gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protecting Smart Grid Automation Systems Against Cyberattacks (2011)

The smart grid moves new power grid automation systems from being proprietary and closed to the current state of information technology (IT) which is highly interconnected and open. But open and interconnected automation platforms bring about major security challenges. The power grid automation network has inherent security risks due to the fact that the systems and applications for the power grid were originally designed without much consideration of cybersecurity. This paper first introduces scope and functionalities of power grid, its automation and control system, and communications. Potential cyberattacks and their adverse impacts on power grid operation are discussed, a general SCADA cyberattack process is presented. This paper discusses the major challenges and strategies to protect smart grid against cyberattacks and finally proposes a conceptual layered framework for protecting power grid automation systems against cyberattacks without compromising timely availability of control and signal data. The proposed “bump-in-the-wire” approach also provides security protection for legacy systems which do not have enough computational power or memory space to perform security functionalities. The on-site system test of the developed prototype security system is briefly presented as well.
Hazard assessment of a simulated oil spill on intertidal areas of the St. Lawrence River with SPMD‐TOX (2004)

Phytoremediation in a simulated crude oil spill was studied with a "minimalistic" approach. The SPMD-TOX paradigm-a miniature passive sorptive device to collect and concentrate chemicals and microscale tests to detect toxicity-was used to monitor over time the bioavailability and potential toxicity of an oil spill. A simulated crude oil spill was initiated on an intertidal freshwater grass-wetland along the St. Lawrence River southwest of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Several phytoremediation treatments were investigated; to dissipate and ameliorate the spill, treatments included nutrient amendments with inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate) and phosphate (super triple phosphate) with and without cut plants, with natural attenuation (no phytoremedial treatment) as a control. Sequestered oil residues were bioavailable in all oil-treated plots in Weeks 1 and 2. Interestingly, the samples were colored and fluoresced under ultraviolet light. In addition, microscale tests showed that sequestered residues were acutely toxic and genotoxic, as well as that they induced hepatic P(450) enzymes. Analysis of these data suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were among the bioavailable residues sequestered. In addition, these findings suggested that the toxic bioavailable fractions of the oil spill and degradation products dissipated rapidly over time because after the second week the water column contained no oil or detectable degradation products in this riverine intertidal wetland. SPMD-TOX revealed no evidence of bioavailable oil products in Weeks 4, 6, 8, and 12. All phytoremediation efforts appeared to be ineffective in changing either the dissipation rate or the ability to ameliorate the oil toxicity. SPMD-TOX analysis of the water columns from these riverine experimental plots profiled the occurrence, dissipation, and influence of phytoremediation on the bioavailability and toxicity of oil products (parent or degradation products).
New strategies towards synthesis of doxorubicin analogs (2005)

Most of the new drug candidates in the anthracycline class of antitumor antibiotics are a result of synthetic efforts involving modification of both the aglycone and sugar moieties. In such an approach, formation of a glycosidic bond is an important step that often becomes a limiting factor in the preparation of certain target structures and can also affect the efficiency of synthetic processes for obtaining analogs of anthracycline antibiotics of clinical interest. We have developed a general approach to de novo glycosylation of anthracycline aglycones leading to doxorubicin analogs with L-lyxoand L-arabino- monosaccharides. Such glycosylation procedures are also effective in preparation of daunorubicin congeners. Specifically, we have explored the use of 1-O-silylated 3-azido-2,3,6-trideoxy-hexopyranoses as stable glycosyl donors and have successfully demonstrated the practical use of the 3-azido group to generate an amino function during the last steps of synthesis to allow easy generation of doxorubicin analogs. We have also shown that other known glycosyl donors can be conveniently generated from 1-O-silylated-hexopyranoses and can be used effectively to take advantage of a particular glycosidation and deprotection strategy. We describe two standard glycosylation procedures that were designed to attain the desired level of a-glycoside stereoselectivity and overall efficiency. Different glycosylation procedures were selected depending on the sugar synthon configuration and sensitive C-14 substitution in the target anthracycline aglycone. These achievements are exemplified by the use of previously unreported 3-azidosugar synthons of L-lyxo- and L-arabino- configuration protected by a 4-O-chloroacetyl group or an acid-labile triethylsilyl (TES) protecting group.
Stimulation of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibody production following painless thyroiditis (2003)

