gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introducing 3D-potting: a novel production process for artificial membrane lungs with superior blood flow design (2021)

Abstract Currently, artificial-membrane lungs consist of thousands of hollow fiber membranes where blood flows around the fibers and gas flows inside the fibers, achieving diffusive gas exchange. At both ends of the fibers, the interspaces between the hollow fiber membranes and the plastic housing are filled with glue to separate the gas from the blood phase. During a uniaxial centrifugation process, the glue forms the “potting.” The shape of the cured potting is then determined by the centrifugation process, limiting design possibilities and leading to unfavorable stagnation zones associated with blood clotting. In this study, a new multiaxial centrifugation process was developed, expanding the possible shapes of the potting and allowing for completely new module designs with potentially superior blood flow guidance within the potting margins. Two-phase simulations of the process in conceptual artificial lungs were performed to explore the possibilities of a biaxial centrifugation process and determine suitable parameter sets. A corresponding biaxial centrifugation setup was built to prove feasibility and experimentally validate four conceptual designs, resulting in good agreement with the simulations. In summary, this study shows the feasibility of a multiaxial centrifugation process allowing greater variety in potting shapes, eliminating inefficient stagnation zones and more favorable blood flow conditions in artificial lungs. Graphic abstract
Identification and in Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of Long Acting and Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4-R) Selective α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (α-MSH) Analogues (2012)

We report in vitro and in vivo data of new α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) analogues which are N-terminal modified with a long chain fatty acid derivative. While keeping the pharmacophoric motif (d-Phe-Arg-Trp) fixed, we tried to improve selectivity and physicochemical parameters like solubility and stability of these analogues by replacing amino acids further away from the motif. Receptor specific changes in binding affinity to the melanocortin receptors were observed between the acetyl derivatives and the fatty acid analogues. Furthermore, amino acids at the N-terminal of α-MSH (Ser-Tyr-Ser) not considered to be part of the pharmacophore were found to have an influence on the MC4/MC1 receptor selectivity. While the acetyl analogues have an in vivo effect for around 7 h, the long chain fatty acid analogues have an effect up to 48 h in an acute feeding study in male Sprague-Dawley rats after a single subcutaneous administration.
Distribution of seismic scatterers in the San Jacinto Fault Zone, southeast of Anza, California, based on passive matrix imaging (2021)

Fault zones are associated with multi-scale heterogeneities of rock properties. Large scale variations may be imaged with conventional seismic reflection methods that detect offsets in geological units, and tomographic techniques that provide average seismic velocities in resolved volumes. However, characterizing elementary localized inhomogeneities of fault zones, such as cracks and fractures, constitutes a challenge for conventional techniques. Resolving these small-scale heterogeneities can provide detailed information for structural and mechanical models of fault zones. Recently, the reflection matrix approach utilizing body wave reflections in ambient noise cross-correlations was extended with the introduction of aberration corrections to handle the actual lateral velocity variations in the fault zone [Touma et al., Geophys. J. Int. 226, 780-794, 2021]. Here this method is applied further to analyze the distribution of scatterers in the first few kilometers of the crust in the San Jacinto Fault Zone at the Sage Brush Flat (SGB) site, southeast of Anza, California. The matrix approach allows us to image not only specular reflectors but also to resolve the presence, location and intensity of scatterers of seismic waves starting with a simple homogeneous background velocity model of the medium. The derived three-dimensional image of the fault zone resolves lateral variations of scattering properties in the region within and around the surface fault traces, as well as differences between the Northwest (NW) and the Southeast (SE) parts of the study area. A localized intense damage zone at depth is observed in the SE section, suggesting that a geometrical complexity of the fault zone at depth induces ongoing generation of rock damage.
COMPARATIVE GENOMICS ANALYSES OF CITRUS-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA (2004)

Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c (XF-9a5c) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (XAC) are bacteria that infect citrus plants. Sequencing of the genomes of these strains is complete and comparative analyses are now under way with the genomes of other bacteria of the same genera. In this review, we present an overview of this comparative genomic work. We also present a detailed genomic comparison between XF-9a5a and XAC. Based on this analysis, genes and operons were identified that might be relevant for adaptation to citrus. XAC has two copies of a type II secretion system, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes and sugar transporters, a complete energy metabolism, a whole set of avirulence genes associated with a type III secretion system, and a complete flagellar and chemotatic system. By contrast, XF-9a5c possesses more genes involved with type IV pili biosynthesis than does XAC, contains genes encoding for production of colicins, and has 4 copies of Type I restriction/modification system while XAC has only one.
A Prospective Randomized Trial of Povidone-Iodine Prophylactic Cleansing of the Rectum Before Transrectal Ultrasound Guided Prostate Biopsy (2012)

Rectal cleansing with povidone-iodine before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy was safe, but the 42% relative risk reduction of infectious complications was not statistically significant. Patients who have received ciprofloxacin within 3 months of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy should be considered for alternate prophylaxis or possibly a delay of biopsy beyond 3 months.
Asymmetric Organozincate Additions to Ethyl 2,2,2-Trifluoropyruvate (2007)

A chromatography-free synthesis of enantiomerically enriched chiral α-trifluoromethyl α-hydroxy acids prepared via an asymmetric (R)-BINOL-mediated organozincate addition to ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoropyruvate (1) is reported.
Diffusion-controlled reactions among spherical traps: Effect of polydispersity in trap size (1989)

We consider determining the steady-state trapping rate k associated with diffusion-controlled reactions among static, spherical traps with a polydispersity in trap size. Both discrete and continuous size distributions are examined. Theoretical methods, such as rigorous bounds and survival-probability theory, as well as computer-simulation techniques, are employed to address this problem. It is found that the trapping rate for the polydisperse system generally increases or decreases (relative to the monodisperse case) depending upon whether the relative interfacial surface area increases or decreases.
High-density and low-leakage novel embedded 3D MIM capacitor on Si interposer (2016)

In this work we present a novel technique to fabricate embedded 3D MIM capacitor on Si interposer showing capacitance densities as high as 96 nF/mm2 and low leakage current of 1.5 pA/nF, while having a breakdown voltage of 10.5 V and > 10 years lifetime (T50%@1V, 100 ˚C = 5.18e16 s).
The Variability of Winds and Fluxes Observed Near Submesoscale Fronts (2019)

Abstract Submesoscale oceanic fronts (SFs), which typically occur on a spatial scale of 0.1–10 km, may have a large influence on the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). However, due to their short temporal‐spatial scales, evaluating their direct impact on this layer remains challenging and characterizing the nature of SF‐ASL interaction has not been done in the field. To address this, a study of the air‐sea response to SFs was conducted using observations collected during the Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment, which took place in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This manuscript focuses on the meteorological measurements made from a pair of masts installed on the bow of the R/V Walton Smith . This work represents one of the first observation‐based investigations into the potential influence that SFs have on the ASL. Contemporaneous measurements from an X‐band marine radar, moving vessel profiler, and Lagrangian drifters were also used to analyze the SF dynamics. Systematic surface wind velocity changes over several cross‐frontal transects were observed, a process previously associated with mesoscale fronts. A comparison between the eddy covariance and parameterized (COARE 3.5) air‐sea fluxes revealed that the directly observed heat flux was 1.5 times larger than the bulk value in the vicinity of the SFs. This suggests that the hydrodynamic processes near the front enhance the local exchange of sensible and latent heat. Given the prevalence of SF over the global upper ocean, these findings suggest that these features may have a widely distributed and cumulative impact on air‐sea interactions.
Limb lengthening promotes muscle growth (1997)

Studies of limb lengthening have demonstrated successful bone formation in the distraction gap. Failure of the muscle units to lengthen leads to many complications that significantly limit the success of this approach; it is, therefore, of paramount importance to characterize the behavior of the muscle during limb lengthening. In this study, tibiae of adult rabbits were lengthened for 10 days at a rate of 1 mm/day. The proliferative ability of the lengthened muscle was characterized using bromodeoxyuridine, a thymidine analogue that is incorporated during cell division, and desmin, a muscle-specific marker. We observed a large number of proliferating cells, specifically in the lengthened muscle, that were co-localized with many desmin-positive cells. The presence of bromodeoxyuridine nuclei inside desmin-positive muscle fibers suggests that limb lengthening promotes muscle growth by triggering myoblast proliferation and fusion into the lengthened muscle. Our findings are consistent with those of other studies in the reviewed literature that also suggest that limb lengthening promotes muscle growth.
Thermal Frequency Imaging: A New Application of Laser Voltage Imaging Applied on 40nm Technology (2011)

Abstract For Very Deep submicron Technologies, techniques based on the analysis of reflected laser beam properties are widely used. The Laser Voltage Imaging (LVI) technique, introduced in 2009, allows mapping frequencies through the backside of integrated circuit. In this paper, we propose a new technique based on the LVI technique to debug a scan chain related issue. We describe the method to use LVI, usually dedicated to frequency mapping of digital active parts, in a way that enables localization of resistive leakage. Origin of this signal is investigated on a 40nm case study. This signal can be properly understood when two different effects, charge carrier density variations (LVI) and thermo reflectance effect (Thermal Frequency Imaging, TFI), are taken into account.
Differential risk factor profile of diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural, sub‐urban and urban regions of South India: The KMCH‐Non‐communicable disease studies (2020)

Diabetes and atherosclerosis burden reported in the three different communities were higher than previous reports, especially in rural and sub-urban regions. No traditional risk factor is identified to be associated with prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural population. These findings suggest an urgent need for investigation into the role of non-traditional risk factors like environmental or occupational exposures may help to better understand the aetiology of diseases in non-urbanized communities.
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry-Based Optochin Susceptibility Testing for Differentiation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from other Streptococcus mitis Group Streptococci (2021)

Discrimination of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> from other <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> group (SMG) species is still challenging but very important due to their different pathogenic potential. In this study, we aimed to develop a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based optochin susceptibility test with an objective read-out. Optimal test performance was established and evaluated by testing consecutively collected respiratory isolates. Optochin in different concentrations as a potential breakpoint concentration was added to a standardized inoculum. Droplets of 6 µL with optochin and, as growth control, without optochin were spotted onto a MALDI target. Targets were incubated in a humidity chamber, followed by medium removal and on-target protein extraction with formic acid before adding matrix with an internal standard. Spectra were acquired, and results were interpreted as <i>S. pneumoniae</i> in the case of optochin susceptibility (no growth), or as non-<i>S. pneumoniae</i> in the case of optochin non-susceptibility (growth). Highest test accuracy was achieved after 20 h incubation time (95.7%). Rapid testing after 12 h incubation time (optochin breakpoint 2 µg/mL; correct classification 100%, validity 62.5%) requires improvement by optimization of assay conditions. The feasibility of the MALDI-TOF MS-based optochin susceptibility test was demonstrated in this proof-of-principle study; however, confirmation and further improvements are warranted.
Classification of multiple sclerosis patients by latent class analysis of magnetic resonance imaging characteristics (2006)

Latent class analysis offers a feasible approach for classifying subgroups of MS patients based on the presence of MRI characteristics. The reproducibility, longitudinal evolution and further clinical or prognostic relevance of the observed classification will have to be explored in a larger and independent sample of patients.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF Tl–BASED SUPERCONDUCTORS PREPARED BY LIQUID-GAS-SOLIDIFICATION PROCESS (1989)

Tl-based superconducting oxides have been fabricated by a novel liquid-gas solidification (LGS) process. The resultant oxides exhibit onset temperature of 120 K and zero-resistance above 113 K. Critical current densities J c obtained from dynamic hysteresis loops at a sweep rate 15.4 kOe/min and H a = 9 kOe are ~ 10 6 A/cm 2 at 10 K and ~ 5 × 10 4 A/cm 2 at 60 K. Appreciable time effects on magnetic hysteresis loops are seen at 77 K.
Real-Time Physiological Measurement and Visualization Using a Synchronized Multi-camera System (2016)

