gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Mechanical Robustness of Ultra-low-k SiOCH PECVD Materials (2010)

The ITRS scaling of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits requires mechanically robust materials with low k-value. Low-k materials recently used in the Cu/low-k integration scheme have k-values between 2.5 and 3.0. One of the limiting factors in further reduction of k-value is mechanical robustness, since major way to decrease k-value is increasing the material porosity. The PECVD low-k deposition of ultra low-k films uses a porogen-based approach. The matrix material is deposited by oxidation of alkylsilanes in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. The porogen molecules, usually cyclic hydrocarbons, are introduced into a SiOCH film by co-deposition with the matrix material. To create porosity, the porogen is removed from the films using UV-assisted-thermal curing. The porogen molecules are photo-dissociated by UV light with the formation of volatile hydrocarbons and nonvolatile carbon-rich residues (porogen residue). The effect of the porogen residue on optical, chemical and mechanical properties of PECVD films has recently been reported. Degradation of the mechanical properties as a result of porogen residue removal from advanced PECVD low-k films (k<2.3) during a photo mask ash has been recognized as an integration challenge [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the curing process of low-k films in order to avoid porogen residue formation. We have reported a new curing method of the PECVD low-k films. The method is based on UV-curing of porogen-free films. The porogen removal is realized in an afterglow of H2-based plasma. The new curing allows us to achieve a mechanically robust (Young’s modulus of 5 GPa) and hydrophobic ultra low-k films (k ~ 1.8 for 46 % open porosity) with thicknesses varied from 60 to 120 nm [ ]. However, the thicker film fabrication was limited by the depth of porogen removal by H2-afterglow treatment. In this work we study a possibility of thicker films fabrication. The thicker films with thickness as high as 480 nm were prepared by multiple PECVD and H2-afterglow treatments with the final UV-curing. The SiCOH films cured without porogen are compared to the conventionally UV-cured films. The mechanical properties, dielectric constants, porosities and pore size distributions are discussed. It is shown that UV-curing of porogen-free films enhances cross-linking of their skeletons resulting in significant improvement of Young’s modulus and hardness per achieved k-value.
Design and analysis of wideband eight-way SIW power splitter for mm-wave applications (2017)

High-performance, wideband three-stage power splitters based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) are presented. Broadband-tapered microstrip transitions are used for feeding the SIW structures, which provide 7.5 GHz bandwidth from 21.5 to 29 GHz with return loss below −20 dB. In addition, various T junctions are tuned, not only to provide broadband performance up to mm-wave frequencies but also offer low-phase and amplitude imbalance when cascaded in multistage 1 × 8 splitters. 1 × 4 and 1 × 2-T junctions are adjusted through parametric analysis to provide wide bandwidth of 3.5 GHz at 24.5 GHz and −15 dB reflection coefficient. The optimal microstrip transitions and T junctions are used to design a broadband, eight-way power splitter with 15 dB return loss from 23.0 to 26.4 GHz and phase and amplitude imbalance of ±2.5° and ±0.8° dB, respectively. Furthermore, optimum positions of all inductive posts in terms of guided wavelength are also provided for assisting the direct design of mm-wave, high-performance power splitters.
Infulence of small emitter and contact non-uniformities on the current filamentation in 3.3-kV p+ - n- -n+ silicon diodes (2006)

We investigate the current filamentation behavior during reverse recovery in high-voltage 3.3-kV silicon p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> - n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> - n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> diodes with transient S-shape negative differential resistance characteristics. The transient I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> bistability occuring in the reverse recovery period leads to a non-uniform current distribution in the diodes when they are turned off with a high current rate di/dt. In this paper we compare the filamentation behavior of a homogeneous quasi one-dimensional structure with diodes providing small contact and emitter non-uniformities. The formation of these high-current domains is studied by means of isothermal device simulation and the different characteristics are explained by analyzing the transient electric-field and current-density distributions in the devices
A Finite Element and Multi-body Model of the Pregnant Female Occupant for the Analysis of Restraint Effectiveness (2003)

