gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aggressive SiGe Channel Gate Stack Scaling by Remote Oxygen Scavenging: Gate-First pFET Performance and Reliability (2013)

We demonstrate that aggressive gate dielectric scaling in hafnium-based high-k/metal gate (HKMG) p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (pFETs) with biaxially strained silicon germanium (SiGe) channels can be achieved in gate-first integration via remote interfacial SiO2 scavenging by metal-doped titanium nitride gates. We show that an inversion thickness (Tinv) of 0.86 nm can be reached, corresponding to an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of about 0.45-0.5 nm. We then provide a detailed study of interlayer-scaling-induced pFET threshold voltage increase and hole mobility reduction, and we establish an exponential interlayer thickness dependence of negative bias temperature instability (NBTI), resulting in shrinking reliability margins that will require gate stack optimization or reduced operating voltage. Previously shown to be effective for nFETs, our results demonstrate that remote oxygen scavenging is an attractive scaling option for dual-channel CMOS.
Computational Modeling of a Mechanized Bench-Top Apparatus for Leading-Edge Slat Noise Treatment Device Prototypes (2017)

Airframe noise is a growing concern in the vicinity of airports because of population growth and gains in engine noise reduction that have rendered the airframe an equal contributor during the approach and landing phases of flight for many transport aircraft. The leading-edge-slat device of a typical high-lift system for transport aircraft is a prominent source of airframe noise. Two technologies have significant potential for slat noise reduction; the slat-cove filler (SCF) and the slat-gap filler (SGF). Previous work was done on a 2D section of a transport-aircraft wing to demonstrate the implementation feasibility of these concepts. Benchtop hardware was developed in that work for qualitative parametric study. The benchtop models were mechanized for quantitative measurements of performance. Computational models of the mechanized benchtop apparatus for the SCF were developed and the performance of the system for five different SCF assemblies is demonstrated.
Craniofacial and dental study of mulibrey nanism. (1978)

President Roosevelt writes to Joseph Bucklin Bishop to say he wishes he could convince Secretary Root to run for office. Roosevelt also asks Bishop to visit him in Oyster Bay so he could discuss matters with him and Nicholas Murray Butler.
Nanosecond plasma-mediated electrosurgery with elongated electrodes (2007)

Progress in interventional medicine is associated with the development of more delicate and less invasive surgical procedures, which requires more precise and less traumatic, yet affordable, surgical instruments. Previously we reported on the development of the pulsed electron avalanche knife for dissection of soft tissue in liquid media using the 100 ns plasma-mediated electric discharges applied via a 25 μm disk microelectrode. Cavitation bubbles accompanying explosive vaporization of the liquid medium in front of such a pointed electrode produced a series of craters that did not always merge into a continuous cut. In addition, this approach of surface ablation provided a limited depth of cutting. Application of an elongated electrode capable of cutting with its edge rather than just with its pointed apex faces a problem of nonuniformity of the electric field on a nonspherical electrode. In this article we explore dynamics of the plasma-mediated nanosecond discharges in liquid medium in positive and negative polarities and describe the geometry of an electrode that provides a sufficiently uniform electric field along an extended edge of a surgical probe. A highly enhanced and uniform electric field was obtained on very sharp (2.5 μm) exposed edges of a planar electrode insulated on its flat sides. Uniform ionization and simultaneous vaporization was obtained along the whole edge of such a blade with 100 ns pulses at 4–6 kV. A continuous cutting rate of 1 mm/s in the retina and in soft membranes was achieved at a pulse repetition rate of 100 Hz. The collateral damage zone at the edges of incision did not exceed 80 μm. Negative polarity was found advantageous due to the lower rate of electrode erosion and due to better spatial confinement of the plasma-mediated discharge in liquid.
Magnetic Field-Induced Insulator-Semimetal Transition in a PyrochloreNd2Ir2O7 (2015)

