gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operating Deflection Shapes for the Space Shuttle Partial Stack Rollout (2005)

In November of 2003 a rollout test was performed to gain a better understanding of the dynamic environment for the Space Shuttle during transportation from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad. This was part of a study evaluating the methodology for including the rollout dynamic loads in the Space Shuttle fatigue life predictions. The rollout test was conducted with a partial stack consisting of the Crawler Transporter, Mobile Launch Platform, and the Solid Rocket Boosters with an interconnecting crossbeam. Instrumentation included over 100 accelerometers. Data was recorded for steady state speeds, start-ups and stops, and ambient wind excitations with the vehicle at idle. This paper will describe the operating deflection shape analysis performed using the measured acceleration response data. The response data for the steady state speed runs were dominated by harmonics of the forcing frequencies, which were proportional to the vehicle speed. Assuming a broadband excitation for the wind, analyses of the data sets with the vehicle at idle were used to estimate the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Comparisons of the measured modal properties with numerical predictions are presented.
Association of Purα with RNAs Homologous to 7 SL Determines Its Binding Ability to the Myelin Basic Protein Promoter DNA Sequence (1998)

Cell type and developmental stage expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP) gene in mouse brain is regulated at the transcriptional level. Earlier studies from our laboratory have led to the identification of a DNA binding protein from mouse brain, named Puralpha, which interacts with the MB1 regulatory motif of the MBP and stimulates its transcription in glial cells. In this report, we demonstrate that a cellular RNA, with significant homology to 7 SL RNA is associated with Puralpha. Results from band shift competition studies indicate that Puralpha-associated RNA (PU-RNA), inhibits the interaction of immunopurified Puralpha with the MB1 DNA sequence. Results from Northern blot studies indicated that PU-RNA is expressed during various stages of brain development. Of interest, this RNA was found in association with Puralpha that was produced in the mouse brain at the early stage of brain development. Results from Northwestern analysis using a PU-RNA probe identified the regions within Puralpha that are important for Puralpha/PU-RNA association. Production of Puralpha at the early stage of brain development and its association with PU-RNA at this stage, when Puralpha exhibits poor binding ability to the MB1 DNA sequence, suggests that PU-RNA may function as a co-factor that negatively regulates Puralpha interaction with the MBP promoter sequence.
Coal Liquefaction by the In-situ Prepared lron Sulfide Particles in Vibration Reactor. (1993)

Fine iron sulfide particles were prepared in a vibrating ball mill by the reaction of iron ball with sulfur powder under high temperature and high pressure of hydrogen.The iron sulfide was estimated to be produced on surface of ball by the following reactions.H2+S=H2SFe+H2S=FeS+H2During the reactions of hydrogenation, hydro-cracking and/or coal liquefaction, the particles of iron sulfide were worn simultaneously from sulfurized surface of iron ball in the vibrating reactor.The iron sulfide particles were characterized as catalyst on reaction activity of hyd-rogenation of phenanthrene and coal liquefaction. The conversions of phenanthrene on hydrogenation and coal liquefaction increased with increase of the in-situ prepared catalyst. Yields of hexane solubles of coal liquids by the in-situ prepared catalyst were found to be equal or better than that by conventional catalyst of iron oxide and sulfur.And hydrogen consumption by use of the in-situ prepared catalyst was less of that by the conventional catalyst at the same yield of coal derived oil.
Ferroelectric properties of plzt thin films prepared by mocvd (1994)

Abstract Lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin films have been grown on Pt/SiO2/Si substrate at 650[ddot]C by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The relative dielectric constant increased as the La content was increased up to about 5 atomic percent (at%). The remanent polarization and coercive field decreased from 30 to 20 μC/cm2 and from 53 to 30 kV/cm, respectively, with increasing La content in the range of 0–13 at%. The leakage current of PLZT film was 3 × 10−9 A/cm2 at an applied voltage of 3 V. The degradation of switched charge density of PLZT film was not observed even at 2 × 1011 cycles.
Neural responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the retina. (2006)

EERs could be elicited from both normal and degenerated retina. Mouse, dog, and human EERs showed common characteristics.
Amphiphilic Corroles Bind Tightly to Human Serum Albumin (2004)

Amphiphilic 2,17-bis-sulfonato-5,10,15(trispentafluorophenyl)corrole (2) and its Ga and Mn complexes (2-Ga and 2-Mn) form tightly bound noncovalent conjugates with human serum albumin (HSA). Protein-induced changes in the electronic absorption, emission, and circular dichroism spectra of these corroles, as well as results obtained from HPLC profiles of the conjugates and selective fluorescence quenching of the single HSA tryptophan, are interpreted in terms of multiple corrole:HSA binding sites. High-affinity binding sites, close to the unique tryptophan, are fully occupied at very low concentrations. At biologically relevant HSA concentrations (2-3 orders of magnitude larger than those employed in our studies), all corroles (2, 2-Ga, and 2-Mn) may be considered as fully conjugated.
Comportamiento frente a la corrosión y biocompatibilidad in vitro/in vivo de la aleación AZ31 modificada superficialmente (2011)

En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado el comportamiento frente a la corrosión y la biocompatibilidad in vitro/in vivo de la aleación de magnesio AZ31, cuyas propiedades mecánicas son superiores a los requisitos mecánicos del hueso. La aleación en estado de recepción ha mostrado una cinética de corrosión no compatible con el crecimiento celular. Para mejorar su comportamiento, el material ha sido modificado superficialmente mediante tratamiento de conversión química en ácido fluorhídrico. La capa de fluoruro de magnesio generada tras este tratamiento mejora el comportamiento del material frente a la corrosión, permitiendo el crecimiento in vitro de células osteoblásticas sobre su superficie y la formación in vivo de una capa de nuevo tejido óseo muy compacta. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el recubrimiento de fluoruro de magnesio es necesario para que el material AZ31 pueda ser potencialmente aplicado como implante biodegradable y reabsorbible en reparaciones óseas.
Preparation of Substituted, Annulated Benzimidazoles via Benzyne Mediated Cyclization (1991)

The synthesis of l,2-annulated benzimidazoles via an internal benzyne cyciization is described.Most syntheses of unsymmetrically substituted benzirnidazoies are either not regioselective or are lengthy.2However, we have shown that 1,3benzoxazoles can be regiospecifically and conveniently synthesized from 3fluoro-1-BOC anilides3 via an intramolecular trapping of the benzyne resulting from ortho-directed lithiation followed by loss of LiF.4 Electrophiiic trapping of the resulting aromatic lithio species yields substituted benzoxazoles.We now report that a similar reaction occurs to form 1.2-annulated benzimidazoles from easily prepared arnidines.5Furthermore, these can be regioselectively substituted with electrophiles, via trapping of the resulting anions.Scheme 1 mN\yX\ 1. 2.5-3.5 eq.I-BuLi
Neuroprotection by the NR3A Subunit of the NMDA Receptor (2009)

Hyperactivation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) results in excitotoxicity, contributing to damage in stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. NMDARs are generally comprised of NR1/NR2 subunits but may contain modulatory NR3 subunits. Inclusion of NR3 subunits reduces the amplitude and dramatically decreases the Ca2+ permeability of NMDAR-associated channels in heterologous expression systems and in transgenic mice. Since excessive Ca2+ influx into neurons is a crucial step for excitotoxicity, we asked whether NR3A subunits are neuroprotective. To address this question, we subjected neurons genetically lacking NR3A to various forms of excitotoxic insult. We found that cultured neurons prepared from NR3A knock-out (KO) mice displayed greater sensitivity to damage by NMDA application than wild-type (WT) neurons. In vivo, neonatal, but not adult, WT mice contain NR3A in the cortex, and neonatal NR3A KO mice manifested more damage than WT after hypoxia-ischemia. In adult retina, one location where high levels of NR3A normally persist into adulthood, injection of NMDA into the eye killed more retinal ganglion cells in adult NR3A KO than WT mice. These data suggest that endogenous NR3A is neuroprotective. We next asked whether we could decrease excitotoxicity by overexpressing NR3A. We found that cultured neurons expressing transgenic (TG) NR3A displayed greater resistance to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity than WT neurons. Similarly in vivo, adult NR3A TG mice subjected to focal cerebral ischemia manifested less damage than WT mice. These data suggest that endogenous NR3A protects neurons, and exogenously added NR3A increases neuroprotection and could be potentially exploited as a therapeutic.
Anomalous broad dielectric relaxation inBi1.5Zn1.0Nb1.5O7pyrochlore (2002)

The complex dielectric response of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1.5}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{1.0}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{1.5}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ cubic pyrochlore ceramics was investigated between 100 Hz and 100 THz by a combination of low-frequency capacitance bridges, a high-frequency coaxial technique, time domain transmission THz spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The data obtained between 10 K and 400 K revealed glasslike dielectric behavior: dielectric relaxation is observed over a wide frequency and temperature range, and the dielectric permittivity and loss maxima shift to higher temperature values by almost 200 K with increasing measuring frequency. The distribution of relaxation frequencies broadens on cooling and can be described by a uniform distribution. The high-frequency end of the distribution at $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{11} \mathrm{Hz}$ is almost temperature independent and its low-frequency end obeys the Arrhenius Law with an activation energy of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2 \mathrm{eV}.$ The relaxation is assigned to the local hopping of atoms in the A and O' positions of the pyrochlore structure among several local potential minima. The barrier height for hopping is distributed between 0 and 0.2 eV. Such an anomalously broad distribution may have its origin in the inhomogeneous distribution of ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{2+}$ atoms and vacancies on ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{3+}$ sites, which gives rise to random fields and nonperiodic interatomic potential. Frequency independent dielectric losses $(1/f$ noise) are observed at low temperatures, which seems to be a universal behavior of disordered systems at low temperatures.
Role of Ox-LDL and LOX-1 in Atherogenesis (2018)

Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) plays a central role in atherosclerosis by acting on multiple cells such as endothelial cells, macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells through LOX-1. LOX-1 is a 50 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as receptor for ox-LDL, modified lipoproteins, activated platelets and advance glycation end-products. Ox- LDL through LOX-1, in endothelial cells, causes increase in leukocyte adhesion molecules, activates pathways of apoptosis, increases reactive oxygen species and cause endothelial dysfunction. In vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, they stimulate proliferation, migration and collagen synthesis. LOX-1 expressed on macrophages inhibit macrophage migration and stimulate foam cell formation. They also stimulate generation of metalloproteinases and contribute to plaque instability and thrombosis. Drugs that modulate LOX-1 are desirable targets against atherosclerosis. Many naturally occurring compounds have been shown to modulate LOX-1 expression and atherosclerosis. Currently, novel drug design techniques are used to identify molecules that can bind to LOX-1 and inhibit its activation by ox-LDL. In addition, techniques using RNA interference and monoclonal antibody against LOX-1 are currently being investigated for clinical use.
A new four-layered DOI detector with quadrisected top layer crystals (2016)

We developed a modified, more practical four-layered depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector based on the light sharing method. Reflectors, which are inserted in every two lines of crystal segments and shifted differently depending on each layer, project 3-D crystal positions onto a 2-D position histogram without any overlapping after applying an Anger-type calculation. The best crystal separation we have ever made based on this method was the 4-layered 32 × 32 array of LYSO crystals sized at 1.45 × 1.45 × 5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . However, assembling crystals of a tiny size tends to cost a lot, and fine tuning of the light guide and the front-end circuit is required to have fine crystal identification from photo sensor signals of coarser pixel pitch. In this paper, therefore, we proposed a more practical 4-layered DOI detector. The key idea is that the crystals in the top layer, which have the highest detection efficiency, mostly contribute to PET spatial resolution. We applied two new ideas: (1) use of 1/4 size crystals only for the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> (top) layer and (2) inserting a thin light guide between the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> and the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> layers of crystal array. In the developed prototype detector, the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> layer used 32 × 32 LYSO crystals of quarter size (1.4 × 1.4 × 5.0 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) compared with the other layers (16 × 16 arrays of crystals of 2.8 × 2.8 × 5.0 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ). For better crystal identification of small crystals in the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> layer, we optimized the optical condition between crystals such as use of an optical glue or air. Also, a thin light guide was inserted between the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> and the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> layers for improvement of crystal identification of the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> layer. With the appropriate insertion of the light guide, all crystals of the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> layer were identified as well as the crystals in the other layers.
Protons Are Fast and Smart; Proteins Are Slow and Dumb: On the Relationship of Electrospray Ionization Charge States and Conformations (2021)

We present simple considerations of how differences in time scales of motions of protons, the lightest and fastest chemical moiety, and the much longer time scales associated with the dynamics of proteins, among the heaviest and slowest analytes, may allow many protein conformations from solution to be kinetically trapped during the process of electrospraying protein solutions into the gas phase. In solution, the quantum nature of protons leads them to change locations by tunneling, an instantaneous process; moreover, the Grotthuss mechanism suggests that these small particles can respond nearly instantaneously to the dynamic motions of proteins that occur on much longer time scales. A conformational change is accompanied by favorable or unfavorable variations in the free energy of the system, providing the impetus for solvent ↔ protein proton exchange. Thus, as thermal distributions of protein conformations interconvert, protonation states rapidly respond, as specific acidic and basic sites are exposed or protected. In the vacuum of the mass spectrometer, protons become immobilized in locations that are specific to the protein conformations from which they were incorporated. In this way, conformational states from solution are preserved upon electrospraying them into the gas phase. These ideas are consistent with the exquisite sensitivity of electrospray mass spectra to small changes of the local environment that alter protein structure in solution. We might remember this approximation for the protonation of proteins in solution with the colloquial expression-<i>protons are fast and smart; proteins are slow and dumb</i>.
Attention as a Bayesian inference process (2011)

David Marr famously defined vision as "knowing what is where by seeing". In the framework described here, attention is the inference process that solves the visual recognition problem of what is where. The theory proposes a computational role for attention and leads to a model that performs well in recognition tasks and that predicts some of the main properties of attention at the level of psychophysics and physiology. We propose an algorithmic implementation a Bayesian network that can be mapped into the basic functional anatomy of attention involving the ventral stream and the dorsal stream. This description integrates bottom-up, feature-based as well as spatial (context based) attentional mechanisms. We show that the Bayesian model predicts well human eye fixations (considered as a proxy for shifts of attention) in natural scenes, and can improve accuracy in object recognition tasks involving cluttered real world images. In both cases, we found that the proposed model can predict human performance better than existing bottom-up and top-down computational models.
Evaluation of polymer electrolyte fuel cell catalysts using gas diffusion electrodes in aqueous electrolytes (2008)

This work presents a new fast and reliable method for rapid screening and optimization of Pt/C electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). The approach is a combination of electrochemical and structural characterization. Catalysts with various Pt concentration and preparation conditions were synthesized and their structure and electrochemical performance is evaluated on real gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) in different electrolytes: proton exchange membrane (PEM), sulphuric acid, perchloric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. The results in KOH show very good similarity with those in PEM electrolytes. The results in KOH are comparable not only in the Tafel region, but reveal the same transport limitations in the active layer. The comparison between the catalysts in PEM and KOH is possible on the base of current densities per geometric area only and can be explained by low utilization of Pt in GDE. XRD data reveal that the electrocatalytic activity depends on the Pt crystallite size, type of support and processing conditions.
Imaging of cochlear tissue with a grating interferometer and hard X‐rays (2009)

This article addresses an important current development in medical and biological imaging: the possibility of imaging soft tissue at resolutions in the micron range using hard X-rays. Challenging environments, including the cochlea, require the imaging of soft tissue structure surrounded by bone. We demonstrate that cochlear soft tissue structures can be imaged with hard X-ray phase contrast. Furthermore, we show that only a thin slice of the tissue is required to introduce a large phase shift. It is likely that the phase contrast image of the soft tissue structures is sufficient to image the structures even if surrounded by bone. For the present set of experiments, structures with low-absorption contrast have been visualized using in-line phase contrast imaging and a grating interferometer. The experiments have been performed at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratories, a third generation source of synchrotron radiation. The source provides highly coherent X-ray radiation with high-photon flux (>10(12) photons/s) at high-photon energies (5-70 keV). Radiographic and light microscopy images of the gerbil cochlear slice samples were compared. It has been determined that a 20-mum thick tissue slice induces a phase shift between 1/3pi and 2/3pi.
Documenting the location of prostate biopsies with image fusion (2010)

OBJECTIVE To develop a system that documents the location of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies by fusing them to MRI scans obtained prior to biopsy, as the actual location of prostate biopsies is rarely known. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty patients (median age 61) with a median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 5.8 ng/ml underwent 3T endorectal coil MRI prior to biopsy. 3D TRUS images were obtained just prior to standard TRUS-guided 12-core sextant biopsies wherein an electromagnetic positioning device was attached to the needle guide and TRUS probe in order to track the position of each needle pass. The 3D-TRUS image documenting the location of each biopsy was fused electronically to the T2-weighted MRI. Each biopsy needle track was marked on the TRUS images and these were then transposed onto the MRI. Each biopsy site was classified pathologically as positive or negative for cancer and the Gleason score was determined. RESULTS The location of all (n= 605) needle biopsy tracks was successfully documented on the T2-weighted (T2W) MRI. Among 50 patients, 20 had 56 positive cores. At the sites of biopsy, T2W signal was considered 'positive' for cancer (i.e. low in signal intensity) in 34 of 56 sites. CONCLUSION It is feasible to document the location of TRUS-guided prostate biopsies on pre-procedure MRI by fusing the pre-procedure TRUS to an endorectal coil MRI using electromagnetic needle tracking. This procedure may be useful in documenting the location of prior biopsies, improving quality control and thereby avoiding under-sampling of the prostate as well as directing subsequent biopsies to regions of the prostate not previously sampled.
Diode laser structures for high power single-mode operation (1986)

Recently, coupled stripe diode laser arrays have received much attention because of their potential in producing single-mode high-power radiation. These structures generally exhibit multiple far-field lobes with low gain differences between lateral modes. We report the investigation of the modes of broad stripes with various gain profiles. For our numerical model, a multiple layer staircase approximation is used for the complex refractive-index profile and we use an iterative approach based on successive approximations to the complex propagation constant to determine the modes of the structure. A mode stability criterion based on the gain difference between the (symmetric) fundamental mode and higher-order modes is developed. Intramodal gain difference is also determined for coupled-stripe arrays and unstable resonators with curved mirrors. Conclusions regarding the suitability of each of these structures for high-power single-mode operation are presented.