gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective masses, relaxation times, and carrier mobilities in some chloride intercalants of graphite (1981)

The effective masses, carrier scattering times and carrier mobilities have been measured in selected graphite intercalation compounds using the Shubnikov-de Haas effect at a series of temperatures between 4 and 50 K. Effective masses are less than or equal to 0.1 of the free-electron mass, scattering times are about 10 to the -13th/s and carrier mobilities are on the order of 10,000 sq cm/V s.
Feasibility of Thermal Ablation of Lytic Vertebral Metastases with Radiofrequency Current (2002)

National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, Georgetown University, Washington DC, and the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Reprint requests: Bradford Wood, MD, Interventional Radiology, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Building 10, Room 1C-660, Bethesda, MD 20892. The author has received or will receive benefits for personal or professional use from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Dr. Wood is an unpaid research consultant for Radionics, Inc., and receives equipment support from Radionics, Inc., RITA Medical, Inc., and Radiotherapeutics Corp. He also owns privately purchased stock in Boston Scientific, which owns Radiotherapeutics Corp. Received November 15, 2001; accepted for publication November 27, 2001.
Scalable Laser Integration on Thin-film Lithium Niobate Platform (2023)

We demonstrate a technique allowing scalable integration of III-V lasers on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Our method relies on an unconventional growth of the III-V epitaxial layer such that the n-layer ends on the top.
Supplemental Video M2 from A Systematic Comparison of <sup>18</sup>F-C-SNAT to Established Radiotracer Imaging Agents for the Detection of Tumor Response to Treatment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Video M2. 18FFDG uptake in drug-treated tumors&lt;/p&gt;
Rapid development of a synthetic DNA vaccine for COVID-19 (2020)

Abstract The coronavirus family member, SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the outbreak of viral pneumonia disease, COVID-19 which first emerged in mid-December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in central China. As of February 25, 2020 there are 80,994 people infected and 2,760 deaths, and documented human-to-human transmission across multiple continents. At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. We have previously developed a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting the MERS coronavirus Spike (S) protein that was deployed in response to the MERS outbreak in South Korea. This vaccine induced potent antibody and CTL responses, and provided protection in a NHP challenge model. In the clinic, the vaccine generated humoral immunity including neutralizing antibody responses, as well as T cell immunity. Here we build on this prior work and report on the rapid development of a synthetic DNA-based vaccine targeting the major surface antigen Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The engineered construct, INO-4800 induced robust expression of the Spike protein in vitro, and generated antibody and T cell responses following a single immunization in mice and guinea pigs. This preliminary dataset identifies INO-4800 as a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate, supporting further study for mobilization against this emerging disease threat.
Optical pump-and-probe measurement of the thermal conductivity of nitride thin films (2002)

We report on measurements of the thermal conductivity of epitaxially grown nitride thin films. These semiconductor materials are of considerable technological importance for applications such as blue-light emitters and high-power, high frequency electronic devices. Measurements were made in the temperature range of 150–400 K using an optical technique in which the sample is heated with an ultrashort (∼150 fs) light pulse, and a time-delayed probe light pulse is used to measure the temperature of the sample as a function of time. The conductivity of the polycrystalline sample and the alloys are found to be significantly reduced compared to published values for bulk GaN.
Supplementary information from Sym015: A Highly Efficacious Antibody Mixture against <i>MET</i>-Amplified Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Materials and Methods and Figure Legends&lt;/p&gt;
P4‐006: The role of brain macrophages on the clearance of amyloid plaques following the treatment of Tc2576 with BIIB037 (2011)

