gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fragmentation analysis of normal and dystrophic avian muscle (1982)

A difference between normal and dystrophic avian muscle was demonstrated by comparing the patterns of fragmentation of muscle during homogenization. Fragmentation was monitored by morphological methods and by viscometry. This method of fragmentation analysis depends on the principle that the viscosity of a suspension is an exponential function of the partial volume fraction occupied by the suspended particles; the more a tissue is fragmented into smaller pieces, the greater the viscosity of the resulting homogenate. Increasing the duration of homogenization of either fresh muscle in buffer or glycerinated muscle in relaxing solution gradually increased the viscosity of the homogenate of normal muscle, whereas the viscosity of the homogenate of dystrophic muscle remained approximately constant. This difference in viscosity indicated that dystrophic muscle was sheared into larger pieces which were resistant to further fragmentation. Electron microscopic examination showed that the homogenate of dystrophic muscle contained rows of sarcomeres, whereas normal muscle was sheared into amorphous masses of myofilaments.
Geometrically frustrated honeycomb and ladder lattices of nanoscale ferromagnetic islands (2007)

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease of unknown etiology causing systematic inflammation of the whole cartilaginous tissues. We report a patient with relapsing polychondritis preceded by inner ear involvement. A 68-year-old female visited our hospital for a chief complaint of sudden bilateral hearing loss. On pure-tone audiometry, sensorineural hearing loss, 47dB on the right and 51dB on the left, was observed. Later, bilateral auricular chondritis and uveitis developed. On biopsy of the auricular cartilage, perichondritis was observed. The patient was diagnosed with relapsing polychondritis in the early stage, 2 weeks after the onset. Oral predonine administration was initiated, and the auricular inflammation was improved within 10 days. The hearing loss disorder was gradually improved. The steroid dose was reduced, and no decrease in hearing has been observed so far.
Environmental research to support the EU 2020 Vision (2011)

The EU’s 2020 vision aims to deliver a bright future for Europe. This can only be achieved in the context of a sustainable, healthy environment. The Advisory Group on Environment (including climate change) sees the need to achieve a new balance between continued support for disciplinary research while at the same time fostering inter-disciplinary approaches to complex issues. Along with understanding the processes leading to global environmental change, must be added an understanding of societal changes and their implications for the quality of environment, and the mechanisms of knowledge transfer and innovation infrastructures that are required to make the 2020 vision a success.
Quantum confinement effects of semiconducting microcrystallites in glass (1987)

The optical properties of glasses containing a small amount of thermally developed CdSexS1−x microcrystalline phase are studied with emphasis on quantum confinement effects exhibited at small crystallite size. Optical absorption, photoluminescence, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy are used to examine microcrystallites as a function of composition and development. Results are presented for a series of commercially available CorningR filter glasses with a selenium mole fraction in the range 0.28≤x≤0.74, as well as for several experimental glasses in which the average microcrystallite diameters range from 30 to 80 Å. Optical effects observed in the experimental glasses that are due to electron and hole confinement are not present in the filter glasses considered; variations in optical properties of the filters are due to changes in stoichiometry of the CdSexS1−x mixed anion system. A brief discussion of other microcrystalline phases in glass is also presented. These microcrystallites show room-temperature optical absorption structure analogous to bulk crystal excitons; the temperature dependence of this structure is contrasted with that resulting from quantum confinement in CdSexS1−x glasses.
Bitext Dependency Parsing with Bilingual Subtree Constraints (2010)

This paper proposes a dependency parsing method that uses bilingual constraints to improve the accuracy of parsing bilingual texts (bitexts). In our method, a targetside tree fragment that corresponds to a source-side tree fragment is identified via word alignment and mapping rules that are automatically learned. Then it is verified by checking the subtree list that is collected from large scale automatically parsed data on the target side. Our method, thus, requires gold standard trees only on the source side of a bilingual corpus in the training phase, unlike the joint parsing model, which requires gold standard trees on the both sides. Compared to the reordering constraint model, which requires the same training data as ours, our method achieved higher accuracy because of richer bilingual constraints. Experiments on the translated portion of the Chinese Treebank show that our system outperforms monolingual parsers by 2.93 points for Chinese and 1.64 points for English. 1
Application of infrared reflecting (IRR) coverglass on multijunction III-V solar cells (2006)

