gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved control of capacitor bank switching to minimize distribution systems losses (2002)

The authors review the problem of controlling the switching of capacitor banks to minimize losses on distribution systems. A novel class of controls is available that allows capacitor switching to much more closely follow the actual loading on the distribution feeder. This allows for much better control of reactive loading throughout the distribution system, reduced line losses, improved voltage regulation, and reduced facility loading. The operating characteristics and performance of several of the controls are reviewed and compared. To effectively use the controls, distribution systems engineers must have a methodology to determine appropriate switching set points. The development of an appropriate methodology and its implementation in the form of a computer program called VDXTCAP are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enhancement of Drain Current by an AlN Spacer Layer Insertion in AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors with Si-Ion-Implanted Source/Drain Contacts (2011)

In AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with an AlN spacer layer, which improves two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) properties, it is important to decrease ohmic contact resistance because an AlN spacer layer with an extremely wide band gap decreases the contact resistance significantly. We employed Si ion implantation doping to solve this problem and successfully obtained a sufficiently low contact resistance equivalent to that of HEMT without an AlN spacer layer. In the fabricated AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMTs with Si-ion-implanted source/drain contacts, as another effect of AlN spacer layer insertion, a reduction in the forward Schottky gate current was found, which made it possible to apply a high gate voltage in the transistor operation. Combined with the improvement in 2DEG properties, a marked enhancement in drain current density of 25–30% was observed.
Improving the performance of hierarchical vector quantization using segmentation (2002)

Hierarchical vector quantization (HVQ) is a constrained VQ technique where both the encoder and decoder are implemented using only table-lookups. HVQ is extremely fast as well as easy to implement in both software and hardware. But the rate-distortion performance of HVQ is poor. In this paper, we combine rate-distortion optimal binary tree segmentation with the HVQ algorithm. An algorithm for segmenting a block entirely through table-lookups is presented. Simulation results indicate that this algorithm can gain up to 3.5 dB over plain HVQ.
Virtual optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase imaging (2020)

Optofluidic time-stretch quantitative phase imaging (OTS-QPI) is a potent tool for biomedical applications as it enables high-throughput QPI of numerous cells for large-scale single-cell analysis in a label-free manner. However, there are a few critical limitations that hinder OTS-QPI from being widely applied to diverse applications, such as its costly instrumentation and inherent phase-unwrapping errors. Here, to overcome the limitations, we present a QPI-free OTS-QPI method that generates “virtual” phase images from their corresponding bright-field images by using a deep neural network trained with numerous pairs of bright-field and phase images. Specifically, our trained generative adversarial network model generated virtual phase images with high similarity (structural similarity index >0.7) to their corresponding real phase images. This was also supported by our successful classification of various types of leukemia cells and white blood cells via their virtual phase images. The virtual OTS-QPI method is highly reliable and cost-effective and is therefore expected to enhance the applicability of OTS microscopy in diverse research areas, such as cancer biology, precision medicine, and green energy.
Gallium(III)- and Thallium(III)-Encapsulated Polyoxopalladates: Synthesis, Structure, Multinuclear NMR, and Biological Activity Studies (2023)

Three gallium(III)- and thallium(III)-containing polyoxopalladates (POPs) have been synthesized and structurally characterized in the solid state and in solution, namely, the phosphate-capped 12-palladate nanocubes [XPd<sub>12</sub>O<sub>8</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>8</sub>]<sup>13-</sup> (X = Ga<sup>III</sup>, <b>GaPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub>; X = Tl<sup>III</sup>, <b>TlPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub>) and the 23-palladate double-cube [Tl<sub>2</sub><sup>III</sup>Pd<sub>23</sub>P<sub>14</sub>O<sub>70</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>20-</sup> (<b>Tl</b><sub><b>2</b></sub><b>Pd</b><sub><b>23</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>14</b></sub>). The cuboid POPs, <b>GaPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub> and <b>TlPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub>, are solution stable as verified by the respective <sup>31</sup>P, <sup>71</sup>Ga, and <sup>205</sup>Tl nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Of prime interest, the spin-spin coupling schemes allowed for an intimate study of the solution behavior of the Tl<sup>III</sup>-containing POPs via a combination of <sup>31</sup>P and <sup>205</sup>Tl NMR, including the stoichiometry of the major fragments of <b>Tl</b><sub><b>2</b></sub><b>Pd</b><sub><b>23</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>14</b></sub>. Moreover, biological studies demonstrated the antitumor and antiviral activity of <b>GaPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub> and <b>TlPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub>, which were validated to be as efficient as <i>cis</i>-platinum against human melanoma and acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Furthermore, <b>GaPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub> and <b>TlPd</b><sub><b>12</b></sub><b>P</b><sub><b>8</b></sub> exerted inhibitory activity against two herpetic viruses, HSV-2 and HCMV, in a dose-response manner.
Variants of STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) in atopic asthma (2000)

Editor—Atopy is characterised by raised IgE levels and it underlies the clinical disorder bronchial asthma.1-3 IL-4 and IL-13 play a key role in the development of asthma acting through the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) and IL-13R, respectively.1-3 Since these two receptors share the IL-4Rα chain, this subunit is the crucial component required for IL-4 and IL-13 signalling.1-3 Recently, three coding variants in the human IL4R gene have been identified and these showed genetic and functional association with atopic asthma in different ethnic groups. The Ile50 variant was associated with atopic asthma in a Japanese population4 5and Arg551 or Pro478 were associated with IgE levels in American6 and German populations,7respectively, but perhaps through different mechanisms. Ile50 specifically and strongly upregulates cellular IgE synthesis through stat6 when tested by cDNA transfection into human and murine B cell lines.4 5 Functional assay of Arg551Gln IL-4Rα showed impaired binding of the negative regulatory molecule, protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, and increased expression of CD23 was found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after challenge with human IL-4.6 However, this finding was not replicated by another group.8 In contrast, Pro478 is in tight linkage disequilibrium with Arg551 in a German population and may change the structure of the receptor, leading to altered phosphorylation patterns of signal molecules and hence lower IgE levels.7 These findings emphasise the genetic heterogeneity of atopy and question whether the molecular interaction between variants of IL-4Rα and its associated signal transduction molecules, such as stat6, may be important.1-3 

The Stats are a family of transcription factors evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to humans.9 To date seven different STAT genes have been identified in humans.9 Stat6 activation correlates with functional …
Adjusting body cell mass for size in women of differing nutritional status (2004)

Background: Body cell mass (BCM) may be estimated in clinical practice to assess functional nutritional status, eg, in patients with anorexia nervosa. Interpretation of the data, especially in younger patients who are still growing, requires appropriate adjustment for size. Previous investigations of this general issue have addressed chemical rather than functional components of body composition and have not considered patients at the extremes of nutritional status, in whom the ability to make longitudinal comparisons is of particular importance. Objective: Our objective was to determine the power by which height should be raised to adjust BCM for height in women of differing nutritional status. Design: BCM was estimated by K-40 counting in 58 healthy women, 33 healthy female adolescents, and 75 female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The relation between BCM and height was explored in each group by using log-log regression analysis. Results: The powers by which height should be raised to adjust BCM,A,ere 1.73. 1.73, and 2.07 in the women, healthy female adolescents, and anorexic female adolescents, respectively. A simplified version of the index, BCM/height(2), was appropriate for all 3 categories and was negligibly correlated with height. Conclusions: In normal-weight women, the relation between height and BCM is consistent with that reported previously between height and fat-free mass. Although the consistency of the relation between BCM and fat-free mass decreases with increasing weight loss, the relation between height and BCM is not significantly different between normal-weight and underweight women. The index BCM/height(2) is easy to calculate and applicable to both healthy and underweight women. This information may be helpful in interpreting body-composition data in clinical practice.
Development of Ion Mobility-mass Spectrometry Instrumentation to Probe the Conformations and Capture the Solution to Gas Phase Transition of Electrosprayed Biomolecules (2013)

Recent progress has been made developing ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) instruments for biophysical studies; however, experimental techniques that can probe the structure and/or dynamics of biomolecules at intermediate extents of hydration are limited and little is known about the final stages of desolvation during electrospray ionization (ESI). Here, ion optical devices, analytical methodology, and instrument platforms are developed to study the conformations of structurally labile biomolecules (i.e., peptides and proteins) produced upon ESI and provide new insight into their solution to gas phase evolution. \n\nFirst, fundamental principles of periodic focusing ion mobility spectrometry are comprehensively discussed. Radial ion confinement is attributed to a collisionally dampened effective potential that ultimately results in high ion transmission. Detailed equations of motion are derived that culminate into useful methodology for accurate determination of peptide and protein collision cross section values via inclusion of a mobility dampening coefficient. \n\nSecond, evaporation of water from extensively hydrated protons and peptides formed by ESI is examined for the first time using a new cryogenic (80 K) IM-MS instrument platform. Key parameters that influence the cluster distributions are critically examined. In agreement with previous studies, the findings indicate that water evaporation is largely dependent upon the particular charge-carrying species within the cluster. IM-MS results for protonated water clusters suggest that the special stability of the well-known H^(+)(H_(2)O)_(n) (n = 21) ?magic number? cluster is attributed to the presence of a compact clathrate cage isomer produced upon ESI. Peptide studies are also presented in which specific and nonspecific solvation is observed for gramicidin S [GS + 2H]^(2+) (H_(2)O)_(n) (n = 0 to 26) and bradykinin [BK + 2H]^(2+) (H_(2)O)_(n) (n = 0 to 73), respectively. However in the case of substance P, [SP + 3H]^(3+), the results demonstrate that a compact dehydrated conformer population (resulting from the evaporative ESI process) can be kinetically trapped on the time scale of several milliseconds, even when an extended coil conformation is energetically favorable in the gas phase.
Cellulose nanofiber network for moisture stable, strong and ductile biocomposites and increased epoxy curing rate (2014)

Nanocomposites with high volume fractions (15–50 vol%) of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were prepared by impregnation of a wet porous NFC network with acetone/epoxy/amine solution. Infrared spectroscopy studies revealed a significant increase in curing rate of epoxy (EP) in the presence of NFC. The NFC provided extremely efficient reinforcement (at 15 vol%: 3-fold increase in stiffness and strength to 5.9 GPa and 109 MPa, respectively), and ductility was preserved. Besides, the glass transition temperature increased with increasing NFC content (from 68 °C in neat epoxy to 86 °C in 50 vol% composite). Most interestingly, the moisture sorption values were low and even comparable to neat epoxy for the 15 vol% NFC/EP. This material did not change mechanical properties at increased relative humidity (90% RH). Thus, NFC/EP provides a unique combination of high strength, modulus, ductility, and moisture stability for a cellulose-based biocomposite. Effects from nanostructural and interfacial tailoring are discussed.
O5.5. SLEEP IN MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: RESULTS FROM NATIONWIDE SUPER FINLAND STUDY (2018)

People with psychotic disorders demonstrate a wide spectrum of sleep abnormalities. Abnormalities include changes in total sleep time, increased sleep onset latency, increased wake-up time after sleep onset and abnormalities in sleep architecture. The study aimed to characterize the sleep difficulties in a large sample of persons with psychotic disorders and to examine association with age and gender. Altogether, 5046 persons with a major psychiatric disorder (schizophrenia: 2972, schizoaffective disorder: 640, bipolar disorder: 1097 and psychotic depression: 330) and aged 18–80 participated in a nationwide Super project. The Finnish SUPER (Finnish acronym for “Finnish study on genetic mechanisms of psychotic disorders”) study is a part of the international Stanley Global Neuropsychiatric Genomics Initiative. The results were compared with a representative general population sample of 8018 adults (Health 2000). Sleep was assessed in a self-report questionnaire. In the present study we used total sleep time, tiredness (defined as feeling more tired than other people of the same age during day time at least weakly, yes/no), difficulties in getting sleep without sleep medication often or almost daily (yes/no) and early morning or night awakenings occurring either often or nearly every night (yes/no). Long sleep (> 10h) was most common in persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder reported by approximately 30% when age was 18–40. The corresponding proportion was approximately 15% in persons with bipolar disorder or psychotic depression and less than 1% in the general population. Tiredness, difficulties in getting sleep and early morning or night awakenings were reported most by persons with bipolar disorder and psychotic depression, but also persons with schizophrenia reported those more than the general population in people with under 60 years of age. Schizoaffective disorder was between schizophrenia and affective psychoses in the sleep variables. In persons over 60, the difference between the groups was smaller than in persons under 60 years of age, because sleeping long and tiredness decreased in all patient groups, and difficulties getting sleep and awakenings increased in the general population sample more than in psychosis patients. Sleep disorders seem to be prominent in persons with major psychiatric disorders. Tiredness was common in all diagnosis groups. Long sleep was most common in schizophrenia and difficulties in getting sleep and early morning or night awakenings in affective psychoses. More research is needed on possibilities to prevent and treat sleep disorders in major psychiatric disorders.
Toward speech as a knowledge resource (2001)

Speech is a tantalizing mode of human communication. On the one hand, humans understand speech with ease and use speech to express complex ideas, information, and knowledge. On the other hand, automatic speech recognition with computers is very hard, and extracting knowledge from speech is even harder. Nevertheless, the potential reward for solving this problem drives us to pursue it. Before we can exploit speech as a knowledge resource, however, we must understand the current state of the art in speech recognition and the relevant, successful applications of speech recognition in the related areas of multimedia indexing and search. In this paper we advocate the study of speech as a knowledge resource, provide a brief introduction to the state of the art in speech recognition, describe a number of systems that use speech recognition to enable multimedia analysis, indexing, and search, and present a number of exploratory applications of speech recognition that move toward the goal of exploiting speech as a knowledge resource.
Contrasting interleukin 2 binding properties of the alpha (p55) and beta (p70) protein subunits of the human high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor. (1987)

In this report, we have investigated the kinetics of IL-2 binding to the alpha (p55) and beta (p70) IL-2 binding proteins and compared these properties with ligand binding to the high-affinity IL-2-R. The association and dissociation of IL-2 to the alpha (p55) chain occurred with very rapid kinetics (t 1/2 = 4-10 s). In contrast, IL-2 association to, and dissociation from the beta (p70) chain occurred at a greatly reduced rate (t 1/2 = 40-50 min and 200-400 min, respectively). Measurements of IL-2 binding to the high-affinity receptor revealed an interesting composite of these binding properties with a rapid association rate (t 1/2 = 30-45 s) resembling the alpha (p55) chain and a slow dissociation rate (t 1/2 = 270-300 min) similar to the beta (p70) chain. These findings provide additional support for the model of the high-affinity IL-2-R as a heterodimeric membrane complex composed of both the alpha (p55) and beta (p70) subunits and suggest that high-affinity IL-2 binding may involve a conformational change in structure of either or possibly both of the receptor chains. These results highlight the important and perhaps different role played by each subunit in the formation of functional high-affinity IL-2-R.
The extreme C-terminal region of kindlin-2 is critical to its regulation of integrin activation (2017)

Kindlin-2 (K2), a 4.1R-ezrin-radixin-moesin (FERM) domain adaptor protein, mediates numerous cellular responses, including integrin activation. The C-terminal 15-amino acid sequence of K2 is remarkably conserved across species but is absent in canonical FERM proteins, including talin. In CHO cells expressing integrin αIIbβ3, co-expression of K2 with talin head domain resulted in robust integrin activation, but this co-activation was lost after deletion of as few as seven amino acids from the K2 C terminus. This dependence on the C terminus was also observed in activation of endogenous αIIbβ3 in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells and β1 integrin activation in macrophage-like RAW264.1 cells. Kindlin-1 (K1) exhibited a similar dependence on its C terminus for integrin activation. Expression of the K2 C terminus as an extension of membrane-anchored P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) inhibited integrin-dependent cell spreading. Deletion of the K2 C terminus did not affect its binding to the integrin β3 cytoplasmic tail, but combined biochemical and NMR analyses indicated that it can insert into the F2 subdomain. We suggest that this insertion determines the topology of the K2 FERM domain, and its deletion may affect the positioning of the membrane-binding functions of the F2 subdomain and the integrin-binding properties of its F3 subdomain. Free C-terminal peptide can still bind to K2 and displace the endogenous K2 C terminus but may not restore the conformation needed for integrin co-activation. Our findings indicate that the extreme C terminus of K2 is essential for integrin co-activation and highlight the importance of an atypical architecture of the K2 FERM domain in regulating integrin activation.
A Collaborative Energy-Aware Sensor Management System Using Team Theory (2016)

With limited battery supply, power is a scarce commodity in wireless sensor networks. Thus, to prolong the lifetime of the network, it is imperative that the sensor resources are managed effectively. This task is particularly challenging in heterogeneous sensor networks for which decisions and compromises regarding sensing strategies are to be made under time and resource constraints. In such networks, a sensor has to reason about its current state to take actions that are deemed appropriate with respect to its mission, its energy reserve, and the survivability of the overall network. Sensor Management controls and coordinates the use of the sensory suites in a manner that maximizes the success rate of the system in achieving its missions. This article focuses on formulating and developing an autonomous energy-aware sensor management system that strives to achieve network objectives while maximizing its lifetime. A team-theoretic formulation based on the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model and the Joint Intention theory is proposed as a mechanism for effective and energy-aware collaborative decision-making. The proposed system models the collective behavior of the sensor nodes using the Joint Intention theory to enhance sensors’ collaboration and success rate. Moreover, the BDI modeling of the sensor operation and reasoning allows a sensor node to adapt to the environment dynamics, situation-criticality level, and availability of its own resources. The simulation scenario selected in this work is the surveillance of the Waterloo International Airport. Various experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of varying the network size, number of threats, threat agility, environment dynamism, as well as tracking quality and energy consumption, on the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrate the merits of the proposed approach compared to the state-of-the-art centralized approach adapted from Atia et al. [2011] and the localized approach in Hilal and Basir [2015] in terms of energy consumption, adaptability, and network lifetime. The results show that the proposed approach has 12 × less energy consumption than that of the popular centralized approach.
8.4: Distinguished Paper: Novel Color Electrophoretic E‐Paper Using Independently Movable Colored Particles (2012)

Abstract A novel color electrophoretic E‐Paper using independently movable colored particles with different threshold fields was proposed for the first time. An a‐Si TFT driven two primary colors prototype with red and cyan particles was successfully demonstrated. A full color feasibility was also proved using three primary colored particles (yellow, magenta and cyan), which showed a gamut as wide as that of newsprint.