gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Drop Size in Membrane Emulsification Determined from the Balance of Capillary and Hydrodynamic Forces (2007)

Here, we investigate experimentally and theoretically the factors that determine the size of the emulsion droplets produced by membrane emulsification in "batch regime" (without applied crossflow). Hydrophilic glass membranes of pore diameters between 1 and 10 mum have been used to obtain oil-in-water emulsions. The working surfactant concentrations are high enough to prevent drop coalescence. Under such conditions, the size of the formed drops does not depend on the surfactant type and concentration, on the interfacial tension, or on the increase of viscosity of the inner (oil) phase. The drops are monodisperse when the working transmembrane pressure is slightly above the critical pressure for drop breakup. At higher pressures, the size distribution becomes bimodal: a superposition of a "normal" peak of monodisperse drops and an "anomalous" peak of polydisperse drops is observed. The theoretical model assumes that, at the moment of breakup, the hydrodynamic ejection force acting on the drop is equal to the critical capillary force that corresponds to the stability-instability transition in the drop shape. The derived equations are applied to predict the mean size of the obtained drops in regimes of constant flow rate and constant transmembrane pressure. Agreement between theory and experiment is established for the latter regime, which corresponds to our experimental conditions. The transition from unimodal to bimodal drop size distribution upon increase of the transmembrane pressure can be interpreted in terms of the transition from "dripping" to "jetting" mechanisms of drop detachment.
Titanium-Mediated Oxidative Arylation of Homoallylic Alcohols (2011)

Allylic alcohols are shown to undergo a selective trans arylation, if treated with an excess of arylmagnesium bromide in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of titanium isopropoxide.
Turbulent Fluid Acceleration Generates Clusters of Gyrotactic Microorganisms (2014)

The motility of microorganisms is often biased by gradients in physical and chemical properties of their environment, with myriad implications on their ecology. Here we show that fluid acceleration reorients gyrotactic plankton, triggering small-scale clustering. We experimentally demonstrate this phenomenon by studying the distribution of the phytoplankton Chlamydomonas augustae within a rotating tank and find it to be in good agreement with a new, generalized model of gyrotaxis. When this model is implemented in a direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow, we find that fluid acceleration generates multifractal plankton clustering, with faster and more stable cells producing stronger clustering. By producing accumulations in high-vorticity regions, this process is fundamentally different from clustering by gravitational acceleration, expanding the range of mechanisms by which turbulent flows can impact the spatial distribution of active suspensions.
Identifying the source of food-borne disease outbreaks: An application of Bayesian variable selection (2017)

Early identification of contaminated food products is crucial in reducing health burdens of food-borne disease outbreaks. Analytic case-control studies are primarily used in this identification stage by comparing exposures in cases and controls using logistic regression. Standard epidemiological analysis practice is not formally defined and the combination of currently applied methods is subject to issues such as response misclassification, missing values, multiple testing problems and small sample estimation problems resulting in biased and possibly misleading results. In this paper, we develop a formal Bayesian variable selection method to account for misclassified responses and missing covariates, which are common complications in food-borne outbreak investigations. We illustrate the implementation and performance of our method on a Salmonella Thompson outbreak in the Netherlands in 2012. Our method is shown to perform better than the standard logistic regression approach with respect to earlier identification of contaminated food products. It also allows relatively easy implementation of otherwise complex methodological issues.
A simple model for the identification of drug effects (2009)

This paper presents a new model for the identification of drug effects. The main advantage of this model over standard models is its simplicity. In fact, the proposed model establishes an affine relation between the drug infusion rate and the corresponding effect on the patient where there are few parameters to estimate, while standard models usually assume a nonlinear relation with many parameters to estimate. Furthermore, it is shown that the new model has a good ability to describe real data. Here, the case study focuses on the muscle relaxant atracurium and its influence on the neuromuscular blockade, but other drugs such as the hypnotic propofol and the analgesic remifentanil and their influence on the depth of anaesthesia may also be considered.
Integration of Self-Assembled Metal-Catalyzed Semiconductor Nanowires for Sensors and Large-Area Electronics (2008)

In this paper, we discuss methods of positioning nanowires at desired locations on a substrate to explore which techniques are most suitable for different potential applications, with an emphasis on Si nanowires. We focus most attention on growing the nanowires at the position where they will be used. We discuss forming one connection during growth for mechanically resonant sensors and making two connections during growth for field-effect sensors. Next, we discuss in less detail repositioning nanowires from a growth substrate onto a final substrate, with focus on potential applications in large-area electronics, such as displays, or electronics on a low-temperature substrate. Finally, we briefly consider possible catalyst materials and explore potential concerns with the widely used Au catalyst.
A case for overlays in DCN virtualization (2011)

