gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PWM Converter Power Density Barriers (2008)

Power density of power electronic converters has roughly doubled every 10 years since 1970. Behind this trajectory is the continuous advancement of power semiconductor devices, which has increased the converter switching frequencies by a factor of 10 every decade. However, today's cooling concepts and passive components are major barriers for a continuation of this trend. To identify such technological barriers, this paper investigates the volume of the cooling system and passive components as a function of the switching frequency for power electronic converters and determines the switching frequency that minimizes the total volume. A power density limit of 28kW/dm3 at 300kHz is calculated for an isolated DC-DC converter, 44kW/dm3 at 820kHz for a three-phase unity power factor PWM rectifier, and 26kW/dm3 at 21kHz for a sparse matrix converter. For single-phase AC-DC conversion a general limit of 35kW/dm3 results from the DC link capacitor. These power density limits highlight the need to broaden the scope of power electronics research to include cooling systems, high frequency electromagnetics, interconnection and packaging technology, and multi-domain modelling and simulation to ensure further advancement along the power density trajectory.
High-mobility In and Ga co-doped ZnO nanowires for high-performance transistors and ultraviolet photodetectors (2020)

Due to their unique properties, ZnO nanostructures have received considerable attention for application in electronics and optoelectronics; however, intrinsic ZnO nanomaterials usually suffer from large concentrations of lattice defects, such as oxygen vacancies, which restricts their material performance. Here, for the first time, highly-crystalline In and Ga co-doped ZnO nanowires (NWs) are achieved by ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition. In contrast to conventional elemental doping, this In and Ga co-doping can not only enhance the carrier concentration, but also suppresses the formation of oxygen vacancies within the host lattice of ZnO NWs. Importantly, this co-doping is also believed to effectively minimize the generation of lattice strain defects due to the optimal ionic sizes of both In and Ga dopants. When configured into field-effect transistors (FETs), these co-doped NWs exhibit an enhanced average electron mobility of 315 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and an impressive on/off current ratio of 1.87 × 10<sup>8</sup>, which are already higher than those of other previously reported ZnO NW devices. In addition, these NW devices demonstrate efficient ultraviolet photodetection at under 261 nm irradiation with an improved responsivity of 1.41 × 10<sup>7</sup> A W<sup>-1</sup>, an excellent EQE of up to 6.72 × 10<sup>9</sup> and a fast response time down to 0.32 s. Highly-ordered NW parallel array thin-film transistors and photodetectors are also constructed to demonstrate the promising potential of the NWs for high-performance device applications.
Computational method for generalized analysis of pumped two-phase cooling systems and its application to a system used in data-center environments (2010)

Two-phase pumped-loop systems are being actively considered for cooling of high heat load electronics. In the present study, a computational method based on a two-level approach is developed for generalized system-level analysis of two-phase pumped-loop cooling systems containing multiple branches under steady-state conditions. Detailed one-dimensional analysis of components with distributed two-phase flow is performed to determine their flow and thermal characteristics. System-level analysis utilizes these compact representations for analyzing the component interaction in a generalized manner to predict the system performance. Component models have been developed for the microchannel-heat-sink, finned-tube evaporator and condenser, reservoir, and positive displacement pump. In order to illustrate the utility of the computational method in the design of practical two-phase cooling systems, it has been applied for the analysis of a pumped-loop system being explored for the cooling of hot-air exhausts from server racks in data centers. The system consists of multiple finned-tube evaporators in parallel branches, a water-cooled condenser, a reservoir, and a pump. Results of the analysis show the occurrence of flow maldistribution among the evaporators due to absorption of varying heat loads.
SUPER LOW SPEED CONTROL FOR LIM (1992)

This paper proposes the super low speed control method for LIM (Linear Induction Motor). The feasibly-proposed control method is based on the vector-control strategy using the current controlled VVVF in­verter. Using this control implementation, both the quick speed response and the smooth thrust characteristics are realized in the super low speed range. The experimental results provide its desired operating characteristics in this system.
Controlling Magnetic Coupling between Cobalt Nanoparticles through Nanoscale Confinement in Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica (2003)

