gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of heterocyclic compounds. Part XII. A three-step synthesis of 6a-thiathiophthen from γ-pyrone (1972)

D. H. Reid and R. G. Webster, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1972, 1447 DOI: 10.1039/P19720001447
A formal synthesis of aflatoxin B2 (1988)

G. Weeratunga, S. Horne and R. Rodrigo, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1988, 721 DOI: 10.1039/C39880000721
The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) for the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) (2012)

The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) describes a generalized
use of a packet's Time to Live (TTL) (IPv4) or Hop Limit (IPv6) to
verify that the packet was sourced by a node on a connected link,
thereby protecting the router\'s IP control plane from CPU
utilization-based attacks. This technique improves security and is
used by many protocols. This document defines the GTSM use for the
Label Distribution Protocol (LDP). This specification uses a bit
reserved in RFC 5036 and therefore updates RFC 5036. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
A Compound Exhibiting a Crystal b to Hexatic b Phase Change (1981)

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the smectic B phase can exhibit two basic structural forms, namely the hexatic B and the crystal B modifications. Furthermore, a transition between the two phases has been shown to occur in certain binary mixtures. This present study demonstrates that a pure compound is also capable of exhibiting such a phase transition, thus indicating that the two B modifications have separate identities.
Untrimmed BGR of 1.1% $3\sigma$ Based on Dynamic-Biased Op Amp With Reduced ${V} _{\rm off}$ (2019)

This brief presents an untrimmed sub-1V CMOS bandgap reference (BGR) where a dynamic-biased error amplifier (EA) is invented to accomplish small input-referred offset voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ) and improve PSRR of BGR. In the dynamic-biased EA, an intended negative-feedback loop does dominantly work on the reduction of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> and supply noise influx. Simulation results confirm that V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> of the proposed EA represents 2.3% distribution whereas each V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> of the separate biased EA and the conventional EA shows 4.8% and 15% distributions, respectively. And the PSRR of the proposed EA-based BGR is increased by 23 dB comparing with the separate biased EA-based BGR around 2.5 MHz, and by 34 dB comparing with the conventional biased EA-based BGR around 1 MHz. By adopting the proposed feedback-biased EA, the 40-nm CMOS BGR circuit has been implemented to achieve superior 3σ inaccuracy of 1.1% and temperature variation of 13 ppm/°C without trimming.
Optimised photocatalytic hydrogen production using core–shell AuPd promoters with controlled shell thickness (2014)

The development of efficient photocatalytic routines for producing hydrogen is of great importance as society moves away from energy sources derived from fossil fuels. Recent studies have identified that the addition of metal nanoparticles to TiO2 greatly enhances the photocatalytic performance of these materials towards the reforming of alcohols for hydrogen production. The core-shell structured Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticle supported on TiO2 has being of interest as it exhibited extremely high quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production. However, the effect of shell composition and thickness on photocatalytic performance remains unclear. Here we report the synthesis of core-shell structured AuPd NPs with the controlled deposition of one and two monolayers (ML) equivalent of Pd onto Au NPs by colloidal and photodeposition methods. We have determined the shell composition and thickness of the nanoparticles by a combination of X-ray absorption fine structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photocatalytic ethanol reforming showed that the core-shell structured Au-Pd promoters supported on TiO2 exhibit enhanced activity compared to that of monometallic Au and Pd as promoters, whilst the core-shell Au-Pd promoters containing one ML equivalent Pd provide the optimum reactivity.
An Olefination Entry for the Synthesis of Enantiopure α,ω-Diaminodicarboxylates and Azabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane Amino Acids (1998)

A new approach for synthesizing alpha,omega-diaminodicarboxylates of various chain lengths has opened the way for making a series of azabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane amino acids of different ring sizes. beta-Keto phosphonates 21-23 were synthesized in 71-90% yield by the addition of the lithium anion of dimethyl methyl phosphonate to the omega-methyl ester of alpha-tert-butyl N-(PhF)aspartate 3, glutamate 9, and aminoadipate 12 (PhF = 9-phenylfluoren-9-yl). alpha,omega-Diaminodicarboxylates 24-26 of nine to eleven carbon chain lengths were prepared in 78-87% yield from the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of alpha-tert-butyl N-(PhF)aspartate beta-aldehyde (5) with aminodicarboxylate-derived beta-keto phosphonates 21-23. The power of this approach for making azabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane amino acid was then illustrated by the first synthesis of enantiopure indolizidin-9-one amino acid 2 in nine steps and >25% overall yield from inexpensive aspartic acid as chiral educt. Hydrogenation of (2S,8S)-di-tert-butyl 4-oxo-2,8-bis[N-(PhF)amino]non-4-enedioate (24) in 9:1 EtOH:AcOH furnished a 9:1 diastereomeric mixture of 6-alkylpipecolate 28 that was subsequently transformed into azabicyclo[4.3.0]alkane amino acid 2 via lactam cyclization and protecting group manipulations. Because alpha,omega-diaminodicarboxylates 25 and 26 may be similarly converted to heterocycles of larger ring sizes and because alkylation of similar ketones can be used to attach side-chains at different points on the heterocycle, this olefination strategy greatly expands our methodology for synthesizing azabicyclo[X.Y.0]alkane amino acids for the exploration of conformation-activity relationships of various biologically active peptides.
Communication Load Balancing via Efficient Inverse Reinforcement Learning (2023)

