gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Village Forums or Development Councils: People’s participation in decision-making in rural West Bengal, India (1970)

The policy shift towards decentralisation promises important social change in rural India, providing as it does a three-tier system of local self-governments, the Panchayats: at the village level, the district level, and an intermediate level between the two, called the Block Panchayat. There is evidence of far-reaching social change in rural West Bengal, a state in eastern India, after the Left Front government came into power, particularly because of revitalisation of the three-tier Panchayat system. The initial years of Left Front rule saw the village poor enthusiastically attending Panchayat meetings and taking part in decision-making at the village council, the Gram Sabha, the general body of villagers of voting age covering 10-12 villages, and the Gram Sansad, the forum of local democracy at the ward level. However, today, relatively few people in the villages are taking part in government-sponsored initiatives. Panchayat meetings are scarcely attended and almost always exclude certain classes and members of the community. In order to combat the problem, the Government of West Bengal has recently tried to further devolve the power and responsibilities of local government and has established Gram Unnayan Samiti (GUSs) or Village Development Councils, consisting of political members from both elected and the opposition parties and certain nominated members. The GUSs are supposed to bring in more participation at the grassroots level. In this paper, we study the formal policies regarding decentralisation and people’s participation in West Bengal, and analyse the dynamics of political processes regarding decision-making at operational level after the introduction of GUS. We have analysed audio recordings of meetings of the Gram Sabhas and the dynamics of the newly formed GUSs to uncover the actual rate of people’s participation, actual meeting procedures and reasons behind people’s reluctance to participate. We argue that solutions lie in having a strong third-tier in order to address issues of lack of transparency and accountability in decision-making, and make recommendations as to how that might be achieved.
Anchoring Supramolecular Polymers to Human Red Blood Cells by Combining Dynamic Covalent and Non‐Covalent Chemistries (2020)

Understanding cell/material interactions is essential to design functional cell-responsive materials. While the scientific literature abounds with formulations of biomimetic materials, only a fraction of them focused on mechanisms of the molecular interactions between cells and material. To provide new knowledge on the strategies for materials/cell recognition and binding, supramolecular benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide copolymers bearing benzoxaborole moieties are anchored on the surface of human erythrocytes via benzoxaborole/sialic-acid binding. This interaction based on both dynamic covalent and non-covalent chemistries is visualized in real time by means of total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Exploiting this imaging method, we observe that the functional copolymers specifically interact with the cell surface. An optimal fiber affinity towards the cells as a function of benzoxaborole concentration demonstrates the crucial role of multivalency in these cell/material interactions.
Coexistence of multiple mechanisms of PT523 resistance in human leukemia cells harboring 3 reduced folate carrier alleles: transcriptional silencing, inactivating mutations, and allele loss (2005)

The reduced folate carrier (RFC) is the dominant route for the uptake of various antifolates including PT523, a potent dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (Ki = 0.35 pM) and an excellent transport substrate of the RFC (Kt = 0.7 microM). Here, we describe the multiple mechanisms of RFC inactivation in human leukemia PT523-resistant cells originally harboring 3 RFC alleles. Cellular exposure to gradually increasing PT523 concentrations resulted in sublines displaying up to 3500-fold resistance to various hydrophilic antifolates that rely on RFC for their cellular uptake. Antifolate-resistant cells lost RFC gene expression (65%-99% loss) due to impaired promoter binding of various transcription factors that regulate RFC gene expression. Additionally, DNA sequencing revealed that PT523-resistant cells contained a cluster of 4 nearly consecutive mutations residing on a single RFC allele including L143P, A147V, R148G, and Q150Stop. Southern blot analysis established the loss of an RFC allele in PT523-resistant cells. These alterations resulted in markedly decreased RFC protein levels (approximately 80%-99% loss) and consequently impaired [3H]methotrexate transport (87%-99% loss). This study provides the first evidence that acquisition of PT523 resistance in human leukemia cells harboring 3 RFC alleles is due to multiple coexisting alterations including transcriptional silencing, inactivating mutations, and RFC allele loss.
Theoretical analysis of ridge gratings for long-range surface plasmon polaritons (2006)

Optical properties of ridge gratings for long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LRSPPs) are analyzed theoretically in a two-dimensional configuration via the Lippmann-Schwinger integral equation method. LRSPPs being supported by a thin planar gold film embedded in dielectric are considered to be scattered by an array of equidistant gold ridges on each side of the film designed for in-plane Bragg scattering of LRSPPs at the wavelength $\ensuremath{\sim}1550\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. Out-of-plane scattering (OUPS), LRSPP transmission, reflection, and absorption are investigated with respect to the wavelength, the height of the ridges, and the length of the grating. Particular attention is paid to the fraction of the LRSPP power lost due to the OUPS. We find an asymmetry in the OUPS spectra in the vicinity of the band gap and relate this asymmetry to that observed in the transmission spectra. It is found that in order to maximize a reflection peak it is preferable to use longer gratings with smaller ridges compared to gratings with larger ridges, because the former result in a smaller OUPS from the grating facets than the latter. The theoretical analysis and its conclusions are supported with experimental results on the LRSPP reflection and transmission by ridge gratings. For comparison, a few calculations are also presented for surface plasmon polariton (SPP) scattering by ridge gratings, a configuration which corresponds to the LRSPP case with a very thick film. We found that, in this case, it is less attractive to use long gratings due to higher propagation loss and stronger confinement of SPPs in comparison with LRSPPs.
Green Nanochemistry: Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Porous Thin Films from Bare Metal Powders (2011)

A universal, simple, robust, widely applicable and cost-effective aqueous process is described for a controlled oxidative dissolution process of micrometer-sized metal powders to form high-purity aqueous dispersions of colloidally stable 3-8 nm metal oxide nanoparticles. Their utilization for making single and multilayer optically transparent high-surface-area nanoporous films is demonstrated. This facile synthesis is anticipated to find numerous applications in materials science, engineering, and nanomedicine.
Process Analysis and Identification with a Real Time Intelligent Bioreactor Supervisory Controller (1990)

Bioprocessing can be improved by utilizing all available information about the process. In particular, when knowledge about process dynamics is incomplete or during time of equipment failure, additional information derived from past data trends, expert process operators and the literature can be very useful in process analysis. In this work, an expert system based supervisory control scheme is developed and evaluated. The expert system utilizes on-line real time data as well as archived data, facts and heuristic information to analyze the process. The goal of the analysis is to assess the state of the process and to check for data agreement. In case inconsistency is detected, the expert system will estimate process variables and examine potential process faults. Based on the analysis, acceptable corrective actions and techniques to reconstruct corrupted data will be sought. The behavior and performance of some aspects of a real time implementation of the expert system controller to Clostridium acetobutylicum will be presented and discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Characterization of Two Types of Tetraarylporphyrin Cation Radicals. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electronic Effects on the Stereoselectivity of Epoxidation Reactions Catalysed by Manganese Porphyrins (1999)

A series of MnIII porphyrins progressively halogenated in the β-pyrrolic positions was employed to catalyse the epoxidation of cis-stilbene by iodosylbenzene, and to study the role of the electronic effects on the stereoselectivity of this process. A gradual improvement in the stereoselectivity on increasing the number of β-halogen atoms was observed. The role of steric effects upon the epoxidation was also investigated by placing ortho-substituents in the meso-phenyl rings, and it was found that steric effects are more important than electronic effects toward the stereoselectivity of this process. These results can be rationalised by proposing a competition between a nonstereoselective electrophilic pathway of addition and a stereospecific pathway of oxygen insertion, the former being disfavoured by electron-withdrawing substituents. Alternatively, the formation of an open intermediate between the MnV oxene and the substrate could be suggested, where the stereoselectivity ought to be determined by the competition between closure of the epoxide ring and rotation around the C–C bond. In this case, the enhanced stereoselectivity given by our polyhalogenated porphyrins might be attributed to an acceleration of the epoxide ring closure caused by the electron-withdrawing effect of the halogen substituents.
Dynamic flux controlled AC drive (1990)

A dynamic flux controlled drive for a cage induction motor uses a technique called in the paper ‘phase-decoupling’ to improve significantly the transient response of a scalar-controlled drive while retaining all the inherent advantages of the method. The strategy requires a versatile PWM modulator, but it is applicable to a wide variety of applications, achieving a transient performance surpassing most other transducerless flux-controlled systems, in particular those using slip reconstruction methods. The controller is simple and practical to implement and requires no external transducers. The paper discusses the theoretical basis for the method and compares detailed computer simulations with equivalent experimental investigations.
Integrated Doherty RF CMOS Power Amplifier design for average efficiency enhancement (2015)

This paper deals with the implementation of a RF Doherty Power Amplifier (DPA) with the objective of improving the average efficiency. This technique is an interesting way to provide efficient PA for high PAPR signal of more recent standards of communications. The Doherty principle is applied to a 2.5GHz fully integrated PA on a CMOS 65nm technology. The DPA exhibits 23.4dBm output power, 15dB of power gain and 24.7% of PAE on a 7 dB power range. The die size is 2.89mm2. To fulfill high data rates, wide-band behavior is a big challenge. Hence the wideband behavior of integrated DPA is also investigated.
Temperature responsive copolymers of N‐vinylcaprolactam and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and their interactions with drugs (2013)

ABSTRACT Poly( N ‐vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) and poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) are well known for their thermoresponsive behavior in aqueous solutions. Indeed, they display lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) in the physiological range, which makes them interesting for biomedical devices and use in drug delivery systems. Homopolymers of N ‐vinylcaprolactam and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate as well as copolymers thereof were synthesized by solution and direct miniemulsion polymerizations. The cloud points of the copolymers in aqueous solution were investigated as a function of temperature, comonomer ratio, and in the presence of model pharmaceutical ingredients. By variation of the comonomer ratio, it was possible to control the cloud point temperature between 26 and 35 °C, which was found to be beneficial to attenuate the effect of the drugs that also altered the cloud points. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3308–3313
Low-voltage aberration-corrected SEM metrology of thin resist for high-NA EUVL (2022)

Background: Lithography advancements require resist layer thickness reduction, essential to cope with the low depth of focus (DOF) characteristic of high numerical aperture extreme ultraviolet lithography (HNA EUVL). However, such a requirement poses serious challenges in terms of resist process metrology and characterization, as patterns in thin resist suffer from low contrast, which may affect the performance of the edge detection algorithms used for image analysis, ultimately impacting metrology. Aim: Investigate e-beam imaging using low landing energy (LE) settings as a possible way to address the thin resist film metrology issues. Approach: A low-voltage aberration-corrected SEM developed at Carl Zeiss is to image three thin resist thicknesses and two different underlayers, at various LE and number of frames. All images are analyzed using MetroLER software, to extract the parameters of interest [mean critical dimension (CD), line width roughness (LWR), and linescan signal-to noise-ratio (SNR)] in a consistent way. Results: The results indicate that mean CD and LWR are affected by the measurement conditions, as expected. Imaging through landing energy unravels two opposing regimes in the mean CD estimate, the first in which the mean CD increases due to charging and the second in which the mean CD decreases due to shrinkage. Additionally, the trend between LE and linescan SNR varies depending on the stack. Conclusion: We demonstrated the ability of low-voltage aberration-corrected SEM to perform thin resist metrology with good flexibility and acceptable performance. The landing energy proved to be an important knob for metrology of thin resist.
Improving hole injection efficiency by manipulating the hole transport mechanism through p-type electron blocking layer engineering (2014)

The p-type AlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL) is widely used in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for electron overflow suppression. However, a typical EBL also reduces the hole injection efficiency, because holes have to climb over the energy barrier generated at the p-AlGaN/p-GaN interface before entering the quantum wells. In this work, to address this problem, we report the enhancement of hole injection efficiency by manipulating the hole transport mechanism through insertion of a thin GaN layer of 1 nm into the p-AlGaN EBL and propose an AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN-type EBL outperforming conventional AlGaN EBLs. Here, the position of the inserted thin GaN layer relative to the p-GaN region is found to be the key to enhancing the hole injection efficiency. InGaN/GaN LEDs with the proposed p-type AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN EBL have demonstrated substantially higher optical output power and external quantum efficiency.
Two-dimensional electron gas charged-coupled devices (2DEG-CCD's) (1991)

The two-dimensional electron gas charged-coupled device (2DEG-CCD) structure for III-V and other heterojunction materials is reviewed. Device design considerations for gate, insulator, and channel material parameters are presented. Optimization of 2DEG-CCD performance parameters such as well capacity, dark current, and transfer efficiency is discussed. Experimental results on AlGaAs-GaAs uniform-doped and planar-doped devices are reviewed. AlGaAs-GaAs 2DEG-CCDs have been shown to operate with 0.9997 charge transfer efficiency, at frequencies ranging from 130 kHz to 1 GHz. A review of fundamental principles of operation and a discussion of structural and material configurations are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Suppression of Plasminogen Activators and the MMP-2/-9 Pathway by aZanthoxylum avicennaeExtract to Inhibit the HA22T Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion Effectsin Vitroandin VivoviaPhosphatase 2A Activation (2013)

This study shows that the ECM degradation-associated pathway, including uPA and tPA and the downstream MMP-2/-9 protein, was significantly suppressed in HA22T cells treated with a Zanthoxylum avicennae extract (YBBE). The endogenous inhibitors, including TIMP-1/-2 and PAI-1, were enhanced in HA22T cells by the YBBE treatment. The expression of MMP-2/-9 and TIMP-1/-2 was respectively assessed by using RT-PCR and a zymography assay. The mRNA levels and enzymatic activity of MMP-2/-9 were down-regulated by the YBBE treatment in a dose-dependent manner, while the TIMP-1/-2 levels were conversely markedly increased. The PP2A siRNA or PP2A inhibitor totally reversed the YBBE effects, confirming the essential role of PP2A in YBBE inhibiting the HA22T cell migration and invasion effects. Xenografted animal experiments on nude mice demonstrated similiar results to the in vitro system. Both the in vitro and in vivo models clearly demonstrate that YBBE inhibited the highly metastatic HA22T liver cancer cell migration and invasion effects through PP2A activation.
Facial Expression Representation Using a Quadratic Deformation Model (2009)

In this paper we propose a novel approach for representing facial expressions based on a quadratic deformation model applied to muscle regions. The non-linear nature of muscle deformations can be captured for each expression, by subdividing the face into 16 facial regions and using the most general rubber-sheet transformation of second degree. The deformation parameters are derived using a least-square minimization technique, and used to construct a Facial Deformation Table (FDT) to mathematically represent each expression. The generalized nature of the transformations allows us to easily map expressions from one model to another, and employ the FDTs in facial expression applications such as facial recognition and animations. The paper presents experimental results using the smile expression.
Molecular Orientations of Delayed Fluorescent Emitters in a Series of Carbazole-Based Host Materials (2020)

Molecular orientation is one of the most crucial factors to boost the efficiency of organic light-emitting devices. However, active control of molecular orientation of the emitter molecule by the host molecule is rarely realized so far, and the underlying mechanism is under discussion. Here, we systematically investigated the molecular orientations of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters in a series of carbazole-based host materials.Enhanced horizontal orientation of the TADF emitters was achieved. The degree of enhancement observed was dependent on the host material used. Consequently, our results indicate that p-p stacking, CH/n (n = O, N) weak hydrogen bonds, and multiple CH/p contacts greatly induce horizontal orientation of the TADF emitters in addition to the molecular shape anisotropy. Finally, we fabricated TADF-based organic light-emitting devices with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 26% using an emission layer with horizontal orientation ratio (Q) of 79%, which is higher than that of an almost randomly oriented emission layer with Q of 62% (EQE = 22%).
Mapping monoclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody repertoires against diverse coronavirus antigens (2022)

Variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged continuously, challenging the effectiveness of vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments. Moreover, the possibility of the appearance of a new betacoronavirus with high transmissibility and high fatality is reason for concern. In this study, we used a natively paired yeast display technology, combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) and massive bioinformatic analysis to perform a comprehensive study of subdomain specificity of natural human antibodies from two convalescent donors. Using this screening technology, we mapped the cross-reactive responses of antibodies generated by the two donors against SARS-CoV-2 variants and other betacoronaviruses. We tested the neutralization potency of a set of the cross-reactive antibodies generated in this study and observed that most of the antibodies produced by these patients were non-neutralizing. We performed a comparison of the specific and non-specific antibodies by somatic hypermutation in a repertoire-scale for the two individuals and observed that the degree of somatic hypermutation was unique for each patient. The data from this study provide functional insights into cross-reactive antibodies that can assist in the development of strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and divergent betacoronaviruses.
Characterization of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Transcriptome (2013)

The Asian citrus psyllid, <i>Diaphorina citri</i> Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a vector for the causative agents of Huanglongbing, which threatens citrus production worldwide. This study reports and discusses the first <i>D. citri</i> transcriptomes, encompassing the three main life stages of <i>D. citri</i>, egg, nymph and adult. The transcriptomes were annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) and insecticide-related genes within each life stage were identified to aid the development of future <i>D. citri</i> insecticides. Transcriptome assemblies and other sequence data are available for download at the International Asian Citrus Psyllid Genome Consortium website [http://psyllid.org/download] and at NCBI [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/29447].
Intentional Distortion of Transistor Shape to Improve Circuit Performance (2009)

A mixed-mode 3-D simulation study has been performed for ring oscillators made of 30-nm planar CMOS transistors with nonrectangular channel shapes. Nonrectangular shapes happen unintentionally due to optical proximity effects and can also be introduced intentionally. Transistors with large drains are shown to degrade ring-oscillator performance, whereas transistors with large sources are shown to simultaneously increase the ring-oscillator frequency by 25% and reduce the leakage current by a factor of three.
Backlash-based Shock Isolation Control for Jerk Reduction in Clutch Engagement (2019)

Coasting is a fuel-efficient driving technique for hybrid vehicle that increases cruising distance by separating the engine using a clutch. When a driver needs to accelerate a vehicle in the coasting mode, the engine restarts and the clutch is engaged automatically. At this time, clutch engagement shock and re-acceleration time delay are uncomfortable for the driver. Generally, a hybrid vehicle is regarded as a two-inertia system with a clutch and backlash. This paper proposes backlash-based shock isolation control that isolates clutch engagement shock from a vehicle using gear backlash. The proposed method reduces shock by gently meshing gear backlash using speed difference control between the input and output sides of gear backlash. Thereafter, vibration suppression acceleration is performed through I-P-I-P type torsion torque control. The magnitude of the shock is quantitatively evaluated based on jerk, which is a derivative of acceleration. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is confirmed through numerical simulations and small simulator experimental results. In the experimental results, a 62% reduction in jerk is obtained using the proposed method.