gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multi-stack Al2O3/HfO2 design with contact openings for front surface of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells (2021)

A new multi-stack approach with contact openings was investigated for front surface of Cu(In,Ga)Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> thin film solar cells. In this multi-stack design, a thin HfO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> layer was used to protect a thicker AlO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> layer from the presence of ammonia in the chemical bath deposition. The contact openings were created by using alkali solution. The lifetime decay was improved by implementing multi-stack passivation layer between CIGS/buffer layer interface. It was shown that open circuit voltage was increased by up to 30mV.
Wafer-Scale Growth of ITO Nanorods by Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Deposition (2011)

We demonstrate synthesis of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanorods on 2-in. glass wafers via radio frequency (rf)-magnetron sputtering deposition. The nanorods possessed a single-crystal structure of bixbyite, grew along the <100> orientation of the cubic unit cell, and were vertically aligned to the substrates. Height and diameter of the nanorods were as large as ∼810 nm and 40–100 nm, respectively. The morphological, structural, compositional, optical, and electrical properties of the ITO nanorods were examined with respect to growth temperature (25–500°C) and growth time (10–60 min). ITO nanorod films synthesized at 500°C exhibited excellent electrical and optical property such as a low sheet resistance (∼41 Ω/□) and high transparency in the wavelength range of visible light (i.e., ∼87% transmission at 550 nm). The facile approach to synthesize ITO nanorods at a large scale demonstrated in this work may find various applications including the fabrication of high performance optoelectronic devices.
Grid faults' impact on wind turbine structural loads (2007)

The objective of this work is to illustrate the impact of the grid faults on the wind turbine structural loads. Grid faults are typically simulated in detailed power system simulation tools, which by applying simplified mechanical models, are not able to provide a throughout insight on the structural loads caused by sudden disturbances on the grid. On the other hand, structural loads of the wind turbine are typically assessed in advanced aerolastic computer codes, which by applying simplified electrical models do not provide detailed electrical insight. This paper presents a simulation strategy, where the focus is on how to access a proper combination of two complimentary simulations tools, such as the advanced aeroelastic computer code HAWC2 and the detailed power system simulation tool DIgSILENT, in order to provide a whole overview of both the structural and the electrical behaviour of the wind turbine during grid faults. The effect of a grid fault on the wind turbine flexible structure is assessed for a typical fixed speed wind turbine, equipped with an induction generator.
PD49-07 ENGINEERING OF CORPORAL TISSUE CONSTRUCTS USING NON-HUMAN PRIMATE CORPUS CAVERNOSAL SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS (2017)

METHODS: Invasive penile cancer cases from 2010-2012 were identified from the NCDB. Pathologic tumor stage was recorded including spongiosal versus carvernosal involvement. Differences in demographic (age, race, comorbid status) and pathologic features (size of tumor, grade, nodal status, LVI, histology, and extranodal extension) between T2 and T3 tumors were compared using c 2 and t-tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the odds of positive lymph nodes (pN+) at inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) relative to T-stage.
Demonstration of X-Haul Architecture for 5G over Converged SDN Fiber Network (2018)

We proposed and showcased an X-Haul architecture converging front- and backhaul for 5G networks. The solution leveraged agile functional placement and hosting for cell sites and agile optical transmission based on the wavelength-agnostic WDM technology.
Nanoscale Patterning of Surfaces via DNA Directed Spider Silk Assembly (2018)

Oligonucleotide-spider silk conjugates can be placed on silicon wafers by complementary DNA strands, which are coupled chemically to the surface. Such specific immobilization of spider silk proteins allows the nucleation and guided growth of β-sheet-rich nanofibrils in the presence of phosphate ions on the surface. Adjustment of the concentration of the immobilized conjugate, phosphate concentration and time of the assembly reaction enables control over fibril surface density and length. Furthermore, soft lithography was used to direct the conjugates on predetermined spots with a submicron resolution yielding high contrast surface patterns. This approach, which combines bottom-up and top-down surface structuring, opens up new possibilities in protein fibril based bionanotechnology.
Activity-Guided Characterization of COX-2 Inhibitory Compounds in Waltheria indica L. Extracts (2021)

Inflammation is the body's response to infection or tissue injury in order to restore and maintain homeostasis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) derived from arachidonic acid (AA), via up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is a key mediator of inflammation and can also be induced by several other factors including stress, chromosomal aberration, or environmental factors. Targeting prostaglandin production by inhibiting COX-2 is hence relevant for the successful resolution of inflammation. <i>Waltheria indica</i> L. is a traditional medicinal plant whose extracts have demonstrated COX-2 inhibitory properties. However, the compounds responsible for the activity remained unknown. For the preparation of extracts with effective anti-inflammatory properties, characterization of these substances is vital. In this work, we aimed to address this issue by characterizing the substances responsible for the COX-2 inhibitory activity in the extracts and generating prediction models to quantify the COX-2 inhibitory activity without biological testing. For this purpose, an extract was separated into fractions by means of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). The inhibitory potential of the fractions and extracts against the COX-2 enzyme was determined using a fluorometric COX-2 inhibition assay. The characterizations of compounds in the fractions with the highest COX-2 inhibitory activity were conducted by high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). It was found that these fractions contain alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, identified and reported for the first time in <i>Waltheria indica</i> leaf extracts. After analyzing their contents in different <i>Waltheria indica</i> extracts, it could be demonstrated that these fatty acids are responsible for up to 41% of the COX-2 inhibition observed with <i>Waltheria indica</i> extract. Additional quantification of secondary metabolites in the extract fractions revealed that substances from the group of steroidal saponins and triterpenoid saponins also contribute to the COX-2 inhibitory activity. Based on the content of compounds contributing to COX-2 inhibition, two mathematical models were successfully developed, both of which had a root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.6% COX-2 inhibitory activity, demonstrating a high correspondence between predicted versus observed values. The results of the predictive models further suggested that the compounds contribute to COX-2 inhibition in the order linoleic acid > alpha linolenic acid > steroidal saponins > triterpenoid saponins. The characterization of substances contributing to COX-2 inhibition in this study enables a more targeted development of extraction processes to obtain <i>Waltheria indica</i> extracts with superior anti-inflammatory properties.
Peptide-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (PTRT) using Lu-177 FAP-2286 in Diverse Adenocarcinomas: First-in-Human Results, Biodistribution and Preliminary Dosimetry Estimations (2020)

Ziel/Aim Fibroblast Activation Protein FAP-2286 is the first compound with high tumor uptake, long tumor retention as well as low background activity as shown in preclinical studies. We used Lu-177 FAP-2286 PTRT first time in humans, evaluated the biodistribution and kinetics and obtained first dosimetry data.
Increase of dihydrofolate reductase activity in cultured mammalian cells after exposure to methotrexate. (1967)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Who Had the Upper Hand? Ranking Participants of Interactions Based on Their Relative Power (2013)

In this paper, we present an automatic system to rank participants of an interaction in terms of their relative power. We find several linguistic and structural features to be effective in predicting these rankings. We conduct our study in the domain of political debates, specifically the 2012 Republican presidential primary debates. Our dataset includes textual transcripts of 20 debates with 4-9 candidates as participants per debate. We model the power index of each candidate in terms of their relative poll standings in the state and national polls. We find that the candidates’ power indices affect the way they interact with others and the way others interact with them. We obtained encouraging results in our experiments and we expect these findings to carry across to other genres of multi-party conversations.
Mutation analysis of P73 and TP53 in Merkel cell carcinoma (2000)

The p73 gene has been mapped to 1p36.33, a region which is frequently deleted in a wide variety of neoplasms including tumours of neuroectodermal origin. The p73 protein shows structural and functional homology to p53. For these reasons, p73 was considered as a positional and functional candidate tumour suppressor gene. Thus far, mutation analysis has provided no evidence for involvement of p73 in oligodendrogliomas, lung carcinoma, oesophageal carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. In neuroblastoma, two mutations have been observed in a series of 140 tumours. In view of the occurrence of 1p deletions in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and the location of p73 we decided to search for mutations in the p73 gene in five MCC cell lines and ten MCC tumours to test potential tumour suppressor function for this gene in MCC. In view of the possible complementary functions of p73 and TP53 we also examined the status of the TP53 gene. Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the p73 gene revealed previously reported polymorphisms in four MCCs. In one MCC tumour, a mis-sense mutation located in the NH2-terminal transactivation region of the p73 gene was found. These results show that p73, analogous to neuroblastoma, is infrequently mutated in MCC. This is also the first report in which the role of TP53 in MCC has been investigated by sequencing the entire coding region of TP53. TP53 mis-sense mutations and one non-sense mutation were detected in three of 15 examined MCCs, suggesting that TP53 mutations may play a role in the pathogenesis or progression of a subset of MCCs. Moreover, typical UVB induced C to T mutations were found in one MCC cell line thus providing further evidence for sun-exposure in the aetiology of this rare skin cancer.
Reduction of degenerate four-wave mixing spectra to relative populations II. Strong-field limit (1994)

The degenerate four-wave-mixing (DFWM) signal is said to be saturated when the population difference of the two levels involved in the resonant transition oscillates with a rate (Rabi frequency) greater than the relaxation and dephasing rates. The field intensity at which this occurs is referred to as the DFWM saturation intensity. We find that the DFWM saturation behavior predicted by nondegenerate two-level models is in close agreement with the observed power dependence of (0,0) band transitions of the CH A 2Δ−X 2Π system. Furthermore, when the linear polarization states of the excitation fields are varied, the saturation intensity does not change significantly. In contrast, large differences in the DFWM signals are observed as a function of input field polarization and rotational branch. These differences are nearly independent of laser intensity. The DFWM signal differences are rationalized using the diagrammatic perturbation theory (DPT) expressions described in the preceding paper. We find that the DPT expressions are accurate to 10%–30% at saturating laser intensities. The important aspects of the reduction of saturated DFWM signals to relative internal-state distributions are outlined in environments where population relaxation and dephasing events are dominated by collisions, and a rotational temperature analysis is presented of the CH radical in an atmospheric-pressure oxyacetylene flame. Rotational temperatures determined using saturated DFWM are estimated to be accurate to 5%.
Anti-inflammatory effects of Hwang-Heuk-San, a traditional Korean herbal formulation, on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages (2015)

These results suggest that HHS may offer therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases accompanied by macrophage activation.
Kekulé Cells for Molecular Computation (2007)

The configurations of single and double bonds in polycyclic hydrocarbons are abstracted as Kekulé states of graphs. Sending a so-called soliton over an open channel between ports (external nodes) of the graph changes the Kekulé state and therewith the set of open channels in the graph. This switching behaviour is proposed as a basis for molecular computation. The proposal is highly speculative but may have tremendous impact. Kekulé states with the same boundary behaviour (port assignment) can be regarded as equivalent. This gives rise to the abstraction of Kekulé cells. The basic theory of Kekulé states and Kekulé cells is developed here, up to the classification of Kekulé cells with $\leq 4$ ports. To put the theory in context, we generalize Kekulé states to semi-Kekulé states, which form the solutions of a linear system of equations over the field of the bits 0 and 1. We briefly study so-called omniconjugated graphs, in which every port assignment of the right signature has a Kekulé state. Omniconjugated graphs may be useful as connectors between computational elements. We finally investigate some examples with potentially useful switching behaviour.
An Optimal Transmission Strategy for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs: Stochastic Control Approach (2008)

The family of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standards supports multiple transmission rates in the physical layer (PHY). This multi-rate capability offers a viable means of coping with dynamically-fluctuating wireless channel conditions. We propose a cross-layer approach for the optimal PHY mode control to maximize the system goodput. Our key idea is to exploit the underlying channel fading characteristics and the history of PHY mode control and observations to infer the current channel condition, so that the optimal PHY mode may be selected. Assuming Rayleigh fading, we describe the receiver-side signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) fluctuations as a finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) model. Since the channel condition (i.e., fading level) is not directly observable by the transmitter, we formulate the PHY rate adaptation problem as a partially-observable Markov decision process (POMDP) to find the optimal transmission policy. We use the belief state vector to represent the channel state probabilistically. The belief state is updated solely based on the channel state-transition matrix and acknowledgement (ACK) information. Our evaluation results show that the POMDP-based rate adaptation outperforms two most well-known rate adaptation schemes, Auto Rate Fallback (ARF) and Adaptive ARF (AARF), in terms of average goodput under various fading conditions, and achieves up to 92% of the ideal performance.
Development of One Period of a Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal in the 5–10 µm Wavelength Region by Wafer Fusion and Laser Beam Diffraction Pattern Observation Techniques (1998)

One period of a three-dimensional photonic crystal operating in the 5∼10-µm-wavelength region is developed, where four layers having a striped pattern are stacked using a wafer fusion and the alignment method based on a laser beam diffraction pattern observation technique. By measuring the transmission spectrum, considerable attenuation (of about 16 dB) is successfully achieved and is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation.
Staging and laser acceleration of ions in underdense plasma (2017)

Accelerating ions from rest in a plasma requires extra considerations because of their heavy mass. Low phase velocity fields or quasi-electrostatic fields are often necessary, either by operating above or near the critical density or by applying other slow wave generating mechanisms. Solid targets have been a favorite and have generated many good results. High density gas targets have also been reported to produce energetic ions. It is interesting to consider acceleration of ions in laser-driven plasma configurations that will potentially allow continuous acceleration in multiple consecutive stages. The plasma will be derived from gaseous targets, producing plasma densities slightly below the critical plasma density (underdense) for the driving laser. Such a plasma is experimentally robust, being repeatable and relatively transparent to externally injected ions from a previous stage. When optimized, multiple stages of this underdense laser plasma acceleration mechanism can progressively accelerate the ions to a high final energy. For a light mass ion such as the proton, relativistic velocities could be reached, making it suitable for further acceleration by high phase velocity plasma accelerators to energies appropriate for High Energy Physics applications. Negatively charged ions such as antiprotons could be similarly accelerated in this multi-staged ion acceleration scheme.
De NovoGenome and Transcriptome Assembly of the Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis) (2017)

The Canadian beaver (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) is the largest indigenous rodent in North America. We report a draft annotated assembly of the beaver genome, the first for a large rodent and the first mammalian genome assembled directly from uncorrected and moderate coverage (< 30 ×) long reads generated by single-molecule sequencing. The genome size is 2.7 Gb estimated by k-mer analysis. We assembled the beaver genome using the new Canu assembler optimized for noisy reads. The resulting assembly was refined using Pilon supported by short reads (80 ×) and checked for accuracy by congruency against an independent short read assembly. We scaffolded the assembly using the exon-gene models derived from 9805 full-length open reading frames (FL-ORFs) constructed from the beaver leukocyte and muscle transcriptomes. The final assembly comprised 22,515 contigs with an N50 of 278,680 bp and an N50-scaffold of 317,558 bp. Maximum contig and scaffold lengths were 3.3 and 4.2 Mb, respectively, with a combined scaffold length representing 92% of the estimated genome size. The completeness and accuracy of the scaffold assembly was demonstrated by the precise exon placement for 91.1% of the 9805 assembled FL-ORFs and 83.1% of the BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) gene set used to assess the quality of genome assemblies. Well-represented were genes involved in dentition and enamel deposition, defining characteristics of rodents with which the beaver is well-endowed. The study provides insights for genome assembly and an important genomics resource for Castoridae and rodent evolutionary biology.
Female‐biased expression of odourant receptor genes in the adult antennae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (2007)

Olfaction plays an important role in the life history of insects, including key behaviours such as host selection, oviposition and mate recognition. Odour perception by insects is primarily mediated by the large diverse family of odourant receptors (Ors) that are expressed on the dendrites of olfactory neurones housed within chemosensilla. However, few Or sequences have been identified from the Lepidoptera, an insect order that includes some of the most important pest species worldwide. We have identified 41 Or gene sequences from the silkworm (Bombyx mori) genome, more than double the number of published Or sequences from the Lepidoptera. Many silkworm Ors appear to be orthologs of the 17 published tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) Ors indicating that many Or lineages may be conserved within the Lepidoptera. The majority of the Or genes are expressed in adult female and male antennae (determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis), supporting their probable roles in adult olfaction. Several Or genes are expressed at high levels in both male and female antennae, suggesting they mediate the perception of common host or conspecific volatiles important to both sexes. BmOrs 45-47 group together in the same phylogenetic branch and all three are expressed at moderate female-biased ratios, six to eight times higher in female compared to male moth antennae. Interestingly, BmOrs19 and 30 appear to be expressed predominantly in female antennae, opposite to that of the published silkworm pheromone receptors BmOrs 1 and 3 that are specific to male antennae. These results suggest that BmOr19 and 30 may detect odours critical to female behaviour, such as oviposition cues or male-produced courtship pheromones.
The three-dimensional architecture of chromatin in situ: electron tomography reveals fibers composed of a continuously variable zig-zag nucleosomal ribbon. (1994)

The three dimensional (3D) structure of chromatin fibers in sections of nuclei has been determined using electron tomography. Low temperature embedding and nucleic acid-specific staining allowed individual nucleosomes to be clearly seen, and the tomographic data collection parameters provided a reconstruction resolution of 2.5 nm. Chromatin fibers have complex 3D trajectories, with smoothly bending regions interspersed with abrupt changes in direction, and U turns. Nucleosomes are located predominantly at the fiber periphery, and linker DNA tends to project toward the fiber interior. Within the fibers, a unifying structural motif is a two nucleosome-wide ribbon that is variably bent and twisted, and in which there is little face-to-face contact between nucleosomes. It is suggested that this asymmetric 3D zig-zag of nucleosomes and linker DNA represents a basic principle of chromatin folding that is determined by the properties of the nucleosome-linker unit. This concept of chromatin fiber architecture is contrasted with helical models in which specific nucleosome-nucleosome contacts play a major role in generating a symmetrical higher order structure. The transcriptional control implications of a more open and irregular chromatin structure are discussed.
<title>User interface optimization in a radiography display console</title> (1992)

Radiologist productivity has been a major factor limiting the acceptance of soft copy image displays. This situation is particularly acute in projection radiography. Three principal factors contribute to radiologist productivity: image quality, the user interface and system response time. These factors are not completely separable. In particular, it is difficult to optimize the user interface when system response times are a major limiting factor. A newly developed high speed multi-screen display system has enabled further refinement of the user interface into the subsecond regime. The present work focuses on optimizing control of zoom, roam and gray scale windowing. We describe the clinical optimization protocol and the user interface evolved therefrom. We also discuss the subjective impressions of the radiologists involved.