gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with an extreme throughput of 1 million cells/s (Conference Presentation) (2018)

Flow cytometry is a well-established technique that is widely applied in numerous fields, including pathology, pharmacology, immunology, marine biology, plant biology, and molecular biology. Conventional methods for flow cytometry fail to accurately detect cellular phenotypic characteristics due to a limited number of variants and the lack of spatial metrics. Imaging-based cell analysis methods, such as high-content screening and imaging flow cytometry, are advantageous over those univariate or few-variate methods because they offer the capability of acquiring multi-dimensional information of single cells, from which cellular characteristics can be detected with high accuracy and high specificity. However, currently available imaging flow cytometry methods suffer from low throughput which is mainly limited by the imaging techniques, or specifically, the frame rate of the commercial imaging sensors, such as CCD or CMOS sensors. In order to address these problems, here we present optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with extremely high throughput which is capable of acquiring bright-field images of large populations of cells with a high spatial resolution of 780 nm and a high throughput of >1 million cells/s, which is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional univariate or few-variate flow cytometry methods and three orders of magnitude higher than other imaging flow cytometry methods. This is made possible by integrating an optical time-stretch microscope with a hydrodynamic-focusing microfluidic device. In addition, we apply machine-learning algorithms to the acquired images to extract multiple morphological features from each cellular image to identify and classify the cells in a label-free manner with accuracy higher than 90%, which is comparable with the fluorescence-based methods. Specifically, we experimentally performed optofluidic time-stretch microscopy to detect K562 cells (leukemia cell line) spiked in whole blood samples which were treated with different concentrations of anti-cancer drugs. In the experiment, more than 10,000 high-quality images of K652 cells were acquired for each concentration of the drug. With machine-learning-based image processing and analysis, 548 morphological features were extracted from each image to comprehensively evaluate its cellular phenotypes and hence dose-dependent morphological changes of the cells caused by the drug treatment. We further confirmed the dose-dependent results in different experimental trials where the cells were treated with the drugs for different time spans. This is potentially applicable for research of cellular drug responses directly with whole blood, hence, beneficial to drug discovery and drug screening. With such high throughput, high performance and good compatibility with existing techniques, we believe that optofluidic time-stretch microscopy with extreme throughput will revolutionize the flow cytometry field and play an integral role in high-throughput, high-accuracy, and label-free cell screening in the future.
The Galactosyl Ceramide/Sulfatide Receptor Binding Region of HIV-1 gp120 Maps to Amino Acids 206-275 (1993)

Our recent studies have indicated that galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) or sulfatide (sul) may serve as an alternate receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in neural cells. In this paper, we describe the mapping of GalCer/sul binding region of HIV env glycoprotein gp120. Deglycosylated gp120 binds to GalCer, suggesting that the amino acids of glycoprotein gp120 and not the carbohydrates are responsible for the observed binding. Specific regions of gp120 responsible for the binding were analyzed by using varying-length truncations of gp120 expressed in Escherichia coli and vaccinia virus. Purified recombinant gp120 containing amino acids 200-295 of gp120 bind to GalCer/sul, whereas recombinant env proteins that deleted this region did not bind. These recombinant proteins also bind to SK-N-MC-derived neuroblastoma cells, the binding of which is inhibited by anti-GalCer. In addition, 125I-labeled gp120 binding to GalCer is inhibited by these proteins. Studies using lysates containing truncated gp120 expressed in vaccinia virus also gave similar results. By eliminating the overlapping regions that do not bind, we conclude that the amino acids responsible for GalCer/sul binding reside between amino acids 206 and 275. The significance of this mapping is discussed in relation to the neurotropism of HIV.
Performance of a Speculative Transmission Scheme for Scheduling-Latency Reduction (2008)

Low latency is a critical requirement in some switching applications, specifically in parallel computer interconnection networks. The minimum latency in switches with centralized scheduling comprises two components, namely, the control-path latency and the data-path latency, which in a practical high-capacity, distributed switch implementation can be far greater than the cell duration. We introduce a speculative transmission scheme to significantly reduce the average control-path latency by allowing cells to proceed without waiting for a grant, under certain conditions. It operates in conjunction with any centralized matching algorithm to achieve a high maximum utilization and incorporates a reliable delivery mechanism to deal with failed speculations. An analytical model is presented to investigate the efficiency of the speculative transmission scheme employed in a non-blocking N times NR input-queued crossbar switch with R receivers per output. Using this model, performance measures such as the mean delay and the rate of successful speculative transmissions are derived. The results demonstrate that the control-path latency can be almost entirely eliminated for loads up to 50%. Our simulations confirm the analytical results.
Random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a digital micromirror device (2013)

