gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bile acids inhibit NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase transcription in colonocytes (2009)

Multiple lines of evidence have suggested a role for both bile acids and prostaglandins (PG) in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Levels of PGE(2) are determined by both synthesis and catabolism. Previously, bile acid-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was found to stimulate PGE(2) synthesis. NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), the key enzyme responsible for the catabolism of PGE(2), has been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, we determined whether bile acids altered the expression of 15-PGDH in human colon cancer cell lines. Treatment with unconjugated bile acids (chenodeoxycholate and deoxycholate) suppressed the transcription of 15-PGDH, resulting in reduced amounts of 15-PGDH mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. Conjugated bile acids were less potent suppressors of 15-PGDH expression than unconjugated bile acids. Treatment with chenodeoxycholate activated protein kinase C (PKC), leading in turn to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activity. Small molecules that inhibited bile acid-mediated activation of PKC and ERK1/2 also blocked the downregulation of 15-PGDH. Bile acids induced early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) and Snail, a repressive transcription factor that bound to the 15-PGDH promoter. Silencing Egr-1 or Snail blocked chenodeoxycholate-mediated downregulation of 15-PGDH. Together, these data indicate that bile acids activate the signal transduction pathway PKC --> ERK1/2 --> Egr-1 --> Snail and thereby suppress 15-PGDH transcription. Bile acids appear to increase the release of PGs from cells by downregulating catabolism in addition to stimulating synthesis. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the link between bile acids and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis.
Effects of the Timing of AC Stress on Device Degradation Produced by Trap States in Low-Temperature Polycrystalline-Silicon TFTs (2005)

Device degradation under ac stress in low-temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS TFTs) is analyzed with the density of trap states, electron-emission time, and electron-trapping time as foci. LTPS TFTs are shown to incur greater deterioration of characteristics under ac stress than silicon-on-insulator TFTs. Characteristics are more rapidly worsened as the falling time (t/sub f/) of gate pulses becomes shorter in the range below 1 ms. In addition, the degradation produced by a given number of pulses increases with the duration of the low level of the gate pulse in the range up to 1 ms. These behaviors are due to the slow emission of trapped electrons. On the other hand, the device degradation is independent of the duration of the high level of the gate pulse because the electrons are trapped quickly (in less than 1 /spl mu/s) once the level on the gate becomes high. The U-shaped distribution of trap-state density within the energy gap largely determines the dependence of the ac stress degradation on t/sub f/, since trapped electrons for which the emission time is longer than t/sub f/ are not emitted within the period of transient variation of gate voltage, and the number of electrons emitted after the gate has gone low increases with decreasing t/sub f/. Severe degradation is induced by ac stress conditions that correspond to electron emission from the trap states close to conduction band when the TFT is turned off.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of Stereoselectivity in Samarium Metal‐Induced Cyclopropanations. Synthesis of 1,25‐Dihydroxycholecalciferol. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Design and Synthesis of Potent Inhibitors of the Malaria Aspartyl Proteases Plasmepsin I and II. Use of Solid-Phase Synthesis to Explore Novel Statine Motifs (2004)

Picomolar to low nanomolar inhibitors of the two aspartic proteases plasmepsin (Plm) I and II, from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been identified from sets of libraries containing novel statine-like templates modified at the amino and carboxy terminus. The syntheses of the novel statine templates were carried out in solution phase using efficient synthetic routes and resulting in excellent stereochemical control. The most promising statine template was attached to solid support and diversified by use of parallel synthesis. The products were evaluated for their Plm I and II inhibitory activity as well as their selectivity over cathepsin D. Selected inhibitors were, in addition, evaluated for their inhibition of parasite growth in cultured infected human red blood cells. The most potent inhibitor in this report, compound 16, displays Ki values of 0.5 and 2.2 nM for Plm I and II, respectively. Inhibitor 16 is also effective in attenuating parasite growth in red blood cells showing 51% inhibition at a concentration of 5 microM. Several inhibitors have been identified that exhibit Ki values between 0.5 and 74 nM for both Plm I and II. Some of these inhibitors also show excellent selectivity vs cathepsin D.
Environmentally and Mechanically Stable Selenium 1D/2D Hybrid Structures for Broad-Range Photoresponse from Ultraviolet to Infrared Wavelengths (2018)

Selenium (Se) is one of the potential candidates as photodetector because of its outstanding properties such as high photoconductivity (∼8 × 10<sup>4</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup>), piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity, and nonlinear optical responses. Solution phase synthesis becomes an efficient way to produce Se, but a contamination issue that could deteriorate the electric characteristic of Se should be taken into account. In this work, a facile, controllable approach of synthesizing Se nanowires (NWs)/films via a plasma-assisted growth process was demonstrated at the low substrate temperature of 100 °C. The detailed formation mechanisms of nanowires arrays to thin films at different plasma powers were investigated. Moreover, indium (In) layer was used to enhance the adhesive strength with 50% improvement on a SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si substrate by mechanical interlocking and surface alloying between Se and In layers, indicating great tolerance for mechanical stress for future wearable devices applications. Furthermore, the direct growth of Se NWs/films on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate was demonstrated, exhibiting a visible to broad infrared detection ranges from 405 to 1555 nm with a high on/off ratio of ∼700 as well as the fast response time less than 25 ms. In addition, the devices exhibited fascinating stability in the atmosphere over one month.
Academician Sergei D. Korovin: A Shortened Career in High Power Microwaves (2007)

Summary form only given. Academician Sergei D. Korovin passed away in January 2006 when he was only 52 years old. He was a leader in high current electronics and an outstanding scientist in high power microwaves. Under Sergei's guidance, high-power relativistic microwave sources in the millimeter, centimeter, and decimeter wavelength bands were developed. Some of them, such as a double-section generator, a Smith-Purcell radiation oscillator, and high-efficiency vircators were realized for the first time. A number of repetitively-pulsed high power microwave sources, including mobile versions for experiments in nanosecond radio-location and for other applications, were created. The accelerators' engineering was essentially developed through new ideas of Sergei Korovin. Among them, the forced circulation of gas in spark gap switches, optimal matching of an accelerator to a load, and most recently the combination of a Tesla transformer with a spiral line was achieved. Since 1996 he supervised the research and development of efficient gigawatt microwave sources which provide for a tunable carrier frequency. Sergei developed the theory of of virtual cathode operation for the optimal interaction of electrons with electromagnetic fields. In 2002 the high efficiency of superradiance was demonstrated experimentally. Finally, he created a strong team at his institute and, in collaboration with other institutes and organizations, this work continues unimpeded today.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Hydroxy‐DIOP Ligands and Their Application in the Rhodium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Gabor Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy (2009)

In this paper, we present a developing technology targeted at clinical imaging, Gabor Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy (GD-OCM), which combines the high resolution imaging of optical coherence microscopy (OCM), high imaging speed of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), and invariant lateral resolution of our custom designed dynamic focusing objective. A high lateral resolution optical design of a dynamic-focusing optical probe with no moving parts, which provides an invariant resolution of currently &lt; 3 μm across a 2mm full-field of view and 2mm imaging depth, is presented. Furthermore, an acquisition scheme (using the probe) that is capable of performing automatic real time data fusion to render an in-focus high resolution image throughout the depth of sample in real time was implemented. 3D imaging of an African frog tadpole is demonstrated at cellular level resolution.
Microwave-Assisted Ester Formation UsingO-Alkylisoureas: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Esters with Inversion of Configuration (2009)

The formation of carboxylic esters via reaction of carboxylic acids with O-alkylisoureas proceeds in excellent yields with very short reaction times when conducted in a monomode microwave synthesizer. Efficient processes were developed using preformed or commercially available isoureas derived from primary and secondary alcohols, with a reaction time of only 5 min or less. It was demonstrated that under these microwave conditions, ester formation proceeded in good yields with clean inversion of configuration where appropriate. The process was validated using menthol, a hindered substrate for S(N)2 reactions. In addition, starting from primary alcohols, ester formation was successfully accomplished using an in situ isourea formation procedure. A polymer-assisted solution-phase procedure was also developed by employing preformed solid-supported isoureas and by an efficient "catch and release" ester formation procedure whereby primary alcohols were caught on resin as isoureas by reaction with immobilized carbodiimide and released as esters by subsequent treatment with a carboxylic acids.
Electronic spectra of tetranuclear linear-chain rhodium isocyanide complexes (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectronic spectra of tetranuclear linear-chain rhodium isocyanide complexesVincent M. Miskowski and Harry B. GrayCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 7, 1108–1112Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00254a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00254a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Encrypting Controller using Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Security of Cyber-Physical Systems**The work of J. Kim, C. Lee, and H. Shim was supported by ICT R & D program of MSIP/IITP Grant number 14-824-09-013, Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems Research. The work of J. H. Cheon, A. Kim, M. Kim, and Y. Song was supported by IT R & D program of MSIP/KEIT [No. 0450-21060006] and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (No. 0421-20150074). (2016)

In order to enhance security of cyber-physical systems, it is important to protect the signals from sensors to the controller, and from the controller to the actuator, because the attackers often steal and compromise those signals. One immediate solution could be encrypting the signals, but in order to perform computation in the controller, they should be decrypted before computation and encrypted again after computation. For this, the controller keeps the secret key, which in turn increases vulnerability from the attacker. In this paper, we introduce the fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), which is an advanced cryptography that has enabled arithmetic operations directly on the encrypted variables without decryption. However, this also introduces several new issues that have not been studied for conventional controllers. Most of all, an encrypted variable has a finite lifespan, which decreases as an arithmetic operation is performed on it. Our solution is to run multiple controllers, and orchestrate them systematically. Also, in order to slow down the decrease of the lifespan, a tree-based computation of sequential matrix multiplication is introduced. We finally demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with quadruple water tank example.
The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference (2023)

Unlike various countries and organisations, including the World Health Organisation and the European Parliament, the United Kingdom does not formally recognise obesity as a disease. This report presents the discussion on the potential impact of defining obesity as a disease on the patient, the healthcare system, the economy, and the wider society. A group of speakers from a wide range of disciplines came together to debate the topic bringing their knowledge and expertise from backgrounds in medicine, psychology, economics, and politics as well as the experience of people living with obesity. The aim of their debate was not to decide whether obesity should be classified as a disease but rather to explore what the implications of doing so would be, what the gaps in the available data are, as well as to provide up-to-date information on the topic from experts in the field. There were four topics where speakers presented their viewpoints, each one including a question-and-answer section for debate. The first one focused on the impact that the recognition of obesity could have on people living with obesity regarding the change in their behaviour, either positive and empowering or more stigmatising. During the second one, the impact of defining obesity as a disease on the National Health Service and the wider economy was discussed. The primary outcome was the need for more robust data as the one available does not represent the actual cost of obesity. The third topic was related to the policy implications regarding treatment provision, focusing on the public's power to influence policy. Finally, the last issue discussed, included the implications of public health actions, highlighting the importance of the government's actions and private stakeholders. The speakers agreed that no matter where they stand on this debate, the goal is common: to provide a healthcare system that supports and protects the patients, strategies that protect the economy and broader society, and policies that reduce stigma and promote health equity. Many questions are left to be answered regarding how these goals can be achieved. However, this discussion has set a good foundation providing evidence that can be used by the public, clinicians, and policymakers to make that happen.
How Health Systems Can Survive: The Case of Musculoskeletal Care (2023)

Healthcare represents 19.7% of the gross national product, making it one of the largest expenses for all U.S. companies. It crowds out investment for growth and is generally considered unsustainable. And the biggest cost is hospitals. Every manager has a vested interest in lowering the cost of care and increasing the viability of hospitals in their community. More than 10% of U.S. hospitals are at immediate risk of closing because of financial losses and lack of financial reserves. Over 70% of 900 hospitals surveyed reported a decrease in operating revenue over the last year. The COVID-19 pandemic provided momentum toward developing alternative deliveries of care, including virtual health, home, and outpatient care. This has created a rapid, massive shift away from hospital-based care. Perhaps the greatest risk is the largest opportunity—to find solutions to this financial crisis in the rapidly changing revenue dynamic of subspecialties, with musculoskeletal care being the prime example. Alternative sites of care and innovative care delivery are being financed by capital market investment. One solution to this crisis is for hospitals to collaborate with capital market-backed companies creating a novel business model.
Poisson inverse gradient approach to vascular myocyte detection and segmentation (2009)

This paper addresses the detection and segmentation of vascular myocytes. The detection and segmentation of these cells are critical to the investigation of atherosclerosis among other cardiovascular diseases. Our approach to detection is unique in that it attempts to compute the underlying external energy in an active contour model. Isolines in this computed external energy can be employed to localize boundaries of the cell nuclei. The process used to solve the inverse problem of obtaining the energy from the force vectors is called Poisson inverse gradient due to the Poisson-based solution. From the initial contours given by the isolines in the computed energy, parametric active contours are used to find the subtle cell boundaries. The results indicate that the Poisson inverse gradient improves detection accuracy and reduces false positives compared to existing morphological methods. Furthermore, the contour-based detection allows segmentation of the cell boundaries.
Fig S3 from Genetic Disruption of the Multifunctional CD98/LAT1 Complex Demonstrates the Key Role of Essential Amino Acid Transport in the Control of mTORC1 and Tumor Growth (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S3: Disruption of CD98 in A549 cell line has not impact on AA sensing pathways and proliferation.&lt;/p&gt;
Complementary Systems for Off-Topic Spoken Response Detection (2020)

Increased demand to learn English for business and education has led to growing interest in automatic spoken language assessment and teaching systems. With this shift to automated approaches it is important that systems reliably assess all aspects of a candidate's responses. This paper examines one form of spoken language assessment; whether the response from the candidate is relevant to the prompt provided. This will be referred to as off-topic spoken response detection. Two forms of previously proposed approaches are examined in this work: the hierarchical attention-based topic model (HATM); and the similarity grid model (SGM). The work focuses on the scenario when the prompt, and associated responses, have not been seen in the training data, enabling the system to be applied to new test scripts without the need to collect data or retrain the model. To improve the performance of the systems for unseen prompts, data augmentation based on easy data augmentation (EDA) and translation based approaches are applied. Additionally for the HATM, a form of prompt dropout is described. The systems were evaluated on both seen and unseen prompts from Linguaskill Business and General English tests. For unseen data the performance of the HATM was improved using data augmentation, in contrast to the SGM where no gains were obtained. The two approaches were found to be complementary to one another, yielding a combined F 0.5 score of 0.814 for off-topic response detection where the prompts have not been seen in training.
Self-calibration of six-port reflectometers using active loads (2002)

An automatic method for self-calibration of six-port reflectometers is reported in this paper. It is based on active load synthesis of well distributed standards over the Smith Chart. The advantages of this self-calibration method are: the setup is completely autonomous during the operation, measurement errors caused by the frequent connecting and disconnecting of calibration standards are avoided, the method is suitable for low and high frequencies, where sliding shorts are difficult to manufacture, as well as it simplifies operation of six-port reflectometers to non-specialized users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
On-line parameter identification for excitation system based on PMU data (2009)

Parameter identification of excitation systems is of great importance for power system analysis, operation and control. In this paper, on-line parameter identification with PMU data is formulated as an optimization problem, which minimizes the exciter voltage error during a certain time. The errors are the differences between measured exciter voltage (field data) and simulated exciter voltage using identified parameters. The optimization problem is nonlinearity as it involves integrator and then solved by genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, to ensure the creditability of the solutions obtained with GA, the ordinal GA, which is a modification of GA with the philosophy of ordinal optimization, is applied. Case studies in Anhui power grid show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Current treatment of bulk single walled carbon nanotubes to heal defects without structural change for increased electrical and thermal conductivities (2015)

By applying electrical current with heat, we succeeded in improving the graphitization of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) without increasing the diameter and wall number. At 800 °C, 150 A cm(-2) (1150 W cm(-2)) for 1 min, we achieved a 3.2-times increase in the Raman G- to D-band ratio, a 3.1-times increase in electrical conductivity (from 25.2 to 78.1 S cm(-1)), a 3.7-times increase in thermal conductivity (from 3.5 to 12.8 W m(-1) K(-1)), and even a 1.7-times increase in dispersibility (from 1.7 to 2.9 mg L(-1)). The electrical and thermal conductivities did not only increase simultaneously, but their relative increases were identical across our experimental range that stems from defect healing without any change in diameter and wall number. In contrast, a significant increase in diameter and wall number was observed when current was not applied. These results demonstrate the importance of applying current to improve the graphitization of SWCNTs while maintaining their structure as SWCNTs.