gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A portable 12-wavelength parallel near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system for efficient characterization of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (2017)

A portable, 12-wavelength hybrid frequency domain (FD) and continuous wave (CW) near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system was developed for efficient characterization of breast cancer in a clinical oncology setting. Two sets of three FD and three CW measurements were acquired simultaneously. The imaging time was reduced from 90 to 55 seconds with a new gain adjustment scheme of the optical detector. The study of integrating this system into the workflow of clinical oncology practice is ongoing.
Facile synthesis of MnO2/carbon nanotubes decorated with a nanocomposite of Pt nanoparticles as a new platform for the electrochemical detection of catechin in red wine and green tea samples (2015)

Herein, we report a simple and facile synthesis strategy of MnO<sub>2</sub>/carbon nanotubes decorated with a nanocomposite of Pt nanoparticles using a simple electrodeposition method. The Pt/MnO<sub>2</sub>/f-MWCNT modified electrode were characterized by several analytical and spectroscopy techniques and were adopted as a composite for a novel catechin sensor. The as-prepared Pt/MnO<sub>2</sub>/f-MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited a smaller peak potential separation (ΔE<sub>p</sub>), and electron transfer kinetics during the oxidation reaction of catechin. This can be attributed to the larger effective surface area, greater porosity, and more reactive sites on the Pt/MnO<sub>2</sub>/f-MWCNT-modified GCE. Notably, we achieved a very low detection limit (under optimized conditions) of catechin ca. 0.02 μM (S/N = 3); the linear range is 2-950 μM with excellent sensitivity. The real time application of catechin in red wine, black tea, and green tea samples with excellent performance. The proposed sensor was successfully developed and the advantages of low cost, ease of preparation, long-term stability, and good reproducibility were demonstrated which are superior to recently reported modified electrodes, thereby enabling practical industrial applications.
Envelope analysis methods for tonality estimation (2016)

In perceptual audio coders, the audio signal masks the quantization noise. The masking effectiveness depends on the degree of tonality/noisiness of the signal. Hence, in psychoacoustic models (PM) of perceptual coders, the level of the estimated masking thresholds can be adjusted by tonality estimation methods. This paper introduces three envelope analysis methods for tonality estimation: optimized amplitude modulation ratio (AM-R), auditory image correlation, and temporal envelope rate. The methods were implemented in a filter bank-based PM. In a subjective quality test, they were compared to each other and to another existing method, partial spectral flatness measure (PSFM). The PSFM and the AM-R were rated significantly higher than the other methods.
Religious Arbitration in the United States and Canada (2012)

The article discusses status of religious arbitration in the United States from the perspective of freedom of religion. The article argues that certain kinds of religious arbitration may pose problems for freedom of religion.
A Method to Study Fatigue Life of Ultrasonically Welded Lithium-Ion Battery Tab Joints Using Electrical Resistance (2014)

The fatigue life of ultrasonically welded lithium-ion battery tab joints is studied for electric and hybrid-electric vehicle applications. Similar to metallic materials, the electrical resistance of these ultrasonic welds strongly depends on their quality and the crack growth under fatigue loading. A fatigue life model is developed using the continuum damage mechanics formulation, where the damage variable is defined using the electrical resistance of ultrasonic welds. Fatigue tests under various loading conditions are conducted with aluminum-copper battery tab joints made under various ultrasonic welding conditions. It is shown that the electrical resistance of ultrasonic welds increases characteristically during the fatigue life test. There is a threshold for the damage variable, after which the ultrasound welds fail rapidly. Due to welding process variation, welds made under the same process settings may have different fatigue performance. This quality difference may be classified using two parameters estimated from the fatigue life model. By monitoring the electrical resistance, it is possible to predict the remaining life of ultrasonically welded battery tab joints using only a portion of the fatigue test data. The prediction is more reliable by incorporating data beyond the half-life of the joints during the fatigue test.
Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) in assessing disease control in Asian patients with axial spondyloarthritis (2018)

NLR, PLR and MPV were not associated with disease activity in Asian AxSpA patients.
God, the Master Craftsman (2000)

Adam awoke on the eighth day of creation, measuring his newly gained creative powers. In a harsh, forbidding world, somewhere to the east of Eden, Adam flexed new muscles and smiled. “That garden was nothing,” he chuckled. “We’re well rid of it. I’ll build a garden that’ll put it to shame.” That eighth day of creation was, in fact, very late in time. Adam had hunted and gathered in the garden for four million years. Then, just the other day—only about thirty thousand years ago—he came into the dense, self-reinforcing, technical knowledge that has, ever since, driven him further and further from the garden. We are a willful, apple-driven, and mind-obsessed people. That side of our nature is not one that we can dodge for very long. Perhaps the greatest accomplishment of the eleventh-century Christian church was that it forged a tentative peace with human restlessness. All the great monotheistic religions of the world have honored God as Maker of the world, but the medieval Christian church went much further: It asserted that God had manifested himself in human form as a carpenter—a technologist, a creator scaled to human proportions. It seemed clear that if we are cast in God’s image, then God must rightly be honored as the Master Craftsman. The peace forged between the medieval Church and Adam’s apple was wonderfully expressed by an anonymous fourteenth-century Anglo-Saxon monk who sang: . . . Adam lay ibounden, bounden in a bond. Four thousand winter, thought he not to long. And all was for an appil, and appil that he tok, As clerkès finden, written in their book. Ne had the appil takè ben, Ne haddè never our lady, a ben hevenè quene. Blessèd be the time that appil takè was Therefore we moun singen, Deo Gracias! . . . In the mind of that monk, taking the apple of technological knowledge was the first step in spinning out the whole tapestry of the biblical drama that had left him at last with the comfort of his Virgin Mary. So he sang “Deo Gracias,” picked up his compass and square, and went to work. No wonder medieval Christianity was such a friend to the work of making things.
Pathogenicity of Aeromonas sp. for BALB/c mice. (1988)

Clinical strains of Aeromonas hvdrophlla and Aeromonas sobria were used to develop a mouse model for determining virulence potentials of food isolates. lntraperitoneal injection with these strains caused hemorrhaging and death of 10—12 week old male BALB/c mice within 24 h post challenge. Nonsupplemented injections of Aeromonas sp. suspensions resulted in a median LD 50 value of 4.9 X 10 cells, whereas supplementation with 0.1 ml of 5% iron dextran with the bacterium decreased the LD 50 value to 3.1 X 10 cells. Immunosuppression of the mice with cadmium chloride did not substantially alter the lethality for mice. Boiled suspensions 109 cells did not cause more deaths, indicating a lack of pathological contribution by the LPS component when using this approach for virulence assessment. lsolates of Aeromonas sp. from retail chicken, beef and pork products were supplemented with iron dextrart and injected into BALB/c male mice. Twenty-two of 26 mice injected with 26 A. hydrophila food isolates died; 13 of 14 mice injected with A. sobria isolates died; and 10 of 16 mice injected with A. cav!ae isolates died. These results indicate that approximately 80% of foodborne aeromonas are lethal for mice via intraperitoneal challenge. This virulence assay may or may not be an appropriate choice to assess the potentials of foodborne isolates of Aeromonas sp. to cause disease in humans (JPMA 38: 47 1988).
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Monitoring of implanted stem cell migration in vivo: a highly resolved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging investigation of experimental stroke in rat. (2002)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Monitoring of implanted stem cell migration in vivo: a highly resolved in vivo magnetic resonance imaging investigation of experimental stroke in rat.
The Best of Both Modes: Separately Leveraging RGB and Depth for Unseen Object Instance Segmentation (2019)

