gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate and Precise Computation using Analog VLSI, with Applications to Computer Graphics and Neural Networks (1993)

This thesis develops an engineering practice and design methodology to enable us to use CMOS analog VLSI chips to perform more accurate and precise computation. These techniques form the basis of an approach that permits us to build computer graphics and neural network applications using analog VLSI. The nature of the design methodology focuses on defining goals for circuit behavior to be met as part of the design process. To increase the accuracy of analog computation, we develop techniques for creating compensated circuit building blocks, where compensation implies the cancellation of device variations, offsets, and nonlinearities. These compensated building blocks can be used as components in larger and more complex circuits, which can then also be compensated. To this end, we develop techniques for automatically determining appropriate parameters for circuits, using constrained optimization. We also fabricate circuits that implement multi-dimensional gradient estimation for a gradient descent optimization technique. The parameter-setting and optimization tools allow us to automatically choose values for compensating our circuit building blocks, based on our goals for the circuit performance. We can also use the techniques to optimize parameters for larger systems, applying the goal-based techniques hierarchically. We also describe a set of thought experiments involving circuit techniques for increasing the precision of analog computation. Our engineering design methodology is a step toward easier use of analog VLSI to solve problems in computer graphics and neural networks. We provide data measured from compensated multipliers built using these design techniques. To demonstrate the feasibility of using analog VLSI for more quantitative computation, we develop small applications using the goal-based design approach and compensated components. Finally, we conclude by discussing the expected significance of this work for the wider use of analog VLSI for quantitative computation, as well as qualitative.
Therapieansprechen auf anti-TNF-alpha ist mit einer Reduktion der Apoptoserate von T-regulatorischen Zellen bei Patienten mit M. Crohn assoziiert (2011)

Einleitung: Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen (CED) weisen eine verminderte Anzahl T-regulatorischer (Treg) Zellen auf, was als eine mögliche Ursache der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion diskutiert wird. Bekannt ist, dass eine anti-TNF-alpha-Therapie zum Anstieg der Treg Zellzahl bei Patienten mit CED beiträgt. Unklar bleibt, ob der Anstieg der Treg-Zellzahl auf eine anti-TNF-alpha-vermittelte reduzierte Apoptoserate von Treg-Zellen zurückzuführen ist.
28nm FDSOI Platform with Embedded PCM for IoT, ULP, Digital, Analog, Automotive and others Applications (2019)

this paper proposes a general overview of Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (FDSOI) technology advantages leveraging body bias capability as a key enabler for digital, analog and memories performance enhancement. 2x total power contraction for digital designs has been demonstrating without any frequency degradation thanks to Forward Body Biasing (FBB), combined with 70% transistor variability reduction. Power of analog blocks has been strongly reduced with body bias technique while keeping trans-conductance efficiency increasing and output voltage gain. Finally, excellent memories performances has been achieved by applying FBB/RBB solution, dropping the leakage of unselected word-line in Phase Change Memory (PCM) array and improving Vmin operation for static RAM across a wide temperature range.
Narrow-Linewidth Oxide-Confined Heterogeneously Integrated Si/III–V Semiconductor Lasers (2017)

We demonstrate a narrow-linewidth heterogeneously integrated Si/III-V laser, where the current confinement in the III-V structure is obtained by oxide isolation rather than by the prevailing ion-implantation technique. This method provides effective electrical isolation as well as III-V surface passivation, and a pathway for high-efficiency diode injection laser performance. This method also offers increased compatibility with potentially high-temperature annealing processes. The lasers shown here possess a threshold current of as low as 60 mA and a single-facet output power of more than 3 mW at 20 °C. A linewidth of 28 kHz at 1574.8 nm is obtained at a current of 200 mA (I = 3.3 × I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sub> ). Single-mode operation is achieved with a side-mode suppression ratio larger than 55 dB.
Lipoxygenase Inhibiting Flavonoids from Indigofera hetrantha (2004)

