gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data from Androgen Receptor and Invasion in Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Activation of androgen receptor (AR) stimulates the growth of not only androgen-dependent but also of androgen-refractory prostate cancer. However, neither the role of AR in invasion/metastasis nor the relationship between invasiveness and androgen-refractory status has been established. In this study, we used the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line MDA PCa 2b, derived from a human bone metastasis, to generate an invasive subline (MDA-I) using a Matrigel chamber. MDA-I cells expressed higher levels of AR and prostate-specific antigen than their less invasive parental cells. Blocking AR function or removal of androgen suppressed the invasion of MDA-I cells, whereas stimulating AR increased invasion. In addition, forced AR overexpression increased the invasiveness of MDA PCa 2b cells. Next, we showed that an androgen-refractory subline (MDA-hr) of MDA PCa 2b cells also expressed higher levels of AR and were more invasive than their parental androgen-dependent cells. Blocking AR function suppressed the invasiveness of MDA-hr cells. Gelatin zymography indicated that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activities were regulated by AR signaling and closely correlated with the invasiveness of the androgen-dependent and androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells. These data suggest that AR promotes the invasiveness of both androgen-dependent and androgen-refractory prostate cancer and that a more invasive phenotype might develop through AR activation during cancer progression. These findings potentially support the use of adjuvant hormonal therapy and the future development of more potent androgen blockade therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(4):1128–35]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Preparation of 7-spiroepoxy and 7,7-disubstituted cephalosporanate 1,1-dioxide from 7-diazocephalosporanate 1,1-dioxide: Reactions of 7-diazocephalosporanate 1,1-dioxide with aldehydes (1991)

The reactions of tert-butyl-3-acetoxymethyl-3-cephem-7-diazocephalosporanate 1,1-dioxide ( I ) with acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 2-thiophene caboxaldehyde, 3-thiophene carboxaldehyde, 2-furan carboxaldehyde, 3-furan carboxaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde have been studied. Use of boron trifluoride etherate as a catalyst for these reactions was found to accelerate the reactions markedly and to favour the formation of aldehydes rather than the ketones at C-7 position as the carbonyl product. The products obtained from these reactions and the ratios of carbonyl products to epoxides suggest that the R groups of the carbonyl component have profound influence on the reactions.
Transport and Deposition of Plasma-Sputtered Platinum Atoms: Comparison Between Experiments and Simulation (2008)

The deposition of platinum atoms by argon plasma sputtering has been simulated by using a 3-D Monte Carlo simulation called Sputtered Particles Transport in Gas, which provides spatial and energy distributions of the Pt atoms impinging on the substrate and on the chamber walls. The Yamamura formula provides the Pt sputtering yield from argon ions, whereas the initial energy distribution of sputtered atoms is given by the Thompson distribution. The Pt flux on the chamber walls and on the substrate are compared with experimental deposition rates.
An Efficient Handover Mechanism Using the General Switch Management Protocol on a Multi-Protocol Label Switching Network (2003)

Using the general switch management protocol on a multi-protocol label switching network, we present an efficient method for handling handovers. The proposed method directly changes an established path into a new path for supporting a handover. Our investigation reveals the effects of the proposed scheme and demonstrates that this method significantly reduces signaling costs and delays.
Group-index independent coupling to band engineered SOI photonic crystal waveguide with large slow-down factor (2011)

Group-index independent coupling to a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based band-engineered photonic crystal (PCW) waveguide is presented. A single hole size is used for designing both the PCW coupler and the band-engineered PCW to improve fabrication yield. Efficiency of several types of PCW couplers is numerically investigated. An on-chip integrated Fourier transform spectral interferometry device is used to experimentally determine the group-index while excluding the effect of the couplers. A low-loss, low-dispersion slow light transmission over 18 nm bandwidth under the silica light line with a group index of 26.5 is demonstrated, that corresponds to the largest slow-down factor of 0.31 ever demonstrated for a PCW with oxide bottom cladding.
Protein-macrocycle framework engineering: supramolecular copolymerisation with two disparate calixarenes (2021)

