gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NiAl as a potential material for liner- and barrier-free interconnect in ultrasmall technology node (2018)

Because of aggressive downscaling of the dimensions of future semiconductor devices, they will suffer from increased line resistivity and resistance-capacitance delay. In this work, NiAl thin films are investigated as a potential liner- and barrier-free interconnect material. The results show that NiAl has strong adhesion, does not undergo interdiffusion with SiO2, and has a favorable resistivity size effect. These features suggest that NiAl is a good candidate for replacing Cu as a liner- and barrier-free interconnect for linewidths below 7 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A novel fault attack against ECDSA (2011)

A novel fault attack against ECDSA is proposed in this work. It allows to retrieve the secret signing key, by means of injecting faults during the computation of the signature primitive. The proposed method relies on faults injected during a multiplication employed to perform the signature recombination at the end of the ECDSA signing algorithm. Exploiting the faulty signatures, it is possible to reduce the size of the group of the discrete logarithm problem warranting the security margin up to a point where it is computationally treatable. The amount of faulty signatures requested to perform the attack is relatively small, ranging from 4 to a few tenths. The key retrieval can be applied to any key length, like those standardised by NIST, including the ones mandated for top secret documents by NSA suite B. The required post processing of the obtained faulty values is practical on a common consumer grade desktop. The procedure does not rely on any particular structure of the employed curve and may easily be extended to the regular DSA based on modular arithmetics.
Total Chemical Synthesis of a Folded .beta.-Sandwich Protein Domain: An Analog of the Tenth Fibronectin Type 3 Module (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal Chemical Synthesis of a Folded .beta.-Sandwich Protein Domain: An Analog of the Tenth Fibronectin Type 3 ModuleMichael J. Williams, Tom W. Muir, Mark H. Ginsberg, and Stephen B. H. KentCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 23, 10797–10798Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00102a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00102a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IT-RUDA: Information Theory Assisted Robust Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (2022)

Distribution shift between train (source) and test (target) datasets is a common problem encountered in machine learning applications. One approach to resolve this issue is to use the Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) technique that carries out knowledge transfer from a label-rich source domain to an unlabeled target domain. Outliers that exist in either source or target datasets can introduce additional challenges when using UDA in practice. In this paper, $α$-divergence is used as a measure to minimize the discrepancy between the source and target distributions while inheriting robustness, adjustable with a single parameter $α$, as the prominent feature of this measure. Here, it is shown that the other well-known divergence-based UDA techniques can be derived as special cases of the proposed method. Furthermore, a theoretical upper bound is derived for the loss in the target domain in terms of the source loss and the initial $α$-divergence between the two domains. The robustness of the proposed method is validated through testing on several benchmarked datasets in open-set and partial UDA setups where extra classes existing in target and source datasets are considered as outliers.
The Dispute over Collectivization (1997)

Abstract This chapter examines the dispute among Chinese political leaders on the issue of whether or not to bring in further drastic modifications of the structures of the rural collectivization in order to stimulate agriculture. Most political leaders believed that this was probably the central issue of Chinese politics for Mao Zedong. One of the major conflicts in the collectivization issue occurred in the East China province of Anhui under the leadership of Zeng Xisheng.
Abstract 16796: Machine Learning-Based Hepatic Fat Assessment in Low-Dose Coronary Artery Calcium Scans is Correlated With Human Reader Assessment (2020)

Introduction: Hepatic attenuation on computed tomography (CT) is a surrogate marker for cardiometabolic risk, including Type 2 diabetes and its progression. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) screening for assessment of cardiovascular risk often includes portions of the liver and provides an opportunity for concomitant assessment of liver fat. However, the use of lower radiation dose CT and the need for reliable regions of interest (ROI) tracing creates challenges for routine clinical utilization. We present machine learning-based hepatic fat assessment (a) segmentation of liver and spleen and (b) CT attenuation measurement on low dose CT scans performed for CAC screening. Methods: Our approach (Figure 1a) comprises two steps. First, a deep learning-based model is utilized to segment the liver and spleen. Second, CT attenuation is measured on imaged organ volume. The segmentation model (U-Net with an EfficientNetB3 backbone) is trained with 5-fold cross-validation on 35 patients enrolled in the CLARIFY registry (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04075162) and validated on an independent set of 21 patients. The ground truth for segmentation is generated using Slicer 3D. Further, mean liver and mean liver-to-spleen CT attenuation is automatically measured on these scans and compared with manual ROI based assessment. Results: The segmentation model achieved a dice coefficient of 0.91 on the validation (Figure 1b). The automated volumetric assessment of liver and liver-to-spleen attenuation estimation showed a strong correlation with manual ROI assessment (Pearson correlation coefficient R=0.89 and R=0.88, respectively; Figure 1c). Conclusions: The presented machine-learning-based methods enable accurate estimation of liver and liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio on low-dose CAC CT scans. The approach needs to be further validated on larger, multi-institutional datasets to analyze its generalizability for hepatic fat assessment.
Crystal Structures of Vacuum-Dehydrated Ni2+-Exchanged Zeolite Y (FAU, Si/Al = 1.69) Containing Three-Coordinate Ni2+, Ni8O4·xH2O8+, x ≤ 4, Clusters with Near Cubic Ni4O4 Cores, and H+ (2009)

