gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fungal biodegradation and biotransformation of soluble lignocarbohydrate complexes from straw. [Aspergillus japonicus, Polyporus versicolor] (1983)

Aspergillus japonicus is an efficient degrader of phenolics and carbohydrates present in a mixture of soluble lignocarbohydrate complexes extracted from wheat straw. Trichoderma species attacked part of the carbohydrate but hardly affected the aromatic portion of this solution. Polyporus versicolor had a complex effect; polymerization of low-molecular-size phenolics accompanied the degradation of aromatic and carbohydrate polymers. The addition of xylose to the medium facilitated depolymerization of lignin by the fungi tested and prevented the polymerization of low-molecular-size fractions of lignocarbohydrate complexes by P. versicolor. P. versicolor, in contrast to A. japonicus and Trichoderma species, also excreted into the medium considerable amounts of laccase, but only in the absence of endogenous or exogenous carbohydrates. Apparently, laccase is involved in polymerization rather than degradation of lignin in this organism. A number of extracellular glycanases were also secreted by these fungi. 19 references
Analysis of tin oxide thin films fabricated via sol-gel and delayed ignition of combustion processes (2017)

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors based on thin film technology offer the potential of higher sensitivity and faster response and recovery than their thick film counterparts. Solution-based approaches are facile and inexpensive routes to prepare thin films. They also provide the means to control and tune the final MOS morphology. Here we present an analysis of tin oxide-based MOS films tens of nanometers thick prepared using two methodologies: a sol-gel process which makes use of tin (II) precursors and, alternatively, via Delayed Ignition of Combustion (DICO). The latter process offers a route to the thin film oxides at lower cure temperatures using ionic oxidizers and organic ignition fuels. We analyze and compare the morphological and compositional properties of the films by means of SEM, TEM, RBS and XRR. For films of comparable thickness, we evaluate the response to acetone down to the sub-ppm level and establish structure-property relationships.
Automated fish cage net inspection using image processing techniques (2020)

Fish‐cage dysfunction in aquaculture installations can trigger significant negative consequences affecting the operational costs. Low oxygen levels, due to excessive fooling's, leads to decrease growth performance, and feed efficiency. Therefore, frequent periodic inspection of fish‐cage nets is required, but this task can become quite expensive with the traditional means of employing professional divers that perform visual inspections at regular time intervals. The modern trend in aquaculture is to take advantage of IT technologies with the use of a small‐sized, low‐cost autonomous underwater vehicle, permanently residing within a fish cage and performing regular video inspection of the infrastructure for the entire net surface. In this study, we explore specialised image processing schemes to detect net holes of multiple area size and shape. These techniques are designed with the vision to provide robust solutions that take advantage of either global or local image structures to provide the efficient inspection of multiple net holes.
Design by similarity using transaction modeling and statistical techniques (1991)

This paper presents a new VLSI design management system. Unlike existing systems it models and stores not only the design data but also a description of the design process itself. This information is accumulated and used to present the designer with alternative design methodologies and to suggest the most promising one, based on previous designs. Experimental results on 22 simple designs indicate that the system selected the most appropriate methodology in 81% of the cases.
Synthesis of Highly Enantioenriched CompoundsviaIron Mediated Allylic Substitutions (1997)

In this account we describe our efforts over more than a decade to develop a synthetically useful and practical methodology for the synthesis of highly enantioenriched compounds via iron promoted allylic substitutions. After first attempts based on a kinetic resolution of planar chiral tetracarbonyl(η 3-allyl)iron(1+) complexes and an auxiliary controlled diastereoselective formation of the iron complexes, the "chirality transfer" approach turned out to be an efficient solution. Starting from enantiopure easily accessible and cheap acceptor substituted allylic substrates, the corresponding (η 3-allyl)tetracarbonyl iron cation complexes are formed and trapped with a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles including silyl enol ethers, electronrich arenes and heteroarenes, functionalized organozinc compounds and amines. The iron mediated allylic substitutions proceed with virtually no loss of chirality information from central (C-O) over planar (C-Fe) back to central chirality (C-C or C-X) affording products of high enantiomeric purity with overall retention (double inversion). In addition, complete γ-regioselectivity and conservation of the double bond geometry is achieved. First applications in the synthesis of virtually enantiopure natural products are described.
Using flexible energy infrastructures for demand response in a Smart Grid city (2012)

