gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of electrical stimulation on joint contracture in a rat model (1989)

This study was intended to delineate whether electrical stimulation could significantly reduce the amount of joint contracture in a rat model. Rat knees were surgically immobilized in 150 degrees of flexion. Two groups of rats had sham electrodes, and two groups were electrically stimulated. All rats were killed 14 days after surgery. The degree of joint contracture was assessed by measuring the femorotibial angles with a 0.015-Nm extension moment applied. When the electrical current was applied in a transverse manner, there was a statistically significant reduction in the amount of posterior capsule (p less than 0.005) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (p less than 0.05) contracture. When the electrical current was applied longitudinally, no significant difference in the amount of joint contracture was found. These findings support the hypothesis that electrical stimulation can inhibit joint contracture. These findings also suggest that the effect occurs when the electrical current is applied transversely as opposed to longitudinally.
In vitro cytotoxicity of allelopathic plants Adonis vernalis L. Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare L. and Nepeta nuda subsp. nuda (2018)

Abstract Medicinal plants produce various secondary metabolites as a part of their chemical defence and survival in nature. These compounds have a wide range of biological activities. Nowadays, medicinal plants are used as source of allelochemicals and new effective anticancer agents. Our previous studies revealed allelopathic potential of water extracts of Adonis vernalis L. (Ranunculaceae), Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare L. and Nepeta nuda subsp. nuda (Lamiaceae). Present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the same extracts in vitro on human hepatoma cell line SK-HEP-1. Cell proliferation/viability was assessed using Premixed WST-1 Cell Proliferation Reagent. Adonis water extract (1.83mg/ml) had notable negative influence on cancer cell line tested. Oregano (3.5 mg/ml) also exerted negative effect, but to a lesser degree. On the contrary, nepeta water extract (6.59 mg/ml) had an opposite effect, stimulating cell proliferation. One possible explanation could be the type of extraction: after treatment with nepeta methanol extract (6.59 mg/ml) cell viability was significantly reduced. In conclusion, Adonis vernalis and Nepeta nuda subsp. nuda possess metabolites with growth inhibitory effect on human hepatoma cell line SK-HEP-1. Further research is needed to clarify biological activity of lower concentrations which are appropriate to enable the design of new anticancer drugs.
Prevention of Diabetes by Fenofibrate in OLETF Rats: Hepatic Mechanism for Reducing Visceral Adiposity (2007)

2 , Mi-Kyoung Park , Mi-Kyoung Park , Mi-Kyoung Park , Mi-Kyoung Park - Abstract - - Abstract - - Abstract - - Abstract - Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatic mechanism of fenofibrate that has the diabetes protective action in rats. Methods: We chose OLETF rats and divided them into three groups. Fenofibrate (DF) group was fed with diet and fenofibrate (300 mg/kg/day). Paired feeding (Dd) group and free diet (DD) group were fed with diet. After 36 weeks of treatment, all the rats were sacrificed. Results: The fasting blood glucose level of DF group (8.5 ± 0.9 mmol/L) showed normal. The fasting blood glucose level of Dd group (22.4 ± 3.0 mmol/L) and DD group (16.9 ± 3.7 mmol/L) showed significantly increased than that of DF group ( P < 0.01, respectively). The body weight, visceral adipose tissue and subcutaneous adipose tissue of DF group were significantly decreased compared to those of Dd and DD groups ( P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). DF group showed significantly increased state-3 respiration rate, ATP synthetic activity, state-4 respiration rate and their blood β-keton body levels than those of control groups ( P < 0.01, respectively). DF group showed normal morphology of hepatocytes but DD and Dd groups showed hepatic steatosis with mitochondrial swellings. Conclusion: Chronic fenofibrate treatment prevents the development of diabetes in OLETF rats with inhibiting gain of body weight and abdominal adiposity. The hepatic mechanism for reducing visceral adiposity is that fenofibrate leads to increasing oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling and ketogenesis as well as increasing beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Moreover, fenofibrate treatment prevents the development of hepatic steatosis. (J Kor Diabetes
2,3:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-talono-1,4-lactone (2004)

