gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methanol and Ethanol Decomposition in Supercritical Water (2005)

Abstract The decomposition of CH 3 OH and C 2 H 5 OH in supercritical water was studied in a flow reactor tube (Ni/Mo/Cr/Fe alloy) in the temperature range 597 ≤ T /K ≤ 797 at a pressure of p = 315 bar for technical application of scH 2 O for hazardous chemical waste destruction. The CH 3 OH and C 2 H 5 OH concentrations in the liquid as a function of the residence times were determined by a Raman spectrometer. The [CH 3 OH] and [C 2 H 5 OH] resp. decay followed first order kinetics and a rate constant k 1 (653 K) = 1.3 × 10 −2 s −1 for CH 3 OH and k 2 (653 K) = 5.5 × 10 −2 s −1 for C 2 H 5 OH was determined. The rate constant k 1 was found to be independent of the initial CH 3 OH concentration in the mass fraction range 0.002 ≤ x m ≤ 0.04. The rate depended on the history of the reactor. Treatment with NH 4 OH, C 2 H 5 OH or with H 2 O 2 at T = 653 K, did not change the rate. Treatment with HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 , however, at T = 838 K reduced the rate by about a factor of 1000. The Arrhenius-activation energy over the above temperature range was determined to be E A = 164 kJ/mol for methanol and E A = 145 kJ/mol for ethanol. The major products from methanol decomposition were CH 4 , H 2 , and CO 2 as observed by gas chromatography and CH 4 and CO 2 by FTIR-spectrometry. No other products were found. The products were not effected by the pretreatment of the reactor wall. A non-radical mechanism, which explains the formation of only these products, will be discussed.
Sphingolipids regulate [Mg2+]o uptake and [Mg2+]i content in vascular smooth muscle cells: potential mechanisms and importance to membrane transport of Mg2+ (2010)

Sphingolipids have a variety of important signaling roles in mammalian cells. We tested the hypothesis that certain sphingolipids and neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) can regulate intracellular free magnesium ions ([Mg2+]i) in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. Herein, we show that several sphingolipids, including C2-ceramide, C8-ceramide, C16-ceramide, and sphingosine, as well as N-SMase, have potent and direct effects on content and mobilization of [Mg2+]i in primary cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. All of these sphingolipid molecules increase, rapidly, [Mg2+]i in these vascular cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The increments of [Mg2+]i, induced by these agents, are derived from influx of extracellular Mg2+ and are extracellular Ca2+ concentration-dependent. Phospholipase C and Ca2+/calmodulin/Ca2+-ATPase activity appear to be important in the sphingolipid-induced rises of [Mg2+]i. Activation of certain PKC isozymes may also be required for sphingolipid-induced rises in [Mg2+]i. These novel results suggest that sphingolipids may be homeostatic regulators of extracellular Mg2+ concentration influx (and transport) and [Mg2+]i content in vascular muscle cells.
Microfabricated silicon solid immersion lens (2001)

We present the microfabrication of a solid immersion lens from silicon for scanning near-field optical microscopy. The solid immersion lens (SIL) achieves spatial resolution better than the diffraction limit in air without the losses associated with tapered optical fibers. A 15-/spl mu/m-diameter SIL is formed by reflowing photoresist in acetone vapor and transferring the shape into single-crystal Si with reactive ion etching. The lens is integrated onto a cantilever for scanning, and a tip is fabricated opposite the lens to localize lens-sample contact. Using the Si SIL, we show that microfabricrated lenses have greater optical transparency and less aberration than conventional lenses by focusing a plane wave of 633-nm light to a spot close to a wavelength in diameter. Microlenses made from absorbing materials can be used when the lens thickness Is comparable to the penetration depth of the light. Tolerance to errors in curvature and thickness is improved in micromachined lenses, because spherical aberrations decrease with lens diameter. We demonstrate scanning near-field optical microscopy with the Si SIL and achieve spatial resolution below the diffraction limit in air by resolving 200-nm lines with 633-nm light.
Blockage of FOXP3 transcription factor dimerization and FOXP3/AML1 interaction inhibits T regulatory cell activity: sequence optimization of a peptide inhibitor (2017)

