gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser Perforation: Lab to the Field (2017)

Abstract This objective of this work is to improve well perforation by using non-damagingsafe (non-explosive) high power laser perforation technology. For several years of research, high power lasers have been proven in the lab to create controllable perforation tunnels with enhanced flow properties. This paper presents the strategy of lab to field transformations to perforate horizontal well with two inches in diameter by twenty four inches deep at 10,000 feet in horizontal well. High power laser is an alternative and innovative technology to currently used shaped chargeperforation. Lasers are advanced in several industries for their several unique properties such as power, precision, control and reliability, with these properties; controllable non-damaged enhanced oriented perforated tunnels are achieved. Laser power can be adjusted precisely to control the depth of the tunnel; the tool can be oriented to create perforation in any direction regardless of the reservoir stress orientations as lasers are stress independent. Shale, Sandstones (including tight sandstones) and carbonate rocks have been perforated at different conditions, the result from all rock types showed improvement in permeability and creation of controlled geometry without any compactions or damage. The success of the lab experiments lead to field deployment strategy to create the first in the industry laser perforation at 10,000 feet. Lab to field transformation is presented at different stages, first prove of concept, then design and test lab prototype tool, followed by improved field upscale downhole tool. High power laser in downhole is a safe (non-explosive) perforation technology. The geometry, depth and orientation can be controlled very precisely to create clean enhanced perforated tunnel. With a single trip, several perforation shots can be made withoutthe need to load and unload the perforation tool. Laser source is mounted on the surface on a coiled tubing unit and the beam is transmitted via fiber optics cable totarget, the compact design of the tool make it suitable to fit in any slim hole.
072 PKA Agonist Colforsin Recovers Erectile Function and Promotes nNOS Signalling in the Penis in Cavernous Nerve Injury Rat Model (2016)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) initiates and maintains penile erection. However, the mechanisms by which nNOS activity is regulated after bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of BCNI and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) agonist (Colforsin) treatment on the phosphorylation of nNOS, nNOS uncoupling, and erectile function (EF) status. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into BCNI and sham group. Each group included 2 subgroups; vehicle and Colforsin 0.1 mg/kg i.p. injection. After 3 days, erectile function (intracavernosal pressure) was measured and penes were collected for molecular analyses of P-nNOS (Ser-1412 and Ser-847), total nNOS, nNOS uncoupling (by Western blot) and oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and superoxide by microdialysis method). Erectile response to electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve was decreased (p<0.05) after BCNI and increased (p<0.05) by Colforsin treatment. nNOS uncoupling and nNOS phosphorylation on both positive (Ser-1412) and negative (Ser-847) site were increased (p<0.05) after BCNI and normalized (p<0.05) by Colforsin treatment. nNOS protein expression was decreased (p<0.05) after BCNI and unaffected by Colforsin treatment. H2O2 and superoxide were elevated in BCNI group and normalized by Colforsin treatment.
Self-regulating chemo-mechano-chemical systems (2023)

A chemo-mechano-chemical (C.sub.1-M-C.sub.2) system includes a base supporting an actuatable structure, said structure comprising a functionalized portion and being embedded in an environmentally responsive gel capable of volume change in response to an environmental stimulus; a first fluid layer disposed over the base and in contact with the actuatable structure, said first fluid layer comprising the environmentally responsive gel; and a second fluid layer in contact with the actuatable structure, wherein the layers are positioned such that the functionalized portion is in contact with the second layer in a first relaxed state and in contact with the first layer in a second actuated state and wherein the functionalized portion interacts with at least one of the layers to provide a chemical or physical response.
Epstein–Barr virus antibodies mark systemic lupus erythematosus and scleroderma patients negative for anti‐DNA (2013)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can attack many different body organs; the triggering event is unknown. SLE has been associated with more than 100 different autoantibody reactivities - anti-dsDNA is prominent. Nevertheless, autoantibodies to dsDNA occur in only two-thirds of SLE patients. We previously reported the use of an antigen microarray to characterize SLE serology. We now report the results of an expanded study of serology in SLE patients and scleroderma (SSc) patients compared with healthy controls. The analysis validated and extended previous findings: two-thirds of SLE patients reacted to a large spectrum of self-molecules that overlapped with their reactivity to dsDNA; moreover, some SLE patients manifested a deficiency of natural IgM autoantibodies. Most significant was the finding that many SLE patients who were negative for autoantibodies to dsDNA manifested abnormal antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): these subjects made IgG antibodies to EBV antigens to which healthy subjects did not respond or they failed to make antibodies to EBV antigens to which healthy subjects did respond. This observation suggests that SLE may be associated with a defective immune response to EBV. The SSc patients shared many of these serological abnormalities with SLE patients, but differed from them in increased IgG autoantibodies to topoisomerase and centromere B; 84% of SLE patients and 58% of SSc patients could be detected by their abnormal antibodies to EBV. Hence an aberrant immune response to a ubiquitous viral infection such as EBV might set the stage for an autoimmune disease.
Organic compounds measured with infrared (3.39 µm) photoacoustics (1994)

