gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Joint modeling of articulatory and acoustic spaces for continuous speech recognition tasks (2017)

Articulatory information can effectively model variability in speech and can improve speech recognition performance under varying acoustic conditions. Learning speaker-independent articulatory models has always been challenging, as speaker-specific information in the articulatory and acoustic spaces increases the complexity of the speech-to-articulatory space inverse modeling, which is already an ill-posed problem due to its inherent nonlinearity and non-uniqueness. This paper investigates using deep neural networks (DNN) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for mapping speech data into its corresponding articulatory space. Our results indicate that the CNN models perform better than their DNN counterparts for speech inversion. In addition, we used the inverse models to generate articulatory trajectories from speech for three different standard speech recognition tasks. To effectively model the articulatory features' temporal modulations while retaining the acoustic features' spatiotemporal signatures, we explored a joint modeling strategy to simultaneously learn both the acoustic and articulatory spaces. The results from multiple speech recognition tasks indicate that articulatory features can improve recognition performance when the acoustic and articulatory spaces are jointly learned with one common objective function.
Cationic Palladium(II) Complexes for CO/Vinyl Arene Copolymerization in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide (2011)

New dicationic and monocationic palladium complexes with 2,2′-bipyridine ligands bearing perfluorinated ponytails have been prepared and used as catalysts for CO/4-tert-butylstyrene (TBS) and CO/styrene (ST) copolymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide and in CO2-expanded liquids. Best catalytic performances were achieved carrying out the copolymerization in carbon dioxide expanded substrates in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. The dicationic systems with 5,5′-substituted ligands [Pd(N–N)2][X]2 generated the most active and productive catalysts with up to 532 g copolymer CP/g Pd·h for CO/TBS and led to polyketones with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity (molecular weight up to Mw = 692 000 for CO/ST; Mw/Mn = 1.2–3.3). MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of copolymer end groups revealed that the main initiation and termination steps involved the insertion of the alkene into the Pd–H bond and the β-H elimination on the Pd–alkyl bond, respectively.
Variability in Fatigue Behavior of a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) as a Result of Average Surface Roughness and Pronounced Surface Defects (2007)

Recent interest in bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) has led to the development of amorphous alloys designed for structural applications in various fields as aircraft frames, rotating equipment, automobiles, and medical implants. Although the mechanical behavior of BMGs is being studied extensively, little attention has been paid to their fatigue behavior. Moreover, early fatigue characteristics have exhibited contradictory results. In the current research, uniaxial tension-tension fatigue experiments were performed on notched Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 button-head fatigue specimens with various surface finishes. The fatigue studies were designed to better understand the influence of the average surface roughness and/or critical surface defects on the fatigue behavior of glassy alloys. It was hypothesized that geometric surface flaws would lower the observed life of a BMG sample by shortening the crack initiation phase and providing local stress concentrators. The current studies of surface conditions indicate that fatigue-endurance limits are greatly impacted by the average surface roughness with possible reductions of greater than fifty percent.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Modulated Scattering Antenna Array for Mobile Terminal Applications (2010)

The performance of the modulated scattering antenna array (MSAA) for mobile terminals is investigated in this paper. The electromagnetic scattering of the modulated scattering elements (MSEs) loaded with Schottky diode is analyzed by using the Volterra series method in conjunction with the method of moments, which rigorously includes the mutual couplings among the MSAA elements. By virtue of closed-form analytical expression of Volterra analysis, useful physical insights and guidelines are provided to find optimum parameters of the MSEs in order to improve the performance of the MSAA for wireless communications. Parametrical studies are carried out for the purpose of enhancing the scattered power level of the second-order intermodulation caused by the nonlinear load in the MSEs. Both numerical simulations and experiments validate the proposed theoretical analysis.
Interface between Monoclinic Crystalline Cellulose and Water:  Breakdown of the Odd/Even Duplicity (1997)

The interface between the (110) crystal face of cellulose Iβ and water was studied by molecular dynamics simulation with cellulose coordinates refined from electron diffraction data as a starting point. Potential energies, pucker parameters, torsion angles, and hydrogen bonding have been used for the characterization. Only the topmost layer in the cellulose differs in terms of structure and dynamics from the crystal bulk, but even these difference are small. At the surface approximately half of the cellulose intermolecular hydrogen bonding is lost, but this is compensated by hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Much of the difference between even and odd (200) planes disappears at the interface, except for the orientation of the glucose ring plane. Water dynamics is retarded by a factor of 2−3 close to the surface. The potential energy of water molecules in the first hydration layer is lower by 2 kJ/mol. The cellulose surface contains about five exposed hydroxyl groups per square nanometer, which accounts for the good hydration of the surface.
Euler vector: a combinatorial signature for gray-tone images (2005)

A new combinatorial characterization of a gray-tone image, called an Euler vector, is proposed. The Euler number of a binary image is a well-known topological feature, which remains invariant under translation, rotation, scaling, and rubber-sheet transformations of the image. An Euler vector comprises of a 4-tuple, where each element is an integer representing the Euler number of the partial binary image formed by the four most significant bit planes of the gray-tone image. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the Euler vector under compression and inclusion of noise followed by filtering. The vector is topologically invariant and can be used for image indexing and retrieval.
P1‐249: The Association Between Aβ and TAU Accumulations and Its Influence on Clinical Features in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Spectrum Brains: [11C]PBB3 PET Study (2016)

Senile plaques and fibrillary tau inclusions are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent neuroimaging and neuropathological studies have revealed that proteinopathies represented by amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau accumulations may occur independently and concurrently as exemplified by primary age-related tauopathy and AD, respectively. To elucidate interactions between Aβ and tau accumulations and its influence on clinical features, we performed a cross-sectional positron emission tomography (PET) study in cognitively healthy and impaired individuals. Participants were 20 patients with AD, 17 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 24 age-matched healthy controls (oHCs) and 10 young HCs. Parametric [11C]PBB3-, [11C]PiB- and [18F]FDG-PET images were genrated for estimating regional Aβ, tau and brain glucose metabolism, respectively, by voxel-based calculation of standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) to the cerebellum at 30-50 minutes, 50-70 minutes and 30-60 minutes after radiotracer injections, respectively. We also performed three-dimensional T1-weighted MRI and estimated whole grey matter volume for each subject. All AD patients, 10 of 17 MCI patients, and 3 of 24 oHCs were classified as PiB(+), and others were classified as PiB(-) by visual assessment of [11C]PiB SUVR images. PBB3(+) tau deposits were observed in medial temporal regions including the hippocampus of a subset of PiB(-) oHCs, and this was associated with subclinical memory declines. Self-expansion of tau deposition to restricted areas without Aβ was also demonstrated in these and PiB(-) MCI subjects. PBB3(+) tau spread to Aβ-rich areas in PiB(+) oHCs and MCI subjects, and was further expanded to widespread neocortical regions in AD patients. In PiB(+) MCI and AD groups, dementia scales and whole grey matter volumes were correlated with tau but not Aβ deposits, and frontal dysfunctions were associated with frontal tau accumulation. Additionally, hypometabolic areas detected by [18F]FDG-PET spread in transition from oHC to AD in a pattern following expansion of tau pathologies. The present study indicated that Aβ deposition promotes tau propagation, and also supports Aβ-independent and -dependent pathways of tau pathogenesis that can be pursued by PET, in close relation to cognitions of healthy and diseased elderly individuals.
“Pick and place” Positioning of diamond nanocrystals on microcavities (2008)

Diamond nanocrystals are deterministically positioned on high-Q SiO2 microdisks using a fiber taper. The fiber taper is then used to collect cavity modified NV- nanocrystal emission.
Fast detection of novel problematic patterns based on dictionary learning and prediction of their lithographic difficulty (2014)

Assessing pattern printability in new large layouts faces important challenges of runtime and false detection. Lithographic simulation tools and classification techniques do not scale well. We propose a fast pattern detection method that builds jointly a structured overcomplete basis, representing each reference pattern, and a linear predictor of their lithographic difficulty. A pattern from a new design is detected “novel” if its reconstruction error, when coded in the learned basis, is large. This allows a fast detection of unseen clips and a fast prediction of their lithographic difficulty. We show high speedup (1000&times;) compared to nearest neighbor search, and very high correlation between predicted and calculated lithographic estimate values.
Extending Factor Graphs so as to Unify Directed and Undirected Graphical Models (2012)

The two most popular types of graphical model are directed models (Bayesian networks) and undirected models (Markov random fields, or MRFs). Directed and undirected models offer complementary properties in model construction, expressing conditional independencies, expressing arbitrary factorizations of joint distributions, and formulating message-passing inference algorithms. We show that the strengths of these two representations can be combined in a single type of graphical model called a 'factor graph'. Every Bayesian network or MRF can be easily converted to a factor graph that expresses the same conditional independencies, expresses the same factorization of the joint distribution, and can be used for probabilistic inference through application of a single, simple message-passing algorithm. In contrast to chain graphs, where message-passing is implemented on a hypergraph, message-passing can be directly implemented on the factor graph. We describe a modified 'Bayes-ball' algorithm for establishing conditional independence in factor graphs, and we show that factor graphs form a strict superset of Bayesian networks and MRFs. In particular, we give an example of a commonly-used 'mixture of experts' model fragment, whose independencies cannot be represented in a Bayesian network or an MRF, but can be represented in a factor graph. We finish by giving examples of real-world problems that are not well suited to representation in Bayesian networks and MRFs, but are well-suited to representation in factor graphs.
Profiling an application for power consumption during execution on a compute node (2023)

Methods, apparatus, and products are disclosed for profiling an application for power consumption during execution on a compute node that include: receiving an application for execution on a compute node; identifying a hardware power consumption profile for the compute node, the hardware power consumption profile specifying power consumption for compute node hardware during performance of various processing operations; determining a power consumption profile for the application in dependence upon the application and the hardware power consumption profile for the compute node; and reporting the power consumption profile for the application.
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry Studies of Non-Heme Iron-Containing Proteins (1998)

The oligomeric state and the metal atom stoichiometry of a series of non-heme iron-containing, multimeric proteins have been measured using electrospray ionization (ESI) in a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The proteins were obtained both from natural sources and by overexpression of recombinant DNA in Escherichia coli. ESI-TOF mass spectra of the metalloproteins present in nondenaturing solutions exhibit peaks corresponding to the multimeric forms of the holoproteins containing the expected number of metal atoms. Capillary-skimmer dissociation of the holoproteins produces a series of ions, which allows an exact count of the number of metal atoms present in each subunit, and also provides an indication of the oxidation state of the metal atoms. Two recombinant proteins, Phascolopsis gouldii hemerythrin (Pg-Hr) and Desulfovibrio vulgaris rubrerythrin (Dv-Rr), have been examined as well as hemerythrin isolated from Lingula reevii (Lr-Hr). ESI-TOF measurements of the aqueous solution of Pg-Hr at pH 6 yields ions of mass 108,783 Da, in close agreement with the calculated average molecular mass of an intact octameric holoprotein. Capillary-skimmer dissociation of the ions of the holoprotein produces a mass spectrum that contains peaks corresponding to a low m/z monomer and a high m/z heptamer. The masses of the monomer ions produced in this manner are assigned to the aposubunit, [subunit + Fe - 3H]+, and [subunit + 2Fe - 6 H]+. Naturally occurring Lr-Hr is composed of two subunits with average molecular masses measured under denaturing conditions by ESI-TOF to be 13,877.0 Da for the alpha-subunit and 13,517.5 Da for the beta-subunit. Under nondenaturing conditions, a multimeric species with a molecular weight of 110,663 Da is measured by ESI-TOF, corresponding to an alpha 4 beta 4 octamer. Capillary-skimmer dissociation of the alpha 4 beta 4 oligomer produces ions corresponding to both types of monomers (alpha and beta) and the corresponding heptamers (alpha 3 beta 4 and alpha 4 beta 3). In ESI-TOF measurements of recombinant rubrerythrin Dv-Rr using nondenaturing conditions, the principal ion observed corresponds to a homotetramer with an average molecular mass of 86,844 Da. Capillary-skimmer dissociation of the rubrerythrin tetramer leads to formation of a series of peaks corresponding to the subunit of the apoprotein and to subunits containing from one to three specifically bound iron atoms.
Verifying the configuration of Virtualized Network Functions in Software Defined Networks (2017)

Accepted version of the paper but with two formulas which had to be deleted in the final version for size reasons.
Si microchannel plates for image intensification (2000)

Glass microchannel plates (MCPs) have been in use by numerous manufactuers in a variety of electron multiplication applications. Conventional fabrication of MCPs follow the lines of glass drawing and etching technology. Core and clad glass are drawn together, stacked, drawn again, and finally stacked in the desired pattern. The soluble core is removed with wet chemical processing. These techniques are beginning to run into their feasible limits in terms of channel size, open area ratio, uniformity, and material issues. A strong desire exists to fabricate MCPs with accepted lithographic techniques using Si as the base material to improve uniformity and throughput. Open area ratios of as high as 95% have been achieved using lithography. However, attempts to meet other channel plate characteristics met with little success due to thermal runaway or arcing during operation, high voltage is required for electron gain. Processing improvements have lead to the complete oxidation of the Si matrix eliminating the conducting Si in the channel walls of the Si MCPs allowing high voltages to be supported. Complete oxidation of the Si to silica allows processing temperatures high than conventional glass matrices can withstand. This fact allows for high temperature growth of conductive and secondary emissive materials on the channel walls of the structure. Si MCPs with gain have now been fabricated and tested with voltages comparable to conventional glass MCPs. Channel plate characteristics such as operating voltage, strip current, and gain for Si MCPs will be presented and compared to glass MCPs.
Matrix Representation of Solution Mixing by Aliquot Exchange (1997)

We present a mathematical description of mixing two solutions by exchanging aliquots back and forth between them. We propose that this method of aliquot exchange can be used to automate calibration curve preparation in a way that produces less solvent waste than conventional serial dilution methods. We also show its use in quickly mixing solutions. The process of aliquot exchange is represented mathematically by a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix, A, that is a function of the volume or percentage of liquid, p, that is exchanged. Each cycle of aliquot exchange is represented by operating the matrix, A, on the previous concentrations. That is, after n mixing cycles, the final concentrations (C(i)(n)()) are given by A(p(n))A(p(n)(-1))...A(p(1)) operating on the initial concentrations (C(i)(0)), or (A(p))(n)()C(i)(0) if the same amount of liquid is exchanged in each step. We observe close agreement between theory and experiment. For solutions that have equal initial volumes, both the matrix A(p) and the product of any number of such matrices that may have the same or different values of p have equal diagonal and equal off-diagonal elements (they are symmetric), the sum of the elements in any row or column sums to unity, and the operation of any of these matrices on a set of concentrations produces two new concentrations that sum to the same value as the sum of the initial concentrations. We follow the mixing process for two solutions of equal volume by plotting the matrix element A(12)(n)() of A(n)(), which approaches 0.5 as n increases. As expected, the larger the exchanged aliquot, the more quickly the solutions mix. By varying the fraction, p, that is exchanged, we show that it should be possible to produce a calibration curve with values that vary in concentration over at least 3 orders of magnitude from just two solutions.
Biphasic Catalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Alcohols in Flow: Scale-up and Extraction (2016)

We report continuous solvent-free biphasic alcohol oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and in-line separation of the tungsten polyoxometalate catalyst and phase transfer catalyst from the product. Zinc-substituted polyoxotungstate in combination with the selected phase transfer catalyst drives the oxidation reaction to completion within a short residence time (5–10 min) in a silicon Pyrex microreactor. This continuous and small-scale reactor allows for fast optimization of reaction conditions for each substrate and selection of the phase transfer catalyst. Scaling of the production rate (up to 650 times) is achieved with a Corning low flow reactor (LFR) and an advanced flow reactor (AFR). New scaled-up, in-line membrane-based liquid–liquid extraction units at the reactor outlet first separate the tungsten polyoxometalate catalyst with the aqueous waste stream from the organic product stream. A three-stage countercurrent liquid–liquid extraction then removes more than 90% of the phase transfer catalyst from the desired organic effluent stream while reducing the amount of extraction solvent required.
High-Throughput Agonist Shift Assay Development for the Analysis of M1-Positive Allosteric Modulators (2017)

Agonist shift assays feature cross-titrations of allosteric modulators and orthosteric ligands. Information generated in agonist shift assays can include a modulator's effect on the orthosteric agonist's potency (alpha) and efficacy (beta), as well as direct agonist activity of the allosteric ligand (tauB) and the intrinsic binding affinity of the modulator to the unoccupied receptor (KB). Because of the heavy resource demand and complex data handling, these allosteric parameters are determined infrequently during the course of a drug discovery program and on a relatively small subset of compounds. Automation of agonist shift assays enables this data-rich analysis to evaluate a larger number of compounds, offering the potential to differentiate compound classes earlier and prospectively prioritize based on desired molecular pharmacology. A high-throughput calcium-imaging agonist shift assay was pursued to determine the allosteric parameters of over 1000 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) molecules for the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 (M<sub>1</sub>). Control compounds were run repeatedly to demonstrate internal consistency. Comparisons between potency measurements and the allosteric parameter results demonstrate that these different types of measurements do not necessarily correlate, highlighting the importance of fully characterizing and understanding the allosteric properties of leads.
Saturation Mechanisms in Common LED Phosphors (2021)

Commercial lighting for ambient and display applications is mostly based on blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) combined with phosphor materials that convert some of the blue light into green, yellow, orange, and red. Not many phosphor materials can offer stable output under high incident light intensities for thousands of operating hours. Even the most promising LED phosphors saturate in high-power applications, that is, they show decreased light output. The saturation behavior is often poorly understood. Here, we review three popular commercial LED phosphor materials, Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> doped with Ce<sup>3+</sup>, CaAlSiN<sub>3</sub> doped with Eu<sup>2+</sup>, and K<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub> doped with Mn<sup>4+</sup>, and unravel their saturation mechanisms. Experiments with square-wave-modulated laser excitation reveal the dynamics of absorption and decay of the luminescent centers. By modeling these dynamics and linking them to the saturation of the phosphor output intensity, we distinguish saturation by ground-state depletion, thermal quenching, and ionization of the centers. We discuss the implications of each of these processes for LED applications. Understanding the saturation mechanisms of popular LED phosphors could lead to strategies to improve their performance and efficiency or guide the development of new materials.
Operating MPLS Transport Profile LSP in Loopback Mode (2010)

This document specifies an extension to MPLS Operation,
Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) to operate an MPLS Transport
Profile(MPLS-TP) Label Switched Path (LSP) in loopback mode for
management purpose. This extension can be used to loop either all
traffic (i.e, data and control traffic) or only OAM traffic up to
certain LSR on the path of the MPLS-TP LSP back to the source.
Logic Arrays (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Growth in Circuit Density Wafer Fabrication Device Scaling Versus Packing Density Digital Process Technology Logic Classifications Testing Logic Integrated Circuits Logic Packaging and Pin Counts Logic Design Process Trends