gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skeletal muscle regeneration: an update on recent findings (2004)

Purpose of review: Skeletal muscle injuries constitute the single most common musculoskeletal complaint encountered by orthopaedic surgeons. In addition, various inherited skeletal muscle disorders manifest themselves through repeated muscle injuries. A more thorough and comprehensive understanding of the pathways by which skeletal muscle regeneration occurs should lead to the development of more effective treatment modalities for these ailments. Recent findings: The regeneration of skeletal muscle after injury is a highly coordinated and intricate process. Initially, an inflammatory response removes necrotic debris, thereby preparing the zone of injury for regeneration, and activates regenerating muscle precursors (satellite cells) to reconstitute normal muscle architecture. Many cytokines, chemokines, and proteins are upregulated and activate signaling transduction pathways to carry out this process; disruption of any single step appears to delay regeneration. Often, the ultimate fate for severely injured skeletal muscle is the formation of residual fibrous tissue, a process mediated in part by the protein transforming growth factor-β1; alteration of this pathway can modulate fibrous tissue formation and muscle regeneration. Recent findings suggest that skeletal muscle regeneration may be further enhanced at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Summary: Researchers investigating skeletal muscle regeneration continue to make exciting discoveries that foster a better understanding of muscle tissue response to injury. Garnering a greater understanding of the process of muscle regeneration should broaden the therapeutic options for even the most severe injuries.
Energy finite-element analysis of the NASA aluminum test-bed cylinder (2006)

A formulation was developed in the energy finite-element analysis (EFEA) for modeling the vibration of cylindrical structures with periodic axial and circumferential stiffeners. Appropriate power transfer coefficients are computed from the values of the propagation constants. The joint matrices of the EFEA formulation are computed based on the power transfer coefficients derived from periodic structure theory. EFEA analyses are performed for the NASA aluminum test-bed cylinder and simulations are compared to experiments. Excitation is applied on the test-bed cylinder by four shakers and the vibration is measured at 40 bays formed by axial and circumferential stiffeners. The EFEA results are compared successfully to test data between the 1/3 octave bands of 315 and 6300 Hz. [Work sponsored by NASA Langley Structural Acoustics Branch.]
Direct Growth of Graphene Film on Germanium Substrate (2013)

Graphene has been predicted to play a role in post-silicon electronics due to the extraordinary carrier mobility. Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on transition metals has been considered as a major step towards commercial realization of graphene. However, fabrication based on transition metals involves an inevitable transfer step which can be as complicated as the deposition of graphene itself. By ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition, we demonstrate large-scale and uniform depositon of high-quality graphene directly on a Ge substrate which is wafer scale and has been considered to replace conventional Si for the next generation of high-performance metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The immiscible Ge-C system under equilibrium conditions dictates graphene depositon on Ge via a self-limiting and surface-mediated process rather than a precipitation process as observed from other metals with high carbon solubility. Our technique is compatible with modern microelectronics technology thus allowing integration with high-volume production of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS).
5-Aminolaevulinic Acid (ALA) Induces Permanent Acceptance of Mouse Cardiac Allograft by Increasing Regulatory T Cells (2012)

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an intermediate in heme synthesis is fundamentally important in aerobic energy metabolism. HO activity cleaves heme to form biliverdin, CO, and iron (Fe2+). Carbon monoxide (CO), or bilirubin administration to, donors and/or recipients frequently lead to long-term survival of islet allografts. The anti-inflammatory properties of biliverdin and CO provide us with potential novel means in a broad spectrum of graft injury experimental models, including ischemia/reperfusion, acute and/or chronic allograft rejection. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that administration of ALA has a salutary effect in organ transplantation. The high level of CO concentration was detected after ALA and Fe2+ administration. A brief course of treatment with ALA lead to permanent acceptance (>100 days, n=13) in mouse heart allografts, are dose and Fe2+ dependently. In consistent with graft survival, we found that the graft infiltration cells were fewer and the responses of the recipient spleen T cells to donor type alloantigen stimulation in mixed lymphocyte reaction assay was lower than that of the control group recipients. In addition, with the administration of ALA and Fe2+, Foxp3+ Treg cells were significantly increased after transplantation. Hence our data indicated that ALA and Fe2+ treatment impaired T cells proliferate in response to alloantigens and increased Treg cell, result in permanent acceptance in mouse cardiac allografts. This finding also has important implications for clarifying the mechanism of CO and/or HO-1 activity in tolerance induction, may be effective for treatment of allograft rejection clinically in the near future.
Supplementary Data from Combining an Alarmin HMGN1 Peptide with PD-L1 Blockade Results in Robust Antitumor Effects with a Concomitant Increase of Stem-Like/Progenitor Exhausted CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figures 1-5 and Supplementary table 1&lt;/p&gt;
Analysis of electrical switching in sub-micron KNO3thin films (1986)

Abstract The coercive field of KNO3 films 75 to 400nm thick is found to satisfy the empirical relation EC ∼d −1.3, where d is the thickness, in agreement with earlier work on BaTiO3 by Stadler and on TGS by Hadni et al. The switching times for large area devices (20Ox200μm) vary as E−1.5 in agreement with early work on BaTiO3 by Stadler and Zachmanidis, and indicate that the limiting parameter is the velocity of domain growth perpendicular t o the applied field.
Real-time microfluidic recombinase polymerase amplification for the toxin B gene of Clostridium difficile on a SlipChip platform (2014)

Clostridium difficile is one of the key bacterial pathogens that cause infectious diarrhoea both in the developed and developing world. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods are increasingly used for identification of toxinogenic infection by clinical labs. For this purpose, we developed a low-cost microfluidic platform based on the SlipChip concept and implemented real-time isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). The on-chip RPA assay targets the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene (tcdB) coding for toxin B, one of the proteins responsible for bacterial toxicity. The device was fabricated in clear acrylic using rapid prototyping methods. It has six replicate 500 nL reaction wells as well as two sets of 500 nL control wells. The reaction can be monitored in real-time using exonuclease fluorescent probes with an initial sample volume of as little as 6.4 μL. We demonstrated a limit of detection of 1000 DNA copies, corresponding to 1 fg, at a time-to-result of <20 minutes. This miniaturised platform for pathogen detection has potential for use in resource-limited environments or at the point-of-care because of its ease of use and low cost, particularly if combined with preserved reagents.
On the Composition of Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems (1996)

The wide applicability of zero-knowledge interactive proofs comes from the possibility of using these proofs as subroutines in cryptographic protocols. A basic question concerning this use is whether the (sequential and/or parallel) composition of zero-knowledge protocols is zero-knowledge too. We demonstrate the limitations of the composition of zero-knowledge protocols by proving that the original definition of zero-knowledge is not closed under sequential composition; and that even the strong formulations of zero-knowledge (e.g., black-box simulation) are not closed under parallel execution. We present lower bounds on the round complexity of zero-knowledge proofs, with significant implications for the parallelization of zero-knowledge protocols. We prove that three-round interactive proofs and constant-round Arthur-Merlin proofs that are black-box simulation zero-knowledge exist only for languages in BPP. In particular, it follows that the “parallel versions” of the first interactive proofs systems presented for quadratic residuosity, graph isomorphism, and any language in NP, are not black-box simulation zero-knowledge, unless the corresponding languages are in BPP Whether these parallel versions constitute zero-knowledge proofs was an intriguing open questions arising from the early works on zero-knowledge. Other consequences are a proof of optimality for the round complexity of various known zero-knowledge protocols and the necessity of using secret coins in the design of “parallelizable” constant-round zero-knowledge proofs.
Comparison of breast density measured on MR images acquired using fat‐suppressed versus nonfat‐suppressed sequences (2011)

The measurement of breast density made on MRI acquired using fat-suppressed and nonfat-suppressed T1W images was about 5% difference, only slightly higher than the intraobserver variability of 3%-4%. When the density data from multiple centers were to be combined, evaluating the degree of difference is needed to take this difference into account.
Modeling flow-based market coupling: Base case, redispatch, and unit commitment matter (2020)

