gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Synthesis of Transparent, Amorphous, C60‐Rich, Photoactive, and Low‐Doped Film with an Interconnected Structure (2013)

An electrochemical synthesis is developed through quantitative electrochemical reaction of N-alkylcarbazole leading to a novel class of structurally interconnected high-C60 content (60 wt%) polymer films with negligible doping and intrinsic physicochemical properties of pure C60. This strategy allows preparation of previously unavailable low-doped fullerene-containing non-conjugated polymers and broadens the potential applications of electrochemical synthesis for controlled polymer film structures. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Autonomous Driving From the Sky: Design and End-to-End Performance Evaluation (2022)

For autonomous vehicles to operate without human intervention, information sharing from local sensors plays a fundamental role. This can be challenging to handle with bandwidth-constrained communication systems, which calls for the adoption of new wireless technologies, like in the mmwave bands, to solve capacity issues. Another approach is to exploit uav, able to provide human users and their cars with an aerial bird's-eye view of the scene otherwise unavailable, thus offering broader and more centralized observations. In this article we combine both aspects and design a novel framework in which uav, operating at mmwave, broadcast sensory information to the ground as a means to extend the (local) perception range of vehicles. To do so, we conduct a full-stack end-to-end simulation campaign with ns-3 considering real UAV data from the Stanford Drone Dataset, and study four scenarios representing different uav-to-ground communication strategies. Our results focus on the trade-off between centralized data processing in the sky vs. distributed local processing on the ground, with considerations related to the throughput, latency and reliability of the communication process.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Spiro Type Gem‐Difluorocyclopropane as Core Molecule Candidate for Liquid Crystal Compounds. (2010)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Qualitatively describing objects using spatial prepositions (2002)

The paper presents a framework for a system that describes objects in a qualitative fashion. A subset of spatial prepositions is chosen and an appropriate quantification is applied to each of them that capture their inherent qualitative properties. The quantifications use such object attributes as area, centers, and elongation properties. The familiar zeroth, first, and second order moments are used to characterize these attributes. The paper details how and why the particular quantifications were chosen. Since spatial prepositions are by their nature rather vague and dependent on context a technique for fuzzifying the definition of the spatial preposition is explained. Finally an example task is chosen to illustrate the appropriateness of the quantification techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Overshoot-induced failures in forward-biased diodes: A new challenge to high-speed ESD design (2013)

We report a new challenge to IEC protection of high-speed devices caused by current filamentation due to voltage-overshoot effects in forward-biased diodes. While well understood in reverse-biased junctions, filamentation has never been reported in forward-biased junctions, which are often used in high-speed designs such as USB3 and HDMI. An analytical model is presented to estimate the voltage overshoot as a function of rise-time and bias conditions to predict the trade-offs inherent in low-capacitance ESD diodes.
Loss of placental growth factor ameliorates maternal hypertension and preeclampsia in mice (2018)

Preeclampsia remains a clinical challenge due to its poorly understood pathogenesis. A prevailing notion is that increased placental production of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) causes the maternal syndrome by inhibiting proangiogenic placental growth factor (PlGF) and VEGF. However, the significance of PlGF suppression in preeclampsia is uncertain. To test whether preeclampsia results from the imbalance of angiogenic factors reflected by an abnormal sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, we studied PlGF KO (Pgf-/-) mice and noted that the mice did not develop signs or sequelae of preeclampsia despite a marked elevation in circulating sFLT-1. Notably, PlGF KO mice had morphologically distinct placentas, showing an accumulation of junctional zone glycogen. We next considered the role of placental PlGF in an established model of preeclampsia (pregnant catechol-O-methyltransferase-deficient [COMT-deficient] mice) by generating mice with deletions in both the Pgf and Comt genes. Deletion of placental PlGF in the context of COMT loss resulted in a reduction in maternal blood pressure and increased placental glycogen, indicating that loss of PlGF might be protective against the development of preeclampsia. These results identify a role for PlGF in placental development and support a complex model for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia beyond an angiogenic factor imbalance.
Dissociation of broadband high-frequency activity and neuronal firing in the neocortex (2020)

