gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Analysis of Alpha Silicon Carbide Components for Encapsulation of Fuel Rods and Pellets (2011)

The chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of silicon carbide (SiC) along with its low neutron activation make it an attractive material for encapsulating fuel rods and fuel pellets. The alpha phase of SiC has particularly attractive thermal properties. Unfortunately, it requires very high temperature processing and continuous alpha SiC fiber is not available commercially. This paper describes a method for fabricating continuous, composite (SiC/C) fibers as well as monolithic SiC fibers by direct conversion of carbon fibers using SiO vapor at ∼ 1600°C. EDS analysis indicates the converted SiC product contains 1:1 stoichiometric amounts of C and Si. Hexagonal (α) SiC was found to be the dominant crystal structure by x-ray diffraction.
Mixed Slip-Deceleration Control in Automotive Braking Systems (2006)

Abstract In road vehicles, wheel locking can be prevented by means of closed-loop anti-lock braking systems (ABS). Automatic braking is extensively used also for electronic stability control (ESC) systems. In braking control systems, two output variables are usually considered for regulation purposes: wheel deceleration and wheel longitudinal slip. Wheel deceleration is the controlled output traditionally used in ABS, since it can be easily measured with a simple wheel encoder; however, the dynamics of a classical regulation loop on the wheel deceleration critically depend on the road conditions. A regulation loop on the wheel longitudinal slip is simpler and dynamically robust; moreover, slip control is perfectly suited for both ABS and ESC applications. However, the wheel-slip measurement is critical, since it requires the estimation of the longitudinal speed of the vehicle body, which cannot be directly measured. Noise sensitivity of slip control hence is a critical issue, especially at low speed. In this work a new control strategy called mixed slip-deceleration (MSD) control is proposed: the basic idea is that the regulated variable is a convex combination of wheel deceleration and longitudinal slip. This strategy turns out to be very powerful and flexible: it inherits all the attractive dynamical features of slip control, while providing a much lower sensitivity to slip-measurement noise.
Preparation of poly(acrylamide)/MWNTs nanocomposite using carboxylated MWNTs (2007)

Polyacrylamide/MWNTs nanocomposite is prepared using MWNTs functionalized with carboxylic acid or carboxylic anion groups. The modified MWNTs show significantly improved colloidal stability without aggregation in aqueous acrylamide solution. The solution was in-situ polymerized to give a well-dispersed PAAm/MWNTs nanocomposite.
Subcellular localization of hippocampal ryanodine receptor 2 and its role in neuronal excitability and memory (2022)

Ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) is abundantly expressed in the heart and brain. Mutations in RyR2 are associated with both cardiac arrhythmias and intellectual disability. While the mechanisms of RyR2-linked arrhythmias are well characterized, little is known about the mechanism underlying RyR2-associated intellectual disability. Here, we employed a mouse model expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged RyR2 and a specific GFP probe to determine the subcellular localization of RyR2 in hippocampus. GFP-RyR2 was predominantly detected in the soma and dendrites, but not the dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons or dentate gyrus granular neurons. GFP-RyR2 was also detected within the mossy fibers in the stratum lucidum of CA3, but not in the presynaptic terminals of CA1 neurons. An arrhythmogenic RyR2-R4496C<sup>+/-</sup> mutation downregulated the A-type K<sup>+</sup> current and increased membrane excitability, but had little effect on the afterhyperpolarization current or presynaptic facilitation of CA1 neurons. The RyR2-R4496C<sup>+/-</sup> mutation also impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation, learning, and memory. These data reveal the precise subcellular distribution of hippocampal RyR2 and its important role in neuronal excitability, learning, and memory.
Mechanisms underlying reversal of motor unit activation order in electrically evoked contractions after spinal cord injury (2007)

