gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Pasteurella multocida tryptophan synthase β-subunit by antisera against strain P1059 (1996)

Pasteurella multocida strain P1059 is a highly virulent bacterium which causes fowl cholera in turkeys and chickens. A genomic library of P. multocida P1059 DNA was constructed using pUC19, expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α, and screened with chicken antisera generated against P. multocida P1059. Twelve out of the 4100 clones screened were immunoreactive. Plasmids isolated from these twelve clones were transformed into E. coli CSR603 for maxicell analysis. Five proteins, with molecular masses of 34, 37, 43, 46 and 55 kDa, were expressed. Further work focused on the 43 kDa protein because it was expressed at levels detectable by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis. The nucleotide sequence of the 1.8 kbp insert containing the gene encoding this protein was determined. The sequence contained three open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF (ORF1) did not appear to code for any known protein. The second ORF (ORF2) encoded a protein of 403 amino acids (43662 Da). The deduced amino acid sequence showed 77% identity (84% similarity) with the tryptophan synthase β subunit (TrpB) of Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The eight conserved regions of TrpB are observed in the P. multocida enzyme, including the conserved lysine (Lys-88) and consensus sequence (GGGSNA) implicated in pyridoxal phosphate binding. The expression and identity of the P. multocida TrpB were confirmed by complementation studies using E. coli W3110 tnaA2 trpB9578. The third ORF (ORF3) consisted of the first 77 nucleotides of the gene encoding the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase (trpA), and overlapped the 3'-end of trpB by 14 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 77 nucleotides of the P. multocida TrpA had 68% identity (92% similarity) with the analogous region of TrpA from Klebsiella aerogenes (K. pneumoniae).
Command strokes with and without preview (2007)

This paper presents a new command selection method that provides an alternative to pull-down menus in pen-based mobile interfaces. Its primary advantage is the ability forusers to directly select commands from a very large set without the need to traverse menu hierarchies. The proposed method maps the character strings representing the commands onto continuous pen-traces on a stylus keyboard. The user enters a command by stroking part of its character string. We call this method "command strokes." We present the results of three experiments assessing the usefulness of the technique. The first experiment shows that command strokes are 1.6 times faster than the de-facto standard pull-down menus and that users find command strokes more fun to use. The second and third experiments investigate the effect of displaying a visual preview of the currently recognized command while the user is still articulating the command stroke. These experiments show that visual preview does not slow users down and leads to significantly lower error rates and shorter gestures when users enter new unpracticed commands.
Glucosylation and Other Biotransformations of T-2 Toxin by Yeasts of the Trichomonascus Clade (2012)

Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid toxins produced by Fusarium species. Since these mycotoxins are very stable, there is interest in microbial transformations that can remove toxins from contaminated grain or cereal products. Twenty-three yeast species assigned to the Trichomonascus clade (Saccharomycotina, Ascomycota), including four Trichomonascus species and 19 anamorphic species presently classified in Blastobotrys, were tested for their ability to convert the trichothecene T-2 toxin to less-toxic products. These species gave three types of biotransformations: acetylation to 3-acetyl T-2 toxin, glycosylation to T-2 toxin 3-glucoside, and removal of the isovaleryl group to form neosolaniol. Some species gave more than one type of biotransformation. Three Blastobotrys species converted T-2 toxin into T-2 toxin 3-glucoside, a compound that has been identified as a masked mycotoxin in Fusarium-infected grain. This is the first report of a microbial whole-cell method for producing trichothecene glycosides, and the potential large-scale availability of T-2 toxin 3-glucoside will facilitate toxicity testing and development of methods for detection of this compound in agricultural and other products.
Frac Plug Pump Down Efficiencies and Techniques (2019)

Abstract Plugs for hydraulic fracturing generally are pumped into horizontal wellbores. Initially, the goal was to get the plugs to depth without careful consideration of the amount of water used in the pumping. As the industry has grown, a better understanding of pump-down methods and techniques has resulted in a realization that these pumping inefficiencies should be improved. When completing a horizontal well using the plug-and-perf technique, water is required to push the bottom hole assembly (BHA), containing a frac plug, to the target depth. With over one million frac plugs having been pumped in North America, large data sets are available to quantify the pump-down efficiency of these operations. This past information, along with a working model of how pump down works, can be used to promote improvements in pump-down efficiency, reducing water usage and rig time. The efficiency of the pump-down operation can be calculated based on pump time, displacement volume, and the actual volume of fluid pumped. This type of information can be recorded during operations. The pump-down efficiencies can be calculated as a percentage of actual versus calculated volumes pumped and is often expressed as a relational number, such as how much fluid is needed per 100 feet of casing. These numbers can be used as a metric for the amount of water and time required to move the plug to its desired location. Over 10,000 frac plug pump downs from diverse North American regions were analyzed to attain a baseline for efficiency during frac plug pump down operations. The force, pressure, and fluid velocity effects acting on the BHA during pump down were analyzed to understand how to better quantify methods and designs that increase or decrease efficiency. Finally, procedures were mapped out on the operational units used in pump down to understand the potential impacts on efficiency. The result is a guide on gauging pump-down efficiency of past operations while understanding methods to increase these efficiencies in the future. This framework can be used to view how a frac plug is pumped downhole while understanding the relationships that control its efficiency. This model can be used to evaluate past operations as well as design for future operations to increase overall efficiencies and decrease water usage and time on location.
Probing the Molecular Mechanisms of AZT Drug Resistance Mediated by HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Using a Transient Kinetic Analysis (2003)

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the development of resistance to the anti-HIV drug AZT. Clinical findings show that AZT resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) not only reduce susceptibility to thymidine analogues but may also confer multi-dideoxynucleoside resistance. In this report, we describe transient kinetic studies establishing the biochemical effects of AZT resistance mutations in HIV-1 RT on the incorporation and removal of natural and unnatural deoxynucleotides. While the physiological role remains to be elucidated, the largest biochemical difference between wild-type and AZT resistant HIV-1 RT manifested itself during ATP-mediated deoxynucleotide removal. Enhanced removal resulted from an increase in the maximum rate of chain terminator excision, suggesting that mutated residues play a role in the optimal alignment of substrates for ATP-mediated removal. The efficiency of pyrophosphorolysis was not increased by the presence of AZT resistance mutations. However, a 2-fold decrease in the extent of inhibition caused by the next correct nucleotide during pyrophosphorolytic cleavage of a D4TMP chain-terminated primer may illustrate how this mutant can utilize pyrophosphate to enhance resistance. The inability of RT to catalyze removal of a chain terminator from an RNA-RNA primer-template may show how slight changes in selectivity against AZTMP incorporation during the initiation of DNA synthesis can contribute to high-level resistance. Taken together, these results suggest that multiple modes of resistance may be conferred by these mutations. Structure-activity studies of chain terminator removal suggest that analogues that form tight interactions with residues in the RT active site may be more prone to resistance mechanisms mediated by removal.
Panel 5: Microbiology and Immunology Panel (2013)

Objective The objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature from January 2007 through June 2011 on the virology, bacteriology, and immunology related to otitis media. Data Sources PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. Review Methods Three subpanels with co‐chairs comprising experts in the virology, bacteriology, and immunology of otitis media were formed. Each of the panels reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a second draft was created. The entire panel met at the 10th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2011 and discussed the review and refined the content further. A final draft was created, circulated, and approved by the panel. Conclusion Excellent progress has been made in the past 4 years in advancing an understanding of the microbiology and immunology of otitis media. Advances include laboratory‐based basic studies, cell‐based assays, work in animal models, and clinical studies. Implications for Practice The advances of the past 4 years formed the basis of a series of short‐term and long‐term research goals in an effort to guide the field. Accomplishing these goals will provide opportunities for the development of novel interventions, including new ways to better treat and prevent otitis media.
IMPROVED WET CHEMICAL CLEANING FOR REALIZATION OF ULTRA CLEAN WAFER SURFACE (1993)

(1993). IMPROVED WET CHEMICAL CLEANING FOR REALIZATION OF ULTRA CLEAN WAFER SURFACE. Particulate Science and Technology: Vol. 11, No. 3-4, pp. 229-243.
Synthesis of biocompatible and thermally sensitive poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) nanogels via inverse miniemulsion polymerization: Effect of the surfactant concentration (2010)

Abstract The goal of this study was to develop a new route to prepare thermally responsive polymer nanogels. Poly( N ‐vinylcaprolactam) nanogels were prepared via inverse miniemulsion polymerization (W/O) at 70 °C using n ‐hexadecane as a nonpolar continuous phase, potassium persulfate as an initiator, and N,N ′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker. Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) was used as surfactant and its influence on the polymerization kinetics and on the colloidal characteristics of the nanogels were principally investigated. It was observed that the addition of a strong “lipophobe” is required to stabilize the resulting miniemulsion. The nanogels were characterized in terms of morphology, size, zeta potential, and thermoproperties using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. It was observed that all the nanogels obtained collapsed when the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was raised. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3932–3941, 2010
Copolymerization of carbon monoxide and 4‐vinylcyclohexene with a palladium catalyst (1997)

In this work, carbon monoxide (CO) and 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) with [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2 were copolymerized under various conditions at 60°C. Elemental analysis and infrared, UV, and NMR spectra indicated that copolymers containing a ketone and a cyclic structure of cyclohexyl and norbornane groups are produced. Bidentate nitrogen ligands proved to be more effective at stabilizing catalytic activity than monodentate phosphorus or nitrogen ligands. Also, the bulk substituent on the bidentate ligand led to inactive catalysts. Methanol served as the coinitiator and chain transfer agent. Increasing the concentration of 4-vinylcyclohexene caused the copolymer's CO content to be enhanced. TGA revealed that the copolymer's mass loss starts at 120°C and the maximum peak of decomposition occurs at 450°C. Moreover, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the copolymer to be partially crystalline. Furthermore, reduction of 4-vinylcyclohexene/CO copolymer with LiAlH4 in THF yields a hydroxyl-containing polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2759–2768, 1997
Performance of in‐call buffer/window allocation schemes for short intermittent file transfers over broadband packet networks (1992)

Abstract While static open loop rate controls may be adequate for handling continuous bit rate (CBR) traffic, relatively smooth data traffic, and relatively low speed bursty data traffic over broadband integrated networks, high speed bursty data sources need more dynamic controls. Burst level resource allocation is one such dynamic control. Potential benefits and other issues for burst level resource parameter negotiations for bursty data traffic over high speed wide area packet networks have been discussed earlier. 1–6 A detailed analysis of an adaptive buffer/window negotiation scheme for long file transfers using these concepts is presented in Reference 1. In this paper we discuss two burst level buffer/window negotiation schemes for short intermittent file transfers, focusing on the specific needs of such traffic streams. We develop closed network of queues models to reflect the behaviour of the proposed schemes. These models, while being simple, capture essential details of the control schemes. Under fairly general assumptions, the resulting network of queues is of product form and can be analysed using the mean value analysis. We use such an analysis to compare the proposed schemes and to determine appropriate sizes of trunk buffers to achieve the desired balance between bandwidth utilization and file transfer delay. The effects of other parameters on the performance of these schemes as well as on the buffer sizing rules are also discussed. Burst level (in‐call) parameter negotiation may be carried out by the end system with the network elements or by an interface system (access controller) with the broadband network elements. We discuss implications of this location as well as the needed protocol features. Finally, the service discrimination capabilities desired at the trunk controllers in switching nodes are briefly discussed.
Effect of Iontophoretic Current and Application Time on Transdermal Delivery of Ketoprofen in Man (1996)

Ketoprofen was iontophoretically delivered to human subjects with a current of 2 mA applied for 80 min (160 mA min) and results were compared with a previous study which had used 4 mA applied for 40 min (160 mA min).



Resulting serum levels (about 70 ng mL−1) were reduced tenfold in this study while the total ketoprofen and conjugates excreted in urine (about 400 μg) was reduced to one-half. The reasons for this difference could be attributed to changes in skin resistance and its recovery, local hyperaemia, or formation of a skin depot, as a function of the magnitude of current and its duration of application. In-vitro studies with human cadaver skin were also carried out but these-results were not significantly different from our previous study, when the same total (mA min) application was used.



Thus, it appears that the use of total exposure (mA min) to represent drug dosage may be inaccurate, contrary to the common practice in physical therapy clinics.
Reply to Hvid and Nielsen (1986)

DORR, LAWRENCE D. M.D.Editor(s): HOWARD, FRANCIS M. M.D., Guest Editor Author Information
Determination of Cell Viability after Laparoscopic Tissue Stapling in a Porcine Model (2005)

Deployment of both vascular and tissue staplers resulted in viable cells within the staple lines at the ureterovesical junction and bladder wall in this porcine model. There is a potential risk of tumor recurrence at the stapled site in patients who have the ureter and bladder cuff secured with these devices during laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma. Despite this concern, to date, over a period of 13 years, clinical experience has not revealed a single case of tumor recurrence within the stapled cuff of bladder. Careful endoscopic evaluation of the stapled bladder-cuff site after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy should minimize the potential for local tumor recurrence.
Arthrodesis of the Fourth and Fifth Tarsometatarsal Joints of the Midfoot (2003)

Maintaining mobility of the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints has been reported to be important in arthrodesis of the midfoot. A review of the records at a tertiary care center of 23 patients (28 feet) with arthrodesis of these joints and a minimum 2-year follow-up showed that 22 complete midfoot arthrodeses were performed as part of the correction for a neuroarthropathic rocker-bottom deformity. Six arthrodeses of the fourth and fifth metatarsal joints were performed on normosensate feet with painful arthritis involving the lateral joints. Clinical and radiographic fusion occurred in 26 of 28 feet. Comparing average preoperative and postoperative scores, functional incapacity from lateral midfoot pathology decreased (8.4/10 to 2.2/10), overall pain scores improved (5.1/10 to 1.3/10), pain scores in the arthritic subgroup decreased (8.2/10 to 2.4/10), and the modified overall AOFAS midfoot score improved (35/100 to 78/100).
Design of Nonperiodic Microarchitectured Materials That Achieve Graded Thermal Expansions (2015)

The aim of this paper is to introduce an approach for optimally organizing a variety of nonrepeating compliant-mechanism-like unit cells within a large deformable lattice such that the bulk behavior of the lattice exhibits a desired graded change in thermal expansion while achieving a desired uniform stiffness over its geometry. Such lattices with nonrepeating unit cells, called nonperiodic microarchitectured materials, could be sandwiched between two materials with different thermal expansion coefficients to accommodate their different expansions and/or contractions induced by changing ambient temperatures. This capability would reduce system-level failures within robots, mechanisms, electronic modules, or other layered coatings or structures made of different materials with mismatched thermal expansion coefficients. The closed-form analytical equations are provided, which are necessary to rapidly calculate the bulk thermal expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of general multimaterial lattices that consist first of repeating unit cells of the same design (i.e., periodic microarchitectured materials). Then, these equations are utilized in an iterative way to generate different rows of repeating unit cells of the same design that are layered together to achieve nonperiodic microarchitectured material lattices such that their top and bottom rows achieve the same desired thermal expansion coefficients as the two materials between which the lattice is sandwiched. A matlab tool is used to generate images of the undeformed and deformed lattices to verify their behavior and an example is provided as a case study. The theory provided is also verified and validated using finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimentation.
The characterization of complex mixtures by field desorption-tandem mass spectrometry (1998)

This paper shows the first application of field desorption-tandem mass spectrometry (FD-MS/MS) in a hybrid sector, orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This instrumentation has significant advantages in detection limits for MS/MS experiments over four sector mass spectrometers. This is important when using FD ionization from which low ion currents are generated. Data are shown from a few classes of industrial compounds and the proposed fragmentation pathways are described.­Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF OCTACHLORODITUNGSTATE(4‐) AND SEVERAL OF ITS DERIVATIVES (1983)

Abstract Die Na‐amalgam‐Reduktion von WCl 4 in TI‐IF führt zu W2CIÖ (THFM (II), das bei weiterer Reduktion das als Salz (IIIa) isolierte Wgflg‐Kation bildet.
Copper chelation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (2022)

Cu<sup>2+</sup>-selective chelation with trientine in a controlled environment is safe and a potential future therapeutic target. A phase 2b trial is now underway.
4 × 10 Gbit/s full‐duplex optical link with compact optical sub‐assemblies and thin GI 50/125 plastic optical fibre ribbon (2013)

A full‐duplex data link at 10 Gbit/s per channel (two upstream and two downstream) between two compact bidirectional optical sub‐assemblies is presented. Each sub‐assembly is based on the authors' optoelectronic ferrule and carries both laser diodes and photodiodes while maintaining a compact form factor of less than 20 mm 3 . The authors use plastic optical fibres with 50 µm graded‐index cores and thin 125 µm claddings bundled in a four‐channel ribbon but split the ribbon in order to reach both laser diodes and photodiodes within the optoelectronic ferrule, hence directly butt‐coupling each channel with its own optical fibre. This method keeps both assembly form factor and complexity at a minimum and performance high. Eventually error‐free signal transmission at 10 Gbit/s per channel over 5 m with 0.67 unit intervals eye opening is confirmed.
Phasogram: image representation by localized phase (1986)

The importance of phase in image representation was previously demonstrated in the context of a global (Fourier) transformation. In vision where processing is accomplished by signal decomposition into localized elementary functions in the combined frequency-position space, mechanisms exist (cortical cells) which exhibit sensitivity to localized phase relationship.
Photonic-Crystal Exciton-Polaritons in Monolayer Semiconductors (2017)

Semiconductor microcavity polaritons, formed via strong exciton-photon coupling, provide a quantum many-body system on a chip, featuring rich physics phenomena for better photonic technology. However, conventional polariton cavities are bulky, difficult to integrate, and inflexible for mode control, especially for room temperature materials. Here we demonstrate sub-wavelength thick one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) as a designable, compact and practical platform for strong coupling with atomically thin van der Waals Crystals (vdWCs). Polariton dispersions and mode anti-crossings are measured up to room temperature. Non-radiative decay to dark excitons was suppressed due to polariton enhancement of the radiative decay. Unusual features, including highly anisotropic dispersions and adjustable Fano resonances in reflectance, may facilitate high temperature polariton condensation in variable dimensions. Combining slab PCs and vdWCs in the strong coupling regime allows unprecedented engineering flexibility for exploring novel polariton phenomena and device concepts.