gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Effectiveness-Efficiency Dependance for Image Retrieval (2000)

Similarity search in image database is commonly implemented as nearest-neighbor search in a feature space of the images. For that purpose, a large number of different features as well as different search algorithms have been proposed in literature. While the efficiency aspect of similarity search has attracted a great interest in the past few years, the effectiveness of the search was often neglected. In this work, however, we argue that these two measures interplay with each other. The longer the feature representation is, the better the quality of the retrieval gets, but the larger the execution costs become. In other words, an improvement in effectiveness leads to a deterioration of performance and vice versa. The aim of this work is to explicitly take both measures into account to optimize the retrieval both form a quality perspective and a performance perspective. To this end, we define a benchmark including a measure for the efficiency and the effectiveness of a feature. Then one can compare different features or feature combinations using simple two-dimensional plots. Based on the quality and performance constraints of a user, the search engine can easily determine the optimal feature or feature combination. Finally, we have applied our benchmark to a large number of different feature types to compare their effectiveness-efficiency relationship. 1
Materials innovation for co-delivery of diverse therapeutic cargos (2013)

Co-delivery is a rapidly growing sector of drug delivery that aspires to enhance therapeutic efficacy through controlled delivery of diverse therapeutic cargoes with synergistic activities. It requires the design of carriers capable of simultaneously transporting to and releasing multiple therapeutics at a disease site. Co-delivery has arisen from the emerging trend of combination therapy, where treatment with two or more therapeutics at the same time can succeed where single therapeutics fail. However, conventional combination therapy offers little control over achieving an optimized therapeutic ratio at the target site. Co-delivery via inclusion of multiple therapeutic cargos within the same carrier addresses this issue by not only ensuring delivery of both therapeutics to the same cell, but also offering a platform for control of the delivery process, from loading to release. Co-delivery systems have been formulated using a number of carriers previously developed for single-therapeutic delivery. Liposomes, polymeric micelles, PLGA nanoparticles, and dendrimers have all been adapted for co-delivery. Much of the effort focuses on dealing with drugs having dissimilar properties, increasing loading efficiencies, and controlling loading and release ratios. In this review, we highlight the innovations in carrier designs and formulations to deliver combination cargoes of drug/drug, drug/siRNA, and drug/pDNA toward disease therapy. With rapid advances in mechanistic understanding of interrelating molecular pathways and development of molecular medicine, the future of co-delivery will become increasingly promising and prominent.
Box Profiling of Boron by Laser Doping with Silicon Nano Ink (2014)

Laser doping process is able to fabricate high efficiency silicon solar cell structures without photolithography processes in atmosphere at room temperature. P-type Cz silicon solar cells lead to a reduction of conversion efficiency under illumination because boron and oxygen are -the major components of the underlying metastable Cz-specific defect. Therefore we fabricated solar call structures with n-type Fz silicon wafer in order to avoid the boron-oxygen related light-induced degradation. Also, in conventional doping precursor such as borosilicate glass (BSG) under the laser illumination, no absorption in the precursor layer and heat transfer via vague interfaces between silicon substrate and precursor layer causes unreliable results. On the other hand, direct absorption in precursor layer containing silicon nano ink bring direct mixing of dopant atoms and molten silicon substrate which realize high controllability of doping depth and concentration.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aziridination of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes (2006)

Simple chiral amines catalyze a highly chemo- and enantioselective aziridination of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to provide 2-formylaziridines in good yields and with up to 99 % ee. The synthetic utility of this organocatalytic method was exemplified in a two-step asymmetric synthesis of β-amino acid esters with readily removable protecting groups (see scheme; R1=tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl).
Mathematical model for the calculation of magnetization in anisotropic materials (1986)

A three-dimensional formalism has been developed that can be used to compute the anhysteretic magnetization of anisotropic materials. The formalism represents a statistically based mean-field model in which the material is characterized as an ensemble of pseudodomains. The magnetization of the ensemble is obtained using a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with an energy dependence that includes both interactive and anisotropic terms. The model is applied to a single crystal of cobalt and excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained.
The brain after COVID-19: Compensatory neurogenesis or persistent neuroinflammation? (2020)

Yiping Lu et al. [1] report increased grey matter volumes and changes in MRI-based measures of water diffusion in white matter in the brains of recovered COVID-19 patients three months after acute illness, compared to healthy controls. They propose that neurogenesis and hypertrophy caused volumetric enlargement, and pathway remyelination restricted diffusion in the patients. If valid, these explanations suggest vigorous and counter-intuitive compensatory brain mechanisms during recovery from COVID-19.
Hydrolytic Hydrogen Production on Al–Sn–Zn Alloys Processed by High-Pressure Torsion (2018)

