gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics: Analog Learning Systems (2012)

Decades of research to build programmable intelligent machines have demonstrated limited utility in complex, real-world environments. Comparing their performance with biological systems, these machines are less efficient by a factor of 1 million1 billion in complex, real-world environments. The Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics (SyNAPSE) program is a multifaceted Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) project that seeks to break the programmable machine paradigm and define a new path for creating useful, intelligent machines. Since real-world systems exhibit infinite combinatorial complexity, electronic neuromorphic machine technology would be preferable in a host of applications, but useful and practical implementations still do not exist. HRL Laboratories LLC has embarked on addressing these challenges, and, in this article, we provide an overview of our project and progress made thus far.
A two-directional approach for grating based differential phase contrast imaging using hard x-rays (2007)

We report on a two-directional approach for grating based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging. In order to retrieve good quality and artifact-free phase images for quantitative analysis and image processing, particular emphasis is put on the algorithm for proper phase retrieval. Examples of application are discussed that demonstrate the functionality of the method even in cases where the one-dimensional phase integration fails completely.
Kernspintomographie unter Nutzung des Overhauser‐Effekts (2000)

Abstract Der so genannte Overhauser‐Effekt, die Übertragung der Polarisation angeregter Elektronen auf die bilderzeugenden Protonen, könnte die Kernspintomographie revolutionieren. Denkbare Anwendungsmöglichkeiten reichen von offenen Niedrigfeldsystemen bei höchster Bildqualität bis zur Bestimmung der Sauerstoffkonzentration im menschlichen Gewebe. Eine Vielzahl biochemischer, physikalischer und technischer Probleme sind jedoch bis zum ersten Prototypen eines Overhauser‐Kernspintomographen zu lösen.
A Double-Ranking Strategy for Long-Tail Product Recommendation (2012)

In this paper we attempt to retrieve the items in the long-tail for top-N recommendation. That is, to recommend products that the end-user likes, but that are not generally popular, which has been getting more and more notice lately. By analysing the existing issue of current recommendation algorithms, a strategy is proposed that succeeds in maintaining recommendation accuracy while reducing the concentration of the recommendation on popular items in the system. Evaluating on the publicly available Movie lens and Yahoo! datasets, the results show the recommendation algorithm proposed in this work retrieves items in the users' relatively unpopular tastes without losing the performance in their popular tastes, which ultimately results in a better overall accuracy for the system.
Molecular dynamics simulations informed by membrane lipidomics reveal the structure–interaction relationship of polymyxins with the lipid A-based outer membrane of Acinetobacter baumannii (2020)

The thermodynamics governing the penetration of polymyxins through the outer leaflet of the A. baumannii OM were examined and novel structure-interaction relationship information was obtained at the atomic and membrane level. Our findings will facilitate the discovery of novel polymyxins against MDR Gram-negative pathogens.
A novel assay in vitro of human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloidogenesis and effects of insulin secretory vesicle peptides on amyloid formation (1998)

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37-residue peptide that is co-secreted with insulin by the beta-cell and might be involved in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We developed an improved assay in vitro based on the fluorescence of bound thioflavin T to study factors affecting amyloidogenesis. Monomeric IAPP formed amyloid fibrils, as detected by increased fluorescence and by electron microscopy. Fluorimetric analysis revealed that the initial rate of amyloid formation was: (1) proportional to the peptide monomer concentration, (2) maximal at pH 9.5, (3) maximal at 200 mMKCl, and (4) proportional to temperature from 4 to 37 degreesC. We found that 5-fold and 10-fold molar excesses of proinsulin inhibited fibril formation by 39% and 59% respectively. Insulin was somewhat more potent with 5-fold and 10-fold molar excesses inhibiting fibril formation by 69% and 73% respectively, whereas C-peptide had no effect at these concentrations. Thus at physiological ratios of IAPP to insulin, insulin and proinsulin, but not C-peptide, can retard amyloidogenesis. Because insulin resistance or hyperglycaemia increase the IAPP-to-insulin ratio, increased intracellular IAPP compared with insulin expression in genetically predisposed individuals might contribute to intracellular amyloid formation, beta-cell death and the genesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Inhibition of mTORC1 in pediatric low-grade glioma depletes glutathione and therapeutically synergizes with carboplatin (2018)

The combination of carboplatin and everolimus was effective at inducing cell death and slowing tumor growth in pLGG models. Everolimus decreased the amount of available glutathione inside the cell, preventing the detoxification of carboplatin and inducing increased DNA damage and apoptosis.
Overview of Coupon Testing of an IM7/8552 Composite Required to Characterize High-Energy Impact Dynamic Material Models (2020)

