gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkaline Pretreatment of Corn Stover: Bench-Scale Fractionation and Stream Characterization (2014)

Biomass pretreatment generally aims to increase accessibility to plant cell wall polysaccharides for carbohydrate-active enzymes to produce sugars for biological or catalytic upgrading to ethanol or advanced biofuels. Significant research has been conducted on a suite of pretreatment processes for bioethanol processes. An alternative option, which has received less attention in the biofuels community, is the use of alkaline pretreatment for the partial depolymerization of lignin from intact biomass. A known issue with alkaline pretreatment is the loss of polysaccharides from peeling reactions, but this loss can be mitigated with anthraquinone, as commonly practiced in pulping. Here, we conduct a comprehensive bench-scale evaluation of alkaline pretreatment using corn stover at temperatures of 100, 130, and 160 °C and sodium hydroxide loadings from 35 to 660 mg NaOH/g dry biomass with anthraquinone. Compositional analysis is conducted on the starting material and residual solids after pretreatment, and mass balance is inferred in the liquor by difference. The residual solids after alkaline pretreatment are characterized for crystallinity and imaged by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to reveal the physical changes in the carbohydrate portions of the biomass remaining after pretreatment, which demonstrate dramatic modifications to biomass cell wall architecture with lignin removal but rather insignificant changes in cellulose crystallinity. Our results show that alkaline pretreatment at relatively mild conditions is able to remove substantial amounts of lignin from biomass. Going forward, to be an economically feasibile process, technologies will be required to upgrade the resulting lignin-rich liquor stream.
Development and Evaluation of a Dynamic Bluetooth Network Formation Procedure (2001)

There is an important trend toward personal mobile communications. People use more and more handheld devices to keep in touch with friends or business partners. One possible way to connect these devices is provided by wireless radio technologies. The emerging Bluetooth technology is such a short-range wireless technology. An important feature of Bluetooth is that it enables ad hoc networking. In this paper we present some methods which enable Bluetooth devices to form an ad hoc network.
Studies on the Hydro-Cracking of Lignin by the Continuous Process (1963)

In this report, the authors studied the hydrocracking of lignin by the continuous process. The column examined were as follows : a) The charactors of lignin paste.b) The difference of the liquefied yield obtained from between the autoclave test and the continuous plant.c) The relation between the liquefied yield and the components of the liquefied oil.
Identifying Opportunities for Medium Voltage DC Systems in Australia (2022)

Transmission and distribution networks based on medium voltage direct current (MVDC) solutions have the potential to provide higher power quality, greater power transmission/conversion efficiency, enhanced power supply reliability/stability, improved power supply capacity, and more efficient corridor utilisation compared to an equivalent ac system. Moreover, MVDC networks can facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESSs), and the increasing number of dc loads. However, these systems are still in early development stages; their advantages in need of clear demonstration before large-scale commercial adoption. This paper explores general MVDC network structures and different application scenarios focusing on cases of particular interest to Australian power systems and to Australia in general. Areas of interest are identified and equipment requirement, protection schemes and related challenges are also discussed, highlighting both technical barriers and possible development directions.
Planning methodology towards next generation optical access networks (2014)

Access networks are continuously evolving to increase the bandwidth to their users. In order to be able to offer more than 100Mbps per user, Next Generation Optical Access (NGOA) Networks are being considered. These architectures offer new advantages, not only higher bandwidth per user but also a significant increase of client count (hundreds per port) as well as an increase of the reach which promises substantial savings. This paper proposes a planning methodology which allows operators to compare different alternatives as well as to analyse the expected benefits. A particular use case of an access operator is taken as example.
Forces acting on microparts: towards a numerical approach for gripper design and manipulation strategies in microassembly (2003)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Size effect on the deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline platinum thin films (2017)

This paper reports a study of time-resolved deformation process at the atomic scale of a nanocrystalline Pt thin film captured in situ under a transmission electron microscope. The main mechanism of plastic deformation was found to evolve from full dislocation activity-enabled plasticity in large grains (with grain size d > 10 nm), to partial dislocation plasticity in smaller grains (with grain size 10 nm < d < 6 nm), and grain boundary-mediated plasticity in the matrix with grain sizes d < 6 nm. The critical grain size for the transition from full dislocation activity to partial dislocation activity was estimated based on consideration of stacking fault energy. For grain boundary-mediated plasticity, the possible contributions to strain rate of grain creep, grain sliding and grain rotation to plastic deformation were estimated using established models. The contribution of grain creep is found to be negligible, the contribution of grain rotation is effective but limited in magnitude, and grain sliding is suggested to be the dominant deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline Pt thin films. This study provided the direct evidence of these deformation processes at the atomic scale.
Why Visualize? Untangling a Large Network of Arguments (2019)