It is well known that the Ge subcell in multijunction GaInP/GaAs/Ge based solar cells produces a significantly higher photogenerated current (nearly 2x) than the other two subcells connected in series. The excess current is converted into heat, and as a result, increases the cell operating temperature. Because the solar cell efficiency decreases with higher temperatures, it is desirable to maintain a lower cell operating temperature. This can be achieved by rejecting a part of the incident sunlight that would otherwise be absorbed and converted into heat by the Ge subcell. For many space applications, coverglass incorporated with infrared reflecting (IRR) coatings can be applied to these solar cells for the purpose of lowering the cell operating temperature and/or improving the power output from the solar arrays. Achieving higher power output requires an appropriate IRR coating design that carefully balances the reduction in the cell absorptance against the Ge subcell current output. In this paper, this key issue is discussed. Also, preliminary IRR coating designs have been evaluated by applying them on high efficiency 3-junction solar cells, and the performance data are used to help predict optimal designs
Hardness and Oxidation Resistance of Perovskite-type Solid Solution of the ScRh3B–ScRh3C System (2003)

Perovskite-type ScRh3B and ScRh3C form a continuous solid solution, ScRh3BxC1-x, in the range of 0≦x≦1 with cubic structure (space group: Pm3m, Z=1). The microhardness of the ScRh3BxC1-x phase increases with increasing boron content. Thermogravimetric analysis of this phase indicates that the oxidation onset temperature also increases with boron content. Thus, it appears that the mechanical strength and chemical stability of the ScRh3BxC1-x phase strongly depend on its boron content.
M. tuberculosis Induces Potent Activation of IDO-1, but This Is Not Essential for the Immunological Control of Infection (2012)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenesae-1 (IDO-1) catalyses the initial, rate-limiting step in tryptophan metabolism, thereby regulating tryptophan availability and the formation of downstream metabolites, including picolinic and quinolinic acid. We found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induced marked upregulation of IDO-1 expression in both human and murine macrophages in vitro and in the lungs of mice following aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis. The absence of IDO-1 in dendritic cells enhanced the activation of mycobacteria-specific T cells in vitro. Interestingly, IDO-1-deficiency during M. tuberculosis infection in mice was not associated with altered mycobacteria-specific T cell responses in vivo. The bacterial burden of infected organs, pulmonary inflammatory responses, and survival were also comparable in M. tuberculosis-infected IDO-1 deficient and wild type animals. Tryptophan is metabolised into either picolinic acid or quinolinic acid, but only picolinic acid inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis in vitro. By contrast macrophages infected with pathogenic mycobacteria, produced quinolinic, rather than picolinic acid, which did not reduce M. tuberculosis growth in vitro. Therefore, although M. tuberculosis induces robust expression of IDO-1 and activation of tryptophan metabolism, IDO-1-deficiency fails to impact on the immune control and the outcome of the infection in the mouse model of tuberculosis.
Copper-Catalyzed Annulation of 2-Formylazoles with Aminoiodopyrazoles: Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Ring Systems (2013)

Various 2-formylazoles underwent CuI/sparteine-catalyzed annulation with 1-substituted-4-iodo-5-aminopyrazoles to produce four new heterocyclic ring systems. The reaction was demonstrated for 2-formylpyrroles, 2-formylindoles, 2-formylimidazole, and 3-methyl-5-formylpyrazole. 3-Substitution of the iodopyrazole was tolerated.
Data from Targeting Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)–MHC Complex with CAR T-Cell Therapy for Liver Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; The majority of tumor-specific antigens are intracellular and/or secreted and therefore inaccessible by conventional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Given that all intracellular/secreted proteins are processed into peptides and presented by class I MHC on the surface of tumor cells, we used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a specific liver cancer marker, as an example to determine whether peptide–MHC complexes can be targets for CAR T-cell therapy against solid tumors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We generated a fully human chimeric antigen receptor, ET1402L1-CAR (AFP-CAR), with exquisite selectivity and specificity for the AFP&lt;sub&gt;158–166&lt;/sub&gt; peptide complexed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; We report that T cells expressing AFP-CAR selectively degranulated, released cytokines, and lysed liver cancer cells that were HLA-A*02:01&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;/AFP&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; while sparing cells from multiple tissue types that were negative for either expressed proteins. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt;, intratumoral injection of AFP-CAR T cells significantly regressed both Hep G2 and AFP&lt;sub&gt;158&lt;/sub&gt;-expressing SK-HEP-1 tumors in SCID-Beige mice (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 8 for each). Moreover, intravenous administration of AFP-CAR T cells in Hep G2 tumor-bearing NSG mice lead to rapid and profound tumor growth inhibition (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 6). Finally, in an established intraperitoneal liver cancer xenograft model, AFP-CAR T cells showed robust antitumor activity (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 6).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; This study demonstrates that CAR T-cell immunotherapy targeting intracellular/secreted solid tumor antigens can elicit a potent antitumor response. Our approach expands the spectrum of antigens available for redirected T-cell therapy against solid malignancies and offers a promising new avenue for liver cancer immunotherapy. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 478–88. ©2016 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Activation of Human Mast Cells through Stem Cell Factor Receptor (KIT) Is Associated with Expression of bcl-2 (2002)

Our data show that human MCs can express members of the bcl-2 family. It is hypothesized that bcl-x(L) plays a role in KIT-independent growth of MCs, whereas bcl-2 may be involved in KIT-dependent functions of MCs.
Evidence thatIn VitroSusceptibility of CD3+T Lymphocytes to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection Reflects Genetic Predisposition of Naturally Infected Stallions To Become Carriers of the Virus (2012)

We investigated the correlation between in vitro susceptibility of CD3(+) T lymphocytes to equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection and establishment of persistent infection among 14 stallions following natural infections. The data showed that carrier stallions with a CD3(+) T lymphocyte susceptibility phenotype to in vitro EAV infection may be at higher risk of becoming carriers than those that lack this phenotype (P = 0.0002).
Structural analysis of hardwood native lignins by quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopy (2015)

Abstract Milled wood lignins from alkaline pretreated wood with very low sugar content and a wide range of syringyl-to-guaiacyl (S/G) ratio between 1.2 and 3.0 were isolated from 12 industrially valuable hardwood (HW) species. The lignin preparations were investigated by means of a comprehensive 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodology to address the possibilities and limitations of this approach for HW native lignins and to estimate the structural variations within HW lignins. Good correlations were found for different independent methods for the quantification of major lignin moieties. The results were reliable at the C 6 level and not only for relative comparison. The correlation was good between methoxyl group determinations by wet chemistry and those by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The limitations of the 13 C NMR method were also pointed out. The differences in the S/G ratios can be large, but other structural deviations are less significant. Strong correlations between the S/G ratios and the amounts of other structural peculiarities could not be found by the 13 C NMR approach. However, with increasing S/G ratios, the β-O-4 content showed increasing tendencies and the degree of condensation showed decreasing tendencies.
Designing Environmentally Sustainable Computer Systems Using Networks of Exergo-Thermo-Volume Building Blocks (2009)

As regulation and competition drives the creation of environmentally sustainable systems, cradle-to-cradle life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies are becoming increasingly commonplace. However, existing LCA techniques are often laborious and costly to implement. Moreover, while LCA provides great insight into the impact of a given product or service, the translation of LCA outputs into iterative design inputs is not straightforward. A tighter linkage between product design and LCA methods is desired. In this paper, we propose creating such a linkage through the method of “exergo-thermo-volumes”. Specifically, we consider the design of an enterprise server with multiple heat dissipating components. Each of these heat dissipating components can be represented as an exergo-thermo-volume (ETV). Simultaneously, the cooling solution that removes heat from each of these components is also treated as an ETV. We show that the optimal system design can be determined through superposition of each of these ETVs with appropriately coupled boundary conditions. The resulting ETV representation of discretized heat sources and companioned cooling solutions essentially leads to the creation of an ETV network, which can then be optimized for the minimum sustainability footprint. We find that the optimal solution predicted by the exergo-thermo-volume approach matches those that would be predicted intuitively based on general design-for-environment and thermal management practices, but — using the current approach — we are also able to quantitatively show the difference between the optimal and sub-optimal choices. We conclude by demonstrating the applicability of the exergo-thermo-volume approach for the sustainable design of an enterprise server.
Steerable Random Fields (2007)

In contrast to traditional Markov random field (MRF) models, we develop a steerable random field (SRF) in which the field potentials are defined in terms of filter responses that are steered to the local image structure. In particular, we use the structure tensor to obtain derivative responses that are either aligned with, or orthogonal to, the predominant local image structure, and analyze the statistics of these steered filter responses in natural images. Clique potentials are defined over steered filter responses using a Gaussian scale mixture model and are learned from training data. The SRF model connects random field models with anisotropic regularization and provides a statistical motivation for the latter. We demonstrate that steering the random field to the local image structure improves image denoising and inpainting performance compared with traditional pairwise MRFs.
NADH-fluorescence scattering correction for absolute concentration determination in a liquid tissue phantom using a novel multispectral magnetic-resonance-imaging-compatible needle probe (2017)

In this report, a quantitative nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH) fluorescence measurement algorithm in a liquid tissue phantom using a fiber-optic needle probe is presented. To determine the absolute concentrations of NADH in this phantom, the fluorescence emission spectra at 465 nm were corrected using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy between 600 nm and 940 nm. The patented autoclavable Nitinol needle probe enables the acquisition of multispectral backscattering measurements of ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared and fluorescence spectra. As a phantom, a suspension of calcium carbonate (Calcilit) and water with physiological NADH concentrations between 0 mmol l−1 and 2.0 mmol l−1 were used to mimic human tissue. The light scattering characteristics were adjusted to match the backscattering attributes of human skin by modifying the concentration of Calcilit. To correct the scattering effects caused by the matrices of the samples, an algorithm based on the backscattered remission spectrum was employed to compensate the influence of multiscattering on the optical pathway through the dispersed phase. The monitored backscattered visible light was used to correct the fluorescence spectra and thereby to determine the true NADH concentrations at unknown Calcilit concentrations. Despite the simplicity of the presented algorithm, the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.093 mmol l−1.
Definition of the simian virus 40 early promoter region and demonstration of a host range bias in the enhancement effect of the simian virus 40 72-base-pair repeat. (1983)

The simian virus 40 (SV40) origin region includes the viral replication origin and the early and late promoters and consists of a few palindromes, a 17-base-pair (bp) A + T-rich sequence, three copies of a G + C-rich 21-bp repeat, and two copies of a 72-bp repeat. We have made sequential deletions in the SV40 origin region and determined the early promoter efficiencies of these truncated DNA segments by connecting them in the correct orientation with the coding regions of selectable marker genes and assaying the expression of the chimeric marker genes in vivo in different host cell lines. A truncated SV40 early promoter segment containing only the TATA box and the major in vivo mRNA initiation sites has essentially no promoter efficiency. We have located the major component of the SV40 early promoter within the 21-bp repeated sequences, which consist of an alternating and mutually overlapping array of two C-rich oligonucleotides having the consensus sequences Y-Y-C-C-G-C-C-C (Y = pyrimidine nucleoside) and G-C-C-C-(C)-TA-AT-A(T)-C-T. Between one and two copies of the 21-bp repeat were adequate for gene expression under conditions in which the enhancement effect of the 72-bp repeat was minimal. We also find that the SV40 72-bp repeat exhibits a pronounced host range in its enhancement of gene expression; the enhancement is only 2-fold in the nonpermissive mouse cells but amounts to 10- or 20-fold in the permissive monkey cells or the semipermissive human cells, respectively.
Prevention of Highly Power-Efficient Circuits due to Short-Channel Effects in MOSFETs (2019)

This report focuses on an optimization scheme of advanced MOSFETs for designing CMOS circuits with high power efficiency. For this purpose the physics-based compact model HiSIM2 is applied so that the relationship between device and circuit characteristics can be investigated properly. It is demonstrated that the short-channel effect, which is usually measured by the threshold-voltage shift relative to long-channel MOSFETs, provides a consistent measure for device-performance degradation with reduced channel length. However, performance degradations of CMOS circuits such as the power loss cannot be predicted by the threshold-voltage shift alone. Here, the subthreshold swing is identified as an additional important measure for power-efficient CMOS circuit design. The increase of the subthreshold swing is verified to become obvious when the threshold-voltage shift is larger than 0.15V.
The cationic porphyrin TMPyP4 down-regulates c-MYC and human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. (2002)

Cationic porphyrins are being studied as possible anticancer agents because of their ability to bind to and stabilize DNA guanine quadruplexes (G-quadruplexes). We have shown previously that the cationic porphyrin TMPyP4 is able to bind to and stabilize G-quadruplexes in human telomere sequences, resulting in inhibition of telomerase activity. To better understand the mechanism of action behind telomerase inhibition by TMPyP4, we performed a cDNA microarray analysis on cells treated with TMPyP4 and TMPyP2, a positional isomer of TMPyP4 that has low affinity for G-quadruplexes. Analysis of time course data from the microarray experiments revealed that TMPyP4 and TMPyP2 treatment altered the expression of several gene clusters. We found that c-MYC, an oncogene nearly ubiquitous in human tumors that bears the potential in its promoter to form a G-quadruplex, was among the genes specifically down-regulated by TMPyP4, but not by TMPyP2. The hTERT gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is transcriptionally regulated by c-MYC, and we have found that TMPyP4 also causes a decrease in human telomerase reverse transcriptase transcripts, suggesting two possible mechanisms for the effect of TMPyP4 on telomerase activity. We also show that TMPyP4, but not TMPyP2, is able to prolong survival and decrease tumor growth rates in two xenograft tumor models. We believe that, because of the actions of TMPyP4 in decreasing both c-MYC protein levels and telomerase activity, as well as its anticancer effects in vivo, it is a worthwhile agent to pursue and develop further.
Binding affinities of the SH2 domains of ZAP-70, p56lck and Shc to the zeta chain ITAMs of the T-cell receptor determined by surface plasmon resonance. (1996)

The zeta chains of the T cell receptor complex play a critical role in the initiation of proximal signaling events upon T cell activation. Three pairs of potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites are located within the cytoplasmic domains of the zeta chains. Subsequent to engagement of the T cell receptor, one or more of these tyrosine residues is phosphorylated. The phosphotyrosine residues, along with flanking amino acids, form an activation motif (and are shared by signaling subunits in the TCR, B cell receptor, and FcgammaRI) termed tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). ITAMs serve as binding sites for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Recent evidence suggests that the zeta chains provide docking space for several key signal transduction molecules such as ZAP-70, p56lck, and Shc. To determine if ZAP-70, p56lck, and Shc bind to particular zeta chain ITAM sequences, quantitative free-solution measurements of binding affinities (Kd) were obtained by use of surface plasmon resonance technology. The results indicate that binding affinities of distinct SH2 domains to individual and paired phosphorylation sites greatly differ, and may dictate the sequence of signal transduction events.
Supplementary Video 1 from Nanobody-Based Targeting of the Macrophage Mannose Receptor for Effective <i>In Vivo</i> Imaging of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (2023)

&lt;p&gt;AVI file - 102K, Full 3D reconstruction of whole body SPECT/CT images visualizing MMR+ cells specifically in a subcutaneous TS/A tumor&lt;/p&gt;