gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Casimir Forces between Silicon Gratings (2018)

The Casimir force arises from the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. It leads to an attraction between electrically neutral bodies with a vacuum gap that be- comes measureable at nanoscale separations. Under the trend of miniaturization, such quantum electrodynamical effects are expected to play an important role in nanomechanical devices. One remarkable property of the Casimir force is its non-trivial dependence on the shape of the in- teracting bodies. Experiments using the corrugated surface of gratings have demonstrated the deviation of the Casimir force from the proximity force approximation. In these experiments, it was necessary to choose one of the bodies to be a sphere to circumvent alignment difficulties.Here, we present measurement of the Casimir force gradient between two microfabricated silicon beams, both of which contain rectangular corrugations. One of the beams acts as the forcesensing element. As it vibrates in a perpendicular magnetic field, a back electromotive force is generated and the corresponding change in the current is measured. The force gradient exerted on this beam is measured from the resonance frequency shift. The distance to the other beam is controlled using a comb actuator integrated on the same substrate, where electrostatic forces push the second beam towards the force-sensing beam. By using lithography to define the structures, they are aligned to allow the two gratings to interpenetrate when the separation between them is reduced. Our data shows a number of novel features, including strong deviations of the force gradient from the proximity force approximation and a non-zero, distance-independent Casimir force over certain range of displacement.We will also discuss the design of a bridge to measure the difference in Casimir forces on two types of surfaces. By fabricating an additional sensing beam next to the original one and measuring their resonant frequency shifts simultaneously in the same experimental run, the difference in the Casimir force gradient of two different geometries can be compared.
Structural studies of some serrulatane diterpenes (1981)

The crystal structures of methyl (15S)-7,8,16-trihydroxyserrulatan-19-oate (1) and 2,7,8,20-tetrahydroxyserrulat-14-ene (2) have been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at 295 K, being refined by least squares to residuals of 0.046 and 0.053 for 1 153 and 1 513 ‘observed’ reflections respectively. Crystals of (1) are orthorhombic, P212121, a= 21.78(2), b= 18.42(2), c= 5.101(3)Å, Z= 4 while those of (2) are monoclinic, C2, a= 14.96(1), b= 12.315(6), c= 21.75(1)Å, β= 107.21(5)°, Z= 8. As well as establishing total relative stereochemistry in (1), an interesting intramolecular hydrogen-bonding system is observed, together with an alicyclic ring conformation differing from that found in the previously studied dihydroxyserrulatic acid (3). In (2), the two independent molecules of the asymmetric unit have different conformations, corresponding broadly to those of (1) and (3).
Columnar mesophases of cyclic trimers of disubstituted acetylenes (1991)

Hexa(4-alkyphenoxymethyl)benzenes, 4(with n= 4, 7, 9) were prepared by the alkylation of hexa(bromomethyl)-benzene and/or Cp2Co catalysed cyclotrimerization of the corresponding 1,4-di(4-alkylphenoxy)but-2-yne monomer, 2. The derivative 4(n= 4) is crystalline. The derivative 4(n= 7) displays an enantiotropic columnar mesophase and compound 4(n= 9) displays a monotropic columnar mesophase whose polarized optical microscopic textures are typical of Dho mesophases. An additional columnar mesophase of the derivative 4(n= 7) is monotropic. Hexa(4-alkoxyphenyl)benzenes, 3(n= 4–9) were prepared by PdCl2(PhCN)2 catalysed cyclotrimerizations of the corresponding 1,2-di(4-alkoxyphenyl)acetylenes, 1. The derivatives 3(n= 6–9) form anisotropic glasses whose columnar mesophases become more fluid as the temperature approaches isotropization. Methyl branches in either the mesogen or the alkoxy substituents promotes solidification, whether it is to a crystalline phase or to an anisotropic glass.
Synthesis and Experimental Investigation of Novel CNT-Polymer Nanocomposite to Enhance Borehole Stability at High Temperature Drilling Applications (2018)

