gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Lipoprotein Peak x Eluted from a Column with the Eluent of High-magnesium Ion Concentration in Lipoprotein Analysis Using the Cation-exchange Chromatography (2005)

The new lipoprotein analysis method using a cation-exchange chromatography, which contains a sulfopropyl-ligand column and two magnesium ion-containing eluents was previously reported. This method can separate serum lipoproteins on the column gel with a magnesium ion concentration gradient and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and an unspecified lipoprotein peak are eluted in order from the column. We have now characterized the unspecified lipoproteins, designated peak x, which is last eluted from the column with the eluent of high-magnesium ion concentration. The peak x was small size chylomicron fraction with a part of VLDL. Furthermore, the cholesterol values in the peak x were significantly correlated with remnant-like particle (RLP)-cholesterol values. The peak x separated from a hyperlipidemic patient included apolipoprotein B-100, B-48, E, A-1 and Cs (C-I, C-II, C-III) and its composition of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, triglyceride (TG) and phospholipids in total lipids were 6, 15, 66 and 13%, respectively. These results suggest that a major part of the lipoprotein peak X may be composed of remnants of chylomicron and VLDL, but it remains to be elucidated.
Multi-field packet classification using ternary CAM (2002)

A new method for multi-field packet classification using a ternary CAM (TCAM) is presented. It is based on a preprocessing step that encodes classification rule information in the form of prefixes within an intermediate search key. The scheme enables TCAMs to handle larger rule sets more efficiently.
An SU-8 liquid cell for surface acoustic wave biosensors (2004)

One significant challenge facing biosensor development is packaging. For surface acoustic wave based biosensors, packaging influences the general sensing performance. The acoustic wave is generated and received thanks to interdigital transducers and the separation between the transducers defines the sensing area. Liquids used in biosensing experiments lead to an attenuation of the acoustic signal while in contact with the transducers. We have developed a liquid cell based on photodefinable epoxy SU-8 that prevents the presence of liquid on the transducers, has a small disturbance effect on the propagation of the acoustic wave, does not interfere with the biochemical sensing event, and leads to an integrated sensor system with reproducible properties. The liquid cell is achieved in two steps. In a first step, the SU-8 is precisely patterned around the transducers to define 120 &mu;m thick walls. In a second step and after the dicing of the sensors, a glass capping is placed manually and glued on top of the SU-8 walls. This design approach is an improvement compared to the more classical solution consisting of a pre-molded cell that must be pressed against the device in order to avoid leaks, with negative consequences on the reproducibility of the experimental results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by protein adsorption monitoring. The packaging materials do not interfere with the biomolecules and have a high chemical resistance. For future developments, wafer level bonding of the quartz capping onto the SU-8 walls is envisioned.
Modeling of Carrier Trapping and Its Impact on Switching Performance (2018)

Requirements for compact modeling to predict circuit power loss accurately are the focus of this investigation. Most important is the capturing of the differences between an ideal carrier reaction within the used devices and the reality during circuit operation. For this purpose the carrier trapping/detrapping, which occurs during circuit operation, has to be modeled accurately in addition to the conventional device characteristics. Carrier trapping events prevent device operation according to the ideal carrier dynamics and result in energy losses. It is verified that the influence of the carrier trapping, extracted by dc measurements, is not sufficient. Additionally, the dynamic switching performance must be precisely analyzed to extract the time constants involved in the carrier-trapping events. This is achieved by compact modeling based on solving the complete Poisson equation, which provides a simple and accurate modeling approach.
Coreceptor molecules. Synthesis of metalloreceptors containing porphyrin subunits and formation of mixed substrate supermolecules by binding of organic substrates and of metal ions (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCoreceptor molecules. Synthesis of metalloreceptors containing porphyrin subunits and formation of mixed substrate supermolecules by binding of organic substrates and of metal ionsAndrew. Hamilton, Jean Marie. Lehn, and Jonathan L. SesslerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 17, 5158–5167Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00277a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00277a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views499Altmetric-Citations104LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photoacoustic image reconstruction: a quantitative analysis (2007)

