gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition Optimization of Layered Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Materials Synthesized via Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (2014)

Lithium-rich, layered composites of xLi2MnO3·(1−x)Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 were synthesized via spray pyrolysis to identify the chemistry yielding optimal electrochemical performance for materials produced by this method. The x values selected for optimization were x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, equivalent to Li1.14Mn0.46Ni0.2Co0.2O2, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 and Li1.26Mn0.6Ni0.07Co0.07O2, respectively. The materials were annealed at 850°C or 900°C for 2 hours, and then tested in coin cells. Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 annealed at 900°C displayed the best electrochemical performance with excellent capacity retention, displaying a reversible capacity of 236 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles when cycled between 2.0–4.8 V at C/10 rate, where 1C = 280 mAg−1. The cycling profiles display voltage fade, presumably due to a layered-spinel phase transformation. The synthesis method leads to high purity and excellent uniformity at the nanoscale, and the materials have less voltage fade compared to similar materials produced by co-precipitation. Voltage fade is more pronounced when the upper cut-off voltage is 4.8 V, as opposed to 4.6 V. A decrease in the Li2MnO3 content of the material reduces voltage fade, such that x = 0.3 (or Li1.14Mn0.46Ni0.2Co0.2O2) shows the best structural stability over cycling.
Fast detection of liver fibrosis with collagen-binding single-nanometer iron oxide nanoparticles via T 1 -weighted MRI (2023)

SNIO-CBP, a single-nanometer iron oxide (SNIO) nanoparticle functionalized with a type I collagen-binding peptide (CBP), was developed as a <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>-weighted MRI contrast agent with only endogenous elements for fast and noninvasive detection of liver fibrosis. SNIO-CBP exhibits 6.7-fold higher relaxivity compared to a molecular gadolinium-based collagen-binding contrast agent CM-101 on a per CBP basis at 4.7 T. Unlike most iron oxide nanoparticles, SNIO-CBP exhibits fast elimination from the bloodstream with a 5.7 min half-life, high renal clearance, and low, transient liver enhancement in healthy mice. We show that a dose of SNIO-CBP that is 2.5-fold lower than that for CM-101 has comparable imaging efficacy in rapid (within 15 min following intravenous injection) detection of hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis using <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>-weighted MRI in a carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury model. We further demonstrate the applicability of SNIO-CBP in detecting liver fibrosis in choline-deficient <i>L</i>-amino acid-defined high-fat diet mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. These results provide a platform with potential for the development of high relaxivity, gadolinium-free molecular MRI probes for characterizing chronic liver disease.
Highly Elastic Binder for Improved Cyclability of Nickel‐Rich Layered Cathode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2020)

Abstract Nickel‐rich layered cathode materials are predominantly used for lithium‐ion batteries intended for electric vehicles owing to their high specific capacities and minimal use of high‐cost cobalt. The intrinsic drawbacks of nickel‐rich layered cathode materials with regard to cycle life and safety have largely been addressed by doping and by applying surface coatings. Here, it is reported that a highly elastic binder, namely spandex, can overcome the problems of nickel‐rich layered cathode materials and improve their electrochemical properties drastically. The high elasticity of spandex allows it to uniformly coat LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 particles via shear force during slurry mixing to protect the particles from undesired interfacial reactions during cycling. The uniform coating of spandex, together with its hydrogen bonding interaction with LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , leads to enhanced particle‐to‐particle interaction, which has multiple advantages, such as high loading capability, superior rate and cycling performance, and low binder content. This study highlights the promise of elastic binders to meet the ever‐challenging criteria with respect to nickel‐rich cathode materials in cells targeting electric vehicles.
ChemInform Abstract: Scandium‐Mediated Opening of Aziridine Carboxylates: A Facile Synthesis of Aryl‐Substituted Tryptophans. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Delineating similarities and dissimilarities in the use of metal organic frameworks and zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions (2011)

This perspective article is aimed at providing a comparison of similarities and dissimilarities between the catalytic properties of zeolites and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). In the first part of the paper, we comment the general characteristics of MOFs with relevance to catalysis, making emphasis of how the properties of MOFs can serve to compliment those of zeolites as catalysts. The lower chemical and thermal stability of MOFs compared to zeolites is commented and correlated to the requirements for some liquid-phase reactions conducted under mild conditions. In the second part, we discuss the behaviour of zeolites and MOFs for four types of general organic reactions (acid catalysed, base catalysed, oxidation and hydrogenations). Particular attention is paid to provide critical comments on how MOFs could be adapted by design or can be modified by post-synthetic treatments to give well performing catalysts.
Makroskopische, hierarchische, zweidimensionale Selbstorganisation (1999)

Durch die Feinabstimmung der Kapillarkräfte an einer Flüssig/Flüssig-Grenzfläche gelang eine hierarchische, zweidimensionale Selbstorganisation millimetergroßer, sechseckiger Poly(dimethylsiloxan)-Platten (siehe Bild). Die Kontrolle der Stärke und Richtungsabhängigkeit der Kapillarkräfte zwischen den Platten war dadurch möglich, daß man die Seitenflächen der Platten hydrophob oder hydrophil gestalten konnte. Dicke Linien stellen hydrophobe Seiten dar, die sich gegenseitig aufgrund von Kapillarkräften anziehen.
A Light-Load Efficient Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator in 14-nm CMOS With 2.5-nH Package-Embedded Air-Core Inductors (2019)

Fully integrated voltage regulators (FIVRs) offer many advantages, such as fine-grained power management, fast transient response, and reduced form factor. This article addresses light-load efficiency in FIVRs with nH-scale air-core inductors. The challenges of implementing efficient discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation at high switching frequencies are discussed, which include zero current detection, inductor ac-loss effects, and power delivery network (PDN) resonances. A prototype in 14-nm CMOS is presented, which shows the DCM operation at up to 70 MHz with a peak efficiency of 88% for 1.6-1.2-V conversion.
Toward a Practical Scheme for Binary Broadcast Channels with Varying Channel Quality Using Dirty Paper Coding (2011)

We consider practical schemes for binary dirty-paper channels and broadcast channels (BCs) with two receivers and varying channel quality. With the BC application in mind, this paper proposes a new design for binary dirty paper coding (DPC). By exploiting the concept of coset binning, the complexity of the system is greatly reduced when compared to the existing works. Some design challenges of the coset binning approach are identified and addressed. The proposed binary DPC system achieves similar performance to the state-of-the-art, superposition-coding-based system while demonstrating significant advantages in terms of complexity and flexibility of system design. For binary BCs, achieving the capacity generally requires the superposition of a normal channel code and a carefully designed channel code with non-uniform bit distribution. The non-uniform bit distribution is chosen according to the channel conditions. Therefore, to achieve the capacity for binary BCs with varying channel quality, it is necessary to use quantization codes of different rates, which significantly increases the implementation complexity. In this paper, we also propose a broadcast scheme that generalizes the concept of binary DPC, which we term soft DPC. By combining soft DPC with time sharing, we achieve a large percentage of the capacity for a wide range of channel quality with little complexity overhead. Our scheme uses only one fixed pair of codes for users 1 and 2, and a single quantization code, which possesses many practical advantages over traditional time sharing and superposition coding solutions and provides strictly better performance.
Fabrication and tailoring of silicon photonic devices via focused ion beam (2009)

As Silicon Photonics is developing further towards integration on a single platform, the need for precise fabrication is paramount and no matter how developed a technology is, there is always potential for error at the wafer and chip level. In combination with Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology, we present direct write methods to fabricate and tailor Silicon Photonic devices to offer the potential of prototyping, testing and correction in a post-processing environment. However, inherent in most FIB processing is the introduction of large optical loss due to damage and implantation of Gallium, because Gallium is typically the gas species used in FIBs. Therefore, methods of processing to minimise potential loss and changes to the original device design will be presented alongside results and a discussion offering a comparison with other potential methods.
Time-Weighted Lactate as a Predictor of Adverse Outcome in Acute Heart Failure (2020)

In acute heart failure patients, 24 h LAC<sub>TW</sub> had a significant independent predictive value for adverse intra-hospital outcome. LAC<sub>TW</sub> could be a useful index at identifying high-risk patients who may require a more aggressive treatment during hospitalization.
Ultrastructure and bonding properties of tribochemical silica-coated zirconia (2018)

Tribochemical silica coating (TSC) is commonly used to pretreat zirconia surfaces prior to luting. Although many studies demonstrate an adhesion-promoting effect of TSC on zirconia, its actual interaction mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We therefore characterized the ultrastructure of TSC-treated zirconia and tested shear-bond strength. STEM/EDS disclosed a micro-roughened zirconia surface partially covered with fused Al and Si, while residual unfused silica particles could also still be detected. TSC-treated zirconia having received the solely silane primer exhibited a significantly lower shear-bond strength than zirconia on which the combined 10-MDP/silane primer was applied. SEM fracture analysis revealed residual silica particles on both the zirconia and cement sides. Correlative ultrastructural and chemical surface characterization revealed that TSC deposited an inhomogeneous silica layer on the zirconia surface, which explains why the solely silane coupling agent was less effective than the combined 10-MDP/silane ceramic primer for bonding to zirconia pretreated by TSC.
Technological Enablers of the IEEE Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (IEEE 802.16) (2005)

There has been keen interest in the literature recently on the IEEE wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) developed within IEEE 802.16. Through the use of flexible physical layer features and medium access control (MAC) layer mechanisms, this system can be used to deliver broadband voice and data into areas that may have a wide range of population densities, cell radii, propagation environments, and quality of service (QoS) requirements. The physical layer provides flexibilities of time or frequency domain duplexing, multiple bandwidths, adjustable subchannelization, scalable OFDM formats, adaptive coded modulation, and advanced antenna system. The IEEE 802.16 MAC layer offers a connection-oriented service to upper layers of the protocol stack. The QoS of each connection takes one of four levels: constant bit rate grant, real time polling, non-real-time polling, and best effort. The MAC layer also offers packing, fragmentation and ARQ. The MAC privacy sublayer performs authentication, key exchange and encryption of MAC packet data units. The MAC convergence sublayers at the top of the MAC enable Ethernet, ATM, TDM voice and IP (Internet Protocol) services to be offered. This presentation will endeavor to provide a high level overview of the system. It will discuss, from an information theoretic point of view, the key enablers of the system.
Characterization of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids: Alternatives to Volatile Organic Compounds for Liquid-Liquid Separations (2002)

Herein we describe the physical and chemical properties for several Ionic Liquids (ILs) comprised of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation with the Cl-, Br-, I-, BF4-, or PF6- anions. Liquid-liquid separations with the PF6- ILs are highlighted to illustrate their use in "Green Chemistry," as alternatives to traditional organic solvents in separations. The partitioning of organic molecules, combined with IL characterization, has facilitated successful metal ion extraction with both anionic and molecular extradants. This report discusses our current results in the characterization of ILs, their use in liquid-liquid extraction, new concepts for metal ion separations, and solid-state analyses.
Estimating the Temperature Experienced by Biomass Particles during Fast Pyrolysis Using Microscopic Analysis of Biochars (2017)

Biomass particles can experience variable thermal conditions during fast pyrolysis due to differences in their size and morphology, and from local temperature variations within a reactor. These differences lead to increased heterogeneity of the chemical products obtained in the pyrolysis vapors and bio-oil. Here we present a simple, high-throughput method to investigate the thermal history experienced by large ensembles of particles during fast pyrolysis by imaging and quantitative image analysis. We present a correlation between the surface luminance (darkness) of the biochar particle and the highest temperature that it experienced during pyrolysis. Next, we apply this correlation to large, heterogeneous ensembles of char particles produced in a laminar entrained flow reactor (LEFR). The results are used to interpret the actual temperature distributions delivered by the reactor over a range of operating conditions.
PMO-131 FGF inducible protein 14 is upregulated in neovessels during chronic inflammatory liver disease and promotes intrahepatic endothelial cell angiogenesis in vitro following stimulation via tweak (2012)

Introduction TWEAK and Fn14 members of the TNF superfamily of ligands and receptors collectively regulate a diverse range of immune, inflammatory and regenerative responses. Recent studies indicate a potential role of TWEAK and Fn14 in tissue repair following liver injury where they may promote angiogenesis and neovessel growth. TWEAK/Fn14 could therefore facilitate inflammatory cell recruitment and promote portal associated lymphoid tissue development during inflammation. Aims (1). To investigate TWEAK/Fn14 expression in human liver tissue during chronic liver disease. (2) To study Fn14 expression in isolated intra-hepatic endothelial cells (IHEC). (3) To determine angiogenic responses of IHEC to TWEAK. Methods Tissue sections from explanted human livers at the time of hepatobiliary surgery, including normal donor; normal tissue adjacent to malignant lesions; HCV; ALD; NASH; Chronic Allograft Rejection; PSC and PBC, were subjected to immunohistochemistry or dual immunofluorescence using antibodies to TWEAK, Fn14 and phenotypic markers CD31 and CD68. Isolated IHEC were cultured with combinations of TNFα, IFNg, FGF, and assessed for TWEAK/Fn14 expression using flow cytometry. In addition IHEC were incubated with recombinant TWEAK in presence ± TNFα and assessed using a matrigel angiogenesis assay for vessel formation and branching. Results Fn14 expression was low in normal tissue in portal vessels and sinusoids, whereas in disease portal neovessels (CD31 +ve) were highly positive for Fn14. TWEAK expression was low in normal tissue but highly expressed in CD68+ve monocytic cells surrounding areas of neovascularisation and inflammatory cell aggregation. Fn14 expression significantly up-regulated on isolated IHEC when stimulated with the TNFα. Confocal imaging showed that the expression of Fn14 was predominantly cytoplasmic unless stimulated with TNF which enhanced cell surface expression. IHEC were consistently negative for TWEAK and TWEAK stimulation increased IHEC angiogenesis, where a change in cell morphology and enhanced branching of capillary like structures was observed. Pre-incubation with Fn14 antagonistic mAb completely abrogated vessel formation and branching. Conclusion These new data show that Fn14 activation stimulates neovessel branching in IHEC and that TNF-α promotes mobilisation of cytoplasmic Fn14 to the cell surface suggesting an important regulatory role for TWEAK/Fn14 in neovascularisation and portal lymphoid aggregation during hepatic inflammation. Competing interests None declared.
Required Specification Analysis of CPRI Link of 4G Mobile Networks for Using WDM-PON Transmission (2012)

4G 이동통신 기지국에 있어서 최근에 DU (Digital Unit) 와 RU (Radio Unit) 로 분리되는 형상의 기지국이 많이 등장하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 차세대 4G LTE 및 LTE-Advanced 이동통신망에서 DU 와 RU 사이를 연결하는 CPRI (common public radio interface) 링크에 요구되는 통신망의 규격을 살펴보고 이를 WDM-PON 으로 구현하기 위한 요구규격을 분석하여 본 응용 시장에 뛰어들고자 하는 WDM-PON 시스템의 개발목표를 설정하고자 한다. Recently, base stations composed of digital unit (DU) and radio unit (RU) have been widely used in 4G mobile networks. To connect DU and RU, CPRI (common public radio interface) is usually used as the interface standard. This CPRI link is considered as one of the application markets for WDM-PON. In this paper, we analyzed the required specification of WDM-PON for the CPRI link of the 4G LTE-Advanced base station composed of DU and RU. This analysis is important to set a target goal of the development of WDM-PON system for 4G mobile networks.
Environmental aspects of coal gasification using the slagging gasifier (1988)

