gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Joint Morphological-Lexical Language Modeling for Processing Morphologically Rich Languages With Application to Dialectal Arabic (2008)

Language modeling for an inflected language such as Arabic poses new challenges for speech recognition and machine translation due to its rich morphology. Rich morphology results in large increases in out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rate and poor language model parameter estimation in the absence of large quantities of data. In this study, we present a joint morphological-lexical language model (JMLLM) that takes advantage of Arabic morphology. JMLLM combines morphological segments with the underlying lexical items and additional available information sources with regards to morphological segments and lexical items in a single joint model. Joint representation and modeling of morphological and lexical items reduces the OOV rate and provides smooth probability estimates while keeping the predictive power of whole words. Speech recognition and machine translation experiments in dialectal-Arabic show improvements over word and morpheme based trigram language models. We also show that as the tightness of integration between different information sources increases, both speech recognition and machine translation performances improve.
Modeling of RO/NF membrane rejections of PhACs and organic compounds: a statistical analysis (2008)

Abstract. Rejections of pharmaceutical compounds (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Clofibric acid, Naproxen, Primidone, Phenacetin) and organic compounds (Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, Chloroform, Bromoform, Trichloroethene, Perchloroethene, Carbontetrachloride, Carbontetrabromide) by NF (Filmtec, Saehan) and RO (Filmtec, Saehan, Toray, Koch) membranes were studied. Chloroform presented the lowest rejection due to small molar volume, equivalent width and length. Diclofenac and Primidone showed high rejections related to high molar volume and length. Dichloroacetic acid and Trichloroacetic acid presented good rejections caused by charge exclusion instead of steric hindrance mechanism influencing rejection. Bromoform and Trichloroethene showed low rejections due to small length and equivalent width. Carbontetrabromide, Perchloroethene and Carbontetrachloride with higher equivalent width than BF and TCE presented better rejections. A qualitative analysis of variables using Principal Component Analysis was successfully implemented for reduction of physical-chemical compound properties that influence membrane rejection of PhACs and organic compounds. Properties such as dipole moment, molar volume, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, molecular length and equivalent width were found to be important descriptors for simulation of membrane rejection. For membranes used in the experiments, we may conclude that charge repulsion was an important mechanism of rejection for ionic compounds. After analysis with Multiple Linear Regression, we also may conclude that membrane rejection of neutral compounds was well predicted by molar volume, length, equivalent width, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and dipole moment. Molecular weight was a poor descriptor variable for rejection modelling. We were able to provide acceptable statistical significance for important results.
Structural studies on some tamoxifen derivatives (1985)

The crystal structures of four derivatives of the antiestrogenic drug tamoxifen are described. These are of 2-hydroxy-, 3-hydroxy-, and 2-methyl-4-hydroxytamoxifen and of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-[(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)phenyl]-1 -butanol, the synthetic precursor to 2-hydroxytamoxifen. All compounds have trans stereochemistry about the ethylene double bond, as in tamoxifen itself. The orientations of the hydroxy substituents have been found to differ by 180 degrees, depending on the nature of the compound. Empirical energy calculations have been used to show that the barrier to free rotation for the hydroxy-substituted phenyl rings is too high for interconversion to take place. These orientational differences are, it is suggested, related to the marked differences in estrogen receptor binding ability.
Detroit People Mover Reconstruction (2001)

The Detroit Transportation Corporation (DTC), in preparation for the Hudson's demolition, created baseline data for the DPM Guideway in the vicinity of the Hudson's Building. Subsequent to the accident, after technical and engineering analysis of the damage was conducted, it was determined that a portion of the Guideway had to be replaced. The reconstruction began in May of 1999 beginning with the removal of the damaged guideway elements. Upon completion of the system testing and verification the system was opened on November 15, 1999. Schedule was of primary importance with regard to restoration of service. There were several lessons learned as part of the restoration process that helped accelerate the schedule, which are discussed in the paper.
Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing Predicts Incidence of Diabetes (2007)