Communication load balancing aims to balance the load between different available resources, and thus improve the quality of service for network systems. After formulating the load balancing (LB) as a Markov decision process problem, reinforcement learning (RL) has recently proven effective in addressing the LB problem. To leverage the benefits of classical RL for load balancing, however, we need an explicit reward definition. Engineering this reward function is challenging, because it involves the need for expert knowledge and there lacks a general consensus on the form of an optimal reward function. In this work, we tackle the communication load balancing problem from an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time IRL has been successfully applied in the field of communication load balancing. Specifically, first, we infer a reward function from a set of demonstrations, and then learn a reinforcement learning load balancing policy with the inferred reward function. Compared to classical RL-based solution, the proposed solution can be more general and more suitable for real-world scenarios. Experimental evaluations implemented on different simulated traffic scenarios have shown our method to be effective and better than other baselines by a considerable margin.
Mass Spectrometer (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
The Age of Cortical Neural Networks Affects Their Interactions with Magnetic Nanoparticles (2016)

Despite increasing use of nanotechnology in neuroscience, the characterization of interactions between magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and primary cortical neural networks remains underdeveloped. In particular, how the age of primary neural networks affects MNP uptake and endocytosis is critical when considering MNP-based therapies for age-related diseases. Here, primary cortical neural networks are cultured up to 4 weeks and with CCL11/eotaxin, an age-inducing chemokine, to create aged neural networks. As the neural networks are aged, their association with membrane-bound starch-coated ferromagnetic nanoparticles (fMNPs) increases while their endocytic mechanisms are impaired, resulting in reduced internalization of chitosan-coated fMNPs. The age of the neurons also negates the neuroprotective effects of chitosan coatings on fMNPs, attributing to decreased intracellular trafficking and increased colocalization of MNPs with lysosomes. These findings demonstrate the importance of age and developmental stage of primary neural cells when developing in vitro models for fMNP therapeutics targeting age-related diseases.
New Tagging Paradigms for Content Recommendation in Web 2.0 Portals (2009)

Abstract. With this paper we tie in with what we presented during last year’s workshop [5] where we illustrated how to analyze users ’ tagging and rating behavior to construct user- and context models that can be used to perform adaptations and to issue recommendations in order to create more user-tailored Web Portals. This time we want to present more sophisticated tagging paradigms and their influence on users collaboration behavior and the construction of user- and context-models. The concepts presented are currently been prototypically implemented within IBM’s WebSphere Portal and can be presented in a live demo at the workshop. 1
ChemInform Abstract: BRONCHODILATORS. 3,4,5‐TRIHYDROXYPHENYLETHANOL AMINES (1981)

Abstract Ausgehend von dem Ketonitril (I) bzw. dem Aroylchlorid (IV) werden über die angegebenen Intermediären die Trihydroxyphenyl‐ethanolamine (III) bzw. (IX) synthetisiert; das Analoge (XIII) läßt sich durch Kondensation von (VI) mit dem Amin (X) und hydrogenolytische Debenzylierung des neben (XI) erhaltenen Produktes (XII) gewinnen.
Interleukin-6 and body mass index, tobacco use, and sleep in gynecologic cancers. (2019)

Higher BMI and any history of tobacco use predicted higher IL-6 among women undergoing surgery for suspected gynecologic cancers. Cognitive-behavioral interventions targeting primary and secondary obesity and tobacco use prevention may reduce systemic inflammation and optimize cancer outcomes in this population. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Elastase regulates the synthesis of its inhibitor, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, and exaggerates the defect in homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI deficiency. (1988)

