gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macrocyclic Carbohydrate/Amino Acid Hybrid Molecules - Synthesis and Evaluation as Artificial Receptors (2005)

Methods were developed for the synthesis of three different types of macrocyclic carbohydrate/amino acid hybrid molecules. In the synthesis of the first type of macrocycles, a glucosamine derivative was oxidized at C6 and the obtained sugar amino acid was coupled to tripeptides. The resulting hybrids were transformed into dimers and cyclized in a macrolactamization step to obtain C2-symmetric macrocycles. In the second type of macrocycles, the same sugar amino acid was used together with tyrosine to prepare a C3-symmetric macrocycle with alternating sugar amino acid and tyrosine residues. In the synthesis of the third type of macrocycles, Cu(I)-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and acetylenes was employed to form C2-symmetric carbohydrate/amino acid hybrid molecules containing two 1,2,3-triazole units. The macrocycles that were water-soluble were screened for affinity towards biomolecules. Weak, but significant, affinity was found for dAMP, dGMP, serotonin and caffeine for some of the macrocycles (Ka approx. 10 M-1) which indicates that molecules of this type have potential as artificial receptors. Possibilities to extend the developed methods to prepare further types of macrocycles are discussed.
SYN-006, a Novel Carbapenemase, Intended to Protect the Gut Microbiome from Antibiotic-Mediated Damage May Also Reduce Propagation of Carbapenem-Resistant Pathogens (2017)

Β-lactam antibiotics that are excreted in bile can damage the gut microbiota, leading to serious adventitious infections and propagation of antibiotic resistance. SYN-004 (ribaxamase) is a β-lactamase intended for oral use with certain IV β-lactam antibiotics to degrade the antibiotic in the GI tract to protect the microbiome. Ribaxamase was evaluated in a phase 2b clinical study that met its primary endpoint of significantly reducing C. difficile infection in patients treated with ceftriaxone. Ribaxamase degrades penicillins and cephalosporins, but not carbapenems. SYN-006, a carbapenemase, was identified to expand this prophylactic approach to all classes of β-lactam antibiotics. SYN-006, a metallo-β-lactamase derived from B. cereus, is produced in E. coli. Antibiotic degradation was assessed using a bacterial growth assay. SYN-006 (1 mg/kg, PO) was delivered to fistulated dogs that received the carbapenem, meropenem (30 mg/kg, IV). Blood and intestinal antibiotic levels were assessed. A pig model of carbapenem-mediated microbiome disruption was established with microbiome and resistome analysis performed using fecal DNA using whole genome shotgun sequence data. In vitro, SYN-006 displayed a broad antibiotic degradation profile that included carbapenems, cephalosporins, and penicillins, and was resistant to β-lactamase inhibitors. SYN-006 degraded meropenem in the GI tract of dogs without affecting systemic antibiotic levels. In pigs, ertapenem significantly changed the composition of the gut microbiome and mediated emergence and propagation of a wide range of antibiotic resistance genes, including extended spectrum β-lactamase genes such as the carbapenemase gene, IMP-27. SYN-006 efficiently degraded all classes of β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems in vitro, and meropenem within the dog GI tract. The pig model of carbapenem-mediated microbiome disruption is intended to be used to evaluate the ability of SYN-006 to protect the gut microbiome and attenuate antibiotic resistance. SYN-006 has the potential to protect the gut microbiome from all classes of β-lactam antibiotics and to reduce the emergence of carbapenem-resistant pathogens. M. Kaleko, Synthetic Biologics, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary and stock options.C. Furlan-Freguia, Synthetic Biologics, Inc.: Employee and Shareholder, Salary and Stock Options. P. Subramanian, CosmosID, Inc.: Employee, Salary. N. A. Hasan, CosmosID, Inc.: Employee, Salary. R. R. Colwell, CosmosID, Inc.: Employee, Salary. S. Connelly, Synthetic Biologics, Inc.: Employee, Salary
(Invited) Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor Applicable to Low-Power Consumption Edge AI (2021)

Scaling of Si MOSFETs has proceeded based on scaling law reported by R. H. Dennard in 1974[1], and technologies scaled down to 5 nm node are currently incorporated in ICs in production. Meanwhile, according to an IEEE semiconductor roadmap[2], the 5-nm node device has a gate length of 18 nm, suggesting that scaling is reaching its limit. FETs using crystalline oxide semiconductor (OS), especially, c -axis-aligned crystalline (CAAC)-IGZO, are highly compatible with BEOL process of CMOS because OSFETs can be fabricated at 450°C or lower. Unlike bulk Si, OSFETs can adopt a trench-gate-self-aligned (TGSA) structure[3] enabling isolation from the substrate and accommodating chip bonding technologies. Crystalline oxide semiconductor process contributes to vertical integration required in the future technology. FETs using CAAC-IGZO is preferred to have a charge accumulation structure such as n-i(n-)-n junction (FIG. 1) in which its channel region, especially the region direct below the gate, has to be adjusted to have an i(n-)-type conductivity. Such a junction structure enables threshold voltage control and a reduction in leakage current of the FET. The leakage current of the CAAC-IGZO FET is extremely low, yA (10 -24 A)/mm measured at the transistor level at 85°C, which is lower by 10 digits than that of a CMOS device[3]. A variety of applications using crystalline OS have been studied, including AI accelerators, high-resolution displays, nonvolatile memories and combination with sensors. Among them, an AI accelerator using crystalline OS has attracted attention[4]. Using crystalline OS enables memory to be placed near compute units. It can also be driven with low current; accordingly, improvement in computational efficiency is expected. Crystalline oxide semiconductor process is a promising technology enabling both high integration and lower power consumption of ICs with CMOS devices. ＜ Reference ＞ [1] R. H. Dennard et al. , “Design of Ion-Implanted MOSFET’s with Very Small Physical Dimensions,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , vol 9, Issue 5, pp.256-268, 1974. [2] International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS™) 2020 Edition, 2020. [3] H. Kunitake et al. , “A c -Axis-Aligned Crystalline In-Ga-Zn Oxide FET With a Gate Length of 21 nm Suitable for Memory Applications,” IEEE J-EDS , vol. 7, pp. 495-502, 2019. Yamazaki et al., “Crystalline IGZO ceramics (crystalline oxide semiconductor)–based devices for artificial intelligence,” Ceramic Engineering &amp; Science, vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.6-20, 2019. [4] D. Saito et al., “IGZO-Based Compute Cell for Analog In-Memory Computing—DTCO Analysis to Enable Ultralow-Power AI at Edge,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices , vol. 67, Issue 11, pp.4616-4620, 2020. FIG. 1: Electron holography analysis result of sample using crystalline OS. Figure 1
Active Learning for Automatic Audio Processing of Unwritten Languages (ALAPUL) (2016)

Abstract : This work addresses automatic transcription for languages without (usable) written resources. Previous work has addressed this problem using entirely unsupervised methodologies. Our approach in contrast investigates the use of linguistic and speaker knowledge which are often available even if text resources are not. We create a framework that benefits from such resources, not assuming orthographic representations and avoiding manual generation of word-level transcriptions. We adapt a universal phone recognizer to the target language and use it to convert audio into a searchable phone string for lexical unit discovery via fuzzy sub-string matching. Linguistic knowledge is used to constrain phone recognition output. Target language speakers are used to assist a linguist in creating phonetic transcriptions for the adaptation of acoustic and language models, by re-speaking more clearly a small portion of the target language audio. We also explore robust features and feature transform through deep auto-encoders for better phone recognition performance. We target iterative learning to improve the system through multiple iterations of user feedback.
Ultra-Thin LED Backlight System with Tandem Light Guides for Large LCD-TVs (2010)

We developed an ultra-thin RGB-LED backlight (BL) system for 52"and 65" LCD-TVs. It is constructed by combining the structures of the direct-lighting and edge-lighting systems. The system can be used to control luminance both spatially and temporally with pulse-width-modulation-driven RGB-LEDs so that it can easily support local dimming techniques of an LCD-TV, which provides a high-quality image and have low power consumption. We describe how we improved the optical design of the tandem light guide (TLG) and thus make a 10-mm thick BL. We also introduce how to correct device-to-device variations and temperature characteristics of RGBLEDs. Furthermore, we show how to estimate the optical properties of BLs in terms of the requirements for local dimming techniques. We found that a BL system Using TLGs has a higher contrast ratio between controllable and segmented blocks than conventional ones. This leads to our system being more suitable for local dimming techniques.
MedSLT: A Multi-Lingual Grammar-Based Medical Speech Translator (2007)

MedSLT is a grammar-based medical speech translation system intended for use in doctor-patient diagnosis dialogues, which provides coverage of several different language pairs and subdomains. Vocabulary ranges from about 350 to 1000 surface words, depending on the language and subdomain. We will demo several different versions of the system, involving at least the languages Japanese, English, French, Spanish and Arabic.
HLA Class I-Driven Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Proteome: Immune Escape and Viral Load (2008)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mutations that confer escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition can sometimes result in lower viral fitness. These mutations can then revert upon transmission to a new host in the absence of CTL-mediated immune selection pressure restricted by the HLA alleles of the prior host. To identify these potentially critical recognition points on the virus, we assessed HLA-driven viral evolution using three phylogenetic correction methods across full HIV-1 subtype C proteomes from a cohort of 261 South Africans and identified amino acids conferring either susceptibility or resistance to CTLs. A total of 558 CTL-susceptible and -resistant HLA-amino acid associations were identified and organized into 310 immunological sets (groups of individual associations related to a single HLA/epitope combination). Mutations away from seven susceptible residues, including four in Gag, were associated with lower plasma viral-RNA loads (q < 0.2 [where q is the expected false-discovery rate]) in individuals with the corresponding HLA alleles. The ratio of susceptible to resistant residues among those without the corresponding HLA alleles varied in the order Vpr > Gag > Rev > Pol > Nef > Vif > Tat > Env > Vpu (Fisher's exact test; P < or = 0.0009 for each comparison), suggesting the same ranking of fitness costs by genes associated with CTL escape. Significantly more HLA-B (chi(2); P = 3.59 x 10(-5)) and HLA-C (chi(2); P = 4.71 x 10(-6)) alleles were associated with amino acid changes than HLA-A, highlighting their importance in driving viral evolution. In conclusion, specific HIV-1 residues (enriched in Vpr, Gag, and Rev) and HLA alleles (particularly B and C) confer susceptibility to the CTL response and are likely to be important in the development of vaccines targeted to decrease the viral load.
Harnessing Lysosomal pH through PLGA Nanoemulsion as a Treatment of Lysosomal-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases (2018)

Most neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by deposits of misfolded proteins and neuronal degeneration in specific brain regions. Growing evidence indicates that lysosomal impairment plays a primary pathogenic role in these diseases, in particular, the occurrence of increased lysosomal pH. Thus, therapeutic development aiming at restoring lysosomal function represents a novel, precise, and promising strategy for the treatment of these pathologies. Herein we demonstrate that acidic oil-in-water nanoemulsions loaded with poly(dl-lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA) are able to rescue impaired lysosomal pH in genetic cellular models of Parkinson's disease. For in vivo assays, nanoemulsions were labeled with an original synthetic hydrophobic far red-emitting dye to allow fluorescence monitoring. Following stereotaxic injection in the mouse brain, widespread diffusion of the nanocarrier was observed, up to 500 μm from the injection site, as well as internalization into the lysosomal compartment in brain cells. Finally, promising preliminary assays of systemic administration demonstrate that a fraction of the formulation crosses the blood brain barrier, penetrates the brain parenchyma, is internalized by cells, and colocalizes with lysosomal markers. Overall, these results suggest the feasibility and the therapeutic potential of this new nanoformulation as an effective drug delivery tool to the brain, with the potential to rescue pathological lysosomal deficits.
Molecular cloning and characterization of chromosomal virulence region kcpA of Shigella flexneri (1989)

In Shigella flexneri, in addition to several well-recognized plasmid-borne virulence loci, at least three genetic loci implicated in pathogenesis have been recognized on the chromosome. To understand more about the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery at a molecular level, the genetically recognized but previously unidentified KcpA region (one of the chromosomal regions near purE) was cloned and sequenced. A single translatable open reading frame encoding a 12310 Dalton protein corresponding to the minicell product was found. Immunofluorescence microscopy, as well as optical and electron microscopic comparison of tissue-cultured cells and guinea-pigs' eyes infected with wild-type or kcpA mutant bacteria, revealed that the kcpA product is required by invading bacteria for spread into adjacent cells.
Design of Quasi-Endfire Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton Leaky-Wave Textile Wearable Antennas (2022)

A new design for a quasi-endfire spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is designed for wearable application. The antenna consists of an ultra-thin corrugated metallic structure screen-printed on a flexible textile substrate, which supports extremely confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons. To enable a highly directional leaky mode, two unit-cell designs with different surface impedances are incorporated to realize binary perturbations on the in-plane wavenumber. An auto-adaptive multi-objective optimizer (MOO) is utilized to intelligently design the surface impedance configuration, which achieves significant dimensional reduction compared to the periodically modified SSPP LWAs. A final miniaturized version with 28-unit-cells achieved about 70% size reduction in comparison to the longer design of 75 unit-cells. For proof of concept, the antenna is designed and optimized for operation at 6 GHz. A bandwidth of >200 MHz (5.90 GHz - 6.13 GHz) is achieved, centered around 6 GHz, for which the highly directional endfire pattern can be tilted to 22° and 14° for the 28 and 75 unit-call designs, respectively. The measured results agree well with the simulations. Meanwhile, experimental results show that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is lower than 1.6 W/kg standard when the antenna is 2 mm away from the human phantom. This textile-based antenna realized with advanced screen-printing technology is extremely suitable for garment integration due to its high flexibility, low-profile, good fabrication accuracy, and robustness in its performance.
N-Halamine Biocidal Coatings via a Layer-by-Layer Assembly Technique (2011)

Two N-halamine copolymer precursors, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate-co-acrylic acid potassium salt) and poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate-co-trimethyl-2-methacryloxyethylammonium chloride) have been synthesized and successfully coated onto cotton fabric via a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. A multilayer thin film was deposited onto the fiber surfaces by alternative exposure to polyelectrolyte solutions. The coating was rendered biocidal by a dilute household bleach treatment. The biocidal efficacies of tested swatches composed of treated fibers were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It was determined that chlorinated samples inactivated both S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 within 15 min of contact time, whereas the unchlorinated control samples did not exhibit significant biocidal activities. Stabilities of the coatings toward washing and ultraviolet light exposure have also been studied. It was found that the stability toward washing was superior, whereas the UVA light stability was moderate compared to previously studied N-halamine moieties. The layer-by-layer assembly technique can be used to attach N-halamine precursor polymers onto cellulose surfaces without using covalently bonding tethering groups which limit the structure designs. In addition, ionic precursors are very soluble in water, thus promising for biocidal coatings without the use of organic solvents.
300GHz Transistor Performance in Production CMOS Technologies (2006)

CMOS technology scaling has resulted in a continuous improvement in RF performance of silicon MOSFETs. fT and fMAX in excess of 300GHz has been demonstrated in production CMOS nodes [1]. 400GHz fT for ultra-short channel MOSFET with LGATE of 10nm has also been reported [2]. CMOS based RF solutions are already mainstream for applications in the 1-10GHz regime and with the RF performance of these devices improving rapidly, CMOS technology has the potential to enable low-power mm-wave applications as well. This paper will review the design and performance of state-of-the-art RF MOSFETs. RF CMOS device design relies on leveraging digital FET design coupled with geometry optimization to maximize device performance. COnsidering a small signal device model with parasitic resistances, fT of the device can be expressed as, 1/2πfT=Cin/gm+Cin/gm(rs +rd)gd+(rs+rd)Cgd. Even in FETs with LGATE ~ 25nm, the parasitic resistances and gd have a minimal impact on fT. If parasitic capacitances can be kept to a minimum then, fT=gm/2πCin. From this expression, it can be observed that in velocity saturated devices, fT ∝ 1/LGATE. This direct dependence on channel length has been the driving force for fT scaling in the FETs. in state-of-the CMOS nodes, gm also benefits from carrier mobility enhancement techniques. Tensile stress in the channel induced by nitride liners and "stress-memorization" has resulted in as much as 30% improvement of gm in nFETs [3,4].
Microwave assisted platinum recycling (2011)

Summary form only given, as follows. Platinum metal recycling and purification based on dissolution followed by precipitation into a salt and decomposition of the salt into pure metal is time consuming and the equipment used suffers from corrosion damage. In an experimental approach a microwave (2.45 GHz) assisted dissolution process for platinum has been developed as well as a microwave process for Pt-sponge synthesis. The paper presents details on the microwave process and the mechanisms underlying the accelerated reaction.
The intelligent documentation advisory system (1990)

The IDAS project investigates the design and development of an Intelligent Documentation Advisory System (IDAS). The aim is to develop intelligent on-line technical documentation presented via hypertext and natural language generation and constructed dynamically by expert systems technology using object-oriented techniques. The IDAS being designed is targeted at users of an Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) system and aims to replace part of the current paper-based documentation. The IDAS will represent the ATE using a qualitative model at a level close to linguistic realisation and implemented in an object-oriented framework. It will then present material to the user via a hypertext interface. It is hoped to improve on standard hypertext systems, by giving responses which take account of the user's problems, skills and privilege. They are progressing towards a prototype implementation using the expert system shell Egeria.
What to read? With whom to work? Where to publish? &#x2014; Scientific techniques for organizing and conducting engineering research (2011)

There are an ever more rapidly increasing number of design and CAD conference and journal papers. In particular, there are also a large number of design researchers (paper authors) and a large number of microelectronics conferences. Significant government and industrial funding and even higher research effort is allocated to a great variety of topics. While some researchers keep changing collaborators, others maintain steady collaborations. The return on financial and human investment is sometimes spectacular but often minimal or none. Our conceptual aim is to help microelectronics researchers, students, designers, and managers better organize their professional activities. Our practical objective is to address some of the essential productivity questions for microelectronics researchers, including what papers to read, where to publish, and with whom to collaborate. Our scientific goal is to develop statistically sound technique that guide actions of highly successful microelectronics researchers, which we define for the purpose of this paper as ones that are the authors of the most cited papers. We show that one can surprisingly accurately predict the number of citations for a paper at the time of its publishing by considering factors such as citation factors of the authors and the quality of a conference or a journal. Interestingly, highly cited coauthors rarely improve the citation record of their collaborators.
Impact of Sulfur Dioxide on the Performance of the PEMFC Cathodes (2006)

Rotating ring disk (RRDE) methods are used to quantify the poisoning of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Pt/VC catalysts by adsorbed sulfur species. Coulometric analysis indicates that only S(0) is adsorbed on the Pt/VC surface. RRDE measurements show that the ORR activity decreases significantly as the sulfur coverage increases. Sulur coverage {greater than or equal to} 0.37, drastically changes both the activity and the reaction pathway of the ORR on the Pt/VC catalyst from a 4-electron to 2-electron process reaction. At high current densities, the Tafel slopes of the sulfur-poisoned electrodes increase, and the electrodes are no longer efficient for the ORR, as evident by the loss 95% mass activity with initial sulfur coverage of only 0.14. The decrease in activity due to the adsorbed sulfur is accompanied by an enhanced formation of hydrogen peroxide (up to 70% for initial sulfur coverage {greater than or equal to} 0.37).
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropoly‐13‐Palladates(II) [Pd13II(AsVPh)8O32] 6‐ and [Pd13IISe8IVO32] 6‐. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Detection of Anesthesia Machine Faults (1984)

Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Washington and New York University School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington and New York, New York
Classifying literature mentions of biological pathogens as experimentally studied using natural language processing (2023)

N/A.
Hyaluronic Acid Injections as Nonsurgical Alternative in case of Delayed Diagnosis of Malar Arch Fracture: Case Report and Literature Review (2019)

This is the first case describing a facial fracture treated with HA injections for only recontouring purposes. We assess that nonsurgical cosmetic procedures could be considered a "new" tool in the process of facial rehabilitation but only when functional problems are not associated with facial trauma.