gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constraint-based approach for automatic hinting of digital typefaces (2003)

The rasterization process of characters from digital outline fonts to bitmaps on displays must include additional information in the form of hints beside the shape of characters in order to produce high quality bitmaps. Hints describe constraints on sizes and shapes inside characters and across the font that should be preserved during rasterization. We describe a novel, fast and fully automatic method for adding those hints to characters. The method is based on identifying hinting situations inside characters. It includes gathering global font information and linking it to characters, defining a set of constraints, sorting them, and converting them to hints in any known hinting technology (PostScript, TrueType or other). Our scheme is general enough to be applied on any language and on complex scripts such as Chinese Japanese and Korean. Although still inferior to expert manual hinting, our method produces high quality bitmaps which approach this goal. The method can also be used as a solid base for further hinting refinements done manually.
A Theory of Hierarchies Based on Limited Managerial Attention (1988)

Our purpose in this paper is to investigate the economics of managerial organizations by focusing on the decision problem of management. Ours is a "team theory" analysis, that is, it ignores the problem of conflicting objectives among managers and focuses instead on the problem of coordinating the decisions of several imperfectly informed actors. However, unlike classical team theory, we concentrate on the choice by managers of what to know, as well as what to do, and we allow the possibility that bounded rationality limits the managers' ability to understand subtle messages.
36.1: Wide Field of View Compressive Light Field Display using a Multilayer Architecture and Tracked Viewers (2014)

Abstract In this paper, we discuss a simple extension to existing compressive multilayer light field displays that greatly extends their field of view and depth of field. Rather than optimizing these displays to create a moderately narrow field of view at the center of the display, we constrain optimization to create narrow view cones that are directed to the viewer's eyes, allowing the available display bandwidth to be utilized more efficiently. These narrow view cones follow the viewer, creating a wide apparent field of view. Imagery is also recalculated for the viewer's exact position, creating a greater depth of field. The view cones can be scaled to match the positional error and latency of the tracking system. Using more efficient optimization and commodity tracking hardware and software, we demonstrate a real‐time, glasses‐free 3D display that offers a 110times45 degree field of view.
Acceleration of the imine base/isocyanate (IBI)‐mediated polymerization of MMA caused by ionic liquid traces (2012)

Abstract The brutto rate of the imine base/isocyanate (IBI)‐mediated radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be significantly increased by use of ionic liquid (IL) traces. At least, catalytic amounts of IL influence both the value of the brutto polymerization rate ν Br,0 and the necessary reaction temperature of the used IBI mixture. Combinations of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline (POX) or 1‐methyl pyrazole (1MP) with isocyanates are IBI systems that usually do not initiate MMA at room temperature. By adding traces of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([Emim]FAP), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with high average molecular weight can be obtained whereas the initiator mixture (imine base/isocyanate) concentration can be decreased by a factor of 10. The polymerization kinetics of several IBI combinations in the presence of ILs has been determined and a comparison to non‐IL containing initiator mixtures is given. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the IL‐containing polymerizations was measured. The interaction of the IL with MMA and the individual IBI initiator components is studied by means of attenuated total reflection Fourier transformation middle infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT MIR). Furthermore, the IBI brutto polymerization rate constants k Br,0 were brought into relation to the IL hydrogen bond donating ability α. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Fabrication of gold clusters photoreduced in gold-dendrimer complex nanoparticles (2017)

Au clusters, embedded in a dendrimer nanoparticle, have been successfully fabricated by photoreduction of gold ion-dendrimer complex nanoparticles that were fabricated using the reprecipitation method. The electron microscope observations suggested that the Au cluster was formed in an individual gold ion-dendrimer complex after 10 min of UV irradiation. As a result, Au clusters with 1.3 ± 0.6 nm were obtained as a minimum size. In addition, the final size of Au clusters can be controlled by changing UV irradiation time through the aggregation (or fusion) of Au clusters and/or Au ions in several dendrimer molecules.
Understanding the formidable nail barrier: A review of the nail microstructure, composition and diseases (2017)

The topical treatment of nail fungal infections has been a focal point of nail research in the past few decades as it offers a much safer and focused alternative to conventional oral therapy. Although the current focus remains on exploring the ways of enhancing permeation through the formidable nail barrier, the understanding of the nail microstructure and composition is far from complete. This article reviews our current understanding of the nail microstructure, composition and diseases. A few of the parameters affecting the nail permeability and potential causes of the recurrence of fungal nail infection are also discussed.
Platelet–Vessel Wall Interactions in the Microcirculation (2005)

Platelet adhesion in the microcirculation is being reported and studied in a growing number of animal models of human disease. The adhesion molecules utilized by platelets to attach to the walls of microscopic blood vessels have been defined in most model systems, with P-selectin-PSGL-1, GPIIb/IIIa-fibrinogen-ICAM-1, and vWF-GPIba interactions serving as major adhesion pathways. The binding of platelets to adherent leukocytes appears to contribute significantly to the platelet-vessel wall interactions elicited in many models of disease. Shear forces generated by the movement of blood through the microcirculation exert an important influence on platelet adhesion. Physiologic regulation of platelet adhesion is mediated by both nitric oxide and superoxide, with the former inhibiting and the latter promoting platelet adhesion. The interactions between platelets and the walls of microscopic blood vessels appear to have important implications in the initiation and/or progression of tissue injury associated with different experimental models of human disease.
Plasmon-Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution on Au-InVO4 Hybrid Microspheres (2012)

We demonstrate plasmon-enhanced hydrogen evolution from photocatalytic water reduction using Au-InVO4 hybrid microspheres. The surface plasmons of gold nanoparticles enhance the sub-band gap excitation of InVO4 and promote charge separation on its surface through plasmon-exciton coupling, thereby significantly improving their photocatalytic efficiency.
Low-cost fiber optic sensor array for simultaneous detection of multiple parameters (2023)

A system and method for forming a low cost optical sensor array. The sensor includes an optical fiber; a first nanocomposite thin film along at least a portion of the optical fiber for interrogating a first parameter through a correlated signal having a first wavelength; and a second nanocomposite thin film along at least a portion of the optical fiber for interrogating a second parameter through a correlated signal having a second wavelength different from the wavelength of the first parameter.
What Should We Expect Students to Learn? (2009)

A rejoinder to Sobel's comment on “Are most people too dumb for physics?” We read Michael Sobel's response with much interest and appreciate his enthusiasm and commitment to physics education. Yet, we continue to find that our goals and methods differ markedly. Foremost, because we do not agree that physics is a “different category” of hard which is accessible to a select few (i.e., “a certain sort of very bright student”), we cannot agree that ordinary, nonscience students must be taught a different kind of physics. We object to the idea of two “types” of physics—one for the layperson and one for the specialist. Physics must have relevance for everyone.
Ultra-high resolution zone-doubled  diffractive X-ray optics for the multi-keV regime (2010)

X-ray microscopy based on Fresnel zone plates is a powerful technique for sub-100 nm resolution imaging of biological and inorganic materials. Here, we report on the modeling, fabrication and characterization of zone-doubled Fresnel zone plates for the multi-keV regime (4-12 keV). We demonstrate unprecedented spatial resolution by resolving 15 nm lines and spaces in scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, and focusing diffraction efficiencies of 7.5% at 6.2 keV photon energy. These developments represent a significant step towards 10 nm spatial resolution for hard X-ray energies of up to 12 keV.
Effects of virtual tube current reduction and sparse sampling on MDCT-based femoral BMD measurements (2018)

