gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Evolution from Pt/Ru-Coated p-Type WSe2 Photocathodes (2012)

Crystalline p-type WSe(2) has been grown by a chemical vapor transport method. After deposition of noble metal catalysts, p-WSe(2) photocathodes exhibited thermodynamically based photoelectrode energy-conversion efficiencies of >7% for the hydrogen evolution reaction under mildly acidic conditions, and were stable under cathodic conditions for at least 2 h in acidic as well as in alkaline electrolytes. The open circuit potentials of the photoelectrodes in contact with the H(+)/H(2) redox couple were very close to the bulk recombination/diffusion limit predicted from the Shockley diode equation. Only crystals with a prevalence of surface step edges exhibited a shift in flat-band potential as the pH was varied. Spectral response data indicated effective minority-carrier diffusion lengths of ∼1 μm, which limited the attainable photocurrent densities in the samples to ∼15 mA cm(-2) under 100 mW cm(-2) of Air Mass 1.5G illumination.
Optimal SCR Control Using Data-Driven Models (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;In this paper, we develop a method for optimizing urea dosing to minimize the downstream readings from a production NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; sensor that has cross-sensitivity to ammonia. This approach favors high NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; conversion and reduced ammonia slip. The motivation for this work is to define a process to identify the maximum selective catalytic reduction SCR performance bounds for a given drive cycle. The approach uses a model structure that has a closed-form optimal solution for the urea injection. Every aftertreatment system has its own, unique model, which must be identified and validated. To demonstrate the approach, a model is identified and validated using experimental SCR input/output NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; sensor data from a 2010 Cummins 6.7L ISB production engine. The optimal control law is then simulated and its performance compared against the simulated performance of the SCR using experimental data for its inlet conditions. The example case showed an optimal NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; conversion efficiency of 92.71% and an optimal NH₃ conversion efficiency of 98.67% for a transient drive cycle.&lt;/div&gt;
A three-terminal single-walled carbon nanotube thin film MEMS switch for digital logic applications (2011)

An all single-walled carbon nanotube film was deposited through layer-by-layer self-assembly without use of a copolymer, resulting in 75% reduction of resistivity compared to previous composite films made with copolymer. The deposited film thickness could be well controlled by changing the number of dipping cycles. Moreover, a 3-terminal electromechanical switch built with this thin film behaved like a NAND gate. The on/off ratio of the device and the electrical properties of the film were dramatically improved through thermal treatments.
Effects of nonpathogenic gram-negative bacteriumVitreoscilla filiformislysate on atopic dermatitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study (2008)

V. filiformis lysate significantly improved AD. This may be in part due to reduction of S. aureus, but seems to relate in most parts to a direct immunomodulatory effect on skin-associated immune responses.
Transcriptional Activation of the mrkA Promoter of the Klebsiella pneumoniae Type 3 Fimbrial Operon by the c-di-GMP-Dependent MrkH Protein (2013)

The Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae forms biofilms to facilitate colonization of biotic and abiotic surfaces. The formation of biofilms by K. pneumoniae requires the expression of type 3 fimbriae: elongate proteinaceous filaments extruded by a chaperone-usher system in the bacterial outer membrane. The expression of the mrkABCDF cluster that encodes this fimbrial system is strongly positively regulated by MrkH, a transcriptional activator that responds to the second messenger, c-di-GMP. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism by which the MrkH protein activates transcriptional initiation from the mrkA promoter. A mutational analysis supported by electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that a 12-bp palindromic sequence (the MrkH box) centered at -78.5 is the binding site of MrkH. Deletion of half a turn, but not a full turn, of DNA located between the MrkH box and the mrkA promoter destroyed the ability of MrkH to activate mrkA transcription. In addition, a 10-bp AT-rich sequence (the UP element) centered at -63.5 contributed significantly to MrkH-dependent mrkA transcription. In vivo analysis of rpoA mutants showed that the R265 and E273 determinants in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase α subunit are needed for MrkH-mediated activation of mrkA transcription. Furthermore, results from mutagenesis of the mrkH gene suggest that the N-terminal region of the protein is involved in transcriptional activation. Taken together, our results suggest that MrkH activates mrkA expression by interacting directly with RNA polymerase, to overcome the inefficient transcriptional initiation caused by the presence of defective core promoter elements.
Performance evaluation of a subset of a four-layer LSO detector for a small animal DOI PET scanner: jPET-RD (2006)

