gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical vapor deposited TiCN: A new barrier metallization for submicron via and contact applications (1995)

High quality chemical vapor deposited (CVD) TiCN films were produced in a single wafer reactor using a metalorganic precursor (tetrakisdimethylamino titanium). The films have excellent step coverage (≳80%) over high aspect-ratio contacts as well as a very low particle level. These properties are obtained because the films were deposited under surface-reaction controlled conditions; the measured activation energy is 0.9 eV. The stress levels of the films are relatively low, below 5×109 dyn/cm2 compressive. The films also show good barrier properties against Al, Cu, and WF6 attack, that are attributed to their amorphous component, to the high C content of the films, and to the high step coverage. The electrical properties of the CVD TiCN films were evaluated at the via level, and the resistance contribution was shown in many cases to be comparable to that of sputtered TiN. These properties make this material a suitable barrier material for contact and via applications in sub-0.5 μm devices.
ChemInform Abstract: Tunable UV Laser Photolysis of NF2: Quantum Yield for NF(a 1δ) Production. (1987)

Abstract Using tunable UV radiation (240‐270 nm) from a frequency upconverted YAG pumped dye laser system, the absorption cross section of NF 2 , and the photolysis quantum yield for the fragment NF(a 1 Δ) are measured with 0.25 cm ‐1 resolution.
Multiplex Enzyme Assays and Inhibitor Screening by Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Current methods for high-throughput screening (HTS) use a serial process to evaluate compounds as inhibitors toward a single therapeutic target, but as the demand to reduce screening time and cost continues to grow, one solution is the development of multiplex technology. In this communication, the multiplex assay capability of a mass spectrometry (MS)-based readout system is verified using a kinase and esterase reaction simultaneously. Furthermore, the MS-based readout is shown to be compatible with a typical HTS workflow by identifying and validating several new inhibitors for each enzyme from a small library of compounds. These data confirm that it is possible to monitor inhibition of multiple therapeutic targets with one pass through the compound repository, thus demonstrating the potential for MS-based methods to become a method of choice for HTS of isolated enzymes.
Las ciencias sociales en el noreste de México. (2016)

Texto colectivo que incluye seis ensayos donde se reflexiona sobre el estado que guardan las ciencias sociales en el noreste de Mexico: antropologia, comunicacion, economia, geografia, historia y sociologia.Redactado por miembros del Grupo Gente (Grupo de Estudios sobre el Noreste de Mexico y Texas) bajo la coordinacion de Cesar Morado y Lucila Hinojosa.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement—state of the art and a glimpse to the future: ‘the Tailored Approach’ (2016)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement determined a paradigm shift in the treatment of high-risk patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. Notwithstanding the impressive results of the first-generation prostheses, a fast-paced technological evolution is taking place to overcome their limitations, in particular the vascular access damage and the paravalvular leak. Nowadays, with the availability of several different devices, the expert operator can select the right prosthesis for the specific anatomical and clinical situation. As 'One does not fit all', the 'Tailored TAVR Approach' we describe will conceivably become the future of this therapy.
An Approach to the Contact Problem for Objects with Complex Configuration. (2000)

A modeling method for the contact problem between a wheel with flanges and a rail is presented as one of the example of the analysis methodology for objects with complex configuration. The contact configuration between a wheel and a rail is identified by geometric relationships between contact judging markers on the wheel and the rail, then the contact force is calculated considering the variety of the stiffness, damping and frictional property of the contact surface. As applications of proposed method, a free fall simulation of a wheel, and a seismic response simulation for a flexible structure settled on the rail are conducted numerically and are discussed.
Performances of resists for 157-nm lithography based on monocyclic fluoropolymers (2003)