A variety of carboxylic acids, alcohols and alkanes were studied using photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) with an excitation wavelength of 3.39 µm. The analytical potential of this method was estimated with different organic compounds dissolved in chloroform. A detection limit of 0.25% with a signal to noise ratio of 6 was achieved.
Chemical reaction and metallic cluster formation by annealing-temperature control in ZrO2 gate dielectrics on Si (2004)

Thermal stability of the ZrO2∕Zr–silicate∕Si structure and the Zr–silicide formation were investigated by photoemission spectroscopy depending on the annealing temperature in ultrahigh vacuum. By the annealing below 860°C, the interfacial layer thickness of the Zr–silicate decreased although the ZrO2 top layer was not affected. The annealing at 860°C caused the interfacial Zr–silicate layer to disappear. By the annealing above 860°C, the metallic Zr components appeared and the metallic clusters were formed. High-resolution photoemission spectra have revealed that the clusters consist of a ZrSi2 layer. Valence-band spectra depending on the annealing temperature provide us with the information about the crystallization in the ZrO2 layer.
Four novel mutations in the OFD1 (Cxorf5) gene in Finnish patients with oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (2002)

Oral-facial-digital syndrome type 1 (OFD1, MIM 311200) was first described by Papillon-Leage and Psaume1 in 1954 and further delineated in 1962 by Gorlin and Psaume,2 who called it orodigitofacial dysostosis. It is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterised by malformations of the face, oral cavity, and hands and feet. The facial dysmorphic features include hypertelorism, frontal bossing, broad nasal bridge, hypoplasia of alar cartilage, and transient milia. Oral cavity malformations include often asymmetrical cleft of the palate (80%), small midline cleft of the upper lip (45%), clefts of the tongue, hamartomatous masses on the ventral surface of the tongue (70%), mucobuccal fibrous bands, and dental abnormalities. Malformations of the fingers are seen in 50-70% and toe malformations in 25%. Central nervous system abnormalities, such as hydrocephalus, porencephaly, and agenesis of the corpus callosum, with mild mental retardation are seen in 40%.3 In recent years, a kidney disease closely resembling adult type polycystic kidney disease has been shown to be one of the distinct features of this syndrome.4,5

At least nine different forms of oral-facial-digital syndromes have been described, type 1 being the most common with a suggested incidence of 1:50 000 live births. OFD1 syndrome has dominant X linked inheritance with lethality in males. However, a case of Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) with OFD1 has been reported.6

By linkage analysis in two kindreds, the locus for OFD1 was mapped to Xp22.3-22.2.7 Recently, the gene for OFD1, Cxorf5 , was identified, and mutations of three familial and four sporadic cases were identified by Ferrante et al .8 Expression of the gene was seen in all the tissues affected in the syndrome.

We report here the identification of four novel mutations in the OFD1 gene together with the clinical findings in four Finnish families, of …
Microencapsulation (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
An Electrical Balance Duplexer for FDD Radios that Isolates TX from RX Independently in Two Bands (2021)

An Electrical Balance Duplexer (EBD) supports dual-band TX-RX isolation enabling FDD operation at 5–7 GHz for Wi-Fi 6/6E. A programmable network in the EBD can balance the antenna impedance ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$Z$</tex> ANT) in the TX channel and RX channel independently. The EBD provides > 40 dB isolation in an 80 MHz channel bandwidth in the TX band (5–6 GHz), for any <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$Z_{\text{ANT}}(f_{\text{TX}})$</tex> within <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{VSWR} =2$</tex> , and independently in the RX band (6–7 GHz) when <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$Q_{\text{ANT}}&lt; 4.3$</tex> . The EBD is designed for < 4 dB RX IL and < 3.8 dB TX IL, and it supports +29 dBm TX output.
Elastic constant C11 of 12C diamond between 10 and 613 K (2016)

We measured the temperature dependence of the elastic constant C11 of a 12C diamond monocrystal using picosecond ultrasonics between 10 and 613 K. We found that C11 is almost temperature independent below room temperature; the temperature coefficient around 300 K is −6.6 MPa/K. Our results show a significantly higher Einstein temperature than reported values by ∼30%, indicating that diamond has a larger zero-point energy, which remains dominant around ambient temperature. We also calculated the temperature dependence of the elastic constants using ab-initio methods, resulting in good agreement with measurements. Our study shows that below-ambient-temperature measurements are not sufficient to extract the Debye temperature and the Grüneisen parameter of high-Debye-temperature materials.
Sodium and potassium in spontaneously produced salt gland secretion and tears of ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, acclimated to fresh and saline waters (1969)

The spontaneously produced salt gland secretion (SGS) and tears of the domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos, were analyzed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) (Cl in SGS only). Acclimation to seawater did not enhance the concentrating ability of the salt glands. The NaCl concentration exceeded that of seawater by only a small margin. The tears of saline-acclimated birds contained less Na and more K than birds drinking water with low NaCl content. Salt stress significantly increased the weight of the salt glands and of the Harderian glands; the lacrymal glands were not affected. An estimation of the relative possible contribution of the cloacal fluid, SGS, and tears to cation excretion was made.
Inhibition of Furin/Proprotein Convertase-catalyzed Surface and Intracellular Processing by Small Molecules (2009)

Furin is a ubiquitously expressed proprotein convertase (PC) that plays a vital role in numerous disease processes including cancer metastasis, bacterial toxin activation (e.g. anthrax and Pseudomonas), and viral propagation (e.g. avian influenza and human immunodeficiency virus). To identify small molecule inhibitors of furin and related processing enzymes, we performed high-throughput screens of chemical diversity libraries utilizing both enzyme-based and cell-based assays. The screens identified partially overlapping sets of compounds that were further characterized for affinity, mechanism, and efficacy in additional cellular processing assays. Dicoumarols were identified as a class of compounds that inhibited furin non-competitively and reversibly with Ki values in the micromolar range. These compounds inhibited furin/furin-like activity both at the cell surface (protecting against anthrax toxin) and in the secretory pathway (blocking processing of the metastasis factor membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase/MT1-MMP) at concentrations close to Ki values. Compounds tested exhibited distinct patterns of inhibition of other furin-family PCs (rat PACE4, human PC5/6 and human PC7), showing that dicoumarol derivatives might be developed as either generic or selective inhibitors of the PCs. The extensive clinical use, high bioavailability and relatively low toxicity of dicoumarols suggests that the dicoumarol structure will be a good starting point for development of drug-like inhibitors of furin and other PCs that can act both intracellularly and at the cell surface.
Caldithrix (2021)

Abstract Cal'di.thrix. L. masc. adj. caldus hot; Gr. fem. n. thrix a hair; N.L. fem. n. Caldithrix , a thread existing in hot environment. Bacteria of the genus Caldithrix are moderately thermophilic, obligately anaerobic rods, sometimes forming spherical empty bodies protruding from different parts of the cells at stationary phase of growth. Cell wall of Gram‐negative type. The presence of flagella is species‐dependent feature; cells of flagellaless species show tumbling motility occurring in the exponential phase of growth. Neutrophiles. NaCl is obligately required for growth with the optimum concentration of 2–5%. Grow by fermentation of peptides or carbohydrates or by anaerobic respiration, oxidizing molecular hydrogen or acetate and reducing nitrate to ammonium. Yeast extract (0.01%) is required for growth. Known representatives inhabit marine thermal environments. At present, the genus Caldithrix is represented by two species, Caldithrix abyssi and Caldithrix palaeochoriensis . DNA G + C content (mol%) : 43.3–45.1 ( T m and genome sequence). Type species : Caldithrix abyssi Miroshnichenko et al. 2003 VP . Taxonomic and Nomenclature Notes According to the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), the taxonomic status of the genus Caldithrix is: correct name (last update, February 2025) * . LPSN classification: Bacteria / Pseudomonadati / Calditrichota / Calditrichia / Calditrichales / Calditrichaceae / Caldithrix The genus Caldithrix can also be recovered in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) as g__Caldithrix (version v220) ** . GTDB classification: d__Bacteria / p__Calditrichota / c__Calditrichia / o__Calditrichales / f__Calditrichaceae / g__Caldithrix * Meier‐Kolthoff et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D801 – D807 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab902 ** Parks et al. ( 2022 ). Nucleic Acids Res , 50 , D785 – D794 ; DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab776
Genome-wide investigation of light and carbon signaling interactions in Arabidopsis (2004)

The work presented here represents a method to organize and classify microarray datasets, enabling one to investigate signaling interactions and to identify putative cis elements in silico through the analysis of genes that share a similar expression profile and biological function.
Huygens Subgridding for 3-D Frequency-Dependent Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method (2012)

