gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilization of high-energy neutrons for the detection of fissionable materials (2007)

The detection of high-energy prompt fission neutrons was investigated as a method of fissionable material detection. Neutron energy spectra of U238 and several nonfissionable materials were measured using a neutron time of flight spectrometer. The photonuclear reactions were induced in the targets using a pulsed bremsstrahlung beam for several endpoint energies between 8 and 15MeV. While fission neutrons can have energies in excess of 10MeV, neutrons emitted from nonfissionable materials have distinct energy limits that depend upon binding and incident particle energies. Hence the presence of high-energy neutrons can be used to discriminate fissionable from most nonfissionable materials.
Performance of xenogeneic pulmonary visceral pleura as bioprosthetic heart valve cusps in swine (2023)

The accelerated wear test demonstrates suitable mechanical strength of PVP cusps for heart valve. The swine model demonstrates that the PVP valve cusps are promising for valve replacement.
Order-sensitive XML Query Processing Over Relational Sources (2003)

XML is an emerging standard format for data on the Web as well as in business applications. In order to store and access this information in an efficient manner, database technology must be utilized. A relational database system, the most established and mature technology for query processing and storage, creates a strong foundation for such an XML data management system. However, while relational databases are based on SQL queries, the original user queries are written in XQuery, an XML query language. This XML query language has support for order-sensitive queries as XML is an order-sensitive markup language. A major problem has been discovered with loading XML in a relational database. That problem is the lack of native SQL support for and management of order handling. While XQuery has order and positional support, SQL does not have the same support. For example, individuals who were viewing XML information about music albums would have a hard time querying for the first three songs of a track list from a relational backend. Mapping XML documents to relational backends also proves hard as the data models (hierarchical elements versus flat tables) are so different. For these reasons, and other purposes, the Rainbow System is being developed at WPI as a system that bridges XML data and relational data. This thesis in particular deals with the algebra operators that affect order, order sensitive loading and mapping of XML documents, and the pushdown of order handling into SQL-capable query engines. The contributions of the thesis are the order-sensitive rewrite rules, new XML to relational mappings with different order styles, order-sensitive template-driven SQL generation, and a proposed metadata table for order-sensitive information. A system that implements these proposed techniques with XQuery as the XML query language and Oracle as the backend relational storage system has been developed. Experiments were created to measure execution time based on various factors. First, scalability of the system as backend data set size grows is studied. Second, scalability of the system as results returned from the database grows, and finally, query execution times with different loading types are explored. The experimental results are encouraging. Query execution with the relational backend proves to be much faster than native execution within the Rainbow system. These results confirm the practical utility of our proposed order-sensitive XQuery execution solution over relational data.
Robust Shape Regression for Supervised Vessel Segmentation and its Application to Coronary Segmentation in CTA (2011)

This paper presents a vessel segmentation method which learns the geometry and appearance of vessels in medical images from annotated data and uses this knowledge to segment vessels in unseen images. Vessels are segmented in a coarse-to-fine fashion. First, the vessel boundaries are estimated with multivariate linear regression using image intensities sampled in a region of interest around an initialization curve. Subsequently, the position of the vessel boundary is refined with a robust nonlinear regression technique using intensity profiles sampled across the boundary of the rough segmentation and using information about plausible cross-sectional vessel shapes. The method was evaluated by quantitatively comparing segmentation results to manual annotations of 229 coronary arteries. On average the difference between the automatically obtained segmentations and manual contours was smaller than the inter-observer variability, which is an indicator that the method outperforms manual annotation. The method was also evaluated by using it for centerline refinement on 24 publicly available datasets of the Rotterdam Coronary Artery Evaluation Framework. Centerlines are extracted with an existing method and refined with the proposed method. This combination is currently ranked second out of 10 evaluated interactive centerline extraction methods. An additional qualitative expert evaluation in which 250 automatic segmentations were compared to manual segmentations showed that the automatically obtained contours were rated on average better than manual contours.
CANCER GENE THERAPY USING INTERLEUKIN-12 (IL-12) (1994)

Tahara, H.; Zitvogel, L.; Storkus, W. J.; McKinney, T. G.; Robbins, P. D.; Lotze, M. T. Author Information
Viscosity and the equation of state in high energy heavy-ion reactions (1993)

