gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aggregation and Stability of Reduced Graphene Oxide: Complex Roles of Divalent Cations, pH, and Natural Organic Matter (2015)

The aggregation and stability of graphene oxide (GO) and three successively reduced GO (rGO) nanomaterials were investigated. Reduced GO species were partially reduced GO (rGO-1h), intermediately reduced GO (rGO-2h), and fully reduced GO (rGO-5h). Specifically, influence of pH, ionic strength, ion valence, and presence of natural organic matter (NOM) were studied. Results show that stability of GO in water decreases with successive reduction of functional groups, with pH having the greatest influence on rGO stability. Stability is also dependent on ion valence and the concentration of surface functional groups. While pH did not noticeably affect stability of GO in the presence of 10 mM NaCl, adding 0.1 mM CaCl2 reduced stability of GO with increased pH. This is due to adsorption of Ca(2+) ions on the surface functional groups of GO which reduces the surface charge of GO. As the concentration of rGO functional groups decreased, so did the influence of Ca(2+) ions on rGO stability. Critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) of GO, rGO-1h, and rGO-2h were determined to be ∼ 200 mM, 35 mM, and 30 mM NaCl, respectively. In the presence of CaCl2, CCC values of GO and rGO are quite similar, however. Long-term studies show that a significant amount of rGO-1h and rGO-2h remain stable in Call's Creek surface water, while effluent wastewater readily destabilizes rGO. In the presence NOM and divalent cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+)), GO aggregates settle from suspension due to GO functional group bridging with NOM and divalent ions. However, rGO-1h and rGO-2h remain suspended due to their lower functional group concentration and resultant reduced NOM-divalent cation bridging. Overall, pH, divalent cations, and NOM can play complex roles in the fate of rGO and GO.
Special Session: Closed Chassis Platform Debug of Compute Systems using the Functional Ubiquitous USB Type-C Receptacle (2022)

Debug of current day SoCs at the platform level is extremely important to have the ability to debug the system without cracking open the case. This is done using the available closed-chassis interfaces and one such interface that is becoming ubiquitous is USB Type-C. With Type-C receptacle becoming widely the most popular choice by most OEMs/ODMs, this ubiquitous connector/receptacle becomes the choicest interface for closed-chassis debug purposes, providing DCI-OOB (Direct Connect Interface – Out of Band debug) capability, Debug Class (DbC) over USB2 and USB3 interfaces. This paper provides a debug architecture framework for capturing Software, Firmware and Hardware traces from the SoCs/platforms/systems via the ubiquitous USB Type-C receptacle and enables debug without cracking open the case. The debug information can be used for infield verification and validation as well as for silicon lifecycle management purposes.
Experimental investigation of flow field and string cavitation inside a transparent real-size GDI nozzle (2020)

Abstract Gasoline direct injection engines are highly dependent on the spray performance and associated combustion quality. The spray formation depends on many factors, namely internal flow characteristics, injection conditions, ambient conditions and fuel properties. There have been many studies performed to obtain a better understanding of these factors in recent years. In contrast to the others, studies on the internal flow characteristics are often performed numerically, as such, relevant experimental data is still lacking. Experimental investigations of the internal flow, such as flow turbulence, velocity distribution and cavitation are especially challenging under realistic conditions. Therefore, these conditions are generally simplified to diminish the demand for specialized experimental equipment and facilitate the measurements. In this regard, experimental data under relevant conditions are of high interest in the spray community. This work is focused on the internal flow study of multi-hole transparent nozzles under transient conditions at 1:1 geometrical scale. Injection pressure up to 100 bar is applied. The formation and development of string cavitation inside the nozzle hole are observed and presented in detail. For that, a novel ultra high-speed imaging technique at 5 MHz is applied. This technique in combination with the micro particle image velocimetry method, is then able to help to produce the velocity distribution of the internal flow. The velocity data is used further to reconstruct the pressure inside the nozzle by applying the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Thus, the unique experimental data for the pressure distribution of the liquid fuel is obtained. Graphic abstract
Direct Functionalization Processes: A Journey from Palladium to Copper to Iron to Nickel to Metal-Free Coupling Reactions (2012)

