gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
40 Increasing the between testing interval to 365 days as guided by biological variation (2023)

<h3>Objectives</h3> There is bountiful evidence of ambulatory patient over-testing, both in terms of the tests ordered and their frequency. To be thorough and efficient, many physicians pay short shrift to sustainable test ordering. We have developed a calculus that transforms sequential intra-patient test results into total variation comprising its preanalytical, analytical and biological components. We have used this approach to compare the analytical and clinical performance of multiple analytical systems. Here, we determine the total test variation in patients with test separation intervals of 90, 180, 270 and 365 days. We demonstrate that annual testing with phlebotomies scheduled at the same time of day minimizes the variation of the sequential test results and permits optimal discrimination of a statistically significant change in the test results. <h3>Method</h3> We studied 5 years (2014-2019) of Ottawa Hospital adult outpatient general chemistry test pairs of albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, creatinine, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphate, total bilirubin and urea. Intrapatient data pairs (separated by 88-92, 178-182, 268-272 and 363-367 days), were divided into 2 groups: those sampled on weekdays at the same time of day (+ 2 hr) and those with 3 to 8 hr sampling differences . The between pair variations were derived calculated with Dahlberg’s formula. <h3>Results</h3> The median numbers of patient pairs/analyte for the matched sampling times were 1034 (90 days), 696 (180 days), 84 (270 days) and 364 (365 days). For the unmatched sampling times, the median numbers of patient pairs were much smaller, ranging between 38 to 290 and their average variations exceeded the matched pair variations by as much as 30% (phosphate and creatinine). The matched pair 90, 180, 270 and 365 day variations were highly correlated (r ranged from 0.965 to 0.977). Compared to the other periods, the 180 day variations were smaller (-7.5%) and the 270 day variations were larger (+11.9%). Overall, the 365 day magnitudes of variations were closest to the magnitudes of variation of the other periods. <h3>Conclusions</h3> At least £2.2 billion are spent annually on UK pathology services, a significant portion wasted on suboptimal testing including: 1) tests are ordered too closely, providing little new information 2) tests that are ordered 9 months later and have been influenced by seasonal factors or 3) sequential tests that are ordered at different times of the day and are influenced by diurnal variation. Biological variation can be a guide to reducing test wastage and setting a standard for testing intervals that are minimally one year with the patient being sampled at the same time of day. Simple algorithms incorporating minimal sequential data would be able to discern real laboratory trends far more readily than ‘thorough and efficient’ but over-testing clinicians.
Terahertz Semiconductor Laser Structures (2002)

In this paper, we theoretically examine the possible quantum well structures that may fulfill the criterion to achieve a terahertz (THz) laser devices. Our calculations are based on well-developed ...
Not to Overfit or Underfit the Source Domains? An Empirical Study of Domain Generalization in Question Answering (2022)

Machine learning models are prone to overfitting their training (source) domains, which is commonly believed to be the reason why they falter in novel target domains. Here we examine the contrasting view that multi-source domain generalization (DG) is first and foremost a problem of mitigating source domain underfitting: models not adequately learning the signal already present in their multi-domain training data. Experiments on a reading comprehension DG benchmark show that as a model learns its source domains better—using familiar methods such as knowledge distillation (KD) from a bigger model—its zero-shot out-of-domain utility improves at an even faster pace. Improved source domain learning also demonstrates superior out-of-domain generalization over three popular existing DG approaches that aim to limit overfitting. Our implementation of KD-based domain generalization is available via PrimeQA at: https://ibm.biz/domain-generalization-with-kd.
Selective central nervous system tropism of primary central nervous system lymphoma. (2010)

Primary Central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is most frequently a diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which is confined to the Central nervous system (CNS). We performed an experiment in which lymphoma cells from a PCNSL patient were implanted subcutaneously in an athymic mouse. The lymphoma cells were shown to home to the CNS with histologic evaluations of the brain showing multiple large B cells in blood vessels consistent with intravascular large B cell lymphoma (IVL). We did not find any evidence of lymphoma at the site of implantation or other locations. The findings are consistent with highly selective tropism of PCNSLforthe CNS and its vasculature.
Left ventricular segmentation based on a parallel watershed transformation towards an accurate heart function evaluation (2019)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the golden reference for cardiac examination. This modality allows the assessment of human cardiovascular morphology, functioning, and perfusion. Although a couple of challenging issues, such as the cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) image's features and the large variability of images among several patients, still influences the cardiac cavities’ segmentation and needs to be carried out. In this study, the authors have profoundly reviewed and fully compared semi‐automated segmentation methods performed on cardiac cine‐MR short‐axis images for the evaluation of the left ventricular functions. However, the number of parameters handled by the synthesised works is limited if not null. For the sake of ensuring the highest coverage of the left ventricle parameters computing, they have introduced a parallel watershed‐based approach to segment the left ventricular allowing hence the computation of six parameters (end‐diastolic volume, end‐systolic volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, stroke volume, and left ventricular mass). An algorithm is associated with the main considered measurements. The experimental results that were obtained through studying 20 patients’ MRI data base demonstrate their approach's accuracy in estimating real values of the parameters’ set thanks to a faithful segmentation of the myocardium.
Gliome database: a comprehensive web-based tool to access and analyze glia secretome data (2020)

