gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A CMOS spectrum sensor using injection locking of two voltage-controlled oscillators for cognitive radio system (2011)

This paper presents a CMOS spectrum sensor to detect spectral usage and spectrum holes for cognitive radio system. The sensor mainly consists of a swept oscillator and a frequency discriminator, both of which use the injection locking of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to process the sensed signal without requiring a frequency synthesizer. As a demonstration, the sensor is designed to operate in the 2.4 GHz industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) band and implemented using 0.18 µm CMOS technology. It can detect the frequency and power for wireless communication signals with high accuracy at a spectrum scanning speed of 100 MHz/ms. The sensitivity can be below −100 dBm when an external low-noise amplifier (LNA) is used in front of the sensor IC.
Design efficiency of 3188 optical designs (2008)

In this study, we take a data-driven approach to study the design efficiency of a variety of optical designs. Efficiency is defined to be the number of resolvable spots across the image per lens element. 3188 designs were selected from a commercially available lens database. Each design was imported into a raytrace code, briefly optimized, and the number of resolvable spots was computed. Examples of efficient designs within this dataset are shown. Four design efficiency groupings are created and discussed separately: 1) all-spherical, monochromatic designs, 2) monochromatic designs with some aspheres, 3) all-spherical, polychromatic designs, and 4) polychromatic designs with some aspheres. Zoom lens systems were excluded from the dataset. The results of the analysis are intended to answer the question of "how many elements does it take, as a minimum, to deliver a certain number of resolved spots?"
Danazol-induced Augmentation of Serum α1-Antitrypsin Levels in Individuals with Marked Deficiency of this Antiprotease (1980)

Individuals with serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels below 80 mg/dl are clearly at risk for the development of accelerated panacinar emphysema. One possible approach to the therapy of this disorder would be to raise serum levels of this major antiprotease to establish protease-antiprotease homeostasis within the lung parenchyma. Because danazol, an impeded androgen, elevates levels of C1 inhibitor in patients deficient of that serum antiprotease, we hypothesized that this agent might also increase alpha1-antitrypsin levels in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. To evaluate this concept, seven patients with severe emphysema associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (six PiZ and 1 M(Duarte)Z) and one asymptomatic individual (PiSZ) received 600 mg of danazol daily for 30 d. Five of the six PiZ patients responded to danazol therapy with significant increases in serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels (mean increase of 37%; P < 0.03). The two individuals who were heterozygous for the Z protein increased their serum levels by 85% (PiM(Duarte)Z) and 87% (PiSZ), respectively. These increases in serum alpha1-antitrypsin antigen were accompanied by commensurate increases in serum trypsin inhibition. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed no alterations of the microheterogeneity of the alpha1-antitrypsin or the presence of protease-antiprotease complexes in serum during danazol therapy. These data demonstrate that serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels can be augmented by danazol therapy in PiZ individuals as well as those heterozygotes with severe deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin. The clinical relevance of these increases in serum alpha1-antitrypsin remains speculative, but these findings suggest that danazol may provide a means of improving the protease-antiprotease balance in these individuals and thus impede the progression of their lung disease.
Role of Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels in Cardiac Repolarization and Arrhythmias (1997)

Cardiac action potentials are long because the magnitude of some potassium currents is reduced at depolarized potentials. The slow onset of repolarization is initiated by the opening of delayed rectifier potassium channels. A decrease in function of these channels resulting from gene mutations or pharmacological block increases risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
Upconverting Tm-doped BaYYbF8 optical waveguides epitaxially grown on GaAs (1995)

TM-doped BaYYbF8 films were epitaxially grown on both (100) and (111) GaAs substrates using CaF2 or LiF as intermediate layers. The BaYYbF8 phase was found to be a previously unreported cubic phase with a lattice constant of 0.5711 nm, which is different from a monoclinic phase reported for bulk crystals. The films produced UV and visible radiation with wavelengths at 360 nm (UV), 450–480 nm (blue), and 500–550 nm (green) when pumped by laser radiation at 647 nm.
Deciphering β-Lactoglobulin Interactions at an Oil–Water Interface: A Molecular Dynamics Study (2015)

