gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operational Semantics for Object Ownership and Runtime Reasoning about Inherent Parallelism (2008)

In this technical report we develop the operational semantics for the effective ownership based language presented in "Reasoning about Inherent Parallelism in Object-Oriented Programs using Ownership Types". These developments were not presented as part of the paper for the purposes of clarity and adhering to the space limitations imposed on the paper. In this technical report we present the operational semantics for our language and then prove progress and preservation.
Very High Carrier Mobility for High-Performance CMOS on a Si(110) Surface (2007)

In this paper, we demonstrate CMOS characteristics on a Si(110) surface using surface flattening processes and radical oxidation. A Si(110) surface is easily roughened by OH <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> ions in the cleaning solution compared with a Si(100) surface. A flat Si(110) surface is realized by the combination of flattening processes, which include a high-temperature wet oxidation, a radical oxidation, and a five-step room-temperature cleaning as a pregate-oxidation cleaning, which does not employ an alkali solution. On the flat surface, the current drivability of a p-channel MOSFET on a Si(110) surface is three times larger than that on a Si(100) surface, and the current drivability of an n-channel MOSFET on a Si(100) surface can be improved compared with that without the flattening processes and alkali-free cleaning. The 1/f noise of the n-channel MOSFET and p-channel MOSFET on a flattened Si(110) surface is one order of magnitude less than that of a conventional n-channel MOSFET on a Si(100) surface. Thus, a high-speed and low-flicker-noise p-channel MOSFET can be realized on a flat Si(110) surface. Furthermore, a CMOS implementation in which the current drivabilities of the p-channel and n-channel MOSFETs are balanced can be realized (balanced CMOS). These advantages are very useful in analog/digital mixed-signal circuits.
Steroid sulfate transporters : Novel targets for breast cancer treatment. (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

5508 

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are large a family of membrane transporters which transport steroid sulfates and other organic anions across cell membranes. OATP2B1 (also known as OATP-B) is one member of this family which is known to transport estrone sulfate (E1S). E1S is the main reservoir of steroid hormones, forming biologically active estrogen via the action of steroid sulfatase (STS). The higher circulating levels of E1S in postmenopausal women, higher STS mRNA expression in breast tumour tissues and higher intra-tumoral STS activity suggest that functions of uptake transporters are important in hormone-dependent cancers. In the present study we have investigated the role of OATP2B1 in governing E1S transport and STS activity. Cellular uptake of E1S and corresponding STS activities were measured in 293-EBNA cells before and after transient transfection with OATP2B1 cDNA (293-EBNA[OATP]). Transport assays were carried out using 5–6 nM of 3H E1S and the amount of 3H retained inside the cell was measured after 15 min. To assay STS activity, either intact or lysed cells were incubated with 2–3 nM 3H E1S and the product formed was detected after toluene partitioning. The effects of taurocholate (20 μM), a known inhibitor of OATP2B1, and EMATE (20 μM), a potent STS inhibitor, were also investigated. In transport assays taurocholate and EMATE inhibited the uptake of E1S in 293-EBNA[OATP] by 85 % and 72 % respectively. In non-transfected cells the level of E1S uptake was undetectable. In intact cell STS assays, the measured STS activity in 293-EBNA[OATP] cells was increased by 65% when compared to that in non-transfected cells. Furthermore, under similar assay conditions, while EMATE completely inhibited the STS activity, taurocholate, which is not a sulfatase inhibitor, reduced STS activity by 45%. However, in lysed cell assays no difference was observed in the levels of STS activity between transfected and non-transfected cells. As expected EMATE completely inhibited STS while taurocholate had no direct effect on STS activity when measured in cell lysates. The discrepancy between intact and lysed cell STS activities in 293-EBNA[OATP] and 293-EBNA cells clearly demonstrates that OATP2B1 regulates STS activity by governing the availability of substrate, mainly E1S, and hence indirectly controls the intracellular concentration of active estrogens. Inhibition of STS activity in the presence of taurocholate was due to the reduced uptake of the substrate and not because of direct interaction with STS. Inhibition of E1S uptake by EMATE and subsequent inactivation of STS activity suggests that its transport across cell membrane is mediated via OATP2B1. The results presented here show, for the first time, that transformation of inactive estrogen sulfates to biologically active hormones is regulated, in part, by transporters. Inhibition of OATPs is thus a novel target for hormone-dependent breast cancer treatment.
Host Inhibition of a Bacterial Virulence Effector Triggers Immunity to Infection (2009)

Plant pathogenic bacteria secrete effector proteins that attack the host signaling machinery to suppress immunity. Effectors can be recognized by hosts leading to immunity. One such effector is AvrPtoB of Pseudomonas syringae, which degrades host protein kinases, such as tomato Fen, through an E3 ligase domain. Pto kinase, which is highly related to Fen, recognizes AvrPtoB in conjunction with the resistance protein Prf. Here we show that Pto is resistant to AvrPtoB-mediated degradation because it inactivates the E3 ligase domain. AvrPtoB ubiquitinated Fen within the catalytic cleft, leading to its breakdown and loss of the associated Prf protein. Pto avoids this by phosphorylating and inactivating the AvrPtoB E3 domain. Thus, inactivation of a pathogen virulence molecule is one mechanism by which plants resist disease.
Strong Alloantigenicity of the α-Helices Residues of the MHC Class I Molecule (1998)

Abstract To evaluate the role of single residues of a MHC class I molecule in the induction of a primary allogeneic response, we have tested the ability of various point mutants (of the α-helices or β-sheet of the α1 and α2 domains) of the Kd molecule to induce a primary cytotoxic T cell response in mice carrying the wild-type molecule. For that, we have used an in vivo model in which cells expressing mutant molecules were injected into the hind footpads of mice carrying wild-type Kd, and the recipient graft-draining popliteal lymph nodes were tested for the presence of alloreactive CTL. Under these experimental conditions, only 7 of the 25 mutant Kd molecules induced a primary allogeneic response. All of these mutations (positions 62, 65, 69, 72, 155, 163, 166) concern residues of the α-helices, demonstrating that very small variances from self in a class I molecule, located outside the peptide-binding groove, can be antigenic. To determine the peptide requirements for the generation of a primary allogeneic response, we have analyzed the repertoire of peptides selected by individual mutant molecules shown to be able or unable to induce a CTL response. No correlation was observed between the peptidic make-up presented by a given mutant and its capacity to induce a primary allogeneic response. On the whole, our data point to the alloantigenicity of potentially TCR-contacting surface residues of the MHC class I molecules.
The α1-adrenoceptor inhibitor ρ-TIA facilitates net hunting in piscivorous Conus tulipa (2019)

Cone snails use separately evolved venoms for prey capture and defence. While most use a harpoon for prey capture, the Gastridium clade that includes the well-studied Conus geographus and Conus tulipa, have developed a net hunting strategy to catch fish. This unique feeding behaviour requires secretion of "nirvana cabal" peptides to dampen the escape response of targeted fish allowing for their capture directly by mouth. However, the active components of the nirvana cabal remain poorly defined. In this study, we evaluated the behavioural effects of likely nirvana cabal peptides on the teleost model, Danio rerio (zebrafish). Surprisingly, the conantokins (NMDA receptor antagonists) and/or conopressins (vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists) found in C. geographus and C. tulipa venom failed to produce a nirvana cabal-like effect in zebrafish. In contrast, low concentrations of the non-competitive adrenoceptor antagonist ρ-TIA found in C. tulipa venom (EC<sub>50</sub> = 190 nM) dramatically reduced the escape response of zebrafish larvae when added directly to aquarium water. ρ-TIA inhibited the zebrafish α<sub>1</sub>-adrenoceptor, confirming ρ-TIA has the potential to reverse the known stimulating effects of norepinephrine on fish behaviour. ρ-TIA may act alone and not as part of a cabal, since it did not synergise with conopressins and/or conantokins. This study highlights the importance of using ecologically relevant animal behaviour models to decipher the complex neurobiology underlying the prey capture and defensive strategies of cone snails.
Radiological Studies Reveal Radial Differences in the Architecture of the Polysaccharide Capsule ofCryptococcus neoformans (2005)

The polysaccharide capsule of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is an important virulence factor, but relatively little is known about its architecture. We applied a combination of radiological, chemical, and serological methods to investigate the structure of this polysaccharide capsule. Exposure of C. neoformans cells to gamma radiation, dimethyl sulfoxide, or radiolabeled monoclonal antibody removed a significant part of the capsule. Short intervals of gamma irradiation removed the outer portion of the cryptococcal capsule without killing cells, which could subsequently repair their capsules. Survival analysis of irradiated wild-type, acapsular mutant, and complemented mutant strains demonstrated that the capsule contributed to radioprotection and had a linear attenuation coefficient higher than that of lead. The capsule portions remaining after dimethyl sulfoxide or gamma radiation treatment were comparable in size, 65 to 66 microm3, and retained immunoreactivity for a monoclonal antibody to glucuronoxylomannan. Simultaneous or sequential treatment of the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide and radiation removed the remaining capsule so that it was not visible by light microscopy. The capsule could be protected against radiation by either of the free radical scavengers ascorbic acid and sorbitol. Sugar composition analysis of polysaccharide removed from the outer and inner parts of the capsule revealed significant differences in glucuronic acid and xylose molar ratios, implying differences in the chemical structure of the constituent polysaccharides. Our results provide compelling evidence for the existence of two zones in the C. neoformans capsule that differ in susceptibility to dimethyl sulfoxide and radiation and, possibly, in packing and composition.
A Security-Mode for Carrier-Grade SDN Controllers (2017)

Management approaches to modern networks are increasingly influenced by software-defined networks (SDNs), and this increased influence is reflected in the growth of commercially available innovative SDN-based switches, controllers and applications. To date, there have been a number of commercial and open-source SDN operating systems (NOS) introduced for various purposes, including distributed controller frameworks targeting large, carrier-grade networks such as the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) and OpenDayLight (ODL). These frameworks are distinguished by their (i) elastic cluster controller architecture, (ii) network virtualization support, and (iii) modular design. Given their flexible design, growing list of supported features, and collaborative community support, these are attractive hosting platforms for a wide range of third-party distributed network management applications. This paper identifies the common security requirements for policy enforcement in such distributed controller environments. We present the design of a network application permission-enforcement model and an integrated security subsystem (SM-ONOS) for managing distributed applications running on an ONOS controller. We discuss the underlying motivations of its security extensions and their implications for improving our understanding of how to securely manage large-scale SDNs. Our performance assessments demonstrate that the security-mode extension imposed reasonable overheads (ranging from 5 to 20% for 1-7 node clusters).
Ultra-flat dispersion in an integrated waveguide with five and six zero-dispersion wavelengths for mid-infrared photonics (2019)

We propose a new type of dispersion flattening technology, which can generate an ultra-flat group velocity dispersion profile with five and six zero-dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs). The dispersion value varies from −0.15 to 0.35 ps/(nm·km) from 4 to 8 μm, which to the best of our knowledge is the flattest one reported so far, and the dispersion flatness is improved by more than an order of magnitude. We explain the principle of producing six ZDWs. Mode distribution in this waveguide is made stable over a wide bandwidth. General guidelines to systematically control the dispersion value, sign, and slope are provided, and one can achieve the desired dispersion by properly adjusting the structural parameters. Fabrication tolerance of this waveguide is also examined.
Support Effects on the Growth, Stabilization, and Agglomeration of Low Nuclearity Transition Metal Clusters Synthesized from Metal Atoms Vaporized into Liquid Aryl‐Substituted Polymers (1982)

Abstract The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1982 , 1255. DOI: 10.1002/anie.198212550
Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners (2004)

In recreational runners, there is no evidence that static biomechanical alignment measurements of the lower limbs are related to lower limb injury except patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, the effect of static lower limb alignment may be injury specific.
Noise reduction in dual-source CT scanning (2011)

With dual source CT, special attention has to be paid to scattered radiation. X-ray quanta from the second source (tube B) get scattered from the object in the scan field and are registered by the first detector (detector A) and vice versa ("cross scattered radiation"). Depending on object and CT scan parameters, the ratio of scattered radiation intensity s over primary radiation intensity <i>p</i> can even exceed unity. In order to restore contrast and to avoid artifacts, the scattered radiation signal needs to be determined and subtracted from the measured signal. However, the thus corrected projections experience a noise increase proportional to <i>&radic;(1+s/p)</i>. In CT, line integrals are often redundantly measured. With dual source CT, the rays within redundant projection data can be differently affected by cross-scattered radiation. Typically, rays which are complementary to those that experience maximum scattered intensity are affected by rather low scattered intensity. The current work presents a noise-weighted reconstruction scheme, depending on the scatter-to-primary ratio <i>s/p</i>, which leads to a minimal noise increase in these situations. The proposed weighting scheme can also be combined with other means of noise reduction in the case of scattered radiation correction, e.g. a subsequent spatial signal filtering. The effect of the weighting scheme is evaluated with phantom scans using typical dual energy CT parameter settings. For a water cylinder of 40 cm diameter, the weighting scheme leads to a pixel noise reduction of up to 16%. For a semi-anthropomorphic liver phantom a noise decrease of up to 5% was observed.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of First-line gefitinib for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations without indication for chemotherapy. (2009)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: First-line gefitinib for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harboring epidermal growth factor receptor mutations without indication for chemotherapy.
Preparation and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of novel carbon‐nanotube/siloxane/poly‐(urea urethane) nanocomposites (2004)

Abstract Poly(urea urethane) (PUU) with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) soft segment was synthesized. Different types of conductive fillers—carbon nanotube (CNT), silver‐coated carbon nanotube (CNT–Ag), and nickel‐coated carbon nanotube (CNT–Ni)—were blended with PUU to form partially conductive polymer composites. The results showed that highly conductive metals could improve the conductivity of CNTs significantly. When the filler contents were 3, 4, and 5 parts per hundred parts of resin (phr), the PUU/CNT composites possessed electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (SE) at 8.5, 28.4, and 26.0 dB as the electromagnetic wave frequencies were 12.3, 16.2, and 15.9 GHz, respectively. SE of the composites that contained CNT–Ni and CNT–Ag increased with the filler loading. At the same modified‐CNT loading, the CNT–Ni‐filled composites had a higher SE than those filled with CNT–Ag. Tensile stresses ranged from 5.7 to 15.6 MPa (a 177.3% increase) when the CNT concentration reached 8 phr. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 345–358, 2005
Detection and location of leaks in district heating steam systems: Survey and review of current technology and practices (1992)

This report presents the results of a survey undertaken to identify and characterize current practices for detecting and locating leaks in district heating systems, particular steam systems. Currently used technology and practices are reviewed. In addition, the survey was used to gather information that may be important for the application of acoustic leak detection. A few examples of attempts to locate leaks in steam and hot water pipes by correlation of acoustic signals generated by the leaks are also discussed.
Study of air-driving fluid jet polishing (2011)

In this study, we proposed an air-driving fluid jet polishing (FJP) system which draws slurry utilizing an air/water mixer. The air-driving FJP system is mainly comprised by an air/water mixer, slurry tank with stirrer, compressed air, pressure and flow rate regulators, and a nozzle. The high speed air flow in the air/water mixer draws out the slurry from the slurry tank, and the slurry is guided to mix with air flow inside the nozzle cavity. Then, the combined fluid slurry is emitted from the nozzle. The air-driving FJP system was preliminarily tested on N-BK7 and ZERODUR&reg; plates with different air pressure and processing time. The test results show that the air-driving system could get a Gaussian-like removal shape with 3 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> compressed air source and the depth of removal is about 100 nm within 5 seconds processing time. The compressed air improves the kinetic energy of each abrasive, and makes it more efficient in material removal. Furthermore, the Gaussian-like removal shape is more convenient for tool path planning and surface waviness control of corrective polishing.
Councillor ethics: a review of the Committee on Standards in Public Life's ‘Local Government Ethical Standards’ (2021)

The Committee on Standards in Public Life’s (CSPL) 2019 report Local Government Ethical Standards presents a detailed review of local government ethics in England, aiming to highlight both best practice and areas for improvement. In so doing, it makes 26 recommendations ranging in importance. Likely to be one of the most important, and most controversial, is a recommendation to allow local authorities to suspend democratically-elected councillors for up to six months. This paper presents a review of the report and its recommendations, with a particular emphasis on the ‘values-versus-compliance’ distinction in ethical regulation. Impact Policy-makers and practitioners are often faced with difficult choices concerning ethical regulation, and attempts to improve ethical regulations can sometimes cause new and unexpected problems. The authors review the Committee on Standards in Public Life’s report Local Government Ethical Standards, placing the ethical challenges and opportunities for unintended consequences into the values-vs-compliance framework. The paper will be useful for policy-makers and regulators concerned with local government in England, who may be charged with implementing aspects of this report, while the broader issues discussed about the challenges of ethical regulations and the limits of compliance-based policies will be useful in a wide range of contexts and countries.
Functional and molecular characterization of an anion exchanger in airway serous epithelial cells (2000)

Serous cells secrete Cl(-) and HCO(3)(-) and play an important role in airway function. Recent studies suggest that a Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) anion exchanger (AE) may contribute to Cl(-) secretion by airway epithelial cells. However, the molecular identity, the cellular location, and the contribution of AEs to Cl(-) secretion in serous epithelial cells in tracheal submucosal glands are unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the molecular identity, the cellular location, and the role of AEs in the function of serous epithelial cells. To this end, Calu-3 cells, a human airway cell line with a serous-cell phenotype, were studied by RT-PCR, immunoblot, and electrophysiological analysis to examine the role of AEs in Cl(-) secretion. In addition, the subcellular location of AE proteins was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Calu-3 cells expressed mRNA and protein for AE2 as determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunofluorescence microscopy identified AE2 in the basolateral membrane of Calu-3 cells in culture and rat tracheal serous cells in situ. In Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-)/Na(+)-containing media, the 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (CPT-cAMP)-stimulated short-circuit anion current (I(sc)) was reduced by basolateral but not by apical application of 4, 4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (50 microM) and 4, 4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid [DNDS (500 microM)], inhibitors of AEs. In the absence of Na(+) in the bath solutions, to eliminate the contributions of the Na(+)/HCO(3)(-) and Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporters to I(sc), CPT-cAMP stimulated a small DNDS-sensitive I(sc). Taken together with previous studies, these observations suggest that a small component of cAMP-stimulated I(sc) across serous cells may be referable to Cl(-) secretion and that uptake of Cl(-) across the basolateral membrane may be mediated by AE2.
Fast Path Planning Algorithm for Mobile Robot Navigation (2014)

Mobile robots use an environment map of its workspace to complete the surveillance task. However grid-based maps that are commonly used map format for mobile robot navigation use a large size of memory for accurate representation of environment. In this reason, grid-based maps are not suitable for path planning of mobile robots using embedded board. In this paper, we present the path planning algorithm that produce a secure path rapidly. The proposed approach utilizes a hybrid map that uses less memory than grid map and has same efficiency of a topological map. Experimental results show that the fast path planning uses only 1.5% of the time that a grid map based path planning requires. And the results show a secure path for mobile robot.