gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkylsulfides of Ag(I) and Au(I) as Metallosurfactants (2010)

Several representative, interfacially active silver(I) nitrate alkylsulfide complexes were synthesized and characterized in detail. The complexes form extended structures in the solid state and in solution. Interestingly, a two-phase approach, in which aqueous silver nitrate is combined with organically dissolved sulfides, leads to the in situ formation of the complexes at the water-organic interface and a strong reduction of the surface tension. Despite their low solubility in water or organic solvent, these complexes are capable of stabilizing eicosane emulsions and dispersions in water. Thus, these silver nitrate alkyl sulfides represent a new class of metallosurfactants in which the metal ion is crucial for the interfacial activity. Gold(I) chloride alkyl sulfides show the same effect to a lesser extent.
Comparison of the temperature dependence of impact ionization coefficients in AlAsSb, InAlAs, and InP (2022)

A series of AlAsSb p<sup>+</sup>-i-n<sup>+</sup> and n<sup>+</sup>-i-p<sup>+</sup> diodes with varying i-region thickness from 0.08&mu;m to 1.55&mu;m have been used to determine the temperature dependent impact ionization coefficients by performing avalanche multiplication measurements from 210K to 335K. The increase in electron and hole ionization coefficients as the temperature decreases is much smaller when compared to InAlAs and InP. This leads to a much smaller avalanche breakdown variation of 13mV/K in a 1.55&mu;m p<sup>+</sup>- i-n<sup>+</sup> diode. For a 10Gb/s InGaAs/AlAsSb separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiode (SAM-APD), the variation in breakdown voltage is predicted to be only 15.58 mV/K.
Elucidating the molecular basis of altered Presenilin 2 expression on Alzheimer’s disease pathology (2022)

Abstract Background γ‐Secretase is an intramembrane protease which plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Presenilin provides the catalytic activity of which two homologues exist, Presenilin‐1 and Presenilin‐2 (Psen1/2). Psen2/γ‐secretase complexes are restricted in their localization to the late endosomes and lysosomes, as opposed to the broader distribution of PSEN1/ γ‐secretase, making it the main generator of intracellular abeta (Aβ). Although the focus has been on the extracellular pool, this toxic intracellular pool has been shown to precede plaque and tangle formation and correlates well with synaptic dysfunction highlighting its importance. This project aims to unravel the effects of altered Psen2 expression and this intracellular pool on AD pathogenesis. Methods We generated novel mouse models by crossing the well characterized APP NL‐G‐F model with a Psen2 knock out (KO) mouse and an in‐house generated Psen2 knock in (KI) model carrying the familial AD‐linked N141I mutation (FAD‐Psen2). Results Curiously, opposed to expectations, we found an identical accelerated plaque pathology coinciding with the presence of dystrophic neurites and amyloid precursor protein c‐terminal fragment (APP‐CTF) accumulation in both genotypes. These alterations in pathology equally translated to an earlier deficit in working memory for both APPxPsen2KO and APPxFADPsen2. In contrast, gliosis was markedly different with increased and earlier microglia recruitment in the case of APPxPsen2KO whereas APPxFAD‐Psen2 displayed a delayed recruitment. Conclusion These surprising differential effects on distinct pathological features suggest both a protective role for Psen2 as well as specific, yet unexplored, roles in neurons as well as glial cells. We are currently examining primary neurons and microglia from the different genotypes to explore underlying molecular mechanisms.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Biomass Platform Molecules into Fuel Additives and Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels (2014)

Abstract Review: 238 refs.
Colloidal Nanocrystal Films Reveal the Mechanism for Intermediate Temperature Proton Conductivity in Porous Ceramics (2018)

