gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PyCARL: A PyNN Interface for Hardware-Software Co-Simulation of Spiking\n Neural Network (2020)

We present PyCARL, a PyNN-based common Python programming interface for\nhardware-software co-simulation of spiking neural network (SNN). Through\nPyCARL, we make the following two key contributions. First, we provide an\ninterface of PyNN to CARLsim, a computationally-efficient, GPU-accelerated and\nbiophysically-detailed SNN simulator. PyCARL facilitates joint development of\nmachine learning models and code sharing between CARLsim and PyNN users,\npromoting an integrated and larger neuromorphic community. Second, we integrate\ncycle-accurate models of state-of-the-art neuromorphic hardware such as\nTrueNorth, Loihi, and DynapSE in PyCARL, to accurately model hardware latencies\nthat delay spikes between communicating neurons and degrade performance. PyCARL\nallows users to analyze and optimize the performance difference between\nsoftware-only simulation and hardware-software co-simulation of their machine\nlearning models. We show that system designers can also use PyCARL to perform\ndesign-space exploration early in the product development stage, facilitating\nfaster time-to-deployment of neuromorphic products. We evaluate the memory\nusage and simulation time of PyCARL using functionality tests, synthetic SNNs,\nand realistic applications. Our results demonstrate that for large SNNs, PyCARL\ndoes not lead to any significant overhead compared to CARLsim. We also use\nPyCARL to analyze these SNNs for a state-of-the-art neuromorphic hardware and\ndemonstrate a significant performance deviation from software-only simulations.\nPyCARL allows to evaluate and minimize such differences early during model\ndevelopment.\n
Shape mining: A holistic data mining approach for engineering design (2014)

Although the integration of engineering data within the framework of product data management systems has been successful in the recent years, the holistic analysis (from a systems engineering perspective) of multi-disciplinary data or data based on different representations and tools is still not realized in practice. At the same time, the application of advanced data mining techniques to complete designs is very promising and bears a high potential for synergy between different teams in the development process. In this paper, we propose shape mining as a framework to combine and analyze data from engineering design across different tools and disciplines. In the first part of the paper, we introduce unstructured surface meshes as meta-design representations that enable us to apply sensitivity analysis, design concept retrieval and learning as well as methods for interaction analysis to heterogeneous engineering design data. We propose a new measure of relevance to evaluate the utility of a design concept. In the second part of the paper, we apply the formal methods to passenger car design. We combine data from different representations, design tools and methods for a holistic analysis of the resulting shapes. We visualize sensitivities and sensitive cluster centers (after feature reduction) on the car shape. Furthermore, we are able to identify conceptual design rules using tree induction and to create interaction graphs that illustrate the interrelation between spatially decoupled surface areas. Shape data mining in this paper is studied for a multi-criteria aerodynamic problem, i.e. drag force and rear lift, however, the extension to quality criteria from different disciplines is straightforward as long as the meta-design representation is still applicable.
An Improved Dropping Algorithm for Line-of-Sight Massive MIMO With Tomlinson–Harashima Precoding (2019)

One of the problems in line-of-sight massive MIMO is that a few users can have correlated channel vectors. To alleviate this problem, a dropping algorithm has been proposed in the literature, which drops some of the correlated users to make the spatial correlation among the remaining users be less than a certain threshold. Thresholds were found by running a large number of simulations. In this letter, the same dropping algorithm is analyzed for a known nonlinear precoder: Tomlinson-Harashima precoder. Instead of simulation-based thresholds, closed-form analytical expressions are derived in this letter for two power allocation schemes: max-min and equal received power control schemes. It is shown that the derived thresholds are optimal in terms of achievable sum-rate when there is only one correlated pair of users. For channels with multiple pairs of correlated users, simulation results show that using the derived thresholds improves the 5th percentile sum-rate. Due to the fairness criterion of max-min, the improvement for max-min power control is much higher than equal received power control.
Cylinder-assisted Maker-fringe technique to probe second-order nonlinearity profiles (2004)

A cylinder-assisted Maker-fringe technique to probe second-order optical nonlinearity profiles is introduced. This technique presents several significant advantages over existing methods, including the measurement of fringes up to a record incidence angle of 89.6&deg;, which is particularly useful for the accurate determination of the nonlinearity profiles of thin layers.
Development of Organometallic S6K1 Inhibitors (2014)

Aberrant activation of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is found in many diseases, including diabetes, aging, and cancer. We developed ATP competitive organometallic kinase inhibitors, EM5 and FL772, which are inspired by the structure of the pan-kinase inhibitor staurosporine, to specifically inhibit S6K1 using a strategy previously used to target other kinases. Biochemical data demonstrate that EM5 and FL772 inhibit the kinase with IC50 value in the low nanomolar range at 100 μM ATP and that the more potent FL772 compound has a greater than 100-fold specificity over S6K2. The crystal structures of S6K1 bound to staurosporine, EM5, and FL772 reveal that the EM5 and FL772 inhibitors bind in the ATP binding pocket and make S6K1-specific contacts, resulting in changes to the p-loop, αC helix, and αD helix when compared to the staurosporine-bound structure. Cellular data reveal that FL772 is able to inhibit S6K phosphorylation in yeast cells. Together, these studies demonstrate that potent, selective, and cell permeable S6K1 inhibitors can be prepared and provide a scaffold for future development of S6K inhibitors with possible therapeutic applications.
Commutability of the certified reference materials for the standardization of β-amyloid 1-42 assay in human cerebrospinal fluid: lessons for tau and β-amyloid 1-40 measurements (2018)

This study shows that the CRMs are commutable for the different assays for Aβ42. For the other analytes the results show that it would be feasible to also produce CRMs for these. However, additional studies are needed as the concentration interval for the CRMs were selected based on Aβ42 concentrations only and did in general not cover satisfactory large concentration intervals for the other analytes.
A Convergent Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of the PPARα Agonist LY518674:  Discovery of a Novel Acid-Mediated Triazolone Synthesis (2007)

The first kilogram-scale synthesis of the PPARα agonist LY518674 (1) is described. The de novo convergent synthetic approach involved coupling of two rapidly assembled components, triazolone formation via a novel acid-promoted cyclization reaction, and final step saponification, delivering the compound in 32.5% overall yield via eight total steps with a six-step longest linear sequence. A regioselective alkylation on the dianion of 4-hydroxyphenylbutyric acid allowed the direct preparation of one of the convergent coupling partners, carboxylic acid 12, and an unusual solvent effect enabled the installation of a urea group on a protected hydrazine, permitting the regiospecific preparation of the other coupling partner, semicarbazide mesylate 17. Sulfonic acids were found to effect the desired triazolone ring formation, affording 25 from the coupled precursor acyl semicarbazide 23. Following saponification of 25 to 1, a wide solubility differential between ethyl acetate extracts of 1 and solutions of 1 in anhydrous ethyl acetate was harnessed in the final crystallization step to deliver the final compound in high yield and purity. The novel acid-mediated triazolone formation was further evaluated on a range of additional substrates, showing the new methodology to be largely complementary to existing base-mediated triazolone syntheses.
Defining Vascular Supply and Territory of Thinned Perforator Flaps: Part I. Anterolateral Thigh Perforator Flap (2005)

These data define anterolateral thigh perforator flap pedicle location, number, and diameter before harvesting, surgical danger zones during thinning, and vascular territories after thinning. The authors' guidelines provide surgeons with anatomical vascular territory maps to design and harvest specific flaps for optimal results.
Kindlin‐3 organizes a ring of clustered high affinity β 2 integrins during human neutrophil spreading under flow (2020)

