gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A simple polystyrene microfluidic device for sensitive and accurate SERS-based detection of infection by malaria parasites (2023)

Early and accurate detection of infection by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is critical for clinical diagnosis and ultimately determines the patient's outcome. We have combined a polystyrene-based microfluidic device with an immunoassay which utilises Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) to detect malaria. The method can be easily translated to a point-of-care testing format and shows excellent sensitivity and specificity, when compared to the gold standard for laboratorial detection of Plasmodium infections. The device can be fabricated in less than 30 min by direct patterning on shrinkable polystyrene sheets of adaptable three-dimensional microfluidic chips. To validate the microfluidic system, samples of <i>P. falciparum</i>-infected red blood cell cultures were used. The SERS-based immunoassay enabled the detection of 0.0012 ± 0.0001% parasitaemia in a <i>P. falciparum</i>-infected red blood cell culture supernatant, an ∼7-fold higher sensitivity than that attained by most rapid diagnostic tests. Our approach successfully overcomes the main challenges of the current <i>Plasmodium</i> detection methods, including increased reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity. Furthermore, our system can be easily adapted for detection of other pathogens and has excellent properties for early diagnosis of infectious diseases, a decisive step towards lowering their high burden on healthcare systems worldwide.
Three-dimensional control of optical waveguide fabrication in silicon (2008)

In this paper, we report a direct-write technique for three-dimensional control of waveguide fabrication in silicon. Here, a focused beam of 250 keV protons is used to selectively slow down the rate of porous silicon formation during subsequent anodization, producing a silicon core surrounded by porous silicon cladding. The etch rate is found to depend on the irradiated dose, increasing the size of the core from 2.5 microm to 3.5 microm in width, and from 1.5 microm to 2.6 microm in height by increasing the dose by an order of magnitude. This ability to accurately control the waveguide profile with the ion dose at high spatial resolution provides a means of producing three-dimensional silicon waveguide tapers. Propagation losses of 6.7 dB/cm for TE and 6.8 dB/cm for TM polarization were measured in linear waveguides at the wavelength of 1550 nm.
The effects of background illumination on the photoresponses of red and green cones. (1979)

1. The photoresponses of light- and dark-adapted red and green cone photoreceptors were recorded intracellularly in the retina of the turtle, Pseduemys scripta elegans. Background illumination produced similar effects on both types of cones. 2. In response to the onset of a prolonged, steady background illumination the cone initially hyperpolarized to a peak which then sagged back to a steady-state polarization that was typically about one half the initial peak amplitude. This sag was observed for all backgrounds studied (dim as well as bright). 3. A resensitization was observed concomitantly with this sag; both the maximum increment and decrement responses grew in amplitude as light-adaptation proceeded. After about 2--3 min of background illumination, the amplitudes of these responses stabilized. 4. The dark-adapted cone produced graded responses to test pulses over a range of intensities spanning about 3.5 log units. The amplitudes of these responses were well fit by the relationship V = I.Vm/(I + sigma). 5. After 2--3 min of background illumination, 500 msec test pulses either brighter or dimmer than the background intensity were substituted for the background. The light-adapted intensity-response curves constructed from this data were similar to the dark-adapted curve but were shifted horizontally and slightly vertically, so that they still spanned about 3.5 log units of intensity. Thus, in the light-adapted cone, graded responses were elicited by a range of bright test pulses which would have produced saturated responses when delivered to the dark-adapted cone. 6. The 'off response' observed at the offset of the background became faster as the background intensity was increased. It also became faster with time following the onset of any particular background intensity. 7. It was concluded that cone sensitivity during any state of light-adaptation is determined by two mechanisms; response compression resulting from the instantaneous non-linearity between 'internal transmitter' concentration and membrane potential and a more active 'cellular adaptation' mechanism which is manifest as a shift in the intensity-response curve. In the steady-state condition of light-adaptation, most of the sensitivity changes are a result of the cellular adaptation mechanism. 8. Photopigment bleaching caused by the backgrounds, negative feed-back from horizontal cells and voltage dependent mechanisms in the cones could not account for this cellular adaptation. These effects of background illumination were interpreted in terms of the 'internal transmitter' hypothesis of phototransduction.
Intumescent Polymer Metal Laminates (PML): new concept for fire protection? (2018)

National audience
Evaluation of diffusion measurements reveals radial diffusivity indicative of microstructural damage following acute, mild traumatic brain injury (2020)

Our results revealed the importance of a diffusion measurement often overlooked, D<sub>radial</sub>, in assessing TBI and suggest differentiating diffusion measurements has the potential utility to detect variations in the underlying pathophysiology after injury.
(Plenary) The Revival of Compound Semiconductors and How They Will Change the World in a 5G/6G Era (2020)

