gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of acrylates and methacrlyates from coal-derived syngas. Quarterly technical progress report, January 1, 1995--March 31, 1995 (1995)

The objective Task 1, Synthesis of Propionates, is to develop the technology for the synthesis of low-cost propionates. These propionates are the basic feedstock for the subsequent reaction with formaldehyde to produce the target molecule, methyl methacrylate (MMA). Eastman has explored several possible routes to the propionates and has concluded that the most promising is the synthesis of propionic anhydride from the reaction of propionic acid from and ethylene (and also hydrogen in some cases). The main advantage of the anhydride over the acid is that its subsequent reaction with formaldehyde does not produce water, which can lead to undesired byproducts. Bechtel is carrying out a cost analysis of the Eastman route to the anhydride to determine if it is potentially competitive with commercially practiced routes to the same molecule. The answer is expected next quarter. The objective Task 2, Condensation Catalysis to develop catalysts for the condensation of the propionate (propionic anhydride is our target molecule) with formaldehyde. This reaction produces methacrylic acid (MAA), which would then be reacted with methanol to produce MMA in the slurry reactor. We have synthesized a wide range of catalysts and the results show that there is substantial byproduct formation, including 3-pentanone and some propionic acid. Our results show the highest yields of MAA using an alkalized alumina (1%Na/{sub y}-AI{sub 2}O{sub 3}). Although the condensation of propionic acid with formaldehyde is well studied in the literature, little is reported on the condensation of the anhydride. Although it is likely that the same general types of acid/base catalysts that promote the acid condensation will also promote that of the anhydride, the strength and balance of the acid and base sites is likely to be different. We plan to explore the relationship of the catalyst properties and MMA yields using the Altamira system, due to be delivered this next quarter.
Advances in GaN laser diodes for quantum sensors and optical atomic clocks (2020)

Quantum technologies containing key GaN laser components will enable a new generation of precision sensors, optical atomic clocks and secure communication systems for many applications such as next generation navigation, gravity mapping and timing since the AlGaInN material system allows for laser diodes to be fabricated over a wide range of wavelengths from the u.v. to the visible. We report our latest results on a range of AlGaInN diode-lasers targeted to meet the linewidth, wavelength and power requirements suitable for optical clocks and cold-atom interferometry systems. This includes the [5s<sup>2</sup>S<sub>1/2</sub>-5p<sup>2</sup>P<sub>1/2</sub>] cooling transition in strontium<sup>+</sup> ion optical clocks at 422 nm, the [5s<sub>2</sub><sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>-5p<sup>1</sup>P<sub>1</sub>] cooling transition in neutral strontium clocks at 461 nm and the [5s<sup>2</sup>s<sub>1/2</sub> – 6p<sup>2</sup>P<sub>3/2</sub>] transition in rubidium at 420 nm. Several approaches are taken to achieve the required linewidth, wavelength and power, including an extended cavity laser diode (ECLD) system and an on-chip grating, distributed feedback (DFB) GaN laser diode.
Carrier Transport Properties in Organic Phosphorescent Emissive Layer and Their Application to Efficient Organic Phosphorescent Devices (2007)

We studied electrical properties of OLEDs consisting of the emission layer doped with phosphorescent molecules. Different doping profile is necessary for better efficiency and lifetime due to different conduction properties of Ir(ppy)3- and btp2Ir(acac)-doped CBP.
A Series of PSMA-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescent Imaging Agents (2022)

We have synthesized a series of 10 new, PSMA-targeted, near-infrared imaging agents intended for use in vivo for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). Compounds were synthesized from the commercially available amine-reactive active NHS ester of DyLight800. We altered the linker between the PSMA-targeting urea moiety and the fluorophore with a view to improve the pharmacokinetics. Chemical yields for the conjugates ranged from 51% to 86%. The <i>K</i><sub>i</sub> values ranged from 0.10 to 2.19 nM. Inclusion of an <i>N</i>-bromobenzyl substituent at the ε-amino group of lysine enhanced PSMA<sup>+</sup> PIP tumor uptake, as did hydrophilic substituents within the linker. The presence of a polyethylene glycol chain within the linker markedly decreased renal uptake. In particular, DyLight800-<b>10</b> demonstrated high specific uptake relative to background signal within kidney, confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These compounds may be useful for FGS in prostate, renal or other PSMA-expressing cancers.
Summary Findings on the Use of Global Virtual Teams to Achieve Selected Global Competence Learning Outcomes for Engineering Students (2020)

He came to BYU in 1989 after working in the aircraft industry developing tools for advanced aircraft design and manufacture.
Global Status of the Production of Biobased Packaging Materials (2001)

Bioplastics from renewable origin are a new generation of plastics able to significantly reduce the environmental impact in terms of energy consumption and green-house ef-fect in specific applications. Bioplastics perform as traditional plastics when in use and are completely biodegradable within a composting cycle. Today bioplastics and partic-ularly starch-based plastics are used in specific industrial applications where bio-degradability is required. Examples are composting bags and sacks, fast food service-ware (cups, cutlery, plates, straws, etc.), packaging (soluble foams for industrial pack-aging, film wrapping, laminated paper, food containers), agriculture (much films, nur-sery pots, plant labels), hygiene (diaper back sheet, cotton swabs).Moreover new sec-tors are growing outside biodegradability, driven by improved technical performances of bioplastics versus traditional materials, as in the case of biofillers for tires. The market of starch-based bioplastics in 1999 has been estimated at about 20,000 t/a, with a strong incidence of soluble foams for packaging and films. Bioplas-tics from renewable origin, either biodegradable or non-biodegradable, still constitute a niche market which requires high efforts in the areas of material and application devel-opment; the technical and economical breakthroughs achieved in the last three years, however, open new possibilities for such products in the mass markets and specifical-ly in food packaging. This paper will review the recent industrial achievements of bioplastics in the sector of packaging, taking in consideration their in-use performances, biodegradation behav-iour and environmental impact.
Tetraspanin CD81, a modulator of immune suppression in cancer and metastasis (2015)

Cancer cells can escape the antitumor immune response by recruiting immune suppressor cells. However, although innate myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory (Treg) cells accumulate normally in tumor-bearing CD81-deficient mice, both populations are impaired in their ability to suppress the antitumor immune response.
Response to Flutamide Withdrawal in Advanced Prostate Cancer in Progression Under Combination Therapy (1993)

The effect of flutamide withdrawal was studied in 40 patients with stage D2 prostate cancer showing progression of the disease after an initial and long (average 3.9 years) period of positive response to combination therapy with flutamide associated with medical (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist) or surgical castration. Using the criteria of response of the United States National Prostatic Cancer Project, 1 complete, 3 partial and 26 stable responses were observed, while 10 patients continued to have progression after discontinuation of flutamide. The average durations of previous treatment with combination therapy were 1,794 days for the 30 responders (complete, partial and stable responses), compared to 1,726 days for the 10 nonresponders. The average duration of response after the arrest of flutamide was 440 days. Serum prostate specific antigen, which was elevated in all patients, decreased by 90% or more in 19 of the 30 responders (63%) and returned to normal in 17 (57%). The concentration of testosterone binding globulin increased after discontinuation of flutamide, thus also suggesting the suppression of an androgenic influence, while the serum levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, as well as their main metabolites, did not change after withdrawal of flutamide. Alteration of local sensitivity to androgens is a probable explanation for the paradoxical positive response to the arrest of flutamide suggested in the present preliminary study.
Fast Spectral-Based Separation of Multispectral Images (2007)

In this paper we present an algorithmic framework for spectral separation of multispectral images. The proposed iterative method inverts the widely used cellular Yule-Nielsen spectral Neugebauer printer model so quickly that model inversion can be considered for pixel-by-pixel application. Simplification and precalculation make improvements and small modifications of the algorithm significantly reduce the computational effort. Using today's available standard hardware allows the separation of high resolution multispectral images in reasonable time.
Special Factor Adjustment Model Using Fuzzy-Neural Network in Traffic Prediction (2004)

The second part of the framework of a traffic prediction model proposed in a previous paper is presented. The model first eliminates the noise caused by random travel conditions by using a wavelet denoising method, the topic of the earlier paper. The model then quantitatively calculates the influence of special factors by using a fuzzy-neural network.
Editorial Comment (2004)

The success of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is reflected in the steady increase in the number of primary THAs done each year. As the number of primary THAs increases each year, so too will the absolute and relative numbers of revision surgeries. Indeed, approximately 20% of all hip arthroplasty procedures are revision surgeries. In addition, problematic clinical entities such as osteolysis and periprostheticfractures in particular are being seen more frequently. Consequently, revision THA is an increasingly complex and commonly done surgical procedure. The surgeon doing revision THAs requires a broad array of surgical techniques and facility with complex decision-making. Our goal is to provide a practical guide for the clinician who must tackle these challenging cases. The first portion of this symposium concentrates on the appropriate methods for preoperative evaluation and general strategies for dealing with the most common revision scenarios. It is clear from the multitude of different options available on the femoral and acetabular sides of the joint that no one surgical technique or method of exposure is appropriate for all cases. The second portion is directed toward the specifics of surgical techniques. The authors have shown the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to give the reader a clearer sense of which particular strategy is most appropriate given the clinical entity and the surgeon’s familiarity and comfort level with a specific technique. We are honored that The Hip Society and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research have given us the opportunity to be a part of this symposium and are indebted to all of the authors who have shared with us and with the readership their time, knowledge, and clinicalexperience to assist us all in providing optimal care to this patient population.
Thermal effects caused by action of powerful laser radiation on condensed matter (2010)

The spatial and temporal temperature distribution on a solid's surface heated by laser interference pattern is calculated using integral transformation on coordinates x, y and Fourier transformation on coordinate z . Two-dimensional periodic structure consisting of circles with radii equal to a radius of the laser beam is considered. It is shown, that the maximal heating is observed in the center of a circle while diminishing to periphery. The area where the intensive surface heating is observed extends up to 0.8 r/a ( a is a period of the grating, r is a radius of the laser beam).
Ability of the lung clearance index to detect inflammation and infection in preschool children with cystic fibrosis (2015)

<b>Introduction:</b> The lung clearance index (LCI) is a marker of global ventilation inhomogeneity derived from the multiple breath washout. The LCI is the first index to decline in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and may be a sensitive marker of early lung disease. <b>Aims:</b> We assessed the ability of the LCI to detect the presence of pulmonary inflammation and infection in the lower respiratory tract of preschool children with CF. <b>Method:</b> We measured LCI in 34 children with CF and 17 healthy children (aged 3 to 6 years) prior to the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). <b>Results:</b> The LCI was higher in children with CF (8.21 ± 1.3) compared with healthy children (6.63 ± 0.43; p &lt; 0.001; upper limit of normal = 7.48), with 62% having abnormal LCI values. In children with CF, LCI was higher in those with free neutrophil elastase activity (NE) (9.13 ± 0.97) compared with those without NE (7.69 ± 1.40; p &lt; 0.001). The positive and negative predictive values of LCI to detect NE were 92% and 58%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between LCI and the level of NE (spearman correlation (ρ) = 0.52; p = 0.002), and interleukin-8 (ρ = 0.44; p = 0.014). There were no differences in LCI between those with (8.42 ± 1.46) or without a respiratory infection (7.91 ± 1.24; p = 0.30). However, the LCI was higher in children infected with multiple pathogens compared with those uninfected (p = 0.002). <b>Conclusions:</b> We found that the LCI is sensitive to detect the presence of neutrophilic inflammation and multiple pathogens in the lower respiratory tract in preschool children with CF, suggesting LCI may be a useful surveillance tool for early CF lung disease.
Tunable time delays in photonic-crystal waveguides (2006)

We study tunable time-delay devices in which the time delay is tuned by changing the group velocity of the propagating signal. The device is designed to place the operating frequency near a photonic band edge. This enhances the change in delay for a given tuning range of the device refractive index. Here we provide an extended explanation of mode symmetry, nomenclature, and the complete band structure of a sample, integrated device to aid the understanding of our previously published work.
The evolution of optimal linear polyfractal arrays using genetic algorithms (2005)

Recently, in order to successfully combine the positive attributes of both periodic and random arrays into one design, a novel class of arrays, known as fractal-random arrays, has been introduced. In addition, several researchers have successfully used genetic algorithms, robust global optimization techniques based on natural selection, to find solutions to complex array layout problems. This paper introduces a type of nature-based design process that applies a specially formulated genetic algorithm to evolve optimal layouts of an important subset of fractal-random arrays, which we call polyfractal arrays. Also, this paper discusses how the underlying self-similar properties of polyfractal arrays can be exploited to increase the speed of the associated array factor calculations. This speed increase dramatically reduces the time required for the genetic algorithm to converge thereby making it possible to effectively evolve optimal array configurations which are much larger than has been previously possible. Moreover, the fractal-random properties of these polyfractal arrays are shown to provide substantially wider bandwidth performance than their conventional counterparts. Finally, several design examples of genetically optimized linear polyfractal arrays with narrow beamwidths, improved sidelobe suppression and wide bandwidths are presented.
Concomitant treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory CLL using a combination of fludarabine and alemtuzumab is highly effective: Final results of a phase-II study (2005)

6558 Background: Combined immuno-chemotherapy has given superadditive effects in different lymphoma entities, both in preclinical models and in clinical studies. In order to develop a more convenient active regimen for patients with relapsed CLL, we evaluated the combined application of fludarabine and alemtuzumab in a phase-II study. Methods: Fludarabine 30mg/m2 per day iv immediately followed by alemtuzumab 30 mg absolute dose iv was given on days 1 - 3 and repeated on day 29 for up to six cycles. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was measured by 4-color flow cytometry. Results: A total of 37 patients were included in this phase-II study at a median age of 61 years. Pretreatment consisted of fludarabine (23/36), fludarabine + rituximab (10/36), and monoclonal antibodies in 20/36. Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were the most serious side effects detected in 30% and 26% of all cycles given (WHO III/IV). There were 5 grade III/IV infections, one of which was fatal due to e.coli sepsis in a patient with refractory disease. The overall response rate was 83% with 11 CR and 19 PR. 47% of the patients became MRD negative in peripheral blood or bone marrow. The freedom from treatment failure for responding patients is 12.8 months with the median overall survival for responding patients not reached. Based on these promising results, an ongoing phase-II study evaluates the effectivity of fludarabine, cyclophosphomide and alemtuzumab. In addition, a prospectively randomised phase-III trial has been initiated to confirm the impact of this new combination (FluCam) in CLL patients with first relapse. Conclusions: The concomitant application of fludarabine and alemtuzumab appears as a new promising approach for patients with relapsed CLL. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Resistive switching mechanisms in random access memory devices incorporating transition metal oxides: TiO2, NiO and Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (2011)

Resistance change random access memory (RRAM) cells, typically built as MIM capacitor structures, consist of insulating layers I sandwiched between metal layers M, where the insulator performs the resistance switching operation. These devices can be electrically switched between two or more stable resistance states at a speed of nanoseconds, with long retention times, high switching endurance, low read voltage, and large switching windows. They are attractive candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory, particularly as a flash successor, as the material properties can be scaled to the nanometer regime. Several resistance switching models have been suggested so far for transition metal oxide based devices, such as charge trapping, conductive filament formation, Schottky barrier modulation, and electrochemical migration of point defects. The underlying fundamental principles of the switching mechanism still lack a detailed understanding, i.e. how to control and modulate the electrical characteristics of devices incorporating defects and impurities, such as oxygen vacancies, metal interstitials, hydrogen, and other metallic atoms acting as dopants. In this paper, state of the art ab initio theoretical methods are employed to understand the effects that filamentary types of stable oxygen vacancy configurations in TiO(2) and NiO have on the electronic conduction. It is shown that strong electronic interactions between metal ions adjacent to oxygen vacancy sites results in the formation of a conductive path and thus can explain the 'ON' site conduction in these materials. Implication of hydrogen doping on electroforming is discussed for Pr(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3) devices based on electrical characterization and FTIR measurements.
Motion Control for Novel Emerging Robotic Devices and Systems (2017)

Motion control is central to these novel emerging robotic devices and systems. A motion control system coordinates the sensors for measurements of surroundings and internal machine states, commands the actuators for action functionalities, and achieves machine intelligence. Ever increasing demands on intelligence, speed, precision, compliance, or safety, etc., challenge the motion control systems in their methods, algorithms, techniques, and physical realizations. In recent years, various journals have published a great deal of research works on the topic of motion control. However, no journal has devoted a special issue to the motion control for novel emerging robotic devices and systems. To this end, this article was proposed to bring the ideas of the worldwide research community into a common platform, and to present the latest advances and developments on the topic.
Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease: Relation to Inducible Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (1996)

Electrocardiographic characteristics of spontaneous nonsustained ventricular tachycardia do not predict which patients with coronary artery disease will have inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia.
Key science drivers for MICHI, A mid-IR instrument concept for the TMT (2012)

A mid-infrared (MIR) imager and spectrometer is being investigated for possible construction in the early operation of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). Combined with the MIR adaptive optics (AO) system (MIRAO), the instrument will afford ∼15 times higher sensitivity and ∼4 times better spatial resolution (0.07″) at 10μm compared to 8m-class telescopes. Additionally, through exploiting the large collection area of the TMT, the high-dispersion spectroscopy mode will be unrivaled by other ground- and space-based facilities. These combined capabilities offer the possibility for breakthrough science, as well as 'workhorse' observing modes of imaging and low/moderate spectral resolution. In this paper we summarize the primary science drivers that are guiding the instrument design. © 2012 SPIE.
A Critic's Assessment of Our Approach to Cardiac Arrest (2011)

In this issue of the Journal, Weisfeldt et al.1 report that ventricular fibrillation is identified less frequently during sudden cardiac arrest in the home than in public places, even when the arrest is witnessed. The authors surmise that age and coexisting illnesses are responsible and that the location of sudden cardiac arrest may be a surrogate for underlying disease severity. In addition, poorer outcomes were observed with use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) in the home, as compared with public AED use. The authors conclude that perhaps AEDs should be reserved for public locations and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) . . .