gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Thermal Al2O3 Atomic Layer Etching Using Sequential Reactions with Sn(acac)2 and HF (2015)

Thermal Al2O3 atomic layer etching (ALE) can be performed using sequential, self-limiting reactions with tin(II) acetylacetonate (Sn(acac)2) and HF as the reactants. To understand the reaction mechanism, in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were conducted versus temperature. The mass change per cycle (MCPC) increased with temperature from −4.1 ng/(cm2 cycle) at 150 °C to −18.3 ng/(cm2 cycle) at 250 °C. Arrhenius analysis of the temperature-dependent MCPC values yielded an activation barrier for Al2O3 ALE of E = 6.6 ± 0.4 kcal/mol. The mass changes after the individual Sn(acac)2 and HF exposures also varied with temperature. The mass changes after the Sn(acac)2 exposures were consistent with more Sn(acac)2 surface reaction products remaining at lower temperatures. The mass changes after the HF exposures were consistent with more AlF3 species remaining at higher temperatures. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis observed Al2O3 etching by measuring the loss of absorbance of Al–O stretching vibrations in the Al2O3 film. The infrared absorbance of the acetylacetonate vibrational features from Sn(acac)2 surface reaction products was also smaller at higher temperatures. The correlation between the MCPC values and the acetylacetonate infrared absorbance suggested that the Al2O3 ALE rate is inversely dependent on the acetylacetonate surface coverage. In addition, the QCM and FTIR measurements explored the nucleation of the Al2O3 ALE. A large mass gain and loss of infrared absorbance of Al–O stretching vibrations after the initial HF exposure on the Al2O3 film was consistent with the conversion of Al2O3 to AlF3. FTIR experiments also observed the formation of AlF3 after the initial HF exposure and the presence of AlF3 on the surface after each HF exposure during Al2O3 ALE. In the proposed reaction mechanism, AlF3 is the key reaction intermediate during Al2O3 ALE. HF converts Al2O3 to AlF3 prior to removal of AlF3 by Sn(acac)2.
Selective Metal‐Halogen Exchange of 4,4′‐Dibromobiphenyl Mediated by Lithium Tributylmagnesiate. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enhanced Design and Reliability Analysis of Copper Post Wafer Level Package (2018)

In this study, the board level reliability (BLR) performance of different copper (Cu) post wafer level package (WLP) structures without epoxy or molding encapsulation have been evaluated and compared to standard WLP. The Cu post WLP test vehicle has been performed on different stack up structures of 4.7 x 7.1 mm2 package size at 0.4 mm ball pitch. The Cu post bumps of test vehicles were manufactured through main-stream production technologies including standard ball drop and electro-plated lead free solder after Cu post completed. The Cu post WLP will enhance the risk of board level solder joint fatigue due to thick Cu post without encapsulation will increase bump site stress. The optimized design parameters of package stack up with low temperature cured polyimide are implemented to accommodate the increased stress. In this work, we also evaluated a novel Cu post WLP stack up structure for fast package cycle time and fine pitch application. The improved BLR performance of large die size Cu post WLP is demonstrated in this investigation. The failure modes analysis and Weibull failure statistics are presented for the BLR results and recommendations as to the preferred Cu post WLP structure are also included.
Detection of the Troponin I Level by a Highly Sensitive Method in Three Age Groups of a Healthy Population (2017)

The article presents the results of research on the cardiac troponin I level as determined by a highly sensitive method in ahealthy population. A total of 165 people (coworkers at a medical institution, 71% women and 29% men) were examined. The criterion for inclusion was the absence of health complaints at the time of the survey and during the previous 30 days. All of the examinees were divided into three age groups: 18–34 years (the first period of middle age); 35–54 years (the second period of the middle age); older than 55 years (old age). The main goal of the study is to identify the absence or presence of a significant correlation between the level of cardiac troponin I and the age of conditionally healthy examinees.
Introduction (1990)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Thomas K. Gaylord and Elias N. Glytsis, "Introduction," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 1384-1384 (1990) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Adult age-dependent differences in resting-state connectivity within and between visual-attention and sensorimotor networks (2013)

Healthy aging is accompanied by structural and functional changes in the brain, among which a loss of neural specificity (i.e., dedifferentiation) is one of the most consistent findings. Little is known, however, about changes in interregional integration underlying a dedifferentiation across different functional systems. In a large sample (n = 399) of healthy adults aged from 18 to 85 years, we analyzed age-dependent differences in resting-state (RS) (task-independent) functional connectivity (FC) of a set of brain regions derived from a previous fMRI study. In that study, these regions had shown an age-related loss of activation specificity in visual-attention (superior parietal area 7A and dorsal premotor cortex) or sensorimotor (area OP4 of the parietal operculum) tasks. In addition to these dedifferentiated regions, the FC analysis of the present study included "task-general" regions associated with both attention and sensorimotor systems (rostral supplementary motor area and bilateral anterior insula) as defined via meta-analytical co-activation mapping. Within this network, we observed both selective increases and decreases in RS-FC with age. In line with regional activation changes reported previously, we found diminished anti-correlated FC for inter-system connections (i.e., between sensorimotor-related and visual attention-related regions). Our analysis also revealed reduced FC between system-specific and task-general regions, which might reflect age-related deficits in top-down control possibly leading to dedifferentiation of task-specific brain activity. Together, our results underpin the notion that RS-FC changes concur with regional activity changes in the healthy aging brain, presumably contributing jointly to age-related behavioral changes.
Complementary Structures in Two Dimensions (2009)

Self-complementary antennas are based on the Babinet principle in which electric and magnetic fields are interchanged (duality) with the structure invariant to this transformation. This paper develops self-complementary structures from the electric and magnetic parts of a complex potential as used in conformal transformation. This leads to various geometries of electrically small impedance sheets with relatively simply calculable admittance properties. These are also related to the impedance properties of some TEM transmission-line structures (cylindrical and conical). The use of conformal and stereographic transformations allows one to generalize self-complementary structures on planes and spheres to structures having the self-complementary admittance properties without the restricted geometrical symmetries.
[OP.7D.04] CHANGES IN RENAL HEMODYNAMIC AND TUBULAR SODIUM HANDLING ONE YEAR AFTER TRANSCATHETER RENAL DENERVATION IN RESISTANT HYPERTENSION (2016)

Objective: The sympathetic nervous system is implicated in most form of hypertension. In resistant hypertension, transcatheter renal denervation (RDN) has been proposed as an adjunctive therapy to antihypertensive drugs at maximum tolerated doses. The results on blood pressure (BP) reduction have been the source of debate. Few studies have explored the effect on renal hemodynamics and tubular sodium handling. The objective was to assess these two parameters before RND and after 1 and 12 months. Design and method: Patients with confirmed resistant hypertension and no contraindications for RDN could be included in the study. Systemic hemodynamic, renal hemodynamic using inulin and PAH clearances, sodium and endogenous lithium clearances (a marker of proximal sodium reabsorption), hormones were measured in standardized condition before RDN and after 1 and 12 months. Variables were compared with an analysis of variance. Results: 13 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 56.1 ± 9.9 years, body mass index was 30.9 ± 9.9 Kg/m2. Mean number of ablation points was 4.7 ± 1.2 points on the left artery and 5.0 ± 1.6 points on the right artery. The following table displays the systemic and renal hemodynamics, the sodium tubular handling and the hormonal profile before RDN and after 1 and 12 months.BP and heart rate remained constant while glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction decreased. Proximal sodium reabsorption, assed by lithium clearances, increased with time. Plasma renin activity tended to increase which could not be explained by the use of diurectics which was similar before and 12 months after RDN. Conclusions: One year after renal denervation, renal hemodynamics and tubular sodium handling seem to be altered with increased filtration fraction and proximal sodium reabsorption. The long term effects of these changes on renal function and blood pressure need to be assed in long term follow-up studies.
Repellency of the Lotus Leaf: Resistance to Water Intrusion under Hydrostatic Pressure (2011)

In an attempt to better understand the repellency of the lotus leaf, a model was constructed from hydrophobic hemispheres arranged on a hexagonal array. Two scenarios were considered. In the first, the hemispheres were smooth. In the second, the hemispheres had a secondary roughness. The model shows that, without the secondary structure, the repellency of this surface geometry is relatively poor. The secondary structure directs the surface tension upward, allowing much greater resistance to penetration of water and prevents the loss of repellency. From the proposed model, the maximum intrusion pressure (or so-called Cassie-Wenzel transition) of the lotus leaf is estimated to be 12-15 kPa. The predicted maximum pressure agrees well with reported values from experimental measurements.
QoS-driven channel selection for heterogeneous cognitive radio networks (2012)

Cognitive radio (CR) technology allows secondary users (SUs) to exploit the wireless resources not utilized by licensed primary users (PUs). SU channel selection for finding transmission opportunities incurs non-negligible costs and is a key challenge in successful operation of Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). In this paper we present current research studies on algorithms for finding the optimal channels supporting SU Quality of Service (QoS) requirements.
Efficiency Factors for Bark Substrates: Biostability, Aeration, or Phytotoxicity (2009)

In Quebec (Canada), approximately 3.5 million tons of bark are produced annually, most of which are burned or buried without being used or recycled, whereas they could be used as basic components in growing media. However, growing media made of fresh bark often inhibits plant growth due to high concentrations of phenols, terpenes, organic acids, and heavy metals or by creating physical barriers to gas exchange. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: first, to evaluate the phytotoxicity of barks from seven different tree species on lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. ‘Grand Rapids’) germination and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Trust’) growth; and second, to identify the possible physical (aeration, water availability), chemical, or biochemical (heavy metal, phenol, terpene, and sugar concentrations) factors causing those reductions. Results show that bark origin affected both lettuce germination and tomato dry matter production. Best results were obtained with raw paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.; PB) bark, which outperformed the control (rockwool). Among bark substrate properties, air‐filled porosity (θ a ) was significantly correlated to shoot dry weight (SDW) and germination index (GI). Plant growth parameters were correlated most strongly to biological stability, and then to θ a , likely reflecting microbial competition for oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter. No relationships were found with terpenes, organic acids, or nutrient elements. These findings seemed to indicate that the apparent phytotoxicity of some barks could be explained by insufficient aeration in the substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: The Abnormal Issue of the Koenigs‐Knorr Reaction with Perfluoroalkylated Alcohols. (1988)

Abstract Koenigs‐Knorr reaction of the protected bromoglucose (I) with the fluorinated carbinol (II) gives the orthoester (III) as the main product which is cleaved to form a mixture of the glucosides (IVa) and (V).
Infectious Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Case Report and Review (1991)

A case of carpal tunnel syndrome caused by Histoplasma capsulatum is presented and the medical literature is reviewed for cases of carpal tunnel syndrome that resulted from infection. Over 100 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to fungal, bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are reviewed. In most of these cases, infectious causes of the syndrome were not suspected; the etiology was often determined incidentally at surgery. Although infection is not a common cause of carpal tunnel syndrome, it should be considered in patients with persistent or recurrent symptoms. For those patients who require surgical exploration or carpal tunnel release, specimens should be submitted for histopathologic evaluation and culture. Most patients respond well to appropriate chemotherapy or surgery plus chemotherapy.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylic Substitution with Readily Accessible Carbonyl‐ and Acetal‐Containing Vinylboron Reagents (2012)

Mehr mit Bor: Die Titelreaktion wurde für den Aufbau quartärer Kohlenstoff-Stereozentren unter Verwendung kommerziell erhältlicher Vinylbor-Reagentien entwickelt (siehe Schema, MOM=Methoxymethyl, NHC=N-heterocyclisches Carben, pin=Pinacolato). Die Anwendung dieser Methode auf die beiden isomeren Formen eines Intermediats der Morphin-Biosynthese veranschaulicht ihre Nützlichkeit. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Recognizing and treating diabetic autonomic neuropathy. (2001)

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy can cause heart disease, gastrointestinal symptoms, genitourinary disorders, and metabolic disease. Strict glycemic control can slow the onset of diabetic autonomic neuropathy and sometimes reverse it. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies are available to treat symptoms.
Inducing photonic transitions for enabling next generation silicon photonics (2013)

We show approaches for achieving several of the main building blocks of next generation silicon photonics including: CMOS compatible on-chip isolators (critical for on-chip networks) and ultra-high speed and low power modulators (critical for high bandwidth datacom).
Analysis of the Effect of Flow Rate on the Doppler Continuity Equation for Stenotic Orifice Area Calculations (1998)

We have shown that significant differences exist between the maximum velocity and the average velocity at the vena contracta at low flow rates. A likely explanation for this is that viscous effects cause lower velocities at the edges of the vena contracta at low flow rates, resulting in a parabolic profile. At higher-flow states, inertial forces overcome viscous drag, causing a flatter profile. Effective orifice area itself varies with flow rate as well, with the smallest areas seen at moderate-flow states. These flow-dependent factors lead to flow rate-dependent errors in the Doppler continuity equation. Our results have strong relevance to clinical measurements of stenotic valve areas by use of the Doppler continuity equation under varying cardiac output conditions.
Impact of Drusen Burden on Incidence of Subclinical CNV With OCTA (2020)

Extrafoveal RPE atrophy, older age, and fellow-eye CNV were significant risk factors for underlying subclinical CNV in nonexudative AMD. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:22-30.].
Formate Dehydrogenase Mimics as Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction (2022)

Formate dehydrogenases (FDH) reversibly catalyze the interconversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to formate. They belong to the family of molybdenum and tungsten-dependent oxidoreductases. For several decades, scientists have been synthesizing structural and functional model complexes inspired by these enzymes. These studies not only allow for finding certain efficient catalysts but also in some cases to better understand the functioning of the enzymes. However, FDH models for catalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction are less studied compared to the oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reaction. Herein, we present recent results of structural and functional models of FDH.
Wearable Doppler radar health monitor with gesture control (2014)

This paper presents wearable health monitors based on Doppler radar technology. To achieve low complexity and power consumption, the radar architecture is composed of a self-injection-locked oscillator (SILO) tag and an injection-locked oscillator (ILO) based IQ frequency demodulator. Promisingly, the experimental results as presented in this paper show that the proposed monitoring system has high potential to integrate wireless transmission device, vital-sign sensor, pedometer and gesture controller on a single radar platform.
Effects of fibrates on human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1-, multidrug resistance protein 2- and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport (2005)

The effects of different fibric acid derivatives (bezafibrate, clofibrate, clofibric acid, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid and gemfibrozil) on human organic anion transporting-polypeptide 1B1 (OATP2, OATP-C, SLC21A6), multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) and MDR1-type P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1) were examined in vitro. Cyclosporin A (a known inhibitor of OATP1B1 and P-gp), MK-571 (a known inhibitor of MRP2) and cimetidine (an organic cation) were also tested. Bezafibrate, fenofibrate, fenofibric acid and gemfibrozil showed concentration-dependent inhibition of estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide uptake by OATP1B1-stably transfected HEK cells, whereas clofibrate and clofibric acid did not show any significant effects up to 100 microM. Inhibition kinetics of gemfibrozil, which exhibited the most significant inhibition on OATP1B1, was shown to be competitive with a Ki = 12.5 microM. None of the fibrates showed any significant inhibition of MRP2-mediated transport, which was evaluated by measuring the uptake of ethacrynic acid glutathione into MRP2-expressing Sf9 membrane vesicles. Only fenofibrate showed moderate P-gp inhibition as assessed by measuring cellular accumulation of vinblastine in a P-gp overexpressing cell-line. Cyclosporin A significantly inhibited OATP1B1 and P-gp, whereas only moderate inhibition was observed on MRP2. The rank order of inhibitory potency of MK-571 was determined as OATP1B1 (IC50: 0.3 microM) > MRP2 (4 microM) > P-gp (25 microM). Cimetidine did not show any effects on these transporters. In conclusion, neither MRP2- nor P-gp-mediated transport is inhibited significantly by the fibrates tested. Considering the plasma protein binding and IC50 values for OATP1B1, only gemfibrozil appeared to have a potential to cause drug-drug interactions by inhibiting OATP1B1 at clinically relevant concentrations.
Polycrystalline thin film materials and devices. Annual subcontract report, 16 January 1991--15 January 1992 (1992)

Results of Phase II of a research program on polycrystalline thin film heterojunction solar cells are presented. Relations between processing, materials properties and device performance were studied. The analysis of these solar cells explains how minority carrier recombination at the interface and at grain boundaries can be reduced by doping of windows and absorber layers, such as in high efficiency CdTe and CuInSe{sub 2} based solar cells. The additional geometric dimension introduced by the polycrystallinity must be taken into consideration. The solar cells are limited by the diode current, caused by recombination in the space charge region. J-V characteristics of CuInSe{sub 2}/(CdZn)S cells were analyzed. Current-voltage and spectral response measurements were also made on high efficiency CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells prepared by vacuum evaporation. Cu-In bilayers were reacted with Se and H{sub 2}Se gas to form CuInSe{sub 2} films; the reaction pathways and the precursor were studied. Several approaches to fabrication of these thin film solar cells in a superstrate configuration were explored. A self-consistent picture of the effects of processing on the evolution of CdTe cells was developed.
Diffusion-weighted imaging in the setting of diffuse cortical laminar necrosis and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. (2005)

The appearance of the MR images in the setting of diffuse cortical laminar necrosis can be deceptive to the unwary radiologist. The key to correct interpretation is proper windowing and the marked gray-white matter differentiation on spin-echo images but best seen on properly windowed DW images in the early subacute phase. This appearance also implies an extremely poor outcome, either a permanent vegetative state or brain death.
Methodology for optimal in situ alignment and setting of bendable optics for diffraction-limited focusing of soft x-rays (2012)

We demonstrate a comprehensive and broadly applicable methodology for the optimal in situ configuration of bendable soft x-ray Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors. The mirrors used for this application are preset at the ALS Optical Metrology Laboratory prior to beamline installation. The in situ methodology consists of a new technique for simultaneously setting the height and pitch angle of each mirror. The benders of both mirrors were then optimally tuned in order to minimize ray aberrations to a level below the diffraction-limited beam waist size of 200 nm (horizontal) × 100 nm (vertical). After applying this methodology, we measured a beam waist size of 290 nm (horizontal) × 130 nm (vertical) with 1 nm light using the Foucault knife-edge test. We also discuss the utility of using a grating-based lateral shearing interferometer with quantitative wavefront feedback for further improvement of bendable optics.