gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Poly(phenylquinoxaline)s via Self-Polymerizable Quinoxaline Monomers (2001)

The development of three new self-polymerizable quinoxaline monomers was pursued in an attempt to increase the susceptibility of the monomers toward aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions. The polymerizations were carried out in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in the presence of potassium carbonate, to yield high molecular weight poly(phenylquinoxaline)s (PPQs). Replacement of the 1,4-phenylene group of the phenol in the isomeric monomer mixture of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-6-fluoroquinoxaline and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-6-fluoroquinoxaline with the 2,6-naphthylene, 4,4‘-biphenylene, and 4,4‘-oxydiphenylene groups resulted in more reactive monomers as evidenced by shorter polymerization times and lower polymerization temperatures needed to obtain PPQs with high intrinsic viscosities. Polymerizations of the 1,4-phenylene-, 2,6-naphthylene-, 4,4‘-biphenylene-, and 4,4‘-oxydiphenylene-containing monomers led to PPQs with intrinsic viscosities ranging from 1.4 to 2.5 dL/g and glass transition temperatures ranging from 221 to 287 °C. All of the PPQs exhibited high tensile properties, with tensile strengths of ≥92 MPa, tensile moduli of ≥2.6 GPa, and elongations of ≥88%.
Regulation of nutrient metabolism by nuclear receptor/FGF signaling pathways (2012)

The regulation of metabolism in fed and fasted states is governed by hormonal and nutrient-derived signals that are mediated in part by nuclear receptors. Just as insulin and glucagon help the body store and mobilize energy through their membrane receptors, nutrient-derived lipids activate their cognate nuclear receptors (e.g., FXR and PPARs) to govern transcriptional programs involved in energy storage and utilization during times of nutrient excess and privation. Recent work has revealed that many of the actions of these nuclear receptors are mediated by two atypical fibroblast growth factors (FGF19 and FGF21) that function as endocrine-like hormones. The characterization of these pathways in normal and metabolic disease animal models has led to an understanding of their physiologic and pharmacologic mechanism of action.
Settling control and performance of a dual-actuator system for hard disk drives (2003)

This paper presents a settling control of a dual-actuator system for hard disk drives. The dual-actuator system consists of a voice coil motor (VCM) as a first stage actuator and a push-pull-type piezo-electric transducer (PZT) as a second-stage actuator. The settling controller is designed in three steps. In the first step, the VCM controller is designed so that the VCM feedback loop has basic performance and appropriate stability. In the second step, the PZT controller and a decoupling filter are designed in order to achieve superior performance of the dual-actuator system. The decoupling filter, which is placed between the PZT controller output and the VCM controller input, is a PZT output estimator so that the PZT actuator output is canceled at the VCM controller input. In the third step, the reference trajectory is designed for fast and smooth settling. In this study, the closed-loop sensitivity function is used as a performance index, and the gain and phase margins of the open-loop characteristic are used as stability measures. Experimental results show that the dual actuator system with the proposed settling controller achieves better performance than a single actuator system with the same VCM and a conventional settling controller.
Searches for light- and heavy-flavour three-jet resonances in pp collisions at s=8 TeV (2014)

A search for three-jet hadronic resonance production in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV has been conducted by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.4 fb -1 . The search method is model independent, and events are selected that have high jet multiplicity and large values of jet transverse momenta. The signal models explored assume R-parity-violating supersymmetric gluino pair production and have final states with either only light-flavour jets or both light-and heavy-flavour jets. No significant deviation is found between the selected events and the expected standard model multijet and tt background. For a gluino decaying into light-flavour jets, a lower limit of 650 GeV on the gluino mass is set at a 95% confidence level, and for a gluino decaying into one heavy-and two light-flavour jets, gluino masses between 200 and 835 GeV are, for the first time, likewise excluded.
Phase Change Characteristics in GeTe–CuTe Pseudobinary Alloy Films (2014)