Glial cells are phenotypically heterogeneous non-neuronal components of the central and peripheral nervous systems. These cells are endowed with diverse functions and molecular machineries to detect and regulate neuronal or their own activities by various secreted mediators, such as proteinaceous factors. In particular, glia-secreted proteins form a basis of a complex network of glia-neuron or glia-glia interactions in health and diseases. In recent years, the analysis and profiling of glial secretomes have raised new expectations for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders due to the vital role of glia in numerous physiological or pathological processes of the nervous system. However, there is no online database of glia-secreted proteins available to facilitate glial research. Here, we developed a user-friendly 'Gliome' database (available at www.gliome.org), a web-based tool to access and analyze glia-secreted proteins. The database provides a vast collection of information on 3293 proteins that are released from glia of multiple species and have been reported to have differential functions under diverse experimental conditions. It contains a web-based interface with the following four key features regarding glia-secreted proteins: (i) fundamental information, such as signal peptide, SecretomeP value, functions and Gene Ontology category; (ii) differential expression patterns under distinct experimental conditions; (iii) disease association; and (iv) interacting proteins. In conclusion, the Gliome database is a comprehensive web-based tool to access and analyze glia-secretome data obtained from diverse experimental settings, whereby it may facilitate the integration of bioinformatics into glial research.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: prevalent vs. incident oesophageal adenocarcinoma and high‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus (2016)

In our meta-analysis, four of five patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma or high-grade dysplasia at index endoscopy or within 1 year of Barrett's follow-up were considered to be prevalent cases. Continued efforts are needed to identify patients with Barrett's before the development of adenocarcinoma.
BGP Route Reflection An alternative to full mesh IBGP (1996)

The Border Gateway Protocol [1] is an inter-autonomous system routing protocol designed for TCP/IP internets. Currently in the Internet BGP deployments are configured such that that all BGP speakers within a single AS must be fully meshed so that any external routing information must be re-distributed to all other routers within that AS. This represents a serious scaling problem that has been well documented with several alternatives proposed [2,3].
NASS-CDS Analysis of High Retention Seat Performance in Rear Impacts (2014)

High retention seats significantly reduced the odds for fatal injury in towaway crashes with 5-7 o'clock PDOF. There was a trend for lower serious-to-critical injury risks, but more data are needed to determine significant differences.
Nature's bounty – drug discovery from the sea (2007)

With ∼ 40 years of research completed after the development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, drug discovery opportunities in the sea are still too numerous to count. Since the FDA approval of the direct-from-the-sea calcium channel blocker ziconotide, marine natural products have been validated as a source for new medicines. However, the demand for natural products is extremely high due to the development of high-throughput assays and this bottleneck has created the need for an intense focus on increasing the rate of isolating and elucidating the structures of new bioactive secondary metabolites. In addition to highlighting the drug discovery potential of the marine environment, this review discusses several of the pressing needs to increase the rate of drug discovery in marine natural products, and describes some of the work and new technologies that are contributing in this regard.
High-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells based on sensitization with CuInS2quantum dots/CdS heterostructure (2011)

