gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design tools for reliability analysis (2006)

Recent progress in EDA tools allows IC designs to be accurately verified with consequent improvements in yield and performance through reduced guard bands. This paper will present a tools perspective, including the primary effects such as HCI, NBTI and EM for which EDA tools are available, types of tools (dynamic simulation vs. static rule checking) and necessary reliability infrastructure and flows that have been working in practice. Finally, developing areas and future opportunities will be addressed.
Adsorption Behavior of Bifunctional Molecules on Ge(100)-2 × 1: Comparison of Mercaptoethanol and Mercaptamine (2010)

The adsorption behavior of mercaptamine and mercaptoethanol at the Ge(100)-2 × 1 surface has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions to elucidate the effect of a second functional group on selective attachment of bifunctional molecules with one common and one distinct functional group. Mercaptamine and meraptoethanol each consist of a thiol group separated by a two-carbon alkyl chain from amine and hydroxyl groups, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory results show that both mercaptamine and mercaptoethanol adsorb on Ge(100)-2 × 1 via S−H dissociation, with no S dative bonding observed. Whereas all mercaptoethanol adducts also react via O−H dissociation, most mercaptamine adducts do not undergo N−H dissociation. Rather, the major product of mercaptamine adsorption has a free amine group; the S−H dissociated, N dative-bonded adducts and dual S−H, N−H dissociated adducts comprise minor products. The results elucidate the importance of each moiety in a bifunctional molecule in controlling the product distribution of adsorption at the surface.
Inversion at trivalent nitrogen: application of the MNDO and MINDO/3 semiempirical molecular orbital methods (1980)

The recently developed MNDO SCF method with full geometry optimization and standard parameterization gives nitrogen inversional barriers in aziridine derivatives which are in close agreement with experimental data (mean deviation 1.7 kcal mol–1). Results for acyclic amino compounds are less accurate (mean deviation 3.5 kcal mol–1). The calculated barriers in some primary NH2X compounds are too high whereas those in acyclic tertiary amines tend to be too low. The older MINDO/3 method gives better results for ammonia and some primary NH2X molecules, but seriously underestimates inversional potentials in amines and aziridines. Both rotational and nitrogen inversional potential co-ordinates are calculated for hydroxylamines and methyleneamine.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Procedure for the Regiospecific Synthesis of Electron‐Deficient 4‐ and 6‐Substituted Isatins. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Data from Somatic Mutations in the Tyrosine Kinase Domain of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Abrogate EGFR-Mediated Radioprotection in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important determinant of radioresponse, whose elevated expression and activity frequently correlates with radioresistance in several cancers, including non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). We reported recently that NSCLC cell lines harboring somatic, activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) of the EGFR exhibit significant delays in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and poor clonogenic survival in response to radiation. Here, we explore the mechanisms underlying mutant EGFR-associated radiosensitivity. In three representative NSCLC cell lines, we show that, unlike wild-type (WT) EGFR, receptors with common oncogenic TKD mutations, L858R or ΔE746-E750, are defective in radiation-induced translocation to the nucleus and fail to bind the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a key enzyme in the nonhomologous end-joining repair pathway. Moreover, despite the presence of WT EGFR, stable exogenous expression of either the L858R or the ΔE746-E750 mutant forms of EGFR in human bronchial epithelial cells significantly delays repair of ionizing radiation (IR)–induced DSBs, blocks the resolution of frank or microhomologous DNA ends, and abrogates IR-induced nuclear EGFR translocation or binding to DNA-PK catalytic subunit. Our study has identified a subset of naturally occurring EGFR mutations that lack a critical radioprotective function of EGFR, providing valuable insights on how the EGFR mediates cell survival in response to radiation in NSCLC cell lines. [Cancer Res 2007;67(11):5267–74]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Pdx1and controlled culture conditions induced differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells to insulin-producing clusters (2012)