Neutrophils are vital for inflammation and immune defense. Dependent on β 2 integrins, spherical neutrophils spread on vascular endothelium after arrest, which is critical for their recruitment from circulation to resist high shear flow and to initiate intravascular crawling. Here, we use high‐resolution quantitative dynamic footprinting microscopy to monitor neutrophil spreading on a substrate of recombinant ICAM‐1 and P‐selectin under flow. A homogenous binding assay using the conformation‐reporter antibodies mAb24 (reporting high‐affinity β 2 , H + ) and KIM127 (reporting extended β 2 , E + ) showed three conformations of activated β 2 integrins. E − H + β 2 integrins increased before E + H − and E + H + conformations at the beginning of neutrophil spreading. Integrin extension depended on Syk‐mediated integrin outside‐in signaling. The ring of E − H + and E + H + , but not E + H − β 2 integrins was fully formed during late neutrophil spreading just before migration. Using kindlin‐3‐GFP fusion proteins, a ring of kindlin‐3 was observed before the ring of H + integrins appeared. These findings show spatially coordinated integrin activation during spreading. The previously unrecognized E − H + conformation is the pioneer integrin for neutrophil spreading and appears to be organized by kindlin‐3. Support or Funding Information This research was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health, USA (NIH, HL078784 and R01HL145454), WSA postdoctoral fellowships and a Career Development Award from the American Heart Association, USA (AHA, 16POST31160014, 19POST34450228, and 18CDA34110426). Integrin activation on a spread neutrophil footprint. Red is the mAb KIM127, which reports integrin extension; Green is the mAb24, which reports integrin high‐affinity; Blue is conformational non‐specific aLb2 integrins. Figure 1 Kindlin‐3‐GFP molecules formed a ring after the spreading of a neutrophil‐like HL60 cell. Figure 2
Wavelength-Scanned Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Excitation Spectroscopy (2008)

We explore the correlation between localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of triangular Ag nanoparticles, molecular resonance, and the surface-enhanced resonance Raman excitation profile of molecules adsorbed on these nanostructures. Ag nanoparticles with various LSPRs were fabricated with nanosphere lithography (NSL). A monolayer of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)-ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) was introduced to the NSL Ag nanoparticles, and its effect on the LSPR was monitored by UV−vis spectroscopy. Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced resonance Raman excitation spectroscopy (WS SERRES) profiles of Ru(bpy)32+ adsorbed on Ag nanoparticle arrays were measured for excitation wavelengths in the range of 400−500 nm. The WS SERRES profiles are correlated, both spatially and spectrally, with the corresponding LSPR spectra of the nanoparticle arrays and with the solution absorption spectrum of Ru(bpy)32+. The WS SERRES profile peak position depends on the relative spectral position of LSPR and the molecular resonance. Quasi-static electrodynamics modeling was applied to simulate the WS SERRES profiles, and the calculations are in agreement with the experimental results, demonstrating that the WS SERRES profiles involve multiplicative electromagnetic and resonance Raman enhancements.
A highly efficient adaptive digital predistortion amplifier for IMT-2000 base stations (2004)

We have developed the world's most compact, energy-efficient transmitter amplifier for IMT-2000 base station systems that uses an adaptive digital predistorter (DPD). The power efficiency is improved by reducing the output back-off (the margin from the saturation point) of power amplifiers and by suppressing the resulting increase in nonlinear distortion with the DPD. This method uses a predistortion technique that estimates the distortion characteristics of amplifiers by using the least mean square (LMS) algorithm, and it adds a complementary signal to the digital baseband signal with a reverse-characteristic of the distortion. The power amplifiers we have developed achieve twice the power efficiency of conventional types. In this paper, we describe the DPD equipment and the experimental results of a DPD transmitter prototype. Currently, IMT-2000 base station systems equipped with the DPD are being shipped worldwide.
Path-Normalized Optimization of Recurrent Neural Networks with ReLU\n Activations (2016)

We investigate the parameter-space geometry of recurrent neural networks\n(RNNs), and develop an adaptation of path-SGD optimization method, attuned to\nthis geometry, that can learn plain RNNs with ReLU activations. On several\ndatasets that require capturing long-term dependency structure, we show that\npath-SGD can significantly improve trainability of ReLU RNNs compared to RNNs\ntrained with SGD, even with various recently suggested initialization schemes.\n
Lymphedema and Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis (2013)

Lymphedema is a disorder of the lymphatic vascular system characterized by impaired lymphatic return and swelling of the extremities. Lymphedema is divided into primary and secondary forms based on the underlying etiology. Despite substantial advances in both surgical and conservative techniques, therapeutic options for the management of lymphedema are limited. Although rarely lethal, lymphedema is a disfiguring and disabling condition with an associated decrease in the quality of life. The recent impressive expansion of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms governing lymphangiogenesis provides new possibilities for the treatment of lymphedema. This review highlights the lymphatic biology, the pathophysiology of lymphedema, and the therapeutic lymphangiogenesis using hepatocyte growth factor.
Control of a Helicopter Main Gearbox Active Suspension System (2014)

This paper considers the control of a helicopter gearbox electromagnetic suspension for a complete multibody model of the structure. As the new generation of helicopters includes variable engine RPM during flight, it becomes relevant to add active control in their suspension systems. Most of active system performances derive directly from the controller construction, its optimization to the system controlled and the disturbances expected. An investigation on a FXLMS control algorithm has been made to optimize it in terms of narrow band disturbance rejection. In this paper an active suspension based on DAVI principle is evaluated. Firstly, a multibody model is set up to estimate realistic acceleration levels inside the cabin. Then multiple controllers are tested, minimizing vibrations on different parts of the helicopter structure. The simulations tend to prove that it is possible to implement an effective active suspension with a low power actuator and obtain a significant vibration reduction level for a frequency bandwidth centered at the natural frequency of the original DAVI.
Dense arrays of microscopic optical vortex generators from femtosecond direct laser writing of radial birefringence in glass (2012)

We report on the generation of permanent singular light mode converters at the microscale using femtosecond direct laser writing in photo-thermo-refractive glass. It relies on the irreversible light-induced radial birefringence in the bulk of the material. The ability of such birefringence pattern to convert the spin angular momentum of light into orbital optical angular momentum is exploited to demonstrate the production of large arrays of optical vortex generators with surface densities up to 104cm-2.
Localization of hepatitis B surface antigen epitopes present on variants and specifically recognised by anti‐hepatitis B surface antigen monoclonal antibodies (2001)

Small hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is considered to be the best marker for the diagnosis of Hepatitis B virus infection. However, HBsAg variants with mutations within the "a" determinant may be poorly or not detected by diagnostic assays. Three anti-HBsAg monoclonal antibodies (6H6B6, 27E7F10, and 2G2G10), directed against conformational epitopes, were tested for their ability to detect the wild-type HBsAg as well as variant forms and their respective epitopes were localised on the HBsAg sequence by using the phage-displayed peptide library technology. Whereas 6H6B6 did not detect mutations T123N, S143L, D144A and G145R, 27E7F10 binding was affected by mutations P120T and G145R. In contrast, 2G2G10 reacted strongly with all tested variants including variant with the G145R mutation. Part of the 6H6B6 epitope was located in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) at residues 101-105, the 27E7F10 epitope (residues 214-219) was located near the C-terminal end of the antigen and the 2G2G10 epitope at residues 199-208, within the theoretical fourth transmembrane helix. The 2G2G10 epitope localisation brings information about the HBsAg structure and the validity of established topological models. Finally, 2G2G10 is a valuable tool for HBsAg variant detection that is used as capture phase in a new bioMérieux diagnostic assay, which is currently in development.
17.9 A 0.6V 70MHz 4<sup>th</sup>-order continuous-time Butterworth filter with 55.8dB SNR, 60dB THD at &#x002B;2.8dBm output signal power (2014)

Technology scaling is leading to supply voltage reduction and shrinking voltage headroom, making it very challenging for analog circuits to achieve high signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratios (SNDRs). For example, at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> ≤ 0.6V, the peak signal swing is 30% of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> in [1]-[3]. Since timing accuracy is improving in nanoscale CMOS, techniques have been proposed representing analog information in the time or phase domain. However, the linearity of the transformation between time or phase domain and the voltage or current domain remains a bottleneck at low supply voltages. In [2], ring-oscillator based integrators replace conventional OTA-based integrators, but the output signal swing is still limited to 30% of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dd</sub> by the voltage headroom of the charge pump, which performs phase-to-voltage conversion. We propose switched-mode signal processing where analog information is represented in terms of pulse widths at the amplifier output stage, which can be replaced with power-efficient rail-to-rail class-D stages, thus producing switched-mode operational amplifiers (SMOAs). We present a 0.6V 70MHz 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -order continuous-time Butterworth filter designed with SMOAs that achieves a dynamic range of 58dB, an SNR of 55.8dB and a THD of 60dB at +2.8dBm output signal power, while dissipating 26.2mW.
Traveltime Computation Using a High-order Fast-sweeping-based Eikonal Solver for 3D Tilted TI Media (2017)

Summary Accurate and efficient calculation of traveltimes in heterogeneous three-dimensional (3D) media with tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) assumptions is essential for processing and imaging using seismic data in many realistic geological scenarios. Such accuracy depends on correctness of the anisotropic velocity model as well as the numerical method for computing traveltimes. In this work, we developed a high-order fast-sweeping eikonal solver for 3D TTI media toward this end. We have compared traveltimes computed using this algorithm with results from a layer-based anisotropic two-point ray tracer. A good match between the results from both algorithms verifies the accuracy of this eikonal solver even when chosen grid sizes are not small. This eikonal solver can be incorporated into imaging and inversion applications for obtaining better images and parameter estimations.
Ni3Fe‐N Doped Carbon Sheets as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Air Cathodes (2016)

A promising bifunctional electrocatalyst is reported for air cathodes consisting of Ni 3 Fe nanoparticles embedded in porous nitrogen‐doped carbon sheets (Ni 3 Fe/N‐C sheets) by a facile and effective pyrolysis‐based route with sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals as a template. The Ni 3 Fe/N‐C sheets show excellent catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability toward both the oxygen‐reduction and oxygen‐evolution reactions (ORR and OER). They are shown to provide a superior, low‐cost cathode for a rechargeable Zn‐air battery. At a discharge–charge current density of 10 mA cm −2 , the Ni 3 Fe/N‐C sheets enable a Zn–air battery to cycle steadily up to 420 h with only a small increase in the round‐trip overpotential, outperforming the more costly Pt/C + IrO 2 mixture catalyst (160 h). With the simplicity and scalability of the synthetic approach and its remarkable bifunctional electrocatalytic performance, the Ni 3 Fe/N‐C sheets offer a promising rechargeable air cathode operating at room temperature in an alkaline electrolyte.
Enantioselective Catalytic Intramolecular Cyclopropanation using Modified Cinchona Alkaloid Organocatalysts (2006)

A mechanism-guided design process was used to develop cinchona alkaloids that are substituted at the C2′ position of the quinoline moiety. These compounds prove to be excellent organocatalysts for an enantioselective intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602129_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multigroup Multicast Beamforming and Antenna Selection with Rate-Splitting in Multicell Systems (2018)

This paper studies energy-efficient joint coordinated beamforming and antenna selection in multi-cell multi-user multigroup multicast multiple-input single-output systems. We focus on interference-limited scenarios, e.g., when the number of radio frequency (RF) chains is of the same order as the number of multicasting groups. To tackle the interference, we exploit rate-splitting to divide the group messages into common and group-specific sub-messages. We propose a per-cell rate-splitting approach, where the common message is locally designed to be decoded by the in-cell users, while treated as noise by the out-cell users. We consider the case where the number of RF chains is smaller than that of antennas, and consider a switching architecture, that is, the antenna selection is employed to choose the best antennas for transmission. Numerical results illustrate the potential of the proposed approach to significantly improve the energy efficiency in the interference-limited regime.