gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mixture of Functionally Oligoclonal Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies That Neutralize Clostridium difficile TcdA and TcdB with High Levels ofIn VitroPotency ShowsIn VivoProtection in a Hamster Infection Model (2013)

Clostridium difficile infections are a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospital and care facility patients. In spite of the availability of effective antibiotic treatments, C. difficile infection (CDI) is still a major cause of patient suffering, death, and substantial health care costs. Clostridium difficile exerts its major pathological effects through the actions of two protein exotoxins, TcdA and TcdB, which bind to and disrupt gut tissue. Antibiotics target the infecting bacteria but not the exotoxins. Administering neutralizing antibodies against TcdA and TcdB to patients receiving antibiotic treatment might modulate the effects of the exotoxins directly. We have developed a mixture of three humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which neutralize TcdA and TcdB to address three clinical needs: reduction of the severity and duration of diarrhea, reduction of death rates, and reduction of the rate of recurrence. The UCB MAb mixture showed higher potency in a variety of in vitro binding and neutralization assays (∼10-fold improvements), higher levels of protection in a hamster model of CDI (82% versus 18% at 28 days), and higher valencies of toxin binding (12 versus 2 for TcdA and 3 versus 2 for TcdB) than other agents in clinical development. Comparisons of the MAb properties also offered some insight into the potential relative importance of TcdA and TcdB in the disease process.
Improving the performance of the actinic inspection tool with an optimized alignment procedure (2009)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscopy is an important tool for the investigation of the performance of EUV masks, for detecting the presence and the characteristics of defects, and for evaluating the effectiveness of defect repair techniques. Aerial image measurement bypasses the difficulties inherent to photoresist imaging and enables high data collection speed and flexibility. It provides reliable and quick feedback for the development of masks and lithography system modeling methods. We operate the SEMATECH Berkeley Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT), a EUV microscope installed at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The AIT is equipped with several highmagnification Fresnel zoneplate lenses, with various numerical aperture values, that enable it image the reflective mask surface with various resolution and magnification settings. Although the AIT has undergone significant recent improvements in terms of imaging resolution and illumination uniformity, there is still room for improvement. In the AIT, an off-axis zoneplate lens collects the light coming from the sample and an image of the sample is projected onto an EUV-sensitive CCD camera. The simplicity of the optical system is particularly helpful considering that the AIT alignment has to be performed every time that a sample or a zoneplate is replaced. The alignment is sensitive to several parameters such as the lens position and orientation, the illumination direction and the sample characteristics. Since the AIT works in high vacuum, there is no direct access to the optics or to the sample during the alignment and the measurements. For all these reasons the alignment procedures and feedback can be complex, and in some cases can reduce the overall data throughput of the system. In this paper we review the main strategies and procedures that have been developed for quick and reliable alignments, and we describe the performance improvements we have achieved, in terms of aberration magnitude reduction.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation ofdl-4,4-Difluoroglutamic Acid anddl-γ,γ-Difluoromethotrexate (1996)

DL-4,4-Difluoroglutamic acid (DL-4,4-F2Glu) and its methotrexate analogue, DL-gamma,gamma-difluoromethotrexate (DL-gamma,gamma-F2MTX), were synthesized and evaluated as alternate substrates or inhibitors of folate-dependent enzymes. Synthesis of DL-4,4-F2Glu involved the nitroaldol reaction of ethyl nitroacetate with a difluorinated aldehyde ethyl hemiacetal as a key step. Attempted ligation of DL-4,4-F2Glu to methotrexate (MTX), catalyzed by human folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), revealed that DL-4,4-F2Glu is a poor alternate substrate. DL-gamma,gamma-F2MTX was synthesized by a route proceeding through N-[4-(methylamino)benzoyl]-4,4-difluoroglutamic acid di-tert-butyl ester followed by alkylation with 6-(bromomethyl)-2,4-pteridinediamine hydrobromide. DL-gamma,gamma-F2MTX was found to be neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of human FPGS. The fluorinated analogue of MTX, however, inhibits DHFR and cell growth with the same potency as MTX.
Using New Proximity Measures With Hierarchical Cluster Analysis to Detect Multidimensionality (1998)

A new approach for partitioning test items into dimensionally distinct item clusters is introduced. The core of the approach is a new item‐pair conditional‐covariance‐based proximity measure that can be used with hierarchical cluster analysis. An extensive simulation study designed to test the limits of the approach indicates that when approximate simple structure holds, the procedure can correctly partition the test into dimensionally homogeneous item clusters even for very high correlations between the latent dimensions. In particular, the procedure can correctly classify (on average) over 90% of the items for correlations as high as .9. The cooperative role that the procedure can play when used in conjunction with other dimensionality assessment procedures is discussed.
Fabrication and measurement of 3D printed retroreflective fibers (2019)

Additive manufacturing enables new fiber preform geometries to be built that were either impossible or extremely difficult with traditional subtractive manufacturing methods.Additionally fiber thermal drawing is undergoing an explosion of interest due to new materials and fiber functions.We fabricate a retroreflective fiber that possesses a complex cross-section and material combination not achievable with other textile fiber fabrication methods such melt extrusion.This is the first such 3D-printing-derived fiber to demonstrate optical scattering properties with a non-circular, non-convex cross-section.
Character recognition and image manipulation for the clinical translation of CAD for breast ultrasound (2005)

To be clinically viable, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems must be as automated and user-friendly as possible. CAD systems for breast ultrasound are still preliminary and are not adapted for use in a standard clinical environment. For example, computer detection and classification schemes need the pixel size of each image to operate correctly, and while the DICOM standard allows pixel size to be encoded in the image file, some equipment manufacturers neglect to utilize the encoding. As a result, the pixel size is calculated from user input. In order to increase clinical efficiency and reduce the likelihood of error due to incorrect image specifications, automating this input process is a highly desirable asset. We developed and applied a character recognition algorithm to the annotation region of each ultrasound image in our database. A set of numerical masks, which corresponded to the characters used in the annotation information, enabled the filtering of each image. Numerical masks yielding the maximum output from the comparison operation between image data and mask were output to obtain the annotation information. Each image was then automatically cropped to remove the annotation banner and leave only the image data. The cropped image matrix dimensions and character recognition output were used to determine the corresponding pixel size. The algorithm was tested on 1110 images with various pixel sizes. In every case, the value output by the algorithm corresponded exactly to the true value. Our recognition algorithm now allows for the clinical translation of our fully-automated breast ultrasound CAD system.
Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs Using Composite Hyaluronic Acid/Collagen I Hydrogels and Designed Poly(Propylene Fumarate) Scaffolds (2007)

Our approach to cartilage tissue-engineering scaffolds combines image-based design and solid free-form (SFF) fabrication to create load-bearing constructs with user-defined parameters. In this study, 3-dimensional scaffolds with cubic and ellipsoidal pore architecture were fabricated using poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF). To increase seeding efficiency and cellular retention, hydrogels were used to deliver cells into the scaffolds. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of composite hyaluronic acid (HyA) and collagen I hydrogels best able to stimulate proteoglycan synthesis in porcine chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. The second objective was to evaluate the differences in extracellular matrix production due to pore geometry and scaffold design. For the in vitro assessment, chondrocytes were encapsulated in collagen I hydrogels with varying concentrations of HyA. Hydrogels were cultured for 1 and 2 weeks, and then the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content was quantified using a dimethyl-methylene blue assay. The concentration of HyA best able to increase ECM synthesis was 5% HyA/collagen I, or 0.23 mg/mL HyA. The results from the in vitro experiment were used as culture parameters for the in vivo analysis. Composite 5% HyA/collagen I or collagen I-only hydrogels were used to seed chondrocytes into SFF-fabricated scaffolds made of PPF with designed cubic or ellipsoidal pore geometry. The scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in immunocompromised mice for 4 weeks. Histomorphometric analyses of sections stained with Safranin O were used to quantify the amount of ECM deposited by cells in the scaffolds. Scaffolds seeded with 5% HyA/collagen hydrogels had significantly greater areas of positive Safranin O staining (approximately 60%, compared with 30% for scaffolds with collagen I hydrogels only), indicating that greater numbers of chondrocytes retained their metabolic activity in the ectopic environment. These scaffolds also had greater stain intensities (corresponding to greater amounts of sGAG in the ECM) than their counterparts seeded with collagen I hydrogels alone. Significant differences in matrix production were not found between the scaffold pore designs. Overall, these results indicate that a combination of composite HyA hydrogels and designed SFF scaffolds could provide a functional tissue-engineered construct for cartilage repair with enhanced tissue regeneration in a load-bearing scaffold.
Copper−Diamine-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Pyrroles, Pyrazoles, Indazoles, Imidazoles, and Triazoles. (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCopper−Diamine-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Pyrroles, Pyrazoles, Indazoles, Imidazoles, and Triazoles.Jon C. Antilla, Jeremy M. Baskin, Timothy E. Barder, and Stephen L. BuchwaldCite this: J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 19, 6514Publication Date (Web):August 19, 2004Publication History Published online19 August 2004Published inissue 1 September 2004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo040009+Copyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1865Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (16 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Video Traffic Modeling for Resource-Constrained Clients (2006)

We present a new approach to variable bit rate (VBR) video traffic modeling designed to capture the multi- scale characteristics that are critical in determining buffering requirements. Much of the previous work in video traffic model- ing has focused on real-time multimedia systems that of necessity involve queuing models with small buffers. Today there is growing interest in understanding systems in which high quality video is downloaded in non-real-time from a source such as the Internet, and then distributed at a later time in a local environment to a very low-cost and thus resource-constrained device. Smooth play- back and avoidance of data loss are of paramount importance. The work here analyzes the tradeoffs between buffering resources and the video quality in such environments, and provides a framework that is directly relevant to a large class of emerging applications and systems. I. INTRODUCTION designed to receive video from a nearby wireless server, and must utilize a minimum of memory and processing power. While minimization of memory and processing power is also a limitation on devices such as DVD players, in a DVD player the tasks of reading and then decoding the compressed data are performed inside a single device. By contrast, in the environment under consideration here, the compressed data is delivered to the resource-constrained client over a bandwidth- limited and potentially lossy link. Furthermore, in contrast with DVD content, low-cost video display devices are called upon to receive and decode content covering a large range of video parameters, most of which was encoded without regard for the limitations imposed by these systems. Although the emerging remote clients are resource constrained, and buffers should be kept as small as possible, they can still be large enough to enable storage of several seconds or more of data. This contrasts with real-time two-way systems such as video- conferencing which targets delays, and therefore maximum buffer sizes. Delays are typically kept to tens or hundreds of milliseconds. In the present work we present a framework for charac- terizing buffering requirements in light of the wide variety of content and distribution systems. We then describe a new VBR traffic model that specifically aims to capture the multi-scale characteristics that impact design of resource-limited display devices. The model and associated framework are validated using a set of several hundred video sequences each with a duration of about 45 minutes, and reflecting a wide variety of content. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II discusses previous work on VBR video models and places the new model in context. The buffering metric and VBR traffic model are described in sections III and IV respectively. Experimental results are contained in Section V and conclusions in Section VI.
A hybrid recurrent neural network for music transcription (2015)

We investigate the problem of incorporating higher-level symbolic score-like information into Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) systems to improve their performance. We use recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their variants as music language models (MLMs) and present a generative architecture for combining these models with predictions from a frame level acoustic classifier. We also compare different neural network architectures for acoustic modeling. The proposed model computes a distribution over possible output sequences given the acoustic input signal and we present an algorithm for performing a global search for good candidate transcriptions. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated on piano music from the MAPS dataset and we observe that the proposed model consistently outperforms existing transcription methods.
Lower Bronchodilator Responsiveness in Puerto Rican than in Mexican Subjects with Asthma (2003)

In the United States, Puerto Ricans and Mexicans have the highest and lowest asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, respectively. To determine whether ethnicity-specific differences in therapeutic response, clinical response, and/or genetic factors contribute to differences in asthma outcomes, we compared asthma-related clinical characteristics among 684 Mexican and Puerto Rican individuals with asthma recruited from San Francisco, New York City, Puerto Rico, and Mexico City. Puerto Ricans with asthma had reduced lung function, greater morbidity, and longer asthma duration than did Mexicans with asthma. Bronchodilator responsiveness, measured as percentage change from baseline FEV1, was significantly lower among Puerto Ricans with asthma than among Mexicans with asthma. Puerto Ricans with asthma had on average 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6 to 9.9; p < 0.001) lower bronchodilator reversibility in FEV1, higher risk of an emergency department visit in the previous year (odds ratio, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.3; p < 0.001), and of previous hospitalization for asthma (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.2; p = 0.009) than Mexicans. Subgroup analysis corroborated that Puerto Ricans with asthma had more severe disease than did Mexicans on the basis of lung function measurements, responsiveness to beta2-adrenergic agonists, and health care use. We conclude that Puerto Ricans with asthma respond less to albuterol than do Mexicans with asthma. These findings underscore the need for additional research on racial/ethnic differences in asthma morbidity and response to therapy.
Dietary structured lipids for post‐weaning piglets: fat digestibility, nitrogen retention and fatty acid profiles of tissues (2005)

In four groups of post-weaning piglets the effects of triacylglycerol structure and fatty acid profiles of four dietary fats on apparent faecal nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention and fatty acid profiles of platelet and erythrocyte membranes, liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle were examined. Dietary fats included as 10% (w/w) of the diets were two structured fats of rapeseed oil interesterified with tridecanoin (R1) or coconut oil (R2), respectively, one mixture of rapeseed oil and coconut oil (R3) and rapeseed oil as control (R4). Faeces and urine from piglets weaned at 28 days of age were collected quantitatively during three periods each of 5 days, in which the piglets were kept in metabolism cages for measurement of apparent faecal nutrient and energy digestibility and nitrogen retention. Apparent faecal fat digestibilities were significantly improved in groups fed interesterified fats or the physical mixtures (R1, R2 and R3) compared with rapeseed oil (R4). Apparent faecal nitrogen digestibility and retention were similar in all four groups in the three periods, but increased with time. Apparent faecal fat digestibilities were significantly improved from the first to the third week in the groups R1 and R2. Fatty acid profiles in platelet and erythrocyte membranes and in tissues reflected the fatty acid profile of the dietary fat, except for medium-chain fatty acids, which were only found in low proportions, indicating that 10:0 was mainly used as an energy source.
Polymer Mediated Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles (2002)

We present a simple polymer-mediated process of assembling magnetic FePt nanoparticles on a solid substrate. Alternatively absorbing the PEI molecule and FePt nanoparticles on a HO-terminated solid surface leads to a smooth FePt nanoparticle assembly with controlled assembly thickness and dimension. Magnetic measurements show that the thermally annealed FePt nanoparticle assembly as thin as three nanoparticle layers is ferromagnetic. The magnetization direction of this thin FePt nanoparticle assembly is readily controlled with the laser-assisted magnetic writing. The reported process can be applied to various substrates, nanoparticles, and functional macromolecules and will be useful for future magnetic nanodevice fabrication.
Effect of beamforming on full and semi cooperative MIMO in real measured channels (2012)

This paper presents an investigation on the behavior of wireless channels in a realistic propagation environment, while cooperation between base stations (BSs) was assumed. Two different scenarios for cooperation were considered in this work. In semi cooperation case, the knowledge of channel state information (CSI) is shared between base stations, but the data is available at each BS locally. In the second state, which is called full cooperation, data and CSI are available at both BSs. The measurements were done by implementing two separate base stations in different locations from users. One base station has 6 and the other one has one antennas. At each measurement time 4 handsets are under test, when each handset has 2 antennas. The measurements were done simultaneously from both BSs to 4 users. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) beamforming criteria was applied as a transmission technique to investigate the effect of beamforming on the capacity of cooperative MIMO system, which shows almost 30% increase in the result.
DETERMINATION OF THE NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC RADIOACTIVITY IN THE SOIL OF GILGIT—A TOWN IN THE FOOTHILLS OF HINDUKUSH RANGE (2010)

The activity concentration of terrestrial (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) and anthropogenic gamma-emitting radionuclide (137Cs) have been analyzed in 48 soil samples collected from Gilgit, a famous city for mountaineers and tourists in northern Pakistan, at an average altitude of 1,550 m, using gamma-ray spectrometry. The data analysis includes descriptive statistics, radium equivalent activity and its principal component analysis, air absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose rate, and collective effective dose equivalent. It is found that the level of cosmic exposure is high in Gilgit relative to the world average values, but the average outdoor annual effective dose rate from terrestrial radionuclides is lower as compared to its value in the soil of Punjab, Pakistan, and the world average values found in United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) for the general public. The median annual effective dose rate produced by 137Cs was 0.11 microSv y-1.
Improved Grid Dynamics Using a Localized Demand Control System (2014)

With the cost of computation and information distribution continually decreasing, as well as accelerating deployment of renewable energy sources and electric vehicles (EVs), there is an opportunity to create an efficient electricity distribution and electrified transportation network by combining these technologies. This paper describes a technology whereby renewable energy can be seamlessly integrated into a local network keeping the network load constant, but using all the fluctuating energy locally when it is available. This technique is a type of demand side management (DSM)whereby consumption of deferrable electric loads is adjusted in order to provide maximum utility to the electricity network without impacting the end user. Many household loads are already suitable for DSM, and with an increased uptake of EVs, a sizable amount of demand could be controlled in this manner, which could in turn significantly improve the viability of fluctuating energy sources. In this paper a new DSM scheme, termed localized demand control (LDC), has been designed, and its operation and performance is compared with the classical DSM method of dynamic demand control. It is shown that the system dynamics of both controllers are similar, but LDC is intrinsically more stable over a wider range of applications.