gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
History of atomic layer deposition and its relationship with the American Vacuum Society (2013)

This article explores the history of atomic layer deposition(ALD) and its relationship with the American Vacuum Society (AVS). The authors describe the origin and history of ALD science in the 1960s and 1970s. They also report on how the science and technology of ALD progressed through the 1990s and 2000s and continues today. This article focuses on how ALD developed within the AVS and continues to evolve through interactions made possible by the AVS, in particular, the annual International AVS ALD Conference. This conference benefits students, academics, researchers, and industry practitioners alike who seek to understand the fundamentals of self-limiting, alternating binary surface reactions, and how they can be applied to form functional (and sometimes profitable) thin filmmaterials. The flexible structure of the AVS allowed the AVS to quickly organize the ALD community and create a primary conference home. Many new research areas have grown out of the original concepts of “Atomic Layer Epitaxy” and“Molecular Layering,” and some of them are described in this article. The people and research in the ALD field continue to evolve, and the AVS ALDConference is a primary example of how the AVS can help a field expand and flourish.
Multicarrier CDMA for cellular overlay systems (1999)

A code-division multiple access (CDMA) cellular overlay system is investigated, employing the idea of multicarrier CDMA, which has previously received significant attention as an alternative to traditional single-carrier CDMA. Overlay is pursued here as a means of long-term transition from narrowband cellular to CDMA cellular. A major result of this paper is the demonstration that the use of multicarrier CDMA in a fading channel is particularly beneficial to the narrowband system, as the CDMA users can reduce their transmitted powers as a result of diversity. Another significant conclusion is that the use of transmitter notching in the CDMA system in order to avoid active narrowband users outperforms a strategy in which a narrowband user is avoided by simply dropping the particular carrier which overlays it. Finally, results on the use of the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver in a fading channel are extended for use in the overlay scenario.
Control over Imidazoquinoline Immune Stimulation by pH-Degradable Poly(norbornene) Nanogels (2020)

The reactivation of the innate immune system by toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists holds promise for anticancer immunotherapy. Severe side effects caused by unspecific and systemic activation of the immune system upon intravenous injection prevent the use of small-molecule TLR agonists for such purposes. However, a covalent attachment of small-molecule imidazoquinoline (IMDQ) TLR7/8 agonists to pH-degradable polymeric nanogels could be shown to drastically reduce the systemic inflammation but retain the activity to tumoral tissues and their draining lymph nodes. Here, we introduce the synthesis of poly(norbornene)-based, acid-degradable nanogels for the covalent ligation of IMDQs. While the intact nanogels trigger sufficient TLR7/8 receptor stimulation, their degraded version of soluble, IMDQ-conjugated poly(norbornene) chains hardly activates TLR7/8. This renders their clinical safety profile, as degradation products are obtained, which would not only circumvent nanoparticle accumulation in the body but also provide nonactive, polymer-bound IMDQ species. Their immunologically silent behavior guarantees both spatial and temporal control over immune activity and, thus, holds promise for improved clinical applications.
RANTES stimulation of T lymphocyte adhesion and activation: role for LFA‐1 and ICAM‐3 (1997)

The chemokine RANTES is a potent chemoattractant and activator of T lymphocytes. Mechanisms underlying the RANTES-induced activation of T lymphocytes leading to adhesion and migration have not been fully analyzed. We investigate here the function of RANTES in the regulation of T cell adhesion, specifically the induction of homotypic aggregation. RANTES induced the expression of many important cell surface adhesion and activation receptors in a normal human T cell clone and peripheral blood T lymphocytes, including members of the beta 1 and beta 2 integrin family, CD44, CD50, and CD28. Up-regulation of these markers correlated with RANTES-stimulated homotypic adhesion of T cells. This homotypic aggregation event was RANTES dose-dependent, prolonged, and pertussis toxin-independent, but herbimycin A-sensitive, suggesting that it involves signaling through alternative (G alpha i protein-independent) pathways. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, the homotypic aggregation event was shown to be lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)-dependent, with no observable interaction through alpha 4 or beta 1 integrins. Intercellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) and possibly ICAM-1 participate as LFA-1 ligands. Additionally, RANTES phosphorylated the beta chain of LFA-1 1-2 min following stimulation. These results imply a specific role for the chemokine RANTES in T cell activation and intercellular adhesion.
Coupling High-Pressure MALDI with Ion Mobility/Orthogonal Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (2000)

