gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Mesoionic Heterocycles: Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5‐a]quinoline, [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5‐a]quinazoline, [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5‐a]quinoxaline and [1,2,3]Triazolo[5,1‐c]benzotriazine Derivatives. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Corning 7059, Silicon Oxynitride, and Silicon Dioxide Thin-Film Integrated Optical Waveguides: In Search of Low Loss, Nonfluorescent, Reusable Glass Waveguides (1992)

The care and cleanliness with which optical fibers are drawn and cured produces nearly defect-free waveguides with propagation losses measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km). The efficiency of light propagation, combined with the mechanical flexibility and ease of optical coupling, makes multimode optical fibers attractive for many remote spectroscopic and sensing applications. Ultraviolet (UV) grade quartz (a very pure form of silica) is used to produce UV transmitting fibers with minimal background fluorescence, making them an excellent choice for low-level detection. For example, Ciba Corning has reported a quartz fiber-optic immunosensor with a picomolar detection limit that is the lowest reported to date for an affinity-based optical sensor.
Nonresonant Multiple Spin Echoes (2002)

Nonresonant manipulation of nuclear spins can probe large volumes of sample situated in inhomogeneous fields outside a magnet, a geometry suitable for mobile sensors for the inspection of roads, buildings, and geological formations. However, the interference by Earth's magnetic field causes rapid decay of the signal within a few milliseconds for protons and is detrimental to this method. Here we describe a technique to suppress the effects of Earth's field by using adiabatic rotations and sudden switching of the applied fields. We observed hundreds of spin echo signals lasting for more than 600 milliseconds and accurately measured the relaxation times of a liquid sample.
Effect of Stress and Temperature on Ferroelastic Domain Switching of Partially Stabilized Zirconia Pseudo-Single Crystals (1996)

The effect of temperature and applied stress on the ferroelastic behavior of partially stabilized zirconia pseudo-single crystals doped with 3mol% yttria was studied using a uniaxial compression method at high temperature. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the ferroelastic domains were rearranged to orthogonal two directions. The amount of domain switching increased with increasing applied stress but remained with loading time. The critical stress required to induce the ferroelastic domain switching decreased with increasing temperature; 200MPa at 700°C, 160MPa at 800°C, 125MPa at 1000°C and 100MPa at 1200°C. The activation energy of domain switching was calculated to be about 16kJ/mol using critical stress vs. temperature plot. The model for explaining a domain switching mechanism was proposed on the basis of the displacement of ions.
Magnetic resonance imaging near metal implants (2010)

The desire to apply magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in the vicinity of embedded metallic hardware is increasing. The soft-tissue contrast available with MR techniques is advantageous in diagnosing complications near an increasing variety of MR-safe metallic hardware. Near such hardware, the spatial encoding mechanisms utilized in conventional MRI methods are often severely compromised. Mitigating these encoding difficulties has been the focus of numerous research investigations over the past two decades. Such approaches include view-angle tilting, short echo-time projection reconstruction acquisitions, single-point imaging, prepolarized MRI, and postprocessing image correction. Various technical advances have also enabled the recent development of two alternative approaches that have shown promising clinical potential. Here, the physical principals and proposed solutions to the problem of MRI near embedded metal are discussed.
B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator-Mediated Signal Transduction Provides a Potent Inhibitory Signal to Primary Human CD4 T Cells That Can Be Initiated by Multiple Phosphotyrosine Motifs (2006)

