gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total power-optimal pipelining and parallel processing under process variations in nanometer technology (2005)

This paper explores the effectiveness of the simultaneous application of pipelining and parallel processing as a total power (static plus dynamic) reduction technique in digital systems. Previous studies have been limited to either pipelining or parallel processing, but both techniques can be used together to reduce supply voltage at a fixed throughput point. According to our first-order analyses, there exist optimal combinations of pipelining depth and parallel processing width to minimize total power consumption. We show that the leakage power from both subthreshold and gate-oxide tunneling plays a significant role in determining the optimal combination of pipelining depth and parallel processing width. Our experiments are conducted with timing information derived from a 65nm technology and fanout-of-four (FO4) inverter chains. The experiments show that the optimal combinations of both pipelining and parallel processing - 8 /spl sim/ 12 /spl times/ FO4 logic depth pipelining with 2 /spl sim/ 3-wide parallel processing - can reduce the total power by as much as 40% compared to an optimal system using only pipelining or parallel processing alone. We extend our study to show how process parameter variations - an increasingly important factor in nanometer technologies - affects these results. Our analyses reveal that the variations shift the optimal points to shallower pipelining and narrower parallel processing - 12 /spl times/ FO4 logic depth with 2-wide parallel processing - at a fixed yield point.
Endothelial cell metabolism: parallels and divergences with cancer cell metabolism (2014)

The stromal vasculature in tumors is a vital conduit of nutrients and oxygen for cancer cells. To date, the vast majority of studies have focused on unraveling the genetic basis of vessel sprouting (also termed angiogenesis). In contrast to the widely studied changes in cancer cell metabolism, insight in the metabolic regulation of angiogenesis is only just emerging. These studies show that metabolic pathways in endothelial cells (ECs) importantly regulate angiogenesis in conjunction with genetic signals. In this review, we will highlight these emerging insights in EC metabolism and discuss them in perspective of cancer cell metabolism. While it is generally assumed that cancer cells have unique metabolic adaptations, not shared by healthy non-transformed cells, we will discuss parallels and highlight differences between endothelial and cancer cell metabolism and consider possible novel therapeutic opportunities arising from targeting both cancer and endothelial cells.
Cyclopropane-Derived Peptidomimetics. Design, Synthesis, Evaluation, and Structure of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (1998)

Toward establishing the general efficacy of using trisubstituted cyclopropanes as peptide mimics to stabilize extended peptide structures, the cyclopropanes 20a-d were incorporated as replacements into 9-13, which are analogues of the known HIV-1 protease inhibitors 14 and 15. The syntheses of 20a-d commenced with the Rh2[5(S)-MEPY]4-catalyzed cyclization of the allylic diazoesters 16a-d to give the cyclopropyl lactones 17a-d in high enantiomeric excess. Opening of the lactone moiety using the Weinreb protocol and straightforward refunctionalization of the intermediate amides 18a-d gave 20a-d. A similar sequence of reactions was used to prepare the N-methyl-2-pyridyl analogue 28. Coupling of 20a-d and 28 with the known diamino diol 22 delivered 9-13. Pseudopeptides 9-12 were found to be competitive inhibitors of wild-type HIV-1 protease in biological assays having Kis of 0.31-0.35 nM for 9, 0.16-0.21 nM for 10, 0.47 nM for 11, and 0.17 nM for 12; these inhibitors were thus approximately equipotent to the known inhibitor 14(IC50 = 0.22 nM) from which they were derived. On the other hand 13 (Ki = 80 nM) was a weaker inhibitor than its analogue 15 (Ki = 0.11 nM). The solution structures of 9 and 10 were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and simulated annealing procedures that included restraints derived from homo- and heteronuclear coupling constants and NOEs; because of the molecular symmetry of9 and 10, a special protocol to treat the NOE data was used. The final structure was checked by restrained and free molecular dynamic calculations using an explicit DMSO solvent box. The preferred solution conformations of 9 and 10 are extended structures that closely resemble the three-dimensional structure of 10 bound to HIV-1 protease as determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the complex. This work convincingly demonstrates that extended structures of peptides may be stabilized by the presence of substituted cyclopropanes that serve as peptide replacements. Moreover, the linear structure enforced in solution by the two cyclopropane rings in the pseudopeptides 9-12 appears to correspond closely to the biologically active conformation of the more flexible inhibitors 14 and 15. The present work, which is a combination of medicinal, structural, and quantum chemistry, thus clearly establishes that cyclopropanes may be used as structural constraints to reduce the flexibility of linear pseudopeptides and to help enforce the biologically active conformation of such ligands in solution.
Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness (2022)

