gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamental material aspects of thermal-mechanical-electrical reliability of low-k dielectric materials and Cu interconnects (2014)

Due to significantly reduced material properties relative to Si02, low-k dielectric materials present considerable thermal, mechanical, and electrical reliability concerns when integrated as the interlayer dielectric in Cu interconnect structures. The complex chemical structure and presenceofnanoporosityinlow-kmaterialsalsopresentsignificantchallenges in the fabrication and characterization of nano-patterned metal interconnects. In this address, these challenges and their origin will be briefly reviewed and recent progress in understanding the structure-property relationships in lowk dielectric materials will be presented along with new advances in materials metrologies that enable the characterization and failure analysis of low-k materials and Cu interconnects at the nanometer scale. Specific topics likely to be covered will include: photoelectron and electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements to map the band alignment (i.e. "band diagram) and presence of defect states in low-k/Cu interconnects, nano-scale AFM based FTIR measurements to elucidate the chemical structure of nano-patterned low-k materials; and optical and AFM based measurements to deduce the mechanical properties of nanometer scale thin films and metal interconnect structures. It will be demonstrated that these techniques, when combined with constraint and bond rigidity percolations theories, can enable a greater understanding of the structure-property relationships in low-k materials that should enable a more rational design of future ultra low-k materials for metal interconnects with improved reliability.
Evolving Intelligent Systems: Methods, Learning, &amp; Applications (2006)

The basic concept, formulation, background, and a panoramic view over the recent research results and open problems in the newly emerging area of Evolving Intelligent Systems are summarized in this short communication. Intelligent systems can be defined as systems that incorporate some form of reasoning that is typical for humans. Fuzzy Systems are well known for being able to formalize human knowledge that still separates humans from machines. Artificial Neural Networks have proven to be a useful form of parallel processing of information that employs principles from the organization of the brain. Finally, the evolution is a phenomenon that was initially used to solve optimization problems inspired by the progress in Genetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Computing, and Genetic Programming. These types of evolutionary algorithms are mimicking the natural selection that takes place in populations of living creatures over generations. More recently, the evolution of individual systems within their life-span (self-organization, learning through experience, and self-developing) has attracted attention. These systems called `evolving' came as a result of the research on practical intelligent systems and on-line learning algorithms that are capable of extracting knowledge from data and performing a higher level adaptation of model structure as well as model parameters. Evolving systems can also be considered an extension of the multi-model concept known from the control theory, and of the on-line identification of fuzzy rule-based models. They can also be regarded as an extension of the methods for on-line learning neural networks with flexible structure that can grow and shrink.
Interlaboratory Study for Characterizing Monoclonal Antibodies by Top-Down and Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry (2020)

The Consortium for Top-Down Proteomics (www.topdownproteomics.org) launched the present study to assess the current state of top-down mass spectrometry (TD MS) and middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) for characterizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) primary structures, including their modifications. To meet the needs of the rapidly growing therapeutic antibody market, it is important to develop analytical strategies to characterize the heterogeneity of a therapeutic product's primary structure accurately and reproducibly. The major objective of the present study is to determine whether current TD/MD MS technologies and protocols can add value to the more commonly employed bottom-up (BU) approaches with regard to confirming protein integrity, sequencing variable domains, avoiding artifacts, and revealing modifications and their locations. We also aim to gather information on the common TD/MD MS methods and practices in the field. A panel of three mAbs was selected and centrally provided to 20 laboratories worldwide for the analysis: Sigma mAb standard (SiLuLite), NIST mAb standard, and the therapeutic mAb Herceptin (trastuzumab). Various MS instrument platforms and ion dissociation techniques were employed. The present study confirms that TD/MD MS tools are available in laboratories worldwide and provide complementary information to the BU approach that can be crucial for comprehensive mAb characterization. The current limitations, as well as possible solutions to overcome them, are also outlined. A primary limitation revealed by the results of the present study is that the expert knowledge in both experiment and data analysis is indispensable to practice TD/MD MS.
Femtosecond to Nanosecond Characterization of the excited- state properties of polymethine molecules (2004)

