gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal-induced gap states modeling of metal-Ge contacts with and without a silicon nitride ultrathin interfacial layer (2011)

Metal-induced gap states (MIGS) modeling is used to elucidate the lack of Fermi level pinning at metal-insulator−Ge interfaces. Energy band diagram assessment reveals the existence of two dipoles at the metal-insulator and the insulator−semiconductor interface. The metal−insulator dipole modulates the metal-insulator interface electron barrier and the voltage drop across the insulator but does not affect the barrier to electron transport across the metal-insulator−Ge interface. Rather, this electron transport barrier is established by the metal-semiconductor work function difference and the insulator−semiconductor dipole. Thus, the lack of Fermi level pinning at a metal-insulator−Ge interface is attributed to the fact that the electron transport barrier does not depend upon MIGS screening. A quantitative formulation of this metal-insulator−semiconductor interface MIGS-based model confirms the lack of Fermi level pinning. Furthermore, it indicates that care must be taken when assessing experimental barrier height- work function data since the slope parameter should only be evaluated for the range of metal work function in which the semiconductor is in depletion. This range of work function for which the semiconductor is in depletion is quite limited for the case of a narrow bandgap semiconductor, such as Ge.
Guided test visualization: Making sense of errors in concurrent programs (2011)

This paper describes a tool to help debug error traces found by the Java Pathfinder model checker in concurrent Java programs. It does this by abstracting out thread interactions and program locations that are not obviously pertinent to the error through control flow or data dependence. The tool then iteratively refines the abstraction by adding thread interactions at critical locations until the error is reachable. The tool visualizes the entire process and enables the user to systematically analyze each abstraction and execution. Such an approach explicitly identifies specific context switch locations and thread interactions needed to debug a concurrent error trace in small to moderate programs that can be managed by the Java Pathfinder Tool.
Electro-oxidation of organic fuels catalyzed by ultrasmall silicon nanoparticles (2008)

Ultrasmall colloidal silicon nanoparticles behave as electrocatalysts for the oxidation of ethanol, methanol, and glucose. Electrochemical characterization of particle-immobilized electrodes shows a catalytic onset between −0.4 and 0 V versus Ag/AgCl at neutral pH. The onset potential and the catalytic strength are dependent on the particle size. A prototype hybrid biofuel cell was constructed, using the particles as the anode catalyst. The catalytic activity undergoes a 50-fold increase under alkaline condition compared to that under acidic condition. An unexpected light dependence of the catalytic current was observed. A significant increase in the catalytic current is obtained when the catalysis is performed in darkness.
An Efficient Digital Backend for Wideband Single-Carrier mmWave Massive MIMO (2019)

Millimeter wave (mmWave) carrier frequencies offer the dual benefits of large bandwidth and physically compact antenna arrays with a large number of elements, so that a large number of simultaneous independently modulated users can be supported with digital beamforming. In this paper, we propose an efficient digital backend design for a wideband mmWave massive MIMO uplink taking full advantage of both features. The challenges in receiver design for a wideband system with a large antenna array include the following: (a) for each user, there is a multi-symbol delay spread across the array, hence the receiver must handle intersymbol as well as multiuser interference; (b) even though we consider channels with a single dominant path, the spatial frequency for a user becomes smeared across the band; (c) the natural strategy of MIMO-OFDM used at lower carrier frequencies is unattractive at mmWave frequencies because the linearity requirements due to large peak-to-average ratio are difficult to meet. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique that combines spatial domain FFT and time domain FFT, together with an interpolation technique for limiting the spread of spatial frequency across the band which significantly reduces the complexity of beamformer weight acquisition. We present simulation results for a system operating at 140 GHz with a bandwidth of 14 GHz and a 256-element horizontally-scanning linear base station array.
Active magnetic bearing systems with standard drive technology for large turbo machines (2010)

In the Oil & Gas industry, the primary bearing is an oil sleeve bearing. Around two decades ago, active magnetic bearings (AMB) were introduced into the market but they never gained a relevant market share in large turbo machinery. This paper discusses how standard drive technology can be successfully adapted to control AMB systems. Furthermore, results of prototype testing with large turbo machinery and the advantages regarding commissioning and service are presented. The benefits of using standard drive technology for commissioning and service are discussed and results of a prototype test are presented.
Steady-State Catalytic Wave-Shapes for 2-Electron Reversible Electrocatalysts and Enzymes (2013)

Using direct electrochemistry to learn about the mechanism of electrocatalysts and redox enzymes requires that kinetic models be developed. Here we thoroughly discuss the interpretation of electrochemical signals obtained with adsorbed enzymes and molecular catalysts that can reversibly convert their substrate and product. We derive analytical relations between electrochemical observables (overpotentials for catalysis in each direction, positions, and magnitudes of the features of the catalytic wave) and the characteristics of the catalytic cycle (redox properties of the catalytic intermediates, kinetics of intramolecular and interfacial electron transfer, etc.). We discuss whether or not the position of the wave is determined by the redox potential of a redox relay when intramolecular electron transfer is slow. We demonstrate that there is no simple relation between the reduction potential of the active site and the catalytic bias of the enzyme, defined as the ratio of the oxidative and reductive limiting currents; this explains the recent experimental observation that the catalytic bias of NiFe hydrogenase depends on steps of the catalytic cycle that occur far from the active site [Abou Hamdan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8368]. On the experimental side, we examine which models can best describe original data obtained with various NiFe and FeFe hydrogenases, and we illustrate how the presence of an intramolecular electron transfer chain affects the voltammetry by comparing the data obtained with the FeFe hydrogenases from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Clostridium acetobutylicum, only one of which has a chain of redox relays. The considerations herein will help the interpretation of electrochemical data previously obtained with various other bidirectional oxidoreductases, and, possibly, synthetic inorganic catalysts.
Agronomic characteristics of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) near-isogenic lines differing at the Waxy (Wx) locus (2015)

Hucl, P. and Ramachandran, A. 2015. Agronomic characteristics of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) near-isogenic lines differing at the Waxy (Wx) locus. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 201-204. Null mutations of the Waxy gene in all three genomes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) produce a waxy starch phenotype. The agronomic performance of 32 waxy, partially waxy and wild-type near-isogenic spring wheat lines and four check cultivars was assessed at two locations over three cropping seasons. Differences in grain yield, kernel weight and test weight among allelic groups were generally small. The results of our study suggest that no significantly negative effects are likely to occur in the commercial cultivation of partially waxy wheat lines derived from a CWRS cultivar.
There Can Be No Turing-Test-Passing Memorizing Machines (2014)

Anti-behaviorist arguments against the validity of the Turing Test as a sufficient condition for attributing intelligence are based on a &lt;i&gt;memorizing machine&lt;/i&gt;, which has recorded within it responses to every possible Turing Test interaction of up to a fixed length. The mere possibility of such a machine is claimed to be enough to invalidate the Turing Test.\n\nI consider the nomological possibility of memorizing machines, and how long a Turing Test they can pass. I replicate my previous analysis of this &lt;i&gt;critical Turing Test length&lt;/i&gt; based on the age of the universe, show how considerations of communication time shorten that estimate and allow eliminating the sole remaining contingent assumption, and argue that the bound is so short that it is incompatible with the very notion of the Turing Test. I conclude that the memorizing machine objection to the Turing Test as a sufficient condition for attributing intelligence is invalid.
Leptolyngbyolides, Cytotoxic Macrolides from the Marine Cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp.: Isolation, Biological Activity, and Catalytic Asymmetric Total Synthesis (2017)

Four new macrolactones, leptolyngbyolides A-D, were isolated from the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. collected in Okinawa, Japan. The planar structures of leptolyngbyolides were determined by extensive NMR studies, although complete assignment of the absolute configuration awaited the catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of leptolyngbyolide C. The synthesis took advantage of the catalytic asymmetric thioamide-aldol reaction using copper(I) complexed with a chiral bidentate phosphine ligand to regulate two key stereochemistries of the molecule at the outset. The present total synthesis demonstrates the utility of this reaction for the construction of complex chemical entities. In addition to the total synthesis, this work reports that leptolyngbyolides depolymerize filamentous actin (F-actin) both in vitro and in cells. Detailed biological studies suggest the probable order of F-actin depolymerization and apoptosis caused by leptolyngbyolides.
Vascular endothelial cells and granulopoiesis: interleukin-1 stimulates release of G-CSF and GM-CSF (1988)

Cultured mononuclear phagocytes produce soluble factors that stimulate endothelial cells to release GM-colony-stimulating activity (GM-CSA). One such factor was recently identified as interleukin 1 (IL 1). Studies were designed to determine which types of granulopoietic factors are released by IL 1-stimulated endothelial cells. Supernatants from endothelial cells cultured for 3 days in medium containing IL 1 alpha and beta were tested in both murine and human CFU-GM colony growth assays. The effect of conditioned media on differentiation of WEHI-3B myelomonocytic leukemic cells was also examined. Control media containing IL 1 alone or unstimulated endothelial cell-conditioned media contained no detectable CSA in any bioassay. Medium conditioned by IL 1-stimulated endothelial cells stimulated the clonal growth of both human and murine CFU-GM and induced macrophage differentiation of WEHI-3B cells. Treatment of these conditioned media with a highly specific neutralizing monoclonal G-CSF antibody completely inhibited their activity in the murine CFU-GM assay, but only partially inhibited GM colony growth by human marrow. Treatment of the active conditioned media with a neutralizing rabbit anti-human GM-CSF antibody partially reduced the activity of the media in the human GM-colony growth assay. G-CSF radioimmunoassay of endothelial cell culture supernatants and Northern blot analysis of endothelial cell cytoplasmic RNA for GM-CSF gene transcripts confirmed that IL 1 induced expression of both G-CSF and GM-CSF genes. Because treatment of media with both antibodies abrogated all activity in the human GM colony growth assay, we conclude that IL 1-stimulated endothelial cells release both G and GM-CSF and that these are the only granulopoietic factors detectable in clonogenic assays released by these cells in vitro.
Supplementary Figure 3 from STING Ligand c-di-GMP Improves Cancer Vaccination against Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 39K, Figure S3: High dose c-di-GMP killed 4T1 tumor cells directly.&lt;/p&gt;
Respiratory impedance in children with cystic fibrosis using forced oscillations in clinic (2007)

Measurement of lung function is an important component of clinical management in cystic fibrosis (CF), but has been difficult in young children. The present study aimed to characterise the utility of the forced oscillation technique for measurement of lung function in preschool-aged children with CF in a routine clinical setting. Lung function was assessed in 56 young children (aged 2-7 yrs) with CF. Respiratory system resistance (R(rs)) and reactance (X(rs)) at 6, 8 and 10 Hz were measured and expressed as Z-scores. Children were classified as asymptomatic or symptomatic based on an administered respiratory questionnaire and physical examination at the time of testing. Between-test repeatability was assessed in 25 children. Measurement of lung function using the forced oscillation technique was feasible in the CF clinic. The children with CF, as a group, had Z-scores for R(rs) at 6 Hz (R(rs,6)) R(rs,8), R(rs,10), X(rs) at 6 Hz (X(rs,6)) and X(rs,8) that were significantly different from zero. Children with current symptoms showed significantly decreased X(rs) and increased R(rs,6) compared with asymptomatic children. Measurement of lung function using the forced oscillation technique is feasible in young children with cystic fibrosis in a clinical setting. The technique has the potential to improve knowledge concerning early cystic fibrosis lung disease.
Ballistic electron transport in semiconductor heterostructures and its analogies in electromagnetic propagation in general dielectrics (1991)

A comprehensive set of analogies between ballistic electron wave propagation in semiconductors (arbitrary kinetic energy and effective mass) and electromagnetic propagation in general dielectrics (arbitrary permittivity and permeability) is established. The expressions for electron wave propagation, reflection, and refraction are developed and shown to have the same functional form as in electromagnetics, if analogous definitions of electron wave phase and amplitude refractive indexes are used. The reflectivity characteristics such as total internal reflection (critical angle) and zero reflectivity (Brewster angle) are analyzed as a function of material parameters for both general dielectrics and semiconductor materials. The critical angle and Brewster angle results are then applied to electron wave propagation in Ga/sub 1-x/Al/sub x/As, where it is shown that all interfaces in this material will have both a critical angle and a Brewster angle due to differing effective masses across the interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Simple Synthesis of 3-Acetamido-β-resorcylic Acids as Potential FabF and FabH Inhibitors without Using Protecting Groups (2009)

A simple two-step strategy for the synthesis of 3-acet­amido-β-resorcylic acids as potential platensimycin analogues was developed. It avoids the use of protecting group chemistry and starts from 2-aminoresorcinol, which is first N-acylated and then subjected to a modified Kolbe-Schmitt carboxylation to yield the desired 3-acetamido-β-resorcylic acids.
Minimum 10-Year Outcomes After Revision Anatomic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Joint Instability (2020)

Patients undergoing revision ACCR after failed operative treatment for type III through V AC joint injuries maintained significant improvement in clinical outcomes at a minimum 10-year follow-up.
Immediate Breast and Chest Wall Reconstruction for Advanced Breast Cancer (2011)

Purpose: Advanced breast cancer traditionally has been perceived as a contraindication to immediate breast reconstruction, because of concerns regarding adjuvant treatment delays and the cosmetic effects of radiotherapy to breast reconstruction, so delayed reconstruction is usually preferred in advanced breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. However, with the improved outcome using multimodality therapy, consisting of perioperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, immediate breast reconstruction is now being performed as surgical option for selected advanced breast cancer patients. Additionally, advanced breast cancer patients may be needed soft tissue coverage of an extensive skin and soft tussue defect after mastectomy. Current authors have experienced several types of immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction for advanced breast cancer. Methods: From December of 2007 to June of 2009, 14 women performed for immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction for advanced breast cancer. They had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy or radical mastectomy. Four different techniques were used immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction, which are pedicled TRAM flap (4 cases), extended LD flap with STSG (3 cases), thoracoabdominal flap (4 cases) and thoracoepigastric flap (3 cases). Results: The mean age was 53 years and mean follow up period was 9 months. Patients' oncologic status ranged stage IIIa to stage IV. Two patients had major complications: partial flap necrosis of TRAM flap and one distal necrosis of thoracoabdominal flap. Three patients with stage IV disease died from metastases. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction can be considered as surgical option for advanced breast cancer. But we need long term follow up and large prospective studies for recurrence and survival.
Application of 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy to study the biosynthesis of the quinolizidine alkaloids lupinine and sparteine (1986)

The labelling patterns in (–)-sparteine (14) and (–)-lupinine (15) derived biosynthetically from [1-amino-15N,1-13C]cadaverine dihydrochloride (13) have been established by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy. Three units of (13) are incorporated to about the same extent into sparteine, and two 13C-15N doublets are observed in the 13C{1H} n.m.r. spectrum of sparteine, demonstrating that two of these cadaverine units are converted into the outer rings of sparteine in a specific fashion. Two cadaverine (13) units are incorporated into lupinine (15) and one 13C-15N doublet is observed. These results, and 14C-labelling experiments with 1,7,13-triazatridecane (10) indicate that a later C5–N–C5 intermediate with C2v symmetry, such as (10), is not involved in lupinine or sparteine biosynthesis.
Effect of High Pressure on the Time-Dependent Rheological Properties of Cement Paste (2023)

To improve the understanding of underlying mechanism concerning the change in concrete properties after pumping, the effect of pressure (from atmospheric pressure to 15 MPa) on the time-dependent rheological properties of cement paste was investigated by a rotational rheometer with a high-pressure cell. It is suggested that effect of pressurization on yield stress was mainly related to cement hydration. Under high pressure, cement hydration was accelerated and more ettringite was formed, which resulted in a remarkably increased specific surface area of hydrated cement. Moreover, morphology of hydration products changed under high pressure, and longer rodlike precipitated gypsum was formed, which was disadvantage for improving packing density. The higher specific surface area of hydrated cement, longer rodlike precipitated gypsum, and more mixing water consumed by hydration reduced the average separation distance of particles and increased the relative solid volume fraction, thereby resulting in a significant increase in yield stress of cement pastes.
A cryogen-free open superconducting magnet for interventional MRI applications (1995)

A 0.5 T cryogen-free superconducting magnet with an open geometry has been designed for use in MRI-guided minimally invasive surgery and other interventional procedures. The magnet consists of a split pair of coils to allow surgeons direct access to the patient within the field-of-view of the imaging system. The magnet is wound using Nb/sub 3/Sn tape conductor and is maintained at approximately 10 K using a pair of Gifford-McMahon refrigerators. High-Tc superconducting current leads have been used in order to minimize the heat leak to the magnet. A passive quench protection system was developed for this unique magnet geometry. High quality MR images have been produced and used for interventional procedures. Descriptions of the design, fabrication, and test results of the magnet are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Splitting Times of Doubly Quantized Vortices in Dilute Bose-Einstein Condensates (2006)

Recently, the splitting of a topologically created doubly quantized vortex into two singly quantized vortices was experimentally investigated in dilute atomic cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates [Y. Shin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 160406 (2004)10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.160406]. In particular, the dependency of the splitting time on the peak particle density was studied. We present results of theoretical simulations which closely mimic the experimental setup. We show that the combination of gravitational sag and time dependency of the trapping potential alone suffices to split the doubly quantized vortex in time scales which are in good agreement with the experiments.
Insights into the Effects of Zinc Doping on Structural Phase Transition of P2-Type Sodium Nickel Manganese Oxide Cathodes for High-Energy Sodium Ion Batteries (2016)

P2-type sodium nickel manganese oxide-based cathode materials with higher energy densities are prime candidates for applications in rechargeable sodium ion batteries. A systematic study combining in situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), ex situ X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy (XAFS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR) techniques was carried out to gain a deep insight into the structural evolution of P2-Na0.66Ni0.33-xZnxMn0.67O2 (x = 0, 0.07) during cycling. In situ HEXRD and ex situ TEM measurements indicate that an irreversible phase transition occurs upon sodium insertion-extraction of Na0.66Ni0.33Mn0.67O2. Zinc doping of this system results in a high structural reversibility. XAFS measurements indicate that both materials are almost completely dependent on the Ni(4+)/Ni(3+)/Ni(2+) redox couple to provide charge/discharge capacity. SS-NMR measurements indicate that both reversible and irreversible migration of transition metal ions into the sodium layer occurs in the material at the fully charged state. The irreversible migration of transition metal ions triggers a structural distortion, leading to the observed capacity and voltage fading. Our results allow a new understanding of the importance of improving the stability of transition metal layers.