The possibility of finding novel disconnections for the efficient synthesis of organic molecules has driven the interest in developing technologies to directly functionalize C-H bonds. The ubiquity of these bonds makes such transformations attractive, while also posing several challenges. The first, and perhaps most important, is the selective functionalization of one C-H bond over another. Another key problem is inducing reactivity at sites that have been historically unreactive and difficult to access without prior inefficient prefunctionalization. Although remarkable advances have been made over the past decade toward solving these and other problems, several difficult tasks remain as researchers attempt to bring C-H functionalization reactions into common use. The functionalization of sp(3) centers continues to be challenging relative to their sp and sp(2) counterparts. Directing groups are often needed to increase the effective concentration of the catalyst at the targeted reaction site, forming thermodynamically stable coordination complexes. As such, the development of removable or convertible directing groups is desirable. Finally, the replacement of expensive rare earth reagents with less expensive and more sustainable catalysts or abandoning the use of catalysts entirely is essential for future practicality. This Account describes our efforts toward solving some of these quandaries. We began our work in this area with the direct arylation of N-iminopyridinium ylides as a universal means to derivatize the germane six-membered heterocycle. We found that the Lewis basic benzoyl group of the pyridinium ylide could direct a palladium catalyst toward insertion at the 2-position of the pyridinium ring, forming a thermodynamically stable six-membered metallocycle. Subsequently we discovered the arylation of the benzylic site of 2-picolonium ylides. The same N-benzoyl group could direct a number of inexpensive copper salts to the 2-position of the pyridinium ylide, which led to the first description of a direct copper-catalyzed alkenylation onto an electron-deficient arene. This particular directing group offers two advantages: (1) it can be easily appended and removed to reveal the desired pyridine target, and (2) it can be incorporated in a cascade process in the preparation of pharmacologically relevant 2-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines. This work has solved some of the challenges in the direct arylation of nonheterocyclic arenes, including reversing the reactivity often observed with such transformations. Readily convertible directing groups were applied to facilitate the transformation. We also demonstrated that iron can promote intermolecular arylations effectively and that the omission of any metal still permits intramolecular arylation reactions. Lastly, we recently discovered a nickel-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of sp(3) C-H bonds. Our mechanistic investigations of these processes have elucidated radical pathways, opening new avenues in future direct C-H functionalization reactions.
Digital Holographic Microscopy Applied to Diffraction Tomography of a Cell Refractive Index (2006)

We present a approach of 3-dimensional refractive index tomography of biological spec-imen, based on the high accuracy phase measurement provided by Digital Holographic Microscopy, recorded for a complete rotation of the specimen in the setup.
37-cell hollow-core-fiber designs with improved single-modedness (2014)

Simulations show that resonant shunt cores for suppression of higher-order modes in hollow-core fibers can be applied broadly, to cores larger than 19-cell and core thicknesses larger than half the lattice web thickness.
Resequencing Worst-Case Analysis for Parallel Buffered Packet Switches (2007)

This paper considers a general parallel buffered packet switch (PBPS) architecture which is based on multiple packet switches operating independently and in parallel. A load-balancing mechanism is used at each input to distribute the traffic to the parallel switches. The buffer structure of each of the parallel packet switches is based on either a dedicated, a shared, or a buffered-crosspoint output-queued architecture. As in such PBPS multipath switches, packets may get out of order when they travel independently in parallel through these switches, a resequencing mechanism is necessary at the output side. This paper addresses the issue of evaluating the minimum resequence-queue size required for a deadlock-free lossless operation. An analytical method is presented for the exact evaluation of the worst-case resequencing delay and the worst-case resequence-queue size. The results obtained reveal their relation, and demonstrate the impact of the various system parameters on resequencing
Novel Optoelectronic LSI Packaging Suitable for Standard FR-4 Printed Wiring Board with Bandwidth Capability of over 1Tbps (2006)

