gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endosomal targeting of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein elicits potent Th1 host responses. (47.27) (2007)

Abstract Antigen specific IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells are critical for the control of infection by intracellular bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Whereas traditional approaches to eliciting CD4 T cell responses utilize protein antigen, DNA vaccines are more readily prepared and at less expense. DNA vaccines have been used to elicit tumor-reactive T cell responses, but little information on DNA vaccines in microbial infection is available. In contrast to protein, a ready source for antigen processing, DNA must be transcribed and translated into protein for processing to take place. Moreover, to allow processing for CD4 T cell presentation, antigen must enter the endosomal pathway. We targeted a M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 DNA vaccine into the endosomal system using sequences from lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP). Human dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with ESAT-LAMP presented antigen to ESAT-6-specific CD4 T cell clones, inducing 3.8 times greater IFN-γ production in comparison to T cells exposed to DCs transfected with ESAT-6 containing no targeting sequences (ESAT-STOP). More strikingly, mice immunized with ESAT-LAMP DNA exhibited stronger (17.6-fold, p&amp;lt;0.05) recall responses than ESAT-STOP or animals receiving vector DNA. These data indicate that DNA vaccination enhances T cell responses to microbial antigens and suggest that such an approach might stimulate protective host responses against microbial infection, including tuberculosis.
Factors Influencing the Stability of Au-Incorporated Metal-Oxide Supported Thin Films for Optical Gas Sensing (2017)

There is interest in using Au-nanoparticle incorporated oxide films as functional sensor layers for high-temperature applications in optical-based sensors for measurements in both highly-oxidizing and highly-reducing atmospheres at temperatures approaching 900°C-1000°C because of a relatively high melting temperature combined with the inert nature of Au nanoparticles. This study includes a systematic series of experiments and theoretical calculations targeted at further understanding stability of Au-nanoparticle incorporated TiO<sub>2</sub> films as archetype sensing materials. A combination of thermodynamic modeling and long-term exposure tests were utilized to unambiguously determine that gas stream composition-dependent reactive evaporation of Au (to form predominately Au(g) or AuH(g), depending upon the environment) at the surface of the nanoparticles is the dominant mechanism for mass loss of Au. Primary factors dictating the rate of reactive evaporation, and hence the associated film stability, were determined to be the gas stream temperature and the concentration of H<sub>2</sub>, with the former playing a more significant role over the ranges of temperatures (700°C - 800°C) and H<sub>2</sub> concentrations (1% to 29% H<sub>2</sub> by volume) explored. The mitigation of Au-mass loss through reactive evaporation was also successfully demonstrated by depositing a SiO<sub>2</sub> overlayer on the Au-nanoparticle embedded films to prevent direct Au-nanoparticle/vapor-phase contact.
F2: Pushing the Frontiers in Accuracy for Data Converters and Analog Circuits (2021)

Summary form only given, as follows. The complete presentation was not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings. The advances in high-precision analog front-end and data conversion circuits have opened up new opportunities in diverse application spaces. To keep fueling the evolution of emerging applications, such as health monitoring, industry 4.0, and internet of things, advanced sensing technology is required to further improve resolution, speed, as well as power and area efficiency of the system. This forum highlights the fundamental challenges with an emphasis on techniques to achieve the ultimate accuracy in analog circuits and data converters. Following an overview of analog-circuit challenges, a series of discussions start with essential high-accuracy voltage and frequency references along with the compensation techniques for their long-term drift, and then move on to the system-level functions of high-precision amplifiers, digital-to-analog converters, as well as overasampling and Nyquist-rate analog-to-digital converters, which are required to construct the overall signal chain.
Intrinsic degradation mechanism in tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum-based organic light emitting devices (1999)

