gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proton acceleration to above 5.5 MeV by interaction of 1017W/cm2laser pulse with H 2 O nano-wire targets (2011)

Compact sources of high energy protons (50-500MeV) are expected to be key technology in a wide range of scientific applications <sup>1-8</sup>. Particularly promising is the target normal sheah acceleration (TNSA) scheme <sup>9,10</sup>, holding record level of 67MeV protons generated by a peta-Watt laser <sup>11</sup>. In general, laser intensity exceeding 10<sup>18</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> is required to produce MeV level protons. Enhancing the energy of generated protons using compact laser sources is very attractive task nowadays. Recently, nano-scale targets were used to accelerate ions <sup>12,13</sup>. Here we report on the first generation of 5.5-7.5MeV protons by modest laser intensities (4.5 × 10<sup>17</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup>) interacting with H<sub>2</sub>O nano-wires (snow) deposited on a Sapphire substrate. In this setup, the plasma near the tip of the nano-wire is subject to locally enhanced laser intensity with high spatial gradients, and confined charge separation is obtained. Electrostatic fields of extremely high intensities are produced, and protons are accelerated to MeV-level energies. Nano-wire engineered targets will relax the demand of peak energy from laser based sources.
Model-Based Deep Learning (2020)

Signal processing, communications, and control have traditionally relied on classical statistical modeling techniques. Such model-based methods utilize mathematical formulations that represent the underlying physics, prior information and additional domain knowledge. Simple classical models are useful but sensitive to inaccuracies and may lead to poor performance when real systems display complex or dynamic behavior. On the other hand, purely data-driven approaches that are model-agnostic are becoming increasingly popular as datasets become abundant and the power of modern deep learning pipelines increases. Deep neural networks (DNNs) use generic architectures which learn to operate from data, and demonstrate excellent performance, especially for supervised problems. However, DNNs typically require massive amounts of data and immense computational resources, limiting their applicability for some signal processing scenarios. We are interested in hybrid techniques that combine principled mathematical models with data-driven systems to benefit from the advantages of both approaches. Such model-based deep learning methods exploit both partial domain knowledge, via mathematical structures designed for specific problems, as well as learning from limited data. In this article we survey the leading approaches for studying and designing model-based deep learning systems. We divide hybrid model-based/data-driven systems into categories based on their inference mechanism. We provide a comprehensive review of the leading approaches for combining model-based algorithms with deep learning in a systematic manner, along with concrete guidelines and detailed signal processing oriented examples from recent literature. Our aim is to facilitate the design and study of future systems on the intersection of signal processing and machine learning that incorporate the advantages of both domains.
P‐19: Effect of RTP Annealing Using UV and DUV Light on the Properties of the Al‐IZTO TFTs (2018)

In the oxide thin film transistors (TFTs), annealing process is necessary to improve its electrical properties, and generally performed by a furnace and an oven. Compared with them, rapid thermal process (RTP) can serve several advantages including much reduced process time and improved uniformity, which are more important factors in mass‐production industry. In addition to near‐infrared (NIR) lamp, generally used as a heat source, ultra‐violet (UV) and deep‐ultra‐violet (DUV) light sources can also be used in RTP system, and they can provide much higher energy, giving the possibility of more effective and efficient annealing. Herein, we studied the annealing effect of RTP system utilizing UV and DUV light source on the electrical properties of back‐channel etched aluminum‐doped indium zinc tin oxide thin film transistors (Al‐IZTO BCE TFTs).
Influenza A (H5N1) Viruses from Pigs, Indonesia (2010)

Pigs have long been considered potential intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses can adapt to humans. To determine whether this potential exists for pigs in Indonesia, we conducted surveillance during 2005-2009. We found that 52 pigs in 4 provinces were infected during 2005-2007 but not 2008-2009. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses had been introduced into the pig population in Indonesia on at least 3 occasions. One isolate had acquired the ability to recognize a human-type receptor. No infected pig had influenza-like symptoms, indicating that influenza A (H5N1) viruses can replicate undetected for prolonged periods, facilitating avian virus adaptation to mammalian hosts. Our data suggest that pigs are at risk for infection during outbreaks of influenza virus A (H5N1) and can serve as intermediate hosts in which this avian virus can adapt to mammals.
Abstract 1873: GlycoConnect™ ADCs based on topoisomerase 1 inhibitor exatecan (SYNtecan E™) show excellent in vivo efficacy and tolerability (2021)

Abstract Camptothecins form a powerful class of chemotherapy drugs (e.g. irinotecan, topotecan, belotecan), based on their ability to inhibit topoisomerase I. Some camptothecins, such as DXd and SN-38, have also proven powerful payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as exemplified by the recent market approval of Enhertu® and Trodelvy®, respectively. We have reported earlier that the native glycan of monoclonal antibodies is a priviliged conjugation site for ADCs (GlycoConnect™)1, while the highly polar spacer technology (HydraSpace™)2 enables the conjugation of any cytotoxic payload, providing ADCs with significantly expanded therapeutic index (TI) versus mainstream ADC technologies. We here show that exatecan (DX-8951f), a clinically validated and potent campothecin, is readily combined with HydraSpace™ technology to provide linker-payload (SYNtecan E™). Homogeneous and stable GlycoConnect™ADCs were generated from trastuzumab and SYNtecan E™ and compared head-to-head with DXd or SN-38payload, as well as deruxtecan, the linker-payload applied in Enhertu®. Complete tumor regression was observed in a mouse xenograft study (BT-474) after a single dose, while safety studies in mouse corroborated the high tolerability of SYNtecan E™ ADCs. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the potential of SYNtecan E™ for application in stable and site-specific ADCs with excellent therapeutic index. 1 van Geel et al. Chemoenzymatic Conjugation of Toxic Payloads to the Globally Conserved N-Glycan of NativemAbs Provides Homogeneous and Highly Efficacious Antibody−Drug Conjugates. Bioconj. Chem. 2015, 26, 2233-2242. 2 Verkade et al. A Polar Sulfamide Spacer Significantly Enhances the Manufacturability, Stability, and Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies 2018, 7, 12, doi:10.3390/antib7010012. Citation Format: Floris van Delft. GlycoConnect™ ADCs based on topoisomerase 1 inhibitor exatecan (SYNtecan E™) show excellent in vivo efficacy and tolerability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1873.
Taliesin: a distributed bulletin board system (1985)

This paper describes a computer bulletin board facility intended to support replicated bulletin boards on a network that may frequently be in state of partition. The two major design issues covered are the choice of a name space and the choice of replication algorithms. The impact of the name space on communication costs is explained. A special purpose replication algorithm that provides high availability and response network partition is introduced.
Design of Adaptive Highly Efficient GaN Power Amplifier for Octave-Bandwidth Application and Dynamic Load Modulation (2012)

This paper presents a novel adaptive power amplifier (PA) architecture for performing dynamic-load-modulation. For the first time, a dynamically-load-modulated PA design that achieves octave bandwidth, high power and high efficiency simultaneously is experimentally demonstrated. This PA design is based on a commercial GaN HEMT. The output matching scheme incorporates a broadband static matching for high-efficiency at the maximum power level and a wideband dynamic matching for efficiency enhancement at power back-offs. The impedance and frequency tunability is realized using silicon diode varactors with a very high breakdown voltage of 90 V. Experimental results show that a dynamic-load-modulation from maximum power to 10-dB back-off is achieved from 1 to 1.9 GHz, with a measured performance of ≈10-W peak power, ≈10-dB gain, 64%-79% peak-power efficiency, and 30%-45% efficiency at 10-dB power back-off throughout this band.
Determination of internuclear distances and the orientation of functional groups by solid-state NMR: Rotational resonance study of the conformation of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin (1994)

We have used a new solid-state NMR technique--rotational resonance--to determine both internuclear distances and the relative orientations of chemical groups (dihedral angles) in retinal bound to bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and in retinoic acid model compounds. By matching the rotational resonance condition (delta = n omega r/2 pi, where delta is the difference in isotropic chemical shifts for two dipolar coupled spins, omega r/2 pi is the mechanical rotational frequency of the sample in the MAS experiment, and n is a small integer denoting the order of the resonance), we selectively reintroduce the dipolar coupling and enhance the rate of magnetization exchange. Spectroscopic data and theoretical simulations of the magnetization exchange trajectories for the 8,18-13C dipolar coupled pair in retinoic acid model compounds, crystallized in both the 6-s-cis and 6-s-trans forms, indicate that an accurate determination of the internuclear distance is possible. For the n = 1 resonance we find the distance determination to be reasonably independent of the relative orientation of the groups. In contrast, for the n = 2 resonance, there is a more pronounced dependence on the relative orientation of the groups which permits an estimate of the angle around the 6-s bond for the cis and trans forms to be 42 +/- 5 degrees and 90 +/- 10 degrees, respectively, in good agreement with crystallography. In bR we demonstrate that the 8-13C-18-13C distance is 4.1 A and the average 8-13C-16-13C/8-13C-17-13C distance is 3.3-3.5 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Quantum feedback in a weakly driven cavity QED system (2004)

Quantum feedback in strongly coupled systems can probe a regime where one quantum of excitation is a large fluctuation. We present theoretical and experimental studies of quantum feedback in an optical cavity QED system. The time evolution of the conditional state, following a photodetection, can be modified by changing the drive of the cavity. For the appropriate feedback, the conditional state can be captured in a new steady state and then released. The feedback protocol requires resonance operation, and proper amplitude and delay for the change in the drive. We demonstrate the successful use of feedback in the suppression of the vacuum Rabi oscillations for the length of the feedback pulse and their subsequent return to steady state. The feedback works only because we have an entangled quantum system, rather than an analogous correlated classical system.
Organic n-Channel Transistors Based on Core-Cyanated Perylene Carboxylic Diimide Derivatives (2008)

Five core-cyanated perylene carboxylic diimides end-functionalized with fluorine-containing linear and cyclic substituents have been synthesized and employed in the fabrication of air-stable n-channel organic thin-film field-effect transistors with carrier mobilities up to 0.1 cm2/Vs. The relationships between molecular structure, thin-film morphology, substrate temperature during vacuum deposition, transistor performance, and air stability have been investigated. Our experiments led us to conclude that the role of the fluorine functionalization in the air-stable n-channel operation of the transistors is different than previously thought.
HADARA &#x2013; A Software System for Semi-Automatic Processing of Historical Handwritten Arabic Documents (2013)

Recently, many big libraries all over the world have been scanning their collections to make them publicly available and to preserve historical documents. We present a modular software system which can be used as a tool for semi-automatical processing of historical handwritten Arabic documents. The development of this system is part of the HADARA project which aims for historical document analysis of Arabic manuscripts and consists of a project team including engineers and computer scientists but also users such as linguists and historians. The HADARA system is designed to support script and content analysis, identification, and classification of historical Arabic documents. The system has been created following an iterative development approach, and the current version assists the user in an interactive and partially already in an automatic manner. In this paper, a system overview is given and the first modules are presented which support the annotation of a scanned manuscript in a semi-automatic manner. They comprise page layout analysis, text line segmentation, and transcription. Word spotting is the first application implemented in the HADARA system and its concept is outlined in this paper.
Challenges Posed to Pathologists in the Detection of KRAS Mutations in Colorectal Cancers (2015)

Neoadjuvant therapy may deplete tumor cells and confound the molecular diagnosis of KRAS mutations. Accurate detection of specimens with poor tumor cellularity requires the appropriate selection of neoplastic tissues, evaluation of tumor cellularity, use of assays with high sensitivity, and prospective quality assessment.
Kurtosis as a statistical approach to identify the pivot point of the rotor (2016)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia that causes stroke affecting more than 2.3 million people in the US. Catheter ablation to terminate AF is successful for paroxysmal AF but suffers limitations with persistent AF patients as current mapping methods cannot identify AF active substrates outside of pulmonary vein region. In this work, we developed a novel Kurtosis based mapping technique that can accurately identify pivot points of the rotors that were induced in ex-vivo isolated rabbit heart. The results indicate that the chaotic nature of rotor pivot point results in higher Kurtosis compared to the periphery thereby enabling its accurate identification. Our results suggest that Kurtosis technique can be further applied to intra-atrial electrograms from AF patients with rotors to accurately identify the rotor pivot point by generating 3-dimensional (3D) patient-specific Kurtosis maps. Validation of this new Kurtosis based mapping technology is required through clinical studies with both paroxysmal and persistent AF patient data.
An Extensive Comparison of Laser-Induced Plasma Ignition and Conventional Spark Plug Ignition of Lean Methane-Air Mixtures under Engine-Like Conditions (2005)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An extensive comparison of laser-induced ignition and spark plug ignition of lean methane-air mixtures was performed. Experiments were carried out under engine-like conditions in a high pressure, constant volume chamber (up to 25 MPa peak pressure) at an initial temperature of 473 K. To yield statistically relevant results, a total number of over 1800 ignitions was made in order to point out the advantages of the laser ignition scheme over the conventional spark plug ignition. It turned out that, especially at low initial pressures, laser ignition could expand the lean limit from an air/fuel equivalence ratio of λ = 1.65 for electrical to λ = 2.0 for laser ignition. The ignition delay was also significantly shorter when ignition was initiated by a laser. At the lean limit, the phenomenon of incomplete combustion was observed for both ignition sources. These findings were supported by exhaust gas measurements.&lt;/div&gt;
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. 4. Structure-Activity Relationships among N- and 3-Substituted 2,2'-Dithiobis(1H-indoles) for in vitro Inhibition of Receptor and Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases (1995)

A series of 3-substituted 2,2'-dithiobis(1H-indoles) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the nonreceptor pp60v-src tyrosine kinase, to extend the available structure-activity relationships for this series. The majority of the compounds were prepared either by reaction of 2-chloro-1-methylindole-3-carbonyl chloride with amines, followed by thiomethylation, demethylation, and oxidative dimerization, or by reaction of isocyanates with the anion of 1-methyl-2-indolinethione followed by dimerization. Overall, inhibitory activity is retained by analogues having a wide variety of side chains. A series of 3-carboxamide analogues had moderate to good activity against isolated EGFR (IC50s 1-20 microM), with monoalkyl substitution of the carboxamide being optimal. Polar side chains were generally less effective than lipophilic ones, with benzyl being particularly effective. However, N,N-disubstitution was the most effective pattern for inhibition of pp60v-src. A variety of substituted N-phenylcarboxamides had lower activity against EGFR than the parent derivative, and a N-thienylcarboxamide also had low activity. A series of 3-ketones, including methyl, phenyl, and furyl derivatives, showed moderate activity against the pp60v-src kinase, but were less effective against EGFR. The mechanism of inhibition of both kinases by these drugs was shown to be noncompetitive with respect to both ATP and peptide substrate. Selected compounds inhibited the growth of Swiss 3T3 cells with IC50s in the low micromolar range and inhibited bFGF-mediated intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation in the same cell line. Thiol inhibits the effects of the compounds, suggesting that one possible mechanism of inhibition is thiol-disulfide exchange with thiol-containing residues in the catalytic sites. Crystal structures of two representative compounds show a folded, V-shaped structure, with the disulfide bridge exposed, consistent with this hypothesis.
Geometrische Optik (2011)

Die Lehre vom Licht befasst sich mit Erscheinungen, die wir mit unseren Augen bzw. optischen Apparaturen wahrnehmen können. Es gibt eine lange Tradition und mehrere historische Umwälzungen im Verständnis optischer Phänomene. Die grundlegende Idee über das Wesen des Lichtes und seine Ausbreitung hat sich mehrfach gewandelt zwischen teilweise gegensätzlichen Auffassungen.
Optimal State Estimation for Discrete-Time Markovian Jump Linear Systems, in the Presence of Delayed Output Observations (2011)

We investigate the design of optimal state estimators for Markovian Jump Linear Systems. We consider that the output observations and the mode observations are affected by delays not necessarily identical. Our objective is to design optimal estimators for the current state, given current and past observations. We provide a solution to this paradigm by giving an optimal recursive estimator for the state, in the minimum mean square sense, and a finitely parameterized recursive scheme for computing the probability mass function of the current mode conditioned on the observed output. We also show that if the output delay is less then the one in observing the mode, then the optimal state estimation becomes nonlinear in the output observations.
Factorized Inverse Path Tracing for Efficient and Accurate Material-Lighting Estimation (2023)

Inverse path tracing has recently been applied to joint material and lighting estimation, given geometry and multi-view HDR observations of an indoor scene. However, it has two major limitations: path tracing is expensive to compute, and ambiguities exist between reflection and emission. Our Factorized Inverse Path Tracing (FIPT) addresses these challenges by using a factored light transport formulation and finds emitters driven by rendering errors. Our algorithm enables accurate material and lighting optimization faster than previous work, and is more effective at resolving ambiguities. The exhaustive experiments on synthetic scenes show that our method (1) outperforms state-of-the-art indoor inverse rendering and relighting methods particularly in the presence of complex illumination effects; (2) speeds up inverse path tracing optimization to less than an hour. We further demonstrate robustness to noisy inputs through material and lighting estimates that allow plausible relighting in a real scene. The source code is available at: https://github.com/lwwu2/fipt
SAQP pitch walk metrology using single target metrology (2017)

Self-aligned quadruple patterning (SAQP) processes have found widespread acceptance in advanced technology nodes to drive device scaling beyond the resolution limitations of immersion scanners. Of the four spaces generated in this process from one lithography pattern two tend to be equivalent as they are derived from the first spacer deposition. The three independent spaces are commonly labelled as &alpha;, &beta; and &gamma;. &alpha;, &beta; and &gamma; are controlled by multiple process steps including the initial lithographic patterning process, the two mandrel and spacer etches as well as the two spacer depositions. Scatterometry has been the preferred metrology approach, however is restricted to repetitive arrays. In these arrays independent measurements, in particular of alpha and gamma, are not possible due to degeneracy of the standard array targets. . In this work we present a single target approach which lifts the degeneracies commonly encountered while using product relevant layout geometries. We will first describe the metrology approach which includes the previously described SRM (signal response metrology) combined with reference data derived from CD SEM data. The performance of the methodology is shown in figures 1-3. In these figures the optically determined values for alpha, beta and gamma are compared to the CD SEM reference data. The variations are achieved using controlled process experiments varying Mandrel CD and Spacer deposition thicknesses.
Acoustic diver deterrent in a shallow harbor using time reversal acoustics (2011)

Protection of domestic harbors against surface and underwater threats is an important task of port security. A significant security risk is associated with scuba divers ability to carry explosives. The diver detection sonars have been developed and there is a need to compliment it with low cost acoustic swimmer deterrent. Previous research demonstrated that time reversal acoustic (TRA) system can focus intensive sound using acoustic noise from a diver. This paper discusses the feasibility of applying TRA principles for the focusing of sonar ping-pulse reflected from a diver. The advantages of the TRA focusing system and relevant operating parameters are demonstrated using the model of shallow sea, where propagation of sonar pulse is affected by numerous reflections from surface and bottom. The developed model was used to estimate and compare an effective zone of the diver deterrence taking into consideration the sonar pulse reflections from diver, bottom and surface. The main objective was to estimate if NAVY ship sonar is capable of producing sufficient and spatially localized sound pressure to disorient and divert the diver away. A secondary objective was to ensure that sound pressure level outside the focal zone in the diver proximity remains not harmful to marine life.