gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sacrificing efficiency for quality of experience: YouTube's redundant traffic behavior (2016)

Internet traffic reports show that YouTube is one of the major sources of data traffic world-wide. Furthermore, the data traffic shifts from mostly fixed landlines to cellular data connections where bandwidth is sparse and expensive. Previous studies revealed that YouTube uses a user-friendly HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) strategy which sacrifices bandwidth efficiency to increase the average playback quality for the user. That way, it happens that the same video segment is transmitted in two or more quality levels, but only one can be shown to the user. We denote this as redundant traffic and this work is dedicated to understanding the influence factors on the amount of redundant traffic. This paper presents the results of a large-scale study with over 12,000 video views over a bottleneck link shaped to various bandwidths. We first evaluate the playback characteristics and show that YouTube's HAS algorithm linearly increases the average playback quality with the available bandwidth while at the same time video buffering is sub-linearly decreased. Furthermore, we identify video-dependent bandwidths which optimize the playback time on a quality level. Afterward, we show that this is achieved by discarding lower layer segments and therefore paid with redundant traffic of up to 40 %. We evaluate the overall efficiency of the system and show that YouTube is able to improve the average quality level by up to 0.7 quality levels by using this adaptation strategy. However, a penalty of 0.5 quality levels is paid for it due to the discarded data of the lower quality segments.
Therapeutic potential of non‐viral MRNA delivery to Müller cells for neuroprotection (2016)

Purpose Retinal cell degeneration is a leading cause of vision loss in many ocular diseases. The progressive loss of retinal cells is often hereditary, but rarely monogenic. This enormous diversity in disease‐inducing mutations has hampered the development of gene replacement strategies to prevent or reverse retinal degeneration. Therefore interest has augmented for a treatment strategy that halts the degeneration process, rather than correcting the initial causative mutation. This work aims to evaluate the potential of chemically modified mRNA as a therapeutic strategy to stimulate neuronal survival and save vision, regardless of the initial genetic defect. Methods Evaluation of mRNA delivery to Müller cells was conducted in MIO‐M1 cells, using modified and unmodified reporter mRNA encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). Lipid‐based vectors carrying the mRNA were delivered to Müller cells via serum‐containing medium or injected into fresh bovine vitreous, applied on top of the cells. In both setups uptake, level and duration of eGFP expression and toxicity of the lipoplex formulations were evaluated. In addition, the suitability of these complexes for intravitreal injection was assessed by measuring their mobility in bovine vitreous on a single‐particle level. Results Overall transfection levels are decreased in presence of vitreous, indicating that the vitreous is an important barrier for non‐viral mRNA delivery to the retina. Chemical modification of the mRNA substantially increased eGFP expression in &gt;80% of cultured Müller cells. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that non‐viral lipid based carriers show good potential to transfect Müller cells in vitro . However, to make these mRNA therapeutics suitable for ocular targets, development of strategies to overcome the vitreal barrier will be crucial to implement ocular mRNA therapy in the future.
Decision letter: AR-V7 exhibits non-canonical mechanisms of nuclear import and chromatin engagement in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (2021)

Advanced microscopy techniques reveal unique biological features that distinguish androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) from the canonical AR, including high intranuclear mobility and rapid nuclear import that occurs independently of importin-α/β.
Formulation and Optimization of Raloxifene-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Enhance Oral Bioavailability (2014)

The main aim of this study was to improve the oral bioavailability of raloxifene (RXF), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, by incorporation into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). RXF-loaded SLN was prepared by homogenization-sonication technique and characterized through physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and cytotoxicity studies. The optimized SLN formulation exhibited a spherical shape with average size around 140 nm, easing its transport across the lymphatic system. Augmentation in the profiles of C(max) (308%) and AUC (270%) indicated a significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by SLN formulations compared to free drug. In vitro cytotoxicity study performed in NIH-3T3 cells revealed that RXF-SLN was cytocompatible, and SLN remained unchanged during the freeze-drying process. Furthermore, the optimized formulation was quite stable at room temperature for more than two months, exemplifying its superior performance. In conclusion, SLN provides a promising platform for the pronounced enhancement of RXF bioavailability.
Improving Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Yield and Quality by Alkali Removal from Feedstock (2022)

