gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Annular erbium profiles for 980- and 1480-nm pumped amplifiers (1993)

Optical fibers are currently being designed for 980- and 1480nm pumped-amplifier systems. Optimum fiber designs (choice of erbium radius, fiber-core radius, and refractive-index difference) have been suggested for single-mode operation,1 and the effect of launching the higher-order LP11 mode has been investigated.2 For fibers with an LP11 cutoff wavelength λc &gt; 980 nm Desurvire et al.3 have demonstrated a variation of as much as 20 dB in amplifier gain when the pump power (λp = 980 nm) shifts from the LP01 to the LP11 mode in a fiber with E= 0.25 (ϵ = rEr/e). This result signifies that amplifier performance is highly dependent on the manner in which the pump power is distributed among the fiber modes and that repeatability in the performance of several amplifier modules cannot be guaranteed. Similarly, for 1480-nm pumping, diameter fluctuations or departures in refractive indices from predesigned profiles result in changes in the fiber cutoff wavelength, thereby leading to unoptimized amplifier performance. In this paper we show that placing the erbium within a ringlike structure helps to resolve both these issues and minimizes performance variations.
Studies Related to Norway Spruce Galactoglucomannans: Chemical Synthesis, Conformation Analysis, NMR Spectroscopic Characterization, and Molecular Recognition of Model Compounds (2012)

Galactoglucomannan (GGM) is a polysaccharide mainly consisting of mannose, glucose, and galactose. GGM is the most abundant hemicellulose in the Norway spruce (Picea abies), but is also found in the cell wall of flax seeds, tobacco plants, and kiwifruit. Although several applications for GGM polysaccharides have been developed in pulp and paper manufacturing and the food and medical industries, attempts to synthesize and study distinct fragments of this polysaccharide have not been reported previously. Herein, the synthesis of one of the core trisaccharide units of GGM together with a less-abundant tetrasaccharide fragment is described. In addition, detailed NMR spectroscopic characterization of the model compounds, comparison of the spectral data with natural GGM, investigation of the acetyl-group migration phenomena that takes place in the polysaccharide by using small model compounds, and a binding study between the tetrasaccharide model fragment and a galactose-binding protein (the toxin viscumin) are reported.
The Soil Microbial Community and Grain Micronutrient Concentration of Historical and Modern Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally in the Black Soil Zone of the Canadian Prairies (2011)

Micronutrient deficiencies in the diet of many people are common and wheat is a staple food crop, providing a carbohydrate and micronutrient source to a large percentage of the world’s population. We conducted a field study to compare five Canadian red spring wheat cultivars (released over the last century) grown under organic and conventional management systems for yield, grain micronutrient concentration, and soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile. The organic system had higher grain Zn, Fe, Mg and K levels, but lower Se and Cu levels. There was no trend in the results to suggest that modern western Canadian hard red spring cultivars have lower grain micronutrient content than historical cultivars. Wheat cultivar choice is important for maximizing grain nutrient levels, which was influenced by management system. It is evident that the emphasis on elevated grain quality in the western Canadian hard red spring class has resulted in the retention of micronutrient quality characters. Three fungal PLFAs were indicators for the organic system, and all three of these indicators were positively correlated with grain Cu concentration. In the organic system, percent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were negatively correlated with grain Zn and Fe concentrations, and positively correlated with grain Mn, Cu, K concentrations and grain yield. The organic system had higher levels of fungi in the soil, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Organic management practices appear to result in elevated levels of grain micronutrient concentration. The hard red spring breeding effort in and for the black soil zone of the northern Great Plains also appears to have led to no diminishment of grain micronutrient concentration. It is evident that both the agronomic system and breeding strategies in this region can be exploited for future increases in grain micronutrient concentration.
Non-negative Increment Feature Detection of the Traffic Throughput for Early DDoS Attack (2007)

One of the major threats to cyber security is distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In this paper, we reveal the non-negative and cumulative increment effect of DDoS traffic throughput that is the feature accurately distinguished DDoS attacking traffic from normal flash crowd traffic. Our scheme can detect a DDoS attack in its early stages based on these feature. It can differentiate DDoS from flash crowd traffic effectively even if DDoS is potential. This scheme detects DDoS attacks with on-line and distributed characteristics. Simulation shows the algorithm's validity and accuracy.
A customizable evaluation instrument to facilitate comparisons of existing online training programs (2013)

A proliferation of retail online training materials exists, but often the person in charge of choosing the most appropriate online training materials is not versed in best practices associated with online training. Additionally, the person must consider the context of the training situation when choosing a training solution. To assist this decision-making process an evaluation instrument was developed. The instrument was designed to help decision-makers 1) assess multiple online training programs against known best practices, and 2) consider context specific training needs via a weighting process. Instrument testing across multiple online training programs was performed, and weighted and unweighted results were examined to determine the impact of contextualized weighting. Additionally, evaluation data from the new instrument were compared to data from an existing online training evaluation instrument. Results indicated the new instrument allowed for consistent rankings by raters across multiple programs, and when the new weighting process was applied small differences were magnified making them more noticeable in overall rating scores. Thus the new weighted instrument was effective in 1) assessing multiple online training programs, and 2) providing reviewers clearer context-specific rating data on which they could make purchasing decisions.
52.2: High‐efficiency RED Organic Light Emitting Material and Device Based on Triplet Emission with Ir Complex (2002)

Abstract We studied red emissive materials of Ir‐complex. We demonstrate high efficiency red OLED devices employing phosphorescent dopant. Ir(piq) 3 [Iridium(III)tris(1‐phenyl‐isoquinolinato‐N, C 2 )] shows maximum emission peak of 623nm and excellent Q.Y with 0.66 compared to Ir(ppy) 3 as a unit. Efficiency of the EL device is 8.0 lm/W, 9.3 cd/A at 100cd/m 2 , 623 lm/W, 8.4 cd/A at 300cd/m 2 . CIE‐ coordinate is (0.68,0.33) and it meets NTSC specification.
Compression-Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion (1983)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Experimentally obtained energy release results, a semi-empirical ignition model, and an empirical energy release equation developed during this research were used to evaluate the combustion of compression-ignited homogeneous mixtures of fuel, air, and exhaust products in a CFR engine. A systematic study was carried out to evaluate the response of compression-ignited homogeneous charge (CIHC) combustion to changes in operating parameters with emphasis being placed on the phenomena involved rather than the detailed chemical kinetics. This systematic study revealed that the response of the combustion process to changes in operating parameters can be explained in terms of known chemical kinetics, and that through the proper use of temperature and species concentrations the oxidation kinetics of hydrocarbon fuels can be sufficiently controlled to allow an engine to be operated in a compression-ignited homogeneous charge combustion mode.&lt;/div&gt;
A genome-wide association study identifies novel loci associated with circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (2011)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are involved in cell replication, proliferation, differentiation, protein synthesis, carbohydrate homeostasis and bone metabolism. Circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations predict anthropometric traits and risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. In a genome-wide association study of 10 280 middle-aged and older men and women from four community-based cohort studies, we confirmed a known association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IGFBP3 gene region on chromosome 7p12.3 with IGFBP-3 concentrations using a significance threshold of P < 5 × 10(-8) (P = 3.3 × 10(-101)). Furthermore, the same IGFBP3 gene locus (e.g. rs11977526) that was associated with IGFBP-3 concentrations was also associated with the opposite direction of effect, with IGF-I concentration after adjustment for IGFBP-3 concentration (P = 1.9 × 10(-26)). A novel and independent locus on chromosome 7p12.3 (rs700752) had genome-wide significant associations with higher IGFBP-3 (P = 4.4 × 10(-21)) and higher IGF-I (P = 4.9 × 10(-9)) concentrations; when the two measurements were adjusted for one another, the IGF-I association was attenuated but the IGFBP-3 association was not. Two additional loci demonstrated genome-wide significant associations with IGFBP-3 concentration (rs1065656, chromosome 16p13.3, P = 1.2 × 10(-11), IGFALS, a confirmatory finding; and rs4234798, chromosome 4p16.1, P = 4.5 × 10(-10), SORCS2, a novel finding). Together, the four genome-wide significant loci explained 6.5% of the population variation in IGFBP-3 concentration. Furthermore, we observed a borderline statistically significant association between IGF-I concentration and FOXO3 (rs2153960, chromosome 6q21, P = 5.1 × 10(-7)), a locus associated with longevity. These genetic loci deserve further investigation to elucidate the biological basis for the observed associations and clarify their possible role in IGF-mediated regulation of cell growth and metabolism.
Analytical Thermo-Mechanical Model for Non-Underfilled Area Array Flip Chip Assemblies (2004)

An analytical model is derived for the calculation of thermo-mechanical induced stresses in area array flip chip assemblies. This analytical model is based on structural mechanics and has the ability to characterize the nature and to estimate the magnitude of the induced stresses. The extension of this model compared to existing procedures is its applicability to area array systems, which behave significantly different from peripheral assemblies. The model is compared to finite element simulations. The model calculates accurately the forces and bending moments acting on the flip chip connections. The transformation of these forces and moments into stresses is less accurate as the model does not include stress concentrations near the corners. The model simulates very well the different parameter trends such as chip size and is therefore well suited for understanding parameter sensitivity studies.
Sustained release of nucleic acids from polymeric nanoparticles using microemulsion precipitation in supercritical carbon dioxide (2010)

A general approach for producing biodegradable nanoparticles for sustained nucleic acid release is presented. The nanoparticles are produced by precipitating a water-in-oil microemulsion in supercritical CO(2). The microemulsion consists of a transfer RNA aqueous solution (water phase), dichloromethane containing poly(l-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (oil phase), the surfactant n-octyl β-D-glucopyranoside, and the cosurfactant n-butanol.
Large Area CuInGaSe2 Nanodome Array Structures Using Silicon Nitride-Based Nanotip Arrays As a Template for Solar Cell Applications (2013)

Abstract not Available.
Is TISCH a suitable tracer for in vivo study of modifications of the dopamine D-1 receptor? (1996)

To detect quantitative modification of dopamine D-1 receptors in vivo, we used [125I]-TISCH in an animal modelin which the striatum was unilaterally lesioned with quinolinic acid. [125I]-TISCH was injected into rats 5 days after the lesion, and the changes in receptor density obtained in vivo were compared to in vitro quantification of dopamine D-1 receptors by binding with either [125I]-TISCH or [3H]-SCH 23390 as a reference ligand. In vivo and in vitro, we obtained the same decrease (-70%) in binding of these ligands in the lesioned striatum. Using an injection of [99mTc]-DTPA to lesioned rats, we also showed the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the lesioned area. Thus, the equivalent decrease observed in vitro and in vivo with [125I]-TISCH confirmed that this molecule would be a valuable tool for exploration of dopamine D-1 receptors by SPECT imaging. Moreover, the fact that the breakdown of the BBB did not interfere with the receptor binding obtained in vivo may be important for future investigations in pathologies with BBB disruption, such as ischemia.
Mobility Management for TCP in mmWave Networks (2017)

Communication at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies will likely be a cornerstone for next generation 5G cellular networks. However, providing mobility support for end-to-end applications in mmWave cellular systems is challenging due to the relatively small coverage area of individual cells, and rapid channel dynamics caused by blockage and beam-tracking. This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of TCP on top of mmWave cellular systems with mobility management, detailed modeling of the channel dynamics, and end-to-end network architectures. We show how an efficient mobility management scheme in a dense network deployment can dramatically improve the performance of TCP in terms of both throughput and latency in mobile scenarios with blocking. The study also reveals that, even with fast mobility management, TCP throughput is extremely sensitive to the end-to-end delay with implications on both core network and server location.
Measurement and multivariate analysis of ultrasound parameters for quantitative characterization of liquids (2012)

Quantitative analysis of liquids is of interest for industrial process technology in order to assess concentrations (volume or mass fraction) of different components in mixtures (solutions, suspensions, and emulsions). The measurement of acoustic parameters of a given liquid using ultrasound is a suitable and straightforward technique for this task in many cases. In contrast, the inverse problem of quantitatively estimating the liquid's composition from the measured acoustic parameters is challenging. In this paper a methodology for multivariate analysis of parameters, selection of suitable parameters, and also for solving the inverse problem based on a parameterized analytical model is presented. The proposed concept has been evaluated by measurements with a high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) bypass measurement cell working in the 15 to 35 MHz frequency range.
Estimates of the carbon stocks in Danish mires (2005)

Substantial amounts of organic carbon may be stored in peat lands. The carbon stocks in selected Danish mires were investigated by comparing two national surveys of peat resources from 1930 and 1956 and new data based on field work which involved mapping of six drained bogs and fens. The objective was to evaluate whether the old surveys may be used for estimating the present carbon stocks in Danish mires. A total of 150 peat samples representing different mire types and land use history were analysed for bulk density, carbon, degree of humification, ash content and pH. GIS and kriging interpolation were used to make 3D models of peat volume and to calculate the carbon stocks in the mires. The results showed that the carbon stocks were reduced about 40 % between 1930 and 1956 due to cutting of peat for fuel, suggesting that the 1930 survey is unsuitable for estimating the present carbon stocks. Only small changes were found in the carbon stocks from 1956 to 2000 with no clear dependency on land use, indicating that the 1956 survey is more suitable for present carbon stock calculations. The peat samples showed a carbon density in both bogs and fens between 50 and 70 kg m -2 (mean 60 kg m -2 ) in the uppermost one meter of soil. The Danish mire area is estimated at 90,000 hectares, which gives a carbon stock of 54.6 Mt. Total carbon stocks in Danish soils (uppermost one meter) have recently been estimated as high as 579 Mt. This means that although peat land soils cover only 2.1 % of the Danish land area, they store nearly 10 % of the total soil organic carbon stock, and even more if deeper layers are included.
Influence of the Fluid-to-Film Transition on Photophysical Properties of MLCT Excited States in a Polymerizable Dimethacrylate Fluid (2010)

Photophysical properties of the salts [Ru(bpy)(3)](p-Tos)(2), [Ru(dmb)(3)](PF(6))(2), [Ru(vbpy)(3)](PF(6))(2), and [Ru(phen)(3)](p-Tos)(2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, vbpy = 4-methyl-4'-vinyl-2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and p-Tos = p-toluene sulfonate) in fluid and film polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate containing nine ethylene glycol spacers (PEG-DMA550) are reported. MLCT absorption energies and bandshapes are similar in fluid and film PEG-DMA550 pointing to similar local dielectric environments, presumably dominated by the polar acrylate groups. Emission energies and excited-to-ground state 0-0 energy gaps (E(0)), determined by emission spectral fitting, are blue-shifted, and band-widths-at-half height (Δv(0,1/2)) decreased, due to an expected "rigid medium effect" in PEG-DMA550 film. The extent of loss of medium dipole reorientation in the rigid environment, and the increased emission energies in the film, resulted in enhanced emission quantum yields and excited state lifetimes in accordance with the energy gap law. The "rigid medium effect" in PEG-DMA550 is less pronounced than in films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) pointing to a more fluid-like local environment presumably arising from the ethylene glycol linker spacers in PEG-DMA550. Comparison of the absorption, emission, emission spectral fitting, and emission lifetime results for [Ru(dmb)(3)](PF(6))(2) and [Ru(vbpy)(3)](PF(6))(2) shows that the vinyl groups of vbpy copolymerize with PEG-DMA550 covalently incorporating Ru(vbpy)(3)(2+) as a cross-linker into the polymer network. The most dramatic effect of the fluid-to-film transition is seen in the emission lifetime data for [Ru(phen)(3)](p-Tos)(2), with an increase of ~3 in the PEG-DMA550 film. Ru(phen)(3)(2+) cations appear to occupy a low symmetry site in the films probably close to the polar acrylate groups in a structurally confined environment.
A Hybrid Electrochemical−Colorimetric Sensing Platform for Detection of Explosives (2009)

A highly selective, sensitive, and low-cost hybrid sensing platform is developed based on extraordinary properties of explosives in an ionic liquid and an integrated electrochemical and colorimetric approach.
Transcriptional adaptation of drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice (2023)

Transcriptome evaluation of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in the lungs of laboratory animals during long-term treatment has been limited by extremely low abundance of bacterial mRNA relative to eukaryotic RNA. Here we report a targeted amplification RNA sequencing method called SEARCH-TB. After confirming that SEARCH-TB recapitulates conventional RNA-seq <i>in vitro</i>, we applied SEARCH-TB to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>-infected BALB/c mice treated for up to 28 days with the global standard isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol regimen. We compared results in mice with 8-day exposure to the same regimen <i>in vitro</i>. After treatment of mice for 28 days, SEARCH-TB suggested broad suppression of genes associated with bacterial growth, transcription, translation, synthesis of rRNA proteins and immunogenic secretory peptides. Adaptation of drug-stressed <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> appeared to include a metabolic transition from ATP-maximizing respiration towards lower-efficiency pathways, modification and recycling of cell wall components, large-scale regulatory reprogramming, and reconfiguration of efflux pumps expression. Despite markedly different expression at pre-treatment baseline, murine and <i>in vitro</i> samples had broadly similar transcriptional change during treatment. The differences observed likely indicate the importance of immunity and pharmacokinetics in the mouse. By elucidating the long-term effect of tuberculosis treatment on bacterial cellular processes <i>in vivo</i>, SEARCH-TB represents a highly granular pharmacodynamic monitoring tool with potential to enhance evaluation of new regimens and thereby accelerate progress towards a new generation of more effective tuberculosis treatment.
3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting (2019)

© 2019 The Authors Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes, such as selective laser melting (SLM), enable the fabrication of arbitrary 3D-structures with unprecedented degrees of freedom. Research is rapidly progressing in this field, with promising results opening up a range of possible applications across both scientific and industrial sectors. Many sectors are now benefiting from fabricating complex structures using AM technologies to achieve the objectives of light-weighting, increased functionality, and part number reduction, among others. AM also lends potential in fulfilling demands for reducing the cost and design-to-manufacture time. Aluminium alloys are of the main material systems receiving attention in SLM research, being favoured in many high-value applications. However, processing them is challenging due to the difficulties associated with laser-melting aluminium where parts suffer various defects. A number of studies in recent years have developed approaches to remedy them and reported successful SLM of various Al-alloys and have gone on to explore its potential application in advanced componentry. This paper reports on recent advancements in this area and highlights some key topics requiring attention for further progression. It aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the interrelation between the various aspects of the subject, as this is essential to demonstrate credibility for industrial needs.
Network Service Header Metadata Type 2 Variable-Length Context Headers (2020)

This draft describes Network Service Header (NSH) Metadata (MD) Type 2
variable-length context headers that can be used within a service
function path.