gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor- B ligand pathway during coronary bypass surgery: comparison between on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery procedures (2013)

Cardiac surgery induces the activation of the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway; both on- and off-pump procedures are associated with increased postoperative OPG serum levels and up-regulation of the NF-κB p50 subunit.
A 9GHz 320×80bit Low Leakage Microcode Read Only Memory in 65nm CMOS (2006)

This paper describes a 320times80bit microcode ROM for 9GHz operation in 1.2V, 65nm CMOS technology. An extended pre-fabrication technique is proposed, which allows optimal programming of local/global merge circuitry, pre-charge devices, column-select multiplexers, and wordline driver strengths. The proposed technique enables 32% leakage and 15% total array power reduction without any delay or area penalty
Speech utterance classification (2003)

The paper presents a series of experiments on speech utterance classification performed on the ATIS corpus. We compare the performance of n-gram classifiers with that of Naive Bayes and maximum entropy classifiers. The n-gram classifiers have the advantage that one can use a single pass system (concurrent speech recognition and classification) whereas for Naive Bayes or maximum entropy classification we use a two-stage system: speech recognition followed by classification. Substantial relative improvements (up to 55%) in classification accuracy can be obtained using discriminative. training methods that belong to the class of conditional maximum likelihood techniques.
Vocabulary navigation made easier (2010)

It is challenging to search a dictionary consisting of thousands of entries in order to select appropriate words for building written communication. This is true both for people trying to communicate in a foreign language who have not developed a full vocabulary, for school children learning to write, for authors who wish to be more precise and expressive, and especially for people with lexical access disorders. We make vocabulary navigation and word finding easier by augmenting a basic vocabulary with links between words based on human judgments of semantic similarity. In this paper, we report the results from a user study evaluating how our system named ViVA performs compared to a widely used assistive vocabulary in which words are organized hierarchically into common categories.
Experimental performance analysis of DER network communication in IEC 61850 server (2016)

The DER network management of IEC 61850 system is required to monitor periodically the safety management information in the emergency generator through CTTS of the VPP infrastructure. For the purpose of enhanced monitoring the DER network, this paper proposes DER network interface for improving the data transfer performance in the IEC 61850 server, and analyzes data acquisition, processing and transfer performance between the legacy and the proposed architecture. The proposed scheme is to reduce the data delivery time using an enhanced DER network interface and improves the data throughput performance based on the reliable transfer.
Measuring the Variability of Treated Bacillus Anthracis Delta Stern Spores (2011)

Abstract : The development of biological detectors for the military and homeland defense 26 relies on the ability to test hardware with biological materials that can be produced reliably 27 and reproducibly. To ensure occupational safety during the development of new devices, 28 the production and testing with biological materials necessitates compromises that include 29 selection of a virulent strains and inactivation using various techniques. The materials and 30 methods selected for production and post-production treatment can greatly influence 31 detection outcomes using sensitive DNA or antibody based systems. The optimal situation 32 would be to reproducibly create biological testing materials that accurately simulate the 33 true pathogen yet carry minimal risk to the scientists and engineers developing the 34 biosensors. In this study, avirulent Bacillus anthracis spores were used to demonstrate the 35 varied outcomes that can be induced by density gradient purification and post-growth 36 inactivation using gamma irradiation. The responses using Quantitative Polymerase Chain 37 Reaction, Electrochemiluminescence, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 38 Bicinchoninic Acid assay, and protein electrophoresis varied significantly with treatment. 39 Gradient purification removed proteins that interfered with monoclonal and polyclonal 40 antibodies- abilities to form immunocomplexes in Electrochemiluminescent and ELISA 41 assays. Irradiation had a varied effect on qPCR depending on the sample preparation 42 employed and produced a reduced response in Electrochemiluminescent and ELISA 43 assays. Varied results from enumeration techniques show the importance of measuring the 44 dead cellular material and cellular debris contribution to any sample. Production and 45 material treatments need to conform to a yet to be established guideline that can bring 46 uniformity to available biological agent reference materials.
On the mechanisms of sensitivity and efficiency of cytolytic effectors (50.3) (2010)

