gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a dual-ended readout detector with segmented crystal bars made using a subsurface laser engraving technique (2017)

Depth of interaction (DOI) information is indispensable to improving the sensitivity and spatial resolution of positron emission tomography (PET) systems, especially for small field-of-view PET such as small animal PET and human brain PET. We have already developed a series of X'tal cube detectors for isotropic spatial resolution and we obtained the best isotropic resolution of 0.77 mm for detectors with six-sided readout. However, it is still challenging to apply the detector for PET systems due to the high cost of six-sided readout electronics and carrying out segmentation of a monolithic cubic scintillator in three dimensions using the subsurface laser engraving (SSLE) technique. In this work, we propose a more practical X'tal cube with a two-sided readout detector, which is made of crystal bars segmented in the height direction only by using the SSLE technique. We developed two types of prototype detectors with a 3 mm cubic segment and a 1.5 mm cubic segment by using 3 × 3 × 20 mm<sup>3</sup> and 1.5 × 1.5 × 20 mm<sup>3</sup> crystal bars segmented into 7 and 13 DOI segments, respectively, using the SSLE technique. First, the performance of the detector, composed of one crystal bar with different DOI segments and two thorough silicon via (TSV) multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs) as readout at both ends of the crystal bar, were evaluated in order to demonstrate the capability of the segmented crystal bars as a DOI detector. Then, performance evaluation was carried out for a 4 × 4 crystal array of 3 × 3 × 20 mm<sup>3</sup> with 7 DOI segments and an 8 × 8 crystal array of 1.5 × 1.5 × 20 mm<sup>3</sup> with 13 DOI segments. Each readout included a 4 × 4 channel of the 3 × 3 mm<sup>2</sup> active area of the TSV MPPCs. The three-dimensional position maps of the detectors were obtained by the Anger-type calculation. All the segments in the 4 × 4 array were identified very clearly when there was air between the crystal bars, as each crystal bar was coupled to one channel of the MPPCs; however, it was necessary to optimize optical conditions between crystal bars for the 8 × 8 array because of light sharing between crystal bars coupled to one channel of the MPPCs. The optimization was performed for the 8 × 8 array by inserting reflectors fully or partially between the crystal bars and the best crystal identification performance was obtained with the partial reflectors between the crystal bars. The mean energy resolutions at the 511 keV photo peak for the 4 × 4 array with air between the crystal bars and for the 8 × 8 array with partial reflectors between the crystal bars were 10.1% ± 0.3% and 10.8% ± 0.8%, respectively. Timing resolutions of 783 ± 36 ps and 1.14 ± 0.22 ns were obtained for the detectors composed of the 4 × 4 array and the 8 × 8 array with partial reflectors, respectively. These values correspond to single photon timing resolutions. Practical X'tal cubes with 3 mm and 1.5 mm DOI resolutions and two-sided readout were developed.
Type-revision of Lachnea velenovskyi, a new species in the genus Spooneromyces (Pezizales) (2014)

The revision of the holotype of Lachnea velenovskyi confirmed that its microscopic features correspond to those of the genus Spooneromyces, i.e. spores ornamentation, type of hairs and excipulum structure. Thus the new combination Spooneromyces velenovskyi is proposed. Comparison with some other species belonging to this genus revealed that Spooneromyces microsporus is conspecific with S. velenovskyi and considered as a posterior synonym
Cobalt‐Mediated [2+2+2] Cycloaddition versus CH and NH Activation of 2‐Pyridones and Pyrazinones with Alkynes: A Theoretical Study (2007)

DFT computations have been executed aimed at illuminating the variety of pathways by which pyridones react with alkynes in the presence of [CpCoL(2)]: NH-2-pyridones furnish N-dienylated ligands (N-H activation pathway), N-methyl-2-pyridones are converted into ligated cyclohexadienes ([2+2+2] cocycloaddition pathway), and N-alkynyl-2-pyridones may undergo either [2+2+2] cocycloaddition or C-dienylation (C-H activation), depending on the length of the tether. The calculations predict the formation of the experimentally observed products, including their regio- and stereochemical make up. In addition, the unusual regiochemical outcome of the all-intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of N,N'-dipentynylpyrazinedione was rationalized by computation, which led to the discovery of a new mechanism.
Immunization of African Indigenous Pigs with Attenuated Genotype I African Swine Fever Virus OURT88/3 Induces Protection Against Challenge with Virulent Strains of Genotype I (2015)

The attenuated African swine fever virus genotype I strain OURT88/3 has previously been shown to induce protection of European breeds of domestic pigs against challenge with virulent isolates. To determine whether protective immune responses could also be induced in indigenous breeds of pigs from the Kinshassa region in Democratic Republic of Congo, we immunized a group of eight pigs with OURT88/3 strain and challenged the pigs 3 weeks later with virulent genotype I strain OURT88/1. Four of the pigs were protected against challenge. Three of the eight pigs died from African swine fever virus and a fourth from an unknown cause. The remaining four pigs all survived challenge with a recent virulent genotype I strain from the Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC 085/10. Control groups of non-immune pigs challenged with OURT88/1 or DRC 085/10 developed signs of acute ASFV as expected and had high levels of virus genome in blood.
Aging Behaviour of Aluminium Alloys after Severe Plastic Deformation (2006)

The process of severe plastic deformation (SPD) makes it possible to reduce the grain size to the submicrometer or nanometer range in many metallic materials. When the SPD process is applied to age hardenable alloys, it may also be possible to control aging behavior. In this study, a technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is used as an SPD process and aging behavior is examined on the three selected Al alloy systems such as Al-Ag, Al-Mg-Si and Al-Si-Ge. The microstructures are observed using transmission electron microscopy and the mechanical properties including hardness are measured. It is shown that the SPD process introduces unusual phenomena in the precipitation process and there should be a potential for enhancement of strength over the conventional age-hardening process or for improvement of ductility while keeping the high strength.
High-Power Multi-segmented End-pumped Nd:YAG Laser (2006)

The first results on power scaling of end-pumped Nd:YAG lasers by applying a multi-segmented-rod will be presented. A maximum laser output power of 407 W with an optical-to-optical efficiency of 54 % was demonstrated.
Direct production of fractionated and upgraded hydrocarbon fuels from biomass (2023)

Multistage processing of biomass to produce at least two separate fungible fuel streams, one dominated by gasoline boiling-point range liquids and the other by diesel boiling-point range liquids. The processing involves hydrotreating the biomass to produce a hydrotreatment product including a deoxygenated hydrocarbon product of gasoline and diesel boiling materials, followed by separating each of the gasoline and diesel boiling materials from the hydrotreatment product and each other.
Effectiveness of Raw, Natural Medical Cannabis Flower for Treating Insomnia under Naturalistic Conditions (2018)

<b>Background</b>: We use a mobile software application (app) to measure for the first time, which fundamental characteristics of raw, natural medical <i>Cannabis</i> flower are associated with changes in perceived insomnia under naturalistic conditions. <b>Methods</b>: Four hundred and nine people with a specified condition of insomnia completed 1056 medical cannabis administration sessions using the Releaf App<sup>TM</sup> educational software during which they recorded real-time ratings of self-perceived insomnia severity levels prior to and following consumption, experienced side effects, and product characteristics, including combustion method, cannabis subtypes, and/or major cannabinoid contents of cannabis consumed. Within-user effects of different flower characteristics were modeled using a fixed effects panel regression approach with standard errors clustered at the user level. <b>Results</b>: Releaf App<sup>TM</sup> users showed an average symptom severity reduction of -4.5 points on a 0⁻10 point visual analogue scale (SD = 2.7, d = 2.10, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Use of pipes and vaporizers was associated with greater symptom relief and more positive and context-specific side effects as compared to the use of joints, while vaporization was also associated with lower negative effects. Cannabidiol (CBD) was associated with greater statistically significant symptom relief than tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but the cannabinoid levels generally were not associated with differential side effects. Flower from <i>C. sativa</i> plants was associated with more negative side effects than flower from <i>C. indica</i> or hybrid plant subtypes. <b>Conclusions</b>: Consumption of medical <i>Cannabis</i> flower is associated with significant improvements in perceived insomnia with differential effectiveness and side effect profiles, depending on the product characteristics.
Sulfur Vulcanization of Simple Model Olefins, Part IV: Vulcanizations of 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene with TMTD and Activated Zinc Dithiocarbamate/Xanthate Accelerators at Different Temperatures (1995)

