gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of ppb amount of cadmium in sea water by coprecipitation-solvent extraction-concentration and atomic absorption spectrometry (1972)

海水中のppbオーダーのカドミウムの原子吸光定量法を確立した.海水中の微量カドミウムを濃縮するため,第1段階には共沈濃縮法を,第2段階には溶媒抽出法を採用した.海水試料2lに塩化ストロンチウムと炭酸アンモニウムを加えてカドミウムを炭酸ストロンチウムとともに共沈させたのち,沈殿を炉別洗浄後,塩酸に溶かし,pHを7に調節してジエチルジチオカルバミン酸ナトリウム(DDTC)を加えメチルイソブチルケトン(MIBK)で抽出し,有機相の原子吸光測定を行なう.マグネシウム,カルシウム,ストロンチウム,バリウムの炭酸塩でカドミウムの共沈を検討し,カドミウムの共沈濃縮には炭酸ストロンチウムが最適であり,溶液量100mlに対し100mgのストロンチウム量で,その回収率はほぼ100%であった.カドミウムの原子吸光定量に対し,ストロンチウムの妨害は最も小さい.炭酸アンモニウムの使用量としては,溶液100mlにつき20%溶液5mlを採用した.炭酸ストロンチウムの沈殿の洗浄法は温水で3回がよく,沈殿の溶解法は,濾紙をビーカー内壁に広げ希塩酸で沈殿を洗い落とし,濃塩酸で溶解する方法が最良である.沈殿を溶解した塩酸溶液,およびこの溶液からDDTCとMIBKで抽出した有機相について検量線を作成したところ,最初の溶液量2l中のカドミウム濃度それぞれ10～100ppb,および1～10ppbの範囲内で直線の検量線が得られた.後者の場合の感度は,吸光率1%あたりの濃度として0.1ppbである.大量の塩化ナトリウムの存在は検量線作成に影響を与えない.炭酸ストロンチウムの沈殿を塩酸に溶解させ,アンモニア水で中和するとき,pH 8以上になると白沈が生成する.この沈殿生成は緩衝溶液を用いてpHを7に調節することによって防止できる.本法で模擬海水中の0.5～8.0ppbのカドミウムを定量し,回収率はほぼ100%であった.また瀬戸内海と日本海の海水実試料中のカドミウムを定量し,約0.1～10ppbの値を得た.本法によって大量の海水試料中の微量カドミウムを効果的に短時間内に濃縮し,高感度で定量することができる.
Ga3+ and Y3+ Cationic Substitution in Mesoporous TiO2 Photoanodes for Photovoltaic Applications (2011)

The optoelectronic properties of transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 films were modified by the incorporation of a low level of Ga3+ or Y3+ cations. After optimizing their relative concentration level, we were able to increase in a noticeable manner the power conversion efficiency from 7.4% to 8.1% for gallium and even to 9.0% in the case of yttrium where all three photovoltaic (PV) performance parameters were improved simultaneously. The beneficial effect of gallium and yttrium on the PV characteristics is attributed to a lower electrical resistance and longer electron lifetime enhancing the charge collection efficiency in the transparent layer. We also herein demonstrate that the substitution of the titanium site by a trivalent element in the benchmark TiO2 enables the disposal of the “magic” TiCl4(aq) post-treatment. The potential of this approach was also confirmed in solid-state PbS quantum-dot (QD) solar cells. In particular, a gallium-containing TiO2 anatase photoanode generated twice as much short-circuit photocurrent density as the standard electrode. A 1.9% power conversion efficiency has been achieved by using a solid-state heterojunction of the doped TiO2 with a 100 nm of PbS QD overlayer and using a gold back contact.
Controlled Opening of Single-Wall Carbon Nanohorns by Heat Treatment in Carbon Dioxide (2003)

The opening of bud-type single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) by heat treatment in CO2 was studied by TEM and nitrogen adsorption (77 K). The adsorption isotherms indicate that oxidation by CO2 at 1273 K provides a sufficient nanohorn opening. The pore structure parameters of the open nanohorns can be controlled by varying the treatment conditions; the size of the generated nanopores increases with the temperature and time of treatment. In addition, TPD experiments indicate a significant decrease of the oxygen content in SWNHs opened by heat treatment in CO2. This is in contrast to the procedures reported in the literature for opening of carbon nanotubular structures, typically introducing oxygen functional groups.
REPAIR OF FIRE-DAMAGED CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON IH-45 HEAR ANGUS, TEXAS. FINAL REPORT (1995)

