gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Gate-Edge Leakage Current in nMOSFETs Caused by Encroached Growth of Nickel Silicide and Its Suppression by Confinement of Silicidation Region Using Advanced $\hbox{Si}^{+}$ Ion-Implantation Technique (2009)

The anomalous gate-edge leakage current in n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (nMOSFETs), which is caused by the encroached growth of nickel silicide across the p-n junction, is first reported. Furthermore, this encroached growth, which is caused by the isotropic and rapid diffusion of Ni atoms during the silicidation annealing, is successfully suppressed by the advanced Si <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion-implantation (Si-I.I.) technique. Using the Si-I.I. technique, both the anisotropic silicidation to the perpendicular direction and the phase transition from Ni <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Si to NiSi are enhanced by the introduction of damaged layers into Si substrates, such as vacancy and amorphous Si layers, and as a result, the silicidation region is confined at the source and drain regions. In addition, we propose a new evaluation method for the quantitative analysis of the encroached growth based on its growth properties, namely, the variability of encroached growths, which is three standard deviations of the roughness at silicide edges. The usefulness of this simple analysis for a large number of nMOSFETs is also demonstrated.
Isotropic and Anisotropic Flux Pinning Induced by Heavy-Ion Irradiation (2022)

Ion irradiation of REBCO films and coated conductors, in which the ions pass completely through the REBCO film, produces damage tracks which form near-ideal flux-pinning defects. The radius and aspect ratio of the tracks depends on the mass and energy of the incident ions. We have investigated the effect of Ag ion irradiation, at different incident energies and incidence angles, on REBCO production-quality coated conductors from American Superconductor Corp. Transmission electron microscopy and in-field transport critical current anisotropy analysis indicates that the ion-energy threshold for the formation of elongated tracks is around 50 MeV. At this energy tracks are not readily identifiable in low-resolution TEM, and enhancement of critical current is nearly isotropic. For a higher ion energy of 100 MeV, on the other hand, clear elongated (but still not fully continuous) tracks are visible in TEM, and the critical current is anisotropic with strong enhancement occurring when the applied field is parallel to the ion incidence angle. We particularly analyze the case of 60° inclined irradiation. This produces a clear peak in the field-angle dependence of critical current for 100 MeV irradiation, but only an incipient peak for 50 MeV irradiation. The incipient peak can be identified by curve fitting using a minimal number of maximum-entropy functional components.
Correlative Tomography – Combining x-ray nanotomography and FIB/SEM serial sectioning to analyze Al-Si cast alloys (2020)

Aluminium alloys with silicon as their major alloying element are widely used in die or sand casting of machine or vehicle parts. The microstructure of hypereutectic Al-Si alloys (&gt;12% Si) consist of primary silicon particles and the Al-Si eutectic. Elements such as Cu, Mg and Ni are added in order to form a great variety of different intermetallic phases which improve mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Size, shape and connectivity of these complexly formed intermetallic phases play a decisive role for the properties and are for that reason of great interest. As the complex shapes and connectivity are not accessible by means of classical 2D techniques, 3D analysis of the microstructure is mandatory. Due to the size of the particles in the ?mrange, only high resolution 3D imaging techniques are suitable. In this work we used 3D X-ray Microscopy as well as FIB/SEM Serial Sectioning to image the microstructure of an AlSi12Cu4Ni2Mg cast alloy. 3D images were taken at the very same sample volume in order to compare information gained from the different techniques.
US National Institutes of Health Prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants (2023)

Since late 2020, SARS-CoV-2 variants have regularly emerged with competitive and phenotypic differences from previously circulating strains, sometimes with the potential to escape from immunity produced by prior exposure and infection. The Early Detection group is one of the constituent groups of the US National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution program. The group uses bioinformatic methods to monitor the emergence, spread, and potential phenotypic properties of emerging and circulating strains to identify the most relevant variants for experimental groups within the program to phenotypically characterize. Since April 2021, the group has prioritized variants monthly. Prioritization successes include rapidly identifying most major variants of SARS-CoV-2 and providing experimental groups within the National Institutes of Health program easy access to regularly updated information on the recent evolution and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 that can be used to guide phenotypic investigations.
The Effects of Lung Recruitment on the Phase III Slope of Volumetric Capnography in Morbidly Obese Patients (2009)

The S(III) in VC was useful to detect the optimal level of PEEP after lung recruitment in anesthetized morbidly obese patients.
Noise reduction for channel estimation based on pilot-block averaging in DVB-T receivers (2006)

This paper proposes a noise-reduction method to improve the channel-estimation performance in digital video broadcasting-terrestrial (DVB-T) receivers. In DVB-T, the channel estimation is carried out through two processes of pilot signal estimation and channel coefficient interpolation and thus the performance of the channel estimation is seriously affected by the accuracy of the interpolation. Since the accuracy of the interpolation depends on signal-to-noise ratio, it is important to reduce noise existing at the reference coefficients for the interpolation. To achieve the reduction of noise, we use pilot-insertion type approximation in four consecutive OFDM symbols, which construct one block with the same channel coefficients at the same pilot positions. Considering the fade rate of channels, we average the estimated reference, channel coefficients corresponding to the same subcarriers in two or more blocks. Computer simulation shows that the proposed method improves the estimation performance by more than 1 dB in terms of the symbol error rate obtained after equalization.
Performance analysis of spectrally efficient free-space data link using spatially multiplexed orbital angular momentum beams (2013)

In this paper, we present the measurement results of a spectrally efficient 2.56Tb/s free-space data link using orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams. This link includes 32 independent 20 Gbaud/s 16-quadrature-amplitude-modulation data streams, each encoded on a different OAM beam, which are mode-, polarization- and space-division multiplexed as one collocated beam. We measured the bit-error rate (BER) curves of all 32 channels, all of which can achieve a BER of &lt;2×10-3. The performance degradation due to the spatial multiplexing using concentric ring scheme is analyzed. Additionally, the effect of the pre-filtering is investigated, and negligible penalty is observed.
Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection with tumor p53, KIT, stem cell factor, PDGFR‐alpha and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma (2010)

Most Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) contain Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA, and the virus likely has a pivotal role in tumor pathogenesis. p53 and the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase have also been implicated in MCC pathogenesis, but little is known about their association with MCPyV infection. We identified 207 patients diagnosed with MCC in Finland in 1979-2004 and reviewed the histological diagnoses. Adequate clinical information, tumor tissue and DNA were available from 87 confirmed MCC cases. Presence of MCPyV DNA was assessed using quantitative PCR; p53, KIT, phospho-KIT, stem cell factor (SCF) and PDGFRα expression using immunohistochemistry and presence of mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 and PDGFRA exons 10, 12, 14 and 18 using DNA sequencing. Most (77.0%) of the 87 tumors contained MCPyV DNA and 37 (42.5%) expressed KIT, whereas PDGFRα, p53, SCF and pKIT expression was less common (31.9, 22.8, 8.6 and 4.8%, respectively). No KIT or PFGFRA mutations were detected, but 10 (12.5%) of the 80 tumors studied harbored common PDGFRA exon 10 S478P substitution. Tumor p53 and KIT expression were associated with absence of MCPyV DNA (p = 0.01 and 0.009, respectively). Tumor p53 expression was associated with unfavorable MCC-specific survival (p = 0.021) and overall survival (p = 0.046), but tumor KIT expression only when stratified by presence of MCPyV DNA. The results suggest that p53 and KIT expression are associated with absence of MCPyV DNA in MCC, and that the molecular pathogenesis of MCC is multifactorial.
Recrystallisation of Ti IF Steel Investigated with Electron Back-scattering Pattern (EBSP). (1996)

The deformed structure of cold rolled IF steels consists of a large number of α fibre and γ fibre oriented grains and a small number of (110)<110> oriented grains, each with a distinctive grain shape, subgrain structure, hardness and etching appearance. Early nucleation occurs mainly in γ fibre grains and (110)<110> grains. The texture of the early nuclei consists of a γ fibre with a spread towards (221)<110> together with a weak <100>// ND fibre. Numerous nuclei develop within a single deformed grain. α fibre grains are consumed only after 70% of the materials is recrystallised.
The Effect of Coating and Tightening Speed on the Torque-Tension Relationship in Threaded Fasteners (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study investigates the effect of fastener coating, tightening speed, and repeated tightening on the torque-tension relationship, and on the coefficients of thread and underhead friction. Selected coatings provide three distinctly different levels of friction between threads and under the rotating fastener head; these coatings are assigned a low, medium, or high friction designation. Due to the fact that the torque-tension relationship is highly sensitive to normal variations in friction, the findings of this study would improve the reliability and safety of bolted assemblies, especially in critical applications.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;For the three selected coatings, the experimental procedure determines the coefficients of thread and underhead bearing friction as well as the overall fasteners torque-tension relationship at two tightening speeds for three fastener sizes with fine and coarse threads. Additionally, the effect of repeated tightening is examined.&lt;/div&gt;
Understanding Rate Acceleration and Stereoinduction of an Asymmetric Giese Reaction Mediated by a Chiral Rhodium Catalyst (2017)

The surprising acceleration of the addition of electron-rich radicals to α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles by a chiral-at-metal rhodium catalyst is investigated. M06/Lanl2DZ (Rh),6-31G(d) calculations reproduce the observed rate acceleration and shed light on a catalyst design where a rigid chiral pocket with a steric interaction >5 Å from the chiral metal center leads to the observed high stereoinduction. Analysis of the molecular orbitals of two key addition transition states emphasize the role of the catalyst as a Lewis acid without significant charge transfer.
Experimental test of an analytical model of aberration in an oil-immersion objective lens used in three-dimensional light microscopy (1992)

