gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IC‐P‐188: HYBRID SEQUENCE AND ANALYSIS OF T1‐WEIGHTED IMAGING AND QUANTITATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (2018)

Structural T1-weighted MR images have been widely used in diagnosing Alzheimer's diseases (AD). However, improvement is still needed to accurately diagnose AD in the early stages, such as mild-cognitive-impairment (MCI) or preclinical stages. Recently, studies have shown that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is also useful for detecting iron deposition in these early stages. We used a hybrid sequence and analysis of both T1-weighted imaging and QSM for their diagnostic performance. Subjects with AD (11), MCI (12), and those who were cognitively normal (NC) (40) were scanned using a 3D RF-spoiled gradient-echo sequence with 6 echoes in a 3T-MRI. This sequence used intermediate flip angle (45°) and short first TE (4.3 ms) for T1 weighting. The magnitude image of the first echo was segmented to obtain a gray-matter (GM) image, and phase images of all echoes were reconstructed to generate the susceptibility map. The GM volumes (relative to total brain volumes) and susceptibility values in 120 regions were obtained by using an automated anatomical labeling atlas. The differences in GM volumes and susceptibility values between the AD and NC groups were evaluated using ANCOVA with age as a covariate. The discrimination accuracy between the MCI and older NC groups (>60 years old) was calculated using linear discrimination analysis. The GM volumes in 10 regions, such as the left (p<0.001) and right hippocampuses (p<0.001), were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the AD group than those in the NC. The susceptibility values in 21 regions, such as the left anterior (p=0.002) and left lateral orbitofrontal cortexes (p=0.004), were significantly larger (p<0.05) in the AD group than those in the NC group. Figure 1 shows scatter plots of the GM volumes and susceptibility values in the regions where p-values were minimal (hippocampus and anterior orbitofrontal cortex, respectively). The discrimination accuracy (88%) between the MCI and older NC groups obtained by these two values improved compared with that obtained by each value independently (84% by GM volume and 72% by susceptibility value).
Total Synthesis of (±)-α-Isosparteine, (±)-β-Isosparteine, and (±)-Sparteine from a Common Tetraoxobispidine Intermediate (2008)

The three title alkaloids were separately prepared in stereocontrolled fashion from a common tetraoxobispidine precursor, 3,7-diallyl-2,4,6,8-tetraoxo-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (16). Bisimide 16 was generated from malonate via acid promoted cyclization of the Knoevenagel condensation adduct 1,1,3,3-propanetetracarboxamide. (+/-)-alpha-Isosparteine (dl-2) was elaborated from 16 in 28% overall yield by a two-directional synthetic sequence composed of four reactions: double addition of allylmagnesium bromide, ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM), hydrogenation, and borane mediated reduction. (+/-)-beta-Isosparteine (dl-3) was targeted along similar lines by a strategic reversal in allylation and reduction operations on the core synthon. Thus, 16 was advanced to dl-3 in five steps and 12% overall yield by a reaction sequence commencing with sodium borohydride mediated reduction and followed by double Sakurai-type allylation of the resulting bishemiaminal. The synthesis of dl-3 was concluded by RCM and then global reduction (H2, Pd/C; LiAlH4). The final target, (+/-)-sparteine (dl-1), was secured in six steps and 11% overall yield from 16 by monoreduction and Sakurai allylation, followed by allyl Grignard addition and then RCM and global reduction as before. Reasons for the inherent C2-type regioselectivity of net double nucleophilic additions to tetraoxobispidines are discussed and enantioselective oxazaborolidine mediated reduction of the N,N'-dibenzyl congener of 16 is reported.
Easy Axis Spin-Flop in ε-Phase In-Doped Iron (III) Oxide Nanowires (2015)

This work reports study of magnetic properties of the ε-In 0.24 Fe 1.76 O 3 nanowires possessing 6 kOe coercive force at room temperature. Freezing of the sample below 190 K causes sharp decrease of the coercive force and magnetization of nanowires driven by the easy axis spin-flop transition.
The development of the cambridge university alignment systems for the multi-genre broadcast challenge (2015)

We describe the alignment systems developed both for the preparation of data for the Multi-Genre Broadcast (MGB) challenge and for our participation in the transcription and alignment tasks. Captions of varying quality are aligned with the audio of TV shows that range from few minutes long to more than six hours. Lightly supervised decoding is performed on the audio and the output text is aligned with the original text transcript. Reliable split points are found and the resulting text chunks are force-aligned with the corresponding audio segments. Confidence scores are associated with the aligned data. Multiple refinements — including audio segmentation based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and the use of DNN-based acoustic models — were used to improve the performance. The final MGB alignment system had the highest F-measure value on the evaluation data.
Ultrastrong Ionotronic Films Showing Electrochemical Osmotic Actuation (2023)