The title diacetonide, C13H20O7, readily available in quantity from d-tagatose, is likely to be a useful carbohydrate starting material. The current structure analysis resolves any ambig­uities arising from the synthetic route over the configuration at the new chiral centre and the size of the lactone ring, but otherwise shows no unusual features.
Small Cell Deployments: Recent Advances and Research Challenges (2012)

This paper summarizes the outcomes of the 5th International Workshop on Femtocells held at King's College London, UK, on the 13th and 14th of February, 2012.The workshop hosted cutting-edge presentations about the latest advances and research challenges in small cell roll-outs and heterogeneous cellular networks. This paper provides some cutting edge information on the developments of Self-Organizing Networks (SON) for small cell deployments, as well as related standardization supports on issues such as carrier aggregation (CA), Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques, and enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC), etc. Furthermore, some recent efforts on issues such as energy-saving as well as Machine Learning (ML) techniques on resource allocation and multi-cell cooperation are described. Finally, current developments on simulation tools and small cell deployment scenarios are presented. These topics collectively represent the current trends in small cell deployments.
Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Induction by 15-Deoxyspergualin in a Cultured Macrophage Cell Line, J744A.1 Activated with IFN-.GAMMA. and LPS. (1999)

Immunosuppressant 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) inhibited induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) following stimulation with IFN-gamma and LPS in a cultured macrophage cell line, J774A.1 [corrected]. By DSG treatment NO2- accumulation in the medium was blocked, and cellular iNOS protein level decreased as shown by Western blotting. DSG didn't have any direct effect on iNOS activity. DSG was not used as a substrate of NOS in in vitro enzyme systems, and it was too weak an inhibitor of iNOS and cNOS to cause the inhibition of accumulation of NO2-. DSG did not scavenge NO spontaneously generated from NOR. Structure-activity relationships of analogs and decomposed elements showed that there is correlation between the inhibition of iNOS induction and immunosuppressive activity.
Experiences with the Pavane Program Visualization Environment (1992)

The Pavane system is an implementation of the declarative visualization model, which treats visualization as a mapping form the state of some entity (a program, an execution, a data set, etc.) to images. We briefly discuss the declarative visualization model and the implementation of Pavane. We then present some of the results that we have obtained with Pavane. These results are divided into three parts: a discussion of the development of visualizations focusing on the roles played by the various participants, a critique of declarative visualization in general and Pavane in particular, and a presentation of a number of common techniques in the development and construction of visualizations. The last is organized as a series of vignettes appended to the text.
Subtype-selective Noncompetitive or Competitive Inhibition of Human α1-Adrenergic Receptors by ρ-TIA (2004)

The 19-amino acid conopeptide (rho-TIA) was shown previously to antagonize noncompetitively alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptors (ARs). Because this is the first peptide ligand for these receptors, we compared its interactions with the three recombinant human alpha(1)-AR subtypes (alpha(1A), alpha(1B), and alpha(1D)). Radioligand binding assays showed that rho-TIA was 10-fold selective for human alpha(1B)-over alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-ARs. As observed with hamster alpha(1B)-ARs, rho-TIA decreased the number of binding sites (B(max)) for human alpha(1B)-ARs without changing affinity (K(D)), and this inhibition was unaffected by the length of incubation but was reversed by washing. However, rho-TIA had opposite effects at human alpha(1A)-ARs and alpha(1D)-ARs, decreasing K(D) without changing B(max), suggesting it acts competitively at these subtypes. rho-TIA reduced maximal NE-stimulated [(3)H]inositol phosphate formation in HEK293 cells expressing human alpha(1B)-ARs but competitively inhibited responses in cells expressing alpha(1A)- or alpha(1D)-ARs. Truncation mutants showed that the amino-terminal domains of alpha(1B)- or alpha(1D)-ARs are not involved in interaction with rho-TIA. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of rho-TIA showed F18A had an increased selectivity for alpha(1B)-ARs, and F18N also increased subtype selectivity. I8A had a slightly reduced potency at alpha(1B)-ARs and was found to be a competitive, rather than noncompetitive, inhibitor in both radioligand and functional assays. Thus rho-TIA noncompetitively inhibits alpha(1B)-ARs but competitively inhibits the other two subtypes, and this selectivity can be increased by mutation. These differential interactions do not involve the receptor amino termini and are not because of the charged nature of the peptide, and isoleucine 8 is critical for its noncompetitive inhibition at alpha(1B)-ARs.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL‐METHYLENE COMPLEXES. 11. SYNTHESIS OF THE FIRST METHYLIDYNE‐RHODIUM CLUSTER BY ACID‐INDUCED HYDROGEN/METHANE ELIMINATION FROM A μ‐METHYLENE COMPLEX (1980)

Abstract Die leicht zugängliche Rh‐Verbindung (I) mit einer unsubstituierten Methylen‐Brücke reagiert mit HBF 4 , TFA oder CF 3 SO 3 H in THF nahezu quantitativ zu den dreikernigen, salzartigen Clusterverbindungen (II) mit m‐CH‐Gruppe unter Eliminierung von H, und Methan.
Comparison of young and elderly COVID-19 cynomolgus macaque models reflecting human COVID-19 pathological conditions (2021)

The COVID-19 is still raging worldwide. COVID-19 has shown severe pathogenicity in the elderly and people with underlying diseases. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the pathology in patients with underlying diseases and in elderly patients. The use of an appropriate animal model is needed to overcome COVID-19; however, healthy young animals are usually used as experimental animals. Here, we discuss SARS-CoV-2 infection and related pathological conditions in cynomolgus monkeys including those with underlying diseases causing severe pathogenicity such as metabolic disease and advanced age. Cynomolgus macaques, with various clinical conditions and ages, were infected with SARS-CoV-2. There were differences between the pathologies of young and elderly macaques with underlying diseases. Consistent with humans, both viral RNA and infectious virus particles in pharyngeal swabs was higher in the aged macaques than in the young macaques. These were for a long period of time in the aged macaques. Inflammation due to pneumonia lasted for a longer period in the aged macaques. Therefore, the COVID-19 cynomolgus monkey model would be useful for elucidating COVID-19 pathophysiology, as well as, developing therapeutic and prophylactic agents against this disease.
Etoposide induces a mixed type of programmed cell death and overcomes the resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B hepatoma cells (2012)

The Bcl-2 protein is known to exert not only anti-apoptotic but also anti-autophagic activities. Numerous studies have demonstrated that etoposide, which is one of the most widely used cancer chemotherapy agents, induces apoptotic cell death. However, the exact molecular mechanism leading to cell death by etoposide remains to be resolved. This study aimed to dissect the mode of cell death induced by etoposide in Hep3B hepatoma cells. Furthermore, this study was conducted to examine whether etoposide overcomes the resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B hepatoma cells. We observed that Hep3B cells treated with etoposide show not only apoptotic but autophagic phenotypes. Autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3MA) and caspase inhibition by zVAD-fmk effectively decreased autophagic and apoptotic phenotypes, respectively. However, either zVAD-fmk or 3MA only partially prevented cell death. These data indicate that etoposide concomitantly induces autophagic cell death and apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Importantly, etoposide can effectively induce cell death in Bcl-2-overexpressing Hep3B cells. Conversely, staurosporine, which exclusively induces apoptosis in Hep3B cells, did not efficiently induce cell death in Bcl‑2‑overexpressing Hep3B cells. Staurosporine-treated Hep3B cells also showed an autophagic phenotype. While autophagy is cell death-inducing in Hep3B cells treated with etoposide, it is cytoprotective in Hep3B cells treated with staurosporine. To this end, we observed that etoposide-induced mixed type of programmed cell death is associated with the dissociation of Bcl-2 from Beclin-1. Taken together, etoposide induces a mixed type of programmed cell death and overcomes the resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B hepatoma cells.
Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease (2010)