This study investigated the differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (hAFSCs) into insulin-producing clusters in vitro. Adenovirally-delivered mouse Pdx1 (Ad-Pdx1) induced human Pdx1 expression in hAFSCs and enhanced the coordinated expression of downstream β-cell markers. When Ad-Pdx1-transduced hAFSCs were sequentially treated with activin A, bFGF and nicotinamide and the culture plate surface coated with poly-l-ornithine, the expression of islet-associated human mRNAs for Pdx1, Pax6, Ngn3 and insulin was increased. C-peptide ELISA confirmed that Ad-Pdx1-transduced hAFSCs processed and secreted insulin in a manner consistent with that pathway in pancreatic β-cells. To sustain the β-cell-like phenotype and investigate the effect of three-dimensional (3D) conformation on the differentiation of hAFSCs, Pdx1-transduced cells were encapsulated in alginate and cultured long-term under serum-free conditions. Over 2 weeks, partially differentiated hAFSC clusters increased in size and increased insulin secretion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ectopic Pdx1 expression initiates pancreatic differentiation in hAFSCs and that a β-cell-like phenotype can be augmented by culture conditions that mimic the stromal components and 3D geometry associated with pancreatic islets.
Optical properties of Ti3SiC2 and Ti4AlN3 (2008)

The dielectric functions of the MAX phases, Ti3SiC2 and Ti4AlN3, have been determined from first principles calculations. We compared the dielectric functions and the reflectivity spectra of Ti3SiC2 and Ti4AlN3 with those of TiC and TiN. The optical spectra were analyzed by means of the electronic structure, which provides theoretical understanding of the conduction mechanism of these two phases. We found that Ti4AlN3 can be used to avoid solar heating and also increase the radiative cooling due to the increased thermal emittance as compared to TiN. Ti4AlN3 can therefore be a candidate coating material for temperature control of space vehicles.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Supported Reactions and Reagents. Part 16. Chemoselective Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
New High‐Performance Pb‐Based Nanocomposite Anode Enabled by Wide‐Range Pb Redox and Zintl Phase Transition (2020)

Abstract This paper describes a new, high‐performance, Pb‐based nanocomposite anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. A unique nanocomposite structure of Pb@PbO core‐shell nanoparticles in a carbon matrix is obtained by using a simple high‐energy ball milling method using the low‐cost starting materials PbO and carbon black. Electrochemical performance tests show its excellent reversible capacity (≈600 mAh g −1 ) and cycle stability (92% retention at 100th cycle), which are one of the best values reported for Pb‐based anodes in the literature. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and absorption techniques revealed the detailed lithium storage mechanism that can be highlighted with the unexpectedly wide reversible Pb redox range (between Pb 2+ and Pb 4− ) and the evolution of Zintl‐type Li y Pb structures during the electrochemical lithium reaction. The results provide new insights into the lithium storage mechanism of these Pb‐based materials and their potential as low‐cost, high‐performance anodes.
Highly Syndiospecific Polymerization of Styrene Catalyzed by Allyl Lanthanide Complexes (2004)

Allylic complexes of lanthanides bearing a fluorenyl-based ligand are active single-component catalysts for the polymerization of styrene, giving highly syndiotactic polymers (rrrr > 99%) with low to high molecular weight (Mn = 8000-135 000) and narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn = 1.25-2.1).
Abstract 3073: Targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia by interfering glutathione synthesis using a novel therapeutic enzyme cyst(e)inase (AEB3103) (2016)

