gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Multiple Session 99% Ethanol and Single Session OK-432 Sclerotherapy for the Treatment of Simple Renal Cysts (2008)

Single session OK-432 sclerotherapy is simpler, safer and more effective than multiple session 99% ethanol sclerotherapy for the treatment of simple renal cysts, especially large cysts.
Random coding exponents for unitary space-time modulation (2003)

We consider a single-user block-fading multiple antenna link with M transmit and N receive antennas described by a propagation matrix that is constant during coherence intervals of length T symbols, after which it jumps to a new independent value for T more symbols, and so on. We assume throughout the paper that the random propagation matrix is unknown to both the transmitter and the receiver. Computing the capacity of the above channel is still an open problem. Hassibi and Marzetta (see IEEE Trans. Info. Theory) took an important step towards this by obtaining in close-form the probability density of the received signal when transmitting isotropically-random unitary matrices. The technique used for doing this which involves taking expectations with respect to the isotropically random unitary matrix - has other interesting ramifications. In this paper we make use of this technique to obtain a variety of new bounds on the random coding exponent, which provide improved estimates, compared with the simple union bound, of the autocoding performance of codebooks of isotropically random unitary signals.
<title>Track-before-detect for surveillance radar: a recursive filter-based approach</title> (2002)

In this paper the initial results are presented of a recursive filter based approach to Track Before Detect (TBD) for surveillance radar. Because of the relatively low update rate and large amount of data per scan, brute force methods such as the velocity filter banks or Hough transform for electro-optical sensors are not feasible. We therefore have designed a recursive algorithm that integrates the measured signal strength only for the most likely target trajectory. Furthermore, this algorithm is only started for those radar cells in a scan that have exceeded a preselection threshold. As will be shown, the use of a low preselection threshold significantly reduces the number of radar cells to be considered at a negligible performance reduction. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulations. Further research planned and possible extensions to the initial approach are discussed.
Simulated impedance bandwidths, gains, radiation patterns and SAR values of a helical and a PIFA antenna on top of different ground planes (2001)

In this paper the antenna performances i.e. impedance bandwidths, gains and radiation characteristics, including specific absorption rate (SAR) values, of two commonly used antennas, namely a helical and a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), on top of different ground planes are studied. The main idea of this study is to compare the performances of these two antennas when the size of the ground plane and the locations of the feeding and shorting points are altered. The Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 900 system specifications are chosen as a starting point and then the free space impedance bandwidths, gains and radiation patterns are simulated by the method of moments (IE3D 7.0, Zeland Software Inc.) and SAR values by finite difference method (XFDTD 5.0, Remcom Inc.) using a homogeneous phantom. These results are finally compared and conclusions of optimal ground plane structures as well as differences between the two antennas are made.
Measurement of Effective Extinction Distances in Zone Axis Silicon (1999)

Abstract Extinction distances for two beam conditions are readily available through many sources, but under more complex zone axis conditions extinction distances are not well known. The use of thickness fringes as an approximate thickness estimate under zone axis conditions, such as in high resolution Annular Dark Field imaging, can be a useful tool. We have measured thickness vs. fringe number under zone axis conditions using low loss Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). Work was done on the Cornell UHV HB501 STEM. Several orientations of silicon were glued together and thinned in cross section by the wedge technique. Additional thinning was done by low angle ion milling. Surface oxide was removed with an HF etch before loading into the microscope.Each piece of silicon was tilted to the zone axis condition and low loss EELS spectra was taken at selected points. The thickness fringes were numbered with the following convention: the center of the first black fringes close to the edge is 1 and the center of the second black fringe is 2, etc.
A new sub-micron trench cell concept in ultrathin wafer technology for next generation 1200 V IGBTs (2017)

The overall growing trend towards electrification and, at the same time, the urgent need to minimize energy consumption strongly requires higher energy efficiency in power electronics. We present a new technology concept for next generation 1200 V IGBTs with vastly reduced overall power losses using an optimized micro-pattern trench (MPT) cell design with sub-micron mesas. Further important parameters relevant for inverters driving electrical machines were optimized, including turn-off softness, dv/dt-controllability, and short circuit capability, providing a right-fit solution to customer requirements.
Cannabidiol Does Not Impact Acute Anabolic or Inflammatory Signaling in Skeletal Muscle In Vitro (2021)

