gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes (2011)

A role for enteroviruses in the aetiology of human type 1 diabetes is hard to refute but in order to definitively link enteroviruses in general, and specific viruses in particular, with the disease, pancreas biopsy tissue must become available at the time of disease diagnosis.
On the analysis and design of CUSUM-Shewhart control schemes (1985)

In recent years cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts have become increasingly popular as an alternative to Shewhart's control charts. These charts use sequentially accumulated information in order to detect out-of-control conditions. They are philosophically related to procedures of sequential hypothesis testing (the relation being similar to that existing between Shewhart's charts and classical procedures for hypothesis testing). In the present paper we present a new approach to design of CUSUM-Shewhart control schemes and analysis of the associated run length distributions (under the assumption that the observations correspond to a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables). This approach is based on the theory of Markov chains and it enables one to analyze the ARL (Average Run Length), the distribution function of the run length, and other quantities associated with a CUSUM-Shewhart scheme. In addition, it enables one to analyze situations in which out-of-target conditions are not present initially, but rather appear after a substantial period of time during which the process has operated in on-target mode (steady state analysis). The paper also introduces an APL package, DARCS, for design, analysis, and running of both one- and two-sided CUSUM-Shewhart control schemes and gives several examples of its application.
Defamation (Contributed by Antonia Foster, Partner, Carter-Ruck Solicitors) (2022)

Abstract This chapter considers the circumstances in which a whistleblower could find him or herself on the receiving end of a complaint in defamation. It considers the basic tenets of a claim for defamation, including the important statutory requirement for a claimant to show ‘serious harm’ pursuant to the statutory test under section 1 Defamation Act 2013. It considers the defences most likely to be available to a whistleblower in such circumstances: the defences of truth, qualified privilege, absolute privilege, or publication on a matter of public interest (and the approach of the courts in considering whether or not publication was on a matter of public interest). It also compares traditional qualified privilege and the concept of publication on a matter of public interest.
Demonstration of first WDM CMOS photonics transceiver with monolithically integrated photo-detectors (2008)

For the first time we demonstrate a fully self-contained photonic transceiver system on a single die with monolithically integrated Ge photo-detectors. The transceiver allows error-free bidirectional 4times10 Gb/s WDM transmission using a single CMOS die at each end of the link.
Expression of functional mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in human melanocytes (2000)

Cultured human melanocytes express mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, as shown by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, Western blot analysis, and measurement of agonist-stimulated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis. The mGlu5 receptor agonists (S)-3, 5-dihydroxyphenylglycine and quisqualate increased [(3)H-methyl]thymidine incorporation and melanocyte proliferation in subconfluent cultures, but impaired cell viability in confluent cultures. Both effects were prevented by 2-methyl-6-(2-phenyl-1-ethynyl)-pyridine, a potent and highly selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist. Agonists of other mGlu receptor subtypes (such as the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, 2S,2'R,3'R-2-2', 3'-dicarboxycyclopropylglycine, or the mGlu4/6/7/8 receptor agonist, L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoate) or selective agonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors (N-methyl-D-aspartate, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate, and kainate) did not affect melanocyte proliferation or viability. The presence of a receptor for glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, in human melanocytes is intriguing. mGlu5 receptors may be involved in the control of melanocyte proliferation (and perhaps in other functions), but harbor a potential toxicity and may therefore contribute to cell damage under pathological conditions.
Single sideband modulation in Brillouin optical correlation domain analysis (2017)

Highly resolved distributed monitoring of strain and temperature can be easily achieved by means of fiber-optic Brillouin-based sensors. The majority of available Brillouin systems relies on Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) techniques in which pulsed pump and/or signal waves are exploited, allowing a spatial resolution fundamentally restricted to about 1 meter [1]. Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Analysis (BOCdA) schemes have also been proposed where pump and probe are instead subjected to synchronous random phase modulation which guarantees an efficient Brillouin amplification confined only in a narrow section (even less than 1 cm) of the fiber under test (FUT), corresponding to the correlation peak [2, 3]. BOCDA architectures typically employ a standard push-pull Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) to shift the probe frequency in the Brillouin amplification range by means of the dual sideband (DSB) amplitude modulation of the probe wave. Narrow optical passband filtering, performed for example by using a temperature-controlled fiber Bragg grating, is also required in order to select only the probe sideband experiencing the Stokes Brillouin amplification [1-3]. In this paper we present a BOCDA solution, exploiting the capabilities of a nested I/Q MZM, usually employed for fiber optical communications with complex formats modulation, not only to obtain the required frequency detuning, but also to generate a single sideband (SSB) probe modulation [4] with a significant attenuation of the anti-Stokes probe sideband and a complete suppression of the optical carrier. This approach enables to effectively remove the gain-loss balance of the two sidebands, allowing a precise observation of the Stokes Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) in order to derive the Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) and thus the temperature and strain information, without the need of any demanding optical filtering.
Feasibility of lung cancer prediction from low-dose CT scan and smoking factors using causal models (2019)

