gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Are Bias Mitigation Techniques for Deep Learning Effective? (2021)

A critical problem in deep learning is that systems learn inappropriate biases, resulting in their inability to perform well on minority groups. This has led to the creation of multiple algorithms that endeavor to mitigate bias. However, it is not clear how effective these methods are. This is because study protocols differ among papers, systems are tested on datasets that fail to test many forms of bias, and systems have access to hidden knowledge or are tuned specifically to the test set. To address this, we introduce an improved evaluation protocol, sensible metrics, and a new dataset, which enables us to ask and answer critical questions about bias mitigation algorithms. We evaluate seven state-of-the-art algorithms using the same network architecture and hyperparameter selection policy across three benchmark datasets. We introduce a new dataset called Biased MNIST that enables assessment of robustness to multiple bias sources. We use Biased MNIST and a visual question answering (VQA) benchmark to assess robustness to hidden biases. Rather than only tuning to the test set distribution, we study robustness across different tuning distributions, which is critical because for many applications the test distribution may not be known during development. We find that algorithms exploit hidden biases, are unable to scale to multiple forms of bias, and are highly sensitive to the choice of tuning set. Based on our findings, we implore the community to adopt more rigorous assessment of future bias mitigation methods. All data, code, and results are publicly available at: https://github.com/erobic/bias-mitigators.
Autostereoscopic teleconferencing system (2000)

The most popular, and cheapest, teleconferencing systems are those based upon a PC and use the Internet as the data communications medium. Advanced system may use specially constructed and designed rooms, large screen projection systems and communications networks. While such systems are undoubtedly useful, they are not realistic enough to enable the participants to believe that the person they are talking to may actually be in their presence. There are a number of physiological factors that are lacking in such teleconferencing systems which detract from the realism of the experience. These factors include: (1) Low resolution images. (2) Images not to scale. (3) Transmission delays discernable in the images being viewed. (4) Images are in 2D and therefore not perceived as being life like. (5) Images are seen from a single perspective and do not alter as the viewers head is moved. (6) It is not possible for the participants to obtain eye contact. While factors 1, 2 and 3 can be addressed with careful construction and system design, factors 4, 5 and 6 are more difficult to overcome. An autostereoscopic teleconferencing system will be described that overcomes all the factors addressed above and provides a highly realistic viewing experience for the teleconferencing participants.
IL-2 Immunotherapy to Recently HIV-1 Infected Adults Maintains the Numbers of IL-17 Expressing CD4+ T (TH17) Cells in the Periphery (2010)

Little is known about the manipulation of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells (T(H)17) on a per-cell basis in humans in vivo. Previous studies on the effects of IL-2 on IL-17 secretion in non-HIV models have shown divergent results. We hypothesized that IL-2 would mediate changes in IL-17 levels among recently HIV-1-infected adults receiving anti-retroviral therapy. We measured cytokine T cell responses to CD3/CD28, HIV-1 Gag, and CMV pp65 stimulation, and changes in multiple CD4+ T cell subsets. Those who received IL-2 showed a robust expansion of naive and total CD4+ T cell counts and T-reg counts. However, after IL-2 treatment, the frequency of T(H)17 cells declined, while counts of T(H)17 cells did not change due to an expansion of the CD4+ naïve T cell population (CD27+CD45RA+). Counts of HIV-1 Gag-specific T cells declined modestly, but CMV pp65 and CD3/CD28 stimulated populations did not change. Hence, in contrast with recent studies, our results suggest IL-2 is not a potent in vivo regulator of T(H)17 cell populations in HIV-1 disease. However, IL-2-mediated T-reg expansions may selectively reduce responses to certain antigen-specific populations, such as HIV-1 Gag.
Facile synthesis, spectral characterization, and ethylidene transfer reactions of complexes of the type Cp(CO)(L)Fe:CHCH3+ (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacile synthesis, spectral characterization, and ethylidene transfer reactions of complexes of the type Cp(CO)(L)Fe:CHCH3+M. Brookhart, James R. Tucker, and G. Ronald HuskCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 4, 979–981Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00394a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00394a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views264Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supplementary Table 1 from Activation of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells Promotes Immunosuppression Within the Pre–metastatic Niche (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Cytokines produced in tumor-conditioned media.&lt;/p&gt;
Resolution as dipole and quadrupole detection (1988)

We measured resolution of edge (the line) blur as a function of edge (and line) contrast. Previous attempts to predict resolution thresholds involved many modeling assumptions concerning the visual system’s sensitivity and/or the retinal sampling density. Our goal is to avoid assumptions by measuring the visibility of those multipoles that are used in the resolution task. The task of discriminating edge (or line) blur is equivalent to the task of detecting a dipole (or quadrupole) test pattern in the presence of the edge (or line) pedestal. The multipole test threshold can be related to the variance of the blur by using the relationship <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="eq1" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ε</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn> <mml:mi>ε</mml:mi> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>ε</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where P v (x) is an edge or line with a blur of variance v and where ϵ (with units of min 2 ) is the ratio of test threshold to pedestal strength. A sample result is that a dipole of 4 % min 2 strength was visible on a 100 % contrast edge pedestal, corresponding to a blur variance of 0.04 min 2 (equal to a standard deviation of 0.2 min or a 0.28-min separation between a pair of lines). This small resolution threshold would be surprising in terms of the retinal sampling density but is not surprising in terms of our test-pedestal approach.
<title>Beam-steering and jammer-nulling photorefractive phased-array radar processor</title> (1994)

We are developing a class of optical phased-array-radar processors which use the large number of degrees-of-freedom available in 3D photorefractive volume holograms to time integrate the adaptive weights to perform beam-steering and jammer-cancellation signal-processing tasks for very large phased-array antennas. We have experimentally demonstrated independently the two primary subsystems of the beam-steering and jammer-nulling phased-array radar processor, the beam-forming subsystem and the jammer-nulling subsystem, as well as simultaneous main beam formation and jammer suppression in the combined processor. The beam-steering subsystem calculates the angle of arrival of a desired signal of interest and steers the antenna pattern in the direction of this desired signal by forming a dynamic holographic grating proportional to the correlation between the incoming signal of interest from the antenna array and the temporal waveform of the desired signal. This grating is formed by repetitively applying the temporal waveform of the desired signal to a single acousto-optic Bragg cell and allowing the diffracted component from the Bragg cell to interfere with an optical mapping of the received phased-array antenna signal at a photorefractive crystal. The diffracted component from this grating is the antenna output modified by an array function pointed towards the desired signal of interest. This beam-steering task is performed with the only a priori information being that of the knowledge of a temporal waveform that correlates well with the desired signal and that the delay of the desired signal remains within the time aperture of the Bragg cell. The jammer-nulling subsystem computes the angles-of- arrival of multiple interfering narrowband radar jammers and adaptively steers nulls in the antenna pattern in order to extinguish the jammers by implementing a modified LMS algorithm in the optical domain. This task is performed in a second photorefractive crystal where holographic gratings are formed which are proportional to the correlation between the unprocessed antenna output and a delayed version of the formed main beam. The diffracted components from these gratings are subtracted from the formed main-beam signal producing a processor output with reduced jammer content.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact Ionization Model for S-NDR based Threshold Switching Devices (2019)

Sneak path leakage in crosspoint memory arrays limits the array size and accurate reading operations. One solution is adding a selector with highly nonlinear 1-V characteristics in series with the memory cell to suppress leakage current. Some two terminal selectors consisting of metal/semiconductor/metal structure can exhibit an S-type negative differential resistance (S-NDR). S-NDR results in Ovonic threshold switching, which is a rapid and reversible transition between the high resistance state (HRS/OFF) and low resistance state (LRS/ON). One of the main challenges that this technology face is the lack of quantitative engineering models of S-NDR that allow device design. In this work, we derive a quantitative model for S-NDR based on impact ionization theory and avalanche carrier multiplication [1], leading hypothesis for the S-NDR mechanism. We fabricate TiN/GeTe <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</inf> /TiN threshold switching devices to verify the model's feasibility.
Cross-domain Image Retrieval with a Dual Attribute-aware Ranking Network (2015)

We address the problem of cross-domain image retrieval, considering the following practical application: given a user photo depicting a clothing image, our goal is to retrieve the same or attribute-similar clothing items from online shopping stores. This is a challenging problem due to the large discrepancy between online shopping images, usually taken in ideal lighting/pose/background conditions, and user photos captured in uncontrolled conditions. To address this problem, we propose a Dual Attribute-aware Ranking Network (DARN) for retrieval feature learning. More specifically, DARN consists of two sub-networks, one for each domain, whose retrieval feature representations are driven by semantic attribute learning. We show that this attribute-guided learning is a key factor for retrieval accuracy improvement. In addition, to further align with the nature of the retrieval problem, we impose a triplet visual similarity constraint for learning to rank across the two sub-networks. Another contribution of our work is a large-scale dataset which makes the network learning feasible. We exploit customer review websites to crawl a large set of online shopping images and corresponding offline user photos with fine-grained clothing attributes, i.e., around 450,000 online shopping images and about 90,000 exact offline counterpart images of those online ones. All these images are collected from real-world consumer websites reflecting the diversity of the data modality, which makes this dataset unique and rare in the academic community. We extensively evaluate the retrieval performance of networks in different configurations. The top-20 retrieval accuracy is doubled when using the proposed DARN other than the current popular solution using pre-trained CNN features only (0.570 vs. 0.268).
Tubulin and MAP2 regulate the PSCL phosphatase activity : a possible new role for microtubular proteins (1989)

International audience
Direct Electron Transfer of Enzymes Facilitated by Cytochromes (2018)

The direct electron transfer (DET) of enzymes has been utilized to develop biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells on micro- and nanostructured electrodes. Whereas some enzymes exhibit direct electron transfer between their active-site cofactor and an electrode, other oxidoreductases depend on acquired cytochrome domains or cytochrome subunits as built-in redox mediators. The physiological function of these cytochromes is to transfer electrons between the active-site cofactor and a redox partner protein. The exchange of the natural electron acceptor/donor by an electrode has been demonstrated for several cytochrome carrying oxidoreductases. These multi-cofactor enzymes have been applied in third generation biosensors to detect glucose, lactate, and other analytes. This review investigates and classifies oxidoreductases with a cytochrome domain, enzyme complexes with a cytochrome subunit, and covers designed cytochrome fusion enzymes. The structurally and electrochemically best characterized proponents from each enzyme class carrying a cytochrome, that is, flavoenzymes, quinoenzymes, molybdenum-cofactor enzymes, iron-sulfur cluster enzymes, and multi-haem enzymes, are featured, and their biochemical, kinetic, and electrochemical properties are compared. The cytochromes molecular and functional properties as well as their contribution to the interdomain electron transfer (IET, between active-site and cytochrome) and DET (between cytochrome and electrode) with regard to the achieved current density is discussed. Protein design strategies for cytochrome-fused enzymes are reviewed and the limiting factors as well as strategies to overcome them are outlined.
An object-oriented framework for modular resource management (2002)

The authors present a flexible object-oriented framework for specifying modular resource management policies in concurrent systems. The framework generalizes the basic abstractions they originally developed for lottery scheduling. It is independent of the underlying proportional-share scheduler; a variety of probabilistic and deterministic algorithms can be used, including a min-funding revocation algorithm that they introduce for space-shared resources. The framework supports diverse resources and policies, including both proportional shares and guaranteed reservations. A repayment mechanism prevents allocation distortions caused by transfers of resource rights. Key framework concepts are analogous to features of object-oriented languages.
Minimal information about T cell assays: the process of reaching the community of T cell immunologists in cancer and beyond (2010)

Many assays to evaluate the nature, breadth, and quality of antigen-specific T cell responses are currently applied in human medicine. In most cases, assay-related protocols are developed on an individual laboratory basis, resulting in a large number of different protocols being applied worldwide. Together with the inherent complexity of cellular assays, this leads to unnecessary limitations in the ability to compare results generated across institutions. Over the past few years a number of critical assay parameters have been identified which influence test performance irrespective of protocol, material, and reagents used. Describing these critical factors as an integral part of any published report will both facilitate the comparison of data generated across institutions and lead to improvements in the assays themselves. To this end, the Minimal Information About T Cell Assays (MIATA) project was initiated. The objective of MIATA is to achieve a broad consensus on which T cell assay parameters should be reported in scientific publications and to propose a mechanism for reporting these in a systematic manner. To add maximum value for the scientific community, a step-wise, open, and field-spanning approach has been taken to achieve technical precision, user-friendliness, adequate incorporation of concerns, and high acceptance among peers. Here, we describe the past, present, and future perspectives of the MIATA project. We suggest that the approach taken can be generically applied to projects in which a broad consensus has to be reached among scientists working in fragmented fields, such as immunology. An additional objective of this undertaking is to engage the broader scientific community to comment on MIATA and to become an active participant in the project.
Spontaneous Emergence of Periodic Patterns in a Biologically Inspired Simulation of Photonic Structures (2006)

We simulate an evolutionary process in the lab for designing a novel high confinement photonic structure, starting with a set of completely random patterns, with no insight on the initial geometrical pattern. We show a spontaneous emergence of periodical patterns as well as previously unseen high confinement subwavelength bowtie regions. The evolved structure has a Q of 300 and an ultrasmall modal volume of 0.112 (lambda/2n)3. The emergence of the periodic patterns in the structure indicates that periodicity is a principal condition for effective control of the distribution of light.
Anti‐hormone Treatment for Prostate Cancer Relapsing after Treatment with Flutamide and Castration (1989)

The effect of further adrenal androgen blockade with aminoglutethimide (AG) plus low dose hydrocortisone (HC) was studied in 119 patients with clinical stage D2 prostate cancer who previously progressed after standard hormone therapy and were under progression while receiving the combination therapy with Flutamide and castration. Using the objective criteria of the US NPCP, 1 complete, 2 partial and 14 stable responses were obtained for a total response rate of 14.3%, while 102 patients continued to progress. The 50% probability of survival was 21.0 months for the responders and 9.2 months for the non-responders. The present data indicate that further androgen blockade with AG + low dose HC is well tolerated and can be of benefit to a significant proportion of patients in progression at a very late stage of the disease.
Brønsted acid catalysed electrophilic substitution of indole by allylic alcohols in lithium perchlorate–diethyl ether: application to the total synthesis of yuehchukene (1993)

A novel carbon–carbon bond-forming reaction between indole and ββ-disubstituted allylic alcohols in lithium perchlorate–diethyl ether containing a catalytic amount of a Brønsted acid is described; the reaction has been applied to a total synthesis of yuehchukene.
Bayesian tomographic reconstruction for high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) (2012)

HAADF-STEM data is increasingly being used in the physical sciences to study materials in 3D because it is free from the diffraction effects seen in Bright Field STEM data and satisfies the projection requirement for tomography. Typically, reconstruction is performed using Filtered Back Projection (FBP) or the SIRT algorithm. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian reconstruction algorithm for HAADF-STEM tomography which models the image formation, the noise characteristics of the measurement, and the inherent smoothness in the object. Reconstructions of polystyrene functionalized Titanium dioxide nano particle assemblies show results that are qualitatively superior to FBP and SIRT reconstructions, significantly suppressing artifacts and enhancing contrast.
Interaction between optineurin and Rab1a regulates autophagosome formation in neuroblastoma cells (2017)

Optineurin (OPTN) is an autophagy receptor protein that has been implicated in glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. OPTN-mediated autophagy is a complex process involving many autophagy-regulating proteins. Autophagy plays a critical role in removing damaged organelles, intracellular pathogens, and protein aggregates to maintain cellular homeostasis. We identified Ypt1 as a novel interaction partner of OPTN by performing a large-scale yeast-human two-hybrid assay. Coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that OPTN interacted with Rab1, the mammalian homolog of yeast Ypt1, in N2a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. We confirmed this interaction by confocal microscopy showing intracellular colocalization of the two proteins. We observed that a zinc finger domain of OPTN is important for Rab1a binding. Rab1a activity is also required for the binding with OPTN. The role of the OPTN-Rab1a complex in neuronal autophagy was determined by measuring the translocation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-EGFP to autophagosomes. In N2a cells, OPTN-induced autophagosome formation was inhibited by Rab1a knockdown, indicating the important role of OPTN-Rab1a interaction in neuronal autophagy processes. Similarly, in N2a cells overexpressing Rab1a, serum starvation-induced formation of autophagosome was enhanced, while OPTN knockdown reduced the Rab1a-induced autophagy. These results show that the OPTN-Rab1a complex modulates autophagosome formation in neuroblastoma cells.