gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability Pricing Using Contingent Contracts (2008)

The electric power market is restructuring to be price-based and auctions are considered a good pricing mechanism to be used. To assure that the market functions satisfactorily, strictness of guarantee of sellers' deliveries and buyers' receipts must be taken care properly by the central coordinator. This paper proposes market mechanisms for single-class auctions, which specifies the minimum strictness of guarantee of the power that buyers bought via two quantities: availability and expected energy served. Sellers are required to specify only the availability of sold power to indicate its strictness of guarantee. Apart from power bids, the proposed market mechanism allows an additional type of bids, contingency bids, which are bids for remedial actions. Remedial actions are needed in case of contingencies so that power can be delivered from sellers to buyers promptly according to the contracts. This methodology was adopted and implemented as part of wholesale market tariffs at Commonwealth Edison since 1996. Commonwealth Edison adopted this methodology by expanding the PTI PSS/E package to automate this process and by including the methodology as part of the interchange tariff. That implementation used the internal costs of services by Commonwealth Edison for the contingent contracts. This work extends that implementation to use the price of service by competitive bids.
High Track Pitch Capability for HAMR Recording (2016)

Differences in the areal density capability limits for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) and conventional perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) are explored using spinstand measurements and micromagnetic modeling. The written track curvature and the transition width are measured with a special technique that mitigates cross-track averaging effects due to finite read sensor width. Tracks written with HAMR heads are shown to have more curvature compared with those written with modern PMR writers. Both broadening and transition curvatures are present cross track, that can be described reasonably well using Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert modeling and indicates the effective gradient profile dominates. However, as we get to the track edge, we see disagreement between the model and the experiment, which is not currently reconciled. The curvature and broadening effects appear to challenge not only the downtrack bit resolution during readback, but also the cross-track written width with increased linear density. We discuss different near field transducer (NFT) designs, and comparing narrow versus wide thermal profile NFT designs, we can see that track pitch appears to weakly optimize to a maximal cross-track gradient point. Experimental measurements of constant bit error rate for different linear and track densities indicate a significant opportunity for high track density recording using HAMR. The difference appears to be related to the ability for HAMR to address high track pitches with a minimal increase in risk of adjacent track interference compared with PMR. We revise NFT head-to-media spacing requirements when we attempt to account for interference effects.
Observation of Two New Ξ [subscript b][superscript −] Baryon Resonances (2015)

Two structures are observed close to the kinematic threshold in the Ξ[0 over b]π[superscript -] mass spectrum in a sample of proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb[superscript -1], recorded by the LHCb experiment. In the quark model, two baryonic resonances with quark content bds are expected in this mass region: the spin-parity J[superscript P] = ([1 over 2])[superscript +] and J[superscript P] = ([3 over 2])[superscript +] states, denoted Ξ'[subscript b][superscript -] and Ξ*[subscript b][superscript -]. Interpreting the structures as these resonances, we measure the mass differences and the width of the heavier state to be m(Ξ'[subscript b][superscript -]) - m(Ξ[0 over b]) - m(π[superscript -]) = 3.653 ± 0.018 ± 0.006 [MeV over c [superscript 2]], m(Ξ[* over b]) - m(Ξ[0 over b]) - m(π[superscript -]) = 23.96 ± 0.12 ± 0.06 [MeV over c [superscript 2]], Γ(Ξ[* over b][superscript -]) = 1.65 ± 0.31 ± 0.10 MeV, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The width of the lighter state is consistent with zero, and we place an upper limit of Γ(Ξ'[subscript b][superscript -]) < 0.08 MeV at 95% confidence level. Relative production rates of these states are also reported.
Application de l'approche 'Equal Piles' à l'équilibrage des lignes d'assemblage (2002)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
A Billion SMT Queries a Day (Invited Paper) (2022)

Abstract Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a cloud computing services provider that has made significant investments in applying formal methods to proving correctness of its internal systems and providing assurance of correctness to their end-users. In this paper, we focus on how we built abstractions and eliminated specifications to scale a verification engine for AWS access policies, Zelkova , to be usable by all AWS users. We present milestones from our journey from a thousand SMT invocations daily to an unprecedented billion SMT calls in a span of five years. In this paper, we talk about how the cloud is enabling application of formal methods, key insights into what made this scale of a billion SMT queries daily possible, and present some open scientific challenges for the formal methods community.
Two‐Dimensional Crystals of Poly(3‐Alkyl‐ thiophene)s: Direct Visualization of Polymer Folds in Submolecular Resolution (2000)

