gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Interfacial Olefin Cross Metathesis for the Preparation of Hollow Nanocapsules (2013)

The first synthesis of hollow nanocapsules with an aqueous core via olefin cross metathesis is presented. The reaction was tailored such that it proceeds selectively at the oil-water interface of aqueous nanodroplets in an inverse miniemulsion. The cross metathesis takes place between an acrylated polysaccharide and unsaturated organophosphates under mild conditions. This general protocol allows the synthesis of biocompatible and polyfunctional nanocapsules via the bioorthogonal olefin metathesis, thus generating a highly versatile methodology for the design of future materials for biomedical applications but also for materials science. Functionalization of the nanocapsules was demonstrated with fluorescent labels, which can be attached to the pendant phosphoester either within the cross-linker, exploiting the versatility of the phosphorus chemistry, or via coupling to the capsules' surface.
Monolithically integrated ΣΔ frequency synthesiser with distributed reference spurs (2008)

Monolithically integrated fractional-N frequency synthesiser controlled by the dual edge triggered (DET) MASH ΣΔ modulator is presented. A DET modulator offers two advantages over the single edge triggered implementation: (1) it reduces the modulator&apos;s area by 15–20% and (2) it distributes switching noise power in such a manner that it does not degrade the first reference spur of a synthesiser but shifts the glitch energy to higher multiples of the reference frequency. A benefit of such a reference spur power distribution is demonstrated. A fabricated 11 GHz fully integrated sigma–delta phase-locked loop (PLL) with the DET modulator exhibits the first reference spur below –66 dBc over the whole locking range.
Polyenylidene Thiazolidine Derivatives with Retinoidal Activities. (1997)

Several polyenylidene thiazolidine or 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone derivatives were synthesized and their retinoidal activities were examined in terms of the differentiation-inducing ability towards human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and inhibitory effect on interleukin (IL)-1 alpha-induced IL-6 production in MC3T3-E1 cells. Compounds containing a trimethylcyclohexenyl ring induced HL-60 cell differentiation with weaker activity than retinoic acid (1a) by one or two orders of magnitude. The thiazolidinedione derivatives (2, 5, 7) showed stronger activity than the corresponding 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone derivatives (3, 6, 8). The effects of a retinoid antagonist (LE540) and synergists (retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists, HX600 or HX630) on the activities of thiazolidine derivatives indicate that these compounds elicit their activities through the nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). All the thiazolidines examined also inhibited IL-1 alpha-induced IL-6 production with IC50 values of 10 nM order. The retinoidal activities of the thiazolidines are significant, considering that replacement of the carboxylic acid in retinoid structures with bioisosteric functional groups is generally ineffective, as seen in the structure-activity relationships of retinoidal benzoic acids.
Estimation of road friction for enhanced active safety systems: Dynamic approach (2009)

Frictional coefficient between tire and road is difficult to detect but crucial for vehicle active safety systems. Several approaches for friction coefficient estimation were developed based on various vehicle dynamic phenomena. This paper suggests nonlinear state observers that use vehicle dynamics, steering system dynamics, and tire force dynamics as a viable approach. The stability of the observer highly relies on observer gains. We present two different ways to select the gains and discuss the stability of the observer. Furthermore, we introduce a hybrid estimator which uses a nonlinear observer and a nonlinear least square method which provides enhanced performances. These estimators are verified using the commercial software, Carsim, under various scenarios.
Quantitative analysis of amyloid mass by segmentation of microPET and CT images (2009)

Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by the deposition of light chain components as insoluble fibrils in tissues and organs leading to dysfunction and death and is the most common form of peripheral amyloid disease in humans. Presently, there are no means available in the USA to image specifically these deposits and thus ascertain the presence or extent of disease. To this end we have developed an experimental murine model of localized AL and used this to evaluate a radioiodinated amyloid fibril-reactive antibody, 11-1F4. The goal of the present study was to validate the experimental model by correlating the accumulation of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">124</sup> I-11-1F4 antibody in the amyloid, using segmented PET and CT images, with lesion mass, volume, and tissue activity.
SkyCell: A Prototyping Platform for 5G Aerial Base Stations (2020)