Compound semiconductor devices have always intrigued the semiconductor industry due to their high intrinsic mobilities and the heterostructure engineering enabled by those materials. While CMOS has been the vehicle pushing the industry to ever smaller devices, better performance and of course reduced cost, the unique properties of compound semiconductor devices are finding renewed interest in an era where an increasing amount of data is being sent around, stored and analyzed. While several applications like photonics, high-power electronics and image sensors also benefit from enabling a variety of III-V materials and devices, specifically, in the RF Front-End Modules of 5G radio chips [1], these materials allow to address the challenges related to speed, efficiency and output power needed for this next generation wireless communication standard. And while 5G is in full deployment, with first addressing the sub-6GHz frequency bands and in a later phase the mm-wave frequency bands, first publications are already appearing on 6G, where even higher frequencies (beyond &gt; 100GHz) will be targeted [2]. GaN [3] and InP-based devices [4] have a clear performance advantage over Si CMOS and SiGe HBT/BICMOS, but their lower integration potential, still restricted to smaller size substrates and lab-like processing today, is one of the key limitations for adopting those technologies for high-volume 5G and 6G applications. Upscaling those devices to a 200mm/300mm Si platform will be a first step to improve yield and maturity and increase complexity. In a second phase, upscaling and maturing these technologies will allow to co-integrate these devices, usually quite dissimilar to CMOS, with advanced Si technology nodes and provide a fully integrated heterogeneous system. In this talk, we will review the status and progress toward integrating these devices on a CMOS-compatible platform. References [1] N. Collaert et al., "Semiconductor technologies for next generation mobile communications", 14th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology - ICSICT, pp. 1-4, Nov. 2018. [2] White Paper from NTT Docomo regarding 6G, January 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/binary/pdf/corporate/technology/whitepaper_6g/DOCOMO_6G_White_PaperEN_20200124.pdf [3] U. Peralagu et al., “CMOS-compatible GaN-based devices on 200mm-Si for RF applications: integration and performance”, IEDM 2019, pp.398-401. [4] A. Vais et al., “First demonstration of III-V HBTs on 300mm Si substrates using nanoridge technology”, IEDM 2019, pp. 178-181.
Effects of elevating the head of bed on interface pressure in volunteers (2008)

Raising the head of bed to 30 degrees or higher on a intensive care unit bed increases the peak interface pressure between the skin at the sacral area and support surface in healthy volunteers. At 45 degrees head of bed elevation or higher, the affected area attributed to a skin-intensive care unit bed interface pressure >or=32 mm Hg increased as well. Further study is needed to determine whether the increased peak interface pressures and affected areas that result from raising the head of bed actually increase the incidence of pressure ulcer formation.
Brain Tumors and Plasmin Inhibitors (1984)

Four different intracranial neoplasms inhibited purified plasmin in an in vitro assay. The greatest inhibition (80%) was observed with extracts of a parasagittal meningioma that had invaded and completely occluded the sinus. Significant inhibition (>40%) was also observed with extracts prepared from a glioma surgically removed from a patient who had suffered three thromboembolic episodes during the preceding several months. Lesser (<30%) inhibition was obtained with extracts from two other patients who had no evidence of thromboembolic complications. This report constitutes the first demonstration of plasmin inhibition activity in association with brain tumors. Further studies will be required to test the hypothesis that certain intracranial tumors may escape host antitumor fibrinolytic activity by producing plasmin inhibitors and that plasmin inhibitors may play a role in the thromboembolic complications frequently seen in patients with intracranial neoplasms. (Neurosurgery 15:795-800, 1984)
Time resolved photoluminescence study of magnetic CdSe/CdMnS/CdS core/multi-shell nanoplatelets (2017)

Colloidal semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) are quasi 2D-nanostructures that are grown and processed inexpensively using a solution based method and thus have recently attracted considerable attention. We observe two features in the photoluminescence spectrum, suggesting two possible recombination channels. Their intensity ratio varies with temperature and two distinct temperature regions are identified; a low temperature region (10K &lt; T &lt; 90K) and a high temperature region (90K &lt; T &lt; 200K). This ratio increases with increasing temperature, suggesting that one recombination channel involves holes that are weakly localized with a localization energy of 0.043meV. A possible origin of these localized states are energy-variations in the xy-plane of the nanoplatelet. The presence of positive photoluminescence circular polarization in the magnetically-doped core/multi-shell NPLs indicates a hole-dopant exchange interaction and therefore the incorporated magnetic Manganese ions act as a marker that determines the location of the localized hole states.<sup>1</sup> Time-resolved measurements show two distinct timescales (τ<sub>fast</sub> and τ<sub>slow</sub>) that can be modeled using a rate equation model. We identify these timescales as closely related to the corresponding recombination times for the channels. The stronger hole localization of one of these channels leads to a decreased electron-hole wave function overlap and thus a decreased oscillator strength and an increased lifetime. We show that we can model and understand the magnetic interaction of doped 2D-colloidal nanoplatelets which opens a pathway to solution processable spin controllable light sources.
Unresponsive Choline Transporter as a Trait Neuromarker and a Causal Mediator of Bottom-Up Attentional Biases (2017)

Some rats [sign-trackers (STs)] are prone to attribute incentive salience to reward cues, which can manifest as a propensity to approach and contact pavlovian cues, and for addiction-like behavior. STs also exhibit poor attentional performance, relative to goal-trackers (GTs), which is associated with attenuated acetylcholine (ACh) levels in prefrontal cortex (Paolone et al., 2013). Here, we demonstrate a cellular mechanism, linked to ACh synthesis, that accounts for attenuated cholinergic capacity in STs. First, we found that electrical stimulation of the basal forebrain increased cortical choline transporter (CHT)-mediated choline transport in GTs, paralleled by a redistribution of CHTs to the synaptic plasma membrane. Neither increases in choline uptake nor translocation of CHTs occurred in STs. Second, and consistent with uptake/translocation alterations, STs demonstrated a reduced ability to support cortical ACh release <i>in vivo</i> compared with GTs after reverse-dialysis to elevate extracellular potassium levels. Third, rats were significantly more likely to develop sign-tracking behavior if treated systemically before pavlovian conditioned approach training with the CHT inhibitor VU6001221. Consistent with its proposed mechanisms, administration of VU6001221 attenuated potassium-evoked ACh levels in prefrontal cortex measured with <i>in vivo</i> microdialysis. We propose that loss of CHT-dependent activation of cortical cholinergic activity in STs degrades top-down executive control over behavior, producing a bias for bottom-up or stimulus-driven attention. Such an attentional bias contributes to nonadaptive reward processing and thus identifies a novel mechanism that can support psychopathology, including addiction.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> The vulnerability for addiction-like behavior has been associated with psychological traits, such as the propensity to attribute incentive salience to reward cues that is modeled in rats by sign-tracking behavior. Sign-trackers tend to approach and contact cues associated with reward, whereas their counterparts, the goal-trackers, have a preference for approaching the location of the reward. Here, we show that the capacity of presynaptic cholinergic synapses to respond to stimulation by elevating presynaptic choline uptake and releasing acetylcholine is attenuated in sign-trackers. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of choline transport induced sign-tracking behavior. Our findings suggest that reduced levels of cholinergic neuromodulation can mediate an attentional bias toward reward-related cues, thereby allowing such cues to exert relatively greater control over behavior.
On the robustness of the metric dimension of grid graphs to adding a single edge (2022)

The metric dimension (MD) of a graph is a combinatorial notion capturing the minimum number of landmark nodes needed to distinguish every pair of nodes in the graph based on graph distance. We study how much the MD can increase if we add a single edge to the graph. The extra edge can either be selected adversarially, in which case we are interested in the largest possible value that the MD can take, or uniformly at random, in which case we are interested in the distribution of the MD. The adversarial setting has already been studied by Eroh et al., (2015) for general graphs, who found an example where the MD doubles on adding a single edge. By constructing a different example, we show that this increase can be as large as exponential. However, we believe that such a large increase can occur only in specially constructed graphs, and that in most interesting graph families, the MD at most doubles on adding a single edge. We prove this for d-dimensional grid graphs, by showing that 2d appropriately chosen corners and the endpoints of the extra edge can distinguish every pair of nodes, no matter where the edge is added. For the special case of d=2, we show that it suffices to choose the four corners as landmarks. Finally, when the extra edge is sampled uniformly at random, we conjecture that the MD of 2-dimensional grids converges in probability to 3+Ber(8/27), and we give an almost complete proof.
Contrast-enhanced detection of arterial bleeding (2005)

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and usefulness of contrast agent to detect internal bleeding. In a model of acute femoral artery injury, bleeding sites were produced percutaneously in 9 rabbits, using an 18 G needle guided by Doppler and B-mode ultrasound. Imaging was performed pre- and post-injury and after i.v. injection of contrast agent (Optison) using B-mode, Color Doppler (CD), and Pulse Inversion. Gross and histological examination (light microscopy) of the injured blood vessel and the surrounding tissue were performed. Experiments with similar procedure were achieved in a pulsatile phantom with carotid arteries as targeted blood vessels in vitro. Bleeding sites could not be located in non-contrast B-mode sonography. After administration of contrast agent, injuries could be detected by the increased echogenicity of the extravasated blood flow. The resulted hematoma appeared as inhomogeneous hyper-echo region. Color mosaic patterns were observed in the surrounding tissue with CD. Cluster of cavities were found within hematoma upon microscopy, which may be due to aggregated microbubbles. Bleeding sites were recognized in all contrast studies by CD; compared with only 11% in non-contrast control. Contrast-enhanced sonography is a promising tool in detection and evaluation of internal bleeding.
Discovery of 1-[3-(4-Bromo-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)urea (Nelotanserin) and Related 5-Hydroxytryptamine2AInverse Agonists for the Treatment of Insomnia (2010)

Insomnia affects a growing portion of the adult population in the U.S. Most current therapeutic approaches to insomnia primarily address sleep onset latency. Through the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) (5-HT(2A)) receptor, serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the regulation of sleep architecture, and antagonists/inverse-agonists of 5-HT(2A) have been shown to enhance slow wave sleep (SWS). We describe here a series of 5-HT(2A) inverse-agonists that when dosed in rats, both consolidate the stages of NREM sleep, resulting in fewer awakenings, and increase a physiological measure of sleep intensity. These studies resulted in the discovery of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)urea (Nelotanserin), a potent inverse-agonist of 5-HT(2A) that was advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia.
Discovery of Highly Isoform Selective Orally Bioavailable Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)-γ Inhibitors (2018)

In this paper, we describe the discovery and optimization of a new chemotype of isoform selective PI3Kγ inhibitors. Starting from an HTS hit, potency and physicochemical properties could be improved to give compounds such as 15, which is a potent and remarkably selective PI3Kγ inhibitor with ADME properties suitable for oral administration. Compound 15 was advanced into in vivo studies showing dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced airway neutrophilia in rats when administered orally.
Towards Power-Efficient Aerial Communications via Dynamic Multi-UAV Cooperation (2020)

Aerial base stations (BSs) attached to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) constitute a new paradigm for next-generation cellular communications. However, the flight range and communication capacity of aerial BSs are usually limited due to the UAVs' size, weight, and power (SWAP) constraints. To address this challenge, in this paper, we consider dynamic cooperative transmission among multiple aerial BSs for power-efficient aerial communications. Thereby, a central controller intelligently selects the aerial BSs navigating in the air for cooperation. Consequently, the large virtual array of moving antennas formed by the cooperating aerial BSs can be exploited for low-power information transmission and navigation, taking into account the channel conditions, energy availability, and user demands. Considering both the fronthauling and the data transmission links, we jointly optimize the trajectories, cooperation decisions, and transmit beamformers of the aerial BSs for minimization of the weighted sum of the power consumptions required by all BSs. Since obtaining the global optimal solution of the formulated problem is difficult, we propose a low-complexity iterative algorithm that can efficiently find a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) solution to the problem. Simulation results show that, compared with several baseline schemes, dynamic multi-UAV cooperation can significantly reduce the communication and navigation powers of the UAVs to overcome the SWAP limitations, while requiring only a small increase of the transmit power over the fronthauling links.
Immunotoxins Targeting B cell Malignancy—Progress and Problems With Immunogenicity (2018)

Few immunotoxins or targeted toxins have become mainline cancer therapies. Still immunotoxins continue to be of major interest and subject of research and development as alternative therapies for drug resistant cancer. A major matter of concern continues to be immunogenicity exemplified by the anti-toxin response of the treated patient. Since some of our most effective toxins are bacterial in nature and bacterial proteins are highly immunogenic, this review describes some efforts to address this pressing issue.
The Crystal Structure of Gurmarin, a Sweet Taste–Suppressing Protein: Identification of the Amino Acid Residues Essential for Inhibition (2018)

Gurmarin is a highly specific sweet taste-suppressing protein in rodents that is isolated from the Indian plant Gymnema sylvestre. Gurmarin consists of 35 amino acid residues containing 3 intramolecular disulfide bridges that form a cystine knot. Here, we report the crystal structure of gurmarin at a 1.45 Å resolution and compare it with previously reported nuclear magnetic resonance solution structures. The atomic structure at this resolution allowed us to identify a very flexible region consisting of hydrophobic residues. Some of these amino acid residues had been identified as a putative binding site for the rat sweet taste receptor in a previous study. By combining alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the gurmarin molecule and a functional cell-based receptor assay, we confirmed that some single point mutations in these positions drastically affect sweet taste receptor inhibition by gurmarin.
Full-Scale Measurement of Reaction Force Caused by Level Ice Interaction on a Buoy Connected to a Wave Energy Converter (2019)

Wave energy is an attractive source of renewable energy. In regions with a cold climate, for example, in the Baltic Sea, a good understanding of ice loads is vital for developing a reliable and cost-effective buoy for a wave energy converter (WEC). The first full-scale attempt was made to measure the vertical reaction force on a floating buoy connected to the WEC under the ice level interaction process. The force equation for a buoy connected to the WEC during the ice level interaction process is presented. It provides essential information on forces from the floating level of ice, which is very important for the design and construction of a buoy in regions with a cold climate.