Abstract The mechanism of the accelerated sulfur vulcanization of rubber was studied by the use of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (C 6 H 12 , TME) as a simple, low-molecular model alkene. Treatment of TME with a mixture of ZnO, S 8 and the classical accelerator TMTD at temperatures above 100°C yields a mixture of addition products ( (C 6 H 11 —S n —C 6 H 11 ) ). In the temperature range of 50 up to 100 °C only intermediate products, C 6 H 11 —S n —S(S)CN(CH 3 ) 2 are obtained. Room temperature vulcanization is feasible using highly reactive accelerators, such as xanthate derivatives. These derivatives result in formation of the crosslink precursors which are converted to the actual crosslink in the presence of zinc dithiocarbamates. The addition of (secondary) amines enhances the solubility of the dithiocarbamates, and therefore the reactivity of the xanthate/zinc dithiocarbamate combination.
Modeling of Thermal Stresses in Joining Two Layers with Multi‐ and Graded Interlayers (2005)

The technique of introducing interlayers has been used extensively to mitigate residual thermal stresses in joining dissimilar materials. Finite‐element analyses have often been used to quantify thermal stresses in these layered structures in case‐by‐case studies. Recently, simple analytical models containing only three unknowns have been developed to derive closed‐form solutions for elastic thermal stresses in both multilayer systems and two layers joined by a graded junction. The analytical solutions are exact for locations away from the free edges of the system. Application of these solutions is shown here to provide a systematic study of thermal stresses in Si 3 N 4 and Al 2 O 3 layers joined by various sialon polytypoid‐based multi‐ and graded interlayers. The effects of the thickness, stiffness, and coefficient of thermal expansion of the interlayer on thermal stresses in the system are examined. The differences in thermal stresses resulting from multi‐ and graded interlayers are shown.
Induction machine design for dynamic loss minimization along driving cycles for traction applications (2017)

Classical induction machine design generally focuses on achieving high steady state efficiency. In contrast, automotive applications consist of almost continuous transients, where the flux linkage is varied along the driving cycle to save energy. With conventional induction machines designed for high steady state efficiency, higher peak current and excessive machine losses can occur during the transient with varied flux linkage. Therefore, this paper focuses on the transient machine losses occurring during the highly dynamic driving cycle typically encountered by electric vehicle traction motors. The induction machine design methodologies that are most compatible to loss minimizing control are developed. The effect of magnetizing inductance and leakage inductance on rotor flux dynamics and transient and steady state losses are evaluated. The effect of changes in rotor slot dimensions on machine parameters is evaluated and losses along driving cycles are compared using the previously developed dynamic loss minimization control method. It has been found that the increased magnetizing inductance has a larger effect on loss reduction than a decreased leakage inductance. Unlike common guideline to minimize the leakage inductance, the leakage inductance can be appropriately increased for a higher magnetizing inductance to achieve a higher effective electromagnetic field coupling for lower losses along driving cycles.
Role of PDZ4 Domain of PDZK1 in the Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism via the Hepatic HDL Receptor SR‐BI (2015)

