gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the impact of non-1D effects on the gate switch-on current in 4H-SiC thyristors (2017)

The impact of non-1D effects caused by the spread of the gate current in the base layer on the gate switch-on current in 4H-SiC thyristors is considered. It is shown that a new switching mechanism implemented in 4H-SiC thyristors results in the dependence of the gate switch-on current on the thyristor parameters, with this dependence being fundamentally different from that in conventional silicon thyristors.
Temperature effects on the 1.0 and 1.3 μm emission lines of Nd3+ in a LaSc3(BO3)4 crystal host (2002)

A detailed investigation of the temperature effect on widths and shifts of the spectral lines of Nd3+ in LaSc3(BO3)4 has been performed. The spectral lines investigated correspond to the inter-Stark transitions R1→Y3 (1062 nm) and R1→Z4 (1344 nm) within the F3/24→4I11/2 and F3/24→4I13/2 intermanifold transitions, respectively. The widths of these lines and their shifts have been measured as a function of temperature. The linewidths are found to increase with increasing temperature for both transitions; the 1062 nm line shifts to the longer wavelengths, whereas the 1344 nm line shifts to the shorter wavelengths. The theory of phonon-ion interactions has been employed to explain the temperature dependencies of widths and shifts. These interactions give rise to the phonon relaxation processes that are responsible for both the broadening and shifts of the spectral lines.
Nanoparticle-Delivered Suicide Gene Therapy Effectively Reduces Ovarian Tumor Burden in Mice (2009)

There is currently no effective therapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. To address the need for a more effective treatment for this deadly disease, we conducted preclinical tests in ovarian tumor-bearing mice to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of using a cationic biodegradable poly(beta-amino ester) polymer as a vector for nanoparticulate delivery of DNA encoding a diphtheria toxin suicide protein (DT-A). The promoter sequences of two genes that are highly active in ovarian tumor cells, MSLN and HE4, were used to target DT-A expression to tumor cells. Administration of DT-A nanoparticles directly to s.c. xenograft tumors and to the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing primary and metastatic ovarian tumors resulted in a significant reduction in tumor mass and a prolonged life span compared to control mice. Minimal nonspecific tissue and blood chemistry toxicity was observed following extended treatment with nanoparticles. DT-A nanoparticle therapy suppressed tumor growth more effectively than treatment with clinically relevant doses of cisplatin and paclitaxel. Our findings suggest that i.p. administration of polymeric nanoparticles to deliver DT-A encoding DNA, combined with transcriptional regulation to target gene expression to ovarian tumor cells, holds promise as an effective therapy for advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
An orbitofrontal cortex to midbrain projection modulates hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve injury (2021)

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that is often refractory to treatment. The network of neural substrates for pain transmission and control within the brain is complex and remains poorly understood. Through a combination of neuronal tracing, optogenetics, chemogenetics, electrophysiological recordings, and behavioral assessment, we demonstrate that activation of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex (vlOFC) attenuates mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and cold allodynia in mice with neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). These vlOFC output neurons project to the posterior ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) region and receive inputs from the ventromedial thalamus (VM). Specific optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of the vlOFC-vlPAG and the VM-vlOFC circuits inhibits hypersensitivity associated with neuropathy. Thus, we reveal a modulatory role of the vlOFC and its projections to the vlPAG circuit in the processing of hypersensitive nociception.
Data from Deficiency in the Repair of DNA Damage by Homologous Recombination and Sensitivity to Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Deficiency in either of the breast cancer susceptibility proteins BRCA1 or BRCA2 induces profound cellular sensitivity to the inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity. We hypothesized that the critical role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the repair of double-strand breaks by homologous recombination (HR) was the underlying reason for this sensitivity. Here, we examine the effects of deficiency of several proteins involved in HR on sensitivity to PARP inhibition. We show that deficiency of RAD51, RAD54, DSS1, RPA1, NBS1, ATR, ATM, CHK1, CHK2, FANCD2, FANCA, or FANCC induces such sensitivity. This suggests that BRCA-deficient cells are, at least in part, sensitive to PARP inhibition because of HR deficiency. These results indicate that PARP inhibition might be a useful therapeutic strategy not only for the treatment of BRCA mutation-associated tumors but also for the treatment of a wider range of tumors bearing a variety of deficiencies in the HR pathway or displaying properties of ‘BRCAness.’ (Cancer Res 2006; 66(16): 8109-15)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Multiple Antenna Systems With Inherently Decoupled Radiators (2011)