A novel optoelectronic LSI package using a post-reflow optical-interface stacking technique (POST), which enables high speed operation at more than 10 Gbps/ch on the standard FR-4 PWB was proposed. The POST LSI package includes an interposer and an optical interface module. A slightly modified interposer is used where electrical contacts for high speed signals are added on the top surface. After the reflow process of the interposer, the optical interface module was connected to the interposer through the electrical contacts. The POST LSI package enables the use of the standard FR-4 solder reflow process for the optoelectronic LSI packaging, and realizes a cost-effective package with a bandwidth of over 1 Tbps
Scalar coupling to naturally abundant 187Os: a new probe of the fluxionality of osmium carbonyl cluster complexes (1987)

Low intensity satellites resulting from coupling to natural abundance 187 have been observed in the 13C and 31P n.m.r. spectra of several osmium carbonyl cluster complexes; studying the magnitude of the couplings gives new insight into the fluxional behaviour of these polynuclear compounds.
CD28-B7 T cell costimulatory blockade by CTLA4Ig in sensitized rat recipients: induction of transplantation tolerance in association with depressed cell-mediated and humoral immune responses (1997)

We tested the effects of blocking CD28-B7 T cell costimulation by using CTLA4Ig in an established transplantation model in which LBNF1 cardiac allografts are rejected in an accelerated manner (<36 h) by LEW rats presensitized with Brown-Norway skin grafts. Treatment with CTLA4Ig with or without donor alloantigen in the sensitization phase (between skin and cardiac engraftment) minimally delayed accelerated rejection. However, adjunctive infusion of CTLA4Ig and donor alloantigen in the effector phase (after cardiac engraftment) resulted in long term graft survival and donor-specific tolerance in 30 to 50% of the recipients. The mutant form of CTLA4Ig, which blocks B7-1 but not B7-2, was ineffective. The tolerant state was accompanied by reduction of cell-mediated (MLR/CTL) responses and depression of humoral (circulating IgM/IgG allo-Abs) alloreactivity in vivo. Hence, the binding of CD28 on T cells to both CD80 and CD86 ligands represents a crucial initial costimulatory step leading to accelerated graft rejection. CTLA4Ig-mediated early blockade of the CD28 signaling pathway combined with transfusion of donor cells in the perioperative period interrupts sensitization and may produce transplantation tolerance. This regimen inhibits T cell costimulation and activation to provide help to CD8+ cytotoxic T and B cells, perhaps, via CTLA4Ig-induced clonal anergy or deletion.
Phase I Pharmacologic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Gamma Secretase (Notch) Inhibitor MK-0752 in Adult Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (2012)

MK-0752 toxicity was schedule dependent. Weekly dosing was generally well tolerated and resulted in strong modulation of a Notch gene signature. Clinical benefit was observed, and rational combination trials are currently ongoing to maximize clinical benefit with this novel agent.
A laser-induced fluorescence study of product rotational state distributions in the charge transfer reaction: Ar+(2P3/2)+N2→Ar+N+2 (X) at 0.28 and 0.40 eV (1989)

The nascent rotational state distributions of N+2 produced in the charge transfer reaction of Ar+ (2 P3/2 ) with N2 at 0.28 and 0.40 eV are remeasured by laser-induced fluorescence. A supersonic expansion is used to reduce the initial rotational angular momentum of the N2 . The N+2 product rotational distributions, in both v″=0 and v″=1, have low and high energy components. For ease of reference, we describe each distribution as a summation of two Boltzmann distributions. At a relative collision energy of 0.28 eV, the Boltzmann temperatures are 100±20 K and 745±120 K for N+2 (v″=0) and 80±10 K and 680±30 K for N+2 (v″=1). Adiabatic potential energy curves for the lowest vibronic states are calculated and a simple curve hopping model is presented. Applying this model to the production of N+2 (v″=1), for example, those reactants that charge transfer on the outgoing leg of a reactive trajectory interact with a deep potential well in the entrance channel for collinear geometry. We postulate that rotationally excited products result. In comparison, reactants that charge transfer on the ingoing leg (or in perpendicular geometry) do not sample the collinear potential well and the resulting products are less rotationally excited.
The Influence of Medial Knee Position Asymmetry on the LESS (2019)