The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a recently identified member of the CD28 family of cell receptors. Initial reports demonstrated that mice deficient in BTLA expression were more susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, indicating that BTLA was likely to function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. However, cross-linking of BTLA only resulted in a 2-fold reduction of IL-2 production, questioning the potency with which BTLA engagement blocks T cell activation. We established a model in which BTLA signaling could be studied in primary human CD4 T cells. We observed that cross-linking of a chimeric receptor consisting of the murine CD28 extracellular domain and human BTLA cytoplasmic tail potently inhibits IL-2 production and completely suppresses T cell expansion. Mutation of any BTLA tyrosine motifs had no effect on the ability of BTLA to block T cell activation. Only mutation of all four tyrosines rendered the BTLA cytoplasmic tail nonfunctional. We performed structure-function studies to determine which factors recruited to the BTLA cytoplasmic tail correlated with BTLA function. Using pervanadate as a means to phosphorylate the BTLA cytoplasmic tail, we observed both Src homology protein (SHP)-1 and SHP-2 recruitment. However, upon receptor engagement, we observed only SHP-1 recruitment, and mutations that abrogated SHP-1 recruitment did not impair BTLA function. These studies question whether SHP-1 or SHP-2 have any role in BTLA function and caution against the use of pervanadate as means to initiate signal transduction cascades in primary cells.
Schisandra chinensis: Chemistry and Analysis (2003)

Schisandra chinensis is a famous traditional Chinese medicine and has been used in China for thousands of years. Schisandra berries have mainly been used for the lungs and kidneys as an astringent tonic, also as anti-hepatotoxic, anti-asthmatic, antitussive, sedative and tonic medicine. Recently it was found to be a very good liver protective drug and can lower the level of serum piruvic transaninase in hepatitis patients and lignan type compounds are believed to be the active components. In order to control the quality and ensure the reliability and repeatability of clinical and pharmacological research, it is necessary to develop and validate analytical methods for active components in Schisandra products. This paper will focus on the chemistry of Schisandra and the analytical methods used to analyze compounds in this herb. We will discuss the application of HPLC, GC and GC-MS, LC-MS, TLC, capillary electrochromatography and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography to analyze compounds in Schisandra
Thermacetogenium (2015)

Abstract Therm.a.ce.to.ge'ni.um. Gr. adj. thermos hot; L. n. acetum vinegar; Gr. v. suff. genium producing; N.L. neut. n. Thermacetogenium thermophilic vinegar producer. Cells are rod‐shaped . Strictly anaerobic and thermophilic . Chemoautotrophic and chemo‐organotrophic . Gram reaction is negative, but has a Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall structure. Round terminal endospores are sometimes formed. Colonies are disk‐shaped. Able to oxidize acetate in co‐culture with hydrogenotrophic micro‐organisms . Acetate can also be utilized by sulfate reduction in pure culture. Possesses menaquinone‐7 . Grows acetogenically on several alcohols , methoxylated aromatics , organic acids , amino acids , and H 2 / CO 2 . Sugars are not utilized. Additional supplements are not required. DNA G + C content ( mol %): 53.5. Type species : Thermacetogenium phaeum Hattori, Kamagata, Hanada and Shoun 2000, 1608 VP . Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Thermacetogenium is: correct name (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Bacillati / Bacillota / Clostridia / Thermoanaerobacterales / Thermoanaerobacteraceae / Thermacetogenium The genus Thermacetogenium can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as g__Thermacetogenium (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Bacteria / p__Bacillota_B / c__DSM-12270 / o__Thermacetogeniales / f__Thermacetogeniaceae / g__Thermacetogenium * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776
Semiconductor Laser White Noise Suppression by Optical Filtering with Ultra-Narrowband FBG (2011)

The white frequency noise of semiconductor lasers is attenuated significantly by optical filtering with an ultra-narrowband fiber Bragg grating. This noise reduction will improve carrier phase estimation in coherent receivers of multi-symbol signals.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTIONS OF A COPPER ANTITUMOR DRUG WITH DNA: (1‐(α‐PYRIDYLMETHYLENE)‐2‐(α‐PYRIDYL)HYDRAZINE)COPPER(II) CHLORIDE DOES NOT INTERCALATE (1985)

Abstract Anhand von UV‐ VlS‐ und NMR‐spektroskopischen sowie viskosimetrischen Untersuchungen werden die Wechselwirkung des Titelkomplexes (I) mit DNS (Kalbsthymus, Lachssperma, Col E , Plasmid) und mögliche Bindungen diskutiert.
Particulate matter prediction in both steady state and transient operation of diesel engines (2011)

Diesel engines produce a variety of particles generically classified as diesel particulate matter (PM) owing to incomplete combustion. The increasingly stringent emissions regulations require that engine manufacturers must continue to reduce the PM. The ability to predict the PM emissions is one of the key technologies that could be used in a PM reduction strategy. This paper describes a predictive technique that can be used as a virtual sensor for monitoring PM emissions in both steady and transient states for a medium- or heavy-duty diesel engine. The predictive structure is stable over a broad range of engine operation points. The input parameters are chosen on the basis of the PM formation mechanism, physical knowledge of the process, and an insight into the underlying physics. Principal-component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of the inputs of a non-linear autoregressive model with exogenous inputs (NLARX) from nine inputs to five inputs. PCA not only reduces the input number but also improves the performance of the prediction model. The results show that the NLARX model could predict the particulate matter successfully with an R 2 value above 0.99 with only five inputs.
The developability of heteroaromatic and heteroaliphatic rings – do some have a better pedigree as potential drug molecules than others? (2012)

Aqueous solubility, protein binding and CYP450 inhibition data for compounds containing a variety of heteroaromatic and heteroaliphatic rings were analysed and compared to determine which ring types fared best and worst in these developability screens. The results suggest that certain heterorings are generally more developable than others: how this information may be used and some caveats to be borne in mind are discussed.
Increased bioavailability of hesperetin-7-glucoside compared with hesperidin results in more efficient prevention of bone loss in adult ovariectomised rats (2009)

Hesperidin (Hp), a citrus flavonoid predominantly found in oranges, shows bone-sparing effects in ovariectomised (OVX) animals. In human subjects, the bioavailability of Hp can be improved by the removal of the rhamnose group to yield hesperetin-7-glucoside (H-7-glc). The aim of the present work was to test whether H-7-glc was more bioavailable and therefore more effective than Hp in the prevention of bone loss in the OVX rat. Adult 6-month-old female Wistar rats were sham operated or OVX, then pair fed for 90 d a casein-based diet supplemented or not with freeze-dried orange juice enriched with Hp or H-7-glc at two dose equivalents of the hesperetin aglycone (0.25 and 0.5 %). In the rats fed 0.5 %, a reduction in OVX-induced bone loss was observed regarding total bone mineral density (BMD):+7.0 % in OVX rats treated with Hp (HpOVX) and +6.6 % in OVX rats treated with H-7-glc (H-7-glcOVX) v. OVX controls (P < 0.05). In the rats fed 0.25 % hesperetin equivalents, the H-7-glcOVX group showed a 6.6 % improvement in total femoral BMD v. the OVX controls (P < 0.05), whereas the Hp diet had no effect at this dose. The BMD of rats fed 0.25 % H-7-glc was equal to that of those given 0.5 % Hp, but was not further increased at 0.5 % H-7-glc. Plasma hesperetin levels and relative urinary excretion were significantly enhanced in the H-7-glc v. Hp groups, and the metabolite profile showed the absence of eriodictyol metabolites and increased levels of hesperetin sulphates. Taken together, improved bioavailability of H-7-glc may explain the more efficient bone protection of this compound.
Data from Systemic Delivery of Microencapsulated 3-Bromopyruvate for the Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; This study characterized the therapeutic efficacy of a systemically administered formulation of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), microencapsulated in a complex with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), using an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; The presence of the β-CD–3-BrPA complex was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Monolayer as well as three-dimensional organotypic cell culture was used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;) of β-CD–3-BrPA, free 3-BrPA, β-CD (control), and gemcitabine in MiaPaCa-2 and Suit-2 cell lines, both in normoxia and hypoxia. Phase-contrast microscopy, bioluminescence imaging (BLI), as well as zymography and Matrigel assays were used to characterize the effects of the drug &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;. An orthotopic &lt;i&gt;luc&lt;/i&gt;MiaPaCa-2 xenograft tumor model was used to investigate the &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; efficacy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; β-CD–3-BrPA and free 3-BrPA demonstrated an almost identical IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; profile in both PDAC cell lines with higher sensitivity in hypoxia. Using the Matrigel invasion assay as well as zymography, 3-BrPA showed anti-invasive effects in sublethal drug concentrations. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, animals treated with β-CD–3-BrPA demonstrated minimal or no tumor progression as evident by the BLI signal as opposed to animals treated with gemcitabine or the β-CD (60-fold and 140-fold signal increase, respectively). In contrast to animals treated with free 3-BrPA, no lethal toxicity was observed for β-CD–3-BrPA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; The microencapsulation of 3-BrPA represents a promising step towards achieving the goal of systemically deliverable antiglycolytic tumor therapy. The strong anticancer effects of β-CD–3-BrPA combined with its favorable toxicity profile suggest that clinical trials, particularly in patients with PDAC, should be considered. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6406–17. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
FinFET/nanowire design for 5nm/3nm technology nodes: Channel cladding and introducing a “bottleneck” shape to remove performance bottleneck (2017)

Transition from planar MOSFETs to FinFETs enabled scaling beyond 28nm node. At 5nm/3nm design rules, a transition from FinFETs to nanowires has to be evaluated. We explore with rigorous NEGF (Non-Equilibrium Green's Functions) and sub-band Boltzmann transport models the impact of nanowire shape and SiGe/Si cladding layers on its performance and variability. Outside of the nanowire channel, a “bottleneck” shape of the source/drain extensions can either boost or ruin the performance, requiring NEGF-driven meticulous shape engineering.
Application of Circuit Synthesis to the Design of A Three-Stage 4 MHz to 7 GHz Amplifier for a Wide Band Fiber Optics Receiver (1988)

In fibre optic very high datarate systems it is necessary to have a ultra large band high gain low noise amplifier after the front-end. The purpose of this paper is to show how powerful analytical techniques, such as the real frequency technique, may be applied to the design of a 4 MHz - 7 GHz amplifier. A two stage monolithic amplifier designed according to the theory gives 17 dB gain and a 3 stage hybrid amplifier 16 dB gain accross the band.
Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam (1990)

A sensitive single-beam technique for measuring both the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient for a wide variety of materials is reported. The authors describe the experimental details and present a comprehensive theoretical analysis including cases where nonlinear refraction is accompanied by nonlinear absorption. In these experiments, the transmittance of a sample is measured through a finite aperture in the far field as the sample is moved along the propagation path (z) of a focused Gaussian beam. The sign and magnitude of the nonlinear refraction are easily deduced from such a transmittance curve (Z-scan). Employing this technique, a sensitivity of better than lambda /300 wavefront distortion is achieved in n/sub 2/ measurements of BaF/sub 2/ using picosecond frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser pulses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
VMY-1-103 is a novel CDK inhibitor that disrupts chromosome organization and delays metaphase progression in medulloblastoma cells (2011)

