gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A modified lightly doped drain structure for VLSI MOSFET's (1986)

A new n-MOS LDD-like device structure (the J-MOS transistor) is proposed. Its design, simulation, and fabrication are studied in this paper, n-channel MOSFET's with L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</inf> below 2 µm suffer from high-field effects that must be overcome to secure reliable 5-V operation. LDD structures alleviate these effects, but their reliability is better than that of conventional MOSFET's only if the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> regions have a peak doping density above 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . To overcome this limitation and to allow constant voltage scaling for devices into the submicrometer regime, the J-MOS structure uses a series drain JFET to drop part of the supply voltage. Both 2-D device simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the operation of this device and its potential for applications requiring reliable submicrometer device operation under maximum supply voltage. The major experimental findings are that the J-MOS structure can sustain 5-V operation even for submicrometer effective channel lengths. As has been the case with all LDD-like structures, improved device reliability has been achieved at the expense of some performance. However, the advantages of keeping 5-V operation in micrometer-sized devices may outweigh this performance loss.
A Class AB Amplifier for LCD Driver (2007)

For the LCDs used in the mobile terminals, low power dissipation and high speed operation are required. In this paper, high speed, low power dissipation and rail-to-rail input/output class AB amplifier is proposed. In the proposed circuit, the number of current paths was reduced and the phase compensation suitable for high speed operation was employed. The proposed circuit was fabricated using 0.13 mum process. The supply voltage is 5 V and the current dissipation is 2 muA. The settling time within 2 musec at both rising and falling edges was achieved.
Naphtho[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene Building Blocks and their Complexation with Cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (2019)

The synthesis and characterization of 2,7‐bis(hydroxymethyl)naphtho[1,2‐ b :5,6‐ b ′]dithiophene 1 is described. Electrochemical investigations revealed that 1 and its precursor naphtho[1,2‐ b :5,6‐ b ′]dithiophene (NDT) are moderate π‐electron donors. It was found that both compounds can form 1:1 complexes with the π‐electron accepting cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐ p ‐phenylene) (CBPQT 4+ ). UV/Vis spectroscopy was used to determine the binding constants ( K a ) associated with the complexation process leading to the formation of the [2]pseudorotaxanes and the superstructures were characterized using 1 H NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The results show that the K a value for 1 ⊂CBPQT 4+ is approximately seven times larger as compared to NDT⊂CBPQT 4+ , which can be ascribed to the fact that 1 is a better π‐electron donor compared to the parent NDT and therefore is capable of forming stronger charge transfer (CT) interactions with CBPQT 4+ . The strong π‐electron donor tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) was used to carry out switching studies between the [2]pseudorotaxanes NDT⊂CBPQT 4+ and TTF⊂CBPQT 4+ and the results suggest that NDT derivatives in combination with TTF appear as promising building blocks for the development of new electroactive molecular machines based on CBPQT 4+ .
Impact of Snow Depth on Single-Axis Tracked Bifacial Photovoltaic System Performance (2022)

Photovoltaic (PV) capacity is rapidly expanding in mid-to-high latitude jurisdictions due to drastic decreases in PV system cost and global decarbonization efforts. However, uncertainty around performance impacts of latitude-specific conditions, such as ground-accumulated snow, contribute to investment risk. In this work, we employed DUET, our custom bifacial PV modelling tool, to study variable ground clearance resulting from snow accumulation. We model the impact of snow depth on a module in four generic, 2-in-portait single-axis tracked (SAT) systems with baseline ground clearances ranging from 1.6-2.8 m. Over the snowy season in Ottawa, Ontario <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\boldsymbol{45}^{\circ}\mathbf{N})$</tex> and Cambridge Bay, Nunavut <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(\boldsymbol{69}^{\circ}\mathbf{N})$</tex> , Canada, rear insolation and energy yield decrease by 3.4-9.6% and 0.36-0.69%, respectively - comparable to annual structure shading and electrical mismatch loss factors. The average daily energy yield loss in both locations is 0.034 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">%</sup> per centimeter of accumulated snow. When hourly energy yield loss throughout the snowy season is binned by hour of day, hourly averages peak at 1.2-1.4% loss, suggesting implications for real-time and short-term forecasting.
Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (2010)

