gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of cooling rate on the ferrite content of stainless steel alloys (1989)

Electron-beam surface melting was used to rapidly solidify a series of high-purity 59 % Fc-Ni-Cr alloys at cooling rates between 7°C/s and 7.5 x!06°C/s. The pri-mary solidification mode was identified in each of the resolidified melts using optical metallography; the residual ferrite content was measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The cooling rate was shown to dramatically alter the residual ferrite content of these alloys through its influence on the amount of solute redistribution that occurs during solidification and through its subsequent influence on the extent of the solid-state transformation of ferrite. The results show that the solidification mode, cooling ra tc, and specific alloy composition arc equally important, interrelated factors in the prediction of the residual ferrite. The residual ferrite content of primary-austenite solidified alloys decreases with increasing cooling rate whereas the residual ferrite content of primary-ferrite solidified alloys increases with increasing cooling rate. Exceptions to this general behavior occur when: I) ferrite transforms to austenite by a massive transformation in fully-fcrritic-solidified alloys and 2) an alloy changes its mode of solidification from primary-fcrri tc at low cooling rates to primary-austenite at high cooling rates.
Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Pure Formic Acid using an Integrated scCO 2 Process with Immobilized Catalyst and Base (2012)

Dual role for CO(2): Pure formic acid can be obtained continuously by hydrogenation of CO(2) in a single processing unit. An immobilized ruthenium organometallic catalyst and a nonvolatile base in an ionic liquid (IL) are combined with supercritical CO(2) as both reactant and extractive phase.
ANALYTICAL MODELING OF ROTOR-STRUCTURE COUPLING USING MODAL DECOMPOSITION FOR THE STRUCTURE AND THE BLADES (2014)

This paper presents a linear semi-analytical model that is able to predict complex rotor-structure coupling phenomena and their stability. It was primarily designed so as to gain a better physical understanding of this kind of aeroelastic instabilities, triggering at higher frequencies than air and ground resonance, and involving several blade and structure modes. The analytical approach has a two-fold advantage since fast parametric studies can be carried out and a term-by-term analysis of the helicopter stability equations can be performed. In order to represent the elasticity of the structure and the blades, a modal decomposition method is introduced. The modal basis for the structure can either be obtained by a Finite Element Method or rigid degrees of freedom can be inputted. For the blades, a preliminary finite element routine is run, allowing for varying characteristics along the span. Blade offsets are introduced, and an unsteady aerodynamic model is implemented. The modal basis of the coupled system is then computed and a partial validation is done with HOST (Helicopter Overall Simulation Tool), a comprehensive aeroelastic code. Except for the built-in twist and the non-circulatory terms which are taken in a different manner in HOST and the presented model, the linearization results are similar. Future work using this model includes investigation of the helicopter stability thanks to parametric studies.
What TCP/IP protocol headers can tell us about the web (2001)

We report the results of a large-scale empirical study of web traffic. Our study is based on over 500 GB of TCP/IP protocol-header traces collected in 1999 and 2000 (approximately one year apart) from the high-speed link connecting The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to its Internet service provider. We also use a set of smaller traces from the NLANR repository taken at approximately the same times for comparison. The principal results from this study are: (1) empirical data suitable for constructing traffic generating models of contemporary web traffic, (2) new characterizations of TCP connection usage showing the effects of HTTP protocol improvement, notably persistent connections (e.g., about 50% of web objects are now transferred on persistent connections), and (3) new characterizations of web usage and content structure that reflect the influences of banner ads, server load balancing, and content distribution. A novel aspect of this study is a demonstration that a relatively light-weight methodology based on passive tracing of only TCP/IP headers and off-line analysis tools can provide timely, high quality data about web traffic. We hope this will encourage more researchers to undertake on-going data collection and provide the research community with data about the rapidly evolving characteristics of web traffic.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of (E)‐β‐(Acylamino)acrylates Catalyzed by Rh(I)‐Complexes of Electron‐Rich P‐Chirogenic Diphosphines. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR THE SAFETY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY FEATURES (1993)

Procedures are presented for conducting vehicle-crash tests and in-service evaluation of roadside safety features or appurtenances including (1) longitudinal barriers such as bridge rails, guardrails, median barriers, transitions, and terminals; (2) crash cushions; (3) breakaway or yielding supports for signs and luminaires; (4) breakaway utility poles; (5) truck-mounted attenuators; and (6) work zone traffic control devices. The purpose of the procedures is to promote the uniform testing and in-service evaluation of roadside safety features so that highway engineers may confidently compare the safety performance of designs that are tested and evaluated by different agencies. Standardized procedures are presented for the testing and evaluation of features under severe vehicle impact conditions rather than to typical or average highway situations. This report represents a comprehensive update of the procedures for safety performance evaluation described in NCHRP Report 230. The evolution of roadside safety concepts, technology, and practices, significant changes in the vehicle fleet, the emergence of many new barrier designs, increased interest in matching safety performance to levels of roadway utilization, new policies requiring the use of safety belts, and advances in computer simulation and other evaluation methods necessitated an update. The report differs in the following ways: (1) It is presented as an all metric document; (2) It provides procedures for the testing of a wider range of barriers, terminals, crash cushions, breakaway support structures and utility poles, truck-mounted attenuators, and work zone traffic control devices; (3) It uses a 3/4-ton pickup truck as the standard test vehicle in place of the 4500-lb passenger car; (4) It defines other supplemental test vehicles including a mini-compact passenger car (700 kg), single-unit cargo trucks (8000 kg), and tractor/trailer vehicles (36,000 kg) to provide the basis for optional testing to meet higher performance levels; (5) It includes a broader range of tests for each category of device to provide a uniform basis for establishing warrants for the application of roadside safety hardware considering the levels of utilization of the roadway facility; (6) it includes guidelines for the selection of the critical impact point for crash tests on redirecting-type safety hardware; (7) It provides information related to enhanced measurement techniques related to occupant risk; (8) It retains the three basic evaluation criteria, but alters the limiting values for acceptance; (9) It reflects a critical review of other methods and technologies for safety-performance evaluation, such as surrogate test vehicles and computer simulations, and incorporates state-of-the-art methods in the procedures; and (10) It provides optional criteria for side-impact testing. The evolution of the knowledge of roadside safety and performance evaluations is reflected in this document.
Heterogeneous Base‐Catalyzed Conversion of Glycolaldehyde to Aldotetroses: Mechanistic and Kinetic Insight (2021)

Abstract Recent strides towards greater sustainability in materials and energy production have led to a resurgence in the study and utilization of carbohydrates. Opposite to C6 and C5 carbohydrates, C4 carbohydrates (tetroses) are much less accessible from biological sources. A promising approach for the production of C4 carbohydrates is the cracking of C6 carbohydrates to C2 fragments, and the subsequent combination of two C2 fragments to tetroses. Here, we show that the suitable choice of reaction conditions can kinetically stabilize the rare aldotetroses threose (THR) and erythrose (ERY). The latter approach yields THR and ERY at high selectivity under benign conditions, using commercial resins with tertiary amine groups as the catalyst. Isotope incorporation into GA in D 2 O solvent is introduced as a reference reaction to probe the competitive formation of aldotetroses and deuterated GA from a low‐populated, not directly detected enediol intermediate that is formed in the rate‐determining step. Reaction progress tracked in situ by NMR and ex situ by chromatography validates that the overall conversion is of first order with respect to GA due to the slow initial enolization. Cyclization of the aldotetroses slows their further conversion to thermodynamically more stable erythrulose and C6 sugars.
Electrochemical reduction of Ag2VP2O8composite electrodes visualized via in situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD): unexpected conductive additive effects (2015)

EDXRD of Li/C-Ag<sub>2</sub>VP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>revealed that higher-rate initial discharge (B) generated a more effective conductive matrix<italic>via in situ</italic>reduction-displacement-deposition of Ag<sup>0</sup>.
Prevention of sternal dehiscence with the Sternum External Fixation (Stern-E-Fix) corset – a randomized trial in 750 patients (2012)

We demonstrated that using an external supportive sternal corset (Stern-E-Fix) yields a significantly better and effective prevention against development of sternal dehiscence and secondary sternal infection in high-risk poststernotomy patients.
Effect of Improved Optimization of DFE Equalization on Crosstalk and Jitter in High Speed Links with Multi-level Signal (2018)

The signal in channels with high-speed designs is attenuated by channel loss, inter-symbol interference, jitter, noise and crosstalk. The main way to recover the signal is by using equalizations, such as Feed-Forward Equalizer, Continuous Time-Linear Equalizer and Decision Feedback Equalizer. One of the important problems of high-speed design and channel simulations is to develop fast optimization algorithms for choosing best tap coefficients for equalizers. Equalization of multi-level signal is more complicated and optimization algorithms require specific approach. The paper proposes a new efficient optimization of Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE) for binary and multi-level signals. Mathematical formulation of the optimization is given. Simulations were conducted for channels with different characteristics and comparison results are shown.
Interactive Ray Tracing of Large Models Using Voxel Hierarchies (2012)

Abstract We propose an efficient approach for interactive visualization of massive models with CPU ray tracing. A voxel‐based hierarchical level‐of‐detail (LOD) framework is employed to minimize rendering time and required system memory. In a pre‐processing phase, a compressed out‐of‐core data structure is constructed, which contains the original primitives of the model and the LOD voxels, organized into a kd‐tree. During rendering, data is loaded asynchronously to ensure a smooth inspection of the model regardless of the available I/O bandwidth. With our technique, we are able to explore data sets consisting of hundreds of millions of triangles in real‐time on a desktop PC with a quad‐core CPU.
A phase I/II study of REGN5093, a MET x MET bispecific antibody, in patients with MET-altered advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (2020)

TPS9628 Background: Mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) factor is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor activated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Aberrant activation of MET via gene amplification or gene mutations, as well as MET protein overexpression, has been reported in NSCLC and other cancer types and can promote tumorigenesis. REGN5093 is a human bispecific antibody that binds to two distinct epitopes of MET, blocking HGF binding and inducing internalization and degradation of MET. REGN5093 prevents MET-mediated signaling and inhibits growth of MET-driven tumor cells without inducing MET-driven biological responses (DaSilva et al, CCR, 2019; PMID: 31848185). Methods: This Phase I/II, first-in-human, multicenter study is investigating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and efficacy of REGN5093 in patients with MET-altered advanced NSCLC who have received all available approved therapies (NCT04077099). Key eligibility criteria include age ≥18 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of ≤1, and documented presence of either MET exon 14 gene mutation and/or MET gene amplification and/or elevated MET protein expression. Patients are required to provide a biopsy during screening for assessment of MET biomarkers. Key exclusion criteria include prior MET-targeted biologic therapy (expansion cohorts only). Prior therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are not exclusionary in any part of the study. For each patient, the study comprises a screening period of up to 28 days, followed by 3-week cycles of REGN5093 monotherapy. Study treatment will continue until confirmed disease progression or other protocol-defined reason for discontinuation. The study has two parts: dose escalation and dose expansion. Dose escalation will proceed via 4+3 design until a maximum-tolerated dose is reached or a recommended Phase II dose selected. The primary objective of the dose escalation part is to assess safety (incidence and severity of adverse events and Grade ≥3 laboratory abnormalities), tolerability (incidence of dose-limiting toxicities), and PK of REGN5093. During the expansion phase, patients will be allocated to cohorts according to the type(s) of documented biomarkers of MET-altered disease. Anti-tumor activity based on objective response rate per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1, determined by CT or MRI, will be the primary endpoint in the expansion cohorts. The study is currently open for enrollment. Clinical trial information: NCT04077099 .
Characterization of UV irradiated space application polymers by spectroscopic ellipsometry (2000)

Abstract Materials deployed on long‐duration space missions such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the proposed International Space Station (ISS) are subject to high ultraviolet (UV) radiation fluences. Some UV radiation present in space has photon energy high enough to dissociate organic polymer molecular bonds. Induced chemical structure modifications can cause changes in optical, structural, and thermal properties. The present work investigates UV radiation effects on DuPont Kapton® H polyimide, polyarylene ether benzimidazole (PAEBI), and DuPont Teflon® fluorinated ethylene‐propylene (FEP). UV irradiated polymers were characterized with in situ and ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Ellipsometric data acquired on UV modified polymers were best modeled as an exponentially graded layer, as opposed to a single layer or linearly graded layer model. Because photon intensity decays exponentially as a function of depth into absorbing materials, an exponentially graded model should be the most physically realistic. Ellipsometric data provided information about changes in UV absorption spectra, depth of damage, and growth trends in the damaged layer.
ESD failure mechanisms of inductive and magnetoresistive recording heads (1995)

The response of experimental thin-film recording head structures to the excessive current and voltage during an electrostatic discharge (ESD) event is studied. Inductive and magnetoresistive (MR)-like magnetic recording head structures are tested and modeled from the viewpoint of electrostatic theory. An electrical model for the shielded MR-like head structure is proposed and used in circuit simulations to study the response during Human Body Model (HBM) and Machine Model (MM) transients. A testing methodology is defined using HBM and MM ESD transients. A thermal model for thin-film resistor burnout is compared with experiment and predicts a higher failure current than is measured. Results show that the MR structure can fail due to metalization burnout or air breakdown. The HBM metalization burnout failure voltage ranged from 100 V to 300 V, while MM damage started at about 27 V. Air breakdown ranged from 550 V to 650 V.
Liquid Crystal (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II in Dog Isolated Renal Artery (1990)

The functional role of the endothelium in conversion of angiotensin (Ang) I to Ang II was studied in helical strips of dog renal arteries. In the arteries precontracted with PGF2 alpha, Angs I and II caused a moderate relaxation, which was abolished by treatment with saralasin and reversed to a contraction by indomethacin. Removal of the endothelium attenuated the response to Ang I but did not abolish it. The Ang I-induced relaxation in the arteries without endothelium was not significantly attenuated by an Ang-converting enzyme inhibitor, SA446, but was markedly suppressed by chymostatin. On the other hand, in the arteries with endothelium, the relaxation was suppressed but not abolished by SA446, and the remaining relaxation was abolished by additional treatment with chymostatin. Relaxation induced by prostaglandin I2 was unaffected by these enzyme inhibitors. These results strongly suggest that the conversion of Ang I to Ang II is due mainly to the Ang-converting enzyme in the endothelium and to the chymostatin-sensitive Ang II-generating enzyme in subendothelial tissues.
Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications (2020)

Cell separation is a key step in many biomedical research areas including biotechnology, cancer research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. While conventional cell sorting approaches have led to high-efficiency sorting by exploiting the cell's specific properties, microfluidics has shown great promise in cell separation by exploiting different physical principles and using different properties of the cells. In particular, label-free cell separation techniques are highly recommended to minimize cell damage and avoid costly and labor-intensive steps of labeling molecular signatures of cells. In general, microfluidic-based cell sorting approaches can separate cells using "intrinsic" (e.g., fluid dynamic forces) versus "extrinsic" external forces (e.g., magnetic, electric field, etc.) and by using different properties of cells including size, density, deformability, shape, as well as electrical, magnetic, and compressibility/acoustic properties to select target cells from a heterogeneous cell population. In this work, principles and applications of the most commonly used label-free microfluidic-based cell separation methods are described. In particular, applications of microfluidic methods for the separation of circulating tumor cells, blood cells, immune cells, stem cells, and other biological cells are summarized. Computational approaches complementing such microfluidic methods are also explained. Finally, challenges and perspectives to further develop microfluidic-based cell separation methods are discussed.
High-precision characterization of dynamic acoustic grating induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a high-birefringence optical fiber (2008)

A novel experimental method is demonstrated to precisely characterize optical-frequency deviation within plusmn4 MHz between orthogonal axes in a high-birefringence fiber arising from the SBS-induced dynamic acoustic-grating. This precision means a birefringence accuracy of 3times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> .
Characterization of DNA-Conjugated Compounds Using a Regenerable Chip (2014)

DNA-encoded chemical library (DECL) technology has emerged as a new avenue in the field of drug discovery. Combined with high-throughput sequencing, DECL selection experiments can provide not only many lead compounds but also insights into the structure-affinity relationship. However, the counts of individual DNA codes reflect, but cannot be used to precisely rank, the binding affinities of the corresponding compounds to protein targets. Herein, we describe a chip-based approach to realize an automated high-throughput assay for the kinetic characterization of the interaction between DNA-conjugated small organic compounds and protein targets. Importantly, this method can be applied to both single-pharmacophore DECLs and self-assembled dual-pharmacophore DECLs.
Motion control of a novel planar biped with nearly linear dynamics (2006)

In this paper, we propose the design of a planar biped for which the model is nearly linear, i.e., the inertia matrix is a constant and the gravity terms in the equations of motion are still nonlinear, but simplified. The legs are designed such that the inertia matrix is independent of the joint variables. As a result, the nonlinear terms in the centrifugal and Coriolis terms disappear. In this design, each leg has two links that are connected by a revolute joint at the knee. The two legs are connected to each other at the hip. The center of mass of each leg is located at the hip, using counterweights. We assume that the stance leg is locked at the knee during the support phase. For this system, dynamic model for complete walking, i.e., swing phase, knee lock, and foot impact are considered. Motion control for trajectory following of this design is studied using a nonlinear controller. The paper discusses the issue of tracking of desired trajectories during the full cycle motion.