gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Implicit Generative Models by Teaching Explicit Ones (2018)

Implicit generative models are difficult to train as no explicit density functions are defined. Generative adversarial nets (GANs) present a minimax framework to train such models, which however can suffer from mode collapse due to the nature of the JS-divergence. This paper presents a learning by teaching (LBT) approach to learning implicit models, which intrinsically avoids the mode collapse problem by optimizing a KL-divergence rather than the JS-divergence in GANs. In LBT, an auxiliary density estimator is introduced to fit the implicit model's distribution while the implicit model teaches the density estimator to match the data distribution. LBT is formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, whose optimal generator matches the true data distribution. LBT can be naturally integrated with GANs to derive a hybrid LBT-GAN that enjoys complimentary benefits. Finally, we present a stochastic gradient ascent algorithm with unrolling to solve the challenging learning problems. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
A 11% PAE, 15.8-dBm two-stage 90-GHz stacked-FET power amplifier in 45-nm SOI CMOS (2013)

A two-stage 90-GHz stacked-FET power amplifier is implemented in 45-nm SOI CMOS. Dual supply operation supports high gain, power and efficiency in the two-stage design. The amplifier exhibits greater than 15.8 dBm saturated output power with 10 dB peak power gain and achieves a record peak PAE of 11%. The PAE remains above 8% from 86 to 94 GHz. It occupies 0.05 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> excluding pads.
Dual wavelength (3 μm and 2 μm) CW cascade oscillation of a holmium-doped double-clad fiber laser (2002)

A fiber laser configuration provides a high-quality laser beam at high pump-power and it generates and transports the infrared laser power in the same medium, making it very attractive for medical applications. This paper describes a demonstration of dual wavelength (3 /spl mu/m and 2 /spl mu/m) CW cascade oscillation of an 890 nm-Ti:Sapphire laser pumped Ho/sup 3+/ doped fluorozirconate (ZBLAN) double-clad fiber laser. The double-clad fiber structure is employed for homogeneous pumping along the long laser medium and its large aperture at the fiber end allows a high power multi-mode laser diode to be used as a pump source for increasing the output power in the future.
Pole axed (2019)

In reply to the Feedback article about the winners of the Physics World Christmas jumpers competition (February p24).
Picosecond time-resolved bleaching dynamics of self-assembled quantum dots (2004)

Picosecond bleaching dynamics of vertically stacked self-assembled quantum dots is investigated by means of time-resolved pump-probe differential reflection spectroscopy at room temperature. This allows us to study the dynamics of the pump generated carriers within the quantum dots. We observe that the absorption spectrum is shifted over 12 meV with respect to the photoluminescence spectrum. From the time-resolved measurements we detect that the carrier lifetime within the dots strongly depends on the energy within the absorption spectrum.
Downregulation of Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Responsiveness in Human T Cells by Transforming Growth Factor-β: Relationship With IL-12 Signaling (1999)

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that plays a central role in the control of cell-mediated immunity. We have previously shown that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta) inhibitory effects on human primary allogeneic cytotoxicity and proliferative responses interfere with IL-12 pathway. The present study was undertaken to further elucidate the biochemical basis of the functional interaction between these two cytokines and to define the site of TGF-beta action on the signaling pathway activated by IL-12. Our data indicate that TGF-beta induced an inhibition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production without affecting the IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 subunits mRNA expression by activated T cells. We further show that TGF-beta has a significant inhibitory effect on the early signal transduction events following interaction of IL-12 with its receptor on activated T cells, resulting in the inhibition of both JAK2 and Tyk2 phosphorylation. In addition, TGF-beta was found to significantly inhibit IL-12-induced phosphorylation of the STAT4 transcription factor. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that TGF-beta induced a decrease in IL-12-induced STAT4 DNA binding activity in T lymphocytes. This study suggests that TGF-beta influences IL-12 responsiveness at least in part by inhibiting early signaling events essential to gene induction in IL-12-activated T cells.
Efficient Single‐Dose Induction of Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells Using Multi‐Bioactive Hybrid Nanocarriers (2020)

Bone regeneration requires the presence of specific factors to induce the differentiation of stem cells into osteoblasts. These factors induce osteogenesis by stimulating the expression of bone-related proteins, bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Herein, bioactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles are doped with calcium and phosphate ions while the porous network is loaded with dexamethasone (MSN-CaPDex). The bioactive MSN-CaPDex nanocarriers are prepared without affecting the narrow size distribution, pore structure, and morphology of the MSNs, while incorporating multi-stimuli, complementary ionic/biochemical bioactive mediators. The bioactive nanocarriers induce osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) after a single-dose administration, and without the need for further soluble osteogenic factors, in contrast to the standard continuous stimulation provided by osteogenic medium. The hBM-MSCs exhibit several biomarkers of osteogenic differentiation, including alkaline phosphatase peaking at early time points, secretion of osteopontin and osteocalcin, and deposition of a calcium-rich matrix. Overall, by inducing the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells with a single-dose administration and without requiring repeated osteogenic supplementation, the newly synthesized multi-bioactive hybrid nanocarrier shows great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
Epidemiology of Dermatophytoses in Switzerland According to a Survey of Dermatophytes Isolated in Lausanne between 2001 and 2018 (2020)

