gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Utilizing the Web for Automatic Word Spacing (2009)

This paper presents a new approach to word spacing problems by mining reliable words from the Web and use them as additional resources. Conventional approaches to automatic word spacing use noise-free data to train parameters for word spacing models. However, the insufficiency and irrelevancy of training examples is always the main bottleneck associated with automatic word spacing. To mitigate the data-sparseness problem, this paper proposes an algorithm to discover reliable words on the Web to expand the vocabularies and a model to utilize the words as additional resources. The proposed approach is very simple and practical to adapt to new domains. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves better performance compared to the conventional word spacing approaches.
The influence of treatment facility volume on the mortality of multiple myeloma patients. (2016)

284 Background: MM is an uncommon cancer with annual incidence of only 27,000 cases in the US. Our study determined the extent to which the number of MM patients treated annually in a treatment facility affected all-cause mortality. Methods: We used the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to identify adult patients with MM diagnosed from 2003-2011. NCDB is sourced from over 1,500 Commission on Cancer-accredited cancer registries representing 70% of cancer cases in the US. We classified treatment facilities by quartiles based on facility volume (mean patients/year): Quartile 1 (Q1: &lt; 3.6), Quartile 2 (Q2: 3.6-6.1), Quartile 3 (Q3: 6.1-10.3) and Quartile 4 (Q4: &gt; 10.3). We used hot deck imputation to account for missing data, Cox regression to analyze the association between facility volume and time-to-death, and random intercepts to adjust for multiple patients per facility. Results: There were 94,722 MM patients cared for at 1,333 facilities. Most patients (73.5%) were diagnosed and treated in the same facility. The median age at diagnosis was 67 years and 54.7% were males. The median annual facility volume was 6.1 patients/year (IQR: 3.6-10.3; range: 0.2-109.9). The distribution of patients according to facility volume was Q1 (5.2%), Q2 (12.6%), Q3 (21.9%) and Q4 (60.3%). The unadjusted median overall survival by facility volume was: Q1: 26.9 months, Q2: 29.1 months, Q3: 31.9 months and Q4: 49.1 months. After multivariable analysis adjusting for demographic (sex, age, race, ethnicity), socioeconomic (income, education, insurance type), geographic (area of residence, treatment facility location), co-morbidity (Charlson-Deyo score), and disease-specific (year of diagnosis) factors, we show that facility volume remains an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Compared to patients treated at Q4 facilities, patients treated at lower quartile facilities had a higher risk of death (Q3 HR: 1.16 [95% CI, 1.12-1.20]; Q2: 1.21 [1.17-1.26]; Q1: 1.27 [1.22-1.34]). We observed an inverse volume-outcome relationship up to an annual facility volume of approximately 60 patients. Conclusions: MM patients treated at higher volume facilities had lower risk of mortality compared to those treated at lower volume facilities.
Emma Battell Lowman and Adam J. Barker, Settler: Identity and Colonialism in 21st Century Canada (2019)

Emma Battell Lowman and Adam J. Barker, Settler: Identity and Colonialism in 21st Century Canada, Fernwood, Nova Scotia and Winnipeg, Manitoba, October, 2015. 158 pp. $18.99. ISBN: 978-1-55266-778-1. I live on a berry farm in the Fraser Valley in British Columbia. I recall going for a walk around the property a few years ago and standing […]
Al2O3 Based Flash Interpoly Dielectrics: a Comparative Retention Study (2006)

In this work the authors present a thorough investigation of charge retention in memory cells with SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> interpoly dielectric (IPD) stacks, using a fully planar stacked gate memory cell with self-aligned floating gate. This structure is interesting for future area scaling and allows high-k materials and metal gates to be easily introduced. It is shown that the retention behaviour is determined by room temperature charge loss and directly correlated to the properties of the IPD layer. From a comparison between different thicknesses, gate materials and post-deposition anneals (PDA) of the Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> layer, it is also found that the bottom oxide thickness is the key parameter for retention, while the use of a poly gate and a low PDA temperature yield further improvement
The myeloid type I interferon response to myocardial infarction begins in bone marrow and is regulated by Nrf2-activated macrophages (2020)

Sterile tissue injury is thought to locally activate innate immune responses via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Whether innate immune pathways are remotely activated remains relatively unexplored. Here, by analyzing ~145,000 single-cell transcriptomes at steady state and after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice and humans, we show that the type I interferon (IFN) response, characterized by expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), begins far from the site of injury, in neutrophil and monocyte progenitors within the bone marrow. In the peripheral blood of patients, we observed defined subsets of ISG-expressing neutrophils and monocytes. In the bone marrow and blood of mice, ISG expression was detected in neutrophils and monocytes and their progenitors, intensified with maturation at steady-state and after MI, and was controlled by Tet2 and Irf3 transcriptional regulators. Within the infarcted heart, ISG-expressing cells were negatively regulated by Nrf2 activation in Ccr2<sup>-</sup> steady-state cardiac macrophages. Our results show that IFN signaling begins in the bone marrow, implicate multiple transcriptional regulators (Tet2, Irf3, and Nrf2) in governing ISG expression, and provide a clinical biomarker (ISG score) for studying IFN signaling in patients.
Red-green-blue light sensitivity of oxide nanowire transistors for transparent display applications (2013)

In this study, the sensitivity of oxide nanowire transistors under red (R, 470 nm), green (G, 530 nm), and blue (B, 625 nm) light illumination was investigated. As the wavelength of light illuminating the nanowire channel region became shorter, a negative shift of threshold voltage, degradation of subthreshold slope, and increase of on-current were observed. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of photo-induced holes, creating interfacial traps between the gate dielectric and nanowire channel or reacting with oxygen ions on the surface of the nanowires. Thus, the attempt to minimize characteristic changes due to all RGB light sources was performed by employing ultraviolet–ozone treatment and passivation process. As a result, we could successfully fabricate oxide nanowire transistors providing high optical reliability which has broadened the possibilities for applying it to transparent and/or flexible pixel operation circuitry for displays with high optical reliability.
An interface chip connection between capillary electrophoresis and thermal lens microscope (2003)

A thermal lens microscope (TLM) detection of capillary electrophoresis (CE) utilizing microchip technology was developed. Fused-silica capillaries with an inner diameter of 50 microm were directly connected to a microchannel in a microchip. The detection limit by TLM was estimated as 2.8 x 10(-7) absorbance by measuring pure water. The detection limit of derivatized amino acids determined by CE-TLM was estimated as 2.4 x 10(-8) M, which was 100 times lower than that of conventional absorbance detection.
Colonization of Barley by the Broad-Host Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Uncovers a Leaf Development–Dependent Involvement of Mlo (2016)

The discovery of barley Mlo demonstrated that filamentous pathogens rely on plant genes to achieve entry and lifecycle completion in barley leaves. While having a dramatic effect on foliar pathogens, it is unclear whether overlapping or distinct mechanisms affect filamentous pathogen infection of roots. To remove the bias connected with using different pathogens to understand colonization mechanisms in different tissues, we have utilized the aggressive hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. P. palmivora colonizes root as well as leaf tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The infection is characterized by a transient biotrophy phase with formation of haustoria. Barley accessions varied in degree of susceptibility, with some accessions fully resistant to leaf infection. Notably, there was no overall correlation between degree of susceptibility in roots compared with leaves, suggesting that variation in different genes influences host susceptibility above and below ground. In addition, a developmental gradient influenced infection, with more extensive colonization observed in mature leaf sectors. The mlo5 mutation attenuates P. palmivora infection but only in young leaf tissues. The barley-P. palmivora interaction represents a simple system to identify and compare genetic components governing quantitative colonization in diverse barley tissue types.
Rare non-papillary lithiasis of calcium oxalate monohydrate generated on a central core of potassium urate (2020)

This report describes a patient who developed a spheroidal calculus with a central part composed of potassium urate, surrounded by a continuous layer of calcium oxalate monohydrate with crystals of calcium oxalate dihydrate on the surface. The mechanism of calculus development is also suggested.
NPM-ALK Fusion Tyrosine Kinase of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Exerts Its Transforming Potential by Increasing Translation of JUNB through mTOR and S6K1. (2006)

Abstract The nucleophosmin (NPM) - anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein, which is the product of the balanced chromosomal rearrangement t(2;5)(p23;q35), occurs in about 50% of nodal anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Expression of this fusion kinase results in neoplastic transformation by modulating multiple intracellular signaling molecules, such as the PI3-kinase and the ERK1/2 kinases. Here we show high activation of JunB in various human ALCL cell lines. Moreover, using human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and murine hematopoietic Ba/F3 cells ectopically expressing NPM-ALK, we demonstrate that NPM-ALK is the trigger for JunB activation. Knock down of JUNB in NPM-ALK expressing cells using RNA interference results in upregulation of p16INK4a and downregulation of Cyclin D1, causing G1/S cell cycle arrest. Thus, JunB plays a critical oncogenic role in NPM-ALK transformed cells. Using the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 and the MEK-inhibitor UO126, we demonstrate that NPM-ALK-induced JunB activity as well as cellular proliferation are dependent on both PI3-kinase and MEK-ERK signaling. Moreover, we illustrate that NPM-ALK and subsequently PI3-kinase activate AKT and mTOR/S6K1 which are implicated in the translational control of specific mRNA molecules containing a polypyrimidine motif (see pathway diagram). Since JUNB mRNA harbors such a motif we confirmed that JUNB mRNA is translated in large polysomes using ribosomal gradient preparations. Selective block of mTOR with the immunosuppressant rapamycin decreases proliferation and reduces protein but not mRNA levels of JunB in human and murine NPM-ALK positive cell lines. A similar effect is seen when inhibiting the upstream activator of mTOR, PI3-kinase. In contrast, a significant decrease of JUNB mRNA levels is shown in cells treated by the MEK-inhibitor UO126. An analogous effect of NPM-ALK is observed in ALCL patient samples. Hyperphosphorylation of S6K1 at Thr389 indicating activated mTOR/S6K1 is seen in 9/10 NPM-ALK positive ALCL cases in contrast to only 1/15 of NPM-ALK negative ALCL samples (P &lt; 0,001). Hence, these findings suggest that the signaling cascade NPM-ALK→PI3K→AKT→mTOR/S6K1 is crucial to induce JUNB translation in human NPM-ALK positive ALCL. In conclusion, we reveal that JunB acts as an oncogene in NPM-ALK positive neoplastic cells and therefore represents a valid therapeutic target. Our data indicate a novel mechanism for regulation of AP-1 activity in general and suggest a new therapeutic approach to specifically modulate translation of an oncogene. Figure Figure
Role of platelet-activating factor in ischemia/reperfusion-induced leukocyte adherence (1990)

The objective of this study was to determine whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) mediates the leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions elicited by ischemia/reperfusion. The rates of adherence and extravasation of leukocytes were monitored in cat mesenteric venules subjected to 60 min of ischemia (blood flow reduced to 20% of control) followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Leukocyte rolling velocity, red blood cell velocity, and vessel diameter were also measured. The experiments were performed in control (untreated) animals and in animals pretreated with one of two PAF receptor antagonists, i.e., BN 52021 or WEB 2086. The responses of venular blood flow, wall shear rate, and vessel diameter did not differ between the three groups. In the control group, 1 h of ischemia was associated with significant adherence and extravasation of leukocytes, with reperfusion greatly enhancing these responses. The rates of leukocyte adherence and extravasation during reperfusion were greatly attenuated by both PAF antagonists. Furthermore, the proportion of adherent leukocytes that ultimately extravasate during reperfusion was markedly reduced by WEB 2086. These results suggest that PAF plays an important role in mediating the adhesive interaction between circulating leukocytes and microvascular endothelium induced by ischemia/reperfusion and that the phospholipid promotes the leukocyte extravasation associated with ischemia/reperfusion.
The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWE1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology (2004)

The definitive demonstration of a role for a recently acquired gene is a difficult task, requiring exhaustive genetic investigations and functional analysis. The situation is indeed much more complicated when facing multicopy gene families, because most or portions of the gene are conserved among the hundred copies of the family. This is the case for the ERVWE1 locus of the human endogenous retrovirus W family (HERV-W), which encodes an envelope glycoprotein (syncytin) likely involved in trophoblast differentiation. Here we describe, in 155 individuals, the positional conservation of this locus and the preservation of the envelope ORF. Sequencing of the critical elements of the ERVWE1 provirus showed a striking conservation among the 48 alleles of 24 individuals, including the LTR elements involved in the transcriptional machinery, the splice sites involved in the maturation of subgenomic Env mRNA, and the Env ORF. The functionality and tissue specificity of the 5' LTR were demonstrated, as well as the fusogenic activity of the envelope polymorphic variants. Such functions were also shown to be preserved in the orthologous loci isolated from chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon. This functional preservation among humans and during evolution strongly argued for the involvement of this recently acquired retroviral envelope glycoprotein in hominoid placental physiology.
Recommendations of the Eurasian Arrhythmology Association (EURA) for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with arrhythmias and conduction disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020)

The beginning of 2020 was characterized by the development of a new coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Information about the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory diagnostics, as well as prevention and therapy for this disease is constantly being expanded and reviewed. The COVID-19 pandemic creates the need for the emergence of new conditions of specialized care for patients with heart rhythm and conduction disorders [1]. These recommendations are intended for general practitioners, internists, cardiologists, electrophysiologists/arrhythmologists, cardiovascular surgeons, functional diagnostics doctors, anesthesiologists-resuscitators, laboratory diagnostics specialists, health care organizers in the system of organizations and healthcare institutions that provide specialized care to patients with heart rhythm and conduction disorders.
Micro-Pattern of Graphene Oxide Films Using Metal Bonding (2020)

Recently, graphene has been explored in several research areas according to its outstanding combination of mechanical and electrical features. The ability to fabricate micro-patterns of graphene facilitates its integration in emerging technologies such as flexible electronics. This work reports a novel micro-pattern approach of graphene oxide (GO) film on a polymer substrate using metal bonding. It is shown that adding ethanol to the GO aqueous dispersion enhances substantially the uniformity of GO thin film deposition, which is a great asset for mass production. On the other hand, the presence of ethanol in the GO solution hinders the fabrication of patterned GO films using the standard lift-off process. To overcome this, the fabrication process provided in this work takes advantage of the chemical adhesion between the GO or reduced GO (rGO) and metal films. It is proved that the adhesion between the metal layer and GO or rGO is stronger than the adhesion between the latter and the polymer substrate (i.e., cyclic olefin copolymer used in this work). This causes the removal of the GO layer underneath the metal film during the lift-off process, leaving behind the desired GO or rGO micro-patterns. The feasibility and suitability of the proposed pattern technique is confirmed by fabricating the patterned electrodes inside a microfluidic device to manipulate living cells using dielectrophoresis. This work adds great value to micro-pattern GO and rGO thin films and has immense potential to achieve high yield production in emerging applications.
Progression of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy despite treatment with β-interferon (2006)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but devastating opportunistic infection that occurs in severely immunosuppressed individuals. To date there is no effective therapy for this illness; however, recovery may occur in some patients in whom immune reconstitution can be accomplished.1

β-interferon has a number of immunomodulatory and antiviral effects.2 It has been used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) where it decreases the number of relapses and contrast enhancing lesions in the brain. The mechanism by which beta interferon acts in MS is not entirely clear but the possibility that its antiviral effects may play some role has been considered. The recent occurrence of PML in two patients with MS treated with β-interferon type A and an anti-alpha-4 integrin antibody has raised the question about the role of β-interferon in the modulation of the course of JC virus (JCV) infection.3 Further, the isolation of JCV in some patients with MS has also raised questions regarding the potential role of JCV in the pathogenesis …
Dual Use SDN Controller for Management and Experimentation in a Field Deployed Testbed (2020)

An SDN controller is developed for both testbed management and experimentation for the optical x-haul network in the COSMOS testbed providing a service-on-demand and reconfigurable platform for 5G wireless experiments coupled with edge cloud services.
Antiferromagnetic Phase in Heavily H-doped Superconductor LaFeAsO<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>H<i><sub>x</sub></i> (2014)

Antiferromagnetic phase in the highly H-doped LaFeAsO has been investigated by neutron powder diffraction at J-PARC MLF. The characteristic antiferromagnetic structure, the structural phase transition immediately above TN, and the established phase diagram are discussed. Measurements with multiprobe of muon, neutron, and synchrotron X-ray promoted present study.
The impact of pulmonary valve replacement on left ventricular mechanical efficiency in adult patients with tetralogy of fallot: a study with cardiac energetics (2013)

Purpose: Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) improves right ventricular (RV) function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). However, the impact of PVR on left ventricular (LV) function and the mechanism of improvement are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the impact of PVR on LV mechanical efficiency in adult patients with TOF. Methods: Fourteen patients with TOF (age 30.1±11.5 years) who underwent PVR for significant pulmonary insufficiency were enrolled in this study. We measured left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), left ventricular end-systolic volume index (LVESVI), contractility (end-systolic elastance; Ees), afterload (effective arterial elastance; Ea), and mechanical efficiency (ventriculoarterial coupling; Ea/Ees and the rate of stroke work and pressure-volume area; SW/PVA) on the basis of the echocardiographic data before, after and late after PVR. Ees, Ea and SW/PVA were approximated as follows: Ees=mean arterial pressure/minimal ventricular volume, Ea = maximal ventricular pressure / (maximal ventricular volume-minimal ventricular volume), and SW/PVA=1 / (1 + 0.5 Ea/Ees). Results: LVEDVI, stroke volume and ejection fraction increased significantly after PVR. Contractility (Ees) did not change but afterload (Ea) decreased, and LV mechanical efficiency (Ea/Ees and SW/PVA) improved significantly. These changes were observed just after PVR, and further improvement was not noted in the late period. Hemodynamic changes after PVR Hemodynamic changes after PVR Conclusions: LV efficiency improves after PVR. Increased pulmonary forward flow and relief of the compression from the RV increase LVEDVI and stroke volume. LV afterload decreases to adapt the increase of stroke volume without the change of contractility. These changes result in the improvement of LV mechanical efficiency.