Intrinsic degradation, which leads to the long-term decrease in the electroluminescence efficiency, has been a major limitation facing the new technology of organic light emitting devices (OLED). Traditionally, degradation has been speculated to be caused by morphological instability of the organic layers, especially the less stable hole transport layer (HTL), or by the formation of deep traps at the hole-injecting contact. These speculations were based on experimental observations showing that doping the organic layers or introducing a buffer layer at the hole-injecting contact can dramatically improve device stability. However, the real causes of OLED degradation remained uncertain. In this study, the cause of the long-term degradation of OLEDs based on tris(8-hydroxyquinolato) aluminum (A1Q3), the most widely used electroluminescent molecule, is investigated. OLEDs with various structures are studied. Results reveal that the injection of holes into the AlQ3 layer is the dominant factor responsible for device degradation. Cationic AlQ3 species are found to be unstable and their degradation products are fluorescence quenchers that lower the electroluminescence efficiency of OLEDs. In view of these findings, the effectiveness of stabilizing agents, such as, doping the HTL, introducing a buffer layer at the hole-injecting contact, or using mixed layers of hole and electron transporting molecules, is explained in terms of their role in slowing down the injection of holes into the AlQ 3 , which results in a higher electron density and thus a more rapid electron-hole recombination. Therefore, the lifetime of the unstable cationic AlQ3 species is reduced leading to a significant decrease in AlQ 3 degradation and consequently increases device stability. Other earlier observations pertaining to OLED degradation are also addressed. The degradation mechanism is further demonstrated on OLEDs with dual-layer HTL made of materials with different ionization potentials. The important features of a theoretical framework to model OLED degradation are also discussed.
A learning law for density estimation (1994)

Probability density functions are estimated by an exponential family of densities based on multilayer feedforward networks. The role of the multilayer feedforward networks, in the proposed estimator, is to approximate the logarithm of the probability density functions. The method of maximum likelihood is used, as the main contribution, to derive an unsupervised backpropagation learning law to estimate the probability density functions. Computer simulation results demonstrating the use of the derived learning law are presented.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Sulfinamides Using (−)-Quinine as Chiral Auxiliary (2011)

A process has been designed and demonstrated for the asymmetric synthesis of sulfinamides using quinine as auxiliary. A variety of chiral sulfinamides including N-alkyl sulfinamides with diverse structure were prepared in good yields and excellent enantioselectivity starting from easily available and inexpensive reagents. The auxiliary quinine could be recovered and recycled.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Overview (2015)

The purpose of this overview is to increase the awareness of clinicians regarding genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and related genetic counseling issues.The following are the goals of this overview. Goal 1 Describe the clinical characteristics of ALS. Goal 2 Review genetic causes of ALS. Goal 3 Provide an evaluation strategy to identify the genetic cause of ALS in a proband (when possible). Goal 4 Inform genetic counseling of family members of an individual with ALS. Goal 5 Provide a high-level view of management of ALS.
Narrow Diameter Distributions of Metallic Arc Discharge Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes via Dual‐Iteration Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation (2012)

Dual-iteration density gradient ultracentrifugation isolates nearly single diameters of monodisperse metallic arc discharge SWCNTs. Subsequently fabricated conductive thin films possess distinct colors due to well-defined transmittance windows flanked by sharp optical transitions. Measurements of uniform sheet resistances and work functions confirm the largely invariant electronic properties between metallic arc discharge SWCNT films of differing diameters. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Transport Considerations in the Hot Corrosion of Ni by Molten Alkali Carbonates (1990)

The hot corrosion of Ni induced by molten alkali carbonates has been studied to elucidate the mechanism of attack and in particular to determine whether the Rapp‐Goto theory of fluxing is applicable to this system. Two principal rate‐determining processes were considered in some detail: transport of oxidant from the gas phase through the corrosion products, including the molten salt phase, to the site of active oxidation, and dissolution/reprecipitation of oxide within the corrosion product layer owing to a solubility gradient. To help evaluate these processes, we measured the solubility of in various carbonate salts and we experimentally characterized the scales with respect to average porosity and tortuosity. The kinetics of hot corrosion were measured by TGA under conditions expected to affect oxidant transport and/or fluxing. Experimental rates of oxidation were then compared with calculated maximum rates according to the two rate‐determining processes to evaluate the feasibility of rate control by one or the other process. It was concluded that fluxing was very likely to be rate controlling in the early stages of hot corrosion, but later, when the actual hot corrosion rate had increased considerably, oxidant transport was controlling. The distribution of salt within the pores of the scale changes with time, and this is a key issue in determining the rate of reaction.
Soluble CD163 Identifies Those at Risk for Increased Hepatic Inflammation & Fibrosis (2021)