Dermatophytes are the most common pathogenic agents of superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Knowledge of their epidemiology can facilitate the prevention of dermatophytosis and improve prophylactic measures. We sought to determine the incidence of the different dermatophyte species diagnosed in Lausanne (Switzerland) from 2001 to 2018. In total, 10,958 dermatophytes were isolated from patients and 459 from pets. Overall, 99% of tinea unguium and tinea pedis were caused by <i>Trichophyton rubrum</i> and <i>Trichophyton interdigitale</i> with a prevalence ratio of 3:1. <i>Trichophyton violaceum</i> and <i>Trichophyton soudanense</i> were mainly found in tinea capitis in patients of African and Mediterranean origin. Interestingly, while <i>Epidermophyton floccosum</i> and <i>Trichophyton verrucosum</i> were prevalent 50 years ago in an epidemiological analysis carried out in the same laboratory from 1967 to 1970, these two species were rarely detected from 2001 to 2018. <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i>, <i>Trichophyton benhamiae</i> and <i>Microsporum canis</i> were the prevalent zoophilic pathogenic species in children and young adults. Our investigation of animal samples revealed the main reservoirs of these zoophilic species to be cats and dogs for <i>T. mentagrophytes</i> and <i>M. canis</i>, and Guinea pigs for <i>T. benhamiae</i>. This study provides an epidemiological overview of dermatophytoses in Switzerland to improve their surveillance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and α2‐Adrenoceptor Effects of Substituted Catecholimidazoline and Catecholimidazole Analogues in Human Platelets. (1990)

Abstract The bisbenzyloxybenzaldehyde (I) reacts with diethoxymethylimidazole (II) to give the carbinol (III) which is transformed into the benzylimidazole (IV).
Extractives in Acacia mangium and Acacia crassicarpa Stemwood and Knots (2004)

Acacia mangium stemwood contained over 1% of hexane-soluble extractives, whereas A. crassicarpa contained only 0.1-0.2%. The amount of lipophilic extractives was on the same level in heartwood and sapwood, while knots contained smaller amounts. Long-chain saturated fatty acids, hydroxyl fatty acids and alcohols, with 22 to 28 carbon atoms, make up the major part of the extractives in A. mangium. A crassicarpa contains mainly short-chain fatty acids with 16 to 20 carbon atoms. Polyphenols in heartwood, sapwood, and knots of A. mangium and A. crassicarpa were analysed on GC, GC-MS, HPSEC, and NMR. Melacacidin and isomelacacidin dominated in A. crassicarpa and teracacidin and its corresponding flavan-4-one in A. mangium samples. Also bi- and triflavonoids were found in the samples. The amounts of polyphenols were larger in the knots than in the heartwood of both species, while the composition within species was the same.
Silicon photonic devices and platforms for the mid-infrared (2013)

Due to its excellent electronic and photonic properties, silicon is a good candidate for mid-infrared optoelectronic devices and systems that can be used in a host of applications. In this paper we review some of the results reported recently, and we also present several new results on mid-infrared photonic devices including Mach-Zehnder interferometers, multimode interference splitters and multiplexers based on silicon-on-insulator, polysilicon, suspended silicon, and slot waveguide platforms.
Clustering of matched features and gradient matching for mixed-resolution video super-resolution (2015)

This work presents a novel technique for image reconstruction applied to mixed-resolution video super-resolution. We segment an image into patches defined by the clustering of a vector flow generated from matching SIFT features. We reconstruct the segmented image by applying image projective transformation to a reference image. By varying the number of clusters, we composed a sequence of reconstructed images, which are then used to compose a codebook, through gradient matching. This idea is extended to use low and high-resolution image pairs for super-resolution. Our results indicate a 1.4dB gain, on average, over the use of overlapped-block motion-compensation (OBMC).
Monoclonal antibody‐based therapies (2018)

Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Japan This is an open access Abstract Book distributed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CCBY-NC-ND), which allows third parties to download the abstracts and share them with others as long as they credit the author and the abstract book, but they cannot change the content in any way or use them commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Development and testing of a formalism to identify harmonized and optimized reconstructions for PET/CT in clinical trials. (2015)

