gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topology optimization of a 3D printed acoustic chamber for photoacoustic spectroscopy (2017)

We present here an optimized shape of an acoustical chamber for gaseous photoacoustic spectroscopy needs. Since the relative positioning of the linear sound source -a laser beam- and the microphone presents few symmetry, 3D topology optimization was used here in order to derive non-axisymmetric shapes. The methodology implemented with COMSOL Multiphysics maximizes the retrieved sound pressure at the microphone location and at one desired frequency. Comparison of the performance of the obtained chamber with a conventional cylinder was made afterwards and show promising results.
A solid-state 193-nm laser with high spatial coherence for sub-40-nm interferometric immersion lithography (2007)

We have developed a solid-state 193-nm laser source operating at 5-kHz that generates a near-diffraction-limited TEM<sub>00</sub> beam with 35 mW average power. The frequency spectrum is Gaussian, with a linewidth ~7-pm (FWHM), corresponding to a coherence length of ~2-mm. The output beam also has a very high degree of spatial coherence. This source was used in an interferometric liquid-immersion lithography test stand to produce 40- and 35-nm half-pitch grating structures over a ~0.6-mm field of view with a commercially available chemically-amplified photoresist.
Sex and Shedding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2000)

To the Editor?By distinguishing between women who ovulated during the menstrual cycle and those who did not ovulate, Greenblat et al. [1] found that sex, contrary to generally accepted opinion, influences circulating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA levels. In ovulating women, the virus load fell during the early follicular phase through the midluteal phase. Furthermore, cervicovaginal shedding of HIV among pregnant women was higher than it was among nonpregnant women with moreadvanced HIV disease [2]. Since the hormonal balances of pregnant and nonpregnant women differ, the effects of ovulation and of pregnancy on HIV RNA levels seem to point to a connection with reproductive hormones. However, the mechanisms of both phenomena are not wholly understood. It may, therefore, be of interest to investigate similar phenomena in animals. In sheep infected experimentally with Chlamydia psittaci, shedding of the microorganism occurs only during the periovicular phase of the estrous cycle [3]. Detectable levels of chlamydiae obtained by vaginal swabs collected during different stages of the ewe's estrous cycle were restricted to the day of ovulation until ~4 days later. Of note, a persistent chlamydial infection of the ewe's reproductive tract occurred after the experimental infection. The periovicular, increased shedding of C. psittaci in sheep and the influence of ovulation in women on the fluctuation in plasma HIV RNA level [1] seem to support the significance of changes related to reproductive ability. Another comparison relates to birds. In some of 19 orders of birds examined over 4 years in Israel, shedding of C. psittaci was
Classification of Soft-Story Buildings Using Deep Learning with Density Features Extracted from 3D Point Clouds (2021)

Soft-story buildings are seismically vulnerable during earthquakes. The identification of such buildings is vital in seismic risk mitigation to assess the seismic resilience of a given urban region. Several studies have implemented deep-learning (DL) techniques to detect and classify infrastructural damage using images; however, few have focused on the detection of such buildings at the city scale. Previous models have used well-controlled imagery data instead of raw images where the targets are blocked and may thus misclassify soft-story buildings when applied to real-world data. To address this issue, this paper developed a workflow scheme that segments three-dimensional (3D) point-cloud data in a city, extracts point density features for buildings, and identifies soft-story buildings using DL models. The city of Santa Monica (California, USA) was selected as the target region for the training, validation, and testing. A naive convolutional neural network (CNN) model was proposed and compared to state-of-the-art deep CNN models trained through transfer learning (TL) techniques. The parameter sensitivity ranges for optimal performance were determined.
Synthesis of loop-free programs (2011)

We consider the problem of synthesizing loop-free programs that implement a desired functionality using components from a given library. Specifications of the desired functionality and the library components are provided as logical relations between their respective input and output variables. The library components can be used at most once, and hence the library is required to contain a reasonable overapproximation of the multiset of the components required.
Stem Cell Programs (2003)

The availability of human embryonic stem cell lines provides an important tool for scientists to explore the fundamental mechanisms that regulate differentiation into specific cell types. When more is known about the mechanisms that govern these processes, human embryonic stem cells may be clinically useful in generating cell types that have been damaged or depleted by a variety of human diseases. The NIH is actively pursuing a variety of initiatives to promote this developing research field, while continuing and expanding its long-standing investment in adult stem cells and research.
Generic Access Network: Extending the GSM Paradigm (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Drivers for Convergence GAN Architecture GAN Management Functionality Mobility Features in GAN Voice Service over GAN Supplementary Services and SMS over GAN Packet Switched Data (GPRS) over GAN Emergency Call Support in GAN GAN in 3GPP Releases Implementation Aspects for a GAN-enabled Device Considerations for GAN Deployment References
Factors correlated with NPPV use in ALS (2006)

In spite of emerging evidence of therapeutic benefit from non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), only a minority of ALS patients use this therapy. We examined factors which correlate with use of NPPV in ALS patients. Data were analyzed from the ALS CARE Database on the use of NPPV in patients with FVC less than 50% of predicted and probable or definite ALS based on modified El Escorial criteria. Of the 403 eligible patients, 146 (36%) used NPPV. NPPV compliance was strongly correlated with symptoms of dyspnea and orthopnea as well as with the use of other therapies including PEG tubes, augmentative speech devices, and riluzole. Male gender and household income >$80,000 were also associated with higher NPPV use. There was no correlation between age, race, type of insurance, forced vital capacity, duration of symptoms, ALSFRS-R, caregiver burden or quality of life with the use of NPPV. These data suggest that the factors which are most closely associated with NPPV utilization are symptomatic orthopnea and dyspnea. The findings may be useful in designing prospective studies to examine the factors which might explain the underutilization of NPPV and the optimal use of this treatment.
Harnessing the transient signals in atomic force microscopy (2005)

Abstract In the existing dynamic‐mode operation of atomic force microscopes (AFMs) steady‐state signals like amplitude and phase are used for detection and imaging of material. Due to the high quality factor of the cantilever probe the corresponding methods are inherently slow. In this paper, a novel methodology for fast interrogation of material that exploits the transient part of the cantilever motion is developed. This method effectively addresses the perceived fundamental limitation on bandwidth due to high quality factors. It is particularly suited for the detection of small time scale tip–sample interactions. Analysis and experiments show that the method results in significant increase in bandwidth and resolution as compared to the steady‐state‐based methods. This article demonstrates the effectiveness of a systems perspective to the field of imaging at the nano‐scale and for the first time reports realtime experimental results and scanning applications of the transient method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructured and molecular ROS generators for Photo- and Sonodynamic therapy (2022)

Sonodynamic therapy can dramatically enhance the efficiency of non-invasive tumor treatment due to multiple mechanisms initiating cell apoptosis or necrosis under ultrasound action combined with molecular and nanostructured sonosensitizers. Recently, we have demonstrated for the first time the sonodynamic effect of low-intensity 20 kHz ultrasound combined with chlorin e6 on melanoma cells.
Multiple Bonds between Main-Group Elements and Transition Metals. 130. (Cyclopentadienyl)trioxorhenium(VII): Synthesis, Derivatives, and Properties (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultiple Bonds between Main-Group Elements and Transition Metals. 130. (Cyclopentadienyl)trioxorhenium(VII): Synthesis, Derivatives, and PropertiesFritz E. Kuehn, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Rainer Hahn, Martina Elison, Janet Bluemel, and Eberhardt HerdtweckCite this: Organometallics 1994, 13, 5, 1601–1606Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00017a017https://doi.org/10.1021/om00017a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views380Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Impact of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score Based Allocation System in Korea (2017)

Introduction In June of 2016, the Korean Network for Organ Sharing implemented model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score based allocation system to better prioritize deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) candidates. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of MELD based allocation system. Methods We compared waitlist and post-transplant outcomes in the first 4 months of MELD allocation system (from June to September, 2016) to an equivalent time period before (from February to May, 2016). Results A total of 1114 candidates were listed (510 pre-MELD, 604 post-MELD) and 340 patients (156 pre-MELD, 184 post-MELD) received DDLT during the study period. As expected, introduction of MELD allocation system increased mean MELD score at transplant (24.6 ± 8.6 pre-MELD, 35.0 ± 6.1 post-MELD, P<0.001). Although overall transplant rates remained similar between pre-MELD and MELD era, the transplant rate significantly increased for candidates with high MELD score (MELD ≥31) in MELD era. The proportion of inter-regional shift increased from 28.8% to 44.0%. Post-transplant patient survival rate was 85.6% before and 83.1% after MELD implementation (P=0.537). There was no significant correlation between MELD scores at transplant and post-transplant survival. Significant transplant survival benefit was observed at MELD scores of ≥20 compared to candidates on the waitlist, and the magnitude of transplant benefit increased with increasing MELD score. Conclusion The MELD system addresses the goal of fairness well. The implementation of the MELD system was associated with reduction in geographic disparities. Although sicker patients received liver transplantation in the MELD era, post-transplant survival was similar in both periods.
Narrow Bandgap in β-BaZn2As2 and Its Chemical Origins (2014)