Over the past few years, the observation of unexpected but significant proton conductivity in porous, nanocrystalline ceramics has generated substantial scientific interest mirroring the excitement surrounding ionic conduction in other nanostructured or porous materials. Here, we utilize colloidally synthesized ceramic nanocrystals of cerium oxide (CeO2) and titanium oxide (TiO2) to systematically study how grain size, microporosity, and composition influence proton conduction. By measuring the temperature-dependent impedance of porous thin films of these nanocrystals under dry and wet atmospheres, we find that both CeO2 and TiO2 display significant proton conductivity at intermediate temperatures between 100 and 350 °C. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of oxygen activity on proton transport, finding that using oxygen as a carrier gas drastically reduced the proton conductivity by up to 60 times. Together, these results suggest that the most likely source of mobile protons in these systems is dissociative adsorption of water at surface oxygen vacancies, with composition, nanocrystal size, and oxide defect equilibria influencing the surface activity toward this reaction and, hence, the proton conductivity.
Multiple Labeling of Proteins (1998)

Fluorescent dyes are often used to label proteins before analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Fluorescent labeling produces spectacular improvements in sensitivity compared with UV absorbance detection of the native protein. However, labeling of the protein can lead to significant band broadening. This band broadening is interpreted as a result of multiple labeling of the protein, wherein one or more fluorescent molecules are bound to the protein. The heterogeneous reaction products, which are presumed to have different mobilities, generate a broad peak during electrophoresis. There has been little direct evidence for multiple labeling as the cause of band broadening of proteins. In this paper, we perform electrophoresis on native green fluorescence protein, along with the reaction products produced by fluorescence labeling. For short incubations, a series of regularly spaced components are resolved by free-zone electrophoresis; upon longer incubation, the product peaks merge together, forming a broad envelope.
In-vivo perfusion quantification by contrast ultrasound: Validation of the use of linearized video data vs. raw RF data (2008)

Perfusion quantification software commonly analyzes log-compressed video images provided by ultrasound systems. Compared to analysis of raw RF signals, errors in perfusion parameter estimates may be introduced, even when proper linearization is applied to reverse the log-compression. In this work, the effects of log-compression, demodulation, scan conversion and 8-bit quantization have been investigated, in terms of the errors introduced on perfusion parameter estimates. An in-vivo contrast bolus sequence was processed using both raw RF data and linearized video data. The outcome is that linearizing log-compressed video sequences can provide estimates as accurate as processing RF data under two conditions: a) system gain should be such as to prevent both excessive truncation of pixel values to minimum level and saturation to maximum level; b) the dynamic range of log-compression should be 45 dB or higher.
Waveguide Integrated Plasmonic Devices (2010)

We theoretically study the properties of the waveguide integrated plasmonic nano-antennas. The device consists of a plasmonic nano-antenna coupled to a slot waveguide. We show that the proposed device can be used to enhance the spontaneous emission rate from an emitter by three orders of magnitude. Moreover, we demonstrate that the plasmonic nano-antenna efficiently couples to the dielectric waveguide. Finally, it is possible to efficiently deliver the excitation by use of the proposed device.
Technology Update: Managed-Pressure Drilling Advances Expand Options of Onshore Drillers (2015)

Technology Update This is an update on several managed-pressure drilling (MPD) technologies and downhole drilling performance-enhancing tools in use onshore and is the first of a two-part series. The second article on offshore MPD technologies will appear in the February issue of JPT. Numerous recent advances in managed-pressure drilling (MPD) technology have led to the increased use of MPD and an expanded repertoire of solutions for a variety of drilling challenges. This article will focus on several such advances in onshore drilling, including new rotating control devices (RCDs), additional MPD applications, new downhole tools activated by radio frequency identification (RFID), and a rate-of-turn gyroscope, which is based on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and uses smart algorithms to alert drillers when harmful rotational dynamics are occurring in the drillstring. Conventional Systems vs. MPD The hydraulics of conventional drilling was founded in the Spindletop field in Beaumont, Texas, circa 1901. After the initial gushers, the celebration of such quickly waned, and the industry learned to drill with a weighted fluid—literally mud from a cattle pond at the time—to enable drilling into the reservoir without inviting a blowout. The rig pumps returned mud and cuttings to an open-to- atmosphere drilling nipple beneath the rig floor. Thus, the hydrostatic head pressure of the annulus returns column became the primary well-control barrier. A precipitous fall of the returns compromises that barrier and an overflow signals a potential well-control situation. For more than a century, this system has served the land drilling industry well. However, most of the “easy” prospects that can be drilled that way have already been drilled. An inherent weakness of the system has become more troublesome, and a growing number of otherwise promising prospects have proved undrillable with the conventional approach. The only way to adjust the pressure on the exposed formation without interrupting drilling is to change the circulating rate, which slightly increases or decreases the equivalent mud weight (EMW). The closed-loop system of MPD adds an important component to the equation, enabling more precise management of the wellbore pressure profile, whether circulating or not. EMW may be managed with mud pumps on the front side or with discrete applications of backpressure on the back side. Specialized enabling tools include a fitfor- purpose RCD, nonreturn valves in the drillstring, and a dedicated drilling choke manifold. The choke may be manual, semiautomatic (a typical hydraulic or more precise electric set-point choke) or automatic (controlled by programmable logic). EMW complements the primary well-control barrier.
Order−Disorder Transition and Critical Micelle Temperature in Concentrated Block Copolymer Solutions (2005)

