gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Synthetic Route to Annulated Diaminopyrimidines. (2014)

Abstract Annulated diaminopyrimidines are prepared via Thorpe—Ziegler cyclization of various dinitriles followed by in situ reaction with cyanamides (II) in a one‐pot manner.
Structural Characterization of Ni-Substituted Hexaaluminate Catalysts Using EXAFS, XANES, XPS, XRD, and TPR (2010)

The structure of five Ni-substituted Ba0.75NiyAl12-yO19-δ hexaaluminate catalysts at various Ni loadings (y = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) was investigated using EXAFS, XANES, XPS, XRD, and TPR. As Ni-substitution into the hexaaluminate lattice is increased, the unit cell dimension decreases along the c axis. This systematic change is consistent with Ni substitution for Al3+ in the hexaaluminate crystalline structure. XANES analysis suggests that Ni−O bonding is stronger for Ni substituted into the hexaaluminate lattice, relative to that of bulk NiO. The average coordination numbers obtained from EXAFS indicate that Ni is preferentially exchanging with tetrahedrally coordinated Al3+ in the structure which predominates in regions of the hexaaluminate unit cell near the mirror plane. It is at these sites that, preferential substitution of Ni2+ likely occurs to minimize strain in the crystalline lattice.
Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance (2011)

A substantial proportion of small renal masses remained radiographically static after an initial period of active surveillance. Progression to metastases occurred in a small percentage of patients and generally was a late event. The current results indicated that, in patients who have competing health risks, radiographic surveillance may be an acceptable initial approach, and delayed intervention may be reserved for patients who have tumors that exhibit significant linear or volumetric growth.
Synthesis and applications of hierarchically porous metal and metal oxide monolithic materials (2013)

A nanocasting method for synthesizing a broad range of hierarchically porous, high surface area metal and metal oxide monolithic materials was developed. The importance of a well-connected hard template was established based on conductivity measurements. A hierarchically porous, silica monolith prepared with 7% ocadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was found to be the optimum silica template. Several different factors were found to regulate how well the silica template was replicated. When the connectivity of the silica template, contents of the metal salt solution, impregnation method, temperature, atmosphere, and template removal are all controlled, a good replica of the original silica monolith can be attained in different metals or metal oxides. These metal and metal oxide monoliths were used in catalysis and liquid chromatography. (Published By University of Alabama Libraries)
Trop-2 is up-regulated in invasive prostate cancer and displaces FAK from focal contacts (2015)

In this study, we show that the transmembrane glycoprotein Trop-2 is up-regulated in human prostate cancer (PCa) with extracapsular extension (stages pT3/pT4) as compared to organ-confined (stage pT2) PCa. Consistent with this evidence, Trop-2 expression is found to be increased in metastatic prostate tumors of Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate mice and to strongly correlate with α5β1 integrin levels. Using PCa cells, we show that Trop-2 specifically associates with the α5 integrin subunit, as binding to α3 is not observed, and that Trop-2 displaces focal adhesion kinase from focal contacts. In support of the role of Trop-2 as a promoter of PCa metastatic phenotype, we observe high expression of this molecule in exosomes purified from Trop-2-positive PCa cells. These vesicles are then found to promote migration of Trop-2-negative PCa cells on fibronectin, an α5β1 integrin/focal adhesion kinase substrate, thus suggesting that the biological function of Trop-2 may be propagated to recipient cells. In summary, our findings show that Trop-2 promotes an α5β1 integrin-dependent pro-metastatic signaling pathway in PCa cells and that the altered expression of Trop-2 may be utilized for early identification of capsule-invading PCa.
<title>Sculpting 3D worlds with music: advanced texturing techniques</title> (1996)

