gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of copolyarylates using tin octoate as a catalyst (2006)

Abstract A series of copolyarylates of bisphenol A (BPA) with varying ratios of diphenyl terephthalate (DPT) and diphenyl isophthalate (DPI) were prepared by melt polymerization at a temperature ranging from 200 to 290°C under reduced pressure in the presence of tin octoate catalyst. Tin octoate catalyst has been extensively used for the preparation of biodegradable polymers namely, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), and poly(lactide‐glycolide) copolyesters. However, there are no reports on the preparation of copolyesters by melt polymerization using tin octoate catalyst. The effect of tin octoate catalyst was studied on the preparation of BPA/DPT/DPI copolyarylates. The copolyarylates were characterized by infrared and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, solution viscosity, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The solution viscosities of copolyarylates were varied from 0.43 to 0.56 dL/g and the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of copolyarylates was varied from 155 to 222°C by varying the ratio of DPT and DPI. Most of the copolyarylates were found to be soluble in commonly used organic solvents and had film‐forming properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 70–77, 2006
Study of C4F8 gas for etch process in slow erase failure of flash memory devices (2011)

In manufacturing of flash memory devices, etch processes have a very critical role to make device of good qualities, especially etch-process of common source area has a strong impact on slow-erase failure of flash memory, so we have studied which is the effective parameter of etch process in slow-erase failure mode, finally we have found that the flow rate of C4F8 gas in etch-process of common source is the main effective parameter. The less the flow rate of C4F8 gas, the more the vertical loss of active area in common source region which leads to slow-erase failure. the vertical loss of active area in common source region extend the current path, eventually leads to higher resistance of the circuit of transistor, higher resistance reduces the drain current of floating gates which eventually leads to slow-erase.
Asymptotic efficiency of the bad algorithm (2004)

We study the high-SNR performance of the bi-directional arbitrated DFE (BAD) equalization algorithm. Using asymptotic efficiency analysis, we characterize the performance of BAD as the channel noise variance approaches zero. We consider the case in which the channel is perfectly known to the receiver, as well as the case in which the channel estimate is in error. Asymptotic efficiency analysis allows us to quantify the loss in performance due both to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and imperfect channel estimation. The asymptotic efficiency of BAD is compared to that of a matched filter receiver, a maximum likelihood sequence estimator, and a standard DFE. Our results indicate that for the channel model considered, BAD can achieve gains of up to 3 dB over the standard DFE, even when the channel estimate is in error.
ChemInform Abstract: Modifying MOFs: New Chemistry, New Materials (2010)

Abstract Review: 21 refs.
1032 Laser-Bonding of Hydroxyapatite (2007)

Implants using in orthopedics or dentistry have been usually fixed to bone tissue by other artificial bonding material such as bone cement or clinical screws. However, rigid bonding requires long duration between bone and implant. It is important to develop the bonding technique between bones and implants directly. Laser technique is effective tool for bonding metals. Laser beam has high energy density thus it can process the small area of material in short duration. This study has proposed the application of laser-processing technique for the bonding of bone and implant material. The cortical bones in the diaphysis of bovine femur were used as a bone specimen, and the composite materials consist of hydroxyapatite ceramics and glass materials were used as implant materials. The laser-processing was conducted by using CO_2 laser resonator. As a result, we observed cracks near the melted portion of apatite ceramic due to laser irradiation. The generation of cracks was found to reduce by adding glass materials with low linear coefficient of expansion. We also confirmed the mechanical fixation of both materials due to form the porous bone-implant interface with bubbles.
Enzymatic Pretreatment of Plant Cells for Oil Extraction (2023)

