gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of fiber development in high- and low-consistency refining of primary mechanical pulp (2013)

Abstract Primary refined softwood was subjected to high-consistency (HC) or low-consistency (LC) secondary refining, and the nature of the development of the internal and external fiber microstructure and ultrastructure has been compared. The primary refining of mixed softwood as a raw material was performed in pilot scale by the advanced thermomechanical pulp process. The study was aiming at the comparative characterization of LC and HC pulps at the fiber level when produced with similar and well-characterized handsheet properties. The formerly described Simons’ staining method was applied. A significant degree of fiber wall delamination/internal fibrillation (D/IF) was observed during both LC and HC refining. Both the energy input and the refining consistency had a significant impact on elevating the degree of fiber wall D/IF. The statistical evaluation of internal fiber development indicated that the fiber populations in LC- and HC-refined pulps had a similar degree of fiber wall D/IF despite having a large difference in refining energy input (420 kW h odt -1 ), confirming that D/IF was promoted more energy-efficiently in LC than in HC refining. The characteristic of the external fiber development from HC and LC refining was very different. Secondary LC refining promoted fiber surfaces with ribbons of thin hairlike threads arising from the inner secondary S2 layer that occasionally developed along the whole fiber length. Broad sheet- and lamellae-type external fibrillation from the S2 was typical for HC refining, and these characteristics were rarely observed in the LC pulps. The mechanisms for LC and HC fiber development are proposed. The cell wall characteristics (internal and external) of the pulp fibers appear to govern most of the physical and optical properties in handsheets.
The Hydrogen Bonding Strategy. A New Approach Towards Purely Organic/Molecular Ferromagnets (1995)

Abstract The variation of the number and position of OH substituents at the phenyl ring of α-phenyl nitronyl nitroxide radicals yields different H-bonded molecular self-assemblies in the solid state but do not change essentially their molecular spin density distributions. In accordance with the distinct structural dimensionalities, the obtained radicals show a large variety of magnetic behaviors, being the mono ortho substituted isomer the most remarkable one since it shows a 3-D network of weak H-bonds exhibiting a bulk ferromagnetic transition below 0.45K.
Bariatric surgery and diabetes: Implications of type 1 versus insulin‐requiring type 2 (2015)

Our study suggests that improved glycemic control may not be an expected outcome when considering bariatric surgery in patients with DM1; however, additional investigation is warranted.
STIRAP in waveguides: Linear and nonlinear effects in an adiabatic three-core system (2008)

We demonstrate an adiabatic passage between uncoupled waveguides, in analogy with the quantum effects of STIRAP. In the nonlinear regime the associated adiabatic light passage is found to critically depend on the excitation power levels. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
5‐Aminolevulinic acid/sodium ferrous citrate enhanced the antitumor effects of programmed cell death‐ligand 1 blockade by regulation of exhausted T cell metabolism in a melanoma model (2021)

Mitochondria are key cytoplasmic organelles. Their activation is critical for the generation of T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Exhausted tumor-infiltrating T cells show a decreased mitochondrial function and mass. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a natural amino acid that is only produced in the mitochondria, has been shown to influence metabolic functions. We hypothesized that 5-ALA with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) might provide metabolic support for tumor-infiltrating T cells. In a mouse melanoma model, we found that 5-ALA/SFC with a programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blocking Ab synergized tumor regression. After treatment with 5-ALA/SFC and anti-PD-L1 Ab, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were not only competent for the production of cytolytic particles and cytokines (granzyme B, interleukin-2, and γ-interferon) but also showed enhanced Ki-67 activity (a proliferation marker). The number of activated T cells (PD-1<sup>+</sup> Tim-3<sup>-</sup> ) was also significantly increased. Furthermore, we found that 5-ALA/SFC activated the mitochondrial functions, including the oxygen consumption rate, ATP level, and complex V expression. The mRNA levels of Nrf-2, HO-1, Sirt-1, and PGC-1α and the protein levels of Sirt-1 were upregulated by treatment with 5-ALA/SFC. Taken together, our findings revealed that 5-ALA/SFC could be a key metabolic regulator in exhausted T cell metabolism and suggested that 5-ALA/SFC might synergize with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy to boost the intratumoral efficacy of tumor-specific T cells. Our study not only revealed a new aspect of immune metabolism, but also paved the way to develop a strategy for combined anti-PD-1/PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy.
IMC-Based Calibration of the Boost Pressure Controller in an Electrically Assisted Turbocharged Gasoline Engine (2019)

Abstract In this work, a systematic approach is developed to calibrate a feedback controller for boost pressure control of an electrically assisted turbocharged gasoline engine. The information from the experiments indicates the system can be approximated by a Gain-Integrator-Delay (GID) model which can be robustly identified. Two controllers are designed for two different types of inner loop control (torque/speed) of the electrically assisted turbocharger. The underlying calibration methodology is based on Internal Model Control (IMC). The application of IMC leads to controllers that can be naturally mapped to a classic feedback controller. The plant model is obtained by characterizing the boost system with relay feedback experiments. The calibration methodology as well as the controller designs are demonstrated with a validated simulation platform and good performance is observed.
What It Takes to Improve a First-Generation Inhibitor to a Second- or Third-Generation Small Molecule (2019)

Since the first generation of small molecules was included in the armamentarium of treatment of solid tumors (imatinib, erlotinib, etc.), there has been an expansion of anticancer small molecules, mostly kinase inhibitors, in development. Some of these drugs may not be a real breakthrough but may be similar in pharmacologic properties and marginal benefit over previously existing agents for the same indication (i.e., me-too drugs). Other drugs, however, have been specifically designed to solve an unmet medical need. Overcoming the problems of the blood-brain barrier and brain metastasis, emerging resistance mutations (such as gatekeeper mutations), or increasing selectivity/potency can be addressed with modern drug design. In this article, we discuss the advancements in the field of drug discovery, drug development, and clinical development that have enabled solving some of these issues. The evolution of the different generations of EGFR and anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors exemplifies recent advancements in pharmacology that are driving the field of anticancer small molecules as a whole.
Smith-Purcell radiation in periodic nanostructures: quantum effects and applicability (2017)

We show that, using nanometric periodic structures, non-relativistic particles can generate light via Smith-Purcell radiation, ranging from Terahertz to visible; in this regime, quantum corrections become inevitable and lead to new effects.
A Clock Reaction Sympathetic Ink from Consumer Chemicals (2006)

A sympathetic ink is described that uses a "clock reaction" between hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) to cause the writing to appear after predictable and controllable periods of time. The experiment is conducted using inexpensive chemicals that are commonly available to the consumer on the retail market.
Optimal Design and Experimental Validation of a New No-Cuff Blood Pressure Sensor Based on a New Finite Element Model (2014)

A new multi-physics finite element model (FEM) on the vibration of the radial artery on the wrist is built by this study to predict vibration of wrist artery vessel vibration and then diastolic and systolic blood pressures. The FEM includes the sensor of gel capsule and strain-sensing electrodes, skin, bones and muscles. The vibrations of skin surface and the sensor module are successfully simulated by the established FEM. The resulted vibratory deformation of the sensor electrodes are further transformed to resistance variations to mimic realistic electronics of the front-end readout circuit via establishing a cross-discipline sub-FEM model. The established FEM can is particularly customized to varied ages, weights, heights, genders, and special cardiovascular diseases of users. The customization can be performed in a fashion of one-time calibration by medical staff and/or medical staff. With the customized FEM in high accuracy level, the diastolic and systolic pressures can be accurately predicted by the simulated output resistance variation. Based on simulation FEMs, the design of the pulse sensor is successfully optimized via the processes of Taguchi and numerical methods. The measurements are also conducted to a dozen of subjects. It shows that the designed novel blood pressure sensor is capable of sensing the blood pressure to require accuracy level of the error less than 10% as compared to commercial counterparts with a cumbersome cuff.
Synergistic Interaction of Morphine and Halothane in the Guinea Pig Ileum (1990)

