gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation of peak oxygen uptake in obese patients with metabolic syndrome (2016)

<b>Purpose:</b> The aims were to compare peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) predicted from four standard equations to actual <i>V</i>O2peak measured from a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in obese patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and develop a new equation to estimate <i>V</i>O2peak in obese women with MetS. <b>Methods:</b> Seventy-five obese patients with MetS performed a CPET. Anthropometric data were also collected for each participant. <i>V</i>O2peak was predicted from four prediction equations (from Riddle, Hansen, Wasserman or Gläser) and then compared with the actual <i>VO2peak</i> measured during the CPET. The accuracy of the predictions was determined with the Bland–Altman method. When accuracy was low, a new prediction equation including anthropometric variables was proposed. <b>Results:</b> VO2peak predicted from the equation of Wasserman was not significantly different from actual <i>VO2</i>peak in women. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the predicted and actual values (p &lt; 0.001, <i>r</i> = 0.69). In men, no significant difference was noted between actual <i>VO2peak</i> and <i>VO2peak</i> predicted from the prediction equation of Gläser, and these two values were also correlated (p = 0.03, <i>r</i> = 0.44). However, the LoA95% was wide, whatever the prediction equation or gender. Regression analysis suggested a new prediction equation derived from age and height for obese women with MetS. <b>Conclusions:</b> The methods of Wasserman and Gläser are valid to predict <i>VO2peak</i> in obese patient with MetS, respectively. However, the accuracy of the predictions was low for both methods. Consequently, a new prediction equation including age and height was developed for obese women with MetS. However, new prediction equation remains to develop in obese men with MetS.
Synthesis of a Mesogenic Compound with a Defined Conformation (2001)

The synthesis of the bicyclohexyl derivative 2 has been attained in 4 steps by bi-directional elaboration of bicyclohexanone 3. Due to the specifically placed methyl substituents, 2 populates a single conformation at the inter-ring bond, resulting in improved material properties.
Predictive aberration correction for multilayer optical data storage (2006)

The recording of data in multiple layers, rather than a single layer, permits a significant increase in the capacity of optical data storage devices. However, focusing to the different layers introduces different amounts of depth-dependent aberrations. Variable aberration correction is therefore necessary to maintain diffraction-limited operation. We demonstrate the use of adaptive optics to predict and correct these aberrations for both the recording and read-out of such media.
Ab initiostudy of iron and iron hydride: II. Structural and magnetic properties of close-packed Fe and FeH (1998)

The energetical ordering and magnetic states of hexagonal and double-hexagonal close-packed (hcp, dhcp) as well as face-centred cubic (fcc) Fe and FeH crystals are studied via spin-polarized ab initio total-energy calculations in the local spin-density approximation and with generalized gradient corrections by means of the mixed-basis pseudopotential and the all-electron LMTO-ASA methods. In all three structures, the magnetic spin moments go to zero under volume compression. For pure Fe in the compressed non-magnetic state, the hcp structure is found to have the lowest energy, fcc the highest, and the dhcp structure lies in between. The two hexagonal structures have significantly smaller than ideal c/a ratios. For compressed non-magnetic FeH the energetical ordering of the structures is reversed, compared to that for pure Fe, with fcc ground-state structure and almost ideal c/a ratios for both hexagonal structures. In the ferromagnetic states at expanded volumes, the energetical orderings are again opposite to those of the non-magnetic states both for Fe and FeH. In ferromagnetic FeH these energy differences are particularly small, yielding almost an energetical degeneracy of all three close-packed structures.
Discontinuation of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy and Dialysis Dependence (2018)

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a form of extracorporeal support for critical patients, especially for those with acute kidney injury. This therapy enables to gain adequate control over the great metabolic and fluids demand when kidneys are not able to do so; this condition is habitually present in patients who are admitted to intensive care units. However, it is also clear that these patients present a higher mortality rate and, in some cases, complications associated with the therapy. Therefore, it is fundamental to optimize and customize different aspects of RRT that range from the ideal timing including the modality and the dose until its suspension or ending. There currently is a great deal of controversy in all of these RRT-related topics. Although different predictive models have been proposed to determine the optimal timing of therapy discontinuation, nowadays urine output, serum and urine creatinine levels are perhaps the only variables associated with effective discontinuation. Future studies should focus on more accurately predicting renal recovery. This review provides an approach based on current evidence regarding effective discontinuation.
Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges (2007)

A fatal bulking phenomenon was found to occur occasionally in the methanogenic granular sludge of a mesophilic (35-40 degrees C), full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating organic wastewater discharged from a sugar manufacturing factory. A vast number of filamentous cells were observed in the bulking sludge that were morphologically distinct from the previously recognized anaerobic bulking agent Anaerolinea thermophila. 16S rRNA gene-based analyses of the microbial populations in the bulking sludge revealed that the dominant filamentous organisms were members of proposed candidate bacterial phylum, KSB3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of the healthy sludge granules showed that the KSB3 filaments were the dominant granule surface population suggesting that they are fundamental constituents of the sludge granules and that they occasionally overgrow in the reactor, possibly triggering the filamentous bulking. We surveyed 10 additional mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic sludges for the presence and diversity of KSB3 populations. Bacteria closely related to the characterized KSB3 filaments were present in two types of mesophilically grown UASB sludge granules treating actual wastewater discharged from sugar-processing industries.
Measurement of Distributed Temperature and Strain Using Raman OTDR with a Fiber Line Including Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors (2016)

한 개의 감지 광섬유 라인으로 분포 온도와 몇 개의 변형률을 측정할 수 있는 새로운 광섬유 센서 연구를 수행하였다. 분포 온도는 감지 광섬유의 라만 안티-스토크스 산란광을 시간영역 반사계(OTDR: optical time domain reflectometry)로 측정하고, 변형률은 광섬유 브래그 격자(FBG: fiber Bragg grating)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 분포 온도는 4 km의 단일 모드 광섬유의 감지 광섬유로부터 안티-스토크스 후방 산란광을 양방향에서 취득하고 새로이 고안된 수식으로 온도를 계산하였다. 온도 실험은 감지 광섬유의 중간쯤에서 약 50 m의 광섬유 부분의 온도를 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>부터 <TEX>$70^{\circ}C$</TEX>까지 <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX> 간격으로 변화시키면서 실험한 결과 온도 측정 오차 범위는 <TEX>$0.50^{\circ}C$</TEX>이하로 확인되었다. 또한 감지 광섬유에 설치된 FBG는 변위 스테이지로 변형시키고 파장 변화를 광학 스펙트럼 분석기로 측정한 결과 각각 0.10 nm, 0.17 nm, 0.29 nm, and 0.00 nm를 얻었다. 이러한 파장 이동은 각각 <TEX>$85.76{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, <TEX>$145.55{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, <TEX>$247.86{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, <TEX>$0.00{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>에 해당되었다. In this study, we propose a novel fiber optic sensor to show the measurement feasibility of distributed temperature and strains in a single sensing fiber line. Distributed temperature can be measured using optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) with a Raman anti-Stokes light in the sensing fiber line. Moreover, the strain can be measured by fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in the same sensing fiber line. The anti-Stokes Raman back-scattering lights from both ends of the sensing fiber, which consists of a 4 km single mode optical fiber, are acquired and inserted into a newly formulated equation to calculate the temperature. Furthermore, the center wavelengths from the FBGs in the sensing fiber are detected by an optical spectrum analyzer; these are converted to strain values. The initial wavelengths of the FBGs are selected to avoid a cross-talk with the wavelength of the Raman pulsed pump light. Wavelength shifts from a tension test were found to be 0.1 nm, 0.17 nm, 0.29 nm, and 0.00 nm, with corresponding strain values of <TEX>$85.76{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, <TEX>$145.55{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, <TEX>$247.86{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$0.00{\mu}{\epsilon}$</TEX>, respectively. In addition, a 50 m portion of the sensing fiber from <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> to <TEX>$70^{\circ}C$</TEX> at <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX> intervals was used to measure the distributed temperature. In all tests, the temperature measurement accuracy of the proposed sensor was less than <TEX>$0.50^{\circ}C$</TEX>.
Quantifying & minimizing attack surfaces containing moving target defenses (2015)

The cyber security exposure of resilient systems is frequently described as an attack surface. A larger surface area indicates increased exposure to threats and a higher risk of compromise. Ad-hoc addition of dynamic proactive defenses to distributed systems may inadvertently increase the attack surface. This can lead to cyber friendly fire, a condition in which adding superfluous or incorrectly configured cyber defenses unintentionally reduces security and harms mission effectiveness. Examples of cyber friendly fire include defenses which themselves expose vulnerabilities (e.g., through an unsecured admin tool), unknown interaction effects between existing and new defenses causing brittleness or unavailability, and new defenses which may provide security benefits, but cause a significant performance impact leading to mission failure through timeliness violations. This paper describes a prototype service capability for creating semantic models of attack surfaces and using those models to (1) automatically quantify and compare cost and security metrics across multiple surfaces, covering both system and defense aspects, and (2) automatically identify opportunities for minimizing attack surfaces, e.g., by removing interactions that are not required for successful mission execution.
Synthesis of 9-[1-(Substituted)-2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Ethyl]Adenine Derivatives as Possible Antiviral Agents (2005)

Various C-1'-substituted acyclic N9 adenine nucleosides were prepared from 9-[(1-hydroxymethyl)(3-monomethoxytrityloxy)propyl]-N6-monomethoxytrityladenine. The hydroxymethyl was modified to the phosphonomethoxy derivative, and the 3-monomethoxytrityloxy was converted to hydroxyl, methoxy, azido, and amino. Other substituents, such as ethyl and ea-hydroxyethyl were also prepared. The resulting phosphonomethoxy derivatives were converted to prodrugs.
Infestation and spatial dependence of weed seedling and mature weed populations in corn (2002)

Knowing the distribution of weed seedlings in farmer-managed fields could help researchers develop reliable distribution maps for site-specific weed management. With a knowledge of the spatial arrangement of a weed population, cost effective sampling programs and management strategies can be designed, so inputs can be selected and applied to specific field areas where management is warranted. In 1997 and 1998, weeds were sampled at 612 to 682 sites in two center pivot irrigated corn fields (71 and 53 ha) in eastern Colorado. Weeds were enumerated when corn reached the two-leaf, four-leaf, and physiological maturity stages in a 76.2- by 76.2-m grid, a random-directed grid where sites were established at intervals of 76.2 m, and a star configuration based on a 7.62- by 7.62-m grid within three 23,225 m2 areas. Directional correlograms were calculated for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150° from the crop row. Fifteen weed species were observed across fields. Spatial dependence occurred in 7 of the 93 samples (a collection of sampling units for a particular weed species that was detected within a field at a particular sampling time and year) for populations of field sandbur, pigweed species, nightshade species, and common lambsquarters. Correlogram analysis indicated that 18 to 72% of the variation in sample density was a result of spatial dependence over a geographic distance not exceeding 5 to 363 m among the examined data. Because of the lack of spatial correlation for weed seedling distributions in these eastern Colorado corn fields, interpolated density maps should be based on grid sizes (separation distances) less than 7.62 m for weed seedling infestations.
An Entirely Endoscopic Treatment for Simple Ureteroceles in Nonduplicated Systems: A Preliminary Report (1988)

A case is reported of a large ureterocele associated with a single collecting system. The ureterocele caused frequent urinary retention and it was treated successfully by a staged endoscopic procedure, consisting of complete transurethral resection of the ureterocele followed by perimeatal polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) paste injections to prevent subsequent vesicoureteral reflux. This new approach of a combination of 2 endoscopic techniques proved to be useful in this case.
N‐Methylpyrolidin‐2‐one Hydrotribromide (MPHT) as a New and Efficient Reagent for the Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved methods for dewarping images in convex mirrors in fine art: applications to van Eyck and Parmigianino (2011)

We derive and demonstrate new methods for dewarping images depicted in convex mirrors in artwork and for estimating the three-dimensional shapes of the mirrors themselves. Previous methods were based on the assumption that mirrors were spherical or paraboloidal, an assumption unlikely to hold for hand-blown glass spheres used in early Renaissance art, such as Johannes van Eyck's Portrait of Giovanni (?) Arnolfini and his wife (1434) and Robert Campin's Portrait of St. John the Baptist and Heinrich von Werl (1438). Our methods are more general than such previous methods in that we assume merely that the mirror is radially symmetric and that there are straight lines (or colinear points) in the actual source scene. We express the mirror's shape as a mathematical series and pose the image dewarping task as that of estimating the coefficients in the series expansion. Central to our method is the plumbline principle: that the optimal coefficients are those that dewarp the mirror image so as to straighten lines that correspond to straight lines in the source scene. We solve for these coefficients algebraically through principal component analysis, PCA. Our method relies on a global figure of merit to balance warping errors throughout the image and it thereby reduces a reliance on the somewhat subjective criterion used in earlier methods. Our estimation can be applied to separate image annuli, which is appropriate if the mirror shape is irregular. Once we have found the optimal image dewarping, we compute the mirror shape by solving a differential equation based on the estimated dewarping function. We demonstrate our methods on the Arnolfini mirror and reveal a dewarped image superior to those found in prior work|an image noticeably more rectilinear throughout and having a more coherent geometrical perspective and vanishing points. Moreover, we find the mirror deviated from spherical and paraboloidal shape; this implies that it would have been useless as a concave projection mirror, as has been claimed. Our dewarped image can be compared to the geometry in the full Arnolfini painting; the geometrical agreement strongly suggests that van Eyck worked from an actual room, not, as has been suggested by some art historians, a "fictive" room of his imagination. We apply our method to other mirrors depicted in art, such as Parmigianino's Self-portrait in a convex mirror and compare our results to those from earlier computer graphics simulations.
Noninvasive Molecular Neuroimaging Using Reporter Genes: Part I, Principles Revisited (2007)

In this first article, we review the basic principles of using reporter genes for molecular imaging of the brain in living subjects. This approach is emerging as a valuable tool for monitoring gene expression in diverse applications in laboratory animals, including the study of gene-targeted and trafficking cells, gene therapies, transgenic animals, and more complex molecular interactions within the central nervous system. Further development of more sensitive and selective reporters, combined with improvements in detection technology, will consolidate the position of in vivo reporter gene imaging as a versatile method for greater understanding of intracellular biologic processes and underlying molecular neuropathology and will potentially establish a future role in the clinical management of patients with neurologic diseases.
Interfacial self cleaning during atomic layer deposition and annealing of HfO2 films on native (100)-GaAs substrates (2010)

The reduction in native oxides on GaAs surface during atomic layer deposition (ALD) of HfO2 using tetrakis-dimethylamino-hafnium precursor was investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The role of the ALD growth temperature on the reaction between surface oxides and precursor was studied. Interfacial oxide reduction was found to be insignificant for ALD at 200 °C, while nearly complete for growth at 300 °C. During postdeposition annealing at 400 °C, any arsenic oxides present were found to decompose, resulting in an increase in the interfacial gallium oxides. Thus, control of the ALD process plays a large role in determining interface properties.
Excitation‐Wavelength‐Dependent, Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Bisferrocene/BF2‐Chelated‐Azadipyrromethene/Fullerene Tetrads (2013)