Alois Alzheimer first pointed out that the disease which would later bear his name has a distinct and recognizable neuropathological substrate. Since then, much has been added to our understanding of the pathological lesions associated with the condition. The 2 primary cardinal lesions associated with Alzheimer's disease are the neurofibrillary tangle and the senile plaque. The neurofibrillary tangle consists of abnormal accumulations of abnormally phosphorylated tau within the perikaryal cytoplasm of certain neurons. The senile plaque consists of a central core of beta-amyloid, a 4-kD peptide, surrounded by abnormally configured neuronal processes or neurites. Other neuropathological lesions are encountered in cases of Alzheimer's disease, but the disease is defined and recognized by these 2 cardinal lesions. Other lesions include poorly understood changes such as granulovacuolar degeneration and eosinophilic rodlike bodies (Hirano bodies). The loss of synaptic components is a change that clearly has a significant impact on cognitive function and represents another important morphological alteration. It is important to recognize that distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease, especially in its early stages, and normal aging may be very difficult, particularly if one is examining the brains of patients who died at an advanced old age. It is also noted that instances of pure forms of Alzheimer's disease, in the absence of other coexistent brain disease processes, such as infarctions or Parkinson's disease-related lesions, are relatively uncommon, and this must be taken into account by researchers who employ postmortem brain tissues for research.
Demand-Oblivious Routing: Distributed vs. Centralized Approaches (2010)

Until recent years, it was more or less undisputed common-sense that an accurate view on traffic demands is indispensable for optimizing the flow of traffic through a network. Lately, this premise has been questioned sharply: it was shown that setting just a single routing, the so called demand-oblivious routing, is sufficient to accommodate any admissible traffic matrix in the network with moderate link overload, so no prior information on demands is absolutely necessary for efficient traffic engineering. Demand-oblivious routing lends itself to distributed implementations, so it scales well. In this paper, we generalize demand-oblivious routing in a new way: we show that, in contrast to the distributed case, centralized demand-oblivious routing can eliminate link overload completely. What is more, our centralized scheme allows for optimizing the routes with respect to arbitrary linear or quadratic objective function. We realize, however, that a centralized scheme can become prohibitively complex, therefore, we propose a hybrid distributed-centralized algorithm, which, according to our simulations, strikes a good balance between efficiency, scalability and complexity.
Glycogen Synthase from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle (1980)

Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 phosphorylates three serine residues on glycogen synthase (sites 3a, 3b and 3c) which are all located in the same nine‐amino‐acid segment of the polypeptide chain. The sequence in this region is: Arg‐Tyr‐Pro‐Arg‐Pro‐Ala‐Ser(P)‐Val‐Pro‐Pro‐Ser(P)‐Pro‐Ser‐Leu‐Ser(P)‐Arg‐. These serine residues are distinct from the sites phosphorylated preferentially by cyclic‐AMP‐dependent protein kinase (sites 1a and 1b) and phosphorylase kinase (site 2). The N‐terminal sequence of glycogen synthase containing the serine residue phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase has been extended. The sequence in this region is: Pro‐Leu‐Ser‐Arg‐Thr‐Leu‐Ser(P)‐Val‐Ser‐Ser‐Leu‐Pro‐Gly‐Leu‐Glu‐Asp‐Trp‐Glu‐Asp‐Glu‐Phe‐Asp‐Leu‐Glu‐Asn‐Ser‐Val‐Leu‐Phe‐(Asx 2 ,Glx 2 ,Ala 2 ,Val 2 ,Lys)‐. The similarity to the N‐terminal sequence of phosphorylase is confined to the immediate vicinity of the phosphorylation site (residues 4–15). The relationship of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 to glycogen synthase kinases that have been described by other laboratories is discussed.
Outcrossing in Early‐Stage Spring Wheat Breeder Seed Development (2010)

ABSTRACT Outcrossing (OC) during the initial stages of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) breeder seed development (“head‐rowing”) may lead to off‐types appearing in later generations of pedigreed seed. The objective of this research project was to measure OC in a simulated short (1.3 m) breeder row nursery of spring wheat. Rows of four cultivars known to differ in OC potential were grown at up to 12 distances (30–360 cm) from a blue aleurone pollen source in two directions in each of 2 yr. Pollen flow barriers consisted of varying numbers of border rows of wheat or the use of four rows of spring triticale ( Triticosecale ). The blue aleurone trait was used to estimate OC frequency. Triticale was equivalent to wheat as a pollen trap. Based on the results from this study, it would appear prudent to use a pollen barrier of at least 3.6 m between wheat germplasm of a low to moderate OC potential. Wider pollen barriers (&gt;10 m) probably will be required for germplasm prone to OC.
Multilevel effects in the Rabi oscillations of a Josephson phase qubit (2008)

