gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Dynamic Sag Testing Methods (2021)

Abstract Maintaining the integrity of the drilling-fluid column is vital for safety and operational efficiency. Stable, controlled fluid density provides a primary pressure barrier during the drilling phase. Non-aqueous fluids (NAFs) provide huge benefits for nearly all aspects of difficult drilling situations, yet still can have challenges related to weight suspension. The geometry and annular restrictions of modern well designs often demand low fluid rheology parameters to avoid excessive circulating pressures, and this unsurprisingly increases the risks of sagging weight material. Given the importance of understanding the fluid behaviors in these situations, operators and service companies have made significant efforts to develop reliable sag testing methods. Older methods of testing neglected movement and instead centered on mimicking the downhole conditions such as temperature and hydrostatic pressure. Variations of this static aging method addressed the critical angle where Boycott settling accelerates the sag. More complex, dynamic methods were devised later in time to provide greater insight on sag behaviors. Although engineers and scientists have made numerous strides to create a definitive sag test, the current tests have limited capabilities. Very few are capable of working in an offshore environment. Sag events continue to be costly and problematic to operators’ main objectives of drilling and completing their wells safely and efficiently. The authors address results from the current state of the art in sag testing and compare these to a proprietary dynamic procedure created in 2019. While the method is still in development, its capabilities have been well defined. Fluid samples are kept in constant motion at low-ranging shear rates and elevated temperatures to simulate sag-prone conditions downhole. Results indicate a high degree of correlation to the expected sag with different sizes of barite in low-ECD fluids.
Investigation of seal purge flow effects on the hub flow field in a turbine stage using particle image velocimetry (2000)

In high temperature turbines, air from disk cavities is forced through the vane-rotor seal to prevents hot gas ingress into these cavities. This purge air plays a role in the effectiveness of platform film cooling as well as interacting with the formation of the horseshoe vortex on the downstream rotor. The objective of this work is to investigate and characterize the aerodynamic signature of this interaction thus comprising a first step towards deeper understanding of the effect on platform heat transfer and the formation of the horseshoe vortex. Toward this end an investigation is performed on the first stage of the Purdue Research Turbine using Particle Image Velocimetry (PFV). The flow field is interrogated in the near hub region of the intra-stage space downstream of the first vane row. Two dimensional (radial and axial) velocity data from a measurement spaced between vane wakes are acquired. The data acquired are phase-locked to rotor position, thus characterizing the effect of the rotor potential field on the emergent seal flow behavior. Results are presented for three seal flow rates, ranging over values typical for actual gas turbine engine rotor seals.
606 SPHERE : Skeleton System for Physics and Engineering Research (2005)

This paper describes concept and implementation of a novel simulation framework for various physical simulations. The framework, which is called SPHERE, is a kind of application framework to realize the unified software structure. SPHERE allows us to write program more efficient and to use the application easy. Besides, the framework is working on several major platforms with standard libraries. Thus, this system will provide a productive environment for physical simulation code developpers.
On securely enabling intermediary-based services and performance enhancements for wireless mobile users (2003)

Intermediary-based services and performance optimizations are increasingly being considered, by network service providers, with a view towards offering value-added services and improving the user experience of wireless mobile clients at reduced costs. However, in the presence of an end-to-end security mechanism such as IPsec, it is impossible to offer such services without fully compromising end-to-end security. We propose a new architecture to enable intermediary-based services for wireless mobile users while maintaining an acceptable level of end-to-end security. As a part of our architecture, we present a new IPsec option called Encapsulating Security Variable Payload (ESVP). We identify several important issues related to the architecture and discuss methods for addressing them.
Variable Temperature ROMP: Leveraging Low Ring Strain Thermodynamics To Achieve Well-Defined Polypentenamers (2017)

Living-like conditions through ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of low ring strain monomers were achieved through temperature variation during the reaction. For a variety of solvents and readily available ruthenium-based catalysts, warm initiation to low conversions followed by immediate thermal quenching and subsequent propagation to high conversions produced polycyclopentene with molar masses close to theoretical and with moderately low dispersities (Đ ≤ 1.3 ± 0.1). Optimization using Grubbs first-generation catalyst and THF as the solvent consistently resulted in narrow dispersities (<1.2) at various molar masses targeted which increased linearly with monomer-to-catalyst ratio. In all cases, intermolecular chain transfer reactions were suppressed at colder temperatures as evidenced by low dispersity for up to 300 min at 0 °C. This approach was extended to 3-cyclopentenol to emphasize the universality of the methodology to other low ring strain monomers with functional group tolerance specific to Ru-based catalysts.
Therapeutic Immune Clearance of Rabies Virus from the CNS (2011)