Effective passive immunotherapy of anti-beta amyloid antibodies with effector function might require antibody Fc domain-mediated brain macrophage activation with subsequent phagocytosis of Abeta. Herein we report that BIIB037, a murine chimeric antibody with Fc effector function, appears to require brain macrophage activation for amyloid plaque clearance. BIIB037, a murine chimeric IgG2a that recognizes a conformational epitope to human, fibrillar Abeta was administered intraperitoneally to Tg2576 mice and compared to PBS-treated controls. The area and morphology of vascular amyloid and parenchymal plaques and changes in brain macrophage area and distribution were assessed with immunohistochemistry. Defining Abeta in vessels and parenchymal plaques used the mouse anti-human Abeta monoclonal antibody 6E10. Brain macrophages were defined by a rabbit anti-macrophage polyclonal antibody to ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (IBA-1). Samples were examined visually and quantified using Visiopharm software. Treatment with BIIB037 resulted in amyloid reduction. Amyloid plaques in treated animals were less abundant and smaller than in controls. In addition, the plaques were generally discrete,consisting of a circular dense core. Many of the plaques in untreated animals were “multicored” and surrounded by more diffuse amyloid material. In both treated and controls,brain macrophages adjacent to parenchymal plaques were more densely distributed and larger than those scattered randomly throughout the neuropil, suggesting Ab caused a state of macrophage activation regardless of treatment. However, brain macrophages in treated animals often encircled the plaques and were less dendritic. In neither treated nor controls was the number or size of macrophages increased around leptomeningeal vessels. Treatment with BIIB037 results in amyloid load reduction and the plaques present have a different morphology than controls: they are smaller and rounder, often consisting of dense cores of Abeta. These cores are often ringed by brain macrophages, a feature rarely noted in the brains from treated animals. This pattern suggests amyloid load reduction is associated with phagocytosis in BIIB037 treated animals. Finally, the paucity of activated macrophages around vessels suggest that BIIB037 does not affect vascular amyloid in leptomeningeal vessels.
Kinetic Study of Parasitic Reactions in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Case Study on LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (2016)

The global R&amp;D effort has been driven by the growing application of high energy-density lithium-ion batteries to electrify the transportation system and achieve significant reduction on non-renewable fuels consumption and greenhouse gas emission. However, high initial energy-density still generally be obtained with the price of a reduction on battery safety and life, which are fundamentally connected to the parasitic reactions in the cell at various temperatures. The safety issue is chemically related to violent reactions occurring at elevated temperatures and “extreme” potentials while the battery lifetime is more directly influenced by the extremely slow reactions continuously running under “normal” operating conditions, leading to continuous consumption of lithium reservoir and the buildup of side products inside the cell. Hence, practical high energy-density lithium-ion chemistry needs to be carefully balanced between energy-density and safety/lifetime of the chosen chemistry. The electrochemical validation of the effectiveness of those approaches for improving battery life is practically trivial, but extremely time-consuming, especially for those chemistries that have already been demonstrated capable of being charged/discharged for more than thousand cycles. Therefore, the fundamental understanding/measurement of parasitic reactions not only helps to select a proper life improving strategy, but also substantially shortens the lengthy electrochemical validating process. In this work, a home-built high-precision leakage current measuring system was deployed to investigate the parasitic reaction kinetics between lithium transition metal oxide cathode (LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 ) and conventional carbonate electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF 6 EC/EMC 3:7). The working electrode was held at a specific potential using the source meter, presuming that the state of the charge or the lithium concentration in the working electrode will reach an equilibrium state after the constant-voltage charge/discharge. During this process, the electron obtained from the environment by oxidizing the solvent, will be electrochemically monitored by the external circuit. The measured leakage current is practically proportional to the reaction rate of parasitic reactions between the working electrode and the electrolyte. Hence, the static leakage current can be used as a quantitative indicator for the reaction rate of the side reactions. The kinetic study revealed a strong dependence of parasitic reactions on the practical upper cutoff potential in terms of both the reaction mechanism and the reaction rate. The kinetic data also indicated a significant change of reaction mode at ~4.5 V vs. Li + /Li. The study implies that a different strategy might be needed for effective mitigation of the parasitic reactions for materials targeted for operation at a potential higher than 4.5 V vs. Li + /Li. It demonstrated that the kinetic study could be crucial in developing advanced electrode materials with a fundamental balance between energy density and battery life. Figure 1
Evidence for the Formation of W5+ Centers and OH Groups upon Hydrogen Reduction of Platinum‐Promoted Tungstated Zirconia Catalysts. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries in Shy-Drager syndrome. (1979)

A patient with Shy-Drager syndrome who presented with severe angina pectoris is described. Special investigations of his autonomic nervous system showed sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction with supersensitive end-organ response. Sympathetic dysfunction manifested as labile hypertension, severe postural hypotension, and inadequate heart rate response to atropine and the Valsalva manoeuvre. These changes in blood pressure were accompanied by severe disabling angina pectoris. Selective coronary angiography showed normal coronary arteries. It is suggested that angina pectoris resulted from the inadequate circulatory response and is another clinical manifestation of the Shy-Drager syndrome.
Errata (2003)

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A Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Amidines from Aryl Halides (2000)

Tin-free three-component coupling: Palladium-catalyzed coupling between aryl or heteroaryl bromides, primary or secondary amines, and tert-butyl isocyanide gives high yields of pharmaceutically interesting arylamidines [Eq. (1)]. dppf=1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene; R1/R2=Bu/H, Ph/H, −(CH2)4−.
CORFU (2013)

CORFU is a global log which clients can append-to and read-from over a network. Internally, CORFU is distributed over a cluster of machines in such a way that there is no single I/O bottleneck to either appends or reads. Data is fully replicated for fault tolerance, and a modest cluster of about 16--32 machines with SSD drives can sustain 1 million 4-KByte operations per second. The CORFU log enabled the construction of a variety of distributed applications that require strong consistency at high speeds, such as databases, transactional key-value stores, replicated state machines, and metadata services.
Supplementary Tables from Prevalent and Diverse Intratumoral Oncoprotein-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells within Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinomas (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Sup Tables 1-6&lt;/p&gt;
Circuit Performance of Low-Power Optimized Multi-Gate CMOS Technologies (2007)

A multi-gate CMOS technology for low-power applications with highly competitive digital performance is presented. Ring oscillators with metal gates and undoped fins are measured with high yield demonstrating the capability of large scale integration. An inverter delay of 15 ps and 0.5 nA/stage off-current at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> =1.2 V shows an improved leakage-performance trade-off compared to 65 nm low-standby power CMOS technologies. Scalability to 32 nm and beyond is shown.
Effective conductivity of suspensions of overlapping spheres (1992)

An accurate first-passage simulation technique formulated by the authors [J. Appl. Phys. 68, 3892 (1990)] is employed to compute the effective conductivity σe of distributions of penetrable (or overlapping) spheres of conductivity σ2 in a matrix of conductivity σ1. Clustering of particles in this model results in a generally intricate topology for virtually the entire range of sphere volume fractions φ2 (i.e., 0≤φ2≤1). Results for the effective conductivity σe are presented for several values of the conductivity ratio α=σ2/σ1, including superconducting spheres (α=∞) and perfectly insulating spheres (α=0), and for a wide range of volume fractions. The data are shown to lie between rigorous three-point bounds on σe for the same model. Consistent with the general observations of Torquato [J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3790 (1985)] regarding the utility of rigorous bounds, one of the bounds provides a good estimate of the effective conductivity, even in the extreme contrast cases (α≫1 or α≂0), depending upon whether the system is below or above the percolation threshold.
Turbo Equalization for HSPA (2010)

New high quality mobile telecommunication services are offered everyday and the demand for higher data rates is continuously increasing. To maximize the uplink throughput in HSPA when transmission is propagated through a dispersive channel causing self-interference, equalizers are used. One interesting solution, where the equalizer and decoder exchange information in an iterative way, for improving the equalizer performance is Turbo equalization. In this thesis a literature survey has been performed on Turbo equalization methods and a chosen method has been implemented for the uplink HSPA standard to evaluate the performance in heavily dispersive channels. The selected algorithm has been adapted for multiple receiving antennas, oversampled processing and HARQ retransmissions. The results derived from the computer based link simulations show that the implemented algorithm provide a gain of approximately 0.5 dB when performing up to 7 Turbo equalization iterations. Gains up to 1 dB have been obtained by disabling power control, not using retransmission combining and utilizing a single receiver antenna. The algorithm has also been evaluated considering alternative dispersive channels, Log-MAP decoding, different code rates, number of Turbo equalization iterations and number of Turbo decoding iterations. The simulation results do not motivate a real implementation of the chosen algorithm considering the increased computational complexity and small gain achieved in a full featured receiver system. Further studies are needed before concluding the HSPA uplink Turbo equalization approach.
Animated paper (2010)

In recent years, there has been a surge in the number of available rapid prototyping tools, making it easier than ever to create functioning prototypes with minimal technical background and at a low cost. However, most of these tools do not have the flexibility to allow for immediate physical modifications once a prototype has been built or programmed, and are often limited in movement by the size or range of the wired system. Accordingly, simple paper remains one of the most pervasive creative platforms in the world due to its low cost, light weight, freedom of physical spatial manipulation, disposability, and low interaction overhead. In this article we introduce “Animated Paper,” a new wireless prototyping platform which combines paper, shape memory alloy (SMA), retro-reflective material, and copper foil. This platform makes it possible to create moving toys out of ordinary print paper with minimal modification to the physical composition of the paper itself, facilitating simple trial-and-error modifications. We also introduce a laser control system which allows for precise, wireless motion control of the SMA-enhanced paper by tracking retro-reflective markers on the paper using a laser and photo sensor. Lastly, we present the results of a preliminary user study to demonstrate the usability of our prototype system and also provide possibilities for how to further develop our wirelessly controlled, moving paper platform.
Ghrelin Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Cell Death by Attenuating Microglial Activation (2014)

