gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-dimensional photonic bandgap microcavities for strong optical confinement in GaAs and GaAs/Al/sub x/O/sub y/ semiconductor waveguides (1999)

Photonic bandgap (PBG) waveguide microcavities with tightly confined resonant optical modes have been designed, fabricated using high-dielectric-contrast GaAs/Al/sub x/O/sub y/ III-V compound semiconductor structures, and characterized optically. The photonic crystal lattices are defined by one-dimensional (1-D) arrays of holes in waveguides, and a controlled defect in the spacing between two holes of an array defines a microcavity. Waveguide microcavity resonances have been studied in both monorail and suspended air-bridge geometries. Resonance states with cavity Q's as high as 360 were measured at wavelengths near 1.55 /spl mu/m, with modal volumes as small as 0.026 /spl mu/m, which corresponds to only two times (/spl lambda//2n)/sup 3/.
Infrared spectroscopy and microscopic imaging of stratum corneum models and skin (2000)

The highly ordered ceramide-containing phases that constitute the barrier to permeability in the stratum corneum are well-suited for examination by IR spectroscopy, and the chain vibrations have been widely investigated in this context. The current study focuses on the much less studied Amide I and II vibrations from the polar headgroup region of two major ceramide classes, ceramide 2 (nonhydroxy fatty acid spingosine) and ceramide 5 (α-hydroxy fatty acid sphingosine) alone and in three-component stratum corneum models (ceramide–cholesterol–hexadecanoic acid 1:1:1). The slight differences in the chemical structures between these species produce remarkable differences in the H-bonding interactions and propensity for water penetration. The H-bonds in ceramide 2 are interlamellar in origin and are accessible to solvent at lower temperatures. Ceramide 5 H-bonds are also strong, but different in nature from those of ceramide 2; the evidence suggests an intralamellar orientation. Ceramide 5 also contrasts to ceramide 2 in that it is much more miscible with the other stratum corneum components. Distinct roles for each ceramide class in the stratum are suggested based on these observations. These studies have provided evidence that is consistent with the domain mosaic model of the skin lipid barrier structure proposed by Forslind (Acta Derm. Venereo., 1994, 74, 1). The application of array-detector based IR imaging to skin is described. The potential of this approach for monitoring the distribution of lipid and protein constituents in tissues at a spatial resolution of ∽6 μm in intact skin sections is demonstrated. In addition, the feasibility for mapping the distribution of topical applications on skin is demonstrated through IR images of the nitrile moiety in a sunscreen formulation containing 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate. These images reveal a non-homogenous film. Understanding and visualizing the coherence, integrity, and homogeneity of such topical sunscreen films is critical to improving the function of these films for successful UV protection.
Feasibility Study of Ground Source Heat Pump System Considering Underground Thermal Properties (2018)

: A typical ground source heat pump (GSHP) system in South Korea has a ground heat exchanger (GHX) with a length of 100–150 m, which utilizes annually stable underground temperature to meet the loads of cooling, heating and hot water in buildings. However, most GSHP systems have been introduced in heating dominated areas because the system performance advantage is larger compared with air source heat pump system than that in cooling dominated areas. To effectively provide geothermal energy to the building in the limited urban area, it is necessary to install deep GHXs. Despite its large capacity, there are few studies on GSHP system with deep GHX over 300 m. In this study, to estimate the performance of the GSHP system with deep GHX and evaluate its feasibility, numerical simulation was conducted. To quantitatively analyze heat transfer between soil and GHX, the coupled model with GHX model and ground heat and groundwater transfer model was used. Furthermore, the heat exchange rate and the source temperature were calculated according to the operation modes, the length of GHX, and soil conditions such as geothermal gradient and thermal conductivity. As a result, the total heat exchange rate of GHX with a length of 300 m heat exchanger was 12.62 kW, 173% that of a length of 150 m. Finally, it was found that the GSHP system with deep GHX has realistic possibility in good condition of geothermal gradient.
Current density dependence of the activation energy in type II superconductors (1992)