This report details a study which demonstrated the capability of different polymer concretes (mortars) to repair shallow feather-edged spalls in concrete pavement which had been damaged by a chemical fire. The study evaluated materials in the laboratory, selected candidate materials for the repairs, and monitored their performance in the field. Generally good results were reported, except for an isolated deeper area spanning a joint.
Parallel Logics Using Multimode Excitation of a Single MEMS Resonator (2019)

Performing Boolean operations using conventional CMOS-based computers requires the wiring of multiple transistors. Hence, the processors of these computers are composed of millions of transistors, which increase the device size and power consumption. Here, we present a single MEMS resonator that can execute in parallel multiple logic gates. The concept is based on simultaneously encoding the binary information at different modes of vibration of a microplate. The proposed novel method allows the device not only to perform as a fully integrated logic gate but also as a parallel logic processor for which the same device can perform multiple logic gates simultaneously. The proposed method decreases the device footprint and reduces the power consumption required to perform multiple Boolean functions.
10.1162/jmlr.2003.4.7-8.1339 (2000)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
An Escherichia coli gene responsive to heavy metals (1998)

Using in vivo translational gene fusion in Escherichia coli K-12 we identified a gene that is specifically induced by heavy metals, cadmium, mercury and zinc, at nmolar concentrations. This gene was identified by homology to known zinc and cadmium transporters. We created a disruption of the gene that resulted only in a minor increase in sensitivity to cadmium, suggesting that the fusion, which is at the carboxy-terminal end of the molecule, probably allows for at least partial activity of the protein.
Inhibition of IL-32 activation by α-1 antitrypsin suppresses alloreactivity and increases survival in an allogeneic murine marrow transplantation model (2011)

Interleukin (IL)-32 was originally identified in natural killer cells and IL-2-activated human T lymphocytes. As T cells are activated in allogeneic transplantation, we determined the role of IL-32 in human mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) and GVHD. In allogeneic MLCs, IL-32 increased two-fold in responding T cells, accompanied by five-fold increases of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8. After allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, IL-32 mRNA levels in blood leukocytes were statistically significantly higher in patients with acute GVHD (n = 10) than in serial samples from patients who did not develop acute GVHD (n = 5; P = .02). No significant changes in IL-32 levels were present in patients with treated (n = 14) or untreated (n = 8) chronic GVHD, compared with healthy controls (n = 8; P = .5, and P = .74, respectively). As IL-32 is activated by proteinase-3 (PR3), we determined the effect of the serine protease inhibitor α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) on IL-32 levels and showed suppression of IL-32 and T-lymphocyte proliferation in MLCs. In an MHC-minor antigen disparate murine transplant model, preconditioning and postconditioning treatment with AAT resulted in attenuation or prevention of GVHD and superior survival compared with albumin-treated controls (80% vs 44%; P = .04). These findings suggest that AAT modulates immune and inflammatory functions and may represent a novel approach to prevent or treat GVHD.
Characterization of a New Class of Androgen Receptor Antagonists with Potential Therapeutic Application in Advanced Prostate Cancer (2013)

The human androgen receptor plays a major role in the development and progression of prostate cancer and represents a well-established drug target. All clinically approved androgen receptor antagonists possess similar chemical structures and exhibit the same mode of action on the androgen receptor. Although initially effective, resistance to these androgen receptor antagonists usually develops and the cancer quickly progresses to castration-resistant and metastatic states. Yet even in these late-stage patients, the androgen receptor is critical for the progression of the disease. Thus, there is a continuing need for novel chemical classes of androgen receptor antagonists that could help overcome the problem of resistance. In this study, we implemented and used the synergetic combination of virtual and experimental screening to discover a number of new 10-benzylidene-10H-anthracen-9-ones that not only effectively inhibit androgen receptor transcriptional activity, but also induce almost complete degradation of the androgen receptor. Of these 10-benzylidene-10H-anthracen-9-one analogues, a lead compound (VPC-3033) was identified that showed strong androgen displacement potency, effectively inhibited androgen receptor transcriptional activity, and possesses a profound ability to cause degradation of androgen receptor. Notably, VPC-3033 exhibited significant activity against prostate cancer cells that have already developed resistance to the second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide (formerly known as MDV3100). VPC-3033 also showed strong antiandrogen receptor activity in the LNCaP in vivo xenograft model. These results provide a foundation for the development of a new class of androgen receptor antagonists that can help address the problem of antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer.
Introduction (2021)

We consider where teaching is at in electromagnetic theory and its applications and where it should be headed in the next few years. Student expectations for the college experience and methods for learning and curriculum delivery are changing. Key elements are experiential learning and conceptual learning, active learning, and thoughtful scoping of the curriculum. These ideas provide a backdrop for later chapters in the book.
Translationally distinct populations of NMDA receptor subunit NR1 mRNA in the developing rat brain (2003)

The translational activity of the NMDA subunit 1 (NR1) mRNA was examined in the developing rat brain by sucrose gradient fractionation. One translationally-active pool of NR1 mRNA was associated with large polyribosomes (polysomes) over the entire developmental period examined. A second NR1 mRNA pool, approximately half of the NR1 mRNA at post-natal day 4, sedimented only within the two to three ribosome range, indicating that it was translationally blocked during early brain development despite active translation of mRNAs coding for the NR2 subunits of the receptor. At post-natal day 4, both NR1 mRNA pools were distributed throughout the brain and contained similar profiles of NR1 mRNA splice variants, except that NR1-3 appeared to be present only in the translationally-blocked NR1 pool. After post-natal day 8, the translationally-blocked NR1 mRNA pool became progressively active within a background of globally-decreasing brain translational activity.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy as a Method for Determining Surface Structures (1993)

We report the results and interpretation of a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) study of benzimidazole, benzotriazole, and benzimidazole-2-thione on copper surfaces in aggressive media. We have found that SERS is an excellent tool for the study of corrosion inhibition on copper. SERS has enabled us to carry out in situ chemical analysis, isotopic substitution, and orientation determination for the inhibitors on copper. The results indicate an important role of the bridgehead heteroatom in imidazole compounds. We found that the progression of corrosion inhibition is benzimidazole < benzotriazole < benzimidazole-2-thione. Our orientation study of benzimidazole indicates that it is predominantly flat on copper surfaces.
Implementation and integration of a counterbalanced CRT-based stereoscopic display for interactive viewpoint control in virtual-environment applications (1990)

This paper describes the implementation and integration of the Ames counterbalanced CRT-based stereoscopic viewer (CCSV). The CCSV was developed as a supplementary viewing device for the Virtual Interface Environment Workstation project at NASA Ames in order to provide higher resolution than is currently possible with LCD based head-mounted viewers. The CCSV is currently used as the viewing device for a biomechanical CAD environment which we feel is typical of the applications for which the CCSV is appropriate. The CCSV also interfaces to a remote stereo camera platform. The CCSV hardware consists of a counterbalanced kinematic linkage, dual-CRT based stereoscopic viewer with wide angle optics, video electronics box, dedicated microprocessor system monitoring joint angles in the linkage, host computer interpreting the sensor values and running the application which renders right and left views for the viewer's CRTs. CCSV software includes code resident on the microprocessor system, host computer device drivers to communicate with the microprocessor, a kinematic module to compute viewer position and orientation from sensor values, graphics routines to change the viewing geometry to match viewer optics and movements, and an interface to the application. As a viewing device, the CCSV approach is particularly well suited to applications in which 1) the user moves back and forth between virtual environment viewing and desk work, 2) high resolution views of the virtual environment are required or 3) the viewing device is to be shared among collaborators in a group setting. To capitalize on these strengths, planned improvements for future CCSVs include: defining an appropriate motion envelope for desk top applications, improving the feel of the kinematics within that envelope, improving realism of the display by adding color and increasing the spatial resolution, reducing lag, and developing interaction metaphors within the 3D environment.
Diazotrophic Endophytes of Poplar and Willow for Growth Promotion of Rice Plants in Nitrogen‐Limited Conditions (2015)