β-BaZn2As2 is known to be a p-type semiconductor with the layered crystal structure similar to that of LaZnAsO, leading to the expectation that β-BaZn2As2 and LaZnAsO have similar bandgaps; however, the bandgap of β-BaZn2As2 (previously reported value ~0.2 eV) is 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of LaZnAsO (1.5 eV). In this paper, the reliable bandgap value of β-BaZn2As2 is determined to be 0.23 eV from the intrinsic region of the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity. The origins of this narrow bandgap are discussed based on the chemical bonding nature probed by 6 keV hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, hybrid density functional calculations, and the ligand theory. One origin is the direct As-As hybridization between adjacent [ZnAs] layers, which leads to a secondary splitting of As 4p levels and raises the valence band maximum. The other is that the nonbonding Ba 5d(x(2)-y(2)) orbitals form an unexpectedly deep conduction band minimum (CBM) in β-BaZn2As2 although the CBM of LaZnAsO is formed mainly of Zn 4s. These two origins provide a quantitative explanation for the bandgap difference between β-BaZn2As2 and LaZnAsO.
Electrochemical Synthesis of d,l-Homocysteine Thiolactone Hydrochloride in a Batch Continuous Recirculation Reactor Equipped with Carbon Felt Cathodes:  A Study for the Optimization of the Process (2007)

The electrochemical reduction of d,l-homocystine hydrochloride to the corresponding cysteine was performed in a batch continuous recirculation reaction system that was equipped with a FM01-LC electrochemical reactor. Electrolyses were performed under amperostatic conditions, using carbon felt cathodes and DSA anodes divided by Nafion 324 cationic membranes. A simple reactor mathematical model was used to assess the effect of operative parameters (the initial substrate concentration, the reaction temperature, the current density, and the linear velocity of the catholyte) on the performances of the process, with the objective of determining the optimized conditions to perform the electrosyntheses at an industrial scale with limited batch reaction time and costs for the isolation of the product. Thanks to the adoption of the three-dimensional electrode, this process can be considered to be a typical case study in which the utilization of electrochemical technology can afford concrete advantages, with respect to conventional chemical routes.
Slower evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 quasispecies during progression to AIDS (1997)

The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) quasispecies at the envelope gene was studied from the time of infection in 11 men who experienced different rates of CD4+ cell count decline and 6 men with unknown dates of infection by using DNA heteroduplex mobility assays. Quasispecies were genetically homogeneous near the time of seroconversion. Subsequently, slower proviral genetic diversification and higher plasma viremia correlated with rapid CD4+ cell count decline. Except for the fastest progressors to AIDS, highly diverse quasispecies developed in all subjects within 3 to 4 years. High quasispecies diversity was then maintained for years until again becoming more homogeneous in a subset of late-stage AIDS patients. Individuals who maintained high CD4+ cell counts showed continuous genetic turnover of their complex proviral quasispecies, while more closely related sets of variants were found in longitudinal samples of severely immunocompromised patients. The limited number of variants that grew out in short-term PBMC cocultures were rare in the uncultured proviral quasispecies of healthy, long-term infected individuals but more common in vivo in patients with low CD4+ cell counts. The slower evolution of HIV-1 observed during rapid progression to AIDS and in advanced patients may reflect ineffective host-mediated selection pressures on replicating quasispecies.
Mechanical characterization and biocompatibility of a novel reinforced fascia patch for rotator cuff repair (2011)

To provide mechanical augmentation for rotator cuff repair, it is necessary (though perhaps not sufficient) that scaffolds have tendon-like material and suture retention properties, be applied to the repair in a surgically appropriate manner, and maintain their mechanical properties for an acceptable period of time following surgery. While allograft fascia lata has material, structural, and biochemical properties similar to tendon tissue, its poor suture retention properties abrogates its potential as an augmentation device. The goal of this work was to design a novel reinforced fascia patch with suture retention and stiffness properties adequate to provide mechanical augmentation for rotator cuff repair. Fascia was reinforced by stitching with PLLA or PLLA/PGA polymer braids. Reinforced fascia patches had a maximum construct load greater than (or equal to) the suture retention properties of human rotator cuff tendon (∼250N) at time zero and after in vivo implantation for 12 weeks in a rat subcutaneous model. The patches were able to withstand the 2500 loading cycles projected for the early post-operative period. The patches also demonstrated biocompatibility with the host using a rat abdominal wall defect model. These studies suggest the potential use of reinforced fascia patches to provide mechanical augmentation, minimize tendon retraction and possibly reduce the incidence of rotator cuff repair failure.
A low-resolution 3D holographic volumetric display (2010)

A simple low resolution volumetric display is presented, based on holographic volume-segments. The display system comprises a proprietary holographic screen, laser projector, associated optics plus a control unit. The holographic screen resembles a sheet of frosted glass about A4 in size (20x30cm). The holographic screen is rear-illuminated by the laser projector, which is in turn driven by the controller, to produce simple 3D images that appear outside the plane of the screen. A series of spatially multiplexed and interleaved interference patterns are pre-encoded across the surface of the holographic screen. Each illumination pattern is capable of reconstructing a single holographic volume-segment. Up to nine holograms are multiplexed on the holographic screen in a variety of configurations including a series of numeric and segmented digits. The demonstrator has good results under laboratory conditions with moving colour 3D images in front of or behind the holographic screen.
You Are the Only Possible Oracle: Effective Test Selection for End Users of Interactive Machine Learning Systems (2014)

How do you test a program when only a single user, with no expertise in software testing, is able to determine if the program is performing correctly? Such programs are common today in the form of machine-learned classifiers. We consider the problem of testing this common kind of machine-generated program when the only oracle is an end user: e.g., only you can determine if your email is properly filed. We present test selection methods that provide very good failure rates even for small test suites, and show that these methods work in both large-scale random experiments using a “gold standard” and in studies with real users. Our methods are inexpensive and largely algorithm-independent. Key to our methods is an exploitation of properties of classifiers that is not possible in traditional software testing. Our results suggest that it is plausible for time-pressured end users to interactively detect failures-even very hard-to-find failures-without wading through a large number of successful (and thus less useful) tests. We additionally show that some methods are able to find the arguably most difficult-to-detect faults of classifiers: cases where machine learning algorithms have high confidence in an incorrect result.
Enabling QoE-based scheduling for video teleconferencing via PSNR time series prediction (2013)

The ultimate goal of network resource allocation for video teleconferencing is to optimize the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the video. The IPPP video coding structure with macroblock intra refresh is widely used for video teleconferencing. With such video coding structure, the loss of a frame generally causes error propagation to subsequent frames. A resource allocation decision of a communication network determines the QoE given that other conditions such as viewing conditions are fixed. Therefore, to optimize the QoE, a communication network needs to be able to accurately predict the QoE for each of its resource allocation decisions and then selects the decision corresponding to the best QoE. In our previous work, we reduced the QoE prediction problem to one of predicting the per-frame PSNR time series. The accuracy of the proposed per-frame PSNR prediction method was demonstrated, however, only for low resolution video sequences. In this paper, we show via simulations that the per-frame PSNR prediction method achieves good performance for higher resolution video sequences as well.
Temporal Dynamics of CD8+ T Cell Effector Responses during Primary HIV Infection (2020)

The loss of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell cytolytic function is a primary factor underlying progressive HIV infection, but whether HIV-specific CD8+ T cells initially possess cytolytic effector capacity, and when and why this may be lost during infection, is unclear. Here, we assessed CD8+ T cell functional evolution from primary to chronic HIV infection. We observed a profound expansion of perforin+ CD8+ T cells immediately following HIV infection that quickly waned after acute viremia resolution. Selective expression of the effector-associated transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin in cytokine-producing HIV-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated HIV-specific from bulk memory CD8+ T cell effector expansion. As infection progressed expression of perforin was maintained in HIV-specific CD8+ T cells with high levels of T-bet, but not necessarily in the population of T-betLo HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that expand as infection progresses. Together, these data demonstrate that while HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in acute HIV infection initially possess cytolytic potential, progressive transcriptional dysregulation leads to the reduced CD8+ T cell perforin expression characteristic of chronic HIV infection.
Attention Mechanism in Speaker Recognition: What Does It Learn in Deep Speaker Embedding? (2018)

This paper presents an experimental study on deep speaker embedding with an attention mechanism that has been found to be a powerful representation learning technique in speaker recognition. In this framework, an attention model works as a frame selector that computes an attention weight for each frame-level feature vector, in accord with which an utterancelevel representation is produced at the pooling layer in a speaker embedding network. In general, an attention model is trained together with the speaker embedding network on a single objective function, and thus those two components are tightly bound to one another. In this paper, we consider the possibility that the attention model might be decoupled from its parent network and assist other speaker embedding networks and even conventional i-vector extractors. This possibility is demonstrated through a series of experiments on a NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE) task, with 9.0% EER reduction and 3.8% min_Cprimary reduction when the attention weights are applied to i-vector extraction. Another experiment shows that DNN-based soft voice activity detection (VAD) can be effectively combined with the attention mechanism to yield further reduction of minCprimary by 6.6% and 1.6% in deep speaker embedding and i-vector systems, respectively.