<b>Background:</b> Cannabidiol (CBD) is becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of clinical conditions including as an aid for muscle recovery. Previous work demonstrated that CBD exhibited mild effects on skeletal muscle, with a tendency to increase anabolic signaling and decrease inflammatory signaling. <b>Methods:</b> To gain mechanistic insight and extend these findings, we conducted a set of experiments using C2C12 myotubes. <b>Results:</b> Increasing the dose of CBD (1-5 μM) provided with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) showed no effect on anabolic signaling through mTORC1 (S6K1 [Thr389], <i>p</i>=0.27; rpS6 [Ser240/244], <i>p</i>=0.81; or 4E-BP1 [Thr37/46], <i>p</i>=0.87). Similarly, inflammatory signaling through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p105, <i>p</i>=0.88; p50, <i>p</i>=0.93; or phosphorylated p65 [Ser536], <i>p</i>=0.84) in response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was unaffected by CBD (2.5 μM), whereas dioscin, a natural product that blocks NF-κB signaling, reduced p105 and phosphorylated p65 (Ser536) compared with the TNFα and the TNFα + CBD condition (<i>p</i><0.01 and <i>p</i><0.05, respectively). Finally, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor levels were measured in C2C12 cells, murine skeletal muscle, cortex, and hippocampus. Although CB1 was not detectable in muscle cells or muscle tissue, high levels were observed in brain tissue. <b>Conclusion:</b> In conclusion, CBD does not directly modulate anabolic or inflammatory signaling in myotubes <i>in vitro</i>, which can likely be explained by the lack of functional receptors.
Active Material Interfacial Chemistry and Its Impact on Composite Magnetite Electrodes (2021)

Rational design of battery systems with specific performance characteristics are needed to meet the growing, diverse needs of energy storage as batteries penetrate a range of sectors from automobiles to consumer electronics, among others. Here, we surface modified magnetite particles with distinct molecular entities containing different electronic and ionic conductivities and investigated how the local surface environment affected key battery characteristics such as capacity retention, rate capability, and electrode impedance. Herein, direct covalent attachment of poly [3-(4-carboxypropyl)thiophene] onto magnetite nanoparticles via a Fischer esterification scheme was shown to create robust anodes with low charge transfer resistances, excellent charge capacity retention at 0.3 C, and robust charge capabilities/specific capacities. The functionalization strategies used here rely on manipulating the native hydroxide layer of the active material, and thus can be applied to various conversion-type electrode materials. This work contributes to the growing toolset of chemical techniques to modify active materials to create battery systems with specific performance characteristics.
Isolation of genes amplified in human cancers by microdissection mediated cDNA capture (1996)

It has been increasingly recognized that homogeneously staining regions (hsr) in human cancers may be complex structures composed of large amplified DNA domains containing multiple genes. It is therefore important to devise strategies for the rapid isolation of cDNAs expressed from these structures. Using a procedure we term microdissection mediated cDNA capture, we recovered hsr specific cDNAs from two different human tumors. The glioblastoma cell line TX3868 and the human sarcoma cell line OsA-CL carry hsrs containing amplified sequences from chromosome 12q13-15. We recovered 17 hsr specific cDNAs following microdissection of these hsrs which had been previously hybridized in situ with linkered cDNA. Northern blot analysis with these cDNAs revealed hybridization to distinct transcripts in OsA-CL RNA and TX3868 RNA. None of the OsA-CL cDNA clones showed cross hybridization with the TX3868 cDNAs suggesting that despite their coincident band localization on 12q, the OsA-CL and TX3868 amplification units do not completely overlap. These results significantly increase the number of amplified genes assigned to the 12q13-15 amplicon illustrating both the complexity of hsrs derived from this region and the utility of microdissection mediated cDNA capture to gain rapid access to cDNAs transcribed from amplified genes.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (2016)

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal neurovisceral lipid storage disease of autosomal inheritance resulting from mutations in either the NPC1 (95% of families) or NPC2 gene. The encoded proteins appear to be involved in lysosomal/late endosomal transport of cholesterol, glycolipids, and other molecules, but their exact function is still unknown. The clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from a neonatal rapidly fatal disorder to an adult-onset chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized prominently by psychiatric disorders, cerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline, and vertical supranuclear gaze palsy. Miglustat is the only treatment approved to date which has been demonstrated to slow or halt disease progression.
A mutual coupling model for MIMO systems (2004)

Wireless communication systems employing multielement antennas (MEAs) are affected by mutual coupling. Accurate and simple models of mutual coupling are essential for better system analysis. In a MEA, mutual coupling depends on the antenna element separation, geometry of array and antenna elements, location of antenna elements in the array, frequency, substrate thickness and constant, near-field scatterers, and direction of arrival (DOA) of the incoming wave. Except near-field scatterers and DOA, the rest of the parameters are fixed for a given MEA system. Since the feeding network for a MIMO system is fixed and most of the mutual coupling is due to surface waves, DOA dependency can be removed for a MIMO mutual coupling model. In this paper, a previously proposed model for mutual coupling is modified to be applicable to MIMO systems. The effect of near-field scatterers on the mutual coupling is specifically investigated to validate the model. Commercially available EM simulators are utilized for this purpose. Once the effect of near-field scatterers is characterized, correlation properties between antenna elements in a MEA can be obtained more accurately and correlation estimation algorithms can be developed accordingly.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Isomerization Equilibria of Chlorotoluenes and Dichlorobenzenes in a Biphasic Reaction Systems Containing Highly Acidic Chloroaluminate Melts B (2016)

Thermodynamics and kinetics of the isomerization of chlorotoluenes and dichlorobenzene to the technically desired meta-isomers have been studied in the presence of highly acidic chloroaluminate melts with alkali metal and organic imidazolium cations. Enthalpies of four isomerization processes in reacting systems of chlorotoluenes and dichlorobenzene were obtained from temperature dependencies of the corresponding equilibrium constants in the liquid phase. Experimental reaction enthalpies, enthalpies of vaporization, and absolute vapor pressures of chlorotoluenes and dichlorobenzene have been used for the validation of quantum-chemical methods to predict thermodynamic functions of the four reactions under study successfully. Values of the standard Gibbs energies of formation, standard enthalpies and entropies of formation of chlorotoluenes and dichlorobenzenes in the liquid and in the gas phase have been derived. These values allow optimization of liquid–liquid biphasic manufacturing technologies for halogen-substituted benzenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereo‐ and Regiospecific Cu‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Vinyl Iodides and Thiols: A Very Mild and General Route for the Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfides. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interactive Power Electronics Seminar (iPES)-a web-based introductory power electronics course employing Java-applets (2003)

This paper introduces the Interactive Power Electronics Seminar-iPES-a new software for teaching a basic course on power electronic circuits and systems. iPES is constituted by HTML text with Java-applets for interactive animation, circuit design and simulation and visualization of electromagnetic fields and is comprised of an easy-to-use self-explaining graphical user interface. The software does need just a standard web-browser, i.e. no installations are required. iPES can be accessed via the World Wide Web or from a CD-ROM in a stand-alone PC by students and professionals. Since the Java applets are simple to handle, a student can immediately start working and can fully concentrate on the theory of a problem. Due to the underlying software technology iPES is very flexible and can be used for on-line learning and be easily integrated into an e-learning platform. The aim of this paper is to give an introduction to the iPES-project and to show different areas covered. The e-learning software is available at no cost in English, German, Japanese and Korean. More translations, e.g. into Spanish and French will be available in the future. The web page is continuously updated in four-week intervals.
Effects of fluence and dissolved oxygen on IASCC in austenitic stainless steels (1992)

Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) of Type 304 and 316 stainless steels (SS) irradiated to high fluence (about 10{sup 26}n/m{sup 2}) were conducted in 561K pure water with dissolved oxygen concentrations of 0.02-32 ppm to evaluate the irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels. In the case of 32 ppm dissolved oxygen (DO), the neutron fluence dependence of IASCC susceptibility in Types 304 and 316 SS was almost the same and increased markedly when the fluence exceeded 10{sup 25}n/m{sup 2}. With a decrease of dissolved oxygen, IASCC susceptibility of Types 304 and 316 SS decreased.
Analyzing the Effect of Channel Estimation Errors on the Average Block Error Probability of a MISO Transmit Beamforming System (2008)

We address the problem of analyzing the effect of channel estimation errors on the average block error probability (BLEP) of transmit beamforming multiple input single output (MISO) system in a slowly varying Rayleigh fading wireless channel. For this purpose, we develop an accurate model of estimation errors in a block fading context and derive an analytical expression quantifying the impact of channel estimation errors on feedback MISO systems. In particular, the block fading model implies that the channel estimate and its error component are fixed for the entire block and an appropriate performance criteria is the average BLEP, a more complex metric to analyze. The derived closed form analytical expression for the average BLEP is validated by simulations.
Catalytic Mechanism of Nitrile Hydratase Subsequent to Cyclic Intermediate Formation: A QM/MM Study (2016)

The catalytic mechanism of an Fe-containing nitrile hydratase (NHase) subsequent to the formation of a cyclic intermediate was investigated using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. We identified the following mechanism: (i) proton transfer from βTyr72 to the substrate via αSer113, and cleavage of the S-O bond of αCys114-SO(-) and formation of a disulfide bond between αCys109 and αCys114; (ii) direct attack of a water molecule on the sulfur atom of αCys114, which resulted in the generation of both an imidic acid and a renewed sulfenic cysteine; and (iii) isomerization of the imidic acid to the amide. In addition, to clarify the role of βArg56K, which is one of the essential amino residues in the enzyme, we analyzed a βR56K mutant in which βArg56 was replaced by Lys. The results suggest that βArg56 is necessary for the formation of disulfide intermediate by stabilizing the cleavage of the S-O bond via a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of αCys114-SO(-).
Early white matter injuries in patients with acute carbon monoxide intoxication (2017)

