gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge and Mobility Enhancements in In-Polar InAl(Ga)N/Al(Ga)N/GaN Heterojunctions Grown by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Using a Graded Growth Strategy (2012)

In this paper, we investigated the Ga incorporation effect in InAl(Ga)N/Al(Ga)N/GaN heterojunctions grown by a close coupled showerhead metal–organic chemical vapor reactor and proposed a grading growth strategy, where the indium composition was graded from Al(Ga)N to InAl(Ga)N, to mitigate the deleterious effect of Ga carry-over on the transport properties of two dimensional electron gas (2DEG). In contrast to non-graded samples grown by conventional growth strategy without grading, hall measurements revealed significant charge and mobility enhancements for the graded samples, with an electron mobility of 1300 cm2 V-1 s-1, a sheet charge density of 2.35 ×1013 cm-2 and a resultant low sheet resistance of 205 Ω/□ compared to the non-graded sample with an low sheet charge density of 1.4 ×1013 cm-2 and mobility of 1100 ±50 cm2 V-1 s-1. The reason of the enhancements were then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe techniques, which revealed that grading strategy led to a higher average Al composition in the barrier layer.
External-cavity, actively mode-locked grating-coupled surface-emitting laser and amplification characteristics of a grating-coupled semiconductor optical amplifier (2004)

An external-cavity, actively mode-locked grating-coupled surface-emitting semiconductor laser (GCSEL) is demonstrated for the first time to the authors' knowledge. The mode-locked oscillator generates a train of optical pulses at a 297-MHz pulse-repetition frequency. The optical pulse from the oscillator has a width of 22.6 ps and a spectral bandwidth of 0.07 nm at 975.9 nm, giving a time-bandwidth product of 0.50. In addition, amplification characteristics of a grating-coupled semiconductor optical amplifier are studied with a continuous-wave external-cavity GCSEL.
Broadcast News: Features and acoustic modelling (1998)

Overview of the International Computer Science Institute's (ICSI) contributions to a system developed by the European Union-sponsored collaborative Speech Recognition Algorithms for Connectionist Hybrids (SPRACH) project for submission to a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and National Institute of Standards and Technology evaluation of approaches to speech recognition of broadcast news footage. ICSI's contributions were in acoustic modelling, in particular modulation-filtered spectrogram features and very large multi-layer perceptron classifiers.
Model‐based defect detection in multidimensional vector spaces (2012)

Abstract 222222222222222 A highly sensitive inspection algorithm is proposed that extracts defects in multidimensional vector spaces from multiple images. The proposed algorithm projects subtraction vectors calculated from test and reference images to control the noise by reducing the dimensionality of vector spaces. The linear projection vectors are optimized using a physical defect model, and the noise distribution is calculated from the images. Because the noise distribution varies with the intensity or texture of the pixels, the target image is divided into small regions and the noise distribution of the subtraction images are calculated for each divided region. The bidirectional local perturbation pattern matching (BD‐LPPM), which is an enhanced version of the LPPM, is proposed to increase the sensitivity when calculating the subtraction vectors, especially when the reference image contains more high‐frequency components than the test image. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using defect samples for three different scanning electron microscopy images. The results reveal that the proposed algorithm increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio by a factor of 1.32 relative to that obtained using the Mahalanobis distance algorithm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(9): 44–53, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11390
On the Elasticity of Marking Functions in an Integrated Network (2009)

Much of the research on network modeling and analysis has focused on the design of end controllers and network algorithms with the objective of stability and convergence of the transmission rate. However, a network is typically composed of a mixture of both controlled elastic flows and uncontrolled real-time flows. In this paper, we study the effects of marking elasticity (which characterizes how aggressively the marking function responds to congestion) on queue overflow probability for uncontrolled real-time flows. First, we derive lower and upper bounds on the queue overflow probability at a router of a single bottleneck system. Using this, we quantify the trade-off between stability for controlled flows and queue overflow probability for uncontrolled real-time flows as a function of marking elasticity. Next, we compare the capacity required at a router with only FIFO scheduling versus a router with priority scheduling (priority given to the real-time flows) for supporting a given queue overflow probability. We quantify the "scheduling-gain" of priority scheduling over FIFO scheduling, as a function of marking elasticity. We show that this scheduling gain decreases with more elastic marking functions.
Near‐Unity Superradiant Emission from Delocalized Frenkel Excitons in a Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assembly (2022)

We demonstrate three general effective strategies to mitigate non-radiative losses in the superradiant emission from supramolecular assemblies. We focus on J-aggregates of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1'-diethyl-3,3'-di(4-sulfobutyl)-benzimidazolocarbocyanine (TDBC) and elucidate the nature of their nonradiative processes. We show that self-annealing at room temperature, photo-brightening, and the purification of the dye monomers all lead to substantial increases in emission quantum yields (QYs) and a concomitant lengthening of the emission lifetime, with purification of the monomers having the largest effect. We use structural and optical measurements to support a microscopic model that emphasizes the deleterious effects of a small number of impurity and defect sites that serve as non-radiative recombination centers. This understanding has yielded a room temperature molecular fluorophore in solution with an unprecedented combination of fast emissive lifetime and high QY. We obtain superradiant emission from J-aggregates of TDBC in solution at room temperature with a QY of 82% coupled with an emissive lifetime of 174 ps. This combination of high QY and fast lifetime at room temperature makes supramolecular assemblies of purified TDBC a model system for the study of fundamental superradiance phenomena. High QY J-aggregates are uniquely suited for the development of applications that require high speed and high brightness fluorophores such as devices for high speed optical communication.
Critical review of the methane generation potential of municipal solid waste (2016)

The ultimate methane generation potential (L0) of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been used in first-order decay models for the estimation of landfill gas (LFG) production for the previous 30 years. L0 is an inherent property of the waste component, often a function of the lignocellulosic concentrations within. Methane yields of individual waste components can be measured in a controlled laboratory setting; however, the extent to which each portion degrades in a landfill is uncertain. Methane generation in a landfill is difficult to estimate due to the spatial and temporal variations among sites and the heterogeneous composition of MSW streams. Predicting LFG production is further complicated by prior aerobic degradation, fugitive gas emissions that escape into the atmosphere, and unforeseen chemical inhibition within the landfill environment. Published L0 values are reviewed and compared to the methane yields of mixed-waste and waste components measured in the laboratory. Experimentally determined values of mixed MSW ranged from 35 to 167 m3 CH4/Mg MSW. Modeled values and those based on biodegradability of individual components and waste composition data ranged from 20 to 223 m3 CH4/Mg MSW. These data constitute a wide range of experimental methodologies and waste composition characteristics with respect to geography and time. The usefulness, comparability, and applicability of such data are discussed. The use of L0 as a parameter in LFG generation models and life-cycle assessments is reviewed and discussed.
Thermodynamics of Aqueous Methylcellulose Solutions (2015)

The weight-average molecular weight Mw, z-average radius of gyration Rg, and second virial coefficient A2 have been determined between 15 and 52 °C for dilute aqueous solutions of methylcellulose (MC) with three different molecular weights and constant degree of substitution (DS) of 1.8 using static light scattering. These measurements, conducted within 1 h of heating the homogeneous solutions from 5 °C, reveal that the theta temperature for MC in water is Tθ = 48 ± 2 °C, with A2 < 0 for T > Tθ, indicative of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. However, after annealing a solution for 2 days at 40 °C evidence of high molecular weight aggregates appears through massive increases in the apparent Mw and Rg, a process that continues to evolve for at least 12 days. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy images obtained from a solution aged for 3 weeks at 40 °C reveal the presence of micron size fibrils with a diameter of 16 ± 4 nm, structurally analogous to the fibrils that form upon gelation of aqueous MC solutions at higher concentrations and elevated temperatures. Growth of fibrils from a solution characterized by a positive A2 indicates that semiflexible MC dissolved in water is metastable at T < Tθ, even though the solvent quality is apparently good. The minimum temperature required for MC solutions to aggregate is estimated to be 30 °C, based on the rate-independent gel-to-solution transition determined by small-amplitude oscillatory shear measurements conducted while cooling 0.5 and 5.0 wt % solutions. These results cannot be explained based solely on separation into two isotropic phases upon heating using classical Flory–Huggins solution theory. We speculate that the underlying equilibrium phase behavior of aqueous MC solutions involves a nematic order parameter.
Oxidation of Ti[sub n+1]AlX[sub n] (n=1-3 and X=C, N) (2001)

In this, Part I of a two-part study, a generalized model for the oxidation of the ternary compounds, where and X is carbon and/or nitrogen, is proposed. In all cases, the oxidation products in the 800-1100°C temperature range are rutile in which some Al is dissolved, i.e., where and The oxidation occurs by the inward diffusion of oxygen and the outward diffusion of and ions through the layer. The C and N atoms are presumed to diffuse through the reaction layers and oxidize. The basic premises of the model are that the subjection of the layer to an oxygen chemical potential gradient results in its demixing, with the dissolving into the rutile at the low oxygen partial pressure and its precipitation as at the high partial pressure side. If extensive, the demixing results in the formation of layers of porosity, through which the ions cannot diffuse but the ions can. The resulting microstructures can be highly striated where three layers; an -rich layer, an -rich layer, and a porous layer repeat numerous times. Comparison with previously published results on the oxidation of leaves little doubt that dissolution of the Al in the reaction layer enhances the oxidation kinetics. This is most probably accomplished by an increase in the oxygen vacancy concentration. The fact that the oxide scales are not fully dense is also believed to play an important role in enhancing the oxidation kinetics. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Switching Performance Analysis of Vertical GaN FinFETs: Impact of Interfin Designs (2020)

This article studies the switching performance of vertical GaN power FinFETs and proposes new interfin designs to improve it. The interfin region has been found to be an important limiting factor for FinFET switching performance. The time taken to (dis)charge the dielectric parasitic capacitances and drift layer in the interfin regions severely limits the device turn-(on)off speed. Three new interfin designs are proposed, based on reduced fin-to-fin spacing, oxide full-filling (FF), and split-gate (SG) structures. The 1.2-kV, 80-mΩ vertical GaN FinFETs with these designs were evaluated by a well-calibrated device-circuit mixed-mode technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. Both the reduced-fin-spacing structure and the oxide FF reduce the dielectric parasitic capacitances, but only lead to small reduction (less than 10%) in switching losses. Much better improvement is obtained with the SG structure, which removes the gate metal in the interfin region and exposes the drift layer to the field lines from the source metal. During the turn-(on)off of the transistor with a SG structure, the drift layer underneath the interfin gap region is (dis)charged by a combination of the drain-to-source and gate currents, leading to shorter switching times and lower switching losses. By utilizing the SG structure, simulations predict a 58% improvement in the switching figure-of-merit and 38% lower switching losses in 1.2-kV vertical gallium nitride (GaN) power FinFETs. These results provide key understanding and design guidelines for power FinFETs. Finally, an 800-V buck converter using a 1.2-kV GaN FinFET half-bridge module is simulated, showing excellent efficiency when operating at a multi-MHz frequency and revealing the requirement for device thermal management. This highlights the great potential of vertical GaN power FinFETs for future high-frequency medium-voltage power applications.
Process intensification for energy saving of enrichment and dehydration processes of biofuel ethanol production (2015)

A fermented mash liquid (3,000 kg/h, 5 wt% ethanol) is firstly enriched up to near-azeotropic point by using a compressor-free HIDiC (Heat Integrated Distillation Column) system developed by our NEDO project. This system consists of a mash column followed by a double-tube HIDiC trayed column. The mash column operated at 1 atm supplies vapour into the bottom of HIDiC rectifying section operated at 1 atm while the HIDiC stripping section having an overhead condenser is depressurized below 300 mmHg by a vacuum pump. When an internal heat integration was made between these rectifying and stripping sections, it brings about a great energy saving effect > 50%. Its enriched HIDiC overhead product (around 93 wt% ethanol) is further dehydrated up to > 99.5 wt% ethanol by the next azeotropic distillation using c-hexane as an entrainer. The first column with a decanter (azeotropic column) is operated at 1 atm while the second column (water column) is pressurized at 2 atm, so that the heat duty of the first column reboiler can be compensated by the cooling duty of the second column condenser.. As a result, this azeotropic distillation plant brings about a great energy-saving effect > 40% compared to the ordinary azeotropic distillation plant. The energy consumed by the total system amounts to 7.27 MJ/L-EtOH in an optimal condition. This process intensification demonstrated by the simulation analysis suggests that the proposed system is very promising for a large-scale distillation plant of biofuel ethanol production centre.
The dependence of hydrofluoric acid concentration during anodization on photoluminescence of porous silicon (2001)

The mixture of hydrofluoric (HF) acid and ethanol is used as an electrolyte during anodization of silicon. We investigated the effect of the ratio of HF acid to ethanol on photoluminescence. It is concluded that porous silicon anodized with the electrolyte containing 35 or 40% HF acid provides strong photoluminescence. The fact implies the existence of a chemical reaction including ethanol during anodization other than electrochemical reaction.
Organic solar cells using CVD-grown graphene electrodes (2013)

We report on the development of flexible organic solar cells (OSCs) incorporating graphene sheets synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) as transparent conducting electrodes on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. A key barrier that must be overcome for the successful fabrication of OSCs with graphene electrodes is the poor-film properties of water-based poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) when coated onto hydrophobic graphene surfaces. To form a uniform PEDOT:PSS film on a graphene surface, we added perfluorinated ionomers (PFI) to pristine PEDOT:PSS to create 'GraHEL', which we then successfully spin coated onto the graphene surface. We systematically investigated the effect of number of layers in layer-by-layer stacked graphene anode of an OSC on the performance parameters including the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Jsc), and fill factor (FF). As the number of graphene layers increased, the FF tended to increase owing to lower sheet resistance, while Jsc tended to decrease owing to the lower light absorption. In light of this trade-off between sheet resistance and transmittance, we determined that three-layer graphene (3LG) represents the best configuration for obtaining the optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) in OSC anodes, even at suboptimal sheet resistances. We finally developed efficient, flexible OSCs with a PCE of 4.33%, which is the highest efficiency attained so far by an OSC with CVD-grown graphene electrodes to the best of our knowledge.
Tight-binding molecular-dynamics simulation of impurities in ultrananocrystalline diamond grain boundaries (2001)

Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films grown from hydrogen-poor plasmas have grain sizes of 3--10 nm, resulting in a large number of grain boundaries. We report on density-functional-based tight-binding molecular-dynamics calculations of high-energy high-angle twist (100) grain boundaries in diamond as a model for the UNCD grain boundaries. About one-half of the carbons in the grain boundary are threefold coordinated and are responsible for states introduced into the band gap. Simulations were also performed for N, Si, and H impurities in (100) twist grain boundaries where substitution energies, optimized geometries, and electronic structures were calculated. Substitution energies were found to be substantially lower for the grain boundaries compared to the bulk diamond crystal. Nitrogen increases the number of threefold-coordinated carbons while hydrogen saturates dangling bonds. The electronic structure of UNCD is characterized by a large number of states in the band gap attributed to the bonding disorder and impurities in the grain boundaries.
Introduction to Special Issue on the Best Papers from KDD 2016 (2017)

This issue contains the best papers from the ACM KDD Conference 2016. As is customary at KDD, special issue papers are invited only from the research track. The top-ranked papers from the KDD 2016 conference are included in this issue. This issue contains a total of six articles, which are from different areas of data mining. A brief description of these articles is also provided in this article.
Influence of additive hyaluronic acid on the lubricating ability in the temporomandibular joint (2004)

In synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid (HA) is an essential component for the lubrication of joints, thus preventing friction. The relationship between HA and joint friction is not unambiguously established yet. In the present study, the effect of the application of HA on the frictional coefficient in the temporomandibular joint was evaluated. After measuring the frictional coefficient in intact porcine joints (n = 10), the subsequent effect of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) washing and gauze scouring and the application of HA was examined. Compared with the intact joint, the frictional coefficient was significantly larger after PBS washing and gauze scouring. Subsequent application of HA resulted in a significant decrease (50-75%) of the frictional coefficient. However, it did not recover to the same value as in the intact joints. Observations by scanning electron microscopy showed that after PBS washing, the amorphous layer of the articular cartilage was still intact, whereas it was partially collapsed after gauze scouring. In conclusion, the addition of HA did reduce the coefficient of friction under the experimental conditions in this study; the relevance to the clinical condition and the duration of the treatment effect in vivo require further investigation.
Supplementary Data from STimulator of INterferon Genes Agonism Accelerates Antitumor Activity in Poorly Immunogenic Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Methods and Figures&lt;/p&gt;
Flow accelerates adhesion between functional polyethylene and polyurethane (2011)

Abstract Polyethylene (PE) has relatively poor adhesion with polar polymeric materials. In an effort to improve the adhesion between PE and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), maleic anhydride (MA), hydroxyl (OH), and secondary amine (NHR) functionalized PEs were blended into nonmodified PE. These functional groups will react with urethane linkages in TPU at the temperature of melt processing. We bonded these PEs to TPU via lamination and coextrusion. To compare the two processes, we determined the interfacial copolymer density Σ considering both advection and interfacial area generation. We found that the development of adhesion in coextrusion was much faster in comparison with lamination at the same temperature. This difference was attributed to the extensional and compressive flow in coextrusion overcoming the diffusion barrier at the interface and forcing reactive species to penetrate the interface. The effects of functional group reactivity and processing variables on adhesion were correlated with interfacial copolymer coverage. Amine functionalized PE showed dramatic adhesion improvement even at 1 wt %. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A Novel Mechanism for Antibody-based Anthrax Toxin Neutralization (2012)

Protective antigen (PA), a key component of anthrax toxin, mediates the entry of lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF) through a membranal pore into target cells. We have previously reported the isolation and chimerization of cAb29, an anti-PA monoclonal antibody that effectively neutralizes anthrax toxin in an unknown mechanism. The aim of this study was to elucidate the neutralizing mechanism of this antibody in vitro and to test its ability to confer post-exposure protection against anthrax in vivo. By systematic evaluation of the steps taking place during the PA-based intoxication process, we found that cAb29 did not interfere with the initial steps of intoxication, namely its ability to bind to the anthrax receptor, the consecutive proteolytic cleavage to PA(63), oligomerization, prepore formation, or LF binding. However, the binding of cAb29 to the prepore prevented its pH-triggered transition to the transmembranal pore, thus preventing the last step of intoxication, i.e. the translocation of LF/EF into the cell. Epitope mapping, using a phage display peptide library, revealed that cAb29 binds the 2α(1) loop in domain 2 of PA, a loop that undergoes major conformational changes during pore formation. In vivo, we found that 100% of anthrax-infected rabbits survived when treated with cAb29 12 h after exposure. In conclusion, these experiments demonstrate that cAb29 exerts its potent neutralizing activity in a unique manner by blocking the prepore-to-pore conversion process.
$$\phi $$ ϕ meson production at forward rapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm {NN}}=2.76$$ s NN = 2.76 TeV (2018)

$\phi $ meson measurements provide insight into strangeness production, which is one of the key observables for the hot medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. ALICE measured $\phi $ production through its decay in muon pairs in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm {NN}} = 2.76$ TeV in the intermediate transverse momentum range $2&lt; p_\mathrm {T}&lt; 5$ GeV/c and in the rapidity interval $2.5