gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigen-Induced Protective and Nonprotective Cell-Mediated Immune Components againstCryptococcus neoformans (1998)

Mice immunized with two different cryptococcal antigen preparations, one a soluble culture filtrate antigen (CneF) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and the other heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans cells (HKC), develop two different profiles of activated T cells. CneF-CFA induces CD4+ T cells responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity and for amplification of the anticryptococcal DTH response, whereas HKC induce CD4+ and CD8+ T cells involved in anticryptococcal DTH reactivity and activated T cells which directly kill C. neoformans cells. The main purpose of this study was to assess the level of protection afforded by each of the two different T-cell profiles against challenge with viable C. neoformans cells, thereby identifying which activated T-cell profile provides better protection. CBA/J mice immunized with CneF-CFA had significantly better protective responses, based on better clearance of C. neoformans from tissues, on longer survival times, and on fewer and smaller lesions in the brain, than HKC-immunized mice or control mice similarly infected with C. neoformans. Both immunization protocols induced an anticryptococcal DTH response, but neither induced serum antibodies to glucuronoxylmannan, so the protection observed in the CneF-CFA immunized mice was due to the activated T-cell profile induced by that protocol. HKC-immunized mice, which displayed no greater protection than controls, did not have the amplifier cells. Based on our findings, we propose that the protective anticryptococcal T cells are the CD4+ T cells which have been shown to be responsible for DTH reactivity and/or the CD4+ T cells which amplify the DTH response and which have been previously shown to produce high levels of gamma interferon and interleukin 2. Our results imply that there are protective and nonprotective cell-mediated immune responses and highlight the complexity of the immune response to C. neoformans antigens.
Is Gastric Reflux a Cause of Otitis Media With Effusion in Children? (2002)

The majority of effusion samples contained pepsin/pepsinogen protein; only 29% were active. The pepsin level in effusion samples based on activity is substantially lower than levels based on antibody detection; however, the pH present would irreversibly inhibit pepsin, which would explain the low levels of active enzyme. Pepsin/pepsinogen levels in the effusion samples were up to 1000 times higher than serum levels, whereas albumin and fibrinogen levels were of the same magnitude. The pepsin in middle ear effusions is almost certainly due to reflux of gastric contents, and there may be a role for antireflux therapy in the treatment of otitis media with effusion.
On the Correct Averaging of the Equations of Ion Motion in High-Frequency Electric Fields (2019)

The pseudopotential approach is a useful tool for the qualitative description of ion motion in inhomogeneous high-frequency electric fields, often used in mass spectrometric devices. However, in the theoretical study of the motion of ions in high-frequency electric fields with close frequencies, mathematical ambiguity arises, caused by the nonequivalence of different mathematical approaches. The paper considers and compares the time-dependent pseudopotential model and the model of solenoidal (vortex) pseudoforces, that is, vortex drift. The vortex drift model in high-frequency electric fields with close frequencies can be replaced by the model of ion motion in a pseudopotential varying in time. The theory of almost periodic time signals with two characteristic time scales, fast and slow, eliminates the ambiguity in selecting the correct mathematical method for describing ion motion in high-frequency electric fields.
A distance measure approximating the mean square metric (2002)

The method of least squares is perhaps the oldest estimation procedure. The justification of choosing this metric is often based on heuristics and has been found to work successfully in many situations. It renders the subsequent problem solving in a mathematically tractable format. This is one of the somewhat stronger reasons for the method attracting diverse applications. However, computation for this estimation is often unnecessarily intensive and the accuracy we are forced to accept, are frequently more than we need. The paper presents a distance measure, which, while keeping the effect of the basic properties of mean square computation somewhat intact, is computationally much simpler and conveniently hardware realizable with faster speed and in general, requiring less real estate on a VLSI chip. In this type of square error measure, we use an appropriate estimate which is a function of position i of mismatch and an m bit difference starting from bit position i of the two numbers. The paper shows how this function is arrived at. The measure proposed, should lead to a hardware implementation ranging from a simple sequential process to a faster highly parallel hardware realization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Tomato Prf Complex Is a Molecular Trap for Bacterial Effectors Based on Pto Transphosphorylation (2013)

