gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence enabled applications in kidney disease (2020)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered as the next natural progression of traditional statistical techniques. Advances in analytical methods and infrastructure enable AI to be applied in health care. While AI applications are relatively common in fields like ophthalmology and cardiology, its use is scarcely reported in nephrology. We present the current status of AI in research toward kidney disease and discuss future pathways for AI. The clinical applications of AI in progression to end-stage kidney disease and dialysis can be broadly subdivided into three main topics: (a) predicting events in the future such as mortality and hospitalization; (b) providing treatment and decision aids such as automating drug prescription; and (c) identifying patterns such as phenotypical clusters and arteriovenous fistula aneurysm. At present, the use of prediction models in treating patients with kidney disease is still in its infancy and further evidence is needed to identify its relative value. Policies and regulations need to be addressed before implementing AI solutions at the point of care in clinics. AI is not anticipated to replace the nephrologists' medical decision-making, but instead assist them in providing optimal personalized care for their patients.
Influence of Stabilizers on the Performance of Au/TiO2 Catalysts for CO Oxidation (2021)

Stabilizers are commonly employed to synthesize nanocrystals with well-defined morphologies and size distributions, making them ideal tools to study structure–activity relationships in heterogeneous catalysts. While it is well documented that stabilizers can influence both the structure and size of the nanocrystals, little emphasis has been placed on how the properties of these species influence catalytic performance. Herein, different polymers (poly-sodium acrylate (PNaA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)) and the monomer sodium acrylate (NaA) were used as stabilizers for the synthesis of Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2. The mean Au particle size in all of the catalysts was comparable regardless of the stabilizer used; however, the activity of these catalysts toward CO oxidation differed markedly. The activity decreased in the sequence Au/TiO2 (NaA) > Au/TiO2 (PNaA) > Au/TiO2 (none) > Au/TiO2 (PVA) > Au/TiO2 (PVP), despite the Au/TiO2 (none) catalyst possessing a larger Au mean particle size, suggesting active site blocking due to the steric nature of the polymer species. According to UV–vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and composition analysis experiments, it was concluded that the enhanced activity of Au/TiO2 (NaA) and Au/TiO2 (PNaA) catalysts were attributed to the large proportions of low coordinate step/kink Au sites. It is to be noted that the electronic interactions between NaA and HAuCl4 facilitated the production of active Au nanoparticles. Our findings highlight that the physicochemical properties of the stabilizer can profoundly influence the reactivity of supported metal catalysts prepared by sol-immobilization. These observations highlight the influence that various stabilizers have on the morphology of supported metal nanoparticles and provides an explanation for the low activity of catalysts prepared using common forms such as PVA and PVP.
Applying the Technical Results and Experience from Unsuccessful Projects in New Projects: Kuraray and the Innovation of Nylon 9T (2018)

One of the big challenge of Innovation management is, how to manage the contingencies and uncertainties. Actually it is impossible to obviate any contingencies and uncertainties from an innovation processes. One of the solutions could be applying technical results and experiences from unsuccessful projects to new projects. Genestar® is a kind of "Aromatic Nylon = High heat resistance Nylon" and the start of the business was 1999. Although the demand of "High heat resistance Nylon" was being increased at that time, Dupont(= Nylon 6T, 1994), Solvay(= Nylon 6T, 1991), Mitsui Chemical(= Nylon 6T, 1989) and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical (= Nylon MXD6, 1983) had already started the business five to ten years earlier. In addition, Kuraray had not had any Engineering Plastics business at that time, i.e. Kuraray was a newcomer in both technical area and business area. Under the difficult situation, Genestar® has gotten a big success, the business has reached to 14,000 ton in 2017. This paper picks up Kuraray's Genestar® (Nylon 9T) as the example and it discusses about how Kuraray made Genestar® succeed by applying technical results and experiences from two withdrawn, terminated projects, (a) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) project, (b) nonan diamine project, which are based on different technical areas.
Directional Aspects of Forensic Gunshot Recordings (2010)

rob.maher@montana.edu Crime scene forensic evidence may include audio gunshot recordings obtained from some known or assumed location with respect to the shooting position. The acoustic evidence of the gunshot depends significantly upon the relative orientation of the firearm's barrel and the recording microphone due to the inherent directional characteristics of the gun, the microphone, and the acoustical characteristics of the surrounding environment. This paper describes an experiment involving the directional characteristics of several types of firearms.
A Close-in Puffy Neptune with Hidden Friends: The Enigma of TOI 620 (2022)

Abstract We present the validation of a transiting low-density exoplanet orbiting the M2.5 dwarf TOI 620 discovered by the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission. We utilize photometric data from both TESS and ground-based follow-up observations to validate the ephemerides of the 5.09 day transiting signal and vet false-positive scenarios. High-contrast imaging data are used to resolve the stellar host and exclude stellar companions at separations ≳0.″2. We obtain follow-up spectroscopy and corresponding precise radial velocities (RVs) with multiple precision radial velocity (PRV) spectrographs to confirm the planetary nature of the transiting exoplanet. We calculate a 5 σ upper limit of M P &lt; 7.1 M ⊕ and ρ P &lt; 0.74 g cm −3 , and we identify a nontransiting 17.7 day candidate. We also find evidence for a substellar (1–20 M J ) companion with a projected separation ≲20 au from a combined analysis of Gaia, adaptive optics imaging, and RVs. With the discovery of this outer companion, we carry out a detailed exploration of the possibilities that TOI 620 b might instead be a circum-secondary planet or a pair of eclipsing binary stars orbiting the host in a hierarchical triple system. We find, under scrutiny, that we can exclude both of these scenarios from the multiwavelength transit photometry, thus validating TOI 620 b as a low-density exoplanet transiting the central star in this system. The low density of TOI 620 b makes it one of the most amenable exoplanets for atmospheric characterization, such as with the James Webb Space Telescope and Ariel, validated or confirmed by the TESS mission to date.
A human monoclonal antibody to a novel ovarian cancer target inhibits tumor growth (2007)

B59 We identified a novel human cell surface protein, AGS-8, which is expressed in >70% of ovarian cancers, predominantly in advanced stages of serous adenocarcinoma. Amongst normal tissues, AGS-8 expression is restricted to testis and the red pulp of spleen. In vitro studies with AGS-8 expressing cells indicated an involvement of AGS-8 in tumor cell survival, migration, invasion and cell-cell interaction. Furthermore, a purified AGS-8 extracellular domain (ECD) protein mediated Ca2+-dependent binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), supported their survival and induced tube formation in vitro. Recombinant expression of AGS-8 in murine fibroblasts was oncogenic, leading to aggressive tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Additionally, these cells induced significant angiogenesis when implanted in vivo. Recombinant AGS-8 expression in ovarian carcinoma cells (OVCAR-5) led to enhancement of their intrinsic tumor growth in vivo.  XenoMouse® technology was employed to generate a panel of high affinity fully human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to AGS-8, targeting diverse epitope groups. One MAb that exhibited potent inhibitory activity in all functional assays was AGS-8M4, an IgG1κ MAb with a Kd = 5 x 10-9 M for cell surface AGS-8. AGS-8M4 dose-dependently inhibited tube formation in vitro. In addition, AGS-8M4 inhibited the migration, invasion and cell-cell interaction of AGS-8 expressing cells. Significant anti-tumor efficacy of AGS-8M4 in vivo was observed in both recombinant models and in endogenous models, either during tumor formation or in well-established tumors. Efficacy of AGS-8M4 was maintained after MAb de-glycosylation, indicating an intrinsic anti-tumor activity of the MAb without significant contribution by immune effector functions. AGS-8M4 inhibited lung metastases in the 3T3/AGS-8 tumor model, further suggesting a role of AGS-8 in tumor cell migration and invasion. Studies evaluating the anti-tumor efficacy of AGS-8M4 with drug combinations are underway. Together, these data establish AGS-8 as a novel and attractive ovarian cancer target and AGS-8M4 as a potential therapeutic MAb for this cancer indication.
Li-Ion Conduction and Stability of Perovskite Li3/8Sr7/16Hf1/4Ta3/4O3 (2016)

A solid Li-ion conductor with a high room temperature Li-ion conductivity and small interfacial resistance is required for its application in next-generation Li-ion batteries. Here, we prepared a cubic perovskite-related oxide with the general formula Li3/8Sr7/16Hf1/4Ta3/4O3 (LSHT) by a conventional solid-state reaction method, which was studied by X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and (7)Li MAS NMR. Li3/8Sr7/16Hf1/4Ta3/4O3 has a high Li-ion conductivity of 3.8 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 25 °C and a low activation energy of 0.36 eV in the temperature range 298-430 K. It exhibits both high stability and small interfacial resistance with commercial organic liquid electrolytes, which makes it promising as a separator in Li-ion batteries.
Alendronate-Loaded Modified Drug Delivery Lipid Particles Intended for Improved Oral and Topical Administration (2016)

The present paper focuses on solid lipid particles (SLPs), described in the literature as the most effective lipid drug delivery systems that have been introduced in the last decades, as they actually combine the advantages of polymeric particles, hydrophilic/lipophilic emulsions and liposomes. In the current study, we present our most recent advances in the preparation of alendronate (AL)-loaded SLPs prepared by hot homogenization and ultrasonication using various ratios of a self-emulsifying lipidic mixture of Compritol 888, Gelucire 44/14, and Cremophor A 25. The prepared AL-loaded SLPs were investigated for their physicochemical, morphological and structural characteristics by dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric and powder X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Entrapment efficacy and actual drug content were assessed by a validated HPLC method. In vitro dissolution tests performed in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids and phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 revealed a prolonged release of AL of 70 h. Additionally, release kinetics analysis showed that both in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and in phosphate buffer solution, AL is released from SLPs based on equal ratios of lipid excipients following zero-order kinetics, which characterizes prolonged-release drug systems.
NTCP model validation method for DAHANCA patient selection of protons versus photons in head and neck cancer radiotherapy (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> Prediction models using logistic regression may perform poorly in external patient cohorts. However, there is a need to standardize and validate models for clinical use. The purpose of this project was to describe a method for validation of external NTCP models used for patient selection in the randomized trial of protons versus photons in head and neck cancer radiotherapy, DAHANCA 35. <b>Material and methods:</b> Organs at risk of 588 patients treated primarily with IMRT in the randomized controlled DAHANCA19 trial were retrospectively contoured according to recent international recommendations. Dose metrics were extracted using MatLab and all clinical parameters were retrieved from the DAHANCA database. The model proposed by Christianen et al. to predict physician-rated dysphagia was validated through the closed testing, where change of the model intercept, slope and individual beta's were tested for significant prediction improvements. <b>Results:</b> Six months prevalence of dysphagia in the validation cohort was 33%. The closed testing procedure for physician-rated dysphagia showed that the Christianen et al. model needed an intercept refitting for the best match for the Danish patients. The intercept update increased the risk of dysphagia for the validation cohort by 7.9 ± 2.5% point. For the raw model performance, the Brier score (mean squared residual) was 0.467, which improved significantly with a new intercept to 0.415. <b>Conclusions:</b> The previously published Dutch dysphagia model needed an intercept update to match the Danish patient cohort. The implementation of a closed testing procedure on the current validation cohort allows quick and efficient validation of external NTCP models for patient selection in the future.
ICAM-1-dependent pathways regulate colonic eosinophilic inflammation (2006)

