gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A hybrid complete-graph partial-crossbar routing architecture for multi-FPGA systems (1998)

Multi-FPGA systems (MFSs) are used as custom computing machines, logic emulators and rapid prototyping vehicles. A key aspect of these systems is their programmable routing architecture; the manner in which wires, FPGAs and Field-Programmable Interconnect Devices (FPIDs) are connected. Several routing architectures for MFSs have been proposed [Arno92] [Butt92] [Hauc94] [Apti96] [Vuil96] and previous research has shown that the partial crossbar is one of the best existing architectures [Kim96] [Khal97]. In this paper we propose a new routing architecture, called the Hybrid Complete-Graph and Partial-Crossbar (HCGP) which has superior speed and cost compared to a partial crossbar. The new architecture uses both hard-wired and programmable connections between the FPGAs.We compare the performance and cost of the HCGP and partial crossbar architectures experimentally, by mapping a set of 15 large benchmark circuits into each architecture. A customized set of partitioning and inter-chip routing tools were developed, with particular attention paid to architecture-appropriate inter-chip routing algorithms. We show that the cost of the partial crossbar (as measured by the number of pins on all FPGAs and FPIDs required to fit a design), is on average 20% more than the new HCGP architecture and as much as 35% more. Furthermore, the critical path delay for designs implemented on the partial crossbar increased, and were on average 9% more than the HCGP architecture and up to 26% more.Using our experimental approach, we also explore a key architecture parameter associated with the HCGP architecture: the proportion of hard-wired connections versus programmable connections, to determine its best value.
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Biaryls by Negishi Cross‐Coupling of Fluoro‐ and Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted (Hetero)arenes (2016)

Abstract A continuous‐flow method for the regioselective arylation of fluoroarenes and fluoropyridines has been developed. The telescoped procedure reported here consists of a three‐step metalation, zincation, and Negishi cross‐coupling sequence, providing efficient access to a variety of functionalized 2‐fluorobiaryl products. Precise temperature control of the metalation step, made possible by continuous‐flow technology, allowed for the efficient preparation of the arylated products in high yields and short residence times. Additionally, several examples of the regioselective arylation of benzotrifluoride derivatives are also provided.
Achieving superplasticity at high strain rates using equal channel angular pressing (2000)

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a processing procedure in which a sample is pressed through a die containing a channel bent into an L shaped configuration. This procedure introduces a high strain into the sample without any change in the cross-sectional area and it may be used to attain an ultrafine grain size with dimensions lying typically within the submicrometer range. This paper describes a series of experiments where ECAP was applied to a commercial Al–Mg–Li–Zr alloy having an initial grain size of ∼400 µm. The results demonstrate a refinement in the grain size of this alloy to a size of ∼1 µm and it is shown that these small grains are stable up to temperatures >600 K because of the presence of β′-Al3Zr particles. The stability of these ultrafine grains at elevated temperatures provides an opportunity to achieve superplastic ductilities in this alloy at very high strain rates: for example, the measured elongations to failure under optimum pressing conditions exceed 1000% at a strain rate of 10-1 s-1 when testing at temperatures above 600 K.
A new polymorphic probe on chromosome 3p: LIB4A-52{double acute}(D3S732) (1991)

XLIB4A-52"(D3S732) is a 4.0 kb EcoRI fragment isolated from a Charon 4A total human chromosome 3 library.
Interaction of Hydroxylated Collagen IV with the von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor (2007)

The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) targets hydroxylated alpha-subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal destruction through direct interaction with the hydroxyproline binding pocket in its beta-domain. Although disruption of this process may contribute to VHL-associated tumor predisposition by up-regulation of HIF target genes, genetic and biochemical analyses support the existence of additional functions, including a role in the assembly of extracellular matrix. In an attempt to delineate these pathways, we searched for novel pVHL-binding proteins. Here we report a direct, hydroxylation-dependent interaction with alpha-chains of collagen IV. Interaction with pVHL was also observed with fibrillar collagen chains, but not the folded collagen triple helix. The interaction was suppressed by a wide range of tumor-associated mutations, including those that do not disturb the regulation of HIF, supporting a role in HIF-independent tumor suppressor functions.
Macroporous polymer foams by hydrocarbon templating (2000)

Porous polymeric media (polymer foams) are utilized in a wide range of applications, such as thermal and mechanical insulators, solid supports for catalysis, and medical devices. A process for the production of polymer foams has been developed. This process, which is applicable to a wide range of polymers, uses a hydrocarbon particulate phase as a template for the precipitation of the polymer phase and subsequent pore formation. The use of a hydrocarbon template allows for enhanced control over pore structure, porosity, and other structural and bulk characteristics of the polymer foam. Polymer foams with densities as low as 120 mg/cc, porosity as high as 87%, and high surface areas (20 m(2)/g) have been produced. Foams of poly(l-lactic acid), a biodegradable polymer, produced by this process have been used to engineer a variety of different structures, including tissues with complex geometries such as in the likeness of a human nose.
Chloroplasts as expression platforms for plant-produced vaccines (2010)

Production of recombinant subunit vaccines from genes incorporated in the plastid genome is advantageous because of the attainable expression level due to high transgene copy number and the absence of gene silencing; biocontainment as a consequence of maternal inheritance of plastids and no transgene presence in the pollen; and expression of multiple transgenes in prokaryotic-like operons. We discuss the core technology of plastid transformation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular alga, and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), a flowering plant species, and demonstrate the utility of the technology for the production of recombinant vaccine antigens.
Functional Genomic Analysis of the HY2 Family of Ferredoxin-Dependent Bilin Reductases from Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms (2001)

Nicole Frankenberg, Keiko Mukougawa, Takayuki Kohchi, J. Clark Lagarias, Functional Genomic Analysis of the HY2 Family of Ferredoxin-Dependent Bilin Reductases from Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms, The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Apr., 2001), pp. 965-978
Dispersion manipulation in optical coherence tomography with Fourier-domain optical delay line (2005)

In the last decade, Fourier-domain optical delay lines (FD-ODL) based on pulse shaping technology have emerged as a practical device for high-speed scanning and dispersion compensation in imaging interferometry such as optical coherence tomography(OCT). In this study, we investigate the effect of first- and second-order dispersion on the photocurrent signal associated with a fiber-optic OCT system implemented using a superluminescent diode centered at 950nm±35nm, an FD-ODL, and a mirror and a layered LiTaO<sub>3</sub> which owns suitable dispersion characteristics to model a skin specimen. We present a practically useful method associated with FD-ODL to minimize the effect of dispersion through the OCT system and the specimen combined, and quantify the results using two general metrics for axial resolution.
High-purity core-shell α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized from α-hematite for rare-earth-free magnet applications (2016)

α″-Fe16N2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been identified as one of the most promising rare-earth-free magnetic materials and synthesized with high purity in laboratory investigation recently. This study reports characteristics and magnetic performance of spindle shaped core–shell α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 NPs successfully synthesized from hematite NPs. A two-step reaction process, i.e., hydrogen reduction and ammonia nitridation treatments, was employed to produce the α″-Fe16N2 phase (making up to ∼99 wt.% of the core content). The high-purity NPs exhibited saturation magnetization and coercivity of 186 emu/g and 2.2 kOe, respectively, at 300 K. The obtained α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 NPs possessed a spindle shape with an internal pore structure. Their porosity increased from ∼10% to 50–60% during the two-step synthesis process, however, at the expense of crystallite size. The combined use of the present synthesis method and hematite NP enables reduction in the synthesis reaction time, as well as the fabrication of NPs with excellent magnetic performance. Furthermore, the present results suggest the potential of rare-earth-free magnetic core–shell α″-Fe16N2/Al2O3 NPs in industrial applications.
Vitamin B12: Wie das Problem seiner Biosynthese gelöst wurde (1995)

Abstract Vitamin B 12 ist ein für die menschliche Gesundheit essentielles Vitamin; Mangel an Vitamin B 12 verursacht perniziöse Anämie. Diese biologische Aktivität hat seit jeher großes Interesse geweckt, und seit Vitamin B 12 als erster natürlicher Organocobalt‐Komplex entdeckt und seine Molekülstruktur durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse aufgeklärt wurde, sind Chemiker und Biochemiker gleichermaßen von seiner komplexen Architektur fasziniert gewesen. Der organische Ligand, der das Cobalt umgibt, weist an seiner Peripherie neben den reaktiven funktionellen Gruppen eine Vielzahl von stereogenen Zentren auf. Es war diese Komplexität, die Vitamin B 12 mit Recht zu einer extremen Herausforderung für Synthetiker machte. Von Mikroorganismen wird diese Synthese in vivo unter vollständiger Kontrolle von Regio‐ und Stereochemie durchgeführt. Wie machen die Mikroorganismen das? Dieser Aufsatz erzählt die bemerkenswerte Geschichte ganz. Die Lösung dieses biosynthetischen Rätsels war nur in Gemeinschaft von Biologen und Chemikern möglich, die jeweils das gesamte Methodenspektrum ihrer Disziplinen – von der Genetik bis hin zu Synthese und NMR‐Spektroskopie – einbrachten. Für zukünftige Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese noch komplexerer natürlicher Substanzen kann diese Arbeit daher als Leitbild gelten.
The genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete: will clinicians benefit? (2000)

The sequence of the Treponema pallidum genome was completed in July 1998, yielding a wealth of new information regarding the enigmatic spirochete that causes syphilis and related treponematoses. By providing the sequences and predicted functions of over 1000 genes, the genome sequence will greatly facilitate research on the genetic characteristics, physiology, antigenic structure, and pathogenesis of this organism. These advances are, in turn, expected to promote the refinement of conditions for in-vitro culture, an improvement of diagnostic tests, the development of effective vaccines, and an improved understanding of treponemal disease pathogenesis and manifestations.
INTERGRID - Enabling a sustainable energy system by large-scale intercontinental power transmission (2013)

The current global energy supply system is clearly unsustainable in that it is largely based on combustion of fossil fuels. Apart from the fact that fossil fuels are a finite resource, their combustion contributes to carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to climate change that may have devastating consequences. Increased use of electricity as an energy carrier could enable a transition to a more sustainable energy system. The use of less carbon-intensive primary energy sources is however impeded by several factors related to the siting of generation. In a more sustainable energy system generation facilities need to be located very far from load centers. Nuclear power plants should be located far from densely populated areas in regions without seismic activity, for safety reasons. To counteract the temporal variability of uncontrollable renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, it is desired to pool the output from several plants over a very large area. The paper will discuss the potential and feasibility of a global overlay grid with the capability of solving the above problems. This grid would connect the continents and have capacity significantly higher than any present transmission facilities. This implies a rating of a single power corridor of tens or even hundreds of gigawatts.
Plasma Markers of Neurologic Injury and Inflammation in People With Self-Reported Neurologic Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (2022)

Self-reported neurologic symptoms present approximately 4 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with elevations in markers of neurologic injury and inflammation at earlier time points. Some inflammatory pathways seem to be involved months after acute infection. Additional work will be needed to better characterize these processes and to identify interventions to prevent or treat this condition.
Measurement and simulation of a CMOS current conveyor negative capacitor for metamaterials (2014)

Current conveyors can be used as building blocks for implementing non-Foster circuits such as negative capacitors and negative inductors that are useful in extending bandwidth in metamaterials. In the present paper, measured results are presented for a prototype integrated circuit current conveyor negative capacitor. This circuit has been fabricated in a 0.5 micron CMOS process following previous results. Although CMOS is a desirable technology for circuit implementation, it is accompanied by design challenges of associated parasitic resistance. To investigate these issues, a prototype second generation current conveyor (CCII) is designed and tested in a negative capacitance circuit. In addition, full-wave electromagnetic simulation results are also presented showing the effects of observed resistance on overall metamaterial performance.
Amidenin, a New Plant Growth-regulating Substance Isolated fromAmycolatopsissp. (1993)

Amidenin, a new plant growth-regulating substance, was isolated from the fermentation broth of an Amycolatopsis sp. The active principle was extracted with ethyl acetate and purified by silica gel column chromatography. The molecular formula of this substance was established as C10H17NO, and the structure was determined to be 2E,4Z-decadienamide by spectroscopic analyses. This substance showed growth-promoting activity with a 0.6 x 10−5-1.8 x 10−5M treatment to rice seedlings, and inhibitory activity with a 6.0 x 10−5M treatment.
Front side metallization of crystalline silicon solar cells using selectively laser drilled contact openings (2009)

Selective removal of the silicon nitride dielectric layer has been demonstrated even using nanosecond range laser pulses, through carefully controlling the energy density of laser pulses. It has been found that, a laser pulse with a peak energy density of 4.3 J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> or lower can remove the nitride layer without altering the underlying silicon while a pulse with a peak energy density of 4.8 J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> or higher will substantially damage the silicon. With the laser energy density maintained below the threshold for silicon ablation, multiple laser pulses can be used to more completely remove the nitride layer. Also, using high quality blanket sputtered nickel film as metal contact layer and screen printed silver gridlines as an etching protection mask, a new method for front side metallization has been developed. The specific contact resistance can be reduced by about two orders of magnitude compared to the conventional screen printed and fired through silver contact, and the firing temperature can be lowered to about 500°C.
Recovery of Water from Boiler Flue Gas Using Condensing Heat Exchangers (2011)

Most of the water used in a thermoelectric power plant is used for cooling, and DOE has been focusing on possible techniques to reduce the amount of fresh water needed for cooling. DOE has also been placing emphasis on recovery of usable water from sources not generally considered, such as mine water, water produced from oil and gas extraction, and water contained in boiler flue gas. This report deals with development of condensing heat exchanger technology for recovering moisture from flue gas from coal-fired power plants. The report describes: (1) An expanded data base on water and acid condensation characteristics of condensing heat exchangers in coal-fired units. This data base was generated by performing slip stream tests at a power plant with high sulfur bituminous coal and a wet FGD scrubber and at a power plant firing high-moisture, low rank coals. (2) Data on typical concentrations of HCl, HNO{sub 3} and H{sub 2}SO{sub 4} in low temperature condensed flue gas moisture, and mercury capture efficiencies as functions of process conditions in power plant field tests. (3) Theoretical predictions for sulfuric acid concentrations on tube surfaces at temperatures above the water vapor dewpoint temperature and below the sulfuric acid dew point temperature. (4) Data on corrosion rates of candidate heat exchanger tube materials for the different regions of the heat exchanger system as functions of acid concentration and temperature. (5) Data on effectiveness of acid traps in reducing sulfuric acid concentrations in a heat exchanger tube bundle. (6) Condensed flue gas water treatment needs and costs. (7) Condensing heat exchanger designs and installed capital costs for full-scale applications, both for installation immediately downstream of an ESP or baghouse and for installation downstream of a wet SO{sub 2} scrubber. (8) Results of cost-benefit studies of condensing heat exchangers.
A new wafer level coating technique to reduce the color distribution of LEDs (2007)

Light emitting Diodes (LEDs) which use phosphor conversion might be a neat alternative to the more costly 3 chip RGB (red, green, blue) LEDs. Almost any color of phosphor conversion LEDs (pc-LEDs) can be adjusted by combining a light-emitting semiconductor chip and one or more phosphors. Depending on the ratio of unconverted and converted light, it is possible to verify both unsaturated and saturated colors. A very common type of phosphor conversion LED is composed of a reflector cavity, which contains a blue light emitting chip and is filled by a phosphor containing resin. At a fixed concentration, parameters like the thickness of the phosphor filled resin layer (conversion layer) above the chip and the wavelength influence the final color of the pc-LED. It is necessary to reduce the variation of the influencing parameters to be able to control the color and prevent yield losses in the production. A new phosphor coating technique developed at OSRAM OS makes it possible to precisely control the thickness of the conversion layer above the chip. A layer of a hard resin is applied on top of a wafer and afterwards its thickness is milled accurately to the desired value. With this new technique the color distribution can be reduced significantly compared to the common techniques.
A simple model for the prediction of the discrete stiffness states of a homogeneous electrostatically tunable multi-layer beam (2007)

The adaptive modification of the mechanical properties of structures has been described as a key to a number of new or enhanced technologies, ranging from prosthetics to aerospace applications. Previous work reported the electrostatic tuning of the bending stiffness of simple sandwich structures by modifying the shear stress transfer parameters at the interface between faces and the compliant core of the sandwich. For this purpose, the choice of a sandwich structure presented considerable experimental advantages, such as the ability to obtain a large increase in stiffness by activating just two interfaces between the faces and the core of the beam. The hypothesis the development of structures with tunable bending stiffness is based on, is that by applying a normal stress at the interface between two layers of a multi-layer structure it is possible to transfer shear stresses from one layer to the other by means of adhesion or friction forces. The normal stresses needed to generate adhesion or friction can be generated by an electrostatic field across a dielectric layer interposed between the layers of a structure. The shear stress in the cross section of the structure (e.g. a beam) subjected to bending forces is transferred in full, if sufficiently large normal stresses and an adequate friction coefficient at the interface are given. Considering beams with a homogeneous cross-section, in which all layers are made of the same material and have the same width, eliminates the need to consider parameters such as the shear modulus of the material and the shear stiffness of the core, thus making the modelling work easier and the results more readily understood. The goal of the present work is to describe a numerical model of a homogeneous multi-layer beam. The model is validated against analytical solutions for the extreme cases of interaction at the interface (no friction and a high level of friction allowing for full shear stress transfer). The obtained model is used to better understand the processes taking place at the interfaces between layers, demonstrate the existence of discrete stiffness states and to find guidance for the selection of suitable dielectric layers for the generation of the electrostatic normal stresses needed for the shear stress transfer at the interface.
Consensus Guidelines for Implementing Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy for Thoracic Malignancies on Behalf of the PTCOG Thoracic and Lymphoma Subcommittee (2017)

Pencil-beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy (PT), particularly intensity modulated PT, represents the latest advanced PT technology for treating cancers, including thoracic malignancies. On the basis of virtual clinical studies, PBS-PT appears to have great potential in its ability to tightly tailor the dose to the target while sparing critical structures, thereby reducing treatment-related toxicities, particularly for tumors in areas with complicated anatomy. However, implementing PBS-PT for moving targets has several additional technical challenges compared with intensity modulated photon radiation therapy or passive scattering PT. Four-dimensional computed tomography-based motion management and robust optimization and evaluation are crucial for minimizing uncertainties associated with beam range and organ motion. Rigorous quality assurance is required to validate dose delivery both before and during the course of treatment. Active motion management (eg, breath hold), beam gating, rescanning, tracking, or adaptive planning may be needed for cases involving significant motion or changes in motion or anatomy over the course of treatment.