Sound within the virtual environment is often considered to be secondary to the graphics. In a typical scenario, either audio cues are locally associated with specific 3D objects or a general aural ambiance is supplied in order to alleviate the sterility of an artificial experience. This paper discusses a completely different approach, in which cues are extracted from live or recorded music in order to create geometry and control object behaviors within a computer- generated environment. Advanced texturing techniques used to generate complex stereoscopic images are also discussed. By analyzing music for standard audio characteristics such as rhythm and frequency, information is extracted and repackaged for processing. With the Soundsculpt Toolkit, this data is mapped onto individual objects within the virtual environment, along with one or more predetermined behaviors. Mapping decisions are implemented with a user definable schedule and are based on the aesthetic requirements of directors and designers. This provides for visually active, immersive environments in which virtual objects behave in real-time correlation with the music. The resulting music-driven virtual reality opens up several possibilities for new types of artistic and entertainment experiences, such as fully immersive 3D `music videos' and interactive landscapes for live performance.
The crystal structure of 5-benzoyloxyoctaethylporphyrin. An example of a distorted porphyrin ring (1972)

The X-ray structure determination of 5-benzoyloxyoctaethylporphyrin is reported; the porphyrin skeleton is significantly ruffled, with an alteration in geometry of the central ‘hole’, compared to that in porphyrin itself.
Measurement of snoring and stertor using the Sonomat to assess effectiveness of upper airway surgery in children (2021)

<b>Background/Aim:</b> The success of surgical treatment for pediatric sleep-disordered breathing is typically assessed using the mixed and obstructive apnea/hypopnea index (MOAHI). Although an important metric, previous work has shown that snoring/stertor are also associated with sleep disruption. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of surgery using the Sonomat, a non-contact sleep assessment system, that accurately records complete and partial upper airway obstruction. <b>Methods:</b> Forty children (&amp;lt;18yrs) had a Sonomat study, in their own beds, before and after surgery. As a MOAHI ≥1 event/hr is considered abnormal the same threshold was applied to snore/stertor runs. Median (interquartile range) values are reported. <b>Results:</b> Respiratory event induced movements decreased from 12.0 (8.7, 19.0) to 0.5 (0.1, 3.2)/hr (p&amp;lt;0.01), with no significant change in spontaneous movements 12.8 (9.8, 17.9) to 16.5 (13.7, 26.1)/hr (p=0.07). The MOAHI decreased from 4.5 (1.9, 8.6) to 0.0 (0.0, 0.4)/hr (p&amp;lt;0.01). Snoring/stertor runs decreased from 32.8 (23.4, 44.4) to 3.0 (0.2, 14.6)/hr, (p&amp;lt;0.01). Thirty-four children had a MOAHI &amp;lt;1/hr following surgery, however, 20 had snore/stertor runs ≥1/hr and 11 for ≥5/hr. Only 14 (35%) children had a post-surgery MOAHI &amp;lt;1/hr combined with snoring/stertor &amp;lt;1 run/hr. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although surgery is effective in improving breathing, success rates are over-estimated using the MOAHI. Our results indicate that snoring/stertor is still present at levels that may disrupt sleep despite a normalization of the MOAHI. As sleep disruption is linked to behavioral outcomes this is an important finding. Sleep investigations should include measurement of snoring and stertor.
HPC Cloud for Scientific and Business Applications: Taxonomy, Vision, and Research Challenges (2017)

High Performance Computing (HPC) clouds are becoming an alternative to on-premise clusters for executing scientific applications and business analytics services. Most research efforts in HPC cloud aim to understand the cost-benefit of moving resource-intensive applications from on-premise environments to public cloud platforms. Industry trends show hybrid environments are the natural path to get the best of the on-premise and cloud resources---steady (and sensitive) workloads can run on on-premise resources and peak demand can leverage remote resources in a pay-as-you-go manner. Nevertheless, there are plenty of questions to be answered in HPC cloud, which range from how to extract the best performance of an unknown underlying platform to what services are essential to make its usage easier. Moreover, the discussion on the right pricing and contractual models to fit small and large users is relevant for the sustainability of HPC clouds. This paper brings a survey and taxonomy of efforts in HPC cloud and a vision on what we believe is ahead of us, including a set of research challenges that, once tackled, can help advance businesses and scientific discoveries. This becomes particularly relevant due to the fast increasing wave of new HPC applications coming from big data and artificial intelligence.
Repeated alcohol administration during adolescence causes changes in the mesolimbic dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems and promotes alcohol intake in the adult rat (2008)

