gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic beam focusing through tissue inhomogeneities with a time reversal mirror: application to transskull therapy (1996)

Time reversal of ultrasonic fields allows a very efficient approach to focus pulsed ultrasonic waves through lossless inhomogeneous media. Time reversal mirrors (TRMs) are made of large transducer arrays, allowing the incident field to be sampled, time reversed, and reemitted. Time reversal method corrects for phase, amplitude, and even shape aberration and thus, is more efficient than time shift compensation techniques. However, this technique needs the knowledge of the Green's function of a dominant scatterer available in the medium. Aberration correction for ultrasonic hyperthermia could be achieved by combining TRM with an artificial acoustic source or sensor implanted inside the treatment volume. In this paper, time reversal method has been experimentally applied to the focusing through the skull bone. It is shown that the skull induces severe attenuation of ultrasound and reduces the efficiency of the time reversal approach. Then, an amplitude correction method is proposed to focus through an attenuating layer located close to the array. This method consists in inversing the amplitude modulation and then time reversing these signals. Finally, this method is combined with numerical backpropagation to compensate for an attenuating layer located some distance away from the transducer array.
Development of a sandwich ELISA to detect Leishmania 40S ribosomal protein S12 antigen from blood samples of visceral leishmaniasis patients (2018)

These results indicate that the 40S ribosomal protein S12 sandwich ELISA warrants further tests with more clinical samples of VL patients and other parasitic diseases. It is hopeful that this ELISA could become a useful tool for confirming VL diagnosis, monitoring treatment progress, disease recurrence and possibly detecting asymptomatic Leishmania infections with a high parasite load.
An analysis of orthopaedic residency selection criteria. (2003)

The lack of literature on residency selection criteria used by orthopaedic program directors has left medical students in the position of relying on rumor and anecdotal information as to what program directors value most highly when sorting through large candidate pools. The purpose of this study was to compare the perspectives on resident selection criteria solicited from orthopaedic program directors and residency applicants. A power analysis was done to determine adequate sample size. A 26-item questionnaire was mailed to 98 residency applicants who interviewed at our program and 156 orthopaedic program directors. The program directors were also asked to elaborate on those factors that were most important in their selection process. A two-tailed Student's t-test was employed to compare the two groups. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistically significant differences between applicant and program director ratings were found in 12 of the 26 questionnaire items. Applicants (n = 91) ranked the following criteria as most important: a letter of recommendation from an orthopaedic surgeon (8.6 on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being most important), USMLE I score (7.7), and rank in medical school (7.6). The most important criteria for the directors (n = 109) were: the applicant performed a rotation at the director's program (7.9), USMLE I score (7.8), and rank in medical school (7.8). This study provides the most comprehensive empirical data to date as to the factors which orthopaedic program directors consider most important during the residency selection process. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the orthopaedic literature that compares the program directors 'and residency applicants' views on resident selection criteria. Significant differences were found between applicant and program director views on resident selection criteria.
2-Arylidene Hydrazinecarbodithioates as Potent, Selective Inhibitors of Cystathionine γ-Lyase (CSE) (2017)

Hydrogen sulfide is produced from l-cysteine by the action of both cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and increasingly has been found to play a profound regulatory role in a range of physiological processes. Mounting evidence suggests that upregulation of hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis occurs in several disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, ischemic injury, and sleep-disordered breathing. In addition to being critical tools in our understanding of hydrogen sulfide biology, inhibitors of CSE hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases in which increased levels of this gasotransmitter play a role. We describe the discovery and development of a novel series of potent CSE inhibitors that show increased activity over the benchmark inhibitor and, importantly, display high selectivity for CSE versus CBS.
A new solvent system: Hydrothermal molten salt (2020)

This work proposes a new solvent system composed of a molten salt in pressurized water, so-called hydrothermal molten salt (HyMoS). This system changes the paradigm of the solubility of inorganics in supercritical water. Using as an example NaOH, a low melting temperature salt, we show the possibility to precipitate it at a temperature above its melting one, leading to the instantaneous formation of the HyMoS. The molten salt is then capable of dissolving a large amount of inorganic salt, as exemplified with Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. This solvent system opens innovative ways with a potential to impact applications in many fields including materials synthesis, biomass conversion, recycling, green chemistry, catalysis, sustainable manufacturing and others. Beyond the impact on the hydrothermal community, this work also offers previously unexplored opportunities for the molten salt field with access to flow chemistry and insights regarding salt precipitation mechanism.
Evaluating and Optimizing Thread Pool Strategies for Real-Time CORBA (2001)