As part of NASA’s Advanced Composites Project (ACP), a significant research effort was established to develop and mature analysis methods for composite materials particularly applicable to high-energy dynamic impact applications. An overall goal was to develop and advance analysis methods that can be characterized using fundamental coupon level tests. Based on this fundamental characterization, simulations at the higher levels of a building block approach can be purely predictive. The tests described in this report were performed on a unidirectional carbon fiber polymer matrix composite, IM7/8552 tape, as this material system is representative of a modern aerospace grade carbon fiber tape system. These tests were chosen to provide fundamental material characterization data for three representative progressive damage and failure analysis material models available within the LS-DYNA commercial transient dynamic finite element code for use in the simulation of the dynamic and impact response of composite materials. Two of the material models, MAT162 and MAT261, are well established material models within LS-DYNA. The third material model, MAT213, is under active development. Testing consisted primarily of ASTM-type standard tests, and the tests that were performed were consistent with the needs of all three models. Additionally, coupon level tests were performed that can be used to characterize a delamination model (e.g., cohesive zone or tie-break contact). While, the tests described in this report provide fundamental material characterization data for all three of the material models mentioned above, the data is applicable to additional material models not discussed.
Abstract 716: ISIS 401025, a Second Generation Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting Prothrombin, Inhibits Plasma Prothrombin Level and Promotes Anticoagulation in Mice (2007)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. PPARβ/δ can exert an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing proinflammatory cytokine production. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-triggered inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of many inflammatory diseases, including glomerulonephritis. However, the effect of PPARβ/δ on the expression of COX-2 in the kidney has not been fully elucidated. The present study showed that PPARβ/δ was functionally expressed in human mesangial cells (hMCs), where its expression was increased by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment concomitant with enhanced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. The treatment of hMCs with GW0742, a selective agonist of PPARβ/δ, or the overexpression of PPARβ/δ via an adenovirus-mediated approach significantly increased COX-2 expression and PGE2 production. PPARβ/δ could further augment the IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in hMCs. Moreover, both PPARβ/δ activation and overexpression markedly increased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. The inhibition or knockdown of SIRT1 significantly attenuated the effects of PPARβ/δ on the IL-1β-induced expression of COX-2 and PGE2 biosynthesis. Taken together, PPARβ/δ could augment the IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in hMCs via the SIRT1 pathway. Given the critical role of COX-2 in glomerulonephritis, PPARβ/δ may represent a novel target for the treatment of renal inflammatory diseases.
Metabolic Reprogramming during Microglia Activation (2019)

Abstract Microglia, the specialized macrophages of the brain, can adopt different shapes and functions, some of which may be detrimental for nervous tissue. Similar to other immune cells, the metabolic program may determine the phenotypic features of microglia, and could constitute a therapeutic target in neurological diseases. Because the knowledge on microglial metabolism was sparse we here employed mouse primary microglia cells polarized into a pro- or anti-inflammatory state to define their metabolic features. After stimulation with either IL1β/IFNγ or IL4, the activity of glycolysis, glucose oxidation, glutamine oxidation, mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, and fatty acid synthesis, was assessed by using radiolabeled substrates. We complemented these data with transcriptome analysis of key enzymes orchestrating these metabolic pathways. Pro-inflammatory microglia exhibit increased glucose and glutamine metabolism and suppress both fatty acid oxidation and to a lesser extent fatty acid synthesis. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory microglia display changes only in fatty acid metabolism upregulating both fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis. Importantly, also human microglia-like cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells upregulate glycolysis in pro-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we show that glycolytic enzymes are induced in a pro-inflammatory brain environment in vivo in mice. Taken together, the distinct metabolism in pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia can constitute a target to direct the microglial phenotype.
A guide for managing patients with stage I NSCLC: deciding between lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge, SBRT and ablation—part 4: systematic review of evidence involving SBRT and ablation (2022)

A systematic, comprehensive summary of evidence regarding Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy or thermal ablation <i>vs.</i> resection with attention to aspects of applicability, uncertainty and effect modifiers provides a foundation for a framework for individualized decision-making.
Dynamic and distributed frequency assignment for energy and latency constrained MP-SoC (2009)

In this paper we present an adaptive technique to locally adjust the frequency of processing elements on MP-SoC. The proposed method, based on Game Theory, optimizes the system while fulfilling dynamic constraints. A telecom test-case has been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique. For the evaluated scenario, the proposed technique has obtained up to 20% of latency gain and 38% of energy gain.
Dynamic computational optical fringe mitigation in tunable laser absorption spectroscopy (2020)

