gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purcell-enhanced X-ray scintillation (2023)

Scintillation materials convert high-energy radiation to optical light through a complex multi-stage process. The last stage of the process is light emission via spontaneous emission, which usually governs and limits the scintillator emission rate and light yield. For decades, the quest for faster emission rate and greater light yield motivated the frontier of scintillators research to focus on developing better materials and dopants. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a fundamentally different, recently proposed concept for enhancing the scintillation rate and yield: the Purcell effect. The Purcell effect is a universal enhancement mechanism for spontaneous emission by engineering the optical environment. In scintillators, such an enhancement arises from engineering the nanoscale geometry within the scintillation bulk, which thus applies universally to any scintillating material and dopant. We design and fabricate a thin multilayer nanophotonic scintillator, demonstrating Purcell-enhanced scintillation, achieving a 50% enhancement in emission-rate and an 80% enhancement in light yield. We demonstrate the potential of our device for realizing these enhancements in real-life settings for X-ray applications, also due to the robustness of the nanophotonic design to fabrication disorder. Our results show the bright prospects of bridging nanophotonics and scintillators science, toward reduced radiation dosage and increased resolution for high-energy particles detection.
Low-temperature growth of high-quality lead zirconate titanate thin films by 28 GHz microwave irradiation (2005)

Pb ( Zr x Ti 1 − x ) O 3 (PZT) thin films were coated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol-gel method and then crystallized by 28 GHz microwave irradiation. The elevated temperature generated by microwave irradiation to obtain the perovskite phase is only 480 °C, which is significantly lower than that of conventional thermal processing. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the PZT films crystallized well in the perovskite phase. A scanning electron microscopy image showed that the film has a spherulite grain structure and most of the grains are approximately 2 μm in size. The average values of the remanent polarization, coercive field, dielectric constant, and loss of the PZT films are 40μC∕cm2, 50 kV/cm, 1100, and 004, respectively. It is clear that microwave irradiation is effective for obtaining well-crystallized PZT films with good properties at low temperatures.
Towards application/file-level characterization of block references (2000)

Two contributions are made in this paper. First, we show that system level characterization of file block references is inadequate for maximizing buffer cache performance. We show that a finer-grained characterization approach is needed. Though application level characterization methods have been proposed, this is the first attempt, to the best of our knowledge, to consider file level characterizations. We propose an Application/File-level Characterization (AFC) scheme where we detect on-line the reference characteristics at the application level and then at the file level, if necessary. The results of this characterization are used to employ appropriate replacement policies in the buffer cache to maximize performance. The second contribution is in proposing an efficient and fair buffer allocation scheme. Application or file level resource management is infeasible unless there exists an allocation scheme that is efficient and fair. We propose the Δ HIT allocation scheme that takes away a block from the application/file where the removal results in the smallest reduction in the number of expected buffer cache hits. Both the AFC and Δ HIT schemes are on-line schemes that detect and allocate as applications execute. Experiments using trace-driven simulations show that substantial performance improvements can be made. For single application executions the hit ratio increased an average of 13 percentage points compared to the LRU policy, with a maximum increase of 59 percentage points, while for multiple application executions, the increase is an average of 12 percentage points, with a maximum of 32 percentage points for the workloads considered.
Collagen synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells in the presence of antiproliferative polysaccharides (1996)

Production of various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) modulates biological functions of the vascular tissue. This process is generally amplified in pathologic states as atherosclerosis. Atheroma originates from smooth muscle cells (SMC) which have migrated and proliferated in the vascular intima. In this study we investigated protein synthesis, collagen synthesis, and types I, III, and V collagen distribution by SMC in the presence of three families of watersoluble polysaccharides, heparin, fucans, and derivatized dextrans. We observed that fucan and derivatized dextran were able, as was heparin, to inhibit rat aortic SMC growth in culture. We then analyzed collagen modulation by measuring the incorporation of the radiolabeled precursor (3H)-proline into vascular SMC. Our results showed uncoupling of the antiproliferative capacity with collagen biosynthesis. However, fucan, the most antiproliferative polysaccharide, was also the most active in inhibiting protein and collagen synthesis. In addition, compounds that decreased total collagen synthesis preferentially increased the proportion of cell-associated collagen. Interestingly, only the antiproliferative polysaccharides inhibited significantly type V collagen biosynthesis. These new biomaterials appear to be valuable tools to study and control extracellular-matrix interactions with cells from the vascular walls.
Effect of CO2 Content on the Natural Gas Production from Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs (2017)

