gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering Nanoscale Thermal Transport: Size- and Spacing-Dependent Cooling of Nanostructures (2019)

Thermal transport at the nanoscale is much slower than plain diffusive transport in the bulk, and has only lately become experimentally accessible. This limits the informed design of nanosystems for $e.g.$ heat management in nanoelectronics, or killing cancer cells using laser-heated nanoparticles. Using ultrafast pulses of short-wavelength light, the authors map the continuous transition from isolated heat sources that cool slowly to closely spaced heat sources that can cool quickly. This improvement in heat transfer simply by tuning geometry carries important implications for the design of functional nanostructures.
Salmonella Surveillance in U.S. Swine Herds (1996)

Past research has focused on Salmonella choleraesuis virulence determinants and the interaction of this organism with the porcine immune system. Emphasis was placed on interaction of virulent S. choleraesuis field isolates with neutrophils and macrophages. Results suggested a correlation between relative bacterial virulence and the organisms ability to interfere with phagocyte ingestion, inhibit superoxide anion production, and overall intracellular survivability. A 40 kDal outer membrane protein was identified and determined to be involved with bacterial translocation and eukaryotic cell invasion.
α2-Adrenoceptor Blockade Does Not Enhance Glucose-Induced Insulin Release in Normal Subjects or Patients With Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes* (1988)

Studies with phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, in normal subjects and diabetic patients have indicated that insulin secretion may be inhibited by tonic alpha-adrenergic stimulation of pancreatic B-cells. We evaluated, with the use of the highly selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan, the role of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion. A glucose infusion test (GIT) was performed after the administration of idazoxan or placebo in normal men (n = 15) and men with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (n = 6). The normal men were divided into two groups on the basis of high (n = 8) and low (n = 7) insulin responses to prior GITs. The blood glucose and plasma insulin and C-peptide responses to the GIT were similar after idazoxan (40 mg, orally) or placebo treatment in all three groups, although the responses differed among the groups. In the diabetic group iv administration of idazoxan 20 min before the GIT did not alter the insulin response to the GIT. We conclude that alpha 2-adrenergic blockade does not affect glucose-induced insulin secretion in normal men, nor does it improve the impaired first phase of insulin secretion in low insulin responders and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Phentolamine probably stimulates insulin secretion by a mechanism not involving alpha 2-adrenergic receptors directly.
Aberrant DNA Methylation in Lung Cancer: Biological and Clinical Implications (2002)

Genetic abnormalities of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are well-known changes that are frequently involved in lung cancer pathogenesis. However, another mechanism for inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is coming more and more into focus. Epigenetic inactivation of certain tumor suppressor genes by aberrant promoter methylation is frequently observed in lung carcinomas and seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this tumor type. While genetic abnormalities are associated with changes in DNA sequence, epigenetic events may lead to changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequence. Recent findings demonstrate that aberrant methylation can also be detected in the smoking-damaged bronchial epithelium from cancer-free heavy smokers, suggesting that aberrant methylation might be an ideal candidate biomarker for lung cancer risk assessment and monitoring of chemoprevention trials. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrate that methylation can be reversed by demethylating agents resulting in gene re-expression. This concept is currently under investigation in clinical trials. In summary, recent studies demonstrate that aberrant methylation may be the most common mechanism of inactivating cancer-related genes in lung cancer, occurs already in smoking-damaged bronchial epithelium from cancer-free individuals, can be reversed in vitro by demethylating agents, and may be a useful biomarker for lung cancer risk assessment.
Influence of cellular DNA content on survival in differentiated thyroid cancer (1986)

Cellular DNA content was measured using a novel flow cytometric method to analyze paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 125 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. DNA aneuploidy was found in 20 (24%) of the 82 papillary, 20 (56%) of the 36 follicular, and in four (57%) of the seven medullary carcinomas. Aneuploidy was found to be more common in the elderly (P less than 0.002), in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas (P less than 0.004), and in tumors infiltrating beyond the thyroid capsule (P less than 0.03). Patients with an aneuploid tumor had less favorable cumulative survival (P less than 0.0001) than patients with diploid cancer. However, in papillary and follicular carcinomas, multivariate analysis using stepwise Cox model showed age at diagnosis, follicular type, and tumor invasion beyond the thyroid capsule to be more important independent prognostic factors. Increasing probability of DNA aneuploidy with increasing age explains partially why prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma is poor in older patients.
The promise of heat shock protein inhibitors in the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer (2013)

Many Hsp chaperone client proteins are key components of alternative growth factor pathways upregulated in CRPC and are involved in key resistance pathways to current chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimes. New treatments that inhibit Hsps are attractive anticancer strategies as they have the ability to simultaneously target multiple pathways involved in CRPC.
Photoluminescence Properties of Ce1-xTbxMgAl11O19 Phosphor Particles Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis (1999)

Spray pyrolysis method was applied to the preparation of submicron Ce 1- x Tb x MgAl 11 O 19 phosphor particles. The characteristics such as photoluminescence, crystallinity, and morphology were investigated under various preparation conditions. While the as-prepared particles by spray pyrolysis at temperature of 900°C had amorphous phase, the particles calcined above 1400°C had phase-pure magnetoplumbite structure, and its crystallinity increased with increasing the calcining temperature. The as-prepared particles had spherical morphology, submicron size, and narrow size distribution. The mean size of the particles increased from 0.5 to 1.4 µm when the spray solution concentration increased from 0.03 to 1.5 M. After calcination, the particles showed 545 nm green emission characteristic of Tb 3+ ions with optimum excitation at 280 nm. The maximum luminous intensity was obtained at x =0.4. The optimum calcining temperature for good brightness was 1500°C. Particles directly prepared by spray pyrolysis at 1500°C show good green emission characteristics and maintain its sphericity and non-aggregation characteristics.
Corporal “Snake” Maneuver: Corporoglanular Shunt Surgical Modification for Ischemic Priapism (2009)

All men achieved successful resolution of priapism, with meaningful erection recovery assessable in one man. Conclusions. The modified Al-Ghorab corporoglanular shunt surgery appears to offer an advantageous management approach to resolve ischemic priapism, particularly for cases refractory to first-line management.
Simplified nonplanar wafer bonding for heterogeneous device integration (2004)

We demonstrate a new, simplified nonplanar wafer bonding technique for heterogeneous device integration. The improved technique can be used to laterally integrate dissimilar semiconductor device structures on a lattice mismatched substrate. Using the technique two InP based VCSEL active regions have been integrated onto GaAs without compromising the quality of the photoluminescence. Experimental and numerical simulation results are presented.
Characteristic length of hot-electron transport in silicon metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (2000)

Characteristic length of hot-electron transport in an inversion layer at a Si surface is estimated by using lateral hot electron transistor, which has an upper gate and two lower gates. The inversion layer formed by biasing the upper-gate voltage is separated into three channel regions (the emitter, collector, and base) by the two lower gates. We find that the characteristic length depends on both the upper-gate voltage and the injection energy and ranges from 19 to 27 nm. These results show that hot electrons are affected by electron–electron scattering or surface–roughness scattering and that hot-electron transport plays a crucial role in Si metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors with gate lengths of 20 nm or less.
Supplementary Table 1, Figures 1 - 2 from Progression of Lung Cancer Is Associated with Increased Dysfunction of T Cells Defined by Coexpression of Multiple Inhibitory Receptors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table 1. Clinical data of NSCLC patients. Supplementary Figure 1. Calculation of the iR score. Supp. Figure 2. Activation of PBMC from healthy donors by polyclonal stimulation.&lt;/p&gt;
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1 (2023)

The hydroxycarboxylic acid family of receptors (ENSFM00500000271913, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors [36, 12]) respond to organic acids, including the endogenous hydroxy carboxylic acids 3-hydroxy butyric acid and L-lactic acid, as well as the lipid lowering agents nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox and acifran [53, 60, 65]. These receptors were provisionally described as nicotinic acid receptors, although nicotinic acid shows submicromolar potency at HCA2 receptors only and is unlikely to be the natural ligand [60, 65].
One-to-many interprocess communication in the V-system (1984)

Interprocess communication (IPC) normally allows one process to communicate with only one other process at a time. One-to-many IPC allows one process to communicate simultaneously with a group of processes., possibly of unknown membership. While the broadcast and multicast facilities of local networks support efficient one-to-many communication between hosts , its use between processes has been limited by the lack of support in the distributed operating system. This paper describes the integration of one-to-many communication into V interprocess communication system. We discuss the different models of use and the reliability and present some initial applications.
Understanding Factors Affecting Odor Production from Anaerobically Digested Biosolids: Digester SRT, Dewatering and Polymer Type (2005)

Over the last few years, significant research has been undertaken to understand the production of odors from biosolids cake, and also to understand the factors which impact odors and finally to develop methods to reduce odors. The research reviewed in this paper shows that most odor is related to volatile organic sulfur compounds (VSCs), especially methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. These compounds are produced by the microbial degradation of protein in the cake. Greater amounts of protein have been shown to increase odorant production. Therefore, factors which will increase the bioavailable cake protein content will also increase the production of VSCs. Factors that were studied which impact bioavailable protein and increase odors include shear associated with high solids centrifuges and higher polymer dosages. Greater SRTs during digestion reduced protein content and odorant production. In developing strategies to control VSC production, the focus should be on reducing bioavailable protein.
Synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether from syngas over Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts (2012)

A Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was developed for the synthesis of methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas with temperatures of operation ranging from 250 °C to 380 °C. High temperatures (e.g. 380 °C) are of interest when combining methanol and DME synthesis with a methanol to gasoline (MTG) process in a single reactor bed. A commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, utilized industrially for the synthesis of methanol at 220–280 °C, suffers from a rapid deactivation when the reaction is conducted at high temperature (> 320 °C). On the contrary, a Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be highly stable for methanol and DME synthesis at 375 °C. The Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was thus further investigated for methanol and DME synthesis at P = 34–69 bar, T = 250–380 °C, GHSV = 5000–18 000 h−1, and molar feeds H2/CO = 1, 2, and 3. Selectivity to DME increased with decreasing operating temperature, and increasing operating pressure. Higher space velocity and H2/CO syngas feed ratios also enhanced DME selectivity. Undesirable CH4 formation was observed, however, it could be lessen through choice of process conditions and by catalyst design. By studying the effect of the Pd loading and the Pd : Zn molar ratio the formulation of the Pd/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was optimized. A catalyst with 5% Pd and a Pd : Zn molar ratio of 0.25 : 1 has been identified as the preferred catalyst. Results indicate that PdZn particles are more active than Pdo particles for the synthesis of methanol and less active for CH4 formation. A correlation between DME selectivity and concentration of acid sites has been established. Hence, two types of sites are required for the direct conversion of syngas to DME: (1) PdZn particles are active for the synthesis of methanol from syngas, and (2) acid sites which are active for the conversion of methanol to DME. Additionally, CO2 formation was problematic as PdZn was found to be active for the water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction, under all the conditions evaluated.
5′-Adenosinephosphosulfate Lies at a Metabolic Branch Point in Mycobacteria (2002)

Bacterial sulfate assimilation pathways provide for activation of inorganic sulfur for the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine, through either adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as intermediates. PAPS is also the substrate for sulfotransferases that produce sulfolipids, putative virulence factors, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis such as SL-1. In this report, genetic complementation using Escherichia coli mutant strains deficient in APS kinase and PAPS reductase was used to define the M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis CysH enzymes as APS reductases. Consequently, the sulfate assimilation pathway of M. tuberculosis proceeds from sulfate through APS, which is acted on by APS reductase in the first committed step toward cysteine and methionine. Thus, M. tuberculosis most likely produces PAPS for the sole use of this organism's sulfotransferases. Deletion of CysH from M. smegmatis afforded a cysteine and methionine auxotroph consistent with a metabolic branch point centered on APS. In addition, we have redefined the substrate specificity of the B. subtilis CysH, formerly designated a PAPS reductase, as an APS reductase, based on its ability to complement a mutant E. coli strain deficient in APS kinase. Together, these studies show that two conserved sequence motifs, CCXXRKXXPL and SXGCXXCT, found in the C termini of all APS reductases, but not in PAPS reductases, may be used to predict the substrate specificity of these enzymes. A functional domain of the M. tuberculosis CysC protein was cloned and expressed in E. coli, confirming the ability of this organism to make PAPS. The expression of recombinant M. tuberculosis APS kinase provides a means for the discovery of inhibitors of this enzyme and thus of the biosynthesis of SL-1.
Efficient In vivo Priming by Vaccination with Recombinant NY-ESO-1 Protein and CpG in Antigen Naïve Prostate Cancer Patients (2010)

Abstract Purpose: NY-ESO-1, one of the most immunogenic tumor antigens, is expressed in 15% to 25% of metastatic prostate cancers. The immunological and clinical effects of vaccination with recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein combined with CpG as adjuvant were evaluated. Experimental Design: In a phase I clinical study, patients with advanced prostate cancer were vaccinated with recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein (100 μg) mixed with CpG 7909 (2.5 mg) every 3 weeks intradermally for 4 doses. Objectives of the study were the safety of the vaccine and changes of specific humoral and cellular immunological responses to NY-ESO-1 in relation to detectable NY-ESO-1 expression in the individual tumor. Results: All 12 baseline sero-negative patients developed high-titer NY-ESO-1 antibody responses. B-cell epitope mapping identified NY-ESO-1 p91–110 to be recognized most frequently by vaccine-induced antibodies. Two patients developed significant antibody titers against the adjuvant CpG. NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses were induced in 9 patients (69%). Five of these 9 patients did not express NY-ESO-1 in the autologous tumor. Postvaccine CD8+ T-cell clones recognized and lyzed HLA-matched tumor cell lines in an antigen-specific manner. Conclusion: Our data provide clear evidence for the capacity of NY-ESO-1 protein/CpG vaccine to induce integrated antigen-specific immune responses in vivo and to efficiently prime CD8+ T-cell responses in NY-ESO-1 antigen-negative patients. Our results may also support further clinical vaccination protocols with NY-ESO-1 protein not only focused on the treatment of existing cancer, but also to prevent further development of NY-ESO-1 positive cancers in vivo. Clin Cancer Res; 17(4); 1–10. ©2010 AACR.
In Vivo Antitumor and Antimetastatic Efficacy of a Polyacetal‐Based Paclitaxel Conjugate for Prostate Cancer Therapy (2021)

Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, currently lacks effective treatment for advanced-stage disease. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a highly active chemotherapeutic drug and the first-line treatment for PCa; however, conventional PTX formulation causes severe hypersensitivity reactions and limits PTX use at high concentrations. In the pursuit of high molecular weight, biodegradable, and pH-responsive polymeric carriers, one conjugates PTX to a polyacetal-based nanocarrier to yield a tert-Ser-PTX polyacetal conjugate. tert-Ser-PTX conjugate provides sustained release of PTX over 2 weeks in a pH-responsive manner while also obtaining a degree of epimerization of PTX to 7-epi-PTX. Serum proteins stabilize tert-Ser-PTX, with enhanced stability in human serum versus PBS (pH 7.4). In vitro efficacy assessments in PCa cells demonstrate IC<sub>50</sub> values above those for the free form of PTX due to the differential cell trafficking modes; however, in vivo tolerability assays demonstrate that tert-Ser-PTX significantly reduces the systemic toxicities associated with free PTX treatment. tert-Ser-PTX also effectively inhibits primary tumor growth and hematologic, lymphatic, and coelomic dissemination, as confirmed by in vivo and ex vivo bioluminescence imaging and histopathological evaluations in mice carrying orthotopic LNCaP tumors. Overall, the results suggest the application of tert-Ser-PTX as a robust antitumor/antimetastatic treatment for PCa.
Field Trial of a Novel FTTH/PON Monitoring Technique Based on Unique Wavelength-Selective Mirror Combinations (2013)

Our novel PON monitoring concept succeeded in a field trial. Subscribers located at equal distances were individually identified across a PON with at least 30.7 dB one-way loss and utilization of low cost components.
Emergence of CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Variants in a Minority of HIV-1-Infected Patients following Treatment with the CCR5 Antagonist Maraviroc Is from a Pretreatment CXCR4-Using Virus Reservoir (2006)

Antagonists of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor, CCR5, are being developed as the first anti-HIV agents acting on a host cell target. We monitored the coreceptor tropism of circulating virus, screened at baseline for coreceptor tropism, in 64 HIV-1-infected patients who received maraviroc (MVC, UK-427,857) as monotherapy for 10 days. Sixty-two patients harbored CCR5-tropic virus at baseline and had a posttreatment phenotype result. Circulating virus remained CCR5 tropic in 60/62 patients, 51 of whom experienced an HIV RNA reduction from baseline of >1 log(10) copies/ml, indicating that CXCR4-using variants were not rapidly selected despite CCR5-specific drug pressure. In two patients, viral load declined during treatment and CXCR4-using virus was detected at day 11. No pretreatment factor predicted the emergence of CXCR4-tropic virus during maraviroc therapy in these two patients. Phylogenetic analysis of envelope (Env) clones from pre- and posttreatment time points indicated that the CXCR4-using variants probably emerged by outgrowth of a pretreatment CXCR4-using reservoir, rather than via coreceptor switch of a CCR5-tropic clone under selection pressure from maraviroc. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed on Env clones from a third patient harboring CXCR4-using virus prior to treatment. This patient was enrolled due to a sample labeling error. Although this patient experienced no overall reduction in viral load in response to treatment, the CCR5-tropic components of the circulating virus did appear to be suppressed while receiving maraviroc as monotherapy. Importantly, in all three patients, circulating virus reverted to predominantly CCR5 tropic following cessation of maraviroc.
Universal Gelation of Metal Oxide Nanocrystals via Depletion Attractions (2020)

Nanocrystal gelation provides a powerful framework to translate nanoscale properties into bulk materials and to engineer emergent properties through the assembled microstructure. However, many established gelation strategies rely on chemical reactions and specific interactions, e.g., stabilizing ligands or ions on the nanocrystals' surfaces, and are therefore not easily transferable. Here, we report a general gelation strategy via nonspecific and purely entropic depletion attractions applied to three types of metal oxide nanocrystals. The gelation thresholds of two compositionally distinct spherical nanocrystals agree quantitatively, demonstrating the adaptability of the approach for different chemistries. Consistent with theoretical phase behavior predictions, nanocrystal cubes form gels at a lower polymer concentration than nanocrystal spheres, allowing shape to serve as a handle to control gelation. These results suggest that the fundamental underpinnings of depletion-driven assembly, traditionally associated with larger colloidal particles, are also applicable at the nanoscale.
Dimensionality of photoluminescence spectrum of GaAs/AlGaAs system (2001)

We have theoretically studied the radiative recombination process between a conduction-band electron and a valence-band hole to analyze the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. It is shown that due to the characteristics of the energy density of states, the line shape of the PL peak depends strongly on the dimensionality of the system under investigation, thus indicating the importance of the PL line shape in the identification of the corresponding optical transition process. Increasing the quantum confinement of a system from three-dimensional (3D bulk material) to two-dimensional (quantum well), one-dimensional (quantum wire) and zero-dimensional (quantum dot) results in a transition from a highly nonsymmetric PL peak to a symmetric Lorentzian one centered at the optical transition energy.