Remote physiological measurement has widespread implications in healthcare and affective computing. This paper presents an efficient system for remotely measuring heart rate and heart rate variability using multiple low-cost digital cameras in real-time. We combine an RGB camera, monochrome camera with color filter and a thermal camera to recover the blood volume pulse (BVP). We show that using multiple cameras in synchrony yields the most accurate recovery of the BVP signal. The RGB combination is not optimal. We show that the thermal camera improves performance of measurement under dynamic ambient lighting but the thermal camera alone is not enough and accuracy can be improved by adding more spectral channels. We present a real-time prototype that allows accurate physiological measurement combined with a novel user interface to visualize changes in heart rate and heart rate variability. Finally, we propose how this system might be used for applications such as patient monitoring.
Code length limit in phase-sensitive OTDR using ultralong (>1M bits) pulse sequences due to fading induced by fiber optical path drifts (2017)

Recently, it has been demonstrated that by recovering the amplitude and phase of the backscattered optical signal, a &Phi;OTDR using pulse coding can be treated as a fully linear system in terms of trace coding/decoding, thus allowing for the use of tens of thousands of bits with a dramatic improvement of the system performance. In this communication, as a continuation of previous work by the same authors, a preliminary study aiming at characterizing the limits of the system in terms of maximum usable code length is presented. Using a code exceeding 1million bits over a duration of 0.26ms, it is observed that fiber optical path variations exceeding &asymp;&pi; occurring over a time inferior to the pulse code length can lead to localized fading in the &Phi;OTDR trace. The occurrence, positions and form of the fading points along the &Phi;OTDR trace is observed to be strongly dependent on the type, frequency and amplitude of the perturbations applied to the fiber.
High Fmax GaN-HEMT with High Breakdown Voltage for Millimeter-Wave Applications (2007)

The state-of-the-art GaN high electron mobility transistors (GaN-HEMTs) technology for millimeter-wave amplifiers is described in this paper. A high maximum frequency of an oscillation (fmax) device with high breakdown voltage (BVgd) was focused on to improve the gain, efficiency, and reliability of the millimeter-wave amplifier. In this study, we demonstrated a high fmax of 180 GHz with a BVgd of 190 V using a novel Y-shaped Schottky gate and n-type doped GaN cap structure. The effects of the AlGaN layer, device dimensions, and sheet resistance were investigated to obtain a highly reliable W- band power amplifier. Index Terms — Semiconductor devices, Millimeter-wave FETs, power amplifiers.
Reconciliation of essential process parameters for an enhanced predictability of Arctic stratospheric ozone loss and its climate interactions (RECONCILE): activities and results (2013)

Abstract. The international research project RECONCILE has addressed central questions regarding polar ozone depletion, with the objective to quantify some of the most relevant yet still uncertain physical and chemical processes and thereby improve prognostic modelling capabilities to realistically predict the response of the ozone layer to climate change. This overview paper outlines the scope and the general approach of RECONCILE, and it provides a summary of observations and modelling in 2010 and 2011 that have generated an in many respects unprecedented dataset to study processes in the Arctic winter stratosphere. Principally, it summarises important outcomes of RECONCILE including (i) better constraints and enhanced consistency on the set of parameters governing catalytic ozone destruction cycles, (ii) a better understanding of the role of cold binary aerosols in heterogeneous chlorine activation, (iii) an improved scheme of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) processes that includes heterogeneous nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and ice on non-volatile background aerosol leading to better model parameterisations with respect to denitrification, and (iv) long transient simulations with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) updated based on the results of RECONCILE that better reproduce past ozone trends in Antarctica and are deemed to produce more reliable predictions of future ozone trends. The process studies and the global simulations conducted in RECONCILE show that in the Arctic, ozone depletion uncertainties in the chemical and microphysical processes are now clearly smaller than the sensitivity to dynamic variability.
Pharmacological Modulation of IKs: Potential for Antiarrhythmic Therapy (2004)

The slowly (I(Ks)) and rapidly (I(Kr)) activating delayed rectifier K(+) currents play important roles in cardiac ventricular repolarization. Compared with I(Kr), however, I(Ks) has important distinguishing characteristics, including beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation and accumulation at rapid rates that may impart significant therapeutic relevance. Therefore, development of selective I(Ks) inhibitors has been pursued as a strategy for providing potentially safer and more effective Class III antiarrhythmic agents and pharmacological tools for elucidating the normal physiological and potential pathological role of I(Ks) in cardiac repolarization. We have identified a series of 3-Acylamino-1,4 benzodiazepines that are very potent and selective inhibitors of I(Ks). A representative compound, L-768,673 (1) (IC(50)~8nM), has been extensively characterized for its pharmacologic activity. L-768,673 concentration-dependently prolongs action potential duration in a frequency-independent manner in vitro, but decreases transmural dispersion of refractoriness, a risk factor for arrhythmia induction. In conscious dogs, L 768,673 administered IV (0.3-100 micro g/kg) and PO (0.03-1 mg/kg) elicits consistent but limited (5-15%) QT(c) prolongation, and increases ventricular refractory period more at fast than at slow pacing rates, indicating a "forward" rate-dependence in vivo. In an anesthetized canine model of anterior myocardial infarction, I(Ks) blockers suppress the development of ischemic ventricular fibrillation at intravenous doses that minimally prolong the QT interval. I(Ks) blockers display an interesting and intriguing profile of effects on cardiac electrophysiologic parameters that differ in remarkable ways from other selective Class III agents such as I(Kr) blockers. It remains to be determined if these properties can be exploited clinically to provide more effective and safer treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
Spin Entropy. (2021)

We study particles with spins $\frac{1}{2}$ and $1$, and define their entropy, a measure of randomness over the observable spin values given a spin state. Specifying the degrees of freedom of a particle spin state does not provide the knowledge of the spin value in all three dimensional directions. This randomness is formally rooted on the non-commutative properties of the spin operators $S_x, S_y, S_z$. Our proposed spin-entropy is a measure of the randomness of all three dimensional directions of a spin. This spin-entropy, in contrast to von Neumann entropy, may have non-zero values for pure states. The proposed spin-entropy when applied to Bell states, which are pure entangled states of two fermions, yields local minima values. This suggests that decoherence and disentanglement increases this entropy. The proposed entropy may be useful for the understanding of phenomena that explore the information content of spin systems, including quantum computational processes.
Ultrafast Electron Transfer Dynamics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes with a π-Conjugated Ligand (2010)

The excited-state dynamics of two mixed-ligand mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes, [(bpy)2RuLDQ]4+ (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, LDQ = 1-[4-(4′-methyl)-2,2′-bipyridyl)]-2-[4-(4′-N,N′-tetramethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium]) and [(bpy)2RuL]2+ (where L = 1, 2-bis[4-(4′-methyl)-2,2′-bipyridyl)]ethene), were investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Photoexcitation of the [(bpy)2RuLDQ]4+ complex at three separate pump wavelengths leads to a common charge-separated state consisting of Ru3+ and an excited electron delocalized over the extended π-system centered on the ethenyl moiety of the LDQ ligand. In [(bpy)2RuL]2+, the excited electron is unable to delocalize throughout the π system and remains on the bipyridyl end of ligand L closest to the ruthenium atom. Vibrational cooling in the charge-separated state of [(bpy)2RuLDQ]4+ indicates that this state is formed faster than excess energy can be dispersed to the solvent and orders of magnitude more rapidly than in previously studied ruthenium-diquat or ruthenium-viologen dyads with nonconjugated linkers.