Phase change characteristics in GeTe–CuTe pseudobinary alloy films, including GeCu2Te3 (GCT), were investigated. The crystallization temperature of the amorphous film increased with increasing Cu content and then decreased again with further increasing Cu content. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the amorphous films with a composition range from 0 to 18.6 atom % Cu crystallized to GeTe single-phase, while the amorphous films with a composition range from 26.2 to 37.9 atom % Cu crystallized to GCT single-phase. The amorphous films with a composition between 21.1 and 24.3 atom % Cu showed a clear two-step crystallization during heating and finally formed the GeTe and GCT mixed-phase. The amount of volume shrinkage upon crystallization of the amorphous film decreased with increasing Cu contents, and the film with around 23 atom % Cu showed almost no volume change after crystallization. Meanwhile, film with over 25 atom % Cu showed volume expansion. It was found that no volume change was achieved by a two-step crystallization, namely, initial crystallization to GCT (volume expansion) with subsequent crystallization to GeTe (volume shrinkage). The film with no volume change also showed no reflectance change upon crystallization. The obtained results suggest that nonstoichiometric Ge50–xCuxTe50 films such as 26.2Cu film showing a small volume change without phase separation are preferable in terms of cyclability of phase change random access memory.
Internal Quantum Efficiency and Nonradiative Recombination Rate in InGaN-Based Near-Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes (2012)

The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of three types of InGaN-based near-UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on different substrates was studied by excitation-power-density-dependent and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. IQE was evaluated under both the band-to-band excitation of GaN cladding layers and the selective excitation of InGaN active layers. A correlation between IQE and threading dislocation density was clearly observed under both excitation conditions. In addition, the dynamics of radiative and nonradiative recombinations was studied by time-resolved PL spectroscopy. The rate of nonradiative recombination was evaluated by measuring temperature-dependent nonradiative recombination lifetime. The validity of our method for estimating IQE is discussed on the basis of the correlation between IQE and nonradiative recombination rate for three LEDs with different threading dislocation densities.
An IL-1 Cytokine Member, IL-33, Induces Human Basophil Activation via Its ST2 Receptor (2008)

Basophils are thought to play pivotal roles in allergic inflammation through rapid release of chemical mediators in addition to sustained production of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4. A newly identified cytokine, IL-33, has been recognized as one of the key cytokines enhancing Th2-balanced immune regulation through its receptor, ST2. The present study was conducted to elucidate whether IL-33 acts directly on, and affects the functions of, human basophils. Real-time PCR analysis showed that basophils express transcripts for ST2. The expression levels were significantly higher compared with eosinophils and neutrophils, and treatment with IL-33 significantly up-regulated basophil ST2 mRNA expression. Expressions of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA were also up-regulated by IL-33, and there was also enhanced secretion of IL-4 protein. IL-33 increased the surface levels of basophil CD11b expression and enhanced basophil adhesiveness. Although IL-33 failed to directly induce degranulation or attract basophils, it exerted priming effects on basophils. It enhanced degranulation in response to IgE-crosslinking stimulus and also enhanced basophil migration toward eotaxin without changing surface CCR3. Also, IL-33 synergistically enhanced IL-4 production and CD11b expression by IL-3-stimulated basophils. Neutralization using Ab specific for ST2 significantly diminished the enhancing effects of IL-33 on both basophil CD11b expression and migration toward eotaxin, indicating that IL-33 signals via ST2 expressed on basophils. This study revealed that IL-33 potently regulates migration and activation of human basophils. IL-33 may be a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of Th2-dominant inflammation by acting not only on lymphocytes but also on effector cells such as basophils.
On the crest of a wave: a review of wave power technology (2014)

The energy potentially available from waves around the coast of the UK far exceeds our domestic and industrial demands and yet, despite much research, numerous patent applications and several pilot schemes, the exploitation of waves for their energy largely remains in transition between development and commercialisation. This article examines the history of wave power and considers the progress of wave energy extraction devices together with their economic, environmental and technical implications.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Descriptive Cohort Study. (2014)

We describe one of the largest case series of PG among patients with IBD. The variety of treatment strategies used highlights the lack of clear guidelines in managing this complex group of patients.
Cardiovascular risk factors and magnesium: relationships to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease and hypertension. (1993)

Hypertension and atherosclerosis are well-known precursors of ischemic heart disease, stroke and sudden cardiac death. Although there is general agreement that the atheroma is the hallmark of atherosclerosis and is found in coronary obstruction, there is no agreement as to its etiology. It is now becoming clear that a lower than normal dietary intake of Mg can be a strong risk factor for hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, atherogenesis and sudden cardiac death. Deficits in serum Mg appear often to be associated with arrhythmias, coronary vasospasm and high blood pressure. Experimental animal studies suggest interrelationships between atherogenesis, hypertension (both systemic and pulmonary) and ischemic heart disease. Evidence is accumulating for a role of Mg2+ in the modulation of serum lipids and lipid uptake in macrophages, smooth muscle cells and the arterial wall. Shortfalls in the dietary intake of Mg clearly exist in Western World populations, and men over the age of 65 years, who are at greatest risk for development and death from ischemic heart disease, have the greatest shortfalls in dietary Mg. It is becoming clear that Mg exerts multiple cellular and molecular effects on cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells which explain its protective actions.
Is the Most Accurate AI the Best Teammate? Optimizing AI for Teamwork (2020)

AI practitioners typically strive to develop the most accurate systems, making an implicit assumption that the AI system will function autonomously. However, in practice, AI systems often are used to provide advice to people in domains ranging from criminal justice and finance to healthcare. In such AI-advised decision making, humans and machines form a team, where the human is responsible for making final decisions. But is the most accurate AI the best teammate? We argue "No" -- predictable performance may be worth a slight sacrifice in AI accuracy. Instead, we argue that AI systems should be trained in a human-centered manner, directly optimized for team performance. We study this proposal for a specific type of human-AI teaming, where the human overseer chooses to either accept the AI recommendation or solve the task themselves. To optimize the team performance for this setting we maximize the team's expected utility, expressed in terms of the quality of the final decision, cost of verifying, and individual accuracies of people and machines. Our experiments with linear and non-linear models on real-world, high-stakes datasets show that the most accuracy AI may not lead to highest team performance and show the benefit of modeling teamwork during training through improvements in expected team utility across datasets, considering parameters such as human skill and the cost of mistakes. We discuss the shortcoming of current optimization approaches beyond well-studied loss functions such as log-loss, and encourage future work on AI optimization problems motivated by human-AI collaboration.
Bregman Plug-and-Play Priors (2022)

The past few years have seen a surge of activity around integration of deep learning networks and optimization algorithms for solving inverse problems. Recent work on plug-and-play priors (PnP), regularization by denoising (RED), and deep unfolding has shown the state-of-the-art performance of such integration in a variety of applications. However, the current paradigm for designing such algorithms is inherently Euclidean, due to the usage of the quadratic norm within the projection and proximal operators. We propose to broaden this perspective by considering a non-Euclidean setting based on the more general Bregman distance. Our new Bregman Proximal Gradient Method variant of PnP (PnP-BPGM) and Bregman Steepest Descent variant of RED (RED-BSD) replace the traditional updates in PnP and RED from the quadratic norms to more general Bregman distance. We present a theoretical convergence result for PnP-BPGM and demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms on Poisson linear inverse problems.
CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas (2019)

Immunotherapy directed at the PD-L1/PD-1 axis has produced treatment advances in various human cancers. Unfortunately, progress has not extended to glioblastoma (GBM), with phase III clinical trials assessing anti-PD-1 monotherapy failing to show efficacy in newly diagnosed and recurrent tumors. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a subset of immunosuppressive myeloid derived cells, are known to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment of GBM. Growing evidence suggests the CCL2-CCR2 axis is important for this process. This study evaluated the combination of PD-1 blockade and CCR2 inhibition in anti-PD-1-resistant gliomas. CCR2 deficiency unmasked an anti-PD-1 survival benefit in KR158 glioma-bearing mice. CD11b<sup>+</sup>/Ly6C<sup>hi</sup>/PD-L1<sup>+</sup> MDSCs within established gliomas decreased with a concomitant increase in overall CCR2<sup>+</sup> cells and MDSCs within bone marrow of CCR2-deficient mice. The CCR2 antagonist CCX872 increased median survival as a monotherapy in KR158 glioma-bearing animals and further increased median and overall survival when combined with anti-PD-1. Additionally, combination of CCX872 and anti-PD-1 prolonged median survival time in 005 GSC GBM-bearing mice. In both models, CCX872 decreased tumor associated MDSCs and increased these cells within the bone marrow. Examination of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes revealed an elevated population, increased IFNγ expression, indicating enhanced cytolytic activity, as well as decreased expression of exhaustion markers in CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells following combination treatment. These data establish that combining CCR2 and PD-1 blockade extends survival in clinically relevant murine glioma models and provides the basis on which to advance this combinatorial treatment toward early-phase human trials.
Long-term correction of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in Spf-Ash mice with a translationally optimized AAV vector (2020)

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is an X-linked liver disorder caused by partial or total loss of OTC enzyme activity. It is characterized by elevated plasma ammonia, leading to neurological impairments, coma, and death in the most severe cases. OTCD is managed by combining dietary restrictions, essential amino acids, and ammonia scavengers. However, to date, liver transplantation provides the best therapeutic outcome. AAV-mediated gene-replacement therapy represents a promising curative strategy. Here, we generated an AAV2/8 vector expressing a codon-optimized human <i>OTC</i> cDNA by the α1-AAT liver-specific promoter. Unlike standard codon-optimization approaches, we performed multiple codon-optimization rounds via common algorithms and ortholog sequence analysis that significantly improved mRNA translatability and therapeutic efficacy. AAV8-hOTC-CO (codon optimized) vector injection into adult OTC<sup>Spf-Ash</sup> mice (5.0E11 vg/kg) mediated long-term complete correction of the phenotype. Adeno-Associated viral (AAV) vector treatment restored the physiological ammonia detoxification liver function, as indicated by urinary orotic acid normalization and by conferring full protection against an ammonia challenge. Removal of liver-specific transcription factor binding sites from the AAV backbone did not affect gene expression levels, with a potential improvement in safety. These results demonstrate that AAV8-hOTC-CO gene transfer is safe and results in sustained correction of OTCD in mice, supporting the translation of this approach to the clinic.
Analysis of the Feasibility of UAS-Based EMI Sensing for Underground Utilities Detection and Mapping (2022)

This paper investigates the feasibility of using a linear current sensing (LCS) technique integrated on an unmanned aerial system (UAS) for detecting and mapping underground infrastructure rapidly and cost-effectively. The LCS technique is based on data from a wide band of electromagnetic induction frequencies (50 kHz to 2 MHz) using a vector magnetic field gradiometer. This technique takes advantage of a slowly decaying secondary magnetic field in order to achieve greater standoff detection distance (1R2 vs. 1R6 for compact metallic targets during EMI sensing, where R is the distance from a target to the sensor). These secondary magnetic fields are produced by the excite current on long conductors, allowing detection at a distance of 10 meters or more. The system operates between tens of kHz to a few MHz and uses either an active EMI source or existing EM fields to excite this linear current on a long metallic subsurface target. Once excited, these linear currents produce a secondary magnetic field that is detected with an above ground triaxial magnetic field gradiometer. By moving and tracking its geolocation, the system outputs rich datasets sufficient to support high-fidelity forward and inverse EMI models for estimating the depth and orientation of deep underground long linear metallic infrastructure. The system’s hardware and its integration to a UAS system are outlined, along with the formulation of LCS theory, and numerical and experimental data are presented. The results illustrate that the LCS technique offers large standoff detection, is adaptable to UAS, and could be used effectively for detecting deep underground infrastructure such as wires and pipes.
COMPOSITE TISSUE (LIMB) ALLOGRAFTS IN RATS (1986)

Eight LEW rat recipients possessing long-term-surviving (206-701 days) LBN vascularized hind limb allografts (CTAs) were tested for donor-host lymphoid chimerism. The recipients received various cyclosporine (CsA) treatment protocols in order to induce indefinite CTA acceptance. Histological examination of long-term-surviving CTAs demonstrated normal-appearing bone marrow in the donor limb. Lymphocytes isolated from host hemopoietic tissues (peripheral blood and/or spleen) by ficoll-hypaque density gradient centrifugation were tested against LEW-anti-BN antisera. Comparisons were made to standard curves employing various known concentrations of LBN and LEW cell combinations. The level of lymphocyte agglutination (dependent variable) showed a significant (P less than 0.025-0.005) linear relationship to the concentration of LBN donor cells (independent variable) present. Lymphocyte suspensions isolated from long-term CTA host peripheral blood and/or spleen showed a mean of 19.7% (+/- 9.7-95% confidence interval) donor LBN mononuclear cells present. Thus, it appeared that lymphoid cells originated from, and/or were released from LBN donor bone marrow into the circulation, resulting in chimeric repopulation of hemopoietic tissues. The presence of donor immunocytes in these limb allograft recipients may have been beneficial, and thus could have helped contribute to the long-term CTA survival observed.
Binary selectivity for HCV NS3/4A protease versus host proteases via irreversible inactivation at a non‐catalytic cysteine (2010)

Viral protease inhibitors typically achieve potency via interactions with the catalytic apparatus, but as a result are often poorly selective. Viral protease inhibitors must also block emerging mutants. We have developed a fundamentally different approach to the design of covalent inhibitors by targeting non‐catalytic cysteine residues unique to viral targets but absent in host proteases, enabling extreme, “binary” selectivity. An estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV NS3/4A protease (HCVP) is a key target for HCV therapy. We have identified a class of irreversible HCVP inhibitors that bond covalently to the non‐catalytic Cys159 in HCVP. Cys159 is conserved across all HCV genotypes but is absent in host proteases. MALDI‐TOF MS and in vitro assays show that the lead inhibitor bonds to and inhibits HCVP across multiple genotypes and drug‐resistant variants. In replicon assays covalent silencing leads to potent inhibition of HCVP and prolonged duration of action (&gt;24 hrs) after brief exposure to inhibitor. Covalent silencing yields potent inhibition of HCVP in vivo, in a new mouse model. Inhibitors with this profile may profoundly improve hepatitis C patient treatment across all HCV genotypes. This design strategy is also readily applicable to a wide range of therapeutically important proteases. This work was supported by Avila Therapeutics.
Stable Hydrogen Evolution from an AgRhO2 Photocathode under Visible Light (2018)

In the search for improved materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting, it has become important to identify new classes of semiconductor materials that may serve as improved photocathodes. To this end, p-type AgRhO2 has been synthesized and tested as a photocathode for water splitting. The AgRhO2 photocathode is found to exhibit excellent photocatalytic capability for reducing protons to H2 across a wide range of pH values with nearly 100% faradaic efficiency and good photostability. Polycrystalline AgRhO2 electrodes exhibit strong preferred c-axis orientation, resulting in anisotropic conductivity, evident from resistivity measurements. AgRhO2 photocathodes are found to provide improved performance and photostability when compared to prior work using a p-CuRhO2 electrode. Enhanced performance is in part attributed to the unusual degree of c-axis orientation found in this material. In addition, there is a significantly lower kinetic barrier for H2 production at the AgRhO2 interface.