gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Formic Acid and Organic Mud Acid for Stimulation of Volcanic Rocks in Minami-Nagaoka Gas Field, Japan (2022)

Summary Unlike acid stimulation in sandstone and carbonate formations, acid stimulation of volcanic formations is not well documented in the literature, and its effectiveness and applicability are not well understood. This study aims to evaluate acidizing of volcanic rocks (especially rhyolite) as a well stimulation technique through a comprehensive experimental and modeling investigation using formation samples from a volcanic reservoir, the Minami-Nagaoka gas field in Japan. The experimental study consists of rock characterization, solubility tests, coreflooding tests, and batch reactor tests. The rock samples are investigated with computed tomography (CT) for textural characteristics and with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for lithological characteristics. With these results, candidate acid systems are selected, and their effectiveness in terms of the capability of dissolving volcanic rocks is evaluated through acid solubility tests. Acid coreflooding tests are performed using undamaged plug cores to evaluate permeability responses caused by acid/rock reactions under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions (300°F and 3,000 psi, respectively). Batch reactor tests are conducted to quantify damage due to secondary/tertiary reactions. The mineralogical and textural characteristics of the rock samples let us select formic acid as the preflush acid and a mixture of formic acid and hydrofluoric acid (HF) called organic mud acid (OMA) as the main treatment acid. The composition of OMA was a mixture of 9% formic acid and 1% HF or 10% formic acid and 0.5% HF in this work. Results of the coreflooding tests with the preflush acid indicated permeability enhancement in all the samples and, especially in cores with cemented fractures filled by carbonate minerals, substantial permeability enhancement was observed. On the other hand, cores treated with OMA after the preflush indicated further permeability enhancement in some cases without cemented fractures, whereas other cases showed permeability impairment after the OMA injection. Furthermore, results of the batch reactor tests with formic acid indicated low precipitation risks, whereas those with OMA suggested higher precipitation risks. Detailed analysis on the thin sections and residuals of the batch reactor tests with OMA highlighted the precipitation of unique fluorides, and the precipitation risk was modeled and quantitatively evaluated with geochemical simulations. Although there is more room to investigate the risks of the usage of OMA for the volcanic rocks, the results in this work suggest the use of formic acid as a main treatment acid, as in carbonate acidizing, for wells with abundant cemented fractures in near-wellbore regions. This paper provides insights on acid stimulation in volcanic rocks (especially rhyolite). The results provide a fundamental understanding on the acid/rock reactions and the potential benefits/risks for productivity enhancement of wells in the subject volcanic reservoir.
Baryon Number Violation (2013)

This report, prepared for the Community Planning Study - Snowmass 2013 - summarizes the theoretical motivations and the experimental efforts to search for baryon number violation, focussing on nucleon decay and neutron-antineutron oscillations. Present and future nucleon decay search experiments using large underground detectors, as well as planned neutron-antineutron oscillation search experiments with free neutron beams are highlighted.
Final Report: Development of Renewable Microbial Polyesters for Cost Effective and Energy-Efficient Wood-Plastic Composites (2010)

The forestry, wood and paper industries in the United States provide thousands of productive well-paying jobs; however, in the face of the recent economic downturn it faces significant challenges in remaining economically viable and competitive. To compete successfully on a global market that is increasingly driven by the need for sustainable products and practices, the industry must improve margins and diversify product lines while continuing to produce the staple products. One approach that can help to accomplish this goal sustainably is the forest biorefinery. In the forest biorefinery, traditional waste streams are utilized singly or in combination to manufacture additional products in a profitable and environmentally sustainable manner. In this project, we proposed to produce wood fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites (WFRTCs) using microbial thermoplastic polyesters in place of petroleum-derived plastic. WFRTCs are a rapidly growing product area, averaging a 38% growth rate since 1997. Their production is dependent on substantial quantities of petroleum based thermoplastics, increasing their overall energy costs by over 230% when compared to traditional Engineered Wood Products (EWP). Utilizing bio-based thermoplastics for these materials can reduce our dependence on foreign petroleum. Renewable microbial polyesters are not currently used in WFRTCs primarily because their production costs are several times higher than those of conventional petrochemical-derived plastics, limiting their use to small specialty markets. The strategy for this project was to economically produce WFRTCs using microbial polyesters by reducing or eliminating the most costly steps in the bio-plastic production. This would be achieved by producing them in and from waste effluents from the municipal and forest products sectors, and by eliminating the costly purification steps. After production the plasticladen biosolids would be dried and used directly to replace petroleum-derived plastics in WFRTCs. Using this strategy, we could greatly reduce the cost of producing and utilizing these renewable plastics in WFRTCs. This was a collaborative project among the Idaho National Laboratory, Washington State University, the University of California-Davis, Glatfelter Corporation, Strandex Corporation, and ECO:LOGIC Engineering, Inc. The project was comprised of five tasks. The first four tasks addressed PHA production, extrusion, and composite properties. Feedstock performance and compositional properties were determined in the laboratory by WSU. Both pure commercial PHAs (Task 1) and unpurified effluentderived PHAs (Task 4) were used. Results were used to define appropriate effluent feedstocks (Task 2) and optimize supplements (Task 3) to produce biosolids for the preferred composite formulations. Task 5 included a pilot-scale extrusion of wood-PHA-biosolids composites.
Nephrectomy and Interleukin-2 for Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma (2001)

