gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scaling Internet Search Engines - Methods and Analysis (2004)

This thesis focuses on methods and analysis for building scalable Internet Search Engines. In this work, we have developed a search kernel, an architecture framework and applications that are being used in industrial and commercial products. Furthermore, we present both analysis and design of key elements. \n\nEssential to building a large-scale search engine is to understand the dynamics of the content in which we are searching. For the challenging case of searching the web, there are multiple dimensions of dynamics that should ideally be handled. In this thesis we start by examining some of these dimensions and the implications they have on search engine design.\n\nWhen designing a search engine kernel, the focus has been on selection of algorithms and datastructures in the general case. Also, and even more important, we design worst-case characteristics into the search kernel that are very decisive from a scaling standpoint. A performance model to analyze the behaviour of the kernel is also developed. \n\nThe designed search engine kernel was realized as a predecessor of the current FAST Search kernel (the FMS kernel), and practical experiments and benchmarking demonstrate the correctness of the assumptions from the design of the kernel. \n\nThen a framework for scaling shared-nothing systems based upon nodes working on separate portions of the data is introduced. The design of the framework is based on the general principles of replication and distribution. A performance model and an algorithm for cluster design are provided. This is in turn applied to construct a larger-scale web search engine and benchmarking of clusters indicate that the assumptions and models for the distributed architecture hold. \n\nThe scaling aspect of search engine is further studied in the context of the application itself. Query locality is explored and used to create an architecture that is a generalized type of caching (through partial replication) using the application behaviour and a configurable correctness trade-off to design super-linear scalable search engines.\n\nFinally, a discussion of how linguistics are being used in web search engines is provided, focusing on the constraints that apply to ensure the desired scalability.
Spiro-Phenylpyrazole/Fluorene as Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells (2017)

Spiro-OMeTAD with symmetric spiro-bifluorene unit has dominated the investigation of hole-transporting material (HTM) for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) despite of its low intrinsic hole conductivity and instability. In this study, we designed and synthesized three asymmetric spiro-phenylpyrazole/fluorene base HTMs, namely: WY-1, WY-2 and WY-3. They exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and hole conductivities. Moreover, the PSC based on WY-1 exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.2%, which is comparable to the control device employing spiro-OMeTAD as HTM (14.8%). These results pave the way to further optimization of both molecular design and device performance of the spiro-based HTMs.
Fluorous Triphasic Reactions:  Transportative Deprotection of Fluorous Silyl Ethers with Concomitant Purification (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTFluorous Triphasic Reactions: Transportative Deprotection of Fluorous Silyl Ethers with Concomitant PurificationHiroyuki Nakamura, Bruno Linclau, and Dennis P. CurranView Author Information Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 41, 10119–10120Publication Date (Web):September 20, 2001Publication History Received16 July 2001Published online20 September 2001Published inissue 1 October 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja011716chttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja011716crapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views764Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical reactions,Ethers,Organic reactions,Reagents,Solvents Get e-Alerts
Medical Professional Enhancement Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Fetal Cardiac Ultrasound Screening (2022)

Diagnostic support tools based on artificial intelligence (AI) have exhibited high performance in various medical fields. However, their clinical application remains challenging because of the lack of explanatory power in AI decisions (black box problem), making it difficult to build trust with medical professionals. Nevertheless, visualizing the internal representation of deep neural networks will increase explanatory power and improve the confidence of medical professionals in AI decisions. We propose a novel deep learning-based explainable representation "graph chart diagram" to support fetal cardiac ultrasound screening, which has low detection rates of congenital heart diseases due to the difficulty in mastering the technique. Screening performance improves using this representation from 0.966 to 0.975 for experts, 0.829 to 0.890 for fellows, and 0.616 to 0.748 for residents in the arithmetic mean of area under the curve of a receiver operating characteristic curve. This is the first demonstration wherein examiners used deep learning-based explainable representation to improve the performance of fetal cardiac ultrasound screening, highlighting the potential of explainable AI to augment examiner capabilities.
Detection and Quantification of the Terminal C5b‐9 Complex of Human Complement by a Sensitive Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (1984)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantification of the terminal complexes (SC5b-9 and membrane attack complex) of human complement is described. We separate the complex from the native complement components, to use antibodies against the native components in a 'double-antibody sandwich' technique. It is thereby possible to detect the terminal complement complex in solution without the requirement of specific antibodies against the neoantigens. The results show that the assay is both sensitive and specific. Evidence is presented that a terminal complement complex occurs in a normal plasma pool. The terminal complement complex may be valuable for evaluating both the physiology and pathophysiology of the complement system in vivo.
An element-matched band-pass delta-sigma ADC for ultrasound imaging (2017)

This work presents a compact ADC architecture capable of digitizing the signals received by every individual element of a 2D ultrasound transducer array. An element-matched layout of 150 μm × 150 μm is realized by exploiting each piezo-electric transducer element not only as the signal source, but also as the electro-mechanical loop-filter of a continuoustime band-pass ΔΣ ADC, thus minimizing the required circuit blocks. The transducer's frequency response, which is inherently matched with the signal bandwidth of interest, provides noise shaping to the ADC. A prototype chip has been fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology, featuring 20 ADCs located directly underneath a 150 μm-pitch piezo-electric transducer array fabricated on top of the chip. Each ADC, clocked at 200 MHz, consumes 800 μψ from a 1.8 V supply, and achieves an SNR of 47 dB in a 75% bandwidth around a center frequency of 5 MHz. Acoustic measurements show that the ADC successfully digitizes incoming echo signals.
MRTouch: Adding Touch Input to Head-Mounted Mixed Reality (2018)

We present MRTouch, a novel multitouch input solution for head-mounted mixed reality systems. Our system enables users to reach out and directly manipulate virtual interfaces affixed to surfaces in their environment, as though they were touchscreens. Touch input offers precise, tactile and comfortable user input, and naturally complements existing popular modalities, such as voice and hand gesture. Our research prototype combines both depth and infrared camera streams together with real-time detection and tracking of surface planes to enable robust finger-tracking even when both the hand and head are in motion. Our technique is implemented on a commercial Microsoft HoloLens without requiring any additional hardware nor any user or environmental calibration. Through our performance evaluation, we demonstrate high input accuracy with an average positional error of 5.4 mm and 95% button size of 16 mm, across 17 participants, 2 surface orientations and 4 surface materials. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of our technique to enable on-world touch interactions through 5 example applications.
Large Flow Classification in IPv6 Protocol (2010)

Network traffic has shown the combination of few very high bit rate
flows (large flow) and huge amount of very low bit flows (small flow),
which causes uneven load balance over ECMP paths. Differentiating
large flow and small flow packets in IP/MPLS networks enables enhanced
ECMP transport. Enhanced ECMP applies different distribution methods
to large flow packets and small flow packets to improve the load
balance. The classification also enables an effective congestion
control. This draft proposes large flow classification in IPv6
protocol for this purpose.
Supplementary Table S2 from Genomic Features of Exceptional Response in Vemurafenib ± Cobimetinib–treated Patients with <i>BRAF</i><sup>V600</sup>-mutated Metastatic Melanoma (2023)

Supplementary Table S2 from Genomic Features of Exceptional Response in Vemurafenib ± Cobimetinib–treated Patients with &lt;i&gt;BRAF&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;V600&lt;/sup&gt;-mutated Metastatic Melanoma
Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of lymphoma (2020)

The recent development and clinical implementation of novel immunotherapies for the treatment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma have improved patient outcomes across subgroups. The rapid introduction of immunotherapeutic agents into the clinic, however, has presented significant questions regarding optimal treatment scheduling around existing chemotherapy/radiation options, as well as a need for improved understanding of how to properly manage patients and recognize toxicities. To address these challenges, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) convened a panel of experts in lymphoma to develop a clinical practice guideline for the education of healthcare professionals on various aspects of immunotherapeutic treatment. The panel discussed subjects including treatment scheduling, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and the integration of immunotherapy and stem cell transplant to form recommendations to guide healthcare professionals treating patients with lymphoma.
BIER in IPv6 (BIERin6) (2020)

BIER is a new architecture for the forwarding of multicast data
packets. This document defines native IPv6 encapsulation for BIER hop-
by-hop forwarding or BIERin6 for short.
Yb-Fiber Laser Frequency Combs (2010)

Significant progress in Yb-fiber laser based frequency combs over the last few years resulted in sub-Hz relative comb-tooth linewidths, average powers over 60W and GHz comb spacings enabling novel applications.
Low-complexity multicast beamforming for multi-stream multi-group communications (2021)

In this paper, assuming multi-antenna transmitter and receivers, we consider a multicast beamformer design for the weighted max-min-fairness (WMMF) problem in a multi-stream multi-group communication setup. Unlike the single-stream scenario, the WMMF objective in this setup is not equivalent to maximizing the minimum weighted SINR due to the summation over the rates of multiple streams. Therefore, the non-convex problem at hand is first approximated with a convex one and then solved using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. Then, a practically appealing closed-form solution is derived for both transmit and receive beamformers as a function of dual variables. Finally, we use an iterative solution based on the sub-gradient method to solve for the mutually coupled and interdependent dual variables. The proposed solution does not rely on generic solvers and does not require any bisection loop for finding the achievable rate of various streams. As a result, it significantly outperforms the state-of-art in terms of computational cost and convergence speed.
Would Future mmWave Wireless Networks Be an Alternative Positioning Technique to GNSS-Based High Precision Positioning? (2022)

5G small cells have the potential to enable sub-meter positioning accuracy in urban canyons and downtown areas, where global navigation satellite system (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP) suffers the most. As 5G is expected to have a dense deployment of base stations (BSs), it became imperative to utilize the extra information available by means of sensor fusion. Traditionally, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used for such a purpose. Yet, one of its main drawbacks is that it requires a linear relationship between the states and the measurements to ensure its optimality. Many papers in the literature perform multi-BS hybrid positioning through the fusion of raw range-based and angle-based measurements via an EKF. Such measurements are inherently highly non-linear with respect to the estimated position state, which leads to high linearization errors. In this paper, we first propose the integration of the available BSs on the positioning level instead of the integration on the raw measurement level to avoid the linearization errors of the EKF. Additionally, we propose a dynamically tuned covariance matrix (DTCM)-KF method, where the BSs are weighted based on their proximity to the UEs, with BSs further away weighted less. The proposed method was tested using a quasi-real setup based on a highway trajectory in Toronto, Canada, along with a ray-tracing-based 5G simulator. The potential of using the proposed 5G positioning as an alternative to GNSS-based positioning in urban canyons is investigated through the comparison with the GPS PPP. The results show that the proposed method outperforms traditional EKF-based measurements level fusion methods. Moreover, it is able to outperform the GPS-only PPP solution. The RMS, maximum, and 95% errors of the proposed method were found to be 0. 39m, 1.4m, and 0. 74m respectively.
Two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy of intestinal capillary pO2 and RBC flux (2021)

Quantifying intestinal microvascular oxygenation may shed light on origin and progression of intestinal diseases as well as the role of the gut microbiota. In this work, we developed a method for depth-resolved microscopic measurements of partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and Red Blood Cell (RBC) flux in the capillaries of intestinal wall in mouse cecum. Capillary pO2 and RBC flux were measured in healthy mice as a function of depth during normoxia and hyperoxia. Our results show low mean capillary RBC flux and relatively uniform capillary pO2 across the cecum wall depth.
Compiling GEN-X knowledge bases into "C" (1991)

GEN-X is a proprietary expert system shell developed by General Electric. It supports several types of rule-based module types which use sophisticated goal-selection techniques. A compiler for the GERULE modules has been written. The modules are translated to "C" code, which shows considerable improvements in speed and space usage over the traditional interpreted version of GEN-X. This work demonstrates that all of GEN-X could be compiled to “C”, and that even complex rule-based systems can be compiled into efficient code-removing the speed handicap which has characterized many expert system shells. This opens up opportunities for the use of these intuitive rule-based systems for use with time-critical applications.
Protein Phosphatase 2A Activates the HIV-2 Promoter through Enhancer Elements That Include the pets Site (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) gene expression is regulated by upstream promoter elements, including the peri-Ets (pets) site, which mediate enhancer stimulation following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). We previously showed that the oncoprotein DEK binds to the pets site in a site-specific manner. In this report, we show that binding to the HIV-2 pets site is modulated by treatment of U937 monocytic cells with TPA, an activator of protein kinase C. TPA treatment resulted in a reduction in the levels of DEK and the formation of a faster migrating pets complex in gel shift assays. We show further that the actions of TPA on pets binding can be duplicated by phosphatase treatment of nuclear proteins and is blocked with okadaic acid, a protein phospatase-2A (PP2A) inhibitor. Finally, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of the catalytic domain of PP2A can activate the HIV-2 enhancer/promoter alone or in synergy with TPA, an effect mediated in part through the pets site. These results suggest that, through an interaction with the protein kinase C pathway, PP2A is strongly involved in regulating HIV-2 enhancer-mediated transcription. This is a consequence of its effects on DEK expression and binding to the pets site, as well as its effects on other promoter elements. These findings have implications not only for HIV-2 transcription but also for multiple cellular processes involving DEK or PP2A.
The CHD6 chromatin remodeler is an oxidative DNA damage response factor (2019)

Abstract Cell survival after oxidative DNA damage requires signaling, repair and transcriptional events often enabled by nucleosome displacement, exchange or removal by chromatin remodeling enzymes. Here, we show that Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein 6 (CHD6), distinct to other CHD enzymes, is stabilized during oxidative stress via reduced degradation. CHD6 relocates rapidly to DNA damage in a manner dependent upon oxidative lesions and a conserved N-terminal poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent recruitment motif, with later retention requiring the double chromodomain and central core. CHD6 ablation increases reactive oxygen species persistence and impairs anti-oxidant transcriptional responses, leading to elevated DNA breakage and poly(ADP-ribose) induction that cannot be rescued by catalytic or double chromodomain mutants. Despite no overt epigenetic or DNA repair abnormalities, CHD6 loss leads to impaired cell survival after chronic oxidative stress, abnormal chromatin relaxation, amplified DNA damage signaling and checkpoint hypersensitivity. We suggest that CHD6 is a key regulator of the oxidative DNA damage response.
Phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A) and Genetic Predisposition to Adrenocortical Tumors (2008)

The present investigation of a large cohort of adrenocortical tumors suggests that PDE11A sequence defects predispose to a variety of lesions (beyond micronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia) and may contribute to the development of these tumors in the general population.
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction across the risk spectrum (2022)

Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have a high residual risk of adverse outcomes, even when treated with optimal guideline-directed medical therapy and in a clinically stable state. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators have the potential to lower this risk by modifying the nitric oxide-sGC-cyclic guanosine monophosphate cascade - a pathophysiological pathway that has been targeted with limited success in HFrEF previously. Vericiguat, an sGC stimulator, was shown to improve outcomes in patients with HFrEF in the VICTORIA (Vericiguat Global Study in Subjects with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial. However, this trial included patients with recently worsening disease. In this brief review, we discuss the rationale of evaluating sGC stimulators in lower-risk HFrEF patients. First, all key HFrEF medications have been evaluated in both higher- and lower-risk populations, and the treatment effect is not always consistent across the risk spectrum. Second, pre-clinical studies and post-hoc studies of the VICTORIA trial have suggested that sGC stimulators may have cardioprotective effects - these effects may be more apparent when the medication is initiated earlier in the disease process. Third, the effect of vericiguat on cardiovascular mortality remains uncertain and a trial with a longer follow-up in a lower-risk population may allow better assessment of its effect on cardiovascular mortality. Therefore, there is a pertinent need to investigate the effects of vericiguat in optimally treated, low-risk HFrEF patients (i.e. those without recently worsening heart failure).
Water Durable Electride Y5Si3: Electronic Structure and Catalytic Activity for Ammonia Synthesis (2016)

We report an air and water stable electride Y5Si3 and its catalytic activity for direct ammonia synthesis. It crystallizes in the Mn5Si3-type structure and confines 0.79/f.u. anionic electrons in the quasi-one-dimensional holes. These anionic electrons strongly hybridize with yttrium 4d electrons, giving rise to improved chemical stability. The ammonia synthesis rate using Ru(7.8 wt %)-loaded Y5Si3 was as high as 1.9 mmol/g/h under 0.1 MPa and at 400 °C with activation energy of ∼50 kJ/mol. Its strong electron-donating ability to Ru metal of Y5Si3 is considered to enhance nitrogen dissociation and reduce the activation energy of ammonia synthesis reaction. Catalytic activity was not suppressed even after Y5Si3, once dipped into water, was used as the catalyst promoter. These findings provide novel insights into the design of simple catalysts for ammonia synthesis.
Breeding distribution, population size and conservation of the Greyheaded Gull Larus cirrocephalus in southern Africa (1999)

Abstract Brooke, R.K., Allan, D.G., Cooper, J., Cyrus, D.P., Dean, W.R.J., Dyer, B.M., Martin, A.P. & Taylor, R.H. 1999. Breeding distribution, population size and conservation of the Greyheaded Gull Larus cirrocephalus in southern Africa. Ostrich 70 (3&4): 157–163. The Greyheaded Gull Larus cirrocephalus occurs throughout southern Africa, both coastally and inland, and has bred at one time or another at 67 known localities since the 1860s. Most of these sites have been occupied by small numbers of birds, even single pairs, and for only one or a few years. The two principal breeding areas are the East Rand in Gauteng and Lake St Lucia in KwaZulu-Natal, both in South Africa. The next most important sites are Walvis Bay, Namibia and Lake Ngami, Botswana. The total southern African breeding population is estimated as about 2000 pairs. The Greyheaded Gull is not a threatened species in southern Africa, with 27 breeding sites supporting more than half the breeding population within formally conserved areas.
Defect evolution in ultrathin films of polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate diblock copolymers observed by atomic force microscopy (1998)

We track individual defects in the microdomain patterns of cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate films with atomic force microscopy to elucidate the evolution of diblock domain topology during annealing. This evolution takes place through relinking, joining, clustering, and annihilation of defects. Such processes form the basis for predicting structural change in polymer films.