gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Human interface to large multimedia databases</title> (1994)

The emergence of high-speed networking for multimedia will have the effect of turning the computer screen into a window on a very large information space. As this information space increases in size and complexity, providing users with easy and intuitive means of accessing information will become increasingly important. Providing access to large amounts of text has been the focus of work for hundreds of years and has resulted in the evolution of a set of standards, from the Dewey Decimal System for libraries to the recently proposed ANSI standards for representing information on-line: KIF, Knowledge Interchange Format, and CG's, Conceptual Graphs. Certain problems remain unsolved by these efforts, though: how to let users know the contents of the information space, so that they know whether or not they want to search it in the first place, how to facilitate browsing, and, more specifically, how to facilitate visual browsing. These issues are particularly important for users in educational contexts and have been the focus of much of our recent work. In this paper we discuss some of the solutions we have prototypes: specifically, visual means, visual browsers, and visual definitional sequences.
Authors' Reply to “Comments on 'Thermooptical Sensitivity Analysis of Highly Birefringent Polarimetric Sensing Photonic Crystal Fibers With Elliptically Elongated Veins'” (2007)

For original paper see N. J. Florous et al., ibid., vol.18, no.15, p.1663 (2006) and for comment see M. Antkowiak and R. Kotynski, ibid., vol.19, no.10, p.795 (2007). Florous et al. presented calculations of thermal sensitivity of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with elliptical holes. In their Comment Antkowiak and Kotynski compared these results with those obtained by them previously. They also included improved calculations of the thermooptics effect contribution to the polarimetric sensitivity of PCF and, on this basis, presented a critical analysis of the calculations given in both papers. Florous et al. reply to the comments regarding the thermooptical sensitivity calculations in birefringent photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). They address the major scientific differences in the propagation characteristics of the proposed PCFs between their original letter and the comments
The MUC5B rs35705950 Allele Associates with Increased Honeycombing Risk in Individuals of Diverse Ancestry with Pulmonary Fibrosis (2021)

Background:Radiologic honeycombing (HC), a form of pulmonary fibrosis (PF), is common in interstitial lung disease (ILD), has a devastating effect on survival, and is strongly associated with the gain-of-function MUC5B promoter polymorphism rs35705950. The majority of genetic association studies to date lack the inclusion of diverse ancestries and the studies support that the risk allele is extremely rare in healthy subjects of African ancestry, unlike in European and Hispanic populations. Given this population stratification, it is currently unknown whether the MUC5B variant confers similar risk for HC across patients of different ancestral groups. We sought to determine the relationship between the MUC5B promoter polymorphism and HC across patients with PF of diverse ancestry. Methods:Patients in the University of Chicago ILD registry were genotyped for rs35705950 and compared across ancestry strata substratified by age-group and PF subtypes. Generalized linear models with maximum-likelihood estimation were fitted to assess the risk of HC based on the presence of the MUC5B risk variant. Results:In total, 364 subjects with ILD were included in this analysis (IPF, n=132; IPAF, n=57; CTD-ILD, n=90; CHP, n=32; unclassifiable ILD, n=44; and other ILD subtypes, n=9). The frequency of patients carrying the MUC5B risk variant was high across all racial groups (European, 115/273, 42%; African, 21/64, 33%; Hispanic, 5/17, 29%; East Asian, 4/10, 40%; P=0.443) and these patients had a greater prevalence of HC fibrosis compared to those without the MUC5B risk variant (82.8% vs. 43.8%;P<0.0001). Increasing age at ILD diagnosis was associated with a higher risk allele frequency (P<0.0001; Fig. Carrying the MUC5B risk allele did not predict radiologic reticulation (P=0.216) or traction bronchiectasis (P=0.239). However, the MUC5B risk allele strongly predicted HC in patients with ILD either of African ancestry (OR=10.4, 95%CI=2.1-51.5;P=0.004) or European ancestry (OR=6.7, 95%CI=3.8-12.1;P<0.001). These results remained consistent in the subpopulation without IPF (African ancestry OR=6.2; 95%CI=1.5-25.2;P=0.011, and European ancestry OR=4.1; 95%CI=1.9-8.7; P<0.001). When assessing the subset with the MUC5B risk allele, HC was similarly increased in patients with ILD either of African ancestry (86% vs. 46%; P=0.003) or European ancestry (83% vs. 42%;P<0.001; Fig. Conclusion:The risk allele at the MUC5B promoter is common in ILD and uniformly confers increased risk for HC across patients with PF of diverse ancestry. Future studies are needed to determine whether the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this association are identical across ancestry groups and similarly influenced by anti-fibrotic therapy.
Lag time to adverse events after radical prostatectomy and curative radiotherapy. (2015)

49 Background: Men who are curatively treated with radiotherapy (RT) or radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer have long life expectancy but data on long term complications to treatment are scarce. Methods: In the nationwide, population-based Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe), we identified men who underwent RT or RP between 1997 and 2012. Date of radiotherapy and dose of radiation were reassessed in an audit. For each case five controls from the background population, matched for age and county of residence, had been identified. The National Patient Register was used to identify diagnoses and surgical procedures indicating a complication to treatment, such as urinary incontinence, lower urinary tract symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms, up to twelve years after treatment. The incidence rate ratio of complications for men who received RT and RP relative to their matched controls was calculated and relative risks (RR) were calculated for RT vs RP adjusted for treatment year, age, Charlson comorbidity index, educational level, PSA-level, clinical T stage and biopsy Gleason score. Results: In total, 37,420 men met the study criteria, of whom 12,534 had undergone RT and 24,886 had undergone RP. There were 186,624 matched controls. The risk of receiving any of the analyzed diagnoses or surgeries at 12 years after treatment was higher after RT; RT vs RP RR 1.20 (95%CI 1.08-1.34) and RT vs RP RR 1.49, (95% CI 1.36-1.64) for the diagnoses and surgical procedures respectively. At 3 years the risk of receiving any of the analyzed diagnoses was comparable between the treatments; RT vs RP RR 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.16) but the risk of undergoing any of the analyzed surgical procedures remained higher after RT during the entire study period. Men who underwent RP had a higher risk of being diagnosed or treated for urinary incontinence; RT vs RP RR 0.09 (95% CI 0.04-0.19) and RR 0.04 (95% CI 0.01-0.11) for the selected diagnoses and surgical procedures respectively. Conclusions: Complications after RP mostly occurred within the first 3 years after surgery whereas complications after RT were more frequent at a later date after treatment.
Genetic Differences between Five European Populations (2010)

Our analysis demonstrates that many SNPs show genome-wide significant differences within European populations and the magnitude of the differences correlate with the geographical distance. At least some of these differences are due to the selective advantage of polymorphisms within these loci.
DeltaNp63alpha and TAp63alpha regulate transcription of genes with distinct biological functions in cancer and development. (2003)

The p63 gene shows remarkable structural similarity to the p53 and p73 genes. Because of two promoters, the p63 gene generates two types of protein isoforms, TAp63 and DeltaNp63. Each type yields three isotypes (alpha, beta, gamma) because of differential splicing of the p63 COOH terminus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a functional link between the distinct p63 isotypes in their transcriptional regulation of downstream targets and their role in various cellular functions. TAp63alpha and DeltaNp63alpha adenovirus expression vectors were introduced into Saos2 cells for 4 and 24 h, and then gene profiling was performed using a DNA microarray chip analysis. Seventy-four genes (>2-fold change in expression) were identified that overlapped between two independent studies. Thirty-five genes were selected for direct expression testing of which 27 were confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR or Northern blot analysis. A survey of these genes shows that p63 can regulate a wide range of downstream gene targets with various cellular functions, including cell cycle control, stress, and signal transduction. Our study thus revealed p63 transcriptional regulation of many genes in cancer and development while often demonstrating opposing regulatory functions for TAp63alpha and DeltaNp63alpha.
10 Mrpm spinning ball motor: Preparing the next generation of ultra-high speed drive systems (2010)

This paper presents conceptual ideas for an ultra-high speed spinning ball motor with a target speed in the range of several tens of million rotations per minute. The research should prepare the next generation of ultrahigh speed motors. The focus of this work is to investigate physical limitations and discuss feasible concepts for the realization of such drive systems. One major issue is the analysis of the mechanical stresses occurring in the rotor during centrifugal rotation with focus on the rotor shape by using 3D FEM simulation tools. Furthermore, magnetic levitation concepts for a friction-less bearing system are presented and discussed. Two alternative concepts for the position sensing system, which is necessary for detecting the rotor position for the magnetic bearing, are presented and compared. Finally, a first motor prototype is presented to offer basic behavioral insights into the system and its stability.
Polarity‐Directed One‐Pot Asymmetric Cascade Reactions Mediated by Two Catalysts in an Aqueous Buffer (2009)

Die Polarität ist es, die den Unterschied zwischen Substraten mit sonst fast identischer chemischer Reaktivität macht. Eine Eintopf-Kaskadenreaktion von Nitromethan und zwei aliphatischen Aldehyden ähnlicher Reaktivitäten wurde entwickelt (siehe Schema). Die Verwendung eines zweiphasigen Reaktionsmediums mit zwei verschiedenen organischen Katalysatoren führte zur hochselektiven Bildung eines einzigen von vier möglichen Produkten. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Genome-wide association analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma identifies pleiotropic risk loci (2017)