To the Editor: In this issue of the Journal, Flanigan et al.1 report the results of a randomized trial conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), which compared interferon alone with nephrec...
Hidden mechanical weaknesses within lava domes provided by buried high-porosity hydrothermal alteration zones (2022)

Catastrophic lava dome collapse is considered an unpredictable volcanic hazard because the physical properties, stress conditions, and internal structure of lava domes are not well understood and can change rapidly through time. To explain the locations of dome instabilities at Merapi volcano, Indonesia, we combined geochemical and mineralogical analyses, rock physical property measurements, drone-based photogrammetry, and geoinformatics. We show that a horseshoe-shaped alteration zone that formed in 2014 was subsequently buried by renewed lava extrusion in 2018. Drone data, as well as geomechanical, mineralogical, and oxygen isotope data suggest that this zone is characterized by high-porosity hydrothermally altered materials that are mechanically weak. We additionally show that the new lava dome is currently collapsing along this now-hidden weak alteration zone, highlighting that a detailed understanding of dome architecture, made possible using the monitoring techniques employed here, is essential for assessing hazards associated with dome and edifice failure at volcanoes worldwide.
Catalysis of Transesterification by a Nonfunctionalized Metal−Organic Framework: Acido-Basicity at the External Surface of ZIF-8 Probed by FTIR and ab Initio Calculations (2010)

The zeolite imidazolate framework ZIF-8 is shown for the first time to be able to catalyze transesterification of vegetable oil with significant activity. Rationalization of this behavior at the atomic scale is provided by combining CO adsorption monitored by FTIR and DFT calculations (clusters and periodic models). We demonstrate that the acido-basic sites are located at the external surface of the material or at defects, but not in the microporosity of ZIF-8. A great variety of sites are found the surface: OH and NH groups, hydrogenocarbonates, low-coordinated Zn atoms, and free N(-) moieties belonging to linkers. Their proportions depend on the operating conditions (temperature and pressure). The acido-basicity of the surface is then probed by adsorption of CO at low temperature. In parallel, the species present are mapped by DFT calculations combined with a thermodynamic model. An assignment of the CO region of the FTIR spectra can thus be proposed. The complex infrared spectrum is attributed to the coexistence of classical C-adducts of CO with acid sites and other modes on basic sites (O-adducts and side-on adducts). Adsorption energies and CO frequency shifts show that some strong Lewis sites exist (in particular Zn(II) species), as well as strong Brønsted acid sites (NH groups), together with basic sites (OH groups and N(-) moieties). By calculating the co-adsorption of a model ester (methyl acetate) and methanol, we show the prevailing role of Zn(II) species as acid sites, combined with N(-) moieties and OH groups as basic ones, in determining the catalytic properties of ZIF-8. This work opens new perspectives on the use of MOFs in catalysis and, more generally, on the properties of their external surface.
A First-in-Human Phase I Study of the Anticancer Stem Cell Agent Ipafricept (OMP-54F28), a Decoy Receptor for Wnt Ligands, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2017)

<b>Purpose:</b> Wnt signaling is implicated in tumor cell dedifferentiation and cancer stem cell function. Ipafricept (OMP-54F28) is a first-in-class recombinant fusion protein with the extracellular part of human frizzled 8 receptor fused to a human IgG1 Fc fragment that binds Wnt ligands. This trial evaluated ipafricept in patients with solid tumors.<b>Experimental design:</b> A 3+3 design was used; ipafricept was given intravenously every 3 weeks. The objectives were determination of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, pharmacodynamics (PD), and preliminary efficacy.<b>Results:</b> 26 patients were treated in seven dose-escalation cohorts (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg). No further dose escalation was pursued as PK modeling indicated that the target efficacious dose was reached at 10 mg/kg, and fragility fractures occurred at 20 mg/kg. Most common related grade 1 and 2 adverse events (AEs; ≥20% of patients) were dysgeusia, decreased appetite, fatigue, and muscle spasms. Ipafricept-related grade 3 TEAEs included hypophosphatemia and weight decrease (1 subject each, 3.8%). Ipafricept half-life was ∼4 days and had low incidence of antidrug antibody formation (7.69%) with no impact on drug exposure. Six patients had β-C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTX) doubling from baseline, which was reversible. PD modulation of Wnt pathway genes in hair follicles occurred ≥2.5 mg/kg. Two desmoid tumor and a germ cell cancer patient experienced stable disease for >6 months.<b>Conclusions:</b> Ipafricept was well tolerated, with RP2D of 15 mg/kg Q3W. Prolonged SD was noted in desmoid tumor and germ cell cancer patients. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7490-7. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis Secondary to Infliximab Therapy in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis (2015)

