gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electron Backstreaming Determination for Ion Thrusters (2010)

Electron backstreaming in ion thrusters is caused by the random flux of beam electrons past a potential barrier established by the accel grid. A technique that integrates this flux over the radial extent of the barrier reveals important aspects of electron backstreaming phenomena for individual beamlets, across the thruster beam, and throughout thruster life. For individual beamlets it was found that over 99% of the electron backstreaming occurs in a small annulus at the center of the beamlet that is less than 20% the area of the beamlet at the potential barrier established by the accel grid. For the thruster beam it was found that over 99% of the backstreaming current occurs inside of r = 6 cm for the over 28 cm diameter NSTAR grid. Initial validation against ELT data shows that the technique provides the correct behavior and magnitude of electron backstreaming limit, V(sub ebs). From the sensitivity analyses it is apparent that accel grid chamfering may be the dominant mechanism contributing to the sharp rise in the absolute value of V(sub ebs) observed in the ELT but does not explain the rise in ion transparency. Grid gap change also contributes to the absolute value of V(sub ebs) rise and large rises in ion transparency with thruster life for the center gridlet. Screen grid erosion contributes generally to rises in the absolute value of V(sub ebs) and ion transparency, but for the assumptions used herein, it appears to not have as much of an effect chamfering or grid gap change. Overall, it is apparent that accel grid chamfering, grid gap change, and screen grid erosion are important to the increase in electron backstreaming observed during the ELT.
The efficacy of error mitigation techniques for DRAM retention failures (2014)

As DRAM cells continue to shrink, they become more susceptible to retention failures. DRAM cells that permanently exhibit short retention times are fairly easy to identify and repair through the use of memory tests and row and column redundancy. However, the retention time of many cells may vary over time due to a property called Variable Retention Time (VRT). Since these cells intermittently transition between failing and non-failing states, they are particularly difficult to identify through memory tests alone. In addition, the high temperature packaging process may aggravate this problem as the susceptibility of cells to VRT increases after the assembly of DRAM chips. A promising alternative to manufacture-time testing is to detect and mitigate retention failures after the system has become operational. Such a system would require mechanisms to detect and mitigate retention failures in the field, but would be responsive to retention failures introduced after system assembly and could dramatically reduce the cost of testing, enabling much longer tests than are practical with manufacturer testing equipment.
Escalation portion of phase II study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor paxalisib (GDC-0084) in glioblastoma (GBM) with unmethylated O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT) promotor status. (2020)

2550 Background: Paxalisib (previously GDC-0084) is a potent, oral, selective, brain-penetrant, small molecule inhibitor of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. The PI3K pathway is upregulated in ~85% of GBM cases and paxalisib has shown efficacy in preclinical models. A phase I study (NCT01547546) investigated paxalisib dosed once daily in 47 patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas and established a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 45mg once daily. The current phase Il study aims to explore the safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of paxalisib in newly diagnosed GBM and an unmethylated MGMT promotor following surgery and temozolomide chemoradiation per Stupp regimen. Methods: Part 1 of this study is an open-label, dose-escalation phase to assess the safety, tolerability and MTD. Dose-escalation started at 60mg and progressed in 15mg increments using a 3+3 design. Part 2 is an expansion cohort recruiting 20 patients randomized to administration in fed or fasted states at the MTD. Results: Part 1 is complete and reported here. Nine patients were recruited and an MTD of 60mg was determined. DLTs were hyperglycemia and oral mucositis. AEs were generally reversible and consistent with the PI3K inhibitor class with the most common events were rash, oral mucositis, and fatigue. PK at the MTD was broadly consistent with the data published for the phase 1 study. For eight response-evaluable patients in Part I the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 8.4 months, and 25% of patients remained progression free after 15 months of follow-up. Part 2 is ongoing. Conclusions: A higher MTD of 60mg was identified in newly diagnosed GBM with unmethylated MGMT promotor status than the 45mg MTD previously identified in recurrent high-grade glioma. An encouraging PFS signal is described in this poor-prognosis, unmethylated MGMT patient population. Clinical trial information: NCT03522298 .
Receptor-Mediated Antigen Uptake and its Effect on Antigen Presentation to Class II-Restricted T Lymphocytes (1990)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Massively Parallel Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Simulation Codes. (2019)

Abstract not provided.
Operative management of acromioclavicular joint injuries (2017)

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injury typically occurs as a result of a direct trauma to the superior or lateral aspect of the shoulder, with pathological translation of the acromion relative to the distal clavicle.1 Injury can also occur indirectly when an individual falls on an outstretched hand or elbow, forcing the humeral head to translate superiorly into the acromion. AC joint injuries are classified according to Rockwood grades I–VI.2 This spectrum encompasses mild sprains to the AC capsular ligaments with concomitant preservation of the coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments, to complete tearing of both the AC and CC ligaments, trauma to surrounding soft tissues, and subsequent debilitation of the scapulohumeral complex. A general consensus on the conservative, non-surgical management of Rockwood grade I and II AC injuries using immobilization and rehabilitation protocols have yielded good results.3,4 Conversely, surgical treatment of types IV, V, and VI is the preferred management owing to the significant morbidity associated with chronic instability and resultant scapular dyskinesia. However, debate persists regarding treatment of grade III dislocations.5,6 With this in mind, it is important to understand the clinical and radiographic indications for operative treatment options for AC injuries.
Voice and Touch Based Error-tolerant Multimodal Text Editing and Correction for Smartphones (2021)

Editing operations such as cut, copy, paste, and correcting errors in typed text are often tedious and challenging to perform on smartphones. In this paper, we present VT, a voice and touch-based multi-modal text editing and correction method for smartphones. To edit text with VT, the user glides over a text fragment with a finger and dictates a command, such as "bold" to change the format of the fragment, or the user can tap inside a text area and speak a command such as "highlight this paragraph" to edit the text. For text correcting, the user taps approximately at the area of erroneous text fragment and dictates the new content for substitution or insertion. VT combines touch and voice inputs with language context such as language model and phrase similarity to infer a user's editing intention, which can handle ambiguities and noisy input signals. It is a great advantage over the existing error correction methods (e.g., iOS's Voice Control) which require precise cursor control or text selection. Our evaluation shows that VT significantly improves the efficiency of text editing and text correcting on smartphones over the touch-only method and the iOS's Voice Control method. Our user studies showed that VT reduced the text editing time by 30.80%, and text correcting time by 29.97% over the touch-only method. VT reduced the text editing time by 30.81%, and text correcting time by 47.96% over the iOS's Voice Control method.
Fully Integrated Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Platform to Detect and to Quantify NO2 Gas (2020)

To date, organic semiconductor (OSC) materials have been used in transistor devices for several sensor applications. Saravanan Yuvaraja et al. (article number 2000086) explored the use of Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based OSCs and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in heterostructure configuration to realize an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) that can sense NO2 gas. Not only did they achieve high selectivity and ultra-sensitivity but also a super stable device performance. Furthermore, they built a complete analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that facilitates the conversion of NO2 concentration to digital thermometer code with just two OFETs. The results provide a direction to optimize the sensor node circuitry and contributes to ubiquitous deployment.
Characterization of Aging Effect on Three-Way Catalyst Oxygen Storage Dynamics (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Three Way Catalyst (TWC) is an effective pollutant conversion system widely used in current production vehicles to satisfy emissions regulations. A TWC’s conversion efficiency degrades over time due to chemical and/or thermal mechanisms causing the catalyst to age. This reduction in conversion efficiency must be accounted for to ensure full useful life emissions compliance. This paper presents an experimental study of the aging impact on TWC performance. Four TWCs differentiated by their age, given in terms of miles driven, were tested. It is shown that the dynamics of oxygen storage are substantially affected by aging of the TWC. A previously developed physics-based oxygen storage model [&lt;span class="xref"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;] is subsequently used to incorporate the effect of aging on the total Oxygen Storage Capacity (OSC). Parameter identification results for the different age catalysts show that total oxygen storage capacity decreases substantially with aging and is insensitive to operating conditions. This result allows the aging effect to be lumped into a single model parameter.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
798. Anti-Influenza-Viral Efficacy Attributed to siRNA Formulated as Simple Lipoplex or PEI Polyplexes Is a Result of Their Immunostimulatory Properties (2006)

A number of groups have published reports of antiviral efficacy associated with the delivery of siRNA directed against the influenza virus using either lipoplex or polyplex mediated siRNA delivery. In order to assess the extent to which the immunostimulatory properties of siRNA may have contributed to these results we developed non- immunostimulatory analogues of the previously published NP1496 and PA2087 siRNA. siRNA were prepared containing minimal chemical modifications previously shown to abrogate immune stimulation while retaining the ability to mediate RNAi.
Zero-voltage-switching realized by magnetizing current of transformer in push-pull current-fed DC-DC converter (2002)

A new type of zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) push-pull current-fed DC-DC converter with two synchronous rectifiers in the secondary circuit is presented. ZVS is realized using the magnetizing current of the transformer as a constant current source during the commutation. The output voltage is controlled by PWM (pulse-width modulation) with a constant switching frequency. The circuit operation is described using equivalent circuits. The steady-state and dynamic characteristics are analyzed and confirmed experimentally.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Electrostatic Energy Analyzer (ESA) (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls (2021)

Protein-coding genetic variants that strongly affect disease risk can yield relevant clues to disease pathogenesis. Here we report exome-sequencing analyses of 20,791 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 24,440 non-diabetic control participants from 5 ancestries. We identify gene-level associations of rare variants (with minor allele frequencies of less than 0.5%) in 4 genes at exome-wide significance, including a series of more than 30 SLC30A8 alleles that conveys protection against T2D, and in 12 gene sets, including those corresponding to T2D drug targets (P = 6.1 × 10−3) and candidate genes from knockout mice (P = 5.2 × 10−3). Within our study, the strongest T2D gene-level signals for rare variants explain at most 25% of the heritability of the strongest common single-variant signals, and the gene-level effect sizes of the rare variants that we observed in established T2D drug targets will require 75,000–185,000 sequenced cases to achieve exome-wide significance. We propose a method to interpret these modest rare-variant associations and to incorporate these associations into future target or gene prioritization efforts.
Reconstruction of a Complex-Valued Field Using the Hilbert-Hankel Transform1 (1986)

A well-known property in Fourier transform theory is that causality in one domain implies real-part sufficiency in the other domain. This property is the basis for the fact that the real and imaginary parts of a signal are related via the Hilbert transform, if the spectrum of the signal is causal. In wave propagation problems involving circular symmetry, it is the circularly symmetric two-dimensional Fourier transform, or equivalently the Hankel transform, which is of central importance. Because of the circular symmetry in such problems, the condition of causality is not applicable. However, in our work we have shown that under some circumstances, it is possible to relate the real and imaginary parts of a propagating field described by a Hankel transform. In this paper, an approximate real-part sufficiency condition for the Hankel transform is developed and an algorithm for reconstructing the real (or imaginary) component from the imaginary (or real) component is applied to synthetic and experimental underwater acoustic fields.
Topology Control for Effective Interference Cancellation in Multi-User MIMO Networks (2010)

In Multi-User MIMO networks, receivers decode multiple concurrent signals using Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). With SIC a weak target signal can be deciphered in the presence of stronger interfering signals. However, this is only feasible if each strong interfering signal satisfies a signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SINR) requirement. This necessitates the appropriate selection of a subset of links that can be concurrently active in each receiver's neighborhood; in other words, a sub-topology consisting of links that can be simultaneously active in the network is to be formed. If the selected sub-topologies are of small size, the delay between the transmission opportunities on a link increases. Thus, care should be taken to form a limited number of sub-topologies. We find that the problem of constructing the minimum number of sub-topologies such that SIC decoding is successful with a desired probability threshold, is NP-hard. Given this, we propose MUSIC, a framework that greedily forms and activates sub-topologies, in a way that favors successful SIC decoding with a high probability. MUSIC also ensures that the number of selected sub-topologies is kept small. We provide both a centralized and a distributed version of our framework. We prove that our centralized version approximates the optimal solution for the considered problem. We also perform extensive simulations to demonstrate that (i) MUSIC forms a small number of sub-topologies that enable efficient SIC operations; the number of sub-topologies formed is at most 17% larger than the optimum number of topologies, discovered through exhaustive search (in small networks). (ii) MUSIC outperforms approaches that simply consider the number of antennas as a measure for determining the links that can be simultaneously active. Specifically, MUSIC provides throughput improvements of up to 4 times, as compared to such an approach, in various topological settings. The improvements can be directly attributable to a significantly higher probability of correct SIC based decoding with MUSIC.
Using shared virtual memory for parallel join processing (1993)

In this paper, we show that shared virtual memory, in a shared-nothing multiprocessor, facilitates the design and implementation of parallel join processing algorithms that perform significantly better in the presence of skew than previously proposed parallel join processing algorithms. We propose two variants of an algorithm for parallel join processing using shared virtual memory, and perform a detailed simulation to investigate their performance. The algorithm is unique in that it employs both the shared virtual memory paradigm and the message-passing paradigm used by current shared-nothing parallel database systems. The implementation of the algorithm requires few modifications to existing shared-nothing parallel database systems.
Independence of Granzyme B Secretion and Interferon‐γ Production during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (2006)

