gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Lava Fountaining and Vent Morphology for the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Eruption, Iceland, Analyzed by Video Monitoring and Topographic Mapping (2018)

Fissure eruptions are associated with lava fountains which often show complex distinct venting activity, in pulsating form, and the development of characteristic morphologic expressions such as scoria or spatter cones. Most morphological studies are based on observations of old structures and are not related to direct observations and systematic records of vents activity, which are rare. The 2014 - 2015 Holuhraun eruption site, Iceland, offered an exceptional opportunity to study with unprecedented details the location and evolution of those cones and their relationship to the venting dynamic. Here we analyse records from lava fountains activity at distinguished vents, captured during the 2014-2015 Holuhraun eruption, and compare them with the developing morphology of spatter cones. We conducted a fieldwork mapping project combining Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) aerophoto techniques to characterize the cone morphologies. We recorded videos of the eruption and used edge detection and particle image velocimetry to estimate venting heights and particle velocities. We find that at those locations where spatter cone morphology developed the strongest, the highest lava fountains and larger ejection velocities were recorded, already at the very first days of the eruption. Instead, those sites that finally developed moderate or weak morphologies are also identified as less active lave fountain locations during the early stage of the eruption. The comparison of our topographic datasets shows that spatter cones remain similar in shape but increase in size as the eruption progress. In addition, we suggest that the observed changes in morphology may affect lava ponding in the crater, which in turn is strongly affecting eruption heights. Our results improve the general understanding of landscape evolution at rift zones, and demonstrate the close relationship between the cone morphology and the lava fountain activity at the onset of an eruption.
Processing and electrical properties of Pb (ZrxTi1−x)O3 (x=0.2–0.75) films: Comparison of metallo-organic decomposition and sol-gel processes (1992)

The deposition of thin Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films by sol-gel and by metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) processes has been studied. Powders obtained from different precursor solutions were analyzed with respect to their decomposition and crystallization. Using a spin-coating technique, Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films with zirconium concentrations ranging from x=0.2 to 0.75 have been deposited on Pt-electroded Si wafers. The lattice constants of the perovskite films and their dielectric and ferroelectric properties (permittivity, remanent polarization, coercive field strength) have been measured as a function of the zirconium concentration. The results are compared to the data obtained on bulk ceramics. For Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 films with a composition located at the morphotropic phase boundary (x≊0.53) the influence of the processing and the lead excess of the starting solutions on the film properties was examined. First measurements on the resistance degradation of thin Pb(Zr0.53Ti47)O3 films deposited by the MOD process are reported.
Resilient-Economic Coordinated Robust Operation of Integrated Electric-Gas Systems (2023)

Interactions between power and gas systems, which are both large and complex, have been gradually intensified during the last decades, predominantly due to the propagation of large fleet natural gas-fired power units (GPUs) and the technological developments of power-to-gas (P2G) facilities. These interactions not only bring significant economic benefits to society but also provide additional operating flexibilities, which are essential to handle fluctuations of the large-scale renewable power generation (RPG) and power system contingencies. Moreover, neglecting these interactions in power system operation may not only result in infeasible operation status in the gas systems but also increase the decision-making operation costs of both systems. previous studies suffered from two significant drawbacks, namely (1) they assumed the existence of only one utility that has full control authority over the power system and gas system; (2) the economic interactions between power systems and gas systems have been neglected, which goes against the current industrial practice. This research revisits the day-ahead resilient and economic operations of power systems considering the economic and physical interactions with gas systems, which are characterized by the modeling of bilateral energy purchase contracts and operational constraints of gas systems. This thesis provides a novel perspective and solution for the resilient and economically coordinated robust operation of integrated electric-gas systems (IEGSs) under uncertainties. The proposed robust scheduling decision frameworks are practically compatible with the existing industrial operations of the IEGSs.
Design and Synthesis of Diazatricyclodecane Agonists of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 (2012)

A series of GPR119 agonists based on a 2,6-diazatricyclo[3.3.1.1∼3,7∼]decane ring system is described. Also provided is a detailed account of the development of a multigram scale synthesis of the diazatricyclic ring system, which was achieved using a Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction as the key step. The basis for the use of this complex framework lies in an attempt to constrain one end of the molecule in the "agonist conformation" as was previously described for 3-oxa-7-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. Optimization of carbamate analogues of the diazatricylic compounds led to the identification of 32i as a potent agonist of the GPR119 receptor with low unbound human liver microsomal clearance. The use of an agonist response weighted ligand lipophilic efficiency (LLE) termed AgLLE is discussed along with the issues of applying efficiency measures to agonist programs. Ultimately, solubility limited absorption and poor exposure reduced further interest in these molecules.
In vitro measurement of concentration of unlabeled protein within a hyaluronic acid matrix (2022)

There are currently more than 560 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) at various stages of research and clinical testing, including candidates for administration by subcutaneous (SC) injection. Preclinical studies based on in vitro measurements of high molecular weight proteins within simulated SC matrices are assisting laboratory studies of interactions of injectable biotherapeutic proteins within the SC environment in relation to bioavailability. We report a new method for directly measuring diffusion of unlabeled, high molecular weight proteins injected into an in vitro matrix that simulates the negatively charged environment of the SC. The matrix consists of 10 mg/ml HA in a repurposed cell culture chamber. The measurement consists of pipetting triplicate 20 μl protein samples into the matrix, placing the chamber in a laboratory scanner, activating tryptophan residues in the protein at 280 nm, and imaging the resulting protein fluorescence at 384 nm over a 0.5-4 h time period thus tracking protein movement. This facile approach enables mapping of protein concentration as a function of time and distance within the matrix, and determination of diffusion coefficients, D, within ±10%. Bovine IgG and BSA gave D = 2.3 ± 0.2*10<sup>-7</sup> and 4.6 ± 0.2*10<sup>-7</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> /s at 24°C, respectively, for initial protein concentrations of 21 mg/mL.
Cellulose Fibers, Regenerated (2016)

Abstract Fibers manufactured from cellulose are either derivative or regenerated; historically, they are designated man‐made fibers and distinguished from fibers based on synthetic organic polymers. A derivative fiber is one formed when a chemical derivative of a natural polymer, for example, cellulose, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the derivative is retained after the fiber formation process. A regenerated fiber is one formed when a natural polymer, or its chemical derivative, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the natural polymer is either retained or regenerated after the fiber formation process. The difficulties of making solutions of natural cellulose from which fibers can be spun has led to most fabricated cellulosic fibers being regenerated from more readily soluble derivatives of cellulose. It is the technology of making these fibers that is the subject of this article. Textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are called rayons. In Europe, the fibers are now generally known as viscose or lyocell; the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. In addition to the viscose process, the cuprammonium rayon and direct dissolution–or lyocell processes are also covered. Fiber properties and environmental and commercial issues are discussed.
Tissue kallikrein activation of the epithelial Na channel (2012)

Epithelial Na Channels (ENaC) are responsible for the apical entry of Na(+) in a number of different epithelia including the renal connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct. Proteolytic cleavage of γ-ENaC by serine proteases, including trypsin, furin, elastase, and prostasin, has been shown to increase channel activity. Here, we investigate the ability of another serine protease, tissue kallikrein, to regulate ENaC. We show that excretion of tissue kallikrein, which is secreted into the lumen of the connecting tubule, is stimulated following 5 days of a high-K(+) or low-Na(+) diet in rats. Urinary proteins reconstituted in a low-Na buffer activated amiloride-sensitive currents (I(Na)) in ENaC-expressing oocytes, suggesting an endogenous urinary protease can activate ENaC. We next tested whether tissue kallikrein can directly cleave and activate ENaC. When rat ENaC-expressing oocytes were exposed to purified tissue kallikrein from rat urine (RTK), ENaC currents increased threefold in both the presence and absence of a soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). RTK and trypsin both decreased the apparent molecular mass of cleaved cell-surface γ-ENaC, while immunodepleted RTK produced no shift in apparent molecular mass, demonstrating the specificity of the tissue kallikrein. A decreased effect of RTK on Xenopus ENaC, which has variations in the putative prostasin cleavage sites in γ-ENaC, suggests these sites are important in RTK activation of ENaC. Mutating the prostasin site in mouse γ-ENaC (γRKRK186QQQQ) abolished ENaC activation and cleavage by RTK while wild-type mouse ENaC was activated and cleaved similar to that of the rat. We conclude that tissue kallikrein can be a physiologically relevant regulator of ENaC activity.
Information Bottleneck Learning Using Privileged Information for Visual Recognition (2016)

We explore the visual recognition problem from a main data view when an auxiliary data view is available during training. This is important because it allows improving the training of visual classifiers when paired additional data is cheaply available, and it improves the recognition from multi-view data when there is a missing view at testing time. The problem is challenging because of the intrinsic asymmetry caused by the missing auxiliary view during testing. We account for such view during training by extending the information bottleneck method, and by combining it with risk minimization. In this way, we establish an information theoretic principle for leaning any type of visual classifier under this particular setting. We use this principle to design a large-margin classifier with an efficient optimization in the primal space. We extensively compare our method with the state-of-the-art on different visual recognition datasets, and with different types of auxiliary data, and show that the proposed framework has a very promising potential.
DC-Charged GaAs PCSSs for Trigger Generators and Other High-Voltage Applications (2010)

The demand for greater flexibility and increased energy density in pulsed-power systems is moving highly interactive components closer together. The development of compact technologies for less complex and more robust system designs is critical. A key system component that can impact these goals is the trigger generator (TG). Inexpensive, compact, and fiber-optically controlled TGs that deliver trigger pulses with subnanosecond jitter have been created with photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs). However, high-voltage (HV) GaAs PCSSs are typically pulsed charged for less than 100 s so that they can hold off 60-100 kV/cm without self-triggering into high-gain (lock-on) switching or initiating surface flashover. Since many new pulsed-power system designs are based on dc-charged HV switches, pulse charging the trigger system is an additional complication requiring space, HV switching components, and HV cables. A further improvement in PCSS-based TG is to move from pulsed to dc-charged PCSSs. This paper reports results from dc-charged GaAs PCSSs with 0.25-1.0 cm gaps, extending previously reported results on smaller devices at 3 kV to a new regime of 100 kV. To hold off high fields for longer periods and to extend GaAs PCSSs to dc applications, we have utilized neutron-irradiated GaAs (n-GaAs). Neutron irradiation in GaAs increases the defect density, shortens the carrier recombination time, and (for devices with large insulating regions) reduces the dark current, which improves the dc hold-off strength. PCSS contacts in this research were created using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) to produce high adhesion and low contact resistance. However, this can reduce the defect density near the contacts by annealing some of the n-induced defects. Hence, a range of RTA temperatures and neutron doses was studied to understand the tradeoff space for contact adhesion and dc hold-off. This paper presents results from I-V characterization and dc hold-off on irradiated and nonirradiated GaAs PCSSs. These PCSS devices were demonstrated to hold off fields of 39-61 kVDC/cm, respectively. Irradiation doses over a range of 3×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> - 1×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> (1 MeV Si equivalent) were explored in search of the optimal performance. Additionally, the impact of the fabrication processes on the benefits of irradiation is explored, and the observation of unusual low-frequency oscillations during GaAs I-V testing is discussed.
The New Labour experiment: change and reform under Blair and Brown (2010)

The book provides a clear assessment of the New Labour public policies and their outcomes in Britain under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown from 1997-2009. Authors Florence Faucher-King and Patrick Le Gales argue that New Labour, in contrast to its European counterparts, developed a right-wing economic policy program based upon light financial regulation and strict macroeconomic management. Blair and Brown developed a large controlling bureaucracy, making Britain's government one of the most centralized in the world. While some progressive policies were implemented, Faucher-King and Le Gales point to an overarching program of authoritative controls, massive surveillance, and illiberal social policies. Profound reforms were therefore linked to a new bureaucratic revolution that has subsequently been rejected by the British people. According to the authors, the financial crisis and the collapse of part of the banking system have signaled the end of the New Labour project.
CNT-reinforced AlSi10Mg composite by selective laser melting: Microstructural and mechanical properties (2019)

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-AlSi10Mg composites were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The influence of CNTs on the density, microstructure, and strength of SLM CNT-AlSi10Mg composites was investigated. The addition of CNTs over 0.1 wt-% significantly damaged the density due to the high surface energy of the CNTs. The network Si eutectic had no significant difference in either the SLM AlSi10Mg alloy or the CNT-AlSi10Mg composite. Reserved CNTs with a short scale were observed in the SLM CNT(0.5 wt-%)-AlSi10Mg composite. The ultimate tensile strength of the 0.05 wt-% CNT-AlSi10Mg composite was 441.2 ± 0.9 MPa, which was higher than that of AlSi10Mg alloy. The grain boundary strengthening played an important role in the reinforcement of CNT-AlSi10Mg composite because of the refined grain.
IMPROVED PLACEMENT ALGORITHM FOR LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION (2004)

The Layout Design is a ubiquitous but complex problem that requires advanced design and decision aid tools. An automated system for swiftly generating and analyzing superior layout alternatives is a much-desired approach. Various metaheuristics are often employed towards this end. However, the efficiency and applicability of such metaheuristic approaches is largely determined by the efficiency and effectiveness of module placement algorithms used. Here, one such efficient and robust placement heuristic is proposed and compared with some popular existing heuristics. Quantitative as well as qualitative fitness evaluations are used for obtaining an encompassing and realistic comparison regime. Genetic Algorithms are used to demonstrate the power of the proposed algorithm in terms of speed and quality of outcome. Notably, the proposed algorithm consistently furnishes layout alternatives carrying higher aesthetic value. The proposed algorithm is likely to support efficient and effective use of resources in layout design as well as motivate future research in related areas.
Introduction: The Governance of Local Economies (2001)

Abstract In this book we attempt systematically to examine the changes within local economies in four European countries by analysing their national contexts, their overall transformation, their modes of governance, and the production of their competitive advantages through what we call ‘local collective competition goods’. This book is the first result of a cross-country comparative research project which has been carried out jointly by a number of research institutions and academics in four countries: Italy, Germany, France and the UK. Later contributions will concentrate on specific localities and economic sectors. Here however we offer a systematic comparison of various forms of local economies in their national contexts.
A Comparative Study of Interdigitated Electrode and Quartz Crystal Microbalance Transduction Techniques for Metal–Organic Framework-Based Acetone Sensors (2018)

We present a comparative study of two types of sensor with different transduction techniques but coated with the same sensing material to determine the effect of the transduction mechanism on the sensing performance of sensing a target analyte. For this purpose, interdigitated electrode (IDE)-based capacitors and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based resonators were coated with a zeolitic⁻imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) metal⁻organic framework thin films as the sensing material and applied to the sensing of the volatile organic compound acetone. Cyclic immersion in methanolic precursor solutions technique was used for depositing the ZIF-8 thin films. The sensors were exposed to various acetone concentrations ranging from 5.3 to 26.5 vol % in N₂ and characterized/compared for their sensitivity, hysteresis, long-term and short-term stability, selectivity, detection limit, and effect of temperature. Furthermore, the IDE substrates were used for resistive transduction and compared using capacitive transduction.
Incorporating a Thiophosphate Modification into a Common RNA Tetraloop Motif Causes an Unanticipated Stability Boost (2020)

GNRA (N = A, C, G, or U; R = A or G) tetraloops are common RNA secondary structural motifs and feature a phosphate stacked atop a nucleobase. The rRNA sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) is capped by <u>G</u>ApGA, and the phosphate p stacks on <u>G</u>. We recently found that regiospecific incorporation of a single dithiophosphate (PS2) but not a monothiophosphate (PSO) instead of phosphate in the backbone of RNA aptamers dramatically increases the binding affinity for their targets. In the RNA:thrombin complex, the key contribution to the 1000-fold tighter binding stems from an edge-on contact between PS2 and a phenylalanine ring. Here we investigated the consequences of replacing the SRL phosphate engaged in a face-on interaction with guanine with either PS2 or PSO for stability. We found that PS2···G and <i>R</i>p-PSO···G contacts stabilize modified SRLs compared to the parent loop to unexpected levels: up to 6.3 °C in melting temperature <i>T</i><sub>m</sub> and -4.7 kcal/mol in ΔΔ<i>G</i>°. Crystal structures demonstrate that the vertical distance to guanine for the closest sulfur is just 0.05 Å longer on average compared to that of oxygen despite the larger van der Waals radius of the former (1.80 Å for S vs 1.52 Å for O). The higher stability is enthalpy-based, and the negative charge as assessed by a neutral methylphosphonate modification plays only a minor role. Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations are supportive of favorable dispersion attraction interactions by sulfur making the dominant contribution. A stacking interaction between phosphate and guanine (SRL) or uracil (U-turn) is also found in newly classified RNA tetraloop families besides GNRA.
The Characterization of Conductive Textile Materials Intended for Radio Frequency Applications (2007)

Antennas constructed in part from conductive textile materials (also known as e-textiles) by means of standard textile manufacturing techniques are currently receiving increasing attention from antenna theorists and antenna manufacturers alike. However, due mostly to the unique fabrication methods employed, these novel materials cannot be treated as simple, equivalent substitutes for the more-conventional metallic antennas. Conductive yarns can have considerably less-than-ideal conductivity, and their inhomogeneous internal structure, with features small with respect to the skin depth, can be difficult to analyze directly in terms of conductive-material bulk resistivity. Furthermore, the undulating and sometimes non-planar nature of stitched or woven conductive textile yarns introduces a significant phase delay that must be properly taken into account. This article describes a method to determine the conductivity, sigma , which accurately represents a lossy inhomogeneous textile conductor for a MoM segment having the same radius as the actual conductive yarn. This method has three steps. First, the resistance per unit length of the textile conductor is determined experimentally, in a transmission-line test cell. Next, this measured resistance per unit length is adjusted to account for the nonuniform current distribution across the multiple yarn conductors. Finally, a surface-impedance formulation is employed to derive an equivalent MoM-segment bulk conductivity that accurately represents the measured conductor's performance. Excess phase delay, inherent in textile conductors, is determined by examination of the phase component of the test cell scattering parameter, S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> .