gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination and evaluation of emission factors for combustion installations in Germany for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010; Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren fuer Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland fuer die Jahre 1995, 2000, 2010 (2002)

In this study emission factors for combustion installations subject to authorisation in Germany were determined for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010. If focuses on boilers and gas turbine systems used for the public and industrial power supply. The report is divided into the following three sections: Large combustion plants, firing installations subject to the Technical Instructions on Air as well as gas turbines. As an introduction to each section the applied firing and emission reduction techniques are described. Subsequently, the different sectors to be considered are characterized briefly. For the derivation of the emission factors a methodology was selected classifying the installed combustion techniques according to their emission behaviour. Main characteristics for this classification were the type of boiler and the thermal capacity. For these classes emission factors for the pollutants SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, CO, dust, N{sub 2}O and VOC were determined. The data basis used consists of information from the relevant technical literature but also from plant operators, associations' statistics, producers and emission declarations from selected German Federal States. In a further step the technology specific factors were aggregated according to the installations' structure within the sector of concern. The emission factors were derived for the year of reference 1995. The projections for the years 2000 and 2010 were calculated for the individual sectors, considering a modification of the installations' structure leading to an increase of low emission techniques. The projections take into account the future changes in the legislative framework. For the new Federal States the end of the transition period for the implementation of the 13 BImSchV plays an important role. For the different classes, sectors and pollutants considered almost 4,800 individual emission factors were determined and summarised in a data base to be integrated into the central system of the German Federal Environmental Agency for the emission calculation. (orig.)
Rejection Treatment and Cytomegalovirus Infection as Risk Factors for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Renal Transplant Recipients (1996)

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is an infection of immunocompromised patients. The purpose of our study was to estimate the risk of PCP in renal transplant recipients in relation to number, timing, and type of rejection treatments and to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. In a case-control study, 15 renal transplant recipients with proven PCP were compared with 95 controls. The relative risks of PCP for 1, 2, and > or = 3 rejection treatments vs. no such treatment were 1.7 (95% CI, 0.2-12.5), 4.8 (95% CI, 0.9-25.5), and 9.5 (95% CI, 1.6-56.4). The relative risk of PCP for renal transplant recipients with negative pretransplantation CMV serology was 3.2 (95% CI, 1.0-10.2), and for the combination of recipient-negative and donor-positive pretransplantation CMV serology it was 5.7 (95% CI, 1.4-22.3). The relative risk of PCP for patients with CMV infection was 5.0 (95% CI, 1.6-15.8). The risk of PCP in renal transplant recipients was positively related to the number but not the timing or type of rejection treatments. The risk of PCP was also increased in cases of CMV infection, irrespective of the number of rejection treatments.
Colloidal ReO3 Nanocrystals: Extra Re d-Electron Instigating a Plasmonic Response (2019)

Rhenium (+6) oxide (ReO3) is metallic in nature, which means it can sustain localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in its nanocrytalline form. Herein, we describe the colloidal synthesis of nanocrystals (NCs) of this compound, through a hot-injection route entail- ing the reduction of rhenium (+7) oxide with a long chain ether. This synthetic protocol is fundamentally different from the more widely em- ployed nucleophilic lysing of metal alkylcarboxylates for other metal oxide NCs. Owing to this difference, the NC surfaces are populated by ether molecules through an L-type coordination along with covalently bound (X-type) hydroxyl moieties, which enables easy switching from nonpolar to polar solvents without resorting to cumbersome ligand exchange procedures. These as-synthesized NCs exhibit absorption bands at around 590 nm (≈2.1 eV) and 410 nm (≈3 eV), which were respectively ascribed to their LSPR and interband absorptions by Mie theory simulations and Drude modeling. The LSPR response arises from the oscillation of free electron density created by the extra Re d-electron per ReO3 unit in the NC lattice, which resides in the conduction band. Further, the LSPR contribution facilitates the observation of dynamic optical modulation of the NC films as they undergo progressive electrochemical charging via ion (de)insertion. Ion (de)insertion leads to distinct dynamic optical signatures, and these changes are reversible in a wide potential range depending on the choice of the ion (lithium or tetrabu- tylammonium). Nanostructuring in ReO3 and the description of the associated plasmonic properties of these NCs made this optical modulation feasible, which were hitherto not reported for the bulk material. We envisage that the synthetic protocol described here will facilitate further exploration of such applications and fundamental studies of these plasmonic NCs
Intensity histogram CMOS image sensor for adaptive optics (2010)

We present a high-speed CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) image sensor with focal plane histogram computation. The 128×128 4-transistor active pixel sensor array produces cumulative intensity histograms, at the focal-plane, with speeds in excess of 10,000 frames per second for low-latency, realtime control applications without the need for pixel digitization of external processing. In addition, an on-chip 10-bit column parallel analog-to-digital converter with a read noise of 0.6LSB and negligible fixed pattern noise facilitates conventional imaging operations and data acquisition. Each pixel occupies 19.5μm×19.5μm with a fill factor of 43%. Power consumption is 1.5mW during imaging mode and 4.6mW in high-speed histogram mode. Applications include real-time adaptive optics control for laser communications.
Influence of chirp on optical free-space communication systems employing preamplified direct detection (2001)

Summary form only given. With the large-scale commercial deployment of Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, optically preamplified direct detection (DD) receivers have become the technically most practicable way of achieving (nearly) quantum limited receiver performance in the 1.5 /spl mu/m wavelength range. In fiber communication systems, DD reception is affected by chirp due to fiber dispersion and nonlinear effects, but in free-space communications, narrow optical filtering changes receiver sensitivity if the input signal is chirped. We present a detailed investigation on the influence of chirp in free-space preamplified DD systems and analyze the (different!) impact in the case of non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) coding. Optimizing the optical and electrical receiver bandwidths leads to improved sensitivity.
Pathogenesis, classification and treatment of mastocytosis: state of the art in 2010 and future perspectives (2010)

Mastocytosis is a myeloid neoplasm characterized by abnormal accumulation and frequent activation of mast cells (MCs) in various organs. Organ systems typically involved are the bone marrow, skin, liver and gastrointestinal tract. In most adult patients, the systemic form of mastocytosis (SM) is diagnosed, which includes an indolent subvariant, an aggressive subvariant and a leukemic subvariant, also termed MC leukemia. Whereas in pediatric mastocytosis, which is usually confined to the skin, a number of different KIT mutations and other defects may be detected, the KIT mutation D816V is detectable in most (adult) patients with SM. In a subset of these patients, additional oncogenic factors may lead to enhanced survival and growth of MCs and, thus, to advanced SM. Other factors may lead to MC activation, with consecutive anaphylactic reactions that can be severe or even fatal. Treatment of SM usually focuses on symptom relief by histamine receptor antagonists and other supportive therapy. However, in aggressive and leukemic variants, cytoreductive and targeted drugs must be applied. Unfortunately, the prognosis in these patients remains poor, even when treated with novel KIT-targeting agents, polychemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. This article provides a summary of our knowledge on the pathogenesis and on treatment options in SM.
Biofilm Formation byCryptococcus neoformans (2015)

Historically, microbiologists have studied microbes that cause infectious diseases by analyzing microbial cells grown in suspension (planktonic) in the laboratory. This tradition derives in great part from the early influences of Koch's postulates, which emphasized working with pure cultures. Unfortunately, this growth in pure cultures has little to do with the growth of microbes in “natural” or host environments. Advances in confocal microscopy and molecular genetics in the last two decades have provided evidence that biofilm formation represents the most common mode of growth of microorganisms in nature. This growth form presumably allows microbial cells to survive in hostile environments, enhances their resistance to physical and chemical pressures, and promotes metabolic cooperation (1). In fact, it is estimated that approximately 80% of all bacteria in the environment exist in biofilm communities, and more than 65% of human microbial infections involve biofilm formation (2). Microbial biofilms are dynamic communities of microorganisms strongly attached to biological and nonbiological substrata that are enclosed in a self-produced protective exopolymeric matrix (EPM) (3).
SCALE‐UP and FIELD TEST of the VACUUM/STEAM/VACUUM SURFACE INTERVENTION PROCESS FOR POULTRY1 (2003)

ABSTRACT The Vacuum/Steam/Vacuum surface intervention pilot plant processor was scaled up to a mobile unit that can be transported to close proximity of chicken processing plants. After several modifications to the mandrel that supports the broiler carcass in the treatment chamber to minimize mechanical damage, the unit was capable of 1.1 log cfu/mL kill of inoculated Listeria innocua and 1.4 log cfu/mL kill of inoculated E. coli K‐12. Field tests achieved 1.4 log kill of E. coli and 1.2 log kill of Campylobacter on freshly processed chicken using 3 cycles and 138C saturated steam. But, there was extensive mechanical damage. the mandrel was modified in the Eastern Regional Research Center pilot plant to eliminate the mechanical damage. With mechanical damage eliminated, the bacteria kill was 1.1–1.5 log of inoculated E. coli K‐12 with a total process time of 1.1 s.
Proton-conduction in poly(alkylenecarbonate)/poly(thiophenylenesulfonic acid) composites (2000)

Highly sulfonated poly(thiophenylenesulfonic acid) (PTPSA) was prepared from a soluble polysulfonium salt precursor and mixed with poly(alkylenecarbonate) (PAC, alkylene = ethylene, PEC; propylene, PPC; butylene, PBC). The PTPSA and PAC were employed as a proton source for conduction and a flexible base matrix for proton dissociation and conduction pathway, respectively. For the composites of PTPSA/PAC (3/1, 2/1, 1/1 and 1/2, by weight), the effect of alkyl chain lengths of PAC, temperature dependence of proton-conductivity, and water content on the composites was studied. The proton-conductivity of the PTPSA/PAC composites increased with the increasing PTPSA portion. The PTPSA/PBC (3/1) composite shows the highest proton-conductivity of 1.5 × 10−6 Scm−1 at 30 °C. However, the increased incorporation of PTPSA does not contribute to producing the higher proton conduction of the composites. Moreover, the PTPSA/PBC (3/1) composite including 15 wt% of water retained the proton-conductivity of 7.1 × 10−2 Scm−1 at 140 °C, which could be the conductivity comparative to the Nafion membrane and thermal stability. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CarFusion: Combining Point Tracking and Part Detection for Dynamic 3D Reconstruction of Vehicles (2018)

Despite significant research in the area, reconstruction of multiple dynamic rigid objects (eg. vehicles) observed from wide-baseline, uncalibrated and unsynchronized cameras, remains hard. On one hand, feature tracking works well within each view but is hard to correspond across multiple cameras with limited overlap infields of view or due to occlusions. On the other hand, advances in deep learning have resulted in strong detectors that work across different viewpoints but are still not precise enough for triangulation-based reconstruction. In this work, we develop a framework to fuse both the single-view feature tracks and multiview detected part locations to significantly improve the detection, localization and reconstruction of moving vehicles, even in the presence of strong occlusions. We demonstrate our framework at a busy traffic intersection by reconstructing over 62 vehicles passing within a 3-minute window. We evaluate the different components within our framework and compare to alternate approaches such as reconstruction using tracking-by-detection.
Sparse Inertial Poser: Automatic 3D Human Pose Estimation from Sparse IMUs (2017)

We address the problem of making human motion capture in the wild more practical by using a small set of inertial sensors attached to the body. Since the problem is heavily under-constrained, previous methods either use a large number of sensors, which is intrusive, or they require additional video input. We take a different approach and constrain the problem by: (i) making use of a realistic statistical body model that includes anthropometric constraints and (ii) using a joint optimization framework to fit the model to orientation and acceleration measurements over multiple frames. The resulting tracker Sparse Inertial Poser (SIP) enables 3D human pose estimation using only 6 sensors (attached to the wrists, lower legs, back and head) and works for arbitrary human motions. Experiments on the recently released TNT15 dataset show that, using the same number of sensors, SIP achieves higher accuracy than the dataset baseline without using any video data. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of SIP on newly recorded challenging motions in outdoor scenarios such as climbing or jumping over a wall.
<title>Integrated optical systems for excitation delivery and broadband detection in microfluidic electrochromatography</title> (2000)

We have designed and assembled two generations of integrated micro-optical systems that deliver pump light and detect broadband laser-induced fluorescence in micro-fluidic separation systems employing electrochromatography. The goal is to maintain the sensitivity attainable with larger, tabletop machines while decreasing package size and increasing throughput. One type of micro-optical system uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as the excitation source. Light from the VCSELs is relayed with four-level surface relief diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and delivered to the chemical volume through substrate-mode propagation. Indirect fluorescence from dye- quenched chemical species is collected and collimated with a high numerical aperture DOE. A filter blocks the excitation wavelength, and the resulting signal is detected as the chemical separation proceeds. Variations of this original design include changing the combination of reflective and transmissive DOEs and optimizing the high numerical aperture DOE with a rotationally symmetric iterative discrete on-axis algorithm. We will discuss the result of these implemented optimizations.
Photocatalytic efficiency of CdS film synthesized by CBD method (2006)

Cadmium Sulfide semiconductor has comparatively small band gap and act as photocatalyst under irradiation of visible light. For practical use, it is convenient to fix the photocatalyst on a substrate as a thin film. In this study, we prepared CdS thin film on Ti substrate by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). To improve photocatalytic activity, CdS film was annealed and optimum thickness was investigated.
A Novel First Arriving Path Detection Algorithm Using Multipath Interference Cancellation in Indoor Environments (2010)

We propose a first arriving path (FAP) detection algorithm using multipath interference cancellation techniques for indoor positioning systems. In indoor environments, the FAP is very often less significant in magnitude as compared with later arriving paths (LAPs) and therefore the received signal component of FAP is severely interfered by those of LAPs. As a result, it is difficult to identify the FAP in the presence of strong LAPs in indoor environments. In the proposed algorithm, we reconstruct the interference of LAPs based on channel estimation and data detection results. The interference of LAPs is subsequently reconstructed and cancelled from the received signals to improve the accuracy of FAP detection. Simulation results are provided to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Inference of multicast routing trees and bottleneck bandwidths using end-to-end measurements (1999)

The efficacy of end-to-end multicast transport protocols depends critically upon their ability to scale efficiently to a large number of receivers. Several research multicast protocols attempt to achieve this high scalability by identifying sets of co-located receivers in order to enhance loss recovery, congestion control and so forth. A number of these schemes could be enhanced and simplified by some level of explicit knowledge of the topology of the multicast distribution tree, the value of the bottleneck bandwidth along the path between the source and each individual receiver and the approximate location of the bottlenecks in the tree. In this paper, we explore the problem of inferring the internal structure of a multicast distribution tree using only observations made at the end hosts. By noting correlations of loss patterns across the receiver set and by measuring how the network perturbs the fine-grained timing structure of the packets sent from the source, we can determine both the underlying multicast tree structure as well as the bottleneck bandwidths. The simulations show that the algorithm is robust and appears to converge to the correct tree with high probability.
Intrarenal DA2 dopamine receptor stimulation in the conscious dog (1992)

DA2 dopamine receptors are present in renal blood vessels and glomeruli. Stimulation of DA1 dopamine receptors leads to renal vasodilation, diuresis, and natriuresis, but a functional role for renal DA2 receptors is largely unknown. We investigated the possible role of DA2 receptors in the control of renal function by intrarenal infusion of a highly specific DA2 agonist, LY 171555 (LY), in conscious uninephrectomized dogs (n = 5) in metabolic balance at sodium intake of 40 meq/day. The infusion of LY at 0.5 pmol.kg-1.min-1 did not change the urinary sodium excretion or renal hemodynamic function. A significant dose-dependent antidiuresis (F = 8.1, P less than 0.0001) and antinatriuresis (F = 93.3, P less than 0.0001) and a decrease in filtration fraction (F = 2.3, P less than 0.02) occurred as the LY dose was increased from 1.0 to 10.0 pmol.kg-1.min-1. There were no changes in systemic plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, or mean arterial pressure during intrarenal LY administration. These data suggest that intrarenal DA2 receptor stimulation with LY decreases renal sodium excretion in part by hemodynamic mechanisms. Renal dopamine may act at vascular and/or glomerular DA2 receptors to modulate renal function.
Cervical vagus nerve stimulation augments spontaneous discharge in second- and higher-order sensory neurons in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (2017)

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) currently treats patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, depression, and heart failure. The mild intensities used in chronic VNS suggest that primary visceral afferents and central nervous system activation are involved. Here, we measured the activity of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in anesthetized rats using clinically styled VNS. Our chief findings indicate that VNS at threshold bradycardic intensity activated NTS neuron discharge in one-third of NTS neurons. This VNS directly activated only myelinated vagal afferents projecting to second-order NTS neurons. Most VNS-induced activity in NTS, however, was unsynchronized to vagal stimuli. Thus, VNS activated unsynchronized activity in NTS neurons that were second order to vagal afferent C-fibers as well as higher-order NTS neurons only polysynaptically activated by the vagus. Overall, cardiovascular-sensitive and -insensitive NTS neurons were similarly activated by VNS: 3/4 neurons with monosynaptic vagal A-fiber afferents, 6/42 neurons with monosynaptic vagal C-fiber afferents, and 16/21 polysynaptic NTS neurons. Provocatively, vagal A-fibers indirectly activated C-fiber neurons during VNS. Elevated spontaneous spiking was quantitatively much higher than synchronized activity and extended well into the periods of nonstimulation. Surprisingly, many polysynaptic NTS neurons responded to half the bradycardic intensity used in clinical studies, indicating that a subset of myelinated vagal afferents is sufficient to evoke VNS indirect activation. Our study uncovered a myelinated vagal afferent drive that indirectly activates NTS neurons and thus central pathways beyond NTS and support reconsideration of brain contributions of vagal afferents underpinning of therapeutic impacts.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Acute vagus nerve stimulation elevated activity in neurons located in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract. Such stimuli directly activated only myelinated vagal afferents but indirectly activated a subpopulation of second- and higher-order neurons, suggesting that afferent mechanisms and central neuron activation may be responsible for vagus nerve stimulation efficacy.
Chemokine-Releasing Nanoparticles for Manipulation of the Lymph Node Microenvironment (2015)

Chemokines (CKs) secreted by the host cells into surrounding tissue establish concentration gradients directing the migration of leukocytes. We propose an <i>in vivo</i> CK gradient remodeling approach based on sustained release of CKs by the crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel open meshwork nano-particles (NPs) containing internal crosslinked dye affinity baits for a reversible CK binding and release. The sustained release is based on a new principle of affinity off-rate tuning. The NPs with Cibacron Blue F3G-A and Reactive Blue-4 baits demonstrated a low-micromolar affinity binding to IL-8, MIP-2, and MCP-1 with a half-life of several hours at 37°C. The capacity of NPs loaded with IL-8 and MIP-1α to increase neutrophil recruitment to lymph nodes (LNs) was tested in mice after footpad injection. Fluorescently-labeled NPs used as tracers indicated the delivery into the sub-capsular compartment of draining LNs. The animals administered the CK-loaded NPs demonstrated a widening of the sub-capsular space and a strong lymph node influx of leukocytes, while mice injected with control NPs without CKs or bolus doses of soluble CKs alone showed only a marginal neutrophil response. This technology provides a new means therapeutically direct or restore immune cell traffic, and can also be employed for simultaneous therapy delivery.
Discovery of a Novel C60 Receptor Based on Substituted Anthracene (2000)

Abstract Anthracene diaryl bromide was prepared via the acid catalyzed condensation of veratrole with p-bromobenzaldehyde. Mixing of toluene solutions of anthracene diaryl bromide and C60 fullerene led to the formation of a 1:1 solid state complex. Evidence for the complex is based on microanalysis and FTIR. A crystal structure of the anthracene diaryl bromide is presented and a dimeric butterfly structure has been proposed for the supramolecular species in solution.