gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formulated surface conditioners to enhance the non-collapse window and maintain defect control: a bi-functional approach for sub-100nm lithography (2006)

One key challenge in sub-100 nm lithography is line pattern collapse. Pattern collapse has become an obstacle in device manufacturing processes requiring dense-high aspect ratio resist lines. In addition to pattern collapse, defect control continues to be a factor in IC manufacturing. In this study, the impact of a formulated surface conditioner, OptiPatten<sup>®</sup> Clear, with bifunctional capabilities: improved non-collapse window and defect control, was tested using a 193 nm lithographic process. To determine pattern collapse performance, 100 nm dense lines/space (L/S) and 100 nm 1:0.9 L/S were patterned into 240 nm of resist on 200 mm wafers. The wafers were then processed with developer and a formulated surface conditioner and compared to wafers processed with developer and DI water. When analyzed, wafers processed with surface conditioner had a 33% increase in Depth-of-Focus (DOF) and a 25% increase in Critical Normalized Aspect Ratio (CNAR) compared to DI water. Optical proximity effects are often credited for having a first-order influence on pattern collapse. Trench feature data was generated using an Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to compare the pattern collapse performance of OptiPattern Clear to DI water. The data strongly suggests optical proximity effects are a second-order factor which OptiPattern<sup>®</sup> Clear resolves. Defect performance for OptiPattern Clear was measured by comparison with a DI water baseline. A production reticle was used to process wafers patterned with 120 nm L/S with 240 nm of resist. The wafers processed with OptiPattern<sup>®</sup> Clear had similar defect performance as the DI water.
Feasibility studies for filament detection in resistively switching SrTiO3 devices by employing grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (2013)

We report on fundamental studies of grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) on resistively switching SrTiO3 thin film metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices. Different influence factors on the GISAXS scattering pattern, e.g., surface morphology and top electrode material, were evaluated by simulations and compared with subsequent measurements. Pt top electrodes cause a strong background scattering which covers any information from the underlying SrTiO3 layer. In order to reduce this undesired background scattering, the lighter elements Al and Ti have been used. In case of Ti top electrodes, we observed that a laterally formed structure occurs in the SrTiO3 prior to any electrical treatment, which is consistent with the forming-free properties of the MIM structures. For Al top electrodes, we could detect a significant influence of an electroforming step on the scattered intensity.
Demonstration of Fundamental Characteristics for Power Switching Application in Planer Type E-mode MOS-HEMT Using Normally Depleted AlGaN GaN Epitaxial Layer On Si Substrate (2023)

Planer-type HEMTs using fully depleted AlGaN/GaN epitaxial layers called EID (Extrinsically electron Induced by Dielectric) AlGaN/GaN MOS-HEMTs are expected to be stable and reliable E-mode operation thanks to its damage-less fabrication process. Fundamental characteristics of the EID-HEMTs for power switching applications were investigated in this study. The fabricated EID-HEMTs exhibited E-mode operation with threshold voltage of 0.5 V, on-resistance of <tex>$210\ \mathrm{m}\Omega$</tex> and break-down voltage of 1.1 kV. Furthermore, clear 400 V/10 A switching operation without any harmful symptoms was also demonstrated.
Exclusion of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) from two candidate regions of chromosomes 1 and 6 (1994)

