gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automotive 3 μm HDR Image Sensor With LFM and Distance Functionality (2022)

We described a 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> super-exposure pixel 1.3-MP CMOS image sensor for automotive application that provided for up to 140 dB high dynamic range (HDR) coverage with multiexposure operation, as well as effective HDR with LED flicker mitigation (LFM) operation. At junction temperatures in excess of +100 °C, total signal-to-noise transitions were kept at or above 30 dB due to further development of the pixel pulsed gate operation and process optimization. Pulsed LFM operation provided for capturing flickering lights of any brightness. Two-photodiode pixel architecture in combination with single microlens covering the pixel also enabled distance extraction along with a color image using in-pixel phase detect.
Multispectral Imaging for Fine-Grained Recognition of Powders on Complex Backgrounds (2019)

Hundreds of materials, such as drugs, explosives, makeup, food additives, are in the form of powder. Recognizing such powders is important for security checks, criminal identification, drug control, and quality assessment. However, powder recognition has drawn little attention in the computer vision community. Powders are hard to distinguish: they are amorphous, appear matte, have little color or texture variation and blend with surfaces they are deposited on in complex ways. To address these challenges, we present the first comprehensive dataset and approach for powder recognition using multi-spectral imaging. By using Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) multi-spectral imaging together with visible light (RGB) and Near Infrared (NIR), powders can be discriminated with reasonable accuracy. We present a method to select discriminative spectral bands to significantly reduce acquisition time while improving recognition accuracy. We propose a blending model to synthesize images of powders of various thickness deposited on a wide range of surfaces. Incorporating band selection and image synthesis, we conduct fine-grained recognition of 100 powders on complex backgrounds, and achieve 60% <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">~</sub> 70% accuracy on recognition with known powder location, and over 40% mean IoU without known location.
Tryptophan-based chromophore in fluorescent proteins can be anionic (2012)

Cyan fluorescent proteins (CFP) with tryptophan66-based chromophore are widely used for live cell imaging. In contrast to green and red fluorescent proteins, no charged states of the CFP chromophore have been described. Here, we studied synthetic CFP chromophore and found that its indole group can be deprotonated rather easily (pKa 12.4).We then reproduced this effect in the CFP mCerulean by placing basic amino acids in the chromophore microenvironment. As a result, green-emitting variant with an anionic chromophore and key substitution Val61Lys was obtained. This is the first evidence strongly suggesting that tryptophan-based chromophores in fluorescent proteins can exist in an anionic charged state. Switching between protonated and deprotonated Trp66 in fluorescent proteins represents a new unexplored way to control their spectral properties.
Selective Inhibition of Interleukin-2 Inducible T Cell Kinase (ITK) Enhances Anti-Tumor Immunity in Association with Th1-skewing, Cytotoxic T cell Activation, and Reduced T Cell Exhaustion (2023)

ABSTRACT ITK is a tyrosine kinase expressed predominantly by T lymphocytes. In mice, selective knock-out of the ITK gene produces Th1 skewing of T helper cell differentiation. We synthesized a covalent ITK inhibitor, soquelitinib, that binds ITK with greater than 100-fold selectivity compared to binding to resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK). In vitro studies with normal or malignant T cells demonstrated that soquelitinib suppresses Th2 cytokine production preferentially with relative sparing of Th1 cytokines. Soquelitinib inhibits the in vivo growth of several syngeneic murine tumors including those that do not express ITK. Treatment with soquelitinib leads to increased tumor infiltration of normal CD8+ cells that possess enhanced T effector function. Soquelitinib inhibited expression of T cell exhaustion markers and was able to restore T effector function to exhausted cells. Pharmacologic selective ITK inhibition may represent a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy.
Formation and size control of a Ni cluster by plasma gas condensation (1998)

We have constructed a plasma-gas-condensation type cluster deposition apparatus and tried to find the optimum operation conditions for controlling the cluster size. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation has been done to evaluate sizes of Ni clusters produced when varying the volume of a cluster growth region, sputtering power, and inert gas pressure. The mean cluster size decreases by decreasing the volume of growth region and the sputtering power. The smallest cluster obtained in this work is about 2.3 nm in diameter. We have considered the following two models for the cluster growth: (1) a cluster–cluster collision growth and (2) an atomic vapor condensation growth. The cluster growth speed estimated from the former is too slow, while that from the latter is reasonable in comparison with the present experiments. When stable embryos are made from atom collisions, they grow up faster and the final cluster sizes estimated from the latter model are consistent with those observed by TEM.
Two-dimensional fractal analysis of retinal tissue of healthy and diabetic eyes with optical coherence tomography (2016)

In the ophthalmic research, the measurement of the retinal thickness is usually employed for characterizing the structural changes of the retinal tissue. However, changes in the fractal dimension (FD) may provide additional information regarding the structure of the retinal layers and their early damage in ocular diseases. In the present paper, we investigated the possibility of detecting changes in the structure of the cellular layers of the retina by applying a two-dimensional fractal analysis to optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. OCT images were obtained from diabetic patients without retinopathy (DM, n = 38 eyes) and with mild diabetic retinopathy (MDR, n = 43 eyes) as well as in healthy subjects (Controls, n = 74 eyes). The two-dimensional fractal dimension was calculated using the differentiate box counting methodology. We evaluated the usefulness of quantifying the fractal dimension of layered structures in the detection of retinal damage. Generalized estimating equations considering within-subject inter-eye relations were used to test for differences between the groups. An adjusted p-value of &lt;0.001 was considered statistically significant. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to describe the ability of the fractal dimension to discriminate between the eyes of DM, MDR, and healthy eyes. Lower values of the fractal dimension were observed in all layers in the MDR eyes compared with controls except in the inner nuclear layer (INL). Lower values of the fractal dimension were also found in all layers in the MDR eyes compared with DM eyes. The highest area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values estimated for the fractal dimension were observed for the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and outer segment photoreceptors (OS) when comparing MDR eyes with controls. The highest AUROC value estimated for the fractal dimension were also observed for the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and OS when comparing MDR eyes with DM eyes. Our results suggest that fractal dimension of the intraretinal layers may provide useful information to differentiate pathological from healthy eyes. Further research is warranted to determine how this approach may be used to aid diagnosis of retinal neurodegeneration at the early stage.
A Geometry-aided Message Passing Method for AoA-Based Short Range MIMO\n Channel Estimation (2019)

Short range channels commonly arise in millimeter wave (mmWave) wearable\nsettings, where the length of the antenna arrays can be comparable to the\ndistance between the radios. Conventional mmWave MIMO channel estimation\ntechniques based on the far field assumption may perform poorly in short range\nsettings due to the large angular spread and, hence, high available rank. We\npropose a geometry-aided message passing algorithm that exploits structure in\nshort range line-of-sight (LoS) channels for spatial sub-Nyquist channel\nestimation. Our approach parametrizes the channel using angle-of-arrivals\n(AoAs) that are locally defined for subarrays of an antenna array. Furthermore,\nit leverages the dependencies between the local AoAs using factors based on the\narray geometry. We show that the LoS MIMO channel can be reconstructed using\nthe derived local AoA estimates and the known transceiver geometry. The\nproposed approach achieves a reasonable rate with greatly reduced pilot\ntransmissions when compared to exhaustive beam search-based local AoA\nestimation.\n
Dual-domain point diffraction interferometer (2023)

A hybrid spatial/temporal-domain point diffraction interferometer (referred to as the dual-domain PS/PDI) that is capable of suppressing the scattered-reference-light noise that hinders the conventional PS/PDI is provided. The dual-domain PS/PDI combines the separate noise-suppression capabilities of the widely-used phase-shifting and Fourier-transform fringe pattern analysis methods. The dual-domain PS/PDI relies on both a more restrictive implementation of the image plane PS/PDI mask and a new analysis method to be applied to the interferograms generated and recorded by the modified PS/PDI. The more restrictive PS/PDI mask guarantees the elimination of spatial-frequency crosstalk between the signal and the scattered-light noise arising from scattered-reference-light interfering with the test beam. The new dual-domain analysis method is then used to eliminate scattered-light noise arising from both the scattered-reference-light interfering with the test beam and the scattered-reference-light interfering with the "true" pinhole-diffracted reference light. The dual-domain analysis method has also been demonstrated to provide performance enhancement when using the non-optimized standard PS/PDI design. The dual-domain PS/PDI is essentially a three-tiered filtering system composed of lowpass spatial-filtering the test-beam electric field using the more restrictive PS/PDI mask, bandpass spatial-filtering the individual interferogram irradiance frames making up the phase-shifting series, and bandpass temporal-filtering the phase-shifting series as a whole.
Lymphoma cells with increased anti-oxidant defenses acquire chemoresistance (2012)

Chronic inflammation increases lymphoma risk. Chronic inflammation exposes cells to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Constant exposure to ROS selects for oxidative stress-resistant cells with upregulated anti-oxidant defense enzymes. The impact of oxidative stress resistance on the redox biology and chemotherapy response in lymphoma has not been rigorously tested. To measure the effect of antioxidant defense enzyme upregulation in lymphoid cells, we created oxidative stress-resistant WEHI7.2 thymic lymphoma cell variants. We selected a population of WEHI7.2 cells for resistance to hydrogen peroxide and constructed catalase-overexpressing WEHI7.2 transfectants. The WEHI7.2 variants had: i) increased catalase and total superoxide dismutase activities; ii) an altered GSSG/2GSH redox potential; iii) a more oxidized NADP(+)/NADPH pool; and iv) increased phase 2 enzymes, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione S-transferases μ and π. Regression analysis showed a correlation between the GSSG/2GSH redox potential and the increased phase 2 enzyme activities. As predicted from the anti-oxidant defense enzyme profile, the variants were more resistant to the oxidants hydrogen peroxide and paraquat. The variants exhibited resistance to the common lymphoma chemotherapeutics, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and glucocorticoids. These data indicate that chronic ROS exposure results in lymphoid cells with multiple changes in their redox biology and a chemoresistance phenotype. These data further suggest that lymphomas that arise at the site of chronic inflammation develop chemoresistance due to a combination of drug detoxification and removal of ROS.
Breakpoint mapping and haplotype analysis of translocation t(1;12)(q43;q21.1) in two apparently independent families with vascular phenotypes (2017)

This study demonstrates a balanced t(1;12)(q43;q21.1) with conserved haplotypes on the derived chromosomes. The translocation seems to result in vascular phenotype, with or without neurological symptoms, in at least two families. We suggest that the translocation influences the positional expression of CHRM3, RYR2, TRHDE, KCNC2, and/or ATXN7L3B.
A Noise-Cancelling Receiver Resilient to Large Harmonic Blockers (2015)

By employing two passive-mixer-based downconversion paths, a recently proposed noise cancelling receiver achieves a low-noise figure and tolerates most out-of-band blockers up to 0 dBm with little performance degradation. However, like most wideband passive-mixer-based designs, the architecture is far less tolerant of harmonic blockers, that is blockers located at or around precise integer multiples of the LO frequency. These blockers are problematic because they are downconverted inside the bandwidth of the baseband TIAs and, so, experience significant on-chip voltage gain. This work presents an enhanced noise-cancelling architecture that prevents harmonic blockers experiencing large on-chip gain, thereby boosting the receiver's resilience to such blockers. It will be shown that separate techniques are required for the voltage-driven main path and the current-driven auxiliary path. To validated these ideas, single-ended and fully-differential prototypes were fabricated in 28 nm silicon.
Selective catalytic conversion of biobased carbohydrates to formic acid using molecular oxygen (2011)

A new and straightforward method to transform carbohydrate-based biomass to formic acid (FA) by oxidation with molecular oxygen in aqueous solution using a Keggin-type H5PV2Mo10O40 polyoxometalate as catalyst is presented. Several water-soluble carbohydrates were fully and selectively converted to formic acid and CO2 under very mild conditions. It is worth noting, even complex biomass mixtures, such as poplar wood sawdust, were transformed to formic acid, giving 19 wt% yield (11% based on the carbon atoms in the feedstock) under non-optimized conditions.
Controlled Release from Polyurethane Nanocapsules via pH-, UV-Light- or Temperature-Induced Stimuli (2010)

