gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of HVDC transmission system based on MMC with three-level flying capacitor submodule (2015)

High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems have proven to be a cost effective solution for very-long distance transmission requirement. Among the different HVDC technologies, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) based HVDC systems have become quite popular. It has the special features like transformer-less operation, completely modular design and a common DC-bus. Due to the above features, the MMC has become the most viable solution for the HVDC transmission applications. In this paper, a modulation and control strategy is proposed for the MMC-3L-FC based HVDC transmission system. The proposed control strategy manages the active and reactive power along with the total DC-line voltage, and also it will ensure the balancing of the submodule capacitors voltage.
Free-breathing myocardial T2 measurements at 1.5T (2011)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Cost Minimization of a Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Brake by Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Nonlinear Reluctance Network Modeling (2021)

Design optimization of a permanent magnet eddy current brake (PM-ECB) is performed by applying multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO) for cost minimization. A previously designed and patented PM-ECB is used as a reference model in the study. A quasi-3-dimensional (3D) analytical modeling approach based on a reluctance network considering the actual structure of the reference PM-ECB is proposed and verified. The Gauss–Seidel method is used as a nonlinear solver for the reluctance network modeling, and the braking torque is calculated considering both the skin effect and the armature reaction. Multiobjective optimization is developed by applying a particle swarm algorithm, and a 3D Pareto front is provided to demonstrate all non-dominating design points. Three cost functions, viz. rated braking torque, magnet mass, and magnetic flux density of the yoke, are selected as the objectives for the optimization problem, and the optimum design point is addressed in detail. The optimized design is validated by 3D-FEA and experiments. The results indicate that a 40% reduction in the magnet volume could be brought about by the optimized PM-ECB design with practically the same braking torque. Further, a 40% cost reduction in the optimized brake could be achieved compared with the reference one.
Allosteric activation of M 4 muscarinic receptors improve behavioral and physiological alterations in early symptomatic YAC128 mice (2015)

Mutations that lead to Huntington's disease (HD) result in increased transmission at glutamatergic corticostriatal synapses at early presymptomatic stages that have been postulated to set the stage for pathological changes and symptoms that are observed at later ages. Based on this, pharmacological interventions that reverse excessive corticostriatal transmission may provide a novel approach for reducing early physiological changes and motor symptoms observed in HD. We report that activation of the M4 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reduces transmission at corticostriatal synapses and that this effect is dramatically enhanced in presymptomatic YAC128 HD and BACHD relative to wild-type mice. Furthermore, chronic administration of a novel highly selective M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) beginning at presymptomatic ages improves motor and synaptic deficits in 5-mo-old YAC128 mice. These data raise the exciting possibility that selective M4 PAMs could provide a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HD.
Protective Efficacy of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies with Incomplete Neutralization Activity against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Rhesus Monkeys (2017)

HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been shown to occasionally display unusual virus neutralization profiles with nonsigmoidal slopes and plateaus at <100% neutralization against a variety of viruses. The significance of incomplete neutralization for the ability of bnAbs to mediate protective effects <i>in vi</i>vo, however, is undetermined. In the current study, we selected two bnAbs, PGT121 and 3BNC117, as they incompletely neutralize the clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) stock (SHIV-327c) at 85% and 70%, respectively, and performed a protection study in rhesus macaques. The animals were intravenously (i.v.) administered PGT121 or 3BNC117 at 10 and 2 mg/kg of body weight before being rectally challenged with a single high dose of SHIV-327c. PGT121 protected 6 out of 7 monkeys, while 6 out of 7 3BNC117-pretreated animals became infected, although with significantly delayed plasma viremia compared to the control animals. These data suggest that complete neutralization is not imperative for bnAbs to prevent infection but that with increasing levels of incomplete neutralization the sterilizing activity diminishes.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Multiple antibodies have been identified that potently neutralize a broad range of circulating HIV strains. However, not every virus-antibody combination results in complete neutralization of the input virus, suggesting that a fraction of virus particles are resistant to antibody neutralization despite high antibody concentrations. This observation of "incomplete neutralization" is associated with nonsigmoidal neutralization curves plateauing below 100% neutralization, but the significance of the phenomenon for the ability of neutralizing antibodies to mediate protective effects <i>in vivo</i> is undetermined. In this study, we show that the broadly neutralizing antibody PGT121, which neutralized only up to 85% of the SHIV-327c challenge stock <i>in vitro</i>, protected 6 out of 7 rhesus macaques against infection while the antibody 3BNC117, which neutralized up to 70% of SHIV-327c <i>in vitro</i>, did not prevent, though it significantly delayed, establishment of infection, suggesting that with increasing levels of incomplete neutralization the ability of a bnAb to mediate sterilizing protection diminishes.
A method for isolating adult and neonatal airway smooth muscle cells and measuring shortening velocity (1999)