Photoacoustic imaging is a promising new way to generate unprecedented contrast in ultrasound diagnostic imaging. It differs from other medical imaging approaches, in that it provides spatially resolved information about optical absorption of targeted tissue structures. Because the data acquisition process deviates from standard clinical ultrasound, choice of the proper image reconstruction method is crucial for successful application of the technique. In the literature, multiple approaches have been advocated, and the purpose of this paper is to compare four reconstruction techniques. Thereby, we focused on resolution limits, stability, reconstruction speed, and SNR. We generated experimental and simulated data and reconstructed images of the pressure distribution using four different methods: delay-and-sum (DnS), circular backprojection (CBP), generalized 2D Hough transform (HTA), and Fourier transform (FTA). All methods were able to depict the point sources properly. DnS and CBP produce blurred images containing typical superposition artifacts. The HTA provides excellent SNR and allows a good point source separation. The FTA is the fastest and shows the best FWHM. In our study, we found the FTA to show the best overall performance. It allows a very fast and theoretically exact reconstruction. Only a hardware-implemented DnS might be faster and enable real-time imaging. A commercial system may also perform several methods to fully utilize the new contrast mechanism and guarantee optimal resolution and fidelity.
The Impact of Wafer Edge Roll-Off on CMP Performance (2006)

The impact of wafer edge roll-off on CMP performance was investigated. Distributions of removal rates at the periphery of wafers were estimated by pressure distributions of front-side surfaces of wafers calculated by FEM analysis. Results showed that the edge roll-off influenced distributions of the removal rates at periphery of the wafers when both a stacked pad and a solo pad were used. The influence was reached 4 mm from the edge of a wafer with a stacked pad, and 10 mm from the edge with a solo pad. When ROA was 1.27 μm, ratios of surface pressure near the edge compared to the center part of a wafer, were about 30% with a stacked pad and about 23% with a solo pad. Moreover, in the case of a stacked pad, we found that the influence of the wafer edge roll-off to CMP process could be compensated by adjusting a pressure of a retainer ring. Also, ranges of allowable ROA with the stacked pad were not uniform when the pressure of a retainer ring was changed from 23 kPa to 30 kPa. On the other hand, in the case of the solo pad, the ranges of allowable ROA did not change very much, which was from 0 to about 0.4 μm, even if the pressure of a retainer ring was changed.
Patterning of Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals by Photoalignment with Photonic Metamasks (2017)

Controlling supramolecular self-assembly in water-based solutions is an important problem of interdisciplinary character that impacts the development of many functional materials and systems. Significant progress in aqueous self-assembly and templating has been demonstrated by using lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) as these materials show spontaneous orientational order caused by unidirectional stacking of plank-like molecules into elongated aggregates. In this work, it is demonstrated that the alignment direction of chromonic assemblies can be patterned into complex spatially-varying structures with very high micrometer-scale precision. The approach uses photoalignment with light beams that exhibit a spatially-varying direction of light polarization. The state of polarization is imprinted into a layer of photosensitive dye that is protected against dissolution into the LCLC by a liquid crystalline polymer layer. The demonstrated level of control over the spatial orientation of LCLC opens opportunities for engineering materials and devices for optical and biological applications.
Effects of Surface Roughness on Heat Transfer and Aerodynamic Performance of Turbine Airfoils (1998)

Aerodynamic flow path losses and turbine airfoil gas side heat transfer are strongly affected by the gas side surface finish. For high aero efficiencies and reduced cooling requirements, airfoil designs dictate extensive surface finishing processes to produce smooth surfaces and enhance engine performance. The achievement of these requirements incurs additional manufacturing finishing costs over less strict requirements. The present work quantifies the heat transfer (and aero) performance differences of three cast airfoils with varying degrees of surface finish treatment. An airfoil, that was grit blast and Codep coated, produced an average roughness of 2.33 μm, one that was grit blast, tumbled, and aluminide coated produced 1.03 μm roughness, and another that received further postcoating polishing produced 0.81 μm roughness. Local heat transfer coefficients were experimentally measured with a transient technique in a linear cascade with a wide range of flow Reynolds numbers covering typical engine conditions. The measured heat transfer coefficients were used with a rough surface Reynolds analogy to determine the local skin friction coefficients, from which the drag forces and aero efficiencies were calculated. Results show that tumbling and polishing reduce the average roughness and improve performance. The largest differences are observed from the tumbling process, with smaller improvements realized from polishing.
Wearable Vital Sign Sensor Using a Single-Input Multiple-Output Self-Injection-Locked Oscillator Tag (2018)

In this paper, to simultaneously address the advantages of wearable vital sign sensors such as high sensitivity, low power consumption and mobility, the proposed radar system is designed to be bistatic with a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) self-injection-locked oscillator (SILO) tag attached to the subject's chest and with a handheld receiver at a remote location. Embedded in the tag is a circularly polarized (CP) antenna for functioning the SILO and a polarization-diversity CP array antenna for transmitting the tag's output signal to the receiver for Doppler detection. Owing to polarization diversity, the tag exhibits strong immunity to the moving clutter caused by the receiver. In the experiment with a 2.4-GHz ISM band prototype, the tag delivered reliable cardiopulmonary information when there was a relative movement between the tag and the receiver.
Adaptive Mitigation of Multi-Virus Propagation: A Passivity-Based\n Approach (2016)

Malware propagation poses a growing threat to networked systems such as\ncomputer networks and cyber-physical systems. Current approaches to defending\nagainst malware propagation are based on patching or filtering susceptible\nnodes at a fixed rate. When the propagation dynamics are unknown or uncertain,\nhowever, the static rate that is chosen may be either insufficient to remove\nall viruses or too high, incurring additional performance cost. In this paper,\nwe formulate adaptive strategies for mitigating multiple malware epidemics when\nthe propagation rate is unknown, using patching and filtering-based defense\nmechanisms. In order to identify conditions for ensuring that all viruses are\nasymptotically removed, we show that the malware propagation, patching, and\nfiltering processes can be modeled as coupled passive dynamical systems. We\nprove that the patching rate required to remove all viruses is bounded above by\nthe passivity index of the coupled system, and formulate the problem of\nselecting the minimum-cost mitigation strategy. Our results are evaluated\nthrough numerical study.\n
Global emissions of five controlled CFCs have increased since 2 (2023)

Production and consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. CFC production for most applications was banned globally in 2010, albeit with exemptions for uses assumed to cause negligible emissions to the atmosphere, such as in the production of other chemicals. A few years ago, emissions of CFC-11 were reported to be increasing after their phase-out, most likely due to unreported production and non-compliance, which sparked widespread, renewed attention to this topic. Here we show that emissions of five other CFCs have increased since 2010, namely CFC-13, CFC-112a, CFC-113a, CFC-114a and CFC-115. Three of these CFCs are likely increasing due to their involvement in the production of non-ozone-depleting HFCs, which have largely replaced CFCs and HCFCs in many applications. The drivers behind the increase in the other two CFCs is unclear. While the impact of these CFCs on ozone layer recovery will likely be small, these long-lived CFCs are potent greenhouse gases and their CO2-equivalent emissions in 2020 were comparable to those of a mid-sized European country.
Directional interactions in semiflexible single-chain polymer folding (2012)

Precise control over folded conformations of synthetic polymers is highly desirable in the development of functional nanomaterials for diverse applications. Introducing monomers capable of strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding is a promising route to achieve this control. In the present work we report the use of Wang–Landau Monte Carlo simulations of coarse-grained copolymers to explore the design parameters of these systems on their pathway to collapse. The highly directional nature of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular interactions is modelled by a directional non-bonded potential while a harmonic bending potential is used to take into account the flexibility of the polymer chain, thus making it possible to look at the interplay of both factors. The introduction of directional interactions in the copolymer chain leads to a sharper coil-globule collapse when compared to homopolymers composed of isotropic interacting beads only. Simultaneously, some of the stiffness-dependent structural properties become exacerbated when directional beads are present. Finally, from the heat capacity profiles for the different chain stiffness values we are able to distinguish the prevalence of the collapse of the backbone for highly flexible chains, while as chain stiffness increases folding of the co-polymer due to the directional interactions becomes the dominant feature.
A multibody dynamic model for predicting operational load spectra of dual clutch transmissions (2021)

In this paper, a generalized nonlinear time-varying multibody dynamic model of dual clutch transmissions (DCT) is presented. The model consists of clutches, shafts, gears and synchronizers, and can be used to model any DCT architecture. A nonlinear clutch model is used to determine the transmitted power to the transmission at any speed and clutch temperature. The clutch can be a single- or multi-plate clutch and can operate in a wet or dry-clutch configuration. A combined kinematic and powerflow simulation enables calculation of gear, shaft, bearing and clutch quasi-static loads as well as gear mesh frequencies following a duty cycle as the input. For the corresponding Linear-Time-Invariant (LTI) system model, natural frequencies and mode shapes are obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem. The modal summation technique is used to determine the steady state forced vibration response of the system. For the corresponding NTV system, Newmark's time-step marching based integration is used to determine both the steady state and transient forced vibration response of the system. The DCT model is exercised using a common transmission architecture operating at several different operating conditions. The resulting impact of changing operational conditions on gear and bearing loads as well as dynamic transmission error spectra are demonstrated.
The role of charge recombination to spin-triplet excitons in non-fullerene acceptor organic solar cells (2020)

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) using non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have now reached 18%. However, this is still lower than inorganic solar cells, for which PCEs &gt;20% are commonplace. A key reason is that OSCs still show low open-circuit voltages (Voc) relative to their optical band gaps, attributed to non-radiative recombination. For OSCs to compete with inorganics in efficiency, all non-radiative loss pathways must be identified and where possible, removed. Here, we show that in most NFA OSCs, the majority of charge recombination at open-circuit proceeds via formation of non-emissive NFA triplet excitons (T1); in the benchmark PM6:Y6 blend, this fraction reaches 90%, contributing 60 mV to the reduction of Voc. We develop a new design to prevent recombination via this non-radiative channel through the engineering of significant hybridisation between the NFA T1 and the spin-triplet charge transfer exciton (3CTE). We model that the rate of the back charge transfer from 3CTE to T1 can be reduced by an order of magnitude, allowing re-dissociation of the 3CTE. We then demonstrate NFA systems where T1 formation is suppressed. This work therefore provides a clear design pathway for improved OSC performance to 20% PCE and beyond.
Mesoporous Silica Supported Multiple Single‐Site Catalysts and Polyethylene Reactor Blends with Tailor‐Made Trimodal and Ultra‐Broad Molecular Weight Distributions (2010)

A ternary blend of the bisiminopyridine chromium (III) (Cr-1) with the bisiminopyridine iron (II) (Fe-2) post-metallocenes with the quinolylsilylcyclopentadienyl chromium (III) halfsandwich complex (Cr-3) was supported on mesoporous silica to produce novel multiple single-site catalysts and polyethylene reactor blends with tailor-made molecular weight distributions (MWDs). The preferred cosupporting sequence of this ternary blend on MAO-treated silica was Fe-2 followed by Cr-1 and Cr-3. Cosupporting does not impair the single-site nature of the blend components producing polyethylene fractions with $\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 10(4) g · mol(-1) on Cr-1, $\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 3 × 10(5) g · mol(-1) on Fe-2, and $\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 3 × 10(6) g · mol(-1) on Cr-3. As a function of the Fe-2/Cr-1/Cr-2 mixing ratio it is possible to control the weight ratio of these three polyethylenes without affecting the individual average molecular weights and narrow polydispersities of the three polyethylene fractions. Tailor-made polyethylene reactor blends with ultra-broad MWD and polydispersities varying between 10 and 420 were obtained. When the molar ratio of Fe-2/Cr-1 was constant, the ultra-high molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE, $\overline M _{\rm w}$ > 10(6) g · mol(-1) ) content was varied between 8 and 16 wt.-% as a function of the Cr-3 content without impairing the blend ratio of the other two polyethylene fractions and without sacrificing melt processability. When the molar ratio Fe-2/Cr-3 was constant, it was possible to selectively increase the content of the low molecular weight fraction by additional cosupporting of Cr-1. Due to the intimate mixing of low and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMPEs) produced on cosupported single-site catalysts a wide range of melt processable polyethylene reactor blends was obtained.
Mitral Annulus Segmentation From 3D Ultrasound Using Graph Cuts (2010)

The shape of the mitral valve annulus is used in diagnostic and modeling applications, yet methods to accurately and reproducibly delineate the annulus are limited. This paper presents a mitral annulus segmentation algorithm designed for closed mitral valves which locates the annulus in three-dimensional ultrasound using only a single user-specified point near the center of the valve. The algorithm first constructs a surface at the location of the thin leaflets, and then locates the annulus by finding where the thin leaflet tissue meets the thicker heart wall. The algorithm iterates until convergence metrics are satisfied, resulting in an operator-independent mitral annulus segmentation. The accuracy of the algorithm was assessed from both a diagnostic and surgical standpoint by comparing the algorithm's results to delineations made by a group of experts on clinical ultrasound images of the mitral valve, and to delineations made by an expert with a surgical view of the mitral annulus on excised porcine hearts using an electromagnetically tracked pointer. In the former study, the algorithm was statistically indistinguishable from the best performing expert (p=0.85) and had an average RMS difference of 1.81+/-0.78 mm to the expert average. In the latter, the average RMS difference between the algorithm's annulus and the electromagnetically tracked points across six hearts was 1.19+/-0.17 mm .