Protein adsorption at liquid-liquid interfaces is of immense relevance to many biological processes and dairy-based functional foods. Due to experimental limitations, however, there is still a remarkable lack of understanding of the adsorption mechanism, particularly at a molecular level. In this study, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to elucidate the approach and adsorption mechanism of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) at a decane-water interface. Through multiple independent simulations starting from three representative initial orientations of β-LG relative to the decane surface the rate at which β-LG approaches the oil/water interface is found to be independent of its initial orientation, and largely stochastic in nature. While the residues that first make contact with the decane and the final orientation of β-LG upon adsorption are similar in all cases, the adsorption process is driven predominantly by structural rearrangements that preserve the secondary structure but expose hydrophobic residues to the decane surface. This detailed characterization of the adsorption of β-LG at an oil/water interface should inform the design and development of novel encapsulation and delivery systems in the food and pharmaceutical sciences.
Degradation mechanism in simplified phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices utilizing one material for hole transport and emitter host (2013)

Simplified phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PHOLEDs) have better efficiency performance but their lifetime is shorter compared to that of standard PHOLEDs. In this work, we find that their shorter lifetime is due to exciton-induced degradation of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/organic interface. The excitons are created by the recombination of electrons leaked from the emission layer with holes injected from the ITO. Reducing electrons at the interface reduces this degradation process, hence increases device lifetime. Introducing a layer of 2,6-bis[3-(carbazol-9-yl)phenyl] pyridine (26DCzPPy) at the ITO interface results in an increase in device lifetime by one order of magnitude while maintaining the same efficiency.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the RXLR-type effector RXLR3 from the oomycete pathogenHyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (2011)

Manipulating defence responses in infected host cells is a prerequisite for filamentous plant pathogens to complete their life cycle on infected host plants. During infection of its host Arabidopsis thaliana, the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis secretes numerous RXLR-type effector proteins, some of which are translocated into host cells. RXLR-type effectors share conserved N-terminal translocation motifs but show high diversity in their C-terminal `effector domains' that manipulate host defence mechanisms. Therefore, obtaining structural information on the effector domains of RXLR-type effectors will contribute to elucidating their molecular-virulence functions in infected host cells. Here, the expression, purification and crystallization of the effector domain of RXLR3 from H. arabidopsidis isolate Waco9 are reported. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.49, b = 27.99, c = 37.59 Å. X-ray data were collected to a resolution of 1.8 Å from a single crystal using synchrotron radiation.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Ligand-Induced Particle–Particle Interactions (2019)

Studying particle–particle interactions is important in understanding the performance and limits of nanoparticle-based biosensors. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are among the most popular nanomaterials in biosensing due to their unique optical and chemical properties. When AuNPs are functionalized with a ligand of interest, the AuNPs aggregate upon binding to the target. This results in a localized surface plasmon resonance frequency change, which can be visualized with a dark-field microscope. This target-mediated aggregation is used in sensing various biomolecules. Due to the complex nature of functionalized AuNPs, to date, most studies have been focused on explaining the AuNP behavior in a case-specific manner. We present a general theoretical model for target-mediated aggregation in biosensing. This simple theory is solely based on statistics and thermodynamic equilibrium. DNA functionalized AuNPs were used as the experimental model to verify the theory. The theoretical model was used in predicting the dose–response curve for different conditions: changing probe DNA density, dissociation constant, and particle concentration with an excellent agreement to experimental results. This validated theory improves our understanding of particle–particle interactions and can omit the need for time-consuming parameter optimization in particle-based biosensor development.
Performance of PSA Kalman Filters for Phase Noise Compensation in High-Order QAM OFDM Systems (2022)

