gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction Mechanism and Surface Film Formation of Conversion Materials for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries: An XPS Case Study on Sputtered Copper Oxide (CuO) Thin Film Model Electrodes (2015)

Charge storage based on conversion reactions is a promising concept to store electrical energy. Many studies have been devoted to conversion reactions with lithium; however, still many scientific questions remain due to the complexity of the reaction mechanism combined with surface film formation. Replacing lithium by sodium is an attractive approach to widen the scope of conversion reactions and to study whether the increase in ion size changes the reaction mechanisms and whether the cell performance benefits or worsens. In this study, we use thin film electrodes as a additive-free model system to study the conversion reaction of CuO with sodium (CuO/Na) by means of electrochemical methods, microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reaction mechanism and film formation are being discussed. Some important differences to the analogue lithium-based system (CuO/Li) are found. Whereas CuO has been reported as charge product in CuO/Li cells, charging is incomplete in the case of CuO/Na and only Cu2O is formed. As an important finding, oxygen appears to be redox active and Na2O2 forms during charging from Na2O. Moreover, surface film formation due to electrolyte decomposition is much more severe as compared to CuO/Li. Depth profiling is used to probe the inner composition of the surface film, revealing a much thicker surface film with more inorganic components as compared to the lithium system. It is also found that the surface film disappears to a large extent during charging.
New very high frequency plasma source using a TM01-mode patch antenna with short pins (2000)

We evaluated the basic characteristics of a new very high frequency (VHF) plasma source using a TM01-mode patch antenna with short pins. The antenna comprises a round dielectric plate and a round metal plate which is grounded by short pins isotropically arranged. Electromagnetic field simulation has verified the isotropic distribution of both electric and magnetic fields. Ion-saturated current density measurements (Cl2=100 sccm, 1 Pa and VHF power=1000 W) by placing the antenna in a cylindrical etching chamber 450 mm in diameter and 217 mm deep have revealed that uniform plasma is generated if a circular slit is positioned properly; that higher ion density is attained with dielectric plate relative permittivity set at 20, than at 7; and that increased VHF power causes proportional increase in ion density without giving rise to mode jumping or hysteresis. Experiment has revealed that the plasma source subject to our study provides superior ignitability, being capable of starting discharge even under 0.1 Pa. Experimental etching of polycrystalline silicon using this plasma source has yielded satisfactory results that etch rate is 183.5 nm/min±3.68%, poly-Si selectivity against resist is 4.8, and that against oxide film is 280 in main etching.
Comment on paper "Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures" [J.B. Pendrey, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773 (1996)] (2001)

A first-principle theory for the effective dielectric permittivity in metallic mesostructures is developed. This theory, in particular, takes into account the skin effect, which is important in practical applications of metal structures.
Biochemical and Endocrine Properties of a Mechanism-Based Inhibitor of Aromatase (1984)

The conversion of androgens to estrogens by aromatase represents a major alteration in hormonal expression, and its regulation offers a promising method for therapeutic control of disease processes that are hormonally dependent. The design of suicide inhibitors based on enzyme-activated mechanisms provides an attractive approach for regulation of estrogen biosynthesis. MDL 18,962, (10-2(-propynyl)estr-4-ene-3,17-dione), a C-10 substituted analog of the natural substrate androstenedione, was evaluated as a suicide inhibitor of aromatase. Appropriate kinetic evaluations of MLD 18,962 established it to be a highly potent [inhibition constant (Ki) = 4.5 +/- 1.3 nM] irreversible inhibitor of human placental aromatase. The 2-propynyl group was necessary for time-dependent inactivation, as this activity was lost in related compounds. The inactivation process was specific for aromatase, since other P450 enzyme systems are not inactivated by MDL 18,962. This compound exhibited minimal intrinsic hormonal properties, since weak binding affinities were observed for cytosolic androgen, estrogen, or progestin receptors. The stimulation of ovarian aromatase activity by gonadotropins in immature mice was inhibited in animals implanted with 10-mm MDL 18,962 Silastic implants. This inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis suppressed estrogen-dependent uterine growth in these mice.
Studies of topological distributions of inclusive three- and four-jet events inp¯pcollisions ats=1800GeV with the D0 detector (1996)

The global topologies of inclusive three- and four-jet events produced in $\overline{p}p$ interactions are described. The three- and four-jet events are selected from data recorded by the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider operating at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=1800$ GeV. The measured, normalized distributions of various topological variables are compared with parton-level predictions of tree-level QCD calculations. The parton-level QCD calculations are found to be in good agreement with the data. The studies also show that the topological distributions of the different subprocesses involving different numbers of quarks are very similar and reproduce the measured distributions well. The parton-shower Monte Carlo generators provide a less satisfactory description of the topologies of the three- and four-jet events.
Text/Figure Separation in Document Images Using Docstrum Descriptor and Two-Level Clustering (2018)