LCCM shows promise as a lung cancer predictor as it is significantly improved over existing models. Validated in a larger, prospective study, it may help reduce unnecessary follow-up visits and procedures.
Superconductive single-flux quantum technology (2002)

Key digital circuits for signal processing with tens of gigahertz speed and a few microwatts power dissipation have been recently demonstrated using a simple, 2 /spl mu/m linewidth process. These are the fastest digital circuits reported to date. These circuits use novel rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) technology that takes advantage of the fundamental properties of superconductivity. In this technology, data and clock are picosecond-long quantized voltage pulses corresponding to the transfer of single magnetic flux quanta, /spl Phisub 0/=h/2e=2 mVps. These SFQ pulses are regenerated at each gate and are processed by circuits comprised of overdamped Josephson junctions interconnected via microstrip inductances. The inherent internal memory of all RSFQ gates (primarily flip-flops), combined with high switching speed, makes serial, bit-pipelined circuit design advantageous. This paper presents experiments in RSFQ digital circuits, including an N/spl times/8b serial multiplier, and on-chip test systems based on RSFQ shift registers and on SFQ samplers. They enable test and study of RSFQ circuits at full GHz speed while communicating with semiconductor electronics at low speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enhanced generation and anisotropic Coulomb scattering of hot electrons in an ultra-broadband plasmonic nanopatch metasurface (2017)

The creation of energetic electrons through plasmon excitation of nanostructures before thermalization has been proposed for a wide number of applications in optical energy conversion and ultrafast nanophotonics. However, the use of "nonthermal" electrons is primarily limited by both a low generation efficiency and their ultrafast decay. We report experimental and theoretical results on the use of broadband plasmonic nanopatch metasurfaces comprising a gold substrate coupled to silver nanocubes that produce large concentrations of hot electrons, which we measure using transient absorption spectroscopy. We find evidence for three subpopulations of nonthermal carriers, which we propose arise from anisotropic electron-electron scattering within sp-bands near the Fermi surface. The bimetallic character of the metasurface strongly impacts the physics, with dissipation occurring primarily in the gold, whereas the quantum process of hot electron generation takes place in both components. Our calculations show that the choice of geometry and materials is crucial for producing strong ultrafast nonthermal electron components.The creation of energetic electrons through plasmon excitation has implications in optical energy conversion and ultrafast nanophotonics. Here, the authors find evidence for three subpopulations of nonthermal carriers which arise from anisotropic electron-electron scattering near the Fermi surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures and Reactivities of Ethylene Dication Electrophiles. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Flux Growth and Magnetoresistance Behavior of Rare Earth Zintl Phase EuMgSn (2013)

Reactions of europium and tin in 1:1 Mg/Al mixed flux produce large crystals of EuMgSn. This phase crystallizes with the TiNiSi structure type in orthorhombic space group Pnma (a = 8.0849(7) Å, b = 4.8517(4) Å, c = 8.7504(8) Å, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0137). The crystal structure features europium cations positioned between puckered hexagonal layers comprised of magnesium and tin atoms. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate the europium in this phase is divalent, which suggests that the compound is possibly valence-balanced as Eu(2+)Mg(2+)Sn(4-). However, EuMgSn is a metal as indicated by density of states calculations and electrical resistivity behavior. This phase exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering at T(N) = 10.9 K at low field (100 G) and the ordering temperature decreases when a higher magnetic field is applied. ac magnetization and field dependence of resistivity at 4.2 K reveal that there is a spin reorientation at 2 T, in agreement with the metamagnetic transition shown in the dc magnetization versus field data. Temperature dependence of resistivity at 2.5 T indicates that EuMgSn has a large magnetoresistance up to -30% near its magnetic ordering temperature.
A hysteresis-free platinum alloy flexure material for improved performance and reliability of MEMS devices (2004)

