gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single Surface Colour Constancy (1999)

There are two broad classes of colour constancy algorithms: statistical and physics-based. The former attempt to correlate the statistics of the colours in an image with statistical knowledge about light and surfaces. If there is good colour diversity in a scene then the statistical approach often works well. The latter, physics-based algorithms are founded on an understanding of how physical processes such as specularities and interreflection manifest themselves in images. The theory behind physics-based algorithms is both elegant and powerful. Indeed, colour constancy becomes possible even in scenes with as few as two surfaces. Unfortunately the theory rarely translates into practice; most physics-based algorithms do not work outside the lab.In this paper we combine both statistical and physical knowledge in a new colour constancy algorithm. First, we observe that, statistically, the chromaticities of most illuminants are tightly clustered around the Planckian locus. Second, we make use of the physics-based dichromatic model of image formation. This model predicts that the chromaticities corresponding to a single convex, uniformly coloured, surface fall along a line in chromaticity space. This line is spanned by the body chromaticity (the colour of the surface) and the interface chromaticity (the colour of the shiny part of the surface i.e. the colour of the light). Simply by intersecting the dichromatic chromaticity line with the illuminant locus our algorithm arrives at an estimate of illumination.Remarkably, (yet by definition) our algorithm can estimate the colour of the light even when there is just a single surface in a scene (the lowest colour diversity possible). Moreover, and more importantly, experiments on real images demonstrate that estimation accuracy can be very good.
Comparison of the two domains of visual optics: the aberrometric domain and the straylight domain (2010)

Abstract Purpose The ocular point‐spread‐function defines the functional problem originating from optical defects in the eye. Aberrations as well as scatter degrade the psf. How do these two types of defect differ with respect to their effect on the psf, and on functional measures? Methods Literature models for different aspects of the optical irregularities in the eye media, in particular Thibos et al. JOSA A 2002 for the aberration structure and Van den Berg et al. VR 1999 for small particle scattering, were used to delineate their effects on the psf. The Thibos et al. model was extrapolated to allow inclusion of the high orders of aberration not normally included in aberrometry, but potentially visible with double pass. With respect to the visual function counterparts, straylight (C‐Quant from Oculus) outcomes were compared to visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in 2400 subjects. Results As a reference the full scale psf standard model of Vos et al. CIE 1999 was used. The modeled aberration structures of the eye proved to predict the central part of the psf up till about 0.3 degrees if extreme high orders were included. For angles &gt;1 degree predicted values were far below the actual values of the psf. Small particle scattering was essential to predict the psf for angles above 1 degree. Conclusion In the assessment of disturbances to the optical media two domains must be discriminated: the aberration domain and the small particle domain, with corresponding parts (small angle vs large angle) to the psf. Straylight typically originates from irregularities of size 10 micrometer and below, as opposed to aberrations originating from refractile humps and bumps extending over 100 micrometer and more. Straylight has independent value.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE COMPLEXES OF MACROBICYCLIC LACUNAR LIGANDS AND THEIR REACTIONS WITH DIOXYGEN SPECIES (1984)

Abstract Die Titelkomplexe (Ia) wurden durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Liganden als gemischte Hydrochloride mit Tris‐[acetylacetonato]‐Mn(III) in MeCN dargestellt, elektrochemische Reduktion liefert die Mn(II)‐Komplexe (Ib).
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have decreased paracellular fluid uptake from the proximal tubule (PT) that is corrected by AT‐1 receptor inhibition (2007)

SHR have decreased PT reabsorption of electrolytes and water. Ang II AT‐1 receptor blockade corrects the tubular electrolyte and water handling, but the exact mechanism is presently unknown. Since a substantial part of the reabsorption in PT is going through the paracellular route, we investigated if SHR have altered paracellular fluid permeability, and if so, if this is related to Ang II‐induced oxidative stress. PT permeability was measured by infusion of 14 C‐mannitol in PT in vivo. Fractional recovery of 14 C was measured in the urine from the contralateral kidney (unifying excretion of reabsorbed matter). Groups (n=8) of SHR received vehicle, the AT‐1 receptor antagonist candesartan or equal blood pressure lowering treatment (HHR) and were compared to corresponding Wistar Kyoto (WKY). The oxidative stress marker 8‐isoprostane was measured in kidney tissue and plasma. SHR had lower leakage compared to WKY (7.9±1.2 vs. 11.9±0.6%), but increased plasma and kidney isoprostane levels. Both candesartan and HHR restored leakage in SHR (20.2±2.1 and 13.4±1.4%, respectively) and related to isoprostane levels. In conclusion, the paracellular permeability in PT is reduced by Ang II due to AT‐1 receptor activation and engagement of oxidative stress that is also due to the increase in blood pressure. These findings display a novel mechanism for regulation of PT permeability, which gives an explanation for the reduced PT reabsorption in SHR.
Audio Analysis as a Control Knob for Social Sensing (2017)