Previously, we proposed a new depth of interaction (DOI) encoding method and proved that it worked successfully with four-layered Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ crystals for a small animal positron emission tomography (PET) detector. We are now planning to develop a small animal PET scanner, jPET-RD (for rodents with DOI detectors), which has both high resolution and high sensitivity by the use of a DOI detector with a 32/spl times/32/spl times/4 crystal array. The scintillator for the detector will be Lu/sub 2(1-x)/Y/sub 2x/SiO/sub 5/ (LYSO). In this work, we evaluated performance of a DOI detector composed of four layers of a 12/spl times/12 LYSO (Lu: 98%, Y: 2%) crystal array by irradiating 511 keV gamma rays uniformly. The new encoding method was used for crystal identification. The size of each crystal was 1.46 mm/spl times/1.46 mm/spl times/4.5 mm. The crystal block was coupled to a 256-channel flat panel position sensitive photomultiplier tube, which has 16/spl times/16 multi anodes at intervals of 3.04 mm. As we expected, all crystals are expressed on a single two-dimensional position histogram without overlapping. Energy resolution of all events is 21.8% and time resolution of all events is 0.69 ns in FWHM. When layers are counted from the top, the energy resolutions of the first, second, third, and fourth layer events are 11.6%, 12.3%, 13.3%, and 19.1% and the time resolutions are 0.60ns, 0.59ns, 0.60ns, and 0.66ns, respectively.
Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by intratumoral administration of IMO-2125, a novel TLR9 agonist, for cancer immunotherapy (2018)

The objective of cancer immunotherapy is to prime the host's immune system to recognize and attack malignant tumor cells. IMO‑2125, a Toll‑like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, exhibited potent antitumor effects in the murine syngeneic A20 lymphoma and the CT26 colon carcinoma models. IMO‑2125 exhibited superior A20 antitumor activity when injected intratumorally (i.t.) compared with equivalent subcutaneous doses. In mice bearing dual CT26 grafts, the i.t. injection of right flank tumors elicited infiltration of cluster of differentiation (CD)3+ T lymphocytes into tumors, resulting in the regression of injected and uninjected left flank tumors. Depletion of CD8+, but not CD4+, T‑cells abrogated the IMO‑2125‑mediated antitumor response, suggesting that CD8+ lymphocytes are required for the antitumor activity. In mice harboring right flank CT26 and left flank β‑galactosidase (β‑gal)‑expressing CT26.CL25 grafts, the i.t. administration of IMO‑2125 to the CT26 graft resulted in potent and dose‑dependent antitumor activity against the two grafts. Splenic T‑cells isolated from these mice responded to AH1 antigen (present in the two tumors) and β‑gal antigen (present only in CT26.CL25) in an interferon γ enzyme‑linked immunospot assay, suggesting the clonal expansion of T‑cells directed against antigens from the two tumors. Mice with ablated CT26 tumors by previous IMO‑2125 treatment rejected re‑implanted CT26 tumor cells, but not A20 tumor cells, demonstrating that the initial IMO‑2125 treatment created a long‑lived tumor‑specific immune memory of CT26 antigens. A quantitative increase in CD3+ T lymphocytes in injected A20 tumors and an upregulation of selected checkpoint genes, including indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase (IDO)‑1, IDO‑2, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1); programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), carcinoembryonic antigen‑related cell adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (OX40), OX40 ligand, T‑cell immunoglobulin and mucin‑domain‑containing 3 protein, lymphocyte‑activation gene 3, cytotoxic T‑lymphocyte‑associated protein 4, were observed following IMO‑2125 treatment. IMO‑2125 also increased immune checkpoint gene expression in injected and uninjected contralateral CT26 tumors, suggesting that the co‑administration of anti‑CTLA‑4, anti‑PD‑1 or anti‑PD‑L1 therapies with IMO‑2125 may provide additional therapeutic efficacy.
Design and Simulation of Next-Generation High-Power, High-Brightness Laser Diodes (2009)

High-brightness laser diode technology is progressing rapidly in response to competitive and evolving markets. The large volume resonators required for high-power, high-brightness operation makes their beam parameters and brightness sensitive to thermal- and carrier-induced lensing and also to multimode operation. Power and beam quality are no longer the only concerns for the design of high-brightness lasers. The increased demand for these technologies is accompanied by new performance requirements, including a wider range of wavelengths, direct electrical modulation, spectral purity and stability, and phase-locking techniques for coherent beam combining. This paper explores some of the next-generation technologies being pursued, while illustrating the growing importance of simulation and design tools. The paper begins by investigating the brightness limitations of broad-area laser diodes, including the use of asymmetric feedback to improve the modal discrimination. Next, tapered lasers are considered, with an emphasis on emerging device technologies for applications requiring electrical modulation and high spectral brightness.
Synthesis of Prostacyclin from Platelet-derived Endoperoxides by Cultured Human Endothelial Cells (1980)