In order to function in unstructured environments, robots need the ability to recognize unseen novel objects. We take a step in this direction by tackling the problem of segmenting unseen object instances in tabletop environments. However, the type of large-scale real-world dataset required for this task typically does not exist for most robotic settings, which motivates the use of synthetic data. We propose a novel method that separately leverages synthetic RGB and synthetic depth for unseen object instance segmentation. Our method is comprised of two stages where the first stage operates only on depth to produce rough initial masks, and the second stage refines these masks with RGB. Surprisingly, our framework is able to learn from synthetic RGB-D data where the RGB is non-photorealistic. To train our method, we introduce a large-scale synthetic dataset of random objects on tabletops. We show that our method, trained on this dataset, can produce sharp and accurate masks, outperforming state-of-the-art methods on unseen object instance segmentation. We also show that our method can segment unseen objects for robot grasping. Code, models and video can be found at https://rse-lab.cs.washington.edu/projects/unseen-object-instance-segmentation/.
Preparation of vinyl chloride‐ethylene copolymers by partial reduction of poly(vinyl chloride) (1986)

Abstract Reductive dechlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) with tri‐n‐butyltin hydride was used to prepare a series of vinyl chloride‐ethylene copolymers covering the complete range of comonomer composition from poly(vinyl chloride) to polyethylene. Osmotic measurements of the molecular weight showed that polymeranalogous products were obtained by the reduction. IR spectra of the copolymers and UV‐VIS spectra of thermally degraded copolymers were utilized to verify the statistical distribution of comonomer units in the polymer. The copolymers containing more than 73 mol‐% ethylene units show appreciable melting during thermal analysis with differential scanning calorimetry. The relationship between the melting temperature and the composition of the copolymers with a high content of ethylene can be expressed by Flory's equation. The reciprocal glass transition temperatures of vinyl chloride‐ethylene copolymers with high contents of vinyl chloride units change linearly with the weight fraction of vinyl chloride in the copolymers. The influence of the composition and the glass transition temperature on the thermal dehydrochlorination is discussed.
A Plant Homolog of the Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase gp91 phox Subunit Gene Encodes a Plasma Membrane Protein with Ca 2+ Binding Motifs (1998)

Thomas Keller, Howard G. Damude, Dietrich Werner, Peter Doerner, Richard A. Dixon, Chris Lamb, A Plant Homolog of the Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase ${\rm gp}91^{phox}$ Subunit Gene Encodes a Plasma Membrane Protein with Ca2⁺ Binding Motifs, The Plant Cell, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Feb., 1998), pp. 255-266
Single-chip holographic beam steering for lidar by a digital micromirror device with angular and spatial hybrid multiplexing (2020)

A digital micromirror device (DMD) based holographic beam steering technique is reported that multiplexes fine-steering binary amplitude gratings with a coarse-steering programmable blazed grating. The angular spatial light modulation (ASLM) technique encodes the spatial pattern of the binary amplitude grating at the same plane as the angular modulation set by a phase map of the DMD-based beam steering technique. The beam steering technique is demonstrated at 532 nm and implemented into a 905 nm lidar system. The results of the lidar system tests are presented, achieving a 44° field-of-view, 0.9°×0.4° (H×V) angular resolution, 1 m max distance, 1.5 kHz sampling, and 7.8 FPS video. Scalability techniques are proposed, including max distance increases to over 100 m.
Dual-band Ka/X reflectarray with broadband loop elements (2010)

The objective of this paper is to carry out analysis and design for X/Ka dual-band, frequency selective surface (FSS)-backed reflectarrays. In this design, a novel ring structure has been developed as the cell element for both the X- and Ka-bands to achieve dual-band performance. A single loop was used for the construction of the FSS-backed reflectarray in the Ka-band and a reflectarray with a solid ground plane was designed for the other band. Prototypes of these reflectarrays were fabricated and tested. The measurements demonstrated that for an optimum design, the gain of the FSS-backed reflectarray is almost the same as its counterpart backed by a solid ground plane. Characterisation of the out-of-band performance of these antennas demonstrated a close to 0.6-dB insertion loss.
The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Lumped Constant Determined in Human Brain from Extraction Fractions of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and Glucose (2001)