Although T regulatory cells (Treg) are essential for the prevention of autoimmune diseases, their immunoregulatory function restrains the induction of immune responses against cancer. Thus, development of inhibitors of FOXP3, a key transcription factor for the immunosuppressive activity of Treg, might give new therapeutic opportunities. In a previous work we identified a peptide (named P60) able to enter into the cells, bind to FOXP3, and impair Treg activity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Here we show that P60 binds to the intermediate region of FOXP3 and inhibits its homodimerization as well as its interaction with the transcription factor AML1. Alanine-scanning of P60 revealed the relevance of each position on FOXP3 binding, homodimerization, association with AML1 and inhibition of Treg activity. Introduction of alanine at positions 2, 5 and 11 improved the activity of the original P60, whereas alanine mutations at positions 1, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 were detrimental. Multiple mutation experiments allowed us to identify peptides with higher FOXP3 binding affinity and stronger biological activity than the original P60. Head to tail macrocyclization of peptide P60-D2A-S5A improved Treg inhibition and enhanced anti-tumor activity of anti-PD1 antibodies in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Introduction of a D-aminoacid at position 2 augmented significantly microsomal stability while maintained FOXP3 binding capacity and Treg inhibition <i>in vitro</i>. <i>In vivo</i>, when combined with the cytotoxic T-cell epitope AH1, it induced protection against CT26 tumor implantation. This study provides important structure-function relationships essential for further drug design to inhibit Treg cells in cancer.
Diastolic Ventricular Interaction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2019)

Background Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension is common in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HF p EF ). We hypothesized that this could result in pericardial constraint and diastolic ventricular interaction in some patients during exercise. Methods and Results Contrast stress echocardiography was performed in 30 HF p EF patients, 17 hypertensive controls, and 17 normotensive controls (healthy). Cardiac volumes, and normalized radius of curvature ( NRC ) of the interventricular septum at end-diastole and end-systole, were measured at rest and peak-exercise, and compared between the groups. The septum was circular at rest in all 3 groups at end-diastole. At peak-exercise, end-systolic NRC increased to 1.47±0.05 ( P<0.001) in HF p EF patients, confirming development of pulmonary hypertension. End-diastolic NRC also increased to 1.54±0.07 ( P<0.001) in HF p EF patients, indicating septal flattening, and this correlated significantly with end-systolic NRC (ρ=0.51, P=0.007). In hypertensive controls and healthy controls, peak-exercise end-systolic NRC increased, but this was significantly less than observed in HF p EF patients ( HF p EF , P=0.02 versus hypertensive controls; P<0.001 versus healthy). There were also small, non-significant increases in end-diastolic NRC in both groups (hypertensive controls, +0.17±0.05, P=0.38; healthy, +0.06±0.03, P=0.93). In HF p EF patients, peak-exercise end-diastolic NRC also negatively correlated ( r=-0.40, P<0.05) with the change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume with exercise (ie, the Frank-Starling mechanism), and a trend was noted towards a negative correlation with change in stroke volume ( r=-0.36, P=0.08). Conclusions Exercise pulmonary hypertension causes substantial diastolic ventricular interaction on exercise in some patients with HF p EF , and this restriction to left ventricular filling by the right ventricle exacerbates the pre-existing impaired Frank-Starling response in these patients.
Search for s channel single top quark production in pp collisions at s = 7 $$ \sqrt{s}=7 $$ and 8 TeV (2016)

A search is presented for single top quark production in the s channel in proton-proton collisions with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in decay modes of the top quark containing a muon or an electron in the final state. The signal is extracted through a maximum-likelihood fit to the distribution of a multivariate discriminant defined using boosted decision trees to separate the expected signal contribution from background processes. The analysis uses data collected at centre-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV and corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1 and 19.7 fb$^{−1}$, respectively. The measured cross sections of 7.1 ± 8.1 pb (at 7 TeV) and 13.4 ± 7.3 pb (at 8 TeV) result in a best fit value of 2.0 ± 0.9 for the combined ratio of the measured and expected values. The signal significance is 2.5 standard deviations, and the upper limit on the rate relative to the standard model expectation is 4.7 at 95% confidence level.
Oriented Two‐Dimensional Porous Organic Cage Crystals (2017)