Injury and resultant hepatic fibrosis occur by distinct though overlapping mechanistic pathways. In PWH, sCD163 is highly associated with both injury and fibrosis, suggesting that persistent systemic immune activation is a major contributor to long-term outcomes, adding to damage caused by alcohol, steatosis, and other hepatotoxic drug effects.
Association of mutations in V3/C3 domain with enhanced sensitivity of HIV-1 clade C primary envelopes to autologous broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies (2016)

In summary, we found distinct vulnerabilities associated with evasion of circulating viruses to broadly neutralizing antibodies mounted in an Indian elite neutralizer.
Synthesis of Cyclopentadienyl-, Indenyl-, and Fluorenylbis(pentafluorophenyl)boranes as Ligands in Titanium and Zirconium Half-Sandwich Complexes. The Crystal Structures of C13H9B(C6F5)2·t-BuNH2, C13H8SiMe3B(C6F5)2, and {η5-C5H4B(C6F5)2}TiCl3 (1997)

Bis(pentafluorophenyl)boron fluoride (C6F5)2BF·OEt2 (1), readily accessible from BF3·OEt2 and 2 equiv of C6F5MgBr, reacts with fluorenyllithium to give (Flu)B(C6F5)2 (4), while the reaction with indenyllithium leads to the regioisomers 1- and 2-IndB(C6F5)2 5 and 6, which are separated by fractional crystallization. 4 and 5 form crystalline adducts with tert-butylamine. The trimethylsilyl derivatives Flu(SiMe3)B(C6F5)2 (9) and Ind(SiMe3)B(C6F5)2 (10) are similarly prepared. Heating (C6F5)2BF·OEt2 leads to ether cleavage and formation of (C6F5)2BOEt. Treatment of 5 and 6 with Zr(NMe2)4 at room temperature gives indenylzirconium amido half-sandwich complexes; however, the reaction is accompanied by the unexpected exchange of one boron-C6F5 substituent by NMe2, to form 1- and 2-{C9H6B(C6F5)(NMe2)}Zr(NMe2)3. Reaction with SiClMe3 affords the trichlorides 1- and 2-{C9H6B(C6F5)(NMe2)}ZrCl3. The NMe2 substituent reduces the Lewis acidity of boron, so that donor ligands such as THF or DME coordinate exclusively to zirconium. Whereas 9 and 10 fail to react with group 4 metal chlorides, the cyclopentadienylborane C5H4(SiMe3)B(C6F5)2 undergoes smooth dehalosilylation with TiCl4 to give {C5H4B(C6F5)2}TiCl3. Both 2-{C9H6B(C6F5)(NMe2)}ZrCl3 and {C5H4B(C6F5)2}TiCl3 in the presence of low concentrations of AlEt3 are active ethene polymerization catalysts, while under comparable conditions mixtures of AlEt3 and either IndZrCl3 or CpTiCl3 are inactive. The molecular structures of (Flu)B(C6F5)2·NH2CMe3, Flu(SiMe3)B(C6F5)2, and {C5H4B(C6F5)2}TiCl3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
Cyclic Shut-in Eliminates Liquid-Loading in Gas Wells (2012)

