gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metallization of Epitaxial VO2 Films by Ionic Liquid Gating through Initially Insulating TiO2 Layers (2016)

Ionic liquid gating has been shown to metallize initially insulating layers formed from several different oxide materials. Of these vanadium dioxide (VO2) is of especial interest because it itself is metallic at temperatures above its metal-insulator transition. Recent studies have shown that the mechanism of ionic liquid gated induced metallization is entirely distinct from that of the thermally driven metal-insulator transition and is derived from oxygen migration through volume channels along the (001) direction of the rutile structure of VO2. Here we show that it is possible to metallize the entire volume of 10 nm thick layers of VO2 buried under layers of rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) up to 10 nm thick. Key to this process is the alignment of volume channels in the respective oxide layers, which have the same rutile structure with clamped in-plane lattice constants. The metallization of the VO2 layers is accompanied by large structural expansions of up to ∼6.5% in the out-of-plane direction, but the structure of the TiO2 layer is hardly affected by gating. The TiO2 layers become weakly conducting during the gating process, but in contrast to the VO2 layers, the conductivity disappears on exposure to air. Indeed, even after air exposure, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies show that the VO2 films have a reduced oxygen content after metallization. Ionic liquid gating of the VO2 films through initially insulating TiO2 layers is not consistent with conventional models that have assumed the gate induced carriers are of electrostatic origin.
A MEMS-based, high-sensitivity pressure sensor for ultraclean semiconductor applications (2003)

Process applications in the semiconductor industry require increasing levels of performance in pressure measurement and control. In addition, measurement and control of process mass flows are moving toward pressure-based mass flow controllers (MFCs). This work reports the development of a MEMS-based pressure sensor with the requisite performance for rigorous pressure and flow sensing sensing. The pressure sensing element consists of two capacitor plates, whose separation varies as a function of the radial distance from the center of the structure. The bottom capacitor plate is mechanically fixed, while the upper plate is a flexible silicon membrane. A variable separation between the plates is introduced by locating a hub in the center of the structure, and stretching the membrane over this structure. The theoretical principles, fabrication and performance of the structure are discussed.
From Product Searches to Conversational Agents for E-Commerce (2022)

As consumers' demand for online shopping substantially increased in the last few years, e-commerce companies are still far from providing a high-quality user experience that may compete with in-store experiences. On the one hand, matching search queries with highly relevant products for discovery and browsing is still a challenge within existing search technologies. Available e-commerce solutions hardly provide tools to optimize product search relevance and fail to integrate user behavior signals into the search optimization pipeline. On the other hand, accessing the rich and complex information concealed in an e-commerce catalog through a search bar has not evolved far since its initial adoption. In this talk, we illustrate how the VUI conversational AI platform has been successfully adopted to both improve the user's experience quality with highly relevant search and discovery results and expand the traditional search bar with conversational agents' technology, enriching the user's experience at each stage of the e-commerce product life cycle. We review in depth some of the key deep learning models as part of the query understanding component and discuss the overall conversation architecture as it integrates with an existing e-commerce catalog. We include real-life demonstrations derived from use cases extracted from deployed systems.
Applying algorithm animation techniques for program tracing, debugging, and understanding (1993)

Algorithm animation presents a dynamic visualization of an algorithm or program. This work seeks to bridge the two domains of data structure display and algorithm animation. The application-specific nature of algorithm animation views could be a valuable debugging aid for software developers. A system called Lens was developed that allows programmers to rapidly develop animations of their programs. Lens supports application-specific semantic program views as seen in many algorithm animation systems, but does not require graphics programming. Lens is integrated with a system debugger to support iterative testing and refinement. The authors describe the conceptual model on which Lens is based, illustrate how program animations are built with Lens, and outline some of the implementation challenges the system presents. >
Motif-Independent Prediction of a Secondary Metabolism Gene Cluster Using Comparative Genomics: Application to Sequenced Genomes of Aspergillus and Ten Other Filamentous Fungal Species (2014)

Despite their biological importance, a significant number of genes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis (SMB) remain undetected due largely to the fact that they are highly diverse and are not expressed under a variety of cultivation conditions. Several software tools including SMURF and antiSMASH have been developed to predict fungal SMB gene clusters by finding core genes encoding polyketide synthase, nonribosomal peptide synthetase and dimethylallyltryptophan synthase as well as several others typically present in the cluster. In this work, we have devised a novel comparative genomics method to identify SMB gene clusters that is independent of motif information of the known SMB genes. The method detects SMB gene clusters by searching for a similar order of genes and their presence in nonsyntenic blocks. With this method, we were able to identify many known SMB gene clusters with the core genes in the genomic sequences of 10 filamentous fungi. Furthermore, we have also detected SMB gene clusters without core genes, including the kojic acid biosynthesis gene cluster of Aspergillus oryzae. By varying the detection parameters of the method, a significant difference in the sequence characteristics was detected between the genes residing inside the clusters and those outside the clusters.
Phase-resolved semiconductor overlay metrology with a dark field holographic microscope (2019)

Current optical sensors used for overlay metrology during semiconductor manufacturing are limited on the available stack-thickness wavelength combinations. We present a dark field holographic sensor concept that lifts this limitation and show an experimental demonstration.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Er3SmQ6 (Q: S, Se) and Er1.12Sm0.88Se3. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Contextualizing Enhances Gradient Based Meta Learning (2020)

Meta learning methods have found success when applied to few shot classification problems, in which they quickly adapt to a small number of labeled examples. Prototypical representations, each representing a particular class, have been of particular importance in this setting, as they provide a compact form to convey information learned from the labeled examples. However, these prototypes are just one method of representing this information, and they are narrow in their scope and ability to classify unseen examples. We propose the implementation of contextualizers, which are generalizable prototypes that adapt to given examples and play a larger role in classification for gradient-based models. We demonstrate how to equip meta learning methods with contextualizers and show that their use can significantly boost performance on a range of few shot learning datasets. We also present figures of merit demonstrating the potential benefits of contextualizers, along with analysis of how models make use of them. Our approach is particularly apt for low-data environments where it is difficult to update parameters without overfitting. Our implementation and instructions to reproduce the experiments are available at https://github.com/naveace/proto-context.
A new taxonomy of routing algorithms for wireless mobile ad hoc networks: the component approach (2006)

Over the past decade, wireless multihop ad hoc networks have received a tremendous amount of research focus, at the core of which lies the design problem for efficient routing algorithms to meet various scenarios and applications. The axiom, "one size doesn't fit all," continues to stand firmly to this day. In light of this, we introduce a new routing design concept - the component approach. We examine existing routing protocols and break them down into smaller building blocks, namely, routing components. The component analysis and classification results show that most routing protocols can be functionally decomposed into several basic routing components. This fact indicates that it is feasible to design a component-based routing (CBR) protocol. With a different realization for each basic routing component, it is expected that the routing behavior of CBR can be tailored to different application profiles and time-varying environment parameters at a reasonable cost
On the pH memory of lyophilized compounds containing protein functional groups (1997)

Lyophilized proteins exhibit "pH memory," i.e., their behavior in the solid form corresponds to the pH of the aqueous solution from which they were freeze dried. Herein, we directly tested whether the ionization state is "remembered" by model organic compounds containing various protein functional groups (amino, carboxyl, and phenolic). The fraction of ionized species was quantitated from the infrared spectra of both the aqueous and lyophilized states. The pK(a) values in the aqueous and lyophilized forms for each compound were found to be quite similar, within 0.3 units from each other.
Enantioselective Formal Total Synthesis of the Antitumor Macrolide Bryostatin 7 (2006)

A new enantioselective synthesis of Masamune's AB fragment (1) for bryostatin 7 is described. Key steps in the new route include a Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction to set the O(7) stereocenter and an alkylative union between the dithiane 6 and iodide 5 to construct the C(9)-C(10) bond. Because we have previously published a synthesis of Masamune's C-ring phenyl sulfone 2, our new route to 1 constitutes a formal total synthesis of bryostatin 7; it also corrects the previously reported spectral data for 1 in CDCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzimidazo(2,1‐a)isoquinolines and 5,6‐ Dihydrobenzimidazo(2,1‐a)isoquinolines. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electrophilic Reaction of Phenyl Bis(Phenylthio) Sulfonium Cation as an Active Species for the Oxidative Polymerization of Diphenyl Disulfide (1994)

Computer modeling predicts that the methyl bis(methylthio) sulfonium cation can act as an efficient electrophile for sulfide bond formation in which the sulfur atoms at the side position of the cation react with the phenyl ring of an aromatic molecule. The electrophilic reaction mechanism of phenyl bis-(phenylthio) sulfonium cation with anisole was examined using computer simulation. The reaction between phenyl bis- (phenylthio) sulfonium cation, which is a homogeneous structure of thecation, and anisole shows the efficient formation of 4-phenylthioanisole with diphenyl disulfide as a by-product. In the oxidative polymerization of diphenyl disulfide, the formation process of polyp-phenylene sulfide) includes an elementary reaction between the phenylthio group at each side position of the phenyl bis(phenylthio) sulfonium cation and the carbon at the para position of the phenyl ring.
HITOKE: Visualization of Online Purchase Activities (2012)

オンラインショッピングなどの消費者向けEC 市場が年々拡大している一方で，オンラインショップ利用者の多くがネットでの購買にためらいを感じていることが報告されている．そのため，利用者のネットでの購買を促すために，他の購買者のクチコミや購買数といった商品評価情報や賑わい感をWEB ページ上に提示することが重要となってきている．そこで，本稿では購買者の属性や商品購買数といった購買状況を行列表現によってWEB ページ上に可視化する手法HITOKE を提案し，利用者に商品の新たな評価情報を提供することを試みた．最後に，提案手法を実際のオンラインショップに適用した結果，商品ページへのアクセス数や商品購買数に増加傾向を確認でき，提案手法が利用者の購買を促進する可能性を示した．
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REDUCTION OF DERIVATIVES OF AZIRIDINEMONO‐ AND DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1984)

Abstract Aus Methoxycarbonylethyl‐ und Carbamoylethyl‐hydraziniumsalzen (I) und (III) werden durch Umsetzung mit Natriumhydrid oder einem stark basischen Ionenaustauscher Aziridincarbonsäurederivate (II) bzw. (IV) hergestellt.
A mild route to α‐alkoxyacetylenes mediated by lewis acids and synthetic routes to 10‐, 11‐, and 12‐membered ring enediyne carbocycles (2000)

Abstract The condensation of silyl substituted acetylenes with dimethoxy acetals via a modified “Mukaiyama‐type reaction” to afford α‐alkoxyacetylenes is described. These propargylic ethers 17–21 were synthesized from the reaction of aluminum or zinc acetylides with acetals mediated by Lewis acids. In appropriate cases, when a second acetal was present in the initial acyclic product ( 24 ), a subsequent intramolecular acetal‐ene (Prins) cyclization ensued to afford the silylalkylidenealkoxycyclopentane ( 25 ). Enediyne species were unreactive under these conditions, even in an intramolecular case. Routes to 11‐ and 12‐membered carbocyclic enediyne compounds ( 43, 44 ) were developed via an intramolecular pinacol coupling of the dialdehydes 39 with sammarium diodide/HMPA. The requisite double bond was introduced using the thiocarbonate expulsion method with trimethyl phosphite. A route to the highly substituted 10‐membered ring enediyne 50 is also described based on the use of an isopropylidene acetal tether control group to facilitate an intramolecular chromium (II)/nickel (II)‐mediated coupling of the iodoacetylene aldehyde 49 .
Dietary influences on porcine postweaning diarrhoea (1987)

The occurrence of diarrhoea in piglets within three to 10 days of weaning (postweaning diarrhoea; PWD) has long been associated with the proliferation of certain serotypes of beta-haemolytic Escherichia coli in the proximal small intestine of affected animals (Richards and Fraser, 1961). Many of these E. coli isolates have been found to be enterotoxigenic [ETEC], producing either heat stable toxin 'a' [STa], heat stable toxin 'b' [STb], heat labile toxin [LT], or combinations of these; some strains also produce shiga-like vero cell cytotoxins [VT] (Smith et al., 1983; Morris and Sojka, 1985). Of these toxins, LT and STb cause fluid accumulation in intestinal loops of weaned pigs, but STa does not (Burgess et al., 1978). Forms of VT may be involved in the production of oedema disease in weaned pigs (Dobrescu, 1983; Smith et al., 1983), but their role in PWD is uncertain. Many ETEC from PWD lack the well-characterized adhesins found on E. coli from neonatal diarrhoea (i.e. K88, K99, 987P or F41), but may possess other uncharacterized adhesins (Nakazawa et al., 1987; Okerman, 1987). The haemolysin of E. coli isolates from PWD does not appear to play a part in the aetiology of the diarrhoea (Smith and Linggood, 1971), and non- haemolytic ETEC may on occasions also be recovered from natural cases of PWD (Hoblet et al., 1986). Initial infection with PWD-producing strains ofETEC can occur in the farrowing house, the organisms then being carried into the weaner house undetected in the intestinal tract (Miller et al., 1984a); alternatively the ETEC infecting weaned pigs can originate in the contaminated environment of the weaner house (Hampson et al., 1987).&#13;\n&#13;\nDespite the strong association between infection with haemolytic ETEC and occurrence of PWD, oral dosing of weaned pigs with these bacteria does not invariably reproduce the condition (Smith and Jones, 1963; Kenworthy and Allen, 1966; Armstrong and Cline, 1977). The organisms can also be found in the intestinal tract of healthy litter mates of pigs with PWD, although usually in lower numbers (Kenworthy and Crabb, 1963; Svendsen et al., 1974, 1978). These observations have led to a search for other factors influencing the occurrence of PWD, generally with the presumption that "predisposing factors" allow ETEC to establish themselves in susceptible portions of the intestinal tract in sufficient numbers to initiate diarrhoea. Although many such predisposing factors have been suggested, for example fluctuating environmental temperatures, chilling, crowding etc., the purpose of this paper is only to outline reported influences of diet and closely related factors on susceptibility to PWD, especially in relation to pigs weaned at three to four weeks of age ("early weaning").
A fully integrated 3 V 2.3 GHz synchronous oscillator for WLAN applications (2003)

In order to fully integrate a low power, low phase noise frequency synthesizer, a 2.3 GHz synchronous oscillator has been fully implemented on a 0.8 /spl mu/m, two metal layer standard BiCMOS technology. It is able to lock on a subharmonic external signal and its locking range is about 40 MHz for a 400 MHz injected signal. The oscillator and its synchronization circuit consume less than 14 mA on a 3 V battery.
Long-Acting Neurotensin Synergizes With Liraglutide to Reverse Obesity Through a Melanocortin-Dependent Pathway (2019)

Neurotensin (NT), a gut hormone and neuropeptide, increases in circulation after bariatric surgery in rodents and humans and inhibits food intake in mice. However, its potential to treat obesity and the subsequent metabolic dysfunctions have been difficult to assess owing to its short half-life in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that a long-acting, pegylated analog of the NT peptide (P-NT) reduces food intake, body weight, and adiposity in diet-induced obese mice when administered once daily for 6 days. Strikingly, when P-NT was combined with the glucagon-like peptide 1 mimetic liraglutide, the two peptides synergized to reduce food intake and body weight relative to each monotherapy, without inducing a taste aversion. Further, P-NT and liraglutide coadministration improved glycemia and reduced steatohepatitis. Finally, we show that the melanocortin pathway is central for P-NT-induced anorexia and necessary for the full synergistic effect of P-NT and liraglutide combination therapy. Overall, our data suggest that P-NT and liraglutide combination therapy could be an enhanced treatment for obesity with improved tolerability compared with liraglutide monotherapy.
Distinct mutational processes shape selection of MHC class I and class II mutations across primary and metastatic tumors (2023)

Abstract Disruption of antigen presentation via loss of MHC expression is a strategy whereby cancer cells escape immune surveillance and develop resistance to immunotherapy. We developed the personalized genomics algorithm Hapster and accurately called somatic mutations within the MHC genes of 10,001 primary and 2,199 metastatic tumors, creating a catalog of 1663 nonsynonymous mutations that provide key insights into MHC mutagenesis. We found that MHC-I genes are among the most frequently mutated genes in both primary and metastatic tumors, while MHC-II mutations are more restricted. Recurrent deleterious mutations are found within haplotype and cancer-type specific hotspots associated with distinct mutational processes. Functional classification of MHC residues revealed significant positive selection for mutations disruptive to the B2M, peptide, and T-cell binding interfaces, as well as MHC chaperones. At the cohort level, all cancers with positive selection for MHC mutations are responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors, underscoring the translational relevance of our findings.
An IPv6 based BIER Encapsulation and Encoding (2016)

This document specifies the packet format and procedures for
transporting IPv6 payloads to multiple IPv6 destinations using the Bit
Index Explicit Replication (BIER). The BIER BitString is stored within
the low-order bits of the IPv6 destination address while the high-
order bits are used for unicast forwarding before entering the
destination BIER domain, identifying whether a packet is a BIER
packet, the destination Sub-Domain, the Set Identifier and the
BitString length.
Continuous Monitoring of Air Purification: A Study on Volatile Organic Compounds in a Gas Cell (2020)

Air pollution is one of the major environmental issues that humanity is facing. Considering Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are among the most harmful gases that need to be detected, but also need to be eliminated using air purification technologies. In this work, we tackle both problems simultaneously by introducing an experimental setup enabling continuous measurement of the VOCs by online absorption spectroscopy using a MEMS-based Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, while those VOCs are continuously eliminated by continuous adsorption and photocatalysis, using zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO-NWs). The proposed setup enabled a preliminary study of the mechanisms involved in the purification process of acetone and toluene, taken as two different VOCs, also typical of those that can be found in tobacco smoke. Our experiments revealed very different behaviors for those two gases. An elimination ratio of 63% in 3 h was achieved for toluene, while it was only 14% for acetone under same conditions. Adsorption to the nanowires appears as the dominant mechanism for the acetone, while photocatalysis is dominant in case of the toluene.
c‐Myc is required for transformation of FDC‐P1 cells by EGFRvIII (2007)

In contrast to wtEGFR, its truncated version EGFRvIII transformed non-tumorigenic FDC-P1 cells only when c-Myc was coexpressed. In nude mice, EGFRvIII/c-Myc coexpressing cells induced tumors, whereas wtEGFR-expressing EGF-dependent FDC-P1 cells did not. EGFRvIII function was required for both the induction and maintenance of tumor growth. Cellular proliferation was inhibited by a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor indicating intrinsic tyrosine kinase activities for both receptors. Unlike wtEGFR, constitutive signaling by EGFRvIII was refractory to stimulation by the EGFR ligands EGF and TGF-alpha. Summarized, EGFRvIII is a constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinase whose transforming capacity is lower than that of EGF-stimulated wtEGFR.
Partial Nephrectomy: A Contemporary Review Regarding Outcomes and Different Techniques (2008)

Open partial nephrectomy is evolving as the standard of care for treatment of all amendable renal masses with laparoscopic and robotic assisted surgery being reported with increasing frequency. We reviewed the literature to assess the current state of knowledge regarding various outcomes with open, laparoscopic, and robotically assisted partial nephrectomy. Many studies report excellent long-term functional and oncological outcomes when evaluating open partial nephrectomy for both imperative and elective reasons. Preservation of renal function as compared with radical nephrectomy seems to be major benefit. With limited data and follow-up, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is an evolving technique with oncological outcomes, in experienced hands, similar to those seen in large open partial nephrectomy series. However, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy seems to be associated with longer ischemia times, increased reoperative rates, and complication rates. Robotic nephrectomy is technically feasible but the overall virtues of such an approach remain to be determined. Concerns over preservation of renal function with any approach are paramount with continued efforts to limit warm ischemia without compromising oncological efficacy.