gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermische Relaxation in Flüssigkeiten (1965)

Abstract 1. Die Theorie von Kubo und Tomita wird erweitert für den Fall, daß sich mehrere Spinsysteme nicht im thermischen Gleichgewicht befinden, aber unter der zusätzlichen Voraussetzung, daß die Linienbreiten klein sind gegenüber den Abständen der Resonanzlinien voneinander. Die Resultate findet man in den Gln. (27) und (27′). 2. Unter der Voraussetzung, daß 𝒳 nur die Zeeman‐Energie darstellt, wird gezeigt, daß die Teilmagnetisierungen zu Beginn des Relaxationsprozesses Blochschen Gleichungen genügen. 3. Es wird die Frage untersucht, wann die erweiterte K. T.‐Theorie und damit die Blochschen Gleichungen für die Teilmagnetisierungen auch für Zeiten gelten, die nicht mehr klein sind gegen die Relaxationszeiten. 4. Die erweiterte K. T.‐Theorie wird verwendet, um die Relaxationszeiten und die Linienverschiebung für das Abragamfeld, die Dipol–Dipol‐Wechselwirkung (verschiedene und gleiche Spins), die skalare Wechselwirkung, die Quadrupolwechselwirkung, die anisotrope chemische Verschiebung, die Spin‐Rotations‐Wechselwirkung und die Wechselwirkung des Elektronenspins mit der Umgebung, beschrieben durch den Spin‐Hamilton‐Operator, zu berechnen. Dabei wird eine Arbeit von Dohnanyi 2 ), die sich mit dem Einfluß der Elektronenrelaxationszeiten auf die Kernrelaxationszeiten beschäftigt, kritisch untersucht. Bei der Berechnung der Elektronenrelaxation wird der vollständige Spin‐Hamilton‐Operator zugrunde gelegt und damit die Ergebnisse von McConnel 3 ) und Bloembergen, Morgan 4 ) verbunden. 5. Es werden Bedingungen angegeben, die notwendig sind, damit die im Abschnitt 4 abgeleiteten Formeln für die Relaxationszeiten und die Linienverschiebung auch gelten, wenn t ≧ T 1 , T 2 .
Processing of Titanium Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Metal-Matrix Composites by the Induction Melting Method (2010)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) reinforced titanium (Ti) matrix composites were produced by powder metallurgy (PM) and induction heating methods. It was found that nickel coating and a fast processing time associated with the induction heating method enabled nanotubes to survive the high-temperature (above 1950 K) processing conditions. The nanotubes were first covered with a nickel coating via the electroless plating method and then dispersed in the powder by ball milling. The powder was then cold pressed to make a PM preform which was melted by induction heating in an argon environment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations as well as Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy verification indicate that the nanotubes survived the high-temperature melting. Testing demonstrated that the hardness of the composites, which is directly related to strength, is improved with increasing weight percent of SWCNTs.
Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of an industrial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic facility (2022)

On 11th March 2020, the UK government announced plans for the scaling of COVID-19 testing, and on 27th March 2020 it was announced that a new alliance of private sector and academic collaborative laboratories were being created to generate the testing capacity required. The Cambridge COVID-19 Testing Centre (CCTC) was established during April 2020 through collaboration between AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and the University of Cambridge, with Charles River Laboratories joining the collaboration at the end of July 2020. The CCTC lab operation focussed on the optimised use of automation, introduction of novel technologies and process modelling to enable a testing capacity of 22,000 tests per day. Here we describe the optimisation of the laboratory process through the continued exploitation of internal performance metrics, while introducing new technologies including the Heat Inactivation of clinical samples upon receipt into the laboratory and a Direct to PCR protocol that removed the requirement for the RNA extraction step. We anticipate that these methods will have value in driving continued efficiency and effectiveness within all large scale viral diagnostic testing laboratories.
Novel angiogenesis inhibitory activity in cinnamon extract blocks VEGFR2 kinase and downstream signaling (2009)

As a critical factor in the induction of angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has become an attractive target for anti-angiogenesis treatment. However, the side effects associated with most anti-VEGF agents limit their chronic use. Identification of naturally occurring VEGF inhibitors derived from diet is a potential alternative approach, with the advantage of known safety. To isolate natural inhibitors of VEGF, we established an in vitro tyrosine kinase assay to screen for diet-based agents that suppress VEGFR2 kinase activity. We found that a water-based extract from cinnamon (cinnamon extract, CE), one of the oldest and most popular spices, was a potent inhibitor of VEGFR2 kinase activity, directly inhibiting kinase activity of purified VEGFR2 as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase- and Stat3-mediated signaling pathway in endothelial cells. As a result, CE inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro, sprout formation from aortic ring ex vivo and tumor-induced blood vessel formation in vivo. Depletion of polyphenol from CE with polyvinylpyrrolidone abolished its anti-angiogenesis activity. While cinnamaldehyde, a component responsible for CE aroma, had little effect on VEGFR2 kinase activity, high-performance liquid chromatography-purified components of CE, procyanidin type A trimer (molecular weight, 864) and a tetramer (molecular weight, 1152) were found to inhibit kinase activity of purified VEGFR2 and VEGFR2 signaling, implicating procyanidin oligomers as active components in CE that inhibit angiogenesis. Our data revealed a novel activity in cinnamon and identified a natural VEGF inhibitor that could potentially be useful in cancer prevention and/or treatment.
Organic Electronics on Banknotes: Organic Electronics on Banknotes (Adv. Mater. 5/2011) (2011)

Organic thin-film transistors and organic integrated circuits can be fabricated directly onto the surface of banknotes, report Ute Zschieschang and co-workers on p. 654. The transistors have a field-effect mobility of about 0.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 and operate with voltages of 3 V. For an array of 100 transistors fabricated on a 5 Euro note, a yield of 92% working devices has been obtained, pre-senting organic electronics as a possible route to improved anti-counterfeiting strategies.
Detection and measurement of HER2+ breast cancer cells using tumor-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles and magnetic relaxometry. (2018)

e13019 Background: Lymph node assessment following a primary HER2 positive breast cancer diagnosis often requires biopsy for pathologic evaluation to determine patients’ risk for metastatic disease and treatment selection. However, in the absence of tumor-specific image-based guidance, unnecessary lymph node resection and testing cannot be avoided. Furthermore, due to tumor heterogeneity and tissue sampling, HER2+ cases may go undetected. The MagSense Clinical Diagnostic System (MagSense System) is a system that may be used for in-vivo detection of HER2+ tumor cells within the entire lymph node, thus enabling a noninvasive approach for staging and selection of therapy for patients diagnosed with HER2 responsive primary breast cancer. We present the development of a model system to be used in demonstrating feasibility and potential sensitivity of the MagSense System in HER2+ breast cancer. Methods: Spleen from NGS mice were processed to a single cell suspension of spleenocytes. Pellets of 1x10-6 and 2x10-6 BT-474 or MCF7 cells mixed in 10-7 spleenocytes were prepared to model lymph node preparations containing tumor cells expressing high or low levels of cell membrane HER2 antigen, respectively. Anti-HER2-conjugated nanoparticles were incubated with the spleenocyte/tumor cells for 3 and 24 hrs. As control, each test point was matched with a competition replicate using Herceptin to compete for the HER2 sites in both cell lines. All spiked cell pellets were then evaluated for relaxation signal using ultra-sensitive SQUID sensors. Results: After 3hr and 24hr incubation, HER2+ BT-474 cells spiked into spleencytes yielded a significantly higher SQUID relaxometry signal relative to the competed matched sample. For the MCF7 HER2- cells, we detected a slight relaxometry signal but only after 24hr, suggesting non-specific signal detection that was not observed after 3hrs. Conclusions: These preliminary results demonstrate feasibility of an ex-vivo model for highly sensitive detection of HER2+ tumor cells using the Mag Sense System. Current studies are ongoing to further establish magnetic relaxometry signal cut-off levels for classification of HER2+ status using clinical specimens.
Novel Impact of Short Term Aging on the Electrochemistry of CO[sub 2] Treated Synthetic Graphite (2004)

