gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Economic Costs of Cigarette Smoking (1971)

THE HEALTH HAZARDS of cigarette smoking are well established, as evidenced by the 1964 report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee and the 1967, 1968, and 1969 reports to Congress by the Public Health Service (1-4). An iinportant part of this evidence is represented by several major prospective studies of large population segments. These studies have revealed a far greater incidence of early death among smokers than among their nonsmoking counterparts. The evidence is consistent for major groups and for both sexes, and the health hazard increases with greater exposure to smoking. No attempt has yet been made in the United States to use data from these studies to assess another important part of the smoking problem-the magnitude of economic losses which smoking engenders. The incidence of sickness and death caused by or contributed to by cigarette smoking obviously drains our economy heavily by diverting scarce health resources from other needs and by reducing national economic production through early death and excess morbidity.
ITF2357, a Novel Histone-Deacetylase Inhibitor, Is Effective against Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas in Vivo (2008)

Abstract Background. Recently, gene expression profiling (GEP) indicated histone-deacetylases (HDAC) as potential therapeutic targets in peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) not otherwise specified (NOS), the commonest PTCL type. Consistently, phase II trials demonstrated the efficacy of some HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), including SAHA, which was approved for cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) treatment. Aims and methods. We investigated the anti-tumour effects of ITF2357 (Italfarmaco, Italy), a novel hydroxamic acid HDACi, on PTCL primarily-cultured cells and cell lines (HH and FEDP), and in a xenografted mouse-model of CTCL. Cultured cells were incubated with different dosages of ITF2357 and SAHA (ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mM). Cell viability, assessed by trypan-blue exclusion assay, cell-cycle progression, assessed by bromodeossiuridine assay, and apoptotic rate, determined by flow-cytometry analysis of annexin-V binding populations were determined at 48, 72 and 120 hours. Nude mice, injected with HH cells, received ITF2357 (10–20mg/Kg, per os) for 14 days. Micro-PET scan was adopted for disease measurement and treatment response evaluation. Finally, GEP of cell lines exposed to ITF2357 and SAHA were generated to elucidate their mechanisms of action. Results. Cell viability of HH cells treated with ITF2357 ranged from 50% (0.5 mM, at 48 h), to &amp;lt;10% (0.5–2.5 mM, at 72–120 h), in comparison to untreated cells. Differently, cell viability of HH cells treated with SAHA ranged from 80% (0.5 mM, at 48–120 h) to 25% (2.5 mM at 48 h). Analogue effects were documented in FEDP and primarilycultured PTCL cells. Conversely, viability of normal T-lymphocyte was not significantly affected. Interestingly, exposure to ITF2357 was associated to G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. Finally, ITF2357 determined significant reduction of tumoral masses and survival benefit in a xenografted mice-model inoculated with HH cells. Conclusion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ITF2357 is effective against PTCLs ex vivo and in vivo, by nominating it for clinical evaluation in this setting.
Coherent Control of XUV radiation (2000)

We demonstrate that using phase-only control of ultrafast pulses, we can selectively enhance the brightness of high-harmonic generation by over an order of magnitude, and generate near transform-limited soft x-ray pulses.
Sonoporation‐Enhanced Delivery of STING Agonist Induced Robust Immune Modulation and Tumor Regression (Adv. Therap. 10/2021) (2021)

In article number 2100154, Jun Xu, Adam Procopio, and co-workers have demonstrated a 5 min clinically translatable sonoporation procedure using FDA-approved microbubbles and commercially available diagnostic ultrasound enabled the systemic delivery of CDN-based STING agonist MSA-1 and regressed both unilaterally and bilaterally inoculated syngeneic tumors as a result of improved PK/PD and immune modulation.
Direct Liquid Cooling of High Flux LED Systems: Hot Spot Abatement (2013)

With the recent advances in wide band gap device technology, solid-state lighting (SSL) has become favorable for many lighting applications due to energy savings, long life, green nature for environment, and exceptional color performance. Light emitting diodes (LED) as SSL devices have recently offered unique advantages for a wide range of commercial and residential applications. However, LED operation is strictly limited by temperature as its preferred chip junction temperature is below 100 °C. This is very similar to advanced electronics components with continuously increasing heat fluxes due to the expanding microprocessor power dissipation coupled with reduction in feature sizes. While in some of the applications standard cooling techniques cannot achieve an effective cooling performance due to physical limitations or poor heat transfer capabilities, development of novel cooling techniques is necessary. The emergence of LED hot spots has also turned attention to the cooling with dielectric liquids intimately in contact with the heat and photon dissipating surfaces, where elevated LED temperatures will adversely affect light extraction and reliability. In the interest of highly effective heat removal from LEDs with direct liquid cooling, the current paper starts with explaining the increasing thermal problems in electronics and also in lighting technologies followed by a brief overview of the state of the art for liquid cooling technologies. Then, attention will be turned into thermal consideration of approximately a 60W replacement LED light engine. A conjugate CFD model is deployed to determine local hot spots and to optimize the thermal resistance by varying multiple design parameters, boundary conditions, and the type of fluid. Detailed system level simulations also point out possible abatement techniques for local hot spots while keeping light extraction at maximum.
Modular Approach to Substituted Pyridoazepinones (2021)

Pyridoazepinones are potentially interesting structures, yet they are still underexploited in the medicinal chemistry field and hard to obtain synthetically. We present a general and flexible synthetic route to substituted pyridoazepinones, enabled by the xanthate addition-transfer process, which furnishes the target molecules from readily available starting materials in generally good yields. The method shows good functional group tolerance and allows the preparation of pyridoazepinone scaffolds on gram scale.
Identification of novel small molecule inhibitors for solute carrier SGLT1 using proteochemometric modeling (2019)

Sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is a solute carrier responsible for active glucose absorption. SGLT1 is present in both the renal tubules and small intestine. In contrast, the closely related sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), a protein that is targeted in the treatment of diabetes type II, is only expressed in the renal tubules. Although dual inhibitors for both SGLT1 and SGLT2 have been developed, no drugs on the market are targeted at decreasing dietary glucose uptake by SGLT1 in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we aim at identifying SGLT1 inhibitors in silico by applying a machine learning approach that does not require structural information, which is absent for SGLT1. We applied proteochemometrics by implementation of compound- and protein-based information into random forest models. We obtained a predictive model with a sensitivity of 0.64 ± 0.06, specificity of 0.93 ± 0.01, positive predictive value of 0.47 ± 0.07, negative predictive value of 0.96 ± 0.01, and Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.49 ± 0.05. Subsequent to model training, we applied our model in virtual screening to identify novel SGLT1 inhibitors. Of the 77 tested compounds, 30 were experimentally confirmed for SGLT1-inhibiting activity in vitro, leading to a hit rate of 39% with activities in the low micromolar range. Moreover, the hit compounds included novel molecules, which is reflected by the low similarity of these compounds with the training set (< 0.3). Conclusively, proteochemometric modeling of SGLT1 is a viable strategy for identifying active small molecules. Therefore, this method may also be applied in detection of novel small molecules for other transporter proteins.
Optical devices for fiber communication : 20-21 September 1999, Boston, Massachusetts (1999)

This work presents a series of papers examining various aspects of optical devices for fiber communication.
Improvement in the light outcoupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using a hemispherical lens and a multipatterned one-dimensional photonic crystal fabricated by autocloning (2015)

The outcoupling efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes was improved using a photonic crystal fabricated by autocloning, which has potential advantages for mass production. By using layer thicknesses optimized by optical simulations, the experimental external quantum efficiency of a device with the photonic crystal and a hemispherical lens was 43.4%, which is 2.13 times that of a device on a flat substrate without the lens. Comparisons with the simulated distributions of the light modes in the devices show that the photonic crystal reduces the light loss from the waveguide and evanescent modes. The emission pattern was independent of substrate rotation.
Colocalization of urocortin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus and Edinger‐Westphal nucleus of the rat (2004)

Different lines of studies suggest that both the corticotropin-releasing hormone-related peptide Urocortin I (Ucn) and the neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the regulation of the complex mechanisms controlling feeding and anxiety-related behaviors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible interaction between Ucn and NO in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), an area known to be involved in the modulation of these particular behaviors. Therefore, we mapped local mRNA and peptide/protein presence of both Ucn and the NO producing neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). This investigation was extended to include the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus area (EW), the latter being one of the major cellular Ucn-expressing sites. Furthermore, we compared the two predominantly used laboratory rat strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley. Ucn mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in the SON and in the EW. A significant difference between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats was found in mRNA levels in the EW. nNOS was detected in all brain areas analyzed, showing a significantly lower immunoreactivity in the PVN and EW of Sprague-Dawley versus Wistar rats. Contrary to some previous reports, no Ucn mRNA and only a very low immunoreactivity were detectable in the PVN of either rat strain. Interestingly, double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed that in the SON approximately 75% of all cells immunoreactive for Ucn were colocalized with nNOS, whereas in the EW only approximately 2% of the Ucn neurons were found to contain nNOS. These findings suggest an interaction between Ucn and NO signaling within the SON, rather than the PVN, that may modulate the regulation of feeding, reproduction, and anxiety-related behaviors.
Effect of Annealing on the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Anodized Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation (2008)

The effect of annealing on the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al–Mg alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was investigated by electrochemical techniques in a solution containing 0.2 mol·L−1 of AlCl3 and also by surface analysis. The degree of internal stress generated in anodic oxide films during anodization was evaluated with a strain gauge. The ECAP decreased the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al–Mg alloy. However, the pitting corrosion resistance was improved by annealing after the ECAP. The internal stress present in the anodic oxide films was compressive, and the stress was higher in the alloys with ECAP than without. The compressive internal stress gradually decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Cracks occurred in the anodic oxide film on Al–Mg alloy during initial corrosion. The ECAP produces high internal stresses in the Al–Mg alloy; the stresses remain in the anodic oxide films, increasing the likelihood of cracks. It is assumed that the pitting corrosion is promoted by these cracks as a result of the higher internal stress resulting from the ECAP. The improvement in the pitting corrosion resistance of anodized Al–Mg alloy by annealing appears to be attributable to a decrease in the internal stresses in anodic oxide films.
Innentitelbild: Chemical Synthesis of an Erythropoietin Glycoform Containing a Complex‐type Disialyloligosaccharide (Angew. Chem. 15/2012) (2012)

Ein homogenes Glycoprotein wurde mithilfe der verbesserten tert-Boc-basierten Festphasenpeptidsynthese säurelabiler Sialyloligosaccharylpeptid-α-thioester, ausgefeilter Peptidkupplungsreaktionen und nativer chemischer Ligation synthetisiert. In der Zuschrift auf S. 3627 ff. beschreiben Y. Kajihara et al. die chemische Synthese einer homogenen Erythropoietin-Sialyloligosaccharyl-Glycoform. Dieser Ansatz eröffnet neue Wege für die Untersuchung von Oligosaccharidfunktionen.
Deep neural network models for identifying incident dementia using claims and EHR datasets (2020)

This study investigates the use of deep learning methods to improve the accuracy of a predictive model for dementia, and compares the performance to a traditional machine learning model. With sufficient accuracy the model can be deployed as a first round screening tool for clinical follow-up including neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, imaging and recruitment to clinical trials. Seven cohorts with two years of data, three to eight years prior to index date, and an incident cohort were created. Four trained models for each cohort, boosted trees, feed forward network, recurrent neural network and recurrent neural network with pre-trained weights, were constructed and their performance compared using validation and test data. The incident model had an AUC of 94.4% and F1 score of 54.1%. Eight years removed from index date the AUC and F1 scores were 80.7% and 25.6%, respectively. The results for the remaining cohorts were between these ranges. Deep learning models can result in significant improvement in performance but come at a cost in terms of run times and hardware requirements. The results of the model at index date indicate that this modeling can be effective at stratifying patients at risk of dementia. At this time, the inability to sustain this quality at longer lead times is more an issue of data availability and quality rather than one of algorithm choices.
Does nonsurgical management for localized kidney cancer equate to active surveillance in the SEER-Medicare population? (2014)

444 Background: Differentiating between patients with small renal tumors not selected for treatment from those who choose elective active surveillance (AS) using administrative data is a significant challenge. Using active treatment as a benchmark, our objective was to compare survival outcomes between all patients with localized kidney cancer who received non-surgical management (NSM) with those meeting more stringent NSM criteria who are more likely to clinically resemble AS. Methods: Using linked SEER-Medicare data, we identified all patients ≥66 years old with localized T1 (&lt;7cm) Renal Cell Carcinoma from 1995-2009. Treatment groups were defined as active treatment (partial or radical nephrectomy), all NSM (no treatment within 6 months of diagnosis), and stringent NSM (further exclusion of patients with lack of imaging or presence of hospice claims). Patients undergoing ablative treatment were excluded from analyses. Overall and cancer specific mortality were assessed using Cox and Fine and Gray proportional hazard models with propensity score based weighting. Results: Of 15,450 identified patients, 2,089 (13.5%) underwent NSM. Of these, 1,182 (56.6% of NSM, 7.7% of overall sample) met stringent NSM criteria. Following adjustment, the all NSM group demonstrated significant increases in cancer specific (sHR 1.91 [CI 1.26-2.88]) and overall (HR 1.49 [CI 1.16-1.92]) mortality compared to patients undergoing active treatment. In contrast, for patients meeting stringent NSM criteria, these differences in cancer specific (sHR 1.48 [CI 0.82-2.68]) and overall (HR 1.33 [CI 0.998-1.77]) mortality were attenuated and no longer met statistical significance. Conclusions: Compared to active treatment, patients meeting stringent NSM criteria demonstrated improved survival outcomes when compared to all-comers with localized kidney cancer who were managed non-surgically. Our findings support that a validated, claims-based algorithm that more accurately identifies patients undergoing elective AS is needed to objectively assess the safety and effectiveness of this clinical strategy.
Frequency‐Domain Analysis and Processing (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The z-Transform Frequency Analysis More Hands-On Experiments Frequency Analysis with Blackfin Simulator Frequency Analysis with Blackfin BF533/BF537 EZ-KIT Frequency Analysis with LabVIEW Embedded Module for Blackfin Processors More Exercise Problems
<title>Audio scene segmentation for video with generic content</title> (2007)

In this paper, we present a content-adaptive audio texture based method to segment video into audio scenes. The audio scene is modeled as a semantically consistent chunk of audio data. Our algorithm is based on "semantic audio texture analysis." At first, we train GMM models for basic audio classes such as speech, music, etc. Then we define the semantic audio texture based on those classes. We study and present two types of scene changes, those corresponding to an overall audio texture change and those corresponding to a special "transition marker" used by the content creator, such as a short stretch of music in a sitcom or silence in dramatic content. Unlike prior work using genre specific heuristics, such as some methods presented for detecting commercials, we adaptively find out if such special transition markers are being used and if so, which of the base classes are being used as markers without any prior knowledge about the content. Our experimental results show that our proposed audio scene segmentation works well across a wide variety of broadcast content genres.
Graphene-based Nanoelectronics (2011)

Abstract : Significant progress has been made in growing and characterizing graphene and fabricating and testing graphene-based devices. Growth parameters have been optimized for producing large area single- and bilayer graphene. These materials have been characterized using Raman spectroscopy methods developed in this program for determining layer number, stacking order, and defects in graphene. Device processing methods have also been developed, including atomic layer deposition of gate dielectrics with fabricated field-effect transistors (FETs) demonstrating 3-GHz threshold frequencies. A large measured device data set has been produced for circuit design and device modeling validation. Models have been developed to assist in the electrical characterization of the graphene/substrate interface that takes into account interface defects. Graphene FETs will find applications in high frequency communication and radar systems. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has demonstrated inkjet printed flexible graphene supercapacitors with the Stevens Institute of Technology. ARL has also used unique high-speed supercapacitors developed by an ARL Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) performer, JME Inc., to demonstrate energy storage for a munitions energy harvesting system under development by the Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC). ARL developed supercapacitor technology will enable size, weight, shelf life, and reliability improvements for munitions' electronic systems.
Influence of the Professional training of the Clergy on Fostering Cohesion among Ethnic Communities in Nakuru County, Kenya (2018)

This paper seeks to establish the influence of the Professional training of the Clergy on fostering cohesion in a multi-ethnic setting like Nakuru County in Kenya.Â Professional training of the clergy is not an end in itself but is the means to an end. They preach the whole counsel of God that will eventually produce mature believers who will perpetuate the kingdom values wherever they will be. Yet Kenya, with a population that is majority Christian at 83%, has had a trend of electoral violence since the introduction of multiparty politics in the 1990s with the most recent and severe case being the post-election violence (PEV) of 2007/2008. While Christians are generally credited for being a strong source of identity and value formation, it has not been the case for churches have been involved and affected often with ethnic groups pitted against each other. The study was guided by Burtonâ€™s Human Needs Theory (HNT) and Lawrenceâ€™s self- in-God (SIG) model. The study was conducted in Nakuru, a cosmopolitan County, employed descriptive research design and involved the Africa Inland Church (AIC), Anglican Church of Kenya (ACK), Presbyterian Church of East Africa (PCEA) and Africa Gospel Church (AGC) Congregations. A sample of 120 members of the clergy selected using purposive, stratified, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques participated in the study. The clergyâ€™s questionnaires (CQ) were used to collect data. The content and face validity of the instruments were examined by experts and their suggestions used to improve the tools before they were used to gather data. The collected data was analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Data was described and summarized using frequency tables and percentages. The Spearmanâ€™s correlations was used to establish the relationship between the clergyâ€™s training and fostering cohesion among communities. The findings of the study established that professional training and qualification of the clergy does not influence fostering cohesion among ethnic communities.
Rotatory Power And Optical Modulation Of Liquid Crystals (1984)

Birefringence and rotatory power are two important parameters for optical modulation by liquid crystals. A new technique has been developed for birefringence measurements at any wavelength in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared spectral regions. The enhanced birefringence of some liquid crystals in the infrared region indicates that these materials will be useful for electro-optic applications in this region. Rotatory power of 90° twisted nematic liquid crystals was measured and found to be in very good agreement with theoretical calculations for a wide spectral range and for different liquid crystal thicknesses. A quantitative relationship between liquid crystal birefringence, wavelength and cell thickness was derived for use in the design of IR liquid crystal light valves with high contrast ratios and minimum response times.