gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Centralized Torque Controller for a Nonminimum Phase Phenomenon in a Powersplit HEV (2012)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Torque controls for the engine and electric motors in a Powersplit HEV are keys to the success of balancing fuel economy, driveability, and battery power control. The electric variable transmission (EVT) offers an opportunity to let the engine operate at system-optimal fuel efficient points independently of any load. Existing work shows such a benefit can be realized through a decentralized control structure that translates the driver inputs to independent engine torque and speed control. However, our study shows that the decentralized control structures have a fundamental limitation that arises from the nonminimum phase (NMP) zero in the transfer function from the driver power command to the generator torque change rate, and thus not only is it difficult to obtain smooth generator torque but also it can cause violations on battery power limits during transients. Additionally, it adversely affects the driveability due to the generator torque transients reflected at the ring gear. This study investigated a novel centralized torque controller to enhance smart coordination between the engine and generator. We first analyzed the theoretical limitations of the decentralized control and then presented a centralized strategy with a theoretical proof. Simulation results also verified that the centralized control can effectively smooth the generator torque and eliminate the inverse response of the generator torque during rapid vehicle accelerations/decelerations. Further it prevents battery power spikes by reducing generator torque transients, thus enhancing the battery durability. Finally it smoothes the mechanical torque spikes transmitted to the planetary ring gear, and therefore helps reduce NVH.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipases (Lip1, Lip3, and Lip4) towards 2‐bromo phenylacetic acid octyl esters controlled by a single amino acid (2011)

Enantiomer discrimination by enzymes is a very accurate mechanism, which often involves few amino acids located at the active site. Lipase isoforms from Candida rugosa are very good enzymatic models to study this phenomenon as they display high sequence homology (>80%) and their enantioselectivity is often pointed out. In the present work, we investigated three lipases from C. rugosa (Lip1, Lip3, and Lip4, respectively) towards the resolution of 2-bromo-arylacetic acid esters, an important class of chemical intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry. All exhibited a high enantioselectivity, with Lip4 preferring the R-enantiomer (E-value = 15), while Lip1 and Lip3 showed an S-enantioselectivity >200. A combination of sequence and structure analysis of the three C. rugosa lipases suggested that position 296 could play a role in S- or R-enantiomer preference of C. rugosa lipases. This led to the construction by site-directed mutagenesis of Lip1 and Lip4 variants in which position 296 was, respectively, exchanged by a Gly, Ala, Leu, or Phe amino acid. Screening of these variants for their enantioselectivity toward 2-bromo phenyl acetic acid octyl esters revealed that steric hindrance of the amino acid residue introduced at position 296 controls both the enantiopreference and the enantioselectivity value of the lipase: bulkier is the amino acid at position 296, larger is the selectivity towards the S-enantiomer. To investigate further these observations at an atomic level, we carried out a preliminary modeling study of the tetrahedral intermediates formed by Lip1 and Lip4 with the (R, S)-2-bromo-phenylacetic acid octyl ester enantiomers that provides some insight regarding the determinants responsible for lipase enantiodiscrimination.
An evaluation of volatiles and phenolic compounds in conjunction with the antioxidant capacity of endemic endangered species of Erodium hendrikii Alpinar (2022)

This study considers the chemical composition of an endemic endangered Erodium species (E. hendrikii), which grows naturally in the Turkish flora. The non-polar compounds and fatty acids from air-dried above-ground parts of the plant were analyzed using GC–MS, while phenolic acids and flavonoids were evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS. Palmitic acid (5.23 mg/g dw) followed by linoleic acid (3.81 mg/g dw) were the major fatty acids, and n-hexadecanal (60.75%, dw) followed by n-tetradecanal (12.99%, dw) were the main non-polar compounds identified in the plant. The major phenolic acids (nmol/g dw) in the plant were protocatechuic acid (90.07) in free, ferulic acid (430.90) in ester, gallic acid (2450.51) in glycoside, and ester-bound (527.05) forms. The crude extract was represented by the highest caffeic acid (3189.56) content. In addition, hesperidin (259.56 nmol/g dw) was determined as the major flavonoid in the crude extract. This crude extract was further fractioned via solid-phase extraction and its three further partial fractions were obtained using water, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol fraction yielded the highest antioxidant capacity among the fractions. A strong correlation and linear regression were determined between the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity values of the crude extract and the three further partial fractions of the plant. These findings represent the first data concerning the phytochemical composition of E. hendrikii Alpinar and may be useful in the future development of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for food preservatives against problems of food deterioration.
In vitro autoradiography of receptor-activated G proteins in rat brain by agonist-stimulated guanylyl 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]-triphosphate binding. (1995)

Agonists stimulate guanylyl 5'-[gamma-[35S]thio]-triphosphate (GTP[gamma-35S]) binding to receptor-coupled guanine nucleotide binding protein (G proteins) in cell membranes as revealed in the presence of excess GDP. We now report that this reaction can be used to neuroanatomically localize receptor-activated G proteins in brain sections by in vitro autoradiography of GTP[gamma-35S] binding. Using the mu opioid-selective peptide [D-Ala2,N-MePhe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) as an agonist in rat brain sections and isolated thalamic membranes, agonist stimulation of GTP[gamma-35S] binding required the presence of excess GDP (1-2 mM GDP in sections vs. 10-30 microM GDP in membranes) to decrease basal G-protein activity and reveal agonist-stimulated GTP[gamma-35S] binding. Similar concentrations of DAMGO were required to stimulate GTP[gamma-35S] binding in sections and membranes. To demonstrate the general applicability of the technique, agonist-stimulated GTP[gamma-35S] binding in tissue sections was assessed with agonists for the mu opioid (DAMGO), cannabinoid (WIN 55212-2), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (baclofen) receptors. For opioid and cannabinoid receptors, agonist stimulation of GTP[gamma-35S] binding was blocked by incubation with agonists in the presence of the appropriate antagonists (naloxone for mu opioid and SR-141716A for cannabinoid), thus demonstrating that the effect was specifically receptor mediated. The anatomical distribution of agonist-stimulated GTP[gamma-35S] binding qualitatively paralleled receptor distribution as determined by receptor binding autoradiography. However, quantitative differences suggest that variations in coupling efficiency may exist between different receptors in various brain regions. This technique provides a method of functional neuroanatomy that identifies changes in the activation of G proteins by specific receptors.
T1/T2 ratio from 3T MRI improves multiple sclerosis cortical lesion contrast (2023)

T<sub>1</sub> /T<sub>2</sub> images are sensitive to cortical lesions. Approaches incorporating T<sub>1</sub> /T<sub>2</sub> could improve the accessibility of cortical lesion detection in research settings and clinical practice.
Naturally Derived Melanin Nanoparticle Composites with High Electrical Conductivity and Biodegradability (2020)

In the originally published article, the caption of Figure
Loss of RNA expression and allele-specific expression associated with congenital heart disease (2016)

Congenital heart disease (CHD), a prevalent birth defect occurring in 1% of newborns, likely results from aberrant expression of cardiac developmental genes. Mutations in a variety of cardiac transcription factors, developmental signalling molecules and molecules that modify chromatin cause at least 20% of disease, but most CHD remains unexplained. We employ RNAseq analyses to assess allele-specific expression (ASE) and biallelic loss-of-expression (LOE) in 172 tissue samples from 144 surgically repaired CHD subjects. Here we show that only 5% of known imprinted genes with paternal allele silencing are monoallelic versus 56% with paternal allele expression-this cardiac-specific phenomenon seems unrelated to CHD. Further, compared with control subjects, CHD subjects have a significant burden of both LOE genes and ASE events associated with altered gene expression. These studies identify FGFBP2, LBH, RBFOX2, SGSM1 and ZBTB16 as candidate CHD genes because of significantly altered transcriptional expression.
The Development of Balb/c Cells Persistently Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Presence of Ribonucleoprotein on the Cell Surface (1981)

Balb/c mouse cells were persistently infected with RS virus. Continued passage of the virus produced in these Balb/c cells resulted in a 10-fold increase in the amount of infectious virus produced. Approximately 80% of the BCH4 cells expressed RNP and "spike" antigen intracellularly and associated with the cell surface.
Lung strain profiles using computed tomography elastography (2005)

Using noninvasive medical imaging techniques to observe internal organs can result in more accurate diagnoses, while avoiding uncomfortable, expensive invasive procedures such as biopsies. One such technique, elastography, uses pairs of ultrasonic images (relaxed and compressed) to create an image called a strain diagram or an elastogram. Elastography has been shown to be useful for detecting and characterizing lesions in nonporous tissue, but fails to provide results for porous tissue such as the lung due to the limitations of ultrasound. Fortunately, X-rays are not limited by tissue-air boundaries and thus X-ray computed tomography elastography (CTE) promises to enable diagnosis and monitoring of ailments such as emphysema or interstitial lung disease. This paper presents improvements upon existing elastography techniques and applies them to CT scans of porous material. Specifically, the improvements include (1) pre-correlation edge detection filtering, and (2) the implementation of 2-D techniques. Edge detection, performed with a first derivative filter, is shown to result in a higher correlation between relaxed and compressed images. This is especially true for feature-rich lung images, which consist of many small pockets of air-filled tissue. This paper also shows the benefit of employing 2-D techniques, even to a 1-D problem.
Lego-Features: Exporting modular encoder features for streaming and deliberation ASR (2023)

In end-to-end (E2E) speech recognition models, a representational tight-coupling inevitably emerges between the encoder and the decoder. We build upon recent work that has begun to explore building encoders with modular encoded representations, such that encoders and decoders from different models can be stitched together in a zero-shot manner without further fine-tuning. While previous research only addresses full-context speech models, we explore the problem in a streaming setting as well. Our framework builds on top of existing encoded representations, converting them to modular features, dubbed as Lego-Features, without modifying the pre-trained model. The features remain interchangeable when the model is retrained with distinct initializations. Though sparse, we show that the Lego-Features are powerful when tested with RNN-T or LAS decoders, maintaining high-quality downstream performance. They are also rich enough to represent the first-pass prediction during two-pass deliberation. In this scenario, they outperform the N-best hypotheses, since they do not need to be supplemented with acoustic features to deliver the best results. Moreover, generating the Lego-Features does not require beam search or auto-regressive computation. Overall, they present a modular, powerful and cheap alternative to the standard encoder output, as well as the N-best hypotheses.
Semen quality, infertility and mortality in the USA (2014)

This study is supported in part by P01HD36289 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (to D.J.L. and L.I.L.). The project was also partially supported by an NIH CTSA award number UL1 RR025744. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare.
Ruthenium Carbene Complexes Containing a Triazolidene Cationic Ligand (2001)

Reaction of the bis(dihydrogen)ruthenium complex RuH2(H2)2(PCy3)2 (1) with 1 equiv of the dicationic heterocyclic carbene precursor (C6H13N3)(SO3CF3)2 (3) produces in good yield the hydrido carbene complex [RuH(C6H12N3)(OSO2CF3)(PCy3)2][SO3CF3] (4). An X-ray structural analysis of 4 confirms the triflate coordination to the metal. NMR data show that, in solution, 4 exists as a mixture of two isomers. By addition of 1 equiv of the dicationic carbene precursor 3 to the dimer [Cp*Ru(μ-OMe)]2 (2), the tricationic bis(carbene) complex [Cp*Ru(C6H12N3)2][SO3CF3]3 (7) is isolated in moderate yield and has been characterized by an X-ray structural determination and NMR data.
Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 through Test Level 5 Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls (2022)

Download a PDF of "Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 through Test Level 5 Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls" by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for free.
Strong Injection Locking in Low-$Q$ LC Oscillators: Modeling and Application in a Forwarded-Clock I/O Receiver (2009)

A general model for injection-locked LC oscillators (LC-ILOs) is presented that is valid for any tank quality factor and injection strength. Important properties of an ILO such as lock-range, phase shift, bandwidth and response to input jitter are described. An LC-ILO together with a half-rate data sampler is implemented as a forwarded-clock I/O receiver in 45-nm CMOS. A strongly-injected low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Q</i> LC oscillator enables clock deskew across 1UI and rejects high-frequency clock jitter. The complete 27 Gb/s ILO-based data receiver has an overall power efficiency of 1.6 mW/Gb/s.
Update on tuberculosis biomarkers: From correlates of risk, to correlates of active disease and of cure from disease (2018)

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a devastating disease, yet despite its enormous toll on global health, tools to control TB are insufficient and often outdated. TB Biomarkers (TB-BM) would constitute extremely useful tools to measure infection status and predict outcome of infection, vaccination or therapy. There are several types of TB-BM: Correlate of Infection; Correlate of TB Disease; Correlate of Increased Risk of Developing Active TB Disease; Correlate of the Curative Response to Therapy; and Correlate of Protection (CoP). Most TB-BM currently studied are host-derived BM, and consist of transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, cellular markers or marker combinations ('signatures'). In particular, vaccine-inducible CoP are expected to be transformative in developing new TB vaccines as they will de-risk vaccine research and development (R&D) as well as human testing at an early stage. In addition, CoP could also help minimizing the need for preclinical studies in experimental animals. Of key importance is that TB-BM are tested and validated in different well-characterized human TB cohorts, preferably with complementary profiles and geographically diverse populations: genetic and environmental factors such as (viral) coinfections, exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacteria, nutritional status, metabolic status, age (infants vs children vs adolescents vs adults) and other factors impact host immune set points and host responses across different populations. In this study, we review the most recent advances in research into TB-BM for the diagnosis of active TB, risk of TB development and treatment-induced TB cure.
Malignant Astrocytic Tumor Progression Potentiated by JAK-mediated Recruitment of Myeloid Cells (2016)

<b>Purpose:</b> While the tumor microenvironment has been known to play an integral role in tumor progression, the function of nonresident bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) remains to be determined in neurologic tumors. Here we identified the contribution of BMDC recruitment in mediating malignant transformation from low- to high-grade gliomas.<b>Experimental Design:</b> We analyzed human blood and tumor samples from patients with low- and high-grade gliomas. A spontaneous platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) murine glioma model (RCAS) was utilized to recapitulate human disease progression. Levels of CD11b<sup>+</sup>/GR1<sup>+</sup> BMDCs were analyzed at discrete stages of tumor progression. Using bone marrow transplantation, we determined the unique influence of BMDCs in the transition from low- to high-grade glioma. The functional role of these BMDCs was then examined using a JAK 1/2 inhibitor (AZD1480).<b>Results:</b> CD11b<sup>+</sup> myeloid cells were significantly increased during tumor progression in peripheral blood and tumors of glioma patients. Increases in CD11b<sup>+</sup>/GR1<sup>+</sup> cells were observed in murine peripheral blood, bone marrow, and tumors during low-grade to high-grade transformation. Transient blockade of CD11b<sup>+</sup> cell expansion using a JAK 1/2 Inhibitor (AZD1480) impaired mobilization of these cells and was associated with a reduction in tumor volume, maintenance of a low-grade tumor phenotype, and prolongation in survival.<b>Conclusions:</b> We demonstrate that impaired recruitment of CD11b<sup>+</sup> myeloid cells with a JAK1/2 inhibitor inhibits glioma progression <i>in vivo</i> and prolongs survival in a murine glioma model. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3109-19. ©2016 AACR</i>.
Intensify the application of ZnO-based nanodevices in humid environment: O2/H2 plasma suppressed the spontaneous reaction of amorphous ZnO nanowires (2014)

In this work, we have demonstrated that amorphous ZnO nanobranches (a-ZnO NBs) could spontaneously react from the crystalline ZnO NWs (c-ZnO NWs) at specific humid environment. The spontaneous reaction mechanism and result can be analyzed by humidity controlling and optical microscope (OM)/scanning electron microscope (SEM)/Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM)/transmission electron microscopy (TEM) system. We can make the c-ZnO NWs spontaneous reaction happen at different humid environments and suppress the a-ZnO NBs spontaneous reaction by oxygen/hydrogen plasma surface passivation. The hydrogen plasma surface treatment also can improve the UV sensing sensitivity more than twofold. This work provides the mechanism and methods of the a-ZnO NBs spontaneous growth and offers the passivation treatment for strengthening and enhancing ZnO-based nanodevice application in humid environment and UV light detection, respectively.
Ultrafast Optical Tuning of Epsilon-Near-Zero Thin Films (2016)

Large and ultra-fast transient reflectivity and transmissivity are recorded via pump (λ=325nm) and probe (λ=1300nm) experiments on aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films engineered to possess ultra-fast electron-hole recombination and epsilon-near-zero behavior in the NIR.
Histopathological and ultrastructural changes associated with herpesvirus infection in waterfowl (2002)

Duck virus enteritis is an acute contagious viral disease affecting birds of the order Anseriformes (ducks, geese and swans). The disease agent is a member of the Herpesviridae family (Anatidae herpes virus 1). A group of Anseriformes waterfowl from a Nature Reserve and Centre for the Recovery of Endangered Species in Spain suffered an outbreak of the disease, affecting adults, young and newborns. Other non-Anseriformes waterfowl such as coots, from the family Rallidae, order Gruiformes, were also affected. Histopathological and ultrastructural findings confirmed the viral infection. The present study provides evidence that birds different from the order Anseriformes can be affected, suggesting that the virus has the ability to infest other non-Anseriformes waterfows.
Part Quality Prediction Tools for Fused Deposition Processing (2018)

Fused Deposition process fabricates requested part geometries by sequentially depositing&#13;\ndiscrete curvilinear beads ofmaterial next to and on top of each other. The part integrity&#13;\ndepends strongly on the bonding quality at the bead interfaces. Since diffusion bonding of&#13;\nthermoplastic components in the material system is thermally driven, temperature history&#13;\nofinterfaces determine the bonding quality. Detailed thermal analysis of deposition region&#13;\nand layer building simulation for a model geometry have been performed to investigate&#13;\nlocal and global material behavior during processing. A simple transport property&#13;\nprediction model has also been developed for the determination of thermal transport&#13;\nproperties of the particle loaded systems used in Fused Deposition. Based on the&#13;\ninformation obtained from thermal models, a computationally efficient part building&#13;\nmodel has been developed to predict bonding quality in the whole part. The model is&#13;\ndriven by the same command file, sml file, that drives the Fused Deposition hardware;&#13;\nand hence is capable of replicating the building process. The model has been tested for a&#13;\nmodel geometry, spur gear, and three dimensional bonding quality distribution has been&#13;\npredicted for the part.
Broadband Wireless Sensing of Radioactive Chemicals Utilizing Inherent RF Transmissions From Pulse Discharges (2006)

This paper reports a wireless sensing scheme that exploits gas discharges in microstructures and discharge-based sensors such as micromachined Geiger counters. Experiments are conducted on devices that have a glass-Si-glass stack of 8 times 8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> footprint, with discharge gaps in the range of 300-550 mum. Electrical discharges triggered by exceeding the breakdown voltage and by ionization due to beta particles provide an RF spectrum spanning a bandwidth greater than 1.2 GHz, which extends into the ultra-wideband (UWB) range of communication. These are broadband signals that can be detected by AM and FM radios at distances greater than 50 cm from the sensor. Measurements of electric field strength and audio recordings from radio receivers are reported
Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy For Cancer (2015)

Harnessing the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells has been the central goal of anti-cancer immunotherapy. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in optimizing this technology in order to make it a clinically feasible treatment. One of the main treatment modalities within cancer immunotherapy has been adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). Using this approach, tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells are infused into cancer patients with the goal of recognizing, targeting, and destroying tumor cells. In the current review, we revisit some of the major successes of ACT, the major hurdles that have been overcome to optimize ACT, the remaining challenges, and future approaches to make ACT widely available.