While humans can act as effective sensors, human input is subject to a high degree of error and highly dependent on the context. Furthermore, extracting the signal from the noise for social sensing is a difficult challenge. One approach to improving the accuracy of social sensing is to use physical sensors as a control knob for social sensing algorithms. In this paper, we present an architecture for using audio sensors as a way to control an algorithm used for social sensing of interesting events. We present various use cases where the architecture is applicable, and go into the details of one specific use case, namely using crowd behavior in a golf-course to identify and control social media feeds related to the course.
A Least Squares Approach for Stable Phase Retrieval from Short-Time Fourier Transform Magnitude (2015)

We address the problem of recovering a signal (up to global phase) from its short-time Fourier transform (STFT) magnitude measurements. This problem arises in several applications, including optical imaging and speech processing. In this paper we suggest three interrelated algorithms. The first algorithm estimates the signal efficiently from noisy measurements by solving a simple least-squares (LS) problem. In contrast to previously proposed algorithms, the LS approach has stability guarantees and does not require any prior knowledge on the sought signal. However, the recovery is guaranteed under relatively strong restrictions on the STFT window. The second approach is guaranteed to recover a non-vanishing signal efficiently from noise-free measurements, under very moderate conditions on the STFT window. Finally, the third method estimates the signal robustly from noisy measurements by solving a semi-definite program (SDP). The proposed SDP algorithm contains an inherent trade-off between its robustness and the restrictions on the STFT windows that can be used.
Synthesis of multishell fullerenes by laser vaporization of composite carbon targets (2002)

Multishell fullerenes are the smallest among multishell carbon clusters, such as the larger graphitic onions or multishell nanotubes. Unlike classical fullerenes, which have a cage structure and are known to have been synthesized in a variety of sizes (C60, C70, C84, C102, etc.), multishell fullerenes have a cage-inside-cage concentric structure, such as double-shell C60@C240 or triple-shell C60@C240@C560. We report on the synthesis of multishell fullerenes by laser vaporization of C60-containing composite carbon targets. Transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and other methods were used for characterization of the product. The yield of the process reaches up to 40%, which permits production in gram amounts even in laboratory conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Thioxo Heterocycles with N‐Chloro Amides. Part 2. N‐Substituted 2‐ or 4‐Thiopyridones and Sodium N‐Chlorobenzenesulfonamides. (1990)

Abstract The N‐substituted 2‐ and 4‐pyridinethiones (I) and (IV) react with equimolar amounts of the sodium N‐chlorobenzenesulfonamides (II) to form the S‐pyridylidenesulfimides (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Actinacyclobutanes. Implementation of Thermochemically Based Strategies for the Ring‐Opening Stoichiometric C ‐ H Functionalization of Saturated and Olefinic Hydrocarbons. (1986)

Abstract The strained thoracyclobutane (I) undergoes ring opening by C ‐ H activation reactions with the methane derivatives (II) to give the compounds (III).
Procedures for enamel and dentin conditioning: a comparison of conventional and innovative methods. (1998)

Composite materials have become an integral part of the wide range of filling materials currently available. Conditioning is necessary to achieve adequate bonding of the composite material to enamel and dentin. Normally, this is done by applying acid preparations to the dental surfaces. These acids have an etching effect that causes surface roughening. The increasing application of lasers in dentistry has introduced another possibility. Laser irradiation can cause roughening of enamel and dentin surfaces. Another interesting alternative is the so-called kinetic cavity preparation technique. This method also results in distinct surface roughening. The purpose of the present study, was to compare the described methods. Tensile bond strength tests and shear bond tests were carried out to examine the adhesion of a composite material to surfaces treated with these methods. Laser irradiation with certain devices and the air-abrasive technique yielded results similar to those with acid etching.
Systematic dissection of genomic features determining transcription factor binding and enhancer function (2017)