The BGL gasifier has been developed at Westfield, Sctoland, using plants with coal throughputs of up to 500 tonnes/day. It has been shown that the gasifier has the potential for using commercial coal feedstocks by agglomerating some of the fines present and mixing with the lump coal. Environmental aspects of the process have been investigated: tar and oils can be completely consumed in the process; aqueous liqours can be processed to a standard suitable for discharge; slag produced from the coal ash is inert and suitable for landfill. Gasification offers an attractive route towards the clean use of coal. In the light of environmental requirements commercial scale studies on two major potential applications of the BGL gasifier viz combined cycle power and SNG production are reviewed.
ChemInform Abstract: CHIRAL 1,4‐BENZODIAZEPIN‐2‐ONE, TEMPLATE FOR ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF α‐AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR α‐DEUTERIO CONGENERS (1981)

Abstract Metallierung der Benzodiazepinone (I) mit Li‐N(iPr), und Alkylierung der erhaltenen Li‐Template mit dem Chlorester (II) liefert die Alkylierungsprodukte (III), die beim Behandeln mit D2O/D in DMSO H/D‐Austausch unter Bildung der Verbindungen (IV) eingehen.
The Economics of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Projects (2016)

Desalination applications based on reverse osmosis (RO) technology today comprise over 50% of the capacity of all desalination systems worldwide and represent 75-85% of new desalination projects being implemented. The major reason for the shift in desalination projects to RO technology is the high energy efficiency of the RO process. There are three major application categories of large capacity, RO-based desalination projects: brackish RO; advanced municipal wastewater reclamation; and seawater RO. In the two first categories (brackish RO and wastewater reclamation), the systems’ configuration and equipment components are well defined. Therefore, project costs and operating expenses are fairly predictable. In seawater RO desalination systems, the RO process configuration is also very similar; however, some variability exists regarding the configuration of seawater water delivery and feed water pretreatment. The rest of the system’s components and system operation methods are very uniform. However, an evaluation of published cost data of medium- to large-scale water RO desalination projects illustrates significant variability in costs of desalination systems. This paper will analyze current economic conditions of seawater desalination, and highlight the limitations and possibilities of additional improvements of the economics of the SWRO desalination process.
Highly coherent light at 13 nm generated by use of quasi-phase-matched high-harmonic generation (2004)

By measuring the fringe visibility in a Young's double pinhole experiment, we demonstrate that quasi-phase-matched high-harmonic generation produces beams with very high spatial coherence at wavelengths around 13 nm. To our knowledge these are the highest spatial coherence values ever measured at such short wavelengths from any source without spatial filtering. This results in a practical, small-scale, coherent, extreme-ultraviolet source that is useful for applications in metrology, imaging, and microscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Copper‐Catalyzed Vinylation/Cyclization: An Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Oxazoles. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<title>Flash contact x-ray microscopy of biological specimen in water</title> (1993)

From the shot noise consideration in x-ray microscopy it is shown that, for 50 nm resolution, a few tens mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> energy of 3 nm x ray is required on the specimen, and required x ray energy density increases with the fourth power of the resolving power. X-ray images of biological specimens in water taken by flash contact microscopy with a laser-plasma source are presented to discuss the prospects of x-ray microscopy for biological applications. Forty nanometer diameter biological components are observed in an x-ray image. The attempt of observing thick specimens by short wavelength x rays produced by a 10 ps duration laser pulse is also reported. Technical issues for further improving contact microscopy, including the feasibility of stereo-microscopy, are discussed.
Modeling of Motion Dynamics and its Influence on the Performance of a Particle Filter for Acoustic Speaker Tracking (2007)

Methods for acoustic speaker tracking attempt to localize and track the position of a sound source in a reverberant environment using the data received at an array of microphones. This problem has received significant attention over the last few years, with methods based on a particle filtering principle perhaps representing one of the most promising approaches. As a Bayesian filtering technique, a particle filter relies on the definition of two main concepts, namely the measurement process and the transition equation (target dynamics). Whereas a significant research effort has been devoted to the development of improved measurement processes, the influence of the dynamics formulation on the resulting tracking accuracy has received little attention so far. This paper provides an insight into the dynamics modeling aspect of particle filter design. Several types of motion models are considered, and the performance of the resulting particle filters is then assessed with extensive experimental simulations using real audio data recorded in a reverberant environment. This paper demonstrates that the ability to achieve a reduced tracking error relies on both the chosen model as well as the specific optimization of its parameters.