gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A New Trifluoromethylating Agent: Synthesis of Polychlorinated ( Trifluoromethyl)benzenes and 1,3‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzenes and Conversion into Their Trichloromethyl Counterparts and Molecular Structure of Highly Strained Polychloro‐m‐xylenes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Tauchgang tief ins Atom (2011)

Abstract Wenn alle Vorstellungen von Zeit ihre Gültigkeit verlieren: Mit Laserblitzen von Milliardsteln Sekundenbruchteilen versuchen Physiker, die ultraschnellen Bewegungen von Quantenteilchen in Echtzeit zu verfolgen. Die Experimente im Labor für Attosekundenphysik erlauben schon jetzt immer präzisere Einblicke in die Materie. Und die Lichtpulse werden immer noch kürzer.
Synthesis and Properties of New N‐Heteroheptacenes for Solution‐Based Organic Field Effect Transistors (2017)

A series of N-heteroheptacenes was synthesized from ortho-thiophene-substituted aryl azides using a Rh<sub>2</sub><sup>II</sup> -catalyzed C-H bond amination reaction to construct the thienoindole moieties. This reaction tolerated the presence of electron-donating or withdrawing groups on the aryl azide without adversely affecting the yield of the amination reaction. The central thiophene ring was created from two thienoindole pieces through a Pd-catalyzed Stille reaction to install the thioether followed by a Cu-mediated Ullman reaction to trigger the cyclization. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the resulting focused library of N-heteroheptacenes revealed that the electronic nature is controlled by the arene substituent while single crystals grown reveal that the packing motif is influenced by the N-substituent. Solution-processed thin-film OFET devices were fabricated with the N-heteroheptacenes, and one exhibited a hole-mobility of 0.02 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> .
BASIC SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF RC SHEAR WALL WITH HINGE ISOLATED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (2005)

A reinforced concrete shear wall (RC wall) is recognized as an important seismic element due to its high stiffness and strength. In order to use an RC wall more effective in the frame with RC wall, large deformation capacity and stable lateral stiffness at flexural hinge zone are required. This paper proposes a new RC wall with hinge isolated structural system and verifies the lateral force resisting and lateral deformation mechanisms by a horizontal loading test for one-third scale models. The test results show the facts that the RC wall with hinge isolated structural system forms clear isolated flexural hinge mechanism and suffers small damage of concrete in the hinge zone. The larger deformation capacity will be expected by restraining a slip deformation at the wall foot.
Mechanism of Peroxide Cross‐Linking of EPDM Rubber (2010)

Abstract The results of three experimental studies, i.e. GC‐MS of peroxide‐cross‐linked alkene/alkane mixtures, 13 C NMR of peroxide‐cured, 13 C‐labeled 2‐ethylidene‐5‐norbornene ‐ ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐monomer (EPDM) and EPR of peroxide curing of EPDM, are combined, yielding a more accurate description of the mechanism of peroxide cure of EPDM. Both alkyl and allyl macro‐radicals are formed via H‐abstraction from the EPM main chain and the residual diene unsaturation, respectively. Combination of these macro‐radicals yields alkyl/alkyl, alkyl/allyl and allyl/allyl cross‐links and addition of these macro‐radicals to the residual diene unsaturation yields alkyl/alkene and allyl/alkene cross‐links.
Antiangiogenic Properties of a Novel Shark Cartilage Extract: Potential Role in the Treatment of Psoriasis (1998)

Our results show that AE -941 has anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Antiangiogenesis agents such as AE -941 provide an entirely new class of agents to treat cutaneous and systemic diseases associated with altered vascularity.
Profitability and Resource Allocation Among Cotton and Peanuts When Considering Planting and Harvest Timeliness (2005)

Harvest timeliness is a continual problem in the rotation of cotton and peanuts. Efficient allocation of land and labor resources during production of cotton and peanuts requires decisions be made on allocating resources throughout the growing season. Of particular concern is efficient allocation during planting and harvesting. Through economic analysis and linear programming optimization, planting and harvesting timeliness issues are addressed and compared with prevailing practices. Results for a representative farm indicate that cotton planting should increase during the early period of the planting season as compared with current practice, and most cotton should be harvested before peanut harvest begins.
Diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy: a distinct syndrome expanding the spectrum of diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathies (2012)

Diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy is a subacute painful, asymmetrical lower limb neuropathy due to ischaemic injury and microvasculitis. The occurrence of a cervical diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathy has been postulated. Our objective was to characterize the clinical features and pathological alterations of diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy, to see if they are similar to diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy and due to ischaemic injury and microvasculitis. We identified patients with diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy by review of the Mayo Clinic database from 1996 to 2008. We systematically reviewed the clinical features, laboratory studies, neurophysiological findings, neuroimaging and pathological features and compared the findings with a previously published diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy cohort. Eighty-five patients (56 males, 67 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus) were identified. The median age was 62 years (range 32-83). The main presenting symptom was pain (53/85). At evaluation, weakness was the most common symptom (84/85), followed by pain (69/85) and numbness (56/85). Neuropathic deficits were moderate (median motor neuropathy impairment score 10.0 points) and improved at follow-up. Upper, middle and lower brachial plexus segments were involved equally and pan-plexopathy was not unusual (25/85). Over half of patients (44/85) had at least one additional body region affected (30 contralateral cervical, 20 lumbosacral and 16 thoracic) as is found in diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy. Recurrent disease occurred in 18/85. Neurophysiology showed axonal neuropathy (80/80) with paraspinal denervation (21/65), and abnormal autonomic (23/24) and sensory testing (10/13). Cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated (median 70 mg/dl). Magnetic resonance imaging showed brachial plexus abnormality in all (38/38). Nerve biopsies (11 upper and 11 lower limbs) showed ischaemic injury (axonal degeneration, multifocal fibre loss 15/22, focal perineurial thickening 16/22, injury neuroma 5/22) and increased inflammation (epineural perivascular inflammation 22/22, haemosiderin deposition 6/22, vessel wall inflammation 14/22 and microvasculitis 5/22). We therefore conclude that (i) diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy is a predominantly monophasic, upper limb diabetic neuropathy with pain followed by weakness and involves motor, sensory and autonomic fibres; (ii) the neuropathy begins focally and often evolves into a multifocal or bilateral condition; (iii) the pathology of diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy demonstrates ischaemic injury often from microvasculitis; and (iv) diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy shares many of the clinical and pathological features of diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy, providing evidence that these conditions are best categorized together within the spectrum of diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathies.
Al-2.118 Resist Strip (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Mobile Crowd Sensing for IoT (2015)

The papers in this special section provide the opportunity for researchers, practitioners, and application developers to review and discuss the state-of-the-art and trends of MCS (mobile crowd sensing)techniques and applications or propose new solutions. The ubiquitous sensor-rich mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, wearable devices, and smart vehicles) have been playing an increasing important role in the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoTs), which bridges the digital space and physical space at a societal scale. Their powerful computing/communication capacities, huge population, and inherent mobility make mobile-device networks a much more flexible and cost-effective IoT solution than static sensor networks.
Single cell-based fluorescence lifetime imaging of intracellular oxygenation and metabolism (2020)

Oxidation-reduction chemistry is fundamental to the metabolism of all living organisms, and hence quantifying the principal redox players is important for a comprehensive understanding of cell metabolism in normal and pathological states. In mammalian cells, this is accomplished by measuring oxygen partial pressure (pO<sub>2</sub>) in parallel with free and enzyme-bound reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [H] (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD, a proxy for NAD<sup>+</sup>). Previous optical methods for these measurements had accompanying problems of cytotoxicity, slow speed, population averaging, and inability to measure all redox parameters simultaneously. Herein we present a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based oxygen sensor, Myoglobin-mCherry, compatible with fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM)-based measurement of nicotinamide coenzyme state. This offers a contemporaneous reading of metabolic activity through real-time, non-invasive, cell-by-cell intracellular pO<sub>2</sub> and coenzyme status monitoring in living cells. Additionally, this method reveals intracellular spatial heterogeneity and cell-to-cell variation in oxygenation and coenzyme states.
Flow-less and shape-conformable CNT sheet nanogenerator for self-powered motion sensor (2016)

A carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet nanogenerator that does not require any liquid or gas flow for power generation is developed on the basis of Coulombic interactions, making the device attractive as a building block for self-powered sensors. The working principle of the CNT nanogenerator is probed in terms of sweeping speed, distance between charged object and nanotube sheet, surface charge, and number of layers of nanotube sheet. The nature of the CNT sheet and its formation process is such that simply winding the CNT sheet stripe n times around a substrate leads to increasing the power n times. For a practical demonstration of the CNT nanogenerator, a self-powered sensor array screen is developed that can read finger movements, just as with a finger command on a smartphone screen.
Dual effect of humidity on cesium lead bromide: enhancement and degradation of perovskite films (2019)

