gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malware characterization through alert pattern discovery (2009)

We present a novel alert correlation approach based on the factor analysis statistical technique for malware characterization. Our approach involves mechanically computing a set of abstract quantities, called factors, for expressing the intrusion detection system (IDS) alerts pertaining to malware instances. These factors correspond to patterns of alerts, and can be used to succinctly characterize malware. Unlike most existing alert correlation approaches for multistep attacks, our approach does not require predefined attack models for characterizing complex multistep attacks, and discovers potentially unknown relationships among alert types. Moreover, it requires relatively little alert information. As such, this approach is suitable for analysis pertaining to large-scale, privacy-preserving alert repositories. Initial experimental results indicate that our approach is useful in facilitating automated IDS alert pattern discovery, and in characterizing malware that manifests as multiple attack steps. Also, it may be used in identifying redundant signatures, enabling IDS performance tuning. Specifically, we examined the Snort rule identifiers (SIDs) of the alerts generated by the BotHunter tool, developed in the Cyber-Threat Analytics project, considering which SIDs co-occur pertaining to the same identified bot instance. Our exploratory analysis indicates that IDS alerts corresponding to bots can be expressed in terms of a small number of factors. Also, some bot families have distinguishing factor patterns. 1
<title>Display of medical images on CRT soft-copy displays: a tutorial</title> (1995)

Medical images are increasingly being presented on soft-copy displays such as CRTs but without, in our opinion, consistent visualization of the medical image data. Reaction to earlier calls for implementing a display standard for medical images has been slow. This has prompted us to write a tutorial which we hope will accelerate the acceptance of standardized image presentation on soft-copy displays in electronic radiology. The types of medical images and their visualization (luminance tone scale and dynamic range) are discussed. The impact of ambient lighting on the observed tone scale is also analyzed. Since the human observer is the detector of medical images, we review the critical parameters that characterize the human visual system, HVS [H. Blume, S. Daly, and E. Muka, 'Presentation of Medical Images on CRT Displays -- A Renewed Proposal for a Display Function Standard,' Proc. SPIE Vol. 1897 Image Capture, Formatting, and Display, pp. 215 - 231, (1993)]. We provide additional information regarding the proposed mathematical representation of the HVS `display function' and threshold contrast modulation and show how they are related. We discuss the differences between the desired visualization of a set of medical data versus the display function of a soft-copy display such as a CRT. To facilitate the objective that images can be consistently rendered, we repeat our call for a standardized display function for soft- copy displays and believe that is should be based on the HVS. We discuss which medical image data should be perceptually linearized throughout the medical data dynamic range. These points are demonstrated using typical CT images and digitized projection radiographs presented with different gray scales.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Ring Contraction of Benzeneselenenate Adducts of Glycal Ethers. Synthesis of Showdomycin Analogues. (1988)

Abstract The D‐glucal (I) reacts with benzeneselenenyl chloride (II) to give the adduct (III).
0342 Use of a Diffused Fragrance Before Bed May Contribute to Improved Objective and Perceived Sleep (2022)

Abstract Introduction This study examined if a diffused fragrance used at home before bedtime would contribute to sleep improvement in a sample of healthy females. Existing evidence regarding the sleep-promoting properties of fragrances often has been anecdotal or based on clinical research, thereby limiting the generalizability and ecological validity of results. Methods 26 women with self-reported interest in air care to support healthy sleep participated in a 9-week field study. A within-subjects, counterbalanced intervention design was implemented, comparing 3 weeks of nightly product use to 3 weeks without using the product after a baseline period. Intervention consisted of the use of a fragrance diffuser and fragrance by Reckitt’s Scientific Platform Fragrance Research for at least an hour at the participants’ preferred settings in the room where they spent the most time before going to bed. Sleep was measured objectively with SleepScore Max every night. Self-report data were collected at bedtime, in the morning, and after each measurement period. Multilevel regression and paired t-tests were used to test for statistical significance. Results Across all participants there were 835 nights of tracked sleep. Participants (100% female, age 21 to 55, average 36 years old) showed improvement in both objective and perceived sleep during the intervention. Participants got more deep sleep, spent a greater proportion of the night in deep sleep, and had an improved BodyScore, a measure of deep sleep (ps&amp;lt;.05). Additional objective improvements were related to sleep consistency: fewer awakenings during the night, less time awake during the night, and better sleep maintenance (ps&amp;lt;.05). Self-report results complemented the objective findings. Participants felt sleepier at bedtime, felt they woke up less often and spent less time awake after initially falling asleep, reported better sleep quality, and experienced better mood both at bedtime and in the morning (ps&amp;lt;.05). No significant negative impacts were seen on sleep in the objective and self-report measures. Conclusion Using the fragrance diffuser before bed may contribute to improvement of many aspects of sleep within this study population of females without underlying sleep conditions. Objectively improved sleep outcomes were supported by self-report, showing multifaceted benefits of the diffused fragrance on sleep. Support (If Any) Reckitt
Clinico-tremorgraphic features of neuroleptic-induced tremor (1998)

Instrumental tremorgrams have been used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of various movement disorders, including tardive akathisia. The aim of the present work was to evaluate their place in the diagnosis of neuroleptic-induced tremor and to determine whether they can help to differentiate this disorder from other neuroleptic-induced movement disorders and from other types of tremor. Fourteen psychiatric patients treated with various neuroleptic medications were diagnosed as having neuroleptic-induced tremor on the basis of clinical criteria. They underwent accelerometric recordings following diagnosis. All patients demonstrated upper-limb tremor; four also had involvement of the lower limbs, jaw or tongue. Most demonstrated both resting and postural tremor, the latter being the more prominent. The tremor was mainly rhythmic, regular and sinusoidal. It did not significantly interfere with activities of daily living in the majority of patients, but four did exhibit some degree of impairment. Repeated accelerometric recordings showed constant and regular waveforms and frequencies (between 4 and 7 Hz) in each patient. We conclude that the presence of repeated constant waveforms and frequencies on accelerometric tracings may serve as confirmation of the diagnosis of neuroleptic-induced tremor. In light of the findings of this and other studies, we suggest that tremorgrams may be helpful in differentiating neuroleptic-induced tremor from other neuroleptic-induced movement disorders (e.g., tardive dyskinesia and tardive akathisia) and from psychogenic tremor. Although these techniques may also assist in the differentiation of neuroleptic-induced tremor from some tremor disorders (e.g., asterixis or ataxic tremor), their overall potential to distinguish it from other types of organic tremor is more limited.
Development of New Photovoltaic Conjugated Polymers Based on Di(1-benzothieno)[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole: Benzene Ring Extension Strategy for Improving Open-Circuit Voltage (2015)

We have synthesized a series of novel di(1-benzothieno)[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DBTP)-based conjugated polymers for organic photovoltaic devices. We first introduced DBTP moiety as an electron donating part in the conjugated polymer system to improve the open-circuit voltage (Voc) in photovoltaic properties. The DBTP backbone has a fused ring structure with extended benzene rings at the end of the 4H-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole (DTP) moiety. The synthesized DBTP-based polymers effectively enhanced Voc compared to DTP-based polymers by decreasing the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of polymers without damaging other photovoltaic parameters. The alternation of DBTP and 3,6-dithien-2-yl-2,5-dialkylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DTDPP) formed a promising donor polymer, PDBTP4, exhibiting an excellent molar absorption coefficient of 17 600 L cm–1 mol–1 at the absorption maximum of 719 nm and a broad absorption covering 550–850 nm. PDBTP4:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) devices exhibited more than twice improved PCE of 6.80% with 0.28 V higher Voc than DTP–DTDPP polymer:PC71BM devices at the similar fabrication process. The benzene ring extension strategy is successfully working on the polymers containing strong electron donating DTP moiety. We believe that this approach can be used in other polymer systems showing a poor Voc value.
Entangled Photon Pair Generation from an AlGaAs-on-Insulator Microring Resonator (2021)

Time-energy entangled-photon pair generation is shown from a Q &gt; 1 million AlGaAs-on-insulator microring resonator with an internal generation rate greater than 20 × 10 9 pairs sec − 1 mW − 2 , heralded single photon purity &gt; 99%, and a visibility &gt; 97%.
A numerical and analytical method for "designing" spatially reinforced composites (2020)

The design of materials with various methods of reinforcement and the formation of a specific set of effective properties is considered as an example. A relation between the properties of the composite matrix and fibers on the one hand and the effective properties of composites on the other hand is proposed. The geometric distribution of fibers in the matrix is determined by the reinforcement parameters. Reinforcement parameters are analytically described. The boundaries for the predicted anisotropy of properties are illustrated by the example of index surfaces of Young's modulus. A rather complicated problem of designing such materials in terms of the technological process is not posed.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (2012)

We present the case of a 67-year-old man with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) affecting the brachial plexus. He presented with progressive right upper extremity paresthesias, numbness, weakness, and severe pain. Nerve conduction studies/electromyography demonstrated a right lower and middle trunk predominant brachial plexopathy. Three-tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the brachial plexus showed a soft tissue mass with central necrosis and cystic changes and irregular contrast enhancement. Positron emission tomography showed increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake within the mass. Targeted fascicular nerve biopsy revealed hypercellular tumor, featuring atypical cells with mitotic figures and limited immunoreactivity for S-100 protein. The findings were those of an MPNST. The effects on the variably involved fascicles were also seen in teased fiber preparations, paraffin sections, and through immunohistochemistry. This case illustrates the presentation of this rare type of tumor, and characteristic neuroimaging and pathologic features of MPNSTs.
Influence of boundary conditions on the behavior of cellular neural network (1993)

Keywords: neurone ; Non-Linear Modelling ; Neural Network Reference LANOS-CONF-1993-001View record in Web of Science Record created on 2004-12-03, modified on 2016-08-08
A New Vector 2D Photolithography Simulation Tool (1992)

A new vector optical lithography simulator, METROPOLE, is presented. Rigorous simulations run quickly on a workstation for complex 20 regular and phase shifting masks, substrate bleaching, optical metrology and alignment problems. An analysis of a novel phase shifting techniques is undertaken to highlight the usefulness of the program.
Quality Control of Fluorescence Imaging Systems (2017)

Abstract We have developed a new tool for the assessment and monitoring of most of the performances of fluorescence microscopes. We believe it can advantageously be integrated in the quality control process of core facilities where a certain level of performance for the end users must be assured.
[Research on the threshold of Chl-a in Lake Taihu based on microcystins]. (2014)

Water samples were collected in Lake Taihu from June to October in 2013 in order to investigate the threshold of chlorophyll a (Chl-a). The concentrations of three microcystins isomers (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) were detected by means of solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The correlations between various MCs and eutrophication factors, for instance of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a, permanganate index etc were analyzed. The threshold of Chl-a was studied based on the relationships between MC-LR, MCs and Chl-a. The results showed that Lake Taihu was severely polluted by MCs and its spatial distribution could be described as follows: the concentration in Meiliang Bay was the highest, followed by Gonghu Bay and Western Lake, and Lake Center; the least polluted areas were in Lake Xuhu and Southern Lake. The concentration of MC-LR was the highest among the 3 MCs. The correlation analysis indicated that MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR and MCs had very positive correlation with permanganate index, TN, TP and Chl-a (P < 0.01). The threshold value of Chl-a was 12.26 mg x m(-3) according to the standard thresholds of MC-LR and MCs in drinking water. The threshold value of Chl-a in Lake Taihu was very close to the standard in the State of North Carolina, which demonstrated that the threshold value provided in this study was reasonable.
Element specific magnetic microscopy with x rays (invited) (abstract) (1994)

