gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The catalytic effects of the aminated polystyrene ligand in the oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐xylenol (1974)

Abstract 2,6‐Xylenol ( 2 ) was oxidatively polymerized using a copper complex of partially diethylaminomethylated polystyrene ( 1 ) as catalyst in a homogeneous o ‐dichlorobenzene solution. The catalytic effects of the Cu‐ 1 complex are discussed on the basis of the kinetic parameters and spectroscopic measurements. The catalytic activity of the Cu‐ 1 complex was higher in the dimerization of 2 , compared to the Cu‐triethylamine catalyst, but the Cu‐ 1 catalyzed polymerization of oligo( 2 ) proceeded slower. The smaller value of K 1 (the formation constant of the intermediate complex) and the lower molecular weight of the polymer obtained with the Cu‐ 1 catalyst system suggests that a bulky 1 ‐ligand obstructs the coordination of the substrate to the cupric ion. The higher catalytic activity of the Cu‐ 1 complex is caused by the fact that the rate constant of the electron‐transfer step ( k e ) is larger and the activation enthalpy is smaller. This is due to an acceleration of the electron transfer step by the strain in the chain of ligand 1 .
Evolution to a smooth universe in an ekpyrotic contracting phase withw>1 (2008)

A period of slow contraction with equation of state $w&gt;1$, known as an ekpyrotic phase, has been shown to flatten and smooth the universe if it begins the phase with small perturbations. In this paper, we explore how robust and powerful the ekpyrotic smoothing mechanism is by beginning with highly inhomogeneous and anisotropic initial conditions and numerically solving for the subsequent evolution of the universe. Our studies, based on a universe with gravity plus a scalar field with a negative exponential potential, show that some regions become homogeneous and isotropic while others exhibit inhomogeneous and anisotropic behavior in which the scalar field behaves like a fluid with $w=1$. We find that the ekpyrotic smoothing mechanism is robust in the sense that the ratio of the proper volume of the smooth to nonsmooth region grows exponentially fast along time slices of constant mean curvature.
Revisiting the Promethean Dream: The Role of Activation‐induced Cytidine Deaminase in the Induction to Pluripotency (2015)

Upon encountering antigens in the germinal centers of peripheral lymphoid organs, mature B‐lymphocytes undergo class switch recombination (CSR). CSR alters B cell expression between different immunoglobulin types. This mechanism requires activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). However, recent speculation into AID activity has led to the conclusion that AID can function as an indirect demethylase. The aim of the experiment is the elucidation of AID's molecular mechanism during the development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We hypothesize that when a cocktail of 4 transcription factors Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc are introduced into fully differentiated cells using a retroviral vector, the cell undergoes a reprogramming process that promotes its conversion to an iPSC. AID is thought to mediate this conversion. Using recombinant mice for AID mutations and chemically transfecting the retroviral cassette with Polybrene, AID expression was tested via Flow Cytometry and Western Blotting. Results with an LSRFortessa X‐20 Cell Analyzer and Zeiss Confocal lens microscope at 150x. The results indicated that upon infection with OKSM factors only AIDpositive cells began reprogramming showing certain early pluripotent factors and a down‐regulation of CSR while AID knockout cells failed to maintain the pluripotent state for an extended period of time.
Epoxyalcohols: Bioactivation and Conjugation Required for Skin Sensitization (2014)

Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol 1, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for 2, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential.
4T-decay sensors (2004)

We present a novel temperature/leakage sensor, developed for high-speed, low-power, monitoring of processors and complex VLSI chips. The innovative idea is the use of 4T SRAM cells to measure on-chip temperature and leakage.Using the dependence of leakage currents to temperature, we measure varying decay (discharge) times of the 4T cell at different temperatures. Thus, decaying 4T sensors provide a digital pulse whose frequency depends on temperature. Because of the sensors' very small size, we can easily embed them in many structures thus obtaining both redundancy and a fine-grain thermal picture of the chip. A significant advantage of our sensor design is that it is insensitive to process variations at high temperatures. It is also relatively robust to noise. We propose mechanisms to measure temperature that exploit the sensor's small size and speed to increase measurement reliability. Decaying 4T sensors also provide a measurement of the level of leakage at their sensing area, allowing us to adjust leakage-control policies. Our 4T sensors are significantly smaller, faster, more reliable, and power efficient compared to the best previously proposed designs enabling new approaches to architectural-level thermal and leakage management.
Pyruvate suppresses PGC1α expression and substrate utilization despite increased respiratory chain content in C2C12 myotubes (2010)