TBII elevation at the onset of PT in patients with a history of GD was detected by a sensitive hTBII assay. Destruction of the thyroid by PT may trigger GD recurrence in patients with a history of GD.
Title: Identification of new GLUT2-selective inhibitors through in silico ligand screening and validation in eukaryotic expression systems (2021)

Abstract Glucose is an essential energy source for cells. In humans, its passive diffusion through the cell membrane is facilitated by members of the glucose transporter family (GLUT, SLC2 gene family). GLUT2 transports both glucose and fructose with low affinity and plays a critical role in glucose sensing mechanisms. Alterations in the function or expression of GLUT2 are involved in the Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, diabetes, and cancer. Distinguishing GLUT2 transport in tissues where other GLUTs coexist is challenging due to the low affinity of GLUT2 for glucose and fructose and the scarcity of GLUT-specific modulators. By combining in silico ligand screening of an inward-facing conformation model of GLUT2 and glucose uptake assays in a hexose transporter-deficient yeast strain, in which the GLUT1-5 can be expressed individually, we identified eleven new GLUT2 inhibitors (IC 50 ranging from 0.61 to 19.3 µM). Among them, nine were GLUT2-selective, one inhibited GLUT1-4 (pan-Class I GLUT inhibitor), and another inhibited GLUT5 only. All these inhibitors dock to the substrate cavity periphery, close to the large cytosolic loop connecting the two transporter halves, outside the substrate-binding site. The GLUT2 inhibitors described here have various applications; GLUT2-specific inhibitors can serve as tools to examine the pathophysiological role of GLUT2 relative to other GLUTs, the pan-Class I GLUT inhibitor can block glucose entry in cancer cells, and the GLUT2/GLUT5 inhibitor can reduce the intestinal absorption of fructose to combat the harmful effects of a high-fructose diet.
Feasibility and Sensitivity of Saliva GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra for Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Adults in Uganda (2022)

The objective of this prospective observational study carried out at China-Uganda Friendship Hospital-Naguru in Kampala, Uganda, was to determine the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) molecular testing on saliva for active tuberculosis (TB) disease among consecutive adults undergoing TB diagnostic evaluation who were Xpert Ultra positive on sputum. We calculated sensitivity to determine TB diagnostic performance in comparison to a composite reference standard of Mycobacterium tuberculosis liquid and solid cultures on two spot sputum specimens. Xpert Ultra on a single saliva sample had a sensitivity of 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81 to 95%) relative to the composite sputum culture-based reference standard, similar to the composite sensitivity of 87% (95% CI, 77 to 94%) for fluorescence microscopy (FM) for acid-fast bacilli on two sputum smears. The sensitivity of salivary Xpert Ultra was 24% lower (95% CI for difference, 2 to 48%; <i>P</i> = 0.003) among persons living with HIV (71%; 95% CI, 44 to 90%) than among persons living without HIV (95%; 95% CI, 86 to 99%) and 46% higher (95% CI, 14 to 77%; <i>P</i> < 0.0001) among FM-positive (96%; 95% CI, 87 to 99%) than among FM-negative (50%; 95% CI, 19 to 81%) patients. The semiquantitative Xpert Ultra grade was systematically higher in sputum than in a paired saliva sample from the same patient. In conclusion, molecular testing of saliva for active TB diagnosis was feasible and almost as sensitive as molecular testing of sputum in a high TB burden setting. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Tuberculosis is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in large part because >3 million people go undiagnosed and untreated each year. Sputum has been the mainstay for TB diagnosis for over a century but can be difficult for patients to produce. In addition, the vigorous coughing required during sputum collection can lead to infection of nearby individuals and health workers. In this case-only study, applying the ultra-sensitive GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra molecular diagnostic assay to saliva detected 90% of culture-confirmed TB cases among 81 adults who were undergoing TB evaluation at the outpatient department of a general hospital in Uganda and tested sputum GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra positive. These results suggest that saliva may be a feasible and sensitive alternative to sputum for TB diagnosis, thereby meeting two key metrics proposed by the World Health Organization in its target performance profile for a nonsputum test for TB.
ABT-199, a BH3 mimetic that specifically targets Bcl-2, enhances the antitumor activity of chemotherapy, bortezomib and JQ1 in “double hit” lymphoma cells (2014)

