gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Entropy rate defined by internal wave scattering in long-range propagation (2015)

The reduction of information capacity of the ocean sound channel due to scattering by internal waves is a potential problem for acoustic communication, navigation, and remote sensing over long ranges. In spite of recent progress in research on acoustic signal scattering by random internal waves and the fact that random internal waves are ubiquitous in the world oceans, there is no clear understanding of how these waves influence data communication performance. The entropy decrease resulting from scattering by internal waves is an important measure of information loss. Here a rigorous calculation of the entropy is carried out using second moment transport theory equations with random sound-speed perturbations obeying the Garrett-Munk internal-wave model. It is shown that full-wave rate of entropy is of the same order of magnitude as the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and Lyapunov exponents for the relevant ray trajectories. The correspondence between full-wave and ray entropies suggests a correspondence between full-wave scattering and ray chaos near statistical saturation. The relatively small level of entropy rate during propagation through the random internal-wave field shows that scattering by internal waves is likely not an essential limitation for data rate and channel capacity.
AA h BN crystal, basic structure of boron nitride nanotubes (2021)

<i>AA</i> <sub><i>h</i></sub> boron nitride (BN) crystal, assigned to an orthorhombic space group (No. 31, <i>Pm</i>2<sub>1</sub>), is reported here. This new <i>AA</i> <sub><i>h</i></sub> BN crystal exhibits a 'linear' morphology for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and a (non-hexagonal) 'diagonal' electron-diffraction pattern, which have been experimentally demonstrated in this article. It is also demonstrated that this new crystal is the basic structure of multi-walled BN nanotubes (BNNTs) existing in the form of a helix. The helical <i>AA</i> <sub><i>h</i></sub> BNNTs exist in a metastable phase owing to 〈200〉 texture growth of the orthorhombic crystal, where the energy is ∼15 meV higher than that of stable <i>AB</i> or <i>AA'</i> BN. It is shown that the typical scanning electron microscope 'fluffy cotton-like' morphology of BNNTs is due to secondary growth of diverse BN sheets (including mono-layers) on incoherently scrolled wall strands of BNNTs, providing further evidence for the helical structure with HRTEM evidence for a left-handed helix.
A Total Synthesis of ( + )‐2′S, 3′R‐Zoapatanol (1994)

Three palladium-catalyzed steps (allyl alkylation, Wacker oxidation, and carbonylative cross-coupling) characterize the first asymmetric total synthesis of 1, a component of plant extracts used as contraceptives.
Relationships among North American Oat Cultivars Based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (1994)

Knowledge of genetic variability within a crop species is essential to its improvement. The objectives of this study were to assess restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns for oat ( Arena sativa L. and A. Byzantina K. Koch) cultivar characterization, to estimate genetic relationships among oat cultivars based on RFLP patterns, and to contrast these estimates with genetic relationships obtained from pedigree information. Eighty‐three North American oat cultivars were subjected to RFLP analyses using 48 oat and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cDNA clones selected to represent a large portion of the genome. The 46 polymorphic clones detected a total of 278 fragments, 205 (73.7%) of which were polymorphic. The number of fragments detected per polymorphic clone varied from 2 to 11 with an average of 6.0 fragments per clone (4.5 polymorphic fragments per clone). The average number of phenotypes produced per clone was 8 (range of 1–25). All cultivars could be distinguished with a minimum of 11 clones. The RFLP banding patterns were used to generate a genetic distance matrix, which was used in both cluster and principal coordinate analyses. Both analyses clearly separated the spring and fall sown groups of cultivars, and further subgroupings were consistent with available pedigree information. The RFLP‐based genetic distance matrix was compared with a matrix of coefficients of parentage for a subset of 55 cuitivars. The Mantel statistic was highly significant ( P &lt; 0.01) but low ( r = − 0.32) indicating moderate relationship between genetic distance derived from RFLP patterns and the pedigree‐based coefficient‐of‐parentage. The RFLP patterns could be used to predict genetic relationships between germplasm of unknown or ambiguous pedigrees as well as for the fingerprinting of North American oat cultivars.
A PVT tolerant 0.18MHz to 600MHz self-calibrated digital PLL in 90nm CMOS process (2004)

This paper presents a digital PLL with logarithmic time digitizer, digitally-controlled oscillator, and start-up calibration, which achieves a constant damping factor and fractional loop bandwidth over a 0.18 MHz to 600 MHz range of output frequencies and PVT conditions, with output jitter less than 0.04 UIPP. The 0.18 mm/sup 2/ chip is implemented in 90 nm CMOS, operates over a 0.7 to 2.4 V power supply range and consumes 1.7 mW at 1 V and 520 MHz.
John B. Goodenough: Tribute to John B. Goodenough: From Magnetism to Rechargeable Batteries (Adv. Energy Mater. 2/2021) (2021)