Donor-acceptor distance, orientation, and photoexcitation wavelength are key factors in governing the efficiency and mechanism of electron-transfer reactions both in natural and synthetic systems. Although distance and orientation effects have been successfully demonstrated in simple donor-acceptor dyads, revealing excitation-wavelength-dependent photochemical properties demands multimodular, photosynthetic-reaction-center model compounds. Here, we successfully demonstrate donor- acceptor excitation-wavelength-dependent, ultrafast charge separation and charge recombination in newly synthesized, novel tetrads featuring bisferrocene, BF2 -chelated azadipyrromethene, and fullerene entities. The tetrads synthesized using multistep synthetic procedure revealed characteristic optical, redox, and photo reactivities of the individual components and featured "closely" and "distantly" positioned donor-acceptor systems. The near-IR-emitting BF2-chelated azadipyrromethene acted as a photosensitizing electron acceptor along with fullerene, while the ferrocene entities acted as electron donors. Both tetrads revealed excitation-wavelength-dependent, photoinduced, electron-transfer events as probed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. That is, formation of the Fc(+)-ADP-C60(.-) charge-separated state upon C60 excitation, and Fc(+)-ADP(.-)-C60 formation upon ADP excitation is demonstrated.
Selection of Near-Minimum Time Geometric Paths for Robotic Manipulators (1985)

A number of trajectory or path planning algorithms exist for calculating the joint positions, velocities, and torques which will drive a robotic manipulator along a given geometric path in minimum time. However, the time depends upon the geometric path, so the traversal time of the path should be considered again for geometric planning. There are algorithms available for finding minimum distance paths, but even when obstacle avoidance is not an issue minimum (Cartesian) distance is not necessarily equivalent to minimum time. In this paper, we have derived a lower bound on the time required to move a manipulator from one point to another, and determined the form of the path which minimizes this lower bound. As a numerical example, we have applied the path solution to the first three joints of the Bendix PACS arm, a cylindrical robot. This example does indeed demonstrate that the derived approximate solutions require less time than Cartesian straight-line (minimum-distance) paths and joint-interpolated paths, i.e. those paths for which joint positions qi are given by qi = ai + bi?.
Oligonucleotide-Based Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease (1998)

Gene therapy is emerging as a potential strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease such as restenosis after angioplasty, vascular bypass graft occlusion, transplant coronary vasculopathy, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and cystic fibrosis, for which no known effective therapy exists. Gene therapy requires efficient in vivo gene transfer technology. During the past decade, many gene transfer methods including viral transfer techniques have been developed, and some are being applied clinically in human gene therapy studies. Molecular biology and pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system have started to emerge, and the time is ripe for the introduction of gene therapy to the management of cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we have focused on the future potential of oligonucleotide-based gene therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Cold Acclimation, Freezing Resistance and Protein Synthesis in Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. cv. Saranac) (1987)

Mohapatra, S. S., Poole, R. J. and Dhindsa, R. S. 1987. Cold acclimation, freezing resistance and protein synthesis in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac).—J. exp. Bot. 38: 1697–1703. Changes in freezing resistance (percent survival at —10 °C), pattern of protein synthesis and translatable mRNA population during cold acclimation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) have been examined. Two days of cold acclimation at 4 °C increased freezing resistance from about 6% to 40%, protein content by 200% and total RNA content by 100%. Acclimation for longer periods did not cause further increases in freezing resistance, protein content or RNA content. Examination of protein changes by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) coupled with protein staining, and by fluorography of in vivo labelled proteins separated by SDS-PAGE, showed that several proteins are increasingly or newly synthesized during cold acclimation. Analysis of in vitro translation products by SDS-PAGE and fluorography shows changes in the population of translatable mRNAs. It is concluded that in this variety of alfalfa cold acclimation for only 2 d is sufficient to confer maximum freezing resistance, and that changes in proteins during cold acclimation are regulated most probably at the transcnptional level.
The future of electronics in automobiles (2002)

The present 14 V automotive electrical system will soon become 42 V. New electrical features and electrification of present mechanically driven functions will provide commercial opportunities for a new high volume application of power electronics. Cost and the thermal environment present difficult challenges to device designers. SiC is shown as a promising material for this environment. A new high efficiency power supply design using the existing automotive alternator is presented.