Abstract This paper presents a method to eliminate production loss due to liquid-loading in tight gas wells. Cyclic shut-in control is a simple production strategy that particularly benefits lower-permeability stimulated wells, including but not limited to shale gas wells. Comparison is made between a gas well producing (1) in a "ideal" situation where 100% of liquids entering from the reservoir or condensing in the tubing are continuously removed (without shut-ins), (2) in a meta-stable liquid-loading condition with low gas rate, typical of most wells today, and (3) by the proposed strategy of cyclic shut-in control. We show that cyclic shutin control of stimulated low-permeability vertical wells to ultra-low-permeability horizontal multi-fraced wells can produce without ever experiencing liquid loading, and with little-to-no delay of ultimate recovery. Cyclic shut-in control can be applied to all stimulated, lower-permeability gas wells, from the onset of gas rates that result in liquid-loading. The strategy can also be used for wells which already have experienced a period of liquid-loading, but the expected performance improvement may be less because of near-well formation damage caused by historic liquid-loading – e.g. fresh-water backflow and liquid-bank accumulation. In historically liquid-loading wells, an initial period of liquid removal and/or light stimulation may be needed prior to initiating cyclic shut-in control. We show that the shut-in period should optimally be as short as operationally possible. Cyclic shut-in control is shown to work equally well for layered no-crossflow systems with significant differential depletion at the onset of liquid loading. Minimizing rate and recovery loss of liquid-loading gas wells is of international interest. We believe that cyclic shut-in control will become an industry standard practice for shale gas wells, and should lead to a significant ultimate increase in worldwide gas reserves. The method is extremely simple and requires only a rate-controlled wellhead shut-in device.
Reconstitution of an active surface CD2 by DNA transfer in CD2-CD3+ Jurkat cells facilitates CD3-T cell receptor-mediated IL-2 production (1991)

To investigate the requirements for CD2 expression in the activation of T lymphocytes via the CD3-TCR complex, we produced and characterized a series of CD2-variants of the IL-2 producing Jurkat leukemia cell line, J32 (surface phenotype, CD2+, CD3+, CD28+). These mutants were derived by radiation and immunoselection, and were cloned under limiting dilution conditions. A total of 3 out of 30 of these mutants selectively lost the expression of both CD2 surface molecules and CD2 mRNA, and retained the expression of the CD3-TCR complex and the CD28 molecule. A mitogenic combination of anti-CD2 antibodies (9.6 + 9-1) failed to stimulate activation of these variants as measured by mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and by IL-2 production. The CD2- mutants stimulated with anti-CD3 or anti-TCR mAb revealed an 8- to 32-fold decrease in IL-2 production and IL-2 mRNA accumulation as compared with the parental cells. No alteration of CD3-TCR-induced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ was observed in the CD2- mutants. Reconstitution of CD2 expression by gene transfer in two J32 CD2- mutants restored IL-2 production and IL-2 mRNA accumulation in responses to both anti-CD2 and anti-CD3-TCR mAb. These results are the first direct demonstration of the requirement for CD2 molecules in optimizing IL-2 response in human T cells stimulated via CD3-TCR complex.
Cu bump interconnections in 20 μm pitch utilizing electroless tin-cap on 3D stacked LSI (2002)

The electroless tin-plating on copper has preferable characteristics for thermal compression bonding, although it is easy to decrease in thickness by heating at bonding because of diffusion into the copper. Therefore, the bonding temperature profile was determined to have lower preheating to evaluate the bondabilities with the copper-bumps in 20 /spl mu/m pitch dressed thin tin-caps on each bump. As a result, the possibilities of the interconnections in 20 /spl mu/m pitch were confirmed. The bonding temperature was 300/spl deg/C and the bonding force was 24.5 N. Then, the tin-cap on through-hole electrode (T-COTE) was performed with electroless plating and the basic bonding condition was evaluated on the vertical interconnections. The results showed a sufficient joint between the Cu electrodes through the Si die and the adjacent copper bumps on the interposer. Finally, the results of the feasibilities on the micro-joint at 150/spl deg/C will be discussed in this paper.
Microheterogeneity within conformational states of ubiquitin revealed by high resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry (2015)

