gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of consumption and CO<inf>2</inf>emissions between diesel and fully-electric powertrains for a heavy-duty truck (2018)

The need for more sustainable mobility and the uncertainty of petroleum availability and cost have forced the automotive industry to consider alternative technologies for powering vehicles. Vehicle electrification has proved to be a viable alternative to internal combustion engines (ICEs), but the significant ownership costs of electric vehicles have limited the market's ability to abandon traditional powertrains, especially in heavy-duty transportation. However, stringent limits on vehicle emissions have made truck manufacturers and consumers wonder if it is time to switch. In this paper, we attempt to answer this question based on data from a real case scenario in Italy, comparing a diesel with an equivalent electric long-haul truck based on consumption and the environmental impact.
RNAi Screen for NRF2 Inducers Identifies Targets That Rescue Primary Lung Epithelial Cells from Cigarette Smoke Induced Radical Stress (2016)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent condition characterized by inflammation and progressive obstruction of the airways. At present, there is no treatment that suppresses the chronic inflammation of the disease, and COPD patients often succumb to the condition. Excessive oxidative stress caused by smoke inhalation is a major driving force of the disease. The transcription factor NRF2 is a critical player in the battle against oxidative stress and its function is impaired in COPD. Increasing NRF2 activity may therefore be a viable therapeutic option for COPD treatment. We show that down regulation of KEAP1, a NRF2 inhibitor, protects primary human lung epithelial cells from cigarette-smoke-extract (CSE) induced cell death in an established in vitro model of radical stress. To identify new potential drug targets with a similar effect, we performed a siRNA screen of the 'druggable' genome using a NRF2 transcriptional reporter cell line. This screen identified multiple genes that when down regulated increased NRF2 transcriptional activity and provided a survival benefit in the in vitro model. Our results suggest that inhibiting components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system will have the strongest effects on NRF2 transcriptional activity by increasing NRF2 levels. We also find that down regulation of the small GTPase Rab28 or the Estrogen Receptor ESRRA provide a survival benefit. Rab28 knockdown increased NRF2 protein levels, indicating that Rab28 may regulate NRF2 proteolysis. Conversely ESRRA down regulation increased NRF2 transcriptional activity without affecting NRF2 levels, suggesting a proteasome-independent mechanism.
Solid Electrolyte CO2 Sensor Using Binary Carbonate Electrode (1990)

Abstract A simple potentiometric CO2 sensor based upon a Na+-conducting solid electrolyte (NASICON) was found to be greatly improved in response time and water vapor-resistance by using a binary carbonate electrode of BaCO3–Na2CO3. For a wide range of CO2 concentration from 4 to 400000 ppm, the electromotive force examined at 823 K followed a Nernst’s equation excellently, with a 90% response time of as short as 8 s. Water vapor hardly affected the sensor characteristics, in contrast to the case of a pure Na2CO3 electrode.
Uncertainty Analysis of Visible and Near-Infrared Data of Hydrocarbons (2006)

Measurement of physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons plays an important role in the exploration and production of oil wells. In situ measurement of chemical properties of hydrocarbons makes use of visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) absorption spectra of hydrocarbons. Uncertainty analysis of these fluid properties is central to developing a fundamental understanding of the distribution of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. In this manuscript, we describe an algorithm called the fluid comparison algorithm (FCA), which provides a statistical framework to quantify and compare hydrocarbon fluid properties and associated uncertainties derived from vis-NIR measurements. The inputs to FCA are the magnitude and uncertainty of vis-NIR spectroscopy data of two hydrocarbons. The output of FCA is a probability that two fluids are statistically different. FCA lays the foundations for subsequent optimization and capture of representative reservoir hydrocarbons. Furthermore, in some circumstances, it can also enable real-time decisions to identify reservoir compartmentalization and hydrocarbon composition gradients in natural oil reservoirs.
A 600-MHz VLIW DSP (2002)

A 600-MHz VLIW digital signal processor (DSP) delivers 4800 MIPS, 2400 (16 b) or 4800 (8 b) million multiply accumulates (MMACs) at 0.3 mW/MMAC (16 b). The chip has 64M transistors and dissipates 719 mW at 600 MHz and 1.2 V, and 200 mW at 300 MHz and 0.9 V. It has an eight-way VLIW DSP core, a two-level memory system, and an I/O bandwidth of 2.4 GB/s. The chip integrates a c64X DSP core with Viterbi and turbo decoders. Architectural and circuit design approaches to achieve high performance and low power using a semi-custom standard cell methodology, while maintaining backward compatibility, are described. The chip is implemented in a 0.13-/spl mu/m CMOS process with six layers of copper interconnect.
National Health Care data system analysis of glaucoma surgery activity in France in 2016 (2021)

This study demonstrates that surgeons performing glaucoma surgeries are often older. It is necessary to take note of the country's educational capacity to ensure that the number of ophthalmological surgeons remains adapted to demand.
Prospects of RNA interference therapy in respiratory viral diseases: update 2006 (2006)

Respiratory viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), claim millions of lives annually. At present, there is no completely effective vaccine or drug against these highly mutable RNA viruses. Passive antibody therapies for RSV, despite their limited application and staggering cost, enjoy a virtual monopoly in a multibillion-dollar global market. Recently, however, pioneering discoveries have launched RNA interference as a novel, nucleic acid-based therapy against viral pathogens. Specifically, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offered protection against respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza. siRNA against RSV has entered Phase I clinical trials in humans, and preliminary reports are promising. If appropriately formulated for improved specificity, delivery and pharmacokinetics, siRNAs may indeed become effective antivirals in the clinics of the future. This paper provides an overview of the prospects and hurdles facing the antiviral siRNA drugs, with special emphasis on RSV.
Phase Behavior of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene and Polystyrene/Hydrogenated Polybutadiene Mixtures:  Effect of the Microstructure of Polybutadiene (1998)

The effect of the microstructure on the phase behavior of mixtures of polybutadiene (PB) and poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) (PEB) with polystyrene (PS) has been investigated. A series of PBs with 1,2-addition content ranging from 7 to 93% were synthesized by anionic polymerization, and a portion of each was subsequently hydrogenated to yield PEB. Polymer pairs with blend compositions from 10 to 90 wt % were cast from toluene for each of the 16 PS/PB pairs and 7 PS/PEB pairs. Laser light scattering was used to obtain cloud point measurements, which were then used to construct phase diagrams. It was found that, for constituent components with equivalent degrees of polymerization, PS/PEB pairs give rise to higher upper critical solution temperatures than PS/PB pairs, indicating that PS/PEB pairs are less miscible than PS/PB pairs. Experimental phase diagrams were curve-fitted to theoretical phase diagrams predicted from the Flory−Huggins theory with the expression for the interaction parameter α: α = a + b/T + cφPS/T, where α is related to the Flory−Huggins interaction parameter χ by χ = αVr, where Vr is the molar reference volume, T is the absolute temperature, and φPS is the volume fraction of PS in the mixture. α values for PS/PB mixtures increase with increasing 1,2-addition (miscibility decreases) while α values for PS/PEB mixtures decrease (miscibility increases) with increasing 1-butene content. Using these α values, the Helfand−Wasserman theory was applied to predict the order−disorder transition temperatures of PS-block-PB and PS-block-PEB copolymers with varying 1,2-addition and 1-butene content, respectively.
Radiofrequency-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Clinical and Histologic Results (2007)

This RF energy device can provided adequate and uniform hemostatic control without hilar clamping during laparoscopic and open PN for hereditary renal tumors. Gross measures of renal function after surgery appeared clinically unchanged. Coagulation depth is dependent on both tissue perfusion and time in the porcine model.
The synthesis of poly(hydroxamic acid) from poly(acrylamide) (1988)

Abstract Poly(hydroxamic acid) in gel or water soluble from was prepared from the reaction of poly(acrylamide) and hydroxylamine in basic aqueous solution (pH &gt; 12) at room temperature. The polymers were composed of 70% hydroxamic acid groups, less than 5% carboxylic acid groups, and 25% unreacted amide groups. The polymers exhibited high affinity to iron(III) and copper(II) in the pH range of 1 to 5 with a high binding rate. A binding of 3 mmol/g for both metals was achieved. Preliminary tests demonstrated the urease inhibitory activity of both linear and crosslinked poly(hydroxamic acids).
Author Correction: Genomic autopsy to identify underlying causes of pregnancy loss and perinatal death (2023)

Correction to: Nature Medicine. Published online 19 January 2023.
LATERAL VIBRATION PROPERTIES OF PARTIALLY EMBEDDED PILE GROUPS FOUNDATION CONSIDERING AXIAL FORCES (2011)

For offshore engineering,dynamic characteristics of supporting system of foundation are extremely important for the stability and security of upper structures.Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model,transfer matrix method is used to establish lateral vibration model for the partially embedded single pile considering the coupling effect of lateral load and vertical load.The main influence factors for impedance and effective pile length are analyzed;and the shortages of existing theory are indicated and also amended.The pile-pile interaction is studied from three aspects,i.e.length ratio,wave incidence angle and axial force;and a simplified approach for calculating partially embedded pile groups is put forward on the basis of superposition theory.Furthermore,solutions of the proposed model are compared with theoretical results for fully embedded pile groups.Through the discussion of parameters,it is concluded that the axial force(N),pile spacing(s/d) and length ratio(L1/L2) are very important for the lateral vibration properties of partially embedded pile groups,which cannot be ignored by designers.Finally,the introduced model is used to study the effects of lateral vibration properties of the pile groups for an offshore wind power plant and variation of impedance of the pile groups foundation on natural vibration characteristics of overall structure.
Ethylene Polymerization with Ni(II) Diimine Complexes Generated from 8-Halo-1-naphthylamines: The Role of Equilibrating Syn/Anti Diastereomers in Determining Polymer Properties (2019)

A series of 8-halonapthalen-1-amines (6a–d, X = F, Cl, Br, I) were prepared and converted to the α-diimines of 2,3-butanedione (7a–d). The nickel dibromide and zinc dibromide complexes of these diimines (3a–d and 8a–d, respectively) were obtained in good yields from standard precursors. NMR spectroscopic analysis of the zinc diimine complexes show the existence of syn and anti diastereomers with syn/anti ratios of ca. 2:1 (F), 2:1 (Cl), 1:1.5 (Br), and ca. 1:22 (I). Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy was used to calculate barriers to interconversion of these diastereomers which fall in the range 17–18.5 kcal/mol. Activation of nickel dibromide complexes 3a–d with modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) yields cationic diimine complexes in which the 8-halo substituents lie over the axial coordination sites. Ethylene polymerization using these activated complexes is reported. The anti diastereomer of the diiodo catalyst (10d) in which both axial sites are blocked yields high molecular weight PE (ca. 106 g/mol) as the major fraction with a high turnover frequency at 40 °C. The minor syn diastereomer of 10d in which only one axial site is blocked produces low molecular weight PE as a minor fraction. PE formed from the dichloro catalyst 10b also exhibits a bimodal polymer distribution, but the high molecular weight fraction from the anti diastereomer is minor, while the syn diastereomer produces low molecular weight PE. The dibromo complex (10c) is unique in that interchange of diastereomers is on a time scale such that the PE produced shows a very broad molecular weight distribution (MWD ca. 14), spanning the range from the low to high molecular weight regimes. Catalyst 10a, bearing the small fluoro substituents, yields very low molecular weight PE (ca. 600 g/mol).
Intra-molecular dynamics probed using high-harmonic generation (2007)

High harmonic generation is used to probe vibrational and electronic dynamics in small molecules. We impulsively excite vibrations in CF3C1 and observe oscillations in the harmonic emission. We electronically excite CF3I and observe changes in the yield.
Structure of DsbC fromHaemophilus influenzae (2004)