This work presents the use of a hard platinum alloy (Alloy 851) as a MEMS flexure material. Alloy 851 is the trade name for Pt alloyed with 15% Rh and 6% Ru. This alloy is an ideal spring material, as it combines many desirable properties such as biocompatibility, non-ferromagnetic, extreme corrosion resistance, good electrical and thermal conductivity, high Young's modulus, high yield strength, and negligible hysteresis and fatigue. Alloy 851 can be exposed to fluorine and chlorine plasmas and wet chemical etches without damage and does not require protective masking, resulting in fewer fabrication steps. Control of stress as a function of deposition parameters, as well as thin-film material characteristics are discussed. The resultant flexures and their mechanical performance as supports for rotating mirror structures are described.
MegaGate: A toxin-less gateway molecular cloning tool (2021)

Gateway cloning employs the use of the <i>ccdb</i> toxin and has low colony numbers, making it difficult to apply at scale to clone libraries of cDNA vectors. In this protocol, we describe MegaGate, a toxin-less Gateway technology capable of robust cDNA library cloning that is efficient, cheap, and scalable. MegaGate eliminates the <i>ccdb</i> toxin used in Gateway recombinase cloning and instead utilizes meganuclease-mediated digestion to eliminate background vectors during cloning and is 99.8% efficient with high colony numbers. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kramme et al. (2021).
Sci‐Fri PM: Radiation Therapy, Planning, Imaging, and Special Techniques ‐ 06: Patient‐specific QA Procedure for Gated VMAT SABR Treatments using 10x Beam in Flattening‐Filter Free Mode (2016)

Purpose: To develop a highly sensitive patient specific QA procedure for gated VMAT stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) treatments. Methods: A platform was constructed to attach the translational stage of a Quasar respiratory motion phantom to a pinpoint ion chamber insert and move the ion chamber inside the ArcCheck. The Quasar phantom controller uses a patient‐specific breathing pattern to translate the ion chamber in a superior‐inferior direction inside the ArcCheck. With this system the ion chamber is used to QA the correct phase of the gated delivery and the ArcCheck diodes are used to QA the overall dose distribution. This novel approach requires a single plan delivery for a complete QA of a gated plan. The sensitivity of the gating QA procedure was investigated with respect to the following parameters: PTV size, exhale duration, baseline drift, gating window size. Results: The difference between the measured dose to a point in the penumbra and the Eclipse calculated dose was under 2% for small residual motions. The QA procedure was independent of PTV size and duration of exhale. Baseline drift and gating window size, however, significantly affected the penumbral dose measurement, with differences of up to 30% compared to Eclipse. Conclusion: This study described a highly sensitive QA procedure for gated VMAT SABR treatments. The QA outcome was dependent on the gating window size and baseline drift. Analysis of additional patient breathing patterns is currently undergoing to determine a clinically relevant gating window size and an appropriate tolerance level for this procedure.
Evidence for an insulin receptor substrate 1 independent insulin signaling pathway that mediates insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation. (1996)

Interaction of the activated insulin receptor (IR) with its substrate, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), via the phosphotyrosine binding domain of IRS-1 and the NPXY motif centered at phosphotyrosine 960 of the IR, is important for IRS-1 phosphorylation. We investigated the role of this interaction in the insulin signaling pathway that stimulates glucose transport. Utilizing microinjection of competitive inhibitory reagents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we have found that disruption of the IR/IRS-1 interaction has no effect upon translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4). The activity of these reagents was demonstrated by their ability to block insulin stimulation of two distinct insulin bioeffects, membrane ruffling and mitogenesis, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and insulin-responsive rat 1 fibroblasts. These data suggest that phosphorylated IRS-1 is not an essential component of the metabolic insulin signaling pathway that leads to GLUT4 translocation, yet it appears to be required for other insulin bioeffects.
Human Factors Issues Surrounding an Automotive Vision Enhancement System (1995)

Although night vision systems have been used extensively for a wide variety of military applications, only recently have such systems been considered for automotive applications. This paper provides a technological primer for an automotive application of a vision enhancement system (or VES), and reviews the human factors literature, general human factors issues, and accident data relevant to such a system. The automotive VES consists of two primary components, an infrared sensor and a display. VES information can be displayed to the driver in a contact analog fashion on a head-up display, or in a non-contact analog fashion on either a head-down or head-up display. The primary potential benefit of a VES is to improve the driver's ability to see critical driving events (e.g., pedestrians, bicyclists, roadway direction) under nighttime driving conditions.
Random Access-Based Reliable Uplink Communication and Power Transfer Using Dynamic Power Splitting (2020)