Our simulations, which still require clinical validation, indicate that reductions down to ultra-low tube currents have a significant impact on MDCT-based femoral BMD measurements. In contrast, the application of sparse-sampled MDCT seems a promising future clinical option that may enable a significant reduction of the radiation dose without considerable changes of BMD values.
Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Superior for Regeneration in the Setting of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head (2015)

aMSCs may provide a more robust cellular therapeutic than bmMSCs for treatment of osteonecrosis. Ideally, a well-designed prospective study will be able to evaluate the efficacy of these cellular therapies side-by-side in patients with bilateral early stage disease.
The transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 influences axonal projections and vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (2010)

Two adjacent groups of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, A9 (substantia nigra pars compacta) and A10 (ventral tegmental area), have distinct projections and exhibit differential vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease. Little is known about transcription factors that influence midbrain dopaminergic subgroup phenotypes or their potential role in disease. Here, we demonstrate elevated expression of the transcription factor orthodenticle homeobox 2 in A10 dopaminergic neurons of embryonic and adult mouse, primate and human midbrain. Overexpression of orthodenticle homeobox 2 using lentivirus increased levels of known A10 elevated genes, including neuropilin 1, neuropilin 2, slit2 and adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide in both MN9D cells and ventral mesencephalic cultures, whereas knockdown of endogenous orthodenticle homeobox 2 levels via short hairpin RNA reduced expression of these genes in ventral mesencephalic cultures. Lack of orthodenticle homeobox 2 in the ventral mesencephalon of orthodenticle homeobox 2 conditional knockout mice caused a reduction of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and selective loss of A10 dopaminergic projections. Orthodenticle homeobox 2 overexpression protected dopaminergic neurons in ventral mesencephalic cultures from Parkinson’s disease-relevant toxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, whereas downregulation of orthodenticle homeobox 2 using short hairpin RNA increased their susceptibility. These results show that orthodenticle homeobox 2 is important for establishing subgroup phenotypes of post-mitotic midbrain dopaminergic neurons and may alter neuronal vulnerability.
In Vitro Degradation of Insoluble Lignin in Aqueous Media by Lignin Peroxidase and Manganese Peroxidase (1998)

The abilities of lignin peroxidase (LIP) and manganese peroxidase (MNP) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade an insoluble hardwood lignin in vitro in aqueous media were tested. Neither LIP nor MNP appreciably changed the mass or lignin content, although both produced small amounts of unique solubilized lignin fragments. Treatment with both LIP and MNP, however, decreased the mass by 11%, decreased the lignin content by 5.1% (4.2% as total weight), and solubilized unique lignin-derived molecules. These results suggest that LIP and MNP synergistically degrade high molecular weight insoluble lignin, but singly, neither enzyme is sufficient to effect lignin degradation.
Vaccination of chickens with the 34 kDa carboxy-terminus of Bpmp72 reduces colonization with Brachyspira pilosicoli following experimental infection (2018)

The anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of a variety of species of mammals and birds, and may result in colitis, diarrhoea and reductions in growth rate. Naturally occurring infections in chickens are largely confined to adult laying and breeding birds. In this study, the 34 kD carboxy-terminus of the prominent outer membrane protein Bmp72 of B. pilosicoli was expressed as a histidine-tagged recombinant protein and used to immunize two groups (B and C) of 15 individually housed layer chickens. Vaccination was with either 100 μg (B) or 1 mg (C) protein emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant delivered into the pectoral muscles, followed three weeks later by 1 mg of protein in phosphate buffered saline delivered via crop tube. Two weeks later these and 15 non-vaccinated positive control birds (group A) housed in the same room were challenged via crop tube with B. pilosicoli avian strain CPS1. B. pilosicoli was detected in the faeces of all control birds and in 14 of the vaccinated birds in each vaccinated group at some point over the 30-day period following challenge. Colonization was delayed and the duration of excretion was significantly reduced (P = 0.0001) in both groups of vaccinated birds compared to the non-vaccinated control birds. Fewer immunized birds had abnormal caecal contents at post mortem examination compared to non-vaccinated birds, but the difference was not statistically significant. This study indicates that recombinant Bmp72 C-terminus has potential to be developed for use as a vaccine component to provide protection against B. pilosicoli infections. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Laying chickens were immunized with recombinant Brachyspira pilosicoli membrane protein Bpmp72. Immunized birds had a highly significant reduction in the duration of colonization. Fewer immunized than control birds had abnormal caecal contents after infection. Bpmp72 showed potential for use as a novel vaccine component for B. pilosicoli.
Inside Front Cover: Chemical Control of Local Doping in Organic Thin‐Film Transistors: From Depletion to Enhancement (Adv. Mater. 16/2008) (2008)