Quantification of regional cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc) using positron emission tomography and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) requires knowledge of the correction factor between FDG and glucose net clearance, the FDG lumped constant (LC). Because diverging values for LC have been obtained, the authors reevaluated LC by measuring the ratio of the cerebral net extraction fractions of FDG (E*) and glucose (E) from arteriovenous cerebral measurements. Thirty subjects were studied (mean age = 25 +/- 4 years): 12 during a programed infusion of FDG and 18 after a bolus injection of FDG. In the infusion study, LC was calculated as the ratio E*/E. In the bolus study, E* was calculated from the slope of a Patlak-Gjedde plot. Lumped constant was significantly smaller in the infusion study as compared with the bolus study (0.48 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.81 +/- 0.27, P < 0.001). In 4 subjects studied during continuous FDG infusion for 2.5 hours, LC decreased to 0.36 +/- 0.11. These results suggest that the "steady-state" method underestimates LC because E* continues to decline because of significant labeled product. Further, the authors provide evidence for resetting of LC toward a greater value. The subsequent resetting of CMRglc provides a physiologically more meaningful estimate and allows for comparison of CMRglc values between different methodologies.
Theory of point-spread function artifacts due to structured mid-spatial frequency surface errors (2010)

Optical design and tolerancing of aspheric or free-form surfaces require attention to surface form, structured surface errors, and nonstructured errors. We describe structured surface error profiles and effects on the image point-spread function using harmonic (Fourier) decomposition. Surface errors over the beam footprint map onto the pupil, where multiple structured surface frequencies mix to create sum and difference diffraction orders in the image plane at each field point. Difference frequencies widen the central lobe of the point-spread function and summation frequencies create ghost images.
Amyloid Formation in Human Islets Is Enhanced by Heparin and Inhibited by Heparinase (2015)

Islet transplantation is a promising therapy for patients with diabetes, but its long-term success is limited by many factors, including the formation of islet amyloid deposits. Heparin is employed in clinical islet transplantation to reduce clotting but also promotes fibrillization of amyloidogenic proteins. We hypothesized that heparin treatment of islets during pre-transplant culture may enhance amyloid formation leading to beta cell loss and graft dysfunction. Heparin promoted the fibrillization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and enhanced its toxicity to INS-1 beta cells. Heparin increased amyloid deposition in cultured human islets, but surprisingly decreased islet cell apoptosis. Treatment of human islets with heparin prior to transplantation increased the likelihood of graft failure. Removal of islet heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, which localize with islet amyloid deposits in type 2 diabetes, by heparinase treatment decreased amyloid deposition and protected against islet cell death. These findings raise the possibility that pretransplant treatment of human islets with heparin could potentiate IAPP aggregation and amyloid formation and may be detrimental to subsequent graft function.
Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Creation with Helium-Ion Microscope (2013)

We investigate a method to create nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond using a focused-helium-ion-microscopy. Near-surface NV centers can be created with spatial resolution below 0.6μm. NV center spectral linewidths at various optical and microwave frequencies were also studied.
Applying High Power Laser Technology in Well Completion (2001)

Abstract Shaped charge jet guns are used in perforation operations to create communication between the formation and the wellbore. The efficiency of this technique is very important for flow performance and production. Over the years, using shaped charge guns has shown that this method caused reduction in production and caused damaged zones in the formation around the perforated tunnel. The damage is a result of the high impact from releasing the bullet into the formation. The bullet produces very fine grain particles that plug or reduce the pore throat size and therefore, causes permeability reduction. This process leaves the perforated tunnel with broken rocks, jet metal and explosive products (mostly carbon). Laser perforating, a new technology, has the potential to eliminate this damage and actually increase the permeability. Experiments and studies show that lasers improve permeabilities and porosities of the perforated tunnel as well as the adjacent zone. Lasers can be delivered through fiber optics down hole to the target, which eliminates much of the cleaning process and dealing with equipment management.
Activin-A enhances mTOR signaling to promote aberrant chondrogenesis in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (2017)

