gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of atomic hydrogen and active carbon species in 1mm vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotube growth (2006)

A hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method has been used to investigate the effects of atomic hydrogen and active carbon species on the growth of 1mm vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs). Isotopic shifts of the tangential phonon mode of SWNTs indicate that SWNT growth occurs primarily via reactions of acetylene and ethylene. The authors find that the presence of atomic hydrogen and active carbon species such as ethylene and acetylene appears to be essential for both nucleation and growth of VA-SWNTs in this HFCVD.
Detection of an internal short circuit in a battery (2023)

An electrical device comprises a battery cell; a pressure sensor for measuring swelling forces of the battery cell, optionally with voltage, temperature and current sensors, and a battery management system including a controller. The controller executes a program to: (i) determine a reference swelling force corresponding to a reference electrical signal received from the pressure sensor at an earlier reference time, (ii) determine a second swelling force corresponding to a second electrical signal received from the pressure sensor at a later second time, and (iii) determine whether a risk of internal short circuit of the battery cell exists by comparing a reference level of the reference electrical signal and a signal representative of the second electrical signal. When the signal representative of the second electrical signal exceeds the reference level of the reference electrical signal by a threshold amount, a risk of internal short circuit of the cell exists.
Syntheses of 2-Alkylamino- and 2-Dialkylamino-4,6-diarylpyridines and 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyrimidines Using Solid-Phase-Bound Chalcones (2000)

Several substituted 2- and 4-hydroxyacetophenones are linked to Wang resin via a modified Mitsunobu protocol. These resin-bound acetophenones are condensed with aromatic aldehydes, and the resulting chalcones 5 are used for the synthesis of 2-dialkylamino- (9a-d) and 2-alkylamino-4,6-diarylpyridines (11a-f), and 2-alkyl-4,6-diaryl- (14a) and 2,4,6-triarylpyrimidines (14b,c) in a manner suitable for combinatorial applications.
A Study of Copolymerization of 1‐Hexene with 2,5‐Norbornadiene Using Metallocene Catalysts (2004)

Abstract Summary: Copolymerization of 1‐hexene with a symmetrical diene, namely 2,5‐norbornadiene was studied using four different metallocene catalysts. Copolymerization was found to occur exclusively through one of the two equally reactive endocyclic double bonds with all the four catalysts. Copolymerization results in low molecular weight oligomers with the number average molecular weight ( $\overline M _{\rm n}$ ) varying from 1 000–3 000. End group analysis of the co‐oligomers revealed that the β ‐hydrogen transfer after 2,1 insertion also occurs in the presence of highly regiospecific catalysts. The regio errors were also found to depend on various reaction parameters such as polymerization time, Al/Zr mol ratio, metallocene concentration and polymerization temperature. Plots of variation in end groups and NBD incorporation with time. magnified image Plots of variation in end groups and NBD incorporation with time.
Our remaining options for preventing a nuclear Iran (2020)

Fifty years ago the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), an international agreement that seeks to limit the spread of nuclear weapons, went into effect. Under the NPT, all countries party to the treaty are permitted to develop nuclear technologies for peaceful activities, but countries without nuclear weapons are not permitted to divert those technologies to manufacture nuclear weapons. In 2003, it was determined that Iran had pursued nuclear weapons under the guise of its civilian nuclear program, violating its NPT commitments. Unified international economic sanctions brought Iran to the negotiating table, resulting in the Iran Deal, formally termed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), signed in 2015. The Iran deal placed additional limits beyond NPT restrictions, on materials and activities that could be diverted to developing a nuclear weapon, extending the time needed for Iran to develop a nuclear weapon from a few months to roughly a year. This changed when the United States unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in May 2018 and Iran announced the following year that it would no longer be bound by the terms of the deal. Lacking the added restrictions of the Iran deal, Iran has begun ramping up domestic nuclear activities, raising fears that they may pursue development of a nuclear weapon. The United States has several policy options available in seeking to forestall such an outcome. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several of these options, including economic sanctions, counterproliferation military action, or return to the JCPOA or a similar diplomatic agreement. The return to a cooperative agreement such as the Iran deal, though made challenging by mutual distrust, is assessed to provide the best chance to prevent Iran from resuming a nuclear weapons program.
Metamaterial‐Enabled and Microwave Circuit Integrated Wearable Antennas for Off‐Body Communications (2016)

This chapter presents two new types of recently developed wearable antennas. It presents the transformational designs for lightweight conformal wearable antennas which are highly efficient while, at the same time, having a compact footprint and a low profile in the MBAN band. These designs are enabled by placing a planar monopole antenna on top of an extremely truncated metasurface, which yields a front-to-back ratio in the radiation pattern that is remarkably high for its size and effectively isolates the antenna from the loading effects of the human body. The chapter focuses on compact, planar circularly polarized (CP) wearable filtennas with both narrow and wide operational bandwidths. It discusses the antenna design strategy, simulations, and experimental results, as well as on-body performance evaluations of these wearable antennas. Bandwidth broadening techniques are illustrated by introducing various interdigital capacitor loading schemes into the metasurface. The integrated band selective functionality of the radiating modules is verified by experimental measurements.
Fast Passivity Enforcement of $S$-Parameter Macromodels by Pole Perturbation (2009)

This paper presents a fast iterative algorithm for passivity enforcement of large nonpassive macromodels that share a common set of poles. It is ensured that the maximum passivity violation is monotonically decreasing in each iteration step, and convergence to a passive macromodel is guaranteed.
Bioinspired, nanoscale approaches in contemporary bioanalytics (Review) (2018)

The genesis for this topical review stems from the interdisciplinary Biointerfaces International conference 2016 (BI 2016) in Zurich, Switzerland, wherein the need for advances in analytical tools was both expressed and addressed. Pushing the limits of detection for characterizing individual components, such as single proteins, single drug-delivery vehicles, or probing single living cells in a more natural environment, will contribute to the understanding of the complex biomolecular systems central to a number of applications including medical diagnostics, tissue engineering, and drug screening and delivery. Accordingly, the authors begin with an overview of single nanoparticle analytics highlighting two emerging techniques and how they compare with existing techniques. The first is based on single particle tracking of nanoparticles tethered to a mobile supported lipid bilayer, enabling the simultaneous characterization of both size and composition of individual nanoparticles. The second technique is based on probing variations in the ionic conduction across nanoscale apertures for detection of not only nanoparticles but also membrane-tethered proteins, thereby allowing a multiparameter characterization of individual nanoscopic objects, addressing their size, shape, charge, and dipole moment. Subsequently, the authors lead into an example of an area of application that stands to benefit from such advances in bioanalytics, namely, the development of biomimetic lipid- and polymer-based assemblies as stimuli-responsive artificial organelles and nanocarriers designed to optimize delivery of next generation high-molecular-weight biological drugs. This in turn motivates the need for additional advanced techniques for investigating the cellular response to drug delivery, and so the review returns again to bioanalytics, in this case single-cell analysis, while highlighting a technique capable of probing and manipulating the content of individual living cells via fluidic force microscopy. In presenting a concerted movement in the field of bioinspired bioanalytics, positioned in the context of drug delivery, while also noting the critical role of surface modifications, it is the authors' aim to evaluate progress in the field of single component bioanalytics and to emphasize the impact of initiating and maintaining a fruitful dialogue among scientists, together with clinicians and industry, to guide future directions in this area and to steer innovation to successful translation.
Saccade direction and surface orientation: effect of scene context (2014)

The question of where we look within a visual scene has long been studied by monitoring fixation positions and their relationship to low-level (color, intensity, orientation, flicker and motion) and higher level (object-based, global depth or contextual) visual features in the image. Besides fixation location, the study of other saccadic parameters, especially saccade direction, can give new insight into (the preattentive mechanism of) overt attention. For simple slanted grid planes, spontaneous saccades follow the orientation of surface slant and tilt (a depth cue combination, as in conscious perception). This strategy may extend to complex scenes with natural stimuli. We test this assertion for two types of scene contexts (natural forest vs man-made urban). We examined eye movements and saccade direction in 16 observers while they free-viewed static color images over 7s. Observers' saccades were principally vertically and horizontally oriented for both conditions, but of importance, were more horizontally (p<0.05) and less vertically (p<0.05) oriented for urban than for forest context. In particular, the first saccades tended to follow the main horizontal and vertical directions of the scene and its ground surface orientation in depth: the slant. The saccade direction mechanism appears to be linked to either some low-level gradient or edge orientation, higher-level convergence of vanishing lines, or a more global gist contextual feature computation. This fast saccadic programming might rely on a visual mechanism to infer scene spatial layout: surface orientation, perspective, openness and scene category, in the absence of vestibular information. This result argues in favor of a feed-forward high-level scene representation, which could be accessed in parallel during the deployment of overt attention. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2014
Sigma delta quantization for compressive sensing (2007)