We developed random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a digital micromirror device. This system can rapidly scan arbitrarily shaped regions of interest within a 40 μm×40 μm imaging area with a lateral resolution of 3.6 μm. To identify a region of interest, a global structural image is first acquired, then the selected region is scanned. The random-access ability was demonstrated by imaging two static samples, a carbon fiber cross and a monolayer of red blood cells, with an acquisition rate up to 4 kHz. The system was then used to monitor blood flow in vivo in real time within user-selected capillaries in a mouse ear. By imaging only the capillary of interest, the frame rate was increased by up to 9.2 times.
<title>Actual imaging slice profile of 2D MRI</title> (2002)

It has been known that the actual slice profile of 2D MRI is often far form that of a perfect rectangular shape especially when the flip angle is large. This can be the source of error and image artifact in many MRI experiments. To carefully study this imperfection in RF excitation for various numerically optimized RF pulses, we have implemented an efficient numerical algorithm for simulating the evolution of the magnetization during a MR experiment. The scheme solves the Bloch equation via a numerical procedure that involves only the successive matrix multiplications, which are initialized by the values of RF amplitude and the frequency offset due to the companioning magnetic gradient field. It permits the consideration of the magnetization relaxation processes. The actual slice profile was numerically simulated by solving the Bloch equation for a given RF pulse shape and slice selection field gradient. The simulation results shows that the slice profile is often far from perfect for many commonly used frequency selective RF pulses. As a result of this, the apparent image intensity is an integrated signal over the slice envelope for the transverse magnetization for each pixel, which is an averaged contribution over the entire slice thickness, and can be significantly different than that predicted by the ideal case. As expected, this discrepancy worsens when the flip angle exceeds the flip angle for which the RF pulse was optimized. Furthermore, in the routine diagnostic imaging, because of the non-uniform excitation angle along the slice profile, it generates non-uniform steady state profile and can even alter the resulting image contrast.
High-Speed Cell Analysis and Sorting with Flow Systems: Biological Applications and New Approaches (1974)

A brief historical account of cell analysis and sorting by high-speed flow-through methods is presented. The status of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory program in this area is described, including biological applications such as the measurement of the DNA content of mouse liver cells and cultured mammalian cells. Histograms of cellular DNA content can be analyzed mathematically by means of a least squares fitting code. The usefulness of this procedure in extracting information on the life cycle parameters of growing cells is demonstrated. A simple computer model of cell growth is used to demonstrate the accuracy of the fitting code and to elucidate shifts in the shape of the DNA histogram as a function of the fraction of cells in the DNA synthesis phase. A new electronic cell sorter is described with emphasis on new features that insure simplicity, reliability, ease of operation, flexibility, and efficiency. Future directions of both technological development and biomedical applications are considered.
Leverage LiFi in Smart Manufacturing (2020)

Communication is the fundamental requirement for smart manufacturing. Due to the rough environment and several other boundary conditions of smart manufacturing, such as flexible structures and movable machines, radio communication technologies are suffering due to the physical effects of fading, reflection, attenuation and range. Light Fidelity (LiFi) is a networked optical wireless communication (OWC) system and an alternative to radio for wireless communications. It enables both, communications and positioning. In this paper, we introduce requirements on communications systems in modern manufacturing with a focus on industrial data, we describe scenarios for the application of LiFi for wireless and reliable network communications, i.e. optical wireless communications as well as for indoor positioning of intelligent transport systems, i.e. optical wireless positioning. We describe a system architecture for LiFi with 5G in smart manufacturing and address the benefits of applying LiFi in these scenarios and the associated challenges.
Construction of a Human Antibody Domain (VH) Library (2008)

Highly diverse antibody (Fab or scFv) libraries have become vital sources to select antibodies with high affinity and novel properties. Combinatorial strategies provide efficient ways of creating antibody libraries containing a large number of individual clones. These strategies include the reassembly of naturally occurring genes encoding the heavy and light chains from either immune or nonimmune B-cell sources, or introduction of synthetic diversity to either the framework regions (FRs) or the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the variable domains of antibodies. In the late 1980s, the smallest known antigen-binding fragment was identified when a murine VH repertoire was screened for binding to lysozyme. This fragment (approximately 15 kDa), called a "domain antibody", or "dAb", is approximately four times smaller than a Fab and half the size of a scFv. Here, we describe the construction of a phage-displayed VH library and an approach to introduce genetic diversity in this library, where both diverse human CDRs and synthetic CDRs are combined into a single-domain (VH) framework.
Fracture height and density estimation from rapid time-lapse DAS VSP (2020)

