gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowing What VQA Does Not: Pointing to Error-Inducing Regions to Improve Explanation Helpfulness. (2021)

Attention maps, a popular heatmap-based explanation method for Visual Question Answering (VQA), are supposed to help users understand the model by highlighting portions of the image/question used by the model to infer answers. However, we see that users are often misled by current attention map visualizations that point to relevant regions despite the model producing an incorrect answer. Hence, we propose Error Maps that clarify the error by highlighting image regions where the model is prone to err. Error maps can indicate when a correctly attended region may be processed incorrectly leading to an incorrect answer, and hence, improve users' understanding of those cases. To evaluate our new explanations, we further introduce a metric that simulates users' interpretation of explanations to evaluate their potential helpfulness to understand model correctness. We finally conduct user studies to see that our new explanations help users understand model correctness better than baselines by an expected 30% and that our proxy helpfulness metrics correlate strongly ($\rho$>0.97) with how well users can predict model correctness.
On the scope of asymmetric nitrile oxide cycloadditions with Oppolzer's chiral sultam. Total syntheses of (+)-hepialone, (-)-(1R,3R,5S)-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, and (-)-(1S)-7,7-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the scope of asymmetric nitrile oxide cycloadditions with Oppolzer's chiral sultam. Total syntheses of (+)-hepialone, (-)-(1R,3R,5S)-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, and (-)-(1S)-7,7-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octaneDennis P. Curran and Timothy A. HeffnerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 15, 4585–4595Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00302a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views773Altmetric-Citations113LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An Experimental Study of ignition and Flame Development in a Spark Ignited Engine (1982)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A high resolution study of the early stages of flame development in a spark ignition engine has been performed. Full flame velocity distributions are presented and are discussed in terms of the nature and causes of fluctuations in the flame propagation.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The simultaneous sampling of a number of engine variables such as gas velocity, flame velocity, pressure etc. is necessary for a more complete description of the controlling variables. Techniques are described and data presented for such a multiple sampling experiment.&lt;/div&gt;
Effect of Cell Thickness on the Electro-optic Response of Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy (2020)

It has previously been shown that for polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) with negative dielectric anisotropy, the position and bandwidth of the selective reflection notch can be controlled by a direct-current (DC) electric field. The field-induced deformation of the polymer network that stabilizes the devices is mediated by ionic charges trapped in or near the polymer. A unique and reversible electro-optic response is reported here for relatively thin films (≤5 μm). Increasing the DC field strength redshifts the reflection notch to longer wavelength until the reflection disappears at high DC fields. The extent of the tuning range is dependent on the cell thickness. The transition from the reflective to the clear state is due to the electrically controlled, chirped pitch across the small cell gap and not to the field-induced reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules themselves. The transition is reversible. By adjusting the DC field strength, various reflection wavelengths can be addressed from either a different reflective (colored) state at 0 V or a transparent state at a high DC field. Relatively fast responses (~50 ms rise times and ~200 ms fall times) are observed for these thin PSCLCs.
Level 2 validation of a flow cytometric method for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw spinach (2015)

The Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) method currently used by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in spinach was systematically compared to a new flow cytometry based method. This Food and Drug Administration (FDA) level 2 external laboratory validation study was designed to determine the latter method's sensitivity and speed for analysis of this pathogen in raw spinach. Detection of target cell inoculations with a low cell count is critical, since enterohemorrhagic strains of E. coli require an infective dose of as few as 10 cells (Schmid-Hempel and Frank, 2007). Although, according to the FDA, the infectious dose is unknown (Food and Drug Administration, 1993). Therefore, the inoculation level into the spinach, a total of 2.0±2.6 viable E. coli O157 cells, was specified to yield between 25% and 75% detection by the new method, out of 20 samples (10 positives and 10 negatives). This criterion was met in that the new method detected 60% of the nominally positive samples; the corresponding sensitivity of the reference method was 50%. For both methods the most likely explanation for false negatives was that no viable cells were actually introduced into the sample. In this validation study, the flow cytometry method was equal to the BAM in sensitivity and far superior in speed.
FPGA-Based Network Microburst Analysis System with Flow Specification and Efficient Packet Capturing (2020)

Network microbursts, which are sub-millisecond order bursts of traffic, have gathered attention due to causing network delay and packet loss. However, there are two problems in analyzing the causes of microbursts: how to capture the packet included in the microburst and how to specify the flows causing microbursts. To resolve these problems, we propose a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based microburst analysis system. This system detects microbursts with dedicated hardware in sub-millisecond time resolution. It can capture only packets before and after microburst detection triggered by detection with a static threshold for whole traffic. In addition, it can specify the flows causing microbursts by detection with a dynamic threshold for each flow. The experimental results show that the proposed system can capture only packets before and after microburst detection and can correctly specify the flow causing microbursts even in a network with fluctuating bandwidth usage in practical traffic conditions on the basis of network trace data in a datacenter. The proposed system is implemented with Intel <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> PAC with Arria <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> 10 GX FPGA and consumes relatively small amounts of hardware resources: 51 % ALMs, 16 % registers, and 57 % block memories.
Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Metabolism of Apixaban, a Potent and Selective Factor Xa Inhibitor. (2006)

Abstract Apixaban is a potent, orally available, highly selective, and reversible factor Xa inhibitor, and currently under development for prevention and treatment of thrombosis. The preclinical pharmacokinetic and metabolism attributes of apixaban feature a small volume of distribution, a low systemic clearance, good oral bioavailability, multiple elimination pathways and minimal potential for drug-drug interactions. Apixaban is well absorbed in chimpanzees, dogs and rats with a mean oral bioavailability of 51, 88 and 34%, respectively. The mean volume of distribution of apixaban is 0.17, 0.29 and 0.31 L/kg in chimpanzees, dogs and rats, respectively, suggesting apixaban is primarily distributed (30–50%) to blood where the therapeutic action resides. The small volume is not due to extensive plasma protein binding, but possibly attributed to limited extravascular tissue distribution, given that the unbound fraction is approximately 13, 5, 8 and 4% in human, chimpanzee, dog and rat serum, respectively. The systemic clearance is &amp;lt;3% of hepatic blood flow in chimpanzees (0.018 L/h/kg) and dogs (0.052 L/h/kg), and &amp;lt;10% in rats (0.26 L/h/kg). Consistent with this low clearance, the in vitro metabolic clearance of apixaban is low, as indicated by the lack of significant metabolism in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, and in chimpanzee and dog liver microsomes. The primary metabolite identified in vitro is the O-demethylated product which is formed mainly by CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. The elimination of apixaban involves multiple pathways including renal and intestinal excretion of the parent and metabolism. The biliary clearance is low in dogs, accounting for approximately 2% of the systemic clearance. Apixaban did not inhibit CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 activities in cDNA-expressed enzyme systems and human liver microsomes, nor induced 1A2, 2B6 and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. No glutathione adduct with apixaban was formed in dog and rat, and in human hepatocytes and liver microsomal incubation in the presence of glutathione, suggesting low potential for the formation of reactive metabolites. In conclusion, apixaban shows excellent pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties for clinical development.
Wavelength dependence of pulsed laser ablation of calcified tissue (1991)

Pulsed laser ablation of calcified biological tissue was studied at several wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet, visible, near- and mid-infrared regions of the spectrum. The primary tissue model was bovine shank bone, while human arterial calcified plaque and normal human artery wall were also studied at selected wavelengths for comparison. Laser irradiances were on the order of MW/mm2, fluences ranged up to 1000 mJ/mm2, and repetition rates varied between 0.3-10 Hz. Spot sizes on the tissue surface ranged from 150 to 850 microns. Laser craters made with wavelengths between lambda = 295 nm and lambda = 375 nm and in the lambda = 3 microns region exhibited the highest quality ablation with clean, sharp cuts following closely the spatial contour of the incident beam. Craters drilled with visible wavelengths between lambda = 450 nm and lambda = 590 nm were generally larger than the incident laser beam spot, irregular in shape and often surrounded by large flakes of tissue debris. Ablation fluence thresholds increased with wavelength through the visible wavelengths and into the mid-infrared, but dropped to their lowest values near lambda = 3 microns. Fluence thresholds obtained with the tissue under a 1 mm depth of saline were approximately twice air thresholds. Ablation yields also varied with wavelength, probably due to increased scattering in the visible region, and were the same under saline as in air.
Pymetrozine is hydroxylated by CYP6CM1, a cytochrome P450 conferring neonicotinoid resistance in Bemisia tabaci (2012)

The known cross-resistance between imidacloprid, other neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine in B. tabaci is most likely conferred by the very same detoxification mechanism, i.e. a monooxygenase-based hydroxylation mechanism linked to the overexpression of CYP6CM1. These insecticide chemistries should not be alternated in whitefly resistance management strategies.
Atomic force microscopy imaging using a tip-on-chip: Opening the door to integrated near field nanotools (2010)

We describe in detail how atomic force microscopy (AFM) images can be routinely achieved with macroscopic silicon-based chips integrating mesoscopic tips, paving the way for the development of new near field devices combining AFM imaging with any kind of functionality integrated on a chip. The chips have been glued at the end of the free prong of 100 kHz quartz tuning forks mounted in Qplus configuration. Numerical simulations by modal analysis have been carried out to clarify the nature of the vibration modes observed in the experimental spectra. It is shown that two low frequency modes can be used to drive the system and scan the surface with a great stability in amplitude modulation as well as in frequency modulation AFM under ultrahigh vacuum. The AFM capabilities are demonstrated through a series of examples including phase and dissipation contrast imaging, force spectroscopy measurements, and investigations of soft samples in weak interaction with the substrate. The lateral resolution with the tips grown by focused ion beam deposition already matches the one achieved in standard amplitude modulation mode AFM experiments.
Thin film Ag superlens towards lab-on-a-chip integration (2009)

A thin metal film near-field superlens, as originally suggested by Pendry and realized by Fang et al. and Melville et al., is investigated with emphasis on materials suitable for integration on a lab-on-a-chip platform. A chemically resistant cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC), mr-I-T85 from microresist technology, is applied as dielectric matrix/spacer for an Ag thin film superlens. The superlens successfully resolves 80 nm half-pitch gratings when illuminated with UV radiation at a free space wavelength of 365 nm. The superlens design, fabrication and characterization is discussed.
Phosphorylation of the androgen receptor is associated with reduced survival in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients (2008)

Cell line studies demonstrate that the PI3K/Akt pathway is upregulated in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and can result in phosphorylation of the androgen receptor (AR). The current study therefore aims to establish if this has relevance to the development of clinical HRPC. Immunohistochemistry was employed to investigate the expression and phosphorylation status of Akt and AR in matched hormone-sensitive and -refractory prostate cancer tumours from 68 patients. In the hormone-refractory tissue, only phosphorylated AR (pAR) was associated with shorter time to death from relapse (P=0.003). However, when an increase in expression in the transition from hormone-sensitive to -refractory prostate cancer was investigated, an increase in expression of PI3K was associated with decreased time to biochemical relapse (P=0.014), and an increase in expression of pAkt(473) and pAR(210) were associated with decreased disease-specific survival (P=0.0019 and 0.0015, respectively). Protein expression of pAkt(473) and pAR(210) also strongly correlated (P<0.001, c.c.=0.711) in the hormone-refractory prostate tumours. These results provide evidence using clinical specimens, that upregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is associated with phosphorylation of the AR during development of HRPC, suggesting that this pathway could be a potential therapeutic target.
Combination of searches for heavy resonances decaying to WW, WZ, ZZ, WH, and ZH boson pairs in proton–proton collisions at s=8 and 13 TeV (2017)

A statistical combination of searches is presented for massive resonances decaying to WW, WZ, ZZ, WH, and ZH boson pairs in proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The data were taken at centre-of-mass energies of 8 and 13 TeV, corresponding to respective integrated luminosities of 19.7 and up to 2.7 fb -1 . The results are interpreted in the context of heavy vector triplet and singlet models that mimic properties of composite-Higgs models predicting W and Z bosons decaying to WZ, WW, WH, and ZH bosons. A model with a bulk graviton that decays into WW and ZZ is also considered. This is the first combined search for WW, WZ, WH, and ZH resonances and yields lower limits on masses at 95% confidence level for W and Z singlets at 2.3 TeV, and for a triplet at 2.4 TeV. The limits on the production cross section of a narrow bulk graviton resonance with the curvature scale of the warped extra dimension k = 0.5, in the mass range of 0.6 to 4.0 TeV, are the most stringent published to date.
High security ion-lithium batteries with rapid recharge for the terrestrial transport and energy storage; Batteries de type ion-lithium de haute securite a recharge rapide pour le transport terrestre et le stockage d'energie (2010)

Electrical terrestrial transport is today a hub of innovation and growth for Hydro-Quebec. In the perspective of electrification of terrestrial transports, battery remains the critical factor of future success of rechargeable electrical vehicles. For nearly 20 years, Hydro-Quebec, via its research institute, has worked at developing battery material for the lithium-ion technology. Two types of Li-ion batteries have been developed: the energy battery and the power battery. [French] Le transport terrestre electrique est aujourd'hui un pole d'innovation et de croissance pour Hydro-Quebec. Dans la perspective de l'electrification des transports terrestres, la batterie demeure le facteur critique du succes futur des vehicules electriques rechargeables. Depuis pres de 20 ans, Hydro-Quebec, par le biais de son Institut de recherche, travaille au developpement de materiaux de batteries destinees a la technologie lithium-ion. Deux types de batteries Li-ion ont ete mises au point : la batterie d'energie et la batterie de puissance.
Sensing Properties of MO[sub x]∕YSZ∕Pt (MO[sub x]=Cr[sub 2]O[sub 3],SnO[sub 2],CeO[sub 2]) Potentiometric Sensor for NO[sub 2] Detection (2006)

Temperature dependence and selectivity of potentiometric sensors (, where , , and ) were studied in 21% . All the sensors showed the same direction of response with each other and a linear relationship in the plot of the electromotive force vs the logarithm of concentration. selectivity behavior of the sensors was similar, such that the selective detection was achieved against CO and , but the addition of , NO, and made a significant change in the response. This similarity in response is likely due to similarity in the catalytic activity of the electrode elements.
Evaluation of Circulation, Γ, as a quantifying metric in 4D flow MRI (2013)

Background 4D flow MRI provide a wonderfully rich set of data for diagnosis and understanding of cardiac disease. Interpretation of this wealth of data can be challenging and it may be desirable to simplify it to make analysis manageable. We have observed interesting rotational behavior of blood in the aorta in a number of cardiac diseases. Circulation (Γ) is a metric used in fluid dynamics to quantify the rotational components of flow. This metric has not been reported before for 4D flow MRI and may provide a measurement that can be used diagnostically. The purpose of this work is to define the normal range of Γ in the ascending aorta and investigate its reproducibility.
Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV)-Light-Induced Outgassing from Resist Polymers: A Study Using In Situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Technique (2003)

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-light-induced photodegradation of conventional KrF and ArF resists and fluorine-containing polymers for F2 resist was qualitatively studied by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Outgassing from these resists was quantitatively studied by an in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique. t-Butoxycarbonyl (BOC), methoxymethyl (MOM), ethoxyethyl (EOE) and t-butyl (BUO) units as a blocking moiety of phenolic OH decomposed on irradiation at 146 nm. The amounts of outgassing from these blocking units decreased in the order EOE > BOC > BUO > MOM. This order was consistent with the order of photodegradability of the resists checked by FT-IR spectroscopy. BOC units attached to hexafluoroisopropanol units photodecomposed faster than BOC units attached to phenolic OH. The amounts of outgassing from t-butyl ester unit and its analogue in conventional ArF resists and fluorine-containing F2 resist were almost the same as that from BOC units in KrF resist.
Reconciling information‐seeking behavior with search user interfaces for the Web (2006)

Abstract User interfaces of Web search engines reflect attributes of the underlying tools used to create them, rather than what we know about how people look for information. In this article, the author examines several characteristics of user search behavior: the variety of information‐seeking goals, the cultural and situational context of search, and the iterative nature of the search task. An analysis of these characteristics suggests ways that interfaces can be redesigned to make searching more effective for users.
Rapid Proton-coupled Electron-transfer of Hydroquinone through Phenylenevinylene Bridges (2006)

We describe the synthesis of two oligo(phenylene vinylene)s (OPVs) with a hydroquinone moiety and a thiol anchor group: 4-(2',5'-dihydroxystyryl)benzyl thioacetate and 4-[4'-(2' ',5' '-dihydroxystyryl)styryl]benzyl thioacetate. Monolayers on gold of these molecules were examined by electrochemical techniques to determine the electron transfer kinetics of the hydroquinone functionality (H2Q) through these delocalized tethers ("molecular wires") as a function of pH. Between pH 4 and 9, rate constants were ca. 100-fold faster than for the same H2Q functionality confined to the surface via alkane tethers. Also, in this same pH range rate constants were independent of the length of the OPV bridge. These new electroactive molecules in which the hydroquinone functionality is wired to the gold surface by means of OPV tethers should be useful platforms for constructing bioelectronic devices such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and biophotovoltaic cells with a fast response time.
Architectural Framework for Self-Managed Networks with Fault Management Hierarchy (2015)

This document describes a self-managed network identifying network
problems during failures and repairing them. Self-managed Network
Element (sNE) architectures and Network Management System (sNMS)
architectures for centrally and distributedly managed networks are
described. A hierarchy among repairing entities is defined. An in-
band message format for Metro Ethernet networks is proposed for the
fault management communication.