Broadband high-frequency activity (BHA; 70 to 150 Hz), also known as "high gamma," a key analytic signal in human intracranial (electrocorticographic) recordings, is often assumed to reflect local neural firing [multiunit activity (MUA)]. As the precise physiological substrates of BHA are unknown, this assumption remains controversial. Our analysis of laminar multielectrode data from V1 and A1 in monkeys outlines two components of stimulus-evoked BHA distributed across the cortical layers: an "early-deep" and "late-superficial" response. Early-deep BHA has a clear spatial and temporal overlap with MUA. Late-superficial BHA was more prominent and accounted for more of the BHA signal measured near the cortical pial surface. However, its association with local MUA is weak and often undetectable, consistent with the view that it reflects dendritic processes separable from local neuronal firing.
A Frequency Quadrupler Inverter Architecture for High-Power High-Frequency Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Systems (2023)

This paper proposes a frequency quadrupler inverter architecture for high-power high-frequency capacitive wireless power transfer systems. The proposed architecture reduces the inverter transistors' switching frequency by a factor of four compared to a full-bridge inverter, thereby improving transistor switching performance and reducing high-frequency-dependent losses. The working of the frequency quadrupler architecture is discussed in detail and is supported by analytical and simulation results. Next, different high-frequency capacitive WPT systems are designed using a conventional inverter, frequency doubler inverter and the proposed inverter and the tradeoffs and optimizations between the system parameters are studied. Finally, the findings of this study are verified by a prototype 6.78-MHz 12-cm air-gap capacitive WPT system that transfers 300W dc power.
Droop in InGaN light-emitting diodes: A differential carrier lifetime analysis (2010)

To investigate the variation in internal quantum efficiency in InGaN structures, we measure the differential carrier lifetime of an InGaN/GaN double-heterostructure light-emitting diode under varying electroluminescence injection conditions. By coupling this measurement to an internal quantum efficiency measurement, we determine the carrier density and the radiative and nonradiative contributions to the lifetime without making any assumptions on recombination processes. We find that droop is caused by a shortening of the nonradiative lifetime with current. The observed shortening of both radiative and nonradiative lifetimes with current is found to be in excellent agreement with an ABC model including phase-space filling.
DREAMPlace: Deep Learning Toolkit-Enabled GPU Acceleration for Modern VLSI Placement (2020)

Placement for very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is one of the most important steps for design closure. We propose a novel GPU-accelerated placement framework DREAMPlace, by casting the analytical placement problem equivalently to training a neural network. Implemented on top of a widely adopted deep learning toolkit PyTorch, with customized key kernels for wirelength and density computations, DREAMPlace can achieve around 40× speedup in global placement without quality degradation compared to the state-of-the-art multithreaded placer RePlAce. We believe this work shall open up new directions for revisiting classical EDA problems with advancements in AI hardware and software.
Control of the oxygen doping in Bi-2212 whiskers by means of their synthesis process (2009)

Direct evidence of oxygen doping control in single phase Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) whiskers is reported, along with the changes in their structural properties obtained by varying the growth temperature of the synthesis process in the range from 843 to 872 °C. The as-grown whiskers were investigated by means of x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), electrical transport measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRPD measurements showed that the value of the c-axis lattice parameter increases from 30.556 to 30.640 Å when increasing the growth temperature, which indicates different oxygen doping levels spanning from the slightly overdoped to the nearly optimally doped regimes. Such results are also confirmed by the electrical characterizations, which revealed a typical relationship among resistivity (ρab), superconducting critical temperature (Tc), and c-axis value. The growth of CuO crystals has also been identified during this study, with a maximum yield in the range 860–864 °C, where also a slope change in the c-axis behavior has been found, implying a possible correlation between the two phenomena. Therefore, by changing the synthesis growth temperature, one can provide an effective way to tune the whisker electrical transport properties.
Optimal waveform for entrainment of a spiking neuron with minimum stimulating charge (2018)

We derive an algorithm for constructing an optimal waveform that ensures an entrainment of a spiking neuron to an external periodic stimulation with the minimum mean absolute value of the stimulating current. Such an optimization problem is relevant for the design of stimulation waveforms employed by implantable pulse generators for the treatment of brain disorders. Specifically, it is motivated by the desire to minimize tissue damage. The optimization problem is solved by involving the phase reduction theory and Pontriagyn's maximum principle. We show that the optimal waveform is of bang-off-bang type. The theoretical results are confirmed by three specific examples: an analytically solvable Stuart-Landau oscillator, a randomly generated phase response curve, and the classical Hodgkin-Huxley neuron model.
Bipolar Degradation in 4H-SiC Thyristors (2012)

Bipolar degradation in 4H-SiC thyristors subjected to high current density stress is reported. The thyristor device structure, its fabrication process as well as testing conditions are described. The Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) technique was used for defect analysis in testing of both degraded and non-degraded devices. Possible nucleation sites responsible for the generation of observed defects in degraded devices are discussed
Partial Inhibition of the 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) Enzyme in Myeloid Cells Does Not Affect Atherosclerosis (2021)

Background The protein 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) is a key stimulator of glycolytic flux. Systemic, partial PFKFB3 inhibition previously decreased total plaque burden and increased plaque stability. However, it is unclear which cell type conferred these positive effects. Myeloid cells play an important role in atherogenesis, and mainly rely on glycolysis for energy supply. Thus, we studied whether myeloid inhibition of PFKFB3-mediated glycolysis in Ldlr –/– LysMCre +/– Pfkfb3 fl/fl ( Pfkfb3 fl/fl ) mice confers beneficial effects on plaque stability and alleviates cardiovascular disease burden compared to Ldlr –/– LysMCre +/– Pfkfb3 wt/wt control mice ( Pfkfb3 wt/wt ). Methods and Results Analysis of atherosclerotic human and murine single-cell populations confirmed PFKFB3/Pfkfb3 expression in myeloid cells, but also in lymphocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Pfkfb3 wt/wt and Pfkfb3 fl/fl mice were fed a 0.25% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Pfkfb3 fl/fl bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) showed 50% knockdown of Pfkfb3 mRNA. As expected based on partial glycolysis inhibition, extracellular acidification rate as a measure of glycolysis was partially reduced in Pfkfb3 fl/fl compared to Pfkfb3 wt/wt BMDMs. Unexpectedly, plaque and necrotic core size, as well as macrophage (MAC3), neutrophil (Ly6G) and collagen (Sirius Red) content were unchanged in advanced Pfkfb3 fl/fl lesions. Similarly, early lesion plaque and necrotic core size and total plaque burden were unaffected. Conclusion Partial myeloid knockdown of PFKFB3 did not affect atherosclerosis development in advanced or early lesions. Previously reported positive effects of systemic, partial PFKFB3 inhibition on lesion stabilization, do not seem conferred by monocytes, macrophages or neutrophils. Instead, other Pfkfb3 -expressing cells in atherosclerosis might be responsible, such as DCs, smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts.
Nonequal reactivity model for biocatalytic polytransesterification (1998)

Abstract The lipase‐catalyzed polytransesterification of divinyl adipate and 1,4‐butanediol is a dynamic process controlled by the relative magnitudes of the rates of transesterification and hydrolysis as the polymerization proceeds. A mathematical model that describes the kinetics of the biocatalytic polytransesterification process is presented. Initial rate studies with model substrates in transesterification, hydrolysis, and esterification were used to provide the initial kinetic parameters that, when combined with the effect of enzyme specificity, were used to predict product compositions under different reaction conditions. A comparison of experimental data and model predictions shows that the product composition is strongly influenced by the selective nature of enzyme catalysis, and this model effectively predicts the results of a step condensation polymerization where reactivity depends on molecular weight.
Abstract LB-074: Priming the tumor microenvironment with epigenetic modifiers to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (2019)

Abstract Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in diverse cellular regulatory mechanisms including functions outside the chromatin environment. Several publications have demonstrated that selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) can influence tumor immunogenicity and the functional activity of specific immune cells. In particular, the selective inhibition of HDAC6 has been reported to decrease tumor growth in several malignancies. However, there is still no clarity about the cellular components mediating this effect. In this study, we evaluated the immunological modulation of the HDAC6i Nexturastat A in combination with anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade therapy and the use of this HDAC6i as a priming agent to facilitate the transition of the tumor microenvironment from “cold” to “hot” in order to more specifically augment immune check-point blockade therapies. This combination of Nexturastat A and anti-PD-1 therapy demonstrated a significant reduction of tumor growth in syngeneic melanoma tumor animal models. Additionally, we observed a complete neutralization of the up-regulation of PD-L1 and other immunosuppressive pathways induced by the treatment with anti-PD-1 blockade. This combination also showed that the pre-treatment with selective HDAC6i induced major changes in the tumor microenvironment such as enhanced infiltration of immune cells, increased central and effector T cell memory, and a significant reduction of pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. The evaluation of the effect of HDAC6i on individual immune components suggest that the in vivo anti-tumor activity of HDAC6i is mediated by its effect on tumor cells and tumor associated macrophages, and not directly over T cells. Overall, our results indicate that selective HDAC6i could be used as immunological priming agents to sensitize immunologically “cold” tumors and subsequently improve ongoing immune check-point blockade therapies. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Tessa J. Knox, Eva Sahakian, Debarati Banik, Melissa Hadley, Erica Palmer, Jennifer Kim, Satish Noonepalle, John Powers, Maria Gracia-Hernandez, Vasco Oliveira, Fengdong Cheng, Jie Chen, Cyril Barinka, Javier Pinilla-Ibarz, Norman Lee, Alan Kozikowski, Alejandro Villagra. Priming the tumor microenvironment with epigenetic modifiers to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-074.
Sliding mode controller gain adaptation and chattering reduction techniques for DSP-based PM DC motor drives (2011)

In order to achieve and maintain the prospective benefits of sliding mode control (SMC) methodology, the phenomenon known as ``chattering'', the main obstacle encountered in real-time applications, has to be suppressed. In this study, two promising switching control gain adaptation and chattering reduction techniques are investigated, and the effectiveness of chattering suppression for current regulation of PM DC drives is tested. The sampling rate was also examined to determine how it affects the amplitude of chattering. This paper concentrates on various combinations of observer-based methods in order to find the best solution for chattering reduction. To find a practical solution a tunable low-pass filter (LPF) was used to average the discontinuous control term. The validity of the existing conditions for the gain adaptation methods are examined and observer gain value was determined through simulations. To demonstrate the effectiveness of each method, several experiments were performed on a DSP-based PM DC motor drive system. Then, the newly proposed combinations of these methods were implemented. The hardware implementation results are comparatively presented and discussed.
Microheterogeneities of core‐shell latexes probed by 1H spin diffusion and transmission electron microscopy (1995)

Abstract A core‐shell latex built up of polybutadiene as a mobile component and polystyrene as a rigid component is investigated. Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the morphology and possible heterogeneities of the latex particles (average particles sizes 70–100 nm). NMR spectroscopy allows the determination of average domain distances much below the particle size due to standard electron microscopy. These differences are explained by an additional microstructure of the core‐shell particles. Indeed, electron micrographs at high resolution confirm the existence of heterogeneities within the polybutadiene core of the latex. The presented investigations demonstrate the power of a combined application of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy for the characterization of core‐shell latexes.
Developing a New Generation of Therapeutic Dental Polymers to Inhibit Oral Biofilms and Protect Teeth (2018)

Polymeric tooth-colored restorations are increasingly popular in dentistry. However, restoration failures remain a major challenge, and more than 50% of all operative work was devoted to removing and replacing the failed restorations. This is a heavy burden, with the expense for restoring dental cavities in the U.S. exceeding $46 billion annually. In addition, the need is increasing dramatically as the population ages with increasing tooth retention in seniors. Traditional materials for cavity restorations are usually bioinert and replace the decayed tooth volumes. This article reviews cutting-edge research on the synthesis and evaluation of a new generation of bioactive dental polymers that not only restore the decayed tooth structures, but also have therapeutic functions. These materials include polymeric composites and bonding agents for tooth cavity restorations that inhibit saliva-based microcosm biofilms, bioactive resins for tooth root caries treatments, polymers that can suppress periodontal pathogens, and root canal sealers that can kill endodontic biofilms. These novel compositions substantially inhibit biofilm growth, greatly reduce acid production and polysaccharide synthesis of biofilms, and reduce biofilm colony-forming units by three to four orders of magnitude. This new class of bioactive and therapeutic polymeric materials is promising to inhibit tooth decay, suppress recurrent caries, control oral biofilms and acid production, protect the periodontium, and heal endodontic infections.
Experimental higher-order interference in a nonlinear triple slit (2023)

Interference between two waves is a well-known concept in physics, and its generalization to more than two waves is straightforward. The order of interference is defined as the number of paths that interfere in a manner that cannot be reduced to patterns of a lower order. In practice, second-order interference means that in, say, a triple-slit experiment, the interference pattern when all three slits are open can be predicted from the interference patterns between all possible pairs of slits. Quantum mechanics is often said to only exhibit second-order interference. However, this is only true under specific assumptions, typically single particles undergoing linear evolution. Here we experimentally show that nonlinear evolution can in fact lead to higher-order interference. The higher-order interference in our experiment can be understood using a simple classical or quantum description, namely optical coherent states interacting in a nonlinear medium. Our work shows that nonlinear evolution could open a loophole for experiments attempting to verify Born's rule by ruling out higher-order interference.