The long-held concept that rabies infection is lethal in humans once the causative rabies virus has reached the CNS has been called into question by the recent survival of a number of patients with clinical rabies. Studies in animal models provide insight into why survival from a rabies virus infection that has spread to the CNS is possible and the immune mechanisms involved. In the CNS, both innate mechanisms capable of inhibiting virus replication and the activity of infiltrating rabies virus-specific T and B cells with the capacity to clear the virus are required. Deficiencies in the induction of either aspect of rabies immunity can lead to lethal consequences but may be overcome by novel approaches to active and passive immunization.
Intensity-modulated Parametric Mapping for Simultaneous Display of Rapid Dynamic and High-Spatial-Resolution Breast MR Imaging Data (2001)

Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the breast has variable specificity for differentiation of breast cancer from other enhancing conditions. Two principal strategies to improve its specificity are rapid dynamic MR imaging and high-spatial-resolution MR imaging. A method was developed of combining contemporaneously acquired dynamic and high-spatial-resolution MR imaging data into a single integrated display. Whole-breast rapid dynamic data were condensed into a color map by using pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetic results were combined with the high-spatial-resolution images with a new technique that preserves underlying morphologic details. This new method was evaluated by five radiologists for eight breast lesions, and the results were compared with those of the standard method of overlaying parametric map data. The radiologists' ratings showed a statistically significant preference for the intensity-modulated parametric map display method over the overlaid parametric display method for 10 of the 12 evaluation criteria. The new method enabled simultaneous visualization of pharmacokinetic and morphologic information, facilitated assessment of lesion extent, and improved the suppression of noise in the pharmacokinetic data. The ability to simultaneously assess both dynamic and high-spatial-resolution features may ultimately improve the specificity of breast MR imaging.
Nanoporous Templates and Membranes Formed by Nanosphere Lithography and Aluminum Anodization (2009)

Ordered nanoporous templates and membranes with controllable thickness, interpore spacing, and pore diameter are fabricated using a combination of nanosphere lithography and aluminum anodization. These nanostructured materials possess a geometry (see scanning electron microscopy image) that is well suited for a variety of technological applications including biosensors, nanoscale filters, photovoltaics, and catalytic supports. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Computer-assisted multistep chemoenzymatic retrosynthesis using a chemical synthesis planner (2023)

Chemoenzymatic synthesis methods use organic and enzyme chemistry to synthesize a desired small molecule. Complementing organic synthesis with enzyme-catalyzed selective transformations under mild conditions enables more sustainable and synthetically efficient chemical manufacturing. Here, we present a multistep retrosynthesis search algorithm to facilitate chemoenzymatic synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds, specialty chemicals, commodity chemicals, and monomers. First, we employ the synthesis planner ASKCOS to plan multistep syntheses starting from commercially available materials. Then, we identify transformations that can be catalyzed by enzymes using a small database of biocatalytic reaction rules previously curated for RetroBioCat, a computer-aided synthesis planning tool for biocatalytic cascades. Enzymatic suggestions captured by the approach include ones capable of reducing the number of synthetic steps. We successfully plan chemoenzymatic routes for active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates (<i>e.g.</i>, Sitagliptin, Rivastigmine, and Ephedrine), commodity chemicals (<i>e.g.</i>, acrylamide and glycolic acid), and specialty chemicals (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>S</i>-Metalochlor and Vanillin), in a retrospective fashion. In addition to recovering published routes, the algorithm proposes many sensible alternative pathways. Our approach provides a chemoenzymatic synthesis planning strategy by identifying synthetic transformations that could be candidates for enzyme catalysis.
Theoretical limits to sensitivity and resolution in magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (2017)

In this study, the performance of magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (MAET) is investigated quantitatively by considering interrelations between its sensitivity, resolution and conductivity contrast. An analytical solution for the forward problem of MAET is derived for two-dimensional (2D) concentric bodies by the separation of variables method. The electric potential and the acoustic pressure are separated into their angular and radial components. The series coefficients for these solutions are obtained from their respective boundary conditions. The electric potential on the boundary is related to the acoustic boundary acceleration analytically. From this relation, a sensitivity expression is derived relating fractional change in conductivity contrast to fractional change in the measured electric potential. This expression is a function of the resolution and conductivity contrast of the imaging system. It also depends on the acoustic wave number and the dimensions of the body. The pair-wise relations between these parameters are presented. The sensitivity behavior of MAET is compared with applied current electrical impedance tomography and the improvements for small inhomogeneities are presented. For eccentric bodies, a modified expression for the sensitivity is obtained by conformal mapping. For arbitrary periodic boundary excitations, the sensitivity expressions for harmonic cases are combined to obtain a unified sensitivity expression.
Properties of Steady, Viscosity-Stratified Flow to a Line Sink. (1979)