Strict control over the scheduling and execution of processor resources is essential for many fixed-priority real-time applications. To facilitate this common requirement, the Real-Time CORBA (RT-CORBA) specification defines standard middleware features that support end-to-end predictability for operations in such applications. One of the most important features in RT-CORBA is thread pools, which allow application developers and end-users to configure and control processor resources.This paper provides two contributions to the evaluation of techniques for improving the quality of implementation of RT-CORBA thread pools. First, we describe the key patterns underlying common strategies for implementing RT-CORBA thread pools. Second, we evaluate each thread pool strategy in terms of its consequences on (1) feature support, such as request buffering and thread borrowing, (2) scalability in terms of end-points and event demultiplexers required, (3) efficiency in terms of data movement, context switches, memory allocations, and synchronizations required, (4) optimizations in terms of stack and thread specific storage memory allocations, and (5) bounded and unbounded priority inversion incurred in each implementation. This paper also provides results that illustrate empirically how different thread pool implementation strategies perform in different ORB configurations.
Nonproportionality of Scintillator Detectors. V. Comparing the Gamma and Electron Response (2015)

This paper is the fifth in a series of articles on the basic physics of light yield nonproportionality in scintillators. Here, we compare and contrast the nonproportionality as registered by gamma rays and high-energy electrons. As has been noted in the past, these two types of data have different curve shapes (for plots of the light yield against electron or gamma energy). Herein, we show how the experimental gamma nonproportionality curve can be calculated from the electron response by accounting for the distribution of high energy electrons created by the gamma photon via the photoelectric interaction. Similarly, we measure and model the gamma-induced resolution as a function of energy and compare this data to predictions from our model. The utility of the model is explored using data acquired with the scintillators SrI <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (Eu), GYGAG(Ce) and CsI(Na).
Coarse-graining procedure to generate and analyze heterogeneous materials: Theory (1993)

We present a theoretical framework to generate and statistically characterize the microstructure of coarse-grained random two-phase heterogeneous materials. The structures are produced by convolving the intensity function f(x) of a source image with a kernel K(x) to yield a new smoothed intensity F(x) and then using the coarse-grained image which results from taking a cut through the surface F(x) at ${\mathit{F}}_{0}$ (``islands within lakes''). By varying ${\mathit{F}}_{0}$ and the properties of the kernel K, one can generate a wide class of intricate microstructures. We provide a general means, which heretofore had been lacking, of representing and computing the correlation functions that statistically characterize samples of arbitrary size of such coarse-grained models. To illustrate our formalism we obtain results for specific examples of the source intensity f(x) and the kernel K. We also show how one can use this procedure to generate media consisting of distinct particles in a matrix of another material. The applicability of this study to bulk properties of heterogeneous materials and to image analysis in general is discussed.
Step‐Growth Polymerizations (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: General Characteristics of Step-Growth Polymerization Polymerization of Bivalent Monomers Polymerization of Monomers with Average Valence Higher than 2—“Gel Point” Kinetics Of Step-Growth Polymerizations Main Reactions Used in Step-Growth Polymerization Literature
Model-based detection of alternative splicing signals (2010)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hepatic arterial floxuridine and leucovorin for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. New dose schedules and survival update (1994)

Hepatic arterial chemotherapy with FUDR and leucovorin for patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma yields a high response rate and 1- and 2-year survivals of 86% and 62%, respectively. Although a lower dose of leucovorin (15 mg/m2) with FUDR produces a high response rate with less toxicity, before larger scale trials are initiated, further investigation is needed to reduce toxicity. A study of hepatic arterial dexamethasone with FUDR and leucovorin has been initiated for this purpose.
Antibodies against Immunodominant Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Subjects with Suspected Tuberculosis in the United States Compared by HIV Status (2010)

The immunodominance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins malate synthase (MS) and MPT51 has been demonstrated in case-control studies with patients from countries in which tuberculosis (TB) is endemic. The value of these antigens for the serodiagnosis of TB now is evaluated in a cross-sectional study of pulmonary TB suspects in the United States diagnosed to have TB, HIV-associated TB, or other respiratory diseases (ORD). Serum antibody reactivity to recombinant purified MS and MPT51 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) of samples from TB suspects and well-characterized control groups. TB suspects were diagnosed with TB (n = 87; 49% sputum microscopy negative, 20% HIV(+)) or ORD (n = 63; 58% HIV(+)). Antibody reactivity to MS and MPT51 was significantly higher in U.S. HIV(+)/TB samples than in HIV(-)/TB samples (P < 0.001), and it was significantly higher in both TB groups than in control groups with latent TB infection (P < 0.001). Antibody reactivity to both antigens was higher in U.S. HIV(+)/TB samples than in HIV(+)/ORD samples (P = 0.052 for MS, P = 0.001 for MPT51) but not significantly different between HIV(-)/TB and HIV(-)/ORD. Among U.S. HIV(+) TB suspects, a positive anti-MPT51 antibody response was strongly and significantly associated with TB (odds ratio, 11.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 51.2; P = 0.002). These findings have implications for the adjunctive use of TB serodiagnosis with these antigens in HIV(+) subjects.
Conditional Generative Adversarial Network-Based Tactile Stimulus Generation for Ultrasonic Tactile Display (2023)