Die molekularen Parameter von Kopf-Schwanz-verknüpften Poly(3-alkylthiophenen) 1 (R=C6H13, C12H25) wurden rastertunnelmikroskopisch an zweidimensionalen Kristallen bestimmt. Die Polymerfaltungen und -konformationen wurden mit submolekularer Auflösung abgebildet (siehe Bild von 1 mit R=C12H25). Darüber hinaus konnte eine elektronische Kopplung zwischen diesen „molekularen Drähten”︁ und denen einer parallel angeordneten zweiten Schicht nachgewiesen werden.
Reply (2007)

O'Hearn, Thomas M. MD; Khurana, Rahul N. MD; Javaheri, Michael MD; Humayun, Mark S. MD, PhD Author Information
Modulation Method for Improving Reliability of Multilevel T-Type Inverter in PV Systems (2019)

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have proven superior performance in several applications, especially in photovoltaic (PV) applications. However, power switches in MLIs possess high failure rates due to unequal power losses distributions that shorten lifetime of the whole PV inverter. Therefore, a new pulsewidth modulation (PWM) methodology for loss balance in grid connected PV single-phase five-level inverters is presented in this paper. The proposed loss balance PWM (LBPWM) method is based on swapping the utilization of power switches through half or quarter of the fundamental line period based on the redundancies between the switching states in MLIs. In addition, the proposed LBPWM method achieves natural balance among voltages over the dc-link capacitors. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed LBPWM method are verified using the simulation environment and experimental prototype. Different operating conditions and points of PV inverters are investigated in addition to reliability evaluation of the PV inverter are provided. Moreover, the superior performance criterion of the proposed LBPWM methods are verified through comprehensive comparisons with the most prominent previously developed PWM methods in the literature. The generalization and implementation steps of the proposed LBPWM method are also provided.
Neurotechnology for Image Analysis: Searching For Needles in Haystacks Efficiently (2007)

Timely and efficient processing of complex imagery is a vital aspect of important domains such as intelligence image analysis. As technological developments lower the cost of gathering and storing imagery, the cost of searching through large image sets for important information has been growing substantially. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using neurophysiological signals associated with early perceptual processing to identify critical information within large image sets efficiently. Experimental results show that a combination of neurophysiological signals called evoked response potentials and overt physical responses, detected in conjunction with high speed presentation of images, provide a basis for detecting targets within large image sets efficiently and accurately. Experimental evaluations of neurophysiologically driven image triage show over a five-fold, statistically significant, reduction in the time required to detect targets at high accuracy levels compared to conventional broad area image analysis.
Inactivation of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase by specific binding of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate to deoxynucleoside triphosphate binding site. (1977)

Avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) DNA polymerase is inactivated by preincubation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This inactivation is relatively specific since various pyridoxal-5'-P analogs cause no inactivation. This effect is reversible but can be made irreversible by reduction with sodium borohydride; the reduced pyridoxal-5'-P adduct exhibits a new absorbance maximum at 325 nm and a fluorescence emission at 392 nm when excited at 325 nm. The evidence presented suggests the formation of a Schiff base between pyridoxal-5'-P and a nucleophilic residue of AMV DNA polymerase. The presence of a deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) protected the enzyme from inactivation. Reduction of the pyridoxal-5'-P enzyme complex in the presence or absence of a deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate showed that the alpha subunit possesses five reactive amino groups, one of which is essential for catalytic activity; the beta subunit has three reactive amino groups which are not involved in the deoxynucleoside binding site.
Creating Materials with Negative Refraction Index using Topology Optimization (2016)

We apply topology optimization along with full modeling of the electromagnetic (acoustic) field to create metamaterials with negative refraction index. We believe that our approach can be used in the design of metamaterials with specific effective permittivity and permeability e.g. by adapting the approach presented in [1]. We model the problem in 2D in the frequency domain using the Helmholtz equation and discretize the model using the hybrid WBM-FEM method [2]. We consider a modulated plane wave incident at an angle on a slab consisting of a periodic array of identical design cells whose size is on the order of the wavelength. We seek a distribution of solid and air in the design cell yielding a prescribed negative refraction index for the slab. Our objective is to minimize the difference in amplitude between the solution to the model problemand a prescribed modulated plane wave behind the slab. The direction of propagation for the prescribed wave is chosen to match the angle of incidence of the incoming plane wave and its position isused to select the refraction index for the slab. We introducing a continuous design field and apply The Method of Moving Asymptotes to perform the optimization. A filter is used for regularizationand a projection step applied to obtain clean 0/1 designs. A continuation scheme is used to avoidstagnation in the optimization. Metamaterials with negative refraction index designed using this method are presented. The angular dependence of the refraction index and of the reflection and transmission coefficients are investigated.
Hyperstereopsis in night vision devices: basic mechanisms and impact for training requirements (2006)

Including night vision capabilities in Helmet Mounted Displays has been a serious challenge for many years. The use of "see through" head mounted image intensifiers systems is particularly challenging as it introduces some peculiar visual characteristics usually referred as "hyperstereopsis". Flight testing of such systems has started in the early nineties, both in US and Europe. While the trials conducted in US yielded quite controversial results, convergent positive ones were obtained from European testing, mainly in UK, Germany and France. Subsequently, work on integrating optically coupled I<sup>2</sup> tubes on HMD was discontinued in the US, while European manufacturers developed such HMDs for various rotary wings platforms like the TIGER. Coping with hyperstereopsis raises physiological and cognitive human factors issues. Starting in the sixties, effects of increased interocular separation and adaptation to such unusual vision conditions has been quite extensively studied by a number of authors as Wallach, Schor, Judge and Miles, Fisher and Ciuffreda. A synthetic review of literature on this subject will be presented. According to users' reports, three successive phases will be described for habituation to such devices: initial exposure, building compensation phase and behavioral adjustments phase. An habituation model will be suggested to account for HMSD users' reports and literature data bearing on hyperstereopsis, cue weighting for depth perception, adaptation and learning processes, task cognitive control. Finally, some preliminary results on hyperstereopsis spatial and temporal adaptation coming from the survey of training of TIGER pilots, currently conducted at the French-German Army Aviation Training Center, will be unveiled.
Multiwavelength distributed Bragg reflector fibre laser (2006)

A short-cavity continuous-wave multiwavelength distributed Bragg reflector fibre laser is described which stably generated eight longitudinal modes of the cavity spaced approximately 0.4 nm (50 GHz). The relative intensity noise of the laser was dominated by anti-phase relaxation oscillations associated with gain cross-saturation.
Ethanol extract of Prunus mume fruit attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis involving Nrf2/HO-1 activation in C2C12 myoblasts (2016)

The fruit of the Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc., Rosaceae (Korean name: Maesil) has long been used as a health food or valuable medicinal material in traditional herb medicine in Southeast Asian countries. In this study, we determined the potential therapeutic efficacy of the ethanol extract of P. mume fruits (EEPM) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the murine skeletal muscle myoblast cell line C2C12, and sought to understand the associated molecular mechanisms. The results indicated that exposure of C2C12 cells to H2O2 caused a reduction in cell viability by increasing the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by disrupting mitochondrial membrane permeability, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. However, pretreatment of the cells with EEPM before H2O2 exposure effectively attenuated these changes, suggesting that EEPM prevented H2O2-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, the increased ex-pression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a phase II antioxidant enzyme, were detected in EEPM-treated C2C12 cells. We also found that zinc protoporphyrin IX, an HO-1 inhibitor, attenuated the protective effects of EEPM against H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and cytotoxicity. Therefore, these results indicate that the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway might be involved in the protection of EEPM against H2O2-induced cellular oxidative damage. In conclusion, these results show that EEPM contributes to the prevention of oxidative damage and could be used as a nutritional agent for oxidative stress-related diseases.
Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound therapy guided by CT-scans (2006)

Brain therapy using focused ultrasound remains very limited due to the strong aberrations induced by the skull. A technique using time-reversal was validated recently in-vivo on 20 sheep. The principal handicap of this technique is the need of an hydrophone at the focal point for the first step of the time-reversal procedure, which is minimally invasive but lightly traumatizing. A completely noninvasive therapy requires a reliable model of the acoustical properties of the skull in order to simulate this first step. 3-D simulations based on high-resolution CT images of a skull have been successfully performed with a finite differences code developed in our Laboratory. Thanks to the skull porosity, directly extracted from the CT images, we reconstructed acoustic speed, density and absorption maps and performed the computation. Computed wavefronts are in good agreement with experimental wavefronts acquired through the same part of the skull and this technic was validated in-vitro in the laboratory. A stereotactic frame has been designed and built in order to perform non invasive transcranial focusing. Here we will describe all the steps of our new protocol, from the CT-scans to the therapy treatment and the first in vivo results on monkeys will be presented. This protocol is based on protocols already existing in radiotherapy.
Modeling and control of a heated air intake homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine (2010)

In this paper a statistical physics based mean value model (MVM) is introduced for a heated intake homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine based on a previously developed crank angle resolved model [1] and validated. In this HCCI engine, regulation of combustion timing is based on manipulating the cylinder charge temperature through the cold and hot throttle actuators. This two-input and single-output (TISO) system offers an input redundancy which is utilized to separately account for the fast fuel loading changes and the slower variations in the hot inlet (heated air) temperatures via appropriate actuator authority allocation. All the available experimental data sets suggest that the combustion duration Δθ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">comb</inf> between the crank angle of 10% and 90% fuel burned (θ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CA10</inf> and θ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CA90</inf> ) can be used as the combustion timing regulation variable. This choice is shown to guarantee both combustion stability and fuel efficiency in terms of covariance of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) respectively. Simulations of the linear controller with the nonlinear plant demonstrate the closed loop performance.
Engineering Shadows to Fabricate Optical Metasurfaces (2014)

