gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emergence of metallicity in silver clusters in the 150 atom regime: a study of differently sized silver clusters (2014)

We report the systematic appearance of a plasmon-like optical absorption feature in silver clusters protected with 2-phenylethanethiol (PET), 4-flurothiophenol (4-FTP) and (4-(t-butyl)benzenethiol (BBS) as a function of cluster size. A wide range of clusters, namely, Ag₄₄(4-FTP)₃₀, Ag₅₅(PET)₃₁, ∼Ag₇₅(PET)₄₀, ∼Ag₁₁₄(PET)₄₆, Ag₁₅₂(PET)₆₀, ∼Ag₂₀₂(BBS)₇₀, ∼Ag₄₂₃(PET)₁₀₅, and ∼Ag₅₃₀(PET)₁₀₀ were prepared. The UV/Vis spectra show multiple features up to ∼Ag₁₁₄; and thereafter, from Ag₁₅₂ onwards, the plasmonic feature corresponding to a single peak at ∼460 nm evolves, which points to the emergence of metallicity in clusters composed of ∼150 metal atoms. A minor blue shift in the plasmonic peak was observed as cluster sizes increased and merged with the spectrum of plasmonic nanoparticles of 4.8 nm diameter protected with PET. Clusters with different ligands, such as 4-FTP and BBS, also show this behavior, which suggests that the 'emergence of metallicity' is independent of the functionality of the thiol ligand.
Near infra-red imaging with the radiative transfer equation: A comparative study with finite elements (2010)

This paper presents a comparative study of near infra-red optical tomography with the radiative transfer equation. The forward model is based on the least square finite element method associated to the discrete ordinates method. Comparative tests of reconstruction on noise free data of optical properties are carried out. The results show as expected that increasing the number of degrees of freedom of the coefficients improves the quality of the reconstruction. It is also seen that using discontinuous elements for the coefficients, gives better results than continuous one as they are well suited for handling the discontinuities in the coefficients field which is usually encountered in real applications.
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN FACTOR VIII INHIBITOR EPITOPES TO FACTOR VIII POLYPEPTIDES BY IMMUNOBLOTTING (1987)

In order to clarify human factor VIII inhibitor epitopes to factor VIII (F. VIII), we analyzed the inhibitor IgG developed in the patients with hemophilia A and autoimmune disease using immunoblotting of purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. IgG fractions were obtained from 6 cases of severe hemophilia A and one autoimmune disease. The titer of the inhibitor plasma ranged from 50 to 3,000 Bethesda units/ml. Purification of F. VIII from commercial F. VIII concentrate was performed by immunoadsorbent column chromatography using anti-von Willebrand factor monoclonal antibody and anti-fibrinogen, anti-fibronectin and anti-IgM goat antibodies and subsequently by Aminohexyl Sepharose column chromatography essentially according to the method of Fulcher et al.. The specific activity of the purified F. VIII was 2,700 units/mg. On sodium-dodecylsulfate (SDS) 5 to 10% gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), 80 kDa of a main fragment and a series of 90 to 210 kDa fragments were visualyzed by Coomassie blue staining. Immunoblotting of 5-10 ug of each of unreduced purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. followed by reaction with inhibitor IgG samples, monoclonal antihuman IgG-3 and IgG-4 antibodies and radiolabeled rabbit antimouse IgG. All inhibitor IgG samples reacted with both purified F. VIII and thrombin-degraded F. VIII. The pattern of reactivity of inhibitor antibodies was divided into three groups; 1) inhibitor IgG which reacted with 80 and 70 kDa derived from carboxy-terminus of the F. VIII molecule, 2) inhibitor IgG which reacted with 90 to 210 kDa and 54 and/or 44 kDa derived from amino-terminus of the F. VIII, and 3) inhibitor IgG which reacted with both of N- and C-terminus of the F. VIII. One inhibitor IgG belonged to group 3 strongly reacted with a series of higher molecular polypeptides of F. VIII ranged from 180 .to 210 kDa. One autoantibody IgG from the patient with autoimmune disease was also belonged to group 3. There was no relationship between the titer and the pattern of reactivity of each inhibitor plasma. In summary, there is a heterogeneity of F. VIII inhibitor epitopes to F. VIII molecules.
Correlation of In Vitro Drug-Sensitivity Testing Results With Response to Chemotherapy and Survival in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Clinical Trial (1990)

We devised a novel clinical protocol for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC), selecting chemotherapy whenever possible on the basis of in vitro drug-sensitivity testing (DST) of individual patients' tumor specimens. Most of the specimens were obtained from metastatic sites during routine staging procedures. Increase of tumor cell number by culture in selective media usually was required before DST could be performed. We used the Weisenthal dye exclusion assay to place the seven drugs in rank order and to select the in vitro best regimen (IVBR), a three-drug combination of proved efficacy in SCLC. After initial staging and specimen acquisition, patients received etoposide and cisplatin (primary therapy) and were restaged after 12 weeks. Patients with partial or no responses and those relapsing after a complete response to primary therapy were switched to the IVBR if DST data were available. If DST data were unavailable, an empiric combination, vincristine-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide, was administered as secondary therapy. Tumor-containing specimens were collected from 60 of the 80 patients (75%). One or more cell lines were established from 28 patients, and DST data were available from 26 patients (33% of total). Several parameters of in vitro drug sensitivity were significantly associated [two-sided P (P2) less than .05] with clinical response to primary therapy and also with response to the IVBR and were marginally associated with length of survival (.07 less than or equal to P2 less than or equal to .08). Sixteen patients (23%) received their IVBR as secondary therapy, and four of these (25%) attained a complete response, compared with three of 43 (7%) who received an empiric regimen (P2 = .16). We concluded that (a) selection of individualized chemotherapy is labor intensive but feasible in extensive-stage SCLC; (b) DST data are associated with clinical response to primary therapy and to secondary therapy with an IVBR; and (c) further observations will be required if we are to determine whether there is a modest therapeutic benefit to administering the IVBR as a secondary therapy.
Microstructures: Structure and Energetics of Dislocations at Micro‐Structured Complementary Interfaces Govern Adhesion (Adv. Funct. Mater. 27/2013) (2013)

On page 3453 Congrui Jin, Anand Jagota, and Chung-Yuen Hui report that patterns of interfacial dislocations between two elastomeric sheets, each with shape-complementary surface ridges and channels, allow the sheets to adhere strongly to each other despite some relative misorientation. The system may provide an experimental tool to assist in research on geometry-controlled adhesion and also provides a test bed for stability theories of interacting dislocations and crack fronts.
Hydroxyapatite‐coated magnesium implants with improved in vitro and in vivo biocorrosion, biocompatibility, and bone response (2013)

Magnesium and its alloys are candidate materials for biodegradable implants; however, excessively rapid corrosion behavior restricts their practical uses in biological systems. For such applications, surface modification is essential, and the use of anticorrosion coatings is considered as a promising avenue. In this study, we coated Mg with hydroxyapatite (HA) in an aqueous solution containing calcium and phosphate sources to improve its in vitro and in vivo biocorrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bone response. A layer of needle-shaped HA crystals was created uniformly on the Mg substrate even when the Mg sample had a complex shape of a screw. In addition, a dense HA-stratum between this layer and the Mg substrate was formed. This HA-coating layer remarkably reduced the corrosion rate of the Mg tested in a simulated body fluid. Moreover, the biological response, including cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, of the HA-coated samples was enhanced considerably compared to samples without a coating layer. The preliminary in vivo experiments also showed that the biocorrosion of the Mg implant was significantly retarded by HA coating, which resulted in good mechanical stability. In addition, in the case of the HA-coated implants, biodegradation was mitigated, particularly over the first 6 weeks of implantation. This considerably promoted bone growth at the interface between the implant and bone. These results confirmed that HA-coated Mg is a promising material for biomedical implant applications.
Coca-colonisation and the Diabesity Epidemic (2005)

Globalisation has dramatically changed the diet and exercise patterns in the developing world. Consequently, Western lifestyle diseases of obesity and diabetes are now in epidemic proportions. The problem is so wide spread that health authorities have coined a new term for this condition: diabesity.
Ion Optics (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Hybrid serial-output converter for integrated LED lighting applications (2016)

This paper introduces a high power density step-up converter for LED applications, based on a hybrid serial-output (HSO) architecture [1], which is suitable for on-chip implementation. In this system, the output voltage is formed by stacking the output of a switched-capacitor (SC) converter on top of a boost converter output. The high power density SC converter processes around a half of the power of the system and is left unregulated. The boost converter processes the remainder of the power and regulates the output voltage. In comparison with conventional boost-based solutions, the introduced boost-SC HSO drastically reduces the passive component volume and decreases peak voltage stress of switches. Experimental results obtained with a 3.7 V to 13 V, 2.6 W, 1080 kHz prototype show that the introduced SC-boost HSO converter has about three times smaller reactive component area than a conventional boost having the same power processing efficiency.
Unification of IT Systems and Facilities for Next-Generation Environmentally Friendly Data Centers (2012)

Fujitsu Laboratories is engaged in unified research and development on a global basis from low power consumption chips and system boards to server systems, networks and power-supply, cooling, and software technologies. We are taking a holistic approach to technology development and are building a value chain of energy-saving technologies. Leveraging this extensive expertise in technology development, we are now developing elemental technologies for achieving compact, next-generation environmentally friendly data centers that unify facility functions including power-feeding and cooling with information technology (IT) equipment such as servers, storage drives, and network devices. This article introduces Fujitsu’s pursuit of high energy-saving performance in data centers through diverse technologies such as micro-channels for efficiently transferring heat from central processing unit (CPU) chips to cooling water, a high-efficiency green uninterruptible power supply (UPS) integrated with each server’s power supply unit, multipoint temperature measurement using optical fiber for real-time visualization of the spatial temperature distribution within the data center, and simulation techniques for achieving efficient operation of a data center’s IT systems and facilities.
ChemInform Abstract: S‐Aryl Cysteine S,S‐Dioxides as Inhibitors of Mammalian Kynureninase. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CD34+CD38−lin− Cord Blood Cells Develop into Dendritic Cells in Human Thymic Stromal Monolayers and Thymic Nodules (1998)

Thymic dendritic cells (DCs) appear to have distinct biologic and functional properties compared with DCs in other tissues. Currently, little is known about human thymic DCs because they have been difficult to isolate and culture in vitro. Here, we report that human thymic stroma can support the development of primitive human hemopoietic stem cells into mature DCs without cytokine or serum supplementation. Coculture of CD34+CD38-lineage (lin)- and CD34+CD38+lin- umbilical cord blood cells with thymic stromal monolayers induced 43 +/- 17-fold and 32 +/- 16-fold expansions, respectively, of umbilical cord blood progenitors and also generated large numbers of cells with the morphologic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of mature DCs. These cells expressed class I and class II MHC, CD1a, CD2, CD4, CD11c, CD40, CD45, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and were potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell activation. Primitive hemopoietic progenitors also developed into mature DCs in a novel tissue culture system of thymic nodules wherein thymic epithelial cells and fibroblasts were grown in nodular aggregates in vitro. These results demonstrate that human thymic stroma efficiently supports the development of CD34+CD38-lin- cord blood cells into mature DCs. In addition, the culture conditions described in this report are useful systems for studying the ontogeny of human DCs in thymic microenvironments.
Optimization of multi-resolution source codes (2004)

What is an optimal multi-resolution source code? This thesis studies the optimization of multi-resolution source codes. A multi-resolution source code is a data compression algorithm that generates a bit-stream that can be truncated at any point to reconstruct low-resolution representations of the original data. By progressively refining the description, these codes allow the receiver to get representations of progressively increasing quality from a single file. 
The optimization methods presented here are based on the minimization of a Lagrangian performance measure, which is a weighted sum of rates and distortions at the different resolutions of the multi-resolution code. The Lagrangian coefficients are the weights that parameterize the priorities assigned to the resolutions. The relative value of these parameters can be set according to the user's preferences regarding which rates are more important, the probability of decoding the file at each possible rate, or any other prioritization rationale. We present a method for converting design constraints into the corresponding Lagrangian parameters. 
We also use a Lagrangian analysis to investigate optimality properties of multiresolution codes. Specifically, we explore the characterization of the theoretically optimal output density functions of a two-resolution source code for any arbitrary set of priorities over the resolutions. 
Once the priority function has been identified, the goal is to design the multiresolution code that yields the best rate-distortion trade-off for those priorities. The minimization of the multi-resolution Lagrangian is somewhat specific to the frame work and type of multi-resolution code. We pursue this goal in several coding frameworks. 
The first framework is the multi-resolution vector quantizer (MRVQ) framework. Prior work on the topic described optimal MRVQ design for both fixed- and variable-rate systems but implemented only fixed-rate codes. The earliest portion of this thesis began with the implementation of the earlier described algorithm for variable-rate MRVQ for use as a testbed for understanding the important question of how to choose the Lagrangian parameters for multi-resolution codes to meet a collection of desired constraints. 
Armed with a new understanding of parameter choice in the MRVQ framework, we moved next to the more sophisticated coding framework of wavelet-based embedded bit-plane coders. New results in this framework include improvements on the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) and the Group Testing for Wavelets (GTW) algorithms that apply the lessons learned from MRVQ theory in these more sophisticated wavelet coding frameworks. Experimental results demonstrate the performance benefits associated with this approach.
Characterizing Functional Domains for TIM-Mediated Enveloped Virus Entry (2014)

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) and other TIM family members are recently identified phosphatidylserine (PtdSer)-mediated virus entry-enhancing receptors (PVEERs). These proteins enhance virus entry by binding the phospholipid, PtdSer, present on the viral membrane. While it is known that the PtdSer binding is essential for the PVEER function of TIM-1, TIM-3 shares this binding activity but does not enhance virus entry. No comprehensive studies have been done to characterize the other domains of TIM-1. In this study, using a variety of chimeric proteins and deletion mutants, we define the features necessary for a functional PVEER. With these features in mind, we generated a TIM-1 mimic using functionally similar domains from other proteins. This mimic, like TIM-1, effectively enhanced transduction. These studies provide insight into the key features necessary for PVEERs and will allow for more effective identification of unknown PVEERs.
Monitoring of Cobalt and Cadmium in Daily Cosmetics Using Powder and Paper Optical Chemosensors (2022)

Daily used cosmetics may contain high levels of heavy metals which are added to improve the quality and shine of cosmetics but represent a threat to human health. In this report, powder- and paper-based optical nanosensors using mesoporous silica nanospheres as carriers were designed for determination of Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> in commonly used cosmetics. Powder optical chemosensors (POCs) were prepared via direct decoration of optical probes into a porous carrier. Paper-based chemosensors (PBCs) were designed via adsorbing the organic chromophore onto filter papers treated with mesoporous silica. POCs and PBCs were constructed with thick decoration of optical probes, leading to the formation of active surface centers for monitoring of Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> in cosmetic products. The uniform structures of POCs and PBCs have resulted in selective sensing and low detection limits up to parts per billion, wide detection range determination, and fast response (on the order of seconds). Digital image colorimetric analysis (DICA) was used to quantify the color of PBCs and deduce the corresponding concentrations of Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> using calibration curves. DICA data correlated well with that obtained from UV-vis spectrophotometry. The developed POCs and PBCs showed wide detection ranges of metal ions and a considerably low detection limit under optimal analysis conditions. The low limit of detection of Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> ions using POCs was 6.7 × 10<sup>-9</sup> and 3.5 × 10<sup>-9</sup> M, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time simple PBCs have been designed for monitoring Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> with detection limits of 2.2 × 10<sup>-7</sup> and 1.3 × 10<sup>-7</sup> M. A limited amount of manufactured POCs (about 20 mg) were used for all measurements, and commercial filter paper treated with mesoporous nanosphere silica was used for sensing Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> ions. The developed optical chemosensors had short regeneration times and exhibited high stability and surface functionality and are capable of monitoring Co<sup>2+</sup> and Cd<sup>2+</sup> in various cosmetic products.
Studies of a Radially-Symmetric Transit Time Oscillator - The Radial Acceletron (2000)

Abstract : The transit-time effect in a coaxial structure has been exploited to design and test a low impedance high power microwave source that uses no externally generated magnetic field and has no confining foil. An analytic model is used to extend a circuit model and estimate the values of the free parameters used in the circuit model and compares the analytical values to those obtained using two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell simulations. Further comparisons are made of the results of numerical solutions of the 1D circuit equations, 2D simulations, and initial experimental data. The Gemini pulser fitted with an extended Blumlein transmission line and located at the Air Force Research Laboratory/Phillips Research Site was used in the experiments to drive the Radial Acceletron. It is shown that the nonlinear relationship between voltage and current emission in a space-charge-limited diode drives an rf oscillation whose frequency is determined by the resonant characteristics of the annular diode cavity. The results from the 1D analysis and 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation are shown to be in excellent agreement, and both are in agreement with the experimental data analyzed to-date.
Tissue factor is required for uterine hemostasis and maintenance of the placental labyrinth during gestation (1999)

We employed a novel mouse line that expresses low levels of human tissue factor (TF) in the absence of murine TF to analyze the role of TF in gestation. Low-TF female mice had a 14-18% incidence of fatal postpartum uterine hemorrhage, suggesting that TF plays an important role in uterine hemostasis. Low-TF female mice mated with low-TF male mice had a 42% incidence of fatal midgestational hemorrhage (n = 41), whereas no fatal midgestational hemorrhages were observed in low-TF female mice mated with wild-type male mice (n = 43). Placentas of low-TF embryos from both low-TF and normal (+/-) TF females were abnormal and contained numerous maternal blood pools in the labyrinth. Placentas of TF null embryos surviving beyond embryonic day 10.5 exhibited similar defects. The mouse maternal-embryonic placental barrier consists of four cellular layers (layers I, II, and III and endothelial cells), where layer I lines the maternal lacunae. Comparison of TF-deficient placentas with control placentas by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses revealed thinning of layer I and a reduction in the number of cellular contacts of layer I trophoblasts spanning the maternal blood space between adjacent trabeculae. These structural changes in low-TF and TF null placentas result in enlarged maternal lacunae, as determined by morphometric analysis, and placental hemorrhage, which leads to midgestational death of low-TF female mice. This study demonstrated that TF is required for uterine hemostasis and revealed an unexpected role of TF in the maintenance of the placental labyrinth.