gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aromatic Monochlorination Photosensitized by DDQ with Hydrogen Chloride under Visible‐Light Irradiation (2016)

Photochlorination of aromatic substrates by hydrogen chloride with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-cyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) occurs efficiently to produce the corresponding monochlorinated products selectively under visible-light irradiation. The yields for the chlorination of phenol were 70 % and 18 % for p- and o-chlorophenol, respectively, without formation of further chlorinated products. The photoinduced chlorination is initiated by electron transfer from Cl(-) to the triplet excited state of DDQ. The radical intermediates involved in the photochemical reaction have been detected by time-resolved transient absorption measurements.
Introduction (2012)

The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, culminating in the GATT Secretariat being transformed into the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 1 January 1995, has altered forever the process of quarantine policy-making by national governments. On the one hand, WTO member countries retain the right to protect the life and health of their people, plants and animals from the risks of hazards such as pests and diseases arising from the importation of goods. On the other hand, the WTO's Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) requires that quarantine measures be determined in a manner that is transparent, consistent, scientifically based, and the least trade-restrictive. This tension between national sovereignty and international obligation is aggravated by the vagueness of wording in the SPS Agreement, and has led already to several contentious cases coming before the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body. It has forced national governments to review and in many cases to consider reforming their quarantine policies, and in the process to try to understand how best to implement the SPS Agreement.
Supplementary Fig. S3 from Inhibition of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway by Inositol Pentakisphosphate Results in Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Effects (2023)

Supplementary Fig. S3 from Inhibition of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway by Inositol Pentakisphosphate Results in Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Effects
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Alkoxides: Models for Metal Oxides. Part 16. Synthesis and Characterization of a New Class of Homoleptic 12‐Electron Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkoxide Clusters of Formula M4(OR)12: Structural Characterization of Mo4(OCH2‐c‐Bu)12·(HOCH2‐c‐Bu). (1989)

Abstract Addition of prim. alcohols (II) to hydrocarbon solutions of the hexaalkoxides (I) leads to the isolation of the first homoleptic series of the cluster alkoxides (III).
The importance of developing metal complexes with pronounced catalase-like activity (2011)

This critical survey reveals that in contrast with the large advances in the development of synthetic catalysts for decomposition of superoxide anion radical and peroxynitrite, most metal complexes reported until recently perform very poor when it comes to disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, the reaction catalyzed by enzymes of the catalase family.
Flame Retardant Carbon Nanofiber and Carbon Nanotube Coatings (2011)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Generation of structured light by multilevel orbital angular momentum holograms (2019)

Structured light has been created by a myriad of near-and far-field techniques and has found both classical and quantum applications. In the case of orbital angular momentum (OAM), continuous spiral phase patterns in dynamic or geometric phase are often employed with the phase patterns existing across the entire transverse plane. Here, we exploit the uncertain relationship between OAM and angle in order to create structured OAM fields by using multilevel OAM holograms. We show theoretically and experimentally that only a multilevel angular phase contour in the near-field is needed to create structured OAM light in the far-field, exploiting the reciprocal nature of angular momentum and angle. We use this approach to demonstrate exotic 3D structured light control to show the Poynting vector's evolution in such fields and to highlight the physics underlying this phenomenon.
Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy (1977)

Summary Hypothalamic/pituitary and adrenal (HPA) function was assessed in ten patients who received intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy for 5-40 months. Standard insulin hypoglycaemia (IHT), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and tetracosactrin tests were performed 36 hr after the last dose of prednisolone and subsequently 10 days—52 weeks after completion of all chemotherapy. In the first tests there was evidence of impaired hypothalamic-pituitary function judged by peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) responses, and corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses were sub-normal in five patients. In the final IHTs, seven patients had persistently subnormal ACTH responses but all the corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses returned to normal. Mean peak corticosteroid responses to insulin and tetracosactrin and peak GH responses were significantly greater than in the first tests. Such chemotherapy regimens may have prolonged effects on hypothalamic/pituitary function but the demonstration of normal corticosteroid responses to hypoglycaemia and tetracosactrin indicates that these patients' stress responses will be normal as early as 10 days after treatment is stopped.
Automated wizard-of-oz for spoken dialogue systems (2005)

