gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced release of drugs from a novel polymeric film coated with self-healing, ordered methylene chains induced by hydrodynamic shear (2000)

The effect of numerous stimuli upon the release of drugs and other molecules from polymeric substrates has been of great interest in the drug delivery community. Ultrasound has proven to be an effective stimulus for the controlled release of drugs from polymer films. However, the mechanism by which this controlled response occurs has yet to be fully understood. In this study, the ability of shear forces generated by microstreaming around a single ultrasonically stimulated bubble to reversibly increase the release of the drugs from a coated polymer film is demonstrated. The polymer film is loaded with the drug ciprofloxacin and then coated with methylene chains consisting of 12 hydrocarbon chains. The leaching rate of the drug thus depends upon the extent of surface coverage by the methylene chains. A single oscillating bubble in a fluid medium has the capacity to drive streaming at the surface of the polymer film and disrupt the methylene chain coating. An increase of drug concentration in suspension as high as ten times the baseline and controls was achieved, which implies an increase in the leaching rate. After treatment, the leaching rate returns to baseline levels, suggesting the methylene chains reorganize upon the polymer surface.
Serum leptin levels in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (1996)

Leptin, a hormone that is secreted by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, regulates energy balance and appetite. Recently, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, cytokines that regulate the host response to infection, have been shown to acutely increase leptin levels, raising the possibility that leptin could mediate the anorexia of some infections. We measured leptin levels in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and found that leptin levels were not increased relative to body fat in patients who were anorectic, were losing weight, or had a history of weight loss. Furthermore, leptin levels were not increased during secondary infection, suggesting that elevations in leptin do not play a key role in the anorexia of infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Facilitated Oxygen Transport Membranes of Picket-fence Cobaltporphyrin Complexed with Various Polymer Matrixes (2003)

A series of membranes having a selective and reversible oxygen-binding capacity were prepared by complexing picket-fence cobaltporphyrin (CoP) as an oxygen carrier with various polymer matrixes. The oxygen-absorption isotherm and oxygen permeation in and through the membranes were properly analyzed by dual-mode models to give the physical solubility coefficient of oxygen (kD), the physical diffusion coefficient of oxygen through the membrane (DD), and the apparent diffusion coefficient of oxygen for hopping between fixed carriers (DC). The oxygen-binding equilibrium constant (K) of CoP was independent of the polymer matrix species. The DC value was smaller than the DD value, but the DC/DD ratio still remained in the range of 1/5−1/50, indicating that CoP fixed in the membrane reversibly binds oxygen and facilitates oxygen transport.
Lensless-camera based machine learning for image classification (2017)

Machine learning (ML) has been widely applied to image classification. Here, we extend this application to data generated by a camera comprised of only a standard CMOS image sensor with no lens. We first created a database of lensless images of handwritten digits. Then, we trained a ML algorithm on this dataset. Finally, we demonstrated that the trained ML algorithm is able to classify the digits with accuracy as high as 99% for 2 digits. Our approach clearly demonstrates the potential for non-human cameras in machine-based decision-making scenarios.
Green Stimulated Emission Boosted by Nonradiative Resonant Energy Transfer from Blue Quantum Dots (2016)

Thanks to their tunability and versatility, the colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) made of II-VI semiconductor compound offer the potential to bridge the "green gap" in conventional semiconductors. However, when the CQDs are pumped to much higher initial excitonic states compared to their bandgap, multiexciton interaction is enhanced, leading to a much higher stimulated emission threshold. Here, to circumvent this drawback, for the first time, we show a fully colloidal gain in green enabled by a partially indirect pumping approach assisted by Förster resonance energy transfer process. By introducing the blue CQDs as exciton donors, the lasing threshold of the green CQDs, is reduced dramatically. The blue CQDs thus serve as an energy-transferring buffer medium to reduce excitation energy from pumping photons in a controlled way by injecting photoinduced excitons into green CQDs. Our newly developed colloidal pumping scheme could enable efficient CQD lasers of full visible colors by a single pump source and cascaded exciton transfer. This would potentially pave the way for an efficient multicolor laser for lighting and display applications.
Hal's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality (1996)

