gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transmission of Wireless and Wired Services Employing a Simple System Architecture (2010)

This letter presents a novel modulation approach for simultaneous generation and transmission of optical radio-frequency (RF) wireless vector signal and baseband (BB) wireline signal using a single-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator. Based on a double sideband with carrier suppression scheme and properly predistorted driving vector signal, a 2.5-Gb/s quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal at 60 GHz is generated with a 1.25-Gb/s BB ON-OFF-keying (OOK) signal. The proposed system can carry higher spectral efficiency vector signals and needs no optical filter to separate the BB and RF signals at remote nodes. Moreover, optical RF signal generation with frequency doubling is also achieved to reduce the bandwidth requirement of the transmitter. After transmission over 25-km single-mode fiber, the power penalties of the generated QPSK and OOK signals are about 4 and 0.1 dB, respectively.
NMR-Metabolic Methodology in the Study of GM Foods (2010)

The 1H-NMR methodology used in the study of genetically modified (GM) foods is discussed. Transgenic lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv \"Luxor\") over-expressing the Arabidopsis KNAT1 gene is presented as a case study. Twenty-two water-soluble metabolites (amino acids, organic acids, sugars) present in leaves of conventional and GM lettuce were monitored by NMR and quantified at two developmental stages. The NMR spectra did not reveal any difference in metabolite composition between the GM lettuce and the wild type counterpart. Statistical analyses of metabolite variables highlighted metabolism variation as a function of leaf development as well as the transgene. A main effect of the transgene was in altering sugar metabolism.
Contextual in-situ visualization for port placement in keyhole surgery: Evaluation of three target applications by two surgeons and eighteen medical trainees (2009)

Port position in minimally invasive surgeries is chosen to minimize the lesion of tissue and maximize the movability for endoscopic instruments. In this study, we present an evaluation of the potential of a 3D contextual in-situ visualization of the anatomic target region to help surgeons for three different surgical procedures decide where best to create ports and incisions to enable the insertion of a specific set of instruments.
Active shielding of RLC global interconnects (2002)

In this paper we apply the concept of active shielding to inductive global interconnections. Active shields, which are shield wires that are switched at the same time as the signal wire, were initially developed to speed global signal propagation in RC dominated lines by ensuring in-phase switching of adjacent nets. This work further investigates this concept by examining RLC wiring. We find a distinct line width crossover point at which in-phase switching of neighbors no longer offers benefits and where the increased inductive behavior introduces substantial ringing. We propose the use of out-of-phase active shielding for such wide inductive lines. This technique is shown to significantly reduce ringing behavior (up to 4.5X) and offer better slopes (up to 40% reduction) and signal propagation delays, all of which are shown in the context of a clock net optimization.
The M Protein of Streptococcus pyogenes Strain AP53 Retains Cell Surface Functional Plasminogen Binding after Inactivation of the Sortase A Gene (2020)

<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (Lancefield group A <i>Streptococcus</i> [GAS]) is a β-hemolytic human-selective pathogen that is responsible for a large number of morbid and mortal infections in humans. For efficient infection, GAS requires different types of surface proteins that provide various mechanisms for evading human innate immune responses, thus enhancing pathogenicity of the bacteria. Many such virulence-promoting proteins, including the major surface signature M protein, are translocated after biosynthesis through the cytoplasmic membrane and temporarily tethered to this membrane via a type 1 transmembrane domain (TMD) positioned near the COOH terminus. In these proteins, a sorting signal, LPXTG, is positioned immediately upstream of the TMD, which is cleaved by the membrane-associated transpeptidase, sortase A (SrtA), leading to the covalent anchoring of these proteins to newly emerging l-Ala-l-Ala cross-bridges of the growing peptidoglycan cell wall. Herein, we show that inactivation of the <i>srtA</i> gene in a skin-tropic pattern D GAS strain (AP53) results in retention of the M protein in the cell membrane. However, while the isogenic AP53 Δ<i>srtA</i> strain is attenuated in overall pathogenic properties due to effects on the integrity of the cell membrane, our data show that the M protein nonetheless can extend from the cytoplasmic membrane through the cell wall and then to the surface of the bacteria and thereby retain its important properties of productively binding and activating fluid-phase host plasminogen (hPg). The studies presented herein demonstrate an underappreciated additional mechanism of cell surface display of bacterial virulence proteins via their retention in the cell membrane and extension to the GAS surface.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Group A <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (GAS) is a human-specific pathogen that produces many surface factors, including its signature M protein, that contribute to its pathogenicity. M proteins undergo specific membrane localization and anchoring to the cell wall via the transpeptidase sortase A. Herein, we explored the role of sortase A function on M protein localization, architecture, and function, employing, a skin-tropic GAS isolate, AP53, which expresses a human plasminogen (hPg)-binding M (PAM) Protein. We showed that PAM anchored in the cell membrane, due to the targeted inactivation of sortase A, was nonetheless exposed on the cell surface and functionally interacted with host hPg. We demonstrate that M proteins, and possibly other sortase A-processed proteins that are retained in the cell membrane, can still function to initiate pathogenic processes by this underappreciated mechanism.
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Powder Dissolution (2002)

ABSTRACT: Sucrose (20 wt%) and lactose (10 wt%) powders were mixed with water (at 2, 20, and 40 °C) and allowed to dissolve. The proportion of an ultrasonic pulse reflecting at the interface between a polymer delay line and the dissolving sugars decreased during the dissolution process, and the magnitude of this signal, normalized to the echo from pure water, was proportional to only the dissolved portion. Ultrasonic reflectance is thus an appropriate sensor to monitor powder dissolution since it can distinguish dissolved and undissolved fractions without prior separation. The kinetics of sucrose dissolution were modeled using a cube‐root equation and the rate constant of the process increased with temperature.
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonitis (1970)

The clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis, and complications of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis are reviewed. The value of obtaining a frozen section on lung tissue removed at biopsy for the rapid diagnosis of this disorder is emphasized.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Binding for Rebek′s Diacid (I) in Chloroform. A Demure Host for Pyrazine. (1989)

Abstract Monte Carlo statistical mechanics simulations are carried out to compute the structures and relative free energy of binding for complexes (I)·(II) and (I)·(III) in CHCl 3 (250 or 380 molecules in a periodic box).
Cervical sympathectomy to treat cerebral vasospasm: a scoping review (2022)

This scoping review suggests that CSB may be a viable option for treatment and prevention of CAV/DCI in patients with aSAH, although the included studies were heterogeneous, mostly observational, and with a small sample size. Further research is needed to standardize the technique and prove its effectiveness to treat patients suffering of CAV/DCI after aSAH.
Fatigue depresses maximal in vitro skeletal muscle Na+-K+-ATPase activity in untrained and trained individuals (2002)

This study investigated whether fatiguing dynamic exercise depresses maximal in vitro Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity and whether any depression is attenuated with chronic training. Eight untrained (UT), eight resistance-trained (RT), and eight endurance-trained (ET) subjects performed a quadriceps fatigue test, comprising 50 maximal isokinetic contractions (180 degrees /s, 0.5 Hz). Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before and immediately after exercise and were analyzed for maximal in vitro Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (K(+)-stimulated 3-O-methylfluoroscein phosphatase) activity. Resting samples were analyzed for [(3)H]ouabain binding site content, which was 16.6 and 18.3% higher (P < 0.05) in ET than RT and UT, respectively (UT 311 +/- 41, RT 302 +/- 52, ET 357 +/- 29 pmol/g wet wt). 3-O-methylfluoroscein phosphatase activity was depressed at fatigue by -13.8 +/- 4.1% (P < 0.05), with no differences between groups (UT -13 +/- 4, RT -9 +/- 6, ET -22 +/- 6%). During incremental exercise, ET had a lower ratio of rise in plasma K(+) concentration to work than UT (P < 0.05) and tended (P = 0.09) to be lower than RT (UT 18.5 +/- 2.3, RT 16.2 +/- 2.2, ET 11.8 +/- 0.4 nmol. l(-1). J(-1)). In conclusion, maximal in vitro Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was depressed with fatigue, regardless of training state, suggesting that this may be an important determinant of fatigue.
Nanoelectronics Based on Carbon Nanotubes: Technological Challenges and Recent Developments (2005)