Designing and building natural language spoken dialogue systems require large amounts of speech utterances, which adequately represent the intended human-machine dialogues.For this purpose, typically, first a "Wizard-of-Oz" data collection is performed, and then the collected data is transcribed and labeled by expert labelers.Finally, the data is used to train both the speech recognizer and the spoken language understanding stochastic models.Data collection and labeling is an expensive and time consuming manual process.In this paper we propose a completely Automated Wizard, which is capable of recognizing and understanding application independent requests reusing the previously labeled and transcribed data from similar domains, and improving the informativeness of the collected data.We demonstrate that, in the context of automated call routing, compared to the existing data collection systems, the Automated Wizard better captures the user intentions and produces substantially shorter interactions resulting in a better user experience and a less intrusive approach.
A Schlemm’s canal scaffold for the treatment of elevated IOP (2016)

Introduction: In the age of micro invasive /minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS), numerous glaucoma drainage devices are gaining importance. Hydrus is the latest device undergoing FDA approved clinical trials and is showing promising results in terms of intraocular pressure reduction in mild to moderate glaucoma when combined with cataract surgery.Areas covered: This review provides a detailed discussion of the preclinical and clinical trials of the Hydrus Microstent. A brief description of other new Schlemm’s canal based surgical procedures is also provided. An extensive literature search was made using the following keywords; Hydrus, Microstent, Schlemm’s canal scaffold, MIGS and outflow facility. Information on active clinical trials was obtained from clinicaltrails.gov. Recent and ongoing research activities on MIGS were obtained from abstracts presented at ARVO and AAO in recent years.Expert commentary: Hydrus microstent bypasses the trabecular meshwork and dilates a part of the Schlemm’s canal providing the aqueous humor with better access to collector channels and other downstream drainage vessels. Current and pending clinical trials will provide the long term safety and IOP efficacy of the Microstent. Only the future will determine whether MIGS will replace topical medications and lasers as a first line treatment option in glaucoma treatment.
High‐efficiency green‐yellow light‐emitting diodes grown on sapphire (0001) substrates (2013)

Abstract High‐efficiency green‐yellow InGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on conventional c‐plane sapphire (0001) substrates. The crystal quality of the InGaN quantum well was improved by optimizing the growth temperature and rate. Fabricated LEDs exhibited a high output power of 11.2 mW and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.5% for 560 nm green‐yellow LEDs with an injection direct current of 20 mA. The highest EQE of over 30% was achieved with an injection direct current of 3 mA at an emission wavelength of 568 nm. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of Calorie Restriction and Diet-Induced Obesity on Murine Colon Carcinogenesis, Growth and Inflammatory Factors, and MicroRNA Expression (2014)

Obesity is an established colon cancer risk factor, while preventing or reversing obesity via a calorie restriction (CR) diet regimen decreases colon cancer risk. Unfortunately, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are poorly understood, hampering development of mechanism-based approaches for preventing obesity-related colon cancer. We tested the hypotheses that diet-induced obesity (DIO) would increase (and CR would decrease) colon tumorigenesis in the mouse azoxymethane (AOM) model. In addition, we established that changes in inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and microRNAs are associated with these energy balance-colon cancer links, and thus represent mechanism-based targets for colon cancer prevention. Mice were injected with AOM once a week for 5 weeks and randomized to: 1) control diet; 2) 30% CR diet; or 3) DIO diet. Mice were euthanized at week 5 (n = 12/group), 10 (n = 12/group), and 20 (n = 20/group) after the last AOM injection. Colon tumors were counted, and cytokines, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), adipokines, proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of microRNAs (miRs) were measured. The DIO diet regimen induced an obese phenotype (∼36% body fat), while CR induced a lean phenotype (∼14% body fat); controls were intermediate (∼26% body fat). Relative to controls, DIO increased (and CR decreased) the number of colon tumors (p = 0.01), cytokines (p<0.001), IGF-1 (p = 0.01), and proliferation (p<0.001). DIO decreased (and CR increased) IGFBP-3 and apoptosis (p<0.001). miRs including mir-425, mir-196, mir-155, mir-150, mir-351, mir-16, let-7, mir34, and mir-138 were differentially expressed between the dietary groups. We conclude that the enhancing effects of DIO and suppressive effects of CR on colon carcinogenesis are associated with alterations in several biological pathways, including inflammation, IGF-1, and microRNAs.
Progress in Pasotron Development (2003)

