gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear-quadrupole-resonance study of the 145-K charge-density-wave transition in NbSe3 (1984)

The authors have used spin echoes to study the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ nuclear-quadrupole-resonance (NQR) line shapes and relaxation times in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ through the charge-density-wave transition at 145 K. Of the 12 NQR lines present above 145 K, arising from the three different Nb sites each of which contributes four NQR lines, only six were observed in the frequency range studied. The authors have determined that these six lines arise from two distinct quadrupole fields with one axial or nearly axial ($\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0$) and the other nearly "antiaxial" ($\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$). A simple argument suggests that these two sites are the ones which appear most similar in the crystal structure. Below 145 K the nearly axial line becomes nonaxial ($\ensuremath{\eta}=0.55$) while the nearly antiaxial line smears slightly. Relaxation data combined with the line-shape data show that dynamical effects are present at the nearly axial site and the changes in the spectra may be due principally to a change in the dynamics of the quadrupole field at that site. Dynamics are relatively unimportant at the antiaxial site. The third site has yet to be observed.
On Thermoeconomics of a Sensible Heat, Thermal Energy Storage System (1995)

A closed-form model for the second-law-based thermoeconomic optimization of a sensible heat storage system, in which the energy is stored in a large liquid bath from a hot-gas source, is discussed with an example problem. The results are compared with those obtained from Bejan’s analysis to illustrate usefulness of the present approach. The influence of important parameters on the optimum number of heat transfer units Ntu,opt, and dimensionless charging time θopt, are presented in a graphic form.
Operando Synchrotron XRD Investigation of Silver Metal Formation upon Electrochemical Reduction of Silver Iron Pyrophosphate (Ag7Fe3(P2O7)4) (2017)

The formation of conductive metallic silver upon electrochemical reduction and lithiation of Ag7Fe3(P2O7)4 is investigated. Alternating current impedance spectroscopy measurements show a 34% decrease in charge transfer resistance upon one electron equivalent (ee) of reduction, which is coincident with the formation of a Ag metal conductive network evidenced by both ex situ and operando X-ray diffraction. Quantitative assessment of Ag metal formation derived from operando XRD shows that only Ag+ ions are reduced during the first 3ee, followed by simultaneous reduction of Ag+ and Fe3+ reduction for the next 5ee (3ee to 8ee), culminating in reduction of the remaining Ag+. Scanning electron microscopy images show smaller Ag metal crystallite size and shorter nearest neighbor distance between and among Ag particles with higher depth of discharge. A high rate intermittent pulsatile discharge test is conducted where the cell delivers 12 total pulses during full discharge to probe the effect of Ag metal formation on the Li/Ag7Fe3(P2O7)4 cell electrochemistry. The Ohmic resistance is derived from the voltage drop of each pulse. The resistance is 65 Ω initially, reaches its minimum of 26 Ω at 4.5 ee discharge, and levels off at 35 Ω after 7.0 ee reduction. The initial Ag reduction is more significant for the conductive network formation indicated by the decrease of both Rct and Ohmic resistance, which facilitates the high power output of the cell.
Oxygen saturation estimation from near-infrared multispectral video data using 3D convolutional residual networks (2023)

Non-contact methods can expand the application scenarios of blood oxygen measurement with better hygiene and comfort, but the traditional non-contact methods are usually less accurate. In this study a novel non-contact approach for measuring peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) using deep learning and near-infrared multispectral videos is proposed. After a series of data processing including shading correction, global detrending and spectral channel normalization to reduce the influences from illumination non-uniformity, ambient light, and skin tone, the preprocessed video data are split into half-second clips (30 frames) as input of the 3D convolutional residual network. In the experiment, multispectral videos in 25 channels of hand palms from 7 participants were captured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can accurately estimate SpO<sub>2</sub> from near-infrared multispectral videos, which demonstrates the agreement with commercial pulse oximeter. The study also evaluated the performance of the approach with different combinations of near-infrared channels.
Crystal structure of dichlorido(4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane)iron(III) hexafluoridophosphate (2015)

The title compound, [FeCl2(C14H30N4)]PF6, contains Fe(3+) coordinated by the four nitro-gen atoms of an ethyl-ene cross-bridged cyclam macrocycle and two cis chloride ligands in a distorted octa-hedral environment. In contrast to other similar compounds this is a monomer. Inter-molecular C-H⋯Cl inter-actions exist in the structure between the complex ions. Comparison with the mononuclear Fe(2+) complex of the same ligand shows that the smaller Fe(3+) ion is more fully engulfed by the cavity of the bicyclic ligand. Comparison with the μ-oxido dinuclear complex of an unsubstituted ligand of the same size demonstrates that the methyl groups of 4,11-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-bicyclo-[6.6.2]hexa-decane prevent dimerization upon oxidation.
From Noise-Shaped Coding to Energy Efficiency - One bit at the time (2011)

Three parameters that drive the research and development of future RF transmitter technologies for high speed wireless communication today are energy efficiency, flexibility and reduction of the physical footprint. This thesis treats the use of single-bit quantization in conjunction with a method called Noise-Shaped Coding (NSC), as an enabler for these parameters, foremost in terms of energy efficiency.The first part of the thesis provides a short introduction to the common Radio Frequency Power Amplifier (RFPA) power efficiency enhancement techniques. The pulsed RF transmitter is introduced in which the RFPA is used as a switch, modulated by a single-bit quantized signal which allows it to operate solely at its two most efficient states.The second part of the thesis provides an introduction to the concept of NSC and the underlying idea of how high signal quality can be achieved with one bit quantization of the signal amplitude. A particular method of implementing NSC, namely the ΣΔ-modulator, is introduced and some common methods for design and analysis are discussed. An optimization-based approach to ΣΔ-modulator design is proposed and benchmarked against conventional methods in terms of its ability to shape the power spectral density of the quantization noise according to a given reconstruction filter response, minimizing the reconstructed error metric.The third and final part of the thesis focuses specifically on the application of ΣΔ-modulation in a pulsed RF transmitter context. The concepts of band-pass and baseband ΣΔ-modulation are introduced. A few important challenges related to the use of ΣΔ-modulation in a pulsed RF-transmitter context are identified. A ΣΔ-modulator topology which handles a complex input signal is investigated in great detail and advantages compared to conventional methods for using ΣΔ-modulation are unveiled by means of theoretical analysis and simulations. A method for suppressing the quantization noise within a frequency band surrounding the modulated RF carrier, enabling the use of more wideband reconstruction filter and moderate pulse-rates, is also presented. A detailed theoretical analysis reveals how optimized Noise-Shaped Coding, as provided by the optimization method introduced in the second part, can be deployed in order to improve the system performance. Finally, the method is validated by experimental measurements on two different high efficiency RFPAs at 1 and 3.5 GHz respectively, showing promising results.
Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Involvement of the Choroid Plexus (2021)

Summary Aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a major age-related disorder, are both characterized by inflammatory changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The origin and the mechanisms underlying these inflammatory changes, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we report that aging elicits inflammatory changes in the CSF that become accentuated uniquely in AD compared to other inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. We show that the choroid plexus (ChP), which produces CSF, gains a pro-inflammatory profile, exhibits perturbed metabolism and contributes to the CSF changes observed in AD. We then use MRI imaging to establish a correlation between cognitive decline and increased volume of significantly remodelled ChP in patients with AD, and provide clinical relevance to the identified ChP pathology. These findings collectively suggest that ChP, unable to resolve inflammatory insults efficiently over the lifetime, participates in the inflammation and the pathogenesis of AD.
2‐Nitro‐1,4‐diaminobenzene‐Functionalized Poly(vinyl amine)s as Water‐Soluble UV‐Vis‐Sensitive pH Sensors (2006)

