gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fronthaul and backhaul integration (Crosshaul) for 5G mobile transport networks (2017)

In this context, the distinction between fronthaul and backhaul transport networks blurs as varying portions of functionality of 5G points of attachment (5GPoAs) might be moved towards the network as required for cost efficiency reasons. The traditional capacity overprovisioning approach on the transport infrastructure will no longer be possible with 5G. Hence, a new generation of integrated fronthaul and backhaul technologies will be needed to bring capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) to a reasonable return on investment (ROI) range. Also, for cost reasons, the heterogeneity of transport network equipment must be tackled by unifying data, control and management planes across all technologies as much as possible. A redesign of the fronthaul/backhaul network segment is a key point for 5G networks as current transport networks cannot cope with the amount of bandwidth required for 5G. Next-generation radio interfaces, using 100 MHz channels and squeezing the bit-per-megahertz ratio through massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) or even full-duplex radios, require a ten-fold increase in capacity, which cannot be achieved just through the evolution of current technologies.
Toward a Hydrogen‐Free Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Wheat Straw Biomass** (2023)

The reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive method for the conversion of lignin toward valuable low-molecular weight aromatics. A limitation to the upscaling of such technology is represented by the use ofpressurized hydrogen gas. Here, the role of hydrogen gas within the RCF of wheat straw biomass is investigated. The use of H<sub>2</sub> is shown to enhance lignin depolymerization, by virtue of an improved hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of lignin fragments, with a yield of phenolic monomers that increased from ca. 12 wt % of acid-insoluble lignin in the initial biomass under inert atmosphere to up to ca. 25 wt % under H<sub>2</sub> (in methanol, at 250 °C, with Ru/C). The adoption of methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as hydrogen-donor solvents was also investigated in the absence of H<sub>2</sub> . Ethanol was found to give the highest yield of monophenolic compounds (up to ≈20 wt %) owing to a better balance between solvolysis, hydrogenolysis, and hydrogenation of lignin. Nevertheless, a substantial loss of the carbohydrate fraction was observed. The use of a lower temperature (200 °C) in combination with H<sub>3</sub> PO<sub>4</sub> resulted in an improved recovery of cellulose in the pulp and in the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin, with the formation of monosaccharides (≈14 wt % of polysaccharides in the initial biomass) and phenolic monomers (up to 18 wt %, in the absence of H<sub>2</sub> ). Overall, a tradeoff exists between the removal of H<sub>2</sub> from the process and the production of low-molecular weight phenolics during RCF.
Hypertrophic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis (1983)

In a 62-year-old man with multiple sclerosis, postmortem examination disclosed clinically unsuspected findings of hypertrophic neuropathy. The brain and spinal cord contained many typical plaques of multiple sclerosis. Most spinal roots were thickened, and microscopic examination showed onion-bulb changes characteristic of hypertrophic neuropathy. This is the eleventh reported case of a sporadic hypertrophic neuropathy in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
Performance of Fiber Composite Wrapped Columns and Beams in a Corrosive Environment (2006)

The objective of this project is to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of fiber reinforced (FRP) composite wraps in preventing corrosion of reinforced concrete elements in severe environments. The experimental program was established to help determine if FRP wraps provide barriers against the transportation of chlorides into the concrete, or if impermeable wraps trap chlorides and moisture beneath the wrap and thereby accelerate the corrosion process. The focus of this report is on performance of 43 specimens that were removed from exposure testing 5 – 7 years. The specimens represent typical rectangular (beam) and cylindrical (column) elements in reinforced concrete bridges. Partially wrapped versus unwrapped elements were studied. Other parameters of interest in design and construction included: cast-in chlorides to represent specimens already exposed to a corrosive environment prior to wrapping, cracked versus uncracked elements, addition of corrosion inhibitors, and materials of repair for damage to concrete due to corrosion or the construction traffic prior to wrapping. Guidelines for use of these materials are developed using the results of the test program.
Self-assembled oligonucleotide-polyester dendrimers (2002)

A new approach to the controlled synthesis of multicomponent dendrimers is presented, in which three oligonucleotide-dendron conjugates were synthesized using solid phase techniques and hybridized to create a second generation polyester dendrimer with DNA as a core and bearing two types of peripheral functional groups.
Rejuvenation of Aging Hearts (2013)

Specific subtle changes in regulation or activity of factors that maintain homeostasis and cell differentiation may play significant roles in mammalian aging. Drift resulting from reaching the end of an organism's developmental program might involve a specific ordered set of changes. Several studies have suggested that dysfunctional changes associated with aging in skeletal muscle, neurons, and hematopoietic stem cells may be caused by specific changes either in the extracellular environment or in intracellular regulatory networks and that such dysfunction may be reversible. On the basis these data, Loffredo et al. hypothesized that extrinsic circulating factors in young mice might reverse cardiac aging. Parabiosis, the surgical linking of circulations between old and young mice, was employed to identify an anti-hypertrophic factor (growth differentiation factor 11 [GDF-11]) that appears to rejuvenate aging murine hearts, raising exciting prospects for the development of anti-aging therapeutics. However, much work remains to be done to evaluate the utility of GDF-11 as a therapeutic rejuvenation factor. Similar rejuvenating factors for diverse tissues may exist as well and will hopefully be identified in the near future.
Data from <i>WRN</i> Promoter CpG Island Hypermethylation Does Not Predict More Favorable Outcomes for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated with Irinotecan-Based Therapy (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter CpG island hypermethylation in colorectal cancer has been reported to increase sensitivity to irinotecan-based therapies. We aimed to characterize methylation of the &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter, determine the effect of &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter hypermethylation upon expression, and validate a previous report that &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter hypermethylation predicts improved outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with irinotecan-based therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; methylation status was assessed using methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing assays. &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; expression was determined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; methylation status was correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in 183 patients with mCRC. Among these patients, 90 received capecitabine monotherapy as first-line therapy, and 93 received capecitabine plus irinotecan (CAPIRI) therapy as part of the CAIRO phase III clinical trial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; mRNA and WRN protein expression levels were low in colorectal cancer cell lines and in primary colorectal cancer and were largely independent of &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; methylation status. Patients with methylated &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; colorectal cancer had a shorter OS compared with patients who had unmethylated &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; colorectal cancer (HR = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.2; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003). Patients with unmethylated &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; showed a significantly longer PFS when treated with CAPIRI compared with capecitabine alone (HR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32–0.70; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0001). In contrast, patients did not benefit from adding irinotecan to capecitabine when &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; was methylated (HR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.69–1.77; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.7).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; expression is largely independent of &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer. Moreover, we could not validate the previous finding that &lt;i&gt;WRN&lt;/i&gt; promoter hypermethylation predicts improved clinical outcomes of mCRC treated with irinotecan-based therapy and found instead the opposite result. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4612–22. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
X-Ray crystallographic analysis of 2,6-anhydro-N-methyl-D-glycero-D-ido-heptonamide: the first example of a simple glucose analogue with a skew boat structure (1993)

Single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2,6-anhydro-N-methyl-D-glycero-D-ido-heptonamide and a crystallographic binding study with glycogen phosphorylase show an unexpected skew boat conformation for the glucose analogue.
miRSwitch: Detecting microRNA arm shift and switch events (2020)

Abstract Arm selection, the preferential expression of a 3′ or 5′ mature microRNA (miRNA), is a highly dynamic and tissue-specific process. Time-dependent expression shifts or switches between the arms are also relevant for human diseases. We present miRSwitch, a web server to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of arm selection events. Our species-independent tool evaluates pre-processed small non-coding RNA sequencing (sncRNA-seq) data, i.e. expression matrices or output files from miRNA quantification tools (miRDeep2, miRMaster, sRNAbench). miRSwitch highlights potential changes in the distribution of mature miRNAs from the same precursor. Group comparisons from one or several user-provided annotations (e.g. disease states) are possible. Results can be dynamically adjusted by choosing from a continuous range of highly specific to very sensitive parameters. Users can compare potential arm shifts in the provided data to a human reference map of pre-computed arm shift frequencies. We created this map from 46 tissues and 30,521 samples. As case studies we present novel arm shift information in a Alzheimer’s disease biomarker data set and from a comparison of tissues in Homo sapiens and Mus musculus . In summary, miRSwitch offers a broad range of customised arm switch analyses along with comprehensive visualisations, and is freely available at: https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/mirswitch/ .
Mononuclear phagocytes mediate blood-brain barrier compromise and neuronal injury during HIV-1-associated dementia (2000)

The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection revolves around the production of secretory factors from immune-activated brain mononuclear phagocytes (MP). MP-secreted chemokines may play several roles in HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE). These can promote macrophage brain infiltration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuronal dysfunction during HIV-1-associated dementia. We investigate how HIV-1-infected MP regulates the production of chemokines and how they influence HIV-1 neuropathogenesis. We demonstrate that HIV-1-infected and immune-activated MP (for example, microglia) and astrocytes produce beta-chemokines in abundance, as shown in both laboratory assays and within infected brain tissue. HIV-1-infected microglia significantly modulate monocyte migration in a BBB model system and in brains of SCID mice with HIVE. HIV-1-infected MP down-regulate tight junction protein and special polarized transport systems on brain microvascular endothelial cells as shown in human autopsy brain tissue and in SCID mice with HIVE. Chemokines can damage neurons directly. Toxicity caused by binding of stromal-derived factor-1alpha to its receptor on neurons exemplifies such mechanism. In toto, these works underscore the diverse roles of chemokines in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis and lay the foundation for future therapeutic interventions.
The design of video segmentation-aided VCR support for P2P VoD systems (2008)

VCR functionality is difficult to be implemented in a P2P VoD system, since it may give more server workload and fails some distribution paths. In this paper, we first analyze the user behavior of VCR interaction, and propose a video segmentation-aided P2P VoD System with VCR functionality. Specifically, a scene segmentation method is proposed based on the manifold representation of video visual feature and the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is used. And a novel P2P distribution method for video-segmentation-aided VCR functionality is considered and evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed mechanism could reduce the server workload and improve the VCR performance at end hosts I.
Dielectric elastomer artificial muscle materials advancement and soft robotic applications (2023)

Abstract Conventional robotic systems are built with rigid materials to deal with large forces and predetermined processes. Soft robotics, however, is an emerging field seeking to develop adaptable robots that can perform tasks in unpredictable environments and biocompatible devices that close the gap between humans and machines. Dielectric elastomers (DEs) have emerged as a soft actuation technology that imitates the properties and performance of natural muscles, making them an attractive material choice for soft robotics. However, conventional DE materials suffer from electromechanical instability (EMI), which reduces their performance and limits their applications in soft robotics. This review discusses key innovations in DE artificial muscles from a material standpoint, followed by a survey on their representative demonstrations of soft robotics. Specifically, we introduce modifications of DE materials that enable large strains, fast responses, and high energy densities by suppressing EMI. Additionally, we examine materials that allow variable stiffness and self‐healing abilities in DE actuators. Finally, we review dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) applications in soft robotics in four categories, including automation, manipulation, locomotion, and human interaction.
MINIMALLY INVASIVE INSERTION OF SYRINGOSUBARACHNOID SHUNT FOR POSTTRAUMATIC SYRINGOMYELIA (2007)

This is the first report of minimal-access insertion of an SSAS. The minimally invasive technique appears to be a safe and effective means of implanting an SSAS. This approach allows for diminished blood loss and early mobilization and transfer to rehabilitation units for these patients.
Optical Approaches for Drug Screening Based Light-Harvesting Conjugated Polyelectrolyte (2010)

Abstract : Multifunctional materials that can simultaneously provide therapeutic action and image the ensuing results provide new strategies for treating various diseases. In response, we have shown that a cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte with a molecular design containing a polythiophene-porphyrin dyad (PTP) has efficient anticancer and antifungal activities. Due to the light-harvesting ability of the electronically delocalized backbone and efficient energy transfer amongst the optical partners, the PTP shows a higher 102 generation efficiency and therefore improved therapeutic activity than a small molecule analog. Additionally, the fluorescent properties of PTP serve for another purpose, namely distinguishing amongst living and dead cells. PTP is therefore a promising multifunctional photosensitive agent for treating cancers and fungal infections, while concurrently providing optical monitoring capabilities.
Shear-rate dependence of viscosity for improved modeling of cavitation dynamics in visco-elastic media. (2010)

The environment experienced by a cavitating bubble in visco-elastic media at the micro-scale and in the MHz frequency range remains poorly understood. Comparison of model-based predictions with optical observations of bubble behavior in transparent media suggests that the value of the mechanical properties of the medium can differ from the corresponding static values by two orders of magnitude. Tissue or tissue-mimicking materials have been recently shown to exhibit a sub-micrometer structure which can be assumed equivalent to a pure liquid up to a characteristic length scale, beyond which they can be treated as purely visco-elastic. In order to take this effect into account, a two-scale extension is applied to the cavitation dynamics model recently proposed by Yang and Church [J. Acoust. Soc. Am., (2005)]. Comparison of the extended model predictions with experimental observations of single-bubble dynamics in an agar-based tissue-mimicking material demonstrates that, for a given value of the shear modulus, the values of viscosity required to adequately describe cavitation behavior using the two-scale model are twice those assumed by the single-scale model and depend on the size of the initial cavitation nucleus. The inclusion of shear-dependent viscosity is therefore necessary to adequately describe single-bubble cavitation dynamics in visco-elastic media
Tumor necrosis factor deficiency inhibits mammary tumorigenesis and a tumor necrosis factor neutralizing antibody decreases mammary tumor growth in neu/erbB2 transgenic mice (2009)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is synthesized and secreted by cells of the immune system, as well as by certain epithelia and stroma. Based on our previous studies demonstrating TNF-stimulated proliferation of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells, we hypothesized that TNF might promote the growth of breast cancer in vivo. To test this, we generated bigenic mice that overexpressed activated neu/erbB2 in the mammary epithelium and whose TNF status was wild-type, heterozygous, or null. Mammary tumorigenesis was significantly decreased in TNF-/- mice (n = 30) compared with that in TNF+/+ mice (n = 27), with a palpable tumor incidence of 10.0% and 44.4%, and palpable tumors/mouse of 0.10 +/- 0.06 and 0.67 +/- 0.17, respectively. Tumorigenesis in the heterozygous group fell between that in the TNF+/+ and TNF-/- groups, but was not significantly different from either of the homozygous groups. The decreased tumor development in the TNF-/- mice was associated with a decreased proliferative index in the lobular and ductal mammary epithelium. To further investigate the role of TNF in breast cancer, mammary tumor-bearing mice whose tumors overexpressed wild-type neu/erbB2 were treated with a TNF-neutralizing antibody or a control antibody for 4 weeks (n = 20/group). Mammary tumor growth was significantly inhibited in mice treated with the anti-TNF antibody compared with the control antibody. Together, these data show a stimulatory role for TNF in the growth of breast tumors and suggest that TNF antagonists may be effective in a subset of patients with breast cancer.
Eine milde und effektive Methode zur Umesterung von Carbonsäureestern (2001)

Ungewöhnlich vielseitig ist die Dibutylzinnoxid-katalysierte Umesterung [Gl. (1)] einfacher sowie hochfunktionalisierter Ester von aliphatischen und aromatischen Carbonsäuren. Die Reaktion verläuft in hohen Ausbeuten in Gegenwart diverser funktioneller Gruppen wie Acetalen, Ketalen, aliphatischen Bromiden, Enolethern, Urethanen, freien Hydroxy-, Phenol- und Aminogruppen; selbst Wasser stört die Reaktion nicht. Hintergrundinformationen zu diesem Beitrag sind im WWW unter http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2001/z17238_s.pdf zu finden oder können beim Autor angefordert werden. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Characterization of the Network Structure of Dextran Glycidyl Methacrylate Hydrogels by Studying the Rheological and Swelling Behavior (1995)

This paper reports the results and the structural interpretation of theological, swelling, and analytical sol fraction (w(s)) measurements performed on dextran glycidyl methacrylate (dex-gma) hydrogels as a function of the dex-gma concentration (c) and the degree of gma substitution (DS). Besides the analytical determination, the sol fi action was also calculated from the elasticity of the hydrogels using a theoretical model. This model takes into account the presence of sol chains and dangling ends, the polydispersity of the dex-gma chains, the functionality of the junctions, and the nonaffinelike behavior of the dex-gma network. It assumes the absence of intramolecular cross-links and of physical entanglements. Fundamental in the discussion is the reason why the w(s) values determined analytically are systematically lower than the w(s) values calculated using this theoretical model. Besides possible influences from the unknown functionality of the junctions and from a nonaffinelike deformation behavior of the network, the presence of intramolecular cross-links (especially for hydrogels with a low dex-gma concentration and a high DS) may contribute to the observed differences between the measured and the calculated sol fraction. Structural information is also revealed from the influence of the DS on the elasticity if plotted against the network concentration (i.e., (1 - w(s))c) of the hydrogels. Clearly, a DS increase increases quantitatively the network fraction. However, for high DS values, a DS increase does not increase the number of intermolecular cross-links per unit of mass present in the network fraction. Also the abundant presence of intramolecular cross-links, especially for dex-gma hydrogels with a high DS, may contribute to this phenomenom. Contrary to the elastic properties, considering hydrogels with the same network concentration, the DS does have a definite influence on the swelling properties of the network fraction of the gels. This was attributed to the dependence of the polymer-solvent interaction parameter on the DS.
Optimisation of progressive lenses: Listing's law (2016)

In the first of two articles, Dr. Wolfgang Becken, Andrea Welk, Johannes Schubart, llka Schwarz and Dr. Gregor Esser explain the basis of the law.
Reaction of Cyclic Tetrathiophosphates with Carboxylic Acids as a Means to Generate Dithioesters and Control Radical Polymerization By RAFT (2003)

Radical control: Controlled free-radical polymerization of styrene and methyl (meth)acrylate is achieved by using Davy reagents or P4S10 in conjunction with benzoic acid, which leads to in situ formation of dithioesters that act as chain-transfer agents and thus control the reaction. In the case of P4S10/PhCOOH, dithiobenzoic acid is the key intermediate in this process (see scheme).
VAST (2006)

Extracting specific and relevant information regarding the Internet's BGP routing topology is a challenging task. In this paper we present a set of techniques that can be used to visualize various aspects of the Internet topology. We have implemented our visualization techniques in a unique tool called VAST (Visualizing Autonomous System Topology). With the help of simple illustrative examples we describe how our visualizations allow security researchers to extract relevant information quickly from raw BGP routing datasets. VAST provides visualizations that represent information about both the overall topological properties of the Internet as well as individual Autonomous System (AS) behavior.