Double hit lymphoma (DHL) is a recently recognized lymphoma with a survival of less than 2 years. Both ABT-737, a Bcl-2/Bcl-XL inhibitor, and ABT-199, which selectively targets Bcl-2, were potently cytotoxic against DHL cell lines Sc-1 and OcI-LY18, the RL cell line and primary human DHL cells, but not Ramos cells, which lack Bcl-2 expression. ABT-199 was more potent than ABT-737, and is the most promising of the BH3 mimetics to date. The DHL cell lines were also sensitive (< 200 nM) to doxorubicin, methotrexate, cytarabine and the proteosome inhibitor, bortezomib. The combination of chemotherapy with ABT-199 and doxorubicin or cytarabine, bortezomib, YM-155 and JQ1 produced synergistic cell kill against the DHL cell lines. Cells from a patient with DHL were also sensitive to JQ1 and bortezomib, providing a rationale for a clinical trial of these combinations in patients with relapsed DHL.
Insight on the Characterization of MoS2Based Devices and Requirements for Logic Device Integration (2016)

MoS 2 based transistors are being explored as a promising candidate for different applications. The techniques employed to characterize these devices have been directly adapted from 3D semiconductors, without considering the validity of the assumptions. In this work, we discuss the limitations of two-probe (2P), four probe (4P) and transfer length methods (TLM) for extracting electrical parameters. Based on finite-element modeling, we provide design considerations for 4P structures to measure more accurately. Extracting the parameters from these techniques in the appropriate regimes, we identify contact resistance R C to be critical for scaled MoS 2 devices. Using 4P and TLM measurements along with temperature dependent measurements, we derive further insights into the behavior of the R C in the subthreshold and linear regime. Additionally, we propose an empirical model for the on-state contact resistance.
IMMU-04. DEVELOPMENT OF GPC2-DIRECTED CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMORS WITH IN VITRO TRANSCRIBED mRNA (2019)

human pediatric brain tumor specimens confirms the association between IDO1 levels and the co-expression of IFN and IFNb. Strikingly, human T cells directly increase human IDO1 expression in intracranial DIPG, while our siRNA specifically decreases IDO1 mRNA, protein and enzyme activity/levels. DISCUSSION: The poor prognosis of children with DIPG, combined with the lack of therapies, emphasizes the importance of understanding immunosuppressive IDO1 and its potential therapeutic value. These data also confirm that, immunotherapies aimed at enhancing T cell effector functions in DIPG patients, also need to consider resulting effects on intratumoral IDO1-mediated immunosuppression. Ongoing work by our laboratory aims to weaponize our novel IDO1-targeted siRNA for in vivo delivery, and for adjuvant treatment in DIPG patients receiving immunotherapy.
Pulmonary Natural Killer T Cells Play an Essential Role in Mediating Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury (2013)