Subgridding methods are often used to increase the efficiency of the wave propagation simulation with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method. However, the majority of contemporary subgridding techniques have two important drawbacks: the difficulty in accommodating dispersive media and the inability for physical interfaces to cross the subgridding interface. This paper presents an extension of the frequency-dependent Huygens subgridding method from one dimension to three dimensions. Frequency dependency is implemented via the Auxiliary Differential Equation approach using the one-pole Debye relaxation model. Numerical experiments indicate that subgridding interfaces can be placed in various Debye media as well as across the physical interface .
Impact of Organic Contaminants from the Environment on Electrical Characteristics of Thin Gate Oxides (1998)

We have investigated the impact of organic contaminants from the environment on the electrical characteristics of gate oxides by evaluation of electrical characteristics of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following thermodesorption (TD-GC/MS) analysis of organic species adsorbed on silicon surfaces. It was found that organic contaminants from the environment adsorbed on silicon surfaces deteriorate gate oxide reliability; the increase in both breakdown and infant failure of gate oxides is enhanced by organic contaminants from the environment and depends on gate oxide thickness and the kind of silicon substrate. These results are useful for clarifying the deterioration mechanism of gate oxides caused by organic contaminants on silicon surfaces.
Current Status and Future Potential of CMOS Image Sensors (2001)

This presentation will discuss the current status of CMOS image sensors, including consumer products, high speed video capture, machine vision, medical (such as the low- power, swallowable pill-camera), and biometric applications. The second portion of the presentation will address the future potential of these sensors in other systems. A brief tutorial on how these sensors work and differ from their CCD ancestors will also be presented.
Deep oncopanel sequencing reveals fixation time- and within block position-dependent quality degradation in FFPE processed samples (2021)

Abstract Clinical laboratories routinely use formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue or cell block cytology samples in oncology panel sequencing to identify mutations that can predict patient response to targeted therapy. To understand the technical error due to FFPE processing, a robustly characterized normal cell line was used to create FFPE samples with four different pre-tissue processing formalin fixation times. A total of 96 FFPE sections were then distributed to different laboratories for targeted sequencing analysis by four oncopanels, and variants resulting from technical error were identified. Tissue sections that failed more frequently showed low cellularity, lower than recommended library preparation DNA input, or target sequencing depth. Importantly, sections from block surfaces were more likely to show FFPE-specific errors, akin to “edge effects” seen in histology, and the depth of formalin damage was related to fixation time. To assure reliable results, we recommend avoiding the block surface portion and restricting mutation detection to genomic regions of high confidence.
FPGAs in Data Centers: FPGAs are slowly leaving the niche space they have occupied for decades. (2018)

This installment of Research for Practice features a curated selection from Gustavo Alonso, who provides an overview of recent developments utilizing FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays) in datacenters. As Moore’s Law has slowed and the computational overheads of datacenter workloads such as model serving and data processing have continued to rise, FPGAs offer an increasingly attractive point in the trade-off between power and performance. Gustavo’s selections highlight early successes and practical deployment considerations that inform the ongoing, high-stakes debate about the future of datacenter- and cloud-based computation substrates.
Neoatherosclerosis development following bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation in diabetic and non-diabetic swine (2017)

Scaffold coverage showed signs of neo-atherosclerosis in all FF-DM and FF-NDM swine, scaffold polymer was preserved and the vascular response to BVS was not influenced by diabetes.
Emergence of Invariance and Disentanglement in Deep Representations (2018)

Using established principles from Information Theory and Statistics, we show that in a deep neural network invariance to nuisance factors is equivalent to information minimality of the learned representation, and that stacking layers and injecting noise during training naturally bias the network towards learning invariant representations. We then show that, in order to avoid memorization, we need to limit the quantity of information stored in the weights, which leads to a novel usage of the Information Bottleneck Lagrangian on the weights as a learning criterion. This also has an alternative interpretation as minimizing a PAC-Bayesian bound on the test error. Finally, we exploit a duality between weights and activations induced by the architecture, to show that the information in the weights bounds the minimality and Total Correlation of the layers, therefore showing that regularizing the weights explicitly or implicitly, using SGD, not only helps avoid overfitting, but also fosters invariance and disentangling of the learned representation. The theory also enables predicting sharp phase transitions between underfitting and overfitting random labels at precise information values, and sheds light on the relation between the geometry of the loss function, in particular so-called “flat minima,” and generalization.
Attosecond streaking of overlapping Fano resonances (2006)

Recent advances in the generation of sub-fs XUV pulses and attosecond metrology have opened up the possibility to trace the time evolution of electronic wave packets inside atoms in pump–probe experiments. The electron spectra as a function of pump–probe delay give information on the different time-scales involved in the decay process. We present streaking images for a coherently excited pair of nearby Fano resonances. Possibilities to extract information on both the resonance parameters and the excitation process will be discussed.