Effective antivirals provide crucial benefits during the early phase of an influenza pandemic, when vaccines are still being developed and manufactured. Currently, two classes of viral protein-targeting drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors, are approved for influenza treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. Resistance to both classes has been documented, highlighting the need to develop novel antiviral options that may include both viral and host-targeted inhibitors. Such efforts will form the basis of management of seasonal influenza infections and of strategic planning for future influenza pandemics. This review focuses on the two classes of approved antivirals, their drawbacks, and ongoing work to characterize novel agents or combination therapy approaches to address these shortcomings. The importance of these topics in the ongoing process of influenza pandemic planning is also discussed.
A hybrid HW-SW approach for intermittent error mitigation in streaming-based embedded systems (2012)

Recent advances in process technology augment the systems-on-chip (SoCs) functionality per unit area with the substantial decrease of device features. However, features abatement triggers new reliability issues such as the single-event multi-bit upset (SMU) failure rates augmentation. To mitigate these failure rates, we propose a novel error mitigation mechanism that relies on a hybrid HW-SW technique. In our proposal, we enforce SoC SRAMs by implementing a fault-tolerant memory buffer with minimal capacity to ensure error-free operation. We utilize this buffer to temporarily store a portion of the stored data, named a data chunk, that is used to restore another data chunk in a fully demand-driven way, in case the latter is faulty. We formulate the buffer and data chunk size selection as an optimization problem that targets energy overhead minimization, given that timing and area overheads are restricted with hard constraints decided beforehand by the system designers. We show that our proposed mitigation scheme achieves full error mitigation in a real SoC platform with an average of 10.1% energy overhead with respect to a base-line system operation, while guaranteeing all the design-time constraints.
Copper Underpotential Deposition on Gold in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycol and Chloride (2011)

Many articles have shown that polyethylene glycol (PEG), when combined with chloride ions, is a strong suppressor of copper overpotential deposition (OPD) on a copper substrate. However, few articles have explored the roles of PEG and chloride ions in copper underpotential deposition (UPD) when the cathodic substrate was polycrystalline gold. The individual roles and the interactions of PEG and chloride ions during Cu UPD on a polycrystalline gold electrode were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). According to the CV patterns, a small amount of chloride ions strongly facilitated the Cu UPD at a more positive potential; PEG alone exhibited a similar CV pattern to that of the additive-free case. PEG significantly promoted the accelerating effect of chloride ions on Cu UPD, a result that is the opposite of what occurred during Cu OPD. A mechanism by which PEG-Cl accelerates Cu UPD was proposed. This mechanism also indirectly suggests that the suppressor of Cu OPD should be PEG-Cu+-Cl□, which could not form during Cu UPD on the polycrystalline gold electrode.
Optimization of Complex Cancer Morphology Detection Using the SIVQ Pattern Recognition Algorithm (2012)

For personalization of medicine, increasingly clinical and demographic data are integrated into nomograms for prognostic use, while molecular biomarkers are being developed to add independent diagnostic, prognostic, or management information. In a number of cases in surgical pathology, morphometric quantitation is already performed manually or semi-quantitatively, with this effort contributing to diagnostic workup. Digital whole slide imaging, coupled with emerging image analysis algorithms, offers great promise as an adjunctive tool for the surgical pathologist in areas of screening, quality assurance, consistency, and quantitation. We have recently reported such an algorithm, SIVQ (Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization), which avails itself of the geometric advantages of ring vectors for pattern matching, and have proposed a number of potential applications. One key test, however, remains the need for demonstration and optimization of SIVQ for discrimination between foreground (neoplasm- malignant epithelium) and background (normal parenchyma, stroma, vessels, inflammatory cells). Especially important is the determination of relative contributions of each key SIVQ matching parameter with respect to the algorithm’s overall detection performance. Herein, by combinatorial testing of SIVQ ring size, sub-ring number, and inter-ring wobble parameters, in the setting of a morphologically complex bladder cancer use case, we ascertain the relative contributions of each of these parameters towards overall detection optimization using urothelial carcinoma as a use case, providing an exemplar by which this algorithm and future histology-oriented pattern matching tools may be validated and subsequently, implemented broadly in other appropriate microscopic classification settings.
ADVANCE-TBI study protocol: traumatic brain injury outcomes in UK military personnel serving in Afghanistan between 2003 and 2014 – a longitudinal cohort study (2023)

The ADVANCE-TBI substudy has received a favourable opinion from the Ministry of Defence Research Ethics Committee (ref: 2126/MODREC/22). Findings will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences.
Fibronectin-Based Masking Molecule Blocks Platelet Adhesion (2003)

Vessel wall extracellular matrix, which underlies the endothelium, is a potent stimulator of platelet adhesion and activation. Exposure of this matrix can result from damage incurred by vascular interventions, such as saphenous vein bypass grafting and angioplasty. Fibrillar collagens are an important component of the thrombogenic extracellular matrix. Herein we describe a means of targeting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-mediated blockade directly to platelet-binding ECM molecules, such as type I collagen, thereby selectively blocking platelet adhesion to vascular matrix. Purified fibronectin (FN), a matrix protein that interacts with fibrillar collagens and platelets, was selectively pegylated to generate a targeted molecular shielding reagent that masked ECM ligands from platelet recognition and adhesion. This approach protects the functions of other vascular proteins, including surface proteins on intact endothelium. To mask the platelet-binding site of FN, PEG-propyl moieties (5000 Da) were covalently appended to lysine residues on the surface of FN, generating FNPEG-5K. To preserve the collagen-binding function of FN, it was pegylated while bound to a gelatin agarose matrix. We demonstrate that FNPEG-5K blocks platelet adhesion to purified type I collagen. Moreover, the same preparation blocks platelet adhesion to vascular wall components, including collagens.
Fostering User Engagement: Rhetorical Devices for Applause Generation Learnt from TED Talks (2017)

One problem that every presenter faces when delivering a public discourse is how to hold the listeners' attentions or to keep them involved. Therefore, many studies in conversation analysis work on this issue and suggest qualitatively con-structions that can effectively lead to audience's applause. To investigate these proposals quantitatively, in this study we an-alyze the transcripts of 2,135 TED Talks, with a particular fo-cus on the rhetorical devices that are used by the presenters for applause elicitation. Through conducting regression anal-ysis, we identify and interpret 24 rhetorical devices as triggers of audience applauding. We further build models that can rec-ognize applause-evoking sentences and conclude this work with potential implications.
Charge Distribution and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Response of Charged Centrosymmetric Chromophore Aggregates. An ab Initio Electronic Structure Study of p-Nitroaniline Dimers (1997)

This contribution presents a quantum chemical investigation of the nonlinear optical response of charged centrosymmetric aggregates of the archetypical chromophore p-nitroaniline using an ab initio supermolecular approach. Localized hole states, responsible for aggregate nonlinearity, are predicted to be more stable than delocalized states. The calculated aggregate hyperpolarizabilities are consistently larger than in the isolated chromophore, and the mechanism giving rise to the nonlinearity is essentially “intramolecular” in nature. The aggregate formation is predicted to stabilize the positive charge and to enhance the nonlinearity. Moreover, the calculations reveal that a (formally) centrosymmetric charged aggregate can possess a substantial dipole moment the principal axis of which is oriented perpendicular to the principal hyperpolarizability tensor; the dipole moment arises because electron localization breaks the charge distribution symmetry. These results explain a number curious features of chromophoric polymer films which are electric field poled with an “in-plane” electrode geometry.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Platensimycin Analogues with Varying Degrees of Molecular Complexity (2008)