Critically ill patients are routinely exposed to high concentrations of supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods of time, which can be life-saving in the short term, but such exposure also causes severe lung injury and increases mortality. To address this therapeutic dilemma, we studied the mechanisms of the tissue-damaging effects of oxygen in mice. We show that pulmonary invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unexpectedly crucial in the development of acute oxygen-induced lung injury. iNKT cells express high concentrations of the ectonucleotidase CD39, which regulates their state of activation. Both iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) and CD39-null mice tolerate hyperoxia, compared with wild-type control mice that exhibit severe lung injury. An adoptive transfer of wild-type iNKT cells into Jα18(-/-) mice results in hyperoxic lung injury, whereas the transfer of CD39-null iNKT cells does not. Pulmonary iNKT cell activation and proliferation are modulated by ATP-dependent purinergic signaling responses. Hyperoxic lung injury can be induced by selective P2X7-receptor blockade in CD39-null mice. Our data indicate that iNKT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic lung injury, and that tissue protection can be mediated through ATP-induced P2X7 receptor signaling, resulting in iNKT cell death. In conclusion, our data suggest that iNKT cells and purinergic signaling should be evaluated as potential novel therapeutic targets to prevent hyperoxic lung injury.
Source-Specific Multicast for IP (2003)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the &amp;quot;Internet Official Protocol Standards &amp;quot; (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses in the 232/8 (232.0.0.0 to 232.255.255.255) range are designated as source-specific multicast (SSM) destination addresses and are reserved for use by sourcespecific applications and protocols. For IP version 6 (IPv6), the address prefix FF3x::/32 is reserved for source-specific multicast use. This document defines an extension to the Internet network service that applies to datagrams sent to SSM addresses and defines
The First Azacyclopentenyl Carbinyl Radical Isomerizations (ACCRI):  Independent Use of Steric and Electronic (Polarization) Effects as Gating Elements (2003)

The first examples of the azacyclopentenyl carbinyl radical isomerization are described within a series of enantiomerically enriched 2-substituted indolines, a substructure found extensively in both heterocyclic and natural product chemistry. The isomerization was identified by the varying loss of enantiomeric enrichment (ee) of imines during aryl radical cyclizations to azomethine nitrogen. Independent modification of the steric and electronic nature of the ring substituents revealed the full spectrum of sensitivity to these variables and ultimately defined the use of these effects as gating elements. An example is also given in which a 1,4-amino group transfer is effected via the isomerization mechanism. Analogies are drawn between the title isomerization and the azacyclopropyl carbinyl radical isomerization that has been studied in both chemical and biological contexts.
Low-frequency, high efficiency sources for acoustic monitoring of climatic temperature changes in ocean basins (1992)

The problems for creating low-frequency, high-efficiency sources for acoustic monitoring of climatic temperature changes in ocean basins are discussed. The properties of monopole, dipole, Helmholtz resonator, resonate 1/4 wavelength tube sources with wave parameter KA&amp;lt;1 are discussed where K is the acoustic wave number and A is the characteristic dimension of the source. Monopole resonant sources have the highest quality and can be realized with available deformation of existing materials in gas-filled interiors. It is shown how to overcome the main engineering problems for this source to provide (1) a uniform mode of oscillation of the radiation surfaces, (2) the highest bandwidth at maximum efficiency, and (3) the minimum strain in the radiating surfaces. The modeling data and the results of source tests show high efficiency over a bandwidth suitable for acoustic monitoring.
In situ gelation of PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymer aqueous solutions and degradation thereof (2000)

Aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol-b-[DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid]-b-ethylene glycol) (PEG-PLGA-PEG) triblock copolymers form a free-flowing sol at room temperature and become a gel at body temperature. In this study, in situ gel formation was investigated in rats. Upon subcutaneous injection of 33 wt % aqueous solutions of PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymer into rats, transparent gels were observed. The gel showed good mechanical strength and the integrity of gels persisted longer than 1 month. The gel underwent degradation by hydrolysis and turned opaque. Degradation study showed preferential mass loss of PEG-rich segment from the in situ formed gel. Number average molecular weight determined by gel permeation chromatography decreased from 3300 to 1900 and 30% mass loss was observed over 1 month. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 50, 171–177, 2000.
Self-assembled hydrophobic surface generated from a helical nanofilament (B4) liquid crystal phase (2013)