This paper presents an iterative phase noise compensation (PNC) method that utilizes pilot symbol assisted (PSA) PNC and subsequently an iterative Kalman filter in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing radio backhaul links. There are two options for the presented iterative PNC depending on the type of Kalman filter employed. One is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the other is an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The latter is expected to perform better than the former since the PNC problem is nonlinear. We compare the bit error rate (BER) performance of iterative PNC employing the EKF and UKF. Computer simulation results show that no distinct difference in the BER is observed between the EKF PNC and UKF PNC associated with PSA PNC for 256QAM and 1024QAM schemes, where a low-density parity-check (LDPC) code with the coding rate of 8/9 is used for error correction. We also show that PSA-EKF and PSA-UKF PNC are effective in achieving a low BER such as 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−8</sup> in a time-varying phase noise channel for LDPC-coded 256QAM and 1024QAM schemes.
Experimental PSK/ASK transceiver for a multigigabit-per-second coherent WDM local area network (1993)

The relatively slow tuning speed of current tunable optical devices makes it difficult to build fast packet-switched networks based on wavelength tunability.1 Many approaches to network control and transmission coordination in WDM networks have been put forth to overcome this difficulty.2,3 STARNET, an experimental multigigabit-per-second WDM LAN being developed at Stanford University,4 avoids the requirement of fast wavelength tunability and facilitates network control by creating two logical subnetworks, a 2.488 Gbit/s tunable circuit-switched subnetwork and a 125-Mbit/s FDDI-compatible, fixed-tuned, packet-switched ring subnetwork, on a single physical star topology.
Millikelvin temperature cryo-CMOS multiplexer for scalable quantum device characterisation (2021)

Abstract Quantum computers based on solid state qubits have been a subject of rapid development in recent years. In current noisy intermediate-scale quantum technology, each quantum device is controlled and characterised through a dedicated signal line between room temperature and base temperature of a dilution refrigerator. This approach is not scalable and is currently limiting the development of large-scale quantum system integration and quantum device characterisation. Here we demonstrate a custom designed cryo-CMOS multiplexer operating at 32 mK. The multiplexer exhibits excellent microwave properties up to 10 GHz at room and millikelvin temperatures. We have increased the characterisation throughput with the multiplexer by measuring four high-quality factor superconducting resonators using a single input and output line in a dilution refrigerator. Our work lays the foundation for large-scale microwave quantum device characterisation and has the perspective to address the wiring problem of future large-scale quantum computers.
Experiments and Modeling of Boric Acid Permeation through Double-Skinned Forward Osmosis Membranes (2016)

Boron removal is one of the great challenges in modern wastewater treatment, owing to the unique small size and fast diffusion rate of neutral boric acid molecules. As forward osmosis (FO) membranes with a single selective layer are insufficient to reject boron, double-skinned FO membranes with boron rejection up to 83.9% were specially designed for boron permeation studies. The superior boron rejection properties of double-skinned FO membranes were demonstrated by theoretical calculations, and verified by experiments. The double-skinned FO membrane was fabricated using a sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) polymer as the hydrophilic substrate and polyamide as the selective layer material via interfacial polymerization on top and bottom surfaces. A strong agreement between experimental data and modeling results validates the membrane design and confirms the success of model prediction. The effects of key parameters on boron rejection, such as boron permeability of both selective layers and structure parameter, were also investigated in-depth with the mathematical modeling. This study may provide insights not only for boron removal from wastewater, but also open up the design of next generation FO membranes to eliminate low-rejection molecules in wider applications.
Design space optimization of embedded memory systems via data remapping (2002)