A finite element model of a 7-month pregnant uterus was created and integrated into a multi-body human model. The uterine model contains 11,632 elements and 16,335 nodes. The pregnant occupant model was validated using known abdominal response corridors. Unrestrained, 3-pt belt, and 3-pt belt plus airbag tests were simulated at speeds ranging from 13 kph to 55 kph. Peak uterine strain was found to be a good predictor of fetal outcome (R 2 = 0.85). The strain in the uterine wall exceeded 60%, sufficient to cause placental abruption, in simulations of no restraint at 35 kph and 3pt belt tests at 45 kph and 55kph. These tests represent a greater than 75% risk of adverse fetal outcome. For matched tests at 35 kph, strains of 60.8% for the unrestrained occupant, 52.6% strain for the 3-pt seatbelt and only 33.0% strain for the 3-pt seatbelt and airbag combination were recorded. The model proved successful at predicting risk of fetal demise and verified experimental findings noting the importance of proper restraint use for the pregnant occupant.
Data from Association of <i>T</i><i>P53</i> and <i>CDKN2A</i> Mutation Profile with Tumor Mutation Burden in Head and Neck Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a frequently devastating cancer that affects more than a half million people annually worldwide. Although some cases arise from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-negative HNSCC is more common, and associated with worse outcome. Advanced HPV-negative HNSCC may be treated with surgery, chemoradiation, targeted therapy, or immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI). There is considerable need for predictive biomarkers for these treatments. Defects in DNA repair capacity and loss of cell-cycle checkpoints sensitize tumors to cytotoxic therapies, and can contribute to phenotypes such as elevated tumor mutation burden (TMB), associated with response to ICI. Mutation of the tumor suppressors and checkpoint mediators &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; is common in HPV-negative HNSCC.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;To gain insight into the relation of the interaction of &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; mutations with TMB in HNSCC, we have analyzed genomic data from 1,669 HPV-negative HNSCC tumors with multiple criteria proposed for assessing the damaging effect of &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; mutations.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Data analysis established the &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; mutation profiles in specific anatomic subsites and suggested that specific categories of &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; mutations are more likely to associate with &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; mutation or high TMB based on tumor subsite. Intriguingly, the pattern of hotspot mutations in &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; differed depending on the presence or absence of a cooccurring &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; mutation.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;These data emphasize the role of tumor subsite in evaluation of mutational profiles in HNSCC, and link defects in &lt;i&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;CDKN2A&lt;/i&gt; to elevated TMB levels in some tumor subgroups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
CalQuo: automated, simultaneous single-cell and population-level quantification of global intracellular Ca2+ responses (2015)

Detecting intracellular calcium signaling with fluorescent calcium indicator dyes is often coupled with microscopy techniques to follow the activation state of non-excitable cells, including lymphocytes. However, the analysis of global intracellular calcium responses both at the single-cell level and in large ensembles simultaneously has yet to be automated. Here, we present a new software package, CalQuo (Calcium Quantification), which allows the automated analysis and simultaneous monitoring of global fluorescent calcium reporter-based signaling responses in up to 1000 single cells per experiment, at temporal resolutions of sub-seconds to seconds. CalQuo quantifies the number and fraction of responding cells, the temporal dependence of calcium signaling and provides global and individual calcium-reporter fluorescence intensity profiles. We demonstrate the utility of the new method by comparing the calcium-based signaling responses of genetically manipulated human lymphocytic cell lines.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON CaCO3 SCALING IN A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER (2023)

An experimental study was carried out on a double pipe heat exchanger to study the behavior of CaCO<sub>3</sub> scaling. The influence of thermal-hydraulic parameters on the induction time and later growth rate of the scale has been studied and is presented in this paper. The variation of growth rate at different locations of the heat exchanger is also presented.
Phospholipid Furan Fatty Acids and Ubiquinone-8: Lipid Biomarkers That May Protect Dehalococcoides Strains from Free Radicals (2005)

