gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping astrogliosis in the individual human brain using multidimensional MRI (2022)

There are currently no non-invasive imaging methods available for astrogliosis assessment or mapping in the central nervous system despite its essential role in the response to many disease states, such as infarcts, neurodegenerative conditions, traumatic brain injury and infection. Multidimensional MRI is an increasingly employed imaging modality that maximizes the amount of encoded chemical and microstructural information by probing relaxation (T1 and T2) and diffusion mechanisms simultaneously. Here, we harness the exquisite sensitivity of this imagining modality to derive a signature of astrogliosis and disentangle it from normative brain at the individual level using machine learning. We investigated ex vivo cerebral cortical tissue specimens derived from seven subjects who sustained blast-induced injuries, which resulted in scar-border forming astrogliosis without being accompanied by other types of neuropathological abnormality, and from seven control brain donors. By performing a combined post-mortem radiology and histopathology correlation study we found that astrogliosis induces microstructural and chemical changes that are robustly detected with multidimensional MRI, and which can be attributed to astrogliosis because no axonal damage, demyelination or tauopathy were histologically observed in any of the cases in the study. Importantly, we showed that no one-dimensional T1, T2 or diffusion MRI measurement can disentangle the microscopic alterations caused by this neuropathology. Based on these findings, we developed a within-subject anomaly detection procedure that generates MRI-based astrogliosis biomarker maps ex vivo, which were significantly and strongly correlated with co-registered histological images of increased glial fibrillary acidic protein deposition (r = 0.856, P < 0.0001; r = 0.789, P < 0.0001; r = 0.793, P < 0.0001, for diffusion-T2, diffusion-T1 and T1-T2 multidimensional data sets, respectively). Our findings elucidate the underpinning of MRI signal response from astrogliosis, and the demonstrated high spatial sensitivity and specificity in detecting reactive astrocytes at the individual level, and if reproduced in vivo, will significantly impact neuroimaging studies of injury, disease, repair and aging, in which astrogliosis has so far been an invisible process radiologically.
Molecularly Dispersed Polymer-Ceramic Nanocomposites. (1996)

Abstract : We are concentrating our efforts on the synthesis and characterization of molecularly dispersed polymer-ceramic nanocomposites and the development of new thermosets. The synthesis of the nanocomposites involves dispersion of an organically modified mica-type silicate (OMTS) in a suitable organic monomer, followed by polymerization. Under proper conditions delamination of the OMTS into individual silicate layers occurs, which ultimately dispersed within the macromolecular matrix. This approach has a number of advantages over conventional processing of composites, such as (1) molecular dispersion of the silicate takes full advantage of the high aspect ratio (100-1000) particles, (2) functionalized organic molecules bound to the surface of the silicate can crosslink with the epoxy resin to enhance interfacial adhesion, and (3) enhanced physical properties can be achieved at low silicate loadings, resulting in lightweight composites. New liquid crystalline thermosets have been developed with superior fracture and modulus properties. They are also capable of orientation-on-demand behavior. p1
Studies of fusion product energy distributions in field-reversed mirrors (1979)

Hierarchical porous carbons equipped with heteroatoms and diffusion pores have a wide application prospect in adsorption. Herein, we report N-autodoped porous carbons (PTPACs), which were derived from rigid N-rich conjugated microporous poly(aniline)s (CMPAs) and show their all-around applicability in heavy metal adsorption. Their molecular structure could be delicately tuned from 3D organic networks to graphitic carbons through simply adjusting the pyrolysis temperature, affording unique hybrid features of hierarchical micro-meso-macroporosity and amount-tunable nitrogen defects, as validated by the enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacities reaching 5.0 mmol g<sup>-1</sup>, a 230% increase compared to the precursor (2.15 mmol g<sup>-1</sup>). They therefore show promising a Langmuir adsorption capacity of 434.8 mg g<sup>-1</sup> toward mercury ions, which could be rapidly achieved within a short 20 min. Based on the comprehensive experimental, characterization, and DFT calculation studies, we rationally reveal these impressive adsorptions arise from the hybrid function of chemisorption contributed by populated nitrogen defects and physical adsorption achieved by synergistic functions in the diffusion and storage pores. Outcomes mark the high merits of PTPACs in addressing recent global challenges in environmental engineering.
Design of a mucin-selective protease for targeted degradation of cancer-associated mucins (2022)

Abstract Targeted protein degradation is an emerging strategy for the elimination of classically undruggable proteins. Here, to expand the landscape of substrates that can be selectively degraded, we designed degraders which are dependent on both peptide sequence and glycosylation status of the target protein. We applied this approach to mucins, O-glycosylated proteins that drive cancer progression through biophysical and immunological mechanisms. Engineering of a bacterial mucin-selective protease yielded a variant for fusion to a cancer antigen-binding nanobody. The resulting conjugate selectively degraded mucins on cancer cells, promoted cell death in culture models of mucin-driven growth and survival, and reduced tumor growth in murine models of breast cancer progression. This work establishes a blueprint for the development of biologics which degrade specific glycoforms of cell surface proteins.
Synthesis and Characterization of Stabilized Subnanometric Cobalt Metal Particles (2005)

Subnanometric cobalt metallic particles, with an average size of 0.8 nm and an estimated number of 50 atoms, have been stabilized in the confined spaces within the nanopores of crystalline molecular sieves. Remarkably, these clusters show a rapid vanishing of the magnetization as the temperature is increased from 10 to 20 K because of the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition together with thermal fluctuations of the remaining moment. This dramatic reduction of the transition temperature is due to strong finite size effects. Such behavior, predicted for very small metallic particles, was never observed before due to the inherent difficulty in achieving subnanometric stable metallic particles.
Visualization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Three-Dimensional Cartilage Tissue by Gelatin Nanospheres (2020)

Recently, many studies on the three-dimensional (3D) fabrication of cells have been performed. Under these circumstances, it is indispensable to develop the imaging technologies and methodologies for noninvasive visualization of 3D cells fabricated. The objective of this study is to develop the labeling method of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells-derived 3D cartilage tissue with gelatin nanospheres coincorporating three kinds of quantum dots (QD) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) (GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub>). In this study, two labeling methods were performed. One is that a cartilage tissue was labeled directly by incubating with octaarginine (R8)-treated GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub> (direct labeling method). The other one is a "dissociation and labeling method." First, the cartilage tissue was dissociated to cells in a single dispersed state. Then, the cells were incubated with R8-GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub> in a monolayer culture. Finally, the cells labeled were fabricated to 3D pellets or cell sheets. By the direct labeling method, only cells residing in the surrounding site of cartilage tissue were labeled. On the contrary, the 3D cartilage pellets and the cell sheets were homogenously labeled and maintained fluorescently visualized over 4 weeks. In addition, the cartilage properties were histologically detected even after the process of dissociation and labeling. Homogenous labeling and visualization of human iPS cells-derived 3D cartilage tissue was achieved by the dissociation and labeling method with GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub>. Impact statement The homogenous labeling and visualization of human iPS cells-derived three-dimensional (3D) cartilage tissue was achieved over 4 weeks by the dissociation and labeling method with gelatin nanospheres coincorporating quantum dots (QD) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) (GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub>). The cartilage properties of cells treated were maintained. It is concluded that the dissociation and labeling method with GNS<sub>QD+IONP</sub> is a promising to visualize the human iPS cells-derived 3D cartilage tissue.
Lasing from a Stiff Chain Polymeric Lyotropic Cholesteric Liquid Crystal (2002)

Lasing is reported at the edge and in the middle of the selective reflection band produced in the visible region of the spectrum for the cholesteric phase of a lyotropic liquid crystal formed from an optically active polyisocyanate in toluene. This is the first observation of lasing from a stiff polymer based lyotropic liquid crystal. Lasing was observed at a relatively low threshold when the selective reflection band overlaps with the emission peak of an incorporated dye molecule. The absence of fine structure of the selective reflection band at wavelengths near the edge of this band indicates that the cholesteric liquid crystal is not perfectly periodic. Lasing in these multidomain films may therefore be associated with defects in the periodic structure.
Continuous monitoring of interstitial tissue oxygen using subcutaneous oxygen microsensors: In vivo characterization in healthy volunteers (2019)

