gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chloride dependence of intracellular pH in frog skin: a /sup 31/P NMR study (1986)

Single frog skins from Northern Variety Rana pipiens were analyzed by /sup 31/P NMR spectroscopy during superfusion alternately with control and experimental Ringer's solutions, permitting each preparation to serve as its own control. The spectral positions of intracellular inorganic phosphate and extracellular methylphosphonate permitted continuous monitoring of intracellular (pH/sub c/) and extracellular (pH/sub 0/) pH, respectively. Acute and steady state measurements suggested that pH/sub c/ is well regulated at about 7.29 +- 0.05 over an external pH range of about 7.25-7.65. Below this range, pH/sub c/ decreased markedly when the external pH was reduced with nonvolatile acid. In the presence of 2.5 mM HCO/sub 3//sup -/ and 1% CO/sub 2/, total substitution of external Cl/sup -/ by gluconate reversibly increased pH/sub c/ by 0.34 +- 0.05 U (mean +- SE). Replacing external Cl/sup -/ by SO/sup 2 -//sub 4/ increased pH/sub c/ by 0.12 +- 0.01 in the presence of external HCO/sup -//sub 3/, but only by 0.05 +- 0.02 in its absence. SITS (1 mM) at a pH/sub 0/ of 6.95 +- 0.05 did not significantly alter pH/sub c/, but entirely prevented the steady state alkalinization characteristically induced by gluconate substitution for external Cl/sup -/. The results document that:more » (1) intracellular pH is maintained relatively constant when the external pH is varied over the physiologic range by adding fixed acid or base, and (2) this regulation is (at least in part) a reflection of Cl/HCO/sub 3/ antiport activity.« less
Characterization of human adenovirus 35 and derivation of complex vectors (2010)

The results reported here allow the generation of larger capacity rAd35 vectors and will guide the derivation of adenovirus vectors from other serotypes.
Personal Safety for Social Workers and Health Professionals (2013)

Introduction - the extent of violence against social workers. The psychological impact of threat and violence on decision-making. What practitioners can do to keep themselves safe. What organisations can do to keep staff safe. What practitioners can do keep themselves safe in an incident Post incident responses Links to working with resistant families Staff safety training Working in non-responsive institutions Summary of issues
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl Chloride (2001)

[421-83-0] CClF3O2S (MW 168.53) (trifluoromethylsulfonation agent;1 chlorinating agent;2 metal-catalyzed chlorotrifluoromethylation of alkenes3) Alternate Name: triflyl chloride. Physical Data: bp 29–32 °C, d 1.583 g cm−3. Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, THF, dioxane. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid, 99 +%. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR: 1424, 1306, 1237, 1115, 771, 611, 565, 532, 404 cm−1.4 Preparative Methods: dried Zinc Trifluoromethanesulfonate is heated with PCl5·2ZnCl at 260 °C. Fractional distillation of the volatile products gives TfCl (94% yield).5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; store under N2 in the cold. This toxic reagent is corrosive and is a lachrymator. It should only be handled in a fume hood.
3‐Acetyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyloxazol; Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Einsatz als olefinischer Partner in der Paterno‐Büchi‐Reaktion (1987)

Abstract Die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften von 3‐Acetyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyloxazol ( 3 ) werden beschrieben. Durch H + ‐katalysierte dehydratisierende Umlagerung geht die Verbindung in 1‐Acetyl‐2‐methylpyrrol ( 8 ) über. Photochemisch reagiert 3 mit Aceton und Benzophenon unter Bildung beider regioisomeren Oxetane 9, 10 und 12, 13 ; mit Acetophenon entsteht selektiv das Regioisomere 11 .
Forward scattering in the H+D2→HD+D reaction: Comparison between experiment and theoretical predictions (2001)

We investigate the sensitivity of photoinitiated experiments to forward-scattering features by direct comparison of experimental angular distributions with quantum-mechanical calculations as well as by forward-convolution of theoretical and model center-of-mass differential cross sections. We find that the experimental sensitivity to forward-scattering angles depends on the instrumental velocity resolution as well as on the kinematics of the detected product channel. Explicit comparison is made between experimental HD(v′=1,2;j′) center-of-mass angular distributions at collision energies ≈1.6 eV (deduced from time-of-flight profiles using a single-laser, photolysis-probe approach) and quantum-mechanical calculations on the BKMP2 potential energy surface. The comparison takes into account the contributions from both slow and fast H atoms from the photolysis of HBr. We find that the contribution of the slow H atoms, which is the major source of experimental uncertainty, does not greatly affect the extraction of the angular distribution from the experimental time-of-flight profile for a specific HD(v′,j′) state. Except for HD(v′=1, j′=8) and HD(v′=2, j′=0), for which either slow H atoms or the presence of a narrow forward-scattering peak make the analysis more uncertain, the agreement between experiment and theoretical predictions is excellent.
Electrical Characterization Of MIS Interfaces (1986)

Characterization of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) interfaces by capacitance-voltage (C-V) analysis is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed upon III-V semiconductor inter-faces which are compared to the nearly ideal thermal Si0<sub>2</sub>/Si system.
Glisoprenins C, D and E, New Inhibitors of Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe grisea, from Cultures of Gliocladium roseum. 1. Production and Biological Activities. (1998)

Glisoprenins C, D, and E, new glisoprenin derivatives, were isolated together with glisoprenin A from submerged cultures of the deuteromycete Gliocladium roseum HA190-95. All glisoprenins inhibited appressorium formation in Magnaporthe grisea on inductive (hydrophobic) surfaces. The compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxic, but no antifungal, antibacterial or phytotoxic activities.
Characterization of near-highway submicron aerosols in New York City with a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (2012)

Abstract. Knowledge of the variations of mass concentration, chemical composition and size distributions of submicron aerosols near roadways is of importance for reducing exposure assessment uncertainties in health effects studies. The goal of this study is to deploy and evaluate an Atmospheric Sciences Research Center-Mobile Laboratory (ASRC-ML), equipped with a suite of rapid response instruments for characterization of traffic plumes, adjacent to the Long Island Expressway (LIE) – a high-traffic highway in the New York City Metropolitan Area. In total, four measurement periods, two in the morning and two in the evening were conducted at a location approximately 30 m south of the LIE. The mass concentrations and size distributions of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) species were measured in situ at a time resolution of 1 min by an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, along with rapid measurements (down to 1 Hz) of gaseous pollutants (e.g. HCHO, NO2, NO, O3, and CO2, etc.), black carbon (BC), and particle number concentrations and size distributions. Particulate organics varied dramatically during periods with high traffic influences from the nearby roadway. The variations were mainly observed in the hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA), a surrogate for primary OA from vehicle emissions. The inorganic species (sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate) and oxygenated OA (OOA) showed much smoother variations indicating minor impacts from traffic emissions. The concentration and chemical composition of NR-PM1 also varied differently on different days depending on meteorology, traffic intensity and vehicle types. Overall, organics dominated the traffic-related NR-PM1 composition (&gt;60%) with HOA accounting for a major fraction of OA. The traffic-influenced organics showed two distinct modes in mass-weighted size distributions, peaking at ∼120 nm and 500 nm (vacuum aerodynamic diameter, Dva), respectively. OOA and inorganic species appear to be internally mixed in the accumulation mode peaking at ∼500–600 nm. The enhancement of organics in traffic emissions mainly occurred at ultrafine mode dominated by HOA, with little relation to the OOA-dominated accumulation mode. From Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) measurements, a large increase in number concentration at ∼10 nm (mobility number mean diameter, Dm) was also found due to traffic influence; though these particles typically contribute a minor fraction of total particle mass. The observed rapid variations of aerosol chemistry and microphysics may have significant implications for near-highway air pollution characterization and exposure assessments.
Stimulus rate determines regional brain blood flow in striate cortex (1985)

Intravenous bolus administration of oxygen 15-labeled water and positron emission tomography were used to measure changes in brain blood flow induced by two modes of photic stimuli over a wide range of repetition rates. These stimuli (patterned-flash and reversing checkerboard) were chosen in order to determine whether stimulus luminance or stimulus frequency was responsible for previously observed increases in blood flow in the striate cortex during photic stimulation. The response curves of blood flow change as a function of stimulus rate were nearly identical for both stimuli. These results suggest that elementary stimulus variables, such as repetition rate, can have a major effect on local cerebral responses, as measured with positron emission tomography and other radiotracer methods.
P‐187: An Electrically Tunable Focusing LCOS Pico Projector Using a Liquid‐Crystal Lens (2011)

Abstract An electrically tunable LCOS pico projector using a liquid crystal (LC) lens as an active optical element is demonstrated. The LC lens consists of two built‐in sub‐lenses: one is an electrically tunable focusing lens controlled by a LC layer and the other is a fixed focused polymeric lens. The tunable ranges of the electrically tunable LCOS pico projectors are 200 cm to ∼7 cm. The driving voltage of the electrically tunable focusing LCOS pico projector is less than 35 V rms . The response times is 1.1 sec. The image performance of the electrically tunable focusing LCOS pico projector is also demonstrated.
Charge Transport Theories in Organic Semiconductors (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Well-Ordered Systems: Organic Single Crystals Disordered Materials Conclusions Acknowledgments References
(Invited) Hetero Interface of Ionic/Covalent Oxides for Nano-Electronics (2015)

We investigated the role of hetero interface of ionic high- k and covalent SiO 2 on flatband voltage ( V fb ) and threshold voltage ( V th ) shifts for CMOS and TFT. The V fb and V th of CMOS and TFT including high- k /SiO 2 gate insulator were influenced due to the bottom interface dipole which causes at high- k /SiO 2 interface. It is clear from experimental results that the direction and strength of the dipole moment strongly depend on oxygen concentration at high- k /SiO 2 interface. We also found that GIZO TFTs with an Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 gate insulator exhibited positive V th shift, electron mobility degradation by the fixed charge at Al 2 O 3 /GIZO interface and the bottom interface dipole at Al 2 O 3 /SiO 2 interface. The hetero interface of high- k and SiO 2 layers is very important not only for recognizing the mechanism of V fb and V th shifts but also for designing nano-electronic devices with high- k /SiO 2 stack structure.
A Dirichlet Process Mixture Model for Clustering Longitudinal Gene Expression Data (2016)

Subgroup identification (clustering) is an important problem in biomedical research. Gene expression profiles are commonly utilized to define subgroups. Longitudinal gene expression profiles might provide additional information on disease progression than what is captured by baseline profiles alone. Moreover, the longitudinal gene expression data allows for intra-individual variability to be accounted for when grouping patients. Therefore, subgroup identification could be more accurate and effective with the aid of longitudinal gene expression data. However, existing statistical methods are unable to fully utilize these data for patient clustering. In this article, we introduce a novel subgroup identification method in the Bayesian setting based on longitudinal gene expression profiles. This method, called BClustLonG, adopts a linear mixed-effects framework to model the trajectory of genes over time while clustering is jointly conducted based on the regression coefficients obtained from all genes. In order to account for the correlations among genes and alleviate the high dimensionality challenges, we adopt a factor analysis model for the regression coefficients. The Dirichlet process prior distribution is utilized for the means of the regression coefficients to induce clustering. Through extensive simulation studies, we show that BClustLonG has improved performance over other clustering methods. When applied to a dataset of severely injured (burn or trauma) patients, our model is able to distinguish burn patients from trauma patients and identify interesting subgroups in trauma patients.
Nonlinear Mitigation Enabling Next Generation High Speed Optical Transport Beyond 100G (2019)

We consider methods for containment of the effects of optical nonlinearities in coherent optical transmission. These are distinguished according to their practicality and effectiveness.
Abstract 71: Bystander activity and in vivo efficacy of a folate receptor α (FRα)-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with a novel peptide linker (2017)

Abstract Folate receptor α (FRα) is an antigen that is overexpressed on the cell surface of solid tumors including ovarian cancer. The differential expression on cancer cells makes FRα an attractive target for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and an ADC targeting FRα, Mirvetuximab soravtansine, has demonstrated promising activity and safety profiles in the clinic. Here, we employed a new linker (NL) to enhance the bystander activity of ADCs, which is the ability of ADCs to generate cell-permeable catabolites that can diffuse into and kill proximal cancer cells with little or no target expression. With the goal of improving the potency of anti-FRα ADC in solid tumors with heterogeneous FRα expression, we constructed the M9346A-NL-DM. M9346A-NL-DM is a conjugate of the tubulin-disrupting maytansinoid (DM), linked via a novel linker to M9346A, a humanized antibody that binds FRα with high affinity. After cellular uptake and catabolism of the ADC, the new linker undergoes lysosomal cleavage followed by self-immolation to generate free DM that can readily penetrate neighboring cancer cells. Correspondingly, M9346A-NL-DM showed enhanced bystander cytotoxic activity against proximal antigen-negative cells in vitro. In the xenograft tumor models in vivo, M9346A-NL-DM demonstrated enhanced efficacy against tumors with heterogeneous expression of FRα. Interestingly, M9346A-NL-DM also showed improved antitumor activity against a tumor model with homogeneous expression of FRα, possibly due to better tumor penetration of the cell-permeable catabolite. In summary, M9346A-NL-DM is a novel ADC with enhanced bystander activity and antitumor activity that can target tumors with heterogeneous expression of FRα. Citation Format: Qifeng Qiu, Rui Wu, Leanne Lanieri, Erin Maloney, Anna Skaletskaya, Shan Jin, Lintao Wang, Olga Ab, Joe Ponte, Yulius Setiady, Wayne Widdison, Thomas Keating, Ravi Chari, Richard Gregory, Erica Hong. Bystander activity and in vivo efficacy of a folate receptor α (FRα)-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with a novel peptide linker [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 71. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-71
Diversified Remote Code Execution Using Dynamic Obfuscation of Conditional Branches (2015)

Information leakage via timing side-channel attacksis one of the main threats that target code executing on remoteplatforms such as the cloud computing environment. Theseattacks can be further leveraged to reverse-engineer or eventamper with the running code. In this paper, we propose asecurity obfuscation technique, which helps making the generatedcode more resistant to these attacks, by means of increasinglogical complexity to hinder the formulation of a solid hypothesisabout code behavior. More importantly, this software solutionis portable, generic and does not require special setup orhardware or software modifications. In particular, we considermangling the control-flow inside a program via converting arandom set of conditional branches into linear code, using ifconversiontransformation. Moreover, our method exploits thedynamic compilation technology to continually and randomlyalter the branches. All of this mangling should diversify codeexecution, hence it becomes difficult for an attacker to infertiming correlations through statistical analysis. We extend theLLVM JIT compiler to provide for an initial investigation of thisapproach. This makes our system applicable to a wide varietyof programming languages and hardware platforms. We havestudied the system using a simple test program and selectedbenchmarks from the standard SPEC CPU 2006 suite withdifferent input loads and experimental setups. Initial results showsignificant changes in program's control-flow and hence datadependences, resulting in noticeable different execution timeseven for the same input data, thereby complicating such attacks.More notably, the performance penalty is within reasonablemargins.
Clinical and Radiographic Results of Indirect Decompression and Posterior Cervical Fusion for Single-Level Cervical Radiculopathy Using an Expandable Implant with 2-Year Follow-Up (2016)

<b>Background</b> Indirect posterior cervical nerve root decompression and fusion performed by placing bilateral posterior cervical cages in the facet joints from a posterior approach has been proposed as an option to treat select patients with cervical radiculopathy. The purpose of this study was to report 2-year clinical and radiologic results of this treatment method. <b>Methods</b> Patients who failed nonsurgical management for single-level cervical radiculopathy were recruited. Surgical treatment involved a posterior approach with decortication of the lateral mass and facet joint at the treated level followed by placement of the DTRAX Expandable Cage (Providence Medical Technology, Lafayette, California, United States) into both facet joints. Iliac crest bone autograft was mixed with demineralized bone matrix and used in all cases. The Neck Disability Index (NDI), visual analog scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain, and SF-12 v.2 questionnaire were evaluated preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. Segmental (treated level) and overall C2-C7 cervical lordosis, disk height, adjacent segment degeneration, and fusion were assessed on computed tomography scans and radiographs acquired preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. <b>Results</b> Overall, 53 of 60 enrolled patients were available at 2-year follow-up. There were 35 females and 18 males with a mean age of 53 years (range: 40-75 years). The operated level was C3-C4 (<i>N</i> = 3), C4-C5 (<i>N</i> = 6), C5-C6 (<i>N</i> = 36), and C6-C7 (<i>N</i> = 8). The mean preoperative and 2-year scores were NDI: 32.3 versus 9.1 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001); VAS Neck Pain: 7.4 versus 2.6 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001); VAS Arm Pain: 7.4 versus 2.6 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001); SF-12 Physical Component Summary: 34.6 versus 43.6 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), and SF-12 Mental Component Summary: 40.8 versus 51.4 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). No significant changes in overall or segmental lordosis were noted after surgery. Radiographic fusion rate was 98.1%. There was no device failure, implant lucency, or surgical reinterventions. <b>Conclusions</b> Indirect decompression and posterior cervical fusion using an expandable intervertebral cage may be an effective tissue-sparing option in select patients with single-level cervical radiculopathy.
Multi-Pore Sensing of Virus Capsids in In-Plane Nanofluidic Devices (2013)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Wall teichoic acids: physiology and applications (2020)

Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are charged glycopolymers containing phosphodiester-linked polyol units and represent one of the major components of Gram-positive cell envelope. WTAs have important physiological functions in cell division, gene transfer, surface adhesion, drug resistance and biofilm formation, and are critical virulence factors and vital determinants in mediating cell interaction with and tolerance to environmental factors. Here, we first briefly introduce WTA structure, biosynthesis and its regulation, and then summarize in detail four major physiological roles played by WTAs, i.e. WTA-mediated resistance to antimicrobials, virulence to mammalian cells, interaction with bacteriolytic enzymes and regulation of cell metabolism. We also review the applications of WTAs in these fields that are closely related to the human society, including antibacterial drug discovery targeting WTA biosynthesis, development of vaccines and antibodies regarding WTA-mediated pathogenicity, specific and sensitive detection of pathogens in food using WTAs as a surface epitope and regulation of WTA-related pathways for efficient microbial production of useful compounds. We also point out major problems remaining in these fields, and discuss some possible directions in the future exploration of WTA physiology and applications.
Lung injury produced by pancreatic proteases in dogs. (1992)

With an isolated, blood-perfused canine lung-lobe preparation, the potential role of reactive oxygen metabolites and neutrophils in pancreatic protease (alpha-chymotrypsin)-induced acute lung injury was studied. Administration of alpha-chymotrypsin caused a low-pressure pulmonary edema (mean lung lobe weight increased from 71 to 197 gm). Pretreatment with superoxide dismutase alone did not attenuate the injury (58 to 166 gm), but when combined with catalase, the injury was significantly ameliorated (64 to 107 gm). However, depletion of circulating leukocytes did not attenuate the injury (69 to 200 gm). These findings suggest that circulatory proteases can cause lung injury by a mechanism that is mediated, at least in part, by toxic oxygen metabolites that are not of neutrophil origin.
Commentary: The rising era of critical care nephrology (1997)

*Divisione di Nefrologia, Ospedale san Bortolo, Via Rodolfi, 36100 Vicenza, Italy †Intensive Care Unit, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Coordinated sampling sans Origin-Destination identifiers: Algorithms and analysis (2010)

Flow monitoring is used for a wide range of network management applications. Many such applications require that the monitoring infrastructure provide high flow coverage and support fine-grained network-wide objectives. Coordinated Sampling (cSamp) is a recent proposal that improves the monitoring capabilities of ISPs to address these demands. In this paper, we address a key deployment impediment for cSamp-like solutions-the need for routers to determine the Origin-Destination (OD) pair of each packet. In practice, however, this information is not available without expensive changes. We present a new framework called cSamp-T, in which each router uses only local information, instead of the OD-pair identifiers. Leveraging results from the theory of maximizing submodular set functions, cSamp-T provides near-ideal performance in maximizing the total flow coverage in the network. Further, with a small amount of targeted upgrades to a few routers, cSamp-T nearly optimally maximizes the minimum fractional coverage across all OD-pairs. We demonstrate these results on a range of real topologies.