The four PDZ (PDZ1‐PDZ4) domain‐containing‐adaptor protein PDZK1 controls the expression, localization and function of the HDL receptor SR‐BI in hepatocytes. Many PDZ domains function by binding to the C‐terminus of a target binding partner (canonical binding) and alternatively some PDZ domains directly bind to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (membrane anchor). Using transgenic mice expressing internal deletions of selected PDZ domains of PDZK1 in the liver, we found that only PDZ1 and PDZ4 were necessary for PDZK1's full regulation of hepatic SR‐BI. A PDZK1 transgene encoding only the major SR‐BI binding PDZ domain PDZ1 (ΔPDZ2/ΔPDZ3/ΔPDZ4) exhibited dominant negative activity when expressed in WT mice, resulting in the high plasma cholesterol and reduced hepatocyte membrane expression of SR‐BI and PDZK1, seen in PDZK1 KO mice. Unlike full‐length PDZK1, the ΔPDZ2/ΔPDZ3/ΔPDZ4 mutant failed to compensate for the absence of PDZK1 and reduced SR‐BI activity in PDZK1 KO mice. In contrast, a PDZK1 hepatic transgene encoding both the PDZ1 and PDZ4 domains, but not PDZ2 or PDZ3 (ΔPDZ2/ΔPDZ3), was not dominant negative in WT mice, but complemented almost fully hepatic SR‐BI defects in PDZK1 KO mice. Our results show that the PDZ1 and PDZ4 domains together are the only PDZ domains of PDZK1 that are necessary for the normal biological function of hepatic SR‐BI. The PDZ1 domain participates in canonical binding to the C‐terminus of SR‐BI and the PDZ4 domain apparently anchors PDZK1 to the plasma membrane.
Deep Scattering: Rendering Atmospheric Clouds with Radiance-Predicting Neural Networks (2017)

We present a technique for efficiently synthesizing images of atmospheric clouds using a combination of Monte Carlo integration and neural networks. The intricacies of Lorenz-Mie scattering and the high albedo of cloud-forming aerosols make rendering of clouds---e.g. the characteristic silverlining and the "whiteness" of the inner body---challenging for methods based solely on Monte Carlo integration or diffusion theory. We approach the problem differently. Instead of simulating all light transport during rendering, we pre-learn the spatial and directional distribution of radiant flux from tens of cloud exemplars. To render a new scene, we sample visible points of the cloud and, for each, extract a hierarchical 3D descriptor of the cloud geometry with respect to the shading location and the light source. The descriptor is input to a deep neural network that predicts the radiance function for each shading configuration. We make the key observation that progressively feeding the hierarchical descriptor into the network enhances the network's ability to learn faster and predict with high accuracy while using few coefficients. We also employ a block design with residual connections to further improve performance. A GPU implementation of our method synthesizes images of clouds that are nearly indistinguishable from the reference solution within seconds interactively. Our method thus represents a viable solution for applications such as cloud design and, thanks to its temporal stability, also for high-quality production of animated content.
Targeting the restricted α-subunit repertoire of airway smooth muscle GABA A receptors augments airway smooth muscle relaxation (2011)

The prevalence of asthma has taken on pandemic proportions. Since this disease predisposes patients to severe acute airway constriction, novel mechanisms capable of promoting airway smooth muscle relaxation would be clinically valuable. We have recently demonstrated that activation of endogenous airway smooth muscle GABA(A) receptors potentiates β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation, and molecular analysis of airway smooth muscle reveals that the α-subunit component of these GABA(A) receptors is limited to the α(4)- and α(5)-subunits. We questioned whether ligands with selective affinity for these GABA(A) receptors could promote relaxation of airway smooth muscle. RT-PCR analysis of GABA(A) receptor subunits was performed on RNA isolated by laser capture microdissection from human and guinea pig airway smooth muscle. Membrane potential and chloride-mediated current were measured in response to GABA(A) subunit-selective agonists in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. Functional relaxation of precontracted guinea pig tracheal rings was assessed in the absence and presence of the α(4)-subunit-selective GABA(A) receptor agonists: gaboxadol, taurine, and a novel 8-methoxy imidazobenzodiazepine (CM-D-45). Only messenger RNA encoding the α(4)- and α(5)-GABA(A) receptor subunits was identified in RNA isolated by laser capture dissection from guinea pig and human airway smooth muscle tissues. Activation of airway smooth muscle GABA(A) receptors with agonists selective for these subunits resulted in appropriate membrane potential changes and chloride currents and promoted relaxation of airway smooth muscle. In conclusion, selective subunit targeting of endogenous airway smooth muscle-specific GABA(A) receptors may represent a novel therapeutic option for patients in severe bronchospasm.
Bezier representations for the multiobjective optimization of conformal array amplitude weights (2006)