Epidemiological studies worldwide confirmed reduction in the incidence and improvement in clinical outcomes for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients categorized as low risk may be managed as outpatients. Endoscopic therapy remained the mainstay of ulcer hemostasis and high dose proton pump inhibitor infusion should be employed to prevent rebleeding.
Application of a Collagen-Based Membrane and Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Hydrogel Adhesive for the Potential Repair of Severe Ocular Surface Injuries (2014)

This study was performed to evaluate the potential of a chondroitin sulfate-polyethylene glycol (CS-PEG) adhesive and collagen-based membrane (collagen vitrigel, CV) combination as a method to treat penetrating ocular injuries on the battlefield and to improve this method with two technologies: an antibiotic releasing CS-PEG adhesive and a corneal shaped CV. Burst testing using porcine cadaveric eyes, high-performance liquid chromatography, the Kirby-Bauer bacterial inhibition test, and CV implantations on the live and cadaveric rabbit eyes were performed. The ocular burst test showed CS-PEG adhesive could successfully repair 5-mm to 6-mm length wounds in the corneal and corneoscleral regions but would require CS-PEG + CV to treat larger wounds similar to those seen on the battlefield. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography and the Kirby-Bauer bacterial inhibition test presented evidence suggesting the vancomycin incorporated CS-PEG could inhibit Staphylococcus infection for 9 days. Furthermore, the curved CV showed an advantage by matching the corneal contour without any wrinkle formation. Although this pilot study showed a limited range of possible applications, we demonstrated that the combination of CS-PEG adhesive + CV is a promising method and the 2 technologies improve their applicability to the special demands of the battlefield.
Direct growth of GaN on sapphire substrate via polarity transition from N- to Ga-polar using only hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2021)

Abstract We established a method for directly growing the GaN layer on a sapphire substrate using only hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The important factors that affect the manufacture of high-quality, low-cost, and large-diameter GaN substrates require a growth method that does not utilize either a GaN template or processes other than HVPE. N 2 carrier gas and a high temperature are important growth parameters required to achieve the direct growth of the GaN layer on the sapphire substrate. The mechanism of the direct growth of the GaN layer on the sapphire substrate reveals that the N-polar GaN layer grows during the initial growth stage via the nitridation of the sapphire substrate and Ga-polar GaN is subsequently produced via polarity inversion. Furthermore, the dislocation density of the GaN layer directly grown on the sapphire substrate is lower than that of the GaN layer grown on a GaN template using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy.
The Stem Cells as a Potential Treatment for Neurodegeneration (2007)

Cell degeneration and death, be it extensive and widespread, such as in metabolic disorders, or focal and selective as in Parkinson's disease (PD), is the underlying feature of many neurological diseases. Thus, the replacement of cells lost by injury or disease has become a central tenet in strategies aiming at the development of novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to the in vivo recruitment of endogenous cells, which is now emerging as a promising novel strategy, the transplantation of new, exogenously generated brain cells is probably the most extensively studied methodology for cell replacement in the central nervous system, with the initial experimental clinical studies in PD dating back to the early 1970s (Bjorklund, A. and Stenevi, U., 1984, Intracerebral neural implants: neuronal replacement and reconstruction of damaged circuitries. Annu Rev Neurosci 7, 279-308; Snyder, B. J. and Olanow, C. W., 2005, Stem cell treatment for Parkinson's disease: an update for 2005. Curr Opin Neurol 18, 376-85). The need to generate the cells to be transplanted in large quantities and in a reproducible, steady, and safe fashion has long represented one of the major issues in this field, regardless of whether one was trying to produce specific cell subtypes or uncommitted and highly plastic neural precursors, which would respond to local, instructive cues, upon transplantation into the damaged area. Neural stem cells (NSCs), with their capacity for long-term expansion in vitro and their extensive functional stability and plasticity, allow now for the establishment of cultures of mature neural cells as well as highly undifferentiated precursors and are emerging as one of the most amenable cell sources for neural transplantation (Gage, F. H., 2000, Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287, 1433-8; McKay, R., 1997, Stem cells in the central nervous system. Science 276, 66-71). This chapter illustrates the basic aspect of the handling and preparation of NSCs for experimental transplantation in two animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, namely, postcontusion spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis.
Tic20 and Tic22 Are New Components of the Protein Import Apparatus at the Chloroplast Inner Envelope Membrane (1998)

Two components of the chloroplast envelope, Tic20 and Tic22, were previously identified as candidates for components of the general protein import machinery by their ability to covalently cross-link to nuclear-encoded preproteins trapped at an intermediate stage in import across the envelope (Kouranov, A., and D.J. Schnell. 1997. J. Cell Biol. 139:1677-1685). We have determined the primary structures of Tic20 and Tic22 and investigated their localization and association within the chloroplast envelope. Tic20 is a 20-kD integral membrane component of the inner envelope membrane. In contrast, Tic22 is a 22-kD protein that is located in the intermembrane space between the outer and inner envelope membranes and is peripherally associated with the outer face of the inner membrane. Tic20, Tic22, and a third inner membrane import component, Tic110, associate with import components of the outer envelope membrane. Preprotein import intermediates quantitatively associate with this outer/inner membrane supercomplex, providing evidence that the complex corresponds to envelope contact sites that mediate direct transport of preproteins from the cytoplasm to the stromal compartment. On the basis of these results, we propose that Tic20 and Tic22 are core components of the protein translocon of the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts.
Optimization of Purge Cycle for Dead-Ended Anode Fuel Cell Operation (2012)

This paper focuses on the optimization of the purge cycle for dead-ended anode (DEA) operation of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Controling the purge interval at given operating conditions can optimize the fuel cell efficiency and hydrogen loss during the purge. For this optimization, a model capturing the liquid water and nitrogen accumulation in the anode and the purge flow behavior is presented. A target range of purge interval is then defined based on the minimal purge time that removes the plug of liquid and nitrogen in the channel end and the maximum purge interval beyond which hydrogen is wasted since hydrogen molar fraction all along the channel has been restored to one. If the purge is sufficiently long that all of the accumulated water and nitrogen are removed then the power output in the subsequent cycle (galvanostatic operation) would be highest, compared with incomplete purges which do not fully restore hydrogen concentration in the anode. Such purge schedule, however, is associated with certain amount of hydrogen loss. Therefore, there is a trade-off between hydrogen loss and power output, and a corresponding purge interval that produces the largest efficiency. The optimum purge intervals for different cycle durations are identified. The calculated DEA efficiencies are compared with flow-through (FT) operation. The analysis and model-based optimization methodology presented in this paper can be used for optimizing DEA operation of PEMFC with minimum experimentation and development time.
Expression of Angiopoietin-1, Angiopoietin-2, and the Tie-2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase during Mouse Kidney Maturation (1999)

The Tie-2 receptor tyrosine kinase transduces embryonic endothelial differentiation, with Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) acting as a stimulatory ligand and Ang-2 postulated to be a naturally occurring inhibitor. Expression of these genes was sought during mouse kidney maturation from the onset of glomerulogenesis (embryonic day 14 [E14]) to the end of nephron formation (2 wk postnatal [P2]), and during medullary maturation into adulthood (P8). Using Northern and slot blotting of RNA extracted from whole organs, these three genes were expressed throughout the experimental period with peak levels at P2 to P3. By in situ hybridization analysis at E18, P1, and P3, Ang-1 mRNA was found to localize to condensing renal mesenchymal cells, proximal tubules, and glomeruli in addition to maturing tubules of the outer medulla. In contrast, Ang-2 transcripts were more spatially restricted, being detected only in differentiating outer medullary tubules and the vasa recta bundle area. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, Tie-2 was detected in capillaries of the nephrogenic cortex, glomerular tufts, cortical interstitium, and medulla including vessels in the vasa recta. Using Western blotting of protein extracted from whole organs, Tie-2 protein was detected between E14 and P8 with tyrosine phosphorylated Tie-2 evident from E18. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Tie-2 has roles in maturation of both glomeruli and vasa rectae.
On the Doubly Sparse Compressed Sensing Problem (2015)

A new variant of the Compressed Sensing problem is investigated when the number of measurements corrupted by errors is upper bounded by some value l but there are no more restrictions on errors. We prove that in this case it is enough to make 2(t+l) measurements, where t is the sparsity of original data. Moreover for this case a rather simple recovery algorithm is proposed. An analog of the Singleton bound from coding theory is derived what proves optimality of the corresponding measurement matrices.
Soil properties influencing phytoparasitic nematode population on Chilean vineyards (2011)

Lifecycle of phytoparasitic nematode takes place in the rhizosphere, therefore their breeding, parasitism and mobility dynamics are inevitably influenced by the soil-root interaction, A study was performed to evaluate the influence of Vitis rootstocks to some plant parasitic nematodes under different soil conditions. Nematode populations were assessed in Vitis vinifera L. var. Chardonnay plants grafted on two rootstocks (K5BB, SO4) and ungrafted 'Chardonnay' as a control in three diferent alluvial soils in the central zone of Chile. Soils were two Inceptisols of the Casablanca Valley (Valparaso Region), the first one without soil structure and with a densification zone in depth (S1) and the second one with sandy textural class (S3). A third soil was a Mollisol (S2) more structured than the others, situated on a locality of Melipilla (Metropolitan Region). The soils were characterized physically and morphologically and nematode genera were identified and counted using a dissecting microscope. 'Chardonnay' presented the highest population of Meloidogyne spp. on the three soil conditions but only significant in S2 soil. The population of Xiphinema spp. and Mesocriconema xenoplax were not representative enough to relate them with either soil or the different rootstocks. The amount of Meloidogyne spp. was inversely related with the sand content but positively related with the more structured soil. The stepwise regressions resulted useful when relating nematode populations with multiple soil factors.
READ-COPY UPDATE: USING EXECUTION HISTORY TO SOLVE CONCURRENCY PROBLEMS (2002)

Synchronization overhead, contention, and deadlock can pose severe challenges to designers and implementers of parallel programs. Therefore, many researchers have proposed update disciplines that solve these problems in restricted but commonly occurring situations. However, these proposals rely either on garbage collectors [7, 8], termination of all processes currently using the data structure [10], or expensive explicit tracking of all processes accessing the data structure [5, 15]. These mechanisms are inappropriate in many cases, such as within many operating-system kernels and server applications. This paper proposes a novel and extremely efficient mechanism, called read-copy update, and compares its performance to that of conventional locking primitives.
proChIPdb: a chromatin immunoprecipitation database for prokaryotic organisms (2021)

The transcriptional regulatory network in prokaryotes controls global gene expression mostly through transcription factors (TFs), which are DNA-binding proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with DNA sequencing methods can identify TF binding sites across the genome, providing a bottom-up, mechanistic understanding of how gene expression is regulated. ChIP provides indispensable evidence toward the goal of acquiring a comprehensive understanding of cellular adaptation and regulation, including condition-specificity. ChIP-derived data's importance and labor-intensiveness motivate its broad dissemination and reuse, which is currently an unmet need in the prokaryotic domain. To fill this gap, we present proChIPdb (prochipdb.org), an information-rich, interactive web database. This website collects public ChIP-seq/-exo data across several prokaryotes and presents them in dashboards that include curated binding sites, nucleotide-resolution genome viewers, and summary plots such as motif enrichment sequence logos. Users can search for TFs of interest or their target genes, download all data, dashboards, and visuals, and follow external links to understand regulons through biological databases and the literature. This initial release of proChIPdb covers diverse organisms, including most major TFs of Escherichia coli, and can be expanded to support regulon discovery across the prokaryotic domain.
Multi-Keel Passive Prosthetic Foot Design Optimization Using the Lower Leg Trajectory Error Framework (2021)

Abstract People with lower-limb amputation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack access to adequate prosthetic devices that would restore their mobility and increase their quality of life. This is largely due to the cost and durability of existing devices. Single-keel energy storage and return (ESR) prosthetic feet have recently been developed to provide improved walking benefits at an affordable cost in LMICs. These low-cost single-keel ESR feet were created using a novel design methodology, the lower leg trajectory error (LLTE) framework. The LLTE framework enables the optimization of the stiffness and geometry of a user’s prosthesis to match a target walking pattern. However, these low-cost single-keel ESR prostheses do not provide the required durability to fulfill the international standards organization (ISO) testing, which prevents their widespread use and adoption. In this work, we developed a multi-keel prosthetic foot parametric model, and extended the LLTE framework to include this multi-keel architecture and the durability requirements. This extended LLTE framework enabled the design of durable and low-cost multi-keel ESR prosthetic feet made of Nylon 6/6. Multi-keel foot designs were shown to provide 76% improved walking performance (lower LLTE values) compared with single-keel ESR designs. Load testing of prototype multi-keel feet validated the multi-keel constitutive model predictions used in the LLTE framework. The measured deflections of the prototypes under load were accurately described with an average error of 0.6 ± 0.4 mm (5.7 ± 4.2%). These multi-keel feet designed using the extended LLTE framework withstood ISO fatigue and static tests, validating their durability. Given their single-part 2D extruded geometries, multi-keel feet designed with the extended LLTE framework could be cost-effectively manufactured, providing affordable and durable high-performance prostheses that improves the mobility of LMIC users.
YrdC exhibits properties expected of a subunit for a tRNA threonylcarbamoyl transferase (2011)

The post-transcriptional nucleoside modifications of tRNA's anticodon domain form the loop structure and dynamics required for effective and accurate recognition of synonymous codons. The N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification at position 37 (t(6)A(37)), 3'-adjacent to the anticodon, of many tRNA species in all organisms ensures the accurate recognition of ANN codons by increasing codon affinity, enhancing ribosome binding, and maintaining the reading frame. However, biosynthesis of this complex modification is only partially understood. The synthesis requires ATP, free threonine, a single carbon source for the carbamoyl, and an enzyme yet to be identified. Recently, the universal protein family Sua5/YciO/YrdC was associated with t(6)A(37) biosynthesis. To further investigate the role of YrdC in t(6)A(37) biosynthesis, the interaction of the Escherichia coli YrdC with a heptadecamer anticodon stem and loop of lysine tRNA (ASL(Lys)(UUU)) was examined. YrdC bound the unmodified ASL(Lys)(UUU) with high affinity compared with the t(6)A(37)-modified ASL(Lys)(UUU) (K(d) = 0.27 ± 0.20 μM and 1.36 ± 0.39 μM, respectively). YrdC also demonstrated specificity toward the unmodified versus modified anticodon pentamer UUUUA and toward threonine and ATP. The protein did not significantly alter the ASL architecture, nor was it able to base flip A(37), as determined by NMR, circular dichroism, and fluorescence of 2-aminopuine at position 37. Thus, current data support the hypothesis that YrdC, with many of the properties of a putative threonylcarbamoyl transferase, most likely functions as a component of a heteromultimeric protein complex for t(6)A(37) biosynthesis.