gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Testing of embedded A/D converters in mixed-signal circuit (2002)

In this paper, a complete functional testing of embedded ADC is presented. The integral non-linearity error, INLE, differential non-linearity error, DNLE, offset error, OSE, gain error and the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR are rested. The problem related to the propagation of the analog signal to the input of the ADC and the observation of the digital output of the converter at the output of the digital circuit are discussed. The two means for functional testing are discussed: the histogram and the FFT. To observe the outputs of the ADC at the digital circuit, the inverse function of the digital circuit is computed. This can be done by inverting the transfer function of the digital circuit whenever it is available. In the other case, when the digital circuit structure is available, the inverse of the digital circuit is found by boolean function manipulation.
Altering the rate of visual search through experience: The case of action video game players (2010)

Many aspects of endogenous visual attention are enhanced following habitual action video game play. For example, those who play fast-paced action video games (such as Halo or Call of Duty) have demonstrated superior performance on tasks requiring sustained attention to several objects, as well as enhanced selective attention in time and in space (Hubert-Wallander, Green, and Bavelier, under review). However, using one of the diagnostic tasks of the efficiency of visual attention, a visual search task, Castel and collaborators (2005) reported no difference in visual search rate, proposing that action gaming may change response time execution rather than visual selective attention itself. Here we used two hard visual search tasks, one measuring reaction time and the other accuracy, to test whether visual search rate may be changed by action video game play. In each case, we found faster search rates in the gamer group as compared to the non-gamer controls. We then contrasted these findings with a study of exogenously-driven attentional processes. No differences were noted across groups, suggesting that the neural mechanisms subserving the willful and flexible allocation of attentional resources may be more susceptible to training than the processes by which attention is exogenously summoned.
A Framework for Local Supervised Dimensionality Reduction of High Dimensional Data (2006)

High dimensional data presents a challenge to the classification problem because of the difficulty in modeling the precise relationship between the large number of feature variables and the class variable. In such cases, it may be desirable to reduce the information to a small number of dimensions in order to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of the classification process. While data reduction has been a well studied problem for the unsupervised domain, the technique has not been explored quite as extensively for the supervised case. Existing techniques which try to perform dimensionality reduction are too slow for practical use in the high dimensional case. These techniques try to find global discriminants in the data. However, the behavior of the data often varies considerably with data locality and different subspaces may show better discrimination in different localities. This is an even more challenging task than the global discrimination problem because of the additional issue of data localization. In this paper, we propose the novel idea of supervised subspace sampling in order to create a reduced representation of the data for classification applications in an efficient and effective way. The method exploits the natural distribution of the different classes in order to sample the best subspaces for class discrimination. Because of its sampling approach, the procedure is extremely fast and scales almost linearly both with data set size and dimensionality.
DNA microstructure influences selective binding of small molecules designed to target mixed-site DNA sequences (2016)

Specific targeting of protein–nucleic acid interactions is an area of current interest, for example, in the regulation of gene-expression. Most transcription factor proteins bind in the DNA major groove; however, we are interested in an approach using small molecules to target the minor groove to control expression by an allosteric mechanism. In an effort to broaden sequence recognition of DNA-targeted-small-molecules to include both A·T and G·C base pairs, we recently discovered that the heterocyclic diamidine, DB2277, forms a strong monomer complex with a DNA sequence containing 5΄-AAAGTTT-3΄. Competition mass spectrometry and surface plasmon resonance identified new monomer complexes, as well as unexpected binding of two DB2277 with certain sequences. Inherent microstructural differences within the experimental DNAs were identified through computational analyses to understand the molecular basis for recognition. These findings emphasize the critical nature of the DNA minor groove microstructure for sequence-specific recognition and offer new avenues to design synthetic small molecules for effective regulation of gene-expression.
WEBSIGN: A looking glass for e-services (2002)

Desktop browsers are excellent for browsing web sites but they keep users tethered. Wireless browsing technologies such as WAP and i-mode untether nomadic users by making these services available on the move. However, it is not clear if users will be satisfied with free form browsing offered by these wireless technologies. We believe that in addition to free form web browsing, nomadic users will choose to interact with e-services in their environment, if the interaction is transparently setup. Based on this belief, we have created a PDA based system that essentially provides nomadic users with a digital looking glass for viewing and interacting with e-services associated with physical objects and places . In this paper, we present an overview of this system-Websign.
Association of CT antigen expression and survival in stage III melanoma. (2011)

8556 Background: Patients with advanced (AJCC Stage III & IV) malignant melanoma (MM) have variable outcomes despite similar stage. Defining prognostic factors is important to identify patients most likely to benefit from novel therapies. Cancer Testis antigens (CTAg) are immunogenic molecules expressed in normal testis and some cancers including MM. CTAg expression increases with stage. We recently reported that CTAg expression conferred poorer progression free survival (PFS) but not overall survival (OS) in patients with Stage II MM. This may be due to emerging anti-cancer immunity, with antibodies to CTAg developing with disease progression. Here we investigate stage III and IV patients to determine the prognostic impact of CTAg expression in advanced MM. Methods: A paraffin embedded tissue microarray (TMA) was created from tumors of patients with MM undergoing lymphadenectomy or metastectomy from 2005 to 2007. The TMA was stained with a panel of antibodies against the following CTAg: MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3/4, NY-ESO-1, GAGE, SAGE1, NXF2/CT39, ACTL8/CT57, MAGEC1/CT7, MAGEC2/CT10 and CT45. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes were characterized by CD8, CD4 and FoxP3 staining. T-regulatory (Treg) lymphocyte rates were assessed by CD8:CD4 and CD8:FoxP3 ratios. An experienced pathologist reviewed all samples, and results were correlated with clinical parameters. Results: 62 stage III and 94 stage IV MM were included. Frequencies of CTAg expression were similar between stage III and IV; e.g. MAGE A1 (42% vs 58%), 57B (39% vs 38%), NY-ESO-1 (55% vs 46%). In stage III tumors, higher rates of CTAg expression, compared with no expression, was significantly associated with both improved PFS (median: 69 vs 17mths) [p=0.02], and OS (100 vs 46 mths) [p=0.038]. Furthermore, a high CD8:Treg rate was associated with improved PFS (82 vs 21 mths). For stage IV patients no association was seen between CTAg expression and survival. Conclusions: In contrast to previously reported findings in stage II MM, CTAg expression was associated with improved PFS and OS in stage III disease. In addition, a high CD8:Treg ratio conferred better outcomes. The clinical impact of emergent spontaneous immunity against CTAg warrants further investigation in patients with advanced MM.
Discrimination Between Explosive Materials and Isomers Using a Human Color Vision-Inspired Sensing Method (2019)

This paper describes the application of a human color vision approach to infrared (IR) chemical sensing for the discrimination between multiple explosive materials deposited on aluminum substrates. This methodology classifies chemicals using the unique response of the chemical vibrational absorption bands to three broadband overlapping IR optical filters. For this effort, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is first used to computationally examine the ability of the human color vision sensing approach to discriminate between three similar explosive materials, 1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), 2,2-Bis[(nitrooxy)methyl]propane-1,3,-diyldinitrate (PETN), and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX). A description of a laboratory breadboard optical sensor designed for this approach is then provided, along with the discrimination results collected for these samples using this sensor. The results of these studies demonstrate that the human color vision approach is capable of high-confidence discrimination of the examined explosive materials.
Application of multiplexed ion mobility spectrometry towards the identification of host protein signatures of treatment effect in pulmonary tuberculosis (2018)

A comprehensive host serum protein dataset reflective of TB treatment effect is defined. A repeating set of serum proteins (TTHY, AFAM, CRP, RET4, SAA1, PGRP2, among others) were found to change significantly in response to treatment, to strongly correlate with culture status, and at baseline to be predictive of future culture conversion. If validated in cohorts with long term follow-up to capture failure and relapse of TB, these protein markers could be developed for monitoring of treatment in clinical trials and in patient care.
Using neural networks to estimate wind turbine power generation (2002)

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper uses data collected at Central and South West Services Fort Davis wind farm (USA) to develop a neural network based prediction of power produced by each turbine. The power generated by electric wind turbines changes rapidly because of the continuous fluctuation of wind speed and direction. It is important for the power industry to have the capability to perform this prediction for diagnostic purposes-lower-than-expected wind power may be an early indicator of a need for maintenance. In this paper, characteristics of wind power generation are first evaluated in order to establish the relative importance for the neural network. A four input neural network is developed and its performance is shown to be superior to the single parameter traditional model approach.
How Do You Tell Whether a Change in Surgical Technique Leads to a Change in Outcome? (2010)

Simplistic approaches to the analysis of before/after surgical studies may lead to grossly erroneous results under the surgical learning curve. A straightforward alternative statistical method allows investigators to separate the effects of the learning curve from those of the surgical modification.
On The Edge of Validation – Cancer Protease Fibroblast Activation Protein (2008)

Numerous studies implicate the prolyl peptidase, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in tumorigenesis; however, FAP-selective inhibitors have not yet been developed to fully validate FAP as a therapeutic target. Herein, we review recent efforts aimed at validating and inhibiting FAP for cancer therapy and highlight future directions for successful targeting of this prolyl peptidase.
Universal Current Losses in Perovskite Solar Cells Due to Mobile Ions (2021)

Abstract Efficient mixed metal lead‐tin halide perovskites are essential for the development of all‐perovskite tandem solar cells, however they are currently limited by significant short‐circuit current losses despite their near optimal bandgap (≈1.25 eV). Herein, the origin of these losses is investigated, using a combination of voltage dependent photoluminescence (PL) timeseries and various charge extraction measurements. It is demonstrated that the Pb/Sn‐perovskite devices suffer from a reduction in the charge extraction efficiency within the first few seconds of operation, which leads to a loss in current and lower maximum power output. In addition, the emitted PL from the device rises on the exact same timescales due to the accumulation of electronic charges in the active layer. Using transient charge extraction measurements, it is shown that these observations cannot be explained by doping‐induced electronic charges but by the movement of mobile ions toward the perovskite/transport layer interfaces, which inhibits charge extraction due to band flattening. Finally, these findings are generalized to lead‐based perovskites, showing that the loss mechanism is universal. This elucidates the negative role mobile ions play in perovskite solar cells and paves a path toward understanding and mitigating a key loss mechanism.
Visible and infrared detectors at Rockwell Science Center (2000)

Rockwell Space Center is developing low-noise visible and IR imaging sensors and systems for astronomy, high-end commercial, NASA, and advanced military applications. The first science grade 2048 by 2048 HAWAII-2 focal plane array (FPA) for astronomy was recently demonstrated for the SWIR waveband. Science-grade deliveries to the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy, the European Southern Observatory and the Subaru Telescope, among others, will soon start. MWIR/visible 2048 by 2048 HAWAII-2 arrays are also being developed for the NGST program using our process for removing the CdZnTe substrate from the back-side illuminated HgCdTe FPAs to detect visible radiation in addition to IR. Previously, more than 25 science grade 2.5micrometers 1024 by 1024 HAWAII FPAs were delivered for use in many observatories; these typically exhibit &lt; 0.1 e-/s dark current and &lt; 10 e- read noise after correlated double sampling at temperatures above 60K. 1024 by 1024 FPAs development is also continuing; dark current &lt; 1 e-/s has been measured at 140K for a NIR 1024 by 1024 HAWAII array. In a related effort, development of high frame rate, low noise FPAs has begun for wavefront sensing including adaptive optical systems for both visible and NIR/SWIR bands. Hybrid Visible Silicon Imager development is also continuing, expanding the success achieved with prior 640 by 480 FPAs. We are now demonstrating 1024 by 1024 arrays with 0.3-1.05 micrometers response. The silicon detectors in HyViSI FPAs are independently processed on silicon wafers and mated to the same multiplexers fabricated originally for interface to HgCdTe detectors. HyViSI FPA quantum efficiency is &gt; 90 percent with near-100 percent fill factor, and the dark current is negligible with minimum cooling. Our near-term plan to develop 4096 by 4096 visible and IR FPAs will also be discussed.
A Temporary Phosphorus Tether/Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy to Functionalized 1,4-Diamines (2001)

The synthesis of 1,4-diamines containing the (Z)-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene subunit via a temporary phosphorus tether/RCM strategy is described. We have developed a new method utilizing phosphorus nuclei as suitable temporary tethers for the coupling of nonracemic allylic amines. This approach allows for the generation of C(2)-symmetric and unsymmetric 1,4-diamines 1-3, which may have considerable synthetic and biological utility. This represents the first synthetic pathway for the expedient coupling of two amines via a temporary tether approach. [structure: see text]
Effects of Systematic Methyl Substitution of Metal (III) Tris(n-Methyl-8-Quinolinolato) Chelates on Material Properties for Optimum Electroluminescence Device Performance (2001)

We relate the chemical structure of a series of methyl (Me) substituted group III metal tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates (nMeq(3)M: n = 0, 3, 4, 5; M = Al(3+), Ga(3+)) to their photoluminescence (PL), electroluminescence, and thermal properties. Methylation of the 8-quinolinol ligand at the 3 or 4 position (pyridyl ring) results in a factor of 1.4 and 3.0 enhancement of PL quantum efficiency (phi(PL)), respectively, whereas methylation at the 5 position (phenoxide ring) results in a factor of approximately 3.0 decrease in phi(PL) relative to the unsubstituted analogue. Electroluminescent quantum efficiencies of undoped organic light-emitting devices using the aluminum tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates are 1, 0.45, 1.4, and 0.80% for unsubstituted 5-, 4-, and 3-methyl-8-quinolinol ligands, respectively. Devices made with the latter two ligands have a higher operating voltage to generate the same current density. Similar trends were observed for methylation of gallium tris(8-quinolinolato) chelates. We relate these results to the thermal properties of the compounds measured by simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. The C-4 methylated derivatives exhibit approximately 60 degrees C lower crystalline melting points than all other derivatives, indicating the weakest cohesive forces between molecules. Unlike Alq(3), both the C-4 and C-5 methylated derivatives show no recrystallization of the glassy state below 500 degrees C and exhibit approximately 20-25 degrees C higher glass transition temperatures. We infer that methylation of the 8-quinolinol ligand reduces intermolecular interactions and consequently impedes charge transport through the film.
Role of Liver in Depression of Plasma Potassium Level by Epinephrine (1940)

During infusion of 1:75,000 epinephrine for as long as 45 minutes at the rate of 1 ml per minute the potassium content of the blood entering the liver, although actually below the resting concentration still exceeds that of blood leaving the liver. This strongly suggests that the cell source from which potassium is mobilized by epinephrine takes part, at least, in removing the excess from the circulation.
An Efficient Heterogeneous Memristive xnor for In-Memory Computing (2017)

Resistive RAM (RRAM) technologies are gaining importance due to their appealing characteristics, which include non-volatility, small form factor, low power consumption, and ability to perform logic operations in memory. These characteristics make RRAM highly suited for Internet of Things devices and similarly resource-constrained systems. This paper proposes a novel memristor-based xnor gate that enables the execution of xnor/xor function in the memristive crossbar memory. The proposed two-input xnor gate requires two steps to perform the xnor function. The design of the circuit utilizes bipolar and unipolar memristors and permits cascading by only adding an extra step and one computing memristor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first native stateful xnor logic implementation. Spice simulations have been used to verify the functionality of the proposed circuit. This includes benchmarking the proposed design against the state-of-the-art stateful memristor-based logic circuits. The results for implementing three-input xor using the proposed circuit demonstrate efficient performance in terms of energy, latency, and area. The gate shows 56% saving in energy, 54% less number of steps (latency), and 50% less number of computing MR (area) compared with the state-of-the-art stateful xor/xnor implementations.
Reference and command governors: A tutorial on their theory and automotive applications (2014)

This paper provides a tutorial overview of reference governors and command governors, which are add-on control schemes for reference supervision and constraint enforcement in closed-loop feedback control systems. The main approaches to the development of such schemes for linear and nonlinear systems are described. The treatment of unmeasured disturbances and parametric uncertainties is addressed. Generalizations to extended command governors, feedforward reference governors, reduced order reference governors, parameter governors, networked reference governors, decentralized reference governors, and virtual state governors are summarized. Examples of applications of these techniques to automotive systems are given. A comprehensive list of references is included. Comments comparing reference and command governor approaches with Model Predictive Control and input shaping, and on future directions in reference and command governor research are included.
‘Britain’ and ‘Europe’: an exploration of conceptual confusions (1992)

Abstract The data on which this paper is based comes from an international study of ‘Perceptions of Europe’ sponsored in 1990 by the Polish Association for the Club of Rome in Warsaw. In all, twelve countries throughout Asia, the Middle East, North and South America, Europe, and Australia participated. The catalyst for the study was provided by the massive paradigm shift in political realities within Europe over the previous few years; a shift resulting in ideological realignments, rapidly changing power relations, and increases in ‘ethnic’ tensions and conflict on an unprecedented scale. Stemming from these changes arose the question as to the precise nature of this ‘new’ Europe. Given historical realities and contemporary power relations, one might wish to ask for example how this collectivity of disparate states will evolve by the eve of the twenty‐first century. And, how might this ‘Europe’ relate to the rest of the world? These questions were to be approached by a study of ‘perceptions'; in particular, the perceptions of University students, a group assumed to contain the next generation of ‘leaders' and professionals. In Britain the selected research site was the University of Warwick, a child of the 1960s but adapting well (some would argue too well) to the competitive individualistic ethos of the 1990s. The fieldwork took place during the first quarter of 1991. Particularly interesting from a British point of view are questions relating to the pervasiveness of isolationist ideology, the perceived ‘otherness’ of Europe and ‘the Europeans’, and the status of contemporary Britain and its relations with current EC partners and the wider evolving Europe of the 1990s. The results are interesting in that they on the one hand frequently reflect the fears of a loss of alleged economic, political and cultural hegemony, and on the other take a more sanguine view of Britain's current position in terms of realpolitik. They are also interesting in that marked differences emerge along the ‘fault’ lines of age, gender and ‘race'/ethnicity. The question of how the British data compare with those of the other participating countries will be addressed in a forthcoming book ‘Europe — Beyond Geography’ co‐edited by Jozef Niznik and John Fells and published by M E Sharpe (New York).
On the adoption of multiview video coding in wireless multimedia sensor networks (2011)

This article explores the potential performance gains achievable by applying the multiview video coding paradigm in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN). Recent studies have illustrated how significant performance gains (in terms of energy savings and consequently of network lifetime) can be obtained by leveraging the spatial correlation among partially overlapped fields of view of multiple video cameras observing the same scene. A crucial challenge is then how to describe the correlation among different views of the same scene with accurate yet simple metrics. In this article, we first experimentally assess the performance gains of multiview video coding as a function of metrics capturing the correlation among different views. We compare their effectiveness in predicting the correlation among different views and consequently assess the potential performance gains of multiview video coding in WMSNs. In particular, we show that, in addition to geometric information, occlusions and movement need to be considered to fully take advantage of multiview video coding.