gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Borrelia burgdorferi: Survival in Experimentally Infected Human Blood Processed for Transfusion (1990)

The isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from blood raises the possibility of bloodborne transmission of Lyme borreliosis through transfusions. To assess this possibility, the ability of B. burgdorferi to survive in human blood processed for transfusion was studied. Human blood was inoculated with B. burgdorferi type strain B-31 (ATCC 35210) at 0.2, 20, or 2000 viable cells/ml, processed by conventional blood banking procedures, stored at 4 degrees C, and cultured for B. burgdorferi at 12, 23, 36, and 48 days of storage. After processing, most B. burgdorferi were found in the packed cell fraction. At inoculum levels of 20 or 2000 viable cells/ml, B. burgdorferi survived in processed blood through 48 days of storage at 4 degrees C. B. burgdorferi was isolated from packed cells after 36 days of storage at 4 degrees C even when the initial inoculum level was as low as 0.2 cells/ml. The data demonstrate that B. burgdorferi can survive the blood processing procedures normally applied to transfused blood in the USA. Since hematogenous spread of the spirochete seems to occur early in the illness, primarily in symptomatic patients, the risk of transfusion-associated Lyme disease may be small. However, the possibility of survival of B. burgdorferi under blood banking conditions warrants a heightened awareness of this potential problem.
Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement and Mitral Valve Repair (2005)

For mitral regurgitation and aortic valve disease warranting replacement, the surgical approach has been the mainstay therapy since the 1960s. Technological advances have provided potentially less invasive alternatives to surgery. Novel catheter-based techniques include aortic valve replacement with a valved stent, and devices aimed at reconfiguring the annulus or approximating a portion of the leaflets for mitral regurgitation. The main considerations regarding aortic valved stents include device anchoring and orientation, potential restriction of coronary flow, optimal method of delivery, ideal leaflet material, stent characteristics, and valve durability. The catheter-based approaches to mitral regurgitation are undergoing further experimental and clinical evaluations, and its success will be partially dependent on a thorough understanding of the underlying valvular pathology. Patient selection will be a critical component in the long-term efficacy of these new therapies. Close collaboration among the cardiovascular specialists and biomedical engineers will enable the development of safe and effective devices.
Low V<inf>t</inf> Ni-FUSI CMOS Technology using a DyO cap layer with either single or dual Ni-phases (2007)

This paper reports a novel approach to implement low V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> Ni-FUSI bulk CMOS by using a Dysprosium Oxide (DyO) cap layer on both HfSiON and SiON host dielectrics. We show for the first time that an ultra-thin DyO cap layer (5Å) can lower the NiSi FUSI nFET V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> by 300mV/500mV on HfSiON/SiON (resulting in a V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t,lin</inf> of 0.25V/0.18V respectively), w/o compromising the T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inv</inf> (≪1Å variation), gate leakage, mobility or reliability. We observed that the DyO cap on SiON can convert into a DySiON silicate with similar electrical properties as HfSiON but much lower V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> , greatly-improved PBTI and 150x lower J <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> wrt SiON. By demonstrating a novel DyO cap layer selective removal process, this work also points out the feasibility to realize low V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</inf> CMOS using either dual phase (NiSi, Ni <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">32</inf> Si <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</inf> ) or single phase (Ni <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Si) FUSI gate for both n- and pFETs.
Correction: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Intra-Host Populations Are Characterized by Numerous High Frequency Variants (2016)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146251.].
Fast averaging data acquisition unit for pulse spectrometers (1994)

A combined pulse generator and digitizer based on a RISC processor has been designed and tested by 59Co NMR. The pulse generator provides a 16-bit TTL-level output with 100 ns resolution and is programmable in the high-level language FORTH. The digitizer supports two channels, each with a 10 bit, 40 MSPS analog-digital converter and online averaging in a 24×1024 bit memory, which is directly accessible by the RISC processor.
Accelerated Two- and Three-dimensional Cine MR Imaging of the Heart by Using a 32-Channel Coil (2009)

Accelerated real-time 2D and segmented 3D cine techniques are comparable to the standard clinical protocol in assessment of left ventricular global and regional parameters in substantially shorter image times.
Evaluation of eCognition for Assisted Target Detection and Recognition in SAR Imagery (2006)

Defence R&D Canada - Ottawa (DRDC Ottawa) has been assessing custom off-the-shelf (COTS) software products and developing custom tools that can assist image analysts (IAs) to complete their tasks more quickly and efficiently. In some cases, IAs are tasked with detecting targets of interest within large-area surveillance operations, and these detection tasks may be repeated with a regular flow of incoming imagery. SAR imagery is a data source of choice for large-scale detection operations due to its ability to image in all weather conditions without external illumination sources. An activity was undertaken to evaluate ecognition (a COTS product) for target detection in SAR imagery and as a means of facilitating workflow improvements in the course of target detection and surveillance activities. eCognition is segmentation-based classifier that uses fuzzy reasoning techniques, enabling users to represent fuzzy rules in a human reasoning-like form. It offers the promise of being a usable tool that fulfills the objective of providing improvements over the traditional practice of manual inspection for target detection and surveillance. This paper reports on the evaluation process and findings when using ecognition for ship detection and land vehicle detection in SAR imagery.
Composition of Eggs by Commercial Size Categories: Effects of Genetic Group, Age, and Diet (1983)

Effects of genetic group, age, and dietary protein level on composition of eggs within the commercial size categories were studied in two Leghorn control strains formed in 1950 and 1958, two corresponding strains selected for high egg production and related traits, their reciprocal crosses, and a commercial Leghorn stock. Mean hen-housed egg production to 385 days was 154, 184, 197, and 191 eggs, and 385-day egg weight was 59.4, 63.1, 64.4, and 62.0 g for the control strains, selected strains, strain crosses, and commercial stock, respectively. In the eggs graded as large, wet and dry yolk weights, percent of yolk, and dry yolk/albumen ratio increased while wet albumen weight and percent of albumen decreased as dietary protein level increased from 15 to 19%. No such effects were observed in the medium or extra large eggs. Within each egg size category, wet and dry yolk weight and percent of yolk increased and wet and dry albumen weight, percent of albumen, albumen percent solids, and shell weight decreased with age. These trends were reversed by forced molting between the sixty-fourth and seventy-first weeks of age but they resumed afterwards. There was no heterosis for any egg composition trait and no genetic group effects on yolk percent solids. Within the same commercial size category, eggs of the control strains had lower albumen percent solids than those of selected strains or the commercial stock and contained more yolk and less albumen and shell. These differences reflect changes in the composition of the eggs from hens that have been under selection for increased production since the control strains were formed.
A stabilized mixed finite element scheme for frictional contact mechanics and shear failure analyses in deformable media with crossing fractures (2021)

Simulation of frictional contact and shear failure of fractures in fractured media is of paramount important in computational mechanics. In this work, a preconditioned mixed-finite element (FE) scheme with Lagrange multipliers is proposed in the framework of constrained variational principle, which has the capability to handle frictional contact and slip of the multiple crossing fractures. The slippage, opening and contact traction on fractures are calculated by the resulted saddle-point algebraic system. A novel treatment is devised to guarantee physical solutions at the intersected position of crossing fractures. A preconditioning technique is introduced to re-scale the resulting saddle-point algebraic system, to preserve the robustness of the system. An iteration strategy, namely monolithic-updated contact algorithm, is then designed to update the two primary unknowns (displacement and Lagrange multiplier) in one algebraic block. Then, a series of numerical tests is conducted to study the frictional contact and shear failure of single- and multi-crossing fractures. Benchmark study is performed to verify the presented mixed-FE scheme. Two tests with crossing fractures are studied, in which the slippage and opening can be calculated. The effects of crossing fractures on the deformation field are observed in the simulation, in which the variation of slippage, opening and stress intensity factor are analyzed under different loading conditions.
End‐user preference for and choice of four vaginally deliveredHIVprevention methods among young women in South Africa and Zimbabwe: the Quatro Clinical Crossover Study (2019)

Preferences for these four dosage forms varied before and after use, and both within and across countries - there was no clear favourite - indicating the need for a range of options for end-users The ring's popularity increased the most with use, was the second most preferred delivery system, and per self-report, provided more coverage during sex. These end-user perspectives provide important information to product developers and funding agencies.
Funduscopy:to dilate or not to dilate? (2006)

Dilating the pupil with mydriatic eye drops before funduscopy doubles sensitivity for testing for diabetic retinopathy, but what additional risk does dilation carry? <b>Gerald Liew</b> and coauthors assess the evidence
Data from Upregulation of ER Signaling as an Adaptive Mechanism of Cell Survival in HER2-Positive Breast Tumors Treated with Anti-HER2 Therapy (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; To investigate the direct effect and therapeutic consequences of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting therapy on expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and Bcl2 in preclinical models and clinical tumor samples.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental design:&lt;/b&gt; Archived xenograft tumors from two preclinical models (UACC812 and MCF7/HER2-18) treated with ER and HER2-targeting therapies and also HER2+ clinical breast cancer specimens collected in a lapatinib neoadjuvant trial (baseline and week 2 posttreatment) were used. Expression levels of ER and Bcl2 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The effects of Bcl2 and ER inhibition, by ABT-737 and fulvestrant, respectively, were tested in parental versus lapatinib-resistant UACC812 cells &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Expression of ER and Bcl2 was significantly increased in xenograft tumors with acquired resistance to anti-HER2 therapy compared with untreated tumors in both preclinical models (UACC812: ER &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0014; Bcl2 &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001 and MCF7/HER2-18: ER &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0007; Bcl2 &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0306). In the neoadjuvant clinical study, lapatinib treatment for 2 weeks was associated with parallel upregulation of ER and Bcl2 (Spearman coefficient: 0.70; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.0002). Importantly, 18% of tumors originally ER-negative (ER&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;) converted to ER&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; upon anti-HER2 therapy. In ER&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;/HER2&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; MCF7/HER2-18 xenografts, ER reexpression was primarily observed in tumors responding to potent combination of anti-HER2 drugs. Estrogen deprivation added to this anti-HER2 regimen significantly delayed tumor progression (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.018). In the UACC812 cells, fulvestrant, but not ABT-737, was able to completely inhibit anti–HER2-resistant growth (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.0001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; HER2 inhibition can enhance or restore ER expression with parallel Bcl2 upregulation, representing an ER-dependent survival mechanism potentially leading to anti-HER2 resistance. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 21(17); 3995–4003. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Hierarchical control of droop-controlled DC and AC microgrids — a general approach towards standardization (2009)

DC and AC microgrids are key elements to integrate renewable and distributed energy resources as well as distributed energy storage systems. In the last years, efforts toward the standardization of these microgrids have been made. In this sense, this paper present the hierarchical control derived from ISA-95 and electrical dispatching standards to endow smartness and flexibility to microgrids. The hierarchical control proposed consist of three levels: i) the primary control is based on the droop method, including an output impedance virtual loop; ii) the secondary control allows restoring the deviations produced by the primary control; and iii) the tertiary control manage the power flow between the microgrid and the external electrical distribution system. Results from a hierarchical-controlled microgrid are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
T058: Safety and Dose-Expansion Study of Combination Favezelimab (anti–LAG-3) Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Refractory to Anti–PD-1 Treatment (2022)

Background: Optimizing therapies for pts with relapsed or refractory (R/R) classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) after anti–PD-1 therapy failure remains of clinical interest. The multicohort phase 1/2 MK-4280–003 study (NCT03598608) evaluated the safety and efficacy of a LAG-3 inhibitor, favezelimab (MK-4280), + pembrolizumab (pembro) in pts with R/R hematologic malignancies. Cohort 2 focused on pts with R/R cHL after anti–PD-1 therapy. Methods: Part 1 was the safety lead-in phase to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), followed by a dose-expansion phase (part 2). Eligible pts in cohort 2 had cHL and relapsed after or were ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation and PD after ≥2 doses of anti–PD-1 therapy. Pts in part 1 received escalating doses (per mTPI design) of pembro IV 200 mg Q3W and favezelimab IV 200 mg or 800 mg Q3W. In part 2, pts received pembro + favezelimab at RP2D for ≤35 cycles. Primary end point was safety. ORR was a secondary end point. DOR, PFS, and OS were exploratory end points. Database cutoff was March 21, 2022. Results: Part 1 identified 1 dose-limiting toxicity (DLT; autoimmune hepatitis [grade 4]) among the first 6 pts from all cohorts at the favezelimab 200 mg dose. No DLTs were found after an additional 15 pts at the 800 mg dose; RP2D was defined as 800 mg Q3W + pembro 200 mg Q3W. 34 pts were enrolled in cohort 2; median age was 37.5 y, 62% had ECOG PS 0, and 94% had ≥4 prior lines of therapy. At database cutoff, 22/34 pts had discontinued (11 PD; 7 AEs; 2 clinical progression; 2 pt withdrawal/physician decision); 18% discontinued due to treatment-related AEs (TRAE). No deaths were treatment related. 28 pts (82%) had TRAEs; most common (≥15%) were hypothyroidism (18%) and fatigue and nausea (15%, each); 6 pts (18%) had grade 3 or 4 TRAEs. After median follow-up of 18.4 mo, ORR was 30% (95% CI,16–49; CR, 3 [9%]; PR, 7 [21%]). 25/27 (93%) pts with a postdose scan had a baseline reduction in target lesions. 70% of responders had an anti–PD-1–based regimen as most recent line of therapy at study entry. Median DOR was 19.4 mo (range, 0+ to 19.4); 4 pts (65%) had response ≥12 mo. Median PFS was 9.4 mo (range, 5.1–14.7). and median OS was 25.7 mo (range, 21.2-NR). Conclusion: Favezelimab 800 mg + pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W demonstrated acceptable safety and effective antitumor activity in pts with R/R cHL and PD following anti–PD-1 therapy. This combination shows potential to reinduce a response in this pt population.
Supramolecular control of liquid crystals by doping with halogen-bonding dyes (2017)

Halogen bonding between photoactive guest dopants and liquid-crystal host enhances the optical performance of doped liquid crystals.
Effect of Sb composition on lateral oxidation rates in AlAs1−xSbx (2000)

We demonstrate the effect of antimony (Sb) composition on the oxidation mechanism of AlAs1−xSbx (x&amp;lt;0.21) layers on GaAs substrates. It has been demonstrated that addition of a group-III element like Ga to AlAs slows the rate of oxidation. In contrast, addition of a group-V element like Sb to AlAs changes the oxidation mechanism in more than one way. The oxidation rate increases with Sb addition, and the oxidation reaction changes from a diffusion-limited mechanism to a reaction-rate-limited mechanism at higher oxidation temperatures. This is attributed to the increase in the permeability of the oxide. Nonuniform segregation of Sb is observed upon oxidation. The activation energy of the oxidation reaction-rate constant initially decreases with the Sb composition upto 10%, further Sb addition increases the activation energy.
The acoustic impedance locus for normal human ears. (1984)

The ear's complex acoustic impedance locus for frequencies from 200 Hz to 2 kHz was obtained for 20 subjects screened for normal hearing. The purpose of the experiment was to observe "kinks" in the total driving point impedance locus of the ear, as measured by acoustic impedance in the ear canal at a depth comparable to that of clinical audiometry. Such impendance bumps or loops are expected to contribute to irregularities seen in high-frequency clinical tympanograms. The transducer probe consisted of two 1/8 inch condenser microphones inserted in the ear canal. The instrumentation used a continuous sinusoidal probe tone sweeping the frequency range in 90 seconds. Analog circuitry performed synchronous detection and filtering and provided the resistance and reactance of the impedance derived from the sound pressure measured in the ear canal. Data were recorded in the form of an impedance locus in the complex plane. These loci demonstrated kinks suggesting middle ear resonances, at 604 +/- 99 Hz, 986 +/- 94 Hz and 1 361 +/- 87 Hz. Ninety-seven percent of the ears demonstrated a single kink while 78% displayed two. In addition, a group of 5 normal subjects were measured 5 times. The variation within subjects was 5 to 10% of the mean impedance. It is concluded that there are resonances within the middle ear structure that manifest themselves as easily observed bumps or loops in the ear's impedance locus.
A prospectus for gigascale integration (GSI) (2002)

Prospects for gigascale integration (GSI) are governed by a hierarchy of limits whose levels are fundamental, material, device, circuit and system. Theoretical limits are elucidate in the power versus delay (Pt/sub d/) plane for switching operations and in the square of the reciprocal length versus delay (L/sup -2/t) plane for transmission operations. The totality of practical limits is captured by three macrovariables; minimum feature size, chip area and number of transistors per minimum feature area. The singular metric which reveals the efficacy of a technology for GSI is the chip performance index (CPI) defined as the number of transistors per chip divided by the power-delay product of the technology. The CPI has increased by about 10/sup 12/ since 1960 and is projected to increase still further by 10/sup 6/ by 2020.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Photon-number-dependent effective Lamb shift (2021)

The Lamb shift, an energy shift arising from the presence of the electromagnetic vacuum, has been observed in various quantum systems and established as the part of the energy shift independent of the environmental photon number. However, typical studies are based on simplistic bosonic models which may be challenged in practical quantum devices. We demonstrate a hybrid bosonic-fermionic environment for a linear resonator mode and observe that the photon number in the environment can dramatically increase both the dissipation and the effective Lamb shift of the mode. Our observations are quantitatively described by a first-principles model which we develop here also to guide device design for future quantum-technological applications. The device demonstrated here can be utilized as a fully rf-operated quantum-circuit refrigerator to quickly reset superconducting qubits.
Defect detectability analysis via Probability of defect detection between traditional and deep learning methods in numerical simulations (2023)

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is one of the most powerful imaging techniques in non-destructive testing (NDT) for detecting, analysing and visualising defects such as pores, fibres, cracks etc. in industrial specimens. Detecting defects in X-ray images, however, is still a challenging problem, as it strongly depends on the quality of the XCT images. Numerical XCT simulation proved to be valuable in order to increase both image quality and detection performance. In this work, we thus analyse the differences between traditional segmentation techniques (i.e., k-means, watershed, Otsu thresholding) and deep learning-based methods (i.e., U-Net, V-Net, modified 3D U-Net) in terms of their defect detection capacity using virtual XCT images. For this purpose, we apply the probability of defect detection (POD) approach on simulated X-ray computed tomography data from aluminium cylinder heads. The XCT simulation tool SimCT was used to generate X-ray radiographs and respective reconstructions from a specimen series which features different well-defined defects with varying sizes, shapes and locations. To generate POD curves and to specify detection limits, the segmentation algorithms are used in predefined regions for defect detection via a hit/miss approach. A comparison and visualisation of six different types of defects is illustrated in 2D and 3D images, together with their POD curves and detection limits.
Crosslinked colloids with cyclopropenium cations (2018)

ABSTRACT Chemical crosslinkers are commonly used to stabilize both natural and synthetic macromolecules, while providing opportunities to install functionality and modulate polymer architecture. Here, we introduce the aromatic cyclopropenium cation as a tri‐functional crosslinker of secondary amine‐containing polymers. The one‐step crosslinking reaction is rapid and requires no subsequent purification. When dispersed in aqueous media, the crosslinked polymers form spherical nanoparticles with highly positive charge that is maintained even in alkaline conditions. This synthetic strategy will enable the incorporation of cyclopropenium into a wide variety of macromolecules. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56 , 2641–2645