gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Process Variation Analysis of Device Performance Using Virtual Fabrication: Methodology Demonstrated on a CMOS 14-nm FinFET Vehicle (2020)

A new methodology is demonstrated to assess the impact of fabrication inherent process variability on 14-nm fin field effect transistor (FinFET) device performance. A model of a FinFET device was built using virtual device fabrication and testing. The model was subsequently calibrated on Design of Experiment corner case data that had been collected on a limited number of processed fab wafers. We then performed 400 virtual experiments comprising seven sources of process variation. Using this virtual fabrication technique, we were able to identify a minimum gate-to-source/drain spacer thickness for a high-temperature post-EPI rapid thermal anneal (RTA) anneal process that avoided device subthreshold slope penalties. The model allowed us to determine the optimal Si recess depth target and process window prior to source/drain epitaxy. We obtained these results by reviewing device performance as a function of statistical process sensitivity and highlighting key process parameters requiring variation control. These experiments would have been impractical to perform in an actual fab, due to the time, cost, and equipment requirements of running 400 fab-based process variation experiments for each process parameter. This methodology can be used to avoid wafer-based testing during early technology development.
A single head 1.4 kW Nd:YAG slab laser with lamp pumping (1994)

A Nd:YAG slab laser is a promising candidate for material processing as it has potential of producing a high-power beam with good focusability. The maximum power of a single head Nd:YAG slab laser has been around 1 kW because of optical distortion induced in the laser medium. We have developed a lamp pumped, single head 1.4 kW Nd:YAG slab laser. A Brewster angle Nd:YAG slab (6 × 25 × 213 mm 3 , 0.8 AT.% doping) is used. The number of total internal reflections of the laser beam in the slab medium is 20. The slab is pumped over a length of 150 mm by four krypton arclamps with the arc length of 6 inches and inner diameter of 7 mm.
Side Effect of Normal Vector Recovery based Polarization Demultiplexing in Stokes Space and the Countermeasure (2020)

We deeply analyze the side effect of present polarization demultiplexing in Stokes space and propose an enhanced method by compensating residual phase retarder. Experiments show that the retarder compensation is indispensable and the proposed method tracks 1MHz polarization change with only 0.4dB Q penalty.
Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording on High Anisotropy Nanocomposite Media (2008)

The tremendous increase in magnetic areal density has been largely responsible for the proliferation of hard disk drive recording into new applications and markets. The superparamagnetic limit imposes a signal-to-noise ratio, thermal stability, and writability tradeoff that limits the ability to continue to scale traditional magnetic recording technology to higher storage densities. Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) offers a new degree of freedom with elevated writing temperature that holds the promise of extending the areal density of magnetic data storage. By temporarily heating the media during the recording process, the media coercivity can be lowered below the available applied magnetic write field, allowing higher media anisotropy and therefore smaller thermally stable grains. The heated region is then rapidly cooled in the presence of the applied head field where transition is recorded. With a tightly focused laser beam heating the media, the write process is similar to magneto- optical recording, but in a HAMR system the readout is performed with a magneto-resistive element.
Supplemental Figure S1 from The Distinctive Mutational Spectra of Polyomavirus-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Figure S1. Mutational signatures of Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinomas&lt;/p&gt;
Regulation of mdr RNA levels in response to cytotoxic drugs in rodent cells. (1990)

The mdr gene, which encodes an energy-dependent multidrug efflux pump termed P-glycoprotein, is expressed in some normal human and rodent tissues, including the adrenal gland, kidney, liver, colon, small intestine, and brain and testis capillary endothelial cells. Because of the important role played by the multidrug transporter in determining sensitivity of normal tissues and resistance of cancers to chemotherapeutic drugs, we and others have been determining the environmental factors which regulate expression of the mdr gene. In previous studies, expression of the human MDR1 gene has been shown to be regulated by heat shock, arsenite, and cadmium in a kidney carcinoma cell line, and mdr RNA is dramatically elevated in rat liver after partial hepatectomy or treatment of the animals with cytotoxic agents. We have now investigated the genetic response of the mdr gene to acute cytotoxic insults in rodent and human tissue culture cells. Following exposure to several drugs, most of which are known to be substrates for the multidrug transporter, mdr RNA levels were found to increase substantially in the rodent cells, but not the human cells. Furthermore, RNA levels for topoisomerase II, an intracellular target for these drugs, decreased in the rodent cells. These results suggest a complex pattern of regulation of mdr RNA levels, depending on animal species and cell type, and possible coordinate regulation with topoisomerase II RNA levels.
Estimating Inter-Frame Parametric Dominant Motion at 1000fps Rate (2008)

We present a very low-complexity method for estimation of parametric global motion in video. First, the motion is approximated by translation, then small peripheral blocks from the rectangular area of overlap are matched, and local motion vectors (MVs) are extracted. Both global translation and local MVs are efficiently computed using ID phase correlation of integral image projections. The global parametric motion is estimated from inlier MVs found by the RANSAC. Our main contributions, enabling high performance, are: 1) non-informative block rejection based on image projection analysis, 2) informative block search using line scanning from peripheral blocks towards the central block, and 3) iterative replacement of the outlier MVs. The achieved performance is ~1000 fps for CIF frame. The method is demonstrated in video sequences with rapid camera motion, zoom and rotation. Geometric and photometric comparisons with two other motion estimation methods are performed.
Brefeldin A (BFA) Inhibits Basolateral Membrane (BLM) Delivery and Dimerization of Transcobalamin II Receptor in Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells (1998)

Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment of Caco-2 cells (5 microg/ml for 12 h) reduced by 90% the cholesterol, but not the phospholipid (PL), levels of the basolateral membrane (BLM), thus altering its PL/cholesterol molar ratio from 2.6 to 22.0, and decreasing its steady state fluorescent anisotropy (rs) from 0.27 to 0.15. BFA treatment for 12 h also resulted in complete loss of transcobalamin II receptor (TC II-R) activity/protein levels in the BLM and the disappearance of trans-Golgi network (TGN) morphology as revealed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy using antibody to TGN 38. However, BFA treatment had no effect on either total cellular cholesterol, TC II-R activity, or PL levels. When cells treated with BFA for 12 h were exposed to BFA-free medium for 0-24 h, all of the effects were reversed, including reappearance of normal TGN morphology. TC II-R delivered to the BLM during this period was progressively sialylated and changed its physical state from a monomer (8 h) to a dimer (12 h), coinciding with increased delivery (11-53 pmol) of cholesterol to the BLM and an increase in the BLM rs from 0.15 to 0.21. These results indicate that cholesterol, but not PL, delivery to the BLM of Caco-2 cells is BFA-sensitive, and cholesterol, by influencing the higher order of the BLM, is essential for TC II-R dimerization.
Feasibility study of a multiple beam SEM for a defect inspection (2004)

We have developed an electron beam inspection system based on projection electron microscopy(1). SE image is magnified by the projection optics and then detected by a CCD detector. For this method very large numbers of pixel data can be obtained at once, however because of large beam current this method have a fear of a surface charging. We started to study a new multiple beam SEM using image projection type SE detection. For this type SEM, a primary optics is more important than the secondary one, and then we start to study only the primary optics.
Prototype for expulsion of kidney stones with focused ultrasound. (2011)

Residual fragments remain in over 50% of treatments for lower pole kidney stones. A second-generation device based on a diagnostic ultrasound system and scanhead has been developed with a unique algorithm for stone detection and the capability to focus ultrasound to expel residual fragments. Focused ultrasound was applied to a bead on string in a water tank as well as to human stones (&amp;lt;5 mm) implanted in the lower pole of a live porcine model via retrograde ureteroscopy. Histological samples were collected and scored in a blinded fashion for therapeutic exposures and for super-therapeutic levels. The in-vitro bead was visually observed to move under focused ultrasound. Even with progressive manual displacement of the bead, the system continuously tracked and caused bead movement in real time. In the live porcine model, stones were expelled from the lower pole to the ureteropelvic junction in seconds to minutes using pulses at a duty factor of 0.02 and 8 W total acoustic power. Injury was observed no more frequently than in controls. Occurrence of injury rose slightly above control at a duty factor of 0.02 and 80 W and at a duty factor of 1 and 8 W. [Work supported by NIH DK48331, NIH DK086371, and NSBRI through NASA NCC 9-58.]
The Effect of Endoscopic Therapy in Patients Receiving Omeprazole for Bleeding Ulcers with Nonbleeding Visible Vessels or Adherent Clots (2003)