Visualization has been deemed a useful technique by researchers and practitioners, alike, leaving a trail of arguments behind that reason why visualization works. In addition, examples of misleading usages of visualizations in information communication have occasionally been pointed out. Thus, to contribute to the fundamental understanding of our discipline, we require a comprehensive collection of arguments on "why visualize?" (or "why not?"), untangling the rationale behind positive and negative viewpoints. In this paper, we report a theoretical study to understand the underlying reasons of various arguments; their relationships (e.g., built-on, and conflict); and their respective dependencies on tasks, users, and data. We curated an argumentative network based on a collection of arguments from various fields, including information visualization, cognitive science, psychology, statistics, philosophy, and others. Our work proposes several categorizations for the arguments, and makes their relations explicit. We contribute the first comprehensive and systematic theoretical study of the arguments on visualization. Thereby, we provide a roadmap towards building a foundation for visualization theory and empirical research as well as for practical application in the critique and design of visualizations. In addition, we provide our argumentation network and argument collection online at https://whyvis.dbvis.de, supported by an interactive visualization.
Biosensing: A Micropatterned Multielectrode Shell for 3D Spatiotemporal Recording from Live Cells (Adv. Sci. 4/2018) (2018)

While there is a growing need for soft and 3D cell interfacing, present-day microelectrode arrays are largely rigid and planar. In article number 1700731, Dries Braeken, David H. Gracias, and co-workers realize flexible multielectrode shells that can wrap around cardiomyocytes, allowing parallel readout of all cardinal points of the cell with higher signal-to-noise ratios compared to planar electrodes.
Two-dimensional NMR studies of the antimicrobial peptide NP-5 (1987)

Nearly complete proton resonance assignment of the rabbit antimicrobial peptide NP-5 has been made from two-dimensional NMR data taken at a single temperature. The assignment procedure involved acquisition of phase-sensitive double-quantum-filtered correlation spectra, relayed coherence-transfer spectra, total correlation (homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn) spectra, double- and triple-quantum spectra, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectra. The combination of these complementary experiments simplified and accelerated resonance assignment of the peptide. Individual assignments were made at 20 degrees C for all amide and C alpha protons in the peptide, and for all nonlabile side-chain protons on 26 of the 33 amino acid residues in NP-5. Analysis of the proton-proton nuclear Overhauser effect connectivities, the slowly exchanging amide protons, and the proton chemical shifts in NP-5 indicates that the peptide has a stable, ordered structure in solution. These data also indicate that residues 19-29 in NP-5 are involved in an antiparallel beta-sheet that has a hairpin conformation.
Four‐Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Multijunction Solar Modules (2017)

Multijunction solar cells employing perovskite and crystalline‐silicon (c‐Si) light absorbers bear the exciting potential to surpass the efficiency limit of market‐leading single‐junction c‐Si solar cells. However, scaling up this technology and maintaining high efficiency over large areas are challenging as evidenced by the small‐area perovskite/c‐Si multijunction solar cells reported so far. In this work, a scalable four‐terminal multijunction solar module design employing a 4 cm 2 semitransparent methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar module stacked on top of an interdigitated back contact c‐Si solar cell of identical area is demonstrated. With a combination of optimized transparent electrodes and efficient module design, the perovskite/c‐Si multijunction solar modules exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 22.6% on 0.13 cm 2 and 20.2% on 4 cm 2 aperture area. Furthermore, a detailed optoelectronic loss analysis along with strategies to enhance the performance is discussed.
Measurement of bonding energy in an anhydrous nitrogen atmosphere and its application to silicon direct bonding technology (2012)

Bonding energy represents an important parameter for direct bonding applications as well as for the elaboration of physical mechanisms at bonding interfaces. Measurement of bonding energy using double cantilever beam (DCB) under prescribed displacement is the most used technique thanks to its simplicity. The measurements are typically done in standard atmosphere with relative humidity above 30%. Therefore, the obtained bonding energies are strongly impacted by the water stress corrosion at the bonding interfaces. This paper presents measurements of bonding energies of directly bonded silicon wafers under anhydrous nitrogen conditions in order to prevent the water stress corrosion effect. It is shown that the measurements under anhydrous nitrogen conditions (less than 0.2 ppm of water in nitrogen) lead to high stable debonding lengths under static load and to higher bonding energies compared to the values measured under standard ambient conditions. Moreover, the bonding energies of Si/SiO2 or SiO2/SiO2 bonding interfaces are measured overall the classical post bond annealing temperature range. These new results allow to revisit the reported bonding mechanisms and to highlight physical and chemical phenomena in the absence of stress corrosion effect.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Oligo(naphthalene-2,3-diyl)s (2005)

Abstract Oligo(naphthalene-2,3-diyl)s are synthesized by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2-naphthylzinc compounds with 2-bromonaphthalene derivatives. An NMR analysis together with an X-ray diffraction study supports the conjecture that the helical secondary structure is a common feature of the assemblies in which naphthalene-like aromatic units are linked together between the β-positions in series.
Coaxially printed magnetic mechanical electrical hybrid structures with actuation and sensing functionalities (2023)

Soft electromagnetic devices have great potential in soft robotics and biomedical applications. However, existing soft-magneto-electrical devices would have limited hybrid functions and suffer from damaging stress concentrations, delamination or material leakage. Here, we report a hybrid magnetic-mechanical-electrical (MME) core-sheath fiber to overcome these challenges. Assisted by the coaxial printing method, the MME fiber can be printed into complex 2D/3D MME structures with integrated magnetoactive and conductive properties, further enabling hybrid functions including programmable magnetization, somatosensory, and magnetic actuation along with simultaneous wireless energy transfer. To demonstrate the great potential of MME devices, precise and minimally invasive electro-ablation was performed with a flexible MME catheter with magnetic control, hybrid actuation-sensing was performed by a durable somatosensory MME gripper, and hybrid wireless energy transmission and magnetic actuation were demonstrated by an untethered soft MME robot. Our work thus provides a material design strategy for soft electromagnetic devices with unexplored hybrid functions.
A Novel General Phosphine Ligand for Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling (2010)

A new class of biaryl monophosphorous ligands with outstanding properties was developed. The ligand BI-DIME is highly air-stable and readily accessible in kilogram scale.
Metric for separation discrimination by the human visual system (1995)

It is now clear that models of positional coding for elements sufficiently separated to permit individual identification require not only a first stage of linear filtering but also a second stage of representation that is preceded by a rectifying type of nonlinearity. To address the issue of the metric of this second stage we measure separation discrimination for Gabor stimuli of different sizes and of different peak spatial frequencies and separation, with and without different types of lateral distractors. Our results show that there is only a weak dependence of separation discrimination on the spatial frequency of equidetectable, spatially narrow-band stimuli; however, carrier spatial frequency can affect the influence that lateral distractors have on separation judgments. We conclude that (1) the second-stage representation is a space-size one consistent with the fact that there are scaled distributions of energy detectors of different sizes and (2) the influence of distractor elements suggests a spatial-frequency influence either at the second-stage representation or at a site beyond this second stage.
Compact Polarization Beam Splitter Using an Asymmetrical Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides (2012)

A compact polarization beam splitter based on an asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on a sub-micron silicon-on-insulator platform is demonstrated experimentally. The present MZI polarization beam splitter (PBS) is fabricated with a double-etching process and the deeply-etched region includes the MZI arms and the multimode- interference (MMI) couplers. In this way, the birefringence of the MZI arms and the power splitting ratio of the MMI coupler become insensitive to the etching depth, which makes the fabrication easier. The 2×2 MMI couplers are optimized to be polarization-insensitive and have a balanced ratio (50:50) for both polarizations. The measured extinction ratio of the fabricated MZI PBS is higher than 10 dB in the wavelength range from 1.54 to 1.58 μm.
New Intrinsic Scintillator with Large Effective Atomic Number: Tl2HfCl6 and Tl2ZrCl6 Crystals for X-ray and Gamma-ray Detections (2018)

We report on the photoluminescence and scintillation characterizations of new Tl 2 HfCl 6 and Tl 2 ZrCl 6 crystalline scintillators grown by the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger method. Both Tl 2 HfCl 6 and Tl 2 ZrCl 6 crystals showed an intrinsic emission band peak at 450-470 nm under UV light and X-ray excitations. The scintillation light yields of Tl 2 HfCl 6 and Tl 2 ZrCl 6 reach 24200 and 50800 photons/MeV, respectively. Their energy resolutions at 662 keV are 17.7% for Tl 2 HfCl 6 and 5.6% for Tl 2 ZrCl 6 . The scintillation decay time values of Tl 2 HfCl 6 are 288 and 6340 ns; meanwhile, those of Tl 2 ZrCl 6 are 696 and 2360 ns.
Neurobiology of Disease (2012)

article i nfo While studying transgenic mice that overexpress human wildtype alpha-synuclein (Thy1-ASO, ASO) for typ- ical brain alpha-synucleinopathy and central nervous system neuropathology, we observed progressive func- tional changes in the gastrointestinal and other peripheral organs. A more systematic study revealed that the gastrointestinal tract in ASO mice showed severe distension and blockage of the large intestine by 9- 12 months of age. Functional assessments demonstrated a reduction in fecal water content and fecal pellet output, and increased whole gut transit time, in ASO mice compared to wildtype littermates, indicative of constipation, a symptom commonly reported by Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Food intake was increased and body weight was decreased in 12 month old ASO mice, suggestive of metabolic abnormalities. Post- mortem histological analyses showed that human alpha-synuclein protein was robustly expressed in axonal fibers and in occasional cell bodies of the enteric nervous system, and in the heart of ASO mice. Accumulation of proteinase-K insoluble alpha-synuclein, reminiscent of neurodegenerative processes in PD was also ob- served. The functional and pathological changes we document here in ASO mice could relate to the autonom- ic deficits also seen in idiopathic and alpha-synuclein-mediated genetic forms of PD. These experimental data provide a foundation for therapeutic modeling of autonomic changes in PD and related alpha- synucleinopathies.
ChemInform Abstract: An Improved Method for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Alkyl Phosphates Including Nucleoside 5′‐Phosphates. (1990)

Abstract The β‐hydroxy acetals (I) and the nucleosides (V) are coupled with the di‐tert‐butyl phosphoramidite (II) and subsequently oxidized with MCPBA to produce the phosphates (III) and (VI).
Scalable on-chip lasers grown on 300 mm Si wafers (2023)

We report the first electrically pumped InAs quantum-dot lasers grown on Si within narrow oxide pockets for monolithic on-chip light sources. High performance devices are achieved at 300 mm wafer scale with high yields.
Circulating Tumor and Immune Cells for Minimally Invasive Risk Stratification of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (2022)

This study showed that CTCs outperform BM PCs for assessing tumor burden. Additional analysis in larger series are needed to define a consensus cutoff of CTCs for minimally invasive stratification of SMM.
Fluorescence histochemical techniques for catecholamines as tools in neurobiology (1990)

Formaldehyde-induced and glyoxylic-acid-induced fluorescence histochemistry permits the tissue localization of catecholamines in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), and in culture. Counterstains such as ethidium bromide provide excellent background identification of specific innervated regions in both the CNS and the periphery. Use of fluorescence histochemistry with immunocytochemistry can elucidate catecholamine-peptide relationships. Gelatin-ink perfusion used with fluorescence histochemistry permits the investigation of neuro-vascular relationships and documentation of vascular and parenchymal compartmentation of innervation. Combined use of fluorescence histochemistry and retrograde tracing methods demonstrates the specific cellular sources of innervation of target regions. Micropunch neurochemical analysis provides quantitative data for correlation with fluorescence histochemistry within a target region of innervation, and microspectrofluorometric analysis provides a semi-quantitative evaluation of the amount of fluorophore within a target region or within specific subcellular compartments such as the cell body or terminals.
I M Avatar: Implicit Morphable Head Avatars from Videos (2021)

Traditional 3D morphable face models (3DMMs) provide fine-grained control over expression but cannot easily capture geometric and appearance details. Neural volumetric representations approach photorealism but are hard to animate and do not generalize well to unseen expressions. To tackle this problem, we propose IMavatar (Implicit Morphable avatar), a novel method for learning implicit head avatars from monocular videos. Inspired by the fine-grained control mechanisms afforded by conventional 3DMMs, we represent the expression- and pose- related deformations via learned blendshapes and skinning fields. These attributes are pose-independent and can be used to morph the canonical geometry and texture fields given novel expression and pose parameters. We employ ray marching and iterative root-finding to locate the canonical surface intersection for each pixel. A key contribution is our novel analytical gradient formulation that enables end-to-end training of IMavatars from videos. We show quantitatively and qualitatively that our method improves geometry and covers a more complete expression space compared to state-of-the-art methods.
Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering (2008)

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) offer great promise in therapies aimed at repairing, replacing or regenerating damaged or diseased tissues and organs. This potential is due to their capacity for self‐renewal, ability to differentiate down a range of lineages, and potential in autologous therapies, free from major ethical concerns. This review examines the issues around the use of MSC in tissue engineering (TE) applications. Key issues facing widespread MSC therapeutic use include both the scarcity in adult tissues and the current lack of a simple unambiguous identifying marker. These major challenges facing the isolation, characterization and expansion of MSC to therapeutically significant numbers currently limit their usefulness as ‘off the shelf’ therapies. Balanced against this, recent evidence suggests that MSC have a much wider tissue distribution and greater plasticity than originally envisaged. Although therapeutic applications of MSC initially focused on mesenchymal lineages such as cartilage and bone, this is now broadening to include organs such as the heart and skin. Ultimately, the clinical utility of such MSC‐based therapies will depend on their performance and cost. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry