gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capturing multiple full-scene images with a single camera via aperture stop exploitation (2022)

In an effort to increase the capability of modern camera systems, recent advances in imaging technology have seen the maturation of postprocessing and demosaicing algorithms, multispectral imagers, and scene-splitting techniques. Although highly enabling, each of these methods faces an inherent limitation imposed by the camera's geometry. By reevaluating the fundamental components of the camera, this study presents a new method and paradigm in capturing and processing scene information. The proposed camera design is validated and optimized using Zemax simulations. The results show that light entering a camera can be split into three independent, spatially separated, full-scene images, wherein each image retains all spectral, polarimetric, and relative intensity information of the original scene.
Constructal tree networks for heat transfer (1997)

This paper addresses the fundamental problem of how to connect a heat generating volume to a point heat sink by using a finite amount of high-conductivity material that can be distributed through the volume. The problem is one of optimizing the access (or minimizing the thermal resistance) between a finite-size volume and one point. The solution is constructed by covering the volume with a sequence of building blocks, which proceeds toward larger sizes (assemblies), hence, the “constructal” name for this approach. Optimized numerically at each stage are geometric features such as the overall shape of the building block, its number of constituents, and the internal distribution of high-conductivity inserts. It is shown that in the optimal design, the high-conductivity material has a distribution with the shape of a tree. Every aspect of the tree architecture is deterministic: the shapes of the largest assembly and all its constituents, the number of branches at each level of assembly, the relative position of building blocks in each assembly, and the relative thicknesses of successive branches. The finer, innermost details of the tree architecture (e.g., the branching angle) have a negligible effect on the overall thermal resistance. The main conclusion is that the structure, working mechanism, and minimal resistance of the tree network can be obtained deterministically, and that the constrained optimization of access routes accounts for the macroscopic structure in nature.
Full System Decontamination (FSD) Prior to Decommissioning (2011)

Decontamination prior to decommissioning and dismantling is an internationally accepted approach. Not only does it provide for minimization of personnel dose exposure but also maximization of the material volume available for free release. Since easier dismantling techniques in lower dose areas can be applied, the licensing process is facilitated and the scheduling and budgeting effort is more reliable. The most internationally accepted approach for decontamination prior to decommissioning projects is the Full System Decontamination (FSD). FSD is defined as the chemical decontamination of the primary cooling circuit, in conjunction with the main auxiliary systems. AREVA has long-term experience with Full System Decontamination for return to service of operating nuclear power plants as well as for decommissioning after shutdown. Since 1976, AREVA has performed over 500 decontamination applications and from 1986 on, decontaminations prior to decommissioning projects which comprise virtually all nuclear power plant (NPP) designs and plant conditions: • NPP designs: HPWR, PWR, and BWR by AREVA, Westinghouse, ABB and GE; • Decontaminations performed shortly after final shutdown or several years later, and even after re-opening safe enclosure; • High alpha inventory and or low gamma/alpha ratio; • Main coolant chemistry (e.g. with and without Zn injection during operation). Fifteen decontaminations prior to decommissioning projects have been performed successfully to date. The lessons learned of each project were consequently implemented for the next project. AREVA NP has developed a fully comprehensive approach for decontamination based on the CORD® (Chemical Oxidation Reduction Decontamination) Family, applied using the in-house designed decontamination equipment AMDA® (Automatic Modular Decontamination Appliance). The Decontamination Concept for Decommissioning (DCD) will be outlined in this paper. Based on highlights of previous FSDs performed prior to decommissioning the AREVA concept for FSD and DCD will be outlined: • Application window; • Decontamination area; • Waste considerations; • Positive results for subsequent decommissioning and dismantling activities.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry round‐robin study of impurity analysis in gallium arsenide using uniformly‐doped standard gallium arsenide specimens (1994)

Abstract This paper reports results of the second SIMS round‐robin study on GaAs impurity analysis in which 16 laboratories participated. Three different types of SIMS instruments, including Cameca IMS‐3F or IMS‐4F, Atomika ADIDA‐3000 and Hitachi IMA‐3, were used for this study. The specimens were cut from identical multielement‐doped GaAs crystals and distributed as common standards for the quantitative impurity analyses. The interlaboratory deviations in quatitative results based on the common standards were found to be 10–20%, except for some low‐concentration specimens and the results for zinc. This was approximately half of the corresponding results produced from standard specimens provided by the laboratories themselves. The interlaboratory deviations of relative ion intensity between impurity and matrix were &lt;50% for those laboratories employing instruments of the same type, except for low‐concentration specimens. These results show that quantitative analysis to an accuracy of 50% can be performed without standard specimens by utilizing relative sensitivity factors for each type of instrument.
Growth of Ce:LiYF4 bulk single crystal with high Ce concentration by Cz method and the scintillation properties (2012)

Abstract Ce 2% doped LiYF4 [Ce:LYF] bulk single crystal was grown by Czochralski method and the structural phase, crystallinity, optical properties and scintillation properties were investigated. Grown Ce:LYF bulk single crystal included some cracks in the initial part of crystal and meanwhile there were no visible cracks in the center and end parts. Full width of half maximum of X‐ray rocking curve on the plate crystal in center part of Ce:LYF bulk single crystal was 81.4 arcsec. Alpha‐ray position in the pulse‐height spectra under alpha‐ray irradiation was almost quarter that of Li‐glass(GS20). Decay times of the crystals in center and end parts were 69.9 and 58.3 ns, respectively (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Same-day discharge vs overnight stay after elective percutaneous coronary intervention: feasibility, safety, and outcome (2013)

Purpose: Data regarding safety and outcome of same-day discharge after elective- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) are lacking. We compared the feasibility, safety and 1-year outcome of same-day discharge vs overnight stay after elective and uncomplicated PCI in a high-volume tertiary center. Methods: From 2007 to 2011, we performed 981 potentially ambulatory-PCI procedures, 417 (43.4%) were discharged as day cases (same-day discharge group), and 564 (56.6%) were kept in hospital (overnight stay group). All patients were examined 6hrs post-PCI and underwent clinical follow-up at 7-days, 1-month and 1-year after discharge. Results: Baseline demographic and procedure characteristics were similar between both groups (mean age 65±4 vs 65±2 years; 80,4% vs 80,9% males, respectively). Procedural success was achieved in 100% of patients. The transradial approach was used in 94,9 vs 97,9% of cases, respectively. During the procedure, the incidence of vascular complications was 2.1% in both groups, all related to radial route, requiring crossover from transradial to transfemoral access in 0.6% of cases in the same-day discharge group and in 1.6% in the overnight stay group (p=0.191). No major bleeding, hospital readmission or death was reported within 7-days follow-up, only 2 patients in each group developed a mild hematoma on vascular access site. There was no difference in all-cause mortality rate between both groups at 1-year follow-up (0.23%, 1 patient vs 1.21%, 7 patients, respectively; p=0,084). Conclusions: Same-day discharge strategy after elective PCI is feasible and safe in selected patients, with rates of complication and outcome similar to those obtained with the overnight stay strategy. It may represent a helpful method to reduce costs and optimize hospital resource utilization.
Gate-tunable carbon nanotube–MoS 2 heterojunction p-n diode (2013)

The p-n junction diode and field-effect transistor are the two most ubiquitous building blocks of modern electronics and optoelectronics. In recent years, the emergence of reduced dimensionality materials has suggested that these components can be scaled down to atomic thicknesses. Although high-performance field-effect devices have been achieved from monolayered materials and their heterostructures, a p-n heterojunction diode derived from ultrathin materials is notably absent and constrains the fabrication of complex electronic and optoelectronic circuits. Here we demonstrate a gate-tunable p-n heterojunction diode using semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and single-layer molybdenum disulfide as p-type and n-type semiconductors, respectively. The vertical stacking of these two direct band gap semiconductors forms a heterojunction with electrical characteristics that can be tuned with an applied gate bias to achieve a wide range of charge transport behavior ranging from insulating to rectifying with forward-to-reverse bias current ratios exceeding 10(4). This heterojunction diode also responds strongly to optical irradiation with an external quantum efficiency of 25% and fast photoresponse <15 μs. Because SWCNTs have a diverse range of electrical properties as a function of chirality and an increasing number of atomically thin 2D nanomaterials are being isolated, the gate-tunable p-n heterojunction concept presented here should be widely generalizable to realize diverse ultrathin, high-performance electronics and optoelectronics.
Structure of the p53 Core Domain Dimer Bound to DNA (2006)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein binds to DNA as a dimer of dimers to regulate transcription of genes that mediate responses to cellular stress. We have prepared a cross-linked trapped p53 core domain dimer bound to decamer DNA and have determined its structure by x-ray crystallography to 2.3A resolution. The p53 core domain subunits bind nearly symmetrically to opposite faces of the DNA in a head-to-head fashion with a loophelix motif making sequence-specific DNA contacts and bending the DNA by about 20 degrees at the site of protein dimerization. Protein subunit interactions occur over the central DNA minor groove and involve residues from a zinc-binding region. Analysis of tumor derived p53 mutations reveals that the dimerization interface represents a third hot spot for mutation that also includes residues associated with DNA contact and protein stability. Residues associated with p53 dimer formation on DNA are poorly conserved in the p63 and p73 paralogs, possibly contributing to their functional differences. We have used the dimeric protein-DNA complex to model a dimer of p53 dimers bound to icosamer DNA that is consistent with solution bending data and suggests that p53 core domain dimer-dimer contacts are less frequently mutated in human cancer than intra-dimer contacts.
Controlling big, diverse, nonlinear load aggregations for grid services by adjusting device setpoints (2021)

Many electrical loads seek to maintain a measurement, such as a temperature, pressure, flow rate, fluid level or charge state, near a setpoint. In some cases, setpoints can be adjusted slightly without noticeably affecting quality of service. Small setpoint adjustments have an indirect effect on power use that, when aggregated over a large number of loads, can be significant. This paper develops a framework to provide services to the power grid by adjusting device setpoints. The framework has several practical advantages: it scales to very large load aggregations; accommodates a wide variety of loads, including those with nonlinear behavior; and requires little sensing or communication and no private information. The framework involves (1) learning a model to predict aggregate power under baseline operation, (2) exciting the system to identify a model relating setpoint perturbations to aggregate power perturbations, and (3) embedding baseline predictions and the perturbation model in load-shifting optimization. Simulations of a 50,000-load, 115-MW aggregation in the Texas storms of February, 2021, suggest that this framework can reduce peak demand, arbitrage dynamic energy prices or carbon intensities, and provide utility demand response or wholesale ancillary services.
A cell-based alternative to the mouse potency assay for pharmaceutical type E botulinum antitoxins (2021)

The pharmacopeia mouse neutralization assay (PMNA) is the standard method for determining the potency of phar­maceutical botulinum antitoxins. However, a PMNA requires a large number of mice, and, thus, an alternative in vitro method to replace it is needed. Herein, we developed an in vitro SiMa cell line-based neutralization assay (SBNA), compatible with a PMNA design, for therapeutic antitoxins against type E botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/E). The SBNA measures the residual cellular activity of BoNT/E following antitoxin neutralization in the SiMa lysate using a specific quantitative sandwich ELISA for its cleaved cellular target protein SNAP-25. The potencies of different pharmaceutical antitoxin preparations were determined by applying two different quantification approaches: (1) a cutoff value, in accor­dance with the pharmacopeia concept, and (2) nonlinear regression of a standard curve generated by serial dilutions of a standard antitoxin. Both approaches achieved accurate potencies compared to the PMNA (average %RE of ~16%). Furthermore, the SBNA was able to determine in vitro, for the first time, the accurate neutralizing activity (%RE ≤ 20) of next-generation equine and rabbit therapeutic antitoxins. Collectively, a high correlation between SBNA and PMNA results was obtained for all antitoxin preparations (r = 0.99, P < 0.0001 for the standard curve approach, and r = 0.97, p < 0.0001 for the cutoff approach). In conclusion, the SBNA can potentially replace the PMNA and markedly reduce the need for laboratory animals for the approval of botulinum antitoxin preparations.
Utility of Radial Scanning for the Identification of Arterial Hypervascularity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma on Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Images (2021)

For the assessment of HCC vascularity, EOB-enhanced MRI scans acquired with radial sampling were more accurate than dynamic CT images.
Supplementary Figure Legend and Table 1 from Scatter Spectroscopic Imaging Distinguishes between Breast Pathologies in Tissues Relevant to Surgical Margin Assessment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file, 133K, Diagnostic distribution of tissue population and mean+/-standard deviation for spectrally derived scattering parameters per diagnostic category.&lt;/p&gt;
J/ψproduction at high transverse momenta inp+pandCu+Cucollisions atsNN=200GeV (2009)

The STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider presents measurements of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ at midrapidity and high transverse momentum (${p}_{T}&gt;5 \mathrm{GeV}/c$) in $p+p$ and central $\mathrm{Cu}+\mathrm{Cu}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{{}_{\mathit{NN}}}}=200$ GeV. The inclusive $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production cross section for $\mathrm{Cu}+\mathrm{Cu}$ collisions is found to be consistent at high ${p}_{T}$ with the binary collision-scaled cross section for $p+p$ collisions. At a confidence level of $97%$, this is in contrast to a suppression of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production observed at lower ${p}_{T}$. Azimuthal correlations of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ with charged hadrons in $p+p$ collisions provide an estimate of the contribution of $B$-hadron decays to $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production of $13%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5%$.
Assessment of Dimensional Integrity and Spatial Defect Localization in Additive Manufacturing Using Spectral Graph Theory (2015)

The ability of additive manufacturing (AM) processes to produce components with virtually any geometry presents a unique challenge in terms of quantifying the dimensional quality of the part. In this paper, a novel spectral graph theory (SGT) approach is proposed for resolving the following critical quality assurance concern in the AM: how to quantify the relative deviation in dimensional integrity of complex AM components. Here, the SGT approach is demonstrated for classifying the dimensional integrity of standardized test components. The SGT-based topological invariant Fiedler number (λ2) was calculated from 3D point cloud coordinate measurements and used to quantify the dimensional integrity of test components. The Fiedler number was found to differ significantly for parts originating from different AM processes (statistical significance p-value &lt;1%). By comparison, prevalent dimensional integrity assessment techniques, such as traditional statistical quantifiers (e.g., mean and standard deviation) and examination of specific facets/landmarks failed to capture part-to-part variations, proved incapable of ranking the quality of test AM components in a consistent manner. In contrast, the SGT approach was able to consistently rank the quality of the AM components with a high degree of statistical confidence independent of sampling technique used. Consequently, from a practical standpoint, the SGT approach can be a powerful tool for assessing the dimensional integrity of the AM components, and thus encourage wider adoption of the AM capabilities.
Structure, Mechanics and Failure of Stochastic Fibrous Networks: Part II—Network Simulations and Application (2000)

Applications for porous fibrous materials range from electrochemical substrates to web reinforcement in polymeric composite materials. The details of local load transfer are studied in a class of cost-effective, stochastic fibrous networks used in battery applications. The connectivity of these materials is quantitatively related to modulus and strength, and detailed results of different simulations approaches in approximating material construction are discussed. In Part II, we focus on the consequences of various microscale assumptions concerning bonding, beam type, failure mode and simulation scale on effective moduli and peak loads. We show that the effects of scale are important even in a tight range of window sizes (one-tenth to ten times the staple length), especially as compared to the relative insensitivity of conductivity to scale, when only bulk conduction is considered. We also discuss issues of connectivity at the scale of the porous material rather than element-by-element. This work points toward use of simple constructions to model complex behavior, and may ultimately provide insight into modeling of a large class of porous materials. [S0094-4289(00)01604-2]
Viral and tumor immunity is enhanced in mice expressing the pro-autoimmune allele of tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn22 (2021)

Abstract The 1858C&amp;gt;T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 (causing amino acid substitution R620W) is present in 5–10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Specifically, this alternative allele affects lymphocyte activation, toll-like receptor signaling, and cytokine production in various autoimmune contexts. Despite the importance of these inflammatory networks in pathogen and tumor clearance, the influence of PTPN22 and its pro-autoimmune allele have on viral and tumorigenic conditions is poorly defined. To interrogate these roles, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice expressing the Ptpn22 R619W molecule, which is the ortholog of R620W in humans. Using LCMV-cl13 infection and B16 tumor models, we tested the hypothesis that pleiotropic effects of Ptpn22 R619W enhances anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. Importantly, R619W bearing mice have less tumor burden and clear chronic viral infection faster than wildtype mice. Consistent with these results, R619W mice have enhanced antigen-specific T cell activation during viral infection and more tumor infiltrating activated T cells. Also, R619W bearing mice have a more immunostimulatory cDC phenotype during disease. As this gene is expressed in all immune cells, we interrogated the role that the R619W molecule has on T cell intrinsic versus extrinsic mechanisms of T cell activation. We show an additive mechanism in which both T cell and non-T cell compartments expressing the R619W molecule cause the most T cell activation. Our results suggest that a pro-autoimmune allele can be beneficial by promoting anti-viral and anti-tumor immune responses through multiple immune cell types, and may have a protective effect in these diseases.
Comparison of traction motors that reduce or eliminate rare-earth materials (2016)

Important global efforts are underway toward lowering the cost of electric machines for electric and hybrid vehicles by reducing or eliminating the use of rare earth materials which have been experiencing significant price increases and volatility. This paper will present several designs that reduce or eliminate rare-earth materials. All these designs are targeting the same set of specifications of 55kW peak at 2800 rpm and 30kW continuous over a speed range going from 2800 rpm to 14000 rpm. This provides a fair basis of comparison of various machine topologies. The paper will provide a quantitative comparison of the performance of various machine topologies as well as highlight the key tradeoffs.
A Complete Frontal Crash Sensor System - 1 (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This is the first paper in a new series to present a coherent theory of sensing frontal crashes, define the characteristics of future airbag sensor systems and to present examples of how this theory can be implemented. After summarizing the relevant conclusions from the authors' previous papers, this paper concludes that future systems should contain: crush zone sensors which sense relevant impacts to all portions of the vehicle front; an occupant position sensor as an input to the sensing system; and a mechanical safing/arming sensor having a long dwell. It is further concluded that cars should be designed so that only impacts involving the front of the vehicle need be sensed for the deployment of frontal protection airbags.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This series of papers has the main goal of determining an overall theory of frontal crash sensing and the resulting desirable properties of sensor systems. A second goal is to give examples of how this theory can be realized in real sensor systems. There is a need for such an analysis as can be seen from the wide variety of sensor systems in use today - it is unlikely that they are all right. In addition several organizations are developing computer algorithms for “Single Point Sensors” based on a variety of different theories. This diversity of systems leads to the conclusion that there is no generally accepted theory of how to sense car crashes.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper develops a general theory of crash sensing by combining conclusions from previous papers with new analysis and presents a system which conforms to this theory. In later papers in this series, careful analysis will be made of real world crashes to refine the theory and improve the system design.&lt;/div&gt;