Adolescence is a developmental period which the risk of drug and alcohol abuse increases. Since mesolimbic dopaminergic system undergoes developmental changes during adolescence, and this system is involved in rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, we addressed the hypothesis that ethanol exposure during juvenile/adolescent period over-activates mesolimbic dopaminergic system inducing adaptations which can trigger long-term enduring behavioural effects of alcohol abuse. We treated juvenile/adolescent or adult rats with ethanol (3 g/kg) for two-consecutive days at 48-h intervals over 14-day period. Here we show that intermittent ethanol treatment during the juvenile/adolescence period alters subsequent ethanol intake. In vivo microdialysis demonstrates that ethanol elicits a similar prolonged dopamine response in the nucleus accumbens of both adolescent and adult animals pre-treated with multiple doses of ethanol, although the basal dopamine levels were higher in ethanol-treated adolescents than in adult-treated animals. Repeated ethanol administration also down-regulates the expression of DRD2 and NMDAR2B phosphorylation in prefrontal cortex of adolescent animals, but not of adult rats. Finally, ethanol treatment during adolescence changes the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum, suggesting chromatin remodelling changes. In summary, our findings demonstrate the sensitivity of adolescent brain to ethanol effects on dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and suggest that abnormal plasticity in reward-related processes and epigenetic mechanisms could contribute to the vulnerability of adolescents to alcohol addiction.
Room Temperature Magnetism in Free-Standing Nano-Ni/PVDF Composites (2016)

Nanocrystalline Ni was incorporated in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in three different proportions to obtain free-standing flexible film by sol-gel technique. Effect of nano-Ni loading in the PVDF matrix on the optical, microstructural, and magnetic properties of the nano-Ni/PVDF composite material was studied. Variation of magnetic moments with magnetic field at different temperatures was recorded in the composite-free-standing films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicated that incorporated Ni was in Ni2+ and Ni4+ states. Ni2+ atomic concentration was found to be significantly larger than Ni4+ concentration in all the samples suggesting Ni2+ in the PVDF lattice are responsible for observed room temperature ferromagnetism.
<title>High-density photopolymer-based spatially multiplexed multiwavelength programmable memory</title> (1996)

In this paper, a new scheme to implement high-density photopolymer-based spatially multiplexed multiwavelength programmable holographic memory is proposed. Two approaches are considered. The first is to implement programmable massive fanout beams based on an electrooptic grating array and the second is aimed at providing a multiwavelength high density memory by obtaining a smaller holographic memory spot at the proposed off- focal plane location. In the first approach, the diffraction efficiency of the electrooptically modulated grating is optimized, and 32.5% +/- 2.5% modulation efficiency is achieved under an applied voltage of 100 volts. In the second approach, the storage density is improved by 100 approximately 110% when compared with that obtained at the focal plane after Fourier transform. All the experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions. A memory density of 100 pages/mm<SUP>2</SUP> is feasible using the reported scheme.
Linking Souls to Humans: Blockchain Accounts with Credible Anonymity for Web 3.0 Decentralized Identity (2023)

