gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Team Approach: Evaluation and Management of Low-Grade Cartilaginous Lesions (2020)

» Assessment of chondral lesions begins with a clinical evaluation and radiographs. » Longitudinal follow-up with serial radiographs is appropriate in cases without evidence of aggressive radiographic features. » Concerning radiographic features include periosteal reaction, soft-tissue extension, cortical destruction, endosteal scalloping of greater than two-thirds of the native cortex, larger lesion size (≥5 cm), and location in the axial skeleton. » Biomarkers such as IMP3, SOX4, microRNA, and periostin may be used as an adjunct in histologic assessment to help differentiate benign enchondroma from a low-grade chondrosarcoma. » Advanced-imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT), bone scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), may be considered for borderline cases. » Aggressive or concerning radiographic features should prompt evaluation with advanced imaging or referral to an orthopaedic oncologist.
A comparison of Landolt C and triangle resolution targets using the synthetic observer approach to sensor resolution assessment (2012)

Resolution is often provided as one of the key parameters addressing the quality capability of a sensor. One traditional approach to determining the resolution of a sensor/display system is to use a resolution target pattern to find the smallest target size for which the critical target element can be "resolved" using the sensor/display system, which usually requires a human in the loop to make the assessment. In previous SPIE papers we reported on a synthetic observer approach to determining the point at which a Landolt C resolution target was resolved; a technique with marginal success when compared to human observers. This paper compares the results of the previously developed synthetic observer approach using a Landolt C with a new synthetic observer approach based on Triangle Orientation Detection (TOD). A large collection of multi-spectral (visible, near infra-red, and thermal) sensor images of triangle and Landolt C resolution targets were recorded at a wide range of distances. Each image contained both the triangle and the Landolt C resolution targets as well as a person holding a weapon or other object. The images were analyzed using the two different synthetic observer approaches, one for triangles and one for Landolt Cs, and the results compared with each other for the three different sensors. This paper describes the results and planned future effort to compare the results with human visual performance for both the resolution targets and for the hand-held objects.
Effect of Short-Term Normal-Dose and High-Dose Aspartame Consumption on Sweet-Taste Preference Among College-Aged Students (2020)

The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) through foods and beverages have increased worldwide. The effects of NNS consumption on body weight, glycemic control, or type 2 diabetes incidence are not well understood. While studies in animal models suggest potentially harmful effects of NNS on metabolic health, randomized controlled trials in humans suggest moderate benefits of NNS use on body weight. The relationship between artificial sweeteners and metabolic disease may be linked to their purported effects on sweet taste preference. The Evidence Analysis Library of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has given a grade of V, concluding that adequately powered studies have not been conducted to evaluate effect of aspartame on preference for sweet taste. Thus, the goal of this study was to test the effect of aspartame, an artificial non-saccharide sweetener, on sweet taste preference in college-aged students. We hypothesized that a short-term increased intake of aspartame will increase sweet-taste preference. Sixteen college-aged students, between the ages of 18 and 24 were recruited from Samford University, and randomized into 2 experimental groups and a control group. The experimental groups received either a nomal-dose of 543 mg aspartame (EQUAL) or a high-dose of 2172 mg aspartame, which was the equivalent to drinking 3 or 12, 12-oz cans of aspartame-containing beverage, respectively. The control group received 200 mg blue food-coloring, which was also added to experimental groups. The intervention period was for 7 days. Body weight, height, 24-hour food recall (ASA-24), and the Monell two-series forced-choice test for sweet preference testing were completed, both before and after the intervention period. Our studies showed a significant increase in sweet taste preference for the higher dose aspartame group. This was not associated with an increase in total or added sugars, total fat intake, or change in body weight. These findings raise the possibility that a short-term increased intake of aspartame may influence sweet taste preference in college-aged students. None.
A linear method for deviation detection in large databases (1996)