Hetranthins A (1) and B (2), new flavonoids, together with known compounds 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavanone (3) and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone (4) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of Indigofera hetrantha.Their structures have been assigned on the basis of spectral analysis.Compounds (1-4) showed inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase enzyme.
Preconcentration of Nitroalkanes with Archetype Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Concept for a Sensitive Sensing of Explosives in the Gas Phase (2017)

Abstract Thermal desorption based enrichment is a general concept that can enhance any detection system's sensitivity and selectivity. Given their large interior surface area and chemical versatility, archetype metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are selected for preconcentration of explosives and their precursors occurring in low concentrations, and are compared to the state‐of‐the‐art sorbent Tenax TA . Applying inverse gas chromatography (iGC), this study shows that several archetype MOFs, namely HKUST‐1 and MIL‐53 , surpass Tenax regarding their specific retention volume for nitromethane, a typical ingredient in improvised explosives. Using linear hydrocarbons as reference probe molecules, the dispersive surface energy is determined for all MOFs along with the specific contribution of the nitro group for HKUST‐1 and ZIF‐8 . Trends from pulse‐chromatographic iGC‐investigations are mostly followed in breakthrough and thermal desorption experiments using a 1000 ppm nitromethane source. In these experiments, HKUST‐1 proves the peak substance, with enrichment factors being 109‐fold higher than for Tenax , followed by MIL‐53 . In case of HKUST‐1 , this factor is successfully reproduced for a 1 ppm concentration scenario. This shows that archetype MOFs can be suitable or even superior candidates for a sensitive sensing of nitroalkane explosives from the gas phase by a concept of preconcentration.
Hydrolysable tannin-based diet rich in gallotannins has a minimal impact on pig performance but significantly reduces salivary and bulbourethral gland size (2016)

Tannins have long been considered 'anti-nutritional' factors in monogastric nutrition, shown to reduce feed intake and palatability. However, recent studies revealed that compared with condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins (HT) appear to have far less impact on growth performance, but may be inhibitory to the total activity of caecal bacteria. This in turn could reduce microbial synthesis of skatole and indole in the hindgut of entire male pigs (EM). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of a group of dietary HT on growth performance, carcass traits and boar taint compounds of group housed EM. For the study, 36 Swiss Large White boars were assigned within litter to three treatment groups. Boars were offered ad libitum one of three finisher diets supplemented with 0 (C), 15 (T15) or 30 g/kg (T30) of HT from day 105 to 165 of age. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, boar taint compounds in the adipose tissue and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2A19 gene expression in the liver was assessed. Compared with C, feed efficiency but not daily gain and daily feed intake was lower (P<0.05) in T15 and T30 boars. Except for the percentage carcass weight loss during cooling, which tended (P<0.10) to be greater in T30 than C and T15, carcass characteristics were not affected by the diets. In line with the numerically lower androstenone level, bulbourethral and salivary glands of T30 boars were lighter (P<0.05) than of T15 with intermediate values for C. Indole level was lower (P<0.05) in the adipose tissue of T30 than C pigs with intermediate levels in T15. Skatole levels tended (P<0.10) to be lower in T30 and C than T15 pigs. Hepatic gene expression of CYP isoenzymes did not differ between-treatment groups, but was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with androstenone (CYP2E1 and CYP1A2), skatole (CYP2E1, CYP2A) and indole (CYP2A) level. In line with the numerically highest androstenone and skatole concentrations, boar taint odour but not flavour was detected by the panellists in loins from T15 compared with loins from C and T30 boars. These results provide evidence that HT affected metabolism of indolic compounds and androstenone and that they affected the development of accessory sex glands. However, the effects were too small to be detected by sensory evaluation.
P533 Correlation of endoscopic and clinical endpoints during induction therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease: Analysis from CELEST study (2018)

The ultimate treatment goal in Crohn’s disease (CD) is to achieve remission based on clinical, endoscopic, and biological parameters. Recently, clinical trials evaluating new compounds aim at clinical and endoscopic improvements as co-primary endpoints. The relationships between clinical symptoms and endoscopic disease severity have not been established. This analysis reports correlation of endoscopic remission and response with clinical outcomes in the CELEST study.1 A total of 220 adult patients, mean ± SD age of 40.7 ± 12.9 years, CD duration of 13.2 ± 10.0 years, a CD Activity Index (CDAI) 302.8 ± 63.4, average daily liquid/very soft stool frequency (SF) 6.3 ± 3.3, average daily abdominal pain score (AP) 1.8 ± 0.5 and Simplified Endoscopic Score for CD (SES-CD) 15.0 ± 8.4 at baseline (BL), were randomised to double-blind induction therapy with placebo (PBO) or UPA 3, 6, 12, 24 mg twice daily (BID) or 24 mg once daily (QD) for 16 weeks. Follow-up ileocolonoscopy was performed at either Week 12 or 16, per randomised schedule. Correlation of CDAI <150, modified clinical remission, enhanced clinical response (all defined in Table), SF ≤2.8 and AP not worse than BL, and AP ≤1.0 and SF not worse than BL at Week 16 with endoscopic remission and endoscopic response (both defined in Table) at Week 12 of 16 were assessed in all randomised patients who had data at these visits using polychoric correlation. P-values were from Wald test. Correlation coefficients between clinical and endoscopic endpoints are shown in the table. Overall, fair to high statistically significant correlations between endoscopic remission and response at Week 12 of 16 and clinical outcomes at Week 16 were observed. Improvements in the individual CD-symptoms of SF or AP had weaker correlation with endoscopic remission. The strongest correlation was observed between AP ≤1.0 and SF not worse than BL and endoscopic response (ρ = 0.61). Correlation of clinical endpoints at Week 16 and endoscopic endpoints at Week 12 of 16a. Overall, clinical endpoints in CELEST correlated more strongly with endoscopic response than with endoscopic remission over a 16-week induction treatment period. Clinical remission (based on stool frequency and abdominal pain), and endoscopic response may be the most appropriate co-primary endpoints for short-term induction studies. 1. Sandborn WJ, et al. 2017;152(Suppl. 1):S1308–9.
Evidence of leaflet injury during percutaneous aortic valve deployment (2010)

It has been suggested that valved stent deployment during transcatheter aortic valve implantation may be responsible for traumatic injury to pericardial leaflets, especially with balloon expandable valved stents. However, such an injury has not been described nor reported so far. We here report the microscopic analysis of 4 Sapien-Edwards prostheses, 2 of which have been implanted in humans. There was no macroscopic evidence of traumatic injury to the pericardial leaflets of the percutaneous valves. However, pathological microscopic findings were observed in all of them. These mainly consisted of collagen fibers fragmentation and disruption. Areas of non- or mildly affected tissue were adjacent to areas of severely damaged tissue. The entire thickness of the leaflets might be involved. The severity of the lesions also differed among leaflets from a same prosthesis. Areas of plasmatic insudation were identified in one case. The disruption index was significantly higher in the Sapien group in comparison to the control group: 42.4% (14-63.5%) versus 17.5% (9.2-31%) (p < 0.001). Although of limited size sample, this study does prove that traumatic injury to leaflets occurs during percutaneous valves implantation. This should prompt physicians to wait for the long-term results of this new technology before extending the indications to low-risk patients.
Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of polyoxoanions (1995)

A number of polyoxomolybdates and polyoxotungstates are studied by means of electrospray tandem mass spertrometry; in each case, the mass spectrum of a solution of the polyoxoanion shows the polyoxoanion as the base peak with a minimal degree of fragmentation.
Three-tiered score for Ki-67 and p16 ink4a improves accuracy and reproducibility of grading CIN lesions (2018)

The higher accuracy and reproducibility of the immunoscore opens the possibility of a more standardised and reproducible definition of CIN grade than conventional pathology practice, allowing a more accurate comparison of CIN-based management strategies and evaluation of new biomarkers to improve the understanding of progression of precancer from human papillomavirus infection to cancer.
Readily Accessible Benzo[d]thiazole Polymers for Nonfullerene Solar Cells with >16% Efficiency and Potential Pitfalls (2020)

Here we report facile, high-yield synthetic access to the difluoro BTA building block, 4,7-bis(5-bromo-4-(2-hexyl-decyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-5,6-difluoro-2-(pentadecan-7-yl)-benzo[d]thiazole (BTAT-2f), for use in donor (D)–acceptor 1 (A1)–D–acceptor 2 (A2) polymers [D = bithiophene; A1 = BTA-2f; A2 = benzothiadiazole (BT) derivative] for organic solar cells (OSCs). Fine tuning of polymer optical and electronic properties is achieved by incrementally varying the A2 fluorination level. Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) PBTATBT-4f:Y6 solar cells deliver a noteworthy power conversion (PCE) efficiency of 16.08% (Voc = 0.81 V; Jsc = 27.25 mAcm–2; FF = 72.70%) without processing additives. In contrast, PBTATBT-2f:Y6 exhibits an irregular morphology and low PCE, ascribable to cocrystal formation-induced recombination, which is unprecedented for nonfullerene (NFA) OSCs. This result should be of guiding significance for future NFA design.
Covenant: An architecture for cooperative scheduling in 802.11 wireless networks (2010)

Wireless networks based on 802.11a/b/g protocols have gained wide-spread acceptance in both enterprise as well as home networks. However, these devices lack native support for many advanced features such as service differentiation, etc., that are required in specific application domains. In this paper, we propose Covenant, a software based cooperative scheduling framework to provide a rich set of features for applications that require nodes to cooperate with each other to satisfy system-wide objectives. We propose a novel 2 1/2-stage pipeline architecture as an efficient mechanism to implement cooperative scheduling among multiple nodes. We demonstrate how Covenant can be easily implemented in software, thus requiring absolutely no hardware or firmware changes to the already widely installed base of 802.11a/b/g based wireless devices. We also evaluate, using a real Linux based test-bed with Covenant drivers, the efficacy of the approach on two different scheduling disciplines: proportional priority and strict priority. We demonstrate that these scheduling disciplines are effective in providing service guarantees to multimedia applications even in the presence of other competing traffic.
Author response: Nucleosome breathing and remodeling constrain CRISPR-Cas9 function (2016)

CRISPR is a method of editing the genetic material inside living cells and has enabled dramatic advances in a broad variety of research fields in recent years. The method relies on a bacterial enzyme called Cas9 that can be programmed, via short guide molecules made from RNA, to target specific sites in the cell’s DNA. Once bound to its target, the Cas9 enzyme cuts the DNA molecule; this often leads to changes in the DNA sequence. In nature, bacteria use the CRISPR-Cas9 system to defend themselves against viruses. However, this system also works in other cell types and can be reprogrammed to target almost any site in the DNA. To date, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been used in fungi, worms, flies, plants, mammals and other eukaryotes. Yet, unlike in bacteria, much of the DNA in eukaryotes is wrapped around proteins called histones to form units referred to as nucleosomes. This means eukaryotic DNA is often tightly packaged, which makes it less accessible to other proteins. Nevertheless, eukaryotic DNA will spontaneously detach and reattach to the histones – a phenomenon that is commonly known as DNA “breathing”. Also, protein machines known as chromatin remodelers can move, assemble and take apart the nucleosomes in eukaryotic cells. However, because there is much still to learn about how CRISPR-Cas9 works in eukaryotic cells, it is not clear how nucleosomes affect this system’s activity. Isaac et al. have now used a simplified biochemical system to test how nucleosomes and chromatin remodelers affect CRISP-Cas9 activity. The system comprised purified Cas9 enzymes, short guide RNA molecules and nucleosomes. The experiments revealed that the Cas9 enzyme was able to cut DNA on nucleosomes when the DNA sequence allowed more spontaneous breathing or when chromatin remodelers were present to destabilize or move the nucleosome out of the way. These results suggest that by taking the placement of the nucleosomes into account, researchers can better predict how effective the CRISPR-Cas9 system will be at targeting a specific DNA sequence in a eukaryotic cell. The findings also suggest ways to make genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 even more efficient.
Dissociative hydrogen adsorption and its reaction with oxygen on Cu(110) (1989)

Supersonic molecular beam techniques have been used to investigate the reaction between hydrogen and a (2*1) oxygen overlayer on Cu(110). The reaction has been studied as a function of surface temperature Ts and incident beam translational energy. The rate of water production is undetectably low for a room temperature H2 beam (Eperpendicular to =69 meV), and remains so until the normal component of the beam energy is increased to E4 perpendicular to approximately 200 meV. For Eperpendicular to >200 meV one observes H2O production with kinetics which reflect a Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism, and the surface reaction continues to completion. The results suggest that the dissociative barrier accessed with translational energy can be rate determining, and the barrier itself is insensitive to oxygen coverage. Once this barrier is overcome, the surface reaction exhibits a Ts dependence and an activation energy which varies with oxygen coverage in the range 0-60 kJ mol-1.
Time-frequency characteristics and PAPR reduction of OTDM waveform for 5G and beyond (2017)

This paper provides an in-depth investigation and analysis on the characteristics of channel-based transform waveforms and their differences from Fourier transform-based waveforms. Particularly, the basis functions of the recently proposed orthogonal transform division multiplexing (OTDM) waveform, which belongs to the category of channel-based transform waveforms, are comprehensively compared with the fixed exponential basis functions of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, which pertains to the class of Fourier transform-based waveforms. The obtained results show significant differences in the time and frequency characteristics of both classes of the waveforms. Also, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of OTDM is investigated and compared to OFDM. Then, a new effective technique, referred to as OTDM with edge subcarrier dedication (OTDM-ESD), is proposed for PAPR reduction by exploiting the special characteristics of the effective channel response in OTDM waveform. Simulation results show that the proposed OTDM-ESD technique not only reduces the PAPR, but also enhances the BER performance significantly.
Jamming-based adversarial control of network flow allocation: A passivity approach (2015)

Wireless cyber-physical systems are vulnerable to jamming attacks, in which an adversary broadcasts an interfering signal in the vicinity of a receiver, causing packet decoding errors and reducing the throughput of the communication. Reduced throughput and increased delay could violate the real-time constraints of cyber-physical systems. In a flow redirection attack, an adversary jams a set of network links in order to cause network sources to divert traffic to links that are controlled by the adversary, enabling higher-layer attacks. In this paper, we introduce a passivity approach for modeling the flow redirection attack. Using our approach, we identify a class of dynamic jamming strategies for flow redirection, in which the adversary updates the probability of jamming based on the rate of flow traversing the link. We provide sufficient conditions for feasibility of the jamming strategies for energy-constrained adversaries, and develop an efficient algorithm for deriving an optimal jamming strategy for a given network and desired flow allocation. Our results are illustrated via a numerical study.
High Volume Manufacturing Ramp In 90nm Dual Stress Liner Technology (2006)

The ability to meet the demand for improved microprocessor performance is made difficult due to the simultaneous need not to increase power consumption. In order to meet these conflicting demands, IBM introduced a 90 nm dual stress liner CMOS technology to improve performance without increasing power consumption (Santiago et al., 2006). In IBM's 300 mm fab, this technology was introduced on multiple microprocessors, designed by different design groups with different architectures. These microprocessors, which were originally designed for a single liner technology, were optimized for systematic yield, power/performance; circuit limited yield (CLY), and random defect limited yield. The benefit of the dual stress liner technology is demonstrated in the power/performance characteristic of a dual core microprocessor and the successful technology ramp is demonstrated by yields of two microprocessors