gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AlGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on facet-controlled epitaxial lateral overgrown GaN/sapphire templates (2007)

Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of GaN with () facets was realized by metal–organic chemical vapour deposition on GaN/sapphire (0001) substrates with an SiO2 stripe mask. After wet etching of the mask, periodic AlGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown on the whole surface. Cross section transmission electron microscopy showed that the average growth rate on the () facet is lower than on the (0001) plane. The concentration of Al of AlGaN/GaN MQWs was higher on the (0001) facet than on the () surface, as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry and high resolution x-ray diffraction (HR-XRD). Micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy revealed a significant relaxation of compressive stress in the laterally overgrown GaN. Micro-photoluminescence spectra confirmed quantum confinement of electrons in MQWs. The achieved optical quality of MQWs on the () facet is comparable with that on the (0001) plane.
Coated Lithium Powder (CLiP) Electrodes for Lithium-Air Cells (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Vestibular and Balance Dysfunction Following Sport-Related Concussion (2019)

Purpose Sport-related concussion is a significant public health concern that requires a multidisciplinary team to appropriately manage. Athletes often report dizziness and imbalance following concussion, and these symptoms can predict increased time to recover. Vestibular diagnostic evaluations provide important information regarding the athlete's oculomotor, gaze stability, and balance function in order to identify deficits for rehabilitation. These measures also describe objective function helpful for determining when an athlete is ready to return to play. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide background on the current understanding of the effects of concussion on the peripheral and central vestibular system, as well as information on a protocol that can be used for acute concussion assessment. Case studies describing 3 common postconcussion presentations will highlight the usefulness of this protocol. Conclusion Sport-related concussion is a highly visible disorder with many symptoms that may be evaluated in the vestibular clinic. A thoughtful protocol evaluating the typical presentation of these patients may help guide the multidisciplinary team in determining appropriate management and clearance for return to sport.
Enhanced Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Reduction of Li+@C60in Comparison with C60 (2012)

Kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer from a series of electron donors to the triplet excited state of lithium ion-encapsulated C60 (Li(+)@C60) was investigated in comparison with the corresponding kinetics of the photoinduced electron transfer to the triplet excited state of pristine C60. Femtosecond laser flash photolysis measurements of Li(+)@C60 revealed that singlet excited state of Li(+)@C60 (λmax = 960 nm) underwent intersystem crossing to the triplet excited state [(3)(Li(+)@C60)*: λmax = 750 nm] with a rate constant of 8.9 × 10(8) s(-1) in deaerated benzonitrile (PhCN). The lifetime of (3)(Li(+)@C60)* was determined by nanosecond laser flash photolysis measurements to be 48 μs, which is comparable to that of C60. Efficient photoinduced electron transfer from a series of electron donors to (3)(Li(+)@C60)* occurred to produce the radical cations and Li(+)@C60(•-). The rate constants of photoinduced electron transfer of Li(+)@C60(•-) are significantly larger than those of C60 when the rate constants are less than the diffusion-limited value in PhCN. The enhanced reactivity of (3)(Li(+)@C60)* as compared with (3)C60* results from the much higher one-electron reduction potential of Li(+)@C60 (0.14 V vs SCE) than that of C60 (-0.43 V vs SCE). The rate constants of photoinduced electron transfer reactions of Li(+)@C60 and C60 were evaluated in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer to determine the reorganization energies of electron transfer. The reorganization energy of electron transfer of Li(+)@C60 was determined from the driving force dependence of electron transfer rate to be 1.01 eV, which is by 0.28 eV larger than that of C60 (0.73 eV), probably because of the change in electrostatic interaction of encapsulated Li(+) upon electron transfer in PhCN.
Brief Report: Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Reprogramming to Pluripotency Is a Rare Event and Selects for Patient Hematopoietic Cells Devoid of Leukemic Mutations (2017)

Induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming has provided critical insights into disease processes by modeling the genetics and related clinical pathophysiology. Human cancer represents highly diverse genetics, as well as inter- and intra-patient heterogeneity, where cellular model systems capable of capturing this disease complexity would be invaluable. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents one of most heterogeneous cancers and has been divided into genetic subtypes correlated with unique risk stratification over the decades. Here, we report our efforts to induce pluripotency from the heterogeneous population of human patients that represents this disease in the clinic. Using robust optimized reprogramming methods, we demonstrate that reprogramming of AML cells harboring leukemic genomic aberrations is a rare event with the exception of those with de novo mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) mutations that can be reprogrammed and model drug responses in vitro. Our findings indicate that unlike hematopoietic cells devoid of genomic aberrations, AML cells harboring driver mutations are refractory to reprogramming. Expression of MLL fusion proteins in AML cells did not contribute to induced reprogramming success, which continued to select for patient derived cells devoid of AML patient-specific aberrations. Our study reveals that unanticipated blockades to achieving pluripotency reside within the majority of transformed AML patient cells. Stem Cells 2017;35:2095-2102.
Members of the GADD45 Protein Family Show Distinct Propensities to form Toxic Amyloid-Like Aggregates in Physiological Conditions (2021)

