gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The murine chemokine receptor CXCR4 is tightly regulated during T cell development and activation (1999)

We have characterized the murine homolog of the HIV-co-receptor CXCR4 during T cell development and activation. Our data demonstrate that this chemokine receptor, although highly conserved between human and mouse, is differently expressed and regulated in both species. Mitogenic activation resulted in an increase of surface CXCR4 on murine T cells within 2 days, whereas the receptor was strongly down-regulated on human T cells during this period. Furthermore, intraperitoneal immunization of mice resulted in a strong increase of splenic and mesenteric cytotoxic T cells co-expressing CXCR4. It is interesting that, on thymocytes, expression of CXCR4 is restricted to CD4+CD8+ cells. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, a natural ligand of CXCR4, induced chemotaxis of thymocytes and was found to counteract dexamethasone-induced apoptosis to a certain extent in these cells. Thus, our data show that expression of CXCR4 is tightly controlled on murine T cells and indicate that this highly conserved chemokine receptor might serve different functions in humans and mice.
Anergic Th1 cells express altered levels of the protein tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn (1992)

Tolerance in T lymphocytes can result from clonal anergy, or paralysis, of Ag-specific T cells. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for anergy, a system in which tolerance can be induced in vitro was employed. Anergy, as defined by long-lived nonresponsiveness to normal antigenic stimulation for IL-2 production, was produced in cloned murine CD4+ Th1 cells. Here we report that such anergic Th1 cells express constitutively reduced amounts of the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck and constitutively elevated levels of the protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn. Because protein tyrosine phosphorylation is known to be important for the normal induction of IL-2 synthesis, these results suggest that T cell anergy may be maintained, at least in part, by alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events.
Riemannian median, geometry of covariance matrices and radar target detection (2010)

We develop a new geometric approach for radar target detection which is based on the notion of Riemannian median and the information geometry of covariance matrices. First of all, we give the definition of Riemannian median and a simple algorithm to compute it. After that, the explicit expressions of reflection coefficients parametrization of covariance matrices are obtained, with which the Riemannian metric on the manifold of covariance matrices has a very simple form. The explicit expressions of geodesics in the manifold are also obtained in order to facilitate the computation of the Riemannian median of covariance matrices. Finally, we give some simulation examples to illustrate the performance of this new method.
Multifunctional Graphene-Based Additives for Enhanced Combustion of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels under Supercritical Conditions (2020)

As a particulate fuel additive, functionalized graphene sheets (FGS), with and without the decoration of nanoparticles, provide a means to form stable colloids with liquid hydrocarbons, act as in situ catalysts, and prevent attached nanoparticles from agglomerating or sintering during heating. Recent pyrolysis experiments and simulations have shown the synergetic effect of Pt and FGS structures accelerating fuel conversion and hydrogen formation. In this paper, the role of graphene-based additives (with and without platinum (Pt) nanoparticles) on enhancing the ignition and combustion characteristics of cracked n-dodecane hydrocarbon fuels under supercritical conditions is examined. Supercritical ignition and combustion experiments were conducted using a high pressure and high temperature windowed combustion chamber coupled to a supercritical fuel pyrolysis reactor. The combustion experiments indicated that the presence of small amounts of particulate additives (100 ppmw) to the fuel can reduce ignition times and increase subsequent combustion rates. In particular, the addition of FGS-supported Pt nanoparticles reduced ignition delay times by nearly a factor of 3 (12.4 to 4.2 ms), increased spray spreading angles by approximately 32.0% (15.4 to 20.3°), reduced the flame liftoff length by 54.0% (1.74 to 0.8 mm), and demonstrated an increase in fuel conversion for a fixed reaction time of 35.0% relative to the pure fuel baseline. These results support the notion that nanostructured fuel additives have the potential to enhance both the heat sink capacity and combustion performance of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for their use in advanced high speed propulsion systems.
Suppression of Substance P Biosynthesis in Sensory Neurons of Dorsal Root Ganglion by Prodrug Esters of Potent Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase Inhibitors (1997)

Substance P as well as many other neuropeptides are synthesized as glycine-extended precursors and converted to the biologically active C-terminal amides by posttranslational modification. The final step of posttranslational processing is catalyzed by peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). In a previous study, N-substituted homocysteine analogs were found to be potent inhibitors of PAM partially purified from conditioned medium of cultured rat medullary thyroid carcinoma CA-77 cells. These compounds, however, were only modest inhibitors of substance P production in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells, possibly because of poor cell penetration. Several ester derivatives of hydrocinnamoyl-phenylalanyl-homocysteine, one of the most potent PAM inhibitors, were prepared to increase the intracellular accessibility of these compounds. Hydrocinnamoyl-phenylalanyl-(S-benzoyl-homocysteine) benzyl ester was identified as the most potent compound, inhibiting substance P biosynthesis in dorsal root ganglion cells with an IC50 of 2 microM. Inhibition of PAM resulted in a concomitant increase in the glycine-extended substance p (substance P-Gly) precursor peptide. In the presence of 3 microM benzyl ester derivative, the intracellular substance P-Gly level was 2.4-fold higher while the substance P level was 2.1-fold lower than the corresponding peptides in control cells. These results suggest that PAM inhibition represents an effective method for suppression of substance P biosynthesis and, therefore, may have therapeutic utility in conditions associated with elevated substance P levels. Furthermore, PAM inhibition may also prove useful in decreasing other amidated peptides.
Neue Zugänge zu einigen aromatischen Retinoiden (1989)

New Approaches to Some Aromatic Retinoids Starting from 2,3,5‐trimethylphenol ( 2 ), two pathways to ethyl (all‐ E )‐9‐(4‐methoxy‐2,3,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐3,7‐dimethylnona‐2,4,6,8‐tetraenoate ( 1 ) and to some of its ( Z )‐isomers have been developed. The first one is based on a Pd(O)‐catalyzed arylation of ( Z )‐3‐methylpent‐2‐en‐4‐yn‐l‐ol ( 6 ) with 4‐bromo‐2,3,5‐trimethylanisol ( 5 ). The acetylenic C 15 −alcohol 9 was transformed into the corresponding acetylenic phosphonium salt 10 , which was catalytically hydrogenated to the olefinic Wittig salt. Wittig olefination led, then, to the (6 Z , 8 Z )‐ and (4 Z , 6 Z , 8 Z )‐isomers, 7 and 8 , respectively. In a second approach, Friedel ‐ Crafts reaction of 3‐methylpent‐l‐en‐4‐yn‐3‐ol with the 2,3,5‐trimethylanisol gave a C 15 ‐intermediate with a terminal CC bond in the side chain. After deprotonation and reaction with a C 5 aldehyd, the corresponding C 20 ‐intermediate could be isolated in high yield. Finally, further conversion led predominantly to the (all‐ E )‐retinoid, accompanied by its (9 Z )‐ and (13 Z )‐isomers.
A dual function for RELMβ in promoting T H 1 immune responses and infection‐induced intestinal inflammation (2008)

The secreted goblet cell‐derived protein Resistin‐like moleculeβ (RELMβ) has been implicated in divergent functions including immunity to intestinal infection and promotion of chemical‐induced colitis. However, the mechanisms through which RELMβ influences proinflammatory responses and adaptive immunity are undefined. To investigate the function of RELMβ in this context, we employed a model of chronic Trichuris infection characterized by RELMβ expression, IFNγ production and severe intestinal inflammation. In contrast to WT mice, RELMβ −/− mice failed to establish chronic infection, and parasite clearance was associated with decreased production of IFNγ and TNFα and reduced intestinal inflammation. Based on these findings, we hypothesized a role for RELMβ in promoting proinflammatory responses by influencing accessory cell function and/or through direct effects on CD4 T cells. While recombinant RELMβ did not directly affect CD4 T cells, rRELMβ treatment of macrophages induced MHC Class II expression, secretion of IL‐12 and TNFα , and augmented their ability to promote antigen‐specific T H 1 cell differentiation. Taken together, these data demonstrate a previously unidentified role for an intestinal goblet cell‐derived factor in the modulation of proinflammatory responses and adaptive immunity through direct effects on macrophages.
A probability model for interaural phase difference (2006)

In this paper, we derive a probability model for interaural phase differences at individual spectrogram points. Such a model can combine observations across arbitrary time and frequency regions in a structured way and does not make any assumptions about the characteristics of the sound sources. In experiments with speech from twenty speakers in simulated reverberant environments, this probabilistic method predicted the correct interaural delay of a signal more accurately than generalized cross-correlation methods.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Combination of Two Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Inhibitory Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Leads to an Enhanced Antitumor Response (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from Combination of Two Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Inhibitory Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Leads to an Enhanced Antitumor Response
Fabrication and assembly of ultrathin high-efficiency silicon solar microcells integrating electrical passivation and anti-reflection coatings (2013)

Intensive research into ultra-thin silicon solar cell applications has generated interesting approaches to reducing both critical materials usage and their associated device and module-level costs. Here we report an extension of previous work on micro-scale Si solar cells, devices fabricated using precise methods of micromachining Si(111) wafers in conjunction with wafer-scale processing. Here we describe a simple yet robust approach to fabricate the silicon microcells by re-designing the device structure, incorporating a thermally grown oxide layer to serve as a wet-etch and diffusion mask, and illustrate modes of light management and array assembly that can provide high-efficiency PV conversion of light to electrical energy. We report a best cell efficiency of 11.7% under an AM1.5D solar spectrum for an optically thin (30 µm thick) device, which is a substantial improvement over previously reported Si solar µ-cells. We show that the improvement attends to both the optimization made in the doping profiles of the device and the presence of the thermal oxide layer, which doubles as an effective electrical passivation and anti-reflection layer. External quantum efficiency measurements specifically show a marked improvement in the blue response that results from mitigating losses due to surface recombination in the high-surface-area, micro-scale devices. We highlight new strategies for integrating these devices into functional, interconnected arrays, using front and backside electrical bus contacts, with optimized spatial distributions on transparent glass substrates. This geometry, with optimized reflector and waveguiding planarization layers, creates a simple concentrator module by redirecting light via internal reflection to illuminate the sidewalls and bottom surfaces.
Does Coupling Affect the Security of Masked Implementations (2016)

Masking schemes achieve provable security against side-channel analysis by using secret sharing to decorrelate key-dependent intermediate values of the cryptographic algorithm and side-channel information. Masking schemes make assumptions on how the underlying leakage mechanisms of hardware or software behave to account for various physical effects. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the physical placement on the security using leakage assessment on power measurements collected from an FPGA. In order to differentiate other masking failures, we use threshold implementations as masking scheme in conjunction with a high-entropy pseudorandom number generator. We show that we can observe differences in—possibly—exploitable leakage by placing functions corresponding to different shares of a cryptographic implementation in close proximity.
Complex intermetallic phase in multicrystalline silicon doped with transition metals (2006)

We report the observation of an alloy phase with fluorite-type structure containing Ni, Fe, Cu, and Si, found as precipitates in multicrystalline silicon. The analysis of extended x-ray absorption fine-structure microspectroscopy ($\ensuremath{\mu}$-EXAFS) measurements on the $K$ edges of the transition metals of the precipitates and a synthetic reference material with composition of ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.82}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.21}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.02}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1.94}$ support a structure model similar to $\mathrm{Ni}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ but with mixed occupancies of Fe on the Ni site and Cu on the Si site. This observation provides evidence that transition metals interact during precipitation within silicon and form complex silicides.
Cover Picture: Enantioselective Access to Chiral Drugs by using Asymmetric Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Rh(POP) Complexes (Chem. Eur. J. 50/2011) (2011)