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and intractable disease characterized by extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. Patients with FOP harbor point mutations in ACVR1, a type I receptor for BMPs. Although mutated ACVR1 (FOP-ACVR1) has been shown to render hyperactivity in BMP signaling, we and others have uncovered a mechanism by which FOP-ACVR1 mistransduces BMP signaling in response to Activin-A, a molecule that normally transduces TGF-β signaling. Although Activin-A evokes enhanced chondrogenesis in vitro and heterotopic ossification (HO) in vivo, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be revealed. To this end, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) system using FOP patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (FOP-iPSCs) to identify pivotal pathways in enhanced chondrogenesis that are initiated by Activin-A. In a screen of 6,809 small-molecule compounds, we identified mTOR signaling as a critical pathway for the aberrant chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from FOP-iPSCs (FOP-iMSCs). Two different HO mouse models, an FOP model mouse expressing FOP-ACVR1 and an FOP-iPSC-based HO model mouse, revealed critical roles for mTOR signaling in vivo. Moreover, we identified ENPP2, an enzyme that generates lysophosphatidic acid, as a linker of FOP-ACVR1 and mTOR signaling in chondrogenesis. These results uncovered the crucial role of the Activin-A/FOP-ACVR1/ENPP2/mTOR axis in FOP pathogenesis.
Novel Methods for CVD of Ge4C and (Ge4C)xSiy Diamond-like Semiconductor Heterostructures:  Synthetic Pathways and Structures of Trigermyl-(GeH3)3CH and Tetragermyl-(GeH3)4C Methanes (1998)

GeX2·dioxane (X = Cl, Br) complexes insert completely into CBr4 to afford the sterically crowded cluster compounds (BrCl2Ge)4C (1) and (Br3Ge)4C (2) in 80% and 95% yields, respectively. These display physical, spectroscopic, and structural properties that are indicative of highly symmetric molecules with a remarkably strained carbon center. Compounds 1 and 2 react with LiAlH4 to produce the hydrides (H3Ge)3CH (3) and (H3Ge)4C (4) which are readily identified and characterized by spectroscopic methods and gas-phase electron diffraction. Compound 3 is also conveniently prepared from the LiAlH4 reduction of (GeBr3)3CH (5) which in turn is obtained by insertion of GeBr2·dioxane into the C−Br bonds of bromoform. Refinement of the diffraction data for 3 confirmed a model of C3 symmetry, with local C3v symmetry of the GeH3 groups, and gave a Ge−C bond length of 1.96 Å. The structure refinement of 4 was based on a model of T symmetry and displayed a rather normal Ge−C bond distance of 1.97 Å, which is substantially shorter than that (2.049 Å) of the strained (Br3Ge)4C (2) compound. Density functional calculations closely reproduced the observed molecular structures for 3 and 4. The thermal dehydrogenation of 4 on (100) Si surfaces at 500 °C resulted in the growth of a diamond-structured material with an approximate composition of Ge4C. Reactions of 4 with (SiH3)2 on Si yielded heteroepitaxial growth of metastable, monocrystalline (Ge4C)xSiy alloy semiconductors that are intended to have band gaps wider than those of pure Si and Si1-xGex alloys and strained superlattices. The covalent cluster species described here not only are of intrinsic molecular interest but also provide a unique route to a new class of semiconductor materials and form a model for local carbon sites in Ge−C crystals and related electronic materials based on the diamond structure.
Early Results of Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (2011)

Comparatively good outcomes were observed in the short to intermediate term after reverse shoulder arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, surgeons should be aware of the risk of intraoperative and postoperative fractures in this patient group.
Multijunction Solar Cells (2017)

Multijunction solar cells (MJSCs) currently hold the records for greatest power conversion efficiency of any solar cell, under one-sun conditions and under concentration. MJSCs consist of a stack of n-p semiconductor diodes of different materials, each chosen to absorb a different part of the solar spectrum. Single-junction solar cells have two major loss mechanisms: thermalization and transmission. Since MJSCs are more expensive to produce than single-junction solar cells, terrestrial applications of MJSCs typically involve concentrating optics that focus light from a large aperture onto a small area of solar cell. In the case of MJSC, The process of setting up and running a simulation begins by defining each of the material regions will be a simple structure of uniform layers for the most part. The tunnel diodes that allow for the flow of carriers between subcells in MJSCs operate via band-to-band tunneling across a degenerately doped p++/n++ junction.