Fluoropolymers are key materials for the single-layer resists used in 157-nm lithography. We have been studying fluoropolymers to determine their potential for use as the base resin and have developed a monocyclic fluorinated polymer with a blocking group of Cyclohexylcyclohexyloxymethyl (CCOM) that has high transmittance (an absorption coefficient of 0.64 &mu;m<sup>-1</sup>) at a 157-nm exposure wavelength and high dry-etching resistance (a dry-etching rate of 1.75 times that of KrF resist) under organic bottom anti-reflective coating/hard mark dry-etching conditions. A resist based on our monocyclic fluoropolymer had high sensitivity. Using it, we were able to resolve a 60-nm line-and-space pattern using a 157-nm laser microstepper (numerical aperture = 0.85) with a resolution enhanced technology of an alternating phase-shifting mask. This polymer was demonstrated to simultaneously enable high transparency, high dry-etching resistance, and good imaging performance.
Influence of different laser operation regimes on the specific energy required for rock removal in oil and gas well drilling applications (2009)

Although many practical hurdles remain to be addressed in the future, laser oil and gas well drilling has potential advantages over the conventional rotary drilling approach, such as a smaller footprint of the drilling rig, higher rates of penetration, reduction of downtime due to dull bits, reduction of waste caused by drilling mud, creation of a natural casing while drilling, and ability to drill in hard rock formations. One of the most promising applications is downhole laser perforation for well completion as an alternative to explosive technologies currently in use. In order to establish both the technical and economic feasibility of using lasers in oil and gas drilling operations, one can measure the laser energy required to remove a unit volume of rock. The resulting specific energy is a measure of the efficiency of the laser drilling process and depends on the rock type and the laser operation regime that determines the laser-rock interaction mechanism. In the present feasibility study, we compare the results of laser drilling tests conducted in two types of reservoir rocks, namely limestone and sandstone, at different laser wavelengths and for different laser operation regimes (continuous wave and pulsed regimes, different repetition rates and duty cycles) in terms of specific energy. We also discuss preliminary results on the influence of the temporal shape of the laser pulses in the nanosecond regime on the rock removal process as obtained with INO pulse-shaping fiber laser platform, with the objective to take advantage of the flexibility and the agility of such a laser source for drilling operations in different rock types.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Imidazo[4,5‐d][1,2,3]triazine (2‐Azapurine)nucleosides. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fresh Water Generation from Aquifer-Pressured Carbon Storage (2010)

Can we use the pressure associated with sequestration to make brine into fresh water? This project is establishing the potential for using brine pressurized by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) operations in saline formations as the feedstock for desalination and water treatment technologies including reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF). Possible products are: Drinking water, Cooling water, and Extra aquifer space for CO{sub 2} storage. The conclusions are: (1) Many saline formation waters appear to be amenable to largely conventional RO treatment; (2) Thermodynamic modeling indicates that osmotic pressure is more limiting on water recovery than mineral scaling; (3) The use of thermodynamic modeling with Pitzer's equations (or Extended UNIQUAC) allows accurate estimation of osmotic pressure limits; (4) A general categorization of treatment feasibility is based on TDS has been proposed, in which brines with 10,000-85,000 mg/L are the most attractive targets; (5) Brines in this TDS range appear to be abundant (geographically and with depth) and could be targeted in planning future CCS operations (including site selection and choice of injection formation); and (6) The estimated cost of treating waters in the 10,000-85,000 mg/L TDS range is about half that for conventional seawater desalination, due to the anticipated pressure recovery.
Silver centers luminescence in phosphate glasses subjected to X‐Rays or combined X‐rays and femtosecond laser exposure (2019)

Abstract The generation of silver species has been investigated in silver‐containing sodo‐gallo‐phosphate glasses subjected to X‐ray irradiations. Radioluminescence spectroscopy has evidenced the presence of isolated and paired silver ions. The proportion of silver pairing is found dominant in ortho‐phosphate glass compositions, compared to poly‐phosphate counterparts. The phosphate glass network is reported to have a decisive impact on X‐Ray photosensitivity and the formation of luminescent silver species, namely Ag 2+ hole trap silver ions and Ag m x+ silver clusters. The subsistence of femtosecond laser produced silver luminescent structures under X‐Ray irradiation has been demonstrated.
Phase Transformation Behavior of a Two‐Dimensional Zeolite (2019)

