gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent volcano source monitoring using interferometric synthetic aperture radar time series: A combined genetic algorithm and Kalman filter approach (2010)

Modern geodetic methods allow continuous monitoring of deformation fields of volcanoes. The acquired data contribute significantly to the study of the dynamics of magmatic sources prior to, during and after eruptions and intrusions. In addition to advancing the monitoring techniques, it is important to develop suitable approaches to deal with deformation time series. Here, we present, test and apply a new approach for time‐dependent, nonlinear inversion using a combination of a genetic algorithm (GA) and a Kalman filter (KF). The GA is used in the form presented by Shirzaei and Walter (2009), and the KF implementation now allows for the treatment of monitoring data as a full time series rather than as single time steps. This approach provides a flexible tool for assessing unevenly sampled and heterogeneous time series data and explains the deformation field using time‐consistent dislocation sources. Following synthetic tests, we demonstrate the merits of time‐consistent source modeling for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data available between 1992 and 2008 from the Campi Flegrei volcano in Italy. We obtained multiple episodes of linear velocity for the reservoir pressure change associated with a parabolic surface deformation on the volcano. These data may be interpreted via differential equations as a linear flux to the shallow reservoir that provides new insight into how both the shallow and deep reservoirs communicate beneath Campi Flegrei. The synthetic test and case study demonstrate the robustness of our approach and the ability to track and monitor the source of systems with complex dynamics. It is applicable to time‐dependent optimization problems in volcanic and tectonic environments in other tectonic environments in other areas and allows understanding of the spatiotemporal extent of a physical process in quantitative manner.
GPU-accelerated generic analytic simulation and image reconstruction platform for multi-pinhole SPECT systems (2019)

We introduce a generic analytic simulation and image reconstruction software platform for multi-pinhole (MPH) SPECT systems. The platform is capable of modeling common or sophisticated MPH designs as well as complex data acquisition schemes. Graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration was utilized to make a high-performance computing software. Herein, we describe the software platform and provide verification studies of the simulation and image reconstruction software.
Weather‐informed Light–tissue Model–Based Dose Planning for Indoor Daylight Photodynamic Therapy (2019)

Daylight activation for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin lesions is now widely adopted in many countries as a less painful and equally effective treatment mechanism, as compared to red or blue light activation. However, seasonal daylight availability and transient weather conditions complicate light dose estimations. A method is presented for dose planning without placing a large burden on clinical staff, by limiting spectral measurements to a one-time site assessment, and then using automatically acquired weather reports to track transient conditions. The site assessment tools are used to identify appropriate treatment locations for the annual and daily variations in sunlight exposure for clinical center planning. The spectral information collected from the site assessment can then be integrated with real-time daily electronic weather data. It was shown that a directly measured light exposure has strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> : 0.87) with both satellite cloud coverage data and UV index, suggesting that the automated weather indexes can be surrogates for daylight PDT optical dose. These updated inputs can be used in a dose-planning treatment model to estimate photodynamic dose at depth in tissue. A simple standardized method for estimating light dose during daylight-PDT could help improve intersite reproducibility while minimizing treatment times.
Complexes [(P2)Rh(hfacac)](P2= bidentate chelating phosphane, hfacac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) as catalysts for CO2hydrogenation: correlations between solid state structures,103Rh NMR shifts and catalytic activities (1995)

Complexes [(P2)Rh(hfacac)]1a–h are the most effective catalyst precursors for catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid in organic solvents allowing turnover frequencies of up to 1335 h–1; 103Rh NMR shifts of these complexes in solution are mainly determined by the P–Rh–P angle as obtained from solid state structures and have predictive potential for the catalytic activity of structurally related phosphanes P2.
Implementation of three-dimensional SOI-MEMS wafer-level packaging using through-wafer interconnections (2007)

Packaging is an emerging technology for microsystem integration. The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer has been extensively employed for micromachined devices for its reliable fabrication steps and robust structures. This research reports a packaging approach for silicon-on- insulator-micro-electro-mechanical system (SOI-MEMS) devices using through-wafer vias and anodic bonding technologies. Through-wafer vias are embedded inside the SOI wafers, and are realized using laser drilling and electroplating. These vias provide electrical signal paths to the MEMS device, while isolating MEMS devices from the outer environment. A high-strength hermetic sealing is then achieved after anodic bonding of the through-wafer-vias-embedded SOI wafer to a Pyrex 7740 glass. Moreover, the packaged SOI-MEMS chip is compatible with surface mount technology, and provides a superior way for 3D heterogeneous integration.
Astaxanthin Complexes to Attenuate Muscle Damage after In Vivo Femoral Ischemia-Reperfusion (2019)

