gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Effect of Vigorous Physical Activity on Mortality in the Elderly Based on Realistic Individualized Treatment and Intention-to-Treat Rules (2007)

The effect of vigorous physical activity on mortality in the elderly is difficult to estimate using conventional approaches to causal inference that define this effect by comparing the mortality risks corresponding to hypothetical scenarios in which all subjects in the target population engage in a given level of vigorous physical activity. A causal effect defined on the basis of such a static treatment intervention can only be identified from observed data if all subjects in the target population have a positive probability of selecting each of the candidate treatment options, an assumption that is highly unrealistic in this case since subjects with serious health problems will not be able to engage in higher levels of vigorous physical activity. This problem can be addressed by focusing instead on causal effects that are defined on the basis of realistic individualized treatment rules and intention-to-treat rules that explicitly take into account the set of treatment options that are available to each subject. We present a data analysis to illustrate that estimators of static causal effects in fact tend to overestimate the beneficial impact of high levels of vigorous physical activity while corresponding estimators based on realistic individualized treatment rules and intention-to-treat rules can yield unbiased estimates. We emphasize that the problems encountered in estimating static causal effects are not restricted to the IPTW estimator, but are also observed with the G-computation estimator, the DR-IPTW estimator, and the targeted MLE. Our analyses based on realistic individualized treatment rules and intention-to-treat rules suggest that high levels of vigorous physical activity may confer reductions in mortality risk on the order of 15-30%, although in most cases the evidence for such an effect does not quite reach the 0.05 level of significance.
Whole-Genome Sequence and Interaction Analysis in the Production of Six Enzymes From the Three Bacillus Strains Present in a Commercial Direct-Fed Microbial (Norum™) Using a Bliss Independence Test (2022)

The three <i>Bacillus</i> strains present in Norum™ were initially selected by their excellent to good relative enzyme activity (REA) production score for amylase, protease, lipase, phytase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and xylanase. Further studies confirmed that the three isolates also showed an antibacterial activity, Gram-positive and Gram-negative poultry pathogens. Norum™ (Eco-Bio/Euxxis Bioscience LLC) is a <i>Bacillus</i> spore direct-fed microbial (DFM). The <i>Bacillus</i> isolates were screened and selected based on <i>in vitro</i> enzyme production profiles. Moreover, in chickens fed high non-starch polysaccharides, this DFM demonstrated to reduce digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, increase performance, bone mineralization, and balance the intestinal microbiota. In the present study, we present the whole-genome sequence of each of the three isolates in Norum™, as well as the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects on the enzyme production behavior of the three <i>Bacillus</i> strains and their combinations when grown together vs. when grown individually. The whole-genome sequence identified isolate AM1002 as <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (isolate 1), isolate AM0938 as <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> (isolate 2), and isolate JD17 as <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (isolate 3). The three <i>Bacillus</i> isolates used in the present study produce different enzymes (xylanase, cellulase, phytase, lipase, protease, and β-glucanase). However, this production was modified when two or more <i>Bacillus</i> strains were combined, suggesting possible synergistic, antagonistic, or additive interactions. The Bliss analysis suggested (<i>p</i> < 0.05) that the combination of <i>Bacillus</i> strains 1-2 and 1-2-3 had intermediate effects and predicted that the combination of <i>Bacillus</i> strains 2-3 could have better effects than the combination of all the three <i>Bacillus</i> strains. In summary, the current study demonstrated the need of selecting <i>Bacillus</i> strains based on quantitative enzyme determination and data analysis to assess the impacts of combinations to avoid antagonistic interactions that could limit treatment efficacy. These results suggest that using <i>Bacillus</i> strains 2-3 together could lead to a new generation of DFMs with effects superior to those already examined in <i>Bacillus</i> strains 1-2-3 and, therefore, a potential alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics. More research utilizing poultry models is being considered to confirm and expand the existing findings.
Swift Estimation Method of Available Bandwidth to Realize Robust Wireless Video Transmission Systems (2022)

Because of the arrival of local 5G, real-time services using videos through wireless networks, such as remote surveillance and teleoperation, have attracted considerable attention. However, drastic changes in available bandwidth (AB) that are caused by moving obstacles or rapid changes in radio traffic pose challenges in providing a guaranteed quality of video streams. Robust video streams without disconnection over wireless networks necessitate an estimation of the AB reflected by the changing wireless environment and controlling of the video quality by the AB. For conventional studies, the AB is rapidly calculated using a table that maps an indicator of wireless-link quality to the AB. However, because the fixed table does not reflect changes in radio traffic, there are discrepancies between the estimated and real AB. Therefore, to precisely estimate the AB that reflects the changing wireless environment, we propose a hybrid calibration method, comprising long-term and short-term calibrations in this study. The long-term calibration determines invariant parameters of the table, which map the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to the AB (RSSI–AB table). The short-term calibration enables a variant parameter to follow changes in traffic from other terminals. For experimentally evaluating the proposed method, a real Wi-Fi network scenario with a video transmission connection was implemented and traffic from another terminal connected via the same access point was added. Based on the mean absolute logarithmic deviation, the results showed that the proposed method was 1.23 times more accurate than the conventional method.
GCN5-deficiency remarkably enhances the sensitivity of B cells in response to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (2016)