Linear IgA bullous disease (LABD) is a rare vesiculobullous autoimmune skin disorder whose etiology and pathogenesis are not completely understood. Its occurrence has been related to malignancies, inflammatory diseases and several drugs. This report describes a 49-year-old Caucasian male with a 14-year history of ulcerative colitis who received infliximab to treat the refractory course of his bowel disease. During induction therapy with infliximab, he developed LABD. Treatment with infliximab was discontinued, and the skin lesions were successfully treated with oral steroids and dapsone. Considering the close chronological relation between administration of the tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor and onset of the skin disease, we hypothesize that this is the first reported case of infliximab-induced LABD. Similar to psoriasis, it may represent a 'paradoxical' autoimmune reaction triggered by anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy.
Unravelling the Reduction Pathway as an Alternative Metabolic Route to Hydroxycinnamate Decarboxylation in Lactobacillus plantarum (2018)

<i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> is the lactic acid bacterial species most frequently found in plant-food fermentations where hydroxycinnamic acids are abundant. <i>L. plantarum</i> efficiently decarboxylates these compounds and also reduces them, yielding substituted phenylpropionic acids. Although the reduction step is known to be induced by a hydroxycinnamic acid, the enzymatic machinery responsible for this reduction pathway has not been yet identified and characterized. A previous study on the transcriptomic response of <i>L. plantarum</i> to <i>p</i>-coumaric acid revealed a marked induction of two contiguous genes, <i>lp_1424</i> and <i>lp_1425</i>, encoding putative reductases. In this work, the disruption of these genes abolished the hydroxycinnamate reductase activity of <i>L. plantarum</i>, supporting their involvement in such chemical activity. Functional <i>in vitro</i> studies revealed that Lp_1425 (HcrB) exhibits hydroxycinnamate reductase activity but was unstable in solution. In contrast, Lp_1424 (HcrA) was inactive but showed high stability. When the <i>hcrAB</i> genes were co-overexpressed, the formation of an active heterodimer (HcrAB) was observed. Since <i>L. plantarum</i> reductase activity was only observed on hydroxycinnamic acids (<i>o</i>-coumaric, <i>m</i>-coumaric, <i>p</i>-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids), the presence of a hydroxyl group substituent on the benzene ring appears to be required for activity. In addition, hydroxycinnamate reductase activity was not widely present among lactic acid bacteria, and it was associated with the presence of <i>hcrAB</i> genes. This study revealed that <i>L. plantarum</i> hydroxycinnamate reductase is a heterodimeric NADH-dependent coumarate reductase acting on a carbon-carbon double bond.<b>IMPORTANCE</b><i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> is a bacterial species frequently found in the fermentation of vegetables where hydroxycinnamic acids are present. The bacterial metabolism on these compounds during fermentation plays a fundamental role in the biological activity of hydroxycinnamates. <i>L. plantarum</i> strains exhibit an as yet unknown reducing activity, transforming hydroxycinnamates to substituted phenylpropionic acids, which possess higher antioxidant activity than their precursors. The protein machinery involved in hydroxycinnamate reduction, HcrAB, was genetically identified and characterized. The heterodimeric NADH-dependent coumarate reductase HcrAB described in this work provides new insights on the <i>L. plantarum</i> metabolic response to counteract the stressful conditions generated by food phenolics.
Flavonoid Glycosides from Ziziphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder Seeds Inhibit α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Melanogenesis (2021)

<i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> extracts possess a broad spectrum of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anticancer activities in melanoma cancers. Nevertheless, the compounds contain high antioxidant capacities and anticancer activities in melanoma cells, shown to be effective in hyperpigmentation disorders, but whether flavonoid glycosides from <i>Z</i>. <i>jujuba</i> regulate anti-melanogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-melanogenic activity of five flavonoid glycosides from <i>Z. jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder seeds, including jujuboside A (JUA), jujuboside B (JUB), epiceanothic acid (EPA), betulin (BTL), and 6'''-feruloylspinosin (FRS), in B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. According to our results, JUB, EPA, and FRS potently inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis and prevented hyperpigmentation in zebrafish larvae. In particular, under α-MSH-stimulated conditions, FRS most significantly inhibited α-MSH-induced intracellular and extracellular melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells. Additionally, JUB, EPS, and FRS remarkably downregulated melanogenesis in α-MSH-treated zebrafish larvae, with no significant change in heart rate. Neither JUA nor BTA were effective in downregulating melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, JUB, EPA, and FRS directly inhibited in vitro mushroom tyrosinase enzyme activity. JUB, EPA, and FRS also downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), and subsequent microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that JUB, EPA, and FRS isolated from <i>Z. jujuba</i> var. <i>inermis</i> (Bunge) Rehder seeds exhibit potent anti-melanogenic properties by inhibition of the cAMP-CERB-MITF axis and consequent tyrosinase activity.
Nature of microscopic electrical defects in organic photoreceptors (1990)