Eosinophilic inflammation is a common feature of numerous eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal (EGID) diseases. Central to eosinophil migration into the gastrointestinal tract are the integrin-mediated interactions with adhesion molecules. Although the mechanisms regulating eosinophil homing into the small intestine have begun to be elucidated, the adhesion pathways responsible for eosinophil trafficking into the large intestine are unknown. We investigated the role of adhesion pathways in eosinophil recruitment into the large intestine during homeostasis and disease. First, using a hapten-induced colonic injury model, we demonstrate that in contrast to the small intestine, eosinophil recruitment into the colon is regulated by a beta7 -integrin addressin cell adhesion molecule-1-independent pathway. Characterization of integrin expression on colonic eosinophils by flow cytometry analysis revealed that colonic CC chemokine receptor 3+ eosinophils express the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) counter-receptor integrins alphaL, alphaM, and beta2. Using ICAM-1-deficient mice and anti-ICAM-1 neutralizing antibodies, we show that hapten-induced colonic eosinophilic inflammation is critically dependent on ICAM-1. These studies demonstrate that beta2 -integrin/ICAM-1-dependent pathways are integral to eosinophil recruitment into the colon during GI inflammation associated with colonic injury.
Activating Transcription Factor 4 Is Translationally Regulated by Hypoxic Stress (2004)

Hypoxic stress results in a rapid and sustained inhibition of protein synthesis that is at least partially mediated by eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase PERK. Here we show through microarray analysis of polysome-bound RNA in aerobic and hypoxic HeLa cells that a subset of transcripts are preferentially translated during hypoxia, including activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), an important mediator of the unfolded protein response. Changes in mRNA translation during the unfolded protein response are mediated by PERK phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha at Ser-51. Similarly, PERK is activated and is responsible for translational regulation under hypoxic conditions, while inducing the translation of ATF4. The overexpression of a C-terminal fragment of GADD34 that constitutively dephosphorylates eIF2alpha was able to attenuate the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and severely inhibit the induction of ATF4 in response to hypoxic stress. These studies demonstrate the essential role of ATF4 in the response to hypoxic stress, define the pathway for its induction, and reveal that GADD34, a target of ATF4 activation, negatively regulates the eIF2alpha-mediated inhibition of translation. Taken with the concomitant induction of additional ER-resident proteins identified by our microarray analysis, this study suggests an important integrated response between ER signaling and the cellular adaptation to hypoxic stress.
In situ observation of field emissions from an individual carbon nanotube by Lorenz microscopy (2004)

In situ observation of field emissions from an individual carbon nanotube (CNT) was performed by Lorenz microscopy. A bright spot appeared by Lorenz microscopy at the end of the CNT tip during field emission. The bright spot is assumed to be related to the emission site on the CNT. A drastic fluctuation was observed in the emission current above a few tens of microamperes, which was closely related to structural changes at the tip of the CNT. The layers of the CNT were peeled off and they worked as a second emission site by concentration of the electric field.
Emission Peculiarities of TR3+-doped KPb2Cl5 Laser Crystals under Selective Direct, Upconversion and Excitonic/host Excitation of Impurity Centers. (2005)

We considered the emission properties of TR3+-doped KPb2Cl5 crystals under different ways of impurity ion excitation: direct excitation of TR 4fn-configuration levels via ground state absorption, or upconversion processes, and UV excitonic or crystalline-matrix excitation.
Tissue localization of Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan in the presence and absence of specific antibody (1995)

During infection, Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) is released into tissues, where it may be associated with a variety of deleterious immunological effects. Relatively little is known about the organ distribution and cellular localization of GXM antigen. Intravenous administration of GXM to rats resulted in persistent serum levels which declined with a half-life of 14.3 h in the first 74 h and 3 h thereafter, coincident with the appearance of serum antibodies to GXM. GXM was sequestered primarily in spleen tissue, with localization to marginal zone and follicular cells. Administration of the murine immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2H1 resulted in > 99% reduction in serum GXM level within 3 h. MAb 2H1 administration resulted in liver GXM deposition, with cellular localization primarily to Kupffer cells. GXM was also found in the spleens of MAb 2H1-treated rats, with localization to the marginal zones and follicles. Endotracheal administration of GXM resulted in low serum levels, with lung tissue having the highest GXM organ levels, localized primarily to alveolar macrophages. The results indicate that (i) intravenous administration to rats produced persistent serum GXM levels with a half-life similar to that found in mice and rabbits; (ii) endotracheal administration of GXM resulted in low serum levels; (iii) in the absence of specific antibody, GXM organ deposition occurs primarily in the spleen and is localized primarily to marginal zone macrophages; (iv) in the presence of specific immunoglobulin G1 antibody, GXM organ deposition occurs primarily in the liver and is localized primarily to Kupffer cells; and (vi) reticuloendothelial cells sequester GXM in the presence and absence of specific antibody.
Thermodynamics of Ion Separation by Electrosorption (2018)

We present a simple, top-down approach for the calculation of minimum energy consumption of electrosorptive ion separation using variational form of the (Gibbs) free energy. We focus and expand on the case of electrostatic capacitive deionization (CDI). The theoretical framework is independent of details of the double-layer charge distribution and is applicable to any thermodynamically consistent model, such as the Gouy-Chapman-Stern and modified Donnan models. We demonstrate that, under certain assumptions, the minimum required electric work energy is indeed equivalent to the free energy of separation. Using the theory, we define the thermodynamic efficiency of CDI. We show that the thermodynamic efficiency of current experimental CDI systems is currently very low, around 1% for most existing systems. We applied this knowledge and constructed and operated a CDI cell to show that judicious selection of the materials, geometry, and process parameters can lead to a 9% thermodynamic efficiency and 4.6 kT per removed ion energy cost. This relatively high thermodynamic efficiency is, to our knowledge, by far the highest thermodynamic efficiency ever demonstrated for traditional CDI. We hypothesize that efficiency can be further improved by further reduction of CDI cell series resistances and optimization of operational parameters.
Constraints on mediator-based dark matter and scalar dark energy models using $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector (2019)

A bstract Constraints on selected mediator-based dark matter models and a scalar dark energy model using up to 37 fb −1 $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt></mml:math> = 13 TeV pp collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC during 2015-2016 are summarised in this paper. The results of experimental searches in a variety of final states are interpreted in terms of a set of spin-1 and spin-0 single-mediator dark matter simplified models and a second set of models involving an extended Higgs sector plus an additional vector or pseudo-scalar mediator. The searches considered in this paper constrain spin-1 leptophobic and leptophilic mediators, spin-0 colour-neutral and colour-charged mediators and vector or pseudo-scalar mediators embedded in extended Higgs sector models. In this case, also $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt></mml:math> = 8 TeV pp collision data are used for the interpretation of the results. The results are also interpreted for the first time in terms of light scalar particles that could contribute to the accelerating expansion of the universe (dark energy).
STAT1 deficiency redirects IFN signalling toward suppression of TLR response through a feedback activation of STAT3 (2015)

Interferons (IFNs) potentiate macrophage activation typically via a STAT1-dependent pathway. Recent studies suggest a functioning of STAT1-independent pathway in the regulation of gene expression by IFN-γ, thus pointing to the diversity in cellular responses to IFNs. Many functions of IFNs rely on cross-regulation of the responses to exogenous inflammatory mediators such as TLR ligands. Here we investigated the contribution of STAT1-independent pathway to macrophage activation and its underlying mechanism in the context of combined stimulation of IFN and TLR. We found that TLR-induced production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12) was not simply nullified but was significantly suppressed by signaling common to IFN-γ and IFN-β in STAT1-null macrophages. Such a shift in the suppression of TLR response correlated with a sustained STAT3 activation and attenuation of NF-κB signaling. Using a JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor or STAT3-specific siRNA, blocking STAT3 in that context restored TNF-α production and NF-κB signaling, thus indicating a functional cross-regulation among STAT1, STAT3, and NF-κB. Our results suggest that STAT1 deficiency reprograms IFN signaling from priming toward suppression of TLR response via feedback regulation of STAT3, which may provide a new insight into the host defense response against microbial pathogens in a situation of STAT1 deficiency.