B-cell malignancies (BCM) originate from the same cell of origin, but at different maturation stages and have distinct clinical phenotypes. Although genetic risk variants for individual BCMs have been identified, an agnostic, genome-wide search for shared genetic susceptibility has not been performed. We explored genome-wide association studies of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL, N = 1,842), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, N = 1,465) and multiple myeloma (MM, N = 3,790). We identified a novel pleiotropic risk locus at 3q22.2 (NCK1, rs11715604, P = 1.60 × 10<sup>-9</sup>) with opposing effects between CLL (P = 1.97 × 10<sup>-8</sup>) and HL (P = 3.31 × 10<sup>-3</sup>). Eight established non-HLA risk loci showed pleiotropic associations. Within the HLA region, Ser37 + Phe37 in HLA-DRB1 (P = 1.84 × 10<sup>-12</sup>) was associated with increased CLL and HL risk (P = 4.68 × 10<sup>-12</sup>), and reduced MM risk (P = 1.12 × 10<sup>-2</sup>), and Gly70 in HLA-DQB1 (P = 3.15 × 10<sup>-10</sup>) showed opposing effects between CLL (P = 3.52 × 10<sup>-3</sup>) and HL (P = 3.41 × 10<sup>-9</sup>). By integrating eQTL, Hi-C and ChIP-seq data, we show that the pleiotropic risk loci are enriched for B-cell regulatory elements, as well as an over-representation of binding of key B-cell transcription factors. These data identify shared biological pathways influencing the development of CLL, HL and MM. The identification of these risk loci furthers our understanding of the aetiological basis of BCMs.
OS0110 Ellipsometoric measurement of paticle-spiked wafer surfaces (2016)

In the chemical mechanical polishing step in semiconductor manufacturing process is a problem that the detection of residual contaminant particles on the substrate surface. Light scattering method using a laser for detection of contaminating residual particles are used. However, since the separation of micro-roughness and residual contaminant particles has become difficult for the light scattering method, we have focused on a spectroscopic ellipsometer. Spectroscopic ellipsometer is capable of non-contact, non-destructive, high-speed measurement. Also, it is possible to measure the structure of a very thin surface layer of the sub-nm. In the present study attempts to detection of a substrate on the nanoparticles by ellipsometry, we examined the usefulness of this technique.
On MIMO Channel Capacity with Output Quantization Constraints (2018)

The capacity of a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in which the antenna outputs are processed by an analog linear combining network and quantized by a set of threshold quantizers is studied. The linear combining weights and quantization thresholds are selected from a set of possible configurations as a function of the channel matrix. The possible configurations of the combining network model specific analog receiver architectures, such as single antenna selection, sign quantization of the antenna outputs or linear processing of the outputs. An interesting connection between the capacity of this channel and a constrained sphere packing problem in which unit spheres are packed in a hyperplane arrangement is shown. From a high-level perspective, this follows from the fact that each threshold quantizer can be viewed as a hyperplane partitioning the transmitter signal space. Accordingly, the output of the set of quantizers corresponds to the possible regions induced by the hyperplane arrangement corresponding to the channel realization and receiver configuration. This connection provides a number of important insights into the design of quantization architectures for MIMO receivers; for instance, it shows that for a given number of quantizers, choosing configurations which induce a larger number of partitions can lead to higher rates.
Photodynamic therapy stimulates anti-tumor immune response in mouse models: the role of regulatory Tcells, anti-tumor antibodies, and immune attacks on brain metastases (2013)

We have previously shown that photodynamic therapy mediated by a vascular regimen of benzoporphyrin derivative and 690nm light is capable of inducing a robust immune response in the mouse CT26.CL25 tumor model that contains a tumor-rejection antigen, beta-galactosidase (β-gal). For the first time we show that PDT can stimulate the production of serum IgG antibodies against the β-gal antigen. It is known that a common cause of death from cancer, particularly lung cancer, is brain metastases; especially the inoperable ones that do not respond to traditional cytotoxic therapies either. We asked whether PDT of a primary tumor could stimulate immune response that could attack the distant brain metastases. We have developed a mouse model of generating brain metastases by injecting CT26.CL25 tumor cells into the brain as well as injecting the same cancer cells under the skin at the same time. When the subcutaneous tumor was treated with PDT, we observed a survival advantage compared to mice that had untreated brain metastases alone.
Validation of tumour models for use in anticancer nanomedicine evaluation: the EPR effect and cathepsin B-mediated drug release rate (2013)

Marked heterogeneity was seen in terms of EPR effect and Dox release rate, underlining the need to carefully calibrate tumour models used to benchmark nanomedicines against known relevant standard agents and for optimal development of strategies for late pre-clinical and clinical development.
An Experimental Approach to Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks with Off-the-Shelf IEEE 802.11 Devices (2007)