Abstract The formation of two‐dimensional (2D) oriented porous organic cage crystals (consisting of imine‐based tetrahedral molecules) on various substrates (such as silicon wafers and glass) by solution‐processing is reported. Insight into the crystallinity, preferred orientation, and cage crystal growth was obtained by experimental and computational techniques. For the first time, structural defects in porous molecular materials were observed directly and the defect concentration could be correlated with crystal growth rate. These oriented crystals suggest potential for future applications, such as solution‐processable molecular crystalline 2D membranes for molecular separations.
Effects of Deposition Mechanisms in the Modeling of Forced‐Flow/Temperature‐Gradient Chemical Vapor Infiltration (1994)

A model for the forced‐flow/temperature‐gradient chemical vapor infiltration (FCVI) process has been proposed in a previous study. The results demonstrate that the arrangement of the heating elements is important in the matrix deposition within a fibrous preform. In the present analysis, two cases (first‐order and zero‐order reaction mechanisms) of the CVI process are examined to evaluate the assumption of matrix deposition mechanisms. In the first case, the distribution of the deposited matrix depends on the competition between the temperature gradient within the preform and the rate of reactants consumed during infiltration. In the second case, the distribution of matrix deposition depends solely on the temperature gradient. The analysis concludes that the prediction of matrix deposition is influenced significantly by the selection of deposition kinetics in the model. A zero‐order reaction mechanism is appropriate only if the consumption of reactant vapor is insignificant. Furthermore, it is suggested that the use of the reaction mechanism and activation energy in the FCVI model should be based on the experimental deposition results from an FCVI system.
Studies on the Dose Dependence of Endotoxin-Induced in vitro Activation of the Complement System (1989)

The dose and time dependence of in vitro endotoxin-induced activation of complement was studied in citrated pool plasma at 37 degrees C. C3 activation fragments (C3act) and the fluid-phase terminal complement complex (TCC) were used as indicators of initial and terminal activation, respectively. At 1 h marked elevation of C3act and TCC were found in plasma tested with the highest doses of endotoxin (2.10(9) and 2.10(8) ng/l). In test plasmas with 2.10(7) and 2.10(6) ng/l of endotoxin, no sign of activation was seen during the first 4 h, whereas both C3act and TCC values were increased at 12 h. In thest plasma with 2.10(5) ng/l of endotoxin and in control plasma no elevation of TCC values were seen during the observation period (24 h), whereas C3act values increased slightly and to the same extent in both at 24 h. Parallel to the increases in C3act and TCC concentrations, the functional C1 inhibitor (C1INH) values decreased. Changes in C1INH values, however, occurred with a time lag of approximately 6 h compared to the increases in C3act and TCC. Our in vitro study showed a dose-dependent endotoxin-induced activation of both the initial and the terminal part of the complement cascade evaluated by C3act and TCC.
Biodegradable microcontainers – towards real life applications of microfabricated systems for oral drug delivery (2019)

Microfabrication techniques have been applied to develop micron-scale devices for oral drug delivery with a high degree of control over size, shape and material composition. Recently, microcontainers have been introduced as a novel approach to obtain unidirectional release to avoid luminal drug loss, enhance drug permeation, protect drug payload from the harsh environment of the stomach, and explore the ability for targeted drug delivery. However, in order to eventually pave the way for real life applications of these microfabricated drug delivery systems, it is necessary to fabricate them in biodegradable materials approved for similar applications and with strategies that potentially allow for large scale production. In this study, we for the first time evaluate biodegradable microcontainers for oral drug delivery. Asymmetric poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) microcontainers with a diameter of 300 μm and a volume of 2.7 nL are fabricated with a novel single-step fabrication process. The microcontainers are loaded with the model drug paracetamol and coated with an enteric pH-sensitive Eudragit® S100 coating to protect the drug until it reaches the desired location in the small intestine. In vitro dissolution studies are performed to assess the drug load and release profile of the PCL microcontainers. Finally, in vivo studies in rats showed a higher bioavailability compared to conventional dosage forms and confirm the potential of biodegradable microcontainers for oral drug delivery.
Enhancing Cycling Stability and Capacity Retention of NMC811 Cathodes by Reengineering Interfaces via Electrochemical Fluorination (Adv. Mater. Interfaces 18/2022) (2022)