We describe the problem of finding deviations in large data bases. Normally, explicit information outside the data, like integrity constraints or predefined patterns, is used for deviation detection. In contrast, we approach the problem from the inside of the data, using the implicit redundancy of the data. We give a formal description of the problem and present a linear algorithm for detecting deviations. Our solution simulates a mechanism familiar to human beings: after seeing a series of similar data, an element disturbing the series is considered an exception. We also present experimental results from the application of this algorithm on real-life datasets showing its effectiveness. Index Terms: Data Mining, Knowledge Discovery, Deviation, Exception, Error Introduction The importance of detecting deviations (or exceptions) in data has been recognized in the fields of Databases and Machine Learning for a long time. Deviations have been often viewed as outliers, or errors, or nois...
Conjugate MHD natural convection of hybrid nanofluids in a square enclosure containing a complex conductive cylinder (2022)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the enhancement and suppression of heat transfer for hybrid nanofluids (Cu–Al2O3/water) in a square enclosure containing a thermal-conductive cylinder when the Lorentz force is applied to the hybrid nanofluids. Design/methodology/approach Since the inner conductive cylinder in present research has a complex geometry, an in-house meshless method, namely, the local radial basis function (LRBF) method, is applied to solve the 2 dimensional (2D) incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in the fluid domain and Fourier heat conduction equation in solid domain. The solid–fluid interface remains the physical continuity of temperature and heat flux. Only the Lorentz force is considered for the presence of the magnetic field. The conjugate natural convection is assumed to be steady, thus only fully developed heat exchange from the nanofluids to solid or vice versa is comprehensively investigated. Findings It can be concluded that Lorentz force plays a more significant role than hybrid nanofluids in enhancing/suppressing heat transfer when the orientation of magnetic field is the same to the x direction. The thermal conductivity ratio can dramatically change the isotherms and streamlines as well as the mean value of the Nusselt number, resulting in totally different heat transfer phenomena. The included angle of magnetic field also has a significant effect on the heat transfer rate when it changes from horizontal to vertical. Research limitations/implications The constant thermo-physical properties of incompressible fluid and the 2D steady flow are considered in this study. Originality/value The conjugate MHD natural convection of hybrid nanofluids is numerically investigated by an in-house meshless LRBF method. The enhancement and suppression of heat transfer under the combined influence of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, Hartmann number and the thermal conductivity ratio are comprehensively investigated.
307.8: Novel Approach in Pancreatic Islet Transplantation: Acellular Vessel (2021)

Introduction: Transplantation of pancreatic islets has been shown to be effective, in some patients, for the long-term treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, transplantation of islets into either the portal vein or the subcutaneous space can be limited by insufficient oxygen transfer, leading to islet loss. Furthermore, oxygen diffusion limitations can be magnified when islet numbers are increased dramatically, as in translating from rodent studies to human-scale treatments. Methods: An islet transplantation approach using an acellular vascular graft as a vascular scaffold has been developed, termed the BioVascular Pancreas (BVP). Islets are seeded as an outer coating on the surface of an acellular vascular graft, using fibrin as a hydrogel carrier. The BVP can then be anastomosed as an arterial (or arteriovenous) graft, which allows fully oxygenated arterial blood with a pO2 of roughly 100 mmHg to flow through the graft lumen and thereby supply oxygen to the islets. Results:In silico simulations and in vitro bioreactor experiments show that the BVP design provides adequate survivability for islets and helps avoid islet hypoxia. When implanted as end-to-end abdominal aorta grafts in nude rats, BVPs were able to restore near-normoglycemia durably for 90 days and developed robust microvascular infiltration from the host. Furthermore, pilot implantations in pigs were performed, which demonstrated the scalability of the technology. Conclusion: Collectively, this work represents an intersection of in silico modeling, in vitro bioreactor testing, and in vivo tissue implantation studies to evaluate the efficacy of a potentially improved islet transplantation therapy. Given the potential benefits provided by the BVP, this tissue design has potential to serve as a solution for transplantation of pancreatic islets to treat or cure type 1 diabetes.
Liquid crystalline nonlinear optical metamaterials with low-loss tunable negative-zero-positive refractive indices (2007)

