gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional growth of conductive ultra-thin Sn films on insulating substrate with an Fe buffer layer (2020)

Two-dimensional (2D) growth of ultra-thin Sn films is a prerequisite for examining exotic quantum phenomena as one of their crystallized forms is a promising candidate for topological materials. In this study, we have investigated the ultra-thin film growth of Sn at room temperature with a Fe buffer layer on an insulating Al2O3 substrate using molecular-beam epitaxy. By the insertion of a 2- or 4-nm-thick Fe layer, the growth mode of Sn thin films varies from a three-dimensional (3D) island-based mode on Al2O3 to a 2D layer-based mode on Fe. However, the 3D growth mode reappeared when the thickness of Sn (dSn) reached the critical value dcSn of about 1.0 nm, corresponding to three atomic layers. A systematic increase in the sheet conductance with increasing dSn on the Fe buffer layer revealed that the sheet conductance of the Sn film can be characterized for a thickness less than dcSn. The saturation of the sheet conductance above dcSn indicates a disconnection of the Sn film grown by the island-based growth mode. In addition, the reduction in anomalous Hall resistance in the Sn/Fe bilayer with increasing dSn is attributed to the shunting and short-circuit effects of the conductive ultra-thin 2D Sn layer. By considering the strong coupling between Sn and Fe providing large anomalous Hall effects in the bilayer, further optimization of the 2D growth of ultra-thin Sn on Fe will pave the way to investigate exotic interfacial physical phenomena through electrical transport measurement.
The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection (2021)

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8<sup>+</sup> TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells seed CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM and blood CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM are more mobile than CD8<sup>+</sup> TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8<sup>+</sup> TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. The exact role of the CD4<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup> TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4<sup>+</sup> TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.
ENHANCEMENT OF COATING STABILITY FOR CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEINS IN DDAB MODIFIED SURFACES (2005)

Separation of basic proteins with capillary electrophoresis was performed using a cationic double chain N, N-didodecyl-N, N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as coating reagent for fused silica capillaries and ammonium acetate as background electrolyte (BGE) at pH 4.0, 70 mM. This double-chained surfactant forms a semi-stable coating that provides a strong electro-osmosis flow (EOF) toward the anode. To maintain the highest efficiency and reproducibility, such coating must regularly be regenerated. The temporal stability of the coating was improved by a new procedure which increases the hydrophobic interaction between the DDAB coating and the silica wall and thus makes the coating more stable and at the same time the electrostatically adsorbed proteins are released. The procedure includes rinsing the capillaries, which were kept overnight in 1.0 mM DDAB solution, with (1:1 v/v) 0.5 M NaCl in the BGE. Rinsing the capillaries with this solution gave a stable coating which permitted the separation of…
Simultaneous ohmic contacts to p- and n-type 4H-SiC by phase segregation annealing of co-sputtered Pt-Ti (2016)

A new concept, Phase Segregation Annealing (PSA), was investigated for implementing simultaneous ohmic contacts (SOCs) to p- and n-type 4H-SiC. Test structures with selected ratio compositions of co-sputtered Pt:Ti contacts were fabricated in p-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers having aluminum acceptor concentrations, Na = 2 × 1019, 7 × 1019, and 2.5 × 1020 cm−3, and a nitrogen doped n-type epitaxial layer having donor concentration, Nd = 7 × 1018 cm−3. The ratios of the co-sputtered Pt-Ti metallization were 80:20, 50:50, and 30:70 at. %. After rapid thermal annealing (RTA) ranging between 800 and 1200 °C in vacuum and confirming SOCs by linear current-voltage (I-V) measurement, the specific contact resistance (ρc) values were extracted using the Transfer Length Measurement method. SOCs were realized with the Pt80:Ti20 composition starting from 1000 °C, and the Pt30:Ti70 composition from 1100 °C, with both exhibiting eutectic and segregated phases. The Pt50:Ti50 composition produced no SOC and eutectic and segregated phases were absent. The Pt80:Ti20 composition had the lowest pair of average ρc values of 7 × 10−5 Ω cm2 and 7.3 × 10−4 Ω cm2 on the highest doped p-type and the n-type samples after RTA at 1000 °C, respectively. Auger electron spectroscopy and focused ion beam field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy indicated distinct phase segregation via the eutectic-liquidus-eutectic transitions, the coalescence of likely Pt3Si and Pt2Si binary phases, and solid phases of Ti3Si, Ti5Si3, and TiC, with all the active phases maintaining intimate contact to both the p- and n-type 4H-SiC surfaces. The SOC formation was attributed to the disparate work functions of these phases, which was in good agreement with the proposed PSA model.
Making the Most of a Scarce Platinum-Group Metal: Conductive Ruthenia Nanoskins on Insulating Silica Paper (2009)

Subambient thermal decomposition of ruthenium tetroxide from nonaqueous solution onto porous SiO(2) substrates creates 2-3 nm thick coatings of RuO(2) that cover the convex silica walls comprising the open, porous structure. The physical properties of the resultant self-wired nanoscale ruthenia significantly differ depending on the nature of the porous support. Previously reported RuO(2)-modified SiO(2) aerogels display electron conductivity of 5 x 10(-4) S cm(-1) (as normalized to the geometric factor of the insulating substrate, not the conducting ruthenia phase), whereas RuO(2)-modified silica filter paper at approximately 5 wt % RuO(2) exhibits approximately 0.5 S cm(-1). Electron conduction through the ruthenia phase as examined from -160 to 260 degrees C requires minimal activation energy, only 8 meV, from 20 to 260 degrees C. The RuO(2)(SiO(2)) fiber membranes are electrically addressable, capable of supporting fast electron-transfer reactions, express an electrochemical surface area of approximately 90 m(2) g(-1) RuO(2), and exhibit energy storage in which 90% of the total electron-proton charge is stored at the outer surface of the ruthenia phase. The electrochemical capacitive response indicates that the nanocrystalline RuO(2) coating can be considered to be a single-unit-thick layer of the conductive oxide, as physically stabilized by the supporting silica fiber.
Inhibition of Both Na/H and Bicarbonate-Dependent Exchange is Required to Prevent Recovery of Intracellular pH in Single Cardiomyocytes Exposed to Metabolic Stress (1999)

Although tight regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) is critical for the survival under stress, paradoxically a slowed recovery of pHi under hypoxic injury may be cardioprotective. In this study, we investigated the recovery of pHi after hypoxia-induced intracellular acidosis in cardiomyocytes loaded with the H+-sensitive dye SNARF-1. Exposure of single cardiomyocytes to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, induced significant intracellular acidification. However, within 10-12 min upon removal of DNP, cardiomyocytes restituted their intracellular H+ concentration. The presence either of 5-N-ethyl-N-isopropylamiloride (EIPA) an inhibitor of Na/H antiporter, or 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), an inhibitor of bicarbonate-dependent exchange, did not modify the cellular response to DNP. But, combined use of EIPA and DIDS prevented the restitution of intracellular pH following removal of DNP. This study, thus, demonstrated, for the first time, that blockade of both Na/H and bicarbonate-dependent exchange is necessary and sufficient to maintain the hypoxia-induced intracellular acidification. Therefore, concomitant blockade of both pH-regulating mechanisms deserves to be further considered as a novel strategy against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in the heart.
Short-term global horizontal irradiance forecasting based on sky imaging and pattern recognition (2017)

Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial for solar integration in the power grid. In this paper, a classification forecasting framework based on pattern recognition is developed for 1-hour-ahead global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecasting. Three sets of models in the forecasting framework are trained by the data partitioned from the preprocessing analysis. The first two sets of models forecast GHI for the first four daylight hours of each day. Then the GHI values in the remaining hours are forecasted by an optimal machine learning model determined based on a weather pattern classification model in the third model set. The weather pattern is determined by a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The developed framework is validated by the GHI and sky imaging data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Results show that the developed short-term forecasting framework outperforms the persistence benchmark by 16% in terms of the normalized mean absolute error and 25% in terms of the normalized root mean square error.
Facile preparation of magnetic C/TiO2/Ni composites and their photocatalytic performance for removal of a dye from water under UV light irradiation (2012)

Development of a photocatalyst with high efficiency and separability is still a challenging task in the field of wastewater treatment. In this study, new magnetic separable C/TiO(2)/Ni composite as a photocatalyst was prepared by a facile pyrolysis reaction, using powdered activated carbon (PAC), TiO(2) and Ni(Ac)(2) as precursors. The results proved that the photocatalyst (C/TiO(2)/Ni) synthesized in this work exhibited greater removal activity for Methyl Orange (MO) dye from water as compared with the commercially available well reported TiO(2) nanoparticles (P25). This significant enhancement in the photocatalytic activity for wastewater treatment due to the combination of PAC and TiO(2) could be presumed as the synergetic effect on the contacting interface of TiO(2) and PAC, and such effect was initially demonstrated by electrochemical impedance measurements. Furthermore, the trait that it consists of magnetic properties and therefore is easy to be recycled, which could be harnessed by an external magnet and may have many advantages over pure metal oxides (like TiO(2)) especially in the industrial procedures.
Comparison between simulated and observed LHC beam backgrounds in the ATLAS experiment at Ebeam=4 TeV (2018)

: Results of dedicated Monte Carlo simulations of beam-induced background (BIB) in the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented and compared with data recorded in 2012. During normal physics operation this background arises mainly from scattering of the 4 TeV protons on residual gas in the beam pipe. Methods of reconstructing the BIB signals in the ATLAS detector, developed and implemented in the simulation chain based on the F Monte Carlo simulation package, are described. The interaction rates are determined from the residual gas pressure distribution in the LHC ring in order to set an absolute scale on the predicted rates of BIB so that they can be compared quantitatively with data. Through these comparisons the origins of the BIB leading to different observables in the ATLAS detectors are analysed. The level of agreement between simulation results and BIB measurements by ATLAS in 2012 demonstrates that a good understanding of the origin of BIB has been reached.
Blends of ethylene–methyl acrylate–acrylic acid terpolymers with ethylene–acrylic acid copolymers: Mechanical and thermomechanical properties (2003)

Abstract The effect of methyl acrylate content in ethylene–methyl acrylate–acrylic acid (E–MA–AA) terpolymers and acrylic acid content in ethylene–acrylic acid (E–AA) copolymers was investigated in blends of these two materials. The E–MA–AA terpolymer with 8 mol % methyl acrylate was not miscible with any E–AA material no matter what the AA content, whereas the terpolymer with only about 2 mol % methyl acrylate was miscible, at least to some extent, with the E–AA copolymer at high acrylic acid contents. Evidence supporting this conclusion derived from gloss, differential scanning calorimetry testing, and dynamic mechanical measurements. For the E–AA polymer material with the highest acid content, there was a synergistic effect for some properties at low added amounts of E–MA–AA copolymer; the tensile strength and hardness were 10% higher than values for the E–AA copolymer, even though the E–AA copolymer was much stiffer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2216–2222, 2004
A unified validation methodology for system level co-design and co-implementation (2002)

Describes a validation centric approach to the design architecting and implementation of System on Chip solutions. The proposed methodology allows an Integrator to rapidly utilise pre-defined IP objects consisting of both hardware, software and validation components which are structured in such as way as to minimise the effort in systems validation., Moreover the methodology tackles the issue of implementation certification once a suitable HW/SW partition has been selected. Current research using contemporary tool chains is used to illustrate the methodology.
The Dirty Little Secrets of Innovation (2012)

The path to becoming an innovative CIO can be a rewarding one, but it may not be an easy one. While we see hundreds or thousands of volumes, articles, and speeches extolling the virtues and beauties of successful innovation—and of famous innovators—we rarely get insight into the ugly side of innovation. We see the triumphs and successes, but we rarely witness the blood, sweat, and tears; the road bumps and detours; and the failures of innovation and of innovators.
Effects of the method of preparation of organic thin films and chemical doping on charge injection from electrodes (2004)

Effects of the method of preparation of organic thin films and chemical doping on charge injection from electrodes were investigated. It was found that charge injection from electrodes and the performance of organic electroluminescent (EL) devices are affected by the method of preparation of organic thin films, depending on the kind of materials. Organic EL devices using spin-coated films of N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (TPD) or N,N'-di(p-biphenyl-4-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (p-BPD) as a hole-transport layer and tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq<sub>3</sub>) as an emitting layer exhibited higher injected current density and luminance than the corresponding devices using vacuum-deposited films of TPD or p-BPD. On the other hand, almost no difference was observed in the current density -- applied voltage and luminance -- applied voltage characteristics between Alq<sub>3</sub>-based triple-layer organic EL devices fabricated with the vacuum-deposited and spin-coated films of 4,4',4"-tris[3-methylphenyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA) or 4,4',4"-tris(2-naphthylphenylamino)triphenylamine (2-TNATA) as a hole-injection layer together with the vacuum-deposited thin film of TPD as a hole-transport layer. An organic EL device using iodine-doped m-MTDATA as a hole-injection layer, TPD as a hole-transport layer, and Alq<sub>3</sub> as an emitting layer operated at a lower drive voltage and exhibited higher external quantum efficiency relative to the corresponding device using undoped m-MTDATA. It is indicated that the use of iodine-doped m-MTDATA enhances not only hole injection from the ITO electrode but also electron injection from the cathode into Alq<sub>3</sub>.
Ergodic Capacity Achieving Transmit Strategy in MIMO Systems with Statistical and Short-Term Norm CSI (2007)

The type and quality of the channel state information at the transmitter of a fading multiple-input multiple-output system greatly affects the ergodic capacity of the wireless link. In order to compare and unify the different proposals of transmit strategies for different scenarios, recently classes of MIMO channels are introduced that share a common optimal transmit strategy. In this work, we derive the ergodic capacity achieving transmit strategy for the class of unitary invariant norm feedback which complements statistical channel information at the transmitter. The impact of the short-term feedback quality is illustrated by the beamforming optimality range. The higher the feedback norm is the more likely is single stream beam-forming to be optimal.
Nanoair-bridged lateral overgrowth of GaN on ordered nanoporous GaN template (2005)

We report the growth of high-quality GaN epilayers on an ordered nanoporous GaN template by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The nanopores in GaN template were created by inductively coupled plasma etching using anodic aluminum oxide film as an etch mask. The average pore diameter and interpore distance is about 65 and 110nm, respectively. Subsequent overgrowth of GaN first begins at the GaN crystallite surface between the pores, and then air-bridge-mediated lateral overgrowth leads to the formation of the continuous layer. Microphotoluminescence and micro-Raman measurements show improved optical properties and significant strain relaxation in the overgrown layer when compared to GaN layer of same thickness simultaneously grown on sapphire without any template. Similar to conventional epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN, such overgrown GaN on a nanopatterned surface would also serve as a template for the growth of ultraviolet-visible light-emitting III-nitride devices.
Silicon Carbide PiN Diodes as Radiation Detectors (2006)

We have tested the radiation detection performance of silicon carbide (SiC) pin diodes originally developed as high power diodes. These devices consist of 100 micron thick 4H-SiC grown epitaxially on SiC substrates. We measured the absolute charge generated by X-rays per keV in SiC by comparing the charge generation with similar silicon devices and determined the energy required per electron hole pair in SiC to be 7.6 eV. Small devices with a diameter of 1 mm were tested and produced spectra with a room temperature energy resolution of-550 eV at 60 keV, which is consistent with the electronics limit for the capacitance of the device. This allowed us to put an upper limit to the Fano factor of 0.04. We also performed radiation damage tests on these devices and found no significant loss in charge collection up to a photon dose of 100 MRad. Applications for these devices can be found in the fields of particle physics, nuclear physics, nuclear medicine, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray astronomy and X-ray navigation
The Formation of Carbon-Coated MgO Cubes and Carbon Cubes (2002)

MgO cubes coated by graphitic carbon are formed in addition to multiwalled carbon nanotubes after reaction of Mo(CO)6 with Mg at 900 °C. The edges of these cubes are 500–600 nm in length and in some cases the MgO inside the cube can be dissolved to leave carbon cubes as the sole product. The Figure shows an area rich with nanocubes in the product after HCl treatment.
A Hybrid Prefetch Scheduling Heuristic to Minimize at Run-Time the Reconfiguration Overhead of Dynamically Reconfigurable Hardware (2005)

Due to the emergence of highly dynamic multimedia applications there is a need for flexible platforms and runtime scheduling support for embedded systems. Dynamic reconfigurable hardware (DRHW) is a promising candidate to provide this flexibility but, currently, not sufficient run-time scheduling support to deal with the run-time reconfigurations exists. Moreover, executing at run-time a complex scheduling heuristic to provide this support may generate an excessive run-time penalty. Hence, we have developed a hybrid design/run-time prefetch heuristic that schedules the reconfigurations at run-time, but carries out the scheduling computations at design-time by carefully identifying a set of near-optimal schedules that can be selected at run-time. This approach provides run-time flexibility with a negligible penalty.
1D-2D-3D Transformation Synthesis of Hierarchical Metal–Organic Framework Adsorbent for Multicomponent Alkane Separation (2016)

A new hierarchical MOF consisting of Cu(II) centers connected by benzene-tricarboxylates (BTC) is prepared by thermoinduced solid transformation of a dense CuBTC precursor phase. The mechanism of the material formation has been thoroughly elucidated and revealed a transformation of a ribbon-like 1D building unit into 2D layers and finally a 3D network. The new phase contains excess copper, charge compensated by systematic hydroxyl groups, which leads to an open microporous framework with tunable permanent mesoporosity. The new phase is particularly attractive for molecular separation. Energy consumption of adsorptive separation processes can be lowered by using adsorbents that discriminate molecules based on adsorption entropy rather than enthalpy differences. In separation of a 11-component mixture of C<sub>1</sub>-C<sub>6</sub> alkanes, the hierarchical phase outperforms the structurally related microporous HKUST-1 as well as silicate-based hierarchical materials. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation provides microscopic insight into the structural host-guest interaction, confirming low adsorption enthalpies and significant entropic contributions to the molecular separation. The unique three-dimensional hierarchical structure as well as the systematic presence of Cu(II) unsaturated coordination sites cause this exceptional behavior.
Reactivity of carbon deposited on nickel-copper alloy catalysts from the decomposition of methane (1986)

Growth of novel carbon nanomaterials has been of great interest for researchers due to their potential applications in nano-devices. In the current work, we reported radial growth of novel octopus-like carbon nanostructures (OCNS) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), using methane as carbon precursor gas, and Cu film sputtered on Si/SiO2 substrate as the catalyst. Annealing at high temperature transforms Cu thin film to catalytic copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), which on exposure to methane results in the radial growth of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) departing from the central CuNPs. The size of OCNS and morphology vary as a function of Cu film thickness, precursor gas concentration, and growth time. High methane concentration boosts up growth kinetics, resulting in long carbon fibers in addition to OCNS, with fiber length varying from a few hundred nanometers to several hundred microns. Effect of substrate on the morphology of carbon nanostructures is also studied using Cu film sputtered on silicon, quartz, and Si/SiO2 substrates. The branch like morphology of OCNS exhibits large surface/contact area for their applications in electronic and electrochemical devices.
ChemInform Abstract: Neuropeptide S Receptor: Recent Updates on Nonpeptide Antagonist Discovery (2011)

Abstract Review: 61 refs.