gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrical characterization of across-field lithographic performance for 256-Mbit DRAM technologies (1995)

Lithographic performance has typically been evaluated at a single point within the stepper field. However, this evaluation method does not completely provide the total lithographic performance on a chip because of variations introduced by the stepper as well as the reticle. In this paper, the evaluation method and characteristics of across-field performance are shown through the use of electrical line width measurements and exposure-defocus (ED) analysis. The across-field performance is analyzed by both the average process window and the common process window for two resolution enhanced photolithography techniques: phase-shifting mask (PSM) and off-axis illumination (OAI). The average process window corresponds to a single-point evaluation while the common process window includes all lithographic fluctuations across the field. Consequently, the common process window is much smaller than the average process window. Moreover, to consider the effect of mask critical dimension (CD) deviation on lithographic performance, a mask CD deviation enhancement factor (MEF) is introduced. By MEF correction, the contribution of mask CD deviation to common window degradation is obtained.
Slowing of neurofilament transport and the radial growth of developing nerve fibers (1985)

Several lines of evidence indicate that neurofilaments are major intrinsic determinants of axonal caliber in myelinated nerve fibers, and that the delivery of neurofilaments by slow axonal transport is an important mechanism by which neurons regulate axonal caliber. To further clarify the relationship between neurofilament transport and axonal caliber, we examined transport in developing motor fibers of rat sciatic nerve. In 3-, 10-, 12-, and 20-week-old rats, lumbar motor neurons were labeled by the intraspinal injection of radioactive amino acids, and the distributions of labeled cytoskeletal proteins within the sciatic nerve were analyzed at various times afterwards using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel fluorography, and liquid scintillation spectroscopy. There was a progressive decline in the velocity of neurofilament transport with increasing distance along axons undergoing radial growth. By examining transport in different regions of the nerve in animals of the same age, we separated age-dependent reductions in velocity from those related to position along the nerve. The cross-sectional areas of these motor axons (in the L5 ventral root) increased linearly between 3 and 18 weeks of age. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis at 3 and 10 weeks of age revealed that neurofilament density was comparable in fibers of all calibers, indicating that the radial growth of these myelinated nerve fibers correlates with a proportional increase in neurofilament content. We propose that progressive reduction in the velocity of neurofilament transport along the nerve provides for radial growth during development.
Hierarchical Jamming in Frictional Particle Assemblies (2020)

The postulate of the existence of a jamming phase diagram (Liu and Nagel, Nature 396, 21 EP (1998aa)) provides a theoretical basis for the classification of a wide range of amorphous solids (colloidal, molecular and emulsion glasses, colloidal and polymer gels, foams and granular matter) on the basis of whether these materials are in the jammed or unjammed state. Whilst such simple classification is appealing, it fails to capture that the criterion of rigidity of such amorphous solids may be defined with respect to a particular deformation orientation or mode (i.e. shear, extrusion, consolidation). We consider this problem via the consolidation of strong colloidal gels, and find that the critical transitions during the consolidation of a strong colloidal gel (as indicated by maxima and minima in the relative normal stress difference) correspond directly to directed, frictional and non-frictional rigidity percolation. These results indicate a hierarchy of directed, jammed states during consolidation of such amorphous solids, and a direct link between particle-scale interactions and macroscopic collective behaviour of these systems driven far from equilibrium
Leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement across the spectrum of chronic neuroinflammatory diseases (2017)

Despite its relevance to MS pathogenesis and cortical pathology, LME is not specific to MS, occurring frequently in non-MS inflammatory neurologic conditions and especially in those patients with HTLV-associated myelopathy. Overall, this strengthens the notion that LME localizes inflammation-related focal disruption of the blood-meninges barrier and associated scarring.
Correction to: The long non-coding RNA SAMMSON is essential for uveal melanoma cell survival (2021)

status: Published
DISCRETE TRANSFORM OF MOLECULAR M CHANGING KERNELS BY STARK SUBLEVEL ECHOES (1985)