Water soluble calixarenes are versatile mediators of protein assembly, including the fabrication of crystalline frameworks. Here, we report the X-ray crystal structure of cytochrome c (cytc) co-crystallised with two different calixarenes: phosphonato-calix[6]arene (pclx6) and sulfonato-calix[8]arene (sclx8). Each calixarene type acts as an independent molecular glue that mediates cytc dimers within the crystal. The calixarene-mediated dimers combine to yield chains of cytc-sclx8-cytc-pclx6-pclx6 repeating units. These supramolecular copolymer units pack together, via a protein-protein interface, to yield a porous dendrite-like assembly. Interestingly, the tri-component framework has features in common with previously reported structures of cytc in complex with pclx6 or sclx8. Known protein-calixarene ‘building blocks’ combine in novel ways to yield the tri-component assembly, highlighting the versatility of calixarene molecular glues in protein crystal engineering.
A Fruitful Usage of a Dialkylthiophene Comonomer for Redox Stable Wide-Gap Cathodically Coloring Electrochromic Polymers (2018)

A series of conjugated polymers are prepared via direct heteroarylation polymerization with the goal of yielding wide-gap, yellow and orange switching to transmissive cathodically coloring electrochromic polymers (ECPs). The polymers are based on repeat units of dialkylthiophene (DAT) in alternation with dioxythiophenes (DOTs) with various side chains to induce differing levels of inter-ring strain yielding 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (DAT-EDOT), 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (DAT-ProDOT), 3,4-(1,3-dimethylpropylene)dioxythiophene (DAT-DMP), and 3,4-dimethoxythiophene (DAT-DMOT) structured polymers. Examination of the optoelectronic properties via UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy, differential pulse voltammetry, and spectroelectrochemistry shows that while increasing the inter-ring strain induced by the side chain of the DOT unit leads to an increased oxidation potential ranging from −122 to +288 mV relative to Fc/Fc+, this does not decrease the accessibility of the extreme charge states. Through subtle steric interactions between the arylene units, neutral polymer colors were tunable from yellow to deep reds while maintaining transmissive oxidized states. These DAT-based polymers also show increased redox switching stability compared to that of previous generations of wide-gap cathodically coloring ECPs that incorporate phenylene units with DAT-ProDOT and DAT-DMP films showing minimal loss of electrochromic contrast over 1000 switches and a DAT-DMP device showing minimal contrast loss over 10000 cycles. With these properties, these polymers have the ability for subtractive color mixing with other ECPs to create broadly absorbing, color neutral (black and brown) blends that are redox stable.
Photoluminescent properties of copper-doped zinc oxide nanowires (2004)

Copper-doped zinc oxide nanowires were fabricated on copper-coated silicon substrate by sintering a mixture of zinc oxide and graphite powders at high temperature. Copper functioned as a catalyst in the zinc oxide nanowire growth and was incorporated during the growth as a dopant. The size of copper-doped zinc oxide nanowires ranges from 30 to 100 nm in diameter and tens to hundreds of microns in length. The photoluminescent excitation spectra showed multiple absorption peaks in the ultraviolet and blue/green region. Correspondingly, broad and continuous photoluminescence spectra were observed extending from the ultraviolet to the red region with shoulder peaks at room temperature, which is different from that of the bulk. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low temperature photoluminescence were employed to analyse the luminescent mechanism.
Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics (2017)

Current limitations to primary cell expansion led us to test whether airway epithelial cells derived from healthy children and those with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF), co-cultured with an irradiated fibroblast feeder cell in F-medium containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor could maintain their lineage during expansion and whether this is influenced by underlying disease status. Here, we show that conditionally reprogrammed airway epithelial cells (CRAECs) can be established from both healthy and diseased phenotypes. CRAECs can be expanded, cryopreserved and maintain phenotypes over at least 5 passages. Population doublings of CRAEC cultures were significantly greater than standard cultures, but maintained their lineage characteristics. CRAECs from all phenotypes were also capable of fully differentiating at air-liquid interface (ALI) and maintained disease specific characteristics including; defective CFTR channel function cultures and the inability to repair wounds. Our findings indicate that CRAECs derived from children maintain lineage, phenotypic and importantly disease-specific functional characteristics over a specified passage range.
Lack of polyfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in hemodialysis patients (2017)

Abstract Polyfunctional T cells are critical for maintaining protection against pathogens. Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risks for infectious complications and their T cell immunity against viruses may be impaired. The current study intends to investigate the effects of renal disease on T cell immunity by analyzing T cell differentiation (based on expression of CCR7 and CD45RA) and polyfunctionality response against cytomegalovirus (CMV), an ubiquitous pathogen. Two CMV peptide pools (IE1 and pp65) were used to stimulate PBMCs and four effector functions were measured by multicolor flow cytometry (IL-2, TNFα, IFNγ and CD107a) to identify polyfunctional T cells. 17 healthy individuals, 13 patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 37 ESRD patients were enrolled in this study. All the donors were seropositive with an average age of 60. Patients with renal disease, especially the ESRD patients, showed increased levels of T cell differentiation, including the decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ TN cells and the increase in the CD4+ and CD8+ TEM and TEMRA cells. While the cellular frequency of CMV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were similar among different groups, polyfunctional cell were dramatically reduced in ESRD. Among healthy individuals, CKD and ESRD patients, CD4+ CMV-IE1-reactive polyfunctional cell frequencies were 2.0%, 2.2%, and 0%, respectively (p=0.002). The CD8+ CMV-pp65-reactive polyfunctional cell frequencies were 12.4%, 8.8% and 0.8% in the three groups (p&amp;lt;0.001). Such phenomenon resembles T cell exhaustion observed in HIV infection and further studies should investigate the level of inhibitory receptor expression levels such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 in these patients.
The relevance of non-human primate and rodent malaria models for humans (2011)