Medulloblastoma is the most prevalent of childhood brain malignancies, constituting 25% of childhood brain tumors. Craniospinal radiotherapy is a standard of care, followed by a 12mo regimen of multi-agent chemotherapy. For children less than 3 y of age, irradiation is avoided due to its destructive effects on the developing nervous system. Long-term prognosis is worst for these youngest children and more effective treatment strategies with a better therapeutic index are needed. VMY-1-103, a novel dansylated analog of purvalanol B, was previously shown to inhibit cell cycle progression and proliferation in prostate and breast cancer cells more effectively than purvalanol B. In the current study, we have identified new mechanisms of action by which VMY-1-103 affected cellular proliferation in medulloblastoma cells. VMY-1-103, but not purvalanol B, significantly decreased the proportion of cells in S phase and increased the proportion of cells in G(2)/M. VMY-1-103 increased the sub G(1) fraction of apoptotic cells, induced PARP and caspase-3 cleavage and increased the levels of the Death Receptors DR4 and DR5, Bax and Bad while decreasing the number of viable cells, all supporting apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death. p21(CIP1/WAF1) levels were greatly suppressed. Importantly, we found that while both VMY and flavopiridol inhibited intracellular CDK1 catalytic activity, VMY-1-103 was unique in its ability to severely disrupt the mitotic spindle apparatus significantly delaying metaphase and disrupting mitosis. Our data suggest that VMY-1-103 possesses unique antiproliferative capabilities and that this compound may form the basis of a new candidate drug to treat medulloblastoma.
Blood oxyhemoglobin saturation measurements by blue-green spectral shift (2007)

Previous work describing a resilient method for measuring oxyhemoglobin saturation using the blue-green spectral shift was performed using cell free hemoglobin solutions. Hemoglobin solution and whole blood sample spectra measured under similar conditions in a spectrophotometer are used here to begin evaluating the impact of cellular scattering on this method. The blue-green spectral shift with changing oxyhemoglobin saturation was preserved in these blood samples and the blue-green spectral shift was relatively unaffected by physiological changes in blood pH (6.6, 7.1, and 7.4), path length through blood (100 and 200 microm), and blood hematocrit (19 to 48%). The packaging of hemoglobin in red blood cells leads to a decreased apparent path length through hemoglobin, and an overall decrease in scattering loss with increasing wavelength from 450 to 850 nm. The negative slope of the scattering loss in the 476 to 516-nm range leads to a +3.0 nm shift in the oxyhemoglobin saturation calibration line when the blue-green spectral minimum in these blood samples was compared to cell free hemoglobin. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the blue green spectral shift method in cellular systems including in vivo testing.
A Potent Recombinant Polyclonal Antibody Therapeutic for Protection Against New Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern (2023)

Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) possess mutations that prevent antibody therapeutics from maintaining antiviral binding and neutralizing efficacy. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) shown to neutralize Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral) strain have reduced potency against newer variants. Plasma-derived polyclonal hyperimmune drugs have improved neutralization breadth compared with mAbs, but lower titers against SARS-CoV-2 require higher dosages for treatment. We previously developed a highly diverse, recombinant polyclonal antibody therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin hyperimmune (rCIG). rCIG was compared with plasma-derived or mAb standards and showed improved neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 across World Health Organization variants; however, its potency was reduced against some variants relative to ancestral, particularly omicron. Omicron-specific antibody sequences were enriched from yeast expressing rCIG-scFv and exhibited increased binding and neutralization to omicron BA.2 while maintaining ancestral strain binding and neutralization. Polyclonal antibody libraries such as rCIG can be utilized to develop antibody therapeutics against present and future SARS-CoV-2 threats.
Multiband audio modeling for single-channel acoustic source separation (2004)

Detailed hidden Markov models (HMMs) that capture the constraints implicit in a particular sound can be used to estimate obscured or corrupted portions from partial observations, the situation encountered when trying to identify multiple, overlapping sounds. However, when the complexity and variability of the sounds are high, as in a particular speaker's voice, a detailed model might require several thousand states to cover the full range of different short-term spectra with adequate resolution. To address the tractability problems of such large models, we break the source signals into multiple frequency bands, and build separate but coupled HMMs for each band, requiring many fewer states per model. To prevent non-natural full spectral states and to enforce consistency within and between bands, at any given frame, the state in a particular band is determined by the previous state in that band and the states in the adjacent bands. Coupling the bands in this manner results in a grid like model for the full spectrum. Since exact inference of such a model is intractable, we derive an efficient approximation based on variational methods. Results in source separation of combined signals modeled with this approach outperform the separation obtained by full-band models.