Hydraulic fracturing of lateral shale wells generates complex fracture networks with predominantly vertical fracture sets. Evaluating stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) is critical to understanding well productivity. To this end, we have developed a quantitative interpretation to evaluate fracture height and density from time-lapse DAS VSP data. We model P-wave time delays due to induced vertical fracture sets as horizontal transverse isotropic (HTI) zones, and we use rock physics to relate seismic anisotropy to fracture properties. An inversion of P-wave time delays can then recover the fracture heights and densities for each stage of the stimulation. DAS VSP field data from two horizontal wells were acquired and analyzed, with fracture heights and densities consistent with independent fracture diagnostics, such as microseismic. In principle, analysis relies only on P-wave time delays, so it could be applied in real time during stimulation operations. Presentation Date: Wednesday, October 14, 2020 Session Start Time: 1:50 PM Presentation Time: 1:50 PM Location: 361F Presentation Type: Oral
Pro‐Apoptotic and Anti‐Apoptotic Molecules Affecting Pathways of Signal Transduction (2003)

Selective inhibition of the "false" proliferative signals via targeting tyrosine kinases resulting in the induction of apoptosis by depletion of the "survival factors" is one of the most studied and widely accepted concepts of modern chemotherapy. We have synthesized a series of potent tyrosine kinase inhibitors and tested these compounds for apoptosis induction. Some of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors caused either apoptotic or cytoplasmic vacuolar cell death in various tumor cell cultures. The somatostatin analogue oligopeptide TT-232, which indirectly inhibits tyrosine kinases, exerted a dose-dependent apoptosis-inducing effect. The tumor growth-inhibitory effect of TT-232 and some tyrosine kinase inhibitors has also been proven by in vivo experiments, using human tumor xenografts. On the other hand, a dose-dependent pro- or anti-apoptotic activity of (-)-deprenyl has been shown in melanoma cell cultures, the lower doses inhibiting and the higher doses inducing apoptosis. Various metabolites of (-)-deprenyl are responsible for these actions. The effect of (-)-deprenyl is connected with depolarization of mitochondrial membranes. The kinase inhibitors act on the growth factor receptor signaling pathways (survival factor pathways) and initiate the caspase cascade. The key enzyme for the action of both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic compounds is caspase 3.
Evidence for Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-type superconducting behavior in the electride(CaO)12(Al2O3)7:e−from heat capacity measurements (2008)

The heat capacity of the single crystalline electride of ${(\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{O})}_{12}{({\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{7}:{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(\mathrm{C}12\mathrm{A}7:{e}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ with ${T}_{c}=0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ was larger than that of electron-undoped C12A7 in the temperature range $0.085--5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, reflecting the metallic nature of the electride. A superconducting transition was detected as a heat capacity jump $\ensuremath{\Delta}{C}_{p}=3.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{K}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and the profile and magnitude of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{C}_{p}$ agreed well with those expected from the BCS theory. The electron-phonon coupling constant $(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}0.46)$ and Debye temperature $({\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}\ensuremath{\sim}630\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ were much larger than those for alkali metals having $s$-like conduction electrons as in the present electride, suggesting that electrides having a rigid structure will be a class of BCS superconductors.
Thermally Engineered Flip-Chip InGaN/GaN Well-Ordered Nanocolumn Array LEDs (2015)

Thermally engineered flip-chip (FC) InGaN/GaN well-ordered nanocolumn array light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated for the first time. A directional photoluminescence beam profile was observed from the n-side bottom of the GaN nanocolumns, which maintained an optically damage-free periodic arrangement of nanocolumns through the FC process involving Si substrate removal by wet etching. The developed LED achieved single-peak emission at ~ 570 nm in the middle of the visible range. The thermal resistance of the nanocolumn LED was significantly reduced using the FC configuration.
Improvements in process performance for immersion technology high volume manufacturing (2009)