PCG is a genetically heterogeneous condition in which a significant proportion of families inherit in an autosomally recessive fashion. Although association of PCG with chromosomal abnormalities has been repeatedly reported in the literature, the chromosomal location of this condition is still unknown. Therefore, this study is designed to identify the chromosomal location of the PCG locus by positional mapping. We have identified 80 PCG families with a total of 261 potential informative meiosis. A group of 19 pedigrees with a minimum of 2 affected children in each pedigree and consanguinity in most of the parental generation were selected as our initial screening panel. This panel consists of a total of 44 affected and 93 unaffected individuals giving a total of 99 informative meiosis, including 5 phase-known. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing polyacrylamide gels and silver staining to genotype our families. We first screened for markers on 1q21-q31, the reported location for juvenile primary open-angle glaucoma and excluded a region of 30 cM as the likely site for the PCG locus. Association of PCG with both ring chromosome 6 and HLA-B8 has also been reported. Therefore, we genotyped our PCG panel with PCR applicable markers from 6p21. Significant negativemore » lod scores were obtained for D6S105 (Z = -18.70) and D6S306 (Z = -5.99) at {theta}=0.001. HLA class 1 region has also contained one of the tubulin genes (TUBB) which is an obvious candidate for PCG. Study of this gene revealed a significant negative lod score with PCG (Z = -16.74, {theta}=0.001). A multipoint linkage analysis of markers in this and other regions containing the candidate genes will be presented.« less
Using Magnetic Levitation to Separate Mixtures of Crystal Polymorphs (2013)

Magnetic levitation (MagLev) provides a simple method for the separation of crystal polymorphs that differ in density (Δρ) by greater than 0.001 g cm−3. Density-based separations of multiple crystalline forms were shown for four organic compounds: 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitro- phenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile, sulfathiazole, carbamazepine, and trans- cinnamic acid. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Dynamic Path Planning Around Moving Obstacles by Collaborating Robots for Space Exploration (2006)

We investigate dynamic control of collaborating robots by integrating methodologies from path planning and dynamic prediction of moving obstacles. Predicting for a finite horizon, instead of one step ahead, provides far better results. Efficient distributed algorithms are implemented and demonstrated via simulations. A combination of optimization and logic is needed for best performance and efficiency.
Dehydrated Caenorhabditis elegans Stocks Are Resistant to Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles (2020)

Ultracold preservation is widely used for storage of genetic stocks of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Current cryopreservation protocols are vulnerable to refrigeration failures, which can result in the loss of stock viability due to damage during re-freezing. Here we present a method for preserving worms in a dehydrated and frozen form that retains viability after multiple freeze-thaw cycles. After dehydration in the presence of trehalose or glycerol, <i>C. elegans</i> stocks can be frozen and thawed multiple times while maintaining viability. While both dauer and non-dauer larvae survive desiccation and freezing, the dauer defective mutant <i>daf-16</i> does not survive desiccation. Our technique is useful for storing stocks in a manner robust to freezer failures, and potentially for shipping strains between laboratories.
The Molecular Basis for Oxidative Stress-Induced Insulin Resistance (2005)

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules have been typically viewed as the toxic by-products of metabolism. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that reactive species, including hydrogen peroxide, serve as signaling molecules that are involved in the regulation of cellular function. The chronic and/or increased production of these reactive molecules or a reduced capacity for their elimination, termed oxidative stress, can lead to abnormal changes in intracellular signaling and result in chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Inflammation and oxidative stress have been linked to insulin resistance in vivo. Recent studies have found that this association is not restricted to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, but is also evident in obese, nondiabetic individuals, and in those patients with the metabolic syndrome. An increased concentration of reactive molecules triggers the activation of serine/threonine kinase cascades such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, nuclear factor-kappaB, and others that in turn phosphorylate multiple targets, including the insulin receptor and the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. Increased serine phosphorylation of IRS reduces its ability to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation and may accelerate the degradation of IRS-1, offering an attractive explanation for the molecular basis of oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance. Consistent with this idea, studies with antioxidants such as vitamin E, alpha-lipoic acid, and N-acetylcysteine indicate a beneficial impact on insulin sensitivity, and offer the possibility for new treatment approaches for insulin resistance.
Skin-targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle-encapsulated curcumin using dissolvable microneedle arrays (2022)

