gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular response of chorioretinal endothelial cells to complement injury: implications for macular degeneration (2015)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, blinding disease of the elderly in which macular photoreceptor cells, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris endothelial cells ultimately degenerate. Recent studies have found that degeneration of the choriocapillaris occurs early in this disease and that endothelial cell drop-out is concomitant with increased deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) at the choroidal endothelium. However, the impact of MAC injury to choroidal endothelial cells is poorly understood. To model this event in vitro, and to study the downstream consequences of MAC injury, endothelial cells were exposed to complement from human serum, compared to heat-inactivated serum, which lacks complement components. Cells exposed to complement components in human serum showed increased labelling with antibodies directed against the MAC, time- and dose-dependent cell death, as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase assay and increased permeability. RNA-Seq analysis following complement injury revealed increased expression of genes associated with angiogenesis including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -9, and VEGF-A. The MAC-induced increase in MMP9 RNA expression was validated using C5-depleted serum compared to C5-reconstituted serum. Increased levels of MMP9 were also established, using western blot and zymography. These data suggest that, in addition to cell lysis, complement attack on choroidal endothelial cells promotes an angiogenic phenotype in surviving cells.
Synthesis and Ion-Binding Properties of Polymeric Pseudocrown Ethers. III. Ion-Binding Studies (1999)

ABSTRACT An ion-induced templatization strategy was used to prepare crosslinked polymeric pseudocrown ethers (PCEs) in situ during a one-step free-radical polymerization. These studies bring to a conclusion the fundamental studies on the templatization process reported in the first two papers of this series. For the PCEs, with nickel as the templating ion and hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the monovinyl comonomer, the ion-binding studies revealed a significant enhancement in the ion-binding capacity associated with the inclusion of the template ion during synthesis. For example, a PCE synthesized with a monomer-to-solvent ratio of 20/80 exhibited an ion-binding capacity that was 7.5 times higher than a control polymer produced under identical conditions except for the absence of the template cations. A PCE synthesized with a monomer-to-solvent ratio of 20/80 exhibited a capacity of 0.3 mg/g polymer for Ni2+ cations. Finally, it was observed that the column could be fully regenerated by elution with a small volume of a 1 M HCL solution at 60°C, resulting in the recovery of the bound ions as a concentrated solution.
Extended Aromatic Furan Amidino Derivatives as Anti-Pneumocystis carinii Agents (1998)

The syntheses of nine new derivatives of 2, 5-bis[4-(N-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans with extended aromatic systems are reported. The interaction of these dicationic furans with poly(dA)poly(dT) and with the duplex oligomers d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 and d(GCGAATTCGC)2 was determined by Tm measurement, and the effectiveness of these compounds against the immunosuppressed rat model of Pneumocystis carinii was evaluated. At a screening dose of 10 micromol/kg, 4 of the 12 amidino furans described here are more active than the parent compound 1. In general, extension of the aromatic system in the absence of a substitution of the amidino nitrogens resulted in higher affinity for DNA than the parent compound as judged by the larger DeltaTm values and suggests enhanced van der Waals interactions in the amidino furan-DNA complex. Three of the compounds, 3, 5, and 11, yield cysts counts of less than 0.1% of control when administered at a dosage of 10 micromol/kg. Compound 3, which does not have an extended aromatic system, is the most active derivative. Although a direct correlation between anti-P. carinii activity and DNA binding affinity was not observed, all compounds which have significant activity have large DeltaTm values.
Atomic Layer Deposition for CMOS Scaling: High-k Gate Dielectrics on Si, Ge, and III-V Semiconductors (2007)

We review the impact of oxide-semiconductor interface chemistry and precursor choice on the quality of novel field-effect transistor gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Focus is on hafnium- and aluminum-based high-permittivity ('high-k') gate dielectrics on silicon and on high carrier mobility (germanium, gallium arsenide) channels. We shed light on the ways processing parameters (choice of materials; surface preparation; high-k dielectric deposition process) determine stack structure (continuity of the high-k layer; interfacial oxide thickness; detrimental channel-dielectric interactions) and hence electrical quality. Trends are rationalized based on thermodynamic properties of the semiconductors, dielectrics, and metal-organic precursors involved. This may serve as a basic guideline for ALD precursor selection.
Chemical Imaging of Patterned Inorganic Thin-Film Structures by Lateral Force Microscopy (1999)

Factors influencing the chemical image formation by lateral force microscopy (LFM, or friction force microscopy, FFM) under normal ambient conditions were studied by applying LFM to patterned specimens of inorganic thin films deposited predominantly by atomic layer epitaxy. The patterned steps on SnO(2)/Si, CaS/Si, CeO(2)/Si, and Pt/Al(2)O(3) samples were formed by chemical etching or lift-off processing. The results of semiquantitative AFM and LFM studies were compared to the static contact angle studies using capillary force evaluation. The chemical contrast in LFM images of the patterned specimens was the highest in cases where silicon was present. This is in accordance with contact angle data, which showed much higher hydrophilicity on Si than on the other materials studied. Further experiments with a patterned SnO(2)/Si specimen indicated that chemical contrast can be significantly affected (i) by whether the surface was pretreated with ethanol, (ii) by the loading force (2-50 nN or 1-10 μN) applied, and (iii) by using SnO(2)-coated AFM probes instead of the conventional Si probes.
Further Evidence that Insulin Resistance Exists in Patients with Chemical Diabetes (1974)

Insulin resistance was estimated in fifty nonobese subjects who were classified as normal (thirty subjects) or as having chemical diabetes (twenty subjects) on the basis of a standard oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin resistance was determined by administering a constant intravenous infusion of epinephrine, propranolol, glucose and exogenous insulin to each subject for 150 minutes and by measuring the resultant steady state plasma glucose levels attained during the last sixty minutes. Under these conditions, endogenous insulin secretion and hepatic glucose output are suppressed, and similar steady state plasma levels of the exogenously infused insulin are achieved in all subjects. Since all patients are challenged with comparable glucose loads, the height of the steady state plasma glucose response becomes a direct measure of an individual's resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake. With this approach we found that the mean (± S.E.) steady state plasma glucose level in patients with chemical diabetes was 224 ± 15 mg. per 100 ml. as compared to 126 ± 12 mg. per 100 ml. in control subjects. This difference was statistically significant (p &amp;lt;.001) and could not be attributed to differences in degree of obesity between the two groups. Furthermore, when individual values were examined it was apparent that relatively little overlap existed between steady state plasma glucose levels in normal and diabetic subjects. These results indicate that resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake is a characteristic of nonobese patients with chemical diabetes.
From rods to knots using cyclohexane in smectic liquid crystals (2011)

The effects of using cyclohexane as a bulky terminal group or as a linkage between multiple mesogens using 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid and 1,3,5-cyclohexane tricarboxylic acid has been investigated. We demonstrate that the diversity of mesomorphism is reduced as the complexity of the molecule increases such that twist grain boundary phases, chiral nematic, ferroelectric and antiferroelectric behaviour are observed in the mono compounds but only ferroelectric behaviour is observed for the trimeric compounds. The electro-optical behaviour is discussed with a focus on the ferroelectric behaviour and the nature of the twist grain boundary phase.
ChemInform Abstract: Triisopropyl Borate Mediated N‐Sulfinyl Imine Formation. (2016)

Abstract Sulfinyl imines are prepared by condensation of aldehydes with sulfinamides in high yields.
Stable Flexible Fibers and Rigid Tubules Made from Single‐Chain Perfluoroalkylated Amphiphiles (1994)

Up to 50 um long, stable, cylindrical aggregates (shown on the right) are formed spontaneously from dispersions of perfluoroalkylated, single-chain, nonchiral amphiphiles derived from dimorpho-linophosphoramidate and phosphocholine. Depending on the polar head group, rigid hollow tubules or thinner, longer, flexible fibers are obtained. Thus, the strong hydrophobic effect of the fluorinated chains alone appears to be sufficient to promote the formation of assemblies more stable than vesicles.
Glut1-mediated glucose transport regulates HIV infection (2012)