Rh(POP) complexes in asymmetric hydrogenations give straightforward access to enantiomerically enriched amine, alcohol, and α-amino acid derivatives, which are valuable building blocks for the preparation of diverse chiral pharmaceutical drugs. An example of a transition state for the simplest α-(acylamino)acrylate strongly favors positioning of the olefin carbons (yellow) in the lower-left quadrant (far from the steric congestion of the binaphthyl group), therefore (R)-configured hydrogenation products are obtained from α-(acylamino)acrylate derivatives, α-arylenamides, and α-arylenol acetates. For more details see the Communication by Vidal-Ferran et al. on page 13978 ff. Gold Catalysis In their Communication on page 13950 ff. M. Kojima and K. Mikami report on the development of enantioselective intermolecular carbon–carbon bond formation of glyoxylate imines with allylstannanes catalyzed by tropos-bis(phosphanyl)biphenyl–gold(I) complexes with Au–Au interactions.1 Protonation-Induced Cyclization A double protonation-induced cyclization reaction of new donor–acceptor–donor conjugated molecules 1,4-R2Aq (R=Am or Fc) is reported, which yields dipyrylium salts [1,4-R2Pyl2](TFSI)2 (R=Am or Fc) with a new planar pentacyclic structure of a benzo[e]pyrene-type skeleton. These compounds showed different optical, electrochemical, and magnetic properties to those of the previously reported [1,5-Am2Pyl2](TFSI)2, which has a perylene-type skeleton. For more details see the Full Paper by H. Nishihara et al. on page 14010 ff.1 EPR Spectroscopy The magnetic interaction between {Cr7Ni} rings depends on three factors: through-bond interspin distance, spin-polarization mechanisms, and torsion angles. No single parameter can be used to predict the resulting exchange interaction. Certainly length is the principal determinant on whether communication can occur, but even over short distances this can be significantly attenuated by other effects. Good exchange is promoted, as expected, by significant π-orbital conjugation. For more information see the Full Paper by R. E. P. Winpenny et al. on page 14020 ff.1
Contact Graph Routing Enhancements Developed in ION for DTN (2013)

The Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION) software suite is an open-source, flight-ready implementation of networking protocols including the Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) Bundle Protocol (BP), the CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) File Delivery Protocol (CFDP), and many others including the Contact Graph Routing (CGR) DTN routing system. While DTN offers the capability to tolerate disruption and long signal propagation delays in transmission, without an appropriate routing protocol, no data can be delivered. CGR was built for space exploration networks with scheduled communication opportunities (typically based on trajectories and orbits), represented as a contact graph. Since CGR uses knowledge of future connectivity, the contact graph can grow rather large, and so efficient processing is desired. These enhancements allow CGR to scale to predicted NASA space network complexities and beyond. This software improves upon CGR by adopting an earliest-arrival-time cost metric and using the Dijkstra path selection algorithm. Moving to Dijkstra path selection also enables construction of an earliest- arrival-time tree for multicast routing. The enhancements have been rolled into ION 3.0 available on sourceforge.net.
Asymptotic solutions of linear partial differential equations of first order having random coefficients (1994)

Article Asymptotic solutions of linear partial differential equations of first order having random coefficients was published on January 1, 1994 in the journal Random Operators and Stochastic Equations (volume 2, issue 1).
Influenza virus suppresses the adaptive immune response leaving immune hosts vulnerable to influenza and other respiratory pathogens (2020)

Abstract Influenza infections are associated with several million cases of severe respiratory illness, hospitalizations, and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. Secondary infections further complicate influenza’s high morbidity and mortality, and significantly factored into the severity of the 1918, 1968, and 2009 pandemics. The most common coinfections are bacterial, leading to bacterial pneumonia, though viral secondary infections also occur. Previous studies have shown that influenza can target innate responses and damage affected tissues, allowing for secondary infections. In this study we show that influenza virus targets not only innate immune responses but also the adaptive responses - specifically activated B cells, T cells, and NKT cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that infection with influenza virus can attenuate the adaptive responses to prior influenza vaccination and to other respiratory pathogen vaccinations, in humans and in mouse models. This occurs through a viral hijacking of the normal immune responses by taking advantage of elevated expression of sialic acid receptors on activated lymphocytes to preferentially infect and kill immune responders. Our findings provide a novel potential mechanism for the high incidence of secondary respiratory infections due to bacteria and other viruses, as well as for vaccine failures against other infectious agents during influenza seasons.
A Compact Loaded DETSA Antenna With Enhanced Directivity Using Characteristic Modes Optimization (2022)