Extracellular stimulation normally activates larger-diameter axons, innervating motor units producing higher force, at lower stimulation intensities than required to activate small-diameter axons innervating motor units producing low force. However, activation of weaker thenar motor units at lower stimulation intensities than required to activate strong motor units has been reported during extracellular stimulation of the median nerve in persons with chronic cervical spinal cord injury. We used a computational model that reproduced this experiment to identify the potential mechanisms for the observed reversal of the inverse recruitment order, including preferential death of large motoneurons, demyelination and remyelination, and denervation and reinnervation of muscle fibers. Five sets of simulations assessed these mechanisms with seven simulated subjects. Preferential reinnervation, with small-diameter axons reinnervating more abandoned muscle fibers than larger-diameter axons, accounted for the apparent reversal of the inverse recruitment order observed previously. Preferential death of larger axons enhanced the reversal, but alone could not account for the observed reversal. Further, demyelination and remyelination, even in an extreme case and when combined with preferential death of large motoneurons, could not reproduce the reversal of inverse recruitment order. Thus, the apparent reversal of the inverse recruitment order was not a reversal of activation order across different diameter nerve fibers, but rather was a consequence of the redistributed force-generating capacity of the motor units resulting from denervation and reinnervation.
Quaternized Poly(4-vinylpyridine)s as Model Gene Delivery Polycations:  Structure−Function Study by Modification of Side Chain Hydrophobicity and Degree of Alkylation (2007)

To optimize polycation-based gene delivery agents, the influence of molecular characteristics of the polycations on physicochemical properties of polycation/DNA complexes and their relationships to cellular gene transfer need to be understood. With this aim, we have synthesized a series of model polymers based on quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine)s (CnPVP-beta) with the same DP of 1600 but differing by the number n of methylene groups in N-alkyl ester substituents from 1 to 6 and/or by degree of alkylation beta from 25% to 95%. For polycations CnPVP-95, the efficiency of transfection of a plasmid vector expressing a secreted form of alkaline phosphatase started to be detectable at n = 4, noticeable at n = 5, and again undetectable at n = 6. A decrease in beta of active C5PVP-95 from 95% to 65% resulted in a further noticeable increase of activity with a 9-fold increase for C5PVP-65. This finding was attributed to the proton sponge mechanism due to protonation of non-alkylated pyridine moieties of CnPVP-beta/DNA complexes in slightly acidic media that was supported by the fluorescence quenching assay. The data demonstrate the advantages of partial alkylation of tertiary polyamines with medium-length alkyl agents for preparation of efficient nonviral gene delivery vectors.
Real-time motion correction combined with electronic beam steering strategies optimized for large tumors: First in-vitro HIFU experiments in large moving targets (2004)

A method for tracking in realtime the 3D motion of tissues is combined with a 2D high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) multichannel system in order to correct for respiratory motion during HIFU therapy. Displacements estimation is based on an accurate 3D ultrasonic speckle tracking technique. A correction is achieved in real time by adjusting the transmit delays of each channel of the HIFU system. In vitro HIFU experiments combined with motion correction are performed in fresh biological tissues. The accuracy of the HIFU targeting is clearly improved. Moreover, this technique permits an important reduction of the treatment time for moving tumors. To generate large thermal lesions, the focus is scanned electronically over a large region. Different heating strategies are investigated in moving tissues: the shot-by-shot treatment interleaved with cooling periods, and the continuously scanned treatment of the whole region. The temperature distribution and the thermal dose are computed using a 3D thermal diffusion code combined with a 3D wave diffraction algorithm and compared to experimental results. Using motion correction, the necrosis threshold is achieved 3 times faster than without motion correction. This should lead to an important time reduction for the treatment of abdominal tumors.
Layered Double Hydroxides-Based Mixed Metal Oxides: Development of Novel Structured Sorbents for CO2Capture Applications (2021)