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and effects of knee valgus asymmetry on the LESS score in young female soccer athletes. METHODS: A total of 178 elite youth female soccer athletes (14.1 ± 1.5 y, 77.3 ± 33.2 in, 107.6 ± 27.2 lbs) performed three drop-jump maneuvers from a height of 30 cm. Digital video cameras recorded (60 Hz) front and side views of the landing task. An expert rater evaluated 17 components of each recorded landing according to the LESS protocol. In addition, maximum medial knee position (MKP) was evaluated for each leg based on a straight line projection from the center of the patella to the ground. The MKP was scored as none (0), small (1) or large (2) if the line was lateral to the midfoot, between the mid-foot and great toe, and medial to the great toe, respectively. The LESS was calculated for dominant (DOM) and non-dominant (NON) legs for each landing trial. The DOM leg was defined as the leg used to kick a ball for greatest distance. Side-to-side MKP symmetry for each trial was calculated as the difference between the MKP category of the DOM versus the NON legs (dMKP). Negative dMKP values indicated larger MKP on the NON leg and were classified as small (dMKP= -1; -dMKP_s) and large (dMKP= -2; -dMKP_l), whereas positive dMKP values indicated larger MKP on the DOM leg and were classified as small (dMKP= +1; +dMKP_s) and large (dMKP= +2; +dMKP_l). The LESS scores for DOM and NON legs were grouped according to each non-zero dMKP category (-2, -1, +1, +2) and contrasted using independent t-tests with a Bonferroni adjustment (p=.0125). RESULTS: Asymmetrical MKP was found in 50.9% of the trials but the LESS scores were on average not different between legs (DOM, 5.6 ± 2.6; NON, 5.5 ± 2.7, p=.73). However, the LESS scores for the DOM leg were on average 1.3 ± 0.5 (-dMKP small: DOM, 4.9 ± 2.2; NON, 6.2 ± 2.0, p&lt.001) and 2.7 ± 0.5 (-dMKP_l: DOM, 3.4 ± 2.2; NON, 6.2 ± 1.9, p&lt.001) landing errors lower when MKP was lower for the DOM leg; whereas landing errors were 1.2 ± 0.6 (+dMKP_s: DOM, 6.0 ± 2.1; NON, 4.8 ± 2.5, p&lt.001) and 2.9 ± 0.3. (+dMKP_l: DOM, 6.0 ± 1.9; NON, 3.1 ± 2.1, p&lt.001) higher when MKP was higher. CONCLUSIONS: The asymmetry in MKP influenced the LESS scores by 1 to 3 landing errors and has the potential to miss-classify an athlete’s injury risk stratification.
Empowering The Eclipse Arrowhead Framework with a Digital Twin as a Proxy Service (2022)

Eclipse Arrowhead is an open-source framework for industrial automation based on service-oriented principles. It allows the creation of a highly flexible System of Systems (SoS) by defining local clouds for connecting application systems running on industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPSs). However, in an ICPS context, resource constraints and battery-powered devices are facing issues such as high energy consumption, poor service availability, and low-security capabilities. The concept of Digital Twins (DTs) as a proxy (DTaaP) has been defined to address these CPS challenges by providing valuable properties such as energy efficiency, availability, and security. In this paper, we propose a solution to empower the Eclipse Arrowhead Framework (EAF) with DTaaP. Specifically, the proposed solution introduces AHDitto, an Arrowhead-compliant supporting core system, enabling EAF to achieve three DTaaP properties by integrating Eclipse Ditto with EAF.
The production of more useful monoclonal antibodies (1986)

immunodiagnosis and therapy. While the basic tech- nique has not changed appreciably, a number of modifications have been introduced which make it possible to obtain more useful monoclonal antibodies and to generate monoclonals against weakly immunogenic substances. In this first part of a two-part review, Matthew Scharff and his colleagues review the most useful of these modifications in the production of animal monodonal antibodies, paying particular attention to the problem of raising antibodies against small amounts of weak immunogens.
Isolation and Identification of Two Potent Phytotoxic Substances from Afzelia xylocarpa for Controlling Weeds (2021)

Phytotoxic substances released from plants are considered eco-friendly alternatives for controlling weeds in agricultural production. In this study, the leaves of Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib. were investigated for biological activity, and their active substances were determined. Extracts of A. xylocarpa leaf exhibited concentration-dependent phytotoxic activity against the seedling length of Lepidium sativum L., Medicago sativa L., Phleum pratense L., and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the A. xylocarpa leaf extracts led to isolating and identifying two compounds: vanillic acid and trans-ferulic acid. Both compounds were applied to four model plants using different concentrations. The results showed both compounds significantly inhibited the model plants’ seedling length in a species-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). The phytotoxic effects of trans-ferulic acid (IC50 = 0.42 to 2.43 mM) on the model plants were much greater than that of vanillic acid (IC50 = 0.73 to 3.17 mM) and P. pratense was the most sensitive to both compounds. In addition, the application of an equimolar (0.3 mM) mixture of vanillic acid and trans-ferulic acid showed the synergistic effects of the phytotoxic activity against the root length of P. pratense and L. sativum. These results suggest that the leaves of A. xylocarpa and its phytotoxic compounds could be used as a natural source of herbicides.
Are vasopressin peripheral V1 receptors involved in the development of malignant hypertension and stroke in SHR‐SPs? (1995)

The aim of this study was to determine whether activation of vasopressin (AVP) peripheral V1 receptors is involved in the development of malignant hypertension, stroke, and end-organ damage in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SPs). For this purpose, young salt-loaded SHR-SPs were treated orally daily from their 5th to 34th week of age, by a selective AVP V1 receptor antagonist, SR 49059, used in a dose (30 mg/kg) that achieved complete peripheral V1 receptor blockade. Untreated SHR-SPs served as controls. SR 49059 slightly and transiently (8th to 10th week of age) limited the rise in blood pressure, but thereafter systolic blood pressure values were similar in the two groups of SHR-SPs. Stroke-related mortality was not significantly different in SR 49059-treated and in control animals (65% vs 65% at 30 weeks, 65% vs 83% at 34 weeks). SR 49059 did not prevent the increases in fluid intake, diuresis and proteinuria seen in controls. Histological examination of the brain, kidneys and heart revealed that the development of fibrinoid necrosis and arterial thickening was not prevented by SR 49059, nor was that of malignant nephroangiosclerosis and of myocardial infarction and fibrosis. These data strongly suggest that AVP peripheral V1 receptor activation is not involved in the pathological processes that develop in SHR-SPs.
Direct Investigation of the Photochemical Ring-Opening Dynamics of Cyclobutene with Resonance Raman Intensities (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect Investigation of the Photochemical Ring-Opening Dynamics of Cyclobutene with Resonance Raman IntensitiesMary K. Lawless, Steven D. Wickham, and Richard A. MathiesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 4, 1593–1594Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00083a064RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views93Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (325 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Histamine Release Inhibitory Activity of Piper nigrum Leaf (2008)

Oral administration of a methanolic extract of Piper nigrum leaf (PN-ext, 50, 200 and 500 mg/kg) showed a potent dose-dependent inhibition of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced cutaneous reaction at 1 h [immediate phase response (IPR)] after and 24 h [late phase response (LPR)] after DNFB challenge in mice which were passively sensitized with anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE antibody. Ear swelling inhibitory effect of PN-ext (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)) on very late phase response (vLPR) in the model mice was significant but weaker than that on IPR. Oral administration of PN-ext (50, 200 and 500 mg/kg for 7 d) inhibited picryl chloride (PC)-induced ear swelling in PC sensitized mice. PN-ext exhibited in vitro inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Two lignans of PN-ext, (-)-cubebin (1) and (-)-3,4-dimethoxy-3,4-desmethylenedioxycubebin (2), were identified as major active principles having histamine release inhibitory activity.