We propose a novel algorithm for text/figure separation tailored for binary document images containing line drawings, block diagrams, charts, schemes and other kinds of business graphics. Most of the approaches for this task rely either on clever design of visual descriptor allowing to easily distinguish text and graphics regions or on the supervised learning using dataset of labeled text/figure regions. Such approaches often provide moderate separation accuracy when applied to document images which contain very diverse set of figure classes and lack sufficiently representative labeled training dataset. In contrast, our method is well-suited for vast variety of figure classes and capable of operating either in semi-supervised mode or unsupervised mode. We achieve this by leveraging unsupervised learning algorithms applied to Docstrum descriptors extracted from regions of interest and subsequent semi-supervised label propagation or unsupervised label inference. Another advantage of our method is its suitability for large scale data processing which is achieved through efficient kernel-approximating feature mapping applied to Docstrum descriptors and two-level clustering where fast mini-batch K-means algorithm is first applied to large scale data and only small number of resulting cluster centroids is subsequently processed by one of the more sophisticated clustering algorithms.
Chinese expert teachers’ critical thinking strategies for professional growth (2022)

This qualitative case study examines how Chinese expert teachers use critical thinking strategies to seek opportunities for professional growth. Taking a practice-oriented perspective, we conceptualise teachers’ critical thinking as a series of strategies for improving instructional practice, school engagement, and social service in situated contexts. Through thematic analysis of interviews with six Chinese expert teachers, we identified three critical thinking strategies that played an important role in the teachers’ professional growth: (a) justifying pedagogical decisions to enact high-quality instructional practice; (b) extending school norms to develop democratic relationships with colleagues; and (c) addressing critical reform issues to make contributions to the society. This study adds to the literature an integrative, practical, and context-specific conceptualisation of teachers’ critical thinking. It also suggests implications for teachers, school administrators, and teacher educators to leverage critical thinking as a guiding force to advance teachers’ professional growth.
[Evaluation of immunoreactivity to erbB-2 protein as a marker of prognosis in bile duct carcinoma]. (1992)

Recent studies of erbB-2 expression have shown that the erbB-2 oncoprotein correlated with poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Surgical treatment of the bile duct carcinoma is currently unsatisfactory. To evaluate erbB-2 oncoprotein as a marker of prognosis, we analyzed 68 bile duct carcinomas immunohistologically, using monoclonal antibody against erbB-2 oncoprotein, as well as clinicopathological data and outcome. High incidence of expression of erbB-2 oncoprotein was shown in bile duct carcinoma. Positive rates of erbB-2 oncoprotein correlated with stage of bile duct carcinoma. Survival of patients with erbB-2 expression cancer was shorter than those without erbB-2 expression cancer and erbB-2 expression has a prognostic value in bile duct carcinoma.
III-nitride heterojunction FETs : Future perspectives (2008)

III-nitride electron devices are attracting considerable attention for future wireless communication equipments and power electronics systems. This paper gives an overview on the state-of-the-art performance of AlGaN/GaN heterojunction FETs and describes some key issues concerning further improvements in the device performance. Focus is also on the future perspectives of III-nitride-based transistor applications.
Chemical conversions in supercritical media: Environmentally sound approaches to processes and materials (1996)

This is the final report of a two-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The aim of this effort was to evaluate the potential of supercritical fluids (SCF) as reaction media in an effort to develop new, environmentally-friendly methods for chemical synthesis or processing. The use of novel media creates the possibility of opening up substantially different chemical pathways, increasing selectivity (eliminating waste by-products), and enhancing reaction rates (decreasing hold-up times and saving energy). In addition, the use of SCF as reaction media facilitates downstream separations and mitigate or eliminate the need for hazardous solvents on scales from bench top to production. This project employed a highly interdisciplinary approach to investigate the utility of SCFs as reaction media for polymer synthesis and synthetic organic chemistry.
Simple preparation of biotinylated RNA by transcription via an unnatural base pair (2003)

To develop a convenient method for RNA fragment biotinylation at a specific position, we synthesized ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates of biotinylated unnatural bases. These unnatural bases were composed of 2-oxo(1H)pyridine (denoted as y), specifically pairing with 2-amino-6-(2-thienyl)purine (denoted as s) in transcription. The y base was linked with biotin through an allylamine or propynylamine linker at position 5 of y. These triphosphate derivatives were specifically incorporated by T7 RNA polymerase into RNA opposite s in templates. The specific biotinylation and immobilization of an RNA aptamer were demonstrated by this system.
Notice of Removal: Shear wave elasticity imaging of pancreatic cancer tumors treated with immunotherapy and radiotherapy (2017)