The effects of pertussis toxin on the actions of morphine and halothane in the guinea pig ileum are described. Both morphine and halothane produce a dose-related inhibition of electrically induced muscle contraction. The IC50 of morphine was unchanged by the toxin (2.1 and 2.2 X 10(-7) M in control and toxin-pretreated animals). However, the IC50 of halothane was increased from 2.1 to an extrapolated value of 9.1 vol/vol% by pertussis toxin. At high levels of inhibition the interaction between morphine and halothane was synergistic and was converted to additive in the presence of the toxin. These results demonstrate that in the myenteric longitudinal muscle preparation the effects of halothane, but not those of morphine, are mediated by the substrate for pertussis toxin, possibly a Gi membrane protein. The present study provides significant evidence that the effects of halothane on neuronal tissue are dependent upon an interaction with a specific membrane protein.
Crystal structure of 1,3,5-tri(tert-butyl)benzene-cyclopentadienyl-iron trifluorodimethylsilicate, [Fe(C5H5){C6H3(C4H9)3}][Si(CH3)2F3] (2007)

Article Crystal structure of 1,3,5-tri(tert-butyl)benzene-cyclopentadienyl-iron trifluorodimethylsilicate, [Fe(C5H5){C6H3(C4H9)3}][Si(CH3)2F3] was published on September 1, 2007 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 222, issue 3).
Distinct ADAM Metalloproteinases Regulate G Protein-coupled Receptor-induced Cell Proliferation and Survival (2004)

Cross-talk between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling systems is widely established in a variety of normal and transformed cell types. Here, we demonstrate that the EGFR transactivation signal requires metalloproteinase cleavage of epidermal growth factor-like growth factor precursors in fibroblasts, ACHN kidney, and TccSup bladder carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we present evidence that blockade of the metalloproteinase-disintegrin tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) by a dominant negative ADAM17 mutant prevents angiotensin II-stimulated pro-HB-EGF cleavage, EGFR activation, and cell proliferation in ACHN tumor cells. Moreover, we found that in TccSup cancer cells, the lysophosphatidic acid-induced transactivation signal is mediated by ADAM15, demonstrating that distinct combinations of growth factor precursors and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) regulate GPCR-EGFR cross-talk pathways in cell lines derived from urogenital cancer. Our data show further that activation of ADAMs results in discrete cellular responses; whereas GPCR agonists promote activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway and cell proliferation via the EGFR in fibroblasts and ACHN cells, EGFR transactivation pathways regulate activation of the survival mediator Akt/protein kinase B and the susceptibility of fibroblasts and TccSup bladder carcinoma cells to proapoptotic signals such as serum deprivation, death receptor stimulation, and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Thus, ADAM15 and -17 function as effectors of GPCR-mediated signaling and define critical characteristics of cancer cells.
Supplementary Table and Figure Legends from Tumor-Promoting Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Potentiated by Hypoxia-Induced Expression of miR-210 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table and Figure Legends. Legends for Supplementary Tables S1-S2 and Supplementary Figures S1-S2.&lt;/p&gt;
Preventive Maintenance Policy Optimization of a Nuclear Reactor High Pressure Injection System Using a Reliability-Cost Model (2005)

Previous works have demonstrated that Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) can be applied to maintenance policy optimization problems. Here, the flexible scheduling approach proposed in former works has been enhanced. Now, operational costs are considered in the objective function, resulting in a Reliability-Cost model for evaluating industrial systems performance. The GA searches for optimum preventive maintenance policies, which considers factors, such as: probability of needing a repair, costs of related to the repair, outage times, etc. A typical Pressurized Water Reactor High Pressure Injection System has been chosen as a case study. Results ratify the good performance of the method, allowing specific analysis on the weighting factors related to costs and reliability.
Oxidative Metabolism as a Modulator of Kratom’s Biological Actions (2021)

The leaves of <i>Mitragyna speciosa</i> (kratom), a plant native to Southeast Asia, are increasingly used as a pain reliever and for attenuation of opioid withdrawal symptoms. Using the tools of natural products chemistry, chemical synthesis, and pharmacology, we provide a detailed <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> pharmacological characterization of the alkaloids in kratom. We report that metabolism of kratom's major alkaloid, mitragynine, in mice leads to formation of (a) a potent mu opioid receptor agonist antinociceptive agent, 7-hydroxymitragynine, through a CYP3A-mediated pathway, which exhibits reinforcing properties, inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) transit and reduced hyperlocomotion, (b) a multifunctional mu agonist/delta-kappa antagonist, mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, through a CYP3A-mediated skeletal rearrangement, displaying reduced hyperlocomotion, inhibition of GI transit and reinforcing properties, and (c) a potentially toxic metabolite, 3-dehydromitragynine, through a non-CYP oxidation pathway. Our results indicate that the oxidative metabolism of the mitragynine template beyond 7-hydroxymitragynine may have implications in its overall pharmacology <i>in vivo</i>.
Regulation of Progesterone-Metabolizing Enzyme by Adrenergic Agents, Prolactin, and Prostaglandins in Cultured Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells* (1981)

The direct modulation of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-OH-SDH) by regulatory agents of luteal functions was examined using in vitro cultures of ovarian granulose cells from immature, hypophysectomized, estrogen-treated rats. Without FSH priming, treatment with isoproterenol, PRL, or prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) resulted in minimal modulation of the 20α-OH-SDH activity of granulosa cells. In contrast, after in vitro FSH priming, these hormones or agents caused marked changes in 20α-OH-SDH activity. Isoproterenol treatment inhibited 20α-OH-SDH activity in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, 3.4 × 10-10 M; maximal inhibition, 62% decrease). Similar inhibition of 20α-OH-SDH activity was observed after treatment with epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a β2-adrenergic agonist (terbutalino sulfate), whereas a β1 -adrenergic agonist (dobutamine) was less effective. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of epinephrine was blocked by concomitant treatment with a β2- antagonist (IPS 339) but not by a β1-antagonist (practolol). In FSH-primed granulosa cells, treatment with ovine PRL inhibited 20α-OH-SDH activity in a dose-dependent manner (ED50, 33 Ng/ml; maximal inhibition, 90% decrease). Similar inhibition was observed in cells treated with human GH, whereas ovine GH was less effective. In contrast, treatment with PGF2α, but not PGA1 and PGA2, stimulated 20α-OH-SDH activity in a dosedependent fashion (170% increase at 10 mu;g/ml PGF2α). Moreover, concomitant treatment with PGF2α blocked the inhibitory effects of isoproterenol and PRL. Since FSH-primed granulosa cells respond to various regulatory agents of luteal functions in modulating 20a-OH-SDH activity, the present in vitro system provides a useful model for the study of the differentiation of granulosa cells to luteal cells. The luteotrophic effects of PRL and adrenergic agents are associated with decreases in 20α-OHSDH activity and are probably mediated through ovarian lactogenic and β2-adrenergic receptors, respectively. In contrast, the action of PGF2α is associated with an increase in 20α-OHSDH activity.
Piglet Models of Acute or ChronicClostridium difficileIllness (2009)

We examined the piglet model of Clostridium difficile illness (CDI) in humans, because swine are naturally susceptible to C. difficile. The piglet is a reproducible model of acute or chronic CDI with characteristic pseudomembranous colitis. Germ-free piglets were consistently and extensively colonized after oral challenge with the human strain 027/BI/NAP1, establishing an infectious dose-age relationship. This allowed a demarcation between acute fatal and chronic models. The clinical manifestations of disease inclusive of gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms and characteristic mucosal lesions of the large bowel (including pseudomembranous colitis) are described. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of toxins in feces, body fluids, and serum and a significant elevation in interleukin 8 levels in animals with severe disease. We conclude that piglets infected with C. difficile mimic many of the key characteristics observed in humans with CDI and are suitable animals in which to investigate the role played by virulence attributes, drug efficacy, and vaccine candidates.
Vaccination Against Hepatitis C Virus With Dendritic Cells Transduced With an Adenovirus Encoding NS3 Protein (2007)