In this paper we propose SkyCell, a prototyping platform for 5G autonomous aerial base stations. While the majority of work on the topic focuses on theoretical and rarely implemented solutions, SkyCell practically demonstrates the feasibility of an aerial base station where wireless backhaul, autonomous mobility and 5G functionalities are integrated within a unified framework. We showcase the advantages of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for 5G applications, discuss the design challenges, and ultimately propose a prototyping framework to develop aerial cellular base stations. Experimental results demonstrate that SkyCell not only supports heterogeneous data traffic demand and services, but also enables the implementation of autonomous flight control algorithms while improving metrics such as network throughput (up to 35%) and user fairness (up to 39%).
Beam power scale-up in micro-electromechanical systems based multi-beam ion accelerators (2021)

We report on the development of multi-beam radio frequency (RF) linear ion accelerators that are formed from stacks of low cost wafers and describe the status of beam power scale-up using an array of 112 beams. The total argon ion current extracted from the 112-beamlet extraction column was 0.5 mA. The measured energy gain in each RF gap reached as high as 7.25 keV. We present a path toward using this technology to achieve ion currents >1 mA and ion energies >100 keV for applications in material processing.
Pressure generation during inertially confined laser ablation of biological tissue (1993)

A Monte Carlo calculation of the laser energy density actually deposited in tissue at the onset of pulsed laser ablation revels that, over a wide range of wavelengths and tissue types, it is an order of magnitude lower than that needed for vaporization. An understanding of the thermodynamics of water reveals that under appropriate conditions of laser pulse duration and penetration depth, tremendous pressure can be generated in the tissue at energy densities well below the heat of vaporization and temperatures below 100 °C. The pressure generated in the tissue by the absorption of laser light then plays a significant role in the ablation process. For example, in ablation of aorta using a pulsed excimer laser (a pulse width of 30 nanoseconds at a wavelength of 308 nanometers), we calculate that the instantaneous pressure generated in the tissue will exceed 700 bars. Ablation occurs when these high pressures lead to stresses which exceed the structural properties of the tissue. A survey of results from the literature shows that the characteristic time for the relaxation of these high pressures in soft tissue is much longer than predicted by a simple speed of sound calculation and a more appropriate characteristic time is proposed. These concepts also help in understanding pulsed laser ablation in hard tissue. Some results of a study of hard tissue ablation are described, including some stroboscopic measurements. An experimental determination of the pressure generated by the absorption of short pulsed laser light, using an interferometric monitoring technique, agrees with theoretical predictions of the above theory. We include some relevant information on the properties of biological tissue and conclude with a cautionary note to the new practitioner.
Publisher’s Note: Reply to “Comment on ‘Ultrafast Demagnetization Measurements Using Extreme Ultraviolet Light: Comparison of Electronic and Magnetic Contributions’ ” [Phys. Rev. X3, 038002 (2013)PRXHAE2160-3308] (2013)

argues that a unique determination of the refractive index variation over time is not possible using the data set presented in our paper.'' The paper has been corrected as of 9 September 2013.
Crystal structure of dichloridobis(N,N′-dimethylthiourea-κS)mercury(II) (2015)

The mol-ecular structure of the title compound, [HgCl2(C3H8N2S)2], has point group symmetry 2, with the twofold rotation axis passing through the Hg(II) atom. The latter is coordinated by two Cl atoms and two N,N'-di-methyl-thio-urea (Dmtu) ligands through their S atoms, defining a distorted tetra-hedral coordination sphere with bond angles in the range 102.47 (4)-118.32 (4)°. Intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds of the type N-H⋯Cl with S(6) and R 2 (2)(12) ring motifs are present. The inter-molecular contacts make up polymeric chains extending parallel to [101].
Group Touch (2017)

We present Group Touch, a method for distinguishing among multiple users simultaneously interacting with a tabletop computer using only the touch information supplied by the device. Rather than tracking individual users for the duration of an activity, Group Touch distinguishes users from each other by modeling whether an interaction with the tabletop corresponds to either: (1) a new user, or (2) a change in users currently interacting with the tabletop. This reframing of the challenge as distinguishing users rather than tracking and identifying them allows Group Touch to support multi-user collaboration in real-world settings without custom instrumentation. Specifically, Group Touch examines pairs of touches and uses the difference in orientation, distance, and time between two touches to determine whether the same person performed both touches in the pair. Validated with field data from high-school students in a classroom setting, Group Touch distinguishes among users "in the wild" with a mean accuracy of 92.92% (SD=3.94%). Group Touch can imbue collaborative touch applications in real-world settings with the ability to distinguish among multiple users.
Impact of thin resist processes on post-etch LER (2003)

While evaluating 193 nm, and early versions of 157 nm and EUV resists, the lithography community has focused on post-develop LER values derived from image analysis of top-down SEM micrographs. These numbers, however, do not capture the tendency of a resist to facet and roughen during plasma etching processes. They also do not convey any information about the role of the anti-reflective coatings/hard masks in the transfer of resist roughness into the underlying substrate. From a manufacturing perspective, it is the "LER" of the final etched substrate that is more important. This paper systematically studies the impact of resist polymer platform and thickness, etching conditions, and presence of organic and inorganic anti-reflective coatings/hard masks on substrate roughening. An AFM technique, previously developed by Reynolds and Taylor, is used to measure the feature sidewall roughness as a function of etch depth. This technique enables us to calculate the sidewall roughness of the resist, ARC/hard mak and substrate surfaces simultaneously, and determine correlations that may exist between these values. The paper identifies and demonstrates patterning methodologies that can be used to achieve "smooth" substrate surfaces even when the resist is "thin".
Fig S4 from <i>Frizzled-7</i> Is Required for Wnt Signaling in Gastric Tumors with and Without <i>Apc</i> Mutations (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S4. Fzd7 inhibition is rescued by Fzd7 expression in GC cells. Fzd7 deletion in gp130F/F mice reduces adenoma burden and induces cell differentiation and changes to Wnt target gene transcription.&lt;/p&gt;
Recombination barrier layers in solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (2012)

By replacing the dye in the dye-sensitized solar cell design with semiconductor quantum dots as the light-absorbing material, solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (ss-QDSSCs) were fabricated. Cadmium sulfide quantum dots (QDs) were grown in situ by successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). Aluminum oxide recombination barrier layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at the TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /hole-conductor interface. For low numbers of ALD cycles, the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> barrier layer increased open circuit voltage, causing an increase in device efficiency. For thicker Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> barrier layers, photocurrent decreased substantially, leading to a decrease in device efficiency.
Low‐Temperature Thin‐Film Combustion Synthesis of Metal‐Oxide Semiconductors: Science and Technology (2022)

The unique performance characteristics of amorphous, optically transparent metal-oxide electronic materials fill the gap between amorphous silicon and polysilicon, making them the ideal candidates for large-area active-matrix flat-panel displays and other technologies. The compatibility of these materials with low-cost solution-processing, roll-to-roll, high-throughput manufacturing further highlights their attraction. In this chapter, recent advances in low-temperature solution processing, including metal precursor synthesis, thin-film combustion growth, microwave-assisted growth, pressure-assisted growth, and photonic illumination-assisted growth, are discussed. Among these, thin-film combustion synthesis of metal-oxide films is particularly attractive for both n -type and p -type thin-film transistors and their electronic circuitry.
CIP2A Interacts with TopBP1 and Drives Basal-Like Breast Cancer Tumorigenesis (2021)

Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) are characterized by defects in homologous recombination (HR), deficient mitotic checkpoint, and high-proliferation activity. Here, we discover CIP2A as a candidate driver of BLBC. CIP2A was essential for DNA damage-induced initiation of mouse BLBC-like mammary tumors and for survival of HR-defective BLBC cells. CIP2A was dispensable for normal mammary gland development and for unperturbed mitosis, but selectively essential for mitotic progression of DNA damaged cells. A direct interaction between CIP2A and a DNA repair scaffold protein TopBP1 was identified, and CIP2A inhibition resulted in enhanced DNA damage-induced TopBP1 and RAD51 recruitment to chromatin in mammary epithelial cells. In addition to its role in tumor initiation, and survival of BRCA-deficient cells, CIP2A also drove proliferative MYC and E2F1 signaling in basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (BL-TNBC) cells. Clinically, high CIP2A expression was associated with poor patient prognosis in BL-TNBCs but not in other breast cancer subtypes. Small-molecule reactivators of PP2A (SMAP) inhibited CIP2A transcription, phenocopied the CIP2A-deficient DNA damage response (DDR), and inhibited growth of patient-derived BLBC xenograft. In summary, these results demonstrate that CIP2A directly interacts with TopBP1 and coordinates DNA damage-induced mitotic checkpoint and proliferation, thereby driving BLBC initiation and progression. SMAPs could serve as a surrogate therapeutic strategy to inhibit the oncogenic activity of CIP2A in BLBCs. SIGNIFICANCE: These results identify CIP2A as a nongenetic driver and therapeutic target in basal-like breast cancer that regulates DNA damage-induced G<sub>2</sub>-M checkpoint and proliferative signaling.
Roll-to-Roll Deposition of a Semiconductor Film on a Flexible Substrate for Photovoltaics: Conception to Reality (2009)

T. W. Fraser Russell has made significant contributions to process engineering advances relating to the commercialization of photovoltaic technology. He recognized that its commercial viability would require the application of sound chemical engineering principles to solve a very nontraditional chemical engineering problem—in particular the engineering methodologies needed to transfer thin-film deposition processes from the laboratory scale into commercial production. In this paper, a historical narrative, spanning the late 1970s through the present day, is presented detailing Fraser’s contributions to the development of photovoltaic film deposition on a continuous moving web via thermal evaporation.
Do Deregulated Cas Proteins Induce Genomic Instability In Early Stage Ovarian Cancer? (2007)

Abstract : Increased genomic instability arising from centrosomal amplification has been proposed to be an important factor causing development of traits associated with highly malignant ovarian tumors, including multidrug resistance and increased tendency to metastasis. This proposal addresses the hypothesized interaction between the Cas proteins (HEF1 and p130Cas), Aurora A (AurA) and Ajuba as being likely to contribute to genomic instability and metastatic properties of ovarian tumors. In this proposal, we examine tumor samples to determine if Cas expression, activated AurA, and centrosomal amplification are linked, and whether Cas protein upregulation is associated with a poor prognosis (Aim 1). We examine the mechanism by which Cas proteins activate AurA, and determine if drug-mediated inactivation of AurA inhibits Cas promotion of aneuploidy (Aim 2). We use drug and depletion experiments to determine if centrosome amplification and enhanced cellular metastasis are linked, and dependent on Cas/integrin signaling, or whether these are separable properties; and to evaluate combination of AurA- and integrin- directed therapies (Aim 3). In this annual report, we describe significant process on all Aims that validate the hypothesis of critical AurA-HEF1-Ajuba interactions.
Simultaneous multichannel wavelength multicasting and XOR logic gate multicasting for three DPSK signals based on four-wave mixing in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (2014)

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate simultaneous multichannel wavelength multicasting (MWM) and exclusive-OR logic gate multicasting (XOR-LGM) for three 10Gbps non-return-to-zero differential phase-shift-keying (NRZ-DPSK) signals in quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA) by exploiting the four-wave mixing (FWM) process. No additional pump is needed in the scheme. Through the interaction of the input three 10Gbps DPSK signal lights in QD-SOA, each channel is successfully multicasted to three wavelengths (1-to-3 for each), totally 3-to-9 MWM, and at the same time, three-output XOR-LGM is obtained at three different wavelengths. All the new generated channels are with a power penalty less than 1.2dB at a BER of 10(-9). Degenerate and non-degenerate FWM components are fully used in the experiment for data and logic multicasting.
Improved Cell Morphology and Surface Roughness in High-Temperature Foam Injection Molding Using a Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene (2021)

Long-chain branched polypropylene (LCB PP) has been used extensively to improve cell morphologies in foaming applications. However, most research focuses on low melt flow rate (MFR) resins, whereas foam production methods such as mold-opening foam injection molding (MO-FIM) require high-MFR resins to improve processability. A systematic study was conducted comparing a conventional linear PP, a broad molecular weight distribution (BMWD) linear PP, and a newly developed BMWD LCB PP for use in MO-FIM. The effects of foaming temperature and molecular architecture on cell morphology, surface roughness, and mechanical properties were studied by utilizing two chemical blowing agents (CBAs) with different activation temperatures and varying packing times. At the highest foaming temperatures, BMWD LCB PP foams exhibited 887% higher cell density, 46% smaller cell sizes, and more uniform cell structures than BWMD linear PP. Linear PP was found to have a surface roughness 23% higher on average than other resins. The BMWD LCB PP was found to have increased flexural modulus (44%) at the cost of decreased toughness (-88%) compared to linear PP. The branched architecture and high molecular weight of the BMWD LCB PP contributed to improved foam morphologies and surface quality in high-temperature MO-FIM conditions.
Comprehensive Physiological Cardiovascular Model Enables Automatic Correction of Hemodynamics in Patients with Acute Life-Threatening Heart Failure (2006)

Saving life of patients with acute life-threatening heart failure is a major challenge. One has to correct several fatal hemodynamic abnormalities at the same time within a limited time frame. The formulation of such complicated treatments enables the development of a system that can be used to save automatically lives of patients with acute heart failure, an autopilot system. To accomplish this, we established a comprehensive physiological cardiovascular model, on which we based the design of the autopilot system. By translating hemodynamics into cardiovascular parameters (pumping ability, vascular resistance, blood volume), and by controlling each of these with individual drugs, we were able to correct blood pressure, cardiac output, and left atrial pressure to the target values rapidly (5.2 +/- 6.6, 6.8 +/- 4.6, and 11.7 +/- 9.8 minutes), stably, and simultaneously.
Achieving synthetic efficiency through new method development (2008)

Abstract In this review article, we present an in-depth analysis of three projects from our recent programs to highlight the green chemistry commitment and accomplishments at Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. In all three cases, dramatic reductions in E-factors were achieved, mainly by shortening the synthetic routes and by implementing newly developed synthetic methodologies.
High-Performance Cu-Interconnects with Novel Seamless Low-k SiOCH Stacks (SEALS) Featured by Compositional Modulation Process for 45nm-Node ULSI Devices (2006)

Damage-free, self-organized Cu dual-damascene (DD) interconnects have been developed for 45nm-node ULSIs with novel "seamless low-k SiOCH stacks" (SEALS) featured by compositional modulation in PECVD processes. In the SEALS (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> =2.9), a carbon-rich porous SiOCH (k=2.45) is stacked directly on an oxygen-rich porous-SiOCH (k=2.7) without etch-stop (ES) or buffer layer, while a non-porous, oxygen-rich SiOCH (k=3.1) is put on the top as the hard-mask (HM). Unique chemistry-controlled plasma-etching and CMP are essential to the damage-free, DD profile control without SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -HM and ES. The 140nm-pitched Cu line has only 85fF/mm (single-load) due to the low k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> , and the interconnect delay of 45nm-node CMOS ring oscillator is reduced by 10% referring to that of the 45nm-node DD interconnect with SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -HM and ES. The Cu DD interconnect with SEALS is a strong candidate for high-speed and low-power, 45nm-node ULSIs