gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calibration and application of a DSA Compact model for graphoepitaxy hole processes using contour-based metrology (2014)

Significant interest from the integrated circuit (IC) industry has been placed on directed selfassembly (DSA) for sub 10nm nodes. DSA is being considered as a cost reduction complementary process to multiple patterning (MP) and an enabler of new technology nodes. However, to realize the potential of this technology, it is essential to look holistically at the necessary infrastructure from the point of view of materials, hardware, software, process integration and design methodologies which enable its deployment in large volume manufacturing. One key aspect in enabling DSA processes is the ability to mirror functionality of full chip mask synthesis and verification methods of existing tools used in production. One of those critical components is the ability to accurately model the placement of the target phases in the DSA process with a given mask shape, as well as determining the conditions at which unwanted phase transitions start to occur. Self-consistent field theory and Monte Carlo1 simulators have the capability to probe and explore the mechanisms driving the different phases of a diblock copolymer system. While such methods are appropriate to study the nature of the self-assembly process, they are computationally expensive and they cannot be used to perform mask synthesis operations nor full chip verification. The nature of a compact model is to make a series of approximations allowing a simpler description of the problem in a way that the phenomena of interest can be sufficiently captured even if it is at the expense of its generality. In this case we focus our effort in establishing the minimum set of conditions that a compact model for the manufacture of contact holes using a grapho epitaxy process for a PS-PMMA diblock copolymer system needs. The processes uses etched short trenches as guiding patterns in which the vertical DSA cylinders are formed. By focusing in the phase of interest (i.e., cylinder forming conditions), it is possible to reformulate the problem in a phenomenological formulation which accounts for the interaction among cylinders, the volume fraction of the respective co-polymers and the interaction with the confinement walls. As such, a 2D approximation to the 3D environment can be applied too simplify thhe representation of the DSA process. This enables thee use of a 2D contour for compact model training and verification. Further simplification is not recommended due to the nature of the grapho-epitaxy guiding patterns, where a simple CD measurement is not sufficient to capture the 2D environment of post routed contact patterns for sub 10nm nodes. In this paper, we will study the application of the DSA compact model to a via layer of imec’s 7nm technology node standard cells. ArF immersion lithography will be used to pattern the guides, and the layout will be DSA compliant to determine the mask complexity as well as the sensitivity of the solution to mask biases for the contact layer.
Tart Cherry Intake Reduces Gouty Inflammation in Rats (2015)

Tart cherry is purported to reduce the number and duration of gout flares by anecdotal evidence and epidemiology studies. In gout, excessive serum uric acid combined with local tissue injury causes the uric acid crystal formation and local inflammation in joint synovial membranes. We showed in vitro that tart cherry phytochemicals like cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside and peonidin‐3‐glucoside can affect the activity of xanthine oxidase (which reduces uric acid synthesis) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (which reduces pro‐inflammatory prostaglandins). Tart cherry could then impact several features of gout. The air pouch model of gout is established for pharmaceuticals, but is not used for functional food studies. This model involves injecting air dorsally under the skin to create an environment modeling a synovial membrane; the pouch lining is irritated and develops granulation tissue consisting mainly of fibroblasts, macrophage and mast cells, modeling a gout flare. For three weeks, male Wistar rats (age 12 weeks) were fed either 1% whole tart cherry powder/99% AIN‐93M diet or AIN‐93M. After 6 days of skin distention, monosodium urate (10 mg/ml in PBS) or PBS was injected in the pouch, and serum and pouch tissue were harvested 24 hours later. Qualitatively, tart cherry significantly reduced the pouch size and formation of urate crystals in pouch tissue. Quantitatively, these effects correlated with reduced tissue NFκB activity and mRNA for pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Serum cytokines were unaffected by the air pouch and by tart cherry, but cherry non‐significantly reduced serum uric acid (‐23%, p=0.11). To our knowledge, this is the first animal study to demonstrate gout flare reduction by tart cherry; findings support clinical observations. Funding provided by the Cherry Marketing Institute.
Microwave heating of heterogeneously catalysed Suzuki reactions in a micro reactor (2004)

The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid to form biaryls has been used to illustrate the development of a microwave based technique capable of delivering heat locally to a heterogeneous Pd-supported catalyst located within a micro reactor device. A 10-15 nm gold film patch, located on the outside surface of the base of a glass micro reactor, was found to efficiently assist in the heating of the catalyst when irradiated with 5-7 W of microwave power at 2.45 GHz. Using a hydrodynamically pumped system, reactant-catalyst contact times of less than 60 s were found to give conversions for different substrates which were in the range 50-99%. Two methods of loading catalysts into the micro reactor were investigated which required either 1.5 or 6 mg of material.
2624. Viral Pneumonia in Children: Facing the Challenge Using the Host Response (2019)

Abstract Background Diagnosing viral pneumonia in children is challenging. Chest radiographic imaging and clinical findings cannot reliably distinguish viral from bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, pathogen-based diagnosis is limited by inaccessible site of infection and high asymptomatic detection rates. The objectives of this analysis were twofold: first, to establish pneumonia etiology by applying a rigorous expert panel process, and second, to evaluate whether a novel host-immune signature that integrates viral induced proteins TRAIL and IP-10 together with bacterial CRP, can accurately differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia. Methods This analysis included 1025 febrile children enrolled in two multi-center clinical studies that evaluated the host-immune signature performance: ‘Curiosity’ study (Oved et al., PLoS One 2015) and ‘Pathfinder’ study (Srugo et al., Pediatrics 2017). Pneumonia etiology – viral or bacterial – was determined by a panel of 3 independent experts, after reviewing patients’ clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and radiological data. Only cases with majority panel assignment were included. The host-signature generated one of the three results: viral, equivocal or bacterial, based on predetermined cut-offs. Results A total of 709 children were eligible for analysis and had an expert panel etiology determination. Of them, 114 were diagnosed with pneumonia: 51 assigned viral and 63 assigned bacterial (Figure 1). The signature separated viral from bacterial pneumonia with a sensitivity of 94% (95% CI: 85%–99%) and specificity of 95% (85%–99%) with 14% equivocal test results. Out of the 51 children diagnosed with viral pneumonia by the expert panel, 40 (78%) were given antibiotics, and 43 (83%) underwent chest x-ray evaluation. The signature correctly classified 42 of these 51 viral children, indicating its potential to reduce antibiotic overuse rates by 4.4-fold (from 78% to 18%; P &lt; 0.001) and chest x-ray examination by 4.8-fold (from 83% to 18%; P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion The TRAIL/IP-10/CRP signature exhibits high accuracy for diagnosing viral pneumonia in children. The signature’s potential to safely decrease unnecessary antibiotics and chest radiographic imaging should be examined in future utility studies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DECARBONYLATION REACTION OF IMIDAZOLE‐2‐CARBALDEHYDES IN ETHANOL (1979)

Abstract Aus den Imidazol‐2‐aldehyden (II) erhält man bei der Behandlung mit Säure neben den erwarteten Acetalen (I) die Decarbonylierungsprodukte (III), aus dem Salz (IV) entsteht das Decarbonylierungsprodukt (V).
Polarization-insensitive multiple-quantum-well traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators with 18 GHz bandwidth and 1.2 V driving voltage at 1.55 μm (2002)

Traveling-wave electroabsorption modulators (TEAM) fabricated with InGaAsP/InGaAsP quantum-wells show a modulation bandwidth of 18 GHz, and driving voltages of 1.20 and 1.28 V for 20 dB extinction ratio for TE and TM modes respectively at 1.55 /spl mu/m.
Ideal versus human observer for long-tailed point spread functions: does deconvolution help? (1991)

The ideal observer represents a Bayesian approach to performing detection tasks. Since such tasks are frequently used as a prototype tasks for radiological imaging systems, the detectability measured at the output of an ideal detector can be used as a figure of merit to characterize the imaging system. For the detectability achieved by the ideal observer to be a good figure of merit, it should predict the ability of the human observer to perform the same detection task. Of great general interest, especially to the medical community, are imaging devices with long-tailed point spread functions (PSFs). Such PSFs may occur due to septal penetration in collimators, veiling glare in image intensifiers or scattered radiation in the body. We have investigated the effect that this type of PSF has on human visual signal detection and whether any improvement in performance can be gained by deconvolving the tails of the PSF. For the ideal observer, it is straightforward to show that the performance is independent of any linear, invertible deconvolution filter. Our psychophysical studies show, however, that performance of the human observer is indeed improved by deconvolution. The ideal observer is, therefore, not a good predictor of human observer performance for detection of a signal imaged through a long-tailed PSF. We offer some explanations for this discrepancy by using some characteristics of the visual process and suggest a standard of comparison for the human observer that takes into account these characteristics. A look at the performance of the non-prewhitening (npw) ideal observer, before and after deconvolution, also brings some good insight into this study.
Antimicrobial Efficacy Study using a light disinfection device for Health Care-Associated Infections (2020)