Bacterial DsbC proteins are involved in rearranging or reducing mismatched disulfide bonds folding within the periplasm. The X-ray structure of the enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae has been solved and compared with the known structure of the Escherichia coli protein. The proteins act as V-shaped dimers with a large cleft to accommodate substrate proteins. The dimers are anchored by a small N-terminal domain, but have a flexible linker region which allows the larger C-terminal domain, with its reactive sulfhydryls, to clamp down on substrates. The overall folds are very similar, but the comparison shows a wider range of hinge motions than previously thought. The crystal packing of the H. influenzae protein allows the movement of the N-terminal domain with respect to the C-terminal domain through motions in the flexible hinge, generating high thermal parameters and unusually high anisotropy in the crystallographic data.
Complex-field coding for OFDM over fading wireless channels (2003)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) converts a time-dispersive channel into parallel subchannels, and thus facilitates equalization and (de)coding. But when the channel has nulls close to or on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) grid, uncoded OFDM faces serious symbol recovery problems. As an alternative to various error-control coding techniques that have been proposed to ameliorate the problem, we perform complex-field coding (CFC) before the symbols are multiplexed. We quantify the maximum achievable diversity order for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) or correlated Rayleigh-fading channels, and also provide design rules for achieving the maximum diversity order. The maximum coding gain is given, and the encoder enabling the maximum coding gain is also found. Simulated performance comparisons of CFC-OFDM with existing block and convolutionally coded OFDM alternatives favor CFC-OFDM for the code rates used in a HiperLAN2 experiment.
Stem Cell Chromatin Patterns: An Instructive Mechanism for DNA Hypermethylation? (2007)

Epigenetic gene silencing, and associated promoter CpG island DNA hypermethylation, is an alternative mechanism to mutations by which tumor suppressor genes may be inactivated within a cancer cell. These epigenetic changes are prevalent in all types of cancer, and their appearance may precede genetic changes in premalignant cells and foster the accumulation of additional genetic and epigenetic hits. These epigenetically modified genes constitute important categories of tumor suppressor genes including cell cycle regulators, pro-differentiation factors, and anti-apoptotic genes, and many of these genes are known to play a role in normal development. While the silencing of these genes may play an essential role in tumor initiation or progression, the mechanisms underlying the specific targeting of these genes for DNA hypermethylation remains to be determined. The large numbers of epigenetically silenced genes that may be present in any given tumor, and the clustering of silenced genes within single cell pathways, begs the question of whether gene silencing is a series of random events resulting in an enhanced survival of a premalignant clone, or whether silencing is the result of a directed, instructive program for silencing initiation reflective of the cells of origin for tumors. In this regard, the current review stresses the latter hypothesis and the important possibility that the program is linked, at least for silencing of some cancer genes, to the epigenetic control of stem/precursor cell gene expression patterns.
Measurement of the charge asymmetry in B±→ϕK± and search for B±→ϕπ± decays (2013)

The CP-violating charge asymmetry in B± →φK± decays is measured in a sample of pp collisions at&#13;\n7 TeV centre-of-mass energy, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 collected by the&#13;\nLHCb experiment. The result is ACP(B± →φK±&#13;\n) = 0.022 ± 0.021 ± 0.009, where the first uncertainty is&#13;\nstatistical and the second systematic. In addition, a search for the B± →φπ± decay mode is performed,&#13;\nusing the B± →φK± decay rate for normalization. An upper limit on the branching fraction B(B± →&#13;\nφπ±&#13;\n) &lt; 1.5×10−7 is set at 90% confidence level.
Thermally Stable Ultra-Low Temperature Oxidation Catalysts (2014)

This annual reports describes recent results of a CRADA between General Motors Company (GM) and Battelle/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In the CRADA, we are investigating a number of candidate low temperature oxidation catalysts as fresh materials, and after realistic laboratory- and engine-aging. These studies will lead to a better understanding of fundamental characteristics and various aging factors that impact the long-term performance of catalysts, while also providing an assessment of the appropriateness of the laboratory conditions in realistically reproducing the effects of actual engine aging conditions.
High-contrast in-vivo imaging of tau pathologies in Alzheimer’s and non-Alzheimer’s disease tauopathies (2020)

SUMMRAY A panel of radiochemicals has enabled in-vivo positron emission tomography (PET) of tau pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while sensitive detection of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) tau inclusions has been unsuccessful. Here, we generated an imaging probe, PM-PBB3, for capturing diverse tau deposits. In-vitro assays demonstrated the reactivity of this compound with tau pathologies in AD and FTLD. We could also utilize PM-PBB3 for optical/PET imaging of a living murine tauopathy model. A subsequent clinical PET study revealed increased binding of 18 F-PM-PBB3 in diseased patients, reflecting cortical-dominant AD and subcortical-dominant PSP tau topologies. Notably, the in-vivo reactivity of 18 F-PM-PBB3 with FTLD tau inclusion was strongly supported by neuropathological examinations of autopsied and biopsied brains derived from Pick’s disease, PSP and corticobasal degeneration patients who underwent PET scans. Finally, visual inspection of 18 F-PM-PBB3-PET images was indicated to facilitate individually based identification of diverse clinical phenotypes of FTLD on the neuropathological basis.
Reducing the Environmental Impact of Aviation: A Data Mining Approach to Instantaneous Estimation of Fuel Consumption (2013)

Presenting a data mining approach to instantaneous estimation of fuel consumption in order to reduce the environmental impact of aviation.
Concordance between independently and investigator-assessed progression-free survival in CLEOPATRA. (2012)

e11055^ Background: In CLEOPATRA, pertuzumab (P) + trastuzumab (T) + docetaxel (D) was compared to placebo (Pla)+T+D in HER2-positive 1 st -line MBC. In MBC trials, PFS rather than overall survival is often defined as the primary endpoint as PFS data are available earlier and later-line therapy does not impact results. The primary endpoint in CLEOPATRA, PFS, was assessed by an Independent Review Facility (IRF), with investigator (inv)-assessed PFS as a secondary endpoint. As a measure of consistency and robustness, concordance between IRF- and inv-assessed PFS was analyzed. Methods: PFS was defined as time from randomization to first documented radiographic evidence of progressive disease (PD) or death from any cause within 18 wk of the last IRF tumor assessment. Tumor assessments took place every 9 wk and continued until IRF-confirmed PD. Treatment decisions were solely based on the inv’s assessment of PD. Indicators of concordance between IRF- and inv-assessed PFS included: PFS event by IRF only; PFS event by inv only; PFS event by IRF and inv; no PFS event by IRF and inv. These indicators were assessed at any time on study, within 30 d or within 9 wk. Several pre-specified sensitivity analyses for PFS were also performed. Results: 808 pt were enrolled and central tumor assessments performed for 781 pt. Compliance with the schedule of tumor assessments was generally high and comparable between arms, with &gt;78% of pt undergoing assessments within 7 d of the scheduled visit over the 1 st yr. At any time on study, concordance between IRF- and inv-assessed PFS was 85%. Of the 15% discordant cases, an equal proportion was assessed by the IRF as a PFS event but not by the inv and vice versa. Estimates of the median time to PFS event based on IRF and inv assessments were identical, Pla+T+D: 12.4 mo, P+T+D: 18.5 mo (IRF: HR 0.62, P &lt; .0001; inv: HR 0.65, P &lt; .0001). Conclusions: Concordance between IRF- and inv-assessed PFS was high, supporting consistency and robustness of the PFS analyses. The subjective nature of PD and potential for bias were reduced by the double-blind, placebo-controlled study design; RECIST 1.0 criteria; identical schedule of assessments in both arms; IRF review and continuation of tumor assessments until IRF confirmation of PD.
Multiply-agile encryption in high speed communication networks (1997)

Different applications have different security requirements for data privacy, data integrity, and authentication. Encryption is one technique that addresses these requirements. Encryption hardware, designed for use in high-speed communications networks, can satisfy a wide variety of security requirements if that hardware is key-agile, robustness-agile and algorithm-agile. Hence, multiply-agile encryption provides enhanced solutions to the secrecy, interoperability and quality of service issues in high-speed networks. This paper defines these three types of agile encryption. Next, implementation issues are discussed. While single-algorithm, key-agile encryptors exist, robustness-agile and algorithm-agile encryptors are still research topics.