gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Determination of the MnO Activity Coefficient in High-Manganese Slags Using the Chemical Equilibrium Method (2021)

The thermodynamics of manganese oxide in high-MnO-containing slags was investigated using the chemical equilibrium method in the temperature range of 1623 to 1723 K. MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 slags were brought into equilibrium with molten silver (Ag) under controlled CO/CO2 gas atmosphere. The equilibrium Mn concentration in the silver was measured by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) analysis after the experiment. Slag samples were analyzed by EPMA (electron probe microanalyzer) analysis. The obtained activity aMnO and activity coefficient γMnO were derived as a function of the slag composition and temperature. The activity coefficient of MnO within the investigated slag system increased with an increasing MnO/SiO2 ratio. The derived temperature dependence of the activity coefficient and partition ratio of Mn between the metal and the slag was strongly influenced by the slag composition. The thermodynamic assessment of the activity and activity coefficient of MnO was carried out by applying the regular solution model (RSM) on the basis of interaction energies of the cations and with FactSageTM 7.3. The theoretical calculations were compared with the experimentally derived values.
Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Anions: Part 3. Estimating Surface Area Exposure by Deuterium Uptake (2015)

Gas-phase hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX), collision cross section (CCS) measurement, and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) techniques were utilized to develop and compare three methods for estimating the relative surface area exposure of separate peptide chains within bovine insulin ions. Electrosprayed [M - 3H](3-) and [M - 5H](5-) insulin ions produced a single conformer type with respective collision cross sections of 528 ± 5 Å(2) and 808 ± 2 Å(2). [M - 4H](4-) ions were comprised of more compact (Ω = 676 ± 3 Å(2)) and diffuse (i.e., more elongated, Ω = 779 ± 3 Å(2)) ion conformer types. Ions were subjected to HDX in the drift tube using D2O as the reagent gas. Collision-induced dissociation was used to fragment mobility-selected, isotopically labeled [M - 4H](4-) and [M - 5H](5-) ions into the protein subchains. Deuterium uptake levels of each chain can be explained by limited inter-chain isotopic scrambling upon collisional activation. Using nominal ion structures from MDS and a hydrogen accessibility model, the deuterium uptake for each chain was correlated to its exposed surface area. In separate experiments, the per-residue deuterium content for the protonated and deprotonated ions of the synthetic peptide KKDDDDDIIKIIK were compared. The differences in deuterium content indicated the regional HDX accessibility for cations versus anions. Using ions of similar conformational type, this comparison highlights the complementary nature of HDX data obtained from positive- and negative-ion analysis.
Functional Ultrasound Imaging of the thalamo-cortical auditory tract in awake ferrets using ultrafast Doppler imaging (2016)

Large-scale functional imaging techniques are part of a fast growing field of neuroscience aiming at understanding whole brain activity. The recently introduced Functional Ultrasound Imaging (fUS), based on ultrafast Doppler, is a new very sensitive method monitoring changes in slow blood flow with a high spatial (~100μm) and temporal (down to the cardiac time scale) resolution for a typical imaged section of 15mm wide and 20mm deep (at 15MHz, typical for animal studies), which makes it an unequalled modality in the landscape or functional imaging. It opened a large field of applications in Neuroimaging from epilepsy to spatial representation. Here we present its use to study the functional organization of auditory cortex and thalamic nuclei in the awake ferret.
Reaction of tris-arylgallium(iii) with water: biaryl coupling versus Ga–C hydrolysis (2000)

Reaction of toluene solutions of tris(aryl)gallium(III) compounds with water results in intra-molecular biaryl coupling (70% yield) and an oligomeric organogallium(III) hydroxide/oxide [Ga12O14H4(aryl)12], whereas reaction in THF with water leads to hydrolysis, formation of arylH, and for aryl = Ph the trimeric THF hydrogen bonded trimer, [Ph2Ga(μ-OH)]3·3THF.
Continuous Asymmetric Reduction Of 4-Oxoisophorone By Thermophilic Bacteria Using A Hollow Fiber Reactor (1987)

Continuous asymmetric reduction of 4-oxoisophorone by the thermophilic bacterium Thermomonospora curvata JTS321 was examined using three reactor systems: packed bed, fluidized bed and hollow fiber. T. curvata was immobilized in polyacrylamide-hydrazide gels when used in the packed and fluidized bed reactors. Of the three reactor systems, the highest productivity (964 mg.1-1.h-1) was observed in the fluidized bed reactor. However, many cells grew outside of the gel matrix, causing product contamination. The productivity of the hollow fiber reactor was 504 mg.1-1.h-1; the problem of cell contamination of the product was avoided, as the molecular cut-off of the hollow fibers (400 000) was of an appropriate size to prevent cell leakage to the product stream. We therefore consider that the hollow fiber reactor is most suitable for continuous microbial conversions.
Vertical transmission of X4-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1 in five Ugandan mother–infant pairs (2009)

This study demonstrates that X4-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1 can be transmitted from mother to infant, before, during or shortly after delivery, and establishes vertical transmission as an important source of CXCR4-using viruses in infants.
Focus on the future interview with James Burrows Edwards, 2008 (2008)

We are talking with Dr
Organic thin-film transistors based on conjugated polymer/carbon nanotube composites (2007)

Thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite as the active materials. Single walled CNTs were dispersed into a P3HT/chloroform solution. By drop casting, the composite solution was deposited onto the pre-fabricated device and formed a thin active layer for a TFT. The effect of different concentrations of CNTs on the charge carrier mobility of the composite was studied. A low ratio of CNT to the active material could significantly improve the carrier mobility while the on/off ratio was not reduced.
The effect of extracellular matrix interactions on morphologic transformation (1991)

There is emerging evidence that the structure and function of a cell is dependent in part on the contacts that cells make with the extracellular matrix. We report here the effect of extracellular matrices secreted from both normal and tumor cells have on the structure of normal rat kidney epithelial cells. Normal rat kidney cells plated on the basement membrane secreted by tumor cells adopt a morphology and phenotype which closely resembles a Kirsten-ras transformed normal rat kidney cell. This morphologic transformation was not observed for cells plated on individual extracellular matrix components or on basement membrane secreted by normal placenta cells. This suggests that tumor derived basement membrane has unique characteristics which may cause morphologic transformation of normal rat kidney cells.
Crystallographic Characterization of N-Oxide Tripod Amphiphiles (2010)

Tripod amphiphiles are designed to promote the solubilization and stabilization of intrinsic membrane proteins in aqueous solution; facilitation of crystallization is a long-range goal. Membrane proteins are subjects of extensive interest because of their critical biological roles, but proteins of this type can be difficult to study because of their low solubility in water. The nonionic detergents that are typically used to achieve solubility can have the unintended effect of causing protein denaturation. Tripod amphiphiles differ from conventional detergents in that the lipophilic segment contains a branchpoint, and previous work has shown that this unusual amphiphilic architecture can be advantageous relative to traditional detergent structures. Here, we report the crystal structures of several tripod amphiphiles that contain an N-oxide hydrophilic group. The data suggest that tripods can adapt themselves to a nonpolar surface by altering the hydrophobic appendage that projects toward that surface and their overall orientation relative to that surface. Although it is not possible to draw firm conclusions regarding amphiphile association in solution from crystallographic data, trends observed among the packing patterns reported here suggest design strategies to be implemented in future studies.
Nucleation Effects in the Atomic Layer Deposition of Nickel–Aluminum Oxide Thin Films (2020)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become an important technique to synthesize a wide variety of materials on the subnanometer length scale. Expanding the library of ALD for ternary materials is vital for applications in which ternary materials allow for tuning of physical, optical, and electronic properties. In this work, we demonstrate the first report of nickel–aluminum oxide (Ni–Al–O) films deposited by ALD using nickelocene-ozone and trimethylaluminum-water as reactants. While deposition of a wide range of compositions is achieved, the observed growth per cycle (GPC) did not follow the simple combination of GPCs measured for the binary ALD processes. Nucleation studies performed to better understand this behavior reveal that the deposition of aluminum oxide is greatly enhanced on a NiO surface prepared by nickelocene and ozone. A model is developed that considers nucleation effects to predict composition and thickness as a function of supercycle recipe. Characterization of the deposited films shows that Al-doping of NiO results in contraction of the NiO lattice, decreased crystallinity, and reduced density, and that films become completely amorphous at compositions with less than 50% Ni. In addition, Al-doped NiO films deposited by ALD are investigated as a hole-selective transport layer in lead-based perovskite solar cells. An Al doping of ∼4% improves power conversion efficiency of the perovskite-based devices over that of NiO primarily through increases in fill factor.
The effect of nitroxides on swarming motility and biofilms, multicellular behaviors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2013)

The ability of NO to induce biofilm dispersion has been well established. Here we investigated the effect of nitroxides (sterically hindered nitric oxide analogues) on biofilm formation and swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A transposon mutant unable to produce nitric oxide endogenously (nirS) was deficient in swarming motility relative to wild type and the complemented strain. Moreover, expression of the nirS gene was up-regulated by 9.65-fold in wild type swarming cells when compared to planktonic cells. Wild type swarming levels were substantially restored upon exogenous addition of nitroxide containing compounds, consistent with the hypothesis that NO is necessary for swarming motility. Here, we showed that nitroxides not only mimicked the dispersal activity of NO, but also prevented biofilms from forming in flow cell chambers. In addition, a nirS transposon mutant was deficient in biofilm formation relative to wild type and the complemented strain, thus implicating NO in the formation of biofilms. Intriguingly despite its stand alone action in inhibiting biofilm formation and promoting dispersal, a nitroxide partially restored the ability of a nirS mutant to form biofilms.
Innate immunity, oxidative stress and body indices of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis after two weeks of exposure to artificial light at night (2021)

Artificial light at night (ALAN) can disrupt biological rhythms of fish and other vertebrates by changing the light information of the nocturnal environment. Disrupted biorhythms can impair the immune system of vertebrates as it has been shown for conditions with continuous illumination or long-day photoperiod in many vertebrates, including fish. Nonetheless, this has not been shown so far for typical ALAN scenarios with high light intensities during day and low light intensities at night. Therefore, in this study, proxies for the innate immune system and oxidative stress as well as body indices of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis were measured under a wide range of intensities of nocturnal illumination. The authors found no changes in parameters of the innate immune system and no significant changes in proxies for oxidative stress after 2-week exposures to nocturnal illuminance ranging from 0.01 lx to 1 lx in one experiment or from 1 lx to 100 lx in a second experiment. A decrease in the hepato-somatic index at the highest tested light intensity of 100 lx compared to the dark control was the only significant difference in all parameters among treatments. After 2 weeks of exposure, ALAN does not seem to seriously challenge the innate immune system and seems to cause less oxidative stress than expected. The results of this study contradict the findings from other studies applying continuous illumination or long-day photoperiod and highlight the importance of further research in this field. Because ALAN represents a sustained modulation of the environment that may have cumulative effects over time, long-term studies are required for a better understanding of how ALAN modulates the health of fish.
Analytic Study of TCP Performance over a Soft Rate Switching WCDMA Bearer (2006)

In this paper a soft rate switching principle for CDMA is suggested combining the selection of processing gain and BLER-target. An analytical model for TCP performance is developed and an evaluation is done for a best-effort TCP service over a downlink WCDMA bearer. Results show that the combined selection can smoothly control the trade-off between high TCP service quality and high capacity. Also the quality and coverage trade-off can be managed with the same principle.
A study on the Estimate of Daily PAR at the ocean around Korean Peninsula using GOCI (2023)

Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) has a key role in generating primary production at the ocean surface. Various satellite sensors were used to estimate PAR at the ocean, but GOCI, the world&amp;#8217;s first geostationary ocean color sensor, didn&amp;#8217;t service PAR as an official product yet. In this study, PAR for the ocean around Korean Peninsula was estimated by using GOCI and validation was carried out. GOCI daily PAR was estimated from plane-parallel theory based model and corrected with in-situ measurements PAR data which had been collected at two ocean research stations. Corrected GOCI daily PAR has a high R2 value (0.99) with in-situ measurements. GOCI daily PAR also shows a high accuracy in terms of root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE); 4.98 % and -0.52 %, respectively. As a result of the comparison with other sensors derived PAR data, GOCI daily PAR shows the highest performance at the ocean around Korean Peninsula. MODIS and AHI derived daily PAR have lower accuracy than GOCI. MODIS daily PAR has RMSE of 10.40 % and -4.15 % with in-situ measurements, and AHI daily PAR has 6.51 % and -4.65 %, respectively. GOCI daily PAR help to understand the marine environment around the Korean Peninsula. For the further study, PAR from GOCI-II will be discussed.
Measurement of Attenuation by Building Structures in Cellular Network Bands (2018)

The power transmitted through obstacles is lower than the incident one due to reflection and absorption by them and this attenuation of electromagnetic waves reduces the radio coverage of any wireless communication system. This letter presents a study for the loss introduced by multiple building structures: brick, cavity and solid concrete block, and plasterboard walls; tile and slate roofs; and ten types of modern windows. The investigation is conducted in an anechoic chamber over the frequency range from 400 MHz to 2.7 GHz. Normal incidence is considered and both linear copolarizations (vertical-vertical and horizontal-horizontal) are tested. Strong frequency- and polarization-dependent attenuation is observed for the cavity concrete block wall and windows. The results demonstrate that the windows have the highest losses among the tested structures, which can reach up to 50 dB.
Electric Buses: A New Zealand Perspective (1992)

Battery powered electric buses offer a clean, non-polluting, environmentally 'green' public transportation system, but necessarily suffer from problems caused by today's lead-acid battery technology. The paper reviews the performance of such buses, with and without hybrid chargers, and compares the operating costs with those of conventional diesel and CNG buses, simulated over an urban driving cycle. It shows that, in the New Zealand environment, energy costs for battery buses are typically less than 50% of those for conventional buses but, when battery replacement is also considered, the electric bus is more expensive. Maintenance costs of an electric vehicle are likely to be lower than for diesel buses, but these figures are not quantifiable at the present time.
Induced second-harmonic generation in colored glasses (1993)

Induced second-harmonic generation has been observed in a number of colored glasses with high lead content, at efficiencies that are an order of magnitude higher on the average than in germanium silicate preforms for optical fibers. This highest coefficient of second harmonic generation is observed in lead silicate glasses doped with cerium.
A Nanographene‐Based Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework as a Stable and Efficient Photocatalyst (2021)

Synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with desirable organic units furnishes advanced materials with unique functionalities. As an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) COFs, sp<sup>2</sup> -carbon-conjugated COFs provide a facile platform to build highly stable and crystalline porous polymers. Herein, a 2D olefin-linked COF was prepared by employing nanographene, namely, dibenzo[hi,st]ovalene (DBOV), as a building block. The DBOV-COF exhibits unique ABC-stacked lattices, enhanced stability, and charge-carrier mobility of ≈0.6 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> inferred from ultrafast terahertz photoconductivity measurements. The ABC-stacking structure was revealed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. DBOV-COF demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic activity in hydroxylation, which was attributed to the exposure of narrow-energy-gap DBOV cores in the COF pores, in conjunction with efficient charge transport following light absorption.
Real‐Time Analysis of Enzymatic Surface‐Initiated Polymerization Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) (2006)

The kinetics of enzymatic surface-initiated polymerization of PHB on gold surface has been examined by SPR and the resultant polymer layers characterized by AFM and FT-IR spectrometry. The immobilized enzyme catalyzed surface-initiated polymerization of 3HB-CoA, resulting in the formation of a polymer brush on the surface. The rate of polymer growth from the surface was monitored by SPR in real-time. Polymer growth as measured by the increase in the resonance angle showed no apparent lag phase during the polymerization reaction. SPR analysis also revealed that the thickness of the polymer film could be controlled by varying the initial enzyme density on the surface. The average thicknesses of the PHB film after polymerization reaction were 95, 45 and 15 nm for the surfaces that were treated with 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1*10(-6) M of enzyme, respectively. The binding of PHA synthase at different concentration to the mixed SAMs and subsequent polymerization.
The Intermolecular Pauson–Khand Reaction (2005)

Five membered carbocycles are important building blocks for many biologically active molecules. Moreover, substituted cyclopentenones (e.g. cyclopentenone prostaglandins) exhibit characteristic biological activity. The efficiency and atom economy of the Pauson-Khand reaction render this process potentially one of the most attractive methods for the synthesis of such compounds. Although it was discovered in its intermolecular form, the scope of the intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction has always been limited by the poor reactivity and selectivity of the alkene component. The past decade, especially the last three years, has seen concerted efforts to broaden the scope of this reaction. In this overview, we provide a comprehensive and critical coverage of the intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction based on the reactivity characteristics of different classes of alkenes and a rationalization of successes and misfortunes in this area.
Transimmunization for immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (2008)

Objective. To establish proof of principle of transimmunization (T.I.) in an animal model prior to use in a dendritic cell (DC)‐based immunotherapy clinical trial for HNSCC. Methods. Pooled blood from syngeneic Fischer 344 rats was photoactivated in the presence of 8‐methoxypsoralen and Ultraviolet‐A, followed by overnight incubation to facilitate conversion of monocyte precursors to DC. Cells were matured using pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) – LPS, CpG DNA, flagellin and Poly I: C. Cells were either labeled with Indium‐111 and injected peritumorally followed by in vivo tracking using micro‐Single Photon Emission CT (micro‐SPECT), or used unlabeled in randomized double‐blinded vaccination studies in tumor‐bearing animals. Treatment groups included: T.I. cells ± PAMPs, T.I. cells + lysate ± PAMPs and T.I. cells + tumor lysate (TL) containing‐NP ± PAMPs. Outcome measures included: mean tumor size, survival and ELISA to study differences in production of IFN‐γ and IL‐10. Results. There were statistically significant differences in mean tumor size at 2 weeks post‐injections ( P = 0.033) and overall survival ( P = 0.009) in the group treated with T.I. cells alone. Addition of PAMPs made no significant impact on outcome measures. Micro‐SPECT images indicated that T.I. cells remain at the site of injection between 24 and 96 h. Conclusions. (1) Immature T.I. cells on their own appear to be significantly more effective than those loaded with antigen, or mature ones. (2) T.I. cells remain at the site of injection for at least 24 h prior to migration to regional lymph nodal area for classical antigen cross‐presentation.
Recycling of Waste Rubber (2007)

최근 산업발전이 가속화되면서 환경오염이 증가함에 따라 산업전반의 폐기물에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있으 며 폐고무의 매립이나 소각과 같은 처리방법을 최소화하고 recycling에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있는 실정이다. 국내의 고 무 재활용 기술은 재활용 산업에 대한 경제성이 없는 관계로 인하여 기술 개발에 대한 연구가 선진국에 비하여 매우 낙후된 상황이나, 향후 환경 문제와 자원의 재활용 측면에서 이에 대한 연구가 필요한 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 최근의 폐고무 재활용과 관련된 기술 개발 현황과 향후 전망에 대하여 살펴고자 한다.
Highly sensitive dispersion measurement of a high-power passive optical resonator using spatial-spectral interferometry (2010)

We apply spatially and spectrally resolved interferometry to measure the complex ratio between the field circulating inside a high-finesse femtosecond enhancement cavity and the seeding field. Our simple and highly sensitive method enables the measurement of single-round-trip group delay dispersion of a fully loaded cavity at resonance for the first time. Group delay dispersion can be determined with a reproducibility better than 1 fs2 allowing the investigation of nonlinear processes triggered by the high intracavity power. The required data acquisition time is less than 1 s.