gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monolithically Lens-Integrated Photonic Device Arrays for Compact Optical Transceivers (2013)

Monolithically lens-integrated surface-emitting distributed-feedback (DFB) laser arrays and p–i–n photodiode arrays were developed. A combination of dry etching and wet chemical etching was used to fabricate a monolithic InP lens. The lens profile within ±10 µm from the lens center was estimated to be parabolic shape, which is ideal for the collimation of a Gaussian beam. A fabricated lens-integrated surface-emitting DFB laser exhibited a circular, narrow far-field pattern with full-width at half maximums of 3.9×3.5°. An efficient direct coupling of the lens-integrated DFB laser to a single-mode fiber with a coupling efficiency of -3 dB was confirmed. A four-channel lens-integrated surface-emitting laser array and a lens-integrated p–i–n photodiode array were used to fabricate a very compact 100 Gbps (25 Gbps × 4 channel) optical transceiver with 14×9 mm 2 footprint.
Testing Methods and Wind Tunnels (2009)

At Mach 5, the stagnation temperature approaches the structural limit acceptable for full simulation and continuous operation of a ground-based wind tunnel. With considerable effort, long-duration wind-tunnel operation could be extended beyond this figure and, in fact, several capabilities exist in different places around the world. Experimental conditions above Mach 10 can be duplicated only in short-duration facilities, so the topics studied in these devices must be carefully selected to ensure that the physical processes to be reproduced are compatible with those experienced in flight. Much of the hypersonic flight domain remains to be covered through theoretical analysis and, most likely limited, flight testing.
Robust and Wavelength Insensitive Performance of Selectively Oxidized Vertical-Cavity Lasers (1995)

The unique properties of vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), such as circular output beam, single longitudinal mode, and 2-dimensional array capability, make them promising light sources for a variety of applications, including optical data links, data storage, display and printing systems. Moreover, on-wafer testing and compatibility with traditional integrated circuit fabrication technologies make VCSEL manufacture feasible and potentially inexpensive. Recently, VCSELs fabricated using "wet" oxidation 1 have demonstrated the lowest threshold current (91µA), 2 lowest threshold voltage (45mV above photon gap), 3 and highest power conversion efficiency (52%) 4 ever reported in VCSELs. The latter two results were obtained from an all semiconductor VCSEL structure that utilizes selective oxidation to form buried oxide layers. The low index oxide layers form current apertures sandwiching the active region to efficiently confine injected carriers as well as transversely confine the emitted photons. In this paper we show that the fabrication uniformity we have obtained using our selective oxidation process can reproducibly yield high performance VCSELs that are attractive for potential applications. In addition, these lasers exhibit high performance over a wide emission wavelength range from a given wafer. Finally, our selectively oxidized device structure is demonstrated to be robust and amenable to a variety emission wavelengths, currently extending from the infra-red to visible.
A technique for the determination of center of gravity and rolling resistance for tilt-seat wheelchairs (1991)

A balance platform setup was defined for use in the determination of the center of gravity in the sagittal plane for a wheelchair and patient. Using the center of gravity information, measurements from the wheelchair and patient (weight, tire coefficients of friction), and various assumptions (constant speed, level-concrete surface, patient-wheelchair system is a rigid body), a method for estimating the rolling resistance for a wheelchair was outlined. The center of gravity and rolling resistance techniques were validated against criterion values (center of gravity error = 1 percent, rolling resistance root mean square error = 0.33 N, rolling resistance Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.995). Consistent results were also obtained from a test dummy and five subjects. Once the center of gravity is known, it is possible to evaluate the stability of a wheelchair (in terms of tipping over) and the interaction between the level of stability and rolling resistance. These quantitative measures are expected to be of use in the setup of wheelchairs with a variable seat angle and variable wheelbase length or when making comparisons between different wheelchairs.
Spin-dependent hot electron transport inNi81Fe19andCo84Fe16films on GaAs(001) (2002)

Magnetic tunnel transistors are used to study spin-dependent hot electron transport in ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}$ films deposited on GaAs(001). For both ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}$ the attenuation length of majority electrons is found to decrease with energy, whereas the much smaller attenuation length of minority electrons is found to be nearly constant at electron energies between 1.0 and 1.9 eV above the Fermi level. Contrary to the similarities in the bulk, hot electron scattering at the metal/GaAs interface is found to be much stronger at the ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)$ interface than at the ${\mathrm{Co}}_{84}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{16}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)$ interface.
303. Deletion of Pdx1 in Mouse Pancreatic Ducts by CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Gene Editing (2016)