The net balance of neutrophil elastase, an enzyme that degrades many components of the extracellular matrix, and its inhibitor, alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI), is thought to be a critical determinant in the development of destructive lung disease, especially in individuals with homozygous alpha 1 PI deficiency. Synthesis and secretion of alpha 1 PI has been recently demonstrated in cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage, including peripheral blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. In this study we show that alpha 1 PI gene expression in human monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages is affected by a novel mechanism, whereby elastase directly regulates the synthesis of its inhibitor. In nanomolar concentrations, neutrophil or pancreatic elastase mediates a dose- and time-dependent increase in steady state levels of alpha 1 PI mRNA and in the rate of synthesis of alpha 1 PI in human monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages. Antisera to neutrophil elastase or pretreatment of elastase with the serine proteinase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate abrogates the effect of elastase on alpha 1 PI expression. Elastase also stimulates the synthesis of alpha 1 PI in monocytes from homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI-deficient individuals, but has no effect on the rate of secretion; hence, the enzyme mediates an effect on alpha 1 PI that increases the intracellular accumulation of inhibitor and exaggerates the intrinsic defect in secretion of alpha 1 PI that characterizes the homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI deficiency.
HSP90: Enabler of Cancer Adaptation (2018)

The stability and function of many oncogenic mutant proteins depend on heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). This unique activity has inspired the exploration of HSP90 as an anticancer target for over two decades. Unfortunately, while clinical trials of highly optimized HSP90 inhibitors have demonstrated modest benefit for patients with advanced cancers, most commonly stabilization of disease, no HSP90 inhibitor has demonstrated sufficient efficacy to achieve FDA approval to date. This review discusses potential reasons for the limited success of these agents and how our increasingly sophisticated understanding of HSP90 suggests alternative, potentially more effective strategies for targeting it to treat cancers. First, we focus on insights gained from model organisms that suggest a fundamental role for HSP90 in supporting the adaptability and heterogeneity of cancers, key factors underlying their ability to evolve and acquire drug resistance. Second, we examine how HSP90’s role in promoting the stability of mutant proteins might be targeted in genetically unstable tumor cells to reveal their aberrant, foreign proteome to the immune system. Both of these emerging aspects of HSP90 biology suggest that the most effective use of HSP90 inhibitors may not be at high doses with the intent to kill cancer cells, but rather in combination with other molecularly targeted therapies at modest, non-heat shock-inducing exposures that limit the adaptive capacity of cancers.
Eclipse modeling framework for document management (2005)

The lifecycle of document management applications typically comprises a set of loosely coupled subsystems that provide capture, index, search, workflow, fulfillment and archival features. However, there exists no standard model for composing these elements together to instantiate a complete application. Therefore, every application invariably incorporates custom application code to provide the linkages between each of these loosely coupled subsystems. This paper proposes a model-based approach to instantiating document management applications. An Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) based model is used to formalize the variable elements in the document management applications. The modeling tool supports the instantiation of an EMF model for every new application and supports the generation of runtime artifacts - this includes code, XML configurations, scripts and business logic. This approach to creating new instances of document management applications with a formal EMF model has been validated with a real-world document management application.
Angle and polarization tolerant midinfrared dielectric filter designed by genetic algorithm optimization (2010)

We report a dielectric frequency selective surface filter with an angularly tolerant, polarization independent stop band designed at a midinfrared wavelength of 3.0 μm. The structure, consisting of a doubly-periodic amorphous silicon grating supported by a polyimide membrane, was optimized using a genetic algorithm to have a transmission stop band with a 3.33% 10 dB bandwidth for incidence angles as large as 10° from normal. The measured properties of the fabricated filter were within 1% of theoretical predictions. This strategy provides a practical and efficient approach to creating advanced dielectric filters for highly customized infrared optical device and coating applications.
Dextrine und Saccharidamphiphile für die Emulsionspolymerisation (1996)

Durch Kompatibilisierung von Dextrinen mit synthetischen Latices wurden neue Dispersionsblends auf Basis Methylmethacrylat/Butylacrylat und Styrol/Butadien hergestellt, die sich durch verbesserte Phasenanbindung der Polysaccharidkomponenten auszeichnen. Kompatibilisierung erfolgte durch Variation der Verfahrensparameter, z.B. Initiator- und Monomerdosierung in der “starved-feed” Emulsionspolymerisation, und durch Abwandlung der Dextrine. Der Einfluß von kationischen, anionischen, hydrophobierten und mit Caprolacton und Acrylsaure gepfropften Dextrinen auf emulgatorhaltige und emulgatorfreie Emulsionspolymerisation wurde untersucht. Im Vergleich zu passiven Dextrin-Bindemitteln führten kompatibilisierte Dextrine zu Dispersionsblends mit Eigenschaftssynergien, z.B. beim Papierbeschichten. Neue Saccharid-Amphiphile auf Semicarbazon-Basis dienten als Modelltenside für die Herstellung von Latices mit Saccharidoberflächen-Gelen.
Fused Quartz Dual-Shell Resonator Gyroscope (2022)

