gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in S/G ratio in natural poplar variants do not predict catalytic depolymerization monomer yields (2019)

The ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) units in lignin has been regarded as a major factor in determining the maximum monomer yield from lignin depolymerization. This limit arises from the notion that G units are prone to C-C bond formation during lignin biosynthesis, resulting in less ether linkages that generate monomers. This study uses reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) in flow-through reactors as an analytical tool to depolymerize lignin in poplar with naturally varying S/G ratios, and directly challenges the common conception that the S/G ratio predicts monomer yields. Rather, this work suggests that the plant controls C-O and C-C bond content by regulating monomer transport during lignin biosynthesis. Overall, our results indicate that additional factors beyond the monomeric composition of native lignin are important in developing a fundamental understanding of lignin biosynthesis.
Intelligent Ambience that can Influence Robot Behavior (2009)

In order for robots to execute several tasks at the office or at home, they need enormous amounts of information. If we put a small amount of intelligence into each item that is part of the ambience, the ambience itself can simply cause the robots to change their state as it requests. We call such an ambience “Intelligent Ambience (IA).” In this paper, a design of IA is described. We have constructed an example of an IA and verified its effectiveness through experimentation.
13.1 A 1.33Tb 4-bit/Cell 3D-Flash Memory on a 96-Word-Line-Layer Technology (2019)

Since 3D-Flash memory took over for 2D-Flash memory, chip capacity has continuously improved [1-3]. In the 2D-Flash era, 2b/cell (MLC) offered higher performance and reliability, while a 3b/cell (TLC) offered the lowest cost. Thanks to a larger feature size, 3D Flash cell reliability is much better than that of 2D. As a result, TLC 3D-Flash became the mainstream non-volatile memory, since it satisfies most market requirements in both performance and reliability. To meet the continuously growing market demand for higher capacity and lower cost, a 4b/cell (QLC) 3D-Flash memory in a 96-WL-layer technology is presented. It achieves an 8.5Gb/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> area capacity, which is 42~50% greater than the 3D-Flash memory reported in [2,3]. A chip micrograph and a table summarizing key features is shown in Fig. 13.1.7. The total 1.33Tb capacity is the highest single Flash memory chip capacity reported thus far.
From the guest editors (1999)

article Free Access Share on From the guest editors Authors: Steven Seitz Carnegie Mellon University Carnegie Mellon UniversityView Profile , Richard Szeliski Microsoft Research Microsoft ResearchView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGGRAPH Computer GraphicsVolume 33Issue 4Nov.2000pp 35–37https://doi.org/10.1145/345370.345398Published:04 November 1999Publication History 3citation141DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations3Total Downloads141Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Traction of clogged golf footwear (2013)

Purpose: In the game of golf, players are constantly moving into and out of many different terrains as well as playing on different ground conditions, which may cause the shoe-surface interface to become contaminated with solid debris. The addition of this debris will no doubt alter the shoe-surface interface, potentially altering the golfer's traction and performance during the swing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the traction of two different types of golf cleats on wet and dry surfaces, while the traction elements were both clean and clogged with debris. Methods: The traction of footwear with two different cleat combinations on wet and dry natural grass, while the traction elements were unclogged and clogged with debris was tested. A robotic testing machine that encompassed six degrees of freedom was used for all traction testing. A normal load of 500 N was applied to the shoe, after which the platform moved at a speed of 75 mm/s, with the horizontal and vertical forces being measured by the load cell during the duration of the movement. Results: Clogging of the cleats significantly reduced traction (F = 63.823, p < 0.001) as did wetting the surface (F = 9.964, p = 0.002). Testing location of the shoe caused a difference in traction measurements with the forefoot having significantly higher traction values than the rearfoot (F = 49.617, p < 0.001). Cleat type did not have a significant effect on traction (F = 1.364, p = 0.247). Conclusion: If footwear is clogged with course contaminants, significant reductions in traction could occur, which may lead to slipping and result in altering the timing or motion of the swing as well as the ability to transfer the required force through the body to the ball.
Optical absorption of semiconductor quantum wells (2002)

The envelope function theory is discussed to derive the proper expression of the photon-electron interaction, and thus the general expression of the optical absorption coefficient, in the multiple band scheme for the fast developing long wavelength quantum well infrared photodetectors. The real n-type AlAs/AlGaAs detector is investigated to understand the effects of electrostatic fields due to doping impurities and free carriers and the finite barrier height, while the optical transitions due to inter-band mixings are principal in p-type Ge/sub x/Si/sub 1-x/ detectors.
Structural complexity in grain boundaries with covalent bonding (1990)

