gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hidden Complexity in the Chemistry of Ammonolysis-Derived “γ-Mo2N”: An Overlooked Oxynitride Hydride (2021)

Molybdenum nitrides have been employed in a variety of applications. For use in catalysis, the cubic γ phase with the nominal stoichiometry Mo2N and the space group Fm3̅m is typically prepared by high-temperature reaction of MoO3 with NH3. The literature presents conflicting reports of the possible presence of residual oxygen from typical ammonolysis reactions and whether such species influence the crystal structure and morphology. With the aim of resolving these open questions, a comprehensive study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and electronic structure of molybdenum nitride materials prepared by ammonolysis has been undertaken here, with particular focus on the role of reaction temperature. Ammonolysis of MoO3 was carried out at 973 and 1073 K and yielded single-phase cubic products. Using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis, prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis, and combustion analysis, significant concentrations of oxygen and, to a lesser extent, hydrogen were found in both materials. The crystal structure of each phase was refined by Rietveld analysis using combined synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction data. The structures were found to be derivatives of the B1 rock salt (halite) structure, as is often reported for “γ-Mo2N.” However, both materials adopt the space group Pm3̅m, as opposed to the typically presumed space group of Fm3̅m, and both have much higher anion content than implied by the stoichiometry Mo2N. Ordering of cation vacancies and of anion species is responsible for the loss of the translational symmetry expected for the space group Fm3̅m. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, along with the EELS and XPS results, showed the Mo oxidation state to be diminished with higher temperature synthesis, consistent with the retention of a lower concentration of anions and in particular oxygen. The difficulty in differentiating oxygen and nitrogen and the impossibility of detecting hydrogen by X-ray and electron diffraction methods, especially in the presence of the heavy element Mo, have likely inhibited accurate identification of Mo1–x(N1–yOy)Hz as the product of MoO3 ammonolysis. The findings reported here offer a critical assessment for understanding the properties of molybdenum “nitrides” in electronic and catalytic applications.
Strength Reduction for Division and Modulo with Application to Accessing a Multilevel Store (1980)

A method for replacing certain division and modulo operations by additions and subtractions is presented. This optimization allows efficient and easy use of partitioned arrays to access a multilevel store.
Power delivery in multiterminal VSC-HVDC transmission system for offshore wind power applications (2010)

This paper deals with one of the challenges in the field of offshore wind power systems: power transmission among the wind farms and the land when there is more than one AC grid to be considered. This case is known in the literature as multiterminal connection. The proposed studies are going to present three strategies in order to connect one offshore wind farm and two AC grids with different power ratings. The first strategy shows the easier case when one onshore station defines the power transmission and it is followed by the situation when droop control is applied. The final scheme is focused on the technique which a central power control is able to manage the onshore stations. The results are compared using EMTDC-PSCAD platform.
Fault Detection of Wind Turbines with Uncertain Parameters: A Set-Membership Approach (2012)

In this paper a set-membership approach for fault detection of a benchmark wind turbine is proposed. The benchmark represents relevant fault scenarios in the control system, including sensor, actuator and system faults. In addition we also consider parameter uncertainties and uncertainties on the torque coefficient. High noise on the wind speed measurement, nonlinearities in the aerodynamic torque and uncertainties on the parameters make fault detection a challenging problem. We use an effective wind speed estimator to reduce the noise on the wind speed measurements. A set-membership approach is used generate a set that contains all states consistent with the past measurements and the given model of the wind turbine including uncertainties and noise. This set represents all possible states the system can be in if not faulty. If the current measurement is not consistent with this set, a fault is detected. For representation of these sets we use zonotopes and for modeling of uncertainties we use matrix zonotopes, which yields a computationally efficient algorithm. The method is applied to the wind turbine benchmark problem without and with uncertainties. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to other proposed methods applied to the same problem. An advantage of the proposed method is that there is no need for threshold design, and it does not produce positive false alarms. In the case where uncertainty on the torque lookup table is introduced, some faults are not detectable. Previous research has not addressed this uncertainty. The method proposed here requires equal or less detection time than previous results.
Breakpoint mapping and haplotype analysis of translocation t(1;12)(q43;q21.1) in two apparently independent families with vascular phenotypes (2018)