The major virulence strategy of phytopathogenic bacteria is to secrete effector proteins into the host cell to target the immune machinery. AvrPto and AvrPtoB are two such effectors from Pseudomonas syringae, which disable an overlapping range of kinases in Arabidopsis and Tomato. Both effectors target surface-localized receptor-kinases to avoid bacterial recognition. In turn, tomato has evolved an intracellular effector-recognition complex composed of the NB-LRR protein Prf and the Pto kinase. Structural analyses have shown that the most important interaction surface for AvrPto and AvrPtoB is the Pto P+1 loop. AvrPto is an inhibitor of Pto kinase activity, but paradoxically, this kinase activity is a prerequisite for defense activation by AvrPto. Here using biochemical approaches we show that disruption of Pto P+1 loop stimulates phosphorylation in trans, which is possible because the Pto/Prf complex is oligomeric. Both P+1 loop disruption and transphosphorylation are necessary for signalling. Thus, effector perturbation of one kinase molecule in the complex activates another. Hence, the Pto/Prf complex is a sophisticated molecular trap for effectors that target protein kinases, an essential aspect of the pathogen's virulence strategy. The data presented here give a clear view of why bacterial virulence and host recognition mechanisms are so often related and how the slowly evolving host is able to keep pace with the faster-evolving pathogen.
(Phenylsulfonyl)allenes as Substrates for Cycloaddition Reactions: Intramolecular Cyclizations onto Unactivated Alkenes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT(Phenylsulfonyl)allenes as Substrates for Cycloaddition Reactions: Intramolecular Cyclizations onto Unactivated AlkenesAlbert Padwa, Michael Meske, S. Shaun Murphree, Scott H. Watterson, and Zhijie NiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 27, 7071–7080Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00132a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00132a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1064Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Continuous Flow Synthesis of Thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one Scaffold: A Valuable Source of PARP-1 Inhibitors (2014)

An efficient multistep method for the continuous flow synthesis of thieno[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5(4H)-one-A (TIQ-A), an important pharmacological tool and building block for PARP-1 inhibitors, has been developed. The synthesis involves a Suzuki coupling reaction to generate 3-phenylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid which is transformed into the corresponding acyl azide and readily cyclized by a thermal Curtius rearrangement. A statistical design of experiments (DoE) was employed as a valuable support for decision-making of further experiments enabling the development of a robust and reliable protocol for large-scale preparation. As a result, the reactions are facile, safe, and easy to scale-up. The large-scale applicability of this improved flow method was tested by conducting the reactions on multigram scale to produce the desired product in high yield and quality for biopharmacological appraisals.
The rhodium carbonyl hydride species: a theoretical and experimental investigation (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe rhodium carbonyl hydride species: a theoretical and experimental investigationM. L. McKee, C. H. Dai, and S. D. WorleyCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 5, 1056–1059Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/j100316a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (528 KB) Get e-Alerts
Isolation, characterization, and crystal structure of [MeLi.THF]4 (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation, characterization, and crystal structure of [MeLi.THF]4Craig A. Ogle, Brian K. Huckabee, Harry C. Johnson IV, Phillip F. Sims, Stephen D. Winslow, and A. Alan PinkertonCite this: Organometallics 1993, 12, 5, 1960–1963Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/om00029a061Request reuse permissionsArticle Views479Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A 2.5 kb Polypyrimidine Tract in the PKD1 Gene Contains at Least 23 H-DNA-Forming Sequences (1996)