ABSTRACT Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops. Its cultivation requires a relatively high input of N fertilizers; however, rice plants do not absorb a significant proportion of added fertilizers, resulting in soil and water pollution. The use of diazotrophic (N‐fixing) endophytes can provide benefits for rice cultivation by reducing the demand of N fertilizers. Diazotrophic endophytes from the early successional plant species poplar ( Populus trichocarpa Torr. &amp; A. Gray) and willow ( Salix sitchensis C. A. Sanson ex Bong.) were added to rice seedlings. Inoculated rice plants were grown in N‐limited conditions in the greenhouse, and plant physical characteristics were assessed. Endophyte‐inoculated rice plants had greater biomass, higher tiller numbers, and taller plant stature than mock‐inoculated controls. Endophyte populations were quantified and visualized in planta within rice plants using fluorescent microscopy. The endophytes colonized rice plants effectively in both roots and foliage. These results demonstrated that diazotrophic endophytes of the eudicots poplar and willow can colonize rice plants and enhance plant growth in N‐limited conditions.
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy by liposome-encapsulated water-soluble photosensitizers (2010)

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy is an alternative method for killing bacterial cells in view of the increasing problem of multi-antibiotic resistance. We examined the effect of three water-soluble photosensitizers (PhS): methylene blue (MB), neutral red (NR) and rose bengal (RB) on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We compared the efficacy of PhS in their free form and encapsulated in liposomal formulations against various bacterial strains, and determined conditions for the effective use of encapsulated PhS. We found that all three PhS were able to eradicate the Gram-positive microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Sarcina lutea; and MB and RB were effective against St. epidermidis. In the case of the Gram-negative species, MB and RB were cytotoxic against the Shigella flexneri, NR-inactivated Escherichia coli and Salmonella para B, and BR was effective in killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. None of the examined PhS showed activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. MB and NR enclosed in liposomes gave a stronger antimicrobial effect than free PhS for all tested prokaryotes, whereas encapsulation of RB led to no increase in its activity. We suggest that encapsulation of PhS can increase the photoinactivation of bacteria.
Differentially Expressed Extracellular Vesicle-Contained microRNAs before and after Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors (2021)

Bladder cancer (BC) is currently diagnosed and monitored by cystoscopy, a costly and invasive procedure. Potential biomarkers in urine, blood, and, more recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been explored as non-invasive alternatives for diagnosis and surveillance of BC. EVs are nanovesicles secreted by most cell types containing diverse molecular cargo, including different types of small RNAs, such as microRNA (miRNA). In this study, we performed next-generation sequencing of EV-contained miRNA isolated from urine and serum of 41 patients with non-muscle invasive BC (27 stage Ta, 14 stage T1) and 15 non-cancer patients (NCP) with benign cystoscopy findings. MiRNA sequencing was also performed on serum supernatant samples for T1 patients. To identify potential BC-specific biomarkers, expression levels of miRNA in presurgery samples were compared to those at postsurgery check-ups, and to NCPs. Results showed that two miRNAs, urinary EV-contained miR-451a and miR-486-5p, were significantly upregulated in presurgery samples from T1 patients compared to postsurgery check-up samples. This was confirmed in a replica EV/RNA isolation and sequencing run of 10 T1 patients from the primary run; however, analyses revealed no differential expression of miRNAs in serum EVs, serum supernatant, or when comparing BC patients to NCPs. This is the first study to investigate EV-containing miRNA sequencing in pre- and postsurgery BC patient samples and our findings suggest that urinary EV-contained miR-451a and miR-486-5p may be potential biomarkers for recurrence-free survival of BC patients with stage T1 disease.
Direct Fiber Optic Transmission of a Wldeband Multi-Carrier Microwave Signal Spectrum to and from Satellite Earth Station Antennas (1987)

High speed semiconductor lasers and detectors are used to transmit the 500 MHz bandwidth C-band microwave signal spectrum to and from a satellite earth station antenna over a low loss optical fiber. The opticaI system introduces /spl ap/1 dB or less of degradation for both low spectral density QPSK signals and high spectral density FM video signals present in typical satellite transmission systems. For FM video signals, the signal to noise after AM conversion and transmission over 20 km of fiber was 55 dB. The 20 km fiber system degraded the signal to noise ratio by 1 dB. Similar results were obtained for digital signals where 20 km of fiber caused a 1 dB reduction in the available E/sub b//N/sub o/ for the digital system.
Flexible Electronics: Flexible Low‐Voltage Organic Transistors with High Thermal Stability at 250 °C (Adv. Mater. 27/2013) (2013)

Organic thin-film transistors are developed that have a low operating voltage of below 2V and extraordinarily excellent thermal stability over 250 °C, which is far beyond the temperature of steam irons (typically 200 °C). It is expected that novel wearable electronic applications compatible with ironing will be possible by making full use of the mechanical softness and heat resistance of the new organic transistors. Further details can be found in the article by Takao Someya and co-workers on page 3639.
Harnessing Human Dendritic Cell Subsets for Improved Vaccines (2011)

Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate a repertoire of immune responses that endow resistance to infection and tolerance to self. DC plasticity and subsets are prominent determinants of the quality of elicited immune responses. For example, CD14+ dermal DCs preferentially control humoral immunity, inducing B-cell priming and differentiation of follicular helper T cells. By contrast, epidermal DCs, known as Langerhans’ cells (LCs), preferentially induce cellular immunity through their ability to prime CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Several clinical trials testing ex vivo-generated DC vaccines charged with melanoma antigens, carried out at the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research (TX, USA), have resulted in immune and clinical responses in patients. Another approach to the development of vaccines that we are pursuing involves in vivo targeting of DCs with anti-DC antibody fusion proteins that carry a series of antigens, including influenza, HIV and cancer antigens on their fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. We foresee that targeting LCs will be important for the design of vaccines that aim at eliciting strong cellular immunity. Such vaccines might be particularly useful at preventing, and perhaps even treating, chronic diseases, including viral (HIV or hepatitis C virus), bacterial (mycobacteria) and parasitic (malaria) diseases, as well as cancer. The most efficient vaccines might actually be those that will target both CD14+ DCs and LCs, thereby allowing the maximal stimulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses.
Targeting the MITF/APAF-1 axis as salvage therapy for MAPK inhibitors in resistant melanoma (2022)

Melanoma is a deadly form of cancer characterized by remarkable therapy resistance. Analyzing the transcriptome of MAPK inhibitor sensitive- and resistant-melanoma, we discovered that APAF-1 is negatively regulated by MITF in resistant tumors. This study identifies the MITF/APAF-1 axis as a molecular driver of MAPK inhibitor resistance. A drug-repositioning screen identified quinacrine and methylbenzethonium as potent activators of apoptosis in a context that mimics drug resistance mediated by APAF-1 inactivation. The compounds showed anti-tumor activity in in vitro and in vivo models, linked to suppression of MITF function. Both drugs profoundly sensitize melanoma cells to MAPK inhibitors, regulating key signaling networks in melanoma, including the MITF/APAF-1 axis. Significant activity of the two compounds in inhibiting specific epigenetic modulators of MITF/APAF-1 expression, such as histone deacetylases, was observed. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting the MITF/APAF-1 axis may overcome resistance and could be exploited as a potential therapeutic approach to treat resistant melanoma.
Protein Kinase C-dependent and -independent Pathways in the Growth Factor-induced Cytoskeletal Reorganization (1989)

Human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells exhibit rapid induction of membrane ruffling in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (Kadowaki, T., Koyasu, S., Nishida, E., Sakai, H., Takaku, F., Yahara, I., and Kasuga, M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16141-16147). We have analyzed the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in this response. Treatment of KB cells with 4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) (100 ng/ml) for 30 min caused translocation of PKC to the membrane. This treatment completely inhibited the induction of membrane ruffling by EGF, insulin, and IGF-I. Prolonged treatment with PDBu (200 ng/ml for 15 h) induced complete depletion of the PKC activity in the cells. Under these conditions, EGF binding to cells and autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor occurred normally, while EGF could not induce membrane ruffling. In contrast, insulin- or IGF-I-induced membrane ruffling occurred normally in the PKC-depleted cells. Moreover, H-7 (PKC inhibitor) inhibited only EGF-induced membrane ruffling in a dose-dependent manner. We further found that EGF, but not insulin/IGF-I, caused transient translocation of PKC to the membrane. All these results suggest that PKC is required for the membrane ruffling induced by EGF but not for that induced by insulin/IGF-I. Therefore, there are PKC-dependent and independent pathways in the growth factor-induced membrane ruffling. Furthermore, we propose dual roles of PKC in the EGF signaling, a signal transmitting role and a negative feedback role.