In optical spectroscopic systems where unwanted optical scattering cannot be eliminated, Fabry-Pérot etalons cause unpredictable changes in the spectral background. Frequent system calibration is then required to maintain the desired measurement accuracy, which presents a major limitation to the spectrometer. We introduce a computational approach to mitigate the adverse effects of optical fringing without hardware modifications. Motivated by experimental observations of complicated fringe behaviors, we simplify the problem by decomposing the fringe background into component etalons that can be addressed according to their individual characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated on a silicon photonic methane sensor, where accurate measurements of methane concentration are obtained from spectral data strongly affected by optical fringes.
A NOVEL POPULATION OF INTESTINAL INTRA-EPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES EXPRESSING THE NATURAL KILLER MARKER, CD94, IS CORRELATED WITH VILLOUS ATROPHY IN CHILHOOD CELIAC DISEASE. (1997)

Recent studies performed on isolated intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) have identified a novel population of IEL expressing the NK marker CD94, which is able to confer cytotoxic activity to IEL. The aim of this study was to establish a possible correlation between the numbers of IEL CD94+ and villous atrophy (VA) in children suffering from celiac disease (CD). Patients and Methods: A retrospective immunohistochemical study with a murine monoclonal antibody directed against human CD94 was performed in 50 patients, divided in 12 control patients and 38 patients with CD. The number of IEL was expressed per 100 epithelial cells (EC). The control patients, group A (mean age 3 years), were either children (n=8) who had short stature and no digestive symptoms, or children (n=4) with autoimmune enteropathy. The patients with CD were divided into 4 groups: Group B, (n=11) (mean age 2,5 years), patients studied at time of the diagnosis of CD; Group C, (n=12) (mean age 3,5 years), patients under gluten free diet with normal intestinal architecture. Fifteen patients left on a gluten containing diet after gluten challenge because of their good clinical and biological tolerance of the normal diet, were subdivided into group D (n=7) (mean age 17 years), with normal mucosal architecture and group E (n=8) (mean age 15 years) with partial to severe villous atrophy. Results: There was a significant increase in the number of CD94+ IEL in group B (37 +/- 8/100 EC; P<0,01) and E (24 +/- 9/ 100 EC; P<0,05), versus 5 +/- 2/100 EC in control patients with short stature or autoimmune enteropathy. In contrast, the numbers of CD94+ IEL in group C (12 +/- 7/100EC) and D (10 +/- 5/100EC) were not significantly increased (P>0,05). Conclusion: The number of IEL expressing the NK marker CD94 was correlated with VA and the activity of the disease in childhood CD. Activation of IEL through this NK molecule could lead to cytotoxic activity and /or cytokine secretion. The existence of a NK receptor suggests that an antigen, gliadin, could be recognized in the intestine through a different receptor than the T cell receptor and that this recognition could lead to an immediate immune response.
Supplementary Data from Endogenous Retroelement Activation by Epigenetic Therapy Reverses the Warburg Effect and Elicits Mitochondrial-Mediated Cancer Cell Death (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Resources Table and Suppl. Tables. S1-S3&lt;/p&gt;
Fibroblast-derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Lung Cancer Progression in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Microenvironment (2023)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive aging-related lung disease associated with increased lung cancer risk. Although previous studies have shown that IPF worsens the survival of patients with lung cancer, whether IPF independently affects cancer malignancy and prognosis remains inconclusive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as active carriers of molecular biomarkers and mediators of intercellular communication in lung homeostasis and pathogenesis. EV cargo-mediated fibroblast-tumor cell communication might participate in the development and progression of lung cancer by modulating various signaling pathways. In this study, we examined the impact of lung fibroblast (LF)-derived EVs on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) malignancy in the IPF microenvironment. Here, we showed that LFs derived from patients with IPF have phenotypes of myofibroblast differentiation and cellular senescence. Furthermore, we found that IPF LF-derived EVs have markedly altered microRNA compositions and exert proproliferative functions on NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, the phenotype was attributed mainly to the enrichment of miR-19a in IPF LF-derived EVs. As a downstream signaling pathway, mir-19a in IPF LF-derived EVs regulates ZMYND11-mediated c-Myc activation in NSCLC, potentially contributing to the poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC with IPF. Our discoveries provide novel mechanistic insights for understanding lung cancer progression in the IPF microenvironment. Accordingly, blocking the secretion of IPF LF-derived EV miR-19a and their signaling pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy for managing IPF and lung cancer progression.
Synthesis, Mesomorphic Properties and Physical Measurements of a Series of Fluorinated Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1999)