Cobalt nanoparticles are incorporated into hexagonal honeycomb mesoporous silica to study the effect of nanoscale confinement on magnetic coupling. The superparamagnetic Co particles can fill a significant fraction of the total pore volume and can constitute up to 22.1 ± 0.9% by mass of the composite. We find that Co particles form chains in the silica pores, which results in altered magnetic coupling. For example, coupling within chains of Co particles in pores produces a higher coercivity than the value found in either noninteracting or randomly aggregated particles. Remanence measurements also indicate that the Co nanoparticles form ferromagnetically coupled chains, thus converting the structural anisotropy of the silica host into magnetic anisotropy in the guest. This work demonstrates a method to create anisotropy in a nanoscale composite using easily synthesized isotropic building blocks.
Advanced Lung Cancer Screening: An Individualized Molecular Nanotechnology Approach (2013)

Abstract : This grant utilizes complimentary approaches to improve the early detection of lung cancer, with each aim having independent goals and thus separate utility. Our goal is to explore whether detection of DNA methylation changes and enhanced CT evaluations will add to the specificity of lung cancer detection. In the first year of this proposal, we developed an improved panel of genes hypermethylated in lung cancer, with extraordinarily high specificity and sensitivity. These novel genes were used to develop sensitivity methylation specific PCR assays suitable for biologic fluid testing (sputum and plasma). We also optimized the processing of biologic samples to accomplish improved retention of DNA suitable for methylation detection. In the past year, we have combined this improved method with the newly developed PCR detection and begun to examine biologic fluids from patients with and without lung cancer. For plasma studies, we have examined 141 Cancer patients with plasma and 44 non-cancer patients. For sputum studies, we have examined 89 cancer patients for whom we collected sputum and 23 non-cancer patients with sputum (all with benign pulmonary nodules). Initial studies demonstrate the ability to detect differences in the presence of DNA methylation in cancers compared to controls. Will complete the analysis with an additional 72 Cancer positive and 32 non cancer subjects in the remainder of our funded work. In addition, we have utilized CT data sets of subjects with and without lung cancer to optimize CT as a potential screening tool beyond simply looking for lung nodules. We have data that suggests that parenchymal HU variability may be a potential marker of lung cancer. In combination with these molecular detection approaches, the parenchymal CT imaging approaches should lead to improved screening methods.
Enhanced Mpeg-4 Low Delay AAC - Low Bitrate High Quality Communication (2007)

The MPEG-4 Low Delay Advanced Audio Coding (AAC-LD) scheme has recently evolved into a popular algorithm for audio communication. It produces excellent audio quality at bitrates between 64 kbit/s and 48 kbit/s per channel. This paper introduces an enhancement to AAC-LD which reduces the bitrate demand by 25-33%. This is achieved by adding both a delay-optimized version of the Spectral Band Replication (SBR) tool and by utilizing a dedicated low delay filterbank. The introduced techniques maintain the high audio quality and offer an algorithmic delay low enough for use in two way communication systems. This paper describes the coder enhancements including a detailed discussion of algorithmic delay issues, a performance assessment and possible applications.
Obtaining miRNA‐Target Interaction Information from miRWalk2.0 (2016)

miRWalk2.0 (http://zmf.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/mirwalk2) is a freely accessible, regularly updated comprehensive archive supplying the largest available collection of predicted and experimentally verified miRNA-target interactions, with various novel and unique features to assist the scientific community. Approximately 949 million interactions between 11,748 miRNAs, 308,700 genes, and 68,460 lncRNAs are documented in miRWalk2.0 with 5,146,217 different kinds of identifiers to offer a one-stop site to collect an abundance of information. This article describes a schematic workflow on how to obtain miRNA-target interactions from miRWalk2.0. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The shikimate pathway. Part V. Chorismic acid and chorismate mutase (1976)