Optical metasurfaces-patterned arrays of plasmonic nanoantennas that enable the precise manipulation of light-matter interactions-are emerging as critical components in many nanophotonic materials, including planar metamaterials, chemical and biological sensors, and photovoltaics. The development of these materials has been slowed by the difficulty of efficiently fabricating patterns with the required combinations of intricate nanoscale structure, high areal density, and/or heterogeneous composition. One convenient strategy that enables parallel fabrication of periodic nanopatterns uses self-assembled colloidal monolayers as shadow masks; this method has, however, not been extended beyond a small set of simple patterns and, thus, has remained incompatible with the broad design requirements of metasurfaces. This paper demonstrates a technique-shadow-sphere lithography (SSL)-that uses sequential deposition from multiple angles through plasma-etched microspheres to expand the variety and complexity of structures accessible by colloidal masks. SSL harnesses the entire, relatively unexplored, space of shadow-derived shapes and-with custom software to guide multiangled deposition-contains sufficient degrees of freedom to (i) design and fabricate a wide variety of metasurfaces that incorporate complex structures with small feature sizes and multiple materials and (ii) generate, in parallel, thousands of variations of structures for high-throughput screening of new patterns that may yield unexpected optical spectra. This generalized approach to engineering shadows of spheres provides a new strategy for efficient prototyping and discovery of periodic metasurfaces.
Silicate Nanocrystals: PEDOT Encapsulated and Mechanochemically Engineered Silicate Nanocrystals for High Energy Density Cathodes (Adv. Mater. Interfaces 13/2020) (2020)

In article number 2000226 Majid Rasool, George P. Demopoulos, and co-workers report the fabrication of a robust core-shell lithium iron silicate (Li2FeSiO4, LFS) cathode architecture, where nanocrystal's core is prepared via mechanochemical annealing and shell via PEDOT polymerization. As a result of the devised mechanochemical/interphasial engineering of the [email protected] nanocrystals, their Li-ion storage capacity is augmented to >1 Li, namely 200 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles or 1.2 Li+ units-the highest capacity reported for the Pmn21 LFS cathode.
Miniature Computer-Tomography Imaging Spectrometer (2007)

A miniature computer-tomography imaging spectrometer (2 mm3) has been designed using a hybrid combination of diffractive, refractive, and graded-index optical elements. The diffractive elements are fabricated directly onto the ends of the micro-GRIN-lenses by focused-ion-beam etching.
Map-Assisted Millimeter Wave Localization for Accurate Position Location (2019)

Accurate precise positioning at millimeter wave frequencies is possible due to the large available bandwidth that permits precise on-the-fly time of flight measurements using conventional air interface standards. In addition, narrow antenna beamwidths may be used to determine the angles of arrival and departure of the multipath components between the base station and mobile users. By combining accurate temporal and angular information of multipath components with a 3-D map of the environment (that may be built by each user or downloaded a-priori), robust localization is possible, even in non-line-of-sight environments. In this work, we develop an accurate 3-D ray tracer for an indoor office environment and demonstrate how the fusion of angle of departure and time of flight information in concert with a 3-D map of a typical large office environment provides a mean accuracy of 12.6 cm in line-of- sight and 16.3 cm in non-line-of-sight, over 100 receiver distances ranging from 1.5 m to 24.5 m using a single base station. We show how increasing the number of base stations improves the average non-line-of-sight position location accuracy to 5.5 cm at 21 locations with a maximum propagation distance of 24.5 m.
Mechanism study of deformation and mass transfer for binary droplet collisions with particle method (2009)

The binary collision of two identical liquid droplets is simulated using the moving particle semi-implicit method. We focus on various coalescence and separation mechanisms and the accompanying mass transfer characteristics. A modified surface-tension model is implemented in three-dimensional numerical simulations to study the large deformation processes. Both head-on collision and eccentric impact are investigated, and a mechanism map is established to qualitatively distinguish different regimes of impact. Mass transfer properties are obtained by tracking the movement of particles, which are useful for identifying the mixing rate of the droplets after coalescence or separation as well as the source of the newly formed satellite droplets. A mixing map (in terms of impact speed and impact number) is also established to provide guidelines of pursuing higher efficiency of mixing two liquids using collision. The results qualitatively agree with previous experiments and the versatile numerical protocol may also find applications in studying the free surface flows and interface deformation.
Non-ionic surfactants from renewables – amphiphilic ligands in biphasic reactions (2017)

Using the water-soluble <italic>N</italic>-methylglucamine and the non-polar β-myrcene in a biphasic telomerisation with the amphiphilic TPPMS ligand, new surfactants are obtained.