Therapeutic benefits of curcumin for inflammatory diseases have been demonstrated. However, curcumin's potential as a clinical therapeutic has been hindered due to its low solubility and stability in vivo. We hypothesized that a hybrid curcumin carrier that incorporates albumin-binding and extracellular vesicle (EV) encapsulation could effectively address the current challenges of curcumin delivery. We further postulated that using dissolvable microneedle arrays (dMNAs) for local delivery of curcumin-albumin-EVs (CA-EVs) could effectively control skin inflammation in vivo. Mild sonication was used to encapsulate curcumin and albumin into EVs, and the resulting CA-EVs were integrated into tip-loaded dMNAs. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the stability, cellular uptake, and anti-inflammatory bioactivity of dMNA-delivered CA-EVs. Curcumin in CA-EVs exhibited at least five-fold higher stability in vitro than naïve curcumin or curcumin-EVs without albumin. Incorporating CA-EVs into dMNAs did not alter their cellular uptake or anti-inflammatory bioactivity. The dMNA embedded CA-EVs retained their bioactivity when stored at room temperature for at least 12 months. In rat and mice models, dMNA delivered CA-EVs suppressed and significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide and Imiquimod-triggered inflammation. We conclude that dMNA delivery of CA-EVs has the potential to become an effective local-delivery strategy for inflammatory skin diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We introduce and evaluate a skin-targeted delivery system for curcumin that synergistically combines albumin association, extracellular-vesicle encapsulation, and dissolvable microneedle arrays (dMNAs) . In vitro, curcumin-albumin encapsulated extracellular vesicles (CA-EVs) inhibit and reverse the LPS-triggered expression of inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. The integration of CA-EVs into dMNAs does not affect them physically or functionally. Importantly, dMNAs extend EV storage stability for at least 12 months at room temperature with minimal loss in their bioactivity. We demonstrate that dMNA delivered CA-EVs effectively block and reverse skin inflammation in vivo in mouse and rat models.
3D NoC using through silicon Via: An asynchronous implementation (2011)

3D stacking is seen as one of the most interesting technologies for System-on-Chip (SoC) developments. However, 3D technologies using Through Silicon Vias (TSV) have not yet proved their viability for being deployed in large-range of products. In this paper, we are investigating 3D Network-on-Chip has a promising solution for increased modularity and scalability. We show that an efficient implementation based on asynchronous logic provides an available bandwidth of 64GB/s for only 700 TSV, outperforming classical interfaces while simplifying the assembly process. We also point out the benefit in terms of power consumption for these new interfaces with a gain of 5 times compared to classical LPDDR2 interfaces.
In situ examination of tin oxide atomic layer deposition using quartz crystal microbalance and Fourier transform infrared techniques (2005)

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of tin oxide thin films has been examined using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The SnOx films were deposited using sequential exposures of SnCl4 and H2O2 at temperatures from 150 to 430 °C. The linear growth of the tin oxide ALD films was observed by both the mass gain during QCM measurements and the background infrared absorbance increase during FTIR investigations. The FTIR spectra revealed the loss and gain of the O–H stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl group for the SnCl4 and H2O2 exposures, respectively. The background infrared absorbance also oscillated after each SnCl4 and H2O2 exposure. The background absorbance increased after SnCl4 exposure and decreased after H2O2 exposure. QCM measurements were consistent with a tin oxide ALD growth rate of ∼60ngcm−2 per cycle. This mass change corresponds to a growth rate of ∼0.7Å∕cycle at 325 °C assuming a SnO2 density of 6.9gcm−3. Additional ex situ surface analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) revealed that the SnOx films grown at 325 °C were defined by x&amp;lt;2. Atomic force microscope (AFM) results also showed that the SnOxALD films deposited on Si(100) wafers have a very rough surface. Understanding and controlling the growth of tin oxide ALD films should be useful to enhance the sensitivity of SnOx gas sensors.
Issues in the in vivo measurement of glucose metabolism of human central nervous system tumors (1984)

