gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How Circuit Analysis and Yield Optimization Can Be Used To Detect Circuit Limitations Before Silicon Results (2005)

This paper presents a methodology for circuit analysis and yield optimization, where the most important and interesting features are the different modules with a strong focus on circuit analysis and yield improvement of the designed integrated circuits. Moreover, the possibility to analyze and size mixed-signal circuit design by a high flexibility and interactive use of the implemented methods and algorithms has been successfully used by designers for an exhaustive analysis of all devices to understand the circuit limitations before silicon results. In this case, we mainly focus on the usage of WiCkeD, deeply integrated in the Cadence Analog Design Environment. The proposed approach leverages the integration of WCDI/WiCkeD Cadence/MunEDA tools inside the Opus Design Framework: WCDI to read and collect data from Cadence Analog Design Environment and WiCkeD for circuit analysis and optimization purposes. Furthermore, the possibility both to detect all the structural constraints (i.e. saturation condition) with feasibility analysis and to separate mismatch parameters from statistical ones to show to the user which transistor parameter pairs cause largest performance drop by the mismatch effect, allows us to check, step by step, circuit consistency and the performance behaviour over a parameter during designing phases. The possibility of exporting the Analog Design Environment data towards WiCkeD for the synthesis setup and, later on, after the yield optimization step, the ability of annotating design parameters back to the Cadence Design Framework II allowed us to formalize and verify a methodology for circuit analysis and yield improvement, whose functionality has been proven on nonvolatile memories (NVM) proprietary technologies. Two main topics are addressed in this paper: first we focus on the different WiCkeD analysis and optimization modules to show the main advantages of this methodology, where circuit analysis is no longer a "black box". Afterwards, we use WiCkeD to optimize a bandgap voltage reference to improve the yield, addressing designers to better understand the circuit weakness.
Sheathless hydrodynamic positioning of buoyant drops and bubbles inside microchannels (2011)

Particles, bubbles, and drops carried by a fluid in a confined environment such as a pipe can be subjected to hydrodynamic lift forces, i.e., forces that are perpendicular to the direction of the flow. We investigated the positioning effect of lift forces acting on buoyant drops and bubbles suspended in a carrier fluid and flowing in a horizontal microchannel. We report experiments on drops of water in fluorocarbon liquid, and on bubbles of nitrogen in hydrocarbon liquid and silicone oil, inside microchannels with widths on the order of 0.1-1 mm. Despite their buoyancy, drops and bubbles could travel without contacting with the walls of channels; the most important parameters for reaching this flow regime in our experiments were the viscosity and the velocity of the carrier fluid, and the sizes of drops and bubbles. The dependencies of the transverse position of drops and bubbles on these parameters were investigated. At steady state, the trajectories of drops and bubbles approached the center of the channel for drops and bubbles almost as large as the channel, carried by rapidly flowing viscous liquids; among our experiments, these flow conditions were characterized by larger capillary numbers and smaller Reynolds numbers. Analytical models of lift forces developed for the flow of drops much smaller than the width of the channel failed to predict their transverse position, while computational fluid dynamic simulations of the experiments agreed better with the experimental measurements. The degrees of success of these predictions indicate the importance of confinement on generating strong hydrodynamic lift forces. We conclude that, inside microfluidic channels, it is possible to support and position buoyant drops and bubbles simply by flowing a single-stream (i.e., "sheathless") carrier liquid that has appropriate velocity and hydrodynamic properties.
Central Clinical Research Issues in Electrophysiology: Report of the NASPE Committee (2001)

This article contains the results of an attempt by appointed members of the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology to define the research frontier in electrophysiology and suggest areas of study as an aid in setting the research agenda.
Micro- and Nano-Antennas for Light Detection (2005)

Antenna-coupled optical detectors, also named as optical antennas, are being developed as detection devices with micro- and nano-scale features for their use in the millimetre, infrared, and visible spectral range. They are optical components that couple the electromagnetic radiation in the visible and infrared wavelengths in the same way that radioelectric antennas do at the corresponding wavelengths. Optical antennas show polarization dependence, tuneability, and rapid time of response. They also cann be cosndiered as point detectors and directionally sensitive elements. So far, these detectors have been operated in the mid-infrared with positive results in the visible. The measurement and characterization of optical antennas requires the use of an experimental set-up with nanometric resolution. On the other hand, a computational simulation of the interaction between the material structures and the incoming electromagnetic radiation is needed to explore alternative designs of practical devices. In this contribution we will present the concept of optical and infrared antennas, and some experimental results of their performance, along with the experimental set-up arranged for their characterization in the visible.
Highly Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate ( BCP ) Ceramics with Large Interconnected Pores by Freezing Vigorously Foamed BCP Suspensions under Reduced Pressure (2011)