Cell cycle entry is commonly considered to positively regulate HIV-1 infection of CD4 T cells, raising the question as to how quiescent lymphocytes, representing a large portion of the viral reservoir, are infected in vivo. Factors such as the homeostatic cytokine IL-7 have been shown to render quiescent T cells permissive to HIV-1 infection, presumably by transiently stimulating their entry into the cell cycle. However, we show here that at physiological oxygen (O(2)) levels (2-5% O(2) tension in lymphoid organs), IL-7 stimulation generates an environment permissive to HIV-1 infection, despite a significantly attenuated level of cell cycle entry. We identify the IL-7-induced increase in Glut1 expression, resulting in augmented glucose uptake, as a key factor in rendering these T lymphocytes susceptible to HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection of human T cells is abrogated either by impairment of Glut1 signal transduction or by siRNA-mediated Glut1 down-regulation. Consistent with this, we show that the susceptibility of human thymocyte subsets to HIV-1 infection correlates with Glut1 expression; single-round infection is markedly higher in the Glut1-expressing double-positive thymocyte population than in any of the Glut1-negative subsets. Thus, our studies reveal the Glut1-mediated metabolic pathway as a critical regulator of HIV-1 infection in human CD4 T cells and thymocytes.
Composition and growth mechanism of anodic oxide on Hg(1−x)CdxTe (1986)

The composition of HgCdTe oxides obtained by anodization in a standard KOH/ethylene glycol solution has been determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy for the first time. This technique is advantageous because it is not as surface sensitive as Auger or x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and it provides a nondestructive depth profile of the oxide which can be quantitatively modeled without relying on standards for comparison, as is necessary when using the electron microprobe. The measured composition (61% O, 23% Te, 11.8% Hg, 4.2% Cd for material with x=0.202) is within 0.4% of a stoichiometric mixture of 51.3% HgTeO3, 18.3% CdTeO3, and 30.4% TeO2. While the Hg content in the oxide relative to Te is reduced from the bulk value, it is substantially larger than what is normally reported by other techniques, which found much higher levels of Cd. This composition is consistent with oxide growth occurring primarily by oxygen ions moving into the substrate by a hopping mechanism, while metal ions simultaneously are hopping toward the oxide–solution interface where they can be dissolved into solution. This is the growth mechanism determined by comparing depth profiles after sequential growths in solutions containing KOH and H2O2, the latter solution producing a significant Hg and Cd depletion which can be easily observed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy.
A 2-axis comb-driven micromirror array for 3D MEMS switches (2003)

Presents a new architecture of a 2-axis comb-driven micromirror array that combines a large deflection angle in a stationary operation, a low drive voltage, and easy scalability for a 3D MEMS switch. By using an SOI wafer with 100-/spl mu/m thick top and bottom Si layers and a 1-/spl mu/m buried oxide layer and, bulk micromachining with DRIE, we fabricated a 2-axis comb-driven micromirror array with a V-shaped torsion bar and comb teeth. The V-shaped torsion bar that has an optimized spring constant that enables both a large rotational angle and a low drive voltage without creating the undesired pull-in motion of the comb teeth. To implement a 2-axis tilt motion, we fabricated a gold bump for creating a gap under the comb teeth on the electrode substrate and mounted the mirror array substrate onto the electrode substrate by using the flip-chip-transfer technique. We fabricated an 80/spl times/80 switch chip and achieved a +/-5 degree rotation of the 2-axis stationary operation with a 60-V drive voltage.
An Open Label Trial of Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) for Symptomatic Mesenteric Panniculitis Presidential Poster (2015)

