gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in heart failure: influence on circulating biomarkers and outcome (2020)

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Purpose We aimed to explore the impact of COPD on HF biomarkers (N-terminal fraction of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], high-sensitivity troponin T [hs-TnT], and soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 [sST2]) and outcome. Methods Individual data from 14 cohorts of patients with stable chronic HF and NT-proBNP and hs-TnT values were analysed. Patients with known COPD status were evaluated. Results Patients (n=13,178) were aged 67 years (58–75), 75% males, and 76%, 11%, 13% with HF with reduced, mid-range, or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF/HFmrEF/HFpEF), respectively. Patients with COPD were older than those without COPD (age 71 years [64–77] vs. 66 [57–75]; p&amp;lt;0.001), more frequently males (79% vs. 74%; p&amp;lt;0.001), had more often ischaemic HF (54% vs. 52%; p&amp;lt;0.001), and HFpEF (14% vs. 12%; p=0.011), but not HFpEF (12% vs. 11%; p=0.097). COPD patients had also more severe dyspnoea (44% in NYHA class III-IV vs. 31%; p&amp;lt;0.001), and slightly worse renal function (median estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 58 mL/min/1.73 m2 [44–74] vs. 60 [46–67]; p&amp;lt;0.001). Patients with COPD had higher NT-proBNP (1501 ng/L [642–3333] vs. 1225 ng/L [476–2902]; p&amp;lt;0.001), hs-TnT (22 ng/L [13–38] vs. 17 ng/L [9–30]; p&amp;lt;0.001), and sST2 (30 ng/mL [22–45] vs. 29 [21–43]; p&amp;lt;0.001). Over a median follow-up of 2.1 years (1.5–3.7, range 0–18 years), 3,865/12,489 patients (31%) died; among them, 2,443/12,450 (20%) died for cardiovascular causes; 3,373/12,469 patients (27%) were hospitalized for HF over 35 months (15–63, range 0–216 months). Patients with COPD had a significantly higher all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and worse survival free from HF hospitalization (all p&amp;lt;0.001; Figure). In a model including age, gender, ischaemic vs. non-ischaemic aetiology, eGFR, HFrEF/HFmrEF/HFpEF, and NYHA class III-IV, COPD retained independent prognostic significance from NT-proBNP for 1-year all-cause (p=0.009) and cardiovascular mortality (p=0.022), 5-year all-cause (p&amp;lt;0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (p=0.011) as well as 3- (p=0.033), 6- (p=0.019) and 12-month HF hospitalization (p=0.033). COPD lost its independent prognostic significance when hs-TnT and sST2 were included in the model. Conclusions COPD in HF is characterized by higher NT-proBNP, hs-TnT and sST2 levels. COPD adds prognostic significance over NT-proBNP alone, but not over the combination of NT-proBNP, hs-TnT, and sST2. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None
Sequestration and Protection of Double-Stranded RNA by the Betanodavirus B2 Protein (2006)

Betanodavirus B2 belongs to a group of functionally related proteins from the sense-strand RNA virus family Nodaviridae that suppress cellular RNA interference. The B2 proteins of insect alphanodaviruses block RNA interference by binding to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), thus preventing Dicer-mediated cleavage and the subsequent generation of short interfering RNAs. We show here that the fish betanodavirus B2 protein also binds dsRNA. Binding is sequence independent, and maximal binding occurs with dsRNA substrates greater than 20 bp in length. The binding of B2 to long dsRNA is sufficient to completely block Dicer cleavage of dsRNA in vitro. Protein-protein interaction studies indicated that B2 interacts with itself and with other dsRNA binding proteins, the interaction occurring through binding to shared dsRNA substrates. Induction of the dsRNA-dependent interferon response was not antagonized by B2, as the interferon-responsive Mx gene of permissive fish cells was induced by wild-type viral RNA1 but not by a B2 mutant. The induction of Mx instead relied solely on viral RNA1 accumulation, which is impaired in the B2 mutant. Hyperediting of virus dsRNA and site-specific editing of 5-HT2C mRNA were both antagonized by B2. RNA editing was not, however, observed in transfected wild-type or B2 mutant RNA1, suggesting that this pathway does not contribute to the RNA1 accumulation defect of the B2 mutant. We thus conclude that betanodavirus B2 is a dsRNA binding protein that sequesters and protects both long and short dsRNAs to protect betanodavirus from cellular RNA interference.
Mass Spectrum (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Two N-myc polypeptides with distinct amino termini encoded by the second and third exons of the gene. (1989)

The N-myc and c-myc genes encode closely related nuclear phosphoproteins. We found that the N-myc protein from human tumor cell lines appears as four closely migrating polypeptide bands (p58 to p64) in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. This and the recent finding that the c-myc protein is synthesized from two translational initiation sites located in the first and second exons of the gene (S. R. Hann, M. W. King, D. L. Bentley, C. W. Anderson, and R. N. Eisenman, Cell 52:185-195, 1988) prompted us to study the molecular basis of the N-myc protein heterogeneity. Dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase reduced the four polypeptide bands to a doublet with an electrophoretic mobility corresponding to the two faster-migrating N-myc polypeptides (p58 and p60). When expressed transiently in COS cells, an N-myc deletion construct lacking the first exon produced polypeptides similar to the wild-type N-myc protein, indicating that the first exon of the N-myc gene is noncoding. Furthermore, mutants deleted of up to two thirds of C-terminal coding domains still retained the capacity to produce a doublet of polypeptides, suggesting distinct amino termini for the two N-myc polypeptides. The amino-terminal primary structure of the N-myc protein was studied by site-specific point mutagenesis of the 5' end of the long open reading frame and by N-terminal radiosequencing of the two polypeptides. Our results show that the N-myc polypeptides are initiated from two alternative in-phase AUG codons located 24 base pairs apart at the 5' end of the second exon. Both of these polypeptides are phosphorylated and localized to the nucleus even when expressed separately. Interestingly, DNA rearrangements activating the c-myc gene are often found in the 1.7-kilobase-pair region between the two c-myc translational initiation sites and correlate with the loss of the longer c-myc polypeptide. Thus the close spacing of the two N-myc initiation codons could explain the relative resistance of the N-myc gene to similar modes of oncogenic activation.
Polymer-Filled Nanoporous Silica Aerogels as Hosts for Highly Stable Solid-State Dye Lasers (2005)

New hybrid solid-state dye laser materials based on highly porous silica aerogels have been synthesized. The open porous network of the aerogel was saturated with laser dyes dissolved in appropriate organic monomers, and polymerization took place inside the silica structure. The resulting polymer-filled nanoporous aerogel (PFNPA) was cast in a cylindrical shape, forming monoliths that were used as gain media in solid-state dye lasers. When the PFNPA incorporated pyrromethene dyes, highly photostable laser emission with good lasing efficiency was obtained. Under the demanding conditions of tightly focused transversal pumping with 532 nm, 5 mJ pulses at 10 Hz repetition rate, the commercial dye Pyrromethene 567 exhibited laser action with only a 10% drop in the laser output after 10(6) pump pulses in the same position of the sample.
Psychophysical Evaluation of In-Situ Ultrasound Visualization (2005)

We present a novel psychophysical method for evaluating ultrasonography based on Real-Time Tomographic Reflection (RTTR), in comparison to Conventional Ultrasound (CUS). The method measures the user's perception of the location of an ultrasound-imaged target independently from assessing the action employed to reach it. Three experiments were conducted with the Sonic Flashlight (SF), an RTTR device, and CUS. The first two experiments determined subjects' perception of target location with a triangulation-by-pointing task. Depth perception with the SF was comparable to direct vision, while CUS caused considerable underestimation of target depth. Binocular depth information in the SF was shown to significantly contribute to its superiority. The third experiment tested subjects in an ultrasound-guided needle insertion task. Because the SF provides visualization of the target at its actual location, subjects performed insertions faster and more accurately by using the SF rather than CUS. Furthermore, the trajectory analysis showed that insertions with the SF generally went directly to the target along the desired path, while CUS often led to a large deviation from the correct path consistent with the observed underestimation of target depth. These findings lend great promise to the use of RTTR-based imaging in clinical practice and provide precise means of assessing efficacy.
ChemInform Abstract: LEAVING GROUP DEPENDENT STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THIOALLENE FORMATION WITH PHENYLTHIOCOPPER PHOSPHINE COMPLEXES (1984)

Abstract Die Reaktion des Propargylalkohols (IIa) mit Phenylsulfenylchlorid (III) führt zum Allen (IVa), das zu (IVb) oxidiert wird.
Population-Specific Haplotype Association of the Postsynaptic Density Gene DLG4 with Schizophrenia, in Family-Based Association Studies (2013)

The post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic synapses harbors a multitude of proteins critical for maintaining synaptic dynamics. Alteration of protein expression levels in this matrix is a marked phenomenon of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, where cognitive functions are impaired. To investigate the genetic relationship of genes expressed in the PSD with schizophrenia, a family-based association analysis of genetic variants in PSD genes such as DLG4, DLG1, PICK1 and MDM2, was performed, using Japanese samples (124 pedigrees, n = 376 subjects). Results showed a significant association of the rs17203281 variant from the DLG4 gene, with preferential transmission of the C allele (p = 0.02), although significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Replication analysis of this variant, found no association in a Chinese schizophrenia cohort (293 pedigrees, n = 1163 subjects) or in a Japanese case-control sample (n = 4182 subjects). The DLG4 expression levels between postmortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients showed no significant changes from controls. Interestingly, a five marker haplotype in DLG4, involving rs2242449, rs17203281, rs390200, rs222853 and rs222837, was enriched in a population specific manner, where the sequences A-C-C-C-A and G-C-C-C-A accumulated in Japanese (p = 0.0009) and Chinese (p = 0.0007) schizophrenia pedigree samples, respectively. However, this could not be replicated in case-control samples. None of the variants in other examined candidate genes showed any significant association in these samples. The current study highlights a putative role for DLG4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis, evidenced by haplotype association, and warrants further dense screening for variants within these haplotypes.
A fixed IF 77-GHz FMCW radar sensor (2008)

In this paper a 77-GHz FMCW radar with a fixed IF bandpass filter in conjunction with adjustable frequency slopes was presented. The used method allows retrieving the range profile without the need for fast digital signal processors (DSP) required to calculate the spectral contents of the received signal. Instead a fixed IF bandpass filter is implemented with an FIR filter, which is available in modern signal converters. Thus a simple microcontroller is sufficient to read out the estimated frequency bin and to set the slope of the frequency ramp to the desired values. This enables the presented sensor to be used in low-cost applications, without suffering from performance degradations compared to the conventional FMCW signal processor. The main drawback of the described method is the extended measurement time because N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ramps must be transmitted to obtain the range profile. Therefore, the concept is suitable for slowly moving targets only, requiring that the change in distance doesn't exceed the range resolution during one measurement cycle.
Terahertz-regime, micro-VEDs: evaluation of micromachined TWT conceptual designs (2002)

Summary form only given. The Terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum (/spl sim/300-3000 GHz) has enormous potential for high-data-rate communications, spectroscopy, astronomy, space research, medicine, biology, surveillance, remote sensing, industrial process control, etc. The most critical roadblock to full exploitation of the THz band is lack of coherent radiation sources that are powerful (0.01-10.0 W continuous wave), efficient (>1%), frequency agile (instantaneously tunable over 1% bandwidths or more), reliable, and relatively inexpensive. Micro-machined Vacuum Electron Devices (micro-VEDs) represent a promising solution. We describe prospects for miniature, THz-regime TWTs fabricated using micromachining techniques. Several /spl sim/600 GHz conceptual designs are compared. Their expected performance has been analyzed using 1D, 2.5D, and 3D TWT codes. A folded waveguide (FWG) TWT forward-wave amplifier design is presented based on a Northrop Grumman (NGC) optimized design procedure. This conceptual device is compared to the simulated performance of a novel, micro-VED helix TWT. Conceptual FWG TWT backward-wave amplifiers and oscillators are also discussed. A scaled (100 GHz) FWG TWT operating at a relatively low voltage (/spl sim/12 kV) is under development at NGC. Also, actual-size micromachining experiments are planned to evaluate the feasibility of arrays of micro-VED TWTs. Progress and results of these efforts are described. This work was supported, in part by AFOSR, ONR, and NSF.
Chiral separation of lobeline analogs using high performance capillary electrophoresis and derivatized cyclodextrins as chiral additives (1999)

High performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) methods are described that will separate the enantiomers of various lobeline analogs synthesized in these laboratories. “Cyclodextrin array analysis” was used for preliminary screening and electrophoresis conditions were optimized for each investigated analog. The lobeline analogs under consideration were investigated as potential nicotinic agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Native alpha (α)-, beta (β)-, and gamma (γ)-cyclodextrins, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M-β-CD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD), hydroxypropyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (HP-α-CD), hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and hydroxypropl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD) were used as run buffer additives and their effect on the enantiomeric resolution of the lobeline analogs was investigated. The effect of pH, buffer concentration, voltage, temperature and organic modifier concentration on the enantiomeric resolution of the lobeline analogs was investigated. The most suitable conditions for each compound were chosen and, with detection at a wavelength of 200 nm, optimized.
Clinical study to assess the stain removal efficacy of two tartar control dentifrices and a low abrasive dentifrice. (1994)

Significant differences in stain removal have been demonstrated in a laboratory study comparing two tartar control dentifrices: Platinum, containing 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% of a copolymer, and Crest Tartar Control, containing 5% soluble pyrophosphate. The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the same tartar control dentifrices, and a low abrasive dentifrice for their ability to reduce Peridex-induced stain. Eighty-five subjects were given Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate) and a low abrasive dentifrice for 4 weeks. The 76 subjects with sufficient stain were stratified using the Lobene index on buccal and lingual surfaces of anterior teeth, and randomly assigned one of the three dentifrices for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, total stain evaluations were significantly lower in the Platinum dentifrice group (mean 0.84) compared to both Crest Tartar Control dentifrice (1.08) and the low abrasive dentifrice (1.09) at p<0.05 by ANOVA. In this 8-week clinical study, Platinum dentifrice was significantly more effective than Crest Tartar Control dentifrice or a low abrasive dentifrice in reducing Peridex-induced stain, and this finding correlates well with laboratory data on removal of tea and coffee stain.
Additive non-Gaussian noise attacks on the scalar Costa scheme (SCS) (2005)

The additive attack public mutual information game is explicitly solved for one of the simplest quantization based watermarking schemes, the scalar Costa scheme (SCS). It is a zero-sum game played between the embedder and the attacker, and the payoff function is the mutual information. The solution of the game, a subgame perfect nash equilibrium, is found by backward induction. Therefore, the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm is employed for numerically optimizing the mutual information over noise distributions. Although the worst case distribution is in general strongly non-Gaussian, the capacity degradation compared to a suboptimal Gaussian noise attack is quite small. The loss, if the embedder optimizes SCS for a Gaussian attack but the worst case attack is employed, is negligible.
Interconnect Variability and Performance Analysis (2010)

Variability of interconnects is a major problem. Starting with 32nm technology, double patterning lithography is used for printing interconnects in critical layers. Such a process may introduce additional variability to interconnects. In this chapter, we first target interconnect variability for single and double patterning systems at the technology level. Double patterning lithography techniques require additional masks for a single interconnect layer. Consequently, one challenge double-patterning lithography brings is that overlay results in additional variability for interconnect coupling capacitances. We provide variational interconnect analysis methods and extend these techniques to handle variability in double-patterning lithography. We experimentally demonstrate our methodology using technology-computer-aided-design (TCAD) simulations on a 32nm technology. We then present a parameter reduction-based technique to utilize such variability information for large interconnect networks on integrated circuits. Process variations in modern VLSI technologies are growing in both magnitude and dimensionality. To assess performance variability, complex simulation and performance models parameterized in a high-dimensional process variation space are desired. However, the high parameter dimensionality, imposed by a large number of variation sources encountered in modern technologies, can introduce significant complexity in circuit analysis and may even render performance variability analysis completely intractable. We address the challenge brought by high-dimensional process variations via a new performance-oriented parameter dimension reduction technique. The basic premise behind our approach is that the dimensionality of performance variability is determined not only by the statistical characteristics of the underlying process variables, but also by the structural information imposed by a given design. Using the powerful reduced rank regression (RRR) and its extension as a vehicle for variability modeling, we are able to systematically identify statistically significant reduced parameter sets and compute not only reducedparameter but also reduced-parameter-order models that are far more efficient than what was possible before [2,3]. For a variety of interconnectmodeling problems, it is shown that the proposed parameter reduction technique can provide more than one order of magnitude reduction in parameter dimensionality. Such parameter reduction immediately leads to reduced simulation cost in sampling-based performance analysis, and more importantly, highly efficient parameterized interconnect reduced order models. As a general parameter dimension reduction methodology, it is anticipated that the proposed technique is broadly applicable to a variety of statistical circuit modeling problems, thereby offering a useful framework for controlling the complexity of statistical circuit analysis.
Multidimensional PAM With Pseudo-Gray Coding for Flexible Data Center Interconnects (2018)

Conventional modulation formats for single carrier transmission do not provide the flexibility to gradually scale the data rate and spectral efficiency. By using multidimensional pulse-amplitude modulation, fractional numbers of bits per symbol can be achieved, which extends the flexibility and reach of intensity modulation and direct detection systems but keeps the signal processing simple. By using pseudo-Gray coding, we are able to achieve optimum mappings for various non-integer bits-to-symbol assignments. We show a transmission experiment with data rates ranging from 56 to 168 Gb/s in fine granularity over different link lengths at a symbol rate of 56 GBd.
Vorticity evolution mechanism in near‐field of a transverse jet (2006)

Abstract Flow structure and vorticity evolution processes in the near field of an elevated jet in a crossflow are experimentally studied in a wind tunnel. The instantaneous and time‐averaged flow field characteristics are observed and measured by using a flow visualization technique and a high‐speed Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV). Time histories of the instantaneous velocity of the vortical flows in the shear‐layer are recorded by a hot‐wire anemometer and a high‐speed data acquisition system in order to analyze the frequency characteristics of the traveling coherent structure in the shear‐layer. Experiments are performed between two different jet‐to‐crossflow momentum flux ratios R = 0.08 and 0.56, which are selected from two regimes with different kinds of flow patterns at a fixed crossflow Reynolds number 2051. The behaviors and mechanisms of the vortical flow structure and the vorticity evolution mechanisms appear to be distinct in different flow regimes. By analyzing the pictures of the smoke flow visualization and the instantaneous vorticity contour maps, two kinds of vorticity evolution mechanisms, “shear‐induced vortices” and “swing‐induced vortices”, can be identified in the shear‐layer evolving from the jet exit. The time‐averaged velocity field and vorticity properties are also discussed in this paper.
Treatment Outcome of Auditory and Frontal Dual-Site rTMS in Tinnitus Patients and Changes in Magnetoencephalographic Functional Connectivity after rTMS: Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial (2019)

A beneficial effect of rTMS on tinnitus suppression was found in the dual-site active rTMS group, but not in the sham rTMS group.