gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD1 and nonpeptide antigen recognition systems in microbial immunity (2003)

Until recently, it was generally believed that proteins encoded within the MHC (or major histocompatibility complex) locus carry out the majority of the immunologically relevant antigen presentation functions necessary to alert the immune system to pathogenic or oncogenic challenges. This notion was initially based on the identification of the MHC as the critical genetic locus involved in tissue graft rejection. Genetic and immunological studies identified the protein products of two distinct families of genes called MHC I and MHC II as being responsible for graft rejection. Additional studies demonstrated that the primary role of these proteins is to signal the immune system to respond to invading pathogens through the presentation of peptide fragments derived from endogenous and exogenous protein sources to different classes of T lymphocytes. Thus, two distinct pathways of peptide antigen presentation for the detection of invading intracellular and extracellular pathogens (or pathogens which reside in intracellular vacuoles) by MHC I and MHC II, respectively, were identified and investigated. The role of the key cell population, the dendritic cell, in antigen presentation has been described in Chapter 1. In the past ten years, however, a new paradigm in immunology has emerged whereby nonpeptide lipid antigens are presented to T cells by the MHC-related protein, CD1.
Macromolecular Engineering:  Precise Synthesis, Materials Properties, Applications. Volumes 1−4 Edited by Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Yves Gnanou (Université Bordeaux I, Pessac, France), and Ludwik Leibler (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGa:  Weinheim. 2007. 2982 pp. $675. ISBN 978-3-527-31446-1. (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTMacromolecular Engineering: Precise Synthesis, Materials Properties, Applications. Volumes 1−4 Edited by Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA), Yves Gnanou (Université Bordeaux I, Pessac, France), and Ludwik Leibler (Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, Paris, France). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGa: Weinheim. 2007. 2982 pp. $675. ISBN 978-3-527-31446-1.Joseph P. KennedyView Author Information The University of AkronCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 45, 14101–14102Publication Date (Web):September 28, 2007Publication History Published online28 September 2007Published inissue 1 November 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0769806https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0769806book-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views355Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Polymer science,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Production and Deactivation of Biosurfactant by Bacillus licheniformis JF‐2 (1993)

Abstract Bacillus licheniformis JF‐2 produces a lipopeptide surfactant with excellent interfacial properties (Lin et al., 1990, 1992). An HPLC assay was developed to monitor the concentration of the lipopeptide in the fermentation broth and was employed to determine the effect of the composition of the growth medium on biosurfactant production. A maximum concentration of 110 mg/L lipopeptide was obtained in optimized media with 1.0% (w/v) glucose as the carbon source. The maximum amount of surfactant was obtained in early stationary‐phase cultures, but subsequently decreased rapidly and disappeared completely from the fermentation broth within 8 h. It was shown that the surfactant is chemically stable in the culture supernatant but becomes internalized by stationary‐phase cells. The apparent rate of surfactant internalization was not inhibited by carbonyl cyanide ( m ‐chlorophenyl) hydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, suggesting that it is not dependent on the availability of ATP and/or a charged membrane. A variety of physical and chemical treatments failed to release the surfactant from the cells. In minimal media the rate of surfactant internalization could be reduced by optimizing the concentration of phosphate and by increasing the amount of magnesium, whereas the nitrogen source, calcium, and trace salts had no effect. Since a related lipopeptide has been shown to be responsible for DNA transformation competence in certain Bacillus subtilis strains, it is possible that the internalization of the B. licheniformis JF‐2 surfactant may be a developmentally important process related to the ability of the cells to take up extraneous DNA.
A Spectrum-Sharing Policy to Implement Effective Local 5G for Smart Factories (2021)

In this study, interference simulations are performed between the local 5G service and ultra-wideband sensors in a smart factory environment. Moreover, the necessity of introducing various interference determination criteria, such as the duty cycle and application of interference avoidance technology, in addition to the existing interference probability is evaluated. This study also suggests improvements in both the technology and policy for an effective introduction of local 5G after carefully reviewing cognitive ratio, automatic frequency coordination, and spectrum-sharing policy. As a result, the proposed scheme will greatly benefit the policy makers.
Differences in User Influence on MIMO Handset Antenna Performance in Reverberation Chamber (2012)

User influence on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) performance is studied for different dual antenna handsets specially designed to have good and bad MIMO performance. The study reveals that user influence can cause either improvement or degradation for different test objects, including a spread effect over the parameters. Differences in performance between good and bad handsets can be clear when they are measured without user influence, but become small under real person influence. This result illustrates the particular importance of user influence to characterize MIMO handsets.
Charakterisierung von Hartstoffphasen in Gefüge (2018)

Der Beitrag handelt von der Verbesserung der Verschleisbestandigkeit von Hartstoffphasen in Metal Matrix Composites (MMC), Hartgusslegierungen, Hadfield-Stahlen oder Werkzeugstahlen.
Colonic electrolyte transport in health and in congenital chloride diarrhea. (1975)

