gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel low-power scan design technique using supply gating (2004)

Reduction in test power is important to improve battery life in portable devices employing periodic self-test, to increase reliability of testing and to reduce test-cost. In scan-based testing, about 80% of total test power is dissipated in the combinational block. In this paper, we present a novel circuit technique to virtually eliminate test power dissipation in combinational logic by masking signal transition at the logic inputs during scan shifting. We realize the masking effect by inserting an extra supply gating transistor in the VDD to GND path for the first level cells at output of the scan flops. The supply gating transistor is turned off in the scan-in mode, essentially gating the supply. Adding an extra transistor in only one logic level renders significant advantage with respect to area, delay and power (in normal mode of operation) overhead compared to existing methods, which use gating logic at the output of scan flops. Simulation results on ISCAS89 benchmarks show up to 79% improvement in area, up to 32% in power (in normal mode) and up to 7% in delay compared to lowest-cost known alternative.
Towards the Direct Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Energy Transfer in Proteins (2014)

Vibrational energy transfer (VET) within a molecule can be investigated in great detail with ultrafast IR spectroscopy. We report on progress towards mapping of VET pathways in proteins using unnatural amino acids as site-specific probes.
Marine Bacteria. Part 34. New Anthraquinones from a Marine Streptomyces sp. — Isolation, Structure Determination and Biological Activities. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Privacy and Agency are Critical to a Flourishing Biomedical Research Enterprise: Misconceptions About the Role of CLIA (2019)

The CLIA status of a lab that generates research data is regularly perceived to interfere with the ability of individuals to access data about themselves for a variety of reasons, including to advance research as an active participant who seeks to contribute to the research process in ways that go beyond serving solely as a source of tissue or data for others to use. Barbara Evans and Susan Wolf have made a compelling case that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) do not prohibit the return of research results from a non-CLIA lab when that return is done for any reason other than “for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of the health of, human beings. As a result of this analysis, two pearls of conventional wisdom that have impeded efforts to engage, respect, and honor the civil rights of research participants logically fall.
Performance scaling of a 10-GHz solid-state laser enabling self-referenced CEO frequency detection without amplification (2020)

A simple and compact straight-cavity laser oscillator incorporating a cascaded quadratic nonlinear crystal and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) can deliver stable femtosecond modelocking at high pulse repetition rates >10 GHz. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the influence of intracavity dispersion, pump brightness, and cavity design on modelocking with high repetition rates, and use the resulting insights to demonstrate a 10.4-GHz straight-cavity SESAM-modelocked Yb:CALGO laser delivering 108-fs pulses with 812 mW of average output power. This result represents a record-level performance for diode-pumped femtosecond oscillators with repetition rates above 10 GHz. Using the oscillator output without any optical amplification, we demonstrate coherent octave-spanning supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a silicon nitride waveguide. Subsequent f-to-2f interferometry with a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide enables the detection of a strong carrier-envelope offset (CEO) beat note with a 33-dB signal-to-noise ratio.
Effect of wall adsorption on the photoacoustic detection of ammonia with a 1.53-μm DFB diode laser (1999)

The adsorption of ammonia molecules (and other polar molecules such as nitrogendioxide, water, etc.), on the walls of the photoacoustic (PA) detector influences the accuracy of the concentration measurement. This effect becomes larger for small concentrations and depends on the direction of the concentration change. This means that a hysteresis of the PA signal is observed between measurements carried out by decreasing and by increasing the concentration. The adsorption problem was reduced considerably by performing the measurements in a continuous flow. For measurements with high flow rate a new photoacoustic detector was developed. The differential design provides good flow and electronic noise suppression. The PA signal has been generated by tuning a 40-mW, 1.53-μm GEC-Marconi DFB laser to the absorption peak of ammonia at 1527 nm. The dependence of the PA signal on the flow rate of ammonia–nitrogen mixtures with different concentrations was investigated. In another experiment the hysteresis of the PA signal was investigated by increasing and decreasing the concentration in several steps, but maintaining the same total flow rate. It was found that a higher flow rate results in a smaller error of the concentration measurement and a shorter response time of the PA detector.
Limits of [18F]-FLT PET as a Biomarker of Proliferation in Oncology (2013)

Our findings illustrate that [(18)F]-FLT-PET reflects tumor proliferation as a function of thymidine salvage pathway utilization. Unlike more general proliferation markers, such as Ki67, [(18)F]-FLT PET reflects proliferative indices to variable and potentially unreliable extents. [(18)F]-FLT-PET cannot discriminate moderately proliferative, thymidine salvage-driven tumors from those of high proliferative index that rely primarily upon de novo thymidine synthesis. Accordingly, the magnitude of [(18)F]-FLT uptake should not be considered a surrogate of proliferative index. These data rationalize the diversity of [(18)F]-FLT-PET correlative results previously reported and suggest future best-practices when [(18)F]-FLT-PET is employed in oncology.
Discovery of a Network-Specific NAT64 Prefix using a Well-Known Name (2011)

