gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chlorophenyl pendant decorated graphene sheet as a potential antimicrobial agent: synthesis and characterization (2012)

Facile synthesis of a chlorophenyl decorated graphene (CBG) sheet synthesized by a solvent free green diazotization technique is reported here. The functionalization of the material was supported by various characterization techniques including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermal analysis. About 15 percent grafting, as determined by XPS and IR spectroscopy, could be achieved under the conditions employed. The CBG sheet was applied for the first time as a potential antibacterial agent on Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial character was quantified using the MacFarland number technique whereby the volumetric number density of colony forming units was determined. It was also quantified by a Kirby–Bauer test, where the zone formed due to mortality of bacteria caused by chlorine groups attached to the graphene was estimated by a mathematical model. Based on the zone of inhibition created, CBG was found to be more than twice as effective as unmodified graphene and graphene oxide. The synthesis promises to open up a new avenue for the development of chemically converted graphene based antimicrobial agents.
Support and Particle Size Effects in Electrocatalysis (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Particle Size and Geometric Effects in Electrocatalysis Synthesis and Screening of Model Supported Electrocatalysts Characterization of Supported Particles Oxygen Reduction on Supported Au and Pt Nanoparticles Co Electro-Oxidation on Supported Au and Pt Nanoparticles Intrinsic Particle Size Effects and Substrate Modifications Conclusions References
Bounded Dijkstra (BD): Search Space Reduction for Expediting Shortest Path Subroutines (2019)

The shortest path (SP) and shortest paths tree (SPT) problems arise both as direct applications and as subroutines of overlay algorithms solving more complex problems such as the constrained shortest path (CSP) or the constrained minimum Steiner tree (CMST) problems. Often, such algorithms do not use the result of an SP subroutine if its total cost is greater than a given bound. For example, for delay-constrained problems, paths resulting from a least-delay SP run and whose delay is greater than the delay constraint of the original problem are not used by the overlay algorithm to construct its solution. As a result of the existence of these bounds, and because the Dijkstra SP algorithm discovers paths in increasing order of cost, we can terminate the SP search earlier, i.e., once it is known that paths with a greater total cost will not be considered by the overlay algorithm. This early termination allows to reduce the runtime of the SP subroutine, thereby reducing the runtime of the overlay algorithm without impacting its final result. We refer to this adaptation of Dijkstra for centralized implementations as bounded Dijkstra (BD). On the example of CSP algorithms, we confirm the usefulness of BD by showing that it can reduce the runtime of some algorithms by 75% on average.
Young’s Modulus Measurement for Polysilicon Thin Film by Tensile Testing (2003)

Young’s modulus of polysilicon thin film was measured by means of a tensile tester equipped with electrostatic force grip system. The images of gauge marks on a specimen were captured by a high-speed digital CCD camera and the tensile strain was calculated from the images. Polysilicon thin film specimens were tensile tested for evaluating the resolution of the measurement system. The polysilicon specimens were 1.7 µm thick, 20 and 50 µm wide, and 100 and 500 µm in gauge length. The linear stress-strain curve was obtained and Young’s modulus was measured. The mean Young’s modulus ranged from 162 to 175 GPa, which agreed with the theoretical value and the measured values using the bulge method. The resolution and the comparison to the differential method were discussed.
MiRSNPs or MiR-polymorphisms, new players in microRNA mediated regulation of the cell: Introducing microRNA pharmacogenomics (2008)

MicroRNAs are evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs known to inhibit the translation of proteins by binding to the target transcript in the 3' untranslated region. Functional polymorphisms in 3' UTRs of several genes have been reported to be associated with diseases by affecting gene expression. The mechanism by which these polymorphisms affect gene expression and induce variability in a cell is not well understood. It has been suggested that these polymorphisms may interfere with regulatory elements that bind to untranslated region of a gene. Recently, a novel class of functional polymorphisms termed miRSNPs/polymorphisms was reported. defined as a polymorphism present at or near a microRNA binding sites of functional genes that can affect gene expression by interfering with a miRNA function. The work elucidated the mechanism of a functional miRSNP 829C-->T present in 3' UTR of dihydrofolate reductase, an important drug target. The SNP interferes with the miR24 microRNA function and leads to DHFR over expression and methotrexate resistance. In this article we highlight the importance of these miRSNPs or miR-polymorphisms in gene regulation and the mechanism by which these miRSNPs can induce variability in the SNP expressing mutant cell by using drug resistance as an example.
In situ analysis of solvent/nonsolvent exchange and phase separation processes during the membrane formation of polylactides (1996)

Membrane formation of polylactides has been studied using in situ analysis techniques. An experimental method based on the use of dark ground optics and reflected light illumination is used to monitor the mass transfer and phase separation dynamics during for mation. Additionally, the phase separation and structure formation has been studied using optical microscopy. The results of the dark ground optics technique for the polymer/solvent/nonsolvent systems poly-L-lactide/chloroform/methanol and poly-DL-lactide/chloroform/methanol showed that the diffusion kinetics were similar for the semicrystalline poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and the amorphous poly-DL-lactide. The influence of the molecular weight of the polymers on the diffusion kinetics was found to be negligible. Increasing the polymer concentration of the casting solution decreased the rate of diffusion. The phase separation of poly-DL-lactide was studied with optical microscopy and found to proceed via liquid-liquid demixing. For poly-L-lactide solutions of relatively low concentration (5–6% w/w), phase separation proceeded via liquid-liquid demixing followed by crystallization. For more concentrated PLLA solutions, phase separation proceeded directly via solid-liquid demixing processes. Additionally, for 6% w/w solutions of poly-L-lactide in dioxane immersed in methanol, precipitation also occurred solely via solid-liquid demixing. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electronic transport of benzothiophene-based chiral molecular solenoids studied by theoretical simulations (2003)

By the density-functional-derived tight-binding method, the electronic transport properties of two types of benzothiophene-based molecular wires, i.e., the linear and helical molecular wires have been investigated. In the molecular bridge system where these molecules are connected to the gold electrodes by S–Au bonds, the transmission peaks are found to lie at the energies somewhat lower than 0.5 eV below the Fermi level for both cases. Thus the conductances of both types of wires for the bias voltage less than 1.0 V are not so large without doping. Upon iodine doping, however, the new transmission peaks are found to appear around the Fermi level, particularly in the case of helical wires. It means that the conductances of the helical wires are expected to be improved dramatically by the chemical doping. Therefore, the doped helical molecular wires are predicted to work as molecular solenoids even under lower bias voltages. Next, the applicability of the current-induced magnetic field generated in such a molecular solenoid is considered. As an example, we propose a novel helical molecule where the hydrogen atoms connected to the inner C–C bonds of the helix are substituted by some kind of radicals. In this case the current-induced field can control the alignment of the radical spin orientations.
Reliability assessment of PV units in primary and secondary frequency control ancillary services (2019)

Recent studies have demonstrated how storage-less PV units have the technical capability to contribute to grid frequency control. However, system operators have stringent criteria for the dynamic response as well as the availability of the assets participating in these ancillary services. In this paper, we propose a methodology to assess and certify the impact of storage-less PV units on grid frequency regulation when the primary energy source availability is uncertain. The proposed approach is based on a first-principle dynamic model that is independent of the specific control strategy employed in the PV units, together with a statistical analysis of real data of power forecast error. The resulting methodology can be used to pre-qualify PV participation in the ancillary service market. The proposed approach is illustrated using real data and specifications from the Swiss transmission system operator.
Location Estimation in a Smart Home: System Implementation and Evaluation Using Experimental Data (2008)

In the context of a constantly increasing aging population with cognitive deficiencies, insuring the autonomy of the elders at home becomes a priority. The DOMUS laboratory is addressing this issue by conceiving a smart home which can both assist people and preserve their quality of life. Obviously, the ability to monitor properly the occupant's activities and thus provide the pertinent assistance depends highly on location information inside the smart home. This paper proposes a solution to localize the occupant thanks to Bayesian filtering and a set of anonymous sensors disseminated throughout the house. The localization system is designed for a single person inside the house. It could however be used in conjunction with other localization systems in case more people are present. Our solution is functional in real conditions. We conceived an experiment to estimate precisely its accuracy and evaluate its robustness. The experiment consists of a scenario of daily routine meant to maximize the occupant's motion in meaningful activities. It was performed by 14 subjects, one subject at a time. The results are satisfactory: the system's accuracy exceeds 85% and is independent of the occupant's profile. The system works in real time and behaves well in presence of noise.
In Situ, Noninvasive, T2*-Weighted MRI-Derived Parameters Predict Ex Vivo Structural Properties of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction or Bioenhanced Primary Repair in a Porcine Model (2013)

This study provides a critical step in the development of a noninvasive method to predict the structural properties of the healing ACL graft or repair. This technique may prove beneficial as a surrogate outcome measure in preclinical animal and clinical studies.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: faecal diversion for management of perianal Crohn's disease (2015)

Temporary faecal diversion may improve symptoms in approximately two-thirds of patients with refractory perianal Crohn's disease, but bowel restoration is successful in only 17% of patients.
Current transport and the fluctuation of critical current in high-temperature superconductor interface-engineered Josephson junctions (2004)

The mechanisms of current transport in interface-engineered junctions (IEJs) with ramp-edge geometry were investigated to clarify the possible origin of the statistical fluctuation of the Josephson critical current. More than 1000 junctions with a ramp edge aligned either along the [100] or [110] axis of the high-temperature superconductor electrode were fabricated under various process conditions. These junctions exhibited a critical current density ranging from ${10}^{2}$ to ${10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{A}∕\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at $4.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ while maintaining a magnetic field modulation of the critical current exceeding 80% without any indication of the peculiar effect of $d$-wave pairing symmetry. The junctions with a critical current density exceeding ${10}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{A}∕\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ exhibited an appreciable amount of excess current that grew rapidly within an approximate voltage range of less than $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mV}$. The critical current versus temperature characteristics of these junctions were found to be explained reasonably well by a superconductor-normal-superconductor (SNS) junction model in the diffusive regime. This model is also consistent with our observation of a weak subharmonic gap structure due to multiple Andreev reflections. In addition, we found that the Josephson critical current $({I}_{c})$ exhibited a good correlation with the differential resistance near $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{V}$, while the normal resistance defined at a current level of two to three times ${I}_{c}$ varied appreciably even for junctions with a similar ${I}_{c}$. This indicates that another conduction channel with little contribution to the Josephson current coexists within the junctions. The $dI∕dV$ measurement for high resistance junctions revealed that resonant tunneling of quasiparticles through localized states in an insulating barrier constitutes this second conduction channel. All these results suggest that IEJs should be regarded as an array of microscopic SNS contacts embedded in an insulating barrier with random orientation. The fluctuation in the number of SNS contacts in a junction restricts the attainable minimum spread of the ${I}_{c}$ value.
Unexpected enhanced activity catalysts for butane oxidation using mixtures derived from VOHPO4·0.5H2O and AlPO4 (2005)

Addition of AlPO4 during the preparation of VOHPO4·0.5H2O leads to a catalyst, following activation, comprising (VO)2P2O7 and AlPO4 that displays over twice the activity of the AlPO4-free (VO)2P2O7 for the oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride without loss of selectivity. This improvement is shown to occur, at least in part, as a consequence of an electronic promotion effect.
Synthesis of High Purity Silicon Nanoparticles in a Low Pressure Microwave Reactor (2004)

The formation of pure single crystalline silicon nanoparticles by microwave induced decomposition of silane in a low pressure flow reactor is reported. The morphology and crystal structure of the particles are characterized in situ by particle mass spectrometry (PMS) and ex situ by means of X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The preparation method allows for the adjustment of the mean particle diameter in the range 6 nm < or = dPM < or = 11 nm by controlling the precursor concentration, gas pressure, and microwave power. Spectroscopic investigations reveal that the particles are single crystal silicon. The potential on n- or p-type doping is in progress.
On the feasibility of predicting popular news at cold start (2016)

Prominent news sites on the web provide hundreds of news articles daily. The abundance of news content competing to attract online attention, coupled with the manual effort involved in article selection, necessitates the timely prediction of future popularity of these news articles. The future popularity of a news article can be estimated using signals indicating the article's penetration in social media (e.g., number of tweets) in addition to traditional web analytics (e.g., number of page views). In practice, it is important to make such estimations as early as possible, preferably before the article is made available on the news site (i.e., at cold start). In this paper we perform a study on cold‐start news popularity prediction using a collection of 13,319 news articles obtained from Yahoo News, a major news provider. We characterize the popularity of news articles through a set of online metrics and try to predict their values across time using machine learning techniques on a large collection of features obtained from various sources. Our findings indicate that predicting news popularity at cold start is a difficult task, contrary to the findings of a prior work on the same topic. Most articles' popularity may not be accurately anticipated solely on the basis of content features, without having the early‐stage popularity values.
Colorimetric characterization of a desktop drum scanner using a spectral model (1995)

A desktop drum scanner was colorimetrically characterized to an average CIELAB error of less than unity for Kodak Ektachrome transparencies and Ektacolor paper, and Fuji Photo Film Fuflchrome transparencies and Fujicolor paper. Independent verification on spectrally similar materials yielded an average z Eb error of less than 2. 1. The image formation of each medium was first modeled using either Beer-Bouguer or Kubelka-Munk theories and eigenvector analysis. Scanner digital values were then empirically related to dye concentrations using polynomial step-wise multiplelinear regression. These empirical matrices were required because the scanner's system spectral responsivities had excessively wide bandwidths. From these estimated dye concentrations, either a spectral transmittance or spectral reflectance factor was calculated from an a priori spectral analysis of each medium. The spectral estimates can be used to calculate tristimulus values for any illuminant and obseiver of interest. The methods used in this research are based on historical methods commonly used in photographic science.
Intermittency study of a stressed-metal micro-spring sliding electrical contact (2004)

Electrical interconnects based on stressed-metal microsprings are an altemative to conventional packaging technology such as flip-chip soldering and wire-bonding. As a highdensity, compliant, pressure contact that is allowed to slide, it is important to investigate the potential for intermittent electrical glitches. Fretting experiments are performed on 80 pm pitch, gold-coated micro-springs compressed to 0.27 mN (-0.027 go against a gold pad. While the pad is cycled with a 50 pm amplitude, the contact is monitored for voltage rises greater than 100 mV and slower than 4 osec. For 10 mA and 100 mA, no glitches have been observed for approximately 10000 cycles.
TwinCastle: A multi-processor north bridge server chipset (2005)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the special features, system design and architectures, processing capabilities, and targeted markets for Intel's TwinCastle, a multiprocessor chipset.
Al 0.95 Ga 0.05 As 0.56 Sb 0.44 for lateral oxide-confinement layer in InP-based devices (2003)

We report a lateral oxide-confinement layer for InP-based devices using lattice-matched AlGaAsSb. The confinement-layer-induced excess loss at different widths was extracted after de-embedding the losses due to carrier diffusion, nonradiative recombination, and changes in internal injection efficiency. The results show that AlGaAsSb oxide acts as an excellent confinement layer, and shows no excess loss down to a width of 4 μm.
Resistance of LiCaAlF6Single Crystals against F2Laser Irradiation (2003)

The resistance of LiCaAlF6 single crystals against F2 laser irradiation was studied to examine the possible use of LiCaAlF6 as optical components for F2 laser lithography. After the initial increase by F2 laser cleaning, transmittance of LiCaAlF6 at 157 nm remains relatively unchanged even after irradiation with an F2 laser beam up to 105 pulses at a fluence of approximately 160 mJ·cm-2·pulse-1, indicating good tolerance against the cumulative irradiation. We also discuss the mechanism of the initial increase in transmittance with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The threshold fluence for the onset of optical damage of LiCaAlF6 is approximately 2 J·cm-2·pulse-1, similar to that of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) grade CaF2.
Posterior Acromial Bone Block Augmentation for the Treatment of Posterior Glenoid Bone Loss Associated With Recurrent Posterior Shoulder Instability (2006)

The prevalence of posterior glenohumeral instability has been estimated to occur in up to 5% of all patients who present with shoulder instability. However, there has been a heightened awareness of this disorder with improvements in physical examination, imaging, and the use of arthroscopy. Posterior shoulder instability has been attributed to primarily capsular redundancy, laxity, and posterior labral pathology and detachment. Infrequently, in cases with involuntary and/or traumatic causes, posterior glenoid bone loss, or retroversion has also been implicated as a cause for failure of treatment, either nonoperatively or operatively. Although the associated posterior glenoid bone loss is an infrequent pathoanatomical feature in patients who present with posterior shoulder instability, this can lead to surgical failure if not addressed. Several different procedures have been described to deal with bone loss from humeral head defects or posterior glenoid deficiency. These have included glenoid osteotomy, humeral rotational osteotomy, and bone grafting of the posterior glenoid. This article will describe a technique where posterior glenoid bone loss is treated with extra articular augmentation of autogenous bone graft harvested from the spine of the acromion.
Prediction of Thermal Isomerization Temperatures of Substituted Benzocyclobutenes to o-Quinodimethanes by Semi-Empirical Molecular Orbital Calculation (2011)

Bezocyclobutenes are useful compounds as precursors to o-quinodimethanes, which are highly reactive dienes. However, the thermal isomerization temperatures(IT) of substituted benzocyclobutenes to o-quinodimethanes have not been predictable based on the simple substituent effect. In this paper, we provide a simple method to predict the IT of benzocyclobutenes by calculation of the activation energies using a semi-empirical molecular orbital calculation. ITs of the various substituted benzocyclobutenes were estimated by this method. Keywords: Bezocyclobutene, o-quinodimethane, thermal isomerization temperature, prediction, activation energy, semiempirical molecular orbital calculation, captodative effect, aminomethane, Diels-Alder reaction, cyanobenzocyclobutene
Influenza virus exploits tunneling nanotubes for cell-to-cell spread (2017)

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) represent a novel route of intercellular communication. While previous work has shown that TNTs facilitate the exchange of viral or prion proteins from infected to naïve cells, it is not clear whether the viral genome is also transferred via this mechanism and further, whether transfer via this route can result in productive replication of the infectious agents in the recipient cell. Here we present evidence that lung epithelial cells are connected by TNTs, and in spite of the presence of neutralizing antibodies and an antiviral agent, Oseltamivir, influenza virus can exploit these networks to transfer viral proteins and genome from the infected to naïve cell, resulting in productive viral replication in the naïve cells. These observations indicate that influenza viruses can spread using these intercellular networks that connect epithelial cells, evading immune and antiviral defenses and provide an explanation for the incidence of influenza infections even in influenza-immune individuals and vaccine failures.