The structural properties of two short-period twist boundaries in germanium are explored using a state-of-the-art total-energy calculation. The structures of these boundaries are found to be very complex, with boundary bonds that are distorted and weak. These systems are found to exhibit a large degeneracy in the number of local energy minima. Thus the boundaries have difficulty in arriving at a locally ordered state. The situation may be unique to the semiconducting twist grain boundaries due to the inherent frustration present between the tendency to form directional bonds and the imposed twist geometry which makes the bond formation improbable. This study focuses on the energy, coordination, volume change, and electronic states characteristic of the local minima. A trend towards dimerization is found especially in the highest-angle twist boundary.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Lithium Tetrahydridoberyllate Towards Common Functional Groups: Scope and Limitations. (1990)

Abstract The benzaldehydes (I) are treated with the title reagent to produce the benzylic alcohols (II).
Multicomponent Synthesis of Spiroisoxazolines. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pressure Waves for Transdermal Drug Delivery (2007)

Charged solutes are transported primarily by electrical repulsion from the electrode. The flow of electric current may enhance the permeability of skin. Electro-osmosis may alter the transport of unionized molecules and large polar peptides.
Ionic liquid based model catalysis: interaction of [BMIM][Tf2N] with Pd nanoparticles supported on an ordered alumina film (2010)

Towards a better understanding of novel catalytic materials consisting of supported noble metal catalysts modified by an ionic liquid (IL) film, we have performed a study under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. The model surface consists of Pd nanoparticles grown in UHV on an ordered alumina film on NiAl(110). Thin films of the room temperature IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM][Tf(2)N] are deposited onto this surface by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD). The interaction of the IL with clean and CO-covered Pd/Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110) at 300 K and the thermal behavior of the deposited IL films on Pd/Al(2)O(3)/NiAl(110) are investigated by time-resolved infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (TR-IRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At 300 K, the IL adsorbs molecularly both onto the Pd particles and onto the alumina. The IR spectra suggest that the [Tf(2)N](-) anions interact with Pd sites preferentially via the sulfonyl groups. CO pre-adsorbed on the Pd particles is partially displaced by the IL, even at 300 K, and only the part of CO adsorbed onto hollow sites on (111) facets of the Pd particles remains in place. Upon heating to temperatures higher than the desorption temperature of the IL (>400 K), molecular desorption of the IL competes with decomposition. The decomposition products, atomic species and small fragments, remain preferentially adsorbed onto the Pd nanoparticles and strongly modify their surface properties. Most of the decomposition products originate from the [BMIM](+) cations, whereas the [Tf(2)N](-) anions desorb for the most part.
Means of Integrating Audio Content Analysis Algorithms (2001)

Two generic mechanisms are proposed that facilitate the efficient integration of audio content analysis algorithms. The first mechanism, priorityrule based interleaving of algorithms, allows the simultaneous interoperation of several bottom-up analysis modules by interleaving their atomic steps. It aims at increased accuracy through controlled manipulation of common data. The second mechanism, top-down routing of requests for data, allows high-level predictions to direct the bottom-up analysis towards verifying the predicted hypotheses by observations. Examples from automatic music transcription are presented to clarify the use of the proposed methods. KLAPURI AUDIO CONTENT ANALYSIS AES 110 TH CONVENTION, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2001 MAY 12--15 2 . System should be able to handle uncertain data, and let several alternative explanations evolve side-by-side. In this paper, a so-called blackboard architecture was selected to be the implementational starting point. Blackboard systems, ...
[Identification of toxic components from the venom of Cerastes cerastes and Vipera lebetina vipers; purification of phospholipases]. (1988)

Cerastes cerastes and Vipera lebetina venoms have been fractionated and the different components analysed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamid gels. Phospholipases A2 contained in these two venoms have been purified and their electrophoretic properties compared.
Expression of mouse immunoglobulin light and heavy chain variable regions in Escherichia coli and reconstitution of antigen-binding activity (1990)

The expression of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable regions in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and formation of a functional heterodimer has been demonstrated. Variable domain sequences were taken from the heavy and light chain cDNAs of the monoclonal antibody Gloop 2 and engineered for expression in a dual origin expression vector. The engineered genes vhg2 and vlg2 were separately subcloned into the vector, creating two expression plasmids. Expression of the heavy and light chain variable region genes (encoding 116 and 109 amino acids respectively) was investigated in eight E. coli strains; the polypeptides were rapidly degraded in a host strain optimized for expression and in E. coli strains deficient in the major protease La (lon-). Accumulation was permitted in severely protease-deficient E. coli having a defective heat-shock response. A lon- mutation in this genetic background permitted even higher accumulation. Expression levels were 7 and 1% of total bacterial protein for light and heavy chain variable regions respectively. Expression of the heavy chain variable region gene was increased by including a longer Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Similar constructions in the light chain vector had no effect on expression levels. The insoluble variable region polypeptides were reconstituted into a heterodimer possessing the full antigen binding characteristics of both the parent monoclonal antibody and its Fab fragment.
High-Q, gallium nitride nanowire-ALD composite mechanical resonators (2009)