We investigate magnetotransport properties in a single crystal of pyrochore-type Nd2Ir2O7. The metallic conduction is observed on the antiferromagnetic domain walls of the all-in-all-out-type Ir 5d moment ordered insulating bulk state that can be finely controlled by an external magnetic field along [111]. On the other hand, an applied field along [001] induces the bulk phase transition from insulator to semimetal as a consequence of the field-induced modification of the Nd 4f and Ir 5d moment configurations. A theoretical calculation consistently describing the experimentally observed features suggests a variety of exotic topological states as functions of electron correlation and Ir 5d moment orders, which can be finely tuned by the choice of rare-earth ion and magnetic field, respectively.
Towards Scalable and Fast Distributionally Robust Optimization for Data-Driven Deep Learning (2022)

We introduce a scalable and fast method for solving distributionally robust optimization (DRO). Previous works have demonstrated that DRO outperforms empirical risk on a collection of inconsistent distribution of test data (the property of “uncertainty set”). However, DRO is hard to be applied for large-scale datasets and large parameterized model, due to the datapoint-level and non-differentiable objective function. In this paper, we formalize the DRO problem with the supremum of a family of subgroup-level loss functions. Subgroup loss is the cost function of partitioned uncertainty set. Then we implement the maximum of subgroup loss as the objective function and update model parameters by reweighting the descent direction, calculated from a differentiable objective function. Experimental results unveil that large parameterized models with the proposed method successfully adapt to uncertainty set whether the distribution contains out-of-domain or imbalanced property. Remarkably, with the explored reweighting strategy, the proposed algorithm effectively achieves competitive performance and robustness.
Design and construction of a high efficiency retarding potential Mott polarization analyzer (1994)

New insights into many physical phenomena can be obtained through spin dependent analysis and such investigations frequently require an electron spin polarimeter. In the past available polarimeters have been bulky and required very high voltages (100 kV or more) in order to operate. In recent years more portable models which operate in the 20 kV range have been constructed with efficiencies (figures of merit) of $3\\times 10\\sp{-5}$. A very compact UHV compatible retarding potential Mott polarimeter is described here that provides the highest efficiencies yet achieved with an instrument of this type. With a thorium target and electron accelerating voltage of 25 kV, it provides effective Sherman functions $\\rm S\\sb{eff}$ between $-$0.15 and $-$0.25. The resulting figures of merit are as high as $\\approx1.6\\times 10\\sp{-4}$ which make the device attractive for use in any application requiring electron spin polarimetry.
Collagen synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of antiproliferative polysaccharides (1996)

Production of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates biological functions of the vascular tissue. This process is generally amplified in pathologic states as atherosclerosis. Atheroma originates from smooth muscle cells (SMC) which have migrated and proliferated in the vascular intima. In this study we investigated protein synthesis, collagen synthesis, and types I, III, and V collagen distribution by SMC in the presence of three families of water-soluble polysaccharides, heparin, fucans, and derivatized dextrans. We observed that fucan and derivatized dextran were able, as was heparin, to inhibit rat aortic SMC growth in culture. We then analyzed collagen modulation by measuring the incorporation of the radiolabeled precursor (3H)-proline into vascular SMC. Our results showed uncoupling of the antiproliferative capacity with collagen biosynthesis. However, fucan, the most antiproliferative polysaccharide, was also the most active in inhibiting protein and collagen synthesis. In addition, compounds that decreased total collagen synthesis preferentially increased the proportion of cell-associated collagen. Interestingly, only the antiproliferative polysaccharides inhibited significantly type V collagen biosynthesis. These new biomaterials appear to be valuable tools to study and control extracellular-matrix interactions with cells from the vascular walls. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All-Cause and Incremental Per Patient Per Year Cost Associated with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Associated Liver Complications in the United States: A Managed Care Perspective (2011)

Based on a retrospective analysis of data from a large, MCO claims database, patients diagnosed with HCV had annual all-cause medical costs that were almost twice as high as those of enrollees without a diagnosis of HCV. Health care costs increased dramatically with AdvLD. Data from this study may help MCOs project future HCV costs and facilitate planning for HCV patient management efforts.
FTIR microspectroscopy of stained cells and tissues. Application in cancer diagnosis (2010)

It is widely accepted that FTIR spectroscopy has a huge potential in cancer diagnosis. However further work is required to bring this technique into pathology departments. One of the areas where big efforts will be required is the development of cell spectra databases to be used in the diagnosis of cancer. Presently, unstained cytology and tissue samples are studied with FTIR spectroscopy. However, it is not always possible to identify in unstained samples the types of cells present. In order to achieve this, samples need staining after FTIR spectra have been obtained. We have recently shown it is possible to obtain FTIR spectra of stained cells using a synchrotron source (10.1038/ labinvest .2010.8). This allows recording FTIR spectra from cells already characterized by pathologists. In order to further this work, we have now obtained FTIR spectra from stained (Papanicolau or Haematoxylin &amp; Eosin) single cells using a benchtop spectrometer. This would be the logical step towards a clinical application in cancer diagnosis. The data here presented show that staining caused a decreased intensity of the peaks at 2920 cm −1 and 2850 cm −1 , and the appearance of stronger peaks at 1374 cm −1 and 1040 cm −1 . The clinical applications are discussed.
LI Cancellation and Power Allocation for Multipair FD Relay Systems With Massive Antenna Arrays (2019)

Massive antenna arrays are capable of canceling out the loop interference (LI) at the relay station in multipair full-duplex (FD) relay networks even without LI channel knowledge if the number of antennas is allowed to grow without a bound. For large but finite number of antennas, however, channel estimation-based LI cancelation is required. In this letter, we propose a pilot protocol for LI channel estimation by exploiting the channel coherence time difference between static and moving transceivers in a multipair FD relay system. To maximize the end-to-end achievable rate, we also design a novel power allocation scheme to adjust the transmit power of each link at the relay. The analytical and numerical results show that the proposed novel pilot protocol and power allocation scheme jointly improve spectral and energy efficiency significantly with realistic coherence time differences.
On the detection and estimation of correlated signal using circular antenna arrays (2011)

This paper presents the design and analysis of smart antenna systems used for the detection and estimation of correlated radio signals encountered in multipath environments using circular antenna arrays. The MUSIC algorithm along with spatial smoothing is used for this purpose. A Matlab-based graphical user interface (GUI) toolbox is designed specifically for this purpose. The toolbox allows for studying the effect of varying those related to circular antenna array itself as well as those related to the surrounding environment.
Behavior and assimilation of organic and inorganic priority pollutants codisposed with municipal refuse. Volume 1 (1993)

Organic and inorganic priority pollutants codisposed with municipal solid waste (MSW) in ten pilot-scale simulated landfill columns, operated under single pass leaching or leachate recycle, were capable of being attenuated by microbially-mediated landfill stabilization processes. The results of the investigation have indicated that columns operated with leachate recycle stabilized more rapidly and completely than columns operated under single pass leaching. The behavior and attenuation of admixed priority pollutant loadings were reflected by changes in leachate characteristics and in the total gas production, the gas production rate, and the methane content of the gas produced by the simulated landfill columns. Leachate constituents were retained in the recycle columns, but were principally removed from the single pass columns due to washout. An explicit inhibition threshold for stabilization consequenced by the priority pollutant loadings was not observed for the recycle columns, although retardation was evident for the test column most heavily loaded with heavy metals. In contrast, stabilization in all single pass columns containing organic and inorganic priority pollutant loadings was inhibited. The organic priority pollutants appeared to have less impact on landfill stabilization than the heavy metals.
Subspace clustering with dense representations (2013)

