gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data-driven Optimization of Row-Column Transforms for Block-Based Hybrid Video Compression (2019)

In state-of-the-art video compression residual coding is done by transforming the prediction error signals into a less correlated representation and performing the quantization and entropy coding in the transform domain. For complexity reasons usually separable transforms are used. A more flexible transform structure is given by row-column transforms, which apply a separate transform to each row and each column of a signal block. This paper describes a method for training such structured transforms by maximizing the data likelihood under a parameterized probabilistic model with a compelled structure. An explicit model is derived for the case of row-column transforms and its efficiency is demonstrated in the application of video compression. It is shown that trained row-column transforms achieve almost the same coding gain as unconstrained KLTs when applied as secondary transforms, while the encoder and decoder runtime are the same as in the separable transform case.
Epoxy−Polycarbonate Blends Catalyzed by a Tertiary Amine. 1. Mechanism of Transesterification and Cyclization (1996)

In the Bisphenol A base polycarbonate−Bisphenol A base epoxy blend system, the carbonate group can react with epoxide in the presence of a tertiary amine. The transesterification reactions convert the original aromatic/aromatic carbonate of PC to aromatic/aliphatic and aliphatic/aliphatic carbonates. IR spectroscopy shows an unknown major structure formed during the later stages of the transesterification reaction. The unknown structure was investigated by a model reaction using diphenyl carbonate and phenyl glycidyl ether leading to the formation of 4-(phenoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (PMD), which has been identified by IR, UV, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The mechanism of forming the cyclic carbonate is proposed to proceed through a zwitterion and a nucleophile attack of the aromatic/aliphatic or the aliphatic/aliphatic carbonate group.
Fused Thiophene Semiconductors: Crystal Structure–Film Microstructure Transistor Performance Correlations (2013)

Abstract The molecular packing motifs within crystalline domains should be a key determinant of charge transport in thin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on small organic molecules. Despite this implied importance, detailed information about molecular organization in polycrystalline thin films is not available for the vast majority of molecular organic semiconductors. Considering the potential of fused thiophenes as environmentally stable, high‐performance semiconductors, it is therefore of interest to investigate their thin film microstructures in relation to the single crystal molecular packing and OTFT performance. Here, the molecular packing motifs of several new benzo[ d , d′ ]thieno[3,2‐ b ;4,5‐ b′ ]dithiophene ( BTDT ) derivatives are studied both in bulk 3D crystals and as thin films by single crystal diffraction and grazing incidence wide angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), respectively. The results show that the BTDT derivative thin films can have significantly different molecular packing from their bulk crystals. For phenylbenzo[ d , d′ ]thieno[3,2‐ b ;4,5‐ b′ ]dithiophene ( P‐BTDT ), 2‐biphenylbenzo[ d , d′ ]thieno‐[3,2‐ b ;4,5‐ b′ ]dithiophene ( Bp‐BTDT ), 2 ‐naphthalenyl benzo[ d , d′ ]thieno[3,2‐ b ;4,5‐ b′ ]dithiophene ( Np‐BTDT ), and bisbenzo[ d , d′ ]thieno[3,2‐ b ;4,5‐ b′ ]dithiophene ( BBTDT ), two lattices co‐exist, and are significantly strained versus their single crystal forms. For P‐BTDT , the dominance of the more strained lattice relative to the bulk‐like lattice likely explains the high carrier mobility. In contrast, poor crystallinity and surface coverage at the dielectric/substrate interface explains the marginal OTFT performance of seemingly similar PF‐BTDT films.
Influence of calcium on proliferation and phenotype alteration of cardiomyocyte in vitro (1998)

An accelerated weight gain is noted in the heart of Ca-deficient, hypertensive chick embryos maintained in a shell-less culture in vitro. We previously observed that the Ca handling property of cardiomyocytes isolated from the shell-less embryo is altered, i.e., faster Ca uptake, suggesting a requirement for adequate Ca supply and/or proper Ca handling in embryonic cardiac development. In this study, we have examined the function of Ca on cardiomyocytes by analyzing the effects of 1) various Ca concentration in the culture medium (NCa, 1.8 mmol/ L; HCa, 2.8 mmol/L; LCa, 0.9 mmol/L), and 2) various modulators of Ca handling on cell proliferation and phenotype regulation in chick embryonic cardiomyocytes. The analytical parameters included cell number, DNA content, expression of cell cycle-specific and cardiomyocyte-specific proteins, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities. Cell number and total DNA were significantly larger (P < 0.01) in LCa cultures compared with those in NCa. The level of LDH was elevated (P < 0.01), but that of CPK was lowered in LCa. Expression of the G1-S-specific protein PCNA was raised, but that of the contractile proteins myosin and tropomyosin was substantially suppressed in LCa; in HCa, the cells did not proliferate as well, whereas the level of contractile proteins was higher. Thapsigargin, a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-specific, Ca-ATPase inhibitor, simulated the effects of LCa by enhancing cell proliferation and lowering the expression of tropomyosin. These results suggest that culturing in low Ca concentration and inhibition of SR Ca pumping enhance myocardial cell proliferation and suppress sarcomeric protein expression, perhaps by inducing cellular de-differentiation. The in vitro effects of medium Ca concentration and Ca handling modulators on cardiomyocytes also suggest that the in vivo cardiomegaly of the SL embryos is a direct result of Ca-deficiency, and that Ca is important in the phenotype regulation of cardiomyocytes.
Reference Signal Synthesis for FMCW MIMO Radar Systems Using a Fractional-N Frequency Divider (2014)

In this paper we present a new approach for a signal synthesizer intended for wideband FMCW MIMO radar systems. An extremely fast frequency divider together with a control logic is used to realize a reference frequency ramp. This reference signal can then be multiplied to the demanded frequency band by a simple integer-N phase-locked loop in each of the transceivers of the MIMO system. To verify our approach we realize the reference frequency synthesizer that is based on a frequency divider realized in a SiGe bipolar technology. The spectrum of the frequency ramp shows no spurious as well as an excellent phase noise behaviour. Apart from the synthesizer itself, this paper will also deal with the determination of the division factor sequences, which is a challenging task due to the feedforwardstructure of the proposed architecture. The complete system is flexible in terms of bandwidth and ramp duration.
Fibrin Sealant: A Versatile Delivery Vehicle for Drugs and Biologics (2020)

This chapter summarizes the research experience using a commercial pooled fibrin sealant (FS) as the delivery vehicle, both in vitro and in vivo, for several drugs and biologies. The use of local delivery of drugs and biologies is expected to be beneficial in clinical situations in which there is ready access to the site to be treated, in which systemic therapy is either ineffective or produces burdensome side effects, or when systemic therapy is ineffective due to dose-limiting side effects. The formulation must be implantable in a manner that renders it immobile so that the matrix cannot “wander” or be dispersed to unintended locations. One of the first applications of fibrin as a matrix for drug delivery was its use in the delivery of antibiotics. European researchers, drawing upon their clinical experience with commercial pooled FS products, reasoned that there were many situations in which it would be desirable to also deliver antibiotics locally to prevent infection.
Electro-optic effect in He + -implanted optical waveguides in LiNbO 3 (1987)

The electro-optic coefficient r13 of LiNbO3 has been measured at DC, using a phase modulator fabricated using He+ ion implantation, and has produced a mean value for r13 of (8.13 ± 0.4)×10−12 mV−1, which is ~20% lower than previously reported values measured using modulators fabricated using other waveguide technologies.
Neurocardiology: Structure‐Based Function (2016)

Cardiac control is mediated via a series of reflex control networks involving somata in the (i) intrinsic cardiac ganglia (heart), (ii) intrathoracic extracardiac ganglia (stellate, middle cervical), (iii) superior cervical ganglia, (iv) spinal cord, (v) brainstem, and (vi) higher centers. Each of these processing centers contains afferent, efferent, and local circuit neurons, which interact locally and in an interdependent fashion with the other levels to coordinate regional cardiac electrical and mechanical indices on a beat-to-beat basis. This control system is optimized to respond to normal physiological stressors (standing, exercise, and temperature); however, it can be catastrophically disrupted by pathological events such as myocardial ischemia. In fact, it is now recognized that autonomic dysregulation is central to the evolution of heart failure and arrhythmias. Autonomic regulation therapy is an emerging modality in the management of acute and chronic cardiac pathologies. Neuromodulation-based approaches that target select nexus points of this hierarchy for cardiac control offer unique opportunities to positively affect therapeutic outcomes via improved efficacy of cardiovascular reflex control. As such, understanding the anatomical and physiological basis for such control is necessary to implement effectively novel neuromodulation therapies. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1635-1653, 2016.
Genomics and Systems Biology. (2008)

Genomics holds particular potential for the elucidation of biological networks that underlie disease. For example, gene expression profiles have been used to classify human cancers, and have more recently been used to predict graft rejection following organ transplantation. Such signatures thus hold promise both as diagnostic approaches and as tools with which to dissect biological mechanism. Such systems-based approaches are also beginning to impact the drug discovery process. For example, it is now feasible to measure gene expression signatures at low cost and high throughput, thereby allowing for the screening libraries of small molecule libraries in order to identify compounds capable of perturbing a signature of interest (even if the critical drivers of that signature are not yet known). This approach, known as Gene Expression-Based High Throughput Screening (GE-HTS), has been shown to identify candidate therapeutic approaches in AML, Ewing sarcoma, and neuroblastoma, and has identified tool compounds capable of inhibiting PDGF receptor signaling. A related approach, known as the Connectivity Map (www.broad.mit.edu/cmap) attempts to use gene expression profiles as a universal language with which to connect cellular states, gene product function, and drug action. In this manner, a gene expression signature of interest is used to computationally query a database of gene expression profiles of cells systematically treated with a large number of compounds (e.g., all off-patent FDA-approved drugs), thereby identifying potential new applications for existing drugs. Such systems level approaches thus seek chemical modulators of cellular states, even when the molecular basis of such altered states is unknown.
Balance between somatostatin and D2 receptor expression drives TSH‐secreting adenoma response to somatostatin analogues and dopastatins (2011)

A high sst(5) /sst(2) ratio might be predictive of a positive outcome to long-term treatment with somatostatin analogues in TSHomas. Moreover, combined somatostatin and D(2) receptor targeting might be considered as a potential tool to improve the response rate in octreotide-resistant tumours.
Raman microprobe analysis of dopant concentration profile in preforms and fibers (1983)

The presence of small amounts of impurities in silica gives rise to substantial changes in the Raman spectrum of pure (vitreous) v-SiO2. These can be analyzed with regard to frequency and intensity features, and one can obtain information about the mechanisms of incorporation of the dopants into silica (Ref. 1 and references therein) as well as their local concentration.2,3
Does Increased Body Mass Index Influence Outcomes After Rotator Cuff Repair? (2017)

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Role of Hepatitis C Virus in Non-B Chronic Liver Disease (1991)

To assess the contribution of the recently identified hepatitis C virus to chronic liver diseases of unknown cause and chronic hepatitis attributed by exclusion to non-A, non-B hepatitis, we tested for antibody to hepatitis C in hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patients with a spectrum of chronic liver diseases. Antibody to hepatitis C virus, a marker of hepatitis C infection, was detected with a first-generation radioimmunoassay at the following frequencies in the following patient groups: 69% of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis; 53% of non-transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis; 26% of hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatocellular carcinoma; 8% of cryptogenic cirrhosis; 5% to 7% of autoimmune chronic liver diseases; 19% of patients with miscellaneous types of chronic liver disease; and 0.67% of healthy controls. Among non-transfusion-associated cases, 81% with a history of intravenous drug use but only 18% with occupational exposure as health workers had antibody to hepatitis C virus. Among cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 63% of Japanese patients but only 11% of American patients had evidence of hepatitis C infection. Comparison in a subgroup of 79 serum samples of a second-generation radioimmunoassay with the first-generation assay demonstrated a 12% increase in antibody frequency from 30% to 42%. We conclude that hepatitis C plays a substantial role in transfusion-associated and non-transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis as well as in hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in Japan, a limited role in cryptogenic cirrhosis, and essentially no role in autoimmune chronic liver diseases. Application of more sensitive immunoassays will increase the frequency of antibody seropositivity in all subgroups, but relative distinctions among risk groups are likely to remain.
New one step functionalization of polycrystalline diamond films using amine derivatives (2010)

