gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffusion NMR for Determining the Homogeneous Length-Scale in Lamellar Phases (2008)

The size of the anisotropic domains in a lyotropic liquid crystal is estimated using a new protocol for diffusion NMR. Echo attenuation decays are recorded for different durations of the displacement-encoding gradient pulses, while keeping the effective diffusion time and the range of the wave vectors constant. Deviations between the sets of data appear if there are non-Gaussian diffusion processes occurring on the time-scale defined by the gradient pulse duration and the length-scale defined by the wave vector. The homogeneous length-scale is defined as the minimum length-scale for which the diffusion appears to be Gaussian. Simulations are performed to show that spatial variation of the director orientation in an otherwise homogeneous system is sufficient to induce non-Gaussian diffusion. The method is demonstrated by numerical solutions of the Bloch-Torrey equation and experiments on a range of lamellar liquid crystals with different domain sizes.
The in vitro influence of Rhodiola kirilowii extracts on blood granulocytes potential killing activity (PKA) in pigs (2009)

Roots and rhizomes of herbs belonging to the genus Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) are traditionally used in Asia as a tonic, adaptogen, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this work was to study the in vitro stimulatory activity of aquaeous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of under-ground parts of Rhodiola kirilowii in blood leukocyte cultures of pigs. Both extracts in concentration up to 10 µg/ml stimulated granulocyte potential killing (PKA) activity. In higher concentrations the suppression of this reaction was seen.
A 16-channel monolithic silicon nanophotonic receiver (2013)

A single-die monolithically integrated multichannel silicon nanophotonics receiver is fabricated in IBM 90nm CMOS Nanophotonics technology node. Electrical eye diagrams for 16 channels exhibit open eyes up to 20Gbps with a 127mW/channel power efficiency.
A technique for estimating detection limits of radio-nuclide identifying detectors by means of computer simulations (2008)

A simulation technique has been developed to study the performance of nuclide identifying gamma detector units operating under a variety of different conditions. The studies are related to nuclide identification based on a template matching algorithm which has been well established, in particular, for the analysis of low statistics measurements. Results are presented for hand-held devices equipped with NaI(Tl) and LaBr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> (Ce <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> ) scintillation detectors, respectively
Characteristics of H<sub>2</sub>/air annular jet flames using multiple shear coaxial injectors (2014)

The heat transfer characteristics for the process tubes of a cracking furnace and the combustion chamber wall of a liquid oxygen/gas hydrogen rocket engine, both of which use multiple nozzles, are very important in terms of performance and safety. In order to determine the heat transfer characteristics of the combustion chamber wall, the present study investigates both experimentally and numerically the combustion characteristics of H2/air annular jet flames using multiple shear coaxial nozzles in a small combustion chamber under normal conditions. Three-dimensional simulations are performed in order to clarify the flame-flame interaction. The standard k-ε model is used as the turbulence model, and so the evaluation of the model for multiple nozzles is also an objective of the present study. Each flame appears as an independent flame until amalgamation, at which point the temperature increases. Further downstream, the high-temperature regions once again merge and form a large flame. At this point, the flame becomes squeezed and the temperature distribution spreads rapidly in the radial direction downstream. The wall heat flux is strongly influenced by the flow characteristics. Heat transport is weak in the near field. The turbulent heat transport downstream is dominant where turbulence is developed, and thus the wall heat flux is increased. An increase in Reynolds number based on the airflow Reair shifts the peak position of the wall heat flux upstream because the turbulent heat transport is enhanced. The increase in the recess shifts the amalgamation position upstream and shortens the flame length. Spreading of the flame is also suppressed. The temperature decreases downstream. The increase in the recess leads to a reduction in EINOx. Under the present experimental conditions, the numerical method reproduces the combustion characteristics with a high degree of certainty.
Deletion of CCR1 Attenuates Pathophysiologic Responses during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (2006)

The role of chemokines in chronic inflammatory responses are central to the recruitment of particular subsets of leukocytes. In the present studies, we have examined the role of CCR1 in the developing pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the lungs of infected BALB/c mice. Although we did not observe significant differences in clearance of RSV, we were able to identify decreased pathophysiologic responses in CCR1(-/-) mice. CCR1(-/-) mice displayed a significant reduction in both airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus production that corresponded to significant increases in IFN-gamma and CXCL10. The goblet cell hyper/metaplasia and the expression of mucus-associated gene, gob5, were correspondingly reduced in the CCR1(-/-) mice. In addition, the Western blot analysis of gob5 protein indicated that CCR1(-/-) mice have virtually no up-regulation of the protein at day 6 of infection compared with wild-type-infected mice. Results from bone marrow chimeric mice indicated that partial reconstitution of the response could be achieved in the CCR1(-/-) mice with wild-type bone marrow cells, suggesting that these cells have a role in the response. However, transplanting of CCR1(-/-) bone marrow into wild-type mice did demonstrate an incomplete deficit in RSV-induced responses, indicating that CCR1(+) parenchymal cells may also play a significant role in the process. Thus, the presence of CCR1 appears to have a significant role in the development of detrimental airway physiologic responses during RSV infection. These data suggest that CCR1 may be a potential target during detrimental pulmonary responses during infection.
Identical effects of indirect and direct electron doping of superconducting BaFe2As2thin films (2012)

Electron doping of a 122-type iron pnictide BaFe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ by substituting the Ba site with an aliovalent ion (indirect doping), which had been unsuccessful by conventional solid-state synthesis methods, was achieved by a nonequilibrium film growth process. The substitution with La was substantiated by a systematic shrinkage of the $c$-axis lattice parameter due to the smaller ionic radius of La${}^{3+}$ than that of Ba${}^{2+}$. A negative Hall coefficient indicated that the majority carriers were electrons, as is consistent with this aliovalent ion doping. The La substitution suppressed an antiferromagnetic transition and induced bulk superconductivity at a maximum onset critical temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$) of 22.4 K. The electronic phase diagram for (Ba${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$La${}_{x}$)Fe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$ was built, which revealed that the indirect electron doping at the Ba site with La [(Ba${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$La${}_{x}$)Fe${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$] exhibits almost the same ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$- doping level relation as that of the direct electron doping at the Fe site with Co [Ba(Fe${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$As${}_{2}$]. This finding clarified that ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ in 122-type compounds is not affected by a crystallographic doping site, which is in sharp contrast to the 1111-type compounds, $RE$FeAsO ($RE$ $=$ rare earth). It is tentatively attributed to the differences in their dimensionality of electronic structures and electron pairing symmetries.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Cotargeting Stress-Activated Hsp27 and Autophagy as a Combinatorial Strategy to Amplify Endoplasmic Reticular Stress in Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 164K, Combination of Hsp27 inhibition with autophagy inhibitors 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or Chloroquine (CQ) increases cytotoxicity in PC3 cells&lt;/p&gt;
A Die-Level, Replaceable Integrated Chiplet (PINCH) Assembly Using a Socketed Platform, Compressible MicroInterconnects, and Self-Alignment (2021)

This paper presents a novel die-level, rePlaceable INtegrated CHiplet (PINCH) assembly using a socketed platform. To enable the replaceability of this tightly-integrated system, the appropriate set of enabling technologies is required. To this end, the PINCH assembly incorporates a non-permanent, off-chip interconnection system via Compressible MicroInterconnects (CMIs) and a non-permanent self-alignment technology using Positive-Self-Alignment Structures (PSAS) in a PSAS-to-PSAS configuration. As the PSAS-to-PSAS self-alignment technology is substrate agnostic, the PINCH assembly can also incorporate heterogeneous integrated systems. This paper discusses this PINCH assembly and it provides a design analysis for building this socketed system. The fabrication of all the components of the PINCH assembly (e.g., chiplet, interposer) is then performed, followed by a manual assembly process using the PSAS-to-PSAS self-alignment technology. Four-point resistance of the 150 μm pitch and 200 μm pitch CMIs are then measured after the socket is secured into the socket base of the PINCH assembly.
A Microwave Applicator for Drying Food Samples (1978)

AbstractA compact system using a cylindrical microwave applicator for drying disc-shaped food samples is presented. The 2450 MHz applicator is designed to operate near TM011 resonance when drying begins, creating a ring-shaped heating distribution. As the sample dries out, the TM011 resonance diminishes and a TM011 field excitation takes over, drying the central parts of the sample. The initial power transfer exceeds 60%, but decreases to about 10% when the sample is dried. For most meat products, an input power of 200W is sufficient to dry a 10-g sample in 6 to 8 min.
Enhancement of TFT performance by purification of indium-zinc-tin oxide (2018)

In the present work, we studied the effect of purification of IZTO precursor on the performance of oxide TFT using high-k ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> gate insulator. The unpurified IZTO TFT showed the saturation mobility (μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> ) of 2.86 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V, threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ) of 0.43 V, subthreshold swing (SS) of 112 mV/dec., and a current ratio I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> . On the other hand, the purified IZTO TFT exhibited the μ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> of 5.22 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> of 0.36 V, SS of 90 mV/dec., and an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> of ~10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> . The results suggest that the purification of oxide semiconductor precursor is important for high performance TFT.
Covariate Balancing Methods for Randomized Controlled Trials Are Not Adversarially Robust (2021)

The first step towards investigating the effectiveness of a treatment via a randomized trial is to split the population into control and treatment groups then compare the average response of the treatment group receiving the treatment to the control group receiving the placebo. In order to ensure that the difference between the two groups is caused only by the treatment, it is crucial that the control and the treatment groups have similar statistics. Indeed, the validity and reliability of a trial are determined by the similarity of two groups' statistics. Covariate balancing methods increase the similarity between the distributions of the two groups' covariates. However, often in practice, there are not enough samples to accurately estimate the groups' covariate distributions. In this paper, we empirically show that covariate balancing with the Standardized Means Difference (SMD) covariate balancing measure, as well as Pocock's sequential treatment assignment method, are susceptible to worst-case treatment assignments. Worst-case treatment assignments are those admitted by the covariate balance measure, but result in highest possible ATE estimation errors. We developed an adversarial attack to find adversarial treatment assignment for any given trial. Then, we provide an index to measure how close the given trial is to the worst-case. To this end, we provide an optimization-based algorithm, namely Adversarial Treatment ASsignment in TREatment Effect Trials (ATASTREET), to find the adversarial treatment assignments.
Advances in High-Throughput, High-Capacity Nonwoven Membranes for Chromatography in Downstream Processing: A Review (2023)

Nonwoven membranes are highly engineered fibrous materials that can be manufactured on a large scale from a wide range of different polymers, and their surfaces can be modified using a large variety of different chemistries and ligands. The fiber diameters, surface areas, pore sizes, total porosities, and thicknesses of the nonwoven mats can be carefully controlled, providing many opportunities for creative approaches for the development of novel membranes with unique properties to meet the needs of the future of downstream processing. Fibrous membranes are already finding use in ultrafiltration, microfiltration, depth filtration, and, more recently, in membrane chromatography for product capture and impurity removal. This article summarizes the various methods of manufacturing nonwoven fabrics, and the many methods available for the modification of the fiber surfaces. It also reviews recent studies focused on the use of nonwoven fabric devices in membrane chromatography and provides some perspectives on the challenges that need to be overcome to increase binding capacities, decrease residence times, and reduce pressure drops so that eventually they can replace resin column chromatography in downstream process operations.
Virtual Inertia Emulator-Based Model Predictive Control for Grid Frequency Regulation Considering High Penetration of Inverter-Based Energy Storage System (2020)

As awareness of human footprint grows, solutions are investigated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). To reduce the carbon intensity of electricity production, a massive deployment of renewable energy sources (RESs) has become a mandatory goal. A significant challenge behind the deployment of RESs is the frequency regulation of such systems due to the high penetration of inverters based on energy storage systems (ESS). To overcome this issue, this manuscript proposes, as the main contribution, to use a virtual inertia emulator-based model predictive control. MPC is an optimization-based control strategy that aims at finding the optimal control actions of a system by predicting its future behaviors. This control solution is compared to a proportional (P) and a proportional integrator (PI) controller. The results of this study show that the MPC controller reduce the minimum ESS capacity by 55% and 2%, and the ESS energy throughput by 86% and 36% compared to a P and PI controller. Those results suggest that the MPC controller can help to diminish the CAPEX and ESS aging compared to a P or PI controller.
Synthetic derivatives and analogues of γ‐L‐glutamyl‐taurine, a bioactive compound from bovine parathyroids (1984)

γ‐L‐Glutamyl derivatives and a β‐L‐aspartyl derivative of different amines (taurine, nortaurine, N ‐methyltaurine, taurine amide, tauryl‐methylamine, tauryl‐piperidine, β‐alanine amide, orthanilic acid, 2‐aminoethanephosphonic acid, ethanolamine‐ O ‐sulfate and ethanolamine‐ O ‐phosphate) have been synthesized by mixed anhydride or active ester coupling method. One of the dipeptide analogues, γ‐L‐glutamyl‐(ethanolamine‐ O ‐sulfate) was prepared by esterification, too. Syntheses of α,γ‐L‐glutamyl‐bis‐taurine and of DL‐2‐amino‐8‐sulfo‐octanoic acid are also described.
Understanding the Capacity Decay of Si/NMC622 Li-Ion Batteries Cycled in Superconcentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: A New Perspective (2022)

Silicon-containing Li-ion batteries have been the focus of many energy storage research efforts because of the promise of high energy density. Depending on the system, silicon generally demonstrates stable performance in half-cells, which is often attributed to the unlimited lithium supply from the lithium (Li) metal counter electrode. Here, the electrochemical performance of silicon with a high voltage NMC622 cathode was investigated in superconcentrated phosphonium-based ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. As a matter of fact, there is very limited work and understanding of the full cell cycling of silicon in such a new class of electrolytes. The electrochemical behavior of silicon in the various IL electrolytes shows a gradual and steeper capacity decay, compared to what we previously reported in half-cells. This behavior is linked to a different evolution of the silicon morphology upon cycling, and the characterization of cycled electrodes points toward mechanical reasons, complete disconnection of part of the electrode, or internal mechanical stress, due to silicon and Li metal volume variation upon cycling, to explain the progressive capacity fading in full cell configuration. An extremely stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the full Li-ion cells can be seen from a combination of qualitative and quantitative information from transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Our findings provide a new perspective to full cell interpretation regarding capacity fading, which is oftentimes linked almost exclusively to the loss of Li inventory but also more broadly, and provide new insights into the impact of the evolution of silicon morphology on the electrochemical behavior.
Diversity of the Killer Cell Ig-Like Receptors of Rhesus Monkeys (2001)

Because the killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) have only been characterized in humans and chimpanzees, we do not have a full understanding of their evolutionary history. Therefore, cDNAs encoding the KIR molecules of five rhesus monkeys were characterized, and were found to differ from the KIR molecules identified in humans and chimpanzees. Whereas only one KIR2DL4 molecule is detected in humans and chimpanzees, two distinct KIR2DL4 homologues were identified in the monkeys. Although the two human KIR3DL molecules are limited in their polymorphism, the KIR3DL homologues in the monkeys were highly polymorphic. Up to five KIR3DL homologues were identified in each monkey that was studied, and eleven distinct KIR3DL molecules were detected in the five rhesus monkeys. Two novel families of KIR molecules were identified in the rhesus monkeys, KIR3DH and KIR1D. The KIR3DH molecules have three Ig domains, transmembrane domains homologous to KIR2DL4 molecules that contain an arginine, and short cytoplasmic domains. With these features, the KIR3DH molecules resemble the activating forms of the human KIR molecules. The KIR1D molecule encodes only one complete Ig domain before a frame-shift in the second Ig domain occurs, leading to early termination of the molecule. Multiple splice variants of KIR1D exist that encode at least one Ig domain, as well as transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The extensive diversity of the rhesus monkey KIR3DL homologues and the novel KIR3DH and KIR1D molecules suggests that the KIR family of molecules has evolved rapidly during the evolution of primates.
Measured and Simulated Electronic Absorption and Emission Spectra of Asphaltenes (2008)

The electronic absorption and emission spectra of petroleum asphaltenes are distinct and characteristic; indeed, asphaltene “color” is one of the canonical properties of asphaltenes. Moreover, each π electron has a fixed oscillator strength; thus, each aromatic carbon and nitrogen is represented in the absorption spectrum. Nevertheless, these spectral origins have not previously been thoroughly explored. Most importantly, there has been significant controversy regarding the types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in asphaltenes, with grossly different PAH distributions being reported. Here, we show that the main features of the absorption and emission spectra of asphaltenes are accounted for using a distribution of 523 PAH model compounds incorporating heteroatom substitution. This distribution is discussed in terms of PAH classes. In particular, we have used a distribution with 7 fused aromatic rings as most likely along with a slow drop off for contributions from smaller and larger PAHs. In addition, a “tail” of large PAHs is assumed. Another PAH distribution consisting of very small PAHs proposed in the literature is shown to be very inconsistent with measured asphaltene spectra. In particular, small PAHs absorb strongly in the UV spectrum but not in the visible spectrum; asphaltenes show a much smaller contrast between UV and visible absorption as shown herein. That is, if the π oscillator strength is not in the near-infrared and visible spectra, then it must be in the UV spectrum.
Behavior Trees as a Representation for Medical Procedures (2018)

Objective: Effective collaboration between machines and clinicians requires flexible data structures to represent medical processes and clinical practice guidelines. Such a data structure could enable effective turn-taking between human and automated components of a complex treatment, accurate on-line monitoring of clinical treatments (for example to detect medical errors), or automated treatment systems (such as future medical robots) whose overall treatment plan is understandable and auditable by human experts. Materials and Methods: Behavior trees (BTs) emerged from video game development as a graphical language for modeling intelligent agent behavior. BTs have several properties which are attractive for modeling medical procedures including human-readability, authoring tools, and composability. Results: This paper will illustrate construction of BTs for exemplary medical procedures and clinical protocols. Discussion and Conclusion: Behavior Trees thus form a useful, and human authorable/readable bridge between clinical practice guidelines and AI systems.