Over 150 cases of central nervous system tumors have been studied with positron emission tomography using fluorine-18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) as a tracer. From this material 100 consecutive cases of cerebral glioma have been reviewed and analyzed. The results show a strong correlation of tumor grade with glycolytic rate, with visual "hot spots" present in all high-grade neoplasms and in only four low-grade tumors. The quantitative accuracy is limited by three basic factors. First, the measurement of tissue uptake, as compared with the parent technique, autoradiography, is more difficult because detection must be done outside the body. Effects such as scattered radiation and self-attenuation introduce errors unless properly corrected. A more serious problem when measuring small structures, such as a rim-shaped high-grade glioma, is the limited spatial resolution. The most advanced scanner, the Neuro-PET, has a resolution of 6 to 7 mm. Second, corrections are needed for backflow, including free tracer at the time of the scan that will return to the blood and "trapped" tracer that will backflow because of the presence of phosphatase. These corrections are calculated from the blood activity using nominal rate constants for 18FDG. Our study found no significant alteration in rate constants between normal and tumoral tissue. Finally, a lumped constant is needed to correct for kinetic differences between 18FDG and glucose. If there is a change in the mechanism of either membrane transport or the hexokinase reaction, the lumped constant may change. However, measurements of actual glucose utilization in tissue culture lines from six patients support the 18FDG results.
Transit Time index (TTi) as an adaptation of humification index to illustrate transit time differences in karst hydrosystems. Application to the karst springs of Fontaine de Vaucluse system (Southeastern France) (2022)

Abstract. Transit time can be estimated thanks to natural tracers but few of them are usable in the 0–6 months range. The main purpose of this work is to analyze the potential of the ratio of heavy to light-weight organic compounds (HIX, Ohno, 2002; Zsolnay et al., 1999) as a natural tracer of short transit time (Blondel et al., 2012). Critical analysis of former studies shows that although the link between HIX and transit time seems consistent, the whole methodological approach needs to be consolidated. Natural organic matter fluorescence from 289 water samples from 4 springs and 10 flow points located in the unsaturated zone of the Vaucluse karst system is characterized by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) thanks to excitation-emission matrix (EEM), thus (i) allowing the identification of main fluorescent compounds of sampled groundwater; and (ii) evidencing the inadequacy of HIX 2D emission windows to characterize groundwater organic matter. We then propose a new humification index called Transit Time index (TTi) based on Ohno (2002) formula but using PARAFAC components of heavy and light organic matter from our samples instead of 2D windows. Finally, we evaluate TTi relevance as a transit time tracer by: (i) performing a detailed analysis of its dynamics on a selected spring (Millet) and (ii) comparing its mean value over karst springs of Fontaine de Vaucluse system. Principal component analysis (PCA) of TTi and other hydrochemical parameters monitored at Millet put in relief the different ranges of transit time associated with the different organic matter compounds. PCA results also provide evidence that TTi can detect a small proportion of fast infiltration water within a mix, while other natural tracers of transit time provide no or less sensitive information. TTi distributions at monitored karst springs are consistent with relative transit times expected for the small-scale, short average transit times systems. TTi thus appears as a relevant tracer of transit time in the 0–6 months range where existing tracers fail, even if the information on transit time is only qualitative at this stage.
miR-29 Acts as a Decoy in Sarcomas to Protect the Tumor Suppressor A20 mRNA from Degradation by HuR (2013)

In sarcoma, the activity of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) reduces the abundance of the microRNA (miRNA) miR-29. The tumor suppressor A20 [also known as TNFAIP3 (tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 3)] inhibits an upstream activator of NF-κB and is often mutated in lymphomas. In a panel of human sarcoma cell lines, we found that the activation of NF-κB was increased and, although the abundance of A20 protein and mRNA was decreased, the gene encoding A20 was rarely mutated. The 3' untranslated region (UTR) of A20 mRNA has conserved binding sites for both of the miRNAs miR-29 and miR-125. Whereas the expression of miR-125 was increased in human sarcoma tissue, that of miR-29 was decreased in most samples. Overexpression of miR-125 decreased the abundance of A20 mRNA, whereas reconstituting miR-29 in sarcoma cell lines increased the abundance of A20 mRNA and protein. By interacting directly with the RNA binding protein HuR (human antigen R; also known as ELAVL1), miR-29 prevented HuR from binding to the A20 3'UTR and recruiting the RNA degradation complex RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), suggesting that miR-29 can act as a decoy for HuR, thus protecting A20 transcripts. Decreased miR-29 and A20 abundance in sarcomas correlated with increased activity of NF-κB and decreased expression of genes associated with differentiation. Together, the findings reveal a unique role of miR-29 and suggest that its absence may contribute to sarcoma tumorigenesis.
Investigation of High Temperature Elastic Modulus and Internal Friction of SOFC Electrolytes Using Resonance Method (2009)