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by watery stools with C1- concentration around 150 meq/liter. We have perfused the colon of three patients and their three healthy siblings with different salt solutions containing 36C1- to determine the nature of the colonic defect in CCD. In the controls, net absorption of Na+ and C1- occurred against steep concentration gradients. The influx (lumen-to-plasms flux) of C1- was twice the effux. Omission of HCO3- from the perfusate caused a clear decrease in C1- efflux which suggests a coupling of C1- effux to HCO3- influx. In CCD, net Na+ absorption occurred normally when HCO3- was present in the lumen. However, Na+ absorption was always impaired when the luminal contents were acid, a situation that prevails in CCD. Net K+ secretion was clearly increased. Both influx and efflux of C1- were practically absent. Only slight net secretion occurred along a steep gradient. Net appearance of HCO3- was not observed, in contrast to controls. These findings and earlier studies of ileal function in CCD are best explained by a defect in the C1-/HCO3- exchange mechanism, which operates in both directions in the normal ileum and colon.
LABEL-FREE, SINGLE-CELL CYTOTOXIN KINETICS ASSAY BY DIFFERENTIAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (2008)

We present a device used to study the cytotoxic effects of Streptolysin-O (SLO) on single cells with differential impedance spectroscopy. A differential measurement is made to avoid background noise due to changes in temperature, pH, conductivity. This label-free microfluidic platform can be used to monitor transient response to toxin exposure continuously over long time periods. Upon exposure to SLO, captured HeLa cells exhibited exponential decays in the impedance response with time constants inversely proportional to the toxin concentration. The final toxin packing density into each cell was extrapolated from the impedance response to approximately 14 pores/µm 2
Synthesis of a Novel γ-FolicAcid-N τ-HistidineConjugate Suitable for Labeling with 99mTcand 188Re (2009)

Radiolabeled folate derivatives have the potential to target folate receptor-positive tumor cells for noninvasive diagnosis and therapy. We report the synthesis of a novel γ-folic acid-&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;τ&lt;/sup&gt;-histidine conjugate &lt;em&gt;1&lt;/em&gt; wherein the &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;τ&lt;/sup&gt;-histidine is suitable for radiolabeling with isotopes &lt;sup&gt;99m&lt;/sup&gt;Tc (diagnosis) and &lt;sup&gt;188&lt;/sup&gt;Re (therapy). A modular synthetic strategy was applied: &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;α&lt;/sup&gt;-Boc-&lt;em&gt;α&lt;/em&gt;-carboxy-protected glutamic acid was amidically linked to &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;τ&lt;/sup&gt;-(functionalized amino­alkyl)histidine via the &lt;em&gt;γ&lt;/em&gt;-carboxy group to form building block &lt;em&gt;8&lt;/em&gt;. Intermediate &lt;em&gt;8 &lt;/em&gt;was coupled to protected pteroic acid to give &lt;em&gt;1&lt;/em&gt; in two steps in 47% yield. &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;τ&lt;/sup&gt;-(Functionalized aminoalkyl)histidine was synthesized by two different routes. The preferred route starting from Boc-His-OMe led in two steps to the &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;τ&lt;/sup&gt;-(functionalized amino­alkyl)histidine in 36% yield.
Accuracy in determining intraocular lens dioptric power assessed by interlaboratory tests (1996)

Tolerance limits of +/0 0.30 D in the range 0 to 15.00 D, +/- 0.40 D for 15.50 to 25.00 D, and +/- 0.50 D for 25.50 to 30.00 D have been proposed as an international standard for IOLs. The contribution of IOL power error within the limits of the standard are estimated to contribute less than 1.0% to the total error in postoperative refractive prediction.
Optimization of hybrid oil/water‐swelling ethylene/propylene/diene monomer compounds (2020)