Conventional microwave sources utilize strong axial magnetic field to guide an electron beam through an interaction region. A plasma‐assisted slow‐wave microwave oscillator (Pasotron) can operate without external magnetic field because the presence of ions neutralizes the beam space charge and allows for radial motion of electrons under the action of transverse fields of the wave. The inherent efficiency of conventional microwave sources based on interaction of the backward wave with a 1‐D electron flow is typically limited to 15–20%. By taking advantage of the 2‐D electron motion in the pasotron, a 50% conversion efficiency of beam to microwave energy was demonstrated experimentally in a megawatt class device operating at a beam voltage of 40kV. Furthermore, theoretical studies indicated that an efficiency of 60–70% might be possible. A research effort is now under way with the goal of extending this remarkable performance to even higher power and energy levels. The challenges associated with efficient, higher voltage/current operation of the pasotron are: beam dynamics and stability; spectral purity and mode competition; limiting currents. Most recent activities will be reviewed, with an emphasis on stationary and transient beam dynamics and scaling laws for high power pasotrons.
Toxic Effects of Intracerebral PrP Antibody Administration During the Course of BSE Infection in Mice (2007)

The absence of specific immune response is a hallmark of prion diseases. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments have provided evidence that an anti-PrP humoral response could have beneficial effects. Prophylactic passive immunization performed at the time of infection delayed or prevented disease. Nonetheless, the potential therapeutic effect of PrP antibodies administered shortly before the clinical signs has never been tested in vivo. Moreover, a recent study showed the potential toxicity of PrP antibodies administered intracerebrally. We aimed at evaluating the effect of a prolonged intracerebral anti-PrP antibody administration at the time of neuroinvasion in BSE infected Tg20 mice. Unexpectedly, despite a good penetration of the antibodies in the brain parenchyma, the treatment was not protective against the development of BSE. Instead, it led to an extensive neuronal loss, strong astrogliosis and microglial activation. Since this effect was observed after injection of anti-PrP antibodies as whole IgGs, F(ab')(2) or Fab fragments, the toxicity was directly related to the ability of the antibodies to recognize native PrP and to the intracerebral concentration achieved, and not to the Fc portion or the divalence of the antibodies. This experiment shows that a prolonged treatment with anti-PrP antibodies by the intracerebral route can induce severe side-effects and calls for caution with regard to the use of similar approaches for late therapeutic interventions in humans.
Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis (2006)

Substantial enhancement of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis can be achieved with ultrasound, suggesting its use as an adjunctive treatment in thrombolytic therapy for stroke. This enhancement may be due to acoustic cavitation, thermal effects, forced convection of rt-PA, or biochemical enhancement. The effect of US duty cycle on the lytic efficacy of pulsed 120-kHz ultrasound in a human in vitro clot model was investigated, using a time-lapse microscopic imaging technique. The initial lytic rate increased linearly with duty cycle. In addition, a passive cavitation detection scheme was used to explore stable and inertial cavitation as potential mechanisms for ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis. Porcine clots were exposed to pulsed ultrasound and rt-PA in vitro for 30 min using four separate ultrasound treatment regimes: (i) no cavitation (0.15 MPa); (ii) stable cavitation alone (0.24 MPa), (iii) stable and inertial cavitation combined (0.36 MPa); or (iv) no ultrasound. Percent clot mass loss after each treatment was used to determine thrombolysis efficacy. Clots exposed to stable cavitation and rt-PA exhibited the highest mass loss. Significant enhancement of thrombolysis correlates with presence of cavitation and stable cavitation appears to play a more important role in the enhancement of thrombolysis.
Investigation of the Machining Behavior of Ti6Al4V/TiC Composites During Conventional and Laser-Assisted Machining (2019)

Conventional machining of Ti6Al4V/TiC composites is a very difficult process, which exhibits a peculiar cutting force pattern where the thrust forces are higher than the tangential forces. This behavior results in rapid tool wear and consequently very short tool life. This study is concerned with describing the reasons for the attendant behavior using experimentally validated 3D finite element simulations and alleviating this behavior via laser assisted machining (LAM). Simulations were conducted using an equivalent homogeneous model (EHM) and a multiscale heterogeneous model (MHM) of the Ti6Al4V/TiC composite. Results showed a good agreement between the tangential forces obtained from experiments, EHM, and MHM for conventional machining and LAM. However, only the MHM was able to successfully predict the unusual high thrust forces. The MHM simulation results showed that the tool/particle interaction along the tool nose region presented the highest resistance due to the high resistance against pushing the TiC particles by the tool into the machined surface. This resistance results from the efficient load transfer capability between the particles and the matrix below the machined surface. When using LAM, the stated resistance was decreased by the reduction in load transfer capability of the Ti6Al4V/TiC workpiece such that the thrust and tangential forces were reduced by 78% and 37%, respectively, according to the MHM simulation. The experimental results showed that the tool wear was improved by 68% by LAM. All the results demonstrated that the MHM successfully captured the underlying machining mechanism of the Ti6Al4V/TiC composites.
Contactless Picking of Objects Using an Acoustic Gripper (2021)

Acoustic levitation forces can be used to manipulate small objects and liquids without mechanical contact or contamination. This work presents analytical models based on which concepts for the controlled insertion of objects into the acoustic field are developed. This is essential for the use of acoustic levitators as contactless robotic grippers. Three prototypes of such grippers are implemented and used to experimentally verify the lifting of objects into an acoustic pressure field. Lifting of high-density objects (ρ &gt; 7 g/cm3) from acoustically transparent surfaces is demonstrated using a double-sided acoustic gripper that generates standing acoustic waves with dynamically adjustable acoustic power. A combination of multiple acoustic traps is used to lift lower density objects (ρ≤0.25g/cm3) from acoustically reflective surfaces using a single-sided arrangement. Furthermore, a method that uses standing acoustic waves and thin reflectors to lift medium-density objects (ρ≤1g/cm3) from acoustically reflective surfaces is presented. The provided results open up new possibilities for using acoustic levitation in robotic grippers, which has the potential to be applied in a variety of industrial use cases.
Intrinsic Breast Tumor Subtypes, Race, and Long-Term Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (2010)

Our results confirm the association of basal-like breast cancer with poor prognosis and suggest that basal-like breast cancer is not an inherently more aggressive disease in African American women compared with whites. Additional analyses are needed in populations with known treatment profiles to understand the role of tumor subtypes and race in breast cancer mortality, and in particular our finding that among women with luminal A breast cancer, African Americans have higher mortality than whites.
High Efficiency Simple White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using a Phosphine Oxide Host (2012)

Highly efficient simple white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) were fabricated using a mixed host of 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC) and 2,7-bis(diphenylphosphoryl)-9,9'-spirobi[fluorene] (SPPO13) in the light-emitting layer. A two layer WOLED structure of TAPC hole transport layer and TAPC:SPPO13 emitting layer was developed. Red and blue phosphorescent emitters were doped in the TAPC:SPPO13 mixed host emitting layer and a high quantum efficiency of 16.0% was obtained. In addition, the maximum power efficiency of the WOLEDs was 37.5 Im/W and color coordinate was (0.43, 0.41). The color coordinate could be kept stable irrespective of the luminance of the device.
Silver‐Triggered Activity of a Heterogeneous Palladium Catalyst in Oxidative Carbonylation Reactions (2020)

Abstract A silver‐triggered heterogeneous Pd‐catalyzed oxidative carbonylation has been developed. This heterogeneous process exhibits high efficiency and good recyclability, and was utilized for the one‐pot construction of polycyclic compounds with multiple chiral centers. AgOTf was used to remove chloride ions in the heterogeneous catalyst Pd‐AmP‐CNC, thereby generating highly active Pd II , which results in high efficiency of the heterogeneous catalytic system.
A ‘deep dive’ into the SARS-Cov-2 polymerase assembly: identifying novel allosteric sites and analyzing the hydrogen bond networks and correlated dynamics (2021)

Replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is a fundamental step in the virus life cycle and inhibiting the SARS-CoV2 replicase machinery has been proven recently as a promising approach in combating the virus. Despite this recent success, there are still several aspects related to the structure, function and dynamics of the CoV-2 polymerase that still need to be addressed. This includes understanding the dynamicity of the various polymerase subdomains, analyzing the hydrogen bond networks at the active site and at the template entry in the presence of water, studying the binding modes of the nucleotides at the active site, highlighting positions for acceptable nucleotides' substitutions that can be tolerated at different positions within the nascent RNA strand, identifying possible <i>allosteric</i> sites within the polymerase structure and studying their correlated dynamics relative to the catalytic site. Here, we combined various cutting-edge modelling tools with the recently resolved SARS-CoV-2 cryo-EM polymerase structures to fill this gap in knowledge. Our findings provide a detailed analysis of the hydrogen bond networks at various parts of the polymerase structure and suggest possible nucleotides' substitutions that can be tolerated by the polymerase complex. We also report here three 'druggable' allosteric sites within the NSP12 RdRp that can be targeted by small molecule inhibitors. Our correlated motion analysis shows that the dynamics within one of the newly identified sites are linked to the active site, indicating that targeting this site can significantly impact the catalytic activity of the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.