A new ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometer employing a high-pressure MALDI source has been designed and tested. The prototype instrument operates at a source/drift cell pressure of 1-10 Torr helium, resulting in a mobility resolution of approximately 25. A small time-of-flight mass spectrometer (20 cm) with a mass resolution of up to 200 has been attached to the drift cell to identify (in terms of mass-to-charge ratio) the separated ions. A simple tripeptide mixture has been separated in the drift tube and mass identified as singly protonated species. The ability to separate peptide mixtures, e.g., tryptic digest of a protein, is illustrated and compared to results obtained on a high-vacuum time-of-flight instrument.
Control channel enhancements for ultra-reliable low-latency communications (2017)

The cellular wireless systems are gaining more attention among other connectivity solutions for supporting machine-type communications (MTC). The efficient support of MTC relies on incorporating new features in the communication networks. Ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) is one of the considered features that is essential for the support of mission-critical applications, such as industrial automation, e-health, public safety, and future vehicular communications. Enabling URLLC requires employing enhanced transmission techniques to meet the reliability requirements for both data and control channels. This paper develops general communication models for URLLC in uplink and downlink, considering the errors of data and control channels. The models help in determining the reliability constraints on control information, that should be considered in the design of the future cellular systems. In addition, the paper proposes some enhancement techniques that allow relaxing the stringent reliability requirements of control information.
Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Blood Flow in A Left Ventricle (2002)

An efficient, image-based, computational modeling method for computational fluid dynamic study of left ventricle (LV) haemodynamics is presented. A Two-Chamber-View modeling method is proposed for reconstructing an anatomically realistic model of left ventricle, which is based on ultrasonographic images of two mutually perpendicular slice sections align with the long-axis. Each cross section of the short-axis is approximated as an ellipse with two radii determined from the extracted endocardial borderline, and is stacked up from the apex to the mitral- and aortic-valve planes to generate a fully three-dimensional geometric LV model. the computed results indicate that realistic modeling of both geometry and physiological conditions of left ventricle is of great importance in correctly predicting the behavior of the strong vortex flow patterns and their influence on the heart function.
Formation and photobleaching of 5 eV bands in ion-implanted SiO2:Ge and SiO2glasses for photosensitive materials (1995)

Formation and photobleaching of optical absorption bands in the 5 eV region were examined in proton-implanted 5GeO-95SiO2 glasses and SiO2 glasses implanted with Si, Ge, B or P ions. A conspicuous increase in the intensity of the 5 eV band, which is attributed to oxygen vacancies, was seen in both substrates after implantation. However, a distinct difference was observed in bleaching with 5 eV light between the H-implanted SiO2:Ge glasses and the implanted SiO2 glasses. In the former the 5 eV band was bleached and intense absorptions above 5 eV emerged, whereas in the latter bleaching occurred in the whole UV region. This distinct bleaching nature provides implanted glasses with the possibility of modification of the refractive index by UV illumination.
Reaction to fire of polymethylmethacrylate and polyvinylchloride under reduced oxygen concentrations in a controlled-atmospherecone calorimeter (2022)

Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants, mainly in rooms that are kept in under slight pressure. This configuration leads fires to grow in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. Assessing fire threat involves characterizing the heat released, responsible for fire growth, and the smoke evolved, which may interact with sensitive components in the area. For that purpose, a revisited controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter has been designed, set up, and coupled to a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor to measure simultaneously the evolved gases and aerosols, respectively. This bench-scale apparatus has been first qualified with polymethylmethacrylate. It has second been used to characterize polyvinylchloride cable sheath representative material reaction to fire in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. It appeared that vitiation in under-ventilated fires lowers the heat release rate and the fuel mass loss rate.
Genotyping of Essential Hypertension Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms by a Homogeneous PCR Method with Universal Energy Transfer Primers (2002)

We developed a simple and homogeneous fluorescent protocol that has been used to determine the SNP genotype for six loci in a population of hypertensive and normotensive persons. We also observed a significant association (P = 0.034) between one SNP (A486V) and an Italian population of mildly hypertensive patients.
On the dynamic nature of azimuthal thermoacoustic modes in annular gas turbine combustion chambers (2013)

Abstract This paper deals with the dynamics of standing and rotating azimuthal thermoacoustic modes in annular combustion chambers. Simultaneous acoustic measurements have been made at multiple circumferential positions in an annular gas turbine combustion chamber. A detailed statistical analysis of the spatial Fourier amplitudes extracted from these data reveals that the acoustic modes are continuously switching between standing, clockwise and counter-clockwise travelling waves. A theoretical framework from which the modal dynamics can be explained is proposed and supported by real gas turbine data. The stochastic differential equations that govern these systems have been derived and used as a basis for system identification of the measured engine data. The model describes the probabilities of the two azimuthal wave components as a function of the random source intensity, the asymmetry in the system and the strength of the thermoacoustic interaction. The solution of the simplified system is in good agreement with experimental observations on a gas turbine combustion chamber.
Origin of Limestone Fluorescence (1998)