From the Publisher:
I became operational . . . in Urbana, Illinois, on January 12, 1997.
Inspired by HAL's self-proclaimed birth date, HAL's Legacy reflects upon science fiction's most famous computer and explores the relationship between science fantasy and technological fact. The informative, nontechnical chapters written especially for this book describe many of the areas of computer science critical to the design of intelligent machines, discuss whether scientists in the 1960s were accurate about the prospects for advancement in their fields, and look at how HAL has influenced scientific research.
Contributions by leading scientists look at the technologies that would be critical if we were, as Arthur Clarke and Stanley Kubrick imagined thirty years ago, to try and build HAL in 1997: supercomputers, fault-tolerance and reliability, planning, artificial intelligence, lipreading, speech recognition and synthesis, commonsense reasoning, the ability to recognize and display emotion, and human-machine interaction. Not only would these technologies be critical in building HAL, but all are being explored for the design of today's intelligent machines. A separate chapter by philosopher Daniel Dennett considers the ethical implications of intelligent machines.
Profusely illustrated with color images from the film and from current research, HAL's Legacy provides surprising new perspectives on key moments in the film - you will never view 2001 the same way again.
Decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells through intracellular reactive oxygen species generation (2012)

The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, has been found to exert anti-metabolic and anticancer activities when tested against various cultured cancer cells. Furthermore, decitabine has been found to play critical roles in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines; however, these roles are not well understood. In this study, we investigated decitabine for its potential anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in human leukemia cell lines U937 and HL60. Our results indicated that treatment with decitabine resulted in significantly inhibited cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by the induction of apoptosis. Decitabine-induced apoptosis in U937 and HL60 cells was correlated with the downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, XIAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2 protein levels, the cleavage of Bid proteins, the activation of caspases and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). However, apoptosis induced by decitabine was attenuated by caspase inhibitors, indicating an important role for caspases in decitabine responses. The data further demonstrated that decitabine increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a widely used ROS scavenger, effectively blocked the decitabine-induced apoptotic effects via inhibition of ROS production and MMP collapse. These observations clearly indicate that decitabine-induced ROS in human leukemia cells are key mediators of MMP collapse, which leads to apoptosis induction followed by caspase activation.
Comparison of [D-Arg6, Trp7, Leu8, Pro9NEt]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (sGnRH-A), and [D-Ala6, Pro9NEt]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-A), in combination with pimozide, in stimulating gonadotropin release and ovulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus (1987)

LHRH-A and sGnRH-A were tested, in the presence or absence of pimozide (Pim), for their ability to stimulate increases in serum gonadotropin (GtH) levels and ovulation in prespawning female goldfish. In the absence of Pim, sGnRH-A was more active than LHRH-A in terms of stimulating serum GtH levels; neither peptide given alone was effective in stimulating ovulation. Pim potentiated the activity of both peptides; high dosages of either peptide, plus a high dosage of Pim, were highly effective in stimulating serum GtH and ovulation. A low dosage of sGnRH-A, plus a low dosage of Pim, were also effective in stimulating serum GtH and ovulation; however, a low dosage of LHRH-A plus a low dosage of Pim were ineffective. The time to ovulation following injections, for those treatments that were highly effective in inducing ovulation, was highly predictable, and oocyte fertility and viability were high. These results indicate that sGnRH-A, in the presence of Pim, is effective in stimulating ovulation in goldfish at dosages about 10-fold less than for LHRH-A. The basis for the differences in potency between sGnRH-A and LHRH-A is discussed.
Feedback stabilization of nonlinear affine systems (2003)

A class of iterative methods have been proposed for the path planning of nonholonomic systems. These methods warp an initial path iteratively to an acceptable final path by using Newton-Raphson algorithms. In this paper we modify the iterative off-line method to render it a feedback controller. The main idea is to couple the iteration variable to the actual time, thus the control is executed during the path iteration, before convergence. We show that this scheme guarantees the closed loop asymptotic stability for systems with drift.
A Fast and Sustainable Route to Bassanite Nanocrystals from Gypsum (2022)

Abstract Calcium sulfate is an important construction material. More than 1600 million square meters of interior surfaces are covered with plasterboards in Europe each year. Plasterboard is manufactured by transforming mined or recycled gypsum (CaSO 4 × 2 H 2 O) to bassanite (CaSO 4 × ½H 2 O) in a time‐ and energy‐consuming heating process. A fast and sustainable way to produce bassanite by solvent‐assisted milling, thereby eliminating the need for energy‐intensive dehydration, is described. The milling reaction is complete after ≈200 min. Kinetic studies revealed that gypsum crystals transform to bassanite by shear forces during milling. 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) show that the resulting bassanite nanocrystals are stabilized by surface functionalization with the auxiliary solvent methanol. Bassanite particles produced over extended milling times of 990 min form long‐term stable dispersions without stabilizers and no signs of precipitation. Addition of water to bassanite leads to instant agglomeration, followed by a phase change to gypsum. The dispersibility in volatile methanol and the elucidation of the crystallization mechanism allow also for applications of the bassanite nanocrystals in hybrid materials.
Activated Forkhead Transcription Factor Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia After Angioplasty Through Induction of p27 (2005)