A pyrimidine-rich element (PyRE), present in the 21st intron of the PKD1 gene, posed a significant obstacle in determining the primary structure of the gene. Only cycle sequencing of nested, single-stranded phage templates of the CT-rich strand enabled complete and accurate sequence data. Similar attempts on the GA-rich strand were unsuccessful. The resulting primary structure showed the 3 kb 21st intron to contain a 2.5 kb PyRE, whose sense-strand is 97% C + T. The PKD1 PyRE does not appear to be polymorphic based on RFLP analysis of DNA from 6 unrelated individuals digested with 9 different restriction enzymes. This is the largest pyrimidine tract sequenced to date, being over twice as large as those previously identified and shows little homology to other polypyrimidine tracts. Additional analysis of this PyRE revealed the presence of 23 mirror repeats with stem lengths of at least 10 nucleotides. The 23 H-DNA-forming sequences in the PKD1 PyRE exceed the cumulative total of 22 found in 157 human genes that have been completely sequenced. The mirror repeats confer this region of the PKD1 gene with a strong probability of forming H-DNA or triplex structures under appropriate conditions. Based on studies with PyRE found in other eukaryotic genes, the PKD1 PyRE may play a role in regulating PKD1 expression, and its potential for forming an extended triplex structure may explain some of the observed instability in the PKD1 locus.
PHOTOLUMINESCENT LIGHT SOURCE ARRAYS BY SINERGIC INTEGRATION OF CONJUGATED LUMINESCENT POLYMERS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SILICON MICROSTRUCTURES (2014)

In this work, a novel and straightforward technology for the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) arrays of photolu-minescent light-sources by selective integration of conjugated luminescent polymers into three-dimensional (3D) silicon microstructures is presented [1]. Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) infiltration into 3D silicon microstructures integrating 2D arrays of square holes with different sizes, periods, and aspect ratios (ARs, hole depth-to-width ratio) is investigated by means of three different approaches, namely, spin-coating, dip-coating and drop-casting/slow solvent evaporation. The microstructure, which is fabricated by electrochemical mi-cromachining (ECM) technology [2], consists of a 2D array of 40-μm-side square holes with spatial periods of 70 μm integrated with a 2D array of 4-μm-side square holes with spatial periods of 10 μm. Both the arrays feature hole depths of about 50 μm, thus combining, on the same silicon die, low-AR holes (about 1) and high-AR holes (about 10). Notably, by properly choosing the deposition method, F8BT can be selectively infiltrated in either low- or high-AR holes. Fluorescence microscopy clearly highlights that each polymer-infiltrated hole behaves as a single light-source, due to the confinement effect exerted by the microstructure features on the polymer light-emission in the out-of-plane direction, independently of AR value, size and period. Such a synergic integration of luminescent pol-ymers and silicon microstructures paves the way for new exciting applications, ranging from photonics (e.g. flat panel displays) to medicine (e.g. label-free circulating tumor cell targeting).
Self-Protected Virtual Sensor Network for Microcontroller Fault Detection (2022)

This paper introduces a procedure to compare the functional behaviour of individual units of electronic hardware of the same type. The primary use case for this method is to estimate the functional integrity of an unknown device unit based on the behaviour of a known and proven reference unit. This method is based on the so-called virtual sensor network (VSN) approach, where the output quantity of a physical sensor measurement is replicated by a virtual model output. In the present study, this approach is extended to model the functional behaviour of electronic hardware by a neural network (NN) with Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) layers to encapsulate potential time-dependence of the signals. The proposed method is illustrated and validated on measurements from a remote-controlled drone, which is operated with two variants of controller hardware: a reference controller unit and a malfunctioning counterpart. It is demonstrated that the presented approach successfully identifies and describes the unexpected behaviour of the test device. In the presented case study, the model outputs a signal sample prediction in 0.14 ms and achieves a reconstruction accuracy of the validation data with a root mean square error (RMSE) below 0.04 relative to the data range. In addition, three self-protection features (multidimensional boundary-check, Mahalanobis distance, auxiliary autoencoder NN) are introduced to gauge the certainty of the VSN model output.
Endovascular Treatment of Multiple Visceral Artery Paradoxical Emboli With Mechanical and Pharmacological Thrombolysis (2000)

Because of its speed and minimal morbidity, the AngioJet device may be an attractive alternative to surgical embolectomy or pharmacological thrombolysis in highly selected cases of acute visceral artery thromboembolism.
Effects of Hemoglobin Vesicles, a Liposomal Artificial Oxygen Carrier, on Hematological Responses, Complement and Anaphylactic Reactions in Rats (2007)