Aluminium-tin-based alloys with different compositions were synthesized by a high-pressure torsion (HPT) method. The effect of different alloying elements and processing routes on the hydrogen generation performance of the alloys was investigated. The results show that Zn can enhance the hydrogen generation rate and yield by promoting pitting corrosion. The highest reactivity in water was achieved for an Al-30wt %Sn-10wt %Zn alloy. Detailed analysis of the Al-30wt %Sn-10wt %Zn alloy shows that increasing the shear strain and the resultant formation of ultrafine grains and phase mixing enhance the hydrogen generation rate through the effects of both nanogalvanic cells and pitting corrosion.
Tapered active-region, mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers for complete suppression of carrier-leakage currents (2012)

A new deep-well (DW) quantum-cascade laser (QCL) design: Tapered Active-Region (TA), for which the barrier layers in each active region are tapered such that their conduction band edges increase in energy from the injection barrier to the exit barrier, causes a significant increase in the energy difference between the upper laser level and the next higher energy level, E<sub>54</sub>; thus, resulting in further carrier-leakage suppression compared to DW QCLs. High E<sub>54</sub> values (80 -100 meV) are primarily obtained because the energy separation between the first excited states of a pair of coupled QWs (CQWs) is larger when the CQWs are asymmetric than when they are symmetric. Then, we reach an optimized TA-QCL design (&lambda;= 4.7 &mu;m) for which E<sub>54</sub> values as high as 99 meV are obtained, while insuring good carrier depopulation of the lower laser level (i.e., &tau;<sub>3</sub> = 0.2 ps) via the double-phonon-resonance scheme. In addition, the upper-laser-level lifetime increases by ~ 15 % compared to that for conventional QCLs. As a result, the relative carrier leakage decreases to values &le; 1% and the room-temperature (RT) threshold-current density decreases by ~ 25 % compared to that for conventional QCLs. Then, we estimate that single-facet, continuous-wave (CW) RT wallplug-efficiency values as high as 27 % are possible. Preliminary results from TA QCLs include T<sub>0</sub> and T<sub>1</sub> values as high as 231 K and 797 K, respectively, over the 20-60 &deg;C heatsink-temperature range.
Supporting Undergraduate Computer Architecture Students Using a Visual MIPS64 CPU Simulator (2012)

The topics of computer architecture are always taught using an Assembly dialect as an example. The most commonly used textbooks in this field use the MIPS64 Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) to help students in learning the fundamentals of computer architecture because of its orthogonality and its suitability for real-world applications. This paper shows how to use the EduMIPS64 visual CPU Simulator as a supporting tool for teaching the standard topics covered by an undergraduate course in computer architecture. The proposed approach is first compared to other similar works in the field, then after a short description of the simulator, the paper focuses on how it can be used for teaching specific topics in an undergraduate computer architecture course. This discussion is then followed by a quantitative assessment of the suitability of the simulator by means of a survey compiled by students themselves; the results show that EduMIPS64 is suitable for the purpose for which it was built-that is, supporting the learning process of computer architecture topics.
A Software Development and User Interface Rapid Prototyping Environment for Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) (1989)

One area of PACS research at the Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, relates to the user interface of the PACS workstations. Other research areas include network simulation, data compression, digital radiology, image processing, and teaching workstation development. The major focus of this paper is a presentation of a PACS user interface issues, including what should be considered when designing a man- machine interface for a PACS workstation. A brief discussion of PACS requirements is presented, followed by the advantages and disadvantages of various interaction techniques and devices. Next, a set of requirements for a PACS user interface prototyping environment is specified. Finally, the hardware and software components of the Georgetown PACS research environment are presented. Both those components which are applicable to user interface prototyping and those used for other PACS-related projects are discussed.
Supplementary Data from Delineating the RAS Conformational Landscape (2023)

Supplementary Data from Delineating the RAS Conformational Landscape
Nanophotonic Platforms for Enhanced Chiral Sensing (2018)

Chirality plays an essential role in life, providing unique functionalities to a wide range of biomolecules, chemicals, and drugs, which makes chiral sensing and analysis critically important. The wider application of chiral sensing continues to be constrained by the involved chiral signals being inherently weak. To remedy this, plasmonic and dielectric nanostructures have recently been shown to offer a viable route for enhancing weak circular dichroism (CD) effects, but most relevant studies have thus far been ad hoc, not guided by a rigorous analytical methodology. Here, we report the first analytical treatment of CD enhancement and extraction from a chiral biolayer placed on top of a nanostructured substrate. We derive closed-form expressions of the CD and its functional dependence on the background-chiroptical response, substrate thickness and chirality, as well as on the optical chirality and intensity enhancement provided by the structure. Our results provide key insights into the trade-offs that are to be accommodated in the design and conception of optimal nanophotonic structures for enhancing CD effects for chiral molecule detection. Based on our analysis, we also introduce a practical, dielectric platform for chiral sensing featuring large CD enhancements while exhibiting vanishing chiroptical background noise.
Widely tunable single-chip transceiver for 10 Gb/s wavelength conversion (2006)