Abstract Successful elimination of virus infected and cancer cells requires CTL to exercise highly sensitive and efficient cytolytic activity. There are two principal mechanisms responsible for the sensitivity and the efficiency of cytolysis. The sensitivity is determined by focused delivery of cytolytic granules to the secretory domain located within the cSMAC of IS. The MTOC polarization to the synaptic interface is a critical event of the granule delivery and is mediated by the ADAP-associated dynein motors attached to the pSMAC. A stable pSMAC also responsible for the confinement of released granules at the CTL/target cell interface that enables killing with a minimal amount of released granules. Thus, segregation on adhesion molecules and the pSMAC formation play an important role in the mechanism controlling the sensitivity of cytolysis. Another essential quality of the CTL-mediated cytolysis is the kinetics of target cell destruction that reflects efficiency of the cytolytic activity. The efficiency is regulated by the kinetics of the granule delivery to the secretory domain that occurs via “short” or “long” paths. The choice of the path is determined by the kinetics of the TCR early signaling, but not by the magnitude of the signaling. Thus, variations in the TCR signaling kinetics constitute the mechanism controlling the efficiency of the cytolytic activity. Whether similar mechanisms are utilized by other cytolytic effectors such as NK cells remains will be discussed.
Improving Physical Layer Security in Two-Way Relay Systems (2018)

Ahstract- This paper studies the physical layer security in a two-way relay system (TWRS) consisting of two transceivers, one eavesdropper, and multiple relays when the channel state information (CSI) of the eavesdropper is available. We consider the problem of maximizing the secrecy sum rate by optimizing the relay beamforming vector under relays' total power constraint. The optimization problem has been formulated in the literature as a product of three Rayleigh quotients, which is very difficult to solve, and the best proposed solution was a suboptimal solution to the null space beamforming. Here, we propose two approaches: 1) Optimal solution to the null space beamforming approach, and 2) Ignoring one Rayleigh quotient (IORQ) approach (which has not been proposed before). In the first approach, we convert the nonconvex product of two Rayleigh quotients into a convex problem with one dimensional search using semidefinite programming (SDP). Then we significantly reduce the complexity of solving the problem using the generalized eigenvalues. In the second approach, we look for the beamforming vector that does not eliminate the complete information signal at the eavesdropper aiming to increase the whole secrecy sum rate. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithms provide higher secrecy sum rates than the existing algorithms.
Surpassing the Amplifier Limit for Force Detection (1982)

A force-measuring system composed of a macroscopic harmonic oscillator, mechanical-electrical transducer, and linear amplifier is described and the sensitivity is calculated for a "back-action evasion" mode of operation. It is shown that it is possible to surpass the standard amplifier limit with this device, and the specific requirements to do so are given. These results may also apply to a quantum-limited amplifier and thus give the requirements to perform quantum-nondemolition measurements.
Nonwoven Ion-Exchange Membranes with High Protein Binding Capacity for Bioseparations (2021)

This study presents the preparation and characterization of UV-grafted polybutylene terepthalate (PBT) ion exchange nonwoven membranes for chromatographic purification of biomolecules. The PBT nonwoven was functionalized with sulfonate and secondary amine for cation and anion exchange (CEX and AEX), respectively. The anion exchange membrane showed an equilibrium static binding capacity of 1300 mg BSA/g of membrane, while the cationic membranes achieved a maximum equilibrium binding capacity of over 700 mg hIgG/g of membrane. The CEX and AEX membranes resulted in dynamic binding capacities under flow conditions, with a residence time of 0.1 min, of 200 mg hIgG/mL of membrane and 55 mg BSA/mL of membrane, respectively. The selectivity of the PBT-CEX membranes was demonstrated by purifying antibodies and antibody fragments (hIgG and scFv) from CHO cell culture supernatants in a bind-an-elute mode. The purity of the eluted samples exceeded 97%, with good log removal values (LRV) for both host cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA. The PBT-AEX nonwoven membranes exhibited a DNA LRV of 2.6 from hIgG solutions in a flow-through mode with little loss of product. These results indicate that these membranes have significant potential for use in downstream purification of biologics.
Reverse Pneumatic Artificial Muscles for Application in Low-Cost Artificial Respirators (2020)

Abstract One of the main challenges associated with mechanical ventilators is their limited availability in pandemics and other emergencies. Therefore, there is a great demand for mechanical ventilators to address this issue. In this work, we propose a low-cost, portable, yet high-performance design for a volume-controlled mechanical ventilator. We are employing pneumatic artificial muscles, such as air cylinders, in the reverse mode of operation to achieve mechanical ventilation. The current design of the device can operate in two modes: controlled mode and assisted mode. Unlike most ICU ventilators, our device does not need a high-pressure air pipeline to operate. With the current design, mechanical ventilation for respiration rate ranging from 10 b/min to 30 b/min with a tidal volume range of 150 mL to 1000 mL and I:E ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 can be performed. We achieved a total cost of less $400 USD to make one device. We estimate the device to cost less than $250 USD when produced in larger volumes.
SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH IN GLASSES UNDER CYCLIC LOADS: EFFECT OF HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS (1997)

The effect of hydrodynamic pressure developed in the wake of a crack growing in a brittle material under cyclic loads in an aqueous environment is considered. The pressure acts in opposition to the movement of the crack faces, thus shielding the crack tip from the applied loads. A general hydrodynamic fluid pressure relation based on a one-dimensional Reynolds equation, which is applicable to a crack with an arbitrary crack opening profile, is developed. The model is modified to account for side flow through the thickness of the sample and cavitation near the crack tip. Both effects significantly modify the hydrodynamic pressure distribution. Finally, the resulting hydrodynamic pressure relations are combined with a fracture mechanics model to account for the change in the near-tip stress intensity. Resulting predictions of the cyclic crack-growth rate are found to be in good agreement with measured values for a borosilicate glass tested at various frequencies in a water environment. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Chemically induced residual stresses in dental composites (2001)

In several European countries, dental composites are replacing mercury-containing amalgams as the most common restorative materials. One problem with dental composites is residual stresses which may lead to poor performance of the restoration. In the present study, a combined modeling and materials characterization approach is presented and predictions are compared with experimental data on residual stresses. The model takes stress relaxation into account through the complete relaxation time spectrum of the resin. Although values for residual stress development with time are somewhat overestimated, the essential physics of the process is captured in the predictions.
Chemical and enzymatic incorporation of N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine into an oligodeoxyribonucleotide (1992)

An 18mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing a N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine (BuPdG) residue at the 3' end has been synthesized by both chemical and enzymatic methods. Chemical synthesis involved attachment of 5'-DMT-BuPdG as the 3'-H-phosphonate to uridine-controlled pore glass (CPG), followed by extension via H-phosphonate chemistry. After oxidation of the backbone, deprotection of bases, and removal from CPG, the uridine residue was removed by periodate cleavage and beta-elimination. The resulting oligomer 3'-phosphate was digested with alkaline phosphatase to give the free BuPdG-18mer. E.coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow) incorporated BuPdGTP at the 3' end of the corresponding 17mer primer annealed to a complementary 29mer template, and the properties of this product were identical to those of chemically synthesized BuPdG-18mer. E.coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow) was unable to extend the BuPdG-18mer, and the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of the enzyme was unable to remove the modified nucleotide.
Non-Intrusive Persistence with a Backend NVM Controller (2015)

By providing instruction-grained access to vast amounts of persistent data with ordinary loads and stores, byte-addressable storage class memory (SCM) has the potential to revolutionize system architecture. We describe a non-intrusive SCM controller for achieving light-weight failure atomicity through back-end operations. Our solution avoids costly software intervention by decoupling isolation and concurrency-driven atomicity from failure atomicity and durability, and does not require changes to the front-end cache hierarchy. Two implementation alternatives - one using a hardware structure, and the other extending the memory controller with a firmware managed volatile space, are described.
Overview of Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis of Central Nervous Disorders (1991)

There are two types of imaging instruments, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) that use radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of brain disorders. Brain perfusion imaging agents, labeled either with 123I or 99mTc, are useful in detecting various cerebral vascular abnormalities, such as stroke and transient ischemia with SPECT. The management of other neurological disorders (i.e., in Alzheimer's, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and head trauma patients) may also be benefitted by these agents. The exact trapping mechanisms and their relationships with potential clinical applications still remain to be elucidated. Imaging studies using 18F fluorodeoxyglucose with PET is currently the most promising diagnostic tool for the evaluation of local glucose metabolism related to various disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease, brain tumor, and epilepsy. In the past few years significant progress has been made in the design and characterization of new CNS neuronal and postsynaptic receptor imaging agents for PET and SPECT. The new diagnostic agents are aimed at measurements of localization and changes of neuronal function. It is likely that these types of agents have potential for clinical application, especially in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders that do not involve morphological changes.
Were the good old days all that good? (2004)

A long, long time ago, in a laboratory far, far away, EDA researchers and developers used paper tape instead of Linux, rubylith instead of GDS II, yellow wires instead of ten levels of metal. Sitting around a potbellied stove, in their rocking chairs, practitioners of that era (and this) will offer insight into why some great ideas were immediately put into practice while others stayed on the drawing board or in the ivory tower. They will share remembrances of things past, of simpler days when foundries made steel, when options meant CMOS or bipolar, when real parts were measured instead of benchmarks touted. Their stories of what it was like, what has changed, and whether the "good old days" were then or now will be followed by questions and, possibly, answers.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE REDUCTION OF 3β‐BENZOYLOXYCHOLEST‐5‐EN‐4‐ONE WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE (1982)

Abstract Das durch Oxidation des Cholestenols (II) mit MnOz oder Triphenylbismutcarbonat (Ausb. 70%) erhältliche Cholestenon (III) wird von NaBH 4 in Dioxan oder THF oder von Zn(BH 4 ) 2 in Ether zu dem (II)‐Epimeren (IV) reduziert (Ausb. 20‐100%), neben dem nur sehr kleine Mengen (II) entstehen.
High fidelity, general reflection-mode coherent diffractive imaging with a tabletop EUV source (2014)

We demonstrate the most general, highest fidelity, reflection mode coherent diffractive imaging to date. By combining tabletop high harmonics with ptychography and keyhole coherent diffraction techniques, images are reconstructed with &lt; 3 nm axial resolution.
An observational study showed that explaining randomization using gambling-related metaphors and computer-agency descriptions impeded randomized clinical trial recruitment (2018)

The methods and processes of randomization were usually described by recruiters, but often without clarity, which could lead to patient misunderstanding. The rationale for randomization was rarely mentioned. Recruiters should avoid problematic gambling metaphors and illusions of agency in their explanations and instead focus on clearer descriptions of the rationale and method of randomization to ensure patients are better informed about randomization and RCT participation.
Cross-Layer Issues and Forward Error Correction for Wireless Video Broadcast (2006)

In this paper different means for adding reliability in different protocol layers are discussed, in order to reliably broadcast multimedia data within existing wireless networks. In particular, we investigate the performance of additional forward error correction in the physical layer, the radio link control layer, and the RTP layer for multimedia broadcast and multicast services over GERAN systems. Advantages and drawbacks when applying means for reliability in different layers are shown. We introduce a simple receiver modification, referred to as permeable-layer receiver (PLR), which exploits traditionally useless information at the receiver, while the transmitter is kept unchanged. Significant performance gains are reported. Finally, the application to H.264/AVC based wireless video broadcast is discussed and the performance of different system designs for video transmission is shown.
Decoupled torque control of tendon-driven fingers with tension management (2013)

To facilitate human assembly tasks, Robonaut 2 is equipped with a dexterous, compact hand featuring fingers driven remotely by tendons. This work outlines the force-control strategy for the fingers, which are actuated by an “n + 1” tendon arrangement. Existing tendon-driven fingers have applied force control through independent tension controllers on each tendon, in other words, in the tendon space. The coupled kinematics of the tendons, however, cause such controllers to exhibit a transient coupling in their response. This problem can be resolved by alternatively framing the controllers in the joint space of the finger. A joint-space torque control law is proposed here that demonstrates a decoupled response with a faster settling time than an equivalent tendon-space formulation. In addition, a tension distribution algorithm is presented here to translate joint torque commands into tendon tensions. It guarantees that each tendon tension respects both an upper and a lower bound, using an efficient, finitely-convergent algorithm. These two contributions provide for a compliant, well-controlled hand, aptly suited for unstructured interaction.
Method for Correcting Magnetic Resonance Image Distortion for Frame-Based Stereotactic Surgery, with Preliminary Results (1995)

We previously described a technique for correcting patient-specific magnetic field inhomogeneity spatial distortion in magnetic resonance images (MRI), which was not applicable to patients fitted with MRI-compatible stereotactic fiducial frames. Here we describe an improvement to the technique that permits application for these patients. Measurements with a cadaver head show that this method achieves MRI stereotactic localization accuracy of 1 mm.
Multiple Units of Transcription in Phage Lambda (1966)

Phage lambda offers a special advantage for the study of transcription because of the unequal distribution of bases in its DNA. Differences in base composition have permitted the separation of left and right molecular halves. Using homology tests, one can detect transcription from either half and study the possible relationships between physical location and time of expression.
A computationally efficient algorithm for space-time block decoding (2002)

This paper presents a computationally efficient, low-power algorithm for the decoding of space-time block codes using a previously reported maximum likelihood algorithm (Tarokh et al. 1998). The new algorithm arrives at the same decision with less computation, and therefore reduces power dissipation for an actual implementation. Based on the previous algorithm, we develop a more efficient algorithm by utilizing the properties of the constellation signals and reported decision metrics. In most cases, the new algorithm results in more than 50% reduction in the computation complexity. The algorithm is illustrated for BPSK, QPSK, PSK or QAM.
DNA‐encoded Chemical Libraries (2013)

This chapter describes the concept of DNA encoding and the basic principles of DNA-encoded chemistry, including the fundaments of DNA conjugation and DNA-templated synthesis. Subsequently, with a focus on combinatorial synthesis, the history of DNA-encoded chemical libraries is retraced, from the pioneering paper of Lerner and Brenner in 1992 to recent developments as an effective drug discovery tool. Alternative strategies for the construction of DNA-encoded chemical libraries, as well as the various selection and decoding approaches, are thoroughly surveyed. The latest developments in DNA encoded chemical libraries are then reviewed, examining closely recent and future possible implications for drug discovery programs. Finally, looking globally at the technology as a whole, the chapter discusses the achievements, current challenges, and outlooks of DNA-encoded chemical library technology.