gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A room temperature LSO/PIN photodiode PET detector module that measures depth of interaction (1995)

We present measurements of a 4 element PET detector module that uses a 2/spl times/2 array of 3 mm square PIN photodiodes to both measure the depth of interaction (DOI) and identify the crystal of interaction. Each photodiode is coupled to one end of a 3/spl times/3/spl times/25 mm LSO crystal, with the opposite ends of all 4 crystals attached to a single PMT that provides a timing signal and initial energy discrimination. Each LSO crystal is coated with a "lossy" reflector, so the ratio of light detected in the photodiode and PMT depends on the position of interaction in the crystal, and is used to determine this position on an event by event basis. This module is operated at +25/spl deg/C with a photodiode amplifier peaking time of 2 /spl mu/s. When excited by a collimated beam of 511 keV photons at the photodiode end of the module (i.e. closest to the patient), the DOI resolution is 4 mm FWHM and the crystal of interaction is identified correctly 95% of the time. When excited at the opposite end of the module, the DOI resolution is 13 mm FWHM and the crystal of interaction is identified correctly 73% of the time. The channel to channel variations in performance are minimal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Domino Addition of Allylzinc Bromide to Nitrile Oxides: Synthesis of 5‐Butenylisoxazolines. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Wireless CSI-based head tracking in the driver seat (2018)

In recent years, augmented reality (AR) has drawn significant attention in the automotive industry and shown great potential for a variety of driver-assistance applications. Tracking the driver's head is vital to seamlessly merge the AR content in the driver's view but still remains an open problem. Specifically, most existing in-vehicle AR solutions rely on cameras for head tracking, which suffer from low sampling rate, weak performance at night, and even high computation costs. Wearing a dedicated headset, on the other hand, is intrusive and inconvenient for daily driving.
Impact of Carbon Incorporation on the Effective Work Function of WN and TaN Metal Gate Electrodes (2008)

Plasma carbonization was used to study the effect of carbon incorporation on the work function of metal nitride gates. The work functions were shifted by as much as upon the incorporation of 8% carbon. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that these shifts in the work function values are mainly driven by the formation of metal–carbon and carbon–carbon bonds in the metal gate. In particular, the work function decreased with increasing the metal–carbon bond concentration, reaching as low as for TaC with 50% carbon. This correlation of bonding with the work function can be used to tune the work function of metal gates.
The concept and potentials of cardiovascular gene therapy. (1998)

3 ardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized societies. In the United States, hypertension afflicts 58 million individuals and coronary heart disease affects over 7 million subjects. Although significant progress has been made in their treatment and prevention, cardiovascular disorders remain a leading public health problem. In many areas of cardiovascular pathophysiology, there are still many unresolved therapeutic issues ranging from prevention to intervention.1 In several areas, no known effective therapy exists (eg, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, restenosis after angioplasty, and accelerated transplant coronary vasculopathy, to name a few). Since there is an explosion of new information on the complex and intricate processes involved in vessel wall homeostasis and related pathobiological events, the future in the management of cardiovascular disorders will certainly depend on the introduction of molecular biology techniques and gene therapy approaches.2 Table I summarizes the potential applications of gene therapy for cardiovascular diseases.
Topic modeling for OLAP on multidimensional text databases: topic cube and its applications (2009)

Abstract As the amount of textual information grows explosively in various kinds of business systems, it becomes more and more desirable to analyze both structured data records and unstructured text data simultaneously. Although online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques have been proven very useful for analyzing and mining structured data, they face challenges in handling text data. On the other hand, probabilistic topic models are among the most effective approaches to latent topic analysis and mining on text data. In this paper, we study a new data model called topic cube to combine OLAP with probabilistic topic modeling and enable OLAP on the dimension of text data in a multidimensional text database. Topic cube extends the traditional data cube to cope with a topic hierarchy and stores probabilistic content measures of text documents learned through a probabilistic topic model. To materialize topic cubes efficiently, we propose two heuristic aggregations to speed up the iterative Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm for estimating topic models by leveraging the models learned on component data cells to choose a good starting point for iteration. Experimental results show that these heuristic aggregations are much faster than the baseline method of computing each topic cube from scratch. We also discuss some potential uses of topic cube and show sample experimental results. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 378‐395, 2009
Toward remote high energy terahertz generation (2010)

Remote terahertz (THz) generation from a two-color femtosecond laser-induced filament in air was experimentally demonstrated. A record of remote THz emission at 16 m was achieved. THz pulse energy more than 250 nJ in the frequency range below 5.5 THz was recorded; this is two orders of magnitude stronger than that from single-color excitation. Back-scattered nitrogen (N2) fluorescence signal remotely measured with a lidar is linearly proportional to the THz emission, which would provide a more practical method to characterize the THz pulses.
<title>Novel Si substrate mode based wafer scale optical clock distribution architecture</title> (1995)

In this paper we demonstrate a novel Si wafer based optical clock distribution technique operating 1.3 micrometers and based on a central polygonal input coupling grating structure and surrounding rings of linear output coupling gratings. In this arrangement, both the central polygonal and linear output gratings have a period of 1 micrometers , allowing light to be efficiently coupled into and out of the Si wafer substrate mode in the surface normal direction. A double side polished Si wafer is used to limit the surface scattering losses as the signal travels through the bulk of the Si wafer. One of the major advantages of this technique is that, since the gratings can be written onto the Si surface using optical contact lithography and reactive ion etching, an array of grating shapes and depths can be selected to optimize the diffraction efficiency and focus the output beams onto the associated multi-chip module (MCM). This helps to reduce the optical power requirements that a future system would have and also allows for greater flexibility in system packaging design.
Pr x Ca 1 − x MnO 3 based stochastic neuron for Boltzmann machine to solve “maximum cut” problem (2019)

The neural network enables efficient solutions for Nondeterministic Polynomial-time (NP) hard problems, which are challenging for conventional von Neumann computing. The hardware implementation, i.e., neuromorphic computing, aspires to enhance this efficiency by custom hardware. Particularly, NP hard graphical constraint optimization problems are solved by a network of stochastic binary neurons to form a Boltzmann Machine (BM). The implementation of stochastic neurons in hardware is a major challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that the high to low resistance switching (set) process of a PrxCa1−xMnO3 (PCMO) based RRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory) is probabilistic. Additionally, the voltage-dependent probability distribution approximates a sigmoid function with 1.35%–3.5% error. Such a sigmoid function is required for a BM. Thus, the Analog Approximate Sigmoid (AAS) stochastic neuron is proposed to solve the maximum cut—an NP hard problem. It is compared with Digital Precision-controlled Sigmoid (DPS) implementation using (a) pure CMOS design and (b) hybrid (RRAM integrated with CMOS). The AAS design solves the problem with 98% accuracy, which is comparable with the DPS design but with 10× area and 4× energy advantage. Thus, ASIC neuro-processors based on novel analog neuromorphic devices based BM are promising for efficiently solving large scale NP hard optimization problems.
Topology optimization of structures and infill for additive manufacturing (2017)

Topology optimization (TO) [1] is a widely used tool for generating optimal structures for subsequent realization by additive manufacturing (AM) methods. TO is a numerical method that, based on iterated finite element analyses, gradient-based optimization algorithms and design parameterizations described by point clouds, delivers optimal but often rather complex topologies. As such, TO is a design method that takes full advantage of the large design freedom offered by AM technologies. Much recent effortin the TO community has been devoted to the development of algorithms that take manufacturing constraints into account, such as overhang angles, printing directions and minimization of support material. In this talk we will discuss recent developments in simultaneous design of structures and their infill. Infill in AM is often used to save material consumption and weight. Infill is also used as a design gimmick to illustrate the capabilities of AM to mimic natural creations like honeycombs and bonestructure. Partly for manufacturing reasons, infill microstructure is often built as open-walled foam structures. However, as maybe unknown by many, open-walled microstructures are not optimal with respect to stiffness [2]. Even if one builds structures with uniform and stiffer closed-walled infill, it does not beat simple solid structures with regards to stiffness. On the other hand, porous infill structures may posses an advantage with regards to buckling stability compared to their solid counterparts [3].The talk will discuss above issues in more detail and present recent developments with regards to topology optimization with uniform and isotropic infill [3, 4, 5], anisotropic infill for fixed outer geometries[6], simultaneous anisotropic infill and structural design [7], as well as recent developments in multiscale topology optimization approaches that may speed up the previously mentioned approaches [8].
Performance analysis of k-ary n-cube interconnection networks (1990)

VLSI communication networks are wire-limited, i.e. the cost of a network is not a function of the number of switches required, but rather a function of the wiring density required to construct the network. Communication networks of varying dimensions are analyzed under the assumption of constant wire bisection. Expressions for the latency, average case throughput, and hot-spot throughput of k-ary n-cube networks with constant bisection that agree closely with experimental measurements are derived. It is shown that low-dimensional networks (e.g. tori) have lower latency and higher hot-spot throughput than high-dimensional networks (e.g. binary n-cubes) with the same bisection width.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of Sulfur Impregnation Temperature on the Properties and Mercury Adsorption Capacities of Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) (2001)

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the role of sulfur functional groups and micropore surface area of carbon-based adsorbents on the adsorption of Hg0 from simulated coal combustion flue gases. In this study, raw activated carbon fibers that are microporous (ACF-20) were impregnated with elemental sulfur between 250 and 650 degrees C. The resulting samples were saturated with respect to sulfur content. Total sulfur content of the sulfur impregnated ACF samples decreased with increasing impregnation temperatures from 250 and 500 degrees C and then remained constant to 650 degrees C. Results from sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (S-XANES) spectroscopy showed that sulfur impregnated on the ACF samples was in both elemental and organic forms. As sulfur impregnation temperature increased, however, the relative amounts of elemental sulfur decreased with a concomitant increase in the amount of organic sulfur. Thermal analyses and mass spectrometry revealed that sulfur functional groups formed at higher impregnation temperatures were more thermally stable. In general, sulfur impregnation decreased surface area and increased equilibrium Hg0 adsorption capacity when compared to the raw ACF sample. The ACF sample treated with sulfur at 400 degrees C had a surface area of only 94 m2/g compared to the raw ACF sample's surface area of 1971 m2/g, but at least 86% of this sample's surface area existed as micropores and it had the largest equilibrium Hg0 adsorption capacities (2211-11,343 micrograms/g). Such a result indicates that 400 degrees C is potentially an optimal sulfur impregnation temperature for this ACF. Sulfur impregnated on the ACF that was treated at 400 degrees C was in both elemental and organic forms. Thermal analyses and CS2 extraction tests suggested that elemental sulfur was the main form of sulfur affecting the Hg0 adsorption capacity. These findings indicate that both the presence of elemental sulfur on the adsorbent and a microporous structure are important properties for improving the performance of carbon-based adsorbents for the removal of Hg0 from coal combustion flue gases.
Gold Nanoparticles for Biology and Medicine* (2020)

Gold colloids have fascinated scientists for over a century and are now heavily utilized in chemistry, biology, engineering, and medicine. Today these materials can be synthesized reproducibly, modified with seemingly limitless chemical functional groups, and, in certain cases, characterized with atomic-level precision. This chapter highlights recent advances in the synthesis, bioconjugation, and cellular uses of gold nanoconjugates. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have a rich history in chemistry, dating back to ancient Roman times where they were used to stain glasses for decorative purposes. Reliable and high-yielding methods for the synthesis of AuNPs, including those with spherical and nonspherical shapes, have been developed over the last half-century. The chapter describes the current status of gold nanoconjugates for cellular and therapeutic uses. It focuses on chemical synthesis, physical and chemical properties, as well as investigations and applications in cells.
Domain-Specific Interactions of Talin with the Membrane-Proximal Region of the Integrin β3 Subunit (2003)

Activation (affinity regulation) of integrin adhesion receptors controls cell migration and extracellular matrix assembly. Talin connects integrins with actin filaments and influences integrin affinity by binding to the integrins' short cytoplasmic beta-tail. The principal beta-tail binding site in talin is a FERM domain, comprised of three subdomains (F1, F2, and F3). Previous studies of integrin alphaIIbbeta3 have shown that both F2 and F3 bind the beta3 tail, but only F3, or the F2-F3 domain pair, induces activation. Here, talin-induced perturbations of beta3 NMR resonances were examined to explore integrin activation mechanisms. F3 and F2-F3, but not F2, distinctly perturbed the membrane-proximal region of the beta3 tail. All domains also perturbed more distal regions of the beta3 tail that appear to form the major interaction surface, since the beta3(Y747A) mutation suppressed those effects. These results suggest that perturbation of the beta3 tail membrane-proximal region is associated with talin-mediated integrin activation.
Data from Topical TLR7 Agonist Imiquimod Can Induce Immune-Mediated Rejection of Skin Metastases in Patients with Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Skin metastases of breast cancer remain a therapeutic challenge. Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod is an immune response modifier and can induce immune-mediated rejection of primary skin malignancies when topically applied. Here we tested the hypothesis that topical imiquimod stimulates local antitumor immunity and induces the regression of breast cancer skin metastases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; A prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the local tumor response rate of breast cancer skin metastases treated with topical imiquimod, applied 5 d/wk for 8 weeks. Safety and immunologic correlates were secondary objectives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Ten patients were enrolled and completed the study. Imiquimod treatment was well tolerated, with only grade 1 to 2 transient local and systemic side effects consistent with imiquimod's immunomodulatory effects. Two patients achieved a partial response [20%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3%–56%]. Responders showed histologic tumor regression with evidence of an immune-mediated response, showed by changes in the tumor lymphocytic infiltrate and locally produced cytokines.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Topical imiquimod is a beneficial treatment modality for breast cancer metastatic to skin/chest wall and is well tolerated. Importantly, imiquimod can promote a proimmunogenic tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Preclinical data generated by our group suggest superior results with a combination of imiquimod and ionizing radiation and we are currently testing in patients whether the combination can further improve antitumor immune and clinical responses. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 18(24); 6748–57. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Enzymatic preparation of optically active cyanohydrin acetates (1989)

A series of cyanohydrin acetates (1)–(47) of widely varying structures, potential chiral building blocks for numerous synthetic applications, has been prepared in good chemical and often high optical yields by enzymatic hydrolysis of their racemic acetates in the presence of an ester hydrolase from Pseudomonas sp.
Role of Estrogen Receptor Gene Demethylation and DNA Methyltransferase·DNA Adduct Formation in 5-Aza-2′deoxycytidine-induced Cytotoxicity In Human Breast Cancer Cells (1997)

The cytosine analog 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. Its cytotoxicity has been attributed to several possible mechanisms including reexpression of growth suppressor genes and formation of covalent adducts between DNA methyltransferase and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-substituted DNA which may lead to steric inhibition of DNA function. In this study, we use a panel of human breast cancer cell lines as a model system to examine the relative contribution of two mechanisms, gene reactivation and adduct formation. Estrogen receptor-negative cells, which have a hypermethylated estrogen receptor gene promoter, are more sensitive than estrogen receptor-positive cells and underwent apoptosis in response to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. For the first time, we show that reactivation of a gene silenced by methylation, estrogen receptor, plays a major role in this toxicity in one estrogen receptor-negative cell line as treatment of the cells with anti-estrogen-blocked cell death. However, drug sensitivity of other tumor cell lines correlated best with increased levels of DNA methyltransferase activity and formation DNA.DNA methyltransferase adducts as analyzed in situ. Therefore, both reexpression of genes like estrogen receptor and formation of covalent enzyme. DNA adducts can play a role in 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine toxicity in cancer cells.
Measurement Based Performance Analysis of Internet over Satellite (2002)

Performance enhancing proxies (PEPs) are widely used as a solution to improve the performance of TCP over high delay-bandwidth product links and links with high error probability. In this paper we analyze the performance of using TCP connection splitting in combination with web caches via traces obtained from a commercial satellite system. We examine the resulting performance gain under different scenarios, including the effect of caching, congestion, random loss and file sizes. We show, by analyzing our measurements, that the performance gain from using splitting is highly sensitive to random losses (for small files) and the number of simultaneous connections, and that such sensitivity is alleviated by caching. On the other hand, the use of a splitting proxy enhances the value of web caching in that cache hits result in much more significant performance improvement over cache misses when TCP splitting is used. We also compared the performance of using different versions of HTTP over such a system. I.
OS3(3)-10(OS03W0418) Thermographic Signal Reconstruction for NDE and Materials Characterization (2003)

Pulsed thermography has gained considerable acceptance as a toel for nendestruetive testing in thc aerospace, power generation and automotive induslrics, It otl'ers fast. wide area.
Lymphatic fatty acids in canines dosed with pharmaceutical formulations containing structured triacylglycerols (2006)

The intramolecular structure of dietary triacylglycerols (TAG) influences absorption. In this study, two different pharmaceutical formulations were compared containing TAG differing in fatty acid profiles and intramolecular structures: LML and MLM, where M represented medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; 8:0) and L represented long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Lymph was collected from thoracic duct-cannulated canines for 12 h and the fatty acid composition was determined. The lymphatic transport of total fatty acids was significantly higher than the amount dosed; hence, the small exogenously dosed lipid recruited a large pool of endogenous fatty acids. The LML vehicle led to a significantly higher total fatty acid transport than the MLM vehicle. The amount of 8:0 recovered in lymph was almost similar and low for both groups. The amount of LCFA recovered from the animals dosed with the LML vehicle was generally higher than from the animals dosed with the MLM vehicle; however, statistically significant differences were only found for 18:0 and 18:3n-3. In conclusion, these results indicated that the fatty acid profile and intramolecular structure of administered TAG influenced the absorption of fatty acids in canines, also when the TAG was incorporated into a pharmaceutical formulation in low amounts.
Improving Lateral Flow Assay Performance Using Computational Modeling (2018)

The performance, field utility, and low cost of lateral flow assays (LFAs) have driven a tremendous shift in global health care practices by enabling diagnostic testing in previously unserved settings. This success has motivated the continued improvement of LFAs through increasingly sophisticated materials and reagents. However, our mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes that drive the informed design of these systems has not received commensurate attention. Here, we review the principles underpinning LFAs and the historical evolution of theory to predict their performance. As this theory is integrated into computational models and becomes testable, the criteria for quantifying performance and validating predictive power are critical. The integration of computational design with LFA development offers a promising and coherent framework to choose from an increasing number of novel materials, techniques, and reagents to deliver the low-cost, high-fidelity assays of the future.