gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diversion of the host humoral response: a novel virulence mechanism ofHaemophilus influenzaemediated via outer membrane vesicles (2014)

The respiratory tract pathogen Haemophilus influenzae frequently causes infections in humans. In parallel with all Gram-negative bacteria, H. influenzae has the capacity to release OMV. The production of these nanoparticles is an intriguing and partly unexplored phenomenon in pathogenesis. Here, we investigated how purified human peripheral blood B lymphocytes respond to OMV derived from unencapsulated, i.e., NTHi and the nonpathogenic Haemophilus parainfluenzae. We found that H. influenzae OMV directly interacted with the IgD BCR, as revealed by anti-IgD pAb and flow cytometry. Importantly, H. influenzae OMV-induced cellular activation via IgD BCR cross-linking and TLR9 resulted in a significant proliferative response. OMV isolated from the related species H. parainfluenzae did not, however, interact with B cells excluding that the effect by H. influenzae OMV was linked to common membrane components, such as the LOS. We also observed an up-regulation of the cell surface molecules CD69 and CD86, and an increased IgM and IgG secretion by B cells incubated with H. influenzae OMV. The Igs produced did not recognize H. influenzae, suggesting a polyclonal B cell activation. Interestingly, the density of the cell surface receptor TACI was increased in the presence of OMV that sensitized further the B cells to BAFF, resulting in an enhanced IgG class-switch. In conclusion, the ability of NTHi OMV to activate B cells in a T cell-independent manner may divert the adaptive humoral immune response that consequently promotes bacterial survival within the human host.
Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Spike Pauses in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells (2016)

The plasticity of intrinsic excitability has been described in several types of neurons, but the significance of non-synaptic mechanisms in brain plasticity and learning remains elusive. Cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory neurons that spontaneously fire action potentials at high frequencies and regulate activity in their target cells in the cerebellar nuclei by generating a characteristic spike burst-pause sequence upon synaptic activation. Using patch-clamp recordings from mouse Purkinje cells, we find that depolarization-triggered intrinsic plasticity enhances spike firing and shortens the duration of spike pauses. Pause plasticity is absent from mice lacking SK2-type potassium channels (SK2(-/-) mice) and in occlusion experiments using the SK channel blocker apamin, while apamin wash-in mimics pause reduction. Our findings demonstrate that spike pauses can be regulated through an activity-dependent, exclusively non-synaptic, SK2 channel-dependent mechanism and suggest that pause plasticity-by altering the Purkinje cell output-may be crucial to cerebellar information storage and learning.
Cooperative control and smart procurement of naturally generated energy (SPONGE) for PHEVs (2015)

Electric vehicles can potentially be the best means of transportation for improving air quality, provided that they are powered by electricity from natural gas or wind, water or solar power. In this paper we describe a simple cooperative algorithm that exploits the energy management units of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) to absorb the expected forthcoming energy available from renewable sources. The proposed approach bridges the gap between mobility patterns and power grid constraints, and allows to prevent green energy from being wasted while at the same time reducing the complexity burden of the power grid to charge unexpected loads of electric vehicles. Simulation results are given to show the efficacy of the proposed method.
Classifying Heterogeneous Sequential Data by Cyclic Domain Adaptation: An Application in Land Cover Detection (2019)

Recent advances in processing remote sensing data have provided unprecedented potential for monitoring land covers. However, it is extremely challenging to deploy an automated monitoring system for different regions and across different years given the involved data heterogeneity over space and over time. The heterogeneity exists on two aspects. First, for many land covers, the distinguishing temporal patterns are only visible in certain discriminative period. Due to the change of weather conditions, the discriminative period can shift across space and time, which causes heterogeneity to the sequential data. Second, the collected remote sensing data are affected by acquisition devices and natural variables, e.g., precipitation and sunlight. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework to effectively detect land covers using the sequential remote sensing data. At the same time, we propose new learning strategies based on attention networks and domain adaptation to addresses the aforementioned challenges. The evaluation on two real-world applications - cropland mapping and burned area detection, demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively detect land covers under different weather conditions.
Assessment of tumor hypoxia with radiolabeled metronidazole (2005)