Our data support the concept that the GrB and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays measure immune responses in different immune-cell populations with unique specificities.
A Nonlocal Strain Measure for Digital Image Correlation (2014)

We propose a nonlocal strain measure for use with digital image correlation (DIC). Whereas the traditional notion of compatibility (strain as the derivative of the displacement field) is problematic when the displacement field varies substantially either because of measurement noise or material irregularity, the proposed measure remains robust, well-defined and invariant under rigid body motion. Moreover, when the displacement field is smooth, the classical and nonlocal strain are in agreement. We demonstrate, via several numerical examples, the potential of this new strain measure for problems with steep gradients. We also show how the nonlocal strain provides an intrinsic mechanism for filtering high frequency content from the strain profile and so has a high signal to noise ratio. This is a convenient feature considering image noise and its impact on strain calculations.
Pilot study on basophil activation induced by contrast medium (2011)

Abstract The purpose was to analyze the influence of both mono‐/dimeric X‐ray contrast media (CM) and immunological co‐factors on basophil degranulation. The study has been conducted in 31 adult patients who received nonionic CM injection for enhanced routine computed tomography examination. Plasma histamine, and basophil degranulation by using CD63 expression and flow‐cytometry in blood samples of patients receiving iotrolan or iopromide injections were analyzed in vivo and in vitro (with different stimuli) before and up to 24 h after CM‐injection. After iotrolan injection, histamine values remained unchanged and showed minimal increase after iopromide. In 5/12 patients receiving iopromide and in 5/19 in the iotrolan group histamine level rose (&gt;100% of the baseline). After CM‐injection, a significant activation of basophils (CD63) could be measured ( P &lt; 0.05). IL‐3 prestimulus revealed a more pronounced CD63 expression after iopromide than after iotrolan. The IL‐1β prestimulus seemed to be dose‐dependent. Patients showing the most marked CM‐induced CD63 expression had the highest predose values after in vitro N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine treatment. Our finding suggests that increased histamine values and CD63 expression on basophils could depend on individual stimuli. Iopromide and iotrolan per se neither enhanced histamine release nor basophil degranulation under normal conditions. Analysis of CD63 expression by using fluorescence activated cell sorter‐analysis is an interesting new tool to elucidate the complex conditions leading to CM‐mediated hypersensitivity reactions.
Inhibitors of glycogen synthase 3 kinase (2023)

Compounds of formula 1: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaralkyl, substituted with 0-3 substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkyl-amino, and nitro; R.sub.2 is hydroxy, amino, or lower alkoxy; R.sub.3 is H, lower alkyl, lower acyl, lower alkoxy-acyl, or amnino-acyl; R.sub.4 is H or lower alkyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof; are effective inhibitors of GSK3.
Modeling of amorphous InGaZnO4 thin film transistors and their subgap density of states (2008)

We report a model of the carrier transport and the subgap density of states in amorphous InGaZnO4 (a-IGZO) for device simulation of a-IGZO thin-film transistors (TFTs) operated in both the depletion mode and the enhancement mode. A simple model using a constant mobility and two-step subgap density of states reproduced well the characteristics of the a-IGZO TFTs. a-IGZO exhibits low densities of tail states and deep gap states, leading to small subthreshold swings and high mobilities.
Inhibition of Primary ADP-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Normal Subjects after Administration of Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) (1973)

The evidence indicating that platelets may play a role in the occurrence of certain thromboembolic phenomena has stimulated a search for inhibitors of platelet function. This report presents data to indicate that nitrofurantoin is a potent inhibitor of primary ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The addition of 10 muM nitrofurantoin to citrated platelet-rich plasma obtained from 12 normal subjects produced a 29+/-6% (2 SD) inhibition of the velocity of platelet aggregation induced by 2 muM ADP. The inhibitory effect of nitrofurantoin demonstrated competitive kinetics in respect to ADP. The intravenous (180 mg) or oral (200 mg) administration of nitrofurantoin produced a serum nitrofurantoin concentration ranging from 2.7 to 23 muM in 28 normal subjects. Platelet-rich plasma obtained from these subjects demonstrated inhibition of the velocity of ADP-induced platelet aggregation that correlated with the log of the serum nitrofurantoin concentration (P < 0.001). Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was also inhibited in a dose-related manner, and the bleeding time was significantly prolonged in the two subjects with the highest serum nitrofurantoin concentration. These studies indicate that nitrofurantoin in vivo inhibits platelet function to a degree that is proportional to the serum nitrofurantoin concentration.