gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Re-evaluation of model-based light-scattering spectroscopy for tissue spectroscopy (2009)

Model-based light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) seemed a promising technique for in-vivo diagnosis of dysplasia in multiple organs. In the studies, the residual spectrum, the difference between the observed and modeled diffuse reflectance spectra, was attributed to single elastic light scattering from epithelial nuclei, and diagnostic information due to nuclear changes was extracted from it. We show that this picture is incorrect. The actual single scattering signal arising from epithelial nuclei is much smaller than the previously computed residual spectrum, and does not have the wavelength dependence characteristic of Mie scattering. Rather, the residual spectrum largely arises from assuming a uniform hemoglobin distribution. In fact, hemoglobin is packaged in blood vessels, which alters the reflectance. When we include vessel packaging, which accounts for an inhomogeneous hemoglobin distribution, in the diffuse reflectance model, the reflectance is modeled more accurately, greatly reducing the amplitude of the residual spectrum. These findings are verified via numerical estimates based on light propagation and Mie theory, tissue phantom experiments, and analysis of published data measured from Barrett's esophagus. In future studies, vessel packaging should be included in the model of diffuse reflectance and use of model-based LSS should be discontinued.
Particle flow characterization for a microfluidic device for cell-based assay (2006)

Fluid velocity fields and particle motions were experimentally studied for the application of microfluidics in chip-based cell assays. muPIV measurements were conducted on diverging microchannels and a microfluidic cell trapping device to characterize the respective fluid flow fields. A highspeed camera was then used to capture and characterize the motion of particles released into the corresponding flows. The distributions of the particle pathlines when undergoing divergence were shown to have negligible inertial effects. Whereas deviations of pathlines within the cell trapping device and were attributed to the design of the macro-micro interfaces in the packaging.
RESULTS OF UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY AT A MINIMUM OF TEN YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP (2005)

Background: There is a renewed interest in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. The present report describes the minimum ten-year results associated with a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty design that is in current use. Methods: Sixty-two consecutive unicompartmental knee arthroplasties that were performed with cemented modular Miller-Galante implants in fifty-one patients were studied prospectively both clinically and radiographically. All patients had isolated unicompartmental disease without patellofemoral symptoms. No patient was lost to follow-up. Thirteen patients (thirteen knees) died after less than ten years of follow-up, leaving thirty-eight patients (forty-nine knees) with a minimum of ten years of follow-up. The average duration of follow-up was twelve years. Results: The mean Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from 55 points preoperatively to 92 points at the time of the final follow-up. Thirty-nine knees (80%) had an excellent result, six (12%) had a good result, and four (8%) had a fair result. At the time of the final follow-up, thirty-nine knees (80%) had flexion to at least 120°. Two patients (two knees) with well-fixed components underwent revision to total knee arthroplasty, at seven and eleven years, because of progression of patellofemoral arthritis. At the time of the final follow-up, no component was loose radiographically and there was no evidence of periprosthetic osteolysis. Radiographic evidence of progressive loss of joint space was observed in the opposite compartment of nine knees (18%) and in the patellofemoral space of seven knees (14%). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a survival rate of 98.0% ± 2.0% at ten years and of 95.7% ± 4.3% at thirteen years, with revision or radiographic loosening as the end point. The survival rate was 100% at thirteen years with aseptic loosening as the end point. Conclusions: After a minimum duration of follow-up of ten years, this cemented modular unicompartmental knee design was associated with excellent clinical and radiographic results. Although the ten-year survival rate was excellent, radiographic signs of progression of osteoarthritis in the other compartments continued at a slow rate. With appropriate indications and technique, this unicompartmental knee design can yield excellent results into the beginning of the second decade of use. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate Aldolase as a Catalyst for Stereocontrolled Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXT2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate Aldolase as a Catalyst for Stereocontrolled Carbon−Carbon Bond FormationDarla P. Henderson, Ian C. Cotterill, Michael C. Shelton, and Eric J. TooneView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4, 906–907Publication Date (Web):February 4, 1998Publication History Received14 October 1997Published online4 February 1998Published inissue 1 February 1998https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9718814Copyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views312Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (33 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Bacteria,Chemical specificity,Electrophiles,Isolation,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Co-existence with ARQ-based primary system through cooperate-and-access spectrum sharing (2011)

We consider spectrum sharing in a cognitive radio network where a secondary user co-exists with an ARQ-based primary user. A spectrum sharing protocol is proposed where the secondary user switches between cooperation and access modes. In the cooperation mode, the secondary system serves as a relay to assist the primary transmission, and in return accumulates credits. The credits allow the secondary user to gain spectrum access by exploiting the ARQ redundant retransmission of the primary user in access mode. We show analytically that as long as the credits accumulated in cooperation mode compensate for the degradation in primary performance during access mode, the proposed protocol achieves an equal (or higher) average throughput for the primary system than the case without spectrum sharing, while providing spectrum access opportunities for the secondary user.
The chemistry of polycyclic arene imines. I. Substitution at the nitrogen atom of 1a,9b‐dihydro‐1H‐phenanthro[9,10‐b]azirine (1981)

Abstract Chlorides of carboxylic, sulfonic and phosphoric acids proved to convert phenanthrene‐9,10‐imine into the corresponding rearranged acet‐ sulfon‐ and phosphonamidophenanthrene. Trimethylchlorosilane and N,O ‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide reacted with the imine without destruction of the aziridine ring. The silylated compound could be transferred into the respective N ‐substituted phenanthrene‐9,10‐imines when treated with acetyl‐, methanesulfonyl‐, 4‐tosyl‐ and diethylphosphoryl chloride. A remarkably stable N ‐chlorophenanthrene‐9,10‐imine was obtained from the unsubstituted compound and N ‐chlorosuccinimide.
19-Gb/s adaptively modulated optical OFDM transmission for WDM-PON using 1 GHz RSOAs with separated I/Q baseband delivery (2011)

19Gb/s transmission over 23-km SMF is demonstrated based on 1-GHz bandwidth limited RSOAs with adaptively modulated optical OFDM. A novel baseband transmission technique with in-phase/quadrature channel separation is applied to halve the sampling speed requirements. Selective bit allocation with pre-emphasis and post compensation are used to optimize the transmission performance.
Rat Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for LST1 Proteins (2009)

The LST1 gene is located in the human MHC class III region and encodes transmembrane and soluble isoforms that have been suggested to play a role in the regulation of the immune response and are associated with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we describe the generation and characterization of the first monoclonal antibodies against LST1. Two hybridoma lines secreting monoclonal antibodies designated 7E2 and 8D12 were established. The 7E2 antibody detects recombinant and endogenous LST1 by Western blot analysis while 8D12 reacts with recombinant and endogenous LST1 in immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry procedures. The newly established antibodies were used to survey LST1 protein expression in human cell lines, which was found to be tightly regulated, allowing the expression of transmembrane isoforms but suppressing soluble isoforms.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Cross-Language Algorithms and Applications (2016)

With the increasingly global nature of our everyday interactions, the need for multilin- gual technologies to support efficient and effective information access and communication cannot be overemphasized. Computational modeling of language has been the focus of Natural Language Processing, a subdiscipline of Artificial Intelligence. One of the current challenges for this discipline is to design methodologies and algorithms that are cross- language in order to create multilingual technologies rapidly. The goal of this JAIR special issue on Cross-Language Algorithms and Applications (CLAA) is to present leading re- search in this area, with emphasis on developing unifying themes that could lead to the development of the science of multi- and cross-lingualism. In this introduction, we provide the reader with the motivation for this special issue and summarize the contributions of the papers that have been included. The selected papers cover a broad range of cross-lingual technologies including machine translation, domain and language adaptation for sentiment analysis, cross-language lexical resources, dependency parsing, information retrieval and knowledge representation. We anticipate that this special issue will serve as an invaluable resource for researchers interested in topics of cross-lingual natural language processing.
Association between choriocapillaris flow deficit and choroidal neovascularization activity in eyes with myopic choroidal neovascularization (2021)

Abstract Although choriocapillaris flow deficit (CFD) around choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is less associated with CNV activity in myopic eyes, there are no reports investigating its size as an indicator of CNV activity. We investigated the relationship between CFD and high myopia-related CNV. In this retrospective, observational study, patients underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) with split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography for diagnosing pathological myopic CNV (mCNV); CFD features around CNV margins were evaluated. Of the 33 eyes (30 patients), 11 (33.3%) had active mCNV, and 22 (66.7%) had inactive CNV. Five eyes (15.2%) were treatment-naïve, while the remainder previously underwent anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. On OCTA, blood flow signals were detected in CNV in the outer retinal layer in 28 (84.8%) eyes, including all active cases (11 cases) and 17 (77.3%) of 22 inactive cases. CNV flow signal size correlated significantly with activity (P = 0.002). CFD around CNV was observed in 18 eyes (54.5%), eight of which had active CNV. CFD size correlated significantly with CNV activity (P = 0.014). The size of both the CFD area around CNV and CNV flow signal area are useful indicators of CNV activity in eyes with mCNV, which may help determine treatment timing.
Low-Level Birefringence Measurements Applied to Optical Interconnects (2004)

Birefringence arises in optical interconnects due to residual stress. This affects reliability and performance. A new full-field retardation measurement method is presented and compared to the existing Brace-Köhler technique. Both methods are applied to retrieve the twodimensional birefringence distribution of optical fibers and polymer waveguides.
Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and myopic refractive error: a Mendelian randomization study (2017)

The tight confidence intervals on our estimates suggest the true contribution of vitamin D levels to degree of myopia is very small and indistinguishable from zero. Previous findings from observational studies linking vitamin D levels to myopia were likely attributable to the effects of confounding by time spent outdoors.
Pathogenic autoantibodies are routinely generated during the response to foreign antigen: a paradigm for autoimmune disease. (1996)

The immune system's ability to distinguish self and nonself is essential for both host defense against foreign agents and protection of self-antigens from autoimmune destruction. Such discrimination is complicated by extensive structural homology shared between foreign and self antigens. One hypothesis to explain the development of an autoimmune response is that some B cells activated by foreign antigen acquire, through somatic mutation, specificity for both the eliciting foreign antigen and self antigen. If such clones arise frequently, there must be a mechanism for their elimination. We have analyzed the extent of autoreactivity arising in a nonautoimmune host during the response to a foreign antigen. To overcome the process of apoptosis in primary B cells that might routinely eliminate autoreactive clones, we generated B-cell hybridomas from spleen cells of immunized mice by using a fusion partner constitutively expressing bcl-2. Multiple lines were obtained that recognize simultaneously the hapten phosphorylcholine and the self antigen double-stranded DNA. This dual specificity was not present early but was detected by day 10 after immunization. Some of these cross-reactive antibodies deposit in kidneys in a pattern similar to what is seen in autoimmune disease. These results demonstrate that autoantibodies arise at a high frequency as part of a response to foreign antigen. It has previously been shown that autoreactivity is regulated by central deletion; these data demonstrate a need for negative selection in peripheral lymphoid organs also, to regulate autoantibodies acquiring their self-specificity by somatic mutation.
Exciton Mobility in Organic Photovoltaic Heterojunctions from Femtosecond Stimulated Raman (2015)

Exciton mobility is crucial to organic photovoltaic (OPV) efficiency, but accurate, quantitative measures and therefore precise understanding of this process are currently lacking. Here, we exploit the unique capabilities of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) to disentangle the signatures of the bulk and interfacial donor response in a bulk heterojunction composed of poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Surprisingly, we find that donor excitons are very mobile for the first ∼300 fs following excitation (before thermalization) even though their overall lifetime is significantly longer (170 ps). A sharp decrease in mobility occurs after the system relaxes out of the Franck-Condon (FC) region. From this observation we predict that any polymer lacking a significant resonance Raman effect and fluorescence Stokes shift, indicating slow FC relaxation and small reorganization energy, will make an efficient OPV material.
Enhanced Viability for Ex vivo 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Patient-Derived Xenografts in a Perfused Microfluidic Platform (2020)

Patient-derived xenografts (PDX), generated when resected patient tumor tissue is engrafted directly into immunocompromised mice, remain biologically stable, thereby preserving molecular, genetic, and histological features, as well as heterogeneity of the original tumor. However, using these models to perform a multitude of experiments, including drug screening, is prohibitive both in terms of cost and time. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are widely viewed as platforms in which cancer cells retain their biological integrity through biochemical interactions, morphology, and architecture. Our team has extensive experience culturing PDX cells in vitro using 3D matrices composed of hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to separate mouse fibroblast stromal cells associated with PDXs, we use rotation culture, where stromal cells adhere to the surface of tissue culture-treated plates while dissociated PDX tumor cells float and self-associate into multicellular clusters. Also floating in the supernatant are single, often dead cells, which present a challenge in collecting viable PDX clusters for downstream encapsulation into hydrogels for 3D cell culture. In order to separate these single cells from live cell clusters, we have employed density step gradient centrifugation. The protocol described here allows for the depletion of non-viable single cells from the healthy population of cell clusters that will be used for further in vitro experimentation. In our studies, we incorporate the 3D cultures in microfluidic plates which allow for media perfusion during culture. After assessing the resultant cultures using a fluorescent image-based viability assay of purified versus non-purified cells, our results show that this additional separation step substantially reduced the number of non-viable cells from our cultures.
Revisiting and validating a model of two-thumb text entry (2007)