A multifunctional soft material with high ionic and electrical conductivity, combined with high mechanical properties and the ability to change shape can enable bioinspired responsive devices and systems. The incorporation of all these characteristics in a single material is very challenging, as the improvement of one property tends to reduce other properties. Here, a nanocomposite film based on charged, high-aspect-ratio 1D flexible nanocellulose fibrils, and 2D Ti<sub>3</sub> C<sub>2</sub> T<sub>x</sub> MXene is presented. The self-assembly process results in a stratified structure with the nanoparticles aligned in-plane, providing high ionotronic conductivity and mechanical strength, as well as large water uptake. In hydrogel form with 20 wt% liquid, the electrical conductivity is over 200 S cm<sup>-1</sup> and the in-plane tensile strength is close to 100 MPa. This multifunctional performance results from the uniquely layered composite structure at nano- and mesoscales. A new type of electrical soft actuator is assembled where voltage as low as ±1 V resulted in osmotic effects and giant reversible out-of-plane swelling, reaching 85% strain.
Mean survival times of absorbing triply periodic minimal surfaces (2009)

Understanding the transport properties of a porous medium from a knowledge of its microstructure is a problem of great interest in the physical, chemical, and biological sciences. Using a first-passage time method, we compute the mean survival time tau of a Brownian particle among perfectly absorbing traps for a wide class of triply periodic porous media, including minimal surfaces. We find that the porous medium with an interface that is the Schwartz P minimal surface maximizes the mean survival time among this class. This adds to the growing evidence of the multifunctional optimality of this bicontinuous porous medium. We conjecture that the mean survival time (like the fluid permeability) is maximized for triply periodic porous media with a simply connected pore space at porosity phi=1/2 by the structure that globally optimizes the specific surface. We also compute pore-size statistics of the model microstructures in order to ascertain the validity of a "universal curve" for the mean survival time for these porous media. This represents the first nontrivial statistical characterization of triply periodic minimal surfaces.
Propagation of nonlinear acoustic waves and shocks in variable cross-section resonators (2003)

Relative peak acoustic pressures in wind instruments such as oboes, trumpets, and trombones can reach levels of 10%. At these elevated levels nonlinear acoustic effects have to be taken into account to accurately represent the acoustic wave propagation in these wind instruments. A short survey is presented of some of the past work in nonlinear resonant oscillations in tubes. Included in this discussion is the effect of shaping the resonator on nonlinear wave propagation. A one-dimensional model for the analysis of nonlinear acoustic waves in a variable cross-section resonator is introduced [Ilinski et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 2664–2674 (1998)]. The resonator is assumed to be of an arbitrary axisymmetric shape. The model equations are derived from the fundamental gas dynamic equations for an ideal gas. The effects of bulk viscous absorption and absorption in the viscous boundary layer are included. Nonlinear spectral equations are developed which are integrated numerically to obtain the solution. The model has been modified to include a radiation impedance and the excitation of a harmonic spectrum. The effect of resonator shape, radiation condition, and harmonic excitation on nonlinear wave propagation is discussed.
Viterbi-decoding differential detection of DPSK (1992)

Differential detection based on MLSE using the Viterbi algorithm (Viterbi-decoding DD) is proposed and the BER performance of 2DPSK under AWGN channels is investigated by computer simulation. It is shown that the performance loss in the required Eb/N0 of the proposed Viterbi-decoding DD compared with ideal coherent detection with differential decoding is only around 0.15dB at BER = 10−3.
Supplementary Methods, Diagram 1, Figures 1-7 from SOD Mimetics: A Novel Class of Androgen Receptor Inhibitors That Suppresses Castration-Resistant Growth of Prostate Cancer (2023)

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Genetic Changes in the Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer (1989)

Human lung cancer is a complex genetic disease resulting from a series of inherited and somatically occurring defects in a number of critical genes. These genetic events, produced in part by carcinogen exposure, include chromosomal deletion, rearrangement, and mutation, and lead to inactivation or activation of certain target genes. Recent data showed these genes to include both recessive oncogenes such as the retinoblastoma gene and dominantly acting oncogenes such as the myc and ras family members.
αMelanocyte Stimulating Hormone: Chemical Nature and Mechanism of Action (1983)