In this paper, we provide a novel compile-time data remapping algorithm that runs in linear time. This remapping algorithm is the first fully automatic approach applicable to pointer-intensive dynamic applications. We show that data remapping can be used to significantly reduce the energy consumed as well as the memory size needed to meet a user-specified performance goal (i.e., execution time) -- relative to the same application executing without being remapped. These twin advantages afforded by a remapped program -- reduced cache size and energy needs -- constitute a key step in a framework for design space exploration: for any given performance goal, remapping allows the user to reduce the primary and secondary cache size by 50%, yielding a concomitant energy savings of 57%. Additionally, viewed as a compiler optimization for a fixed processor, we show that remapping improves the energy consumed by the cache subsystem by 25%. All of the above savings are in the context of the cache subsystem in isolation. We also show that remapping yields an average 20% energy saving for an ARM-like processor and cache subsystem. All of our improvements are achieved in the context of DIS, Olden and SPEC2000 pointer-centric benchmarks.
Addition of an α‐Hydroxy Acid to the Genetic Code of Bacteria (2007)

Playing tag: The α-hydroxy acid p-hydroxy-L-phenyllactic acid has been genetically incorporated into proteins in E. coli in response to an amber nonsense codon. The site-specific introduction of backbone ester mutations was used for the site-specific hydrolysis of an affinity tag, as well as for determination of the energetic contributions of backbone hydrogen bonds to protein stability.
Subspace methods for robot vision (1996)

In contrast to the traditional approach, visual recognition is formulated as one of matching appearance rather than shape. For any given robot vision task, all possible appearance variations define its visual workspace. A set of images is obtained by coarsely sampling the workspace. The image set is compressed to obtain a low-dimensional subspace, called the eigenspace, in which the visual workspace is represented as a continuous appearance manifold. Given an unknown input image, the recognition system first projects the image to eigenspace. The parameters of the vision task are recognized based on the exact location of the projection on the appearance manifold. An efficient algorithm for finding the closest manifold point is described. The proposed appearance representation has several applications in robot vision. As examples, a precise visual positioning system, a real-time visual tracking system, and a real-time temporal inspection system are described.
Suppression of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [see comments] (1994)

Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) cells from patients with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) exhibit spontaneous in vitro proliferation. Several cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) have been implicated in supporting the growth of leukemic monocyte-macrophage colonies either by autocrine or paracrine pathways. In seven untreated JCML patients, we investigated the role of IL-1 in the spontaneous growth of these cells by specifically blocking IL-1 receptors. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra) was added to the clonogenic assays, and in each case significant (mean = 63%, range = 35% to 82%) inhibition of spontaneous proliferation was observed. Uncultured circulating cells from PB or BM of four out of five patients expressed IL-1 beta-specific mRNA and secreted the protein into the culture supernatants. Moreover, by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated that most of the spontaneously growing leukemic colony- forming unit cells (CFU-C) obtained from BM cells of two patients were positive for the presence of the IL-1 beta-specific mRNA. Despite the presence of a measurable amount of GM-CSF in JCML cell culture supernatants, GM-CSF-specific mRNA in CFU-C cells of four cases was not detected by RT-PCR. These data further support a central role for IL-1 beta in the pathogenesis of JCML and suggest that the use of IL-1 Ra could represent a novel therapeutic strategy against this disorder.
Protective Effect of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model of Acute Tubular Necrosis (2010)

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) causes severe damage to the kidney epithelial tubular cells and is often associated with severe renal dysfunction. Stem-cell based therapies may provide alternative approaches to treating of ATN. We have previously shown that clonal c-kit(pos) stem cells, derived from human amniotic fluid (hAFSC) can be induced to a renal fate in an ex-vivo system. Herein, we show for the first time the successful therapeutic application of hAFSC in a mouse model with glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis and ATN. When injected into the damaged kidney, luciferase-labeled hAFSC can be tracked using bioluminescence. Moreover, we show that hAFSC provide a protective effect, ameliorating ATN in the acute injury phase as reflected by decreased creatinine and BUN blood levels and by a decrease in the number of damaged tubules and apoptosis therein, as well as by promoting proliferation of tubular epithelial cells. We show significant immunomodulatory effects of hAFSC, over the course of ATN. We therefore speculate that AFSC could represent a novel source of stem cells that may function to modulate the kidney immune milieu in renal failure caused by ATN.
Repetitive avalanche cycling of low-voltage power trench n-MOSFETs (2010)