Hemoglobin vesicle (HbV), a liposomal oxygen carrier containing human hemoglobin, was intravenously infused into rats. After the infusion of saline, the HbV or empty vesicle (EV), numbers of red cells, leukocytes and platelets in peripheral blood were unchanged during the observation period of one week in addition to each time point among three groups. However, the lymphocyte ratio transiently decreased and the granulocyte ratio increased in the HbV and EV groups at 6 h after the infusion. Those changes returned to the initial value one day after the infusion and those were maintained for the subsequent observation period. No dramatic change was seen in the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells. A transient decrease of the complement titer was observed three days after the infusion of HbV and EV, although the consumption of complement titer was not detected in rat serum by mixing HbV or EV in vitro, indicating that the transient decrease of complement titer in vivo was not due to the consumption of complement due to the interaction with HbV or EV. Multiple infusions of HbV caused the decrease of complement titer only after the first infusion and no allergic reaction was observed. No anaphylactic shock was observed in rats administered with EV several times, while ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized rats died with symptoms of respiratory distress after the second OVA administration. These results indicate that HbV could be administered without serious clinical symptoms or adverse reactions.
On-chip diamagnetic repulsion in continuous flow (2009)

We explore the potential of a microfluidic continuous flow particle separation system based on the repulsion of diamagnetic materials from a high magnetic field. Diamagnetic polystyrene particles in paramagnetic manganese (II) chloride solution were pumped into a microfluidic chamber and their deflection behaviour in a high magnetic field applied by a superconducting magnet was investigated. Two particle sizes (5 and 10 μm) were examined in two concentrations of MnCl<sub>2</sub> (6 and 10%). The larger particles were repelled to a greater extent than the smaller ones, and the effect was greatly enhanced when the particles were suspended in a higher concentration of MnCl<sub>2</sub>. These findings indicate that the system could be viable for the separation of materials of differing size and/or diamagnetic susceptibility, and as such could be suitable for the separation and sorting of small biological species for subsequent studies.
Benzotrithiophene‐Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for 18.2 % Perovskite Solar Cells (2016)

Abstract New star‐shaped benzotrithiophene (BTT)‐based hole‐transporting materials (HTM) BTT‐1, BTT‐2 and BTT‐3 have been obtained through a facile synthetic route by crosslinking triarylamine‐based donor groups with a benzotrithiophene (BTT) core. The BTT HTMs were tested on solution‐processed lead trihalide perovskite‐based solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies in the range of 16 % to 18.2 % were achieved under AM 1.5 sun with the three derivatives. These values are comparable to those obtained with today's most commonly used HTM spiro‐OMeTAD, which point them out as promising candidates to be used as readily available and cost‐effective alternatives in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
Design of barrier coatings on kink-resistant peripheral nerve conduits (2016)

Here, we report on the design of braided peripheral nerve conduits with barrier coatings. Braiding of extruded polymer fibers generates nerve conduits with excellent mechanical properties, high flexibility, and significant kink-resistance. However, braiding also results in variable levels of porosity in the conduit wall, which can lead to the infiltration of fibrous tissue into the interior of the conduit. This problem can be controlled by the application of secondary barrier coatings. Using a critical size defect in a rat sciatic nerve model, the importance of controlling the porosity of the nerve conduit walls was explored. Braided conduits without barrier coatings allowed cellular infiltration that limited nerve recovery. Several types of secondary barrier coatings were tested in animal studies, including (1) electrospinning a layer of polymer fibers onto the surface of the conduit and (2) coating the conduit with a cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel. Sixteen weeks after implantation, hyaluronic acid-coated conduits had higher axonal density, displayed higher muscle weight, and better electrophysiological signal recovery than uncoated conduits or conduits having an electrospun layer of polymer fibers. This study indicates that braiding is a promising method of fabrication to improve the mechanical properties of peripheral nerve conduits and demonstrates the need to control the porosity of the conduit wall to optimize functional nerve recovery.