gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Limitations of SiC PVT Growth Reactors with Cylindrical Heaters (2006)

The ability to set and accurately control the desired growth conditions is crucial in order to attain high quality bulk growth of Silicon Carbide (SiC), especially when the ingot size is large (&gt; 2” in diameter by &gt; 2” long). However, these two aspects of SiC PVT (Physical Vapor Transport) growth technology are severely limited in “conventional” SiC PVT growth reactors with single cylindrical heaters. To overcome such shortcomings, an “alternative” furnace design with two plane resistive heaters is proposed. In order to verify benefits of this design, numerical modeling and comparative procedures have been employed. Detailed comparative analysis revealed two fundamental disadvantages of the conventional furnace design, attributed to (a) – significantly higher in magnitude and spatially nonuniform distribution of the thermal stress that consequently deteriorates structural quality of the growing SiC boule, and (b) – inability to grow long (&gt; 2”) monocrystalline ingots of SiC. Furthermore, the potential of the alternative furnace design to overcome fundamental limitations of the conventional design is also analyzed, with particular attention being paid to the processes of source material recrystallization.
HyperISGylation of Old World Monkey ISG15 in Human Cells (2008)

This study discloses the poor conjugation competence of HuISG15 compared to OWmISG15 and maps the critical determinants for efficient conjugation. HyperISGylation may greatly assist ISGylation studies and may enhance its function as positive regulator of Interferon-related immune responses or as anti-tumoral modulator.
New Approaches to the Design and Synthesis of Inhibitors of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (2015)

The inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is one of the most commercially important modes of action for the control of grass weeds. Three chemical classes of ACCase herbicides have been commercialized – FOPs (aryloxyphenoxypropionates), DIMs (cyclohexanedione oximes) and most recently DENs (2-aryl-1,3-diones). This chapter describes new synthetic methodologies which have been developed to prepare novel analogues of pinoxaden, the only current commercial product from the DEN chemical class.
Reticle level compensation for long range effects (2013)

Proximity Effects in electron beam lithography impact feature dimensions, pattern fidelity and uniformity. Electron scattering effects are commonly addressed using a mathematical model representing the radial exposure intensity distribution induced by a point electron source, commonly named Point Spread Function (PSF). PSF models are usually employed for correcting “short-range” and “long-range” backscattering effects up to 10μm to 15μm. It is well known that there are also some process related phenomena impacting pattern uniformity that have a wider range (fogging, chemical mechanical polishing -CMP- effects, etc.) which impacts up to a few millimeters or more. There are a number of commercial strategies for mitigating such long range effects based on data density. However, those traditional ones are usually performed within a single chip on a reticle field and ignore the presence of adjacent fields, neglecting their influence. Full field reticles can contain several different designs or arrayed chips in a multitude of layout placements. Reticle level jobdeck placing each design at specific sites, independent of each other can be used to account for the density of each pattern that has a relative impact on its neighbors, even if they are several millimeters away from offending data. Therefore, full field density analysis accounting for scribe frames and all neighboring patterns is required for reaching fidelity control requirements such as critical dimension (CD) and line end shortening (LES) on the full plate. This paper describes a technique to compensate long range effects going across chip boundaries to the full reticle exposure field. The extreme long range effects are also represented with a model that is calibrated according to the characteristics of the user‟s process. Data correction can be based on dose and geometry modulation. Uniform pattern dimensional control matching the user's specific process long range variability can be achieved with the techniques described in this paper.
Use of a Synthetic Xeno-Free Culture Substrate for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Induction and Retinal Differentiation (2012)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a proprietary xeno-free synthetic culture surface could be used to aid in the production and subsequent retinal-specific differentiation of clinical-grade induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs were generated using adult somatic cells via infection with either a single cre-excisable lentiviral vector or four separate nonintegrating Sendai viruses driving expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. Retinal precursor cells were derived via targeted differentiation of iPSCs with exogenous delivery of dkk-1, noggin, insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, acidic fibroblast growth factor, and DAPT. Phase contrast microscopy, immunocytochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to determine reprogramming efficiency, pluripotency, and fate of undifferentiated and differentiated iPSCs. Following viral transduction, cells underwent prototypical morphological changes resulting in the formation of iPSC colonies large enough for manual isolation/passage at 3-4 weeks postinfection. Both normal and disease-specific iPSCs expressed markers of pluripotency and, following transplantation into immune-compromised mice, formed teratomas containing tissue comprising all three germ layers. When subjected to our established retinal differentiation protocol, a significant proportion of the xeno-free substrate-derived cells expressed retinal cell markers, the number of which did not significantly differ from that derived on traditional extracellular matrix-coated dishes. Synthetic cell culture substrates provide a useful surface for the xeno-free production, culture, and differentiation of adult somatic cell-derived iPSCs. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of these surfaces for the production of clinical-grade retinal neurons for transplantation and induction of retinal regeneration.
Search for W′ decaying to tau lepton and neutrino in proton–proton collisions at s=8 TeV (2016)

