gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross-sensor vision system for maritime object detection (2023)

Accurate and automated detection of maritime vessels present in aerial images is a considerable challenge. While significant progress has been made in recent years by adopting neural network architectures in detection and classification systems, these systems are usually designed specific to a sensor, dataset or location. In this paper, we present a system which uses multiple sensors and a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to test cross-sensor object detection resiliency. The system is composed of five main subsystems: Image Capture, Image Processing, Model Creation, Object-of-Interest Detection and System Evaluation. We show that the system has a high degree of cross-sensor vessel detection accuracy, paving the way for the design of similar systems which could prove robust across applications, sensors, ship types and ship sizes.
Fluorescence quenching of the phenanthrene excimer on Al2O3(0001): Coverage and distance dependence (1990)

The fluorescence from disordered phenanthrene adlayers on Al2O3(0001) was examined in ultrahigh vacuum at 20 K using laser-induced fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence spectra was consistent with emission from a phenanthrene excimer. The fluorescence lifetime of the phenanthrene excimer was studied versus phenanthrene coverage and versus distance from the Al2O3(0001) surface using xenon spacers. As a function of coverage on Al2O3(0001), the fluorescence lifetime decreased from τ=34±0.5 ns at phenanthrene coverages of Θ≥20 ML to τ=7±0.5 ns at Θ=1 ML. As a function of xenon spacer distance from the Al2O3(0001) surface, the fluorescence lifetime also decreased from τ=34±0.5 ns at distances of d&amp;gt;100 Å to τ=7±0.5 ns at d=7 Å. Fluorescence measurements versus phenanthrene coverage on xenon, butane, acetonitrile and methanol multilayers revealed that the phenanthrene excimer fluorescence lifetime was constant at τ≊35 ns on the molecular multilayer surfaces. These results indicated that the reduction of the fluorescence lifetime was particular to the Al2O3(0001) surface. The fluorescence lifetimes versus phenanthrene coverage and xenon spacer distance on Al2O3(0001) were equivalent when the phenanthrene coverage was converted to total adlayer thickness. This correspondence suggested that the excited electronic energy in disordered phenanthrene adlayers transfers rapidly to phenanthrene excimers at the phenanthrene–vacuum interface. Subsequently, competition occurs between fluorescence quenching by the Al2O3(0001) surface and phenanthrene excimer fluorescence. In addition, fluorescence lifetime measurements vs phenanthrene coverage on CaF2 thin films displayed similar fluorescence quenching. Fluorescence lifetimes versus phenanthrene coverage on O2 molecular multilayers also revealed fluorescence quenching that was attributed to a charge-transfer mechanism. The observed fluorescence quenching on Al2O3(0001) indicates that the surface states of this ionic crystal may be accessible for electronic energy transfer even though Al2O3 is a known insulator. A Förster electronic energy transfer mechanism was used to analyze the observed fluorescence lifetimes vs phenanthrene coverage or xenon spacer distance on Al2O3(0001).
Delivery of drug, or gene, to blood vessel wall using intravascular ultrasound and microbubbles. (2009)

Atherosclerotic arteries are routinely treated using balloon angioplasty followed by stent placement. We developed a concept for a new therapy to prevent restenosis involving using ultrasound and microbubble-based drug/gene carriers. A number of early in vitro and in vivo results are presented. In particular, data for delivery of antiproliferative gene via microbubbles ruptured via catheter-based intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at the site of vessel injury in vivo in a pig coronary artery are presented. Optimal design of a modified IVUS catheter is discussed. The proposed catheter includes a bubble port, an elongated single element transducer to provide radiation force to cause the bubbles to traverse to the vessel wall, and a bubble rupture transducer. The bubble rupture transducer is ideally coincident with an imaging IVUS scanning single element or annular phased array. These requirements provide the impetus to develop enhanced designs of both PZT based transducers and silicon micromachined transducers. In our initial pig study, transfection efficiency was measured using fluorescence microscopy and quantified as the percent of vessel perimeter cells expressing red fluorescent protein. We observed 23.3±6.0% transfection in the treated vessel whereas the control exhibited 3.6±2% transfection.
Quantitative telomeric overhang determination using a double-strand specific nuclease (2007)