As Europe moves to expand flow-based market coupling (FBMC) to other regions, revisiting key modeling elements is crucial to interpreting results of different studies. In contrast to nodal pricing, FBMC is a zonal pricing approach that involves approximations of the underlying grid topology. The choice of base case, method of redispatch, whether unit commitment constraints are included, and whether results consider pay-as-bid or market-clearing prices vary widely across published papers. We demonstrate that different methods can have a substantial impact on overall costs. We find that existing base case approaches perform poorly compared to a base case using the nodal solution across all modeling choices considered.
Biphasic Lipid Vesicles as a Subcutaneous Delivery System for Protein Antigens and CpG Oligonucleotides (2006)

One of the major drawbacks to the development of novel vaccines has been the lack of safe yet effective adjuvants. Biphasic lipid vesicles are formulations suitable for the delivery of proteins, peptides and oligo/polynucleotides. They constitute a new class of delivery system into which antigens and adjuvants can be incorporated. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the ability of biphasic lipid vesicles (Vaccine-Targeting Adjuvants--VTA) to induce immune responses to bacterial antigens and to enhance the adjuvant activity of CpG ODNs. Immunization of mice with bacterial antigen and CpG ODNs in saline was not as effective at inducing immune responses as formulation in VTA vesicles. Results showed that formulation of CpG ODN in VTA significantly enhanced its adjuvanticity.
Adaptive Signal Processing (1992)

The four chapters of this volume, written by prominent workers in the field of adaptive processing and linear prediction, address a variety of problems, ranging from adaptive source coding to autoregressive spectral estimation. The first chapter, by T.C. Butash and L.D. Davisson, formulates the performance of an adaptive linear predictor in a series of theorems, with and without the Gaussian assumption, under the hypothesis that its coefficients are derived from either the (single) observation sequence to be predicted (dependent case) or a second, statistically independent realisation (independent case). The contribution by H.V. Poor reviews three recently developed general methodologies for designing signal predictors under nonclassical operating conditions, namely the robust predictor, the high-speed Levinson modeling, and the approximate conditional mean nonlinear predictor. W. Wax presents the key concepts and techniques for detecting, localizing and beamforming multiple narrowband sources by passive sensor arrays. Special coding algorithms and techniques based on the use of linear prediction now permit high-quality voice reproduction at remorably low bit rates. The paper by A. Gersho reviews some of the main ideas underlying the algorithms of major interest today.
Ferroelectric nematic liquids with conics (2023)

Spontaneous electric polarization of solid ferroelectrics follows aligning directions of crystallographic axes. Domains of differently oriented polarization are separated by domain walls (DWs), which are predominantly flat and run along directions dictated by the bulk translational order and the sample surfaces. Here we explore DWs in a ferroelectric nematic (NF) liquid crystal, which is a fluid with polar long-range orientational order but no crystallographic axes nor facets. We demonstrate that DWs in the absence of bulk and surface aligning axes are shaped as conic sections. The conics bisect the angle between two neighboring polarization fields to avoid electric charges. The remarkable bisecting properties of conic sections, known for millennia, play a central role as intrinsic features of liquid ferroelectrics. The findings could be helpful in designing patterns of electric polarization and space charge.
An Overview of Coordinated Control via TSO-DSO Interface for Congestion Management in Distribution Networks (2021)

Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind power plants and solar PV to electric power systems is a global phenomenon to reduce emissions of green house gases and combat climate change. Majority of the RES are connected to medium and low-voltage distribution grids. Power transmission grids, owned and operated by transmission grid operators (TSOs), are generally well interconnected, monitored on a continuous basis and have standardized control policies. On the other hand, distribution grids operated by distribution system operators (DSOs) have limited observability, communication infrastructure with slow bandwidth, less automated functions and lack of coordination with TSOs. Power production from RES, for example, wind power plants is intermittent depending upon the wind speed. In future distribution grids, at higher penetration levels of wind power plants, grid congestion in the form of node over-voltages, over-currents in the lines may be experienced. To alleviate grid congestion, DSOs can curtail the power output of the wind generators. However, curtailment of wind power will cause revenue loss to wind power plant owners, and it can hamper the green energy transition. At present, the control and coordination among TSOs and DSOs are limited and not automated. Assuming an improved interface between TSOs and DSOs, during grid congestion, controllable resources in the transmission grid can be utilized for mitigation. In this paper, a detailed review of the current interface between TSOs and DSOs, in the context of few European countries including Denmark, will be conducted. A practical example of grid congestion in a representative distribution grid due to varying power production from wind power plants will be analyzed by simulation studies. The required functionalities on the TSO-DSO interface to address the grid congestion problem will be studied. The possibilities of utilizing the transmission grid assets such as on-load tap changing transformers, STATCOMs etc., to aid the DSO in managing the grid congestion will be explored. A simple case study will be performed illustrating the effectiveness of improved TSO-DSO interface for congestion management in a representative distribution grid. Recommendations for improving the TSO-DSO interface to tackle the future operational challenges of power system with large share of renewable generation will be provided.
Spray‐Processable Blue‐to‐Highly Transmissive Switching Polymer Electrochromes via the Donor–Acceptor Approach (2009)

Spray processable blue electrochromic polymers with strictly alternating “donor-acceptor” copolymers are reported that exhibit saturated blue neutral states, highly transmissive oxidized states, excellent optical contrasts, fast switching times, and long-term redox switching stability. In addition, an alkylester-functionalized analogue is demonstrated, where the solubility of the material thin-film is irreversibly changed while allowing it to retain its electroactivity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Predicting Responses to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: ACRIN 6691 Trial of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (2016)

The prospective multicenter ACRIN 6691 trial was designed to evaluate whether changes from baseline to mid-therapy in a diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI)-derived imaging endpoint, the tissue optical index (TOI), predict pathologic complete response (pCR) in women undergoing breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). DOSI instruments were constructed at the University of California, Irvine (Irvine, CA), and delivered to six institutions where 60 subjects with newly diagnosed breast tumors (at least 2 cm in the longest dimension) were enrolled over a 2-year period. Bedside DOSI images of the tissue concentrations of deoxy-hemoglobin (ctHHb), oxy-hemoglobin (ctHbO<sub>2</sub>), water (ctH<sub>2</sub>O), lipid, and TOI (ctHHb × ctH<sub>2</sub>O/lipid) were acquired on both breasts up to four times during NAC treatment: baseline, 1-week, mid-point, and completion. Of the 34 subjects (mean age 48.4 ± 10.7 years) with complete, evaluable data from both normal and tumor-containing breast, 10 (29%) achieved pCR as determined by central pathology review. The percent change in tumor-to-normal TOI ratio (%TOI<sub>TN</sub>) from baseline to mid-therapy ranged from -82% to 321%, with a median of -36%. Using pCR as the reference standard and ROC curve methodology, %TOI<sub>TN</sub> AUC was 0.60 (95% CI, 0.39-0.81). In the cohort of 17 patients with baseline tumor oxygen saturation (%StO<sub>2</sub>) greater than the 77% population median, %TOI<sub>TN</sub> AUC improved to 0.83 (95% CI, 0.63-1.00). We conclude that the combination of baseline functional properties and dynamic optical response shows promise for clinical outcome prediction. Cancer Res; 76(20); 5933-44. ©2016 AACR.
Plasminogen activator and inhibitor activity in human glioma cells and modulation by sodium butyrate. (1988)