The first search for a heavy charged vector boson in the final state with a tau lepton and a neutrino is reported, using 19.7 fb -1 of LHC data at s = 8 TeV. A signal would appear as an excess of events with high transverse mass, where the standard model background is low. No excess is observed. Limits are set on a model in which the W decays preferentially to fermions of the third generation. These results substantially extend previous constraints on this model. Masses below 2.0 to 2.7 TeV are excluded, depending on the model parameters. In addition, the existence of a W boson with universal fermion couplings is excluded at 95% confidence level, for W masses below 2.7 TeV. For further reinterpretation a model-independent limit on potential signals for various transverse mass thresholds is also presented.
Arthroscopic Shoulder Synovectomy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis (2006)

Purpose Currently, there is little information available concerning the results of shoulder synovectomy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, it remains difficult to assess the success of shoulder synovectomy because of a high association of rotator cuff tears in rheumatoid patients. We hypothesized that synovectomy in patients with a functionally intact rotator cuff would provide durable pain relief. Type of Study Case series. Methods Sixteen shoulders in 13 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with arthroscopic shoulder synovectomy from 1988 to 2002 with a mean follow‐up of 5.5 years. Patients with full‐thickness rotator cuff tears or partial tears that required repair were excluded. Two of the 13 patients had been diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 11 had adult‐onset disease. The medical records of the patients were reviewed and patients were assessed clinically and by questionnaire to assess pain, satisfaction, range of motion, radiographic outcomes, and occurrence of complications. Results There was an improvement in pain at long‐term follow‐up in 13 of 16 patients ( P &lt; .001). Active shoulder elevation improved from a median of 145° to 160° but was not significant ( P = .14). External rotation improved significantly ( P = .01) from a median of 45° (range, 0° to 90°) to 60° (range, 0° to 100°). According to the Neer rating system, there were 5 excellent, 8 satisfactory, and 3 unsatisfactory results. Seven of 8 shoulders followed‐up radiographically for more than 1 year showed radiographic progression of disease. All 3 patients reporting pain that was no better or worse than before surgery had radiographic arthrosis at last follow‐up with advancing periarticular erosions and reduction of glenoid articular space. Conclusions Arthroscopic synovectomy of the shoulder in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with an intact rotator cuff offers a reliable decrease in pain with less predictable improvements in range of motion. Limitations in predicting final results based on preoperative radiographs should be discussed with patients; those with more advanced radiographic changes may not benefit from the procedure. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic study, case series, no control group.
Economic analysis of water main breaks (1982)

The cost of water main breaks can represent a significant portion of a distribution system's maintenance costs. Although qualitative guidance is available on why pipes break and when they should be replaced, there are no universal quantitative rules for when to replace pipe. This paper gives a simple method for determining which pipes need to be replaced, based on the history of recorded breaks.
Methods and apparatus for broadband angular selectivity of electromagnetic waves (2023)

A filter to transmit incident radiation at a predetermined incidence angle includes a plurality of photonic crystal structures disposed substantially along a surface normal direction of the filter. The photonic crystal structure includes a multilayer cell that comprises a first layer having a first dielectric permittivity, and a second layer having a second dielectric permittivity different from the first dielectric permittivity. The first layer and the second layer define a Brewster angle substantially equal to the predetermined incidence angle based on the first dielectric permittivity and the second permittivity. Each photonic crystal structure in the plurality of photonic crystal structures defines a respective bandgap, and the respective bandgaps of the plurality of photonic crystal structures, taken together, cover a continuous spectral region of about 50 nm to about 100 mm.
Measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic couplings from events with four leptons and two jets in proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV (2017)