We describe a class of liquid crystalline photonic metamaterials that exhibit tunable negative-zero-positive refractive indices. As a result of the extreme sensitivity of the nematic liquid crystal constituent, these metamaterials also exhibit extraordinarily large optical nonlinearities associated with the optical field induced director axis reorientation and birefringence change. Incorporation of a gain medium such as laser dye reduces losses of the metamaterial.
Haemodynamic impact of the left ventricular pacing site during graded ischaemia in an open-chest pig model (2008)

Pacing within an ischaemic area has detrimental impact on acute global and regional LV function. More studies are needed to assess the impact of multi-LV pacing in chronic ischaemic conditions.
Heart of Darkness (2019)

The African food crises of the 1980s have been distinguished by something of a seachange in international perceptions of famine. Beginning with some observations on how famines are represented in Africa, this chapter discusses the basis of famine proneness, the internal architecture of famine, the relations between drought and food shortage, and the significance of entitlements and the market in the famine genesis. It deals with some remarks on famine and popular consciousness and on the centrality of democracy and civil society in famine prevention. In popular representations of Africa, the leitmotif for the continent is crisis and decay. Consumed by unrelenting poverty, war, massive debt, and political chaos, Africa has discovered a new heart of darkness. Famines are all about politics and the exercise of power, specifically the power to command food through a variety of market and non-market institutional means.
Wirkungen endokrin wirksamer Substanzen auf aquatische Tiere (2003)

Das Vorkommen endokrin wirksamer Substanzen, die als “endocrine disruptors” bezeichnet werden, in Oberflächengewässern und deren Wirkungen auf aquatische Tiere stellt ein besonders aktuelles Problem innerhalb der Ökotoxikologie dar. Bisher wurden hauptsächlich Verweiblichungsphänomene durch Xenoöstrogene beschrieben, obwohl die Wirkmechanismen auf das endokrine System vielfältiger sind. Neben der Reproduktionsbiologie von Wirbeltieren und bestimmten Wirbellosen wie den Weichtieren kann auch das nur bei Wirbeltieren vorhandene Schilddrüsensystem endokrin negativ beeinflusst werden. Für die Reproduktionsbiologie spielen hierbei neben (anti)östrogenen auch (anti)androgene Mechanismen eine Rolle, die anhand von verschiedenen Tiermodellen wie Fischen, Amphibien und Schnecken bestimmt werden können. Für das Schilddrüsensystem stellt die Amphibien-Metamorphose das sensitivste Modell dar, dessen Anwendung hier vorgestellt wird.
Linear transmitter design for the MISO compound channel with interference (2006)

We consider the problem of linear transmitter design in mul-tiple input single output (MISO) compound channels with interference. The motivation for this channel model is com-munication in MISO broadcast channels with partial channel state information (CSI). Since the compound capacity is un-known for this model, we consider optimal linear transmit methods for maximizing the data rate. We provide efficient numerical solutions with and without perfect CSI. We then discuss the optimality of beamforming and the existence of a saddle point in the compound channel. 1.
Comparative analysis of Streptococcus suis genomes identifies novel candidate virulence-associated genes in North American isolates (2022)

Streptococcus suis is a significant economic and welfare concern in the swine industry. Pan-genome analysis provides an in-silico approach for the discovery of genes involved in pathogenesis in bacterial pathogens. In this study, we performed pan-genome analysis of 208 S. suis isolates classified into the pathogenic, possibly opportunistic, and commensal pathotypes to identify novel candidate virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of S. suis. Using chi-square tests and LASSO regression models, three accessory pan-genes corresponding to S. suis strain P1/7 markers SSU_RS09525, SSU_RS09155, and SSU_RS03100 (>95% identity) were identified as having a significant association with the pathogenic pathotype. The proposed novel SSU_RS09525 + /SSU_RS09155 + /SSU_RS03100 + genotype identified 96% of the pathogenic pathotype strains, suggesting a novel genotyping scheme for predicting the pathogenicity of S. suis isolates in North America. In addition, mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and VAGs were identified but did not appear to play a major role in the spread of ARGs and VAGs.
Spread transform and roughness-based shaping to improve 3D watermarking based on quadratic programming (2014)