The chemistry of the biochemical intermediate chorismic acid {trans-3-[(1-carboxyvinyl)oxy]-4-hydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid}(1) is discussed, including the formation of the fused pyrazoline (6) with diazomethane, the dihydro-derivatives (8) and (9) with di-imide, and the epoxide (10). The mode of action of the enzyme chorismate mutase (EC 1.3.1.12), which transforms chorismic acid into prephenic acid (3), is of importance in relation to general theories of enzyme action. The reaction is the sole example in primary metabolism of an enzyme-catalysed ortho-Claisen rearrangement, and attempts to elucidate the stereochemical features of this molecular reorganisation are outlined.
A neural network implementing optimal state estimation based on dynamic spike train decoding (2007)

It is becoming increasingly evident that organisms acting in uncertain dynamical environments often employ exact or approximate Bayesian statistical calculations in order to continuously estimate the environmental state, integrate information from multiple sensory modalities, form predictions and choose actions. What is less clear is how these putative computations are implemented by cortical neural networks. An additional level of complexity is introduced because these networks observe the world through spike trains received from primary sensory afferents, rather than directly. A recent line of research has described mechanisms by which such computations can be implemented using a network of neurons whose activity directly represents a probability distribution across the possible “world states”. Much of this work, however, uses various approximations, which severely restrict the domain of applicability of these implementations. Here we make use of rigorous mathematical results from the theory of continuous time point process filtering, and show how optimal real-time state estimation and prediction may be implemented in a general setting using linear neural networks. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach with several examples, and relate the required network properties to the statistical nature of the environment, thereby quantifying the compatibility of a given network with its environment. 1
A Follow-up Study of Forces Acting on the Milwaukee Brace on Patients Undergoing Treatment for Idiopathic Scoliosis (1973)

Mulcahy, Tom Ph.D.; Galante, Jorge M.D.; DeWald, Ron M.D.; Schtluz, Albert Ph.D.; Hunter, John C. M.D. Author Information
Laser processing of materials: a new strategy toward materials design and fabrication for electronic packaging (2010)

Purpose Material formulation, structuring and modification are key to increasing the unit volume complexity and density of next generation electronic packaging products. Laser processing is finding an increasing number of applications in the fabrication of these advanced microelectronic devices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of new laser‐processing capabilities involving the synthesis and optimization of materials for tunable device applications. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on the application of laser processing to two specific material areas, namely thin films and nanocomposite films. The examples include BaTiO 3 ‐based thin films and BaTiO 3 polymer‐based nanocomposites. Findings A variety of new regular and random 3D surface patterns are highlighted. A frequency‐tripled Nd:YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 355 nm is used for the micromachining study. The micromachining is used to make various patterned surface morphologies. Depending on the laser fluence used, one can form a “wavy,” random 3D structure, or an array of regular 3D patterns. Furthermore, the laser was used to generate free‐standing nano and micro particles from thin film surfaces. In the case of BaTiO 3 polymer‐based nanocomposites, micromachining is used to generate arrays of variable‐thickness capacitors. The resultant thickness of the capacitors depends on the number of laser pulses applied. Micromachining is also used to make long, deep, multiple channels in capacitance layers. When these channels are filled with metal, the spacings between two metallized channels acted as individual vertical capacitors, and parallel connection eventually produce vertical multilayer capacitors. For a given volume of capacitor material, theoretical capacitance calculations are made for variable channel widths and spacings. For comparison, calculations are also made for a “normal” capacitor, that is, a horizontal capacitor having a single pair of electrodes. Research limitations/implications This technique can be used to prepare capacitors of various thicknesses from the same capacitance layer, and ultimately can produce variable capacitance density, or a library of capacitors. The process is also capable of making vertical 3D multilayer embedded capacitors from a single capacitance layer. The capacitance benefit of the vertical multilayer capacitors is more pronounced for thicker capacitance layers. The application of a laser processing approach can greatly enhance the utility and optimization of new materials and the devices formed from them. Originality/value Laser micromaching technology is developed to fabricate several new structures. It is possible to synthesize nano and micro particles from thin film surfaces. Laser micromachining can produce a variety of random, as well as regular, 3D patterns. As the demand grows for complex multifunctional embedded components for advanced organic packaging, laser micromachining will continue to provide unique opportunities.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON 4~ vu7) 4~ AND 160(#-, ~,'#)~)~6N* *) (1982)

Photon spectra from radiative muon capture in doubly closed shell nuclei 160 and4~ have been measured with a pairspectremeter. The 4~ data agree with the most recent of the three previous experiments, for 260 no other measurements exist. The comparisen with theoretical caJculations indicates that a careful treatment cf the nuclear response function is required, if ge is to be determined frein the data. Two contributions te this conference deal with the theoretical background te the radiative muon capture process [1, 2]. Though these calculations differ from previous ones in a more careful treatment of the nuclear response function and thus in their quantitative results, they confirm that even the measurement of inclusive photon spectra may tell us something about the value of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g�87 Te separate the nuclear aspects of the calculations from the elementary ones dealing with the transition cperator, it is impcrtant te extend the range of targets in addition te stabilizirg the experimental results for the standard 4~ test case. Since the very light nuclei are experimentally inaccessible at present, cur measurements include 160, for which a large amount of data from different electromagnetic and weak processes exist, which constrain the nuclear wave functions. The experiment we describe briefly below [3] was carried out at the SIN-high intensity muon channel. High energy photons from the typically 10 g/cm 2 metallic Ca and D20 targets were registered in a pairspectrometer. This inst�9 is described in detail elsewhere [4] and we only indicate here those parameters which were modified for this experiment. Te increase the acceptance we used two gold converters with 3% radiation length thickness each, separated by a thin onedimensional multiwire proportional chamber. This chamber allows us te determine frein which converter half the electron-positron pair originates and a ccrrecticn can thus be ruade for the energy loss. This correction preserves te a large extent the energy res01ution obtained frein a single eonverter. Figure 1 shows the resolution and acceptance obtairied frcm hydrcgen calibration data taken with a pion beam. We lewered the operatirg field from 0.6 te 0-8 Tesla te have maximum efficiency near the end of the/t-capture photon spectrum. The variation of the efficielzcy with energy is obtained frein a Monte Carlo calculation, which is corrected lir.early with er.ergy te reproduce the measured Panofsky-ratio. The upper and lower ends of the square photon energy distribution from ~-p -+ nOn provide a check on the variation of the resolution functicn with energy. The acceptance 0/= (A(2/4n) econveaet) is 2'5 X 10 .5 at 130 MeV. With typical *) Presented at the symposium Mesons and Light Nuclei, Liblice, Czechoslovakla, June
THE INCIDENT PATIENT COHORT STUDY DESIGN WITH UNCONTROLLED DOSE MAY RESULT IN SUBSTANTIAL OVERESTIMATION OF MORTALITY (M) AS A FUNCTION OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (PD) DOSE (1996)

UCSF, *UCIrvine, **Fresenius USA for the Randomized Dialysis Prescription and Clinical Outcomes in Peritoneal Dialysis (RDP&CO) Study Group.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Targeting the MYC and PI3K Pathways Eliminates Leukemia-Initiating Cells in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Cellular effects of rapamycin in T-ALL.&lt;/p&gt;
Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction to Nitrogen Oxide by a Synthetic Analogue of the Active Site of Cu‐Containing Nitrite Reductase Incorporated in Nafion Film (2009)

Abstract The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite to NO by [CuMe 2 bpa(H 2 O)(ClO 4 )] + ( 1 ), which is a model for the active site of copper‐containing nitrite reductase, incorporated in Nafion film was investigated. The Cu complex in the Nafion matrix exhibits an intense band at 267 nm and a broad band around 680 nm, assigned to d–d and ligand field transitions, respectively. The 77‐K EPR spectrum of 1 in the Nafion matrix reveals the typical axial signals (g // =2.28, g $\rm{_\perp}$ =2.08, A // =13.3 mT) of a tetragonal Cu 2+ chromophore. The redox potential, which is related to the Cu + /Cu 2+ couple, was −146 mV (Δ E =72 mV) at pH 5.5. The redox reaction of 1 in Nafion was not dependent on pH and was a diffusion‐controlled process. The electronic structure and redox properties of 1 in the negatively charged polymer matrix were almost the same as those in aqueous solution. In the presence of nitrite, an increase in the cathodic current was observed in the cyclic voltammogram of 1 in the Nafion matrix. The current increase was dependent on the nitrite concentration and pH in solution. Upon reaching −400 mV, a linear generation of NO was observed for the 1 /Nafion film coated electrode. The relationship between the rate of NO generation and the nitrite concentration in solution was analyzed with the Michaelis–Menten equation, where V max =45.1 nM s −1 and K m =15.8 mM at pH 5.5. The Cu complex serves the function of both the catalyst and electron transport in the Nafion matrix. The sensitivity of the electrode was estimated to be 3.23 μA mM −1 in the range of 0.1–0.4 mM nitrite.
Surgical quality of robotic vs laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective analysis (ROBUUST collaborative group) (2021)

