gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kanamienamide, an Enamide with an Enol Ether from the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii (2016)

Kanamienamide, an enamide with an enol ether, was isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii. The gross structure was established by spectroscopic analyses, and the relative stereochemistry was elucidated on the basis of the analyses of NOESY correlations and <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>1</sup>H coupling constants. The absolute configuration was determined on the basis of the chiral HPLC analysis of the N-Me-Leu derived from kanamienamide. This is the first report of a natural product that possesses an N-Me-enamide adjacent to an enol ether. Kanamienamide showed growth-inhibitory activity toward HeLa cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 2.5 μM and induced apoptosis-like cell death.
Multi-label classification: do Hamming loss and subset accuracy really\n conflict with each other? (2020)

Various evaluation measures have been developed for multi-label\nclassification, including Hamming Loss (HL), Subset Accuracy (SA) and Ranking\nLoss (RL). However, there is a gap between empirical results and the existing\ntheories: 1) an algorithm often empirically performs well on some measure(s)\nwhile poorly on others, while a formal theoretical analysis is lacking; and 2)\nin small label space cases, the algorithms optimizing HL often have comparable\nor even better performance on the SA measure than those optimizing SA directly,\nwhile existing theoretical results show that SA and HL are conflicting\nmeasures. This paper provides an attempt to fill up this gap by analyzing the\nlearning guarantees of the corresponding learning algorithms on both SA and HL\nmeasures. We show that when a learning algorithm optimizes HL with its\nsurrogate loss, it enjoys an error bound for the HL measure independent of $c$\n(the number of labels), while the bound for the SA measure depends on at most\n$O(c)$. On the other hand, when directly optimizing SA with its surrogate loss,\nit has learning guarantees that depend on $O(\\sqrt{c})$ for both HL and SA\nmeasures. This explains the observation that when the label space is not large,\noptimizing HL with its surrogate loss can have promising performance for SA. We\nfurther show that our techniques are applicable to analyze the learning\nguarantees of algorithms on other measures, such as RL. Finally, the\ntheoretical analyses are supported by experimental results.\n
Effective treatment of hormonally-unresponsive metastatic carcinoma of the prostate with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide methods of documenting tumor response and progression (1980)

Combination chemotherapy with Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was administered to 22 men with progressive tumor following hormonal treatment for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Objective partial response was documented in 7 patients (32%); an additional four (18%) had stable disease for a minimum of four months, and 11 (50%) were non-responders. Patients with partial response had a median survival of 14 months and lived significantly longer than those with no response (median five months); survival of men with stable disease approximated that of partial responders. Serial utilization of multiple staging procedures during chemotherapy demonstrated that although no single test allowed identification of all patients with objective tumor response or progression, improvement in median of five parameters could be documented in responding patients. In patients adequately studied at the time of disease progression, deterioration in a median of six tests was found. Serum acid phosphatase radionuclide bone scan, and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen were the most sensitive procedures which detected both objective tumor response and progression. Toxicity of chemotherapy was acceptable except in patients with prior radiation therapy. Administration of Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was associated with clinical benefit in half of our patients with hormone-resistant prostatic cancer. Tumor response and progression can best be objectively assessed if several staging procedures are serially employed during treatment.
Cu/Al/Mo/Au and Ni/Al/Mo/Au ohmic contacts for AlGaN/GaN heterostructures (2015)

In this paper, the effect of thermal expansion in ohmic metals during ohmic annealing was studied to understand the mechanism of n-type ohmic formation in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. We measured ohmic contact resistance as a function of annealing temperature for metal stacks composed of Cu/Al/Mo/Au, Ni/Al/Mo/Au, and Ti/Al/Mo/Au. Specific contact resistivity values of lower than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> Ωcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> were, for the first time, achieved for both Cu/Al/Mo/Au and Ni/Al/Mo/Au. The minimum contact resistance for Cu/Al/Mo/Au, Ni/Al/Mo/Au, and Ti/Al/Mo/Au were 0.36 Ωmm, 0.39 Ωmm, and 0.26 Ωmm, respectively.
Gain peaking in a chain of 980 nm-pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (1994)

We report the results of an experimental study of the signal-to-noise ratio and gain peaking in a chain of four 980 nm-pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. Over the wavelength range 1540 nm to 1562 nm, there is less than 3 dB variation in signal-to-noise ratio and 7 dB variation in output power. Between 1544 nm and 1558 nm the signal-to-noise ratio varies by less than 1 dB. These results suggest that the high inversion resulting from the use of 980 nm pumping will mitigate the effects of gain nonuniformity and may obviate the need for gain equalization in many applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Next-generation lithography mask inspection (2000)

KLA-Tencor and industry partners are collaborating on a project for developing early capabilities of inspecting NGL masks. The project, partially funded by NIST as part of the ATP program, is focusing on building a research tool that will provide experimental data for development of a production capable tool. Some of the key technical issues include contrast in transmission and reflection, defect sources and types, and maintaining mask cleanliness in the absence of pellicles. The masks need to be inspected at multiple process stages, starting with unpatterned substrates, and ending with the pattern inspection. System issues include defect sensitivity and inspection time, which need to be balanced.
American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 263: Standardizing Nomenclatures in Radiation Oncology (2017)

A substantial barrier to the single- and multi-institutional aggregation of data to supporting clinical trials, practice quality improvement efforts, and development of big data analytics resource systems is the lack of standardized nomenclatures for expressing dosimetric data. To address this issue, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group 263 was charged with providing nomenclature guidelines and values in radiation oncology for use in clinical trials, data-pooling initiatives, population-based studies, and routine clinical care by standardizing: (1) structure names across image processing and treatment planning system platforms; (2) nomenclature for dosimetric data (eg, dose-volume histogram [DVH]-based metrics); (3) templates for clinical trial groups and users of an initial subset of software platforms to facilitate adoption of the standards; (4) formalism for nomenclature schema, which can accommodate the addition of other structures defined in the future. A multisociety, multidisciplinary, multinational group of 57 members representing stake holders ranging from large academic centers to community clinics and vendors was assembled, including physicists, physicians, dosimetrists, and vendors. The stakeholder groups represented in the membership included the AAPM, American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO), NRG Oncology, European Society for Radiation Oncology (ESTRO), Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG), Children's Oncology Group (COG), Integrating Healthcare Enterprise in Radiation Oncology (IHE-RO), and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine working group (DICOM WG); A nomenclature system for target and organ at risk volumes and DVH nomenclature was developed and piloted to demonstrate viability across a range of clinics and within the framework of clinical trials. The final report was approved by AAPM in October 2017. The approval process included review by 8 AAPM committees, with additional review by ASTRO, European Society for Radiation Oncology (ESTRO), and American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD). This Executive Summary of the report highlights the key recommendations for clinical practice, research, and trials.
Persistent superconducting switch for cryogen-free MR magnets (1995)

A persistent superconducting switch which allows a cryogen-free MR magnet to be ramped up to its designed magnetic field and parked in a persistent state has been designed, built, and installed in a magnet. The switch uses niobium-tin tape superconductor which is laminated with stainless steel foil for structural rigidity. Due to its high electrical resistance, the switch is well suited for high inductance magnets. Moreover, the switch is designed such that its ramping heat load into the magnet is minimal and within the capability of the refrigerating cryocoolers which are used to cool the magnet. The compact design of this switch permits a quick conversion between the normal and the superconducting states. In this paper, the design criteria for such a switch and its relationship to the cryogen-free superconducting magnet is discussed. Furthermore, the stability tests performed on a sample switch is presented. Finally, detail design of a switch which has been used in a high inductance, cryogen-free, open MR magnet is discussed along with its electrical and thermal performances.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Complexity reduction of matrix manipulation for multi-user STBC-MIMO decoding (2007)

This paper studies efficient complex valued matrix manipulations for multi-user STBC-MIMO decoding. A novel method called Alamouti blockwise analytical matrix inversion (ABAMI) is proposed for the inversion of large complex matrices that are based on Alamouti sub-blocks. Another method using a variant of Givens rotation is proposed for fast QR decomposition of this kind of matrices. Our solutions significantly reduce the number of operations which makes them more than 4 times faster than several other solutions in the literature. Furthermore, compared to fixed function VLSI implementations, our solution is more flexible and consumes less silicon area because the hardware is programmable and it can be reused for many other operations such as filtering, correlation and FFT/IFFT. Besides the analysis of the general computational complexity based on the number of basic operations, the computational latency is also measured in clock cycles based on the conceptual hardware for real-time matrix manipulations.
Imaging Neuronal Activity at Fast Timescales in Humans using MR Elastography (2023)

A stimulus-interleaved magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) sequence was utilized to demonstrate fast functionally mediated localized changes in shear wavelength during a motor task. Four healthy adult subjects underwent a visual-cue mediated right-hand finger-tapping task, switching between tapping and no-tapping blocks every 2 seconds. Areas of greatest significance between the stimulus states were localized to the left primary motor cortex. A decreased stiffness of ~30% was observed during task performance compared to rest. Compared to traditional BOLD fMRI with a 20-second block, functional MRE areas of greatest statistical difference demonstrated greater percentage change and greater spatial localization.
Impact of Channel Direction Dependent Low Field Hole Mobility on (100) Orientation Silicon Surface (2011)

An obvious channel direction dependency of the low field hole mobility on (100) oriented silicon surface is experimentally obtained for p-channel metal–oxide–silicon field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) fabricated on atomically flattened silicon wafer. The low electric field hole mobility measured at a low temperature takes the maximal at [001] directions and the minimal at [011] directions, respectively. The obtained channel direction dependency agrees very well with that of the heavy hole effective mass. The correlations between the magnitude of channel direction dependency of the hole mobility and some physical parameters such as channel length, temperature, and lateral electric field are evaluated. As a result, a universal relationship was found between the mobility increase from [011] to [001] direction and the channel length over the average relaxation time constant of carrier scattering.
Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin from serum, saliva and urine. (1978)

The pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 14 healthy volunteers using concentrations measured radioimmunologically in the serum, saliva and urine. The subjects were given 0.75 mg of digoxin intravenously. Serum and saliva were obtained over a 72 hr period and urinary excretion rates over 6 or 7 days. Binding of digoxin to serum proteins was determined by ultracentrifugalization. A linear correlation between the serum and saliva concentrations was found. Salivary levels were equal to the unbound fraction in the serum. The half-lives of distribution did not differ between the serum and saliva. An erroneously short half-life of elimination was found in the serum, but in the saliva and urine it was found to be in the range previously reported. Salivary level measurements may be useful in pharmacokinetic studies and may have important clinical implications.
Azimuthal Anchoring Strength in Photopatterned Alignment of a Nematic (2021)

Spatially-varying director fields have become an important part of research and development in liquid crystals. Characterization of the anchoring strength associated with a spatially-varying director is difficult, since the methods developed for a uniform alignment are seldom applicable. Here we characterize the strength of azimuthal surface anchoring produced by the photoalignment technique based on plasmonic metamsaks. The measurements used photopatterned arrays of topological point defects of strength +1 and −1 in thin layers of a nematic liquid crystal. The integer-strength defects split into pairs of half-integer defects with lower elastic energy. The separation distance between the split pair is limited by the azimuthal surface anchoring, which allows one to determine the strength of the latter. The strength of the azimuthal anchoring is proportional to the UV exposure time during the photoalignment of the azobenzene layer.
Double-passage imaging through a random phase screen (1997)

We evaluate the time-averaged double-passage image of a coherently illuminated object that is obscured by a random phase screen. In particular, we study the effect of changing the location of the random screen on the average intensity spectrum of the image. We consider two cases, that when the random screen is at an arbitrary location between the pupil plane of the imaging system and the object plane and that when it is located right next to the object. In both cases we find that the average intensity spectrum of the image is diffraction limited. The results are proved analytically and are supported by numerical calculations.
Adaptive color display via perceptually-driven factored spectral projection (2015)

Fundamental display characteristics are constantly being improved, especially resolution, dynamic range, and color reproduction. However, whereas high resolution and high-dynamic range displays have matured as a technology, it remains largely unclear how to extend the color gamut of a display without either sacrificing light throughput or making other tradeoffs. In this paper, we advocate for adaptive color display; with hardware implementations that allow for color primaries to be dynamically chosen, an optimal gamut and corresponding pixel states can be computed in a content-adaptive and user-centric manner. We build a flexible gamut projector and develop a perceptually-driven optimization framework that robustly factors a wide color gamut target image into a set of time-multiplexed primaries and corresponding pixel values. We demonstrate that adaptive primary selection has many benefits over fixed gamut selection and show that our algorithm for joint primary selection and gamut mapping performs better than existing methods. Finally, we evaluate the proposed computational display system extensively in simulation and, via photographs and user experiments, with a prototype adaptive color projector.
The intracellular pathogen concept (2019)

The intracellular pathogen concept classifies pathogenic microbes on the basis of their site of replication and dependence on host cells. This concept played a fundamental role in establishing the field of cellular microbiology, founded in part by Dr. Pascale Cossart, whose seminal contributions are honored in this issue of Molecular Microbiology. The recognition that microbes can access and replicate in privileged compartments within host cells has led to many new and fruitful lines of investigation into the biology of the cell and mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity. However, like any scientific concept, the intracellular pathogen concept can become a dogma that constrains thinking and oversimplifies complex and dynamic host-pathogen interactions. Growing evidence has blurred the distinction between "intracellular" and "extracellular" pathogens and demonstrated that many pathogens can exist both within and outside of cells. Although the intracellular pathogen concept remains useful, it should not be viewed as a rigid classification of pathogenic microbes, which exhibit remarkable variation and complexity in their behavior in the host.
Fine mapping of the autosomal dominant split hand/split foot locus on chromosome 7, band q21.3-q22.1. (1988)