At the 2010 Keystone Symposium on "Malaria: new approaches to understanding Host-Parasite interactions", an extra scientific session to discuss animal models in malaria research was convened at the request of participants. This was prompted by the concern of investigators that skepticism in the malaria community about the use and relevance of animal models, particularly rodent models of severe malaria, has impacted on funding decisions and publication of research using animal models. Several speakers took the opportunity to demonstrate the similarities between findings in rodent models and human severe disease, as well as points of difference. The variety of malaria presentations in the different experimental models parallels the wide diversity of human malaria disease and, therefore, might be viewed as a strength. Many of the key features of human malaria can be replicated in a variety of nonhuman primate models, which are very under-utilized. The importance of animal models in the discovery of new anti-malarial drugs was emphasized. The major conclusions of the session were that experimental and human studies should be more closely linked so that they inform each other, and that there should be wider access to relevant clinical material.
Synthesis and Properties of Sulfhydryl-Reactive Near-Infrared Cyanine Fluorochromes for Fluorescence Imaging (2003)

Near-infrared fluorochromes (NIRF) are useful compounds for diverse biotechnology applications and for in vivo biomedical imaging. Such NIRF must have high quantum yield, be biocompatible, and be conjugatable to a wide variety of proteins, peptides, and other affinity ligands. Here, we describe the synthesis of four new nonsymmetrical sulfhydryl-reactive cyanine NIRF with excellent optical and chemical properties. Each fluorochrome was designed to contain an iodoacetamido group that reacts specifically with sulfhydryl-containing molecules. The synthesized fluorochromes were used to label model peptides and sulfhydryl-containing biomolecules.
Electronvolt (2016)

This document contains recommendations for terminology in mass spectrometry. Development of standard terms dates back to 1974 when the IUPAC Commission on Analytical Nomenclature issued recommendations on mass spectrometry terms and definitions. In 1978, the IUPAC Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy updated and extended the recommendations and made further recommendations regarding symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. The IUPAC Physical Chemistry Division Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy’s Subcommittee on Mass Spectroscopy revised the recommended terms in 1991 and appended terms relating to vacuum technology. Some additional terms related to tandem mass spectrometry were added in 1993 and accelerator mass spectrometry in 1994. Owing to the rapid expansion of the field in the intervening years, particularly in mass spectrometry of biomolecules, a further revision of the recommendations has become necessary. This document contains a comprehensive revision of mass spectrometry terminology that represents the current consensus of the mass spectrometry community.
Self-powered light dimming system using a magneto-mechano-electric generator with hardener-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 single crystals (2023)

Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PMN-PZT) single crystals were doped with hardener Mn at variable concentrations to fabricate a high-output magneto-mechano-electric generator, which was then used to prepare a self-powered light dimming system with ambient light sensor.
Answer Uncertainty and Unanswerability in Multiple-Choice Machine Reading Comprehension (2022)

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) has drawn a lot of attention as an approach for assessing the ability of systems to understand natural language. Usually systems focus on selecting the correct answer to a question given a contextual paragraph. However, for many applications of multiple-choice MRC systems there are two additional considerations. For multiplechoice exams there is often a negative marking scheme; there is a penalty for an incorrect answer. This means that the system is required to have an idea of the uncertainty in the predicted answer. The second consideration is that many multiple-choice questions have the option of none of the above (NOA) indicating that none of the answers is applicable, rather than there always being the correct answer in the list of choices. This paper investigates both of these issues by making use of predictive uncertainty. It is shown that uncertainty does allow questions that the system is not confident about to be detected. Additionally we show that uncertainty outperforms a system explicitly built with an NOA option for the ReClor corpus.
A 3D audio only interactive Web browser (1999)

Interactive audio browsers provide both sighted and visually impaired users with access to the WWW. In addition to the desktop PC, audio browsing technology can be deployed that enable users to browse the WWW using a telephone or while driving a car. This paper describes a new conceptual model of the HTML document structure and its mapping to a 3D audio space. Novel features are discussed that provide information such as: an audio structural survey of the HTML document; accurate positional audio feedback of the source and destination anchors when traversing both inter-and intra-document links; a linguistic progress indicator; the announcement of destination document meta-information as new links are encountered. These new features can improve both the user's comprehension of the HTML document structure and their orientation within it. These factors, in turn, can improve the effectiveness of the browsing experience.
Automatic generation of destination maps (2010)

Destination maps are navigational aids designed to show anyone within a region how to reach a location (the destination). Hand-designed destination maps include only the most important roads in the region and are non-uniformly scaled to ensure that all of the important roads from the highways to the residential streets are visible. We present the first automated system for creating such destination maps based on the design principles used by mapmakers. Our system includes novel algorithms for selecting the important roads based on mental representations of road networks, and for laying out the roads based on a non-linear optimization procedure. The final layouts are labeled and rendered in a variety of styles ranging from informal to more formal map styles. The system has been used to generate over 57,000 destination maps by thousands of users. We report feedback from both a formal and informal user study, as well as provide quantitative measures of success.
The Potential of Immune Modulation in Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccination (2020)

We discuss here some of the key immunological elements that are at the crossroads and need to be combined to develop a potent therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine. Therapeutic vaccines have been commonly used to enhance and/or recall pre-existing HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses aiming to suppress virus replication. The current success of immune checkpoint blockers in cancer therapy renders them very attractive to use in HIV-1 infected individuals with the objective to preserve the function of HIV-1-specific T cells from exhaustion and presumably target the persistent cellular reservoir. The major latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for virus reactivation during therapy-suppressed individuals provide the scientific basis for future combinatorial therapeutic vaccine development.
<title>Performance considerations for high-definition head-mounted displays</title> (1992)

We will discuss design image-optimization for helmet mounted displays (HMDs) in the context of a system engineering approach that includes a description of natural targets in the field, a description of perceptual characteristics of the human visual system, and device specifications that relate to these ecological and human-factors parameters that ultimately determine task performance. We will consider two HMD system as examples: the GEN III (AN/PVS-7A) night vision goggle (NVG) system and the SIPE helmet system (Soldier''s Integrated Protective Ensemble), both developed by S-TRON for use by the US Army.
Blind channel estimation for audio signals (2004)

This research presents a new approach for blind channel estimation for audio signals. For most speech processing techniques such as speech recognition or speaker identification, the performance can drop significantly when the statistics of the training data such as the channel shape, noise, and distortion differ from the statistics of the testing data. Aside from the standard technique of cepstral mean normalization, few techniques are available for reducing channel mismatch conditions. Experimental results will be presented for both channel estimation and for channel normalization via inverse filtering where the inverse filter is derived from the channel estimate.
Concurrent Dyeing and Finishing of Textile Fabrics Using Chemically Modified Peanut Red Skin Extract (2023)

Abstract Progressive environmental awareness and legislation regarding the pollutants discharged from textile coloration plants allocate natural colorants in the forefront position for the dyeing and printing of many textile substrates. In this study, a genuine dye was synthesized by combining the diazonium salt of m -anisidine with a crude extract of peanut skin. The melting point of the synthesized dye (SD) as well as its Fourier transform infrared and UV–Visible spectra was recorded. The SD was used in the dyeing of wool, cotton, Lyocell®, and polyester fabrics with different dye shades, pH, time, and temperature. The color strength, colorimetric data, fastness properties, antimicrobial efficiency, ultraviolet protection factor, and tensile properties of the dyed fabrics were evaluated. The SD was a good colorant for wool and polyester fabrics but of lower substantivity for cotton and Lyocell®. The fastness properties of the dyed fabrics against light, washing, crocking, and perspiration were good to excellent. The dyed fabrics exhibited antimicrobial properties against Gram + ve bacteria, Gram − ve bacteria, and pathogenic fungus ( Candida albicans ) to different extents, depending on the dyed fabric and test species. Most of the dyed wool samples retained their antimicrobial properties even after ten washing cycles. The ultraviolet protection factor of the dyed fabrics was enhanced without deterioration of their tensile properties.
3GHz, 257nm Picosecond Source for Electron Guns (2018)

We report a new photocathode laser with 3GHz repetition rate, generated by electro- optics modulator comb. The laser is amplified by an Yb: fiber amplifier to 10W and frequency converted to deep ultra-violet with output power of more than 3mW.