A measurement of vector boson scattering and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge couplings from events with two Z bosons and two jets are presented. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV collected with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb−1. The search is performed in the fully leptonic final state ZZ→ℓℓℓ′ℓ′, where ℓ,ℓ′=e or μ. The electroweak production of two Z bosons in association with two jets is measured with an observed (expected) significance of 2.7 (1.6) standard deviations. A fiducial cross section for the electroweak production is measured to be σEW(pp→ZZjj→ℓℓℓ′ℓ′jj)=0.40−0.16+0.21(stat)−0.09+0.13(syst)fb, which is consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are determined in terms of the effective field theory operators T0, T1, T2, T8, and T9. This is the first measurement of vector boson scattering in the ZZ channel at the LHC.
Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nef Protein with Actin is Myristoylation Dependent and Influences its Subcellular Localization (1997)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Nef functions are thought to be mediated via interactions with cellular proteins. Utilizing zone velocity sedimentation in glycerol gradients we found that recombinant HIV-1 Nef non-covalently associates with actin forming a high-molecular-mass complex of 150-300 kDa. This Nef/actin complex was present in human B and T lymphocytes but not in insect cells and was dependent on the N-terminal myristoylation of Nef, whereas the SH3-binding proline motif of Nef was not involved. Despite being myristoylated, HIV-2 Nef did not associate with actin. This might reflect differences in the subcellular localization of Nef since cell-fractionation experiments revealed that HIV-1 Nef was virtually exclusively localized in the cytoskeletal (detergent-insoluble) fraction whereas HIV-2 Nef had significantly reduced affinity for the cytoskeleton. Colocalization experiments in HIV-1-infected CD4+ fibroblasts revealed that Nef/actin complexes may also exist in HIV-infected cells. This novel interaction of HIV-1 Nef with actin provides insight into the association of Nef with cellular structures and reveals general differences in the interactions of the Nef proteins from HIV-1 and HIV-2.
An Artificial Agent for Robust Image Registration (2017)

3-D image registration, which involves aligning two or more images, is a critical step in a variety of medical applications from diagnosis to therapy. Image registration is commonly performed by optimizing an image matching metric as a cost function. However this task is challenging due to the non-convex nature of the matching metric over the plausible registration parameter space and insufficient approches for a robust optimization. As a result, current approaches are often customized to a specific problem and sensitive to image quality and artifacts. In this paper, we propose a completely different approach to image registration, inspired by how experts perform the task. We first cast the image registration problem as a "strategic learning" process, where the goal is to find the best sequence of motion actions (e.g. up, down, etc) that yields image alignment. Within this approach, an artificial agent is learned, modeled using deep convolutional neural networks, with 3D raw image data as the input, and the next optimal action as the output. To copy with the dimensionality of the problem, we propose a greedy supervised approach for an end-to-end training, coupled with attention-driven hierarchical strategy. The resulting registration approach inherently encodes both a data-driven matching metric and an optimal registration strategy (policy). We demonstrate on two 3-D/3-D medical image registration examples with drastically different nature of challenges, that the artificial agent outperforms several state-of-the-art registration methods by a large margin in terms of both accuracy and robustness.
Improving the Distinction between Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: The Value of Sonographic Texture Analysis (1993)

To improve the ability of ultrasound to distinguish benign from malignant breast lesions, we used quantitative analysis of ultrasound image texture. Eight cancers, 22 cysts, 28 fibroadenomata, and 22 fibrocystic nodules were studied. The true nature of each lesion was determined by aspiration (for some cysts) or by open biopsy. Analysis of image texture was performed on digitized video output from the ultrasound scanner using fractal analysis and statistical texture analysis methods. The most useful features were those derived from co-occurrence matrices of the images. Using two features together (contrast of a co-occurrence matrix taken in an oblique direction, and correlation of a co-occurrence matrix taken in the horizontal direction), it was possible to exclude 78% of fibroadenomata, 73% of cysts, and 91% of fibrocystic nodules while maintaining 100% sensitivity for cancer. These findings suggest that ultrasonic image texture analysis is a simple way to markedly reduce the number of benign lesion biopsies without missing additional cancers.
No regional difference in dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by the second-generation antipsychotic drug risperidone in humans: a positron emission tomography study (2008)

The effects of antipsychotic drugs have generally been considered to be mediated by blockade of dopamine D2 receptors. The concept of limbic and cortical selectivity of second-generation antipsychotics, i.e. higher dopamine D2 receptor occupancy in the cerebral cortices than in the striatum, has been suggested to explain their clinical efficacy with lower incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects. In this study, regional distribution of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by risperidone was determined in order to elucidate the limbic and cortical selectivity of second-generation antipsychotics. Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptor binding at baseline and after oral administration of 2 mg risperidone were measured in ten healthy men by positron emission tomography (PET) using different tracers with different affinity for the receptors, [11C]raclopride and [11C]FLB 457, respectively. Striatal and extrastriatal occupancies of dopamine D2 receptors were calculated for each brain region. Occupancies of dopamine D2 receptors were about 70% and 60% in the striatum and extrastriatum, respectively. A simulation study showed that non-negligible specific binding in the reference region (cerebellum), could cause systemic underestimation of occupancy in [11C]FLB 457 PET studies, indicating that occupancies in both the striatum and extrastriatum may not have differed. Among the extrastriatal regions including limbic and neocortical regions, no significant regional differences in dopamine D2 receptor occupancy were observed. Thus, limbic and cortical selectivity was not observed by one of the second-generation antipsychotics, risperidone.
Proliferation and Recruitment Contribute to Myocardial Macrophage Expansion in Chronic Heart Failure (2016)