αMelanotropin (α-MSH) is a tridecapeptide, Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2, synthesized and secreted by the pars intermedia of the vertebrate pituitary. This peptide hormone is derived from pro-opiomelanocortin, a precursor protein which contains within its structure the sequences of other melanotropic peptides (γ- and rβ-MSH, corticotropin), and possibly other hormones. α-MSH is the physiologically relevant melanotropin secreted by the pituitary and in most vertebrates plays the essential role in adaptive color changes through its action on integumental chromatophores. The initial actions of α-MSH are mediated at the level of the melanocyte membrane and involve signal transduction from receptor to adenylate cyclase on the intracellular surface of the membrane. This results in elevated cytosolic cyclic AMP levels followed by melanosome dispersion within dermal melanocytes and melanogenesis within epidermal melanocytes. The action of α-MSH on dermal melanocytes requires calcium for transduction of signal and cyclic AMP production. Melanosome dispersion per se does not, however, require extracellular calcium. Structure-function studies of α-MSH analogues and fragments have provided important insights relative to the structural requirements of the hormone for receptor binding and transduction. Substitution of certain residues within α-MSH has led to the development of melanotropins that exhibit extraordinary potency and prolonged biological activity
A Novel Framework for Online Supervised Learning with Feature Selection (2018)

Current online learning methods suffer issues such as lower convergence rates and limited capability to select important features compared to their offline counterparts. In this paper, a novel framework for online learning based on running averages is proposed. Many popular offline regularised methods such as Lasso, Elastic Net, Minimax Concave Penalty (MCP), and Feature Selection with Annealing (FSA) have their online versions introduced in this framework. The equivalence between the proposed online methods and their offline counterparts is proved, and then novel theoretical true support recovery and convergence guarantees are provided for some of the methods in this framework. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed methods enjoy high true support recovery accuracy and a faster convergence rate compared with conventional online and offline algorithms. Finally, applications to large datasets are presented, where again the proposed framework shows competitive results compared to popular online and offline algorithms.
Rapid Chemical Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides in a Form Suitable for Enzymic Oligosaccharide Synthesis (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid Chemical Synthesis of Sugar Nucleotides in a Form Suitable for Enzymic Oligosaccharide SynthesisMichael Arlt and Ole HindsgaulCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1, 14–15Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00106a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00106a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views713Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Enhanced NOMA D2D Communications Underlaying UAV Networks (2023)

Device-to-device (D2D) communications offers high spectral efficiency, low energy consumption and transmission latency. However, one of the main limitations of D2D communications is co-channel interference from underlaying wireless system. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is a promising technology because it can manipulate the electromagnetic waves in their environment to overcome interference and enhance wireless communications. This paper considers RIS enhanced D2D communications underlaying unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) networks with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). The objective is to maximize the sum rate of NOMA D2D communications by simultaneously optimizing the power budget of D2D transmitter, NOMA power allocation coefficients of D2D receivers and passive beamforming of RIS while guaranteeing the quality of services of UAV user. Due to non-convexity, the optimization problem is intractable and challenging to handle. Therefore, it is solved in two parts using alternating optimization. Simulation results unviel the performance of the proposed RIS enhanced D2D communications scheme. Results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves 15\% and 27\% higher sum rates compared to the fixed power D2D and orthogonal D2D schemes.
Fundamental Aspects of Effective Work Function Instability of Metal/Hf-based High-k Gate Stacks (2008)

Instability of the effective work function (WF) of metal/Hf-based high-k gate stacks was investigated by means of the flat-band voltage (Vfb) shift in capacitance-voltage curves and interface dipole characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We observed a negative Vfb shift and corresponding interface dipole, which suggest formation of oxygen vacancy (Vo) in the Hf-based oxides. In contrast, we observed an opposite (positive) Vfb shift and interface dipole when Au electrodes were formed on cleaned Hf-based dielectrics. This indicates that Au-Hf bond hybridization at the Au/HfSiON interface also causes effective WF modulation, as theoretically predicted by Shiraishi et al. Moreover, the interface dipole causing positive Vfb shift was found to be stable under vacuum and dry ambient, but it was gradually released when the gate stacks were exposed to the air and wet ambient.
Multispectral UV-visual imaging as a tool for locating and assessing ionizing radiation in air (2010)