Saturation limits excited-state absorption (ESA) in many organic molecules. This was studied in polymethines using continuum spectroscopy to determine ESA spectra, two-color pump-probe anisotropy for transition dipole moment orientations, picosecond and nanosecond z- scans and nonlinear transmission measurements.
Paper 15: The Design of Tubular Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers for Optimum Mixing Performance (1968)

A method is presented for determining the ideal ratio of flame-tube diameter to air-casing diameter, and the optimum number and size of dilution holes, for the attainment of a well-mixed primary combustion zone and the most uniform distribution of exhaust gas temperature for tubular gas turbine combustion chambers. The method employs data accumulated from a series of experimental investigations carried out on the flow and mixing characteristics of cold air jets when injected into a hot gas stream. Graphs are included to facilitate the design procedure and to illustrate the relative importance to mixing performance of various factors such as overall pressure loss, airflow distribution and diffuser pressure loss coefficient.
3D printing of high performance cyanate ester thermoset polymers (2017)

We report 3D printing of a ‘pure’ thermal cure cyanate ester for the fabrication of robust 3D printed structures through the formulation, tailoring and post processing of a custom ‘ink’ for Direct Ink Writing.
“Perfect” designer chromosome V and behavior of a ring derivative (2017)

Perfect matching of an assembled physical sequence to a specified designed sequence is crucial to verify design principles in genome synthesis. We designed and de novo synthesized 536,024-base pair chromosome synV in the "Build-A-Genome China" course. We corrected an initial isolate of synV to perfectly match the designed sequence using integrative cotransformation and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated editing in 22 steps; synV strains exhibit high fitness under a variety of culture conditions, compared with that of wild-type V strains. A ring synV derivative was constructed, which is fully functional in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> under all conditions tested and exhibits lower spore viability during meiosis. Ring synV chromosome can extends Sc2.0 design principles and provides a model with which to study genomic rearrangement, ring chromosome evolution, and human ring chromosome disorders.
A possible explanation of intermediate frequency absorption/loss in polar liquids through a non-linear itinerant oscillator model (1988)

The itinerant oscillator (IO) model offers a useful theoretical explanation of the experimentally observed dielectric loss and power-absorption spectra of polar liquids in terms of motion on the molecular level. Most of the previous work on the IO assumes that the non-linear cosine potential which couples a molecule of the liquid to its surroundings can be approximated by the equivalent harmonic-oscillator potential, i.e. Cos theta approximately= theta . Such an assumption simplifies the subsequent analysis but ignores the inherent non-linearity of the potential. In this paper two different ways of including non-linearities into the existing framework of the model are described in brief and some theoretical loss spectra are compared with loss spectra of the linear model. The significance of the present work in the context of the findings of Gerschel et al. (1985) is also described.
Immunization by selective infection with type 4 adenovirus grown in human diploid tissue cultures. I. Safety and lack of oncogenicity and tests for potency in volunteers (1966)

Numerous studies have shown that adenovirus infection constitutes a major cause of acute febrile respiratory-tract disease in military recruits.<sup>1,2</sup>Most recruit adenovirus infections are produced by type 4 virus, and to a lesser extent by types 3 and 7 viruses. The impact of adenovirus infection on recruit populations is large in terms of high respiratory-tract disease morbidity, hospitalization, and costly disruption of military training.<sup>3</sup>For this reason there is an urgent need for effective immunoprophylaxis. The first experimental inactivated adenovirus vaccines prepared in monkey-kidney tissue culture were extremely effective in preventing adenovirus disease.<sup>4,5</sup>However, subsequent production lots of similar vaccines exhibited a variable degree of potency. In some instances very little protection was conferred.<sup>3</sup> In addition there has been considerable difficulty in producing adenovirus vaccines which are free of simian virus contamination. The most troublesome of the simian viruses has been simian virus 40 (SV 40).
Sparse Vector Coding for Ultra Short Packet Transmission (2018)

Massive machine type communications (mMTC) and mission-critical MTC are new service categories in 5G to support Internet of Things (IoT). MTC-based services, such as sensing, metering, and monitoring requires small volume of information in most cases. Since the current data transmission principle requires long codeblock to maximize the coding gain and hence novel transmission mechanism to support short packet transmission is required. In this paper, we propose a new type of data transmission scheme suitable for the ultra short packet transmission, called sparse vector coding (SVC). Key idea behind the proposed technique is to transmit the information after the sparse transformation. By mapping the information into the sparse vector and then transmitting it after the non-orthogonal random spreading, we cast the symbol detection problem into the sparse signal recovery problem in compressed sensing. Through performance analysis and simulations, we show that SVC is very effective in short packet transmissions.
Effects and New Applications of Pulsed Flow (2012)

Abstract Pulsed flow has been widely applied in the past for special applications as in jigging or sorting devices, extraction columns, and fluidized‐bed dryers. Recent developments and detailed examinations demonstrate several effects which can be achieved in pulsed operation modes. Here, low‐frequency oscillations are considered, providing a more or less uniform phase state along the flow. Secondary flow is induced at obstacles and can be widely controlled by pulsation parameters keeping the backmixing effect low, despite of high transversal mass or heat exchange intensification. At walls, lift forces on particles within the thin boundary layers are beneficial for keeping particles from building deposits on surfaces or on permeable membranes. Broken symmetry devices generate a directed flow even when operated by a harmonically pulsed fluid. At oscillating interfaces, a distinct secondary flow is observed, well‐suited to intensify mass transfer.
SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a directly interacts with human LFA-1 (2007)

The SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a is a type I membrane protein with an extracellular domain of 81 amino acid residues. It is described to be expressed during infection and to be a component of the virus particle surface. In this study, we demonstrate that protein 7a binds directly and specifically to human lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) on the cell surface of Jurkat cells. The binding is increased upon artificial cell activation with phorbol ester. These observations are confirmed by direct in vitro binding of recombinant protein 7a to the wild type and mutant K287C/K294C I domain showing that the I domain is the 7a binding site in the alpha(L) chain of LFA-1. Consequences of the LFA-1 interaction with 7a are discussed. In particular, our data suggest LFA-1 to be an attachment factor or the receptor for SARS-CoV on human leukocytes.
A Basic Research for the Development and Evaluation of Novel MEMS Digital Accelerometers (2013)

Abstract : This research program develops fundamental understandings necessary for producing novel MEMS/NEMS acceleromters that characterize impact motion with high-precision, high-redundancy, high-frequency-response, high reliability, and high manufacturing repeatability. The accelerometers developed in this research consume a small fraction of power as compared to conventional accelerometers, which makes them ideal choices for applications where available power is limited. This is achived through the design, fabrication,packaging, and testing of a novel high-g MEMS accelerometer. Cantilever beams corresponding to different acceleration levels of 20,000-40,000g are fabricated on low resistivity on (0.01 -cm) silicon on insulator wafers (SOI). The beams are fabricated in a 0.3 cm by 0.3 cm die which is then packaged and wire bonded in a ceramic package, which is then mechanically shocked for testing and evaluation. Due to the feasibility demonstrated in this research program, the novel accelerometers developed have strong potentials to be adapted in applications in the future.
BCL-XL AUGMENTS T CELL SURVIVAL IN THE ABSENCE OF COSTIMULATION AND BLOCKS IMMUNOSUPPRESSION WITH CTLA4IG (1998)

2 Bcl-xL, a member of the bcl-2 family of cell survival genes, is induced by T cell activation, and induction is prolonged and enhanced by CD28 costimulation. To study the role of bcl-xL induction in T cell survival, and in the events collectively known as costimulation, we used mice transgenic for Bcl-xL expressed on the T cell lineage (Grillot et al., J Exp Med, 183:381). Transgene-negative littermates served as controls. In vitro experiments were performed by stimulating unfractionated lymph node cells with anti-CD3 mAb. Proliferation was measured by labeling cells with the fluorescent dye CFSE and following fluorescence loss by flow cytometry (Wells et al., J Clin Invest, 100:3173), and viability was assessed simultaneously by exclusion of the vital dye TOPRO-3. In the presence of control Ig, both wild-type and Bcl-xL T cells exhibited a similar cell survival rate of 20-50%, with the highest levels of survival occurring in cells which had undergone the most rounds of mitosis. Unexpectedly, when CTLA4Ig was added to the cultures, cell survival was not affected in wild type cells, but was markedly increased to 70-90% in Bcl-xL T cells, an effect which was particularly marked in the CD8 subpopulation. These results suggested that Bcl-xL expression might provide a selective survival advantage in the absence of CD28/CTLA4 mediate signals, perhaps blocking Fas mediated cell death. This effect would not be observed in the absence of CTLA4Ig, in which case negative signals through CTLA4 itself could result in bcl-xL "resistant" cell death. To determine if improved survival of Bcl -xL T cells in absence of CD28/CTLA4 signals might affect the ability to immunosuppress these mice with CTLA4Ig we examined two immune response: contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and cardiac allograft rejection. While CTLA4Ig blocked CHS by 50-60% in wild type mice (p<0.01 compared with control Ig), it had no effect in Bcl-xL mice (n=5 mice per group). Similarly, neither CTLA4Ig nor anti-CD40L mAb could prolong cardiac allograft survival in Bcl-xL mice (median survival time 28 days), while either agent led to prolonged survival in wild-type mice (median survival >100 days). Together, these data suggest that induction of cell death by blocking induction of Bcl-xL is an important component of CTLA4Ig-mediated immunosuppression.
Smart hydrogel based microsensing platform for continuous glucose monitoring (2010)

In this paper, we present preliminary results showing the response of glucose-sensitive hydrogels, confined in micro-pressure sensors, to the changes in environmental glucose concentration. The glucose concentrations were incrementally varied between 20 and 0mM in 0.15M PBS solution at 7.4 pH and bovine serum at 7.4 pH at room temperature and response of the sensor was recorded. The micro sensors demonstrate a response time of 10 minutes in both PBS and serum. Tissue response after 55 days of subcutaneous implantation of a EtO sterilized sensor in mice is presented. The preliminary analysis of the surrounding tissue shows inflammation which is believed not to interfere with the sensor performance.
Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (1999)

These data strongly suggest that major differences in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor exist between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix. Therefore, at least some of the differences in the natural biologic behavior of these two histologic types of cervical cancer, including the propensity for earlier lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis as well as the lower response to radiation treatment, could be related to major differences in the secretion of this powerful angiogenic and immunosuppressive cytokine.
Effector mechanisms of the anti-cancer immune responses of macrophages in SR/CR mice. (2006)

SR/CR (spontaneous regression/complete resistance) mice resist multiple types of cancer cells injected at numbers that are lethal to wild type (WT) mice. When the anti-tumor response was examined, leukocytes of the innate immune system, including neutrophils (PMN), macrophages and NK cells, infiltrated the tumor site for a multipronged killing response. Each cell type had independent killing activity against the cancer cells. A second aspect of this multipronged response was that cancer cells could be killed either via necrosis in vivo or via apoptosis by purified macrophages. Lymphoid cells displayed perforin (pfp) and granzymes (gzm) as effector molecules, but macrophages produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secreted serine proteases to kill the cancer cells. However, SR/CR macrophages did not use the well-studied tumoricidal mechanism of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production. We previously demonstrated that macrophages tightly bound cancer cells in rosettes, and we show here that macrophages required contact with the target cells in order to unleash their cytotoxic mechanisms. Once SR/CR mice survived challenge with cancer cells, they produced antibodies that recognized the cancer cells. However, the antibodies were not required for killing by SR/CR macrophages through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and did not enable wild type macrophages to kill target cells. In summary, purified SR/CR macrophages killed cancer cells in a non-ADCC manner via apoptosis induced by ROS and serine proteases.
Combination of centralized &amp; decentralized database and terminal-based spectrum sensing for secondary spectrum access (2010)

In this paper, we have proposed the combination of a centralized & decentralized database and distributed spectrum sensing method for secondary spectrum access. The potential benefits of the proposed solution in a cellular scenario exploiting the TV White Space for opportunistic spectrum access have been outlined.
Design of experiments utilization to map the processing capabilities of a micro-spray dryer: particle design and throughput optimization in support of drug discovery (2012)

There has been a growing interest in amorphous solid dispersions for bioavailability enhancement in drug discovery. Spray drying, as shown in this study, is well suited to produce prototype amorphous dispersions in the Candidate Selection stage where drug supply is limited. This investigation mapped the processing window of a micro-spray dryer to achieve desired particle characteristics and optimize throughput/yield. Effects of processing variables on the properties of hypromellose acetate succinate were evaluated by a fractional factorial design of experiments. Parameters studied include solid loading, atomization, nozzle size, and spray rate. Response variables include particle size, morphology and yield. Unlike most other commercial small-scale spray dryers, the ProCepT was capable of producing particles with a relatively wide mean particle size, ca. 2-35 µm, allowing material properties to be tailored to support various applications. In addition, an optimized throughput of 35 g/hour with a yield of 75-95% was achieved, which affords to support studies from Lead-identification/Lead-optimization to early safety studies. A regression model was constructed to quantify the relationship between processing parameters and the response variables. The response surface curves provide a useful tool to design processing conditions, leading to a reduction in development time and drug usage to support drug discovery.
Intrachain Contact Dynamics in Unfolded Cytochrome cb562 (2013)

We have investigated intrachain contact dynamics in unfolded cytochrome cb562 by monitoring heme quenching of excited ruthenium photosensitizers covalently bound to residues along the polypeptide. Intrachain diffusion for chemically denatured proteins proceeds on the microsecond time scale with an upper limit of 0.1 μs. The rate constants exhibit a power-law dependence on the number of peptide bonds between the heme and Ru complex. The power-law exponent of -1.5 is consistent with theoretical models for freely jointed Gaussian chains, but its magnitude is smaller than that reported for several synthetic polypeptides. Contact formation within a stable loop was examined in a His63-heme ligated form of the protein under denaturing conditions. Loop formation accelerated contact kinetics for the Ru66 labeling site, owing to reduction in the length of the peptide separating redox sites. For other labeling sites within the stable loop, quenching rates were modestly reduced compared to the open chain polymer.
Probabilistic transformation of temporal information at individual synapses (2004)

The temporal structure of synaptic activation is critical to the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity. Experimentally, action potentials in presynaptic axons are reliably triggered by electric stimulation. The frequency of presynaptic input is the same as the stimulation frequency and is defined here as "input frequency". Upon arrival of presynaptic action potentials, transmitter release at individual synapses is probabilistic. We define the average frequency of transmitter release at individual synapses as "release frequency". Computer modeling has been widely used to simulate the input frequency-dependent elevation of calcium in dendritic spines, which is believed to trigger the induction of synaptic plasticity. In these models, input frequency has been used indiscriminately as release frequency to simulate synaptic events. Here, using both empirical and theoretical methods, we demonstrated that the release frequency is significantly smaller than the input frequency due to the probabilistic nature of transmitter release. We propose that this temporal transformation be taken into account in future synaptic plasticity models.