We have used the magnetic circular x-ray dichroism (MCXD) technique to image magnetic domains with a spatial resolution of 1 μm. The experiments employed circularly polarized soft x rays near the edges of the three-dimensional (3d) transition metals Co (≂780 eV) and Ni (≂850 eV) and a photoemission microscope based on an electrostatically imaging lens system. Element specific contrast is obtained by tuning to a specific L edge resonance (‘‘white line’’) and imaging the number of secondary electrons created locally near the surface of the sample. The magnetic contrast arises from the fact that the white line intensity depends on the relative orientation of the photon spin and the local magnetization direction. The obtained contrast is remarkably large (≂20%) such that images can be recorded without background subtraction. Images taken at the L3 and L2 resonance energies give reversed contrast, as expected. Because of the long x-ray and secondary electron mean free paths, images can be recorded for buried magnetic layers which makes this new technique especially valuable for technological applications.
Structural Diversification of Hapalindole and Fischerindole Natural Products via Cascade Biocatalysis (2021)

Hapalindoles and related compounds (ambiguines, fischerindoles, welwitindolinones) are a diverse class of indole alkaloid natural products. They are typically isolated from the Stigonemataceae order of cyanobacteria and possess a broad scope of biological activities. Recently the biosynthetic pathway for assembly of these metabolites has been elucidated. In order to generate the core ring system, <i>L</i>-tryptophan is converted into the <i>cis</i>-indole isonitrile subunit before being prenylated with geranyl pyrophosphate at the C-3 position. A class of cyclases (Stig) catalyzes a three-step process including a Cope rearrangement, 6-<i>exo</i>-<i>trig</i> cyclization and electrophilic aromatic substitution to create a polycyclic core. Formation of the initial alkaloid is followed by diverse late-stage tailoring reactions mediated by additional biosynthetic enzymes to give rise to the wide array of structural variations observed in this compound class. Herein, we demonstrate the versatility and utility of the Fam prenyltransferase and Stig cyclases toward core structural diversification of this family of indole alkaloids. Through synthesis of <i>cis</i>-indole isonitrile subunit derivatives, and aided by protein engineering and computational analysis, we have employed cascade biocatalysis to generate a range of derivatives, and gained insights into the basis for substrate flexibility in this system.
New Insights into Xantphos/Pd-Catalyzed C−N Bond Forming Reactions:  A Structural and Kinetic Study (2005)

Both (Xantphos)Pd(dba) and Pd(Xantphos)2 were identified in mixtures of Pd2(dba)3 and Xantphos by use of 31P NMR and independent syntheses. At high ligand concentrations, Pd(Xantphos)2 was found to be the predominant species. Reaction calorimetry was employed to determine whether the formation of Pd(Xantphos)2 affects the rate at which the Pd-catalyzed C−N bond formation occurs between 4-tert-butylbromobenzene and morpholine. Indeed, the concentration of Xantphos dramatically influences the activity of the catalyst, with high concentrations of Xantphos inhibiting the reaction rate due to the formation of Pd(Xantphos)2. Two plausible hypotheses for the low activity of Pd(Xantphos)2 as a precatalyst are (1) a slow rate of Xantphos dissociation from Pd(Xantphos)2 inhibits the formation of an active (Xantphos)Pd0 species and (2) the high degree of insolubility of Pd(Xantphos)2 results in the precipitation of a significant fraction of the precatalyst from the reaction mixture. Although the equilibrium constant for ligand dissociation could not be determined by either magnetization transfer or variable-temperature experiments due to its slow rate, the more soluble Pd(4,7-di-tert-butylXantphos)2 complex demonstrated different activity relative to Pd(Xantphos)2. A comprehensive study of these two complexes indicates that the lower activity of the bis-ligated Pd species is a result of a combination of aforementioned processes, i.e., the slow rate of ligand dissociation and the insolubility of Pd(Xantphos)2, with the rate of ligand dissociation serving as the primary turnover-limiting factor.
A market-based approach to software evolution (2009)