Ionizing radiation passing through air leads to the ionization of nitrogen in the air; as this nitrogen de-excites it is accompanied with the emission of near-ultraviolet (NUV) light. NUV-sensitive optical imaging may be used to analyze this light to infer the spatial location and distribution of ionizing radiation fields in air. Due to their high linear energy transfer alpha particles are the most readily located and detected using this technique. Overlaying visible light images onto ultraviolet light images of air fluorescence provides a novel, selective method for assessing spatially-inhomogeneous ionizing radiation fields around alpha-emitting sources. The air ionization dose fields near alpha sources are quite high. Near a 0.185 MBq Am-241 source the air dose rate can be as high as 1.57 Gy/hour (157 Rad/hr). When evaluating this technique for other radiation fields it may be useful to compare expected dose rates with published alpha ionization field imagery, including a simple measurement described here, for estimating signal strength.
Rabenosyn-5 defines the fate of the transferrin receptor following clathrin-mediated endocytosis (2012)

Cell surface receptors and other proteins internalize through diverse mechanisms at the plasma membrane and are sorted to different destinations. Different subpopulations of early endosomes have been described, raising the question of whether different internalization mechanisms deliver cargo into different subsets of early endosomes. To address this fundamental question, we developed a microscopy platform to detect the precise position of endosomes relative to the plasma membrane during the uptake of ligands. Axial resolution is maximized by concurrently applied total internal reflection fluorescence and epifluorescence-structured light. We found that transferrin receptors are delivered selectively from clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane into a specific subpopulation of endosomes enriched in the multivalent Rab GTPase and phosphoinositide-binding protein Rabenosyn-5. Depletion of Rabenosyn-5, but not of other early endosomal proteins such as early endosome antigen 1, resulted in impaired transferrin uptake and lysosomal degradation of transferrin receptors. These studies reveal a critical role for Rabenosyn-5 in determining the fate of transferrin receptors internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and, more broadly, a mechanism whereby the delivery of cargo from the plasma membrane into specific early endosome subpopulations is required for its appropriate intracellular traffic.
Structural Basis for Telomeric G-Quadruplex Targeting by Naphthalene Diimide Ligands (2012)

The folding of the single-stranded 3' end of the human telomere into G-quadruplex arrangements inhibits the overhang from hybridizing with the RNA template of telomerase and halts telomere maintenance in cancer cells. The ability to thermally stabilize human telomeric DNA as a four-stranded G-quadruplex structure by developing selective small molecule compounds is a therapeutic path to regulating telomerase activity and thereby selectively inhibit cancer cell growth. The development of compounds with the necessary selectivity and affinity to target parallel-stranded G-quadruplex structures has proved particularly challenging to date, relying heavily upon limited structural data. We report here on a structure-based approach to the design of quadruplex-binding ligands to enhance affinity and selectivity for human telomeric DNA. Crystal structures have been determined of complexes between a 22-mer intramolecular human telomeric quadruplex and two potent tetra-substituted naphthalene diimide compounds, functionalized with positively charged N-methyl-piperazine side-chains. These compounds promote parallel-stranded quadruplex topology, binding exclusively to the 3' surface of each quadruplex. There are significant differences between the complexes in terms of ligand mobility and in the interactions with quadruplex grooves. One of the two ligands is markedly less mobile in the crystal complex and is more quadruplex-stabilizing, forming multiple electrostatic/hydrogen bond contacts with quadruplex phosphate groups. The data presented here provides a structural rationale for the biophysical (effects on quadruplex thermal stabilization) and biological data (inhibition of proliferation in cancer cell lines and evidence of in vivo antitumor activity) on compounds in this series and, thus, for the concept of telomere targeting with DNA quadruplex-binding small molecules.
Interleukin‐18 Has Antipermeablity and Antiangiogenic Activities in the Eye: Reciprocal Suppression With VEGF (2014)

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is increased along with IL-1β by activation of the inflammasome and has been implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its role in the eye is uncertain. In patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion, intraocular IL-18 levels increased significantly (P < 0.001) after treatment with ranibizumab particularly in patients with high baseline IL-18 which correlated with good visual outcome (P < 0.05). In mice with ischemic retinopathy, suppression of VEGF caused an increase in IL18 mRNA due to an increase in IL-18-positive myeloid cells. VEGF significantly and specifically inhibited IL-18 production by myeloid cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.001). Intraocular injection of IL-18 reduced VEGF-induced leakage and neovascularization, and reversed VEGF-induced suppression of Claudin5 expression and Claudin 5 labeling of vascular tight junctions. Injection of IL-18 also increased expression of Thrombospondin 1 and reduced ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization relevant to diabetic retinopathy and subretinal neovascularization relevant to neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Thus, VEGF and IL-18 suppress each other's production and effects on the vasculature suggesting that IL-18 may provide benefit in multiple retinal/choroidal vascular diseases.