Telomeres terminate in 3' overhangs that function in end protection and the formation of t-loops. Determining the steps and factors involved in overhang processing is compromised by the inability to easily and accurately determine overhang size in the presence of many kilobases of double-stranded telomeric DNA. We here describe the use of a double-strand specific nuclease (DSN) that entirely digests double-stranded DNA including telomeres, leaving the overhangs intact so that they can be measured.
Accurate three-dimensional virtual reconstruction of surgical field using calibrated trajectories of an image-guided medical robot (2014)

Brain tumor margin removal is challenging because diseased tissue is often visually indistinguishable from healthy tissue. Leaving residual tumor leads to decreased survival, and removing normal tissue causes life-long neurological deficits. Thus, a surgical robotics system with a high degree of dexterity, accurate navigation, and highly precise resection is an ideal candidate for image-guided removal of fluorescently labeled brain tumor cells. To image, we developed a scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) which acquires concurrent reflectance and fluorescence wide-field images at a high resolution. This miniature flexible endoscope was affixed to the arm of a RAVEN II surgical robot providing programmable motion with feedback control using stereo-pair surveillance cameras. To verify the accuracy of the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructed surgical field, a multimodal physical-sized model of debulked brain tumor was used to obtain the 3-D locations of residual tumor for robotic path planning to remove fluorescent cells. Such reconstruction is repeated intraoperatively during margin clean-up so the algorithm efficiency and accuracy are important to the robotically assisted surgery. Experimental results indicate that the time for creating this 3-D surface can be reduced to one-third by using known trajectories of a robot arm, and the error from the reconstructed phantom is within 0.67 mm in average compared to the model design.
Preeclampsia. Part 2: Experimental and Genetic Considerations (2002)

Preeclampsia-eclampsia is still one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite active research for many years, the etiology of this disorder exclusive to human pregnancy is an enigma. Recent evidence suggests there may be several underlying causes or predispositions leading to the signs of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, findings that allow us to make the diagnosis of the "syndrome" of preeclampsia. Despite improved prenatal care, severe preeclampsia and eclampsia still occur. Although understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders has improved, treatment has not changed significantly in over 50 years. Although postponement of delivery in selected women with severe preeclampsia improves fetal outcome to a degree, this is not done without risk to the mother. In the United States, magnesium sulfate and hydralazine are the most commonly used medications for seizure prophylaxis and hypertension in the intrapartum period. The search for the underlying cause of this disorder and for a clinical marker to predict those women who will develop preeclampsia-eclampsia is ongoing, with its prevention the ultimate goal. This review began with the clinical and pathophysiologic aspects of preeclampsia-eclampsia (Part 1). Now, in Part 2, the experimental observations, the search for predictive factors, and the genetics of this disorder are reviewed.
Micro-optical coherence tomography of the mammalian cochlea (2016)

The mammalian cochlea has historically resisted attempts at high-resolution, non-invasive imaging due to its small size, complex three-dimensional structure, and embedded location within the temporal bone. As a result, little is known about the relationship between an individual's cochlear pathology and hearing function, and otologists must rely on physiological testing and imaging methods that offer limited resolution to obtain information about the inner ear prior to performing surgery. Micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT) is a non-invasive, low-coherence interferometric imaging technique capable of resolving cellular-level anatomic structures. To determine whether μOCT is capable of resolving mammalian intracochlear anatomy, fixed guinea pig inner ears were imaged as whole temporal bones with cochlea in situ. Anatomical structures such as the tunnel of Corti, space of Nuel, modiolus, scalae, and cell groupings were visualized, in addition to individual cell types such as neuronal fibers, hair cells, and supporting cells. Visualization of these structures, via volumetrically-reconstructed image stacks and endoscopic perspective videos, represents an improvement over previous efforts using conventional OCT. These are the first μOCT images of mammalian cochlear anatomy, and they demonstrate μOCT's potential utility as an imaging tool in otology research.
Human G-protein 3 subunit variant is associated with serum potassium and total cholesterol levels but not with blood pressure (2000)