Through collaborative efforts ASML and TEL are continuously improving the process performance for the LITHIUS Pro <i>-i/</i> TWINSCAN XT:1900Gi litho cluster. In previous work from this collaboration, TEL and ASML have investigated the CDU and defectivity performance for the 45nm node with high through put processing. CDU performance for both memory and logic illumination conditions were shown to be on target for ITRS roadmap specifications. Additionally, it was shown that the current defect metrology is able to measure the required defect size of 30nm with a 90% capture rate. For the target through put of 180wph, no added impact to defectivity was seen from the multi-module processing on the LITHIUS Pro <i>-i</i>, using a topcoat resist process. For increased productivity, a new bevel cut strategy was investigated and shown to have no adverse impact while increasing the usable wafer surface. However, with the necessity of double patterning for at least the next technology node, more stringent requirements are necessary to prevent, in the worst case, doubling of the critical dimension variation and defectivity. In this work, improvements in process performance with regards to critical dimension uniformity and defectivity are investigated to increase the customer's productivity and yield for whichever double patterning scheme is utilized. Specifically, TEL has designed, evaluated and proven the capability of the latest technology hardware for post exposure bake and defect reduction. For the new post exposure bake hardware, process capability data was collected for 40nm CD targets. For defectivity reduction, a novel concept in rinse technology and processing was investigated on hydrophobic non top coat resists processes. Additionally, improvements to reduce micro bridging were evaluated. Finally bevel rinse hardware to prevent contamination of the immersion scanner was tested.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-2, Table Legend and Methods from TLR3 as a Biomarker for the Therapeutic Efficacy of Double-stranded RNA in Breast Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-2, Table Legend and Methods from TLR3 as a Biomarker for the Therapeutic Efficacy of Double-stranded RNA in Breast Cancer
Detection of Ions in Solutions with Sub-Micro Liter Volumes Using a Terahertz Chemical Microscope (2018)

A terahertz chemical microscope (TCM) has been proposed and developed for measuring the small volume of the ion concentrations in solutions. By fabricating the small solution wells and the ion selective membranes on the sensing plate, the concentration of the sodium ions in the solution of 450 nL could be measured.
5G massive MIMO with digital beamforming and two-stage channel estimation for low SHF band (2017)

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication system will utilize higher frequency bands with wider bandwidth for super high bit rate and large system capacity. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (Massive MIMO) beamforming (BF) technology has attracted much attention to compensate larger path-loss of a disadvantage at higher frequency bands. In low-SHF bands, approximately 100 MHz bandwidth is assumed, thus fully-digital Massive MIMO having flexibility of BF can be applied. In this paper, we modify joint processing of analog fixed BF and channel state information (CSI)-based precoding (called FBCP), which is a hybrid BF technology, to fully-digital method (called Digital-FBCP). Although conventional studies about Massive MIMO with BF do not take account of channel estimation (CE) in detail, this paper describes two-stage CE required for multi-user (MU) Massive MIMO with BF. Throughput performance is evaluated by link level computer simulation in consideration of the reference design and pilot insertion loss. This paper shows that Digital-FBCP achieves almost equal or better throughput performance than conventional precoding (PR) without fixed BF.
Cover Picture: Chem. Eur. J. 11/2002 (2002)

The cover picture shows the process of calcium carbonate mineralization on dendrimer/octadecylamine aggregates. Amphiphilic dendrimers complex octadecylamine to form polyhedral aggregates. These aggregates template the formation and stabilization of amorphous calcium carbonate, which normally transforms into a crystalline phase within four hours. In a secondary growth process, hybrid particles are formed in which the amorphous particles are embedded within a crystalline phase. For more details see the article by N. A. J. M. Sommerdijk et al. on p. 2561 ff.
Molecular and electronic structure of benzeneselenenyl molecules and cations (1995)

Abstract Molecular and electronic structures of a select group of molecules and cations, including benzeneselenenyl chloride, benzeneselenenyl bromide, and benzeneselenol have been studied using ab initio calculations at the Hartree–Fock and MP2 levels of theory. Very few experimental data are available for this class of compounds. The properties and structures of these molecules are compared. © John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Distributed Generation as a Potential Market for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2019)

This report explores relevant segments of the United States’ (U.S.) distributed generation (DG) market including military applications that are potential market opportunities for SOFC systems. The growth of the identified market segments through 2025 are evaluated along with an assessment of the landscape of competing technologies such as reciprocating engines and intermittent renewable energy technologies. The cost and performance of an nTH-of-a-kind (NOAK) 1-MWe class advanced SOFC DG system are estimated assuming the fruition of the goals of the SOFC program. Historical experiences with related technology, including effects of increased production capacity on capital costs, were used to develop a potential cost evolution trajectory of the DG SOFC system, which is compared with the concurrent evolution of competitive DG technologies to evaluate market penetration and cumulative capacity necessary for DG SOFC systems to be cost competitive.
Generation of a 2.2 nJ picosecond optical pulse with blue-violet wavelength using a GaInN master oscillator power amplifier (2015)

We report the generation of a picosecond optical pulse with 2.2 nJ pulse energy at blue-violet wavelengths using a GaN-based mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). The picosecond optical pulse generated by MLLD at a frequency of 812 MHz was amplified effectively by SOA. We optimized SOA with a widely flared waveguide structure to generate a high optical pulse energy.