A study was conducted of graphite prepared from heat-treatment of synthetic graphite LK-702 in flowing Samples were characterized by percent mass loss, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy imaging, thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, and methylene blue adsorption surface area measurements. Treated graphites were studied as possible electrode materials for Li-ion cells. Cycle tests demonstrated that the reversible capacity and percent capacity retained were relatively unaffected by treatment, while the irreversible capacity was significantly influenced by treatment. The change in irreversible capacity was strongly dependent upon the age of the treated samples, where samples freshly treated in showed a decrease in irreversible capacity with treatment time, and treated samples aged for at least fourteen days (in a dry environment) showed an increase in irreversible capacity with treatment time. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the impact of short term aging on the electrochemistry of treated graphite. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Antiangiogenic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles (2005)

Here, we report an intrinsic property of gold nanoparticles (nanogold): they can interact selectively with heparin-binding glycoproteins and inhibit their activity. Gold nanoparticles specifically bound vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF)-165 and basic fibroblast growth factor, two endothelial cell mitogens and mediators of angiogenesis resulting in inhibition of endothelial/fibroblast cell proliferation in vitro and VEGF-induced permeability as well as angiogenesis in vivo. In contrast, nanogold did not inhibit VEGF-121 or epidermal growth factor, two non-heparin-binding growth factors, mediated cell proliferation. Gold nanoparticles significantly inhibited VEGF receptor-2 phosphorylation, intracellular calcium release, and migration and RhoA activation in vitro. These results report for the first time a novel property of gold nanoparticles to bind heparin-binding proteins and thereby inhibit their subsequent signaling events.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Small-Molecule RA-9 Inhibits Proteasome-Associated DUBs and Ovarian Cancer <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> via Exacerbating Unfolded Protein Responses (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 272KB, Effect of RA-9 treatment on GCN2 expression levels.&lt;/p&gt;
Anomalous Nernst effect in Mn3NiN thin films (2023)

The observation of a sizable anomalous Hall effect in magnetic materials with vanishing magnetization has renewed interest in understanding and engineering this phenomenon. Antiferromagnetic antiperovskites are one of the emerging material classes that exhibit a variety of interesting properties owing to a complex electronic band structure and magnetic ordering. Reports on the anomalous Nernst effect and its magnitude in this class of materials are, however, very limited. This scarcity may be partly due to the experimental difficulty of reliably quantifying the anomalous Nernst coefficient. Here, we report experiments on the anomalous Nernst effect in antiferromagnetic antiperovskite ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{NiN}$ thin films. Measurement of both the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects using the same sample and measurement geometry makes it possible to directly compare these two effects and quantify the anomalous Nernst coefficient and conductivity in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}\mathrm{NiN}$. We carefully evaluate the spatial distribution of the thermal gradient in the sample and use finite-element modeling to corroborate our experimental results.
Combined anti-vascular effects of VEGFR-2 blockade and inhibition of nitric oxide (2005)

Camp, Ernest R. MD; Yang, Anthony MD; Liu, Wenbiao MD; Fan, Fan BS; Somcio, Ray BA; Bucana, Corazon PhD; Hicklin, Daniel PhD; Ellis, Lee MD Author Information
Tandem Photonic-Crystal Thin Films Surpassing Lambertian Light-Trapping Limit over Broad Bandwidth and Angular Range (2013)

Random surface texturing of an optically-thick film to increase the path length of scattered light rays, first proposed nearly thirty years ago, has thus far remained the most effective approach for photon absorption over the widest set of conditions. Here using recent advances in computational electrodynamics we describe a general strategy for the design of a silicon thin film applicable to photovoltaic cells based on a quasi-resonant approach to light trapping where two partially-disordered photonic-crystal slabs, stacked vertically on top of each other, have large absorption that surpasses the Lambertian limit over a broad bandwidth and angular range.
Communication-Efficient Policy Gradient Methods for Distributed Reinforcement Learning (2018)

This paper deals with distributed policy optimization in reinforcement learning, which involves a central controller and a group of learners. In particular, two typical settings encountered in several applications are considered: multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) and parallel RL, where frequent information exchanges between the learners and the controller are required. For many practical distributed systems, however, the overhead caused by these frequent communication exchanges is considerable, and becomes the bottleneck of the overall performance. To address this challenge, a novel policy gradient approach is developed for solving distributed RL. The novel approach adaptively skips the policy gradient communication during iterations, and can reduce the communication overhead without degrading learning performance. It is established analytically that: i) the novel algorithm has convergence rate identical to that of the plain-vanilla policy gradient; while ii) if the distributed learners are heterogeneous in terms of their reward functions, the number of communication rounds needed to achieve a desirable learning accuracy is markedly reduced. Numerical experiments corroborate the communication reduction attained by the novel algorithm compared to alternatives.
Autocrine Fibronectin Inhibits Breast Cancer Metastasis (2018)

Both epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) are linked to metastasis via their ability to increase invasiveness and enhance tumor-initiating capacity. Growth factors, cytokines, and chemotherapies present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are capable of inducing EMT, but the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in this process remains poorly understood. Here, a novel tessellated three-dimensional (3D) polymer scaffolding is used to produce a fibrillar fibronectin matrix that induces an EMT-like event that includes phosphorylation of STAT3 and requires expression of β1 integrin. Consistent with these findings, analysis of the METABRIC dataset strongly links high-level fibronectin (FN) expression to decreased patient survival. In contrast, <i>in vitro</i> analysis of the MCF-10A progression series indicated that intracellular FN expression was associated with nonmetastatic cells. Therefore, differential bioluminescent imaging was used to track the metastasis of isogenic epithelial and mesenchymal cells within heterogeneous tumors. Interestingly, mesenchymal tumor cells do not produce a FN matrix and cannot complete the metastatic process, even when grown within a tumor containing epithelial cells. However, mesenchymal tumor cells form FN-containing cellular fibrils capable of supporting the growth and migration of metastatic-competent tumor cells. Importantly, depletion of FN allows mesenchymal tumor cells to regain epithelial characteristics and initiate <i>in vivo</i> tumor growth within a metastatic microenvironment.<b>Implications:</b> In contrast to the tumor-promoting functions of fibronectin within the ECM, these data suggest that autocrine fibronectin production inhibits the metastatic potential of mesenchymal tumor cells. <i>Mol Cancer Res; 16(10); 1579-89. ©2018 AACR</i>.
Improvement of CD controllability in developer process (2003)

With recent improvements in design rule, requirements for CD (Critical Dimension) control have been increasing. Development is one of the critical processes affecting CD control. As a track supplier, we have focused attention on the stage of TMAH puddle formation and investigated various development systems. The behavior of resist dissolution is different between the early stage (when forming the puddle) and the later stages of the develop process (static development). It is already reported that proper control is necessary for the late stage in order to improve the CD control. The most noteworthy phenomenon in the late stage is that the dissolved resist (a develop process by-product) diffuses into the TMAH puddle. During this stage, the by-product and the TMAH are partially mixed in the puddle and cause CD variance within a wafer. Moreover, the amount of by-product on the pattern periphery significantly influences this phenomenon. It’s assumed that the by-product’s behavior contributes to CD fluctuation within a shot.

We attempted to lower the concentration of resist by-product in the later stages of the develop process and confirmed some improvements in CD control. This report summarizes the new process and its effectiveness.
Expansion of spatial measurement range by use of vernier effect in multiplexed fibre Bragg grating strain sensor with synthesis of optical coherence function (2005)

Adopting a technique named synthesis of optical coherence function (SOCF), we have recently published a system of multiplexed fibre optic sensors with fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) which may have similar Bragg wavelengths to each other (Hotate et al 2004 Meas. Sci. Technol. 15 148–53, Hotate and Enyama 2003 Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors (Nara, Japan) pp 522–5). In that system, the coherence function is synthesized into a series of periodical peaks that can be scanned along the fibre. By using one of the peaks as a measurement window, and sweeping it along a string of FBGs, the FBGs can be spatially resolved. To avoid the error signal from coherence peaks other than the designated measurement window, the string of FBGs has to be arranged within one period of the coherence peaks, i.e., the spatial measurement range of the system is limited to one period of the coherence function. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme that uses multiple coherence peaks to detect multiple FBGs. The coherence peaks and FBGs are arranged with the vernier effect, which means the period of the coherence function is slightly different from the interval of the FBGs, so at any moment, only one FBG can meet a coherence peak. In this way, the limitation to the measurement range is solved.
Signal Processing for Biometric Systems [DSP Forum] (2007)

This IEEE signal processing magazine (SPM) forum discuses signal processing applications, technologies, requirements, and standardization of biometric systems. The forum members bring their expert insights into issues such as biometric security, privacy, and multibiometric and fusion techniques. The invited forum members are Prof. Anil K. Jain of Michigan State University, Prof. Rama Chellappa of the University of Maryland, Dr. Stark C. Draper of theUniversity of Wisconsin in Madison, Prof. Nasir Memon of Polytechnic University, and Dr. P. Jonathon Phillips of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The moderator of the forum is Dr. Anthony Vetro of Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs, and associate editor of SPM.
Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of the copper complex of pyruvaldehyde‐bis (N‐4‐methylthiosemicarbazone), Cu‐PTSM (1990)

Cu-PTSM is a potential imaging agent for the heart and brain when labeled with either 64Cu or 62Cu. Unlabeled Cu-PTSM was evaluated for its acute toxicity and mutagenicity. Cu-PTSM had an i.v. LD50 of 26 mg kg-1 in the rat and 2 mg kg-1 in the rabbit. At necropsy, rats exhibited severely hemorrhagic lungs, histological findings of acute pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage and edema, and mild congestion in kidney, liver and brain. The rabbit displayed marked polymorphonuclear infiltration in alveoli, peribronchial and periarterial areas with marked macrophage hyperplasia, congestion and mild hemorrhage into alveolar spaces. No effects were found in kidney, liver, testes or brain. Administration of 2.16 micrograms kg-1 day-1 for 5 days per week for 2 weeks resulted in no changes in histopathology, hematology or clinical chemistry parameters. This daily dose is at least 300 times the diagnostic dose intended for use in man. Cu-PTSM was not mutagenic when tested in the absence of S9 supernatant, but elicited a weakly mutagenic response in the presence of S9. Since acute effects in the lung occur at doses approaching 300,000 times the diagnostic dose, it is highly unlikely that the clinical use of Cu-PTSM would result in any acute adverse effects.
Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation (2016)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) infection frequently results in HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), and is characterized by a chronic neuroinflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS), thought to be driven principally by virally-mediated activation of microglia and brain resident macrophages. HIV-1 infection is also accompanied by changes in cerebrovascular blood flow (CBF), raising the possibility that HIV-associated chronic neuroinflammation may lead to changes in CBF and/or in cerebral vascular architecture. To address this question, we have used a mouse model for HIV-induced neuroinflammation, and we have tested whether long-term exposure to this inflammatory environment may damage brain vasculature and result in rarefaction of capillary networks. In this paper we describe a method to quantify changes in cortical capillary density in a mouse model of neuroinflammatory disease (HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice). This generalizable approach employs in vivo two-photon imaging of cortical capillaries through a thin-skull cortical window, as well as ex vivo two-photon imaging of cortical capillaries in mouse brain sections. These procedures produce images and z-stack files of capillary networks, respectively, which can be then subjected to quantitative analysis in order to assess changes in cerebral vascular architecture.
Adhesive contact driven by electrostatic forces (2006)

The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) theory of contact [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 324, 301 (1971)], which has been used to study adhesion of particles, is based on the assumption that the adhesive interactions are short ranged. This is not the case if the particles are charged. In this work, analytical and numerical (finite element) methods are used to analyze the adhesive contact of a spherical elastic insulating particle with uniformly distributed surface charge to a rigid conducting half space. Our results show that the contact radius can be accurately predicted by the JKR theory provided that the mechanically applied force in the JKR theory is supplemented by an appropriate electrostatic force.