gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Online Categorical Subspace Learning for Sketching Big Data with Misses (2017)

With the scale of data growing every day, reducing the dimensionality (a.k.a. sketching) of high-dimensional data has emerged as a task of paramount importance. Relevant issues to address in this context include the sheer volume of data that may consist of categorical observations, the typically streaming format of acquisition, and the possibly missing entries. To cope with these challenges, this paper develops a novel categorical subspace learning approach to unravel the latent structure for three prominent categorical (bilinear) models, namely, Probit, Tobit, and Logit. The deterministic Probit and Tobit models treat data as quantized values of an analog-valued process lying in a low-dimensional subspace, while the probabilistic Logit model relies on low dimensionality of the data log-likelihood ratios. Leveraging the low intrinsic dimensionality of the sought models, a rank regularized maximum-likelihood estimator is devised, which is then solved recursively via alternating majorization-minimization to sketch high-dimensional categorical data “on the fly.” The resultant lightweight first-order algorithms entail highly parallelizable tasks per iteration. In addition, the quantization thresholds are also learned jointly with the subspace to enhance the predictive power of the sought models. Performance of the subspace iterates is analyzed for both infinite and finite data streams, where for the former asymptotic convergence to the stationary point set of the batch estimator is established, while for the latter sublinear regret bounds are derived for the empirical cost. Simulated tests with both synthetic and real-world datasets corroborate the merits of the novel schemes for real-time movie recommendation and chess-game classification.
Adherence to home-based videogame treatment for amblyopia in children and adults (2021)

<b>Clinical relevance</b>: Home-based videogame treatments are increasingly popular for amblyopia treatment. However, at-home treatments tend to be done in short sessions and with frequent disruptions, which may reduce the effectiveness of binocular visual stimulation. These treatment adherence patterns need to be accounted for when considering dose-response relationships and treatment effectiveness.<b>Background</b>: Home-based videogame treatments are increasingly being used for various sensory conditions, including amblyopia ('lazy eye'), but treatment adherence continues to limit success. To examine detailed behavioural patterns associated with home-based videogame treatment, we analysed in detail the videogame adherence data from the Binocular tReatment of Amblyopia with VideOgames (BRAVO) clinical trial (ACTRN12613001004752).<b>Methods</b>: Children (7-12 years), teenagers (13-17 years) and adults (≥ 18 years) with unilateral amblyopia were loaned iPod Touch devices with either an active treatment or placebo videogame and instructed to play for a total of 1-2 hours/day for six weeks at home. Objectively-recorded adherence data from device software were used to analyse adherence patterns such as session length, daily distribution of gameplay, use of the pause function, and differences between age groups. Objectively-recorded adherence was also compared to subjectively-reported adherence from paper-based diaries.<b>Results</b>: One hundred and five of the 115 randomised participants completed six weeks of videogame training. Average adherence was 65% (SD 37%) of the minimum hours prescribed. Game training was generally performed in short sessions (mean 21.5, SD 11.2 minutes), mostly in the evening, with frequent pauses (median every 4.1 minutes, IQR 6.1). Children played in significantly shorter sessions and paused more frequently than older age groups (p < 0.0001). Participants tended to over-report adherence in subjective diaries compared to objectively-recorded gameplay time.<b>Conclusion</b>: Adherence to home-based videogame treatment was characterised by short sessions interspersed with frequent pauses, suggesting regular disengagement. This complicates dose-response calculations and may interfere with the effectiveness of treatments like binocular treatments for amblyopia, which require sustained visual stimulation.
A Statistical Investigation into Assembly Tolerances of Gradient Field Magnetic Angle Sensors with Hall Plates (2019)

Magnetic field-based sensors are used for reliable applications in automotive and aerospace industry because of their robustness. The electrification of powertrains and propulsion requires gradiometric sensing principles, because they suppress ubiquitous electromagnetic disturbances very efficiently. A prominent solution for the mass market uses a small permanent magnet attached to the end of a rotatable shaft and a small sensor chip with four Hall plates placed on the rotation axis and ahead of the magnet. Small misplacements of chip and magnet lead to errors in the detected angle of the shaft. The lateral position errors and tilts of the magnet and the chip give eight degrees of freedom (DoF). This large number of DoF and the nonlinearity of the system obscure the view on how to optimize such angle sensor systems. Therefore, this work presents a statistical description of angle errors caused by assembly tolerances. Probability distributions of angle errors are given and marked differences to Gaussian distributions are shown. The influence of spacing between sensor and magnet and the dominant influence of the shape of the magnet are clarified. The results obtained by numerical computations are in excellent agreement to recently published analytical theories. This work gives evident conclusions for statistical optimizations of such angle sensor systems.
Directing Nanoscale Optical Flows by Coupling Photon Spin to Plasmon Extrinsic Angular Momentum (2017)

As any physical particle or object, light undergoing a circular trajectory features a constant extrinsic angular momentum. Within strong curvatures, this angular momentum can match the spin momentum of a photon, thus providing the opportunity of a strong spin-orbit interaction. Using this effect, we demonstrate tunable symmetry breaking in the coupling of light into a curved nanoscale plasmonic waveguide. The helicity of the impinging optical wave controls the power distribution between the two counter-propagating subwavelength guided modes including unidirectional waveguiding. We found experimentally that up to 95% of the incoupled light can be selectively directed into one of the two propagation directions of a nanoscale waveguide. This approach offers new degrees of freedom in the manipulation of subdiffraction optical modes and thus appealing new prospects for the development of advanced, deeply subwavelength optical functionalities.
Liquid architecture (2004)

Summary form only given. We present an implementation of a liquid-architecture system that supports efficient development, prototyping, and performance evaluation of custom architectures. The implementation integrates the LEON soft-core, SPARC-compatible processor into the field-programmable port extender (FPX). The resulting platform can be instantiated, configured, and executed via the Internet.
In vitro sensitization and expansion with viable tumor cells and interleukin 2 in the generation of specific therapeutic effector cells. (1986)

We have investigated the efficacy and immunologic characteristics of immune effector cells generated from cultures containing large numbers of viable tumor cells and interleukin 2 (IL 2) in the adoptive immunotherapy of experimentally induced pulmonary metastases from the newly developed, weakly immunogenic MCA 105 sarcoma in mice. The current culture conditions allowed increases of either normal or MCA 105 immune spleen cells up to 94-fold in 15 days. The in vitro expanded normal and MCA 105 immune cells displayed nonspecific in vitro cytotoxicity against several syngeneic tumor targets. However, therapeutically effective cells could only be obtained from cultures initiated with MCA 105 immune spleen cells. Immunotherapy with expanded immune effector cells could lead to the reduction of established 3 day pulmonary metastases, prolongation of survival, and cure of tumor in the majority of animals. The generation and proliferation of therapeutic effector cells in vitro depended on the presence in cultures of specific tumor stimulator cells as well as the presence of IL 2. Although immunotherapy with either fresh noncultured or secondarily in vitro-sensitized (IVS) MCA 105 immune spleen cells was immunologically specific, the efficacy of the adoptive cellular therapy with cultured but not fresh immune cells could be improved by the administration to tumor-bearing hosts of exogenous IL 2. In addition to numerical expansion, the IVS immune cells, on a per cell basis, afforded an eightfold to 10-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy when compared with fresh noncultured MCA 105 immune cells. Our results indicate that the current culture procedure induced in vitro antigenic stimulation and expansion of tumor-specific immune effector cells that was otherwise not possible by conventional mixed lymphocyte-tumor cultures.
Manufacturing Process of Flat Display (2004)

A large size display for entertainment, internet, PC and other information instruments is key tool for coming IT revolutionary era, so that the large size display must be characterized by very low electric power consumption and human friendly performance without tiring user's eyes. Thus, liquid crystal (LC) and electroluminescence (EL) displays are candidates for this target. High quality poly-silicon TFT is essentially required even for LCD displays instead current amorphous Si TFT, because very large current drivability is necessary for TFT due to the increase of LCD cell capacitor with an increase of display size up to 50 inches and beyond. The key issue for this target is a creation of very low temperature poly-Si TFT manufacturing technology without excimer laser annealing and very low cost manufacturing which is characterized by very simplified display structures and very simplified manufacturing steps based on very drastic progress of various relating materials and components such as backlights, polarizer, color filter, and etc.
Aluminum Nitride Ceramic as an Optically Stimulable Luminescence Dosimeter Plate (2016)

Photostimulable storage phosphors have been used in a wide range of applications including radiation measurements in one- and two-dimensional spaces, called point dosimetry and radiography. In this work, we report that an aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramic plate, which is practically used as a heat sink (SHAPAL®, Tokuyama Corp., Yamaguchi, Japan), shows good optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties with sufficiently large signal and capability for imaging applications, and we have characterized the AlN plate for OSL applications. Upon interaction with X-rays, the sample color turns yellowish, due to a radiation-induced photoabsorption band in the UV-blue range below ~500 nm. After irradiating the sample with X-rays, an intense OSL emission can be observed in the UV (360 nm) spectral region during stimulation by red light. Although our measurement setup is not optimized, dose detection was confirmed as low as ~3 mGy to over 20 Gy. Furthermore, we have successfully demonstrated that the SHAPAL® AlN ceramic plate has great potential to be used as an imaging plate in radiography.
Phytochemicals as regulators of Th17/Treg balance in inflammatory bowel diseases (2021)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disorder that is difficult to cure and characterized by periods of relapse. To face the challenges of limited treatment strategies and drawbacks of conventional medications, developing new and promising strategies as well as safe and effective drugs for treatment of IBD has become an urgent demand for clinics. The imbalance of Th17/Treg is a crucial event for the development of IBD, and studies have verified that correcting the imbalance of Th17/Treg is an effective strategy for preventing and treating IBD. Recently, a growing body of studies has indicated that phytochemicals derived from natural products are potent regulators of Th17/Treg, and exert preferable protective benefits against colonic inflammation. In this review, the great potential of anti-colitis agents derived from natural products through targeting Th17/Treg cells and their action mechanisms for the treatment or prevention of IBD in recent research is summarized, which may help further the development of new drugs for IBD treatment.
Strategies to Potentiate Antimicrobial Photoinactivation by Overcoming Resistant Phenotypes† (2012)

Conventional antimicrobial strategies have become increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of multidrug resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. The need to overcome these deficiencies has triggered the exploration of alternative treatments and unconventional approaches towards controlling microbial infections. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was originally established as an anticancer modality and is currently used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires cell exposure to light energy, typically wavelengths in the visible region that causes the excitation of photosensitizer molecules either exogenous or endogenous, which results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS produce cell inactivation and death through modification of intracellular components. The versatile characteristics of PDT prompted its investigation as an anti-infective discovery platform. Advances in understanding of microbial physiology have shed light on a series of pathways, and phenotypes that serve as putative targets for antimicrobial drug discovery. Investigations of these phenotypic elements in concert with PDT have been reported focused on multidrug efflux systems, biofilms, virulence and pathogenesis determinants. In many instances the results are promising but only preliminary and require further investigation. This review discusses the different antimicrobial PDT strategies and highlights the need for highly informative and comprehensive discovery approaches.
Manipulation of the polarization of Terahertz wave in subwavelength regime (2015)

By generalizing the concept of spoof surface Plasmons (Science 305, 847), we analytically demonstrate that subwavelength quarter-wave and half-wave plates can be realized in a metal hole array (MHA) sandwiched by two thin-layer materials, whose optical responses can be characterized by their optical conductivities. These abilities of polarization conversion can be attributed to the novel eigenstates induced by the hybridization of the spoof surface plamsons with the current generated in the thin-layer. Due to this mechanism, the robustness of the system is promised. The analytic predictions are verified numerically by modeling the thin-layer material as an experimentally feasible topological-insulator/SiO2 multilayer. Moreover, the possibility of extending the principle to a broad range of materials is dicussed.
Effective control strategy for photovoltaic cascaded H-bridge inverters developed on FPGA platform (2015)

In this work a new control strategy for grid-tied photovoltaic cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters is presented. The topology analyzed in the paper is made by series connected power cells, each supplied by an individual PV source, thus providing a distributed conversion scheme. The algorithm ensures stable operation even in power unbalance condition among cells thanks to a sorting algorithm which properly selects the switching state of each H-bridge. The control is implemented on FPGA in order to obtain dedicated digital circuits in parallel operation, which is mandatory when the cells' number increases. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is evidenced by means of experimental tests performed on a single phase 7-level laboratory prototype of H-bridge inverter. The results show good performances in terms of maximum power point tracking efficiency, power factor, and total harmonic distortion.
Laser-induced magnetization switching in films with perpendicular anisotropy: A comparison between measurements and a multi-macrospin model (2010)

Thermally assisted ultrafast magnetization reversal in a dc magnetic field in magnetic multilayer thin films with perpendicular anisotropy has been investigated in the time domain using femtosecond laser heating. The experiment is set up as a stroboscopic optical time resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometer. It is observed that a modest laser fluence of about $0.3\text{ }\text{mJ}/{\text{cm}}^{2}$ induces switching of the magnetization in an applied field much less than the dc coercivity (0.8 T) on the subnanosecond time scale. This switching was thermally assisted by the energy from the femtosecond pump pulse. The experimental results are compared with a model based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation. The comparison supports a description of the reversal process as an ultrafast demagnetization and partial recovery followed by slower thermally activated switching due to the spin system remaining at an elevated temperature after the heating pulse.
Innovation and New Technologies in Spine Surgery, Circa 2020: A Fifty-Year Review (2020)

Spine surgery (lumbar, cervical, deformity, and entire spine) has increased in volume and improved in outcomes over the past 50 years because of innovations in surgical techniques and introduction of new technologies to improve patient care. Innovation is described as a process to add value or create change in an enterprise's economic or social potential. This mini review will assess two of three assessments of innovation in spine surgery: scientific publications and patents issued. The review of both scientific publications and issued patents is a unique assessment. The third assessment of innovation: regulatory clearances of medical devices and equipment for spine surgery and their evolution over time, will also be discussed.
Asperfuran, a novel antifungal metabolite from Aspergillus oryzae. (1990)

Asperfuran is a novel antifungal dihydrobenzofuran derivative produced by a strain of Aspergillus oryzae. Asperfuran weakly inhibited chitin synthase from Coprinus cinereus. This inhibition could be abolished by the addition of egg lecithin. In the agar diffusion assay asperfuran induced morphological changes in Mucor miehei at very low concentrations (20 ng/disc) while growth was only partly inhibited. In HeLa S3 and L1210 cells it showed weak cytotoxicity, the IC50 was 25 micrograms/ml.
Constitutive expression of the orphan receptor, Rev-erbA alpha, inhibits muscle differentiation and abrogates the expression of the myoD gene family. (1995)

Rev-erbA alpha is an orphan steroid receptor that is expressed in skeletal muscle. Rev-erbA alpha binds to single/tandem copies of an AGGTCA motif, is transcribed on the noncoding strand of the c-erbA- alpha gene locus, and is postulated to modulate the thyroid hormone (T3) response. T3 induces terminal muscle differentiation and regulates fiber type composition via direct activation of the muscle-specific myoD gene family (e.g. myoD, myogenin). The myoD gene family can direct the fate of mesodermal cell lineages and activate muscle differentiation. Hence we investigated the expression and physiological role of Rev-erbA alpha during myogenesis. We observed abundant levels of Rev-erbA alpha mRNA in dividing C2C12 myoblasts, which were suppressed when the cells differentiated into postmitotic multinucleated myotubes. This decrease in Rev-erbA alpha mRNA correlated with the appearance of muscle-specific mRNAs (e.g. myogenin and alpha-actin). Constitutive overexpression of full length Rev-erbA alpha cDNA in the myogenic cells completely abolished differentiation, suppressed myoD mRNA levels, and abrogated the induction of myogenin mRNA. We then demonstrated that 1) GAL4-REV-erbA alpha chimeras that contain the 'AB' region and lack the 'E' region activated transcription of GAL4 response elements in the presence of 8-Br-cAMP and 2) the ligand-binding domain (LBD) contains an active transcriptional silencer. Overexpression of Rev-erbA alpha (delta AB) in myogenic cells had no impact on the ability of these cells to morphologically or biochemically differentiate. Furthermore, this orphan receptor 1) down-regulated thyroid hormone receptor (TR)/T3 mediated transcriptional activity from the myogenin promoter and thyroid hormone response element (TRE) an 2) disrupted TR homodimer and TR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer formation on a number of TREs found in the myoD gene family. In conclusion, Rev-erbA alpha functions as a negative regulator of myogenesis by targeting the expression of the myoD gene family. The mechanism of action may involve inhibition of functional TR/RXR heterodimer formation on critical TREs and dominant trans-repression of gene expression.
Self-Exploding Lipid-Coated Microgels (2005)

Self-exploding microparticles show potential for advanced delivery of certain therapeutics. This study evaluates (1) whether degrading biodegradable dextran hydroxyethyl methacrylate (dex-HEMA) microgels can be coated by a lipid membrane and (2) whether the surrounding membrane can be ruptured by the increasing swelling pressure of the degrading microgel. We found that adsorption of charged liposomes to oppositely charged dex-HEMA microgels provides efficient coating of the microgels, whereby microparticles with a "core-shell" structure were clearly obtained. Especially, we could confirm experimentally that the swelling pressure increase of degrading dex-HEMA microgels can destroy the lipid membrane surrounding the microgels.
Tetra‐Aza‐Pentacenes by means of a One‐Pot Friedländer Synthesis (2018)

Tetra-aza-pentacenes are attractive n-type small molecules for optoelectronic device applications, yet their syntheses are often laborious. Disclosed here is a one-pot Friedländer synthesis of 1,7,8,14-tetraazapentacece (tAP) derivatives (linear and/or bent), fully aromatized in situ despite the absence of an exogenous oxidant. The photophysics of linear tAPs resembles that of regular pentacene though their crystal structures differ. A LUMO energy of -3.71 eV for di-tert-butylanisole-substituted linear tAP is similar to that of the well-known acceptor, C<sub>60</sub> .