gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing Capacitance of Zeolite-Templated Carbons in Electric Double Layer Capacitors (2015)

Enhancement of the specific capacitance in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is of high interest due to the ever increasing demand for high power density energy storage devices. Zeolite templated carbon (ZTC) is a promising EDLC electrode material with large specific surface area and straight, ordered well-defined micropores. In this study, ZTC samples were synthesized using a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP CVD) of carbon on sacrificial zeolite Y powder using acetylene gas as a precursor. We demonstrate for the first time how various post-treatments of the produced samples can affect the ZTC microstructure and porosity and how such modifications may significantly improve electrochemical performance characteristics of the ZTC-based EDLC electrodes. The effects of CO2 activation, ball milling and high temperature annealing process were systematically studied. The best performing samples achieved very large capacitance of over 240 Fg−1 at 1 mVs−1 in 1 M solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile and stable performance in symmetric EDLC devices with no noticeable degradation for over 20,000 cycles at a very high current density of 20 Ag−1.
Le virus du Sida au milieu du gué vingt-cinq ans après (2008)

> Au XXe siecle, la virologie s’est progressivement imposee comme un moyen unique pour comprendre l’immense complexite et la fragilite du vivant. A ce titre, la Retrovirologie a ete tres feconde, commencant des 1906 avec les premiers retrovirus caracterises, tel EIAV qui infecte les chevaux, et les virus oncogeniques ASLV presents chez les oiseaux. Ces decouvertes ont suscite d’abord peu d’enthousiasme, avant d’apparaitre comme des approches essentielles a l’analyse du vivant dans le contexte du developpement des cultures de cellules et de la microscopie electronique. Nous avons assiste alors a un renouveau d’interet de la communaute scientifique pour ces virus et les maladies qu’ils provoquent en tant qu’agents infectieux tres simples. Citons les decouvertes de retrovirus infectant les rongeurs (MLV) causant cancer, leucemie et degenerescence du systeme nerveux central, et les petits ruminants (Visna/CAEV) chez qui l’infection virale provoque pneumopathie et arthrite. Au cours de la deuxieme moitie du XXe siecle, des decouvertes et innovations majeures vont profondement marquer la recherche en biologie et medecine, citons la restriction d’hote chez les bacteries et pour les enzymes de restriction conduisant a l’avenement de la biologie moleculaire, le clonage et l’amplification d’ADN, le sequencage et l’analyse structurale des macromolecules du vivant, avec, par voie de consequence, une recherche planifiee et acceleree de nouvelles molecules medicaments et de nouveaux vaccins. C’est dans ce contexte prodigieusement dynamique et novateur que les hypotheses et les decouvertes se succedent en retrovirologie, comme celle du provirus par H. Temin inspire par l’etude des bacteriophages qui conduit a decouvrir l’ADN polymerase ARN dependante, ou transcriptase inverse (RT) [1, 2], une enzyme cle de la replication des retrovirus, et dont les utilisations en genetique, biotechnologie et medecine sont devenues incontournables ; c’est aussi la decouverte remarquable des oncogenes et proto-oncogenes [3, 4] qui regulent le developpement, la proliferation et la survie ou la mort des cellules, et qui a ouvert un immense champ dans les domaines de la recherche fondamentale et de la medecine. Et l’humanite dans tout cela ? Plus on recherche ces virus, plus on en decouvre presents, des oiseaux aux singes, y compris sous la forme dite de retrovirus endogenes constituant une part importante du genome, de la levure a l’homme.
Influence of Individual Bile Acids inEscherichia coliPeritonitis (1990)

Previous studies have shown that intraperitoneal bile increases bacterial growth and mortality in Escherichia coli peritonitis in the rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine a) the influence of bile acids (cholic, deoxycholic, or chenodeoxycholic) and bilirubin on survival, bacterial growth, and superoxide release by peritoneal phagocytes in this model, and b) the effect of bile acids on bacterial growth and endotoxin release when incubated with E. coli in vitro. Each of the bile acids aggravated the E. coli peritonitis, with increased bacterial counts in the peritoneal cavity and in blood and increased mortality. Deoxycholic acid was the most deleterious of the bile acids, causing suppression of superoxide release by peritoneal phagocytes, like whole bile. In vitro, bile acids did not seem to affect growth of E. coli, but cholic and deoxycholic acid seemed to enhance the release of endotoxin. It is concluded that the bile acids are responsible for the noxious effect of bile in E. coli peritonitis. It is suggested that the detergent properties of bile acids aggravate the peritonitis by solubilizing the cell membranes of both bacteria and phagocytes.
Characterization ofSolenopsis invicta(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Populations in Virginia: Social form Genotyping and Pathogen/Parasitoid Detection (2010)

Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, workers were sampled from 26 colonies in Virginia during the 2007–2008 time period. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to determine colony social form (monogyny or polygyny) by genotyping ants at the Gp9 locus. Twenty of the colonies (76.9%) were found to be polygyne. Multiplex PCR was also used to detect the presence of several organisms currently being used as biological control agents for fire ants in the U.S., including the microsporidian parasite Kneallhazia solenopsae and Pseudacteon spp. parasitioid decapitating phorid flies in the sampled colonies. Kneallhazia solenopsae was detected in 11 of 26 colonies (42%). In addition, Pseudacteon spp. flies were detected in 2 (7.7%) colonies. The sampled colonies were examined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for the presence of Solenopsis invicta viruses -1 and -2. Results indicated that 5 colonies were infected with SINV-1 (19%) and none were infected with SINV-2. This study is the first to characterize the red imported fire ant infestation in Virginia and documents the presence of biological control agents in this area.Se realizó un muestreo de las obreras de la hormiga de fuego roja importada, Solenopsis invicta Buren, en 26 colonias en el estado de Virginia durante el período del 2007 al 2008. Se utilizaron ensayos de la reacción en cadena por la polimerasa (RCP) para determinar la forma social de la colonia (monoginia = una sola reina reproductive) o poliginia = reinas multiples) por medio del genotipo de las hormigas en el locus Gp-9. Se encontró que veinte de las colonias (76.9%) fueron poliginias. Se usó RCP múltiplex para detectar la presencia de varios organismos que estan usando actualmente como agentes de control biológico para las hormigas de fuego en los Estados Unidos, incluyendo el parasito microesporidiano Kneallhazia solenopsae, y la mosca Pseudacteon spp. (Diptera: Phoridae) que son parasitoides que decapitan las hormigas en las colonias muestreadas. Kneallhazia solenopsae fue detectado en 11 de las 26 colonias (42%). Además, se detectaron las moscas Pseudacteon spp. en dos (7.7%) de las colonias. Se examinaron las colonias muestreadas por la transcripción reversa de RCP (TR-RCP) para la presencia de los virus 1 y 2 de Solenopsis invicta. Los resultados indican que las 5 colonias fueron infectadas con SINV-1 (19%) y ninguna fue infectada con SINV-2. Este es el primer studio que caractiza la infestación de la hormiga de fuego roja importada en Virginia y documenta la presencia de agentes de control biológico en esta área.
Structural Studies of Extension-Induced Mesophase Formation in Poly(diethylsiloxane) Elastomers:  In Situ Synchrotron WAXS and SAXS (2003)

Amorphous poly(diethylsiloxane) (PDES) elastomers undergo a transition to an aligned mesomorphic state when subjected to uniaxial tension. The structural changes associated with this transition and the kinetics of its formation have been investigated by in-situ synchrotron wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering. In the mesomorphic state, the PDES elastomers are biphasic, consisting of aligned mesophase domains and amorphous material. Because of the well-defined structure of the networks used, we were able to determine that the mesophase domain size is governed by the precursor chain length and is unaffected by trapped entanglements. The observed increase in mesophase content with increase in extension ratio in a fully necked sample is caused by an increase in the number of mesophase domains rather than an increase in domain size. In the extended state, PDES elastomers attain a very high degree of segment orientation comparable to that of mesogen-containing liquid crystalline elastomers.
Two Patient Studies of a Companion Diagnostic Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Tracer for Measuring Human CA6 Expression in Cancer for Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) Therapy (2020)

An antigen binding fragment (BFab) derived from a tumor-associated mucin 1-sialoglycotope antigen (CA6) targeting antibody (huDS6) was engineered. We synthesized a companion diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET) tracer by radiolabeling BFab with [<sup>64</sup>Cu] to measure CA6 expression on cancer tissues prior to anti-human CA6 (huDS6-DM4 antibody-drug conjugate) therapy for ovarian and breast cancer patients. After chemotherapy, the ovarian patient received PET scan with <sup>18</sup>F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([<sup>18</sup>F]FDG: 10 mCi), followed by [<sup>64</sup>Cu]-DOTA-BFab ([<sup>64</sup>Cu]BFab; 5.5 mCi) 1 week later for PET scanning of CA6 expression and subsequent surgery. The breast cancer patient was treated with chemotherapy before primary tumor resection and subsequent [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-PET scan. 4 weeks later the patient received of [<sup>64</sup>Cu]BFab (11.7 mCi) for CA6 PET scan. Whole body [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG-PET of the breast cancer patient indicated FDG-avid tumor metastases to the liver, bilateral hila and thoracic spine, but no uptake was observed for the ovarian patient. Each patient was also imaged by PET/CT with [<sup>64</sup>Cu]BFab at 1 and 24 hours after tracer administration. The [<sup>64</sup>Cu]BFab tracer was well tolerated by both patients without adverse effects, and no significant tracer uptake was observed in both patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) data indicated CA6 expressions were weak to intermediate and matched with the [<sup>64</sup>Cu]BFab-PET signals.
Evaluation of network coding techniques for a sniper detection application (2011)

This paper experimentally studies the reliability and delay of flooding based multicast protocols for a sniper detection application. In particular using an emulator it studies under which conditions protocols based on network coding deliver performance improvements compared to classic flooding. It then presents an implementation of such protocols on mobile phones.
Solvent‐Free, One‐Pot Synthesis of β‐Lactams by the Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Reaction of Silyl Ketene Thiocetals with Imines (2007)

Abstract A solvent‐free, catalytic, one‐pot synthesis of β‐lactams is described. The reaction involves the reaction between silyl ketene thioacetals derived from 2‐pyridyl thioesters and imines at room temperature in the presence of catalytic amounts of Sc(OTf) 3 and in the absence of solvent. Extension of this procedure to the synthesis of an enantiomerically pure azetidinone, a precursor of industrially relevant bioactive β‐lactams, is also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Poly[bis(pyrrol-2-yl)arylenes]:  Conducting Polymers from Low Oxidation Potential Monomers Based on Pyrrole via Electropolymerization (1996)

A series of derivatized bis(pyrrol-2-yl) arylenes, specifically 1,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)benzene (1e, BPB), 1,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (2e, BPB(OCH3)2), 1,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)-2,5-diethoxybenzene (3e, BPB(OC2H5)2), 1,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)-2,5-didodecyloxybenzene (4e, BPB(OC12H25)2), 2,6-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)naphthalene (5e, BPN), and 4,4‘-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)biphenyl (6e, BPBP) have been synthesized. Cyclic voltammetry shows these monomers to oxidize at relatively low potentials to form cation radicals. The lowest peak monomer oxidation potential of +0.15 V vs Ag/Ag+ is observed for 2e, lower than that reported for any other pyrrole-based monomer. Electrochemical polymerization from a 0.01 M monomer, 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP), and acetonitrile solution was carried out using multiple scanning cyclic voltammetry to yield polymers having E1/2 values ranging from −0.1 to +0.1 V. These low oxidation potentials cause the polymers to be quite stable in the electrically conducting form. The electronic band gaps for these polymers (measured as the onset of the π−π* transition) occurs between 2.3 and 2.4 eV. Upon electrochemical doping, the intensity of the π−π* transition decreases while bipolaron bands appear at lower energy. The intensity of these bands increases upon increasing the anodic potential. The redox doping process was found to be reversible upon electrochemical reduction of the films. The unsubstituted polymer poly[1,4-bis(pyrrol-2-yl)benzene], doped with perchlorate, was found to exhibit an average conductivity of 1 S/cm. When the dopant was the anion of bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide, the conductivity increased to 30 S/cm. These polymers are stable to thousands of double-potential steps before 50% loss of electroactivity occurs.
A Universal Coding Scheme for Remote Generation of Continuous Random Variables (2016)

Alice selects an arbitrary pdf f and uses a stochastic encoder to generate a prefix-free codeword M, which is sent to Bob so that he can generate a single instance of the random variable X ~ f. We describe a universal coding scheme for this setup which works for any f , and establish an upper bound on its expected codeword length when the pdf f is bounded, orthogonally concave (which includes quasiconcave pdf), and has a finite first absolute moment. A dyadic decomposition scheme is used to express the pdf as a mixture of uniform pdfs over hypercubes. Alice randomly selects a hypercube according to its weight, encodes its position and size into M, and sends it to Bob who generates X uniformly over the hypercube. Compared to previous results on channel simulation, our coding scheme applies to any continuous distribution and does not require two-way communication or shared randomness. Applying our coding scheme to classical simulation of quantum entanglement, we obtain a tighter bound on the average codeword length than previously known.
An Overoxidation Journey with a Return Ticket (2003)

The peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. In their Perspective,
 Georgiou and Masip
 discuss some intriguing new details of peroxiredoxin biochemistry that reveal how these enzymes can be simultaneously both antioxidants and modulators of signal transduction (
 Wood
 et al.;
 Woo
 et al.).
Supplementary Figure 3 from Personalized Chemotherapy Profiling Using Cancer Cell Lines from Selectable Mice (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 219K, Genotyping assays.&lt;/p&gt;
BAY61-3606 Affects the Viability of Colon Cancer Cells in a Genotype-Directed Manner (2012)

These studies indicate that BAY61-3606 exerts distinct biological activities in different genetic contexts.
Liquid−Liquid Equilibria for Glycols + Hydrocarbons:  Data and Correlation (2002)

Liquid−liquid equilibrium data for seven binary glycol−hydrocarbon systems have been measured in the temperature range 32 °C to 80 °C and at the pressure 1 bar. The measured systems are monoethylene glycol (MEG) + heptane, methylcyclohexane (MCH) + hexane, propylene glycol (PG) + heptane, diethylene glycol (DEG) + heptane, triethylene glycol (TEG) + heptane, and tetraethylene glycol (TETRA) + heptane. The data obtained were correlated with the NRTL model and two different versions of the UNIQUAC equation. The NRTL model and one of the UNIQUAC equations (UQ 4) have a linear temperature-dependent interaction parameter term, while the other UNIQUAC equation (UQ 2) has an interaction parameter that is independent of the temperature. There was a fairly good agreement between the experimental data and the models with an average deviation in the composition for both phases of 3% for both NRTL and UQ 4 and 15% for UQ 2. These results indicate the necessity of using the linearly dependent interaction parameters.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Bonds Between Main Group Elements and Transition‐Metals. Part 63. Alkyl and Alkylidyne Complexes of Rhenium. (1989)

Abstract Stepwise alkylation and halogenation reactions leading to new alkylidyne Re complexes are described.
Evolutionary Optimization of Multiple Machine-Learned Objectives for PET Image Reconstruction (2022)