Balloon angioplasty leads to the phosphorylation of FKHRL1 and decreased expression of p27, thereby promoting a proliferative phenotype in VSMCs in vitro and in vivo. This study reveals the importance of FKHRL1 in proliferation and viability of VSMCs and suggests that it may serve as a molecular target for interventions to reduce neointima formation after angioplasty.
Use of high temperature and high humidity to test the adhesion of sputtered copper to a polyimide surface modified by an AC nitrogen glow discharge (1995)

We have used an extreme environmental stress test to study the adhesion of a thin sputtered copper film (0.5 μm) to flexible polyimide (PI) substrates between 25 and 125 μm thick. The polyimide types include Kapton (PMDA-ODA) and Upilex (BPDA-PDA). When there was no surface modification on the PI, the adhesion of the film to Upilex type S was better than the adhesion to Upilex type R or Kapton type HN. When the polymer surface was treated with a simple AC nitrogen glow discharge (NGD), there was an improvement in the adhesion of the film to each of these polyimides. This improvement in adhesion became apparent after the film/substrate combination was subjected to either boiling water or steam for 30 min or more; the difference became quite clear after 2 h. A simple tape test was used to quickly estimate a relative adhesion strength. In order to compare the effect of our AC NGD treatment with other substrate surface modification methods, we used it to improve the coupling of a thick (> 10 μm) layer of copper (via a thin intermediate chromium layer) to a rigid PI substrate, formed from spin coating its precursor onto a silicon wafer. Peel test results were within a factor of 2-3 of the corresponding results obtained with a radio frequency (RF) plasma and ion beam treatments.
Vector Approximate Message Passing (2019)

The standard linear regression (SLR) problem is to recover a vector x <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> from noisy linear observations y = Ax <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sup> + w. The approximate message passing (AMP) algorithm proposed by Donoho, Maleki, and Montanari is a computationally efficient iterative approach to SLR that has a remarkable property: for large i.i.d. sub-Gaussian matrices A, its per-iteration behavior is rigorously characterized by a scalar state-evolution whose fixed points, when unique, are Bayes optimal. The AMP algorithm, however, is fragile in that even small deviations from the i.i.d. sub-Gaussian model can cause the algorithm to diverge. This paper considers a “vector AMP” (VAMP) algorithm and shows that VAMP has a rigorous scalar state-evolution that holds under a much broader class of large random matrices A: those that are right-orthogonally invariant. After performing an initial singular value decomposition (SVD) of A, the per-iteration complexity of VAMP is similar to that of AMP. In addition, the fixed points of VAMP's state evolution are consistent with the replica prediction of the minimum mean-squared error derived by Tulino, Caire, Verdú, and Shamai. Numerical experiments are used to confirm the effectiveness of VAMP and its consistency with state-evolution predictions.
Polymyxin B hemoperfusion in coronavirus disease 2019 patients with endotoxic shock: Case series from EUPHAS2 registry (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been shown to involve the gastrointestinal tract, which implies bacterial translocation and endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of extracorporeal endotoxin removal by Polymyxin B hemoperfusion (PMX-HP), in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and secondary bacterial infection. We conducted a subgroup analysis of a multicenter, multinational, prospective, and observational web-based database (EUPHAS2 registry). We included 12 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from nasal/oral swab, admitted to the intensive care unit between February and May 2020, who were affected by septic shock and received PMX-HP as per clinical indication of the attending physician. Septic shock was diagnosed in nine patients (75%), with a median time between symptoms onset and PMX-HP treatment of 16 (14-22) days. We identified Gram-negative bacteria in most of the microbiological cultures (N = 17, 65%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria in (N = 4, 15%), fungi (N = 3, 12%) and no growth (N = 2, 8%). Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score progressively improved over the next 120 hours following PMX-HP and it was associated with median endotoxin activity assay (EAA) decrease from 0.78 [0.70-0.92] at T0 to 0.60 [0.44-0.72] at T120 (P = .245). A direct correlation was observed between SOFA score and EAA. Lung Injury Score decreased and was associated with hemodynamic improvement over the same period. No statistically significant difference was observed for RIFLE score at each time point. Nine out of 12 patients (75%) required continuous renal replacement therapy because of acute kidney injury. In a series of consecutive COVID-19 patients with endotoxic shock, PMX-HP was associated with organ function recovery, hemodynamic improvement, and contemporary EAA level reduction. No PMX-HP-related complications were observed.
Multiresolution based hierarchical disparity estimation for stereo image pair compression (1994)