Viscous hydrodynamic calculations of high energy heavy-ion collisions (Nb-Nb and Au-Au) from 200 to 800 MeV/nucleon are presented. The resulting baryon rapidity distributions, the in-plane transverse momentum transfer (bounce-off), and the azimuthal dependence of the midrapidity particles (off-plane squeeze out) compare well with Plastic Ball data. We find that the considered observables are sensitive both to the nuclear equation of state and to the nuclear shear viscosity \ensuremath{\eta}. Transverse momentum distributions indicate a high shear viscosity (\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\approxeq}60 MeV/${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$ c) in the compression zone, in agreement with nuclear matter estimates. The bulk viscosity \ensuremath{\zeta} influences only the entropy production during the expansion stage; collective observables like flow and dN/dY do not depend strongly on \ensuremath{\zeta}. The recently observed off-plane (\ensuremath{\varphi}=90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) squeeze-out, which is found in the triple-differential rapidity distribution, exhibits the strongest sensitivity to the nuclear equation of state. It is demonstrated that for very central collisions, b=1 fm, the squeeze-out is visible even in the double-differential cross section. This is experimentally accessible by studying azimuthally symmetric events, as confirmed recently by data of the European 4\ensuremath{\pi} detector collaboration at Gesellchaft f\"ur Schwerionforschung Darmstadt.
Molecular Theory of Microemulsions (2000)

In this paper, a molecular thermodynamic approach is developed to predict the structural and compositional characteristics of microemulsions. The theory can be applied not only to oil-in-water and water-in-oil droplet-type microemulsions but also to bicontinuous microemulsions. This treatment constitutes an extension of our earlier approaches to micelles, mixed micelles, and solubilization but also takes into account the self-association of alcohol in the oil phase and the excluded-volume interactions among the droplets. Illustrative results are presented for an anionic surfactant (SDS)−pentanol−cyclohexane−water−NaCl system. Microstructural features including the droplet radius, the thickness of the surfactant layer at the interface, the number of molecules of various species in a droplet, the size and composition dispersions of the droplets, and the distribution of the surfactant, oil, alcohol, and water molecules in the various microdomains are calculated. Further, the model allows the identification of the transition from a two-phase droplet-type microemulsion system to a three-phase microemulsion system involving a bicontinuous microemulsion. The persistence length of the bicontinuous microemulsion is also predicted by the model. Finally, the model permits the calculation of the interfacial tension between a microemulsion and the coexisting phase.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6 is a potent activator of the NLRP3/ASC inflammasome (2010)

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) represents one of the most important mediators of inflammation and host responses to infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis, induces IL-1beta secretion at the site of infection, but the underlying mechanism(s) are poorly understood. In this work we show that Mtb infection of macrophages stimulates caspase-1 activity and promotes the secretion of IL-1beta. This stimulation requires live intracellular bacteria expressing a functional ESX-1 secretion system. ESAT-6, an ESX-1 substrate implicated in membrane damage, is both necessary and sufficient for caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta secretion. ESAT-6 promotes the access of other immunostimulatory agents such as AG85 into the macrophage cytosol, indicating that this protein may contribute to caspase-1 activation largely by perturbing host cell membranes. Using a high-throughput shRNA-based screen we found that numerous NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and CARD domain-containing proteins (CARDs) were important for IL-1beta secretion upon Mtb infection. Most importantly, NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 form an infection-inducible inflammasome complex that is essential for IL-1beta secretion. In summary, we show that recognition of Mtb infection by the NLRP3 inflammasome requires the activity of the bacterial virulence factor ESAT-6, and the subsequent IL-1beta response is regulated by a number of NLR/CARD proteins.
3-Acyltetramic Acids: A Decades-Long Approach to a Fascinating Natural Product Family (2017)

This account relates our quest for effective syntheses of 3-acyltetramic acids and also presents examples of our group’s increasing audacity to tackle the more intricate structural varieties of this compound class. 1 Introduction 2 A New Wittig-Based Access to Tetramic Acids 3 3-Acyltetramic Acids with Linear Side Chains 4 3-Decalinoyltetramic Acids 5 <i> O</i>- and <i>N</i>-Glycosylated 3-Acyltetramic Acids 6 Macrocyclic 3-Acyltetramic Acids 7 Miscellaneous Reactions 8 Whither to go from Here?
(Invited) Continued Device Miniaturization Enabled By New Materials Innovations and Advanced Patterning Schemes (2018)

