gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Human Intellect and Machine Failures: Troubleshooting Integrative\n Machine Learning Systems (2016)

We study the problem of troubleshooting machine learning systems that rely on\nanalytical pipelines of distinct components. Understanding and fixing errors\nthat arise in such integrative systems is difficult as failures can occur at\nmultiple points in the execution workflow. Moreover, errors can propagate,\nbecome amplified or be suppressed, making blame assignment difficult. We\npropose a human-in-the-loop methodology which leverages human intellect for\ntroubleshooting system failures. The approach simulates potential component\nfixes through human computation tasks and measures the expected improvements in\nthe holistic behavior of the system. The method provides guidance to designers\nabout how they can best improve the system. We demonstrate the effectiveness of\nthe approach on an automated image captioning system that has been pressed into\nreal-world use.\n
Selecting Moving Targets in AR using Head Orientation (2017)

Along with the spread of augmented reality (AR) using head-mounted display or smart glass, attempts have been made to present information by superimposing information on people and things. In general, people are always moving about and usually do not stay stationary, so it is conceivable that the superimposed AR information also moves with them. However, it is often difficult to follow and select moving targets.We propose two novel techniques, TagToPlace and TagAlong, which help users select moving targets using head orientation. We conducted a user study to compare our proposed techniques to a conventional gaze selection method - DwellTime. The results showed that our proposed techniques are superior to a conventional one in terms of throughput when selecting moving targets.
New anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: which is the best? (2014)

International audience
Electrochemical Fabrication of Mechanically Robust PbSn C4 Interconnections (1995)

Electrochemical fabrication of C4s (controlled collapse chip connection) offers significant cost, reliability, and environmental advantages over the currently employed evaporation technology. A continuous seed layer is required for through‐mask electrodeposition of the solder alloy. This layer becomes the ball limiting metallurgy (BLM) for the solder pad after etching. The seed layer metallurgy and the BLM etching are crucial to obtaining mechanically robust C4s. In the present study, the issues related to the selection of seed layer metallurgy, uniformity of plating and etching, and mechanical integrity of C4s have been investigated. The results demonstrate the feasibility of electrochemically fabricating highly reliable structures with a high degree of dimensional uniformity on a variety of wafer sizes ranging up to 200 mm.
ChemInform Abstract: Sphinxolides E—G and Reidispongiolide C: Four New Cytotoxic Macrolides from the New Caledonian Lithistida Sponges N. superstes and R. coerulea. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Implementation of a chemo-epitaxy flow for directed self-assembly on 300-mm wafer processing equipment (2012)

The implementation of our previously reported chemo-epitaxy method for directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) on 300-mm wafers is described in detail. Some challenges to be addressed include edge bead removal control of the layers forming the exposure stack and uniformity of the deposited films across the wafer. With the fine tuning of the process conditions, this flow provides chemically nanopatterned substrates with well-defined geometry and chemistry. After a film of BCP is annealed on the chemical patterns, high degrees of perfection are achieved. A BCP with natural periodicity of 25 nm was assembled on100-nm pitch prepatterns, obtaining 4X feature multiplication. Top-down scanning electron microscope images show a wide process window with depth of focus >200  nm and exposure latitude >40% for lines and spaces of 12.5-nm half-pitch. We provide a platform for future study of the origin of DSA generated defects and their relationship to process conditions and materials that are amenable to use by the semiconductor industry.
Near-Field Radiation Exposure Control in Slot-Loaded Microstrip Antenna:\n A Characteristic Mode Approach (2019)

Microstip antenna topology is commonly loaded with a narrow slot to\nmanipulate the resonance frequency or impedance bandwidth. However, the tuning\nof the resonance frequency or impedance bandwidth results in the variation of\nthe current and field distributions. In this regard, this work adopts the\nconcept of characteristic modes to gain an initial understanding of the\nperturbation mechanism of the rectangular patch when loaded with a slot. The\nperformance of microstrip antennas with finite ground plane is then studied\nusing full-wave simulation. It has been found that the distribution of the\ninduced current density is highly dependent on the orientation of the slot The\nincorporation of a narrow slot suppresses the nearby orthogonal eigen mode and,\nas a consequence, the radiation behavior is affected. Specifically, in the\npresence of biological tissues in the near-field region, both antenna input\nimpedance properties and the realized gain are dependent on the slot\norientation. Different examples are included for understanding the impact of\nslot loading on the energy absorption by biological tissues, by calculating the\nthe specific absorption rate (SAR). The proposed analysis facilitates the\ndesign of miniaturized antenna geometries for biomedical applications via\nsystematic loading of narrow slots.\n
Supplementary Figure 4 from Introducing Nanochemoprevention as a Novel Approach for Cancer Control: Proof of Principle with Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (2023)

Supplementary Figure 4 from Introducing Nanochemoprevention as a Novel Approach for Cancer Control: Proof of Principle with Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
2.5D FD modeling of EM directional propagation tools in high‐angle and horizontal wells (2011)

We developed a 2.5D finite‐difference (FD) code for modeling EM tool responses for 2D formation conductivity distributions and 3D well trajectories. The code is primarily developed for well placement and for 3D formation evaluation applications to interpret responses of the new generation LWD deep directional EM tools and tensor induction tools in high angle and horizontal (HA/HZ) wells. Frequency‐domain Maxwell equations are solved using electric field formulation. The problem is discretized using a combination of staggered uniform FD grids in the tool region based on skin depth and tool orientation, optimal grids outside the tool region in the x‐z plane, and a spatial Fourier transform in the y‐direction using Zoltarov discretization. Material averaging is applied in conjunction with optimal grids, resulting in a small problem size, allowing use of a direct LUD solver. We present the directional tool responses in realistic 2D scenarios such as an unconformity structure with internal layering. In addition, we also model the coupling of faults and nearby boundaries and present how that affect the 1D real‐time inversion ignoring the fault.
INTRAOPERATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY DURING VITREORETINAL SURGERY FOR DENSE VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE IN THE PIONEER STUDY (2015)

Intraoperative OCT during pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage may provide physicians with clinically relevant information that may impact surgical management, perioperative management, and patient outcomes.
Use of 2‐Aminopurine as a Fluorescent Tool for Characterizing Antibiotic Recognition of the Bacterial rRNA A‐Site. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electronic Interplay on Illuminated Aqueous Carbon Nanohorn−Porphyrin Ensembles (2006)

Tetracationic water-soluble porphyrin (H(2)P(4+)) has been immobilized by pi-pi stacking interactions onto the skeleton of carbon nanohorns (CNH), without disrupting their pi-electronic network. The stable aqueous solution of the CNH-H(2)P(4+) nanoensemble was examined by both electron microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. The efficient fluorescence quenching of the H(2)P(4+) moiety in the CNH-H(2)P(4+) nanoensemble was probed by steady-state as well as time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopy, suggesting charge separation from the photoexcited H(2)P(4+) to CNH. In the presence of methyl viologen dication (MV(2+)) and a hole trap, accumulation of the reduced species of methyl viologen was observed by the photoillumination of CNH-H(2)P(4+), suggesting that the electron migration from the initially formed charge-separated state takes place. Transient absorption spectroscopy gave further insights on the transient species such as the charge-separated state (CNH(*-))-(H(2)P(4+))(*+), which was consumed in the presence of MV(2+) and hole shifter, leaving the reduced methyl viologen.
Packaging aspects of the Litebus/sup TM/ parallel optoelectronic module (2002)