Layered double hydroxide (LDHs)-based mixed metal oxides (MMOs) are widely studied as the medium to high temperature (200-400 °C) CO<sub>2</sub> capture sorbents. However, most of the studies are carried out using the powdered samples. To upgrade these sorbents for industrial-scale CO<sub>2</sub> capture, it is important to move away from the powdered form and develop structured sorbents. Moreover, the CO<sub>2</sub> capture properties of these sorbents need to be improved in terms of capture capacity and cycling stability. Here we are utilizing a modified amide hydrolysis method to improve the CO<sub>2</sub> capture capacities of LDHs-based MMOs. Subsequently, aqueous exfoliation coupled with the freeze-drying technique was utilized to develop LDHs-based novel MMOs. Exfoliated LDH nano sheets were pelletized (2 mm) to circumvent the challenges associated with powder samples when used in industrial-scale applications. The obtained pellets have an average crushing load of 11.1 N and 4.3 MPa of compressive strength, which indicate their good mechanical stability. The MMOs pellets showed a narrow distribution of pores (8-10 nm) with very good surface area (264 m<sup>2</sup>/g) and pore volume (1.27 cm<sup>3</sup>/g). They also had much improved CO<sub>2</sub> capture capacities at ambient pressure and both low (2.17 mmol/g, 30 °C) and medium temperature (1.43 mmol/g, 200 °C), as compared to previously reported pristine MMOs powder samples. The pelletized structured sorbents also outperformed commercial LDH-based pellets by several fold.
3D parameter reconstruction in hyperspectral diffuse optical tomography (2015)

The imaging of shape perturbation and chromophore concentration using Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) data can be mathematically described as an ill-posed and non-linear inverse problem. The reconstruction algorithm for hyperspectral data using a linearized Born model is prohibitively expensive, both in terms of computation and memory. We model the shape of the perturbation using parametric level-set approach (PaLS). We discuss novel computational strategies for reducing the computational cost based on a Krylov subspace approach for parameteric linear systems and a compression strategy for the parameter-to-observation map. We will demonstrate the validity of our approach by comparison with experiments.
Simulation of conformality of ALD growth inside lateral channels: comparison between a diffusion–reaction model and a ballistic transport–reaction model (2023)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has found significant use in the coating of high-aspect-ratio (HAR) structures. Approaches to model ALD film conformality in HAR structures can generally be classified into diffusion-reaction (DR) models, ballistic transport-reaction (BTR) models and Monte Carlo simulations. This work compares saturation profiles obtained using a DR model and a BTR model. The saturation profiles were compared qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of half-coverage penetration depth, slope at half-coverage penetration depth and adsorption front broadness. The results showed qualitative agreement between the models, except for a section of elevated surface coverage at the end of the structure, 'trunk', observed in the BTR model. Quantitatively, the BTR model produced deeper penetration into the structure, lower absolute values of the slope at half-coverage penetration depth and broader adsorption fronts compared to the DR model. These differences affect the values obtained when extracting kinetic parameters from the saturation profiles.
Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters (1995)

Azole antifungal agents, and especially fluconazole, have been used widely to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. An increasing number of cases of clinical resistance against fluconazole, often correlating with in vitro resistance, have been reported. To investigate the mechanisms of resistance toward azole antifungal agents at the molecular level in clinical C. albicans isolates, we focused on resistance mechanisms related to the cellular target of azoles, i.e., cytochrome P450(14DM) (14DM) and those regulating the transport or accumulation of fluconazole. The analysis of sequential isogenic C. albicans isolates with increasing levels of resistance to fluconazole from five AIDS patients showed that overexpression of the gene encoding 14DM either by gene amplification or by gene deregulation was not the major cause of resistance among these clinical isolates. We found, however, that fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates failed to accumulate 3H-labelled fluconazole. This phenomenon was reversed in resistant cells by inhibiting the cellular energy supply with azide, suggesting that resistance could be mediated by energy-requiring efflux pumps such as those described as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug transporters. In fact, some but not all fluconazole-resistant clinical C. albicans isolates exhibited up to a 10-fold relative increase in mRNA levels for a recently cloned ABC transporter gene called CDR1. In an azole-resistant C. albicans isolate not overexpressing CDR1, the gene for another efflux pump named BENr was massively overexpressed. This gene was cloned from C. albicans for conferring benomyl resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, at least the overexpression or the deregulation of these two genes potentially mediates resistance to azoles in C. albicans clinical isolates from AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Involvement of ABC transporters in azole resistance was further evidenced with S. cerevisiae mutants lacking specific multidrug transporters which were rendered hypersusceptible to azole derivatives including fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole.
Proving the Integrity of the Weighted Sum Squared Error (WSSE) Loran Cycle Confidence Algorithm (2007)

