gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Endosomolytic Properties of Poly(amidoamine) Block Copolymers (2004)

Abstract Summary: The poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) ISA 1 and ISA 23 display pH‐dependent conformational change and pH‐dependent membrane perturbation. These properties confer potential for use as endosomolytic polymers for intracytoplasmic delivery of toxins and genes. Both polymers are relatively non‐toxic, and moreover ISA 23 has the beneficial property in vivo , of being non hepatotropic when administered intravenously. Although ISA 23 and ISA 1 demonstrate ability to transfect cells, ISA 1 is also able to promote intracellular delivery of non‐permeant toxins. The aim of this study was to synthesise random and block copolymers of ISA 1 and ISA 23 and investigate whether these second generation hybrids would allow optimisation of PAA biological characteristics. Random and block copolymers of ISA 1 and ISA 23 were synthesised by hydrogen transfer polyaddition to generate a library of PAAs with an ISA 23:ISA 1 molar ratios of 2:1 to 4:1. The resultant polymers have a pI slightly below 7.4 and a $\overline M _{\rm w}$ of 19 900–49 000 g/mol and a $\overline M _{\rm n}$ of 13 100–24 100 g/mol. Whereas none of the random or block copolymers were haemolytic at pH 7.4 all demonstrated pH‐dependent membrane activity. At pH 5.5 they caused 50–60% haemoglobin (Hb) release over 1 h. This was slightly less than that seen for ISA 23 (80% Hb release). None of the copolymers were cytotoxic against B16F10 cells during a 72 h incubation (IC 50 &gt; 2 mg/ml; MTT assay). The ability of the random and block copolymer PAAs to deliver the toxin gelonin was also examined, but only ISA 1 and the block copolymer B2 (ISA 23:ISA 1 at a 2:1 molar ratio) were able to promote intracellular delivery, as measured by cytotoxic activity. It would be interesting to study the body distribution of B2 and determine whether this toxin‐delivering PAA is able to escape liver capture. magnified image
Interference Mitigation Using Coordinated Backhaul Timing Allocation for LTE-Advanced Relay Systems (2011)

This paper proposes an inter-cell co-channel interference (CCI) mitigation method with the mixed deployment of evolved NodeBs (eNBs) and relay nodes (RNs) for Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced systems studied in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Supporting RNs for LTE-Advanced can increase coverage in areas without service, and also improve system capacity. Although RNs can improve system capacity by reusing identical frequency bands in macro and relay cells, this also causes additional CCI. To deal with this issue, we investigated three methods of mitigating CCI by differentiating the backhaul resource allocation timing among eNBs and RNs. Then, we evaluated these methods with a system level simulator. This confirmed improvement of both the received signal-to-interference ratio plus noise power patio (SINR) at user equipment (UE) and system capacity.
Computer simulation and in vitro validation for prediction of therapeutic efficacy and personalized medicine in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. (2015)

e22210 Background: Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare and incurable lymphoma that can be can be managed by a wide number of available chemotherapy agents. In this study, we propose a novel model based on computer simulation and in vitro validation for prediction of therapeutic efficacy and personalized therapy in WM patient. Methods: MWCL-1 is a patient derived WM cell line, which with rigorous genetic testing has confirmed its clonal relationship to the primary WM tumor. Using genomic information of MWCL-1, we created a simulation template and predicted the major dysregulated pathways which converged on proliferation and viability. Through simulation screening of digital drug library, we explored the sensitivity of MWCL-1 cells to various drugs, which were also validated using in vitro proliferation assay. In addition, primary cells from a WM patient were genetically characterized, and simulated using the same template used for the MWCL-1 cell line to predict therapeutic efficacy of drugs used in WM, which were also validated using in vitro proliferation assay. Results: The MWCL-1 simulation showed increased regulation of AKT, ERK, NFkB, HIF1A and AURKA is also up-regulated due to high CNV of ETS1 and FLI. MWCL-1 cells were predicted to be resistant to Bortezomib, Etanercept and Metformin; moderately sensitive to Celecoxib, Zileuton and Rigosertib; and very sensitive to cell cycle inhibitor LEE011. All of these predictions were prospectively validated with a correlation with experimental in vitro data. Furthermore, the in silico simulation predicted that the cells from WM patient will be sensitive to BTK inhibitor (Ibrutinib) and mTOR inhibitor (Sirolimus), and that these will have synergy in WM cells. In vitro proliferation assay recapitulated the in silico simulation results. Conclusions: This demonstrates and validates methodology to design personalized treatments for a rare disease like WM without necessarily targeting one of the driver mutations. The simulation and repurposing approach provides a rapid clinical translation pathway for developing and advancing a new therapy to clinic.
Dynamic photometric stereo method using multi-tap CMOS image sensor (2016)

The photometric stereo method enables estimation of surface normals from images that have been captured using different but known lighting directions. The classical photometric stereo method requires at least three images to determine the normals in a given scene. However, this method cannot be applied to dynamic scenes because it is assumed that the scene remains static while the required images are captured. In this work, we present a dynamic photometric stereo method for estimation of the surface normals in a dynamic scene. We use a multi-tap complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to capture the input images required for the proposed photometric stereo method. This image sensor can divide the electrons from the photodiode from a single pixel into the different taps of the exposures and can thus capture multiple images under different lighting conditions with almost identical timing. We implemented a camera lighting system and created a software application to enable estimation of the normal map in real time. We also evaluated the accuracy of the estimated surface normals and demonstrated that our proposed method can estimate the surface normals of dynamic scenes.
Oscillating balloon angioplasty: Does pressure oscillation reach the balloon? (1996)

Oscillating pressure inflations may minimize trauma to the coronary artery during coronary angioplasty. We measured in vitro diameters of polyolefin copolymer compliant angioplasty balloons (as a surrogate for pressure) during pressure oscillation at the inflator to determine if pressure oscillations at the inflator were conducted to the balloon. Balloon diameter oscillation increased as cycle length and inflator pressure amplitude increased. Currently practiced oscillating inflation (cycle length 2–3 sec, amplitude 2–3 atm) did not effectively transmit oscillation to the balloon. Clinically feasible optimal balloon oscillation was achieved at a cycle length of 6 sec and pressure amplitude of about 3 atm. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of an Ultrasound Transceiver ASIC with a Switching-Artifact Reduction Technique for 3D Carotid Artery Imaging (2020)

This paper presents an ultrasound transceiver application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) directly integrated with an array of 12 × 80 piezoelectric transducer elements to enable next-generation ultrasound probes for 3D carotid artery imaging. The ASIC, implemented in a 0.18 µm high-voltage Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (HV BCD) process, adopted a programmable switch matrix that allowed selected transducer elements in each row to be connected to a transmit and receive channel of an imaging system. This made the probe operate like an electronically translatable linear array, allowing large-aperture matrix arrays to be interfaced with a manageable number of system channels. This paper presents a second-generation ASIC that employed an improved switch design to minimize clock feedthrough and charge-injection effects of high-voltage metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (HV MOSFETs), which in the first-generation ASIC caused parasitic transmissions and associated imaging artifacts. The proposed switch controller, implemented with cascaded non-overlapping clock generators, generated control signals with improved timing to mitigate the effects of these non-idealities. Both simulation results and electrical measurements showed a 20 dB reduction of the switching artifacts. In addition, an acoustic pulse-echo measurement successfully demonstrated a 20 dB reduction of imaging artifacts.
Common Cybersecurity Requirements in IoT Standards, Best Practices, and Guidelines (2022)

The cybersecurity of the Internet of Things (IoT) is an increasing concern and product vendors are advised to follow security standards, best practices, and guidelines. From the many requirement sources, a vendor is likely to choose only a few. How does this selection impact the security requirements of an IoT product? To answer the question, we collect requirements from 16 sources and divide them into categories for comparison. Common categories are identified, with all sources covering Security design, Interface security, Authentication, Data protection, and System updates. The agreement on the high-level categories does not hold in the subcategories and the selection of the sources have a big impact to the requirement details. Consolidation of the IoT security requirements would be desirable and possible.
New consistent model of coupled transmission lines and its verification by the FD-TD method (1995)

The paper presents a new universal model of coupled transmission lines based truly on the mutual coupling concept. In the existing model a series electric coupling and parallel magnetic coupling are combined. The parallel electric and magnetic couplings as well as series electric and magnetic couplings are used in the new formulation. The new model is verified by the FDTD method which is for the first time adapted to the analysis of coupled microstrip lines.
Extention Of The Flow-compartmental Model Of Glucose Transport Kinetics To Measure Glucose Metabolism In The Human Skeletal Muscle (2005)

Assessment of glucose transport and metabolism in vivo in muscle is crucial to investigate glucose metabolism but difficult. Recently, glucose transport has been quantitated non-invasively in the human skeletal muscle by using a linear partly-flow compartmental model that accounts for blood flow heterogeneity. The aim here is to further develop this compartmental model in order to describe, in addition to glucose transport into and out of the cell, intracellular glucose kinetics. The multiple tracer dilution technique has been employed to generate the data. One stable and two radioactive isotopes have been used. The model consists of three parallel chains of compartments describing distribution and diffusion, to which cellular compartments are appended. A priori identifiability analysis of the model guarantees unique identifiability of the rate constant describing glucose metabolism, k et. The model was identified using nonlinear leas?-squares parameter estimation. kmet was estimated with very good precision. The compartmental model provides a novel approach to investigate non-invasively regional glucose metabolism in vivo in humans.
The discordant eardrum (2006)

At frequencies above 3 kHz, the tympanic membrane vibrates chaotically. By having many resonances, the eardrum can transmit the broadest possible bandwidth of sound with optimal sensitivity. In essence, the eardrum works best through discord. The eardrum's success as an instrument of hearing can be directly explained through a combination of its shape, angular placement, and composition. The eardrum has a conical asymmetrical shape, lies at a steep angle with respect to the ear canal, and has organized radial and circumferential collagen fiber layers that provide the scaffolding. Understanding the role of each feature in hearing transduction will help direct future surgical reconstructions, lead to improved microphone and loudspeaker designs, and provide a basis for understanding the different tympanic membrane structures across species. To analyze the significance of each anatomical feature, a computer simulation of the ear canal, eardrum, and ossicles was developed. It is shown that a cone-shaped eardrum can transfer more force to the ossicles than a flat eardrum, especially at high frequencies. The tilted eardrum within the ear canal allows it to have a larger area for the same canal size, which increases sound transmission to the cochlea. The asymmetric eardrum with collagen fibers achieves optimal transmission at high frequencies by creating a multitude of deliberately mistuned resonances. The resonances are summed at the malleus attachment to produce a smooth transfer of pressure across all frequencies. In each case, the peculiar properties of the eardrum are directly responsible for the optimal sensitivity of this discordant drum.
Particle Image micro-Rheology (PIR) using displacement probability density function (2023)

We present a novel approach to perform passive microrheology. A method to measure the rheological properties of fluids from the Brownian motion of suspended particles. Rheological properties are found from the particles' mean square displacements (MSDs) as a function of measurement time lag. Current state-of-the-art approaches find the MSD by tracking multiple particles' trajectories. However, particle tracking approaches face many limitations, including low accuracy and high computational cost, and they are only applicable to low particle seeding densities. Here, we present a novel method, termed particle image rheometry (PIR), for estimating the particle ensemble MSD from the temporal evolution of the probability density function of the displacement as a function of measurement time lag. First, the probability density function (PDF) of the particle displacements for each time lag is found using a generalized ensemble image cross-correlation approach that eliminates the need for particle tracking. Then, PDFs are used to calculate the MSD from which the complex viscosity of the solution is measured. We evaluate the performance of PIR using synthetic datasets and show that it can achieve an error of less than 1% in passive microrheology measurements, which corresponds to a twofold lower error than existing methods. Finally, we compare the measured complex viscosity from PIR with bulk rheometry for a polymeric solution and show agreement between the two measurements.
Cooperative spectrum sharing with joint receiver decoding (2013)