The three members (GADD45α, GADD45β, and GADD45γ) of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) protein family are involved in a myriad of diversified cellular functions. With the aim of unravelling analogies and differences, we performed comparative biochemical and biophysical analyses on the three proteins. The characterization and quantification of their binding to the MKK7 kinase, a validated functional partner of GADD45β, indicate that GADD45α and GADD45γ are strong interactors of the kinase. Despite their remarkable sequence similarity, the three proteins present rather distinct biophysical properties. Indeed, while GADD45β and GADD45γ are marginally stable at physiological temperatures, GADD45α presents the Tm value expected for a protein isolated from a mesophilic organism. Surprisingly, GADD45α and GADD45β, when heated, form high-molecular weight species that exhibit features (ThT binding and intrinsic label-free UV/visible fluorescence) proper of amyloid-like aggregates. Cell viability studies demonstrate that they are endowed with a remarkable toxicity against SHSY-5Y and HepG2 cells. The very uncommon property of GADD45β to form cytotoxic species in near-physiological conditions represents a puzzling finding with potential functional implications. Finally, the low stability and/or the propensity to form toxic species of GADD45 proteins constitute important features that should be considered in interpreting their many functions.
Antiviral potential of interferon-omega on hepatitis B virus replication in human hepatoma cells. (1998)

Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and other cytokines are able to interfere with hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. However, a sustained antiviral effect is achieved only in 25% to 40% of the patients with chronic HBV infection and clearance of the virus rarely occurs, stressing the need for developing therapeutic alternatives. In this study the antiviral potential of a new recombinant interferon, IFN-omega was investigated. IFN-omega was assessed in comparison with IFN-alpha 2c, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha with respect to production of HBV proteins and DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells, a HBV-DNA transfected hepatoma cell line which produces infectious viral particles. Cells were seeded at different states of confluence (20%-90%) and treated with increasing concentrations of interferons (5 to 5,000 U/ml), TNF-alpha (5 to 500 ng/ml), or combinations of both for one to three days. IFN-omega reduced the production of HBsAg down to 59% of the untreated controls, which was comparable to the reduction obtained by treatment with IFN-alpha (60%), the standard interferon used for the treatment of chronic HBV infections. The strongest inhibition, however, was achieved by treatment with 500 ng/ml TNF-alpha (42%). Likewise, production of HBeAg and synthesis of HBV DNA were inhibited to similar degrees by the different interferons. In non-replicating high-density cultures only TNF-alpha was effective. IFN-omega is of similar antiviral potential as IFN-alpha in this in vitro experimental system.
Crystal Structure and Electrical/thermal Transport Properties of Li1-xSn2+xP2 and Its Performance as a Li-Ion Battery Anode Material (2021)

A new ternary layered pnictide, Li&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, was synthesized by a solid-state reaction and its properties were examined to explore its potential as a multifunctional material. The compound crystallizes in a layered structure in the R-3m space group with buckled honeycomb Sn-P layers separated by mixed-occupation Li/Sn layers. Crystal structure analysis using synchrotron X-ray diffraction showed that the substitution degree of Li by Sn (x) is approximately 0.3. Local ordering of Li/Sn occupation was demonstrated using &lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The lattice thermal conductivity of Li&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was found to be relatively low (1.2 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;K&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; at 525 K). The room-temperature electrical resistivity of Li&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was found to be 0.3-0.4 mohm cm and metallic conductivity was observed down to 0.5 K. First-principles calculations demonstrated that the electronic structure and Fermi energy of Li&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are significantly dependent upon x. Electrochemical measurements using a single-particle technique demonstrated the activity of Li&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Sn&lt;sub&gt;2+x&lt;/sub&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; as an anode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. &lt;br&gt;
Anatomy and White Matter Connections of the Superior Frontal Gyrus (2019)

The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is an important region implicated in a variety of tasks including motor movement, working memory, resting‐state, and cognitive control. A detailed understanding of the subcortical white matter of the SFG could improve postoperative morbidity related to surgery around this gyrus. Through DSI‐based fiber tractography validated by gross anatomical dissection, we characterized the fiber tracts of the SFG based on their relationships to other well‐known neuroanatomic structures. Diffusion imaging from the Human Connectome Project from 10 healthy adult subjects was used for fiber tractography. We evaluated the SFG as a whole based on its connectivity with other regions. All tracts were mapped in both hemispheres, and a lateralization index was calculated based on resultant tract volumes. Ten cadaveric dissections were then performed using a modified Klingler technique to delineate the location of major tracts integrated within the SFG. We identified four major SFG connections: the frontal aslant tract connecting to the inferior frontal gyrus; the inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus connecting to the cuneus, lingual gyrus, and superior parietal lobule; the cingulum connecting to the precuneus and parahippocampal gyrus/uncus; and a callosal fiber bundle connecting the SFG bilaterally. The functional networks of the SFG involve a complex series of white matter tracts integrated within the gyrus, including the FAT, IFOF, cingulum, and callosal fibers. Postsurgical outcomes related to this region may be better understood in the context of the fiber‐bundle anatomy highlighted in this study. Clin. Anat. 33:823–832, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serendipity and Four Polymorphic Structures of Benzidine, C12H12N2 (2006)

The search for a co-crystal of benzidine as a bifunctional hydrogen-bond donor with potential hydrogen-bond acceptors has instead revealed four polymorphs of the source material benzidine for which, somewhat surprisingly, no structure has been reported as of the November 2005 update of the CSD. All four structures are characterized by a rather unusual number of molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z' = 1.5, 3, and 4.5), which are found in only 0.25%, 0.4%, and 0.002% of structures in the CSD. Forms I and IV (Z' = 4.5) exhibit very similar crystal habits and are not distinguishable visually. In all forms except Form II (Z' = 3), one of the molecules lies on a crystallographic inversion center, requiring the molecule to be planar; other molecules are nonplanar. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic characterizations of the system, including at least two possible additional forms of benzidine obtained by HT polymorph screening are reported.
Methodologies for Identifying Microorganisms and Viruses by Mass Cataloging of RNAs (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction: The Importance of Microbial Genotyping Informatics: Enabling Aspects of 16S R RNA and Database Construction Experimental Methods: PCR, Transcription, and Enzymatic Fragmentation Database Comparison and Results: Typical Results of Bacterial and Viral Genotyping Discussion Acknowledgments References
Top quark search with the D0 1992–1993 data sample (1995)

We present results on the search for the top quark in pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collisions at \ensuremath{\surd}s =1.8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 13.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.6 ${\mathrm{pb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We have considered tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} production in the standard model using electron and muon dilepton decay channels (tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\mu}+jets, ee+jets, and \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}+jets) and single-lepton decay channels (tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e+jets and \ensuremath{\mu}+jets) with and without tagging of b quark jets. An analysis of these data optimized for top quark masses below 140 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ gives a lower top quark mass limit of 128 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$. An analysis optimized for higher top quark masses yields 9 events with an expected background of 3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9. If we assume that the excess is due to tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} production, and assuming a top quark mass of 180 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$, we obtain a cross section of 8.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.1 pb.
On the Feasibility and Efficacy of Protection Routing in IP Networks (2010)

With network components increasingly reliable, routing is playing an ever greater role in determining network reliability. This has spurred much activity in improving routing stability and reaction to failures, and rekindled interest in centralized routing solutions, at least within a single routing domain. Centralizing decisions eliminates uncertainty and many inconsistencies, and offers added flexibility in computing routes that meet different criteria. However, it also introduces new challenges; especially in reacting to failures where centralization can increase latency. This paper leverages the flexibility afforded by centralized routing to address these challenges. Specifically, we explore when and how standby backup forwarding options can be activated, while waiting for an update from the centralized server after the failure of an individual component (link or node). We provide analytical insight into the feasibility of such backups as a function of network structure, and quantify their computational complexity. We also develop an efficient heuristic reconciling protectability and performance, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a broad range of scenarios. The results should facilitate deployments of centralized routing solutions.
Single-Molecule Tracking in Living Cells Using Single Quantum Dot Applications (2012)

Revealing the behavior of single molecules in living cells is very useful for understanding cellular events. Quantum dot probes are particularly promising tools for revealing how biological events occur at the single molecule level both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we will introduce how single quantum dot applications are used for single molecule tracking. We will discuss how single quantum dot tracking has been used in several examples of complex biological processes, including membrane dynamics, neuronal function, selective transport mechanisms of the nuclear pore complex, and in vivo real-time observation. We also briefly discuss the prospects for single molecule tracking using advanced probes.
The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis Contributes to T Cell Dysfunction in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2012)