Low voltage discrete power trench n-MOSFETs in TO-220 packages have been subjected to over 200 million cycles of repetitive unclamped inductive switching (UIS) at a mounting base temperature of 150° C and at different avalanche currents. Hot-hole injection into the gate dielectric during avalanche conduction causes a reduction in the threshold voltage as the number of avalanche cycles increase. The relationship between the change in the threshold voltage and the number of avalanche cycles is shown to be a power-law with the pre-factor dependent on the test conditions and the MOSFET technology. Experiments show that the power law pre-factor is proportional to the avalanche current in agreement with the predictions of the “lucky-electron” model. Interestingly, the pre-factor also responds proportionally to the MOSFETs cell pitch. A 40% increase in the avalanche current caused a 30% increase in the power law pre-factor while a 37.5% reduction in the MOSFETs cell pitch caused a 40% reduction in the power law pre-factor. Smaller cell pitch MOSFETs also exhibit improved on-state resistance stability with avalanche cycling however with higher drain-source leakage.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) acts as a downstream mediator of TGF‐β1 to induce mesenchymal cell condensation (2006)

Mesenchymal cell (MC) condensation or the aggregation of MCs precedes chondrocyte differentiation and is required for subsequent cartilage formation during endochondral ossification. In this study, we used micromass cultures of C3H10T1/2 cells as an in vitro model system for studying MC condensation and the events important for this process. Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) served as the initiator of MC condensation in our model system and we were interested in determining whether CTGF functions as a downstream mediator of TGF-beta1. CTGF is a matricellular protein that has been found to be expressed in MC condensations and in the perichondrium. Micromass cultures of C3H10T1/2 cells condensed under TGF-beta1 stimulation concomitant with dramatic up-regulation of CTGF mRNA and protein levels. CTGF silencing by either CTGF siRNA or CTGF antisense oligonucleotide approaches showed that TGF-beta1-induced condensation was CTGF dependent. Furthermore, silencing of CTGF expression resulted in significant reductions in cell proliferation and migration, events that are crucial during MC condensation. In addition, up-regulation of Fibronectin (FN) and suppression of Sox9 expression by TGF-beta1 was also found to be mediated by CTGF. Immunofluorescence of developing mouse vertebrae showed that CTGF, TGF-beta1 and FN were co-expressed in condensations of MCs, while Sox9 expression was low at this stage. During subsequent chondrogenesis, Sox9 expression was high in chondrocytes while CTGF expression was limited to the perichondrium. Thus, CTGF is an essential downstream mediator of TGF-beta1-induced MC condensation through its effects on cell proliferation and migration. CTGF is also involved in up-regulating FN and suppressing Sox9 expression during TGF-beta1 induced MC condensation.
Enhanced-Dynamic-Range, Single-Shot Measurement of Nanosecond Pulses via Optical Replication (2007)

Measuring pulse shapes beyond the dynamic range of oscilloscopes is achieved by passive temporal-pulse stacking. Optical pulses are averaged with their time-delayed replicas without introducing additional noise, yielding 3 bits of additional dynamic range.
1∕f noise of SnO2 nanowire transistors (2008)

The low frequency (1f) noise in single SnO2 nanowire transistors was investigated to access semiconductor-dielectric interface quality. The amplitude of the current noise spectrum (SI) is found to be proportional to Id2 in the transistor operating regime. The extracted Hooge's constants (H) are 4.510 -2 at Vds=0.1 V and 5.110-2 at V ds=1 V, which are in general agreement with our prior studies of nanowire/nanotube transistors characterized in ambient conditions. Furthermore, the effects of interface states and contacts on the noise are also discussed.