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a global challenge especially in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Older people are more vulnerable to infection due to the senescence of their immune system, resulting in more frequent and longer hospitalization increased cost of care, hence greater workload. Even in the strict hospital environment, less than half of the environmental surfaces sampled were not properly cleaned and this poses a significant risk of disease transmission. In this study, new light-based surface disinfection technology can complement existing hospital practices to address an important public health problem. Its strategy is based on high-intensity narrow-wavelength (Hi-NW) light sources for surface decontamination of microorganisms commonly found in health care environments using synergic effects of blue LEDs at 405 &amp; 470 nm and UV LED at 278nm, which were not previously investigated together. A retrospective review of MDRO records has been conducted throughout the study period. Organisms were identified using special agar media and treatment with Hi-NW prototype was tested in the LTCF surfaces. The prototype results show 99.9% &amp; 88.9% bactericidal rate against MDROs for 5minutes and 2 minutes exposure time on flat surfaces, respectively. Work is still in progress for the 30-second cycle exposure of prototype. This discovery will support the use of the device as a high material compatibility technology with hospital items, or in other common areas, such as public areas and homes, where frequently touched surfaces play an important role in disease transmission. There is an utmost need for this tool to prevent the proliferation of MDROs
Supplementary Figure Legends from PP2A Inactivation Mediated by <i>PPP2R4</i> Haploinsufficiency Promotes Cancer Development (2023)

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A description logic based approach for IDS security information management (2006)

The upsurge of network distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on computer networks demands great effort in network security management. Currently, intrusion detection systems (IDS) are used to secure computer networks. However, IDS may generate a huge volume of alerts, making it hard for security administrators to uncover hidden attack scenarios. In this paper, we propose a description logic-based approach for IDS event semantic analysis, which allows inferring attack scenarios and enabling the attack knowledge semantic queries. With an attack knowledge base consisting of Abox and Tbox, IDS alerts are converted into machine-understandable uniform alert streams. The ontology and attack instances of the attack knowledge base are applied to derive attack scenarios. Then the attack semantic query is implemented by the spreading activation technique, which enables administrators to query the intrusion states of the networks
Energy-efficient data dissemination using beamforming in wireless sensor networks (2013)

Energy conservation is essential in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because of limited energy in nodes' batteries. Collaborative beamforming uses multiple transmitters to form antenna arrays; the electromagnetic waves from these antenna arrays can create constructive interferences at the receiver and increase the transmission distance. Each transmitter can use lower power and save energy, since the energy consumption is spread over multiple transmitters. Each beamforming transmission requires multiple collaborative transmitters. Repetitively using the same transmitters will deplete their energy and create coverage holes in the sensing area. To prevent holes, energy should be balanced by using different transmitters. This article investigates the factors that can affect the energy consumption and network lifetime when using beamforming. We present an algorithm for selecting the transmitters in order to prolong the network lifetime. Compared with an existing beamforming transmitters scheduling algorithm, our algorithm doubles the network lifetime. When compared with direct transmission or multihop transmissions towards a receiver far away from the sensing area, our approach can increase the network's lifetime substantially.
Trends in smartphone-supported medical education: A review of journal publications from 2007 to 2016 (2018)

Issues relevant to smartphone-supported mobile learning have been extensively discussed and investigated over the past years. Unlike general mobile devices, the advantages of smartphones, such as recording learning and portability, can cross formal and informal education. Smartphones can promote communication between health professionals; however, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the application and development trends of smartphone use in medical education. The present study systematically reviewed research articles published in international academic journals from 2007 to 2016, analyzed the application domains, subjects, and adopted learning strategies, and investigated the research issues of smartphone-supported medical education. The findings revealed that the application of smartphones in medical education and training has not gained much popularity over the past years. In addition to the changes in the software technology in smartphones and the rising number of studies on mobile learning in medical education, research issues have become increasingly diverse in recent years. Smartphone-supported learning has mainly been implemented to develop basic concepts of biomedical information and in information technology environments; moreover, applying smartphones in medical education did not extensively adopt such learning strategies as inquiry-based learning, contextual mobile learning, mindtools, game-based learning, or synchronous sharing. This indicates that most of the studies adopting smartphones focused on skills training and basic knowledge acquisition rather than on the development of learners’ higher-order thinking, for example, problem solving or critical thinking. On the other hand, it was found that the number of experimental studies related to smartphones has increased recently. The majority of research adopted questionnaire surveys and reported learners’ cognitive performances and concepts, while learning behaviors were seldom analyzed. Therefore, this study indicates the research trends and potential research issues of integrating smartphones into medical education, and provides suggestions and references for researchers, medical teachers, and decision-makers.
Split-Vertex Technique for Thickness-Accommodation in Origami-Based Mechanisms (2017)

A novel thickness-accommodation technique for origami based mechanisms is introduced. This technique modifies a zero-thickness pattern by splitting each vertex along the minor folds into a system of two vertices. The modified fold pattern then has thickness applied to it and the resulting mechanism is kinematically equivalent to the modified fold pattern. Origami patterns that are rigid-foldable and only have two panels that stack between folds are utilized in the technique. The technique produces thick origami mechanisms where all panels lie in a plane in the unfolded state without any holes or protrusions and maintain a single degree of freedom. Steps for synthesizing split-vertex mechanisms are presented and examples of split-vertex mechanisms are shown. Advantages and potential applications of the technique are discussed.
Tracking of Laparoscopic Instruments for the Visual Servoing of a robotized camera holder (2006)

International audience
Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of LDPE Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites Produced by Means of Melt Extrusion Process (2017)

Composites of LDPE filled with different amounts of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were prepared in form of films by means of precoating technique and single screw melt-extrusion using two types of screws, compression and mixing. This manufacturing process imposes strong anisotropy on the sample's morphology, in which the nanoplatelets become oriented along the extrusion direction. Such orientation of GnP in LDPE matrix is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observations and it yields unique electrical properties. As compared to pure LDPE, significant reductions of the through-plane conductivity are found for the composites at relatively low electric fields (<20 kV/mm) at low filler concentrations. Above the field level of 20 kV/mm, a crossover effect is observed that results in a strong field dependency of the conductivity where the non-linear behavior starts to dominate. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate a decrease in polymer crystallinity of the composite matrix with increasing filler content, whereas thermogravimetric (TG) analysis shows a slight increase in the material's thermal stability. Application of GnP also leads to improvement of mechanical properties, manifested by the increase of Young's modulus and tensile strength in both types of samples.
Erratum: Inhibiting activin-A signaling stimulates bone formation and prevents cancer-induced bone destruction in vivo (2012)

The authors have informed the editors of the JBMR that Figure 3C, appearing in [1], was based on data collected from a control group used in a previous study by the authors and shared with the study reported in [1]. The central panel in Figure 3C was inadvertently reproduced from the earlier work published by the authors in the JBMR. The following credit line should have appeared in the caption: Reproduced from Heath DJ, Chantry AD, Buckle CH, Coulton L, Shaughnessy JD, Evans ER, Snowden JA, Stover DR, Vanderkerken K, Croucher PI. Inhibiting dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) removes suppression of bone formation and prevents the development of osteolytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:425–436. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.081104. The authors regret the error.
Unexpected Formation of Pyrrolo[2,1‐b]thiazoles by Rearrangement of α‐Hydroxydihydro‐1,4‐thiazines. (2002)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The vanishing organization: organizational containment in a networked world (2018)

This chapter describes the meaning of some of the new features of modern organizational experience from the consultant's point of view, and presents some of the practical and theoretical tensions and dilemmas inherent in the world encountered by the consultant as part of his or her daily engagement. The organizational &quot;script&quot; is being continuously rewritten, via a process of continuous interactive negotiation. The organization produces and reproduces itself in an unceasing turmoil of change, but somehow remains stable, and well-bounded in its overall identity and patterning. As complexity in deregulated, networked environments threaten to escape central control mechanisms, so &quot;risks&quot; and risk management strategies proliferate. The nature of the psychological tie between workers and management, and all employees and the organizational unit, has altered. The psychological investment is in the work itself while the employing organization is little more than a convenient, and often temporary, location for practising one's professional competence.
Dependence of carrier escape lifetimes on quantum barrier thickness in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well photodetectors (2020)

We reported significant improvements in device speed by reducing the quantum barrier (QB) thicknesses in the InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) photodetectors (PDs). A 3-dB bandwidth of 700 MHz was achieved with a reverse bias of -6 V. Carrier escape lifetimes due to carrier trapping in the quantum wells (QWs) were obtained from both simulation and experimental fitting, identifying carrier trapping as the major speed limiting factor in the InGaN/GaN MQW PDs.
Genetics of Hypertension in African Americans and Others of African Descent (2019)

Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the United States, affecting up to one-third of adults. When compared to other ethnic or racial groups in the United States, African Americans and other people of African descent show a higher incidence of hypertension and its related comorbidities; however, the genetics of hypertension in these populations has not been studied adequately. Several genes have been identified to play a role in the genetics of hypertension. They include genes regulating the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system (RAAS), such as Sodium Channel Epithelial 1 Beta Subunit (<i>SCNN1B</i>), Armadillo Repeat Containing 5 (<i>ARMC5</i>), G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 <i>(GRK4</i>), and Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 D (<i>CACNA1D</i>). In this review, we focus on recent genetic findings available in the public domain for potential differences between African Americans and other populations. We also cover some recent and relevant discoveries in the field of low-renin hypertension from our laboratory at the National Institutes of Health. Understanding the different genetics of hypertension among various groups is essential for effective precision-guided medical therapy of high blood pressure.