Modulating the distances between the vertices and the center of mass of a triangular mesh is a popular approach to watermark 3D objects. Prior work has formulated this approach as a quadratic programming problem which minimizes the geometric distortion while embedding the watermark payload in the histogram of distances. To enhance this framework, we introduce two watermarking components, namely the spread transform and perceptual shaping based on roughness information. Benchmarking results showcase the benefits of these add-ons with respect to the fidelity-robustness trade-off.
122 Interplay Between HIV Replication and MicroRNAs (2011)

The outcome of HIV-1 infection results from complex interactions between viral compounds and host cell factors. In most of cases, HIV-1 successfully hijacks cellular pathways and bypasses restriction factors for optimal replication leading to continuous rounds of infection, replication and cell death. Continuous viral replication causes the loss of CD4+T cells and progression to immunodeficiency in infected individuals. However, situations where successful control of virus replication was achieved have been reported. First, HAART treatment revealed the existence of a pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells harbouring integrated but silent HIV-1 provirus. Although this situation occurs in a small number of cells, it suggests that intracellular defence mechanisms can be effective against HIV. Second, HIV-infected individuals who are able to control their plasma viremia to undetectable levels for many years in absence of any treatment have been identified and referred to as Elite HIV controllers. Again, this is a rare situation observed in 0.5% of infected patients. Still, it demonstrates that it is possible to effectively control HIV replication and disease progression. We will discuss how HIV-1 uses microRNA pathway and cellular miRNAs to overcome restriction factors activity and there implication in viral latency.
Ultra-thin high quality SOS films (2003)

SOS films 0.2- mu m, 0.5- mu m, and 1.0- mu m thick have been grown at rates from 0.5 to 26 mu m/min in a single-wafer epitaxial reactor. Both p-channel and n-channel MOS transistors were fabricated, using n/sup +/ poly-Si as a gate material. The channel lengths and widths were 20 mu m and 250 mu m, respectively. The p-channel transistors were enhancement devices with threshold voltages around -1.2 V. The n-channel transistors were depletion devices with threshold voltages around 0 V. The 1.0- mu m-thick films produced transistors with values of mu /sub n/ around 700 cm/sup 2//V-s and mu /sub p/ around 275 cm/sup 2//V-s and almost independent of growth rate. The 0.5- mu m-thick films produced transistors with lower mobilities until the growth rate exceeded 8 mu m/min. Films grown at growth rates above 8 mu m/min produced n-channel and p-channel transistors with mobilities of 700 cm/sup 2//V-s and 250 cm/sup 2//V-s, respectively. The 0.2- mu m-thick films produced lower mobility transistors until the growth rates exceeded 8 mu m/min, at which time the mobilities also reached the above-quoted values. Several films 0.1- mu m-thick grown at growth rates above 10 mu m/min had equally high mobilities. The subthreshold characteristics of these transistors indicated surface-state densities of about 10/sup 11/ states/cm/sup 2/. Leakage currents were less than 10/sup -11/ A. The mobility dropped about 20% from the threshold voltage to gate voltages of 5 V. The mobilities in the saturation region were about 20% less than the mobilities in the linear region.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Physics Behind Music (2023)

This engaging undergraduate text uses the performance, recording, and enjoyment of music to present basic principles of physics. The narrative lays out specific results from physics, as well as some of the methodology, thought processes, and 'interconnectedness' of physics concepts, results, and ideas. Short chapters start with basic definitions and everyday observations and ultimately work through standard topics, including vibrations, waves, acoustics, and electronics applications. Each chapter includes problems, some of which are suited for longer-term projects, and suggestions for extra reading that guide students toward a deeper understanding of the physics behind music applications. To aid teaching, additional review questions, audio and video clips, and suggestions for class activities are provided online for instructors.
Shift from stochastic to spatially-ordered expression of serine-glycine synthesis enzymes in 3D microtumors (2018)

