gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Importance of the Amide-Bonded Hydrogen Atom in the Cationically Induced Oligomerization of N-Vinylamides (2000)

A critical review of former investigations on the cationically induced oligomerization of N-vinylformamide points out that some of the results are not in agreement with the model of an cationic propagation mechanism. Special attention in the discussion of the results is given on the chain structure of the oligo(N-vinylformamide)s. In comparison with N-vinylformamide, the ability of different N-vinylamides to undergo a cationically induced polymerization to oligomeric products was investigated. Only the secondary N-vinylamides, N-vinylformamide (VFA) or N-vinylacetamide (VAcA), readily form higher oligomers with various cationic initiators. N-Methyl-N-vinylformamide and the cyclic N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP) dimerize with acidic catalysts, whereas N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide gives a mixture of low molecular products. The N-alkyl-substituted N-vinylamides are not able to undergo a oligomerization to higher oligomers (Mn > 200) under the conditions investigated. The cationic polymerization of N-deutero-N-vinylformamide (VFAD) and the 2H NMR analysis of the obtained oligomers show that the nitrogen-bonded hydrogen (deuterium) is strongly involved in the proton transfer as well as the propagation reaction. From these results, we propose an alternative oligomerization mechanism for the oligomerization of secondary N-vinylamides. A nonionic pericyclic transition state is potentially suggested involving a N-formylimine end group and the monomer rather than a cationically active chain.
Phase Transformation of Biphasic Cu2S−CuInS2 to Monophasic CuInS2 Nanorods (2009)

We synthesized wurtzite CuInS(2) nanorods (NRs) by colloidal solution-phase growth. We discovered that the growth process starts with nucleation of Cu(2)S nanodisks, followed by epitaxial overgrowth of CuInS(2) NRs onto only one face of Cu(2)S nanodisks, resulting in biphasic Cu(2)S-CISu heterostructured NRs. The phase transformation of biphasic Cu(2)S-CuInS(2) into monophasic CuInS(2) NRs occurred with growth progression. The observed epitaxial overgrowth and phase transformation is facile for three reasons. First, the sharing of the sulfur sublattice by the hexagonal chalcocite Cu(2)S and wurtzite CuInS(2) minimizes the lattice distortion. Second, Cu(2)S is in a superionic conducting state at the growth temperature of 250 degrees C wherein the copper ions move fluidly. Third, the size of the Cu(2)S nanodisks is small, resulting in fast phase transformation. Our results provide valuable insight into the controlled solution growth of ternary chalcogenide nanoparticles and will aid in the development of solar cells using ternary I-III-VI(2) semiconductors.
Differences in Starch Granule Composition and Structure Influence In Vitro Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Grain Meal and Extracted Starch in Two Classes of Canadian Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2014)

ABSTRACT Starch granule composition and amylopectin structure affect starch digestibility, an important factor influencing wheat grain utilization for human food consumption. Six bread wheat cultivars with four belonging to the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) and two Canada Prairie Spring Red (CPSR) market classes were analyzed for the relationship between their grain constituents and in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. CPSR cultivars had higher starch and amylose concentrations compared with CWRS cultivars, which had a higher protein concentration. Starch granule size distribution did not differ among the genotypes, except AC Foremost, which had significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) higher volume percent of B‐type starch granules (≈15%) and lower volume percent of A‐type starch granules (≈9%) compared with other cultivars. Fluorophore‐assisted capillary electrophoresis revealed a lower content of R‐IV (DP 15–18, ≈6%) and a higher content of R‐VII (DP 37–45, ≈7%) chains in the CPSR cultivars compared with the CWRS cultivars. Starch in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis showed that compared with CWRS cultivars, the two CPSR cultivars had reduced amounts of readily digestible starch and higher amounts of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch. Consequently, the two CPSR cultivars also showed lower hydrolysis indexes in grain meal as well as extracted starch. CPSR cultivars, with higher starch and amylose concentrations, as well as a higher content of long chains of amylopectin, showed a reduced starch in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis rate.
Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Ion-pair Phenomena and Borderline Mechanisms Solvent and Medium Effects Isotope effects Intramolecular Catalysis Ambident Nucleophiles Substitution at Vinylic Carbon S N2 Processes Displacement at Elements Other than Carbon Metals in Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Other Reactions
Effects of temperature, concentration and biofouling on semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) sampling rates in water (1995)

Accurate estimations of the concentrations of aqueous (dissolved) organic compounds from SPMD residue levels require information on the effects of temperature, analyte concentration, and biofouling on SPMD sampling rates. SPMDs were exposed to the 16 Priority Pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (10, 18 and 26 C; at 1, 10 and 100 ng/L) and 23 organochlorine pesticides (10 and 26 C; at 1, 10, 100 ng/L). Also, the uptake of phenanthrene by freshly prepared and environmentally fouled SPMDs was compared to determine the magnitude of fouling impedance to SPMD uptake. In most cases, temperature did not appear to affect SPMD sampling rates for the PAHs, whereas OC sampling rates rose significantly with higher water temperature. Overall, SPMD sampling rates appeared to be independent of concentration for both analyte classes. The maximal fouling impedance observed represented a 39% reduction in uptake of phenanthrene by SPMDS. Both visual inspection and uptake rate data suggested that fouling reaches a maxima and impedance remains constant thereafter.
Two Novel Genes Induced by Hard-Surface Contact of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Conidia (2000)

Germinating conidia of many phytopathogenic fungi must differentiate into an infection structure called the appressorium in order to penetrate into their hosts. This differentiation is known to require contact with a hard surface. However, the molecular basis for this requirement is not known. Induction of this differentiation in the avocado pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, by chemical signals such as the host's surface wax or the fruit-ripening hormone, ethylene, requires contact of the conidia with a hard surface for about 2 h. To study molecular events triggered by hard-surface contact, we isolated several genes expressed during the early stage of hard-surface treatment by a differential-display method. The genes that encode Colletotrichum hard-surface induced proteins are designated chip genes. In this study, we report the characterization of CHIP2 and CHIP3 genes that would encode proteins with molecular masses of 65 and 64 kDa, respectively, that have no homology to any known proteins. The CHIP2 product would contain a putative nuclear localization signal, a leucine zipper motif, and a heptad repeat region which might dimerize into coiled-coil structure. The CHIP3 product would be a nine-transmembrane-domain-containing protein. RNA blots showed that CHIP2 and CHIP3 are induced by a 2-h hard-surface contact. However, disruption of these genes did not affect the appressorium-forming ability and did not cause a significant decrease in virulence on avocado or tomato fruits suggesting that C. gloeosporioides might have genes functionally redundant to CHIP2 and CHIP3 or that these genes induced by hard-surface contact control processes not directly involved in pathogenesis.
<title>V-grooved optical disc applied to HDTV signal recording</title> (1992)

We have realized a V-grooved optical disc that achieves an increase in recording density over conventional optical discs. This report describes the results of our research : namely its fabrication process and optical read-out method. The features of the V-grooved optical disc system are: 1) high density with narrower track pitch 2) double transfer rate using two-channel simultaneous read-out 3) applicability to read out current CD The V-grooved optical disc is suitable for recording of a baseband HDTV signal because the signal requires a large volume and high transfer rate. 1 . HIGH DENSITY OPTICAL DISCS Optical discs such as Compact Discs (CD) or Video Discs are currently used as information media because they feature large volume high density and easy random access. Recording density reaches 1 bit per 1 um2. However downsizing of disc diameter and applicability to HDTV signals require even higher recording density. Since an optical disc system reads out signals by focusing a laser to the diffraction limit the foremost way to realize higher recording density is minimizing the laser spots focused on the discs shortening of semiconductor laser wavelength and designing of better objective lenses have been the important themes of recent research and development. The wavelength of semiconductor lasers used to read out CD is in the near-infrared around 78Oniu but mass production of G7Onm lasers has just been initiated. Research and development of Il-VI
C3-Flow (2019)

Existing approaches to neural network compression have failed to holistically address algorithmic (training accuracy) and computational (inference performance) demands of real-world systems, particularly on resource-constrained devices. We present C3-Flow, a new approach adding non-uniformity to low-rank approximations and designed specifically to enable highly-efficient computation on common hardware architectures while retaining more accuracy than competing methods. Evaluation on two state-of-the-art acoustic models (versus existing work, empirical limit study approaches, and hand-tuned models) demonstrates up to 60% lower error. Finally, we show that our co-design approach achieves up to 14X inference speedup across three Haswell- and Broadwell-based platforms.
A study on the selective dual laser sintering process for the solid freeform fabrication system (2006)

A solid freeform fabrication (SFF) system using selective laser sintering (SLS) is currently recognized as a leading process and SLS extends the application to machinery and automobiles due to the various materials employed. In order to develop a more elaborate and rapid system for fabricating large objects compared to existing SLS, this study employs a new selective dual-laser sintering (SDLS) process. It contains a 3-axis, dynamic focusing scanner system for scanning large areas instead of the existing fθ lens used in commercial SLS. Therefore, the unique scanning path generation is necessary to eliminate the factors of quality deterioration in case of fabricating larger objects. Also, this paper will address development of a SFF system which employs the dual laser system and the unique scanning device. In the SLS, the sintering temperature, laser beam power and layer thickness have a great influence on sintering of the polymer. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of a scanning path and fabrication parameters on sintering process and to fabricate the various 3D objects using polymer.
Discovery and Characterization of Substituted Diphenyl Heterocyclic Compounds as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Replication (2008)

A novel small-molecule inhibitor, referred to here as R706, was discovered in a high-throughput screen of chemical libraries against Huh-7-derived replicon cells carrying autonomously replicating subgenomic RNA of hepatitis C virus (HCV). R706 was highly potent in blocking HCV RNA replication as measured by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting of R706-treated replicon cells. Structure-activity iterations of the R706 series yielded a lead compound, R803, that was more potent and highly specific for HCV replication, with no significant inhibitory activity against a panel of HCV-related positive-stranded RNA viruses. Furthermore, HCV genotype 1 replicons displayed markedly higher sensitivity to R803 treatment than a genotype 2a-derived replicon. In addition, R803 was tested by a panel of biochemical and cell-based assays for on-target and off-target activities, and the data suggested that the compound had a therapeutic window close to 100-fold, while its exact mechanism of action remained elusive. We found that R803 was more effective than alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) at blocking HCV RNA replication in the replicon model. In combination studies, R803 showed a weak synergistic effect with IFN-alpha/ribavirin but only additive effects with a protease inhibitor and an allosteric inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (20). We conclude that R803 and related heterocyclic compounds constitute a new class of HCV-specific inhibitors that could potentially be developed as a treatment for HCV infection.
Influence of matching solubility parameter of polymer matrix and CNT on electrical conductivity of CNT/rubber composite (2014)

We report a general approach to fabricate elastomeric composites possessing high electrical conductivity for applications ranging from wireless charging interfaces to stretchable electronics. By using arbitrary nine kinds of rubbers as matrices, we experimentally demonstrate that the matching the solubility parameter of CNTs and the rubber matrix is important to achieve higher electrical conductivity in CNT/rubber composite, resulting in continuous conductive pathways leading to electrical conductivities as high as 15 S/cm with 10 vol% CNT in fluorinated rubber. Further, using thermodynamic considerations, we demonstrate an approach to mix CNTs to arbitrary rubber matrices regardless of solubility parameter of matrices by adding small amounts of fluorinated rubber as a polymeric-compatibilizer of CNTs. We thereby achieved electrical conductivities ranging from 1.2 to 13.8 S/cm (10 vol% CNTs) using nine varieties of rubber matrices differing in chemical structures and physical properties. Finally, we investigated the components of solubility parameter of CNT by using Hansen solubility parameters, these findings may useful for controlling solubility parameter of CNTs.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Cardiac Function by Preventing Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obese-Insulin Resistant Rats (2016)

Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption leads to not only obese-insulin resistance, but also impaired left ventricular (LV) function. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to exert cardioprotection. However, its effects on the heart and metabolic parameters under obese-insulin resistant condition is not known. We determined the effects of VNS on metabolic parameters, heart rate variability (HRV) and LV function in obese-insulin resistant rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for 12 weeks, and were randomly divided into sham and VNS groups. VNS was applied for the next 12 weeks. Echocardiography, blood pressure and HRV were examined. Blood samples were collected for metabolic parameters. At the end, the heart was removed for determination of apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac mitochondrial function. VNS for 12 weeks significantly decreased plasma insulin, HOMA index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and visceral fat. Serum adiponectin was significantly increased in the VNS group. VNS also significantly decreased blood pressure, improved HRV and LV function, decreased cardiac MDA, TNF-α and Bax levels, and improved cardiac mitochondrial function. VNS improves metabolic and hemodynamic parameters, and the LV function via its ability against apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, and preserved cardiac mitochondrial function in obese-insulin resistant rats.
Clock and Data Recovery Circuits (2018)

The design of the clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is the most challenging task in implementation of any wireline receiver. In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of common CDR architectures and describe the implementation of their key building blocks. They focus on the design of high-performance LC oscillators for CDR circuits. In a full-rate CDR circuit, the frequency of the recovered clock equals the incoming data rate, allowing a clock rising (or falling) edge to appear in the middle of every bit. Single-edge retiming avoids degradation of the quality of detection arising from the duty cycle mismatch of the clock signal. As the operation speed of CDR circuits increases, binary phase detectors that rely on samples of the data to provide the phase error information in the form of early or late signals, and achieve higher immunity to nonidealities of analog process become more popular.
Discovery and Development of Safinamide, a New Drug for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease (2018)

A detailed and critical survey of the clinical studies undergone by safinamide in early and advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) leading to its approval by European Medicines Agency (EMA) was recently published. Pharmacokinetics (PK) showed that brain levels reach roughly 40 µM, at 30 and 60 min after an oral dose of 10 mg kg-1 safinamide in rats. Due to its multiple mechanism of action, preclinical and early clinical development of safinamide proceeded in parallel for more than one therapeutic indication, namely, epilepsy, PD, and restless legs syndrome (RLS), before a final choice was made to go for PD as an indication for first approval. Anticholinergic agents like trihexyphenidyl and benztropine have been historically used for the treatment of PD before the introduction of levodopa (l-dopa). New drugs offering both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic actions like safinamide could offer a significant therapeutic advantage.
Molecular Characterization of a t(ll;14)(q23;q32) ChromosomeTranslocation in a B-Cell Lymphoma1 (1990)

We have analyzed the molecular features of a t(ll;14)(q23;q32) chro mosome translocation of a cell line established from a B-cell lymphoma. Somatic hybrid cells carrying the llqâ€” and/or 14q+ chromosome(s) were produced in order to map the breakpoints. Southern blot analyses of DNAs from these hybrid cell lines together with various probes from the IGH locus on chromosome 14 and the ETS-l and CD3 genes on chromosome 11 showed that the breakpoints of the translocation occurred between the constant regions of the Cfy and C72 genes on chromosome 14 and between the CDA¬ and ETS-l genes on chromosome 11. The t(ll;14)(q23;q32) translocation does not seem to involve the same mech anism that is responsible for translocations occurring at the immunoglobulin heavy chain joining segment (.In).
Selective metal deposition for a structure with a thin intermediate layer on a photochromic diarylethene film (2009)

Selective metal Mg deposition was achieved for a structure with the 8-nm-thick intermediate layer of Alq3 on a photochromic diarylethene (DAE) layer. Selective deposition for a structure with the Alq3 intermediate layer was attributed to uncolored DAE molecules exposed on the surface due to the migration and the aggregation of Alq3 molecules on the uncolored DAE layer. Laser spot irradiation enables both isomerization and an annealing effect on samples with an Alq3 intermediate layer, thereby achieving selective Mg deposition. Selective deposition for a structure with an intermediate layer could be important for the preparation of patterned cathodes in the field of organic electronics.
REAKTIONEN VON THIOXOHETEROCYCLEN MITN-CHLORAMIDEN I.1N-(2-PYRIDYLTHIO)AMIDE (1987)

Abstract N-(2-Pyridylthio)amides 7 and salts of them have been prepared from 2-thiopyridone (1) with sodium-N-chloro-or N′N-dichlorobenzenesulfonamides (3 or 4), N-chloro-or N,N-dichloro-o-nitrobenzamide (2e or 4e), N-chloro or N,N-dichloroethylurethane (2f or 4f). Reactions of different amides 7 and the 13C-and 15N-NMR-spectra of N-(2-pyridylthio)-p-toluenesulfonamide (7b) prove the constitutions. N-(2-Pyridylthio)amide 7 und deren Salze werden dargestellt aus 2-Thiopyridon (1) mit Natrium-N-chlor-oder N,N-Dichlorbenzolsulfonamiden (3 oder 4), N-Chlor-oder N,N-Dichlor-o-nitrobenzamid (2e oder 4e), N-Chlor-oder N,N-Dichlorethylurethan (2f oder 4f). Reaktionen verschiedener Amide 7 und die 13C-und 15N-NMR-Spektren des N-(2-Pyridylthio)-p-toluolsulfonamids (7b) beweisen die Konstitutionen.
Epratuzumab in SLE (2012)

This chapter summarizes the current status of the use of epratuzumab, the only anti-CD22 humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) being studied clinically in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. The role of B cells and their markers is discussed, particularly as targets for therapy of autoimmune disease, and the construction and properties of epratuzumab are described. Finally, a summary is presented of three clinical trials, one involving a small Phase II trial of epratuzumab in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and the other two constituting larger multicenter trials, all using changes in British Isles Lupus Activity Group scores.
Characterization of the Initial Enzymatic Steps of Barbamide Biosynthesis (2006)

Barbamide is a mixed polypeptide-polyketide natural product that contains an unusual trichloromethyl group. The origin of the trichloromethyl group was previously shown to be through chlorination of the pro-R methyl group of L-leucine. Trichloroleucine is subsequently decarboxylated and oxidized to trichloroisovaleric acid and then extended with an acetate unit to form the initial seven carbons of barbamide. In this study we used a combination of biosynthetic feeding experiments and enzymatic analysis to characterize the initial steps required for formation of trichloroleucine and its chain-shortened product, trichloroisovaleric acid. Results from isotope-labeled feeding experiments showed that both dichloroleucine and trichloroleucine are readily incorporated into barbamide; however, monochloroleucine is not. This suggests that halogenation of the pro-R methyl group of leucine occurs as two discrete reactions, with the first involving incorporation of at least two halogen atoms and the second converting dichloroleucine to trichloroleucine. Additionally, the initial tandem dichlorination must occur before substrate can be further processed by the remainingbar pathway enzymes. In vitro analysis of the first five open reading frames (ORFs; barA, barB1, barB2, bar C, barD) of the barbamide gene cluster has yielded new insights into the processing of leucine to form the trichloroisovaleryl-derived unit in the final product.
The Role of Structural Biology in Kinase Inhibitor Drug Discovery Success (2020)

The drug discovery process is a multidisciplinary activity characterized by unprecedented opportunities. Structural biology offers an inestimable support for a prompt and successful identification of efficient kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents. This chapter presents examples of breakthrough therapies discovered with the crucial support of structural biology and identification of proper design to target specific structural elements of kinase targets. It highlights challenges like drug resistance, selectivity, and potency inhibition. Structural biology may help to gain a deeper understanding of the paradoxical mechanism of drug resistance developed during vemurafenib treatment, as a consequence of the ERK pathway activation. The insurgence of drug resistance has promptly encouraged many pharmaceutical companies to design more potent and efficient anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors, opening a strong competition for the discovery of second-generation inhibitors. The discovery of the genetic background of chronic myeloid leukemia has promoted the search for new drugs useful to treat the disease.