gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimum Volume Design of a Forced-Air Cooled Three-Phase Power Factor Correction Stage for Electric Vehicle Chargers (2018)

This paper describes a volumetric design study, which evaluates switching loss, thermal management and the physical dimensions of all major passive components, including the electromagnetic interference (EMI) input filter, boost inductors and DC-link capacitors, for a three-phase low-voltage power factor correction (PFC) stage for electric vehicle chargers. The proposed design study considers three popular three-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) active front-end AC-DC topologies: the standard 2-level industry solution, the 3-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter and the 3-level T-type $(\mathrm {T}^{2}\mathrm {C})$ converter. For each topology, the pulsating switched phase-leg voltages are computed for both continuous space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and 60° discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM). Based on the switched phase-leg voltages, the impact of the modulation technique and switching frequency on switching loss, heatsink and passive components is thoroughly analyzed. For an accurate estimation of the switching loss, the switching energies of state-of-the-art silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs have been measured at corresponding operating points. Results are presented for an 11 kW, 800 V active power factor correction (PFC) application.
Spatio-temporal clustering benchmark for collective animal behavior (2021)

Various spatio-temporal clustering methods have been proposed to detect groups of jointly moving objects in space and time. However, such spatio-temporal clustering methods are rarely compared against each other to evaluate their performance in discovering moving clusters. Hence, in this work, we present a spatio-temporal clustering benchmark for the field of collective animal behavior. Our reproducible benchmark proposes synthetic datasets with ground truth and scalable implementations of spatio-temporal clustering methods. The benchmark reveals that temporal extensions of standard clustering algorithms are inherently useful for the scalable detection of moving clusters in collective animal behavior.
Aminoacylphosphonates-Novel Modified Amino Acid Derivatives (1990)

Abstract Modified amino acids and peptides are in the focus of medicinal chemistry as potential mimics of natural compounds that may act as inhibitors and modulators of natural processes. Along with many other types of analogs, considerable effort was invested into the synthesis of phospha amino acids. Presently phospha analogs for all amino acids and for many peptides are known and some of these are of considerable practical importance.
Laser Wakefield Electron Beam Characterization by Cross-Correlation in an IFEL (2009)

After the recent success of producing mono-energetic electron beams from laser-plasma interactions, efforts are now being focused on improving beam quality and further characterizing the beams produced. The laser wakefield (LWFA) process produces inherently short electron pulses with high peak current. Simulations indicate the temporal duration of these pulses is &lt; 10 fs. In order to measure the pulse duration of these electron pulses, we propose to use the inverse Free-Electron-Laser (IFEL) process in combination with a few optical cycle laser pulse as a cross-correlator for the electron beam. The IFEL process induces an increase in energy spread to the electrons which is measured by an electron energy spectrometer. By varying the delay of the laser with respect to the electrons within the IFEL, the temporal duration of the electrons can be determined in a multi-shot correlation. This paper will present an outline of the planned experiment along with a Monte Carlo simulation of the expected cross-correlation signal.
Tyrosine protonation changes in bacteriorhodopsin. A Fourier transform infrared study of BR548 and its primary photoproduct. (1988)

The structural alterations which occur in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) during dark adaptation (BR570----BR548) and the primary phototransition of the dark photocycle (BR548----KD610) have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared and UV difference spectroscopy. Possible contributions of tyrosine to the Fourier transform infrared difference spectra of these transitions were assigned by incorporating ring per-deuterated tyrosine into bR. Based on these data and UV difference measurements, we conclude that a stable tyrosinate exists in BR570 at physiological temperature and that it protonates during formation of BR548. A tyrosinate protonation has also been observed at low temperature during the primary phototransition of BR570 to the red-shifted photoproduct K630 (1). However, we now find that no tyrosine protonation change occurs during the primary phototransition of BR548 to the red-shifted intermediate KD610. Through analysis of bR containing isotopically labeled retinals, it was also determined that the chromophore of KD610 exits in a 13-trans, 15-cis configuration. On the basis of this evidence and previous studies on the structure of the chromophore in BR570, BR548, and K630, it appears that only the 13-trans,15-trans configuration of the protonated chromophore leads to a stable tyrosinate group. It is proposed that a tyrosinate residue is stabilized due to its interaction with the Schiff base positive charge in the BR570 chromophore. Isomerization of the chromophore about either the C13 = C14 or C = N bond disrupts this interaction causing a protonation of the tyrosinate.
Directive source integral equation (2012)