The Young's modulus, the shear modulus, the Poisson ratio and the internal friction of typical electrolyte materials for SOFC, (Gd2O3)0.05(CeO2)0.9, (Sm2O3)0.05(CeO2)0.9, (Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92, (Y2O3)0.1(ZrO2)0.9, (Sc2O3)0.1(ZrO2)0.9, (Sc2O3)0.9Ce0.01(ZrO2)0.89 were evaluated by a resonance method. The measurements were carried out from room temperature to 1273 K in flowing pure Ar. The Young's modulus of (Gd2O3)0.05(CeO2)0.9 and (Sm2O3)0.05(CeO2)0.9 gradually decreased with increasing temperature as expected for the typical ceramics. However, the Young's modulus of the series of zirconia drastically decreased in the temperature range between 573 K and 873 K, and correspondingly the internal friction increased. Such a characteristic temperature dependence of the mechanical properties was discussed in terms of phase change.
Synchronization of optical polarization conversion and scattering in chiral fibers (2006)

We demonstrate that polarization transformation and scattering in adiabatically twisted single-mode birefringent optical fibers is synchronized so that light in one evolving elliptically polarized mode is freely transmitted while orthogonally polarized light is scattered out of the fiber. Thus, linearly polarized radiation initially oriented along the fast axis of the untwisted fiber is transformed to circularly polarized light with the same sense of rotation as the twisted fiber and is scattered out of the fiber. When the fiber twist is first accelerated and then decelerated, the fiber becomes a broadband, low-insertion-loss, linear polarizer.
Non-volatile memory transistor based on Pt nanocrystals with negative differencial resistance (2012)

We report on the structural and electrical characteristics of non-volatile memory (NVM) transistors and capacitors that use Pt nanocrystals (NCs) for charge storage. The transistor exhibits a memory window of 0.6 V for a sweep of ±2.5 V which increases to 11.5 V at ±10 V. The trapped charges (electron and hole) density for a ±10 V write/erase signal are 2.9 × 1013 cm−2. At small source to drain voltages (VSD) and for delay times longer than 0.1 ms, negative differential resistance (NDR) type behavior of the transistor source to drain ISD-VSD characteristics is revealed. The physical mechanism responsible for the NDR is related to the dynamics of electron injection (by tunneling through the thin bottom oxide) and their trapping by the Pt NCs. The large storage capability and relatively low program/erase voltages as well as the use of Pt, that is a Fab friendly material, make the described NVM transistors promising for practical applications.
Sublingual Immunization with a Live Attenuated Influenza A Virus Lacking the Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Broad Protective Immunity in Mice (2012)

The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus (IAV) enables the virus to disarm the host cell type 1 IFN defense system. Mutation or deletion of the NS1 gene leads to attenuation of the virus and enhances host antiviral response making such live-attenuated influenza viruses attractive vaccine candidates. Sublingual (SL) immunization with live influenza virus has been found to be safe and effective for inducing protective immune responses in mucosal and systemic compartments. Here we demonstrate that SL immunization with NS1 deleted IAV (DeltaNS1 H1N1 or DeltaNS1 H5N1) induced protection against challenge with homologous as well as heterosubtypic influenza viruses. Protection was comparable with that induced by intranasal (IN) immunization and was associated with high levels of virus-specific antibodies (Abs). SL immunization with DeltaNS1 virus induced broad Ab responses in mucosal and systemic compartments and stimulated immune cells in mucosa-associated and systemic lymphoid organs. Thus, SL immunization with DeltaNS1 offers a novel potential vaccination strategy for the control of influenza outbreaks including pandemics.