The microelectronics industry continues to experience high demand for new materials innovation driven by the need for solutions in the advanced patterning space. As device features and critical dimensions continue to shrink, the complexity of chip fabrication increases at an exponential rate. With this increase in complexity, many issues and challenges arise. For instance, with more steps and smaller dimensions, Edge Placement Error (EPE) becomes a key limiting factor towards enabling future nodes. EPE is the error between the intended and actual placements of desired features in a device. Smaller device features afford tighter tolerance specifications and smaller error budgets. Advanced devices require multiple patterning steps, which increase the potential for errors and misalignments. EPE can have detrimental effects on device performance due to contact shorts and open circuits, often leading to poor device yields. One way to limit the effects of EPEs is to use self-alignment patterning schemes. Selective deposition and selective etch processes are both key enablers for the development of self-aligned processes in semiconductor fabrication. Figure 1(a) shows a standard contact patterning flow without self-alignment. Selective deposition can relax the lithography and overlay requirements, as shown in Figure 1(b), and greatly decrease EPE by enabling self-alignment patterning schemes. Furthermore, as devices continue to shrink, conventional etch processes suffer from poor etch control and line edge roughness and thus can also contribute to EPE for future nodes. Atomic layer Etch (ALE) is an emerging etch technique that uses two or more precursors in a sequential fashion where the surface modification during precursor exposure is self-limiting leading to highly controllable etches that are very smooth and conformal. In addition, the filling of high aspect ratio features is also a key enabler to complicated multi-patterning flows (such as reverse tone patterning). Although there has been remarkable progress on these fronts, further developments are needed to ensure the scalability of microelectronics devices. This presentation will focus on insights and recent research results in the quest for enabling new patterning schemes through the development of new selective ALD processes, thermal ALE processes, and methods for the gap fill of high aspect ratio features. Figure 1
Use of the cluster–Bethe-lattice method in surface studies (1979)

A general review of the cluster-Bethe-lattice method is presented which emphasizes its use as a tool in surface studies. The basic elements of the method are summarized, with simple models used to illustrate the most important ideas. The strengths and weaknesses of the method are contrasted, and the types of questions the method can best deal with ar identified. The method is then illustrated with an example. Recent results are presented which show that both bond-angle and structural disorder can produce localized states at the Si–SiO2 interface which have no analog in either bulk silicon or bulk SiO2. Inhomogeneities at the interface, particularly small ’’peninsulas’’ of silicon protruding into the oxide, are found to produce strong interface resonances approximately 2 eV below the valence band maximum. Distortions of the Si–O–Si angle near the interface are found to cause tailing into the gap in the oxide near 10 eV below the silicon valence band edge. Finally, distortions of the tetrahedral angles on a silicon atom at the interface are investigated and found to have effects similar to those observed in bulk elemental silicon.
Hypersonic Turbulent Boundary-Layer and Free Sheer Database Datasets (1993)

A critical assessment and compilation of data are presented on attached hypersonic turbulent boundary layers in pressure gradients and compressible turbulent mixing layers. Extensive searches were conducted to identify candidate experiments, which were subjected to a rigorous set of acceptance criteria. Accepted datasets are both tabulated and provided in machine-readable form. The purpose of this database effort is to make existing high quality data available in detailed form for the turbulence-modeling and computational fluid dynamics communities. While significant recent data were found on the subject of compressible turbulent mixing, the available boundary-layer/pressure-gradient experiments are all older ones of which no acceptable data were found at hypersonic Mach numbers.
Highly Soluble Heteroheptacene: A New Building Block for p-Type Semiconducting Polymers (2010)

A facial synthetic route to a new heteroheptacene with the inclusion of carbazole and thiophene units is described. The synthesis of two new semiconducting copolymers with use of the heteroheptacene unit is also reported. The introduction of heteroatoms (sulfur, nitrogen) in the fused-ring system leads to small optical band-gaps of these polymers. The charge carrier mobilities for these polymers are measured in ambient conditions which are sufficient for photovoltaic applications.
Efficient Difference Frequency Generation in Triply Resonant Nonlinear Cavities (2009)

We develop a theoretical framework for second-order nonlinear difference frequency generation in triply resonant wavelength-scale cavities, demonstrating stable CW conversion with quantum-limited efficiency. We propose a scheme for efficient THz generation based on this framework.
Input Selection for Performance and Controllability of Structured Linear\n Descriptor Systems (2014)

A common approach to controlling complex networks is to directly control a\nsubset of input nodes, which then controls the remaining nodes via network\ninteractions. While techniques have been proposed for selecting input nodes\nbased on either performance metrics or controllability, a unifying approach\nbased on joint consideration of performance and controllability is an open\nproblem. In this paper, we develop a submodular optimization framework for\nselecting input nodes based on joint performance and controllability in\nstructured linear descriptor systems. We develop our framework for arbitrary\nlinear descriptor systems. In developing our framework, we first prove that\nselecting a minimum-size set of input nodes for controllability is a matroid\nintersection problem that can be solved in polynomial-time in the network size.\nWe then prove that input selection to maximize a performance metric with\ncontrollability as a constraint is equivalent to maximizing a monotone\nsubmodular function with two matroid basis constraints, and derive efficient\napproximation algorithms with provable optimality bounds for input selection.\nFinally, we present a graph controllability index metric, which characterizes\nthe largest controllable subgraph of a given complex network, and prove its\nsubmodular structure, leading to input selection algorithms that trade-off\nperformance and controllability. We provide improved optimality guarantees for\nknown systems such as strongly connected networks, consensus networks, networks\nof double integrators, and networks where all system parameters (e.g., link\nweights) are chosen independently and at random.\n
Generate, Annotate, and Learn: NLP with Synthetic Text (2021)