A decentralized identity system that can provide users with self-sovereign digital identities to facilitate complete control over their own data is paramount to Web 3.0. The account system on blockchain is an ideal archetype for realizing Web 3.0 decentralized identity. However, a disadvantage of such completely anonymous identity system is that users can create multiple accounts without authentication to obfuscate their activities on the blockchain. In particular, the current anonymous blockchain account system cannot accurately register the social relationships and interactions between real human users, given the amorphous mappings between users and blockchain identities. This work proposes zkBID, a zero-knowledge blockchain-account-based Web 3.0 decentralized identity scheme, to overcome endemic mistrust in blockchain account systems. zkBID links souls (blockchain accounts) to humans (users' personhood credentials) in a one-to-one manner to truly reflect the social relationships and interactions between humans on the blockchain. zkBID conceals the one-to-one relationships between blockchain accounts and users' personhood credentials for privacy protection using zero-knowledge proofs and linkable ring signatures. Thus, with zkBID, the users' blockchain accounts are credibly anonymous. Importantly, zkBID is fully decentralized: all user-related data are generated by users and verified by smart contracts on the blockchain. We implemented zkBID and built a blockchain test network for evaluation purposes. Our tests demonstrate the effectiveness of zkBID and suggest proper ways to configure zkBID system parameters.
Energetic Preferences for α,β versus β,γ Unsaturation (2004)

Density functional theory has been applied at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level to examine the energetics of alpha,beta- versus beta,gamma-unsaturation for some common organic functional groups. Specifically, the relative stabilities of allyl-X (H2C=CHCH2X) and 1-propenyl-X (H3CCH=CHX) isomers have been computed for X = methyl, vinyl, phenyl, formyl, acetyl, methoxy, methylthio, methylsulfinyl, methylsulfonyl, sulfamoyl, and methoxysulfonyl, and the results are compared to available experimental data. The intrinsic preference of 3 kcal/mol for the 1-propenyl isomer when X = CH3 is exceeded by 2-4 kcal/mol for first-row conjugating groups, but it is not met for the sulfur-containing groups. In particular, alpha,beta-unsaturation is favored by less than 1 kcal/mol for the sulfone and sulfonamide analogues, while it is preferred by 8 kcal/mol for the vinyl-substituted case. Detailed structural results and torsional energy profiles are also reported.
OCC: A Smart Reply System for Efficient In-App Communications (2019)

Smart reply systems have been developed for various messaging platforms. In this paper, we introduce Uber's smart reply system: one-click-chat (OCC), which is a key enhanced feature on top of the Uber in-app chat system. It enables driver-partners to quickly respond to rider messages using smart replies. The smart replies are dynamically selected according to conversation content using machine learning algorithms. Our system consists of two major components: intent detection and reply retrieval, which are very different from standard smart reply systems where the task is to directly predict a reply. It is designed specifically for mobile applications with short and non-canonical messages. Reply retrieval utilizes pairings between intent and reply based on their popularity in chat messages as derived from historical data. For intent detection, a set of embedding and classification techniques are experimented with, and we choose to deploy a solution using unsupervised distributed embedding and nearest-neighbor classifier. It has the advantage of only requiring a small amount of labeled training data, simplicity in developing and deploying to production, and fast inference during serving and hence highly scalable. At the same time, it performs comparably with deep learning architectures such as word-level convolutional neural network. Overall, the system achieves a high accuracy of 76% on intent detection. Currently, the system is deployed in production for English-speaking countries and 71% of in-app communications between riders and driver-partners adopted the smart replies to speedup the communication process.
2′-DMAOE RNA: Emerging Oligonucleotides with Promising Antisense Properties (1999)

Abstract Oligonucleotides with modifications at the carbohydrate 2′-position offer potential second-generation drug candidates1. ISIS 13312, a chimeric compound targeting CMV retinitis, has 2′-O-methoxyethyl2 (2′-MOE) modifications at the ends to offer enhanced binding affinity and nuclease resistance is an example of this trend. 2′-MOE modification offers high binding affinity and nuclease resistance presumably due to conformational constraints placed on the linkage by the oxygen-oxygen gauche effect3. On the other hand, 2′-O-aminopropyl modification (2′-AP) exhibits the highest nuclease resistance4, due to the presence of a cationic charge at the physiological pH. However, it lacks the binding affinity advantage of MOE due to the lack of oxygen-oxygen gauche effect. To optimize the antisense properties of both 2′-MOE and 2′-AP modifications, we have designed and constructed 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) modification (2′-AOE)5 and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxy ethyl) modification (2′-DMAOE) and synthesized oligomers having these modifications. 2′-DMAOE oligomers demonstrate higher binding affinity and nuclease resistance than 2′-MOE oligomers and stand out as promising candidates for future antisense oligonucleotide drug development.
Fas ligand expression in the germinal centre (1999)