Abstract The semiconductor industry is expecting extraordinary technological challenges, so the readiness to integrate exotic materials with superior properties into microelectronic chips is increasing and new concepts are attracting more interest. This paper reviews recent research developments aimed at the design of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based vertical interconnects. We introduce our concept for the integration of CNTs into microelectronic chips that is based on a combination of conventional technology, advanced processing methods (lithography and deposition), and self‐aligned processes. Keywords: Silicon technologycarbon nanotubescarbon nanotube viasinterconnects Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Z. Gabric and W. Pamler for their technical support. This research is supported by the BMBF under project FKZ: 13N8402.
Effect of ghrelin and its analogues, BIM‐28131 and BIM‐28125, on the expression of myostatin in a rat heart failure model (2012)

In an animal model of CHF, the expression of myostatin is significantly reduced in the skeletal muscle after application of ghrelin and most concentrations of its analogues BIM-28125 and BIM-28131 possibly due to anti-inflammatory effects.
Effects of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 on the Li[Li0.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2011)

The lithium-excess layered oxide LiLi0.2Mn0.54Ni 0.13Co0.13O2 has been surface modified with Al2O3 films grown with atomic layer deposition (ALD) and examined as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Al2O3 was grown on powders prior to electrode fabrication, directly on the electrode, and directly on the electrode followed by a heat-treatment at 300C in air. Compared to the bare electrode, an Al2O3 film on an as-formed electrode improved the cycle performance significantly. Furthermore, the heat treatment of the ALD-coated electrodes result in significant increase in capacity, due to the transformation of the as-deposited Al2O 3 to a better Li???-conductive material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the heat-treatment leads to an inter-diffusion of atoms between the Al2O3 coating and the LiLi0.20Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O 2 core. &amp;copy; 2011 The Electrochemical Society.
Role of hydrogen in the separation of a porous Si layer in a layer transfer process (2003)

The role of hydrogen in a recently developed one-step method for the formation and separation of a thin porous Si film from the initial Si substrate is investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy and detailed morphological analysis. It is shown that hydrogen plays a crucial role in the formation and separation of the porous Si film. Micro-Raman spectroscopy reveals that hydrogen in molecular form is accumulated in the micropores and creates hydrodynamic pressure which could be strong enough to break the thin pore walls in a high-porosity layer. As a result the upper porous Si film is separated from the original substrate. The kinetics of the process is confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
Hark back: Passive immunotherapy for influenza and other serious infections (2010)

The world is experiencing a pandemic of swine-origin influenza virus H1N1. A vaccine to prevent disease is now available, and millions have or will become ill before they can be vaccinated. The ability to use swine-origin influenza virus vaccines as a public health tool has been described as a "race against time." Oseltamivir and related drugs are being used in an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality, but their efficacy for treating severe influenza is suboptimal, and possible wide-spread emergence of oseltamivir-resistant mutants is a concern. Another approach for prevention and treatment of serious influenza is infusion of hyperimmune plasma. The United States has thousands of licensed blood product collection centers that produce millions of liters of plasma licensed by the Food and Drug Administration on an annual basis for the treatment of serious conditions. Immunotherapy using infusion of convalescent plasma (or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin) has been reported to be an effective treatment for severe influenza and other virulent pathogens in animal models and humans. Plasma obtained from those that have recovered or were early recipients of vaccine offers a resource for production of an immediately available and potentially effective therapy at the local, state, and national level. Past, current, and future uses of immunotherapy and current advisory body recommendations for this approach are presented.
<title>Three dimensions via the Internet</title> (2001)

The Internet is proving to be a popular medium for the distribution of stereoscopic images. The availability of low cost LCD shutter glasses and the high update rate of PC monitors are also factors driving this increased popularity. However, current methods of distributing stereoscopic media have a number of problems when compared to 2D media transmission, such as higher bandwidth requirements, larger file sizes, and duplication of media for 2D and 3D versions. An ideal format for stereoscopic media would minimize or eliminate these issues, would be compatible with standard browsers or media players, and would be independent of stereo viewing method. A format that meets these criteria is described.
In Vitro Activity of Structurally Diverse Nucleoside Analogs against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with the K65R Mutation in Reverse Transcriptase (2005)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with a lysine-to-arginine substitution at codon 65 (HIV-1(65R)) of reverse transcriptase (RT) can rapidly emerge in patients being treated with specific combinations of nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (NRTIs). A better understanding of the activity of approved and investigational NRTIs against HIV-1(65R) is needed to select optimal therapy for patients infected with this mutant and to devise strategies to prevent its emergence. Therefore, we tested a broad panel of NRTIs that differed by enantiomer, pseudosugar, and base component against HIV-1(65R) to determine how NRTI structure affects activity. Drug susceptibilities of recombinant wild-type (HIV-1(65K)) or mutant HIV-1(65R) were determined using a single-replication-cycle susceptibility assay with P4/R5 cells and/or a multiple-replication-cycle susceptibility assay with MT-2 cells. All D, L, and acyclic NRTIs were significantly less active against HIV-1(65R) than against HIV-1(65K) except for analogs containing a 3'-azido moiety. Pseudosugar structure and base component but not enantiomer influenced NRTI activity against HIV-1(65R). These findings support the inclusion of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in drug combinations to treat patients having HIV-1(65R) and to prevent its emergence.
Visualizing biointerfaces in three dimensions: electron tomography of the bone–hydroxyapatite interface (2010)

A positive interaction between human bone tissue and synthetics is crucial for the success of bone-regenerative materials. A greater understanding of the mechanisms governing bone-bonding is often gained via visualization of the bone-implant interface. Interfaces to bone have long been imaged with light, X-rays and electrons. Most of these techniques, however, only provide low-resolution or two-dimensional information. With the advances in modern day transmission electron microscopy, including new hardware and increased software computational speeds, the high-resolution visualization and analysis of three-dimensional structures is possible via electron tomography. We report, for the first time, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the interface between human bone and a hydroxyapatite implant using Z-contrast electron tomography. Viewing this structure in three dimensions enabled us to observe the nanometre differences in the orientation of hydroxyapatite crystals precipitated on the implant surface in vivo versus those in the collagen matrix of bone. Insight into the morphology of biointerfaces is considerably enhanced with three-dimensional techniques. In this regard, electron tomography may revolutionize the approach to high-resolution biointerface characterization.
StatCC (2010)

Chip multiprocessor (CMP) architectures sharing on chip resources, such as last-level caches, have recently become a mainstream computing platform. The performance of such systems can vary greatly depending on how co-scheduled applications compete for these shared resources. This work presents StatCC, a simple and efficient model for estimating the contention for shared cache resources between co-scheduled applications on chip multiprocessor architectures.
Optimal design of observable multi-agent networks: A structural system approach (2014)

This paper introduces a method to design observable directed multi-agent networks, that are: 1) either minimal with respect to a communications-related cost function, or 2) idem, under possible failure of direct communication between two agents. An observable multi-agent network is characterized by agents that update their states using a neighboring rule based on directed communication graph topology in order to share information about their states; furthermore, each agent can infer the initial information shared by all the agents. Sufficient conditions to ensure that 1) is satisfied are obtained by reducing the original problem to the travelling salesman problem (TSP). For the case described in 2), sufficient conditions for the existence of a minimal network are shown to be equivalent to the existence of two disjoint solutions to the TSP. The results obtained are illustrated with an example from the area of cooperative path following of multiple networked vehicles by resorting to an approximate solution to the TSP.
Development, Validation, and Innovation in Ophthalmic Laser-Based Imaging (2020)

In April 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration, in conjunction with 11 professional ophthalmic, vision science, and optometric societies, convened a forum on laser-based imaging. The forum brought together the Food and Drug Administration, clinicians, researchers, industry members, and other stakeholders to stimulate innovation and ensure that patients in the US are the first in the world to have access to high-quality, safe, and effective medical devices. This conference focused on the technology, clinical applications, regulatory issues, and reimbursement issues surrounding innovative ocular imaging modalities. Furthermore, the emerging role of artificial intelligence in ophthalmic imaging was reviewed. This article summarizes the presentations, discussion, and future directions.
2,6‐Disubstituted Pyran‐4‐one and Thiopyran‐4‐one Inhibitors of DNA‐Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA‐PK). (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Components of the Hematopoietic Compartments in Tumor Stroma and Tumor-Bearing Mice (2011)

Solid tumors are composed of cancerous cells and non-cancerous stroma. A better understanding of the tumor stroma could lead to new therapeutic applications. However, the exact compositions and functions of the tumor stroma are still largely unknown. Here, using a Lewis lung carcinoma implantation mouse model, we examined the hematopoietic compartments in tumor stroma and tumor-bearing mice. Different lineages of differentiated hematopoietic cells existed in tumor stroma with the percentage of myeloid cells increasing and the percentage of lymphoid and erythroid cells decreasing over time. Using bone marrow reconstitution analysis, we showed that the tumor stroma also contained functional hematopoietic stem cells. All hematopoietic cells in the tumor stroma originated from bone marrow. In the bone marrow and peripheral blood of tumor-bearing mice, myeloid populations increased and lymphoid and erythroid populations decreased and numbers of hematopoietic stem cells markedly increased with time. To investigate the function of hematopoietic cells in tumor stroma, we co-implanted various types of hematopoietic cells with cancer cells. We found that total hematopoietic cells in the tumor stroma promoted tumor development. Furthermore, the growth of the primary implanted Lewis lung carcinomas and their metastasis were significantly decreased in mice reconstituted with IGF type I receptor-deficient hematopoietic stem cells, indicating that IGF signaling in the hematopoietic tumor stroma supports tumor outgrowth. These results reveal that hematopoietic cells in the tumor stroma regulate tumor development and that tumor progression significantly alters the host hematopoietic compartment.
Supplementary Materials from A Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of CHR-3996, an Oral Class I Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor in Refractory Solid Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 82K, Inclusion Criteria and Analysis&lt;/p&gt;
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Associated With a Higher Frequency of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T and Invariant Natural Killer T Cells (2018)

Increasing drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine are the main factors contributing to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) being a major cause of death globally. Despite intensive research efforts, it is not well understood why some individuals control Mtb infection and some others develop active disease. HIV-1 infection is associated with an increased incidence of active tuberculosis, even in virally suppressed individuals. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells that can recognize Mtb-infected cells. Contradicting results regarding the frequency of MAIT cells in latent Mtb infection have been reported. In this confirmatory study, we investigated the frequency, phenotype, and IFNγ production of MAIT and iNKT cells in subjects with latent or active Mtb infection. We found that the frequency of both cell types was increased in subjects with latent Mtb infection compared with uninfected individuals or subjects with active infection. We found no change in the expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and CCR6, as well as the production of IFNγ by MAIT and iNKT cells, among subjects with latent Mtb infection or uninfected controls. The proportion of CD4- CD8+ MAIT cells in individuals with latent Mtb infection was, however, increased. HIV-1 infection was associated with a loss of MAIT and iNKT cells, and the residual cells had elevated expression of the exhaustion marker PD-1. Altogether, the results suggest a role for MAIT and iNKT cells in immunity against Mtb and show a deleterious impact of HIV-1 infection on those cells.