Narrower retinal arteriolar caliber predicted risk of diabetes. These data provide further evidence that microvascular changes may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Unusual Stereofacial Differentiation in the Reduction of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanones by Luche's Reagent (NaBH4-CeCl3) (1991)

Cerium(III) chloride as well as some other lanthanide salts invert the stereoselectivity of the reduction of bicylco[3,1,0]hexane-2,4-diones and bicyclo[3,1,0]hexan-2-ones 1 by sodium borohydride in methanol so as to favour attack of the hydride from the most hindered, concave face of these molecules to give exo-4-hydroxybicyclo[3,1,0]hexan-2-ones and exo-bicyclo[3,1,0]hexan-1-ols, respectively, in excellent yield.
Complexity of Stoquastic Frustration-Free Hamiltonians (2009)

We study several problems related to properties of nonnegative matrices that arise at the boundary between quantum and classical probabilistic computation. Our results are twofold. First, we identify a large class of quantum Hamiltonians describing systems of qubits for which the adiabatic evolution can be efficiently simulated on a classical probabilistic computer. These are stoquastic local Hamiltonians with a “frustration-free” ground-state. A Hamiltonian belongs to this class iff it can be represented as $H=\sum_{a}H_{a}$ where (1) every term $H_{a}$ acts nontrivially on a constant number of qubits, (2) every term $H_{a}$ has real nonpositive off-diagonal matrix elements in the standard basis, and (3) the ground-state of H is a ground-state of every term $H_{a}$. Second, we generalize the Cook–Levin theorem proving NP-completeness of the satisfiability problem to the complexity class MA (Merlin–Arthur games)—a probabilistic analogue of NP. Specifically, we construct a quantum version of the k-SAT problem which we call “stoquastic k-SAT” such that stoquastic k-SAT is contained in MA for any constant k, and any promise problem in MA is Karp-reducible to stoquastic 6-SAT. This result provides the first nontrivial example of a MA-complete promise problem.
Formal synthesis of (-) anisomycin via organocatalysis (2009)

An efficient formal synthesis of (-) anisomycin (1), a potent antibiotic agent, has been achieved in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivity.The key steps are proline-catalyzed sequential α-amination or α-aminoxylation of aldehyde 2 followed by tandem Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination.
Streptokokken der Gruppe B bei Schwangeren und Neugeborenen: Epidemiologie, Transmission und Serotypen (2008)

Einleitung: Streptokokken der Gruppe B (GBS) sind eine häufige Ursache für perinatale Morbidität. Für Deutschland liegen wenige epidemiologische Daten vor. In unserer Studie untersuchten wir die Prävalenz, Transmissionsraten und Serotypen von GBS bei schwangeren Frauen und Neugeborenen. Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 869 Frauen in der 35.–37. SSW gemäss den Leitlinien der DGGG kulturell untersucht. Bei 845 Neugeborenen wurden Ohrabstriche entnommen. Bei Nachweis von GBS führten wir eine Serotypisierung und eine Antibiotikaresistenztestung durch. Ergebnisse: Die Kolonisationsrate der schwangeren Frauen betrug in unserem Kollektiv 21,1% (183/869) und die der Neugeborenen 2,8% (24/845). Von insgesamt 657 Fällen lagen sowohl die mütterlichen als auch die kindlichen Kulturergebnisse vor. Von diesen waren bei 152 Mütter und bei 17 Neugeborene GBS nachweisbar. Dies entspricht einer Transmissionsrate von 11,2%. Bei 2 Kindern konnte eine Neugeborensepsis (positive Blut- und Liquorkultur) nachgewiesen werden. Die Inzidenz der Neugeborenensepsis war in unserem Kollektiv somit 1,71 auf 1000 Lebendgeburten. In der multivariaten Analyse zeigte sich eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen intrapartaler Antibiotikprophylaxe (p=0.014), Sectio caesarea (p=0.019) und der Senkung der Transmissionrate. Serotyp III wurde signifikant häufiger übertragen als andere Serotypen (p&lt;0,05). Alle 180 GBS-Isolate waren sensibel auf Penicillin uns Ampicillin. Schlussfolgerung: In unserer Studie zeigen sich enge Übereinstimmungen mit in den USA ermittelten epidemiologischen Daten. Daher sollte dem generellen Screening auf GBS gemäss den aktuellen DGGG-Empfehlungen der Vorzug vor dem risikobezogenen Vorgehen gegeben werden.
Fluctuation Limit of Micro-Arcs and Transition to High-Current Big-Arcs in the Combustion Gas Plasma Boundary Layer. (1992)

