gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advancements in fabrication of glass interposers (2014)

There is growing interest in applying glass as an interposer substrate for 2.5D/3D as well as component substrates for radio frequency (RF) applications. The list of important advantages provided by glass in these applications include material properties (e.g. electrical performance, ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) to improve reliability) as well as the significant opportunities for cost advantages that glass based solutions provide over other approaches. The feasibility of fabricating high quality holes in glass substrates has been demonstrated. While work in hole fabrication continues, additional efforts to demonstrate and mature downstream processing of glass substrates has accelerated. These include hole metallization and redistribution layers (RDL) in both wafer and panel formats, as well as initial characterization and demonstration of reliability. Significant progress in these areas is reported here.
Multiplier Architectures: Challenges and Opportunities with Plasmonic-based Logic : (Special Session Paper) (2020)

Emerging technologies such as plasmonics and photonics are promising alternatives to CMOS for high throughput applications, thanks to their waveguide's low power consumption and high speed of computation. Besides these qualities, these novel technologies also implement logic functionalities uncommon to traditional technologies that can be beneficial to existing CMOS architectures. In this work, we study how plasmonic-based devices can complement CMOS technology to achieve a more efficient implementation of multiplier architectures, which are the core of state-of-the-art data- and signal-processing circuits. A critical part of modern multipliers is the partial-product reduction step, used to reduce the partial product tree into a 2-input addition. In CMOS technology, this step is achieved by using compact and fast counters. On the other hand, the proposed plasmonic cells naturally implement counters of 3-, 9- and 27-inputs within a few logic levels at ultra-high speed. Thus, we present novel multiplier architectures, which take advantage of large plasmonic-based counters to reduce the number of cells and logic levels in the partial product reduction step of the multiplication. Our experimental results show that 3 levels and 30 counters are needed when 27-input cells are used. On the other side, 6 levels and 72 counters are employed with 9-input cells. Finally, we present various 16 × 16 multiplier implementations mixing 9- and 27-input cells, focusing on the trade-off in the number of counters, levels, and area of each architecture.
Prognostic Significance of Bax Protein Expression in Diffuse Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (1997)

Bax is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. The incidence and prognostic significance of Bax protein expression in diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with a large cell component (DLCL) was determined by an immunohistochemical method by using paraffin-embedded tumors from a cohort of patients treated uniformly with combination chemotherapy (n = 139). All patients were between 16 and 70 years of age and had advanced stage disease of diffuse large cell type (diffuse mixed, diffuse large cell, immunoblastic, or anaplastic large cell). Paraffin sections from diagnostic biopsies were successfully immunostained for Bax in 113 cases. Of these, 7 (6%) tumors were scored as Bax immunonegative (< 1% Bax-stained tumor cells), 42 (37%) as low (1% to 10%), 9 (8%) as low-intermediate (11% to 30%), 25 (22%) as high-intermediate (31% to 70%), and 30 specimens (27%) as high for Bax expression (> 70%). Of the 7 Bax-immunonegative lymphomas, all also scored low (< or = 10% immunostained tumor cells) for Bcl-2 expression, whereas 78 of the 106 (74%) Bax-immunopositive tumors had low Bcl-2 expression. By itself, Bax expression was not of prognostic significance in univariate analysis, although there was a clear trend for patients with Bax-immunonegative lymphomas (n = 7) to relapse sooner and to die faster than patients whose tumors contained Bax-immunopositive malignant cells (n = 106; 8-year overall survival 29% versus 55%; P = .06). When combined with Bcl-2 immunostaining data, Bax provided additional prognostic information. Among patients with Bcl-2 low-expressing DLCLs, for example, Bax immunonegativity was associated with lower 8-year relapse-free survival (RFS; 29% v 61%; P < .01) and lower 8-year overall survival (OS; 29% v 63%; P < .05), suggesting that absence of Bax protein connotes a more aggressive phenotype when Bcl-2 protein is also not expressed at high levels. In contrast, low Bax expression was associated with improved 8-year disease-free survival (52% v 16%; P < .02), RFS (47% v 11%; P < .02), and OS (64% v 11%; P < .01) in patients whose tumors expressed Bcl-2 at high levels, suggesting that the combination of high levels of Bax and Bcl-2 expression is more deleterious than high levels of Bcl-2 expression alone. Bax expression failed to provide additional prognostic information beyond Bcl-2 expression in multivariate analysis that included the clinical International Prognostic Index factors (age, stage, lactate dehydrogenase, performance status, and number of extranodal sites) and immunophenotype. Taken together, the results suggest that Bax expression is not a major prognostic marker in DLCL. However, the interactions of the Bcl-2 and Bax expression data with respect to clinical outcome may shed new insights into the biological significance of Bcl-2/Bax protein heterodimerization.
<title>Optical Digital Processing Of Two-Dimensional Digital Data</title> (1977)