We are investigating high quality-factor, Q, gallium nitride (GaN) nanowire (NW) - atomic layer deposition (ALD) composite nano-electromechanical resonators. GaN-NWs of typical 100 nm radius and a few microns length are single crystal structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These NWs are singly-clamped cantilevers, resonate near 1 MHz, and have typical Q in the range 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> -10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> under high vacuum. We are exploring the potential for surface functionalization and resonance frequency tuning of these high-Q resonators through ALD coatings. We report that thin coatings (<10 nm) of ALD Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> lead to a broadening of the GaN-NW fundamental mode resonance peak and a consistent increase in resonance frequency of ~15 kHz per 5 nm ALD.
Continuous Activity Recognition Using Smart Watches (2018)

With the significant rise in the number of senior citizens living independently, there is a considerable research focus in the wellness and care of this geriatric population. While monitoring these citizens by heavily instrumenting them with tech could possibly aid in better prediction and prevention of certain ailments, this type of setup interferes with the need of independent living. We therefore explore the possibilities of a ubiquitous and pervasive monitoring system using smart-watches to allow making useful inferences in the subject's activities of daily living (ADL).
A Microfabricated Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Integrated Electroosmotic Pump (2006)

This paper reports a novel design, and subsequent performance results, for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with a planar silicon electroosmotic (EO) pump for methanol fuel delivery. EO pumps possess no moving parts, produce flow rates on the order of several ml/min, and can be microfabricated from silicon substrates. Maximum flow rates from the EO pumps ranged from 0.25 ml/min to 10 ml/min at applied voltages ranging from 40 V – 100 V with deionized water as the working fluid. The maximum power density of the DMFC is 17.8 mW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at room temperature.
Stability of Schizoaffective Disorder in Correlation with Duration of Follow-Up: Retrospective Analysis (2010)

(a) The study design was retrospective and further prospective studies are needed to establish our findings; (b) there is a misusage of the SAD subtype definitions, thus conclusions regarding polarity of SAD and stability of diagnosis are limited, and (c) the population studied was comprised of inpatients, therefore generalization to the outpatient population should be done with caution.
Circovirus Hepatitis Infection in Heart-Lung Transplant Patient, France (2023)

In March 2022, a 61-year-old woman in France who had received a heart-lung transplant sought treatment with chronic hepatitis mainly characterized by increased liver enzymes. After ruling out common etiologies, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to analyze a liver biopsy sample and identified an unknown species of circovirus, tentatively named human circovirus 1 (HCirV-1). We found no other viral or bacterial sequences. HCirV-1 shared 70% amino acid identity with the closest known viral sequences. The viral genome was undetectable in blood samples from 2017-2019, then became detectable at low levels in September 2020 and peaked at very high titers (10<sup>10</sup> genome copies/mL) in January 2022. In March 2022, we found >10<sup>8</sup> genome copies/g or mL in the liver and blood, concomitant with hepatic cytolysis. We detected HCirV-1 transcripts in 2% of hepatocytes, demonstrating viral replication and supporting the role of HCirV-1 in liver damage.
A British Bureaucratic Revolution? (2011)

This paper addresses a puzzle: how to account for changes in the routine behavior of groups, organizations and individuals in Britain? Following a detailed analysis of state-market interdependence and the role of the state in creating the market, an analysis drawn from the thinking of Weber and Polanyi, we suggest adapting Weber’s notion of bureaucratic revolution: in what we call the British bureaucratic revolution, the state has played an essential role in social change by creating institutions and rules that are lastingly reorienting actors’ behavior. The example of the healthcare field is examined in order to identify the specific mechanisms that have been impacting on behavior within an approximately ten-year period; namely, the introduction of 1) competitive practices (sanction/reward) and 2) auditing and inspection. If this interpretation is valid, then it is reasonable to assume that the effects of this bureaucratic revolution extend beyond Britain.
Unlocking the Power of the Host Response to Improve the Management of Infectious Diseases (2019)

The fundamental value of a diagnostic or prognostic test lies in its ability to accurately
Distributed Signal Processing in Sensor Networks (2005)

In recent years, the widespread availability of embedded processors and easily accessible wireless networks have resulted in a new sensing concept based on connecting a large number of inexpensive and small sensors in a sensor network. In principle, a sensor network can be highly scalable, cost effective, and robust with respect to individual sensor’s failure. However, there are important theoretical challenges that must be overcome for sensor networks to become viable. Due to the large and often ad-hoc nature of sensor networks, it would be a formidable challenge to develop distributed information fusion algorithms without first developing a simple, yet rigorous and flexible, mathematical model. The aim of this chapter is to introduce one such model. In our formulation, the fusion problem is converted into the problem of finding a point in the intersection of finitely many convex sets. The key advantage of this formulation is that the solution can be found using a series of projections onto the individual convex sets. These projections can be computed locally at each sensor node thus allowing the computations to be done simultaneously and in a highly distributed fashion. We conclude the chapter by presenting simulation examples that demonstrate our proposed formulation. Index Terms Sensor networks, sensor fusion, ill-posed problems, regularization, spectrum estimation, convex sets, distributed algorithms, parallel optimization
Estimating information levels-using interpretation to convert data into useable information (2014)

The amount of information available from several published soil map units is estimated using the Shannon information theory. The amount of information is based on the use of interpretation classes and the Shannon information statistic. Generally the amount of information about intrinsic soil properties such as particle size, shrinkage potential and sodicity is higher than for properties such as pH which are influenced by land management. The implications for the assessment and operation of soil mapping are discussed.
Altered Gut Microbiota and Endocannabinoid System Tone in Obese and Diabetic Leptin-Resistant Mice: Impact on Apelin Regulation in Adipose Tissue (2011)

Growing evidence supports the role of gut microbiota in the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and low-grade inflammation. The endocrine activity of adipose tissue has been found to contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis and low-grade inflammation. Among the key hormones produced by this tissue, apelin has been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis. Recently, it has been proposed that gut microbiota participate in adipose tissue metabolism via the endocannabinoid system (eCB) and gut microbiota-derived compounds, namely lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have investigated gut microbiota composition in obese and diabetic leptin-resistant mice (db/db) by combining pyrosequencing and phylogenetic microarray analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. We observed a significant higher abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Fibrobacteres phyla in db/db mice compared to lean mice. The abundance of 10 genera was significantly affected by the genotype. We identified the roles of the eCB and LPS in the regulation of apelinergic system tone (apelin and APJ mRNA expression) in genetic obese and diabetic mice. By using in vivo and in vitro models, we have demonstrated that both the eCB and low-grade inflammation differentially regulate apelin and APJ mRNA expression in adipose tissue. Finally, deep-gut microbiota profiling revealed that the gut microbial community of type 2 diabetic mice is significantly different from that of their lean counterparts. This indicates specific relationships between the gut microbiota and the regulation of the apelinergic system. However, the exact roles of specific bacteria in shaping the phenotype of db/db mice remain to be determined.
Adobe-MIT submission to the DSTC 4 Spoken Language Understanding pilot\n task (2016)

The Dialog State Tracking Challenge 4 (DSTC 4) proposes several pilot tasks.\nIn this paper, we focus on the spoken language understanding pilot task, which\nconsists of tagging a given utterance with speech acts and semantic slots. We\ncompare different classifiers: the best system obtains 0.52 and 0.67 F1-scores\non the test set for speech act recognition for the tourist and the guide\nrespectively, and 0.52 F1-score for semantic tagging for both the guide and the\ntourist.\n
Abnormalities in Muscle Function During Gait in Relation to the Level of Lumbar Disc Herniation (2000)

Preoperative gait analysis identified functional deficits of the muscles about the ankle and foot that relate to the level of the herniation. Kinetic measurements can assist in understanding the functional limitations associated with specific levels of a herniation.
The Targeting of Quadruplex Nucleic Acids in Human Cancers (2019)

The overwhelming majority of DNA in the human genome is double-stranded. However,regions comprising several short guanine-tracts are capable of forming higher-order structures,termed quadruplexes. [...]
Scanning Fiber Endoscope with multiple fluorescence-reflectance imaging channels for guiding biopsy (2014)

Fluorescence-labeled molecular probes can be used during endoscopy for early cancer detection. As many tumors express multiple cell surface markers and these molecular signatures are heterogeneous across patients, simultaneous imaging of numerous different molecular targets is important for increasing the sensitivity of early cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment. For this purpose, a wide-field, multi-spectral fluorescence-reflectance scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) has been developed. Using a set of calibrated fluorescent test targets at in vivo dye concentration, algorithms and methodologies were developed and demonstrated. Preliminary results showed the promise of fluorescence molecular imaging in clinical applications using the multi-spectral SFE.