gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement Of The Instrumental Polarization Of A High Resolution Ultraviolet Spectrometer (1990)

Diffraction grating spectrometers exhibit a complex dependance on the polarization state of incident light. We have characterized the polarization properties of a high resolution echelle grating spectrometer. Large variations of instrument response with incident polarization state at ultraviolet wavelengths were found. The Imaging Stratospheric Ultraviolet Spectrometer (ISUS) is a high resolution spectrometer for remote sensing of atmospheric trace constituents. Weak line emissions are observed against the bright, partially polarized Rayleigh scattered sky background. To determine the air density from the Rayleigh scattering intensity the effects of polarization on the spectrometer response must be known. It was anticipated that such polarization effects could be significant in the ISUS instrument, which includes a fold mirror, a cross dispersing plane diffraction grating and an echelle grating. Measurements of the sensitivity of ISUS to linearly polarized light at 312.6 nm showed a peak-to-peak variation of 72% as the plane of polarization is rotated. The results of these measurements are presented and nine elements of the sixteen element system Mueller matrix which describes the behavior of ISUS in partially linearly polarized light are measured. The implications of the observed instrumental polarization for remote sensing observations and its impact on a technique for discriminating against the polarized Rayleigh scattered background to improve the measurement sensitivity are discussed. Subject terms: polarization; spectrometers, polarimetry, polarization aberration; instrumental polarization, Mueller calculus.
Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interaction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2001)

Acute oral and contact toxicity tests of imidacloprid, an insecticide acting agonistically on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), to adult honeybees, Apis mellifera L var carnica, were carried out by seven different European research facilities. Results indicated that the 48-h oral LD50 of imidacloprid is between 41 and > 81 ng per bee, and the contact LD50 between 49 and 102 ng per bee. The ingested amount of imidacloprid-containing sucrose solution decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentrations and may be attributed to dose-related sub-lethal intoxication symptoms or to antifeedant responses. Some previously reported imidacloprid metabolites occurring at low levels in planta after seed dressing, i.e. olefine-, 5-OH- and 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, showed lower oral LD50 values (> 36, > 49 and 159 ng per bee, respectively) compared with the concurrently tested parent molecule (41 ng per bee). The urea metabolite and 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) exhibited LD50 values of > 99,500 and > 121,500 ng per bee, respectively. The pharmacological profile of the [3H]imidacloprid binding site in honeybee head membrane preparations is consistent with that anticipated for a nAChR. IC50 values for the displacement of [3H]imidacloprid by several metabolites such as olefine, 5-OH-, 4,5-OH-imidacloprid, urea and 6-CNA were 0.45, 24, 6600, > 100,000, and > 100,000 nM, respectively. Displacement of [3H]imidacloprid by imidacloprid revealed an IC50 value of 2.9 nM, thus correlating well with the observed acute oral toxicity of the compounds in honeybees. Neurons isolated from the antennal lobe of A mellifera and subjected to whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiology responded to the application of 100 microM acetylcholine with a fast inward current of between 30 and 1600 pA at -70 mV clamp potential. Imidacloprid and two of the metabolites (olefine- and 5-OH-imidacloprid) acted agonistically on these neurons, whereas the others did not induce currents at test concentrations up to 3 mM. The electrophysiological data revealed Hill coefficients of approximately 1, indicating a single binding site responsible for an activation of the receptor and no direct cooperativity or allosteric interaction with a second binding site.
High-throughput Genetic Clustering of Type 2 Diabetes Loci Reveals Heterogeneous Mechanistic Pathways of Metabolic Disease (2022)

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is highly polygenic and influenced by multiple biological pathways. Rapid expansion in the number of T2D loci can be leveraged to identify such pathways, thus facilitating improved disease management. Methods We developed a high-throughput pipeline to enable clustering of T2D loci based on variant-trait associations. Our pipeline extracted summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for T2D and related traits to generate a matrix of 324 variant x 64 trait associations and applied Bayesian Non-negative Factorization (bNMF) to identify genetic components of T2D. We generated cluster-specific polygenic scores and performed regression analysis in an independent cohort (N=25,419) to assess for clinical relevance. Results We identified ten clusters, replicating the five from our prior analysis as well as novel clusters related to beta-cell dysfunction, pronounced insulin secretion, and levels of alkaline phosphatase, lipoprotein-A, and sex hormone-binding globulin. Four clusters related to mechanisms of insulin deficiency, five to insulin resistance, and one had an unclear mechanism. The clusters displayed tissue-specific epigenomic enrichment, notably with the two beta-cell clusters differentially enriched in functional and stressed pancreatic beta-cell states. Additionally, cluster-specific polygenic scores were differentially associated with patient clinical characteristics and outcomes. The pipeline was applied to coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease, identifying multiple shared genetic pathways with T2D. Conclusions/interpretation Our approach stratifies T2D loci into physiologically meaningful genetic clusters associated with distinct tissues and clinical outcomes. The pipeline allows for efficient updating as additional GWAS become available and can be readily applied to other conditions, facilitating clinical translation of GWAS findings. Software to perform this clustering pipeline is freely available.
Complex expression pattern of the Barth syndrome gene product tafazzin in human cell lines and murine tissues (2004)