Compressive sensing is a new data acquisition technique that aims to measure sparse and compressible signals at close to their intrinsic information rate rather than their Nyquist rate. Recent results in compressive sensing show that a sparse or compressible signal can be reconstructed from very few measurements with an incoherent, and even randomly generated, dictionary. To date the hardware implementation of compressive sensing analog-to-digital systems has not been straightforward. This paper explores the use of Sigma-Delta quantizer architecture to implement such a system. After examining the challenges of using Sigma-Delta with a randomly generated compressive sensing dictionary, we present efficient algorithms to compute the coefficients of the feedback loop. The experimental results demonstrate that Sigma-Delta relaxes the required analog filter order and quantizer precision. We further demonstrate that restrictions on the feedback coefficient values and stability constraints impose a small penalty on the performance of the Sigma-Delta loop, while they make hardware implementations significantly simpler.
Serological Expression Cloning and Immunological Evaluation of MTB48, a NovelMycobacterium tuberculosisAntigen (2001)

Improved diagnostics are needed for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially for patients with smear-negative disease. To address this problem, we have screened M. tuberculosis (H37Rv and Erdman strains) genomic expression libraries with pooled sera from patients with extrapulmonary disease and with sera from patients with elevated reactivity with M. tuberculosis lysate. Both serum pools were reactive with clones expressing a recombinant protein referred to here as MTB48. The genomic sequence of the resulting clones was identical to that of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv isolate and showed 99% identity to the Mycobacterium bovis and M. bovis BCG isolate sequences. The genomic location of this sequence is 826 bp upstream of a region containing the esat-6 gene that is deleted in the M. bovis BCG isolate. The mtb48 1,380-bp open reading frame encodes a predicted 47.6-kDa polypeptide with no known function. Southern and Western blot analyses indicate that this sequence is present in a single copy and is conserved in the M. tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates tested but not in other mycobacterial species tested, including Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium avium. In addition, the native protein was detected in the cytoplasm, as was a processed form that was also shed into the medium during culture. Serological analysis of recombinant MTB48 and the M. tuberculosis 38-kDa antigen with a panel of patient and control sera indicates that the inclusion of recombinant MTB48 in a prototype serodiagnostic test increases assay sensitivity for M. tuberculosis infection when it is combined with other known immunodominant antigens, such as the 38-kDa antigen.
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), Far Detector Technical Design Report (Volume II: DUNE Physics) (2020)

The Physics volume of the DUNE far detector (FD) Technical Design Report (TDR) presents the science program of DUNE. Within, we describe the array of identified scientific opportunities and key goals. Crucially, we also report our best current understanding of the capability of DUNE to realize these goals, along with the detailed arguments and investigations on which this understanding is based. In the context of the complete set of DUNE TDR volumes, a central role for this volume is to document the scientific basis underlying the conception and design of the LBNF/DUNE experimental configurations. As a result, it is the description of DUNE’s experimental capabilities that constitutes the bulk of the document. Key linkages between requirements for successful execution of the physics program and primary specifications of the experimental configurations are drawn and summarized. This document also serves a wider purpose as a statement on the scientific potential of DUNE as a central component within a global program of frontier theoretical and experimental particle physics research. Thus, the presentation also aims to serve as a resource for the particle physics community at large. In this chapter, the scientific goals, the methodologies utilized to obtain sensitivity projections, the corresponding results for selected elements of the scientific program, and the demands placed on the experiment design and performance are presented in summary form. Together with the two chapters that follow, this summary establishes the context for the detailed descriptions specific to each area of research that comprise the remaining chapters.
ENGRAFT (2022)

This paper presents the first critical analysis of building highly secure, performant, and confidential Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus by integrating off-the-shelf crash fault-tolerant (CFT) protocols with trusted execution environments (TEEs). TEEs, like Intel SGX, are CPU extensions that offer applications a secure execution environment with strong integrity and confidentiality guarantees, by leveraging techniques like hardware-assisted isolation, memory encryption, and remote attestation. It has been speculated that when implementing a CFT protocol inside Intel SGX, one would achieve security properties similar to BFT. However, we show in this work that simply combining CFT with SGX does not directly yield a secure BFT protocol, given the wide range of attack vectors on SGX. We systematically study the fallacies in such a strawman design by performing model checking, and propose solutions to enforce safety and liveness. We also present Engraft, a secure enclave-guarded Raft implementation that, firstly, achieves consensus on a cluster of 2 + 1 machines tolerating up to nodes exhibiting Byzantine-fault behavior (but well-behaved enclaves); secondly, offers a new abstraction of confidential consensus for privacy-preserving state machine replication; and finally, allows the reuse of a production-quality Raft implementation, BRaft, in the development of a highly performant BFT system.
Prediction of Spindle Force Using Measured Road Forces on Rolling Tire (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Improvement of vehicle interior noise is desired in recent years in the modern world of the demand of low weight, good fuel economy and offering technical advantages strongly. The dynamic force transmission of rolling tires from the road surface to the spindles is a critical factor in vehicle interior noise. We focus on structure-borne noise transferred through the spindle. It is necessary for effort of the effective tire/road noise reduction to predict spindle force excited by tire/road contact. The major issues in predicting spindle forces are to clarify the distribution of road forces and how to input on the simulation model. Therefore, it is important that road forces are measured accurately on the rolling tire.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;First, the dynamic road forces on the rolling tire are measured by using the tri-axial force sensor directly. In efforts to reduce interior noise due to structure-borne noise, it is necessary to predict spindle forces excited by the tire/road contact. Second, the spindle forces during the operation are predicted by using the FE tire model and the distribution of the dynamic road forces which are measured experimentally. Our suggested method is applicable for predicting spindle force because analytical results of spindle force are close to experimental results.&lt;/div&gt;
Fate of Pharmaceuticals in a Submerged Membrane Bioreactor Treating Hospital Wastewater (2021)

The fate of 12 pharmaceutical pollutants was investigated to understand their removal mechanism during hospital wastewater (HWW) treatment in submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). High concentrations of anti-depressant (venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine), analgesic (ibuprofen and hydroxy-ibuprofen), and caffeine were detected in the HWW during the entire study period. The SMBR showed high removal &amp;gt;70% of antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and clarithromycin), beta-blocker (acebutolol), hormone (estrone), and caffeine via biodegradation. The partial degradation of diclofenac, venlafaxine, and desvenlafaxine in SMBR indicates the growth promoter or agent requirement, which could facilitate the metabolism and co-metabolism of these pharmaceuticals by microorganisms. The study demonstrated that the major removal mechanism of pharmaceuticals in SMBR at optimized treatment conditions was biodegradation for the majority of examined pharmaceuticals. The assessment of SMBR performance at the low temperature of 15 and 10°C resulted in the drop of biodegradation efficiency of SMBR, affecting overall pharmaceuticals removal.
Dexamethasone-Induced Oxidative Stress Enhances Myeloma Cell Radiosensitization While Sparing Normal Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis (2010)

Dexamethasone (Dex) and radiation therapy are established modalities in multiple myeloma. In this study, we propose a novel combination of Dex plus radiation that shows superior clonogenic cell killing and apoptosis of myeloma cells and selectively eliminates myeloma cells when cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Dex was found to inhibit the release of interleukin-6 from irradiated BMSCs, which is an established myeloma cell proproliferative cytokine. In 5TGM1 model, the combination of Dex with skeletal targeted radiotherapy (153-Sm-EDTMP) prolonged median survival time and inhibited radiation-induced myelosuppression. A two-cycle treatment of Dex plus 153-Sm-EDTMP was well tolerated and further improved median survival time. Mechanistically, Dex increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and augmented radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell death of myeloma cells. In contrast, Dex inhibited radiation-induced increase in pro-oxidant levels and enhanced the clonogenic survival in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Treatment with either N-acetylcysteine or the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase significantly protected myeloma cells from Dex-induced clonogenic death. Overall, these results demonstrate that Dex in combination with radiotherapy enhances the killing of myeloma cells while protecting normal bone marrow hematopoiesis through a mechanism that involves selective increases in oxidative stress.
Safety assessment of the release of transgenic crops : spread of herbicide resistance genes from wheat and foxtail millet to weedy species (2000)

National audience
Supplementary Figure S1 from Identification of Somatically Acquired <i>BRCA1/2</i> Mutations by cfDNA Analysis in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Consort diagram.&lt;/p&gt;
Bio-Inspired Gaze-Driven Robotic Neck Brace (2020)

People coordinate their eyes and head during typical activities of daily life. Subjects with poor head-eye coordination find it difficult to make eye contact with others, limiting their social interaction. Inspired by the natural vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) during head-eye coordination, we propose a gaze control interface to drive a robotic neck brace. This system will enable those with poor head control to perform head movements using their eyes. The control interface of this system is triggered by the user's pupil motion in a virtual field of view (FOV) to produce head movements. The results indicate that the control interface is capable of rotating the head towards the target within 5° of difference of the desired head angle. This study shows that the proposed bio-inspired control promotes natural eye-head coordination, which may be potentially useful for individuals with poor or limited neck control.