A typical DNA-damaging agent 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) is known as an experimental oral carcinogen. Although 4NQO was initially characterized as a UV-mimetic agent, it shows more complex effects inducing production of various covalent adducts, oxidative damage and DNA single strand break in DNA. To understand roles of histone acetyltransferase GCN5, which protects cells against UV-irradiation, on repair of 4NQO-induced DNA damage, we studied the sensitivity of chicken homozygous DT40 mutants, ∆GCN5, against 4NQO. After 4NQO treatment, the viability of ∆GCN5 was appreciably reduced (to ~25% at 6 hr) as compared to that of wild type DT40. Semiquantitative RT-PCR showed that transcription of DNA polymerase η (POLH) gene whose deficiency is responsible for a variant form of xeroderma pigmentosum was drastically down-regulated in ∆GCN5 (to ~25%). However, overexpression of POLH could not rescue ∆GCN5 from the enhanced sensitivity to 4NQO, unlike UV-irradiation. Our data suggested that GCN5 participates in control of the sensitivity against 4NQO, and the molecular mechanisms of GCN5-mediated repair of the 4NQO-induced DNA lesions are highly complex.
Main Group Compounds as Amphoteric Ligands to Transition Metals. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Cr(CO)5[PPh2CH2Ga(CH2CMe3)2·NMe3] (1996)

The reactivities of the group 13 compounds, R2MCH2PPh2 and R2MPPh2, as amphoteric ligands to transition metals have been investigated. The ligands R2MCH2PPh2 (R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3; M = Ga, In) reacted readily with Cr(CO)5NMe3 in benzene solution to form Cr(CO)5[PPh2CH2MR2·NMe3], whereas for ligands of the type R2MPPh2 (R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3; M = Al, Ga, In), only the two aluminum compounds and (Me3CCH2)2GaPPh2 formed isolable products of the type Cr(CO)5[PPh2MR2·NMe3]. However, the gallium and indium ligands with (trimethylsilyl)methyl substituents (Me3SiCH2)2MPPh2 reacted with NEt4MT(CO)5Cl (MT = Cr, Mo, W) to form products of the type NEt4MT(CO)5[PPh2MR2Cl]. All new compounds were characterized by their physical properties, C and H analyses, and 1H and 31P NMR and IR spectral properties. The identity of NEt4Cr(CO)5[PPh2In(CH2SiMe3)2Cl] was further confirmed by the subsequent identification of products from reactions with anhydrous HCl and with MeI. In addition, Cr(CO)5[PPh2CH2Ga(CH2CMe3)2·NMe3] was characterized by an X-ray structural study.
Long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics potential of the DUNE experiment (2020)

Abstract The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE will resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a precision of 5 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> , for all $$\delta _{\mathrm{CP}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> values, after 2 years of running with the nominal detector design and beam configuration. It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> (5 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> ) after an exposure of 5 (10) years, for 50% of all $$\delta _{\mathrm{CP}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CP</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> values. It will also make precise measurements of other parameters governing long-baseline neutrino oscillation, and after an exposure of 15 years will achieve a similar sensitivity to $$\sin ^{2} 2\theta _{13}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mo>sin</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> to current reactor experiments.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human ovarian cancer patients recognize autologous tumor in an MHC class II-restricted fashion. (2006)

We believe these data are the first to suggest that tumor reactive CD4+ lymphocytes exist in some ovarian cancer patients. This finding may be useful in the development of novel immunotherapies for these patients.
Venetoclax plus bendamustine-rituximab or bendamustine-obinutuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final results of a phase Ib study (GO28440) (2020)

