gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O3‐05‐02: Stress granules and Alzheimer's disease: Colocalization with tau pathology (2011)

Injured neurons (and non-neurons)form protein/RNA inclusions, termed stress granules (SGs). SGs form because stressful stimuli induce a switch from translation of cap dependent RNA to capin dependent RNA, which enhances production of protective proteins, such as heat shock proteins, DNA repair enzymesand anti-oxidant proteins. The unused capped mRNA is sequestered in thecytoplasm by reversible aggregation of RNA binding proteins to form SGs. Thisprocess is associated with two changes that can be readily detected by immunocytochemistry translocation of RNA binding proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, andformation of inclusions composed of intrinsic SG proteins. Recent studies showing that SG markers associate with pathology in tissue from subjects withALS (Liu-Yesucevitz, et al, PLosONE 2010) prompted us to investigate AD. We examined co-localization of SGmarkers (TIA-1 and eIF3) with tau pathology (PHF1, CP13, MC-1 and Alz-50) byimmuno fluorescence in AD and Control subjects, as well as in age matched P301LJNPL3 transgenic mice. In human tissues, levels of SGswere strikingly (∼80%, P < 0.001) elevated in the AD cases compared toneurologically normal control cases. In P301L Tau JNPL3 mice, SG levels were also elevated in mice and exhibited a correlation between SG load and diseaseseverity, with the strongest increases occurring in mice with moderate and severe disease. SGs were not present in age matched non-TG mice nor in age matched JNPL3 mice not exhibiting motor deficits or tau pathology. SG markersin the mice with moderate and severe disease strongly co-localized with the taupathology. Mice with moderate motor deficits and tau pathology showed a mixture of small (< 5 mm diameter) and large (> 5 mm diameter) SGs. Mice with severe motor deficits and pathology showed mostly large SGs, and the large SGsshowed about 80% co-localization with markers of tau pathology (PHF1 and MC1). SGs represent a novel AD bio-marker that enable mapping patterns of neuro degeneration observed through the window of neuronal (as well as non-neuronal) injury. Investigation of SGs complements sprior studies based on the diagnostic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques.
Regulated and constitutive activation of specific signalling pathways by the human S1P5 receptor (2003)

1 We tested the hypothesis, whether G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may differentially regulate specific signalling pathways by constitutive and agonist-induced activation using the human sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor S1P(5) as a model. 2 S1P(5) receptor-expressing HEK293 cells exhibited a high degree of basal activity for both inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) when cultured in serum, which contains high levels of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). However, basal activity was independent of the presence of S1P: (i) constitutive activity remained when cells were cultured in delipidated serum, (ii) addition of S1P to delipidated serum did not increase basal S1P(5) receptor signalling. 3 Conversely, constitutive inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was further enhanced by S1P in S1P(5)-HEK293 cells. 4 Transfection of several mammalian cell lines (CHO-K1, HEK293, NIH-3T3, RH7777) with the S1P(5) receptor induced cell rounding, which was more pronounced in the presence of S1P-containing serum. Rounded cell morphology did not correlate with apoptotic cell death, but led to detachment of cells. 5 Cell surface ELISA assays showed that a fraction of plasma membrane S1P(5) receptors were dose-dependently internalized with S1P. 6 These data reveal that intrinsic inhibition of unstimulated adenylyl cyclase or ERK activity by the S1P(5) receptor is insensitive to ligand modulation. Conversely, effects on forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase, cell morphology and internalization can be further augmented with S1P. Our results suggest that different signal transduction pathways are not equally activated through constitutively active GPCRs with promiscuous signalling characteristics.
Multiprocessors from a software perspective (1996)

Like many architectural techniques that originated with mainframes. the use of multiple processors in a single computer is becoming popular in workstations and even personal computers. Multiprocessors constitute a significant percentage of recent workstation sales, and highly affordable multiprocessor personal computers are available in local computer stores. Once again, we find ourselves in a familiar situation: hardware is ahead of software. Because of the complexity of parallel programming, multiprocessors today are rarely used to speed up individual applications. Instead, they usually function as cycle-servers that achieve increased system throughput by running multiple tasks simultaneously. Automatic parallelization by a compiler is a particularly attractive approach to software development for multiprocessors, as it enables ordinary sequential programs to take advantage of the multiprocessor hardware without user involvement. This article looks to the future by examining some of the latest research results in automatic parallelization technology.
Sagittal Pelvic Orientation A Comparison of Two Methods of Measurement. (2017)

Pelvic tilt is an essential parameter in spinal deformity surgery and in acetabular positioning for total hip arthroplasty. However, the measurement of tilt varies between the hip and spine literature. Hip surgeons measure the anterior pelvic plane tilt, whereas spine surgeons measure the spinopelvic tilt. This study uses stereoradiography (EOS imaging SA, Paris, France) to assess the relationship and the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of measuring these two common references for pelvic tilt. Retrospective analysis of full-body, standing stereoradiographic studies of 100 patients with varying degrees of spinal deformity was performed at a single institution. Assessment of anterior pelvic plane and spinopelvic tilt were undertaken by two orthopaedic surgeons and two orthopaedic residents using validated software. The pelvic incidence and sacral slope were also measured. The mean difference between anterior pelvic plane and spinopelvic tilt was 13.98° ± 7.04°, and the values were linearly inversely related. Both measures of tilt were strongly correlated with each other. Spinopelvic tilt has greater inter- and intra-user reliability and was a more precise measurement than anterior pelvic plane. Spinopelvic tilt is a more precise and reliable measurement than the anterior pelvic plane tilt; however, both measurements are strongly correlated. The clinical implications of this are not completely understood; however, it may be important for hip surgeons when placing acetabular components with precision. Further investigation is needed to assess which is a more accurate reference for the placement of acetabular components in hip arthroplasty.
Association between Week Eight Mayo Subscores and Hospitalization Rates in Adalimumab-treated Patients with Ulcerative Colitis from ULTRA 1 and ULTRA 2 (2013)

Purpose: To determine the association between week (wk) 8 Mayo subscore (MS) values for rectal bleeding (RB), stool frequency (SF), endoscopy and physician's global assessment (PGA) and hospitalization incidence rates (IR) for adalimumab (ADA)-treated patients (pts) with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) enrolled in ULTRA 1 and ULTRA 2. Methods: All-cause and UC-related hospitalizations occurring from wks eight to 52 were examined for 160/80mg-ADA randomized pts in ULTRA 1 and ULTRA 2. ADA-treated pts received 160/80mg ADA at wks 0/2, followed by 40mg ADA every other week (eow) to wk 52. ULTRA 1 had an eight-wk double-blind (DB) phase followed by an open-label (OL) phase to wk 52, during which pts could move to weekly (ew) ADA for inadequate response. In the 52-wk DB trial ULTRA 2, pts with inadequate response could receive OL 40mg eow beginning at wk 12, followed by 40 mg ew. All hospitalizations occurring during DB or OL were analyzed. Hospitalization IR (the number of pts with hospitalizations over pt-yrs at risk) were calculated for each MS value, as assessed at wk eight. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between the MS and IR for each category. Pts were censored at first hospitalization. Results: The table shows IRs for all-cause and UC-related hospitalizations by wk eight MS category. Significant correlations were seen for SF subscores and all-cause hospitalizations, and for RB and PGA subscores with UC-related hospitalizations. Wk eight endoscopy subscores were not significantly correlated with hospitalization IRs (R2=0.64, p=0.20 for each category). The IRs for both categories of hospitalizations were similar for pts with a wk eight endoscopy subscore of zero or one. Conclusion: For ADA-treated pts with moderately to severely active UC, SF subscore at wk eight was strongly correlated with all-cause hospitalization risk, whereas wk eight endoscopy subscore trended to correlate with hospitalization risk.
Effects of Growth Phase and Extracellular Slime on Photodynamic Inactivation of Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacteria (2004)

The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has led to efforts to find alternative antimicrobial therapeutics to which bacteria will not be easily able to develop resistance. One of these may be the combination of nontoxic dyes (photosensitizers [PS]) and visible light, known as photodynamic therapy, and we have reported its use to treat localized infections in animal models. While it is known that gram-positive species are generally susceptible to photodynamic inactivation (PDI), the factors that govern variation in degrees of killing are unknown. We used isogenic pairs of wild-type and transposon mutants deficient in capsular polysaccharide and slime production generated from Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus to examine the effects of extracellular slime on susceptibility to PDI mediated by two cationic PS (a polylysine-chlorin(e6) conjugate, pL-c(e6), and methylene blue [MB]) and an anionic molecule, free c(e6), and subsequent exposure to 665-nm light at 0 to 40 J/cm(2). Free c(e6) gave more killing of mutant strains than wild type, despite the latter taking up more PS. Log-phase cultures were killed more than stationary-phase cultures, and this correlated with increased uptake. The cationic pL-c(e6) and MB gave similar uptakes and killing despite a 50-fold difference in incubation concentration. Differences in susceptibility between strains and between growth phases observed with free c(e6) largely disappeared with the cationic compounds despite significant differences in uptake. These data suggest that slime production and stationary phase can be obstacles against PDI for gram-positive bacteria but that these obstacles can be overcome by using cationic PS.
Mixed-domain Galerkin's method for tensor-volume integral equation using Legendre polynomial expansion and efficient numerical integration (2006)

In this paper, a hybrid-domain Galerkin-based MoM was introduced for an accurate and efficient solution of the tensor-volume integral equation (TVIE) using three-dimensional modified Legendre polynomial expansion. It was shown by numerical results that the proposed approach combines the geometric flexibility inherent in sub-domain expansion with computational efficiencies of entire-domain formulation. Also, the employed basis functions preserve almost perfect orthogonality while enforcing continuity of the normal current component across the cubic blocks providing good accuracy and better condition number of the MoM matrix
Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial (2018)

\n\t\t\t\t\tBackground: Benralizumab is an interleukin-5 receptor α-directed cytolytic monoclonal antibody that has been shown to safely reduce exacerbations and improve lung function for patients with asthma. We assessed the long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab for patients with severe, uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma. Methods: We conducted a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 extension study at 447 sites in 24 countries. Eligible patients had to have completed the SIROCCO or CALIMA trials and remained on subcutaneous benralizumab 30 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W) or every 8 weeks (Q8W). Patients who had received placebo in those trials were re-randomised in a 1:1 ratio, using an interactive web-based system, to benralizumab 30 mg either Q4W or Q8W (first three doses 4 weeks apart). Treatment lasted for 56 weeks for adult patients (age ≥18 years) and 108 weeks for adolescent patients (age 12–17 years). The primary endpoint was the safety and tolerability of the two dosing regimens of benralizumab up to 68 weeks for adult patients (including the follow-up visit post-treatment) and up to 56 weeks for adolescent patients. This endpoint was assessed in the full analysis set, which included all patients from the SIROCCO and CALIMA predecessor studies who received at least one dose of study treatment in BORA and did not continue into another trial. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02258542). Findings: Between Nov 19, 2014, and July 6, 2016, we enrolled 1926 patients, of whom 633 had received benralizumab Q4W and 639 had received benralizumab Q8W in SIROCCO or CALIMA. The remaining 654 patients had received placebo in those trials and were randomly re-assigned in this trial to receive benralizumab Q4W (n=320) or Q8W (n=334). 1576 patients, including 783 who received benralizumab Q4W (265 newly assigned) and 793 who received benralizumab Q8W (281 newly assigned), were included in the full analysis set. The most common adverse events in all groups were viral upper respiratory tract infection (14–16%) and worsening asthma (7–10%). The most common serious adverse events were worsening asthma (3–4%), pneumonia (\n\t\t\t\t
Chronic Low Level Hydrocarbon Amendments Stimulate Plant Growth and Microbial Activity in Salt-Marsh Microcosms (1990)

Yuan Li, James T. Morris, Duane C. Yoch, Chronic Low Level Hydrocarbon Amendments Stimulate Plant Growth and Microbial Activity in Salt-Marsh Microcosms, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Apr., 1990), pp. 159-171
Detecting anomalous behavior via user authentication graphs (2023)

Significant and aggregate user authentication activity may be analyzed across a population of users and computers in one or more networks to differentiate between authorized users and intruders in a network, and/or to detect inappropriate behavior by otherwise authorized users. Dynamic graphs and graph models over user and computer authentication activity, including time-constrained models, may be used for the purposes of profiling and analyzing user behavior in computer networks. More specifically, an edge-based breadth first search of graphs may be used that enforces time-constraints while maintaining traditional breadth first search computational complexity equivalence.
Wearable and Nearable Biosensors and Systems for Healthcare (2021)

Biosensors and systems in the form of wearables and "nearables" (i [...].
A consistency architecture for hierarchical shared caches (2008)

Hierarchical Cache Consistency (HCC) is a scalable cache-consistency architecture for chip multiprocessors in which caches are shared hierarchically. HCC's cache-consistency protocol is embedded in the message-routing network that interconnects the caches, providing a distributed and scalable alternative to bus-based and directory-based consistency mechanisms. The HCC consistency protocol is progressive in that every message makes monotonic progress without timeouts, retries, negative acknowledgments, or retreating in any way. The latency is at most proportional to the diameter of the network. For HCC with a binary fat-tree network, the protocol requires at most 13 bits of additional state per cache line, no matter how large the system. We prove that the HCC protocol is deadlock free and provides sequential consistency.
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems (2016)

As stated in Chapter 2, one of the main 5G requirements [1] is to support 1000 times larger capacity per area compared with current Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology, but with a similar cost and energy dissipation per area as in today's cellular systems. In addition, an increase in capacity will be possible if all three factors that jointly contribute to system capacity are increased: More spectrum, a larger number of base stations per area, and an increased spectral efficiency per cell.
The digitization of organic synthesis (2019)

Organic chemistry has largely been conducted in an ad hoc manner by academic laboratories that are funded by grants directed towards the investigation of specific goals or hypotheses. Although modern synthetic methods can provide access to molecules of considerable complexity, predicting the outcome of a single chemical reaction remains a major challenge. Improvements in the prediction of 'above-the-arrow' reaction conditions are needed to enable intelligent decision making to select an optimal synthetic sequence that is guided by metrics including efficiency, quality and yield. Methods for the communication and the sharing of data will need to evolve from traditional tools to machine-readable formats and open collaborative frameworks. This will accelerate innovation and require the creation of a chemistry commons with standardized data handling, curation and metrics.
Conclusion (2010)

Abstract The alternative approach to argument structure proposed in this book implies that the syntactic system of natural language is remarkably simple, comprised of a reasonably small number of universal syntactic categories. These syntactic categories, some of which may be optional, merge with lexical roots and outputs of previous Merge operations in a fixed order specified by the Universal Order of Merge. The approach requires no operations other than Merge, Agree, and feature matching. In addition, it incorporates a variety of transformational relations (also known as the displacement property) in a maximally simple and straightforward fashion by virtue of the interaction between the Agree/EPP system and the c-selection properties of argument categories. Another radical departure from standard approaches to argument structure is that the three primary argument categories—Agent, Theme, and Affectee—are merged in the order which is the exact opposite of the traditional model.
A 4 × 100 Gbps DWDM Receiver using All-Si Microring Avalanche Photodiodes (2023)

We demonstrate an O-band 4-channel DWDM receiver using all-Si microring APDs. Each all-Si APD exhibits a low dark current at nA level before the breakdown, a responsivity of ~ 0.5 A/W, and a 3-dB bandwidth of ~ 44 GHz. All 4 channels are capable of open eye diagrams at 50 Gbps NRZ and 100 Gbps PAM4 operations.
Association of Influenza Vaccination and Reduced Risk of Recurrent Myocardial Infarction (2000)

In this study in patients with chronic CHD, vaccination against influenza was negatively associated with the development of new MI during the same influenza season. However, to address causal inference, examination of prospective data sets will be needed.
Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the P2Y12 receptor antagonist selatogrel after subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects (2019)

The P2Y12 receptor antagonist selatogrel which exhibits rapid inhibition of platelet aggregation following subcutaneous administration is in development for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.This human ADME study was performed in six healthy male subjects to determine the routes of elimination and to identify/quantify the metabolites of selatogrel at a therapeutically relevant dose of 16 mg [<sup>14</sup>C]-radiolabelled selatogrel.The median <i>t</i><sub>max</sub> and <i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub> of selatogrel was 0.75 h and 4.7 h, respectively. It was safe and well tolerated based on adverse event, ECG, vital sign and laboratory data.Geometric mean total recovery of [<sup>14</sup>C]-radioactivity was 94.9% of which 92.5% was recovered in faeces and 2.4% in urine.Selatogrel was the most abundant entity in each matrix. In plasma, no major metabolite was identified. In excreta, the glucuronide M21 (14.7% of radioactivity) and the mono-oxidized A1 (6.2%) were the most abundant metabolites in urine and faeces, respectively.Overall, none of the metabolic pathways contributed to a relevant extent to the overall elimination of selatogrel, i.e. by more than 25% as defined per regulatory guidance. Hence, no pharmacokinetic interaction studies with inhibitors or inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes are warranted for clinical development of selatogrel.
AvatAR: An Immersive Analysis Environment for Human Motion Data Combining Interactive 3D Avatars and Trajectories (2022)

Analysis of human motion data can reveal valuable insights about the utilization of space and interaction of humans with their environment. To support this, we present AvatAR, an immersive analysis environment for the in-situ visualization of human motion data, that combines 3D trajectories with virtual avatars showing people’s detailed movement and posture. Additionally, we describe how visualizations can be embedded directly into the environment, showing what a person looked at or what surfaces they touched, and how the avatar’s body parts can be used to access and manipulate those visualizations. AvatAR combines an AR HMD with a tablet to provide both mid-air and touch interaction for system control, as well as an additional overview device to help users navigate the environment. We implemented a prototype and present several scenarios to show that AvatAR can enhance the analysis of human motion data by making data not only explorable, but experienceable.
The Light-Emitting Diode as a Light Detector (2011)

Alight-emitting diode (LED) and operational amplifier can be used as an affordable method to provide a digital output indicating detection of an intense light source such as a laser beam or high-output LED.1 When coupled with a microcontroller, the combination can be used as a multiple photogate and timer for under $50. A similar circuit is used as a data logging system for a mirror galvanometer, providing a record of changes in the Earth's magnetic field as small as a few nanotesla (nT).
Investigation of polarity dependent InN{0001} decomposition in N2 and H2 ambient (2009)

Abstract The polarity dependence of decomposition of the (0001) In‐ and (000 $ \bar 1 $ ) N‐polarity InN layers grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on freestanding GaN substrates was investigated. In flowing N 2 , In‐ and N‐polarity InN layers start to decompose over 550 and 610 °C, respectively. Therefore, the N‐polarity InN layer is more stable than the In‐polarity InN layer. On the other hand, in flowing H 2 , InN layers of both polarities start to react with H 2 at a low temperature of 350 °C leaving In droplets on the surfaces. Further more, the decomposition rate of the N‐polarity InN layer is larger than that of the In‐polarity InN layer below approximately 450 °C, while the decomposition rate of the In‐polarity InN layer is larger than that of the N‐polarity InN above 450 °C. An Arrhenius plot of the decomposition rates revealed that the activation energies, E A , for the decomposition reactions of In‐ and N‐ polarity InN layers are 168 and 107 kJ/mol, respectively, which are much smaller than that for GaN and AlN decomposition. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)