(1) Background: Reperfusion injury refers to the cell and tissue damage induced, when blood flow is restored after an ischemic period. While reperfusion reestablishes oxygen supply, it generates a high concentration of radicals, resulting in tissue dysfunction and damage. Here, we aimed to challenge and achieve the potential of a delivery system based on astaxanthin, a natural antioxidant, in attenuating the muscle damage in an animal model of femoral hind-limb ischemia and reperfusion. (2) Methods: The antioxidant capacity and non-toxicity of astaxanthin was validated before and after loading into a polysaccharide scaffold. The capacity of astaxanthin to compensate stress damages was also studied after ischemia induced by femoral artery clamping and followed by varied periods of reperfusion. (3) Results: Histological evaluation showed a positive labeling for CD68 and CD163 macrophage markers, indicating a remodeling process. In addition, higher levels of Nrf2 and NQO1 expression in the sham group compared to the antioxidant group could reflect a reduction of the oxidative damage after 15 days of reperfusion. Furthermore, non-significant differences were observed in non-heme iron deposition in both groups, reflecting a cell population susceptible to free radical damage. (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that the in situ release of an antioxidant molecule could be effective in improving the antioxidant defenses of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-damaged muscles.
ROS-mediated activation of AMPK plays a critical role in sulforaphane-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest in AGS human gastric cancer cells (2018)

In this study, we investigated the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction associated with cell cycle arrest induced by sulforaphane in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that sulforaphane inhibited proliferation of AGS cells by promoting apoptosis and accumulating the cellular portion of the G2/M phase via the buildup of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase p21 (WAF1/CIP1). Moreover, the phosphorylation of histone H3 was markedly increased following treatment with sulforaphane, indicating that sulforaphane stimulated mitotic arrest. Sulforaphane concurrently induced phosphorylation of AMPK; however, compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, significantly blocked sulforaphane-induced apoptosis, suggesting that sulforaphane induces apoptosis of AGS cells through the AMPK-dependent pathway. Sulforaphane also activated the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and the nuclear translocation of cytochrome c. Furthermore, sulforaphane provoked the generation of intracellular ROS; especially when ROS production was blocked by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, both AMPK activation and growth inhibition by sulforaphane were completely abolished. Collectively, these findings suggest that sulforaphane inhibited growth of AGS cells, which was mediated by a complex interplay between cellular mechanisms governing redox homeostasis, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest through an ROS/AMPK-dependent pathway.
Scenario-based XAI for Humanitarian Aid Forecasting (2020)

One domain application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems is humanitarian aid planning, where dynamically changing societal conditions need to be monitored and analyzed, so humanitarian organizations can coordinate efforts and appropriately support forcibly displaced peoples. Essential in facilitating effective human-AI collaboration is the explainability of AI system outputs (XAI). This late-breaking work presents an ongoing industrial research project aimed at designing, building, and implementing an XAI system for humanitarian aid planning. We draw on empirical data from our project and define current and future scenarios of use, adopting a scenario-based XAI design approach. These scenarios surface three central themes which shape human-AI collaboration in humanitarian aid planning: (1) Surfacing Causality, (2) Multifaceted Trust & Lack of Data Quality, (3) Balancing Risky Situations. We explore each theme and in doing so, further our understanding of how humanitarian aid planners can partner with AI systems to better support forcibly displaced peoples.
In vitro and in vivo degradation of myo -inositol hexakisphosphate by a phytase from Citrobacter braakii (2012)

Phytases (EC 3.1.3) are widely used in animal feed to increase the availability of phosphorus and decrease the anti nutritive effect of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP₆). The aim of this work was to investigate the stereospecific degradation of InsP₆ in vitro and in vivo by a phytase from Citrobacter braakii (C. braakii), and to study gastric survival of the phytase as well as the site of action in the gastrointestinal tract. The in vitro results showed that the C. braakii phytase belongs to the group of 6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26). However, in approximately one out of 10 instances the phytase initiated hydrolysis at the D-3 (L-1) position, demonstrating that phytase specificity is not unambiguous. Following the main degradation pathway, InsP₆ was degraded by stepwise removal of the phosphate groups on positions 6/1/5. The stereospecificity was found to be similar under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The phytase was found to be stable in the gastric environment and to be active in the stomach and possibly also in the proximal small intestine. While InsP₄ was accumulated under in vitro conditions this was not the case in vivo, where both InsP₅ and InsP₄ were seen to be hydrolysed in the small intestine, possibly as a combined action of the C. braakii phytase and endogenous phosphatases present in the mucosa. The ability of the C. braakii phytase to focus its activity on degrading InsP₆ to InsP₄ is believed to be a favourable complement to the endogenous phosphatases.
Coordinated multi-point transmission for relaxation of self-backhauling bottlenecks in heterogeneous networks (2015)

The heterogeneous deployment of high-power macro cells and low-power nodes (LPNs) is now widely acknowledged as an essential requirement towards meeting the continued demand for mobile data capacity. The selection of the optimum backhaul solution for the LPNs obliges operators to consider not only the capacity of the backhaul but also other key factors so as to fully leverage the benefits provided by LPNs: the cost of the backhauling may limit the density of LPN deployments and the backhaul configuration requirements impact on the flexibility of LPN deployment. To that end, self-backhauling of LPNs via the existing macro radio access network (RAN) provides an attractive solution, particularly for deployment scenarios that are very cost-sensitive and/or require high flexibility. However, use of self-backhauling usually makes backhaul as a bottleneck due to the a) limited bandwidth allocated for legacy macro RAN, b) the need to share resources with macro user equipment (UE), and c) the high-intercell interference particularly in the macro cell edge. In this paper, we provide an overview of self-backhauled LPNs and investigate possible performance enhancements through the use of coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission to relax the downlink backhaul capacity bottleneck for self-backhauled LPNs. To that end, we carry out analytical studies for a practical limited-feedback CoMP technique and numerically verify the derived capacity outage expressions. Furthermore, we implement a simulation study for an exemplary heterogeneous network deployment in a realistic radio propagation environment. The results of the studies demonstrate that significant spectral efficiency and throughput gains for the LPN backhaul are achievable through the use of selected CoMP technique under realizable feedback overhead, even under feedback bit error. The achieved relaxation in the backhaul bottleneck is observed providing improved performance for the UEs served by the LPNs. Furthermore, more resources will be available for macro UEs leading to overall performance gains compared to the case without CoMP.
Accurate measurement and characterisation of MCM-D integrated passives up to 50 GHz (2000)

Multi-layer CPW-based models are not readily available in commercial simulators. Therefore, a set of teststructures (inductors, resistors, capacitors, transmission lines, discontinuities,…) has been realized to fully characterize IMEC's MCM-D technology. Scaleable models have been created and implemented in a design library offering automated layout. In this paper, the capacitors (both BCB as Ta 2 O 5 in series and shunt-to-ground configuration), transmission lines and transmission line discontinuities are described in more detail. First, the choice of calibration method is motivated, then the developed models are discussed. Scaleable models for square capacitors have been developed. A transmission line-based model has been used, as this is able to accurately represent the measured S-parameters. Examples are given on how a proper layout can improve the high-frequency performance of the capacitors. The transmission line parameters (propagation constant and characteristic impedance) have been extracted using a TRL-based technique. The models for the transmission line discontinuities, including shorts, opens, T-junctions, X-junctions, bends, bridges and vias, are also described.
Low Energy of Activation Lithium-ion Conducting Channel (2010)

The specific ionic conductivities for a thin film of dilithium phthalocyanine (Li2Pc) dried at 160°C and for a pressed pellet of single crystals of Li2Pc have been determined via impedance analysis as a function of temperature. The specific ionic conductivity of the thin film is on the order of mS/cm from -50 to +50°C with an energy of activation of 0.063 eV. The specific ionic conductivity for the pressed pellet is on the order of 10-4 S/cm from 0 to +50°C with an energy of activation of 0.038 eV. The results suggest that lithium ion conduction takes place between the planes of the complex anions of Li2Pc, parallel to the a-axis.
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube heterojunctions (2004)

The bottom-up fabrication and electrical properties of end-to-end contacted multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) heterojunctions are reported. The vertically aligned MWCNT heterojunction arrays are formed via successive plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition processing to achieve the layered junction architecture. Electron microscopy and current-sensing atomic force microscopy are used to reveal the physical nature of the junctions. Symmetric, nonlinear I–V curves of the as-fabricated junctions indicate that a tunnel barrier is formed between the end-to-end contacted MWCNTs. Repeated high bias I–V scans of many devices connected in parallel fuses the heterojunctions, as manifested by a shift to linear I–V characteristics.
Differentiating causes of respiratory distress. (2005)

Respiratory emergencies will continue to make up a large percentage of our EMS calls. Many of these conditions will be managed in the same fashion early on with a focus on oxygenation and adequate ventilation. Once the ABCs have been stabilized, use your assessment skills to create a differential diagnosis for respiratory distress. Once a field impression has been made, you can better direct a specific treatment. As always, follow your local treatment protocols established by your medical director. Practice your assessment skills and attend as much training as you can on airway and respiratory emergencies.
Mechanistic studies of carbonate macrocyclization: Rates of carbonate bond formation (1993)

High yields of cyclic oligomeric carbonates can be prepared using an amine-catalyzed reaction of bisphenol A-bischloroformate. The authors have studied the kinetics of this carbonate macrocyclization by the isolated study of key chemical events. Using stopped-flow FT-IR spectroscopy, it was found that the rate of carbonate formation between the intermediate acyl ammonium salt (1) and 4-isopropylphenol (4-IPP) is the same for tributylamine, triethylamine and diethylmethylamine. Previously, it was found that conversion of 1 to urethane was also insensitive to amine structure while the formation of 1 is profoundly dependent on amine structure.
A New Numerical and Analytical Approach for Determining Formation Fluid-Sample Clean-up Behavior through Multiple Sensor Analysis (2012)

Abstract The accurate determination of fluid properties and contamination while sampling with a wireline pump-out formation tester is essential to achieve the primary objective of obtaining representative reservoir fluid samples with minimum rig time. Despite advancements in fluid identification sensors, sampling in mixed phases, especially immiscible fluids, still poses a great challenge. It often happens that apparent erratic sensor responses are attributed to sensor noise, but careful study reveals that the sensors are actually showing the true nature of the multi-phase fluid flow. However, if this multi-phase behavior is not considered, it can be difficult to determine fluid type and contamination. This work addresses the development of a new numerical and analytical investigation that makes it possible to not only understand the cleaning behavior of formation fluids but also quantitatively determine fluid qualities in real time. This newly developed technique highlights the variables that play an important role in guiding the clean-up process and, at the same time, provides the temporal characteristics of the contamination level versus both time and fluid volume. Furthermore, uncertainties in the pumping time required to achieve the desired level of contamination are also calculated with this method. Field examples from Gulf of Mexico, South America and North Sea are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of this technique in oil-based mud and water-based mud contamination examples for both hydrocarbon fluid and formation water samples, with comparisons to PVT laboratory measurements. An error analysis is performed for each example, and results are presented in this research. The new analysis technique is applied to a high-resolution fluid density sensor that monitors the change of resonance frequency of a vibrating tube-carrying fluid sample. The same interpretation method is also applied to a capacitance sensor and a resistivity sensor to further confirm the results derived from the density sensor.
COVID-19 therapeutics: Challenges and directions for the future (2022)

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 triggering the COVID-19 pandemic ranks as arguably the greatest medical emergency of the last century. COVID-19 has highlighted health disparities both within and between countries and will leave a lasting impact on global society. Nonetheless, substantial investment in life sciences over recent decades has facilitated a rapid scientific response with innovations in viral characterization, testing, and sequencing. Perhaps most remarkably, this permitted the development of highly effective vaccines, which are being distributed globally at unprecedented speed. In contrast, drug treatments for the established disease have delivered limited benefits so far. Innovative and rapid approaches in the design and execution of large-scale clinical trials and repurposing of existing drugs have saved many lives; however, many more remain at risk. In this review we describe challenges and unmet needs, discuss existing therapeutics, and address future opportunities. Consideration is given to factors that have hindered drug development in order to support planning for the next pandemic challenge and to allow rapid and cost-effective development of new therapeutics with equitable delivery.
Low effluent nutrient technologies for wastewater treatment (2006)

The USEPA (2001) water quality nutrient criteria will have a significant impact on water pollution control industry due to stringent N and P requirements. This paper presents an update of findings on successful total N (TN) and total P (TP) technologies being implemented at existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to achieve low TN and TP effluents and some key challenges in achieving lower levels. Plants consistently achieving <5 mg TN/L and < 0.5 mg TP/L were identified from a worldwide literature search and plant data collection. Technology gaps and research needs to improve successful technologies to achieve very low TN and TP effluents are summarised in this paper. The dissolved and colloidal organic N have been identified as major challenges in achieving very low levels of TN. Technical and economic challenges to achieve very low TP effluents include alkalinity deficiency, high chemical usage, high sludge production and lack of sufficient influent BOD for biological P uptake.