Abstract Understanding the molecular‐level mechanisms of phase transformation in solids is of fundamental interest for functional materials such as zeolites. Two‐dimensional (2D) zeolites, when used as shape‐selective catalysts, can offer improved access to the catalytically active sites and a shortened diffusion length in comparison with their 3D analogues. However, few materials are known to maintain both their intralayer microporosity and structure during calcination for organic structure‐directing agent (SDA) removal. Herein we report that PST‐9, a new 2D zeolite which has been synthesized via the multiple inorganic cation approach and fulfills the requirements for true layered zeolites, can be transformed into the small‐pore zeolite EU‐12 under its crystallization conditions through the single‐layer folding process, but not through the traditional dissolution/recrystallization route. We also show that zeolite crystal growth pathway can differ according to the type of organic SDAs employed.
Protein arginine methylation during lytic adenovirus infection (2004)

Arginine methylation of proteins affects major processes in the cell, including transcriptional regulation, mRNA metabolism, signal transduction and protein sorting. Arginine methylation of Ad (adenovirus) E1B 55-kDa-associated protein E1B-AP5 was recently described by us [Kzhyshkowska, Schutt, Liss, Kremmer, Stauber, Wolf and Dobner (2001) Biochem. J. 358, 305-314]. In this first example of protein arginine methylation analysis in Ad-infected cells, we investigated methylation of the E1B-AP5 and the viral L4-100 kDa protein. We demonstrate that E1B-AP5 methylation is enhanced during the course of infection in a cell-type-specific manner. We also show that L4-100 kDa is efficiently methylated in Ad-infected cells. L4-100 kDa formed complex with methyltransferase in vivo during productive infection, and can be methylated by HRMT1L2 (human protein arginine methyltransferase 1) in vitro. Comparative analysis of E1B-AP5 and L4-100 kDa protein methylation in Ad-infected HeLa, MCF-7 and H1299 cells revealed that the profile of protein arginine methylation correlates with the efficiency of Ad proteins production. Our results suggest that protein arginine methylation is an important host-cell function required for efficient Ad replication.
Base-Controlled Diastereoselective Synthesis of Either anti- or syn-β-Aminonitriles (2017)

Deprotonation of secondary alkane nitriles with nBuLi and addition to aryl imines gives kinetic anti-β-aminonitriles. Use of LHMDS allows reversible protonation of the reaction intermediate to give syn-β-aminonitriles. The pure diastereosiomers can be isolated in good yields, and the mechanism was elucidated.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Properties, and Reactions of Carbonyl Oxides (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The Renal-Specific Transporter Mediates Facilitative Transport of Organic Anions at the Brush Border Membrane of Mouse Renal Tubules (2004)

The renal secretion of organic anions across the proximal tubules is achieved by a coordination of uptake and efflux transporters. This study reports the expression, localization, and functional properties of mouse renal-specific transporter (RST). Mouse RST mRNA is predominantly expressed in the kidney and localized on the brush border membrane of mouse kidney proximal tubules. Mouse RST-expressing HEK293 cells exhibited saturable uptake of p-aminohippurate (Km approximately 234 microM), which was increased by an increase in K(+) concentration or in the presence of Ba(2+) and ouabain and decreased by diethylpyrocarbonate, a histidine modifier. An increase in K(+) concentration enhanced the uptake of benzylpenicillin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, suggesting polyspecific substrate specificity of mouse RST. Vectorial transport of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate was observed in the basal-to-apical direction in rat organic anion transporter 3-expressing LLC-PK1 cells (rOat3-LLC); however, coexpression of mouse RST in rOat3-LLC caused a 1.3-fold increase in the basal-to-apical transport. In addition, the basal-to-apical transport of benzylpenicillin and urate was 3- and 2.5-fold greater than that in the opposite direction in the double-transfected cells, respectively, whereas their transepithelial transport in vector- or rOat3-LLC was symmetrical. Furthermore, the basal-to-apical transport of benzylpenicillin was saturable and reduced by increasing extracellular K(+) concentration and ouabain. These results suggest that mouse RST mediates the efflux of organic anions including urate and works as exit for organic anions in the proximal tubules. In addition to the kidney, mouse RST was detected in the brain capillaries and the choroid plexus, and it may also play a role in efflux transport of organic anions across the barriers of the central nervous system.
Bone marrow and tumor cell colony-forming units and human tumor xenograft efficacy of noncamptothecin and camptothecin topoisomerase I inhibitors (2008)

Topoisomerase I (TopoI), an established anticancer target, is an enzyme producing a single-strand DNA break during transcription. Several noncamptothecin TopoI inhibitors have been identified. One of these, ARC-111, was compared with two clinically used camptothecins, topotecan and irinotecan/SN-38. In mouse and human bone marrow colony formation [colony-forming units granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM)] assays, the IC(90) values were 519 and 331 nmol/L for topotecan and SN-38 mouse CFU-GM and were 19 and 26 nmol/L for human CFU-GM, giving mouse to human differentials of 28- and 13-fold. ARC-111 produced IC(90) values of 28 nmol/L in mouse and 6.2 nmol/L in human CFU-GM, thus only a 4.5-fold differential between species. Human bone marrow CFU-GM was more sensitive to topotecan than were several human cancer cell lines, but ARC-111 cytotoxicity was similar for human bone marrow CFU-GM and the seven human tumor cell lines tested. In HCT-116 xenografts, tumor growth delays (TGD) were 17 days for irinotecan and 20 days for ARC-111. In HT-29 xenografts, the TGD was 9 days for both irinotecan and ARC-111. Both ARC-111 and docetaxel had a TGD of 21 days in NCI-H460 xenografts, and both ARC-111 and gemcitabine had a TGD of 7 days in MiaPaCa2 xenograft. Current TopoI inhibitors have broad antitumor activity in human tumor xenografts that is not achieved in the clinic. This may be due to greater sensitivity of human bone marrow than mouse to the cytotoxicity of these agents. It may be possible to achieve similar levels of ARC-111 in patients as in mice allowing improved antitumor activity.
Mapping clusters of galaxies with a stratospheric balloon experiment (2007)

We describe the scientific rationale and the preliminary calibrations of the OLIMPO experiment: a 2.6 in stratospheric balloon borne telescope, to be flown in 2008 in a long duration circumpolar flight. One of the main goals of the experiment is to map with high sensitivity and resolution at.,,mm and submm, wavelengths the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in many clusters of galaxies, both in the Northern and in the Southern hemisphere.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Assisted Massive MIMO: Favorable\n Propagation, Channel Hardening, and Rank Deficiency (2021)

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent\nsurface (RIS) are two promising technologies for 5G-and-beyond wireless\nnetworks, capable of providing large array gain and multiuser spatial\nmultiplexing. Without requiring additional frequency bands, those technologies\noffer significant improvements in both spectral and energy efficiency by\nsimultaneously serving many users. The performance analysis of an RIS-assisted\nMassive MIMO system as a function of the channel statistics relies heavily on\nfundamental properties including favorable propagation, channel hardening, and\nrank deficiency. The coexistence of both direct and indirect links results in\naggregated channels, whose properties are the main concerns of this lecture\nnote. For practical systems with a finite number of antennas and scattering\nelements of the RIS, we evaluate the corresponding deterministic metrics with\nRayleigh fading channels as a typical example.\n
A Nanoelectromechanical Resonator-Based Flash Style Analog to Digital Converter (2020)

In this work, the design of a flash-style nanoelectromechanical resonator-based analog to digital converter (ADC) is presented. The operation of the proposed ADC depends on tuning the beam resonance frequency by the sampled voltage, using the electrostatic softening effect. In this paper, experimental results are demonstrated for a 3-bit ADC. The proposed solution reduces design complexity by 20 times and reduces energy consumption by one order of magnitude compared to conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) counterpart. While the measured sampling rate is 8 kS/s, resonators with GHz resonance frequency can increase the sampling rate to MHz and above, making this technology a viable option for medium speed, ultra-low power IoT and sensor applications.
Reflectance-Oriented Probabilistic Equalization for Image Enhancement (2021)

