gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organofunctional Silane Modification of Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Surfaces as a Route to Stabilization (2017)

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a low-temperature processed transparent conductive oxide (TCO) made of earth abundant elements; its applications are currently limited by instability to heat, moisture, and acidic conditions. We demonstrate that the application of an organofunctional silane modifier mitigates AZO degradation and explore the interplay between performance and material composition and morphology. Specifically, we evaluate degradation of bare AZO and APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane)-modified AZO in response to damp heat (DH, 85 °C, 85% relative humidity) exposure over 1000 h and then demonstrate how surface modification impacts changes in electrical and optical properties and chemical composition in one of the most thorough studies to date. Hall measurements show that the resistivity of AZO increases due to a decrease in electron mobility, with no commensurate change in carrier concentration. APTES decelerates this electrical degradation, without affecting AZO optical properties. Percent transmission and yellowness index of an ensemble of bare and modified AZO are stable upon DH exposure, but haze increases slightly for a discrete sample of modified AZO. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical profilometer (OP) measurements do not show evidence of pitting or delamination after 1000 h DH exposure but indicate a slight increase in surface roughness on both the nanometer and micrometer length scales. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data (XPS) reveal that the surface composition of bare and silanized AZO is stable over this time frame; oxygen vacancies, as measured by XPS, are also stable with DH exposure, which, together with transmission and Hall measurements, indicate stable carrier concentrations. However, after 1500 h of DH exposure, only bare AZO shows signs of catastrophic destruction. Comparison of the data presented herein to previous reports indicates that the initial AZO composition and microstructure dictate the degradation profile. This work demonstrates that surface modification slows the bulk degradation of AZO and provides insight into how the material can be more widely used as a transparent electrode in the next generation of optoelectronic devices.
Valproic acid attenuates blood–spinal cord barrier disruption by inhibiting matrix metalloprotease‐9 activity and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury (2012)

The disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits an intensive local inflammation by the infiltration of blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, leading to cell death and permanent neurological disability. SCI activates matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), which is known to induce BSCB disruption. Here, we examined whether valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, would attenuate BSCB disruption by inhibiting MMP-9 activity, leading to improvement of functional outcome after SCI. After moderate spinal cord contusion injury at T9, VPA (300 mg/kg) were immediately injected subcutaneously and further injected every 12 h for 5 days. Our data show that VPA inhibited MMP-9 activity after injury, and attenuated BSCB permeability and degradation of tight junction molecules such as occludin and ZO-1. In addition, VPA reduced the expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, VPA increased the levels of acetylated histone 3, pAkt, and heat-shock protein 27 and 70, which have anti-apoptotic functions after SCI. Finally, VPA inhibited apoptotic cell death and caspase 3 activation, reduced the lesion volume and improved functional recovery after injury. Thus, our results demonstrated that VPA improves functional recovery by attenuating BSCB disruption via inhibition of MMP-9 activity after SCI.
Short-term monocular occlusion produces changes in ocular dominance by a reciprocal modulation of interocular inhibition (2017)

Ocular dominance can be modulated by short-term monocular deprivation. This changes the contribution that each eye makes to binocular vision, an example of adult cortical neuroplasticity. Optical imaging in primates and psychophysics in humans suggest these neuroplastic changes occur in V1. Here we use brain imaging (MEG) in normal adults to better understand the nature of these neuroplastic changes. The results suggest that short-term monocular deprivation, whether it be by an opaque or translucent patch, modulates dichoptic inhibitory interactions in a reciprocal fashion; the unpatched eye is inhibited, the patched eye is released from inhibition. These observations locate the neuroplastic changes to a level of visual processing where there are interocular inhibitory interactions prior to binocular combination and help to explain why both binocular rivalry and fusional tasks reveal them.
Molecular Layer Deposition of Conductive Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Thin Films Using Diethylzinc and Hydroquinone (2011)

Conductive hybrid organic-inorganic thin films were fabricated by molecular layer deposition (MLD) methods using diethyl zinc (DEZ) and hydroquinone (HQ). Sequential exposures of DEZ and HQ led to linear MLD film growth. The mass gains measured by quartz crystal microbalance investigations were 52.3 ng/cm2 per MLD cycle. Scanning electron microscope images of focused ion beam milled cross-sections of the MLD film were consistent with a MLD growth of 1.6 Aå per cycle at 150oC. The DEZ/HQ MLD films were conductive based on four-point electrical probe measurements.
Noncoding RNAs and their therapeutics in paclitaxel chemotherapy: Mechanisms of initiation, progression, and drug sensitivity (2022)

The identification of agents that can reverse drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy, and enhance the overall efficacy is of great interest. Paclitaxel (PTX) belongs to taxane family that exerts an antitumor effect by stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting cell cycle progression. However, PTX resistance often develops in tumors due to the overexpression of drug transporters and tumor-promoting pathways. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are modulators of many processes in cancer cells, such as apoptosis, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis. In the present study, we summarize the effects of ncRNAs on PTX chemotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can have opposite effects on PTX resistance (stimulation or inhibition) via influencing YES1, SK2, MRP1, and STAT3. Moreover, miRNAs modulate the growth and migration rates of tumor cells in regulating PTX efficacy. PIWI-interacting RNAs, small interfering RNAs, and short-hairpin RNAs are other members of ncRNAs regulating PTX sensitivity of cancer cells. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are similar to miRNAs and can modulate PTX resistance/sensitivity by their influence on miRNAs and drug efflux transport. The cytotoxicity of PTX against tumor cells can also be affected by circular RNAs (circRNAs) and limitation is that oncogenic circRNAs have been emphasized and experiments should also focus on onco-suppressor circRNAs.
Fecal Calprotectin Concentration and Clinical Response to Certolizumab Pegol in Patients with Active Crohnʼs Disease: Results from PRECiSE 2 (2011)

Purpose: Greater treatment effects with anti-TNF agents have been reported in patients (pts) with higher baseline inflammatory marker concentrations.1 Fecal calprotectin (FC), a neutrophil-derived protein, can be used as a marker of intestinal inflammation.2 The aim of this post-hoc analysis of PRECiSE 2 (P2) data3 was to determine the relationship between concentrations of FC and clinical outcome in pts with active Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: In P2 (NCT00152425), adult pts (N=668) with active CD (CD Activity Index [CDAI] 220-450) received open-label induction with certolizumab pegol (CZP) 400 mg at Wks 0, 2, and 4. Pts (n=428) responding to induction therapy at Wk 6 were randomized to continuous therapy with CZP 400 mg or placebo every 4 wks during Wks 6-26. Wk 6 response rates (CDAI score reduction ≥100 from baseline [BL]) and Wk 6 and Wk 26 remission rates (CDAI score ≤150) were determined in subgroups of pts stratified by baseline and Wk 6 FC concentrations. Results: The overall geometric mean (gm) BL FC concentration was very high (359 μg/g). The gmFC concentrations at baseline and Wk 6 were lower among Wk 6 responders vs nonresponders, but failed to reach significance (Table 1). GmFC concentrations at Wk 6 were lower vs BL values (p=0.0143) among Wk 6 responders, but not among Wk 6 nonresponders (p=0.5198). Among remitters at both Wk 6 and Wk 26, gmFC concentrations at BL and Wk 6 were lower in the placebo vs CZP group, but failed to reach significance (Table 2). The gmFC concentrations at BL and Wk 6 were significantly lower in pts in remission at Wks 6 and 26 vs gmFC concentrations at BL and Wk 6 in Wk 6 nonremitters (Table 2).Table 1Table 2Conclusion: High BL FC concentration suggests that pts in P2 carried a high inflammatory burden. Lower FC concentration among remitters in the placebo vs CZP group is consistent with high placebo response rates among pts with low inflammatory biomarker concentrations and active CD. Improved FC concentration from BL to Wk 6 among Wk 6 responders is consistent with effective CD therapy positively influencing inflammatory biomarker levels. Correlating inflammatory biomarkers and response to treatment may enhance the understanding of how biomarkers can guide therapy.
Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Composite Films for Embedded Capacitor Applications (2010)

Embedded capacitors can effectively decrease the size of electronic appliances. This application prefers the use of dielectric films with a high dielectric constant prepared by low‐temperature processes. In the present paper, we report the preparation, characterization, and dielectric properties ranging from 10 kHz to 1 MHz of BaTiO 3 /epoxy and BaTiO 3 /Al composite films, processed at a low temperature. In the BaTiO 3 /resin composites, the ceramic content is limited and a maximum dielectric constant of 150 is obtained. A dense composite film of BaTiO 3 particles having varying grain sizes and prepared by aerosol deposition showed a maximum dielectric constant of 400. However, BaTiO 3 /aluminum composite showed a high dielectric constant of &gt;30,000 due to the percolation effect.
64‐2: New Organic Semiconductors for Improved Processing — Direct Photo‐Patterning and High Mobility Materials for Flexible TFTs (2016)

Targeting flexible display backplanes and circuitry, BASF is developing high performance materials for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors. Here we present our recent development focusing on directly photo‐patternable semiconductors and dielectrics, as well as new semiconductors for solution‐processed transistors with mobilities of up to 4 cm 2 /Vs.
Finite Element Analysis for Fatigue Damage Reduction in Metallic Riveted Bridges Using Pre-Stressed CFRP Plates (2014)

Many old riveted steel bridges remain operational and require retrofit to accommodate ever increasing demands. Complicating retrofit efforts, riveted steel bridges are often considered historical structures where structural modifications that affect the original construction are to be avoided. The presence of rivets along with preservation requirements often prevent the use of traditional retrofit methods, such as bonding of fiber reinforced composites, or the addition of supplementary steel elements. In this paper, an un-bonded post-tensioning retrofit method is numerically investigated using existing railway riveted bridge geometry in Switzerland. The finite element (FE) model consists of a global dynamic model for the whole bridge and a more refined sub-model for a riveted joint. The FE model results include dynamic effects from axle loads and are compared with field measurements. Pre-stressed un-bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) plates will be considered for the strengthening elements. Fatigue critical regions of the bridge are identified, and the effects of the un-bonded post-tensioning method with different pre-stress levels on fatigue susceptibility are explored. With an applied 40% CFRP pre-stress, fatigue damage reductions of more than 87% and 85% are achieved at the longitudinal-to-cross beam connections and cross-beam bottom flanges, respectively.
Purification and Characterization of NADPH-Dependent Carbonyl Reductase, Involved in Stereoselective Reduction of Ethyl 4-Chloro-3-oxobutanoate, fromCandida magnoliae (1998)

A NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase was purified to homogeneity from Candida magnoliae AKU4643 through four steps, including Blue Sepharose affinity chromatography. The enzyme catalyzed the stereoselective reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to the corresponding (S)-alcohol with a 100% enantiomeric excess, which is a useful chiral building block for the chemical synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The relative molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 76,000 on high performance gel filtration chromatography and 32,000 on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme reduced alpha-, beta-keto esters and conjugated diketones in addition to ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate. The enzyme activity was inhibited by quercetin and HgCl2, but not by EDTA. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme showed no apparent similarity with those of other oxidoreductases.
Multi-class semantic segmentation of pediatric chest radiographs (2020)

Chest radiographs are a common diagnostic tool in pediatric care, and several computer-augmented decision tasks for radiographs would benefit from knowledge of the anatomic locations within the thorax. For example, a pre-segmented chest radiograph could provide context for algorithms designed for automatic grading of catheters and tubes. This work develops a deep learning approach to automatically segment chest radiographs into multiple regions to provide anatomic context for future automatic methods. This type of segmentation offers challenging aspects in its goal of multi-class segmentation with extreme class imbalance between regions. In an IRB-approved study, pediatric chest radiographs were collected and annotated with custom software in which users drew boundaries around seven regions of the chest: left and right lung, left and right subdiaphragm, spine, mediastinum, and carina. We trained a U-Net-style architecture on 328 annotated radiographs, comparing model performance with various combinations of loss functions, weighting schemes, and data augmentation. On a test set of 70 radiographs, our best-performing model achieved 93.8% mean pixel accuracy and a mean Dice coefficient of 0.83. We find that (1) cross-entropy consistently outperforms generalized Dice loss, (2) light augmentation, including random rotations, improves overall performance, and (3) pre-computed pixel weights that account for class frequency provide small performance boosts. Overall, our approach produces realistic eight-class chest segmentations that can provide anatomic context for line placement and potentially other medical applications.
Introduction (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Application design Interaction modality Speech processing Evaluations
Cities Are Physical Too: Using Computer Vision to Measure the Quality and Impact of Urban Appearance (2016)

For social scientists, developing an empirical connection between the physical appearance of a city and the behavior and health of its inhabitants has proved challenging due to a lack of data on urban appearance. Can we use computers to quantify urban appearance from street-level imagery? We describe Streetscore: a computer vision algorithm that measures the perceived safety of streetscapes. Using Streetscore to evaluate 19 American cities, we find that the average perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with population density and household income; and the variation in perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with income inequality.
Motion artifact reduction in ultrasound based thermal strain imaging of atherosclerotic plaques using time-series analysis (2013)

Large lipid pools in vulnerable plaques, in principle, can be detected using ultrasound-based thermal strain imaging (US-TSI). One practical challenge for in vivo cardiovascular application of US-TSI is that the thermal strain is masked by the mechanical strain caused by cardiac pulsation. Electrocardiography (ECG) gating is a widely adopted method for cardiac motion compensation, but it is often susceptible to electrical and physiological noise. In this paper, we present an alternative time-series analysis approach to separate thermal strain from the mechanical strain without using ECG. The performance and feasibility of the time-series analysis technique was tested via numerical simulation as well as in vitro water tank experiments, using a vessel-mimicking phantom and an excised human atherosclerotic artery, for which the cardiac pulsation is simulated by a pulsatile pump.
Synthesis of β and γ‐fluorenylmethyl esters of respectively Nα‐Boc‐L‐aspartic acid and Nα‐Boc‐L‐glutamic acid (1990)

The orthogonal synthesis of N alpha-Boc-L-aspartic acid-gamma-fluorenylmethyl ester and N alpha-Boc-L-glutamic acid-delta-fluorenylmethyl ester is reported. This is a four-step synthesis that relies on the selective esterification of the side-chain carboxyl groups on N alpha-CBZ-L-aspartic acid and N alpha-CBZ-L-glutamic acid. Such selectivity is accomplished by initially protecting the alpha-carboxyl group through the formation of the corresponding 5-oxo-4-oxazolidinone ring. Following side-chain esterification, the alpha-carboxyl and alpha-amino groups are deprotected with acidolysis. Finally, the alpha-amino group is reprotected with the t-butyl-oxycarbonyl (Boc) group. Thus aspartic acid and glutamic acid have their side-chain carboxyl groups protected with the base-labile fluorenylmethyl ester (OFm) and their alpha-amino groups protected with the acid-labile Boc group. These residues, when used in conjunction with N alpha-Boc-N epsilon-Fmoc-L-lysine, are important in the formation of side-chain to side-chain cyclizations, via an amide bridge, during solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Navy Tactical Messaging Analytics to Improve Readiness, Planning and Preparedness (2022)

There are tens of thousands of official messages exchanged within the Navy’s messaging system daily. The messages carry a tremendous amount of data that is not fully processed nor analyzed. If we could enhance extracting the value of these data, and automate, we could improve speed, readiness, performance, maintenance, outage scheduling, and much more. Although messages follow a prescribed format, it is not uniform across the message types and data entry is not enforced and prone to human interpretation or error in containing all relevant information and correct categorization or labeling. Often there is relevant information in other messages not directly linked or referenced, but if inferred could enhance the observer’s perspective and response to the situation. By analyzing the massive data stored within Navy tactical messages, we could learn about fleet readiness without asking a particular unit or group, “are you ready?” Better yet, we may be able to predict future readiness based on past schedule and performance data if correlated correctly to learn patterns that indicate future mission success. In this paper, we present results from a pilot project where we show the significance of processing available messages for relevant information by not limiting the message types that seem to be the right category or to those with an explicit keyword. This process helps to detect relevant information and create meaning correlations, which could contribute to more informed decision making or to provide the Commander information to make decisions proactively instead of reacting to negative outcomes like casualties or mishaps. Extracting relevant information in turn can contribute to more informed decision making in saving lives, reduced sustainment costs, or repair costs.
Superconductor. Superconducting Rotating Machines for Ship Applications. (2002)

Advances in High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) are enabling a new class of synchronous otating machines, both motors and generators. Compared to conventional machines of equivalent rating, these machines are expected to be less expensive, lighter, more compact, efficient, and provide significantly superior stable operation in a power system. The field windings are made with HTS conductor material (BSCCO, or Bi-2223) which operates at 35-40 K and can be cooled with inexpensive, off-the-shelf cryocoolers available from a number of manufacturers throughout the world. HTS motors and generators are attractive for use in naval and commercial maritime industry applications. This paper discusses recent superconducting work relating to these new machines at American Superconductor Corporation (AMSC) and other companies. HTS rotating machine technology is maturing rapidly, and ship builders as well as theend-users will benefit enormously from these advancements.
OXIDATION OF TERTIARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS TO N-OXIDES BY MOLECULAR OXYGEN-ALDEHYDE SYSTEM IN THE ABSENCE OF METAL CATALYST (2001)

A variety of tertiary nitrogen compounds have been oxidized to corresponding N-oxides in near quantitative yields by molecular oxygen/2-methylpropanal system in the absence of metal catalyst.
Small sequence insertions within the branch point region dictate alternative sites of lariat formation in a yeast intron (1992)

The problem of intron recognition in S. cerevisiae appears to be in part solved by the strong conservation of intron encoded splicing signals, in particular the 5' GUAUGU and the branch point UACUAAC which interact via base pairing with the RNA components of U1 and U2 snRNPs respectively. Nevertheless, the mere presence of such signals is insufficient for splicing to occur. In the S. cerevisiae ACT1 intron, a silent UACUAAC-like sequence (UACUAAG) is located 7 nucleotides upstream of the canonical branch point signal. In order to investigate whether other factors, in addition to the U2-UACUAAC base-pair interactions, affect branch point selection in yeast, we created a cis-competition assay by converting the UACUAAG to a strong branch point signal (UACUAAC). If simply having a canonical UACUAAC sequence were sufficient for lariat formation, a 1:1 ratio in usage of the two signals should have been observed. In this double branch point intron, however, the downstream UACUAAC is utilized preferentially (4:1). Results obtained from the analyses of numerous sequence variants flanking the two UACUAAC sequences, demonstrate that non-conserved sequences in the branch point region are able to define lariat formation. Consequently, we conclude that U2 base-pairing is not the only requirement determining branch point selection in yeast, and local structure in the vicinity of the branch point could play a critical role in its recognition.
Comparative cost-effectiveness analysis of voriconazole and fluconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (2013)

The decision model indicated that voriconazole prophylaxis was cost-effective for patients undergoing allogeneic HCT for AML.