A directive source integral equation (DSIE) approach is proposed for the analysis of scattering from essentially convex impenetrable objects. The DSIE augments the conventional equivalent sources located on the surface with fictitious electric and magnetic currents placed inside the volume originally occupied by the scatterer. These electric and magnetic currents are designed to absorb and suppress the radiation of the on-surface equivalent sources towards the interior of the scatterer. Introduction of such artificial absorbing shields is advocated to confine the field interactions to the scatterer surface and reduce the coupling between the distant parts of the object, thus facilitating development of fast solvers. The DSIE also resolves the non-uniqueness problem of the electric and magnetic field integral equations by eliminating the internal resonances.
Observation of Two New Excited Ξb0 States Decaying to Λb0K−π+ (2022)

Two narrow resonant states are observed in the Λ_{b}^{0}K^{-}π^{+} mass spectrum using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb^{-1}. The minimal quark content of the Λ_{b}^{0}K^{-}π^{+} system indicates that these are excited Ξ_{b}^{0} baryons. The masses of the Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0} and Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0} states are m[Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0}]=6327.28_{-0.21}^{+0.23}±0.12±0.24 and m[Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0}]=6332.69_{-0.18}^{+0.17}±0.03±0.22 MeV, respectively, with a mass splitting of Δm=5.41_{-0.27}^{+0.26}±0.12 MeV, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the Λ_{b}^{0} mass measurement. The measured natural widths of these states are consistent with zero, with upper limits of Γ[Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0}]<2.20(2.56) and Γ[Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0}]<1.60(1.92) MeV at a 90% (95%) credibility level. The significance of the two-peak hypothesis is larger than nine (five) Gaussian standard deviations compared to the no-peak (one-peak) hypothesis. The masses, widths, and resonant structure of the new states are in good agreement with the expectations for a doublet of 1D Ξ_{b}^{0} resonances.
Learning Markov Chain in Unordered Dataset (2017)

The assumption that data samples are independently identically distributed is the backbone of many learning algorithms. Nevertheless, datasets often exhibit rich structure in practice, and we argue that there exist some unknown order within the data instances. In this technical report, we introduce OrderNet that can be used to extract the order of data instances in an unsupervised way. By assuming that the instances are sampled from a Markov chain, our goal is to learn the transitional operator of the underlying Markov chain, as well as the order by maximizing the generation probability under all possible data permutations. Specifically, we use neural network as a compact and soft lookup table to approximate the possibly huge, but discrete transition matrix. This strategy allows us to amortize the space complexity with a single model. Furthermore, this simple and compact representation also provides a short description to the dataset and generalizes to unseen instances as well. To ensure that the learned Markov chain is ergodic, we propose a greedy batch-wise permutation scheme that allows fast training. Empirically, we show that OrderNet is able to discover an order among data instances. We also extend the proposed OrderNet to one-shot recognition task and demonstrate favorable results.
Expression of the pfl Gene and Resulting Metabolite Flux Distribution in nuo and ackA-pta E. coli Mutant Strains (2006)

Our laboratory previously studied the interaction between nuo and the acetate-producing pathway encoded by ackA-pta in Escherichia coli. We examined metabolic patterns, particularly the ethanol and acetate production rates, of several mutant strains grown under anaerobic growth conditions. Since the pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) pathway is the major route for acetyl-CoA and formate production under anaerobic conditions, we examined the effects of nuo and ackA/pta mutations on the expression of pyruvate formate-lyase (pfl) under anaerobic conditions. The ackA-pta mutant has a pfl::lacZ expression level much higher than that of the wild-type strain, and cultures also exhibit the highest ethanol production. Real-time PCR demonstrated that the adhE gene expression in the ack-pta mutant strain was approximately 100 fold that of the same gene in the ackA-pta nuo mutant strain. This result correlates with the observed ethanol production rates in cultures of the strain. However, the lack of exact correlation between the ethanol production rates and the RT-PCR data suggests additional regulation actions at the posttranslation level. In addition, the activity of the pfl gene as indicated by mRNA levels was also considerably greater in theack-pta mutant. We can conclude that deletions of nuo and ack/pta can partially affect the expression of the genes encoding adhE and pfl under anaerobic conditions.
In Situ Assembly of Platinum(II)-Metallopeptide Nanostructures Disrupts Energy Homeostasis and Cellular Metabolism (2022)

Nanostructure-based functions are omnipresent in nature and essential for the diversity of life. Unlike small molecules, which are often inhibitors of enzymes or biomimetics with established methods of elucidation, we show that functions of nanoscale structures in cells are complex and can implicate system-level effects such as the regulation of energy and redox homeostasis. Herein, we design a platinum(II)-containing tripeptide that assembles into intracellular fibrillar nanostructures upon molecular rearrangement in the presence of endogenous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The formed nanostructures blocked metabolic functions, including aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby shutting down ATP production. As a consequence, ATP-dependent actin formation and glucose metabolite-dependent histone deacetylase activity are downregulated. We demonstrate that assembly-driven nanomaterials offer a rich avenue to achieve broad-spectrum bioactivities that could provide new opportunities in drug discovery.
SAIL: Machine Learning Guided Structural Analysis Attack on Hardware\n Obfuscation (2018)

