gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease (2022)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes <i>via</i> redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1-10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
Photo‐Imprinting of the Helical Organization in Liquid‐Crystal Networks Using Achiral Monomers and Circularly Polarized Light (2022)

Control over molecular motion is facilitated in materials with highly ordered nanoscale structures. Here we report on the fabrication of cholesteric liquid-crystal networks by circularly polarized light irradiation, without the need for chiral dopant or plasticizer. The polymer network is obtained by photopolymerization of a smectic achiral diacrylate mesogen consisting of an azobenzene core and discrete oligodimethylsiloxane tails. The synchronous helical photoalignment and photopolymerization originate from the cooperative movement of the mesogens ordered in well-defined responsive structures, together with the flexibility of the oligodimethylsiloxane blocks. The resulting thin films show excellent thermal stability and light-induced memory features with reversible responses. Additionally, we demonstrate the fabrication of photo-patterned films of liquid-crystal networks with opposite helical senses. These findings provide a new method to make light-controllable chiroptical materials with exciting applications in optics and photonics.
Second Harmonic Operation at 460 GHz and Broadband Continuous Frequency Tuning of a (2004)

We report the short pulse operation of a 460 GHz gyrotron oscillator both at the fundamental (near 230 GHz) and second harmonic (near 460 GHz) of electron cyclotron resonance. During operation in a microsecond pulse length regime with 13 kV beam voltage and 110 mA beam current, the instrument generates several watts of power in two second harmonic modes, the TE2,6,1 at 456.15 GHz and the TE0,6,1 at 458.56 GHz. Operation in the fundamental modes, including the TE0,3,1 mode at 237.91 GHz and the TE2,3,1 at 233.15 GHz, is observed at output powers up to 70 W. Further, we demonstrate broadband continuous frequency tuning of the fundamental modes of the oscillator over a range of more than 2 GHz through variation of the magnetic field alone. We interpret these results in ter ms of smooth transitions between higher order axial modes of the resonator. The 460 GHz gyrotron is currently being processed for continuous duty operation, where it will serve as a microwave source for sensitivity-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (dy- namic nuclear polarization) studies at 16 T (700 MHz 1 H), a field strength which is two-fold higher than has been accessi ble with previous technology.
Ultrathin Graphite Foam: A Three-Dimensional Conductive Network for Battery Electrodes (2012)

We report the use of free-standing, lightweight, and highly conductive ultrathin graphite foam (UGF), loaded with lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as a cathode in a lithium ion battery. At a high charge/discharge current density of 1280 mA g(-1), the specific capacity of the LFP loaded on UGF was 70 mAh g(-1), while LFP loaded on Al foil failed. Accounting for the total mass of the electrode, the maximum specific capacity of the UGF/LFP cathode was 23% higher than that of the Al/LFP cathode and 170% higher than that of the Ni-foam/LFP cathode. Using UGF, both a higher rate capability and specific capacity can be achieved simultaneously, owing to its conductive (∼1.3 × 10(5) S m(-1) at room temperature) and three-dimensional lightweight (∼9.5 mg cm(-3)) graphitic structure. Meanwhile, UGF presents excellent electrochemical stability comparing to that of Al and Ni foils, which are generally used as conductive substrates in lithium ion batteries. Moreover, preparation of the UGF electrode was facile, cost-effective, and compatible with various electrochemically active materials.
Novel Route to Nanoparticle Synthesis by Salt-Assisted Aerosol Decomposition (2001)

Controllability of particle size,chemical composition, and crystallinity are offered by the simple, general method for the synthesis of nanoparticles described here. A modified aerosol decomposition process is utilized in which salts are added to separate the nanocrystallites, resulting in nanoparticles of narrow size distribution (see Figure) and superior properties.
Methods for Improving Confounding Control in Comparative Effectiveness Research Using Electronic Healthcare Databases (2019)

results to understand which statistical methods might be useful when doing a study using electronic healthcare data. The software that the team developed can help researchers use the statistical methods in their research.
Generalizing Swendsen-Wang to sampling arbitrary posterior probabilities (2005)

Many vision tasks can be formulated as graph partition problems that minimize energy functions. For such problems, the Gibbs sampler provides a general solution but is very slow, while other methods, such as Ncut and graph cuts are computationally effective but only work for specific energy forms and are not generally applicable. In this paper, we present a new inference algorithm that generalizes the Swendsen-Wang method to arbitrary probabilities defined on graph partitions. We begin by computing graph edge weights, based on local image features. Then, the algorithm iterates two steps. 1) Graph clustering: It forms connected components by cutting the edges probabilistically based on their weights. 2) Graph relabeling: It selects one connected component and flips probabilistically, the coloring of all vertices in the component simultaneously. Thus, it realizes the split, merge, and regrouping of a "chunk" of the graph, in contrast to Gibbs sampler that flips a single vertex. We prove that this algorithm simulates ergodic and reversible Markov chain jumps in the space of graph partitions and is applicable to arbitrary posterior probabilities or energy functions defined on graphs. We demonstrate the algorithm on two typical problems in computer vision--image segmentation and stereo vision. Experimentally, we show that it is 100-400 times faster in CPU time than the classical Gibbs sampler and 20-40 times faster then the DDMCMC segmentation algorithm. For stereo, we compare performance with graph cuts and belief propagation. We also show that our algorithm can automatically infer generative models and obtain satisfactory results (better than the graphic cuts or belief propagation) in the same amount of time.
Multispectral imaging based on a Smartphone with an external C-MOS camera for detection of seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp (2017)

To date, the incident rates of various skin diseases have increased due to hereditary and environmental factors including stress, irregular diet, pollution, etc. Among these skin diseases, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis are a chronic/relapsing dermatitis involving infection and temporary alopecia. However, they typically exhibit similar symptoms, thus resulting in difficulty in discrimination between them. To prevent their associated complications and appropriate treatments for them, it is crucial to discriminate between seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis with high specificity and sensitivity and further continuously/quantitatively to monitor the skin lesions during their treatment at other locations besides a hospital. Thus, we here demonstrate a mobile multispectral imaging system connected to a smartphone for selfdiagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis and further discrimination between seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis on the scalp, which is the more challenging case. Using the system developed, multispectral imaging and analysis of seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis on the scalp was carried out. It was here found that the spectral signatures of seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis were discernable and thus seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp could be distinguished from psoriasis by using the system. In particular, the smartphone-based multispectral imaging and analysis moreover offered better discrimination between seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis than the RGB imaging and analysis. These results suggested that the multispectral imaging system based on a smartphone has the potential for self-diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis with high portability and specificity.
Multiscale 3-D Shape Representation and Segmentation Using Spherical Wavelets (2007)

This paper presents a novel multiscale shape representation and segmentation algorithm based on the spherical wavelet transform. This work is motivated by the need to compactly and accurately encode variations at multiple scales in the shape representation in order to drive the segmentation and shape analysis of deep brain structures, such as the caudate nucleus or the hippocampus. Our proposed shape representation can be optimized to compactly encode shape variations in a population at the needed scale and spatial locations, enabling the construction of more descriptive, nonglobal, nonuniform shape probability priors to be included in the segmentation and shape analysis framework. In particular, this representation addresses the shortcomings of techniques that learn a global shape prior at a single scale of analysis and cannot represent fine, local variations in a population of shapes in the presence of a limited dataset. Specifically, our technique defines a multiscale parametric model of surfaces belonging to the same population using a compact set of spherical wavelets targeted to that population. We further refine the shape representation by separating into groups wavelet coefficients that describe independent global and/or local biological variations in the population, using spectral graph partitioning. We then learn a prior probability distribution induced over each group to explicitly encode these variations at different scales and spatial locations. Based on this representation, we derive a parametric active surface evolution using the multiscale prior coefficients as parameters for our optimization procedure to naturally include the prior for segmentation. Additionally, the optimization method can be applied in a coarse-to-fine manner. We apply our algorithm to two different brain structures, the caudate nucleus and the hippocampus, of interest in the study of schizophrenia. We show: 1) a reconstruction task of a test set to validate the expressiveness of our multiscale prior and 2) a segmentation task. In the reconstruction task, our results show that for a given training set size, our algorithm significantly improves the approximation of shapes in a testing set over the Point Distribution Model, which tends to oversmooth data. In the segmentation task, our validation shows our algorithm is computationally efficient and outperforms the Active Shape Model algorithm, by capturing finer shape details.
Schnell konvergierende adaptive Entzerrer (Fast Converging Adaptive Equalisers) (2003)

Zusammenfassung Schnell konvergierende adaptive Entzerrer sind immer dann notwendig, wenn sich ein Datenempfänger möglichst schnell auf unbekannte Übertragungseigenschaften einstellen muss, beispielsweise bei einer Funkübertragung. In der Dissertation wurden die schnell konvergierenden Recursive-Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithmen einheitlich geometrisch entwickelt und daraus Algorithmen hergeleitet, die den Implementierungsaufwand bisher bekannter, rotations-basierter und numerisch stabiler RLS-Entzerrer mehr als halbieren.
Selective Activation of a Perforin-Granzyme B Fusion Protein Toxin by PSA as Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2016)

Abstract : Protein toxins represent a class of agents that can kill cells in a proliferation independent manner. Many such proteins,derived primarily from bacterial sources, have been identified that are highly potent cytotoxins. While this approach has great potential, the major limitation is the fact that the protein toxin proves to be highly immunogenic and not amenable to repeated dosing to achieve maximal antitumor effect. This obstacle can be overcome through the use of human protein toxins. The goal of this proposal, therefore, is to develop a targeted cytotoxic agent that can selectively kill both proliferating and non-proliferating prostate cancer cells within a metastatic site without significant host toxicity. To achieve this goal, we propose to modify Granzyme B, the major cell-killing components present in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) granules to a form that is selectively targeted to prostate cancer cells. Granzyme B is a zymogen that must be proteolytically activated and then must penetrate cell membranes to proteolytically activate intracellular pro-apoptotic factors. We describe a targeting approach that recapitulates this dual activation but redirects it to prostate cancer cells. We will replace the native two amino acid propeptide of granzyme B with a peptide recognized as a substrate by PSA. To facilitate granzyme B internalization, we will couple a potent small molecule inhibitor of PSMA to the C-terminus of granzyme B. This granzyme B toxin will only be activated in the prostate cancer microenvironment while remaining inactive against normal tissues lacking both PSA and PSMA.
Vacancy Clustering Behavior in Low Alloy Martensitic Steel during Tensile Deformation with Hydrogen Charging (2018)

The effects of hydrogen charge on the formation of vacancy-type defects in low alloy martensitic steel were investigated by using positron lifetime spectroscopy. During slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT), dislocation and vacancy were introduced and increased with increasing tensile strains. Vacancy clustering was significantly promoted by hydrogen charge, although there was no remarkable difference in the dislocation density and mono-vacancy equivalent vacancy density between hydrogen-charged and uncharged samples under the same tensile strains. Increase in hydrogen concentration in the steel promoted vacancy clustering. Preferential conditions for the vacancy clustering showed a good agreement with the conditions for significant elongation loss by SSRT, implying the vacancy clustering has an big effect on hydrogen embrittlement. In the case of constant load tests under applied stress in elastic region, no increase in vacancy and dislocation density was observed. This implies plastic deformation is necessary for the formation of vacancy-type defects even under hydrogen charging.
Intensification de l'extraction des polyphénols par électrotechnologies pour la valorisation des marcs de champagne (2010)

Cette etude porte sur l’amelioration de l’extraction des polyphenols a partir des marcs de raisin par des electrotechnologies : les decharges electriques de haute-tension (DEHT) et les champs electriques pulses (CEP). Ces techniques permettent d’endommager les membranes et/ou parois cellulaires facilitant ainsi la liberation du contenu intracellulaire vers le milieu exterieur. Le procede global d’extraction developpe se compose d’une diffusion aqueuse ou hydro-alcoolique assistee par un pretraitement electrique (CEP ou DEHT), suivie d’une etape de purification par extraction sur phase solide, et d’un sechage par lyophilisation. L’etude de l’effet des parametres operatoires pour chacune de ces etapes a permis d’optimiser le procede afin d’obtenir des poudres riches en polyphenols antioxydants. L’utilisation d’un pretraitement electrique a ainsi permis d’extraire jusqu’a 10 fois plus de polyphenols. Des essais realises a l’echelle semi-pilote ont confirme l’efficacite des DEHT sur l’amelioration de l’extraction des polyphenols. La methode d’extraction etudiee a aussi ete appliquee sur chaque constituant du marc de raisin (pellicules, rafles et pepins). Ces travaux ont egalement mis en evidence l’impact de l’onde de choc produite lors des DEHT sur la fragmentation du produit et donc sur l’extraction des composes. Enfin, les cinetiques d’extraction des polyphenols ont pu etre modelisees par le modele empirique de Peleg et le modele theorique de Fick afin d’estimer les rendements d’extraction au cours du temps.
Sickle Cell Disease – Current Treatment and New Therapeutical Approaches (2015)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common genetic disorders worldwide. It is caused by a point mutation that changes glutamic acid (Glu6) to valine (Val6) in the β chain of hemoglobin. Vaso-occlusion is the most well-known problem associated with SCD. Despite recent advances in understanding the disease at the molecular level, few therapeutic strategies are available. Hydroxyurea is the only drug currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the disease, and it has serious adverse effects and lack of efficacy in some patients. However, new therapeutic approaches are under investigation in the hope of discovering new drugs to treat SCD. These include agents that: a) increase nitric oxide bioavailability; b) modify the rheological properties of the blood; c) bind covalently to hemoglobin; d) prevent hemoglobin dehydration; e) reduce iron overload; and f) induce the expression of gamma globin and fetal hemoglobin. In this chapter, we discuss the current treatment of SCD and the advances made in medicinal chemistry to find new drugs to treat this neglected hematological disease.
Hologram optimized in holographic laser processing system (2021)

