gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser machining with QCW fiber lasers (2014)

Quasi continuous wave (QCW) fiber lasers operating in the near IR at 1070 nm have unique properties such high pulse energy with high peak power and very good beam quality. Consequently extreme high power densities are possible allowing for adequate coupling and high quality machining of materials that are typically transparent at these wavelengths. QCW lasers can operate with variable pulse length in pulsed mode at high repetition rate as well as in CW mode at high average power which translates into high throughput machining. Single mode and multimode fiber lasers can be used to match processing needs. In this paper we will present results covering laser processing with QCW fiber lasers of materials that are typically difficult to machine at near IR wavelengths, namely ‘white ceramics’ and sapphire. Results are shown for alumina, aluminum nitride and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). These are ceramics used in industries such as LED packaging as well as RF and microwave packaging. High speed drilling up to 3000 holes/sec is shown with hole diameters ranging from 100 to 15 microns, in material thicknesses ranging from 635 to 100 microns. Examples of high speed cutting and scribing are also presented. Results are shown for high quality cutting of sapphire up to 3 mm thick. Sapphire has received increased attention in the consumer electronics industry due to its increased use in applications ranging from mobile phone and tablet displays, to their lens cover, in addition to more common applications such as windows for the semiconductor and defense industry.
Development of a Finite Element-Based Injury Metric for Pulmonary Contusion Part I: Model Development and Validation (2005)

Pulmonary contusion is the most commonly identified thoracic soft tissue injury in an automobile crash and after blunt chest trauma and affects 10-17% of all trauma admissions. The mortality associated with pulmonary contusions is significant and is estimated to be 10-25%. Thus, there is a need to develop a finite element model based injury metric for pulmonary contusion for the purpose of predicting outcome. This will enable current and future finite element models of the lung to incorporate an understanding of how stress and strain may be related to contusion injuries. This study utilizes 14 impacts onto male Sprague-Dawley rats. In 5 of these tests, a calibrated weight (46 g) is dropped from a height of 44 cm directly onto the lungs of intubated, anesthetized rats in situ. Contused volume is estimated from MicroPET scans of the lung and normalized on the basis of liver uptake of 18F-FDG. The lungs are scanned at 24 hours, 7 days, and 28 days (15 scans), and the contused volume is measured. In addition, 9 controlled mechanical tests on in situ rat lung are used for model development and validation. Identical impacts are performed on a finite element model of the rat lung. The finite element model is developed from CT scans of normal rat and scaled to represent average rat lung volume. First principal strain is chosen as a candidate injury metric for pulmonary contusion. The volume of contused tissue at the three time points measured using PET is compared to the strain level achieved by a corresponding volume in the finite element model. For PET scans (n=5 scans per time point), the average contusion volume was 4.2 cm3 at 24 hours, 2.8 cm3 at 7 days, and 0.39 cm3 at 28 days. These volumes were used to identify threshold peak first principal strain levels measured by the finite element model. Maximum first principal strain from the finite element model for the three volume levels (4.2, 2.8, and 0.39 cm3) was 3.5%, 8.8%, and 35% strain, respectively. Furthermore, the lung model exhibited exponential decay in principal strain threshold as more of the lung volume was considered, correlating to the precise and well defined volume of the contusion as it healed. The results of this study may be used to establish an injury metric to predict pulmonary contusion due to an impact to the lungs. The results may be used to improve finite element models of the human body, which may then be used to tune stiffnesses of interior components of automobiles and tune safety systems for maximum mitigation of this serious injury.
CONTROLLING FLOW IN MICROCHANNELS USING PROGRAMMED PILLARS (2011)

Here, we show that at moderate to high flow rates, fluid inertia, associated with the presence of simple cylindrical obstacles (i.e. pillars) in the microchannel, tends to create a lateral net secondary flow inside the channel which resembles the recirculating Dean flow in curving channels and our previously observed recirculating flows for translating obstacles (i.e. particles). This passive method creates the possibility of exceptional control of the 3D structure of the fluid within a microfluidic platform which can significantly advance applications requiring fluid interface control (e.g. optofluidics), ultrafast mixing and solution control around cells.
A precision Bond method with SR (1989)

A system for a very high precision absolute lattice spacing measurement has been developed. It employs, in principle, a bond method using a highly collimated and a very narrow bandwidth beam available from a monolithic (+, +) monochromator. Owing to the temperature stabilization of the hutch, where the equipment is installed, it has routinely achieved a precision of 2 parts in 106 in lattice spacing measurements.
Stereospecific interaction of dipeptide amides with DNA. Evidence for partial intercalation and bending of the helix (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific interaction of dipeptide amides with DNA. Evidence for partial intercalation and bending of the helixP. Adawadkar, W. D. Wilson, W. Brey, and E. J. GabbayCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 7, 1959–1961Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00840a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00840a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hydrogen-Insertion-Induced Itinerant Ferromagnetism in Zr2CoH4.8 with Co Chains (2019)

It is known that an intermetallic, Zr2Co adopting an Al2Cu-type crystal structure, exhibits superconductivity at Tc = 5.6 K and can enable topotactic hydrogen insertion. Although hydrogen insertion into alloys/intermetallics of transition metal often prevents ordering of magnetic spin, Matar has theoretically predicted ferromagnetic spin ordering in Zr2CoH5 based on Stoner conditions [Matar, S. F., Intermetallics 2013, 36, 25]. We confirmed intercalation/deintercalation of hydrogen into Zr2Co at ∼300 °C, keeping the parent Al2Cu-type structure. We have succeeded in experimentally identifying a ferromagnetic transition in Zr2CoH4.8 at Tc = 128 K, as well as superconductivity in Zr2Co. The magnetization at 2 K was ∼0.3μB, although it did not saturate up to 5.5 kOe, even at 2 K. On the basis of analysis of magnetization curves, we confirmed the weak itinerant ferromagnetism of Zr2CoH4.8 derived from spin fluctuation. This hydride has an isolated Co chain running along the tetragonal c axis with a dCo–Co intrachain distance of 2.824(7) Å, which is longer than that in metallic hcp-Co (∼2.5 Å). Band structure calculations of paramagnetic Zr2CoH5 suggested that a moderate Co dz2–Co dz2 interaction in the chain plays an important role, similar to that in Pt-chain electronic conductors.
Isolation of various canine leucocytes and their characterization by surface marker analysis. (1978)

Various techniques were used to separate canine peripheral blood leucocytes into populations enriched in lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, phagocytic mononuclear cells (monocytes) and macrophages. Surface markers on each cell population were determined by rosette formation. Fc receptors for IgG and complement receptors (C3b and C3d) were present on PMN, monocytes, macrophages as well as on a sub-population of lymphocytes. Purification of the lymphocytes into T-and B-cell-enriched populations revealed that these receptors were present only on the B lymphocytes and not on the T lymphocytes. In addition, a third lymphocyte population, which did not possess surface immunoglobulin, and Fc receptor but not the complement receptor. None of the cell populations exhibited C4 complement receptors or Fc receptors for IgM. When different cell populations were tested for their ability to form rosettes directly with human type 'O' red blood cells it was found that most populations could rosette, suggesting that this technique could not be used as a specific marker for canine T lymphocytes.
cDeepbind: A context sensitive deep learning model of RNA-protein binding (2018)