Humidity enhances the crystallinity of CpPbBr<sub>3</sub>perovskite films for short exposure times and degrades them for long exposure times.
Data from First-in-Human Study of the Radioligand <sup>68</sup>Ga-N188 Targeting Nectin-4 for PET/CT Imaging of Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;Nectin-4 is an emerging biomarker for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Recently, enfortumab vedotin (EV) was approved by the FDA as the first nectin-4 targeting antibody–drug conjugate for treating advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). A PET imaging method to noninvasively quantify nectin-4 expression level would potentially help to select patients most likely to respond to EV and predict the response.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;In this study, we designed a bicyclic peptide-based nectin-4 targeting radiotracer &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-N188&lt;/b&gt;. Initially, we performed preclinical evaluations of &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-N188&lt;/b&gt; in UC cell lines and xenograft mouse models. Next, we performed the translational study in healthy volunteers and a pilot cohort of patients with advanced UC on uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;In the preclinical study, &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-N188&lt;/b&gt; showed high affinity to nectin-4, specific uptake in a nectin-4(+) xenograft mouse model, and suitable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. In the translational study, 2 healthy volunteers and 14 patients with advanced UC were enrolled. The pharmacokinetic profile was determined for &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-N188&lt;/b&gt;, and the nectin-4 relative expression level in different organs was quantitatively imaged.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;A clear correlation between PET SUV value and nectin-4 expression was observed, supporting the application of &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga-N188&lt;/b&gt; PET as a companion diagnostic tool for optimizing treatments that target nectin-4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Bioresorbable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Optimal design, fabrication, mechanical testing and scale-size effects analysis (2015)

Bone scaffolds for tissue regeneration require an optimal trade-off between biological and mechanical criteria. Optimal designs may be obtained using topology optimization (homogenization approach) and prototypes produced using additive manufacturing techniques. However, the process from design to manufacture remains a research challenge and will be a requirement of FDA design controls to engineering scaffolds. This work investigates how the design to manufacture chain affects the reproducibility of complex optimized design characteristics in the manufactured product. The design and prototypes are analyzed taking into account the computational assumptions and the final mechanical properties determined through mechanical tests. The scaffold is an assembly of unit-cells, and thus scale size effects on the mechanical response considering finite periodicity are investigated and compared with the predictions from the homogenization method which assumes in the limit infinitely repeated unit cells. Results show that a limited number of unit-cells (3-5 repeated on a side) introduce some scale-effects but the discrepancies are below 10%. Higher discrepancies are found when comparing the experimental data to numerical simulations due to differences between the manufactured and designed scaffold feature shapes and sizes as well as micro-porosities introduced by the manufacturing process. However good regression correlations (R(2) > 0.85) were found between numerical and experimental values, with slopes close to 1 for 2 out of 3 designs.
Optimal surrogates selection for embedded, hierarchical multilevel aircraft models (2015)

This study proposes a methodology that reduces the memory size of hierarchical multilevel embedded models while keeping its structure and satisfying constraints on accuracy and computation time. Based on a choice among surrogates (high dimensional model representation, neural networks, etc.) associated with each submodel, an overall hierarchical multilevel model that fulfills avionics systems requirements is provided via the resolution of an integer programming problem. This methodology is illustrated on a fuel model used for aircraft performance estimations.
Intake of Radionuclides in the Trees of Fukushima Forests 4. Binding of Radioiodine to Xyloglucan (2020)

The 1,4-linked glucans such as xyloglucan and amylose are known to form a complex with iodine/iodide ions and to also be precipitated with CaCl2 in the presence of iodine. Here, we show that iodine gas could be specifically incorporated into xyloglucan. Furthermore, we show that [125I]I2 gas is, over time, incorporated at high levels into the entire outer surface of poplar seedlings but that spraying seedlings with abscisic acid to close stomata decreases the incorporation of the gas. There was less incorporation of the gas in a transgenic poplar overexpressing xyloglucanase at the early stages when compared with a wild type. This shows that xyloglucan serves as a key absorber of iodine gas into a plant body. After individual leaves of cultured seedlings were exposed to the gas for 30 min, no radioiodine was emitted from those leaves over the following two weeks, indicating that no turnover occurs in radioiodine once it is bound to the polysaccharides in plant tissues. We conclude that forest trees could serve as one of the largest enormous capture systems for the radioiodine fallout following the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima.
Designing a Multimer Allergen for Diagnosis and Immunotherapy of Dog Allergic Patients (2014)

We provide the first evidence for a linked recombinant molecule covering the major dog allergens for potential use in diagnostics and allergy vaccination of dog allergic patients.
Biobattery: Integration of Thermo-Catalytic Reforming, Pressure Swing Adsorption and Hydrodeoxygenation for the Production of 100% Green Fuels, Biochar, Heat and Power (2017)

The concept of the Biobattery is to process biomass residues to produce energy vectors which are easily storable and transportable. These energy vectors provide a solution for wrong time wrong place energy demand – as power, as heat or as fuel for transport. A key component of the Biobattery is the thermo-catalytic reforming (TCR) unit, which produces bio-oil, syngas and biochar. An integrated approach will demonstrate and validate the technical and economic viability of the combination of thermo-catalytic reforming, pressure swing adsorption and hydro-deoxygenation, together with their environmental and social sustainability, as well as the cost-competitiveness, at near commercial scale. The integrated concept will be described and results of the production of TCR-bio-oil from anaerobic digestate and sewage sludge as well as hydro-deoxygenated oil will be presented. The results are discussed and an outlook for the upscale to industrial size will be given.
Highly efficient green organic light-emitting diodes containing luminescent tetrahedral copper(i) complexes (2012)

A series of highly emissive sublimable copper(I) complexes with tetrahedral geometries, Cu(dppb)(pz2Bph2) 1, Cu(dppb-F)(pz2Bph2) 2, and Cu(dppb-CF3)(pz2Bph2) 3 [dppb = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, dppb-F = 1,2-bis[bis(3,5-difluorophenyl)phosphino]benzene, and dppb-CF3 = 1,2-bis[bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene, pz2Bph2− = diphenyl-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)borate], were synthesized and investigated as luminescent guest molecules in prototype organic light-emitting diodes. Thermogravimetric analysis of 1–3 under vacuum revealed that introduction of F or CF3 substituents to the meta positions of the four peripheral phenyl groups in the dppb skeleton increased the ability of the copper(I) complexes to be sublimed. 1–3 exhibited strong green emission in amorphous films at 293 K with maximum emission wavelengths of 523–544 nm, quantum yields of 0.50–0.68, and decay times of 3.6–8.2 μs. Molecular orbital calculations indicated that the origin of green phosphorescence from 1–3 was a mixture of σ → π* and π → π* transitions. Conventional bottom-emitting devices with three-layer structures containing 1–3 produced bright green luminescence with maximum external quantum efficiencies of 11.9, 16.0, and 17.7% for 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
Likelihood Based Learning Rule for Temporal Coding In Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks (2020)

Recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNN) in the brain learn to perform a wide range of perceptual, cognitive and motor tasks very efficiently in terms of energy consumption and their training requires very few examples. This motivates the search for biologically inspired learning rules for RSNNs, aiming to improve our understanding of brain computation and the efficiency of artificial intelligence. Several spiking models and learning rules have been proposed, but it remains a challenge to design RSNNs whose learning relies on biologically plausible mechanisms and are capable of solving complex temporal tasks. <br> In this paper, we derive a learning rule, local to the synapse, from a simple mathematical principle, the maximization of the likelihood for the network to solve a specific task. We propose a novel target-based learning scheme in which the learning rule derived from likelihood maximization is used to mimic a specific spatio-temporal spike pattern that encodes the solution to complex temporal tasks. This method makes the learning extremely rapid and precise, outperforming state of the art algorithms for RSNNs. While error-based approaches, (e.g. e-prop) trial after trial optimize the internal sequence of spikes in order to progressively minimize the MSE we assume that a signal randomly projected from an external origin (e.g. from other brain areas) directly defines the target sequence. This facilitates the learning procedure since the network is trained from the beginning to reproduce the desired internal sequence. We propose two versions of our learning rule: spike-dependent and voltage-dependent. We find that the latter provides remarkable benefits in terms of learning speed and robustness to noise. We demonstrate the capacity of our model to tackle several problems like learning multidimensional trajectories and solving the classical temporal XOR benchmark. Finally, we show that an online approximation of the gradient ascent, in addition to guaranteeing complete locality in time and space, allows learning after very few presentations of the target output. Our model can be applied to different types of biological neurons. The analytically derived plasticity learning rule is specific to each neuron model and can produce a theoretical prediction for experimental validation.
Improved Power/EM Side-Channel Attack Resistance of 128-Bit AES Engines With Random Fast Voltage Dithering (2018)

This paper demonstrates the improved power and electromagnetic (EM) side-channel attack (SCA) resistance of 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) engines in 130-nm CMOS using random fast voltage dithering (RFVD) enabled by integrated voltage regulator (IVR) with the bond-wire inductors and an on-chip all-digital clock modulation (ADCM) circuit. RFVD scheme transforms the current signatures with random variations in AES input supply while adding random shifts in the clock edges in the presence of global and local supply noises. The measured power signatures at the supply node of the AES engines show upto 37× reduction in peak for higher order test vector leakage assessment (TVLA) metric and upto 692× increase in minimum traces required to disclose (MTD) the secret encryption key with correlation power analysis (CPA). Similarly, SCA on the measured EM signatures from the chip demonstrates a reduction of upto 11.3× in TVLA peak and upto 37× increase in correlation EM analysis (CEMA) MTD.