We have conducted magnetic relaxation experiments to calculate the effective activation energy, U, as a function of critical current density. We have shown that, from the nonlinearity of U, one can explain the nonlogarithmic decay of magnetization in type II superconductors. The nonlinearity of U was considered by expanding U about a current density, J0. The coefficients of expansion were determined experimentally and were used to develop the relationship between U and J for both conventional type II superconductors (Nb3Sn filamentary) and high-Tc superconductors (YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy single crystals). Both types of superconductor were observed to behave in similar fashion. We have also calculated U0 using the standard formulas and the intercepts of the tangent of the U vs M curve and have found the results to be comparable.
Three-Dimensional High Resolution Scaffold Fiber Architecture and Morphology in Tissue Engineered Heart Valve Tissue (2010)

Engineered heart valve tissue (EHVT) has received much attention as a potential pediatric valve replacement therapy, offering prospective long-term functional improvements over current options. A significant gap in the literature exists, however, regarding estimating tissue mechanical properties from tissue-scaffold composites. Detailed three-dimensional structural information prior to implantation (in vitro) and after implantation in (in vivo) is needed for improved modeling of tissue properties. As such, a novel high-resolution imaging technique will be employed to obtain three-dimensional microstructural information. Analysis techniques will be used to fully quantify constituents of interest including scaffold, collagen, and cellular information and to develop appropriate two-dimensional sectioning sampling protocols. It is the intent of this work to guide modeling efforts to better elucidate EHVT tissue-specific mechanical properties.
Power, Energy and Speed of Embedded and Server Multi-Cores applied to Distributed Simulation of Spiking Neural Networks: ARM in NVIDIA Tegra vs Intel Xeon quad-cores (2015)

This short note regards a comparison of instantaneous power, total energy consumption, execution time and energetic cost per synaptic event of a spiking neural network simulator (DPSNN-STDP) distributed on MPI processes when executed either on an embedded platform (based on a dual socket quad-core ARM platform) or a server platform (INTEL-based quad-core dual socket platform). We also compare the measure with those reported by leading custom and semi-custom designs: TrueNorth and SpiNNaker. In summary, we observed that: 1- we spent 2.2 micro-Joule per simulated event on the "embedded platform", approx. 4.4 times lower than what was spent by the "server platform"; 2- the instantaneous power consumption of the "embedded platform" was 14.4 times better than the "server" one; 3- the server platform is a factor 3.3 faster. The "embedded platform" is made of NVIDIA Jetson TK1 boards, interconnected by Ethernet, each mounting a Tegra K1 chip including a quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 at 2.3GHz. The "server platform" is based on dual-socket quad-core Intel Xeon CPUs (E5620 at 2.4GHz). The measures were obtained with the DPSNN-STDP simulator (Distributed Simulator of Polychronous Spiking Neural Network with synaptic Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity) developed by INFN, that already proved its efficient scalability and execution speed-up on hundreds of similar "server" cores and MPI processes, applied to neural nets composed of several billions of synapses.
Myogenic Akt signaling attenuates muscular degeneration, promotes myofiber regeneration and improves muscle function in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice (2011)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy, is caused by X-linked inherited mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin deficiencies result in the loss of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex at the plasma membrane, which leads to structural instability and muscle degeneration. Previously, we induced muscle-specific overexpression of Akt, a regulator of cellular metabolism and survival, in mdx mice at pre-necrotic (<3.5 weeks) ages and demonstrated upregulation of the utrophin-glycoprotein complex and protection against contractile-induced stress. Here, we found that delaying exogenous Akt treatment of mdx mice after the onset of peak pathology (>6 weeks) similarly increased the abundance of compensatory adhesion complexes at the extrasynaptic sarcolemma. Akt introduction after onset of pathology reverses the mdx histopathological measures, including decreases in blood serum albumin infiltration. Akt also improves muscle function in mdx mice as demonstrated through in vivo grip strength tests and in vitro contraction measurements of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. To further explore the significance of Akt in myofiber regeneration, we injured wild-type muscle with cardiotoxin and found that Akt induced a faster regenerative response relative to controls at equivalent time points. We demonstrate that Akt signaling pathways counteract mdx pathogenesis by enhancing endogenous compensatory mechanisms. These findings provide a rationale for investigating the therapeutic activation of the Akt pathway to counteract muscle wasting.
Conclusions (1987)