Advanced hosts and applications benefit of the knowledge of an IPv6
address, AAAA record, synthesis taking place in the network. This
draft describes a method for detecting presence of NAT64 and for
learning Network-Specific Prefix used in the access network without
support from the access network. The method depends on existence of
known IPv4-only domain name. The information learned enables
applications and hosts to to perform local IPv6 address synthesis and
in some cases avoid NAT64.
Modeling adversarial intent for interactive simulation and gaming: the fused intent system (2008)

Understanding the intent of today's enemy necessitates changes in intelligence collection, processing, and dissemination. Unlike cold war antagonists, today's enemies operate in small, agile, and distributed cells whose tactics do not map well to established doctrine. This has necessitated a proliferation of advanced sensor and intelligence gathering techniques at level 0 and level 1 of the Joint Directors of Laboratories fusion model. The challenge is in leveraging modeling and simulation to transform the vast amounts of level 0 and level 1 data into actionable intelligence at levels 2 and 3 that include adversarial intent. Currently, warfighters are flooded with information (facts/observables) regarding what the enemy is presently doing, but provided inadequate explanations of adversarial intent and they cannot simulate <i>'what-if'</i> scenarios to increase their predictive situational awareness. The Fused Intent System (FIS) aims to address these deficiencies by providing an environment that answers <i>'what' the adversary is doing, 'why' they are doing it, and 'how' they will react</i> to coalition actions. In this paper, we describe our approach to FIS which includes adversarial 'soft-factors' such as goals, rationale, and beliefs within a computational model that infers adversarial intent and allows the insertion of assumptions to be used in conjunction with current battlefield state to perform what-if analysis. Our approach combines ontological modeling for classification and Bayesian-based abductive reasoning for explanation and has broad applicability to the operational, training, and commercial gaming domains.
Total Body Electrical Conductivity for Nondestructive Measurement of Body Composition of Red Drum (1994)

Abstract A rapid and nondestructive method for predicting body composition by measuring total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) was evaluated with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). This noninvasive technique consisted of placing fasted (48 h) and anesthetized fish within a lowfrequency electromagnetic field and measuring the TOBEC. Body composition then was predicted on the principle that body fat and fat-free mass differ in electrical properties. Relationships between TOBEC and body composition were examined with 40 red drums ranging from 10 to 138 g. There were significant (P < 0.0001) positive linear correlations between TOBEC values and measured body components; correlation coefficients for body weight, body water, protein, lipid, lean body mass, and ash were 0.960, 0.967, 0.947, 0.809, 0.959, and 0.799, respectively. Repeated TOBEC measurements also were made on fish that were fed, fasted (48 h), frozen, and thawed to determine the effects of these states on TOBEC. Average TOBEC values for fish in the fed and frozen states were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those obtained in the fasted or thawed states; furthermore, the thawed state resulted in the lowest values. Models including weight, length, and TOBEC variables provided adequate estimates of body composition for live, individual red drums that ranged widely in body weight. However, because TOBEC measurements were influenced by physical and physiological conditions of the fish, these factors should be standardized.
Progress in the Synthesis of Nanocrystalline BaTiO 3 Powders for MLCC (2005)

Future improvements in the development of highly volume‐efficient multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) require manufacturing processes that allow for a reduced dielectric thickness well below 1 μm. Obviously, such thin dielectric layers can only be produced if nanosized dielectric powders are applied and deposited by techniques more advanced than tape casting and screen printing. These processes require high‐purity, homogeneous, weakly agglomerated ultrafine powders. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the synthesis of nanocrystalline BaTiO 3 ‐based powders for use in MLCC. The present review article aims to summarize the present state of the art with respect to some of the technically and industrially most relevant preparation routes, including methods based on solid‐state reactions and, more importantly, solution‐based approaches.
Dynamic modeling of modular multilevel converters (2011)

Theory for the dynamics of modular multilevel converters is developed in this paper. It is shown that the sum capacitor voltage in each arm often can be considered instead of the individual capacitor voltages, thereby significantly reducing the complexity of the system model. A selection of the so-called insertion indices, which compensates for the sum-capacitor-voltage ripples, is considered. The system which results for this selection is analyzed, and is shown to be asymptotically stable. Finally, explicit formulas for the steady-state sum-capacitor-voltage ripples are derived.
Utility of Readmission Rates as a Quality of Care Measure and Predictors of Readmission Within 30 Days After Spinal Surgery (2015)