The emerging infrastructure of the Smart Grid, and the multitude of the new energy services it will offer, is expected to radically affect business relationships among its stakeholders. Beyond enhancements in existing processes, innovative approaches will be made possible by relying on a fine-grained monitoring and control capabilities over modern informationcentric infrastructure. Traditional infrastructure owners will be able to take advantage of the new capabilities in order to not only better manage their costs, but also potentially increase their revenue by tapping into their flexibility of adjusting energy behaviour. The latter is of growing interest to, for instance, facility managers of municipalities who are reassessing cost-benefit issues for their infrastructures which include buildings, offices, arenas, schools, convention centres, shopping complexes, hospitals, hotels, and among other things the public lighting system. A closer look is taken on how flexible prosumer infrastructures may interact with the Smart Grid and how new revenue may be generated. The use case of using the capability-constrained public lighting system (PLS) flexibility as a new revenue source is analysed.
Semiconductor Nanorod–Carbon Nanotube Biomimetic Films for Wire-Free Photostimulation of Blind Retinas (2014)

We report the development of a semiconductor nanorod-carbon nanotube based platform for wire-free, light induced retina stimulation. A plasma polymerized acrylic acid midlayer was used to achieve covalent conjugation of semiconductor nanorods directly onto neuro-adhesive, three-dimensional carbon nanotube surfaces. Photocurrent, photovoltage, and fluorescence lifetime measurements validate efficient charge transfer between the nanorods and the carbon nanotube films. Successful stimulation of a light-insensitive chick retina suggests the potential use of this novel platform in future artificial retina applications.
Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The Discovery of JANUVIA (™) (Sitagliptin) (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Selectivity of DPP-4 Inhibitors α-Amino Acid Amide Series Cyclohexylglycines and Related Derivatives β-Substituted Phenylalanines as Potent and Selective DPP-4 Inhibitors Early β-Amino Acid Amide DPP-4 Inhibitors Discovery of JANUVIA(™) (Sitagliptin) and Related Structure-Activity Relationships Conclusions References
Hydroformylation of 1-Hexene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide:  Characterization, Activity, and Regioselectivity Studies (2003)

The hydroformylation of alkenes is a major commercial process used for the production of oxygenated organic compounds. When the hydroformylation reaction is performed using a homogeneous catalyst, an organic or aqueous solvent is employed, and a significant effort must be expended to recover the catalyst so it can be recycled. Development of a selective heterogeneous catalyst would allow simplification of the process design in an integrated system that minimizes waste generation. Recent studies have shown that supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a reaction solvent offers optimal environmental performance and presents advantages for ease of product separation. In particular, we have considered the conversion of 1-hexene to heptanal using rhodium- and platinum-phosphine catalysts tethered to supports insoluble in scCO2 to demonstrate the advantages and to understand the limitations of a solid-catalyzed process. One of the historical limitations of supported catalysts is the inability to control product regioselectivity. To address this concern, we have developed tethered catalysts with phosphinated silica and controlled pore size MCM-41 and MCM-20 supports that provide improved regioselectivity and conversion relative to their nonporous equivalents. Platinum catalysts supported on MCM-type supports were the most regioselective whereas the analogous rhodium catalysts were the most active for hydroformylation of 1-hexene in scCO2.
Robust Broadband Beamformer with Diagonally Loaded Constraint Matrix and Its Application to Speech Recognition (2006)

In this paper, we develop a robust wideband adaptive beamforming algorithm for microphone array based speech recognition. We develop a quadratic constraint based approach to deal with the uncertainty in the look direction. In order to address the ill-conditioning associated with the constraint matrix, diagonal loading (DL) is employed. The advantage of adding DL to the constraint matrix is that the constraint matrix is only determined by the geometry of the array thereby allowing the DL level to be chosen offline. We also develop an iterative algorithm (and corresponding adaptive algorithm) to solve for the robust beamformer coefficients. The developed algorithm is applied to the problem of beamforming using microphone arrays for speech recognition and shown to be superior to existing algorithms.
Identifying terrorist activity with AI plan recognition technology (2004)

We describe the application of plan recognition techniques to support human intelligence analysts in processing national security alert sets by automatically identifying the hostile intent behind them. Identifying the intent enables us to both prioritize and explain the alert sets for succinct user presentation. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that the approach can handle alert sets of as many as 20 elements and can readily distinguish between false and true alarms. We discuss the important opportunities, for future work, that will increase the cardinality of the alert sets supported by the system to the level demanded by a deployable application. In particular, we outline opportunities to bring the analysts into the process and the opportunities for heuristic improvements to the plan recognition algorithm.
MCM-41 “LUS”: Alumina Tubular Membranes for Metal Separation in Aqueous Solution (2010)

