gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Decoding of Turbo Codes (2010)

Stochastic computation is a technique in which operations on probabilities are performed on random bit streams. Stochastic decoding of forward error-correction (FEC) codes is inspired by this technique. This paper extends the application of the stochastic decoding approach to the families of convolutional codes and turbo codes. It demonstrates that stochastic computation is a promising solution to improve the data throughput of turbo decoders with very simple implementations. Stochastic fully-parallel turbo decoders are shown to achieve the error correction performance of conventional a posteriori probability (APP) decoders. To our knowledge, this is the first stochastic turbo decoder which decodes a state-of-the-art turbo code. Additionally, an innovative systematic technique is proposed to cope with stochastic additions, responsible for the throughput bottleneck.
ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE DISK DRIVES: THE USE OF Al-B-C FOR ACTUATORS (1997)

Achieving the increasing requirements for greater tracks per inch (TPI) in hard disk drives will ultimately dictate changes in design and materials in the face of higher rotational speeds. This work describes the use of Aluminum-Boron Carbide in actuator applications and compares dynamic performance with that of stainless steel in an identical configuration. The data indicate that the inherent material increases in (E/ρ) lead to higher frequencies at which resonance is observed, and suggests the availability of a more stable structural material with which to manipulate the head/suspension assembly during drive operation. Material properties of E‾282 GPa, v‾0.2, and ρ‾2.62 are readily achievable for realistic geometries suitable for actuator applications.
Compound-Specific Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Analysis of Sub-Parts per Billion Level Waterborne Petroleum Hydrocarbons (2004)

Compound-specific carbon and hydrogen isotope analysis (CSCIA and CSHIA) has been increasingly used to study the source, transport, and bioremediation of organic contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons. In natural aquatic systems, dissolved contaminants represent the bioavailable fraction that generally is of the greatest toxicological significance. However, determining the isotopic ratios of waterborne hydrophobic contaminants in natural waters is very challenging because of their extremely low concentrations (often at sub-parts ber billion, or even lower). To acquire sufficient quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 10 ng/L concentration for CSHIA, more than 1000 L of water must be extracted. Conventional liquid/liquid or solid-phase extraction is not suitable for such large volume extractions. We have developed a new approach that is capable of efficiently sampling sub-parts per billion level waterborne petroleum hydrocarbons for CSIA. We use semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to accumulate hydrophobic contaminants from polluted waters and then recover the compounds in the laboratory for CSIA. In this study, we demonstrate, under a variety of experimental conditions (different concentrations, temperatures, and turbulence levels), that SPMD-associated processes do not induce C and H isotopic fractionations. The applicability of SPMD-CSIA technology to natural systems is further demonstrated by determining the delta13C and deltaD values of petroleum hydrocarbons present in the Pawtuxet River, RI. Our results show that the combined SPMD-CSIA is an effective tool to investigate the source and fate of hydrophobic contaminants in the aquatic environments.
Electron Beam Heating of Water Droplets During in-situ ESEM Imaging of Condensation on Superhydrophobic Surfaces (2011)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Preparation and hydrolysis of some 4-substituted bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene-6-carbaldehydes: synthesis of the prostaglandin A2 analogue possessing a butyl group in place of the octenol side chain (1980)

The halogenoesters (7) and (13) were treated with various nucleophiles to give a range of 4,6,7-trisubstituted bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes (8)–(12) and (14)–(20). The esters (11), (12), and (17)–(20) were treated with hydroxide or methoxide ion to give the corresponding bicyclo[3.1.0]hexene-6-endo-carbaldehyde (21), (22), and/or the bicyclo[3.1.0] hexene-6-exo-carbaldehyde (24)–(27). The endo-aldehydes (21) and (22) were readily hydrolysed under acid catalysis to give the lactols (32) and (33) : the exo-aldehydes (24)–(26) were hydrolysed to the corresponding lactols (32)–(34) under more forcing conditions. The lactol (32) was converted into the prostaglandin A2 analogue (5) by a Wittig reaction followed by a Jones oxidation.
Synthesis and characterization of new derivatives of alginic acid and evaluation of their iron(III)-crosslinked beads as potential controlled release matrices (2013)

The results suggest the possibility of achieving controlled drug release from alginate-based beads via facile chemical modification of alginic acid.
Modeling Transition Metal Chemistry for Catalytic Functionalization of Molecules (2011)

The diversity of transition metal complexes allows for a wide range of chemical processes to be mediated by the metal, from catalysis to surface chemistry. Investigations into the structure and electronic configuration of transition metal complexes allow for tuning of desired species by modifications to the ligands and/or metals to achieve more efficient thermodynamics and kinetics for the process of interest. Transition metals, often used in catalysts for a number of important processes, require detailed descriptions of intermediates, transition states and products to fully characterize a reaction mechanism(s) in order to design more active and efficient catalysts. Computational investigations into inorganic catalysts are explored with the aim of understanding the activity of each species and how modifications of supporting ligands, co-ligands and metals vary the interaction along the reaction pathway. Reported results give important insight into the development of the most active complexes in addition to determining the least active complexes to aid experimental development. This report first investigates the mechanisms of two unique transfer reactions: 1) formation of low coordinate nickel-nitrene ((P~P)Ni=NR; P~P = 1,2-bis(dihydrophosphino)-ethane or 1,2-bis(difluoromethylphosphino)-ethane) complexes as catalysts for nitrogen atom transfer and 2) oxidation of a triphosphorus niobium complex, [(η2-P3SnPh3)Nb(OMe)3], for the transfer of the phosphorus synthon, Ph3SnP3. These reactions have utility in the synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus containing molecules, respectively, and the results presented provide mechanistic insight into the synthesis of the organometallic intermediates. Additionally, a computational approach towards rational catalyst design was performed on the ruthenium based hydroarylation catalyst TpRu(CO)(Ph) [Tp = hydrido-tris(pyrazolyl)borate]. Targeted modifications at the Tp, metal and co-ligand (CO) sites were studied in order to tune the electronics and sterics of the catalyst. Modifications, through computational methods, provided a more cost- and time-efficient way to study the impact of modifications, which provided direct input into attractive synthetic targets. The research described heir in highlights the use of computational chemistry methodologies, specifically DFT, in collaboration with experimental results, for the accurate description of reaction geometries and factors influencing the thermodynamics and kinetics of the systems. Valuable insight is gained by treating inorganic complexes with theoretical methods and additionally provides a fast, cheap way to predict and understand the chemistry of such complex systems.
Multipactor breakdown and passive intermodulation in microwave equipment for stellite applications (2002)

The phenomena of multiplication and passive intermodulation (PIM) as applied to passive microwave equipment for satellite applications is addressed. A brief summary of PIM and ways to prevent it are given. High-power measured data for a range of microwave equipment and subsystems is included. The measured power levels represent the state-of-the-art for high-power output circuits required for communications and remote-sensing satellites. A discussion on the subject of design margins in specifying high-power equipment for space applications is given. The most cost-effective approach to protect against multipaction breakdown and passive intermodulation is to force a set of guidelines to be followed at all stages of a satellite program. A summary of these guidelines is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Genome-Wide Association Study of Schizophrenia in Japanese Population (2011)

Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder with genetically complex traits. Genetic variants should explain a considerable portion of the risk for schizophrenia, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a potentially powerful tool for identifying the risk variants that underlie the disease. Here, we report the results of a three-stage analysis of three independent cohorts consisting of a total of 2,535 samples from Japanese and Chinese populations for searching schizophrenia susceptibility genes using a GWAS approach. Firstly, we examined 115,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 120 patient-parents trio samples from Japanese schizophrenia pedigrees. In stage II, we evaluated 1,632 SNPs (1,159 SNPs of p<0.01 and 473 SNPs of p<0.05 that located in previously reported linkage regions). The second sample consisted of 1,012 case-control samples of Japanese origin. The most significant p value was obtained for the SNP in the ELAVL2 [(embryonic lethal, abnormal vision, Drosophila)-like 2] gene located on 9p21.3 (p = 0.00087). In stage III, we scrutinized the ELAVL2 gene by genotyping gene-centric tagSNPs in the third sample set of 293 family samples (1,163 individuals) of Chinese descent and the SNP in the gene showed a nominal association with schizophrenia in Chinese population (p = 0.026). The current data in Asian population would be helpful for deciphering ethnic diversity of schizophrenia etiology.
Controlled multiple functionalization of mesoporous silica nanoparticles: homogeneous implementation of pairs of functionalities communicating through energy or proton transfers (2015)

The synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles bearing organic functionalities is strained by the careful adjustment of the reaction parameters, as the incorporation of functional and/or voluminous organosilanes during the sol-gel synthesis strongly affects the final structure of the nanoparticles. In this paper we describe the design of new clickable mesoporous silica nanoparticles as spheres or rods, synthesized by the co-condensation of TEOS with two clickable organosilanes (bearing alkyne and azide groups) and readily multi-functionalizable by CuAAC click chemistry. We show that controlled loadings of clickable functions can be homogeneously distributed within the MSN, allowing us to efficiently click-graft various pairs of functionalities while preserving the texture and morphology of the particles. The homogeneous distribution of the grafted functionalities was probed by FRET experiments between two anchored fluorophores. Moreover, a communication by proton transfer between two functions was demonstrated by constructing a light-actuated nanomachine that works through a proton transfer between a photoacid generator and a pH-sensitive supramolecular nanogate. The activation of the nanomachine enabled the successful release of rhodamine B in buffered solutions and the delivery of doxorubicin in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) upon blue irradiation.
Precision Glass Microlens Array By A Photo-Thermal Technique (1988)

The method of producing microlenses in glass by a photo-thermal technique is applied to the fabrication of a linear lens array to be accurately positioned over a CCD detector array. The process is described with particular emphasis on the control of the optical and thermal steps so as to maintain the accuracy of alignment required.
Localization of the gate and selectivity filter of the full-length P2X7 receptor (2017)

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) belongs to the P2X family of ATP-gated cation channels. P2X7Rs are expressed in epithelial cells, leukocytes, and microglia, and they play important roles in immunological and inflammatory processes. P2X7Rs are obligate homotrimers, with each subunit having two transmembrane helices, TM1 and TM2. Structural and functional data regarding the P2X2 and P2X4 receptors indicate that the central trihelical TM2 bundle forms the intrinsic transmembrane channel of P2X receptors. Here, we studied the accessibility of single cysteines substituted along the pre-TM2 and TM2 helix (residues 327-357) of the P2X7R using as readouts (<i>i</i>) the covalent maleimide fluorescence accessibility of the surface-bound P2X7R and (<i>ii</i>) covalent modulation of macroscopic and single-channel currents using extracellularly and intracellularly applied methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents. We found that the channel opening extends from the pre-TM2 region through the outer half of the trihelical TM2 channel. Covalently adducted MTS ethylammonium<sup>+</sup> (MTSEA<sup>+</sup>) strongly increased the probability that the channel was open by delaying channel closing of seven of eight responsive human P2X7R (hP2X7R) mutants. Structural modeling, as supported by experimental probing, suggested that resulting intraluminal hydrogen bonding interactions stabilize the open-channel state. The additional decrease in single-channel conductance by MTSEA<sup>+</sup> in five of seven positions identified Y336, S339, L341C, Y343, and G345 as the narrowest part of the channel lumen. The gate and ion-selectivity filter of the P2X7R could be colocalized at and around residue S342. None of our results provided any evidence for dilation of the hP2X7R channel on sustained stimulation with ATP<sup>4</sup>.
Simple purification for E. coli putrescine aminopropyl-transferase (1986)