We report the investigation of molecular M changing kernels using new Stark sublevel photon echo techniques to obtain, for the first time, the entire distribution of discrete M transfer rates. The method exploits the analogy between velocity space, where inhomogeneous broadening is due to Doppler frequency shifts, and M space where an artificial inhomogeneity can be created with a small Stark field. In the presence of the Stark field, random collision induced coherence transfer between M sublevels of an infrared transition of moderate J leads to Stark field dependant degradation of the molecular macroscopic polarization during the echo dephasing-rephasing process. The effects of inelastic (J changing) collisions and elastic velocity changing collisions which are field independent can be eliminated by measuring the ratio of the echo signals with the field on and off as a fuction of either echo time delay or Stark field. The nonexponential decay curve which is obtained is related to the M changing collisions kernel by discrete transformation with the frequency components $\\nu{_{s}}\\Delta $M, where $\\Delta M$ is an integer and $\\nu_{s}$ is the Stark shift for unit M. In the experiment, the $(V=0, J=4, K=3) \\longrightarrow (v_{3}=1, J=5, K=3)$ transition in $CH_{3}P$ is studied. Acoustooptic (A/0) intensity modulation of 9P32 c.w. $CO_{2}$ laser radiation is used for input pulse generation. A novel digital oscillator driver is employed which has no RF leakage, so that A/0 rejected ratios are scattered light limited at $^{-}106:1$. Preliminary results yield echo signals with very high signal to background ratio and show completely new nonexponential behavior of the echo decay curve. Applications of both two and three pulse (stimulated) sublevel experiments will be described."
Crystal Structure of Methyl-2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-urs-1,12-dien-24-oate (2011)

The title compound, methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-urs-1,12-dien-24-oate (C32H43N1O4), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 7.8862(2), b = 17.6554(3), c = 20.0326(5)Å, Z = 4. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R-value of 0.0365 for 4164 observed reflections. The dihedral angle between the ester moiety and ring A is 83.9(1)°. Rings B, D and E exist in chair conformations, while rings A and C adopt sofa conformations. The ring junctions A/B and B/C are trans fused, while ring junctions C/D and D/E are quasi-trans and cis, respectively. The methyl carbons located at various positions are significantly deviated above and below the plane of the molecule. The crystal structure is stabilized by intra and intermolecular C-H…O hydrogen bonds.
Ripple and Uniformity Measurement of a Phased-Array Testing-Machine for round-Bar Testing (2008)

Industrial testing of round bar material is commonly carr ied out directly in the testing line applying automated testing-machines. Due the simple handling possibilities and the excellent resolution, phased-array systems, preferably of type ROW A are applied for these tasks. Up to now, many special materials with associated non-standar d specifications are still tested offline in immersion tanks or even manually. In addition to the s mall reference defects applied, the testing of those materials requires am in depth understanding of the variation of the defect signal along the complete circumference of the test body, generally referred to as Ripple and Uniformity. From the process point of view, it is of great advantage t o transfer the offline test of special machines to the inline testing machine. In order to do this, a detailed measurement of the testing homogeneity under industrial conditions is one of the ke y points. For this purpose, a method and a measurement system, which allows measuring Ripple and Uniformity, was developed and set into operation.
Challenges in Security Printing (2013)

This work examines the technical challenges facing the security print business sector. This sector includes a wide variety of printed marks along with print-as-fabrication, covering a wide gamut from barcodes to interactive holograms. As a result, this work also highlights opportunities for printing and fabrication technologies.This conference is an ideal opportunity to explore specific opportunities in the physics, chemistry and material science of security printing and to consider new hardware and software applications for print inspection and verification.The security print application space is very much wider than the obvious ones of identification verification documents, such as passports and identity cards. It now covers brand and asset protection plus a host of emerging actionable printing applications.Security printing can be a part of every printed item. The very printing process itself results in the unpredictable deposition of marks which can be used for forensic identification. Complex color images can be used to identify the print shop which printed an item, due to nuances of color, variable and customized printing. Intentional data can be printed in the form of barcodes, graphical alphanumerics (such as guilloches), and a host of fabrication processes &#x2013; such as lenticular, adhesive and stereolithographic processes &#x2013; can be used to create difficult to mimic content that can be used for overt, covert and/or forensic security features.
Challenges of Equitable Vaccine Distribution in the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a need for widespread and rapid vaccine development. As several vaccines have recently been approved for human use or are in different stages of development, governments across the world are preparing comprehensive guidelines for vaccine distribution and monitoring. In this early article, we identify challenges in logistics, health outcomes, user-centric matters, and communication associated with disease-related, individual, societal, economic, and privacy consequences. Primary challenges include difficulty in equitable distribution, vaccine efficacy, duration of immunity, multi-dose adherence, and privacy-focused record-keeping to be HIPAA compliant. While many of these challenges have been previously identified and addressed, some have not been acknowledged from a comprehensive view accounting for unprecedented interactions between challenges and specific populations. The logistics of equitable widespread vaccine distribution in disparate populations and countries of various economic, racial, and cultural constitutions must be thoroughly examined and accounted for. We also describe unique challenges regarding the efficacy of vaccines in specialized populations including children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, we report the potential for understudied drug-vaccine interactions as well as the possibility that certain vaccine platforms may increase susceptibility to HIV. Given these complicated issues, the importance of privacy-focused, user-centric systems for vaccine education and incentivization along with clear communication from governments, organizations, and academic institutions is imperative. These challenges are by no means insurmountable, but require careful attention to avoid consequences spanning a range of disease-related, individual, societal, economic, and security domains.
Aryl Rhodanines Specifically Inhibit Staphylococcal and Enterococcal Biofilm Formation (2009)

Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are the leading causative agents of indwelling medical device infections because of their ability to form biofilms on artificial surfaces. Here we describe the antibiofilm activity of a class of small molecules, the aryl rhodanines, which specifically inhibit biofilm formation of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. gallinarum but not the gram-negative species Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. The aryl rhodanines do not exhibit antibacterial activity against any of the bacterial strains tested and are not cytotoxic against HeLa cells. Preliminary mechanism-of-action studies revealed that the aryl rhodanines specifically inhibit the early stages of biofilm development by preventing attachment of the bacteria to surfaces.
An α-Helical Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide Selectively Modulates Macrophage Responses to Lipopolysaccharide and Directly Alters Macrophage Gene Expression (2000)

Certain cationic antimicrobial peptides block the binding of LPS to LPS-binding protein and reduce the ability of LPS to induce the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages. To gain a more complete understanding of how LPS activates macrophages and how cationic peptides influence this process, we have used gene array technology to profile gene expression patterns in macrophages treated with LPS in the presence or the absence of the insect-derived cationic antimicrobial peptide CEMA (cecropin-melittin hybrid). We found that CEMA selectively blocked LPS-induced gene expression in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The ability of LPS to induce the expression of >40 genes was strongly inhibited by CEMA, while LPS-induced expression of another 16 genes was relatively unaffected. In addition, CEMA itself induced the expression of a distinct set of 35 genes, including genes involved in cell adhesion and apoptosis. Thus, CEMA, a synthetic alpha-helical peptide, selectively modulates the transcriptional response of macrophages to LPS and can alter gene expression in macrophages.
The Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder study (PGBD): identification of genes for lithium response in a prospective sample (2016)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01272531 Registered: January 6, 2011.
Ultra-wide temperature range (-30/spl sim/70 /spl deg/C) operation of athermal AWG module using pure aluminum plate (2006)

We have elucidated an origin of a temperature dependence of a center wavelength in an athermal AWG and demonstrated an ultra-wide temperature range (-30/spl sim/70 /spl deg/C) operation using a pure aluminum plate for the first time.
Determination of optical properties by interstitial white light spectroscopy using a custom fiber optic probe (2013)

We demonstrate interstitial recovery of absorption and scattering coefficients using a custom optical probe and a Monte Carlo (MC)-based recovery algorithm. The probe consists of six side-firing spectroscopy fibers contained in a 1.1-mm outer diameter cladding, with each fiber having a different axial and angular position on the probe. Broadband white light is delivered by one of the fibers and is detected steady-state by the remaining fibers. These spatially and spectrally resolved data are analyzed using a MC-based fitting algorithm in order to extract the local optical properties. The technique was verified in tissue-simulating phantoms consisting of Intralipid-20% as a scatterer and either manganese meso-tetra (4-sulfanatophenyl) porphine or intact human erythrocytes as an absorber. Absorption coefficients were recovered with a mean error of 9% and scattering coefficients were recovered with a mean error of 19%, whereas the hemoglobin oxygen saturation was recovered with a mean error of 12%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of optical property recovery for situations in which surface-contact spectroscopy is not a possibility, and where only a single probe can be inserted into the tissue.
Flow Wars: Systemizing the Attack Surface and Defenses in Software-Defined Networks (2017)

Emerging software defined network (SDN) stacks have introduced an entirely new attack surface that is exploitable from a wide range of launch points. Through an analysis of the various attack strategies reported in prior work, and through our own efforts to enumerate new and variant attack strategies, we have gained two insights. First, we observe that different SDN controller implementations, developed independently by different groups, seem to manifest common sets of pitfalls and design weakness that enable the extensive set of attacks compiled in this paper. Second, through a principled exploration of the underlying design and implementation weaknesses that enables these attacks, we introduce a taxonomy to offer insight into the common pitfalls that enable SDN stacks to be broken or destabilized when fielded within hostile computing environments. This paper first captures our understanding of the SDN attack surface through a comprehensive survey of existing SDN attack studies, which we extend by enumerating 12 new vectors for SDN abuse. We then organize these vulnerabilities within the well-known confidentiality, integrity, and availability model, assess the severity of these attacks by replicating them in a physical SDN testbed, and evaluate them against three popular SDN controllers. We also evaluate the impact of these attacks against published SDN defense solutions. Finally, we abstract our findings to offer the research and development communities with a deeper understanding of the common design and implementation pitfalls that are enabling the abuse of SDN networks.
A Prototype Four-Inch Short Hydride (FISH) Bed as a Replacement Tritium Storage Bed (2011)