BACKGROUND The risk of serious congenital anomaly for de novo balanced translocations is estimated to be at least 6%. We identified two apparently independent families with a balanced t(1;12)(q43;q21.1) as an outcome of a Systematic Survey of Balanced Chromosomal Rearrangements in Finns. In the first family, carriers (n = 6) manifest with learning problems in childhood, and later with unexplained neurological symptoms (chronic headache, balance problems, tremor, fatigue) and cerebral infarctions in their 50s. In the second family, two carriers suffer from tetralogy of Fallot, one from transient ischemic attack and one from migraine. The translocation cosegregates with these vascular phenotypes and neurological symptoms. METHODS AND RESULTS We narrowed down the breakpoint regions using mate pair sequencing. We observed conserved haplotypes around the breakpoints, pointing out that this translocation has arisen only once. The chromosome 1 breakpoint truncates a CHRM3 processed transcript, and is flanked by the 5' end of CHRM3 and the 3' end of RYR2. TRHDE, KCNC2, and ATXN7L3B flank the chromosome 12 breakpoint. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a balanced t(1;12)(q43;q21.1) with conserved haplotypes on the derived chromosomes. The translocation seems to result in vascular phenotype, with or without neurological symptoms, in at least two families. We suggest that the translocation influences the positional expression of CHRM3, RYR2, TRHDE, KCNC2, and/or ATXN7L3B.
Immersion topcoat and resist material improvement study by using immersion scanner (2006)

ArF (193nm) immersion lithography is considered as the most promising next generation technology and significant effort to establish the immersion process for semiconductor device HVM is currently focused on the tool, material and process development. Immersion lithography enables the design of hyper numerical aperture (NA>1) lens systems by filling the gap between lens and resist with an immersion medium. Water is the ideal medium for 193nm immersion lithography and the water immersion system could reach up to 1.3 NA, giving higher resolution capability. There are several immersion specific requirements such as scanning properties and leaching characteristics. High speed scanning is necessary for mass production, so the water has to follow the lens and move on the resist film at considerably high speed. Direct water contact with resist film can cause the leaching of some resist components e.g. PAG. This leaching phenomenon could cause lithographic performance degradation and lens damage. Leaching and scanning phenomena are quite complicated and difficult to estimate the amount exactly with chemical analysis tools, so it is important to check the lithographic performance and scanning capability with a real immersion scanner. We have done many immersion experiments on various resists and top-coat materials using a Nikon immersion scanner (EET: Engineering Evaluation Tool). From the results, it was found that the properties of topcoat materials were closely related with immersion characteristics, such as scanning speed and defect formation. Specifically, defectivity evaluation results revealed that PAG leaching suppression was important for not only preventing lens damage but also reducing defect formation in the immersion process.
VDE-SAT Link ID 20 performance assessment under different random access conditions (2023)

This paper evaluates possible solutions for the demodulation of one of the selected waveforms for the random access over the VDE Satellite uplink, namely VDES Link ID 20 waveform [1]. The proposed demodulation scheme shares similarities with the Enhanced-Spread Spectrum ALOHA (E-SSA) protocol [2] proposed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite uplink Random Access Channel (RAC) [1]. Results are obtained using a fully Software Define Radio (SDR) based Test-bed, implementing E-SSA receiver and Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). To provide the scientific community working on VDES with results that can be used to support their developments, different transmission modes were tested.
Cartilage-Targeted IGF-1 Treatment to Promote Longitudinal Bone Growth (2019)

Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) is commonly used to treat short stature in children. However, GH treatment has limited efficacy, particularly in severe, non-GH-deficient conditions such as chondrodysplasias, and potential off-target effects. Because short stature results from decreased growth plate chondrogenesis, we developed a cartilage-targeting single-chain human antibody fragment (CaAb) aiming to deliver therapeutic molecules to the growth plate, thereby increasing treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects on other tissues. To this end, we created fusion proteins of these CaAbs conjugated with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), an endocrine and/or paracrine factor that positively regulates chondrogenesis. These CaAb-IGF-1 fusion proteins retained both cartilage binding and IGF-1 biological activity, and they were able to stimulate bone growth in an organ culture system. Using a GH-deficient (lit) mouse model, we found that subcutaneous injections of these CaAb-IGF-1 fusion proteins increased overall growth plate height without increasing proliferation in kidney cortical cells, suggesting on-target efficacy at the growth plate and less off-target effect on the kidney than IGF-1 alone. Alternate-day injections of these fusion proteins, unlike IGF-1 alone, were sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect. Our findings provide proof of principle that targeting therapeutics to growth plate cartilage can potentially improve treatment for childhood growth disorders.
Image Enhancement Processing (2010)