The activity of a sodium-proton exchanger is enhanced in the patients with essential hypertension and regulated via G-protein, which is a signal transducer between receptors and intracellular effectors. A recent study has revealed that a novel variant (C825T) in exon 10 of the gene encoding the β3 subunit of heterotrimetric G proteins (GNB3) is a genetic factor predisposing to hypertension in Caucasians. We examined the association between GNB3/C825T and blood pressure, lipids, electrolytes, and other parameters in a Japanese population. Subjects (n = 352) were selected from the Ohasama Study, the population of which is regarded as from a rural community in Japan. To obtain precise clinical measurements, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and carotid ultrasonography (CUS) were conducted in this population. In addition, we recruited 762 subjects from outpatients at the Osaka University Medical School to carry out the association study between hypertension and GNB3. The GNB3 genotype distribution did not differ significantly between normotensives and hypertensives in either of the two studies. The T825 allele of GNB3 was not associated with the presence of hypertension, blood pressure level, the number of brain lacunae or carotid wall thickness. However, the serum potassium and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in subjects with the T allele (P < .005). The T825 allele of GNB3 is associated with increased serum potassium and total cholesterol levels but not with blood pressure in a Japanese population.
Fungal Melanins and Applications in Healthcare, Bioremediation and Industry (2021)

Melanin is a complex multifunctional pigment found in all kingdoms of life, including fungi. The complex chemical structure of fungal melanins, yet to be fully elucidated, lends them multiple unique functions ranging from radioprotection and antioxidant activity to heavy metal chelation and organic compound absorption. Given their many biological functions, fungal melanins present many possibilities as natural compounds that could be exploited for human use. This review summarizes the current discourse and attempts to apply fungal melanin to enhance human health, remove pollutants from ecosystems, and streamline industrial processes. While the potential applications of fungal melanins are often discussed in the scientific community, they are successfully executed less often. Some of the challenges in the applications of fungal melanin to technology include the knowledge gap about their detailed structure, difficulties in isolating melanotic fungi, challenges in extracting melanin from isolated species, and the pathogenicity concerns that accompany working with live melanotic fungi. With proper acknowledgment of these challenges, fungal melanin holds great potential for societal benefit in the coming years.
6G in the sky: On‐demand intelligence at the edge of 3D networks (Invited paper) (2020)

Sixth generation will exploit satellite, aerial, and terrestrial platforms jointly to improve radio access capability and unlock the support of on-demand edge cloud services in three-dimensional (3D) space, by incorporating mobile edge computing (MEC) functionalities on aerial platforms and low-orbit satellites. This will extend the MEC support to devices and network elements in the sky and forge a space-borne MEC, enabling intelligent, personalized, and distributed on-demand services. End users will experience the impression of being surrounded by a distributed computer, fulfilling their requests with apparently zero latency. In this paper, we consider an architecture that provides communication, computation, and caching (C3) services on demand, anytime, and everywhere in 3D space, integrating conventional ground (terrestrial) base stations and flying (non-terrestrial) nodes. Given the complexity of the overall network, the C3 resources and management of aerial devices need to be jointly orchestrated via artificial intelligence-based algorithms, exploiting virtualized network functions dynamically deployed in a distributed manner across terrestrial and non-terrestrial nodes.
Cadmium sulfide-copper sulfide heterojunction cell research. Quarterly report, June 1-August 31, 1981 (1982)

The localization and elimination of shunting defects in Cu/sub 2/S/CdS cells is reported. Cells free of such defects are shown to be voltage stable under prolonged exposure at open-circuit voltage. An attempt to eliminate shunting defects by interposing an insulating layer between the CdS and the ohmic back contact is reported. Further development of an alternate cell design utilizing a transparent substrate is reported and practical difficulties in producing such cells are described. Production of large grain CdS substrates for use in detailed studies of the Cu/sub 2/S layer has been only partially successful. Zinc contents in Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/S higher than about 20% are necessary in order to further improve the open-circuit voltage and conversion efficiency of Cu/sub 2/S based cells. Growth results for such films utilizing both compound sources and a three element source system are described. The three element source system has now been calibrated for both zinc and cadmium. Inhomogeneities in Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/S silms produced from various compound source designs are discussed.
Hyperconjugative π → σ*CF Interactions Stabilize the Enol Form of Perfluorinated Cyclic Keto–Enol Systems (2019)