Introduction: The homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 is crucial for pancreas formation. Pdx1-expressing cells are first observed at embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5), prior even to the earliest indication of morphogenesis, in endodermal cells designated to give rise to the pancreas. In adult mouse, Pdx1 protein is transiently expressed when pancreas is injured, such as Langerhans islets damage in alloxan induced diabetic mice, implying Pdx1 may be necessary for the neogenetic formation of β-cells from mature ducts. In order to study the role of pdx1 in the pancreatic duct for pancreatic regeneration, most investigators use the Cre-lox system to generate duct-specific Pdx1 deletions in mice. This method is able to delete Pdx1specifically from tissue or cells with or without a tamoxifen-inducible (cre-ERT2) system; however, several caveats and limitations exist with tamoxifen-induced depletion. In addition, the cre-ERT2 system may be leaky, resulting in constitutive rather than inducible activation in some cells. To overcome these flaws from the Cre-ERT2/lox system, we decided to use a novel CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique to delete pdx1 in pancreatic ducts. Methods: We previously used a mouse short Sox9 promoter (468 bp) to generate a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying a reporter GFP (AAV6-Sox9-GFP), and this recombinant virus construct was infused into the pancreatic ducts, through the common bile/pancreatic duct, to specifically tag the duct cells. In order to address pancreatic duct specific deletion of Pdx1 after alloxan ablation of beta-cells, we first to applied the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique on the HEK293-CMV-GFP cell line in vitro (Figure 2) and ROSA26 LSL tomato reporter mice ex vivo (Figure 3), and then employed AAV6 mediated CRISPR-SaCas9 under the control of the mouse sox9 short promoter, coupled with paired guide RNAs (gRNAs) flanking the Pdx1 exon2 (Figure 4) through pancreatic duct infusion into the pancreas. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: These CRISPR-SaCas9 and gRNAs AAV viruses were co-infused into pancreases of C57BL/6J mice 2 days after alloxan treatment. One week after AAV6-SaCas9+gRNAs infusion, it appeared that only the Pdx1 in pancreatic ductal cells were deleted. Comparatively, PBS or AAV6-CMV-GFP viral infused C57BL/6J mice and ROSA26 LSL tomato reporter mice expressed fluorescence in the entire pancreas as a result of the deleted loxP sites that removed the stop cassette, the Pdx1 is not deleted. Thus, we first report here a highly efficient and specific ablation of Pdx1 in adult mouse pancreatic ducts using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique. Figure 1. Construction of AAV CRISPR-SaCas9 and gRNA vectors. Figure 2. Deletion of ZsGeen in HEK293-CMV-GFP cells using SacCas9 and gRNA in vitro. Figure 3. Valiation of SaCas9 and gRNA in vivo deletion of loxP sites in ROSA26-LSL tomato mice pancreas. Figure 4. Deletion of Pdx1 exon2 in alloxan treated C57 pancreatic ducts.
Untersuchungen zur Gegenionenstruktur bei der Kationischen Polymerisation von Isobutylvinylether mit iodhaltigen Initiatoren (1988)

Investigations on the Counter Ion Structure of the Cationics Polymerization of Isobutylvinylether with Iodine Based Systems The structure of counter ions of iodine based initiators for the cationic polymerization of isobutylvinylether is elucidated by means of u.v.‐spectroscopy using as model system: equation image Increasing electrophilicity of the cation causes a decrease of the counter ion stability. High concentrations of iodine lead to the formation of polyiodides, as I and I , respectively. The influence on chain propagation by iodine and monomer concentration as well have been followed by GPC and u.v.‐spectroscopy. Both influences, strongly affects the propagation reaction. Triphenylmethylbromide in conjunction with iodine is a convenient initiating system, realizing a long living and transfer suppressed propagation, when solvents of higher polarity are used. An activated carbon‐halide bond is concluded to be the active species.
Analysis of SF6 and F2 plasma etched silicon surfaces: An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation (1990)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have been performed on silicon surfaces etched with SF6 and F2 plasmas. It is shown that even if the same number of fluorine atoms is involved in both etching processes, the surfaces are quite different. The SF6 etched surface shows an overlayer thinner than the F2 etched one, but both overlayers have similar compositions.
Does cam osteochondroplasty compromise proximal femur strength? (2014)

Little is known about the effect on load bearing ability of cam-type femurs following osteochondroplasty. The aim of this study was to compare the change in deformation undergone by cam-type femoral acetabular impingement femur models after resection of different volumes. Dry-bone replicas (N = 10) of two cam-type femurs (cam A and B) underwent resections of increasing volume (Surgery I, II and III) representing conservative, adequate and radical resections. Deformation under cyclic loading of 700 N for five cycles after each surgery was compared. The 360° alpha angle and the change in head to neck ratio at four equidistant points along the femoral neck were used as measures of surgical efficacy and volume resected. Intact cam A and B replicas had a maximum alpha angle of 88° and 90°, respectively, which were reduced to 55° and 54° post Surgery I. Cam A replicas showed a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in mean axial displacement after Surgery I (up to 10% reduction in neck volume) and an increase after Surgery III (~20%-40% reduction in neck volume) compared to unresected controls (p < 0.01). Surgery II (~10%-15% reduction in neck volume) produced no significant change in mean displacement (p > 0.05). Cam B models exhibited lower mean displacement after Surgery I, II and III (p < 0.01) compared to unresected controls. Conservative surgery appears to improve the axial load bearing ability of dry-bone models. Radical resections may significantly decrease the fracture-resistant properties of bone following osteochondroplasty which should be noted when planning such a procedure.
PIC Simulations of an S-Band Surface Wave Microwave Oscillator Using a Two-Spiral Metamaterial Structure (2020)

Recently many researchers have been studying metamaterial (MTM)-based high power microwave (HPM) sources (see [1] and references therein). We developed a new two-spiral MTM unit celles. Several unit cells are combined to form a slow wave structure in a cylinder with a beam collector at the end. PIC simulation with negative <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\varepsilon$</tex> in S-band which is constructed from two parallel metallic plates demonstrate that when a 0.8 MeV, 84 A electron beam propagates through this structure with an applied magnetic field varying from 0.05 T to 0.2 T, the surface wave of TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> mode is generated at 3.18 GHz with an output power of 17 MW and electronic efficiency as high as 26%. When we optimized the beam energy and beam current, an output power of 77 MW with electronic efficiency as high as 51% can be obtained while the output spectrum has some small mode competition. This research can represent a new direction for the development of high-efficiency HPM devices.
Isogeometric finite element‐based simulation of the aortic heart valve: Integration of neural network structural material model and structural tensor fiber architecture representations (2021)

The functional complexity of native and replacement aortic heart valves (AVs) is well known, incorporating such physical phenomenons as time-varying non-linear anisotropic soft tissue mechanical behavior, geometric non-linearity, complex multi-surface time varying contact, and fluid-structure interactions to name a few. It is thus clear that computational simulations are critical in understanding AV function and for the rational basis for design of their replacements. However, such approaches continued to be limited by ad-hoc approaches for incorporating tissue fibrous structure, high-fidelity material models, and valve geometry. To this end, we developed an integrated tri-leaflet valve pipeline built upon an isogeometric analysis framework. A high-order structural tensor (HOST)-based method was developed for efficient storage and mapping the two-dimensional fiber structural data onto the valvular 3D geometry. We then developed a neural network (NN) material model that learned the responses of a detailed meso-structural model for exogenously cross-linked planar soft tissues. The NN material model not only reproduced the full anisotropic mechanical responses but also demonstrated a considerable efficiency improvement, as it was trained over a range of realizable fibrous structures. Results of parametric simulations were then performed, as well as population-based bicuspid AV fiber structure, that demonstrated the efficiency and robustness of the present approach. In summary, the present approach that integrates HOST and NN material model provides an efficient computational analysis framework with increased physical and functional realism for the simulation of native and replacement tri-leaflet heart valves.
InGaAsP/InP Geiger-mode APD-based LiDAR (Erratum) (2020)

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 18 September 2018, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on 28 May 2020. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance.
Z-Beamlet: a multi-KJ TW-class laser for backlit x-radiography applications on the Z-Accelerator. (2007)

Abstract not provided.
Flow Generated by Radial Flow Impellers: PIV Measurements and CFD Simulations (2004)

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used to investigate the single phase and gas-liquid flow generated by a Scaba SRGT turbine. The key details of the trailing vortices, the turbulent flow around the impeller blades and the accumulation of gas have been studied by using PIV measurements and CFD simulations. Both the experimental and numerical results show that the flow and the trailing vortices are not altered significantly upon gassing. The simulated results are generally in good agreement with the experimental findings. The CFD simulations also show that only small low-pressure regions exist behind the blades of the Scaba turbine compared with the very large low-pressure zones formed by the Rushton turbine. These results enable better understanding of the improved performance of the Scaba turbine for gas-liquid dispersions compared with the Rushton turbine.
Efficient In-Memory, List-Based Text Inversion (2017)

When building a large inverted file index on a system with effectively unlimited memory, performance may be constrained by RAM latency. To optimise speed requires an understanding of the non-uniform memory access characteristics of modern systems. We address three main techniques for improving the performance of an in-memory, list-based inverted file indexer: List chunking, in-chunk postings compression, and use of virtual memory "Large Pages". We compare performance of dynamic chunking schemes capable of adapting to the Zipf-like distribution of term frequencies. Using a data set with 8.5 billion word occurrences, we find that the techniques are cumulative. Chunking almost halves the memory required for linked lists, while dramatically reducing the number of cache-line reads required to traverse the lists; In-chunk compression further halves the memory footprint, though it does not make much difference to speed; Large pages reduce the inefficiency of page table walks and speed up both phases of index building.
Antifertility Effects of Aqueous and Steroidal Extracts of Neem Leaf ( Azadirachta indica ) in Male Wistar Rats (1997)

The antifertility efficacy of both aqueous and steroidal extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves was studied in male Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal injections of the steroidal extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, twice a week for 10 weeks resulted in impaired spermiogenesis, increased the number of headless spermatozoa and significantly decreased (p<0.01) motility of cauda spermatozoa, leading to a decline in the fertility index. Feeding of a 0.8% (w/v) aqueous neem leaf extract in drinking water for 7 weeks decreased serum testosterone (p<0.01) but no effect was observed in the fertility index. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond Part 1 of JPEG2000 Standard (2004)

As of writing this book, there are 11 parts in JPEG2000 standard (Part 7 has been abandoned). Part 1 of the JPEG2000 standard has been dealt in great detail in Chapters 6 to 8. In this chapter, we have introduced the reader with Part 2 to Part 12 of the JPEG2000 standard. Part 2 extension offers some additional capabilities and features over the Part 1 of the JPEG2000 standard. We have discussed these capabilities and resulting marker segments to accommodate these extensions in this chapter. Part 3 of the JPEG2000 is called the Motion JPEG2000 standard. Part 3 specifies a file format (MJ2) that contains image sequence encoded with JPEG2000 core coding algorithm for motion video. Part 4 of JPEG2000 standard specifies compliance testing procedures for encoding/decoding using Part 1 of JPEG2000. In Part 5, two software source packages (using Java and C programming languages) are available for the purpose of testing and validation for JPEG2000 systems implemented by the developers. Part 6 of the JPEG2000 standard specifies compound image file format (JPM) for to store compound images. Part 8 of the standard deals with security aspects for JPEG2000 applications such as encryption, watermarking, etc. Part 9 defines an interactive network protocol, and specifies tools for efficient exchange of JPEG2000 images and related metadata. Part 10 is being defined to deal with the three dimensional image data. Part 11 deals with the issues related to error protection, detection, correction for JPEG2000 for its usage in an error-prone wireless environment. Part 12 deals with ISO base media file format.
Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy (2016)

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is an ultrafast nonlinear optical technique that provides vibrational structural information with high temporal (sub-50 fs) precision and high spectral (10 cm(-1) ) resolution. Since the first full demonstration of its capabilities ≈15 years ago, FSRS has evolved into a mature technique, giving deep insights into chemical and biochemical reaction dynamics that would be inaccessible with any other technique. It is now being routinely applied to virtually all possible photochemical reactions and systems spanning from single molecules in solution to thin films, bulk crystals and macromolecular proteins. This review starts with an historic overview and discusses the theoretical and experimental concepts behind this technology. Emphasis is put on the current state-of-the-art experimental realization and several variations of FSRS that have been developed. The unique capabilities of FSRS are illustrated through a comprehensive presentation of experiments to date followed by prospects.
An emergent taxonomy of boundary spanning in the smart city context – The case of smart Dublin (2022)

Smart cities emphasize the use of advanced technology to deliver better services to and improve the well-being of their residents. Since the administrative authorities that manage cities often lack the knowledge and skills needed to transform their operations in this way, smart city initiatives usually involve a complex set of actors, from local urban authorities and their technical departments to small and large IT firms, academics, and civic organizations, as well as individual citizens. Mediating organizations are often set up to coordinate and manage such interactions. However, little is known about the roles and activities of such bodies. Using data from the Dublin smart city projects, this study draws on the concept of boundary spanning to develop a taxonomy of the work of such intermediaries. Divided into technical, political, social, and cultural domains, the study demonstrates the critical role of the work done by such bodies in enhancing collaboration among and the participation of a diverse group of citizens, IT and digital strategy departments of local authorities, universities and local/international IT companies (e.g., Google, Facebook or Airbnb), leading to a bottom-up governance style of leading smart city initiatives and projects.
Digital optical phase conjugation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media (2013)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate digital optical phase conjugation implementation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media. Employing a ring interferometer, the optical alignment of matching the wavefront measurement and shaping has effectively been solved.
High voltage device edge termination for wide temperature range plus humidity with surface charge control (SCC) technology (2016)

A novel high voltage edge termination utilizing Surface-Charge-Control (SCC) technology has been proposed for a wide range temperature with humidity. Under electrically biased and high-humidity conditions, charges generated by the high electric field and external perturbations accumulate on the silicon surface, which eventually degrades the blocking capability. The proposed edge termination structure has an optimized semi-insulated layer on the silicon surface. Due to this optimized layer, the accumulated charges on the silicon surface are swept away, which contributes to the improvement of the reliability. HTRB and low-temperature with high-humidity tests were carried out on the fabricated 6.5kV IGBT devices utilizing the SCC technology. The results validate that the proposed SCC technology has improved the long-term stability and the robustness against high humidity conditions.