gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeted Estimation of L2 Distance Between Densities and its Application to Geo-spatial Data (2019)

We examine the integrated squared difference, also known as the L2 distance (L2D), between two probability densities. Such a distance metric allows for comparison of differences between pairs of distributions or changes in a distribution over time. We propose a targeted maximum likelihood estimator for this parameter based on samples of independent and identically distributed observations from both underlying distributions. We compare our method to kernel density estimation and demonstrate superior performance for our method with regards to confidence interval coverage rate and mean squared error.
SNAPS: Sensor aNAlytics Point Solutions for detection and decision support systems (2019)

In this review, we discuss the role of sensor analytics point solutions (SNAPS), a reduced complexity machine-assisted decision support tool. We summarize the approaches used for mobile phone-based chemical/biological sensors, including general hardware and software requirements for signal transduction and acquisition. We introduce SNAPS, part of a platform approach to converge sensor data and analytics. The platform is designed to consist of a portfolio of modular tools which may lend itself to dynamic composability by enabling context-specific selection of relevant units, resulting in case-based working modules. SNAPS is an element of this platform where data analytics, statistical characterization and algorithms may be delivered to the data either via embedded systems in devices, or sourced, in near real-time, from mist, fog or cloud computing resources. Convergence of the physical systems with the cyber components paves the path for SNAPS to progress to higher levels of artificial reasoning tools (ART) and emerge as data-informed decision support, as a service for general societal needs. Proof of concept examples of SNAPS are demonstrated both for quantitative data and qualitative data, each operated using a mobile device (smartphone or tablet) for data acquisition and analytics. We discuss the challenges and opportunities for SNAPS, centered around the value to users/stakeholders and the key performance indicators users may find helpful, for these types of machine-assisted tools.
Kerr-lens mode-locked Cr:ZnS oscillator reaches the spectral span of an optical octave (2020)

We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first super-octave femtosecond polycrystalline Cr:ZnS laser at the central wavelength 2.4 µm. The laser is based on a non-polarizing astigmatic X-folded resonator with normal incidence mounting of the gain element. The chromatic dispersion of the resonator is controlled with a set of dispersive mirrors within one third of an optical octave over 2.05-2.6 µm range. The resonator's optics is highly reflective in the range 1.8-2.9 µm. The components of the oscillator's output spectrum at the wavelengths 1.6 µm and 3.2 µm are detected at -60 dB with respect to the main peak. Average power of few-cycle Kerr-lens mode-locked laser is 1.4 W at the pulse repetition frequency 79 MHz. That corresponds to 22% conversion of cw radiation of Er-doped fiber laser, which we used for optical pumping of the Cr:ZnS oscillator.
Search for single production of a vector-like T quark decaying to a top quark and a Z boson in the final state with jets and missing transverse momentum at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV (2022)

A bstract A search is presented for single production of a vector-like T quark with charge 2 / 3 e , in the decay channel featuring a top quark and a Z boson, with the top quark decaying hadronically and the Z boson decaying to neutrinos. The search uses data collected by the CMS experiment in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb − 1 recorded at the CERN LHC in 2016–2018. The search is sensitive to a T quark mass between 0.6 and 1.8 TeV with decay widths ranging from negligibly small up to 30% of the T quark mass. Reconstruction strategies for the top quark are based on the degree of Lorentz boosting of its final state. At 95% confidence level, the upper limit on the product of the cross section and branching fraction for a T quark of small decay width varies between 15 and 602 fb, depending on its mass. For a T quark with decay widths between 10 and 30% of its mass, this upper limit ranges between 16 and 836 fb. For most of the studied range, the results provide the best limits to date. This is the first search for single T quark production based on the full Run 2 data set of the LHC.
Design Optimization of High-Power, Liquid Anode AMTEC (2003)