Abstract The simulation of the gas flow in tight sandstone reservoir is a very complicated process. Several mechanisms contributed to the natural gas production in tight sandstone reservoirs. One of the main mechanisms is the gas desorption from the rock surface to the pore body. All the existing models did not consider the effect of CO2 content in the natural gas on the gas desorption from the rock surface. Also all the existing models used desorption models from the literature and they neglect the effect of rock type and reservoir conditions on the gas desorption behavior. In this study and for the first time we will investigate the effect of CO2 content (0 to 20 vol%) on the natural gas desorption from the tight sandstone rocks. Accurate desorption isotherm will be developed based on the rock type and gas composition. Adsorption/desorption experiments will be carried out at different pressures and temperatures to develop a robust model for the natural gas desorption from the rock. Also the effect of tight sandstone rock mineralogy was investigated on the adsorption/desorption of the natural gas. Increasing CO2 fraction in the mixture from 0% to 10% CO2 the total gas uptake is increased to approximately 28%, 22% and 33% at 50°C, 100°C and 150°C respectively which reflects the high affinity toward CO2 from the tight sandstone core. The tight sandstone mineralogy also affected the desorption behavior of the natural gas. The presence of water bearing clay minerals such as illite exhibited a vast sensitivity to temperature causing damage to crystal structure and expulsion of bounded water which resulted in huge increase in the adsorption uptake. The results of the experimental studies showed that the CO2 content in the natural gas has a big effect on the desorption of the natural gas from the tight sandstone rocks. The CO2 content also affected the desorption isotherm model for the natural gas. The tight sandstone mineralogy also affected the desorption behavior of the natural gas. The output from this study is a robust model that explain the contribution of the desorption of the natural gas to the total gas production. Also, it will enhance the simulation and flow models that describe the flow of natural gas in porous media in tight sandstone reservoirs.
Brain-wide perception of the emotional valence of light is regulated by distinct hypothalamic neurons (2022)

Salient sensory stimuli are perceived by the brain, which guides both the timing and outcome of behaviors in a context-dependent manner. Light is such a stimulus, which is used in treating mood disorders often associated with a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Relationships between the emotional valence of light and the hypothalamus, and how they interact to exert brain-wide impacts remain unclear. Employing larval zebrafish with analogous hypothalamic systems to mammals, we show in free-swimming animals that hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF<sup>Hy</sup>) neurons promote dark avoidance, and such role is not shared by other hypothalamic peptidergic neurons. Single-neuron projection analyses uncover processes extended by individual CRF<sup>Hy</sup> neurons to multiple targets including sensorimotor and decision-making areas. In vivo calcium imaging uncovers a complex and heterogeneous response of individual CRF<sup>Hy</sup> neurons to the light or dark stimulus, with a reduced overall sum of CRF neuronal activity in the presence of light. Brain-wide calcium imaging under alternating light/dark stimuli further identifies distinct and distributed photic response neuronal types. CRF<sup>Hy</sup> neuronal ablation increases an overall representation of light in the brain and broadly enhances the functional connectivity associated with an exploratory brain state. These findings delineate brain-wide photic perception, uncover a previously unknown role of CRF<sup>Hy</sup> neurons in regulating the perception and emotional valence of light, and suggest that light therapy may alleviate mood disorders through reducing an overall sum of CRF neuronal activity.
Distributed lightweight Kerberos protocol for Mobile Agent Systems (2011)

This paper focuses on an efficient technology for implementing a Mobile Agent System (MAS). The mobile agent is able to hold consumers' requests, migrates between platforms and executes its code autonomously. The agent is required to return results to its owner, so he or she can make the right decisions. Kerberos protocol is one of the best known authentication protocols based on symmetric key. Kerberos is a trusted third-party authentication protocol designed to establish network security. In this paper, we propose a new protocol that is based on enhancements modification of Kerberos and is suited to provide confidentiality, integrity, authentication and authorization. A security analysis of the new protocol is also provided.
Enhanced metabolism of halogenated hydrocarbons in transgenic plants containing mammalian cytochrome P450 2E1 (2000)

Chlorinated solvents, especially trichloroethylene (TCE), are the most widespread groundwater contaminants in the United States. Existing methods of pumping and treating are expensive and laborious. Phytoremediation, the use of plants for remediation of soil and groundwater pollution, is less expensive and has low maintenance; however, it requires large land areas and there are a limited number of suitable plants that are known to combine adaptation to a particular environment with efficient metabolism of the contaminant. In this work, we have engineered plants with a profound increase in metabolism of the most common contaminant, TCE, by introducing the mammalian cytochrome P450 2E1. This enzyme oxidizes a wide range of important pollutants, including TCE, ethylene dibromide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and vinyl chloride. The transgenic plants had a dramatic enhancement in metabolism of TCE of up to 640-fold as compared with null vector control plants. The transgenic plants also showed an increased uptake and debromination of ethylene dibromide. Therefore, transgenic plants with this enzyme could be used for more efficient remediation of many sites contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Oxidation of a tensidic alcohol to its corresponding carboxylic acid via Au catalysts (2010)

Abstract The oxidation of the fatty‐alcohol ethoxylate GENAPOL LA 050 to its corresponding ether carboxylic acid using supported Au catalysts under mild aerobic conditions in aqueous alkaline solution was investigated. Screening of different metal oxide supports and several preparation methods yielded an assortment of highly selective catalysts with varying activities. AEROXIDE® TiO 2 P25 turned out to be the most suitable support and deposition‐precipitation with urea emerged as the best‐suited preparation method. Further experiments with this catalyst displayed the dependency of the catalytic activity on reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure and reactant/catalyst ratio. The long‐term stability study of this particular catalyst in repeated batches revealed catalyst deactivation by Au particle agglomeration due to intermediate Au leaching under the reaction conditions.
Fabrication of Arrays of Sub-20-nm Silica Walls via Photolithography and Solution-Based Molecular Coating (2006)

We report herein fabrication of arrays of sub-20-nm silica walls via photolithography and the surface sol-gel process. A photolithographically fabricated line template on a silicon wafer was coated with a silica nanolayer using the surface sol-gel process, and then the topmost portion of the silica layer and the template were successively removed using CHF(3) and oxygen plasma, respectively, leaving the sidewalls of the silica layers remaining on the substrate. These walls were fully self-supporting, and the thicknesses of silica wall were 6, 8, and 12 nm at 20, 30, and 60 cycles, respectively. The height/width ratio of the wall was 38 at the 30-cycle coating. This ratio is surprisingly high when compared to that of the conventional photolithography processes. Successive formation of the silica, polymer, and silica layers yielded a trilayer sidewall, and the spacer polymer layer could be selectively removed to form a doubled sidewall. Size reduction and proliferation of sub-20-nm silica wall was thus achieved. The reported method is simple and cost-efficient and opens a gateway to further miniaturization of nanostructures.
New Method for Fabricating a Mixed Monolayer Using Self-assembly of Trichlorosilanes and Mapping of Different Molecules in the Mixed Monolayer Using a Frictional Force Microscopy with a Tip Chemically Modified with Fluoroalkyltrichlorosilanes for Chemical Sensing (1997)