Oil from oilseeds can be extracted by mechanical extraction (pressing), aqueous extraction, or by extraction with organic solvents. Although solvent extraction is the most efficient method, organic solvents are a potential hazard to the life and health for workers as well as to the environment, when solvent vapours are released and act as air pollutant with a high ozone-forming potential. Pressing is safer, environmentally friendly, and it preserves valuable natural components in the resulting oils. The problems associated with pressing are the high energy consumption and the lower yield of oil extraction, because the applied mechanical force does not completely destroy the structural cell components storing the oil. In seed cells, the oil is contained in the form of lipid bodies (oleosomes) that are surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a protein layer on the surface. These lipid bodies are further protected by the seed cell walls consisting mainly of polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses and cellulose, but also of glycoproteins. The use of hydrolases to degrade these barriers is a promising pretreatment strategy to support mechanical extraction and improve the oil yield. It is advisable to use a combination of enzymes with different activities when considering the multicompartment and multicomponent structure of oilseed cells. This article gives an overview of the microstructure and composition of oilseed cells, reviews enzymes capable of destroying oil containing cell compartments, and summarizes the main parameters of enzymatic treatment procedures, such as the composition of the enzyme cocktail, the amount of enzyme and water used, temperature, pH, and the duration of the treatment. Finally, it analyzes the efficiency of proteolytic, cellulolytic and pectolytic enzyme pretreatment to increase the yield of mechanically extracted oil from various types of vegetable raw materials with the main focus on oilseeds.
Test–Retest Reproducibility of 18F-FDG PET/CT Uptake in Cancer Patients Within a Qualified and Calibrated Local Network (2018)

Calibration and reproducibility of quantitative <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET measures are essential for adopting integral <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT biomarkers and response measures in multicenter clinical trials. We implemented a multicenter qualification process using National Institute of Standards and Technology-traceable reference sources for scanners and dose calibrators, and similar patient and imaging protocols. We then assessed SUV in patient test-retest studies. <b>Methods:</b> Five <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scanners from 4 institutions (2 in a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 in a community-based network) were qualified for study use. Patients were scanned twice within 15 d, on the same scanner (<i>n</i> = 10); different but same model scanners within an institution (<i>n</i> = 2); or different model scanners at different institutions (<i>n</i> = 11). SUV<sub>max</sub> was recorded for lesions, and SUV<sub>mean</sub> for normal liver uptake. Linear mixed models with random intercept were fitted to evaluate test-retest differences in multiple lesions per patient and to estimate the concordance correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman plots and repeatability coefficients were also produced. <b>Results:</b> In total, 162 lesions (82 bone, 80 soft tissue) were assessed in patients with breast cancer (<i>n</i> = 17) or other cancers (<i>n</i> = 6). Repeat scans within the same institution, using the same scanner or 2 scanners of the same model, had an average difference in SUV<sub>max</sub> of 8% (95% confidence interval, 6%-10%). For test-retest on different scanners at different sites, the average difference in lesion SUV<sub>max</sub> was 18% (95% confidence interval, 13%-24%). Normal liver uptake (SUV<sub>mean</sub>) showed an average difference of 5% (95% confidence interval, 3%-10%) for the same scanner model or institution and 6% (95% confidence interval, 3%-11%) for different scanners from different institutions. Protocol adherence was good; the median difference in injection-to-acquisition time was 2 min (range, 0-11 min). Test-retest SUV<sub>max</sub> variability was not explained by available information on protocol deviations or patient or lesion characteristics. <b>Conclusion:</b><sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT scanner qualification and calibration can yield highly reproducible test-retest tumor SUV measurements. Our data support use of different qualified scanners of the same model for serial studies. Test-retest differences from different scanner models were greater; more resolution-dependent harmonization of scanner protocols and reconstruction algorithms may be capable of reducing these differences to values closer to same-scanner results.
Review of Direct Conversion of Nuclear Energy (1991)

The importance of direct energy conversion to the long-term development of nuclear power (both fission and fusion) is discussed as an approach to alleviating waste heat problems, reducing overall system costs and enabling new uses such as nuclear space power propulsion. Various approaches that involve direct conversion of radiation energy are considered relative to fission reactors. The examples discussed involve the direct conversion of fission fragment energy to electricity, to thrust for propulsion, and to coherent laser light, illustrating the rich variety of potential conversion methods that can be envisioned.Applications to future fusion systems are also discussed. Two approaches are considered: direct collection of fusion product energy, and extraction of plasma radiation energy.Finally, thermal direct conversion is included as an important near term route to enhanced performance, e.g., in-core thermionic converters potentially offer enhanced operation of a SP100 type reactor for space applications.
Predictive current control of a 7-level AC-DC back-to-back converter for Universal and Flexible Power Management system (2008)

The paper proposes a novel power conversion system for Universal and Flexible Power Management (UNIFLEX-PM) in Future Electricity Network. Its structure is based on a back-to-back three-phase AC-DC 7-level converter; each AC side is connected to a different PCC, representing the main grid and/or various distributed generation systems. Effective and accurate power flow control is demonstrated through simulation in Matlab-Simulink environment on a model based on a two-port structure and using a Predictive Control technique. Control of different Power flow profiles has been successfully tested in numerous network conditions such as voltage unbalance, frequency excursions and harmonic distortion.
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity as a prognostic marker in primary epithelial ovarian cancer (2007)

5575 Background: The unpredictable nature of primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) response to treatment necessitates the identification of factors that predict long-term outcome. CDK activity is the core regulator of the cell-cycle checkpoint for cancer cells. We previously found that cell death induced by taxanes requires increased activity of CDK1 and CDK2- fundamental kinases in cell proliferation. Thus, we hypothesized that CDK1/2 activities can determine the prognosis of patients with primary EOC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed frozen ovarian cancer specimens from 72 women treated with cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for newly diagnosed EOC. Median patient age was 61 years (range, 38–80), 91% had FIGO stage III/IV disease, and 86% were treated with platinum- or taxane-based regimens. Median follow-up was 32 months; median time to treatment failure (TTF), defined as time from surgery to first relapse for patients who had achieved complete response or time to disease progression for those who had persistent disease, was 15 months. Enzymatic activity of CDK1/2 in the tumor tissues was determined by a modified in vitro kinase activity assay using a C2P device (Sysmex Inc.). Recursive partitioning and regression trees algorithm (RPART) was used to identify the cohorts based on CDK1/2 activities. Results: In the univariate analysis, disease stage (p=0.021), type of surgery (optimal vs. suboptimal) (p=0.004), presence of ascites (p=0.043), and CA125 after the adjuvant therapy (p=0.005) were significant predictors of TTF. The cohort with CDK2 activity = 87.3 had a significantly shorter TTF (p=0.014) and the cohort with CDK1 activity = 226.35 showed a trend toward longer TTF (p=0.094). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed CDK2 activity (&lt;87.3 vs. = 87.3) (p=0.012) and CA125 level at completion of the adjuvant chemotherapy regimen (p=0.02) to be independent predictors of TTF. Conclusion: Our data supports kinase activity of cell cycle as a clinically significant prognostic factor. To extend these findings, we plan to conduct a large prospective study to determine whether CDK1/2 profiling can predict long-term outcome in primary EOC. [Table: see text]
The Kinetics of the Oxidative Polymerization of Aromatic Amines with Ferric Chelate in Aqueous Solution (1971)

酸素存在下で水溶液中の鉄(III)キレートによる芳香族アミン類の酸化重合が,定常状態を保ちながらMichaelis-Menten型の機構で進行することを見出し,これに基づいた動力学的解析を行なった。Fe(III)EDTAによるかフェニレンジアミン(P-PD)の重合系では反応速度定数k2はpH7～8で極大となるが,Ki(Michaelis定数Kmの逆数)はこの領域で極小となる。Fe([II])EDTAのみの酸素酸化速度定数k0はk2に比べて小さ過ぎることから,酸素は鉄キレートと単量体の活性ラジカル錯体に関与すると推定される。キレート剤種を変えた場合のk2の大小の順はNTA<HEDTA>EDTA>DTPA>CyDTAとなるが,K,はNTA>HEDTA>EDTA>CyDTA>DTPAとなる。種々のアミン単量体を重合させたときのK1の大小の順は単量体の塩基度の順と一致する。鉄(III)と銅(III)の比較ではk2,Ki共にFe(III)EDTA>Cu(III)EDTAとなる。これらから,le2は電子移動段階の反応(ke)と単量体活性種の脱離反応(led)の2段階に分けた方が妥当で,k2はkd値に近く,kdが律速と推定した。
Sensor-assisted mobile phone localization (2011)

Localization is projected to play a critical role in mobile computing applications. Nevertheless, the state of the art is inadequate especially when operating on mobile devices. More specifically, the on-phone GPS sensor has an unacceptable energy consumption and does not operate indoors. Alternate localization techniques, based on WiFi or GSM, alleviate some of the GPS limitations but provide degraded accuracy and assume pre-installed infrastructure. As a result, these solutions need extensive war-driving for collecting location fingerprints and, in many instances, limit services to regions close to drivable paths. Moreover, when infrastructure is scarce or missing, the localization accuracy is poor. Lastly, relying on hardware deployments is costly and raises scalability concerns when targeting wide regions.
To address the shortcomings of current solutions, we propose four new localization systems: (1) CompAcc enables energy-efficient, war-driving-free localization using the phone inertial sensors and digital maps, (2) Escort provides indoor localization by exploiting the phone inertial sensors and social environments where people are mobile, (3) SurroundSense enables indoor logical localization (e.g., inside Target) by sensing the user ambiance through the phone sensors, and (4) EnLoc proposes energy-efficient localization via personalized mobility profiling and predictions.
Comparison of lesion-to-cerebellum uptake ratios and standardized uptake values in the evaluation of lung nodules with 18F-FDG PET (2006)

The LCR method appears to be a valuable semiquantitative index for the evaluation of malignancy in pulmonary nodules with F-FDG PET, which is simple to perform clinically and does not require accurate measurements of body weight or the residual activity in the syringe utilized for F-FDG injection.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrimidinylimidazole Inhibitors of p38: Cyclic N‐1 Imidazole Substituents Enhance p38 Kinase Inhibition and Oral Activity. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The spinning disk reactor: an example of a process intensification technology for polymers and particles (2012)

This review introduces the spinning disk reactor and emphasises its suitability for all aspects of polymer chemistry. The literature reviewed includes university theses, as well as key patent and openly published literature; it is not an exhaustive collation of the literature to date. The spinning disk reactor (SDR) is introduced in the context of process intensification (PI). The SDR is the apparatus which has the best mass and heat transfer characteristics of all typical chemical reactor types, while being flexible and economical (material and energy). It is inherently safer than traditional stirred tank reactors. The theory essential for the practical use of SDR is briefly summarised to emphasise the ease with which laboratory SDR experiments can be scaled up to produce commercial quantities. The use of SDR to produce well defined filler particles with simple (e.g. BaSO4) and reactive (Ag) precipitation reactions is discussed. In order to emphasise the general and facile utility of the SDR in all aspects of polymer chemistry, the literature available for polymer analogue (modification, e.g. hydrogenation) reactions is presented. Further, step-growth- (polyurethanes), chain-growth- (e.g. polystyrene) and condensation (e.g. polyesters) polymerisations are examined. UV-activated bulk, emulsion and solution polymerisations and co-polymerisations (acrylates) are also described. Some of the experiments described were carried out in the senior author's laboratory and as well as critically reviewing the available literature, a possible direction for future work is indicated.
Effects of the Production Environment on the Susceptibility of Rose Flowers to Postharvest Infection by Botrytis cinerea (1996)

We studied the effects of environmental conditions during production on susceptibility of roses to postharvest infection by B. cinerea . For flowers harvested from a commercial greenhouse, susceptibility was linearly correlated ( r = 0.97) with mean air velocity during the 5-week periods before each harvest. Susceptibility was also correlated with mean leaf to air temperature gradient ( r = 0.83) and inversely correlated with wetness measured on an electronic leaf ( r = -0.92), but these correlations were interpreted as secondary effects of the correlation with air movement. Susceptibility was not correlated with temperature, relative humidity (RH), or the other factors measured. In growth chamber experiments, flowers grown under high wind speed (0.55 m·s -1 ) were significantly more susceptible to infection than flowers grown under low wind speed (0.18 m·s -1 ). High relative humidity during production increased background infection levels (i.e., those infections not caused by laboratory inoculation) but did not affect susceptibility.
Agroressourcesune chimie durable (2010)

Agro-resources for a sustainable chemistry The renewable resources chemistry is well an important part of sustainable development. The biomass offers an important source of raw materials, ideal for the development of functional or intermediate molecules for chemical synthesis such as glycerol carbonate or glycidol, new biocompatible and biodegradable sugar- based surfactants, composites of clay and green algae glycoproteic extract and new solvents and solvo- surface active compounds derived from isosorbide.
Controlling the Aqueous Miscibility of Ionic Liquids:  Aqueous Biphasic Systems of Water-Miscible Ionic Liquids and Water-Structuring Salts for Recycle, Metathesis, and Separations (2003)

Hydrophilic ionic liquids can be salted-out and concentrated from aqueous solution upon addition of kosmotropic salts forming aqueous biphasic systems as illustrated by the phase behavior of mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) and K3PO4.
Hot plate versus tail flick: Evaluation of acute tolerance to continuous morphine infusion in the rat model (1995)

The development of tolerance to continuous morphine infusion (2, 4 and 6 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) was assessed in rats using two different methods for evaluation of nociception, tail flick (TF) and hot plate (HP). The influence of repeated testing on nociception was evaluated using two regimens; series 1 was tested repeatedly 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr after initiating the morphine infusion and series 2 was tested only twice, at maximum morphine effect and at 8 hr. Both, TF and HP showed pain threshold elevation after the morphine administration of 4 or 6 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1), which reached a maximum at 2 hr after the start of the infusion. HP: reduction of the effect was found in group 4 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) in the series subjected to repeated testing; group 6 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) showed reduced effect in both sides. TF: the response latencies did not show reduction at 8 hr. Since TF is predominantly a spinal response and HP is predominantly supraspinal, the results suggest that tolerance during the first 8 hr of morphine infusion develops mainly at supraspinal level.
Signatures of Adaptation to Obligate Biotrophy in the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Genome (2010)

Many oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are obligate biotrophs, which extract nutrients only from living plant tissue and cannot grow apart from their hosts. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, little is known about the molecular basis or evolution of obligate biotrophy. Here, we report the genome sequence of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa), an obligate biotroph and natural pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana. In comparison with genomes of related, hemibiotrophic Phytophthora species, the Hpa genome exhibits dramatic reductions in genes encoding (i) RXLR effectors and other secreted pathogenicity proteins, (ii) enzymes for assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and sulfur, and (iii) proteins associated with zoospore formation and motility. These attributes comprise a genomic signature of evolution toward obligate biotrophy.
Basement membrane as a spatial organizer of polarized epithelia. Exogenous basement membrane reorients pancreatic epithelial tumor cells in vitro. (1986)

The authors have previously described a transplantable pancreatic acinar carcinoma that comprises cells which reorganize and display normal epithelial orientation only when in contact with basement membrane (BM) in vivo. In the present study, they investigated whether exogenous acellular BM or collagenous stroma (prepared from human amnion) was sufficient to reorient pancreatic acinar tumor cells in vitro. Mechanically dispersed tumor cells could not spontaneously attach to standard culture substrata; yet they adhered to exogenous intact BM or to dishes coated with purified laminin or Type IV collagen. Cell contact with amniotic BM resulted in tumor cell shape changes, assembly of intracellular actin into fibrous bundles, and restoration of normal epithelial cell-cell interactions. Computerized morphometry confirmed that tumor cells exhibited a normal polarized distribution of lipid droplets, nuclei, Golgi complexes, and zymogen granules (from base to apex) within 6 hours of culture on BM. Adhering zonules and microvilli were observed only along apical tumor cell surfaces, although full junctional complexes and distinct membrane domains did not reform. Similar attachment, cytoskeletal alterations, and reorientation occurred in the absence of protein synthesis (25 micrograms/ml cycloheximide). In contrast, tumor cells that were maintained on amniotic stroma remained round, displayed circumferential rings of actin, and appeared randomly oriented. Thus, BM may normally serve to integrate and maintain individual cells within a polarized epithelium.