gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binding of Hippurate in Normal Plasma and in Uremic Plasma Pre- and Postdialysis (1978)

The protein binding of 14C-hippurate has been measured by conventional ultrafiltration techniques in the plasma of normal subjects and in uremic subjects pre- and postdialysis. In addition, the clearance of 14C-hippurate was determined in vitro in both isotonic saline and plasma to assess binding limitations on hippurate removal during dialysis. Binding levels of hippurate in normal subjects of 68 ± 1.8% (n = 5) were significantly higher than either postdialysis (48.3 ± 15.4%; n = 7) or predialysis (36.6 ± 11.7%; n = 7) levels in the same uremic subjects. Actual levels of plasma hippurate were, however, considerably greater in uremics (24.7 ± 11.2 mg/dl; n = 7) than in normal subjects (≈0.5 mg%).The difference in hippurate binding between pre- and postdialysis samples in uremics was significantly different from zero (p < 0.01, t = 5.36), indicating depletion of competitive site-binding species during dialysis. The saline clearance of hippuric acid (99.1 ± 0.5 ml/min; n = 6) under standard conditions in a capillary dialyzer (CDAK-4) was consistent with the expected clearance of a solute of its molecular weight. Hippurate clearance in citrated plasma, where binding was determined as 50 ± 3%, was 65 ± 0.7 ml/min (n = 6), in good agreement with a theoretically predicted clearance of 60 ml/min for this level of binding. High serum levels of hippurate and its derivatives, may depress effective function of various organs. In addition to the normal dietary intake of hippurate and its precursors, patients on dialysis receive a further burden of hippurate precursor in the form of benzyl alcohol, the common preservative in heparin solutions. The large body burdens of hippurate in dialysis patients, coupled with its impaired removal on dialysis due to binding, point to the necessity for a thorough investigation of the potential toxicity of this compound.
Wnt signaling somatic alterations in apc-associated fap adenomas (2009)

e22046 Background: APC mutations are believed to constitutively activate the wnt pathway in colorectal tumors. Our goal was to comprehensively characterize Wnt signaling components in a set of APC-associated FAP tumors both at the DNA and RNA levels. Methods: Sixty adenomas from FAP cases harboring pathogenic APC mutations were included (10 adenomas and 1 normal mucosa per case). Somatic APC and KRAS alterations, β-catenin immunostaining and qRT-PCR of APC, MYC, AXIN2 and SFRP1 were analyzed. aCGH was also assessed in 26 FAP adenomas and 24 additional paired normal-adenoma-carcinoma samples. Results: A second APC alteration was present in 30 (50%) of adenomas (26 LOH and 4 point mutations). LOH was only occasionally associated with loss of genetic material. In 3 of 6 cases APC mRNA was overexpressed in macroscopically normal mucosa. In these cases diminished APC levels mRNA were observed in 11 of 30 adenomas analyzed.. In the remaining 3 cases APC mRNA was already underexpressed in normal mucosa with only 3 of 30 adenomas showing further underexpression. In FAP normal mucosae MYC was overexpressed (logratio range: 3.37–5.66). All adenomas showed further MYC (logratio range: 1.78–2.92) and AXIN2 overexpression (logratio range: 1.62–4.65), corregulating with APC mRNA levels (r=0.31 for MYC; r=0.59 for AXIN2). β-catenin nuclear immunostaining was detected in 80% of adenomas correlating with MYC mRNA levels. SFRP1 was underexpressed in all tumors (logratio range= -3.06–27). While copy number changes were rare in adenomas (median number :2.5; range 0–5). DNA changes were more often detected in areas containing wnt genes when FAP and sporadic tumors were jointly analyzed (p=0.02). Conclusions: Wnt pathway is altered, at the DNA and/or RNA level, in all APC mutant FAP tumors. MYC overexpression is a universal event that correlates with APC and AXIN2 expression levels as well as bcatenin nuclear accumulation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Staphylococcus aureusinfection triggers production of neutralizing, V8 protease-specific antibodies (2008)

Staphylococcus aureus infection triggers polyclonal B-cell activation. It was sought to further characterize the hypergammaglobulinemia seen in Staphylococcus aureus infection, focusing on the significance of protease-specific B-cell responses. Sera from mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus wild-type strain 8325-4 and two of its isogenic mutants devoid of protease expression were analyzed for the occurrence of polyclonal B-cell activation and the presence of specific antibodies against a set of exoproteases and superantigens. Furthermore, the functional properties of anti-V8-protease antibodies were analyzed in vitro. Polyclonal activation was manifested by increased levels of total serum IgG and IgM in all infected animals and by antibodies to staphylococcal toxins and aureolysin whether these antigens were present in the inoculate or not. Importantly, Staphylococcus aureus mutant lacking the V8-protease did not trigger a response against this enzyme. In contrast, strains expressing the V8-protease elicited V8-protease antibodies, proving the antigen-specific nature of this response. In vitro tests revealed that these antibodies had the capacity to inhibit the V8 protease activity in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that exposure to Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to a massive polyclonal B-cell response, gives rise to production of exoprotease-specific antibodies displaying functional properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Addition of Isocyanides to 2H‐Chromene Acetals: An Efficient Pathway for Accessing 2‐Carboxamide‐2H‐chromenes. (2016)

Abstract An efficient Bi(OTf) 3 ‐catalyzed addition reaction for accessing 2H‐chromene‐2‐carboxamide derivatives is reported.
An architecture for the future internet (2005)

The Internet is the hottest interconnection in town. The number of Internet users, and the variety of resources available over the Internet, are growing at an astounding rate. The Internet is clearly this year's technology media darling, and it is rapidly becoming a social institution of some import. However, behind all the superficial glamour lies a technical edifice in serious need of fundamental repair.
Thin SiON Film Grown at Low Temperature (400$^circhboxC$) by Microwave-Excited High-Density$hboxKr/hboxO_2/hboxN_2$Plasma (2006)

It is demonstrated that thin oxynitride (SiON) films can be grown on single crystal (100) silicon substrates at a growth temperature of 400 degC, yielding high-quality electrical insulating and reliability properties which are compatible with the IC industry requirements. This is a drastic reduction in the growth temperature with respect to thermally grown SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> films at 1000 degC, which are conventionally used in semiconductor device fabrications. The realization of this growth method is made through the employment of high-density Kr/O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> microwave-excited (2.45 GHz) plasma techniques. It is found that the electrical properties of the oxynitride films are strongly affected by the amount of the N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> added to the process gas mixture. For a properly selected mixture, the characteristics of the plasma-grown oxynitride films are shown to exhibit clear advantages with respect to those of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sub> gate insulator films, grown by a conventional dry oxidation at 1000 degC, presently used in the IC industry. They demonstrate higher charge-to-breakdown (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BD</sub> ) values, lower stress-induced leakage currents, and significantly lower gate voltage shifts (DeltaV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</sub> ). Accordingly, it is suggested that oxynitride films grown by the Kr/O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma technique are promising candidates for gate insulator films in scaled down MOS devices for the realization of future ultralarge-scale integration.
Production of Polymer Particles Loaded with Corrosion Inhibitor for Applications in Oil Wells (2019)

Abstract During petroleum exploration, the use of corrosion inhibitors is necessary to reduce equipment maintenance costs, to guarantee the operation safety, and to make process operation more robust. For this reason, the present manuscript investigates the production of polymer particles loaded with a commercial corrosion inhibitor intended for controlled release applications in oil wells. The process comprises two steps: the first step regards the water‐in‐oil (W/O) heterogeneous styrene polymerization, while the second step involves the water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) styrene polymerization, prepared through dispersion of the W/O emulsion obtained in the first step in an aqueous medium. The results reveal that the morphologies of the produced particles are significantly affected by the analyzed process operation variables, such as reaction time, temperature, and feed ratios. Particularly, the duration of the first reaction step strongly influences the obtained particle size distributions and the encapsulation efficiencies. Finally, it is shown that the encapsulated inhibitor is released slowly in aqueous saline media.
Obimon: An open‐source device enabling group measurement of electrodermal activity (2019)

Electrodermal activity (EDA) provides the means to gauge the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Assessment of EDA for research purposes requires measurement systems that are sensitive to small changes in arousal in the full measurement range, collecting, storing, and monitoring data. The objective behind designing a new open-source device was to be able to measure EDA simultaneously on many subjects, monitoring their activity in real time remotely and collecting high precision data suitable for analyses. To assure feasibility of simultaneous measurements on multiple subjects, the devices must be compact and wearable, without compromising data quality. Experiments were carried out using synchronized devices in group and single subject environments. Validity of EDA measurements of Obimon was demonstrated compared to a reference system (Nexus) during a breathing exercise, a short movie, and while exposed to loud computer-generated tones, using Pearson correlation, Passing-Bablok regression, and Bland-Altman analysis. Seamless management of several Obimons and real-time visualization of EDA via Android phone/tablet application from a large number of participants was demonstrated. Based on analyses of the data collected, we conclude that the Obimon device presented here is a valid and feasible tool for collecting EDA in single or multisubject environments.
65-LB: Regression of Prediabetes following Two Years Treatment with a Continuous Care Intervention Emphasizing Carbohydrate Restriction: A Single-Arm, Prospective, Longitudinal Study (2020)

Regression from prediabetes (preD) to normoglycemia (NG) is associated with reduced progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Carbohydrate restriction including nutritional ketosis (CR) has emerged as a safe, effective, and sustainable treatment for regression of hyperglycemia in T2D, yet its multi-year effects on preD are unknown. Also, some patients have difficulty initiating and/or sustaining provider-recommended lifestyle changes. Thus, we hypothesized that a remotely delivered continuous care intervention (CCI) emphasizing CR would improve glycemia and weight in patients with preD. In a single-arm, prospective, longitudinal study, we assessed incidence of regression from preD to NG, progression from preD to T2D, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and class II or greater obesity in participants following two years of treatment. Patients with a preD diagnosis enrolled in the study (n=116). Outcomes were assessed among 96 participants (age: 52±10 y; BMI: 39.2±7.1 kg/m2) with preD defined as HbA1c&amp;lt;6.5% with metformin use or HbA1c 5.7-6.4% (inclusive) without glycemic control medication. Retention at two years was 75% (72/96). The crude incidence for first occurrence of regression from preD to NG (HbA1c &amp;lt;5.7% without medication) was 47.6 cases per 100 person-years. Estimated cumulative incidence of NG at two years was 52.3%. One new case of T2D each year was observed, and crude incidence of T2D diagnosis was 1.5 cases per 100 person-years. Estimated cumulative incidence of T2D at two years was 3%. Prevalence of MetS was reduced from 94% to 30% at one and 47% at two years (both P&amp;lt;4.4x10-16). Prevalence of class II or greater obesity was reduced from 67% to 38% at one and 39% at two years (both P&amp;lt;.0013). Among two-year completers, 62.5% achieved ≥7% weight loss. Given these observations, this study demonstrates the potential utility of a CCI emphasizing CR for treatment of preD. Disclosure A. McKenzie: Employee; Self; Virta Health Corp. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Virta Health Corp. S.J. Athinarayanan: Employee; Self; Virta Health Corp. J. McCue: Employee; Self; Virta Health Corp. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Virta Health Corp. R.N. Adams: Employee; Self; Virta Health Corp. J.P. McCarter: Employee; Self; Abbott Laboratories. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Virta Health. J. Volek: Advisory Panel; Self; Atkins Nutritionals, Cook Keto, Virta Health Corp. Stock/Shareholder; Self; PangeaKeto, Virta Health Corp. Other Relationship; Self; Beyond Obesity. Funding Virta Health Corp
Frequency Modulation Dynamics in Neural Networksa (1987)

The VCON model described here shares certain qualitative features of stimulus-response characteristics with the data in FIGURE 1 and TABLE 1. At the same time, it provides an uncomplicated methodology for modelling neural networks that emphasizes their frequency aspects. In particular, models based on VCONs are amenable to the rotation vector method, which can be used to uncover stable synchronization of firing within a network. This is described in the appendix, where it is shown that the stable firing patterns within the network correspond to minima of an associated (local) energy function. We have seen here how a model of a simple CPG for breathing can be constructed and analyzed. Similar models for rhythm splitting of small mammal activity cycles, sound location networks, and motility in the gastrointestinal tract have been constructed, and large networks of VCONs have been shown to have stable spatial patterns of synchronization.
50‐2: Development of New Head‐Up Display System Utilizing RGBW LCD and Local Dimming Backlight (2016)

We have developed a prototype of a head‐up display system using transmissive LCD with direct‐lit backlight type 2D local dimming and RGBW technology. We confirmed that the postcard effect, which is a phenomenon where the entire projection area including the noninformation area is slightly illuminated, was virtually eliminated. We also achieved higher white luminance and lower backlightpower.
Domestic Ducks and H5N1 Influenza Epidemic, Thailand (2006)

In addition to causing 12 human deaths and 17 cases of human infection, the 2004 outbreak of H5N1 influenza virus in Thailand resulted in the death or slaughter of 60 million domestic fowl and the disruption of poultry production and trade. After domestic ducks were recognized as silent carriers of H5N1 influenza virus, government teams went into every village to cull flocks in which virus was detected; these team efforts markedly reduced H5N1 infection. Here we examine the pathobiology and epidemiology of H5N1 influenza virus in the 4 systems of duck raising used in Thailand in 2004. No influenza viruses were detected in ducks raised in "closed" houses with high biosecurity. However, H5N1 influenza virus was prevalent among ducks raised in "open" houses, free-ranging (grazing) ducks, and backyard ducks.
Progress in the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3 Powders for MLCC (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(Pd, Ti, Au)-based ohmic contacts to p- and n-doped In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As (1997)

The electrical characteristics and stability of Pd, Ti/Pd, Ti/Pd/Au and Pd/Ti/Pd/Au ohmic contacts to p- and n-doped In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As have been investigated. A thin contacting Pd layer has been found to be crucial to the formation of a low resistance contact to p/sup +/-InGaAs. On the contrary, a Ti contacting layer is desirable in contacts to n/sup +/-InGaAs, Pd(100 /spl Aring/)/Ti(200 /spl Aring/)/Pd(200 /spl Aring/)/Au(2000 /spl Aring/) has yielded a lowest specific contact resistance (/spl rho/c) of 9.61/spl times/10/sup -6/ /spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ to p/sup +/-InGaAs after a 350/spl deg/C-20s anneal and has demonstrated sufficient stability as contact to the thin base region of InP-based HBTs. The lowest /spl rho//sub c/ of 2.54/spl times/10/sup -7/ /spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ to n/sup +/-InGaAs was achieved by Ti(200 /spl Aring/)/Pd(200 /spl Aring/)/Au(2000 /spl Aring/) after a 400/spl deg/C-20s anneal.
Validation of a multicellular tumor microenvironment system for modeling patient tumor biology and drug response (2021)

Lung cancer rates are rising globally and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a five year survival rate of only 24%. Unfortunately, the development of drugs to treat cancer is severely hampered by the inefficiency of translating pre-clinical studies into clinical benefit. Thus, we sought to apply a tumor microenvironment system (TMES) to NSCLC. Using microvascular endothelial cells, lung cancer derived fibroblasts, and NSCLC tumor cells in the presence of in vivo tumor-derived hemodynamic flow and transport, we demonstrate that the TMES generates an in-vivo like biological state and predicts drug response to EGFR inhibitors. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling indicate that the TMES recapitulates the in vivo and patient molecular biological state providing a mechanistic rationale for the predictive nature of the TMES. This work further validates the TMES for modeling patient tumor biology and drug response indicating utility of the TMES as a predictive tool for drug discovery and development and potential for use as a system for patient avatars.
Density, Viscosity, and Conductivity of Tetraalkyl Phosphonium Ionic Liquids (2006)

The density, viscosity and conductivity of nine commercially available tetra-alkyl phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) are presented. The effect of cation volume and symmetry, anion volume, and temperature are observed. The Vogel-Tamman- Fulcher (VTF) equation is used to calculate the theoretical glass transition temperature (To) and the activation energy of conductivity Ea,Λ. The conductivity of three halo-aluminate ionic liquid systems for mole fractions up to 0.7 AlCl3 is reported.
Barium sulfate crystallization dependence on upper rim calix[4]arene functional groups (2011)

Although the effects of p-sulfonated and p-phosphonated calix[4]arene on barium sulfate morphology are similar, their ability to form mesocrystals of material are markedly different. The p-phosphonated calix[4]arene results in the formation of fibre bundles similar to those previously observed during barium sulfate crystallization in the presence of di-block copolymers. The isostructural sulfonated calix[4]arene, however, affords material consistent with the initial formation of mesocrystals which subsequently fuse. This material shows significant beam damage when viewed under a transmission electron microscope (TEM) suggesting incorporation of the sulfonated calix[4]arene, although there was no evidence of this from X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies. We hypothesise that this calixarene is incorporated without significant change in structure of the material, and that the interaction of the macrocycle with the barium sulfate lattice is sufficiently weak that surface AFM imaging is effective in removing it from the surface.
The Design of Monolithic AC-coupled 1-Dimensional Voltage-Controlled-Oscillators (VCOs) Phased-array Network (2011)

A fully monolithic 1‐Dimensional (1‐D) AC‐coupled Voltage‐Controlled‐Oscillators (VCOs) phased‐array network design will be presented in this paper. This radio‐frequency (RF) VCO array integrates on‐chip inductors, varactors and bias current sources and it contains an odd number of VCOs AC‐coupled through on‐chip switchable resistor networks using MOSFETs. The measured results and SPICE simulated performance of the monolithic unit cell VCO agree reasonably well. Realistic circuit simulations in IBM 7HP 0.18 um BiCMOS design kit indicate promising results of the 1‐D coupled‐VCO array by showing the design can control the phasing of this on‐chip VCO‐array by means of tuning the edge elements and/or by varying the coupling strength via different resistor values using the on‐chip MOSFET switches. Simulation data shows that it can offer high directivity and a possible element‐to‐element phase tuning arrangement that allows a ∼±20–30° degree coverage from broadside without the need for phase shifters or additional circuitry complexity. This AC‐coupled 1‐D VCO array, therefore, shows great potential for RF active antennas applications to perform wide angle beam steering for the highly used S‐band.
SMILE: Scaling Mixture-of-Experts with Efficient Bi-level Routing (2022)

The mixture of Expert (MoE) parallelism is a recent advancement that scales up the model size with constant computational cost. MoE selects different sets of parameters (i.e., experts) for each incoming token, resulting in a sparsely-activated model. Despite several successful applications of MoE, its training efficiency degrades significantly as the number of experts increases. The routing stage in MoE relies on the efficiency of the All2All communication collective, which suffers from network congestion and has poor scalability. To mitigate these issues, we introduce SMILE, which exploits heterogeneous network bandwidth and splits a single-step routing into bi-level routing. Our experimental results show that the proposed method obtains a 2.5x speedup over Switch Transformer in terms of pretraining throughput on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus without losing any convergence speed.