The activity of the serine protease plasminogen activator (PA), which correlates with tumorigenicity and metastatic capacity, was examined using the 125I-labeled fibrin plate assay in cell extracts from four human glioma lines as a function of growth in vitro. Cell-associated inhibitory activity to plasmin and urokinase-type PA was also measured concurrently. The relative PA activities differed markedly among the lines, whereas inhibitory activities did not. Two lines, SNB-19 and SNB-75, exhibited maximal PA activities (1-6 m Plough units/micrograms protein) as cultures approached confluence, whereas two other lines, SNB-56 and SNB-78, expressed low PA activity at all times (less than 0.2 m Plough units/micrograms protein). The PA of SNB-19 cell extracts was predominantly urokinase-type PA. In addition to having the highest PA levels, SNB-19 and SNB-75 were the most clonogenic in soft agar and tumorigenic in nude mice. In contrast, SNB-56 and SNB-78 were poorly clonogenic in soft agar and were not tumorigenic in nude mice. Measured directly, inhibitory activities to plasmin, urokinase-type PA, and tissue-type PA were detected in SNB-19 (high PA) and SNB-56 (low PA) cell extracts. However, there were no qualitative or quantitative differences in inhibitor effects between SNB-19 and SNB-56 suggesting that the differences in PA activity between these lines resulted from changes in PA activity and were not due to differential plasminogen activator inhibitor effects. The ability of the differentiating agent sodium butyrate (NaB) to modulate total PA activity was also examined. Peak SNB-19 cell PA activity was decreased in a concentration (Ki, 0.75 mM) and time-dependent manner by the addition of nontoxic amounts of NaB. The dose-dependent decrease in PA activity induced by NaB was most likely due to an effect on PA itself, since the action of inhibitor on urokinase was unchanged in response to NaB. These results suggest that net cellular PA activity in glioma cells is a balance between relative PA activity and inhibitor(s) effects and that this balance can be modulated by sodium butyrate.
A Riddle Wrapped in an Enigma (2017)

In August 2015, the NSA released a major policy statement on the need for postquantum cryptography (PQC). This announcement will be a great stimulus to the development, standardization, and commercialization of new quantum-safe algorithms. However, certain peculiarities in the statement's wording and timing have given rise to much speculation concerning the NSA, elliptic curve cryptography, and quantum-safe cryptography. In this article, the authors evaluate some of the theories that have been proposed.
PNA∗Synthesis and Diagnostic Application (1997)

Abstract An optimized automated PNA synthesis protocol is reported. Under optimal conditions the product yield of a test 17-mer PNA is approximately 90 %. The average coupling yield is 99.4 %. The synthesis strategy is Boc/Z. The protocol is developed in a 5 pmole scale but is easily scaled up to 10–50 μmole scale syntheses on the automated synthesizer (ABI 433A). DNA capture experiments by PNA was used to develop a method for PNA-mediated purification of genomic Chlamydia DNA from urine. This purification removed efficiently substances that impeded DNA amplification. ∗PNA diagnostics owns the world-wide exclusive rights to PNA in diagnostics and monitoring, in fields such as human clinical/forensic medicine, veterinary diagnostics, food/agriculture, and environmental monitoring. Notes ∗PNA diagnostics owns the world-wide exclusive rights to PNA in diagnostics and monitoring, in fields such as human clinical/forensic medicine, veterinary diagnostics, food/agriculture, and environmental monitoring.
Highly Selective Oxygen Transport through a Cobalt Porphyrin Liquid Membrane (1997)

The facilitated transport of oxygen in a liquid membrane containing [meso-α,α,α,α-tetrakis(o-pivalamidophenyl)porphyrinatocobalt(II)]−laurylimidazole (CoP) as an oxygen carrier leads to high permeability and permselectivity of oxygen against nitrogen. The oxygen permeation was properly analyzed by a dual-mode model and using the oxygen-binding constants spectroscopically determined, to give permeation parameters of the membrane such as the diffusion coefficient (DCoP) of the CoP mobile carrier and the physical diffusion coefficient of oxygen. DCoP was in accordance with that electrochemically determined. The facilitated permeation was represented by the product of the CoP concentration and DCoP in the membrane solution. DCoP decreased with solution viscosity and increased with the measured temperature. High oxygen permeability (10-7 cm3(STP) cm cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1) was observed, e.g. for the membrane of the 31 wt % CoP methylanisole solution at 10 °C, where the facilitation factor and the oxygen/nitrogen permselectivity were over 20 and 40, respectively.