gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subharmonic response and threshold of polymer ultrasound contrast agents (2013)

Analytical expressions for subharmonic threshold previously developed for free gas bubbles often been generalized and used for ultrasound contrast agents. However, many of those formulations were developed under the assumptions of mono-frequency steady state, continuous acoustic forcing which are typically not applicable to diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound. Nonstationary subharmonic responses are investigated by analytical and numerical methods. The subharmonic threshold is investigated as means to differentiate between the proposed constitutive formulations of polymer shells in terms the shear modulus parameter. The potential influence of other agents in close proximity on the subharmonic response and threshold is highlighted with respect to the phase interaction between coupled agents.
Performance prediction method for distributed Raman amplification in installed fiber systems based on OTDR data (2001)

Novel characterization method of the loss profiles in transmission paths for distributed Raman amplification is proposed, which accurately predicts the gain and noise figure from conventional optical time domain reflectometry data.
Abstract 95: Somatic mutations and copy number variations in cancer-associated genes in 695 ovarian cancer patients (2016)

Abstract Background: Recent genomic studies have improved molecular understanding of ovarian cancer but have had limited impact on therapeutic improvements. We sought to review somatic mutations and copy-number variations (CNVs) in cancer-associated genes in the tumors of 695 patients with ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer (ovarian cancer) at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, with associated pathologic and clinical data. Methods: Testing was performed on formalin-fixed tumor tissue without germline analysis, with IRB approval and patient consent. 310 patients underwent genotyping for 471 mutations in 41 cancer-related genes (OncoMap test). 388 patients underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 300 cancer-associated genes (OncoPanel test). Most samples were primary tumors, with a small subset recurrent. The majority of tumors were adenocarcinoma/carcinoma histology. Results: Of 310 patients tested by OncoMap, 102 had at least one variant. Among tumors with adenocarcinoma/carcinoma histology, mutations were most frequent in TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA, JAK3, MET, and CTNNB1. Gene alterations varied by subtype and supported previously reported associations including BRAF in borderline, KRAS in mucinous, PIK3CA in clear cell, and PIK3CA/CTNNB1/AKT1 in endometrioid tumors. From 388 patients tested by OncoPanel, 3903 single nucleotide variants were detected. Variants were classified by clinical pathologists according to evidence-based potential clinical relevance. 27 variants were “Tier 1” (evidence confirming clinical utility in ovarian cancer) and 127 variants were “Tier 2” (possible clinical utility in specific contexts). Tier 1 variants were most frequent in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Common Tier 2 variants included alterations in TP53, PIK3CA, KRAS, PTEN, BRCA1, BRCA2, ARID1A, and BRAF. Several alterations may be considered “actionable” in terms of eligibility for clinical trials. Finally, 227 patients tested by OncoPanel had CNV data for the panel of cancer-associated genes. CNVs were numerous with 12368 CNVs reported. CNVs were classified as 1-copy deletion (n = 6033), 2-copy deletion (n = 108), high amplification (n = 114), and low amplification (n = 6103). Among adenocarcinoma/carcinoma tumors, 2-copy deletions were frequent in RB1, PTEN, CDKN2A, and MAP2K4, and common highly amplified genes were CCNE1, KRAS, AKT2, ERBB2, and MECOM. Conclusions: Genotyping and/or NGS of cancer-associated genes in formalin-fixed tissue from ovarian tumors is feasible and can identify potentially clinically actionable alterations. Preliminary correlations with survival and treatment response are being explored. Citation Format: Elizabeth H. Stover, Brooke Howitt, Neal I. Lindeman, Levi A. Garraway, Ursula A. Matulonis. Somatic mutations and copy number variations in cancer-associated genes in 695 ovarian cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 95.
Question analysis: How Watson reads a clue (2012)