Fluorescence is commonly used in the oil field for the detection of crude oil and in environmental applications for the detection of refined oils. Spurious fluorescence from minerals can interfere with desired detection. Here, we characterize the fluorescence from limestones in order to understand the origin of limestone fluorescence, in particular to compare and contrast it with other naturally occurring fluorescence. The fluorescence spectra, intensities, and lifetimes of six limestones, ranging in origin and thermal maturity, have been investigated with excitation wavelengths ranging from the ultraviolet through the visible and into the near-infrared. These limestones exhibit fluorescence spectra that are shown to be quite similar to those of crude oils, bitumens, and kerogens. This work strongly supports the conclusion that the fluorescence of limestones is organic in origin. Therefore, differentiation of limestone fluorescence from fluorescence of other organics must be accomplished by using known systematic trends of the fluorescence of naturally occurring organics.
Extending immersion lithography with high-index materials: results of a feasibility study (2007)

In this paper we report the status of our feasibility work on high index immersion. The development of high index fluids (n>1.64) and high index glass materials (n>1.9) is reported. Questions answered are related to the design of a high NA optics immersion system for fluid containment and fluid handling, and to the compatibility of the fluid with ArF resist processes. Optical design and manufacturing challenges are related to the use of high index glass materials such as crystalline LuAG or ceramic Spinel. Progress on the material development will be reviewed. Progress on immersion fluids development has been sustained. Second-generation fluids are available from many suppliers. For the practical use of second-generation fluids in immersion scanners, we have evaluated and tested fluid recycling concepts in combination with ArF radiation of the fluids. Results on the stability of the fluid and the fluid glass interface will be reported. Fluid containment with immersion hood structures under the lens has been evaluated and tested for several scan speeds and various fluids. Experimental results on scan speed limitations will be presented. The application part of the feasibility study includes the imaging of 29nm L/S structures on a 2-beam interference printer, fluid/resist interaction testing with pre- and post-soak testing. Immersion defect testing using a fluid misting setup was also carried out. Results of these application-related experiments will be presented and discussed.
Effect of La Introduction Methods on the Structure of SO_4~(2-) -modified Zr-pillared Clay Solid Acid (2005)

Four La-containing sulfated Zr-pillared clay solid acids with rectorites as matrix were prepared by utilizing different methods for La introduction and characterized by nitrogen ad-sorption/desorption, XRD, NHs-TPD and Py-IR techniques.The effects of different introduction methods for La on the structure and acidity of the resulting catalysts were investigated. The experimental results show that regularity for the layer structure of formed catalysts is significantly improved by either exchanging Na-rectorite with LaCls solution followed by pillaring with Zr pillaring agent or by utilizing La-Zr bipillaring agent. In addition, the employment of these two preparation methods leads to a more uniform pore size distribution, a larger specific surface area and an improvement in the amount and intensity of Lewis acid.
Chirped porous silicon reflectors for thin-film epitaxial silicon solar cells (2008)

The studies of porous silicon as a one-dimensional photonic crystal have led to solutions allowing the fabrication of broad photonic band gaps as large as several hundreds nanometers for various types of applications. In this work we demonstrate the use of the chirping process, i.e., the gradual increase in the spatial period of the structure, as it is used in image processing, to design porous silicon broad-band reflectors for thin-film silicon solar cells. Modeling of those layers is done using linear design method and a simulation software. Such chirped structures are fabricated by an anodization process. Samples are prepared on mono and multicrystalline silicon substrates with 15, 40, 60, and 80 layers. The reflectance spectra of such prepared porous reflectors are evaluated and the results show an increase in bandwidth of over 50% of the total width in comparison with the conventional, unchirped reflectors. We demonstrate clear advantages of introducing chirped multilayer structures over conventional ones. Although some understanding of chirping exists mainly in the field of image processing and photonics, detailed study of chirped porous structures as broad-band reflectors is needed for their implementation in thin-film epitaxial silicon solar cells. A record efficiency of almost 14% was reached for those types of reflectors on a large area 71 cm2 epitaxial Si solar cell, giving a boost in efficiency of 0.6% absolute in comparison with the solar cells containing conventional reflectors.
MALOnt: An Ontology for Malware Threat Intelligence (2020)

Malware threat intelligence uncovers deep information about malware, threat actors, and their tactics, Indicators of Compromise(IoC), and vulnerabilities in different platforms from scattered threat sources. This collective information can guide decision making in cyber defense applications utilized by security operation centers(SoCs). In this paper, we introduce an open-source malware ontology - MALOnt that allows the structured extraction of information and knowledge graph generation, especially for threat intelligence. The knowledge graph that uses MALOnt is instantiated from a corpus comprising hundreds of annotated malware threat reports. The knowledge graph enables the analysis, detection, classification, and attribution of cyber threats caused by malware. We also demonstrate the annotation process using MALOnt on exemplar threat intelligence reports. A work in progress, this research is part of a larger effort towards auto-generation of knowledge graphs (KGs)for gathering malware threat intelligence from heterogeneous online resources.
SUPS: A Simulated Underground Parking Scenario Dataset for Autonomous Driving (2023)