Venetoclax (Ven), an orally administered, potent BCL-2 inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) in combination with rituximab (R) or obinutuzumab (G). Our aim was to investigate the addition of bendamustine (B) to these Ven-containing regimens in relapsed/refractory (R/R) or first-line (1L) CLL. This multi-arm, non-randomized, open-label, phase 1b study was designed to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety/tolerability of Ven with BR/BG, with 3+3 dose-escalation followed by safety expansion. Patients received Ven (schedule A) or BR/BG first (schedule B) to compare safety and determine dose/schedule for expansion. Six Ven-BR/-BG cycles were to be administered, then Ven monotherapy until disease progression (R/R) or fixed-duration 1-year treatment (1L). Overall, 33 R/R and 50 1L patients were enrolled. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed (doses 100-400-mg), and the MTD was not reached. Safety was similar between schedules; no tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) occurred during dose-finding. Schedule B and Ven 400-mg were chosen for expansion. The most frequent grade 3-4 toxicity was neutropenia: R/R 64%, 1L Ven-BR 85%, 1L Ven-BG 55%. Grade 3-4 infection rate was: R/R 27%, 1L Ven-BR 0%, 1L Ven-BG 27%. During expansion, one clinical and two laboratory TLS cases occurred. Fewer than half the patients completed six combination therapy cycles with all study drugs; rates of bendamustine discontinuation were high. Overall response rate was 91% in R/R and 100% in 1L patients (16/49 1L patients received Ven for >1 year). In conclusion, addition of bendamustine to Ven-R/-G increased toxicity without apparent efficacy benefit.
Constrained optimization for position calibration of an NMR field camera (2017)

Position estimation of field probes in an NMR camera can be improved using relative position constraints and nonlinear gradient fields. Magn Reson Med 80:380-390, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Phosphorylation of spinach chlorophyll‐protein complexes CPII*, but not CP29, CP27, or CP24, is phosphorylated in vitro (1987)

Previous studies have indicated that the reversible phosphorylation of a population of antenna complexes that can donate energy to PS II ('mobile LHC II') plays a regulatory role in the state 1-state 2 transition in thylakoid membranes. The relationship of phosphorylated LHC II to the multiple PS II-associated chlorophyll a/b-proteins resolvable on green gels is currently unclear. We have used a high resolution gel system to analyze thylakoids phosphorylated in vitro. The only PS II-associated antenna complex to become phosphorylated is CPII, indicating that this complex represents the mobile LHC II. The other putative PS II antenna complexes, CP29, CP24, and the new complex designated CP27 which comigrates with CPII, are not phosphorylated and are probably components of the bound 'LHC II' antenna.
IEA SHC Task 42 / ECES Annex 29 – Working Group B: Applications of Compact Thermal Energy Storage (2016)

The IEA joint Task 42 / Annex 29 is aimed at developing compact thermal energy storage materials and systems. In Working Group B, experts are working on the development of compact thermal energy storage applications, in the areas cooling, domestic heating and hot water and industry. The majority of application projects were in the field of room heating and domestic hot water. In this article, an overview is given of a large number of applications. The storage technologies used in the applications are latent heat storage, open and closed solid sorption, liquid sorption and salt hydrates and composites thereof. On a broad front, a lot of progress was made in the development of components and systems, providing knowledge and experience regarding the design, numerical modeling, building, testing and economical assessing of components and storage systems. Most important findings are that the interaction of storage materials with the materials of components can be deciding for the technical feasibility, that a number of components, like reactor, heat exchangers and evaporators are less understood than initially thought and need more development, that the inclusion of storage materials in systems generate new challenges like the occurrence of non-condensable gases and thermo-mechanical effects and that standardized and simplified system approaches are needed.
Suppression of Dengue Virus Replication in Vitro by Rimantadine Hydrochloride (1981)

The effects of rimantadine on dengue virus replication were examined in a variety of tissue culture systems. The growth of dengue virus type 2 in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was completely suppressed when rimantadine was included in the culture medium at a concentration of 25 microgram/ml. Similarly, rimantadine caused a significant inhibition of dengue virus replicaton in cultures of rhesus monkey PBL. Addition of drug into virus-infected LLC-MK2 cell cultures caused a decrease in the production of all four types of dengue virus. Maximal inhibition of dengue virus replication by rimantadine was observed when the drug was added immediately following the viral adsorption period. Rimantadine did not induce may cytopathic effects on either LLC-MK2 cells or PBL at concentrations less than 75 microgram/ml. These findings demonstrate that rimantadine is an effective inhibitor of dengue virus replication in vitro, and indicate a need for further examination of the efficacy of rimantadine against severe dengue virus disease.
MKP-2: out of the DUSP-bin and back into the limelight (2012)

The MKPs (mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases) are a family of at least ten DUSPs (dual-specificity phosphatases) which function to terminate the activity of the MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). Several members have already been demonstrated to have distinct roles in immune function, cancer, fetal development and metabolic disorders. One DUSP of renewed interest is the inducible nuclear phosphatase MKP-2, which dephosphorylates both ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) in vitro. Recently, the understanding of MKP-2 function has been advanced due to the development of mouse knockout models, which has resulted in the discovery of novel roles for MKP-2 in the regulation of sepsis, infection and cell-cycle progression that are distinct from those of other DUSPs. However, many functions for MKP-2 still await to be characterized.
Aerobic degradation of mixtures of chlorinated aliphatics by cloned toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase and tolueneo-monooxygenase in resting cells (2000)