Evaluation of acute white matter injuries caused by carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can be limited by conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. We aim to evaluate the feasibility of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) for early detection of white matter alterations in patients with acute CO intoxication.A total of 30 subjects including 15 acute CO patients and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. MR examinations were performed on a 3T MR scanner within 8 days after CO intoxication. DKI data were acquired to derive axial, radial, and mean kurtosis, as well as fractional anisotropy (FA), axial, radial, and mean diffusivity for tract-specific comparisons between the 2 groups.Significant decreases of mean kurtosis were shown in the genu of corpus callosum, cingulum, and motor-related tracts (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) in patients with acute CO intoxication as compared with controls. On the contrary, significant differences of FA values were merely shown in the regions of corticospinal tracts.DKI demonstrated comparably stronger potential than diffusion tensor imaging in terms of early detection of white matter changes in patients with acute CO intoxication. This may have implications in therapeutic strategy for managing acute CO intoxication patients.
Transient response of flat-panel distributed mode loudspeakers (2014)

The acoustic impulse response of a loudspeaker must have short rise and decay times to provide accurate reproduction of signals with fast transients, such as human speech. In a flat panel distributed mode loudspeaker (DML), the transverse bending waves that are the primarily source of acoustic radiation, propagate across the panel at finite velocity. Therefore, regions of the panel more distant from the panel driving point(s) radiate sound at later times, which broadens the DML’s acoustic impulse response. Furthermore, bending wave propagation in a rigid panel is dispersive, with a wave velocity that is proportional to the square root of the frequency, which creates additional distortions of signals with fast transients. Mechanical simulations and scanning laser vibrometer measurements of glass panel DML’s clearly illustrate the delayed radiation and dispersion distortion mechanisms. Furthermore, measurements of the acoustic impulse response of DML’s are in agreement with simulations, which provides additional evidence that the identified mechanisms are a major source of audio distortion in DML’s.
Monolayer‐Dimensional 5,5′‐Bis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene Transistors and Chemically Responsive Heterostructures (2008)

The organic semiconductor 5,5′-Bis(4- hexylphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (6PTTP6) shows a remarkable 2D growth mechanism. Without requiring a complicated fabrication process, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with only a 1.5 monolayer 6PTTP6 film show mobilities close to those of conventional thick OFETs. Our heterostructured OFET blend exhibits a much faster response speed and a higher sensitivity to nerve-agent simulants than thicker OFET analogues. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200703212_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthetic and Receptor Signaling Explorations of the Mitragyna Alkaloids: Mitragynine as an Atypical Molecular Framework for Opioid Receptor Modulators (2016)

Mu-opioid receptor agonists represent mainstays of pain management. However, the therapeutic use of these agents is associated with serious side effects, including potentially lethal respiratory depression. Accordingly, there is a longstanding interest in the development of new opioid analgesics with improved therapeutic profiles. The alkaloids of the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, represented by the prototypical member mitragynine, are an unusual class of opioid receptor modulators with distinct pharmacological properties. Here we describe the first receptor-level functional characterization of mitragynine and related natural alkaloids at the human mu-, kappa-, and delta-opioid receptors. These results show that mitragynine and the oxidized analogue 7-hydroxymitragynine, are partial agonists of the human mu-opioid receptor and competitive antagonists at the kappa- and delta-opioid receptors. We also show that mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are G-protein-biased agonists of the mu-opioid receptor, which do not recruit β-arrestin following receptor activation. Therefore, the Mitragyna alkaloid scaffold represents a novel framework for the development of functionally biased opioid modulators, which may exhibit improved therapeutic profiles. Also presented is an enantioselective total synthesis of both (-)-mitragynine and its unnatural enantiomer, (+)-mitragynine, employing a proline-catalyzed Mannich-Michael reaction sequence as the key transformation. Pharmacological evaluation of (+)-mitragynine revealed its much weaker opioid activity. Likewise, the intermediates and chemical transformations developed in the total synthesis allowed the elucidation of previously unexplored structure-activity relationships (SAR) within the Mitragyna scaffold. Molecular docking studies, in combination with the observed chemical SAR, suggest that Mitragyna alkaloids adopt a binding pose at the mu-opioid receptor that is distinct from that of classical opioids.