gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quality and Vaccine Efficacy of CD4+ T Cell Responses Directed to Dominant and Subdominant Epitopes in ESAT-6 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2009)

The ESAT-6 (early secretory antigenic target) molecule is a very important target for T cell recognition during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although ESAT-6 contains numerous potential T cell epitopes, the immune response during infection is often focused toward a few immunodominant epitopes. By immunization with individual overlapping synthetic peptides in cationic liposomes (cationic adjuvant formulation, CAF01) we demonstrate that the ESAT-6 molecule contains several subdominant epitopes that are not recognized in H-2(d/b) mice either during tuberculosis infection or after immunization with ESAT-6/CAF01. Immunization with a truncated ESAT-6 molecule (Delta15ESAT-6) that lacks the immunodominant ESAT-6(1-15) epitope refocuses the response to include T cells directed to these subdominant epitopes. After aerosol infection of immunized mice, T cells directed to both dominant (ESAT-6-immunized) and subdominant epitopes (Delta15ESAT-6-immunized) proliferate and are recruited to the lung. The vaccine-promoted response consists mainly of double- (TNF-alpha and IL-2) or triple-positive (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2) polyfunctional T cells. This polyfunctional quality of the CD4(+) T cell response is maintained unchanged even during the later stages of infection, whereas the naturally occurring infection stimulates a response to the ESAT-6(1-15) epitope that consist almost exclusively of CD4(+) effector T cells. ESAT-6 and Delta15ESAT-6 both give significant protection against aerosol challenge with tuberculosis, but the most efficient protection against pulmonary infection is mediated by the subdominant T cell repertoire primed by Delta15ESAT-6.
<title>Highly efficient illuminators as Liouville transformers</title> (1997)

In this paper, the phase-space formulation is applied to the evaluation of nonimaging optics sub-systems. Brightness (luminance) efficiency is introduced as a Figure of Merit for system performance maximization procedures that can be applied, for example, to plasma diagnostics (by utilizing coherent fiber imaging).
Data from Breast Cancer Index Is a Predictive Biomarker of Treatment Benefit and Outcome from Extended Tamoxifen Therapy: Final Analysis of the Trans-aTTom Study (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;The Breast Cancer Index (BCI) &lt;i&gt;HOXB13/IL17BR&lt;/i&gt; (H/I) ratio predicts benefit from extended endocrine therapy in hormone receptor–positive (HR&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) early-stage breast cancer. Here, we report the final analysis of the Trans-aTTom study examining BCI (H/I)'s predictive performance.&lt;/p&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;p&gt;BCI results were available for 2,445 aTTom trial patients. The primary endpoint of recurrence-free interval (RFI) and secondary endpoints of disease-free interval (DFI) and disease-free survival (DFS) were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression and log-rank test.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;Final analysis of the overall study population (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; = 2,445) did not show a significant improvement in RFI with extended tamoxifen [HR, 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–1.16; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.401]. Both the overall study population and N0 group were underpowered due to the low event rate in the N0 group. In a pre-planned analysis of the N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; subset (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; = 789), BCI (H/I)-High patients derived significant benefit from extended tamoxifen (9.7% absolute benefit: HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14–0.75; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.016), whereas BCI (H/I)-Low patients did not (−1.2% absolute benefit; HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.76–1.64; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.581). A significant treatment-to-biomarker interaction was demonstrated on the basis of RFI, DFI, and DFS (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.037, 0.040, and 0.025, respectively). BCI (H/I)-High patients remained predictive of benefit from extended tamoxifen in the N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/HER2&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; subgroup (9.4% absolute benefit: HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15–0.81; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.047). A three-way interaction evaluating BCI (H/I), treatment, and HER2 status was not statistically significant (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.849).&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;Novel findings demonstrate that BCI (H/I) significantly predicts benefit from extended tamoxifen in HR&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; N&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; patients with HER2&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt; disease. Moreover, BCI (H/I) demonstrates significant treatment to biomarker interaction across survival outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The Patent Prosecution Process [IP Corner] (2014)

Patents are legal documents, but they capture and preserve rights to important engineering ideas. For this reason, they are very important to the corporations and research institutions that employ engineers. And as a result, it is pretty difficult for a good engineer to avoid getting involved in the patenting process at some point in his career. Or if you happen to be a company owner or senior manager, you will also find patents are going to enter your day-to-day workflow from time to time. Hopefully, not too often, but when they do, you need to know what they mean.
Voltage Holding Ratio and Residual DC Property of the IPS-LCD on Rubbed Polymer Layers by Voltage-Transmittance Hysteresis Method (2004)

Voltage holding ratio (VHR) and residual DC phenomena for the in-plane switching (IPS)-liquid crystal display (LCD) on a rubbed polyimide (PI) surface were investigated. It was found that the VHR of the IPS-LCDs on the rubbed PI layer increased with increasing concentration of cyano LC and specific resistivity of fluorine LCs. Also, the residual DC voltage in the IPS-LCD by voltage-transmittance (V-T) hysteresis method decreased with increasing cyano concentration of LCs. The residual DC voltage of the IPS-LCD can be improved by high polarity of LCs. Finally, the new residual DC voltage measurement of the IPS-LCDs by light minimum/maximum method is proposed.
Scalable Training of Inference Networks for Gaussian-Process Models (2019)

Inference in Gaussian process (GP) models is computationally challenging for large data, and often difficult to approximate with a small number of inducing points. We explore an alternative approximation that employs stochastic inference networks for a flexible inference. Unfortunately, for such networks, minibatch training is difficult to be able to learn meaningful correlations over function outputs for a large dataset. We propose an algorithm that enables such training by tracking a stochastic, functional mirror-descent algorithm. At each iteration, this only requires considering a finite number of input locations, resulting in a scalable and easy-to-implement algorithm. Empirical results show comparable and, sometimes, superior performance to existing sparse variational GP methods.
Autonomic neuropathy in transgenic mice caused by immunotoxin targeting of the peripheral nervous system (1998)

Autonomic neuropathy in several neurodegenerative disorders results from disturbance in physiological functions of different cell types in the central and peripheral nervous systems. For a clearer understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the autonomic disorders it is necessary to create animal models in which degeneration of the causative neuronal types can be induced. Immunotoxin-mediated cell targeting (IMCT) is a novel transgenic mouse technology for eliminating selective cell types with the cytotoxic activity of a recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE40. In this study we conditionally disrupted peripheral catecholaminergic cells with IMCT to generate a mouse model developing autonomic failure based on primary defects of the sympathetic nervous system. Transgenic mice expressing human interleukin-2 receptor α subunit under the control of the dopamine β-hydroxylase gene promoter were intravenously treated with a proper dose of anti-Tac(Fv)-PE40. The immunotoxin induced a selective loss of the target cells in peripheral tissues of the transgenic mice and an impairment of catecholamine metabolism in the tissues. Targeting of the peripheral catecholaminergic cells resulted in severe and progressive phenotypic abnormalities mainly characterized by cardiac dysfunction, hypoactivity, and hypothermia, which explain development of autonomic neuropathy. Our IMCT strategy is useful for elucidating the involvement of different neuronal types and their interactions in the development and symptom of autonomic disorders. J. Neurosci. Res. 51:162–173, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: More questions than answers (2008)

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) was first described as a clinical entity in children in Central Africa by Denis Burkitt in 1958. The particular epidemiological features of this tumor initiated the search for a virus as the causative agent and led to the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by Epstein and coworkers in 1964. It became apparent in the seventies and eighties that the tumor is not restricted to Central Africa, but occurs with lesser incidence all over the world (sporadic BL) and is also particularly frequent in HIV infected individuals, and that not all BL cases are associated with EBV: about 95% of the cases in Central Africa, 40 to 50% of the cases in HIV-infected individuals and 10 to 20% of the sporadic cases harbour the viral information and express at least one viral antigen (EBNA1) and a number of non-coding viral RNAs. In contrast, all BL cases regardless of their geographical origin exhibit one of three c-myc/Ig chromosomal translocations leading to the activation of the c-myc gene as a crucial event in the development of this disease. Although epidemiological evidence clearly points to a role of the virus in the African cases, the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of BL has remained largely elusive. This review summarizes current concepts and ideas how EBV might contribute to the development of BL in the light of the progress made in the last decade and discusses the problems of the experimental systems available to test such hypotheses.
MAR (2004)

We introduce MAR, a commuter mobile access router infrastructure that exploits wireless diversity (e.g. channel diversity, network diversity, and technology diversity) to provide improved data performance for wireless data users. Our system design stems from the observation that rather than choosing a single wireless service provider (e.g. Sprint, AT&T, BT, Vodafone), a single technology (e.g. GPRS, UMTS, CDMA, 802.11), or a single wireless channel, users can obtain significant benefits by using the multiplicity of choices available. MAR is a wireless multi-homed device that can be placed in moving vehicles (e.g. car, bus, train) to enable high-speed data access. MAR dynamically instantiates new channels based on traffic demand, aggregates the bandwidth and dynamically shifts load from poor quality to better quality channels. MAR, thus, provides a faster, more stable, and reliable communication channel to mobile users.We have implemented and tested the MAR system in our testbed which spans the networks of three different cellular providers. Through our experiments we have performed a detailed evaluation to quantify the benefits of MAR for different protocols and applications. For example, even in highly mobile environments, MAR, on average, improves the end-user experience of web-browsing and streaming applications by a factor of 2.8 and 4.4 respectively. Our results show that significant benefits can be obtained by exploiting the diversity in coverage offered by many cellular operators, different technology networks (e.g. GPRS, CDMA), and diverse wireless channels.
Statistical Selection of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Nonlinear Dynamic Models of Spike Train Transformation (2007)

Multiple-input multiple-output nonlinear dynamic model of spike train to spike train transformations was previously formulated for hippocampal-cortical prostheses. This paper further described the statistical methods of selecting significant inputs (self-terms) and interactions between inputs (cross-terms) of this Volterra kernel-based model. In our approach, model structure was determined by progressively adding self-terms and cross-terms using a forward stepwise model selection technique. Model coefficients were then pruned based on Wald test. Results showed that the reduced kernel models, which contained much fewer coefficients than the full Volterra kernel model, gave good fits to the novel data. These models could be used to analyze the functional interactions between neurons during behavior.
The biomechanical and morphological changes in the medial collateral ligament of the rabbit after immobilization and remobilization. (1987)

The effects of immobilization and remobilization on the biomechanical and morphological properties of the femur-medial collateral ligament-tibia complex and each of its components were investigated in the rabbit. Specimens that had been obtained after periods of unilateral immobilization of the knee and remobilization were evaluated for structural properties. In addition, the mechanical properties of the substance of the medial collateral ligament and the histological characteristics of both the substance of the ligament and its sites of insertion were evaluated. After immobilization, there were significant reductions in the ultimate load and energy-absorbing capabilities of the bone-ligament complex, and an increased number of failures occurred by tibial avulsion. The tissue of the medial collateral ligament also became less stiff as a result of immobilization. Histologically, the femoral and tibial insertion sites showed increased osteoclastic activity, resorption of bone, and disruption of the normal attachment of the bone to the ligament. With remobilization, the ultimate load and energy-absorbing capabilities of the bone-ligament complex improved but did not return to normal. Failure by tibial avulsion became less frequent, and the stress-strain characteristics of the medial collateral ligament returned to normal. Histologically, the sites of insertion of the ligament also showed evidence of recovery.
Clinical Experience in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery with Virtually Wall-Less Venous Cannulas (2018)

The performance of virtually wall-less venous cannulas designed for augmented peripheral venous drainage was tested in MICS and provided excellent flows at minimal vacuum levels, confirming an increased performance over traditional thin wall cannulas. Superior results can be expected for routine use.
980 nm diode pumped erbium 3+ /ytterbium 3+ doped Q-switched fibre laser (1995)

The latest results obtained with an acousto-optically Q-switched erbium3+/ytterbium3+ diode pumped fibre laser are reported. The use of Er:Yb enables short high power pulses to be obtained. Pulse durations of 15 ns and peak powers &gt;50 W have been achieved at a 500 Hz repetition rate.
A forced torsional oscillator for dynamic mechanical measurements (1977)

Abstract A forced torsional oscillator (FTO) for measuring dynamic properties from 0.01 to 30 Hz and −190 to +250°C is described. It uses a digital transfer function analyzer to determine G ′ and G ″ directly. Errors such as clamping corrections, phase angle resolution, and instrument phase shift are evaluated. FTO measurements vs temperature on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate compare well with free torsion pendulum data. Measurements on a silicone liquid vs frequency compare well to eccentric rotating disks data. The frequency sensitivity of the dynamic mechanical response of PMMA and polycarbonate is evaluated at 0.1, 1 and 10 Hz. The frequency dependence of the transitions is fit to an Arrhenius relation and activation energies calculated. A dimensionless transition temperature shift, Δ T *, giving the shift for a one decade frequency change divided by the temperature, is found to be approximately 0.01 for the glass transition and 0.07 for several secondary transitions in glassy polymers.
Bone‐on‐a‐Chip: Microfluidic Technologies and Microphysiologic Models of Bone Tissue (2020)

Bone is an active organ that continuously undergoes an orchestrated process of remodeling throughout life. Bone tissue is uniquely capable of adapting to loading, hormonal, and other changes happening in the body, as well as repairing bone that becomes damaged to maintain tissue integrity. On the other hand, diseases such as osteoporosis and metastatic cancers disrupt normal bone homeostasis leading to compromised function. Historically, our ability to investigate processes related to either physiologic or diseased bone tissue has been limited by traditional models that fail to emulate the complexity of native bone. Organ-on-a-chip models are based on technological advances in tissue engineering and microfluidics, enabling the reproduction of key features specific to tissue microenvironments within a microfabricated device. Compared to conventional <i>in-vitro</i> and <i>in-vivo</i> bone models, microfluidic models, and especially organs-on-a-chip platforms, provide more biomimetic tissue culture conditions, with increased predictive power for clinical assays. In this review, we will report microfluidic and organ-on-a-chip technologies designed for understanding the biology of bone as well as bone-related diseases and treatments. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current models and point toward future directions for microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip technologies in bone research.
The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 1: Epidemiology and Pathoanatomy of Surgically Treated Lesions (2021)