Current transport in the boundary layer of combustion gas plasma flow on a cold electrode changes from diffuse mode to micro-arc (about 1A/Arc) and then to high-current big-arc (about 100A/Arc) mode with the increase in mean current density. This study intends to clarify the big-arc formation mechanism and to extract the pure effects of basic factors, particularly electrode temperature and bulk plasma temperature, based on the statistical analysis at the arc transition state. While the critical current density for the transition from diffuse to micro-arc mode largely increases with the increase in electrode temperature, its effect on the transition from micro-arc to big-arc mode is not so significant. It is the bulk plasma temperature that changes the critical micro-arc current for the transition to big-arc mode. Micro-arc currents fluctuate and some micro-arcs with arc current beyond the critical value will grow up to big-arcs breaking through the thermal boundary layer. Most of the micro-arcs with arc current below the critical value remain as micro-arcs adjacent to the electrode wall.
Antiviral Activity of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Filovirus Infection (2010)

There exists an urgent need to develop licensed drugs and vaccines for the treatment or prevention of filovirus infections. FGI-103 is a low-molecular-weight compound that was discovered through an in vitro screening assay utilizing a variant of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) that expresses green fluorescent protein. In vitro analyses demonstrated that FGI-103 also exhibits antiviral activity against wild-type ZEBOV and Sudan ebolavirus, as well as Marburgvirus (MARV) strains Ci67 and Ravn. In vivo administration of FGI-103 as a single intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg/kg delivered 24 h after infection is sufficient to completely protect mice against a lethal challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of either ZEBOV or MARV-Ravn. In a murine model of ZEBOV infection, delivery of FGI-103 reduces viremia and the viral burden in kidney, liver, and spleen tissues and is associated with subdued and delayed proinflammatory cytokine responses and tissue pathology. Taken together, these results identify a promising antiviral therapeutic candidate for the treatment of filovirus infections.
Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor after Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in a Rabbit Model (2004)

These data support the hypothesis that CTGF plays an important role in scarring and wound contracture after GFS. Inhibition of CTGF synthesis or its action may help prevent bleb failure and improve long-term GFS outcomes.
The immune system of fish (1993)

The immune system of fish shows similarities to mammalian models, being intensively studied in veterinary and medical research. Fish culturists have been interested in using the animal's natural defense mechanisms for protecting stocks against diseases since fish farming began. The immune system contribiutes to the maintenance of the physiological integrity of the animal and includes those nonspecific defense mechanisms that are part of a normal fish and act as natural barriers to entry of microorganisms and do not require prior contact with the inducing agent to elicit a response. The specific immune response of fish is an activated system which means time is needed to induce the protection, as the complex chain of pathways are activated. Hopefully, the nonspecific defense mechanisms can delay the growth of invaders until the specific immune response has time to develop. The initiation of the specific immune response is controlled by phagocytic cells involved in particle or antigen uptake.
Topology Optimization of Heat Exchangers. (2020)

A method for density-based topology optimization of heat exchangers with two fluids is proposed. The goal of the optimization process is to maximize the heat transfer from one fluid to the other, under maximum pressure drop constraints for each of the fluid flows. A single design variable is used to describe the physical fields. The solid interface and the fluid domains are generated using an erosion-dilation based identification technique, which guarantees well-separated fluids, as well as a minimum wall thickness between them. Under the assumption of laminar steady flow, the two fluids are modelled separately, but in the entire computational domain using the Brinkman penalization technique for ensuring negligible velocities outside of the respective fluid subdomains. The heat transfer is modelled using the convection-diffusion equation, where the convection is driven by both fluid flows. A stabilized finite element discretization is used to solve the governing equations. Results are presented for two different problems: a two-dimensional example illustrating and verifying the methodology; and a three-dimensional example inspired by shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The optimized designs for both cases show an improved heat transfer compared to the baseline designs. For the shell-and-tube case, the full freedom topology optimization approach is shown to yield performance improvements of up to 113% under the same pressure drop.
The effect of a quantitative resuscitation strategy on mortality in patients with sepsis: A meta-analysis* (2008)