A high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) is reported, which consists of a TiO2/CuInS2-QDs/CdS/ZnS photoanode, a polysulfide electrolyte, and a CuS counter electrode. The sensitization process involves attaching presynthesized CuInS2 QDs (3.5 nm) to a TiO2 substrate with a bifunctional linker, followed by coating CdS with successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and ZnS as the last SILAR layer for passivation. This process constructs a sensitizing layer that comprises CdS nanocrystals, closely packed around the earlier-linked CuInS2 QDs, which serve as the pillars of the layer. The CuS counter electrode, prepared via successive ionic solution coating and reaction, has a small charge transfer resistance in the polysulfide electrolyte. The QDSSC exhibits a short-circuit photocurrent (Jsc) of 16.9 mA cm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage (Voc) of 0.56 V, a fill factor of 0.45, and a conversion efficiency of 4.2% under one-sun illumination. The heterojunction between the CuInS2 QDs and CdS extends both the optical absorption and incident photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the cell to a longer wavelength of approximately 800 nm, and provides an IPCE of nearly 80% at 510 nm. The high TiO2 surface coverage of the sensitizers suppresses recombination of the photogenerated electrons. This results in a longer lifetime for the electrons, and therefore, the high Voc value. The notably high Jsc and Voc values demonstrate that this sensitization strategy, which exploits the quantum confinement reduction and other synergistic effects of the CuInS2-QDs/CdS/ZnS heterostructure, can potentially outperform those of other QDSSCs.
Oropharyngeal Stenosis (2010)

Oropharyngeal stenosis is a potential complication of multilevel, single-stage upper airway surgery involving lingual tonsillectomy in children. Although there is pressure to perform multilevel procedures that address each site of upper airway obstruction in 1 sitting, this case series suggests the need for a more conservative, staged approach if lingual tonsillectomy is planned.
Abstract SY36-01: Functional genomics and cancer dependencies (2014)

Abstract Recent advances in genomics continue to elucidate the genetic lesions that occur in specific cancers and are increasingly being applied prospectively to patient samples in the clinic. These efforts have already identified a large number of mutations that occur at low frequency. Systematic approaches to identify cancer vulnerabilities will provide critical information about the function of these low frequency mutations and will allow the identification of cancer co-dependencies and synthetic lethal interactions. Over the past several years, we have developed genome scale RNAi libraries and open reading frame expression libraries that permit a systematic evaluation of genes involved in cancer initiation and maintenance. Using these libraries, we have now performed screens in a large panel of human cancer cell lines to systematically identify cancer vulnerabilities. By combining these functional approaches with information derived from mapping the structural abnormalities present in cancer genomes, we have identified several new oncogenes that contribute to cancer development as well as co-dependencies that are required for the survival of cancers harboring specific mutations. The ability to systematically manipulate gene expression at genome scale now provides opportunities to investigate the function of genes involved in cancer initiation and maintenance, which will provide a framework for therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Functional genomics and cancer dependencies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr SY36-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-SY36-01
A Case for P2P Delivery of Paid Content (2006)

P2P file sharing provides a powerful content distribution model by leveraging users' computing and bandwidth resources. However, companies have been reluctant to rely on P2P systems for paid content distribution due to their inability to limit the exploitation of these systems for free file sharing. We present TP2, a system that combines the more cost-effective and scalable distribution capabilities of P2P systems with a level of trust and control over content distribution similar to direct download content delivery networks. TP2 uses two key mechanisms that can be layered on top of existing P2P systems. First, it provides strong authentication to prevent free file sharing in the system. Second, it introduces a new notion of trusted auditors to detect and limit malicious attempts to gain information about participants in the system to facilitate additional out-of-band free file sharing. We analyze TP2 by modeling it as a novel game between malicious users who try to form free file sharing clusters and trusted auditors who curb the growth of such clusters. Our analysis shows that a small fraction of trusted auditors is sufficient to protect the P2P system against unauthorized file sharing. Using a simple economic model, we further show that TP2 provides a more cost-effective content distribution solution, resulting in higher profits for a content provider even in the presence of a large percentage of malicious users. Finally, we implemented TP2 on top of BitTorrent and use PlanetLab to show that our system can provide trusted P2P file sharing with negligible performance overhead.
Interconversion of lower valence states of .pi.-allylnickel complexes. A new synthesis of .pi.-allylnickel derivatives (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterconversion of lower valence states of .pi.-allylnickel complexes. A new synthesis of .pi.-allylnickel derivativesE. J. Corey, L. S. Hegedus, and M. F. SemmelhackCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 9, 2417–2418Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01011a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01011a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views301Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Low-Delay Digital PWM Control Circuit (2007)

Thispaperisdescried aboutaproposed schemeofa low-cost digital pulse widthmodulation (DPWM)control circuit fornon-isolated DC-DCconverter without A/Dconverter. Also, real-time PIDcontrol technique forDPWM isdescribed. Some experimental results arerevealed theproposed circuit andscheme. Thepurposeofthisresearch isstriking a balance between minimizing costincrease bydigitalizing ofthecontrol circuit of DC-DCconverter andspeeding upthecontrol circuit.
EFFECT OF PEPSTATIN ON ACID PROTEASES (1971)