Abstract Motivation Determining RNA binding protein(RBP) binding specificity is crucial for understanding many cellular processes and genetic disorders. RBP binding is known to be affected by both the sequence and structure of RNAs. Deep learning can be used to learn generalizable representations of raw data and has improved state of the art in several fields such as image classification, speech recognition and even genomics. Previous work on RBP binding has either used shallow models that combine sequence and structure or deep models that use only the sequence. Here we combine both abilities by augmenting and refining the original Deepbind architecture to capture structural information and obtain significantly better performance. Results We propose two deep architectures, one a lightweight convolutional network for transcriptome wide inference and another a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) network that is suitable for small batches of data. We incorporate computationally predicted secondary structure features as input to our models and show its effectiveness in boosting prediction performance. Our models achieved significantly higher correlations on held out in-vitro test data compared to previous approaches, and generalise well to in-vivo CLIP-SEQ data achieving higher median AUCs than other approaches. We analysed the output from our model for VTS1 and CPO and provided intuition into its working. Our models confirmed known secondary structure preferences for some proteins as well as found new ones where secondary structure might play a role. We also demonstrated the strengths of our model compared to other approaches such as the ability to combine information from long distances along the input. Availability Software and models are available at https://github.com/shreshthgandhi/cDeepbind Contact ljlee@psi.toronto.edu , frey@psi.toronto.edu
Off-target effects of plasmid-transcribed shRNAs on NFκB signaling pathway and cell survival of human melanoma cells (2013)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) are transcription factors involved in cell survival, inflammation and metastasis. Constitutively activated STAT3 is found in many cancers, including melanoma. To study the crosstalk between STAT3 and NFκB signaling and its role in regulation of cancer cell survival, we used RNA interference (RNAi) to down-regulate STAT3 expression in human melanoma cells. RNAi strategies including double-stranded RNA, small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and microRNA are widely used to knock down disease-causing genes in a targeted fashion. We found that shRNAs up-regulate non-specific NFκB activity, while siRNA directed against STAT3 specifically increase NFκB activity. The basal survival of melanoma cells is unaffected by STAT3 knockdown-likely due to activation of pro-survival NFκB signaling. Whereas, owing to off-target effects, plasmid-transcribed shRNA affects melanoma survival. Our data show that shRNA-mediated gene silencing induces non-specific or off-target effects that may influence cell functions.
Pre-equalization Method to Minimize Time Delay of Equalization Digital On-Channel Repeater in ATSC System (2007)

This paper presents a novel pre-equalization method to minimize the signal processing time delay of the equalization digital on-channel repeater (EDOCR) for the ATSC terrestrial digital TV system. The proposed pre-equalization method is to calculate pre-equalizer filter coefficients by using a baseband signal as a reference signal and a demodulated repeater output signal, then to create new VSB pulse shaping filter coefficients by the convolution of the equi-ripple (ER) filter and the pre-equalizer filter coefficients. The new VSB pulse shaping filter minimizes the time delay of the EDOCR by adjusting the number of its pre-taps and also compensates the linear distortions due to the use of the ER filter and mask filter.
Fibroblast and hepatocyte behavior on synthetic polymer surfaces (1991)

Biodegradable poly(phosphoesters) with varying side group chemistry and copolymers of styrene and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) with varying degrees of hydrophobicity were used to study the growth and behavior of surface-attached fibroblasts and hepatocytes. Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and chicken embryo fibroblasts attached and proliferated on all of the polymers tested. Fewer cells attached to copolymers of styrene and MVK than to glass or tissue culture polystyrene controls; cell attachment to several poly(phosphoester) surfaces was indistinguishable from controls. The mean speed of fibroblast migration was faster on surfaces where fewer cells attached (59 to 84 microns/h on low attachment surfaces compared with 40 to 46 microns/h on high attachment surfaces). When surface-attached cells were stained with fluorescently labeled phalloidin, only a fraction of the cells on low attachment surfaces were shown to have prominent arrays of actin filament bundles. Chicken hepatocytes also attached to the polymer surfaces. When a suspension containing a large number of cells was placed over the polymer surfaces, approximately 50% of the hepatocytes attached during the first 9 h. Surprisingly, hepatocyte attachment and viability in culture were relatively insensitive to the chemistry of the synthetic polymer substrates. Cell number increased by about a factor of 2 over the first 48 h of culture, then decreased back to approximately 50% of initial cell number over the next several days. Cell morphology did depend on the chemical structure of the substrates.
Holographic brain: Distributed versus local activation patterns in fMRI (2017)

Discovering brain activity patterns associated with specific stimuli, behaviors, or mental disorders is a primary objective of many neuroimaging studies. In particular, functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses are often concerned with finding brain areas “most relevant” to a mental state of interest. In this paper, we consider the predictive accuracy of a subset of voxels (smallest units of a three-dimensional image) identified by <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">multivariate sparse regression</i> as a better relevance measure than the commonly used <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> mass-univariate correlations</i> between the task and individual voxels. Sparse regression detects synergistic multivoxel interactions missed by univariate techniques. Moreover, when invoked iteratively, it allows us to discover novel patterns of information distribution through the brain. Indeed, unlike univariate techniques that typically imply a sharp transition from task-relevant to task-irrelevant brain areas, our approach reveals that for some tasks, task-relevant information is distributed rather “holographically” through the entire brain, yielding multiple relevant subsets of voxels, with gradually declining predictive accuracy, and without any clear separation between task-relevant and task-irrelevant ones. Interestingly, as our preliminary results show, such phenomena occur in certain “complex” experiences such as pain perception, but not in relatively “simple” tasks such as finger tapping.
An analytical and experimental investigation of aerofoil–turbulence interaction noise for plates with spanwise-varying leading edges (2019)

This paper presents an analytic solution for gust–aerofoil interaction noise for flat plates with spanwise-varying periodic leading edges in uniform mean flow. The solution is obtained by solving the linear inviscid equations via separation of variables and the Wiener–Hopf technique, and is suitable for calculating the far-field noise generated by any leading edge with a single-valued piecewise linear periodic spanwise geometry. Acoustic results for homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow are calculated by integrating the single-gust solution over a wavenumber spectrum. The far-sound pressure level is calculated for five test-case geometries; sawtooth serration, slitted $v$ -root, slitted $u$ -root, chopped peak and square wave, and compared to experimental measurements. Good agreement is seen over a range of frequencies and tip-to-root ratios (varying the sharpness of the serration). The analytic solution is then used to calculate the propagating pressure along the leading edge of the serration for fixed spanwise wavenumbers, i.e. only the contribution to the surface pressure which propagates to the far field. Using these results, two primary mechanisms for noise reduction are discussed; tip and root interference, and a redistribution of energy from cuton modes to cutoff modes. A secondary noise-reduction mechanism due to nonlinear features is also discussed and seen to be particularly important for leading edges with very narrow slits.
2 × 40 Gbit/s WDM optically regenerated dispersion-managedtransmission over 10000 km with narrowchannel spacing (2000)

2 × 40 Gbit/s WDM regenerated dispersion-managed transmission over transoceanic distances is demonstrated using InP Mach-Zehnder modules. The impact of the channel spacing on system performance is also investigated, resulting in error-free transmission with a channel spacing as small as 200 GHz.
Risk-Sensitive Reinforcement Learning for URLLC Traffic in Wireless\n Networks (2018)

In this paper, we study the problem of dynamic channel allocation for URLLC\ntraffic in a multi-user multi-channel wireless network where urgent packets\nhave to be successfully transmitted in a timely manner. We formulate the\nproblem as a finite-horizon Markov Decision Process with a stochastic\nconstraint related to the QoS requirement, defined as the packet loss rate for\neach user. We propose a novel weighted formulation that takes into account both\nthe total expected reward (number of successfully transmitted packets) and the\nrisk which we define as the QoS requirement violation. First, we use the value\niteration algorithm to find the optimal policy, which assumes a perfect\nknowledge of the controller of all the parameters, namely the channel\nstatistics. We then propose a Q-learning algorithm where the controller learns\nthe optimal policy without having knowledge of neither the CSI nor the channel\nstatistics. We illustrate the performance of our algorithms with numerical\nstudies.\n
Synthesis of Diazadi(and tri)thiacrown Ethers Containing Two 5-Substituent(or 2-methyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline Side Arms (2001)

Abstract Sixteen new diazadi(or tri)thiacrown ethers containing two 5-substituent(or 2-methyl)-8-hydroxyquino-lin-2-ylmethyl side arms have been prepared by a three-step process. First, the appropriate bis(α-chloroamide)s were treated with five dimercaptans in base to form macrocyclic di(or tri)thiadiamides. The macrocyclic diamides were reduced by BH3-THF to form 1,7-diaza-4-oxa-10,13-dithia-cyclopentadecane (11); 1,7-diaza-4,13-dioxa-10,16-dithiacyclooctadecane (12); 1,7-diaza-4-oxa-10,13,16-trithiacyclooctadecane (13); 1,7-diaza-4,13,16-trioxa-10,19-dithiacycloheneicosane (14); and 1,10-diaza-4,7-dioxa-13,16-dithiacyclooctadecane (15). The diazadi(or tri)thiacrown ethers were then treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline, 8-hydroxy-5-methylquinoline, 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, and 8-hydroxyquinaldine in the presence of paraformal-delyde in refluxing benzene to form the bis(8-hydroxy-5-substituent(or 2-methyl)quinolin-7-ymethy)-substituted diazadi(or tri)thiacrown ethers 16-31. The crown ethers containing two 8-hydroxyquinoline or 8-hydroxyquinaldine side arms proved to be mixtures of about 90% bis(8-hydroxyquinolin-7-ylmethyl)-substituted crown ethers; 9% mixed (8-hydroxyquinolin-7-ymethyl)-substituted and (8-hydroxyquinolin-5-ylmethyl)-substituted crown ethers; and 1% bis(8-hydroxyquinolin-5-ylmethyl)-substituted crown ethers.
Development of a biomimetic position sensor for robotic kinaesthesia (2002)

This paper presents a biomimetic sensor for transducing displacements. Our sensor is a robotic analog of the biological muscle spindle, an actuated position sensor which transduces muscle displacement for kinaesthetic awareness. The mechanical filter exhibits the desired step response. The transducer possesses the desired linear response with a sensitivity of 34nm/Hz. Finally, the encoder circuitry successfully maps the millivolt output to a pulse frequency range of 1150 Hz to 12.5 kHz. Results from an integrated system test show that the sensor can successfully detect errors in trajectory tracking introduced by both phase lag and perturbations. By physically realizing the hypothesized core features of a biological muscle spindle in engineering hardware, we evoked the type of actuated sensor output seen in the biological muscle spindle, a widely utilized tool of biological motor control.
Frontiers of information technology (2011)

Every year, the IBM Research Division undertakes a year-long process to analyze and map out important trends and future directions shaping the advances and the applications of information technology (IT). The results are summarized in a document called the Global Technology Outlook (GTO), which influences IBM's strategy and technology roadmaps. Coinciding with the IBM Centennial, a special chapter was commissioned in the 2011 GTO, which was designed to both reflect on the historical evolution of computers and computation as well as to look a few decades ahead to explore the new frontiers of IT. This paper presents the results of this study. It provides a vision of the future in which advances in technology will enable the creation of a new class of “learning” systems, i.e., designed with people as an integral and central element of the process, and which are explicitly aimed to enhance human cognition. These systems will learn from both structured and unstructured data, find important correlations, create hypotheses for these correlations, and suggest and measure actions to enable better outcomes for users. Systems with these capabilities will transform our view of computers from “calculators” to “machines that learn,” which is a shift that will radically alter our expectations of what computing ought to do for us as humans and that will equip us to successfully navigate the increasing complexity of our globally interconnected world.