gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boosting NAD+ with a small molecule that activates NAMPT (2019)

Pharmacological strategies that boost intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> are highly coveted for their therapeutic potential. One approach is activation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) to increase production of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the predominant NAD<sup>+</sup> precursor in mammalian cells. A high-throughput screen for NAMPT activators and hit-to-lead campaign yielded SBI-797812, a compound that is structurally similar to active-site directed NAMPT inhibitors and blocks binding of these inhibitors to NAMPT. SBI-797812 shifts the NAMPT reaction equilibrium towards NMN formation, increases NAMPT affinity for ATP, stabilizes phosphorylated NAMPT at His247, promotes consumption of the pyrophosphate by-product, and blunts feedback inhibition by NAD<sup>+</sup>. These effects of SBI-797812 turn NAMPT into a "super catalyst" that more efficiently generates NMN. Treatment of cultured cells with SBI-797812 increases intracellular NMN and NAD<sup>+</sup>. Dosing of mice with SBI-797812 elevates liver NAD<sup>+</sup>. Small molecule NAMPT activators such as SBI-797812 are a pioneering approach to raise intracellular NAD<sup>+</sup> and realize its associated salutary effects.
High density dual-active-device-layer (DUAL)-CMOS structure with vertical tungsten plug-in wirings (1990)

A dual-active-device-layer (DUAL)-CMOS structure has been developed for achieving high-density LSIs. It consists of NMOSFETs in a lower bulk-Si and PMOSFETs in an upper SOI film. The most important structural feature is that upper PMOSFET electrodes are directly interconnected to lower NMOSFET electrodes using a vertical tungsten plug-in wiring technique. The plug-in wirings allow the device area to be reduced to approximately 50% that of a conventional bulk-Si CMOS. The contact resistance of the plug-in wiring for the upper and lower MOSFETs did not affect the MOSFET characteristics. It was confirmed that the propagation delay time of a 43-stage ring oscillator was about 10% faster than that for a conventional bulk-Si CMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Programming characteristics of the steep turn-on/off feedback FET (FBFET) (2006)

The feedback FET is a new steep turn-on/off transistor which achieves six-orders-of-magnitude current change within a 2 mV gate voltage step (0.35 mV/decade). This device requires an initial programming or conditioning step. Its threshold voltage may be adjusted by Fowler-Nordheim or hot-carrier charge injection. Programming and operation of the device is explained with simulation and experimental data.
Models to interpret kinetic data in stable isotope tracer studies (1987)

In contrast to "weightless" radioactive tracers, stable isotope tracers have nonnegligible mass and are naturally present in the system, and the measured variable is a ratio of two isotopic species. These features do not allow stable isotopic tracer data analysis using straightforward analogy with radioactive tracer approaches, even though this practice is common. In this study, we present kinetic variables, models, and measurements for the analysis and interpretation of stable isotope tracer data. Assumptions and mathematical techniques for modeling the data when perturbation is both nonnegligible and negligible are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the rich information content of the dynamic portion of a stable isotope tracer curve and on the role of compartmental and noncompartmental modeling approaches for its interpretation. A presumed and commonly used analogy between the radioactive specific activity and stable isotopic enrichment is shown to be incorrect. We show that the proper analogue of specific activity is the tracer-to-tracee molar ratio. This variable is not a directly measurable one, but a formula is derived that allows its computation from the data. A method for reconstructing the time course in blood of the concentration component due to endogenous synthesis is presented. This allows measurement of the extent of the perturbation in the case where a nonweightless tracer is used. Special attention is given to data analysis originating from a multiple tracer experiment, a configuration necessary for studying more complex systems, e.g., the kinetics of interacting substrates.
The Clinical Candidate VT-1161 Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but Fails To Bind the Human Enzyme (2014)

The binding and cytochrome P45051 (CYP51) inhibition properties of a novel antifungal compound, VT-1161, against purified recombinant Candida albicans CYP51 (ERG11) and Homo sapiens CYP51 were compared with those of clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. VT-1161 produced a type II binding spectrum with Candida albicans CYP51, characteristic of heme iron coordination. The binding affinity of VT-1161 for Candida albicans CYP51 was high (dissociation constant [Kd], ≤ 39 nM) and similar to that of the pharmaceutical azole antifungals (Kd, ≤ 50 nM). In stark contrast, VT-1161 at concentrations up to 86 μM did not perturb the spectrum of recombinant human CYP51, whereas all the pharmaceutical azoles bound to human CYP51. In reconstitution assays, VT-1161 inhibited Candida albicans CYP51 activity in a tight-binding fashion with a potency similar to that of the pharmaceutical azoles but failed to inhibit the human enzyme at the highest concentration tested (50 μM). In addition, VT-1161 (MIC = 0.002 μg ml(-1)) had a more pronounced fungal sterol disruption profile (increased levels of methylated sterols and decreased levels of ergosterol) than the known CYP51 inhibitor voriconazole (MIC = 0.004 μg ml(-1)). Furthermore, VT-1161 weakly inhibited human CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, suggesting a low drug-drug interaction potential. In summary, VT-1161 potently inhibited Candida albicans CYP51 and culture growth but did not inhibit human CYP51, demonstrating a >2,000-fold selectivity. This degree of potency and selectivity strongly supports the potential utility of VT-1161 in the treatment of Candida infections.
Design Strategies for the Molecular Level Synthesis of Supported Catalysts (2011)

Supported catalysts, metal or oxide catalytic centers constructed on an underlying solid phase, are making an increasingly important contribution to heterogeneous catalysis. For example, in industry, supported catalysts are employed in selective oxidation, selective reduction, and polymerization reactions. Supported structures increase the thermal stability, dispersion, and surface area of the catalyst relative to the neat catalytic material. However, structural and mechanistic characterization of these catalysts presents a formidable challenge because traditional preparations typically afford complex mixtures of structures whose individual components cannot be isolated. As a result, the characterization of supported catalysts requires a combination of advanced spectroscopies for their characterization, unlike homogeneous catalysts, which have relatively uniform structures and can often be characterized using standard methods. Moreover, these advanced spectroscopic techniques only provide ensemble averages and therefore do not isolate the catalytic function of individual components within the mixture. New synthetic approaches are required to more controllably tailor supported catalyst structures. In this Account, we review advances in supported catalyst synthesis and characterization developed in our laboratories at Northwestern University. We first present an overview of traditional synthetic methods with a focus on supported vanadium oxide catalysts. We next describe approaches for the design and synthesis of supported polymerization and hydrogenation catalysts, using anchoring techniques which provide molecular catalyst structures with exceptional activity and high percentages of catalytically significant sites. We then highlight similar approaches for preparing supported metal oxide catalysts using atomic layer deposition and organometallic grafting. Throughout this Account, we describe the use of incisive spectroscopic techniques, including high-resolution solid state NMR, UV-visible diffuse reflectance (DRS), UV-Raman, and X-ray absorption spectroscopies to characterize supported catalysts. We demonstrate that it is possible to tailor and isolate defined surface species using a molecularly oriented approach. We anticipate that advances in catalyst design and synthesis will lead to a better understanding of catalyst structure and function and, thus, to advances in existing catalytic processes and the development of new technologies.
Nonproductive Events in Ring-Closing Metathesis Using Ruthenium Catalysts (2010)

The relative TONs of productive and nonproductive metathesis reactions of diethyl diallylmalonate are compared for eight different ruthenium-based catalysts. Nonproductive cross metathesis is proposed to involve a chain-carrying ruthenium methylidene. A second more-challenging substrate (dimethyl allylmethylallylmalonate) that forms a trisubstituted olefin product is used to further delineate the effect of catalyst structure on the relative efficiencies of these processes. A steric model is proposed to explain the observed trends.
Performance and power of cache-based reconfigurable computing (2009)

CHiMPS is a C-based compiler for high-performance computing (HPC) on heterogeneous CPU-FPGA computing platforms. CHiMPS efficiently supports random accesses to main memory through the many-cache memory model, enabling a broader range of applications to take advantage of FPGA-based acceleration. Many-cache creates multiple caches on top of an FGPA's small, independent memories, each targeting a particular data structure or region of memory in an application and each customized for the memory operations that access it. This poster presents the analyses and optimizations of the CHiMPS compiler that construct many-cache caches, and presents the details of the cache parameters on a Xilinx Virtex-5 LX110T FPGA. Detailed simulation results on HPC kernels demonstrate a 7.8x (geometric mean) performance boost over CPU-only execution of the same source code, FPGA power usage that is on average 4.1x less, and consequently performance per watt that is also greater, by a geometric mean of 21.3x.
Underbalanced Drilling–Perceptions and Realities of Today's Technology in Offshore Applications (2002)

Abstract The Oil and Gas Industry drills thousands of wells globally each year, but what makes a well "successful" depends to a large extent on the perspective of the assessor. To the drilling engineer, a successful well is one that is safely drilled to target depth on time and under budget. The production engineer would add the need for there to be no, or minimum, formation damage and that the well achieve its maximum production potential. Unfortunately, these two aspects are rarely obtained within the same wellbore, due to the problems associated with the managing Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) and the resulting fluid invasion, while drilling in the reservoir. The management of ECD is "traditionally" achieved by drilling with mud, suitably weighted, to drill within a pressure margin until a casing point is mandated. This method has both benefits and detriments. The mud column provides primary well control in a conventionally drilled well, while the BOP equipment is secondary well control. This is the standard approach in the drilling industry, as mandated by regulatory agencies. However, it prevents approximately 20-30% of the known world's offshore oil and gas resources from being developed, due to excessive ECD when drilling. The tools and technology associated with underbalanced drilling (UBD) have added a beneficial dimension to ECD management. UBD tools and techniques are key to several emerging offshore technologies such as: drilling with subsea and surface BOP stacks with pressurized mud return systems, the concept of Dual Gradient Drilling, and using subsea rotating diverter control heads to control shallow water flows when drilling riserless. Underbalance drilling moves the primary well control from the mud column's hydrostatic pressure to the surface equipment where it is more easily managed and predictable. This paper reviews key situations that are typically encountered when drilling offshore and make comparisons between "conventional" methods and UBD technology. The latest technology is reviewed to illustrate how drilling UB offshore can be safe and efficient to achieve a "successful" well from multiple perspectives. Such capability is now viewed by most majors as a requirement in many offshore situations to deal with depleted zones/reservoirs relative to water depth, narrow margins between fracture gradient and pore pressure, and for dealing with abnormally pressured aquifers (shallow water flow hazards). To date, the UBD applications used offshore have achieved an ECD nearer to reservoir pressure, thus minimizing skin damage from drilling fluid invasion.
Low Complexity Distributed Model for the Compensation of Direct Conversion Transmitter’s Imperfections (2014)

In modern communication systems, nonlinearity in power amplifiers (PAs) and in-phase and quadrature-phase (I/Q) imperfections in the transmitter are of enormous concern. With the increase in the importance for highly energy efficient and low complexity models, there is a need to develop low complexity digital predistortion (DPD) methods. In this paper, we present a novel memory polynomial based distributed two block model to alleviate these impairments. Various performance metrics are used to evaluate the design performance and complexity of proposed model as compared to the state of the art predistorter model. Simulation and measurement results indicate the ability of the proposed model to meet the desired design purpose with reduced complexity in terms of number of coefficients, dispersion coefficient, condition number and number of floating points operations required for computing various steps in the inverse modeling algorithm. This is achieved while maintaining reasonable performances in terms of NMSE and ACEPR. The major attribute of the model is the reduction in complexity of the system. The number of complex valued coefficients and the number of floating point operations (FLOPs) are both reduced by 17%-56%, matrix conditioning is improved by 12-33 dB and the dispersion coefficient is reduced by 16-42 dB as compared to the previously proposed joint modulator and power compensation technique.
The control of Spo11's interaction with meiotic recombination hotspots (2005)

Programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs), which initiate meiotic recombination, arise through the activity of the evolutionary conserved topoisomerase homolog Spo11. Spo11 is believed to catalyze the DNA cleavage reaction in the initial step of DSB formation, while at least a further 11 factors assist in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we detected the transient, noncovalent association of Spo11 with meiotic hotspots in wild-type cells. The establishment of this association requires Rec102, Rec104, and Rec114, while the timely removal of Spo11 from chromatin depends on several factors, including Mei4 and Ndt80. In addition, at least one further component, namely, Red1, is responsible for locally restricting Spo11's interaction to the core region of the hotspot. In chromosome spreads, we observed meiosis-specific Spo11-Myc foci, independent of DSB formation, from leptotene until pachytene. In both rad50S and com1Delta/sae2Delta mutants, we observed a novel reaction intermediate between Spo11 and hotspots, which leads to the detection of full-length hotspot DNA by ChIP in the absence of artificial cross-linking. Although this DNA does not contain a break, its recovery requires Spo11's catalytic residue Y135. We propose that detection of uncross-linked full-length hotspot DNA is only possible during the reversible stage of the Spo11 cleavage reaction, in which rad50S and com1Delta/sae2Delta mutants transiently arrest.
Absence of Mutations in Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Genes in Patients With Parkinson's Disease (1995)

Parkinson's disease is not caused by mutations in the genes of these three detoxifying enzymes. The exon 9 variant in the catalase gene in the one family with PD is most likely a silent mutation and not the genetic cause of PD in this family.
Computer Assistance in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (1998)

Accurate placement of the graft is considered one of the most important factors in anterior cruciate ligament surgery. However, reconstruction with contemporary guiding systems still can result in unacceptable graft placement variability. To improve the reproducibility of graft placement, intraoperative visual feedback was added to the arthroscopic technique. First, fluoroscopic visualization was added to evaluate guidewire placement before tunnel drilling. Second, computer graphic overlays were added to the fluoroscopic view. Three groups of patients were treated: 29 patients with arthroscopy, 53 patients with fluoroscopy added, and 50 patients with computer overlays added. Graft placement variability was reduced significantly with fluoroscopic visualization. Computer overlays resulted in additional significant reductions in graft placement variability. Simple visual enhancements seem to be useful in improving the accuracy of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
<title>Kinetic studies of phosgene reduction via in-situ Fourier transform infrared analysis</title> (1991)

Phosgene, a common reactant in the production of polyurethanes and polycarbonates, is unfortunately hazardous (threshold limit value equals 0.1 ppm). Consequently, the detection and elimination of atmospheric releases are paramount safety and environmental concerns. Proper design of systems to mitigate phosgene requires knowledge of the reaction kinetics for the chemistry involved. This paper presents our investigation of the reactions for phosgene with steam and ammonia. A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) equipped with a large volume (15 L), temperature controlled (+0.5 degree(s)C), 24.5 cm path length cell was used to measure the reaction kinetics. The reaction of phosgene with steam at 110 degree(s)C followed first order kinetics (t1/2 equals 10.2 min.) producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride. The reaction of phosgene with ammonia at 80 degree(s)C followed second order kinetics (t1/2 equals 1.2 min.) producing ammonium chloride and urea. It was found, however, that at 25 degree(s)C this reaction follows a previously unreported pathway producing ammonium chloride and ammonium isocyanate at a faster rate (t1/2 equals 15 sec.). Based on this reaction, a pilot scale scrubbing tower was built with a manifold to mix ammonia with ppm levels of phosgene. A complete description of the experimental conditions, the reaction pathways as a function of temperature, and the performance of the ammonia scrubbing tower are given.
Photonic crystallization of two-dimensional MoS2 for stretchable photodetectors (2019)

Low temperature synthesis of high quality two-dimensional (2D) materials directly on flexible substrates remains a fundamental limitation towards scalable realization of robust flexible electronics possessing the unique physical properties of atomically thin structures. Herein, we describe room temperature sputtering of uniform, stoichiometric amorphous MoS2 and subsequent large area (>6.25 cm2) photonic crystallization of 5 nm 2H-MoS2 films in air to enable direct, scalable fabrication of ultrathin 2D photodetectors on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The lateral photodetector devices demonstrate an average responsivity of 2.52 μW A-1 and a minimum response time of 120 ms under 515.6 nm illumination. Additionally, the surface wrinkled, or buckled, PDMS substrate with conformal MoS2 retained the photoconductive behavior at tensile strains as high as 5.72% and over 1000 stretching cycles. The results indicate that the photonic crystallization method provides a significant advancement in incorporating high quality semiconducting 2D materials applied directly on polymer substrates for wearable and flexible electronic systems.
Efficient Fronthaul and Backhaul Connectivity for IoT Traffic in Rural Areas (2019)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;In this paper, internet of things (IoT) connectivity in rural areas is investigated. Both fronthaul and backhaul considerations are studied. First, intelligent radio resource management (RRM) and network planning techniques are discussed for IoT access/fronthaul networks. The proposed RRM scheduling approach was shown to lead to good performance in scheduling IoT devices. Then, several backhauling techniques for providing connectivity to rural areas are investigated and their cost efficiency is analyzed. Techniques based on free space optics with solar powered devices are found to be a suitable backhaul solution.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
Power minimization using system-level partitioning of applications with quality of service requirements (1999)

Design systems to provide various quality of service (QoS) guarantees has received a lot of attentions due to the increasing popularity of real-time multimedia and wireless communication applications. Meanwhile, low power consumption is always one of the goals for system design, especially for battery-operated systems. With the design trend of integrating multiple processor cores and memory on a single chip, we address the problem of how to partition a set of applications among processors, such that all the individual QoS requirements are met and the total energy consumption is minimized. We exploit the advantages provided by the variable voltage design methodology to choose the voltage for each application on the same processor optimally for this purpose. We also discuss how to partition applications among the processors to achieve the same goal. We formulate the problem on an abstract QoS model and present how to allocate resources (e.g., CPU time) and determine the voltage profile for every single processor. Experiments on media benchmarks have also been studied.
Hydration Reaction of Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Type Expansive Addivive-Alite System. (2000)

Hydration reaction of a calcium sulfoaluminate-type expansive additive (CSA)-Alite system was investigate at a quantitative viewpoint. Free lime and anhydrite rapidly reacted at initial period but hauyne did slowly. In special, at early days, the anhydrite showed extremely high reaction ratio. As the formed hydrates, calcium hydroxide and ettringite could be identified. And, from materials balance of the hydration, presence of a large amount of gel was presumed. SO3 contents in the gel showed a high value within 1 in reaction period, and after reducing to half value by 3d in reaction period, it showed a nearly constant value. As a result of investigation on forming mechanism of the ettringite, it was thought that at initial period SO42- was adsorbed on C-S-H, and that after a matrix was formed, it reacted with hauyne and aluminate hydrates to form the ettringite in the matrix.
Triangle of Multiculturalism, Nationalism and Democracy: Toward an Open Prospect for the 21st century (2019)

이 글은 멀리는 3.1운동 이후, 가까이는 해방 이후 우리 사회에 현존해온 이념적 양태로서의 민족주의와 민주주의의 관계에 주목하면서, 20세기 말 탈냉전 이후 진행되어 온 세계화 현상이 빚어낸 다문화주의 현상이 여기에 주는 파장과 영향을 분석하고 미래사회의 모습을 구상해보는데 그 목표를 두고 있다. 민족주의, 민주주의, 다문화주의는 상호적으로 연계되어 있음은 분명하나, 그 관계가 출구를 찾을 수 없는 아포리아인지, 아니면 규칙성을 찾아내어 제도화시킬 수 있는 것인지 아직 분명하지 않다. 21세기 대한민국이 삼자의 아포리아 속에서 미아가 될 수 있는 가능성이 다분하고, 벗어나기에는 도처에 암초가 놓여 있는 것도 사실이기도 하지만, 이러한 암울한 듯한 현실 속에 출구를 찾아볼 수 있는 가능성도 또한 존재한다는 것이 필자의 생각이다. 필자는 이를 상호적으로 연계된 삼각 구도로 파악하고, 대한민국이 그 아포리아의 가능성에서 벗어나 평화롭게 조화로운 미래로 이행할 수 있는 가능성을 점검해 보고자 한다.