gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementary Learning for Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting Using\n Experience Replay (2019)

Despite huge success, deep networks are unable to learn effectively in\nsequential multitask learning settings as they forget the past learned tasks\nafter learning new tasks. Inspired from complementary learning systems theory,\nwe address this challenge by learning a generative model that couples the\ncurrent task to the past learned tasks through a discriminative embedding\nspace. We learn an abstract level generative distribution in the embedding that\nallows the generation of data points to represent the experience. We sample\nfrom this distribution and utilize experience replay to avoid forgetting and\nsimultaneously accumulate new knowledge to the abstract distribution in order\nto couple the current task with past experience. We demonstrate theoretically\nand empirically that our framework learns a distribution in the embedding that\nis shared across all task and as a result tackles catastrophic forgetting.\n
Persistent Resetting of the Cerebral Oxygen/Glucose Uptake Ratio by Brain Activation: Evidence Obtained with the Kety—Schmidt Technique (1995)

Global cerebral blood flow (CBF), global cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen (CMRO2), and for glucose (CMRglc), and lactate efflux were measured during rest and during cerebral activation induced by the Wisconsin card sorting test. Measurements were performed in healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique. Global CMRO2 was unchanged during cerebral activation, whereas global CBF and global CMRglc both increased by 12%, reducing the molar ratio of oxygen to glucose consumption from 6.0 during baseline conditions to 5.4 during activation. Data obtained in the period following cerebral activation showed that the activation-induced resetting of the relation between CMRglc and CMRO2 persisted virtually unaltered for > or = 40 min after the mental activation task was terminated. The activation-induced increase in cerebral lactate efflux measured over the same time period accounted for only a small fraction of the activation-induced excess glucose uptake. These data confirm earlier reports that brain activation can induce resetting of the cerebral oxygen/glucose consumption ratio, and indicate that the resetting persists for a long period after cerebral activation has been terminated and physiologic stress indicators returned to baseline values. Activation-induced resetting of the cerebral oxygen/glucose uptake ratio is not necessarily accounted for by increased lactate production from nonoxidative glucose metabolism.
Neurotization improves force in engineered skeletal muscle (2006)

Lytle, Ian F. MD*; Dhawan, Vikas MD, PhD; Huang, Yen-Chih PhD; Kostrominova, Tatiana PhD; Birla, Ravi PhD; Brown, David MD Author Information
The Wearable Artificial Kidney, Why and How: From Holy Grail to Reality (2009)

Once hemodialysis had become established as a treatment for chronic kidney disease, the early pioneers realized the limitations of the treatment, particularly in terms of the impact intermittent thrice weekly hemodialysis had on a patient's quality of life-not only time spent on dialysis and time traveling to and from treatment, but also dietary and fluid restrictions. This led to the search for the holy grail--a wearable hemodialysis device (WAK), that would allow patients to receive continuous treatment, while going on with the normal activities of daily life. Such a device would not only provide adequate solute clearances and control both electrolyte and acid-base status, but also improve blood pressure control--all while allowing a liberal diet. Despite many attempts, to develop such a wearable artificial kidney, it is only recently, with the advent of microtechnologies, that it has been possible to construct a truly wearable device, which can accurately regulate ultrafiltration and achieve adequate solute clearances. One such device has recently completed successful human pilot studies, designed to test device reliability, safety, and efficacy.
Observation of large spin accumulation voltages in nondegenerate Si spin devices due to spin drift effect: Experiments and theory (2016)

A large spin accumulation voltage of more than 1.5 mV at 1 mA, i.e., a magnetoresistance of 1.5 \ensuremath{\Omega}, was measured by means of the local three-terminal magnetoresistance in nondegenerate Si-based lateral spin valves (LSVs) at room temperature. This is the largest spin accumulation voltage measured in semiconductor-based LSVs. The modified spin drift--diffusion model, which successfully accounts for the spin drift effect, explains the large spin accumulation voltage and significant bias-current-polarity dependence. The model also shows that the spin drift effect enhances the spin-dependent magnetoresistance in the electric two-terminal scheme. This finding provides a useful guiding principle for spin metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor operations.
High-quality GeON gate dielectrics formed by plasma nitridation of ultrathin thermal oxides on Ge(100) (2010)

High-quality germanium oxynitride (GeON) gate dielectrics for Ge-based metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices were fabricated by plasma nitridation of ultrathin thermal oxides on Ge(100) substrates. Although ultrathin oxides with abrupt GeO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Ge interfaces can be formed by conventional dry oxidation, air exposure results in serious electrical degradation. It was found that plasma nitridation forms a nitrogen-rich capping layer on the ultrathin oxide and significantly improves thermal stability of the GeON layer. The nitrogen-rich layer effectively suppresses electrical degradation during air exposure and provides excellent insulating properties. Consequently, we were able to achieve Ge-MOS capacitors with GeON dielectrics of an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) as small as 1.7 nm. Minimum interface state density (D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</sub> ) values of GeON/Ge structures, i.e., as low as 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> , were successfully obtained for both the lower and upper halves of the bandgap.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclomegistine, the First Alkaloid with the New Cyclobuta[b]quinoline Ring System from Sarcomelicope megistophylla. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Camptothecin induces G2/M phase arrest through the ATM-Chk2-Cdc25C axis as a result of autophagy-induced cytoprotection: Implications of reactive oxygen species (2018)

In the present study, we report that camptothecin (CPT) caused irreversible cell cycle arrest at the G<sub>2</sub>/M phase, and was associated with decreased levels of cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C) and increased levels of cyclin B1, p21, and phospho-H3. Interestingly, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, glutathione, decreased CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest and moderately induced S phase arrest, indicating that the ROS is required for the regulation of CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest. Furthermore, transient knockdown of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), in the presence of CPT, increased the ROS' level and further shifted the cell cycle from early S phase to the G<sub>2</sub>/M phase, indicating that Nrf2 delayed the S phase in response to CPT. We also found that CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest increased, along with the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2)-Cdc25C axis. Additionally, the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, restored the decrease in Cdc25C levels in response to CPT, and significantly downregulated CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest, suggesting that CPT enhances G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest through proteasome-mediated Cdc25C degradation. Our data also indicated that inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibited CPT-induced p21 and cyclin B1 levels; however, inhibition of ERK blocked CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest, and inhibition of JNK enhanced apoptosis in response to CPT. Finally, we found that CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest circumvented apoptosis by activating autophagy through ATM activation. These findings suggest that CPT-induced G<sub>2</sub>/M phase arrest through the ROS-ATM-Chk2-Cdc25C axis is accompanied by the activation of autophagy.
Changes of Rheological Properties of Finely Particulated In<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/SnO<SUB>2</SUB> Sol Complex Suspensions in Mechanically Dispersing and Aging Processes (1995)

Flow properties and aging mechanism were analyzed at three different pH, under simple Bingham approximation of steady flow, for complex suspensions containing finely powdered In2O3and SnO2 sol that was in situ precipitated during gridding processes. At pH 5, near isoelectric points of both oxides, gelation was mainly attributed to crosslinking of the pre-existing flocs. In contrast, increase in the viscosity during aging at pH 2 and 9.5 was mainly due to increase in effective floc volume. The total pore volume, median pore size, and Vickers hardness of slip cast body were found to be closely related with the change in the Bingham yield value during aging.
Shifting network tomography toward a practical goal (2011)

Boolean Inference makes it possible to observe the congestion status of end-to-end paths and infer, from that, the congestion status of individual network links. In principle, this can be a powerful monitoring tool, in scenarios where we want to monitor a network without having direct access to its links. We consider one such real scenario: a Tier-1 ISP operator wants to monitor the congestion status of its peers. We show that, in this scenario, Boolean Inference cannot be solved with enough accuracy to be useful; we do not attribute this to the limitations of particular algorithms, but to the fundamental difficulty of the Inference problem. Instead, we argue that the "right" problem to solve, in this context, is compute the probability that each set of links is congested (as opposed to try to infer which particular links were congested when). Even though solving this problem yields less information than provided by Boolean Inference, we show that this information is more useful in practice, because it can be obtained accurately under weaker assumptions than typically required by Inference algorithms and more challenging network conditions (link correlations, non-stationary network dynamics, sparse topologies).
Improved Analytical Model for Intra-Channel Nonlinear Distortion by Relaxing the Lossless Assumption (2013)

We present an analytical solution for intra-channel nonlinearity based on perturbation theory. By relaxing the unrealistic lossless assumption in the conventional method, the model accuracy is improved by 20% for 1500km CD-managed link. Further application of the model shows a 0.6dB Q improvement under a 128Gb/s DP-QPSK pre-distortion experiment.
LTE Architecture Integration with SDN (2015)

In this chapter, we give an overview of LTE network architecture and its migration toward SDN-based mobile network. This chapter describes how mobile networks will scale and benefit both mobile operators and end users.
The past, present, and future of optical design (2006)

The field of optical design has a rich history and a rewarding future. Four leaders in the field will start the International Optical Design Conference with a plenary panel to discuss the history, the current trends, and what the outlook is for this exciting field. Topics will range from lens design in previous years to zoom lens to microlithography to free-form surfaces for illumination to imaging applications.
Controlling Growth Chemistry and Morphology of Single-Bath Electrodeposited Cu(In,Ga)Se[sub 2] Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application (2006)

Single-bath electrodeposition of polycrystalline thin films for photovoltaic applications is described. was deposited onto Mo electrodes from low concentration aqueous baths containing , , , and . Buffering the solutions to stabilized bath chemistry and improved film composition. Bath concentrations were shown to affect composition of deposited films, with a bath ratio of 1.75 required to maintain suitable deposited Se and Cu levels, while could be adjusted to control deposited In and Ga. Deposited films initially exhibited significant cracking, which was prevented by lowering the in the bath, and contained as secondary phases, resembling cauliflower florets, embedded in the film surfaces. The formation of these secondary phases was overcome by pretreating the Mo electrodes with a short deposition from the bath. This, coupled with a multipotential deposition regime, led to growth of smooth, compact, crack-free films of near stoichiometric values. Mechanisms of film growth and morphology control are discussed. All as-deposited films exhibit low crystallinity, and for device processing require recrystallization by annealing in an atmosphere. Promising preliminary results of electrodeposited devices are presented.
History of X-ray Tubes (2017)

The history of medical X-rays has been treated before by numerous authors and from a multitude of perspectives. X-rays obviously emerged from the area on the glass wall that showed the brightest green fluorescence, where cathode rays, later identified by Thomson as jets of electrons, interacted with the glass. X-ray tubes were far from perfect; most of them imploded sooner or later, overheated, or leaked air. Technical enthusiasm initially concealed the hazardous downside of X-rays. The use of two pulse generators gave birth to the metric “Heat Units” meant to characterize the quality of heat management in X-ray tubes. The earliest electron sources for X-ray generation were electrodes bombarded with ions from gas discharges. The collimation of the X-ray beam could be widened such that more photons were captured by the detection system. The average energy throughput per patient went down, and power and tube current went up.
Challenge (2020)

This paper focuses on COSMOS - <u>C</u>loud enhanced <u>O</u>pen <u>S</u>oftware defined <u>MO</u>bile wireless testbed for city-<u>S</u>cale deployment. The COSMOS testbed is being deployed in West Harlem (New York City) as part of the NSF Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research (PAWR) program. It will enable researchers to explore the technology "sweet spot" of ultra-high bandwidth and ultra-low latency in the most demanding real-world environment. We describe the testbed's architecture, the design and deployment challenges, and the experience gained during the design and pilot deployment. Specifically, we describe COSMOS' computing and network architectures, the critical building blocks, and its programmability at different layers. The building blocks include software-defined radios, 28 GHz millimeter-wave phased array modules, optical transport network, core and edge cloud, and control and management software. We describe COSMOS' deployment phases in a dense urban environment, the research areas that could be studied in the testbed, and specific example experiments. Finally, we discuss our experience with using COSMOS as an educational tool.
Supplementary Table S5 from Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer Is Mediated by the Kinase NEK6 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Phoshphopeptides significantly enriched (q&lt;0.25) in cell lysates with doxycycline-induced wild-type NEK6 expression as compared to lysates from cells expressing kinase-dead (kd) NEK6 and as compared to uninduced.&lt;/p&gt;
An Interspecies Comparison of the Temporomandibular Joint Disc (2010)

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc plays a critical role in normal function of the joint, and many disorders of the TMJ are a result of disc dysfunction. Previous quantitative TMJ characterization studies examined either the human or a specific animal model, but no single study has compared different species, in the belief that differences in joint morphology, function, and diet would be reflected in the material properties of the disc. In this study, we examined topographical biochemical (collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and DNA content) and biomechanical (tensile and compressive) properties of the human TMJ disc, and also discs from the cow, goat, pig, and rabbit. Regional and interspecies variations were identified in all parameters measured, and certain disc characteristics were observed across all species, such as a weak intermediate zone under mediolateral tension. While human discs possessed properties distinct from those of the other species, pig discs were most similar to the human, suggesting that the pig may be a suitable animal model for TMJ bioengineering efforts.
Movement, activity and action: the role of knowledge in the perception of motion (1997)

This paper presents several approaches to the machine perception of motion and discusses the role and levels of knowledge in each. In particular, different techniques of motion understanding as focusing on one of movement, activity or action are described. Movements are the most atomic primitives, requiring no contextual or sequence knowledge to be recognized; movement is often addressed using either view-invariant or view-specific geometric techniques. Activity refers to sequences of movements or states, where the only real knowledge required is the statistics of the sequence; much of the recent work in gesture understanding falls within this category of motion perception. Finally, actions are larger-scale events, which typically include interaction with the environment and causal relationships; action understanding straddles the grey division between perception and cognition, computer vision and artificial intelligence. These levels are illustrated with examples drawn mostly from the group's work in understanding motion in video imagery. It is argued that the utility of such a division is that it makes explicit the representational competencies and manipulations necessary for perception.
Efficiency-optimized near-field thermophotovoltaics using InAs and InAsSbP (2022)

Waste heat is a free and abundant energy source, with 15% of global total energy use existing as waste heat above 600 K. For 600–900 K temperature range, near-field thermophotovoltaics (NFTPVs) are theorized to be the most effective technology to recycle waste heat into electrical power. However, to date, experimental efficiencies have not exceeded 1.5%. In this work, we optimize the efficiency of three modeled InAs/InAsSbP-based room-temperature NFTPV devices positioned 0.1 μm from a 750 K p-doped Si radiator. We couple a one-dimensional fluctuational electrodynamics model for the near field optics to a two-dimensional drift-diffusion model, which we validated by reproducing measured dark current–voltage curves of two previously published InAs and InAsSbP devices. The optimized devices show four to six times higher above-bandgap energy transfer compared to the blackbody radiative limit, yielding enhanced power density, while simultaneously lowering parasitic sub-bandgap energy transfer by factors of 0.68–0.85. Substituting InAs front- and back-surface field layers with InAsSbP show 1.5- and 1.4-times higher efficiency and power output, respectively, from lowered parasitic diffusion currents. Of our three optimized designs, the best performing device has a double heterostructure with an n–i–p doping order from front to back. For radiator-thermophotovoltaic gaps of 0.01–10 μm and radiators within 600–900 K, this device has a maximum efficiency of 14.2% and a maximum power output of 1.55 W/cm2, both at 900 K. Within 600–900 K, the efficiency is always higher with near- vs far-field illumination; we calculate up to 3.7- and 107-times higher efficiency and power output, respectively, using near-field heat transfer.
Involvement of IL-15 in the Pathogenesis of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: Implications for Therapy with a Monoclonal Antibody Directed to the IL-2/15Rβ Receptor (1999)

Abstract Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the causative agent of an inflammatory neurological disease termed HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). An ongoing lymphocyte activation exists in patients with HAM/TSP, which was demonstrated by the spontaneous proliferation of their PBMC ex vivo. It was shown that spontaneous proliferation present in HAM/TSP is due, in part, to an IL-2/IL-2R autocrine loop. However, addition of Abs against IL-2 or IL-2Rα only partially inhibited the spontaneous proliferation. Since IL-15 is a cytokine with similar functional characteristics to those of IL-2, we reasoned that IL-15 might be an additional growth factor that contributes to the spontaneous proliferation observed in HAM/TSP. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-15 mRNA expression was elevated in PBMC obtained from HAM/TSP patients when compared with those of the normal donors. Furthermore, we showed that the addition of blocking Abs against IL-15 or its receptor inhibited the spontaneous proliferation of HAM/TSP PBMC. Addition of Abs directed toward both IL-15 and IL-2, or their receptors, inhibited the proliferation almost completely. These data suggest the existence of two autocrine loops involving IL-15/IL-15R and IL-2/IL-2R, both contributing to the spontaneous proliferation of HAM/TSP PBMC.
Modelling and control of a device for rehabilitation of paraplegic patients (2007)

This paper reports results about modelling and control of an experimental device, developed at the Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus, used in the rehabilitation of paraplegics patients. The device is like a seesaw: the patient sit at one edge and a counterweight is placed at the other edge. The patient is seated so that its posture can be fully known in real-time by continuously monitoring the knee joint angle. By means of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the quadriceps muscle groups, muscle contraction can be induced and the patient can stand up and sit down. To this aim a feedback control law is needed, which decides in real-time the stimulation to be delivered to the muscles on the basis of the measured knee angle value. In this work, a complete biomechanical model of the patient-seesaw system is presented and a simulator of the system is developed in the Dymola/Modelica environment and experimentally tuned. Also, a control law is designed and tested during typical rehabilitation exercises.
What We Know: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (2009)

Here's practical, evidence based advice on what to tell a pregnant with asymptomatic bacteriuria.
IBIS: A hollow-cathode multipole boundary ion source (1978)

The plasma production and containment system for a high-power continuously operating magnetic multipole ion source has been designed and constructed. Preliminary tests on this system prior to high voltage extraction of large beams indicate advantageous performance for neutral-beam injection applications. The source has produced 80 A to the extractor region at 0.33 A/cm2 with a discharge of 330 A at 80 V. Density uniformity is better than 1% over a 16-cm diameter, dropping to −4% at 18 cm, with plasma noise of less than 3%. Gas utilizaion efficiency and atomic (H+) species output are anticipated to be high due to a source length of 40 cm. This quiet efficient performance is attributed to the use of a hollow-tube LaB6 cathode and an improved magnetic multipole confinement system.