Putrescine aminopropyltransferase transfers an aminopropyl group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine forming spermidine. They have recently developed a rapid assay based on the separation of the spermidine product from the unreacted (/sup 14/C-met) labeled decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine substrate by charcoal adsorption. Using this assay they have developed a simple protocol for the purification of putrescine aminopropyltransferase from E. coli HT 527. The procedure involves ammonium sulfate fractionation, phenyl Sepharose chromatography, and FPLC. The enzyme is greater than 80% pure as judged by SDS-PAGE and has an apparent subunit molecular weight of 35,000. The kinetics of this enzyme are being reinvestigated.
Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractal Microwave and RF Filters (2009)

An in-depth survey of the design and REALIZATIONS of miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters Engineers are continually searching for design methods that can satisfy the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization, accuracy, reliability, and fast development time. Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractal RF and Microwave Filters provides RF and microwave engineers and researchers, advanced graduate students, and wireless and telecommunication engineers with the knowledge and skills to design and realize miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters. This book is an essential resource for the realization of portable and cellular phones, WiFi, 3G and 4G, and satellite networks. The text focuses on the synthesis and fabrication of miniaturized fractal filters with symmetrical and asymmetrical frequency characteristics in the C, X and Ku bands, though applications to other frequency bands are considered. Readers will find helpful guidance on: Miniaturized filters in bilevel fashion Simplified methods for the synthesis of pseudo-elliptic electrical networks Methods for extracting coupling coefficients and external quality factors from simulations of the RF/microwave structure Methods for matching theoretical couplings to couplings of structure Including studies of the real-world performance of fractal resonators and sensitivity analyses of suspended substrate realizations, this is a definitive resource for both practicing engineers and students who need timely insight on fractal resonators for compact and low-power microwave and RF applications.
Mode conversion in nanophotonic waveguides via symmetry breaking optomechanical near-field interactions (2020)

The need for ever-growing communications bandwidths has led to an interest in mode-division-multiplexed communications to increase the information carrying capacity of fiber-optic networks. More recently, mode-division multiplexed chip-scale photonic devices have been investigated as a means towards highly integrated photonic components and systems. To date, however, most chip-scale demonstrations have focused on fixed coupling and routing of individual waveguide modes on a chip. In this work we propose and investigate a new technique to dynamically couple and convert between different propagating waveguide modes via symmetry-breaking optomechanical near-field interactions. Silicon nitride waveguides (<sub>tSi3N4</sub>=175 nm) with air top cladding are fabricated and enable propagation of weakly-confined modes with substantial evanescent field near the waveguide surface. Suspended silicon nitride (<sub>tSiNx</sub>=200 nm) micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS) interact with the propagating mode’s evanescent field. However, the slight offset of the MEMS perturber with respect to the waveguide’s center axis leads to a symmetry breaking mode perturbation. This perturbation converts even propagating modes (e.g. TE<sub>0</sub>) to higher-order odd modes (e.g. TE<sub>1</sub>). We present various experimental techniques for characterizing the mode conversion including direct imaging, mode beating, and FFT spectrogram analysis. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate this new concept of using symmetry-breaking optomechanical near field interactions for mode coupling and conversion towards future mode-division multiplexing on a chip.
VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASERS WITH DIELECTRIC MIRRORS (1994)

We have developed new low threshold surface emitting laser designs with dielectric high reflectivity top mirrors. Here, we describe the characteristics of these surface emitting vertical cavity lasers (VCSELs) which exhibit stable mode patterns and low threshold currents. The new device fabrication sequence which we employ is able to adjust the emission wavelength of the lasers during the final fabrication step and allow the development of stable multi-wavelength laser arrays. These quantum-well based laser diodes are demonstrated at 0.72 μm with threshold currents of 20 mA, at 0.85 μm with threshold currents of 3 mA, at 0.98 μm with threshold currents of 4 mA, and at 1.55 μm with threshold currents of 17 mA. Our VCSELs also display remarkably low threshold voltages, thus minimizing the laser power dissipation and improving the wallplug efficiency. The flexibility resulting from depositing one or both of the mirrors after the fabrication of the laser diodes opens the way to the development of new and more versatile laser structures.
Supplementary Data from Comprehensive DNA Methylation Analysis Indicates That Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Lesions Are Acinar-Derived and Epigenetically Primed for Carcinogenesis (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary figures and captions for supplementary tables&lt;/p&gt;
Heterogeneous Integration of a 300mm Silicon Photonics-CMOS Wafer Stack by Direct Oxide Bonding and Via-last 3D Interconnection (2015)

