gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chronic Administration of Recombinant Bovine Tumor Necrosis Factor to Cattle (1989)

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), a protein produced by macrophages upon stimulation, has been implicated as an important mediator of inflammatory processes and of clinical manifestations in chronic infectious diseases. In order to study further the potential role of TNF in infectious diseases, a homologous system was employed in which recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived bovine TNF (rBoTNF) was injected in cattle, either as a single bolus or in a repetitive treatment-regime. No clinical signs were observed, although changes occurred in hematologic and immunologic parameters when less than 0.5 mg of TNF/100 kg body weight was administered twice daily for 18 days. Prolonged treatment with 0.05-0.5 mg/100 kg induced histologic but no gross changes in the kidneys and liver. When doses were increased above 0.5 mg/100 kg, depression, anorexia, cachexia, and diarrhea appeared rapidly. Pathologic changes were apparent in various tissues including liver, kidneys, and lymphoid organs; body fat depots were depleted. Most of these changes appeared to be reversible; return to normal tissue-morphology occurred within 3 weeks of withdrawal of rBoTNF. The clinical and pathologic changes induced by prolonged rBoTNF administration resembled those observed in some chronic parasitic and viral infections of cattle in which macrophage-activation characteristically occur. Our finding may be relevant to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of these and other chronic infections.
Performance of High-Power AlInGaN Light Emitting Diodes (2001)

The performance of high-power AlInGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) is characterized by light output–current–voltage (L–I–V) measurements for devices with peak emission wavelengths ranging from 428 to 545 nm. The highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) is measured for short wavelength LEDs (428 nm) at ≈29%. EQE decreases with increasing wavelength, reaching ≈13% at 527 nm. With low forward voltages ranging from ≈3.3 to ≈2.9 V at a drive current density of 50 A/cm2, these LEDs exhibit power conversion efficiencies ranging from ≈26% (428 nm) to ≈10% (527 nm).
A polymer blend approach to fabricating the hole transport layer for polymer light-emitting diodes (2004)

This contribution describes an approach to fabricating high-efficiency hole-transport layers (HTLs) for polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). HTLs fabricated by this approach have two components: a siloxane-derivatized, crosslinkable, hole-transporting material and a hole-transporting polymer. These HTLs exhibit high transparency, have no corrosive effects on the indium tin oxide anode, and have minimal pixel “cross-talk” potential. PLEDs that are fabricated using these HTLs exhibit superior performance (40% greater maximum current efficiency) versus analogous devices using a conventional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) HTL. Most importantly, this approach has considerable flexibility and can be applied as a general strategy to manipulate energy level alignments in PLEDs.
The Delta Receptor (2003)

The Delta Receptor: History of Delta Opioid Receptors, Wen-Jen Chang Cloning of Delta Opioid Receptors, Arnaud Lacoste and Christopher J. Evans Cloning and Expression of the Human Delta Opioid Receptor, Richard J. Knapp, Ewa Malatynska, Eva V. Varga, William R. Roeske, and Henry I. Yamamura In Vitro and In Vivo Mutagenesis - Insights into Delta Receptor Structure and Function, F.M. Dicaillot and Brigiitte L. Kieffer Delta Opioid Receptor Signaling and Trafficking, P.Y. Law Delta Opioid Receptors and G Proteins, Mary J. Clark and John R. Traynor Transcriptional Regulation of Delta Opioid Receptor, Gene Ping Sun and Horace Loh. Delta Ligands: Benzhydrylpiperazines as Nonpeptidic Delta Opioid Receptor Ligands, Michael J. Bishop and Robert W. McNutt Delta-Selective Ligands Related to Naltrindole. D.J. Daniels and P.S. Portoghese Endogenous Peptides for Delta Opioid Receptors and Analogues, Victor J. Hruby and Henry I. Mosberg Deltorphins, Lucia Negri and Elisa Giannini Opioid Peptide--Derived Delta Antagonists, Inverse Agonists and Mixed Mu Agonists/Delta Antagonists. Peter W. Schiller Inverse Agonism at the Delta Opioid Receptors, Eva V. Varga, Keiko Hosohata, Yoshioko Hosohata, Jennifer Tsang, Thomas Burkey, Josue Alfaro-Lopez, Xuejun Tang, Victor R. Hruby, William R. Roeske and Henry I. Yamamura Mixed Opioid Receptor Agonists as a New Class of Agents for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Pain, Peter J. Gengo and Kwen-Jen Chang Biphalin - A Multireceptor Opioid Ligand Binding and Activity of Opioid Ligands at the Cloned Human Delta, Mu and Kappa Receptors Andrez W. Lipkowski, Daniel B. Carr, Iwona Bonney and Aleksandra Misicka Kemal Payza Inhibitors of Enkephalin-Inactivating Enzymes and Delta Opioid Responses, Bernard P. Roques and Florence Noble. Pharmacology And Physiology: Delta Opioid Receptor Subtypes and Pain Modulation, Michael H. Ossipov, Josephine Lai, Todd W. Vanderah and Frank Porreca Delta Opioid Receptor-Mediated Antinociception/Analgesia Minoru Narita and Tsutomu Suzuki Antidepressant-like Effects of Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists, Emily M. Jutkiewicz and James H. Woods Mu-Delta Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo, Richard B. Rothman and Heng Xu Delta Opioids and Immune Function, Richard J. Weber and Ricardo Gomez-Flores Delta Opioids and Substance Abuse, S. Stevens Negus Delta Opioid Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract, DeWayne Townsend IV and David R. Brown Cardioprotection and Delta Opioid Receptors, Garrett J. Gross, Ryan M. Fryer, Hemal H. Patel and Joel J. Schultz The Delta Opioid Receptor and Brain Pain-Modulating Circuits, Mary M. Heinricher and Howard L. Fields.
Diarrhea DuetoCryptosporidium Infection inArtificially Reared Lambs (1981)

Severe diarrhea whichlasted 7to12daysoccurred in40of48artificially reared lambswithin 5to12daysofbirth, and16ofthemdied. Of16diarrheic fecal samples examined, 10contained Cryptosporidium oocysts and1contained rotavirus, butnootherknownenteropathogen wasdetected. Uponhistological examination, cryptosporidia werefoundintheilea ofthree affected lambs, andin oneofthem,villous atrophy andfusion, withepithelial cross-bridging between villi, werepresent inthedistal smallintestine. Diarrhea wasinduced intwo specific pathogen-free lambsbyoral inoculation withfecal homogenate containing Cryptosporidium oocysts. Boththesmall andthelarge intestines becameinfected withtheorganism, andassociated lesions included stunting, fusion, anddeformities ofvilli inthedistal small intestine, withreplacement ofcolumnar enterocytes byimmaturecuboidal cells. Subclinical infections wereinduced innewborn specific pathogen-free miceandrats. Judgedbythesedata, thelamb-derived Cryptosporidium sp.issimilar tothoserecovered fromcalves, deer, andhumans. Diarrhea inyoungdomestic animals ismost commonly attributed toafewenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes, rotavirus, andcoronavirus acting singly orincombination. Recent reports suggest thatCryptosporidium sp.,a memberoftheenteric coccidian group, mayalso bea candidate. Cryptosporidium sp.iswidespread, anditoccurs inmanyanimal species (5). Itisanextracellular parasite adhering tothe brushborders ofenterocytes, hasa rapid life cycle indomestic animals, andappears tolack hostspecificity (13). Mostcommonly, Cryptosporidium sp.has beenassociated withdiarrhea incalves (7, 9,11, 15)butthere areseveral reports ofits occurrence inenteric disease ofother species, suchaslambs (2), deer(Tzipori etal., submitted forpublication), andhumans(6, 8,14). Experimental infection oflambswithCryptosporidium sp.isolated fromcalves induced intermittent diarrhea, culminating indeathof lambsinfected atbirth andgrowth retardation inolder lambs(S.Tzipori, K.W.Angus, E.W. Gray,andI.Campbell, Am.J.Vet.Res., in press). Thisisthefirst report ofdiarrhea attributed to Cryptosporidium infection inartificially reared lambs. Theclinical manifestation and pathogenesis ofthedisease inlambsexperimentPresent address: Veterinary Research Laboratory, Attwood, Westmeadows, Victoria, Australia.
Fuel-Economy Performance Analysis with Exhaust Heat Recovery System on Gasoline Engine (2022)

&lt;div&gt;As the electrification and connectivity technologies penetrate the market, the opportunities for intelligent thermal management of the vehicles become more salient. When an exhaust gas heat recovery (EGHR) system is used to recover waste heat from gasoline engine exhaust, the thermal parameters of the exhaust gas vary greatly, and these influence the performance of the heat exchanger (HE) system. To improve the recovery of exhaust waste heat and its conversion to faster coolant warm-up and cabin heating performance effectively, the heat transfer evaluation and optimal performance analysis are conducted on different EGHR system designs with different exhaust thermal parameters. This study aims at analyzing the fuel economy benefit with state-of-the-art HE designs in the automotive industry for exhaust gas-to-oil and exhaust gas-to-coolant heat transfer. Both physical testing and virtual simulation helped us develop a method to take advantage of the exhaust gas heat. The test result indicates that with the integration of the exhaust gas-to-coolant and exhaust gas-to-oil HEs, the gasoline engine makes a 0.5% and 0.8% fuel efficiency improvement, respectively. More specifically, the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) fuel consumption on the 1.0L engine can be reduced by 0.5% with the integration of exhaust gas to the coolant HE, which has a smart bypass control strategy upstream of the oil cooler. Also the implementation of exhaust gas-to-oil HEs leads to a WLTC fuel consumption reduction of 0.8%. HE design with bypass valve and valve-controlled oil cooler from the experiments proved to be the most efficient HE design among the four investigated designs. The proposed simulation-based performance and engine dynamometer (dyno) evaluation shed light on the importance of selecting bypass valve and valve-controlled oil cooler HEs and design-related improvements in fuel economy for practical applications in building intelligent thermal management for vehicles.&lt;/div&gt;
Reductive Amination - A Convenient Method for Generating Diverse, Mono-Functionalised 5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl Porphyrins (2009)

Formylation followed by reductive amination of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) is shown to be a versatile synthetic procedure for monosubstitution of the porphyrin core re-giospecifically at one β-position. A diverse range of substituents can be introduced in this way in good yields, including cyclen aza-crown macrocycles. © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.
Time Scales for Viscous Flow, Atomic Transport, and Crystallization in the Liquid and Supercooled Liquid States ofZr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 (1999)

The shear viscosity of liquid ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{41.2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{13.8}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{12.5}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{10.0}{\mathrm{Be}}_{22.5}$ has been measured. At the liquidus temperature we find an extremely high viscosity of 2.5 Pa s, favoring glass formation. At deep supercooling the time scales for the diffusion of small and medium sized atoms as reported in the literature decouple from the internal relaxation time as probed by our viscosity measurements. Similarly, crystallization from the supercooled liquid state can be described with an effective diffusivity that scales with the viscosity at high temperatures and is Arrhenius-like at deep supercooling.
B216 3D Strain Components of HAp Crystals in Cortical Bone using X-ray Diffraction Imaging (2010)

X IP
Highly sensitive tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for process and emission monitoring (2013)

Laser absorption spectroscopy was combined with a high-temperature Herriott-type multipass cell for highly sensitive detection of gas components in process and emission control. The performance was verified on the example of ammonia detection for the deNOx process.
Focusing of shock waves induced by optical breakdown in water (2008)

The focusing of laser-generated shock waves by a truncated ellipsoidal reflector was experimentally and numerically investigated. Pressure waveform and distribution around the first (F(1)) and second foci (F(2)) of the ellipsoidal reflector were measured. A neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser of 1046 nm wavelength and 5 ns pulse duration was used to create an optical breakdown at F(1), which generates a spherically diverging shock wave with a peak pressure of 2.1-5.9 MPa at 1.1 mm stand-off distance and a pulse width at half maximum of 36-65 ns. Upon reflection, a converging shock wave is produced which, upon arriving at F(2), has a leading compressive wave with a peak pressure of 26 MPa and a zero-crossing pulse duration of 0.1 mus, followed by a trailing tensile wave of -3.3 MPa peak pressure and 0.2 mus pulse duration. The -6 dB beam size of the focused shock wave field is 1.6 x 0.2 mm(2) along and transverse to the shock wave propagation direction. Formation of elongated plasmas at high laser energy levels limits the increase in the peak pressure at F(2). General features in the waveform profile of the converging shock wave are in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations based on the Hamilton model.
Physics-based memristor models (2013)

In order to utilize memristors in circuits, one needs high-quality predictive models that can be used for simulations to act as a design aid. Whenever possible, we base our models on the known physics of the memristors we are using. To that end, we perform a wide range of materials characterizations and electronic measurements on which to base the model. However, given the complexity of the physical processes that occur in the devices, such as drift-diffusion-thermophoresis in ion-migration based memristors and Mott transitions in locally active memristors, the corresponding detailed mathematical descriptions are far too complex to solve analytically and numerical solutions are too time consuming to include in a simulation. We thus need to find simpler, analytical approximations that can match the measured behavior of the memristors over many orders of magnitude in time and a wide range of applied voltage. We present some new models that we have developed and describe how they are derived.
Sobre a recepção de Freud em Portugal (2003)

Metacrítica : Revista de Filosofia da Unidade de Investigação em Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade da Universidade Lusófona
Integrated chemical systems on microchips for analysis and assay. Potential future, mobile high-performance detection system for chemical weapons (2002)

Abstract By analogy to unit operations (e.g., mixers, reactors, etc.) used in conventional chemical engineering, the concept of microunit operations permits the integration of complicated chemical systems onto a small microchip. A protocol for fabrication of such microchips is described, and its use is illustrated in several examples. In addition, the thermal lens microscope, which determines nonfluorescent species at the single-molecule level, is indispensable as an ultrasensitive detector for general use. Applications of microchip technology are given for chemical analysis, immunoassay, and full bioassay. Microchip analysis can provide very large enhancements in sensitivity and substantial reductions in measurement time as compared with conventional analytical methods.
Scalable cryopreservation of infectious Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts by vitrification (2023)

Cryptosporidium hominis is a serious cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. The development of therapeutics is impeded by major technical roadblocks including lack of cryopreservation and simple culturing methods. This impacts the availability of optimized/standardized singular sources of infectious parasite oocysts for research and human challenge studies. The human C. hominis TU502 isolate is currently propagated in gnotobiotic piglets in only one laboratory, which limits access to oocysts. Streamlined cryopreservation could enable creation of a biobank to serve as an oocyst source for research and distribution to other investigators requiring C. hominis. Here, we report cryopreservation of C. hominis TU502 oocysts by vitrification using specially designed specimen containers scaled to 100 μL volume. Thawed oocysts exhibit ~70% viability with robust excystation and 100% infection rate in gnotobiotic piglets. The availability of optimized/standardized sources of oocysts may streamline drug and vaccine evaluation by enabling wider access to biological specimens.
Supplementary Figure S4 from EPHA2 Is a Mediator of Vemurafenib Resistance and a Novel Therapeutic Target in Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure S4. EphA2 inhibitors suppressed the viability of VEM sensitive and resistant BRAF mutant cell lines and NRAS mutant cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;
Increased Number of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Expressing Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (1995)

Observations in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS), have indicated that a low activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system is accompanied by a high susceptibility for EAE in rat strains and that elevated corticosteroid levels are necessary for spontaneous recovery from EAE. The HPA axis activity is regulated by both corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Both types of neurons are localized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. We determined the number of immunocytochemically identified CRH-immunoreactive (CRH-IR) and AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-IR) neurons in the PVN of the human hypothalamus of 8 MS patients, aged 34-63 years, and 8 age-matched control subjects without any primary neurological or psychiatric disorders, aged 30-59 years. In addition, the number of oxytocin (OXT) immunoreactive (OXT-IR) neurons was determined, since these neurons innervate brain stem nuclei and might thus be related to autonomic disturbances in MS. In MS the staining intensity for AVP was clearly lower and for OXT slightly lower. For CRH, the staining intensity was similar in both groups, and, moreover, in MS patients the number of CRH-IR cells in the PVN was found to be about 2.4 times higher than that in the control group. The number of OXT-IR or AVP-IR cells in the PVN of MS patients was not significantly different from that of the control group. Our results point to an activation of the neuroendocrine HPA axis which may be compatible with the idea that the HPA axis is involved in recovery from MS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Co-Deposited Pt−Ru Binary and Pt Skin Catalysts for Concentrated Methanol Oxidation (2010)

In this study, we demonstrate a novel approach—atomic layer deposition (ALD)—for the synthesis and investigation of Pt−Ru catalyst structures toward the oxidation of stoichiometric (1:1) methanol solutions in advanced direct methanol fuel cells. Two types of thin-film materials are investigated as catalysts for methanol oxidation: Pt−Ru films of varying ruthenium content that are co-deposited by ALD, and Pt skin catalysts made by depositing porous platinum layers of different thickness by ALD on sputtered ruthenium films. MeCpPtMe3 and Ru(Cp)2 are used as precursors for Pt and Ru ALD, respectively, together with pure O2 as the counter reactant. The electrochemical behavior of the co-deposited Pt−Ru catalysts and the Pt skin catalysts for methanol oxidation is characterized using chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry in a 0.5 M H2SO4/16.6 M CH3OH electrolyte at room temperature. The results illustrate that the optimal stoichiometric Pt:Ru ratio for the co-deposited catalysts is ∼1:1, which is consistent with our previous study on sputtered Pt−Ru catalysts using the same CH3OH concentration. Moreover, we report that the catalytic activity of sputtered ruthenium catalysts toward methanol oxidation is strongly enhanced by the ALD Pt overlayer, with such skin catalysts displaying superior catalytic activity over pure platinum. The mechanistic aspects of our observations are discussed.
Interfacial Tension Measurement and Micellization in a Polymer Blend with Copolymer Surfactant: A False Critical Micelle Concentration (2015)

The interfacial tension between polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) homopolymers is measured in the presence of a nearly symmetric poly(styrene-b-butadiene) (SB) copolymer and compared to independent measurements of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and to self-consistent field theory (SCFT) predictions. Interfacial tension is measured with a spinning drop tensiometer (SDT) containing a drop of PB in a PS matrix, using samples in which varying concentrations of SB copolymer were initially added to either PS or PB. When SB is premixed with PS, the dependence of the interfacial tension γ upon copolymer concentration c is qualitatively similar to that expected in equilibrium, showing a decrease of γ with increasing c for c less than an apparent CMC and then saturating at higher concentrations. TEM and SAXS studies of a binary mixture of the same copolymer and PS homopolymer show, however, that the true CMC in PS is much lower than the apparent CMC inferred from these SDT experiments. We analyze the role of transport limitations in this experiment and propose that this discrepancy may be a result of a suppressed copolymer chemical potential near the interface due to continual diffusion of copolymer into the PB drop.
Polymer arrays from the combinatorial synthesis of novel materials (2023)

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.