There are some issues which, for the good of the nation, must override party political interests; this book has set out to demonstrate that independent policing is one such issue. Traditional methods of policing in the United Kingdom are so important that they should not be controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the normal processes of democracy at local government level. Indeed, the party political independence of the Chief Constable when he is acting in an operational role should be protected as part of the unwritten constitution which is capable of amendment only in Parliament. In other words, policing policies and activities connected with law enforcement and the preservation of the Queen’s Peace should not be amenable to control by any person or group that could be perceived to be party politically motivated. The reasons for this fundamental principle are simple: it would be inequitable, potentially corrupt, and the policing values throughout the country would be uncertain if a local political party for partisan reasons, however noble they perceived them to be, were able to choose which laws were to be enforced rigorously, which were to be ignored, and which areas or people were to receive police attention. Put simply, it is dangerous to the principle of equality under the law if policing policies simply reflect the local political majority of the day.
Architecture of multi-component copolymer brushes (2002)

In the first part of this article, the method for the preparation of diblock copolymer brushes from free radical homopolymerization of the corresponding diblock macromonomers is reviewed. These diblock copolymer brushes formed a unimolecular structure in dilute solution. Moreover, it was speculated from angular dependence measurements that diblock copolymer brushes with high aspect ratios took a geometrical anisotropic conformation, such as a cylinder. The cylinder brushes were also derived by cross-linking internal domains of the diblock copolymer brush. The second part reviews the synthesis of prototype amphiphilic copolymer brushes by alternating free radical copolymerization of binary macromonomers. To determine the phase-separated cylindrical domains of alternating copolymer brushes, large aggregates of copolymer brushes in water were constructed. The alternating copolymer brushes led to self-assemblies among hydrophobic domains during micelle formation.
Generation and characterization of surface high harmonics with a few cycle laser — First results and future plans (2017)

Summary form only given. High harmonics generated on solid surfaces (SHHG) promise a much higher efficiency compared to harmonics generated in gases. In case of ROM (Relativistically Oscillating Mirror) mechanism [1], conversion efficiencies up to the percent level are predicted [2]. An interesting property of ROM is that the maximum photon energy scales with the laser intensity. In addition an isolated attosecond (as) pulse can be generated when using a few-cycle driver pulse. However, for ROM, relativistic laser intensities above 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are required, which in combination with the few-cycle pulse duration is not readily available.
Analysis and Practical Relevance of CM/DM EMI Noise Separator Characteristics (2016)

This work investigates sources of measurement errors that result for common mode/differential mode (CM/DM) separators in a practical measurement environment, with a particular focus on the recently presented input impedance criterion for CM/DM separators, derives the respective analytical expressions, and employs a detailed analytical model to verify the obtained findings. Furthermore, a method is derived, which determines the worst-case measurement error by reason of cross coupling for given measured DM and CM output voltage components. Based on an example, this work illustrates how the obtained expressions can be advantageously used in a computer program to automatically decide whether a particular spectral measurement component represents a useful measurement result or if it is strongly affected by cross coupling (CM to DM and DM to CM). Finally, the paper presents the realization and accompanying experimental results of an active CM/DM separator, which allows for low realization effort and features competitive separation capabilities (DMTR/CMRR > 50 dB and CMTR/DMRR > 42 dB for frequencies up to 10 MHz).
Multi-10-TW sub-5-fs optical parametric synthesizer (2014)

