gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Semiconductor Lasers - Optically Pumped Semiconductor Lasers - (2009)

(VECSELs) or optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) are reviewed. By engineering the
Discriminating tissue stiffness with a haptic catheter: Feeling the inside of the beating heart (2011)

Catheter devices allow physicians to access the inside of the human body easily and painlessly through natural orifices and vessels. Although catheters allow for the delivery of fluids and drugs, the deployment of devices, and the acquisition of the measurements, they do not allow clinicians to assess the physical properties of tissue inside the body due to the tissue motion and transmission limitations of the catheter devices, including compliance, friction, and backlash. The goal of this research is to increase the tactile information available to physicians during catheter procedures by providing haptic feedback during palpation procedures. To accomplish this goal, we have developed the first motion compensated actuated catheter system that enables haptic perception of fast moving tissue structures. The actuated catheter is instrumented with a distal tip force sensor and a force feedback interface that allows users to adjust the position of the catheter while experiencing the forces on the catheter tip. The efficacy of this device and interface is evaluated through a psychophyisical study comparing how accurately users can differentiate various materials attached to a cardiac motion simulator using the haptic device and a conventional manual catheter. The results demonstrate that haptics improves a user's ability to differentiate material properties and decreases the total number of errors by 50% over the manual catheter system.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of cilofexor, a novel nonsteroidal Farnesoid X receptor agonist, in healthy volunteers (2022)

Cilofexor is a nonsteroidal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist being evaluated for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This work characterized the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic, safety, and tolerability of cilofexor in healthy participants. Cilofexor single and multiple once-daily doses (10 to 300 mg fasting or fed and twice-daily doses [15 and 50 mg; fed]; tablet formulation) were evaluated. In each cohort, participants were randomized to active drug or placebo in a 4:1 ratio (planned n = 15/cohort). Multiple dosing was for 14 days. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic samples were collected and safety and tolerability were assessed. Overall, 120 participants were enrolled in the study and 118 participants received at least one dose of study drug. Cilofexor pharmacokinetics followed bi-exponential disposition and its exposure increased in a less-than-dose-proportional manner over the 10 to 300 mg dose range, with no significant accumulation with repeated dosing. Moderate-fat meal reduced cilofexor area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) by 21% to 45%. Cilofexor increased plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor19 (FGF19) and reduced the serum bile acid intermediate 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and bile acids in an exposure-dependent manner. Cilofexor doses >30 mg appeared to achieve the plateau of intestinal FXR activation. Cilofexor was generally well tolerated; all treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild or moderate in severity, with headache being the most frequently observed TEAE. The pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamic safety, and tolerability results from this study supported further evaluations, and informed dose selection, of cilofexor in phase II studies in patients with NASH and PSC.
Data from 26th Pezcoller Symposium: Cancers Driven by Hormones (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;This symposium was held in Trento, Italy, on June 19–21, 2014, and was focused on advances in biology, physiology, and pathology of neoplasms affected by hormones, especially breast and prostate cancers. The stem cell function, the genetic and epigenetic interactions with hormones, the mechanisms of estrogen receptor transcription, biochemical markers and therapeutic targets in breast cancer, promotion of breast cancer carcinogenesis by progesterone, the basis for prostate cancer progression and the relevance of DNA repair processes, androgen receptor programming during prostate carcinogenesis, the metabolic stress role in tumor survival, and the diagnostic use of imaging in prostate cancer were discussed. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 75(7); 1177–80. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The c-Myc Oncogene Directly Induces the H19 Noncoding RNA by Allele-Specific Binding to Potentiate Tumorigenesis (2006)

The product of the MYC oncogene is widely deregulated in cancer and functions as a regulator of gene transcription. Despite an extensive profile of regulated genes, the transcriptional targets of c-Myc essential for transformation remain unclear. In this study, we show that c-Myc significantly induces the expression of the H19 noncoding RNA in diverse cell types, including breast epithelial, glioblastoma, and fibroblast cells. c-Myc binds to evolutionarily conserved E-boxes near the imprinting control region to facilitate histone acetylation and transcriptional initiation of the H19 promoter. In addition, c-Myc down-regulates the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), the reciprocally imprinted gene at the H19/IGF2 locus. We show that c-Myc regulates these two genes independently and does not affect H19 imprinting. Indeed, allele-specific chromatin immunoprecipitation and expression analyses indicate that c-Myc binds and drives the expression of only the maternal H19 allele. The role of H19 in transformation is addressed using a knockdown approach and shows that down-regulation of H19 significantly decreases breast and lung cancer cell clonogenicity and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, c-Myc and H19 expression shows strong association in primary breast and lung carcinomas. This work indicates that c-Myc induction of the H19 gene product holds an important role in transformation.
Streptococcal Enzymes as Precision Tools Against Pathogenic IgG Autoantibodies in Small Vessel Vasculitis (2019)

In primary systemic small vessel vasculitis autoantibodies are common and seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Autoantibodies in vasculitis are preferentially directed against components of the immune system or directly against components of the vessel wall. Plasmapheresis is often applied in emergency situationists when the function of vital organs is jeopardized, the level of clinical evidence to apply such therapy, however, varies between low and non-existing. Plasmapheresis is a blunt and unspecific instrument that requires several sessions to achieve a substantial reduction of autoantibody levels. IdeS and EndoS are two relatively recently discovered enzymes produced by <i>S. pyogenes</i>, that have a remarkable capacity to degrade and disarm IgG. They have shown positive results in several <i>in vivo</i> models of autoimmunity, and treatment with IdeS has successfully been used to inactivate HLA alloantibodies in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Both IdeS and EndoS have the potential to become precision tools to replace plasmapheresis in the treatment of vasculitic emergencies and a clinical trial of IdeS in anti-GBM vasculitis is now ongoing.
Plant electrical memory (2008)

Electrical signaling, short-term memory and rapid closure of the carnivorous plant Dionaea muscipula Ellis (Venus flytrap) have been attracting the attention of researchers since the XIX century. We found that the electrical stimulus between a midrib and a lobe closes the Venus flytrap upper leaf without mechanical stimulation of trigger hairs. The closing time of Venus flytrap by electrical stimulation is the same as mechanically induced closing. Transmission of a single electrical charge between a lobe and the midrib causes closure of the trap and induces an electrical signal propagating between both lobes and midrib. The Venus flytrap can accumulate small subthreshold charges, and when the threshold value is reached, the trap closes. Repeated application of smaller charges demonstrates the summation of stimuli. The cumulative character of electrical stimuli points to the existence of short-term electrical memory in the Venus flytrap.
Interferogram Average Over Wavelength Spectroscopy: 10000-Fold Improvement in (Bio)Sensing Using Nanostructured Porous Silicon Interferometers (2017)

Porous silicon (PSi) is a nanostructured material increasingly exploited for both refractometric and (bio)sensing applications, though currently suffering of restricted real applications due to insufficient sensitivity and, in turn, poor limit of detection. &#13;\nIn this talk, development, characterization, and application (to both refractometry and biosensing) of a novel ultrasensitive technique for the label-free discrimination of either bulk or surface refractive index changes (namely, Interferogram Average over Wavelength – IAW –reflectance spectroscopy) using nanostructured PSi interferometer is discussed. As to refractometric applications, a minimum bulk refraction index variation of 10-7 RIU was experimentally measured using NaCl aqueous solutions, with a theoretical limit of detection of 10-8 RIU. As to biosensing applications, a minimum concentration of TNFα, a protein biomarker of inflammation and sepsis, at concentration of 3 nM was experimentally monitored, with high selectivity and limit of detection of 200 pM. Both these results represent a 1000-fold improvement with respect to the commonly used fast Fourier Transform reflectance spectroscopy for PSi interferometers.&#13;\nThe IAW reflectance spectroscopy envisages bringing PSi optical (bio)sensors at the forefront of ultrasensitive label-free biosensing techniques with ultimate limit of detection in the order of pM level. This enables porous silicon targeting real application for point-of-care clinical analysis where low analyte concentrations are required to be detected in small volume of biological samples.
Sulfate Removal by Kaolin Addition To Address Fouling in a Full-Scale Furnace Burning High-Alkaline Zhundong Coal (2017)

Zhundong (ZD) coal comes from the largest coalfield in the world with a reserve of 390 billion tons. However, the high content of sodium and calcium in ZD coal causes severe fouling. Presently, no pulverized coal-fired furnace can burn ZD coal alone. In this study, kaolin addition is proposed to address fouling in a full-scale furnace burning ZD coal. Before performing a long-term full-scale furnace test, a series of fundamental studies in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and drop tube furnace was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of kaolin in reducing sulfates. The TGA results show that kaolin addition decreases the decomposition temperature of sulfates in coal ash by higher than 120 °C, and kaolin addition at 1150 °C eliminates all sulfates in the ash. Further experiments on ash deposition and particulate matter (PM) formation in a drop tube furnace at 1350 °C show that kaolin addition successfully eliminates severe ash deposition and fouling on probe surfaces and reduces the amount of PM1.0 by one-half. An analysis of the morphology and composition of fine particles and ash deposition clearly shows that kaolin addition reduces the formation of the sulfate aerosol and prevents its adhesion on the surfaces of larger ash particles. It further decreases the content of sulfur, sodium, and calcium in PM1.0. On the basis of the lab-scale studies, a 9-month long test was conducted in a 350 MW full-scale furnace burning ZD coal with kaolin addition. This long-term test shows that by reducing the average sodium and calcium content in ZD coal ash to 2.1 and 13.8 wt % through kaolin addition, severe ash deposition and fouling can be avoided. Elemental analysis of the fly ash also shows that the sulfur content after kaolin addition is only 1.8 wt %. By comparison, previous tests of coal cofiring without kaolin addition, conducted in the same furnace burning the same ZD coal, show more than 6.0 wt % of sulfur in fly ash. This study demonstrates that kaolin addition, which greatly reduces sulfates, is efficient in reducing fouling in furnaces burning ZD coal.
Estimating Softening Point of Cheeses (1999)