Wavelength conversion is an essential function in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, as it enables better utilization of bandwidth and reduces blocking probabilities. This work presents, for the first time, a fully integrated transceiver solution to wavelength conversion in which all microwave signals are confined on a single InP chip. This device architecture, referred to as a photocurrent-driven wavelength converter (PD-WC), is particularly attractive due to the potential for low power dissipation, high bandwidth, data regeneration, and no optical output filtering requirement unlike many all-optical implementations. Here, a termination resistor and DC-blocking capacitor are integrated with an electroabsorption modulator (EAM) based PD-WC such that only DC biases are necessary for device operation and no microwave signal must travel off the chip. This widely-tunable device demonstrates error free 10 Gb/s conversion and utilizes both a simple, single-regrowth fabrication and a simple bias configuration.
Experimental measurements of the coherent field resulting from the interaction of an ultrasonic shock wave with a multiple scattering medium (2013)

Whereas multiple scattering and shock wave formation are known to be antagonistic phenomena, this work concentrates on the interaction of an ultrasonic shock wave with a random multiple scattering medium. The shock wave is generated by long distance propagation of a short pulse (4 periods at a 3.5 MHz central frequency) in water before it encounters the scattering medium (a slab-shaped random set of parallel metallic rods). Transmitted waves are recorded over hundreds of positions along the lateral dimension of the slab to estimate the ensemble-averaged transmitted field 〈φ(t)〉, also known as the coherent wave. Experiments are repeated for different thicknesses L of the slab and different emission amplitudes. The elastic mean free path le (i.e., the typical distance for the decreasing of the coherent intensity |〈φ(t)〉|² due to scattering) is determined as well as the harmonic rate of the averaged transmitted wave. Experimental results are discussed and compared to the linear case.
Emergency Medical Kit for Commercial Airlines: An Update (2007)

As expected, the issue of medical kits for commercial airlines continues to attract attention, especially in light of the recent United States regulation on the subject. As promised in its first recommendation in 1998, the Air Transport Medicine (ATM) Committee has continued to monitor medical kit usage as well as pharmaceutical scientific developments and wishes to propose an update to its 1998 recommendation. Lists of contents are provided for emergency medical kits of two types: 1) those without defibrillator/monitor or monitor; and 2) those with defibrillator/monitor or monitor alone. Follow up and updates on this issue will be an ongoing task of the ATM Committee.
Force‐field parametrization based on radial and energy distribution functions (2019)

We propose a novel force-field-parametrization procedure that fits the parameters of potential functions in a manner that the pair distribution function (DF) of molecules derived from candidate parameters can reproduce the given target DF. Conventionally, approaches to minimize the difference between the candidate and target DFs employ radial DFs (RDF). RDF itself has been reported to be insufficient for uniquely identifying the parameters of a molecule. To overcome the weakness, we introduce energy DF (EDF) as a target DF, which describes the distribution of the pairwise energy of molecules. We found that the EDF responds more sensitively to a small perturbation in the pairwise potential parameters and provides better fitting accuracy compared to that of RDF. These findings provide valuable insights into a wide range of coarse graining methods, which determine parameters using information obtained from a higher-level calculation than that of the developed force field. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cherenkov-excited Multi-Fluorophore Sensing in Tissue-Simulating Phantoms and In Vivo from External Beam Radiotherapy (2017)

In this work, Cherenkov-excited molecular sensing was used to assess the potential for simultaneous quantitative sensing of two NIR fluorophores within tissue-simulating phantoms through spectral separation of signals. Cherenkov emissions induced by external beam gamma photon radiation treatment to tissues/tissue-simulating phantoms were detectable over the 500-900-nm wavelength range. The presence of blood was demonstrated to reduce the integrated intensity of detected Cherenkov emissions by nearly 50%, predominantly at wavelengths below 620 nm. The molecular dyes, IRDye 680RD and IRDye 800CW, have excitation and emission spectra at longer wavelengths than the strongest blood absorption peaks, and also where the intensity of Cherenkov light is at its lowest, so that the emission signal relative to background signal is maximized. Tissue phantoms composed of 1% intralipid and 1% blood were used to simulate human breast tissue, and vials containing fluorophore were embedded in the media, and irradiated with gamma photons for Cherenkov excitation. We observed that fluorescence emissions excited by the Cherenkov signal produced within the phantom could be detected at 5-mm depth into the media within a 0.1-25 μ M fluorophore concentration range. The detected fluorescence signals from these dyes showed linear relationships with radiation doses down to the cGy level. In vivo tests were successful only within the range near a μ M, suggesting that these could be used for metabolic probes in vivo where the local concentrations are near this range.
RBC Adhesion to Vascular Endothelial Cells: More Potent than RBC Aggregation in Inducing Circulatory Disorders (2008)

