gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oncogenic HSP90 Facilitates Metabolic Alterations in Aggressive B-cell Lymphomas (2021)

HSP90 is critical for maintenance of the cellular proteostasis. In cancer cells, HSP90 also becomes a nucleating site for the stabilization of multiprotein complexes including signaling pathways and transcription complexes. Here we described the role of this HSP90 form, referred to as oncogenic HSP90, in the regulation of cytosolic metabolic pathways in proliferating B-cell lymphoma cells. Oncogenic HSP90 assisted in the organization of metabolic enzymes into non-membrane-bound functional compartments. Under experimental conditions that conserved cellular proteostasis, oncogenic HSP90 coordinated and sustained multiple metabolic pathways required for energy production and maintenance of cellular biomass as well as for secretion of extracellular metabolites. Conversely, inhibition of oncogenic HSP90, in absence of apparent client protein degradation, decreased the efficiency of MYC-driven metabolic reprogramming. This study reveals that oncogenic HSP90 supports metabolism in B-cell lymphoma cells and patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, providing a novel mechanism of activity for HSP90 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE: The oncogenic form of HSP90 organizes and maintains functional multienzymatic metabolic hubs in cancer cells, suggesting the potential of repurposing oncogenic HSP90 selective inhibitors to disrupt metabolism in lymphoma cells.
Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes – Controlling their Self-Assembly by Engineering the Lateral Substituents (2008)

Polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which can be regarded as two-dimensional subsections of graphite, have begun to attract increasing interest in supramolecular chemistry. Substituted hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBC), an outstanding class of PAH, are well-known to self-organize in solution into highly ordered columnar molecular stacks. The formed structures are very sensitive to any variation of the medium as well as the lateral substituents of the HBC derivatives. Various perfluoroalkylated HBC compounds have been prepared and investigated by powder XRD, DSC, fluorescence and cryo-SEM in order to gain certain control over the self-assembling behavior of this class of compounds.
Direct measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide photolysis rates in the troposphere (1982)

Direct measurements of the rate of O 3 photolysis to O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) and O( 1 D ) and of NO 2 photolysis to NO and O( 3 P ) are reported as photolysis frequencies j (O 3 ) and j (NO 2 ). The effects of solar zenith angle, total ozone column, cloud cover, aerosol loading, temperature, pressure, and altitude are examined. For a clear sky, zero albedo, and zenith angle between 0° and 65°, the expression j (NO 2 ) = 1.67 × 10 −2 exp (−0.575 sec θ) (s −1 ) gives NO 2 photolysis frequencies (photolysis rates per unit reactant) to within about 10% of the measured values, where θ is the solar zenith angle. Pressure has no measurable effect on j (NO 2 ) between 0.15 and 1.2 bars. Temperature has only a small effect between 230 and 400 K, which can be described in terms of an effective activation energy of 0.48±0.05 kJ mol −1 . Frequencies of ozone photolysis to O(1 D ) depend strongly on overhead ozone column and temperature as well as zenith angle; for 300 K, a clear sky, zero albedo, 45° zenith angle, 0.345‐cm ozone column, and altitude between 1.6 and 6 km, j (O 3 ) = 1.6(±0.25) × 10 −5 s −1 . From 300 to 273 K, j (O 3 ) drops by 40±3% for a 65° zenith angle and a 0.306‐cm ozone column; this value is not valid for different effective ozone columns. Measured photolysis frequencies show only weak dependence on altitude and aerosol loading. These frequencies were measured with instruments sensitive to radiation from the upward 2π sr only. Clouds dramatically reduce both photolysis frequencies, but they reduce the total radiation by a significantly larger factor. Airborne UV radiometers, calibrated against direct measurements of j (NO 2 ), were used to measure albedos of many surfaces. While natural surfaces such as vegetation and oceans have albedos near zero, dense clouds and snow have an albedo near unity. With increasing altitude, molecular and particulate scattering often increase the effective albedo with respect to photolysis frequencies.
Poly(NIPAAm-co-AAm)-gold nanoshell composites for optically-triggered cancer therapeutic delivery (2012)

Chemotherapy regimens, one of the most common cancer treatments, are often dictated by dose-limiting toxicities. Also, the largest hurdle for translating novel biological therapies such as siRNA into the clinic is lack of an efficient delivery mechanism to get the therapeutic into malignant cells. Both of these situations would benefit from a minimally-invasive controlled release system that only delivers a therapeutic to the site of malignant tissue. This thesis presents work towards the creation of such a delivery platform using two novel material components: a thermally responsive poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide] (NIPAAm-co-AAm) hydrogel and gold-silica nanoshells. Thermally responsive hydrogels undergo a physical property transition at their lower critical solution temperature (LCST). When transitioning from below to above the LCST, the hydrogel material expels large amounts of water and absorbed molecules. This phase change can be optically triggered by embedded gold-silica nanoshells, which rapidly transfer near-infrared (NIR) light energy into heat energy due to the surface plasmon resonance phenomena. When this material is loaded with absorbed drug molecules, drug release can be externally triggered by exposure to an NIR laser. Initial characterization of this material was accomplished using bulk hydrogel-nanoshell composites. Poly(NIPAAm-co-AAm)-nanoshell composites were synthesized via free radical polymerization. The LCST of the poly(NIPAAm-co-AAm) hydrogels was determined to be from 39-45 deg C, or slightly above physiologic temperature. The material was swollen in a drug solution of either doxorubicin (a common chemotherapeutic) or a 21bp dsDNA olgio (a model molecule for siRNA). Composites were then exposed to an 808 nm laser, which was found to trigger release of the therapeutics from the composite material. Further work has been done in translating this composite material to nano-scale sized particles, such that it could be injected intravenously, passively accumulate in tumor tissue, and be externally triggered to release therapeutics by exposure to an NIR laser. Sub-micron composite particles were synthesized using dissolvable gelatin templates with 500 nm wells. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicates that these particles consist of gold nanoshells surrounded by a hydrogel coating. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were used to show that these particles display the same thermal properties as seen in the bulk material: collapsing in response to increased temperatures or NIR light exposure. Ultimately, the work in this thesis advances the development of a minimally-invasive, optically-triggered drug delivery platform.
Dry reforming of methane over palladium–platinum on carbon nanotube catalyst (2018)

A dry reforming (DR) catalyst based on bimetallic Pd-Pt supported on carbon nanotubes is presented. The catalyst was prepared using a microwave-induced synthesis. It showed enhanced DR activity in the 773-923 K temperature range at 3 atm. Observed carbon balances between the reactant and product gases imply minimal carbon deposition. A global three-reaction (reversible) kinetic model-consisting of DR, reverse water gas shift, and CH<sub>4</sub> decomposition (MD)-adequately simulates the observed concentrations, product H<sub>2</sub>/CO ratios, and reactant conversions. Analysis shows that, under the conditions of this study, the DR and MD reactions are net forward and far from equilibrium, while the RWGS is near equilibrium.
Managed Aquifer Recharge: Transport and Attenuation in a Coastal Plain Aquifer (2019)

The Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) program is an initiative to replenish the Potomac aquifer system (PAS) using managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The SWIFT Research Center is a 1 MGD advanced water treatment facility producing reuse water suitable for MAR. In order to characterize flow distribution through a multiscreen recharge well and solute travel time, we analyzed tracer breakthrough curves using solute transport models modified using the method of superposition. Distinct breakthrough was observed in the upper and middle Potomac aquifers with travel time varying from approximately 2–37 days over a 50-ft radial distance. Approximately 73% of the recharge was delivered to 3 of the 11 well screens. Recharge flow to the lower Potomac aquifer was negligible as indicated by relatively slow breakthrough. Breakthrough curves were affected by recharge stoppages during the initial evaluation period with some screening locations exhibiting abrupt changes in specific conductivity during stoppages. Results of the initial groundwater recharge efforts are presented, including implications for full-scale implementation of SWIFT.
Efficiency of Dispatch ® and Infiltrator ® Cardiac Infusion Catheters in Arterial Localization of Nanoparticles in a Porcine Coronary Model of Restenosis (2002)

Localized intramural delivery of sustained release biodegradable nanoparticles containing an antiproliferative agent could provide prolonged drug effect at the site of vascular injury that could inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and hence restenosis. The efficiency of arterial localization of nanoparticles is crucial in maximizing the drug effect in the target tissue. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the comparative efficiency of the Dispatch and the Infiltrator cardiac infusion catheters to localize nanoparticles in the arterial wall. Following a standard balloon angioplasty procedure on the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in a porcine coronary model of restenosis, a suspension of nanoparticles containing a fluorescent marker was infused at the site of injury using either the Dispatch or the Infiltrator catheter. One hour following the infusion, animals were sacrificed and the nanoparticle levels in the LAD and other tissue were analyzed. The Dispatch catheter resulted in 3.3 folds greater efficiency of nanoparticle localization in the LAD than the Infiltrator catheter (309 +/- 124 vs. 93 +/- 43 microg/g of tissue, n = 6 for Dispatch and n = 5 for Infiltrator, p = 0.082, t-test). It is estimated that about 2% of the arterial volume can be displaced with the nanoparticle infusion. Fluorescence microscopy of the cross-sections of the LAD revealed greater fluorescence activity in the intimal layer with both the catheters, however the arteries infused using the Dispatch catheter demonstrated relatively higher degree of fluorescence activity in the medial and adventitial layers. The transmission electron microscopy of the arterial sections demonstrated infiltration of nanoparticles in the arterial wall and the histological analysis of the sections demonstrated no apparent damage to the endothelium due to the infusion of nanoparticles.
Photonically excited electron emission from modified graphitic nanopetal arrays (2013)

Efficient electron emission for energy conversion requires a low work function and a stable emitter material. The work function of graphene-based carbon materials can decrease significantly by intercalation with alkali metals, thus increasing their emission current. In this work, electron emission from potassium-intercalated carbon nanosheet extensions grown on electrode graphite is investigated. These petal-like structures, composed of 5-25 layers of graphene, are synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Samples are intercalated with potassium, and a hemispherical energy analyzer is used to measure the emission intensity caused by both thermal and photonic excitation. The emission from the potassium-intercalated structures is found to consistently decrease the work function by 2.4 to 2.8 eV relative to non-intercalated samples. High emission intensity induced by photonic excitation from a solar simulator, with a narrow electron energy distribution relative to established theory, suggests that electron scattering decreases emitted electron energy as compared to surface photoemission. A modified photoemission theory is applied to account for electron scattering, and the sample work function and mean number of scattering events are used as parameters to fit theory to experimental data. The thermal stability of the intercalated nanopetals is investigated, and after an initial heating and cooling cycle, the samples are stable at low temperatures. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Improvement of Isolated Myoclonus Phenotype in Myoclonus Dystonia after Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation (2016)

<strong>Background:</strong> Myoclonus–dystonia is a condition that manifests predominantly as myoclonic jerks with focal dystonia. It is genetically heterogeneous with most mutations in the epsilon sarcoglycan gene (<em>SGCE</em>). In medically refractory cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been shown to provide marked sustainable clinical improvement, especially in <em>SGCE</em>-positive patients. We present two patients with myoclonus–dystonia (one <em>SGCE</em> positive and the other SGCE negative) who have the isolated myoclonus phenotype and had DBS leads implanted in the bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi). <strong>Methods:</strong> We review their longitudinal Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale scores along with their DBS programming parameters and compare them with published cases in the literature. <strong>Results:</strong> Both patients demonstrated complete amelioration of all aspects of myoclonus within 6–12 months after surgery. The patient with the <em>SGCE</em>-negative mutation responded just as well as the patient who was <em>SGCE</em> positive. High-frequency stimulation (130 Hz) with amplitudes greater than 2.5 V provided therapeutic benefit. <strong>Discussion:</strong> This case series demonstrates that high frequency GPi-DBS is effective in treating isolated myoclonus in myoclonus–dystonia, regardless of the presence of <em>SGCE</em> mutation.
Soybean PI 416937 Root System Contributes to Biomass Accumulation in Reciprocal Grafts (1999)

Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introduction PI 416937 (PI4) has an extensive fibrous‐like root system that contributes to enhanced drought and Al tolerance. The root system of PI4 appears to be more highly nodulated than standard southern U.S. cultivars, and thus has potential for enhanced N 2 fixation. Genetic transfer of PI4 root system to soybean cultivars may lead to increased seed N at harvest through increased biomass or seed protein concentration. This hypothesis has not been tested. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of PI4 root system on plant productivity and protein accumulation in soybean seedling reciprocal grafts grown to maturity in the field. In three experiments, grafts were initiated 5 d after greenhouse planting by transversely severing the hypocotyl 2 cm below the apical meristem and transferring wedge‐cut scions to severed root stock. Plants were then transplanted and grown in the field. PI 416937 maintained its superior root fibrosity in graft combination with other genotype scions. In Exp. 2, at the end of the season, plants of non‐PI4 scions grafted to PI4 root stock averaged significantly higher in root fibrosity score (8.2) than the mean of their self‐grafts (6.0); however, when PI4 scions were grafted to root stock from other genotypes, the root fibrosity score decreased significantly (6.6) compared with PI4 self graft (8.4). Thus, grafting revealed that the root system itself, rather than the scion of PI4, regulates expression of the fibrous‐like rooting trait. Seed protein concentration did not increase significantly for genotype scions grafted to PI4 root stock. In Exp. 3, ‘Lee 74’ or N85‐492 grafted to PI4 root stock had significantly higher seed dry weight (161.1 g plant −1 for Lee 74 grafted to PI4 vs. 96.4 g plant −1 for the self‐graft; 129.5 g plant −1 for N85‐492 grafted to PI4 vs. 79.4 g plant −1 for the self‐graft). The fibrous‐like root system of PI4 enhances seed biomass when grafted to some non‐PI4 genotypes. The genetic transfer of the PI4 rooting trait to elite germplasm through applied breeding may lead to the development of more productive soybean lines.
Ex Vivo Analysis of Primary Tumor Specimens for Evaluation of Cancer Therapeutics (2020)

The use of <i>ex vivo</i> drug sensitivity testing to predict drug activity in individual patients has been actively explored for almost 50 years without delivering a generally useful predictive capability. However, extended failure should not be an indicator of futility. This is especially true in cancer research where ultimate success is often preceded by less successful attempts. For example, both immune- and genetic-based targeted therapies for cancer underwent numerous failed attempts before biological understanding, improved targets, and optimized drug development matured to facilitate an arsenal of transformational drugs. Similarly, the concept of directly assessing drug sensitivity of primary tumor biopsies-and the use of this information to help direct therapeutic approaches-has a long history with a definitive learning curve. In this review, we will survey the history of <i>ex vivo</i> testing as well as the current state of the art for this field. We will present an update on methodologies and approaches, describe the use of these technologies to test cutting-edge drug classes, and describe an increasingly nuanced understanding of tumor types and models for which this strategy is most likely to succeed. We will consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of predicting drug activity across the broad biological context of cancer patients and tumor types. This will include an analysis of the potential for <i>ex vivo</i> drug sensitivity testing to accurately predict drug activity within each of the biological hallmarks of cancer pathogenesis.
Endostatin-induced modulation of plasminogen activation with concomitant loss of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in cultured human endothelial cells. (2001)

