gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the switching speed of SOI LEDs (2008)

Recently, we presented a novel design for a silicon LED in SmartCUT™ SOI wafers. It exhibits a record quantum efficiency for SOI-based silicon LEDs and opens the way to the integration of light emitters in a VLSI process on SOI. In this paper, we present first experimental and modeling results showing that this new design has the potential to switch on and off faster than 1 MHz – sufficiently fast for several commercial applications such as an integrated optocoupler.
Halftone moiré due to imager distortion (2011)

Moiré in color printing is an undesirable visible artifact that can arise from overlaying multiple halftone color separations. Halftone geometric configurations designed to avoid moiré in the overlays strictly require that individual halftone color separations must possess a low degree of relative distortion. However, optical and mechanical errors of multiple imaging systems within a printer usually produce differences between the color planes in the trajectory and placement of the exposure spots. We study color halftone moiré due to these optical and mechanical errors for otherwise moiré-free halftone configurations. Distortions due to commonly used imaging systems in xerography (i.e., raster output scanners and image bars) are categorized into two classes that depend on the direction of the displacement errors [i.e., process direction distortions (such as shear, bow, and skew) and cross-process direction distortions (such as scanline magnification, magnification imbalance, and high-order scanline distortions)]. Using frequency vector representation of color halftones, we derive analytical expressions for acceptability bounds on these distortions. We evaluate the analytical expressions for a classical halftone screen configuration and a minimum rosette geometry to enable specification allocations for different imaging components in the design of an imaging system.
Ultrafast Nonlinear Refraction in Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers (1992)

Ultrafast (&lt;100 fs) nonlinear refraction in semiconductor diode lasers near their transparency edge has-been recently reported.[1,2] This has generated much interest due to its potential use for all optical switching.[1,2] We have extended an earlier model [3] which successfully described the dispersion and band-gap scaling of the electronic n 2 in passive semiconductors in their transparency range ( ħω &lt;E g ) to explain such nonlinearities in semiconductor amplifiers at photon energies near the transparency point ( ħω &gt;E g ). This simple model uses a nonlinear Kramers-Kronig transformation to obtain n 2 from a nondegenerate absorption spectrum as calculated using a "dressed state" formalism accounting for the effects of two-photon absorption, electronic Raman, and the optical Stark shift (light-induced gaps) of the bands. In extending this model to active semiconductors, it is essential to include the Fermi-Dirac (FD) distribution with quasi-Fermi levels and T 2 broadening of these levels. In addition, assuming that upon Stark shifting the bands, the FD distribution reestablishes in a time τ e-e ≃10 −14 sec, shorter than the pulsewith, an enhancement of n 2 at the transparency point is predicted. Fig.1 depicts the calculated values of n 2 for AlGaAs (E g ≃1.5 eV) as a function of the photon energy for various quasi-Fermi levels. It is seen that n 2 reaches a maximum negative value near the transparency point of each curve. Semiconductors with smaller band-gaps will exhibit a larger nonlinearity since n 2 scales as E g −4 as in the case of a passive medium.[3] The sign and magnitude of n 2 , as predicted by this theory, is in good agreement with the experimentally reported values in AlGaAs [1] and InGaAsP [2] diode lasers.
Structure−Activity Relationships and Pharmacokinetic Analysis for a Series of Potent, Systemically Available Biphenylsulfonamide Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors (2000)

A series of biphenylsulfonamide derivatives of (S)-2-(biphenyl-4-sulfonylamino)-3-methylbutyric acid (5) were prepared and evaluated for their ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). For this series of compounds, our objective was to systematically replace substituents appended to the biphenyl and alpha-position of 5 with structurally diverse functionalities to assess the effects these changes have on biological and pharmacokinetic activity. The ensuing structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies showed that biphenylsulfonamides substituted with bromine in the 4'-position (11c) significantly improved in vitro activity and exhibited superior pharmacokinetics (C(max), t(1/2), AUCs), relative to compound 5. Varying the lipophilicity of the alpha-position by replacing the isopropyl group of 11c with a variety of substituents, in general, maintained potency versus MMP-2, -3, and -13 but decreased the oral systemic availability. Subsequent evaluation of its enantiomer, 11c', showed that both compounds were equally effective MMP inhibitors. In contrast, the corresponding hydroxamic acid enantiomeric pair, 16a (S-isomer) and 16a' (R-isomer), stereoselectivity inhibited MMPs. For the first time in this series, 16a' provided nanomolar potency against MMP-1, -7, and -9 (IC(50)'s = 110, 140, and 18 nM, respectively), whereas 16a was less potent against these MMPs (IC(50)'s = 24, 78, and 84 microM, respectively). However, unlike 11c, compound 16a' afforded very low plasma concentrations following a single 5 mg/kg oral dose in rat. Subsequent X-ray crystal structures of the catalytic domain of stromelysin (MMP-3CD) complexed with inhibitors from closely related series established the differences in the binding mode of carboxylic acid-based inhibitors (11c,c') relative to the corresponding hydroxamic acids (16a,a').
Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied To Investigate Development of Highly Conductive Channels Within the Fracture Geometry (2017)

Summary A conventional proppant pack may lose up to 99% of its conductivity because of gel damage, fines migration, multiphase flow, and non-Darcy flow. Therefore, the concept of pillar fracturing was developed to generate highly conductive paths for hydrocarbon to flow. This paper describes experimental results and numerical models of a new method to generate stable proppant pillars. The proposed treatment method depends on fingering phenomena observed when a less-viscous fluid that does not carry proppant is injected to displace a more-viscous one that carries proppant. Because the low-viscosity fluid tends to move faster than the high-viscosity fluid, the low-viscosity fluid can penetrate the high-viscosity fluid and create channels inside it. This reshapes and divides the proppant-laden, high-viscosity fluid into isolated patterns that create proppant pillars. Large-scale experiments (slot test, 2-ft height and 16-ft length) were performed to evaluate the development and stability of the created channels by use of different injection rates and different fluid viscosities. In addition, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was constructed to simulate the experiment results and to scale them up into full fracture dimensions. The study focused on the effects of surface-injection rate [1 to 40 (bbl/min)/cluster], pulsing time (5 to 60 seconds), and viscosity ratio (from 2 to 200) between the two injected fluids. Experimental results and numerical modeling showed that with the use of viscous-fingering phenomena, a pillar-propped fracture with conductive and stable channels can be created. Channel shape and size were dependent on injection rate where increasing the injection rate reduces the main channel width with increasing the channel branching. Full piston-displacement behavior was noticed after 60% of the fracture height, when a high-viscosity fluid displaced a low-viscosity fluid, and their viscosity ratio was greater than 5. By reducing the viscosity ratio between the two fluids, the created channel shape converts from cylindrical (where the beginning and end of the channel have the same width) to conical behavior (where the beginning of the channel is wider than the end). This explains why the length of the channel decreases with the viscosity ratio between the two fluids. Distance between pillars was reduced with increasing travel distance from the wellbore, or with reduced pulse-stage volume, time, or rate.
pH-Operated Nanopistons on the Surfaces of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (2010)

The development of drug delivery systems for the targeted and on-demand release of pharmaceutical products has risen rapidly to become a contemporary challenge in the field of nanobiotechnology. Biocompatible mechanized phosphonate-clothed silica nanoparticles have been designed and fabricated in which the supramolecular machinery, which covers the surfaces of the nanoparticles, behaves like nanopistons, releasing encapsulated guest molecules in a controlled fashion under acidic conditions. The mechanized nanoparticles consist of a monolayer of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) rings positioned selectively around the orifices of the nanopores of the mesoporous nanoparticles. A rhodamine B/benzidine conjugate was prepared for use as the nanopistons for movement in and out of the cylindrical cavities provided by the β-CD rings on the surfaces of the nanoparticles. Luminescence experiments indicated that the mechanized nanoparticles were able to store small cargo molecules (e.g., 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium) within their nanopores at neutral pH and then release them by passage through the cavities of the β-CD rings as soon as the pH was lowered to ∼5. In further investigations, the phosphonate-covered silica nanoparticles were functionalized selectively with the β-CD rings, but on this occasion, the seven linkers attaching the rings to the orifices surrounding the nanopores contained cleavable imine double bonds. The β-CD rings on the surface of the nanoparticles served as gates for the storage of large cargo molecules (e.g., rhodamine B) inside the nanopores of the nanoparticles under neutral conditions. Since imine bonds can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, the β-CD rings could be severed from the surface of the nanoparticles when the pH was decreased to 6, releasing the large cargo molecules. The results described here present a significant step toward the development of pH-responsive nanoparticle-based dual drug delivery vehicles that are potentially capable of being interfaced with biological systems.
Assessment of the Impact of Post-Thaw Stress Pathway Modulation on Cell Recovery following Cryopreservation in a Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Model (2022)

The development and use of complex cell-based products in clinical and discovery science continues to grow at an unprecedented pace. To this end, cryopreservation plays a critical role, serving as an enabling process, providing on-demand access to biological material, facilitating large scale production, storage, and distribution of living materials. Despite serving a critical role and substantial improvements over the last several decades, cryopreservation often remains a bottleneck impacting numerous areas including cell therapy, tissue engineering, and tissue banking. Studies have illustrated the impact and benefit of controlling cryopreservation-induced delayed-onset cell death (CIDOCD) through various "front end" strategies, such as specialized media, new cryoprotective agents, and molecular control during cryopreservation. While proving highly successful, a substantial level of cell death and loss of cell function remains associated with cryopreservation. Recently, we focused on developing technologies (<i>RevitalICE</i>™) designed to reduce the impact of CIDOCD through buffering the cell stress response during the post-thaw recovery phase in an effort to improve the recovery of previously cryopreserved samples. In this study, we investigated the impact of modulating apoptotic caspase activation, oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and free radical damage in the initial 24 h post-thaw on overall cell survival. Human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro cryopreserved in both traditional extracellular-type and intracellular-type cryopreservation freeze media were utilized as a model cell system to assess impact on survival. Our findings demonstrated that through the modulation of several of these pathways, improvements in cell recovery were obtained, regardless of the freeze media and dimethyl sulfoxide concentration utilized. Specifically, through the use of oxidative stress inhibitors, an average increase of 20% in overall viability was observed. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that by using the post-thaw recovery reagent on samples cryopreserved in intracellular-type media (Unisol™), improvements in overall cell survival approaching 80% of non-frozen controls were attained. While improvements in overall survival were obtained, an assessment on the impact of specific cell subpopulations and functionality remains to be completed. While work remains, these results represent an important step forward in the development of improved cryopreservation processes for use in discovery science, and commercial and clinical settings.
Joint Beam Hopping and Carrier Aggregation in High Throughput Multibeam Satellite Systems (2022)

Beam hopping (BH) and carrier aggregation (CA) are two promising technologies for the next generation satellite communication systems to achieve several orders of magnitude increase in system capacity and to significantly improve the spectral efficiency. While BH allows a great flexibility in adapting the offered capacity to the heterogeneous demand, CA further enhances the user quality-of-service (QoS) by allowing it to pool resources from multiple adjacent beams. In this paper, we consider a multi-beam high throughput satellite (HTS) system that employs BH in conjunction with CA to capitalize on the mutual interplay between both techniques. Particularly, an innovative joint BH-CA scheme is proposed and analyzed in this work to utilize their individual competencies. This includes designing an efficient joint time-space beam illumination pattern for BH and multi-user aggregation strategy for CA. Through this, user-carrier assignment, transponder filling-rates, beams hopping pattern, and illumination duration are all simultaneously optimized by formulating a joint optimization problem as a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming problem (MINLP). Simulation results are provided to corroborate our analysis, demonstrate the design tradeoffs, and point out the potentials of the proposed joint BH-CA concept. Advantages of our BH-CA scheme versus the conventional BH method without employing CA are investigated and presented under the same system circumstances.
Object-Oriented Drawing (2016)

We present Object-Oriented Drawing, which replaces most WIMP UI with Attribute Objects. Attribute Objects embody the attributes of digital content as UI objects that can be manipulated through direct touch gestures. In the paper, the fundamental UI concepts are presented, including Attribute Objects, which may be moved, cloned, linked, and freely associated with drawing objects. Other functionalities, such as attribute-level blending and undo, are also demonstrated. We developed a drawing application based on the presented concepts with simultaneous touch and pen input. An expert assessment of our application shows that direct physical manipulation of Attribute Objects enables a user to quickly perform interactions which were previously tedious, or even impossible, with a coherent and consistent interaction experience throughout the entire interface.
Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration—probing the role of PPARα (2019)

Dietary inorganic nitrate prevents aspects of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hypoxia, although the mechanism is not completely understood. In both heart and skeletal muscle, nitrate increases fatty acid oxidation capacity, and in the latter case, this involves up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α expression. Here, we investigated whether dietary nitrate modifies mitochondrial function in the hypoxic heart in a PPARα-dependent manner. Wild-type (WT) mice and mice without PPARα (<i>Ppara</i><sup>-/-</sup>) were given water containing 0.7 mM NaCl (control) or 0.7 mM NaNO<sub>3</sub> for 35 d. After 7 d, mice were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia (10% O<sub>2</sub>) for the remainder of the study. Mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism were assessed in saponin-permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers. Environmental hypoxia suppressed mass-specific mitochondrial respiration and additionally lowered the proportion of respiration supported by fatty acid oxidation by 18% (<i>P</i> < 0.001). This switch away from fatty acid oxidation was reversed by nitrate treatment in hypoxic WT but not <i>Ppara</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice, indicating a PPARα-dependent effect. Hypoxia increased hexokinase activity by 33% in all mice, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity increased by 71% in hypoxic WT but not <i>Ppara</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice. Our findings indicate that PPARα plays a key role in mediating cardiac metabolic remodeling in response to both hypoxia and dietary nitrate supplementation.-Horscroft, J. A., O'Brien, K. A., Clark, A. D., Lindsay, R. T., Steel, A. S., Procter, N. E. K., Devaux, J., Frenneaux, M., Harridge, S. D. R., Murray, A. J. Inorganic nitrate, hypoxia, and the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial respiration-probing the role of PPARα.
Prevalence and causes of vision loss in Southeast Asia and Oceania: 1990–2010 (2014)

The prevalence of blindness has reduced significantly from 1990 to 2010, with moderate but non-significant lowering of MSVI. Cataract and uncorrected refractive error are the main causes of vision impairment and blindness; cataract continues as the main cause of blindness, but at lower proportions.
Pharmacological evaluation of orexin receptor antagonists in preclinical animal models of pain (2016)

Orexin signaling, known to modulate arousal and vigilance, is also involved in nociception as orexin neurons project to regions of the brain and spinal cord involved in pain processing, and the administration of orexin peptides can alter pain response in a wide range of preclinical models. Pharmacological treatment with the potent, selective and structurally distinct dual orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) DORA-12 and DORA-2 significantly reduced pain responses during both phases I and II of the mouse formalin pain model and significantly reversed hyperalgesia in the rat complete Freund's adjuvant pain model, respectively. Significant antinociceptive effects of DORA-12 in the formalin model were also observed in orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) knockout mice, but not orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) or OX1R/OX2R double knockout mice. Mechanical hypersensitivity was significantly reduced with a series of structurally distinct, potent and highly selective ORAs (DORA-2, DORA-12 and DORA-22) in the rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury model of neuropathic pain. Selective pharmacological targeting of OX2R with 2-SORA-7 also reduced pain responses in acute inflammatory (complete Freund's adjuvant) and neuropathic (SNL) rat pain models. Performance on the rotarod test of psychomotor performance and baseline thermal sensitivity were not affected in OX1R/OX2R knockout mice or ORA-treated mice, indicating that the observed pain-reducing effects were not due to sedation or motor deficits. These findings indicate that ORAs have pain-reducing effects across a number of acute and chronic neuropathic preclinical mouse and rat pain models. Further studies on the potential pain-relieving effects of orexin receptor antagonism are warranted.
Renin inhibitors containing C-termini derived from mercaptoheterocycles (1992)

A series of transition-state analogues having heterocyclythio C-termini has been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of human renin. Addition of mercaptoheterocycles to a chiral Boc-amino epoxide intermediate led, after several steps, to the target [(2R,3S)-3-(BocPheHis-amino)-4-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-1-butyl]thio derivatives. Oxidation of the thioether to sulfone was also investigated. Several of the compounds, especially those derived from N1-substituted-5-mercaptotetrazoles or N4-substituted-3-mercapto-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-triazoles, were moderately potent inhibitors of human plasma renin, having IC50 values of 30-40 nM. When selected compounds were administered intravenously to sodium-deficient rhesus monkeys at 0.3-1.2 mg/kg, they reduced plasma renin activity by 75-98%. However, this inhibition and the accompanying drop in blood pressure were of short duration.
Daylight estimation in a faulty light sensor system for lighting control (2013)

&lt;p&gt;We consider the problem of daylight estimation in a daylight-adaptive lighting system. In such a lighting system, the dimming levels of light sources are adapted to changing daylight such that a desired illuminance distribution is achieved at the workspace plane. Each light source has an associated light sensor at the ceiling that measures the net illuminance, due to contributing light sources and daylight, for a given sensor opening angle. We present a daylight estimation method under the scenario of a few light sensor failures, based on fusion of illuminance measurements at functioning light sensors. The proposed fusion method is used to estimate daylight illuminance values at the zones corresponding to failed light sensors and is a solution of a quadratic programming optimization problem. The efficacy of the solution is shown using photometric numerical data.&lt;/p&gt;
Total Synthesis of Basiliskamides A and B (2004)

[structure: see text] The first enantioselective synthesis of the polyketide antibiotics basiliskamides A and B, which exhibit potent in vivo activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, has been achieved. Serial asymmetric crotylsilane and crotylboronate additions established the C7-C10 stereochemical tetrad. Takai iodoolefination and palladium-mediated cross-coupling were used to install the (Z,E)-vinyl acrylamide. Spectroscopic data is consistent with the assignment of the absolute configurations of the natural products as (7S,8S,9R,10S).