We proposed an optimization method of a hologram in holographic laser processing. The laser beam was diffracted by a designed computer-generated hologram (CGH) displayed on a liquid-crystal-on-silicon (SLM), and then formed spatially shaped three-dimensional optical pattern which detected by a CCD image sensor at different focal position for continuously optimizing with the weighted iterative Fourier transform (WIFT) algorithm. The uniformity of the pattern was increased from 11% to 95%, which was also well proved by the corresponding 3D processing results. This method provides the holographic laser processing system with high-stability, that is, the ability to dynamically compensate for system imperfections, and has the ability to be suitable for a wide range of high-precision, high-throughput applications in the field of 3D manufacturing.
Degradation of toluene-2,4-diamine by persulphate: kinetics, intermediates and degradation pathway (2014)

In this study, the degradation of toluene-2,4-diamine (TDA) by persulphate (PS) in an aqueous solution at near-neutral pH was examined. The result showed that the degradation rate of TDA increased with increasing PS concentrations. The optimal dosage of PS in the reaction system was determined by efficiency indicator (I) coupling in the consumption of PS and decay half-life of TDA. Calculation showed that 0.74 mM of PS was the most effective dosage for TDA degradation, at that level the maximum I of 24.51 was obtained. PS can oxidize TDA for an extended reaction time period. Under neutral condition without activation, four degradation intermediates, 2,4-diamino-3-hydroxy-5-sulfonicacidtoluene, 2,4-diaminobenzaldehyde, 2,4-bis(vinylamino)benzaldehyde and 3,5-diamino-4-hydroxy-2-pentene, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tentative degradation pathway of TDA was proposed as well. It was found that hydroxyl radical played an important role in degradation of TDA with the activation of Fe2+, whereas PS anion and sulphate radicals were responsible for the degradation without activation of Fe2+.
Normal Cognition in a 99-year-old Man with High Levels of Alzheimer Disease Pathology (P3.213) (2014)

OBJECTIVE:To present a case report of a 99 year-old man with normal cognition despite high Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathology BACKGROUND:High levels of AD pathology are usually associated with cognitive impairment and are not expected in people with normal cognition. However, the oldest-old (>90 years old) may represent a unique population where intact cognition may be possible despite high burden of plaques and tangles. DESIGN/METHODS:A 94yo man with no cognitive impairment was evaluated with neuropsychiatric testing over 5 years with biannual visits until death at age 99. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Modified Mini-Mental State Test (3MS), Trail Making Test parts A and B (TMT-A and B), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and Boston Naming Test (BNT). ApoE genetic testing was obtained. Post-mortem histological grading and diagnosis was performed using the Braak & Braak staging. RESULTS:On all visits, most scores ranged in the 75th-95th percentile (3MS, CVLT, TMT-A and BNT) when compared to age-specific norms. Although some fluctuations were noted, there was no obvious decline. TMT-B showed the most fluctuations, with completion times between 95-253 seconds and 0-3 errors per trial, but scores remained in the 50th to 95th percentile without decline. Post-mortem evaluation showed tangle stage V and plaque stage C, consistent with high levels of AD pathology. ApoE genetic testing revealed a 2/3 genotype. CONCLUSIONS:Our case suggests that the oldest-old may be able to withstand high levels of AD pathology without cognitive impairment. Although ApoE 2/3 genotype may provide protection, there may be other mechanisms associated with preserved cognition. It may also be possible that our participant was in the preclinical stages of the disease and current neuropsychological tests lack sensitivity to detect very subtle cognitive changes. Further investigation is needed to reveal what other factors may provide protection from late age cognitive decline. Study Supported by: