gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modifying a natural language processing system for European languages to treat Arabic in information processing and information retrieval applications (2005)

The goal of many natural language processing platforms is to be able to someday correctly treat all languages. Each new language, especially one from a new language family, provokes some modification and design changes. Here we present the changes that we had to introduce into our platform designed for European languages in order to handle a Semitic language. Treatment of Arabic was successfully integrated into our cross language information retrieval system, which is visible online.
Coexistence of ferromagnetic and superconducting domains in Co-doped BaFe2 As2 superconductors probed using infrared Faraday measurements (2019)

We explore the electronic and magnetic properties of superconducting iron pnictide films by probing their infrared Hall conductivity as a function of probe energy (0.1-1.3 eV), temperature (10-300 K) and magnetic field (B = 0-7 T). We find hysteretic behavior in the complex infrared Faraday angle, $\theta_{F}$, at lowB over the entire temperature range. At higher $B, \theta_{\mathrm{F}}$ is linear in B and we observe a peak in the high B -field slope near 50 K, which may be related to the superconducting phase of the films.
Strong convergence to mixed equilibria in fictitious play (2014)

Learning processes that converge to mixed-strategy equilibria often exhibit learning only in the weak sense in that the time-averaged empirical distribution of players' actions converges to a set of equilibria. A stronger notion of learning mixed equilibria is to require that players period-by-period strategies converge to a set of equilibria. A simple and intuitive method is considered for adapting algorithms that converge in the weaker sense in order to obtain convergence in the stronger sense. The adaptation is applied to the the well-known fictitious play (FP) algorithm, and the adapted version of FP is shown to converge to the set of Nash equilibria in the stronger sense for games known to have the FP property.
PERFORMANCE ON VARIABLE‐INTERVAL SCHEDULES ARRANGED SINGLY AND CONCURRENTLY1 (1976)

Extensive parametric data were obtained from pigeons responding on variable-interval schedules arranged on three, two, and one response keys. Number of responses on the keys, the time spent responding on the keys, and the number of reinforcements obtained on the keys were measured. Response rates on each key were an increasing function of the reinforcement rate on that key, and an inverse function of the reinforcement rate on the other keys. In terms of preference, both response and time-allocation ratios undermatched ratios of obtained reinforcements, and the degree of undermatching was consistent both within, and between, two- and three-schedule data. When absolute response-rate data were analyzed according to Herrnstein's (1970) quantitative account, obtained values of assumed constants were not consistent either within or between conditions. However, a power-function modification of Herrnstein's account fitted the data well and provided similar exponent values to those obtained for the undermatching of preference ratios.
Compound-Transporter Interaction Studies using Canonical Correlation Analysis (2007)

The efficient screening of lead compounds or drug candidates for efficacy and safety is critically important during the early stage of drug development. Compounds are usually screened from a diverse 'chemical space' based only on its pharmacological effects, but this screening is not enough to guarantee drug safety. To solve this problem, we devised a chemical space that takes into account interaction information with proteins such as drug transporters. We also created and evaluated a mathematical model for predicting compound-transporter interactions. This was achieved by first generating an interaction correlation matrix based on drug transporters and their corresponding inhibitor compounds. To implement a screening scheme that takes into account interaction with drug transporters, we created a model using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) that makes use of the known information on interaction between drug transporters and their corresponding inhibitors. Cross-validation of the model gave satisfactory test results and a physiologically relevant chemical space was constructed based on the model.
Model of neutralization of highly ionized Xe generated by laser-produced plasma (2005)

Condenser erosion caused by high-energy ions is a current issue in EUV sources. Measurements of the charge and energy distributions of Xe ions by EUVA revealed that energetic, kiloelectronvolt-order ions were formed in Xe-laser-produced plasma (LPP). The charge distribution shows a peak for doubly charged ions, and the number of ions with n charges monotonically decreases as n increases. Since highly charged ions around Xe<sup>10+</sup> are probably formed in optimized EUV plasma, the observed charge distribution strongly suggests that charge transfer reactions occur in the LPP chamber. If that is true, the reactions will produce high-energy neutrals. In this study, the rate equations for charge transfer reactions were solved numerically; and the change in charge state distribution over time was calculated. The initial charge distribution was assumed to have a peak for Xe<sup>10+</sup>, based on the plasma model. The dependence of charge transfer cross section was taken to be nb, where n is the number of charges and b was set near unity, based on the model. The calculated charge distribution agreed well with the experimental data. The calculations predict that charge transfer reactions produce fast neutrals, the number of which is of the same order or larger than that of charged ions.
Rehabilitation Exoskeleton Design: Exploring the Effect of the Anterior Lunge Degree of Freedom (2013)

As our robotics community advances its understanding toward the optimal design of robotic exoskeletons for human gait training, the question we ask in this paper is how the anterior lunge degree of freedom in the robotic exoskeleton affects human gait training. Answering this question requires both novel robotic design and novel protocols for human gait training to characterize this effect. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to characterize the effect of an exoskeleton's degrees of freedom on human gait adaptation. We explored this question using the Active Leg EXoskeleton (ALEX) II. The study presented was performed using ALEX II under the following two configurations: 1) locking the anterior/posterior translation in the exoskeleton, while allowing other degrees-of-freedom (labeled as locked mode) and 2) keeping the anterior/posterior degree of freedom unlocked (labeled as unlocked mode). Healthy subjects walked at self-selected speeds on a treadmill and were trained to walk with a new gait template, scaled down from their normal template. While both groups showed adaptation and retention over a 26-min period following training, the unlocked group showed better performance in terms of adaptation and retention compared with the locked group.
Accelerated multi-reagent copper catalysed coupling reactions in micro droplets and thin films (2018)

Electrospray (ES) and paper spray (PS) mass spectrometry were used to create confined liquid volumes in which accelerated air and water sensitive, heterogeneous, copper catalysed C–O and C–N coupling reactions occur.
Regional cerebral glucose metabolism differentiates danger- and non-danger-based traumas in post-traumatic stress disorder (2015)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is presumably the result of life threats and conditioned fear. However, the neurobiology of fear fails to explain the impact of traumas that do not entail threats. Neuronal function, assessed as glucose metabolism with 18 fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, was contrasted in active duty, treatment-seeking US Army Soldiers with PTSD endorsing either danger-(n 19) or non-danger-based (n 26) traumas, and was compared with soldiers without PTSD (Combat Controls, n 26) and Civilian Controls (n 24). Prior meta-analyses of regions associated with fear or trauma script imagery in PTSD were used to compare glucose metabolism across groups. Danger-based traumas were associated with higher metabolism in the right amygdala than the control groups, while non-danger-based traumas associated with heightened precuneus metabolism relative to the danger group. In the danger group, PTSD severity was associated with higher metabolism in precuneus and dorsal anterior cingulate and lower metabolism in left amygdala (R 2 0.61). In the non-danger group, PTSD symptom severity was associated with higher precuneus metabolism and lower right amygdala metabolism (R 2 0.64). These findings suggest a biological basis to consider subtyping PTSD according to the nature of the traumatic context.
Identification of sugar degradation intermediates in a metalloporphyrin mediated DNA cleavage resulting from hydroxylation at C-5′ (1993)

Hydroxylation of poly(dA)·poly(dT) at the 5′ position of the deoxyribose units by the chemical nuclease Mn-TMPyP–KHSO5[Mn–TMPyP = manganese(III) complex of meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin] followed by an additional thermal step provides 5′-aldehyde-3′,4′-unsaturated nucleosides which can be reduced by sodium borohydride and then hydrogenated with palladium on charcoal giving 2′,3′-dideoxyribonucleosides having the natural β or the non-natural α configuration at 4′.
Novel Reaction Mechanism of GTP Cyclohydrolase I. High-Resolution X-Ray Crystallography of Thermus thermophilus HB8 Enzyme Complexed with a Transition State Analogue, the 8-Oxoguanine Derivative (2005)

GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH1) catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate. We found that an 8-oxoguanine derivative of GTP (8-oxo-GTP) strongly bound to GTPCH1 from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (tGTPCH1) as a competitive inhibitor. The affinity of 8-oxo-GTP was three orders of magnitude greater than that of GTP. These results suggest that 8-oxo-GTP is a transition state analogue of GTPCH1. We have solved the X-ray crystal structures of tGTPCH1 complexed with 8-oxo-GTP and 8-oxo-dGTP at 2.0 and 1.8 A resolution, respectively, as well as the free form of the enzyme at 2.2 A resolution. In the structure of tGTPCH1 complexed with 8-oxo-GTP or 8-oxo-dGTP, the oxygen atoms at O8 of the 8-oxoguanine groups, together with residues Cys108, His111 and Cys179, are coordinated to the zinc ion. The water molecule between Ndelta1 of His177 and N7 of 8-oxoguanine is conserved in both structures. These structural data are in accordance with one of the proposed transition states. Superimpositioning of the structures indicates the imidazole ring of His110 is rotated, implying concomitant proton transfer to the ribose ring O4'. Based on these structural data we propose a novel reaction mechanism for GTPCH1.
Cytoprotective gene bi-1 is required for intrinsic protection from endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury (2006)

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death. Bax Inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an evolutionarily conserved ER protein that suppresses cell death and that is abundantly expressed in both liver and kidney. We explored the role of BI-1 in protection from ER stress and IR injury by using bi-1 knockout mice, employing models of transient hepatic or renal artery occlusion. Compared to wild-type bi-1 mice, bi-1 knockout mice subjected to hepatic IR injury exhibited these characteristics: (i) increased histological injury; (ii) increased serum transaminases, indicative of more hepatocyte death; (iii) increased percentages of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes; (iv) greater elevations in caspase activity; and (v) more activation of ER stress proteins inositol-requiring enzyme 1 and activating transcription factor 6 and greater increases in expression of ER stress proteins C/EBP homologous protein and spliced XBP-1 protein. Moreover, hepatic IR injury induced elevations in bi-1 mRNA in wild-type liver, suggesting a need for bi-1 gene induction to limit tissue injury. Similar sensitization of kidney to ER stress and IR injury was observed in bi-1(-/-) mice. We conclude that bi-1 provides endogenous protection of liver and kidney from ER stress and IR injury. Analysis of components of the bi-1-dependent pathway for protection from IR injury may therefore reveal new strategies for organ preservation.
Improving the analysis of volumetric capnograms (2011)

This chapter reviews the background and theory of complete and partial CO2 rebreathing Fick cardiac output (QT) measurement, the literature on clinical testing, and presents examples that demonstrate its utility during acute hemodynamic challenges. The classic Fick principle was designed to measure pulmonary capillary blood flow (QC), which comprises 98% of QT in subjects with little or no intrapulmonary or cardiac shunting. Clinical experience has repeatedly demonstrated that severe acute reduction in pulmonary blood flow during constant ventilation, e.g. due to ventricular fibrillation, is accompanied by a major PETCO2 reduction. The most critical need for continuous QT measurements is seen in patients with hemodynamic instability. Clinical experience with non-invasive cardiac output monitoring has also provided readily recognizable hemodynamic profiles of vasodilation, hypovolemia, sepsis, and acute heart failure. Continuous non-invasive QT monitoring can provide critical cardiovascular information during everyday clinical practice.
Multiple-wavelength mode-locked erbium-doped fiber sigma laser (2001)

Summary form only given. We present a novel configuration for a two-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on the sigma configuration. We show the setup of the multiple-wavelength sigma laser. The design allows single polarization operation using easily obtainable non-polarization maintaining components shown to the right of the polarization beam splitter. In this design, a 3-dB coupler is added after the erbium-doped fiber.
Sensitivity of controller performance indices to model-plant mismatch: An application to paper machine control (2014)

The performance of a model-based controller depends inextricably on the quality of the corresponding model. The performance of such a controller is optimal with respect to the model. Therefore any model-plant mismatch can be expected to result in poor performance. The objective of this work is to study the sensitivity of commonly used performance indices to model-plant mismatch. A sensitivity measure is defined and a frequency domain expression for quantifying the sensitivity is derived. It is shown that the sensitivity of the performance indices varies for different types of model mismatch, e.g., gain mismatch, etc. Furthermore, model mismatch has different effects on the performance of the system when it is operating in steady state or in a transitional mode. These differences can reveal the type of plant-model mismatch. The results are illustrated on industrial paper machine data.
Farrow structure interpolators based on even order shaped Lagrange polynomials (2003)

Traditionally, the polynomial based interpolation filters have been implemented by using Farrow structure with FIR subfilters of even length. Defining a modification of the traditional Farrow structure, it is possible to implement Farrow structure with FIR subfilters of odd length. This recently introduced structure is a natural implementation form for even order Lagrange and spline based interpolators. But especially in the case of even order Lagrange polynomials the resulted filter doesn't behave satisfactorily compare to its odd order counterpart. This paper states the problem concerning even order Lagrange based Farrow structure. Then a solution to this problem is also presented in this paper. The designed filter applied to a 16-QAM model, shows the validity of suggested modification.
A Planar {Mn19(OH)12}26+ Unit Incorporated in a 60‐Tungsto‐6‐Silicate Polyanion (2011)

Manganese in large numbers: The largest number of manganese ions ever incorporated in a polyoxometalate (POM) is found in a planar Mn19-oxo-hydroxo magnetic cluster incorporated in a discrete 60-tungsto-6-silicate (see structure Mn yellow, O red/pink). The compound has interesting structural, magnetic, and electrochemical properties.
Flow of viscoelastic surfactants through porous media (2017)

We compare the flow behavior of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) solutions and Newtonian fluids through two different model porous media having similar permeability: (a) a 3D random packed bed and (b) a microchannel with a periodically spaced pillars. The former provides much larger flow resistance at the same apparent shear rate compared to the latter. The flow profile in the 3D packed bed cannot be observed since it is a closed system. However, visualization of the flow profile in the microchannel shows strong spatial and temporal flow instabilities in VES fluids appear above a critical shear rate. The onset of such elastic instabilities correlates to the flow rate where increased flow resistance is observed. The elastic instabilities are attributed to the formation of transient shear induced structures. The experiments provide a detailed insight into the complex interplay between the pore scale geometry and rheology of VES in the creeping flow regime. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 64: 773–781, 2018
Survey on Physical Layer Security in Optical Wireless Communication Systems (2018)

As the existing radio-frequency (RF) networks cannot meet the ever-increasing data rate demand, the optical wireless communication (OWC), which uses a wide untapped unregulated spectrum, has been proposed as a promising technology to overcome the RF spectrum limitations. On the other hand, with the increasing demand for high data rate and the prevalence of the broadcast-nature networks, researchers have recently come up with new mechanisms to improve secure communication using physical layer techniques. Compared to RF networks, the OWC networks are more secure and less susceptible to the interception because of the small coverage provided by LEDs, and because they work properly only in the presence of the line-of-sight (LoS) components. However, the security in OWC networks is still an issue, especially in visible light communication (VLC) when the transmitted information can be accessed by multiple users as in public areas, meeting rooms, laboratories, and libraries. That means potential eavesdroppers may be existing to gather confidential messages. This paper reviews all the conducted work on physical layer security (PLS) in two types of OWC networks, which are the VLC and free space optical (FSO) networks. Furthermore, the paper proposes several open problems in these networks to optimize and enhance the security performance.
Response to editorials. Saccular aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 10 years later (2019)

3-year follow-up but not at 6-year follow-up. Includes patients seen at 1-, 3-, or 6-year follow-up but not at 10-year follow-up.
Rapid screening of proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode catalysts (2009)

One of the major bottlenecks in catalyst development for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is the lack of fast high-throughput testing methods. Fast screening techniques enable a large number of catalysts to be tested in a relatively short time under the same conditions. This project was focused on developing systems for screening catalysts used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of PEMFCs. The first system developed was the 64 channel pin electrode array, using liquid electrolyte. The developed method improved both the quality and reproducibility of the data and has been used to rank catalyst samples, as well as to optimize loadings and the preparative methods of inks. The second system developed was a 25 channel array fuel cell, which operated under conditions analogous to real fuel cell environments. Both methods allowed trends in characteristics and activities of a series of catalysts to be established more rapidly than individual single-electrode methods such as half cell, rotating disc electrode (RDE) or fuel cell. The results from the two high-throughput methods are compared to those of the single channel systems. The mass and specific activities towards reduction of oxygen were studied using a series of Pt/C and PtCo/C catalysts. The catalytic properties of the Pt based carbon-supported catalysts were related to their structure e.g. particle size and lattice parameter, which were obtained mainly using Xray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the results acquired using parallel screening methods were similar to those collected with a RDE and a fuel cell. The thesis concludes with suggestions regarding the future improvement/development of high-throughput techniques. For the 64 channel array system the problem associated with the corrosion of the components should be solved. Similarly, the major changes for the array fuel cell would be to modify a heating system and further development of the anode flow field.
Ultrasonic Velocimetry of Biological Compounds (1991)

Many bacterial clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems employ the dual RNA–guided DNA endonuclease Cas9 to defend against invading phages and conjugative plasmids by introducing site-specific ...Read More
Evidence That Epoxide-Opening Cascades Promoted by Water Are Stepwise and Become Faster and More Selective After the First Cyclization (2011)

A detailed kinetic study of the endo-selective epoxide-opening cascade reaction of a diepoxy alcohol in neutral water was undertaken using &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H NMR spectroscopy. The observation of monoepoxide intermediates resulting from initial endo and exo cyclization indicated that the cascade proceeds via a stepwise mechanism rather than through a concerted one. Independent synthesis and cyclization of these monoepoxide intermediates demonstrated that they are chemically and kinetically competent intermediates in the cascade. Analysis of each step of the reaction revealed that both the rate and regioselectivity of cyclization improve as the cascade reaction proceeds. In the second step, cyclization of an epoxy alcohol substrate templated by a fused diad of two tetrahydropyran rings proceeds with exceptionally high regioselectivity (endo:exo = 19:1), the highest we have measured in the opening of a simple trans-disubstituted epoxide. The origins of these observations are discussed.
Picogram-Scale Interstellar Probes via Bioinspired Engineering (2022)

For exploring nearby stars, let us consider the challenges of a picogram- to nanogram-scale probe to land, replicate, and produce a communications module based on biominerals at the destination. A billion such probes could be launched for similar cost as a single gram-scale probe. One design is a highly reflective light sail, traveling a long straight line toward the gravitational well of a destination star, and then photo-deflected to the closest nonluminous mass-ideally a planet or moon with exposed liquid water.