Viscosity stratification (variation of the viscosity of a fluid with depth) can significantly modify the velocity profiles observed in a fluid being selectively withdrawn from a tank or duct. A mathematical model is developed to predict velocity distribution for steady, Newtonian, slow, laminar, two-dimensional, viscosity-stratified flow to a line sink. The mathematical model was verified in experiments conducted in three flumes using sugar and carboxymethylcellulose to create density and viscosity gradients. Viscosity stratification caused the velocity profile to become skewed in the direction of lower viscosity. Criteria are presented to determine when velocity profiles are skewed. Existence of skewness depends on three dimensionless parameters: dimensionless viscosity graident (A or C); ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces (B); and dimensionless distance from sink (X). The results of the verified model are extended to (a) viscosity-stratified flow over a weir, and (b) flow of a Bingham plastic in which yield stress varies with depth. (Author)
X-linked hypomyelination with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (H-SMD) associated with mutations in AIFM1 (2017)

An X-linked condition characterized by the combination of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (H-SMD) has been observed in only four families, with linkage to Xq25-27, and recent genetic characterization in two families with a common AIFM1 mutation. In our study, 12 patients (6 families) with H-SMD were identified and underwent comprehensive assessment accompanied by whole-exome sequencing (WES). Pedigree analysis in all families was consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance. Presentation typically occurred between 12 and 36 months. In addition to the two disease-defining features of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and hypomyelination on MRI, common clinical signs and symptoms included motor deterioration, spasticity, tremor, ataxia, dysarthria, cognitive defects, pulmonary hypertension, nystagmus, and vision loss due to retinopathy. The course of the disease was slowly progressive. All patients had maternally inherited or de novo mutations in or near exon 7 of AIFM1, within a region of 70 bp, including synonymous and intronic changes. AIFM1 mutations have previously been associated with neurologic presentations as varied as intellectual disability, hearing loss, neuropathy, and striatal necrosis, while AIFM1 mutations in this small region present with a distinct phenotype implicating bone. Analysis of cell lines derived from four patients identified significant reductions in AIFM1 mRNA and protein levels in osteoblasts. We hypothesize that AIFM1 functions in bone metabolism and myelination and is responsible for the unique phenotype in this condition.
Electrochemical Phagemid Assay for the Specific Detection of Bacteria Using Escherichia coli TG-1 and the M13KO7 Phagemid in a Model System (2004)

We describe a reporter phagemid system for the specific amperometric detection of bacteria. We constructed a phagemid a bacteriophage containing a bacterial plasmid using the M13KO7 helper phage and a commercial plasmid, pFLAG-ATS-BAP, which contains a gene encoding for a reporter enzyme, alkaline phosphatase. In the bacteria, the enzyme reacts with the substrate, p-aminophenyl phosphate, in the periplamic space that separates the outer plasma membrane from the cell wall. Thus, the activity of the reporter enzyme can be measured directly in an electrochemical cell without further treatment. The product of the enzymatic activity, p-aminophenol, diffuses out and is oxidized at the working electrode with an applied potential of 220 mV vs the reference electrode Ag/AgCl. The lower detection limit was 1 cfu/mL E. coli TG1 in less than 3 h in a very specific manner. The use of plasmid alkaline phosphatase as the reporter increased the sensitivity by 10-fold over our earlier electrochemical lytic phage method. Such a system can be used for the rapid detection of any strain of bacteria using the appropriate bacteriophage and reporter gene.
Improving Transformers with Probabilistic Attention Keys (2021)

Multi-head attention is a driving force behind state-of-the-art transformers, which achieve remarkable performance across a variety of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision tasks. It has been observed that for many applications, those attention heads learn redundant embedding, and most of them can be removed without degrading the performance of the model. Inspired by this observation, we propose Transformer with a Mixture of Gaussian Keys (Transformer-MGK), a novel transformer architecture that replaces redundant heads in transformers with a mixture of keys at each head. These mixtures of keys follow a Gaussian mixture model and allow each attention head to focus on different parts of the input sequence efficiently. Compared to its conventional transformer counterpart, Transformer-MGK accelerates training and inference, has fewer parameters, and requires fewer FLOPs to compute while achieving comparable or better accuracy across tasks. Transformer-MGK can also be easily extended to use with linear attention. We empirically demonstrate the advantage of Transformer-MGK in a range of practical applications, including language modeling and tasks that involve very long sequences. On the Wikitext-103 and Long Range Arena benchmark, Transformer-MGKs with 4 heads attain comparable or better performance to the baseline transformers with 8 heads.
A comparison of conventional and capacitor commutated converters based on steady-state and dynamic considerations (2001)

