate a new type of highly efficient adsorption chiller. An adsorption chiller based on MOFs suggests that a thermally-driven COP&gt;1 may be possible with these materials, which would represent a fundamental breakthrough in performance of adsorption chiller technology. Computational fluid dynamics combined with a system level lumped-parameter model have been used to project size and performance for chillers with a cooling capacity ranging from a few kW to several thousand kW. In addition, a cost model has been developed to project manufactured cost of entire systems. These systems rely on stacked micro/mini-scale architectures to enhance heat and mass transfer. Presented herein are computational and experimental results for hydrophyilic MOFs, fluorophilic MOFs and also flourophilic Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs).
Enhancing Nucleic Acid Delivery with Ultrasound and Microbubbles (2012)

For gene therapy to work in vivo, nucleic acids need to reach the target cells without causing major side effects to the patient. In many cases the gene only has to reach a subset of cells in the body. Therefore, targeted delivery of genes to the desired tissue is a major issue in gene delivery. Many different possibilities of targeted gene delivery have been studied. A physical approach to target nucleic acids and other drugs to specific regions in the body is the use of ultrasound and microbubbles. Microbubbles are gas filled spheres with a stabilizing lipid, protein, or polymer shell. When these microbubbles enter an ultrasonic field, they start to oscillate. The bubbles' expansion and compression are inversely related to the pressure phases in the ultrasonic field. When microbubbles are exposed to high-intensity ultrasound the microbubbles will eventually implode and fragment. This generates shockwaves and microjets which can temporarily permeate cell membranes and blood vessels. Nucleic acids or (non)viral vectors can as a result gain direct access to either the cytoplasm of neighboring cells, or extravasate to the surrounding tissue. The nucleic acids can either be mixed with the microbubbles or loaded on the microbubbles. Nucleic acid loaded microbubbles can be obtained by coupling nucleic acid-containing particles (i.e., lipoplexes) to the microbubbles. Upon ultrasound-mediated implosion of the microbubbles, the nucleic acid-containing particles will be released and will deliver their nucleic acids in the ultrasound-targeted region.
Rapid iPSC inclusionopathy models shed light on formation, consequence and molecular subtype of α-synuclein inclusions (2022)

ABSTRACT Intracellular inclusions accompanying neurodegeneration are histopathologically and ultrastructurally heterogeneous but the significance of this heterogeneity is unclear. iPSC models, while promising for disease modeling, do not form inclusions in a reasonable timeframe and suffer from limited tractability. Here, we developed an iPSC toolbox utilizing piggyBac-based or targeted transgenes to rapidly induce CNS cells with concomitant expression of aggregation-prone proteins. This system is amenable to screening and longitudinal tracking at single-cell and single-inclusion resolution. For proof-of-principle, cortical neuron α-synuclein “inclusionopathy” models were engineered to form inclusions through exogenous seeding or α-synuclein mutation. These models recapitulated known fibril- and lipid-rich inclusion subtypes, uncovering dynamic interactions between them, and refined the classification of inclusions in postmortem brain. Genetic-modifier and protein-interaction screens pinpointed proteins like RhoA whose sequestration into specific inclusion subtypes is likely to be toxic. This iPSC platform should enhance our understanding of proteinaceous pathologies in neurodegeneration and facilitate therapeutics development.