gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Design limitations of highly parallel free-space optical interconnects based on arrays of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes, microlenses, and photodetectors</title> (1994)

The packing density of a highly parallel free-space multi-stage optical interconnect network involving arrays of vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), microlenses, and photodetectors is analyzed for the first time, based on a crosstalk model involving the diffraction-induced crosstalk among pixels. Variations of channel packing density, interconnection distance, and optical transmission efficiency are evaluated to provide optimum design parameters for the arrays of VCSELs, microlenses, and photodetectors. It is shown that it is pivotal to optimize the photodetector diameter in such an optical interconnect network. Photodetector array misalignment effects on system performance are further investigated, providing both transverse and longitudinal alignment tolerance. Several experiments are also conducted to verify the theory developed herein.
The Flip Side of the Reweighted Coin: Duality of Adaptive Dropout and Regularization (2021)

Among the most successful methods for sparsifying deep (neural) networks are those that adaptively mask the network weights throughout training. By examining this masking, or dropout, in the linear case, we uncover a duality between such adaptive methods and regularization through the so-called "$η$-trick" that casts both as iteratively reweighted optimizations. We show that any dropout strategy that adapts to the weights in a monotonic way corresponds to an effective subquadratic regularization penalty, and therefore leads to sparse solutions. We obtain the effective penalties for several popular sparsification strategies, which are remarkably similar to classical penalties commonly used in sparse optimization. Considering variational dropout as a case study, we demonstrate similar empirical behavior between the adaptive dropout method and classical methods on the task of deep network sparsification, validating our theory.
Photonic band-gap waveguide microcavities: Monorails and air bridges (1999)

Photonic band-gap monorail and air-bridge waveguide microcavities, operating at the wavelength regime of 1550 nm, are fabricated using GaAs-based compound semiconductors. The fabrication process involves gas-source molecular beam epitaxy, electron-beam lithography, reactive ion etching, and thermal wet oxidation of Al0.93Ga0.07As. The fabrication of the air-bridge microcavity, in particular, also entails the sacrificial wet etch of AlxOy to suspend the micromechanical structure. The monorail and air-bridge microcavities have been optically characterized and the transmission spectra exhibit resonances in the 1550 nm wavelength regime. Tunability of the resonant wavelength is demonstrated through changing the defect size in the one-dimensional photonic crystal. The quality factors (Q) of the microcavities are about 140 for the monorail and 230 for the air bridge, respectively.
The Effects of BADGE and Caffeine on the Time-Course Response of Adiponectin and Lipid Oxidative Enzymes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice: Correlation with Reduced Adiposity and Steatosis (2008)

Adiponectin, which is expressed exclusively in adipose tissue, has been shown to increase fatty acid oxidation via activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). ACC phosphorylation and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CPT1) activity have been shown to be rate controlling factors in fatty acid oxidation. In high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, we analyzed the time-course of changes in the expression of adiponectin and lipid oxidative enzymes induced by treatment with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) or caffeine for 8 weeks, and investigated whether the changes of adiponectin and lipid oxidative enzymes expression correlated with reduced adiposity or steatosis after 8 weeks of treatment. After 8 weeks of treatment, BADGE and caffeine had reduced body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight in mice fed HFD, and markedly reduced the number of fatty droplets in the liver. Interestingly, the expression of adiponectin and lipid oxidative enzymes significantly increased after 2 weeks of treatment. These results indicate that the expression of adiponectin and lipid oxidative enzymes in the early stages of BADGE or caffeine treatment correlated well with the long-term anti-obesity effects.
Compact distributed RLC models for multilevel interconnect networks (1999)

Novel compact expressions that describe the transient response of high-speed resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC) coupled transmission lines are rigorously derived for the first time. These new distributed RLC models compact distributed RLC models are used to project the impact of inductance on 3 GHz and 10 GHz multilevel interconnect networks implemented with copper and a low k (/spl sim/2.0) dielectric material, and reveal that peak crosstalk voltage is over 60% larger for 3 GHz and 10 GHz wiring levels than with traditional distributed RC models.
The 1984 bottom-mounted Gulf Stream tomographic experiment (1989)

In this paper, data from a Gulf Stream tomographic experiment carried out in October 1984 are analyzed. The experiment used acoustic sources and receivers bottom mounted beneath the stream to measure Gulf Stream dynamics. However, due to an unfortunate electronic malfunction of the source, only 2 days of acoustically measured travel time data are available. Nevertheless, some new and positive results are obtained. Bottom reflected acoustic rays having up to two bottom bounces are unambiguously identified by solving the direct problem of tracing rays both in a reference climatological profile and in actual range-dependent sound-speed sections from a hydrographic survey carried out during the experiment. It is also shown that these rays do not appear to be affected by important nonlinearities so that they can be used to provide consistent results in inverse solutions.
A distinct growth physiology enhances bacterial growth under rapid nutrient fluctuations (2020)