563 Objectives Differing quantitative performance characteristics of PET/CT scanner models and reconstructions confound the ability to best combine and compare data. Here we develop and test a formal method for identifying quantitatively similar scanner and reconstruction specific performances through simultaneous contrast recovery coefficient (CRC) curve harmonization (CRCs aligned) and optimization (CRCs close to 1.0). Methods A NEMA IQ phantom was imaged for 30 minutes at 9.7:1 contrast using 12 sphere sizes 8.5-44mm (6 at a time). Images were reconstructed using at least 6 different clinically relevant reconstruction parameter sets per scanner. CRC curves were generated for SUVmax, SUVpeak and SUVmean. 5 PET/CT models (11 scanners) spanning major manufactures were evaluated. Summed absolute differences between all combinations of CRC curves were calculated to identify reconstruction parameter sets that were best harmonized. Summed differences for all combinations of CRC curves from the ideal CRC=1 were calculated to assess optimization. The smallest weighted combination of the two parameters determined the scanner-specific parameter sets that best aligned quantitative performance. Results A 7mm Gaussian post-reconstruction filter applied to GE and Siemens systems best drove harmonization of SUVmax CRCs across Philips, GE and Siemens systems. Generally the same parameter sets that harmonized SUVmax also harmonized SUVpeak and SUVmean. Applying additional optimization criteria favoring CRCs closer to 1.0 can be achieved, but at the expense of most favorable harmonization. Conclusions A formal method to identify PET/CT model specific reconstruction parameter sets that both harmonize and optimize quantitative performance was developed and tested using data from the NEMA IQ phantom with 5 common PET/CT platforms. The method is scalable and can be applied to the full set of available PET/CT scanner models. Research Support Research reported in this abstract was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01CA169072
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationship Study on a Novel Series of Cyclopentane‐Containing Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4H Protease Leading to the Discovery of TMC435350. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
WHY ARE CONTEMPORARY REVISION TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTIES FAILING? AN ANALYSIS OF 2500 CASES (2018)

Introduction Historically, the most common indications for re-revision of a total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been aseptic loosening, instability, infection, and peri-prosthetic fracture. As revisi...
Bactericidal activity of the organo-tellurium compound AS101 against Enterobacter cloacae (2012)

AS101 has antibacterial activity, which may be useful against E. cloacae and other species of Enterobacteriaceae as a substitute for current antibiotics that have become ineffective due to increasing bacterial resistance.
ChemInform Abstract: [1,3]Oxazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles: A Versatile Synthesis of a Novel Heterocycle. (2010)

Abstract Microwave‐promoted reaction between bisbromotriazole (I) and α‐haloketones proceeds via a tandem alkylation/cyclization process to give the title heterocycle (III).
Future broader-bandwidth optical communication systems (2008)

This paper will highlight various optical transmissions issues that might be critical for future 100-Gbit/s and 1-Tbit/s Ethernet systems. Topics will include: spectral efficiency, advanced modulation formats, combating impairments, data granularity, and performance monitoring.
Suppression of IgE‐mediated allergic responses by Rgs13 (2008)

Mast cells provoke allergic responses through degranulation and release of proinflammatory mediators after antigen crosslinking of the high affinity immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcƒÕRI). Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins negatively control G‐protein‐coupled receptor‐mediated signaling through GTPase accelerating protein (GAP) activity. Here, we show that Rgs13 inhibits allergic responses by physically interacting with the regulatory p85 alpha subunit of PI3K in mast cells and disrupting its association with an FceRI‐activated scaffold complex. Rgs13¡V/¡V mice exhibited increased IgE‐mediated mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. Thus, apart from its regulation of GPCRs, Rgs13 inhibits immune receptor‐induced signalosome assembly in MCs. Abnormal Rgs13 expression or function may underlie some cases of idiopathic anaphylaxis or disorders of amplified MC activity.
AP4 is a mediator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis in colorectal cancer (2013)

The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor AP4/TFAP4/AP-4 is encoded by a c-MYC target gene and displays up-regulation concomitantly with c-MYC in colorectal cancer (CRC) and numerous other tumor types. Here a genome-wide characterization of AP4 DNA binding and mRNA expression was performed using a combination of microarray, genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation, next-generation sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses. Thereby, hundreds of induced and repressed AP4 target genes were identified. Besides many genes involved in the control of proliferation, the AP4 target genes included markers of stemness (LGR5 and CD44) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) such as SNAIL, E-cadherin/CDH1, OCLN, VIM, FN1, and the Claudins 1, 4, and 7. Accordingly, activation of AP4 induced EMT and enhanced migration and invasion of CRC cells. Conversely, down-regulation of AP4 resulted in mesenchymal-epithelial transition and inhibited migration and invasion. In addition, AP4 induction was required for EMT, migration, and invasion caused by ectopic expression of c-MYC. Inhibition of AP4 in CRC cells resulted in decreased lung metastasis in mice. Elevated AP4 expression in primary CRC significantly correlated with liver metastasis and poor patient survival. These findings imply AP4 as a new regulator of EMT that contributes to metastatic processes in CRC and presumably other carcinomas.
Over-the-Air Federated Learning From Heterogeneous Data (2021)