<strong>9.1 Image Processing in the Imaging Chain</strong> The output of the digital sensor is a "raw" digital image that consists of an array of digital count values with each value representing the brightness, or gray level, of a pixel in the image. Image processing is generally employed in the imaging chain to improve the efficacy of the image data (Fig. 9.1). Although image processing is a very broad field that includes compression, feature detection, and classification,<sup>1,2</sup> we will focus our discussion here on the common processing methods used to enhance the visual quality of the image. Specifically, we will first look at contrast enhancement methods, and then at spatial filtering methods that sharpen edges and remove much of the image blur. (Detector calibration is usually the first step of the image enhancement chain, but this was discussed earlier as part of the sensor modeling.) For simplicity, we will assume that the images have an eight-bit dynamic range; i.e., there are 2<sup>8</sup> = 256 possible gray levels, so the gray levels in the image will be in the range 0-255, with zero being black and 255 being white. Color images have three arrays of numbers typically representing the red, green, and blue images that are combined to give the full spectrum of colors. We will focus on processing single-band images, i.e., black and white images. <strong>9.2 Contrast Enhancements</strong> Contrast enhancements improve the perceptibility of objects in the scene by enhancing the brightness difference between objects and their backgrounds. Contrast enhancements are typically performed as a contrast stretch followed by a tonal enhancement, although these could both be performed in one step. A contrast stretch improves the brightness differences uniformly across the dynamic range of the image, whereas tonal enhancements improve the brightness differences in the shadow (dark), midtone (grays), or highlight (bright) regions at the expense of the brightness differences in the other regions.
Robotic and open partial nephrectomy for tumors in a solitary kidney (2020)

Introduction and objective: Traditionally, patients with renal masses in solitary kidneys were managed with an open partial nephrectomy. With improving techniques, robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy in the setting of a solitary kidney is increasingly utilized. The objective of this study was to compare open partial nephrectomy and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy outcomes in solitary kidney patients. Methods: A retrospective study of 536 total patients who underwent partial nephrectomy between 2004–2016 was performed. Of these patients, 23 had a renal mass in a solitary kidney. Patient demographics, perioperative values, and surgical outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics to compare open partial nephrectomy to robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. Results: Of the 23 patients in the cohort, 52% ( n=12) underwent open partial nephrectomy and 48% ( n=11) underwent robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. Patient characteristics were not significantly different. The mean (standard deviation) nephrometry score was 6.9 (1.8) for open partial nephrectomy and 6.1 (1.9) for robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy ( p=0.290). The mean (standard deviation) pre-operative creatinine was 1.2 (0.3) in open partial nephrectomy and 1.5 (0.4) in robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy, which did not reach statistical significance ( p=0.110). No difference in postoperative kidney function, Clavien grade 3 or higher complication rate, blood loss, or hospitalization length was noted. Conclusion: Although traditionally patients with a tumor in a solitary kidney are counseled to undergo open partial nephrectomy, robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is a safe alternative with no decrease in postoperative renal function when compared with a similar cohort of patients undergoing open partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney. Level of evidence: Level II
Adaptive Block Coordinate Descent for Distortion Minimization (2019)

We present a new unified algorithm for optimizing geometric energies and computing positively oriented simplicial mappings. Its major improvements over the state-of-the-art are: adaptive partition of vertices into coordinate blocks with the blended local-global strategy, introduction of new distortion energies for repairing inverted and degenerated simplices, modification of standard rotation-invariant measures, introduction of displacement norm for improving convergence criteria and for controlling the proposed local-global blending. Together these improvements form the basis for Adaptive Block Coordinate Descent (ABCD) algorithm aimed at robust geometric optimization. Our algorithm achieves state-of-the-art results in distortion minimization, even with highly distorted invalid initializations that contain thousands of inverted and degenerated elements. We show over a wide range of 2D and 3D problems that ABCD is more robust than existing techniques in locally injective mappings.
Supplemental Figure S4 from SBI-0640756 Attenuates the Growth of Clinically Unresponsive Melanomas by Disrupting the eIF4F Translation Initiation Complex (2023)

&lt;p&gt;SBI-756 inhibits both 3D and in vivo growth of NF1-mutant, BRAFi-resistant melanoma.&lt;/p&gt;
Subcellular localization of avian sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrases (1997)

The composition and subcellular trafficking of subviral preintegration complexes are reported to vary among the different retroviruses. The process by which the avian sarcoma virus (ASV) preintegration complex gains access to target chromatin remains unknown. Here we report that ASV integrase (IN) expressed as a fusion to beta-galactosidase accumulates in the nuclei of transfected COS-1 cells. In contrast, human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) IN-beta-galactosidase fusions expressed similarly are predominantly cytoplasmic. To identify the region of ASV IN that specifies nuclear localization, various subdomains of the protein were expressed as beta-galactosidase fusions and their subcellular locations were assessed cytochemically and by indirect immunofluorescence. These analyses showed that the ASV IN protein possesses a functional nuclear localization signal that spans amino acids 206 to 235 and displays limited homology with known nuclear transport signals.
Deactivation of Commercial, High-Load o-Xylene Feed VOx/TiO2 Phthalic Anhydride Catalyst by Unusual Over-Reduction (2019)

