gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Technology: An Integral Textbook (2013)

1 Introduction 1.1 What is Chemical Technology? 1.2 The Chemical Industry 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds 2.2 General Classification of Reactions 2.3 Catalysis 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations 3.1 Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations 3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering 4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering 4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics 4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 4.4 Kinetics of Fluid?Fluid Reactions 4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 4.6 Kinetics of Gas?Solid Reactions 4.7 Criteria used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas?Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions 4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions 4.9 Kinetics of Gas?Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts 4.10 Chemical Reactors 4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data 5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology 5.1 Raw Materials and Energy Sources 5.2 Inorganic Products 5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products 5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology 5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing 6 Examples of Industrial Processes 6.1 Ammonia Synthesis 6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen 6.3 Sulfuric Acid 6.5 Coke and Steel 6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking 6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils 6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating 6.9 High Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming 6.10 Refinery Alkylation 6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer?Tropsch Synthesis 6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide 6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride 6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis) 6.15 Acetic Acid 6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production 6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (Example Menthol) 6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources 6.19 Industrial Electrolysis 6.20 Polyethene Production References Index
Glucose Solvation by the Ionic Liquid 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium Chloride:  A Simulation Study (2007)

Simulations of beta-glucose in the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride have been performed in order to examine the solvation environment of the carbohydrate. Both single molecule and 1:5 glucose:ionic liquid (16.7 wt %) solutions are studied, and the hydrogen bonding between sugar and solvent is examined. The primary solvation shell around the perimeter of the glucose ring consists predominantly of chloride anions which hydrogen bond to the hydroxyl groups. A small presence of the cation is also found, with the association occurring through the weakly acidic hydrogen at the 2-position of the imidazolium ring interacting with the oxygen atoms of the sugar secondary hydroxyls. An average chloride coordination number of 4 is found around the glucose for both the single molecule and high concentration simulations, despite the reduced chloride:glucose ratio in the latter case. In relation to the cation, the glucose molecules occupy positions above and below the plane of the imidazolium ring. Importantly, even at high glucose concentrations, no significant change in the anion-cation interactions and overall liquid structure of the ionic liquid is found, indicating that the glucose is readily accommodated by the solvent at this concentration. Dominant contributions to the sugar-ionic liquid interaction energy come from favorable hydrogen bonding (electrostatic) interactions between hydroxyls and chlorides, although a small favorable van der Waals energy contribution is also seen between the sugar and cations suggesting that the cation could be tailored in order to further improve the dissolution of glucose/cellulose in ionic liquid systems.
Short-Period Internal Multiple Removal for a Horizontally Layered Overburden Using Augmented Marchenko Focusing (2019)

Summary Current seismic imaging methods require data that is free of multiple reflections, which is why a range of multiple-removal algorithms have been developed. However, state-of-the-art algorithms for internal multiple removal are based on single event identification. They fail in the presence of finely layered (sub-wavelength) media which cause short-period internal multiple reflections, since these cannot be resolved individually. We present a method for seismic short-period internal multiple removal for 2D and 3D media as an extension of recent 1D work, based on the Marchenko theory. If we can separate the medium into a horizontally layered overburden and an arbitrary complex underburden we are able to remove the overburden-related effects of short-period (and long-period) internal multiples. We do not require an impedance model but achieve this with a smooth background velocity model, similar to what is used in other multiple removal algorithms. We give a 2D numerical example with a finely layered horizontal overburden and a laterally inhomogeneous underburden. Comparison of the image derived with our augmented Marchenko scheme with a conventional Marchenko image results in a considerable uplift. This is the first time that short-period internal multiples are removed correctly from 2D seismic data in a purely data-driven way.
Subwavelength Imaging by Full 3D Negative Refraction Using a 3D Photonic Crystal (2006)

A 3D body-centered cubic photonic crystal was designed and fabricated to achieve full 3D negative refraction by dispersion engineering. Three-dimensional subwavelength resolution imaging was experimentally demonstrated using this photonic crystal in microwave regime.
PTEN deficiency sensitizes endometrioid endometrial cancer to compound PARP-PI3K inhibition but not PARP inhibition as monotherapy (2017)