Split hand/split foot (SHFD) is a human developmental defect characterized by missing digits, fusion of remaining digits, and a deep median cleft in the hands and feet. Cytogenetic studies of deletions and translocations associated with this disorder have indicated that an autosomal dominant split hand/split foot locus (gene SHFD1) maps to 7q21-q22. To characterize the SHFD1 locus, somatic cell hybrid lines were constructed from cytogenetically abnormal individuals with SHFD. Molecular analysis resulted in the localization of 93 DNA markers to one of 10 intervals surrounding the SHFD1 locus. The translocation breakpoints in four SHFD patients were encompassed by the smallest region of overlap among the SHfD-associated deletions. The order of DNA markers in the SHFD1 critical region has been defined as PON-D7S812-SHFD1-D7S811-ASNS. One DNA marker, D7S811, detected altered restriction enzyme fragments in three patients with translocations when examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). These data map SHFD1, a gene that is crucial for human limb differentiation, to a small interval in the q21.3-q22.1 region of human chromosome 7.
Characterization of the blood oxygen level dependent hemodynamic response function in human subcortical regions with high spatiotemporal resolution (2022)

Subcortical brain regions are absolutely essential for normal human function. These phylogenetically early brain regions play critical roles in human behaviors such as the orientation of attention, arousal, and the modulation of sensory signals to cerebral cortex. Despite the critical health importance of subcortical brain regions, there has been a dearth of research on their neurovascular responses. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) experiments can help fill this gap in our understanding. The BOLD hemodynamic response function (HRF) evoked by brief (<4 s) neural activation is crucial for the interpretation of fMRI results because linear analysis between neural activity and the BOLD response relies on the HRF. Moreover, the HRF is a consequence of underlying local blood flow and oxygen metabolism, so characterization of the HRF enables understanding of neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling. We measured the subcortical HRF at 9.4T and 3T with high spatiotemporal resolution using protocols that enabled reliable delineation of HRFs in individual subjects. These results were compared with the HRF in visual cortex. The HRF was faster in subcortical regions than cortical regions at both field strengths. There was no significant undershoot in subcortical areas while there was a significant post-stimulus undershoot that was tightly coupled with its peak amplitude in cortex. The different BOLD temporal dynamics indicate different vascular dynamics and neurometabolic responses between cortex and subcortical nuclei.
CoSense (2009)

Making sense of the information found during an investigational Web search task can be daunting. With the recent emergence of tools to support collaborative Web search, the associated sensemaking task has become even more complex, requiring sense to be made not only of the products of a search (i.e., results found) but of the process, as well (i.e., group division of labor and decision-making).
Analysis of mixed inverter/rectifier multi-infeed HVDC systems (2013)

This paper investigates interconverter interactions in multi-infeed systems that include both rectifiers and inverters. Performance indices used earlier for multi-inverter systems are extended to include the rectifier-inverter mix. These indices can be used to predict the maximum available power (MAP) and power stability limits of the converters as well as transient phenomena, such as transient overvoltages (TOV) and inverter commutation failures (CF ).The results show that the presence of a rectifier in the neighborhood of inverters is effectively similar to an increase in the inverters' short-circuit ratio in that the inverters achieve a higher MAP, are less susceptible to commutation failure, and have smaller TOV.
Factors Secreted by Bone Stromal Cells and Osteoblasts Regulate Prostate Cancer Adhesion to Bone Endothelium (2006)

Prostate cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States, and bone metastasis is a common, painful, and fatal complication. (Szostak and Kyprianou, 2000). It has been shown that PC cells first adhere to bone marrow endothelium before moving to bone matrix (Lehr and Pienta, 1998). The PC adhesion must be regulated so that cells do adhere, but not too strongly, in order to achieve the traction they need to reach the matrix. It is yet unclear how this happens, but evidence suggests that it is due to factors in the bone microenvironment, including growth factors, integrins, and cytokines. Here we examined the effects factors secreted by bone stromal cells (HS‐5) and osteoblast‐like cells (SaOS) have on PC cell lines’ (LNCaP and C4‐2B4) adhesion to bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC). LNCaP cells do not metastasize but C4‐2B4 cells do in a mouse model. Initial findings indicate that C4‐2B4 cells exposed to HS‐5 and SaOS conditioned media are less adherent to BMEC compared to control, while LNCaP cells exposed to HS‐5 and SaOS conditioned media were more adherent to BMEC compared to control. These preliminary observations suggest that factors secreted by HS‐5s and SaOSs inhibit strong adhesion of the more metastatic C4‐2B4 cells and encourage adhesion of the less metastatic LNCaPs to bone marrow endothelium, allowing only C4‐2B4s to move on to the bone matrix.