Tafazzins, a group of proteins that are defective in patients with Barth syndrome, are produced by alternate splicing of the gene G4.5 or TAZ. RT-PCR and transcription-coupled in vitro translation analysis were undertaken to determine the expression of alternatively spliced TAZ mRNA in mouse tissues and human cell lines. Only two tafazzin transcripts, both lacking exon 5, were expressed in murine tissues, whereas four tafazzin transcripts, all lacking exon 5, were observed in human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells and U937 human monoblasts indicating a species-specific difference in the expression of TAZ mRNAs in mouse and humans. Only TAZ lacking exon 5 was expressed in murine heart. Differentiation of U937 human monoblasts into macrophages did not alter expression of the tafazzin transcripts indicating that TAZ expression is independent of monocyte differentiation. Cloning and in vitro expression of both murine and human tafazzin cDNA revealed two prominent protein bands that corresponded to the expected sizes of alternative translation. A novel fifth motif, identified as critical for the glycerolphosphate acyltransferase family, was observed in human tafazzin. The presence of a mutation in this region in Barth syndrome patients indicates that this motif is essential for tafazzin function.
Explicit Training to Improve Affective Prosody Recognition in Adults with Acute Right Hemisphere Stroke (2021)

Difficulty recognizing affective prosody (receptive aprosodia) can occur following right hemisphere damage (RHD). Not all individuals spontaneously recover their ability to recognize affective prosody, warranting behavioral intervention. However, there is a dearth of evidence-based receptive aprosodia treatment research in this clinical population. The purpose of the current study was to investigate an explicit training protocol targeting affective prosody recognition in adults with RHD and receptive aprosodia. Eighteen adults with receptive aprosodia due to acute RHD completed affective prosody recognition before and after a short training session that targeted proposed underlying perceptual and conceptual processes. Behavioral impairment and lesion characteristics were investigated as possible influences on training effectiveness. Affective prosody recognition improved following training, and recognition accuracy was higher for pseudo- vs. real-word sentences. Perceptual deficits were associated with the most posterior infarcts, conceptual deficits were associated with frontal infarcts, and a combination of perceptual-conceptual deficits were related to temporoparietal and subcortical infarcts. Several right hemisphere ventral stream regions and pathways along with frontal and parietal hypoperfusion predicted training effectiveness. Explicit acoustic-prosodic-emotion training improves affective prosody recognition, but it may not be appropriate for everyone. Factors such as linguistic context and lesion location should be considered when planning prosody training.
Fast and efficient free induction decay MRSI at 9.4 T: assessment of neuronal activation-related changes in the human brain biochemistry (2016)

The aim was to design a MRSI-FID sequence for ultra-high field applications with high acquisition speed and sampling efficiency. The sequence allows acquisition of a 32×32 voxel matrix within approximately 2 min, down to 30 sec using parallel imaging. We have examined the suitability of this approach for assessing biochemical changes in the human visual cortex during a visual stimulus. Obtained results were in accordance with other functional MRS studies and indicate that the developed sequence is suitable for rapid monitoring of stimulus evoked changes in human brain biochemistry at a very high spatial resolution.
Extended range and aberration-free autofocusing via remote focusing and sequence-dependent learning (2021)

Rapid autofocusing over long distances is critical for tracking 3D topological variations and sample motion in real time. Taking advantage of a deformable mirror and Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, remote focusing can permit fast axial scanning with simultaneous correction of system-induced aberrations. Here, we report an autofocusing technique that combines remote focusing with sequence-dependent learning via a bidirectional long short term memory network. A 120 µm autofocusing range was achieved in a compact reflectance confocal microscope both in air and in refractive-index-mismatched media, with similar performance under arbitrary-thickness liquid layers up to 1 mm. The technique was validated on sample types not used for network training, as well as for tracking of continuous axial motion. These results demonstrate that the proposed technique is suitable for real-time aberration-free autofocusing over a large axial range, and provides unique advantages for biomedical, holographic and other related applications.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ring Opening Reaction of Benzisothiazolones. A New Route to Unsymmetrical Disulfides. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The binding of fibrinogen to its platelet receptor. (1982)

Specific receptors for fibrinogen can be induced on platelets by a variety of stimuli. In this study, two independent approaches have implicated the D domain of fibrinogen in its interaction with the platelet. Immunochemically purified Fab fragments of anti-fibrinogen and anti-D inhibited 125I-fibrinogen binding to platelets in a dose-dependent fashion and platelet aggregation. In contrast, Fab fragments of anti-E produced only a slight inhibition of fibrinogen binding and nonimmune Fab fragments had no effect. Fibrinogen was digested with plasmin in the presence of 5 mM calcium and fragment D and E of Mr 100,000 and 50,000, respectively, were isolated. This D fragment inhibited 125I-fibrinogen binding to platelets in a concentration-dependent fashion, whereas the E fragment was ineffective. With 125I-fibrinogen at 0.17 microM, nonlabeled fibrinogen inhibited binding by 50% at 0.7 microM, whereas 170 microM fragment D was required to produce 50% inhibition. D fragment of Mr 80,000, generated in the absence of calcium, was noninhibitory. These observations provide strong evidence for the participation of the D domain in the binding of fibrinogen by its platelet receptor and suggest that the recognition site is lost in the conversion of the Mr 100,000 to 80,000 D species.
Theory of sleep/wake cycles affecting brain elastography (2022)

As elastography of the brain finds increasing clinical applications, fundamental questions remain about baseline viscoelastic properties of the brain<i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of how and why elastographic measures can change over time are still not well understood. To study these issues, reverberant shear wave elastography using an optical coherence tomography scanner is implemented on a mouse model, both under awake conditions and in a sleep state where there are known changes in the glymphatic fluid flow system in the brain. We find that shear wave speed, a measure of stiffness, changes by approximately 12% between the two states, sleep versus awake, in the entire cortical brain imaging volume. Our microchannel flow model of biphasic (fluid plus solid) tissue provides a plausible rheological model based on the fractal branching vascular and perivascular system, plus a second parallel system representing the finer scale glymphatic fluid microchannels. By adjusting the glymphatic system fluid volume proportional to the known sleep/wake changes, we are able to approximately predict the measured shear wave speeds and their change with the state of the glymphatic system. The advantages of this model are that its main parameters are derived from anatomical measures and are linked to other major derivations of branching fluid structures including Murray's Law. The implications for clinical studies are that elastography of the brain is strongly influenced by the regulation or dysregulation of the vascular, perivascular, and glymphatic systems.
Correlation between symmetry-selective transport and spin-dependent resonant tunneling in fully epitaxial Cr/ultrathin-Fe/MgO/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions (2011)

Spin-dependent resonant tunneling was investigated in fully epitaxial Cr(001)/ultrathin Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) pseudo double-barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) by varying structural coherence of the MgO barrier through postdeposition annealing and Mg layer insertion. It was clearly demonstrated that not only the flatness of the Fe quantum-well layer, but also the structural coherence of the MgO barrier caused the appearance of sharp resonant conductance peaks which were not obtained for spin-dependent resonant tunneling in amorphous AlO-barrier MTJs. The symmetry-selective transport via MgO barrier plays a crucial role for the resonant tunneling as well as large tunneling magnetoresistance.
Reduced penetrance in a large Caucasian pedigree with Stickler syndrome (2017)

The utility of combining traditional linkage mapping and exome sequencing is highlighted to identify gene mutations in large families displaying a Mendelian inheritance of disease. Historically, nonsense mutations in exon 2 of COL2A1 have been reported to cause a fully penetrant ocular-only Stickler phenotype with few or no systemic manifestations. We report a novel nonsense mutation in exon 2 of COL2A1 that displays incomplete penetrance and/or variable age of onset with extraocular manifestations.
A staggered 3-layer DOI PET detector using BaSO 4 reflector for enhanced crystal identification and inter-crystal scattering event discrimination capability (2021)

The spatial resolution of small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanners can be improved by the use of crystals with fine pitch and rejection of inter-crystal scattering (ICS) events, which leads to a better quantification of radiopharmaceuticals. On the other hand, depth-of-interaction (DOI) information is essential to preserve the spatial resolution at the PET field-of-view (FOV) periphery while keeping the sensitivity. In this study we proposed a novel staggered 3-layer DOI detector using BaSO<sub>4</sub>reflector material for an enhanced crystal identification performance as well as ICS event rejection capability over those of ESR reflector based DOI detectors. The proposed staggered 3-layer DOI detector had 3-layer staggered LYSO crystal arrays (crystal pitch = 1 mm), an acrylic light guide, and a 4 × 4 SiPM array. The 16 SiPM anode signals were read out by using a resistive network to encode the crystal position and energy information while the timing signal was extracted from the common cathode. The crystal map quality was substantially enhanced by using the BaSO<sub>4</sub>reflector material as compared to that of the ESR reflector due to the low optical crosstalk between the LYSO crystals. The ICS events can be rejected with BaSO<sub>4</sub>by using simple pulse height discrimination thanks to the light collection efficiency difference that depends on the crystal layers. As a result, the total number of events was decreased around 26% with BaSO<sub>4</sub>as compared to that of ESR. The overall energy resolution and coincidence timing resolution with BaSO<sub>4</sub>were 19.7 ± 5.6% and 591 ± 160 ps, respectively which were significantly worse than 10.9 ± 2.2% and 308 ± 23 ps values of ESR because of the relatively low light collection efficiency with BaSO<sub>4</sub>(1057 ± 308 ADC) compared to that of ESR (1808 ± 118 ADC). In conclusion, we found the proposed staggered 3-layer DOI detector using the BaSO<sub>4</sub>reflector material with ICS event rejection capability can be a cost-effective solution for realizing high resolution and highly sensitive small animal PET scanners while minimizing the complexity of the SiPM readout circuit.
971. The Role of Inflammation and Innate Effectors in Passive Immunization for Acinetobacter baumannii Infections (2019)

Abstract Background We have previously demonstrated that A. baumannii virulence is driven by avoidance of innate effector clearance, resulting in LPS-TLR4 triggering of excess inflammation in the host. We also raised a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that improved survival of mice lethally infected with A. baumannii. Methods Mice were selectively depleted of innate effectors (macrophages with liposomal clodronate, neutrophils with cyclophosphamide, and/or complement with cobra venom factor), infected with an XDR clinical blood isolate of A. baumannii, and treated with placebo or anti-A. baumannii MAb. Results Single disruption of macrophages or neutrophils did not enhance lethality but complement deficiency did. In contrast, singly disrupting complement or neutrophils did not impact bacterial density but macrophage disruption markedly increased it. Thus, a dissociation of bacterial density and survival was observed. MAb therapy was completely protective in mice depleted of a single effector. While dual depletion resulted in diminished MAb efficacy in terms of survival, mice retaining neutrophils had marked improvements in survival with MAb therapy compared with other dual-depletion groups. The dissociation of bacterial density and survival suggested that inflammation was a primary driver of host outcome. Levels of IL-10 and TNFα had a reciprocal relationship in mice across effector depletion groups and were lower in mouse groups with higher survival when adjusted for bacterial density. IL-10 disruption completely abrogated the survival benefit of MAb therapy without altering bacterial clearance mediated by MAb. In contrast, TNFα disruption enhanced MAb efficacy for survival, and the presence of TNFα was antagonistic to MAb efficacy. Conclusion These results confirm that host outcomes from A. baumannii infection are driven by host inflammatory response rather than bacterial density alone. Furthermore, novel therapeutic approaches seeking to improve outcomes from such infections must seek to shift the balance of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines to favor a down-modulated inflammatory response. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
The Effective Use of Substituted Benzoic Anhydrides for the Synthesis of Carboxamides. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Therapeutic Strategy against Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer: The Preclinical Development of a Dual Aromatase and Sulfatase Inhibitor (2008)

This study indicates that targeting both the AROM and the STS enzyme with a DASI inhibits HDBC growth and is therefore a potentially novel treatment for this malignancy.
Estimating the mobile backhaul traffic in distributed coordinated multi-point systems (2012)

Optical and microwave engineers ask for the required data rates when developing fourth generation (4G) mobile backhaul solutions. Backhauling emerges into an important question since advanced interference mitigation techniques are used to improve the performance at the cost of higher backhaul traffic. In this paper, we provide an efficient method for estimating the backhaul traffic when using joint transmission (JT) coordinated multi-point (CoMP). With this technique, a cluster of base stations (BSs) performs joint signal processing to cancel the mutual interference between adjacent cells. The information exchange between the BSs depends on the cluster size that can be very dynamic depending on the actual interference situation at the mobile terminal. We observe that, on average, 2/3 of the exchange requires inter-site links. This simplifies the analysis and we can refer to the cluster size distribution to compute the backhaul traffic. Results depend on a threshold in the mobility management and on the antenna down-tilt. During busy hours, operators can serve up to 1.3 Gb/s per cell in 50 MHz bandwidth. Backhaul traffic for JT CoMP can reach 5 and 20 Gb/s per triple-sector site for up- and downstream, respectively.