The Savannah River Site (SRS) tritium facilities have used 1st generation (Gen1) metal hydride storage bed assemblies with process vessels (PVs) fabricated from 3 inch nominal pipe size (NPS) pipe to hold up to 12.6 kg of LaNi{sub 4.25}Al{sub 0.75} metal hydride for tritium gas absorption, storage, and desorption for over 15 years. The 2nd generation (Gen2) of the bed design used the same NPS for the PV, but the added internal components produced a bed nominally 1.2 m long, and presented a significant challenge for heater cartridge replacement in a footprint limited glove-box. A prototype 3rd generation (Gen3) metal hydride storage bed has been designed and fabricated as a replacement candidate for the Gen2 storage bed. The prototype Gen3 bed uses a PV pipe diameter of 4 inch NPS so the bed length can be reduced below 0.7 m to facilitate heater cartridge replacement. For the Gen3 prototype bed, modeling results show increased absorption rates when using hydrides with lower absorption pressures. To improve absorption performance compared to the Gen2 beds, a LaNi{sub 4.15}Al{sub 0.85} material was procured and processed to obtain the desired pressure-composition-temperature (PCT) properties. Other bed design improvements are also presented.
Heating cement to slow down its hydration: The unexpected role of PCE interpolymer bridge formation (2022)

PCEs with specific polymer structures at dosages over 1% were shown to delay cement hydration as temperature increased. The present work investigates this unexpected phenomenon, reporting hydration kinetics of chemically admixed cement pastes at different temperatures, mineralogical changes, chemical composition of the pore solution and rheological properties. At 23 °C, a significant increase of Si, Al, Mg and Fe in pore solution of admixed samples was measured and nano-particles (polymer aggregates and/or organo-aluminates) were detected. In contrast, these nano-particles were not present at higher temperature, 70 °C, when a dramatic hydration delay was observed. This could increase the amount of free polymer available to delay silicate hydration. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the formation of polymer aggregates via interpolymer bridges in presence of both calcium and aluminum at room temperature, while the ability of aluminum to bridge the polymers was reduced with the increase of the temperature.
A transparent solar cell based on a mechanically exfoliated GaTe and InGaZnO p–n heterojunction (2017)

A highly transparent solar cell was achieved by utilizing a GaTe/IGZO p–n heterojunction as an active layer.
The design of a bipodal bis(pentafluorophenoxy)aluminate supported on silica as an activator for ethylene polymerization using surface organometallic chemistry (2016)

A new class of well-defined activating supports for olefin polymerization was obtained via the surface organometallic chemistry approach. High activities in slurry polymerization of ethylene along with industrial-grade physical properties of the resulting polyethylene were obtained when these activators were combined with metallocene complexes in the presence of triisobutylaluminium.
Nanomechanical Properties of Facial Sutures and Sutural Mineralization Front (2004)

The mechanical properties of craniofacial sutures have rarely been investigated. Three facial sutures-the pre-maxillomaxillary (PMS), the nasofrontal (NFS), and the zygomaticotemporal (ZTS)-and their corresponding sutural mineralization fronts in 8 young New Zealand White rabbits were subjected to nano-indentation with atomic force microscopy as a test of the hypothesis that they have different mechanical properties. The average elastic modulus of the PMS was 1.46 +/- 0.24 MPa (mean +/- SD), significantly higher than both the ZTS (1.20 +/- 0.20) and NFS (1.16 +/- 0.18). The average elastic moduli of sutural mineralization fronts 30 micro m away were significantly higher than their corresponding sutures and had the same distribution pattern: the PMS (2.07 +/- 0.24 MPa) significantly higher than both the ZTS (1.56 +/- 0.29) and NFS (1.71 +/- 0.22). Analysis of these data suggests that facial sutures and their immediately adjacent sutural mineralization fronts have different capacities for mechanical deformation. The elastic properties of sutures and sutural mineralization fronts are potentially useful for improving our understanding of their roles in development.
Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal carcinoma and its impact on patient‐reported quality of life and function (2011)

Combination TORS and adjuvant therapy caused a temporary decrease in several domains at 6 months, returning to baseline including swallowing function in all patients.
Definition of an Areal Density Metric for Magnetic Recording Systems (2016)

The areal density capability (ADC) of a magnetic recording disk drive is highly dependent on the application or market segment. In this paper, we define a new areal density metric, which represents what areal density is possible under ideal recording conditions. This proposed areal density metric enables the industry to standardize and compare the ADC of magnetic recording disk drives across various recording technologies independent of market segment. We demonstrate the performance of experimental 2-D magnetic recording and heat assisted magnetic recording technology components measured using the proposed areal density metric.