The first stage of processing in the IBM Watson™ system is to perform a detailed analysis of the question in order to determine what it is asking for and how best to approach answering it. Question analysis uses Watson's parsing and semantic analysis capabilities: a deep Slot Grammar parser, a named entity recognizer, a co-reference resolution component, and a relation extraction component. We apply numerous detection rules and classifiers using features from this analysis to detect critical elements of the question, including: 1) the part of the question that is a reference to the answer (the focus); 2) terms in the question that indicate what type of entity is being asked for (lexical answer types); 3) a classification of the question into one or more of several broad types; and 4) elements of the question that play particular roles that may require special handling, for example, nested subquestions that must be separately answered. We describe how these elements are detected and evaluate the impact of accurate detection on our end-to-end question-answering system accuracy.
PIASCLEDINE®300 – mode of action in osteoarthritis (2017)

peer reviewed
Soluble Lead and Bismuth Chalcogenidometallates: Versatile Solders for Thermoelectric Materials (2017)

Here we report the syntheses of largely unexplored lead and bismuth chalcogenidometallates in the solution phase. Using N2H4 as the solvent, new compounds such as K6Pb3Te6·7N2H4 were obtained. These soluble molecular compounds underwent cation exchange processes using resin chemistry, replacing Na+ or K+ by decomposable N2H5+ or tetraethylammonium cations. They also transformed into stoichiometric lead and bismuth chalcogenide nanomaterials with the addition of metal salts. Such a versatile chemistry led to a variety of composition-matched solders to join lead and bismuth chalcogenides and tune their charge transport properties at the grain boundaries. Solution-processed thin films composed of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 microparticles soldered by (N2H5)6Bi0.5Sb1.5Te6 exhibited thermoelectric power factors (∼28 μW/cm K2) comparable to those in vacuum-deposited Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 films. The soldering effect can also be integrated with attractive fabrication techniques for thermoelectric modules, such as screen printing, suggesting the potential of these solders in the rational design of printable and moldable thermoelectrics.
<title>Photoresist process latitude optimization for synchrotron x-ray lithography</title> (1993)

Acid catalyzed positive tone APEX photoresist has been examined for exposure using the Helios compact synchrotron x-ray source at the IBM Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) in East Fishkill, New York. A four factor Taguchi optimization was implemented to test the effects of post exposure bake (PEB) temperature, PEB time, post apply bake (PAB) and develop time. The experiment was split into two tests; one for maximum process latitude and the other for attaining the target critical dimension (CD) of 350 nm. CD line widths were measured in resist using a top down scanning electron microscopy. The experimental analysis of variance indicated that 79% of the CD variation could be attributed to the PEB (temperature + time) and 12% from the PAB temperature/develop time interaction. Both tests converged on the same process conditions for maximum process latitude and target CD. These parameters reduced the thermal dose (PEB) in exchange for higher x-ray exposure. Line width uniformity data across 8' wafers will be shown for 200 nm structures and some additional results down to 125 nm using a 40 micrometers gap. Thermal infrared analysis of PEB hot plate uniformity was shown to be within specification but sensitive to backside wafer contamination. A novel 'net dose' exposure wedge which is built on the x-ray mask provided a record of the combined PEB/x-ray dose and did track with the thermal IR data.
1-Pb/s (32 SDM/46 WDM/768 Gb/s) C-band Dense SDM Transmission over 205.6-km of Single-mode Heterogeneous Multi-core Fiber using 96-Gbaud PDM-16QAM Channels (2017)

We demonstrate the first 1-Pb/s unidirectional inline-amplified transmission over 205.6-km of single-mode 32-core fiber within C-band only. 96-Gbaud LDPC-coded PDM-16QAM channels with FEC redundancy of 12.75% realize high-aggregate spectral efficiency of 217.6 b/s/Hz.
Field-usable portable analyzer for chlorinated organic compounds. Topical report, September 1992--May 1994 (1995)

Through a U.S. DOE-funded program, an advanced chlorinated organic (RCL) vapor monitor has been built and tested in actual hazardous waste site operations. The monitor exploits the analytical capabilities of a solid-state sensor which was recently developed and has remarkable selectivity for chlorinated organic vapors at sub-parts-per-million sensitivity. The basic design goal of a user-friendly, reliable, instrument with a broad dynamic range for the selective detection of chlorinated solvent vapors was demonstrated. To date, no non-halogen-containing compound has been identified that induces a measurable response on the sensor, including commonly encountered contaminants such as BTXs (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) or POLs (petroleum, oils, lubricants). In addition to the development of the RCL MONITOR, advanced sampler systems were developed to further extend the analytical capability of this instrument, allowing chemical analyses to be performed for both vapor phase and condensed contamination. The sampling methods include fixed dilution, preconcentration, and closed-loop air stripping for condensed media. With uniform success, these different series of field tests were conducted at DOE facilities on several types of samples. Independent cost-benefit analysis has concluded that significant cost savings can be achieved using the RCL MONITOR in DOE applications. This effort provides a sound fundamental technology base for the development of advanced analytical methods that are needed by the US DOE. In addition, advanced methods for detecting chlorinated hydrocarbons that are made possible by this technology will save time, reduce costs, and improve human health and safety in restoration operations. To fully achieve all possible cost savings, continued effort is necessary to develop validated methods for the use of the RCL MONITOR. The development of methods through case studies is the theme of the Phase II effort, which is currently underway.
A Multi‐Parametric Catalyst Screening for CO2 Hydrogenation to Ethanol (2021)

Abstract The direct hydrogenation of CO 2 to higher alcohols has the potential to turn the main contributor of global warming into a valuable feedstock. However, for this technology to become attractive, more efficient and, especially, selective catalysts are required. Here we present a high throughput study on the influence of different promoters on the CO 2 hydrogenation performance of Rh−SiO 2 catalysts. Fe and K promoters were found to improve ethanol selectivity at the expense of undesired CH 4 . The best‐performing catalyst, with a composition 2 wt.% K, 20 wt.% Fe, and 5 wt.% Rh, displays an EtOH selectivity of 16 % at CO 2 conversion level of 18.4 % and CH 4 selectivity of 46 %. The combination of different characterization techniques and catalyst screening allowed us to unravel the role of each catalyst component in this complex reaction mechanism.
The Solid State Postcondensation of PET, 1 (2004)

Abstract Summary: A review of the processes underlying the solid state postcondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is presented. Fundamental aspects of the reactions are treated, and it is shown that the rate of polycondensation in the solid state depends on the relative rates of two types of diffusion. On the one hand, the diffusion of reaction by‐products (physical diffusion) controls the rate of the forward reactions. And on the other hand the diffusion of end‐groups (chemical diffusion) allows the reaction to proceed. The transesterification of BHET to form PET. magnified image The transesterification of BHET to form PET.
Prognostic and Predictive Molecular Markers in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: The First Step Toward Personalized Medicine (2008)

Cutaneous malignant melanoma represents one of the most aggressive human cancers with high metastatic potential. Differences in the response and toxicity to current melanoma therapies among individuals are observed in nearly all-available treatment regimens. The first step toward personalized medicine is identifying a panel of biomarkers that allow classification of melanoma patients for appropriate treatment and prediction of probable response to therapy. The traditional approach to biomarker detection relied on studying a few candidate markers suspected of affecting clinical outcome. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results because of the small number of molecular determinants examined. This has been a major limitation of translational studies in malignant melanoma. Recent studies using highthroughput technologies, such as gene expression profiling and serum proteomic fingerprinting, have explored the utility of molecular markers to discriminate between clinical stages and predict disease progression in melanoma patients. This expert review highlights key approaches for the discovery and validation of biomarkers at the levels of DNA, RNA and protein. It also summarizes biomarker work performed by less invasive approaches, i.e., RT-PCR in detection of circulating melanoma cells and serum markers that may be used to monitor early response to treatment and guide the therapeutic strategy. We anticipate that pharmacogenomics will play an integral role in disease assessment, patient selection and treatment response in melanoma clinical management with the ultimate goal of individualizing treatment and improving overall survival for patients.
low-cost, fully intergrated liquid handling platform for protein assays (2008)

Self-containing microfluidic low-cost cartridges have been developed. Fully integrated, the platform provides on-chip immunoassays complete with micropumps and reagents. The operational performance of the system is designed so that only an electric interface to the outside world is necessary.
Gentisic Acid, a Compound Associated with Plant Defense and a Metabolite of Aspirin, Heads a New Class of in Vivo Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibitors (2010)

Fibroblast growth factors are key proteins in many intercellular signaling networks. They normally remain attached to the extracellular matrix, which confers on them a considerable stability. The unrestrained accumulation of fibroblast growth factors in the extracellular milieu, either due to uncontrolled synthesis or enzymatic release, contributes to the pathology of many diseases. Consequently, the neutralization of improperly mobilized fibroblast growth factors is of clear therapeutic interest. In pursuing described rules to identify potential inhibitors of these proteins, gentisic acid, a plant pest-controlling compound, an aspirin and vegetarian diet common catabolite, and a component of many traditional liquors and herbal remedies, was singled out as a powerful inhibitor of fibroblast growth factors. Gentisic acid was used as a lead to identify additional compounds with better inhibitory characteristics generating a new chemical class of fibroblast growth factor inhibitors that includes the agent responsible for alkaptonuria. Through low and high resolution approaches, using representative members of the fibroblast growth factor family and their cell receptors, it was shown that this class of inhibitors may employ two different mechanisms to interfere with the assembly of the signaling complexes that trigger fibroblast growth factor-driven mitogenesis. In addition, we obtained evidence from in vivo disease models that this group of inhibitors may be of interest to treat cancer and angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
Limitations and Optimization of Supergain End-Fire Arrays (2019)

In this paper, the possibility to optimize supergain end-fire arrays is numerically investigated. Firstly, the optimization problems in terms of directivity and gain are introduced. Then, infinitesimal-dipole based end-fire arrays have been optimized as a function of the number of elements and inter-element spacing. It is shown that, their radiation efficiency can be predicted and, for close inter-element spacing, even optimized to provide a higher gain than the one obtained with the classical directivity optimization methods. The numerical analysis is detailed and validated by full wave simulations in the case of three half-wavelength dipoles.
Novel Prodrugs of Tegafur that Display Improved Anticancer Activity and Antiangiogenic Properties (2007)

New and more potent prodrugs of the 5-fluorouracyl family derived by hydroxymethylation or acyloxymethylation of 5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (tegafur, 1) are described. The anticancer activity of the butyroyloxymethyl-tegafur derivative 3 and not that of tegafur was attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that the increased activity of the prodrug is in part mediated by an increase of reactive oxygen species. Compound 3 in an in vitro matrigel assay was found to be a more potent antiangiogenic agent than tegafur. In vivo 3 was significantly more potent than tegafur in inhibiting 4T1 breast carcinoma lung metastases and growth of HT-29 human colon carcinoma tumors in a mouse xenograft. In summary, the multifunctional prodrugs of tegafur display selectivity toward cancer cells, antiangiogenic activity, and anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo, superior to those of tegafur. 5-fluoro-1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-2,4(1 H,3 H)-pyrimidinedione (tegafur, 1), the oral prodrug of 5-FU, has been widely used for treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies with modest efficacy. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize new and more potent prodrugs of the 5-FU family derived by hydroxymethylation or acyloxymethylation of tegafur. Comparison between the effect of tegafur and the new prodrugs on the viability of a variety of cancer cell lines showed that the IC50 and IC90 values of the novel prodrugs were 5-10-fold lower than those of tegafur. While significant differences between the IC50 values of tegafur were observed between the sensitive HT-29 and the resistant LS-1034 colon cancer cell lines, the prodrugs affected them to a similar degree, suggesting that they overcame drug resistance. The increased potency of the prodrugs could be attributed to the antiproliferative contribution imparted by formaldehyde and butyric acid, released upon metabolic degradation. The anticancer activity of the butyroyloxymethyl-tegafur derivative 3 and not that of tegafur was attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that the increased activity of the prodrug is in part mediated by an increase of reactive oxygen species. Compound 3 in an in vitro matrigel assay was found to be a more potent antiangiogenic agent than tegafur. In vivo 3 was significantly more potent than tegafur in inhibiting 4T1 breast carcinoma lung metastases and growth of HT-29 human colon carcinoma tumors in a mouse xenograft. In summary, the multifunctional prodrugs of tegafur display selectivity toward cancer cells, antiangiogenic activity and anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo, superior to those of tegafur.
ChemInform Abstract: LEWIS ACID ASSISTED CONDENSATIONS BETWEEN A 5‐METHOXYISOXAZOLIDINE AND SILICON‐BASED NUCLEOPHILES: Γ‐AMINO ALCOHOL BUILDING BLOCK IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AGROCLAVINE I (1985)

Abstract Das anellierte Isoxazolidin (IV) wird nach bekannten Verfahren synthetisiert.
Limits for Recombination in a Low Energy Loss Organic Heterojunction (2016)

Donor-acceptor organic solar cells often show high quantum yields for charge collection, but relatively low open-circuit voltages (V<sub>OC</sub>) limit power conversion efficiencies to around 12%. We report here the behavior of a system, PIPCP:PC<sub>61</sub>BM, that exhibits very low electronic disorder (Urbach energy less than 27 meV), very high carrier mobilities in the blend (field-effect mobility for holes >10<sup>-2</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>), and a very low driving energy for initial charge separation (50 meV). These characteristics should give excellent performance, and indeed, the V<sub>OC</sub> is high relative to the donor energy gap. However, we find the overall performance is limited by recombination, with formation of lower-lying triplet excitons on the donor accounting for 90% of the recombination. We find this is a bimolecular process that happens on time scales as short as 100 ps. Thus, although the absence of disorder and the associated high carrier mobility speeds up charge diffusion and extraction at the electrodes, which we measure as early as 1 ns, this also speeds up the recombination channel, giving overall a modest quantum yield of around 60%. We discuss strategies to remove the triplet exciton recombination channel.
Bifacial solar cell with SnS absorber by vapor transport deposition (2014)

The SnS absorber layer in solar cell devices was produced by vapor transport deposition (VTD), which is a low-cost manufacturing method for solar modules. The performance of solar cells consisting of Si/Mo/SnS/ZnO/indium tin oxide (ITO) was limited by the SnS layer's surface texture and field-dependent carrier collection. For improved performance, a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate was used in place of the Mo to smooth the topography of the VTD SnS and to make bifacial solar cells, which are potentially useful for multijunction applications. A bifacial SnS solar cell consisting of glass/FTO/SnS/CdS/ZnO/ITO demonstrated front- and back-side power conversion efficiencies of 1.2% and 0.2%, respectively.
An isoindigo and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole copolymer for polymer solar cells (2011)

The conjugated copolymer of isoindigo and dithienosilole was synthesized and studied in bulk heterojunction solar cells with fullerene derivatives.
A Ruthenium Pterin Complex Showing Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer: Synthesis and Characterization (2003)

Coupled to coenzymes: Ruthenium(II) complexes having a pterin as a ligand, which is a redox-active heteroaromatic coenzyme, are synthesized and characterized to reveal that the complexes showed reversible proton-dependent redox behavior (see scheme). The pterin ligand undergoes proton-coupled electron transfer to form a ruthenium(II)-coordinated monohydropterin radical upon one-electron reduction. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z52111_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Minimal Residual Disease Quantification Is an Independent Predictor of Progression-Free and Overall Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Multivariate Analysis From the Randomized GCLLSG CLL8 Trial (2012)

MRD levels independently predict OS and PFS in CLL. Therefore, MRD quantification might serve as a surrogate marker to assess treatment efficacy in randomized trials before clinical end points can be evaluated.
Escherichia coli translational initiation factor IF3: a unique case of translational regulation. (1984)

The Escherichia coli translational initiation factor IF3 is encoded by an mRNA that has an unusual ribosome binding site. We have explored a mechanism that may account for the translation of IF3 and that provides regulation of the quantity of IF3 relative to ribosomes.