MacKenzie and Soukoreff have previously introduced a Fitts' Law-based performance model of expert two-thumb text entry on mini-QWERTY keyboards [4]. In this work we validate the original model using results from a longitudinal study of mini-QWERTY keyboards, and update the model to account for observed inter-key time data.
Characterization of ion beam and magnetron sputtered thin Ta/NiFe films (1999)

Thin Ta/NiFe films were deposited using ion beam deposition (IBD), pulsed, and static magnetron sputtering techniques. These NiFe films show anisotropy field values ∼4 Oe, easy axis coercivities ⩽1 Oe, and hard axis coercivities ⩽0.3 Oe. IBD films exhibit higher magnetoresistance ratios (ΔR/R), while little difference is noted between different deposition techniques in the sheet resistance of NiFe films. A ΔR/R value of 1.8% has been measured for a 90 Å IBD NiFe films. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that NiFe films of the same thickness have about the same grain size regardless of deposition technique, however, IBD films exhibit superior (111) texture and crystallinity. Our results clearly indicate that the superior magnetic properties of thin IBD Ta/NiFe films are a result of high crystallographic quality of these films.
System architecture and key components of a multi-Giga-Hertz A/D converter with HBT (2002)

This paper reports the design and performance of a very fast 6-bit ADC system with GaAs HBT technology. The ADC system consists of a track/hold circuit and an ADC. The track/hold circuit employs an open-loop architecture and uses Schottky barrier diodes for a diode switch, and achieves 3 GS/s operation with better than 6-bit linearity. The 6-bit ADC employs folding/interpolation architecture to reduce hardware and power maintaining the high-speed operation, and it achieves DC linearity better than 7-bit.
Magnetic induction of electroporation: Numerical analysis and technical limitations (2014)

Electric fields delivered across biological cells can cause structural and functional changes to the cell membrane, such as electroporation. An important application of electroporation is in the permeabilization of skin cells. Currently these cells are electroporated with contact electrodes. In this study we explore the feasibility of using electromagnetic induction for non-contact electroporation of skin cells, and the effect of various design parameters on the process. We derived a simple analytical solution that lends itself to a systematic study of design parameters and verified the solution with a numeric solution of the Maxwell equations using finite elements. A short feasibility study of the system implementation is done, concluding that there are technological limitations that must be met in the future in order to build such a device.
1.064- and 1.32-µm Nd:YAG single crystal fiber lasers (1986)

We report the development of CW 1.06- and 1.32-μm fiber lasers made of short sections of Nd:YAG single crystal fibers optically end-pumped either with an Argon-ion laser ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda = 0.5145\mu</tex> m) or a single laser diode ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda = 0.817\mu</tex> m). High conversion efficiencies, a few milliwatt thresholds and 10-20 mW output powers are reported, as well as a good coupling efficiency to a standard single-mode fiber. Loss mechanisms and means of reduction are also investigated for a variety of fiber lasers in either guided or unguided configurations.
Phylogenomics of asexual Epichloë fungal endophytes forming associations with perennial ryegrass (2015)

Unique taxonomic status for the PNT was confirmed through comparison of multiple nuclear gene sequences, and also supported by evidence from chemotypic diversity. Analysis of MT gene idiomorphs further supported a predicted independent origin of two distinct perennial ryegrass-associated novel taxa, designated LpTG-3 and LpTG-4, from different members of a similar founder population related to contemporary E. festucae. The analysis also provided higher resolution to the known progenitor contributions of previously characterised perennial ryegrass-associated endophyte taxa.
Evaluation of Torsional Oscillations in Paper Machine Sections (2005)

Torsional oscillations greatly affect performance and determine the bandwidth (BW) and damping of speed loops. Backlash due to gear reducers can also contribute to the triggering of oscillations, especially when the drive runs at very low load torque. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of these effects in typical electromechanical drive trains applied to paper machine sections. The cases evaluated consider torsional oscillations in two-mass and three-mass systems, and the effect of shaft diameter and length on the resonant frequencies of three typical paper machine sections. Time-domain response plots are evaluated to show the effect of speed response overshoot, reducer backlash, and step or ramp speed commands. Based on these results, mechanical design guidelines are given for the most significant drive train components in order to minimize torsional oscillations of the speed-controlled drive system.