3823 Introduction: This study was aimed to develop 99mTc- and 68Ga-labeled metronidazole (MN) using ethylenedicysteine (EC) as a chelator and evaluate their potential use to assess tumor hypoxia. 99mTc (6hr, 140 keV) is for SPECT and 68Ga (68 min, 511 keV) is for PET. Methods: EC-MN was labeled with 99mTc in the presence of tin (II) chloride. Labeling EC-MN with 68Ga was achieved by adding 68GaCl3 (2 mCi with 3.4 μg cold GaCl3). In vitro cellular uptakes of 99mTc- and 68Ga-EC-MN were obtained in various types of tumor cells at 0.5-4 hrs. Tissue distribution and PET imaging of 99mTc and 68Ga-EC-MN were evaluated in breast tumor-bearing rats at 0.5-4 hrs. Tumor oxygen tension was measured using an oxygen probe. In a pilot study, cancer patients were administered 30 mCi 99mTc-EC-MN and SPECT images were acquired at 3 hrs. Results: There were similar cellular uptakes (2-10%) between 99mTc- and 68Ga-EC-MN at 0.5-4 hrs. In vivo biodistribution of 99mTc- and 68Ga-EC-MN in breast tumor-bearing rats showed increased tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle count density ratios as a function of time. Planar, SPECT and PET images confirmed that the tumors could be visualized clearly with 99mTc- and 68Ga-EC-MN. Oxygen tension in tumor tissue was determined to be 6-10 mmHg compared to 40-50 mmHg in normal muscle tissue. Conclusions: The results indicated that it is feasible to noninvasively use 99mTc- and 68Ga-EC-MN for the assessment of tumor hypoxia by PET or SPECT. These agents may be useful in selecting and evaluating cancer therapy.
Large Scale Multi-view Stereopsis Evaluation (2014)

The seminal multiple view stereo benchmark evaluations from Middlebury and by Strecha et al. have played a major role in propelling the development of multi-view stereopsis methodology. Although seminal, these benchmark datasets are limited in scope with few reference scenes. Here, we try to take these works a step further by proposing a new multi-view stereo dataset, which is an order of magnitude larger in number of scenes and with a significant increase in diversity. Specifically, we propose a dataset containing 80 scenes of large variability. Each scene consists of 49 or 64 accurate camera positions and reference structured light scans, all acquired by a 6-axis industrial robot. To apply this dataset we propose an extension of the evaluation protocol from the Middlebury evaluation, reflecting the more complex geometry of some of our scenes. The proposed dataset is used to evaluate the state of the art multiview stereo algorithms of Tola et al., Campbell et al. and Furukawa et al. Hereby we demonstrate the usability of the dataset as well as gain insight into the workings and challenges of multi-view stereopsis. Through these experiments we empirically validate some of the central hypotheses of multi-view stereopsis, as well as determining and reaffirming some of the central challenges.
An ad hoc approach to the implementation of polymorphism (1991)

abstraction provides the ability to write programs that are independent of the form of the data over which they operate. There are a number of different categories of polymorphic expression-ad hoc and umversal, which includes parametric and inclusion-all of which have many advantages in terms of code reuse and software economics. It has proved difficult to provide efficient implementations of polymorphism. Here, we address this problem and describe a new technique that can implement all forms of polymorphism, use a conventional machine architecture, and support nonuniform data representations. Furthermore, the method ensures that any extra cost of implementation applies to polymorphic forms only, and allows such polymorphic forms to persist over program invocations.
Urine and Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels as Potential Biomarkers of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (2010)