The majority of injuries requiring surgery in this population occurred during traction in forced flexion-rotation using suspension equipment. Injured shoulders were classified as either painful or unstable shoulders.
Operando μ -Raman Measurement of Water Distribution Along and Across the Membrane in a Fuel Cell (2022)

To obtain a fundamental understanding of the transport regimes governing the electrochemical behavior of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, the measurement of the membrane water content, along both directions parallel and perpendicular to the surface, is essential. In this paper, operando μ -Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the water content of the Nafion® membrane in the fuel cell (OCV around 1 V) working at constant stoichiometry and low relative humidity (20%). Water concentration profiles crossing the membrane thickness are obtained with μ m resolution at different locations of the active surface: at the middle and close to the inlets/outlets of the reactants, at the feed gas channel and under-lands areas. The influence of the operating temperature and of the current density delivered by the cell are investigated. Of particular interest for perspective fuel cells, the membrane inner water partition appears highly heterogeneous when operating at ambient conditions, and dependent on the delivered current. The increase of temperature decreases the membrane water content at all the probed positions and induces a less uneven water distribution. The membrane hydration appears to be a key parameter for understanding the water redistribution between cathode and anode with the change of the cell operating conditions.
Thermoelectric Performance Improvement of Polymer Nanocomposites by Selective Thermal Degradation (2019)

Thermoelectric films composed of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), graphene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNT) were prepared by using layer-by-layer assembly, followed by heating in an inert atmosphere to selectively degrade film constituents to varying degrees. PEDOT:PSS was used to stabilize graphene and DWNT in water for deposition. A 20 quadlayer PDDA/PEDOT:PSS-graphene/PDDA/PEDOT:PSS-DWNT thin film heated to 425 °C for 60 min (∼20 nm thick) exhibits a simultaneous increase in electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, resulting in a power factor of 168 μW m–1 K–2, which is an order of magnitude larger than that of the unheated control. This dramatic improvement in thermoelectric performance is due to degradation of the insulating poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride):poly(styrenesulfonate) complex within the film, while maintaining the highly ordered conductive network formed during deposition. This study reveals a simple strategy for preparing high performance organic thermoelectric materials by selectively thermally degrading the insulating material required for film deposition.
A pseudothree-dimensional finite element analysis of nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines in the quasi-static and high-frequency regimes (1994)

A two-dimensional finite element analysis is used with a distributed transmission line model to analyze general nonuniform microwave transmission structures in the quasistatic and high-frequency regimes. An automated meshing scheme is employed to reduce the solution of the three-dimensional problem to one of solving a small number of two-dimensional lines. The distributed transmission line model is briefly outlined, and the quasi-static and full-wave finite element approaches are described. Results validating the approach and showing its versatility are presented and are compared to well-established models. A discussion of the tradeoffs between the full-wave and quasi-static approaches is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Oxygen-independent, hormonal control of HIF-1α regulates the developmental and regenerative growth of cardiomyocytes. (2022)

Here, we present an O2-independent/HIF-1α (Hypoxia inducible factor-1α)-dependent mechanism that regulates developmental and regenerative growth of mammalian cardiomyoblasts. An autocrine feedback mechanism of GH/IGF1/SST (Growth hormone/Insulin-like growth factor 1/Somatostatin) signaling, mediated by GHRH/GHRH-R (Growth hormone-releasing hormone/GHRH-Receptor), is established specifically in NKX2-5 (NK2 Homeobox 5) expressing myocardial cells which affects HIF-1α stability through cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) or cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) activity. cAMP-mediated HIF-1α stabilization fuels Warburg metabolism and enhances NKX2-5 expression, limiting the developmental and regenerative growth of cardiomyoblasts. In contrast, cGMP-mediated HIF-1α inhibition (or knock-out of HIF-1α) redirects glycolytically derived citrate toward long-chain saturated fatty acid biosynthesis, leading to enhanced developmental and regenerative growth of cardiomyoblasts. These findings suggest that HIF1α-mediated glycolysis serves as a rate-limiting, O2-independent sensor of cardiomyogenesis and that targeting GHRH/GHRH-R signaling could be a therapeutic strategy for regenerating the mammalian heart post-injury.