Abstract Abstract 1778 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a progressive accumulation of mature B lymphocytes and it is marked by profound defects in T cell function. The mechanisms responsible for T cell dysfunction remain unclear, even if several observations show that T cells from CLL patients express markers of chronic activation. One of this marker is Programmed death-1 (PD-1), a cell surface molecule that inhibits activation of immune cells and it is involved in tumor escape mechanisms through binding of the specific PD-L1 ligand. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression and function of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the CLL context. Using multiparameter flow cytometry, we showed that CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from CLL patients (n=117) express significantly higher levels of the PD-1 receptor, as compared to the same cell subpopulations purified from age- and sex-matched normal donors (n=33; 52% vs 34%, p &lt;0.001). In keeping with the notion that PD-1 is a marker of cell exhaustion, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from CLL patients displayed increased numbers of effector memory and terminally differentiated cells, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in naïve and central memory cells, when compared to controls. The number of effector memory and terminally differentiated cells positively associated with a more advanced stage of disease, treatment requirements and unfavorable genomic aberrations. Moreover, leukemic lymphocytes expressed higher levels of PD-L1 than circulating B lymphocytes from normal donors. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression significantly increased when T or B lymphocytes were treated with mitogenic signals, suggesting that this interaction might work efficiently in an activated environment. This hypothesis was tested by immunohistochemical analyses determining PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in the proliferation centers of lymph nodes sections from CLL patients. The results obtained indicate that PD-L1+ proliferating CLL cells are in close contact with CD4+/PD-1+ T lymphocytes. Lastly, functional experiments performed using anti-PD-1 antibodies or recombinant soluble PD-L1 clearly indicate that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis contributes to driving IL-4 secretion and to the inhibition of IFN-g production by CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, these results show that CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from CLL patients express high levels of the surface marker PD-1 and exhibit an exhausted phenotype, while B leukemic cells express the PD-L1 ligand. Functional data suggest that PD-1/PD-L1 interactions are critical in skewing the T cell compartment towards a Th2 phenotype, by impairing IFN-g secretion by CD8+ cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that pharmacological manipulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis might be relevant in restoring T cell functions in the CLL microenvironment. Disclosures: Inghirami: OncoEthix SA: Research Funding.
Stabilization of Z-RNA by chemical bromination and its recognition by anti-Z-DNA antibodies (1987)

Limited chemical bromination of poly[r(C-G)] (32% br8G, 26% br5C) results in partial modification of guanine C8 and cytosine C5, producing a mixture of A- and Z-RNA forms. The Z conformation in the brominated polynucleotide is stabilized at much lower ionic strength than in the unmodified polynucleotide. More extensive bromination of poly[r(C-G)] (greater than 49% br8G, 43% br5C) results in stabilization of a form of RNA having a Z-DNA-like (ZD) CD spectrum in low-salt, pH 7.0-7.5 buffers. Raising the ionic strength to 6 M NaBr or NaClO4 results in a transition in Br-poly[r(C-G)] to a Z-RNA (ZR) conformation as judged by CD spectroscopy. At lower ionic strength Z-DNA-like (ZD) and A-RNA conformations are also present. 1H NMR data demonstrate a 1/1 mixture of A- and Z-RNAs in 110 mM NaBr buffer at 37 degrees C. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments permit complete assignments of GH8, CH6, CH5, GH1', and CH1' resonances in both the A- and Z-forms. GH8----GH1' NOEs demonstrate the presence of both A- and Z-form GH8 resonances in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. The NMR results indicate that unbrominated guanine residues undergo transition to the syn conformation (Z-form). Raman scattering data are consistent with a mixture of A- and Z-RNAs in 110 mM NaCl buffer at 37 degrees C. Comparison with the spectrum of Z-DNA indicates that there may be different glycosidic torsion angles in Z-RNA and Z-DNA [Tinoco, I., Jr., Cruz, P., Davis, P., Hall, K., Hardin, C. C., Mathies, R. A., Puglisi, J. D., Trulson, M. O., Johnson, W. C., & Neilson, T. (1986) in Structure and Dynamics of RNA, pp 55-68, Plenum, New York].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Prevalence of Strongyles in Stabled and Pastured Horses in Vermont and Efficacy of Anthelmintic Programs in These Horses (2005)

Equine strongyle populations were studied on 5 farms in central Vermont in 2002. Fecal egg counts were used to estimate the prevalence of strongyle infections in horses that are permanently stabled with minimal access to grazing as compared with counts for horses on pasture year round. Egg counts for these horses were compared with counts for horses kept on pasture year round. Anthelmintic efficacy of various treatment programs against equine strongyles also was investigated by examination of fecal samples at intervals after treatment. Statistical analysis of the egg count data indicated there was no significant difference in fecal egg counts between stabled horses that had been treated 50 days
Least-energy optimization of forced convection plate-fin heat sinks (2003)

A coefficient of performance (COP/sub T/) analysis for plate fin heat sinks in forced convection is presented and shown to provide a viable technique for combining least-material optimization with the entropy minimization methodology. The COP/sub T/ metric relates the heat sink cooling capability to the invested fan pumping work and the thermodynamic work required to manufacture and assemble the heat sink. The proposed optimization methodology maximizes the forced convection cooling that can be achieved by a heat sink occupying a specified volume, with a fixed energy investment and entropy generation rate. In addition, the study identifies the presence of an optimal resource allocation ratio, providing the most favorable distribution of existing energy resources, between heat sink manufacturing and operation, over a fixed product life cycle.