This meta-analysis found that applying an early quantitative resuscitation strategy to patients with sepsis imparts a significant reduction in mortality.
Assessment of in vitro inhibitory effects of novel anti MRSA benzoquinolizine fluoroquinolone WCK 771 (levonadifloxacin) and its metabolite on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes (2020)

WCK 771 (INN: levonadifloxacin) is a novel antibacterial agent belonging to benzoquinolizine subclass of fluoroquinolones which is under clinical development as a parenteral formulation and its prodrug WCK 2349 (INN: alalevonadifloxacin) as an oral option. Both the drugs have been approved recently in India based on phase III trial completed for ABSSSI.<i>In vitro</i> CYP inhibition potential of levonadifloxacin and its sulfate metabolite (WCK 2146) were assessed in this study. The inhibitory effects of levonadifloxacin and its sulfate metabolite were assessed for seven key human liver CYP isoforms 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 using human liver microsome (HLM) employing validated LC-MS/MS method.The results showed that levonadifloxacin and its metabolite did not inhibit enzyme activity of any of the key CYP isoforms (1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) even at supra therapeutic concentrations (12-24X, Clinical Cmax: 25-35µg/mL).These <i>in vitro</i> CYP inhibition studies of levonadifloxacin and its sulfate metabolite indicate lack of potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions of levonadifloxacin when co-administered with drugs which are substrate of these isoforms. Therefore, further clinical studies evaluating CYP mediated drug-drug interactions are not warranted for levonadifloxacin and alalevonadifloxacin.
Gene Expression Profiling Uncovers Molecular Classifiers for the Recognition of Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma Within Peripheral T-Cell Neoplasms (2010)

We proved that experimentally controlled GEP in ALCL cell lines represents a powerful tool to identify meaningful signaling networks for the recognition of systemic primary T-NHL. The identification of a molecular signature specific for ALCL suggests that these T-NHLs may represent a unique entity discernible from other PTCLs, and that a restricted number of genes can be instrumental for clinical stratification and, possibly, therapy of T-NHL.
Multicore Fiber Connectors with Small Mode Field Diameter (2019)

A multicore fiber with small mode field diameter is fabricated and connectorized. The connectors exhibit small attenuation. A possibility of reducing the attenuation further by thermally expanded core technology is demonstrated.
Packaging of devices for topside cooling by replacing air-bridges with Su-8 polymer bridges [MESFET example] (2004)

This paper takes an in-depth look at the qualifications of Su-8 photoresist as a low-k dielectric in the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs). This paper discusses replacing air bridges on MESFET devices with polymer bridges fabricated from Su-8. This polymer bridge structure has several impacts for on-wafer processing as well as topside cooling packaging techniques for microwave devices. For on-wafer processing, replacing airbridges with polymer bridges eliminates the need for wafer thinning, through-wafer vias, and provides a dielectric interface material for Cu interconnects. Eliminating processing steps as well as the fragile topside air-bridge structures improves both the yield and the reliability. From a packaging perspective, fabricating polymer bridges allows further topside processing to take place in order to build packaging structures that can both remove the FET generated heat from the topside of the device as well as have access to the electrical I/Os.
Microstructure and Phase Behavior of a Quinquethiophene-Based Self-Assembled Monolayer as a Function of Temperature (2011)