Abstract Hybrid swell packers are rubber products capable of swelling in (saline) water and hydrocarbon oils, by exploiting the hydrocarbon diffusion properties of an nonpolar elastomer with the osmotic swelling of a water absorbent (WA). In this study, a variety of modified natural and synthetic WAs and mixtures thereof have been screened in a rubber compound with respect to swelling in decalin, demineralized, and saline water, respectively. We aimed at achieving high and fast swelling in all used media. Mixing of the various WAs in an ethylene/propylene/diene monomer (EPDM)/carbon black masterbatch at an addition level of 75 phr did not pose any problems, although it was found that the WAs did affect the sulfur vulcanization. Decalin swelling of the vulcanizates is very fast, reaching high equilibrium swelling within 1.5 days. Swelling in demineralized or saline water is much slower, with up to 300% swelling in water and up to 100% swelling in saline water. Significant leaching of the organic WA from the EPDM vulcanizates to the water phase occurs. Some combinations of WAs show synergetic effects for swelling in water. To our knowledge, such a systematic study of hybrid swelling elastomers constitutes a novelty in the open literature.
Data from Bispecific Antibodies and Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Bridging HER2 and Prolactin Receptor Improve Efficacy of HER2 ADCs (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The properties of cell surface proteins targeted by antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have not been fully exploited; of particular importance are the rate of internalization and the route of intracellular trafficking. In this study, we compared the trafficking of HER2, which is the target of the clinically approved ADC ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), with that of prolactin receptor (PRLR), another potential target in breast cancer. In contrast to HER2, we found that PRLR is rapidly and constitutively internalized, and traffics efficiently to lysosomes, where it is degraded. The PRLR cytoplasmic domain is necessary to promote rapid internalization and degradation, and when transferred to HER2, enhances HER2 degradation. In accordance with these findings, low levels of cell surface PRLR (∼30,000 surface receptors per cell) are sufficient to mediate effective killing by PRLR ADC, whereas cell killing by HER2 ADC requires higher levels of cell surface HER2 (∼10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; surface receptors per cell). Noncovalently cross-linking HER2 to PRLR at the cell surface, using a bispecific antibody that binds to both receptors, dramatically enhances the degradation of HER2 as well as the cell killing activity of a noncompeting HER2 ADC. Furthermore, in breast cancer cells that coexpress HER2 and PRLR, a HER2xPRLR bispecific ADC kills more effectively than HER2 ADC. These results emphasize that intracellular trafficking of ADC targets is a key property for their activity and, further, that coupling an ADC target to a rapidly internalizing protein may be a useful approach to enhance internalization and cell killing activity of ADCs. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 16(4); 681–93. ©2017 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
<title>Optimization of the parameters of a relativistic magnetron with diffraction output</title> (2002)

We consider a magnetron with diffraction output as the most natural variant of magnetrons for relativistic electron energies because of the unique combination of such favorable properties as high output power, compact design, high resistance to microwave breakdown, the ability to work with extremely high currents, and the possibility to form desirable output radiation patterns. This paper presents preliminary parameters for the design of such a high power microwave generator, and contrasts its features with magnetrons of the traditional design.
Multichannel SQUID system for measurement of spinal cord evoked magnetic field for supine subjects (2008)

A SQUID biomagnetometer system for cervical spinal cord evoked field (SCEF) was developed to investigate a non-invasive diagnosis of function of the spinal cord. The measurement system was characterized by a uniquely shaped cryostat designed for supine subjects. The cryostat has a vertical cylindrical main body whose dimensions are 500 mm in diameter and 940 mm in height and a horizontal protrusion from the side surface with 390 mm of length. The sensor array of 35 LTS-SQUID vector gradiometers directed vertically upward is installed in the end of the protruded part. Subjects lie on a bed in supine position with the head running off the edge of the bed and the back of the neck supported on the upper surface of the protruded part of the cryostat standing beside the bed. This structure readily enables the sensor array to approach close to the neck of the supine subject. The subjects can keep their posture stable during the measurement. We demonstrated the cervical SCEF was successfully detected from a healthy subject who was given electric stimulation to the median nerve at the wrist. The intensity of the evoked magnetic field was 40–70 fT in amplitude. The neural signal propagating along the spinal cord was magnetically observed from the investigation of the transition of the magnetic field distribution.
Design principle of wing rotational hinge stiffness (2015)

A design principle for selecting the stiffness of a wing rotational flexure hinge on bio-inspired flapping wing robots is presented. In this work, a systematic approach of selecting rotational stiffness values such that the primary mode of resonance occurs at harmonics of the wing stroke frequency is proposed. Using the quasi-steady aerodynamic model as a basis, simulations were performed to assess the effects of wing hinge stiffness on the rotational dynamics, while also evaluating effects on the mean lift coefficient. Based on the results from simulation, an operating mode for the optimal wing hinge stiffness is proposed. As verification, test wings incorporating a flexible rotational hinge were fabricated from laser machined composites and tested at a range of flapping frequencies. Wing kinematics were then extracted from high speed video and the resulting lift generation was evaluated. Experimental data from wing-hinge stiffnesses designed such that the primary mode of rotational resonance occurs near twice the flapping frequency showed near optimal cycle-averaged lift at targeted frequencies and low sensitivity to wing parameter variation. As a result, for a given set of vehicle parameters, the proposed principle serves as design guideline from which an initial rotational hinge stiffness can be selected and iterated to achieve optimal lift.
O1‐05‐07: Gamma‐secretase modulator resistance can be overcome for many pathogenic presenilin mutants by second‐generation compounds (2011)

The pathogenic 42 amino acid variant of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta42) is believed to be a causative factor of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The peptide is generated by sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretase. Modulation of gamma-secretase cleavage specificity to lower Abeta42 generation by gamma-secretase modulators (GSMs), such as certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), is considered to be a safer therapeutic approach than gamma-secretase inhibition, which causes adverse effects due to the inhibition of the cleavage of Notch1 and possibly other crucial gamma-secretase substrates. Previous studies have suggested that many pathogenic mutations in presenilin (PS) 1 and PS2, the catalytic subunit of gamma-secretase, may however be locked in GSM-resistant conformations. To get further insight into the mechanism of Abeta42 generation and the mode of action of GSMs, we generated a number of familial and synthetic PS1 and PS2 mutants and assessed their response to potent second-generation GSMs in cultured cells. We report the unexpected finding that while indeed many pathogenic PS mutations resist lowering of Abeta42 generation by the NSAID sulindac sulfide, the more potent NSAID-like second-generation compound GSM-1 is capable of lowering Abeta42 for many but not all PS mutants. We further demonstrate that mutations at homologous positions in PS1 and PS2 can elicit differential Abeta42 responses to GSM-1, suggesting that a positive GSM-1 response depends on the spatial environment in gamma-secretase. The PS1 L166 residue was identified as critical residue as several mutations of this residue, including the aggressive PS1 L166P mutation, caused resistance to GSM-1. Finally, we show that other recently described second-generation GSMs of different structural class behaved similarly as GSM-1. Our data show that a positive Abeta42 response to GSMs depends both on the particular PS mutation and the GSM used. They demonstrate that the attenuated Abeta42 responses to low potency GSMs can be overcome for many mutants by potent second-generation compounds. These data provide important novel insight on the mode of action of GSMs on gamma-secretase and implications for GSM-based therapeutic targeting of gamma-secretase.
Chapter 20. Long-lived Coherences (2020)

Coherent superpositions between nuclear singlet and triplet spin states of pairs of J-coupled nuclei in high magnetic fields can be excited and sustained by oscillating radio-frequency (rf) radiation. The relaxation time constants of these ‘long-lived coherences’ can be up to nine times longer than those of allowed single-quantum coherences. We detail herein the development and early applications of long-lived coherences.
Assessment of accuracy of the structure-factor-size-estimator method in determining red blood cell aggregate size from ultrasound spectral backscatter coefficient (2011)

A computer simulation study to produce ultrasonic backscatter coefficients (BSCs) from red blood cell (RBC) clusters is discussed. The simulation algorithm is suitable for generating non-overlapping, isotropic, and fairly identical RBC clusters. RBCs were stacked following the hexagonal close packing (HCP) structure to form a compact spherical aggregate. Such an aggregate was repeated and placed randomly under non-overlapping condition in the three-dimensional space to mimic an aggregated blood sample. BSCs were computed between 750 KHz and 200 MHz for samples of various cluster sizes at different hematocrits. Magnitudes of BSCs increased with mean aggregate sizes at low frequencies (<20 MHz). The accuracy of the structure-factor-size-estimator (SFSE) method in determining mean aggregate size and packing factor was also examined. A good correlation (R(2) ≥ 0.94) between the mean size of aggregates predicted by the SFSE and true size was found for each hematocrit. This study shows that for spherical aggregates there exists a region for each hematocrit where SFSE works most accurately. Typically, error of SFSE in estimating mean cluster size was <20% for dimensions between 14 and 17 μm at 40% hematocrit. This study suggests that the theoretical framework of SFSE is valid under the assumption of isotropic aggregates.
Wearable Engine-Driven Vapor-Compression Cooling System for Elevated Ambients (2009)

The development of a wearable cooling system for use in elevated-temperature environments by military, fire-fighting, chemical-response, and other hazardous duty personnel is underway. Such a system is expected to reduce heat-related stresses, increasing productivity and allowable mission duration, to reduce fatigue, and to lead to a safer working environment. The cooling system consists of an engine-driven vapor-compression system assembled in a backpack configuration, to be coupled with a cooling garment containing refrigerant lines worn in close proximity to the skin. A 2.0 l fuel tank powers a small-scale engine that runs a compressor modified from the original air compression application to the refrigerant compression application here. A centrifugal clutch and reduction gear train system was designed and fabricated to couple the engine output to the refrigerant compressor and heat rejection fan. The system measured 0.318×0.273×0.152 m3 and weighed 4.46 kg. Testing was conducted in a controlled environment to determine performance over a wide range of expected ambient temperatures (37.7–47.5°C), evaporator refrigerant temperatures (22.2–26.1°C), and engine speeds (10,500–13,300 rpm). Heat removal rates of up to 300 W, which is the cooling rate for maintaining comfort at an activity level comparable to moderate exercise, were demonstrated at a nominal ambient temperature of 43.3°C. The system consumes fuel at an average rate of 0.316 kg/h to provide nominal cooling of 178 W for 5.7 h between refueling.