Abstract We report the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of a series of fluorinated antiferroelectric liquid crystalline materials. The materials form the homologous series of “12F1M7”[1] and were derived from (R)-2-octanol. The physical properties (tilt angles and spontaneous polarisation at 20Hz and 50Hz) were measured and compared with those of the related compounds (S)-12F1M7 and (S)-MHPOBC. The effect of varying the unbranched terminal chain from 8 [(S)-8F1M7] to 12 on the mesomorphic and physical properties is discussed.
Show me your “Hand”: Direct determination of “handedness” in NaCu5S3 chiral crystal via aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (2021)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.
Radiation Exposure during the Evaluation and Management of Nephrolithiasis (2015)

Patients with nephrolithiasis are at significant risk for increased radiation exposure from the imaging and fluoroscopy used during treatment. The true risks of low radiation exposure remain uncertain. It is important to be aware of these risks to provide better counseling for patients. Urologists must also be familiar with techniques to decrease radiation exposure for patients with nephrolithiasis.
Occurrence of β2‐microglobulin in mammalian lymphocytes and erythrocytes (1979)

Cell-associated beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) has been studied by quantitative techniques in lymphocytes and erythrocytes of guinea pig, rabbit, rat and man. beta 2m was solubilized by sonication followed by treatment with acid, deoxycholate or thiocyanate, and then determined by radioimmunoassay. The average number of beta 2m molecules per lymphocyte, estimated after acidification, varied between 0.89 X 10(5) and 7.1 X 10(5). Rat erythrocytes contained 3.0 X 10(3) molecules per cell, whereas no beta 2m was detected in red blood cells from the three other species. A relatively large part of beta 2m in the mammalian lymphocytes and in rat erythrocytes was present on the cell surface according to a radioimmunoassay procedure using anti-beta 2m antisera that had been absorbed with the blood cells analyzed.
Principles for Designing an AI Competition, or Why the Turing Test Fails as an Inducement Prize (2016)

If the artificial intelligence research community is to have a challenge problem as an incentive for research, as many have called for, it behooves us to learn the principles of past successful inducement prize competitions. Those principles argue against the Turing test proper as an appropriate task, despite its appropriateness as a criterion (perhaps the only one) for attributing intelligence to a machine.
Table S3 from Rhabdoid Tumors Are Sensitive to the Protein-Translation Inhibitor Homoharringtonine (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Antibody sources and dilutions&lt;/p&gt;
Identification of an 80-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein important for human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II syncytium formation and infection (1994)

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively) infect certain sublines of the BJAB human B-cell line. We observed that the WH subline, but not the CC/84 subline, of BJAB cells were infectible by cell-free HTLV-I or HTLV-II and formed syncytia with cells infected by these retroviruses. This suggests that the BJAB-CC/84 cells possibly lack a membrane molecule(s) important for syncytium formation and infectibility. In order to identify this antigen, we generated polyclonal anti-BJAB-WH antisera which were adsorbed on BJAB-CC/84 cells. The adsorbed antisera bound only BJAB-WH and BJAB-CC/79 cells as demonstrated by complement-dependent cytotoxicity and flow cytometric assays. Furthermore, this adsorbed antisera bound several human T-cell clones, including SupT-1, as determined by flow cytometric assays. The adsorbed antiserum was monospecific as it immunoprecipitated only one 78- to 80-kDa protein from lysates of metabolically labeled BJAB-WH, BJAB-CC/79, and SupT-1, but not BJAB-CC/84, cells. The monospecific antisera detected a glycoprotein composed of a 64- to 66-kDa core protein containing tunicamycin-sensitive N-linked oligosaccharides. This membrane glycoprotein appears to be involved in HTLV-I- and HTLV-II-induced fusion and infection, as the monospecific antisera were capable of inhibiting both of these processes. The monospecific antisera diluted 1:50 and 1:90 inhibited 85 to 90% of syncytium formation induced in BJAB-WH, BJAB-CC/79, and SupT-1 cells cultured with HTLV-I- or HTLV-II-infected MT2, MoT, or FLW human T- or B-cell lines. At the same dilution, antisera inhibited 70 to 80% of infection of BJAB-WH cells by cell-free HTLV-I or HTLV-II. Thus, these studies indicate a role for a 78- to 80-kDa glycoprotein in HTLV-I or HTLV-II infection and syncytium formation.
In situdata collection and structure refinement from microcapillary protein crystallization (2005)

In situ X-ray data collection has the potential to eliminate the challenging task of mounting and cryocooling often fragile protein crystals, reducing a major bottleneck in the structure determination process. An apparatus used to grow protein crystals in capillaries and to compare the background X-ray scattering of the components, including thin-walled glass capillaries against Teflon, and various fluorocarbon oils against each other, is described. Using thaumatin as a test case at 1.8 Å resolution, this study demonstrates that high-resolution electron density maps and refined models can be obtained from in situ diffraction of crystals grown in microcapillaries.