Obfuscation is a technique for protecting hardware intellectual property (IP)\nblocks against reverse engineering, piracy, and malicious modifications.\nCurrent obfuscation efforts mainly focus on functional locking of a design to\nprevent black-box usage. They do not directly address hiding design intent\nthrough structural transformations, which is an important objective of\nobfuscation. We note that current obfuscation techniques incorporate only: (1)\nlocal, and (2) predictable changes in circuit topology. In this paper, we\npresent SAIL, a structural attack on obfuscation using machine learning (ML)\nmodels that exposes a critical vulnerability of these methods. Through this\nattack, we demonstrate that the gate-level structure of an obfuscated design\ncan be retrieved in most parts through a systematic set of steps. The proposed\nattack is applicable to all forms of logic obfuscation, and significantly more\npowerful than existing attacks, e.g., SAT-based attacks, since it does not\nrequire the availability of golden functional responses (e.g. an unlocked IC).\nEvaluation on benchmark circuits show that we can recover an average of around\n84% (up to 95%) transformations introduced by obfuscation. We also show that\nthis attack is scalable, flexible, and versatile.\n
Hydrogen-Bond-Driven Assembly of Thin Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

We report on the formation of the assembled bundle structure of thin multiwalled carbon nanotubes (t-MWNTs) modified with hydroxyl groups, which was assisted by the intertube hydrogen bonding interaction. To achieve this, the t-MWNTs were first functionalized with hydroxide (t-MWNT-OH) by reflux in hydrogen peroxide. For the comparison, the carboxyl-modified t-MWNTs (t-MWNTs-COOH) were prepared by nitric acid treatment as a control sample. After filtration of a functionalized t-MWNT solution, the flexible t-MWNT film was obtained from the t-MWNTs-OH, whereas the t-MWNTs-COOH formed a cracked film. From electron microscope images, it was found that the t-MWNTs-OH can assemble into bundle structures upon densification of the carbon nanotube suspension, while the t-MWNTs-COOH existed in an entangled state within the film. The assembly of the t-MWNTs-OH induced by the intertube hydrogen bonding was demonstrated by observation of the upshift and sharpening of the G band in the Raman spectra and enhanced hydrogen bonds in Fourier transform infrared spectra of nanotube films.
Chronic and Intermittent Hypoxia Induce Different Degrees of Myocardial Tolerance to Hypoxia-Induced Dysfunction (2002)

Chronic hypoxia (CH) is believed to induce myocardial protection, but this is in contrast with clinical evidence. Here, we test the hypothesis that repeated brief reoxygenation episodes during prolonged CH improve myocardial tolerance to hypoxia-induced dysfunction. Male 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 7-9/group) were exposed for 2 weeks to CH (F(I)O(2) = 0.10), intermittent hypoxia (IH, same as CH, but 1 hr/day exposure to room air), or normoxia (N, F(I)O(2) = 0.21). Hearts were isolated, Langendorff perfused for 30 min with hypoxic medium (Krebs-Henseleit, PO(2) = 67 mmHg), and exposed to hyperoxia (PO(2) = 670 mm Hg). CH hearts displayed higher end-diastolic pressure, lower rate x pressure product, and higher vascular resistance than IH. During hypoxic perfusion, anaerobic mechanisms recruitment was similar in CH and IH hearts, but less than in N. Thus, despite differing only for 1 hr daily exposure to room air, CH and IH induced different responses in animal homeostasis, markers of oxidative stress, and myocardial tolerance to reoxygenation. We conclude that the protection in animals exposed to CH appears conferred by the hypoxic preconditioning due to the reoxygenation rather than by hypoxia per se.
A novel approach to accelerate spectral domain approach for shielded microstrip lines using the Levin transformations and summation-by-parts (2014)

A novel approach, which uses the Levin transformations or the hybrid of the Levin transformations and summation-by-parts, is presented for the acceleration of the slowly convergent series that asymptotically behave as 1/nk and sinusoidal functions divided by nk. This approach does not need the asymptotic expansion for the Green's functions and the Bessel functions, which saves the work for finding the asymptotic expansion coefficients. This approach has been applied to the acceleration of the infinite series summation in the shielded microstrip problem solved by the spectral domain approach (SDA) for obtaining accurate solutions of the propagation constant. Effective criteria of calculating the number of terms used in direct summation before applying the Levin transformations have been developed in this application. This approach can be easily extended to handle the multilayered shielded microstrip structure.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-Containing Supports for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Combinatorial Organic Libraries (1997)

