gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of colloidal silica dispersions on the properties of PDMS‐colloidal silica composites (2012)

Abstract Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) colloidal silica composites prepared with the use of the dispersion of colloidal silica (CS) of similar particle size and distribution in different mediums/solvents are investigated for their rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. Regardless of the dispersion medium of CS, thermal analysis showed the increased thermal stability of PDMS with the addition of CS. The rheological analysis showed that the composites prepared from CS dispersed in isopropanol (IPA) and CS dispersed in methylethylketone (MEK) showed significant enhancement in viscosity at higher loadings as compare with the composite prepared from the CS dispersed in water and methanol indicating more Filler–polymer interactions. Similarly, the tensile stress–strain curves, hardness, and tear strength displayed significant improvement with PDMS‐CS‐MEK and PDMS‐CS‐IPA composites. The results of this study not only provide the insights of solid–liquid–liquid interface leading to different extent of polymer‐filler interaction, there by the bulk properties, it also helps to minimize the surface treatment steps while preparing the composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Early Loss of Fhit in the Respiratory Tract of Rodents Exposed to Environmental Cigarette Smoke (2006)

The Fhit gene, encompassing the most active common human chromosomal fragile region, FRA3B, has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor. Several studies have shown significant Fhit alterations or Fhit protein loss in lung cancers from smokers compared with lung cancers from nonsmokers. To evaluate the role of Fhit under controlled experimental conditions, we exposed rodents to environmental cigarette smoke (ECS) and evaluated Fhit expression or Fhit protein in the respiratory tract. After 14 days of exposure to ECS, loss of Fhit protein in the bronchial/bronchiolar epithelium affected half of the tested B6-129(F(1)) mice, either wild type or Fhit(+/-). After 28 days, it affected the vast majority of the tested SKH-1 hairless mice and of A/J mice and all (UL53-3 x A/J)F(1) mice, either wild type or P53(+/-). In Sprague-Dawley rats, exposure to ECS for up to 30 days caused a time-dependent loss of Fhit in pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Moreover, ECS down-regulated Fhit expression and significantly decreased Fhit protein in the rat bronchial epithelium. The oral administration of N-acetylcysteine attenuated the ECS-related loss of Fhit, whereas oltipraz, 5,6-benzoflavone, phenethyl isothiocyanate, and indole 3-carbinol, and their combinations had no significant effect. Parallel studies evaluated a variety of molecular, biochemical, and cytogenetic alterations in the respiratory tract of the same animals. In conclusion, there is unequivocal evidence that Fhit is an early, critical target in smoke-related lung carcinogenesis in rodents, and that certain chemopreventive agents can attenuate the occurrence of this gene alteration.
Solar‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Novel Sn@C‐Dots‐Modified TiO 2 Catalyst (2017)

Abstract The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has already been investigated and compared with that of other materials. The main goal of the current study is to functionalize TiO 2 with tin‐doped carbon dots (Sn@C‐dots/TiO 2 ) and explore the activity of this composite as a photocatalyst for the photodegradation of dye molecules. The new composite Sn@C‐dots/TiO 2 was prepared by a two‐step sonochemical reaction: a) Formation of Sn@C‐dots by ultrasonic irradiation of molten tin immersed in polyethylene glycol at 260 °C; b) Addition of TiO 2 and further sonication to induce the adhesion of the Sn@C‐dots on the surface of the TiO 2 . The resulting composite was examined as a photocatalyst for the photodegradation of methylene blue and crystal violet under solar radiation and was found to exhibit better activity than commercial TiO 2 or C‐dots/TiO 2 . Doping C‐dots with Sn and making hybrid Sn@C‐dots/TiO 2 nanocomposites opens a new type of photocatalytic materials.
Magic state distillation with low overhead (2012)

We propose a new family of error detecting stabilizer codes with an encoding rate 1/3 that permit a transversal implementation of the pi/8-rotation $T$ on all logical qubits. The new codes are used to construct protocols for distilling high-quality `magic' states $T|+&gt;$ by Clifford group gates and Pauli measurements. The distillation overhead has a poly-logarithmic scaling as a function of the output accuracy, where the degree of the polynomial is $\log_2{3}\approx 1.6$. To construct the desired family of codes, we introduce the notion of a triorthogonal matrix --- a binary matrix in which any pair and any triple of rows have even overlap. Any triorthogonal matrix gives rise to a stabilizer code with a transversal $T$-gate on all logical qubits, possibly augmented by Clifford gates. A powerful numerical method for generating triorthogonal matrices is proposed. Our techniques lead to a two-fold overhead reduction for distilling magic states with output accuracy $10^{-12}$ compared with the best previously known protocol.
Design of a Reconfigurable Quality Assurance Phantom for Verifying the Spatial Accuracy of Radiosurgery Treatments for Multiple Brain Metastases (2019)

Abstract Radiation therapy frequently involves highly customized and complex treatments, employing sophisticated equipment, that require extensive patient-specific validation to verify the accuracy of the treatment plan as part of the clinical quality assurance (QA) process. This paper introduces a novel, reconfigurable QA phantom developed for the spatial validation of radiosurgery treatments of multiple brain metastases (MBM). This phantom works in conjunction with existing electronic portal imaging detector (EPID) technology to rapidly verify MBM treatment plans with submillimeter accuracy. The device provides a 12 × 12 × 12 cm3 active volume and multiple, independently configurable markers, in the form of 3 mm diameter radiopaque spheres, which serve as surrogates for brain lesions. The device is lightweight, portable, can be setup by a single operator, and is adaptable for use with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) techniques and stereotactic linear accelerators (LINACs). This paper presents the device design and fabrication, along with initial testing and validation results both in the laboratory, using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and under simulated clinical conditions, using a radiosurgery treatment plan with 15 lesions. The device has been shown to place markers in space with a 0.45 mm root-mean-square error, which is satisfactory for initial clinical use. The device is undergoing further testing under simulated clinical conditions and improvements to reduce marker positional error.
Molecular Attributes Associated With Refolding of Inclusion Body Proteins Using the Freeze–Thaw Method (2021)

Understanding the structure-function of inclusion bodies (IBs) in the last two decades has led to the development of several mild solubilization buffers for the improved recovery of bioactive proteins. The recently developed freeze-thaw-based inclusion body protein solubilization method has received a great deal of attention due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The present report investigates the reproducibility, efficiency, and plausible mechanism of the freeze-thaw-based IB solubilization. The percentage recovery of functionally active protein species of human growth hormone (hGH) and L-asparaginase from their IBs in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and the quality attributes associated with the freeze-thaw-based solubilization method were analyzed in detail. The overall yield of the purified hGH and L-asparaginase protein was found to be around 14 and 25%, respectively. Both purified proteins had functionally active species lower than that observed with commercial proteins. Biophysical and biochemical analyses revealed that the formation of soluble aggregates was a major limitation in the case of tough IB protein like hGH. On the other hand, the destabilization of soft IB protein like L-asparaginase led to the poor recovery of functionally active protein species. Our study provides insight into the advantages, disadvantages, and molecular-structural information associated with the freeze-thaw-based solubilization method.
Silver Nanoparticles Anchored on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via a Conjugated Polymer for Enhanced Sensing Applications (2023)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are candidate matrices for loading metal nanoparticles (NPs) for sensor and catalytic applications owing to their high electron conductivity and mechanical strength, larger surface area, excellent chemical stability, and ease of surface modification. The performance of the formed NP/SWCNT composites is dependent on the NP size, the physical and chemical interactions between the components, and the charge transfer capabilities. Anchoring metal complexes onto the surface of SWCNTs through noncovalent interactions is a viable strategy for achieving high-level metal dispersion and high charge transfer capacities between metal NPs and SWCNTs. However, traditional metal complexes have small molecular sizes, and their noncovalent interactions with SWCNTs are limited to provide excellent sensing and catalytic capability with restricted efficiency and durability. Here, we selected poly(9,9-di-<i>n</i>-dodecylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl-<i>alt</i>-2,2'-bipyridine-5,5') (PFBPy) to increase the noncovalent interactions between silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and SWCNTs. A silver triflate (Ag-OTf) solution was added into a PFBPy-wrapped SWCNT solution to form Ag-PFBPy complexes on the nanotube surface, after which Ag<sup>+</sup> was photoreduced to AgNPs to form a Ag-PFBPy/SWCNT composite in the solution. In various feeding molar ratios of Ag-OTf over the BPy unit (0.4-50), the size of the formed AgNPs may be well-controlled at sub-nm levels to provide them with an energy level comparable to that of the SWCNTs. Additionally, the 2,2'-bipyridine (BPy) unit of the polymer provided a coordinating interaction with Ag<sup>+</sup> and the formed AgNPs as well. The 5,5'-linage of BPy with the fluorene unit in PFBPy ensured a straight main chain structure to retain strong π-π interactions with nanotubes before and after Ag<sup>+</sup> chelation. All of these factors confirmed a tight contact between the formed AgNPs and SWCNTs, promoting the charge transfer between them and enhancing the sensing capabilities with a 5-fold increase in humidity sensing sensitivity.
Basic Research in Electric Propulsion. Part I: Pulsed Plasma Thruster Propellant Efficiency and Contamination. Part II: Arcjet Remote Plume Measurement and Hydrogen Density (2002)