In multiple antenna systems mutual coupling needs to be minimized. We propose an alternative novel decoupling technique, investigating several multiple antenna configurations for small handsets through measurements and numerical simulations. The influence of different novel designs on performance metrics such as total loss, antenna isolation and envelope correlation coefficient are investigated. By varying antenna impedance bandwidth and antenna location with respect to the handset, both planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) and inverted F antennas (IFA) were investigated in different UMTS frequency bands in proximity with the user's body. Results show that antennas may experience very different losses and envelope correlation coefficients depending on their relative position with respect to the handset, as the influence of the user's hand is not symmetrical in most cases. Narrow-band antennas are inherently decoupled when integrated on the same handset, while also other parameters such as frequency duplex distance and interaction with the user's body influence the mutual coupling.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 7-Oxo-7H-dibenz[f,ij]isoquinoline and 7-Oxo-7H-benzo[e]perimidine Derivatives (2001)

A series of 7-oxo-7H-dibenz[f,ij]isoquinoline and 7-oxo-7H-benzo[e]perimidines bearing cationic side chains were prepared from aminoanthraquinones. The perimidines were prepared from 1-aminoanthraquinone by initial condensation with urea or dimethylacetamide. A series of 2-, 4-, 8-, and 11-carboxy derivatives of the dibenzisoquinolines were prepared from aminoanthraquinonecarboxylic acids. The cationic derivatives were prepared from these via amide, amine, or methylene linkers to study the effects of side chain positioning on biological activity. Within the series of carboxamide-linked compounds, the order of increasing cytotoxicity was 8- < 4- < 2- < 11-. The 2- and 4-carboxamides showed substantial growth delays against in vivo subcutaneous colon 38 tumors in mice, but the 11-carboxamide had curative activity in this refractory model and is being investigated further.
Differential expression of the normal and mutated K-ras alleles in chemically induced thymic lymphomas. (1991)

The presence of point mutations in the K-ras gene was examined in murine thymic lymphomas induced by a single dose of N-methylnitrosourea by the RNase A mismatch cleavage method and by allelic-specific oligonucleotide hybridization of in vitro amplified DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The results show that the frequency of mutations is lower than that of tumors induced by multiple N-methylnitrosourea treatments. Four mutations identified were the aspartic acid at codon 12, a G:C to A:T transition in its second position. A G:C to T:A transversion in codon 146 was also found in one thymic lymphoma, changing the amino acid alanine to serine. The use of the RNase A assay allowed an estimation of the relative expression levels of both normal and mutant K-ras alleles. The results show that in approximately one half of the tumors the mutant allele is predominantly expressed, suggesting that the normal allele has been lost or that the mutant allele has been amplified relative to the normal. Altogether, these findings are consistent with ras mutations occurring in some instances during tumor development and with a ras effect being not strictly dominant but favoring selection for increasing levels of expression from the oncogenic allele.
Symbiotic Root-Endophytic Soil Microbes Improve Crop Productivity and Provide Environmental Benefits (2019)