This article proposes a new way of producing highly porous biphasic calcium phosphate ( BCP ) ceramics with large interconnected pores by freezing a vigorously foamed BCP suspension under reduced pressure, which allows the air bubbles incorporated into the BCP suspension to expand extensively. All the fabricated samples produced with various degrees of expansion of the BCP suspension (0, 150, 200, and 250 vol%) showed a highly uniform porous structure with their unique microporous BCP walls. The sizes of the pores and interconnections between the pores increased remarkably from 74 ± 21 μm to 295 ± 93 μm and 22 ± 8 μm to 123 ± 60 μm, respectively, with increasing degree of expansion from 0 to 250 vol%. However, the compressive strength decreased from 1.2 ± 0.29 MPa to 0.4 ± 0.07 MPa with increasing degree of expansion from 150 to 250 vol%.
FLT3 signaling inhibition preserves opioid analgesia while abrogating tolerance and hyperalgesia (2023)

Abstract Opioid analgesia is counteracted on chronic use by tolerance and hyperalgesia inducing dose escalation and life-threatening overdoses. Mu opiate receptors (MOR) expressed in primary sensory neurons were recently found to control tolerance and hyperalgesia, but the underlying mechanisms remained elusive. Here we show that genetic inactivation of fms -like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (FLT3) receptor in sensory neurons abrogates morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia by preventing MOR-induced hyperactivation of the cAMP signaling pathway and subsequent excitatory adaptive processes. Moreover, the specific FLT3 inhibitor BDT001 potentiates morphine analgesia in acute and chronic pain models, without aggravating morphine adverse effects, and reverses tolerance and hyperalgesia once installed. Thus, FLT3 appears as a key regulator of the MOR signaling pathway and its pharmacological blockade shows promise to enhance chronic opioid analgesic efficacy.
[Haemophilus influenza infections in infants and mothers. Three cases (author's transl)]. (1982)

The three cases reported were diagnosed at the time of contamination by direct examination and culture, at birth, of placental tissue, gastric fluid and peripheral specimens. The culture media included a chocolate agar medium favourable to the growth of H. influenzae. One of the isolates was beta-lactamase producer and therefore resistant to the group A penicillins usually prescribed. Determination of the M.I.C.s of eight antibiotics showed that cefotaxime constitutes, for the time being, a suitable alternative to penicillins against such strains. Early detection of H. influenzae perinatal infections make it possible to treat neonates before complications develop. Among the 19 cases published, there were 4 cases of meningitis, 8 cases of septicaemia and 1 case of arthritis.
Fungal Molecular Pathogenesis: What Can It Do and Why Do We Need It? (2014)

As molecular studies are applied to study the pathogenesis of invasive mycoses, it is essential that the parameters of the host-parasite interactions are known. The issue of clinical antifungal drug resistance and the impact of molecular studies on these invasive mycoses can be discussed under several categories: (i) diagnosis, (ii) immunomodulation, (iii) drug prescription, (iv) surgery, (v) prevention, (vi) new antifungal agents, and (vii) drug combinations. This chapter talks about how molecular studies of medically relevant fungi have begun to find uses in the clinical arena and discusses their potential to make a major impact on the outcome of human mycoses. There are two major issues in clinical diagnosis in which molecular biology is likely to lead to significant advances. First, despite the availability of several new diagnostic tests for invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis, there remain, from a clinical standpoint, opportunities to make an earlier specific fungal diagnosis or prevent the use of empirical antifungal therapies. The second area in which molecular biology is poised to make a major diagnostic contribution in the clinical mycology laboratory is in strain or isolate identification. The use of antifungal combinations to treat invasive mycoses has been a controversial topic because there are few evidence-based studies that support their widespread clinical use. In today's environment of constant fungal threat, it is both exciting and helpful that fungal molecular pathogenesis is maturing into a science with practical applications.
Nucleotide base recognition: ditopic binding of guanine to a macrocyclic receptor containing naphthyridine and naphthalene units (1988)

A. D. Hamilton and N. Pant, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 765 DOI: 10.1039/C39880000765
Tuning the band gap of easily oxidized bis(2-thienyl)– and bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))–phenylene polymers (1998)

The synthesis, characterization and electrochemical polymerization, along with redox switching behavior of the resultant polymers, of 1,4-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)–2,5-difluorobenzene (1) and 1,4-bis(2-thienyl)–2,5-difluorobenzene (2) is presented. Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized by a Pd°-catalyzed cross-coupling and in good yields (85% and 84%, respectively). Both monomers electropolymerize to form electroactive redox switchable films, with the more electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene derivative polymerizing and switching at lower potentials. The electronic band gaps were determined to be 1.9 eV for P1 and 2.3 eV for P2. Thin films of P1 and P2 were found to be electrochromic and exhibit color changes of red-to-blue/black for P1 and yellow-to-black for P2. These results are compared with various substituted bis(heterocycle)benzene derivatives in order to present a series of structure to property relationships. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the Limitations of CNN-Based Absolute Camera Pose Regression (2019)

Visual localization is the task of accurate camera pose estimation in a known scene. It is a key problem in computer vision and robotics, with applications including self-driving cars, Structure-from-Motion, SLAM, and Mixed Reality. Traditionally, the localization problem has been tackled using 3D geometry. Recently, end-to-end approaches based on convolutional neural networks have become popular. These methods learn to directly regress the camera pose from an input image. However, they do not achieve the same level of pose accuracy as 3D structure-based methods. To understand this behavior, we develop a theoretical model for camera pose regression. We use our model to predict failure cases for pose regression techniques and verify our predictions through experiments. We furthermore use our model to show that pose regression is more closely related to pose approximation via image retrieval than to accurate pose estimation via 3D structure. A key result is that current approaches do not consistently outperform a handcrafted image retrieval baseline. This clearly shows that additional research is needed before pose regression algorithms are ready to compete with structure-based methods.
Source Coding with Unreliable Side Information in the Finite Blocklength Regime (2022)

This paper studies a special case of the problem of source coding with side information. A single transmitter describes a source to a receiver that has access to a side information observation that is unavailable at the transmitter. While the source and true side information sequences are dependent, stationary, memoryless random processes, the side information observation at the decoder is unreliable, which here means that it may or may not equal the intended side information and therefore may or may not be useful for decoding the source description. The probability of side information observation failure, caused, for example, by a faulty sensor or source decoding error, is non-vanishing but is bounded by a fixed constant independent of the blocklength. This paper proposes a coding system that uses unreliable side information to get efficient source representation subject to a fixed error probability bound. Results include achievability and converse bounds under two different models of the joint distribution of the source, the intended side information, and the side information observation.
High-density digital free-space photonic switches using micro-beam optical interconnections (1996)

We describe a compact free-space photonic-switching module that uses micro-beam optical interconnections based on stacked planar optics and exciton absorption reflection switch (EARS) arrays. The switching module has two-dimensional fiber array pigtails and a two-stage, 16-input, 16-output structure (four sets of 4/spl times/4 switches). The microbeam optical interconnections can provide a compact switching module (approximately 30/spl times/90/spl times/22 mm [60 cc]). A relay lens array inserted between stages eliminates beam spreading in the switch and decreases the coupling loss and crosstalk of interconnections. Two-stage switching at a data transmission rate of 4 Mbit/s is demonstrated.
428. Development of an Effective Safety Switch for Selective Elimination of Human T Cells In Vivo after Adoptive Transfer (2006)

Adoptive transfer of T cells is frequently associated with unwanted side effects. In order to tackle these effects one could introduce a safety switch into the cells that permits their selective in vivo elimination. The human CD20 gene in combination with CD20 antibodies was recently proposed as a novel safety switch. In such a system, T cells may be genetically modified with a CD20-encoding vector prior to adoptive transfer. If necessary, CD20-transgenic cells can be eliminated in vivo through administration of CD20 antibodies, such as the chimeric antibody rituximab (RTX) that is currently used to treat CD20+ lymphoma cells. RTX activates the complement system and recruits immune effector cells, resulting in rapid death of CD20+ cells. Recently, a novel human CD20 antibody, Humab 7D8, was shown to have superior activity over RTX. In this study a set of CD20-encoding retroviral vectors was generated, which either lacked or contained one or both of two regulatory elements: 1) the woodchuck posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) to increase CD20 expression, and 2) the chicken hypersensitivity site 4 insulator element (INS) to achieve a position independent expression of CD20 and to increase the safety profile of the vector by preventing activation of cellular (onco)genes by the retroviral enhancer. We found that the level of CD20 expression obtained with vectors containing INS was 2-fold lower than with vectors lacking INS. Additional inclusion of WPRE restored the level to that of the vector without INS. In addition, INS greatly enhanced the homogeneity of CD20 expression in T cells. Moreover, after 3 months in culture, all cells generated with CD20-INS had retained CD20 expression, while 60% of cells transduced with the control CD20 vector had lost CD20 expression. Complement dependent cell kill (CDC) of both RTX and HuMab 7D8 was dependent on the level of CD20 expression (p<0.01). However, while very low CD20-expressing cells were completely resistant against RTX they could be effectively killed by HuMab 7D8. For maximal kill of CD20-high cells, a 100-fold lower dose of HuMab 7D8 was required, compared to RTX. In vivo efficacy was studied through bioluminescent imaging of luciferase+ CD20-transgenic T cells. After transfer of CD20+ cells in immune deficient RAG2-/-gammac-/- mice, both CD20 antibodies were capable of eliminating >99% of CD20+ cells, prolonging survival of mice from 20 till 42 days. In conclusion, we developed a safe vector that leads to homogeneous and stable expression of CD20 on human T cells. These cells can be killed effectively in vivo with HuMab 7D8, a recently developed CD20 antibody. This system will be applicable to other approaches that require inclusion of a safety switch in ex vivo modified cells. WM, PP and JvdW are employees of Genmab BV.
Carbon nanotubes synthesized in a hydrogen arc discharge (1995)

We have developed a novel method to synthesize ‘‘clean’’ carbon nanotubes with relatively higher yield using a hydrogen arc discharge. The quality and yield of the tubes depend sensitively on the gas pressure in the arc discharge. We have observed sharp, open-ended nanotubes with clear lattice fringes at the edges and empty interiors. The existence of these frozen-open-ended tubes in the buckybundles provides evidence for an open-ended growth model for nanotubes.
A Versatile Catalyst System for Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions of C(sp[superscript 2])-Tosylates and Mesylates (2009)

A catalyst system for the Suzuki−Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl and vinyl tosylates and mesylates has been developed. This catalyst displays excellent functional group tolerance and allows the coupling of heteroarylboronic acids with aryl tosylates and mesylates to be performed in high yields. Moreover, reactions employing alkylboronic acids, as well as heteroaryl, vinyl, and allylic pinacol boronate esters, were conducted with high efficiencies.
Interaction between x-irradiated plateau-phase bone marrow stromal cell lines and co-cultivated factor-dependent cell lines leading to leukemogenesis in vitro. (1987)

Plateau-phase mouse clonal bone marrow stromal cell lines D2XRII and C3H cl 11 produce decreasing levels of M-CSF (CSF-1), a specific macrophage progenitor cell humoral regulator, following X-irradiation in vitro. The decrease did not go below 40% of control levels, even after irradiation doses of 50,000 rad (500 Gy). In contrast, a distinct humoral regulator stimulating growth of GM-CSF/IL-3 factor-dependent (FD) hematopoietic progenitor cell lines was detected following radiation to doses above 2,000 rad. This humoral factor was not detectable in conditioned medium from irradiated cells, weakly detected using factor-dependent target cell populations in agar overlay, and was prominently detected by liquid co-cultivation of factor-dependent cells with irradiated stromal cell cultures. Subclonal lines of FD cells, derived after co-cultivation revealed karyotypic abnormalities and induced myeloblastic tumors in syngeneic mice. Five-eight weeks co-cultivation was required for induction of factor independence and malignancy and was associated with dense cell to cell contact between FD cells and stromal cells demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. Increases in hematopoietic to stromal cell surface area, total number of adherent cells per flask, total non-adherent cell colonies per flask, and cumulative non-adherent cell production were observed after irradiation. The present data may prove very relevant to an understanding of the cell to cell interactions during X-irradiation-induced leukemia.
Iodine-mediated C–N and N–N bond formation: a facile one-pot synthetic approach to 1,2,3-triazoles under metal-free and azide-free conditions (2019)

A novel strategy towards the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles <i>via</i> C-N and N-N bond formation has been demonstrated under transition metal-free and azide-free conditions. These 1,2,3-triazoles were obtained in a regioselective manner from commercially available anilines, aryl alkenes/aryl alkynes and <i>N</i>-tosylhydrazines using I<sub>2</sub> under O<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. Broad substrate scope, milder reaction conditions, good to moderate yields and clean protocol are the notable features of the method. Moreover, this protocol is amenable for the generation of a library of medicinally important key building blocks.
Pre-calculation of the image quality of the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (2007)

Iterative reconstruction methods possess many advantages over analytical reconstruction methods especially if constraints can be used to regularize the reconstruction. However the main problem of iterative reconstruction algorithms is to decide when to stop the iteration. For the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) without constraints we derived a mathematical formula with which the quality of the reconstruction after a given number of iterations can be calculated. The image quality is expressed here by a special filter kernel for a FBP reconstruction which creates images with the same sharpness and noise properties as SIRT. Further on the formula can be used to analyze the numerical stability of a certain implementation of SIRT. Experiments show the validity of these "iteration-equivalent"-kernels with respect to sharpness and noise properties of the reconstructed images.