gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The load and availability of Byzantine quorum systems (1997)

Replicated services accessed via quorurmcnable each access to be performed at only a subset (quorum) of the servers, and achieve consistency across accesses by requiring any two quorums to intersect. Recently, bmasking quorum systems, whose intersections contain at least 2b+l servers, have been proposed to construct replicated services tolerant of barbitrary (B ymntine) server failures. In this paper we consider a hybrid fault model allowing benign failures in addition to the Byzantine ones. We present four novel constructions for bmasking quorum systems in this model, each of which has optimal load (the probability of access of the busiest server) or optimal availability (probabllit y of some quorum surviving failures). To show optimalit y we also prove lower bounds on the load and availabilityy of any bmasking quorum system in this model. I&mission to make digilnlflmrd copies of all or piIIIof(hi~nu}icri:ll fix personal or classroom use is grw!cd without ~cc prm idcd III;IIIIICcopies are not mwlc or distrihukd I'orpmlil or wmncrciid :IdvmIIogc.the CXWrlght notice, (he title of the pohlic:it ion mMlils d:IIcnppcw. xnd WIicc is given that urpyrighl is hy pwmission OI"IIW ACM, INC. '1"0 copy otherwise. to republish, In post on wrws or to rcdistrihu[c 10 lists. ruplircs specilic pem~ission andlor 13c 1997 I'OD(' 97 .Srlnta 13m+ora [ '.4 1 I*Y.4
Sulphide as a leaving group: highly stereoselective bromination of alkyl phenyl sulphides (2019)

A conceptionally novel nucleophilic substitution approach to synthetically important alkyl bromides is presented. Using molecular bromine (Br<sub>2</sub>), readily available secondary benzyl and tertiary alkyl phenyl sulphides are converted into the corresponding bromides under exceptionally mild, acid- and base-free reaction conditions. This simple transformation allows the isolation of elimination sensitive benzylic β-bromo carbonyl and nitrile compounds in mostly high yields and purities. Remarkably, protic functionalities such as acids and alcohols are tolerated. Enantioenriched benzylic β-sulphido esters, readily prepared by asymmetric sulpha-Michael addition, produce the corresponding inverted bromides with high stereoselectivities, approaching complete enantiospecificity at -40 °C. Significantly, the reported benzylic β-bromo esters can be stored without racemisation for prolonged periods at -20 °C. Their synthetic potential was demonstrated by the one-pot preparation of γ-azido alcohol (<i>S</i>)-<b>5</b> in 90% ee. NMR studies revealed an initial formation of a sulphide bromine adduct, which in turn is in equilibrium with a postulated dibromosulphurane intermediate that undergoes C-Br bond formation.
Exploiting transport-block constraints in LTE improves downlink performance (2014)

Efficient resource allocation is necessary to provide the users with the quality of service promised in modern cellular networks, such as LTE. Traditional allocation methods make use of the smallest granularity available, the physical resource block (PRB), to assign resources to each user. The selected resources assigned to a user form a transport block (TB). However, the standard constrains the use of only one modulation and coding rate per TB. This forces the channel quality of the resources to be averaged across the TB, in order to determine the best modulation and coding scheme. In state-of-the-art systems, a non-linear heuristic is used in order to perform this averaging. Unfortunately, when bad PRBs are present next to good ones, this strategy is not optimal. We show that dropping the worst PRBs can improve the performance while remaining standard-compliant. We propose a simple algorithm that can be overlaid to any existing solution and we analyse its effect on multiple state-of-the-art schedulers. A gain is obtained both in throughput (up to 8% increase) and in power consumption (up to 23% reduction).
End-user software engineering with assertions in the spreadsheet paradigm (2003)

There has been little research on end-user program development beyond the activity of programming. Devising ways to address additional activities related to end-user program development may be critical, however, because research shows that a large proportion of the programs written by end users contain faults. Toward this end, we have been working on ways to provide formal "software engineering" methodologies to end-user programmers. This paper describes an approach we have developed for supporting assertions in end-user software, focusing on the spreadsheet paradigm. We also report the results of a controlled experiment, with 59 end-user subjects, to investigate the usefulness of this approach. Our results show that the end users were able to use the assertions to reason about their spreadsheets, and that doing so was tied to both greater correctness and greater efficiency.
Novel sampling timing background calibration for time-interleaved A/D converters (2009)

Novel sampling-timing background calibration for time-interleaved A/D converters has been proposed and verified by simulation. An FIR (Finite Impulse Response)-filter structure exploiting the sampling theorem provides simple but accurate time derivative of converted signal and hence enables reliable estimation and compensation of sampling-timing deviation of each unit ADC assisted by reference converter and LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithm. It has also been confirmed that the sampling-timing calibration can successfully be combined with proposed gain and DC-offset calibrations.
Dual Benefit of CO2 Sequestration: Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery (2017)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration is usually implied in geological formations because; they can provide the pore volumes needed to store large amount of CO2; they have adequate permeability required for efficient injection; and they are widely distributed geographically. They also possess the seal (Cap rock) needed to keep the stored CO2 in place. Of all the sedimentary formations, saline aquifers have the largest global sequestration capacity. Saline aquifers might exist at the bottom of an oil reservoir that acting as a pressure support to the oil reservoir. CO2 can be sequestered in saline aquifers underlying oil reservoirs or in saline aquifers that are located away from the oil reservoirs.
A candidate tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancers. (1994)

We have isolated a candidate gene (designated Brush-1) located at 13q12-q13, proximal to the retinoblastoma gene (RB1). Brush-1 codes for a 4.7-kilobase mRNA expressed at high levels in normal breast epithelium but drastically reduced in 6 of 13 breast cancer cell lines. RB1 mRNA expression is at normal levels for 5 of these 6 lines suggesting a greater importance of Brush-1 for breast cancer. Four primary breast tumors which showed no loss of heterozygosity in the 13q13-q14 region demonstrated normal levels of mRNA for both Brush-1 and RB1. However, four additional primary tumors which displayed loss of heterozygosity for this region had markedly decreased levels of Brush-1 mRNA while maintaining the normal levels for RB1. This differential loss of Brush-1 mRNA expression for both primary tumors and breast cancer cell lines is the expected pattern for a breast tumor suppressor gene.
High-resolution pressure sensors fabricated by silicon wafer direct bonding (1991)

Silicon diaphragm pressure sensors have been fabricated on SOI structures to reduce the pressure sensitivity variation. The SOI structure, made by direct bonding two oxidised silicon wafers together, was used as an etch-stop layer during diaphragm formation and for controlling the diaphragm thickness. The pressure sensitivity variation can be controlled to within a standard deviation of ±2.3% from wafer to wafer.
Free-breathing Cardiac MR Imaging: Study of Implications of Respiratory Motion—Initial Results (2001)

The respiratory motion of several anatomic regions (right hemidiaphragm, left ventricle of the heart, chest wall, abdominal wall) was investigated during free breathing in 10 healthy volunteers by using multinavigator technology and real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The respiratory motion shows hysteretic effects, which are strongly subject dependent and might have some effect on the quality of cardiac MR images.
Helical CT angiography of renal artery stenosis. (1997)

Helical CT angiography of renal artery stenosis.G D Rubin and S NapelAudio Available | Share
The Viscoelastic Properties of the Fungal Cell Wall Allow Traffic of AmBisome as Intact Liposome Vesicles (2018)

The fungal cell wall is a critically important structure that represents a permeability barrier and protective shield. We probed <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> with liposomes containing amphotericin B (AmBisome), with or without 15-nm colloidal gold particles. The liposomes have a diameter of 60 to 80 nm, and yet their mode of action requires them to penetrate the fungal cell wall to deliver amphotericin B to the cell membrane, where it binds to ergosterol. Surprisingly, using cryofixation techniques with electron microscopy, we observed that the liposomes remained intact during transit through the cell wall of both yeast species, even though the predicted porosity of the cell wall (pore size, ~5.8 nm) is theoretically too small to allow these liposomes to pass through intact. <i>C. albicans</i> mutants with altered cell wall thickness and composition were similar in both their <i>in vitro</i> AmBisome susceptibility and the ability of liposomes to penetrate the cell wall. AmBisome exposed to ergosterol-deficient <i>C. albicans</i> failed to penetrate beyond the mannoprotein-rich outer cell wall layer. Melanization of <i>C. neoformans</i> and the absence of amphotericin B in the liposomes were also associated with a significant reduction in liposome penetration. Therefore, AmBisome can reach cell membranes intact, implying that fungal cell wall viscoelastic properties are permissive to vesicular structures. The fact that AmBisome can transit through chemically diverse cell wall matrices when these liposomes are larger than the theoretical cell wall porosity suggests that the wall is capable of rapid remodeling, which may also be the mechanism for release of extracellular vesicles.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> AmBisome is a broad-spectrum fungicidal antifungal agent in which the hydrophobic polyene antibiotic amphotericin B is packaged within a 60- to 80-nm liposome. The mode of action involves perturbation of the fungal cell membrane by selectively binding to ergosterol, thereby disrupting membrane function. We report that the AmBisome liposome transits through the cell walls of both <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> intact, despite the fact that the liposome is larger than the theoretical cell wall porosity. This implies that the cell wall has deformable, viscoelastic properties that are permissive to transwall vesicular traffic. These observations help explain the low toxicity of AmBisome, which can deliver its payload directly to the cell membrane without unloading the polyene in the cell wall. In addition, these findings suggest that extracellular vesicles may also be able to pass through the cell wall to deliver soluble and membrane-bound effectors and other molecules to the extracellular space.
Cervical cytologic screening: Optimal management of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in young women (2006)

1019 Background: HPV testing is a cost-effective strategy for the management of ASC-US cytology. However, young women have a high prevalence of transient HPV infections and low incidence high grade cervical lesions which may limit the utility of HPV testing in these women. We sought to determine the utility of HPV testing for young women with ASC-US. Methods: A review of all patients with ASC-US cytology between January, 2003 and December, 2004 was performed. Reflex HPV testing using the Hybrid Capture II system was performed on all samples. Age stratified rates of HPV positivity, rates of high grade dysplasia and sensitivity and specificity were estimated. Results: A total of 1290 women with ASC-US cytology were identified. The percentage of ASC-US samples that were HPV positive was highest in the young women and decreased with advancing age: &lt; 25 yo (55%), 26–40 (36%), 41–50 (13%), &gt; 50 yo (12%) (p&lt;0.0001). Among HPV positive women with ASC-US, the identification of high grade lesions (HSIL, CIN2, CIN3, cancer) was lowest in the young women and increased with age: &lt; 25 (12%), 26–40 (24%), 41–50 (19%), &gt; 50 yo (24%) (p=0.05). A negative HPV test more reliably excluded high disease in the young women. No high grade lesions were detected in the HPV negative women ≤ 25 compared to 3.8% of those &gt; 50 (p=0.04). The sensitivity for detection of high grade disease was higher in women &lt; 25 compared to those &gt; 50 (100% vs. 50%), while specificity was lower (14% vs. 44%). Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of HPV and low occurrence of high grade lesions in young women with ASC-US, an HPV based triage strategy will result in the referral of a large number of women for colposcopy and may limit its cost effectiveness. A program of repeat cytology may be more appropriate for the follow-up of young women with ASC-US. [Table: see text]
Unified Total Synthesis of Pteriatoxins and Their Diastereomers (2006)

A unified total synthesis is reported to access all of the possible diastereomers of pteriatoxins A-C, with the use of an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction as the key step to form the carbo-macrocyclic core structure. The C34/C35-diol protecting groups were found to have significant effects on both the exo/endo-selectivity and the exo-facial selectivity of the intramolecular Diels-Alder process.
Zinc Mediated Alkylation of Cyclic Secondary Amines (2003)

Abstract Zinc metal mediated simple and efficient alkylation of cyclic secondary amines e.g., piperazines and morpholine with allyl bromide, chlorobromo propane and p-methoxy benzyl bromide is described in good yields.
Corneal Asphericity and Retinal Image Quality: A Case Study and Simulations (2004)

Following wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), contrast sensitivity is usually good and is not dependent upon the corneal conic shape. Better visual outcomes are more likely with a customized shape than a standard best conic shape.
Abstract B59: Targeting metabolic enzymes in cancer prevention: Mechanistic insight into reciprocal regulation of isoforms of pyruvate kinase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in the early stage of cancer development (2011)

Abstract Cancer cells distinguish themselves from normal cells in multiple ways. One such distinction is that cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation even in the presence of oxygen, known as the “Warburg Effect”. Although glycolysis is inefficient to produce ATP compared with oxidative phosphorylation, metabolic intermediates produced during glycolysis may provide building blocks for cancer cells. Associated with this metabolic switch is up- or down-regulation of important metabolic enzymes, such as the M1 and M2 isoforms of pyruvate kinase (PKM1; PKM2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1; IDH2). PKM2 is highly expressed and critical for proliferation of tumor cells. Our initial studies showed that both UV irradiation and tumor promoters altered cellular metabolism via upregulating the activity and expression levels of PKM2 and downregulating PKM1. However, this M1/M2 shift has not been reported in early stage of cancer development. IDH1, a cytosolic enzyme which converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, was recently discovered to be mutated in human brain cancer and leukemia. Interestingly, wild-type IDH1 produces alpha-ketoglutarate; however, mutant IDH1 generates 2-hydroxyglutarate, a known “oncometabolite.” We have found that decreased expression and activity levels of IDH1, not IDH2 were seen both in vitro in the tumor promotable JB6 P+ cell model and in vivo using mouse skin epidermal tissues, following UV and 12–0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) treatment. More importantly, knockdown of IDH1 enhanced whereas overexpression of IDH1 suppressed cell transformation induced by tumor promoter TPA. During tumorigenesis, oncogenic activation can also generate oxidative stress. Since metabolism is the major source for ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, metabolic changes often observed in cancer cells may also be regulated by oxidative stress. Our initial studies revealed that PKM2 was upregulated and IDH1 downregulated in promotable mouse skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells, not in non-promotable JB6 P-cells. We have observed in previous studies that MnSOD expression/activity is lower in P+ cells, compared to P-cells, thus providing evidence that PKM2 activation and IDH1 inactivation may be regulated by oxidative stress. Lastly, overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) suppressed tumor promoter-induced PKM2 activation and decreased IDH1 expression. These results suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to PKM2 activation and IDH1 inactivation during early stage tumor promotion, suggesting mediation with MnSOD, a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, may play a cancer preventative role in regulating cellular metabolism. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B59.
Active Treatment Strategies Improving Outcomes in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes with the Deletion 5q Abnormality (2008)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Dynamic Visualization of Antenna Patterns and Phased-Array Beam Steering [Education Column] (2012)

Antenna education is often hindered by the fact that radiation patterns are hard to visualize (RF electromagnetic waves are invisible), and require complicated, expensive equipment to measure. To solve this problem, we have built a wall that illuminates when RF energy is directed at it. This allows immediate visualization of an antenna's radiation pattern, and of concepts such as wireless propagation, polarization, gain, and even phased-array beam steering. A low-power LED rectenna array is used to create the visualization wall. We have also developed a multicolor LED rectenna that changes color depending on incident power. Also included is a phased-array antenna with a crystal oscillator and power amplifi er on the same board. This board allows the user to control the phase of signals fed to each of four columns of a 16-element patch array using only a rotary selector switch. This allows instructors to demonstrate the principles of phased-array beam steering in real time, all with a self-contained system cost of less than $1500.
Lowest density MDS codes over extension alphabets (2006)

Let F be a finite field and b be a positive integer. A construction is presented of codes over the alphabet F/sup b/ with the following three properties: i) the codes are maximum-distance separable (MDS) over F/sup b/, ii) they are linear over F, and iii) they have systematic generator and parity-check matrices over F with the smallest possible number of nonzero entries. Furthermore, for the case F=GF(2), the construction is the longest possible among all codes that satisfy properties i)-iii).
Regulation of a xenobiotic sulfonation cascade by nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR) (2002)

The nuclear receptor PXR (pregnane X receptor) protects the body from hepatotoxicity of secondary bile acids such as lithocholic acid (LCA) by inducing expression of the hydroxylating cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A and promoting detoxification. We found that activation of PXR also increases the activity and gene expression of the phase II conjugating enzyme dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase (STD) known to sulfate LCA to facilitate its elimination. This activation is direct and appears to extend to other xenobiotic sulfotransferases as well as to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2), an enzyme that generates the donor cofactor for the reaction. Because sulfation plays an important role in the metabolism of many xenobiotics, prescription drugs, and toxins, we propose that PXR serves as a master regulator of the phase I and II responses to facilitate rapid and efficient detoxification and elimination of foreign chemicals.
Oversampled DFT-Modulated Biorthogonal Filter Banks: Perfect Reconstruction Designs and Multiplierless Approximations (2019)

We propose a novel methodology for designing oversampled discrete Fourier transform-modulated uniform filter banks. The analysis prototype is designed as a Nyquist filter, whereas the synthesis prototype is designed to guarantee perfect reconstruction (PR) considering oversampling. The resulting optimization problem fits into the disciplined convex programming framework, as long as some convex objective function is employed, as the minimization of either the stop-band energy or the maximum deviation from a desired response. The methodology also accounts for near-PR multiplierless approximations of the prototype analysis and synthesis filters, whose coefficients are obtained in the sum-of-power-of-two (SOPOT) space. The quantized coefficients are computed using successive approximation of vectors, which is able to yield filters with a reduced number of SOPOT coefficients in a computationally efficient manner. The proposed methodology is especially appealing for supporting actual hardware deployments, such as modern digital transparent processors to be used in next-generation satellite payloads.
Photon counting in the 1540-nm wavelength region with a germanium avalanche photodiode (2001)

Unexpected results have been obtained in measurements of dark-count rate and quantum efficiency (QE) for a germanium avalanche photodiode operating in the photon counting regime at 1540-nm wavelength. A liquid-nitrogen cooled Ge single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) exhibited both a low dark-count rate and a QE of the order of 1%, which is at least one order of magnitude higher than the values reported for such a device. The data offer hope for future diodes that might match such performance. Reasons for the device's extraordinarily good performance, a performance level not matched by the other 17 APDs in the collection investigated, are not understood. Such high quantum efficiency germanium devices could be used in one-bit-per-photon communication systems operating in the 1540-nm telecommunications window.