gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physiological And Anthropometric Characteristics Of College Baseball Players Over An Entire Year (2010)

The ability to maintain strength, power, speed, agility, and baseball-specific skills throughout a season is vital to the success of a baseball team. To investigate the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of collegiate baseball players over an entire year, and to determine when and if changes occurred. Twenty-three members of an NCAA Division I baseball team (age = 20.0 ± 1.2 yr, height = 185.4 ± 7.3 cm, body mass = 87.1 ± 11.2 kg) volunteered to be evaluated. Subjects were evaluated for measurements of standard anthropometry (percent body fat and lean body mass) using a TanitaTM bioelectrical impedance device, strength (1RM parallel squat, 1-arm dumbbell row, bench press, and grip strength) using standard Olympic plates and a JamarTM hand dynamometer, power (vertical jump and standing long jump) using a VertecTM and measuring tape, speed (10, 30, 60 yd sprint) using hand-held stop watches, agility (5-10-5 pro agility) using a hand-held stop watch, and baseball-specific skills (bat swing, batted-ball, and throwing velocities) using a SETPRO SPRT5ATM chronograph, Speed TracTM radar gun, and JugsTM radar gun in September before team practice began (pre-training), in December after off-season training ended (preseason), in March (mid-season), and in May (post-season). A 3-day per week periodized complex, undulating training (CUT) program was performed during the off-season to preseason (September to December). Training loads and volume progressively increased during this stage of the training year. Volume declined during the in-season (February to May) when the team attempted to train twice per week. Vertical jump, strength (1RM parallel squat, 1-arm dumbbell row, and bench press), speed, and batted-ball velocity significantly (p < 0.05) improved from pre-training to preseason. All other variable's values were maintained. At mid-season a significant decrease was observed in batted-ball velocity, while significant improvements were observed in 60 yd sprint and agility times compared to preseason values. All other variable's values were maintained. Post-season results revealed that batted-ball velocity and speed significantly decreased, while percent body fat, lean body mass, and standing long jump significantly improved from preseason values. All other variable's values were maintained. These data suggest that a preseason periodized CUT program can improve performance values for college baseball players. Additionally, a 2-day per week in-season CUT program can maintain most preseason performance and baseball-specific skill values over a collegiate baseball season. It is recommended to keep highly skilled baseball players strong, powerful, and healthy. This will keep them on the field, and allow them an opportunity to perform their baseball-specific skills optimally throughout the entire playing season.
First Evidence of DirectCPViolation in Charmless Two-Body Decays ofBs0Mesons (2012)

Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.35 fb-1 collected by LHCb in 2011, we report the first evidence of CP violation in the decays of Bs0} mesons to K±π∓ pairs, ACP(Bs0→Kπ)=0.27±0.08(stat)±0.02(syst), with a significance of 3.3σ. Furthermore, we report the most precise measurement of CP violation in the decays of B0 mesons to K±π∓ pairs, ACP(B0→Kπ)=-0.088±0.011(stat)±0.008(syst), with a significance exceeding 6σ.
Priority Research Areas to Accelerate the Development of Practical Ultra-conductive Copper Conductors (2015)

This report documents the findings at an Ultraconductive Copper Strategy Meeting held on March 11, 2015 in Washington DC. The aim of this meeting was to bring together researchers of ultraconductive copper in the U.S. to identify and prioritize critical non-proprietary research activities that will enhance the understanding in the material and accelerate its development into practical conductors. Every effort has been made to ensure that the discussion and findings are accurately reported in this document.
Antiamoebic Activity of Imidazothiazole Derivatives against Opportunistic Pathogen Acanthamoeba castellanii (2022)