Unions of subspaces have recently been shown to provide a compact nonlinear signal model for collections of high-dimensional data, such as large collections of images or videos. In this paper, we introduce a novel data-driven algorithm for learning unions of subspaces directly from a collection of data; our approach is based upon forming minimum ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -norm (least-squares) representations of a signal with respect to other signals in the collection. The resulting representations are then used as feature vectors to cluster the data in accordance with each signal's subspace membership. We demonstrate that the proposed least-squares approach leads to improved classification performance when compared to state-of-the-art subspace clustering methods on both synthetic and real-world experiments. This study provides evidence that using least-squares methods to form data-driven representations of collections of data provide significant advantages over current methods that rely upon sparse representations.
Poor but not by choice(s): The persistence of cognitive biases across economic groups (2022)

While economic inequality continues to rise within countries, efforts to address it have been largely ineffective, particularly those involving behavioral approaches. It is often implied but not tested that patterns among low-income individuals may be a factor impeding behavioral interventions aimed at improving upward economic mobility. To test this, we assessed rates of ten cognitive biases across nearly 5,000 participants from 27 countries, comparing between low-income adults and individuals that had overcome financial disadvantages as children, known as positive deviants. Using discrete and complex models, we find robust evidence of no differences within or between groups or countries. We therefore conclude without reservation that choices impeded by cognitive biases alone cannot explain why some individuals do not experience upward economic mobility. Policies must combine both behavioral and structural interventions to improve financial well-being across populations.
Effect of leupeptin on induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in mice by N-nitrosobutylurea. (1977)

The effect of leupeptin on the induction of lymphoblastic leukemia in ICR/JCL female mice by N-nitrosobutylurea (NBU) was investigated. NBU was given as a 0.02% solution in drinking water for 10 weeks. A 0.1% concentration of leupeptin was given in the diet. Group A was fed on the leupeptin diet from the beginning, Group B received it after the end of NBU treatment, and Group C was fed on a leupeptin-free control diet throughout. The average periods in the appearance of leukemia in groups A, B, and C were 115+/-50, 112+/-43, and 100+/-17 days (mean+/-SD), respectively, and there was a significant difference between groups A and B and Group C at P less than 0.001. In regard to this point, leupeptin might have the effect of retarding the rpocess of leukemogenesis. However, leupeptin showed no effect on the incidence and histopathological finding of leukemia.
Anhydrates and/or hydrates in nitrate, sulphate and phosphate salts of 4-aminopyridine, (4-AP) and 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP): the role of the water molecules in the hydrates (2014)

Several salt forms of 4-aminopyridine and 3,4-diaminopyridine with nitric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids, comprising anhydrates and some hydrates, have been prepared and structurally characterized, and the role of water assessed in the latter cases. Our study has confirmed that anhydrates can be obtained even when water is present in the crystallizing solution. Protonation of the aminopyridines is consistent with ΔpKa differences. 4-Aminopyridine uniquely forms a mono cation only, with protonation at the pyridine nitrogen, whilst 3,4-diaminopyridine forms both a mono cation, again with protonation at the pyridine nitrogen, and a dication, with the second protonation at the 3-amino position. Thus, 4-aminopyridine forms a 1 : 1 nitrate anhydrate, a 1 : 1 bisulphate anhydrate, a 2 : 1 sulfate hydrate and a 1 : 1 dihydrogen phosphate hydrate. 3,4-Diaminopyridine forms a 1 : 1 nitrate anhydrate and 1 : 2 nitrate anhydrate and hydrate, 2 : 1 and 1 : 1 sulfate hydrates and a 1 : 1 dihydrogen phosphate anhydrate. Analysis of the structures found suggests that the H-bonding capability of the water O–H donors and O acceptor components have similar tendencies to N–H donors and other O acceptors. At the same time, we recognise that, whilst water molecules may occasionally be structure forming, they also act as spacers or fillers in the development of the primary H-bonded assemblies. These will mainly be controlled by the stoichiometries and H-bonding possibilities of the anion/cation components. It is also possible that, in some circumstances, the inclusion or otherwise of water in structures may be competitive with supplementary weak interactions such as C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding.
Online Diagnostics in Inverter-Fed Induction Machines Using High-Frequency Signal Injection (2004)