ABSTRACT: For Loran to provide redundancy to GPS for aviation, Loran must meet aviation integrity requirements. Under nominal conditions, integrity derives from being able to bound the horizontal position error using the horizontal protection level (HPL). This is accomplished by guaranteeing that the correct Loran cycles are tracked, sufficient error bound models are used, and HPL calculations are correctly performed. Cycle selection integrity is provided by the cycle confidence calculation. The cycle confidence algorithm needs to be conservative in estimating cycle error probability. When available, the algorithm uses redundant measurements in a manner similar to GPS RAIM algorithms where testing using chi squared (χ2) distributions is conducted. This paper examines the use of redundant measurements in the form of the weighted sum squared error (WSSE) and determines when the χ2 assumption is valid. It applies those results to the Loran cycle confidence algorithm and uses them to help demonstrate its integrity.
Load balancing in heterogeneous LTE: Range optimization via cell offset and load-coupling characterization (2012)

Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with a topology of mixed macro-cells and low-power nodes (LPNs) form an important step of capacity enhancement for LTE and LTE-A. In this paper, we present an optimization framework for load balancing in LTE HetNets, by means of cell range assignment using cell-specific offset. For any given offset setting, the resulting cell load is effectively approached via the solution of a system of non-linear equations characterizing the load-coupling relation between cells. We present a computationally efficient bounding scheme to approximate the solution of the non-linear system and provide theoretical insights into the monotonicity and convergence of the scheme. The bounding scheme is embedded into an algorithm based on the principle of design of experiments (DOE) for cell offset optimization. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimization process for LTE load balancing with HetNet elements.
Sur le système ternaire Ca++K+NOH2O (1962)

Abstract (1) Les isothermes de saturation du système ternaire Ca ++ K + NO 3 − H 2 O sont établies pour les températures de 0°, 25°, 35° et 50°.
Dimensional Stability of Complex Shapes Manufactured by the VARTM Process (2002)

The vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process is a cost effective, innovative method that is being considered for manufacture of large aircraft-quality components where high mechanical properties and dimensional tolerance are essential. In the present work, carbon fiber SAERTEX fabric/SI-ZG-5A epoxy resin Cshaped laminates were manufactured by VARTM using different cure cycles followed by the same post-cure cycle. The final part thickness was uniform except at the corner were thinning was observed. The cure cycle selected is shown to significantly affect the part spring-in and a long cycle at 66°C followed by a 178°C post-cure produced a part with negligible spring-in.
IAC Reactions in the Indole Series: Total Synthesis of Clavicipitic Acid (1982)

The first total synthesis of clavicipitic acid , a derailment product of ergoline biosynthesis, has been accomplished through an intramolecular azide cycloaddition reaction.The 3,4-disubstituted indole required for this work was assembled from indole-4-carboxaldehyde.The single imine generated from the [ 3 + 2 ] cycloaddition reaction was subjected to bromination, dehydrobromination,
Biological Wastewater Treatment and Estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Compounds: Importance of Colloid Organic Carbon (2003)