Automatic underground parking has attracted considerable attention as the scope of autonomous driving expands. The auto-vehicle is supposed to obtain the environmental information, track its location, and build a reliable map of the scenario. Mainstream solutions consist of well-trained neural networks and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) methods, which need numerous carefully labeled images and multiple sensor estimations. However, there is a lack of underground parking scenario datasets with multiple sensors and well-labeled images that support both SLAM tasks and perception tasks, such as semantic segmentation and parking slot detection. In this paper, we present SUPS, a simulated dataset for underground automatic parking, which supports multiple tasks with multiple sensors and multiple semantic labels aligned with successive images according to timestamps. We intend to cover the defect of existing datasets with the variability of environments and the diversity and accessibility of sensors in the virtual scene. Specifically, the dataset records frames from four surrounding fisheye cameras, two forward pinhole cameras, a depth camera, and data from LiDAR, inertial measurement unit (IMU), GNSS. Pixel-level semantic labels are provided for objects, especially ground signs such as arrows, parking lines, lanes, and speed bumps. Perception, 3D reconstruction, depth estimation, and SLAM, and other relative tasks are supported by our dataset. We also evaluate the state-of-the-art SLAM algorithms and perception models on our dataset. Finally, we open source our virtual 3D scene built based on Unity Engine and release our dataset at https://github.com/jarvishou829/SUPS.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Acylation of β‐Aminoesters Using Penicillin G Acylase in Organic Solvents. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Threshold saturation on channels with memory via spatial coupling (2011)

We consider spatially coupled code ensembles. A particular instance are convolutional LDPC ensembles. It was recently shown that, for transmission over the memoryless binary erasure channel, this coupling increases the belief propagation threshold of the ensemble to the maximum a-posteriori threshold of the underlying component ensemble. This paved the way for a new class of capacity achieving low-density parity check codes. It was also shown empirically that the same threshold saturation occurs when we consider transmission over general binary input memoryless channels. In this work, we report on empirical evidence which suggests that the same phenomenon also occurs when transmission takes place over a class of channels with memory. This is confirmed both by simulations as well as by computing EXIT curves.
Analysis of the kinetics of band 3 diffusion in human erythroblasts during assembly of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton (2010)

During definitive erythropoiesis, erythroid precursors undergo differentiation through multiple nucleated states to an enucleated reticulocyte, which loses its residual RNA/organelles to become a mature erythrocyte. Over the course of these transformations, continuous changes in membrane proteins occur, including shifts in protein abundance, rates of expression, isoform prominence, states of phosphorylation, and stability. In an effort to understand when assembly of membrane proteins into an architecture characteristic of the mature erythrocyte occurs, we quantitated the lateral diffusion of the most abundant membrane protein, band 3 (AE1), during each stage of erythropoiesis using single particle tracking. Analysis of the lateral trajectories of individual band 3 molecules revealed a gradual reduction in mobility of the anion transporter as erythroblasts differentiated. Evidence for this progressive immobilization included a gradual decline in diffusion coefficients as determined at a video acquisition rate of 120 frames/s and a decrease in the percentage of compartment sizes >100 nm. Because complete acquisition of the properties of band 3 seen in mature erythrocytes is not observed until circulating erythrocytes are formed, we suggest that membrane maturation involves a gradual and cooperative assembly process that is not triggered by the synthesis of any single protein.
Hydrothermolysis of Energetic Materials: Safety and Continuous Process Parameters (1998)

Abstract : SRI conducted a study on the hydrothermolytic disposal of energetic materials (EMs) using a continuous flow reactor which was designed, assembled and tested in studies of the hydrothermolysis of ammonium picrate at 360 deg C. The dissolution study showed that the TNT solubility in water increased by a factor of about 200 from 25 deg C to 200 deg C. The literature shows that the solubility of benzene in water increases by a factor of about 50 over the same interval and benzene becomes completely soluble at about 300 deg C. Therefore, the complete dissolution of TNT in water at temperatures no greater than 300 deg C. Calculations of the critical radii for explosion were made for TNT, HMS, and PETN at 200-350 deg C based on relations for kinetics of self heating. TNT has a critical radius of 0.019 cm at 350 deg C, meaning that spherical particles exceeding this radius will self heat to explosion at 350 deg C.