gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multivariate calibration with slowly responding reference measurements (2005)

The application of multivariate calibration models, specifically those using partial least squares (PLS) regression to relate near infrared (NIR) spectral data to analyte concentrations, relies upon accurate knowledge of the concentrations during model building. In a physiologic system, such as human skeletal muscle, these concentrations can be measured using invasive sensors which may have material properties that limit diffusion of analytes to the sensing chemistry, thus taking several minutes to fully respond to an analyte change which actually occurs in seconds. This results in a poor time correlation between reference measurements of analyte concentrations and spectral data, which in turn degrades the performance of the PLS model. We mathematically modeled the response of an invasive sensor measurement and used this response to develop a filter to time-match the raw NIR spectra before building the PLS model. PLS models for interstitial pH in exercising human <i>flexor digitorum profundus</i> muscle were developed with and without the time-matching filter. In a single exercising subject, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.05 pH units and r<sup>2</sup> = 0.39 without filtering, but improved to RMSEP = 0.02 pH units with r<sup>2</sup> = 0.91 after the time-matching filter was implemented. The time-matching filter was shown to be effective in improving model performance when spectral response is more rapid than the invasive sensor reference measurement.
Antivirus Solution to IoT Malware Detection with Authorial Next-Generation Sandbox (2023)

Abstract Background: Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) significantly impacts people’s lives, reaching hundreds of billions of devices connected to the world wide web. Given the popularity of smart devices, the amount of cyber-attacks targeting technology has grown in the last few years. Malware is currently the main cyber-villain in IoT situations due to the ongoing emergence of new malware targeted at IoT, such as the botnet, the use of sophisticated obfuscation and evasion tactics, and frequently the availability of enormous resources for its development. Objective: The present work creates an Antivirus for Dynamic Malware Analysis based on Artificial Neural Networks, equipped with authorial emulated IoT Sandbox. Our antivirus is specialized in malware detection from 32-bit IoT architectures of the Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) type. Methods: In the proposed methodology, the suspected ELF file for 32-bit ARM architecture is executed with the objective of intentionally infecting the audited GNU/Linux. In opposition to analysis of individual events, our engine employs authorial Next-Generation Sandbox. In all, our antivirus monitors and statistically weighs 2,793 actions that the suspicious ELF file can perform when executed. Results: Our antivirus reaches an average accuracy of 98.75% when distinguishing benign ARM ELF files from malware. Our antivirus architectures are probed under different learning functions and starting conditions to maximize their accuracy. Conclusions: The lack or limited detection of malicious software by commercial antivirus programs can be provided by Smart Antivirus. Instead of models based on blocklists, signatures or heuristics, our antivirus allows the detection of ARM ELF malware in a preventive and non-reactive way. Our antivirus overcomes limitations of Clamav and other traditional antiviruses.
Very low voltage vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with low-resistance mirrors (1993)

Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have developed rapidly during the past few years, but their performance is still hampered by high mirror resistances. Alternate laser structures have been developed that bypass the mirrors1, giving threshold voltages of 1.7 V for 850 nm devices. We have demonstrated a VCSEL threshold voltage of 1.49 V at 956 run while maintaining conventional planar, implant-isolated VCSELs where current flows through the entire mirror stack. The reduction in threshold voltage results from greatly reduced mirror voltage drops due to low resistivity mirrors with completely linear current-voltage characteristic2 and low threshold current density VCSELs.
Dependence of giant magnetoresistance on grain size in Co/Cu multilayers (1994)

The effect of grain size on the magnetoresistance (MR) of Co/Cu multilayers fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering has been studied using Co/Cu multilayers grown with identical Co and Cu thicknesses but different grain sizes. These multilayers were selectively fabricated by growing with and without a Cu underlayer: grain-to-grain epitaxy from the buffer layer to the superlattice in the former facilitated control of the multilayer grain structure. The MR was found to increase with increasing grain size, with the difference being larger at low temperature. The enhancement of MR is attributed to an increased electron mean free path leading to sampling of more antiferromagnetically coupled layers.
Intrascanner and interscanner variability of magnetization transfer‐sensitized balanced steady‐state free precession imaging (2010)

Recently, a new and fast three-dimensional imaging technique for magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) imaging has been proposed based on a balanced steady-state free precession protocol with modified radiofrequency pulses. In this study, optimal balanced steady-state free precession MTR protocol parameters were derived for maximum stability and reproducibility. Variability between scans was assessed within white and gray matter for nine healthy volunteers using two different 1.5 T clinical systems at six different sites. Intrascanner and interscanner MTR measurements were well reproducible (coefficient of variation: c(v) < 0.012 and c(v) < 0.015, respectively) and results indicate a high stability across sites (c(v) < 0.017) for optimal flip angle settings. This study demonstrates that balanced steady-state free precession MTR not only benefits from short acquisition time and high signal-to-noise ratio but also offers excellent reproducibility and low variability, and it is thus proposed for clinical MTR scans at individual sites as well as for multicenter studies.
Macromolecular synthesis using mesoporous zeolites (2000)

Mesoporous zeolites such as MCM-41 were found to serve as nano-flasks for free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), where the formation of long-lived propagating radicals was observed. Al-MCM-41 with a Lewis-acidic aluminosilicate framework catalyzed living ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters such as δ-valerolactone and ϵ-caprolactone, to give narrow molecular-weight-distribution polyesters. With Ti-MCM-41, a titanate-containing mesoporous silica, ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone also took place to give a high molecular-weight polyester. On the other hand, with Ti-MCM-41 in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO), ethylene was polymerized to give a high molecular-weight, linear polyethylene.
A Portable Device for Analyzing Cements Under Simulated Pumping Conditions (1990)

ABSTRACT A recently developed, portable cement laboratory instrument has been used to test cement consistency under actual downhole conditions. Control variables include pressure, temperature, and shear experienced by a cement slurry in the test. During a simulated temporary suspension of pumping, the device can perform static gel strength evaluations to help predict pumpability of the cement. In addition, the device can also perform static gel strength tests after the job to allow further cement quality evaluations. When a computer is used with the instrument, the user simulates actual conditions of the lead, tail, or intermediate cement slurry. The computer uses this information to control pressure, temperature, and shear rate during simulation. Accurate simulation of job parameters can provide closer predictions of cement performance. Portability of the instrument gives an additional option for the user as to where the instrument is used. In the laboratory, the cement testing instrument is used as an aid in slurry design to better meet job requirements. On location, such as on an offshore rig, the cement testing device can be used with well instrumentation and a microprocessor to acquire information about a cement job. The computer can calculate proper job parameters to be used to test the slurry. Slurry samples to be tested can be taken from the lead or tail cement. A closer prediction of the cement on-job performance is provided.
Pushing the lifetime of perovskite solar cell beyond 4500 h by the use of impermeable tin oxide electron extraction layers (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from decomposition of the active material in the presence of moisture or heat. In addition, the corrosion of metal electrodes due to halide species needs to be overcome.[1,2] Here, we introduce ALD-grown tin oxide (SnOx) as impermeable electron extraction layer (EEL), which affords air resilient and temperature stable MAPbI3 PSCs. Being conductive, SnOx is positioned between the metal electrode and the perovskite. Its outstanding permeation barrier properties protect the perovskite against ingress of moisture or migrating metal atoms, while simultaneously the metal electrode is protected against leaking halide compounds.[2] Therefore, SnOx is also excellently suited to sandwich and protect ultra-thin metal layers (Ag or Cu) as cost efficient Indium-free semitransparent electrodes (SnOx/metal/SnOx) in PSCs. Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we unravel the formation of a PbI2 interfacial layer between a SnOx EEL and the perovskite. The resulting interface dipole between SnOx and the PbI2 depends on the choice of oxidant for ALD (water, ozone, oxygen plasma). SnOx grown by using ozone affords hysteresis-free devices with a stable efficiency of 16.3% and a remarkably high open circuit voltage of 1.17 V.[3] Finally, we fabricated semitransparent PSCs with efficiency >11% (Tvis = 17%) and an astonishing stability > 4500h under ambient conditions (>50% RH) or elevated temperatures (60°C).[4] [1] Y. Kato et al., Adv. Mater. Interf. 2015, 2, 150019 [2] K. Brinkmann et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 13938 [3] T. Hu et al. Adv. Mat. (submitted) [4] J. Zhao et al. Adv. Energ. Mat. (in press)
In situ polymerization and morphology of polypyrrole obtained in water‐soluble polymer templates (2012)

Abstract Several water‐soluble polymers were used as templates for the in situ polymerization of pyrrole to determine their effect on the generation of nanosized polypyrrole (PPy) particles. The polymers used include: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinyl butyral), polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(ethylene‐ alt ‐maleic anhydride) (PEMA), poly(octadecene‐ alt ‐maleic anhydride), poly( N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl butyral‐ co ‐vinyl alcohol‐ co ‐vinyl acetate), poly( N ‐isopropyl acrylamide), poly(ethylene oxide‐ block ‐propylene oxide), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and guar gum. The oxidative polymerization of pyrrole was carried out with FeCl 3 as an oxidant. The morphology of PPy particles obtained after drying the resulting aqueous dispersions was examined by optical microscopy, and selected samples were further analyzed via atomic force microscopy. Among the template polymers, PVA was the most efficient in generating stable dispersions of PPy nanospheres in water, followed by PEO and PEMA. The average size of PPy nanospheres was in the range of 160 nm and found to depend on the molecular weight and concentration of PVA. Model reactions and kinetics of the polymerization reaction of pyrrole in PVA were carried out by hydrogen 1 H NMR spectroscopy using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Pooled safety analysis of tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2021)

This pooled analysis provides a detailed safety profile for tisagenlecleucel during the course of clinical trials, and AE management guidance, with a longer follow-up duration compared with previous reports.
The physics of fastZpinches (2000)

The spectacular progress made during the last few years in reaching high energy densities in fast implosions of annular current sheaths (fast Z pinches) opens new possibilities for a broad spectrum of experiments, from x-ray generation to controlled thermonuclear fusion and astrophysics. At present Z pinches are the most intense laboratory x-ray sources (1.8 MJ in 5 ns from a volume 2 mm in diameter and 2 cm tall). Powers in excess of 200 TW have been obtained. This warrants summarizing the present knowledge of physics that governs the behavior of radiating, current-carrying plasma in fast Z pinches. This survey covers essentially all aspects of the physics of fast Z pinches: initiation, instabilities of the early stage, magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the implosion phase, formation of a transient quasiequilibrium near the stagnation point, and rebound. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of hydrodynamic instabilities governing the implosion symmetry. Possible ways of mitigating these instabilities are discussed. Nonmagnetohydrodynamic effects (anomalous resistivity, generation of particle beams, etc.) are summarized. Various applications of fast Z pinches are briefly described. Scaling laws governing development of more powerful Z pinches are presented.
Physics model of memristor devices with varying active materials (2016)

This paper presents a physics-based model for memristors with different active layer materials. The model predicts the effect of changing the active material on the electrical characteristics of the devices. It captures the essential characteristics of the memristor such as coupling between ion mobility and electron current in addition to the nonlinear effects of electric fields. The parameters in the model depend on material (metal-oxide) properties that have impact on the device behavior. These properties are activation energy, escape attempt frequency, hopping parameter and relative permittivity. In this work, the effect of each parameter is highlighted and explained. In addition, the physics-based Matlab model is used to analyze the electrical characteristics of simulated memristor device using the following oxide materials; ZnO, TiO2 and Ta2O5. The simulation results of the model are validated with experimental data reported in the literature. The value of this contribution is to enable the selection of suitable oxide materials for the target memristor using correlated mathematical models.
A brief message on the twenty-fifth anniversary of NAFIPS (2009)

It seems fitting that the origins and history of NAFIPS are somewhat approximate. While annual meetings have been taking place since May of 1982, official documents show that the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society was incorporated in the state of California on 20 February 1985. Some of us like to trace the beginning of NAFIPS to discussions held at a conference sponsored by the nascent IFSA in Kauai in July of 1984 (the official first IFSA conference wouldn't take place until the following year). This being the case, we can think of the year 2009 as the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of NAFIPS. We leave it to an ambitious graduate student to determine exactly to what extent NAFIPS existed exactly twenty-five years before the present (summer of 2009); we, the current presidents of NAFIPS, are happy to mark and to celebrate the event without crisp reservations. NAFIPS has facilitated progress in two ways.
The Congruence Subgroup Problem for the Free Metabelian group on $n\geq4$ generators (2017)

The congruence subgroup problem for a finitely generated group $Γ$ asks whether the map $\hat{Aut\left(Γ\right)}\to Aut(\hatΓ)$ is injective, or more generally, what is its kernel $C\left(Γ\right)$? Here $\hat{X}$ denotes the profinite completion of $X$. It is well known that for finitely generated free abelian groups $C\left(\mathbb{Z}^{n}\right)=\left\{ 1\right\}$ for every $n\geq3$, but $C\left(\mathbb{Z}^{2}\right)=\hat{F}_ω$, where $\hat{F}_ω$ is the free profinite group on countably many generators. Considering $Φ_{n}$, the free metabelian group on $n$ generators, it was also proven that $C\left(Φ_{2}\right)=\hat{F}_ω$ and $C\left(Φ_{3}\right)\supseteq\hat{F}_ω$. In this paper we prove that $C\left(Φ_{n}\right)$ for $n\geq4$ is abelian. So, while the dichotomy in the abelian case is between $n=2$ and $n\geq3$, in the metabelian case it is between $n=2,3$ and $n\geq4$.
Association of household air pollution with glucose homeostasis markers in Chinese rural women: Effect modification of socioeconomic status (2022)

The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699). Date of registration: 06 July, 2015. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.
Complura (2016)

What would someone from another culture think of this photograph I just took? Would they think my picture of this "wilted flower" was also sentimentally positive or would they perceive it negatively instead? Or what if I wanted to find other photographs that are semantically related to my image as well as sentimentally sensitive, but from other cultures? In fact, this cultural and sentimental relevancy are features that we would expect of any recommender system and query expansion engine, respectively. Motivated by this, we present an online demonstration of a system called Complura. Our system implements three major functions: an interactive multilingual ontology browser, a cross-lingual image-based sentiment analyzer, and a culturally-coherent, sentiment-aware image query expansion engine. We ground our system on a multilingual visual sentiment ontology, containing over 10k sentiment-polarized visual concepts over 12 languages and over 7.3M images.
Supplementary Figure S2 from A very long-acting exatecan and its synergism with DNA damage response inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Body weights of mice treated with PEG-Exa combinations with TLZ or VX970.&lt;/p&gt;
Reed–Solomon and Related Codes (2006)

Generalized Reed–Solomon (in short, GRS) codes and their derivative codes are probably the most extensively-used codes in practice. This may be attributed to several advantages that these codes have. First, GRS codes are maximum distance separable, namely, they attain the Singleton bound. Secondly, being linear codes, they can be encoded efficiently; furthermore, as we see in this chapter, encoders for the sub-class of conventional Reed–Solomon (in short, RS) codes can be implemented by particularly simple hardware circuits. Thirdly, we will show in Chapters 6 and 9 that GRS codes can also be decoded efficiently.
Strategies to improve electrode positioning and safety in cochlear implants (1999)

An injection-molded internal supporting rib has been produced to control the flexibility of silicone rubber encapsulated electrodes designed to electrically stimulate the auditory nerve in human subjects with severe to profound hearing loss. The rib molding dies, and molds for silicone rubber encapsulation of the electrode, were designed and machined using AutoCad and MasterCam software packages in a PC environment. After molding, the prototype plastic ribs were iteratively modified based on observations of the performance of the rib/silicone composite insert in a clear plastic model of the human scala tympani cavity. The rib-based electrodes were reliably inserted farther into these models, required less insertion force and were positioned closer to the target auditory neural elements than currently available cochlear implant electrodes. With further design improvements the injection-molded rib may also function to accurately support metal stimulating contacts and wire leads during assembly to significantly increase the manufacturing efficiency of these devices. This method to reliably control the mechanical properties of miniature implantable devices with multiple electrical leads may be valuable in other areas of biomedical device design.
Defining the Interactions of Cellobiohydrolase with Substrate through Structure Function Studies: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-10-409 (2013)

NREL researchers will use their expertise and skilled resources in numerical computational modeling to generate structure-function relationships for improved cellulase variant enzymes to support the development of cellulases with improved performance in biomass conversion.
Passive acoustic mapping of magnetic microbubbles for cavitation enhancement and localization (2015)

Magnetic targeting of microbubbles functionalized with superparamagnetic nanoparticles has been demonstrated previously for diagnostic (B-mode) ultrasound imaging and shown to enhance gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, passive acoustic mapping (PAM) was used to investigate the potential of magnetic microbubbles for localizing and enhancing cavitation activity under focused ultrasound. Suspensions of magnetic microbubbles consisting of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), air and 10 nm diameter iron oxide nanoparticles were injected into a tissue mimicking phantom at different flow velocities (from 0 to 50 mm s(-1)) with or without an applied magnetic field. Microbubbles were excited using a 500 kHz single element focused transducer at peak negative focal pressures of 0.1-1.0 MPa, while a 64 channel imaging array passively recorded their acoustic emissions. Magnetic localization of microbubble-induced cavitation activity was successfully achieved and could be resolved using PAM as a shift in the spatial distribution and increases in the intensity and sustainability of cavitation activity under the influence of a magnetic field. Under flow conditions at shear rates of up to 100 s(-1) targeting efficacy was maintained. Application of a magnetic field was shown to consistently increase the energy of cavitation emissions by a factor of 2-5 times over the duration of exposures compared to the case without targeting, which was approximately equivalent to doubling the injected microbubble dose. These results suggest that magnetic targeting could be used to localize and increase the concentration of microbubbles and hence cavitation activity for a given systemic dose of microbubbles or ultrasound intensity.
Experimental Evaluation of Evaporator Thermal Inertia for an Optimal Control Strategy of an Organic Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery System (2020)

&lt;div&gt;Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is considered to be a promising waste heat recovery (WHR) technique. In this article, the thermal inertia of an evaporator for an ORC system is evaluated. While the literature is rich in understanding open loop evaporator response, closed loop dynamic response with the controller is lacking. To understand the dynamic response of the evaporator, sinusoidal heat inputs with varying frequency are considered. A nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy is evaluated for a single evaporator experiencing this sinusoidal heat signal in both simulation and experimental cases. Experimental verification showed that the evaporator was most responsive to low-frequency sinusoidal heat signals. In such case, penalizing the control input helped in retaining the superheat tracking performance of the proposed NMPC.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Further, while many studies have explored model predictive control (MPC) as a possible control strategy for an ORC-WHR system, none has exploited MPC’s preview capability. In this study, the MPC’s preview feature is utilized to investigate any potential benefits of knowing the future exhaust conditions. Simulations showed that utilizing knowledge of future exhaust conditions within the MPC preview is beneficial in minimizing control input variation and in minimizing superheat tracking errors for certain heat input frequency ranges.&lt;/div&gt;