We have previously shown that aspirin-treated endothelial cells synthesize prostacyclin (PGI(2)) from the purified prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH(2) (1978. J. Biol. Chem.253: 7138). To ascertain whether aspirin-treated endothelial cells produce PGI(2) from endoperoxides released by stimulated platelets, [(3)H]arachidonic acid-prelabeled platelets were reacted in aggregometer cuvettes with the calcium ionophore A 23187, thrombin, or collagen in the presence of aspirin-treated endothelial cell suspensions. This procedure permitted thin-layer radiochromatographic quantitation of [(3)H]PGI(2) as [(3)H]6-keto-PGF(1alpha) and [(3)H]thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) as [(3)H]TXB(2), as well as analysis of platelet aggregation responses in the same sample. In the presence of aspirin-treated endothelial cells, platelet aggregation in response to all three agents was inhibited. [(3)H]6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was recovered from the supernates of the combined cell suspensions after stimulation by all three agents. The order of PGI(2) production initiated by the stimuli was ionophore > thrombin > collagen. The amounts of platelet [(3)H]TXB(2) recovered were markedly reduced by the addition of aspirin-treated endothelial cells. In separate experiments, 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) and TXB(2) were quantitated by radioimmunoassay; the results paralleled those obtained with the use of radiolabeling. The quantity of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) measured by radioimmunoassay represented amounts of PGI(2) sufficient to inhibit platelet aggregation. These results were obtained when 200,000 platelets/mul were combined with 3,000-6,000 aspirin-treated endothelial cells/mul. At higher platelet levels the proportion of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) to TXB(2) decreased and platelet aggregation occurred. Control studies indicated that aspirin-treated endothelial cells could not synthesize PGI(2) from exogenous radioactive or endogenous arachidonate when stimulated with thrombin. Therefore the endothelial cell suspensions could only have used endoperoxides from stimulated platelets.Thus, under our experimental conditions, production by endothelial cells of PGI(2) from endoperoxides derived from activated platelets could be demonstrated by two independent methods. These experimental conditions included: (a) enhanced platelet-endothelial cell proximity, as attainable in stirred cell suspensions; (b) use of increased endothelial cell/platelet ratios; and (c) utilization of arachidonate of high specific activity in radiolabeling experiments. Furthermore, when a mixture of platelets and endothelial cells that were not treated with aspirin was stimulated with thrombin, more than twice as much 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was formed than when endothelial cells were stimulated alone. These results indicate that endothelial cells can utilize platelet endoperoxides for PGI(2) formation to a significant extent.
Metal Artifact Reduction Magnetic Resonance Imaging Around Arthroplasty Implants (2017)

High receiver BW is the most effective parameter for reduction of arthroplasty implant-induced metal artifact on MRI scans, whereas in contradiction to prevalent notions, long echo trains fail to reduce implant-related metal artifacts, but in fact cause degradation of image quality around the implant with resultant larger appearing total metal artifacts.
Discontinuous Galerkin Time Domain Method for Periodic Dispersive Structure Analysis at Oblique Incidence (2019)

An efficient discontinuous Galerkin time domain (DGTD) method is presented to analyze the electromagnetic scattering from periodic structures with dispersive components. The time domain periodic boundary conditions are implemented in the DGTD method by introducing transformed field variables. The method is applied to the Drude dispersive media model using an auxiliary differential equation (ADE) approach. Numerical analysis of a dual-band infrared absorber is shown to validate the proposed method.
A Gene-Based Classification of Primary Adrenocortical Hyperplasias (2020)

Primary or adrenocorticotropin-independent adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias represent a heterogeneous group of adrenocortical neoplasms that arise from various genetic defects, either in isolation or familial. The traditional classification as adenomas, hyperplasias, and carcinomas is non-specific. The recent identification of various germline and somatic genes in the development of primary adrenocortical hyperplasias has provided important new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of adrenal diseases. In this new era of personalized care and genetics, a gene-based classification that is more specific is required to assist in the understanding of their disease processes, hormonal functionality and signaling pathways. Additionally, a gene-based classification carries implications for treatment, genetic counseling and screening of asymptomatic family members. In this review, we discuss the genetics of benign adrenocorticotropin-independent adrenocortical hyperplasias, and propose a new gene-based classification system and diagnostic algorithm that may aid the clinician in prioritizing genetic testing, screening and counseling of affected, at risk individuals and their relatives.
Thermal Conductivity in Nanostructured Films: From Single Cellulose Nanocrystals to Bulk Films (2014)

We achieved a multiscale description of the thermal conductivity of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from single CNCs (∼0.72–5.7 W m–1 K–1) to their organized nanostructured films (∼0.22–0.53 W m–1 K–1) using experimental evidence and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The ratio of the approximate phonon mean free path (∼1.7–5.3 nm) to the lateral dimension of a single CNC (∼5–20 nm) suggested a contribution of crystal–crystal interfaces to polydisperse CNC film’s heat transport. Based on this, we modeled the thermal conductivity of CNC films using MD-predicted single crystal and interface properties along with the degree of CNC alignment in the bulk films using Hermans order parameter. Film thermal conductivities were strongly correlated to the degree of CNC alignment and the direction of heat flow relative to the CNC chain axis. The low interfacial barrier to heat transport found for CNCs (∼9.4 to 12.6 m2 K GW–1), and their versatile alignment capabilities offer unique opportunities in thermal conductivity control.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Trusted System-on-Chip with Untrusted Components (2013)

The articles in this special section focus on design of trusted systems-on-chip components and applications for their use.
Effect of Additions on Ensiling and Microbial Community of Senesced Wheat Straw (2009)

Crop residues collected during or after grain harvest are available once per year and must be stored for extended periods. The combination of air, high moisture, and high microbial loads leads to shrinkage during storage and risk of spontaneous ignition. Ensiling is a wet preservation method that could be used to store these residues stably. To economically adapt ensiling to biomass that is harvested after it has senesced, the need for nutrient, moisture, and microbial additions must be determined. We tested the ensiling of senesced wheat straw in sealed columns for 83 d. The straw was inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and amended with several levels of water and free sugars. The ability to stabilize the straw polysaccharides was strongly influenced by both moisture and free sugars. Without the addition of sugar, the pH increased from 5.2 to as much as 9.1, depending on moisture level, and losses of 22% of the cellulose and 21% of the hemicellulose were observed. By contrast, when sufficient sugars were added and interstitial water was maintained, a final pH of 4.0 was attainable, with correspondingly low (<5%) losses of cellulose and hemicellulose. The results show that ensiling should be considered a promising method for stable storage of wet biorefinery feedstocks.
Progenitor Ion (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy's Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
COVIDTrach; a prospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients undergoing tracheostomy in the UK (2020)

Abstract Purpose COVIDTrach is a UK multi-centre prospective cohort study project evaluating the outcomes of tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation. It also examines the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers involved in the procedure. Method An invitation to participate was sent to all UK NHS departments involved in tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients. Data was entered prospectively and clinical outcomes updated via an online database (REDCap). Clinical variables were compared with outcomes using multivariable regression analysis, with logistic regression used to develop a prediction model for mortality. Participants recorded whether any operators tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within two weeks of the procedure. Results The cohort comprised 1605 tracheostomy cases from 126 UK hospitals. The median time from intubation to tracheostomy was 15 days (IQR 11, 21). 285 (18%) patients died following the procedure. 1229 (93%) of the survivors had been successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation at censoring and 1049 (81%) had been discharged from hospital. Age, inspired oxygen concentration, PEEP setting, pyrexia, number of days of ventilation before tracheostomy, C-reactive protein and the use of anticoagulation and inotropic support independently predicted mortality. Six reports were received of operators testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 within two weeks of the procedure. Conclusions Tracheostomy appears to be safe in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 and to operators performing the procedure and we identified clinical indicators that are predictive of mortality. Funding The COVIDTrach project is supported by the Wellcome Trust UCL COVID-19 Rapid Response Award and the National Institute for Health Research. Trial registration The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov ( NCT04572438 ).
Open-Interface Definitions for Automotive Systems<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Application to a Brake by Wire System (2002)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Today automotive system suppliers develop more-or-less independent systems, such as brake, power steering and suspension systems. In the future, car manufacturers like Volvo will build up vehicle control systems combining their own algorithms with algorithms provided by automotive system suppliers. Standardization of interfaces to actuators, sensors and functions is an important enabler for this vision and will have major consequences for functionality, prices and lead times, and thus affects both vehicle manufacturers and automotive suppliers. The investigation of the level of appropriate interfaces, as part of the European BRAKE project, is described here. Potential problems and consequences are discussed from both a technical and a business perspective. This paper provides a background on BRAKE and on the functional decomposition upon which the interface definitions are based. Finally, the interface definitions for brake system functionality are given.&lt;/div&gt;