Tactile rendering is a promising technology that is necessary to integrate into virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, and even metaverse environments. One of the key technologies for realizing tactile rendering is a reproduction or a display of tactile sensation. This study developed a model that generates an appropriate input signal to an ultrasonic tactile display using a conditional generative adversarial network. Sensory evaluation scores and vibration data acquired by a tactile sensor were used as training data for the conditional generative adversarial network-based models. In this study, different cluster analysis conditions were used to create the input information for the models. Each model generated the input signals for an ultrasonic tactile display, and the accuracy of the models was evaluated through sensory evaluation experiments. The results showed that model accuracy improved with moderate cluster classification and that the reproducibility of tactile sensation created with the models developed in this study was improved when compared with the reproducibility of tactile sensation created without the models.
Cover Picture: Direct Correlation of Organic Semiconductor Film Structure to Field‐Effect Mobility (Adv. Mater. 19/2005) (2005)

Abstract The use of near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a non‐destructive technique to quantify the simultaneous chemical conversion, molecular ordering, and defect formation of soluble oligothiophene precursor films intended for application in organic field‐effect transistors is demonstrated on p. 2340 by DeLongchamp and co‐workers. Illustrated from left to right, with increasing temperature: a) as‐cast, the molecules are weakly oriented; b) at the conversion onset, they become isotropic; c) after full conversion, they are strongly oriented and exhibit maximum field‐effect mobility; and d) overheating reduces film coverage and decreases their orientation, thus lowering their performance.
Exome sequencing identifies FANCM as a susceptibility gene for triple-negative breast cancer (2014)

Inherited predisposition to breast cancer is known to be caused by loss-of-function mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, CHEK2, and other genes involved in DNA repair. However, most families severely affected by breast cancer do not harbor mutations in any of these genes. In Finland, founder mutations have been observed in each of these genes, suggesting that the Finnish population may be an excellent resource for the identification of other such genes. To this end, we carried out exome sequencing of constitutional genomic DNA from 24 breast cancer patients from 11 Finnish breast cancer families. From all rare damaging variants, 22 variants in 21 DNA repair genes were genotyped in 3,166 breast cancer patients, 569 ovarian cancer patients, and 2,090 controls, all from the Helsinki or Tampere regions of Finland. In Fanconi anemia complementation gene M (FANCM), nonsense mutation c.5101C>T (p.Q1701X) was significantly more frequent among breast cancer patients than among controls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.26-2.75; P = 0.0018], with particular enrichment among patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 1.81-6.98, P = 0.0002). In the Helsinki and Tampere regions, respectively, carrier frequencies of FANCM p.Q1701X were 2.9% and 4.0% of breast cancer patients, 5.6% and 6.6% of TNBC patients, 2.2% of ovarian cancer patients (from Helsinki), and 1.4% and 2.5% of controls. These findings identify FANCM as a breast cancer susceptibility gene, mutations in which confer a particularly strong predisposition for TNBC.
Fatty acids trigger glucagon secretion : a potential link to fasting hyperglucagonemia in children with obesity (2017)

Fatty acids trigger glucagon secretion : a potential link to fasting hyperglucagonemia in children with obesity
Actinic EUV mask inspection beyond 0.25 NA (2008)