Endostatin, a M(r) 20,000 fragment of collagen XVIII, is able to inhibit angiogenesis and induce apoptosis in endothelial cells in vivo. We analyzed the effectsof recombinant endostatin on human microvascular endothelial cells, focusing on pericellular plasminogen activation and its targeting by the focal adhesion-associated cytoskeletal structures. Analysis of the proteolytic plasminogen activator system revealed that endostatin modulates the distribution of soluble and cell surface-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor, type 1 (PAI-1). Casein zymographic and immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that endostatin exerts its effects by decreasing the levels of soluble uPA and PAI-1 and their complexes in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis of cell surface-associated uPA indicated that endostatin treatment caused the redistribution of receptor-bound uPA from focal contacts, resulting in diffuse cell surface staining. In accordance with this observation, immunofluorescence staining of the urokinase receptor revealed that endostatin treatment removed uPAR from focal adhesions. Accordingly, endostatin caused a rapid disassembly of focal adhesions as observed by immunofluorescence analysis of the focal adhesion proteins vinculin and paxillin. A prominent change in the cytoskeletal architecture was observed as the actin stress fiber network was dissociated in response to endostatin treatment. The effect of focal adhesion disassembly was reversible, persisting from 1 h up to 6 h. Our results suggest that the antiangiogenic activity of endostatin involves the modulation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers and the down-regulation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system.
Neurovascular, muscle, and skin changes on [18F]FDG PET/MRI in foot complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) (2020)

Abstract Background: The goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive visualization of muscular, neurovascular, and skin changes secondary to complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Methods: Seven adult patients with CRPS in the lower extremity and seven healthy adult controls participated in our [18F]FDG PET/MRI study. All participants received whole-body PET/MRI scans one hour after the injection of 10mCi [18F]FDG. Resulting PET/MRI images were reviewed by two radiologists. Metabolic and anatomic abnormalities identified, were grouped into muscular, neurovascular, and skin lesions. The [18F]FDG uptake of each lesion was compared with that of corresponding areas in controls using a Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: On PET images, muscular, neurovascular, and skin abnormalities were found in 5, 4 and 2 patients, respectively. However, on MRI images, no muscular abnormalities were detected. Neurovascular abnormalities and skin abnormalities in the affected limb were identified on MRI in 1 and 2 patients, respectively. The difference in [18F]FDG uptake between the patients and the controls was significant in muscle (p = 0.018) and neurovascular bundle (p = 0.0005). Conclusions: The increased uptake of [18F]FDG in the symptomatic areas likely reflects the increased metabolism due to the inflammatory response causing pain. Therefore, our approach combining metabolic ([18F]FDG PET) and anatomic (MRI) imaging may offer non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and progression of inflammatory changes associated with CRPS. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03195270. Registered 19 June 2017 - Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03195270
Freeform wave-guiding at infrared regime in two dimensional disordered photonic bandgap materials (2013)

We report the first experimental demonstration of guiding, bending and power-splitting of light in 2D disordered photonic bandgap materials at infrared wavelengths, along curved paths, around sharp bends of arbitrary angles, and through Y-shape junctions.
Solid‐State Image Sensors (2015)

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of solid‐state image sensor technology. It starts with a historical review of CCDs and MOS image sensors since the late 1960s. Then, the basic theory of silicon photon detection is presented. Pixel‐level optics is described next, followed by an analysis of photodetector quantum efficiency and modulation transfer function. Then, the various noise sources in solid‐state image sensors are reviewed, followed by a discussion about CCD and CMOS image sensor readout architectures. Finally, various methods for extending the dynamic range of solid‐state image sensors are reviewed.
Room Temperature Intramolecular Hydro‐O‐alkylation of Aldehydes: sp3 C—H Functionalization via a Lewis Acid Catalyzed Tandem 1,5‐Hydride Transfer/Cyclization. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.