An alkyltrichlorosilane/fluoroalkyltrichlorosilane mixed monolayer was fabricated by the self-assembly of an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer having pinholes with 10–200 nm radii and following adsorption of (2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl)trichlorosilane (FS-17) into the pinholes. The adsorption of FS-17 into the pinholes was confirmed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) by measuring the hole depths in the OTS monolayer, which decreased by a molecular length of FS-17 after the adsorption of the FS-17. The OTS and FS-17 molecules in the mixed monolayer were mapped using a frictional force microscope (FFM) whose tip was chemically modified with FS-17 molecules. In the case of the conventional observation using a FFM whose tip is not chemically modified, the frictional forces of the tip on the FS-17 molecules in the pinholes were smaller than those on the OTS monolayer. In contrast, the frictional forces of the chemically modified tip on FS-17 molecules in the pinholes were larger than those on the OTS monolayer. These results indicate that the FS-17 molecules on the tip have a critical influence on the frictional force between the tip and the molecules, and that the chemically modified tip may be used for discriminating different chemical groups in the monolayer. We propose that our new techniques for fabricating and estimating molecular distributions of the mixed monolayer will be useful in the development of molecular electronic devices.
Gonadal Function and Fertility in Survivors After Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment Within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD13 to HD15 Trials (2012)

The present analysis in a large group of survivors of HL provides well-grounded information on gonadal toxicity of currently used treatment regimens and allows risk-adapted fertility preservation and comprehensive support during therapy and follow-up.
The simulation of human body leg and sand in the running on the sand using the Particle Element Method (PEM). (2004)

In this study, we perceived the important leg, in order that people might move. Purpose of our study is to suggest the optimum running method by explaining change of a reaction force and a speed in case of grand differences. We calculated the reaction force and the running speed using the four-link model of the leg. As a result, compared with the case of running on the asphalt and the case of running on the sand, the running speed decreases 15.8% in running on the sand. So we carry out the simulation using Particle Element Method (PEM) in order to restrain decrease of the speed in running on the sand, and suggest the optimum running method.
Metal and Ancillary Ligand Structural Effects on Ethylene Insertion Processes at Cationic Group 4 Centers. A Systematic, Comparative Quantum Chemical Investigation at Various ab Initio Levels (2001)

Ethylene insertion into the metal−methyl bonds of group 4 (Ti, Zr) (C5H5)2MCH3+ and H2Si(C5H4)(tBuN)MCH3+ catalyst cations has been investigated at the ab initio level, employing DZV- and DZP-quality basis sets together with Moller−Plesset perturbative and coupled-cluster single-double excitation wave function expansions. All reactions are found to proceed from reactants to products via intermediate π-complexes and subsequent Cossee−Arlman four-center transition state structures. Enthalpic barriers for the insertion step strongly depend on the nature of the ancillary ligand and metal, with ΔH⧧ increasing in the order (C5H5)2TiCH3+ < (C5H5)2ZrCH3+ ≈ H2Si(C5H4)(tBuN)TiCH3+ < H2Si(C5H4)(tBuN)ZrCH3+. Furthermore, metallocene H2Si< bridging has the effect of increasing the electrophilicity toward ethylene. The observed ethylene activation/insertion structural and energetic trends may be rationalized using qualitative electronic structure arguments, ancillary ligand steric hindrance, and metal ionic radius. Electron correlation effects are found in all cases to play a crucial role in predicting reaction energetics. Reasonable, incremental convergence in computed energies is obtained for Zr systems and for the H2Si(C5H4)(tBuN)TiCH3+ cation upon increasing the calculational level (MP2 → MP3 → MP4-SDQ → CCSD). In contrast, fluctuations in results are found for the (C5H5)2TiCH3+ cations, indicating the desirability of high-level calculations.
BAAV Transcytosis Requires an Interaction with β-1-4 Linked- Glucosamine and gp96 (2010)

Cell surface carbohydrates play an important role in virus entry and intracellular trafficking. Bovine Adeno-Associated Virus (BAAV) uses plasma membrane gangliosides for transduction and infection. In addition, independent of the infectious pathway, BAAV also has the ability to pass through barrier epithelia and endothelia using a transcytosis pathway dependent upon the presence of cell surface carbohydrates. Thus, in order to better define the carbohydrate interactions that are necessary for BAAV infection or transcytosis, a glycan microarray composed of both natural and synthetic carbohydrates was probed with HA-tagged BAAV particles. This identified chitotriose, a trimer of beta-1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine, as having an interaction with BAAV. Competition experiments showed that the BAAV interaction with this carbohydrate is not necessary for infection but is instead important in the transcytosis pathway. The beta-1-4-linked N-acetyl glucosamine modification has been reported on gp96, a glycoprotein involved in the transcytosis of bacteria and toxins. Significantly, immunoprecipitation and competition experiments with an anti-gp96 antibody and a soluble form of gp96, respectively, showed this glycoprotein can also interact with BAAV to serve as a receptor for its transcytosis.
Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Lasers (2000)

When combined with high index constrast slabs in which light can be efficiently guided, microfabricated two-dimensional photonic bandgap mirrors provide us with the geometries needed to confine light into extremely small volumes. We show that these high Q cavities now make it possible to define microcavity lasers which function at room temperature and have mode volumes as small as 2.5 (λ/2nslab)3 or 0.03 μm3 in InGaAsP emitting at 1.55μm.
We're Not “DON” Yet: Optimal Dosing and Prodrug Delivery of6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (2018)

The broadly active glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) has been studied for 60 years as a potential anticancer therapeutic. Clinical studies of DON in the 1950s using low daily doses suggested antitumor activity, but later phase I and II trials of DON given intermittently at high doses were hampered by dose-limiting nausea and vomiting. Further clinical development of DON was abandoned. Recently, the recognition that multiple tumor types are glutamine-dependent has renewed interest in metabolic inhibitors such as DON. Here, we describe the prior experience with DON in humans. Evaluation of past studies suggests that the major impediments to successful clinical use included unacceptable gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities, inappropriate dosing schedules for a metabolic inhibitor, and lack of targeted patient selection. To circumvent GI toxicity, prodrug strategies for DON have been developed to enhance delivery of active compound to tumor tissues, including the CNS. When these prodrugs are administered in a low daily dosing regimen, appropriate for metabolic inhibition, they are robustly effective without significant toxicity. Patients whose tumors have genetic, metabolic, or imaging biomarker evidence of glutamine dependence should be prioritized as candidates for future clinical evaluations of novel DON prodrugs, given either as monotherapy or in rationally directed pharmacologic combinations. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1824-32. ©2018 AACR</i>.
BM88/Cend1 Expression Levels Are Critical for Proliferation and Differentiation of Subventricular Zone-Derived Neural Precursor Cells (2008)

Neural stem cells remain in two areas of the adult mammalian brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Ongoing neurogenesis via the SVZ-rostral migratory stream pathway maintains neuronal replacement in the olfactory bulb (OB) throughout life. The mechanisms determining how neurogenesis is restricted to only a few regions in the adult, in contrast to its more widespread location during embryogenesis, largely depend on controlling the balance between precursor cell proliferation and differentiation. BM88/Cend1 is a neuronal lineage-specific regulator implicated in cell cycle exit and differentiation of precursor cells in the embryonic neural tube. Here we investigated its role in postnatal neurogenesis. Study of in vivo BM88/Cend1 distribution revealed that it is expressed in low levels in neuronal precursors of the adult SVZ and in high levels in postmitotic OB interneurons. To assess the functional significance of BM88/Cend1 in neuronal lineage progression postnatally, we challenged its expression levels by gain- and loss-of-function approaches using lentiviral gene transfer in SVZ-derived neurospheres. We found that BM88/Cend1 overexpression decreases proliferation and favors neuronal differentiation, whereas its downregulation using new-generation RNA interference vectors yields an opposite phenotype. Our results demonstrate that BM88/Cend1 participates in cell cycle control and neuronal differentiation mechanisms during neonatal SVZ neurogenesis and becomes crucial for the transition from neuroblasts to mature neurons when reaching high levels.