gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Lithographically Patterned Capacitor with Horizontal Nanowires of Length 2.5 mm (2014)

A symmetrical hybrid capacitor consisting of interdigitated, horizontal nanowires is described. Each of the 750 nanowires within the capacitor is 2.5 mm in length, consisting of a gold nanowire core (40 × ≈200 nm) encapsulated within a hemicylindrical shell of δ-phase MnO2 (thickness = 60-220 nm). These Au@δ-MnO2 nanowires are patterned onto a planar glass surface using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE). A power density of 165 kW/kg and energy density of 24 Wh/kg were obtained for a typical nanowire array in which the MnO2 shell thickness was 68 ± 8 nm. Capacitors incorporating these ultralong nanowires lost ≈10% of their capacity rapidly, during the first 20 discharge cycles, and then retained 90% of their maximum capacity for the ensuing 6000 cycles. The ability of capacitors consisting of ultralong Au@δ-MnO2 nanowires to simultaneously deliver high power and high capacity with acceptable cycle life is demonstrated.
Caloric Restriction Mimetics (2007)

Caloric restriction remains the only nongenetic intervention that has been consistently and reproducibly shown to extend both average and maximal lifespan in a wide variety of species. If shown to be applicable to human aging, it is unlikely that most people would be able to maintain the 30-40% reduction in food intake apparently required for this intervention. Therefore, an alternative approach is needed. We first proposed the concept of caloric restriction (CR) mimetics in 1998. Since its introduction, this research area has witnessed a significant expansion of interest in academic, government, and private sectors. CR mimetics target alteration of pathways of energy metabolism to potentially mimic the beneficial health-promoting and anti-aging effects of CR without the need to reduce food intake significantly. To date, a number of candidate CR mimetics including glycolytic inhibitors, antioxidants and specific gene-modulators have been investigated and appear to validate the potential of this approach.
Role of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and an inhibitory effect of erythromycin on IL-8 release in the airways of patients with chronic airway diseases (1994)

To evaluate of the role of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemotactic cytokine, in the continuous neutrophil accumulation in the airways of patients with chronic airway disease (CAD) and persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, we investigated the cell population, IL-8 levels, IL-1 beta levels, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activities, and neutrophil elastase (NE) activities of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids in 17 CAD patients (with P. aeruginosa infections [CAD+PA], n = 9; without any bacterial infections [CAD-PA], n = 8) and 8 normal volunteers. We found significant elevations of neutrophil numbers, IL-8/albumin ratios, and NE/albumin ratios in BAL fluids from CAD patients, in the following rank order: CAD+PA > CAD-PA > normal volunteers. IL-1 beta/albumin ratios were elevated only in CAD+PA, while no TNF bioactivity was detected in BAL fluids. The neutrophil numbers correlated significantly with the IL-8/albumin ratios and NE/albumin ratios in the BAL fluids of CAD patients. When anti-human IL-8 immunoglobulin G was used for neutralizing neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) activities in BAL fluids, the mean reduction rate of NCF activities in CAD+PA patients was significantly higher than that in CAD-PA patients. We also evaluated the effects of low-dose, long-term erythromycin therapy in BAL fluids from three CAD+PA and two CAD-PA patients. Treatment with erythromycin caused significant reductions of neutrophil numbers, IL-8/albumin ratios, and NE/albumin ratios in BAL fluids from these patients. To elucidate the mechanism of erythromycin therapy, we also examined whether erythromycin suppressed IL-8 production by human alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. We demonstrated a moderate inhibitory effect of erythromycin on IL-8 production in Pseudomonas-stimulated neutrophils but not in alveolar macrophages. Our data support the view that persistent P. aeruginosa infection enhances IL-8 production and IL-8-derived NCF activity, causing neutrophil accumulation in the airways and the progressive lung injuries observed in patients with CAD. The clinical efficacy of erythromycin therapy for CAD patients might be partly mediated through a reduced IL-8 production, diminishing neutrophil accumulation and NE release in the airways.
Synthesis and Analysis of Nanoporous Material Using Microchannel (2011)

Recent small electronic equipments with various functions require extreme increase of heat transfer rate per unit surface. Current small electronic equipments’ cooling abilities have limitation with its heat transfer rate. Boiling is one of the solutions for this problem since it can be applied by using microchannel and flow boiling. Also, it has much higher heat transfer coefficient than large-scale cooling system. However, boiling is not easily initiated and surface temperature often reaches high temperature even without boiling which could burn the electronic equipment. To enhance boiling, one of the best methods is coating nanoporous material on the surface. Synthesis characteristics of nanoporous material depend on both the temperature and concentration condition. Therefore, the accurate condition for the synthesis process is required but, the current synthesis method cannot control both temperature and concentration also wastes both time and resources. This research suggests a way of synthesizing nanoporous material using microchannel which can obtain accurate control of variables and save the resources. Microchannel reactor for nanoporous material synthesis is designed with channel on the SiO2 substrate. Cu-BTC solution passes through the microchannel and nanoporous material is coated on SiO2 substrate. Through time and temperature variable experiment, the procedure of growth of nanoporous material is observed within time change and transformation of crystalline structure of nanoporous material is obtained by temperature change. Most importantly, this method provides much higher synthesis rate and uniformity than the current synthesis method. The experiment on the effect of width of microchannel on synthesis rate was also performed. This has important meaning since it can be applied to the other materials which can be synthesized in microchannel and could increase their synthesis rate too. Synthesis in microchannel provides high reproducibility and helps to accomplish accurate analysis. Moreover, synthesis of nanoporous material in the microchannel is easier to fabricate and easier to be applied in the cooling system using the flow boiling. Therefore, synthesis in microchannel can make a significant improvement in cooling system of small equipments, and it contributes to miniaturization of electronic equipments.
Single-mode fiber to single-mode GaAs channel waveguide pigtailing using dual-carrier soldering technology (1997)

High quality optical fiber to OEIC pigtailing, using non-conventional technology, is required to create a real integrated optical system for optical communications, computing, signal processing, control, and sensing. In this paper, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) presents a novel singlemode fiber to singlemode GaAs channel waveguide pigtailing approach. This pigtailing approach involves two key technologies. First, a fiber end-face lensing technology was used to improve modeprofile matching between singlemode fiber and singlemode channel waveguide, so fiber to waveguide coupling efficiency could be improved. Second, resistance layer assisted dual-carrier-soldering (RLADCS) technology was introduced to facilitate fiber and waveguide chip alignment and fixing, so accurate, convenient, and reliable fiber to optoelectronic integrated cicuit (OEIC) pigtailing could be achieved. By using radiation hardened fiber and special OEIC, this pigtailing and packaging technology has potential applications in a space environment. This publication addresses all aspects of this pigtailing approach, including theoretical analysis, design, fabrication, testing, and measurement results.
TRAIT2D: a Software for Quantitative Analysis of Single Particle Diffusion Data (2021)

Summary Single Particle Tracking (SPT) is one of the most widespread techniques to evaluate particle mobility in a variety of situations, such as in cellular and model membrane dynamics. The proposed TRAIT2D Python library is developed to provide object tracking, trajectory analysis and produce simulated datasets with graphical user interface. The tool allows advanced users to customise the analysis to their requirements. Availability and implementation: the software has been coded in Python, and can be accessed from: https://github.com/Eggeling-Lab-Microscope-Software/TRAIT2D , or the pypi and condaforge repositories. A comprehensive user guide is provided at https://eggeling-lab-microscope-software.github.io/TRAIT2D/ .
Are the indications for tissue valves different in 2001 and how do we communicate these changes to our cardiology colleagues? (2001)

The indications for tissue valves in the aortic and mitral positions are becoming better defined with advances in valve design, valve preservation, and management of reoperations. Although some patients who require cardiac valve replacement clearly benefit more from one type of valve than from another, not infrequently one encounters a patient who is in the "gray zone," where the optimal choice is difficult. At present, bioprostheses for the diseased aortic valve include stented porcine and pericardial valves, stentless porcine valves, aortic homograft, and pulmonary autograft. For patients with mitral valve disease, options for tissue valve replacement are a stented porcine or pericardial prosthesis. Generally, factors to consider in choosing the appropriate valve substitute include the patient's age, expected life expectancy, coexisting medical problems, lifestyle, and socioeconomics; the etiology of the valve disease, annular size, and physician and patient preference are also relevant. Despite the known finite durability of tissue valves, which is the main limitation in their use, the long-term results have been satisfactory, particularly in older patients, patients with a limited life expectancy, and those undergoing valve replacement in the aortic position. Distillation of available information and ongoing communication between the surgeon and the cardiologist will enable us to assist the patient in choosing the best valve substitute.
Fabricating 3D Structures by Combining 2D Printing and Relaxation of Strain (2018)

Abstract This paper describes the fabrication of elastomeric three‐dimensional (3D) structures starting from two‐dimensional (2D) sheets using a combination of direct‐ink printing and relaxation of strain. These structures are fabricated in a two‐step process: first, elastomeric inks are deposited as 2D structures on a stretched elastomeric sheet, and second, after curing of the elastomeric inks, relaxation of strain in the 2D sheet causes it to deform into a 3D shape. To predict bending of elastomeric objects fabricated with this technique, a simple mechanical model is developed. The strategy of using initially 2D materials to fabricate 3D structures offers four new features that complement digital fabrication techniques. (i) It provides a simple route to create shapes with complex curves, suspended features, and internal cavities. (ii) It is a faster method of fabricating some types of shapes than “conventional” 3D printing, because the features are printed in 2D. (iii) It forms surfaces that can be both smoother, and structured in a way that is not compatible with layer‐by‐layer processing. (iv) It forms structures that can be deformed reversibly after fabrication by reapplying strain. This paper demonstrates these features by fabrication of helices, structures inspired by cubes and tables, “pop‐up” structures, and soft grippers.
Critical properties of the random dipolar-coupled ferromagnetLiTbpY1−pF4 (1982)

The critical properties and the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ versus concentration $p$ phase diagram of a site-diluted long-range coupled magnet have been measured and compared with renormalization group (RG) and ${T}_{c}(p)$ predictions. Zero-field magnetic-susceptibility measurements for eight concentrations $p$ of the randomized dipolar-coupled Ising ferromagnet $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{p}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}p}{\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ have been found to be inconsistent with "universal" RG predictions made for this system. The fact that subsequent "nonuniversal" RG theories have been shown to agree with the data suggests that the asymptotic reduced temperature range cannot be attained in this system. The effective susceptibility critical exponents $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are found to be $p$ dependent. The ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{vs}\ensuremath{-}p$ phase line has been found to be linear for the entire concentration range measured with an extrapolated percolation concentration ${p}_{c}=0.12$. This behavior is in contrast to short-range coupled magnets.
6.3W InGaN laser diode array with highly efficient wide-striped emitters (2011)

A multi-striped InGaN-based laser diode (LD) array is demonstrated at a high power of 6.3W under continuous wave operation. The world highest power operation as InGaN LD array is attributed to thermally optimized layout design taking an advantage of highly efficient emitters.
Optical Fiber Photonic Crystal Hydrophone for Cellular Acoustic Sensing (2021)

This paper describes the design, characterization, and testing of a compact hydrophone capable of measuring acoustic signals from cardiomyocytes. Our hydrophone consists of a nanofabricated photonic-crystal diaphragm externally-mounted to the facet of an optical fiber to form a pressure-sensitive Fabry-Pérot cavity. Our hydrophone can operate in small liquid volumes less than 5 mm deep and incorporates a microchannel to vent air during immersion. The venting channel is designed to optimize bandwidth and sensitivity. Modeling and experimental results in water show a bandwidth from 50 Hz to 18 kHz and a minimum detectable pressure of 3 μPa/ √{Hz}. We demonstrate the sensitivity to simulated bio-acoustic sources with nanometer-scale displacements.
Effect of Ti interlayer on the formation of epitaxial NiSiGe on strained Si<inf>0.8</inf>Ge<inf>0.2</inf> (2014)

The effect of an ultrathin titanium (Ti) interlayer on the formation of nickel germanosilicide on strained Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> /Si(100) was studied. A uniform flattened Ni(Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> ) layer is finally formed after rapid thermal annealing. The transition temperature from the Ni-rich germanosilicide phase to the monogermanosilicide phase increases for the incorporation of Ti. The Ti interlayer acting as an inter-diffusion barrier layer well balance the silicidation velocity, which contributes to the achievement of the highly-oriented nickel germanosilicidation. The strain of Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.8</sub> Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.2</sub> remains nearly the same after the RTA procedure. Considering the smooth interface between the NiSiGe layer and the SiGe substrate, the approach presented indicates a potential application for S/D contacts in the future CMOS devices.
Design and Fabrication of Microfluidics Paper-Based Devices for Contaminant Detection Using aWax Printer (2021)

In this paper, we introduce an eight-channel paper-based microfluidic device that aims to detect multiple chemicals at once. The microfluidic device we propose is fabricated by wax printing on filter paper, which is trouble-free to handle, low cost, and easy to fabricate. As a hydrophobic material, wax (solid ink) defines the hydrophilic channels for testing. By using image processing techniques, we analyze the width change caused by heating of wax strokes and wax channels, which is a necessary step in the wax printing fabrications. In the same way, we test the minimum width of a channel that allows solutions to cross through and the minimum width of a barrier that is hydrophobic and blocks liquid flow. We also compare two different heating methods, the heat gun and the hot plate, by checking the wax channel width before and after heating based on our image processing pipeline. We conclude that a heat gun will be better for heating channels with relatively large widths. Using high resolution wax printing, we integrate multiple devices on a single paper, which makes this method very cost-effective. Lamination of wax-printed paper based devices is also analyzed, as leakage on the back side of paper is sometimes worth attention.
Agility of vortex-based nanocontact spin torque oscillators (2009)

We study the agility of current-tunable oscillators based on a magnetic vortex orbiting around a point contact in spin valves. The theory predicts that frequency tuning by currents occurs at constant orbital radius so an exceptional agility is anticipated. To test this, we have inserted an oscillator in a microwave interferometer to apply abrupt current variations while time resolving its emission. Using frequency shift keying, we show that the oscillator can switch between two stabilized frequencies differing by 25% in less than ten periods. With a wide frequency tunability and a good agility, such oscillators possess desirable figures of merit for modulation-based rf applications.
Analysis of temporal and spatial expression of the CcaR regulatory element in the cephamycin C biosynthetic pathway using green fluorescent protein (2001)

The DNA-binding capability of a key secondary metabolite regulatory element (CcaR) in the Streptomyces clavuligerus cephamycin C pathway was investigated by gel mobility retardation and DNase I footprinting analysis. These results revealed that CcaR specifically binds to the promoter region of the lysine-epsilon-aminotransferase gene (lat). Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was subsequently used as a reporter to analyse in vivo expression of CcaR. The corresponding isogenic strain containing ccaR:gfp in the chromosome produced cephamycin C at levels similar to those of wild-type S. clavuligerus. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that expression of CcaR in liquid culture was temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous in S. clavuligerus mycelia. The highly fluorescent seed culture mycelia quickly lost fluorescence upon inoculation into fresh culture medium. The characteristic green colour reappeared in a small portion of mycelia during mid-exponential growth phase. As the culture aged, the population expressing CcaR expanded, and the expression level increased. This was followed by a reduction in the CcaR-expressing population towards the end of the culture period. During peak expression, CcaR was distributed uniformly in mycelia, but became localized distal to the chromosome when the culture entered stationary phase. In solid phase analysis, abundant CcaR expression was evident in the substrate mycelia, but was completely absent in aerial hyphae. These results show regulatory linkage between ccaR and lat, whose expression profile showed a similar spatial decoupling between morphogenesis and antibiotic production. In addition, visualizing CcaR within S. clavuligerus mycelia demonstrates a distinct pattern of localization over the course of physiological differentiation.
Platinum silicide junction spiking in arsenic doped polysilicon transistors (1992)

Polysilicon emitter bipolar npn transistors, silicided with platinum, exhibited emitter-base leakage after the final passivation thermal cycle. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed platinum silicide (PtSi) spiking through the polysilicon into the emitter-base region, indicating an apparent release of Pt during high temperature (&amp;gt;400 °C) processing. A technique was developed to study the phenomenon using unpatterned monitor wafers. Observations from a series of tests indicate arsenic dose, Pt thickness, Pt sinter temperature, PtSi capping material, postsilicide formation temperatures, and exposure to oxygen during high temperature treatments (after silicide formation) as the major factors influencing PtSi spiking.
Impaired Arm Function and Finger Dexterity in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Stroke (2016)

The reported nonhuman primate model produces a defined and reproducible syndrome relevant to our understanding of ischemic stroke, cortical representation, and sensorimotor integration controlling dexterous movements. This model will be useful in basic and translational research addressing loss of arm function and dexterity.
Role of socio-economic factors in visual impairment and progression of diabetic retinopathy (2020)

We found that both PLSES and ALSES variables were independently associated with DR incidence, progression and associated vision loss in Asians. Novel intervention strategies targeted at low socioeconomic status communities to decrease rates of DR and VI are warranted.
Explaining AI Fairly (Well). (2019)

Explainable AI (XAI) has started experiencing explosive growth, echoing the explosive growth that has preceded it of AI becoming used for practical purposes that impact the general public. This spread of AI into the world outside of research labs brings with it pressures and requirements that many of us have perhaps not thought about deeply enough. In this keynote address, I will explain why I think we have a very long way to go. One way to characterize our current state is that we're doing well, doing some explaining of some things. In a sense, this is reasonable: the XAI field is young, and still finding its way. However, moving forward demands progress in (at least) three areas. (1) How we go about XAI research: Explainable AI cannot succeed if the only research foundations brought to bear on it are AI foundations. Likewise, it cannot succeed if the only foundations used are from psychology, education, etc. Thus, a challenge for our emerging field is how to conduct XAI research in a truly effective multi-disciplinary fashion, that is based on an integration of foundations behind what we can make AI algorithms do, with solid, well-founded principles of explaining the complex ideas behind the algorithms to real people. Fortunately, a few researchers have started to build such foundations. (2) What we can succeed at explaining: So far, we as a field are doing a certain amount of cherry picking as to what we explain. We tend to choose what to explain by what we can figure out how to explain---but we are leaving too much out. One urgent case in point is the societal and legal need to explain fairness properties of AI systems. The above challenges are important, but the field is already becoming aware of them. Thus, this keynote will focus mostly on the third challenge, namely: (3) Who we can explain to. Who are the people we've even tried to explain AI to, so far? What are the societal implications of who we explain to well and who we do not? Our field has not even begun to consider this question. In this keynote I'll discuss why we have to explain to populations to whom we've given little thought---diverse people in many dimensions, including gender diversity, cognitive diversity, and age diversity. Addressing all of these challenges is necessary before we can claim to explain AI fairly and well.