Methods are described for isolating smooth muscle cells from the tracheae of adult and neonatal sheep and measuring the single-cell shortening velocity. Isolated cells were elongated, Ca2+ tolerant, and contracted rapidly and substantially when exposed to cholinergic agonists, KCl, serotonin, or caffeine. Adult cells were longer and wider than preterm cells. Mean cell length in 1.6 mM CaCl2 was 194 +/- 57 (SD) microm (n = 66) for adult cells and 93 +/- 32 microm (n = 20) for preterm cells (P < 0.05). Mean cell width at the widest point of the adult cells was 8.2 +/- 1.8 microm (n = 66) and 5.2 +/- 1.5 microm (n = 20) for preterm cells (P < 0.05). Cells were loaded into a perfusion dish maintained at 35 degreesC and exposed to agonists, and contractions were videotaped. Cell lengths were measured from 30 video frames and plotted as a function of time. Nonlinear fitting of cell length to an exponential model gave shortening velocities faster than most of those reported for airway smooth muscle tissues. For a sample of 10 adult and 10 preterm cells stimulated with 100 microM carbachol, mean (+/- SD) shortening velocity of the preterm cells was not different from that of the adult cells (0.64 +/- 0.30 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.27 s-1, respectively), but preterm cells shortened more than adult cells (68 +/- 12 vs. 55 +/- 11% of starting length, respectively; P < 0.05). The preparative and analytic methods described here are widely applicable to other smooth muscles and will allow contraction to be studied quantitatively at the single-cell level.
An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society research statement: interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (2015)

Many patients with an idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) have clinical features that suggest an underlying autoimmune process but do not meet established criteria for a connective tissue disease (CTD). Researchers have proposed differing criteria and terms to describe these patients, and lack of consensus over nomenclature and classification limits the ability to conduct prospective studies of a uniform cohort.The "European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society Task Force on Undifferentiated Forms of Connective Tissue Disease-associated Interstitial Lung Disease" was formed to create consensus regarding the nomenclature and classification criteria for patients with IIP and features of autoimmunity.The task force proposes the term "interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features" (IPAF) and offers classification criteria organised around the presence of a combination of features from three domains: a clinical domain consisting of specific extra-thoracic features, a serologic domain consisting of specific autoantibodies, and a morphologic domain consisting of specific chest imaging, histopathologic or pulmonary physiologic features.A designation of IPAF should be used to identify individuals with IIP and features suggestive of, but not definitive for, a CTD. With IPAF, a sound platform has been provided from which to launch the requisite future research investigations of a more uniform cohort.
A Bidirectional Nanomodification Approach for Synthesizing Hierarchically Architected Mixed Oxide Electrodes for Oxygen Evolution (2021)

Several transition-metal oxides and hydroxides based on earth-abundant elements, such as Fe, Ni, and Co, have emerged as a new generation of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts due to their low cost, favorable activity, and multifunctional behavior. However, the relatively complicated surface structuring methods, high Tafel slope, and low stability hinder their practical applications to replace the conventional Ir- and Ru-based catalysts. Herein, a strategy to construct hierarchically architected mixed oxides on conductive substrates (e.g., ITO and Ni foam) via a nanosheet (NS) deposition and subsequent bidirectional nanomodification approach, with metal salts in an aprotic polar solvent (e.g., acetone) as the primary modifying reactants is reported. This strategy is used to prepare NiO-based NSs with nanopores, nanobranches, or a combination of both, containing up to four transition metal elements. Record-low Tafel slope (22.3 mV·dec<sup>-1</sup> , ≈lowest possible by computational predictions) and week-long continuous operation durability are achieved by FeMnNi-O NSs supported on Ni foams. Taken together, properly designed hierarchical mixed oxide electrodes may provide a cost-effective route to generating high, reliable, and stable OER catalytic activities, paving the way for both new electrocatalyst design and practical water-splitting devices.
Conformational mapping of a viral fusion peptide in structure-promoting solvents using circular dichroism and electrospray mass spectrometry (1998)

