gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relative brightness of specular and diffuse reflection (1994)

Inhomogeneous dielectric surfaces exhibit both diffuse and specular reflection components. Although various reflection models have been proposed for both of these components, the prediction of the relative strengths of these components in computer vision and computer graphics has so far not had a strong physical motivation. We propose a reflectance model for combined diffuse and specular reflection from dielectric materials that involves purely physical parameters (i.e., no <i>ad hoc</i> weighting of specular and diffuse components). This reflectance model is used to predict the relative strength of diffuse and specular reflection components ih terms of imaging geometry, dielectric surface parameters, and solid angular extent of incident light. We derive lower bounds on the contrast ratio between a specularity and surrounding diffuse reflecting regions. These can be used effectively to rule out highly contrasting diffuse reflecting regions being misidentified as pecularities under a number of conditions that can significantly aid intensity-based specularity detection methods, and in turn image understanding. The presented theoretical developments can be used to predict the photometric dynamic range of illuminated objects, which can be essential to inspection methods in machine vision. These developments can also be used in computer graphics for the physically precise rendering of the relative strengths of specular and diffuse reflection from inhomogeneous dielectrics.
A Novel Fluidized Bed Drying and Density Segregation Process for Upgrading Low-Rank Coals (2009)

Lignite and sub-bituminous coals are attractive due to their low cost, low emissions, and high reactivity. However, these coals contain large amounts of moisture, which reduces calorific value and lowers plant efficiency. A novel fluidized bed drying process was developed that uses low-grade waste heat to reduce fuel moisture content of low-rank high-moisture coals and concurrently lowers sulfur and mercury content of dried coal through density segregation. This paper discusses quality improvement of low-rank coals by low-temperature thermal drying, describes changes in microstructure of coal particles and describes the reduction in sulfur and mercury via density segregation during thermal drying of lignite in a specially designed fluidized bed.
Properties of high yield synthesised carbon nano fibres/Portland cement composite (2009)

The compressive strength and electrical resistivity of hardened pastes produced either from nanomodified Portland sulfate-resistant cement (CHH) or a mixture of nanomodified and pristine sulfate-resistant cements were determined. The nanomodification included grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs) on the cement particles. Pastes having a water-to-binder ratio of 0·5 were produced. The test results revealed that partial replacement of sulfate-resistant cement by CHH cement decreased the electrical resistivity of the 28 day old specimens but worsened the mechanical properties. The lower compressive strength was attributed to a lower degree of hydration of the CHH cement. The addition of a mixture of surfactants enabled the production of specimens consisting entirely of CHH cement. The hardened material obtained was characterised by a nearly doubled compressive strength in comparison with the reference specimens made from pristine sulfate-resistant cement. This was attributed to a high degree of hydration as well as reinforcing action of the CNTs and CNFs. The electrical resistivity was lowered by one order of magnitude classifying this material as a semiconductor.
Controllable Edge Exposure of MoS2 for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution with High Current Density (2018)

MoS2-based electrocatalysts are promising cost-effective replacements for Pt-based catalysts for hydrogen evolution by water splitting, yet achieving high current density at low overpotential remains a challenge. Herein, a binder-free electrode of MoS2/CNF (carbon nanofiber) is prepared by electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment. The growth of MoS2 nanoplates contained within or protruding out from the CNF can be controlled by adding urea or ammonium bicarbonate to the electrospinning precursors, due to the cross-linking effects of urea and the increased porosity caused by pyrolysis of ammonium bicarbonate allowing growth through pores in the CNF. By virtue of the abundant exposed edges in this microstructure and strong bonding between the catalyst and the conductive carbon network, the composite material exhibits ultrahigh electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity in acidic solutions, with current densities of 500 and 1000 mA/cm2 at overpotentials of 380 and 450 mV, respectively, exceeding the performance of many reported MoS2-based catalysts and even commercial Pt/C catalysts. Thus, MoS2/CNF membranes show potential as efficient and flexible binder-free electrodes for electrocatalytic hydrogen production.
Preservation of Fluorescence Signal and Imaging Optimization for Integrated Light and Electron Microscopy (2021)

Life science research often needs to define where molecules are located within the complex environment of a cell or tissue. Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins and or fluorescence affinity-labeling are the go-to methods. Although recent fluorescent microscopy methods can provide localization of fluorescent molecules with relatively high resolution, an ultrastructural context is missing. This is solved by imaging a region of interest with correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). We have adopted a protocol that preserves both genetically-encoded and antibody-derived fluorescent signals in resin-embedded cell and tissue samples and provides high-resolution electron microscopy imaging of the same thin section. This method is particularly suitable for dedicated CLEM instruments that combine fluorescence and electron microscopy optics. In addition, we optimized scanning EM imaging parameters for samples of varying thicknesses. These protocols will enable rapid acquisition of CLEM information from samples and can be adapted for three-dimensional EM.
Cryoelectrolysis - electrolytic processes in a frozen physiological saline medium (2016)

Background : Cryoelectrolysis is a new minimally invasive tissue ablation surgical technique that combines the ablation techniques of electrolytic ablation with cryosurgery. The goal of this study is to examine the hypothesis that electrolysis can take place in a frozen aqueous saline solution. Method: To examine the hypothesis we performed a cryoelectrolytic ablation protocol in which electrolysis and cryosurgery are delivered simultaneously in a tissue simulant made of physiological saline gel with a pH dye. We measured current flow, voltage and extents of freezing and pH dye staining. Results: Using optical measurements and measurements of currents, we have shown that electrolysis can occur in frozen physiological saline, at high subzero freezing temperatures, above the eutectic temperature of the frozen salt solution. It was observed that electrolysis occurs when the tissue resides at high subzero temperatures during the freezing stage and essentially throughout the entire thawing stage. We also found that during thawing, the frozen lesion temperature raises rapidly to high subfreezing values and remains at those values throughout the thawing stage. Substantial electrolysis occurs during the thawing stage. Another interesting finding is that electro-osmotic flows affect the process of cryoelectrolysis at the anode and cathode, in different ways. Discussion: The results showing that electrical current flow and electrolysis occur in frozen saline solutions imply a mechanism involving ionic movement in the fluid concentrated saline solution channels between ice crystals, at high subfreezing temperatures. Temperatures higher than the eutectic are required for the brine to be fluid. The particular pattern of temperature and electrical currents during the thawing stage of frozen tissue, can be explained by the large amounts of energy that must be removed at the outer edge of the frozen lesion because of the solid/liquid phase transformation on that interface. Conclusion : Electrolysis can occur in a frozen domain at high subfreezing temperature, probably above the eutectic. It appears that the most effective period for delivering electrolytic currents in cryoelectrolysis is during the high subzero temperatures stage while freezing and immediately after cooling has stopped, throughout the thawing stage.
Perturbation of Hydrogen Bonding Networks over Supported Lipid Bilayers by Poly (Allylamine Hydrochloride) (2019)

Water is vital to many biochemical processes and is necessary for driving many fundamental interactions of cell membranes with their external environments, yet it is difficult to probe the membrane/water interface directly and without the use of external labels. Here, we employ vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to understand the role of interfacial water molecules above bilayers formed from zwitterionic (phosphatidylcholine, PC) and anionic (phosphatidylglycerol, PG, and phosphatidylserine, PS) lipids as they are exposed to the common polycation poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) in 100 mM NaCl. We show that as the concentration of PAH is increased, the interfacial water molecules are irreversibly displaced and find that it requires 10 times more PAH to displace interfacial water molecules from membranes formed from purely zwitterionic lipids when compared to membranes that contain the anionic PG and PS lipids. This outcome is likely due to difference in (1) the energy with which water molecules are bound to the lipid headgroups, (2) the number of water molecules bound to the headgroups, which is related to the headgroup area, and (3) the electrostatic interactions between the PAH molecules and the negatively charged lipids that are favored when compared to the zwitterionic lipid headgroups. The findings presented here contribute to establishing causal relationships in nanotoxicology and to understanding, controlling, and predicting the initial steps that lead to the lysis of cells exposed to membrane disrupting polycations, or to transfection.
Rolling Out 5G: Use Cases, Applications, and Technology Solutions (2016)

This concise book describes insufficiencies and challenges of 4G in the light of impending and crucial future communication needs, and provides lessons learned from an implementation and system operation perspective, and illustrates the way towards the next generation â 5G. Key changes and additions to 5G in terms of use cases, applications for and explorations of the technology are discussed. Rolling Out 5G: Use Cases, Applications, and Technology Solutions features detailed coverage of two critical topics â mmWave and spectrum sharing technologies including the evolution of LTE Advanced Pro. For the first time among 5G learning resources this book presents a holistic perspective on key ingredients for mobile communication in a 5G world. The authors are highly experienced experts in the field of wireless communications and related research that defines future technological trends. Their background ensures a unique look at long-term research, standardization and regulation, product design and marketization. This approach allows this much-needed book to capture the views of all key decision making stake-holders involved in the 5G definition process, and to serve readers in their roles connected with wireless communication's next generation of products and services.
MIMO-Enhanced Radio-over-Fiber System at 60 GHz (2011)

We employ 2×2 MIMO spatial multiplexing to double the spectral efficiency of a 60GHz RoF system. A 27.15-Gbps 16-QAM MIMO signal with 3m wireless transmission is experimentally demonstrated within 7-GHz license-free spectrum at 60 GHz.
Integració d’un galliner i un compostador per al tractament de la fracció orgànica dels residus municipals (FORM): sis mesos d’experiència de l’Avi-Compo a Noain (Navarra) (2014)

Este estudio presenta un nuevo sistema descentralizado de tratamiento de residuos orgánicos municipales (FORM): el Avi-Compo. El Avi-Compo es una reducida instalación, que incluye un pequeño gallinero y dos compostadores, compartida y utilizada por un colectivo de personas comprometidas, también, en su mantenimiento. Los participantes aportan la fracción orgánica de sus residuos, de los que las gallinas se alimentan, contribuyendo, además, a acelerar el proceso de compostaje gracias a la acción de sus picos y patas. Los huevos que producen las gallinas se reparten entre los usuarios del Avi-Compo, favoreciendo la motivación para la separación de residuos orgánicos en sus casas y para participar en el mantenimiento de la instalación. Se presentan los resultados de los primeros seis meses de funcionamiento de una instalación piloto del Avi-Compo situada en Noáin (Navarra). En total, se ha tratado la fracción orgánica de veintiocho familias voluntarias. Esta experiencia se considera un éxito por el elevado índice de participación, el alto nivel de satisfacción de los voluntarios/usuarios, la gran cantidad de residuos orgánicos tratados, la calidad del compost obtenido, el confort de las gallinas y la no aparición de incidencias destacables.
Three layer cake for shared-memory programming (2010)

There are many different styles of parallel programming for shared-memory hardware. Each style has strengths, but can conflict with other styles. How can we use a variety of these styles in one program and minimize their conflict and maximize performance, readability, and flexibility? This paper surveys the relative advantages and disadvantages of three styles (SIMD, fork join, and message passing), shows how to compose them hierarchically, and advises how to choose what goes at each level in the hierarchy.
Loss of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog in APCs Impedes Th17-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2015)

The PI3K signaling cascade in APCs has been recognized as an essential pathway to initiate, maintain, and resolve immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that a cell type-specific loss of the PI3K antagonist phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in myeloid cells renders APCs toward a regulatory phenotype. APCs deficient for PTEN exhibit reduced activation of p38 MAPK and reduced expression of T cell-polarizing cytokines. Furthermore, PTEN deficiency leads to upregulation of markers for alternative activation, such as Arginase 1, with concomitant downregulation of inducible NO synthase in APCs in vitro and in vivo. As a result, T cell polarization was dysfunctional in PTEN(-/-) APCs, in particular affecting the Th17 cell subset. Intriguingly, mice with cell type-specific deletions of PTEN-targeting APCs were protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which was accompanied by a pronounced reduction of IL-17- and IL-22-producing autoreactive T cells and reduced CNS influx of classically activated monocytes/macrophages. These observations support the notion that activation of the PI3K signaling cascade promotes regulatory APC properties and suppresses pathogenic T cell polarization, thereby reducing the clinical symptoms and pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Effects of Environmental Stress on Stability of Tandem Repeats in Escherichia coli O157:H7 (2010)

Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) is used for source tracking Escherichia coli O157:H7 in agricultural environments. Tandem repeats were stable after limited replication but changed after exposure to irradiation, elevated temperatures, and starvation conditions. The pO157 plasmid was frequently lost under these stress conditions. Environmental stresses may increase phylogenetic diversity as measured by MLVA.
Nonfluoroscopic endocardial catheter mapping of atrial fibrillation. (1998)

The treatment of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) remains one of the unsolved problems in cardiology. Surgical interventions have demonstrated that AF can be prevented by multiple incisions within both atria. Recently, this strategy has been translated into a catheter procedure. So far, the ablation approach is not based on individual electrophysiologic data, but constitutes only an anatomic approach. Further insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the local electrograms during AF is needed. Electroanatomic maps acquired by sequential mapping over 45 seconds at each site during AF in six patients with paroxysmal AF were analyzed off-line. Electrograms were sampled at a mean of 36 +/- 12 sites in the left atrium of each patient. A total of 217 sites were sampled, of which 27.3% (59) represented type A (regular) AF, 9.7% (21) represented type B (totally irregular), and 63.1% (137) represented type C (mixture of type A and B) electrograms. The distribution was analyzed in 20 different segments of the left atrium, and a significantly higher incidence of type A electrograms was found in area 3 (upper lateral pulmonary vein) than at all other sites (P < 0.005). This observation needs further confirmation before any conclusion with regard to catheter ablation can be drawn, particularly because the analysis was based on bipolar recordings from a 4-mm tip electrode.
Aurora kinase A has a significant role as a therapeutic target and clinical biomarker in endometrial cancer (2015)

Aurora kinase A (AURKA) regulates the cell cycle checkpoint and maintains genomic integrity. AURKA is overexpressed in various malignant tumors and its upregulation induces chromosomal instability, which leads to aneuploidy and cell transformation. To investigate the role of AURKA in endometrial cancer, we evaluated the association of immunohistochemical expression of AURKA with clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, we examined the effects of AURKA inhibition by transfected siRNA in HEC-1B cells on colony-forming ability, invasion and migration capacity, and chemosensitivity. Immunohistochemical staining showed that overexpression of AURKA was significantly associated with tumor grade (P<0.05) and poor histologic differentiation (P<0.05). The recurrence rate also tended to be high in cases with overexpression of AURKA (P<0.1) and these cases also had a tendency for shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P<0.1). AURKA inhibition in endometrial cancer cell lines significantly decreased cell growth, invasion and migration (P<0.05), and increased chemosensitivity to paclitaxel. We also evaluated the efficacy of a combination of AURKA siRNA and paclitaxel against subcutaneous tumors formed in a nude mouse. After treatment, the tumor volume shrank significantly compared to treatment with paclitaxel only (P<0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first study in endometrial carcinoma to show a correlation between overexpression of AURKA and tumor grade, histological type and sensitivity to paclitaxel. AURKA is a promising therapeutic target in endometrial cancer and the combination therapy with AURKA inhibitors and paclitaxel could be effective for endometrial cancer that is resistant to conventional treatment and has a poor prognosis.
System-level performance for MMSE multiuser detection in asynchronous mixed service UMTS networks (2005)

The main objective of this paper is to investigate asynchronous linear multiuser detection (MUD) in mixed service UMTS networks in terms of system capacity as well as power reduction at mobile stations. This especially requires us to theoretically describe the interaction of linear multiuser detection with radio resource management concepts like power control and load control for asynchronous multirate transmissions. For system capacity assessments we apply a two-stage power control multiuser detection algorithm where the users are detected by a minimum mean square error (MMSE) block detection. By detailed system level simulations we evaluate the UMTS load control parameter noise rise and also show corresponding system capacity bounds for different service mixes. It is important to note that for typical UMTS services the signal-to-noise operating points of the MMSE detector are very low (less than 0 dB). These low SINR operating points severely limit multiuser detection performance gains. Compared to simple single-user matched filtering the MMSE leads to fairly modest capacity gains of up to 60% dependent on the service mix assumed.
On the Possibility of Deuteron Disintegration in Electrochemically Compressed D+in a Palladium Cathode (1989)

The possibility of deuteron disintegration due to polarization in the coulomb field of a target nucleus according to an Oppenheimer-Phillips process is discussed within the context of electrochemically compressed D+ in a palladium cathode. This reaction is possible between deuterons and palladium isotopes, as well as between the deuterons themselves. In the last case, the equivalent of the proton branch of the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction occurs in preference to the neutron branch. The process provides a possible explanation for the observed energy release, tritium production, and neutron suppression in the Fleischmann and Pons experiment. If such a process can be experimentally verified, analogous processes leading to the disintegration of the 9Be nucleus may be achievable.
Soft-Tissue Venous Malformations in Adult Patients: Imaging and Therapeutic Issues (2001)

Venous malformations are the most common vascular malformations. However, confusion with respect to terminology and imaging guidelines continues to result in improper diagnosis and treatment. An appropriate classification scheme for vascular anomalies is important to avoid the use of false generic terms. Adequate imaging in association with clinical findings is crucial to establishing the correct diagnosis. Doppler ultrasonography should be the initial imaging modality and demonstrates absence of flow or low-velocity venous flow. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are used primarily for pretreatment evaluation of lesion extension. These lesions are usually hypointense on T1-weighted MR images and markedly hyperintense on T2-weighted images with variable gadolinium enhancement. Direct phlebography helps confirm the diagnosis and exclude other soft-tissue tumors. Three distinct phlebographic patterns (cavitary, spongy, dysmorphic) have been identified. In most cases, conservative treatment is recommended. Sclerotherapy with or without surgery is useful in cases of functional impairment or significant aesthetic prejudice, even if recurrences are frequent. Direct phlebography is performed when a more detailed assessment of the vascular pattern is needed or as part of sclerotherapy. Use of the appropriate imaging technique is critical in establishing the diagnosis, evaluating extension, and planning appropriate treatment.
Osteogenic protein-1 promotes growth and maturation of chick sternal chondrocytes in serum-free cultures (1995)

We examined the effect of recombinant human osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, or bone morphogenetic protein-7), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family, on growth and maturation of day 11, 15 and 17 chick sternal chondrocytes in high density monolayers, suspension and agarose cultures for up to 5 weeks. OP-1 dose-dependently (10-50 ng/ml) promoted chondrocyte maturation associated with enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased mRNA levels and protein synthesis of type X collagen in both the presence and absence of serum. In serum-free conditions, OP-1 promoted cell proliferation and chondrocyte maturation, without requiring either thyroid hormone or insulin, agents known to support chick chondrocyte differentiation in vitro. When grown in agarose under the same conditions, TGF-beta 1 and retinoic acid neither initiated nor promoted chondrocyte differentiation. The results demonstrate that OP-1, as the sole medium supplement, supports the maturation of embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes in vitro.