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in the Western countries. Despite recent advance in new therapeutic agents that have improved treatment outcomes, CLL remains incurable due in part to the inability to completely eradicate the leukemia cells in vivo. Previous studies showed that CLL cells have high intrinsic oxidative stress and are highly dependent on cellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) to maintain redox balance and cell viability. One logical strategy to impact CLL cells would be to abrogate the glutathione protection of CLL cells in vivo. Recently we discovered that primary leukemia cells isolated from CLL patients were unable to effectively utilize cystine for GSH synthesis due to low expression of the cystine transporter Xc-, and that bone marrow stromal cells highly express Xc- and effectively take up cystine for conversion to cysteine (Zhang et al: Nature Cell Biology, 2012). These findings provide a biochemical basis to develop novel strategies to effectively target leukemia cells in the stromal microenvironment and improve in vivo therapeutic activity. In this study, we tested the depletion of extracellular cystine and cysteine using a novel therapeutic enzyme-cyst(e)inase (AEB3103), as a potential way to block GSH synthesis in CLL cells and abolish the stromal protection of the leukemia cells. Our study showed that AEB3103 was very effective in depleting GSH in CLL cells and caused massive CLL cell death even in the presence of stromal cells. Importantly, AEB3103 could also overcome drug resistance of CLL cells with p53 deficiency both in primary leukemia cells isolated from CLL patients with 17p deletion and mouse leukemic cells isolated from mouse model we recently reported (Liu et al: Leukemia, 2014). In addition, AEB3103 showed very low toxicity to normal cells. These promising in vitro data warrant further animal studies, which are currently on ongoing using the CLL mouse model with TCL1-Tg:p53-/- genotype. Our study suggests that AEB3103 and its combination with standard anti-CLL drugs may potentially be useful for clinical treatment of CLL, even for the more aggressive CLL subtypes with unfavorable cytogenetic alterations such as those with chromosome17p deletion and p53 mutations, and may improve in vivo therapeutic activity. Citation Format: Jinyun Liu, Li Feng, Everett M. Stone, Joseph Tyler, Scott W. Rowlinson, Michael J. Keating, Peng Huang. Targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia by interfering glutathione synthesis using a novel therapeutic enzyme cyst(e)inase (AEB3103). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3073.
Redox-Linked Structural Changes in Ribonucleotide Reductase (2009)

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Class I RNRs are composed of two homodimeric proteins, alpha2 and beta2. The class Ia E. coli beta2 contains dinuclear, antiferromagnetically coupled iron centers and one tyrosyl free radical, Y122*/beta2. Y122* acts as a radical initiator in catalysis. Redox-linked conformational changes may accompany Y122 oxidation and provide local control of proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. To test for such redox-linked structural changes, FT-IR spectroscopy was employed in this work. Reaction-induced difference spectra, associated with the reduction of Y122* by hydroxyurea, were acquired from natural abundance, (2)H(4) tyrosine, and (15)N tyrosine labeled beta2 samples. Isotopic labeling led to the assignment of a 1514 cm(-1) band to the upsilon19a ring stretching vibration of Y122 and of a 1498 cm(-1) band to the upsilon7a CO stretching vibration of Y122*. The reaction-induced spectra also exhibited amide I bands, at 1661 and 1652 cm(-1). A similar set of amide I bands, with frequencies of 1675 and 1651 cm(-1), was observed when Y* was generated by photolysis in a pentapeptide, which matched the primary sequence surrounding Y122. This result suggests that reduction of Y122* is linked with structural changes at nearby amide bonds and that this perturbation is mediated by the primary sequence. To explain these data, we propose that a structural perturbation of the amide bond is driven by redox-linked electrostatic changes in the tyrosyl radical aromatic ring.
A radical proposal for computer algebra in education (1984)

Unlike ordinary numeric computation, computer algebra systems can perform nonnumeric mathematical operations such as factoring and expanding or symbolically integrating and differentiating. These operations can entail complicated expressions containing thousands of terms. Moreover, the arithmetic that compliments these nonnumeric operations includes exact rational arithmetic, automatically using as many digits as necessary to accomplish this. These systems can even perform analytical operations on non-scalars such as vectors, matrices and tensors having nonnumeric components.None of the commonly-taught programming languages is very relevant to the typical primary through university math curriculum, but computer algebra is relevant to most of that curriculum. Consequently, a vast opportunity for beneficial mutual reinforcement and cross-motivation between math and computer education is being squandered. This paper substantiates these claims, then proposes remedies.
Results with judicious modern neurosurgical management of parasagittal and falcine meningiomas (2010)

Importantly, these data provide a more modern estimate of the expected outcomes that can be obtained with treatment of these tumors, in which a combination of image guidance, advanced microsurgical tools, and conformal radiation treatments is used.
Radiometric self calibration (2003)