The choice of a polymeric support is a key factor for the success of solid-phase methods for syntheses of organic compounds and biomolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. Classical Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis, performed on low cross-linked hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) beads, sometimes suffers from sequence-dependent coupling difficulties. The concept of incorporating PEG into supports for solid-phase synthesis represents a successful approach to alleviating such problems. This chapter reviews the preparation of families of poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS)graft as well as (highly) Cross-Linked Ethoxylate Acrylate Resin (CLEAR) supports developed in our laboratories, and demonstrates their applications to the syntheses of a wide range of targets in connection with numerous research objectives.
Separation of Integument and Nucellar Tissues from Cotton Ovules ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) for both High- and Low-Throughput Molecular Applications (2012)

Here we present a quick and low-cost method to separate the different layers of tissue from the ovules and young seeds of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for use in high- and low-throughput molecular applications. This method is performed at room temperature using standard laboratory equipment and does not require embedding of the samples, time-consuming fixation, or micro-sectioning procedures. We show that the three main tissues can be efficiently separated from isolated ovules collected on the day of anthesis. RNA and genomic DNA extracted from tissues separated by this method are of good quality and suitable for a variety of molecular applications to study the early stages of cotton seed and fiber development.
Mesenteric ischemia following the correction of adult spinal deformity: case report (2016)

Vascular complications are an important adverse event that can be associated with spinal reconstructive surgery. Direct injury of vessels, or indirect traction or compression of vessels, can cause both arterial and venous injury. Indirect compression of the mesenteric vessels is a well-recognized complication of bracing and surgical care of children with spinal deformity (superior mesenteric artery syndrome), but the complication is not common or well recognized in the adult population with spinal deformity. The purpose of this case report is to detail the case of postoperative mesenteric ischemia in a 63-year-old man in whom a posterior approach was used to perform spinal deformity correction. Preoperatively, the patient had had significant lumbar hypolordosis. The reconstructive surgery with the use of posterior-based osteotomies resulted in a shortening of the posterior column of the spine but a relative lengthening of structures anterior to the spine. The significant lordosis achieved by the surgery led to an acute worsening of the mesenteric stenosis suffered by the patient. He required a vascular surgery intervention to restore perfusion to the bowel. Recognition of severe vasculopathy is important in anticipating potential postoperative vascular insufficiency. This case report will inform surgeons and clinicians to have a higher index of suspicion for the exacerbation of vascular insufficiency, including mesenteric pathology, in patients undergoing surgery that involves significant realignment of the spine. Preoperative recognition of vascular insufficiency and treatment of symptomatic disease may limit the occurrence of postoperative vascular complications in spinal reconstructive surgery.
The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing But the Truth (2016)

An unsound claim can misdirect a field, encouraging the pursuit of unworthy ideas and the abandonment of promising ideas. An inadequate description of a claim can make it difficult to reason about the claim, for example, to determine whether the claim is sound. Many practitioners will acknowledge the threat of unsound claims or inadequate descriptions of claims to their field. We believe that this situation is exacerbated, and even encouraged, by the lack of a systematic approach to exploring, exposing, and addressing the source of unsound claims and poor exposition. This article proposes a framework that identifies three sins of reasoning that lead to unsound claims and two sins of exposition that lead to poorly described claims and evaluations. Sins of exposition obfuscate the objective of determining whether or not a claim is sound, while sins of reasoning lead directly to unsound claims. Our framework provides practitioners with a principled way of critiquing the integrity of their own work and the work of others. We hope that this will help individuals conduct better science and encourage a cultural shift in our research community to identify and promulgate sound claims.
A 160 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm A}$</tex></formula> Biopotential Acquisition IC With Fully Integrated IA and Motion Artifact Suppression (2012)

This paper proposes a 3-channel biopotential monitoring ASIC with simultaneous electrode-tissue impedance measurements which allows real-time estimation of motion artifacts on each channel using an an external μC. The ASIC features a high performance instrumentation amplifier with fully integrated sub-Hz HPF rejecting rail-to-rail electrode-offset voltages. Each readout channel further has a programmable gain amplifier and programmable 4th order low-pass filter. Time-multiplexed 12 b SAR-ADCs are used to convert all the analog data to digital. The ASIC achieves >; 115 dB of CMRR (at 50/60 Hz), a high input impedance of >; 1 GΩ and low noise (1.3 μVrms in 100 Hz). Unlike traditional methods, the ASIC is capable of actual motion artifact suppression in the analog domain before final amplification. The complete ASIC core operates from 1.2 V with 2 V digital IOs and consumes 200 μW when all 3 channels are active.
FUNCTIONAL–MORPHOLOGIC CORRELATES IN PATIENTS WITH BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION AND MACULAR EDEMA (2011)

Retinal thickness and retinal volume are more closely associated with retinal sensitivity than with best-corrected visual acuity. Measurement of retinal sensitivity may be useful for assessing branch retinal vein occlusion patients with macular edema.