gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How Good Is a Security Policy against Real Breaches? A HIPAA Case Study (2017)

Policy design is an important part of software development. As security breaches increase in variety, designing a security policy that addresses all potential breaches becomes a nontrivial task. A complete security policy would specify rules to prevent breaches. Systematically determining which, if any, policy clause has been violated by a reported breach is a means for identifying gaps in a policy. Our research goal is to help analysts measure the gaps between security policies and reported breaches by developing a systematic process based on semantic reasoning. We propose SEMAVER, a framework for determining coverage of breaches by policies via comparison of individual policy clauses and breach descriptions. We represent a security policy as a set of norms. Norms (commitments, authorizations, and prohibitions) describe expected behaviors of users, and formalize who is accountable to whom and for what. A breach corresponds to a norm violation. We develop a semantic similarity metric for pairwise comparison between the norm that represents a policy clause and the norm that has been violated by a reported breach. We use the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) as a case study. Our investigation of a subset of the breaches reported by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) reveals the gaps between HIPAA and reported breaches, leading to a coverage of 65%. Additionally, our classification of the 1,577 HHS breaches shows that 44% of the breaches are accidental misuses and 56% are malicious misuses. We find that HIPAA's gaps regarding accidental misuses are significantly larger than its gaps regarding malicious misuses.
Wilms’ Tumor Protein WT1(‐KTS) inhibits Renin gene transcription (2007)

The crucial role of renin in the control of various physiological processes, e.g. blood pressure regulation or hematopoiesis, is well known. We report here that the (‐KTS) splice form of the Wilms’ tumor protein (WT1) modulates renin expression by transcriptional control. WT1(‐KTS) interacts with a regulatory region (hRENc), 12 kb upstream of the renin promoter, and has a suppressing influence on renin gene transcription. The initial bioinformatical predictions were confirmed by reporter gene, and gel shift approaches. Furthermore, we demonstrate that WT1(‐KTS) over‐expression in stable transfected HEK293 cells, as well as in transiently transfected cells decreased renin mRNA and protein levels. The insertion of a mutation in the WT1(‐KTS) protein, which is associated with the formation of Wilms’ tumor, failed to suppress the reporter gene activity and endogenous renin mRNA, consequently leading to accumulation of renin. These findings indicate that renin gene transcription is under control of WT1(‐KTS). Furthermore co‐expression of WT1 and Renin could be observed in the AS4.1 cell line which is derived from renin producing juxtaglomerular cells. Our data are in line with clinical findings, showing a hyperreninism in patients suffering from mutations in the WT1 gene.
10-Gb/s Polarization-Insensitive RSOA-based Self-Tuning transmitter for WDM-PON bridging up to 52 km (2013)

10-Gb/s operation of a network-embedded self-tuning transmitter exploiting a high-PDG RSOA in a polarization preserving configuration based on two-Faraday rotators, is demonstrated bridging up to 52 km of NZD− fibre. The dispersive load tolerance is finally analysed.
In search of p53 target genes for the therapeutic manipulation of cancer. (2006)

As a tumor suppressor protein, p53 plays a crucial role in cancer development. Direct associations between p53, apoptosis and drug response suggest that targeting genes/gene products downstream of p53 may have clinical benefits. The completion of the human genome project and the availability of microarray technology have led to new ways in which to define the global regulatory network of p53 and to search for oncogenes in the p53 pathway. A crucial step toward antitumor drug discovery is the mapping of p53 transcriptomes onto cancer phenomes. In this review, recent developments in the genome-wide search of p53 target genes are discussed, along with current efforts in high-throughput antitumor target discovery in the p53 pathway and recent progress in the pharmacological modulation of targets downstream of p53 for effective cancer therapy.
<title>Lifetime identification of single molecules in aqueous solution</title> (1997)

Photon bursts of single rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B molecules in aqueous solution were studied by excitation with a frequency-doubled titanium: sapphire laser. Multichannel scalar traces, fluorescence correlation functions and fluorescence decays determined by time- correlated single-photon counting have been measured simultaneously. The time-resolved fluorescence signals were analyzed with a maximum likelihood estimator. With the setup described it is possible to distinguish single dye molecules of different kind via their characteristic fluorescence lifetimes of 1.79 +/- 0.33 ns for rhodamine B-zwitterion and 3.79 +/- 0.38 ns for rhodamine 6G.
A different time delay technique for supervising switch fabric in OXC (2005)

A novel supervising technique, based on different time-delay recognition scheme, to monitor the switch fabric of optical cross-connect (OXC) is proposed. This method features fast detection, high reliability, and switch fault location.
Predictors of first discharge and subsequent survival in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. (1991)

These data suggest that a relatively easy algorithm can be applied to predict which patient will benefit most from AICD implantation.
Reversibly growing crosslinked polymers with programmable sizes and properties (2021)

Abstract Planaria can integrate external nutrients to grow or consume their bodies to degrow for adapting to environmental changes. In contrast, synthetic organic materials, especially those with crosslinked structures, are normally static and cannot post-vary their sizes and properties without compromising material mechanical performances for sustainable use. Inspired by Planaria, we here report a growing-degrowing strategy of enabling thermosetting materials to either absorb or release components for continuously changing their sizes, shapes, compositions, and a set of properties simultaneously. The strategy is based on the monomer-polymer equilibrium of networks in which supplying or removing small polymerizable components would drive the networks toward expansion or contraction. Using acid-catalyzed equilibration of siloxane as an example, we demonstrate that the size and mechanical properties of the resulting silicone materials can be significantly or finely tuned in both directions of growth and decomposition. The equilibration can be turned off to yield stable products or reactivated again. During the degrowing-growing circle, material structures are selectively varied either uniformly or heterogeneously, by the availability of fillers. Our strategy endows the materials with many appealing capabilities including environment adaptivity, self-healing, and switchability of surface morphologies, shapes, and optical properties. Since monomer-polymer equilibration exists in many polymers, we envision the expansion of the presented strategy to various systems for many applications.
Editorial Comment (2008)

No AccessJournal of UrologyAdult Urology1 Jun 2008Editorial Comment Glenn M. Preminger Glenn M. PremingerGlenn M. Preminger More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.253AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Editorial Comment." The Journal of Urology, 179(6), p. 2356 Duke Compressive Kidney Stone Center, Durham, North Carolina© 2008 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 179Issue 6June 2008Page: 2356 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2008 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Glenn M. Preminger More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
Culture of ovine keratinocytes : An experimental model for wool growth (2007)

Wool fibres are formed from the germinative epithelium, a population of keratinocytes at the base of wool follicles. In order to test the function of candidate wool growth genes and pharmaceuticals, we have developed methods to isolate and maintain these cells in culture. Pure, clonal lines of ovine keratinocytes were isolated from both vibrissae and wool follicles. Vibrissa-derived cells proliferated more extensively before senescing, but cells from both follicle types possessed ample proliferative potential for further experimentation. Standard assays have been established to quantify keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis in culture. Differentiation of keratinocytes could be induced by maintaining them at high density for a week. Keratinocytes expressed differentiation markers for epidermis and inner root sheath. Expression of a chosen gene could be up-regulated by transfection with a liposome-borne plasmid. A transfected plasmid encoding a fluorescent reporter protein was expressed in 68-100% of cells. Similarly, expression of a gene of interest could be suppressed by RNA interference. The experimental tractability of these keratinocytes suggests that they will be a valuable model for investigating the cell biology and molecular genetics of wool growth. The methods described form a unique experimental system to identify leads for new technologies that improve
Imaging of Transmembrane AMPA Receptor Regulatory Proteins by Positron Emission Tomography (2022)

The transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor regulatory protein γ-8 (TARP γ-8) constitutes an auxiliary subunit of AMPA receptors, which mediates various brain functions including learning and memory. TARP γ-8 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Despite considerable efforts, previously reported TARP γ-8 PET radioligands, such as [<sup>11</sup>C]TARP-1903 and [<sup>11</sup>C]TARP-1811 series, were plagued by limited brain uptake and/or high nonspecific binding in vivo. Herein, we developed two novel <sup>11</sup>C-labeled probes, [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>8</b> and [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>15</b> (also named as [<sup>11</sup>C]TARP-2105), of which the latter exhibited a reasonable brain uptake as well as specific binding toward TARP γ-8 both in vitro and in vivo, as confirmed by blocking experiments with the commercially available TARP γ-8 inhibitor, JNJ-55511118 in the TARP γ-8-rich hippocampus. Overall, [<sup>11</sup>C]<b>15</b> exhibited promising tracer characteristics and proved to be a lead positron-emission tomography ligand for the non-invasive quantification of TARP γ-8 in the mammalian brain.
Apolipoprotein A-I deficiency is associated with decreased expression of osteoblast-specific regulators in mice (2013)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences on calcified tissues ISSN 2052-1219 (online)
SYSTEMIC OXYGEN UTILIZATION DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN CARDIAC ARREST PATIENTS (1990)

Martin, Gerard B.; Rivers, Emanuel P.; Paradis, Norman A.; Goetting, Mark G.; Appleton, Timothy J.; Nowak, Richard M. Author Information
Optical Networking Beyond WDM (2012)

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) has been the workhorse of data networks, accommodating exponential traffic growth for two decades. Recently, however, progress in WDM capacity research has markedly slowed down as experiments are closely approaching fundamental Shannon limits of nonlinear fiber transmission. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) is expected to further scale network capacities, using parallel strands of single-mode fiber, uncoupled or coupled cores of multicore fiber, or even individual modes of few-mode fiber in combination with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) digital signal processing. At the beginning of a new era in optical communications, we review initial research in SDM technologies and address some of the key challenges ahead.
GaN‐based embedded 2D photonic crystal LEDs: Numerical optimization and device characterization (2009)

Abstract We present the numerical optimization of GaN‐based embedded 2D‐Photonic Crystal (PhC) LEDs based on a full 3D scattering matrix model pointing out the importance of a proper vertical design in embedded PhC structures. The growth of such structures following the numerical simulation trends is shown to be feasible. Experimental results of a bright embedded 2D‐PhC LED (9mW at 20mA) under electrical injection are reported. Angular measurements are performed to understand the efficiency in light extraction of the PhCs and the mechanisms limiting its full potential are presented. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detection of Anthocyanins/Anthocyanidins in Animal Tissues (2014)

Dietary polyphenols may contribute to the prevention of several degenerative diseases, including cancer. Anthocyanins have been shown to possess potential anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to determine anthocyanin bioavailability in lung tissue of mice fed a blueberry diet (5% w/w) for 10 days or a bolus dose (10 mg/mouse; po) of a native mixture of bilberry anthocyanidins. All five anthocyanidins present in the blueberry were detected in the lung tissue using improved methods. The effect of various solvents on the stability of anthocyanins and their recovery from the biomatrix was analyzed. Detection of anthocyanins and their metabolites was performed by UPLC and LC-MS. Although anthocyanins were not detected, cyanidin was detected by UPLC-PDA and other anthocyanidins were detected by LC-MS, following conversion to anthocyanidins and selective extraction in isoamyl alcohol. The results show that anthocyanins can be detected in lung tissue of blueberry-fed mice and thus are bioavailable beyond the gastrointestinal tract.
Diffusion and Gas Conversion Analysis of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Loads via AC Impedance (2011)

Impedance measurements were conducted under practical load conditions in solid oxide fuel cells of differing sizes. For a 2 cm 2 button cell, impedance spectra data were separately measured for the anode, cathode, and total cell. Improved equivalent circuit models are proposed and applied to simulate each of measured impedance data. Circuit elements related to the chemical and physical processes have been added to the total-cell model to account for an extra relaxation process in the spectra not measured at either electrode. The processes to which elements are attributed have been deduced by varying cell temperature, load current, and hydrogen concentration. Spectra data were also obtained for a planar stack of five 61 cm 2 cells and the individual cells therein, which were fitted to a simplified equivalent circuit model of the total button cell. Similar to the button cell, the planar cells and stack exhibit a pronounced low-frequency relaxation process, which has been attributed to concentration losses, that is, the combined effects of diffusion and gas conversion. The simplified total-cell model approximates well the dynamic behavior of the SOFC cells and the whole stack.
3,7-Dideazapurine nucleosides. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-deazatubercidin and 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine (1989)

1-Deazatubercidin (5) has been synthesized by glycosylation of the anion of 4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (9) with 1-chloro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-alpha-D-r ibofuranos e (12). The reaction gave a mixture of blocked nucleosides with beta- and alpha-configuration (13a and 13b). Deprotection of 13a provided 4,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (14), which on treatment with hydrazine, followed by reduction of the resulting 4-hydrazino compound with Raney nickel, gave 4-amino-6-chloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (15), 1-deazatubercidin, and a small quantity of 4,6-diamino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine (16). Dehalogenation of 15 provided another route to 5. 2-Chloro-2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine (6) together with 2'-deoxy-3,7-dideazaadenosine (18) was obtained by hydrazinolysis of 4,6-dichloro-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)pyrrolo- [3,2-c]pyridine (17), followed by reduction of the resulting 4-hydrazino compound. Nucleosides 5, 6, 15, and 18 are devoid of any significant antitumor activity in vitro. Compound 16 showed significant activity against P388 leukemia in cell culture.
Nongenomic stimulation of vacuolar H + -ATPases in intercalated renal tubule cells by aldosterone (2004)

Renal collecting ducts play a critical role in acid-base homeostasis by establishing steep transepithelial pH gradients necessary for the almost complete reabsorption of bicarbonate and the effective secretion of ammonium into the urine. The mechanisms of urine acidification in collecting ducts involve active, electrogenic hydrogen (H+) secretion and, less importantly, potassium (K+)-H+ exchange. Deranged renal acidification and the inability to lower urine pH are hallmarks of distal tubular acidosis and often result from inborn errors of metabolism involving vacuolar H+-ATPase subunits in the collecting ducts. Three factors regulate H+-ATPase activity in intercalated cells of collecting ducts: the acid-base status, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Most effects of aldosterone involve activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor and genomic changes in transcription and protein synthesis. Here we demonstrate a nongenomic pathway of vacuolar H+-ATPase activation in intercalated cells of isolated mouse outer medullary collecting ducts (OMCD). In vitro exposure of isolated outer medullary collecting ducts to aldosterone (10 nM) for times as short as 15 min increases vacuolar H+-ATPase activity approximately 2- to 3-fold. Neither inhibition of mineralocorticoid receptors nor of transcription and protein synthesis prevented aldosterone-induced stimulation of H+-ATPase. Incubation with colchicine, however, abolished the stimulatory effect of aldosterone, suggesting a role of the microtubular network for H+-ATPase stimulation. Immunohistochemistry in kidneys from aldosterone-injected mice showed increased apical H+-ATPase staining in OMCD-intercalated cells. The stimulatory effect of aldosterone was associated with a transient rise in intracellular Ca2+ and required intact PKC. Thus, rapid nongenomic modulation of vacuolar H+-ATPase activity in OMCD-intercalated cells by aldosterone may play an additional role in hormonal control of systemic acid-base homeostasis.
An alternative theory on relaxation rates in cuprate superconductors (2008)

Transport properties of high transition temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors apparently demonstrate two distinct relaxation rates in the normal state. We propose that this superficial inconsistence can be resolved with an effective carrier (quasiparticle) density n almost linear in temperature T. Experimental evidence both for and against this explanation is analyzed and we conclude that this offers a clear yet promising scenario. Band structure calculation was utilized to determine the Fermi surface topology of the cuprate superconductor versus doping. The results demonstrate that an electron-like portion of the Fermi surface exists in a wide range of doping levels even for a p-type superconductor, exemplified by La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO(4-δ) (LSCO). Such electron-like segments have also been confirmed in recent photoemission electron spectroscopy. The Coulomb interaction between electron-like and hole-like quasiparticles then forms a bound state, similar to that of an exciton. As a result the number of charge carriers upon cooling temperature is decreased. A quantum mechanical calculation of scattering cross section demonstrates that a T(2) relaxation rate is born out of an electron-hole collision process. Above the pseudogap temperature T(*) the normal state of high-T(c) cuprates is close to a two-component Fermi liquid. It, however, assumes non-Fermi-liquid behavior below T(*).
Accurate and efficient computation of the periodic Green's function in multilayered media via a hybrid spectral/spatial summation with optimized complex images (2003)

This paper presents a technique for a rapidly convergent computation of the periodic Green's function in multilayered dielectric media. The technique is based on a hybrid spectral/spatial summation formula with optimized complex images. In comparison with other techniques that are applicable to the free-space periodic Green's function, our technique can be easily used for an efficient and accurate computation of the periodic Green's function in multilayered dielectric media. This means that the developed technique is of potential importance as it can be applied to a wide class of problems where the modeling of periodic structures is required.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Myocardial Tissue Characterization Using Magnetic Resonance Noncontrast T1 Mapping in Hypertrophic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy” (2013)

We thank Ellims et al for their query about the consistency of results from the T1 mapping literature on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The letter serves well to highlight an important issue: the fundamental differences between native (or precontrast) T1 mapping and postcontrast T1 mapping as distinct techniques. Native myocardial T1 increases with conditions involving an increase in free water content, whereas postcontrast T1 typically decreases. Results and correlations derived from studies using these different biomarkers should not be expected to demonstrate a direct relationship. Singletime-point postcontrast T1 constitutes a momentary snapshot of the transient effect of the contrast agent on myocardial T1, subject to numerous technical and physiological factors such as the choice and dose of the contrast agent, measurement timing during dynamic redistribution of the contrast, renal function, and native T1 time. To minimize the effects of some of these variables, native T1 can be taken into account by calculating extracellular volume fractions from precontrast and postcontrast T1. However, recent research on this approach indicates growing complexity in the interpretation of postcontrast myocardial T1. The lack of correlation found by Ellims et al simply reflects the fact that late gadolinium enhancement is not a sensitive tool to detect diffuse changes; rather, late gadolinium enhancement and T1 maps measure different but overlapping aspects along the spectrum of pathological changes in the myocardium.
Shear Softening and Structure in a Simulated Three-Dimensional Binary Glass (2004)

Three-dimensional model binary glasses produced by quenching from a range of liquid temperatures were tested in shear over a range of strain rates using molecular-dynamics techniques. Tests were performed under constant volume and constant pressure constraints. The simulations revealed a systematic change in short-range order as a function of the thermal and strain history of the glass. While subtle signs of differences in short-range order were evident in the pair distribution function, three-body correlations were observed to be markedly more sensitive to the changes in structure. One particular structural parameter, the number of aligned three-atom clusters, was analyzed as a function of the degree of supercooling, the strain and the strain rate. The glasses quenched from the supercooled liquid regime were observed to contain an initally higher number of such clusters, and this number decreased under shear. Those quenched from high-temperature equilibrium liquids contained lower numbers of such clusters and these increased or remained constant under shear. The glasses quenched from the supercooled liquid regime showed higher strength, more marked shear softening, and an increased propensity toward shear localization. The evolution of this structural parameter depended both on its initial value and on the imposed shear rate. These results were observed to hold for simulations performed under both constant density and constant pressure boundary conditions.