gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenyl selenide anion, a superior reagent for the SN2 cleavage of esters and lactones (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhenyl selenide anion, a superior reagent for the SN2 cleavage of esters and lactonesDennis Liotta, Ustun Sunay, Hector Santiesteban, and William MarkiewiczCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 13, 2605–2610Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00326a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00326a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2121Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bio‐mimetic scaling of mechanical behavior of thin films, coatings, and surfaces by Laser Interference Metallurgy (2005)

Biological solutions to enhance strength and stability often use hierarchical composite structures. The effect is not based on large chemical variations, but instead is realized by structural composites with long‐range order. Laser Interference Metallurgy is a newly developed technique that utilizes this biological approach to optimize the mechanical properties of surfaces and thin films. The possibility of scaling mechanical properties is quantitatively analyzed and compared with the biological approach.
Cloning, secretory expression and characterization of recombinant β-mannanase from Bacillus circulans NT 6.7 (2014)

The mannanase gene of B. circulans NT 6.7 was cloned and expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system. The B. circulans NT 6.7 mannanase gene consists of 1,083 nucleotides encoding a 360-amino acid residue long polypeptide, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 26. The full-length mannanase gene including its native signal sequence was cloned into the vector pET21d and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). β-Mannanase activities in the culture supernatant and crude cell extract were 37.10 and 515 U per ml, respectively, with most of the activity in the cell extract attributed to the periplasmic fraction. In contrast, expression of mannanase was much lower when using the B. circulans NT 6.7 mannanase gene without its signal sequence. The optimum temperature of recombinant β-mannanase activity was 50°C and the optimum pH was 6.0. The enzyme was very specific for β-mannan substrates with a preference for galactomannan. Hydrolysis products of locust bean gum were various mannooligosaccharides including mannohexaose, mannopentaose, mannotetraose, mannotriose and mannobiose, while mannose could not be detected. In conclusion, this expression system is efficient for the secretory production of recombinant β-mannanase from B. circulans NT 6.7, which shows good characteristics for various applications.
Assessing and Mitigating Bias in Medical Artificial Intelligence (2020)

Our study demonstrates that while ECG characteristics vary by race, this did not impact the ability of a convolutional neural network to predict low left ventricular ejection fraction from the ECG. We recommend reporting of performance among diverse ethnic, racial, age, and sex groups for all new artificial intelligence tools to ensure responsible use of artificial intelligence in medicine.
Quantification of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices: Current Capabilities, Case Studies, and Future Prospects (2016)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have numerous exciting potential applications and some that have reached commercialization. As such, quantitative measurements of CNTs in key environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment, and biological tissues) are needed to address concerns about their potential environmental and human health risks and to inform application development. However, standard methods for CNT quantification are not yet available. We systematically and critically review each component of the current methods for CNT quantification including CNT extraction approaches, potential biases, limits of detection, and potential for standardization. This review reveals that many of the techniques with the lowest detection limits require uncommon equipment or expertise, and thus, they are not frequently accessible. Additionally, changes to the CNTs (e.g., agglomeration) after environmental release and matrix effects can cause biases for many of the techniques, and biasing factors vary among the techniques. Five case studies are provided to illustrate how to use this information to inform responses to real-world scenarios such as monitoring potential CNT discharge into a river or ecotoxicity testing by a testing laboratory. Overall, substantial progress has been made in improving CNT quantification during the past ten years, but additional work is needed for standardization, development of extraction techniques from complex matrices, and multimethod comparisons of standard samples to reveal the comparability of techniques.
A microfabricated suspended-tube chemical reactor for thermally efficient fuel processing (2003)

We present a suspended-tube chemical reactor/heat exchanger for high-temperature fuel processing in micro energy conversion systems, primarily for hydrogen production in portable fuel cell systems. This reactor, designed to thermally isolate a high-temperature reaction zone, consists of four free-standing silicon nitride tubes comprising two independent U-shaped fluidic channels. Portions of the tubes are encased in silicon to enable heat exchange between the fluids in these channels. A thin-film platinum resistor is embedded for localized heating and temperature sensing. This paper describes the design and fabrication process for the MEMS fuel processor. Fluidic testing, thermal characterization up to 825°C, and preparation of catalyst washcoats in the reactor microchannels are discussed. In addition, results from catalytic autothermal butane combustion and ammonia cracking in the reactor are presented.
Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs with Hybrid Crystal Orientations (2006)

Novel silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures are presented on hybrid orientation substrates (SuperHOT), i.e. with nFETs on (100) surface orientation and pFETs on (110) orientation, using silicon lateral overgrowth. Functional SOI MOSFETs and ring oscillators are demonstrated
Regulation of apical membrane ion transport in Necturus gallbladder (1992)

Na and Cl movement through the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium was investigated using electrophysiological and light microscopic measurements. Changes in membrane potential difference, fractional resistance of the apical membrane, and transepithelial resistance caused by changes in apical bath Cl concentration revealed the presence of a Cl conductance in the apical membrane of control tissues that was apparently not present in the preparations studied by other investigators. This Cl conductance was blocked by bumetanide (10(-5) M) or by the inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) action, the Rp isomer of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS; 0.5 mM). Treatment of the tissues with Rp-cAMPS also eliminated bumetanide-sensitive cell swelling in the presence of ouabain and activated an amiloride-sensitive swelling, changes consistent with inhibition of NaCl cotransport and the activation of Na-H and Cl-HCO3 exchange. We conclude that the mode of NaCl entry into Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells is determined by the level of cAMP. When cAMP levels are high, entry occurs by NaCl cotransport; when cAMP levels are low, parallel exchange of Na-H and Cl-HCO3 predominates. These observations explain the previous disagreements about the mode of NaCl entry into Necturus gallbladder epithelial cells.
Noise Exposure of Music Teachers (2004)

A noise exposure survey was performed to assess the risk of hearing loss to school music teachers during the course of their activities. Noise exposure of 18 teachers from 15 schools was measured using noise dosimeters. The equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) of each teacher was recorded during single activities (classes) as well as for the entire day, and a normalized 8-hour exposure, termed the noise exposure level (Lex) was also computed. The measured Leq exceeded the 85-dBA limit for 78% of the teachers. Lex exceeded 85 dBA for 39% of the teachers. Limited recommendations on how to reduce the noise exposures are provided. The need for a hearing conservation program has also been emphasized.
Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), but not galactin‐3, adds to prognostication in patients with systemic AL amyloidosis independent of NT‐proBNP and troponin T (2015)

The use of soluble cardiac biomarkers such as N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and troponin has revolutionized prognostication for patients with AL amyloidosis. Soluble ST2 (sST2) and galectin-3 have also been reported to have prognostic value in other cardiac patient populations. We identified 502 patients with AL amyloidosis, who provided a research sample and consent to review their medical records between 1/1/2006-12/31/2010 within 90 days of their diagnosis. Samples were assayed for sST2 and galectin-3. Within this AL amyloidosis population, overall survival (OS) was 25.5 months (95% CI 18, 35.7 months). Receiver operating curve analyses were done to detect the best cut-points for sST2 and galectin-3 to predict both 1- and 5-year OS. The respective cut points for sST2 were 30 and 29.7 ng/mL, while the median sST2 for the entire population was 31 ng/mL (IQR 19.8, 53.6). The respective cut points for galectin-3 were 11 and 10.4 ng/mL while the median for the entire population was 16.6 ng/mL (IQR 11.5, 24.0). Although on univariate analysis, both sST2 and galectin-3 were prognostic, upon multivariate analysis, only sST2 was independent of troponin, NT-proBNP, serum immunoglobulin free light chain, and blood pressure. Not only did sST2 add to previously reported prognostication systems, but a novel prognostication 5-point system including sST2 was possible. The addition of sST2 - but not galectin-3 - to existing prognostication systems for patients with AL amyloidosis strengthens the ability to predict for death.
Occult HBV infection in cryptogenic liver cirrhosis in an area with high prevalence of HBV infection (2002)

Occult HBV infection is common among patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis, and it cannot be explained by mutations in the HBV "a" determinant.
Low-temperature structural phase transition inLa2CuO4 (1987)

Simultaneous electrical resistance and x-ray diffraction measurements have been made on samples of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The resistance data show a local maximum near 36 K; the x-ray data reveal a low-temperature structural transition which is correlated with the electrical anomaly. In addition to the new diffraction pattern, remnants of the orthorhombically distorted ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Ni${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ structure of the parent phase are seen in varying amounts in all samples at low temperatures. These observations are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions.
Rheological Characterization of Human Gastric Fluid and development of Viscous Biorelevant Dissolution Media. (2012)

In order to obtain a good in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC), biorelevant dissolution media (BDM) are used to simulate the properties of gastric fluid. The viscosities of currently used BDM are close to that of water and are therefore not physiologically relevant. The dissolution rate of a drug compound is influenced strongly by the viscosity of the dissolution medium, and a physiologically relevant viscosity of the medium is therefore important to obtain a good IVIVC. In the present study it was desired to create BDM with viscosities similar to human gastric fluid. Human gastric fluid was collected from 7 volunteers and the rheological behaviour was investigated and the apparent viscosities determined using cone and plate geometry. The apparent viscosity was determined to be 0.0015 - 0.012 Pa∙s measured at a shear rate of ~10 – 1000 sec-1. The human gastric fluid displayed a predominant elastic behaviour at low oscillation torques (~0.001 – 1 μN∙m). A fasted-state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) was chosen as a starting point for the creation of viscous BDM. FaSSGF was prepared with different amounts of viscosity enhancer added. A natural viscosity enhancer used for the study was negatively charged porcine gastric mucin (PGM). The other viscosity enhancer used was the semi-synthetic neutral polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). FaSSGF containing HPMC displayed an elastic behaviour whereas FaSSGF containing mucin displayed a viscous behaviour. It was found that the addition of 0.2 – 0.6 % HPMC or 1 – 5 % mucin produced media with a viscosity range similar to that of human gastric aspirates. HPMC was the preferred viscosity enhancer due to the rheological behaviour, whereas PGM was preferred due to the natural charge.
Marine Bacteria. X. Anthranilamides: New Antimicroalgal Active Substances from a Marine Streptomyces Sp. (1998)

2-[Methyl-(3-phenylpropionyl)amino]-benzoic acid (1e) was isolated from a culture of marine Streptomyces sp. strain B7747. Analogous compounds have potential importance as phytotoxic substances, hence compound 1e and the analogues 1a∼1d and 1f∼3a were synthesised. Antimicroalgal activity of the anthranilamide analogues showed that esters 1b, 1f and 2b were more active than the free acids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella salina and Scenedesmus subspicatus ranged from 20 to 107 μg/ml. All anthranilamides were inactive against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Mucor miehei.
Assessment of intraventricular pressure gradients in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction during an acute dose of sublingual Nitro-Glycerine (2014)

Patients with Heart Failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) show high mortality, yet not all its causes are fully understood. Organic nitrates, as sublingual nitro-glycerine (NTG), are potent vasodilators which caused a reduction in myocardial energy requirements (reduced preload and afterload) and therefore, they can be used as a potential treatment for HFpEF patients. As a decreased preload is associated with reduced cardiac hemodynamic parameters, the prognosis of HFpEF patients under NTG treatment can be performed through the use of Color Doppler M-Mode ultrasound imaging (CMM) for assessing E and A waves and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPG).
Spinel metal oxide-alkali carbonate-based, low-temperature thermochemical cycles for water splitting (2014)

Thermochem. cycles that split water into stoichiometric amts. of hydrogen and oxygen below 1000°C are highly desirable,&#13;\nbecause they can convert the waste heat from nuclear power plants into chem. energy in the form of hydrogen. We report a&#13;\nmanganese-based thermochem. cycle with the highest operating temp. of 850°C that is completely recyclable and does not&#13;\ninvolve toxic or corrosive components. The thermochem. cycle includes the following 4 steps: (1) thermal treatment of a&#13;\nphys. mixt. of Na_2CO_3 and Mn_3O_4 to produce MnO, CO_2, and alpha-NaMnO_2 at 850°C, (2) oxidn. of MnO in the presence of&#13;\nNa_2CO_3 bywater to produce H_2, CO_2 and alpha-NaMnO_2 at 850°C, (3) Na+ extn. from alpha-NaMnO_2 by its suspension in aq.&#13;\nsolns. in the presence of bubbling CO_2 at 80°C, and (4) recovery of Mn_3O_4 by thermally reducing the sodium ion extd. solid&#13;\nproduced in step (3) at 850°C. The shuttling of Na+ into and out of the manganese oxides in the hydrogen and oxygen&#13;\nevolution steps, resp., provides the key thermodn. driving forces, and allows for the cycle to be closed at temps. below 1000°C.&#13;\nThe prodn. of hydrogen and oxygen is fully reproducible for at least 5 cycles.
A single administration of hIL-7-hyFc induces long-lasting T-cell expansion with maintained effector functions (2022)

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine for T-cell homeostatic proliferation and maintenance. Clinical studies have shown the potential benefits of IL-7 therapy in various diseases associated with lymphopenia. However, the kinetics of the T-cell response to a single administration of IL-7 in humans have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of Fc-fused long-acting recombinant human IL-7 (hIL-7-hyFc, efineptakin alfa) on lymphocytes in healthy adults after a single subcutaneous or intramuscular administration. Administration of hIL-7-hyFc increased the CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell numbers up to 2.5-fold, with corresponding upregulation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, peaking at day 3 or 7. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) did not expand. Among CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, all T-cell subsets (TN, TEM, TCM, TEMRA, and TSCM) increased for 56 days. The T-cell receptor repertoire diversity of naive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was increased by hIL-7-hyFc, whereas the memory T-cell subsets did not differ between day 56 and day 0. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that hIL-7-hyFc induced robust T-cell expansion without changes in gene expression profiles associated with T-cell functions or genes related to T-cell exhaustion, senescence, and anergy. The effector functions of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were preserved after hIL-7-hyFc administration. Our results suggest that hIL-7-hyFc administration induced a sustained increase in the numbers of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but not Tregs, without qualitative changes. These results support the potential of hIL-7-hyFc as a treatment for patients with compromised T-cell immunity or as a vaccine adjuvant.
Decoding Reed-Muller and Polar Codes by Successive Factor Graph Permutations (2018)

Reed-Muller (RM) and polar codes are a class of capacity-achieving channel coding schemes with the same factor graph representation. Low-complexity decoding algorithms fall short in providing a good error-correction performance for RM and polar codes. Using the symmetric group of RM and polar codes, the specific decoding algorithm can be carried out on multiple permutations of the factor graph to boost the error-correction performance. However, this approach results in high decoding complexity. In this paper, we first derive the total number of factor graph permutations on which the decoding can be performed. We further propose a successive permutation (SP) scheme which finds the permutations on the fly, thus the decoding always progresses on a single factor graph permutation. We show that SP can be used to improve the error-correction performance of RM and polar codes under successive-cancellation (SC) and SC list (SCL) decoding, while keeping the memory requirements of the decoders unaltered. Our results for RM and polar codes of length 128 and rate 0.5 show that when SP is used and at a target frame error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> , up to 0.5 dB and 0.1 dB improvement can be achieved for RM and polar codes respectively.
Abstract 18321: Analysis of a Consanguineous Cohort to Identify and Characterize Human Knockouts (2015)

Background: Experimental disruption of both gene copies (“knockout”) in model organisms has proven useful to understand gene function. Identification of “human knockouts” (i.e., individuals in which null mutations disrupt both copies of a given gene) should therefore provide valuable insights to a gene function that could be of direct relevance to humans. Objective and Methods: We leverage naturally-occurring null mutations and consanguinity in the human population in order to: 1) identify humans knocked out for genes; and 2) characterize the phenotypic consequences of complete gene disruption. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 7,078 individuals living in Pakistan, a region of the world with high levels of consanguinity, and tested whether knockouts differed from wild-type participants across a range of &gt;200 cardiometabolic traits. Results: Median length of genome-wide homozygosity among Pakistani participants was 6-7 times higher than participants of European (CEU, TSI), East Asian (CHB, JPT, CHD) and African ancestries (YRI, MKK), respectively. In Pakistanis, we were able to enumerate 47,656 mutations predicted to be null (nonsense, frameshift, or canonical splice-site); variants were further filtered based on MAF, transcript position, splice sites, and conservation to identify 36,850 “high-confidence” null mutations across 12,131 autosomal genes. Across all participants, 961 distinct genes were completely disrupted by homozygous null mutations. 1,306 participants (18.4%) had at least one gene knocked out. In a phenotypic screen, homozygosity for null mutations at APOC3 was associated with absent plasma apolipoprotein C-III levels; at PLAG27 , with absent enzymatic activity of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in the blood; at CYP2F1 , with higher plasma interleukin-8 concentrations; and at either A3GALT2 or NRG4 , with markedly reduced plasma insulin C-peptide concentrations. After physiologic challenge with oral fat, APOC3 knockouts, when compared to wild-type family members, displayed marked blunting of the usual post-prandial rise in plasma triglycerides. Conclusion: These observations provide a roadmap to understand the consequences of complete disruption of a large fraction of genes in the human genome.
Super-Resolution of Images Using Incoherent Light (2010)

We present a method for reconstructing images beyond the numerical aperture of the imaging system using incoherent light. Our approach can be used for reconstructing sub-wavelength information through measurements taken in the optical far-field.