We focus on over-the-air (OTA) Federated Learning (FL), which has been suggested recently to reduce the communication overhead of FL due to the repeated transmissions of the model updates by a large number of users over the wireless channel. In OTA FL, all users simultaneously transmit their updates as analog signals over a multiple access channel, and the server receives a superposition of the analog transmitted signals. However, this approach results in the channel noise directly affecting the optimization procedure, which may degrade the accuracy of the trained model. We develop a Convergent OTA FL (COTAF) algorithm which enhances the common local stochastic gradient descent (SGD) FL algorithm, introducing precoding at the users and scaling at the server, which gradually mitigates the effect of noise. We analyze the convergence of COTAF to the loss minimizing model and quantify the effect of a statistically heterogeneous setup, i.e. when the training data of each user obeys a different distribution. Our analysis reveals the ability of COTAF to achieve a convergence rate similar to that achievable over error-free channels. Our simulations demonstrate the improved convergence of COTAF over vanilla OTA local SGD for training using non-synthetic datasets. Furthermore, we numerically show that the precoding induced by COTAF notably improves the convergence rate and the accuracy of models trained via OTA FL.
Control flow prediction for dynamic ILP processors (1993)

Addresses a two-fold question: whether there is enough parallelism in numeric and non-numeric workloads, such as the SPEC92 benchmark suite, under ideal conditions, disregarding any resource constraints and more importantly, whether a high ideal parallelism can be further characterized to assess its extractability with finite resources. The authors have designed and implemented an analysis tool that accepts as input a dynamic execution trace from an IBM RS/6000 environment, and outputs a parallelized instruction trace (schedule) that could be executed on an abstract machine with unlimited functional units and various constraints on the rest of its resources, namely, registers, stack and memory. They also analyze two different instruction scheduling policies: greedy and lazy. The paper further offers a characterization of ideal parallelism (obtainable on a machine with infinite resources) using a measure called slack to assess its sustainability with finite resources.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abstract 829: Down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in cisplatin-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (2012)

Abstract Cisplatin is an effective anticancer drug used to treat many types of cancer, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLCs), but development of resistance is the primary impediment in cancer treatment. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a secreted tumor suppressor that is inactivated in human lung cancer. IGFBP7 is known to alter sensitivity to interferon-based anticancer therapy, and here, we examined loss of IGFBP7 as a potential contributor to chemo-resistance to cisplatin. The transcriptional level of IGFBP7 was decreased in cisplatin-resistant human cancer cell lines and NSCLC xenografts. IGFBP7 knock-down increased cellular resistance to cisplatin and increased the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases (MKP) 3 levels. The expression of MKP3 increased in a cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cell line and lung xenografts. MKP3 knock-down increased IGFBP7 level, indicating that MKP3 regulates IGFBP7. These findings suggest a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the tumor suppressive function of IGFBP7 in cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer and could lead to the development of IGFBP7 as a cisplatin-sensitizing agent. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 829. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-829
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2021)

Abstract : During combat, blunt penetrating and blast injuries may lead to soft and solid tissue and organ damage. In turn, trauma and its subsequent infection and inflammation all lead to tissue loss. The challenge is to replace those tissues and organs. To this end, regenerative medicine brings together the areas of biosurgery, cell therapies, tissue engineering and artificial and biohybrid organs. Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine conducts research in the areas of growth factor biology, cell differentiation, molecular mechanisms, and cell-matrix interactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Microscopic Li Self‐Diffusion Parameters in the Lithiated Anode Material Li4+xTi5O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) Measured by 7Li Solid State NMR. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Matrix Nanodevice-Based Logic Architectures and Associated Functional Mapping Method (2011)

This article describes a novel computing architecture organization based on nanoscale logic cells. We propose the use of a cluster of matrix arrangements of cells. In order to interconnect such fine-grained logic cells within a matrix, conventional techniques are not suitable due to a large interconnect overhead. Therefore, we propose the use of static and incomplete interconnect topologies to create matrices of cells. We also propose a method to map functions onto such architectures. We then explore the main parameters of the structure (size of matrices and interconnect topologies) and their impact on the main performance metrics (packing efficiency, speed, and fault tolerance). A cluster packing method also allows the evaluation of the number of matrices used by complex functions and the fill factor for various matrix sizes. The analyses show that this approach is particularly suited for matrices of 16 cells interconnected by modified omega networks. We can conclude that this architecture could improve the scalability of traditional FPGAs by a factor of 8.5.