gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dependence of the liquid absorption behavior of nonwovens on their material and structural characteristics: Modeling and experiments (2012)

Abstract Nonwovens are widely used as liquid absorbent products. Baby diapers, sanitary napkins, adult incontinence pads, oil sorbents, wet wipes, and wound dressings, to name a few, are excellent examples of the use of nonwovens as absorbent media. The performance of nonwoven absorbent media is determined by its liquid absorption behavior, which is characterized by the capacity of absorption and the rate of absorption. In this article, we report on the effects of the physical characteristics of the constituent fibers and the internal structure of the nonwovens on their liquid absorption behavior. A theoretical model of liquid absorption behavior of nonwovens was developed, and this model was verified with a set of experimental results obtained on real nonwoven materials. The nonwoven materials were prepared with polyester fibers with different cross‐sectional sizes and their liquid absorption properties were measured with the gravimetric absorbency testing system. We observed that the size of fiber cross sections and the porosity of the nonwovens played very important roles in determining their absorbent capacity and rate of absorption. The results of the experiments were discussed in light of the theoretical model. The theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Clarifying Analytically Calculated Dispersion Relations of Finite-Length Overmoded Corrugated Cylindrical Azimuthally Symmetric Slow Wave Structures Using Numerical Simulations (2021)

We numerically calculate using the 2-D electromagnetic solver SUPERFISH the dispersion relation for electromagnetic modes supported by finite-length, overmoded, corrugated, cylindrical slow wave structures (SWSs) with azimuthal symmetry by first enforcing electric, and thereafter magnetic boundary conditions on both the left and right boundaries of the SWS. We construct the dispersion relation as a set of dispersion curves related to azimuthally symmetric TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0n</sub> modes of the finite-length SWS and compare it with the analytically calculated dispersion relation. It is shown as a result of the numerical calculations that the analytically calculated dispersion curves of higher order TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0n</sub> modes of the infinite-length SWS are not the dispersion curves defining each single TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0n</sub> mode, but rather are combinations of dispersion curves defining those high-order TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0n</sub> modes with some parts of dispersion curves defining lower order TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0(n-k)</sub> modes, where k=1...(n-1).
Abstract 15276: Echocardiographic Features Defining Right Ventricle Dominant Unbalanced Atrioventricular Septal Defect: a Multi-institutional Congenital Heart Surgeons' Society Study (2011)

Remote sensing was employed for the first time to measure nitric oxide (NO) levels of on-road light-duty motor vehicles of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). The sensor placed at 12 different sites also measured the concentration of CO2, CO, and total hydrocarbons (THC) in the exhaust emissions. A database was compiled containing 122 800 readings, of which 84 650 (69%) records were valid emissions measurements. CO, HC, and NO valid readings were 68.9, 63.4, and 62.9%, respectively, of the total attempted measurements. Furthermore, 42 822 vehicles were number-plate-matched to model year with the information provided by the Inspection/Maintenance Program. The mean emissions of total valid readings for CO, HC, and NO were determined to be 1.31 vol %, 440 ppm (propane), and 914 ppm, respectively. In 1991 and 1994, remote sensing measurements of CO and HC tailpipe emissions were performed in the MAMC in five different locations (30 000 valid readings). Large drops in both pollutants were observed for the intervening years, but sufficient vehicle information was not available at that time to fully explain the observed trends. Compared with those reports, our results point out to a steady decrease in CO and HC exhaust emissions with vehicle model year. The fleet emissions measured exhibit a gamma-distribution, with 10% of the most polluting fleet studied being responsible for 45%, 25%, and 29% of the CO, HC, and NO emissions, respectively. NO emissions in taxis are the highest among the vintage of vehicles, a matter of concern since according to the distance traveled per year, they represent 22% of the total activity in the MAMC.
Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors (2019)

<i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, the keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, was identified in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. Toxic proteases from the bacterium called gingipains were also identified in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, and levels correlated with tau and ubiquitin pathology. Oral <i>P. gingivalis</i> infection in mice resulted in brain colonization and increased production of Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>, a component of amyloid plaques. Further, gingipains were neurotoxic in vivo and in vitro, exerting detrimental effects on tau, a protein needed for normal neuronal function. To block this neurotoxicity, we designed and synthesized small-molecule inhibitors targeting gingipains. Gingipain inhibition reduced the bacterial load of an established <i>P. gingivalis</i> brain infection, blocked Aβ<sub>1-42</sub> production, reduced neuroinflammation, and rescued neurons in the hippocampus. These data suggest that gingipain inhibitors could be valuable for treating <i>P. gingivalis</i> brain colonization and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Fettalkoholethoxylate mit eingeengter Homologenverteilung ‐ Entwicklung neuer Alkoxylierungskatalysatoren (1990)

Abstract In der Klasse der nichtionischen Tenside kommt den Fettalkoholethoxylaten die größte Bedeutung zu. Sie werden hergestellt durch säuren‐ oder basenkatalysierte Umsetzung von Fettalkoholen mit Ethylenoxid. Die Produktzusammensetzung, insbesondere die Homologenverteilung der Fettalkoholpolyglykolether, ist entscheidend von der Art des Katalysators abhängig. Die in der Technik eingesetzten basischen Katalysatoren (z B. Natriummethylat, Kaliumhydroxid) liefern Produkte mit breiter Homologenverteilung. Es werden drei neue Alkoxylierungskatalysatoren vorgestellt, die Fettalkoholethoxylate mit eingeengter Homologenverteilung ergeben. Die unter Verwendung dieser neuen Katalysatoren gewonnenen Produkte besitzen im. Vergleich zu den herkömmlichen mit breiter Verteilung neue interessante Eigenschaften.
Supplementary Figure S1 from Proteasome Inhibitors Trigger NOXA-Mediated Apoptosis in Melanoma and Myeloma Cells (2023)

Supplementary Figure S1 from Proteasome Inhibitors Trigger NOXA-Mediated Apoptosis in Melanoma and Myeloma Cells
IBM-JSR 193-nm negative tone resist: polymer design, material properties, and lithographic performance (2004)

It has been previously proposed that negative-tone resist process would have an intrinsic advantage for printing narrow trench geometry. To demonstrate this for 193nm lithography, a negative resist with performance comparable to a leading positive resist is required. In this paper we report the joint development of a hexafluoroalcohol containing, 193nm, negative-tone, chemically amplified resist based on the crosslinking approach. Lithographic performance is presented which includes the ability of the negative-tone resist to print 90nm line/space and isolated trenches with standard resist processing. The impact of the fluorinated polymer on etch performance is also quantified. Finally, key resist characteristics and their influence on performance and limiting factors such as microbridging are discussed.
Design and characterization of metal-molecule-silicon devices (2005)

The use of molecular devices for computation shows promise for miniaturizing electronic devices and enhancing integrated circuit functionality. While a majority of molecular devices presented to date employ metal contacts, the use of semiconductor contacts could allow for more stable chemical bonds and improved electrical properties. In this study, we present the grafting and characterization of molecular layers on hydrogenated silicon surfaces using procedures found in the literature. We present the development, fabrication, and measurement of metal-molecule-silicon device structures using traditional lithographic techniques.
Production of Erythropoietin by Liver Cells in Vivo and in Vitro (1994)

Several lines of evidence indicate that the liver is the predominant production site for EPO during the early stages of development. Moreover, in adults, it may contribute significantly to EPO production in some species. Independent of age hepatocytes are the major cellular sites of EPO gene expression in the liver, but quantitatively less significant expression also occurs in at least one additional type of nonparenchymal cell. Although some indirect evidence suggests that these nonparenchymal cells producing EPO may be Kupffer cells, their identity remains to be clarified. Regarding the mechanisms of the adaptation of hepatic EPO production to changes in oxygen availability in the organism, experiments with isolated perfused livers, mixed liver cell cultures, hepatoma cells, and, more recently, isolated hepatocytes have provided evidence that inherent cellular oxygen-sensing mechanisms exist and that external factors are not essential. The use of hepatoma cells has allowed investigation of these cellular mechanisms of oxygen-dependent gene control, and further studies in nontransformed hepatocytes may complement these studies.
A new area formation approach for millimeter wave communication systems employing a dielectric waveguide (2015)

This paper proposes a new approach to form a communication area for a millimeter wave communication system. This approach utilizes no access point equipment that encloses an antenna, amplifier, etc. but a dielectric waveguide that can easily deform its shape. The communication area is formed only by inflecting the dielectric waveguide. This is because millimeter wave signals can be radiated from the inflected part of the dielectric waveguide. Based on this approach, it is easy to move and add the communication area by moving a location and increasing the number of the inflected parts, respectively. This paper shows fundamental characteristics of the dielectric waveguide when the waveguide is bended at 180-degree angle by simulation and measurement. Approximately 50% of input signal at 38 GHz is emitted from the waveguide when the bend radius is 5 cm.
Subsurface Enhancement through Sparse Representations of Multispectral Direct/Global Decomposition (2013)

Direct-Global separation is a powerful result from the graphics/vision community. In this paper, we utilize multispectral global-direct decomposition with a sparse-coding algorithm. Our results are presented in the context of enhancing sub-surface features.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Linear (Z)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Esters by Catalytic Cross‐Metathesis. The Influence of Acetonitrile. (2016)

Abstract A kinetically controlled Z‐selective cross‐metathesis yielding α,β‐unsaturated esters is presented.
Novel panel system for concrete masonry walls (2022)

Masonry is one of the oldest materials that humans use for construction. It is durable, as seen on ancient structures built thousands of years ago, yet still in excellent shape. Recently, masonry walls have struggled to be competitive among other construction materials such as precast concrete, tilt-up walls, timber, etc. This is mainly due to construction practices and the lack of a standardized modular masonry system that prevents offsite construction. In this paper, new construction methods for concrete masonry walls are proposed. These methods are based on building partially grouted masonry panels that can be built onsite or offsite, then transported and assembled on the site. The methods commonly use a restrained unbonded post-tensioned (UPT) threaded bar to join panels. A full-scale experimental program campaign at the University of Alberta (UOA) is currently undergoing to test the proposed methods. Numerical models were developed before the experimental investigation to assess the behaviour of such techniques under out-of-plane loading. Bare joints, connecting panels reinforcement, and grouting joints are the three types of panel connections proposed here. The influences of the magnitude of prestressing and lateral restraints stiffness are also studied. The results show that the proposed approaches are comparable to traditionally constructed walls with improved serviceability. Also, because of the relative ease of construction and improved post-cracking behaviour, connecting panel reinforcement is the preferred method. Whereas the increasing level of prestressing enhances service conditions but leads to premature failure. Also, lateral restraints with high stiffness, such as grout or steel, are essential to enhance post-cracking behaviour.
Deletion of 20p 11.23→pter with normal growth hormone‐releasing hormone genes (1991)

Using a molecular analysis of the DNA from a patient with a deletion of chromosome 20 [46,XX,del(20)(p 11.23)], we have excluded the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene from the region 20p11.23----pter. The patient had minor facial anomalies. Rieger eye anomaly, a congenital heart defect, severe failure to thrive, and a neurosecretory problem in growth hormone (GH) secretion. Since the GHRH gene was previously mapped to chromosome 20, we used molecular genetic methods to determine whether the growth abnormalities were due to the deletion of this gene. DNAs of the patient and 2 normal control subjects were analyzed by quantitative Southern blotting using a DNA probe for the GHRH gene and 2 reference DNA probes mapping to chromosome 21. The GHRH gene was found to be present in 2 copies in the patient. This indicates that the gene for GHRH maps to the region outside the patient's deletion, in 20p11.23----qter. Furthermore, our results suggest that genes other than GHRH on 20p are important for developmental steps leading to normal neurosecretory function of GH and may also be involved in generating Rieger eye anomaly. Finally, GH deficiency and Rieger eye anomaly should be sought in other patients with deletions of 20p.
Exploring middle school students' conceptions of the relationship between genetic inheritance and cell division (2011)

Abstract This study examines students' understanding of the normative connections between key concepts of cell division, including both mitosis and meiosis, and underlying biological principles that are critical for an in‐depth understanding of genetic inheritance. Using a structural equation modeling method, we examine middle school students' understanding of these relationships. A total of 209 seventh‐grade students participated in this study and completed a technology‐enhanced unit on genetics. Content‐based assessments were administered to all students. Findings from a confirmatory factor analysis supplemented with an analysis of students' responses revealed a strong relationship between the concepts of genetic inheritance and cell division and provided evidence of the nature of the difficulties that students have when trying to understand these concepts. Specifically, students were challenged to demonstrate an integrated understanding of the differences between mitosis and meiosis processes. Also some students struggled to explain the importance of these processes as they relate to passage of genetic information. This study offers the science education field further insight into younger students' learning about genetic inheritance and informs the design of effective science learning materials at the middle school level. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96: 78–103, 2012
MHC Class I Gene Organization in >1.5-Mb YAC Contigs from the H2-M Region (1995)

Sixteen yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones have been mapped to the H2-M region at the distal end of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 17. Analysis of the YACs with single- and multicopy probes yielded a proximal contig spanning a minimum of 800 kb and a distal contig of 700 kb. A probe for the conserved fourth exon of MHC class I genes detected 19 restriction fragments, including 6 of the 8 previously characterized H2-M class I genes, in the proximal contig. This contig spans the gap from the M to the T region and includes the T1 gene. By contrast, only two class I genes, M2 and M3, were found in the distal contig. These two genes, which are both expressed, may mark the end of the MHC. The order among nine class I genes and seven other markers was determined in the cloned DNA from the centromere as T1, Tu32A, (M1-M7-M8), Tu32B, B30, M6, M4, M5, Mog, Tu42A parallel M2, Leh525, M3, Tu42B, where the orientation with respect to the centromere is unknown for M1-M7-M8.
Multiscale, Hierarchical Patterning of Graphene by Conformal Wrinkling (2016)

This paper describes how delamination-free, hierarchical patterning of graphene can be achieved on prestrained thermoplastic sheets by surface wrinkling. Conformal contact between graphene and the substrate during strain relief was maintained by the presence of a soft skin layer, resulting in the uniform patterning of three-dimensional wrinkles over large areas (>cm<sup>2</sup>). The graphene wrinkle wavelength was tuned from the microscale to the nanoscale by controlling the thickness of the skin layer with 1 nm accuracy to realize a degree of control not possible by crumpling, which relies on delamination. Hierarchical patterning of the skin layers with varying thicknesses enabled multiscale graphene wrinkles with predetermined orientations to be formed. Significantly, hierarchical graphene wrinkles exhibited tunable mechanical stiffness at the nanoscale without compromising the macroscale electrical conductivity.
Photon Walk in Transparent Wood: Scattering and Absorption in Hierarchically Structured Materials (2022)

Abstract The optical response of hierarchical materials is convoluted, which hinders their direct study and property control. Transparent wood (TW) is an emerging biocomposite in this category, which adds optical function to the structural properties of wood. Nano‐ and microscale inhomogeneities in composition, structure, and at interfaces strongly affect light transmission and haze. While interface manipulation can tailor TW properties, the realization of optically clear wood requires detailed understanding of light–TW interaction mechanisms. Herein is shown how material scattering and absorption coefficients can be extracted from a combination of experimental spectroscopic measurements and a photon diffusion model. Contributions from different length scales can thus be deciphered and quantified. It is shown that forward scattering dominates haze in TW, primarily caused by refractive index (RI) mismatch between the wood substrate and the polymer phase. Rayleigh scattering from the wood cell wall and absorption from residual lignin have minor effects on transmittance, but the former affects haze. Results provide guidance for material design of transparent hierarchical composites toward desired optical functionality; it is demonstrated experimentally how transmittance and haze of TW can be controlled over a broad range.
A Small-Angle X-ray Study on Polymer Films Containing Crystalline Particles of Fatty Acid (2003)

Small-angle and wide angle X-ray scattering studies were carried out on polymer thin films containing microcrystalline behenic acid. Measurements were made on samples in various optical states prepared by appropriate heat treatment. The results were consistent with the picture which presupposes the existence of voids around the crystallites when the composite film is in the opaque state. It was found that, upon cooling, molten behenic acid crystallizes in B or E polymorph, but not in C polymorph. It was concluded that the crystallization temperature for the C form is very low for small particles (0.2–2 µm) so that the molten BA, upon cooling, becomes unstable due to the formation of the crystalline state of the B form at a temperature above the crystallization temperature of the C-form.
Advanced channel prediction concepts for 5G radio systems (2015)

Massive MIMO and tight cooperation between transmission nodes are expected to become an integral part of a future 5G radio system. As part of an overall interference mitigation scheme substantial gains in coverage, spectral as well as energy efficiency have been reported. One of the main limitations for massive MIMO and coordinated multi-point (CoMP) systems is the aging of the channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT), which can be overcome partly by state of the art channel prediction techniques. For a clean slate 5G radio system, we propose to integrate channel prediction from the scratch in a flexible manner to benefit from future improvements in this area. As any prediction is unreliable by nature, further improvements over the state of the art are needed for a convincing solution. In this paper, we explain how the basic ingredients of 5G like base stations with massive MIMO antenna arrays, and multiple UE antennas can help to stretch today's limits with an approximately 10 dB lower normalized mean square error (NMSE) of the predicted channel. In combination with the novel introduced concept of artificially mutually coupled antennas, adding super-directivity gains to virtual beamforming, robust and accurate prediction over 10 ms with an NMSE of -20 dB up to 15 km/h at 2.6 GHz RF frequency could be achieved. This result has been achieved for measured channels without massive MIMO, but a comparison with ray-traced channels for the same scenario is provided as well.
Clonal expansion behind a marine diatom bloom (2017)

Genetic diversity is what selection acts on, thus shaping the adaptive potential of populations. We studied micro-evolutionary patterns of the key planktonic diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata at a long-term sampling site over 2 consecutive years by genotyping isolates with 22 microsatellite markers. We show that both sex and vegetative growth interplay in shaping intraspecific diversity. We document a brief but massive demographic and clonal expansion driven by strains of the same mating type. The analysis of an extended data set (6 years) indicates that the genetic fingerprint of P. multistriata changed over time with a nonlinear pattern, with intermittent periods of weak and strong diversification related to the temporary predominance of clonal expansions over sexual recombination. These dynamics, rarely documented for phytoplankton, contribute to the understanding of bloom formation and of the mechanisms that drive microevolution in diatoms.
Word-line batch Vth modulation of TLC NAND flash memories for both write-hot and cold data (2017)

comprehensive solution for both write-hot and cold data to improve the reliability of Triple Level Cell (TLC) NAND Flash memories. For write-hot data, WBVM V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> score modulation decreases the program-disturb errors by 49% and enhances the endurance by 1.8-times of 2D-TLC NAND Flash. On the other hand, for write-cold data, WBVM BER score modulation decreases the data-retention errors by 36% and extends the acceptable data-retention time by 2.3-times of 2D-TLC NAND Flash. For 3D vertical TLC NAND Flash memory, the dataretention errors decrease by 13% and the acceptable dataretention time is extended by 1.4-times.