Purpose: Mesenteric panniculitis is a chronic disease characterized by mesenteric infiltration with inflammatory cells, fibrosis, fat necrosis and calcification. Because of the rarity of mesenteric panniculitis, there is a lack of prospective studies on safe and appropriate treatments for this condition. The purpose of the study is to evaluate naltrexone, an opioid antagonist with anti-inflammatory properties when administered in a low dose, as an effective therapy for symptomatic mesenteric panniculitis. Methods: In an open-label pilot study, three patients with symptomatic mesenteric panniculitis received oral low dose naltrexone, 4.5 mg nightly, for 12 weeks. To be eligible for the study, all patients were at least 18 years of age with a diagnosis verified within 12 months before study entry by CT scan or MRI of the abdomen and with a biopsy of the affected area which was negative for lymphoma or chronic infection, and with symptoms requiring treatment by their physician. The primary end-point was a reduction in the Mesenteric Panniculitis Subjective Assessment Score (MPSAS, Table 1). Two patients underwent the Functional Assessment of Non-Life Threatening Conditions (FANLTC) quality of life scale at baseline and 12 weeks. All patients had erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein levels (CRP) tested at baseline and 4 weeks. Clinical response was defined as diminution of symptoms as measured by the MPSAS at 4 and 8 weeks. A biochemical response was a reduction in the ESR or CRP at 4 weeks. Results: The median MPSAS at baseline was 53, and was 21 at week 8. All patients had a decrease in MPSAS at 4 weeks; two of three patients had a decrease at 8 weeks compared to baseline (Figure 1). Of the two patients that were tested at baseline, one showed improvement of the FANLTC at 12 weeks. In this patient, improvement in physical, social/family, emotional, and functional wellbeing were noted. Two of the patients had normal ESR and CRP at baseline. In one patient, these were elevated at baseline, and had no change at 4 and 8 weeks (this patient had no symptomatic response).Figure 1Conclusions: Low dose naltrexone is safe and well tolerated in patients with symptomatic mesenteric panniculitis. In this study, two of three patients had symptomatic improvement with treatment. Further studies are in progress.Figure 2
Orientational dynamics in dye-doped organic electro-optic materials (2003)

The time dependent birefringence of polymer-based electro-optic materials is investigated using ellipsometry. We show that the birefringence after switching off the poling field does not depend only on the induced refractive index, but also on how that level was reached. The role of the poling voltage and poling time is discussed in turn-on and turn-off experiments and an original curve-fit function is introduced. We also propose a schematic model of the polymer dynamics in the system, which is consistent with complementary dielectric measurements.
Torticollis in mice intravenously infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (2011)

Female BALB/cAnNCrl (n = 170; age, 6 to 9 wk) mice were infected by intravenous inoculation of 5 × 10(6) cfu Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Erdman (ATCC 35801). Between day 52 and 5 mo after infection, 10 of the 170 mice infected according to this protocol developed torticollis, including mice in treatment groups that received combination antibiotic therapy of rifampin-pyrazinamide or moxifloxacin-rifampin-pyrazinamide. Torticollis did not develop in mice receiving isoniazid- rifampin-pyrazinamide therapy, nor was it present in the cohort of aerogenically infected mice. Affected mice were euthanized, and complete necropsy evaluation was performed on 4 mice. Gross necropsy evaluation revealed typical tuberculosis lesions in lungs of infected mice. Histologic evaluation of tissues revealed granulomatous otitis media with intralesional acid-fast bacilli consistent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These cases represent an unusual finding specific to the intravenous mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and may represent a model of a similar condition in humans that is known as tuberculous otitis media.
Stress transmission through three-dimensional ordered granular arrays (2002)

We measure the local contact forces at both the top and bottom boundaries of three-dimensional face-centered-cubic and hexagonal-close-packed granular crystals in response to an external force applied to a small area at the top surface. Depending on the crystal structure, we find markedly different results which can be understood in terms of force balance considerations in the specific geometry of the crystal. Small amounts of disorder are found to create additional structure at both the top and bottom surfaces.
Eye Movements during Embedded Figure Tasks (1969)

Corneally reflected EMs of 16 field-independent and 16 field-dependent Ss were examined concomitantly with individually administered hidden figure items. The data suggested that field-independent Ss make more shifts between target and alternatives than do field-dependent Ss and that males are more deliberate in their visual search than females. The results were discussed in terms of two factors reflecting analytical perception, number of shifts, and mean length of time on target.
Nanorod decorated nanowires as highly efficient SERS-active hybrids (2011)

In order to propel surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based sensing into the real world, novel SERS-active nanostructure designs that enable facile, scalable, cost-effective, highly efficient and homogenous SERS substrates are paramount. We demonstrate the facile fabrication of highly efficient SERS-active 3D nanohybrids based on vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowires uniformly decorated with gold nanorods. The dramatic enhancement of the surface area (nearly 20 times) and hence the number of plasmonic nanostructures within the incident laser foot print results in more than three orders of magnitude increase in SERS intensity compared to planar SERS substrates. The SERS enhancement factor was found to be ∼3 × 107 with a detection limit of sub-pM for a non-resonant analyte. Apart from excellent sensitivity, the nanohybrids also exhibited excellent lateral and vertical homogeneity in SERS activity. We believe that under optimal conditions these nanohybrids can surpass the best 2D substrate designs in SERS enhancement and homogeneity.
Equity for Open-Access Journal Publishing (2009)

Open-access journals, which provide access to their scholarly articles freely and without limitations, are at a systematic disadvantage relative to traditional closed-access journal publishing and its subscription-based business model. A simple, cost-effective remedy to this inequity could put open-access publishing on a path to become a sustainable, efficient system.
Estradiol Is Required for a Proper Immune Response to Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in the Female Brain (2005)

Although the neuroprotective effects of estrogens are well recognized, the exact mechanisms involved in the ability of these sex steroids to protect the cerebral tissue still remain unclear. We tested in our study the hypothesis that estradiol (E(2)) modulates the innate immune response and expression of genes encoding proteins that a provide survival signal to neurons during infection. Mice received a single systemic or cerebral injection of LPS to trigger a robust but transient inflammatory reaction in the brain. The endotoxin increased transcriptional activation of genes encoding TLR2, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 in microglial cells. Expression of these transcripts was largely inhibited in the brain of ovariectomized mice at time 24 h postchallenge. E(2) replacement therapy totally rescued the ability of the endotoxin to trigger microglial cells and these permissive effects of E(2) are mediated via the estrogen receptor (ER)alpha. Indeed, ERalpha-deficient mice exhibited an inappropriate reaction to LPS when compared with ERbeta-deficient and wild-type mice. This defective innate immune response was also associated with a widespread viral replication and neurodegeneration in ovariectomized mice inoculated intranasally with HSV-2. These data provide evidence that interaction of E(2) with their nuclear ERalpha plays a critical role in the control of cytokines involved in the transfer from the innate to adaptive immunity. This transfer is deviant in mice lacking E(2), which allows pathogens to hide from immune surveillance and exacerbates neuronal damages during viral encephalitis.
Your two weeks of fame and your grandmother's (2012)

Did celebrity last longer in 1929, 1992 or 2009? We investigate the phenomenon of fame by mining a collection of news articles that spans the twentieth century, and also perform a side study on a collection of blog posts from the last 10 years. By analyzing mentions of personal names, we measure each person's time in the spotlight, and watch the distribution change from a century ago to a year ago. We expected to find a trend of decreasing durations of fame as news cycles accelerated and attention spans became shorter. Instead, we find a remarkable consistency through most of the period we study. Through a century of rapid technological and societal change, through the appearance of Twitter, communication satellites and the Internet, we do not observe a significant change in typical duration of celebrity. We also study the most famous of the famous, and find different results depending on our method for measuring duration of fame. With a method that may be thought of as measuring a spike of attention around a single narrow news story, we see the same result as before: stories last as long now as they did in 1930. A second method, which may be thought of as measuring the duration of public interest in a person, indicates that famous people's presence in the news is becoming longer rather than shorter, an effect most likely driven by the wider distribution and higher volume of media in modern times. Similar studies have been done with much shorter timescales specifically in the context of information spreading on Twitter and similar social networking site. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first massive scale study of this nature that spans over a century of archived data, thereby allowing us to track changes across decades.