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have emerged as promising cancer therapeutics especially for tumors with deficient homologous recombination (HR) repair. However, as HR-deficient tumors represent only a small fraction of endometrial cancers, the therapeutic utility of PARP inhibitors is limited in this disease. Somatic loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that counteracts phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, is one of the most common genetic aberrations in endometrioid endometrial cancer. While previous works have identified the role of PTEN in DNA double-strand break repair, vulnerabilities of PTEN-deficient endometrioid endometrial cancers to PARP inhibition remain controversial. Here we find that PTEN-deficient endometrioid endometrial cancer cells are not responsive to PARP inhibitor Olaparib alone, but instead show superior sensitivity to compound inhibition with PI3K inhibitor BKM120, as evidenced by reduced clonogenic cell growth and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid disintegration. Mechanistically, PI3K blockade by BKM120 attenuated HR competency with γH2AX accumulation and reduced RAD51 and BRCA1 expression in Ishikawa, AN3CA and Nou-1 cells, but the same combination treatment led to enhanced phosphorylation of DNA-PK, a non-homologous end joining repair protein, in Hec-108 cells. Furthermore, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PTEN depletion rendered PTEN wild-type Hec-1A endometrioid endometrial cancer cells responsive to combined inhibition of PARP/PI3K, with concomitantly induced DNA damage accumulation and repair defects. The combination of BKM120 and Olaparib cooperated to inhibit tumor growth in a genetic mouse model of Pten-deficient endometrioid endometrial cancer. Together, these results suggest PI3K inhibition may be a plausible approach to expand the utility of PARP inhibitors to endometrioid endometrial cancers in a PTEN-deficient setting.
Prevalence and causes of vision loss in sub-Saharan Africa: 1990–2010 (2014)

The age-standardised prevalence of blindness and MSVI decreased substantially from 1990 to 2010, although there was a moderate increase in the absolute numbers with blindness or MSVI. Significant subregional and gender disparities exist.
A Phosphine Oxide Route to Formamidinium Lead Tribromide Nanoparticles (2020)

We present the synthesis of formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite nanocrystals through a phosphine oxide route, where in comparison to more traditional syntheses oleylamine is replaced with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). This route has previously been shown to be successful for the inorganic cesium lead tribromide perovskite nanocrystals. We examine the interactions between the precursors via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). We confirm the existence of an interaction between FA-oleate and TOPO and use this to guide the optimization of our synthesis. When the reaction is conducted at room temperature, we observe the formation of nanoparticles with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY, ∼70%) at 2.39 eV (518 nm) with little ripening or size defocusing over time. Although we obtain narrow emission peaks, the crystals are irregular in shape—a testament to the impact of the FA-oleate:TOPO interaction. Despite a drop in PLQY in the washed solutions, films made maintain a high PLQY of ∼50% at 2.33 eV (532 nm), which is fortuitously the ideal wavelength for the green emission channel in displays, and we demonstrate 532 nm electroluminescence in light-emitting diodes with an EQE of 3.7%.
One-channel time-reversal in a chaotic two-dimensional silicon cavity (1997)

Acoustic time-reversal experiments usually need large arrays of transducers. An element reduction normally decreases the aperture and thus degrades reversal or focusing quality. However, one can use reflections to increase artificially the transducer aperture. It is shown that in a reflecting cavity with negligible absorption, a time-reversal of a pointlike source can be performed using a single element. The wave field is measured by the transducer over a long period of time at a point inside the cavity, and then the time-reversed signal is reinjected at the same location. The wave field thus created forms wave fronts of the same shape as the initially emitted ones, but propagating in the opposite direction. They finally collapse at the location of the initial source, leading to excellent focusing which is not aperture limited. The difference between a perfect and a one-channel time-reversal can be quantified. A chaotic shape of the system guarantees a successful time-reversal; in some regular cavities, the procedure fails. One-channel time-reversal experiments have been successfully carried out using elastic waves in a silicon wafer. Finite-difference computations simulating a time-reversal of a two-dimensional scalar wave field complete this work.
Optimizing Discrete Multi-tone Transmission for 400G Data Center Interconnects (2020)

Discrete multi-tone transmission (DMT) is a promising candidate for future 400G data center interconnects. Eight channels, each carrying 56 Gb/s of data can be combined in a 50-GHz channel grid to form a 400 Gb/s superchannel. For a fully loaded 96 channel DWDM system this leads to a total capacity of 4.8 Tb/s. To meet the requirements of the targeted application in terms of cost efficiency and low power consumption, it is important to keep the complexity for the digital signal processing as low as possible. For DMT, the complexity is mainly determined by the length of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT). Since data center interconnects only have to bridge a distance of typically 80 km, we here investigate among other parameters the influence of the FFT length among other parameters on the achievable performance for 56 Gb/s DMT only for this distance. Transmission is performed in C-band to enable DWDM and no optical dispersion compensation is applied. We consider double sideband (DSB) as well as vestigial sideband (VSB) DMT. It can be seen that an FFT length of 128 is sufficient to reach the required performance in terms of bit error ratio, however, a higher length can significantly improve the performance.
Spatial-Temporal Access Control for E-health Services (2010)

The transformation of healthcare from human-based to online services can expose e-health to the security threats as other online applications. The identities of legitimate e-health users need to be verified cautiously before the access privileges are granted. Since each treatment service of a patient occurs within a time interval and specific location, we propose to make use of time as well as the location as additional parameters in verifying that legitimate users are involved in services. In particular, we develop and implement a prototype of the Spatial-Temporal Access Control to authenticate and authorize users of e-health services, termed STAC-eHS. STAC-eHS is beneficial for e-health services since it allows system users to define the spatial and/or temporal constraints for e-health authentication and authorization decisions, thus, improving e-health system security and protection of patient's privacy. We also perform experiments to evaluate STAC-eHS. The results show that STAC-eHS increases the accuracy of the detection of illegitimate users in an e-health system by about 3-12%, as compared to traditional RBAC, with a small delay of less than two seconds.
Acute Kidney Injury in Older Adults (2011)

Aging kidneys undergo structural and functional changes that decrease autoregulatory capacity and increase susceptibility to acute injury. Acute kidney injury associates with duration and location of hospitalization, mortality risk, progression to chronic kidney disease, and functional status in daily living. Definition and diagnosis of acute kidney injury are based on changes in creatinine, which is an inadequate marker and might identify patients when it is too late. The incidence of acute kidney injury is rising and increases with advancing age, yet clinical studies have been slow to address geriatric issues or the heterogeneity in etiologies, outcomes, or patient preferences among the elderly. Here we examine some of the current literature, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest potential research questions regarding acute kidney injury in older adults. Answering these questions will facilitate the integration of geriatric issues into future mechanistic and clinical studies that affect management and care of acute kidney injury.
Preferred conformation of C-glycosides. 7. Preferred conformation of carbon analogs of isomaltose and gentiobiose (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreferred conformation of C-glycosides. 7. Preferred conformation of carbon analogs of isomaltose and gentiobiosePeter G. Goekjian, Tse Chong Wu, Han Young Kang, and Yoshito KishiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 22, 6422–6434Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00022a039https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00022a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views337Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
PARTICLE CLEARANCE FROM THE AIRWAYS OF SUBJECTS WITH BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS AND WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (2008)

The aim of this study was to determine particle clearance and retention from non-alveolated airways of 14 healthy subjects (HS), 10 subjects with asymptomatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and 23 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Monodisperse iron oxide particles of 1.6 micro m geometric and 3.5 micro m aerodynamic diameter labeled with (99m)Tc were delivered to the airways by inspiration of small aerosol boli into shallow volumetric lung depths. In each subject the penetration front depth of the aerosol boli was adjusted to 55% of the Fowler dead space of the airways. Particle deposition was enhanced by about 7 seconds of breath-holding after bolus inhalation. Retention of the particles in the airways during the 48 hours after their administration was assessed by measuring the decline in lung activity with a sensitive gamma counter. Particle deposition was not significantly different among study groups. Twenty-four hour particle retention in the airways was not different among study groups. Sixty-one percent of the particles were retained at 24 hours in HS, 58% in BHR, and 64% in COPD. However, subjects with BHR showed accelerated mucociliary clearance compared to healthy subjects, whereas clearance was retarded in COPD patients. This long-term particle retention in the airways has to be taken into account in aerosol toxicology risk assessment and aerosol therapy dose evaluation.
Quantitative analysis of near-infrared tomography: sensitivity to the tissue-simulating precalibration phantom (2003)

A near-infrared (NIR) imaging system is evaluated as a diagnostic clinical tool to image total hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation within tissue. Calibration of this type of system requires measurement of the response at each detector and source location from a homogeneous tissue-simulating phantom. The effect of using calibration phantoms of varying composition, size, and optical properties is examined to determine how it affects the overall image accuracy. All of the calibration phantoms investigated result in accurate reconstruction of absorbing heterogeneities due to increased blood concentration with less than 4% standard deviation. Images from a patient with a biopsy-confirmed ductal carcinoma are also evaluated and found to be insensitive to the choice of calibration object, with only 1% variation between images generated with different calibration objects. The tumor total hemoglobin contrast is approximately 240% higher than the average total hemoglobin concentration in contralateral breast. Soft calibration phantoms, which mimic the elastic properties of human breast tissue, are also considered and found to diminish positioning errors in the fibers relative to the actual breast exam, thereby reducing the artifacts in the periphery of the reconstructed image.
Quantitative determination of electric and magnetic second-order susceptibility tensors of chiral surfaces (1997)

We present a measurement technique to determine the relative values of all components of the three tensors that describe second-harmonic generation from chiral isotropic surfaces up to first order in the magnetic-dipole interaction. For a thin film of a chiral polymer, the largest tensor components involving magnetic interactions are nonvanishing only because of chirality and their magnitudes are \ensuremath{\sim}20% of the largest electric-dipole-only components. These chiral magnetic components are larger than the chiral electric component.
Studies on the phosphorylation and synthesis of type I regulatory subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in intact S49 mouse lymphoma cells. (1981)

Phosphorylation and synthesis of type I regulatory subunit (RI) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase were studied using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled proteins from intact S49 mouse lymphoma cells. [32P]Phosphate labeling, peptide mapping, and acid hydrolysis confirm that charge heterogeneity in RI results from phosphorylation of a single serine residue. In drug-free cells, phosphorylation proceeds to a steady state proportion of 90 to 95% of total RI with a half-time of about 25 min. The rate and steady state extent of RI phosphorylation are reduced by some, but not all, agents causing intracellular kinase activation. These results suggest that RI might assume different conformations in association with different amounts of cAMP or different analogs of cAMP. Endogenous kinase activation has no immediate effect on RI synthesis but leads to a moderate increase in RI synthesis after several hours; this induction occurs with all agents tested. Mutants of S49 cells lacking catalytic activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase exhibit reduced phosphorylation and synthesis of RI. Comparative studies suggest that the phosphorylation of RI and its induction by kinase activation are fairly general phenomena; the extent of RI phosphorylation and the relative rate of RI synthesis are variable among cell types.
Droplet behavior in the presence of insoluble surfactants (2004)

The time-dependent behavior of droplets in the presence of insoluble surfactants, i.e., droplet elongation in supercritical flow (capillary number Ca=0.1) and droplet breakup in a quiescent matrix, is studied using a finite element method. The interfacial tension coefficient σ as a function of the surfactant concentration Γ is described using the Langmuir equation of state, σ=σ0+RTΓ∞ ln(1−Γ/Γ∞). For droplets in an equal viscosity system, the influence of parameters Γ, Γ∞, and the Péclet number (ratio between surfactant convection and diffusion rate) on the elongation behavior has been investigated, whereas droplet breakup is considered for various values of the Péclet number for trace concentrations Γ≪Γ∞ of an insoluble surfactant. Depending on the surfactant used, a surfactant covered droplet in supercritical flow may deform more than or less than a clean droplet, as is the case in subcritical flow. Two processes compete: surfactant accumulation near the tips due to convection and overall surfactant dilution due to an increase of interfacial area. Nevertheless, the main effect of surfactants on dispersive mixing is due to the fact that upon breakup, the daughter droplets have a different interfacial tension coefficient. Especially in time-dependent processes, this may have a huge impact on the final droplet distribution.
An Ambipolar Virtual-Source-Based Charge-Current Compact Model for Nanoscale Graphene Transistors (2014)

A compact physics-based ambipolar-virtual-source (AVS) model is presented that describes carrier transport in both unipolar and ambipolar regimes in quasi-ballistic graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs). The transport model incorporates two separate virtual sources for electrons and holes and is supplemented by a self-consistent channel-charge-partitioning model valid from drift-diffusive to ballistic transport conditions. The model comprehends the asymmetry introduced by different contact resistances for electrons and holes. The AVS model has a limited number of parameters, most of which have a physical meaning and can easily be extracted from device characterization. The model has been extensively calibrated with experimental dc I-V and s-parameter measurements of devices with gate lengths from 650 to 40 nm. This has allowed the scaling of mobility and VS source injection velocity of carriers with gate length to be investigated for the first time. The new compact model yields continuous currents and charges and can easily be used in the design and analysis of circuits and systems implemented with GFETs.
Turicibacter and Acidaminococcus predict immune-related adverse events and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (2023)

Our Study suggests that the analysis of the gut microbiota may provide future predictive markers for the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy or the selection of candidates for fecal transplantation for cancer immunotherapy.