Large communication networks, e.g. Internet of Things (IoT), are known to be vulnerable to co-channel interference. One possibility to address this issue is the use of orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques. However, due to a potentially very long duty cycle, OMA is not well suited for such schemes. Instead, random medium access (RMA) appears more promising. An RMA scheme is based on transmission of short data packets with random scheduling, which is typically unknown to the receiver. The received signal, which consists of the overlapping packets, can be used for energy harvesting and powering of a relay device. Such an energy harvesting relay may utilize the energy for further information processing and uplink transmission. In this paper, we address the design of a simultaneous information and power transfer scheme based on randomly scheduled packet transmissions and reliable symbol detection. We formulate a prediction problem with the goal to maximize the harvested power for an RMA scenario. In order to solve this problem, we propose a new prediction method, which shows a significant performance improvement compared to the straightforward baseline scheme. Furthermore, we investigate the complexity of the proposed method and its vulnerability to imperfect channel state information.
Identification of Residues of CXCR4 Critical for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptor and Chemokine Receptor Activities (2000)

CXCR4 is a G-coupled receptor for the stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1) chemokine, and a CD4-associated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor. These functions were studied in a panel of CXCR4 mutants bearing deletions in the NH(2)-terminal extracellular domain (NT) or substitutions in the NT, the extracellular loops (ECL), or the transmembrane domains (TMs). The coreceptor activity of CXCR4 was markedly impaired by mutations of two Tyr residues in NT (Y7A/Y12A) or at a single Asp residue in ECL2 (D193A), ECL3 (D262A), or TMII (D97N). These acidic residues could engage electrostatical interactions with basic residues of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, known to contribute to the selectivity for CXCR4. The ability of CXCR4 mutants to bind SDF-1 and mediate cell signal was consistent with the two-site model of chemokine-receptor interaction. Site I involved in SDF-1 binding but not signaling was located in NT with particular importance of Glu(14) and/or Glu(15) and Tyr(21). Residues required for both SDF-1 binding and signaling, and thus probably part of site II, were identified in ECL2 (Asp(187)), TMII (Asp(97)), and TMVII (Glu(288)). The first residues () of NT also seem required for SDF-1 binding and signaling. A deletion in the third intracellular loop abolished signaling, probably by disrupting the coupling with G proteins. The identification of CXCR4 residues involved in the interaction with both SDF-1 and HIV-1 may account for the signaling activity of gp120 and has implications for the development of antiviral compounds.
Polyoxometalates in Biomedicine: Update and Overview (2019)

Although a wide range of biological activities of Polyoxometalates (POMs) has been reported, they are to the best of our knowledge not close to a clinical trial or a final application in the treatment of diabetes or infectious and malignant diseases. Accordingly, further studies should be directed towards determining the mechanism of POM biological actions, which would enable fine-tuning at the molecular level, and consequently efficient action towards biological targets and as low toxicity as possible. Furthermore, biomedical studies should be performed on solutionstable POMs employing physiological conditions and concentrations.
Automated planning of MRI scans of knee joints (2007)

A novel and robust method for automatic scan planning of MRI examinations of knee joints is presented. Clinical knee examinations require acquisition of a 'scout' image, in which the operator manually specifies the scan volume orientations (off-centres, angulations, field-of-view) for the subsequent diagnostic scans. This planning task is time-consuming and requires skilled operators. The proposed automated planning system determines orientations for the diagnostic scan by using a set of anatomical landmarks derived by adapting active shape models of the femur, patella and tibia to the acquired scout images. The expert knowledge required to position scan geometries is learned from previous manually planned scans, allowing individual preferences to be taken into account. The system is able to automatically discriminate between left and right knees. This allows to use and merge training data from both left and right knees, and to automatically transform all learned scan geometries to the side for which a plan is required, providing a convenient integration of the automated scan planning system in the clinical routine. Assessment of the method on the basis of 88 images from 31 different individuals, exhibiting strong anatomical and positional variability demonstrates success, robustness and efficiency of all parts of the proposed approach, which thus has the potential to significantly improve the clinical workflow.
Design of high performance compact linear ultra-wideband arrays with the CMA evolutionary strategy (2010)

Several small to moderate ultra-wideband antenna arrays with impressive performances have been created by directly optimizing the element spacings using the covariance matrix adaption evolutionary strategy. Because of the capabilities of CMA-ES, these problems with large parameter sets (e.g. 49 parameters for a 50 element array) are able to be successfully tackled to produce fruitful designs. Even though these arrays were optimized at d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> = 4.0 λ for an 8:1 frequency bandwidth, their useful bandwidth often extends well beyond this. These results demonstrate that the CMA-ES method represents a powerful new addition to the optimization toolbox for the antenna array synthesis community.