The self-assembly of monolayers is a highly promising approach in organic electronics, but most systems show weak device performances, probably because of a lack of long-range order of the molecules. The present self-assembled monolayer was formed by a molecule that contains a dimethylchlorosilyl group combined with a quinquethiophene unit through an undecane spacer. This system is the first reported self-assembled monolayer on silicon oxide surfaces that forms two-dimensional crystals. A detailed structural solution is presented based on grazing-incidence X-ray scattering experiments and theoretical packing analysis. By transverse shear microscopy, the shape and size of the crystallites were determined: polygonal shapes with lateral sizes of several micrometers were observed. In situ temperature studies revealed gradual changes of the molecular packing that were irreversible. Melting of the crystal structure was found at 520 K, whereas the self-assembled monolayer remained stable up to 620 K. This work presents unknown structural properties of a self-assembled monolayer revealing insights into layer formation and irreversible evolution upon temperature treatment.
Homogeneous Immunoassay for Detection of TNT and Its Analogues on a Microfabricated Capillary Electrophoresis Chip (2003)

A homogeneous immunoassay for TNT and its analogues is developed using a microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chip. The assay is based on the rapid electrophoretic separation of an equilibrated mixture of an anti-TNT antibody, fluorescein-labeled TNT, and unlabeled TNT or its analogue. The band intensities of the free fluorescein-labeled TNT and of the antibody-antigen complex reveal the relative equilibrated concentrations. Titration of the anti-TNT antibody with a fluorescein-labeled TNT derivative yields a binding constant of (3.9 +/- 1.3) x 10(9) M(-1). The dissociation rate constant of the complex is determined by kinetic capillary electrophoresis using a folded channel and a rotary scanner to interrogate the separation at multiple time points. The dissociation rate constant is found to be 0.035 +/- 0.005 s(-1), and the resulting binding rate constant is (1.4 +/- 0.7) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). Binding constants of TNT and five of its analogues are determined by competitive assays: TNT (4.3 +/- 2.6) x 10(8) M(-1); 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (5.1 +/- 3.3) x 10(7) M(-1); picric acid (7.5 +/- 4.4) x 10(6) M(-1); 2,4-dinitrotoluene (7.9 +/- 4.0) x 10(6) M(-1); 1,3-dinitrobenzene (1.0 +/- 0.7) x 10(6) M(-1); and 2,4-dinitrophenol (5.1 +/- 3.0) x 10(4) M(-1). TNT and its analogues can be assayed with high sensitivity (LOD 1 ng/mL) and with a wide dynamic range (1-300 ng/mL) using this chip-based method.
The purification, characterization, and primary structure of a small redox protein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, an archaebacterium. (1992)

A small redox-active protein has been purified to homogeneity from cell-free extracts of the strictly anaerobic thermophilic methanogen, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (strain Marburg). The purification consisted of streptomycin sulfate and acid treatments and three chromatographic steps using Sephadex G-75, Mono Q HR 10/10, and Superose 12 HR 10/30 columns. When these procedures were carried out under strictly anaerobic conditions, approximately 3 mg of this protein could be isolated from 45 g of wet cell paste. Like the thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, it is a small acidic protein (pI = 4.2) consisting of 83 amino acids (M(r) = 9136). In the presence of dithiothreitol or dihydrolipoate, the protein serves as a hydrogen donor for the ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli, and it catalyzes the reduction of insulin. However, it does not interact with the thioredoxin reductases from E. coli or Corynebacterium nephridii and does not function as a hydrogen donor for the ribonucleotide reductase of C. nephridii. The amino acid sequences determined by automated Edman degradation of the 14C-carboxymethylated protein and of peptides derived from trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions show a redox-active site -Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys-, typical of the glutaredoxins. Its amino acid sequence shows moderate identity with the known glutaredoxins (E. coli, yeast, rabbit bone marrow, calf thymus, and pig liver) when the proteins are aligned at the active site. The secondary structure of the glutaredoxin-like protein predicted by the Chou-Fasman procedure shows that it is similar to the known glutaredoxins. However, surprisingly, the protein does not function as a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase in the presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase. This glutaredoxin-like protein may be a component of a ribonucleotide-reducing system distinct from the previously described systems utilizing thioredoxin or glutaredoxin.