gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Configurable software defined radio system for two way time of flight ranging (2015)

Many applications rely on precise positioning. For outdoor positioning, GPS, or more generally, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have became a standard. On the other hand, there is no standard solution for indoor positioning. Two favored methods are mainly used. So called “WiFi fingerprinting” is based on the measurement of the received power from WiFi access points. It is interesting, because it can be easily implemented on hand-held devices, like smart phones. Due to the need of an extensive training process for building the fingerprint database and limited precision, this method has limited usability. The other group of indoor localization methods are based on Time of Flight (ToF) measurements. They have better precision, but also higher complexity. No training databases are needed. The deployment of ToF systems is usually very simple.
American sign language - Sentence reproduction test: Development & implications (2006)

The deaf community is widely heterogeneous in its language background. Widespread variation in fluency exists even among users of American Sign Language (ASL), the natural gestural language used by deaf people in North America. This variability is a source of unwanted "noise" in many psycholinguistic and pedagogical studies. Our aim is to develop a quantitative test of ASL fluency to allow researchers to measure and make use of this variability. We present a new test paradigm for assessing ASL fluency modeled after the Speaking Grammar Subtest of the Test of Adolescent and Adult Language, 3'd Edition (TOAL3; Hammill, Brown, Larsen, & Wiederholt, 1994). The American Sign Language-Sentence Reproduction Test (ASL-SRT) requires participants to watch computer-displayed video clips of a native signer signing sentences of increasing length and complexity. After viewing each sentence, the participant has to sign back the sentence just viewed. We review the development of appropriate test sentences, rating procedures and inter-rater reliability, and show how our preliminary version of the test already distinguishes between hearing and deaf users of ASL, as well as native and non-native users.
Scalable Semi-Supervised Query Classification Using Matrix Sketching (2016)

The enormous scale of unlabeled text available today necessitates scalable schemes for representation learning in natural language processing. For instance, in this paper we are interested in classifying the intent of a user query. While our labeled data is quite limited, we have access to virtually an unlimited amount of unlabeled queries, which could be used to induce useful representations: for instance by principal component analysis (PCA). However, it is prohibitive to even store the data in memory due to its sheer size, let alone apply conventional batch algorithms. In this work, we apply the recently proposed matrix sketching algorithm to entirely obviate the problem with scalability This algorithm approximates the data within a specified memory bound while preserving the covariance structure necessary for PCA. Using matrix sketching, we significantly improve the user intent classification accuracy by leveraging large amounts of unlabeled queries.
Unexpected Dimerization of Oxidized Fullerene-Oligothiophene-Fullerene Triads (2000)

Can bulky fullerene substituents reduce the dimerization tendency of oligothiophene radical cations? These authors prepared the dumbbell-shaped bis-C60-substituted oligothiophene shown in the Figure in order to address this question. Contrary to expectation, the molecules display extensive dimerization, even at room temperature, in remarkable contrast to the corresponding unsubstituted oligothiophenes.
Thermionic current densities from first principles (2013)

We present a density functional theory-based method for calculating thermionic emission currents from a cathode into vacuum using a non-equilibrium Green's function approach. It does not require semi-classical approximations or crude simplifications of the electronic structure used in previous methods and thus provides quantitative predictions of thermionic emission for adsorbate-coated surfaces. The obtained results match well with experimental measurements of temperature-dependent current densities. Our approach can thus enable computational design of composite electrode materials.
Development of the Midwest Guardrail System (2002)

A revised guardrail system has been developed that should provide greatly improved performance for high-center-of-gravity light truck vehicles. The barrier incorporates W-beam guardrail and standard W6×9 steel posts. Primary changes to the design include raising the standard rail height to 635 mm, moving rail splices to midspan between posts, increasing blockout size, and increasing the size of post bolt slots. All of these changes were designed to improve the barrier’s performance with high-center-of-gravity vehicles. One full-scale crash test was conducted to verify that the guardrail would perform adequately with mini-sized automobiles when raised to 660 mm to the center of the rail. This test proved that the barrier can provide satisfactory performance when mounted at heights ranging from 550 mm (standard guardrail height) up to 660 mm. Hence, the new guardrail design provides approximately 110 mm (4.4 in.) of mounting height tolerance. When installed at the nominal mounting height of 635 mm, a 75-mm pavement overlay could be applied to the roadway without requiring adjustments to the barrier’s height.
Rhabdoid Tumor Growth is Inhibited by Flavopiridol (2008)