Operating at EUV wavelengths, the SEMATECH Berkeley Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT) is a zoneplate microscope that provides high quality aerial image measurements in routine operations for SEMATECH member companies.We have upgraded the optical performance of the AIT to provide multiple image magnifications, and several inspection NA values up to 0.35 NA equivalent (0.0875 mask-side).We report on the improved imaging capabilities including resolution below 100-nm on the mask side (25 nm, 4 wafer equivalent).EUV reticles are intricate optical systems made from of several materials with wavelength-specific optical properties.The combined interactions of the substrate, multilayer-stack, buffer layer and absorber layer produce a reflected EUV optical field that is challenging to model accurately, and difficult to fully assess without actinic at-wavelength inspection.Understanding the aerial image from lithographic printing alone is complicated by photoresist properties.The AIT is now used to investigate mask issues such as amplitude and phase defect printability, pattern repair techniques, contamination, inspection damage, and mask architecture.The AIT has a 6 illumination angle, and highresolution exposure times are typically 20 seconds per image.The AIT operates semi-automatically capturing through-focus imaging series with step sizes as small as 0.1 m (0.5-0.8 m are typical), and a step resolution of 0.05 m.We believe it is the most advanced EUV mask inspection tool in operation today.In the AIT, an EUV image of the mask is projected by a zoneplate lens with high magnification (680-910) onto a CCD camera.The CCD over-samples the image, providing equivalent pixel sizes down to 15 nm in mask coordinatesseveral image pixels per resolution element.The original AIT zoneplate specifications were designed to emulate the resolution of a 0.25-NA 4 stepper, and thorough benchmarking analysis of the aberrations, flare, contrast-transfer function, and coherence was published in 2007 [1] (see Fig 1).Recent upgrades have also included changes to improve the illumination uniformity and increase the partial coherence value.Five different zoneplate lenses are installed side-by-side to enable the AIT to emulate various stepper optical properties (see Fig. 2).
Low Threshold Microcavity Lasers using a Half-Wave Cavity Spacer (1995)

Data will be presented characterizing a microcavity laser structure which uses a half- wavelength cavity (HWC) spacer layer surrounding a single quantum well (QW) active region. Initial results demonstrate a continuous-wave (CW) room-temperature lasing threshold current of 91μA for a 2μm device (J th =2.3kA/cm 2 ), and 220μA for an 8μm device (J th =344A/cm 2 ). The HWC laser, as illustrated in Fig.1, uses 26 pairs of n- AlAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) for the bottom mirror, a half-wavelength cavity spacer composed of an n-AlAs layer beneath the QW and p-AlAs layer on top, and a p-GaAs cap layer.
Automatic license plate recognition with convolutional neural networks trained on synthetic data (2017)

We present an Automatic License Plate Recognition system designed around Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and trained over synthetic plate images. We first design CNNs suitable for plate and character detection, sharing a common architecture and training procedure. Then, we generate synthetic images that account for the varying illumination and pose conditions encountered with real plate images and we use exclusively such synthetic images to train our CNNs. Experiments with real vehicle images captured in natural light with commodity imaging systems show precision and recall in excess of 93% despite our networks are trained exclusively on synthetic images.
<title>Detection of bioagent signatures: a comparison of electrolytic and metal-doped sol-gel surface-enhanced Raman media</title> (2002)

Since September 11, 2001, the threat of terrorist attack and biological warfare within U.S. borders has become a sobering reality. In an effort to aid military personnel and the public at large, we have been investigating the utility of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to provide rapid identification of chemical agents directly, and biological agents through their chemical signatures. This approach is based on the ability of Raman spectroscopy to identify molecular structure through the abundant vibration information provided in spectra and the ability of SERS to detect extremely low concentrations (e.g. part-per-billion) through the enhancement of Raman scattering by six orders of magnitude or more. Toward the goal of developing a portable analyzer, we have been studying the ability of two SER media to obtain continuous (i.e., reversible) and quantitative (i.e., reproducible) measurements. Here we compare measurements of nucleic acid bases, adenosine monophosphate, and ribonucleic acid extracted from Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus obtained by electrolytic SERS and metal-doped sol-gel SERS. The capabilities of these SER media are summarized in terms of rapid detection of B. anthracis and dipicolinic acid.
Development of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Three Cationic Dyes in Environmental Samples (2020)

Lower dye concentrations and the presence of several dyes along with other matrices in environmental samples restrict their determination. Herein, a highly sensitive and rapid ultra-performance tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for simultaneous determination of cationic dyes, namely methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RB) and crystal violet (CV), in environmental samples. To preconcentrate environmental samples, solid-phase extraction cartridges were developed by using hydrogen peroxide modified pistachio shell biomass (MPSB). The surface morphological and chemical functionalities of MPSB were well characterized. The developed method was validated considering different validation parameters. In terms of accuracy and precision, the %RSD for all three dyes at all four concentration points was found to be between 1.26 and 2.76, while the accuracy reported in terms of the recovery was found to be 98.02%-101.70%. The recovery was found to be in the range of 98.11% to 99.55%. The real sample analysis shows that MB, RB, and CV were found in the ranges of 0.39-5.56, 0.32-1.92 and 0.27-4.36 μg/mL, respectively.
Controlling Interfacial Chemistry During the Processing of Micron Scale Surgical Instruments (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedure Results and Discussion Conclusion