gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Psychometric ai and story arrangement: progress of a test-based approach towards an achievable artificial intelligence (2006)

In an effort to build a system capable of human-level intelligence, what is the proper assessment for having achieved it, or preceding that, what exactly is the ultimate goal to strive toward? No universally accepted definition for human intelligence exists, let alone an undisputed account of artificial intelligence. Most current research in AI takes the form of stand-alone programs that perform one task well, but stumble or outright fail on other seemingly easy tasks. A well-known example is that of Deep Blue, the computer program that beat the [human] world champion chess player Garry Kasparov on May 11, 1997, but could not solve even the simplest variants of chess (e.g., one in which bishops move in a zig-zag pattern), let alone tasks unrelated to the game. 
The focus of this thesis is twofold. On the one hand, in a similar fashion to the Turing Test, and in line with Alan Newell's so-called ''third paradigm for addressing the study of the mind, we propose a standard to drive AI research and evaluate whether it has been successful. We are endeavoring to articulate and defend a new form of AI based, fundamentally, on the notion of well-defined tests. We call this type of Artificial Intelligence Psychometric AI. 
In this venture we have successfully passed one subtask (i.e. Block Design) on a current and renowned psychological test---the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale (WAIS)---and next tackle Picture Arrangement, a much more complicated sub-test from the WAIS, and the second fundamental, and more applied, topic of this thesis. The challenge is to arrange snapshot images in an order that makes a plausible story or segment thereof. Why would solving such a task be significant? Among other reasons, it would make a contribution to the sub-field of Artificial Intelligence that centers around story processing, in particular story understanding and story completion, as well as being the first known mechanization of story arrangement. Furthermore, little research is currently focused on engineering an intelligent system capable of obtaining high-level information from diagrams, and of using such information in further problem solving. The project described herein changes that.
Occlusions and their role in object detection in video (2012)

Occlusions and disocclusions are essential cues for human perception in understanding the layout of a scene. By analyzing how some parts of the scene go out of the sight (occluded) and new parts appear (disoccluded), one can infer the topology of the objects in it. Since the scene geometry and its dynamics induce this phenomena, they are fundamental cues in computer vision and video processing tasks such as visual exploration, object recognition, activity recognition, tracking and video compression. 
In this thesis, we first introduce three methods to detect occlusions in an image sequence: (1) a motion segmentation algorithm which partitions an oversegmented image into two parts: a region on which optical flow is expressed with a piecewise-constant field and occluded regions where flow is not defined, (2) an optical flow estimation method which additionally detects occlusions modeling them as sparse subset of the image domain, and (3) a saliency detection algorithm which detects the parts of the image domain whose motion is inconsistent with the camera motion. In the second part of the thesis, we show that the problem of object detection in a video can be cast as an unsupervised segmentation scheme using occlusion cues and solved using convex optimization for an unknown number and geometry of objects in the scene. We further extend this approach by incorporating semantic priors for object categories that are learned from object recognition datasets. This enables the detection algorithm to segment and categorize objects jointly.
Fuel injection assembly for use in turbine engines and method of assembling same (2023)

A fuel injection assembly for use in a turbine engine is provided. The fuel injection assembly includes an end cover, an endcap assembly, a fluid supply chamber, and a plurality of tube assemblies positioned at the endcap assembly. Each of the tube assemblies includes housing having a fuel plenum and a cooling fluid plenum. The cooling fluid plenum is positioned downstream from the fuel plenum and separated from the fuel plenum by an intermediate wall. The plurality of tube assemblies also include a plurality of tubes that extends through the housing. Each of the plurality of tubes is coupled in flow communication with the fluid supply chamber and a combustion chamber positioned downstream from the tube assembly. The plurality of tube assemblies further includes an aft plate at a downstream end of the cooling fluid plenum. The plate includes at least one aperture.
A Limitation on Systems for Imaging Electrical Conductivity Distributions (1980)