Polyurethane nanocapsules consisting of an aqueous core and a polymeric shell with included azo bonds as obtained via interfacial polyaddition of the monomers toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) and an azo-containing containing diol (VA-060) in inverse miniemulsion allow the selective release of encapsulated material by stimuli such as temperature, UV light, or pH change. The capsule degradation was detected by measuring time-dependently the fluorescence intensities of the dye sulforhodamine SR101, which is dissolved as the fluorescent marker in the core, by exposing the capsules to the different stimuli. Furthermore, the capsules were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The main components during the capsules’ degradation were determined via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry exemplary directly on the azo-monomer VA-060. The results present proof-of-principle studies of different controlled releases with a prototype of polyurethane capsules using the fluorescence dye sulforhodamine SR101 as a model system.
Professional H.265/HEVC encoder LSI toward high-quality 4K/8K broadcast infrastructure (2015)

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: video coding; NARA architecture; NARA chip implementation; multichip configuration; motion estimation; and integrated circuit interconnection.
Equilibrium, Equilibration, Information and Multiple Markets: From Basic Science to Institutional Design (2001)

[Introduction] Prices exhibit subtle coordination features among multiple markets, reflecting&#13;\nopportunity costs and fostering specialization throughout the economy. Furthermore, it is&#13;\nwidely believed that prices can adjust rapidly, and possibly almost immediately while&#13;\ncarrying information about worldly events from insiders to non-insiders who can use it.&#13;\nBy receiving the information contained in prices the otherwise uninformed can adjust to&#13;\nthose events. Not only do prices appropriately reflect opportunity cost within properly&#13;\nsupportive institutions, they carry all available, relevant information known throughout&#13;\nthe economy.
추계 동적 연상 메모리망에서의 시간분할 (1998)

본 논문에서는 동적 연상 기억망에서 추계 공명을 이용한 새로운 시간 분할 방법을 제안한다. 이 동적 신경망은 흥분성 결합에서는 동기화가 일어나고 억제성 결합에서는 방동기화가 일어나는 생물학적인 신경계의 동적 특성에 기반을 두고 있다. 생물학적인 뉴런은 간단히 문턱치 이하의 주기적인 자극과 잡음의 영향을 받고 있는 일차원 비선형 진동자로 나타내었다. 적절한 세기의 잡음에 대해서 뉴런의 발화는 가해진 주기적인 자극화 동기화 되는 추계 공명이 일어난다. Hopfield 타입의 연상 기억망에 몇 개의 중첩된 입력 패턴이 가해졌을 때, 이 망은 입력 패턴을 시간 분할할 수 있음을 보인다. 시간 분할은 같은 패턴에 속하는 뉴런끼리는 동기화, 그리고 다른 패턴에 속하는 뉴런끼리는 반동기화로 일어난다. 이 신경망의 성능, 시간 분할률은 결합의 세기와 잡음의 세기에 의존함을 보인다. 특히 잡음의 세기에 따라서 시간 분할률이 최대가 되는 최적의 상태가 있음을 보인다. 그리고 이러한 최적 상태는 노드간의 결합의 세기가 커짐에 따라서 점차 낮은 잡음의 세기 쪽으로 이동하는 것을 보았다. 이러한 현상에는 뉴런간의 억제성 결합이 중요하게 작용함을 보인다.
Simultaneous wood and metal particle detection on dark-field radiography (2018)

x-ray dark-field radiography enables the simultaneous detection of wooden and metallic particles in the extremities. It has the potential to improve and simplify the current state-of-the-art foreign-body detection.
Supplementary Methods from Identification of a nonkinase target mediating cytotoxicity of novel kinase inhibitors (2023)

Supplementary Methods from Identification of a nonkinase target mediating cytotoxicity of novel kinase inhibitors
The mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates microglial amyloid-β degradation (2016)

URMC-099 reduced microglial inflammatory responses and facilitated phagolysosomal trafficking with associated Aβ degradation. These data demonstrate a new immunomodulatory role for URMC-099 to inhibit MLK and to induce microglial anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, URMC-099 may be developed further as a novel disease-modifying AD therapy.
AuX3-Mediated Selective Head-to-Head Dimerization of Difluoropropargyl Amides (2009)

A dimerization of difluoropropargyl amides by reaction with gold(III) halides is described. A reductive elimination of a divinylgold species can be invoked to rationalize its formation. Initial studies of the unusual reactivity of these 1,4-dihalo-1,3-dienes have been performed.
Moving Object Classification with a Sub-6 GHz Massive MIMO Array using Real Data (2021)

Classification between different activities in an indoor environment using wireless signals is an emerging technology for various applications, including intrusion detection, patient care, and smart home. Researchers have shown different methods to classify activities and their potential benefits by utilizing WiFi signals. In this paper, we analyze classification of moving objects by employing machine learning on real data from a massive multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) system in an indoor environment. We conduct measurements for different activities in both line-of-sight and non line-of-sight scenarios with a massive MIMO testbed operating at 3.7 GHz. We propose algorithms to exploit amplitude and phase-based features classification task. For the considered setup, we benchmark the classification performance and show that we can achieve up to 98% accuracy using real massive MIMO data, even with a small number of experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate the gain in performance results with a massive MIMO system as compared with that of a limited number of antennas such as in WiFi devices.
Shape memory materials for electrically-powered soft machines (2020)

Soft robots represent an emerging class of biologically-inspired machines that are primarily composed of elastomers, fluids, and other forms of soft matter. Current examples include crawling and swimming robots that exhibit the mobility, mechanical compliance, and deformability of various classes of soft biological organisms, ranging from cephalopods and larvae to marine fish and reptiles. Rather than using electrical motors, soft robots are powered with "artificial muscle" actuators that change shape and stiffness in response to controlled stimulation. In recent years, conductive shape memory materials have become especially popular for soft robot actuation due to the ability to stimulate these materials with on-board microelectronics and miniature batteries. Here, we review recent progress in the development of artificial muscle using shape memory materials that can be stimulated through electrical activation. This includes the use of shape memory alloy (SMA) to create fully untethered soft robots capable of biologically-relevant locomotion speeds as well as recent progress in engineering liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) composites that are capable of robust electrically-powered actuation.
Isokinetic and isometric measurement of strength of external rotation and abduction of the shoulder. (1992)

The strength of active external rotation and of abduction of the shoulder when the humerus was in the plane of the scapula (30 degrees of horizontal flexion anterior to the coronal plane) was measured isokinetically and isometrically in thirty-nine normal volunteers, who were stratified by age and sex. The angles at which peak torque was produced were similar when tested isokinetically and isometrically; these angles were similar for external rotation (at 60 and 30 degrees of internal rotation) and for abduction (at 30 and 60 degrees of abduction). Isometric peak torque was greater than slow-speed (90 degrees per second) isokinetic peak torque, which in turn was greater than fast-speed (210 degrees per second) isokinetic peak torque. There were highly significant differences in strength, measured isokinetically and isometrically, between younger and older men and between older men and older women. The variability of normal values for torque was similar in each group. Repeat testing demonstrated a high reliability of isokinetic measurements and of isometric measurements at angles within the range of the production of peak torque. Complete testing was performed in four normal volunteers before and after a block of the suprascapular nerve. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus components of the rotator cuff contributed a variable proportion to the total strength of abduction (25 to 50 per cent) and external rotation (50 to 75 per cent) throughout the range of motion. This study demonstrated that both isokinetic and isometric testing in the scapular plane are valid methods for measurement of the strength of external rotation and abduction of the shoulder. The data support standardization of the positions for testing the strength of motions of the shoulder: isometric strength of external rotation should be measured in the scapular plane with the shoulder in 45 degrees of abduction and 45 degrees of internal rotation; isometric strength of abduction, in the scapular plane with the shoulder in 45 degrees of abduction; and isokinetic strength of external rotation and abduction, in the scapular plane at 90 degrees per second.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Diphenyl Difluoroketone: A Curcumin Derivative with Potent <i>In vivo</i> Anticancer Activity (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Diphenyl Difluoroketone: A Curcumin Derivative with Potent &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; Anticancer Activity