Measurements of regional tissue oxygen serve as a proxy to monitor local perfusion and have the potential to guide therapeutic decisions in multiple clinical disciplines. Transcutaneous oximetry (tcpO<sub>2</sub>) is a commercially available noninvasive technique that uses an electrode to warm underlying skin tissue and measure the resulting oxygen tension at the skin surface. A novel approach is to directly measure interstitial tissue oxygen using subcutaneous oxygen microsensors composed of a biocompatible hydrogel carrier platform with embedded oxygen sensing molecules. After initial injection of the hydrogel into subcutaneous tissue, noninvasive optical measurements of phosphorescence-based emissions at the skin surface are used to sense oxygen in the subcutaneous interstitial space. The object of the present study was to characterize the in vivo performance of subcutaneous microsensors and compare with transcutaneous oximetry (tcpO<sub>2</sub>). Vascular occlusion tests were performed on the arms of 7 healthy volunteers, with repeated tests occurring 1 to 10 weeks after sensor injection, yielding 95 total tests for analysis. Comparative analysis characterized the response of both devices to decreases in tissue oxygen during occlusion and to increases in tissue oxygen following release of the occlusion. Results indicated: (I) time traces returned by microsensors and tcpO<sub>2</sub> were highly correlated, with the median (interquartile range) correlation coefficient of r = 0.93 (0.10); (II) both microsensors and tcpO<sub>2</sub> sensed a statistically significant decrease in normalized oxygen during occlusion (p < 0.001 for each device); (III) microsensors detected faster rates change (p < 0.001) and detected overshoot during recovery more frequently (38% vs. 4% of tests); (IV) inter-measurement analysis showed no correlation of baseline values between microsensors and tcpO<sub>2</sub> (r = 0.03), but comparison of integrated oxygen dynamics showed similar variation in the normalized response to occlusion between devices (p = 0.06), (V) intra-measurement analysis revealed that microsensors detect greater physiological fluctuations than tcpO<sub>2</sub> (p < 0.001) and may provide enhanced sensitivity to processes such as vasomotion. Additionally, the functional response of microsensors was not significantly different across time groupings (per month) post-injection (p = 0.61). Although the compared devices have differences in the mechanisms used to sense oxygen, these findings demonstrate that subcutaneous oxygen microsensors measure changes in interstitial tissue oxygen in human subjects in vivo.
A Prospective Follow-up of Patients Treated Surgically or Non-Surgically for Full-thickness Rotator Cuff Tears (2013)

Objectives: The objectives of this project are: (1) to compare the efficacy of surgical versus non-surgical management of full-thickness rotator cuff tears, and (2) to detect variables that predict success within each treatment group. Methods: Patients who presented to our care for management of symptomatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears were enrolled in our Shoulder Registry and clinical data were collected prospectively. In addition to baseline demographic information, the following outcome measures were collected at baseline, 6 months, 1 year and annually up to 3 years: Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) Index, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Modified Marx Shoulder Activity Level Scale, VR-12, 100-point Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) rating, 100-point visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and a patient satisfaction scale. All patients were allocated treatment as recommended by the attending surgeon. We described all patient demographic characteristics, and performed linear and logistic regression for variables associated with treatment allocation and with treatment effects. We also used Student’ t-tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests where appropriate, to explore differences in treatment effects between the groups for all outcome measures at all time points. Results: A total of 292 patients were included with 155 allocated to surgery and 137 to non-surgical treatment. Those allocated to surgery were younger (58.6 years vs 65.2 years; P&lt;.0001), less likely to have diabetes (12% vs 21%; P=0.05), more likely to have a known traumatic injury (71% vs 55%; P=0.002), and tended to be worse off on all outcome measures at baseline then the non-surgical group. Both the surgical group and non-surgical group improved on all outcome measures across the follow up period with several variables predicting changes at each time point. Table 1 contains the list of specific variables that predicted improved outcomes separately for both treatment groups. Also, at one year the surgical group improvement was significantly greater than the non-surgical group on all outcome measures. At both two and three years the surgical group showed a significantly greater degree of improvement than the non-surgical group on both the WORC index and the ASES score. Conclusion: We found that patients with rotator cuff tears who undergo surgical or nonsurgical treatment tend to improve, with patients allocated to surgery improving to a greater degree across three years of follow-up. In addition, there appear to be important predictors of improved outcomes that may help us to tailor our treatments to individuals with specific characteristics.
Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing of 1D Photonic Crystals: Part II—Optical Design and Reflectance Characteristics (2020)

Abstract Additive manufacturing systems that can arbitrarily deposit multiple materials into precise, 3D spaces spanning the micro‐ to nanoscale are enabling novel structures with useful thermal, electrical, and optical properties. In this companion paper set, electrohydrodynamic jet (e‐jet) printing is investigated for its ability in depositing multimaterial, multilayer films with microscale spatial resolution and nanoscale thickness control, with a demonstration of this capability in creating 1D photonic crystals (1DPCs) with response near the visible regime. Transfer matrix simulations are used to evaluate different material classes for use in a printed 1DPC, and commercially available photopolymers with varying refractive indices ( n = 1.35 to 1.70) are selected based on their relative high index contrast and fast curing times. E‐jet printing is then used to experimentally demonstrate pixelated 1DPCs with individual layer thicknesses between 80 and 200 nm, square pixels smaller than 40 µm across, with surface roughness less than 20 nm. The reflectance characteristics of the printed 1DPCs are measured using spatially selective microspectroscopy and correlated to the transfer matrix simulations. These results are an important step toward enabling cost‐effective, custom‐fabrication of advanced imaging devices or photonic crystal sensing platforms.
Fine-tuning of β-catenin in thymic epithelial cells is required for postnatal T cell development (2021)

Abstract In the thymus, the thymic epithelium provides a microenvironment essential for the development of functionally competent and self-tolerant T cells. Previous findings showed that modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) disrupts embryonic thymus organogenesis. However, the role of β-catenin in TECs for postnatal T cell development remains to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) of β-catenin highly specific in TECs. We found that GOF of β-catenin in TECs results in severe thymic dysplasia and T cell deficiency beginning from the embryonic period. By contrast, LOF of β-catenin in TECs reduces the number of cortical TECs and thymocytes modestly and only postnatally. These results indicate that fine-tuning of β-catenin expression within a permissive range is required for TECs to generate an optimal microenvironment to support postnatal T cell development.
Correction to “DNA-Mediated Cellular Delivery of Functional Enzymes” (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to "DNA-Mediated Cellular Delivery of Functional Enzymes"Jeffrey D. Brodin, Anthony J. Sprangers, Janet R. McMillan, and Chad A. Mirkin*Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1, 459Publication Date (Web):December 28, 2015Publication History Published online28 December 2015Published inissue 13 January 2016https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.5b12653https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b12653correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views2152Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (547 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Quantifying the sensitivity of barley seed germination to oxygen, abscisic acid, and gibberellin using a population-based threshold model (2008)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds (grains) exhibit dormancy at maturity that is largely due to the presence of the glumellae (hulls) that reduce the availability of oxygen (O2) to the embryo. In addition, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAS) interact with O2 to regulate barley seed dormancy. A population-based threshold model was applied to quantify the sensitivities of seeds and excised embryos to O2, ABA, and GA, and to their interactive effects. The median O2 requirement for germination of dormant intact barley seeds was 400-fold greater than for excised embryos, indicating that the tissues enclosing the embryo markedly limit O2 penetration. However, embryo O2 thresholds decreased by another order of magnitude following after-ripening. Thus, increases in both permeability of the hull to O2 and embryo sensitivity to O2 contribute to the improvement in germination capacity during after-ripening. Both ABA and GA had relatively small effects on the sensitivity of germination to O2, but ABA and GA thresholds varied over several orders of magnitude in response to O2 availability, with sensitivity to ABA increasing and sensitivity to GA decreasing with hypoxia. Simple additive models of O2-ABA and O2-GA interactions required consideration of these O2 effects on hormone sensitivity to account for actual germination patterns. These quantitative and interactive relationships among O2, ABA, and GA sensitivities provide insight into how dormancy and germination are regulated by a combination of physical (O2 diffusion through the hull) and physiological (ABA and GA sensitivities) factors.
A Specific Heat Shock Protein Enhances the Expression of Mammalian Olfactory Receptor Proteins (2006)

Multiple trials failed to express significant amounts of olfactory receptors in heterologous cells as they are typically retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Evidence is accumulating that cell-type-specific accessory proteins regulate the folding of olfactory receptors, their exit from the ER, and the trafficking to the plasma membrane of the olfactory cilia where the receptors gain access to odorants. We found Hsc70t, a testis-enriched variant of the Hsp70 family of heat shock proteins which is specifically expressed in post-meiotic germ cells, in the olfactory epithelium of mouse and human. Cotransfected HEK293 cells with Hsc70t and different green fluorescent protein-tagged odorant receptors (ORs) from mouse and man showed a significantly enhanced OR expression. Hsc70t expression also changed the amount of cells functionally expressing olfactory receptors at the cell surface as the number of cells responding to odorants in Ca2+-imaging experiments significantly increased. Our results show that Hsc70t helps expression of ORs in heterologous cell systems and helped the characterization of an "orphan" human olfactory receptor.
P‐170: Synthesis and Device Performances of High Triplet Energy Electron Transport Materials (2016)

Electron transport materials for blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes based on dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran were developed. The electron transport materials were high triplet energy organic materials showinged 2.80 eV triplet energy. The electron transport materials based on the dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran did not degrade the lifetime of the reference blue phosphorescent device without the electron transport layer. The new electron transport materials enhanced quantum efficiency from 8.3% to 13.0%.