Server virtualization has brought about tremendous value to a modern computing landscape and in particular to data center and cloud infrastructures. Virtual server deployments have become ubiquitous in many development and production sites, in cloud infrastructures and in disaster recovery solutions. Network connectivity is a vital aspect of modern computing. In this work we explore the new requirements the server virtualization brings to the networking world and show how these requirements are different from those of a physical server connectivity. We then describe the Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet (DOVE) network architecture for building virtual networks infrastructure. We show how host-based overlays answer the novel networking requirements and describe a working example of their usage for network virtualization. We discuss the benefits and the drawbacks of the method, outline options for its efficient implementation, and show what additional work is required in order to base DCN virtualization on overlays.
2-O-(4,4′-Dimethylbenzhydryl)-L-erythronolactone (2007)

The high regioselectivity of the SnCl2-catalyzed reaction of diaryl­diazo­methanes with vicinal diols was demonstrated by the reaction of diazo­[bis­(4-methyl­phen­yl)]methane with l-erythronolactone. The major product was unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic analysis to be the title compound, C19H20O4. The absolute configuration was determined by the use of l-erythronolactone as the starting material. The crystal structure contains alternating O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded chains of mol­ecules lying perpendicular to the bc plane.
Idiotype vaccination post-bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoma: initial studies in a murine model. (1991)

Studies in the 38C13 model, a lethal murine B-cell lymphoma of C3H origin, have previously demonstrated the efficacy of immunization with tumor idiotype against established tumors, especially in the setting of reduced tumor burden when combined with chemotherapy. We have extended these studies to test the protective effect of immunization with 38C13 idiotype protein (38C-Id), coupled to KLH and administered with an adjuvant, against a subsequent tumor challenge following lethal total body irradiation (950 R) and reconstitution with syngeneic bone marrow (20 x 10(6) cells) from normal donors. Animals prepared in this manner which were immunized with 38C-Id after 3 weeks recuperation and challenged with 1000 38C13 tumor cells 2 weeks later demonstrated significantly longer survival when compared to control animals which had been immunized with irrelevant idiotype protein. Irradiated reconstituted mice immunized after 5 weeks recuperation and challenged with 1000 tumor cells also demonstrated prolonged survival compared to controls, as well as a small number of cures (approximately 40%). Anti-38C-Id antibodies, implicated in the mechanism of idiotype induced anti-tumor immunity in this model, were detectable after immunization at both 3 and 5 weeks, although there was no significant correlation between serum antibody levels and survival of individual mice. These results suggest that immunologic recovery as early as 3 to 5 weeks following marrow grafting is sufficient to allow induction of idiotype-specific, anti-tumor immunity and form a model for our clinical trial of tumor idiotype vaccination for patients with B-cell lymphoma undergoing autologous BMT.
Analysis of van der Waals and Electrostatic Contributions in the Interactions of Minor Groove Binding Benzimidazoles with DNA (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of van der Waals and Electrostatic Contributions in the Interactions of Minor Groove Binding Benzimidazoles with DNAAgnieszka Czarny, David W. Boykin, Alexis A. Wood, Christine M. Nunn, Stephen Neidle, Min Zhao, and W. David WilsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 16, 4716–4717Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00121a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00121a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views292Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Similarity-based Deduplication for Databases (2017)

dDedup is a similarity-based deduplication scheme for on-line database management systems (DBMSs). Beyond block-level compression of individual database pages or operation log (oplog) messages, as used in today’s DBMSs, dDedup uses byte-level delta encoding of individual records within the database to achieve greater savings. dDedup’s single-pass encoding method can be integrated into the storage and logging components of a DBMS to provide two benefits: (1) reduced size of data stored on disk beyond what traditional compression schemes provide, and (2) reduced amount of data transmitted over the network for replication services. To evaluate our work, we implemented dDedup in a distributed NoSQL DBMS and analyzed its properties using four real datasets. Our results show that dDedup achieves up to 37X reduction in the storage size and replication traffic of the database on its own and up to 61X reduction when paired with the DBMS’s block-level compression. dDedup provides both benefits with negligible effect on DBMS throughput or client latency (average and tail).
Pressure Stabilization and Solvation Thermodynamics of a Hemiketal Reaction Intermediate (2000)

This work reports the first pressure stabilization of a hemiketal intermediate, 2-methoxy-2 propanol, formed in the reaction of acetone and methanol, observed using Raman spectroscopy. Acetone dissolved in methanol is found to undergo a two-step reaction, with the ketal 2,2-dimethoxy-propane as the final product and the hemiketal observed as an intermediate. In a more dilute stoichiometric mixture of acetone and methanol in liquid tetrahydrofuran (THF), quantitative formation of the hemiketal is observed at pressures above 2 GPa. The complete set of reaction thermodynamic functions (ΔH°, ΔV°, ΔS°, ΔG°, ΔU°, ΔA°) is obtained for the hemiketal formation reaction in THF as a function of temperature and pressure and compared with previous measurements of ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° for acetone dissolved in methanol. Comparisons with quantum calculations for the isolated reactant and product species are used to completely quantitate the effects of solvation on the hemiketal formation reaction.
Two approaches to derive LED driving signals for high‐dynamic‐range LCD backlights (2007)

Abstract— The LED‐array backlight technique dramatically enhances the dynamic range of an LCD and hence extends its ability to present images with high reality. This is achieved by modulating LEDs individually, thus providing an area‐adaptive backlight for the display. The spatial overlap of light from the LED (crosstalk) occurs due to the diffusion screen placed between the backlight and LCD layer. However, the crosstalk is not only a blessing for supplying high brightness but is also a curse for causing potential artifacts, making the derivation of an LED driving signal a challenging task. This paper formulates the problem into two mathematical models: an iterative de‐convolution approach and a linear optimization approach. Algorithms for solving these two models are provided. The first approach provides instantaneous and satisfactory results except for high‐intensity highlights in the image. The linear optimization method conquers this drawback, but requires much more computation, possibly requiring preprocessing of the target, and also introduces undesired artifacts. These two approaches are extensively evaluated by building an image database composed of 161 high‐dynamic‐range images.
Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA) (2016)

Intra-abdominal infections (IAI) are an important cause of morbidity and are frequently associated with poor prognosis, particularly in high-risk patients. The cornerstones in the management of complicated IAIs are timely effective source control with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Empiric antimicrobial therapy is important in the management of intra-abdominal infections and must be broad enough to cover all likely organisms because inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy is associated with poor patient outcomes and the development of bacterial resistance. The overuse of antimicrobials is widely accepted as a major driver of some emerging infections (such as C. difficile), the selection of resistant pathogens in individual patients, and for the continued development of antimicrobial resistance globally. The growing emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the limited development of new agents available to counteract them have caused an impending crisis with alarming implications, especially with regards to Gram-negative bacteria. An international task force from 79 different countries has joined this project by sharing a document on the rational use of antimicrobials for patients with IAIs. The project has been termed AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections). The authors hope that AGORA, involving many of the world's leading experts, can actively raise awareness in health workers and can improve prescribing behavior in treating IAIs.
Effect of conagenin in tumor bearing mice. Antitumor activity, generation of effector cells and cytokine production. (1993)

Antitumor effects and function of T cells in tumor bearing mice given conagenin (CNG), a low molecular immunomodulator, were investigated. The administration of CNG, once a week for 4 weeks, was the most effective schedule in inhibiting growth of IMC carcinoma, a syngeneic tumor. In this regimen, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer activities in spleens of CNG treated mice were maintained at higher levels than those of non-treated mice. Lymphokine production by splenic T cells was also enhanced in cultures, whereas monokine production by macrophages, which was increased in accordance with tumor growth, was reduced by CNG administration. The antitumor effect of CNG was not observed in mice given anti-asialo GM1 serum and in athymic mice. Results shown in this report suggest that CNG exerts its antitumor effects through activation of T cells and enhancement of generation of antitumor effector cells.
Strategic Utilization of Multifunctional Carbene for Direct Synthesis of Carboxylic–Phosphinic Mixed Anhydride from CO2 (2016)

Abstract Direct synthesis of carboxylic–phosphinic mixed anhydrides has been achieved by treating carbon dioxide with N‐phosphine oxide‐substituted imidazolylidenes (PoxIms) that contain both nucleophilic carbene and electrophilic phosphorus moieties. This novel mixed anhydride was efficiently derivatized into an ester, an amide, and an unsymmetrical ketone via transformation into its corresponding imidazolium salt followed by a dual substitution reaction. The presented work used well‐designed multifunctional carbene reagents to establish a novel utility for carbon dioxide in organic synthesis.
Digital Average Current Programmed Mode Control for Multi-level Flying Capacitor Converters (2018)

This paper explores flying capacitor voltage ( vCfly) stabilization for multi-level flying capacitor (ML-FC) converters operated in average current programmed mode (CPM) control and demonstrates that the implementation is dependent on output loading condition. The dependency is characterized by the ratio K = IBoundary/ILoad=1 as the controller boundary condition between intrinsic and forced stable vCfly dynamics, where IBoundary, a function of inductor selection and converter operating condition, is the location that active vCfly controller behaves in a positive feedback manner. Consequently, a novel adaptive control strategy is introduced with the ability to seamlessly transition between intrinsic to active vCfly stabilization based on a simple criterion indirectly measuring the ratio K, Finally, the proposed concepts are verified using an experimental setup implementing a three-level FC buck converter Point of Load (PoL) regulator converting 12 V to 3.3 V from light to heavy load.
Introduction to the Issue on Photonic Packaging and Integration Technologies (2011)

The 13 invited papers and 14 contributed papers in this special issue focus on photonic packaging and integration technologies.
Magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles obtained by vaporization condensation in a solar furnace (1996)

The magnetic properties of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized by vaporization condensation in a solar image furnace have been studied using both magnetic measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The mean size of the particles turns out to be easily controlled by changing the pressure conditions in the growth chamber. The particles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. Magnetic measurements show the appearance of magnetic hysteresis in the low-temperature range and from the evolution with temperature of the ferromagnetic ratio, MR/MS, we have determined the distribution of the blocking temperatures for the smallest particles that is fitted to a log-normal distribution leading to a mean blocking temperature 〈TB〉=38±15 K. The size distribution of the magnetic unit is also determined from this fitting, as well as from the Mössbauer spectra, obtaining a mean particle volume of about 3.5×105 Å3.
A study of13C hyperfine structure in the EPR of nickel-nitrogen-containing centres in diamond and correlation with their optical properties (1999)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical spectroscopy have been used to determine the structure and electronic state of nickel-nitrogen centres in natural diamonds and in synthetic diamonds enriched in 13C. The latter were grown in an Fe-Ni-C solvent/catalyst system at 1750 K, under stabilizing pressure, by the temperature gradient method and afterwards treated at high temperature and pressure. The parameters and directions of the 13C hyperfine structure (HFS) tensors for the NE1 centre were found to confirm the previously proposed model for this defect, with a nickel ion at the centre of a double semivacancy as the basic structural unit. In this unit the nickel atom has six atoms in its coordination shell. The NE1 centre has C2h symmetry, and the two equivalent nitrogen atoms in the coordination shell lie in the symmetry plane. New data on the HFS of 14N and 13C for the NE5 centre, also with C2h symmetry, indicated the same structural unit, but the two equivalent nitrogen atoms (and two equivalent carbon atoms) lie out of the symmetry plane and are related to one another by reflection in it. A new paramagnetic centre was found, labelled NE8, also with C2h symmetry, with four equivalent nitrogen atoms in the coordination shell all lying out of the symmetry plane. This centre is responsible for the 793.6 nm vibronic system in absorption and luminescence spectra. The new data have allowed a reinterpretation of the HFS tensors for the NE2 centre, which has C1 symmetry, suggesting that it has the same structure as NE1 but with one additional nitrogen atom in the coordination shell. The electronic states of these nickel-containing centres are discussed using the approach of Ludwig and Woodbury to transition metal ions in covalent crystals.
Highly stable and efficient tandem organic light-emitting devices with intermediate connectors using lithium amide as n-type dopant (2014)

In this work, we report thermally decomposable lithium amide (LiNH2) feasible to function as an effective n-type dopant for intermediate connectors in tandem organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Metallic lithium, which is released from the decomposition process of LiNH2, is proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and responsible for n-type electrical doping of electron transporting materials. We demonstrate that tandem OLEDs using LiNH2 and Cs2CO3 as n-type dopants, respectively, give a comparable electroluminescence efficiency and, moreover, the device with LiNH2 has far longer operational lifetime. The results therefore highlight the significance of selecting suitable n-type dopant in intermediate connectors to fabricate high-stability tandem OLEDs.
Defects, overlay, and focus performance improvements with five generations of immersion exposure systems (2007)

This paper discusses the current performance and the evolution of five generations TWINSCAN immersion scanning exposure tools. It is shown that production worthy overlay and focus performance can be achieved at high scan speeds. The more critical part for immersion tools is related to defects, but also here improvements resulted in production worthy defect levels. In order to keep the defect level stable special measures are needed in the application of wafers. Especially Edge Bead Removal (EBR) design and wafer bevel cleanliness are important.