Heavy metals are discharged to the environment through industrial effluents in which certain amounts of valuable metal ions such as gold and silver are present. Current technologies remove metal ions nonspecifically, which constitutes a serious difficulty for metal recovery and reuse. The present article describes the synthesis of MCM-41 (LUS-type) membranes and their further surface functionalization with aminopropyl and sulfonate groups to separate valuable and/or toxic metal ions species in aqueous medium. A feasibility test for metal-ion separation is demonstrated using two model systems: (1) toxic metal removal by separating anionic chromate from cationic copper ions and (2) precious metal recovery by separating gold from copper ions. The results reveal that aminopropyl functionalized LUS membranes might show high selectivity to Cu(II) for the Cu(II)/Au(III) system, approaching virtually infinite selectivity depending on the pH values of both the feed and stripping solutions and the concentration of chloride counteranions. We provide a critical discussion about the relative role of cation diffusion and migration to gain insight into the metal-ion separation mechanisms.
Efficient Multijunction Solar Cell Design for Maximum Annual Energy Yield by Representative Spectrum Selection (2017)

We describe a systematic approach to multijunction solar cell (MJSC) design that unambiguously identifies the spectrum to be used in cell optimization such that local annual energy yield is maximized. A set of candidate spectra is generated from air mass (AM) values ranging from AM1d to AM5d. Each candidate spectrum is used to find the bandgap combination that maximizes cell efficiency and its energy yield is then calculated using an efficient data reduction approach. The bandgap combination that maximizes annual energy yield identifies the representative spectrum. We do this for cells with up to eight junctions across all clear-sky latitudes and compare our results to other cell optimization approaches. Our representative spectrum selection (RSS) approach is robust and highly tolerant of variations in latitude, particularly when compared to the standard AM1.5d approach which, at midlatitudes, cannot be used without suffering an increasingly severe yield penalty. Comparison against the 50% cumulative energy AM (50% AM) design approach is enabled by using the same design conditions (sea level and ASTM standard atmosphere) in order to unambiguously associate each 50% AM value with a cell design spectrum. We find that our RSS approach always produces cells with slightly higher annual energy yields than are achieved by the corresponding 50% AM designs. While both approaches show similar yields for devices with few junctions, we find yield enhancements approaching 1% for cell designs with many junctions, emphasizing the need to consider the spectral variability of the local solar resource. This consideration is systematically enabled by our RSS approach, addressing a deficiency in the previous design approaches.
Tunnel-field-effect-transistor based gas-sensor: Introducing gas detection with a quantum-mechanical transducer (2013)

A gas-sensor based on tunnel-field-effect-transistor (TFET) is proposed that leverages the unique current injection mechanism in the form of quantum-mechanical band-to-band tunneling to achieve substantially improved performance compared to conventional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) for detection of gas species under ambient conditions. While nonlocal phonon-assisted tunneling model is used for detailed device simulations, in order to provide better physical insights, analytical formula for sensitivity is derived for both metal as well as organic conducting polymer based sensing elements. Analytical derivations are also presented for capturing the effects of temperature on sensor performance. Combining the developed analytical and numerical models, intricate properties of the sensor such as gate bias dependence of sensitivity, relationship between the required work-function modulation and subthreshold swing, counter-intuitive increase in threshold voltage for MOSFETs and reduction in tunneling probability for TFETs with temperature are explained. It is shown that TFET gas-sensors can not only lead to more than 10 000× increase in sensitivity but also provide design flexibility and immunity against screening of work-function modulation through non-specific gases as well as ensure stable operation under temperature variations.
Sound Radiation from Acoustic Apertures (1993)

All transducers have acoustic aperture diffraction effects. Classically these apertures have been analyzed by using the asymptotic form of the optical diffraction problem. Optical theories, their implications, and examples are presented. A more accurate simulation of the acoustics problem is performed numerically
Automatic hierarchical classification of silhouettes of 3D objects (2002)

The organization of image databases can rely upon different aspects of image similarity. Here we extract silhouettes from images of three dimensional objects, and rely upon curve similarity for image classification. Our scheme avoids the embedding of images in a vector space. Instead, we propose a curve dissimilarity measure which relies upon a novel curve matching syntactic algorithm, and use it to represent the database as a complete graph, with nodes representing the images and dissimilarity values assigning weights to the edges. A robust clustering algorithm, which is based on a physical ferromagnet model, is used to find the hierarchical structure underlying the collection of images. We tested our scheme with a database of 90 real images of 6 objects, some of them very different, others rather similar. We get a perfect hierarchical classification of these images into 6 classes of objects belonging to 3 different families.
Automated Miniaturized Instrument for Space Biology Applications and the Monitoring of the Astronauts Health Onboard the ISS (2011)

Human space travelers experience a unique environment that affects homeostasis and physiologic adaptation. The spacecraft environment subjects the traveler to noise, chemical and microbiological contaminants, increased radiation, and variable gravity forces. As humans prepare for long-duration missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and beyond, effective measures must be developed, verified and implemented to ensure mission success. Limited biomedical quantitative capabilities are currently available onboard the ISS. Therefore, the development of versatile instruments to perform space biological analysis and to monitor astronauts' health is needed. We are developing a fully automated, miniaturized system for measuring gene expression on small spacecraft in order to better understand the influence of the space environment on biological systems. This low-cost, low-power, multi-purpose instrument represents a major scientific and technological advancement by providing data on cellular metabolism and regulation. The current system will support growth of microorganisms, extract and purify the RNA, hybridize it to the array, read the expression levels of a large number of genes by microarray analysis, and transmit the measurements to Earth. The system will help discover how bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics and how pathogenic bacteria sometimes increase their virulence in space, facilitating the development of adequate countermeasures to decrease risks associated with human spaceflight. The current stand-alone technology could be used as an integrated platform onboard the ISS to perform similar genetic analyses on any biological systems from the tree of life. Additionally, with some modification the system could be implemented to perform real-time in-situ microbial monitoring of the ISS environment (air, surface and water samples) and the astronaut's microbiome using 16SrRNA microarray technology. Furthermore, the current system can be enhanced substantially by combining it with other technologies for automated, miniaturized, high-throughput biological measurements, such as fast sequencing, protein identification (proteomics) and metabolite profiling (metabolomics). Thus, the system can be integrated with other biomedical instruments in order to support and enhance telemedicine capability onboard ISS. NASA's mission includes sustained investment in critical research leading to effective countermeasures to minimize the risks associated with human spaceflight, and the use of appropriate technology to sustain space exploration at reasonable cost. Our integrated microarray technology is expected to fulfill these two critical requirements and to enable the scientific community to better understand and monitor the effects of the space environment on microorganisms and on the astronaut, in the process leveraging current capabilities and overcoming present limitations.
Improved Bit Rate Control for Real-Time MPEG Watermarking (2004)

The alteration of compressed video bitstream due to embedding of digital watermark tends to produce unpredictable video bit rate variations which may in turn lead to video playback buffer overflow/underflow or transmission bandwidth violation problems. This paper presents a novel bit rate control technique for real-time MPEG watermarking applications. In our experiments, spread spectrum watermarks are embedded in the quantized DCT domain without requantization and motion reestimation to achieve fast watermarking. The proposed bit rate control scheme evaluates the combined bit lengths of a set of multiple watermarked VLC codewords, and successively replaces watermarked VLC codewords having the largest increase in bit length with their corresponding unmarked VLC codewords until a target bit length is achieved. The proposed method offers flexibility and scalability, which are neglected by similar works reported in the literature. Experimental results show that the proposed bit rate control scheme is effective in meeting the bit rate targets and capable of improving the watermark detection robustness for different video contents compressed at different bit rates.
Programmable Liquid Crystal Elastomers Prepared by Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization (2015)

The spontaneous conversion of a flat film into a 3-D shape requires local programming of the mechanical response. Historically, the ability to locally program the mechanical response of high strain (>30%) liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) has been limited to magnetic or mechanical alignment techniques, which limits spatial resolution. Recently, we reported on the preparation of LCEs capable of 55% strain with spatial control of the mechanical response at scales as small as 0.01 mm<sup>2</sup>. Here, we report a distinct formulation strategy to realize programmable stimulus-response in LCEs. Photopolymerization of thiol-ene/acrylate formulations yields materials that exhibit large reversible strain up to 150%. The photopolymerization reaction is extremely rapid, reducing preparation time from days to minutes. The mechanical behavior of these materials can be tuned by varying cross-link density. Spatial and hierarchical programming of the director profile is demonstrated, enabling 3-D shape change, including twisting ribbons and localized Gaussian curvature.
Comparison of Hand Assisted and Standard Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy for the Management of Localized Transitional Cell Carcinoma (2002)

Compared with standard laparoscopy hand assisted laparoscopy decreases operative time without significantly altering short-term parameters of convalescence. However, long-term convalescence after hand assisted laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy is 1 to 3 weeks longer (p = 0.27). Longer followup in the hand assisted cohort is necessary to determine whether there are any differences in the 2 methods in regard to cancer control.