This article proposes optimizing machine-learned objective functions to estimate a set of images optimal for multiple tasks. Tomographic image reconstruction commonly relies on optimizing an objective function that dictates the goodness of an image estimate. We propose a novel use of deep learning in which we train models to perform blind estimation of the goodness of an image. The trained model that maps an image to a target figure of merit serves as the objective function. Using simulated PET images, we train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to estimate for a single image the root mean square error (RMSE), signal-to-noise ratio, and full width half maximum (FWHM) of a point source. These figures of merit serve as surrogates for the common medical task performance in terms of quantitation, detection, and spatial resolution, respectively. These multiple objective functions are optimized using our recently proposed multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for PET image reconstruction. The evolutionary algorithm seeks to identify the Pareto-optimal front of image solutions, optimal for multiple objectives. Additionally, we propose a reference point method to focus the evolutionary optimization on regions of the multiobjective space to reduce computation. Likewise, we integrate optimality conditions to estimate how close a solution is to optimal without any prior knowledge about the Pareto-optimal front in an effort to guide termination conditions. The multiobjective approach is compared with conventional maximum-likelihood reconstruction with increasing explicit regularization and maximum a posteriori reconstruction with varying penalty strength. The approaches are tested with simulated PET data from a digital phantom and patient data. Results suggest that the proposed machine-learned objectives can estimate quantification, detection, and spatial resolution performance and that the evolutionary algorithm estimates a set of solutions with a good balance for convergence and diversity across different multiobjective combinations. In general, the evolutionary algorithm estimates images with superior performance compared to conventional techniques. Future work is needed to ensure and improve generalizability of the machine-learned objectives for different imaging conditions and to explore other target figures of merit for training machine-learned objectives. This proof-of-concept effort demonstrates a new use of deep learning for tomographic image reconstruction.
Antibody immunity andCryptococcus neoformans (1995)

Recently there has been renewed interest in the potential of antibody immunity for the prevention and therapy of human Cryptococcus neoformans infections. Historically, the role of antibody immunity in protection against C. neoformans has been controversial. Experiments with polyclonal sera have produced evidence for and against the importance of antibody immunity in host defence. However, three groups have now shown that administration of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide (CPS) can modify the course of infection in mice. The quantity, isotype, and specificity of mAb appear to be important parameters of antibody efficacy against C. neoformans. Protective and nonprotective mAbs to CPS have been identified, suggesting a possible explanation for the divergent results obtained with polyclonal preparations, which presumably contain both types of antibodies. mAb administration has been shown to prolong survival, decrease organ fungal burden, and reduce serum polysaccharide antigen. The mechanism(s) by which mAb modify the course of infection is uncertain. In vitro experiments strongly suggest that antibodies mediate protection by enhancing effector cell function. The combination of antibody and amphotericin B is more effective than either agent alone for the treatment of murine cryptococcosis. Human–mouse chimeric antibodies with activity against C. neoformans have been constructed that may have advantages over mouse mAbs for therapy of human infections. A highly immunogenic capsular polysaccharide–protein vaccine has been made that can elicit protective antibodies in mice. Antibody immunity can modify the course of infection to the benefit of the host and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of human cryptococcosis. Key words: antibody, Cryptococcus neoformans, macrophage, vaccine, AIDS.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Electrodes for Sensitive Sensing of Gliadin in Food Samples (2016)

Incidences of food allergies are on the rise, which can greatly affect the well-being of children as well as adults. Intolerance to gluten, a protein composite of gliadin and glutenin, present in wheat, barley, and rye and several cereals, can be the causative agent of celiac disease (CD) and other allergic reactions. A gluten-free diet has become essential for people affected by CD, and consequently, the amount of gluten in food products needs to be strictly controlled. In this paper, we report an electrochemical label-free immunosensor for ultrasensitive and specific detection of gliadin. The sensor takes advantage of the specific properties of porous reduced graphene oxide (prGO) covalently functionalized with anti-gliadin antibodies using 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid as linker molecule. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox probe, a decrease of current is linked to the presence of gliadin. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 1.2 ng mL–1 over a 1.2–34 ng mL–1 linear range with high selectivity. The advantages offered by this sensor are the possibility to regenerate the surface of the immunosensor, its rapid and ease of production, as well as applicability for the screening of gliadin concentrations in real food samples, as shown here.
Stability of Prioritized Scheduling Policies in Manufacturing Systems With Setup Times (2014)

We study the dynamic scheduling of a multi-item machine with setup times and static priorities. We consider a class of base-stock policies for this system and seek sharp stability conditions that allow us to respect the item priorities over a large region of the decision space. We show that requiring the existence of a linear Lyapunov function that decreases between production runs reduces to an intuitive stability condition, which can nevertheless be too conservative for this policy class. We then sharpen this result by showing that, if the original condition is satisfied for the highest-priority N-1 part types, the system with N items is stable. Finally, we develop stability conditions based on affine Lyapunov functions.