International audience
Role of Amphipathic Helix of a Herpesviral Protein in Membrane Deformation and T Cell Receptor Downregulation (2008)

Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that function as platforms for signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Tyrosine kinase interacting protein (Tip) of T lymphotropic Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is targeted to lipid rafts in T cells and downregulates TCR and CD4 surface expression. Here, we report that the membrane-proximal amphipathic helix preceding Tip's transmembrane (TM) domain mediates lipid raft localization and membrane deformation. In turn, this motif directs Tip's lysosomal trafficking and selective TCR downregulation. The amphipathic helix binds to the negatively charged lipids and induces liposome tubulation, the TM domain mediates oligomerization, and cooperation of the membrane-proximal helix with the TM domain is sufficient for localization to lipid rafts and lysosomal compartments, especially the mutivesicular bodies. These findings suggest that the membrane-proximal amphipathic helix and TM domain provide HVS Tip with the unique ability to deform the cellular membranes in lipid rafts and to downregulate TCRs potentially through MVB formation.
Evaluation of Performance of InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated Using NH3 with Intentionally Added H2O (2009)

We investigated the performance of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated using NH3 with intentionally added H2O. The H2O concentrations in NH3 were assessed quantitatively using an optical analyzing system. The oxygen concentration in the active layer was measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry and observed to increase with increasing H2O concentration. In addition, the oxygen was predominantly incorporated in InGaN well layers rather than in GaN barrier layers. The performance of LEDs markedly deteriorated with increasing H2O concentration. It was found by current–voltage measurement that oxygen in the multi quantum well layer increases leakage current.
Chronic effects of dietary protein quality and quantity on tryptophan levels and serotonin synthesis in rat hypothalamus (2009)

Tryptophan (TRP) levels in rat brain control serotonin (5HT) synthesis, and diet influences brain TRP and thus 5HT. But few data exist on the effect of protein quality or quantity on this relationship. We fed male rats (200 g) ad lib for 14 d diets containing zein, gluten, casein, soy or lactalbumin at 2%, 9% or 15% (% energy), &amp; killed them 2.5 hr into the daily dark period, 30 min after injecting m‐hydroxybenzylhydrazine (100 mg/kg ip; to estimate 5HT synthesis). Blood &amp; hypothalamus were obtained; TRP, tyrosine (TYR) &amp; other amino acids, &amp; 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), indices of 5HT &amp; catecholamine synthesis, were measured in hypothalamus by HPLC &amp; electrochemical detection. At 10% &amp; 15% protein, brain TRP and hypothalamic 5HTP were lowest in rats ingesting zein (≈2 nmol/g;≈75 ng/g/30 min), highest in rats ingesting lactalbumin (≈13 nmol/g;≈300 ng/g/30 min), &amp; intermediate in rats ingesting the other proteins. The correlation coefficients (TRP vs. 5HTP) were ≈0.90. At 2% protein, brain TRP &amp; 5HTP showed no clear differences among dietary proteins. Brain TYR increased with dietary protein content, but showed no clear effect of protein quality; Effects on DOPA synthesis were relatively small. Hence, in a range of protein intake bracketing the rat's protein requirement, brain TRP level &amp; 5HT synthesis reflect the quality of the dietary protein; TYR level &amp; catecholamine synthesis do not.
1000 V, 30 A SiC Bipolar Junction Transistors and Integrated Darlington Pairs (2005)