We examined the antiamoebic effect of several imidazothiazole derivatives on <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii</i> of the T4 genotype. Trypan blue exclusion assays and haemocytometer counting were used to determine the reduction in <i>A. castellanii</i> trophozoite proliferation, in response to treatment with these compounds. To determine the effects of these compounds on host cells, lactate dehydrogenase assay was performed using HeLa cell lines. Amoebicidal assays revealed that the tested compounds at concentrations of 50 µM significantly inhibited amoebae trophozoites compared to controls. Compounds <b>1m</b> and <b>1zb</b> showed the highest amoebicidal effects eradicating 70% and 67% of <i>A. castellanii</i>, respectively. The compounds blocked both the encystation and excystation process in <i>A. castellanii</i>. Compounds <b>1m</b> and <b>1zb</b> blocked 61% and 55%, respectively, of amoeba binding to human cells. Moreover, the compounds showed minimal cytotoxic effects against host cells and considerably reduced amoeba-mediated host cell death. Overall, our study revealed that compounds <b>1m</b> and <b>1zb</b> have excellent antiamoebic potential, and should be considered in the development of curative antiamoebic medications in future studies. Further work is critical to determine the translational value of these findings.
A So-Far Overlooked Secondary Conformation State in the Binding Mode of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Human ACE2 and Its Conversion Rate Are Crucial for Estimating Infectivity Efficacy of the Underlying Virus Variant (2022)

Since its outbreak in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread with high transmission efficiency across the world, putting health care as well as economic systems under pressure. During the course of the pandemic, the originally identified SARS-CoV-2 variant has been multiple times replaced by various mutant versions, which showed enhanced fitness due to increased infection and transmission rates. In order to find an explanation for why SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging mutated versions showed enhanced transmission efficiency compared with SARS-CoV (2002), an enhanced binding affinity of the spike protein to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) has been proposed by crystal structure analysis and was identified in cell culture models. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of various spike protein constructs with hACE2 was considered to be best described by a Langmuir-based 1:1 stoichiometric interaction. However, we demonstrate in this report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interaction with hACE2 is best described by a two-step interaction, which is defined by an initial binding event followed by a slower secondary rate transition that enhances the stability of the complex by a factor of ~190 (primary versus secondary state) with an overall equilibrium dissociation constant (<i>K<sub>D</sub></i>) of 0.20 nM. In addition, we show that the secondary rate transition is not only present in SARS-CoV-2 wild type ("wt"; Wuhan strain) but also found in the B.1.1.7 variant, where its transition rate is 5-fold increased. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is characterized by the high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and its derived variants of concern (VOCs). It has been widely assumed that the reason for its increased cell entry compared with SARS-CoV (2002) is due to alterations in the viral spike protein, where single amino acid residue substitutions can increase affinity for hACE2. So far, the interaction of a single unit of the CoV-2 spike protein has been described using the 1:1 Langmuir interaction kinetic. However, we demonstrate here that there is a secondary state binding step that may be essential for novel VOCs in order to further increase their infectivity. These findings are important for quantitatively understanding the infection process of SARS-CoV-2 and characterization of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of spike proteins. Thus, they provide a tool for predicting the potential infectivity of the respective viral variants based on secondary rate transition and secondary complex stability.
Studies Toward the Total Synthesis of Mumbaistatin, a Highly Potent Glucose‐6‐phosphate Translocase Inhibitor. Synthesis of a Mumbaistatin Analogue. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Shielding and Vacuum Test for Passive Hydrogen Masers (1981)

Vibration tests on high permeability magnetic shields used in the SAO-NRL Advanced Development Model (ADM) hydrogen maser were made. Magnetic shielding factors were measured before and after vibration. Preliminary results indicate considerable (25%) degradation. Test results on the NRL designed vacuum pumping station for the ADM hydrogen maser are also discussed. This system employs sintered zirconium carbon getter pumps to pump hydrogen plus small ion pumps to pump the inert gases. In situ activation tests and pumping characteristics indicate that the system can meet design specifications.
Radio Resource Management Algorithm for Uplink Coordinated Cooperative Spatial Multiplexing (2010)

In this paper, for a uplink space division multiple access system named cooperative spatial multiplexing(CSM), radio resource management(RRM) algorithms are proposed based on sharing uplink channel information among a serving base station(BS) and interfering BSs in a uplink coordinated wireless communication system. A constrained maximum transmit power algorithm is proposed for mobile station(MS) to limit uplink inter-cell interference(ICI). And joint scheduling algorithm among coordinated BSs is proposed to enhance uplink capacity through ICI mitigation by using channel information from interfering BSs. It is shown that the proposed RRM algorithm provides a considerable uplink capacity enhancement by effective ICI mitigation only with moderate complexity.
Cross-talk between Two Essential Nutrient-sensitive Enzymes (2014)

Nutrient-sensitive pathways regulate both O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), cooperatively connecting metabolic homeostasis to regulation of numerous intracellular processes essential for life. Similar to phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases such as AMPK, O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic Ser/Thr-specific post-translational modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins catalyzed exclusively by OGT. OGT and AMPK target a multitude of intracellular proteins, with the net effect to protect cells from the damaging effects of metabolic stress. Despite hundreds of studies demonstrating significant overlap in upstream and downstream signaling processes, no study has investigated if OGT and AMPK can directly regulate each other. We show acute activation of AMPK alters the substrate selectivity of OGT in several cell lines and nuclear localization of OGT in C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes. Nuclear localization of OGT affects O-GlcNAcylation of numerous nuclear proteins and acetylation of Lys-9 on histone 3 in myotubes. AMPK phosphorylates Thr-444 on OGT in vitro; phosphorylation of Thr-444 is tightly associated with AMPK activity and nuclear localization of OGT in myotubes, and phospho-mimetic T444E-OGT exhibits altered substrate selectivity. Conversely, the α- and γ-subunits of AMPK are O-GlcNAcylated, O-GlcNAcylation of the γ1-subunit increases with AMPK activity, and acute inhibition of O-GlcNAc cycling disrupts activation of AMPK. We have demonstrated significant cross-talk between the O-GlcNAc and AMPK systems, suggesting OGT and AMPK may cooperatively regulate nutrient-sensitive intracellular processes that mediate cellular metabolism, growth, proliferation, and/or tissue function.
A Proline-Rich Motif Downstream of the Receptor Binding Domain Modulates Conformation and Fusogenicity of Murine Retroviral Envelopes (1998)

The entry of retroviruses into cells depends on receptor recognition by the viral envelope surface subunit SU followed by membrane fusion, which is thought to be mediated by a fusion peptide located at the amino terminus of the envelope transmembrane subunit TM. Several fusion determinants have been previously identified in murine leukemia virus (MLV) envelopes, but their functional interrelationships as well as the processes involved in fusion activation upon retroviral receptor recognition remain unelucidated. Despite both structural and functional similarities of their envelope glycoproteins, ecotropic and amphotropic MLVs display two different postbinding properties: (i) while amphotropic MLVs fuse the cells at neutral pH, penetration of ecotropic MLVs is relatively acid pH dependent and (ii) ecotropic envelopes are more efficient than amphotropic envelopes in inducing cell-to-cell fusion and syncytium formation. By exploiting the latter characteristic in the analysis of chimeras of ecotropic and amphotropic MLV envelopes, we show here that substitution of the ecotropic MLV proline-rich region (PRR), located in the SU between the amino-terminal receptor binding domain and the TM-interacting SU carboxy-terminal domains, is sufficient to revert the amphotropic low-fusogenic phenotype into a high-fusogenic one. Furthermore, we have identified potential beta-turns in the PRR that control the stability of SU-TM associations as well as the thresholds required to trigger either cell-to-cell or virus-to-cell fusion. These data, demonstrating that the PRR functions as a signal which induces envelope conformational changes leading to fusion, have enabled us to derive envelopes which can infect cells harboring low levels of available amphotropic receptors.
Dementia subtype prediction models constructed by penalized regression methods for multiclass classification using serum microRNA expression data (2021)

