gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo assessment of the pulmonary microcirculation in elastase-induced emphysema using probe-based confocal fluorescence microscopy (2012)

Introduction: The alveolar capillary bed, which appears essential for the maintenance of alveolar septa, is altered in pulmonary emphysema. Until recently, techniques that allow its analysis in vivo in spontaneously breathing conditions were lacking. Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (FCFM) is a new technique that enables distal lung microstructures imaging in vivo. FCFM can be coupled with I.V fluorescein injection to image the pulmonary capillary network. The aim of this study was to assess the lung microcirculation in vivo using FCFM and I.V fluorescein in rats with experimental emphysema.Results: In vivo pulmonary microcirculation imaging was possible in 7/7 elastase animals and in 6/7 controls. Using FCFM, intercapillary distances and alveolar facets diameters were found significantly higher in the elastase group compared with controls (49.5 vs. 41.8 µm p &lt; 0.001, and 118.5 vs. 95.1 µm p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Ex vivo mean interwall distance (MIWD) was correlated with the alveolar facets diameters measured in vivo (rs = 0.65 ; p = 0.016).Methods: 14 Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to intratracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (n = 7) or saline (n = 7). The subpleural microcirculation was assessed using FCFM in spontaneously breathing rats, through a 2mm thoracic window using a continuous aspiration system, after I.V. injection of fluorescein-dextran. FCFM sequences were recorded and the image analysis was performed separately by two observers, blindly to the animal group. Fluorescence intensity (FI), maximal intercapillary distances, and alveolar facets diameters measured with FCFM were compared between groups, and to ex vivo lung morphometric measurements (MIWD).Conclusion: FCFM allows the quantitative assessment of the microcirculation alterations due to emphysema in vivo.
Cuff Integrity After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Correlation With Clinical Results in 576 Cases (2007)

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess cuff integrity after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and the correlation with clinical results and healing prognostic factors. Methods A total of 576 supraspinatus or infraspinatus tears that had undergone all‐arthroscopic repairs by 9 surgeons experienced in arthroscopic surgery were involved in this multicenter study. The clinical results were evaluated by use of the Constant score. The integrity of the repair was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging with contrast or by computed tomography arthrogram. Results The global clinical and anatomic results after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in this study are comparable to other published results. Although the results were most often good and excellent despite incomplete tendon healing, better functional results in terms of activity, motion, and especially strength were obtained when the cuff was clearly intact after the arthroscopic repair. The Constant pain subscore did not correlate to the integrity or lack thereof in the repaired tendon. Conclusions The type of rupture, the location of the rupture, and the presence of interstitial delamination and fatty degeneration of the involved muscle are prognostic factors of the anatomic result in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The age of the patient and the delay between the initial presentation of the symptoms and the operation were also noted to be significant healing prognostic factors. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Patrick Couvreur: Inspiring Pharmaceutical Innovation (2014)

Patrick Couvreur speaks to Hannah Stanwix, Managing Comissioning Editor: Professor Patrick Couvreur received his pharmacy degree from the Université Catholique de Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) in 1972. He holds a PhD in pharmaceutical technology from the same university and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Zürich, Switzerland). Since 1984, Professor Couvreur has been Full Professor of Pharmacy at the Paris-Sud University (Paris, France) and was holder of the Chair of Innovation Technologique at the prestigious Collège de France (Paris, France). He has published more than 450 peer-reviewed articles and has an H-index of 73, with over 19,000 citations. Professor Coureur has been recognized by numerous national and international awards, including the 2004 Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress Award, the prestigious Host Madsen Medal, the Prix Galien, the European Pharmaceutical Scientist Award 2011 from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Médaille de l'Innovation from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and recently the European Inventor Award 2013 from the European Patent Office.
Comparison Of Polarization Wadout Techniques For Magneto-optic Systems (1993)

The information recorded on a magneto-optic (MO) disk is read out by sensing the polarization state of the light beam reflected from the disk. Optimizing the detection of the reflected beam's polarization state is critical to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio in a magneto-optic disk drive.1 Examples of differential detection schemes that are capable of correcting for the ellipticity in the reflected beam and maximizing the common mode noise rejection are shown in Fig. 1. With the method of Jones calculus,a the detection system can be optimized for a given head media interface by specifying the retardance of the liquid crystal variable retarder (LCVR) in case (a) or the general waveplate in case (b) and the angles for the other optical components.
Mapping and Modeling Large Viscosity and Asphaltene Variations in a Reservoir Undergoing Active Biodegradation (2014)

Abstract Viscosity is one of the key reservoir fluid properties. It plays a central role in well productivity and displacement efficiency and has a significant impact on completion strategies. Accurately assessing areal and vertical variations of viscosity will lead to more realistic reservoir simulation and optimal field development planning. Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) has successfully been used to measure the properties of reservoir fluids downhole in real time. DFA has excellent accuracy in measuring fluid gradients which in turn enable accurate thermodynamic modeling. Integration of DFA measurements with the thermodynamic modeling has increasingly been employed for evaluating important reservoir properties such as connectivity, fluid compositional and property gradients. The thermodynamic model is the only one that has been shown to treat gradients of heavy ends in all types of crude oils and at equilibrium and disequilibrium conditions. In addition, fluid viscosity depends on concentration of heavy ends that are associated with optical density measured by DFA. Therefore, mapping viscosity and optical density (heavy end content) is a new important application of DFA technology for use as assessment of reservoir architectures and a mutual consistency check of DFA measurements. In this case study, a very large monotonic variation of heavy end content and viscosity is measured. Several different stacked sands exhibit the same profiles. The crude oil at the top of the column exhibits an equilibrium distribution of heavy ends, SARA and viscosity, while the oil at the base of the oil column exhibits a gradient that is far larger than expected for equilibrium. The fluid properties including SARA contents, viscosity and optical density vary sharply with depth towards the base of the column. The origin of this variation is shown to be due to biodegradation. GC-chromatographs of the crude oils towards the top of the column appear to be rather unaltered, while the crude oils at the base of the column are missing all n-alkanes. A new model is developed that accounts for these observations that assumes biodegradation at the oil-water contact (OWC) coupled with diffusion of alkanes to the OWC. Diffusion is a slow process in a geologic time sense accounting for the lack of impact of biodegradation at the top of the column. An overall understanding of charging timing into this reservoir and expected rates of biodegradation are consistent with this model. The overall objective or providing a 1st-principles viscosity map in these stacked sand reservoirs is achieved by this modeling. Linking DFA with thermodynamic modeling along with precepts from petroleum systems modeling provides a compelling understanding of the reservoir.
Coordination‐Driven Switching of a Preorganized and Cooperative Calix[4]pyrrole Receptor (2013)

The study of preorganization in receptors, particularly in cooperative receptors, and their reversible control by external stimuli is important for elucidating design strategies that can lead to increased sensitivity and external control of molecular recognition. In this work we present the design, synthesis, and operation of an asymmetric tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-calix[4]pyrrole receptor appended with a pyridine moiety. (1)H NMR spectroscopy was employed to demonstrate that intramolecular complexation between the receptor and the pyridine moiety leads to a preorganized receptor. Absorption and (1)H NMR spectroscopy along with a computational investigation were used to demonstrate the ability of the receptor to complex the substrate 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and that the receptor can be reversibly modulated between negative and positive cooperativity by employing external stimuli in the form of Zn(II). Fitting procedures incorporating multiple datasets and fitting to multiple equilibria simultaneously have been employed to quantitatively determine the preorganization effects.
Scanning electron microscopy of chronically implanted intracortical microelectrode arrays in non-human primates (2016)

These results provide evidence that signal loss in MEAs is truly multifactorial. Gliosis occurs in the first few months after implantation but does not prevent useful recordings for several years. Progressive meningeal fibrosis encapsulates and lifts MEAs out of the cortex while ongoing foreign body reactions lead to progressive degradation of the materials. Long-term impedance drops are due to the corrosion of platinum, cracking and delamination of parylene, and delamination of silicone elastomer. Oxygen radicals released by cells of the immune system likely mediate the degradation of these materials. Future MEA designs must address these problems through more durable insulation materials, more inert electrode alloys, and pharmacologic suppression of fibroblasts and leukocytes.
Abstract A143: Novel temozolomide analog may overcome MGMT and MMR (2009)

Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of brain cancer. The current standard of care for GBM patients includes surgery, radiotherapy and oral alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. The cytotoxic activity of TMZ is dependent on DNA repair pathways, being inversely related to O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) levels and dependent on functional mismatch repair (MMR). Intrinsic or emergent acquired resistance to TMZ presents severe obstacles to successful treatment. Therefore, TMZ analogs have been designed to overcome TMZ resistance, potentially possessing a broader spectrum of anti-cancer activity. Activities of TMZ and novel analogs were tested against 2 isogenic glioma cell line pairs: SNB19V and U373V (vector control cell lines, low MGMT) and SNB19M and U373M (MGMT overexpressing counterparts). TMZ and the corresponding triazene MTIC demonstrated 13.2- and 9.3-fold resistance in SNB19M cells; 5.4- and 4.25-fold resistance in U373M cells (compared to each vector transfected isogenic pair). Analog DC-010-116, where methoxycarbonylmethylene (CH2CO2CH3) replaces the methyl group of TMZ, and its corresponding triazene exerted growth inhibitory activity in TMZ sensitive (V) and TMZ resistant (M) cells, with GI50 values &amp;lt; 50 µM in all 4 cell lines. In addition, MMR deficient HCT 116 colon carcinoma cells, resistant to TMZ (GI50 590.6 µM) responded to DC-010-116 treatment (GI50 44.6 µM). Therefore, DC-010-116 exerts anticancer activity irrespective of MGMT and MMR status in glioma and colon carcinoma cells. Moreover, cross-resistance to DC-010-116 was not observed in glioma cell lines with acquired TMZ resistance (SNB19VR; U373VR). DC-010-116 blocked SNB19V, SNB19M and SNB19VR cells in G2/M and caused apoptosis in a time and dose dependent manner. Cellular DNA damage was detected by Alkaline Comet Assay, and H2AX phosphorylation indicated formation of lethal DNA double strand breaks following DC-010-116 treatment. DC-010-116 showed 3.7- fold difference in activity in paired base excision repair (BER) deficient/proficient CHO cell lines; furthermore, PARP inhibition potentiated sensitivity of HCT 116 cells to DC-010-116 (3-fold). However, DC-010-116, a likely substrate for plasma esterase activity, was devoid of activity in vivo. Accordingly the hydrolyzed carboxylic acid product (CH2CO2H) was inactive in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the anticancer activity of DC-010-116 escapes MGMT and MMR, blocks glioma cells in G2/M and induces apoptosis. DNA damage, recruiting BER, was detected. However, in vivo activity was compromized by plasma esterase activity. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A143.
(Invited) Materials and Process Technologies for Scaling BEOL Interconnects (2021)

Historically, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology was driven by geometrical scaling of the front-end-of-line (FEOL) transistor but it has slowed down significantly in recent years. On the other hand, back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnects are projected to continue scaling aggressively to meet power, performance and area targets in advanced nodes. In this paper, we will introduce and review BEOL interconnect options targeting sub-7nm metal pitch with an emphasis on materials and process technologies.
Weighted state space methods/ESPRIT and spatial smoothing (1991)