As one of the recipients of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, John B. Goodenough has made significant contributions across chemistry and physics including the development of critical cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the understanding of d-electron behavior in transition-metal oxides, and transport properties of perovskites. In article number 2000773, Karim Zaghib and co-workers review some of his scientific work demonstrating his mastery of chemistry and physics.
ARO-Net: Learning Implicit Fields from Anchored Radial Observations (2022)

We introduce anchored radial observations (ARO), a novel shape encoding for learning implicit field representation of 3D shapes that is category-agnostic and generalizable amid significant shape variations. The main idea behind our work is to reason about shapes through partial observations from a set of viewpoints, called anchors. We develop a general and unified shape representation by employing a fixed set of anchors, via Fibonacci sampling, and designing a coordinate-based deep neural network to predict the occupancy value of a query point in space. Differently from prior neural implicit models that use global shape feature, our shape encoder operates on contextual, query-specific features. To predict point occupancy, locally observed shape information from the perspective of the anchors surrounding the input query point are encoded and aggregated through an attention module, before implicit decoding is performed. We demonstrate the quality and generality of our network, coined ARO-Net, on surface reconstruction from sparse point clouds, with tests on novel and unseen object categories, "one-shape" training, and comparisons to state-of-the-art neural and classical methods for reconstruction and tessellation.
Critical exon indexing improves clinical interpretation of copy number variants in neurodevelopmental disorders (2019)

Application of CEI to CNVs in individuals with NDDs can identify genes of potential clinical relevance, aid laboratories in effectively searching the clinical literature, and support the clinical reporting of poorly annotated VUS.
Trimodal low-dose X-ray tomography (2012)

X-ray grating interferometry is a coherent imaging technique that bears tremendous potential for three-dimensional tomographic imaging of soft biological tissue and other specimens whose details exhibit very weak absorption contrast. It is intrinsically trimodal, delivering phase contrast, absorption contrast, and scattering (“dark-field”) contrast. Recently reported acquisition strategies for grating-interferometric phase tomography constitute a major improvement of dose efficiency and speed. In particular, some of these techniques eliminate the need for scanning of one of the gratings (“phase stepping”). This advantage, however, comes at the cost of other limitations. These can be a loss in spatial resolution, or the inability to fully separate the three imaging modalities. In the present paper we report a data acquisition and processing method that optimizes dose efficiency but does not share the main limitations of other recently reported methods. Although our method still relies on phase stepping, it effectively uses only down to a single detector frame per projection angle and yields images corresponding to all three contrast modalities. In particular, this means that dark-field imaging remains accessible. The method is also compliant with data acquisition over an angular range of only 180° and with a continuous rotation of the specimen.
Durability and Residual Strength Assessment of F/A-18 A-D Wing-Root Stepped-Lap Joint (2011)

The F/A-18 wing root structure consists of composite-titanium bonded stepped-lap joint. This effort is designed to evaluate the residual static strength and remaining life of this joint area after 1 lifetime of aircraft service. A reliability analysis is conducted on residual strength and fatigue life data to compare the original certification data used in the scatter analysis. Spectrum loading representing fleet usage with load-severity factors (to accelerate the fatigue damage growth) is used for cyclic testing to determine the remaining life of the stepped-lap joints. This effort also supports the life-extension efforts without additional large-scale testing to determine the remaining life of the structure. Furthermore, the tests are designed to address one of the biggest concerns with the aging aircraft fleet–the unknowns that emerge with little or no warning, raising the concern that an unexpected phenomenon may suddenly jeopardize an entire fleet’s flight safety, mission readiness, and/or support costs.
MHC Phosphopeptides: Promising Targets for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases (2021)

Major histocompatibility complex-associated peptides have been considered as potential immunotherapeutic targets for many years. MHC class I phosphopeptides result from dysregulated cell signaling pathways that are common across cancers and both viral and bacterial infections. These antigens are recognized by central memory T cells from healthy donors, indicating that they are considered antigenic by the immune system and that they are presented across different individuals and diseases. Based on these responses and the similar dysregulation, phosphorylated antigens are promising candidates for prevention or treatment of different cancers as well as a number of other chronic diseases.
Programming self-organizing multicellular structures with synthetic cell-cell signaling (2018)

A common theme in the self-organization of multicellular tissues is the use of cell-cell signaling networks to induce morphological changes. We used the modular synNotch juxtacrine signaling platform to engineer artificial genetic programs in which specific cell-cell contacts induced changes in cadherin cell adhesion. Despite their simplicity, these minimal intercellular programs were sufficient to yield assemblies with hallmarks of natural developmental systems: robust self-organization into multidomain structures, well-choreographed sequential assembly, cell type divergence, symmetry breaking, and the capacity for regeneration upon injury. The ability of these networks to drive complex structure formation illustrates the power of interlinking cell signaling with cell sorting: Signal-induced spatial reorganization alters the local signals received by each cell, resulting in iterative cycles of cell fate branching. These results provide insights into the evolution of multicellularity and demonstrate the potential to engineer customized self-organizing tissues or materials.
Wafer Scale Encapsulation of Large Lateral Deflection MEMS Structures (2009)

Packaging of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is a critical step in the transition from product development to production. This paper presents a robust, hermetically-sealed encapsulation method that can accommodate many traditional MEMS devices by allowing large lateral deflection structures within a clean environment. Using the new technology described in this paper, trench widths ranging from 1 mum to 100 mum were successfully encapsulated at the wafer level while maintaining devices as thick as 20 mum. Devices produced with this method have proven durable enough to withstand harsh post-processing such as dicing and wire bonding. Two different types of MEMS resonators are also discussed, demonstrating the use of both large and small trench widths within the encapsulation.
Multinuclear absolute magnetic resonance thermometry (2019)

Non-invasive measurement of absolute temperature is important for proper characterization of various pathologies and for evaluation of thermal dose during interventional procedures. The proton (hydrogen nucleus) magnetic resonance (MR) frequency shift method can be used to map relative temperature changes. However, spatiotemporal variations in the main magnetic field and the lack of local internal frequency reference challenge the determination of absolute temperature. Here, we introduce a multinuclear method for absolute MR thermometry, based on the fact that the hydrogen and sodium nuclei exhibit a unique and distinct characteristic frequency dependence with temperature and with electrolyte concentration. A one-to-one mapping between the precession frequency difference of the two nuclei and absolute temperature is demonstrated. Proof-of-concept experiments were conducted in aqueous solutions with different NaCl concentrations, in agarose gel samples, and in freshly excised ex vivo mouse tissues. One-dimensional chemical shift imaging experiments also demonstrated excellent agreement with infrared measurements.
Probing the Local Electronic Structure in Metal Halide Perovskites through Cobalt Substitution (2023)

Owing to the unique chemical and electronic properties arising from 3d-electrons, substitution with transition metal ions is one of the key routes for engineering new functionalities into materials. While this approach has been used extensively in complex metal oxide perovskites, metal halide perovskites have largely resisted facile isovalent substitution. In this work, it is demonstrated that the substitution of Co<sup>2+</sup> into the lattice of methylammonium lead triiodide imparts magnetic behavior to the material while maintaining photovoltaic performance at low concentrations. In addition to comprehensively characterizing its magnetic properties, the Co<sup>2+</sup> ions themselves are utilized as probes to sense the local electronic environment of Pb in the perovskite, thereby revealing the nature of their incorporation into the material. A comprehensive understanding of the effect of transition metal incorporation is provided, thereby opening the substitution gateway for developing novel functional perovskite materials and devices for future technologies.
IκB kinase β inhibition induces cell death in Imatinib-resistant and T315I Dasatinib-resistant BCR-ABL+ cells (2008)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is a malignant disease of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment, which is characterized by expression of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. Expression of BCR-ABL allows myeloid cells to grow in the absence of the growth factors interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL constitutively activates signaling pathways associated with Ras and its downstream effectors and with the Jak/STAT pathway. Additionally, we reported previously that BCR-ABL activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in a manner dependent on Ras and that inhibition of NF-kappaB by expression of a modified form of IkappaBalpha blocked BCR-ABL-driven tumor growth in a xenograft model. Here, we show that a highly specific inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta, a key upstream regulator of the NF-kappaB pathway, induces growth suppression and death in cells expressing wild-type, Imatinib-resistant, or the T315I Imatinib/Dasatinib-resistant forms of BCR-ABL. Cell cycle variables were not affected by this compound. These data indicate that blockage of BCR-ABL-induced NF-kappaB activation via IkappaB kinase beta inhibition represents a potential new approach for treatment of Imatinib- or Dasatinib-resistant forms of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Studies with the Human Cohesin Establishment Factor, ChlR1 (2008)

Human ChlR1 (hChlR1), a member of the DEAD/DEAH subfamily of helicases, was shown to interact with components of the cohesin complex and play a role in sister chromatid cohesion. In order to study the biochemical and biological properties of hChlR1, we purified the protein from 293 cells and demonstrated that hChlR1 possesses DNA-dependent ATPase and helicase activities. This helicase translocates on single-stranded DNA in the 5' to 3' direction in the presence of ATP and, to a lesser extent, dATP. Its unwinding activity requires a 5'-singlestranded region for helicase loading, since flush-ended duplex structures do not support unwinding. The helicase activity of hChlR1 is capable of displacing duplex regions up to 100 bp, which can be extended to 500 bp by RPA or the cohesion establishment factor, the Ctf18-RFC (replication factor C) complex. We show that hChlR1 interacts with the hCtf18-RFC complex, human proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and hFen1. The interactions between Fen1 and hChlR1 stimulate the flap endonuclease activity of Fen1. Selective depletion of either hChlR1 or Fen1 by targeted small interfering RNA treatment results in the precocious separation of sister chromatids. These findings are consistent with a role of hChlR1 in the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion and suggest that its action may contribute to lagging strand processing events important in cohesion.
3D PRINTING AND FIRE RETARDANCY: CONVENTIONAL WAY OR NEW OPPORTUNITIES (2019)

Additive manufacturing (AM) alias 3D printing translates computer-aided design (CAD) virtual 3D models into physical objects. By digital slicing of CAD, 3D scan, or tomography data, AM builds objects layer by layer without the need for molds or machining. The ongoing transition from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing prompts new challenges for materials scientists. Many AM techniques are now available and it includes vat photopolymerization (stereolithography), powder bed fusion (SLS), material and binder jetting (inkjet and aerosol 3D printing), sheet lamination (LOM), extrusion (FDM, 3D dispensing, 3D fiber deposition, and 3D plotting), and 3D bioprinting [1].

The range of polymers used in AM encompasses thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, hydrogels, functional polymers, polymer blends, composites, and biological systems. With this wide range of materials, new parts or repaired parts can be made rapidly with the appropriate design. It saves time and money. Some of the parts must be flame retarded (FR) polymers and the influence of the printing method and/or how the material is printed on the FR performance of the materials is a main concern. As an example, the printing orientation of a FR Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) modifies the UL-94 classification [2]. Comparaison between printed FR materials and injection molded FR materials is made in the talk based on published papers [3-5] and on our work [6]. 

3D printing gives the possibility to examine new design of polymeric materials easily (Figure 1). It is also the goal of this talk to investigate new design and new multi-materials to achieve the highest level of performance.
Continuous parameter acoustic processing for recognition of a natural speech corpus (2005)

The stack linguistic decoder described in references (1,3,6) has been modified to operate directly on continuous parameter vectors produced by an acoustic processor, thereby bypassing entirely labeling and segmentation of the speech signal. A recognition experiment has been carried out on a natural speech corpus using five-dimensional vectors composed of the four Dutch vowel factors of Klein, Plomp, and Pols, plus an indicator of short-term changes in overall power. The results are compared to those from an earlier experiment in which a centisecond labeling acoustic processor was used.
Microelectrode Geochemcial Observatory for In Situ Monitoring of Metals Concentration and Mobility in Contaminated Sediments (2013)

Abstract : The project objective was to demonstrate and validate the Analytical Instrument Systems, Inc. (AIS) microelectrode geochemical observatory (MGO) for the long-term monitoring of metals in contaminated sediments, including a laboratory phase and a pre-field deployment at Old Woman Creek (OWC) in Huron, OH. It became clear early on that adapting this open water technology for sediments application remains a challenge. Gold-mercury amalgam electrodes, built following a design from literature, were able to detect Fe, Mn, and reduced sulfur compounds, but not the Bremerton, WA site target metals: As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn. Five-mm gold electrodes fabricated following procedures from literature produced calibration curves for Cu, Pb, and Zn in standard solutions and for Pb and Zn in site porewater. Attempts to ruggedize the gold electrode proved futile as the gold wire was exceptionally fragile. Because OWC sediments contain mainly Mn and Fe, the MGO was deployed with the amalgam electrode. After a few days, the MGO began intermittently shutting down. The electrode fouled over a few weeks and produced incoherent, noisy scans. Further work is needed to design a rugged electrode with the required functionality across a broad range of metals that will support a field deployable probe. A refined field design will yield cost savings via alternative power sources, such as solar, and remote data collection capability.