gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation Of Surface Statistics From Light Scatter (1984)

The operation of a differential scatterometer developed at Montana State University is briefly described. The scatterometer takes and stores data under computer control. Analysis routines allow calculation of the surface power spectral density (PSD) function for the cases of one-dimensional surfaces [Z(x) - diamond-turned surfaces, for example] and isotropic two-dimensional surfaces [ Z(x,y) - polished surfaces, for example] . In addition, the zero and second moments of the PSD may be taken to provide bandwidth-limited values of the root mean square roughness (cr) and the root mean square slope (m). Results from several samples are used to check the vector perturbation theory [E. L. Church and J. M. Zavada, Appl. Opt. 14, 1788 (1975)] used by the computer to relate the scatter distribution function to the PSD. These experiments take advantage of the fact that the surface - and hence its PSD - remain a constant function during the measurements. Variations in the incident angle and polarization are introduced, and the resulting PSDs are calculated and compared. In another experiment, the min/max scatter angles (or, conversely, the min/max PSD spatial frequencies) are matched to those of a total integrated scatter (TIS) system. Integration over the light scatter data and the PSD allows direct comparison to the TIS and effective rms roughness obtained by the TIS system.
DAVID: Dual-Attentional Video Deblurring (2019)

Blind video deblurring restores sharp frames from a blurry sequence without any prior. It is a challenging task because the blur due to camera shake, object movement and defocusing is heterogeneous in both temporal and spatial dimensions. Traditional methods train on datasets synthesized with a single level of blur, and thus do not generalize well across levels of blurriness. To address this challenge, we propose a dual attention mechanism to dynamically aggregate temporal cues for deblurring with an end-to-end trainable network structure. Specifically, an internal attention module adaptively selects the optimal temporal scales for restoring the sharp center frame. An external attention module adaptively aggregates and refines multiple sharp frame estimates, from several internal attention modules designed for different blur levels. To train and evaluate on more diverse blur severity levels, we propose a Challenging DVD dataset generated from the raw DVD video set by pooling frames with different temporal windows. Our framework achieves consistently better performance on this more challenging dataset while obtaining strongly competitive results on the original DVD benchmark. Extensive ablative studies and qualitative visualizations further demonstrate the advantage of our method in handling real video blur.
Solid Acids as Heterogeneous Support for Primary Amino Acid‐Derived Diamines in Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions (2011)

Abstract We have achieved the non‐covalent immobilization of chiral primary amino acid‐derived diamines on organic and inorganic sulfonated solid acids through acid‐base interaction. With the commercial sulfonated fluoropolymer nafion® NR50 as support an optimal balance was found between activity and stereoselectivity of the supported catalyst in direct asymmetric aldol reactions of linear ketones and aromatic aldehydes. Under optimized conditions aldol products were obtained in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities for the syn ‐product (up to 98% ee ). Furthermore, catalysis with the supported diamine was demonstrated to occur truly heterogeneously and the loaded nafion® NR50 beads could be reused several times. Ultimately, the immobilized catalyst/nafion® NR50 system was successfully implemented in a fixed‐bed reactor set‐up under continuous flow conditions.
The State of the Art in Boron Polymer Chemistry (2006)

II. RECENT ADVANCES IN BORON-CONTAINING POLYMERS 8 A. Polymers Containing Boron Atoms in the Backbone or in Pendent Groups 8 i. p-Conjugated Organoboron Polymers Used in Optical and Sensing Applications 8 a. Formed by the Hydroboration Route 9 b. Formed by Other Synthetic Routes 11 ii. Boron Polymers Containing P, Si, or Organometallic Units 15 a. Boron Polymers Containing P Atoms 15 b. Silicon-Containing Boron Polymers 17 c. Boron Polymers Containing Organometallic Moieties 17 iii. Organoboron Polymers Used as Catalysts in Organic Transformations 22 a. Boron Ligands/Polymers Used in Olefin Polymerization Reactions 22 b. Organoboron Polymers Used in Other Organic Transformations 29 Ch001.qxd 4/25/07 5:19 PM Page 1
Towards Reversible High-Voltage Multi-Electron Reactions in Alkali-Ion Batteries Using Vanadium Phosphate Positive Electrode Materials (2021)

Vanadium phosphate positive electrode materials attract great interest in the field of Alkali-ion (Li, Na and K-ion) batteries due to their ability to store several electrons per transition metal. These multi-electron reactions (from V<sup>2+</sup> to V<sup>5+</sup>) combined with the high voltage of corresponding redox couples (e.g., 4.0 V vs. for V<sup>3+</sup>/V<sup>4+</sup> in Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>3</sub>) could allow the achievement the 1 kWh/kg milestone at the positive electrode level in Alkali-ion batteries. However, a massive divergence in the voltage reported for the V<sup>3+</sup>/V<sup>4+</sup> and V<sup>4+</sup>/V<sup>5+</sup> redox couples as a function of crystal structure is noticed. Moreover, vanadium phosphates that operate at high V<sup>3+</sup>/V<sup>4+</sup> voltages are usually unable to reversibly exchange several electrons in a narrow enough voltage range. Here, through the review of redox mechanisms and structural evolutions upon electrochemical operation of selected widely studied materials, we identify the crystallographic origin of this trend: the distribution of PO<sub>4</sub> groups around vanadium octahedra, that allows or prevents the formation of the vanadyl distortion (O<sup>…</sup>V<sup>4+</sup>=O or O<sup>…</sup>V<sup>5+</sup>=O). While the vanadyl entity massively lowers the voltage of the V<sup>3+</sup>/V<sup>4+</sup> and V<sup>4+</sup>/V<sup>5+</sup> couples, it considerably improves the reversibility of these redox reactions. Therefore, anionic substitutions, mainly O<sup>2-</sup> by F<sup>-</sup>, have been identified as a strategy allowing for combining the beneficial effect of the vanadyl distortion on the reversibility with the high voltage of vanadium redox couples in fluorine rich environments.
Protecting Insecure Communications with Topology-aware Network Tunnels (2016)

Unencrypted and unauthenticated protocols present security and privacy risks to end-to-end communications. At the same time we observe that only 30% of popular web servers offer HTTPS. Even when services support it, implementation vulnerabilities threaten their security. In this paper we propose an architecture called Topology-aware Network Tunnels (TNT) which minimizes insecure network paths to Internet services without their participation. TNT is not a substitute for TLS. We determine that popular web destinations are collocated in a small set of networks with 10 autonomous systems hosting 66% of traffic. At the same time cloud providers own these networks or are very close to them. Therefore clients can strategically establish secure tunnels to these providers and route their traffic through them. As a result adversaries not able to compromise the web service or its hosting provider are presented with encrypted and authenticated traffic instead of today's plain text. The strategic placement of network tunnels, gathering of network intelligence and routing decisions of the TNT architecture are not found in VPN services, network proxies or Tor. Existing overlay routing systems such as RON and one-hop source routing cannot substitute TNT. We implement our proposal as a routing software suite and evaluate it extensively using diverse cloud and ISP networks. We eliminate plain-text traffic to the Internet for 20% of web servers, reduce it to 1 network hop for an additional 20% and minimize it for the rest. We preserve the original network latency and page load time. TNT is practical and can be deployed by clients today.
Rheometry (2014)

No AccessPolymer RheologyNov 2014RheometryTim Osswald, Natalie RudolphTim Osswald, Natalie Rudolphhttps://doi.org/10.3139/9781569905234.006SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to FavoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsCopy LTI LinkPDF key 'share (en)' returned an object instead of string.FacebookTwitterEmailLinkedIn previous chapternext chapter FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2014Pages: 187-220Print ISBN: 978-1-56990-517-3eISBN: 978-1-56990-523-4 Copyright & Permissions© 2015 Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KGPDF downloadLoading ...
Defects management in the gain media of GeSn micro-disk lasers (2020)

We fabricated a Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.92</sub> Sn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.08</sub> micro-disk laser with a lasing threshold as low as 20-30 kW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 75 K. A specific etching process was developed to remove the dense array of misfit dislocations from the gain medium. Further surface treatments and passivations improved the lasing dynamics.
Mutation of p53 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma correlates with Bcl‐2 expression and increased susceptibility to cisplatin‐induced apoptosis (2004)

These results suggest that p53 mutation directly modulates Bcl-2 expression and therefore susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in SCCHN cells in vitro.
Model-free approach to the interpretation of restricted and anisotropic\n self-diffusion in magnetic resonance of biological tissues (2021)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the method of choice for noninvasive\nstudies of micrometer-scale structures in biological tissues via their effects\non the time/frequency-dependent ("restricted") and anisotropic self-diffusion\nof water. Traditional MRI relies on pulsed magnetic field gradients to encode\nthe signal with information about translational motion in the direction of the\ngradient, which convolves fundamentally different aspects-such as bulk\ndiffusivity, restriction, anisotropy, and flow-into a single effective\nobservable lacking specificity to distinguish between biologically plausible\nmicrostructural scenarios. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a formal\nanalogy between measuring rotational correlation functions and interaction\ntensor anisotropies in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and\ninvestigating translational motion in MRI, which we utilize to convert data\nacquisition and analysis strategies from NMR of rotational dynamics in\nmacromolecules to MRI of diffusion in biological tissues, yielding\nmodel-independent quantitative metrics reporting on relevant microstructural\nproperties with unprecedented specificity. Our model-free approach advances the\nstate-of-the-art in microstructural MRI, thereby enabling new applications to\ncomplex multi-component tissues prevalent in both tumors and healthy brain.\n
Combination of tumor multinucleation and spatial arrangement of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to predict overall survival in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A multisite study. (2020)

6566 Background: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients can have major morbidity from current treatment regimens, necessitating accurate identification of patients with aggressive versus indolent tumors. In this study, we sought to evaluate whether the combination of computer extracted features of tumor cell multinucleation (MN) and spatial interplay of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is prognostic of overall survival (OS) in OPSCC patients. Methods: OPSCC specimens from 688 patients were retrospectively collected from 3 different sites. 141 patients from site 1 formed the training set (D1) and 322 patients from site 2 and 225 patients from site 3 formed the independent validation cohort (D2, n = 547). A machine learning (ML) model was employed to automatically calculate a Multi-nucleation risk index (MNI), which is the ratio of the number of MN to the number of epithelial cells, to each patient. A separate ML model was also used to capture measurements related to the interplay between TILs and tumor cells (SpaTIL), which were then used to compute a risk score using a Cox regression model. The median value of both the MNIs and the SpaTIL risk scores in D2 were used to identify patients as either low- or high-risk. A definitive label was assigned to each patient by combining the class labels obtained from the MNI and SpaTIL models using a logical AND operation. Results: In D2, the patients with high-risk scores had statistically significantly worse survival in univariate analysis. The univariate analysis yielded an HR = 1.91 (95% CI: 1.25-2.93, p = 0.0027) for D. Multivariate analysis controlling the effect of different clinical variables is shown in the table. Conclusions: We presented a computational pathology approach to prognosticate disease outcome in OPSCC by combining features relating to density of multinucleation and spatial arrangement of TILs and validated the approach on a large multi-site dataset. With additional validation the approach could potentially help identify OPSCC patients who could benefit from de-escalation of therapy. [Table: see text]
Internal pressure and surface tension of bare and hydrogen coated silicon nanoparticles (2004)

We present a study of internal pressure and surface tension of bare and hydrogen coated silicon nanoparticles of 2-10 nm diameter as a function of temperature, using molecular dynamics simulations employing a reparametrized Kohen-Tully-Stillinger interatomic potential. The internal pressure was found to increase with decreasing particle size but the density was found to be independent of the particle size. We showed that for covalent bond structures, changes in surface curvature and the associated surface forces were not sufficient to significantly change bond lengths and angles. Thus, the surface tension was also found to be independent of the particle size. Surface tension was found to decrease with increasing particle temperature while the internal pressure did not vary with temperature. The presence of hydrogen on the surface of a particle significantly reduces surface tension (e.g., drops from 0.83 J/m(2) to 0.42 J/m(2) at 1500 K). The computed pressure of bare and coated particles was found to follow the classical Laplace-Young equation.
Refolding Technology for scFv Using a New Detergent, N-Lauroyl-L-glutamate and Arginine (2012)

Monoclonal antibodies to the soluble antigens or cell surface markers hold great promise as effective human therapeutics. One of the major disadvantages is its large size, which prevents efficient penetration into the target tissues. Smaller version of antibodies, which has only antigen binding sites, is extensively investigated. It becomes increasingly apparent, however, that these smaller fragments of antibodies are rather difficult to produce, as the normally efficient mammalian secretion system does not work well for these fragments. Thus, refolding of insoluble proteins produced in Escherichia coli is a method of choice, although such refolding is mainly based on trial-and-error experiment. Here we describe a novel refolding system using a new amino acid-based detergent, N-lauroyl-L-glutamate, and arginine. This detergent appears to readily dissociate from proteins below critical micelle concentration (CMC), while remaining effective in protein solubilization above CMC. Arginine suppresses protein aggregation when the detergent concentration was reduced below CMC. The interaction of the detergent and arginine with proteins, which play an important role in protein refolding, will be discussed in great length.
Filter design of interpolation-based SC-FDMA transmitter for random access preamble generation (2015)

The physical random access channel (PRACH) of a mobile hotspot network (MHN) is based on a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA). In this paper, we introduce a practical filter design of interpolation-based SC-FDMA transmitter for random access preamble generation. A multistage interpolation filter is used to increase the preamble sampling rate of 12.96 MHz to the system sampling rate of 184.32 MHz, while lowering the sidelobes below −60 dB. In the implementation point of view, this interpolation-based PRACH transmitter provides efficiency and reduction in complexity.
Imaging equipment and techniques for optimal intraoperative imaging during endovascular interventions. (1999)

Because endovascular procedures represent an ever-increasing portion of many vascular surgery practices, many surgeons are faced with difficult choices. Endovascular procedures often require open surgery, and open surgical techniques increasingly require fluoroscopic imaging. Without good intraoperative imaging, endovascular procedures are difficult and endovascular aneurysm repair is impossible. How does one balance the need for optimal imaging without sacrificing the ability to safely perform open surgical procedures, especially in the early stages of a developing endovascular program? Strategies include the use of a portable c-arm and carbon fiber table in the operating room (OR), adding a fixed imaging platform to an OR, gaining access to an angiography suite that does not meet OR requirements, and modifying it into an interventional suite that does meet operating room standards. Once the optimal equipment and facilities have been chosen, other choices must be considered. Should a radiology technician be hired? Should an interventional radiologist be available to assist or be incorporated as a routine member of the team? How will typical operating room procedures and technique need to be altered in an effort to optimize intraoperative imaging for endovascular procedures? This article gives an overview of the many issues that arise as a vascular surgery practice evolves to incorporate complex endovascular procedures.
An Annular Array System for High Resolution Breast Echography (1982)

Ultrasound B-mode imaging with electronically focused annular arrays has been associated in the past with fairly complex and expensive electronic circuits. When image quality rather than scanning speed is the prime concern, the concept of switched zone focusing offers an attractive alternative to true dynamic focusing previously reported. Strongly focused apertures used in both transmit and receive modes allow improved lateral resolution, lower side lobe levels, higher sensitivity, as well as simplified electronics. This approach was investigated for the particular case of breast imaging. We outline some general design considerations for water path imaging with annular arrays, and describe the system adopted in the development of a high resolution breast scanner using a sealed, water filled head. Experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions, and grey scale images are presented to illustrate the performance of the instrument.
Asymmetric Closure of Ischiopubic Synchondrosis in Pediatric Patients: Correlation with Foot Dominance (2004)

Unilateral enlarged ischiopubic synchondrosis is closely correlated with foot dominance. The asymmetric ossification pattern of the ischiopubic synchondrosis indicates delayed ossification of this anatomic structure due to asymmetrically applied mechanical forces to the nondominant limb.
Performance and Combustion Modeling of Heterogeneous Charge Engines (1985)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper reviews the phenomoneological modeling of the combustion processes for the diesel and fuel-injected stratified charge engines. Distinctions are made between phenomenological and multi-dimensional finite-difference approaches. The modeling methodologies and the basic components in these models are described. These include characterization of the fuel spray, fuel-air mixing, ignition, burning and heat transfer processes. An attempt is made in the paper to highlight the similarities and contrasts of various models and relate to their utility in addressing emission research and engine performance development objectives.&lt;/div&gt;
Resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry. 3. Tunable dye laser excitation spectroscopy of the lowest 2B1u excited state of the tetracyanoquinodimethane anion radical (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTResonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry. 3. Tunable dye laser excitation spectroscopy of the lowest 2B1u excited state of the tetracyanoquinodimethane anion radicalDavid L. Jeanmaire and Richard P. Van DuyneCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 14, 4034–4039Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00430a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00430a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ultrafast Z-scan measurements of nonlinear optical constants of window materials at 772, 1030, and 1550  nm (2015)

Femtosecond Z-scan measurements have been performed on six window materials at 772, 1030, and 1550 nm. Measurements of the nonlinear refractive index are presented for reference materials, fused silica and BK7 and four near-infrared window materials, multispectral ZnS (CLEARTRAN), aluminum oxynitride (AlON), spinel (MgAl2O4) ceramic, and barium gallogermanate (BGG) glass.
Chitosan‐Fibroin Laminates: Unexpected Strength and Toughness in Chitosan‐Fibroin Laminates Inspired by Insect Cuticle (Adv. Mater. 4/2012) (2012)

Javier Fernandez and Donald Ingber demonstrate on page 480 that chitosan-fibroin laminates inspired by natural insect cuticles have unexpected strength and toughness. The inside cover image shows a scaled replica of a Thesoneura Americana hind wing made of Shrilk, which is a synthetic insect cuticle material composed of a laminate of chitosan and fibroin. Thesoneura is a member of the Palepdictyoptera family that is believed to be one of the first primitive flying insects. This insect became extinct about 300 million years ago; the shape was reproduced from fossil records and the vein pattern was reproduced from a grasshopper hind wing.