Recombinant strains of Escherichia coli constitutively expressing toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase (ToMO) of Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 and toluene o-monooxygenase (TOM) of Burkholderia cepacia G4 were investigated for their ability to oxidize trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (trans-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), and chloroform (CF), individually as well as in various mixtures. ToMO oxidized all of these individual compounds well, whereas TOM did not degrade VC significantly (16-fold less) and degraded cis-DCE and trans-DCE less well (3.7- and 2.4-fold, respectively). For mixtures of these chlorinated aliphatics, ToMO was again more robust than TOM. For example, in binary mixtures including TCE, ToMO degraded all three DCE isomers and CF, but the presence of TCE inhibited VC degradation; TOM degraded both TCE/1,1-DCE and TCE/trans-DCE, but not cis-DCE for TCE/cis-DCE, and the addition of CF or VC to TCE completely inhibited degradation of both compounds and TCE. The addition of CF or trans-DCE stimulated VC degradation in the presence of TCE for ToMO, and the addition of any of the three DCE isomers stimulated VC degradation for TOM. Significant degradation of all ternary mixtures of TCE and less chlorinated ethenes, as well as a mixture of TCE, three DCEs, and VC, was achieved with ToMO (but not TOM). In mixtures of these chlorinated compounds, degradation was found to occur simultaneously rather than sequentially, and the mineralization of many of these compounds could be confirmed through detection of chloride ions.
Digesting the Elephant -- Experiences with Interactive Production\n Quality Path Tracing of the Moana Island Scene (2020)

New algorithmic and hardware developments over the past two decades have\nenabled interactive ray tracing of small to modest sized scenes, and are\nfinding growing popularity in scientific visualization and games. However,\ninteractive ray tracing has not been as widely explored in the context of\nproduction film rendering, where challenges due to the complexity of the models\nand, from a practical standpoint, their unavailability to the wider research\ncommunity, have posed significant challenges. The recent release of the Disney\nMoana Island Scene has made one such model available to the community for\nexperimentation. In this paper, we detail the challenges posed by this scene to\nan interactive ray tracer, and the solutions we have employed and developed to\nenable interactive path tracing of the scene with full geometric and shading\ndetail, with the goal of providing insight and guidance to other researchers.\n
Self-Sensing via Flux Injection with Servo Dynamics including a Smooth Transition to Back-EMF Tracking (2018)

High-frequency voltage or current injection based self-sensing has been used to control motors at zero and low-speed operations. Tracking the motor back EMF or flux signal has been used to control motors during medium and high-speed operations. This paper proposes a high-frequency flux injection (HFFI) based self-sensing using deadbeat-direct torque and flux control (DB-DTFC) to control permanent magnet servo motor at zero and low speed with ideally zero torque ripple, not like the current/voltage injection technique. The HFFI is combined with a back EMF self-sensing technique to control the motor during medium and high-speed operations. This paper also proposes a method for a smooth transition between these two methods. The proposed controller is used to control a servo motor during dynamic servo operations.
Designing Quadrangulations with Discrete Harmonic Forms (2006)

We introduce a framework for quadrangle meshing of discrete manifolds. Based on discrete differential forms, our method hinges on extending the discrete Laplacian operator (used extensively in modeling and animation) to allow for line singularities and singularities with fractional indices. When assembled into a singularity graph, these line singularities are shown to considerably increase the design flexibility of quad meshing. In particular, control over edge alignments and mesh sizing are unique features of our novel approach. Another appeal of our method is its robustness and scalability from a numerical viewpoint: we simply solve a sparse linear system to generate a pair of piecewise-smooth scalar fields whose isocontours form a pure quadrangle tiling, with no T-junctions.
Influence of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Genome Wide Expression of White Blood Cells: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial (2013)

Background: Although there have been numerous observations of vitamin D deficiency and its links to chronic diseases, no studies have reported on how vitamin D status and vitamin D 3 supplementation affects broad gene expression in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D status and subsequent vitamin D supplementation on broad gene expression in healthy adults. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01696409).
Dissolution and Deagglomeration of Silicon Nitride in Aqueous Medium (2000)

Silicon nitride undergoes hydrolysis and dissolution when subjected to an aqueous environment. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that hydrolysis proceeds through nucleophilic attack of water with the formation of an intermediate molecular complex involving a pentacoordinated silicon. We found that the dissolution of an oxidized silicon nitride powder resembles that of silica; the dissolution rate could be described using a simple kinetic equation with a dissolution activation energy of 52 kJ·mol − 1 . The deagglomeration of a fine silicon nitride powder under mild agitation was evaluated; we show that the peptization kinetics at room temperature is dominated by the breakup of particle–particle bonds due to hydrodynamic friction and cluster attrition. For breakup of hard agglomerates of small particles the dissolution of interparticle necks will play an important role.