Growing evidence has suggested that the adhesion of red blood cells (RBCs) to blood vessel wall endothelial cells (ECs) is a potent catalyst of microcirculatory disorders, but direct in vivo documentation has been lacking. In a recent study we have demonstrated the elevation of vascular resistance by RBCs with increased adhesion to ECs and normal deformability in the absence of aggregation. Unlike the previous chapter (i.e., the "point"), the findings and considerations discussed in this chapter (the "counterpoint) imply that RBC/EC adhesion is a more potent determinant of circulatory disorders than RBC aggregation.
Comparison of RNA-seq and microarray-based models for clinical endpoint prediction (2015)

We demonstrate that RNA-seq outperforms microarrays in determining the transcriptomic characteristics of cancer, while RNA-seq and microarray-based models perform similarly in clinical endpoint prediction. Our findings may be valuable to guide future studies on the development of gene expression-based predictive models and their implementation in clinical practice.
Subcooled Boiling Near a Heated Wall (2000)

Experimental measurements of void fraction, bubble frequency, and velocity are obtained in subcooled R-134a flowing over a heated flat plate near an unheated wall and compared to analytical predictions. The measurements were obtained for a fixed system pressure and mass flow rate (P = 2.4 MPa and w = 106 kg/hr) at various inlet liquid temperatures. During the experiments, electrical power was applied at a constant rate to one side of the test section. The local void fraction data, acquired with a hot-film anemometer probe, showed the existence of a significant peak near the heated wall and a smaller secondary peak near the unheated wall for the larger inlet subcoolings. Local vapor velocity data, taken with the hot-film probe and a laser Doppler velocimeter, showed broad maxima near the centerline between the heated and unheated plates. Significant temperature gradients near the heated wall were observed for large inlet subcooling. Bubble size data, inferred from measurements of void fraction, bubble frequency and vapor velocity, when combined with the measured bubble chord length distributions illustrate the transition from pure three dimensional spherical to two-dimensional planar bubble flow, the latter being initiated when the bubbles fill the gap between the plates. These various two-phase flow measurements were used for development of a multidimensional, four-field calculational method; comparisons of the data to the calculations show reasonable agreement.
10-W Peak-Power Picosecond Optical Pulse Generation from a Triple Section Blue-Violet Self-Pulsating Laser Diode (2010)

We fabricated a triple-section self-pulsating GaN-based laser diode (SP-LD) and investigated the dependence of self-pulsating characteristics on the saturable-absorber (SA) section length to generate optical pulses with a higher peak power and shorter duration. By shortening the SA section to 30 µm and applying a reverse bias of -12 V to the SA section, the optical pulses were shortened to 15 ps and the optical peak power became as high as 10 W with a pulse repetition frequency of 1 GHz under dc operation. This is the highest peak power so far reported in an SP-LD under dc operation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzo[b]furans as Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization and Inducers of Apoptosis. (2014)

Abstract Functionalization of key intermediate (IV) furnishes 29 different benzofuran derivatives, e.g. (V).
Rho Inhibition Induces Migration of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (2007)

Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being increasingly used as cell therapeutics in clinical trials, the mechanisms that regulate their chemotactic migration behavior are incompletely understood. We aimed to better define the ability of the GTPase regulator of cytoskeletal activation, Rho, to modulate migration induction in MSCs in a transwell chemotaxis assay. We found that culture-expanded MSCs migrate poorly toward exogenous phospholipids lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in transwell assays. Moreover, plasma-induced chemotactic migration of MSCs was even inhibited after pretreatment with LPA. LPA treatment activated intracellular Rho and increased actin stress fibers in resident MSCs. Very similar cytoskeletal changes were observed after microinjection of a cDNA encoding constitutively active RhoA (RhoAV14) in MSCs. In contrast, microinjection of cDNA encoding Rho inhibitor C3 transferase led to resolution of actin stress fibers, appearance of a looser actin meshwork, and increased numbers of cytoplasmic extensions in the MSCs. Surprisingly, in LPA-pretreated MSCs migrating toward plasma, simultaneous addition of Rho inhibitor C2I-C3 reversed LPA-induced migration suppression and led to improved migration. Moreover, addition of Rho inhibitor C2I-C3 resulted in an approximately 3- to 10-fold enhancement of chemotactic migration toward LPA, S1P, as well as platelet-derived growth factor or hepatocyte growth factor. Thus, inhibition of Rho induces rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton in MSCs and renders them susceptible to induction of migration by physiological stimuli. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.