The combination of endoscopic therapy and omeprazole infusion is superior to omeprazole infusion alone for preventing recurrent bleeding from ulcers with nonbleeding visible vessels and adherent clots.
0.8-Numerical-Aperture Two-Element Objective Lens for the Optical Disk (1997)

A high-numerical-aperture ( NA ) optical pick-up for an optical disk was developed using a two-element lens, a thin disk substrate and a spherical aberration compensation mechanism. We designed a two-element objective lens rather than a conventional singlet objective lens in order to increase the fabrication tolerance of the objective lens for high NA . A disk substrate which is thinner than that of the digital video disk (DVD) was adopted to increase the disk tilt tolerance. A spherical aberration compensation mechanism was realized by controlling the distance between the two lenses of the objective using an actuator in order to cancel the aberration due to the variations in the disk thickness. In the experiment, we fabricated a two-element lens according to our design and confirmed that it performed as a high-quality 0.8- NA objective lens.
Outcomes of patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma after failure of anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy: a DESCAR-T analysis (2022)

Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a major advance in the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas. However, a significant number of patients experience failure. Among 550 patients registered in the French registry DESCAR-T, 238 (43.3%) experienced progression/relapse, with a median follow-up of 7.9 months. At registration, 57.0% of patients presented an age-adjusted International Prognostic Index of 2 to 3, 18.9% had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2, 57.1% received >3 lines of treatment prior to receiving CAR T-cells, and 87.8% received bridging therapy. At infusion, 66% of patients presented progressive disease, and 38.9% had high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Failure after CAR T-cell treatment occurred after a median of 2.7 months (range: 0.2-21.5). Fifty-four patients (22.7%) presented very early failure (day [D] 0-D30); 102 (42.9%) had early failure (D31-D90), and 82 (34.5%) had late (>D90) failure. After failure, 154 patients (64%) received salvage treatment: 38.3% received lenalidomide, 7.1% bispecific antibodies, 21.4% targeted treatment, 11% radiotherapy, and 20% immunochemotherapy with various regimens. Median progression-free survival was 2.8 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 5.2 months. Median OS for patients failing during D0-D30 vs after D30 was 1.7 vs 3.0 months, respectively (P = .0001). Overall, 47.9% of patients were alive at 6 months, but only 18.9% were alive after very early failure. In multivariate analysis, predictors of OS were high LDH at infusion, time to CAR-T failure <D30, and high C-reactive protein at infusion. This multicentric analysis confirms the poor outcome of patients relapsing after CAR T-cell treatment, highlighting the need for further strategies dedicated to this population.
Protonation of the Dinitrogen-Reduction Catalyst [HIPTN3N]MoIIIInvestigated by ENDOR Spectroscopy (2010)

Dinitrogen is reduced to ammonia by the molybdenum complex of L = [HIPTN3N](3-) [Mo; HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)2C6H3]. The mechanism by which this occurs involves the stepwise addition of proton/electron pairs, but how the first pair converts MoN2 to MoN ═ NH remains uncertain. The first proton of reduction might bind either at Nβ of N2 or at one of the three amido nitrogen (N(am)) ligands. Treatment of MoCO with [2,4,6-Me3C5H3N]BAr'4 [Ar' = 2,3-(CF3)2C6H3] in the absence of reductant generates HMoCO(+), whose electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum has greatly reduced g anisotropy relative to MoCO. (2)H Mims pulsed electron nuclear double-resonance spectroscopy of (2)HMoCO(+) shows a signal that simulations show to have a hyperfine tensor with an isotropic coupling, aiso((2)H) = -0.22 MHz, and a roughly dipolar anisotropic interaction, T((2)H) = [-0.48, -0.93, 1.42] MHz. The simulations show that the deuteron is bound to N(am), near the Mo equatorial plane, not along the normal, and at a distance of 2.6 Å from Mo, which is nearly identical with the (Nam)(2)H(+)-Mo distance predicted by density functional theory computations.
A sensitive screening assay for secreted motility-stimulating factors (2000)

Secreted motility-stimulating factors are often expressed and secreted at low concentrations that are difficult to detect by Northern or Western blot analysis. Autotaxin (ATX) is a tumor-secreted autocrine motility-stimulating factor that has been associated with tumor invasion and metastatic potential. Although ATX has a number of enzymatic activities, it is most sensitively detected by its induced chemotactic response. After transfecting ATX cDNA into NIH3T3 fibroblasts, we developed a motility-based method to screen the resulting cloned cells for secretion of active protein. We placed the cloned and transfected cells into the bottom wells of a modified Boyden chamber and placed responding cells (A2058 human melanoma cells) into the upper wells. After overnight incubation, the membrane that separated the two chambers was removed and stained. Simple densitometry measurements were sufficiently accurate to determine which clones secreted active protein. Utilizing this method, 4 positive cell lines were chosen out of 36 tested clones. Further tests on the expanded cell lines determined that all 4 were secreting ATX. Thus, this modified Boyden chamber assay appears to provide a rapid and highly adaptable means to identify cells that secrete motility-stimulating factors.
Cerebrospinal‐Fluid Concentrations of Diazepam and its Metabolites in Man (1975)

Abstract: Plasma and cerebrospinal‐fluid (CSF) concentrations of diazepam, its main metabolite, N‐demethyldiazepam, and free oxazepam were studied gas chromatographically in 49 patients suffering from neurological diseases, after a 10 mg intramuscular dose of diazepam. These determinations were made in three other patients after repeated intramuscular doses of 10 mg diazepam. In seven of the patients both free and plasma protein‐bound diazepam, and N‐demethyldiazepam were determined by ultracentrifugation after a single dose of 10 mg intramuscular diazepam. After a single dose of diazepam there was only 2–3% of the total plasma concentration of diazepam and 1–4% of that of N‐demethyldiazepam in the CSF. After repeated doses of diazepam the same values were 3% and 4%, respectively. The plasma protein binding capacity of diazepam was 98% and that of N‐demethyl‐diazepam 97%. Free diazepam and N‐demethyldiazepam concentrations in the plasma were in equilibrium with their CSF concentrations. No accumulation of diazepam and N‐demethyldiazepam could be found in the CSF. No free oxazepam was found.
<title>Optical imaging in turbid media using early arriving photons</title> (1995)

We present theoretical and experimental work on time resolved photon migration using short pulse laser radiation. The significant information about structure of turbid tissue is carried by the early arriving photons that follow almost straight arrival and return paths to the detected object in the tissue. The diffusion approximation to the transport equation in tissue does not provide a satisfactory solution for this regime, because the earliest photons are not sufficiently randomized in media in which the phase function is highly anisotropic. We are using a path integral technique to model this regime. The experiments use a short pulse Ti:sapphire laser and streak camera to obtain time resolved photon migration data from phantom samples. Our results show that a theory based on path integral calculation agrees with experimental data better than does the diffusion approximation. The thoery based on path integral calculation agrees with experimental data better than does the diffusion approximation. The theory can be used to interpret the experimental data and obtain optical imaging through turbid media.
Tutorial #1: Implementation considerations for CMOS millimeter wave circuits and systems (2011)

The speed improvement of silicon technology has made it possible for realization of millimeter wave circuits in silicon technologies that can support high volume and be sufficiently affordable for consumer applications. This course examines the differences between the millimeter wave versus RF integrated circuit designs in silicon technologies. Following this, the technology scaling of transistors and metalization technology will be reviewed. Transistor models including noise will also be reviewed. Properties of silicon substrates including the frequency dependence of dielectric constant and loss including the plasma effects are examined. The performance of silicon millimeter wave circuits is often limited by the passive components and the approaches to realize inductors, capacitors, varactors, and transmission lines in CMOS and their model and frequency dependence are discussed. Following these, design issues for millimeter wave amplifiers, mixers, oscillator and frequency multiplication circuits will be discussed. Techniques for interfacing on-chip signals to outside such as packaging, package and on-chip antennas, and broadbanding techniques are presented.
Ultra-simple wearable local sweat volume monitoring patch based on swellable hydrogels (2019)

Quantifiably monitoring sweat rate and volume is important to assess the stress level of individuals and/or prevent dehydration, but despite intense research, a convenient, continuous, and low-cost method to monitor sweat rate and total sweat volume loss remains an un-met need. We present here an ultra-simple wearable sensor capable of measuring sweat rate and volume accurately. The device continuously monitors sweat rate by wicking the produced sweat into hydrogels that measurably swell in their physical geometry. The device has been designed as a simple to fabricate, low-cost, disposable patch. This patch exhibits stable and predictable operation over the maximum variable chemistry expected for sweat (pH 4-9 and salinity 0-100 mM NaCl). Preliminary in vivo testing of the patch has been achieved during aerobic exercise, and the sweat rates measured via the patch accurately follow actual sweat rates.
CALHM1-Mediated ATP Release and Ciliary Beat Frequency Modulation in Nasal Epithelial Cells (2017)

Mechanical stimulation of airway epithelial cells causes apical release of ATP, which increases ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and speeds up mucociliary clearance. The mechanisms responsible for this ATP release are poorly understood. CALHM1, a transmembrane protein with shared structural features to connexins and pannexins, has been implicated in ATP release from taste buds, but it has not been evaluated for a functional role in the airway. In the present study, Calhm1 knockout, Panx1 knockout, and wild-type mouse nasal septal epithelial cells were grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) and subjected to light mechanical stimulation from an air puff. Apical ATP release was attenuated in Calhm1 knockout cultures following mechanical stimulation at a pressure of 55 mmHg for 50 milliseconds (p < 0.05). Addition of carbenoxolone, a PANX1 channel blocker, completely abolished ATP release in Calhm1 knockout cultures but not in wild type or Panx1 knockout cultures. An increase in CBF was observed in wild-type ALIs following mechanical stimulation, and this increase was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in Calhm1 knockout cultures. These results demonstrate that CALHM1 plays a newly defined role, complementary to PANX1, in ATP release and downstream CBF modulation following a mechanical stimulus in airway epithelial cells.
NEURONAL INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH HIV-1: Approaches to Treatment (1998)

Mounting evidence suggests that cognitive dysfunction developing as a result of HIV-1 infection is mediated at least in part by generation of excitotoxins and free radicals in the brain. This syndrome is currently designated HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex, was originally termed the AIDS Dementia Complex, and for simplicity, is called AIDS dementia in this review. Recently, brains of patients with AIDS have been shown to manifest neuronal injury and apoptotic-like cell death. How can HIV-1 result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are only rarely, if ever, infected by the virus? Experiments from several different laboratories have lent support to the existence of HIV- and immune-related toxins in a variety of in vitro and in vivo paradigms. In one recently defined pathway to neuronal injury, HIV-infected macrophages and microglia, or immune-activated macrophages and astrocytes (activated by the shed HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120, or other viral proteins and cytokines), appear to secrete excitants and neurotoxins. These substances may include arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, free radicals (NO. and O2.-), glutamate, quinolinate, cysteine, amines, and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and reactive astrocytes. A final common pathway for neuronal susceptibility is operative, similar to that observed in stroke and several neurodegenerative diseases. This mechanism involves excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, with resultant excessive influx of Ca2+ and the generation of free radicals, leading to neuronal damage. With the very recent development of clinically tolerated NMDA antagonists, there is hope for future pharmacological intervention.