The problem of reconstructing a two-dimensional distribution of electrical conductivity from impedance measurements made on the circumference of a circle enclosing the distribution is studied. It is shown to be, in general, impossible to uniquely reconstruct such conductivity distributions when employing certain recently proposed approaches based on the concept of computed tomography which is so successful when X-rays are used. The trouble is that the current stream-lines cannot usually be forced to be straight and paralel. It is indicated how ambiguities might be resolved by making moe extensive sets of measurements.
Evidence of Spin Resonance Signal in Oxygen Free Superconducting CaFe0.88Co0.12AsF: An Inelastic Neutron Scattering Study (2013)

The spin excitation spectrum of optimally doped superconducting CaFe0.88Co0.12AsF (\(T_{\text{c}}\sim 22\) K) was studied by means of time-of-flight (ToF) inelastic neutron scattering experiments on a powder sample for temperatures above and below \(T_{\text{c}}\) and energies up to 15 meV. In the superconducting state, the spin resonance signal is observed as an enhancement of spectral weight of particle hole excitations of approximately 1.5 times relative to normal state excitations. The resonance energy \(E_{\text{R}}\sim 7\) meV scales to \(T_{\text{c}}\) via 3.7 \(k_{\text{B}}T_{\text{c}}\) which is in reasonable agreement to the scaling relation reported for other Fe-based compositions. For energies below 5 meV the spectrum of spin flip particle hole excitations in the superconducting state exhibits a strong reduction in spectral weight, indicating the opening of the spin gap. Nonetheless, a complete suppression of magnetic response cannot be observed. In contrast, the normal state spin excitations are not gapped and strongly two dimensional spin fluctuations persist up to temperatures at least as high as 150 K.
25-Gb/s Multi-channel 1.3-µm Surface-emitting Laser (2011)

Recent advances in our multi-channel 1.3-µm lens-integrated surface-emitting-laser (LISEL) arrays for massive data links are described. The basic structure of a LISEL array consists of a short InGaAlAs multiple-quantum-well (MQW) distributed-feedback (DFB) active-stripe array monolithically integrated with both a 45° total reflection mirror and an aspheric collimation lens. A four-channel LISEL array based on this structure was developed. This array exhibited clear 25-Gb/s eye openings up to 50°C over the all four channels and a total output of 100 Gb/s. A multiple-wavelength LISEL array for wavelength-division-multi-plexing applications was also developed. To obtain multiple-wavelength emission, the DFB gratings were precisely modified by electron beam lithography. The fabricated laser array exhibited nine-wavelengths stable single-mode operations (SMSR > 40 dB) between 1260 and 1290 nm at 3.7-nm intervals, and a clear 25-Gb/s eye opening for each wavelength. These two LISELs have demonstrated their suitability for next-generation multi-channel data links including 100Gb Ethernet and optical interconnections.
An Efficient Gradient Boosting Approach for PVT Aware Estimation of Leakage Power and Propagation Delay in CMOS/FinFET Digital Cells (2020)

In this paper, we propose an accurate and computationally efficient Gradient Boosting approach for the estimation of statistical variations aware leakage power and propagation delay in the CMOS/FinFET standard digital cells. The proposed model estimates the leakage power and propagation delay w.r.t variations in process, temperature (-55°C to 125°C) and supply voltage(±10% variations). The distinguishing feature of the proposed approach is its compatibility with both CMOS and FinFET technologies. Moreover, the performance of the proposed model is consistent with various technology nodes. Exhaustive tests report an average error of <; 1% in 16nm CMOS and FinFET standard digital cells w.r.t analog HSPICE simulations with several orders increase in computational speed. Further, the complex cell estimation can be carried out through precharacterized standard cells abstaining longer simulations.
Computational Staining of Pathology Images to Study the Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer (2020)

The spatial organization of different types of cells in tumor tissues reveals important information about the tumor microenvironment (TME). To facilitate the study of cellular spatial organization and interactions, we developed Histology-based Digital-Staining, a deep learning-based computation model, to segment the nuclei of tumor, stroma, lymphocyte, macrophage, karyorrhexis, and red blood cells from standard hematoxylin and eosin-stained pathology images in lung adenocarcinoma. Using this tool, we identified and classified cell nuclei and extracted 48 cell spatial organization-related features that characterize the TME. Using these features, we developed a prognostic model from the National Lung Screening Trial dataset, and independently validated the model in The Cancer Genome Atlas lung adenocarcinoma dataset, in which the predicted high-risk group showed significantly worse survival than the low-risk group (<i>P</i> = 0.001), with a HR of 2.23 (1.37-3.65) after adjusting for clinical variables. Furthermore, the image-derived TME features significantly correlated with the gene expression of biological pathways. For example, transcriptional activation of both the T-cell receptor and programmed cell death protein 1 pathways positively correlated with the density of detected lymphocytes in tumor tissues, while expression of the extracellular matrix organization pathway positively correlated with the density of stromal cells. In summary, we demonstrate that the spatial organization of different cell types is predictive of patient survival and associated with the gene expression of biological pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present a deep learning-based analysis tool to study the TME in pathology images and demonstrate that the cell spatial organization is predictive of patient survival and is associated with gene expression.<i>See related commentary by Rodriguez-Antolin, p. 1912</i>.
Tickets and Currencies Revisited: Extending Multi-Resource Lottery Scheduling (1999)

Lottery scheduling's ticket and currency abstractions provide a resource management framework that allows for both flexible allocation and insulation between groups of processes. We propose extensions to this framework that enable greater flexibility while preserving the ability to isolate groups of processes. In particular, we present a mechanism that allows processes to modify their own resource rights by exchanging resource-specific tickets with other processes. Ticket exchanges limit the effects of the changed allocations to the participants in the exchange, and they allow applications to coordinate with each other in ways that are mutually beneficial. Application-specific negotiators can be used to initiate exchanges based on an application's quality-of-service requirements and the current state of the system. We also propose flexible access controls for currencies through extensible brokers that solve such problems as the inability of users isolated by currencies to renice background jobs. Finally, we suggest using extensibility to allow users to install specialized allocation mechanisms for their processes. Together, these extensions enable an application-centered approach to resource management that is both secure and effective.
Protein Purification and Separation Using Integrated Glass Nanocapillaries Under Pressure-Driven Conditions (2016)

We demonstrated a silicon chip featuring integrated self-enclosed cylindrical glass nanocapillaries for hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) [1]. The nanocapillaries give exceptional performance, including a fast separation (∼5 min) and high plate numbers (622 000-852 000 plates/m). The performance is attributed to the miniaturization of the conventional discrete glass capillaries and the capability of handling ultra-small volume of sample by using the integrated nanocapillaries.
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Taxane Ring System via the Tandem Diels−Alder Cycloaddition (1997)

The application of the tandem Diels-Alder cycloaddition to the stereoselective synthesis of the tricyclic ring system of the taxane diterpenes is described. The exceedingly direct, two-step synthesis of the B/C cis-fused taxane nucleus in 50% overall yield from the reaction of two readily available acyclic precursors underscores the efficiency of this approach. A critical feature of the second, intramolecular Diels-Alder cyclcoaddition is the transmission of stereochemical information across the taxane framework, i.e., from the C ring to the A ring. The cycloaddition of both cis- and trans-disubstituted C ring constructs leads to the establishment of the requisite C-1/C-3 relative stereochemistry for the synthesis of taxanes. A computational model is presented to account for the high levels of asymmetric induction observed in these reactions.
Applications and Limitations of Magnetic Methods in Free‐Radical Chemistry (1966)

Abstract The paper describes the application and limitations of magnetic methods to the problems of free‐radical chemistry (detection and quantitative investigation of the free‐radical state, relationships between structure and free‐radical formation, “distribution” of the unpaired electron, detection of mesomeric C, O, N, P, As, and Sn radicals, g‐factors, triplet states, and hyperfine structure). The problem of the diradical is described, and the paper closes with a discussion of the “Selwood effect”.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Talus Osteochondral Lesions With Particulated Juvenile Allograft Cartilage (2014)

Level V, expert opinion.
Genetic Incorporation of ε-N-2-Hydroxyisobutyryl-lysine into Recombinant Histones (2015)

Here, we report the evolution of an orthogonal amber suppressor pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)/tRNACUA(Pyl) pair that genetically encodes the post-translationally modified amino acid, ε-N-2-hydroxyisobutyryl-lysine (HibK), in bacteria and mammalian cells. HibK is a new type of histone mark that is widely distributed in histone proteins. The ability to site-specifically incorporate HibK into proteins provides a useful tool to probe the biological function of this newly identified post-translational modification.
Evidence of Progressive Tissue Pathophysiology and Motor Behavior Degradation in a Rat Model of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disease (2000)

We developed an in vivo injury model of work related musculoskeletal disease of the upper extremity in the rat in order to determine the extent to which a highly repetitive task causes decrements in motor performance and stimulates inflammation locally and systemically in musculoskeletal tissues. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to reach for food pellets at a target rate of 4 reaches/min for 2 hours/day, 3 days/week for periods up to 8 weeks. Reach repetition rate and reach success were determined. Observations of reach movement patterns were recorded. The trained and untrained forelimbs of trained rats were examined for macrophages using anti-ED***1 and compared to the forelimbs of control animals. The number of ED***1 immunoreactive macrophages in muscle, tendon and radiocarpal ligaments was quantified. We also examined for proteins indicative of inflammation and injury: IL-1β, COX2 and hsp72. Tissue inflammation was evident by week 3 and increased progressively to weeks 5 and 6. Degradation in reach movement patterns coincided with these tissue changes. Our findings suggest that a high repetition-negligible force task induces inflammatory work related musculoskeletal disease in as few as three weeks.
18F-Labeled Pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine as an Effective Probe for Imaging of L858R Mutant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (2017)

In nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma patients, L858R mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often found, and molecular target therapy using EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors is effective for the patients. However, the treatment frequently develops drug resistance by secondary mutation, of which approximately 50% is T790M mutation. Therefore, the ability to predict whether EGFR will undergo secondary mutation is extremely important. We synthesized a novel radiofluorinated 4-(anilino)pyrido[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine derivative ([<sup>18</sup>F]APP-1) and evaluated its potential as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe to discriminate the difference in mutations of tumors. EGFR inhibition assay, cell uptake, and biodistribution study showed that [<sup>18</sup>F]APP-1 binds specifically to the L858R mutant EGFR but not to the L858R/T790M mutant. Finally, on PET imaging study using [<sup>18</sup>F]APP-1 with tumor-bearing mice, the H3255 tumor (L858R mutant) was more clearly visualized than the H1975 tumor (L858R/T790M mutant).
ChemInform Abstract: Hypoxia‐Selective Antitumor Agents. Part 14. Synthesis and Hypoxic Cell Cytotoxicity of Regioisomers of the Hypoxia‐Selective Cytotoxin 5‐ (N,N‐Bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino)‐2,4‐dinitrobenzamide. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF 2‐FLUORO‐2,2‐DIPHENYL‐2,3‐DIHYDRO‐1,3,2Λ5‐BENZOXAZAPHOSPHOLES (1979)

Abstract Bei der Umsetzung der fünffach koordinierten Phosphorverbindung (I) mit o‐Aminophenolen (II) bilden sich die Benzoxazaphosphole (III).
Catalyst-free selective-area metalorganic chemical vapour deposition of InGaAs/InGaP core-shell nanowire arrays (2019)

III-V semiconductor nanowires (NWs) offer promising solutions for on-chip light sources in integrated photonics with small device footprint and ultra-low power consumption. Growing NWs by catalyst-free selective-area epitaxy (SAE) offers many advantages, such as the compatibility with silicon manufacturing and the capability to control NW diameter and position precisely. An array of NWs can be exploited as either a 1D or 2D photonic crystal, while every single NW operates as a vertical optical cavity, offering the flexibility for photodetector and laser designs. In this work, we demonstrate catalyst-free selective area metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of InGaAs/InGaP core-shell NW arrays on patterned n-GaAs (111)B substrates, with an aim to realize high-performance avalanche photodiodes toward single photon sensing at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths and bottom-up photonic crystal cavities. By carefully optimizing the growth parameters, the core-shell nanowires show a high uniformity in diameter (~180 nm) as well as in height (~1.6 μm), where a vertical growth yield of ~100% was obtained on large area array (50 × 50 μm2) containing approximately 5,000 NWs. Figure 1 gives a representative 30o-tilted SEM image. Micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) spectrum at room temperature exhibits a strong emission peak at a wavelength of 1060 nm, corresponding to a 20% In composition of the InGaAs core. Furthermore, the μ-PL results reveal that the use of an In0.5Ga0.5P passivation layer is crucial to minimize the surface recombination and enhance the emission efficiency of the In0.2Ga0.8As core NWs.
Heartburn sensation in nonerosive reflux disease: pattern of superficial sensory nerves expressing TRPV1 and epithelial cells expressing ASIC3 receptors (2021)

The underlying causes of heartburn, characteristic symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), remain incompletely understood. Superficial afferent innervation of the esophageal mucosa in nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) may drive nociceptive reflux perception, but its acid-sensing role has not yet been established. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member-1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), and acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) are regulators of sensory nerve activity and could be important reflux-sensing receptors within the esophageal mucosa. We characterized TRPV1, TRPM8, and ASIC3 expression in esophageal mucosa of patients with GERD. We studied 10 patients with NERD, 10 with erosive reflux disease (ERD), 7 with functional heartburn (FH), and 8 with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Biopsies obtained from the distal esophageal mucosa were costained with TRPV1, TRPM8, or ASIC3, and CGRP, CD45, or E-cadherin. RNA expression of <i>TRPV1, TRPM8</i>, and <i>ASIC3</i> was assessed using qPCR. Patients with NERD had significantly increased expression of TRPV1 on superficial sensory nerves compared with ERD (<i>P</i> = 0.028) or BE (<i>P</i> = 0.017). Deep intrapapillary nerve endings did not express TRPV1 in all phenotypes studied. ASIC3 was exclusively expressed on epithelial cells most significantly in patients with NERD and ERD (<i>P</i> ≤0.0001). TRPM8 was expressed on submucosal CD45+ leukocytes. Superficial localization of TRPV1-immunoreactive nerves in NERD, and increased ASIC3 coexpression on epithelial cells in NERD and ERD, suggests a mechanism for heartburn sensation. Esophageal epithelial cells may play a sensory role in acid reflux perception and act interdependently with TRPV1-expressing mucosal nerves to augment hypersensitivity in patients with NERD, raising the enticing possibility of topical antagonists for these ion channels as a therapeutic option.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> We demonstrate for the first time that increased pain perception in patients with nonerosive reflux disease likely results from expression of acid-sensitive channels on superficial mucosal afferents and esophageal epithelial cells, raising the potential for topical therapy.
Stabilizing the Zigzag Edge: Graphene Nanoribbons with Sterically Constrained Terminations (2012)

The zigzag edge of a graphene nanoribbon is predicted to support a spin-polarized edge state. However, this edge state only survives under a pure sp(2) termination, and it is difficult to produce thermodynamic conditions that favor a pure sp(2) termination of a graphene edge, since the edge carbons generally prefer to bond to two hydrogen atoms in sp(3) hybridization, rather than one hydrogen, as sp(2). We describe how to use the steric effects of large, bulky ligands to modify the thermodynamics of edge termination and favor the sp(2) edge during, e.g., chemical vapor deposition. Ab initio calculations demonstrate that these alternative terminations can support robust edge states across a broad range of thermodynamic conditions. This method of exploiting steric crowding effects along the one-dimensional edge of a two-dimensional system may be a general way to control edge reconstructions across a range of emerging single-layer systems.
Normal pregnancy resulting from a non-pronuclear oocyte at the time of examination for fertilization. (2008)

Non-pronuclear oocytes may represent a source of developmentally competent embryos, and further observation of this cohort should be considered, particularly in situations involving a low yield of oocytes at retrieval.