A fully functional Si photonics and 65-nm CMOS heterogeneous 3D integration is demonstrated for the first time in a 300mm production environment. Direct oxide wafer bonding was developed to eliminate voids between SOI photonics and bulk Si CMOS wafers. A via-last, Cu through-oxide via (TOV) 3D integration was developed for low capacitance electrical connections with no impact on CMOS performance. 3D yield approaching 100% was demonstrated on &amp;gt;20,000 via chains.
Novel self-synchronization scheme for high-speed packet TDM networks (1999)

We demonstrate a novel self-synchronization scheme for high-speed packet time-division-multiplexed (TDM) networks using a fast saturated, but slowly recovered gain (or loss) combined with intensity discrimination. The marker pulse used in this self-synchronization scheme is the same as other pulses in the packets. In particular, we use a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) as the fast saturated but slowly-recovered gain element, and an unbalanced nonlinear optical loop mirror or a dispersion-shifted fiber/optical filter combination as an intensity discriminator. The contrast ratio of the first pulse to the remaining pulses of a 100 Gb/s packet, "10111000" is >3 dB at the output of the SOA and >20 dB at the outputs of both intensity discriminators.
Local Neutral Density and Plasma Parameter Measurements in a Hollow Cathode Plume (2006)

In order to understand the cathode and keeper wear observed during the Extended Life Test (ELT) of the DS1 flight spare NSTAR thruster and provide benchmarking data for a 2D cathode/cathode-plume model, a basic understanding of the plasma and neutral gas parameters in the cathode orifice and keeper region of the cathode plume must be obtained. The JPL cathode facility is instrumented with an array of Langmuir probe diagnostics along with an optical diagnostic to measure line intensity of xenon neutrals. In order to make direct comparisons with the present model, a flat plate anode arrangement was installed for these tests. Neutral density is deduced from the scanning probe data of the plasma parameters and the measured xenon line intensity in the optical regime. The Langmuir probes are scanned both axially, out to 7.0 cm downstream of the keeper, and radially to obtain 2D profile of the plasma parameters. The optical fiber is housed in a collimating stainless steel tube, and is scanned to view across the cathode plume along cuts in front of the keeper with a resolution of 1.5 mm. The radial intensities are unfolded using the Abel inversion technique that produces radial profiles of local neutral density. In this paper, detailed measurements of the plasma parameters and the local neutral densities will be presented in the cathode/keeper plume region for a 1.5 cm diameter NEXIS cathode at 25A of discharge current at several different strengths of applied magnetic field.
Just-in-time contextual advertising (2007)

Contextual Advertising is a type of Web advertising, which, given the URL of a Web page, aims to embed into the page (typically via JavaScript) the most relevant textual ads available. For static pages that are displayed repeatedly, the matching of ads can be based on prior analysis of their entire content; however, ads need to be matched also to new or dynamically created pages that cannot be processed ahead of time. Analyzing the entire body of such pages on-the-fly entails prohibitive communication and latency costs. To solve the three-horned dilemma of either low-relevance or high-latency or high-load, we propose to use text summarization techniques paired with external knowledge (exogenous to the page) to craft short page summaries in real time. Empirical evaluation proves that matching ads on the basis of such summaries does not sacrifice relevance, and is competitive with matching based on the entire page content. Specifically, we found that analyzing a carefully selected 5% fraction of the page text sacrifices only 1%-3% in ad relevance. Furthermore, our summaries are fully compatible with the standard JavaScript mechanisms used for ad placement: they can be produced at ad-display time by simple additions to the usual script, and they only add 500-600 bytes to the usual request.