gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Simulation of a Ring Transducer Array for Ultrasound Retinal Stimulation (2022)

Argus II retinal prosthesis is the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved medical device intended to restore sight to a patient's blind secondary to retinal degeneration (i.e., retinitis pigmentosa). However, Argus II and most reported retinal prostheses require invasive surgery to implant electrodes in the eye. Recent studies have shown that focused ultrasound can be developed into a non-invasive retinal prosthesis technology. Ultrasound energy focused on retinal neurons can trigger the activities of retinal neurons with high spatial-temporal resolution. This paper introduces a novel design and simulation of a ring array transducer that could be used as <i>non</i>-invasive ultrasonic retinal stimulation. The array transducer is designed in the shape of a racing ring with a hemisphere surface that mimics a contact lens to acoustically couple with the eye via the tear film and directs the ultrasound to avoid the high acoustic absorption from the crystalline lens. We will describe the design methods and simulation of the two-dimensional pattern stimulation. Finally, compared with other existing retinal prostheses, we show that the ultrasound ring array is practical and safe and could be potentially used as a <i>non</i>-invasive retinal prosthesis.
Delineation of the Discontinuous-Conformational Epitope of a Monoclonal Antibody Displaying Fullin Vitroandin VivoThyrotropin Activity (2004)

An experimental murine model of Graves' disease was used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with thyroid stimulating activity. Two of these, IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3, showed particularly high potency (in the low nanomolar range) and efficacy. IRI-SAb2 behaved as a full agonist of the human TSH receptor (TSHr), even when tested in physiological salt concentrations. Both IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3 were displaced from the TSHr by autoantibodies from patients with Graves' disease or harboring thyroid-blocking antibodies, but not from control subjects or patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. The epitopes of IRI-SAb2 and IRI-SAb3 were precisely mapped, at the amino acid level, to the amino-terminal portion of the concave portion of the horseshoe structure of TSHr ectodomain. They overlap closely with each other and, surprisingly, with the epitope of a mAb with blocking activity. When injected iv in mice, both mAbs caused biological and histological signs of hyperthyroidism. Unexpectedly, they also triggered an inflammatory response in the thyroid glands. Delineation of the conformational epitopes of these stimulating antibodies opens the way to the identification of the molecular mechanisms implicated in the activation of the TSHr.
Spectroscopic and Dynamic Characteristics of Energy Transfer of Nd<sup>3+</sup>→Yb<sup>3+</sup> and Yb<sup>3+</sup>→Er<sup>3+</sup> in Aluminate Glasses (1993)

The processes of excitation energy transfer among Nd3+, Yb3+ and Er3+ ions in multicomponent aluminate glasses without any classical glass formers were invetiated experimentally, using a conventional spectroscoy and a kinetic model which describes the interactions between active ions. The efficiency of Nd3+→Yb3+ energy transfer is found to be so high as to nearly reach 100%. In Yb3+ and Er3+ codoped system, a mutual migration of energy occurs. The energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ is considerably less efficient, owing to the influence of efficient back-energy transfer.
Macrocyclic Scaffold for the Collagen Triple Helix (2006)

[structure: see text] Three strands of natural collagen are linked by covalent bonds prior to their folding into a triple helix. We report on a synthetic collagen in which the strands are pendent on a rigid macrocyclic scaffold of C(3) symmetry. The scaffold confers substantial conformational stability upon the collagen triple helix and makes its folding independent of concentration, both desirable attributes for exploring and exploiting synthetic collagens.
A Genetic Fusion between Sm14 and CTB does not Reduce Schistosoma mansoni Worm Burden on Intranasally Immunized BALB/c Mice (2010)

Developing a vaccine against schistosomiasis would be an important advance on the control of this chronic and debilitating disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide. Herein we describe the use of the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) genetically fused to Sm14 -a fatty-acid binding protein from Schistosoma mansoni -as an attempt to elicit a mucosal immune response against the lung stage of this parasite by intranasal immunization. Recombinant proteins were expressed on a prokaryotic system, purified by affinity chromatography and both immunochemically and spectroscopically characterized. Intranasal immunization experiments were performed on BALB/c mice and vaccine efficacy was assessed analyzing the worm-burden after challenge infection with S. mansoni cercariae. The results demonstrate that Sm14 itself was not able to reduce the worm burden on intranasally vaccinated animals. The presence of CTB -either in intranasal coadministration with or genetically fused to Sm14 -did not significantly improve the protective response of Sm14 as a worm burden reduction of only 20% could be observed. In addition to that, however, CTB demonstrated a clear anti inflammatory effect on the liver of immunized mice, which displayed hepatic granulomas around trapped eggs 15% smaller than control groups, indicating that CTB displays an immunomodulatory effect on the inflammatory responses induced by the parasite egg toxins.
High sensitivity and specificity of a 5‐analyte protein and microRNA biosignature for identification of active tuberculosis (2021)

A novel combination of miRNA and proteins significantly improves the sensitivity and specificity as a biosignature over single biomarker candidates and may be useful for the development of a non-sputum test to aid the diagnosis of active TB disease.
Preparation of multilayered materials in cross‐section for in situ TEM tensile deformation studies (1997)

The success of in situ transmission electron microscopy experimentation is often dictated by proper specimen preparation and sample design procedures. We have developed a novel technique permitting the production of tensile specimens of multilayered films in cross-section for in situ deformation studies. Of primary importance in the development of this technique is the production of an electron transparent micro-gauge section. This micro-gauge section predetermines the position at which plastic deformation, crack nucleation and growth, and failure are observed. In short, we report in detail, a unique combination of specimen preparation procedural steps and the design of a multilayer foil sample. The ability of these procedures to facilitate the success of in situ TEM tensile studies of layered materials in cross-section is demonstrated using a Cu-Zr multilayer foil. Microsc. Res. Tech. 36:143–150, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.† This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the Untited States of America.
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease: Seventh Annual Scientific Meeting of the Houston Neurological Society, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas (1961)

The contributors have synthesized the latest knowledge dealing with an almost overwhelming scope of disease processes, i.e., occlusive disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracranial aneurysms, with a fine review of the anatomy and embryology of the cerebrovascular tree. The stimulating section on occlusive disease uses nearly a half of the entire volume. The chapters dealing with the metabolic and biochemical alteration underlying atherosclerosis are basic, for it would seem that future answers and prevention of this devastating atherosclerotic process lie here. A review of the clinical syndromes in cerebral arterial occlusion are presented in considerable completeness with the signs and symptoms in one column and the anatomical structures involved in an adjacent column. The point is made that neurological deficits can occur from occlusive disease in vessels remote from the brain itself, yet capable of affecting dynamically, regional cerebral blood flow. The use of angiographic techniques to spot these
Traffic prediction using pheromone model (2005)

Social insects such as ants, bees and wasps perform complex tasks with pheromone communication despite lack of top-down style control. We have examined applications of this pheromone mechanism towards ITS. In this paper, a car is regarded as an insect that releases virtual pheromone that represents traffic congestion level. We propose a method to predict traffic congestion of the immediate future through a pheromone mechanism without resort to the use of a traffic control center. Furthermore we introduced multi semantics of pheromone to refine the prediction performance. We evaluate our method using actual traffic data and the results indicate our method is superior to other conventional techniques and our previous method.
Modular assembly of porous organic cage crystals: isoreticular quasiracemates and ternary co-crystal (2017)

Co-crystallisation of helically chiral porous organic cage molecules has enabled the formation of isoreticular quasiracemates and a rare porous organic ternary co-crystal.
High-efficiency heterojunction crystalline Si solar cell and optical splitting structure fabricated by applying thin-film Si technology (2015)

Thin-film Si technology for solar cells has been developed for over 40 years. Improvements in the conversion efficiency and industrialization of thin-film Si solar cells have been realized through continuous research and development of the thin-film Si technology. The thin-film Si technology covers a wide range of fields such as fundamental understanding of the nature of thin-film Si, cell/module production, simulation, and reliability technologies. These technologies are also significant for solar cells other than the thin-film Si solar cells. Utilizing the highly developed thin-film Si solar cell technology, we have achieved ∼24% efficiency heterojunction crystalline Si solar cells using 6-in. wafers and >26% efficiency solar cells with an optical splitting structure. These results indicate that further improvement of thin-film Si technology and its synergy with crystalline Si solar cell technology will enable further improvement of solar cells with efficiencies above 26%.
Nonlinear Digital Processing for Uncompensated Systems (2010)

Digital nonlinear backpropagation provides a first estimate of the performance gains afforded by nonlinear signal processing for uncompensated systems. We discuss recent experimental investigations utilizing this technique for various modulation formats and WDM configurations.
Exposure to BA.4/5 S protein drives neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5 in vaccine-experienced humans and mice (2022)

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages show pronounced viral escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 variant infection owing to over 30-amino acid alterations within the spike (S) glycoprotein. Breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals with Omicron sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 is associated with distinct patterns of cross-neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). In continuation of our previous work, we characterized the effect of Omicron BA.4/BA.5 S glycoprotein exposure on the neutralizing antibody response upon breakthrough infection in vaccinated individuals and upon variant-adapted booster vaccination in mice. We found that immune sera from triple mRNA-vaccinated individuals with subsequent breakthrough infection during the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave showed cross-neutralizing activity against previous Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/BA.5 itself. Administration of a prototypic BA.4/BA.5-adapted mRNA booster vaccine to mice after SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain-based primary immunization is associated with broader cross-neutralizing activity than a BA.1-adapted booster. Whereas the Omicron BA.1-adapted mRNA vaccine in a bivalent format (wild-type + BA.1) broadens cross-neutralizing activity relative to the BA.1 monovalent booster, cross-neutralization of BA.2 and descendants is more effective in mice boosted with a bivalent wild-type + BA.4/BA.5 vaccine. In naïve mice, primary immunization with the bivalent wild-type + Omicron BA.4/BA.5 vaccine induces strong cross-neutralizing activity against Omicron VOCs and previous variants. These findings suggest that, when administered as boosters, mono- and bivalent Omicron BA.4/BA.5-adapted vaccines enhance neutralization breadth and that the bivalent version also has the potential to confer protection to individuals with no preexisting immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Clade-Specific Differences between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clades B and C: Diversity and Correlations in C3-V4 Regions of gp120 (2006)

Current knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein structure and function is based on studies of clade B viruses. We present evidence of sequence and structural differences in viral glycoprotein gp120 between clades B and C. In clade C, the C3 region alpha2-helix exhibits high sequence entropy at the polar face but maintains its amphipathicity, whereas in clade B it accommodates hydrophobic residues. The V4 hypervariable domain in clade C is shorter than that in clade B. Generally, shorter V4 loops are incompatible with a glycine occurring in the alpha2-helix in clade C, an intriguing association that could be exploited to inform Env immunogen design.
The Interassociation Equilibrium Constant and Thermodynamic Properties of Phenolic Resin/Polyamide 6 Blend (2001)

The interassociation equilibrium constant and interaction behavior between OH and amide group in phenolic resin/polyamide 6 blend have been investigated. There is a very strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the phenolic/polyamide 6 blend. KA = 639.64 is calculated from the Painter-Coleman association model (PCAM). Quantitative description of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding number resulted from solid FTIR spectra is rather close to that predicted by PCAM. The self-association of polyamide 6 is replaced by the interassociation in the phenolic rich region. The phenolic resin/polyamide 6 blend is miscible and phase separation does not occur throughout the blend range from room temperature to molten state, causing a high KA value. The Tg deviation of phenolic resin/polyamide 6 is negative throughout the blending range. The phenolic–polyamide 6 interaction formed is not large enough to overcome the breaking off of the self-association of phenolic resin and polyamide 6. It is attributed to the long repeated unit of polyamide 6 which hinders the self-association of phenolic resin, especially on phenolic rich region, consequently, increasing the entropy of polymer blend.
Embedded Concave Micromirror Array-based See-through Light Field Near-eye Display (2019)

We propose a direct-view see-through light field near-eye display (NED) using a semi-reflective embedded concave micromirror array (ECMMA) that can generate virtual images at different depths of focus. The ECMMA is a planar optical element having a thin, semi-reflective embedded metallic film for the mirror array. Being a flat element, the ECMMA has zero net refractive power, and the light rays originating from the background scene do not change their original direction of propagation when they pass the ECMMA. Therefore, the see-through view of the proposed ECMMA-NED looks clear with negligible disturbance to the quality of the background scene.
Intrinsic Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Human Spinal Cord at 3.0 T (2015)

Resting-state functional MR imaging of the human cervical spinal cord with a 3.0-T clinical MR imaging unit and standard MR imaging protocols and hardware reveals prominent functional connectivity patterns within the spinal cord gray matter, consistent with known functional and anatomic layouts of the spinal cord.
Computational Approaches for the Dynamics of Structure Formation in Self-Assembling Polymeric Materials (2013)

Polymeric materials can assemble into a multitude of intricate nanoscale morphologies whose free energy differs by only a fraction of the thermal energy per molecule. Such small free-energy differences pose a challenge for modeling and simulation but also offer exciting opportunities to direct the assembly of such materials into morphologies that do not correspond to those of equilibrium bulk structures. Over the past decade, significant progress has been achieved in our ability to guide their self-assembly through the use of confinement, topographical or chemical patterns, and electric fields. In contrast, approaches to guide self-assembly by tailoring the dynamics of structure formation have received less attention. This review discusses opportunities and challenges of recently developed computational strategies to predict the dynamics of self-assembly of polymeric materials on the basis of the underlying free-energy landscape.
Enabling high-performance RF designs using Z-interconnect: Materials, manufacturing and electrical performance (2008)

More and more board and chip package RF designs require high-signal density while delivering frequencies in the tens of gigahertz. The challenges for organic substrate in meeting these electrical requirements include using high-speed, low-loss materials, manufacturing precise structures, and making a reliable finished product. In addition, many RF systems have mechanical and environmental requirements like lightweight and low- moisture absorption. This paper describes a procedure used to fabricate RF circuits in a package composed of laminated substrates. A highly versatile laminated structure is enabled by the presence of Z-interconnects that are included between the layers. These interconnects are normal to the surfaces of the substrates which is considered to be the 'Z' direction. Such Z-interconnects hold promise for increasing signal density at microwave frequencies in a given package. The manufacture of Z- interconnect structures involves building mini-substrates of 2 or 3 layers each, then assembling several mini- substrates together to make the finished product. Final lamination includes connecting metal layers vertically, using a conductive paste. Designing and manufacturing the mini-substrates separately makes it possible to reliably manufacture substrates with no via stubs, very low-loss materials, nearly arbitrary transmission line structures and versatility in optimizing features to reduce signal loss. Examples of circuits, that were fabricated using the Z- interconnect process, are given and test results shown. These circuits are tested for electrical performance consisting of S-parameter measurements. Equivalent low-loss performance to typical ceramic substrates will be shown up to 25 GHz. These results compare the use of the technique with liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate material with the use of Teflon-based material. Teflon- based circuits are compared to low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates. Due to its design flexibility, lighter weight and hermeticity, the organic-material based Z-interconnect is shown as an improvement over ceramic substrates.
Improved thermal stability of Ni silicide on Si (100) through reactive deposition of Ni (2003)

The effect of reactive deposition of Ni on the thermal stability of Ni silicide has been investigated in this study. In the case of room-temperature-deposited Ni, the agglomeration of Ni silicide, which induced the thermal instability during subsequent annealing, started to appear at 600 °C and the sheet resistance was increased abruptly after high-temperature anneals. However, when the Ni was deposited on the heated Si substrate (reactive deposition of Ni), the sheet resistance of Ni silicide film exhibited a constant value of about 7.91 Ω/□ at the whole reaction temperature, especially at 900 °C.
Characterization of fusogenic liposomes as a gene transfer vector. (1996)

We have developed fusogenic liposomes, prepared by fusing simple liposomes and Sendai virus particles. Fusogenic liposomes can introduce their contents directly and efficiently into the cytoplasm in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the characteristics of fusogenic liposomes as a gene transfer vector. Fusogenic liposomes could transfer genes into cultured cells more efficiently than cationic liposome-DNA complex. When the cells were treated with fusogenic liposomes containing pCAL2, a firefly luciferase expression plasmid, for 1-10 min, they had high luciferase activity. In contrast, the cells transfected with cationic liposome-DNA complex had little activity. In addition, fusogenic liposomes showed no cytotoxicity even at higher concentration of DNA. Furthermore, when fusogenic liposomes containing 0.75 μg of pCAL2 was i. p. injected into the mouse bearing Sarcoma-180 ascites tumor, a high level of luciferase activity was detected in Sarcoma-180 cells. In contrast, little luciferase activity was detected even when cationic liposome-DNA complex containing 40 μg of pCAL2 was administrated. These results indicates that fusogenic liposomes mediate efficient gene introduction into the animal cells in vitro and in vivo.