gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aging behavior of Al-Li-(Cu, Mg) alloys processed by different deformation methods (2020)

Structural features and aging behavior of AlLi, Al-Li-Cu and Al-Li-Mg alloys under different equivalent strains (ε ) were investigated. Following solid-solution treatment, high-pressure torsion (HPT), asymmetric rolling (ASR) and cold rolling (CR) were adopted to introduce high, middle and low amount of strains to Al-Li-(Cu, Mg) alloys. After deformation, for the HPT processed alloys under high equivalent strains, the highest as-deformed hardness was obtained. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the grain size was refined to 210 nm, 120 nm and 150 nm, respectively. Under severe plastic deformation condition (ε > 30), the AlLi alloy lost age-hardenability, however, the aging of the asymmetric rolled AlLi alloys increased the hardness further and the highest hardness was obtained in this alloy. For the Al-Li-Cu and Al-Li-Mg alloys, a further increase in hardness was achieved by aging the as-deformed alloys, regardless of the equivalent strains. Meanwhile, the peak hardness increases with increasing the equivalent strains. During aging treatment, the behavior of the precipitates was discussed in the present work.
Monolithic integration of the vertical IGBT and intelligent protection circuits (2002)

In this paper, we have developed a new smart discrete technology to monolithically integrate the high voltage vertical IGBT with low-voltage NMOS protection circuitry by adding a p-well step to the conventional IGBT process. Two new 600 V intelligent IGBTs, based on the same technology but using different protection schemes, are reported for the first time. The first intelligent IGBT provides protection against over-current and over-temperature conditions. The second intelligent IGBT provides protection against short circuit conditions by means of sensing collector voltage. The typically observed characteristics of the intelligent IGBT's include a forward voltage of 1.4 V at a current density of 100 A/cm/sup 2/, a turn-off fall time of 200 ns, and a short-circuit withstand time at 125/spl deg/C of more than 50 /spl mu/s.
A practical approach to the living polymerization of functionalized monomers: application to block copolymers and 3-dimensional macromolecular architectures (2001)

The tolerance of living free radical procedures to reactive functional groups, coupled with their ability to prepare well-defined random and block copolymers is demonstrated by the use of novel α-hydrogen alkoxyamine derivatives instead of the traditional TEMPO-based systems. This refinement in the nitroxide structure overcomes many limitations typically associated with TEMPO and has permitted a dramatic increase in the range of monomers, which can be polymerized under controlled conditions. The ability to prepare well-defined multi-arm star polymers from a variety of alkoxyamine terminated vinyl and non-vinyl linear polymers are major benefits when compared to traditional living procedures, such as anionic polymerizations.
Differential effects of synthetic nuclear retinoid receptor-selective retinoids on the growth of human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. (1997)

Retinoids are promising agents for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs; RARalpha, -beta, and -gamma) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs; RXRalpha, -beta, and -gamma) are thought to mediate most of retinoids' effects on cell growth and differentiation. Because the majority of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines are resistant to all-trans-retinoic acid, we searched for more potent retinoids. Therefore, we examined the effects of 37 natural and synthetic retinoids that exhibit specific binding to and transactivation of individual RARs or RXRs on the proliferation of eight human NSCLC cell lines. All of these cells expressed mRNAs of the three RXRs; however, they expressed varying levels of RARalpha and RARgamma, and only three of the eight cell lines expressed RARbeta mRNA. Cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABPs) I and II were detected in one and three of the eight cell lines, respectively. Only 8 of the 37 retinoids exhibited growth-inhibitory activity (IC50, < 10 microM) against at least two of the eight NSCLC cell lines. The active retinoids included one (TD550) of five RARalpha-selective, one (Ch55) of three RARbeta-selective, three (CD437, CD2325, and SR11364) of six RARgamma-selective, and one (CD271) of four RARbeta/gamma-selective retinoids. The potency of these retinoids was low (IC50, > 1 microM), except for CD437, which was very potent (IC50, 0.1-0.5 microM). The six RXR-selective retinoids were mostly inactive even at 10 microM. However, combinations of RAR-selective and RXR-selective retinoids exhibited additive effects. There appeared to be no simple correlation among the histological type of the NSCLC (adeno- or squamous), the levels of nuclear receptors or CRABPs, and the response of the cells to the growth-inhibitory effects of retinoids. Nevertheless, in contrast with former studies with natural retinoids, these results suggest that several synthetic retinoids do exhibit inhibitory activity against NSCLC cells, and some of them may be useful clinically.
Flexibility of Remediation Methods for Winding Open Circuit Faults in a Multiphase PM Machine Considering Iron Losses Minimization (2019)

The flexibility of post-fault control in multiphase machine systems stems from their multiple degrees of freedom. A post-fault loss-minimization method is proposed and investigated in this paper, in which both the machine copper and iron losses are considered during the derivation of post-fault remediation methods. Therefore, machine efficiency during post-fault operation can be further improved compared to the conventional stator-ohmic-loss-minimization approach. In addition, the combination of three key factors/constraints that can influence the post-fault control strategy of a six-phase permanent magnet (PM) machine has been investigated. By comparing four selected remediation methods based on three constraints, the pros and cons of those methods as well as the influence of the constraints are discussed.
Load margin for short-term voltage stability of an interconnected AC/MTDC system (2021)

The so-called short-term voltage stability is typical of nonlinear problems arising in dynamic performance of electric power systems. This paper reports a simulation result on load margin for short-term voltage stability of the IEEE 9-bus system connected to a multi-terminal DC system based on voltage-source converter (VSC). The simulation shows that the introduction of AC voltage control in VSC increases the load margin under a step change in load on the AC system, thereby showing a clear benefit of the AC voltage control for enhancing the short-term voltage stability without harnessing the AC system.
Observation of Optical Cavity Modes in Photoluminescent Porous Silicon Films (1993)

Uniform layers of porous Si have been produced that show fine structure in their photoluminescence (PL) spectra characteristic of longitudinal optical cavity modes. This mode spacing can be modified in a predictable way by immersing the porous Si layer in heptane, which changes the average refractive index of the porous Si layer. The 5 μm thick cavity is generated by a photoelectrochemical etch of single‐crystal (100) p‐Si wafers (3 mA/cm2, 9 C/cm2, irradiated with 57 μW/cm2of 500 nm light for the duration of the etch). Electron micrographs show that the layer is homogeneous on a submicron scale and that the Si/porous Si and porous Si/air transitions are abrupt (<0.5 μm). On thinner porous Si films, optical interference leads to a significant distortion of the emission spectrum. The relevance of interference‐induced spectral changes to measurements of the intrinsic emission spectrum of porous Si is discussed.
Angular Modulation of Injection Locked Oscillators (2006)

This paper presents theoretical results about angular modulation of injection locked oscillators (ILO). The theory is validated by measurements on a 2-GHz free running frequency injection locked oscillator integrated in a 0.35-mum BiCMOS SiGe STMicroelectronics technology
Solution for PCM and OTS Intermixing on Cross-Point Phase Change Memory (2019)

A reliability study for PCM and OTS intermixing was addressed. The buffer layer between PCM and OTS plays a key role in preventing PCM/OTS intermixing after BEOL processing thermal treatment. Besides cycling endurance, performance degradation due to interlayer intermixing was observed. Optimal device operation and an improved buffer layer allowed drastically improved cycling endurance from a few cycles to > 1E9 cycles.
Visualising biodistribution and biokinetics of inhaled biologicals: application of light sheet imaging technology (2021)

The therapeutic utility of systemic “biologicals” (i.e. recombinant proteins), in particular monoclonal antibodies, has rekindled interest in development of diverse inhaled biological platforms to treat lung diseases. However, very little is known about the specific patterns and mechanisms of their uptake, epithelial transfer, clearance and redistribution. Here we compare conventional PK analysis with whole-of-lung biodistribution by 3D light-sheet microscopy (LSM) and FACS profiling of macrophages using a human NGAL lipocalin protein as a test probe. <b>Methods:</b> Unlabelled NGAL was microsprayed into male Balb/c mice lungs. At 1, 2, 4, 6, &amp; 24h, blood, PBS lung washes and lung lobes were collected. Separately, fluoro tagged NGAL-647 was microsprayed into mouse lungs, harvested, optically cleared and imaged by LSM and lung macrophages analysed by FACS. <b>Results:</b> Instilled NGAL displayed first order elimination kinetics. Appeared in the blood in a dose proportional manner (T<sub>max</sub>=2h,&amp; C<sub>max</sub>=1859 ng/ml). LSM confirmed progressive redistribution from the airway lumen into the interstitium; most likely by paracellular transport. As previously demonstrated, instilled protein macrophage uptake was inferred from a punctate cell biodistribution pattern and redistribution at later time points. This was confirmed by FACS as the majority of NGAL+ cells were alveolar monocyte/macrophages cells. <b>Conclusion:</b> Consistent with previous reports, NGAL delivered directly to the lung by microspray undergoes first order elimination, transit from lumen to submucosa in airways and lumen to interstitium&nbsp;and blood from the&nbsp;alveoli as well as&nbsp;macrophage uptake and clearance&nbsp;via the mucociliary&nbsp;escalator.
Discovery of 1-[3-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-oxo-5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-7-yl]-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanesulfonamide (MK-8033): A Specific c-Met/Ron Dual Kinase Inhibitor with Preferential Affinity for the Activated State of c-Met (2013)

This report documents the first example of a specific inhibitor of protein kinases with preferential binding to the activated kinase conformation: 5H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-5-one 11r (MK-8033), a dual c-Met/Ron inhibitor under investigation as a treatment for cancer. The design of 11r was based on the desire to reduce time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 (TDI) by members of this structural class. A novel two-step protocol for the synthesis of benzylic sulfonamides was developed to access 11r and analogues. We provide a rationale for the observed selectivity based on X-ray crystallographic evidence and discuss selectivity trends with additional examples. Importantly, 11r provides full inhibition of tumor growth in a c-Met amplified (GTL-16) subcutaneous tumor xenograft model and may have an advantage over inactive form kinase inhibitors due to equal potency against a panel of oncogenic activating mutations of c-Met in contrast to c-Met inhibitors without preferential binding to the active kinase conformation.
Anomalous Electron Storage Decrease in MONOS' Nitride Layers Thinner Than 4 nm (2008)

An anomalous decrease in electron-storage capability of metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (MONOS) was observed in the range of nitride thickness below 4 nm. This decrease can be explained by assuming transition layers with electron traps at oxide/nitride interfaces or inhomogeneous growth of nitride in the early stage of the growth. To decrease the nitride thickness of a MONOS memory below 4 nm for lower power operation and further device scaling down, transition layer should be thinned, or nitride roughness should be reduced.
Camera and imaging radar feature level sensorfusion for night vision pedestrian recognition (2009)

This contribution presents a robust pedestrian detection system at night that fuses a camera sensor and a scanning radar sensor on feature level. Each sensor defines an overdetermined set of features to be selected and parameterized using the supervised training algorithm AdaBoost. This technique assures an optimal selection and weighting of the features from both sensors depending on their discriminative power for the classification task. In the radar plane a new complex signal filter has been derived which describes a local similarity measure of velocity differences. In order to achieve realtime capability multiple classifiers are combined using a cascade.
Concrete Roadside Barrier Anchorage Details for 5-in., Cast-in-Place Decks on Prestressed Beams (2012)

The Texas Department of Transportation commonly builds bridge spans with adjacently framed, prestressed box beams and slab beams and makes them composite with a 5-in.-thick, concrete, cast-in-place deck (CIPD). The presence of a cast-in-place, concrete overlay allows use of more favorable empirical, live-load distribution equations, which results in more efficient bridge spans. This 5-in.-thick CIPD offers limited depth for anchorage of rail reinforcement. AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications has a limiting hook development length of 6 in. for a No. 4 rail anchorage. With a 5-in. deck thickness and a 6-in. minimum required development length, the rail anchorage reinforcement must be cast in the pretensioned beams to meet specification requirements for rail anchorage strength. This need has made it difficult to ensure adequate development of the rail anchorage reinforcement. The objective of the study reported here, therefore, was to develop barrier anchorage details that would meet the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) evaluation criteria, minimize damage to the concrete barrier profile and CIPD, and prevent delamination of the CIPD from the precast beams, which was witnessed in a research project performed at Texas Transportation Institute. The anchorage modifications were evaluated successfully under the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Test 3–11 and were considered suitable for roadways with traffic conditions appropriate for Testing Level 3 safety hardware.
Using the Global Web as an Expertise Evidence Source (2009)

This paper describes the details of our participation in expert search task of the TREC 2007 Enterprise track. The presented study demonstrates the predicting potential of the expertise evidence that can be found outside of the organization. We discovered that combining the ranking built solely on the Enterprise data with the Global Web based ranking may produce significant increases in performance. However, our main goal was to explore whether this result can be further improved by using various quality measures to distinguish among web result items. While, indeed, it was beneficial to use some of these measures, especially those measuring relevance of URL strings and titles, it stayed unclear whether they are decisively important.
Engineering proteinase K using machine learning and synthetic genes (2007)

The number of protein variants that must be tested to obtain significant functional improvements determines the type of tests that can be performed. Protein engineers wishing to modify the property of a protein to shrink tumours or catalyze chemical reactions under industrial conditions have until now been forced to accept high throughput surrogate screens to measure protein properties that they hope will correlate with the functionalities that they intend to modify. By reducing the number of variants that must be tested to fewer than 100, machine learning algorithms make it possible to use more complex and expensive tests so that only protein properties that are directly relevant to the desired application need to be measured. Protein design algorithms that only require the testing of a small number of variants represent a significant step towards a generic, resource-optimized protein engineering process.
Fast scan technology for digital video tape recorders (1993)

A solution to the problems of implementing trick play on a compressed digital VTR (video tape recorder) is described. Because of loss of data in the fast-forward/fast-reverse playback, it is difficult to decode a useful image from the data recovered, and image quality is poor. The authors' proposal reserves an area on the tape which will be traversed during trick playback; a subset of the bitstream which is specifically adapted to trick play in this track is recorded. Thus, good-quality trick play is achieved without impact on normal playback and without decoding and recording the compressed bitstream.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cooking Cryptographers: Secure Multiparty Computation Based on Balls and Bags (2021)

Imagine two cryptographers wishing to securely compute the AND value of their secret input bits. They are in the kitchen, where all they have are three saucepans with Borscht soup and some kinds of ingredients. Interestingly, by secretly putting ingredients in the saucepans depending on their inputs, they can find only the AND value from the taste of the cooked Borscht. Because cooking for secure computations is not so convenient, let us regard ingredients and saucepans (with Borscht soup) as balls and bags, respectively, which are easy to handle and also familiar tools for learning Probability in high school. Then, our problem is generalized as: Can we realize secure multiparty computations (MPCs) with balls and bags?There are techniques to realize MPCs with everyday objects, such as physical cards, coins, and a PEZ dispenser. We encode the input bits with such objects and securely compute some predetermined function using them. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on the physical properties of balls and bags. That is, our challenges are how to utilize an interesting feature that the balls become disordered immediately after they are put into a bag, namely they are “automatically shuffled”. We give the first framework of MPCs using balls and bags (namely, ball-based cryptography), and propose secure AND computation and general MPCs. Our protocols are realizations of usable security which helps people with understanding the principles of MPCs as well as solving social problems in daily life.
Flow-Cookies: Using Bandwidth Amplification to Defend Against DDoS Flooding Attacks (2006)

This paper describes flow-cookies which defend against DDoS flooding attacks using bandwidth amplification. "Flow-cookies" is a mechanism in which a Website can reliably send filtering requests to a cooperating node in the network, leveraging its protection bandwidth. In this approach, a third party provider installs a flow-cookies enabled middlebox called the cookie box, in the network at a high bandwidth link. All traffic to or from the protected Web server must traverse the cookie box. The cookie box guarantees that all packets that pass between it and the server belong to a legitimate TCP flow with a valid sender. This implementation is able to operate at gigabit speeds including per-packet IP filtering of millions of addresses. This approach is also very effective against high volume SYN flooding attacks
RATE-ADJUSTMENT ALGORITHM FOR AGGREGATE TCP CONGESTION CONTROL (2000)

Abstract — The TCP congestion-control mechanism is an algorithm designed to probe the available bandwidth of the network path that TCP packets traverse. However, it is wellknown that the TCP congestion-control mechanism does not perform well on networks with a large bandwidth-delay product due to the slow dynamics in adapting its congestion window, especially for short-lived flows. One promising solution to the problem is to aggregate and share the path information among TCP connections that traverse the same bottleneck path, i.e., Aggregate TCP. However, this paper shows via a queueing analysis of a generalized processorsharing (GPS) queue with regularly-varying service time that a simple aggregation of local TCP connections together into a single aggregate TCP connection can result in a severe performance degradation. To prevent such a degradation, we introduce a rate-adjustment algorithm. Our simulation confirms that by utilizing our rate-adjustment algorithm on aggregate TCP, connections which would normally receive poor service achieve significant performance improvements without penalizing connections which already receive good service.
Tenascin‐C in serum: A questionable tumor marker (1995)

In normal adult tissue tenascin-C (TN-C) is usually expressed at low levels. However, it is strongly induced in many tumors as well as in other pathological conditions often associated with inflammation. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of TN-C, we established a sensitive sandwich ELISA to determine TN-C levels in serum. Furthermore, we investigated the distribution of TN-C variants in serum and found the large TN-C isoforms to be predominant. We measured TN-C in sera from 15 healthy persons, 75 tumor patients and 84 patients selected due to their elevated levels of the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP), which is a very specific marker for infection and inflammation. It was found that sera from cancer patients can have elevated TN-C levels; however, the increase was more pronounced in persons with high levels of CRP. There appeared to be a correlation of TN-C levels with the levels of CRP. In view of these facts, the diagnostic value of TN-C levels in serum as a potential tumor marker seems to be questionable, since our data show that TN-C levels can be elevated as a consequence of infection and inflammation.
Prevention of M. tuberculosis Infection with H4:IC31 Vaccine or BCG Revaccination (2018)

In this trial, the rate of sustained QFT conversion, which may reflect sustained M. tuberculosis infection, was reduced by vaccination in a high-transmission setting. This finding may inform clinical development of new vaccine candidates. (Funded by Aeras and others; C-040-404 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02075203 .).
Advances in RNA suppression of the Asian citrus psyllid vector and bacteria (huanglongbing pathosystem). (2020)

The devastation to the US citrus industries from huanglongbing (HLB or citrus greening disease, caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus') is spread during feeding by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri. Innovative echnologies, such as RNA suppression by RNAi, morpholino oligos, or gene editing tools, including CRISPR/Cas9, all provide non-transgenic strategies, as well as transgenic solutions to manage arthropod vectors, pests and pathogens. Current results from researchers report that these methods enable suppression of ACP vectors, their endosymbionts and the Liberibacter pathogens in infected citrus trees. This chapter reviews several emerging technologies and strategies that enable direct targeting of pathogenic microbes including bacteria in citrus trees, and the critical genes specific to arthropod vectors, such as ACP and their endosymbionts. RNAi-based approaches continue to make advances to improve persistence and activity, especially when applied as an exogenous spray or as soil-applied treatments. RNA-suppressing biopesticides will soon become common in the protection of crops that are either difficult to transform, such as fruit trees, or that are short-term seasonal crops.