Flavopiridol is effective in inducing cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity in rhabdoid tumors. Its effects are correlated with the down-regulation of cyclin D1 and the up-regulation of p21. Flavopiridol is potentially a novel chemotherapeutic agent for rhabdoid tumors.
Evaluation of Polymer-Coated Carbon Nanotube Flexible Microelectrodes for Biomedical Applications (2023)

The demand for electrically insulated microwires and microfibers in biomedical applications is rapidly increasing. Polymer protective coatings with high electrical resistivity, good chemical resistance, and a long shelf-life are critical to ensure continuous device operation during chronic applications. As soft and flexible electrodes can minimize mechanical mismatch between tissues and electronics, designs based on flexible conductive microfibers, such as carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers, and soft polymer insulation have been proposed. In this study, a continuous dip-coating approach was adopted to insulate meters-long CNT fibers with hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), a soft and rubbery insulating polymer. Using this method, 4.8 m long CNT fibers with diameters of 25-66 µm were continuously coated with HNBR without defects or interruptions. The coated CNT fibers were found to be uniform, pinhole free, and biocompatible. Furthermore, the HNBR coating had better high-temperature tolerance than conventional insulating materials. Microelectrodes prepared using the HNBR-coated CNT fibers exhibited stable electrochemical properties, with a specific impedance of 27.0 ± 9.4 MΩ µm<sup>2</sup> at 1.0 kHz and a cathodal charge storage capacity of 487.6 ± 49.8 mC cm<sup>-2</sup>. Thus, the developed electrodes express characteristics that made them suitable for use in implantable medical devices for chronic in vivo applications.
Regenerative engineering of long bones using the small molecule forskolin (2023)

Bone grafting procedures have become increasingly common in the United States, with approximately 500,000 cases occurring each year at a societal cost exceeding $2.4 billion. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are therapeutic agents that have been widely used by orthopedic surgeons to stimulate bone tissue formation alone and when paired with biomaterials. However, significant limitations such as immunogenicity, high production cost, and ectopic bone growth from these therapies remain. Therefore, efforts have been made to discover and repurpose osteoinductive small-molecule therapeutics to promote bone regeneration. Previously, we have demonstrated that a single-dose treatment with the small-molecule forskolin for just 24 h induces osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow–derived stem cells in vitro, while mitigating adverse side effects attributed with prolonged small-molecule treatment schemes. In this study, we engineered a composite fibrin–PLGA [poly(lactide-co-glycolide)]-sintered microsphere scaffold for the localized, short-term delivery of the osteoinductive small molecule, forskolin. In vitro characterization studies showed that forskolin released out of the fibrin gel within the first 24 h and retained its bioactivity toward osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow–derived stem cells. The forskolin-loaded fibrin–PLGA scaffold was also able to guide bone formation in a 3-mo rabbit radial critical-sized defect model comparable to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) treatment, as demonstrated through histological and mechanical evaluation, with minimal systemic off-target side effects. Together, these results demonstrate the successful application of an innovative small-molecule treatment approach within long bone critical-sized defects.
Playing Atari Ball Games with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2019)

