gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Geologically Relevant Framework for Adaptive Fractured Reservoir Modeling (2021)

It is a great challenge to accurately model the ﬂow through subsurface reservoirs. The fact that they are located a few kilometers below the earth’s surface means that it is very diﬃcult to locate ﬂow aﬀecting phenomena. Fractures are considered to be such phenomena. They can either enhance or block ﬂow which has a substantial eﬀect on the ﬂow through the reservoir. This research addresses the ﬂow properties of fractures and the location of fractures. This research introduces analogue fracture maps to get a grasp on possible fracture locations and introduces a classiﬁcation of fractures based on their orientation with respect to subsurface stress. Using this classiﬁcation, fractures are assigned diﬀerent permeability values, a ﬂow aﬀecting property. Using this approach a fracture map is obtained that can be used to model ﬂow through a reservoir. To model ﬂow, the projection based Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (pEDFM) is implemented. This method uses independent grids for both the matrix and fracture and couples them using a transfer function. Even when using the pEDFM method, the computational costs for running simulations through a ﬁeld scale model will be too large. Therefor the concept of multiscale is introduced and developed further in this research. This research uses algebraically calculated basis functions to prolong the coarse scale solution to ﬁnescale. Besides this, ﬂexible coarsening is introduced for a static Multilevel Multiscale (MMs) modeling approach and for Adaptive Dynamic Modeling (ADM). This allows the user to independently choose coarsening ratios for matrix and fractures. This research shows that fractures can be represented accurately using only two vertices on a coarse grid. This can reduce computational costs. Besides the ﬂexible coarsening, the research shows how the grid reﬁnement scheme can be used in eﬃciently in multiphase simulations. Using a grid re-ﬁnement scheme enables the user to capture a saturation front and to use a multiscale grid at the same time. The grid reﬁnement scheme works most eﬃciently when the cells belonging to high permeable fractures are coupled to the cells belonging to the matrix. The ﬁnescale solution This research ﬁnally shows the impact of geological uncertainty. The sensitivity analysis shows how geological uncertainty can have an inﬂuential impact on the problem that has to be solved. In the sensitivity analysis it is researched how a change in subsurface stress aﬀects the ﬁnescale solutions.
Exciton bimolecular annihilation dynamics in supramolecular nanostructures of conjugated oligomers (2003)

We present femtosecond transient absorption measurements on $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated supramolecular assemblies in a high-pump-fluence regime. $\mathrm{Oligo}(p\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e})$ monofunctionalized with $\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{o}\ensuremath{-}s\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{z}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}$ (MOPV) self-assembles into chiral stacks in dodecane solution below $75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ at a concentration of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\mathrm{M}.$ We observe exciton bimolecular annihilation in MOPV stacks at high excitation fluence, indicated by the fluence-dependent decay of ${1}^{1}{B}_{u}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}$ spectral signatures and by the sublinear fluence dependence of time- and wavelength-integrated photoluminescence (PL) intensity. These two characteristics are much less pronounced in MOPV solution where the phase equilibrium is shifted significantly away from supramolecular assembly, slightly below the transition temperature. A mesoscopic rate-equation model is applied to extract the bimolecular annihilation rate constant from the excitation fluence dependence of transient absorption and PL signals. The results demonstrate that the bimolecular annihilation rate is very high with a square-root dependence in time. The exciton annihilation results from a combination of fast exciton diffusion and resonance energy transfer. The supramolecular nanostructures studied here have electronic properties that are intermediate between molecular aggregates and polymeric semiconductors.
Conclusions (1997)

Very few organisations could claim to be in the enviable position of not needing to review and reform procedures and certainly the police service had recognised that fact and had pursued a vigorous approach to reform during the 1980s and 1990s (nowadays most forces maintain a programme of constant analysis and review). Indeed the then Home Secretary, Kenneth Clarke, had acknowledged that the service had been very active in trying to set its own house in order in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and reform, when he announced the setting up of the Committee of Inquiry under the Chairmanship of Sir Patrick Sheehy. It also became public knowledge, during the period in which the Police and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1994 was being debated, that many of the inhibitions on good and efficient management of police resources were as a result of regulations and Home Office requirements rather than poor administration by senior officers. Regardless of the reasons, there is no doubt that the police service in the 1980s and 1990s throughout the UK was in need of thoroughgoing reform in order to prepare it for a much greater and more demanding policing role into the twenty-first century and to equip itself properly in terms of managing advances in technology.
Integer Programming for Causal Structure Learning in the Presence of Latent Variables (2021)

The problem of finding an ancestral acyclic directed mixed graph (ADMG) that represents the causal relationships between a set of variables is an important area of research on causal inference. Most existing score-based structure learning methods focus on learning directed acyclic graph (DAG) models without latent variables. A number of score-based methods have recently been proposed for the ADMG learning, yet they are heuristic in nature and do not guarantee an optimal solution. We propose a novel exact score-based method that solves an integer programming (IP) formulation and returns a score-maximizing ancestral ADMG for a set of continuous variables that follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution. We generalize the state-of-the-art IP model for DAG learning problems and derive new classes of valid inequalities to formulate an IP model for ADMG learning. Empirically, our model can be solved efficiently for medium-sized problems and achieves better accuracy than state-of-the-art score-based methods as well as benchmark constraint-based methods.
Google image swirl, a large-scale content-based image browsing system (2010)

We demonstrate the first large-scale image browsing system applied to 200,000 popular queries which utilizes image content to organize image search results. Given a query, the system extracts image content features such as color, shape, local features, face signatures and metadata from up to 1000 image results, and hierarchically clusters them to form an exemplar tree. A dynamic web-based user interface allows the user to navigate this hierarchy, allowing fast and interactive browsing. The exemplars of each cluster provide a comprehensive visual overview of the query results, and allow the user to quickly navigate to the images of interest.
Targeting the microbiome in Crohn’s disease (2022)

KEYWORDS: Anti-mycobacterial therapyCrohn's diseaseCrohn's stricturesdysbiosisfecal microbiota transplantationgut microbiomeinflammatory bowel diseaseMycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)profound remission
Estimate of the frequency of Wilson's disease in the US Caucasian population: a mutation analysis approach. (2001)

The frequency of Wilson's disease in many populations is thought to be about one in 40000 persons, based on case and autopsy studies. Although the Wilson's disease gene has been identified, there is such a large number of mutations already known that it is not currently feasible to determine disease gene frequency by mutation analysis of a population. We have used a novel approach to obtain an estimate of the number of cases of Wilson's disease expected at birth in the US Caucasian population. We used data from four studies to determine that approximately one-third of Wilson's disease mutations in US Caucasian Wilson's disease patients are due to His-->Gln at the 1069 position. We then determined the frequency of this mutation in random DNA samples from 2601 US Caucasian newborns to be 0.285%. Multiplying by three gives an expected Wilson's disease heterozygote frequency of 0.855% and an allele frequency of 0.428%, or 0.00428. These data translate into a Wilson's disease frequency of about one in 55000 births. The 95% confidence interval is rather broad, ranging from about one in 18000 to one in 700000 births, but will be reduced as more data are added.
Constraints on spin-0 dark matter mediators and invisible Higgs decays using ATLAS 13 TeV pp collision data with two top quarks and missing transverse momentum in the final state (2023)

Abstract This paper presents a statistical combination of searches targeting final states with two top quarks and invisible particles, characterised by the presence of zero, one or two leptons, at least one jet originating from a b -quark and missing transverse momentum. The analyses are searches for phenomena beyond the Standard Model consistent with the direct production of dark matter in pp collisions at the LHC, using 139 fb $$^{-\text {1}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>1</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> of data collected with the ATLAS detector at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The results are interpreted in terms of simplified dark matter models with a spin-0 scalar or pseudoscalar mediator particle. In addition, the results are interpreted in terms of upper limits on the Higgs boson invisible branching ratio, where the Higgs boson is produced according to the Standard Model in association with a pair of top quarks. For scalar (pseudoscalar) dark matter models, with all couplings set to unity, the statistical combination extends the mass range excluded by the best of the individual channels by 50 (25) GeV, excluding mediator masses up to 370 GeV. In addition, the statistical combination improves the expected coupling exclusion reach by 14% (24%), assuming a scalar (pseudoscalar) mediator mass of 10 GeV. An upper limit on the Higgs boson invisible branching ratio of 0.38 ( $$\text {0.30}^{+\text {0.13}}_{-\text {0.09}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mtext>0.30</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>0.09</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>0.13</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> ) is observed (expected) at 95% confidence level.
Ultrasonic Doppler measurement of renal artery blood flow (1975)

Studies were made of (1) blood flow redistribution during lower body negative pressure (LBNP), (2) the profile of blood flow across the mitral annulus of the heart (both perpendicular and parallel to the commissures), (3) testing and evaluation of a number of pulsed Doppler systems, (4) acute calibration of perivascular Doppler transducers, (5) redesign of the mitral flow transducers to improve reliability and ease of construction, and (6) a frequency offset generator designed for use in distinguishing forward and reverse components of blood flow by producing frequencies above and below the offset frequency. Finally methodology was developed and initial results were obtained from a computer analysis of time-varying Doppler spectra.
630 Numerical analysis in time-domain of vibration of plate with non-uniform thickness (2008)

Sound is often generated by the vibration of a plate structure. In order to consider the counter measure of noise, it is useful to carry out a numerical simulation of the vibration of the plate. The plate often has a strucutre of non-uniform thickness. An elevated road or railway track is a typical example of such a structure. The extension of Mindlin plate theory has been considered and the implicit time marching method has been adopted, here. The comparison between the results obtained by 3-dimensional theory and Mindlin plate theory was made. The good agreement between two methods was obtained.
Basis Matrix Representation of Morphological Filters with N-Dimensional Structuring Elements (1997)

In this paper, we present a basis matrix representation of grayscale morphological filters in N-dimensions. A procedure is proposed to derive the basis matrix and the block basis matrix (BBM) from an N-dimensional grayscale structuring element (GSE). It is shown that both opening and closing with arbitrary N-dimensional GSE can be accomplished by a local matrix operation using the basis matrix. Furthermore, these basis matrix representations are extended to the efficient implementation of open-closing (OC) and close-opening (CO) using the BBM.
On skin substitutes for wound healing: Current products, limitations, and future perspectives (2020)

Cutaneous wound healing is a highly coordinated process involving numerous molecular pathways that regulate the function of specific skin cell types. One of the key decisions in acute and/or chronic wound healing management is to choose the skin substitute that, based on its composition and/or properties, may act as permanent skin replacement or temporary wound cover. The current products however are limited in their action, especially in the context of large chronic wounds or extensive second-/third-degree burns, due to the risk of developing infection, the limited vascularization, the inability to integrate to host tissue, and the lack in the healed area of skin apparatus responsible for temperature control, pigmentation, immune regulation, and nerve supply. In addition, the high cost of skin substitutes precludes their use in small- and moderate-size burns because they are economically impractical and protract the time to definitive wound closure. Thus, the need to develop cost-effective substitutes of high quality is imperative. The purpose of this review is to discuss current available products, their limitations and to provide some perspectives on future research toward generation of cost-effective, high-quality substitutes.
Biomimetic Formation of Macrocyclic Spermine Alkaloids (2001)

Dihydroxyverbacine (10), a precursor for oxidative phenol coupling, was obtained via (±)-buchnerine (14), whose synthesis is described. The oxidizing system hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride)/H2O2 promoted intramolecular coupling of 10 to give the alkaloids aphelandrine (1), orantine (2), and chaenorpine (7). The alkaloids were identified by on-line coupled HPLC and atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry.
Pd-Catalysed Regiospecific Reductive Ring Opening of Epoxides and Glycidic Esters (1995)

Abstract The regiospecific ring opening of epoxides was achieved by Pd-catalysed transfer hydrogenolysis using ammonium formate as hydrogen source.
Structured Verification of Machine Learning Models in Industrial Settings (2022)

The use of machine learning (ML) allows us to automate and scale the decision-making processes. The key to this automation is the development of ML models that generalize training data toward unseen data. Such models can become extremely versatile and powerful, which makes democratization of artificial intelligence (AI) possible, that is, providing ML to non-ML experts such as software engineers or domain experts. Typically, automated ML (AutoML) is being referred to as a key step toward it. However, from our perspective, we believe that democratization of the verification process of ML systems is a larger and even more crucial challenge to achieve the democratization of AI. Currently, the process of ensuring that an ML model works as intended is unstructured. It is largely based on experience and domain knowledge that cannot be automated. The current approaches such as cross-validation or explainable AI are not enough to overcome the real challenges and are discussed extensively in this article. Arguing toward structured verification approaches, we discuss a set of guidelines to verify models, code, and data in each step of the ML lifecycle. These guidelines can help to reliably measure and select an optimal solution, besides minimizing the risk of bugs and undesired behavior in edge-cases.
Tele-Mentoring Using Augmented Reality: A Feasibility Study to Assess Teaching of Laparoscopic Suturing Skills (2023)

The work assesses the efficacy of computer based remote tele-mentoring system (i.e. when the mentor and mentee are physically separated) for teaching minimally invasive surgical skills. The visual cues used for tele-mentoring comprises real-time virtual surgical instruments' motion augmented onto the operative field and remotely controlled by the mentor. In the feasibility study, the surgical task of laparoscopic intracorporeal suturing was simulated among 18 mentor-mentee pairs. Three modes of mentoring were used. Mode-I included traditional learning using pre-recorded videos (in absence of a mentor). Mode-II used traditional in-person hands-on mentoring. In Mode-III, a tele-mentoring prototype was used that connected a mentee with a remote mentor. Error count and duration were recorded for a learning stage followed by a testing stage for the three modes. The results show the error count for Mode-III reduces significantly as compared to Mode-I in the learning stage. Similarly, the error count for Mode-III also reduces significantly as compared to Mode-I in the testing stage. The errors count for Mode-III were equivalent to that of Mode-II for both learning and teaching stages. Furthermore, in Mode-III the duration reduces from learning to testing stage exhibiting the learning effect. Thus, computer based remote tele-mentoring is effective and more convenient to demonstrate surgical sub-steps consisting of tool-tissue interaction facilitating surgical skill transfer.
Updated determination of D0–D¯0 mixing and CP violation parameters with D0→K+π− decays (2018)