The image background shows an elemental map of a cross-section through an organic thin-film transistor containing a chemically reactive interfacial layer, as determined by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy. The layout of the device (shown in the foreground) allows the realization of a transistor whose threshold voltage can be shifted by up to 60 volts upon exposure to ammonia switching its mode of operation from depletion to enhancement, as reported by Egbert Zojer and co-workers on p. 3143.
Performance of high throughput WLAN signal on a seamless radio-over-fiber and 90-GHz wireless convergence system (2014)

A simple and reliable system based on analog radioover-fiber and millimeter-wave-wireless is proposed for wireless signal transmission. High-throughput WLAN signals using high-order modulation and wide bandwidth is successfully transmitted and demodulated over the proposed system.
Insulin Sensitivity in Subacute Experimental T3 Hyperthyroidism in Man (1988)

The present study was planned to evaluate the effect of 3-day T3 administration on hepatic glucose production, peripheral glucose utilisation, insulin binding and pancreatic responsitivity. Three-day administration of T3 in healthy subjects increased plasma T3 concentration at the level commonly observed in hyperthyroid patients, even though plasma T4 was not increased. This condition of subacute experimental T3-hyperthyroidism produced a significant increase in fasting glucose turnover and a decrease in insulin-binding on circulating monocytes.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Amino Acid Derivatives. Preparation and Properties of Aminoacylphosphonates and Amino Hydroxyimino Phosphonates. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Probing Protein–Protein Interactions with a Genetically Encoded Photo‐crosslinking Amino Acid (2011)

A pyrrolysyl tRNA/tRNA sythetase pair has been evolved that efficiently incorporates an aliphatic diazirine amino acid into proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells. When site-specifically introduced into the active site of Cdk5, this unnatural amino acid was able to photo-crosslink the kinase to its substrate, Pak1.
Synthesis of a New Spin Trap:  2-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-Oxide (1999)

Recently, the synthesis of a new phosphorylated nitrone, 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-oxide (DEPMPO) (2) was described. The presence of the phosphorylated group strongly stabilized the DEPMPO-superoxide spin adduct. To understand the role of the diethoxyphosphoryl group in this stabilization, a new phosphorylated nitrone, 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole 1-oxide (DEPPPO) (7), was prepared through a four-step synthetic pathway, and its ability to trap free radicals was investigated. Data obtained from spin trapping experiments of a wide variety of free radicals generated in situ showed the formation of two diastereoisomers spin adducts with different phosphorus and hydrogen coupling constants. Superoxide trapping by DEPPPO gave a persistent nitroxide spin adduct, and its half-time life was measured and compared to that of the DEPMPO analogue.
Sample manipulator employing a gas-thermal switch designed for high pressure experiments in an ultrahigh vacuum apparatus (1995)

A sample manipulator with a gas-thermal switch was designed for high pressure surface science experiments in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) apparatus. The gas-thermal switch coupled the sample mount to the cryostat using helium gas. When helium gas was present and the thermal switch was on, the cooling time constant was τ∼2.6 min. When the helium gas was evacuated, the sample mount was isolated and could be easily warmed to room temperature in ∼5 min using a small ceramic heater. The sample manipulator was built to be part of an internal high pressure chamber. The internal high pressure chamber could obtain pressures as high as 100 Torr with only small pressure excursions of ΔP≊1–2×10−10 Torr in the UHV chamber. Recovery back to UHV conditions occurred only minutes after high pressure experiments with gases or condensable materials such as H2O. This note details the rationale and mechanical design of this sample manipulator with a gas-thermal switch for high pressure experiments in an UHV apparatus.
Extended molecular design concept of molecular materials for electroluminescence: sublimed–dye films, molecularly doped polymers and polymers with chromophores (1997)

