gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Low-Temperature Epitaxy of Ge-based Semiconductors and Optoelectronic Structures on Si(100): Introducing Higher Order Germanes (Ge3H8, Ge4H10) (2012)

This paper reports the development and optimization of an enhanced process to produce viable quantities of trigermane, and controlled smaller quantities tetragermane, which are isolated as a mixture of perfectly stable isomers. The identity and fundamental structural properties of these higher order germanes (Ge3H8, and Ge4H10 isomers) are thoroughly characterized using spectroscopic methods and quantum chemical simulations. These hydride products are found to exhibit a remarkably good stability and “ease of use”, making them compatible with current industry standards. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that Ge3H8 and Ge4H10 both represent efficient and cost-effective precursors for ultra-low-temperature chemical vapor deposition of pure Ge and GeSn alloy films directly on Si(100) wafers, at conditions compatible with processes currently employed in next-generation group IV device designs. In the case of Ge the crystallinity of the resultant films is found of optical quality, in spite of the extremely low temperature processing, suggesting the potential for rapid adoption of the new processes into the device application arena. In the case of GeSn alloys, the high growth rates achieved at low temperatures (∼ 300 °C) allow the formation of highly concentrated bulk-like layers with unprecedented thicknesses compatible with Si-based photonic applications such as infrared (IR) emitters and detectors directly on Si wafers.
Genetic heterogeneity of KRAS-mutated NSCLC: Co-occurrence of potentially targetable aberrations and evolutionary background. (2016)

9018 Background: KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still remain therapeutically untargetable. Assuming that these mutations are not mutually exclusive with other driver aberrations, we set out this study in order to describe and analyze co-occurring mutations and their potential therapeutic impact. In a subset of patients with co-occuring driver mutations, we performed additionally whole-exome sequencing (WES) to define clonal and evolutional status of the mutations. Results were compared with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas' (TCGA) for NSCLC. Methods: In a timeframe of 20 months, 4507 patients of a local screening initiative (Network Genomic Medicine Lung Cancer) were analyzed using next-generation parallel sequencing (NGS). The NGS panel consisted of 102 amplicons and 14 genes: KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, NRAS, DDR2, TP53, ALK, CTNNB1, MET, AKT1, PTEN and MAP2K1. In subsets of patients, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed for MET, FGFR1, and HER2 amplification and for RET, ALK and ROS1rearrangements. Clinical parameters, therapy, survival and smoking status were also collected. Results: We identified 1207 patients (26.8%) harboring a KRAS mutation, whereof 1080 patients (89.5%) underwent the complete diagnostic panel. The most common mutation was G12C accounting for 41.2%. In a total of 308 patients (28.8%) additional aberrations could be detected, including MET (prevalence 15.3%), FGFR1 (5.0%) and HER2 (12.7%) amplification and mutations in PIK3CA (3.4%), DDR2 (4.4%), PTEN (1.9%), CTNNB1 (1.7%), BRAF (1.3%) and EGFR (1.4%). Less frequently, mutations within NRAS, AKT1, ALK, MET, and MAP2K1 could be detected. 459 patients (42.9%) had co-occurring TP53mutations.. WES on selected cases confirmed the presence of these mutations. Conclusions: To our knowlege our data represent the largest analysis of co-occuring mutations in KRAS- mutated NSCLC. They show that KRAS-mutated NSCLC represents a heterogenous group of tumors with a substantial portion harboring a wide spectrum of additional targetable mutations. Further studies will show whether these findings translate into new therapeutic options in KRAS-mutated NSCLC.
New Technology for Remote Testing of Response Time of Installed Thermocouples. Volume 1. Background and General Details (1992)

Abstract : A comprehensive research and development project was completed to provide new technology for remote testing of response time of thermocouples as installed in operating processes. A significant portion of this development depended on the Loop Current Step Response (LCSR) method. This method is based on heating the thermocouple internally by applying an electric current to its extension leads. The current produces Joule heating in the thermocouple and causes the thermocouple junction to settle several degrees above the ambient temperature. The current is then cut off and the thermocouple output is recorded as it cools to the ambient temperature. It has been established by experimental research and theoretical development carried out in this project that this cooling transient can be analyzed to provide the response time of the thermocouple under the conditions tested. With little additional effort, the equipment that was developed in this project can be adapted to provide a capability for in-situ assessment of static health, reliability, and accuracy of installed thermocouples.
GRS 2002: German Radar Symposium in Bonn, Germany (2003)

The German Radar Symposium (GRS 2002), organized jointly by the German Institute of Navigation (DGON) and by the Information Technology Society (VDE-ITG), attracted wide interest in the international radar community. It was held from September 3-5, 2002, in Bonn, the former capital city of Germany. The GRS 2002 programme covered a large scale of important radar topics. All classical topics like air traffic control, CFAR, antenna technology, signal processing and simulation papers have been presented and new results were demonstrated. These topics were combined with new applications like meteorology, subsurface, and automotive to underline the increase of interest in radar technology. Phased array antennas are the key elements of high performance multi-function radar systems which are studied all over the world. SAR and ISAR are, nowadays, essential radar techniques for civil and military observation and monitoring.
On the Nature of Organoindium Intermediates: the Formation of Readily Isolable Difluoropropargylindium Reagents and their Regioselectivity Towards Electrophilic Substitutions (2008)

The structure and reactivity of intermediate propargylindium complexes have been investigated. Their reaction with electrophiles produced a difluoroalkyne or -allene, depending on the nature of the electrophiles. A mechanism based on the Curtin-Hammett principle was invoked to explain this phenomenon. A newly proposed mechanism on the formation of indium(III) complexes, through the intermediacy of indium(I) species, could help to explain the reaction of indium with 1,1,1-difluorobromo-2-alkynes in the presence of aldehydes.
Supplementary Table 1 from Molecular Triage of Premalignant Lesions in Liquid-Based Cervical Cytology and Circulating Cell-Free DNA from Urine, Using a Panel of Methylated Human Papilloma Virus and Host Genes (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Patient characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;
Electrochemical preparation of tris( tert- butyldimethylsilyl)cyclopropene and its hydride abstraction to tris( tert- butyldimethylsilyl)cyclopropenium tetrafluoroborate (1999)

Electrochemical reductive tert-butyldimethylsilylation of tetrachlorocyclopropene to 1,2,3-tris(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)cyclopropene, a potential strained precursor for Diels-Alder and related cycloaddition reactions, is described. By hydride abstraction with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2,3-tris(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)cyclopropene is ionized quantitatively to Hückeloid 2pi aromatic tris(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)cyclopropenium tetrafluoroborate.
State of the Art in Dense Monocular Non-Rigid 3D Reconstruction (2022)

3D reconstruction of deformable (or non-rigid) scenes from a set of monocular 2D image observations is a long-standing and actively researched area of computer vision and graphics. It is an ill-posed inverse problem, since -- without additional prior assumptions -- it permits infinitely many solutions leading to accurate projection to the input 2D images. Non-rigid reconstruction is a foundational building block for downstream applications like robotics, AR/VR, or visual content creation. The key advantage of using monocular cameras is their omnipresence and availability to the end users as well as their ease of use compared to more sophisticated camera set-ups such as stereo or multi-view systems. This survey focuses on state-of-the-art methods for dense non-rigid 3D reconstruction of various deformable objects and composite scenes from monocular videos or sets of monocular views. It reviews the fundamentals of 3D reconstruction and deformation modeling from 2D image observations. We then start from general methods -- that handle arbitrary scenes and make only a few prior assumptions -- and proceed towards techniques making stronger assumptions about the observed objects and types of deformations (e.g. human faces, bodies, hands, and animals). A significant part of this STAR is also devoted to classification and a high-level comparison of the methods, as well as an overview of the datasets for training and evaluation of the discussed techniques. We conclude by discussing open challenges in the field and the social aspects associated with the usage of the reviewed methods.
Si photonics technology for future optical interconnection (2011)

Scaling of computing systems require ultra-efficient interconnects with large bandwidth density. Silicon photonics offers a disruptive solution with advantages in reach, energy efficiency and bandwidth density. We review our progress in developing building blocks for ultra-efficient WDM silicon photonic links. Employing microsolder based hybrid integration with low parasitics and high density, we optimize photonic devices on SOI platforms and VLSI circuits on more advanced bulk CMOS technology nodes independently. Progressively, we successfully demonstrated single channel hybrid silicon photonic transceivers at 5 Gbps and 10 Gbps, and 80 Gbps arrayed WDM silicon photonic transceiver using reverse biased depletion ring modulators and Ge waveguide photo detectors. Record-high energy efficiency of less than 100fJ/bit and 385 fJ/bit were achieved for the hybrid integrated transmitter and receiver, respectively. Waveguide grating based optical proximity couplers were developed with low loss and large optical bandwidth to enable multi-layer intra/inter-chip optical interconnects. Thermal engineering of WDM devices by selective substrate removal, together with WDM link using synthetic wavelength comb, we significantly improved the device tuning efficiency and reduced the tuning range. Using these innovative techniques, two orders of magnitude tuning power reduction was achieved. And tuning cost of only a few 10s of fJ/bit is expected for high data rate WDM silicon photonic links.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Dysregulation of EGFR Pathway in EphA2 Cell Subpopulation Significantly Associates with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Kaplan-Meier survival curves of (A) Ptpn12 (high versus low for EphA2high group) (B) Atf2 (high versus low for EphA2high group) and (C) Pik3CG (high versus low for EphA2high group) for cohorts in which results were significant. P-values were calculated using log-rank tests. Expression value thresholds for determining high and low groups were determined through maxstat R package. Tick marks represent censored data.&lt;/p&gt;
Emerging infectious diseases: A proactive approach (2017)

Infectious diseases are now emerging or reemerging almost every year. This trend will continue because a number of factors, including the increased global population, aging, travel, urbanization, and climate change, favor the emergence, evolution, and spread of new pathogens. The approach used so far for emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) does not work from the technical point of view, and it is not sustainable. However, the advent of platform technologies offers vaccine manufacturers an opportunity to develop new vaccines faster and to reduce the investment to build manufacturing facilities, in addition to allowing for the possible streamlining of regulatory processes. The new technologies also make possible the rapid development of human monoclonal antibodies that could become a potent immediate response to an emergency. So far, several proposals to approach EIDs have been made independently by scientists, the private sector, national governments, and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO). While each of them has merit, there is a need for a global governance that is capable of taking a strong leadership role and making it attractive to all partners to come to the same table and to coordinate the global approach.
Scalable Engineering of Quantum Optical Information Processing Architectures (SEQUOIA) (2016)

Abstract : The goals of this seedling program were to analyze requirements on key devices and algorithms to realize scalable photonic quantum information processing (QIP) systems that can significantly outperform classical / conventional computing methods. Specifically, we investigated resources requirements for linear optical quantum computing to achieve scalable quantum computation and a detailed resource-cost vs. performance study for using all-optical quantum computing to build quantum repeaters for long-range quantum-secured communications (viz., QKD).
Potent and Selective Inhibition of Human Cathepsin K Leads to Inhibition of Bone Resorption In Vivo in a Nonhuman Primate (2001)

Abstract Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease that plays an essential role in osteoclast-mediated degradation of the organic matrix of bone. Knockout of the enzyme in mice, as well as lack of functional enzyme in the human condition pycnodysostosis, results in osteopetrosis. These results suggests that inhibition of the human enzyme may provide protection from bone loss in states of elevated bone turnover, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. To test this theory, we have produced a small molecule inhibitor of human cathepsin K, SB-357114, that potently and selectively inhibits this enzyme (Ki = 0.16 nM). This compound potently inhibited cathepsin activity in situ, in human osteoclasts (inhibitor concentration [IC]50 = 70 nM) as well as bone resorption mediated by human osteoclasts in vitro (IC50 = 29 nM). Using SB-357114, we evaluated the effect of inhibition of cathepsin K on bone resorption in vivo using a nonhuman primate model of postmenopausal bone loss in which the active form of cathepsin K is identical to the human orthologue. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) was used to render cynomolgus monkeys estrogen deficient, which led to an increase in bone turnover. Treatment with SB-357114 (12 mg/kg subcutaneously) resulted in a significant reduction in serum markers of bone resorption relative to untreated controls. The effect was observed 1.5 h after the first dose and was maintained for 24 h. After 5 days of dosing, the reductions in N-terminal telopeptides (NTx) and C-terminal telopeptides (CTx) of type I collagen were 61% and 67%, respectively. A decrease in serum osteocalcin of 22% was also observed. These data show that inhibition of cathepsin K results in a significant reduction of bone resorption in vivo and provide further evidence that this may be a viable approach to the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Assessment of Trace Heavy Metals Contamination in the Tissues and Saliva of the Medicinal Leech Hirudinaria manillensis (2021)

Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in the tissues and saliva extracts of leeches (Hirudinaria manillensis) collected from Cheneh Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia were investigated. Concentrations of HMs like Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) were revealed by utilising Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Nearly all the examined HMs concentrations in the lake water were noted to be higher compared to the Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL) as per Interim National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (INWQS). Moreover, traces of HMs were discovered in tissues and saliva extracts of leeches. Such quantities may pose a health hazard to the patients upon an instant application of leeches on their skin. In this work, a novel technique was presented to decrease the level of metals in leech saliva by espousing a frequent washing process involving deionized or non-chlorinated water for three weeks. This process was extremely effectual in considerably decreasing HMs concentrations (P&lt;0.05), particularly Cd level (up to 99.7%) in saliva and Pb level (up to 92.38%) in tissues. Thus, a constant washing process might aid in harmless utilization of leeches for different conventional biomedical practices.
Prevalence of markers of HIV infection among febrile adults and children in Bo, Sierra Leone, 2012–2013 (2017)