Removed.
The preserved aromaticity of aniline molecules adsorbed on a Si(5 5 12)−2×1 surface (2009)

We present a scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations study of the adsorption structures of aniline on a Si(5 5 12)-2x1 surface. Dissociation from the aniline molecules of one or two H atom(s) bonded to N is favored, and then adsorption onto adatom, tetramer, and dimer rows of Si(5 5 12)-2x1 occurs in several distinct configurations. On the adatom row, aniline binds to an adatom in a tilted configuration, which is formed via a sigma bond between the adatom and N, with one dissociated H atom adsorbed on a nearby adatom. No further hydrogen dissociation occurs. On the tetramer and dimer rows, the structures with two dissociated hydrogens and upright configurations are the most stable. Aniline does not adsorb onto the honeycomb chains; this adsorption configuration has a low adsorption energy. In all the adsorption configurations of aniline on this surface, the molecule's aromaticity is preserved. Thus Si-N bonding of aromatic amine molecules provides a strategy for the homogeneous aromatic functionalization of high index Si surfaces.
Oblique Electrostatic Inkjet-Deposited TiO2 Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells (2019)

In this study, a new, simple, and novel oblique electrostatic inkjet (OEI) technique is developed to deposit a titanium oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) compact layer (CL) on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate without the need for a vacuum environment for the first time. The TiO<sub>2</sub> is used as electron transport layers (ETL) in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This bottom-up OEI technique enables the control of the surface morphology and thickness of the TiO<sub>2</sub> CL by simply manipulating the coating time. The OEI-fabricated TiO<sub>2</sub> is characterized tested and the results are compared with that of TiO<sub>2</sub> CLs produced by spin-coating and spray pyrolysis. The OEI-deposited TiO<sub>2</sub> CL exhibits satisfactory surface coverage and smooth morphology, conducive for the ETLs in PSCs. The power-conversion efficiencies of PSCs with OEI-deposited TiO<sub>2</sub> CL as the ETL were as high as 13.19%. Therefore, the present study provides an important advance in the effort to develop simple, low-cost, and easily scaled-up techniques. OEI may be a new candidate for depositing TiO<sub>2</sub> CL ETLs for highly efficient planar PSCs, thus potentially contributing to future mass production.
Atomistic approach to variability of bias-temperature instability in circuit simulations (2011)

A blueprint for an atomistic approach to introducing time-dependent variability into a circuit simulator in a realistic manner is demonstrated. The approach is based on previously proven physics of stochastic properties of individual gate oxide defects and their impact on FET operation. The proposed framework is capable of following defects with widely distributed time scales (from fast to quasi-permanent), thus seamlessly integrating random telegraph noise (RTN) effects with bias temperature instability (BTI). The use of industry-standard circuit simulation tools allows for studying realistic workloads and the interplay of degradation of multiple FETs.
Extended treatment with selective phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and mTOR inhibitors has effects on metabolism, growth, behaviour and bone strength (2013)

The class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PtdIns3Ks) mediate the effects of many hormones and growth factors on a wide range of cellular processes, and activating mutations or gene amplifications of class I PtdIns3K isoforms are known to contribute to oncogenic processes in a range of tumours. Consequently, a number of small-molecule PtdIns3K inhibitors are under development and in clinical trial. The central signalling role of PtdIns3K in many cellular processes suggests there will be on-target side effects associated with the use of these agents. To gain insights into what these might be we investigated the effect of extended daily dosing of eight small-molecule inhibitors of class Ia PtdIns3Ks. Animals were characterized in metabolic cages to analyse food intake, oxygen consumption and movement. Insulin tolerance and body composition were analysed at the end of the experiment, the latter using EchoMRI. Bone volume and strength was assessed by micro-CT and three-point bending, respectively. Surprisingly, after sustained dosing with pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α isoform there was a resolution of the impairments in insulin tolerance observed in drug-naïve animals treated with the same drugs. However, pan-PtdIns3K inhibitors and selective inhibitors of the p110α have deleterious effects on animal growth, animal behaviour and bone volume and strength. Together, these findings identify a range of on target effects of PtdIns3K inhibitors and suggest use of these drugs in humans may have important adverse effects on metabolism, body composition, behaviour and skeletal health.
Behavioural interaction of pyrazoloquinolinone positive allosteric modulators at α6GABAA receptors and diazepam in rats: Anti‐diazepam‐induced ataxia action as a structure‐dependent feature (2022)

Several pyrazoloquinolinone (PQ) ligands were recently discovered as functionally selective positive modulators at the PQ site of α6-containing GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors. PQs are also neutral modulators at the benzodiazepine site. We assessed the influence of PQ compounds from three structural groups (PZ-II-029 and related deuterated analogues DK-I-56-1, RV-I-029, DK-I-60-3 and DK-I-86-1; LAU 463 and related analogues DK-I-58-1 and DK-II-58-1; and DK-I-87-1), alone and in combination with diazepam, on the behaviour of male Sprague-Dawley rats. An excellent behavioural safety profile of all tested PQs was demonstrated in the spontaneous locomotor activity, rotarod, loss of righting reflex and pentylenetetrazol tests. In interaction studies, only PZ-II-029 and its analogues prevented the ataxic effects of the benzodiazepine, as assessed in the rotarod test and during monitoring of rat locomotor activity after awakening from the loss of righting reflex. Published electrophysiological profiles of PQ ligands imply that positive modulation elicited at α6-GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors that contain the γ2 and δ subunit, rather than their neutral modulatory action at the benzodiazepine site, may prevent the ataxic action of diazepam. Thus, PZ-II-029 and its deuterated analogues are not prone to untoward interactions with benzodiazepines and may indeed completely abolish their ataxic action, seen at therapeutic, and especially toxic concentrations.
On the Connection of I/Q Imbalance and Channel Equalization in Direct-Conversion Transceivers (2008)

Due to its simple structure and reduced requirements for radio frequency filtering, the direct-conversion principle has recently gained a lot of interest in radio transceiver design. This paper considers the so-called inphase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalance problem in such structures under the assumption of frequency-selective transmission channel requiring equalization on the receiver side. It will be shown that I/Q imbalance and channel equalization are strongly interdependent, and thus, I/Q mismatch should be taken into account in the equalizer design, and vice versa, particularly with high-order symbol alphabets. Most importantly, the amount of signal distortion caused by transmitter and receiver I/Q imbalances to the equalized received signal will be analytically analyzed through signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) analysis. This gives a quantitative measure to analyze and judge the role of I/Q imbalances in practical communication system design, without having to resort to lengthy data simulations. Furthermore, the analysis shows that imbalance levels that are tolerable in additive white Gaussian noise channels can turn into a serious problem in multipath channels requiring equalization. This gives further motivation and invaluable insight in the overall receiver and system design and in developing digital signal processing-based techniques to mitigate the I/Q imbalance effects on the receiver side. In general, the analytical outcomes and results are verified using extensive computer simulations.
Practical Design Criteria for Saturated Pseudo Strain Hardening Behavior in ECC (2006)

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs) have recently demonstrated their high performance with pseudo strain hardening (PSH) behavior in civil engineering structures and buildings. These materials incorporate low cost fibers such as Polyvinyl Alcohol fibers, which often rupture in composites. Such fiber rupture type ECCs tend to have inferior and unsaturated PSH behavior compared with those incorporating properly designed pull out type fiber. The present study focuses on presenting practical design criteria to achieve saturated PSH behavior in fiber rupture type ECCs. These criteria are proposed based on two performance indices, which are measures of energy exchange during steady state flat crack propagation and stress level to initiate micro-cracks. The latter performance index necessitates a new cracking strength prediction theory, which is proposed in the current study. Finally the cracking strength theory is justified using tensile test data, and the criteria are proposed based on the data in terms of these two indices.
Efficacy of vaccination and previous infection against the Omicron BA.1 variant in Syrian hamsters (2022)

The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant with a surprising number of spike mutations raises concerns about reduced sensitivity of this virus to antibody neutralization and subsequent vaccine breakthrough infections. Here, we infect Moderna mRNA-vaccinated or previously infected hamsters with the Omicron BA.1 variant. While the Moderna mRNA vaccine reduces viral loads in the respiratory tissues upon challenge with an early S-614G isolate, the vaccine efficacy is not as pronounced after infection with the Omicron variant. Previous infection with the early SARS-CoV-2 isolate prevents replication after rechallenge with either virus in the lungs of previously infected hamsters, but the Omicron variant replicates efficiently in nasal turbinate tissue. These results experimentally demonstrate in an animal model that the antigenic changes in the Omicron variant are responsible for vaccine breakthrough and re-infection.
Reducing mechanical anisotropy in extrusion-based printed parts (2017)

The mechanical performance of 3D printed components is highly dependent upon the orientation of the part relative to the build plane. Specifically for extrusion-based printing systems, the bond between successive layers (z-direction) can be 10-25% weaker than in the printed plane (x-y plane). As advanced applications call for fiber reinforced materials and larger print systems (such as the Big Area Additive Manufacturing system) extend the layer time, mechanical performance in the z-direction can decrease by 75-90%. This paper presents a patent-pending approach for improving mechanical performance in the z-direction by depositing material vertically across multiple layers during the build. The “z-pinning” process involves aligning voids across multiple (n) layers, which are then back-filled in a continuous fashion during the deposition of layer (n+1). The “z-pinning” approach has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for increasing the strength (20% increase) and toughness (200% increase) of printed parts in the zdirection.