Understanding the behavior of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDCs) during biological wastewater treatment is a critical aspect of protecting aquatic ecosystems and drinking water supplies. Binding coefficients (Kcoc) of 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to colloidal organic carbon (COC) derived from several biological wastewater unit processes was quantified by fluorescence quenching. The magnitude of Kcoc for E2 and EE2 was independent of the sorbate’s hydrophobicity (Kow), but was strongly correlated to the molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm (e280). This suggests that the interactions between the π-electrons of E2 and EE2 and the COC are important in determining binding behavior. The e280 coefficients are related to the aerobic sludge age and colloid capture efficiency of the wastewater treatment process. Treatment processes that utilize a physical barrier for liquid-solid separation, such as membrane bioreactors, appear to offer some important advantages in reducing effluent E2 and EE2 concentrations. These results indicate that the colloid phase plays an important role in E2 and EE2 behavior during biological wastewater treatment and colloid transport of these, and possibly other estrogenic compounds, should be considered in any water reuse scenario or environmental modeling application.
Performance Improvements of a Tritiated Water Recovery System (2004)

Tritium processing equipment is installed inside gloveboxes. Leaks of tritium, normal and accidental, are captured by a tritium stripping system using an oxidation-absorption process. Tritium is captured as tritiated water in zeolite beds and is recovered by desorption and reduction. The regenerated zeolite beds are reused. Reduction of the tritiated water is accomplished by a zeolite bed recovery system using hot magnesium beds. The system has been in operation for about 10 years and met original design requirements. Recent expansion of the facility requires a higher capacity of the system. Operation data are collected and analyzed. Ways to increase the system capacity are discussed.
Near-field fluorescence imaging by localized field enhancement near a sharp probe tip (2000)

This work describes near-field investigations of luminescent nanosamples based on monitoring fluorescence due to the enhanced field around a laser-illuminated probe tip. These fluorescence effects are investigated as a function of probe-sample separation, which identify a strong, spatially localized (≈7 nm) enhancement of the incident laser field in the vicinity of the probe tip. From a model fit to the fluorescence data, the localized enhancement of the electric field is estimated to be &amp;gt;tenfold, which predicts a significant increase in localized excitation intensity (&amp;gt;100-fold) for fluorescence imaging of molecular size samples.
Mix-and-match considerations for EUV insertion in N7 HVM (2017)

An optimal mix-match control strategy for EUV and 193i scanners is crucial for the insertion of EUV lithography at 7nm technology node. The systematic differences between these exposure systems introduce additional cross-platform mixmatch overlay errors. In this paper, we quantify the EUV specific contributions to mix-match overlay, and explore the effectiveness of higher-order interfield and intrafield corrections on minimizing the on-product mix-match overlay errors. We also analyze the impact of intra-field sampling plans in terms of model accuracy and adequacy in capturing EUV specific intra-field signatures. Our analysis suggests that more intra-field measurements and appropriate placement of the metrology targets within the field are required to achieve the on-product overlay control goals for N7 HVM.
Generation of Bioactive Oxylipins from Exogenously Added Arachidonic, Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Primary Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells (2015)

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood and is formed in part by microvessel endothelial cells. The brain contains significant amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which potentially give rise to the generation of bioactive oxylipins. Oxylipins are oxygenated fatty acid metabolites that are involved in an assortment of biological functions regulating neurological health and disease. Since it is not known which oxylipins are generated by human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs), they were incubated for up to 30 min in the absence or presence of 0.1-mM ARA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or DHA bound to albumin (1:1 molar ratio), and the oxylipins generated were examined using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Of 135 oxylipins screened in the media, 63 were present at >0.1 ng/mL at baseline, and 95 were present after incubation with fatty acid. Oxylipins were rapidly generated and reached maximum levels by 2-5 min. While ARA, EPA and DHA each stimulated the production of oxylipins derived from these fatty acids themselves, ARA also stimulated the production of oxylipins from endogenous 18- and 20-carbon fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid. Oxylipins generated by the lipoxygenase pathway predominated both in resting and stimulated states. Oxylipins formed via the cytochrome P450 pathway were formed primarily from DHA and EPA, but not ARA. These data indicate that HBMECs are capable of generating a plethora of bioactive lipids that have the potential to modulate BBB endothelial cell function.