Pepstatin is shown to be a specific inhibitor of acid proteases. It also inhibits humangastricsin, but the effect is weaker than against humanpepsin. The content of pepsin and gastricsin in gastric juice of stomach ulcer patients is described and the pepstatin which remains in gastric juice collected at 60 minutes after its administration is also determined. These results and those obtained by the direct measurements of the peptic activity of the gastric juice indicate that a sufficient amount of pepstatin to inhibit pepsin remains in the gastric juice 60 minutes after oral administration. The peptic activity of gastric juice is 0-9.8% of the activity of the gastric juice collected before the administration of pepstatin. A method of testing for peptic activity of gastric juice containing pepstatin is described. Free and bound sialic acid in gastric juice of pylorus-ligated rats treated with pepstatin is determined, and pepstatin was shown to inhibit release of bound sialic acid from the mucous membrane. The activity of pepstatin derivatives are described.
Bone health in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED): findings in 25 adults (2006)

Despite the complex endocrine problems, the overall prevalence of symptomatic osteoporosis is low in adults treated for APECED. Osteopaenia is frequently observed and warrants follow-up. Treated hypoparathyroidism may have a positive, and adrenocortical failure a negative, impact on bone health.
Fracture-Dislocation of the Proximal Part of the Humerus with Retroperitoneal Displacement of the Humeral Head. A Case Report* (1997)

WIRTH, MICHAEL A. M.D.†; JENSEN, KIRK L. M.D.†; AGARWAL, ANIMESH M.D.†; CURTIS, R. J. M.D.‡; ROCKWOOD, CHARLES A. JR. M.D.†, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS Author Information
Faculty Opinions recommendation of RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4s): genomics and biological functions. (2021)

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-classical DNA or RNA secondary structures that have been first observed decades ago. Over the years, these four-stranded structural motifs have been demonstrated to have significant regulatory roles in diverse biological processes, but challenges remain in detecting them globally and reliably. Compared to DNA G4s (dG4s), the study of RNA G4s (rG4s) has received less attention until recently. In this review, we will summarize the innovative high-throughput methods recently developed to detect rG4s on a transcriptome-wide scale, highlight the many novel and important functions of rG4 being discovered in vivo across the tree of life, and discuss the key biological questions to be addressed in the near future.© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research. PMID: 33772593
When analoging is not enough: scaffold discovery in medicinal chemistry (2010)

Scaffold is defined by the authors as a biological target dependent concept. Therapeutically useful scaffolds are limited and the identification of new scaffolds is sometimes required to overcome major optimization hurdles. However, depending on the promiscuity of the binding pocket of the target and the validity of the optimization protocol, finding better scaffolds can be a challenging task. Several strategies in scaffold discovery have emerged or matured owing to recent trends such as pursuit of targets from new proteomic families, lack of validated targets, advances in synthesis and biological assays and adoption of in vitro activity-driven screening paradigms.
Microfluidic system for measuring neutrophil migratory responses to fast switches of chemical gradients (2005)

Experimental systems that provide temporal and spatial control of chemical gradients are required for probing into the complex mechanisms of eukaryotic cell chemotaxis. However, no current technique can simultaneously generate stable chemical gradients and allow fast gradient changes. We developed a microfluidic system with microstructured membranes for exposing neutrophils to fast and precise changes between stable, linear gradients of the known chemoattractant Interleukin-8 (IL-8). We observed that rapidly lowering the average concentration of IL-8 within a gradient, while preserving the direction of the gradient, resulted in temporary neutrophil depolarization. Fast reversal of the gradient direction while increasing or decreasing the average concentration also resulted in temporary depolarization. Neutrophils adapted and maintained their directional motility, only when the average gradient concentration was increased and the direction of the gradient preserved. Based on these observations we propose a two-component temporal sensing mechanism that uses variations of chemokine concentration averaged over the entire cell surface and localized at the leading edge, respectively, and directs neutrophil responses to changes in their chemical microenvironment.
Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist Transgenic Mice Have Increased Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Mass, Altered Glucose Homeostasis and No Change in White Adipose Tissue Cellular Senescence (2015)

Similar to other mice with decreased GH action, female GHA mice display reduced age-related lipid redistribution and improved insulin sensitivity, but no change in cellular senescence. The similar abundance of WAT senescent cells in GHA and control mice suggests that any protection against generation of senescent cells afforded by decreased GH action, low insulin-like growth factor 1 and/or improved insulin sensitivity in the GHA mice may be offset by their severe adiposity, since obesity is known to increase senescence.