Sodium pyruvate can increase mitochondrial biogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC1alpha)-independent manner. The present study examined the effect of 72-h treatment with sodium pyruvate (5-50 mM) or sodium chloride (50 mM) as an osmotic control on the regulation of mitochondrial substrate metabolism and biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. Pyruvate (50 mM) increased the levels of fatty acid oxidation enzymes (CD36, 61%, and beta-oxidative enzyme 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 54%) and the expression of cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I (220%) and cytochrome c (228%), consistent with its previous described role as a promoter of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, in contrast, pyruvate treatment reduced glucose transporter 4 (42%), phosphofructokinase (57%), and PGC1alpha (72%) protein content as well as PGC1alpha (48%) and PGC1beta (122%) mRNA. The decrease in PGC1alpha was compensated for by an increase in the PGC1alpha-related coactivator (PRC; 187%). Pyruvate treatment reduced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (41% and 31%, respectively) and palmitate uptake and oxidation (24% and 31%, respectively). The addition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase activator dichloroacetate (DCA) and the TCA precursor glutamine increased PGC1alpha expression (368%) and returned PRC expression to basal. Glucose uptake increased by 4.2-fold with DCA and glutamine and palmitate uptake increased by 18%. Coupled to this adaptation was an 80% increase in oxygen consumption. The data suggest that supraphysiological doses of pyruvate decrease mitochondrial function despite limited biogenesis and that anaplerotic agents can reverse this effect.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye (2005)

Diseases of the posterior segment of the eye account for most cases of irreversible blindness worldwide. Drug delivery to this closed compartment remains a challenge because of the internal and external blood retinal barriers that selectively control drug penetration into the retina. Direct intraocular (intravitreal) delivery is currently used to achieve high drug concentration in the vitreous and the retina but is usually associated with several side effects. Alternatively topical, periocular, and systemic routes of administration can be used but are associated with low bioavailability and specific side effects. Therefore, intraocular sustained drug delivery systems are being designed to overcome these limitations. Polymeric nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic compounds are under investigation to provide new tools of administration to the eye. The first part of this paper will briefly review the barriers to ocular delivery of drugs and the advantages of using polymeric nanoparticle carriers as drug delivery systems. In the second part, the results in terms of preparation and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with nucleic acids, the study of the transretinal pathway of intravitreally injected nanoparticles and the assessment of their ability to efficiently deliver plasmids and oligonucleotides will be discussed.
Domestic exposure to formaldehyde significantly increases the risk of asthma in young children (2002)

Concern has arisen in recent years about indoor air pollution as a risk factor for asthma. Formaldehyde exposure was examined in relation to asthma among young children (between 6 months and 3 yrs old) in a population-based control study carried out in Perth, Western Australia, between 1997-1999. An association between exposure to formaldehyde and asthma in young children has been suggested. Cases (n=88), whose parents were recruited at Princess Margaret Hospital Accident and Emergency Dept (Perth, Western Australia), were children discharged with asthma as the primary diagnosis. Controls (n=104), who were children in the same age group without asthma diagnosed by a doctor, were identified from birth records through the Health Dept of Western Australia (Perth, Western Australia). Health outcomes for the children were studied using a respiratory questionnaire and skin-prick tests. Formaldehyde, average temperature and relative humidity were measured on two occasions, winter (July-September 1998) and summer (December 1998-March 1999) in the child's bedroom and in the living room. The study found seasonal differences in formaldehyde levels in the children's bedrooms and living rooms with significantly greater formaldehyde exposure during the summer period for case and control subjects. The generalised estimating equation model showed that children exposed to formaldehyde levels of > or = 60 microg x m(-3) are at increased risk of having asthma. The results suggest that domestic exposure to formaldehyde increases the risk of childhood asthma.
Haplotype analysis in the presence of informatively missing genotype data (2006)

It is common to have missing genotypes in practical genetic studies, but the exact underlying missing data mechanism is generally unknown to the investigators. Although some statistical methods can handle missing data, they usually assume that genotypes are missing at random, that is, at a given marker, different genotypes and different alleles are missing with the same probability. These include those methods on haplotype frequency estimation and haplotype association analysis. However, it is likely that this simple assumption does not hold in practice, yet few studies to date have examined the magnitude of the effects when this simplifying assumption is violated. In this study, we demonstrate that the violation of this assumption may lead to serious bias in haplotype frequency estimates, and haplotype association analysis based on this assumption can induce both false-positive and false-negative evidence of association. To address this limitation in the current methods, we propose a general missing data model to characterize missing data patterns across a set of two or more markers simultaneously. We prove that haplotype frequencies and missing data probabilities are identifiable if and only if there is linkage disequilibrium between these markers under our general missing data model. Simulation studies on the analysis of haplotypes consisting of two single nucleotide polymorphisms illustrate that our proposed model can reduce the bias both for haplotype frequency estimates and association analysis due to incorrect assumption on the missing data mechanism. Finally, we illustrate the utilities of our method through its application to a real data set.
Challenges in continuum modeling of intergranular fracture (2006)

Intergranular fracture in polycrystals is often simulated by finite elements coupled to a cohesive-zone model for the interfaces, requiring cohesive laws for grain boundaries as a function of their geometry. We discuss three challenges in understanding intergranular fracture in polycrystals. First, 3D grain boundary geometries comprise a five dimensional space. Second, the energy and peak stress of grain boundaries have singularities for all commensurate grain boundaries, especially those with short repeat distances. Thirdly, fracture nucleation and growth depends not only upon the properties of grain boundaries, but in crucial ways on edges, corners, and triple junctions of even greater geometrical complexity. To address the first two challenges, we explore the physical underpinnings for creating functional forms to capture the heirarchical commensurability structure in the grain boundary properties. To address the last challenge, we demonstrate a method for atomistically extracting the fracture properties of geometrically complex local regions on the fly from within a finite element simulation.
Sentinel-Like UUV Design Concepts for Coastal Defense (2008)

A Homeland defense approach using two 'Sentry-like' novel submersible vehicle configurations each carrying ‘semi-submerged’ mounted lightweight innovative underwater weapons has been conceived. These underwater protective vehicles are to lay in distributed arrangements along littoral sea beds and remain stationary and in ‘on-guard’ readiness while awaiting possible sea based enemy attacks against the coastal and portal regions of the USA. These ‘defender’ vehicles will be designed of composite structures with powered jet skis having steering thrusters that will be used to drive these vehicles to the sea surface for high-speed operation. A swarm of these sea skimmers can then be directed to dive and launch their mini-torpedoes (each of which is equipped with a unique warhead) against threatening sea craft. In this manner, defeat of approaching enemy attack vessels launched against our homeland ports and shores can be assured.
UROLITHIASIS, ENDOUROLOGY AND LAPAROSCOPY (2002)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUROLOGICAL SURVEY: Abstracts1 Feb 2002UROLITHIASIS, ENDOUROLOGY AND LAPAROSCOPY Ralph V. ClaymanM.D. Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)69145-6AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail References 1 : Ureteropelvic junction obstruction with a simultaneous renal calculus: long-term followup. J Urol1995; 153: 1399. Link, Google Scholar 2 : Ureteropelvic junction obstruction with concurrent renal pelvic calculi in the pediatric patient: a long-term followup. J Urol part 21996; 156: 741. Link, Google Scholar 3 : Metabolic risk factors in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and renal calculi. J Urol2000; 163: 1676. Link, Google Scholar 1 : Emergency treatment of ureteral colic with nifedipine. Minerva Urol Nefrol1991; 43: 287. Medline, Google Scholar 2 : Nifedipine and methylprednisolone in facilitating ureteral stone passage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Urol1994; 152: 1095. Link, Google Scholar 3 : Optimal therapy for the distal ureteral stone: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus ureteroscopy. J Urol1994; 152: 62. Link, Google Scholar 4 : Ureteral stricture formation after removal of impacted calculi. J Urol1998; 159: 723. Link, Google Scholar 1 : Is stenting following ureteroscopy for removal of distal ureteral calculi necessary?. J Urol1999; 161: 48. Link, Google Scholar 1 : Prospective randomized trial of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrostolithotomy for lower pole nephrolithiasis: initial long-term follow-up. J Endourol1997; 11: S95. Google Scholar 2 : Lower-pole caliceal stone clearance after shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and flexible ureteroscopy: impact of radiographic spatial anatomy. J Endourol1998; 12: 113. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar © 2002 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 167Issue 2 Part 1February 2002Page: 794-802 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2002 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Antibody-Based Approaches to Target Pancreatic Tumours (2022)

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis. This is due to the difficulty to detect the disease at an early and curable stage. In addition, only limited treatment options are available, and they are confronted by mechanisms of resistance. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) molecules are highly specific biologics that can be directly used as a blocking agent or modified to deliver a drug payload depending on the desired outcome. They are widely used to target extracellular proteins, but they can also be employed to inhibit intracellular proteins, such as oncoproteins. While mAbs are a class of therapeutics that have been successfully employed to treat many cancers, they have shown only limited efficacy in pancreatic cancer as a monotherapy so far. In this review, we will discuss the challenges, opportunities and hopes to use mAbs for pancreatic cancer treatment, diagnostics and imagery.
Modelling electron kinetics in non-uniform electric fields (1993)

Summarizes various numerical descriptions of charged particle kinetics which are self-consistent with the electric field, and in situations where both space and time variations of the field must be considered. A brief review of two self-consistent kinetic methods is presented, along with a discussion of their respective strengths and weaknesses. A 'hybrid' model is then described which utilizes elements of non-kinetic plasma models (fluid or continuum models) to reduce the computational load while retaining much of the physics of the fully self-consistent kinetic methods.
Molecular responses of rat tracheal epithelial cells to transmembrane pressure (2000)

Smooth muscle constriction in asthma causes the airway to buckle into a rosette pattern, folding the epithelium into deep crevasses. The epithelial cells in these folds are pushed up against each other and thereby experience compressive stresses. To study the epithelial cell response to compressive stress, we subjected primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells to constant elevated pressures on their apical surface (i.e., a transmembrane pressure) and examined changes in the expression of genes that are important for extracellular matrix production and maintenance of smooth muscle activation. Northern blot analysis of RNA extracted from cells subjected to transmembrane pressure showed induction of early growth response-1 (Egr-1), endothelin-1, and transforming growth factor-beta1 in a pressure-dependent and time-dependent manner. Increases in Egr-1 protein were detected by immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate that airway epithelial cells respond rapidly to compressive stresses. Potential transduction mechanisms of transmembrane pressure were also investigated.
Optimization of self-nanoemulsifying systems for the enhancement ofin vivohypoglycemic efficacy of glimepiride transdermal patches (2014)

Optimized GMD SNEDs patches were found to improve GMD skin permeability and the essential pharmacokinetic parameters. Further extensive pre/clinical studies are necessary prior to use transdermal GMD as a valuable alternative to peroral dosage forms with improved bioavailability, longer duration of action and more patient convenience.
New anode materials for photoelectrolysis (1983)

The design strategy for a successful oxide anode for use in photoelectrolysis cells is reviewed. Conduction bands based on Ti4+ and Nb5+ can be made to possess sufficiently small electron affinities to allow the cell to operate without external bias. For example, data on SrTi0.75Zr0.25O3 are presented to show that the Ti4+ conduction band can be fine-tuned to the required electron affinity using Zr4+ as dopant. The Zr4+ dopant also enhances remarkably oxygen evolution in the dark, and a mechanism for this observation is advanced. In order to reduce the bandgap in oxide titanates, incorporation of a second metal-ion sublattice appears to be essential. Three types of substituent cation that can, in principle, give rise to a valence band at the right energy are discussed: (i) transition metals giving rise to ndm bands, (ii) lanthanides giving rise to 4fm bands and (iii) reduced B-metals giving rise to ns2 bands. Optical absorption studies of MnTiO3 and NaCeTi2O6 indicate that the bulk Mn2+ 3d5 and Ce3+ 4f1 levels are at about the right energy, but holes photogenerated in these levels become trapped in surface–polaron sites, as they only oxidise water slowly. Analysis of the transient photocurrents for MnTiO3 shows that holes arrive at the surface in both the O2–:2p6 band and the Mn2+:3d5 levels and the former oxidise water rapidly.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of LTCC 60-GHz patch antenna by using AMC structure (2019)

This study presents 60-GHz patch antennas backed by artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) arrays for bandwidth and gain enhancement. Low-temperature cofired ceramic technology was adopted for antenna fabrication. Three patch antennas implemented with different AMC configurations were simulated and compared. The patch-shaped AMC was selected for final antenna fabrication because of its superior performance. The proposed antenna provided a measured impedance bandwidth of 50.2 − 68 GHz or an equivalent fractional bandwidth of 30.3%. The measured maximum gain was 7.8 dBi at 63 GHz.