The present work employs trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) for the analysis of ubiquitin ions known to display a multitude of previously unresolved interchangeable conformations upon electrospray ionization. The conformational distributions of ubiquitin [M + 6H](6+) through [M + 13H](13+) ions observed by TIMS are nearly identical to numerous drift tube ion mobility spectrometry studies reported in the literature. At an experimental resolving power up to ∼300, many of the congested conformations within the well-known compact, partially folded, and elongated [M + 7H](7+) states are separated. Minimizing the voltages (RF and DC) in the entrance funnel results in exclusive observation of compact [M + 7H](7+) conformers. However, under these conditions, the mobility-dependent pseudopotential coefficient may discriminate against ions having larger collision cross sections-a universal effect for all RF ion guides, funnels, and traps operating in the presence of a gas. The data presented underscore the complications associated with direct comparison of collision cross section values that represent an ensemble average of multiple underlying conformations. As illustrated herein, the microheterogeneity within a particular conformational family and the relative state-to-state abundance can be altered by solvent memory, energetic, and kinetic effects.
Effect of the Chromone Core Substitution of Dirchromone on the Resultant Biological Activities (2021)

Dirchromone is a bioactive vinyl sulfoxide-bearing chromone first isolated from the shrub <i>Dirca palustris</i>. Altogether, 32 of its derivatives were prepared to assess the effect of substitution of its chromone core upon activities against cancer cell lines, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungi (such as <i>Candida albicans</i>). All compounds were synthesized following a synthetic strategy involving Pummerer and soft-enolization Baker-Venkataraman rearrangements. Substituent position changes induced little variability on the activities tested. There was no correlation between cytotoxic and antibacterial effects, suggesting different underlying mechanisms of action. In particular, hydroxy group and cyanide substituents diminished cytotoxicity, with the latter featuring enhanced antibacterial activity. Higher homologues of 6-alkoxydirchromones also exhibited progressively emerging antifungal activity. Other modifications had moderate effects on cytotoxicity with some derivatives leading to increased potency. This behavior highlights the robustness of the natural dirchromone pharmacophore toward decoration, thus paving the way for more elaborate future drug design.
Regional Spatial Normalization: Toward an Optimal Target (2001)

Analysis of three-dimensional DF provides a means to quickly create a reproducible MDT target brain for any set of subjects. Warping to the MDT target was shown by an independent multiscale correlation method to produce superior results.
A System for Handwritten and Printed Text Classification (2017)

An optical character recognition (OCR) system recognizes either printed or handwritten text. Hence it is required to seperate machine printed text from handwritten text in scanned documents before feeding it to a OCR system. We can discriminate these two types of text word images by their visual impression and shape structures. The intensity values distribution features gives us the visual impression and the shapes can be represented by the structural features. This paper proposes an approach for machine print and handwritten text classification at word level using intensity and shape structural features of scanned text. The proposed method achieved impressive classification efficiency on IAM dataset.
Variance Weighted Vector Fitting for Noisy Frequency Responses (2010)

This letter presents a modification of the Vector Fitting algorithm to estimate rational models of frequency responses affected by noise, e.g. in the case of measured data. It is based on the use of a least-squares weighting function that contains information about the variance of the data samples used in the macromodeling process. The modification is straightforward and does not increase the computational cost of Vector Fitting, but it significantly improves its convergence and accuracy properties in the presence of noise. The residuals test is used to assess the quality of the estimated model. Numerical results validate the proposed modification.
Effect of pressure on the structure and electrical conductivity of cardanol–furfural–polyaniline blends (2010)

Abstract Pressure‐sensitive polymers that simultaneously present reasonable electrical conducting properties, useful thermosetting behavior, and softness are hard to develop. To combine these properties into a single material, a cardanol‐based phenolic resin was prepared and blended in situ with polyaniline (PAni). The final polymer blend was composed of a soft solid material that could not be dissolved in ordinary solvents. Samples were characterized through X‐ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity measurements. FTIR results indicate that the insertion of PAni into the blends did not change the chemical nature of the resin. According to wide‐angle X‐ray scattering results, PAni was dispersed homogeneously in the final polymer samples; this improved the sensitivity of the electrical conductivity to pressure variations, as confirmed through electromechanical tests. Pressure sensitivity and electromechanical analyses indicated that the produced blends could be used as pressure‐sensing materials. Among the tested materials, the blends containing 5 wt % PAni·H 2 SO 4 presented the largest compression sensitivity values. Finally, it was shown for the first time through XRD analyses under pressure that PAni chains were considerably disturbed by compressive stresses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011