We report measurements of charm-mixing parameters based on the decay-time-dependent ratio of ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ rates. The analysis uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.0\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ recorded by the LHCb experiment from 2011 through 2016. Assuming charge-parity ($CP$) symmetry, the mixing parameters are determined to be ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}2}=(3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, ${y}^{\ensuremath{'}}=(5.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.52)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and ${R}_{D}=(3.454\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.031)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Without this assumption, the measurement is performed separately for ${D}^{0}$ and ${\overline{D}}^{0}$ mesons, yielding a direct $CP$-violating asymmetry ${A}_{D}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(\ensuremath{-}0.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, and magnitude of the ratio of mixing parameters $1.00&lt;|q/p|&lt;1.35$ at the 68.3% confidence level. All results include statistical and systematic uncertainties and improve significantly upon previous single-measurement determinations. No evidence for $CP$ violation in charm mixing is observed.
IMPACTS OF TRANSGENIC Bt CROPS ON NON-TARGET ANIMAL SPECIES (2004)

INTRODUCTION Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have led to the creation of exciting new opportunities in the field of agriculture. Some of the first and most widely-used genetically-engineered crops have been modified to express insecticidal crystalline (Cry) proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). These so-called Bt crops are protected from the feeding of various groups of herbivorous pest insects. In 1995 and 1996, varieties of potato, cotton and com expressing various Bt proteins were approved for commercial use in the United States. In Bt potato, the Cry3Aa protein provides protection against damage from the Colorado potato beetle. In Bt cotton and Bt com, the proteins expressed (CrylAc in cotton and CrylAb or CrylF in com) confer protection against a number of lepidopteran herbivores. The Bt cotton and Bt com products, in particular, are widely used (James, 2001). Bt cotton has since been registered for commercial use in Argentina, Australia, China, Columbia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa. Bt com has a similar potential; in 2001, about 20 million acres of Bt com were planted in the United States, almost 40% of com acres in Argentina are occupied with Bt com, and smaller amounts were planted commercially in Canada, Spain, and South Africa. A critical part of the introduction of such products is to ensure their environmental safety. In this chapter, weshall describe the safety assessment process used to evaluate the potential impact of Bt crops on non-target species, and we review the laboratory and field research that has been conducted in this area (see also Shelton et al., 2002 for a broader review of the impacts of Bt crops).
Human albumin solder supplemented with TGF-β1 accelerates healing following laser welded wound closure (1996)

Background and Objective We examined the possibility that human albumin solder can be used as a vehicle for site specific delivery of growth factors for the purpose of accelerating tissue repair following laser welded wound closure. Certain human recombinant growth factors have been shown to accelerate wound healing in model systems. Pilot in vitro studies have established that several growth factors, including TGF-β1, maintain bioactivity following exposure to temperatures achieved during laser tissue welding. Using a temperature controlled laser delivery system (TCL) to precisely maintain welding temperatures, it is now possible to avoid thermal denaturation of exogenous bioactive molecules such as growth factors. Study Design/Materials and Methods HB-EGF, bFGF, and TGF-β1 were tested in vitro for maintenance of bioactivity after exposure to 80°C. In viva experiments using porcine skin determined the efficacy of solders augmented with growth factors. Incisions were repaired using human albumin alone or supplemented with HB-EGF (2 μg), bFGF (10 μg), or TGF-β1 (1 μg). Wounds were excised at 3, 5, and 7 days post-operatively. Tensile strength, total collagen content, and histology were performed. Results At 3 days, tensile strength (TS) of TGF-β1 wounds were 36% (P < 0.05) and 20% (n.s.) stronger than laser alone and suture closures, respectively. By 5 days the TS of the TGF-β1 group increased by 50% (P < 0.05) and 59% (P < 0.02) over laser alone and suture groups, respectively. At 7 days the TGF-β1 group was 50% (P < 0.05) and 79% (P < 0.01) stronger than laser solder alone or suture, respectively. The HB-EGF and bFGF groups were equivalent to the laser solder group at all time points. Total collagen TGF-β1 Accelerates Healing Following Laser Welding content at 7 days increased in the TGF-β, group by 7% (n.s.) over the suture group and 21% (P < 0.05) in the laser group. Conclusion Human albumin solder supplemented with TGF-β1, increases the early post-operative strength of laser welded wounds. This novel application of laser tissue soldering augmented with a growth factor has the potential to bring about immediate fluid tight seals while providing site specific delivery of biological modifiers. This may lead to an overall improvement in post-operative convalescence, wound infections, and hospital costs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.