gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of terahertz emission from femtosecond-laser-induced microplasmas (2016)

We present a theoretical investigation of terahertz (THz) generation in laser-induced gas plasmas. The work is strongly motivated by recent experimental results on microplasmas, but our general findings are not limited to such a configuration. The electrons and ions are created by tunnel ionization of neutral atoms, and the resulting plasma is heated by collisions. Electrons are driven by electromagnetic, convective, and diffusive sources and produce a macroscopic current which is responsible for THz emission. The model naturally includes both ionization current and transition-Cherenkov mechanisms for THz emission, which are usually investigated separately in the literature. The latter mechanism is shown to dominate for single-color multicycle laser pulses, where the observed THz radiation originates from longitudinal electron currents. However, we find that the often discussed oscillations at the plasma frequency do not contribute to the THz emission spectrum. In order to predict the scaling of the conversion efficiency with pulse energy and focusing conditions, we propose a simplified description that is in excellent agreement with rigorous particle-in-cell simulations.
DFT for test optimisations in a complex mixed-signal SOC - case study on TI's TNETD7300 ADSL modem device (2005)

The design and integration challenges for SOCs include DFT for test integration to meet the test quality and test cost goals. This work describes the DFT implementation on TNETD7300, a single chip ADSL modem SOC with analog and digital sub-systems, IP cores and embedded memories, to address several test optimisation requirements, including scan architecture support for high-end and low-cost testers, concurrent test of digital logic with analog functions, at-speed testing for logic operating in different clock domains and clock frequencies, testing non-homogeneous IP cores together, configurable memory BIST operation, static and dynamic burn-in, and a comprehensive set of SOC test modes to support these operations. These techniques have significantly influenced the silicon test of this device, and have also influenced the design and test methodology adopted in other similar designs in Texas Instruments.
Machine Learning Directed Interventions Associate with Decreased Hospitalization Rates in Hemodialysis Patients (2020)

Abstract Background An integrated kidney disease company uses machine learning (ML) models that predict the 12-month risk of an outpatient hemodialysis (HD) patient having multiple hospitalizations to assist with directing personalized interdisciplinary interventions in a Dialysis Hospitalization Reduction Program (DHRP). We investigated the impact of risk directed interventions in the DHRP on clinic-wide hospitalization rates. Methods We compared the hospital admission and day rates per-patient-year (ppy) from all hemodialysis patients in 54 DHRP and 54 control clinics identified by propensity score matching at baseline in 2015 and at the end of the pilot in 2018. We also used paired T test to compare the between group difference of annual hospitalization rate and hospitalization days rates at baseline and end of the pilot. Results The between group difference in annual hospital admission and day rates was similar at baseline (2015) with a mean difference between DHRP versus control clinics of −0.008±0.09 ppy and −0.05±0.96 ppy respectively. The between group difference in hospital admission and day rates became more distinct at the end of follow up (2018) favoring DHRP clinics with the mean difference being −0.155±0.38 ppy and - 0.97±2.78 ppy respectively. A paired t-test showed the change in the between group difference in hospital admission and day rates from baseline to the end of the follow up was statistically significant (t-value=2.73, p-value&lt;0.01) and (t-value=2.29, p-value=0.02) respectively. Conclusions These findings suggest ML model-based risk-directed interdisciplinary team interventions associate with lower hospitalization rates and hospital day rate in HD patients, compared to controls.
Implementation of Pulsewidth Modulated Inverter Modulation Strategies (1982)

A description is given of a number of new circuit techniques, useful primarily in the control hardware of inverter drives using ``sub-harmonic''- or ``triangulation''-based pulsewidth modulation algorithms. Most aspects of such a system are covered. These include generation of the ``reference'' and ``carrier'' waveforms, carrier merging (including an asynchronous/synchronous carrier transition), output amplitude control, and sequence filtering. While the emphasis is on the triangulation approach, the majority of the text is relevant to the implementation of pulsewidth modulation processes in general. Some experimental data are included.
High-Throughput Enzyme Kinetics with 3D Microfluidics and Imaging SAMDI Mass Spectrometry (2018)

Microfluidic systems are important for performing precise reagent manipulations and reducing material consumption in biological assays. However, optical detection methods limit analyses to fluorescent or UV-active compounds and traditional 2D fluidic designs have limited degrees of freedom. This article describes a microfluidic device that has three inputs and performs 2592 distinct enzyme reactions using only 150 μL of reagent with quantitative characterization. This article also introduces imaging self-assembled monolayers for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (iSAMDI-MS) to map reaction progress, by immobilization of the product onto the floor of the microfluidic channel, into an image that is used for calculating the Michaelis constant ( K<sub>m</sub>). This approach expands the scope of imaging mass spectrometry, microfluidic detection strategies, and the design of high-throughput reaction systems.
Scaling of Yb-Fiber Frequency Combs (2010)

Author Institution: IMRA America Inc., 1044 Woodridge Avenue, Ann Arbor, Mi 48105-9774, USA
ULTRAVIOLET RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN (1990)

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of bacteriorhodopsin have been obtained using 229 nm excitation from a hydrogen-shifted neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser. High signal-to-noise spectra are observed exhibiting vibrational bands at 762, 877, 1011, 1175, 1356, 1552 and 1617 cm-1 which are assigned to scattering from tryptophan and tyrosine side chains. This demonstrates the feasibility of using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy to monitor aromatic amino acid structural changes during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.
Metal-Catalyzed and Metal-Free Nucleophilic Substitution of 7-I-B 18 H 21 (2022)

In this work, two pathways of reactivity are investigated to generate site-specific substitutions at the B7 vertex of the luminescent boron cluster, <i>anti</i>-B<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub>. First, a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction utilizing the precursor 7-I-B<sub>18</sub>H<sub>21</sub> and a series of model nucleophiles was developed, ultimately producing several B-N- and B-O-substituted species. Interestingly, the B-I bond in this cluster can also be substituted in an uncatalyzed fashion, leading to the formation of various B-N, B-O, and B-S products. This work highlights intricate differences corresponding to these two reaction pathways and analyzes the role of solvents and additives on product distributions. As a result of our synthetic studies, seven new B<sub>18</sub>-based clusters were synthesized, isolated, and characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The photoluminescence properties of two structurally similar ether and thioether products were further investigated, with both exhibiting blue fluorescence in solution at 298 K and long-lived green or yellow phosphorescence at 77 K. Overall, this work shows, for the first time, the ability to perform substitution of a boron-halogen bond with nucleophiles in a B<sub>18</sub>-based cluster, resulting in the formation of photoluminescent molecules.
[Pathogenesis and treatment of hypertension]. (1990)

Many hypotheses have been advocated to explain the pathogenesis of essential hypertension: Guyton's autoregulation theory, the natriuretic hormone theory represented by de Wardner, the sympathetic nervous system theory, and the genetic theory etc. However, none of these theories alone explain the single etiology of hypertension and as stated in Page's Mosaic theory, complicated interaction of many factors has been implicated. We have performed a series of studies to evaluate the interaction between the pressor and depressor systems in relation to salt balances and found in general that hyperfunction of the pressor system and the reduced activity of the depressor systems exist in essential hypertension. Many substances also have been found to be involved in the blood pressure regulation and recently endothelin, a most potent pressor peptide which derives from endothelial cell, was discovered and synthesized by Yanagisawa et al. and its pathophysiological roles are now being extensively investigated. On the other hand, the development of many antihypertensive drugs with different modes of action has enabled us to individualize the treatment of hypertension. Further development of drugs with fewer adverse side effects, whether symptomatic or of abnormality in the clinical laboratory data, and which can maintain or even improve the quality of life is mandatory to pursue life-long treatment of hypertension for successful prevention of the fatal vascular complications.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogencatalytic Oxidation of Arenes and a New Synthesis of Vitamin K3. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ultrasonic Particle Sizing in Emulsions (2017)

An emulsion is formed by the dispersal of a normally immiscible liquid into a continuous phase that is stabilised by selective use of interfacial components and importantly the formation of appropriately sized droplets. Emulsions have many applications, providing enhanced delivery and stability functionality, and are essential in the pharmaceutical, industrial and food industries. Being generally opaque, the accurate determination of the particle size distribution (PSD) in undiluted emulsions was problematic until the advent of ultrasonic spectroscopy, which can be applied to these systems. Particle size determination may be obtained non-invasively and non-destructively by passing high-frequency ultrasonic sound waves through the material and analysing the received signal in combination with a detailed mathematical model of the physical system that includes wave equations, thermodynamics and multiple scattering. The model requires understanding of the associated compressional, thermal and viscous mode interactions but is capable of accurate PSD predictions using measured speed of sound and attenuation readings.
Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome: clinical, morphological, and biochemical studies. (1988)

We report a sibship of a sister and brother with osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome. Several other family members became blind or showed signs of bone involvement. There was considerable consanguinity in the pedigree. The proband was small in size and had prominent skeletal deformities and clinical muscle weakness. These features were not present in her brother, suggesting clinical variability. Mental function was normal in both. Bone histology showed osteopenia. Several biochemical events of procollagen biosynthesis were analysed in fibroblast cultures, but no significant abnormalities compared to control fibroblast cultures were detected.
New F-18 Prosthetic Group via Oxime Coupling (2011)

A novel fluorine-18 prosthetic ligand, 5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-2-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)pyridine [(18)F]2, has been synthesized. The prosthetic ligand is formed in high radiochemical yield (rcy = 71 ± 2%, n = 3) with excellent radiochemical purity (rcp = 99 ± 1%, n = 3) in a short reaction time (10 min). [(18)F]2 is a small, neutral, organic complex, easily synthesized in four steps from a readily available starting material. It can be anchored onto a target molecule containing an aminooxy functional group under acidic conditions by way of an oxime bond. We report herein two examples [(18)F]23 and [(18)F]24, potential imaging agents for β-amyloid plaques, which were labeled with this prosthetic group. This approach could be used for labeling proteins and peptides containing an aminooxy group. Biodistribution in male ICR mice for both oxime labeled complexes [(18)F]23 and [(18)F]24 were compared to that of the known β-amyloid plaque indicator, [(18)F]-AV-45, florbetapir 1. Oximes [(18)F]23 and [(18)F]24 are larger in size and therefore should reduce the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. The brain uptake for oxime [(18)F]23 appeared to be reduced, but still retained some capability to cross the BBB. Oxime [(18)F]24 showed promising results after 2 min post injection (0.48% dose/gram); however, the uptake increased after 30 min post injection (0.92% dose/gram) suggesting an in vivo decomposition/metabolism of compound [(18)F]24. We have demonstrated a general protocol for the fluoride-18 labeling with a new prosthetic ligand [(18)F]2 that is tolerant toward several functional groups and is formed via chemoselective oxime coupling.
Lipidomic risk score independently and cost-effectively predicts risk of future type 2 diabetes: results from diverse cohorts (2016)

Considering the novelty, incremental value and cost-effectiveness of LRS it should be used for risk-stratification of future T2D.
Conserved Amino Acid Residues that Are Important for Ligand Binding in the Type I Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Are Required for High Potency of GnRH II at the Type II GnRH Receptor (2006)

GnRH I regulates reproduction. A second form, designated GnRH II, selectively binds type II GnRH receptors. Amino acids of the type I GnRH receptor required for binding of GnRH I (Asp2.61(98), Asn2.65(102), and Lys3.32(121)) are conserved in the type II GnRH receptor, but their roles in receptor function are unknown. We have delineated their functions using mutagenesis, signaling and binding assays, immunoblotting, and computational modeling. Mutating Asp2.61(97) to Glu or Ala, Asn2.65(101) to Ala, or Lys3.32(120) to Gln decreased potency of GnRH II-stimulated inositol phosphate production. Consistent with proposed roles in ligand recognition, mutations eliminated measurable binding of GnRH II, whereas expression of mutant receptors was not decreased. In detailed analysis of how these residues affect ligand-dependent signaling, [Trp2]-GnRH I showed lesser decreases in potency than GnRH I at the Asp2.61(97)Glu mutant. In contrast, [Trp2]-GnRH II showed the same loss of potency as GnRH II at this mutant. This suggests that Asp2.61(97) contributes to recognition of His2 of GnRH I, but not of GnRH II. GnRH II showed a large decrease in potency at the Asn2.65(101)Ala mutant compared with analogs lacking the CO group of Gly10NH2. This suggests that Asn2.65(101) recognizes Gly10NH2 of GnRH II. GnRH agonists showed large decreases in potency at the Lys3.32(120)Gln mutant, but antagonist activity was unaffected. This suggests that Lys3.32(120) recognizes agonists, but not antagonists, as in the type I receptor. These data indicate that roles of conserved residues are similar, but not identical, in the type I and II GnRH receptors.
The Total Synthesis of the Annonaceous Acetogenin, Muricatetrocin C (2000)

A highly diastereoselective hetero-Diels–Alder reaction, an O–C rearrangement, and a spatial/chemical desymmetrization are three new reactions that have been developed and exploited in the total synthesis of muricatetrocin C, an annonaceous acetogenin.
Surface Structures and Adhesive-Free Adhesion Characteristics of Polyaniline Films after Modification by Graft Copolymerization (1997)

Surface modifications of emeraldine base (EB) films have been carried out via thermally induced graft copolymerization with acrylic acid (AAc), sodium salt of styrenesulfonic acid (NaSS), N,N‘-dimethyl(methacryloylethyl)ammonium propanesulfonate (DMAPS), and acrylamide (AAm). The structure and chemical composition of each graft-copolymerized surface were studied by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In all cases, the concentration of grafting increases with monomer concentration. Surface grafting with the four functional monomers also leads to a more hydrophilic EB film surface. Two graft-copolymerized EB film surfaces are capable of exhibiting adhesive-free adhesion when brought into direct contact in the presence of water and subsequently dried. This adhesive-free adhesion also exists between a surface-modified EB film and a similarly modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film from graft copolymerization. The development of the lap shear adhesion strength depends on the concentration of the surface graft, the adhesion (drying) time, the physical property of the substrate, the microstructure of the grafted surfaces, and the nature of the molecular interaction (dispersive, ionic, etc.) at the junction. Lap shear adhesion strength as high as 340 N/cm2 was achieved between two EB films graft copolymerized with the amphoteric DMAPS monomer.
PAD REROUTING TECI-INOI,OGY (1997)

We have developed a new technology for bonding Three feartures of this rerouting technology peropheral pads to newly designed area array pads. are listed below. To relocate peripheral pads of a chip to any other desired areas, W To minimize the resistivity caused by the pad rerouting by using copper as a main conductive materials, H To get any composition of solder bump for outer electrode using dimple plate method to form bumps[ll developed by Fujitsu. To develop the rerouting technology, selection of insulation materials i.s very important. We conducted a reliability test for electromigration in order to choose the best polymer as the insulation material. Three kinds of polyimide material were tested, and we obrained the reliable minimum gap of 6bm. The rerouting patterns were composed with chromium, copper, and nickelcobalt alloy as cover material. We also studied a volume resistance of the pattern. We found the resistance was lower enough to use this technology.
Modelling and state estimation of power plant steam turbines (1990)

The development of a robust state estimator for ill-conditioned systems based upon the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm in connection with Givens orthogonal row processing technique is described. The estimator works in two stages: the square-root-free Givens transformation is applied to the measurement Jacobian matrix to reduces it to the product of a unit upper triangular matrix and a diagonal matrix, then the square-root-free Givens transformation is again used to transform a diagonal matrix whose diagonal element is equal to the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter. The Levenberg-Marquardt parameter is adjusted so that the reduction in quadratic cost function is downhill in successive iterations and rapid convergence of the estimator is ensured. An observability analysis algorithm is also developed which is simple and easy to implement. Both description and implementation of the square-root-free Givens transformation are presented. The estimator is applied to a 250 MW, double-flow, single reheat steam turbine which has seven feedwater heaters. Tests results show that the estimator performs well under a wide range of measurement errors and measurement redundancy ratios. A sample of estimated results for rated loading condition are presented. In the appendix, the turbine modelling procedure is discussed.
MALT1 cleaves the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIL‐1 in activated T cells, generating a dominant negative inhibitor of LUBAC‐induced NF‐κB signaling (2015)

Human paracaspase 1 (PCASP1), better known as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1), plays a key role in immunity and inflammation by regulating gene expression in lymphocytes and other immune cell types. Deregulated MALT1 activity has been implicated in autoimmunity, immunodeficiency and certain types of lymphoma. As a scaffold MALT1 assembles downstream signaling proteins for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, while its proteolytic activity further enhances NF-κB activation by cleaving NF-κB inhibitory proteins. MALT1 also processes and inactivates a number of mRNA destabilizing proteins, which further fine-tunes gene expression. MALT1 protease inhibitors are currently developed for therapeutic targeting. Here we show that T cell activation, as well as overexpression of the oncogenic fusion protein API2-MALT1, induces the MALT1-mediated cleavage of haem-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1 (HOIL-1). In addition, to acting as a K48-polyubiquitin specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for different substrates, HOIL-1 co-operates in a catalytic-independent manner with the E3 ubiquitin ligase HOIL-1L interacting protein (HOIP) as part of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). Intriguingly, cleavage of HOIL-1 does not directly abolish its ability to support HOIP-induced NF-κB signaling, which is still mediated by the N-terminal cleavage fragment, but generates a C-terminal fragment with LUBAC inhibitory properties. We propose that MALT1-mediated HOIL-1 cleavage provides a gain-of-function mechanism that is involved in the negative feedback regulation of NF-κB signaling.
A 110 mW 6 bit 36 GS/s interleaved SAR ADC for 100 GBE occupying 0.048 mm<sup>2</sup> in 32 nm SOI CMOS (2014)

An area- and power-optimized asynchronous 32× interleaved SAR ADC achieving 36 GS/s at 110mW with 1V supply on the interleaver and 0.9 V on the SAR ADCs is presented. The ADC features a 2-channel interleaver with data demultiplexing for enhanced bandwidth, a power- and area-optimized binary SAR ADC, and an area-optimized clocked reference buffer with a tunable constant-current source. It achieves 32.6dB SNDR up to 3GHz and 31.6dB up to 18GHz input frequency and 98fJ/conversion-step with a core chip area of 340×140μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 32nm SOI CMOS technology.
Hard Ionization (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.