gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Pipe and Fluid Properties With a Matrix Array-Based Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Meter (2021)

Current ultrasonic clamp-on flow meters consist of a pair of single-element transducers that are carefully positioned before use. This positioning process consists of manually finding the distance between the transducer elements, along the pipe axis, for which maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is achieved. This distance depends on the sound speed, thickness, and diameter of the pipe and on the sound speed of the liquid. However, these parameters are either known with low accuracy or completely unknown during positioning, making it a manual and troublesome process. Furthermore, even when sensor positioning is done properly, uncertainty about the mentioned parameters, and therefore on the path of the acoustic beams, limits the final accuracy of flow measurements. In this research, we address these issues using an ultrasonic clamp-on flow meter consisting of two matrix arrays, which enables the measurement of pipe and liquid parameters by the flow meter itself. Automatic parameter extraction, combined with the beam-steering capabilities of transducer arrays, yields a sensor capable of compensating for pipe imperfections. Three parameter extraction procedures are presented. In contrast to similar literature, the procedures proposed here do not require that the medium be submerged nor do they require a priori information about it. First, axial Lamb waves are excited along the pipe wall and recorded with one of the arrays. A dispersion curve-fitting algorithm is used to extract bulk sound speeds and wall thickness of the pipe from the measured dispersion curves. Second, circumferential Lamb waves are excited, measured, and corrected for dispersion to extract the pipe diameter. Third, pulse-echo measurements provide the sound speed of the liquid. The effectiveness of the first two procedures has been evaluated using simulated and measured data of stainless steel and aluminum pipes, and the feasibility of the third procedure has been evaluated using simulated data.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Fluorobis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide: An Efficient Reagent for the α‐Fluorination of Functionalized Carbonyl Compounds. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Further Comments on the Fitting of Spherical Hydrophilic Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism with Toric Hydrophilic Lenses (1975)

(1975). Further Comments on the Fitting of Spherical Hydrophilic Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism with Toric Hydrophilic Lenses. Clinical and Experimental Optometry: Vol. 58, No. 10, pp. 357-367.
Design Strategy of Decorating Phenylcarbazole with a Donor and Acceptor for Blue‐Shifted Emission in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters (2019)

A series of blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters of 1''-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9,9''-diphenyl-9H,9''H-3,3':9',4''-tercarbazole (TrzCz1) and 3',6'-di-tert-butyl-1-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-4,9'-bicarbazole (TrzCz2) were synthesized through a molecular design approach to decorate phenylcarbazole with a donor and an acceptor. The 1- and 4-positions of the phenylcarbazole core were modified with a diphenyltriazine acceptor and a bicarbazole or tert-butylcarbazole donor, respectively, through a synthetic strategy to introduce Br at the 1-position and F at the 4-position. The TrzCz1 and TrzCz2 emitters showed maximum photoluminescence emission bands at λ=443 and 433 nm, which were blueshifted relative to those of the corresponding TADF emitters with the same donor and acceptor, respectively. In the device application, the TrzCz1 emitter showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 22.4 %, with a color coordinate of (0.16, 0.21), and the TrzCz2 emitter showed a maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.9 %, with a color coordinate of (0.14, 0.09). This work proved that the design strategy of decorating phenylcarbazole with a donor and an acceptor is effective at blueshifting the emission of TADF emitters.
CTLA-4 Blockade Confers Lymphocyte Resistance to Regulatory T-Cells in Advanced Melanoma: Surrogate Marker of Efficacy of Tremelimumab? (2008)

CTLA-4 blockade seems to be a valuable strategy to revive reactive memory T cells anergized in the context of stage IV melanoma, and our work suggests that memory T-cell resistance to Treg resulting from anti-CTLA-4 treatment might be a biological activity marker for tremelimumab in patients with melanoma.
Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Alkylzinc Halides with α-Chloroketones (2004)

The cross-coupling of alkylzinc halides with alpha-chloroketones catalyzed by Cu(acac)2 is described. Using this method, primary and secondary alkyl groups are introduced adjacent to a ketone carbonyl under mild reaction conditions and in good yield. Cyclic, acyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic alpha-chloroketones are suitable substrates. Optically active alpha-chloroketones are converted to optically active products. The reaction was found to proceed stereospecifically with inversion of stereochemistry. The reaction is proposed to occur by direct substitution of the chloride with the alkyl group of an organocopper, -magnesium, or -zinc species.
Stabilization and Regulated Fusion of Liposomes Containing a Cationic Lipid Using Amphipathic Polyethyleneglycol Derivatives (1998)

