gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Profiling high-angle surfaces with focused transducers and time-of-flight measurements (2002)

The goal is to image the distance from the surface to the single transducer which scans over the surface with its axis aligned with the mean normal to the surface. A temporally compact pulse is dispersed by reflection from the surface. Consequently, the time of flight is ambiguous. The major practical goal in this case is to avoid cycle skipping, in order to achieve a profile that is at least accurate to somewhat less than a wavelength. It is demonstrated that focused transducers are better than flat transducers with comparable resolutions for profiling surfaces with high angles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Plasma Etching (1998)

Real-time etch rate of thin transparent films is determined within seconds by an in-situ two-color laser interferometer. The use of two colors improves the accuracy of the calculated rates, provides an absolute measure of film thickness for endpoint prediction, and differentiates between etching and deposition. The tool state parameters, rf power to the antenna and the wafer stage, gas pressure and flow rates, are computer controlled and monitored. Real-time etch rate characterization is obtained by monitoring the etch dependence on varying tool state parameters. The density of the etch radicals, chlorine and fluorine, is obtained with xenon and argon actinometry using optical emission and mass spectra. An etch rate model, based on the input power to the wafer stage and the relative density of the etch radicals, is used to develop a model-based real-time control algorithm. This algorithm has been used to control the etch rate of unpatterned polysilicon and SiO 2 .
High Density Optical Packaging of High Radix Silicon Photonic Switches (2017)

We report on high density optical packaging of high radix (64x64) silicon photonic MEMS switches using pitch-reducing optical fiber array. The footprint of 61-channel optical I/O is as small as 330µm x 280µm.
Microwave-assisted conversion of lignin into aromatic compounds (2015)

Low-power (≤10 W) microwave radiation considerably reduces the initial temperature in the catalytic hydrocracking of lignin as compared to conventional thermal heating. The microwave-assisted catalytic transformation of lignin at 260-290°C under atmospheric pressure afforded in high yield C6-C10 aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in addition to methoxyphenols and alkylated methoxyphenols. A correlation has been found between the activity of the catalyst (1% Pt/C) and the size of platinum metal particles.
Priority-based classification of spectrum access models (2013)

The reforms in spectrum management aim towards more efficient, flexible and shared use of spectrum, while fostering innovation and competition in mobile communications. The goal is to have affordable wireless broadband and make Internet access a human right. To achieve this goal, the regulators need to identify, evaluate and decide between the different spectrum access models. This article presents a taxonomy of the models, which is based on priorities between the different users of spectrum. For example, the low priority systems may be allowed to use the spectrum only if the high priority systems are not occupying the frequency. The hierarchy of the systems can be implemented using different technologies like centralized databases or distributed sensing devices. The taxonomy clarifies the regulatory alternatives and emphasizes the differences in ownership and usage rights. The new models can be incorporated in the auction design in order to estimate their value to the companies, and this reflects the recent trend of supporting spectrum management with market-based methods.
A Novel Synthesis of Highly Substituted Perhydropyrrolizines, Perhydroindolizines, and Pyrrolidines: Inhibition of the Peptidyl‐Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase (PPIase) Pin1 (2007)

Abstract In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of highly substituted perhydropyrrolizines that inhibit the peptidyl‐prolyl cis / trans isomerase (PPIase) Pin1, an oncogenic target. The enzyme selectively catalyzes the cis / trans isomerization of peptide bonds between a phosphorylated serine or threonine, and proline, thereby inducing a conformational change. Such structural modifications play an important role in many cellular events, such as cell‐cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, RNA processing, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on computer modeling ( Fig. 2 ), the new perhydropyrrolizinone derivatives (−)‐ 1a,b , decorated with two substituents, were selected and synthesized ( Schemes 1–3 ). While enzymatic assays showed no biological activity, 15 N, 1 H‐HSQC‐NMR spectroscopy revealed that (−)‐ 1a,b bind to the WW recognition domain of Pin1, apparently in a mode that does not inhibit PPIase activity. To enforce complexation into the larger active site rather than into the tighter WW domain of Pin1 and to enhance the overall binding affinity, we designed a perhydropyrrolizine scaffold substituted with additional aromatic residues ( Fig. 5 ). A novel, straightforward synthesis towards this class of compounds was developed ( Schemes 4 and 5 ), and the racemic compounds (±)‐ 22a – 22d were found to inhibit Pin1 with K i values ( K i = inhibition constant) in the micromolar range ( Table 2 ). To further enhance the potency of these inhibitors, the optically pure ligands (+)‐ 22a and (+)‐ 33b,c were prepared ( Schemes 6 and 7 ) and shown to inhibit Pin1 with K i values down to the single‐digit micromolar range. According to 15 N, 1 H‐HSQC‐NMR spectroscopy and enzymatic activity assays, binding occurs at both the WW domain and the active site of Pin1. Furthermore, the new synthetic protocol towards perhydropyrrolizines was extended to the preparation of highly substituted perhydroindolizine ((±)‐ 43 ; Scheme 8 ) and pyrrolidine ((±)‐ 48a,b ; Scheme 9 ) derivatives, illustrating a new, potentially general access to these highly substituted heterocycles.
Delirium (2012)

Delirium is recognized as a common complication of critical illness affecting up to 80% of mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), and an independent predictor of 6-month mortality and longer hospital stay. Pathogenesis of delirium is poorly&#13;\nknown. Neuronal damage is well documented, but white matter disruption is also found.
Input Profiling for Injection Molding by Reinforcement Learning (2001)

Abstract An adaptation method is investigated for improving the shape of input profiles in injection molding. The noted characteristic of injection molding is that performance feedback (i.e., part quality measure) becomes available only at the end of the cycle, therefore, the performance of the entire sequence of inputs that form the profile is evaluated by the same delayed measure at the end of the cycle. The proposed profiling method uses the concept of reinforcement learning, which is particularly suited to problems with delayed feedback. For an initial study, the method is tested in improving the profiles of the ram velocity and packing pressure. For this study, a simulation program is used to provide estimates of digital video disks (DVDs) quality attributes as feedback for evaluating the performance of the adapted profiles. The initial results indicate that the proposed method is effective in refining the profiles, which will lead to better quality parts with faster cycles.
Micron-scale heterogeneous catalysis with Bayesian force fields from first principles and active learning (2022)

Quantum-mechanically accurate reactive molecular dynamics (MD) at the scale of billions of atoms has been achieved for the heterogeneous catalytic system of H$_2$/Pt(111) using the FLARE Bayesian force field. This achievement provides accelerated time-to-solution from first principles, with Bayesian active learning enabling efficient and autonomous training of the machine learning model. The resulting model is then deployed in LAMMPS on GPUs using the Kokkos performance portability library. The Bayesian force field provides quantitative uncertainty of predictions on every atomic environment, critical for detecting configurations in large reactive simulations that are outside of the training set. Scaling benchmarks were performed using real-application MD of the H$_2$/Pt(111) heterogeneous catalysis on the Summit supercomputer, with simulations reaching 0.5 trillion atoms on 4556 GPU nodes.
POS-169 PATIENT AND RENAL OUTCOMES BETWEEN TYPE OF DIALYSIS MODALITY IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY: A MULTICENTRE, PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY (2022)

Nephrologists constantly face challenges in prescribing optimum mode of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients. Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) offers more hemodynamic stability by permitting gradual removal of solute and fluid. However, in certain centre ,slow low efficacy dialysis (SLED) and intermittent hemodialysis (iHD) maybe the only available modality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the patient and renal outcomes of different dialysis modalities in critically ill adults with acute kidney injury (AKI).
Indeed, IL-18 is more than an inducer of IFN-γ (2018)

Abstract Neutralizing IL 18 with IL 18BP likely is effective in congenital HLH syndromes/acquired MAS and preventing MAS in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis/adult-onset Still’s disease.
AI-Based Stroke Disease Prediction System Using Real-Time Electromyography Signals (2020)

Stroke is a leading cause of disabilities in adults and the elderly which can result in numerous social or economic difficulties. If left untreated, stroke can lead to death. In most cases, patients with stroke have been observed to have abnormal bio-signals (i.e., ECG). Therefore, if individuals are monitored and have their bio-signals measured and accurately assessed in real-time, they can receive appropriate treatment quickly. However, most diagnosis and prediction systems for stroke are image analysis tools such as CT or MRI, which are expensive and difficult to use for real-time diagnosis. In this paper, we developed a stroke prediction system that detects stroke using real-time bio-signals with artificial intelligence (AI). Both machine learning (Random Forest) and deep learning (Long Short-Term Memory) algorithms were used in our system. EMG (Electromyography) bio-signals were collected in real time from thighs and calves, after which the important features were extracted, and prediction models were developed based on everyday activities. Prediction accuracies of 90.38% for Random Forest and of 98.958% for LSTM were obtained for our proposed system. This system can be considered an alternative, low-cost, real-time diagnosis system that can obtain accurate stroke prediction and can potentially be used for other diseases such as heart disease.
Human metapneumovirus in patients with respiratory tract infection in Kuwait (2011)

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been recognized as an important cause of respiratory tract infections in all age groups and in all geographical area. The role of hMPV in causing respiratory tract infections in Kuwait was not yet investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hMPV infection in Kuwait among patients with respiratory tract infection with respect to other respiratory viruses. During January-December 2009, 460 respiratory samples from 388 patients with respiratory tract infection were collected from different hospitals. They were tested for hMPV RNA by real-time PCR, and for other respiratory viruses by conventional PCR. Out of 388 patients, 110 (28%) were positive for viral respiratory infections; 21 (5.4%) were positive for hMPV, 29 (7.5%) were positive for rhinovirus, 13 (4%) were positive for respiratory syncytial virus, and 10 (3%) were positive for adenovirus. Most (n = 19, 90.5%) of hMPV-positive patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, 76% of them were of age 2 years and below, and 24% of age 59 years and above. All hMPV-positive elderly patients had pneumonia while 50% of hMPV-positive infants had bronchopneumonia. Children with hMPV/rhinovirus co-infection (n = 3, 1%) had recurrent chest infection and frequent intensive care unit admission. The hMPV infection was mostly detected between December and May, and genotype B was more prevalent than genotype A. This is the first study demonstrating the prevalence of hMPV infection in Kuwait, and suggests that hMPV infection is prevalent in infants and elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection.
Functional Requirements and Design Parameters for Restocking Coarse Woody Features in Restored Wetlands. (2001)

For many years landowners, biologists, engineers and others removed large woodymaterials such as logs, rootwads and stumps from wetlands, floodplains, and streams of thewestern United States and Canada. By the early 1970s scientists and engineers began torecognize the critical roles that wood plays in the life cycle of fish, amphibian, small mammaland bird species. Removal of wood greatly decreased the carrying capacity of wetlands andstreams for many of the species currently protected under the Endangered Species Act. Inrecent years, replanting riparian zones and adding coarse woody features to wetlands havebecome common practice. This paper discusses functional objectives, common constraints, anddesign parameters for restocking woody habitat features in wetlands. Examples of completedprojects from ELWd Systems are used to illustrate design parameters.
Graphene Nanocomposites with High Molecular Weight Poly(ε-caprolactone) Grafts: Controlled Synthesis and Accelerated Crystallization (2016)

Grafting of high molecular weight polymers to graphitic nanoplatelets is a critical step toward the development of high performance graphene nanocomposites. However, designing such a grafting route has remained a major impediment. Herein, we report a "<i>grafting to</i>" synthetic pathway by which high molecular weight polymer, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), is tethered, at high grafting density, to highly anisotropic graphitic nanoplatelets. The efficacy of this tethering route and the resultant structural arrangements within the composite are confirmed by neutron and X-ray scattering measurements in the melt and solution phase. In the semicrystalline state, X-ray analysis indicates that chain tethering onto the graphitic nanoplatelets results in conformational changes of the polymer chains, which enhance the nucleation process and aid formation of PCL crystallites. This is corroborated by the superior thermal properties of the composite, manifested in accelerated crystallization kinetics and a significant increase in the thermal degradation temperature. In principle, this synthesis route can be extended to a variety of high molecular weight polymers, which can open new avenues to solution-based processing of graphitic nanomaterials and the fabrication of complex 3D patterned graphitic nanocomposites.
Protective Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Alzheimer’s Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury (2023)

The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, and injury. H<sub>2</sub>S has a particularly prominent role in modulating neuronal health and survival under both normal and pathologic conditions. Although toxic and even fatal at very high concentrations, emerging evidence has also revealed a pronounced neuroprotective role for lower doses of endogenously generated or exogenously administered H<sub>2</sub>S. Unlike traditional neurotransmitters, H<sub>2</sub>S is a gas and, therefore, is unable to be stored in vesicles for targeted delivery. Instead, it exerts its physiologic effects through the persulfidation/sulfhydration of target proteins on reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review the latest discoveries on the neuroprotective roles of H<sub>2</sub>S in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury, which is one the greatest risk factors for AD.
Frontispiece: Low‐Temperature Miniemulsion‐Based Routes for Synthesis of Metal Oxides (2020)

The use of miniemulsions containing chemical precursors in the disperse phase is a versatile method to produce nanoparticles and nanostructures of different chemical nature, including not only polymers, but also a variety of inorganic materials. The focus is on materials in which nanostructures of metal oxides are synthesized in processes that involve the miniemulsion technique in any of the steps. For more information, see the Minireview by R. Muñoz-Espí and K. Landfester on page 9304 ff.
Genetic frontiers for conservation: an assessment of synthetic biology and biodiversity conservation: technical assessment (2019)

In recent years synthetic biology has emerged as a suite of techniques and technologies that enable humans to read, interpret, modify, design and manufacture DNA in order to rapidly influence the forms and functions of cells and organisms, with the potential to reach whole species and ecosystems. As synthetic biology continues to evolve, new tools emerge, novel applications are proposed, and basic research is applied. This assessment is one part of IUCN’s effort to provide recommendations and guidance regarding the potential positive and negative impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity conservation; it comprises a full assessment and a short synthesis report.&nbsp;
The Effect of Dietary Protein on Body Composition and Renal Function in Geriatric Dogs (2007)

Forty healthy geriatric beagles (≥10 years, initially 12.0 kg) were fed a control food during a 30-day pre-feeding period, and then blocked by age, gender, and body fat percentage. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 foods (A = Experimental Food, B = Royal Canin Mature Medium Breed, C = Purina Dog Chow Senior, and D = Eukanuba Senior Maintenance) for the 6-month testing period. Blood chemistry, microalbuminuria, and DEXA were evaluated for changes in kidney health and body composition. At Day 180, body weight increased (P 0.13). Dogs fed Food B and Food D lost lean (P 0.25). Dogs fed Foods B, C, and D had higher (P < 0.03) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than dogs fed Food A. For BUN: creatinine ratio, dogs fed Foods B, C, and D had elevated (P < 0.02) ratios compared to dogs fed Food A. Dogs fed Food D had a greater percentage of animals with reduced kidney function (P < 0.05) as indicated by microalbuminuria analysis compared to dogs fed Food A. In conclusion, geriatric dogs fed experimental Food A with reduced protein/phosphorus showed less progression of kidney disease compared to the other commercial geriatric foods. In addition, dogs fed experimental Food A maintained lean and bone mass compared to other commercial formulations.
Osteoclasts recycle via osteomorphs during RANKL-stimulated bone resorption (2021)

In brief: This paper reports an alternative cell fate for multinucleated, bone-resorbing osteoclasts and shows that they may undergo fission into smaller osteomorphs. The findings challenge the current dogma that osteoclasts primarily differentiate from hematopoietic progenitor cells and are terminally differentiated cells that are destined to undergo apoptosis after resorption is completed.
TIME EVOLUTION OF RELEASED HOLE ARRAYS INTO MEMBRANES VIA VACUUM SILICON MIGRATION (2010)

This work reports on experimental evaluation of the evolution of suspended silicon hole arrays into membranes through silicon migration in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. Multiple identical hole arrays were imaged and measured through scanning electron microscopy after different migration conditions. Many designs of hole arrays eventually progress to continuous membranes, however, despite imperceptible differences in initial geometry the intermediate steps indicate significant non-uniformity of migration.
Imaging Characteristics of Prostate Cancer Patients Who Discontinued Active Surveillance on 3-T Multiparametric Prostate MRI (2017)

The small number of patients with follow-up multiparametric MRI findings showing worsening disease supports the role of MRI in patients with early-stage prostate cancer. Multiparametric MRI is useful in monitoring patients on active surveillance and may identify patients with clinically significant cancer amenable to definitive treatment.
Lithium-ion batteries with intrinsic pulse overcharge protection (2023)

The present invention relates in general to the field of lithium rechargeable batteries, and more particularly relates to the positive electrode design of lithium-ion batteries with improved high-rate pulse overcharge protection. Thus the present invention provides electrochemical devices containing a cathode comprising at least one primary positive material and at least one secondary positive material; an anode; and a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising a redox shuttle additive; wherein the redox potential of the redox shuttle additive is greater than the redox potential of the primary positive material; the redox potential of the redox shuttle additive is lower than the redox potential of the secondary positive material; and the redox shuttle additive is stable at least up to the redox potential of the secondary positive material.
Cardinality Restricted Boltzmann Machines (2012)

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High Transmission through Sharp Bends in Photonic Crystal Waveguides (1996)

We demonstrate highly efficient transmission of light around sharp corners in photonic band-gap waveguides. Numerical simulations reveal complete transmission at certain frequencies, and very high transmission $(&gt;95%)$ over wide frequency ranges. High transmission is observed even for 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} bends with zero radius of curvature, with a maximum transmission of 98% as opposed to 30% for analogous conventional dielectric waveguides. We propose a simple one-dimensional scattering theory model with a dynamic frequency-dependent well depth to describe the transmission properties.
The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 homeostasis and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector (2020)

Summary Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum , targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while, after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.