gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by 3 meters (2012)

Quantum entanglement between spatially separated objects is one of the most intriguing phenomena in physics. The outcomes of independent measurements on entangled objects show correlations that cannot be explained by classical physics. Besides being of fundamental interest, entanglement is a unique resource for quantum information processing and communication. Entangled qubits can be used to establish private information or implement quantum logical gates. Such capabilities are particularly useful when the entangled qubits are spatially separated, opening the opportunity to create highly connected quantum networks or extend quantum cryptography to long distances. Here we present a key experiment towards the realization of long-distance quantum networks with solid-state quantum registers. We have entangled two electron spin qubits in diamond that are separated by a three-meter distance. We establish this entanglement using a robust protocol based on local creation of spin-photon entanglement and a subsequent joint measurement of the photons. Detection of the photons heralds the projection of the spin qubits onto an entangled state. We verify the resulting non-local quantum correlations by performing single-shot readout on the qubits in different bases. The long-distance entanglement reported here can be combined with recently achieved initialization, readout and entanglement operations on local long-lived nuclear spin registers, enabling deterministic long-distance teleportation, quantum repeaters and extended quantum networks.
Fuel cycle cost, reactor physics and fuel manufacturing considerations for Erbia-bearing PWR fuel with > 5 wt% U-235 content (2012)

The efforts to reduce fuel cycle cost have driven LWR fuel close to the licensed limit in fuel fissile content, 5.0 wt% U-235 enrichment, and the acceptable duty on current Zr-based cladding. An increase in the fuel enrichment beyond the 5 wt% limit, while certainly possible, entails costly investment in infrastructure and licensing. As a possible way to offset some of these costs, the addition of small amounts of Erbia to the UO{sub 2} powder with >5 wt% U-235 has been proposed, so that its initial reactivity is reduced to that of licensed fuel and most modifications to the existing facilities and equipment could be avoided. This paper discusses the potentialities of such a fuel on the US market from a vendor's perspective. An analysis of the in-core behavior and fuel cycle performance of a typical 4-loop PWR with 18 and 24-month operating cycles has been conducted, with the aim of quantifying the potential economic advantage and other operational benefits of this concept. Subsequently, the implications on fuel manufacturing and storage are discussed. While this concept has certainly good potential, a compelling case for its short-term introduction as PWR fuel for the US market could not be determined. (authors)
Effectiveness of a Staged US and CT Protocol for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Appendicitis: Reducing Radiation Exposure in the Age of ALARA (2011)

A staged US and CT imaging protocol in which US is performed first in children suspected of having acute appendicitis is highly accurate and offers the opportunity to substantially reduce radiation.
Characterization and Expression of Novel 60‐kDa and 110‐kDa EGFR Isoforms in Human Placenta (2003)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and related family members (ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4) previously have been shown to play pivotal roles in the development of female reproductive tissues, in blastocyst implantation, and in placental differentiation. We have cloned and sequenced several naturally occurring alternative transcripts of the human and mouse EGFR genes, which encode novel receptor isoforms containing varying portions of the extracellular ligand-binding domain, but lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain sequences. The human 1.8-kb and 3-kb alternative EGFR transcripts encode secreted 60-kDa and cell surface-associated 110-kDa EGFR isoforms, respectively. We have developed quantitative ribonuclease protection assays to study the expression of these alternative transcripts in human tissues. Similar to the full-length EGFR mRNAs, the highest expression level of these alternative transcripts occurs in placenta. We speculate that both of these EGFR isoforms may be important regulators of EGF-mediated cell growth and differentiation in human placenta.
Interrogating the Behaviour of a Styryl Dye Interacting with a Mesoscopic 2D-MOF and Its Luminescent Vapochromic Sensing (2021)

In this contribution, we report on the solid-state-photodynamical properties and further applications of a low dimensional composite material composed by the luminescent trans-4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) dye interacting with a two-dimensional-metal organic framework (2D-MOF), Al-ITQ-HB. Three different samples with increasing concentration of DCM are synthesized and characterized. The broad UV-visible absorption spectra of the DCM/Al-ITQ-HB composites reflect the presence of different species of DCM molecules (monomers and aggregates). In contrast, the emission spectra are narrower and exhibit a bathochromic shift upon increasing the DCM concentration, in agreeance with the formation of adsorbed aggregates. Time-resolved picosecond (ps)-experiments reveal multi-exponential behaviors of the excited composites, further confirming the heterogeneous nature of the samples. Remarkably, DCM/Al-ITQ-HB fluorescence is sensitive to vapors of electron donor aromatic amine compounds like aniline, methylaniline, and benzylamine due to a H-bonding-induced electron transfer (ET) process from the analyte to the surface-adsorbed DCM. These findings bring new insights on the photobehavior of a well-known dye when interacting with a 2D-MOF and its possible application in sensing aniline derivatives.
Machine Learning-Based CSI Feedback With Variable Length in FDD Massive MIMO (2022)

To fully unlock the benefits of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks, downlink channel state information (CSI) is required at the base station (BS). In frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, the CSI is acquired through a feedback signal from the user equipment (UE). However, this may lead to an important overhead in FDD massive MIMO systems. Focusing on these systems, in this study, we propose a novel strategy to design the CSI feedback. Our strategy allows to optimally design variable length feedback, that is promising compared to fixed feedback since users experience channel matrices differently sparse. Specifically, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to compress the channel into a latent space with adaptive dimensionality. To quantize this compressed channel, the feedback bits are smartly allocated to the latent space dimensions by minimizing the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) distortion. Finally, the quantization codebook is determined with k-means clustering. Numerical simulations show that our strategy improves the zero-forcing beamforming sum rate by 17%, compared to CsiNetPro. The number of model parameters is reduced by 23.4 times, thus causing a significantly smaller offloading overhead. At the same time, PCA is characterized by a lightweight unsupervised training, requiring eight times fewer training samples than CsiNetPro.
The interaction between molten gallium and the hydrocarbon medium induced by ultrasonic energy—can gallium carbide be formed? (2017)

Abstract Ultrasonic irradiation of molten gallium in organic liquids (decane, dodecane, etc.) results in dispersion of the gallium into nanometric spheres. These were examined by several analytical methods XRD , DSC , Raman and IR spectroscopy) as well as electron microscopy ( SEM , TEM ) and found to be composed of Ga and C . The DSC analysis indicates that the Ga has possibly reacted with carbon, while the Raman spectrum of the product demonstrates a strong additional peak that could not be identified. This work explores the possibility that the product is gallium carbide or another gallium‐carbon complex. To investigate the nature of the product, we performed detailed extended X ‐ray absorption fine structure ( EXAFS ) and X ‐ray absorption near‐edge structure ( XANES ) analyses. On the basis of DSC , IR , and R aman it appear to be formation of GaC , whereas the analysis by EXAFS and XANES demonstrated that the gallium is found to be in a higher reduced state (almost metallic), supported by carbon. The question that remains open in addition to the one related to the formation of galium carbide is whether a complex structure, including oxygen contamination is involved in the layers surrounding the Ga as indicated by the EXAFS results.
Comparing Reentrant Drivers Predicted by Image-Based Computational Modeling and Mapped by Electrocardiographic Imaging in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (2018)