A recently described scanning stylus instrument1 has been used to investigate the electrical properties of individual microscopic electrical defects in organic xerographic photoreceptors. Using a shielded scanning stylus with an effective diameter of 85 pm we have mapped the shape of individual microscopic electrical defects with 5 im resolution and measu red thei r cu rrent-voltage characteristics. H ig h resolution ma ps reprod uced the shape of the stylus indicating that the underlying defect is much smaller than the stylus size. The observed current-voltage characteristics were approximately quadratic in the applied voltage and the currents were basically constant on the time scale of tens of seconds. This observation is an indication of charge injection from the substrate and space charge limited (SCL) currentflow. The magnitude ofthe current enables an estimate of the upper limit of the size of the injecting spot of about 4 pm. This conclusion is derived on the basis of one dimensional SCL current flow and the argument is presented which indicates thatthe defects may be much smaller, possibly point-like in nature.
Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms (2013)

A fully illustrated reference book giving an easy-to-understand introduction to compliant mechanisms A broad compilation of compliant mechanisms to give inspiration and guidance to those interested in using compliant mechanisms in their designs, the Handbook of Compliant Mechanisms includes graphics and descriptions of many compliant mechanisms. It comprises an extensive categorization of devices that can be used to help readers identify compliant mechanisms related to their application. It also provides chapters on the basic background in compliant mechanisms, the categories of compliant mechanisms, and an example of how the Compendium can be used to facilitate compliant mechanism design. Fully illustrated throughout to be easily understood and accessible at introductory levels Covers all aspects pertaining to classification, elements, mechanisms and applications of compliant mechanisms Summarizes a vast body of knowledge in easily understood diagrams and explanations Helps readers appreciate the advantages that compliant mechanisms have to offer Practical approach is ideal for potential practitioners who would like to realize designs with compliant mechanisms, members and elements Breadth of topics covered also makes the book a useful reference for more advanced readers Intended as an introduction to the area, the Handbook avoids technical jargon to assist non engineers involved in product design, inventors and engineers in finding clever solutions to problems of design and function
Phase stability of fluorinated nanodiamonds under HPHT treatment (2018)

The aspects of phase and size stability of surface fluorinated nanoscale diamond powders during their treatment under conditions of high pressures and high temperatures (HPHT) are considered. In the studied powder, fluorine is covalently bonded to diamond particles, replacing the other functional groups on their surface. In this case, under pressure of 8.0 GPa the transition of 10-nm-size diamond nanoparticles into a graphene layered carbon forms does not occur up to temperatures of 1700 C, and their size does not change. The addition of submicro-sized aluminum powder to fluorinated nanodiamond results in the fast growth of particles to a micrometer size range. The observed unprecedented enlargement of nanodiamonds to micro-sized crystals is explained by occurrences of Wurtz-type reactions in the C-Al-F system which activate the formation of new interfacial carbon-carbon bonds between nanoparticles and their coalescence under HPHT conditions.
Mechanisms of p185HER2 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. (1992)

To identify mechanisms that allow p185HER2 expression in lung cancer, we performed Western, Southern, and Northern blot analyses of 14 cell lines derived from human non-small cell lung carcinomas and one cell line derived from a human mesothelioma. Human bronchiole epithelial cells and rat type II pneumocytes were found to express p185HER2 at low to undetectable levels by Western blot technique. In contrast, 13 lung cancer cell lines expressed p185HER2, and eight of these 13 expressed p185HER2 at levels at least 2-fold higher than that found in normal bronchiole epithelial cells or type II pneumocytes. Genomic Southern analysis showed that amplification of the HER2 gene was present in only one of the eight cell lines that expressed p185HER2 at these higher levels. Increased levels of steady-state HER2 mRNA occurred in the remaining seven cell lines. We conclude that in human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines the most common mechanism resulting in increased p185HER2 expression is due to mechanisms that increase HER2 mRNA levels, with HER2 gene amplification occurring less commonly.
Microtensile Bond Strength of Composite Cement to Novel CAD/CAM Materials as a Function of Surface Treatment and Aging (2016)

Both the composite and polymer-infiltrated ceramic CAD/CAM blocks appeared equally bonding-receptive regardless of the surface treatment used. Creating a microretentive surface by either SB or HF, followed by chemical adhesion using Si, is mandatory to maintain the bond strength after six months.