Author of the Study: to evaluate the predictors of surgical quality (bladder cuff excision-lymph-node dissection-no complications-negative surgical margins) of robotic (RRNU) vs laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LRNU) within a large multicenter study (ROBUUST collaborative group). Materials and Methods: the ROBUUST includes data of 17 centers worldwide regarding patients who underwent either RRNU or LRNU between 2015 and 2019. T≥2 any N, non-metastatic patients were assessed. An univariable and a multivariable logistic regression model including ASA≥3, multifocal tumor, pre-operative biopsy, history of bladder tumor, ureteroscopy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, estimated blood loss, intraoperative complications and surgical approach to evaluate the predictors of surgical quality. Results: overall, 307 RRNU and 83 LRNU were included. In terms of baseline features, patients in the RRNU were more likely to have intrarenal cavities tumors (p < 0.001), lower hydronephrosis rate (p < 0.001), and lower cN+ (p = 0.02) compared to LRNU group. In terms of operative outcomes, patients in the RRNU had higher rate of bladder cuff excision (82.3% vs 57.8%; p < 0.001), lower rate of adjuvant bladder instillation (15% vs 33.7%; p < 0.001), higher major complications (18.6% vs 6.1%; p = 0.02), and shorter length of stay (p < 0.001).At multivariable analysis, LRNU showed to be not associated to surgical quality (OR: 0.22; p = 0.02) compared to RRNU. Conclusions: Within a large multi-institutional dataset worldwide, RRNU showed to present better surgical outcomes in terms of complications and length of stay compared to LRNU. In addition, laparoscopic approach seems to provide poorer surgical quality in terms of bladder cuff excision, lymphnode dissection, no complications and negative surgical margins.
Clinical observation on side-effects associated with two kinds of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors among AIDS patients with antiretroviral therapy (2017)

Objective
To investigate the side-effects among AIDS patients treated with two kinds of non-nucleostide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.


Methods
From June 2015 to June 2016, 276 AIDS patients (126 with EFV and 150 with NVP based cART regimen) were enrolled, and a retrospective study about EFV-association side-effects was conducted.


Results
The total incidence rate of side-effects in EFV group was 87.3% (110/126) , which was higher than 44.0% (66/150) of NVP group, the difference had statistical significance (χ2=55.573, P<0.01) . The main adverse reactions were dizziness and dreaminess (64.3%, 81 cases) and rash (9.5%, 12 cases) in EFV group, while occurrences of rash (18.0%, 27 cases) and liver damage (16.7%, 25 cases) in NVP group. Four cases with mental disorders (2 cases suicide because of weak supervision) , 1 epilepsy and 3 male cases with hyperplasia of mammary glands were in EFV group, while none in NVP group. 83.6% (92 cases) in EFV group and 74.2% (49 cases) in NVP group had side-effect within 6 weeks. 69.1% (76 cases) in EFV group were gradually tolerant, while only 4.5% (3 cases) in NVP group. The difference had statistical significance (χ2=69.468, P<0.01) . However, the side-effects in 90.9% of patients (60 cases) disappeared after drug withdrawal or change.


Conclusions
The adverse reactions of EFV and NVP are different. The nervous system side-effects induced by EFV occurr early and mild, and can be gradually tolerated. The rash and liver damage caused by NVP often occurr in the early and middle medication use, of which the recovery often needs to withdraw or change medicine. Mental disorders induced by EFV are particularly appropriate to early medical intervention, so as to avoid accidents.


Key words: 
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Efavirenz; Side-effect