Current fusogenic liposomal delivery systems have limited applicability in vivo due to poor stability in the blood and rapid clearance from the circulation. This is particularly true for liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and cationic lipids, currently being developed for systemic delivery of gene-based drugs. This paper describes a potential strategy to overcome these problems, involving the incorporation of exchangeable amphipathic polyethyleneglycol (PEG) derivatives to transiently stabilize fusogenic liposomes while in the circulation, but where the PEG coating dissipates to reveal fusogenic character at later times after arrival at target sites. It is shown here that large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) containing Dope and the cationic lipid, N,N-dioleoyl-N, N-dimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) can be stabilized against serum-induced aggregation and fusion by inclusion of at least 2 mol% of PEG coupled to phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) or ceramide (PEG-Cer). However, low in vitro recovery of fusogenic activity was obtained for the PEG-PE-containing system, presumably due to electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged PEG-PE and the cationic lipid which prevent PEG-PE dissociation from the LUV. Improved recovery of fusogenic activity was achieved for LUVs stabilized by the neutral PEG-Cer derivatives, with shorter chain ceramides exhibiting more rapid recovery rates. Biodistribution studies showed that DOPE/DODAC (85:15, mol/mol) LUVs were rapidly cleared from the circulation, whereas inclusion of 10 mol% PEG-Cer(C20) resulted in significantly prolonged circulation time. Inclusion of shorter ceramide chain lengths resulted in decreased circulation times, consistent with increased exchangeability. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of developing a cationic liposome that is stable in the circulation, but retains its ability to fuse with membranes. This work represents the first step toward the rationale design of fusogenic cationic liposomes for the systemic delivery of gene-based drugs to target tissues, such as tumors.
Problem-based and project-oriented learning: an other way of implementing research based teachin2 in power electronics (2005)

Power electronics is an emerging technology. New applications are added every year as well as the power handling capabilities is steadily increasing. One example is renewable energy, which is enabled by power electronics. The demands to the education of engineers in this field are also increasing. Generally, the content of the curriculum should be more expanded without extra study time. This paper presents a teaching approach, which makes it possible very fast for the students to obtain in-depth skills into new research areas, and this method is the problem-oriented and project-based learning. In this paper the necessary skills for power electronic engineers are outlined that is followed up by a description on how the problem-oriented and project-based learning are implemented. A complete curriculum in power electronics and drives at Aalborg University is presented where different power electronics related projects at different study levels also are presented.
A Convenient Synthesis of Carboxanilides from Silyl Carboxylates and Weakly Nucleophilic Anilines Using p-Trifluoromethylbenzoic Anhydride and a Catalytic Amount of Active Titanium(IV) Salt (1993)

Abstract Various carboxanilides are prepared in excellent yields from nearly equimolar amounts of silyl carboxylates and the corresponding weakly nucleophilic anilines under mild conditions by using p-trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride and a catalytic amount of active titanium(IV) salt.
Fuzzy integral based region merging for watershed image segmentation (2002)

A fuzzy integral based region merging algorithm is presented to deal with the issue of oversegmentation due to the watershed transform. The algorithms integrates region and edge features together using a fuzzy logic based fusion method. Firstly, preprocessing and watershed segmentation are performed on the image. Depending on the complexity of the image content the segmentation process may produce many more regions than what are really expected to exist in the image. To reduce the number of regions that results due to oversegmentation, a fusion process is applied to these regions recursively according to the principle of the maximum fuzzy integral. After transferring these features to memberships that reflect the degree that a given region to belong to its neighboring regions, an integration (fusion) scheme is used to compute a fuzzy integral based on which a decision is made with respect to the region merging. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach it has been applied to real images such as MRI and natural images.
Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, Interfaces, Algorithms, Security, and Research Challenges (2022)

The Open Radio Access Network (RAN) and its embodiment through the O-RAN Alliance specifications are poised to revolutionize the telecom ecosystem. O-RAN promotes virtualized RANs where disaggregated components are connected via open interfaces and optimized by intelligent controllers. The result is a new paradigm for the RAN design, deployment, and operations: O-RAN networks can be built with multi-vendor, interoperable components, and can be programmatically optimized through a centralized abstraction layer and data-driven closed-loop control. Therefore, understanding O-RAN, its architecture, its interfaces, and workflows is key for researchers and practitioners in the wireless community. In this article, we present the first detailed tutorial on O-RAN. We also discuss the main research challenges and review early research results. We provide a deep dive of the O-RAN specifications, describing its architecture, design principles, and the O-RAN interfaces. We then describe how the O-RAN RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) can be used to effectively control and manage 3GPP-defined RANs. Based on this, we discuss innovations and challenges of O-RAN networks, including the Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) workflows that the architecture and interfaces enable, security and standardization issues. Finally, we review experimental research platforms that can be used to design and test O-RAN networks, along with recent research results, and we outline future directions for O-RAN development.
Cooperative Random Access with Long PN Spreading Codes (2006)

Cooperative wireless communication systems have attracted much attention in recent years, due to the diversity advantage they can afford. Existing cooperative transmission modalities have been developed in conjunction with fixed-rate multiplexing based on TDMA, CDMA or FDMA. We advocate user cooperation as the method of choice for enabling diversity in wireless random access networks. The specific protocol developed herein exploits the fact that user cooperation can be viewed as a form of multipath, and capitalizes on the suitability of long pseudo-noise (PN) spreading codes for dealing with multipath channels. Analysis and numerical results confirm that throughput increases considerably when random access via spread-spectrum slotted Aloha protocols is aided by user collaboration.
Architecture, Protocols, and Algorithms for Location-Aware Services in Beyond 5G Networks (2022)

The automotive and railway industries are rapidly transforming with a strong drive toward automation and digitalization, with the goal of increased convenience, safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Since assisted and fully automated automotive and train transport services increasingly rely on vehicle-to-everything communications and high-accuracy real-time positioning, it is necessary to continuously maintain high-accuracy localization, even in occlusion scenes such as tunnels, urban canyons, or areas covered by dense foliage. In this article, we review the 5G positioning framework of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in terms of methods and architecture and propose enhancements to meet the stringent requirements imposed by the transport industry. In particular, we highlight the benefit of fusing cellular and sensor measurements, and discuss required architecture and protocol support for achieving this at the network side. We also propose a positioning framework to fuse cellular network measurements with measurements by onboard sensors. We illustrate the viability of the proposed fusion-based positioning approach using a numerical example.
Carbonyl‐Functionalized Quaterthiophenes: A Study of the Vibrational Raman and Electronic Absorption/Emission Properties Guided by Theoretical Calculations (2011)

This work investigates the evolution of the molecular, vibrational, and optical properties within a family of carbonyl-functionalized quaterthiophenes: 5,5'''-diheptanoyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (1), 5,5'''-diperfluorohexylcarbonyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (2), and 2,7-[bis(5-perfluorohexylcarbonylthien-2-yl)]-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']-dithiophene-4-one (3). The analysis is performed by Raman and UV/Vis absorption/excitation/fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with density functional calculations. Theoretical calculations show that substitution with carbonyl groups and perfluorohexyl chains induces progressive quinoidization of the π-conjugated backbone in comparison to the carbonyl-free compound 5,5'''-dimethyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (DM-4T) used as reference. Raman spectra are dominated by a strong Raman line which mainly corresponds to a combination of C-C/C=C stretching vibrations spreading over the whole thiophene core. This band undergoes a remarkable downshift as a consequence of the structural changes induced by the electron-withdrawing groups on the π-conjugated backbone. The band splitting on incorporation of a central carbonyl bridge evidences the formation of two structural domains in the molecule. The excitation and fluorescence spectra recorded at low temperature show well-resolved vibronic structures associated with the most intense collective C-C/C=C stretching mode. Optical absorption and fluorescence bands exhibit remarkable bathochromic dispersion on carbonyl functionalization, indicative of extension of π conjugation. TDDFT calculations enable a detailed description of the trends observed in the absorption spectra. Resonance Raman spectra reflect the structural changes predicted for the S(0)→S(1) electronic transition and evidence the cross-conjugated character that the central carbonyl group confers on 3.
Identification of a Collagen Production-promoting Factor from an Extract of Royal Jelly and Its Possible Mechanism (2004)

We have previously shown that royal jelly (RJ) promoted collagen production by skin fibroblasts in the presence of ascorbic acid-2-O-alpha-glucoside (AA-2G). In this study, we purified the honeybee RJ-derived collagen production-promoting factor (HBRJ-CPF) from an alkali-solubilized fraction of RJ by C18 reverse-phase column chromatography. The elution profile by the C18 column chromatography and the molecular mass of the purified HBRJ-CPF material coincided with those of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA). We then examined the collagen production-promoting activities of several commercially available fatty acids contained in RJ. We found that 10H2DA and 10-hydroxydecanoic acid increased the collagen production in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 10H2DA induced the fibroblast cell line, NHDF, to produce transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) which is an important factor for collagen production. As expected, the collagen production-promoting activity of 10H2DA was neutralized by the anti-TGF-beta 1 antibody. These result suggest that HBRJ-CPF identified as 10H2DA promoted the collagen production of AA-2G-treated fibroblasts by inducing TGF-beta 1 production.
Pressure Dependence of the Stability Limits and the NOX Exhaust Gas Concentrations in Case of Swirl-Stabilized, Diffusion Flames Burning in a Lift-Off Regime (2009)

The present study deals with confined, swirl-stabilized, diffusion flames burning in a lift-off regime and is meant to be a meaningful extension of our previous work [1]. The unique features of these hybrid flames originate from the presence of the so called lift-off zone located between the burner exit and the reaction zone. In the lift-off zone, surrounded by hot recirculating exhaust gases, the liquid fuel heats up and will reach a certain degree of prevaporation and premixing before entering the reaction zone. For that reason lifted flames posses some of the advantages of the premixed flames, for example in respect of emissions, but lack their major drawbacks, such as susceptibility to flashback and combustion noise. The investigations were motivated by the high NOX reduction potential of the lifted flames and the scarce information about their emission characteristics, flame behaviour and stability limits for gas turbine typical conditions especially when operated with liquid fuels. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the stabilization mechanism of lifted flames, several process parameters were varied within this study. The impact of the pressure (up to 18bar), of the air preheating and of the stoichiometry on the NOX emissions and on the lean blowout limits was investigated and discussed. The lift-off burning mode was achieved by utilizing a modified airblast nozzle and kerosene serving as a fuel. To acquire measurement data for a set of Reynolds numbers and residence times, four nozzles with similar geometries, but different scaling factors were employed. All main components of the exhaust gas were detected by means of conventional gas analysis. The NOX concentrations for the whole measured pressure range and for adiabatic flame temperatures up to 1800K does not exceed 20ppm normalized for 15% O2. The carbon monoxide concentration served as indicator for the presence of flame instabilities. The evaluation of the gathered data revealed some interesting phenomena. For example a sudden change in the nitrogen oxides concentration plotted over the equivalence ratio allows to distinguish between two burning modes: lift-off and detached flame. Another interesting finding is a maximum in the profile of the LBO limits as a function of the operational pressure, signifying a change in the predominant stabilization mechanism.
High frequency characteristics of multilayered thin film heads (1992)

It is well known that the permeability in multilayered films remains to be large in the high frequency range. This is probably because the domain structure is almost single except in the region close to the edge. In this study, we investigate the advantages of multilayered heads compared with single layered heads.
Multicenter Comparison of Truncated Biphasic Shocks and Standard Damped Sine Wave Monophasic Shocks for Transthoracic Ventricular Defibrillation (1996)

We found that 130-J biphasic truncated transthoracic shocks defibrillate as well as the 200-J monophasic damped sine wave shocks that are traditionally used in standard transthoracic defibrillators and result in fewer ECG abnormalities after the shock.
Arthroscopic Distal Clavicular Autograft for Congruent Glenoid Reconstruction (2021)

Arthroscopic distal clavicular autograft (DCA) is effective in shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss. The original technique uses an osteochondral autograft, fixed with screws or suture anchors. We developed a modified procedure called "congruent arc DCA" characterized by (1) use of drilling guides to optimize graft positioning and make the all-arthroscopic procedure safer and reproducible; (2) rotation of the DCA of 90° to reach a congruent arc with its undersurface; (3) fixation of the graft with cortical buttons to simplify its intra-articular passage, avoid hardware problems, and facilitate possible revision surgery; and (4) intraoperative use of a suture tensioner to achieve satisfactory compression of the graft and increase its consolidation.
Maximizing Contact of Supersoft Bottlebrush Networks with Rough Surfaces To Promote Particulate Removal (2019)

Efficient removal of particulates from a rough surface with a soft material through a "press and peel" method (i.e., an adhesion and release approach) depends on good conformal contact at the interface; a material should be sufficiently soft to maximize contact with a particle while also conforming to rough surface features to clean the entire substrate surface. Here, we investigate the use of bottlebrush networks-extremely soft elastomers composed of macromolecules with polymeric side chains-as materials for cleaning model substrates of varying roughness. Formed through free-radical polymerization of mono- and dimethacrylate functionalized polysiloxanes, these solvent-free supersoft elastomers exhibit moduli comparable to those of solvated gels, allowing for a lower moduli regime of elastomers to be used in contact experiments than previously possible. By varying the macromonomer to cross-linker ratio, we study the effect of modulus on conformal contact and cleaning for materials that are as soft as gels while minimizing/negating physical and/or chemical concerns that using a traditional material may involve (e.g., changes in component concentrations, solvent evaporation, and syneresis). We study cleaning efficacy by quantifying the conformal contact between soft materials and rough substrates via a contact adhesion-based measurement. These results give insight into the correlation between shear modulus and conformal contact with surfaces of varying feature height. Not only does a decrease in shear modulus leads to improved conformal contact with rough surfaces, but also it facilitates adhesion to particulates situated on the rough surface, thus aiding removal. We highlight this property control with a case study illustrating the removal of an artificial soil mixture from a rough, acrylic surface via peeling rather than rubbing, which can cause damage to delicate surfaces.