A high power, liquid‐anode, Alkali Metal Thermal‐To‐Electric Conversion (AMTEC) unit design is developed and optimized. Optimized parameters include: number of BASE elements; spacing between BASE elements and their arrangement in rows and columns; electrode’s surface area per BASE element; and number and diameter of the orifices in the internal radiation heat shield. The effects of these parameters on the size, mass and performance of the AMTEC unit when operating at BASE and condenser temperatures of 1123 K and 670 K, respectively, are discussed. The specific power of the Na AMTEC unit is maximum at a WRh1.5 electrode’s surface area of 140.8 cm2 per BASE element. A total number of 128 BASE elements, electrically connected in series, deliver the nominal power of 5.6 kWe which is 84% of the peak power (6.7 kWe). The BASE elements are arranged in 4 rows of 32 elements each, resulting in a nearly square footprint, minimum mass and parasitic heat losses, and maximum specific power and efficiency. At the nominal operating current of ∼100 A, the radiation and conduction parasitic heat losses amount to only 7% of the total heat input. The optimized AMTEC unit design measures 594 mm × 410 mm × 115 mm, weighs 44.3 kg, and has an efficiency of 27.6% at the nominal power of 5.6 kWe (a specific power of 125 We/kg). For a 100‐kWe power system with a nuclear reactor core exit temperature of ∼1180 K, 18 of these units would provide excellent redundancy and reliability in energy conversion.
CD4dull+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in murine bone marrow (1993)

CD4+ cells comprise approximately 3% to 6% of murine bone marrow (BM) cells. The majority are CD4dull+, but there are two distinct sub populations: CD4 brightly positive Gr-1- cells (CD4hiGr-1-) and CD4+ Gr- 1+ cells (CD4loGr-1lo). CD4hiGr-1- cells are considered to be mature T cells by cell surface antigen expression and morphology. CD4loGr-1lo cells, which comprise approximately 0.6% of the BM cells, express small amount of B220 and Thy1 antigens. Interestingly, colony-forming units (CFU)-spleen and CFU-C are not enriched in this population. However, when injected into lethally irradiated mice, CD4loGr-1lo cells were shown to differentiate into T-cell, B-cell, and myelo-monocyte lineages when assayed 26 weeks after transplantation. Furthermore, donor-derived CD4loGr-1lo cells were present in the recipients' BM at least 16 weeks after transplantation. These observations suggest that murine CD4loGr- 1lo cells in BM have self-renewal capability and retain the ability to differentiate into at least three lineages in long-term hematopoiesis.
Appendix A: Typical Synthetic Procedures (2013)

This appendix contains sections titled: Selective Direct Fluorination Hydrofluorination and Halofluorination Electrophilic Fluorination with F-TEDA–BF4 (Selectfluor) Fluorinations with DAST and BAST (Deoxofluor) Fluorination of a Carboxylic Acid with Sulfur Tetrafluoride Generation of a Trifluoromethoxy Group by Oxidative Fluorodesulfuration of a Xanthogenate Oxidative Alkoxydifluorodesulfuration of Dithianylium Salts Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation with Umemoto's Reagents Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation with Me3SiCF3 Transition Metal-Mediated Aromatic Perfluoroalkylation Copper-Mediated Introduction of the Trifluoromethylthio Group Substitution Reactions on Fluoroolefins and Fluoroarenes Reactions with Difluoroenolates References
A Novel Damping Device for Broadband Attenuation of Low-Frequency Combustion Pulsations in Gas Turbines (2013)

Abstract Damping of thermoacoustically induced pressure pulsations in combustion chambers is a major focus of gas turbine operation. Conventional Helmholtz resonators are an excellent means to attenuate thermoacoustic instabilities in gas turbines. Usually, however, the damping optimum is in a narrow frequency band at one operating condition. The work presented here deals with a modification of the basic Helmholtz resonator design overcoming this drawback. It consists of a damper body housing multiple volumes that are connected to each other. Adequate adjustment of the governing parameters results in a broadband damping characteristic for low frequencies. In this way, changes in operating conditions and engine-to-engine variations involving shifts in the combustion pulsation frequency can conveniently be addressed. Genetic algorithms and optimization strategies are used to derive these parameters in a multidimensional parameter space. The novel damper concept is described in more detail and compared with cold-flow experiments. In order to validate the performance under realistic conditions, the new broadband dampers were implemented in a full-scale test engine. Pulsation amplitudes could be reduced by more than 80%. In addition, it is shown that, due to sophisticated damper placement in the engine, two unstable modes can be addressed simultaneously. Application of the damper concept allowed a considerable increase of the engine operating range, thereby reducing NOx emissions by 55%. Predictions obtained with the physics-based model excellently agree with experimental results for all tested damper geometries, bias flows, excitation amplitudes, and most importantly with the measurements in the engine.
P1‐235: Effects of the novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist S 38093 in a non‐human primate model of cognitive dysfunction (2009)

Chronic low dose administration of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP (CLD MPTP) induces a fronto-striatal dysfunction characterized by attention and executive function deficits without inducing parkinsonian-like motor symptoms. S 38093, a novel histamine H3 type receptor antagonist, has cognitive enhancing effects in rats, aged mice, and aged monkeys and is intended for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to explore effects of S 38093 on attention and executive functioning in CLD MPTP-treated monkeys. Five adult male cynomolgus monkeys performed the following tasks: Variable Delayed Response (VDR, a spatial memory task with a strong attention component at short duration delays and a memory component at long duration delays); Continuous Performance Task (CPT, test of sustained/selective visual attention); and Discrimination Reversal Task (DisR, a test of cognitive flexibility). Animals were administered low doses of MPTP until stable cognitive deficits were produced. S 38093 was then tested at doses of 0.10, 0.30 and 1.00 mg/kg, p.o. Significant improvements in VDR task performance were observed only at the two shortest duration delays at all doses of S 38093 (i.e., mean percent correct responses of 90% and 85% respectively vs. 64% and 71% after MPTP alone). Significant improvements in CPT performance (i.e., increased positive hits (mean of 52 vs. 41 after MPTP alone), decreased omission errors (i.e., 8 vs. 20 after MPTP alone) were also observed at all doses following S 38093 administration, suggesting an effect on sustained/selective visual attention. There was also significant improvement in DisR performance (i.e., significant decrease in the number of trials to reach criterion (36 vs. 156 under MPTP alone) after S 38093 (0.3 mg/kg p.o), suggesting a beneficial effect on cognitive flexibility. These data demonstrate that S 38093 has positive effects on attention, as evidenced on performance of the attentional component of the VDR task and the CPT task, as well as a positive effect on at least one aspect of executive functioning (i.e., cognitive flexibility) in CLD MPTP-treated monkeys. These results indicate that S 38093 may be useful to enhance attention and cognitive flexibility.
Diagnosis of bacterial sepsis: why are tests for bacteremia not sufficient? (2019)

Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and health system cost and is a major pain point for health systems in the United States whose payments are now partially tied to sepsis perform...
Complexity and Performance of Turbo Equalization for OFDM Systems in Doubly Selective Channels (2007)

Time and frequency selective channels or doubly selective channels leads to inter-carrier interference (ICI) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We investigate how effectively turbo equalization could reduce the complexity burden of frequency domain equalization in the presence of doubly selective fading channels. We split the frequency domain matrix into several small sub-matrices that contain significant channel information and combine the MMSE equalization and the MAP decoding for iterative structure based on sub-matrices of frequency domain channel matrix. Simulation results show how much complexity reduction the iterative method can offer with better BER performance than that of the non iteration method. The iterative method has 70% computational complexity reduction with achieving 1 dB performance improvement in our simulations.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY OF NEW ((DIALKYLAMINO)ALKYL)PYRIDYLACETAMIDES (1983)

Abstract Eine Reihe neuer Pyridylcarbonsäureamide (IV) wird ausgehend von den Pyridylnitrilen (I) synthetisiert.
The lymphoma-associated NPM-ALK oncogene elicits a p16INK4a/pRb-dependent tumor-suppressive pathway (2011)

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a barrier for tumor development. Oncogene-dependent DNA damage and activation of the ARF/p53 pathway play a central role in OIS and, accordingly, ARF and p53 are frequently mutated in human cancer. A number of leukemia/lymphoma-initiating oncogenes, however, inhibit ARF/p53 and only infrequently select for ARF or p53 mutations, suggesting the involvement of other tumor-suppressive pathways. We report that NPM-ALK, the initiating oncogene of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs), induces DNA damage and irreversibly arrests the cell cycle of primary fibroblasts and hematopoietic progenitors. This effect is associated with inhibition of p53 and is caused by activation of the p16INK4a/pRb tumor-suppressive pathway. Analysis of NPM-ALK lymphomagenesis in transgenic mice showed p16INK4a-dependent accumulation of senescent cells in premalignant lesions and decreased tumor latency in the absence of p16INK4a. Accordingly, human ALCLs showed no expression of either p16INK4a or pRb. Up-regulation of the histone-demethylase Jmjd3 and de-methylation at the p16INK4a promoter contributed to the effect of NPM-ALK on p16INK4a, which was transcriptionally regulated. These data demonstrate that p16INK4a/pRb may function as an alternative pathway of oncogene-induced senescence, and suggest that the reactivation of p16INK4a expression might be a novel strategy to restore the senescence program in some tumors.
Midlife Serum Cholesterol and Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s and Vascular Dementia Three Decades Later (2009)

Midlife serum total cholesterol was associated with an increased risk of AD and VaD. Even moderately elevated cholesterol increased dementia risk. Dementia risk factors need to be addressed as early as midlife, before underlying disease(s) or symptoms appear.
Developments in lithium-loaded plastic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination (Conference Presentation) (2019)

The development of efficient, robust plastic scintillators with pulse shape discrimination (PSD) has been of much interest in recent years. As is the case with many new technologies, initial formulations for PSD plastics provided new capabilities that have required in-depth research to refine. Herein we describe continued results from extensive optimization studies that have led to the development of PSD plastics with improved scintillation performance and physical properties. Improvements in the formulation for PSD plastics provide a groundwork from which element-loaded PSD plastics can be further advanced. Two separate approaches for incorporating lithium compounds into plastic scintillators are explored based on the identity of the lithium salt used. Aliphatic and aromatic lithium compounds require different methods of incorporation, resulting in different mechanisms of light quenching and reduction in PSD. These quenching mechanisms are explored and discussed for each type of lithium salt. Since at large size physical and scintillation characteristics are much more sensitive to preparation conditions, performance characterization of scaled plastics is described and compared among different formulations. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Ancillary ligand-assisted robust deep-red emission in iridium(iii) complexes for solution-processable phosphorescent OLEDs (2019)

Two different kinds of ancillary ligands such as picolinate and thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetonate have profound effects on the excited state properties of deep red emissive iridium(<sc>iii</sc>) complexes
Mesoscopic Solar Cells for Electricity and Hydrogen Production from Sunlight (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Human Hearing Overview (2017)

On the zigzagging road towards wisdom about the human auditory system we collect knowledge from two entirely different sources of experimental information. First, from anatomy and physiology … Secondly, from perception and psychoacoustics … Our ever wondering mind tries to combine and to explain these findings in terms of some model, law, hypothesis or theory.—“The residue revisited,” J. F. Schouten (1970)
Induction and molecular signature of pathogenic T[subscript H]17 cells (2012)

Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (T[subscript H]17 cells) are often present at the sites of tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases, which has led to the conclusion that T[subscript H]17 cells are main drivers of autoimmune tissue injury. However, not all T[subscript H]17 cells are pathogenic; in fact, T[subscript H]17 cells generated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and IL-6 produce IL-17 but do not readily induce autoimmune disease without further exposure to IL-23. Here we found that the production of TGF-β3 by developing T[subscript H]17 cells was dependent on IL-23, which together with IL-6 induced very pathogenic T[subscript H]17 cells. Moreover, TGF-β3-induced T[subscript H]17 cells were functionally and molecularly distinct from TGF-β1-induced T[subscript H]17 cells and had a molecular signature that defined pathogenic effector T[subscript H]17 cells in autoimmune disease.
Structural modification of fentanyls for their retrospective identification by gas chromatographic analysis using chloroformate chemistry (2021)

The one-step breakdown and derivatization of a panel of nine fentanyls to yield uniquely tagged products that can be detected by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (EI-GC-MS) is presented. The method involves the treatment of the synthetic opioids with 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl chloride (TrocCl) at 60 °C for 3 h in dichloromethane and furnishes two products from one fentanyl molecule that can be used to retrospectively identify the original opioid. Parameters that were studied and fully optimized for the method included temperature, solvent, nature of scavenging base and reaction time. One of the two resulting products from the reaction bears the trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) tag attached to the norfentanyl portion of the original opioid and greatly aids in the opioid detection and identification process. The methodology has been applied to the chemical modification of a panel of nine fentanyls and in all cases the molecular ion peak for the Troc-norfentanyl product bearing the distinctive trichloroethyl isotopic signature can be clearly observed. The method's LLOD was determined to be 10 ng/mL while its LLOQ was found to be 20 ng/mL. This methodology represents the first application of chloroformates in the chemical modification of this class of synthetic opioids that are notoriously inert to common derivatization strategies available for GC-MS analysis.
Transteoria e análise estratégica no controle local do tabagismo, Zarzal, Colômbia, 1999 (2020)

\n O consumo de tabaco é uma escolha comportamental globalmente disseminada cujos riscos e efeitos na saúde têm sido largamente demonstrados. No controle global, regional, nacional e local do tabagismo, teorias e modelos do comportamento individual, organizacional, comunitário e social têm sido incorporados nas intervenções. Objetivo Aplicar os modelos Transteórico dos Estágios de Mudança-MT e de Análise Estratégica em Promoção da Saúde-MAEPS da OMS, para orientar um levantamento de dados e o planejamento de uma intervenção de controle local do tabagismo. O MT foi proposto em 1979 por James Prochaska para explicar a mudança comportamental de dependentes químicos e adictos ao cigarro; hoje é usado para explicar mudanças individuais, em relação aos comportamentos com efeitos na saúde, segundo cinco variáveis: estágios e processos de mudança, tentação, balanço decisório e auto-eficácia. O MAEPS/OMS é uma matriz instrumental produto das discussões técnicas da III Conferência Internacional de Promoção da Saúde, Sundsvall Suécia, 1991; sintetiza as estratégias discutidas com vistas a se criar ambientes favoráveis, de suporte à saúde: políticas públicas, regulamentação, reorientação organizacional, advocacia, mediação, facilitação da mudança, empoderamento e mobilização comunitária. Método Mediante inquérito domiciliar probabilístico, foi realizado levantamento de dados com 138 residentes urbanos do município de Zarzal-Colômbia, experientes no consumo regular de cigarro. Foram estudadas as variáveis gênero, idade, estado civil, escolaridade, iniciação, consolidação, duração e freqüência do consumo. Com base no MT, classificou-se à amostra populacional segundo estágios de mudança e caracterizou-se o histórico e freqüência de recaídas e tentação para fumar, o balanço decisório e a auto-eficácia para abandonar o cigarro. Resultados O 42% dos participantes foram pre-contempladores, 50 % contempladores, 1 % preparavam-se para mudar, 2 % foram classificados no estágio de ação e 5 % no de manutenção da condição de ex-fumante. O nível de escolaridade e a tentativa de abandono do cigarro nos últimos doze meses foram as variáveis associadas à intenção atual de mudança no consumo. O forte desejo de fumar (44 %), as rotinas do grupo social (26 %) e o stress (19) foram as causas mais frequentes de recaída no consumo. Levando em conta o levantamento de dados e subsídios conceituais orientadores do uso do MAEPS/OMS, planejou-se uma proposta multi-estratégica de intervenção para o controle local do tabagismo.\n
Multidimensional diffusion MRI: A new tool for studying brain microstructure and the effects of learning (2015)

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