Enhancers regulate gene expression through the binding of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) to cognate motifs. Various features influence TF binding and enhancer function-including the chromatin state of the genomic locus, the affinities of the binding site, the activity of the bound TFs, and interactions among TFs. However, the precise nature and relative contributions of these features remain unclear. Here, we used massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) involving 32,115 natural and synthetic enhancers, together with high-throughput in vivo binding assays, to systematically dissect the contribution of each of these features to the binding and activity of genomic regulatory elements that contain motifs for PPARγ, a TF that serves as a key regulator of adipogenesis. We show that distinct sets of features govern PPARγ binding vs. enhancer activity. PPARγ binding is largely governed by the affinity of the specific motif site and higher-order features of the larger genomic locus, such as chromatin accessibility. In contrast, the enhancer activity of PPARγ binding sites depends on varying contributions from dozens of TFs in the immediate vicinity, including interactions between combinations of these TFs. Different pairs of motifs follow different interaction rules, including subadditive, additive, and superadditive interactions among specific classes of TFs, with both spatially constrained and flexible grammars. Our results provide a paradigm for the systematic characterization of the genomic features underlying regulatory elements, applicable to the design of synthetic regulatory elements or the interpretation of human genetic variation.
Presence of reactive microglia in monkey substantia nigra years after 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine administration (2003)

This report describes the presence of reactive microglia, the accumulation of extracellular melanin, and the extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of monkeys administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 5 to 14 years before death. This evidence of chronic neuroinflammation years after MPTP exposure is similar to that previously reported in humans. The monkeys were drug free for at least 3 years before death, indicating that a brief exposure to MPTP had instituted an ongoing inflammatory process. The mechanism is unknown but could have important implications regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease and possible approaches to therapy.
Liquid Water Transport in Polylactide Homo and Graft Copolymers (2011)

The successful design of new biodegradable, renewable resource plastics as replacements to commodity barrier plastics would benefit from an accurate measurement of sorption and diffusion of liquids. In this study, the diffusion of liquid water in amorphous polylactide [PLA] and a PLA graft copolymer, poly(1,5-cyclooctadiene-co-5-norbornene-2-methanol-graft-dl-lactide) [PCNL], was examined with time-resolved Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Non-Fickian behavior was observed for all experiments, indicated by a slow approach to steady state due to diffusion and polymer relaxation occurring on similar time scales. This non-Fickian behavior highlights the variability of the sorption isotherms reported in the literature, where others have collected nonequilibrium sorption behavior (instead of true steady-state equilibrium sorption) at different time points and film thicknesses. The dynamic infrared data provided direct evidence for both water diffusion and water-induced polymer relaxation, where both were quantified and regressed to a diffusion-relaxation model to determine the diffusion coefficient and the polymer relaxation time constant. In addition to the successful measurement and modeling of the diffusion-relaxation phenomena for diffusion of a liquid in a nonequilibrium state glassy polymer, this study also determined that the diffusivity of water in the PLA graft copolymer (with only 5 wt % rubber) was 3-fold lower than in the PLA homopolymer.
Vertically integrated optical clock on adhesively bonded silicon nanomembrane (2014)

A vertically integrated grating-coupled 1-to-32 H-tree optical clock is experimentally demonstrated on adhesively bonded silicon nanomembrane. This optical clock has an excess loss of 2.2dB, a uniformity of 0.72dB, and a broad transmission spectrum.
Total Asymmetric Synthesis of Quinine, Quinidine, and Analogues via Catalytic Enantioselective Cascade Transformations (2019)

A catalytic asymmetric strategy for the total synthesis of quinuclidine natural products, which includes the completed enantioselective synthesis of the classical targets quinine and quinidine is disclosed. It is based on catalytic asymmetric cascade transformations, which paves the road for the synthesis of both enantiomers of the crucial C4 stereocenter with high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee ) in one pot. Next, developing a route to all possible stereoisomers of a common early‐stage intermediate sets the stage for the total synthesis of different enantiomers or epimers of quinine, quinidine and analogues with high selectivity.
β-Lactam Antibiotics with a High Affinity for PBP2 Act Synergistically with the FtsZ-Targeting Agent TXA707 against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2017)

Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant pathogen that poses a significant risk to global health today. We have developed a promising new FtsZ-targeting agent (TXA707) with potent activity against MRSA isolates resistant to current standard-of-care antibiotics. We present here results that demonstrate differing extents of synergy between TXA707 and a broad range of β-lactam antibiotics (including six cephalosporins, two penicillins, and two carbapenems) against MRSA. To explore whether there is a correlation between the extent of synergy and the preferential antibacterial target of each β-lactam, we determined the binding affinities of the β-lactam antibiotics for each of the four native penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of <i>S. aureus</i> using a fluorescence anisotropy competition assay. A comparison of the resulting PBP binding affinities with our corresponding synergy results reveals that β-lactams with a high affinity for PBP2 afford the greatest degree of synergy with TXA707 against MRSA. In addition, we present fluorescence and electron microscopy studies that suggest a potential mechanism underlying the synergy between TXA707 and the β-lactam antibiotics. In this connection, our microscopy results show a disruption of septum formation in TXA707-treated MRSA cells, with a concomitant mislocalization of the PBPs from midcell to nonproductive peripheral sites. Viewed as a whole, our results indicate that PBP2-targeting β-lactam antibiotics are optimal synergistic partners with FtsZ-targeting agents for use in combination therapy of MRSA infections.
Application of Structural Equation Models to Genome-wide Association Analysis (2010)

Genome-wise association studies (GWASs) have become popular approaches to identify genetic variants associated with human biological traits. In this study, we applied Structural Equation Models (SEMs) in order to model complex relationships between genetic networks and traits as risk factors. SEMs allow us to achieve a better understanding of biological mechanisms through identifying greater numbers of genes and pathways that are associated with a set of traits and the relationship among them. For efficient SEM analysis for GWASs, we developed a procedure, comprised of four stages. In the first stage, we conducted single-SNP analysis using regression models, where age, sex, and recruited area were included as adjusting covariates. In the second stage, Fisher's combination test was conducted for each gene to detect significant genes using p-values obtained from the single-SNP analysis. In the third stage, Fisher's exact test was adopted to determine which biological pathways were enriched with significant SNPs. Finally, based on a pathway that was associated with the four traits in common, a SEM was fit to model a causal relationship among the genetic factors and traits. We applied our SEM model to GWAS data with four central obesity related traits: suprailiac and subscapular measures for upper body fat, BMI, and hypertension. Study subjects were collected from two Korean cohort regions. After quality control, 327,872 SNPs for 8842 individuals were included in the analysis. After comparing two SEMs, we concluded that suprailiac and subscapular measures may indirectly affect hypertension susceptibility by influencing BMI. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates that SEMs provide a better understanding of biological mechanisms by identifying greater numbers of genes and pathways.
A Robust Method to Protect Text Classification Models against Adversarial Attacks (2022)

Text classification is one of the main tasks in natural language processing. Recently, adversarial attacks have shown a substantial negative impact on neural network-based text classification models. There are few defenses to strengthen model predictions against adversarial attacks; popular among them are adversarial training and spelling correction. While adversarial training adds different synonyms to the training data, spelling correction methods defend against character variations at the word level. The diversity and sparseness of adversarial perturbations of different attack methods challenge these approaches. This paper proposes an approach to correct adversarial samples for text classification tasks. Our proposed approach combines grammar correction and spelling correction methods. In this, we use Gramformer for grammar correction and Textblob for spelling correction. These approaches are generic and can be applied to any text classification model without any retraining. We evaluated our approach with two state-of-the-art attacks, DeepWordBug and TextBugger, on three open-source datasets IMDB, CoLA, and AGNews. The experimental results show that our approach can effectively counter adversarial attacks on text classification models while maintaining classification performance on original clean data.
O-089 : Clinical Significance of Lactate Clearance for the Development of Early Allograft Dysfunction and Short-Term Prognosis in Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation (2017)

Aims: This retrospective study evaluated lactate clearance (LC) as a predictor of early allograft dysfunction (EAD) and short-term outcomes in patients receiving deceased donor liver transplantation.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis for 181 consecutive deceased donor liver transplantation from January 2011 to May 2016. LCs were calculated at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after reperfusion (LC6, LC12, LC18 and LC24).
Results: Of 181 transplant recipients, 44 (24.3%) developed EAD and had lower LCs than those who did not develop EAD. A receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that LC determined at 6 hours showed the highest area under curve value of 0.828 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.755-0.990) for predicting the development of EAD at a cutoff value of 25.8% with 76.7% sensitivity and 77.9% specificity. LC values that fell below the cutoff values were significantly associated with EAD in a multivariate analysis, with values at 6 hours having the highest adjusted odds ratio (11.891, 95% CI: 4.469- 31.639). In-hospital and 6-month mortalities were higher in patients with LC values below the cutoffs compared with those above the cutoff values at each time point.
Conclusions: LC calculated shortly after reperfusion of an allograft is significantly discriminative for the development of EAD and is associated with short-term prognosis after deceased donor liver transplantation.