Reengineering Cathode Interfaces Via Electrochemical Fluorination In article number 2200035, Bishnu P. Thapaliya, Sheng Dai, and co-workers develop electrochemical fluorination (ECF) to reengineer the interface of high-capacity cathodes by forming conformal LiF layer. The ECF can tune the LiF layer thickness, resulting in a robust cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), which in turn results in enhanced electrochemical performance. Additionally, ECF is cost-effective and free from all the hazards associated with state-of-the-art fluorination that ensure its easy industrial upscaling.
Scatterometric Porosimetry for porous low-k patterns characterization (2011)

International audience
The Surface Scattering-Based Detection of Hydrogen in Air Using a Platinum Nanowire (2012)

The performance of a single platinum (Pt) nanowire for detecting H(2) in air is reported. A Pt nanowire shows no resistance change upon exposure to H(2) in N(2), but H(2) exposure in air causes a reversible resistance decrease for H(2) concentrations above 10 ppm. The amplitude of the resistance change induced by H(2) exposure and the time rate of change of the nanowire resistance both increased with increasing temperature from 298 to 550 K. This resistance decrease of the Pt nanowire in the presence of H(2) results from reduced electron diffuse scattering at hydrogen-covered Pt surfaces as compared with oxygen-covered platinum surfaces, we hypothesize. The properties for the detection of H(2) in air of single Pt and Pd nanowires of similar size are compared in this study. Pt nanowires have a limit-of-detection for H(2) (LOD(H(2))) of 10 ppm; 3 orders of magnitude lower than for Pd nanowires of the same size, as well as a response time that is 1/100th of Pd for [H(2)] ≈ 1%.
Simulation-based environment for modeling distributed agents for smart grid energy management (2011)

As control systems become more complex, increased levels of testing and validation lead to improvements in control system robustness and reliability. We propose a testing and validation scenario in which control and plant algorithms are executed on real-time targets in a multi-agent distributed simulation environment. This simulation environment is achieved by embedding the simulation into micro controllers thereby allowing realtime interactions between the simulation and controller. In this paper, we discuss a distributed simulation environment that combines control, agents, and simulation in the Matlab xPC target technology for the embeddable simulation part of the environment. We intend to embed the simulation into an ARM-based core micro controller. The simulations and the (Programmable Logic Controller) PLC concurrently interact with each other using a (Common Industrial Protocol) CIP-based tag-level communications protocol. This combination of technologies creates a high fidelity testing environment.
N-dimensional geospatial data and analytics for critical infrastructure risk assessment (2019)

The assessment of the vegetation growth rate given remote sensing data is a challenging task in the Earth Observation sciences. LiDAR data acquisition is commonly used to extract height information at a given moment in time, however, the associated cost and complexity restrict continuous acquisitions. Frequently captured aerial imagery can be used to identify and separate vegetation from bare land, water, impervious surface, or built infrastructure. A combination of LiDAR data with aerial and radar imagery allows to track dynamic seasonal growth of vegetation around critical infrastructure such as power lines. We present a general framework that integrates tree identification and growth assessment around power lines with the goal to identify locations of high risk where trees potentially cause power outages.
Approximate counts and quantiles over sliding windows (2004)

We consider the problem of maintaining ε-approximate counts and quantiles over a stream sliding window using limited space. We consider two types of sliding windows depending on whether the number of elements N in the window is fixed (fixed-size sliding window) or variable (variable-size sliding window). In a fixed-size sliding window, both the ends of the window slide synchronously over the stream. In a variable-size sliding window, an adversary slides the window ends independently, and therefore has the ability to vary the number of elements N in the window.We present various deterministic and randomized algorithms for approximate counts and quantiles. All of our algorithms require O(1/ε polylog(1/ε, N)) space. For quantiles, this space requirement is an improvement over the previous best bound of O(1/ε2 polylog(1/ε, N)). We believe that no previous work on space-efficient approximate counts over sliding windows exists.
S0748 De novo Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients on IL-1 Inhibitor Therapy for Rheumatologic Diseases (2020)