A simple algorithm is described that computes the radiometric response function of an imaging system, from images of an arbitrary scene taken using different exposures. The exposure is varied by changing either the aperture setting or the shutter speed. The algorithm does not require precise estimates of the exposures used. Rough estimates of the ratios of the exposures (e.g. F-number settings on an inexpensive lens) are sufficient for accurate recovery of the response function as well as the actual exposure ratios. The computed response function is used to fuse the multiple images into a single high dynamic range radiance image. Robustness is tested using a variety of scenes and cameras as well as noisy synthetic images generated using 100 randomly selected response curves. Automatic rejection of image areas that have large vignetting effects or temporal scene variations make the algorithm applicable to not just photographic but also video cameras.
Direct Observation of Chemical Conversion from Fe3O4 to ε-Fe2O3 by a Nanosize Wet Process (2018)

ε-iron oxide (ε-Fe2O3) has drawn attention from the viewpoints of high-density magnetic recording and high-frequency millimeter wave absorption. To date, chemical conversion from Fe3O4 (magnetite) to ε-Fe2O3 under wet process conditions have been difficult. Herein, we report that ε-Fe2O3 could be obtained from Fe3O4 using a nanosize wet process. In the present method, 10 or 16 nm sized Fe3O4 nanocrystals are used as the precursor. Fe3O4 nanocrystals are embedded in a silica matrix and subsequently sintered around 1000 °C in air, resulting in the chemical conversion from Fe3O4 to ε-Fe2O3 being confirmed. In the case of 10 nm sized Fe3O4 precursors, the sample consists of 16% ε-Fe2O3 and 84% γ-Fe2O3, whereas in the case of 16 nm sized Fe3O4 precursors, the sample consists of 24% ε-Fe2O3 and 76% γ-Fe2O3. The magnetic hysteresis loops of the samples are theoretically predicted using the large hysteresis loop of ε-Fe2O3 and the magnetization curve of super-paramagnetic γ-Fe2O3. The experimental and predicted hysteresis loops agree well. First-principles calculations suggest that Fe3O4 nanocrystals between 8 and 43 nm transform directly to ε-Fe2O3. Due to the strict size condition, the chemical conversion from Fe3O4 to ε-Fe2O3 is the first to be observed by a wet process. The nanosize wet process from Fe3O4 to ε-Fe2O3 should accelerate the development of highly functional hard magnetic ferrite ε-Fe2O3.
Coherent polarization locking: an approach to mitigating optical damage in a pulsed Ho:YAG laser (2013)

Intracavity optical damage is mitigated in a pulsed Ho:YAG laser cavity using the coherent polarization locking (CPL) technique. By splitting the available pump power into two individual Ho:YAG laser rods, we passively coherently locked two orthogonal polarization lasers with 9.13 mJ output pulse energies and 14 ns pulsewidths, and operating at 800 Hz repetition rate. A conventional Ho:YAG laser cavity with the same pump and cavity configuration results in severe optical damage when operating at <2 kHz repetition rate, thus limiting the output pulse energies to <5 mJ. We also demonstrated, to the best of our knowledge, the first pulsed operation within the entire CPL Ho:YAG laser cavity by Q-switching in one of the polarization arms, producing nanosecond pulses with no sign of pulse instability.
Sequential Dephosphorization and Desulphurization of Hot Metal by Newly Developed Pretreatment Furnace (1987)

A new technology for hot metal pretreatment with the modified BOF has been developed at Kobe Works. This technology has been successfully applied to mass production of high-grade steel since November 1983. The furnace for hot metal pretreatment has an 80 t capacity and is equipped with two lances for flux injection and oxygen top blowing. Hot metal is desiliconized and dephosphorized with oxygen and lime-iron oxide based flux in the first stage of refining, and desulphurization with soda ash injection is followed without deslagging.This paper describes the pretreatment technology and results of the operation. Features of this process are as follows:(1) Excellent reaction efficiency and reaction rate because of the suitable furnace shape for refining.(2) Sequential and rapid dephosphorization and desulphurization treatment within about fifteen minutes.(3) Low treatment cost by using cheap submaterials, such as lumpy burnt lime, BOF slag.(4) Increase of the manganese content in the hot metal and dephosphorization reaction efficiency by the addition of manganese ore.(5) Treatment of hot metal with high silicon content(Si ≈ 0.40%) in reasonably short time and with low cost.
Line power quality improvement for ESP systems using multi-pulse and active filter concepts (2010)

A simple way to improve the line power quality in Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) applications by using both the characteristics of its electrical installation and the typical ESP high power supply is presented in this work. A multi-pulse system is built by selecting a combination of suitable MV/LV distribution transformers, preserving the simplicity and reliability of the typical ESP installation. In addition, processing only about 10% of the total system apparent power, shunts Active Filters (AFs) are placed on the low voltage side of the transformer (LV) for high order harmonic-current-mitigation (>;7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> harmonic). In case of imbalance in the transformer loading, the AFs can also act to adjust the current 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> and 7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> harmonics, which are then effectively eliminated by the multipulse system. The theory presented in this work is verified experimentally by a 12 pulse system comprising two passive rectifiers and a designed 12kVAr active filter.
Barium strontium titanate (BST) pyroelectric detector for bolometric solar imaging (2008)

The Solar Bolometric Imager (SBI) is an imaging solar telescope assembly that employs a novel single-detector broadband bolometric measurement technique. An uncooled thermal IR imaging detector is coated with a thin gold-black film that absorbs over 98% of the solar spectrum. The absorbed energy is then re-radiated in the thermal IR and sampled by the detector array. This technique [4] provides an evenly weighted integrated responsivity that spans the majority of the solar spectrum (0.2-2.5&mu;m). We present here performance results from the follow-on gold-black deposition process investigation, radiation testing results, spacecraft instrument design and some of the prototype detector/imaging system's flight performance and calibration data from our 2007 Ft. Sumner balloon flight that demonstrates the instrument met or exceeded all of its specification.
In vitro immunization of human B lymphocytes. MAPPing of lymphokine specific mRNA and the effect of recombinant factors (1991)

The kinetics of lymphokine-specific DNA transcription during in vitro immunization of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenocytes were studied using the polymerase chain reaction. The levels of specific mRNA were shown to be down regulated by cytolytic L-leucyl-leucine methyl ester-sensitive lymphocytes. In in vitro immunizations using L-leucyl-leucine methyl ester-treated human PBL or splenocytes, the lymphokine mRNA expression pattern indicated an active gene transcription during the entire stimulation period, especially for the IL-2 and IL-5 genes. Transcription of IL-6 and TNF beta started on day 4, whereas IFN gamma mRNA reached its maximum level on day 4. In vitro immunizations of cells not treated with L-leucyl-leucine methyl ester revealed a transient transcription of lymphokine DNA that was declining already after day 2. Exogenously added recombinant IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 all exhibited a positive immunoregulatory effect on Ig secretion, whereas IL-5 was not found to have any effect on immunoglobulin secretion during the in vitro culture. These results present the first information useful for designing in vitro immunization systems based on recombinant lymphokines and antisense DNA for gene regulation.
SOLAR-BLIND SINGLE-PHOTON 4H-SiC AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES (2009)

A solar blind 4 H - SiC single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is reported. The SPAD with separate absorption and multiplication layers was designed for operation with low dark counts. A thin film optical filter deposited on a sapphire window of the device package provided sensitivity in the wavelength range between 240 and 280 nm with a very high solar photon rejection ratio. An estimated dark current of 0.4 pA (0.75 nA/cm2) at a gain of 1000 was measured on a device with an effective mesa diameter of 260 µm. A single photon detection efficiency of 9% (linear mode) and 9.5% (gated Geiger mode) were achieved at a wavelength of 266 nm for the same device. Corresponding dark count rate and dark count probability were 600 Hz and 4×10 -4 .