The phase behavior of symmetric styrene−isoprene (SI) diblock copolymers in selective solvents in the vicinity of the order−disorder transition (ODT) was investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Particular emphasis is placed on the region just above the ODT, where a disordered phase of micelles is observed. To understand morphological changes in more detail, one of the blocks is deuterated, i.e., PS−dPI and dPS−PI, and the scattering length density (SLD) of the solvents used were identical to the SLD of the corona chains. Two approaches for the analysis of SANS data were taken: the generalized indirect Fourier transformation (GIFT) and direct model fitting with relevant form and structure factors. With increasing temperature, the micellar aggregation number decreases, and the core radius is roughly maintained by the increased solvent swelling of the core. The critical micelle temperature (cmt) is experimentally described in the present study by an abrupt decrease in the size, aggregation number, and volume fraction of micelles. The micelles were found to dissociate into free chains approximately 20−30 °C higher than the TODT, and the cmt is found to be quite close to the mean-field spinodal temperature TS. A mean-field temperature, TMF, is located by the crossover temperature from the linear behavior of Imax-1 vs T-1 plot, and the structure factor above the experimentally determined TMF is also found to be in good agreement with the Leibler−Landau-type mean-field theory. We examined two different ODTs: body-centered cubic lattices to disorder and hexagonal cylinders to disorder, with similar results in both cases.
HDAC11 regulates expression of C/EBPβ and immunosuppressive molecules in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (2021)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells derived from bone marrow and negatively regulate both innate and adaptive immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Previously we have demonstrated that MDSCs lacking histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) displayed an increased suppressive activity against CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells. However, the mechanisms of HDAC11 that contribute to the suppressive function of MDSCs remain unclear. Here, we show that arginase activity and NO production is significantly higher in HDAC11 knockout MDSCs when compared with wild-type (WT) controls. In the absence of HDAC11, elevated arginase level and enzymatic activity were observed preferentially in the tumor-infiltrated granulocytic MDSCs, whereas iNOS expression and NO production were increased in the tumor-infiltrated monocytic MDSCs. Of note and for the first time, we demonstrated an association between the elevated expression of immunosuppressive molecules with up-regulation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ in MDSCs lacking HDAC11. Interestingly, the highest expression of C/EBPβ was observed among CD11b<sup>+</sup> Gr-1<sup>+</sup> MDSCs isolated from tumor-bearing mice. The additional demonstration that HDAC11 is recruited to the promoter region of C/EBPβ in WT MDSCs suggests a novel molecular mechanism by which HDAC11 influence the expression of immunosuppressive molecules in MDSCs through regulation of C/EBPβ gene expression.
Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit Schwefelliganden, 145 [1]. [Ru(NO)('pybuS4')]Br, ein Komplex mit [Ru(NO)(NS4)]-Gerüst, aktivierten CH2-Gruppen und interionischen Wechselwirkungen im Festkörper ['pybuS4'2- = 2,6-Bis(2-mercapto-3,5-di-terM>utylphenylthio) dimethylpyridin(2-)] / Transition Metal Complexes with Sulfur Ligands, 145 [1]. [Ru(NO)('pybuS4 ')]Br, a Complex with [Ru(NO)(NS4)] Core, Activated CH2 Groups, and Interionic Interactions in the Solid State ('pybuS4'2- = 2,6-Bis(2-mercapto-3,5-di-terf-butylphenylthio)dimethylpyridine(2-)) (2000)

