gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photopolymerization mechanisms of acrylates in poly(methyl methacrylate) films (1999)

Photoinitiation processes for photopolymer coating layers have been investigated with respect to quenching rates by a laser flash photolysis using a total reflection cell, as well as to the decomposition-quantum yield of a sensitizer dye and a radical-generating reagent by a gel permeative chromatographic analysis (GPC); the sensitizer dye,2-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]naphtho[1,2-d]-thiazole (DNT) and the radical-generating reagent, 2,2′-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-4,4′,5,5′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-bi-1H-imidazole (BI). From experiments using flash photolysis, strong fluorescence was observed at excitation of 355 nm laser pulse, though no transient absorption was observed. The fluorescence was statically quenched by BI with a quenching distance, R = 11 Å. From the experiments using GPC, the high-quantum yield of decomposition (Φ) was obtained as Φ (DNT) = 3 and Φ (BI) = 9 for DNT and BI in the presence of acrylate monomers, trimethyrolpropanetri-acrylate (TMPTA), at 488 nm exposure of 3.36 mJ cm which was required to form a photo-hardened image, however no decomposition of DNT and BI was detected in the absence of TMPTA. The results imply that the photoinitiator system undergoes efficient static-dye sensitization and efficient polymerization of the acrylate monomers accompanied with the chain decomposition of DNT and BI. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of developmental metrics for utilization in a pediatric advanced automatic crash notification algorithm (2015)

The injury patterns observed across developmental metrics in this study mirror those previously described among children with blunt trauma. This study identifies age as the metric best suited for use in a pediatric AACN algorithm and utilizes 12 years of data to provide quantifiable risks of particular injuries at different levels of this metric. This risk quantification will have important predictive purposes in a pediatric-specific AACN algorithm.
Production of carbon molecular sieves from Illinois coal. [Quarterly] technical report, December 1, 1993--February 28, 1994 (1994)

Carbon molecular sieves (CMS) have become an increasingly important class of adsorbents for use in gas separation and recovery processes. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of CMS and to evaluate the potential application of the products in commercial gas separation processes. In Phase I of this project, gram quantities of char were produced from IBC-102 coal in a fixed-bed reactor under a wide range of pyrolysis and activation conditions. The kinetics of adsorption of various gases, i.e., O{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4} and H{sub 2}, on these chars at 25{degree}C was studied. Several chars showed good potential for efficient O{sub 2}/N{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}, CO{sub 2}H{sub 2} and CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} separation; both high adsorption capacities and selectivities were achieved. The full potential of these materials in commercial gas separations has yet to be realized. In Phase II, the optimal char preparation conditions determined in Phase I are applied to production of larger quantities of CMS in a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTFK).
Brain Functional Localization: A Survey of Image Registration Techniques (2007)

Functional localization is a concept which involves the application of a sequence of geometrical and statistical image processing operations in order to define the location of brain activity or to produce functional/parametric maps with respect to the brain structure or anatomy. Considering that functional brain images do not normally convey detailed structural information and, thus, do not present an anatomically specific localization of functional activity, various image registration techniques are introduced in the literature for the purpose of mapping functional activity into an anatomical image or a brain atlas. The problems addressed by these techniques differ depending on the application and the type of analysis, i.e., single-subject versus group analysis. Functional to anatomical brain image registration is the core part of functional localization in most applications and is accompanied by intersubject and subject-to-atlas registration for group analysis studies. Cortical surface registration and automatic brain labeling are some of the other tools towards establishing a fully automatic functional localization procedure. While several previous survey papers have reviewed and classified general-purpose medical image registration techniques, this paper provides an overview of brain functional localization along with a survey and classification of the image registration techniques related to this problem.
Physical and Engineering Constraints for Tokamak Reactors with Helical Coils (1983)

We present an analytical and numerical analysis of a tokamak reactor with a set of helical coils added in order to eliminate plasma disruptions. The optimal helical configuration was found to be a set of continuous, ℓ = 2 stellarator coils which are made of copper and are internal to the toroidal field coils, ℓ being the number of poloidal field periods. (The optimization process did not include evaluation of the viability of a modular stellarator reactor). Scaling laws were developed for this optimal configuration, and a series of parametric scans are performed with varying assumptions for the forces on the helical coils and the ratio of helical coil transform to plasma transform (M*). The option space available for attractive reactor designs is strongly constrained and involves large forces on the helical coils, low q plasma operation (q being the plasma safety factor), and moderately low M* (3 to 5). Numerical calculations showed that M* must be > 3 in order to obtain well defined flux surfaces. This is in agreement with results from the JIPP-TII tokamak.
Design of Flat-Plate Dehumidifiers for Humidification–Dehumidification Desalination Systems (2012)

Flat-plate heat exchangers are examined for use as dehumidifiers in humidification–dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems. The temperature and humidity ratio differences that drive mass transfer are considerably higher than in air-conditioning systems, making current air-conditioning dehumidifier designs and design software ill-suited to HDH desalination applications. In this work a numerical dehumidifier model is developed and validated against experimental data. The model uses a logarithmic mass transfer driving force and an accurate Lewis number. The heat exchanger is subdivided into many cells for high accuracy. The Ackermann correction takes into account the effect of noncondensable gases on heat transfer during condensation. The influence of various heat exchanger design parameters is thoroughly investigated and suitable geometries are identified. Among others, the relationship between heat flow, pressure drop, and heat transfer area is shown. The thermal resistance of the condensate layer is negligible for the investigated geometries and operating point. A particle-embedded polymer as a flat-plate heat exchanger material for seawater operation substantially improves the heat flux relative to pure polymers and approaches the performance of titanium alloys. Thus, the use of particle-embedded polymers is recommended. The dehumidifier model can be applied in design and optimization of HDH desalination systems.
Thermal-birefringence-induced depolarization in Nd:YAG ceramics (2002)

The thermal-birefringence effect in Nd(3+) -doped YAG ceramics has been investigated. The amount of depolarization induced by thermal birefringence in Nd:YAG ceramics is nearly the same as that in (111)-cut single crystals at the same Nd(3+) concentration. However, depolarization becomes larger as the Nd(3+) concentration increases, even at the same absorbed pump power.
Temporal changes in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 genotypes in healthy Gambians before and after the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (2014)

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 is one of the leading causes of invasive pneumococcal disease. However this invasive serotype is hardly found in nasopharyngeal asymptomatic carriage and therefore large epidemiological studies are needed to assess the dynamics of serotype 1 infection. Within the context of a large cluster randomized trial conducted in rural Gambia to assess the impact of PCV-7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage, we present an ancillary study describing the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcal serotype 1 and temporal changes of its more frequent genotypes. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected before PCV-7 vaccination (December 2003-May 2004) and up to 30 months after PCV-7 vaccination (post-vaccination periods 1 to 3: July 2006 – March 2007; April 2007 – March 2008 and April 2008 – Feb 2009). S. pneumoniae serotype 1 were genotyped by MLST. Serotype 1 was recovered from 87 (0.71%) of 12,319 NPS samples collected. In the pre-vaccination period, prevalence of serotype 1 was 0.47% in both study arms. In the post-vaccination periods, prevalence in the fully vaccinated villages ranged between 0.08% in period 1 and 0.165% in period 2; while prevalence in partly vaccinated villages was between 0.17% in period 3 and 1.34% in period 2. Overall four different genotypes were obtained with ST3081 the most prevalent (60.71%) followed by ST618 929.76%). ST3081 was found only in post-vaccination period 2 and 3 while ST618 had disappeared in post-vaccination period 3. Distribution of these major genotypes was similar in both study arms.Emergence of ST3081 and concomitant disappearance of ST618 may suggest a change in the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal serotype 1 in this region. This change is not likely to be associated with the introduction of PCV-7 which lacks serotype 1 as it was observed simultaneously in both study arms. Future population-based epidemiological studies will provide further evidence of substantive changes in the pneumococcal serotype 1 epidemiology and the likely mechanisms.
Effect of Location and Type of Separating Load on Joint Clamp Load and Bolt Tension (2007)

This study investigates the change in the tension of a tightened bolt, and the corresponding change in the joint clamp load due to various forms of dynamic separating load that is placed at different distances from the bolt center. Dynamic finite element analysis is performed using ABAQUS on a single-bolt joint using a separating force in the form of a step, shifted sinusoidal, ramp, cyclic ramp and square functions. The separating force is symmetrically placed at locations (from the bolt center) that are equal to 2, 3, 4, and 5 times the nominal diameter of the bolt. Changes in the bolt tension and the clamp load are investigated for three levels of the peak separating load. Dynamic FEA results are compared with those of static separating loads.
Effects of 2 Novel PYY(1-36) Analogues, (P3L31P34)PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys12PAL), on Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function, Growth, and Survival (2019)

Recent studies have identified a beneficial role for peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) on pancreatic beta-cell function and survival. These effects are linked to the activation of neuropeptide Y1 receptors (NPYR1s) by PYY(1-36). However, PYY(1-36) is subject to rapid degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), resulting is the loss of NPYR1 activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop 2 enzymatically stable PYY(1-36) analogues, namely, (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys<sup>12</sup>PAL), with further structural modifications to enhance NPYR1 specificity. As expected, (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) was fully resistant to DPP-4-mediated degradation in vitro, whereas PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys<sup>12</sup>PAL) were both liable to DPP-4 breakdown. PYY(1-36) and (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) induced significant reductions in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from BRIN BD11 cells, but only PYY(1-36) diminished alanine-stimulated insulin secretion. In contrast, PYY(1-36)(Lys<sup>12</sup>PAL) had no impact on GSIS or alanine-induced insulin release. All 3 PYY peptides significantly enhanced proliferation in BRIN BD11 and 1.1B4 beta-cell lines, albeit only at the highest concentration examined, 10<sup>-6</sup> M, for (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys<sup>12</sup>PAL) in BRIN BD11 cells. Regarding the protection of beta-cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis, PYY(1-36) induced clear protective effects. Both (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) and PYY(1-36)(Lys<sup>12</sup>PAL) offered some protection against apoptosis in BRIN BD11 cells, but were significantly less efficacious than PYY(1-36). Similarly, in 1.1B4 cells, both PYY analogues (10<sup>-6</sup> M) protected against cytokine-induced apoptosis, but (P<sup>3</sup>L<sup>31</sup>P<sup>34</sup>)PYY(1-36) was significantly less effective than PYY(1-36). All 3 PYY peptides had no impact on refeeding in overnight fasted mice. These data underline the beta-cell benefits of PYY(1-36) and highlight the challenges of synthesising stable, bioactive, NPYR1-specific, PYY(1-36) analogues.
Role of the anode material in the unipolar switching of TiN\NiO\Ni cells (2013)

In this paper, we investigate the unipolar resistive-switching mechanism in TiN\NiO\Ni cells, whereby the NiO layer is deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Irrespective of the cell size down to 80 nm, controlled unipolar switching is observed only on condition the Ni electrode is used as anode. Local elemental analyzes revealed enhanced oxygen concentration at the NiO\Ni interface after reset operation. Based on this result as well as on the quantum-mechanical modeling of the conduction for different resistance states, the reset switching is analyzed in terms of electrochemically assisted oxidation process of the conductive filament close to the Ni anode. Electrical switching results on various stack configurations confirm the major impact of the electrode materials on the reset performances, bringing important insights into the mechanisms involved in the unipolar switching of this system. Literature data are discussed on the basis of this learning, suggesting possible extension of these considerations to other oxide-based switching systems.
Upregulation of B-50/GAP-43 in Schwann cells at denervated motor endplates and in motoneurons after rat facial nerve crush (1993)

Crush or transection of peripheral nerves of the adult rat is accompanied by changes in protein expression, including the growth associated protein (GAP-43) B-50. Following peripheral nerve crush in rat enhanced B-50 immunoreactivity was observed in regenerating nerve fibres and in newly formed axon terminals. However, before reinnervation was apparent, an unexpected transient increase in B-50 immunoreactivity was observed at denervated motor endplates [J. Neurosci. 8 (1988) 1759]. This study was performed to clarify this observation. Four days following facial nerve crush B-50 immunoreactivity was detected by double immunofluorescence microscopy in Sl00-positive Schwann cells covering the denervated endplates. Using diluted polyclonal and monoclonal B-50 antibodies we found that B-50 immunoreactivity at the denervated motor endplates was strongly increased in comparison to innervated motor endplates in which B-50 immunoreactivity was hardly detectable. However, when a high concentration of B-50 antibodies was applied the normal innervated motor endplates were also B-50 immunoreactive. Muscle fibres did not display B-50 immunoreactivity. Northern blot analysis revealed elevated B-50 mRNA in denervated muscle and in degenerating nerve with respect to the controls. The B-50 mRNA levels in these non-neuronal tissues were very low compared to the intact and injured facial nucleus containing the neuronal cell bodies. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the B-50 protein was localized in the processes of Schwann cells covering axon terminals of intact and vacant motor endplates and in axon varicosities of sympathetic nerves. This study has confirmed that prior to reinnervation B-50 immunoreactivity is increased at denervated motor endplates and shows that B-50 is co-localized with S100 in Schwann cells. Therefore, upregulation of B-50 expression in Schwann cells may explain the early occurrence of B-50 immunoreactivity at the motor endplate.
A Common Mechanism Links Activities of Butyrate in the Colon (2018)

Two\nbiological activities of butyrate in the colon (suppression\nof proliferation of colonic epithelial stem cells and inflammation)\ncorrelate with inhibition of the activity of histone deacetylases.\nCellular and biochemical studies of molecules similar in structure\nto butyrate, but different in molecular details (functional groups,\nchain-length, deuteration, oxidation level, fluorination, or degree\nof unsaturation), demonstrated that these activities were sensitive\nto molecular structure, and were compatible with the hypothesis that\nbutyrate acts by binding to the Zn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; in the catalytic site\nof histone deacetylases. Structure–activity relationships drawn\nfrom a set of 36 compounds offer a starting point for the design of\nnew compounds targeting the inhibition of histone deacetylases. The\nobservation that butyrate was more potent than other short-chain fatty\nacids is compatible with the hypothesis that crypts evolved (at least\nin part), to separate stem cells at the base of crypts from butyrate\nproduced by commensal bacteria.
Regulation of the Wound‐Induced Myrosinase‐Associated Protein Transcript in Brassica Napus Plants (1997)

Two slightly differing cDNA clones corresponding to the wound-inducible form of a previously characterized seed myrosinase-associated protein (MyAP) have been isolated from Brassica napus L. The transcripts corresponding to the induced MyAP (iMyAP) were found to be developmentally regulated in various vegetative organs. Both young and old leaves exhibited wound-inducible iMyAP expression. Furthermore, in the young plant, wounding resulted in a systemic increase in leaves located both acropetally and basipetally to the wounded leaf. Also, the iMyAP transcripts were induced by methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. The different inductions could be antagonized by salicylic acid. A general responsiveness in methyl-jasmonate-treated leaves was demonstrated by in situ hybridization. No effect on the amount of iMyAP transcript was detected after feeding the plants with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The similarity between MyAP and a lipase from Arabidopsis thaliana indicated a possible function in liberating acylated glucosinolates from their acyl group, thereby making them available for hydrolysis by the myrosinase enzymes. We also report on a reduction in the amount of myrosinase transcripts derived from the vegetatively expressed MB-gene family after treatment with exogenously applied salicylic acid or abscisic acid.
Nitric oxide and sphingolipids: mechanisms of interaction and role in cellular pathophysiology (2008)

Nitric oxide is a short-lived messenger with pleiotropic roles in the regulation of cell patho-physiological processes, including survival, death, proliferation and differentiation. Increasing evidence over the last few years has shown that nitric oxide effects in apoptosis, growth and differentiation originate in significant part from its interplay with signalling members of the sphingolipid family. In many cell types belonging to different lineages, nitric oxide and sphingolipids interact in two-way pathways leading to regulation of the activity and expression of enzymes involved in each other's signalling events. These crosstalk signalling events involve various sphingolipids, with key roles for ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, and signal transduction molecules downstream of nitric oxide, with cyclic GMP as a main player. The biological implications of some of these interactions are now being understood. The best-characterised so far, the mutual regulation of sphingomyelinases and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, acts as a tuning system in crucial patho-physiological processes such as inflammation, proliferation and cell death.
Robust OFDM transmissions over frequency-selective channels with multiplicative time-selective effects (2002)

OFDM systems enable simple and effective schemes to mitigate frequency-selective fading channels. However, they are extremely sensitive to multiplicative fluctuations induced by time-varying multipath delays, carrier offsets and oscillators phase noise. Although the duration of OFDM symbols is chosen smaller than the channel coherence time to avoid, or reduce, channel time variations, this choice limits system efficiency. In this paper, we propose a generalized OFDM scheme capable of estimating and then compensating channel frequency selectivity and multiplicative noise effects using a deterministic method that exploits the redundancy added to the transmitted sequence in the form of pilot tones and null guard intervals in the frequency domain. The proposed method applies to channels modeled as the cascade of dispersive filters whose output is corrupted by both additive and multiplicative noise.
Analysis on interband-resonant light modulation by intersubband-resonant light in n-doped quantum wells (1992)

The authors describe a theoretical analysis on interband-resonant light modulation by intersubband-resonant light in the n-doped quantum well. The modulation principle is briefly explained. The theoretical formulation for the modulation is derived by using density matrix theory. The modulation characteristics concerning the absorption coefficient and refractive index are calculated for various parameters. It is shown that the absorption coefficient for the interband-resonant light can be greatly changed by the incidence of intersubband-resonant light.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Recent Advances in IEC Physics and Technology at the University of Wisconsin (2013)

AbstractThe University of Wisconsin-Madison has conducted research on gridded inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) devices for the past 18 years. There are currently 4 experimental devices operating at voltages up to 180 kV and 60 mA. These devices have uncovered several new phenomena that have greatly improved our understanding of IEC devices. Recent advances include the discovery of a significant negative ion component of DD plasmas and spatial profiles of fusion reactions that did not conform to our prior understanding of these devices. The use of this technology has also contributed to our understanding of surface damage to high temperature in-vessel W components after even low exposures to energetic He ion fluences. Expansion of the voltage-ion current parameter space to 300 kV-200 mA in the near future will help our understanding of advanced fusion fuel cycles.