INTRODUCTION: Interleukin-1 inhibitors are immunosuppressive drugs that target the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β. IL-1 inhibitors can be used to treat various rheumatologic disorders. The three available IL-1 inhibitors are anakinra, canakinumab and rilonacept. Although there are a few reports implicating IL-1 inhibitors as causes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), this is not a well-established adverse effect. The FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) is a publicly available database for post-marketing surveillance of drug safety. The aim of this study is to analyze reports to the FAERS of drug-induced IBD occurring in patients receiving IL-1 inhibitor therapy for the treatment of rheumatologic diseases. METHODS: All FAERs reports for patients receiving anakinra, canakinumab or rilonacept were investigated. Only “primary suspect” reports of IBD as an adverse event were selected. Then, files were queried for IBD, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis as reaction terms. Detailed reports of these cases were requested from the FDA using the Freedom of Information Act. The Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Score, also known as the Naranjo scale, was applied to each case to assess the likelihood of a causal relationship between the IL-1 inhibitor and the adverse effect of de novo IBD (see Table 1). The probability of the drug reaction is assigned via a score determined to be definite (≥9), probable (5–8), possible (1–4) or doubtful (≤0). RESULTS: Of the 35 cases of IBD reported in patients on IL-1 inhibitor therapy, 6 cases were excluded as the patients had a known prior history of IBD. A total of 11 cases of IBD were discovered in patients on anakinra. Based on the Naranjo scale, there were 1 doubtful and 10 possible cases of drug induced IBD in patients on anakinra. A total of 18 cases of IBD were discovered in patients on canakinumab. Of these, there were 17 possible and one probable cases of drug associated IBD, based on the Naranjo scale. There were no reports linking rilonacept therapy to IBD within the FAERs database. CONCLUSION: Review of the collected FAERS reports suggests a possible causal relationship between treatment with IL-1 inhibitors and de novo IBD. These results are significant, as the underlying pharmacodynamics of these medications may either unmask or initiate IBD in these patient populations being treated for various rheumatologic disorders. Further investigation of the mechanisms driving the development of IBD in patients on IL-1 inhibitor therapy is needed.Table 1.: The Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale, also known as the Naranjo scale. Cumulative scores were interpreted as definite (≥9), probable (5–8), possible (1–4) or doubtful (≤0)Table 2.: Results of Naranjo Score by Individual Report to FAERSFigure 1.: IL-1 Inhibitors and Naranjo Score for Possible Drug-Induced De Novo IBD. Anakinra and canakinumab are represented by blue and orange bars, respectively.
Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11 Have Antigenically Distinct Strongly Immunogenic Conformationally Dependent Neutralizing Epitopes (1994)

Antibodies reactive to HPV types 6 and 11 were tested in ELISA and HPV-11 neutralization assays to determine whether these closely related types shared cross-reactive neutralizing epitopes. A series of HPV-11 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N-MAbs) that targeted conformational epitopes on infectious HPV-11 and HPV-11 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) were tested for type-specificity of reactivity using intact HPV-6 L1 VLPs. Polyclonal antisera generated against intact HPV-6 L1 VLPs were also tested for HPV-11 neutralizing capacity using the athymic mouse xenograft system. The results demonstrated that conformationally dependent neutralizing epitopes on HPV-11 were very type-specific. Three of the four HPV-11 N-MAbs were negative for binding to HPV-6 L1 VLP, and the fourth demonstrated binding to HPV-6 L1 VLPs that was several orders of magnitude weaker than its binding to HPV-11 L1 VLP. The polyclonal anti-HPV-6 L1 VLP antiserum was only partially protective against HPV-11 infectivity even at a low dilution of 1:100. In contrast, polyclonal anti-HPV-11 L1 VLP antiserum was completely protective at dilutions greater than 1:10,000.