Ghrelin inhibits oligodendrocyte cell death by decreasing proNGF and ROS production as well as p38MAPK and JNK activation in activated microglia as an anti-inflammatory hormone.
Rotational Dynamics of Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in Isomorphous Halogen-Bonded Co-crystals: Entropic and Enthalpic Effects (2016)

Based on rotational dynamics measurements carried out with isomorphic co-crystals formed by halogen-bonding (XB) between tritylacetylene halides (TrX) and diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco), we were able to distinguish the sources of the enthalpic and entropic components in the rotational free energy barrier. We describe the formation of the 1:1 co-crystals (TrX···N(R)<sub>3</sub>N) obtained from 1 equiv of dabco and 1 equiv of either TrI or TrBr, respectively, to give 4a and 4b instead of the potential 2:1 complexes. The co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation and mechanochemical synthesis. No co-crystal with TrCl was obtained, reflecting the weaker nature of the TrCl···NR<sub>3</sub> interaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed structures that resemble a spinning top on a tripod and revealed that the two XB co-crystals are isomorphous, with slightly different C-X···NR<sub>3</sub> (X = I, Br) distances and packing interactions. Quadrupolar-echo <sup>2</sup>H NMR experiments with <sup>2</sup>H-labeled samples showed that fast rotation of dabco in these co-crystals follows a six-fold potential energy surface with three lowest energy minima. Variable-temperature <sup>1</sup>H NMR spin-lattice relaxation (VT <sup>1</sup>H T<sub>1</sub>) data revealed rotational dynamics with indistinguishable pre-exponential factors and small but distinguishable activation energies. The activation energy of 4b (E<sub>a</sub> = 0.71 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>) is the lowest reported in the field of amphidynamic crystals. Using the Eyring equation, we established that their activation entropy for rotation is small but negative (ΔS<sup>⧧</sup> = -3.0 cal mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>), while there is almost a 2-fold difference in activation enthalpies, with 4a having a higher barrier (ΔH<sup>⧧</sup> = 0.95 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>) than 4b (ΔH<sup>⧧</sup> = 0.54 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>). Analysis of the rotator cavity in the two co-crystals revealed subtle differences in steric interactions that account for their different activation energies.
Sharing learning outcomes in chemistry teaching at HE level: Beneficial or detrimental? (2011)

The sharing of explicit learning objectives and/or learning outcomes is considered to be good practice in schools, with OFSTED observation criteria indicating that this is a pre-requisite to a good or outstanding lesson1. Such practice does not appear to be widespread in chemistry teaching at HE level. Whilst a statement of aims/objectives/outcomes can normally be found in the documentation accompanying any given unit of teaching, these are typically in a less student-friendly format than those used in school, or are too vague to be useful. At the same time, many lecturers do communicate aims at the start of a lecture, but there may be scope for doing this in a more effective way. The extent to which students are exposed to „learning outcomes‟ varies greatly from institution to institution, discipline to discipline and from teacher to teacher, and as such it is difficult to discern the best approach.This article presents some background on developments at pre-university level that have influenced practice in this area, and outlines the findings of a research project carried out in the School of Chemistry at the University of Southampton. The project probed the views of staff and students regarding the usefulness of learning outcomes. Several different approaches to sharing learning outcomes with first year students were trialled and evaluated during the course of the 2010-11 academic year. This work is part of an on-going initiative which aims to identify effective methods to support students in becoming independent learners when making the transition to university, and to improve retention rates.
Intra Prediction by Template Matching (2006)

Intra prediction is an effective method for reducing the coded information of an image or an intra frame within a video sequence. The conventional method today is to create a sample predictor block by extrapolating the reconstructed pixels surrounding the target block to be coded. The sample predictor block is subtracted from the target block and the resulting residual coded using transformation, quantization and entropy coding. This is an effective method for sample predictor block creation in most sequences. However the extrapolation method is not able to represent sample prediction blocks with complex texture. Furthermore, pixels that are far from the surrounding pixels are usually badly predicted. In this paper, a new method for sample predictor creation by template matching in a region of reconstructed pixels is presented. Improvements in coding efficiency by more than 11% in bitrate were achieved.