Abstract : Pulsed Plasma Thrusters (PPT) have been the major technology under investigation for the Small Satellite Electric Propulsion Thruster Research program. Arcjet technology is also under investigation with Electric Propulsion Space Experiment Optical Signature experiments underway and Multiphoton Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Ground State Atomic Hydrogen have been performed in an arcjet plume. At present PPTs are being tested in the laboratory environment with investigations under way to determine exact inefficiency mechanisms that can be corrected. This work has already identified previously unknown physical behavior in the PPT. The Electric Propulsion Space Experiment is a flight demonstration of a 30 kW ammonia arcjet propulsion system. Optical measurements of the arcjet plume were performed using on-board optical equipment ground observatories and other space platforms. Low power arcjet technology provided definitive work on atomic species plume concentrations in low power hydrogen arcjet plumes. This work applied a flame diagnostic Multiphoton Laser Induced Fluorescence to the excited-state plasma environment to investigate concentration levels of atomic ground-state hydrogen.
P-44 An experimental study of bubble behaviors in subcooled boiling (2007)

Subcooled boiling is the phenomenon which occurred nucleate boiling and condensation at a time after flowing subcooled water into the heated channel, and becomes instability flow of downstream. Therefore, prediction of void growth in subcooled boiling condition is important in the thermal hydraulic design of two phase flow heat transfer equipments such as boilers, heat exchangers and BWR. Especially, the void behavior in the subcooled boiling has an important consequence for neutron moderation in the BWR core. The subcooled boiling generally has characteristics of a two phase flow region near the heated surface and a single phase flow away from the heated surface. The prediction of void fraction in subcooled boiling is very difficult because of the existence of non-equilibrium conditions and the sensitivity of void behaviour to various parameters. Subcooled boiling is developed the experimental formula and the correlation equation by installing dependent parameter. Studies of subcooled boiling is possible to divide it roughly into two categories, to measure the heat transfer coefficient of the heated surface, and to predict the void fraction by measuring the bubble diameter which is related to the void behavior. This paper reports the experimental research of bubble behavior on the subcooled boiling in water forced convective flow. The result is that it clearly the relationship between the void fractions, which are measured the pressure drop along the heated channel, and the bubble behaviors, which are measureed by using a high speed camera, when the test condition is changed of the heat flux, subcooled degree and flow rate. As a result, the maximum bubble diameter was difficult because of the test condition. And, the bubble condensation rate of bubble which is after confirming the maximum diameter is difficult because of the test condition.
Chitin perception in plasmodesmata identifies subcellular, context-specific immune signalling in plants (2019)

Abstract The plasma membrane (PM) that lines plasmodesmata has a distinct protein and lipid composition, underpinning specific regulation of these connections between cells. The plasmodesmal PM can integrate extracellular signals differently from the cellular PM, but it is not known how this specificity is established or how a single stimulus can trigger independent signalling cascades in neighbouring membrane domains. Here we have used the fungal elicitor chitin to investigate signal integration and responses at the plasmodesmal PM. We found that the plasmodesmal PM employs a receptor complex composed of the LysM receptors LYM2 and LYK4 which respectively change their location and interactions in response to chitin. Downstream, signalling is transmitted via a specific phosphorylation signature of an NADPH oxidase and localised callose synthesis that causes plasmodesmata closure. This demonstrates the plasmodesmal PM deploys both plasmodesmata-specific components and differential activation of PM-common components to independently integrate an immune signal.
Data from A Human Breast Cell Model of Preinvasive to Invasive Transition (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;A crucial step in human breast cancer progression is the acquisition of invasiveness. There is a distinct lack of human cell culture models to study the transition from preinvasive to invasive phenotype as it may occur “spontaneously” &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. To delineate molecular alterations important for this transition, we isolated human breast epithelial cell lines that showed partial loss of tissue polarity in three-dimensional reconstituted basement membrane cultures. These cells remained noninvasive; however, unlike their nonmalignant counterparts, they exhibited a high propensity to acquire invasiveness through basement membrane in culture. The genomic aberrations and gene expression profiles of the cells in this model showed a high degree of similarity to primary breast tumor profiles. The xenograft tumors formed by the cell lines in three different microenvironments in nude mice displayed metaplastic phenotypes, including squamous and basal characteristics, with invasive cells exhibiting features of higher-grade tumors. To find functionally significant changes in transition from preinvasive to invasive phenotype, we performed attribute profile clustering analysis on the list of genes differentially expressed between preinvasive and invasive cells. We found integral membrane proteins, transcription factors, kinases, transport molecules, and chemokines to be highly represented. In addition, expression of matrix metalloproteinases MMP9, MMP13, MMP15, and MMP17 was up-regulated in the invasive cells. Using small interfering RNA–based approaches, we found these MMPs to be required for the invasive phenotype. This model provides a new tool for dissection of mechanisms by which preinvasive breast cells could acquire invasiveness in a metaplastic context. [Cancer Res 2008;68(5):1378–87]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
A dose finding pharmacokinetic study of the tumor-targeting human L19-IL2 monoclonal antibody-cytokine fusion protein in patients with advanced solid tumors (2007)

3057 Background: L19-IL2 is a tumor targeting immunocytokine constituted by a single chain Fragment variable format directed against ED-B domain of fibronectin and the human cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). It has striking anticancer activity in preclinical models. We evaluated safety, pharmacokinetic profile (PK) and activity of L19-IL2 in advanced cancer patients. Patients and Methods: Five cohorts of patients with recurrent/refractory solid tumors received a dose escalation intravenous infusion of L19-IL2 (5, 10, 15, 22.5 e 30 Mio IU IL2 equivalent dose) on days 1, 3 and 5 every 21 days. Serum samples for PK assessment, immunophenotyping and assays for detection of human antifusion protein antibodies to L19 (HAFA) were collected at screening and on day 1, 3, 5 and 10 of each cycle. Results: Eighteen solid cancer patients were enrolled from 11/05 to 9/06 (6 colorectal and 3 renal cell cancer (RCC) patients, 3 with melanoma, and 1 neuroendocrine tumor, thymic carcinoma, biliary tract carcinoma, breast cancer, peritoneal mesothelioma and parotid gland carcinoma). Median age was 49 years (range 35–69), 14 patients were male and 4 female. All patients were evaluable for safety and activity. The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 22.5 Mio IU IL-2 equivalent. Drug-related dose-limiting toxicities at 30 Mio IU L19-IL2 were hypotension requiring vaso-pressor support and acute renal failure. Treatment-related deaths did not occur, and all toxicities were reversible. Five patients achieved stable disease (RCC, n=3; biliary tract carcinoma, n=1; peritoneal mesothelioma, n=1). All other patients progressed. Immunophenotyping disclosed IL2-typical transient activation of T-cell subsets. Very preliminary data showed a weak induction of HAFA at day 10 in 5 patients. These data could not be confirmed by competition ELISA experiments. Conclusions: Up to 22.5 Mio IU IL2 equivalent of L19-IL2 can be safely administered to advanced solid cancer patients in an outpatient setting. Some evidence of clinical activity in patients susceptible to immunomodulatory therapy (RCC) was found. All observed toxicity was mild and reversible. An expanded study at recommended dose in RCC patients is currently ongoing. [Table: see text]
Genetic analysis, nucleotide sequence, and products of two Pseudomonas denitrificans cob genes encoding nicotinate-nucleotide: dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase and cobalamin (5'-phosphate) synthase (1991)

Tn5 Sp(r) transposons have been inserted into the 8-kb Pseudomonas denitrificans DNA fragment from complementation group D, which carries cob genes. Genetic analysis and the nucleotide sequence revealed that only two cob genes (cobU and cobV) were found on this cob genomic locus. Nicotinate-nucleotide: dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.21) was assayed and purified to homogeneity from a P. denitrificans strain in which cobU and cobV were amplified. The purified enzyme was identified as the cobU gene product on the basis of identical molecular weights and N-terminal sequences. Cobalamin (5'-phosphate) synthase activity was increased when cobV was amplified in P. denitrificans. The partially purified enzyme catalyzed not only the synthesis of cobalamin 5'-phosphate from GDP-cobinamide and alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate but also the one-step synthesis of cobalamin from GDP-cobinamide and alpha-ribazole. Biochemical data provided evidence that cobV encodes cobalamin (5'-phosphate) synthase.
Microstructure-induced helical vortices allow single-stream and long-term inertial focusing (2013)

Fluid inertia has been used to position microparticles in confined channels because it leads to precise and predictable particle migration across streamlines in a high-throughput manner. To focus particles, typically two inertial effects have been employed: inertial migration of particles in combination with geometry-induced secondary flows. Still, the strong scaling of inertial effects with fluid velocity or channel flow rate have made it challenging to design inertial focusing systems for single-stream focusing using large-scale microchannels. Use of large-scale microchannels (≥100 μm) reduces clogging over long durations and could be suitable for non-single-use flow cells in cytometry systems. Here, we show that microstructure-induced helical vortices yield single-stream focusing of microparticles with continuous and robust operation. Numerical and experimental results demonstrate how structures contribute to improve focusing in these larger channels, through controllable cross-stream particle migration, aided by locally-tuned secondary flows from sequential obstacles that act to bring particles closer to a single focusing equilibrium position. The large-scale inertial focuser developed here can be operated in a high-throughput manner with a maximum throughput of approximately 13,000 particles per s.
Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in the warm season forage grass Paspalum dilatatum by down-regulation of a Cinnamoyl CoA Reductase Gene (2014)

C4 grasses are favoured as forage crops in warm, humid climates. The use of C4 grasses in pastures is expected to increase because the tropical belt is widening due to global climate change. While the forage quality of Paspalum dilatatum (dallisgrass) is higher than that of other C4 forage grass species, digestibility of warm-season grasses is, in general, poor compared with most temperate grasses. The presence of thick-walled parenchyma bundle-sheath cells around the vascular bundles found in the C4 forage grasses are associated with the deposition of lignin polymers in cell walls. High lignin content correlates negatively with digestibility, which is further reduced by a high ratio of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) lignin subunits. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyses the conversion of cinnamoyl CoA to cinnemaldehyde in the monolignol biosynthetic pathway and is considered to be the first step in the lignin-specific branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We have isolated three putative CCR1 cDNAs from P. dilatatum and demonstrated that their spatio-temporal expression pattern correlates with the developmental profile of lignin deposition. Further, transgenic P. dilatatum plants were produced in which a sense-suppression gene cassette, delivered free of vector backbone and integrated separately to the selectable marker, reduced CCR1 transcript levels. This resulted in the reduction of lignin, largely attributable to a decrease in G lignin.