Study Design. A retrospective review Objective. The aim of this study was to establish clinically relevant readmission rates that permit accurate comparisons, improve risk-stratification, and direct efforts to minimize readmissions. Summary of Background Data. The 30-day hospital readmission rate is a quality of care measure that is now being used to compare hospitals in a publicly available manner. Methods. Records from 1187 consecutive spinal surgeries at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in 2010 were retrospectively reviewed and data were collected that described the patient, surgical procedure, hospital course, complications, and readmissions. The primary outcome of interest was readmission to the hospital within 30 days. Potential risk factors were examined for association with the outcome first via bivariate analysis, with significant predictors further examined by a multivariable model. Identified readmissions were independently reviewed by attending spinal neurosurgeons not involved with the cases to determine whether the readmissions were procedure related or procedure unrelated with respect to accepted criteria. Results. The overall readmission rate was 6.1%. Of these readmissions, 37.5% were deemed procedure related upon attending review, leading to a procedure-related readmission rate of 2.3%. Upon multivariate analysis, only 3 variables were found to be significant predictors of readmission: 2 or more patient comorbidities [odds ratio (OR) 3.72, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.62–8.56], an admission to the ICU (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.45–4.95), and each additional spinal level involved (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.21). Conclusions. Our study suggests that predictors for all-cause 30-day readmission following spinal procedures include number of spinal levels performed during the surgery, number of patient comorbidities present at the time of surgery, and whether the admission required an ICU stay. Future work should focus on developing best practices to modify medical risk factors and comorbidities that have the potential to decrease 30-day readmission rates. Level of Evidence: 3
Cell-based therapy to reduce mortality from COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies on acute respiratory distress syndrome (2020)

Severe cases of COVID-19 infection, often leading to death, have been associated with variants of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a potential treatment for COVID-19 ARDS based on preclinical and clinical studies supporting the concept that MSCs modulate the inflammatory and remodeling processes and restore alveolo-capillary barriers. The authors performed a systematic literature review and random-effects meta-analysis to determine the potential value of MSC therapy for treating COVID-19-infected patients with ARDS. Publications in all languages from 1990 to March 31, 2020 were reviewed, yielding 2691 studies, of which nine were included. MSCs were intravenously or intratracheally administered in 117 participants, who were followed for 14 days to 5 years. All MSCs were allogeneic from bone marrow, umbilical cord, menstrual blood, adipose tissue, or unreported sources. Combined mortality showed a favorable trend but did not reach statistical significance. No related serious adverse events were reported and mild adverse events resolved spontaneously. A trend was found of improved radiographic findings, pulmonary function (lung compliance, tidal volumes, PaO<sub>2</sub> /FiO<sub>2</sub> ratio, alveolo-capillary injury), and inflammatory biomarker levels. No comparisons were made between MSCs of different sources.
Cosmological moduli problem, supersymmetry breaking, and stability in postinflationary cosmology (1995)

We review scenarios that have been proposed to solve the cosmological problem caused by moduli in string theory, the postmodern Polonyi problem (PPP). In particular, we discuss the difficulties encountered by the apparently ``trivial'' solution of this problem, in which moduli masses are assumed to arise from nonperturbative, SUSY-preserving, dynamics at a scale higher than that of SUSY breaking. This suggests a powerful cosmological vacuum selection principle in superstring theory. However, we argue that if one eschews the possibility of cancellations between different exponentials of the inverse string coupling, the mechanism described above cannot stabilize the dilaton. Thus, even if supersymmetric dynamics gives mass to the other moduli in string theory, the dilaton mass must be generated by SUSY breaking, and dilaton domination of the energy density of the Universe cannot be avoided. We conclude that the only proposal for solving the PPP that works is the intermediate scale inflation scenario of Randall and Thomas. However, we point out that all extant models have ignored unavoidably large inhomogeneities in the cosmological moduli density at very early times, and speculate that the effects associated with nonlinear gravitational collapse of these inhomogeneities may serve as an efficient mechanism for converting moduli into ordinary matter. As an important by-product of this investigation we show that in a postinflationary universe minima of the effective potential with a negative cosmological constant are not stationary points of the classical equations of scalar field cosmology. Instead, such points lead to catastrophic gravitational collapse of that part of the Universe which is attracted to them. Thus postinflationary cosmology dynamically chooses non-negative values of the cosmological constant. This implies that supersymmetry must be broken in any sensible inflationary cosmology. We suggest that further study of the cosmology of moduli will lead to additional important insight about cosmology, SUSY breaking, and the choice of the vacuum in superstring theory.
A Two-Stage Meta-Analysis Identifies Several New Loci for Parkinson's Disease (2011)