Dehalococcoides species have a highly restricted lifestyle and are only known to derive energy from reductive dehalogenation reactions. The lipid fraction of two Dehalococcoides isolates, strains BAV1 and FL2, and a tetrachloroethene-to-ethene-dechlorinating Dehalococcoides-containing consortium were analyzed for neutral lipids and phospholipid fatty acids. Unusual phospholipid modifications, including the replacement of unsaturated fatty acids with furan fatty acids, were detected in both Dehalococcoides isolates and the mixed culture. The following three furan fatty acids are reported as present in bacterial phospholipids for the first time: 9-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu18:2omega6), 9-(5-butyl-2-furyl)-nonanoate (Fu17:2omega5), and 8-(5-pentyl-2-furyl)-octanoate (Fu17:2omega6). The neutral lipids of the Dehalococcoides cultures contained unusually large amounts of benzoquinones (i.e., ubiquinones [UQ]), which is unusual for anaerobes. In particular, the UQ-8 content of Dehalococcoides was 5- to 20-fold greater than that generated in aerobically grown Escherichia coli cultures relative to the phospholipid fatty acid content. Naphthoquinone isoprenologues (MK), which are often found in anaerobically grown bacteria and archaea, were also detected. Dehalococcoides shows a difference in isoprenologue pattern between UQ-8 and MK-5 that is atypical of other bacteria capable of producing both quinone types. The difference in UQ-8 and MK-5 isoprenologue patterns strongly suggests a special function for UQ in Dehalococcoides, and Dehalococcoides may utilize structural modifications in its lipid armamentarium to protect against free radicals that are generated in the process of reductive dechlorination.
Saccharides cross-reactive with Bacillus anthracis spore glycoprotein as an anthrax vaccine component (2008)

Bacillus anthracis is a spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax in humans and in other mammals. The glycoprotein BclA (Bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis) is a major constituent of the exosporium, the outermost surface of B. anthracis spores. The glycosyl part of BclA is an oligosaccharide composed of 2-O-methyl-4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose, referred to as anthrose, and three rhamnose residues. A structure similar to anthrose, 4-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose is found in the side chain of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Shewanella spp. MR-4. Under certain growth conditions the bacteria produce a variant CPS lacking one methyl group on the hydroxybutyrate, 4-(3-hydroxybutanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose. Contrary to anthrose, neither of the Shewanella CPSs is 2-O methylated. Here, we report that both Shewanella CPS variants react with anti-B. anthracis spore sera. We also found that these antisera reacted with flagellae of Pseudomonas syringae, reported to be glycosylated with a similar terminal saccharide, 4-(3-hydroxybutanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-d-glucose. Sera produced by immunization with Shewanella or P. syringae cells bound to B. anthracis spores but not to Bacillus cereus spores in a fluorescent microscopy assay. These experiments show that methylation of the anthrose at the O-2 of the sugar ring and at the C-3 of 3-hydroxybutyrate are not essential for induction of cross-reactive antibodies. We report the preparation, characterization, and antibody responses to protein conjugates of the two variants of Shewanella CPS. Both conjugates induced antibodies that bound to both Shewanella CPS variants by ELISA and to B. anthracis spores, as detected by fluorescent microscopy. We propose the use of Shewanella CPS conjugates as a component of an anthrax vaccine.
COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGIES TO DERIVE A NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE THERMAL INDEX (NDTI) FROM ATLAS IMAGERY (2007)

A major challenge of classifying urban infrastructure using remote sensing is distinguishing pavements from roofs. We propose that due to their differing thermal masses, these elements will heat and cool differently, and therefore their Thermal/IR signatures will differ. We used spectral data gathered by NASA’s Advanced Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) instrument to test this concept. ATLAS is a 15-channel multispectral scanner that incorporates the bands of the traditional Thematic Mapper instrument with additional bands in the middle reflective infrared and thermal infrared (TIR, bands 10-15). The TIR capability permits the accurate measurement of thermal response for different land characteristics. Image processing techniques were applied to all bands from the imagery to determine the relative viability of differentiating urban infrastructure. This research tests a new indicator, the Normalized Difference Thermal Index (NDTI). The NDTI is based on techniques that are successfully implemented in other image processing application areas. If materials have different spectral responses, then ratioing the significantly distinguishing bands and normalizing those values to a standardized range will provide a sensitive and comparable test of thermal character. It was found that two of all the possible NDTI combinations provided the best results for both pavements and rooftops.
Ru, Pt and PtRu Aligned Nanowires and Nanotubes: Synthesis and Growth Mechanism (2009)

Abstract not Available.
PillarGrid: Deep Learning-based Cooperative Perception for 3D Object Detection from Onboard-Roadside LiDAR (2022)

3D object detection plays a fundamental role in enabling autonomous driving, which is regarded as the significant key to unlocking the bottleneck of contemporary transportation systems from the perspectives of safety, mobility, and sustainability. Most of the state-of-the-art (SOTA) object detection methods from point clouds are developed based on a single onboard LiDAR, whose performance will be inevitably limited by the range and occlusion, especially in dense traffic scenarios. In this paper, we propose \textit{PillarGrid}, a novel cooperative perception method fusing information from multiple 3D LiDARs (both on-board and roadside), to enhance the situation awareness for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). PillarGrid consists of four main phases: 1) cooperative preprocessing of point clouds, 2) pillar-wise voxelization and feature extraction, 3) grid-wise deep fusion of features from multiple sensors, and 4) convolutional neural network (CNN)-based augmented 3D object detection. A novel cooperative perception platform is developed for model training and testing. Extensive experimentation shows that PillarGrid outperforms the SOTA single-LiDAR-based 3D object detection methods with respect to both accuracy and range by a large margin.
Sparse Filter Design Under a Quadratic Constraint: Low-Complexity Algorithms (2012)

This paper considers three problems in sparse filter design, the first involving a weighted least-squares constraint on the frequency response, the second a constraint on mean squared error in estimation, and the third a constraint on signal-to-noise ratio in detection. The three problems are unified under a single framework based on sparsity maximization under a quadratic performance constraint. Efficient and exact solutions are developed for specific cases in which the matrix in the quadratic constraint is diagonal, block-diagonal, banded, or has low condition number. For the more difficult general case, a low-complexity algorithm based on backward greedy selection is described with emphasis on its efficient implementation. Examples in wireless channel equalization and minimum-variance distortionless-response beamforming show that the backward selection algorithm yields optimally sparse designs in many instances while also highlighting the benefits of sparse design.
Stability of Wavy Films in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows at Normal and Microgravity Conditions (1996)

For flow rates of technological interest, most gas-liquid flows in pipes are in the annular flow regime, in which, the liquid moves along the pipe wall in a thin, wavy film and the gas flows in the core region. The waves appearing on the liquid film have a profound influence on the transfer rates, and hence on the design of these systems. We have recently proposed and analyzed two boundary layer models that describe the characteristics of laminar wavy films at high Reynolds numbers (300-1200). Comparison of model predictions to 1-g experimental data showed good agreement. The goal of our present work is to understand through a combined program of experimental and modeling studies the characteristics of wavy films in annular two-phase gas-liquid flows under normal as well as microgravity conditions in the developed and entry regions.
Self-Assembly Based Plasmonic Arrays Tuned by Atomic Layer Deposition for Extreme Visible Light Absorption (2013)

Achieving complete absorption of visible light with a minimal amount of material is highly desirable for many applications, including solar energy conversion to fuel and electricity, where benefits in conversion efficiency and economy can be obtained. On a fundamental level, it is of great interest to explore whether the ultimate limits in light absorption per unit volume can be achieved by capitalizing on the advances in metamaterial science and nanosynthesis. Here, we combine block copolymer lithography and atomic layer deposition to tune the effective optical properties of a plasmonic array at the atomic scale. Critical coupling to the resulting nanocomposite layer is accomplished through guidance by a simple analytical model and measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Thereby, a maximized absorption of light exceeding 99% is accomplished, of which up to about 93% occurs in a volume-equivalent thickness of gold of only 1.6 nm. This corresponds to a record effective absorption coefficient of 1.7 × 10(7) cm(-1) in the visible region, far exceeding those of solid metals, graphene, dye monolayers, and thin film solar cell materials. It is more than a factor of 2 higher than that previously obtained using a critically coupled dye J-aggregate, with a peak width exceeding the latter by 1 order of magnitude. These results thereby substantially push the limits for light harvesting in ultrathin, nanoengineered systems.
Auto Discovery VPN Protocol (2013)

This document defines a protocol for dynamically establishing and
tearing down IPsec tunnels as needed without requiring non-scalable
configuration.
Fast and memory-efficient LOGISMOS graph search for intraretinal layer segmentation of 3D macular OCT scans (2015)

Image segmentation is important for quantitative analysis of medical image data. Recently, our research group has introduced a 3-D graph search method which can simultaneously segment optimal interacting surfaces with respect to the cost function in volumetric images. Although it provides excellent segmentation accuracy, it is computationally demanding (both CPU and memory) to simultaneously segment multiple surfaces from large volumetric images. Therefore, we propose a new, fast, and memory-efficient graph search method for intraretinal layer segmentation of 3-D macular optical coherence tomograpy (OCT) scans. The key idea is to reduce the size of a graph by combining the nodes with high costs based on the multiscale approach. The new approach requires significantly less memory and achieves significantly faster processing speeds (p &lt; 0.01) with only small segmentation differences compared to the original graph search method. This paper discusses sub-optimality of this approach and assesses trade-off relationships between decreasing processing speed and increasing segmentation differences from that of the original method as a function of employed scale of the underlying graph construction.
Capping Layer Effects on $Sb_{2}S_{3}$-based Reconfigurable Photonic Devices (2023)

Capping layers are essential for protecting phase change materials (PCMs) used in non-volatile photonics technologies. This work demonstrates how $(ZnS)_{0.8}-(SiO_2)_{0.2}$ caps radically influence the performance of $Sb_{2}S_{3}$ and Ag-doped $Sb_{2}S_{3}$ integrated photonic devices. We found that at least 30 nm of capping material is necessary to protect the material from Sulfur loss. However, adding this cap affects the crystallization temperatures of the two PCMs in different ways. The crystallization temperature of $Sb_{2}S_{3}$ and Ag-doped $Sb_{2}S_{3}$ increased and decreased respectively, which is attributed to interfacial energy differences. Capped and uncapped Ag-doped $Sb_{2}S_{3}$ microring resonator (MRR) devices were fabricated and measured to understand how the cap affects the device performance. Surprisingly, the resonant frequency of the MRR exhibited a larger red-shift upon crystallization for the capped PCMs. This effect was due to the cap increasing the modal overlap with the PCM layer. Caps can, therefore, be used to provide a greater optical phase shift per unit length, thus reducing the overall footprint of these programmable devices. Overall, we conclude that caps on PCMs are not just useful for stabilizing the PCM layer, but can also be used to tune the PCM crystallization temperature and reduce device footprint. Moreover, the capping layer can be exploited to enhance light-matter interactions with the PCM element.
A Divalent Hapten-Peptide Induces Apoptosis in Human Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma Cell Lines Targeted by Anti-CD20 × Anti-Hapten Bispecific Antibodies (2007)

The addition of a divalent HSG peptide to various forms of bispecific anti-CD20 MAbs could enhance apoptotic signaling in several lymphoma cells. This effect was more consistently measured when the orientation of the anti-hapten-binding arm of the bsMAb was well defined, such as in the Fab'xFab' and recombinant forms of bsMAb.