Abstract Summary: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 2,6‐ O ‐dimethyl‐ β ‐cyclodextrin ( β ‐DMCD)‐complexed 4‐fluoro‐3‐nitroaniline derivatives with poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm) in water results in 2‐nitro‐1,4‐benzenediamine‐functionalized water‐soluble PVAms in one step. The 2‐nitro‐1,4‐benzenediamine moiety linked to the polymer is solvatochromic and undergoes protonation and deprotonation as function of pH as shown by UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The occurrence of an isosbestic point in the UV‐Vis spectrum is suitable to directly determine the p K a value using the Henderson‐Hasselbalch equation. The influence of the methyl group substitution of the polymer and the 2‐nitro‐1,4‐benzenediamine moiety on the p K a is discussed. Structure of the 4‐ N , N ‐dimethyl‐2‐nitro‐1,4‐benzenediamine‐functionalized PVAm and its solution in water at varying pH. magnified image Structure of the 4‐ N , N ‐dimethyl‐2‐nitro‐1,4‐benzenediamine‐functionalized PVAm and its solution in water at varying pH.
A High-Throughput Skim-sequencing Approach for Genotyping, Dosage Estimation and Identifying Translocations (2021)

Abstract The development of next generation sequencing (NGS) enabled a shift from array-based genotyping to high-throughput genotyping by directly sequencing genomic libraries. Even though whole genome sequencing was initially too costly for routine analysis in large populations, such as those utilized for breeding or genetic studies, continued advancements in genome sequencing and bioinformatics have provided the opportunity to utilize whole-genome information. As new sequencing platforms can routinely provide high-quality sequencing data for sufficient genome coverage, a limitation comes in the time and high cost of library construction when multiplexing a large number of samples. Here we describe a high-throughput whole-genome skim-sequencing (skim-seq) approach that can be utilized for a broad range of genotyping and genomic characterization. Using optimized low-volume Illumina Nextera chemistry, we developed a skim-seq method and combined up to 960 samples in one multiplex library using dual index barcoding. With the dual-index barcoding, the number of samples for multiplexing can be adjusted depending on amount of data required and extended to 3,072 samples or more. Panels of double haploid wheat lines ( Triticum aestivum , CDC Stanley x CDC Landmark), wheat-barley ( T . aestivum x Hordeum vulgare ) and wheat-wheatgrass ( Triticum durum x Thinopyrum intermedium ) introgression lines as well as known monosomic wheat stocks were genotyped using the skim-seq approach. Bioinformatics pipelines were developed for various applications where sequencing coverage ranged from 1x down to 0.01x per sample. Using reference genomes, we detected chromosome dosage, identified aneuploidy, and karyotyped introgression lines from the low coverage skim-seq data. Leveraging the recent advancements in genome sequencing, skim-seq provides an effective and low-cost tool for routine genotyping and genetic analysis, which can track and identify introgressions and genomic regions of interest in genetics research and applied breeding programs.
Single virus analysis by correlated optical spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (1999)

Single adeno- and tobacco mosaic viruses have been studied by correlated fluorescence spectroscopy and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. The size and shape of spatially isolated, fluorescently tagged viruses are measured on the nanometer scale, and the fluorescent labels in each virus are determined by wavelength-resolved spectroscopy. This work extends ultrasensitive measurement to the single-virus level and is expected to have applications in studying gene therapy vectors and virus-cell interactions.
Rapid rational drug targeting of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)-positive Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) using the survivin inhibitor YM155. (2012)

8577 Background: MCC is an aggressive, chemoresistant skin cancer causing more deaths each year than chronic myelogenous leukemia. We discovered a new virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), clonally integrated into ~80% of primary and metastatic MCC in 2008. To find therapeutic targets for this cancer, we examined cellular genes perturbed by MCV infection. Methods: Digital transcriptome subtraction was used to discover MCV and also to reveal survivin gene (BIRC5) upregulation in virus-positive tumors. MCV T antigen knockdown studies in seven MCC lines and large T (LT) transduction into BJ fibroblasts were used to confirm this. Drug screening was performed in vitro using Cell-Titer Glo assays in a two stage analysis. In vivo screening used an MKL-1 (MCV+) MCC NOD-SCIDg mouse xenograft model with a single three-week treatment round. Results: MCV large T oncoprotein induces survivin transcription through retinoblastoma protein sequestration by the LT LXCXE motif. MCV T antigen knockdown results in nonapoptotic MCC cell death and loss of survivin expression. YM155, a phase II survivin transcription inhibitor, causes MCV+ MCC cell necroptosis associated with autophagy at 1-12 nM EC50. Of 1359 other drugs from LOPAC and NCI Oncology Set II libraries, only bortezomib had in vitro potency comparable to YM155. In MKL-1 xenograft studies, mice were treated with saline, bortezomib or YM155 for three weeks using standard dosings. Bortezomib did not significantly improve mouse survival (33%) over saline (24%) during treatment. In contrast, all YM155-treated mice survived (100%, p&lt;0.001) the 3 week treatment period. Tumors resumed growth once YM155 treatment was stopped suggesting that YM155 is cytostatic in vivo rather than cytotoxic. Conclusions: Survivin expression is induced by MCV LT and is critical to MCV+ MCC survival. A survivin inhibitor, YM155 was nontoxic to mice and cytostatic for MCV+ MCC xenografts. Using genomic technologies, in less than four years, the primary viral cause for most MCC was discovered, new diagnostic tests developed and a promising rational drug candidate identified. A cooperative group trial (E1611) for YM155 and bortezomib in MCC patients is currently planned.
Toward fully integrated nonlinear photonics (2020)

Two key advances recently made toward integrated nonlinear photonic circuits are presented, including an ultra-efficient (Aluminium) Gallium Arsenide on insulator nonlinear platform, and integrated turnkey soliton microcombs.
Surface Deterioration of Indirect Restorative Materials (2020)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of in vitro and in situ biodegradation on the surface characteristics of two resin cements and a hybrid ceramic system. One hundred and eighty specimens (4X1.5mm) of each material (Maxcem Elite, NX3 Nexus and Vita Enamic) were made and randomly distributed in twelve groups (n=15) according to the material and biodegradation method. The specimens were then submitted to the following challenges: storage in distilled water 37 ºC for 24 h or 7 days, storage for 7 days, at 37 ºC, in stimulated saliva or in situ. The in situ stage corresponded to the preparation of 15 intraoral palatal devices, used for 7 days. Each device presented 3 niches, where a sample of each materials was accommodated. Specimens from both saliva and in situ groups suffered a cariogenic challenge, corresponding to the application of a solution of 20% of sucrose, 10 times throughout each day. After each biodegradation method, the surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VHN) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes were performed. The data collected were evaluated by Levene test, two-way ANOVA and Tukey`s test (α=5%). The in situ challenge promoted the greater biodegradation, regardless of the material. Regarding the materials, the Vita Enamic VHN was negatively affected by all biodegradation methods and the Nexus NX3 presented better performance than the self-adhesive cement tested. Therefore, within the conditions of this work, it was concluded that in situ biodegradation can affect negatively the surface characteristics of indirect restorative materials.
Multidimensional Layered Forward Error Correction Using Rateless Codes (2008)

Modern layered or scalable video coding technologies generate a video bit stream with various inter layer dependencies due to references between the layers. This work proposes a method for extending forward error correction (FECs) codes following dependency structures within the media. The proposed layer-aware FEC (L-FEC) generates repair symbols so that protection of less important dependency layers can be used with protection of more important layers for combined error correction. The L-FEC approach is exemplary applied to rateless LT and Raptor codes. Gains for more important layers can be achieved without increasing the total FEC code rate. The performance gain of the L-FEC is shown by simulation results with receiver-driven layered multicast transmission using scalable video coding (SVC) with a Raptor-based L-FEC.
Evaluation of the main inhibitors from lignocellulose pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation (2017)

To produce cellulosic ethanol more economically, utilization of whole slurry of pretreated lignocellulose without separating liquid and solid fractions after thermal and/or chemical pretreatment of lignocellulose may be advantageous in terms of process economics. To carry out such processing on mixtures, which contain pretreatment byproducts, quantitative evaluation of the degree of inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation by pretreatment byproducts are important. Therefore, in this study, the inhibitory effect of byproducts, focusing on sugar degradation products including furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acetic acid (AA), formic acid (FA), and levulinic acid (LA), on enzyme and microbial performance was investigated. The experimental conditions for SSF media containing the inhibitors were optimized by response-surface methodology-ridge analysis. The saccharification using commercial cellulase was most remarkably inhibited (approximately 28%) by HMF. The ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was nearly completely inhibited (approximately 80%) by furfural. The toxicity was noted as HMF &gt; FA &gt; furfural &gt; AA ≈ LA for enzymatic hydrolysis, and furfural &gt; HMF &gt; FA &gt; AA &gt; LA for yeast ethanol production. The results indicated that the inhibitor accumulation during pretreatment should be controlled for subsequent effective saccharification and fermentation.
Cross Layer Implementation of a Multi-User MIMO Test-Bed (2010)

This paper describes an implementation of a realtime multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) communication system, with cross-layer channel-aware scheduling. The system is implemented using software reconfigurable nodes that may be configured as either user terminals, or as base stations, communicating in the GSM 1800 uplink band. Three different commonly used scheduling algorithms (based on channel state information fed back by the receiver nodes) are studied and compared experimentally for three different signal to noise ratios in an indoor non line of sight environment. It is shown that channel-aware scheduling increases not only the system throughput, but also the fairness. Further, using the possibility of changing antenna polarization through software controlled switches, the multiuser gains may be increased even further, both in total throughput as well as fairness.
Tritium-assisted deuterium-based fusion breeders (1983)

This study investigates the economic prospects of T-assisted D-based Fusion Breeders (FB's) in comparison with a conventional D-T FB.The D-based driver uses the Tritium-Catalyzed-Deuterium (TCD) mode of operation where the /sup 3/He leaking out from the plasma is converted into T in the blanket (by neutron capture). The T produced is then added back to the plasma. TCD operation is selected because it offers a significantly higher neutron yield and support-ratio than the standard Catalyzed-D. It offers also higher neutron yield and better plasma energy balance than the standard Semi-Catalyzed-D mode.
A new lpc vocoder model for low bit rate speech coding (1992)

The problem of representing digital speech signals using as few bits as possible is becoming increasingly important in the modern era of digital communications. One particularly efficient speech coding algorithm called the LPC vocoder uses a fully parametric model to mimic human speech. Since periodic update of the model parameters requires fewer bits than direct representation of the speech signal, this vocoder can operate at very low bit rates. Unfortunately, the speech output from an LPC vocoder is not acceptable for many applications because it does not always sound like natural human speech, especially in the presence of acoustic background noise.
This thesis develops a new, fully parametric, LPC vocoder model for efficient digital storage and transmission of speech. Unlike previous speech models, the new model has a flexible parameterization of the speech excitation signal and can produce natural sounding synthesized speech, even in the presence of acoustic background noise. A speech coder based on this model has been implemented in a real-time system for further experimentation and performance evaluation. Formal listening tests have shown that this new 2400 bps LPC vocoder performs better than the current state of the art for both clean and noisy input speech. In addition, development of the model has led to some insights into human perception of speech signals. This increased understanding may also be useful in other areas of speech processing.
Gasification of Cellulose over Rh/CeO<SUB>2</SUB>/SiO<SUB>2</SUB> Catalysts: Combustion of Coke and Reforming of Tar (2003)

The conventional methods for biomass gasification to hydrogen and synthesis gas are carried out at high temperature. Recently Rh/CeO2 based catalysts has been shown to be very effective for the catalytic gasification of cellulose at low reaction temperatures. The catalyst performance of Rh/CeO2/SiO2 catalysts was investigated using a continuous feed fluidized bed reactor and cellulose as a model compound of biomass. The performance of the Rh/CeO2/SiO2 catalysts was very dependent on the loading amount of CeO2, so the optimum loading was determined. Furthermore, analysis of the product distribution over various catalysts suggests that coke is removed by combustion with oxygen and tar is converted to synthesis gas via the reforming reaction. The low temperature catalytic gasification of cellulose requires high catalyst activity for combustion and reforming, and our optimized catalyst showed adequate activities for both reactions.