Electroluminescent (EL) devices with multilayer structures which are composed of two or three vacuum–sublimed dye films have been shown to exhibit high device performances. The working mechanism for charge–injection–type EL devices is reviewed and then the design of dye molecules used for hole transport, electron transport and emissive layers for multilayer EL devices are summarized. It is also demonstrated that the molecular design concept of dye films is applicable for the cases of polymer–dispersed dye systems. The possibility of extension of the molecular design concept to polymers with chromophores in skeletons is discussed. In addition, the importance of the adoption of multilayer structures for obtaining high EL efficiency is discussed.
ATIP LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH LESS AMYLOID-Β BURDEN IN POSTMORTEM BRAINS OF OLDER ADULTS WITH ALZHEIMER’S DEMENTIA (2022)

Abstract Angiotensin system, aging, and Alzheimer's disease are tightly linked. Of the brain angiotensin receptors, the subtype 2 receptor (AT2R) is relatively less studied. Canonically, the AT2R functions through nitric oxide release, and its activation has been linked to vasodilatation and neurite outgrowth as well as anti-inflammation. How AT2R signals is not known, however, an AT2R-binding protein (ATIP) has been recently described. Controversies exist on the link between ATIP and AT2R functions. Here, we describe the development of the first non-antibody based ultra-sensitive and specific quantitative mass spectrometry assay for ATIP. Using a technique that permits targeted analysis of multiple peptides across multiple samples in a single mass spectrometry run, known as TOMAHAQ, we have identified specific human tryptic peptides that permit quantification of ATIP abundance. We have used this method to quantify ATIP in postmortem frontal cortex samples of older adults (n= 60) with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). We correlated levels of ATIP to brain RAS receptors, and biomarkers of AD pathogenesis including oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction as well as amyloid-β, and tau burden. Our results show that ATIP expression (ANLKNPQIMYLEQELESLK sequence of ATIP) is positively correlated with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) (p = 0.009, r = 0.337). Furthermore, expression of ATIP is negatively correlated with amyloid-β load in several brain regions including hippocampus (p= 0.014, r= -0.317), entorhinal cortex (p= 0.010, r= -0.331), frontal cortex (p= 0.023, r= -0.294), and overall (p= 0.004, r= -0.365). These results highlight a potential protective role for ATIP in Alzheimer’s disease.
Triclorosilane-mediated stereoselective synthesis of β-amino esters and their conversion to highly enantiomerically enriched β-lactams (2010)

A highly stereoselective trichlorosilane-mediated reduction of N-benzyl enamines was developed; the combination of a low cost, easy to make metal-free catalyst and an inexpensive chiral auxiliary allowed to perform the reaction on substrates with different structural features often with total control of the stereoselectivity. By easy deprotection through hydrogenolysis followed by conversion of β-aminoester to 2-azetidinones, the synthesis of enantiomerically pure β-lactams (>98% e.e.) was successfully accomplished.
T-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses (2013)

Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV) - herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - infect mucosal epithelial cells, establish a lifelong latent infection of sensory neurons, and reactivate intermittingly to cause recrudescent disease. Although chronic αHHV infections co-exist with brisk T-cell responses, T-cell immune suppression is associated with worsened recurrent infection. Induction of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity is complex and results in poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood. Specific T-cells are localized to ganglia during the chronic phase of HSV infection and to several infected areas during recurrences, and persist long after viral clearance. These recent advances hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates.