gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nitroxyl Peptides as Catalysts of Enantioselective Oxidations (2002)

The achiral, nitroxyl-containing alpha-amino acid TOAC (TOAC = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid), in combination with the chiral alpha-amino acid C(alpha)-methyl valine [(alphaMe)Val], was used to prepare short peptides (from di- to hexa-) that induced the enantioselective oxidation of racemic 1-phenylethanol to acetophenone. The best catalyst was an N(alpha)-acylated dipeptide alkylamide with the -TOAC-(alphaMe)Val- sequence folded in a stable, intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded beta-turn conformation with large, lipophilic (hydrophobic) N- and C-terminal blocking groups. We rationalized our findings by proposing models for the diastereomeric intermediates between (R)-[and (S)]-1-phenylethanol and the catalyst Fmoc-TOAC-L-(alphaMe)Val-NHiPr, based on the X-ray diffraction structure of the latter.
The interaction of a shock wave with a laminar boundary layer at a compression corner in high-enthalpy flows including real gas effects (1997)

The high-enthalpy, hypersonic flow over a compression corner has been examined experimentally and theoretically. Surface static pressure and heat transfer distributions, along with some flow visualization data, were obtained in a free-piston shock tunnel operating at enthalpies ranging from 3 MJ kg −1 to 19 MJ kg −1 , with the Mach number varying from 7.5 to 9.0 and the Reynolds number based on upstream fetch from 2.7×10 4 to 2.7×10 5 . The flow was laminar throughout. The experimental data compared well with theories valid for perfect gas flow and with other relevant low-to-moderate enthalpy data, suggesting that for the current experimental conditions, the real gas effects on shock wave/boundary layer interaction are negligible. The flat-plate similarity theory has been extended to include equilibrium real gas effects. While this theory is not applicable to the current experimental conditions, it has been employed here to determine the potential maximum effect of real gas behaviour. For the flat plate, only small differences between perfect gas and equilibrium gas flows are predicted, consistent with experimental observations. For the compression corner, a more rapid rise to the maximum pressure and heat transfer on the ramp face is predicted in the real gas flows, with the pressure lying slightly below, and the heat transfer slightly above, the perfect gas prediction. The increase in peak heat transfer is attributed to the reduction in boundary layer displacement thickness due to real gas effects.
Comparative study of 0° X-cut and Y + 36°-cut lithium niobate high-voltage sensing (2015)

A comparison study between Y + 36° and 0° X-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) was performed to evaluate the influence of crystal cut on the acoustic propagation to realize a piezoelectric high-voltage sensor. The acoustic time-of-flight for each crystal cut was measured when applying direct current (DC), alternating current (AC), and pulsed voltages. Results show that the voltage-induced shift in the acoustic wave propagation time scaled quadratically with voltage for DC and AC voltages applied to X-cut crystals. For the Y + 36° crystal, the voltage-induced shift scales linearly with DC voltages and quadratically with AC voltages. When applying 5 μs voltage pulses to both crystals, the voltage-induced shift scaled linearly with voltage. For the Y + 36° cut, the voltage-induced shift from applying DC voltages ranged from 10 to 54 ps and 35 to 778 ps for AC voltages at 640 V over the frequency range of 100 Hz-100 kHz. Using the same conditions as the Y + 36° cut, the 0° X-cut crystal sensed a shift of 10-273 ps for DC voltages and 189-813 ps for AC voltage application. For 5 μs voltage pulses, the 0° X-cut crystal sensed a voltage induced shift of 0.250-2 ns and the Y + 36°-cut crystal sensed a time shift of 0.115-1.6 ns. This suggests a frequency sensitive response to voltage where the influence of the crystal cut was not a significant contributor under DC, AC, or pulsed voltage conditions. The measured DC data were compared to a 1-D impedance matrix model where the predicted incremental length changed as a function of voltage. When the voltage source error was eliminated through physical modeling from the uncertainty budget, the combined uncertainty of the sensor (within a 95% confidence interval) decreased to 0.0033% using a Y + 36°-cut crystal and 0.0032% using an X-cut crystal for all the voltage conditions used in this experiment.
UbiHeld (2013)

Once the person's identity is established, the most important aspects of ubiquitous healthcare monitoring of elderly and chronic patients are location, activity, physiological and psychological parameters. Since smartphones have become the most pervasive computing platform today, it is only a logical extension to use the same in healthcare domain for bringing ubiquity. Besides smartphone, skeleton based activity detection and localization using depth sensor like Kinect make ubiquitous monitoring effective without compromising privacy to a large extent. Finally sensing mental condition is made possible by analysis of the subject's social network feed. This paper presents an end-to-end healthcare monitoring system code named UbiHeld (Ubiquitous Healthcare for Elderly) using the techniques mentioned above and an IoT (Internet of Things) based back-end platform.
Adsorption of Hydrophobic Polyelectrolytes at Oppositely Charged Surfaces (2002)

We develop a scaling theory of adsorption of necklace-like hydrophobic polyelectrolytes at an oppositely charged hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. At low surface charge densities we predict a two-dimensional adsorbed layer with thickness determined by the balance between electrostatic attraction to the charged surface and chain entropy. At high surface charge densities we expect a 3-dimensional layer with polymer density profile determined either by the balance between two-body monomer−monomer attraction or by electrostatic attraction to the surface and three-body monomer−monomer repulsion. These different stabilizing mechanisms result in the nonmonotonic dependence of the layer thickness on the surface charge density. For adsorption of polyelectrolyte chains from salt solutions the screening of the electrostatic repulsion between adsorbed polyelectrolyte chains results in large overcompensation of the surface charge for two-dimensional adsorbed layers. The polymer surface coverage for this regime increases with increasing salt concentration. The opposite trend is predicted for 3-D adsorbed layers where the polyelectrolyte surface excess decreases with increasing salt concentration.
Investigation of Losses for a Concentrated Winding High-Speed Permanent Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Washing Machine Application (2018)

In this paper, improvement of torque quality and magnetic losses of a concentrated winding high-speed permanent magnet (PM)-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSRM) that can operate in the wide speed range are investigated. Optimization studies have been carried out to enhance the torque quality. In addition, ac copper losses in the stator coils and iron losses in laminations at high frequencies have been investigated. Since the PMaSRM can operate in a wide constant power-speed range, the field weakening performance has also been investigated. The motor performance results of the PMaSRM at both no-load and on-load conditions are examined by using Flux 2-D FEA software. A prototype motor based on the simulations has been built and validated in order to show the feasibility of such technology for white good applications.
Dialog State Tracking: A Neural Reading Comprehension Approach (2019)

Dialog state tracking is used to estimate the current belief state of a dialog given all the preceding conversation. Machine reading comprehension, on the other hand, focuses on building systems that read passages of text and answer questions that require some understanding of passages. We formulate dialog state tracking as a reading comprehension task to answer the question what is the state of the current dialog? after reading conversational context. In contrast to traditional state tracking methods where the dialog state is often predicted as a distribution over a closed set of all the possible slot values within an ontology, our method uses a simple attention-based neural network to point to the slot values within the conversation. Experiments on MultiWOZ-2.0 cross-domain dialog dataset show that our simple system can obtain similar accuracies compared to the previous more complex methods. By exploiting recent advances in contextual word embeddings, adding a model that explicitly tracks whether a slot value should be carried over to the next turn, and combining our method with a traditional joint state tracking method that relies on closed set vocabulary, we can obtain a joint-goal accuracy of 47.33% on the standard test split, exceeding current state-of-the-art by 11.75%**.
Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine – a Lewis base able to compete with phosphazene bases in catalysing oxa-Michael reactions (2022)

The performance of the fairly airstable and commercially available “Lewis base beast” TTMPP in catalysing oxa-Michael reactions and the control of its activity by dilution and solvent choice are disclosed.
A switching mechanism to mitigate scan blindness in phased arrays (2017)

This paper presents a novel solution to extend the scanning range of a cavity-backed stacked-patch phased array subject to scan blindness. Two main aspects are investigated. The first section is a thorough description of the scan blindness mechanism occurring in the reported array, taking into consideration the characteristics of the associated mutual coupling scheme. The second section introduces a revised array topology that allows extending the scanning range. The proposed solution is based on the switching between two operating modes of the structure, each one covering a distinct scanning range. Taken together, they potentially allow freeing the structure from scan blindness. In the present case, the scanning capability of the array has been extended by 10° in the scanning plane of interest.
Gel models to assess distribution and diffusion of reactive species from cold atmospheric plasma: an overview for plasma medicine applications (2021)

Abstract The emerging field of plasma medicine opens new therapeutic opportunities with the use of cold atmospheric plasma as a versatile tool for the treatment of tissues in various medical indications. Yet, the complexity of this very reactive medium combined with a high dependence on its environment and generation parameters make it difficult to predict and optimize such treatment. To this end, a simple yet robust and accurate tissue phantom allowing to study the penetration and distribution of plasma action in simulated in vivo conditions has been developed by several groups. It combines a hydrogel-based matrix closely resembling tissues and chemical reporters incorporated in the gel to measure the delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) by the plasma. This paper reports the use of these models in the literature to give an overview of the state of the art, their capabilities and the further research required to improve it. First the hydrogels composition (i.e. gelatin and agarose) is discussed, as well as the parameters allowing to fine tune the model. In particular, we show that modifying mass fraction has been reported to mimic several types of tissues and that different model configurations allow to test different treatments conditions, including the barrier effect of skin or the direct treatment of a tissue bulk. The role of other critical parameters is highlighted, including manufacturing, diffusion, electrical characteristics but also liquid composition, thickness, aging and temperature influence. Secondly, RONS reporters used in the plasma medicine literature (colorimetric/fluorometric dyes) are summarized. The analysis techniques are discussed and the dyes characteristics (i.e. wavelength, specificity, and concentrations) are reported. Finally, the influence of medium and time on these measurements are covered. Main achievements, as well as limitations of these models are presented and linked to potential improvements and further research.
Neutralizing Anti-IL20 Antibody Treatment Significantly Modulates Low Grade Inflammation without Affecting HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice (2015)

Low grade inflammation is present in pre-clinical and human type 2 diabetes. In this process, several cytokines like IL-1β and inflammatory cells like macrophages are activated and demonstrated to participate to the disease initiation and progression. IL-20 is a cytokine known to play non-redundant roles in progression of several inflammatory diseases. To address the therapeutic effect of inhibiting the IL-20 pathway in diabetes, diabetic db/db mice were treated with neutralizing anti-IL20 antibodies in vivo and both metabolic and inflammatory parameters were followed. Diabetic islets expressed the IL-20 cytokine and all IL-20 receptor components in elevated levels compared to resting non-diabetic islets. Islets were responsive to ex vivo IL-20 stimulation measured as SOCS induction and KC and IL-6 production. Neutralizing anti-IL20 treatment in vivo had no effect on HbA1c or weight although the slope of blood glucose increase was lowered. In contrast, anti-IL20 treatment significantly reduced the systemic low-grade inflammation and modulated the local pancreatic immunity. Significant reduction of the systemic IL-1β and MCP-1 was demonstrated upon anti-IL20 treatment which was orchestrated with a reduced RANTES, IL-16 and IL-2 but increased TIMP-1, MCP-1 and IL-6 protein expression locally in the pancreas. Interestingly, anti-IL20 treatment induced an expansion of the myeloid suppressor CD11bGr1int macrophage while reducing the number of CD8 T cells. Taken together, anti-IL20 treatment showed moderate effects on metabolic parameters, but significantly altered the low grade local and systemic inflammation. Hence, future combination therapies with anti-IL20 may provide beneficial therapeutic effects in type 2 diabetes through a reduction of inflammation.
Gold‐Decorated Carbon Composite Electrodes for Enzymatic Oxygen Reduction (2012)

Abstract Functional composites of carbon and gold nanoparticles create a hierarchical architecture that facilitates high enzyme loading. Subsequent immobilization of the multicopper oxidase, Trametes versciolor laccase, was optimal with dithiobis‐ (succinimidyl propionate), due to the formation of thiol bonds between the protein molecules and gold. The immobilized laccase catalyzed oxygen reduction, with an onset potential of ∼0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), indicated effective orientation of the enzyme redox center to enable direct electron transport between enzyme and the composite electrode. Current densities in half‐cell configurations provide scalable outputs of 50–80 µA/cm 2 with the optimized electrode design. The methodology herein describes a rapid, facile preparation of gold‐decorated carbon composite materials for use as electrode scaffolds that can be integrated into a range of bioelectronic devices.
Machine Learning Methods Uncover Radiomorphologic Dose Patterns in Salivary Glands that Predict Xerostomia in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer (2018)

Radiomorphology, combined with machine learning methods, is able to suggest patterns of dose in PG and SMG that are the most influential on xerostomia. The influence pattern identified by this data-driven approach and machine learning methods may help improve RT treatment planning and reduce xerostomia after treatment.
Neptunium Transport Behavior in the Vicinity of Underground Nuclear Tests at the Nevada Test Site (2010)

We used short lived {sup 239}Np as a yield tracer and state of the art magnetic sector ICP-MS to measure ultra low levels of {sup 237}Np in a number of 'hot wells' at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), formerly known as the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The results indicate that {sup 237}Np concentrations at the Almendro, Cambric, Dalhart, Cheshire and Chancellor sites, are in the range of 3 x 10{sup -5} to 7 x 10{sup -2} pCi/L and well below the MCL for alpha emitting radionuclides (15 pCi/L) (EPA, 2009). Thus, while Np transport is believed to occur at the NNSS, activities are expected to be well below the regulatory limits for alpha-emitting radionuclides. We also compared {sup 237}Np concentration data to other radionuclides, including tritium, {sup 14}C, {sup 36}Cl, {sup 99}Tc, {sup 129}I, and plutonium, to evaluate the relative {sup 237}Np transport behavior. Based on isotope ratios relative to published unclassified Radiologic Source Terms (Bowen et al., 1999) and taking into consideration radionuclide distribution between melt glass, rubble and groundwater (IAEA, 1998), {sup 237}Np appears to be substantially less mobile than tritium and other non-sorbing radionuclides, as expected. However, this analysis also suggests that {sup 237}Np mobility is surprisingly similar to that of plutonium. The similar transport behavior of Np and Pu can be explained by one of two possibilities: (1) Np(IV) and Pu(IV) oxidation states dominate under mildly reducing NNSS groundwater conditions resulting in similar transport behavior or (2) apparent Np transport is the result of transport of its parent {sup 241}Pu and {sup 241}Am isotopes and subsequent decay to {sup 237}Np. Finally, measured {sup 237}Np concentrations were compared to recent Hydrologic Source Term (HST) models. The 237Np data collected from three wells in Frenchman Flat (RNM-1, RNM-2S, and UE-5n) are in good agreement with recent HST transport model predictions (Carle et al., 2005). The agreement provides confidence in the results of the predictive model. The comparison to Cheshire HST model predictions (Pawloski et al, 2001) is somewhat ambiguous due to the low concentration resolution of the particle transport model.
Adaptive immune responses in vaccinated patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Alpha infection (2022)

Benchmarks for protective immunity from infection or severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still being defined. Here, we characterized virus neutralizing and ELISA antibody levels, cellular immune responses, and viral variants in 4 separate groups: healthy controls (HCs) weeks (early) or months (late) following vaccination in comparison with symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 after partial or full mRNA vaccination. During the period of the study, most symptomatic breakthrough infections were caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant. Neutralizing antibody levels in the HCs were sustained over time against the vaccine parent virus but decreased against the Alpha variant, whereas IgG titers and T cell responses against the parent virus and Alpha variant declined over time. Both partially and fully vaccinated patients with symptomatic infections had lower virus neutralizing antibody levels against the parent virus than the HCs, similar IgG antibody titers, and similar virus-specific T cell responses measured by IFN-γ. Compared with HCs, neutralization activity against the Alpha variant was lower in the partially vaccinated infected patients and tended to be lower in the fully vaccinated infected patients. In this cohort of breakthrough infections, parent virus neutralization was the superior predictor of breakthrough infections with the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Experimental demonstration of an optics-based 4-PSK half-adder using nonlinear wave mixing (2023)

We experimentally demonstrate an optics-based half-adder of two 4-phase-shift-keying (4-PSK) data channels using nonlinear wave mixing. The optics-based half-adder has two 4-ary phase-encoded inputs (i.e., S<sub>A</sub> and S<sub>B</sub>) and two phase-encoded outputs (i.e., Sum and Carry). The input quaternary base numbers {0,1,2,3} are represented by 4-PSK signals A and B with four phase levels. Along with the original signals A and B, the phase-conjugate signal copies A* and B*and phase-doubled signal copies A<sup>2</sup> and B<sup>2</sup> are also generated to form two signal groups S<sub>A</sub>(A, A*, A<sup>2</sup>) and S<sub>B</sub>(B, B*, B<sup>2</sup>). All of the above signals in the same signal group are (a) prepared in the electrical domain with a frequency spacing of Δf and (b) generated optically in the same IQ modulator. When combined with a pump laser, group S<sub>A</sub> mixes with group S<sub>B</sub> in a periodically poled lithium niobate nonlinear (PPLN) device. At the output of the PPLN device, both the Sum (A<sup>2</sup>B<sup>2</sup>) and the Carry (AB + A*B*) are simultaneously generated with four phase levels and two phase levels, respectively. In our experiment, the symbol rates can be varied between 5 Gbaud and 10 Gbaud. The experimental results show that (i) the measured conversion efficiency of two 5-Gbaud outputs is approximately -24 dB for Sum and approximately -20 dB for Carry, and (ii) the measured optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) penalty of the 10-Gbaud Sum and Carry channels is <10 dB and <5 dB, compared with that of the 5-Gbaud channels at the BER of 3.8 × 10<sup>-3</sup>.
Surgical techniques for minimally invasive exposures for total knee arthroplasty. (2010)

The anterior medial parapatellar approach has long been the standard approach for total knee arthroplasty. Although this approach uses a simple, reproducible technique, some patients have reported lasting functional limitations after the surgery. Recently, marked interest has arisen in developing minimally invasive surgical approaches, implants, and instruments with the aim of improving patient outcomes. Five principal surgical approaches-the mini medial parapatellar, the quadriceps muscle-sparing, the mini-midvastus, the mini-subvastus, and the direct lateral-are most commonly used with minimally invasive techniques. Understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each approach as well as the reported results will aid orthopaedic surgeons in selecting the best treatment option for their patients.
Reliable multicast and broadcast services in relay-based emergency communications (2008)

Having reliable communications during large-scale emergency situations is of paramount importance in today's world. In particular, broadcasting critical information to both survivors and rescue teams (shelter locations, details of the disaster, regional map information, etc.) is an important component of emergency communications. Since the regular communication channels typically become non-operational in large-scale disasters, a temporary communication infrastructure is needed. Relay networks (e.g., those currently being standardized under IEEE 802.16j) are suitable for such situations in which relay stations may be conveniently positioned in the disaster area in order to expand the coverage of base stations and improve communication reliability. In this article we review the multicast and broadcast services (MBS) mechanism in the current IEEE 802.16j baseline document, which achieves macrodiversity through simultaneous transmissions of the base station and relay stations to the mobile stations. We discuss how it can be used for emergency communications, and propose two different techniques for improving the reliability of MBS in relay networks. Improvements in packet error rate performance are demonstrated through some computer simulations.