Despite recent advances in image enhancement, it remains difficult for existing approaches to adaptively improve the brightness and contrast for both low-light and normal-light images. To solve this problem, we propose a novel 2D histogram equalization approach. It assumes intensity occurrence and co-occurrence to be dependent on each other and derives the distribution of intensity occurrence (1D histogram) by marginalizing over the distribution of intensity co-occurrence (2D histogram). This scheme improves global contrast more effectively and reduces noise amplification. The 2D histogram is defined by incorporating the local pixel value differences in image reflectance into the density estimation to alleviate the adverse effects of dark lighting conditions. Over 500 images were used for evaluation, demonstrating the superiority of our approach over existing studies. It can sufficiently improve the brightness of low-light images while avoiding over-enhancement in normal-light images.
Supplementary Figure Legend from Hypoxia Promotes Dissemination and Colonization in New Bone Marrow Niches in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure Legend&lt;/p&gt;
Glycemic Control in Critically Ill Patients Effect of Delay in Insulin Administration (2005)

Several recent studies have established a correlation between tight glucose control and decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality in surgical and critically ill patients. We hypothesize that a progressive increase in delay in implementing insulin infusion rate changes would result in a progressively longer time to target glucose level and a progressive decrease in the percentage of time spent within a target glucose range. We formulate a mathematical model of glucose-insulin regulation, validate it with patient data, and use it to conclude that progressive delays in implementing insulin infusion rates result in a progressively longer time to target and poorer glycemic control in all three simulated patient types (Normal, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus).
High-frequency oscillations in human and monkey neocortex during the wake–sleep cycle (2016)

Beta (β)- and gamma (γ)-oscillations are present in different cortical areas and are thought to be inhibition-driven, but it is not known if these properties also apply to γ-oscillations in humans. Here, we analyze such oscillations in high-density microelectrode array recordings in human and monkey during the wake-sleep cycle. In these recordings, units were classified as excitatory and inhibitory cells. We find that γ-oscillations in human and β-oscillations in monkey are characterized by a strong implication of inhibitory neurons, both in terms of their firing rate and their phasic firing with the oscillation cycle. The β- and γ-waves systematically propagate across the array, with similar velocities, during both wake and sleep. However, only in slow-wave sleep (SWS) β- and γ-oscillations are associated with highly coherent and functional interactions across several millimeters of the neocortex. This interaction is specifically pronounced between inhibitory cells. These results suggest that inhibitory cells are dominantly involved in the genesis of β- and γ-oscillations, as well as in the organization of their large-scale coherence in the awake and sleeping brain. The highest oscillation coherence found during SWS suggests that fast oscillations implement a highly coherent reactivation of wake patterns that may support memory consolidation during SWS.
SUMMARIZED: Efficient Framework for Analyzing Multidimensional Process Traces under Edit-distance Constraint (2019)

Domains such as scientific workflows and business processes exhibit data models with complex relationships between objects. This relationship is typically represented as sequences, where each data item is annotated with multi-dimensional attributes. There is a need to analyze this data for operational insights. For example, in business processes, users are interested in clustering process traces into smaller subsets to discover less complex process models. This requires expensive computation of similarity metrics between sequence-based data. Related work on dimension reduction and embedding methods do not take into account the multi-dimensional attributes of data, and do not address the interpretability of data in the embedding space (i.e., by favoring vector-based representation). In this work, we introduce Summarized, a framework for efficient analysis on sequence-based multi-dimensional data using intuitive and user-controlled summarizations. We introduce summarization schemes that provide tunable trade-offs between the quality and efficiency of analysis tasks and derive an error model for summary-based similarity under an edit-distance constraint. Evaluations using real-world datasets show the effectives of our framework.