The Litebus module is an optoelectronic transceiver and the key component in a parallel fiber optic data link. The module is designed to extend computer-to-computer communications to data rates and link distances beyond those achievable in copper at comparable cost. A transceiver configuration was selected to keep the module's size compact (45 mm/spl times/32 mm/spl times/ 9.8 mm) and to facilitate the integration of an IEC Class 1 laser safety strategy. The Litebus module consists of various packaging components and both CMOS and optoelectronic dies. It is designed to accept a single connector, having one receive and one transmit section, that is mounted on the end of a dual 12 channel fiber optic ribbon cable. Channel-to-channel spacing is 250 /spl mu/m throughout and standard multimode fiber is used. The transmitter consists of a VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) source having a wavelength of 850 nm. The receiver consists of a transimpedance amplifier with integrated Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) detector. The module's transmit and receive sections were designed to operate at data rates greater than 1.25 Gb/s (gigabits per second) per channel, yielding a maximum aggregate data rate in excess of 15 Gb/s. In one mode of operation, byte-wide data is simultaneously transmitted from and received by the module at 1.25 GB/s (gigabytes per second), with the four remaining channels on each side being assigned to user-defined overhead functions. The maximum cable length is 400 m in asynchronous mode and 200 m in synchronous mode.
Sequence effects in the melting and renaturation of short DNA oligonucleotides: structure and mechanistic pathways (2008)

The renaturation/denaturation of DNA oligonucleotides is characterized in the context of expanded ensemble (EXE) and transition path sampling (TPS) simulations. Free energy profiles have been determined from EXE for DNA sequences of varying composition, chain length, and ionic strength. TPS simulations within a Langevin dynamics formalism have been carried out to obtain further information of the transition state for renaturation. Simulation results reveal that free energy profiles are strikingly similar for the various DNA sequences considered in this work. Taking intact double-stranded DNA to have an extent of reaction ξ = 1.0, the maximum of the free energy profile appears at ξ≈0.15, corresponding to ∼2 base pairs. In terms of chain length, the free energy barrier of longer oligonucleotides (30 versus 15 base pairs) is higher and slightly narrower, due to increased sharpness associated with the transition. Low ionic strength tends to decrease free energy barriers, whereby increasing strand rigidity facilitates reassociation. Two mechanisms for DNA reassociation emerge from our analysis of the transition state ensemble. Repetitive sequences tend to reassociate through a non-specific pathway involving molecular slithering. In contrast, random sequences associate through a more restrictive pathway involving the formation of specific contacts, which then leads to overall molecular zippering. In both random and repetitive sequences, the distribution of contacts suggests that nucleation is favored for sites located within the middle region of the chain. The prevalent extent of reaction for the transition state is ξ≈0.25, and the critical size of the nucleus as obtained from our analysis involves ∼4 base pairs.
Electron and Mass Transport in Hybrid Redox Polyether Melts:  Co and Fe Bipyridines with Attached Polyether Chains (1997)

The coupling of electron self exchange reactions with physical diffusion has been used to measure electron transfer rate constants in a series of undiluted metal complex molten salts [M(bpy(CO2MePEG)2)3](ClO4)2 where M = Co(II/I) and Fe(III/II) and MePEG is an oligomeric polyether of MW 150, 350, and 550. Physical self-diffusion rates in the melts vary with attached polyether chain length by over 103-fold while the electron transfer rate constants show no strong systematic dependence. The electron transfer rates and activation parameters indicate that the metal complex cores move rapidly within their attached polyether "solvent" shells relative to the rates of electron transfers, which are near adiabatic with large activation barriers reflecting the apparent inability of the attached polyether chains to act as a freely mobile "solvent". Ionic conductivities of the melts were measured in order to inspect for ionic and electronic migration effects which are present to minor degrees. Diffusion and heterogeneous transfer rates are also reported for dilute solutions of the cobalt complexes in a polyether solvent.
Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy characterization of thesp2bonding fraction within carbon thin films (2000)

When using electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to quantify the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}{/sp}^{3}$ bonding fraction in thin film carbon, the spectrum taken from the film must be compared to that of a suitable known standard. In contrast to the work of Berger [S. D. Berger and D. R. McKenzie, Philos. Mag. Lett. 57, 285 (1988)], ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerite is used in this work as the standard since highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is highly anisotropic, and can therefore lead to preferential orientation effects in EELS. It was found that ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ had a shoulder on the high-energy side of the $1\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{s}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ peak, which was centered at 287 eV. In theory, many Gaussian peaks can be fitted to the near edge structure (NES) of the energy-loss spectrum. In practice, we show that only three, centered at energies of 285, 287, and 293 eV, are necessary for semiquantitative analysis. The 285 eV peak is indicative of the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonding fraction; the second peak at 287 eV is attributed to molecular structure within the sample; the third at 293 eV is determined by ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ bonding contributions in the sample. We show that by fitting these three peaks to ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerite and evaporated amorphous carbon (a-C), that the a-C has a $0.99{\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonding fraction compared with the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerite standard. The importance of considering the 287 eV peak in highly ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ bonded amorphous carbon is further illustrated by analysis of a-C:H:N thin films.
Proteasome Inhibition Potentiates Antitumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Mice through Induction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (2009)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity toward tumor cells by inducing production of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen. PDT leads to oxidative damage of cellular macromolecules, including proteins that undergo multiple modifications such as fragmentation, cross-linking, and carbonylation that result in protein unfolding and aggregation. Because the major mechanism for elimination of carbonylated proteins is their degradation by proteasomes, we hypothesized that a combination of PDT with proteasome inhibitors might lead to accumulation of carbonylated proteins in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), aggravated ER stress, and potentiated cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. We observed that Photofrin-mediated PDT leads to robust carbonylation of cellular proteins and induction of unfolded protein response. Pretreatment of tumor cells with three different proteasome inhibitors, including bortezomib, MG132, and PSI, gave increased accumulation of carbonylated and ubiquitinated proteins in PDT-treated cells. Proteasome inhibitors effectively sensitized tumor cells of murine (EMT6 and C-26) as well as human (HeLa) origin to PDT-mediated cytotoxicity. Significant retardation of tumor growth with 60% to 100% complete responses was observed in vivo in two different murine tumor models (EMT6 and C-26) when PDT was combined with either bortezomib or PSI. Altogether, these observations indicate that combination of PDT with proteasome inhibitors leads to potentiated antitumor effects. The results of these studies are of immediate clinical application because bortezomib is a clinically approved drug that undergoes extensive clinical evaluations for the treatment of solid tumors.
Morphological stripe-bubble transition in remanent magnetic domain patterns of Co/Pt multilayer films and its dependence on Co thickness (2018)

We report a morphological transition in the magnetic domain pattern exhibited by perpendicular anisotropy ferromagnetic ${[\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pt}]}_{50}$ multilayer films at room temperature and remanence. We found that the remanent magnetic domain morphology and the associated domain density, defined as the number of domains of a given magnetization direction per area, strongly depend on the magnetic history. When the magnitude of the previously applied external field approaches a specific value, typically 75--95% of the saturation field, the magnetic pattern, which generally forms a maze of interconnected stripe domains, decays into a shorter stripe pattern, and the domain density increases. We mapped out this morphological transition as a function of the previously applied field magnitude as well as the Co thickness. We found that a Co thickness close to 30 \AA{} yields the highest domain density with the formation of a pure bubble domain state. Three-dimensional micromagnetic simulations confirm the formation of a pure bubble state in that parameter region and allow an estimation of the perpendicular anisotropy (here $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ for an input magnetization of 1080 kA/m), as well as the interpretation of distinct features of the samples' hysteresis loop based on the corresponding domain pattern.
Figure S7 from LKB1-Dependent Regulation of TPI1 Creates a Divergent Metabolic Liability between Human and Mouse Lung Adenocarcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S7. Tpi1 is required for tumor growth in KP and KPL LUAD models.&lt;/p&gt;
Distance learning through distributed collaborative video viewing (2000)

Previous research on Tutored Video Instruction (TVI) shows that learning is enhanced when small groups of students watch and discuss lecture videos together. Using specialized, high-end videoconferencing systems, these improved results have been shown to apply even when the students are in different locations (Distributed TVI, or DTVI). In this paper, we explore two issues in making DTVI-like scenarios widely supported at low cost. First, we explore design of a system that allows distributed individuals to collectively watch video using shared VCR controls such as play, pause, seek, stop. We show how such a system can be built on top of existing commercial technologies. Second, we explore the impact of four alternative discussion channels on student learning and interaction behavior. The four channels-text chat, audioconferencing, videoconferencing, and face-to-face-have differing infrastructure requirements and costs. Our lab studies show that while text chat does not work, there is no significant difference in discussion behavior and learning between audioconferencing and videoconferencing. While lab studies have their limitations and long-term field studies need to be done, the preliminary results point to a low-cost way for a DTVI-like model to be deployed widely in the very near future.
Fast and smooth data delivery using MPTCP by avoiding redundant retransmissions (2017)

We introduce a new, simple, yet effective scheme for reducing the impact of receiver buffer blocking in Multipath TCP (MPTCP). This blocking primarily occurs when the paths have different characteristics. This phenomenon is due to the limited size of the MPTCP receiver buffer. In a nutshell, our scheme allows, under certain conditions, the retransmission of a segment by a different interface than the one used originally and the closure of the badly behaving TCP connection. Our scheme anticipates the problem by opening multiple TCP connections for each interface, but only uses one at a given time. It detects when a segment needs to be retransmitted from another interface, closes the ongoing connection on the original interface, and starts using one of the backup connections. We show through NS3 simulations that our scheme improves MPTCP goodput, with a gain of 19% compared to other MPTCP schemes, and provides a smooth data delivery to the application layer. This last feature is of utmost importance for streaming applications. Furthermore, while other MPTCP schemes fail to perform better than the best single path TCP for some scenarios, our proposed scheme always outperforms the best single path TCP.
Predicting in vivo MRI Gradient-Field Induced Voltage Levels on Implanted Deep Brain Stimulation Systems Using Neural Networks (2020)

We have integrated machine learning (ML) with computational modeling and simulations and developed an accurate predictive model to determine MRI gradient-field induced voltage levels on implanted DBS systems.
Cover Feature: Probing the Structural Dynamics of a Bacterial Chaperone in Its Native Environment by Nitroxide‐Based EPR Spectroscopy (Chem. Eur. J. 66/2022) (2022)

Messages from the cell: The cover picture honors the sensitivity of nitroxide labels combined with EPR spectroscopy in reporting on protein structure dynamics inside bacterial cells. We have demonstrated, in particular, that NarJ protein can be investigated at room temperature within 15 minutes, conditions that allow the preservation of both cell integrity and the activity of the protein under investigation. More information can be found in the Research Article by E. Mileo and co-workers (DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202249).
Dynamic behavior of reversible oxygen migration in irradiated-annealed high temperature superconducting wires (2020)

We use atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy to determine the atomic-scale structural, chemical and electronic properties of artificial engineered defects in irradiated-annealed high temperature superconducting wires based on epitaxial Y(Dy)BCO film. We directly probe the oxygen vacancy defects in both plane and chain sites after irradiation with 18-meV Au ions. The plane site vacancies are reoccupied during post-annealing treatment. Our results demonstrate the dynamic reversible behavior of oxygen point defects, which explains the depression and recovery of self-field critical current and critical temperature in irradiation-annealing process. These findings reveal the strong effect of oxygen vacancies in different sites on the superconductivity properties of irradiated Y(Dy)BCO film, and provide important insights into defects engineering of 2G HTS coil wires.