There are many subtypes of dementia, and identification of diagnostic biomarkers that are minimally-invasive, low-cost, and efficient is desired. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently gained attention as easily accessible and non-invasive biomarkers. We conducted a comprehensive miRNA expression analysis of serum samples from 1348 Japanese dementia patients, composed of four subtypes-Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and normal pressure hydrocephalus-and 246 control subjects. We used this data to construct dementia subtype prediction models based on penalized regression models with the multiclass classification. We constructed a final prediction model using 46 miRNAs, which classified dementia patients from an independent validation set into four subtypes of dementia. Network analysis of miRNA target genes revealed important hub genes, SRC and CHD3, associated with the AD pathogenesis. Moreover, MCU and CASP3, which are known to be associated with DLB pathogenesis, were identified from our DLB-specific target genes. Our study demonstrates the potential of blood-based biomarkers for use in dementia-subtype prediction models. We believe that further investigation using larger sample sizes will contribute to the accurate classification of subtypes of dementia.
Nucleotide specificity of the enzymatic and motile activities of dynein, kinesin, and heavy meromyosin. (1991)

The substrate specificities of dynein, kinesin, and myosin substrate turnover activity and cytoskeletal filament-driven translocation were examined using 15 ATP analogues. The dyneins were more selective in their substrate utilization than bovine brain kinesin or muscle heavy meromyosin, and even different types of dyneins, such as 14S and 22S dynein from Tetrahymena cilia and the beta-heavy chain-containing particle from the outer-arm dynein of sea urchin flagella, could be distinguished by their substrate specificities. Although bovine brain kinesin and muscle heavy meromyosin both exhibited broad substrate specificities, kinesin-induced microtubule translocation varied over a 50-fold range in speed among the various substrates, whereas heavy meromyosin-induced actin translocation varied only by fourfold. With both kinesin and heavy meromyosin, the relative velocities of filament translocation did not correlate well with the relative filament-activated substrate turnover rates. Furthermore, some ATP analogues that did not support the filament translocation exhibited filament-activated substrate turnover rates. Filament-activated substrate turnover and power production, therefore, appear to become uncoupled with certain substrates. In conclusion, the substrate specificities and coupling to motility are distinct for different types of molecular motor proteins. Such nucleotide "fingerprints" of enzymatic activities of motor proteins may prove useful as a tool for identifying what type of motor is involved in powering a motility-related event that can be reconstituted in vitro.
Scoring the Terabit/s Goal:Broadband Connectivity in 6G (2020)

This paper explores the road to vastly improving the broadband connectivity in future 6G wireless systems. Different categories of use cases are considered, with peak data rates up to 1 Tbps. Several categories of enablers at the infrastructure, spectrum, and protocol/algorithmic levels are required to realize the intended broadband connectivity goals in 6G. At the infrastructure level, we consider ultra-massive MIMO technology (possibly implemented using holographic radio), intelligent reflecting surfaces, user-centric cell-free networking, integrated access and backhaul, and integrated space and terrestrial networks. At the spectrum level, the network must seamlessly utilize sub-6 GHz bands for coverage and spatial multiplexing of many devices, while higher bands will be mainly used for pushing the peak rates of point-to-point links. Finally, at the protocol/algorithmic level, the enablers include improved coding, modulation, and waveforms to achieve lower latency, higher reliability, and reduced complexity.
Circulating cell‐free DNA of mitochondrial origin connects cognitive and physical decline in aging and is associated with increased mortality (2020)