Human beings are particularly good at reasoning and inference from just a few examples. When facing new tasks, humans will leverage knowledge and skills learned before, and quickly integrate them with the new task. In addition to learning by experimentation, human also learn socio-culturally through instructions and learning by example. In this way humans can learn much faster compared with most current artificial intelligence algorithms in many tasks. In this paper, we test the idea of speeding up machine learning through social learning. We argue that in solving real-world problems, especially when the task is designed by humans, and/or for humans, there are typically instructions from user manuals and/or human experts which give guidelines on how to better accomplish the tasks. We argue that these instructions have tremendous value in designing a reinforcement learning system which can learn in human fashion, and we test the idea by playing the Atari games Tennis and Pong. We experimentally demonstrate that the instructions provide key information about the task, which can be used to decompose the learning task into sub-systems and construct options for the temporally extended planning, and dramatically accelerate the learning process.
AtMYB44 regulates WRKY70 expression and modulates antagonistic interaction between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling (2012)

The role of AtMYB44, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor, in signaling mediated by jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) is examined. AtMYB44 is induced by JA through CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). AtMYB44 over-expression down-regulated defense responses against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria brassicicola, but up-regulated WRKY70 and PR genes, leading to enhanced resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. The knockout mutant atmyb44 shows opposite effects. Induction of WRKY70 by SA is reduced in atmyb44 and npr1-1 mutants, and is totally abolished in atmyb44 npr1-1 double mutants, showing that WRKY70 is regulated independently through both NPR1 and AtMYB44. AtMYB44 over-expression does not change SA content, but AtMYB44 over-expression phenotypes, such as retarded growth, up-regulated PR1 and down-regulated PDF1.2 are reversed by SA depletion. The wrky70 mutation suppressed AtMYB44 over-expression phenotypes, including up-regulation of PR1 expression and down-regulation of PDF1.2 expression. β-estradiol-induced expression of AtMYB44 led to WRKY70 activation and thus PR1 activation. AtMYB44 binds to the WRKY70 promoter region, indicating that AtMYB44 acts as a transcriptional activator of WRKY70 by directly binding to a conserved sequence element in the WRKY70 promoter. These results demonstrate that AtMYB44 modulates antagonistic interaction by activating SA-mediated defenses and repressing JA-mediated defenses through direct control of WRKY70.
Pose estimation using time-resolved inversion of diffuse light (2014)

We present a novel approach for evaluation of position and orientation of geometric shapes from scattered time-resolved data. Traditionally, imaging systems treat scattering as unwanted and are designed to mitigate the effects. Instead, we show here that scattering can be exploited by implementing a system based on a femtosecond laser and a streak camera. The result is accurate estimation of object pose, which is a fundamental tool in analysis of complex scenarios and plays an important role in our understanding of physical phenomena. Here, we experimentally show that for a given geometry, a single incident illumination point yields enough information for pose estimation and tracking after multiple scattering events. Our technique can be used for single-shot imaging behind walls or through turbid media.
Formulation of a Model Resin System for Benchmarking Processing-Property Relationships in High-Performance Photo 3D Printing Applications (2020)

A well-defined resin system is needed to serve as a benchmark for 3D printing of high-performance composites. This work describes the design and characterization of such a system that takes into account processability and performance considerations. The Grunberg-Nissan model for resin viscosity and the Fox equation for polymer <i>T<sub>g</sub></i> were used to determine proper monomer ratios. The target viscosity of the resin was below 500 cP, and the target final <i>T<sub>g</sub></i> of the cured polymer was 150 °C based on tan-δ peak from dynamic mechanical analysis. A tri-component model resin system, termed DA-2 resin, was determined and fully characterized. The printed polymer post-cure exhibited good thermal properties and high mechanical strength, but has a comparatively low fracture toughness. The model resin will be used in additive manufacturing of fiber reinforced composite materials as well as for understanding the fundamental processing-property relationships in light-based 3D printing.
Improvements to the finite-difference time-domain method for calculating the radar cross section of a perfectly conducting target (1990)