Electrocardiographic mapping (ECGI) detects reentrant drivers (RDs) that perpetuate arrhythmia in persistent AF (PsAF). Patient-specific computational models derived from late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) identify all latent sites in the fibrotic substrate that could potentially sustain RDs, not just those manifested during mapped AF. The objective of this study was to compare RDs from simulations and ECGI (RD<sub>sim</sub>/RD<sub>ECGI</sub>) and analyze implications for ablation. We considered 12 PsAF patients who underwent RD<sub>ECGI</sub> ablation. For the same cohort, we simulated AF and identified RD<sub>sim</sub> sites in patient-specific models with geometry and fibrosis distribution from pre-ablation LGE-MRI. RD<sub>sim</sub>- and RD<sub>ECGI</sub>-harboring regions were compared, and the extent of agreement between macroscopic locations of RDs identified by simulations and ECGI was assessed. Effects of ablating RD<sub>ECGI</sub>/RD<sub>sim</sub> were analyzed. RD<sub>sim</sub> were predicted in 28 atrial regions (median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] = 3.0 [1.0; 3.0] per model). ECGI detected 42 RD<sub>ECGI</sub>-harboring regions (4.0 [2.0; 5.0] per patient). The number of regions with RD<sub>sim</sub> and RD<sub>ECGI</sub> per individual was not significantly correlated (<i>R</i> = 0.46, <i>P</i> = ns). The overall rate of regional agreement was fair (modified Cohen's κ<sub>0</sub> statistic = 0.11), as expected, based on the different mechanistic underpinning of RD<sub>sim</sub>- and RD<sub>ECGI</sub>. nineteen regions were found to harbor both RD<sub>sim</sub> and RD<sub>ECGI</sub>, suggesting that a subset of clinically observed RDs was fibrosis-mediated. The most frequent source of differences (23/32 regions) between the two modalities was the presence of RD<sub>ECGI</sub> perpetuated by mechanisms other than the fibrotic substrate. In 6/12 patients, there was at least one region where a latent RD was observed in simulations but was not manifested during clinical mapping. Ablation of fibrosis-mediated RD<sub>ECGI</sub> (i.e., targets in regions that also harbored RD<sub>sim</sub>) trended toward a higher rate of positive response compared to ablation of other RD<sub>ECGI</sub> targets (57 vs. 41%, <i>P</i> = ns). Our analysis suggests that RDs in human PsAF are at least partially fibrosis-mediated. Substrate-based ablation combining simulations with ECGI could improve outcomes.
DWPF Air Lift Pump Life Cycle Evaluation (2004)

The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) air lift pump was successfully tested at Clemson for 72 days of operation. It provided sufficient flow to pump molten glass without excessive foaming. Slurry feeding also did not reveal any problems with cold cap stability. Metallurgically the Inconel 690 (690) portions of the pump were in excellent condition with no visual evidence of degradation even in high flow regions, i.e., air/melt interface and glass discharge regions. Spinel deposits, which completely covered the air passage on one side, were found at the inlet of each platinum/rhodium (Pt/Rh) nozzle. Although the deposits were extensive, they were porous and did not have an adverse effect on the operation of the pump. The technique used to secure the platinum/rhodium nozzles to the 690 housing appeared to be adequate with only minor oxidation of the 690 threads and glass in-leakage. Galvanic attack was observed where the nozzle formed a seal with the 690. Significant pitting of the 690 was observed around the entire seal. Intergranular cracking of the Pt/Rh alloy was extensive but the cause could not be determined. Testing would be required to evaluate the degradation. Data from the performance test and the metallurgical evaluation are being used to modify the design of the first DWPF production air lift pump. It will be fabricated entirely from 690 and use argon as the purge gas. It is intended to have a service life of 6 months. Recommendations for insertion, operation, and inspection of the pump are also included in this report. Performance data collected from the operation of the production pump will be used to further optimize the design. Laboratory exposure tests should also be performed to evaluate the galvanic effect between platinum/rhodium and 690.
Supported Liquid Phase Catalysis (2017)