The effect of spatial smoothing on direction of arrival (DOA) estimates obtained using weighted eigen-based state space methods/ESPRIT is analyzed. Expressions for the asymptotic mean-squared error in the estimates of the signal zeros and the DOA estimates, along with some general properties of the estimates are derived. It is shown that proper choice of the subarray length can improve the performance of the method significantly. Based on the asymptotic expressions, an optimum weighting matrix minimizing the mean-squared error in one of the DOA is derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of net transmucosal volume flux on lymph flow in the canine colon. Structural-functional relationship. (1981)

The effects of net transmucosal fluid flux on lymph flow, lymphatic protein flux, and lymph oncotic pressure were analyzed in an isolated autoperfused canine colon preparation. Active fluid absorption and secretion were induced by intraluminal instillation of Tyrode's solution alone and Tyrode's solution containing 40 mM theophylline, respectively. In contrast to previous observations in the small bowel, colonic lymph flow, lymph protein flux, or lymph oncotic pressure was not affected by net transmucosal volume flux (absorptive or secretory). Ultrastructural analyses of the lymphatic and capillary microcirculations of the mucosal regions of the colon and ileum indicate that, relative to the small intestine, the colonic mucosa is characterized by (a) lymphatic vessels that are smaller in caliber and do not extend beyond the bottom third of the mucosa and (b) blood capillaries that are situated half as far from the base of the epithelial cells. These results indicate that (a) the inability of net transmucosal fluid movement to alter colonic lymph flow can be attributed to the paucity of lymphatic drainage in the colonic mucosa and (b) blood capillaries are the sole conduits by which absorbed volume is removed from the colonic interstitium, a task facilitated by the close proximity of the fenestrated capillaries to the absorptive epithelium.
Superovulatory response of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) to gonadotrophins out of the breeding season (2007)

Ten adult cyclic female buffaloes (5 normo-karyotype and 5 hybrids) were treated with a conventional superovulation protocol following 2 luteolytic doses (25 mg, i.m.) of PGF2α 11 days apart (days -11 and 0). In all cases, ovulation post PG treatment was confirmed by ultrasound. Superovulation was initiated on d 12 (~d 10 of cycle) with FSH administered twice daily in decreasing doses/day. Preliminary results obtained here suggest failure in ovulation after the superovulation treatment with FSH in water buffalo during the non breeding season, although the follicular recruitment and further development of ovulatory follicles was evident.
Transition metal complexes supported on activating support (2013)

US Patent 8,426,539
Loss and recovery of hydrophobicity on RTV coating surfaces. Loss of hydrophobicity [comment and reply] (1995)

For original paper see ibid., vol. 1, no. 4, p. 601-4 (1994). Discusses the optimal contamination layer to be allowed on an RTV coated insulator. Is there at all such an optimal quantity? Does such an optimal contamination layer depend on the thickness of the RTV coating? The question of differences in silicone rubber properties to embed surface pollutants as well as to recover hydrophobicity has been analysed at length. Do the original authors have data which indicate the diffusion of the low molecular weight (LMW) fraction from thinner and thicker RTV coatings? A reply by the authors is appended.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Bosentan-sildenafil association in patients with congenital heart disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger physiology. (2011)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Bosentan-sildenafil association in patients with congenital heart disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension and Eisenmenger physiology.
Titelbild: Synthesis and Thermal Behavior of a Fused, Tricyclic 1,2,3,4‐Tetrazine Ring System (Angew. Chem. 44/2015) (2015)

Ein energetischer kondensierter Heterocyclus wurde in zwei Stufen synthetisiert, wie von D. E. Chavez et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 13165 ff. beschrieben. Erst liefert eine doppelte N-Aminierung des Bis(tetraethylammonium)-Salzes von 3,3′-Dinitro-5,5′-bi(1,2,4-triazol) ein thermisch stabiles energetisches Material, das gegen Schlag, Funken und Reibung unempfindlich ist. Eine Azokupplung schließt dann den 1,2,3,4-Tetrazin-Ring unter Bildung eines tricyclischen Systems mit hoher Energiedichte und ausgezeichneten Explosionseigenschaften. Ein energetischer kondensierter Heterocyclus wurde in zwei Stufen synthetisiert, wie von D. E. Chavez et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 13165 ff. beschrieben. Erst liefert eine doppelte N-Aminierung des Bis(tetraethylammonium)-Salzes von 3,3′-Dinitro-5,5′-bi(1,2,4-triazol) ein thermisch stabiles energetisches Material, das gegen Schlag, Funken und Reibung unempfindlich ist. Eine Azokupplung schließt dann den 1,2,3,4-Tetrazin-Ring unter Bildung eines tricyclischen Systems mit hoher Energiedichte und ausgezeichneten Explosionseigenschaften. Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien Zweidimensionale Materialien Photokatalysatoren
Unsupervised anomaly detection in 3D brain MRI using deep learning with multi-task brain age prediction (2022)

Lesion detection in brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRIs) remains a challenging task. MRIs are typically read and interpreted by domain experts, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. Recently, unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) in brain MRI with deep learning has shown promising results to provide a quick, initial assessment. So far, these methods only rely on the visual appearance of healthy brain anatomy for anomaly detection. Another biomarker for abnormal brain development is the deviation between the brain age and the chronological age, which is unexplored in combination with UAD. We propose deep learning for UAD in 3D brain MRI considering additional age information. We analyze the value of age information during training, as an additional anomaly score, and systematically study several architecture concepts. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel deep learning approach for UAD with multi-task age prediction. We use clinical T1-weighted MRIs of 1735 healthy subjects and the publicly available BraTs 2019 data set for our study. Our novel approach significantly improves UAD performance with an AUC of 92.60% compared to an AUC-score of 84.37% using previous approaches without age information.
Multipolar Effects in the Optical Active Second Harmonic Generation from Sawtooth Chiral Metamaterials (2016)

Based on the facts that chiral molecules response differently to left- and right-handed circular polarized light, chiroptical effects are widely employed for determining structure chirality, detecting enantiomeric excess, or controlling chemical reactions of molecules. Compared to those in natural materials, chiroptical behaviors can be significantly amplified in chiral plasmonic metamaterials due to the concentrated local fields in the structure. The on-going research towards giant chiroptical effects in metamaterial generally focus on optimizing the field-enhancement effects. However, the observed chiroptical effects in metamaterials rely on more complicated factors and various possibilities towards giant chiroptical effects remains unexplored. Here we study the optical-active second harmonic generation (SHG) behaviors in a pair of planar sawtooth gratings with mirror-imaged patterns. Significant multipolar effects were observed in the polarization-dependent SHG curves. We show that the chirality of the nanostructure not only give rise to nonzero chiral susceptibility tensor components within the electric-dipole approximation, but also lead to different levels of multipolar interactions for the two orthogonal circular polarizations that further enhance the nonlinear optical activity of the material. Our results thus indicate novel ways to optimize nonlinear plasmonic structures and achieve giant chiroptical response via multipolar interactions.
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. (1980)

Abstract : Research results presented in this report include new methodology for obtaining mass spectra of thermally labile organics, for generating elemental composition data from low resolution GC/MS mass spectra, for counting protons in organic samples under GC/MS conditions, and for the direct analysis of complex mixtures by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Detection limits for organics under electron capture negative ion MS conditions are in the attomole (10 to the minus 18th mole) range. (Author)
Discarding Obsolete Information in a Replicated Database System (1987)

A replicated database architecture is described in which updates processed at a site must be saved to allow reconcilliation of newly arriving updates in a way that preserves mutual consistency. The storage space occupied by the saved updates increases indefinitely, and periodic discarding of old updates is needed to avoid running out of storage. A protocol is described which allows sites in the system to agree that updates older than a given timestamp are no longer needed and can be discarded. This protocol uses a "distributed snapshot" algorithm of Chandy and Lamport and represents a practical application of that algorithm. A protocol for permanent removal of sites is also described, which will allow the discarding of updates to continue when one or more sites crash and are expected not to recover.