The parallel processing of digital data in two-dimensional page form using holographic techniques is discussed. The Boolean logic operations of AND, OR, EXCLUSIVE OR, and COMPLEMENT are shown to be possible in a single holographic cycle. All bits on one binary data page are operated on with the corresponding bits on a second page. Single-step processors using unchangeable recording materials have numerous applications. Multiple-step processors using continuously-changeable recording materials allow further computing power including the construction of the other Boolean logic operations and arithmetic operations. This type of optical processing may be particularly important for the construction of parallel associative processors.
Virtual sensors: using data mining techniques to efficiently estimate remote sensing spectra (2005)

Various instruments are used to create images of the earth and other objects in the universe in a diverse set of wavelength bands with the aim of understanding natural phenomena. Sometimes these instruments are built in a phased approach, with additional measurement capabilities added in later phases. In other cases, technology may mature to the point that the instrument offers new measurement capabilities that were not planned in the original design of the instrument. In still other cases, high-resolution spectral measurements may be too costly to perform on a large sample, and therefore, lower resolution spectral instruments are used to take the majority of measurements. Many applied science questions that are relevant to the earth science remote sensing community require analysis of enormous amounts of data that were generated by instruments with disparate measurement capabilities. This work addresses this problem using virtual sensors: a method that uses models trained on spectrally rich (high spectral resolution) data to "fill in" unmeasured spectral channels in spectrally poor (low spectral resolution) data. The models we use Are multilayer perceptrons, support vector machines (SVMs) with radial basis function kernels, and SVMs with mixture density Mercer kernels. We demonstrate this method by using models trained on the high spectral resolution Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) instrument to estimate what the equivalent of the MODIS 1.6-/spl mu/m channel would be for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/2) instrument. The scientific motivation for the simulation of the 1.6-/spl mu/m channel is to improve the ability of the AVHRR/2 sensor to detect clouds over snow and ice.
Monoamine Oxidase B Prompts Mitochondrial and Cardiac Dysfunction in Pressure Overloaded Hearts (2013)

Under conditions of chronic hemodynamic stress, enhanced MAO-B activity is a major determinant of cardiac structural and functional disarrangement. Both increased oxidative stress and the accumulation of aldehyde intermediates are likely liable for these adverse morphological and mechanical changes by directly targeting mitochondria.
VCSEL Cavity Loss and Gain Measurement for High-Speed Optical Interconnects (2023)

Over 100 Gb/s Four-level Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM4) Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) based optical interconnects require high speed, damped, and low relative intensity noise (RIN) VCSELs. Measurement techniques for intrinsic parameters are essential for optimizing VCSEL designs. The proposed VCSEL cavity round-trip loss and gain coefficient measurement provides the insight of VCSEL distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and quantum well (QW) design. A simple VCSEL cavity model is described and excellent matching between the model and measurement is achieved.
Comparing Enhanced Natural Thermal Stratification Against Retarded Combustion Phasing for Smoothing of HCCI Heat-Release Rates (2004)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Two methods for mitigating unacceptably high HCCI heat-release rates are investigated and compared in this combined experimental/CFD work. Retarding the combustion phasing by decreasing the intake temperature is found to have good potential for smoothing heat-release rates and reducing engine knock. There are at least three reasons for this: 1) lower combustion temperatures, 2) less pressure rise when the combustion is occurring during the expansion stroke, and 3) the natural thermal stratification increases around TDC. However, overly retarded combustion leads to unstable operation with partial-burn cycles resulting in high IMEP&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; variations and increased emissions.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Enhanced natural thermal stratification by increased heat-transfer rates was explored by lowering the coolant temperature from 100 to 50°C. This strategy substantially decreased the heat-release rates and lowered the knocking intensity under certain conditions. To further exploit the effect, the heat-transfer rates were further enhanced by increasing the in-cylinder air swirl. This led to even longer combustion durations. Unfortunately, the higher heat losses associated with high air swirl decreased the IMEP&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;. When the fueling rate was increased to compensate, most of the improvements on the heat-release rates were lost.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Overall, combustion phasing retard was found to have better potential for smoothing heat-release rates than enhancing the thermal stratification by the means considered in this work. However, operation with highly retarded combustion requires precise control of the ignition timing. Furthermore, it is found that the acceptable intake temperature range narrows rapidly with increasing equivalence ratio. Above a certain fueling rate a steady state operating point cannot be established by setting the intake temperature to a fixed value. This problem is caused by wall heating and the coupling between wall temperature and combustion phasing.&lt;/div&gt;
A single comb laser source for short reach WDM interconnects (2009)

High-channel-count WDM will eventually be used for short reach optical interconnects since it maximizes link bandwidth and efficiency. An impediment to adoption is the fact that each WDM wavelength currently requires its own DFB laser. The alternative is a single, multi-wavelength laser, but noise, size and/or expense make existing options impractical. In contrast, a new low-noise, diode comb laser based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots provides a practical and timely alternative, albeit in the O-band. Samples are being evaluated in short reach WDM development systems. Tests show this type of Fabry-Perot laser permits &gt;10 Gb/s error-free modulation of 10 to over 50 separate channels, as well as potential for 1.25 Gb/s direct modulation. The paper describes comb laser requirements, noise measurements for external and direct modulation, O-band issues, transmitter photonic circuitry and components, future CMP applications, and optical couplers that may help drive down packaging costs to below a dollar.
A dynamic code placement technique for scratchpad memory using postpass optimization (2006)

In this paper, we propose a fully automatic dynamic scratch-pad memory (SPM) management technique for instructions. Our technique loads required code segments into the SPM on demand at runtime. Our approach is based on postpass analysis and optimization techniques, and it handles the whole program, including libraries. The code mapping is determined by solving mixed integer linear programming formulation that approximates our demand paging technique. We increase the effectiveness of demand paging by extracting from functions natural loops that are smaller in size and have a higher instruction fetch count. The postpass optimizer analyzes the object files of an application and transforms them into an application binary image that enables demand paging to the SPM. We evaluate our technique on eleven embedded applications and compare it to a processor core with an instruction cache in terms of its performance and energy consumption. The cache size is about 20% of the executed code size, and the SPM size is chosen such that its die area is equal to that of the cache. The experimental results show that, on average, the processor core and memory subsystem's energy consumption can be reduced by 21.6% and the performance improved by 20.2%. Moreover, in comparison with the optimal static placement strategy, our technique reduces energy consumption by 23.7% and improves performance by 22.9%,on average.
Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth of Vacuum Deposited Amorphous Silicon (1981)

Solid phase epitaxial grouth (SPE) of vacuum-deposited amorphous silicon (a-Si) has been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron spin resonance (ESR). We have demonstrated that the surface cleanliness of the crystalline silicon (c-Si) substrate and impurities introduced during deposition have a great influence on the SPE process of a-Si. For a-Si deposited on a c-Si surface cleaned by iterative sputtering and annealing in ultra high vacuum, we have obtained good epitaxiai grcth layers comparable to bulk c-Si. Behavior of the EPR signal dvring annealing can be well explained on the basis of the TEM observation that there are void networks in an a-Si film deposited on c-Si having the native oxide No such structure exists in an a-Si film on c-Si with a clean surface. the structure of a-Si, where SPE occurs at a high rate, is compared with that of ion bombarded a-Si. We have discussed a mechanism of SPE on the basis of an a-Si/(100) c-Si interface model not having any dangling bonds.
Low-Complexity GSVD-Based Beamforming Schemes for Cognitive Radio Network (2011)

In this paper, low-complexity generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) based beamforming schemes are proposed for cognitive radio (CR) network, in which multiple secondary users (SUs) with multiple antennas are allowed to access the spectrum of the primary network only if they do not interfere with the communication of primary users (PUs). The optimal beamforming scheme that satisfies the interference constraints at multiple PUs and maximizes signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of multiple SUs simultaneously requires a complicated iterative optimization process. To overcome the computational complexity, we develop a signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio (SLNR) maximizing beamforming scheme in which the weight can be obtained by GSVD without any iterations. The proposed beamforming also avoids any matrix squaring operations, and therefore, the computational complexity is drastically reduced. By modifying the proposed algorithm and introducing additional iterations but less than the number of PUs, the system performance is further improved without serious increase of the computational complexity.
Optimization-enabled EMT modeling for transformer impulse test (2016)

A novel method is proposed to enhance the performance of optimization algorithms to obtain impulse generator settings. This method resolves two major problems encountered in tradition optimization-enabled electromagnetic transient simulation (OE-EMTS) approach. First, a new technique is introduced to model a transformer in an electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulator. This technique uses the frequency response of the transformer to calculate time-domain quantities without synthesizing the transformer circuit. As a results, most of the major issues attributed to the frequency-response based EMT modeling are solved, such as appearance of negative resistive elements in the synthesized circuit and generation of highly complex/dense branch networks. Second, multiple optimization algorithms are implemented to optimize impulse generator settings. Combination of multiple algorithms has balanced the effects of convergence speed and accuracy for better results. The proposed approach is verified by two case studies, involving different resistor arrangements. The simulated waveforms are compared with those obtained from measurements.
Detecting RFI Through Integrity Monitoring at a DGPS Reference Station (2006)

Because GPS is a radio navigation system which has a very low power level, it is vulnerable to RFI. Excessive RFI could cause receiver performance degradation, such as degradation of position accuracy, loss of lock and increased acquisition time. After GPS modernization plans introduce dual-frequency civil signals to mitigate ionospheric errors, RFI will remain as one of the dominant threats for differential GPS navigation systems. Examples of safety-critical civil aviation and military missions threatened by RFI include the Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) and the Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS). This paper focuses on RFI mitigation through integrity monitoring for a DGPS system like LAAS or JPALS. The mitigation strategy consists of two parts. First, the paper develops a new RFI detection method, using a raw divergence statistic. Second, the paper investigates strategies for maintaining integrity in the case that RFI is detected. To validate the utility of the divergence-based RFI monitor, this paper takes an experimental approach. The experiments assess the performance of the divergence metric and compare it to existing alternatives for RFI detection, such as metrics for Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). Generating a monitoring threshold for these statistics proves challenging, because the threshold depends both on the type of RFI threat (e.g. continuous wave, narrow band, wideband, pulsed) and on environmental conditions, such as temperature. As experiments illustrate, the divergence statistic resolves these limitations, as divergence directly estimates ranging source error, independent of the type of RFI threat or the environmental conditions.
High‐Pressure Homogenization: Simplified Drop Deformation Estimate during Transition through Orifices (2017)

Abstract The breakup process of primary drops during transition through slots or small openings has been examined frequently in the past. Recent experiments show strong influence of the dispersed‐phase viscosity on the deformation of drops at the inlet of orifices that cannot be explained by the equilibrium approach based on capillary numbers or viscosity ratios only. It is necessary to account for the strongly transient character of the process. A quantitative treatment of this behavior based on relationships from the literature and executed with feasible numerical effort is presented. It is shown that the course of the extension rate of the flow and all properties of the system have a major influence on the drop deformation in front of the orifice. The threadlike deformed drops are precursors for the subsequent breakup process downstream.
Vaccine efficacy in swine challenged with a highly virulent S. typhimurium (2005)

Vaccination is one of several options to reduce the impact of Salmonella infections in pork. To demonstrate cross protection against infection with S. Typhimurium, pigs were vaccinated with a live vaccine (Enterisol SC-54, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.), left as positive challenge controls or negative, non challenged controls. Vaccination demonstrated significant clinical protection and reduction of lymph node colonization. In addition, nominal improvement in weight gain was also detected.
Tolerizing Strategies for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: From ex vivo to in vivo Strategies (2020)

Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), type I diabetes (T1D), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic, incurable, incapacitating and at times even lethal conditions. Worldwide, millions of people are affected, predominantly women, and their number is steadily increasing. Currently, autoimmune patients require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy, often accompanied by severe adverse side effects and risks. Targeting the fundamental cause of autoimmunity, which is the loss of tolerance to self- or innocuous antigens, may be achieved via various mechanisms. Recently, tolerance-inducing cellular therapies, such as tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), have gained considerable interest. Their safety has already been evaluated in patients with MS, arthritis, T1D, and Crohn's disease, and clinical trials are underway to confirm their safety and therapeutic potential. Cell-based therapies are inevitably expensive and time-consuming, requiring laborious <i>ex vivo</i> manufacturing. Therefore, direct <i>in vivo</i> targeting of tolerogenic cell types offers an attractive alternative, and several strategies are being explored. Type I IFN was the first disease-modifying therapy approved for MS patients, and approaches to endogenously induce IFN in autoimmune diseases are being pursued vigorously. We here review and discuss tolerogenic cellular therapies and targeted <i>in vivo</i> tolerance approaches and propose a novel strategy for cell-specific delivery of type I IFN signaling to a cell type of choice.
Figure S1 from HIF2α-Targeted RNAi Therapeutic Inhibits Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Dose response&lt;/p&gt;