This paper presents the design of an Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna mainly dedicated for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) application in the frequency band between 150 MHz up to 550 MHz. With its compact electrical size in the low band, the initial double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) exhibits a low directivity and Front-to-Back ratio. With the guidance of the Characteristic Modes Analysis (CMA), it was possible to identify the best loading position as well as the optimized load values to enhance these antennas properties. The optimized loaded DETSA demonstrated a significant directivity enhancement and a Front-to-Back ratio that exceeds 4dB inside the band.
Efficacy of short course asythromycin in non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (2007)

The study was aimed to evaluate clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 3 day course of azythromycin (Zitrolid forte) in comparison with a stan dard 7 to 10 day therapy with amoxicillin (Flemoxin solutab) in patients with mild community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Included patients were randomized in 2 groups: 1) 20 patients taking Zitrolid 500 mg daily for 3 days (15 males, 5 females, mean age, 40.7 ± 18.4 yrs); 2) 20 patients taking amoxicillin 500 mg t.i.d. for 7 to 10 days (13 males, 7 females, mean age, 39.8 ± 12.5 yrs). Pneumonia was confirmed by chest X ray in all the patients. Severity of pneumonia was assessed with PSI score. In the 1st group, 12 (60 %) of patients had PSI class I and 8 (40 %) had PSI class II. In the 2nd group, there were 13 (65 %) and 7 (35 %), respectively. In the 1st group patients, improvement in clinical signs and laboratory parame ters was noted at the 3rd day of therapy and complete recovery was detected at the 7th day. The 2nd group patients demonstrated similar dynamics at the 7th and the 14th days, respectively. Microbiological efficacy of the drugs was equal (100 %). The drugs did not differ in rate of adverse events. Therefore, 3 day course of azythromycin in patients with mild CAP were as effective as standard (7 to 10 days) therapy with amoxicillin. Azythromycin (Zitrolid forte) was well tolerated with no serious adverse events requiring interruption the treatment.
Modulating Emission Properties in a Host–Guest Colloidal Quantum Well Superlattice (Advanced Optical Materials 4/2022) (2022)

A novel strategy to modulate the emission color and anisotropy in a host–guest colloidal quantum well superlattice is successfully demonstrated through utilizing the competition between the band edge exciton recombination and the exciton-hopping boosted copper trapping process. Given the simplicity and flexibility in tuning collective emission properties of colloidal superlattices, the concept presented by Hilmi Volkan Demir, Cuong Dang, and co-workers (see article number 2101756) could be further exploited for optoelectronic applications.
Solar sterilization of abscised fruit: A cultural practice to reduce infestations of Anastrepha obliqua around orchards (2008)

Abscised mangoes, Manguera indica, of several cultivars were stored under varying conditions: no sun (stored in a laboratory), shade (stored under the shade of a mango tree), full sun (stored in direct view of the sun), and covered with a black plastic bag and stored in direct view of the sun.The numbers of living Anastrepha obliqua larvae emerging from each treatment were compared and internal temperatures of the mangoes in the various storage regimes recorded. Mangoes stored in the laboratory almost always produced more larvae than mangoes stored under the other regimes, even though internal temperatures of mangoes stored in shade were not much higher than those of mangoes stored in the laboratory. Internal temperatures of mangoes stored under black plastic garbage bags in full sun consistently reached temperatures fatal to A. obliqua and other Tephritidae. Nonetheless, mortality was not consistently higher in these treatments than in the treatments stored in the shade. We suspect that cloudy weather reduced the internal temperatures of the mangoes to sufficiently tolerable levels for larval survival. Removing abscised mangoes from the shade of the tree may reduce infestations on the arid side of the island, where sunny days are more common. Our research suggests that removing abscised fruit from the shade of backyard trees, along with other strategies, may be useful in establishing a fruit flyfree zone.