The capacitor commutated HVDC converter (CCC) is evaluated using steady-state as well as transient analysis. The steady-state analysis indicates that the CCC device is superior to the conventional converter when operating into very weak AC-networks. This is also confirmed by electromagnetic transient simulation. However, transient simulation shows that the CCC's performance is poorer than its conventional counterpart when recovering from unbalanced disturbances such as single-phase faults.
The Radioprotective 105/MD-1 Complex Contributes to Diet-induced Obesity and Adipose Tissue Inflammation (172.23) (2012)

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggest that innate immunity is associated with obesity-induced chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. For example, the TLR4/MD-2 complex recognizes free fatty acids (FAAs) derived from adipose tissue and promotes adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The RP105/MD-1 complex is a homolog of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. However, the roles of RP105/MD-1 complex in adipose tissue inflammation have remained elusive. We now report that the RP105/MD-1 complex contributes to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance independent of TLR4 signaling. RP105 mRNA expression is dramatically increased by HFD in stromal vascular fraction of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in wild-type (WT) mice. In human, RP105 mRNA expression is also increased in the visceral adipose tissue of obese subjects. The RP105/MD-1 complex is expressed by most adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). HFD increases RP105/MD-1 expression on the M1 ATMs in eWAT. Increased RP105 and MD-1 mRNA expression in macrophages is induced by co-culture with 3T3L-1 adipocytes. RP105 KO and MD-1 KO mice have less HFD-induced adipose tissue inflammation, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance compared to these in WT and TLR4 KO mice. Finally, the saturated FAAs palmitic and stearic acids activate TLR4/MD-2 but not RP105/MD-1. Thus, the RP105/MD-1 complex is a major mediator of adipose tissue inflammation independent of TLR4 signaling.
High-performance deep spiking neural networks with 0.3 spikes per neuron (2023)

Communication by rare, binary spikes is a key factor for the energy efficiency of biological brains. However, it is harder to train biologically-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) than artificial neural networks (ANNs). This is puzzling given that theoretical results provide exact mapping algorithms from ANNs to SNNs with time-to-first-spike (TTFS) coding. In this paper we analyze in theory and simulation the learning dynamics of TTFS-networks and identify a specific instance of the vanishing-or-exploding gradient problem. While two choices of SNN mappings solve this problem at initialization, only the one with a constant slope of the neuron membrane potential at threshold guarantees the equivalence of the training trajectory between SNNs and ANNs with rectified linear units. We demonstrate that training deep SNN models achieves the exact same performance as that of ANNs, surpassing previous SNNs on image classification datasets such as MNIST/Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR10/CIFAR100 and PLACES365. Our SNN accomplishes high-performance classification with less than 0.3 spikes per neuron, lending itself for an energy-efficient implementation. We show that fine-tuning SNNs with our robust gradient descent algorithm enables their optimization for hardware implementations with low latency and resilience to noise and quantization.
GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodector mixers for microwave single-sideband modulation (1997)

A new optical technique for microwave single sideband modulation is reported. It uses metal-semiconductor-metal Schottky photodiodes formed in a GaAs/Al<SUB>0.3</SUB>Ga<SUB>0.7</SUB>As materials system to detect microwave in-phase and quadrature signals on optical carriers. Modulation of the photodetector bias voltages results in a single sideband modulation of the microwave signal, rf and undesired-sideband suppression of 36 dB and 27 dB, respectively, were achieved. The optical wavelength was 850 nm, and the bandwidth of the photodetectors is greater than or equal to 29 GHz.
Human speech articulator measurements using low power, 2GHz Homodyne sensors (1999)

Very low power, short-range microwave ''radar-like'' sensors can measure the motions and vibrations of internal human speech articulators as speech is produced. In these animate (and also in inanimate acoustic systems) microwave sensors can measure vibration information associated with excitation sources and other interfaces. These data, together with the corresponding acoustic data, enable the calculation of system transfer functions. This information appears to be useful for a surprisingly wide range of applications such as speech coding and recognition, speaker or object identification, speech and musical instrument synthesis, noise cancellation, and other applications.
Chapter 6. Scalar additive operators in Transeurasian languages (2013)

This article provides a survey of scalar additive operators such as Turkish bile , Japanese sae , Korean cocha ‘even’, etc. and related expressions in a sample of thirteen Transeurasian languages. The data is presented and interpreted against the background of evidence from European languages and with the question of shared grammaticalization in mind. It is shown that Transeurasian languages differ from European ones in their systems of scalar additive operators in at least two respects. First, all languages of our sample have “general additive operators”, i.e. additive operators which are used in both scalar and nonscalar contexts. Second, Transeurasian languages show patterns of distribution which differ systematically from those characteristic of European languages. The consequences of these findings for a general typology of scalar additive operators are considered.