Cell-to-cell differences in protein expression in normal tissues and tumors are a common phenomenon, but the underlying principles that govern this heterogeneity are largely unknown. Here, we show that in monolayer cancer cell-line cultures, the expression of the five metabolic enzymes of serine-glycine synthesis (SGS), including its rate-limiting enzyme, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), displays stochastic cell-to-cell variation. By contrast, in cancer cell line-derived three-dimensional (3D) microtumors PHGDH expression is restricted to the outermost part of the microtumors' outer proliferative cell layer, while the four other SGS enzymes display near uniform expression throughout the microtumor. A mathematical model suggests that metabolic stress in the microtumor core activates factors that restrict PHGDH expression. Thus, intracellular enzyme expression in growing cell ecosystems can shift to spatially ordered patterns in 3D structured environments due to emergent cell-cell communication, with potential implications for the design of effective anti-metabolic cancer therapies.
Energy efficiency gains through traffic offloading and traffic expansion in joint macro pico deployment (2012)

The traffic demand in future mobile cellular networks is expected to increase exponentially which would lead to dense base station deployment and eventually higher energy consumption. The current dominant mobile systems including GSM and UMTS were not designed with focus on energy efficiency. This paper investigates the energy saving potential of pico nodes in a heterogeneous network from an incumbent operator consideration. The results show that the number of hotspots and the user distribution in the hotspots strongly effects the power saving. Also, sleep modes in pico base stations have shown to reduce the energy loss to almost half. On a day average with limited utilization of pico base station, the heterogeneous network scenario provides marginal saving. The results also show that if the pico base station resources are fully utilized, premium user case, the heterogeneous network scenario can provide substantial reduction in energy per bit.
The transcription factor Duxbl mediates elimination of pre-T cells that fail β-selection (2019)

T cell development is critically dependent on successful rearrangement of antigen-receptor chains. At the β-selection checkpoint, only cells with a functional rearrangement continue in development. However, how nonselected T cells proceed in their dead-end fate is not clear. We identified low CD27 expression to mark pre-T cells that have failed to rearrange their β-chain. Expression profiling and single-cell transcriptome clustering identified a developmental trajectory through β-selection and revealed specific expression of the transcription factor Duxbl at a stage of high recombination activity before β-selection. Conditional transgenic expression of Duxbl resulted in a developmental block at the DN3-to-DN4 transition due to reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, whereas RNA silencing of Duxbl led to a decrease in apoptosis. Transcriptome analysis linked Duxbl to elevated expression of the apoptosis-inducing Oas/RNaseL pathway. RNaseL deficiency or sustained Bcl2 expression led to a partial rescue of cells in Duxbl transgenic mice. These findings identify Duxbl as a regulator of β-selection by inducing apoptosis in cells with a nonfunctional rearrangement.
How Representative is an Abortion Debate on Twitter? (2019)

Today, more than ever, social networks and micro-blogging platforms are used as tools for political exchange. However, these platforms are biased in several aspects, from their algorithms to the population participating in them. With respect to the latter, we analyze the discussion on Twitter about an abortion bill in Chile, proposed in January 2015, and approved as law in September 2017. We find that Twitter has strong biases in population representation. Still, when carefully paired with demographic attributes, Twitter-based insights on the characteristics of political discussion match those from national-level surveys.
SAPO-37: the implications of structure flexibility on acidity (1993)

When tetrapropylammonium cations are removed from the α cavities of SAPO 37, but tetramethylammonium cations are still in the β-cages, a shift in the vibrational frequency of hydroxy groups to lower frequencies, with the corresponding appearance of stronger acid sites is observed; this is a consequence of the increase of the T–O–T′ angle dimensions owing to the presence of the bulky tetramethylammonium cations.