gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studying the evolution of the contamination of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect due to high-redshift (sub-)mm galaxies (2007)

We present simulations of the submillimetre/millimetre (sub-mm) sky to study the environment of luminous starburst galaxies, radio galaxies and AGN towards biased-regions (large-scale over-densities) in the high-redshift universe. Guided by recent results from AzTEC extragalactic surveys at 1.1mm, we describe the impact of this population of galaxies, that dominate the sub-mm extragalactic background, on the detectability of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) as a function of redshift. These results will be presented in the context of the next generation of wide-area surveys to identify high-redshift clusters via the SZE.
The Formation of Coagulum in Emulsion Polymerization (1981)

Coagulum is formed in many emulsion polymerizations, from the smallest laboratory size to the largest production reactors. It is observed in many forms, from a single lump of polymer with little or no fluid latex to tiny sand like grains suspended in an otherwise stable latex. Usually, it is found as lumps in the latex or deposited on the reactor surfaces. The type and amount of coagulum formed depends upon the polymer system and the polymerization recipe and technique. Two mechanisms are proposed for the formation of coagulum: (i) a failure of the stability of the latex, giving rise to flocculation and growth of the aggregates to macroscopic size; (ii) a different mechanism of polymerization, e.g., polymerization in large monomer drops or a separate monomer layer in the vapor space above the latex and on the reactor surfaces. The factors affecting latex stability during polymerization (electrostatic repulsion, London-van der Waals attraction, steric stabilization, flocculation by "bridging") as well as the possibility of polymerization by mechanisms other than emulsion polymerizations are discussed in terms of the parameters of polymerization. Generalizations on the formation of coagulum as a function of the parameters of the polymerization are reviewed, and recommendations are made to reduce or eliminate coagulum in specific cases. Generally, however, the reduction or elimination of coagulum depends upon the examination of the particular system and the determination of the mechanism and the time of coagulum formation, which determines the appropriate remedy.
Introduction to Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications in 5G. (2017)

New wave of the technology revolution, often referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, is changing the way we live, work, and communicate with each other. These days, we are witnessing the emergence of unprecedented services and applications requiring lower latency, better reliability massive connection density, and improved energy efficiency. In accordance with this trend and change, international telecommunication union (ITU) defined three representative service categories, viz., enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC). Among three service categories, physical-layer design of the uRLLC service is arguably the most challenging and problematic. This is mainly because uRLLC should satisfy two conflicting requirements: low latency and ultra-high reliability. In this article, we provide the state-of-the-art overview of uRLLC communications with an emphasis on technical challenges and solutions. We highlight key requirements of uRLLC service and then discuss the physical-layer issues and enabling technologies including packet and frame structure, multiplexing schemes, and reliability improvement techniques.
Protein Charge Neutralization is the Proximate Driver Dynamically Tuning a Nanoscale Bragg Reflector (2021)

Abstract Reflectin is a cationic, block copolymeric protein that mediates the dynamic fine-tuning of color and brightness of light reflected from nanostructured Bragg reflectors in iridocyte skin cells of squids. In vivo, neuronally activated phosphorylation of reflectin triggers its assembly, driving osmotic dehydration of the membrane-bounded Bragg lamellae containing the protein to simultaneously shrink the lamellar thickness and spacing while increasing its refractive index contrast, thus tuning the wavelength and increasing the brightness of reflectance. In vitro, we show that reduction in repulsive net charge of the purified, recombinant reflectin – either (for the first time) by generalized anionic screening with salt, or by pH titration - drives a finely tuned, precisely calibrated increase in size of the resulting multimeric assemblies. The calculated effects of phosphorylation in vivo are consistent with these effects observed in vitro. X-ray scattering analyses confirm the sphericity, size and low polydispersity of the assemblies. Precise proportionality between assembly size and charge-neutralization is enabled by the demonstrated rapid dynamic arrest of multimer growth. The resulting stability of reflectin assemblies with time ensures reciprocally precise control of the particle number concentration, thereby encoding a precise calibration between the extent of neuronal signaling, osmotic pressure, and the resulting optical changes. The results presented here strongly suggest that it is charge neutralization, rather than any change in aromatic content, that is the proximate driver of assembly, fine-tuning a colligative property-based nanostructured biological machine. A physical mechanism is proposed.
Cationic polymerization by aromatic initiating systems. IV. Synthesis and characterization of α‐ω‐diphenylpolyisobutylene (1981)

Abstract The polymerization of isobutylene using ø 3 Al coinitiator and the tertiary chlorides tert .‐butyl chloride ( t ‐BuCl) and 2,6‐dichloro‐2,6‐dimethylheptane (Cl t ‐R‐Cl t ) initiators has been studied. Polymerization rates with the t ‐BuCl/ø 3 Al and Cl t ‐R‐Cl t /ø 3 Al initiating systems were high in the −20 to −70°C range. Yields and molecular weights increased with decreasing temperature. As predicted by model experiments the extent of phenylation increases with decreasing temperatures. According to spectroscopic evidence the polyisobutylenes carry phenyl end groups.
Laser desorption sample transfer for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (2015)

The utility of ambient laser desorption sampling onto SPME for GC/MS was demonstrated. The performance of the method was evaluated by preparing calibration standards of caffeine over a range from 200 to 1000 ng. Laser desorption ambient sampling of complex mixtures was accomplished using SPME GC/MS.
Solvent extraction design consideration for the Tati Activox® plant (2009)

The Tati Activox® Project (TA ® P) is the first step towards the implementation of the Norilsk Nickel Activox ® process. The ultra fine grinding (UFG) and autoclave pressure leach process conditions are the heart of the Activox ® patent. Low grade base metal sulphide concentrates are leached in the process to recover the base metals and to produce LME grade nickel and copper cathodes and cobalt carbonates. The downstream processing of the metal-containing liquor produced by this process includes solvent extraction circuits to extract and concentrate metal-rich solutions, before the various final products are obtained. This paper gives an overview of many of the relevant design aspects taken into consideration in the design of the Tati Activox ® solvent extraction circuits. It addresses key design elements related to leach process conditions such as scaling, materials selection for corrosive solutions, pH control, crud formation and treatment, multiple SX trains designed to prevent organic cross-contamination, and design aspects related to the mitigation of fire risks.
Analysis of privacy and security policies (2009)

The distributed nature of the environment in which privacy and security policies operate requires tools that help enforce consistency of policy rules across different domains. Furthermore, because changes to policy rules are required as policies evolve over time, such tools can be used by policy administrators to ensure the consistency of policy changes. In this paper, we describe a number of different policy analysis tools and techniques that we have developed over the years and present them in a unified framework in which both privacy and security policies are discussed. We cover dominance analyses of general policies, conflicts among authorizations and prohibitions, and other analyses of obligations, as well as policy similarity analysis and policy distribution.
Novel protection method for ground faults detection in cables used in combined overhead-cable lines in power systems (2017)

This paper presents a new protection method for single phase ground faults detection in cables used in overhead-cable lines in power transmission systems where the shields of the cables are connected according to the cross-bonding method The main contribution of this new protection method is that it can distinguish ground faults in the cable line side from ground faults at the overhead-line side. The new protection method is based on the measurements and analysis of the currents in the shields of the cable at the substation side, not at the cable end in the transition overhead-cable. The new method considers that the shields of the cables at the transition overhead-cable are not grounded sharing the same ground than the ending tower. Shields of the cables are connected according to the cross-bonding method. This new protection method has been validated through computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests.
Shuttle-Exploiting Attacks and Their Defenses in Trapped-Ion Quantum Computers (2021)

Trapped-ion (TI) quantum bits are a front-runner technology for quantum computing. TI systems with multiple interconnected traps can overcome the hardware connectivity issue inherent in superconducting qubits and can solve practical problems at scale. With a sufficient number of qubits on the horizon, the multi-programming model for Quantum Computers (QC) has been proposed where multiple users share the same QC for their computing. Multi-programming is enticing for quantum cloud providers as it can maximize device utilization, throughput, and profit for clouds. Users can also benefit from the short wait queue. However, shared access to quantum computers can create new security issues. This paper presents one such vulnerability in shared TI systems that require shuttle operations for communication among traps. Repeated shuttle operations increase quantum bit energy and degrade the reliability of computations (fidelity). We show adversarial program design approaches requiring numerous shuttles. We propose a random and systematic methodology for adversary program generation. Our analysis shows shuttle-exploiting attacks can substantially degrade the fidelities of victim programs by 2X to 63X. Finally, we present several countermeasures such as adopting a hybrid initial mapping policy, padding victim programs with dummy qubits, and capping maximum shuttles.
A numerical study of the photothermal behaviour of near-infrared plasmonic colloids (2016)

3D computational analysis is performed to investigate and compare plasmonic and photothermal behavior of silica@Au core–shell nanoparticles and Au nanocages.
Rationale Behind Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein–Expressing Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts as a Novel Chemotherapeutic Strategy (2012)

The tumor microenvironment has emerged as a novel chemotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer. This is most clearly exemplified by the antiangiogenesis class of compounds. Therapeutic strategies that target fibroblasts within the tumor stroma offer another treatment option. However, despite promising data obtained in preclinical models, such strategies have not been widely used in the clinical setting, largely due to a lack of effective treatments that specifically target this population of cells. The identification of fibroblast activation protein α (FAP) as a target selectively expressed on fibroblasts within the tumor stroma or on carcinoma-associated fibroblasts led to intensive efforts to exploit this novel cellular target for clinical benefit. FAP is a membrane-bound serine protease of the prolyl oligopeptidase family with unique post-prolyl endopeptidase activity. Until recently, the majority of FAP-based therapeutic approaches focused on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of enzymatic activity. Evidence suggests, however, that FAP's pathophysiological role in carcinogenesis may be highly contextual, depending on both the exact nature of the tumor microenvironment present and the cancer type in question to determine its tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing phenotype. As an alternative strategy, we are taking advantage of FAP's restricted expression and unique substrate preferences to develop a FAP-activated prodrug to target the activation of a cytotoxic compound within the tumor stroma. Of note, this strategy would be effective independently of FAP's role in tumor progression because its therapeutic benefit would rely on FAP's localization and activity within the tumor microenvironment rather than strictly on inhibition of its function.
A heterodyne 77-GHz FMCW radar with offset PLL frequency stabilization (2011)

This contribution describes the realization of a heterodyne frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system operating in the frequency band from 76 GHz to 77 GHz. To implement the heterodyne principle two voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are operated in order to produce frequency ramp signals with a fixed frequency offset. This allows to mitigate effects occurring in homodyne systems like, e.g., DC-offsets or low-frequency noise components. To avoid large divider values in the control loop the presented system is based on an offset phase-locked-loop configuration. In the presented implementation the same downconverter is used to implement the offset-loop for both VCOs, which has the positive effect that errors and noise influences in the downconversion process-at least partly-cancel out in the final FMCW output signal.
Magnetic field structures in star-forming regions: mid-infrared imaging polarimetry of K3-50 (2015)

We report new imaging polarimetry observations of the Galactic compact H &lt;scp&gt;ii&lt;/scp&gt; region K3-50 using CanariCam at the Gran Telescopio Canarias. We use a standard polarimetric analysis technique, first outlined by Aitken, to decompose the observed polarization images centred at 8.7, 10.3, and 12.5 μm into the emissive and absorptive components from silicate grains that are aligned with the local magnetic field. These components reveal the spatially resolved magnetic field structures across the mid-infrared emission area of K3-50. We examine these structures and show that they are consistent with previously observed features and physical models of K3-50, such as the molecular torus and the ionized outflow. We propose a 3D geometry for all the structures seen at different wavelengths. We also compute relevant physical quantities in order to estimate the associated magnetic field strengths that would be implied under various physical assumptions. We compare these results with magnetohydrodynamic simulations of protostar formation that predict the magnetic field strength and configuration. We find that the magnetic field may be dynamically important in the innermost 0.2 pc of the molecular torus, but that the torus is more likely to be rotationally supported against gravity outside this radius. Similarly, magnetic fields are unlikely to dominate the &lt;it&gt;global&lt;/it&gt; physics of the ionized outflow, but they may be important in helping confine the flow near the cavity wall in some locations. Ours is the first application of the Aitken technique to spatially resolved magnetic field structures in multiple layers along the line of sight, effectively a method of ‘polarization tomography’.
ChemInform Abstract: THE METHYLENATION OF ENOLIZABLE KETONES AND ESTERS USING ORGANOTITANIUM CHEMISTRY (1985)

Abstract Aus Tebbe′s Reagens (I) bzw. der Verbindung (III) entsteht das Methylendieyclopentadienyl‐titan (II), das mit zahlreichen enolisierbaren Ketonen (IVa) bis (XIa) zu den entsprechenden Methylenverbindungen (IVb)‐(IXb) umgesetzt wird.
Research Article -D ossier Open Access VITAMIN D, VITAMIN OR HORMONE? (2014)

Vitamin D and bone health. Calcium is the key determinant of the quality of the skeleton because it gives it its stiffness properties. Thus, because of the major public health concern represented by impairement of the musculoskeletal system among seniors, optimizing the calcium status must be ensured by covering the needs identified by the recommended dietary intake, but also by potentiation of its bioavailability. Therefore, any strategy that can promote calcium absorption must be considered. This is why food source of calcium and calcitherapy must be associated with vitamin D, which in its di-hydroxylated form is involved in the transport of the mineral through the enterocyte in the digestive tract. This concept is well established. On the other hand, recent studies indicate that 25 (OH)D may directly modulate bone cells that possess not only specific receptors (VDR), but also the 1α-hydroxylase necessary for the transformation of the molecule into its active metabolite. Regarding the demonstration of the skeletal effects of vitamin D, it is clear that secondary hyperparathyroidism that develops in a situation of vitamin D deficiency is extremely harmful because it causes an acceleration of bone resorption. This is why, in such a situation, supplementation may improve bone mass and remodeling, even though the effect is small. However, scientists agree that supplementation combining calcium and vitamin D may reduce the risk of fracture, depending on the intensity of the initial consumption
Fabrication of low-loss silicon-on-oxidized-porous-silicon strip waveguide using focused proton-beam irradiation (2009)

We have successfully fabricated low-loss silicon-on-oxidized-porous-silicon (SOPS) strip waveguides with high-index contrast using focused proton-beam irradiation and electrochemical etching. Smooth surface quality with rms roughness of 3.1 nm is achieved for a fluence of 1x10(15)/cm(2) after postoxidation treatment. Optical characterization at a wavelength of 1550 nm shows a loss of 1.1+/-0.4 dB/cm and 1.2+/-0.4 dB/cm in TE and TM polarization respectively, which we believe is the lowest reported loss for SOPS waveguides. This opens up new opportunities for all-silicon-based optoelectronics applications.
Integrating goal-setting and automated feedback to improve writing outcomes: a pilot study (2022)

Purpose This study presents results from a pilot intervention that integrated self-regulation through reflection and goal setting with automated writing evaluation (AWE) technology to improve students' writing outcomes.Methods We employed a single-group pretest-posttest design. All students in Grades 5–8 (N = 56) from one urban, all female, public-charter middle school completed pretest and posttest measures of writing beliefs and writing performance. In between pretest and posttest, students completed monthly goal-setting activities via a Qualtrics survey and monthly persuasive writing practice via prompts completed within an AWE system.Findings Students improved their self-regulation as indicated by improved goal calibration and confidence to achieve their goals over time. They also improved their self-efficacy for writing self-regulation and writing performance between pre and posttest. Students also perceived the intervention to be usable, useful, and desirable.Originality This is a unique study because we integrated AWE and goal-setting instruction, which has not previously been done. Positive findings indicate the promise of this innovative, feasible, and scalable technology-based writing intervention.
Nickel(0)‐Mediated Transformation of Tetrafluoroethylene and Vinylarenes into Fluorinated Cyclobutyl Compounds (2017)

Abstract In the presence of Ni 0 /PCy 3 , styrene was found to participate in oxidative cyclization with tetrafluoroethylene, thus leading to the corresponding nickelacycle with a unique η 3 ‐π‐benzyl structure. In addition, the flexibility of the coordination mode in the η 3 ‐benzyl moiety allowed the partially fluorinated nickelacycle to undergo unprecedented amine‐induced α‐fluorine elimination, thus leading to the construction of a fluorinated cyclobutyl skeleton.
Identity Management im Liberty Alliance Project (2003)

We have applied limiting dilution methods suitable for the estimation of mitogen-reactive helper (pHTL) and cytotoxic (pCTL) T cell frequencies to the analysis of immune function in patients 1 mo to 6 yr after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Although the majority of these patients have regained normal levels of Leu-3+ (helper) and Leu-2+ (killer/suppressor) cells by 6 to 12 mo after BMT as assessed by cytofluorimetry, the fraction of these cells that can function in limiting dilution cultures is substantially below normal levels in nearly all patients. Although some BMT patients eventually recover normal frequencies of pCTL and pHTL, values typically remain greatly depressed even in patients transplanted as many as 4 to 6 yr previously. In contrast, recovery of precursors able to proliferate (without expressing either helper or cytotoxic function) in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin 2 occurs in many patients by 1 yr after transplant. In spite of the decreased frequency of functional precursor cells found after BMT, each precursor is capable of giving rise to the same amount of function at limiting dilutions as that produced by cells from normal controls. In many BMT patients, proliferation in conventional PHA-stimulated cultures returns to near-normal levels even though precursor frequencies remain low. The limiting dilution method is sensitive to residual immune dysfunction in BMT recipients not easily quantitated by other, more conventional techniques.
Bovine Mammary Immune Response to an Experimental Intramammary Infection with a Staphylococcus aureus Strain Containing a Gene for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C1 (2001)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), a superantigen, is the most frequently expressed enterotoxin by bovine strains of Staphylococcus aureus causing mastitis. To examine the possible impact of SEC on the immune response of the bovine mammary gland, we monitored changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in mammary glands of four lactating cows after intramammary instillation of S. aureus strain Rn4220 transformed with a plasmid containing a gene coding for SEC1. Four other lactating cows received the same strain transformed with the plasmid without the SEC1 gene (positive control), and four cows were untreated (negative control). Mammary quarter milk samples for somatic cell count (SCC) analysis and determination of N-acetyl--D-glucosimindase (NAGase) activity levels were collected daily for 21 d postinstillation. Flow cytometry utilizing three-color analysis was used to phenotype lymphocyte subpopulations isolated from milk samples collected on d 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, and 21 postinstillation from all the cows. Milk from mammary gland halves (positive control and experimental) or all mammary quarters (negative control) was collected for flow cytometric analysis. Increased NAGase activity, SCC, and isolated S. aureus demonstrated that infection was established in mammary quarters intrammarily instilled with bacteria. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the proportions of BoCD4 helper T lymphocytes or BoCD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes between the two infected treatment groups. There was a significant