We present Rabi oscillation measurements of a $\text{Nb}/{\text{AlO}}_{\text{x}}/\text{Nb}$ dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) phase qubit with a $100\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}{\text{m}}^{2}$ area junction acquired over a range of microwave drive power and frequency detuning. Given the slightly anharmonic level structure of the device, several excited states play an important role in the qubit dynamics, particularly at high power. To investigate the effects of these levels, multiphoton Rabi oscillations were monitored by measuring the tunneling escape rate of the device to the voltage state, which is particularly sensitive to excited state population. We compare the observed oscillation frequencies with a simplified model constructed from the full phase qubit Hamiltonian and also compare time-dependent escape rate measurements with a more complete density-matrix simulation. Good quantitative agreement is found between the data and simulations, allowing us to identify a shift in resonance (analogous to the ac Stark effect), a suppression of the Rabi frequency, and leakage to the higher excited states.
Performance of large arrays of point absorbing direct-driven wave energy converters (2013)

Future commercial installation of wave energy plants using point absorber technology will require clusters of tens up to several hundred devices, in order to reach a viable electricity production. Interconnected devices also serve the purpose of power smoothing, which is especially important for devices using direct-driven power take off. The scope of this paper is to evaluate a method to optimize wave energy farms in terms of power production, economic viability, and resources. In particular, the paper deals with the power variation in a large array of point-absorbing direct-driven wave energy converters, and the smoothing effect due to the number of devices and their hydrodynamic interactions. A few array geometries are compared and 34 sea states measured at the Lysekil research site at the Swedish west coast are used in the simulations. Potential linear flow theory is used with full hydrodynamic interactions between the buoys. It is shown that the variance in power production depends crucially on the geometry of the array and the number of interacting devices, but not significantly on the energy period of the waves.
R-Domain Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase A Stimulates Dissociation of Unhydrolyzed ATP from the First Nucleotide-Binding Site of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (2018)

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is an asymmetric ATP-binding cassette transporter in which ATP hydrolysis occurs only at the second of the two composite nucleotide-binding sites whereas there are noncanonical substitutions of key catalytic residues in the first site. Therefore, in widely accepted models of CFTR function, ATP is depicted as remaining bound at the first site while it is hydrolyzed at the second site. However, the long lifetime of ATP at nucleotide-binding domain 1 (NBD1) had been measured under conditions where the channel had not been activated by phosphorylation. Here we show that phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), obligatory for channel activation, strongly accelerates dissociation of the unhydrolyzed ATP from NBD1 of both full-length and NBD2-deleted CFTR. This stimulation of nucleotide release results from phosphorylation of the CFTR regulatory domain (residues 634-835) (R-domain). Mimicking phosphorylation by mutating the eight phosphorylation sites in the R-domain (8SE) has the same robust effect on accelerating the dissociation of ATP from NBD1. These findings provide new insight into relationships between R-domain phosphorylation and ATP binding and hydrolysis, the two main CFTR regulatory pathways.
Implantation of D and He in W-Coated Refractory Carbides (2005)

The effect of high temperature (700-1200°C) implantation of deuterium and helium in candidate fusion first wall materials was studied in the University of Wisconsin Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) device. Tungsten coated TaC and HfC ’’foam’’, single crystal tungsten, and high-emissivity tungsten coated ’’foam’’ were compared to previous tungsten powder metallurgy samples studied in the IEC device for the High Average Power Laser (HAPL) program. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to evaluate changes in surface morphology for various ion fluences at temperatures comparable to first wall temperatures. Single crystal tungsten was shown to exhibit less damage than polycrystalline samples at a fluence of 4×1016 He+/cm2. It was found that no significant deformations occur with deuterium implantation up to ~1018 D+/cm2 at 800°C on W-coated TaC and HfC foam samples. However, helium fluences in excess of 6×1017 He+/cm2 show extensive pore formation at 800°C and higher. These changes may have an impact on the lifetime of tungsten coatings on the first walls of inertial and magnetic confinement fusion reactors.