We report on a novel 18-TW peak power light source delivering pulses with 80-mJ energy and 4.5-fs duration. The system is based on optical parametric synthesizer principle involving multi-color optical parametric chirped pulse amplification stages.
Diagnosing breast cancer using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (2008)

Using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, we have developed an algorithm that successfully classifies normal breast tissue, fibrocystic change, fibroadenoma, and infiltrating ductal carcinoma in terms of physically meaningful parameters. We acquire 202 spectra from 104 sites in freshly excised breast biopsies from 17 patients within 30 min of surgical excision. The broadband diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectra are collected via a portable clinical spectrometer and specially designed optical fiber probe. The diffuse reflectance spectra are fit using modified diffusion theory to extract absorption and scattering tissue parameters. Intrinsic fluorescence spectra are extracted from the combined fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra and analyzed using multivariate curve resolution. Spectroscopy results are compared to pathology diagnoses, and diagnostic algorithms are developed based on parameters obtained via logistic regression with cross-validation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall diagnostic accuracy (total efficiency) of the algorithm are 100, 96, 69, 100, and 91%, respectively. All invasive breast cancer specimens are correctly diagnosed. The combination of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy yields promising results for discrimination of breast cancer from benign breast lesions and warrants a prospective clinical study.
Identification and characterization of a conserved outer‐membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1991)

A previous study in our laboratory identified a surface-exposed peptidoglycan-associated protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae which had an apparent molecular mass of 44,000 daltons (44kDa) (Hill and Judd, 1989). This paper reports results which confirm that the 44kDa protein is surface-exposed, and that the protein is expressed in, and is structurally invariant among, 14 strains of N. gonorrhoeae. The fact that the 44kDa outer-membrane protein is found in a conserved form in all gonococci examined strongly suggests that it is crucial to the bacterium's survival. Moreover, it appears that this protein is a penicillin-binding protein (PBP3) (Shafer and Judd, 1991). This invariant, surface-exposed, peptidoglycan-associated outer-membrane protein deserves further investigation to elucidate its role in the immunobiology of N. gonorrhoeae, and its possible use as an immunoprophylactic reagent.
Mixtures of Poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide) and Poly(triethylenetetramine/cystamine bisacrylamide)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) for Improved Gene Delivery (2010)

Branched disulfide-containing poly(amido ethyleneimines) (SS-PAEIs) are biodegradable polymeric gene carrier analogues of the well-studied, nondegradable, and often toxic branched polyethylenimines (bPEIs), but with distinct advantages for cellular transgene delivery. Clinical success of polycationic gene carriers is hampered by obscure design and formulation requirements. This present work reports synthetic and formulation properties for a graft copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and a branched SS-PAEI, poly(triethylentetramine/cystaminebisacrylamide) (p(TETA/CBA)). Several laboratories have previously demonstrated the advantages of PEG conjugation to gene carriers, but have also shown that PEG conjugation may perturb plasmid DNA (pDNA) condensation, thereby interfering with nanoparticle formation. With this foundation, our studies sought to mix various amounts of p(TETA/CBA) and p(TETA/CBA)-g-PEG2k to alter the relative amount of PEG in each formulation used for polyplex formation. The influence of different PEG/polycation amounts in the formulations on polymer/nucleic acid nanoparticle (polyplex) size, surface charge, morphology, serum stability and transgene delivery was studied. Polyplex formulations were prepared using p(TETA/CBA)-g-PEG2k, p(TETA/CBA), and mixtures of the two species at 10/90 and 50/50 volumetric mixture ratios (wt/wt %), respectively. As expected, increasing the amount of PEG in the formulation adversely affects polyplex formation. However, optimal polymer mixtures could be identified using this facile approach to further clarify design and formulation requirements necessary to understand and optimize carrier stability and biological activity. This work demonstrates the feasibility to easily overcome typical problems observed when polycations are modified and thus avoids the need to synthesize multiple copolymers to identify optimal gene carrier candidates. This approach may be applied to other polycation-PEG preparations to alter polyplex characteristics for optimal stability and biological activity.
Respiratory modulation of thoracic sympathetic nerve activity increased following brief hypoxia in the rat in situ preparation (2006)

Recently (Dick et al., AJP 286: R1121–8, 2004.) we described a form of short‐term plasticity expressed by splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (sSNA) in an anesthetized in vivo rat (Sprague Dawley) model. The sSNA became more respiratory modulated after a brief exposure to hypoxia (8% for 45s). We hypothesized that this property is expressed by other sympathetic nerves, in other rodent strains, and in the more reduced in situ preparation. To test this hypothesis, we recorded thoracic chain sympathetic nerve activity (thSNA) in the working heart‐brainstem preparation before and after brief exposure to hypoxic perfusion. Wistar rats (86–100g) were anesthetized, bisected below the diaphragm, and decerebrated precollicularly. The preparation was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) saturated with 95% O2/5% CO2, and paralyzed with pancuronium bromide. Perfusion pressure was maintained above 50 mmHg with vasopressin (10ul − 4uM added to perfusate). We recorded phrenic, thSNA, and perfusion pressure before and after hypoxic perfusion. The PCO2 in the perfusate was increased from 5% to 8 % during the hypoxic challenge mimic an apneic event. Thus, responses were elicited in each animal by switching from 95% O2/5%CO2 to 12% O2/8% CO2 (80% N2) aCSF for 45s. Respiratory modulation of thSNA increased following the hypoxic response. We conclude that short‐term plasticity of the sympatho‐respiratory system can be generalized to other sympathetic nerves and other rodent strains and remains a property of this reduced preparation. (HL‐25830).
Knowledge management modeling in organizations (2007)

Abstract A variety of knowledge sharing methods have been proposed based on experience and precedents. However, the effects of these methods have never been quantitatively investigated. This study proposes a knowledge sharing model in organizations to analyze the effect of knowledge management. Knowledge sharing processes are modeled and simulated using a multiagent approach. Knowledge repositories and knowledge managers improve organization performance. Additionally the “year 2007 issue” is represented using the model and its solutions are also shown. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(14): 1–10, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.20874
A Selective Defect of IFN-γ- But Not of IFN-α-Induced JAK/STAT Pathway in a Subset of U937 Clones Prevents the Antiretroviral Effect of IFN-γ Against HIV-1 (1999)

Abstract IFN-γ induces transcription of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Recently, the IFN-γ-dependent Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT pathway has been shown to mediate the activation of some ISGs, by the sequential phosphorylation of two JAK kinases (JAK1 and JAK2) and of STAT1. Given that the JAK/STAT is the major, but not the only pathway linked to the IFN-γR, aim of our work was to investigate the signal-transduction pathway(s) by which IFN-γ exerts its effects on acute replication of HIV in monocytic cells. To this end, we utilized clones previously derived from the U937 promonocytic cell line, differing for their efficient (plus clones) or inefficient (minus clones) abilities of supporting HIV replication. Unlike IFN-α, IFN-γ did not inhibit HIV replication in plus clones, whereas virus production in minus cells was efficiently inhibited by both types of IFN. Plus clones generated a JAK/STAT signal-transduction pathway in response to IFN-α, but not IFN-γ. In contrast, minus clones responded to either cytokines. The functional defect of plus clones in response to IFN-γ was correlated to a selective defect of IFN-γR2, but not IFN-γR1, membrane expression. Surprisingly enough, IFN-γ stimulation of plus clones induced IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3γ). These results strongly support the hypothesis that the JAK/STAT pathway is responsible for the antiretroviral effect of IFN-γ, and further provide evidence for a potential second pathway triggered by IFN-γ in the absence of IFN-γR2 chain cell surface expression and involving ISGF3γ.