gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using strong injection solvents with 100% aqueous mobile phase in RP‐LC (2006)

When samples are dissolved for HPLC analysis, organic solvents are often used to enhance the solubility of the sample components. However, when the diluent becomes significantly stronger than the mobile phase, peak shape distortions may develop during injection. This is a serious problem for weakly retained analytes under 100% aqueous mobile phase conditions. Under these extreme conditions, even small amounts of solvent in the diluent can cause serious broadening or distortion effects. However, if the organic solvent used in the diluent elutes significantly after the analyte, the peak shape of the analyte will be relatively unaffected, even when a relatively strong solvent such as THF is used. This phenomenon is counterintuitive considering the usual practice of keeping the sample diluent as weak as possible. This report describes the potential analytical utility and limitations of this approach for the analysis of weakly retained analytes.
Computerized radiographic texture measures for characterizing bone strength: A simulated clinical setup using femoral neck specimens (1999)

We are investigating computerized methods to ultimately characterize bone trabecular pattern from clinical skeletal radiographs. In this paper, we present a "phantom" for potential use in the development and evaluation of computerized methods for characterizing radiographic trabecular patterns and ultimately bone strength. Femoral neck specimens were excised during total hip arthroplasties from subjects exhibiting a range of diseases. To mimic the femoral neck in vivo, a "simulated clinical" setup was implemented in which specimens were exposed under conditions that yielded radiographs similar in appearance to standard pelvis radiographs. Fourier-based and fractal-based texture measures were used in the computer analysis; including RMS variation, first moment of the power spectrum, angular-dependent forms of these measures, and fractal dimension. The texture measures obtained from the "simulated clinical" specimen films correlated modestly with those from direct exposure "verification" films of the specimens (r= 0.59-0.69; p<0.0001). From our study, we conclude that the femoral neck specimen "phantoms" may be useful in the development and evaluation of computerized methods for analyzing bone trabecular patterns from skeletal radiographs. The use of a phantom that simulates the clinical radiographic examination allows for repeat exposures without the concern of excessive radiation exposure to a patient.
Chirped and Apodized Silicon Gratings Efficiently Coupled to Normally Incident Fiber Array (2013)

A silicon grating coupler containing non-monotonic chirp, apodization, and quasi-periodicity is fabricated, re-designed, and measured. Simultaneous input/output coupling from a standard fiber array at normal incidence results in a 60% coupling efficiency per grating.
Benchmark 2 - Springback of a draw / re-draw panel: Part A: Benchmark description (2013)

Numerical methods have been effectively implemented to predict springback behavior of complex stampings to reduce die tryout through compensation and produce dimensionally accurate products after forming and trimming. However, accurate prediction of the sprung shape of a panel formed with an initial draw followed with a restrike forming step remains a difficult challenge. The objective of this benchmark was to predict the sprung shape after stamping, restriking and trimming a sheet metal panel. A simple, rectangular draw die was used to draw sheet metal to a set depth with a "larger" tooling radius, followed by additional drawing to a greater depth with a "smaller" tooling radius. Panels were sectioned along a centerline and released to allow measurement of thickness strain and position of the trim line in the sprung condition. Smaller radii were used in the restrike step in order to significantly alter the deformation and the sprung shape. These measurements were used to evaluate numerical analysis predictions submitted by benchmark participants. Additional panels were drawn to "failure" during both the first draw and the re-draw in order to set the parameters for the springback trials and to demonstrate that a sheet metal going through a re-strike operation can exceed conventional forming limits of that under a simple draw operation. Two sheet metals were used for this benchmark study: DP600 steel sheet and aluminum alloy 5182-O.
Thiamethoxam: A Neonicotinoid Precursor Converted to Clothianidin in Insects and Plants (2007)

Neonicotinoid insecticides act agonistically on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Like imidacloprid (IMI), all neonicotinoids bind with high affinity (I50-values ~ 1 nM) to [3H]IMI binding sites on insect nAChRs. One notable omission is thiamethoxam (THIAM), showing binding affinities up to 10,000-fold less potent than other neonicotinoids, using housefly head membrane preparations. Clothianidin (CLOTHI) exhibits high activity as an agonist on isolated neurons at concentrations as low as 30 nM. Pharmacokinetic studies in different insect species revealed that THIAM was rapidly metabolized to CLOTHI, which shows high affinity to nAChRs in both binding assays and whole cell voltage clamp studies. When applied to cotton plants, THIAM was also quickly metabolized, with CLOTHI being the predominant neonicotinoid in planta briefly after application, as indicated by LC-S/MS analyses. Our studies show that THIAM is likely to be a neonicotinoid precursor for CLOTHI and not active by itself.
13-kV rectifiers: studies on diodes and asymmetric thyristors (2004)

For rectifiers with high blocking voltages, the application of field stop layers reduces power losses. Preliminary experimental results are presented from asymmetric 13-kV thyristor samples based on a conventional field stop concept. By connecting a 13-kV diode in series to this asymmetric thyristor, a symmetrically-blocking tandem device can be built. Numerical studies show that the turn-off behavior of the 13-kV diode required for the tandem solution can be significantly improved by a new field stop concept based on an n layer buried in the weakly-doped region of the p/sup +/-n/sup -/-n/sup +/ power diode.
Solvent-free selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by molecular oxygen using 9-phenyl-10-methylacridinium (2006)

9-Phenyl-10-methylacridium ion acts as an effective photocatalyst for solvent free selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under visible light irradiation via efficient photoinduced electron transfer from benzyl alcohol to the singlet excited state of the acridinium ion.
Compact narrow-linewidth integrated laser based on low-loss silicon nitride ring resonator (2018)

We demonstrate an integrated silicon nitride/III-V laser leveraging the narrowband backreflection of a high-Q microring resonator for output coupling and feedback. We measure a 13 kHz linewidth with 1.7 mW output power around 1550 nm.
Identification and quantification of irradiation in UHMWPE throughtrans-vinylene yield (2001)

trans-Vinylene unsaturations generated in ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) after radiation treatment scales linearly with the absorbed dose level, and can serve as an internal dosimeter for determining the radiation dose level for sterilizing or crosslinking UHMWPE. We measured the trans-vinylene concentration using infrared spectroscopy and generated calibration curves for ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (ram-extruded GUR 1050) after cold e-beam, cold gamma, and warm e-beam irradiations. The trans-vinylene content increased linearly with the absorbed dose level in all cases except with cold gamma irradiation at dose levels higher than approximately 70 kGy. At that dose level the trans-vinylene content of the warm irradiated samples was higher than those of the cold irradiated samples. Following postirradiation melting, the trans-vinylene content of the gamma irradiated samples increased. Such trans-vinylene quantification can be an internal dosimeter for crosslinked UHMWPE when radiation is used for improving its wear resistance or sterilizing the device made thereof. It can also be utilized to assess the spatial uniformity of the absorbed radiation dose level.
P2‐485: Evidence that gamma‐secretase inhibitors induce an incomplete processing phenotype in preclinical models (2011)

The amyloid cascade postulates that Abeta42 aggregation induces or accelerates a cascade of aging related neurodegenerative changes that lead to dementia. Strong evidence for this hypothesis are the partly loss of function mutations in the catalytic component of the gamma-secretase complex, the presenilins, that induce aggressive early onset Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer mutations in presenilins induce ratio changes in the secreted Abeta peptides, with relatively higher levels of longer versus shorter peptides. Mechanistically this can be explained by the incomplete processing hypothesis that predicts that weaker enzyme activity allows the longer peptides to be released from the membrane before further processing of the substrate can occur. In this study we investigate the effect of gamma-secretase modulators and inhibitors in non-transgenic models. Immunoassays are used for the quantification of Abeta peptides of varying length. The experiments are designed to identify and quantify Abeta peptide ratio changes in the brain, induced after compound treatments. Our studies indicate that treatment with gamma-secretase inhibitors can induce ratio changes reminiscent of ratio changes induced by FAD mutations. Gamma secretase modulators induce ratio changes opposite to ratio changes induced by FAD mutations. We conclude that gamma-secretase inhibitors, under the conditions tested, can induce FAD-like ratio changes in non-transgenic models, reflected by increased levels of longer versus shorter Abeta peptides. Gamma-secretase modulators lead to increased production of shorter peptides with concomitant decrease of longer more toxic peptides. More research is needed to fully understand the pharmacodynamic profile of GSM and GSI cpds in vivo and the underlying mechanism of action. The results caution for the use of GSIs as disease modifying agents.
Variable Rounding Level Control Method for Modular Multilevel Converters (2020)

This article proposes a new control method for modular multilevel converter (MMC), which is based on a modification of the conventional nearest level control (NLC) scheme implemented by a model predictive control (MPC) technique. Applying the proposed method, the simplicity of the NLC is maintained while the current control ability in terms of both phase current and circulating current is enhanced by the MPC technique. A proper rounding function is used for each arm of the MMC instead of the conventional nearest integer function. The rounding function is determined by evaluating a cost function within the frame of MPC. To validate the proposed technique, a three-phase MMC prototype is employed. The conventional NLC-based control approach of MMC is also evaluated for comparative purposes. Results show that the proposed method exhibits excellent current-regulating ability. Compared with the conventional control scheme, the overall performance is improved without significantly increasing the computational burden or adding relevant complexity to the control system design.
Oral vaccination of sexually mature pigs with Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 (2001)

A viscous liquid such as Karo corn syrup in association with pecans that scarify the oral mucosa are necessary when placing the live vaccine directly onto corn or other food rations. Doses of > 1 x 10(11) CFU of RB51 organisms/pig in this mixture ensures 100% colonization of regional lymph nodes via the oral route. This method may allow an efficient and economical means to vaccinate feral swine for brucellosis.
Confocal Image Properties of a Confocal Scanning Laser Visible Light FT-Raman Microscope (1995)

The confocal Raman microscope is an instrument designed for acquisition of high-contrast volumetric Raman spectral images of three-dimensional chemical structures. Little effort, however, has gone into the investigation of the spatial imaging properties of this class of confocal microscope. In this paper we present experimental results, obtained with a confocal scanning laser visible light FT-Raman microscope we built, that demonstrates the high depth resolution and enhanced Raman image contrast intrinsic to the confocal Raman microscope design. We explore these microscope properties through a combination of experimental measurement and theory based on a paraxial wave diffraction model.
Posture estimation of hose-shaped robot by using active microphone array (2015)

Hose-shaped rescue robots have been developed for searching narrow spaces such as under collapsed buildings. The posture estimation independent of the past history is critical, because conventional inertial-sensor-based posture estimation has two main problems; a cumulative error problem peculiar to inertial sensors, and a sudden posture change problem caused by external forces. For coping with the two problems, we developed a novel posture estimation method by putting an active microphone array, a set of microphones and loudspeakers, on the robot. The method calculates the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the reference signal emitted from one loudspeaker, and estimates the posture from the distance obtained by TDOA. This concise method still has three problems: (1) external noise, (2) reverberation and reflection, and (3) obstacles. These problems are tackled by (1) TSP signal, (2) GCC-PHAT and a threshold-based onset detection, and (3) rejecting incorrect onset times, respectively. Experiments with simulated sounds and actual recordings demonstrate that the method attains the performance of estimation comparable to that of conventional methods, that is, less than 20 cm of the tip position error. Even without historical data, the method attains the similar performance while conventional methods fail.
RF integrated aperture coupled antenna for satellite communication at Ku-band (2004)

An active microstrip patch antenna in, which a high power MMIC amplifier is integrated behind the ground plane of the antenna, is presented, to obtain extra power gain and reduce losses at Ku band. The patch antenna, integrated with the HPA MMIC, has an aperture-coupled feeding structure. The advantages of this structure lie in the reduction of power loss in the feed line and spurious effects from the active circuit and feeding network. The 2/spl times/2 array antenna, integrated with the HPA MMIC, obtains an extra gain of 14 dB at 14.3 GHz. The beamwidth of the active array antenna is about 8% wider than that of a passive array antenna.
Laminar jets of Bingham‐plastic liquids (1990)

The steady and transient behavior of jets generated by circular and slit nozzles are analyzed by the Galerkin finite‐element method with free‐surface parametrization and Newton iteration. A novel constitutive equation is used to approximate Bingham liquids that is valid uniformly in yielded and unyielded domains and which approximates the ideal Bingham model and the Newtonian liquid in its two limiting behaviors. At steady state the influence of yield stress on the die swell is equivalent to that of surface tension; that is, suppression of jet diameter at low Reynolds numbers and necking at high Reynolds number. The predictions at high Reynolds numbers agree with the asymptotic behavior at infinite Reynolds number of the jet far downstream. In the transient analysis, surface tension destabilizes round jets and increases the size of satellite drops. Yield stress was found to retard jet breakup times in addition to producing smaller satellites. Shear thinning was found to result in shorter collapse times than those for Newtonian fluid; furthermore, the satellite drop size increased with increasing shear thinning. The nonlinear analysis predicts that, although round jet breakup may occur spontaneously by surface tension, an external factor, commonly air shear, must be applied to break a planar jet at Reynolds numbers below its transition to a turbulent jet.
Physiological Levels of Glucose Induce Membrane Vesicle Secretion and Affect the Lipid and Protein Composition of Yersinia pestis Cell Surfaces (2013)

Yersinia pestis grown with physiologic glucose increased cell autoaggregation and deposition of extracellular material, including membrane vesicles. Membranes were characterized, and glucose had significant effects on protein, lipid, and carbohydrate profiles. These effects were independent of temperature and the biofilm-related locus pgm and were not observed in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
Self-Adaptive Penalty Approach Compared with Other Constraint-Handling Techniques for Pipeline Optimization (2005)

Optimal design and rehabilitation of a water distribution system is a constrained nonlinear optimization problem. A penalty function is often employed to transform a constrained into a nonconstrained optimization problem within the framework of a genetic algorithm search. A penalty factor is used for defining the penalty function and calculating the penalty cost for the solutions with constraint violation. Effective penalty factors vary from one optimization model to another. This paper introduces a self-adaptive penalty approach to artificially evolve both the penalty factor and the design solutions. Solution robustness is proposed and quantified, along with solution fitness, for representing the boundary between the infeasible and feasible solutions of a high-dimension optimization problem. The solution space of multiple dimensions is mapped onto a 2D space, providing significant insight into the self-adaptive penalty approach, which is compared with other constraint-handling techniques tested on a benchmark example. The results show that this approach is more effective than other penalty methods used for searching for optimal and near-optimal solutions. The self-adaptive penalty approach relieves modelers from tuning the penalty function and facilitates a practical optimization modeling for water distribution design.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of NCl(a) by Thermal Decomposition of ClN3. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Oscillation in Coupled Resonator Systems: Part V – Exploratory Study on Separate Detection of Two Kinds of Perturbations (2019)

A coupled cantilever system, consisting of a low-frequency and a high-frequency cantilever was reported in DTIP2012 to study the synchronized region. While the doubled frequency response by the super-harmonic oscillation, the optimization of polymer-based synchronized structures, and SNR enhancement by internal resonance were demonstrated in DTIP2013, DTIP 2016 and DTIP2018 respectively.In this paper, we explore separate detection of two kinds of perturbations in coupled resonator system for the first time. Two cantilevers with a frequency ratio of 1:3 are coupled through an overhang. The low-frequency cantilever used for sensing is driven around its resonant frequency. The triple response is observed in the high-frequency cantilever used for detecting. The proposed oscillation system, not only enables frequency shift multiplication, but also accomplishes separate detection of two kinds of perturbations due to their different variation laws of vibration characteristics.
A Modified Sleeping Beauty Transposon Vector System Integrates and Settles Genes in the Genome (2019)

Sleeping Beauty (SB) exhibits efficient cut-and-paste transposition in a wide range of mammalian cells. Using this characteristic, a new vector system (the SB system) was previously developed for integration of target genes into the host genome and is now used as a research tool and for gene therapy. However, there are concerns about the retransposition and the size restriction to be integrated into this system. To overcome these issues, we constructed a modified transposon vector system with lox sequences and estimated its transposable activity and Cre/lox recombination ability in HeLa cells. We also estimated the possibility of the retransposition by plasmids with defective inverted repeat/direct repeat structures presumed to be taken after Cre/lox recombination. We demonstrated that our modified transposon vector system could efficiently cause recombination mediated by the Cre/lox system following the transposition of the target genes into the genome and eliminate the possibility of retransposition of the genes. We believe our modified transposon vector system could be used not only as a research tool but also as a safer and more versatile gene integration system in the medical field.
A practical enzymic synthesis of (Sp)-adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) ((Sp)-ATP-.alpha.-S) (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA practical enzymic synthesis of (Sp)-adenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate) ((Sp)-ATP-.alpha.-S)John R. Moran and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 4, 704–706Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00178a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00178a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views282Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts