gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Holistic litho-etch development to address patterning challenges towards high NA EUV (2022)

EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography has been introduced in high volume manufacturing in 2019 and continuous improvements have allowed to push the lithographic performance to the limits of 0.33 NA single exposure. However, stochastic failures, pattern roughness and local critical dimension uniformity (LCDU) are still major challenges that need to be addressed to maintain node shrinkage and improve yield. Together with pitch downscaling, photoresist thickness is decreasing to prevent pattern collapse. A lower depth of focus is also expected with high NA EUV which might even thin further down the resist layer. Being able to transfer the patterns with good fidelity is therefore getting very challenging because the resist “etch budget” is becoming too small to prevent pattern break during plasma etch transfer. A co-optimization of lithography processes, underlayers coating and etch processes is essential to further support the EUV patterning extension. In this report, recently developed hardware and process solutions to stretch the limits of EUV patterning will be presented. The latest performance for both chemically amplified resists (CAR) and metal oxide resists (MOR) will be introduced, with a focus on defect mitigation, dose reduction strategies and CD stability.
Supplementary Table S3 from Senescence Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells Is Defined by Positive Feedback Loop between CIP2A and E2F1 (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Table S3 PDF file - 64K, Sequences of siRNAS, RT-PCR primers and ChIP primers&lt;/p&gt;
SURF: Subject-Adaptive Unsupervised ECG Signal Compression for Wearable Fitness Monitors (2017)

Recent advances in wearable devices allow non-invasive and inexpensive collection of biomedical signals including electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure, respiration, among others. Collection and processing of various biomarkers are expected to facilitate preventive healthcare through personalized medical applications. Since wearables are based on sizeand resource-constrained hardware, and are battery operated, they need to run lightweight algorithms to efficiently manage energy and memory. To accomplish this goal, this paper proposes SURF, a subject-adaptive unsupervised signal compressor for wearable fitness monitors. The core idea is to perform a specialized lossy compression algorithm on the ECG signal at the source (wearable device), to decrease the energy consumption required for wireless transmission and thus prolong the battery lifetime. SURF leverages unsupervised learning techniques to build and maintain, at runtime, a subject-adaptive dictionary without requiring any prior information on the signal. Dictionaries are constructed within a suitable feature space, allowing the addition and removal of code words according to the signal's dynamics (for given target fidelity and energy consumption objectives). Extensive performance evaluation results, obtained with reference ECG traces and with our own measurements from a commercial wearable wireless monitor, show the superiority of SURF against state-of-the-art techniques, including: 1) compression ratios up to 90-times; 2) reconstruction errors between 2% and 7% of the signal's range (depending on the amount of compression sought); and 3) reduction in energy consumption of up to two orders of magnitude with respect to sending the signal uncompressed, while preserving its morphology. SURF, with artifact prone ECG signals, allows for typical compression efficiencies (CE) in the range CE ∈ [40, 50], which means that the data rate of 3 kbit/s that would be required to send the uncompressed ECG trace is lowered to 60 and 75 bit/s for CE = 40 and CE = 50, respectively.
Comparative Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Cyclosporine-A in the Brain upon Intranasal or Intravenous Administration in an Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Formulation (2015)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate comparative biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine-A (CsA) following intranasal (IN) administration versus intravenous (IV) administration in Sprague-Dawley rats using an oil-in-water nanoemulsion delivery system. CsA, a hydrophobic peptide that is also a substrate for P-glycoprotein, is a well-known immunosuppressive agent. In the brain, CsA has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent. CsA nanoemulsions (CsA-NE) and solution formulations (CsA-S) were prepared using an ultrasonication method and were characterized for drug content, encapsulation efficiency, globule size, and zeta potential. We compared the uptake of CsA-NE and CsA-S in brain regions and peripheral organs following IN and IV administration using LC-MS/MS based bioanalytical method. CsA-NE IN resulted in the highest accumulation compared to that with any other treatment and route of administration; this was consistent for all three regions of brain that were evaluated (olfactory bulbs, mid brain, and hind brain). The brain/blood exposure ratios of 4.49, 0.01, 0.33, and 0.03 for CsA-NE (IN), CsA-NE (IV), CsA-S (IN), and CsA-S (IV), respectively, indicated that CsA-NE is capable of direct nose-to-brain transport, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, CsA-NE administration reduces nontarget organ exposure. These studies show that IN delivery of CsA-NE is an effective way of brain targeting compared to that of other treatment strategies. This approach not only enhances the brain concentration of the peptide but also significantly limits peripheral exposure and the potential for off-target toxicity.
Gas Condensate Flow Around Deviated And Horizontal Wells (2011)

Abstract Drilling deviated and highly deviated wells (DWs) in gas condensate reservoirs is aimed at increasing reservoir reach and reducing pressure drop, thus improving well deliverability. The flow of gas and condensate around the wellbore when the pressure drops below dew point pressure is affected by phase changes and variation of relative permeability (kr) with velocity and interfacial tension (IFT). Flow simulations and well productivity calculations for these near critical fluid systems and in the case of such three dimensional DW geometries, are more complex compared to those of a 1D radial vertical well. There are limited sensitivity studies dedicated to such important petroleum engineering situations. We have developed various mathematical single-well models simulating flow of gas and condensate around such wells. A comprehensive sensitivity study (over 500 simulation runs) was then conducted to evaluate the impact of pertinent parameters on the DWs performance with some important practical findings. We have also considered horizontal wells, which are DWs with the deviation angle of 90°. The results demonstrated that the performance of DWs strongly depends on wellbore gas fractional flow (GTRw) and velocity. For instance, for a given pressure drawdown, the coupling effect (increase in kr due to an increase in velocity or decrease in IFT), improves the performance of highly DWs at short well lengths, whilst the negative impact of high velocity inertia (a decrease in kr by an increase in velocity) is more pronounced at higher GTRw, smaller wellbore radius and higher reservoir thickness values. For long DWs the productivity ratio (deviated to vertical well fluid production rate ratio) does not vary with GTRw. However, for short DWs, it increases for moderate condensate fluid but decreases for the rich gas condensate fluid. This is due to the variation of contribution of coupling and inertia with GTRw in the deviated and vertical wells.
Enantioselective rhodium-catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to trifluoromethyl ketones (2006)

The catalytic asymmetric 1,2-addition of a series of arylboronic acids to 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenones is described with high isolated yields (up to 96%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 83% ee) using a rhodium(I)/phosphoramidite catalyst.
Measurement of the Casimir force between a spherical gold tip and Si(111)-(7 × 7) surfaces (2016)

Abstract We have performed the measurement of Casimir force between a spherical Au tip and an atomically flat Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface at tip–sample distances ranging from 15 to 50 nm in an ultrahigh vacuum of 1.5 × 10 −8 Pa by frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy. Atomically flat Si(111) surfaces provided by the ultrahigh-vacuum condition and a degassed Au tip reduce the contact potential difference that must be compensated. These experimental conditions led to the elucidation of the distance dependence of the Casimir force down to the distance of 15 nm. The observed distance dependence still follows a theory provided by Chen et al. [ Phys. Rev. A 74 , 022103 (2006) ] within these distances.
Magnetische Levitation in Chemie, Materialwissenschaft und Biochemie (2019)

Abstract Alle Materie hat Dichte. Die Aufzeichnungen der Verwendung von Dichte zur Charakterisierung von Materie gehen auf das Jahr ca. 250 v. Chr. zurück, als Archimedes das “Rätsel der Königskrone” mit Hilfe der Dichte gelöst haben soll. [1] Heute werden Dichtemessungen zur Trennung und Charakterisierung einer Reihe von Materialien (inklusive Zellen und Organismen) und deren chemischen und/oder physikalischen Veränderungen in Zeit und Raum verwendet. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt eine dichtebasierende Technik – magnetische Levitation, der Einfachheit halber nennen wir sie “MagLev” –, die zur Lösung von Problemen in den Bereichen der Chemie, Materialwissenschaft und Biochemie entwickelt wurde. MagLev hat zwei Hauptmerkmale – Einfachheit und Anwendbarkeit auf ein breites Spektrum von Materialien –, die sie für eine Reihe von Anwendungen nützlich macht (z. B. Materialcharakterisierung, Qualitätskontrolle von Plastik‐Fertigteilen, Selbstorganisation von Objekten in 3D, Trennung verschiedener Arten von biologischen Zellen, und Bioanalysen). Die Einfachheit und Anwendungsbreite ermöglichen auch den Einsatz in ressourcenschwachen Gebieten (z. B. bei der Bewertung der Wasser‐ und Lebensmittelqualität und bei der Diagnose von Krankheiten).
Patient survival matters as much as implant survival when selecting the right hip replacement (2014)

“Clearly, cemented implants performed better (lasted longer) in patients aged over 65 years,” according to Hamilton and Howie and the Nordic registry.1 2 But …
A study of the mechanical strength of long bone defects treated with various bone autograft substitutes: An experimental investigation in the rabbit (1989)

This study was designed to determine which of several bone grafting materials would be the most efficacious substitute for autogenous bone graft in the treatment of segmental long bone defects. The experimental model was a 1-cm defect in the rabbit ulna. The control group had nothing implanted in the defect. The six grafts tested were: (a) autogenous iliac crest bone, (b) autogenous cortical bone (ulna), (c) hydroxylapatite, (d) hydroxylapatite-demineralized bone matrix (allograft) composite graft, (e) freeze-dried bone (allograft), and (f) demineralized bone matrix (allograft). At 6 weeks postoperatively, the ulnas were harvested, examined radiographically, and tested mechanically in torsion. The radiographic examination proved to be of little value because some materials were radiodense at the time of implantation. The rates (percentage) of union, torques at failure, and energy to failure values were statistically significantly higher than control for all groups except hydroxylapatite. We concluded that demineralized bone matrix and hydroxylapatite-demineralized bone matrix composite graft compare favorably with cortical replacement (autograft) in mechanical strength and rate of union and therefore may be satisfactory substitutes for bone grafting. Freeze-dried bone did not appear to be as satisfactory because of its low mean energy to failure, but statistical analysis failed to confirm this opinion. Hydroxylapatite graft, when used alone, does not appear to be a suitable material for grafting segmental bone defects.
Online Next-Best-View Planning for Accuracy Optimization Using an Extended E-Criterion (2010)

Next-best-view (NBV) planning is an important aspect for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction within controlled environments, such as a camera mounted on a robotic arm. NBV methods aim at a purposive 3D reconstruction sustaining predefined goals and limitations. Up to now, literature mainly presents NBV methods for range sensors, model-based approaches or algorithms that address the reconstruction of a finite set of primitives. For this work, we use an intensity camera without active illumination. We present a novel combined online approach comprising feature tracking, 3D reconstruction, and NBV planning that addresses arbitrary unknown objects. In particular we focus on accuracy optimization based on the reconstruction uncertainty. To this end we introduce an extension of the statistical E-criterion to model directional uncertainty, and we present a closed-form, optimal solution to this NBV planning problem. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectivity of our approach using an absolute error measure.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐12a‐Deoxytetracycline. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The effect of front-side silver metallization on underlying n<sup>+</sup>-p junction in multicrystalline silicon solar cells (2012)

We report on the effect of front-side Ag metallization on the underlying n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -p junction of multicrystalline Si solar cells. The junction quality beneath the contacts was investigated by characterizing the uniformities of the electrostatic potential and doping concentration across the junction, using scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy and scanning capacitance microscopy. We investigated cells with a commercial Ag paste (DuPont PV159) and fired at furnace setting temperatures of 800°, 840°, and 930°C, which results in actual cell temperatures ~100°C lower than the setting temperature and the three cells being under-, optimal-, and over-fired. We found that the uniformity of the junction beneath the Ag contact was significantly degraded by the over-firing, whereas the junction retained good uniformity with the optimal- and under-fire temperatures. Further, Ag crystallites with widely distributed sizes from <;100 nm to several Ωm were found at the Ag/Si interface of the over-fired cell. Large crystallites were imaged as protrusions into Si deeper than the junction depth. However, the junction was not broken down; instead, it was reformed on the entire front of the crystallite/Si interface. We propose a mechanism of the junction-quality degradation, based on emitter Si melting at the temperature around the Ag-Si eutectic point during firing, and subsequent recrystallization with incorporation of impurities in the Ag paste and with formation of crystallographic defects during quenching.
Klotho gene delivery suppresses oxidative stress in vivo (2007)

Objective: Mice deficient in the klotho gene exhibit a syndrome resembling premature human aging. A recent report also suggested that klotho transgenic mice exhibited a long lifespan, which shows that klotho is an antisenescence gene. Previously, klotho has been reported to improve endothelial dysfunction, and also to have a preventive effect against oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the effect of klotho gene delivery on blood pressure and oxidative stress in vivo . Methods: Klotho plasmid was injected into the tail vein of mice and spontaneous hypertensive rats over 5 s. Results: Klotho gene delivery upregulated manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression and total superoxide dismutase activity in the aorta of mice compared with the control. It upregulated nitric oxide production, and downregulated lipid peroxide concentration in the serum of mice. When klotho plasmid was administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats, superoxide dismutase activity in the kidney and liver was significantly increased, and lipid peroxide concentration in the kidney and liver was significantly decreased, compared with the control. Klotho gene delivery in spontaneously hypertensive rats did not alter systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: These results suggest that klotho gene infusion into the tail vein of mice and rats has a suppressive effect against oxidative stress. These findings may provide a new insight into the therapeutic potential of klotho gene delivery in vivo to regulate oxidative stress.
Supplementary Table 1 from Identification of EZH2 as a Molecular Marker for a Precancerous State in Morphologically Normal Breast Tissues (2023)

Supplementary Table 1 from Identification of EZH2 as a Molecular Marker for a Precancerous State in Morphologically Normal Breast Tissues
Microscopy in the Real World - Instrumentation Requirements (2001)

Abstract In the last two decades, microscopy, in particular transmission electron microscopy, has moved from the research environment into industry. As such, the user requirements of the microscopes have changed. Previously, users required the highest performance in all aspects of microscopy e.g. imaging, analytical capabilities, with little regard to other factors. Today, additional requirements are being placed on areas such as ease of use, reliability, high throughput, expanded sample requirements, and networking capabilities. However, the “high performance” aspects of the instrumentation are still a high priority to the end user. These user requirements cause microscope manufacturers a dilemma in many instances. It is not always possible to provide the “new” requirements while still maintaining the high performance of the instruments, at a “reasonable” cost. An example is the large sample requirements in scanning electron microscopes. Large stages are inherently more prone to vibration than smaller stages, and therefore adversely affect resolution.
Chitosan Phthalate Microspheres for Oral Delivery of Insulin: Preparation, Characterization, andIn VitroEvaluation (2006)

Chitosan phthalate polymer was synthesized and its microspheres were prepared by emulsion phase separation technique. The characterization of microspheres was determined by means of FTIR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, particle size, and zeta potential. The insulin was loaded to the microspheres by passive absorption technique. The peptic and tryptic enzymes degradation of insulin in microspheres was investigated. The in vitro release behavior of the microspheres was investigated under different pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 7.4). The degree of phthalate substitution in the synthesized polymer was 20%. The prepared microspheres were spherical with an average diameter 46.34 micro m. The insulin-loading capacity was 62%. Chitosan phthalate microspheres protect the insulin from gastric enzymes degradation that may enhance the oral stability of insulin. The encapsulated insulin was quickly released in a phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4), whereas a small amount of insulin was released under acidic condition (0.1N HCl; pH 2.0) because under acidic conditions, carboxylic groups present in the system exist in nonionized form and are poorly hydrophilic. However, in alkaline conditions, it exists in ionized form and is considerably hydrophilic. The results suggest that chitosan phthalate microspheres may be used as a potential carrier for oral insulin delivery.
Lesser Tuberosity Osteotomy Does Not Appear to Compromise Fixation or Function Compared With Peel in Short-Stem Anatomic Shoulder Arthroplasty (2022)

Several methods are available for subscapularis management in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). The goal of this study was to compare radiographic and clinical outcomes of short-stem TSA stratified by subscapularis management technique. A multicenter trial was completed evaluating primary short-stem TSA performed with a subscapularis peel (n=80) or lesser tuberosity osteotomy (LTO) (n=59). The primary outcome measure was subscapularis function, as measured by internal rotation and strength at 1 year postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included patient-reported outcomes, radiographic changes, and implant loosening. Patients in the peel group obtained better active internal rotation by spinal level (<i>P</i>=.004). No difference was seen between groups for internal rotation with 90° shoulder abduction (<i>P</i>=.862) or belly press (<i>P</i>=.903). Statistically significant improvements in functional outcomes were seen without clinical differences. Radiographic changes showed no difference in stem shift, subsidence, or at-risk loosening rate. Anterior subluxation of the humerus was observed among 2% of the LTO group vs 17% of the peel group (<i>P</i>=.006). At short-term follow-up, those in the peel group appear to have a better final spinal level of internal rotation, whereas those in the LTO group have a significantly lower rate of anterior humeral subluxation. Both LTO and subscapularis peel appear safe for short-stem TSA, with no radiographic evidence of loosening. [<i>Orthopedics</i>. 2022;45(3):151-155.].
Hunter, Mary “Ski” (2022)

Mary “Ski” Hunter (1937–2015) was an award-winning teacher, author, and advocate for women’s issues, especially in the LGBT population. She was passionate about dispelling myths, misogyny, and homophobia, and she wrote and lectured about empowerment strategies for social workers.
NB4 cells are superior to HL-60 cells as a basis for the Activated Transfected Killer (ATAK) cell platform (P4224) (2013)

Abstract We are developing a cellular immunotherapy to enable neutrophil transfusions to treat neutropenic infections. We have found that HL-60 cells (AML M2 cells) can be transfected with a suicide trap and activated to differentiate into neutrophil-like cells. However, we now report that NB4 (AML M3 cells) result in far superior neutrophil differentiation by morphology, superoxide production, and CD11b expression. NB4-based ATAK cells possess superior microbicidal characteristics against Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida albicans than HL-60-based ATAK cells. NB4 cell microbicidal activity and morphology are similar to freshly harvested neutrophils.. Our current results confirm marked improvement in performance of the technology platform based on use of an NB4 cell line.
A new approach for improving operating margin of unipolar ReRAM using local minimu m of reset voltage (2010)

We propose a new approach for improving the operating margin of Ta <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sub> /plasma oxidized TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stacked unipolar ReRAM. It was found that the reset voltage (switching from low resistance state to high resistance state) can be minimized by using local minimum against the resistance of the low resistance state. In addition, weakening the plasma oxidation condition reduced the power consumption and the variation of reset voltage. Excellent operating margin and more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> switching cycle times was successfully demonstrated using the integrated device.
Suppl video 3 from Neutrophil Conversion to a Tumor-Killing Phenotype Underpins Effective Microbial Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Neutrophils engage in multiple interactions with LLC tumor cells following microbial bioparticle treatment.&lt;/p&gt;