Abstract The successful drilling operation of oil and gas wells required high quality of drilling fluids which can stabilize well formations and able to withstand deep wellbore conditions of elevated temperature. Wellbore formations are mainly composed of shale (soft clay) and are likely to destabilize upon interacting with water. The instability of wellbore is caused by the interactions of water with the formation that results in the swelling of shale. Specialized drilling fluids can overcome this issue by stabilizing wellbore formations. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel CNT-polymer nanocomposite through in situ polymerization process and to enhance rheological properties, borehole stability and filtration characteristics for high-temperature and high-pressure drilling applications. The thermal stability of nanocomposite was assessed using TGA analysis. The nanocomposite concentration (2 w/v.%) was employed with the base drilling fluid to study the impact on rheological properties at elevated temperature from 100°F to 300°F and 300 psi pressure. The results showed that rheological properties (viscosity, yield point, gel strength) were stable up to 300°F with (2 w/v.%) concentration of nanocomposite. The HTHP filtration experiment showed that fluid loss of modified drilling fluid significantly reduced compared to the base drilling fluid. Shale dispersion experiments were carried out at (100°F, 200°F, 300°F) for a shale sample obtained from the actual drilling field of Saudi Arabia. The XRD analysis of shale sample showed 19% clay contents in the shale sample. The shale recovery performance indicated that using 2 w/v.% concentration of nanocomposite in the base drilling (modified drilling fluid) has significantly reduced the dispersion of shale (up to 90%) compared to the base drilling fluid. The linear shale swelling experiments were carried out using nanocomposite modified drilling fluid and it was observed that use of nanocomposite appreciably reduced the swelling of shale compared to the base drilling fluid. The use of polymer nanocomposite as water-based drilling fluid additive enhances the rheological properties, filtration characteristics and borehole stability at high-temperature drilling applications.
The cDNA-derived Investigational Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Vaccine rcp45 Is Well Tolerated, Infectious, and Immunogenic in Infants and Young Children (2011)

The level of attenuation and immunogenicity of cDNA-derived rcp45 is comparable to what was previously observed with the biologically derived cp45 vaccine, and preliminary data suggest that the attenuating mutations in this vaccine virus are genetically stable. Continued clinical development of rcp45 is warranted.
New insights on the roles of bacteria and protozoa in activated-sludge processes (2012)

Wastewater treatment is one of the most important biotechnological processes in the world. Nevertheless, the highly complex microbial communities in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are barely understood, remaining, most of the time, as a “black box”. Even though many microbiological methods are available to study the activated-sludge communities, many recent questions on the role of a significant number of microorganisms are kept unanswered. The current model and design concepts of activated-sludge consider bacteria as the sole active biomass. The activities of all other microbial community members (protozoa, metazoa, phages, etc.) are hidden in a simple decay process responsible for the reduction of active biomass and there is an assumed difficulty in establishing the way of how the interactions between the bacterial and the eukaryotic populations can affect the performance of the treatment system. PROTOFILWW project (PTDC/AMB/68393/2006) aimed at the study of 37 WWTP during 2 years, allowing for the identification of the little metazoa, protozoa and filamentous bacteria in 296 samples and enabling the correlation of these communities with physical-chemical and operational parameters. Furthermore, several studies on related subjects were and are being carried on to enlighten the roles of the different organisms in the depurating process, on how they interact with each other and on methods to identify certain filamentous and floc-forming bacteria with relevant functions in these artificial ecosystems. Simultaneously, a web-based platform was conceived to ensure the dissemination of knowledge and the communication of results between the project team and the WWTP technicians and managers.
Optical Characterization of AlAsSb Digital Alloy and Random Alloy on GaSb (2017)

III-(As, Sb) alloys are building blocks for various advanced optoelectronic devices, but the growth of their ternary or quaternary materials are commonly limited by spontaneous formation of clusters and phase separations during alloying. Recently, digital alloy growth by molecular beam epitaxy has been widely adopted in preference to conventional random alloy growth because of the extra degree of control offered by the ordered alloying. In this article, we provide a comparative study of the optical characteristics of AlAsSb alloys grown lattice-matched to GaSb using both techniques. The sample grown by digital alloy technique showed stronger photoluminescence intensity, narrower peak linewidth, and larger carrier activation energy than the random alloy technique, indicating an improved optical quality with lower density of non-radiative recombination centers. In addition, a relatively long carrier lifetime was observed from the digital alloy sample, consistent with the results obtained from the photoluminescence study.
Bistability in Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms Through the Principle of Reflection (2021)

Abstract We present a resource for designing bistable developable mechanisms (BDMs) that reach their second stable positions while exterior or interior to a cylindrical surface. Analysis of the necessary conditions to create extramobile and intramobile cylindrical BDMs is conducted through a series of three tests. These tests contain elements of both existing and new mechanism design tools, including a novel graphical method for identifying stable positions of linkages using a single dominant torsional spring, called the principle of reflection. These tests are applied to all possible mechanism cases and configurations to identify why certain configurations will always, sometimes, or never be a BDM. Two tables summarize these results as a guide when designing extramobile and intramobile BDMs. The results are compared and demonstrated with a numerical simulation of 30,000+ mechanisms, including several example mechanisms that illustrate the concepts discussed in the work. Discussion is then provided on the implication of these results.
Theoneberine: the first brominated benzyltetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid from the Okinawan marine sponge Theonella sp (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheoneberine: the first brominated benzyltetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid from the Okinawan marine sponge Theonella spJunichi Kobayashi, Kazuhiko Kondo, Hideyuki Shigemori, Masami Ishibashi, Takuma Sasaki, and Yuzuru MikamiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 24, 6680–6682Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00050a066https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00050a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views157Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
DNA copy number analysis of fresh and formalin-fixed specimens by shallow whole-genome sequencing with identification and exclusion of problematic regions in the genome assembly (2014)

Detection of DNA copy number aberrations by shallow whole-genome sequencing (WGS) faces many challenges, including lack of completion and errors in the human reference genome, repetitive sequences, polymorphisms, variable sample quality, and biases in the sequencing procedures. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival material, the analysis of which is important for studies of cancer, presents particular analytical difficulties due to degradation of the DNA and frequent lack of matched reference samples. We present a robust, cost-effective WGS method for DNA copy number analysis that addresses these challenges more successfully than currently available procedures. In practice, very useful profiles can be obtained with ∼0.1× genome coverage. We improve on previous methods by first implementing a combined correction for sequence mappability and GC content, and second, by applying this procedure to sequence data from the 1000 Genomes Project in order to develop a blacklist of problematic genome regions. A small subset of these blacklisted regions was previously identified by ENCODE, but the vast majority are novel unappreciated problematic regions. Our procedures are implemented in a pipeline called QDNAseq. We have analyzed over 1000 samples, most of which were obtained from the fixed tissue archives of more than 25 institutions. We demonstrate that for most samples our sequencing and analysis procedures yield genome profiles with noise levels near the statistical limit imposed by read counting. The described procedures also provide better correction of artifacts introduced by low DNA quality than prior approaches and better copy number data than high-resolution microarrays at a substantially lower cost.
A synthetic approach to the variecolin class of sesterterpenoids : total syntheses of (+-)-5-deoxovariecolin, (+-)-5-deoxyvariecolol and (+-)-5-deoxyvariecolactone. A new cyclopheptenone annulation method employing the bifunctional reagent (Z)-5-iodo-1-tributylstannylpent-1-ene (2009)

The syntheses of three structurally related substances, (±)-5-deoxovariecolin (204), (±)-5-deoxyvariecolol (93) and (±)-5-deoxyvariecolactone (226) are described as part of a general synthetic strategy toward the variecolin class of sesterterpenoids (48-52). Thus, the known Grignard reagent 99 was combined with 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-l-one (95) in a two step cyclopentene annulation sequence to provide 98. Conjugate addition of cuprate 107 to the enone 98 followed by an epimerization step provided ketone 44 with the correct relative configuration set at three stereogenic centers. Application of a novel cycloheptenone annulation protocol employing the bifunctional reagent 53 furnished the tricyclic intermediate 59. A sequence consisting of dissolving metal reduction and a 1,2-carbonyl transposition provided the ketone 129. A regioselective ring expansion of 129 provided the cyclooctenone 60. The latter was converted to the tetracyclic ketone 61 through an efficient methylenecyclopentane annulation featuring reagent 190. Ketone 61 was further elaborated to the ester 94 through a series of reactions including a palladium-catalyzed methoxycarbonylation. A chemo- and stereoselective double bond hydrogenation and subsequent carbonyl group reduction transformed 94 to the alcohol 203. Oxidation of the alcohol function of 203 provided 204. A key remote functionalization step converted 203 to 93. Chemoselective allylic oxidation of 93 produced 226, a critical intermediate for future synthetic studies. In the second part of the thesis, the generality of the newly developed cycloheptenone annulation sequence was explored. Thus, alkylation of A^N-dimethylhydrazones of general structure 261 with the bifunctional reagent 53 followed by iododestannylation and hydrolysis of the hydrazone function provided keto alkenyl iodides 262. Butyllithium mediated cyclization of 262 and oxidative rearrangement of the resultant allylic alcohols 57 provided the cycloheptenones 58. The annulation method was also extended to cyclic P-keto ester substrates. The individual reactions involved are experimentally straightforward and the overall yields of the annulation processes are good to excellent.
Nonhydrolytic alkyl halide elimination reaction and its application in solution-processed zinc tin oxide thin film transistors (2014)

In this study, we fabricated zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) using a sol–gel solution at an annealing temperature of 350 °C. We used a precursor combination of alkoxide and metal chloride to utilize the alkyl halide elimination reaction. Compared with transistor using chloride-only precursors, the resulting ZTO transistor showed improved performance. Solution-processed ZTO-TFTs prepared at 350 °C using an alkoxide–chloride precursor combination showed a field-effect mobility of 4.17 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , whereas that prepared using a chloride-only solution showed a mobility of 0.98 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . Thermal analysis showed that the alkoxide–chloride precursor was decomposed well at a given annealing temperature and formed oxide with few residual impurities compared with chloride-only precursors.
The design of a genetic algorithm‐based fuzzy pulse pump controller for a frequency‐locked servo system (2007)

Abstract In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm‐based Fuzzy Pulse Pump Controller (GA‐FPPC) is proposed to realize a Frequency‐Locked Servo system (FLS). In order to get a better convergence and a higher diversity in the genetic algorithm, a Mixed Elitist and Fuzzy Clustering (MEFC) selection strategy is proposed. A prototype of the GFC‐FLS is tested to assess the system performance. In comparison with the FPC and the SVDPC, the acquisition time of the GA‐FPPC is improved over than 18%. In particular, there is no overshoot in GA‐FPPC for any servo distances. In addition, the GA‐FPPC has the best tracking performance of these three controllers. These demonstrate that GA‐FPPC can actually provide an appropriate pump voltage to fast locking response without overshoot, meeting the theoretical prediction. Key words: genetic algorithm‐based fuzzy pulse pump controllermixed elitist and fuzzy clustering selection strategyfrequency‐locked servo system Notes Corresponding author. (Tel: 886–4–7232105 ext. 7716; Fax: 886–4–7211094; Email: lrchen@cc.ncue.edu.tw)
Advancing Key Gaps in the Knowledge of Plasmodium vivax Cryptic Infections Using Humanized Mouse Models and Organs-on-Chips (2022)

<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> is the most widely distributed human malaria parasite representing 36.3% of disease burden in the South-East Asia region and the most predominant species in the region of the Americas. Recent estimates indicate that 3.3 billion of people are under risk of infection with circa 7 million clinical cases reported each year. This burden is certainly underestimated as the vast majority of chronic infections are asymptomatic. For centuries, it has been widely accepted that the only source of cryptic parasites is the liver dormant stages known as hypnozoites. However, recent evidence indicates that niches outside the liver, in particular in the spleen and the bone marrow, can represent a major source of cryptic chronic erythrocytic infections. The origin of such chronic infections is highly controversial as many key knowledge gaps remain unanswered. Yet, as parasites in these niches seem to be sheltered from immune response and antimalarial drugs, research on this area should be reinforced if elimination of malaria is to be achieved. Due to ethical and technical considerations, working with the liver, bone marrow and spleen from natural infections is very difficult. Recent advances in the development of humanized mouse models and organs-on-a-chip models, offer novel technological frontiers to study human diseases, vaccine validation and drug discovery. Here, we review current data of these frontier technologies in malaria, highlighting major challenges ahead to study <i>P. vivax</i> cryptic niches, which perpetuate transmission and burden.
Characterizing the shale gas resource potential of Devonian–Mississippian strata in the Western Canada sedimentary basin: Application of an integrated formation evaluation (2007)

Devonian–Mississippian strata in the northwestern region of the Western Canada sedimentary basin (WCSB) were investigated for shale gas potential. In the subsurface, thermally mature strata of the Besa River, Horn River, Muskwa, and Fort Simpson formations attain thicknesses of more than 1 km (0.6 mi), encompassing an area of approximately 125,000 km2 (48,300 mi2) and represent an enormous potential gas resource. Total gas capacity estimates range between 60 and 600 bcf/section. Of particular exploration interest are shales and mudrocks of the Horn River Formation (including the laterally equivalent lower Besa River mudrocks), Muskwa Formation, and upper Besa River Formation, which yield total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 5.7 wt.%. Fort Simpson shales seldom have TOC contents above 1 wt.%. Horn River and Muskwa formations have excellent shale gas potential in a region between longitudes 122W and 123W and latitudes 59N and 60N (National Topographic System [NTS] 94O08 to 94O15). In this area, which covers an areal extent of 6250 km2 (2404 mi2), average TOC contents are higher (3 wt.% as determined by wire-line-log calibrations), and have a stratal thickness of more than 200 m (656 ft). Gas capacities are estimated to be between 100 and 240 bcf/section and possibly greater than 400 tcf gas in place. A substantial percentage of the gas capacity is free gas caused by high reservoir temperatures and pressures. Muskwa shales have adsorbed gas capacities ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 cm3/g (9.6–16 scf/t) at reservoir temperatures of 60–80C (140–176F), whereas Besa River mudrocks and shales have low adsorbed gas capacities of less than 0.01 cm3/g (0.32 scf/t; Liard Basin region) because reservoir temperatures exceed 130C (266F). Potential free gas capacities range from 1.2 to 9.5 cm3/g (38.4 to 304 scf/t) when total pore volumes (0.4–6.9%) are saturated with gas. The mineralogy has a major influence on total gas capacity. Carbonate-rich samples, indicative of adjacent carbonate platform and embayment successions, commonly have lower organic carbon content and porosity and corresponding lower gas capacity (1% TOC and 1% porosity). Seaward of the carbonate Slave Point edge, Muskwa and lower Besa River mudrocks can be both silica and TOC rich (up to 92% quartz and 5 wt.% TOC) and most favorable for shale gas reservoir exploration because of possible fracture enhancement of the brittle organic- and siliceous-rich facies. However, an inverse relation between silica and porosity in some regions implies that zones with the best propensity for fracture completion may not provide optimal gas capacity, and a balance between favorable reservoir characteristics needs to be sought.