Hydrophobic air/liquid crystal (LC) surfaces exhibiting self-assembled dual scale roughness have been made by simple cooling of a bent-core mesogen from its high temperature isotropic melt through two liquid crystal phases. The transition to the fluid smectic B2 phase generates micron-scale toric focal conic domains (TFCDs) at the surface. Upon further cooling into the hexatic smectic B4 phase these TFCD structures are preserved and become textured by the nanometer-sized helical nanofilaments (HNFs) of the B4. The resulting TFCD/HNF surface is hydrophobic and shows clear evidence for surface tension reduction characteristic of dual-scale roughness, suggesting a simple self-assembly-based approach to low surface tension surfaces using LC morphology.
Stability of the craniovertebral junction after unilateral occipital condyle resection: a biomechanical study (1999)

Resection of 50% or more of the occipital condyle produces statistically significant hypermobility at Oc-C1. After a 75% resection, the biomechanics of the Oc-C1 and C1-2 motion segments change considerably. Performing fusion of the craniovertebral junction should therefore be considered if half or more of one occipital condyle is resected.
Photoresponse nonlinearity of solid-state image sensors with antiblooming protection (1991)

The physical mechanism for photoresponse nonlinearity in solid-state image sensors with antiblooming protection is described and analyzed. This mechanism is the premature turn-on of the antiblooming structure, and can be characterized by its nonideality factor. It is shown that a lower nonideality factor results in a more linear response. Electrostatic modeling results and measurements show that devices with low-overflow drain (LOD) antiblooming structures can achieve nonideality factors very close to unity and, therefore, offer superior photoresponse linearity. This is especially true for devices with large pixels having low charge capacity, since the maximum voltage swing across the detector is small. Conversely, devices with vertical-overflow drain (VOD) structures are seen to have nonideality factors at best around two and in some other cases even higher, resulting in severe response nonlinearity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cavitation microjets as a contributing mechanism for stone disintegration in ESWL (1988)

The intense shock waves that are used for stone disintegration in ESWL can readily produce acoustic cavitation in a variety of liquids. It has been discovered that the damage to metal objects placed at the focus of an ESWL can be attributed to the action of liquid microjets produced by collapsing cavitation bubbles [A. J. Coleman et al., Ultrasound Med. Biol. 13, 69–76 (1987)]. Furthermore, Delius has shown that these shock waves can produce cavitation in vivo [Miller et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 83, S89 (1988)]. In this paper, a general review will be given of the mechanism of microjet formation in cavitation bubbles and arguments made that cavitation plays an important role in stone disintegration. A film will be shown of microjet formation in collapsing cavitation bubbles induced at low acoustic frequencies. [Work supported in part by NIH and ONR.]
Table S1 from Chemogenomic Landscape of <i>RUNX1</i>-mutated AML Reveals Importance of <i>RUNX1</i> Allele Dosage in Genetics and Glucocorticoid Sensitivity (2023)

&lt;p&gt;List of 97 gene mutations and fusions systematically included in mutational analysis.&lt;/p&gt;
Formation of High-Oriented Epitaxial Ni(Si0.8Ge0.2) on Strained Si0.8Ge0.2/Si(100) via Adding a Thin Ti Interlayer (2014)

Ultrathin titanium (Ti) interlayer is introduced to the formation of nickel germanosilicide on strained Si 0.8 Ge 0.2 /Si(001). After rapid thermal annealing, a uniform flattened NiSi 0.8 Ge 0.2 layer is finally formed. The incorporation of Ti increases the transition temperature from the Ni-rich germanosilicide phase to the mono-germanosilicide phase, and improves the surface and interface roughnesses of Ni(Si 0.8 Ge 0.2 ). The achievement of the highly-oriented (010) Ni(Si 0.8 Ge 0.2 ) on (001) Si 0.8 Ge 0.2 is contributed to the balanced silicidation velocity for the existence of Ti interlayer.