For conformal phased arrays, generally the excitation amplitude of the array elements must be adjusted in order to maintain low sidelobes as the array is scanned. While the desired phase weights for maximum gain are deterministically set by the array geometry and scan angle, the representation of optimum low sidelobe amplitude weights remains an open problem. Following up on prior work using the efficiency-constrained optimization of a modified Bernstein polynomial for low sidelobe conformal array synthesis, a Bezier surface is shown to provide a good representation of the optimized amplitude weights with a reduced number of parameters, while demonstrating ε-constraint multi-objective optimization of conformal aperture efficiency versus sidelobe level. These results are extended to include a Bezier volume representation for the multiobjective optimization of conformal aperture efficiency versus both sidelobe level and scan angle.
In vitro antifungal activity of the new triazole D0 870 against Penicillium marneffei compared with that of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole and flucytosine (1996)

The in vitro activity of D0870, a new triazole, was compared with that of fluconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine against recent clinical isolates of Penicillium marneffei in Thailand. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values were determined by a microbroth dilution method using morpholinopropanesulphonic acid (MOPS)-buffered RPMI-1640 and brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium with glucose was also used for the assay of flucytosine. D0870 was less active against P. marneffei than itraconazole, but its activity was similar to that of miconazole, superior to that of amphotericin B and markedly superior to that of fluconazole and flucytosine. Much lower MIC values of D0870 were observed with BHI medium.
The Ras Effector RASSF2 Controls the PAR-4 Tumor Suppressor (2010)

RASSF2 is a novel proapoptotic effector of K-Ras. Inhibition of RASSF2 expression enhances the transforming effects of K-Ras, and epigenetic inactivation of RASSF2 is frequently detected in mutant Ras-containing primary tumors. Thus, RASSF2 is implicated as a tumor suppressor whose inactivation facilitates transformation by disconnecting apoptotic responses from Ras. The mechanism of action of RASSF2 is not known. Here we show that RASSF2 forms a direct and endogenous complex with the prostate apoptosis response protein 4 (PAR-4) tumor suppressor. This interaction is regulated by K-Ras and is essential for the full apoptotic effects of PAR-4. RASSF2 is primarily a nuclear protein, and shuttling of PAR-4 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is essential for its function. We show that RASSF2 modulates the nuclear translocation of PAR-4 in prostate tumor cells, providing a mechanism for its biological effects. Thus, we identify the first tumor suppressor signaling pathway emanating from RASSF2, we identify a novel mode of action of a RASSF protein, and we provide an explanation for the extraordinarily high frequency of RASSF2 inactivation we have observed in primary prostate tumors.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in Ranitidine Chemistry: An Unusual O→N Methyl Migration. (1986)

Abstract Ranitidin (IV), ein H 2 ‐Rezeptor‐Antagonist, wird aus (I) und (II) über die Zwischenstufe (III) hergestellt.
Relaxation dynamics of water in the vicinity of cellulose nanocrystals (2023)

Abstract Water molecules near cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs; produced via sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydrolysis) are believed to relax slower than those in the bulk liquid, which may result in unique properties of CNC aqueous dispersions. This study analyzed the polarization behavior of water molecules in CNC aqueous dispersions and other reference samples using a dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) technique in the microwave frequency range (200 MHz – 20 GHz). As the CNC concentration increases, two slow relaxation components become prominent. The comparison with DRS data of aqueous dispersions of nanoporous silica, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hairy CNCs with amorphous chains in both ends suggested that these slow relaxation modes of water near CNC surfaces cannot be attributed to direct hydrogen bonding interactions with the hydroxyl (OH) groups exposed and immobilized at the solid surface. Instead, they are rather similar to the water molecules interacting with OH groups attached to flexible polymer chains. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the polarization behavior of water near the (110) facet of cellulose Ib crystals confirmed that the interactions of water molecules with the cellulose crystal surface do not cause slower relaxations in the frequency range studied via the DRS. These results indicated that the CNC surface cannot be depicted with the crystallographic facets of cellulose Iβ; instead, it resembles a polymer-brush surface on which the short glucan residues or fragments of the strong acid-catalyzed hydrolysis process are swollen and extended into the aqueous phase.