A total of 1207 febrile persons were tested for HIV with Determine™ and SD Bioline rapid diagnostic tests kits that detect the presence of HIV antibodies and HIV p24 antigens. The overall prevalence of HIV among the tested patients was 8.9%, which is considerably higher than the < 2% prevalence of HIV reported previously in the general population. While these results are not sufficient to prove a causal relationship, the obtained data imply that HIV positive individuals may be more likely to suffer from febrile infectious diseases than individuals without HIV infection. Increasing the availability and use of HIV testing services will allow antiretroviral therapy to be accessed in a timely manner and improve health status among people living with HIV.
High efficiency, high energy, CEP-stabilized infrared optical parametric amplifier (2014)

A high efficiency, tunable, carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) stabilized near-infrared optical parametric amplifier (OPA) is demonstrated with just a single BBO crystal. A white-light continuum produced by a CEP-stabilized laser is seeded into the two stages of the type II OPA system. We achieved a pump-to-signal conversion efficiency of 34% with a single nonlinear crystal. To our knowledge this is the highest conversion efficiency reported in broadband optical parametric amplification, using the two stages. This work demonstrates a compact way to for tunable femtosecond pulses with CEP stabilization.
Fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the same isolated semiconductor nanocrystals (2002)

We present a method to establish a correlation between the crystalline structure and the fluorescence properties of isolated semiconductor nanocrystals. By using ultrathin silicon nitride substrates with markers, we have localized and investigated the same particles in both a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a confocal optical microscope. We have found that the observation of strong fluorescence emission does not require single domain particles. Additionally, we have correlated the size and shape of a particle as determined by TEM and its spectral properties like emission wavelength and spectral diffusion.
Time reversal in wireless communications: a measurement-based investigation (2006)

Interference caused by other users in a multi-user environment degrades the system performance significantly. Conventionally, user separation in a multi-user environment is achieved by signal separation in time, frequency or code. The use of multiple elements antenna (MEA) systems can apply separation of the users in space by targeting the transmitted power to the user of interest. Inevitably in that case, the separation is not ideal and there is interference on the other users in the systems. Moreover in a wideband transmission, frequency selective fading causing inter symbol interference (ISI) is a big challenge for point to point wireless communications. In this paper, we study the feasibility of applying the time reversal technique (TR) in multiple input single output (MISO) systems to alleviate the effect of ISI. The ability of TR to focus the signal on the receiver of interest in a multi-user environment is also considered. The studies are supported by measured complex channel impulse responses with 10 MHz bandwidth centered at 2.14 GHz. For an 8/spl times/1 MISO system, using TR the root mean square delay spread is reduced by a factor of 2. To evaluate the capability of the TR in reducing the ISI, simulation of the bit error rate (BER) was made. The irreducible BER of the TR-MISO system was shown to be lower than that of the SISO system by at least an order of magnitude. By using TR and assuming that two users are communicating simultaneously with the same BS the two signals have 17 dB of isolation.
Mitogenic effects of purified outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1980)

Three major outer membrane proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 were purified and tested for their ability to stimulate resting murine lymphocytes to proliferate. It was demonstrated that picomole amounts of all three proteins were mitogenic for both intact and T-lymphocyte-depleted populations of spleen cells from C3H/HeJ mice. In contrast, they had no activity against either mature or immature thymocytes. Since the strain of mice used is unable to respond to lipopolysaccharide, we condlude that the three proteins are B-cell mitogens.
Wall clutter removal in Doppler ultrasound using principal component pursuit (2018)

Doppler ultrasound is a widely used technique for blood vessel detection and measurement. One important preprocessing procedure in Doppler ultrasound systems is the suppression of thermal noise and tissue clutter. This is typically done using high-pass filters. However, such filters have limited performance when the blood signals and tissue clutter have overlapping spectra. Recently, spatio-temporal filters based on singular value decomposition (SVD)have been proposed as an alternative, but they still suffer from tissue motion and thermal noise. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a novel technique for the removal of thermal noise, tissue clutter, and tissue motion artifact. The technique is based on principal component pursuit (PCP), which alternates low-rank approximations of the blood signals and projects the signals onto the ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm ball. We also present the characterization of the performance of the PCP technique in simulation and phantom experiments, which shows substantial improvement in noise and clutter suppression. Compared to conventional filters, power Doppler images produced from signals filtered with PCP resulted in an improvement in SNR as high as 11 dB.