Abstract Background Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequently impaired energetics triggering cell death have been observed in both dementia and frailty. Cell death releases circulating cell‐free DNA (ccf‐DNA) from mitochondrial (ccf‐mtDNA) and nuclear (ccf‐nDNA) sources. Size and relative abundance of ccf‐mtDNA fragments is suggestive of mechanism of cell death; long ccf‐mtDNA fragments originate from cell necrosis and short ccf‐mtDNA fragments from apoptosis. Our hypothesis is that in aging there is common pathophysiology contributing to development of physical and cognitive decline and that ccf‐mtDNA are potential mediators of these changes. Method Using ultra‐sensitive digital PCR, mitochondrial and nuclear ccf‐DNA was measured in serum from community‐dwelling individuals from the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Religious Orders Study/Rush Memory and Aging Project (median age 80.4, N = 670). Multiple regression analysis, adjusting for age, sex, race and education, associated ccf‐DNA with cognitive and physical measures, including neuropsychological testing and frailty including hand grip strength. Result Higher levels of short ccf‐mtDNA fragments were associated with lower global cognitive scores, with a 0.09 decrease in global cognitive score per one copy increase in short fragment (p &lt; 0.05). Higher levels of short ccf‐mtDNA normalized to serum ccf‐nDNA (ccf‐mtDNA/ccf‐nDNA) was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio HR = 1.11) Longitudinal analysis demonstrated higher levels of long ccf‐mtDNA fragments at baseline was associated with greater frailty over time, with frailty score increasing 0.21 per year for every one copy increase in long fragment (p&lt; 0.05). Cross‐sectional analysis demonstrated higher integrity ratio, defined as long ccf‐mtDNA relative to short ccf‐mtDNA, associated with increased handgrip strength (β= 0.14; 95% CI 0.01 – 0.26; p&lt;0.05). Integrity ratio was associated with 0.14 increase in global cognition and 0.12 decrease in frailty score per increase in integrity ratio. Conclusion Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary theory of aging and we demonstrate that quantity and relative size of ccf‐mtDNA are associated with cognitive and physical trajectories over time. This study highlights the utility of ccf‐mtDNA fragments in identifying and risk stratifying older patients who are more likely to develop frailty and dementia. Further directions include identifying mechanisms by which ccf‐mtDNA fragments are generated and regulate downstream pathways.
Assessment of light distribution at the photocathode of 5" and 1" position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (1998)

We present the evaluation of two Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tubes (PSPMT), the 1' square Hamamatsu R5900- C8 and the 5' circular Hamamatsu R3292, and discuss their suitability as light sensors in a high resolution small gamma camera for in-vivo radioisotope imaging studies. It has been found that there is a strong dependence between the performance of both tubes and the size of the light distribution at the photocathode. For very narrow distributions (1 mm FWHM) from an optical fiber incident on the R5900-C8, most of the area of the tube is insensitive to position changes. This is related to the size of the anodes and the small spread of electron charge in the dynode multiplication process. For wider distributions (2.2 mm FWHM), we achieved a spatial resolution of 1 mm FWHM. The R5900-C8 has also been coupled to a 5 mm thick CsI(Na) crystal which was scanned across by a 1 mm collimated Tc-99m source (140 keV). The results confirm the importance of light spread at the photocathode. The Hamamatsu R5900-C8 was found to be a promising detector for high resolution radionuclide imaging. The results obtained with the R3292 indicate that a high spatial resolution (less than 2 mm FWHM) is achieved for narrow light distributions (less than or equal to 1 mm FWHM).
Why Biologists Can't Count: An Overview of the Gene-Finding Problem (2008)

Five years after draft assemblies of the human genome became available the number of genes it contains remains uncertain. Parallel approaches yield divergent estimates of the total gene number, and it is not yet clear how to rationalize this variability. To illustrate the challenges involved in identifying and counting genes, I overview three major approaches: sequence-analysis, transcriptomic analysis, and genome-wide localization of the basal transcriptional machinery.
Rapid development of application-specific flexible MRI receive coils (2020)

Over the last 30 years, there have been dramatic changes in phased array coil technology leading to increasing channel density and parallel imaging functionality. Current receiver array coils are rigid and often mismatched to patient's size. Recently there has been a move towards flexible coil technology, which is more conformal to the human anatomy. Despite the advances of so-called flexible surface coil arrays, these coils are still relatively rigid and limited in terms of design conformability, compromising signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for flexibility, and are not designed for optimum parallel imaging performance. The purpose of this study is to report on the development and characterization of a 15-channel flexible foot and ankle coil, rapidly designed and constructed using highly decoupled radio-frequency (RF) coil elements. Coil performance was evaluated by performing SNR and g-factor measurements. In vivo testing was performed in a healthy volunteer using both the 15-channel coil and a commercially available 8-channel foot coil. The highly decoupled elements used in this design allow for extremely rapid development and prototyping of application-specific coils for different patient sizes (adult vs child) with minimal additional design consideration in terms of coil overlap and geometry. Image quality was comparable to a commercially available RF coil.