Myocardial failure is influenced by an altered myeloid cell repertoire.
PSIII-22 Impact of a Dietary Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance of Growing Finishing Pigs (2021)

Abstract Abstract: Two experiments were conducted involving a total of 1560 pigs (25.82 kgs, PIC and Hypor) to evaluate if phytogenic feed additive (PFA), containing essential oils and pungent substances, has positive impact on growth performance of growing finishing pigs. Pens in each experiment (Study 1: 11 pens, 20 pigs per pen; Study 2: 15 pens, 20 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments containing 0, 68, or 136 g/ton of the PFA. Feeding program consisted of 3 feeding phases of 21 d each. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (GF) were measured for each phase and overall. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIX of SAS using RCBD design with dietary inclusion of PFA, pen location blocked within a study and initial BW as covariate. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear or quadratic effect of PFA. No significant differences (P&amp;gt;0.20) were observed in ADG, ADFI or GF during the first 2 phases of the study. During phase 3 however, increasing the level of PFA resulted in a linear increase in ADG (P&amp;lt; 0.001) and a quadratic response in ADFI (P&amp;lt; 0.05) and GF (P&amp;lt; 0.05). Overall, linear improvements in ADG (P&amp;lt; 0.001) was observed with addition of PFA in the diets (+2.5%, +3% vs. NC). Similarly, increasing the level of PFA in the diet tended to linearly improve final BW (P&amp;lt; 0.10, +0.9%, +1.6% vs. NC). The results of this study indicate a positive impact of feeding a PFA on growth of growing-finishing pigs.
Dispersion correction of surface-normal optical interconnection using two compensated holograms (1998)

Performance of optical interconnects using volume holographic gratings and substrate-guided waves is subject to source wavelength detuning which originates from laser chirping and operating temperature changes. In this letter, we characterize and measure the dispersion of commonly used surface-normal volume holographic gratings. Dispersion characteristics of a 20 μm thick photopolymer volume holographic grating are evaluated. A dispersion correction method is demonstrated to provide a dispersion-free surface-normal optical interconnect using two dispersion-compensated volume holographic gratings and substrate-guided waves which automatically compensate the dispersion that results from detuning over a 5.7 nm bandwidth.
Quantum computation with ballistic qubits (2002)

We give a brief introduction to quantum computation and we discuss a possible solid state implementation. We show how to prepare and measure qubit states and how to implement single and 2-qubit gates with ballistic electrons.
Weighted subspace methods and spatial smoothing: analysis and comparison (1993)

The effect of using a spatially smoothed forward-backward covariance matrix on the performance of weighted eigen-based state space methods/ESPRIT, and weighted MUSIC for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is analyzed. Expressions for the mean-squared error in the estimates of the signal zeros and the DOA estimates, along with some general properties of the estimates and optimal weighting matrices, are derived. A key result is that optimally weighted MUSIC and weighted state-space methods/ESPRIT have identical asymptotic performance. Moreover, by properly choosing the number of subarrays, the performance of unweighted state space methods can be significantly improved. It is also shown that the mean-squared error in the DOA estimates is independent of the exact distribution of the source amplitudes. This results in a unified framework for dealing with DOA estimation using a uniformly spaced linear sensor array and the time series frequency estimation problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Temporally consistent handling of disocclusions with texture synthesis for depth-image-based rendering (2010)

Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) is used to generate additional views of a real-world scene from images or videos and associated per-pixel depth information. An inherent problem of the view synthesis concept is the fact that image information which is occluded in the original view may become visible in the “virtual” image. The resulting question is: how can these disocclusions be covered in a visually plausible manner? In this paper, a new temporally and spatially consistent hole filling method for DIBR is presented. In a first step, disocclusions in the depth map are filled. Then, a background sprite is generated and updated with every frame using the original and synthesized information from previous frames to achieve temporally consistent results. Next, small holes resulting from depth estimation inaccuracies are closed in the textured image, using methods that are based on solving Laplace equations. The residual disoccluded areas are coarsely initialized and subsequently refined by patch-based texture synthesis. Experimental results are presented, highlighting that gains in objective and visual quality can be achieved in comparison to the latest MPEG view synthesis reference software (VSRS).