Several improvements to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for calculating the radar cross section (RCS) of a perfectly conducting target are presented. Sinusoidal and pulsed FDTD excitations are compared to determine an efficient method of finding the frequency response of targets. The maximum cell size, the minimum number of external cells, and a method to eliminate field storage in the shielded internal volume of perfect conductors to reduce the computer storage requirements of FDTD are discussed. The magnetic-field DC offset induced by surface currents on perfectly conducting objects is observed, and its effects are removed by postprocessing to achieve convergence of the RCS calculations. RCS calculations using the FDTD method in two dimensions are presented for both square and circular infinite cylinders illuminated by both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized plane waves. The RCS of a metal cube in three dimensions is also presented. Good agreement between FDTD calculations and theoretical values was achieved for all cases, and parameters necessary to achieve this agreement are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Diffraction of obliquely incident light at oblique helicoidal cholesteric (2022)

We demonstrate experimentally that diffraction of light incident obliquely at the oblique helicoidal cholesteric (ChOH) structure results in scattering at both the half- (P/2) and the full pitch (P) periodicities. Transmission spectra at P and P/2 are observed in the Vis spectral range, tunable by the electric field and the angle of light incidence. Diffraction at P/2 shows two distinct spectral bands for p- and s-polarized incident light. Diffraction at P is a single wide band. Unique optical properties of ChOH are attractive for applications such as electrically tunable band-pass filters, optical rotators, and beam-steering devices.
Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with strong antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling at first oscillation peak (2015)

We systematically developed a perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnetically (p-SAF) coupled reference structure with strong interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) at the "first peak", where the thickness of the Ru layer between the Co/Pt superlattice layers was 0.4–0.5 nm. A high IEC energy density (2.2 erg/cm2) and a high magnetoresistance ratio (110–150%) with an ultralow resistance-area product (2–5 Ω·µm2) were simultaneously achieved in the integrated magnetic tunnel junctions of the p-SAF structure. The use of p-SAF coupling with strong IEC is attractive because of its ability to produce highly stable and unidirectional reference layers for memory applications.
Upregulation of Haploinsufficient Gene Expression in the Brain by Targeting a Long Non-coding RNA Improves Seizure Phenotype in a Model of Dravet Syndrome (2016)

Dravet syndrome is a devastating genetic brain disorder caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene SCN1A. There are currently no treatments, but the upregulation of SCN1A healthy allele represents an appealing therapeutic strategy. In this study we identified a novel, evolutionary conserved mechanism controlling the expression of SCN1A that is mediated by an antisense non-coding RNA (SCN1ANAT). Using oligonucleotide-based compounds (AntagoNATs) targeting SCN1ANAT we were able to induce specific upregulation of SCN1A both in vitro and in vivo, in the brain of Dravet knock-in mouse model and a non-human primate. AntagoNAT-mediated upregulation of Scn1a in postnatal Dravet mice led to significant improvements in seizure phenotype and excitability of hippocampal interneurons. These results further elucidate the pathophysiology of Dravet syndrome and outline a possible new approach for the treatment of this and other genetic disorders with similar etiology.
Allosteric regulation of γ-secretase activity by a phenylimidazole-type γ-secretase modulator (2014)

γ-Secretase is an intramembrane-cleaving protease responsible for the generation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recently, a series of compounds called γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) has been shown to decrease the levels of long toxic Aβ species (i.e., Aβ42), with a concomitant elevation of the production of shorter Aβ species. In this study, we show that a phenylimidazole-type GSM allosterically induces conformational changes in the catalytic site of γ-secretase to augment the proteolytic activity. Analyses using the photoaffinity labeling technique and systematic mutational studies revealed that the phenylimidazole-type GSM targets a previously unidentified extracellular binding pocket within the N-terminal fragment of presenilin (PS). Collectively, we provide a model for the mechanism of action of the phenylimidazole-type GSM in which binding at the luminal side of PS induces a conformational change in the catalytic center of γ-secretase to modulate Aβ production.
Construction of adaptively regularized parametric maps for quantitative ultrasound imaging (2019)