Software correctness has bedeviled the field of computer science since its inception. Software complexity has increased far more quickly than our ability to control it, reaching sizes that are many orders of magnitude beyond the reach of formal or automated verification techniques.
Utilization of polymer viscoelastic properties in acoustic wave sensor applications (1990)

Acoustic wave responses arising from changing viscoelastic properties of polymer film overlays are investigated when induced by a photo-cross-linking reaction and vapor absorption. When a polymer film is present on the surface of an acoustic wave device, changes in the viscoelastic properties of the film induce changes in wave propagation velocity and attenuation, providing two sensor responses. Film changes which occur during polymer cross-linking allow photopolymerization to be monitored in real time using acoustic devices. A photoaction spectrum of photoresist reveals the cross-linking wavelength with maximum quantum yield. Changes in the viscoelastic properties of a polysiloxane film induced by vapor absorption are found to be unique for each of several species, making differentiation of species with a single film possible. A Maxwell model for polymer viscoelasticity, in combination with mass loading effects, provides a sound theoretical basis for explaining observed results for both polysiloxane and polybutadiene/polystyrene copolymer films.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Evaluation of the Proppant-Pack Permeability in Fiber-Assisted Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments for Low-Permeability Formations (2006)

To achieve maximum production, tight-gas formations require long fractures with contained height growth. This can be achieved by using low viscosity fracturing fluids. Decrease in fluid viscosity typically leads to an increase of proppant settling rate which results in non-uniform proppant placement and reduced effective fracture conductivity. Low-density proppants can offset this effect in low-viscosity fluid, but due to their low strength can be applied only at low closure stresses and relatively low temperatures.A new fluid system was developed especially for fracturing low-permeability formations (less than 0.01 mD). This system allows for high-strength high-density ceramic proppant to be used with reduced polymer loading and significantly decreased proppant settling rates. All these benefits are the result of adding fibers into a fluid system which create a network, helping to suspend proppant during its transport and placement into a fracture.Laboratory studies were performed to determine the fiber's influence on long-term proppant-pack permeabilities. Retained conductivities of ceramic and sand proppant packs over the 175-250 0F temperature range were measured under various loadings and closure stress ranges. Testing has shown permeability values of the fiber-laden systems are comparable with the values for fiber-free proppant packs. A parallel study was performed on evaluating proppant settling rates in fiberladen fluids in static conditions. Fiber in a fracturing fluid system reduces the rate of proppant settling by greater than three-fold.Special attention is paid to a proper proppant selection for hydraulic fracturing. Improper proppant selection can cause significant damage of proppant pack conductivity and minimize benefits of the fluid system.The results prove that the innovative fiber fluid ensures uniform proppant placement within a long fracture because of fiber presence, provides conductivity comparable to pure proppant pack values, and do not have any limitations at high closure stresses.
Development of a flexible, sweat-based neuropeptide Y detection platform (2020)

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) biomarker levels have a close association with the diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders. Quantifying NPY in correlation to self-reported symptoms will be an important measure to ensure a relatively uniform diagnosis and help with disease prognosis of these disorders. The work presented is a novel, passive eccrine sweat based, electrochemical detection platform for quantification of NPY biomarker levels. The paper offers a comparison between non-porous and porous sensor platforms using various electrochemical detection techniques. This work uses a novel strategy towards designing an optimal nanobioelectronic interface to measure NPY. The portability aspect of this detection platform is discussed by the demonstration a novel, portable EmStat Pico based electronic platform. The detection limit of the sensor is 10 pg mL<sup>-1</sup> and its range is 20-500 pg mL<sup>-1</sup>. The NPY detection platform is envisioned to be a wearable point-of need monitoring system for management of chronic anxiety disorders and MDD.