Abstract In the search for soluble and reactive ruthenium nitrosyl complexes, [Ru(NO)('py bu S 4 ')]Br ([2]Br) was synthesized by template alkylation of NBu 4 [Ru(NO)(' bu S 2 ') 2 ] with py(CH 2 ,Br) 2 ['py bu S 4 ' 2- = 2,6-bis(2-mercapto-3,5-di-tert-butyl-phenylthio)dimethylpyridine(2-); ' bu S 2 ' 2- = 2-mercapto-3,5-di-tert-butylphenylthiolate(2-); py(CH 2 Br) 2 = 2,6-bis(bromomethyl)pyridine]. The solid state structure of 2 has been determined by X-ray diffraction, which reveals a head-to-head O-O interaction between the linear Ru-NO entities. The ligand CH 2 protons of [2] + are activated and exchange with D + under ambient conditions. The ν (NO) band of [2]Br appears at 1841 cm -1 in the solid state (KBr or hostaflon mull) and is significantly blue-shifted in solution (1879 cm -1 in MeOH, 1886 cm -1 in DMF). A similar blue-shift (1866 cm -1 in KBr vs. 1888 cm -1 in MeOH) has been found for [Ru(NO)('pyS 4 ')]Br ([1]Br) which contains the parent [Ru(NO)('pyS 4 ')] + cation ['pyS 4 ' 2- = 2,6-bis(2-mercaptophenylthio)dimethylpyridine(2-)]. These ν(NO) shifts can be explained either by an interionic charge-transfer between the bromide anions and the nitrosyl complex cation or by O-O interactions between two NO ligands as found for solid-state [2]Br. These interactions are not found for [1]OTs which exhibits a ν(NO) band at ca. 1890 cm -1 in the solid state (KBr, hostaflon) as well as in MeOH solution.
Dyspnea: neurobiological and clinical aspects (2021)

The aim. The presented material reflects the results of studies by Russian specialists conducted under the auspices of the Russian Respiratory Society over the past 15 years. The article also includes the main provisions set out in the III Guidelines for dyspnea. A significant part of the manual is devoted to the recent achievements in studying neurophysiological processes in the brain structures during the development of dyspnea. These achievements were driven by image-diagnosis methods. An important aspect of this series of works for the clinical practice was identifying dyspnea domains and developing the instruments to assess severity. Results. Analysis of the data on dyspnea from the clinical practice showed a highly heterogenic clinical picture, which must be taken into account in the management of individual patients. A diagnostic algorithm for long-term follow-up of patients with dyspnea syndrome is also discussed. The attention of doctors is drawn to the features of dyspnea during COVID-19; the disproportion between the sensory perception of respiratory discomfort and the degree of oxygen desaturation is emphasized. Conclusion. It was concluded that in the Russian-speaking environment of patients, doctors should actively use a verbal characteristic of dyspnea - the “language of dyspnea”.
Intestinal vitamin D-dependent calbindin-D9k and alkaline phosphatase in spontaneously hypertensive rats (1991)