Plants should not be regarded as entities unto themselves, but as the visible part of plant-microbe complexes which are best understood as "holobiomes." Some microorganisms when given the opportunity to inhabit plant roots become root symbionts. Such root colonization by symbiotic microbes can raise crop yields by promoting the growth of both shoots and roots, by enhancing uptake, fixation, and/or more efficient use of nutrients, by improving plants' resistance to pests, diseases, and abiotic stresses that include drought, salt, and other environmental conditions, and by enhancing plants' capacity for photosynthesis. We refer plant-microbe associations with these capabilities that have been purposefully established as enhanced plant holobiomes (EPHs). Here, we consider four groups of phylogenetically distinct and distant symbiotic endophytes: (1) Rhizobiaceae bacteria; (2) plant-obligate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); (3) selected endophytic strains of fungi in the genus <i>Trichoderma</i>; and (4) fungi in the Sebicales order, specifically <i>Piriformospora indica</i>. Although these exhibit quite different "lifestyles" when inhabiting plants, all induce beneficial systemic changes in plants' gene expression that are surprisingly similar. For example, all induce gene expression that produces proteins which detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are increased by environmental stresses on plants or by overexcitation of photosynthetic pigments. Gene overexpression results in a cellular environment where ROS levels are controlled and made more compatible with plants' metabolic processes. EPHs also frequently exhibit increased rates of photosynthesis that contribute to greater plant growth and other capabilities. Soil organic matter (SOM) is augmented when plant root growth is increased and roots remain in the soil. The combination of enhanced photosynthesis, increasing sequestration of CO<sub>2</sub> from the air, and elevation of SOM removes C from the atmosphere and stores it in the soil. Reductions in global greenhouse gas levels can be accelerated by incentives for carbon farming and carbon cap-and-trade programs that reward such climate-friendly agriculture. The development and spread of EPHs as part of such initiatives has potential both to enhance farm productivity and incomes and to decelerate global warming.
Measurement of the core proximity in polished fiber substrates and couplers (1985)

We report recent developments in a technique to measure the thickness of cladding remaining on polished singlemode fiber substrates. This technique relies on the measurement of the throughput attenuation resulting when a drop of liquid of appropriate refractive index is placed on the substrate. Applications to fiber couplers and other all-fiber devices are described.
Advantages of gate work-function engineering by incorporating sub-monolayer Hf at SiON/poly-Si interface in low-power CMOS (2005)

The impact of gate work-function (WF) engineering on low-power devices is investigated by incorporating sub-monolayer Hf at SiON/poly-Si interface. An increase of threshold voltage (V/sub T/) by WF control allows the use of lower substrate impurity concentrations. This leads to significant increase of carrier mobility and thus I/sub ON/. Moreover, the gate leakage current is reduced by WF control due to the decrease of oxide field or the increase of barrier height. We successfully demonstrate improvement of 16 % (nFET) and 5 % (pFET) in I/sub ON/ for 65-nm LOP devices when V/sub dd/ = 0.9 V.
Serum protein immunogenicity: Implications for liver xenografting (2000)

The objectives of this study were threefold: (i) assess immunogenicity of donor plasma proteins following hepatic xenotransplantation, (ii) identify potential immunogens, and (iii) consider the implications of antibody formation against these plasma proteins in xenograft survival. We studied liver and heart xenografts in a concordant combination, hamster to rat. All grafts were examined at necropsy for evidence of rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition. Cardiac xenografts were placed in recipients who had, or had not, been sensitized with hamster serum. Hepatic xenografts were placed in naϊve recipients to see if antibodies to hamster serum proteins could be eluted from the rejecting organ. Sera of immunized rats were examined for the presence of anti-hamster antibodies by immunoelectrophoresis and by Western blotting following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) separation of hamster serum. Antibodies in sera of immunized rats were compared with those eluted from rejecting livers. Candidate antigens were identified by tandem mass spectrometry, sequence analysis, and reference to protein databases. Results showed that sera of immunized rats recognized a minimum of four different antigens in hamster serum by immunoelectrophoresis, and a minimum of seven by the more sensitive SDS-PAGE Western blot. IgG eluted from rejecting livers bound three of seven candidate antigens recognized by sera of the immunized animals. Sequence analysis searches revealed proteinase inhibitors in each of the three SDS-PAGE bands common to the above samples. All of these candidate proteinase inhibitor immunogens share a common catabolic fate, uptake via the lipoprotein-related protein (LRP/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor (CD91). Sensitization to hamster serum proteins hastened cardiac xenograft rejection in 30—50% of recipients (depending on sensitization protocol). Vascular deposition of rat IgG occurred in all rejecting xenografts. Antibody binding to proteinase inhibitors could disturb their functional activity and contribute to the pathogenesis of delayed xenograft rejection.
Correction: Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries (2022)

Correction for ‘Carbon onion/sulfur hybrid cathodes via inverse vulcanization for lithium–sulfur batteries’ by Soumyadip Choudhury et al. , Sustainable Energy Fuels , 2018, 2 , 133–146, DOI: 10.1039/C7SE00452D.
Kolliphor Surfactants Affect Solubilization and Bioavailability of Fenofibrate. Studies of in Vitro Digestion and Absorption in Rats (2015)

Selection of excipients for drug formulations requires both intellectual and experimental considerations as many of the used excipients are affected by physiological factors, e.g., they may be digested by pancreatic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present paper we have looked systematically into the differences between Kolliphor ELP, EL, and RH40 and how they affect the bioavailability of fenofibrate, through pharmacokinetic studies in rats and in vitro lipolysis studies. The study design was made as simple as possible to avoid confounding factors, for which reason the tested formulations only comprised an aqueous micellar solution of the model drug (fenofibrate) in varying concentrations (2-25% (w/v)) of the three tested surfactants. Increased concentrations of Kolliphor ELP and EL led to increased fenofibrate AUC0-24h values. For the Kolliphor RH40 formulations, an apparent fenofibrate absorption optimum was seen at 15% (w/v) surfactant, displaying both the highest AUC0-24h and Cmax. The reduced absorption of fenofibrate from the formulation containing the highest level of surfactant (25% w/v) was thought to be caused by some degree of trapping within Kolliphor RH40 micelles. In vitro, Kolliphor ELP and EL were found to be more prone to digestion than Kolliphor RH40, though not affecting the in vivo results. The highest fenofibrate bioavailability was attained from formulations with high Kolliphor ELP/EL levels (25% (w/v)), indicating that these surfactants are the better choice for solubilizing fenofibrate in order to increase the absorption upon oral administration. Due to drug dependent effects of the different types of Kolliphor, more studies are recommended in order to understand which type of Kolliphor is best suited for a given drug.
Imino Sugars That are Less Toxic but More Potent as Antivirals, In Vitro, Compared with N-n-Nonyl DNJ (2002)

Imino sugar glucosidase inhibitors have selective antiviral activity against certain enveloped, mammalian viruses. Deoxynojirimycins (DNJs) modified by N-alkylation to contain a nine carbon atom side chain (N-n-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin; N-nonyl-DNJ, NN-DNJ) were shown to be, for example, at least 20 times more potent in inhibiting hepatitis B virus (HBV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in cell based assays than the non-alkylated DNJ. These data suggested that modification of the alkyl side chain could influence antiviral activity. Previous work has focused on varying side chain length. In this report, the influence of side chain branching and cyclization upon toxicity and antiviral activity was explored. Briefly, using a virus secretion assay for HBV and a single step growth (yield reduction) assay for BVDV, 14 different DNJ-based sugars, possessing various N-alkyl substitutions, were tested for antiviral activity. Of the series, N-methoxy-nonyl-DNJ and N-butyl-cyclohexyl DNJ were determined to have the best selectivity index against BVDV and HBV, with the N-methoxy analogue being the most potent with micromolar antiviral activity. The results of this antiviral survey and the implications for the mechanism of action and ultimate therapeutic potential of the DNJ-based imino sugars is provided and discussed.
Practical Secure Aggregation for Federated Learning on User-Held Data (2016)

Secure Aggregation protocols allow a collection of mutually distrust parties, each holding a private value, to collaboratively compute the sum of those values without revealing the values themselves. We consider training a deep neural network in the Federated Learning model, using distributed stochastic gradient descent across user-held training data on mobile devices, wherein Secure Aggregation protects each user's model gradient. We design a novel, communication-efficient Secure Aggregation protocol for high-dimensional data that tolerates up to 1/3 users failing to complete the protocol. For 16-bit input values, our protocol offers 1.73x communication expansion for $2^{10}$ users and $2^{20}$-dimensional vectors, and 1.98x expansion for $2^{14}$ users and $2^{24}$ dimensional vectors.
Secure Relay Selection With Outdated CSI in Cooperative Wireless Vehicular Networks: A DQN Approach (2023)

Cooperative communications is a core research area in wireless vehicular networks (WVNs), thanks to its capability to provide a certain degree of fading mitigation and to improve spectral efficiency. In a cooperative scenario, the intercept probability of the system can be reduced by optimizing the relay selection scheme in order to select the optimal relay from a set of available relays for data transmission. However, due to the mobility of WVNs, the best relay is often selected in practice based on outdated channel state information (CSI), which in turn affects the overall system performance. Therefore, there is a need for a robust relay selection scheme (RSS) that guarantees a satisfactory overall achievable performance in the presence of an outdated CSI. Motivated by this and considering the advantageous features of autoregressive moving average (ARMA), the present contribution models a cooperative vehicular communication scenario with relay selection as a Markov decision process (MDP) and proposes two deep Q-networks (DQNs), namely DQN-RSS and DQN-RSS-ARMA. In the proposed framework, two deep reinforcement learning (RL)-based RSS are trained based on the intercept probability, aiming to select the optimal vehicular relay from a set of multiple relays. We then compare the proposed RSS with the conventional methods and evaluate the performance of the network from the security point of view. Simulation results show that DQN-RSS and DQN-RSS-ARMA perform better than conventional approaches, as they reduce intercept probability by approximately 15% and 30%, respectively, compared to the standard ARMA approach.
Impact of wind power plant reactive current injection during asymmetrical grid faults (2013)

As more renewable energy sources, especially more wind turbines (WTs) are installed in the power system; grid codes for wind power integration are being generated to sustain stable power system operation with non‐synchronous generation. Common to most of the grid codes, wind power plants (WPPs) are requested to stay connected and inject positive‐sequence reactive current in order to boost positive‐sequence grid voltage during short‐circuit grid faults, irrespective of the fault type; symmetrical or asymmetrical. However, as shown in this study, when WPPs inject pure positive‐sequence reactive current in case of asymmetrical faults, as a conventional method (CM) in accordance with the grid code requirement, positive‐sequence grid voltage is boosted, but also higher negative sequence voltage in the grid and higher overvoltages at the non‐faulty phases occur. In this study, an alternative injection method, where WTs are injecting both positive and negative sequence currents during asymmetrical faults, providing improved grid support, is given and compared with the CM. In addition, effect of coupling between positive, negative and zero sequences when WPPs are injecting currents during asymmetrical faults, is investigated, which was not considered in the wind power impact studies before.
Sensitivity of Viscoelastic Tests to Platelet Function (2020)

Viscoelastic tests provide a dynamic assessment of coagulation, by exploring the time to clot formation and the clot strength. Using specific activators or inhibitors, additional factors can be explored, like the fibrinogen contribution to clot strength. Since the early days, various attempts have been done to measure platelet function with viscoelastic test. In general, the difference between the maximum clot strength and the fibrinogen contribution is considered an index of platelet contribution. However, this parameter does not clearly split platelet count from function; additionally, the extensive thrombin generation of standard activated viscoelastic tests activates platelet through the protease activated receptors, bypassing the other pathways. For this reason, standard viscoelastic tests cannot be used to assess platelet reactivity under the effects of aspirin or P2Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors. To overcome this limitation, a specific test was developed (thromboelastography platelet mapping). This test has been compared with the gold standard of light transmission aggregometry and with other point-of-care tests, with conflicting results. In general, the use of viscoelastic tests to assess the effects of antiplatelet agents is still limited. Conversely, platelet contribution to clot strength in the setting of coagulopathic bleeding is considered an important parameter to trigger platelet transfusion or desmopressin.