The supported liquid phase (SLP) catalyst was introduced as a classical heterogeneous catalyst but much later, in the 1940s, Frazer and Topsoe realized that under the applied reaction conditions the system is in fact a molten salt on the support. It is best described as a melt of vanadium alkali sulfate/hydrogen-sulfate/pyrosulfate on silica under the reaction conditions of 400-600 °C with the vanadium complexes playing a key role in the catalytic reaction. This chapter concentrates solely on the coating of surfaces with thin films of liquids (organics, water, ionic liquids) to achieve uniform surface properties via efficient immobilization of homogeneous catalyst complexes. Most supports used in SLP catalysis to date are commercially available porous silica or alumina with a moderate to high surface area of 300-500m2 g−1. The SLP technique has been applied to other hydroformylation reactions in the gas-phase, with a focus on optimizing the catalyst performance by reaction engineering methods.
Multimodal imaging of secondary vitreoretinal lymphoma with optic neuritis and retinal vasculitis (2020)

The findings indicate that it is important to examine the marginal areas of eyes clinically diagnosed with VRL accompanied by optic neuritis and retinal vasculitis by multimodal imaging because these images can show the inflammatory signs of typical VRL including the sub-RPE lesions.
Cherenkov‐excited luminescence scanned imaging using scanned beam differencing and iterative deconvolution in dynamic plan radiation delivery in a human breast phantom geometry (2019)

High resolution CELSI was achieved with a clinical breast external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plan. It is anticipated that this method can allow visualization and localization for luminescence/fluorescence tagged vasculature, lymph nodes, or superficial tagged regions with most dynamic treatment plans.
Critical Role for Telomerase in the Mechanism of Flow-Mediated Dilation in the Human Microcirculation (2015)

We have identified a novel role for telomerase in re-establishing a physiological mechanism of vasodilation in arterioles from subjects with CAD. These findings suggest a new target for reducing the oxidative milieu in the microvasculature of patients with CAD.
The prolate spheroidal wave functions as invariants of the time reversal operator for an extended scatterer in the Fraunhofer approximation (2009)

The decomposition of the time reversal operator, known by the French acronym DORT, is widely used to detect, locate, and focus on scatterers in various domains such as underwater acoustics, medical ultrasound, and nondestructive evaluation. In the case of point-scatterers, the theory is well understood: The number of nonzero eigenvalues is equal to the number of scatterers, and the eigenvectors correspond to the scatterers Green's function. In the case of extended objects, however, the formalism is not as simple. It is shown here that, in the Fraunhofer approximation, analytical solutions can be found and that the solutions are functions called prolate spheroidal wave-functions. These functions have been studied in information theory as a basis of band-limited and time-limited signals. They also arise in optics. The theoretical solutions are compared to simulation results. Most importantly, the intuition that for an extended objects, the number of nonzero eigenvalues is proportional to the number of resolution cell in the object is justified. The case of three-dimensional objects imaged by a two-dimensional array is also dealt with. Comparison with previous solutions is made, and an application to super-resolution of scatterers is presented.
An experiment below the wave diffraction limits with an acoustic sink: the ideal time reversal experiment (2001)

Time reversal has successfully demonstrated the ability to focus acoustic waves in the laboratory for several years. However, the minimal focal spot dimension is always larger than half the wavelength, which is in agreement with diffraction limit. We will show that this behavior is related to the presence of a diverging wave that is always created after the convergent wave collapse at the focus. In a time reversal experiment, by replacing the initial source by its time reversed image, we may eliminate this diverging wave. Such a process allows to create an acoustic sink which absorbs the converging wave. Thus, with the elimination of the diverging wave, the focal spot can become much smaller than the one predicted by the diffraction limit. In this paper, we present the first experimental demonstration of an acoustic sink and we observe focal spot smaller than 1/14 the wavelength.
Nondestructive, high-resolution, chemically specific 3D nanostructure characterization using phase-sensitive EUV imaging reflectometry (2021)

Next-generation nano- and quantum devices have increasingly complex 3D structure. As the dimensions of these devices shrink to the nanoscale, their performance is often governed by interface quality or precise chemical or dopant composition. Here, we present the first phase-sensitive extreme ultraviolet imaging reflectometer. It combines the excellent phase stability of coherent high-harmonic sources, the unique chemical sensitivity of extreme ultraviolet reflectometry, and state-of-the-art ptychography imaging algorithms. This tabletop microscope can nondestructively probe surface topography, layer thicknesses, and interface quality, as well as dopant concentrations and profiles. High-fidelity imaging was achieved by implementing variable-angle ptychographic imaging, by using total variation regularization to mitigate noise and artifacts in the reconstructed image, and by using a high-brightness, high-harmonic source with excellent intensity and wavefront stability. We validate our measurements through multiscale, multimodal imaging to show that this technique has unique advantages compared with other techniques based on electron and scanning probe microscopies.
Abstract 3242: New chemical tools for disrupting the MDM2/p53 protein-protein interaction: Identification, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of MDM2/p53 inhibitors (2011)

Abstract MDM2 and MDMX function as key regulators of p53 by binding to its N terminus, inhibiting its transcriptional activity, and promoting its degradation. In particular, MDM2 is overexpressed in some of human tumors, and with MDMX contributes directly to loss of p53 function during the development of nearly 50% of human cancers. Due to p53 inactivation, MDM2 in many tumors confers tumor survival; therefore it is an important molecular target for anticancer therapy. Several studies showed that reactivation of wild type p53 in tumor cells can be obtained by disrupting the MDM2/p53 interaction with peptidic, peptidomimetic, and small molecule p53-mimetics. Specific successful examples include the Nutlins and spirooxindole analogs (MI-219 and MI-63). Amongst the peptidic and peptidomimetic inhibitors examined to date, none is nearly as effective as Nutlins and MI-219 in tumor killing in vitro. Hence, new inhibitors against MDM2 and/or MDMX are needed: as cell permeable chemical probes of the p53 pathway in cancer biology, and as templates for structure-based rational design of p53 activators for future therapeutic use. As part of our drug discovery program to identify antagonists of the p53/MDM2 and p53/MDMx protein-protein interactions, a high-throughput in-silico screen of a 3.2 millions virtual library of compounds (from Schrödinger, Inc.). A physical restraint was applied during the screen, in order to mimic binding to the hydrophobic cleft of MDM2 normally occupied by three p53 side chains (F19, W23, and L26) that are critical for MDM2/p53 binding. The top highest ranked 160 compounds were then assessed for their ability to block p53 interaction with MDM2 and MDMx in an ELISA assay. This resulted in the identification of E12/DP3-117, a small molecule disruptor of the p53/MDM2 protein-protein interaction with an IC50 value of 47 ± 14 μM. We will report the synthesis and biological evaluation of focused libraries based on the initial hit and on compounds showing improved activity. Structure activity relationship studies around the hits will be disclosed as well as the outcomes of further rounds of chemical design and biological assessment. Binding of E12/DP3-117 to MDM2 is currently being assessed via co-crystallization and other biophysical techniques. We will describe the use of the crystal structure of p53-like mutant peptides in complex with the N-terminal domains of Mdm2, as the basis for rational design of more potent MDM2 small-molecule/peptide hybrid inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3242. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3242
Figures S2 and S3 from Extracellular-Regulated Protein Kinase 5-Mediated Control of p21 Expression Promotes Macrophage Proliferation Associated with Tumor Growth and Metastasis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;These supplementary data show that the reduction in the number of TAMs caused by myeloid ERK5 deficiency correlates with reduced melanoma cell proliferation in melanoma grafts.&lt;/p&gt;
IR permittivities for silicides and doped silicon (2010)

The complex permittivity for Pt, Pd, Ni, and Ti-silicide films as well as heavily doped p- and n-type silicon were determined by ellipsometry over the energy range 0.031 eV to 4.0 eV. Fits to the Drude model gave bulk plasma and relaxation frequencies. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and four-point probe measurements complemented the optical characterization. Calculations from measured permittivities of waveguide loss and mode confinement suggest that the considered materials are better suited for long-wavelength surface-plasmon-polariton waveguide applications than metal films.