This paper studies the use of language models as a source of synthetic unlabeled text for NLP. We formulate a general framework called ``generate, annotate, and learn (GAL)'' to take advantage of synthetic text within knowledge distillation, self-training, and few-shot learning applications. To generate high-quality task-specific text, we either fine-tune LMs on inputs from the task of interest, or prompt large LMs with few examples. We use the best available classifier to annotate synthetic text with soft pseudo labels for knowledge distillation and self-training, and use LMs to obtain hard labels for few-shot learning. We train new supervised models on the combination of labeled and pseudo-labeled data, which results in significant gains across several applications. We investigate key components of GAL and present theoretical and empirical arguments against the use of class-conditional LMs to generate synthetic labeled text instead of unlabeled text. GAL achieves new state-of-the-art knowledge distillation results for 6-layer transformers on the GLUE leaderboard.
Erratum to: Measurement of the W boson polarisation in $$t\bar{t}$$ t t ¯ events from pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 8~\hbox {TeV}$$ s = 8 TeV in the lepton + jets channel with ATLAS (2019)

A bug in the code used to calculate the total correlation coefficients between the W boson helicity fractions obtained using the leptonic analyser in semileptonic tt¯ events in the region with ≥2 b-tags was found. It led to quoting incorrect correlation coefficients in the original paper. The correct correlation coefficients are ρF0,FL=−0.82 , ρF0,FR=−0.97 and ρFL,FR=+0.65. This change does not have any impact on the measured helicity fractions, but it changes the obtained limits on the anomalous couplings.
Spatial restriction of α4 integrin phosphorylation regulates lamellipodial stability and α4β1-dependent cell migration (2020)

Întegrins coordinate spatial signaling events essential for cell polarity and directed migration. Such signals from α4 integrins regulate cell migration in development and in leukocyte trafficking. Here, we report that efficient α4-mediated migration requires spatial control of α4 phosphorylation by protein kinase A, and hence localized inhibition of binding of the signaling adaptor, paxillin, to the integrin. In migrating cells, phosphorylated α4 accumulated along the leading edge. Blocking α4 phosphorylation by mutagenesis or by inhibition of protein kinase A drastically reduced α4-dependent migration and lamellipodial stability. α4 phosphorylation blocks paxillin binding in vitro; we now find that paxillin and phospho-α4 were in distinct clusters at the leading edge of migrating cells, whereas unphosphorylated α4 and paxillin colocalized along the lateral edges of those cells. Furthermore, enforced paxillin association with α4 inhibits migration and reduced lamellipodial stability. These results show that topographically specific integrin phosphorylation can control cell migration and polarization by spatial segregation of adaptor protein binding.
Genome-scale reconstruction of the sigma factor network in Escherichia coli: topology and functional states (2014)

The reconstructed network reveals the regulatory complexity of the promoter architecture in prokaryotic genomes, and opens a path to the direct determination of the systems biology of their transcriptional regulatory networks.
Label-Free Detection of Escherichia coli Based on Thermal Transport through Surface Imprinted Polymers (2016)

This work focuses on the development of a label-free biomimetic sensor for the specific and selective detection of bacteria. The platform relies on the rebinding of bacteria to synthetic cell receptors, made by surface imprinting of polyurethane-coated aluminum chips. The heat-transfer resistance (Rth) of these so-called surface imprinted polymers (SIPs) was analyzed in time using the heat-transfer method (HTM). Rebinding of target bacteria to the synthetic receptor led to a measurable increase in thermal resistance at the solid–liquid interface. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were used as model organisms for several proof-of-principle experiments, demonstrating the potential of the proposed platform for point-of-care bacterial testing. The results of these experiments indicate that the sensor is able to selectively detect bacterial rebinding to the SIP surface, distinguishing between dead and living E. coli cells on one hand and between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the other hand (E. coli and S. aureus). In addition, the sensor was capable of quantifying the number of bacteria in a given sample, enabling detection at relatively low concentrations (104 CFU mL–1 range). As a first proof-of-application, the sensor was exposed to a mixed bacterial solution containing only a small amount (1%) of the target bacteria. The sample was able to detect this trace amount by using a simple gradual enrichment strategy.
New Approach on Logic Application of Ferroelectric Random Access Memory Technology (2002)

In this paper, a new approach is described to solve some problems that occur when ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) is applied to logic circuits, particularly RSA cryptography. Application of a programmable switch device to RSA-based cryptography processing circuits was explored. RSA-based cryptography processing circuits have been designed as code conversion circuits. The capacity of the code conversion programmable AND gate and FeRAM and the translation rate have been investigated as a function of bit length. As a result, a problem of huge capacity at the practical bit length can be predicted theoretically. To solve this problem, we propose a new scheme for circuits and a new algorithm of logic operation using the binomial theorem.