gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomaly detection in maritime data based on geometrical analysis of trajectories (2015)

Anomaly detection is an important use of the Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), because it offers support to users to evaluate if a vessel is in trouble or causing trouble. For instance, it can be used to detect if a ship is doing something that may cause an accident or if it has changed its route to avoid bad weather condition. In this work, a new method for finding anomalies in the ships' movements is proposed. The method analyzes the trajectory of ships from a geometrical perspective. The trajectory of the ship is compared with a near-optimal path that is generated by a graph search algorithm. The proposed method extracts some scale-invariant features from the real trajectory and also from the optimal movement pattern, and it compares the two sets of features to generate an abnormality score. The method is unsupervised and it does not require training. Instead of labeling the trajectories as normal/abnormal it calculates a score value that denotes the extent of abnormality. The scoring scheme provides a ranking system in which the user can sort the trajectories based on their abnormality score. This is useful when dealing with large number of trajectories and the user wants to picks the most abnormal cases. For the evaluation, the method was run on three months data of North Pacific Ocean and score values were generated. Among the entire dataset, 100 randomly chosen trajectories were labeled by an expert. After applying a threshold on the score value, the proposed method had 94% accuracy.
Quantifying Engagement with Citations on Wikipedia (2020)

Wikipedia is one of the most visited sites on the Web and a common source of information for many users. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia was not conceived as a source of original information, but as a gateway to secondary sources: according to Wikipedia’s guidelines, facts must be backed up by reliable sources that reflect the full spectrum of views on the topic. Although citations lie at the heart of Wikipedia, little is known about how users interact with them. To close this gap, we built client-side instrumentation for logging all interactions with links leading from English Wikipedia articles to cited references during one month, and conducted the first analysis of readers’ interactions with citations. We find that overall engagement with citations is low: about one in 300 page views results in a reference click (0.29% overall; 0.56% on desktop; 0.13% on mobile). Matched observational studies of the factors associated with reference clicking reveal that clicks occur more frequently on shorter pages and on pages of lower quality, suggesting that references are consulted more commonly when Wikipedia itself does not contain the information sought by the user. Moreover, we observe that recent content, open access sources, and references about life events (births, deaths, marriages, etc.) are particularly popular. Taken together, our findings deepen our understanding of Wikipedia’s role in a global information economy where reliability is ever less certain, and source attribution ever more vital.
Effect of the Polycation Nature on the Structure of Layer-by-Layer Electrostatically Self-Assembled Multilayers of Polyphenol Oxidase (2003)

Self-assembled multilayers comprised of alternate layers of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and poly(allylamine) (PAH) or PPO and poly(diallyldimethylamine) (PDDA), deposited on a 3-mercaptopropanesulfonic acid (MPS)-modified gold surface, were studied "in-situ" (under water) by means of ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and "ex-situ" (in open air) by ellipsometry and fourier transform infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRRAS). Optical ellipsometric properties of (PAH)(n)(PPO)(n) and (PDDA)(n)(PPO)(n) multilayers were obtained at two wavelengths, employing an isotropic single-layer model with the substrate parameters measured after thiol adsorption. Film thickness as well as ellipsometric mass values based on the de Feijter equation were also evaluated. The quartz crystal impedance analysis showed that self-assembled multilayers behaved as acoustically thin films, and therefore, the shifts observed in the film inductive impedance parameter were interpreted in terms of gravimetric mass. The enzyme mass up-take in each adsorption step was determined on PAH or on PDDA topmost layer. A comparative study between the ellipsometric thickness and acoustic mass values allowed us to obtain average values of "apparent" densities of (2.1 +/- 0.1) and (2.4 +/- 0.1) g cm(-3) for (PAH)(n)(PPO)(n) and (PDDA)(n)(PPO)(n) multilayers, respectively. The content of water included in the open polymer-enzyme structure was evaluated by comparison of QCM and ellipsometric mass values. FT-IRRAS spectra of each layer in (PAH)(n)(PPO)(n) and (PDDA)(n)(PPO)(n) films were recorded, and the intensity ratio of the amide bands was evaluated to obtain information about layer-by-layer enzyme conformation. An enzyme/polycation distribution model for (PAH)(n)(PPO)(n)and (PDDA)(n)(PPO)(n) multilayer structures is presented on the basis of combined ellipsometric, QCM, and FT-IRRAS results.
Calditrichaceae (2021)

Abstract Cal.di.tri.cha.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n. Caldithrix , type genus of the family; ‐ aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. the Caldithrix family. The family Calditrichaceae accommodates the genera Caldithrix and Calorithrix , which are represented by Gram‐negative, motile or nonmotile, and rod‐shaped bacteria. Members of the genus Caldithrix are capable of forming round protrusions. These are neutrophilic, moderately thermophilic, and anaerobic bacteria, which grow by fermentation of peptides or carbohydrates. Some representatives are able to grow by nitrate respiration using molecular hydrogen or acetate as the electron donors and forming ammonium as the end product. Members of the Calditrichaceae inhabit submarine hot vents, either shallow water or deep sea. The family belongs to the class Calditrichia, order Calditrichales . DNA G + C content (mol%) : 43.3–47.3 ( T m and genome sequence). Type genus : Caldithrix Miroshnichenko et al. 2003 VP . Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the family Calditrichaceae is: correct name (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Pseudomonadati / Calditrichota / Calditrichia / Calditrichales / Calditrichaceae The family Calditrichaceae can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as f__Calditrichaceae (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Bacteria / p__Calditrichota / c__Calditrichia / o__Calditrichales / f__Calditrichaceae * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776
Pseudosymmetry in Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. A Stereoselective Construction of the Bicyclic Core of Peduncularine (2006)

Intramolecular photocycloaddition of 41 or its equivalent leads to the formation of photoadduct 25. While retro-Mannich fragmentation of the "b" bond in 25 leads to the formation of 44 (via 43), with the incorrect relative stereochemistry for the synthesis of peduncularine 5, selective fragmentation of the "a" bond in 25 leads to the formation of 42 (via 26) with the correct relative stereochemistry for the synthesis of 5.
Temporal Starvation in CSMA Wireless Networks (2010)

It is well known that links in CSMA wireless networks are prone to starvation. Prior works focused almost exclusively on equilibrium starvation. In this paper, we show that links in CSMA wireless networks are also susceptible to temporal starvation. Specifically, although some links have good equilibrium throughputs and do not suffer from equilibrium starvation, they can still have no throughput for extended periods from time to time. Given its impact on quality of service, it is important to understand and characterize temporal starvation. To this end, we develop a "trap theory" to analyze temporal throughput fluctuation. The trap theory serves two functions. First, it allows us to derive new mathematical results that shed light on the transient behavior of CSMA networks. For example, we show that the duration of a trap, during which some links receive no throughput, is insensitive to the distributions of the backoff countdown and transmission time (packet duration) in the CSMA protocol. Second, we can develop analytical tools for computing the "degrees of starvation" for CSMA networks to aid network design. For example, given a CSMA network, we can determine whether it suffers from starvation, and if so, which links will starve. Furthermore, the likelihood and durations of temporal starvation can also be computed. We believe that the ability to identify and characterize temporal starvation as established in this paper will serve as an important first step toward the design of effective remedies for it.
Fluidized Bed for Removing Iron and Acidity from Acid Mine Drainage (1998)

A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) for the removal of iron from acid mine drainage (AMD) was evaluated as part of a prototype multistage system, which included a bioreactor to oxidize ferrous iron, an FBR for the precipitation of ferric iron as a coating on media, and a carbonate bed (CB) for pH control. In the integrated system, a 99% iron removal efficiency was achieved, with effluent iron concentration remaining <3 mg L−1 and pH >6. The optimum pH for iron removal in the FBR was about pH 3.5. Above that pH, and above an iron loading of about 0.20 mg Fe h−1m−2 reactor surface area, suspended iron particles developed in the reactor system. Particulates in the feed had an adverse impact on the removal performance of the system. Schwertmannite appeared to be the predominant mineral formed in the precipitation reactor. Coating growth on the sand media appeared to result from the attachment and consolidation of small iron particles (<1.0 μm) that formed in the bulk solution.
The IBM trainable speech synthesis system (1998)

The speech synthesis system described in this paper uses a set of speaker-dependent decision-tree state-clustered hidden Markov models to automatically generate a leaf level segmentation of a large single-speaker continuous-read-speech database. During synthesis, the phone sequence to be synthesised is converted to an acoustic leaf sequence by descending the HMM decision trees. Duration, energy and pitch values are predicted using separate trainable models. To determine the segment sequence to concatenate, a dynamic programming (d.p.) search is performed over all the waveform segments aligned to each leaf in training. The d.p. attempts to ensure that the selected segments join each other spectrally, and have durations, energies and pitches such that the amount of degradation introduced by the subsequent use of TD-PSOLA is minimised. Algorithms embedded within the d.p. can alter the required acoustic leaf sequence, duration and energy values to ensure high quality synthetic speech. The selected segments are concatenated and modi ed to have the required prosodic values using the TD-PSOLA algorithm. The d.p. results in the system e ectively selecting variable length units, based upon its leaf level framework.
REJUVENATION OF T CELL MEMORY (2007)

Memory CD8+ T cells generated during an immune response are long-lived and self-renewing, off ering\nenhanced host protection against re-infection. However, how an antigen-specific population of memory T cells is\nmaintained throughout repetitive infections over potentially a lifetime is not known. Here we review the generation\nand maintenance of antigen-specifi c CD8+ T cells and introduce our recent data showing dynamic turnover of an\nantigen-specific memory T cell population during repeated antigen challenge in vivo. We demonstrated that a\nprimary response potentially occurs upon every recall response and fi nd that the skewed T-cell receptor （TCR）\nrepertoire of pre-existing memory T cells is partly corrected by diversity in a newly formed （primary） population.\nImportantly, memory T cells generated in a more recent antigen encounter expand more vigorously in a subsequent\nrecall response. A primary response during re-challenge therefore restores both the TCR diversity and proliferative\npotential of the memory T cell population. These findings indicate that memory T cell populations evolve over\nmultiple challenges, favoring memory T cells generated in more recent encounters, and suggest that these primary\npopulations have essential roles in the perpetuation of antigen-specifi c T cell populations.
Method for optimizing the magnetic circuit of a linear generator using FEM simulations (2020)

Within the area of permanent magnet electrical machines, there is an ongoing focus on replacing the rare earth permanent magnets with alternatives. An option is hard ferrites, commonly used in other applications. The relatively low coercive field strength of the ferrite magnets makes irreversible demagnetization an area that should not be neglected. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for the optimization of a slow-moving linear generator simulated in a finite element environment. The no-load phase voltage is maximized while accounting for iron saturation and permanent magnet irreversible demagnetization. This demagnetization is considered when the translator is alongside either the stator or air. The inclination angle between magnetization and magnetic field strength is accounted for by adjusting the intrinsic coercivity for each element of the permanent magnets. Characteristics for the magnet grades Y30 and Y40 are used in the optimization process. The velocity of the translator is set to resemble a speed common to wave power applications. Commercial finite element software is used together with two optimization algorithms: the genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization. The results of these optimization algorithms reach similar optimal solutions for the considered objective function, assuring a result close to a global maximum. The results also show a great difference in the optimal geometry for the two magnet grades and highlight the need to account for irreversible demagnetization when designing generators with ferrite magnets.
Performance evaluation of a small OpenPET prototype (2010)

We have proposed an OpenPET geometry which consists of two axially separated detector rings. The open gap would be suitable for in-beam PET, which is a method for in situ monitoring of charged particle therapy. In the present work, we developed the first prototype of the OpenPET, especially for in-beam experiments using phantoms. The OpenPET prototype was designed with 2 detector rings of 8 detector blocks. Ring diameter was 110 mm and the axial FOV was 126 mm. Distance between detector rings is 42 mm and could be controlled. The DOI detector consisted of 784 LGSO crystals which were arranged in a 4-layer design of 14 × 14 arrays, coupled to a 64-ch PS-PMT. Each crystal element was 2.9 × 2.9 × 5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . After 64-channel gain correction of the PS-PMT, output signals of two DOI detectors stacked axially were projected on one 2-dimensional position histogram by an Anger calculation. The system sensitivities were measured from a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sup> Na point source. The system sensitivity was 5.5 %. A count rate performance test was done that utilized a cylinder phantom (4 cm diameter, 8 cm length). Maximum count rate of prompt was 28 kcps at 3.5 MBq. The OpenPET prototype has the promise of high sensitivity and sufficient performance for testing in in-beam experiments.
Wide bandgap n-type and p-type semiconductor porous junction devices as photovoltaic cells (2011)

In junction absorber photovoltaics doped wide bandgap n-type and p-type semiconductors form a porous interpenetrating junction structure with a layer of low bandgap absorber at the interface. The doping concentration is high enough such that the junction depletion width is smaller than the pore size. The highly conductive neutral region then has a dentrite shape with fingers reaching the absorber to effectively collect the photo-carriers swept out by the junction electric field. With doping of 10 19 cm −3 corresponding to a depletion width of 25 nm, pore size of 32 nm, absorber thickness close to exciton diffusion length of 17 nm, absorber bandgap of 1.4 eV and carrier mobility over 10 −5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , numerical calculation shows the power conversion efficiency is as high as 19.4%. It rises to 23% for a triplet exciton absorber.
Multimode siloxane polymer waveguides for robust high-speed interconnects (2006)

Novel multimode waveguide interconnects fabricated from high-reliability siloxane polymers are presented. The propagation characteristics are investigated and the viability of the waveguides for robust high-speed transmission at 10 Gb/s is successfully demonstrated.
Polycystin, the polycystic kidney disease 1 protein, is expressed by epithelial cells in fetal, adult, and polycystic kidney. (1996)

Polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) is the major locus of the common genetic disorder autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. We have studied PKD1 mRNA, with an RNase protection assay, and found widespread expression in adult tissue, with high levels in brain and moderate signal in kidney. Expression of the PKD1 protein, polycystin, was assessed in kidney using monoclonal antibodies to a recombinant protein containing the C terminus of the molecule. In fetal and adult kidney, staining is restricted to epithelial cells. Expression in the developing nephron is most prominent in mature tubules, with lesser staining in Bowman's capsule and the proximal ureteric bud. In the nephrogenic zone, detectable signal was observed in comma- and S-shaped bodies as well as the distal branches of the ureteric bud. By contrast, uninduced mesenchyme and glomerular tufts showed no staining. In later fetal (>20 weeks) and adult kidney, strong staining persists in cortical tubules with moderate staining detected in the loops of Henle and collecting ducts. These results suggest that polycystin's major role is in the maintenance of renal epithelial differentiation and organization from early fetal life. Interestingly, polycystin expression, monitored at the mRNA level and by immunohistochemistry, appears higher in cystic epithelia, indicating that the disease does not result from complete loss of the protein.
Streptococcal cysteine proteinase releases kinins: a virulence mechanism. (1996)

Previous work has indicated a crucial role for the extracellular cysteine proteinase of Streptococcus pyogenes in the pathogenicity and virulence of this important human pathogen. Here we find that the purified streptococcal cysteine proteinase releases biologically active kinins from their purified precursor protein, H-kininogen, in vitro, and from kininogens present in the human plasma, ex vivo. Kinin liberation in the plasma is due to the direct action of the streptococcal proteinase on the kininogens, and does not involve the previous activation of plasma prekallikrein, the physiological plasma kininogenase. Judged from the amount of released plasma kinins the bacterial proteinase is highly efficient in its action. This is also the case in vivo. Injection of the purified cysteine proteinase into the peritoneal cavity of mice resulted in a progressive cleavage of plasma kininogens and the concomitant release of kinins over a period of 5 h. No kininogen degradation was seen in mice when the cysteine proteinase was inactivated by the specific inhibitor, Z-Leu-Val-Gly-CHN2, before administration. Intraperitoneal administration into mice of living S. pyogenes bacteria producing the cysteine proteinase induced a rapid breakdown of endogenous plasma kininogens and release of kinins. Kinins are hypotensive, they increase vascular permeability, contract smooth muscle, and induce fever and pain. The release of kinins by the cysteine proteinase of S. pyogenes could therefore represent an important and previously unknown virulence mechanism in S. pyogenes infections.
Raman scattering probe of anharmonic effects due to temperature and compositional disorder in GaNxAs1−x (2006)

Using micro-Raman spectroscopy, we have investigated the vibrational properties of coherently strained GaNxAs1−x alloys grown on GaAs (001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The effect of compositional disorder in GaNxAs1−x alloys has been studied by analyzing the broadening, asymmetry, and line shift of the first-order LO mode and nitrogen-induced localized vibration mode (NLVM). It is found that the line shape and peak shift of GaAs-like LO mode in GaNxAs1−x can be well described by the spatial correlation model. We have also analyzed Raman spectra of GaNxAs1−x alloys in the temperature range of 80–500K. The intensity of GaAs-like LO phonon and NLVM decreases with temperature and the linewidth of both these modes shows substantial broadening at higher temperature. The temperature dependence of phonon linewidth and peak frequency of LO modes are analyzed in terms of anharmonic damping effect induced by thermal and compositional disorders. We have observed that the anharmonicity in GaNxAs1−x is higher than that in GaAs, and increases with the N content in GaNxAs1−x alloys. In addition, both thermal and compositional disorder-induced anharmonicities lead to an appreciable change of the LO phonon lifetime. These results obtained from Raman investigations would lead to a better understanding of the anharmonic effects in dilute nitrides.
Toward Compressive Camera Networks (2014)

Compressive sensing lets researchers reconstruct high-resolution data from fewer samples, which could alleviate the data deluge in large-scale and multimodal camera networks. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/oVwdIr836WI is a video demonstrating how compressive sensing lets researchers reconstruct high-resolution data from fewer samples, which could alleviate the data deluge in large-scale multimodal camera networks.
KATP Channel Pharmacogenomics: From Bench to Bedside (2007)

Inheritance plays a significant role in defining drug response and toxicity. Advances in molecular pharmacology and modern genomics emphasize genetic variation in dictating inter-individual pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. A case in point is the homeostatic ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel, an established drug target that adjusts membrane excitability to match cellular energetic demand. There is an increased recognition that genetic variability of the K(ATP) channel impacts therapeutic decision-making in human disease.
Evaluation of Ficus benjamina wood chip-based fungal biofiltration for the treatment of Tequila vinasses (2018)

This study was focused on the application of an aerobic biofiltration (BF) with Ficus benjamina wood chips as support medium, inoculated with two basidiomycete fungi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BF 1) and Trametes versicolor (BF 2), to treat Tequila vinasses from a Tequila industry. The biofiltration system was compared with a biofilter system without basidiomycete fungi (BF W), in order to determine the influence of fungi on the treatment of vinasses. Three different vinasses/water ratios (30/70, 40/60, and 50/50) were evaluated. The maximum removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) obtained during each operation step were 72% (BF 1), 72% (BF 2), and 8% (BF W) for 30 vinasses/70 water; 72% (BF 1), 73% (BF 2), and 66% (BF W) for 40 vinasses/60 water; and 22% (BF 1), 20% (BF 2), and 18% (BF W) for 50 vinasses/50 water. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal was significantly increased using a volumetric organic load of 5.5 kg COD m<sup>-3</sup>d<sup>-1</sup>. During the operation of the biofilters, the enzymatic activity of laccase was present, even at the step of highest concentration of vinasses.