A previous genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis of 12,386 PD cases and 21,026 controls conducted by the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC) discovered or confirmed 11 Parkinson's disease (PD) loci. This first analysis of the two-stage IPDGC study focused on the set of loci that passed genome-wide significance in the first stage GWA scan. However, the second stage genotyping array, the ImmunoChip, included a larger set of 1,920 SNPs selected on the basis of the GWA analysis. Here, we analyzed this set of 1,920 SNPs, and we identified five additional PD risk loci (combined p<5×10(-10), PARK16/1q32, STX1B/16p11, FGF20/8p22, STBD1/4q21, and GPNMB/7p15). Two of these five loci have been suggested by previous association studies (PARK16/1q32, FGF20/8p22), and this study provides further support for these findings. Using a dataset of post-mortem brain samples assayed for gene expression (n = 399) and methylation (n = 292), we identified methylation and expression changes associated with PD risk variants in PARK16/1q32, GPNMB/7p15, and STX1B/16p11 loci, hence suggesting potential molecular mechanisms and candidate genes at these risk loci.
Cinnamate-Functionalized Natural Carbohydrates as Photopatternable Gate Dielectrics for Organic Transistors (2019)

Photolithographic-defined films play an important role in modern optoelectronics and are crucial for the development of advanced organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). Here, we explore a facile photoresist-free photopatterning technique with natural carbohydrates and its use as an OTFT gate dielectric. The effects of the cross-linkable chemical structure on the cross-linking chemistry and dielectric strength of the corresponding films are investigated in cinnamate-functionalized carbohydrates from monomeric (glucose) to dimeric (sucrose) to polymeric (cellulose) backbones. UV illumination of the cinnamate esters of these carbohydrates leads to [2 + 2] cycloaddition and thus the formation of robust cross-linked dielectric films in the irradiated areas. Using propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate as the solvent/developer, patterned dielectric films with micrometer-sized features can be readily fabricated. P- and N-type OTFTs are successfully demonstrated using unpatterned/patterned cross-linked films as the gate dielectric and pentacene and N,N′-1H,1H-perfluorobutyl dicyanoperylenecarboxydiimide (PDIF-CN2) as the p- and n-channel semiconducting layers, respectively. These results demonstrate that natural-derived polymer gate dielectrics, which are soluble and patternable using biomass-derived solvents, are promising for the realization of a more sustainable OTFT technology.
Development of GaN Growth Reaction Model Using Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Calculation and Computational Fluid Dynamics of Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy (2012)

Simplified reaction models were developed theoretically and experimentally for use in the computational fluid dynamics of Gallium Nitride (GaN) growth in metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The activation energy of various elementary reaction pathways in a trimethylgallium/ammonia /hydrogen (Ga(CH3)3/NH3/H2) system were calculated using an ab-initio molecular orbital (MO) method. Then, the dominant steps of the reaction paths and the respective activation energies were obtained using the following reactions: Ga(CH3)3 + NH3 → Ga(CH3)2NH2 (Ea = 1.3 eV), 2Ga(CH3)2NH2 →[Ga(CH3)2NH2 ] 2 + 2CH4 (Ea = 0 eV), Ga(CH3)2NH2 → GaN + 2CH4 (Ea = 3.0 eV). The computational fluid dynamics performed using our reaction-model agreed well with the experimental results for the distribution of the GaN growth rate under this study's growth conditions.
Sodium Requirement for the Positive Inotropic Action of Isoproterenol on Guinea Pig Atria (1978)

Isoproterenol doses not elicit its characteristic positive inotropic action in contracting guinea pig atria suspended in sodium-free media. However, the ability of isoproterenol to decrease the time to peak tension development during an individual contraction cycle is still present in sodium-free solutions. Removal of sodium diminished but did not eliminate the tissues' ability to elevate adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in response to isoproterenol. The striking absence of an inotropic action by isoproterenol on atria in sodium-free media suggests that sodium (and possibly a sodium-calcium exchange across the sarcolemma) plays an important role in the inotropic action of catecholamines.
HVS-weighted progressive image transmission using the lapped orthogonal transform (2002)

Progressive transmission of images based on lapped orthogonal transform (LOT), adaptive classification, and human visual sensitivity (HVS) weighting is proposed. HVS weighting for LOT is developed using a general technique that can be applied to any orthogonal transform. The order in which the transform coefficients are transmitted is based on the estimated variances of these coefficients weighted by the human visual system sensitivity, measured in the 2D-LOT domain. The method is compared with discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based progressive image transmission (PIT). It is shown that LOT-based PIT yields subjectively improved images compared to those based on DCT.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Potential Role of Gastric Microbiology in Respiratory Disease (2023)

"The Potential Role of Gastric Microbiology in Respiratory Disease." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 0(ja), pp.