Alkali removal from forest residues, eucalyptus residues, and wheat straw was studied by water and dilute nitric acid leaching. Leaching parameters were optimized for each feedstock in laboratory-scale experiments. After the optimization of leaching on the laboratory scale, nitric acid-leached and untreated feedstocks were pyrolyzed in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed unit. In the case of eucalyptus residues and wheat straw, nitric acid leaching was found to increase the organic liquid yield compared to untreated feedstock. In addition, the sugar content of the fast pyrolysis bio-oils was increased, and the alkali content reduced. On the other hand, the pyrolysis experiments with acid-leached forest residues were unsuccessful due to the bed agglomeration. These problems are expected to be a result of the lack of catalytically active elements in biomass which enhance especially the cracking reactions of lignin. Finally, the results were demonstrated in the pilot-scale unit where nitric acid-leached oat straw was pyrolyzed with high organic liquid yield.
Fast and Accurate Reconstruction of Pan-Tilt RGB-D Scans via Axis Bound Registration (2018)

A fast and accurate algorithm is presented for registering scans from an RGB-D camera on a pan-tilt platform. The pan-tilt RGB-D camera rotates and scans the entire scene in an automated fashion. The proposed algorithm exploits the movement of the camera that is bound by the two rotation axes of the servo motors so as to realize fast and accurate registration of acquired point clouds. The rotation parameters, including the rotation axes, pan-tilt transformations and the servo control mechanism, are calibrated beforehand. Subsequently, fast global registration can be performed during online operation with transformation matrices formed by the calibrated rotation axes and angles. In local registration, features are extracted and matched between two scenes. False-positive correspondences, whose distances to the rotation trajectories exceed a threshold, are rejected. Then, a more accurate registration can be achieved by minimizing the residual distances between corresponding points, while transformations are bound to the rotation axes. Finally, the preliminary alignment result is input to the iterative closed point algorithm to compute the final transformation. Results of comparative experiments validate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms of various approaches based on camera calibration, global registration, and simultaneous-localization-and-mapping in terms of root-mean-square error and computation time.
Quantitative Microvascular Analysis With Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Eyes With Diabetic Retinopathy (2020)

The findings suggest that wide-field OCTA provides information on microvascular perfusion and may be useful for detecting predominant peripheral capillary dropout in eyes with nonproliferative DR. A vascular selectivity approach excluding the large vessels may improve the discriminative power for different stages of DR.
Permanent magnet motors for power density and energy savings in industrial applications (2008)

The present and future market for motors places high value on power density, operating efficiency, reliability, variable speed operation and low cost. Permanent magnet (PM) motors are now able to meet these market expectations. Compared to the prolific induction motor, PM motors provide the attributes of efficiency and reliability, plus have the additional advantages of higher power density (power per mass or volume), superior power factor (low current), low rotor temperature, and synchronous operation. Advancement in magnet technologies allows operation at higher temperatures without permanent magnetization loss. PM motors are now economically viable due to the availability of rare-earth magnets such as neodymium iron boron at lower prices. Performance comparisons between induction, surface permanent magnet, and salient pole permanent magnet motors are presented in this paper.
Diamond nitrogen vacancy electronic and nuclear spin-state anti-crossings under weak transverse magnetic fields (2016)

We report on detailed studies of electronic and nuclear spin states in the diamond-nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center under weak transverse magnetic fields. We numerically predict and experimentally verify a previously unobserved NV hyperfine level anticrossing (LAC) occurring at bias fields of tens of gauss—two orders of magnitude lower than previously reported LACs at ∼ 500 and ∼ 1000 G axial magnetic fields. We then discuss how the NV ground-state Hamiltonian can be manipulated in this regime to tailor the NV's sensitivity to environmental factors and to map into the nuclear spin state.
Mutant‐Selective Allosteric EGFR Degraders are Effective Against a Broad Range of Drug‐Resistant Mutations (2020)