Fault diagnostics for induction machines using an injected high-frequency carrier signal is presented and analyzed in this paper. Both stator winding fault and broken rotor bar detection is covered. Measurement of the resulting high-frequency negative-sequence current is shown to be capable of detecting both types of faults at their incipient stage. Though sharing similar physical principles to techniques applied to line-connected machines, the use of a high-frequency signal is shown to provide important advantages for inverter-fed machines, such as providing the same performance and drastically reduced sensitivity to the working condition of the machine, i.e., torque and flux levels, and fundamental excitation frequency.
Toxin-eating bacteria and bioremediation (2023)

Methods are provided for reducing a level of one or more antibiotics from an antibiotic-contaminated substance. An organism that can utilize the one or more antibiotics as a carbon source is cultured in the presence of the antibiotic-contaminated substance for a sufficient amount of time to reduce the level of one or more antibiotics from the antibiotic-contaminated substance.
A detailed path-latency model for router geolocation (2009)

This study outlines two novel techniques which can be used in the area of IP geolocation. First we introduce a detailed path-latency model to be able to determine the overall propagation delays along the network paths more accurately. This knowledge then leads to more precise geographic distance estimation between network routers and measurement nodes. In addition to the application of the detailed path-latency model, we describe a method which utilizes high-precision one-way delay measurements to further increase the accuracy of router geolocation techniques. The precise one-way delay values are used as a ldquopath-constraintrdquo to limit the overall geographic distance between the measurement nodes. The approach introduced in this paper can be used to localize all the network routers along the network path between the measurement nodes and can be combined with other existing geolocation techniques. The introduced techniques are validated in a wide range of experiments performed in the ETOMIC measurement infrastructure.
220: Local Cost Structures and the Economics of Robot Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (2006)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Robot-assisted prostatectomy (RAP) is more costly than traditional radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) under the cost structures at certain hospitals. However, this finding may not be the case in all care settings. We investigated the sensitivity of RAP and RRP inpatient costs to variations in length of stay (LOS), local hospitalization costs, and robotic case volume, in both the specialist and generalist settings.
Compressive Optical Imaging Systems -- Theory, Devices and Implementation (2009)

Abstract : In this project we expanded the theory of compressive sensing and explored the connection of CS to advanced optical imaging systems. In regard to theory we incorporated a Hidden Markov Tree signal model into existing CS theory and produced an algorithm for fast signal recover. We physically implemented CS on a single-pixel imaging testbed and analyzed its performance against existing multiplexing schemes. The insight of CS theory and experience in CS implementation culminated with the creation of our single-shot hyperspectral imager.
Cellular Pyrin Domain-Only Protein 2 Is a Candidate Regulator of Inflammasome Activation (2006)

Pyrin domain (PYD) proteins have recently emerged as important signaling molecules involved in the development of innate immunity against intracellular pathogens through activation of inflammatory mediator pathways. ASC is the central adaptor protein, which links pathogen recognition by PYD-containing pathogen recognition receptors, known as PYD-Nod-like receptors (NLR), PAN, PYPAF, NALP, Nod, and Caterpiller proteins, to the activation of downstream effectors, including activation of caspase-1 and NF-kappaB. Activation of these effectors occurs when specific protein complexes, known as inflammasomes, are formed. PYD signal transduction leads to inflammasome assembly and activation of specific effector proteins. It is modulated by a cellular PYD-only protein (cPOP1), which binds to ASC and interferes with the recruitment of ASC to activated PYD-NLRs. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a second cellular POP (cPOP2), which shows highest homology to the PYD of PAN1. cPOP2 binds to ASC and PAN1, thereby blocking formation of cryopyrin and PAN1-containing inflammasomes, activation of caspase-1, and subsequent processing and secretion of bioactive interleukin-1beta. Existence of a second cPOP provides additional insights into inflammasome formation and suggests that POPs might be a common regulatory mechanism to "fine-tune" the activity of specific PYD-NLR family protein-containing inflammasomes.