Stereo vision is the process of viewing two different perspective projections of the same real world scene and perceiving the depth that was present in the original scene. These projections offer a compact 2-dimensional means of representing a 3-dimensional scene, as seen by one observer. Different display schemes have been developed to ensure that each eye sees the image that is intended for it. Each image in the image pair is referred to as the left or right image
Plasmodium falciparum Clag9-Associated PfRhopH Complex Is Involved in Merozoite Binding to Human Erythrocytes (2019)

Cytoadherence-linked asexual gene 9 (Clag9), a conserved <i>Plasmodium</i> protein expressed during the asexual blood stages, is involved in the cytoadherence of infected red blood cells (RBCs) to the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Here, we show that <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Clag9 (PfClag9) is a component of the PfClag9-RhopH complex that is involved in merozoite binding to human erythrocytes. To characterize PfClag9, we expressed four fragments of PfClag9, encompassing the entire protein. Immunostaining analysis using anti-PfClag9 antibodies showed expression and localization of PfClag9 at the apical end of the merozoites. Mass spectrometric analysis of merozoite extracts after immunoprecipitation using anti-PfClag9 antibody identified <i>P. falciparum</i> rhoptry-associated protein 1 (PfRAP1), PfRAP2, PfRAP3, PfRhopH2, and PfRhopH3 as associated proteins. The identified rhoptry proteins were expressed, and their association with PfClag9 domains was assessed by using protein-protein interaction tools. We further showed that PfClag9 binds human RBCs by interacting with the glycophorin A-band 3 receptor-coreceptor complex. In agreement with its cellular localization, PfClag9 was strongly recognized by antibodies generated during natural infection. Mice immunized with the C-terminal domain of PfClag9 were partially protected against a subsequent challenge infection with <i>Plasmodium berghei</i>, further supporting a biological role of PfClag9 during natural infection. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence for the existence of a PfRhopH-Clag9 complex on the <i>Plasmodium</i> merozoite surface that binds to human RBCs.
Generation of Vero Cells Expressing Ebola Virus Glycoprotein (2009)

To establish replication-incompetent Ebola virus (EBOV) lacking its glycoprotein (GP), we attempted to generate a Vero cell line that constitutively expressed GP. We used a retroviral vector to transduce Vero cells with the EBOV GP gene, resulting in a high expression level of GP on the cell surface. The Vero cells expressing EBOV GP complemented the replication cycle of vesicular stomatitis virus, which lacks the essential viral glycoprotein. This cell line might be useful for basic research on EBOV GP as well as for vaccine production.
Small sign support analysis: phase III - benefit/cost analysis (1988)

Guidelines were developed to assist ADOT in (1) determining if an existing sign installation, not in compliance with current safety standards, should be replaced by a system that does meet the safety standards, and (2) selecting a cost effective sign support for new installations. A benefit/cost (B/C) program, developed at TTI was used to develop the guidelines. Existing systems that were analyzed included single and multiple post installations for both square steel tubes (ADOT P2 systems) and 3 lb/ft high carbon steel U-posts. Systems that were considered as candidates for new installations and for upgrading existing systems include installations with up to three 3 lb/ft high carbon steel U-posts with an improved short ground splice, standard steel pipe with a uni-directional slip base, and hollow rectangular sections of laminated veneer lumber (A).
Possible observation of ballistic contact resistance in wide Si MOSFETs (2012)

In conclusion, using a comparison of our experimental data of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EXT</sub> versus N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and T to the ballistic FET theory, we have presented experimental evidence on the possible observation of ballistic contact resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> in wide-channel Si MOSFETs. Finally, we note that the ballistic contact resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> represents the ultimate limit of total series resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EXT</sub> [8]. This limit for (100) Si is ~ 40 Ω.μm for NFETs and ~ 70 Ω.μm for PFETs at N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> = 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . Furthermore, this limit of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">EXT</sub> is ~ 55 Ω.μm for III-V NFETs at N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> = 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> with isotropic effective mass m*/m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> in the 0.02-0.1 range. The value of R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> is slightly higher for III-V NFETs than that for Si NFETs because lower m* and lower valley degeneracy lead to lower number of conducting transverse modes.