Abstract Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through an allosteric mechanism provides a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome drug‐resistant EGFR mutations that emerge within the ATP binding site. Here, we develop an allosteric EGFR degrader, DDC‐01‐163, which can selectively inhibit the proliferation of L858R/T790M (L/T) mutant Ba/F3 cells while leaving wildtype EGFR Ba/F3 cells unaffected. DDC‐01‐163 is also effective against osimertinib‐resistant cells with L/T/C797S and L/T/L718Q EGFR mutations. When combined with an ATP‐site EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib, the anti‐proliferative activity of DDC‐01‐163 against L858R/T790M EGFR‐Ba/F3 cells is enhanced. Collectively, DDC‐01‐163 is a promising allosteric EGFR degrader with selective activity against various clinically relevant EGFR mutants as a single agent and when combined with an ATP‐site inhibitor. Our data suggests that targeted protein degradation is a promising drug development approach for mutant EGFR.
A 9.52 dB NCG FEC Scheme and 162 b/Cycle Low-Complexity Product Decoder Architecture (2017)

Powerful forward error correction (FEC) schemes are used in optical communications to achieve bit-error rates (BERs) below 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> . These FECs follow one of two approaches: the concatenation of simpler hard-decision codes or the usage of inherently powerful soft-decision codes. The first approach yields lower net coding gains (NCGs), but can usually work at higher code rates and have lower complexity decoders. In this paper, we propose a novel FEC scheme based on a product code and a post-processing technique. It can achieve an NCG of 9.52 dB at a BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> and 9.96 dB at a BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-18</sup> , an error-correction performance that sits between that of current hard-decision and soft-decision FECs. A decoder architecture is designed, tested on field programmable gate array and synthesized in 65-nm CMOS technology: its 162 b/cycle worst-case information throughput can reach 100 Gb/s at the achieved frequency of 616 MHz. Its complexity is shown to be lower than that of hard-decision decoders in literature, and an order of magnitude lower than the estimated complexity of soft-decision decoders.
Signal Processing for Aeroacoustic Sensor Networks (2003)

2.1 Models for source signals.................................. 4 2.2 Models for measured sensor signals............................ 4
Analysis of the Dynamics of a Type 4 Suspension (1992)

A finite element model of a suspension for read-write heads in disk drives is developed. The modelled vibration modes are compared with measurements and agree well in shape and frequency. The sway mode, of particular concern in disk drives with rotary actuators and laterally actuated suspensions, is investigated more thoroughly with regard to its sensitivity to stiffness, thickness, and shape of various parts of the load-beam.
Mass spectrometry in stereoisomer characterization: The case of 1,3,4‐trideoxy‐3‐fluoronojirimycins and 1,3,4‐trideoxy‐3‐fluoromannojirimycins (1994)

Abstract The mass spectrometric characterization of stereoisomeric 1,3,4‐trideoxy‐3‐fluoronojirimycins and 1,3,4‐trideoxy‐3‐fluoromannojirimycins has been achieved by means of metastable ion studies. In particular, mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy performed on the electron‐ionization‐generated molecular species of the title compounds has led to an easy and unequivocal differentiation of the four stereoisomers under study, by their unusual diagnostic fragmentation mechanisms.
Design of 3D Hologram Emitting Optical Phased Arrays (2015)

We demonstrate the design of optical phased arrays that emit 3D holograms. The design concept utilizes back propagation of desired image planes superimposed at the phased array. Improvements are shown utilizing random curved phase fronts.
Development and validation of a clinical index to predict survival after cardiac resynchronisation therapy (2009)

The DSC index, derived from a standard CMR scan and plasma creatinine before implantation, is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular mortality after CRT.
All-Optical Payload Envelope Detection for Packets with 40 Gbps Payloads and 10 Gbps Labels (2006)

We demonstrate an all-optical technology to detect payload envelopes of variable length optical packets consisting of 40Gbps RZ payloads and 10Gbps NRZ labels. This envelope signal has 300ps rise time and 30ps timing jitter.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Crystal Structures, Optical Absorptions, and Electronic Distributions of Thorium Oxychalcogenides ThOQ (Q: S, Se, Te). (2012)