This paper introduces a 3-D fused quartz dual-shell microstructure, discussing its design, simulation, fabrication, and instrumentation as a Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) gyroscope. The dual-shell was realized from plastic deformation of fused quartz using triple-stack wafer bonding and high-temperature micro-glassblowing processes. The fabrication process was developed and dual-shell prototypes with different design parameters were fabricated. A Finite Element (FE) model was presented to simulate the deformation of viscous fused quartz during the micro-glassblowing process. The model was utilized to predict the final 3-D geometry from the design process parameters. A modeling framework based on FE simulations was presented for designing the resonators as well as predicting the resonator’s response to transient excitation, such as shock and vibrations. Fused quartz dual-shell resonator prototype with Q-factors as high as 1.83 million and amplitude ringdown time of 120 seconds was demonstrated. An electrode substrate was designed and integrated with the dual-shell resonator for electrostatic excitation and detection of the vibration modes, as well as 3-D packaging and vacuum encapsulation of the sensing element. An open-loop angular rate gyro operation with electrostatic excitation and capacitive detection was demonstrated on the dual-shell resonator. The Allan deviation of zero rate output bias revealed Angle Random Walk (ARW) of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.058 \deg /\sqrt {hr}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and in-run bias instability of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.4 \deg /hr$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without temperature control on the dual-shell resonator gyroscope. The proposed structure can be instrumented to operate as a resonator, a gyroscope, or other vibratory sensors, and is anticipated to have advantages for precision operation in a harsh environment.
Rectification in Tunneling Junctions: 2,2′-Bipyridyl-Terminated n-Alkanethiolates (2014)

Molecular rectification is a particularly attractive phenomenon to examine in studying structure-property relationships in charge transport across molecular junctions, since the tunneling currents across the same molecular junction are measured, with only a change in the sign of the bias, with the same electrodes, molecule(s), and contacts. This type of experiment minimizes the complexities arising from measurements of current densities at one polarity using replicate junctions. This paper describes a new organic molecular rectifier: a junction having the structure Ag(TS)/S(CH2)11-4-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl//Ga2O3/EGaIn (Ag(TS): template-stripped silver substrate; EGaIn: eutectic gallium-indium alloy) which shows reproducible rectification with a mean r(+) = |J(+1.0 V)|/|J(-1.0 V)| = 85 ± 2. This system is important because rectification occurs at a polarity opposite to that of the analogous but much more extensively studied systems based on ferrocene. It establishes (again) that rectification is due to the SAM, and not to redox reactions involving the Ga2O3 film, and confirms that rectification is not related to the polarity in the junction. Comparisons among SAM-based junctions incorporating the Ga2O3/EGaIn top electrode and a variety of heterocyclic terminal groups indicate that the metal-free bipyridyl group, not other features of the junction, is responsible for the rectification. The paper also describes a structural and mechanistic hypothesis that suggests a partial rationalization of values of rectification available in the literature.
Influences on the trajectory and subsequent outcomes in CDKL5 deficiency disorder (2021)

Our finding that later development showed slight improvement in those with better earlier seizure control even after adjustment for genotype suggests that the trajectory for an individual child is not necessarily predetermined and could possibly be influenced by optimal seizure management. This has implications for children's quality of life.
Phase contrast microscopy analysis of breast tissue: differences in benign vs. malignant epithelium and stroma. (2009)

Significant differences were found in scatter coefficient properties of epithelium and stroma across diagnostic categories of breast tissue, particularly between benign and malignant-associated stroma. Improved understanding of how scatter properties correlate with morphologic criteria used in routine pathologic diagnoses could have a significant clinical impact as developing optical technology allows macroscopic in situ phase contrast imaging.
Critical thickness for the emergence of Weyl features in Co3Sn2S2 thin films (2021)

Abstract Magnetic Weyl semimetals are quantum phases of matter arising from the interplay of linearly dispersive bands, spin-orbit coupling, and time reversal symmetry breaking. This can be realised, for example, in Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 , based on a cobalt kagome lattice and characterised by intriguing phenomena such as large anomalous Hall effect, Nernst effect, and water oxidation. Here, we attempt to determine the robustness of the twofold necessary conditions for the emergence of the magnetic Weyl semimetal phase in Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 ultrathin films. Except for two-dimensional layered materials, a reduction of thickness generally makes it difficult to develop topological character and ferromagnetic long-range order. In Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 films, while ferromagnetic ordering appears robustly even in average thicknesses of one or two unit cells with island-like polycrystalline domains, the anomalous Hall conductivity appears only above a critical thickness of approximately 10 nm. The emergence of surface conduction and large anomalous Hall effect implies the distinct contribution of Weyl nodes and their Berry curvature. These findings reveal an exotic feature of Weyl physics in thin-film based superstructures as well as a potential for future applications in electronic devices.