Whereas the importance of the Fas/FasL system in the regulation of T-cell homeostasis is well established, it is not yet clear if FasL is involved in B-cell regulation, especially in the clonal selection of B lymphocytes in the germinal centre (GC). This study therefore investigated the expression of FasL protein in tonsils and lymph nodes with lymphofollicular hyperplasia by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In all the samples examined, western blot analysis showed FasL proteins of 33 and 52 kD, which presumably correspond to membrane-bound and soluble forms of the FasL protein. Immunohistochemically, FasL was found in a limited number of cells confined to a cluster in the light zone of the GC. The signal showed a delicate meshwork-like pattern of branching processes enmeshing the centrocytes and the few centroblasts of the light zone. In serial sections, the immunostaining pattern for FasL was found largely to coincide with the CD23 staining of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which are typically located in the light zone. In contrast, the FasL signal did not correspond to the distribution of the CD4-positive GC T-cells. In conclusion, expression of FasL in lymphofollicular hyperplasia seems to be largely confined to the light zone of the GCs, where selection of FDC-associated centrocytes is known to occur. These observations thus suggest that FasL is involved in selection processes of the B-cell system.
Association of the Bacteria of the Vermiform Appendix and the Peritoneal Cavity with Complicated Acute Appendicitis in Children (2023)

Polymicrobial presentation and Gram-negative bacteria are associated with complicated appendicitis. Antibiotic regimens should target the combinations of the most frequently identified pathogens, speculating the value of early antipseudomonal intervention.
Study on the simple identification and the variation of the parameters of the are discharge in a circuit breaker (2001)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the current breaking performance of a circuit breaker through simulation of the dynamic characteristics of its arc discharge, whose parameters were measured beforehand. Here the general arc model is taken as the fundamental. Recently, the time constant of the arc model has been considered to be variable, and there are two theories that describe the behavior of the parameter variation. One theory asserts that the time constant should vary as the function of the steady state arc conductance for the current at that instant, but the other asserts the function of the instantaneous arc conductance. It is necessary to discuss which assertion is true or better. It has been inspected firstly through numerical calculation and also the method for identifying the time constant from the experimental result has been discussed and developed. It is revealed that the results from both theories were of less difference for predicting the performance of an arc discharge through simulation, and they were applied in parallel afterward. In the latter part of the paper, the experimental results of three reported cases have been analyzed through the identification of their arc parameters. It is revealed that the time constant of the arc discharge may be an increasing function or a decreasing function concerning the variation of the arc conductance, depending on the types of the arc discharge. The behavior of arc discharge can be described well in concern with its cooling mechanism. It is verified that both theories can be applied to achieve the aim of the paper, and the behavior of the arc time constant has been revealed for the first time.
Today's technology for continuous renal replacement therapies (1996)

Critically ill patients are increasingly being treated with continuous haemofiltration and its derived techniques, now grouped under the term 'continuous renal replacement therapies' (CRRT). CRRT can provide adequate blood purification and correction of electrolyte derangements. They also seem to prevent further injury to the patient by maintaining a stable level of homoeostasis. Recently, it has been proposed that CRRT could be used in the treatment of neonates, of patients with heart disease and, finally, of septic patients. It has been hypothesised that continuous therapies might contribute to the removal of noxious substances in the middle molecular weight range such as cytokines or autacoids. According to these new proposals, technical developments are making available new forms of treatment, new materials and specially designed machines.
Polymyxin B-Based Hemoperfusion for the Treatment of Endotoxic Shock (2014)

This issue is a dedicated supplement published in addition to the regular issues of 'Blood Purification' focussing on one specific topic. 'Blood Purification' is a well-respected, international peer-reviewed journal in Nephrology. Supplement issues are included in the subscription.