1000 V Bipolar Junction Transistor and integrated Darlington pairs with high current gain have been developed in 4H-SiC. The 3.38 mm x 3.38 mm BJT devices with an active area of 3 mm x 3 mm showed a forward on-current of 30 A, which corresponds to a current density of 333 A/cm2, at a forward voltage drop of 2 V. A common-emitter current gain of 40 was measured on these devices. A specific on-resistance of 6.0 mW-cm2 was observed at room temperature. The onresistance increases at higher temperatures, while the current gain decreases to 30 at 275°C. In addition, an integrated Darlington pair with an active area of 3 mm x 3 mm showed a collector current of 30 A at a forward drop of 4 V at room temperature. A current gain of 2400 was measured on these devices. A BVCEO of 1000 V was measured on both of these devices.
k-anonymity: Risks and the Reality (2015)

Many a time, datasets containing private and sensitive information are useful for third-party data mining. To prevent identification of personal information, data owners release such data using privacy-preserving data publishing techniques. One well-known technique - k-anonymity - proposes that the records be grouped based on quasi-identifiers such that quasi-identifiers in a group have exactly the same values as any other in the same group. This process reduces the worst-case probability of re-identification of the records based on the quasi identifiers to 1/k. The problem of optimal k-anonymisation is NP-hard. Depending on the k-anonymisation method used and the number of quasi identifiers known to the attacker, the probability of re-identification could be lower than the worst-case guarantee. We quantify risk as the probability of re-identification and propose a mechanism to compute the empirical risk with respect to the cost of acquiring the knowledge about quasi-identifiers, using an real-world dataset released with some k-anonymity guarantee. In addition, we show that k-anonymity can be harmful because the knowledge of additional attributes other than quasi-identifiers can raise the probability of re-identification.
Lightwave modulation techniques for advanced modulation formats (2010)

Arbitrary waveform can be synthesized by two orthogonal components: in-phase and quad- rature components. Thus, if we can manipulate the two components independently, various complicat- ed modulation can be achieved. This technique is called vector modulation, which is commonly used in wireless radio communication systems where the carrier frequency is lower than 100GHz. On the other hand, in lightwave transmission systems, the carrier frequency is higher than 100THz, and the stability of the signal sources would be much poorer than in radio systems, so that the simplest modulation format (on-off-keying) was often used in commercial systems. However, recently, various modulation techniques such as quadrature ampli- tude modulation, etc., have been demonstrated by using precise and rapid lightwave control. In this report, we review recent progress in optical vector modulation technologies which can generate high- speed and complicated optical signals. Integrated optical modulators can synthesize multi-level sig-
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Using HbA1c in Asians: Relationship Between HbA1c and Retinopathy in a Multiethnic Asian Population (2014)

Our study supports the use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes in Asians. Despite some interethnic variation in the relationship of HbA1c and retinopathy, a cut-point of 6.5% performs reasonably well in the three major Asian ethnic groups.
Calibration of Particle Detection Systems (2001)

If you have read some of the preceding chapters, then you are well aware that contemporary “particle scanners” work by scanning a focused laser spot over the wafer while measuring the flashes of scattered light that occur when the traveling spot encounters a surface feature or defect. Feature location is determined by knowing where the laser spot is on the wafer. It is desirable to know feature location to tens of micrometers, and this is not always an easy measurement. But a far more difficult problem is determining specific feature characteristics. Even learning the average feature diameter is a serious problem, because different features (pits, mounds, particles of different materials, etc.) all scatter differently. The scattered light changes in intensity, direction, and polarization as a function of feature characteristics. Similar changes occur with source wavelength, polarization, and incident angle. In some cases, such as surface roughness, we have a pretty good understanding of the relationship between how the surface is rough and how the light scatters. Unfortunately, we are still learning how many other surface defects scatter. But even if we knew all of the specific particulars, it would still be difficult problem, because the scanner tries to solve “the inverse problem.” That is: From a limited amount of scatter data, what is the defect? This is opposed to: How does a given defect scatter? And to make the problem a little more difficult, each year, as line widths are reduced, the surface features considered “defects” get smaller, which makes the list of critical surface features longer.