The N-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 glycoprotein 41,000 (FP; residues 1-23; NH2-AVGIGALFLGFLGAAGSTMGARS-CONH2) is involved in the fusion and cytolytic processes underlying viral-cell infection. Here, we use circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, along with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and tandem (MS/MS) mass spectrometry during the course of hydrogen/deuterium exchange, to probe the local conformations of this synthetic peptide in two membrane mimics. Since amino acids that participate in defined secondary structure (i.e., alpha-helix or beta-sheet) exchange amido hydrogens more slowly than residues in random structures, deuterium exchange was combined with CD spectroscopy to map conformations to specific residues. For FP suspended in the highly structure-promoting solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), CD spectra indicated high alpha-helix and disordered structures, whereas ESI and MS/MS mass spectrometry indicated that residues 5-15 were alpha-helical and 16-23 were disordered. For FP suspended in the less structure-promoting solvent trifluoroethanol (TFE), CD spectra showed lower alpha-helix, with ESI and MS/MS mass spectrometry indicating that only residues 9-15 participated in the alpha-helix. These results compare favorably with previous two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the same peptide.
Enhancement of Artemisinin Content through Four Cycles of Recurrent Selection with Relation to Heritability, Correlation and Molecular Marker inArtemisia annuaL. (2010)

Due to the high demand and low yield of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin in natural populations of Artemisia annua (Quinghao), an attempt has been made to enhance the artemisinin content through 4 cycles of recurrent selection (C(0)-C(3)) using selected genotypic and phenotypic traits. Based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, the top 5% plants of each cycle were selected, and their seedlings were planted in poly-cross block to produce seeds for the subsequent generation. A significant increase in the artemisinin content (0.15% in C (0) to 1.16% in C (3), i.e., about 40% genetic gain over the generation) was observed. This enhancement was directly correlated with the plant height and branching intensity in all four cycles. Similarly, the PCV (phenotypic coefficient of variation) and GCV (genotypic coefficient of variation) have been observed to have a higher value for artemisinin content. The DNA marker (MAP 12) with relation to artemisinin was also identified for high yielding genotypes in all four cycles of selection. Over the four cycles of recurrent selection, the plant developed an oval appearance (Variety: CIM-Arogya) and a high artemisinin content (1.16%).
Transient hydrodynamics of a stirred tank during stopping (2006)

International audience
Design of Decoupling Control Systems via H^|^infin;-Control (1995)

This paper presents designs of decoupling control systems based on the H∞-mixed sensitivity problems.H∞-control has been studied as an effective method for multi variable systems. However, a decoupling control design based on the H∞-control is not well known. We present a design method based on the H∞-mixed sensitivity problems where the decoupling performance can be obtained if the weighting functions are chosen properly.First, designs of one-degree-of-freedom control systems with state feedback or output feedback, will be stated. The design, of state feedback control is based on FI (Full Information) Problem and the design of output feedback control is based on DF (Disturbance Feedforward) Problem.Next, designs of two-degree-of-freedom control systems with state feedback and output feedback, will be stated. The design consists of two stages. The first stage is to design a feedback compensator. The second stage is to design a feedforward compensator for the new plant which consisits of the true plant and the feedback compensator. This problem is equivalent to DF Problem. Even if decoupling can not be obtained with the feedback compensator, it can be obtained through the feedforward compensator.
An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti‐fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn's disease (2018)

Consensus criteria for diagnosis and response to therapy in stricturing Crohn's disease should inform both clinical practice and trial design.
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosphere Supports for Platinum-Decorated Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts (2022)

Carbonaceous materials are widely used as supports for platinum-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts that are prevalent in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In particular, a variety of carbon blacks are popular due to factors such as commercial availability and high surface area. However, as applications of PEMFCs shift towards heavy-duty vehicle deployment, durability of the supports has become an important criterion when evaluating materials. Carbon support corrosion can lead to Pt nanoparticle detachment and agglomeration, both of which decrease the electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst. Recently, nitrogen-doping of carbon supports has shown promising results towards improving stability in fuel cell operating conditions 1 . Graphitization is another strategy that mitigates carbon corrosion, as graphitic carbon is more resistant to oxidation than amorphous carbon 2 . In this work, we present a set of nitrogen-doped carbon nanosphere supports obtained via a one-pot colloidal synthesis and then decorated with Pt nanoparticles for ORR catalysis (Pt/NCS). The nitrogen-doped supports are monodispersed, contain a mesoporous pore structure, and show a higher level of bulk graphitization than commercial carbon blacks. Our work also elucidates how differences in certain nitrogen moieties on the carbon support’s surface impact catalytic activity. The Pt/NCS catalysts exhibit similar mass activity and improved specific activity in rotating disk electrode measurements compared to a commercial Pt/C catalyst at similar Pt weight loadings. (1) Ott, S.; Orfanidi, A.; Schmies, H.; Anke, B.; Nong, H. N.; Hübner, J.; Gernert, U.; Gliech, M.; Lerch, M.; Strasser, P. Ionomer Distribution Control in Porous Carbon-Supported Catalyst Layers for High-Power and Low Pt-Loaded Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Nat. Mater. 2020 , 19 (1), 77–85. (2) Yu, P. T.; Gu, W.; Zhang, J.; Makharia, R.; Wagner, F. T.; Gasteiger, H. A. Carbon-Support Requirements for Highly Durable Fuel Cell Operation. In Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability ; Büchi, F. N., Inaba, M., Schmidt, T. J., Eds.; Springer New York: New York, NY, 2009; pp 29–53.
Antifungal Efficacy of Sodium Perborate and Microwave Irradiation for Surface Disinfection of Polymethyl Methacrylate Polymer (2022)

Various disinfecting agents showing variable success in disinfecting polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are available. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of sodium perborate (denture cleaning tablet-DC), microwave irradiation, and their combination for eradicating candida albicans (C. albicans) from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base polymer. One hundred and sixty-eight PMMA resin specimens (30 × 30 × 15 mm) were divided into four groups, including control (no disinfection), microwave disinfection in distilled water (MW-DW), sodium perborate with distilled water (DC-DW), and a combination of MW-DC-DW (n = 10). Biofilms of C. albicans were cultured on the PMMA resin denture base specimens for 96 h. The samples were exposed to three different antifungal regimes, i.e., MW, denture cleaning agent-sodium perborate (DC) and DW, and a combination of MW-DC-DW for 1 to 5 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate colony formation. The colony-forming units (CFU) among the experimental groups were assessed using ANOVA, a Kruskal–Wallis test, and a Mann–Whitney test. The mean CFU values were compared with the control for each disinfecting regime at 96 h growth time. For MW-DC-DW, the CFU were significantly low at 2 and 3 min of exposure when compared with the control (DW) (p &lt; 0.05). For the MW-DW treated group, the CFU were significantly low at 3 min of exposure when compared with the control (DW) (p &lt; 0.05). It was also found that for DC-DW, the CFU were significantly low at 5 minutes when compared with the control specimens (DW) (p &lt; 0.05). Microwave disinfection in combination with sodium perborate is a more effective disinfecting regime against C. albicans than that of microwave disinfection and sodium perborate alone.
Communicating Semantics: Reference by Description (2015)

Messages often refer to entities such as people, places and events. Correct identification of the intended reference is an essential part of communication. Lack of shared unique names often complicates entity reference. Shared knowledge can be used to construct uniquely identifying descriptive references for entities with ambiguous names. We introduce a mathematical model for `Reference by Description', derive results on the conditions under which, with high probability, programs can construct unambiguous references to most entities in the domain of discourse and provide empirical validation of these results.
Innovative Surface Plasmon Resonance biosensing architectures (2012)

Surface Plasmons Resonance (SPR) architectures involving multi-wavelength interrogation are an attractive alternative for droplet biosensing. We present our results for in situ measurements of biological molecules with a two-wavelength sensor and a SPR Coupler-Disperser spectroscopic sensor.
Fluorescence Quenching of (Dimethylamino)naphthalene Dyes Badan and Prodan by Tryptophan in Cytochromes P450 and Micelles (2014)

Fluorescence of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-6-propionylnaphthalene dyes Badan and Prodan is quenched by tryptophan in Brij 58 micelles as well as in two cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP102, CYP119) with Badan covalently attached to a cysteine residue. Formation of nonemissive complexes between a dye molecule and tryptophan accounts for about 76% of the fluorescence intensity quenching in micelles, the rest is due to diffusive encounters. In the absence of tryptophan, fluorescence of Badan-labeled cytochromes decays with triexponential kinetics characterized by lifetimes of about 100 ps, 700-800 ps, and 3 ns. Site mutation of a histidine residue in the vicinity of the Badan label by tryptophan results in shortening of all three decay lifetimes. The relative amplitude of the fastest component increases at the expense of the two slower ones. The average quenching rate constants are 4.5 × 10(8) s(-1) (CYP102) and 3.7 × 10(8) s(-1) (CYP119), at 288 K. Cyclic voltammetry of Prodan in MeCN shows a reversible reduction peak at -1.85 V vs NHE that becomes chemically irreversible and shifts positively upon addition of water. A quasireversible reduction at -0.88 V was observed in an aqueous buffer (pH 7.3). The excited-state reduction potential of Prodan (and Badan) is estimated to vary from about +0.6 V (vs NHE) in polar aprotic media (MeCN) to approximately +1.6 V in water. Tryptophan quenching of Badan/Prodan fluorescence in CYPs and Brij 58 micelles is exergonic by ≤0.5 V and involves tryptophan oxidation by excited Badan/Prodan, coupled with a fast reaction between the reduced dye and water. Photoreduction is a new quenching mechanism for 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-6-propionylnaphthalene dyes that are often used as solvatochromic polarity probes, FRET donors and acceptors, as well as reporters of solvation dynamics.