The association of elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggests a possible role of inflammation. We investigated whether measurement of urine CRP levels can complement the deficit in the specificity of serum CRP levels as potential biomarkers of lower urinary tract inflammation. Serum CRP levels were measured in 97 patients with LUTS; urinary CRP was additionally measured in 20 of the patients. Bladder expression of CRP was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction on human bladder t issue obtained from 15 organ donors. Significantly higher serum CRP levels were noted in overactive bladder (OAB) wet (n = 18; 2.96 ± 0.47 mg/L), chronic prostatitis (n = 5; 3.00 ± 1.05 mg/L), benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 20; 1.13 ± 0.17 mg/L), and acute febrile bacterial infection (n = 5; 97.71 ± 36.28 mg/L) compared to in asymptomatic controls (n = 20; 0.93 ± 0.27 mg/L). Serum CRP level was higher in OAB wet than in OAB dry (n = 20). Urinary CRP level was higher than 0.15 mg/L in only one man with bacterial prostatitis and sepsis. The mRNA expression of CRP was very modest and several fold lower than the expression of housekeeping genes in the detrusor or urothelium. Serum CRP was elevated with different disease entities in patients with LUTS. The synthesis of CRP is unlikely in the bladder and the protein is not a normal urine constituent. This pilot study has led us to infer that urinary CRP is unlikely to serve as a biomarker of LUTS. Sensitive but nonspecific elevation of serum CRP level suggests an inflammatory mechanism with LUTS.
Broadcast scheduling for information distribution (2002)

Broadcast data delivery is encountered in many applications where there is a need to disseminate information to a large user community in a wireless asymmetric communication environment. We consider the problem of scheduling the data broadcast such that the access latency experienced by the users is low. In a push-based system, where the users cannot place requests directly to the server and the broadcast schedule should be determined based solely on the access probabilities, we formulate a deterministic dynamic optimization problem, the solution of which provides the optimal broadcast schedule. Properties of the optimal solution are obtained and then we propose a suboptimal dynamic policy which achieves mean access latency close to the lower bound. The policy has low complexity, it is adaptive to changing access statistics, and is easily generalized to multiple broadcast channels. In a pull-based system where the users may place requests about information items directly to the server, the scheduling can be based on the number of pending requests for each item. Suboptimal policies with good performance are obtained in this case as well. Finally, it is demonstrated by a numerical study that as the request generation rate increases, the achievable performance of the pull- and push-based systems becomes almost identical.
Mechanistic Insights into Selective Oxidation of Polyaromatic Compounds using RICO Chemistry (2018)

Ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation (RICO) of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in detail using experimental and computational approaches to explore the reaction mechanism. DFT calculations show that regioselectivity in these reactions can be understood in terms of the preservation of aromaticity in the initial formation of a [3+2] metallocycle intermediate at the most-isolated double bond. We identify two competing pathways: C-C bond cleavage leading to a dialdehyde and C-H activation followed by H migration to the RuO<sub>x</sub> complex to give diketones. Experimentally, the oxidation of pyrene and phenanthrene has been carried out in monophasic and biphasic solvent systems. Our results show that diketones are the major product for both phenanthrene and pyrene substrates. These diketone products are shown to be stable under our reaction conditions so that higher oxidation products (acids and their derivatives) are assigned to the competing pathway through the dialdehyde. Experiments using <sup>18</sup> O-labelled water do show incorporation of oxygen from the solvents into products, but this may take place during the formation of the reactive RuO<sub>4</sub> species rather than directly during PAH oxidation. When the oxidation of pyrene is carried out using D<sub>2</sub> O, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is observed implying that water is involved in the rate-determining step leading to the diketone products.
A Dibenzofuran-Based Host Material for Blue Electrophosphorescence (2006)

Dibenzofuran (DBF) is converted to a vacuum-sublimable, electron-transporting host material via 2,8-substitution with diphenylphosphine oxide moieties. Close pi-pi stacking and the inductive influence of P=O moieties impart favorable electron-transport properties without lowering the triplet energy. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 10.1% and luminance power efficiency of 25.9 lm/W are realized using this material as the host for the blue-green electrophosphorescent molecule, iridium(III) bis(4,6-(di-fluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C(2')picolinate (FIrpic).
Different structures in the amino-terminal domain of the ornithine transcarbamylase leader peptide are involved in mitochondrial import and carboxyl-terminal cleavage. (1988)

The cytoplasmic precursor of mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamylase (carbamoyl-phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) contains an amino-terminal leader peptide of 32 amino acids. Secondary structure and helical-wheel analyses predict that the extreme amino-terminal domain (residues 1-15) forms an alpha-helix. To test this thesis, leucine residues at positions 2, 5, 8, and 9 were systematically replaced by either helix-breaking glycine residues or by helix-preserving alanine residues. Triple substitutions of glycine for leucine in positions 2, 5, and 9 or 5, 8, and 9 abolished the uptake of the rat precursor by intact mitochondria, whereas similar alanine substitutions had much less effect. Theoretical computations predicted that the decreased helical stability of the Gly-5,8,9 substitution could be significantly increased by replacing a serine in position with phenylalanine. The introduction of Phe-3, indeed, restored the mitochondrial uptake of the mutant precursor. These results lend strong support to the hypothesis that an alpha-helix is present at the leader's amino terminus during the import of the precursor by mitochondria. Although the precursors with the triply-substituted leaders were impaired with respect to import, they were still cleaved readily by a protease found in a mitochondrial matrix fraction. Substitution of glycine or alanine for all four leucine residues, however, rendered the leader uncleavable at the carboxyl-terminal cleavage site. These results suggest that the structure of the amino-terminal domain is important for recognition of the carboxyl-terminal cleavage sites by the matrix proteases.
Information Theoretic Secrecy (2011)

Confidentiality of information is a key consideration in many networking applications, including e-commerce, online banking, and intelligence operations. How can information be communicated reliably to the legitimate users, while keeping it secret from eavesdroppers? How does such a secrecy constraint on communication affect the limits on information flow in the network?
Performance evaluation for different types of small cells with optimized transmssion power (2014)

This paper presents user throughput performance for several different types of small cells with optimized transmission power. System level computer simulation results such as average user throughput and the cell edge user throughput performance are provided for several different types of small cells. We show how to decide the transmission power for a pico evolved Node B on the basis of a path loss scenario. Furthermore, the possibility of the increase of system capacity using small cells is also investigated in the simulation under conditions of increased user equipment density. This study will be effective for designing small cells in future mobile communication systems such as LTE-Advanced and beyond.
Remote HID Headlamp Systems (1999)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Significant interest in high intensity discharge headlamps (HID) has been developing in the past few years. It evolved as a safety device in the high-end luxury automobile segments, and is now showing demand for applications in other vehicle lines as well. However, affordability of these systems has been a continuous problem for all vehicle lines. A headlamp system that consists of: a remotely located light collector integrated to an HID source and ballast, a pair of light cables and distribution optics at the output of the light cables is being presented as a low cost alternative to HID headlamps. It also offers significant reductions in vehicle power consumption and radically new styling options. Five different concepts for light distribution optics will be discussed along with their performance compared to conventional HID and halogen headlamps.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Anatomical and Biomechanical Analyses of the Unique and Consistent Locations of Sacral Insufficiency Fractures (2009)

Locations of sacral insufficiency fractures are nearly congruous with stress depicted by walking biomechanical models. Knowledge of stress locations with activities, cortical bone transmission of stress, usual fracture patterns, intensity of sacral stress with different activities, and modifiers of walking mechanics may aid medical management, interventional, or surgical efforts.
Quality Factor Minimization of Electrically Small Antennas by Density Topology Optimization (2023)

Density-based deterministic topology optimization is formulated for method-of-moments numerical technique, and the corresponding stored energy operator is exploited to evaluate and optimize antenna Q-factor. The settings are briefly discussed, including material interpolation function, density filters, and projection filters. The proposed technique is used to improve fractional bandwidth, i.e., minimize the quality factor of a current density excited on a spherical shell. The results are compared with known fundamental bounds and with realized spherical helices.
Cloning, Nucleotide Sequence, and Heterologous Expression of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster for R1128, a Non-steroidal Estrogen Receptor Antagonist (2000)

R1128 substances are anthraquinone natural products that were previously reported as non-steroidal estrogen receptor antagonists with in vitro and in vivo potency approaching that of tamoxifen. From a biosynthetic viewpoint, these polyketides possess structurally interesting features such as an unusual primer unit that are absent in the well studied anthracyclic and tetracyclic natural products. The entire R1128 gene cluster was cloned and expressed in Streptomyces lividans, a genetically well developed heterologous host. In addition to R1128C, a novel optically active natural product, designated HU235, was isolated. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster revealed genes encoding two ketosynthases, a chain length factor, an acyl transferase, three acetyl-CoA carboxylase subunits, two cyclases, two oxygenases, an amidase, and remarkably, two acyl carrier proteins. Feeding studies indicate that the unusual 4-methylvaleryl side chain of R1128C is derived from valine. Together with the absence of a dedicated ketoreductase, dehydratase, or enoylreductase within the R1128 gene cluster, this suggests a functional link between fatty acid biosynthesis and R1128 biosynthesis in the engineered host. Specifically, we propose that the R1128 synthase recruits four subunits from the endogenous fatty acid synthase during the biosynthesis of this family of pharmacologically significant natural products.
A Comparative Study of Dopant Activation in Boron, BF , Arsenic, and Phosphorus Implanted Silicon (2002)

Ultra-low energy implants were used in combi- nation with rapid thermal anneals in the temperature range 900 C-1050 C to study dopant activation in silicon. First, relatively long time anneals were performed in a conventional tungsten-based RTA to investigate the activation mechanisms. The activation was monitored using Hall measurement, where the rate of electrical activation was considered by measuring the time it takes to reach 50% activation. Using Arrhenius fits, an activation energy was extracted, and it was found that while boron has a mean activation energy for electrical activation of 4.7 eV in agreement with previous studies, arsenic and phosphorus have thermal activation energies of 3.6 eV and 4.1 eV, respectively. The 4.7 eV activation energy for boron is believed to be related to a point defect driven mechanism for electrical activation. Electrical activation of arsenic and phosphorus, however, seems to be related to dopant diffusion. In the second set of experiments, an arc lamp system was utilized to perform ultra-sharp spike anneals and to analyze the effect of both ramp-up and ramp-down on boron and arsenic activation and diffusion. For both dopants, it was found that for a given temperature, there is an optimum ramp-rate that produces the desired dopant activation and junction depth.
Dispersion Monitoring within an Optical Fiber 2R Regenerator (2002)

We show that residual pulse dispersion may be monitored within an optical 2R fiber regenerator by exploiting the self-phase modulation of the O2R
Development of Advanced Resistance Spot Welding Process Using Control of Electrode Force and Welding Current during Welding (2010)

In resistance spot welding of thin sheet-thick sheet-thick sheet joint, when the sheet thickness ratio is large (sheet thickness ratio = total thickness of sheet joint/thickness of the thin sheet positioned on the out side of the joint), how to stably secure the nugget between the thin sheet and the adjoining thick sheet is a key issue. If the sheet thickness ratio is so large, nugget formation between the thin sheet and thick sheet is extremely difficult. In order to control of the nugget (position of formation, shape, etc. of the nugget) during welding for three sheets joint with a high sheet thickness ratio, optimum welding process was investigated. The developed "2-step force, 2-step current" welding process was suitable for high sheet thickness ratio joint and relaxed the constraints on the sheet thickness ratio. In Step 1 (first part of welding period) of the welding process, a nugget is reliably formed between the thin sheet and thick sheet by applying conditions of low electrode force, short welding time, and high current. In the subsequent Step 2 (second part of welding period), a nugget is formed between the two thick sheets by apply high welding force and a long welding time. In the weld results of a three sheet joint (0.7mm+2.3mm+2.3mm; sheet thickness ratio: 7.6) using mild steel GA (0.7mm) as the thin sheet and 780MPa high strength GA (2.3mm) in the two thick sheets, "2-step force, 2-step current" spot welding process showed the wide available welding current range.