An unusual temporal behavior of the by-product spectrum, as well as the temperature profiles of a commercial phthalic anhydride reactor, indicated a non-typical change of the incumbent catalyst. In order to understand these observations, catalyst samples were taken from this reactor and analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Catalyst samples from another commercial reference reactor with most similar operating conditions and catalyst lifetime were also taken for comparison. The detailed physical analysis did not indicate unusual thermal stress leading to catalyst deactivation by rutilisation or sintering of the titania phase. The chemical analysis did not reveal significant amounts of any of the known catalyst poisons, which would also contribute to an untypical catalyst deactivation/behavior. Quantitative X-ray diffraction measurements on the other hand revealed an unusually high degree of reduction of the vanadium species in the final polishing catalyst layer. Such an abnormal degree of catalyst reduction, and hence, irreversible damaging, was concluded to likely originate from a unit shutdown without sufficient air purging of the catalyst bed. Combustion analysis of the deactivated catalyst confirmed unusually high carbon contents in the finishing catalyst bed (L4) accompanied with a significant loss in the specific surface area by plugging the catalyst pores with high-molecular carbon deposits. According to the well-known Mars–van-Krevelen-mechanism, o-xylene and reaction intermediates remain adsorbed on the catalyst surface in case of a shutdown without air purging and will continue to consume lattice oxygen, accordingly reducing the catalytic species. This systematic investigation of used catalyst samples demonstrated the importance of sufficient air purging during and after a unit shutdown to avoid abnormal, irreversible damage and thus negative impact to catalyst performance.
PolyScientist: Automatic Loop Transformations Combined with Microkernels for Optimization of Deep Learning Primitives (2020)

At the heart of deep learning training and inferencing are computationally intensive primitives such as convolutions which form the building blocks of deep neural networks. Researchers have taken two distinct approaches to creating high performance implementations of deep learning kernels, namely, 1) library development exemplified by Intel MKL-DNN for CPUs, 2) automatic compilation represented by the TensorFlow XLA compiler. The two approaches have their drawbacks: even though a custom built library can deliver very good performance, the cost and time of development of the library can be high. Automatic compilation of kernels is attractive but in practice, till date, automatically generated implementations lag expert coded kernels in performance by orders of magnitude. In this paper, we develop a hybrid solution to the development of deep learning kernels that achieves the best of both worlds: the expert coded microkernels are utilized for the innermost loops of kernels and we use the advanced polyhedral technology to automatically tune the outer loops for performance. We design a novel polyhedral model based data reuse algorithm to optimize the outer loops of the kernel. Through experimental evaluation on an important class of deep learning primitives namely convolutions, we demonstrate that the approach we develop attains the same levels of performance as Intel MKL-DNN, a hand coded deep learning library.
Diagnostic Value of Endoscopic Ultrasonography- Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology ofMediastinal Masses in Patients with Intrapulmo nary Lesions and Nondiagnostic Bronchoscopy (1999)

Several procedures are available for the cytopathological diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in patients with mediastinal mass lesions/lymph node enlargement. All patients had intrapulmonary lesions on chest X ray and/or CT scan, and inconclusive findings by endobronchial forceps biopsy and/or brush cytology. EUS-guided FNA was performed in 16 patients using a modified oblique forward-viewing gastroscope with an electronic multielement curved linear ultrasound transducer. After the region of interest was localized, a 22-gauge Vilmann-Hancke needle was introduced via the 2-mm biopsy channel. The cytological diagnosis of EUS-guided FNA was conclusive for cancer in 9 patients and in the other 7 patients the aspirated samples revealed a benign lesion. In 10 patients the final diagnosis was cancer, thus EUS-guided FNA was diagnostic for malignancy in all but 1 of the lesions (sensitivity 90.0%). In 1 patient epitheloid cell granuloma was detected by cytological examination of the FNA. Following tuberculostatic treatment the lesions disappeared completely on CT scan and EUS. The overall accuracy in this study amounted to 93.7%. From this and other studies discussed, it is assumed that the procedure is an accurate and safe technique to examine nodular lesions suggestive of metastatic lymph node involvement.
Evidence for two mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor kills cells (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes and will revert differentiated adipocytes to the preadipocyte state. TNF is not toxic to either adipocytes or preadipocytes when used alone but is highly toxic to these cells when used in conjunction with cycloheximide, yielding virtually 100% killing within 4-6 h of treatment. A cell line (TA1 R-6) was isolated which is resistant to the combined toxic effects of TNF and cycloheximide. This cell line is stable and, unlike the parental cell line, does not morphologically differentiate to adipocytes or express adipocyte-specific mRNAs. It has a more transformed appearance and growth pattern and, while resistant to the toxic effects of TNF and cycloheximide in a 6-h assay, has become sensitive to cytotoxicity induced by TNF used alone in a 3-day assay. The adipocyte differentiation-inducing agents, dexamethasone and indomethacin, block the cytotoxicity induced by TNF alone in the TA1 R-6 line but do not block the rapid cytotoxicity of TNF and cycloheximide in the parental line. These results provide both genetic and pharmacologic evidence that there are at least two distinct or overlapping pathways by which TNF mediates its effects.