The molecular design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation of two distinct series of platensimycin analogues with varying degrees of complexity are described. The first series of compounds probes the biological importance of the benzoic acid subunit of the molecule, while the second series explores the tetracyclic cage domain. The biological data obtained reveal that, while the substituted benzoic acid domain of platensimycin is a highly conserved structural motif within the active compounds with strict functional group requirements, the cage domain of the molecule can tolerate considerable structural modifications without losing biological action. These findings refine our present understanding of the platensimycin pharmacophore and establish certain structure-activity relationships from which the next generation of designed analogues of this new antibiotic may emerge.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Approach to Glucose Taste Chemoreceptor Inhibitors as Novel Insect Antifeedants (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cholinergic-induced anion secretion in murine jejunal enteroids involves synergy between muscarinic and nicotinic pathways (2020)

Acetylcholine induces robust electrogenic anion secretion in mammalian intestine and it has long been hypothesized that it mediates the epithelial response through the M<sub>3</sub> and, to a lesser extent, the M<sub>1</sub> muscarinic receptors in the mouse. However, nicotinic receptors have recently been identified in intestinal enterocytes by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR/RNAseq, although any direct influence on intestinal transport has not been identified. We tested the hypothesis that cholinergic-induced anion secretion in the intestine is a result of both muscarinic and nicotinic pathways that are intrinsic to the intestinal epithelia. We developed a method to generate mouse jejunal enteroid monolayers which were used to measure active electrogenic anion secretion by the Ussing chamber/voltage-clamp technique. Here, we show that the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the muscarinic agonist bethanechol (BCh) stimulate short-lived, concentration-dependent anion secretion in the epithelial cell-only enteroid monolayers. The muscarinic antagonist atropine completely inhibited CCh- and BCh-induced secretion, while the nicotinic antagonist hexamethonium reduced the CCh response by ~45%. While nicotine alone did not alter anion secretion, it increased the BCh-induced increase in short-circuit current in a concentration-dependent manner; this synergy was prevented by pretreatment with hexamethonium. In addition to being sensitive to hexamethonium, monolayers express both classes of cholinergic receptor by qRT-PCR, including 13 of 16 nicotinic receptor subunits. Our findings indicate that an interaction between muscarinic and nicotinic agonists synergistically stimulates anion secretion in mouse jejunal epithelial cells and identify a role for epithelial nicotinic receptors in anion secretion.
Scene Change Detection using Edge Direction based on Intra Prediction Mode in H.264/AVC Compression Domain (2006)

This paper presents a novel scene change detection method using edge direction based on intra prediction mode in H.264/AVC. When scene change occurs, there is less temporal correlation between frames. Therefore, most of macro-blocks are encoded in intra mode. Using this property, the proposed method calculates the percentage of intra mode blocks in each predictive frame in order to get candidates of scene change frames. To find accurate scene changes, we generate an edge histogram of each candidate with eight prediction directions of intra prediction mode in H.264/AVC. We detect scene change frames with l <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1 </sup> -norm of edge histograms. The experimental results show that the proposal method is efficient and robust
Calibrating the ink spreading curves enhanced Yule-Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer model with the two-by-two dot centering printer model (2009)

The Yule-Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer model enhanced for accounting for ink spreading in the different ink superposition conditions (EYNSN) requires measuring the reflectances of halftone calibration patches in order to compute the ink spreading curves mapping nominal ink surface coverages to effective ink surface coverages. Spectral measurements of dozens of halftone patch reflectance spectra for each considered halftoning method, screen shape or screen frequency variant is cumbersome and time consuming. As an alternative, we compute automatically the reflectance of the calibration patches necessary to establish the ink spreading curves by making use of the two-by-two dot centering model (abbreviated "2-by-2"). The two-bytwo dot centering model requires its own set of calibration patches, among which a very small subset is necessary for predicting the reflectance of the EYNSN calibration patches. For a given combination of printer, paper and inks, using only 68 two-by-two calibration patches for the three CMY inks, respectively 118 two- by-two calibration patches for the four CMYK inks, we are able to predict the reflection spectra of most classical halftone screens and at many different frequencies. We compare the results of predictions where the EYNSN model calibration patches are measured or are predicted with the two-by-two dot centering model. For 125 (CMY) and 625 (CMYK) uniformly distributed patches printed with an ink-jet printer at three different screen frequencies (75lpi, 100lpi and 125lpi), the mean reflectance prediction accuracy is similar, i.e. the decrease in accuracy due to the two-by-two prediction of EYNSN calibration patch reflectance is less than &Delta;<i>E</i><sub>94</sub>=0.4.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF BIS(CYCLOPENTADIENYL)TITANIUM(IV) METALLOCYCLES (1977)

Abstract 1,4‐Tetramethylen‐bis‐[cyclopentadienyl]‐Ti(IV) (IIIa) wird ebenso wie seine Analogen (IIIb) und (IIIc) durch Reaktion des Dichlorids (I) mit den entsprechenden Dilithio‐Verbindungen (II) dargestellt.
Phosphate-Modified Oligonucleotides. The Synthesis, Stereochemistry and ECO Ri Endonuclease Substrate Ability of Decanucleotides d[GGGAATTCCC] Bearing Altered Internucleotide Phosphate Function Between A and A1 (1989)

Abstract An interaction between Eco RI endonuclease and decadeoxyribo-nucleotide GGGAATTOOC is followed by means of oligonucleotide analogues bearing modified internucleotide phosphate functions bridging both adenosine residues. While an o-alkyl group at this phosphate, despite the “side” of DNA alkylation, completely prevents DNA from hydrolysis, a phosphorothioate function replacing phosphate at the position between A and A moieties controls the hydrolysis in terms of the absolute configuration at phosphorus. The fact, that the Rp-isomer of d[GGGA(S)ATTOOC] possessing sulphur atom directed “inward” DNA is hydrolyzed by Eco RI endonuclease may indicate, that the pro-S oxygen at this particular phosphate is involved in an interaction with magnesium ion, a necessary factor for executive action of this endonuclease.
Combined CMR and catheterization data in determining right ventricular-arterial coupling in children and adolescents with pulmonary arterial hypertension (2014)

Methods This retrospective study included subjects with PAH who a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study within 14 days of cardiac catheterization between January 2009-August 2013. The effective elastance (Ea, index of arterial load) and right ventricular maximal end-systolic elastance (Emax, index of contractility) were determined by a combination of CMR and hemodynamic data. Ea is defined as (mean pulmonary arterial pressure minus pulmonary capillary wedge pressure)/stroke volume. Emax is defined as mean pulmonary arterial pressure/ end systolic volume. Ea/Emax ratio was derived. Additionally, a measure of non-invasive ventricular arterial coupling (assuming PWCP is insignificant, making Ea/ Emax = end systolic volume/stroke volume) was derived from only CMR. Pulmonary vascular resistance indexed (PVRi) and pulmonary vascular reactivity, as defined by Barst criteria (decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure of > 20%, unchanged/increased cardiac index, and decreased/unchanged pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio), were also determined. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between PVRi and Ea, Emax, and Ea/Emax. Receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis determined the diagnostic value of Ea/Emax in predicting vascular reactivity.
The Ten Most Commonly Asked Questions About Intracoronary Stents (2001)

Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon; Director, Adult Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Date of acceptance: July 28, 2000. Address reprint requests to: Charles R. Cannan, MBChB, Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code UHN 62, Portland, OR 97201-3398.