Oil-immersion microscope objective lenses have been designed and optimized for the study of thin, two-dimensional object sections that are mounted immediately below the coverslip in a medium that is index matched to the immersion oil. It has been demonstrated both experimentally and through geometrical- and physical-optics theory that, when the microscope is not used with the correct coverslip or immersion oil, when the detector is not located at the optimal plane in image space, or when the object does not satisfy specific conditions, aberration will degrade both the contrast and the resolution of the image. In biology the most severe aberration is introduced when an oil-immersion objective lens is used to study thick specimens, such as living cells and tissues, whose refractive indices are significantly different from that of the immersion oil. We present a model of the three-dimensional imaging properties of a fluorescence light microscope subject to such aberration and compare the imaging properties predicted by the model with those measured experimentally. The model can be used to understand and compensate for aberration introduced to a microscope system under nondesign optical conditions so that both confocal laser scanning microscopy and optical serial sectioning microscopy can be optimized.
Abstracts from Cardiac BioInterventions 2002 (2005)

October 4-5, 2002, San Francisco, California, USA
26 Gbit/s LiFi System With Laser-Based White Light Transmitter (2021)

Wedemonstrate a high-speed light fidelity (LiFi) communication system deploying ultra-high brightness laser-based white light illumination sources in a surface mount device (SMD) packaging platform. The LiFi transmitter SMD source provides 450 lumens of white light output with a brightness of 1000 cd/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a dual wavelength configuration comprising blue and infrared (IR) emitting laser diodes within the SMD. First, we present high-speed data transmission beyond 25 Gbit/s over a 3 meter channel distance with the combined data rates from the blue and IR lasers in the single SMD. Next, we present a 2.8 Gbit/s data rate with the dual wavelength laser SMD light source using a side-emissive fiber as the transmitter. This work proves the viability of LiFi systems deploying laser-based white light sources operating at very high data rates with the visible light and communication signal delivered in conventional free-space transmission architectures along with novel configurations using side-emitting fibers.
Polar Compiler: Auto-Generator of Hardware Architectures for Polar Encoders (2020)

Polar codes have been standardized for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) control channels and been considered by other applications. Though there are lots of works on polar encoder implementations, the manual design is laborious regarding various application requirements. This paper devotes itself in proposing a compiler to automatically generate target polar encoders in Verilog HDL files, given code length, parallelism level, and stage number. This compiler is based on uniform formula representations of pipelined or stage-folded polar encoders. Thanks to the compiler, designers have been freed from manual design and enabled to conduct hardware optimization in design space with constraints on area, latency, power, or throughput. Implementation results show that polar encoders generated by the compiler are more efficient than the state-of-the-art ones in terms of area and energy.
Joint MCS selection for MLD based signal detection in 4&#x00D7;4 OFDM-MIMO multiplexing with multi-codeword transmission (2010)

This paper presents throughput performance results when using joint and independent modulation and coding scheme (MCS) selections in adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) for maximum likelihood detection (MLD) based signal detection in 4-by-4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) multiplexing. We show by computer simulation that joint MCS selection achieves the maximum total throughput, since the best MCS combination is selected regardless of the applied MCS set. We also show that unlike for 2-by-2 MIMO multiplexing, the gain in the throughput for joint MCS selection compared to that for independent MCS selection is distinct for 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing. Therefore, we conclude that joint MCS selection is effective in improving the maximum total throughput using MLD based signal detection for 4-by-4 MIMO multiplexing or greater.
Evaluation of the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and MS neuropsychological screening questionnaire (MSNQ) in natalizumab-treated MS patients over 48 weeks (2010)

These results replicate earlier work in a smaller cohort treated with conventional disease-modifying therapy, and support the reliability of the SDMT and MSNQ as potential screening for monitoring tools for cognition over time.
A Systematic Study of Electrolyte Additives in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2(NMC)/Graphite Pouch Cells (2014)

The effects of electrolyte additives singly or in combination on Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC)/graphite pouch cells have been systematically investigated and compared using the ultra high precision charger (UHPC) at Dalhousie University, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), an automated storage system, gas evolution measurements and selected long-term cycling experiments. The results of testing Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC)/graphite pouch cells with different electrolyte additives singly or in combination were measured and the results for over 110 additive sets are compared. A "Figure of Merit" approach is used to rank the effectiveness of the additives and their combinations. The combination of vinylene carbonate (VC) and/or prop-1-ene-1,3 sultone (PES), a sulfur containing additive, such as methylene methane disulfonate (MMDS), as well as either tris(-trimethly-silyl)-phosphate (TTSP) and/or tris(-trimethyl-silyl)-phosphite (TTSPi) as additives in the electrolyte can give cells with extremely high coulombic efficiency, excellent storage properties, low impedance and superior long term cycling at 55°C. Additive mixtures such as 2% PES + 1% MMDS + 1% TTSPi are especially excellent in all respects. It is hoped that this comprehensive report sets a benchmark for future studies by others and can be used as a guide and reference for the comparison of other electrolyte additives singly or in combination.
Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Infection (1993)

Variations in cytokine production in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could be involved in the physiopathology and in the progression of the disease. Therefore we studied the level of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) produced in patients with HIV infection at stage II (asymptomatic seropositives) and stage IV (AIDS) of the CDC classification, by using an enzyme amplified sensitivity immunoassay. We measured the level of GM-CSF and TNF alpha in supernatant of phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients and healthy individuals. In one out of 10 stage II patients and 4 out of 14 stage IV patients, we obtained higher levels of GM-CSF than the mean + 2 S.D. of controls, but in 3 stage IV patients with very low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (< 50/mm-3) compared to other patients, the GM-CSF values were very low. High levels of TNF alpha were detected in 3 out of 10 stage II and 6 out of 11 stage IV patients. The high values of TNF alpha were associated with high values of GM-CSF in stage II and in most of AIDS patients except those with very low CD4+ T cell counts, who produced low levels of GM-CSF. Plasma levels of cytokines were evaluated in 10 stage II, 22 stage IV patients and 20 controls. Increased levels of GM-CSF (more than 9 pg/ml) were observed in the plasma from 8 out of 10 stage II patients and 17 out of 22 stage IV patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Complementary antibody lineages achieve neutralization breadth in an HIV-1 infected elite neutralizer (2022)

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have remarkable breadth and potency against most HIV-1 subtypes and are able to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. However, bNAbs are extremely difficult to induce by vaccination. Defining the developmental pathways towards neutralization breadth can assist in the design of strategies to elicit protective bNAb responses by vaccination. Here, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env)-specific IgG+ B cells were isolated at various time points post infection from an HIV-1 infected elite neutralizer to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Multiple antibody lineages were isolated targeting distinct epitopes on Env, including the gp120-gp41 interface, CD4-binding site, silent face and V3 region. The mAbs each neutralized a diverse set of HIV-1 strains from different clades indicating that the patient's remarkable serum breadth and potency might have been the result of a polyclonal mixture rather than a single bNAb lineage. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the neutralizing mAbs (NAbs) in complex with an Env trimer generated from the same individual revealed that the NAbs used multiple strategies to neutralize the virus; blocking the receptor binding site, binding to HIV-1 Env N-linked glycans, and disassembly of the trimer. These results show that diverse NAbs can complement each other to achieve a broad and potent neutralizing serum response in HIV-1 infected individuals. Hence, the induction of combinations of moderately broad NAbs might be a viable vaccine strategy to protect against a wide range of circulating HIV-1 viruses.
Model Reuse for the Training of Fault Scenarios in Aerospace (2004)

The use of models has become common in aircraft development. Many different models of aircraft subsystems are designed to analyze, optimize, and synthesize the subsystem behavior. An important behavior in training simulators is the aircraft behavior when failures occur and it would be beneficial to re-use the subsystem models that were designed in the development process. One of these models captures the behavior of the redundancy management system that operates on aircraft elevators. This paper shows how this model can be connected to another model that captures the dynamics of the actuator hydraulics and elevator mechanics to study transient effects of loss of control. The same model of the redundancy management system is then included by reference in an aircraft model for training purposes to investigate transient effects of fault scenarios. Finally, the paper discusses how the real-time code that is used in training simulators can be automatically generated from the same model, using customization features to ensure that the generated code is compatible with the software with which it needs to be integrated.
Kinetic Study of the Pyrolysis of H2S (2003)

The pyrolysis of hydrogen sulfide has been studied at residence times between 0.4 and 1.6 s and in the temperature range of 800−1100 °C. A continuous perfectly mixed quartz reactor was used to acquire kinetic data on the thermal dissociation of hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur mixtures diluted in argon (95 vol %). The kinetic auto-acceleration effect of sulfur is demonstrated. A detailed radical mechanism is written to account for the experimental results, in particular for the auto-acceleration effect, and validated against experimental results. This pyrolysis kinetic scheme is the first step and core of a complete detailed mechanism capable of modeling the various oxidation reactions encountered in an industrial Claus furnace.
Transforming surgery through biomaterial template technology (2016)

Templates inserted into surgical wounds strongly influence the healing responses in humans. The science of these templates, in the form of extracellular matrix biomaterials, is rapidly evolving and improving as the natural interactions with the body become better understood.