Abstract It has been long known that bacteria coordinate their physiology with environmental nutrient, yet our current understanding offers little intuition for how bacteria respond to the second-to-minute scale fluctuations in nutrient concentration characteristic of many microbial habitats. To investigate the effects of rapid nutrient fluctuations on bacterial growth, we coupled custom microfluidics with single-cell microscopy to quantify the growth rate of E. coli experiencing 30 s to 60 min nutrient fluctuations. Compared to steady environments of equal average concentration, fluctuating environments reduced growth rate by up to 50%. However, measured reductions in growth rate were only 38% of the growth loss predicted from single nutrient shifts — an enhancement produced by the distinct growth response of cells grown in environments that fluctuate rather than shift once. We report an unexpected physiology adapted for growth in nutrient fluctuations and implicate nutrient timescale as a critical environmental parameter beyond nutrient concentration and source.
Does Psychological Stress contribute to persisting Immune Activation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (2008)

Aims: Persisting low-grade inflammation may contribute to the manifestation of symptoms in at least a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We have previously demonstrated an association of symptoms and psychological co-morbidity with cytokine secretion in IBS (Gastroenterology 2007, Mar; 132(3):913–20). It is well known that stress is associated with greater resistance to molecules that normally terminate the inflammatory cascade. We therefore hypothesized that patients with IBS are less susceptible to glucocorticoids which might be partly linked to increased psychological stress. Thus we aimed to quantitate a) steroid sensitivity of LPS stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), b) glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) expression, c) plasma cortisol levels and d) anxiety scores in patients with IBS compared to healthy controls (HC).
QoS-Aware Power Control in Internet of Drones for Data Collection Service (2019)

Internet of Drones (IoD) utilizes drones as the Internet of Things devices to collect information (e.g., air pollutant level and traffic condition) over different points of interests, and has been explored in several applications such as object tracking and traffic surveillance. However, owing to the limited battery capacity of drones, energy efficient strategies are required in IoD systems. Meanwhile, the varying wireless channel conditions as a drone flies in the air may degrade the user quality of service (QoS). Power control, which adapts to the varying channel conditions and also controls the energy consumption, helps address these challenges. In this paper, we investigate power control in IoD for the data collection service to minimize the energy consumption of a drone while meeting the QoS requirement. The problem is formulated as a sum-of-ratios fractional programming problem, which is NP-complete. We then propose a PowEr conTROL (PETROL) algorithm to solve this problem and derive its rate of convergence. Extensive simulations demonstrate the performances of PETROL.
Un approccio semplificato per il calcolo del load flow nelle smart grids basato su misure distribuite in bassa tensione (2017)

Gli autori hanno sviluppato un approccio semplificato per il calcolo del load flow per le reti radiali, basato sulle misure delle potenze in BT e su una sola misura di tensione sulle sbarre MT. L’algoritmo di load flow è di tipo “backward/ forward” a somme di potenze, che, rispetto al precedente approccio a somme di corrente, consente di ottenere una migliore efficienza computazionale, senza peggiorarne le caratteristiche di convergenza e accuratezza. Questo rappresenta un vantaggio dal punto di vista dell'implementazione dell'algoritmo, anche in sistemi SCADA con limitate capacità di calcolo. I risultati riportati nell'articolo, ottenuti per la rete di distribuzione dell’Isola di Favignana, mostrano l'efficacia della soluzione proposta in termini di compatibilità tra le stime dei flussi di potenza e le misure sul campo.
Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from various tissues of isogenic mini-pig (2015)

The present study compared the cellular properties based on cell surface differentiation markers, telomerase activity, stem cell-specific transcripts and differentiation capacity into adipocytes, osteocytes and neurocytes in multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs), adipose (ASCs), ovarian (OSCs), muscle (MuSCs) and skin (SSCs) tissues of the same donor mini-pig. Using flow cytometry, all isolated MSCs expressed stem cell-positive surface markers CD29, CD44 and Vimentin, at a high level. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, BMSCs, ASCs and SSCs showed higher expression of stem cell-specific transcripts (NANOG, OCT-4 and SOX-2) as compared to OSCs and MuSCs. Telomerase activity was detected by relative-quantitative telomerase repeats amplification protocol at a similar level in all MSCs. Further, analysis of cytochemical staining and lineage-specific transcripts demonstrated that all MSCs get easily differentiated into adipocytes, except for OSCs, whereas, BMSCs and MuSCs easily differentiated into osteocytes, compared to ASCs, OSCs and SSCs. Furthermore, all MSC groups showed the same level of capacity for neurocytes differentiation. Based on these results, the cellular properties were dominantly expressed in BMSCs, ASCs and SSCs, whereas the differentiation capacity was dominantly expressed in BMSCs and MuSCs, compared to others MSCs. Taken together, BMSCs could potentially be used as a good source of MSCs for clinical application and fundamental stem cell research.
High immunosuppressive burden in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients (2013)

The accumulation of immunosuppressive cells and exhausted effector T cells highlight an important immune dysfunction in advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. These cells significantly hamper the efficacy immunotherapies and facilitate HCC progression. We have recently demonstrated that the multipronged depletion of immunosuppressive cells potentially restores effector T-cell function in HCC.
From conditioning shampoo to nanomechanics and haptics of human hair. (2011)

Shampoo treatment and hair conditioning have a direct impact on our wellbeing via properties like combability and haptic perception of hair. Therefore, systematic investigations leading to quality improvement of hair care products are of major interest. The aim of our work is a better understanding of complex testing and the correlation with quantitative parameters. The motivation for the development of physical testing methods for hair feel relates to the fact that an ingredient supplier like BASF can only find new, so far not yet toxicologically approved chemistries for hair cosmetics, if an in-vitro method exists.In this work, the effects of different shampoo treatments with conditioning polymers are investigated. The employed physical test method, dry friction measurements and AFM observe friction phenomena on a macroscopic as well as on a nanoscale directly on hair. They are an approach to complement sensoric evaluation with an objective in-vitro method.
1H-Pyrrole-2-carbonitrile (2009)

[4513-94-4] C5H4N2 (MW 92.10) InChI = 1S/C5H4N2/c6-4-5-2-1-3-7-5/h1-3,7H InChIKey = BQMPGKPTOHKYHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N (addition reactions; heterocycle formation) Alternative Name: 2-cyanopyrrole. Physical Data: mp not determined; bp 92 °C (2 mmHg); d 1.086 g cm −1. Solubility: sol organics (C6H6, CH2Cl2, THF, DMF, MeCN). Form Supplied in: colorless to yellow liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: by standard analytical techniques. Preparative Methods: by treatment of Pyrrole with Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate1 or by treatment of Pyrrole-2-Carboxaldehyde with copper powder and Ammonium Chloride under an oxygen atmosphere.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic if swallowed; irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin; store away from oxidizing agents. Use in a fume hood.
Visualization of contact areas between PVA brushes and surfaces (2019)

PVA brushes are frequently used for a cleaning of the post CMP process. In the cleaning process, the contact conditions between the brushes and surface is very important, however the direct observation is difficult task. In this study, we have tried to observe the real contact area between PVA brushes and prism surface using total reflection light. As results, a high contact area region at the front part of the brush moving was observed, and the region was formed by catching the brush side face. In addition, the real contact area of PVA brush with surface skin layer was about 0.6 % compare to the appearance contact area.
The synthesis and self‐assembly of ABA amphiphilic block copolymers containing styrene and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate in dilute aqueous solutions: Elevated cloud point temperatures for thermoresponsive micelles (2008)

Abstract A series of ABA amphiphilic triblock copolymers possessing polystyrene (PS) central hydrophobic blocks, one group with “short” PS blocks (DP = 54–86) and one with “long” PS blocks (DP = 183–204) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization. The outer hydrophilic blocks were various lengths of poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether) methacrylate, a comb‐like polymer. The critical aggregation concentrations were recorded for certain block copolymer samples and were found to be in the range circa 10 −9 mol L −1 for short PS blocks and circa 10 −12 mol L −1 for long PS blocks. Dilute aqueous solutions were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and demonstrated that the short PS block copolymers formed spherical micelles and the long PS block copolymers formed predominantly spherical micelles with smaller proportions of cylindrical and Y‐branched cylindrical micelles. Dynamic light scattering analysis results agreed with the TEM observations demonstrating variations in micelle size with PS and POEGMA chain length: the hydrodynamic diameters ( D H ) of the shorter PS block copolymer micelles increased with increasing POEGMA block lengths while maintaining similar PS micellar core diameters ( D C ); in contrast the values of D H and D C for the longer PS block copolymer micelles decreased. Surface‐pressure isotherms were recorded for two of the samples and these indicated close packing of a short PS block copolymer at the air–water interface. The aggregate solutions were demonstrated to be stable over a 38‐day period with no change in aggregate size or noticeable precipitation. The cloud point temperatures of certain block copolymer aggregate solutions were measured and found to be in the range 76–93 °C; significantly these were ∼11 °C higher in temperature than those of POEGMA homopolymer samples with similar chain lengths. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7739–7756, 2008
Measurement of Head Dynamics and Facial Contact Forces In the Hybrid III Dummy (1986)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Injury and disability associated with head (brain), neck (spinal cord) and facial injury account for 61.7% of the total societal Harm in the most recent estimate of motor-vehicle related crash injuries. This paper discusses the need for accurate information on translational and rotational acceleration of the head as the first step in critiquing the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and other injury predictive methods, and developing a fuller understanding of brain and spinal cord injury mechanisms. A measurement system has been developed using linear accelerometers to accurately determine the 3D translational and rotational acceleration of the Hybrid III dummy head. Our concept has been to use the conventional triaxial accelerometer in the dummy's head to assess translational acceleration, and three rows of in-line linear accelerometers and a least squares analysis to compute statistical best-fits for the rotational acceleration about three orthogonal axes. This process provides a standard error or confidence interval of the computed rotational accelerations as a function of time. With accurate rigid body acceleration computed, the inertial response of the head can be subtracted from the neck reaction force to obtain the applied force on the head or face, or determine the lack of head contact. This paper describes a design for an in-line accelerometer package, the hardware, instrumentation and computer software to determine head dynamics, the validation of the measurement analysis packages, and a demonstration of the characteristics of head dynamics. The demonstration includes rotational and translational acceleration responses and head impact forces obtained in a variety of Hyge sled and mini-sled tests. The resulting head dynamic responses demonstrate high levels and various combinations of rotational (typical values of 4,000-6,000 rad/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with peaks over 20,000 rad/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and translational (typical values of 100-150 G with peaks of 250 G, and HIC values of 200-2500) acceleration during direct impact and indirect loading of the head.&lt;/div&gt;
Poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability (2019)

In this study, we report a novel ternary conductive hybrid material with high stability, conductivity, and excellent electrochemical Ga<sup>3+</sup> sensing ability. Ternary poly(pyrrole-<i>co-o</i>-toluidine)/CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/reduced graphene oxide-oxidized single-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites in the form of P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs have been synthesized through an <i>in situ</i> chemical polymerization method <i>via</i> a facile three-step approach. Single phase CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (CF) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an egg white method, while reduced graphene oxide-oxidized single-wall carbon nanotubes R(GO-OXSWCNTs) were prepared <i>via</i> co-reduction of graphene oxide along with oxidized SWCNTs flowed by coating CF and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) with a poly(pyrrole-<i>co-o</i>-toluidine) matrix P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT) copolymer. The results of X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman indicated that the P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs were effectively synthesized with strong interactions among the constituents. The thermal stability of P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs is considerably enhanced in the composite format. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that CF and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) were well coated by P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT). The electrical conductivity study showed that P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT) and R(GO-OXSWCNTs) might significantly improve the conductivity and the electrochemical performance of the CF. A Ga<sup>3+</sup> ion selective electrochemical sensor was fabricated by coating a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with synthesized P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs by using 5% Nafion binder. The slope of the calibration curve was used to calculate the sensor's analytical parameters, such as sensitivity (13.0569 μA μM<sup>-1</sup> cm<sup>-2</sup>), detection limit (96.27 ± 4.81 pM), quantification limit (43.523 pM), response time, reproducibility, large linear dynamic range, and linearity. The validation of the P(Py-<i>co</i>-OT)/CF/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) NCs/GCE sensor probe was investigated by a standard addition method (recovery) in the presence of various environmental samples and satisfying results were obtained.
Identification of the Peptides That Inhibit the Stimulation of Thyrotropin Receptor by Graves’ Immunoglobulin G from Peptide Libraries1 (1997)

Graves' disease is characterized by the overproduction of thyroid hormones due to the persistent stimulation of TSH receptor by autoantibodies. To determine the epitopes recognized by the autoantibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed that uses the human TSH receptor extracellular domain attached to plastic wells. The total IgG from some of the Graves' patients interacted with the bound TSH receptor (TSHR) at a significantly higher level than that in normal individuals. The IgG preparation that showed the highest binding activity was used for the identification of peptide sequences that prevent binding of Graves' IgG to TSHR from positional scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. A hexapeptide mixture, X1X2FDDA (X1 is a mixture of E, M, and Y; X2 is a mixture of E, H, and T), was found to be effective for inhibiting the binding of Graves' IgG to the TSHR. Further fractionation of X1X2FDDA showed that the following three sequences were highly effective: EEFDDA, ETFDDA, and EHFDDA. The second position of the three peptides did not appear to be important. The peptides also inhibited the cAMP synthesis induced by IgG of four of eight patients with Graves' disease tested. The synthesis of cAMP by TSH was also inhibited by the peptides to some extent. The peptide sequences most likely mimic a part of the conformational epitopes recognized by at least one class of Graves' IgG.