Spectrum sensing is essential to the realization of spectrum agility in cognitive radio (CR) networks. Although fundamental tradeoffs and theoretical limits associated with spectrum sensing have been studied extensively, there have been very few experimental studies focused on building a spectrum &amp;quot;sensor&amp;quot; with commercial off-the-shelf devices. We have therefore built a prototype of CR-based sensor implementation with off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11 devices. 1 In particular, we have explored issues in implementing a spectrum sensor, mostly at the MAC layer, as well as the difficulty in implanting sensing functions into industrial network interfaces. Our experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of building a spectrum sensor and the construction of an incumbent-detection mechanism with off-the-shelf devices. We have also identified technical difficulties, such as device-dependency in determining the detection threshold, in-band signal jamming between secondary devices, and adjacent channel interference due to out-of-band signal emission. This experimental experience has led us to suggest a sensor design guideline for commercial wireless interfaces which can also facilitate other CR-related research.
Block Copolymer Self-Diffusion in the Gyroid and Cylinder Morphologies (1998)

Forced Rayleigh scattering (FRS) and pulsed-field-gradient NMR have been used to measure the self-diffusion coefficient, D, of a poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(ethylethylene) diblock copolymer in the molten state. The copolymer contains 42% PEO by volume and has a total molecular weight of 4100 g/mol. Upon heating from room temperature the sample transforms from crystalline lamellae to hexagonal cylinders, and then to a bicontinuous cubic “gyroid” phase (with Ia3̄d space group symmetry), before finally disordering at 175 °C. FRS measurements were performed in the gyroid and cylinder phases, and NMR measurements in the gyroid and disordered states. Cylinder samples both with and without shear alignment were employed. A hysteresis loop permitted measurements of D in both cylinder and gyroid phases at the same temperature (60 °C). FRS decays from cylindrical samples were described by a sum of two exponentials. For the aligned samples, values of the diffusivity along (Dpar) and across (Dperp) the cylinders were extracted; the mobility along the cylinders was approximately 2 orders of magnitude larger. This is consistent with the estimated enthalpic penalty for withdrawing the minor block from the cylindrical microdomain. FRS decays from the gyroid phase were consistently single exponential and gave a diffusivity consistent with Dpar in the cylinders, reduced by the tortuosity of the gyroid network. The FRS and NMR results agreed very well, and the mobility varied smoothly with temperature through the order−disorder transition. However, the magnitude of the copolymer mobility was significantly lower than that of either constituent homopolymer or of two other disordered PEO−PEE diblocks, even after accounting for differences in molecular weight. This is tentatively attributed to the onset of entanglement effects.
Investigation of performance limiting factors of sub-10nm III-V FinFETs (2015)

As scaling of transistor continues, there is strong impetus to replace Si with attractive alternate channel materials like InGaAs that would provide high on-current at low voltages. However, many key technology issues need to be addressed and in this paper, we present a rigorous investigation into the performance limiting factors of III-V FinFETs using a 3D Monte-Carlo simulation methodology.
Micromachining of Transparent Materials with Fresnel Diffraction of Infrared Radiation (2010)

A simple and productive micromachining method of a silica glass using a TEA (transversely excited atmospheric) CO 2 laser (10.6 m) was investigated. A copper grid mask with a thickness of 2 m, square apertures of 2020 m was attached to the silica glass surface, and it was irradiated by the TEA CO 2 laser light. As a result, circular holes were formed on the silica glass surface at the center of each aperture in a spatial resolution down to the sub-wavelength scale. The minimum diameter of the hole was less than 3 m, which is less than one third of the wavelength of the TEA CO 2 laser. A depth of the holes ranging from 100 nm to 600 nm could be micromachined on silica glass surface. The mechanism of the micromachining was discussed based on electric field distributions of the CO 2 laser light by a 3D full-wave electromagnetic field simulation solver. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. It was found that the micromachining of the circular holes were caused by Fresnel diffraction of the CO 2 laser light at the apertures.
Localization of remote odor sources by metal-oxide gas sensors in turbulent plumes (2010)

Numerous applications reported in the sensors literature have established metal-oxide gas sensors as effective devices for detecting and quantifying a broad range of chemical events. A critical question that could substantially expand their usage is the following: can they characterize the spatio-temporal stimulus characteristics for predicting the source location? We show that commercially-available metal-oxide sensors have a high enough temporal resolution for such a characterization. By selecting proper features of the sensor response and by maintaining a representative response database recorded from known locations in similar plumes, simple short-time measurements can accurately predict the displacement from the source to the sensing location. A key advantage of such a prediction scheme is its achieving the localization remotely and without a navigation within the plume.
Supplementary Figure 1 from <i>In vivo</i> Administration of Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells Activates Low-Avidity T Cells for Treatment of Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Administration of Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells Activates Low-Avidity T Cells for Treatment of Cancer