Intestinal Ca2+ malabsorption has been described in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), but the molecular basis for this defect is unknown. In this study, we measured intestinal alkaline phosphatase and vitamin D-dependent Ca(2+)-binding protein (calbindin-D9k), two proteins implicated in the active pathway of intestinal Ca2+ absorption. Both proteins were measured in the small intestines of SHRs and their normotensive controls, Wistar-Kyoto rats, before, during, and after development of hypertension (4, 9, 14, 18, and 28 wk of age). At all ages, alkaline phosphatase activity in duodenum (0-6 cm) was decreased by 30-57% (P less than 0.001) and by 47-75% in the 2nd intestinal segment (6-12 cm) (P less than 0.001-0.05). Calbindin-D9k was decreased similarly. The decreases of calbindin were statistically significant (P less than 0.001-0.05) in the duodena at 4, 14, 18, and 28 wk (9-30% decreases) and in the 2nd segment at 4, 14, and 18 wk (38-69% decreases; P less than 0.001-0.005). Decreased calbindin in SHRs was documented in animals from two suppliers. The deficiencies of calbindin-D9k and alkaline phosphatase could not be attributed to malnutrition or to a generalized brush-border defect as indicated by body weights and the intestinal marker enzyme sucrase. Although calbindin-D9k was decreased in young SHRs, the serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] was increased by 59 and 129% in 4- and 9-wk-old SHRs (P less than 0.001), respectively; by contrast, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 was unchanged or decreased in older SHRs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Organic aerosol evolution and transport observed at Mt. Cimone (2165 m a.s.l.), Italy, during the PEGASOS campaign (2015)

Abstract. High-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer measurements were performed, for the first time, at the Mt. Cimone Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) station between June and July 2012, within the EU project PEGASOS and the ARPA–Emilia-Romagna project SUPERSITO. Submicron aerosol was dominated by organics (63 %), with sulfate, ammonium and nitrate contributing the remaining 20, 9 and 7 %, respectively. Organic aerosol (OA) was in general highly oxygenated, consistent with the remote character of the site; our observations suggest that oxidation and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation processes occurred during aerosol transport to high altitudes. All of the aerosol component concentrations as well as the OA elemental ratios showed a clear daily trend, driven by the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and by the mountain wind regime. Higher loadings and lower OA oxidation levels were observed during the day, when the site was within the PBL, and therefore affected by relatively fresh aerosol transported from lower altitudes. Conversely, lower loadings and higher OA oxidation levels were observed at night, when the top of Mt. Cimone resided in the free troposphere although affected by the transport of residual layers on several days of the campaign. Analysis of the elemental ratios in a Van Krevelen space shows that OA oxidation follows a slope comprised between −0.5 and −1, consistent with addition of carboxylic groups, with or without fragmentation of the parent molecules. The increase of carboxylic groups during OA ageing is confirmed by the increased contribution of organic fragments containing more than one oxygen atom in the free troposphere night-time mass spectra. Finally, positive matrix factorization was able to deconvolve the contributions of relatively fresh OA (OOAa) originating from the PBL, more aged OA (OOAb) present at high altitudes during periods of atmospheric stagnation, and very aged aerosols (OOAc) transported over long distances in the free troposphere.
Control of solar powered micro-grids using electric vehicles (2012)

Large scale solar plants are gaining recognition as potential energy sources for future. In this paper, the feasibility of using electric vehicles (EVs) to control a solar powered micro-grid is investigated in detail. The paper presents a PSCAD/EMTDC based model for the solar powered micro-grid with EVs. EVs are expected to have both the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) capability, through which energy can either be injected into or extracted from the solar powered micro-grid to control its energy imbalance. Using the model, the behaviour of the micro-grid is investigated under a given load profile, and the results indicate that a minimum number of EVs are required to meet the energy imbalance and it is time dependent and influenced by various factors such as depth of charge, commuting profiles, reliability etc..
Thermal and electrical signatures of a hydrodynamic electron fluid in tungsten diphosphide (2018)

In stark contrast to ordinary metals, in materials in which electrons strongly interact with each other or with phonons, electron transport is thought to resemble the flow of viscous fluids. Despite their differences, it is predicted that transport in both conventional and correlated materials is fundamentally limited by the uncertainty principle applied to energy dissipation. Here we report the observation of experimental signatures of hydrodynamic electron flow in the Weyl semimetal tungsten diphosphide. Using thermal and magneto-electric transport experiments, we find indications of the transition from a conventional metallic state at higher temperatures to a hydrodynamic electron fluid below 20 K. The hydrodynamic regime is characterized by a viscosity-induced dependence of the electrical resistivity on the sample width and by a strong violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law. Following the uncertainty principle, both electrical and thermal transport are bound by the quantum indeterminacy, independent of the underlying transport regime.