We consider a spectrum sharing protocol wherein the primary and secondary transmitters cooperatively relay each other's message. Transmission is done in two phases, with each transmitter attempting to decode messages from the other system transmission in a first phase. The second phase transmission consists of the decoded message superposed onto its own message. Priority is given to the primary system transmissions by having the primary message always transmitted over the two phases, while the secondary message is transmitted depending on successful decoding. We consider the scenario where the primary and secondary receivers are co-located, forming a virtual two-antenna receiver. We assess the performance of the system in terms of outage probability and characterize performance corresponding to each state of the Markov chain that governs the proposed transmission protocol. We show that joint decoding offers a 20 dB performance improvement over separate decoding for the primary user and 1.8 dB for the secondary user.
Evaluation of the Potential of Gaze Input for Game Interaction (2009)

To evaluate the potential of gaze input for game interaction, we used two tasks commonly found in video game control, target acquisition and target tracking, in a set of two experiments. In the first experiment, we compared the target acquisition and target tracking performance of two eye trackers with four other input devices. Gaze input had a similar performance to the mouse for big targets, and better performance than a joystick, a device often used in gaming. In the second experiment, we compared target acquisition performance using either gaze or mouse for pointing, and either a mouse button or an EMG switch for clicking. The hands-free gaze-EMG input combination was faster than the mouse while maintaining a similar error rate. Our results suggest that there is a potential for gaze input in game interaction, given a sufficiently accurate and responsive eye tracker and a well-designed interface.
<title>Response surface modeling utilizing lithographic process simulation</title> (1992)

A method of incorporating statistically designed fractional factorial experiments into lithographic process simulation software (PROLITH/2) has been used to determine input factor interrelationships inherent within a lithographic process. Rotatable Box-Behnken designs with three centerpoints were utilized for the experiment. The response surface methodology approach was used to analyze the influence of independent factors on a dependent response, and optimize each process. A `method of steepest ascent' was utilized to produce first-order models, which were verified by lack of fit testing. As optimum operating points were approached, a second-order model was fitted and analyzed. A series of experiments studying the effects of prebake, exposure, post-exposure bake, and development on critical dimension and profile in PROLITH/2 produced response surfaces relating each main factor effect as well as non-linear and interaction effects. Additionally, experiments were conducted studying effects of wavelength, numerical aperture, coherence, feature size, defocus, and flare on aerial image contrast. Process optimization for the target response value as well as process latitude as it relates to all factors simultaneously was then possible through use of the response surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Density Lipoprotein (LDL)‐Antioxidant Lignans from Myristica fragrans Seeds. (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A 230 MHz Half Bit Level Pipelined Multiplier using True Single Phase Clocking (1993)

An 8 bit by 8 bit signed two's complement pipelined multiplier in 1.6μm N well CMOS, capable of throughputs of 230 million multiplications per second, is described. A half bit level pipelined architecture, and the use of true single phase clocked circuitry, are the key features of this design. Simulation studies indicate that the multiplier dissipates 540mW at 230M Hz. The chip complexity is 5176 transistors, and the area is 1.5mm x 1.4mm.
Preparation of Fine Particles of ZnS-CdS Solid Solution by the Spray-Pyrolysis (1996)

Ultrasonic spray-pyrolysis method was applied to the preparation of fine particles of solid solution in the system ZnS-CdS. An aqueous solution of zinc nitrate, cadmium nitrate and thiourea was used as a starting solution. Morphology and crystallinity of the produced particles were examined as a function of preparation conditions and their composition. Spherical particles of a hexagonal phase were obtained by the pyrolysis at around 700°C. The size of the obtained particles was distributed in the range from 0.3 to 1.5μm; each particle was found to consist of much finer crystallites. Lattice constants of the particles varied linearly with the composition, showing that solid solution particles were formed in the whole composition range of ZnS-CdS.
Syntheses, opioid binding affinities, and potencies of dynorphin A analogues substituted in positions 1, 6, 7, 8 and 10 (1993)

Structural, stereochemical, stereoelectronic and conformational requirements for biological activity of dynorphin A1-11-NH2 analogues at opioid receptors were explored by substitution of Tyr1, Arg6, Arg7, Ile8 and Pro10 with other amino acid residues. Interestingly, substitution of Tyr1 with N alpha-Ac-Tyr1, D-Tyr1, Phe1 or p-BrPhe1 led to analogues that were quite potent at kappa opioid receptors, and additional substitution of Ile8 with D-Ala8 and/or Pro10 with D-Pro10 retained high potency in brain binding assay: [N alpha-Ac-Tyr1]- (1), [D-Tyr1]-(2) [Phe1]- (3), [Phe1,D-Ala8]- (5), [-BrPhe1, D-Ala8]- (6), [Phe1, D-Pro10]- (7) and [Phe1,D-Ala8, D-Pro10]- Dyn A1-11-NH2 (8) had IC50 (nM) binding affinities of 13.2, 18.6, 1.64, 1.26, 1.84, 2.44 and 1.62 nM, respectively. The D-Phe1 analogue 4, however, was only weakly active (610 nM). All of the analogues except 4 were modestly selective for kappa vs. mu guinea pig brain opioid receptor (11- to 88-fold) and quite selective for kappa vs. delta receptors (65-576). However, all of the analogues appeared to have very low or essentially no activity in the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deference functional bioassays, and one analogue, 5, appeared to have weak antagonist activities. On the other hand, if constrained amino acids such as beta-methylphenylalanine or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline carboxylic acid, and hydroxyproline were placed in the 1 position, inactive analogues or analogues with greatly reduced potency and biological activity were obtained (compounds 12-14). It had previously been suggested that the Arg6 and Arg7 residues were critical for biological activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reception Power Estimation using TxID Signal (2009)

ATSC 방식의 지상파 디지털 TV 방송에서는 단일 주파수 망(SFN: Single Frequency Network) 구성 시 송신기들과 중계기들의 단일 주파수 사용에 따른 간섭 문제가 발생한다. 송신기와 송신기, 송신기와 중계기, 그리고 중계기와 중계기 간의 단일 주파수 사용에 따른 간섭문제를 해결하기 위해서는 방송망에 대한 채널 프로파일과 각각의 송신기 혹은 중계기로부터의 개별 수신 전력이 필요하다. 이를 위해 ATSC 권고에서는 각 송신기 및 중계기에 식별(TxID: Transmitter Identification) 신호를 할당하여 송신 및 중계 신호에 부가하여 전송한다. 본 논문에서는 TxID 신호를 이용하여 SFN 방송망의 채널 프로파일을 검출하고, 별도의 수신전력계측장치를 통해 SFN 방송망의 전체 수신전력을 측정한 후, 검출된 채널 프로파일과 측정된 전체 수신전력을 이용하여 각각의 송신기 혹은 중계기로부터의 개별 수신전력을 추정하는 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 필드 테스트를 통해 제안된 수신전력 추정방법의 성능을 검증한다. In a single frequency network (SFN) for Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) terrestrial digital television (DTV) system, the interference due to the use of same frequency among multiple transmitters or repeaters is inevitable for receivers. This problem can be solved by adjusting transmit power and time of each transmitter and repeater. To adjust SFNs, the ATSC recommended practice (RP) introduces a transmitter identification (TxID) signal which is embedded in a signal from each transmitter or repeater. This paper proposes an efficient method to estimate the individual reception power from each transmitter or repeater based on the channel profile of SFN and the total reception power. Moreover, field test results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.