Lindner and Lemal showed that perfluorination of keto-enol systems significantly shifts the equilibrium toward the enol tautomer. Quantum mechanical calculations now reveal that the shift in equilibrium is the result of the stabilization of the enol tautomer by hyperconjugative π → σ*<sub>CF</sub> interactions and the destabilization of the keto tautomer by the electron withdrawal induced by the neighboring fluorine atoms. The preference for the enol tautomer further increases in smaller perfluorinated cyclic keto-enol systems. This trend is in contrast to the nonfluorinated compounds, where the enol is strongly disfavored in the smaller rings. The fluoro effect overrides the effect of the ring size that controls the equilibria in nonfluorinated compounds. The increased overlap of the enol π bond with the σ*<sub>CF</sub> orbitals of the allylic C-F bonds results in the increased preference for the enol tautomer in smaller perfluorinated keto-enol systems. We show here why the effect is much greater than in 3,3-difluorocyclooctyne.
A 20Gb/s VCSEL driver with pre-emphasis and regulated output impedance in 0.13μm CMOS (2005)

Two 20 Gb/s optical transmitters are presented. They are a part of a 4/spl times/12 array intended for backplane data links. The drivers are fabricated in 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS and include pre-emphasis and regulated output impedance. When coupled to 990 nm VCSELs, they provide optical modulation amplitude of 0 dBm and consume 70 mW and 120 mW.
Increased Contractile Response to Noradrenaline Induced By Factors Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in Cultured Small Mesenteric Arteries (2015)

Arteries exposed only to combinations of the risk factors showed a significant 1.6-fold increase in the contractile NA sensitivity, which suggests that complex combinations of metabolic risk factors might lead to changes in vascular tone.
Non-Affinity Purification of Antibodies (2023)

Currently, purification of antibodies is mainly carried out using a platform technology composed primarily of Protein A chromatography as a capture step, regardless of the scale. However, Protein A chromatography has a number of drawbacks, which are summarized in this review. As an alternative, we propose a simple small-scale purification protocol without Protein A that uses novel agarose native gel electrophoresis and protein extraction. For large-scale antibody purification, we suggest mixed-mode chromatography that can in part mimic the properties of Protein A resin, focusing on 4-Mercapto-ethyl-pyridine (MEP) column chromatography.
Polar electro-optic switching in droplets of an achiral nematic liquid crystal (1999)

Abstract A polar electro-optic response is observed in droplets of an achiral nematic liquid crystal in coexistence with the isotropic phase. Between crossed polarizers each pancake-shaped droplet shows extinction brushes in the form of a centred cross aligned with the polarizer axes. An applied electric field E induces a rotation of the crosses about the field direction, with about half the droplets switching clockwise and the other half anticlockwise. The sense of rotation in each droplet changes when E is reversed. We propose that a twisted bipolar director structure is stabilized in the droplets by a relatively large splay elastic constant and tangential boundary conditions. The molecules twist along the diameter of the droplets, perpendicular to the applied field, which results in a linear rotation of the director by the inverse flexoelectric effect. Since the molecules are achiral, the handedness of the twist, and hence the sense of the switching, in any droplet is arbitrary.
Genotypic and Immunophenotypic Characterization of Two Human Light Chain– – Only B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (1990)

Two atypical human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) that exhibited unusual genotypic and in situ immunophenotypic abnormalities are described. Immunophenotypically, both NHLs lacked surface Ig heavy chains. With the exception of the MB2 B-cell-associated antigen, no B- and T-cell differentiation antigen was detected in case 1. NHL 2 failed to show evidence of clonality by immunohistochemical analysis but revealed the presence of many B-lymphocytes with an abnormal phenotypic profile: CD19+, CD20+, CD22+, kappa-, lambda-, CD9-, CD10-, CD21-, and CD24-. Genotypic analysis indicated that both lymphomas derived from anomalously matured pre-B-cells that had rearranged the lambda or kappa light chain genes but not the Ig heavy chain gene. The neoplastic cells of the two NHLs resemble the light chain-only B-cells recently discovered, following Epstein-Barr virus immortalization, in the human bone marrow. The authors' data confirm, therefore, the existence of the light chain-only B-cells in the human hematopoietic compartment. Moreover, their results emphasize the conclusive role of the immunogenotypic analysis in defining clonality, lineage, and maturation abnormalities of such atypical NHLs.
CO-CULTURE OF PORCINE PANCREATIC ISLETS WITH PARAMAGNETIC MICROPARTICLES DOES NOT RESULT IN REDUCED VIABILITY OR FUNCTION (2010)

Suszynski, T. M.; Rizzari, M. D.; Kidder, L. S.; Mueller, K.; Kitzmann, J. P.; Chapman, C. S.; Pongratz, R. L.; Kirchner, V. A.; Cline, G. W.; Avgoustiniatos, E. S.; Papas, K. K. Author Information
Local Recurrence Detection Following Transanal Excision Facilitated by EUS-FNA (2012)

Local recurrence following transanal excision is often in an intraluminal location. Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration confirmed nodal metastases in mesenteric and extra mesenteric locations more frequently than subepithelial locations.
DeepCEST 3T: Robust MRI parameter determination and uncertainty quantification with neural networks—application to CEST imaging of the human brain at 3T (2019)

The deepCEST 3T neural network provides fast and robust estimation of CEST parameters, enabling online reconstruction of sophisticated CEST contrast images without the typical computational cost. Moreover, the uncertainty quantification indicates if the predictions are trustworthy, enabling confident interpretation of contrast changes.
Autonomic Innervation of Human Airways: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology in Asthma (1999)

The human airways are innervated via efferent and afferent autonomic nerves, which regulate many aspects of airway function. It has been suggested that neural control of the airways may be abnormal in asthmatic patients, and that neurogenic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of asthma. In this review, the autonomic innervation of the human airways and possible abnormalities in asthma are discussed. The parasympathetic nervous system is the dominant neuronal pathway in the control of airway smooth muscle tone. Stimulation of cholinergic nerves causes bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and bronchial vasodilation. Although abnormalities of the cholinergic innervation have been suggested in asthma, thus far the evidence for cholinergic dysfunction in asthmatic subjects is not convincing. Sympathetic nerves may control tracheobronchial blood vessels, but no innervation of human airway smooth muscle has been demonstrated. beta-Adrenergic receptors, however, are abundantly expressed on human airway smooth muscle and activation of these receptors causes bronchodilation. The physiological role of beta-adrenergic receptors is unclear and their function seems normal in asthmatic patients. Inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerves, containing vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric oxide, may be the only neural bronchodilator pathways in human airways. Although a dysfunction of inhibitory NANC nerves has been proposed in asthma, thus far no differences in inhibitory NANC responses have been found between asthmatics and healthy subjects. Excitatory NANC nerves, extensively studied in animal airways, have also been detected in human airways. In animal studies, stimulation of excitatory NANC nerves causes bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, vascular hyperpermeability, cough, and vasodilation, a process called 'neurogenic inflammation'. Recent studies have demonstrated an interaction between the excitatory NANC nervous system and inflammatory cells. Neuropeptides may influence the recruitment, proliferation, and activation of leukocytes. On the other hand, inflammatory cells may modulate the neuronal phenotype and function. The functional relevance of the excitatory NANC nervous system and its interaction with the immune system in asthma still remains to be elucidated.
Asymmetric parallel waveguide with mode conversion for mode and wavelength division multiplexing transmission (2012)

An asymmetric parallel waveguide realizes low-loss mode conversion and MUX/DEMUX simultaneously over a wide wavelength range. MDM and WDM transmission is achieved with a low insertion loss of &lt;1.6dB for LP01 and LP11 modes.