gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Techno-economics of carbon preserving butanol production using a combined fermentative and catalytic approach (2014)

This paper presents a novel process for n-butanol production which combines a fermentation consuming carbon dioxide (succinic acid fermentation) with subsequent catalytic reduction steps to add hydrogen to form butanol. Process simulations in Aspen Plus have been the basis for the techno-economic analyses performed. The overall economy for the novel process cannot be justified, as production of succinic acid by fermentation is too costly. Though, succinic acid price is expected to drop drastically in a near future. By fully integrating the succinic acid fermentation with the catalytic conversion the need for costly recovery operations could be reduced. The hybrid process would need 22% less raw material than the butanol fermentation at a succinic acid fermentation yield of 0.7g/g substrate. Additionally, a carbon dioxide fixation of up to 13ktonnes could be achieved at a plant with an annual butanol production of 10ktonnes.
The Motion of a Compliantly Suspended Rigid Body Constrained by Multi-Point Frictionless Contact (2002)

In this paper, the motion of an elastically suspended rigid body unilaterally constrained by contact at multiple locations is studied. In this problem, each individual contact may or may not constrain the body’s motion. Whether a contact provides an active constraint or not is determined by: 1) the commanded motion of the body’s compliant support, 2) the direction of the constraining surface normal, 3) the number and direction of other potentially constraining surfaces, and 4) the elastic properties of the support. Here, the investigated problem is restricted to quasistatic motion and frictionless contact. We show that the set of possible constraints that are active for a given set of contacts, elastic behavior, and commanded motion is unique. We also develop a procedure to determine the set of active constraints. This procedure is then used as part of a larger procedure to determine the compliant motion of the rigid body.
Application of phase-retrieved pupil functions in wide-field fluorescence microscopy (2002)

Multidimensional fluorescence microscopy data are often collected under imaging conditions that cause aberrations. For proper deconvolution of such data, one needs to generate a Point Spread Function (PSF) that includes the aberrations. Even if it is possible to model the imaging aberrations theoretically, there remains the problem of modifying the PSF accordingly. Measured PSFs are difficult to modify, and theoretical PSFs lack lens- and system-specific features. Phase retrieval approaches can be used to produce a compact and modifiable description of a microscope system, including its measured, system-specific performance. These pupil functions can be used in a depth-dependent deconvolution to correct for geometric distortions and improve restoration of relative intensities compared to spatially invariant deconvolution using unaberrated PSFs.
Chemoresistenz des primären Nierenzellkarzinoms im In-vitro-Kurzzeittest und ihre Durchbrechung mit Verapamil (1989)

Das Nierenzellkarzinom zeichnet sich durch eine schlechte Prognose aus. Viele Versuche zur vorher-sagenden Chemosensitivitätstestung scheiterten zum Teil an technischen Problemen. Wir haben daher im Volm-Test 35 Nierenzellkarzinome untersucht. In Kenntnis eines “multidrug-resistance” Genes an Nierenkarzinomgewebe überprüften wir zusätzlich den zytotoxizitätsmodulierenden Einfluß von Verapamil (n = 15). Bei hoher Auswertbarkeit (34/35) fanden wir in 9/34 sensible Tumoren. In 6/15 Fällen zeigte sich eine eindeutige Resistenzdurchbrechung mit Verapamil, in 3/15 keine erkennbare Wirkung. Obwohl die Überprüfung der klinischen Relevanz noch aussteht, scheint die Anzahl sensibler Tumoren (9/34) mit den Ergebnissen klinischer chemotherapeutischer Studien übereinzustimmen. Der Wirksamkeitsnachweis von Verapamil belegt die Rolle des multidrug-resistance Genes an der Niere. Nur wo Chemoresistenz vorliegt (6/15), kann Verapamil seine Membranwirkung entfalten, bei sensiblen Tumoren (3/15) nicht.
Botulinum Neurotoxin A and Neurotoxin E Cleavage Products of Synaptosome-Associated Protein of 25 kd Exhibit Distinct Actions on Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Kv2.1 Channel Gating (2008)

BoNT/A or BoNT/E treatment of beta cells generates N-terminal SNAP-25 fragments that are retained in beta cells to directly influence Kv channel gating in a manner distinct from full-length SNAP-25, contributing to overall actions of these BoNTs on insulin secretion.
Molecular Structure of a Fibrillar Alzheimer's Aβ Fragment (2000)

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide deposition as fibrillar senile plaques is a key element in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Here we present a high-resolution structure of an Abeta amyloid fibril using magnetically aligned preparations of a central Abeta domain which forms representative amyloid fibrils. Diffraction analysis of these samples revealed Bragg reflections on layer lines consistent with a preferred orientation, as opposed to the typical symmetry associated with fibers. These crystalline properties permitted a molecular replacement approach based upon a beta-hairpin motif resulting in a structure of the fibrillar Abeta peptide. This detailed molecular structure of Abeta in its fibrous state provides clues as to the mechanism of amyloid assembly and identifies potential targets for controlling the aggregation process.
Embedding Quaternary V1–x–ySrxWyO2 into Multilayer Systems to Enhance Its Thermochromic Properties for Smart Glass Applications (2022)

Smart window glazing technology possesses a great potential for reducing the overall energy demand in the building sector. Thin films based on thermochromic vanadium dioxide (VO2) are ideally suited as functional layers of thermochromic smart windows. VO2 itself exhibits a significant change in optical transparency and reflectivity in the infrared spectrum. However, the optimization of VO2-based thin films for application as intelligent window glazing is still ongoing. The improvement is rather tedious because the key parameters set by the application such as transmittance modulation ΔT2500, luminous transmittance Tlum, solar transmittance modulation ΔTsol, and transition temperature ϑc affect each other. Codoping of VO2 with strontium (Sr) and tungsten (W) drives the parameters close to the desired range. However, the requirements set for the use as smart window coating cannot be fully met. Here, we show by a systematic comparison of simulations and experiments that embedding a layer of thermochromic V1–x–ySrxWyO2 between an optimized TiO2 buffer and a TiO2 antireflection layer already adds additional degrees of freedom to simultaneously fulfill all smart window requirements for the optical parameters ΔT2500, Tsol, Tlum, and ΔTsol. In particular, the luminous transmittance Tlum is improved by not less than ≈10% in such a trilayer structure.
Performance Evaluation of Future T-Type PFC Rectifier and Inverter Systems with Monolithic Bidirectional 600 V GaN Switches (2021)

Three-phase PFC rectifier and inverter systems can be realized using identical main converter stages (MCSs) that comprise three three-level T-Type (TT) bridge-legs and a DC-bus referenced LC-filter stage. TT bridge-legs advantageously realize three output voltage levels by extending a half-bridge with the possibility to connect the switch node to the capacitive DC-link midpoint. To do so, a switching device with bipolar voltage blocking and bidirectional current carrying capability is required. A novel monolithic bidirectional 600 V/140 mΩ GaN e-mode transistor is an ideal candidate to realize the required midpoint connection in a chip-area efficient way. We therefore comprehensively characterize this monolithic bidirectional switch (M-BDS) in an 800 V DC TT bridge-leg realized with two additional 1200 V/140 mΩ SiC MOSFETs. Continuous operation of the M-BDS in all four voltage/current quadrants is demonstrated at ±400 V, and results of calorimetric measurements of the hard- and soft switching losses are provided. This facilitates the evaluation of the TT MCS’ achievable performance in CCM and TCM rectifier and inverter designs regarding efficiency and power density. For MCSs with (three-phase) nominal power ratings of up to 2 kW, we find efficiencies of > 99 % for power densities of up to about 15kW/I.
Oxide nanoparticle EUV resists: toward understanding the mechanism of positive and negative tone patterning (2013)

DUV, EUV and e-beam patterning of hybrid nanoparticle photoresists have been reported previously by Ober and coworkers. The present work explores the underlying mechanism that is responsible for the dual tone patterning capability of these photoresist materials. Spectroscopic results correlated with mass loss and dissolution studies suggest a ligand exchange mechanism responsible for altering the solubility between the exposed and unexposed regions.
Intraoperative Ketorolac and Eye Pain After Vitreoretinal Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study: Reply (2004)

Fekrat, Sharon MD; Elsing, Sarah H. MD; Raja, Sharath C. MD; de Juan, Eugene Jr. MD; Campochiaro, Peter A. MD; Haller, Julia A. MD Author Information
Current Status and Prospects of Immunotherapy for Gynecologic Melanoma (2021)

Gynecologic melanomas are rare and have a poor prognosis. Although immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors) and targeted therapy has greatly improved the systemic treatment of cutaneous melanoma (CM) in recent years,&nbsp;its efficacy in gynecologic melanomas remains uncertain because of the rarity of this malignancy and its scarce literature. This review aimed to evaluate the literature of gynecologic melanomas treated with immunotherapy and targeted therapy through a PubMed search. We identified one study focusing on the overall survival of gynecologic melanomas separately and five case series and nine case reports concentrating on gynecologic melanomas treated with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and/or targeted therapy. Furthermore, the <i>KIT</i> mutation has the highest rate among all mutations in mucosal melanoma types. The KIT inhibitors (Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: TKIs) imatinib and nilotinib could be the treatment options. Moreover, immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with KIT inhibitors may potentially treat cases of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, because of the different conditions and a small number of cases, it is difficult to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy and targeted therapy for gynecologic melanoma rigorously at this time. Further prospective cohort or randomized trials of gynecologic melanoma alone are needed to assess the treatment with solid evidence.
The Ratio of Plasma Membrane Cholesterol to Phospholipid and the Inhibition of Sindbis Virus Maturation by Low NaCl Medium (1985)

Sindbis virus maturation is inhibited by low NaCl medium in chick embryo cells and in one strain of BHK cells, but not in another strain of BHK cells which has a different passage history. The plasma membrane of the cells in which Sindbis virus maturation is resistant to low NaCl medium has a higher ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid than the other cells. Cholesterol-containing liposomes, but not cholesterol-free liposomes, can release Sindbis virus from low NaCl-inhibited cells. These results suggest that low NaCl medium may block Sindbis virus maturation by a mechanism which is influenced by the ratio of plasma membrane cholesterol to phospholipid.
The role of VosA/VelB-activated developmental gene vadA in Aspergillus nidulans (2017)

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans primarily reproduces by forming asexual spores called conidia, the integrity of which is governed by the NF-κB type velvet regulators VosA and VelB. The VosA-VelB hetero-complex regulates the expression of spore-specific structural and regulatory genes during conidiogenesis. Here, we characterize one of the VosA/VelB-activated developmental genes, called vadA, the expression of which in conidia requires activity of both VosA and VelB. VadA (AN5709) is predicted to be a 532-amino acid length fungal-specific protein with a highly conserved domain of unknown function (DUF) at the N-terminus. This DUF was found to be conserved in many Ascomycota and some Glomeromycota species, suggesting a potential evolutionarily conserved function of this domain in fungi. Deletion studies of vadA indicate that VadA is required for proper downregulation of brlA, fksA, and rodA, and for proper expression of tpsA and orlA during sporogenesis. Moreover, vadA null mutant conidia exhibit decreased trehalose content, but increased β(1,3)-glucan levels, lower viability, and reduced tolerance to oxidative stress. We further demonstrate that the vadA null mutant shows increased production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. In summary, VadA is a dual-function novel regulator that controls development and secondary metabolism, and participates in bridging differentiation and viability of newly formed conidia in A. nidulans.
Boron-compensation effect on hydrogenated amorphous silicon with oxygen and nitrogen impurities (1996)

Oxygen and nitrogen impurities increase the dark conductivity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), due to their donorlike behavior. An appropriate amount of boron doping recovers these values to the original ones unless the effect of band gap widening appears. The midgap absorption spectra of the compensated a-Si:H are identical to those of intrinsic a-Si:H both at initial and light-soaked states. The major effect of the oxygen and nitrogen is the creation of donors, which show a similar behavior to those by phosphorus—only a small fraction of the oxygen and nitrogen produces donors, the rest is included in the a-Si:H network without causing any other significant effect until alloying effects appear.
Hot Carrier Effect in Self-Aligned In–Ga–Zn–O Thin-Film Transistors With Short Channel Length (2020)

This study examines the impact of channel length (L) on the performance of amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors with self-aligned structures. The negative threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> ) displacement for IGZO transistors with increasing drain voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> ) becomes severe with decreasing L from 10 to 2 μm. The V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> -dependent negative V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift can be mitigated by increasing the oxygen flow rate (OFR) ratio during a-IGZO preparation from 40% to 80%, which suppresses the number of oxygen vacancy defects near the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> drain of the a-IGZO region. In contrast, the hot carrier stress (HCS)-induced degradation in terms of the threshold voltage was accelerated for devices with increasing OFR ratio, presumably due to the creation of excessive oxygen-originated defects. The rationale for these observations is discussed with regard to the increasing local electric field near the drain junction, which was calculated by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. We concluded that an acceptable compromise between short channel effect and HCS-induced degradations can be achieved by choosing an intermediate OFR ratio of 64%.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Cancer Cell Dependence on Unsaturated Fatty Acids Implicates Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase as a Target for Cancer Therapy (2023)

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Supplementary Figure 7 from Transforming Growth Factor-β Activation Promotes Genetic Context–Dependent Invasion of Immortalized Melanocytes (2023)

Supplementary Figure 7 from Transforming Growth Factor-β Activation Promotes Genetic Context–Dependent Invasion of Immortalized Melanocytes
Assessing Transverse Ligament Integrity Throught a New CT Based Alternative (2016)

Objectives The Rule of Spence for assessing integrity of the transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) suffers from poor specificity and sensitivity, frequently incorrectly reflecting the condition of the TAL. Since CT scans are quickly and easily obtained in trauma centers, we propose using a special sequence of two CT scans for more accurate diagnosis of injury to the TAL. We sought to assess the sensitivity of the CT method for TAL injury diagnosis in a laboratory setting. Materials and Methods Ten human cadaveric specimens were mounted horizontally in a supine posture with wooden inserts attached to the back of the skull to maintain neutral or slightly flexed (10°) postures. Specimens were scanned in neutral and flexed postures in four conditions: intact ( N = 10), after simulated Jefferson fracture with TAL intact ( N = 5), after TAL disruption without fracture ( N = 5), and after TAL disruption with simulated fracture ( N = 10). Atlanto-dens interval (ADI) from sagittal slices of the CT image was measured to assess anteroposterior instability of C1-C2; cross-sectional canal area was measured to assess canal encroachment caused by the flexed posture. Results In going from neutral to slight flexion, ADI increased by 0.02 mm (2.5%) in intact spines, 0.08 mm (6.25%) after Jefferson fracture without TAL disruption, 0.4 mm (34%) after TAL disruption without fracture, and 0.42mm (25%) after TAL disruption with fracture (Fig. 1). ADI increases from neutral to flexed were not significant (p &gt; 0.33, paired Student's t-test) in normal condition or with fracture.without TAL disruption. However, ADI increases were significant with TAL disruption or TAL disruption+fracture ( p &lt; 0.035). Increases in canal area were &lt; 0.8% and were not significant (p &gt; 0.74). Conclusions This study explores the possibility of utilizing two CT scans to evaluate TAL integrity. The change in ADI between these two postures was very sensitive in distinguishing TAL injury from atlas fracture. The results of this study indicate that this method should be more sensitive than the Rule of Spence for evaluating TAL integrity. By the conclusion of this session, participants should be able to identify tranverse ligament injury with a new proposed CT based method.
Temperature-Dependent Quantum Efficiency of Quantum Dot Enhanced Multi-Junction Solar Cells (2011)

The external quantum efficiency of a commercial quantum dot enhanced multi‐junction solar cell is measured over a range of temperatures (15 °C to 75 °C). A complete numerical model of the cell is built and calibrated based on the experimental data. The short circuit current density is calculated over different temperatures under standard AM1.5D illumination; the measurements compare well to simulated results. The current ratio between the top and middle sub‐cell is studied over temperature and air mass. It is shown that the current ratio and hence the optimal AM value for which the cell should be designed increase with increasing temperature.
A Milestone Review on How Macrophages Affect Tumor Growth (2016)

Visit the Cancer Research 75th Anniversary [timeline][1].

See related article by Lewis and Pollard, [Cancer Res 2006;66:605–12][2] .

In this 75th Anniversary issue commentary, we discuss a seminal review published in 2006 by Claire E. Lewis and Jeffrey W. Pollard in Cancer Research , entitled
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Human Regular U-500 Insulin Administered via Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Versus Subcutaneous Injection in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High-Dose Insulin Requirements (2020)

In adults with T2D on high-dose insulin, U-500R PK/PD parameters were similar for a 100-unit bolus when given by SC injection or CSII via a U-500R pump.
Ecology of Uncultivated Oscillospira Species in the Rumen of Cattle, Sheep, and Reindeer as Assessed by Microscopy and Molecular Approaches (2003)

ABSTRACT The ecology of the uncultured, but large and morphologically conspicuous, rumen bacterium Oscillospira spp. was studied. Oscillospira- specific 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected in North American domestic cattle, sheep from Australia and Japan, and Norwegian reindeer. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained allowed definition of three operational taxonomic units within the Oscillospira clade. Consistent with this genetic diversity, we observed atypical smaller morphotypes by using an Oscillospira- specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probe. Despite the visual disappearance of typical large Oscillospira morphotypes, the presence of Oscillospira spp. was still detected by Oscillospira- specific PCR in the rumen of cattle and sheep. These observations suggest the broad presence of Oscillospira species in various rumen ecosystems with the level, and most likely the morphological form, dependent on diet. An ecological analysis based on enumeration of the morphologically conspicuous, large-septate form confirms that the highest counts are associated with the feeding of fresh forage diets to cattle and sheep and in two different subspecies of reindeer investigated.
A hybrid silicon membrane spatial light modulator for optical information processing (1984)

A new two dimensional, fast, analog, electrically addressable, silicon based membrane spatial light modulator (SLM) was developed for optical information processing applications. Coherent light reflected from the mirror elements is phase modulated producing an optical Fourier transform of an analog signal input to the device. The DMD architecture and operating parameters related to this application are presented. A model is developed that describes the optical Fourier transform properties of the DMD.
Redox processes in silicon dioxide thin films using copper microelectrodes (2011)

Although SiO2 is a typical insulator, we demonstrate an electrochemical characteristic of the Cu/Cu+ oxidation at the interface with 30 nm thick silicon dioxide thin films studied by cyclic voltammetry. This study reveals the process of anodic oxidation and subsequent reduction of oxidized Cu ions injected in the SiO2 layer with special attention to the kinetics of the redox process. We estimated the diffusion coefficient and the mobility of Cu ions in SiO2. The results gain deeper insight in the processes involved during resistive switching of Cu/SiO2 based nonvolatile memory devices.
Epitaxial growth and formation of interfacial misfit array for tensile GaAs on GaSb (2007)

The authors report the formation of an interfacial misfit (IMF) array in the growth of relaxed GaAs bulk layers on a (001) GaSb surface. Under specific conditions, the high quality IMF array has a period of 5.6nm and can accommodate the 7.78% tensile GaAs∕GaSb lattice mismatch. The misfit site is identified as a 90° edge dislocation using Burger’s circuit theory and confirmed by high-resolution cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The resulting GaAs bulk material is both strain-free and highly crystalline. Plan-view TEM images show threading dislocation density of ∼3×106∕cm2. This material demonstration will enable novel device structures including an embedded GaSb active region in GaAs device matrix.
Enhanced endogenous bone morphogenetic protein signaling protects against bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis (2015)

Upon bleomycin exposure, active BMP signaling is decreased. Derepression of BMP signaling in Nog +/LacZ mice protects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Modulating the balance between BMP and TGFβ, in particular increasing endogenous BMP signals, may therefore be a therapeutic target in fibrotic lung disease.