Two objective test methods for determining the softening point of cheeses, accounting for both rheological and thermal characteristics, were developed. An apparatus operated on modified squeeze-flow configuration for evaluating softening and flow characteristics of cheeses was used to determine the softening point of cheeses. A device, UW Meltmeter, operated on squeezeflow configuration for evaluating melt and flow characteristics of cheese was also used to determine the softening point of cheeses. Results from both methods agreed well. The effects of oven temperature (60 to 80C) and fat (1.6 to 33.6%), moisture content (53 to 59%), and aging (1 to 12 wk) of the cheese on the softening point were investigated. The softening point of cheese increased with reduction in fat content of cheese and increased oven temperature. In general, the softening point of cheese decreased with age of cheese.
Supplemental Figure 2 from Notch1 Mutations Are Drivers of Oral Tumorigenesis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure 2. List of all NOTCH1 mutations identified in Chinese patients with oral leukoplakia.&lt;/p&gt;
A Modular Transradial Bypass Socket for Surface Myoelectric Prosthetic Control in Non-Amputees (2019)

Bypass sockets allow researchers to perform tests of prosthetic systems from the prosthetic user's perspective. We designed a modular upper-limb bypass socket with 3D-printed components that can be easily modified for use with a variety of terminal devices. Our bypass socket preserves access to forearm musculature and the hand, which are necessary for surface electromyography and to provide substituted sensory feedback. Our bypass socket allows a sufficient range of motion to complete tasks in the frontal working area, as measured on non-amputee participants. We examined the performance of non-amputee participants using the bypass socket on the original and modified Box and Block Tests. Participants moved 11.3 ± 2.7 and 11.7 ± 2.4 blocks in the original and modified Box and Block Tests (mean ± SD), respectively, within the range of reported scores using amputee participants. Range of motion for users wearing the bypass socket meets or exceeds most reported range of motion requirements for activities of daily living. The bypass socket was originally designed with a freely rotating wrist; we found that adding elastic resistance to user wrist rotation while wearing the bypass socket had no significant effect on motor decode performance. We have open-sourced the design files and an assembly manual for the bypass socket. We anticipate that the bypass socket will be a useful tool to evaluate and develop sensorized myoelectric prosthesis technology.
Additional file 2: of CHIMERA repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces chronic behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes in wild-type and APP/PS1 mice (2019)

Summary of p values. This table summarizes the p values of the experiments and assays reported in this study. (DOCX 23 kb)
IBM System/390 air-cooled alumina thermal conduction module (1991)

Advances in multilayer ceramic (MLC) processing, the use of thin-film metallurgy wiring, and enhancements in thermal dissipation, all described in this paper, represent significant milestones in the evolution of microelectronic packaging technology. The IBM System/390™ air-cooled alumina thermal conduction module (S/390™ alumina TCM) utilizes a 127.5 × 127.5-mm MLC substrate to interconnect as many as 121 VLSI devices and 144 substrate-mounted decoupling capacitors. The substrate provides an array of 648 pads for solder connections to each device, an array of 16 pads for solder connections to each capacitor, and an array of 2772 pins for interconnection with the next package level, and contains approximately 400 m of wiring. The reduced thermal resistance design permits up to 600 W of air-cooling capacity. This paper describes the S/390 alumina TCM fabrication processes and discusses the advances they represent in processing technology, packaging density, and performance. Comparisons to prior technology are made.
Discovery and visualization of structural biomarkers from MRI using\n transport-based morphometry (2017)

Disease in the brain is often associated with subtle, spatially diffuse, or\ncomplex tissue changes that may lie beneath the level of gross visual\ninspection, even on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Unfortunately, current\ncomputer-assisted approaches that examine pre-specified features, whether\nanatomically-defined (i.e. thalamic volume, cortical thickness) or based on\npixelwise comparison (i.e. deformation-based methods), are prone to missing a\nvast array of physical changes that are not well-encapsulated by these metrics.\nIn this paper, we have developed a technique for automated pattern analysis\nthat can fully determine the relationship between brain structure and\nobservable phenotype without requiring any a priori features. Our technique,\ncalled transport-based morphometry (TBM), is an image transformation that maps\nbrain images losslessly to a domain where they become much more separable. The\nnew approach is validated on structural brain images of healthy older adult\nsubjects where even linear models for discrimination, regression, and blind\nsource separation enable TBM to independently discover the characteristic\nchanges of aging and highlight potential mechanisms by which aerobic fitness\nmay mediate brain health later in life. TBM is a generative approach that can\nprovide visualization of physically meaningful shifts in tissue distribution\nthrough inverse transformation. The proposed framework is a powerful technique\nthat can potentially elucidate genotype-structural-behavioral associations in\nmyriad diseases.\n
Four-domain twisted vertically aligned liquid crystal pixels using microrubbing (2005)

Microrubbing (μ-rubbing) technique is used to create four-domain twisted vertically aligned liquid crystal pixels for wide viewing angle displays. A metallic sphere of 1 mm diameter is used to locally rub a homeotropic polyimide surface to create a four-domain pixel. We use μ-rubbing to accurately control the surface pretilt angle of the liquid crystal from the normal, which directs the liquid crystal molecules to respective direction on applying a voltage. We report on twisted vertically aligned configurations with symmetric isointensity curves, high contrast, and attractive electro-optic performance. The optical simulations of the liquid crystal director orientation, viewing angle characteristics and switching behavior of the four-domain are also presented.
Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus prevents acetylcholine receptor clustering on cultured chicken muscle fibers. (1984)

Acetylcholine receptors aggregate in the membrane of cultured chicken myotubes; the process of receptor clustering can be stimulated by exogenous factors that we, among others, have begun to characterize. Chicken myoblasts transformed by temperature-sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus, such as tsNY68, fuse to form multinucleated myotubes at 42 degrees C, the nonpermissive temperature for transformation. However, tsNY68-infected myotubes do not cluster acetylcholine receptors at 42 degrees C, even in the presence of active clustering agents. This phenomenon is not merely a result of viral infection, since myotubes infected with a transformation-deficient viral mutant, td107A, behave like noninfected myotubes with respect to receptor clustering; thus, the effects of tsNY68 on the clustering process must be mediated by the src gene product. These experiments may provide a method of identifying essential elements of acetylcholine receptor clusters.
Herbicides as Synergists for Mycoherbicides, and Vice Versa (2010)

Except for a small number of cases in which biocontrol agents were introduced from the site of origin of a weed (classical biocontrol), there have been few cases where a pathogen was virulent enough to perform cost effectively in the field as a mycoherbicide. Mycoherbicides are typically weed species specific, so compatibility with herbicides used to control other weeds is often studied. There can be a synergy between mycoherbicides and herbicides at the field level due to overlapping weed spectra (such synergies are not discussed in depth herein). Two approaches have been used to ascertain whether there is synergy in controlling the target weed: (1) random screening with herbicides; (2) using herbicides as antimetabolites to inhibit specific pathways, enhancing virulence. Glyphosate is the most common herbicide to synergize mycoherbicides, possibly due to its dual function as an inhibitor of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins by suppressing enolphosphate-shikimate phosphate synthase, or by suppressing callose production (by inhibiting callose synthase) as well as inhibiting other calcium-dependent pathways due to the calcium-chelating properties of glyphosate.
Discovery and Characterisation of Highly Cooperative FAK‐Degrading PROTACs (2021)

Abstract Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key mediator of tumour progression and metastasis. To date, clinical trials of FAK inhibitors have reported disappointing efficacy for oncology indications. We report the design and characterisation of GSK215, a potent, selective, FAK‐degrading Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) based on a binder for the VHL E3 ligase and the known FAK inhibitor VS‐4718. X‐ray crystallography revealed the molecular basis of the highly cooperative FAK‐GSK215‐VHL ternary complex, and GSK215 showed differentiated in‐vitro pharmacology compared to VS‐4718. In mice, a single dose of GSK215 induced rapid and prolonged FAK degradation, giving a long‐lasting effect on FAK levels (≈96 h) and a marked PK/PD disconnect. This tool PROTAC molecule is expected to be useful for the study of FAK‐degradation biology in vivo, and our results indicate that FAK degradation may be a differentiated clinical strategy versus FAK inhibition for the treatment of cancer.
Syntheses and EGFR Kinase Inhibitory Activity of 6‐Substituted‐4‐anilino [1,7] and [1,8] Naphthyridine‐3‐carbonitriles. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.