gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TapSongs (2009)

TapSongs are presented, which enable user authentication on a single "binary" sensor (e.g., button) by matching the rhythm of tap down/up events to a jingle timing model created by the user. We describe our matching algorithm, which employs absolute match criteria and learns from successful logins. We also present a study of 10 subjects showing that after they created their own TapSong models from 12 examples (< 2 minutes), their subsequent login attempts were 83.2% successful. Furthermore, aural and visual eavesdropping of the experimenter's logins resulted in only 10.7% successful imposter logins by subjects. Even when subjects heard the target jingles played by a synthesized piano, they were only 19.4% successful logging in as imposters. These results are attributable to subtle but reliable individual differences in people's tapping, which are supported by prior findings in music psychology.
Large phase shift of nonlocal optical spatial solitons (2004)

In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the optical beam in nonlocal cubic nonlinear media, modeled by the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NNLSE). A different approximate model to the NNLSE is presented for the strongly nonlocal media with arbitrary response functions. An exact analytical solution of the model is obtained, and a spatial soliton is found to exist. A different phenomenon is revealed that the phase shift of such a nonlocal optical spatial soliton can be very large comparable to its local counterpart. The stability of the solution is rigorously proved. The comparisons of our analytical solution with the numerical simulation of the NNLSE, as well as with Snyder-Mitchell (linear) model [A. W. Snyder and D. J. Mitchell, Science 276, 1538 (1997)] are given.
Suppression of irreversibly sickled erythrocytes by zinc therapy in sickle cell anemia. (1977)

Zinc administered orally to 12 patients with SCA decreased the mean number of circulating ISC's from 28.0% before treatment to 18.6% during treatment. Seven of the 12 patients had statistically significant individual decreases in ISC counts, and two others had moderate reduction in ISC's of borderline significance. Patients who did not have a significant decrease in ISC count while on zinc therapy had low counts initially. The decrease in ISC's may mean improved oxygenation. The decrease in ISC's provides objective evidence of an in vivo effect of oral zinc treatment in SCA. The role of ISC's in the pathology and symptomatology of SCA is unknown, but some evidence suggests that ISC's may be related to vascular and organ damage. If so, therapies which decrease ISC counts, such as zinc, have the potential of reducing organ damage.
Two tRNA1Ile species from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8: effect of 2-thiolation of ribothymidine on the thermostability of tRNA (1985)

From Thermus thermophilus HB8 grown at 65 degrees C, two major tRNAIle species have been purified by column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nucleotide sequence of one of these two tRNAIle1 species (tRNAIle1a) has been determined to be pGGGCGAUUAGCUCAGCUGmGUDAGAGCGCACGCCUGAUt6AAGCGUGAGm7GUCGGUGGs2T psi CAm1AGUCCACCAUCGCCCACCAOH. The nucleotide sequence of the other species (tRNAIle1b) is found to be the same as that of tRNAIle1a except for the modification in position 54; tRNAIle1a has s2T(54) while tRNAIle1b has T(54). The melting temperature of tRNAIle1a is as high as 86.2 degrees C while that of tRNAIle1b is 83.3 degrees C. The single replacement of an oxygen atom (2-carbonyl oxygen) of T(54) by a sulfur atom significantly contributes to the thermostability of the tRNAIle1a species. In addition, the methylation of G(18) and A(58) possibly contributes to the thermostability of T. thermophilus tRNAIle1a and tRNAIle1b species.
Disruption of Escherichia coli transaldolase into catalytically active monomers: evidence against half‐of‐the‐sites mechanism (1998)

Disruption of the hydrogen bonding network at the interface of Escherichia coli transaldolase by substitution of R300 to a glutamic acid residue resulted in a monomeric enzyme at basic pH values, with almost no change in the kinetic parameters. The stability of the R300A and R300E mutants towards urea and thermal inactivation is similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. X-ray analysis showed that no structural changes occurred as a consequence of the side chain replacement. This indicates that the quaternary structure is not required for catalytic activity nor does it contribute significantly to the stability of the enzyme. The results are not consistent with a proposed half-of-the-sites reaction mechanism.
Fluorescence Diffuse Optical Tomography of heterogeneous complex shape objects (2008)

External shape management is challenging for fluorescence tomography. We implement the finite differences method with arbitrary boundaries and present validations on a phantom and on a mouse with a fluorescent tube inserted inside the lungs.
Unsaturated Sulfur Crown Ethers Can Extract Mercury(II) and Show Promise for Future Copernicium(II) Studies: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study (2021)

The unsaturated hexathia-18-crown-6 (UHT18C6) molecule was investigated for the extraction of Hg(II) in HCl and HNO<sub>3</sub> media. This extractant can be directly compared to the recently studied saturated hexathia-18-crown-6 (HT18C6). The default conformation of the S lone pairs in UHT18C6 is endodentate, where the pocket of the charge density, according to the crystal structures, is oriented toward the center of the ring, which should allow better extraction for Hg(II) compared to the exodentate HT18C6. Batch study experiments showed that Hg(II) had better extraction at low acid molarity (ca. 99% in HCl and ca. 95% in HNO<sub>3</sub>), while almost no extraction was observed above 0.4 M HCl and 4 M HNO<sub>3</sub> (<5%). Speciation studies were conducted with the goal of delineating a plausible extraction mechanism. Density functional theory calculations including relativistic effects were carried out on both Hg(II)-encapsulated HT18C6 and UHT18C6 complexes to shed light on the binding strength and the nature of bonding. Our calculations offer insights into the extraction mechanism. In addition to Hg(II), calculations were performed on the hypothetical divalent Cn(II) ion, and showed that HT18C6 and UHT18C6 could extract Cn(II). Finally, the extraction kinetics were explored to assess whether this crown can extract the short-lived Cn(II) species in a future online experiment.
Multiple model adaptive estimation of satellite attitude using MEMS gyros (2011)

Recently, MEMS gyroscopes are receiving attention for future use attitude determination systems in micro-satellites, because of advantages of light weight, low cost, and low power consumption. However, the high noise levels and bias drifts of these sensors currently limits use for high-precision applications. A multiple model adaptive estimation algorithm is employed to estimate the magnitudes of noise variances in a gyroscope model. The estimated values are used in an extended Kalman filter for attitude estimation. It is demonstrated through simulations and experiments that the adaptive estimation of noise parameters improves attitude estimation performance.
Benzenesulfonic Anhydride (2001)

[512-35-6] C12H10O5S2 (MW 298.33) InChI = 1S/C12H10O5S2/c13-18(14,11-7-3-1-4-8-11)17-19(15,16)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H InChIKey = MLWPJXZKQOPTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (mild sulfonating agent; useful for the preparation of sulfonamides, sulfones, and sulfonate esters) Physical Data: mp 65–80 °C; 88–91 °C after recrystallization from ether. Solubility: sol diethyl ether, benzene, toluene; insol H2O. Preparative Methods: prepared on a large scale by heating benzenesulfonic acid with excess phosphorus pentoxide mixed with an inert support.1 An inert support of 1∶1 Supercel kieselguhr and Gooch asbestos was mixed with phosphorus pentoxide and slowly added to benzenesulfonic acid, first at rt then heating to 100 °C. The resultant mixture was heated at 100 °C for 5 h, 1,2-dichloroethane was added, and the solution was refluxed for 10 min. After cooling and successive filtrations, benzenesulfonic anhydride was recovered in 70% yield. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the reagent can be stored at rt for extended periods under anhydrous conditions. Liquefication occurs upon exposure to air for 2.5 h. Explosive when mixed with 90–95% H2O2.
System Metering Aids Leak Detection (2001)

This article describes an aggressive program used by the Pennsylvania American Water Company to reduce unaccounted‐for water. As part of this program, PAWC developed a project to install significantly more system meters in the distribution system to calculate the amount of unaccounted‐for water in relatively small zones. Two different technologies are described: differential pressure pressure‐reducing valves (PRVs), and PRV‐turbine meters. Several related projects are discussed and a list of additional construction work that was required at many of the sites is given.
211. CD2, the First Identified T cell Co-Stimulator, Demonstrates More Effective Chimeric Antigen Receptor Activity Over CD28 and 4-1BB (2015)

CD2, first identified as T11 sheep erythrocyte receptor protein, was originally classified as the trigger for an alternative T cell activation pathway and later as a costimulatory molecule that synergized with CD3 activation. Co-stimulation of T cells with CD2 augments CD3-mediated signaling cascades, IL-2 production, and proliferation. The field dedicated to the development of novel second- and third-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has focused on the inclusion endodomains from CD28 superfamily and TNFRSF members as costimulation, but the use of CD2/SLAM family of costimulatory molecules has not been explored. Here, we report the development of an anti-mesothelin (SS1) chimeric antigen receptor co-stimulated with the endodomain of CD2 juxtaposed to the CD3z activation domain (SS1CD2z). Human T cells modified with SS1CD2z demonstrate comparable cytotoxicity of tumor cell lines in vitro as SS1z, SS1BBz, and SS128z. SS1CD2z T cells proliferation similar to SS128z and better than SS1BBz in vitro. SS1CD2z T cells exhibit a calcium flux in response to antigen that is half the amplitude of the response seen for SS128z, while no calcium flux is observed for SS1BBz. Similarly, all three CARs exhibit differential signaling profiles, consistent with the signaling of CD28 superfamily, TNFRSF, and CD2/SLAM superfamily pathways. Luminex analysis revealed that IL-2 production is superior among SS128z and SS1CD2z, while SS1BBz T cells produce less. IFNγ production is comparable between all CAR groups. Importantly, SS1CD2z cells produce minimal quantities TNFα similar to SS1BBz cells; contrary to SS128z cells, which produce large quantities of the neurotoxic cytokine. SS1CD2z T cells exhibited a fast and durable anti-tumor response against a subcutaneous mesothelioma xenograft model, while both SS128z and SS1BBz T cells lagged in terms of response rate. These results suggest that CAR co-stimulation via CD2 can produce potent antitumor activity, T cell proliferation and favorable cytokine profiles. Exploration of other CD2/SLAM superfamily members for CAR co-stimulation could be beneficial to cancer patients and the cellular therapy community.
Validation study of the use of MATLAB/Simulink synchronous-machine block for accurate power-plant stability studies (2014)

This paper presents results of the validity study of the use of MATLAB/Simulink synchronous-machine block for power-system stability studies. Firstly, the waveforms of the theoretical synchronous-generator short-circuit currents are described. Thereafter, the comparison between the currents obtained through the simulation model in the sudden short-circuit test, are compared to the theoretical ones. Finally, the factory tests of two commercial generating units are compared to the response of the synchronous generator simulation block during sudden short-circuit, set with the same real data, with satisfactory results. This results show the validity of the use of this generator block for power plant simulation.
Cation exchange for thin film lead iodide perovskite interconversion (2015)

We demonstrate that we can convert hybrid perovskites between methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI<sub>3</sub>) and formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI<sub>3</sub>) by immersion in solutions of MA or FA iodide at room temperature. The cations diffuse uniformly throughout the bulk films, forming an alloy rather than a bi-layer. Furthermore, this demonstrates good organic cation mobility in these materials.
Microstructures and crystallographic orientation of crystalline grains in anisotropic Nd-Fe-Co-B-(Ga or Zr) magnet powders produced by the hydrogenation-decomposition-desorption-recombination process (1994)

The microstructures of anisotropic Nd-Fe-Co-B-(Ga, or Zr) magnet powders produced by the hydrogenation-decomposition-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process and the resulting crystallographic c-axis orientation of Nd2(Fe,Co)14B crystals in the powder particles have been studied. It was found that the powder particles consist of fine Nd2(Fe,Co)14B crystals of the size of about 0.3 μm, and any boundary-layer phase between the Nd2(Fe,Co)14B crystalline grains is almost absent. The morphology of fine Nd2(Fe,Co)14B crystalline grains in anisotropic magnet powders is the same as that of isotropic magnet powders produced by the HDDR process. In anisotropic powders, it was found that there is a strong correlation among the a axes, b axes, and c axes of the fine Nd2(Fe,Co)14B crystal grains. The dispersion in solid angles made by the c-axis direction is less than ±18° in the case of Nd-Fe-Co-B-Ga magnet powder particle. The c-axis direction of fine grains in magnet powders produced by the HDDR process is associated with that of large Nd2(Fe,Co)14B grains in the original cast or the homogenized alloy. The microstructure of anisotropic magnet powders before the hydrogen desorption step in the HDDR process is very complicated. It consists of five distinct regions, and among these, two regions are made of NdH2 and Fe.
Supercontinuum generation in quasi-phase-matched LiNbO_3 waveguide pumped by a Tm-doped fiber laser system (2011)

We demonstrate self-referencing of a Tm-doped fiber oscillator-amplifier system by performing octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. We model the supercontinuum generation numerically and show good agreement with the experiment.
Hybrid Scene Compression for Visual Localization (2018)

Localizing an image wrt. a 3D scene model represents a core task for many computer vision applications. An increasing number of real-world applications of visual localization on mobile devices, e.g., Augmented Reality or autonomous robots such as drones or self-driving cars, demand localization approaches to minimize storage and bandwidth requirements. Compressing the 3D models used for localization thus becomes a practical necessity. In this work, we introduce a new hybrid compression algorithm that uses a given memory limit in a more effective way. Rather than treating all 3D points equally, it represents a small set of points with full appearance information and an additional, larger set of points with compressed information. This enables our approach to obtain a more complete scene representation without increasing the memory requirements, leading to a superior performance compared to previous compression schemes. As part of our contribution, we show how to handle ambiguous matches arising from point compression during RANSAC. Besides outperforming previous compression techniques in terms of pose accuracy under the same memory constraints, our compression scheme itself is also more efficient. Furthermore, the localization rates and accuracy obtained with our approach are comparable to state-of-the-art feature-based methods, while using a small fraction of the memory.
Toxicity of spiromesifen to the developmental stages of Bemisia tabaci biotype B (2008)

The strong effect on juvenile stages of B. tabaci with a unique mode of action and the absence of cross-resistance with major commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups suggest the use of spiromesifen in pest and resistance management programmes.
Semiconductor statistics (1993)

The concentration of neutral impurities, ionized impurities, and free carriers in a doped semiconductor depends on a large number of parameters such as the impurity atom concentration, the free carrier mass, the bandgap energy, and the dielectric constant. The interdependences of the free majority and minority carrier concentration, the impurity concentration, impurity ionization energy as well as some other constants and materials parameters are given by semiconductor statistics. Semiconductor statistics describes the probabilities that a set of electronic states are either vacant or populated.
Targeted next‐generation sequencing of cancer genes dissects the molecular profiles of intraductal papillary neoplasms of the pancreas (2014)

Intraductal neoplasms are important precursors to invasive pancreatic cancer and provide an opportunity to detect and treat pancreatic neoplasia before an invasive carcinoma develops. The diagnostic evaluation of these lesions is challenging, as diagnostic imaging and cytological sampling do not provide accurate information on lesion classification, the grade of dysplasia or the presence of invasion. Moreover, the molecular driver gene mutations of these precursor lesions have yet to be fully characterized. Fifty-two intraductal papillary neoplasms, including 48 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and four intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasms (ITPNs), were subjected to the mutation assessment in 51 cancer-associated genes, using ion torrent semiconductor-based next-generation sequencing. P16 and Smad4 immunohistochemistry was performed on 34 IPMNs and 17 IPMN-associated carcinomas. At least one somatic mutation was observed in 46/48 (96%) IPMNs; 29 (60%) had multiple gene alterations. GNAS and/or KRAS mutations were found in 44/48 (92%) of IPMNs. GNAS was mutated in 38/48 (79%) IPMNs, KRAS in 24/48 (50%) and these mutations coexisted in 18/48 (37.5%) of IPMNs. RNF43 was the third most commonly mutated gene and was always associated with GNAS and/or KRAS mutations, as were virtually all the low-frequency mutations found in other genes. Mutations in TP53 and BRAF genes (10% and 6%) were only observed in high-grade IPMNs. P16 was lost in 7/34 IPMNs and 9/17 IPMN-associated carcinomas; Smad4 was lost in 1/34 IPMNs and 5/17 IPMN-associated carcinomas. In contrast to IPMNs, only one of four ITPNs had detectable driver gene (GNAS and NRAS) mutations. Deep sequencing DNA from seven cyst fluid aspirates identified 10 of the 13 mutations detected in their associated IPMN. Using next-generation sequencing to detect cyst fluid mutations has the potential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic stratification of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.
Performance Evaluation and Expected Challenges of Silicon Carbide Power MOSFETs for High Voltage Applications (2017)

This paper presents an overview of the main technical requirements of high voltage Silicon Carbide MOSFETs rated above 3300V when compared to the well-established requirements of Silicon IGBTs and diodes. Combined with a performance evaluation of existing 3300 V SiC MOSFET prototypes from ROHM, the paper will discuss the benefits and challenges facing these devices for targeting mainstream and future topologies employed in high power applications such as those in grid systems, railway traction and industrial drives. The paper will also attempt to provide an outlook into potential development trends towards exploiting the full benefits of SiC MOSFETs.
Detailed Molecular Dynamics Simulations of a Model NaPSS in Water (2010)

Hydrophobic polyelectrolytes are known to form necklace-like structures of dense beads connected by strings of monomers. This structure appears as a result of optimization of the electrostatic and short-range interactions. To elucidate the effect of counterion condensation and solvent on polyelectrolyte conformations, we performed two sets of molecular dynamics simulations of model poly(styrene)-co-styrene sodium sulfonate (NaPSS) chains with the degree of polymerization N = 16-64 and fraction of charged monomers f = 0.25-1 in aqueous solutions: (1) water molecules were considered explicitly using the TIP3P-PME model and (2) water molecules were modeled as a dielectric continuum with the dielectric constant 77.73. Our simulations showed that with increasing fraction of sulfonated groups f a polystyrene sulfonate chain adopts an elongated conformation. There is a transition between collapsed and elongated states which is manifested in the change of the scaling dependence of the chain size on the degree of polymerization. The effect of the water-ion interactions on counterion condensation was analyzed by comparing the radial distribution functions between the sulfonated groups and counterions for chains with different f values. In the case of the collapsed NaPSS chains, it was found that ionized groups are located at the globular surface.
Assessment of multiexponential diffusion features as MRI cancer therapy response metrics (2010)

The aim of this study was to empirically test the effect of chemotherapy-induced tissue changes in a glioma model as measured by several diffusion indices calculated from nonmonoexponential formalisms over a wide range of b-values. We also compared these results to the conventional two-point apparent diffusion coefficient calculation using nominal b-values. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed over an extended range of b-values (120-4000 sec/mm(2) ) on intracerebral rat 9L gliomas before and after a single dose of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Diffusion indices from three formalisms of diffusion-weighted signal decay [(a) two-point analytical calculation using either low or high b-values, (b) a stretched exponential formalism, and (c) a biexponential fit] were tested for responsiveness to therapy-induced differences between control and treated groups. Diffusion indices sensitive to "fast diffusion" produced the largest response to treatment, which resulted in significant differences between groups. These trends were not observed for "slow diffusion" indices. Although the highest rate of response was observed from the biexponential formalism, this was not found to be significantly different from the conventional monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient method. In conclusion, parameters from the more complicated nonmonoexponential formalisms did not provide additional sensitivity to treatment response in this glioma model beyond that observed from the two-point conventional monoexponential apparent diffusion coefficient method.
Continuous-flow synthesis and purification of atropine with sequential in-line separations of structurally similar impurities (2015)

Flow chemistry has attracted significant interest in pharmaceutical development, where substantial efforts have been directed toward the design of continuous processes. Here, we report a total synthesis of atropine in flow that features an unusual hydroxymethylation and separation of several byproducts with high structural similarity to atropine. Using a combination of careful pH control in three sequential liquid-liquid extractions and a functionalized resin, atropine is delivered by the flow system with >98% purity.