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is characterized by the absence of efficient antiviral T-cell responses. Thus, vaccination strategies to induce strong anti-HCV T-cell responses are of paramount importance for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells; therefore, immunization with these cells loaded with viral antigens offers a new approach for induction of antiviral immunity. Here we show that immunization with DCs transfected with an adenovirus encoding non-structural 3 protein, from HCV (AdNS3), induced multiepitopic CD4 T helper cell 1 (Th1) and CD8 T-cell responses in different mouse strains. These responses prevented the growth of a tumorexpressing HCV proteins, in short- and long-term experiments. Moreover, immunization with AdNS3-transfected DCs did not induce anti-adenoviral antibodies, as compared to direct immunization with AdNS3, but elicited T-cell responses even in the presence of pre-existing anti-adenoviral antibodies. Finally, responses induced by this protocol down-regulated the expression of HCV RNA in the liver. In conclusion, DCs transfected with AdNS3 may prove to be an efficient anti-HCV vaccine.
Single-Crystal Growth and Properties of the Perovskites LaVO3 and YVO3 (1966)

LaVO3 and YVO3 are intermediate between LaTiO3 (metallic and Pauli paramagnetic) and LaCrO3 (an insulator and antiferromagnetic below TN=320°K). Single crystals of these vanadites were grown from the melt by a modified Bridgman technique. The temperature dependences of electrical resistivity indicate that both materials are semiconductors in the temperature range 120°–670°K. However, the activation energies for semiconduction are considerably lower than those reported in the literature for powder specimens. Magnetic susceptibilities reveal antiferromagnetic ordering at 137° and 110°K for LaVO3 and YVO3, respectively. LaVO3 undergoes a structural transition at the Néel point that is suggestive of spin-orbit-coupling electron ordering. These results clearly support a localized-electron model at low temperatures. However, the low activation energies for semiconduction at temperatures above TN probably reflect a covalent-mixing parameter λ near the critical value λc for localized vs collective electron behavior.
Cell lineage analysis of acute leukemia relapse uncovers the role of replication-rate heterogeneity and microsatellite instability (2012)

Human cancers display substantial intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, which facilitates tumor survival under changing microenvironmental conditions. Tumor substructure and its effect on disease progression and relapse are incompletely understood. In the present study, a high-throughput method that uses neutral somatic mutations accumulated in individual cells to reconstruct cell lineage trees was applied to hundreds of cells of human acute leukemia harvested from multiple patients at diagnosis and at relapse. The reconstructed cell lineage trees of patients with acute myeloid leukemia showed that leukemia cells at relapse were shallow (divide rarely) compared with cells at diagnosis and were closely related to their stem cell subpopulation, implying that in these instances relapse might have originated from rarely dividing stem cells. In contrast, among patients with acute lymphoid leukemia, no differences in cell depth were observed between diagnosis and relapse. In one case of chronic myeloid leukemia, at blast crisis, most of the cells at relapse were mismatch-repair deficient. In almost all leukemia cases, > 1 lineage was observed at relapse, indicating that diverse mechanisms can promote relapse in the same patient. In conclusion, diverse relapse mechanisms can be observed by systematic reconstruction of cell lineage trees of patients with leukemia.
Deep Born Operator Learning for Reflection Tomographic Imaging (2023)

Recent developments in wave-based sensor technologies, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), provide new opportunities for accurate imaging of underground scenes. Given measurements of the scattered electromagnetic wavefield, the goal is to estimate the spatial distribution of the permittivity of the underground scenes. However, such problems are highly ill-posed, difficult to formulate, and computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a physics-inspired machine learning-based method to learn the wave-matter interaction under the GPR setting. The learned forward model is combined with a learned signal prior to recover the permittivity distribution of the unknown underground scenes. We test our approach on a dataset of 400 permittivity maps with a three-layer background, which is challenging to solve using existing methods. We demonstrate via numerical simulation that our method achieves a 50% improvement in mean squared error over benchmark machine learning-based solvers for reconstructing layered underground scenes.