Abstract Compounds (III), (V), and (VII), obtained as side products in multiple reactions, are characterized by single crystal XRD, optical absorption spectroscopy, and DFT computations.
Extending 5G TDD Coverage With XDD: Cross Division Duplex (2021)

An advanced duplex scheme called cross-division duplex (XDD) is proposed to enhance uplink (UL) coverage in time division duplex (TDD) carriers by utilizing self-interference cancellation (SIC) capability at a base station. With XDD, it is possible to combine TDD’s ability to efficiently handle asymmetric UL and downlink (DL) traffic with frequency division duplex’s coverage advantage. To do so, XDD simultaneously operates UL and DL on the same TDD carrier but on different frequency resources. Such operation leads to severe interference on the received UL signal at the base station which requires two levels of SIC implementation; antenna and digital SIC. More than 50 dB of interference is removed through the antenna SIC using electromagnetic barriers between the transmitting and receiving antennas. The remaining interference is removed by the digital SIC based on estimating the non-linear channel of the circuit at the receiver baseband. It is verified by simulation and analysis that with the proposed XDD, the UL coverage can be improved by up to 2.37 times that of TDD. To check the feasibility of XDD, a Proof-of-Concept was developed where it was observed that the benefits of XDD can indeed be realized using the proposed SIC techniques.
X-ray structure of a cyclophilin B/cyclosporin complex: comparison with cyclophilin A and delineation of its calcineurin-binding domain. (1994)

The crystal structure of a complex between recombinant human cyclophilin B (CypB) and a cyclosporin A (CsA) analog has been determined and refined at 1.85-A resolution to a crystallographic R factor of 16.0%. The overall structures of CypB and of cyclophilin A (CypA) are similar; however, significant differences occur in two loops and at the N and C termini. The CsA-binding pocket in CypB has the same structure as in CypA and cyclosporin shows a similar bound conformation and network of interactions in both CypB and CypA complexes. The network of the water-mediated contacts is also essentially conserved. The higher potency of the CypB/CsA complex versus CypA/CsA in inhibiting the Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is discussed in terms of the structural differences between the two complexes. The three residues Arg90, Lys113, and Ala128 and the loop containing Arg158 on the surface of CypB are likely to modulate the differences in calcineurin inhibition between CypA and CypB.
Mucolytic agents and otitis media with effusion. (1988)

Middle ear effusion was obtained from children with otitis media with effusion and separated into thick (mucoid) and thin (serous) pools. Both effusion types contained similar amounts of non-dialysable solids. However, the thick effusions contained more mucus glycoprotein than the thin effusions, 25% and 8.2% respectively. Amino acid and carbohydrate analysis of the CsCl purified mucus glycoproteins demonstrated that the glycoprotein from the thick and thin effusions differed in their protein core, those from the thick effusions possessing a higher percentage of serine and threonine, the amino acids to which the sugar side-chains attach. They are also more glycosylated. N-acetyl cysteine and mercaptoethanol caused a fall in the viscosity of solutions of purified middle ear glycoprotein and effusion homogenate. However, longer term incubation caused a rise above the starting viscosity. This effect was concentration-dependent, and was mediated by low molecular weight components in the effusion and not the mucus glycoprotein. S-carboxymethyl cysteine had no effect on the viscosity of either the purified mucus glycoprotein or the effusion homogenate. Therefore, to produce a decrease in effusion viscosity in vivo, the concentration of mucolytic reaching the middle ear and the time it remains there are critical factors.
Experimental verification of multispectral forward scatter phenotyping from bacterial colonies (2014)

We present an experimental verification of multispectral forward scattering from individual bacteria colonies. A new instrument was designed with a pellicle beam splitter, optical cage system, and three diode lasers (405 nm, 635 nm and 904 nm) to provide broader spectral data from bacterial colonies. Experiments with Staphylococcus colonies show excellent agreement with theories.
Electromagnetic Mechanism of Surface‐Enhanced Spectroscopy (2001)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Electromagnetic Mechanism of Surface‐Enhanced R aman Spectroscopy for Isolated Metal Particles A simple Model: Quasistatic Treatment of an Isolated Sphere Electrostatics of Isolated Spheroids Improvements to the Spheroid Model Electrodynamic Corrections Size‐Dependent Dielectric Constants Current Status of Theory/Experiment Comparisons Extensions of the Electromagnetic Model Effect of Adsorbed Layers on Intensities Nonlinear Surface Optical Processes Electromagnetic Mechanism for Many Coupled Particles and for Gratings Conclusions and Further Work Acknowledgments
Monomodal Ultrahigh-Molar-Mass Polycarbonate Homopolymers and Diblock Copolymers by Anionic Copolymerization of Epoxides with CO2 (2019)

Whatever the chemistry used for the synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonates, in particular, those of high molar mass, the adventitious presence of water leads to bimodal GPC traces and affords polycarbonate samples of uncontrolled and unpredictable molar masses. It appears that among all reagents used in the copolymerization of CO<sub>2</sub> and epoxides, CO<sub>2</sub> is the most difficult one to dry. To address this issue, triisobutylaluminum (TiBA) was employed in this work to dry CO<sub>2</sub> through a bubbling method; its drying capability was investigated in the context of the copolymerization of CO<sub>2</sub> with epoxides initiated by onium chloride in the presence of triethylborane (TEB). It was then compared to the efficiency of other already reported drying agents such as phosphorus pentoxide, molecular sieves and commercially available CO<sub>2</sub> purifiers. With TiBA-dried CO<sub>2</sub>, its copolymerizations respectively with propylene oxide (PO) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) could be successfully achieved in a wide range of degrees of polymerization (DP), with the value of DP as high as 16000. Diblock copolymers poly(propylene carbonate-<i>b</i>-cyclohexene carbonate) (PPC-<i>b</i>-PCHC) could also be prepared through sequential addition of epoxide monomers. The polycarbonates obtained under the conditions were all well-defined as characterized by NMR, GPC, triple detector-GPC, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Construction of a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain secreting high levels of Aspergillus niger β-galactosidase (2002)

A flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain secreting Aspergillus niger beta-galactosidase activity was constructed by transforming S. cerevisiae NCYC869-A3 strain with plasmid pVK1.1 harboring the A. niger beta-galactosidase gene, lacA, under the control of the ADH1 promoter and terminator. Compared to other recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, this recombinant yeast has higher levels of extracellular beta-galactosidase activity. In shake-flask cultures, the beta-galactosidase activity detected in the supernatant was 20 times higher than that obtained with previously constructed strains (Domingues et al. 2000a). In bioreactor culture, with cheese-whey permeate as substrate, a yield of 878.0 nkat/gsubstrate was obtained. The recombinant strain is an attractive alternative to other fungal beta-galactosidase production systems as the enzyme is produced in a rather pure form. Moreover, the use of flocculating yeast cells allows for enzyme production with high productivity in continuous fermentation systems with facilitated downstream processing.
InstanceCut: from Edges to Instances with MultiCut (2016)

This work addresses the task of instance-aware semantic segmentation. Our key motivation is to design a simple method with a new modelling-paradigm, which therefore has a different trade-off between advantages and disadvantages compared to known approaches. Our approach, we term InstanceCut, represents the problem by two output modalities: (i) an instance-agnostic semantic segmentation and (ii) all instance-boundaries. The former is computed from a standard convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation, and the latter is derived from a new instance-aware edge detection model. To reason globally about the optimal partitioning of an image into instances, we combine these two modalities into a novel MultiCut formulation. We evaluate our approach on the challenging CityScapes dataset. Despite the conceptual simplicity of our approach, we achieve the best result among all published methods, and perform particularly well for rare object classes.
Origin and insertion of the medial patellofemoral ligament: a systematic review of anatomy (2016)

Systematic review of anatomical dissections and imaging studies, Level IV.