In the field of quantitative ultrasound (QUS), constructing semantic parametric maps based on local attenuation coefficient slope (ACS) or backscatter coefficient (BSC) modeling remains a challenge. These maps may be useful for detecting lesions or anatomical objects, or for characterizing anomalies within organs. The objective was to propose a methodology for constructing regularized parametric maps in the case of linear fitting models. The proposed method was tested on: i) the spectral Gaussian fit (SGF) BSC model, comprising the acoustical concentration and effective scatterer size; and ii) the spectral log-difference (SLD) model, yielding the local ACS. Regularization was formulated as generalized LASSO, upon setting a locally constant trend constraint on regression coefficients, with variable Lagrangian multiplier (LM). The latter was set with a variant of the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC): the LM was maximized as to yield a BIC no worse than that of the maximum likelihood. Phantoms were made with agar and graphite powder (g.p.). Acquisitions were performed with a Verasonics Vantage 256 (Redmond, WA) scanner using an ATL L7-4 probe (Philips, Bothell, WA) driven at 5 MHz. Using 21 angles (-5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> to 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sup> ) compounding, 100 frames were acquired. Beamformed radiofrequency data were averaged over all frames. Power spectra were averaged over 15 scan lines, each spanning 10 pulse lengths, on overlapping windows. Acquisitions with same settings were made on a reference phantom (117GU-101 CIRS, Norfolk, VA). Ground truth ACS values were estimated with a planar reflection method yielding (in dB/cm/MHz): #1) 0.56 ± 0.06 (4.5% g.p.); and #2) 1.27 ± 0.09 (12% g.p.). i) SGF results: On phantoms with an inclusion (N = 4, #2 surrounded by #1), the contrast-to-noise ratio on difference in acoustic concentration (log-scale) was 2.7 ± 0.22 (no units) with regularization, and 0.97 ± 0.13 without it. ii) SLD results: On phantoms with side-by-side media (N = 3), biases were: #1) -0.11 ± 0.04; #2) -0.26 ± 0.03; and standard-deviations (SD) were: #1) 0.05 ± 0.04; #2) 0.09 ± 0.02. Without regularization, biases were #1) -0.09 ± 0.17; #2) -0.25 ± 0.20; SD values were: #1) 0.39 ± 0.04; #2) 0.38 ± 0.08.
Development of an all-atom force field for heterocycles. Properties of liquid pyridine and diazenes (1998)

An approach to the general extension of the OPLS all-atom (OPLS-AA) force field to heterocycles has been explored with testing for pyridine and the diazenes, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and pyrazine. For the non-bonded interactions, the partial atomic charges are obtained from fitting to the electrostatic potential surfaces from ab initio RHF/6–31G∗ calculations and standard OPLS values are used for the Lennard-Jones parameters. The harmonic bond-stretching and angle-bending parameters are largely adopted from the AMBER force field. The resultant OPLS-AA force field is shown to perform well for computing the structures of the heterocycles, heterocycle-water interaction energies, and thermodynamic properties of the four pure liquids. The latter quantities were computed from Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations; the average errors in computed densities and heats of vaporization are 0.8% and 2.7%. Free energies of hydration were also calculated for pyridine and pyrazine, and provided errors of under 1 kcal mol−1 in comparison to experimental data.
Disulfur Dichloride (2005)

[10025-67-9] Cl2S2 (MW 135.04) InChI = 1/Cl2S2/c1-3-4-2 InChIKey = PXJJSXABGXMUSU-UHFFFAOYAK (synthesis of thioketones and thioaldehydes from hydrazones;1 synthesis of dithiazoles2 and episulfides3) Alternate Name: sulfur monochloride. Physical Data: mp −77 °C; bp 138 °C; d 1.688 g cm−3; nD20 1.6700. Solubility: sol benzene, ether; readily sol CS2. Form Supplied in: golden yellow, oily liquid; pungent odor; fumes in moist air; impure sample can be reddish orange due to SCl2; commercially available. Purification: distillation of 500 g from 20 g of sulfur and 5 g of charcoal; fraction from 135 to 137 °C is collected. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: refrigerate in dark bottle; air and moisture sensitive; incompatible with acids, bases, alcohols, and amines. Avoid contact with metals; harmful if swallowed; inhalation may be fatal. Use in a fume hood.