gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface roughness investigation of 157- and 193-nm polymer platforms using different etch conditions (2005)

A series of different fluorinated polymer platforms used for early and current 157-nm photoresists is investigated with regard to blanket etch properties and surface roughness. Besides methacrylic-based polymers applied for 193-nm lithography, fluorine containing norbornene homopolymers, fluorinated cycloolefines, and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) norbornene copolymers are chosen. Etch rates in different plasmas used for several applications, such as poly, SiN mask open, and selective/nonselective SiO2 etch, are determined and compared to standard 193-nm platforms currently used for DRAM manufacturing. Looking at various base resins, significant differences can be found using HBr- or Cl2-based poly etch conditions and various fluorocarbon-based oxide etch chemistries. Up to 2.4 times higher etch rates in Cl2 and the different CxFy oxide etch recipes are observed for the highly fluorinated cycloolefines and the TFE norbornenes, showing a strong correlation between fluorine content and etch rate. After stress by different etch conditions, the polymer surfaces are characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surprisingly, the surface roughness of the methacrylic platforms and the norbornene base resin (determined by AFM) are found to be substantially higher than that of the highly fluorinated platforms. These results can directly be correlated to pictures obtained by optical methods (SEM).
Sub-45 nm SiO2 Etching with Stacked-Mask Process Using High-Bias-Frequency Dual-Frequency-Superimposed RF Capacitively Coupled Plasma (2008)

By using a stacked mask process (S-MAP) with spun-on-carbon (SOC) film, 38 nm line patterns were successfully etched by controlling the ion energy using high-bias-frequency dual-frequency-superimposed (DFS) rf capacitively coupled plasma in combination with the low hydrogen content SOC film. It was found that ions with higher energy enhance the fluorination of SOC and induce pattern wiggling under fluorine exposure. By using a higher bias frequency to control the ion energy distribution and reduce the maximum ion energy, the SOC pattern wiggling was effectively suppressed.
P1‐171: A novel tissue culture model of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (2010)

The underlying pathogenesis of prion disease is the conformational change of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) to a pathological, protease resistant form, PrPRes. Many different animal and human forms of prion disease exist. It is possible to study some animal prion species in tissue culture such as scrapie 22L prions in mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a). These infected cell lines retain stable and persistent replication of prions upon sub-passage, and the newly formed PrPRes retains infectivity in bioassays. However, no tissue culture model of any human prion disease exists. We sought to develop a tissue culture model of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common human prionosis. Such a model would be an alternative to lengthy bioassays in mice and enable efficient drug screening/development. N2a cells transfected with wild type human PrP (M at codon 129) were maintained in minimal essential medium (MEM). Aliquots of CJD brain tissue were homogenized (10% weight/volume) in cold phosphate buffered saline and 5% dextrose in sterile conditions. For infection the brain homogenate was further diluted to 2% in Opti-MEM in the presence of metal ions and added to sub confluent six-well plates. MEM in the presence of metal ions was added and the cells were incubated with infectious brain homogenate for an additional 12 h. The medium was replaced and the cells were grown until confluence and then they were split into 1:2 dilutions and transferred to 25 cm2 flasks (Corning). Cells were split 1:2 every 4-5 days to give rise to subsequent passages. The presence of PrPRes was followed by Western blot. N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells transfected with human PrP are permissive to infection with CJD PrPRes, which can be serially passaged. Critical factors to allow successful infection are: a CJD inoculum with a high level of PrPRes, matching of the codon 129 polymorphism between the inoculum/cell line and the presence of metal ions. Whether the cell passaged CJD PrPRes is infectious in human PrP expressing Tg mice is under study. We report a novel tissue culture model of sporadic CJD which can be utilized to study the pathogenesis of human prionoses and develop novel therapeutics.
Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of Surface Glass Transition of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (2003)

Sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy was employed to study surface glass transition of poly(vinyl alcohol) by monitoring the relaxation of rubbing-induced alignment of surface chains with increase of temperature. The observed chain relaxation is two-dimensional, parallel to the surface. The surface transition temperature is 58 ± 2 °C, essentially the same as the bulk one.
Cox proportional hazard model for all-cause mortality. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Variables in the model are as follows: age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and the use of statin, aspirin, clopidogrel, beta blocker, CCB, ACEi, and ARB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abbreviations: ACEi, angiogensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cox proportional hazard model for all-cause mortality.&lt;/p&gt;
Stable intense 1 kHz supercontinuum light generation in air (2020)

Supercontinuum (SC) light source has advanced ultrafast laser spectroscopy in condensed matter science, biology, physics, and chemistry. Compared to the frequently used photonic crystal fibers and bulk materials, femtosecond laser filamentation in gases is damage-immune for supercontinuum generation. A bottleneck problem is the strong jitters from filament induced self-heating at kHz repetition rate level. We demonstrate stable kHz supercontinuum generation directly in air with multiple mJ level pulse energy. This is achieved by applying an external DC electric field to the air plasma filament through the effects of plasma wave guiding and Coulomb interaction. Both pointing and intensity jitters of 1 kHz air filament induced SC light are reduced by more than 2 fold. This offers the opportunities for stable intense SC generation and other laser filament based applications in air.
Benchmarking Four Point Bend Adhesion Testing: The Effect of Test Parameters On Adhesion Energy (2005)

The four‐point bend test method has been widely used to quantify the adhesion energy of interfaces in multilayer thin film stacks. However, the adhesion energy of an interface (Gc) may be effected by variances in the specimen preparation method and test procedure. In the present study, a less time consuming method of specimen preparation that involved cleaving (DPN‐free method) rather than dicing of specimen was found to offer a 90% test success rate with high accuracy and repeatability. The epoxy curing temperature and time were minor factors affecting Gc and their effect was within the test standard deviation of 0.3 J/m2. For a higher Gc interface, the epoxy thickness was found to result in a 20% increase in measured Gc as the bond layer was increased from 7 to 50 μm. The measured value of Gc also increased by 20% as the displacement rate was increased from 0.05 μm/s to 0.5 μm/s. The notch or scribe used to initiate the crack was found in one stack structure to have an effect on the interface that debonded. The delamination interface can be modulated through control of the notching step during sample preparation.
Synthesis of 6-Aryl-5-fluoropicolinate Herbicides via Halex Reaction of Tetrachloropicolinonitrile (2019)

The development of a new synthesis of 6-aryl-5-fluoropicolinate herbicides is described. This general route employs the halogen exchange (halex) reaction of tetrachloropicolinonitrile to give a mixture of chlorofluoropicolinonitriles. It was found that the isomeric purity of the trifluorochloropicolinonitrile fraction increased, with eventual conversion to tetrafluoropicolinonitrile. The desired product of this reaction, 3-chloro-4,5,6-trifluoropicolinonitrile, reacted with NH3 regioselectively at the 4-position. Introduction of the aryl substituent was accomplished by initial conversion of the 6-fluoro substituent to 6-bromo using HBr in acetic acid followed by Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. The moderate regioselectivity of the halex reaction of tetrachloropicolinonitrile was studied computationally using a modified G3MP2B3* ab initio method. These computations were in agreement with the observed regioselectivity of the reaction. Recycle of the main byproduct, tetrafluoropicolinonitrile, was shown to be possible by two routes. The reverse halex reaction of tetrafluoropicolinonitrile using LiCl in DMSO gave a mixture of chlorofluoro products. In addition, scrambling of halogens between tetrafluoropicolinonitrile and tetrachloropicolinonitrile using catalytic n-Bu4PCl gave a mixture of chlorofluoropicolinonitriles that could be resubjected to halex conditions to give additional 4,5,6-trifluoro-3-chloropicolinonitrile.
A control engineering approach to understanding the TGF-β paradox in cancer (2011)

TGF-β, a key cytokine that regulates diverse cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis, appears to function paradoxically as a tumour suppressor in normal cells, and as a tumour promoter in cancer cells, but the mechanisms underlying such contradictory roles remain unknown. In particular, given that this cytokine is primarily a tumour suppressor, the conundrum of the unusually high level of TGF-β observed in the primary cancer tissue and blood samples of cancer patients with the worst prognosis, remains unresolved. To provide a quantitative explanation of these paradoxical observations, we present, from a control theory perspective, a mechanistic model of TGF-β-driven regulation of cell homeostasis. Analysis of the overall system model yields quantitative insight into how cell population is regulated, enabling us to propose a plausible explanation for the paradox: with the tumour suppressor role of TGF-β unchanged from normal to cancer cells, we demonstrate that the observed increased level of TGF-β is an effect of cancer cell phenotypic progression (specifically, acquired TGF-β resistance), not the cause. We are thus able to explain precisely why the clinically observed correlation between elevated TGF-β levels and poor prognosis is in fact consistent with TGF-β's original (and unchanged) role as a tumour suppressor.
Genetic optimization of the Hyperloop route through the Grapevine (2015)

We demonstrate a genetic algorithm that employs a versatile fitness function to optimize route selection for the Hyperloop, a proposed high speed passenger transportation system.
Time Evolution of Terahertz Electromagnetic Waves from Undoped GaAs/n-type GaAs Epitaxial Layer Structures Clarified with Use of a Time-Partitioning Fourier Transform Method (2012)

We have investigated the time evolution of terahertz electromagnetic waves caused by the surge current of photogenerated carriers, the so-called first burst, in two i-GaAs/n-GaAs epitaxial layer structures with different i-GaAs layer thicknesses of 500 and 1200 nm. The terahertz waveform of the first burst shows a narrowing with a decrease in the thickness of the i-GaAs layer. In accordance with the above phenomena, it is observed in the Fourier power spectra that the band of the first burst shows a high frequency shift with a decrease in the i-GaAs layer thickness. We elucidate the origin of the high frequency shift, focusing on the time-domain dynamics of the photogenerated carriers: we apply the time-partitioning Fourier transform, which is useful to investigate the time evolution of the frequency. From the time-partitioning Fourier power spectra, we obtain the evidence that the acceleration after the carrier generation dominates the time evolution of the frequency component leading to the high frequency shift. PACS: 78.47.-p; 78.47.J-; 78.66.Fd
RESOLVE: An International Mission to Search for Volatiles at the Lunar Poles (2013)

Numerous studies have shown that the use of space resources to manufacture propellant and consumables can significantly reduce the launch mass of space exploration beyond earth orbit. Even the Moon, which has no atmosphere, is ricb in resources that can theoretically be harvested. A series of lunar missions over the last 20 years has shown an unexpected resource on the Moon. There is evidence that water ice and other volatiles useful for the production of propellants are located at the lunar poles, though most of it is located within permanently shadowed craters where accessing these resources is challenging.
Growth of InAs quantum dot laser structures on silicon (2012)

We report on the direct epitaxial growth of InAs quantum dot based laser structures on silicon substrates. Multiple layers of InAs quantum dots serve as the gain region in a III/V broad area laser structure heteroepitaxially grown on silicon. Aspects of the heteroepitaxy and quantum dot growth are examined.
007: Democratically Finding The Cause of Packet Drops (2018)

Network failures continue to plague datacenter operators as their symptoms may not have direct correlation with where or why they occur. We introduce 007, a lightweight, always-on diagnosis application that can find problematic links and also pinpoint problems for each TCP connection. 007 is completely contained within the end host. During its two month deployment in a tier-1 datacenter, it detected every problem found by previously deployed monitoring tools while also finding the sources of other problems previously undetected.
Amplification units containing human N-myc and c-myc genes. (1986)

The amplification units in human tumors containing amplified myc genes were examined. The amplification unit in all cases consisted of a large genomic region coamplified with the coding region of the myc genes themselves. In eight independent neuroblastomas containing N-myc amplifications, the amplification unit was estimated to be 290 to 430 kilobases. This amplification unit was highly conserved among the different neuroblastomas, with some neuroblastomas containing almost identical units. In contrast, five tumor cell lines containing c-myc amplifications exhibited amplification units that were more variable in size (90 to 300 kilobases) and sequence content; at least three different patterns of c-myc amplification units could be discerned.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diazadibenzo‐18‐Crown‐6 Ligands with Appended Chromophoric and Fluorophoric Groups as Potential Metal Ion Chemosensors. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Expansion: Implications for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices (2015)

Abstract Review: 196 refs.
MnSOD-plasmid liposome gene therapy decreases ionizing irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation of the esophagus. (2005)

These studies demonstrate the antioxidant function of MnSOD-PL gene therapy to the esophagus, which is detectable as a reduction in irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation.
Using the Pummerer Cyclization−Deprotonation−Cycloaddition Cascade of Imidosulfoxides for Alkaloid Synthesis (2000)

The Pummerer reaction of imidosulfoxides bearing tethered alkenyl groups has been employed for the synthesis of several alkaloids. The required imidosulfoxides necessary for the cascade sequence were easily obtained by heating the appropriate amide with (ethylsulfeny)acetyl chloride followed by sodium periodate oxidation. The initially formed thionium ion, obtained by treating the imidosulfoxide with acetic anhydride and p-toluenesulfonic acid, reacts with the neighboring imido group, and the resulting oxonium ion undergoes subsequent deprotonation to produce an isomünchnone dipole. This mesoionic betaine intermediate undergoes ready intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition across the neighboring pi-bond. Exposure of the resulting cycloadducts to additional acetic anhydride leads to ring opening and formation of a 5-acetoxy-substituted 2(1H)-pyridone. This six-ring heterocyclic system constitutes a valuable building block for the synthesis of a variety of pyridine, quinolizidine, and clavine alkaloids. The cyclization-deprotonation-cycloaddition cascade has been successfully applied to the synthesis of the naturally occurring alkaloids onychnine, dielsiquinone, (+/-)-lupinine, (+/-)-anagyrine, (+/-)-pumiliotoxin C, and (+/-)-costaclavine.
Observation of the Dynamic Jahn-Teller Effect in the Excited States of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond (2009)

The optical transition linewidth and emission polarization of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are measured from 5 K to room temperature. Interexcited state population relaxation is shown to broaden the zero-phonon line and both the relaxation and linewidth are found to follow a T(5) dependence for T < 100 K. This dependence indicates that the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect is the dominant dephasing mechanism for the NV optical transitions at low temperatures.
Sparse-to-Dense Hypercolumn Matching for Long-Term Visual Localization (2019)

We propose a novel approach to feature point matching, suitable for robust and accurate outdoor visual localization in long-term scenarios. Given a query image, we first match it against a database of registered reference images, using recent retrieval techniques. This gives us a first estimate of the camera pose. To refine this estimate, like previous approaches, we match 2D points across the query image and the retrieved reference image. This step, however, is prone to fail as it is still very difficult to detect and match sparse feature points across images captured in potentially very different conditions. Our key contribution is to show that we need to extract sparse feature points only in the retrieved reference image: We then search for the corresponding 2D locations in the query image exhaustively. This search can be performed efficiently using convolutional operations, and robustly by using hypercolumn descriptors, i.e. image features computed for retrieval. We refer to this method as 'Sparse-to-Dense Hypercolumn Matching'. Because we know the 3D locations of the sparse feature points in the reference images thanks to an offline reconstruction stage, it is then possible to accurately estimate the camera pose from these matches. Our experiments show that this method allows us to outperform the state-of-the-art on several challenging outdoor datasets.
Combined genome scans for body stature in 6602 European twins: evidence for common Caucasian loci (2005)

Twin cohorts provide a unique advantage for investigations of the role of genetics and environment in the etiology of variation in common complex traits by reducing the variance due to environment, age, and cohort differences.The GenomEUtwin (http://www.genomeutwin.org)consortium consists of eight twin cohorts (Australian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Swedish, and United Kingdom) with the total resource of hundreds of thousands of twin pairs.We performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of one of the most heritable human complex traits, adult stature (body height) using genome-wide scans performed for 3,817 families (8,450 individuals) derived from twin cohorts from Australia, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom with an approximate tencentimorgan microsatellite marker map.The marker maps for different studies differed and they were combined and related to the sequence positions using software developed by us, which is publicly available (https://apps.bioinfo.helsinki.fi/software/cartographer.aspx).Variance component linkage analysis was performed with age, sex, and country of origin as covariates.The covariate adjusted heritability was 81% for stature in the pooled dataset.We found evidence for a major QTL for human stature on 8q21.3 (multipoint logarithm of the odds 3.28), and suggestive evidence for loci on Chromosomes X, 7, and 20.Some evidence of sex heterogeneity was found, however, no obvious female-specific QTLs emerged.Several cohorts contributed to the identified loci, suggesting an evolutionarily old genetic variant having effects on stature in European-based populations.To facilitate the genetic studies of stature we have also set up a website that lists all stature genome scans published and their most significant loci (http://www.genomeutwin.org/stature_gene_map.htm).
Effect of aging on the renin angiotensin system in patients with renovascular hypertension. (1992)

The effect of aging on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) was studied in 30 patients with renovascular hypertension and 33 patients with essential hypertension. Plasma renin decreased with age in patients with renovascular hypertension and essential hypertension. However, in patients with renovascular hypertension, the change was not statistically significant. Plasma aldosterone concentration showed a tendency to decrease with age in both groups. Stimulated plasma renin activity and the net increase in plasma renin activity after captopril administration in patients with essential hypertension showed a significant decrease with age. In patients with renovascular hypertension, exaggerated response of renin secretion was observed in younger patients, but middle-aged and elderly patients did not demonstrate this hyper-responsiveness. The degree of decrease in blood pressure by administration of an angiotensin (Ang) II analog ([Sar1,Ile8] Ang II) was the same in both younger and elderly patients with either disease. These results suggest that the effect of aging on the RAS occurs not only in patients with essential hypertension, but also in patients with renovascular hypertension. Furthermore, although the Ang II analog infusion test and captopril stimulation test are considered to be useful screening tests for renovascular hypertension, we consider that the combination of Ang II analog test and captopril test may be favorable to screen renovascular hypertension, since the captopril stimulation test had a lower sensitivity in younger (under 35 years old) patients.