gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update-based cache coherence protocols for scalable shared-memory multiprocessors (1994)

Presents two hardware-controlled update-based cache coherence protocols. The authors discuss the two major disadvantages of the update protocols: inefficiency of updates and the mismatch between the granularity of synchronization and the data transfer. They present two enhancements to the update-based protocols, a write combining scheme and a finer grain synchronization, to overcome these disadvantages. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these enhancements that, when used together, allow the update-based protocols to significantly improve the execution time of a set of scientific applications when compared to three invalidate-based protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid in biphasic systems using aqueous solutions of amino acids as the product phase (2022)

The catalytic hydrogenation of CO 2 in a biphasic reaction system results in formic acid/amino acid solutions with potential use in agricultural applications such as cattle feed, avoiding energy demanding separation for decentralized BECCU concepts.
Reinforcement learning using quantum Boltzmann machines (2018)

We investigate whether quantum annealers with select chip layouts can outperform classical computers in reinforcement learning tasks. We associate a transverse field Ising spin Hamiltonian with a layout of qubits similar to that of a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) and use simulated quantum annealing (SQA) to numerically simulate quantum sampling from this system. We design a reinforcement learning algorithm in which the set of visible nodes representing the states and actions of an optimal policy are the first and last layers of the deep network. In absence of a transverse field, our simulations show that DBMs are trained more effectively than restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM) with the same number of nodes. We then develop a framework for training the network as a quantum Boltzmann machine (QBM) in the presence of a significant transverse field for reinforcement learning. This method also outperforms the reinforcement learning method that uses RBMs.
Acellular pertussis vaccines: a turning point in infant and adolescent vaccination. (1996)

Whooping cough, an infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, is a life-threatening disease that cannot be controlled by antibiotic treatment or other procedures of modern medicine. Immunization, using a vaccine made of heat-killed bacteria, has been the only way to prevent the disease and keep the infection under control. However, the high reactogenicity of the whole-cell vaccine available so far has made vaccination very controversial, and vaccine use has been restricted to the minimum doses strictly necessary to protect infants during the first few years of life, when the disease is most dangerous. This policy left unsolved the problem of controlling the circulation of the pathogens that are still spreading undisturbed in the population, even after decades of vaccine use. Today, the introduction of acellular vaccines that are efficacious and virtually free of side effects suggests that the new vaccines can be used safely to immunize not only infants, toddlers, and preschool children, but also adolescents and adults, making possible the complete control of the disease and infection, so that policies addressing the eradication of the disease become feasible. The absence of constraints for the use of pertussis vaccine will allow the rational design of the optimal combinations of vaccines for each age.
Breath Powered™ Nasal Delivery of 22 mg Sumatriptan Powder (AVP-825): An Exploratory Analysis of Response in Migraine Patients Grouped by Baseline Headache Intensity from the Phase 3 TARGET Study (P3.047) (2015)

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate efficacy outcomes, including pain relief and pain freedom, in TARGET migraine patients according to baseline headache intensity (exploratory analysis). BACKGROUND: Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled TARGET study (NCT01462812) demonstrated efficacy of AVP-825, a novel Breath Powered™ Bi-Directional™ intranasal delivery device containing 22mg sumatriptan powder) for acute treatment of migraine. DESIGN/METHODS: Patients treated the first migraine following randomization when intensity reached moderate or severe. Efficacy assessments were recorded pre-dose (baseline) and post-dose (multiple timepoints). Patients were grouped according to baseline headache intensity (moderate [grade 2] or severe [grade 3]). Pain relief (2 hours), sustained pain relief (24 and 48 hours), pain freedom, and meaningful relief were assessed. RESULTS: 212 patients were analyzed; at baseline, 176 (n=90 AVP-825, n=86 placebo) reported moderate and 36 (n=18 each group) reported severe headache. For the severe subgroup, 56[percnt] (AVP-825) vs. 22[percnt] (placebo) of patients reported pain relief at 2 hours compared with 70[percnt] and 50[percnt] in the moderate subgroup. Pain freedom rate was 17[percnt] (AVP-825) vs 0[percnt] (placebo) in the severe subgroup and 38[percnt] vs 21[percnt] in the moderate subgroup at 2 hours. Meaningful relief rate was 67[percnt] vs 28[percnt] (severe subgroup) and 71[percnt] vs 49[percnt] (moderate subgroup). For the severe subgroup, sustained pain relief rate at 24 and 48 hours was 33[percnt] vs. 11[percnt] and 28[percnt] vs. 6[percnt] (AVP-825 vs placebo), respectively. Within the moderate subgroup, 47[percnt] vs 27[percnt] and 36[percnt] vs 23[percnt] achieved sustained pain relief at 24 and 48 hours (AVP-825 vs placebo), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small sample size of the severe subgroup, this exploratory analysis suggests placebo response is notably lower, and the delta notably higher, when baseline headache intensity is severe. Regardless of baseline headache intensity, AVP-825 demonstrated notable efficacy with substantial differences in pain relief at 24 and 48 hours. Support: Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; OptiNose Inc.
The Human Cell Atlas (2017)

The recent advent of methods for high-throughput single-cell molecular profiling has catalyzed a growing sense in the scientific community that the time is ripe to complete the 150-year-old effort to identify all cell types in the human body. The Human Cell Atlas Project is an international collaborative effort that aims to define all human cell types in terms of distinctive molecular profiles (such as gene expression profiles) and to connect this information with classical cellular descriptions (such as location and morphology). An open comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of cells in healthy human tissues would propel the systematic study of physiological states, developmental trajectories, regulatory circuitry and interactions of cells, and also provide a framework for understanding cellular dysregulation in human disease. Here we describe the idea, its potential utility, early proofs-of-concept, and some design considerations for the Human Cell Atlas, including a commitment to open data, code, and community.
Flow Characteristics in a Transonic Ultra-Low-Aspect-Ratio Axial Turbine Vane (2004)

Low-aspect-ratio (Low AR) nozzle guide vane (NGV) has been rarely adopted in conventional turbine component because of a low performance as predicted by one-dimensional loss model. The reason is that performance deterioration becomes especially large by the increase of secondary flow due to the low AR. On the other hand, there are some considerable benefits by adopting the low AR NGV. For example, by decreasing the number of the NGV, it leads to no resonance of rotor blade (RB) due to the number of NGV and low cost. Therefore HONDA R&D has developed a unique single stage HPT characterized by ultra-low AR (span height/axial chord=0.30) NGV in order to attain no resonance of RB and low cost, forming a part of the development for a small turbo fan engine. In the development stage, an unconventional phenomenon of high loss region has been observed around the center between blade to blade near the hub wall at NGV exit. The high loss region significantly influences on the turbine stage performance. This paper presents the special phenomenon of the high loss region and clarifies the reason using various CFD analyses, including rig test results and some techniques for high performance turbine component. The main reason of the high loss region is due to an axial cavity below hub wall between NGV and RB. Also, fillet R of NGV at the trailing edge on hub wall significantly increases the loss.
Supplementary Legends from Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Controls CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell Activation and Antitumor Function (2023)

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Enhancement of transglutaminase activity by NMR identification of its flexible residues affecting the active site (2002)

Incorporation of inter- or intramolecular covalent cross-links into food proteins with microbial transglutaminase (MTG) improves the physical and textural properties of many food proteins, such as tofu, boiled fish paste, and sausage. By using nuclear magnetic resonance, we have shown that the residues exhibiting relatively high flexibility in MTG are localized in the N-terminal region; however, the N-terminal region influences the microenvironment of the active site. These results suggest that the N-terminal region is not of primary importance for the global fold, but influences the substrate binding. Therefore, in order to increase the transglutaminase activity, the N-terminal residues were chosen as candidates for site-directed replacement and deletion. We obtained several mutants with higher activity, del1-2, del1-3, and S2R. We propose a strategy for enzyme engineering targeted toward flexible regions involved in the enzymatic activity. In addition, we also briefly describe how the number of glutamine residues in a substrate protein can be increased by mixing more than two kinds of TGases with different substrate specificities.
YogaTube: A Video Benchmark for Yoga Action Recognition (2022)

Yoga can be seen as a set of fitness exercises involving various body postures. Most of the available pose and action recognition datasets are comprised of easy-to-moderate body pose orientations and do not offer much challenge to the learning algorithms in terms of the complexity of pose. In order to observe action recognition from a different perspective, we introduce YogaTube, a new large-scale video benchmark dataset for yoga action recognition. YogaTube aims at covering a wide range of complex yoga postures, which consist of 5484 videos belonging to a taxonomy of 82 classes of yoga asanas. Also, a three-stream architecture has been designed for yoga asanas pose recognition using two modules, feature extraction, and classification. Feature extraction comprises three parallel components. First, pose is estimated using the part affinity fields model to extract meaningful cues from the practitioner. Second, optical flow is used to extract temporal features. Third, raw RGB videos are used for extracting the spatiotemporal features. Finally in the classification module, pose, optical flow, and RGB streams are fused to get the final results of the yoga asanas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to establish a video benchmark yoga recognition dataset. The code and dataset will be released soon.
Space Launch System Booster Separation Supersonic Powered Testing with Surface and Off-body Measurements (2019)

A wind tunnel test was run in the NASA Langley Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel simulating the separation of the two solid rocket boosters (SRB) from the core stage of the NASA Space Launch System (SLS). The test was run on a 0.9% scale model of the SLS Block 1B Cargo (27005) configuration and the SLS Block 1B Crew (28005) configuration at a Mach of 4.0. High pressure air was used to simulate plumes from the booster separation motors located at the nose and aft skirt of the two boosters. Force and moment data were taken on both SRBs and on the core stage. Schlieren still photos and video were recorded throughout testing. A set of points were acquired using Cross-correlation Doppler Global Velocimetry (CCDGV) readings to get 3 component velocity measurements between the core and the left-hand SRB. The CCDGV laser was utilized to record flow visualization in the same location, between the core and the left-hand SRB. Pressure Sensitive Paint data were taken on a separate set of runs. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) runs were computed on a subset of the wind tunnel data points for comparison. A combination of the force/moment, CCDGV and Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) data (as well as schlieren images) at the CFD-specified test conditions will be used te the CFD simulations that will be used to build an SLS booster separation database flight conditions. \n\n\n
Functional mid-infrared metasurfaces for optical wavefront manipulation, sensing and dynamic phase control (2021)

We present device applications of all-dielectric mid-infrared metasurfaces ranging from label-free biosensing and high precision spectral filtering to optical wavefront and polarization control. Additionally, we experimentally demonstrate how the concept of static Huygens’ metasurfaces can be extended with phase change materials to obtain spatial and active control of optical phase while maintaining high transmission efficiency.
Metal-free and solvent-free access to α,ω-heterodifunctionalized poly(propylene oxide)s by N-heterocyclic carbene-induced ring opening polymerization (2010)

A N-heterocyclic carbene, namely, 1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene either directly initiates or catalyzes the metal-free ring opening polymerization of neat propylene oxide at 50 degrees C, affording well-defined alpha,omega-heterodifunctionalized poly(propylene oxide) oligomers.
Complexity of Host Micro-RNA Response to Cytomegalovirus Reactivation After Organ Transplantation (2015)

Human (Homo sapiens) micro-RNAs (hsa-miRNAs) regulate virus and host-gene translation, but the biological impact in patients with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection is not well defined in a clinically relevant model. First, we compared hsa-miRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 35 transplant recipients with and without CMV viremia by using a microarray chip covering 847 hsa-miRNAs. This approach demonstrated a set of 142 differentially expressed hsa-miRNAs. Next, we examined the effect of each of these miRNAs on viral growth by using human fibroblasts (human foreskin fibroblast-1) infected with the hCMV Towne strain, identifying a subset of proviral and antiviral hsa-miRNAs. miRNA-target prediction software indicated potential binding sites within the hCMV genome (e.g., hCMV-UL52 and -UL100 [UL = unique long]) and host-genes (e.g., interleukin-1 receptor, IRF1). Luciferase-expressing plasmid constructs and immunoblotting confirmed several predicted miRNA targets. Finally, we determined the expression of selected proviral and antiviral hsa-miRNAs in 242 transplant recipients with hCMV-viremia. We measured hsa-miRNAs before and after antiviral therapy and correlated hsa-miRNA expression levels to hCMV-replication dynamics. One of six antiviral hsa-miRNAs showed a significant increase during treatment, concurrent with viral decline. In contrast, six of eight proviral hsa-miRNAs showed a decrease during viral decline. Our results indicate that a complex and multitargeted hsa-miRNA response occurs during CMV replication in immunosuppressed patients. This study provides mechanistic insight and potential novel biomarkers for CMV replication.
Carbamylation reduces the capacity of IgG for hexamerization and complement activation (2019)

Carbamylation is a post-translational modification that can be detected on a range of proteins, including immunoglobulin (Ig)G, in several clinical conditions. Carbamylated IgG (ca-IgG) was reported to lose its capacity to trigger complement activation, but the mechanism remains unclear. Because C1q binds with high affinity to hexameric IgG, we analyzed whether carbamylation of IgG affects binding of C1q, hexamerization and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were analyzed for the presence of ca-IgG in vivo. Synovial tissues from RA patients were analyzed for the presence of ca-IgG using mass spectrometry (MS). Monomeric or hexameric antibodies were carbamylated in vitro and quality in solution was controlled. The capacity of ca-IgG to activate complement was analyzed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISAs) and cellular CDC assays. Using MS, we identified ca-IgG to be present in the joints of RA patients. Using in vitro carbamylated antibodies, we observed that ca-IgG lost its capacity to activate complement in both solid-phase and CDC assays. Mixing ca-IgG with non-modified IgG did not result in effective inhibition of complement activation by ca-IgG. Carbamylation of both monomeric IgG and preformed hexameric IgG greatly impaired the capacity to trigger complement activation. Furthermore, upon carbamylation, the preformed hexameric IgG dissociated into monomeric IgG in solution, indicating that carbamylation influences both hexamerization and C1q binding. In conclusion, ca-IgG can be detected in vivo and has a strongly reduced capacity to activate complement which is, in part, mediated through a reduced ability to form hexamers.
Surface Tension and Viscosity of Binary Mixtures of the Fluorinated and Non-fluorinated Ionic Liquids [PFBMIm][PF6] and [C4C1Im][PF6] by the Pendant Drop Method and Surface Light Scattering (2020)

Abstract Mixtures of fluorinated and non-fluorinated ionic liquids (ILs) show a distinct structural organization in the bulk and at the surface. To understand how such microscopic effects influence the macroscopic bulk and surface properties of IL mixtures, knowledge of corresponding thermophysical properties including viscosity and surface tension is required yet lacking. With the intention of investigating surface enrichment effects of the fluorinated IL [PFBMIm][PF 6 ] (3-methyl-1-(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) in mixtures with the structurally similar, non-fluorinated IL [C 4 C 1 Im][PF 6 ] (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) observed with angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), the pendant drop method and surface light scattering (SLS) were applied in the present study to determine surface tension and dynamic viscosity between (293 and 368) K. By adding small amounts of [PFBMIm][PF 6 ] up to 9 mol %, a distinct increase in the viscosity and decrease in the surface tension of the mixtures relative to the properties of pure [C 4 C 1 Im][PF 6 ] was found. This behavior reflects the nanosegregated structure in the bulk and at the surface of the binary IL mixtures. Using the results about the pronounced surface enrichment of the fluorinated chain of [PFBMIm][PF 6 ] quantified by ARXPS, a linear mixing rule for the surface tension of the IL mixtures based on the surface tensions of the pure ILs and the surface concentration of their most surface-active groups is suggested.
Bounds on the Rate of 2-D Bit-Stuffing Encoders (2010)

A method for bounding the rate of bit-stuffing encoders for 2-D constraints is presented. Instead of considering the original encoder, we consider a related one which is quasi-stationary. We use the quasi-stationary property in order to formulate linear requirements that must hold on the probabilities of the constrained arrays that are generated by the encoder. These requirements are used as part of a linear program. The minimum and maximum of the linear program bound the rate of the encoder from below and from above, respectively. A lower bound on the rate of an encoder is also a lower bound on the capacity of the corresponding constraint. For some constraints, our results lead to tighter lower bounds than what was previously known.
Phase transformations during rapid heating of Al/Ni multilayer foils (2008)

We have used self-propagating exothermic reactions in Al/Ni multilayers as a means to explore the effect of rapid heating on phase transformations. Using time-resolved synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction with an extremely fast detector, we were able to examine the reaction sequence in detail at heating rates of ∼106 K s−1. We observed that the intermediate phases formed during the self-propagating reactions are different from those formed at lower heating rates, even though the final phases are the same. In situ characterization is essential, as other means of studying self-propagating reactions (such as quenching the reaction followed by ex situ analysis) provide different—and potentially misleading—results.
Study of the Structural and Thermal Properties of Single Crystalline Epitaxial Rare-Earth-Metal Oxide Layers Grown on Si(111) (2011)

Stress due to crystal lattice mismatch of rare-earth-metal oxide layer epitaxial grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates and thermal expansion induced stress in the system were studied. X-ray diffraction measurements of the layers were performed during heating up to 1000åC. The layers are almost fully relaxed at room temperature. Only minor tetragonal distortion of the crystal lattice was detected. No thermal stress relaxation was indicated by x-ray diffraction in the oxide layer during the heating and cooling procedure. The time-domain thermo-reflectance technique was used for measurement of the thermal conductivity of the oxide layers. Thermal conductivity of the rare earth oxides is approximately five times higher than that of silicon dioxide.
The Prediction of Urine pH Using Dietary Cations and Anions in Cats Fed Dry and Wet Foods (2006)

The objective of these studies was to determine if urine pH can be predicted using the nutrient components of feline foods. One hundred fifty foods (90 dry foods and 60 wet foods) were fed to groups of 10 adult cats (mean, 8.5 years of age) to determine the urine pH of cats fed each food. The food was fed for a period of 7 days, and pH was determined on freshly voided urine on Days 5 to 7 of the test. Through stepwise regression it was determined which cations, anions, and sulfur-containing amino acids were of importance for urine pH prediction. Three models were developed for urine pH prediction. These models included: 1) wet and dry foods; 2) wet only foods; and 3) dry only foods. The cations included in all models were sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Calcium was excluded from the wet only model. The anions for all models were chloride, sulfur, and phosphorus. Including sulfur in the model allowed for the exclusion of methionine and cysteine from the dry model. Urine pH of adult cats can be predicted from the nutrient components of the food, thus reducing the number of animal studies in order to optimize urine pH (for struvite and/or oxalate prevention) for