Five single crystals of vacuum-dehydrated Ni2+-exchanged zeolite Y (Ni−Y) were variously prepared by the exchange of Na−Y or K−Y (Na71− or K71−Si121Al71O384, Si/Al = 1.69) with Ni2+ using flowing aqueous 0.05 M Ni(NO3)2 at 294 or 353 K, followed by vacuum dehydration at 2.0 × 10−6 Torr and 623 or 723 K. Their crystal structures and chemical compositions were determined using synchrotron X-radiation and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses to give Nin−Y, where 25.3 ≤ n ≤ 34.1 per unit cell: |NiuMvHw[Ni8O4·xH2O]y[Al(OH)4]z|[Si121+zAl71−zO384]−FAU, where 21.4 ≤ u ≤ 24.2, M = Na and/or Ca, 3.3 ≤ v ≤ 13.1, 9.5 ≤ w ≤ 21.6, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0.3 ≤ y ≤ 3.2, and 0 ≤ z ≤ 2.5. In each of the five crystal structures (space group Fd3̅m; mean a = 24.47 Å), Ni2+ is found at sites I, I′, a second I′, II′, and sometimes II; unexpectedly, Na+ and Ca2+ are found at another site II. Two extra-framework oxygen positions (Oe), one in the sodalite cavity and the other nearby in the supercage, are seen on 3-fold axes in all crystals. They bond to Al3+ and Ni2+ ions in the sodalite cavities to form Al(OeH)4− and Ni8(Oe)4·xH2Oe8+ clusters with Ni4(Oe)4 cores, and with framework oxygens (Of) to give trigonal bipyramidal Ni(Of)3(Oe)22+ and trigonal pyramidal Ni(Of)3Oe2+. At site I (centers of double 6-rings) in the Na−Y crystal that was Ni2+-exchanged at 294 K, ∼14 Ni2+ ions per unit cell each coordinate octahedrally to six framework oxygen atoms. The Ni2+ ions at the first I′ site are 3-coordinate near planar in all crystals. The Ni2+ ions at the second I′ site are members of the Ni4O4 cores, tetrahedrally distorted cubes with Ni−O = 2.199(13) Å and O−Ni−O = 79.6(9)° in a representative crystal; these Ni2+ ions are distorted octahedral with three Oe’s of the cluster and three Of’s. The Ni2+ ions at sites II′ and II are 3-, 4-, or 5-coordinate. Al(OH)4− from framework dealumination centers some sodalite cavities in four of the five crystals; their number increased with both ion-exchange and dehydration temperatures, suggesting that dealumination occurred during both processes. The number of Ni2+ ions per unit cell increases with Ni2+-exchange temperature and is greater with K−Y than with Na−Y, perhaps because the larger K+ ions are more loosely held. The leaving cation affects the Ni2+ distribution over the available sites, perhaps via the level of Ni2+-exchange. Both a greater degree of Ni2+-exchange and a higher dehydration temperature cause more Ni8O4·xH2O8+ clusters to form, leaving fewer Ni2+ ions at sites I and II. As more Ni8O4·xH2O8+ formed, more H+ ions were produced. Some H+ and some 3- and 4-coordinate Ni2+ ions are easily accessible for catalysis.
A Signature of Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood that Enables Earlier Detection of Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients (2018)

Background Acute rejection (AR) is often indicated by an increase in creatinine levels, after a considerable graft damage has already occurred. There is, therefore, a need for early identification of AR. Monitoring of RNA gene signatures in peripheral blood and urine samples offers the opportunity for surveillance of the recipient immune system and earlier detection of acute rejection. Samples We examined RT-qPCR expression of 22 literature-based candidate genes in 335 longitudinal whole-blood samples from 27 stable kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) from the KALIBRE study (Kidney Allograft Immune Biomarkers of Rejection Episodes) and 237 samples from 27 KTRs with a biopsy-proven cellular rejection during the first post-transplant year. Creatinine in stable KTRs reached no higher than 20% above the reference range and had less than 15% standard deviation. Methods To account for post-transplantation changes unrelated to rejection, we generated time-adjusted gene expression as the residuals of linear mixed-effects models with stable patients. To select a parsimonious AR signature, we used penalised logistic regression with a pre-biopsy sample in rejectors and the median gene expression for each stable patient. As a test set we used the longitudinal data. We were also able to examine longitudinal expression of genes as well as effect of different anti-rejection therapies. We subsequently tested the performance of our signature in a second cohort. Results A 7-gene signature of AR showed area under the curve (AUC) 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.91-1.00), sensitivity 0.85, specificity 0.93, positive and negative predictive values 0.92 and 0.86 and cross-validated AUC 0.85 (0.75-0.95). The estimated probability of rejection increased as early as six weeks prior to the AR biopsy and decreased after administration of treatment. Notably, gene expression in stable KTRs, as well as in rejectors, showed a pronounced variability, with 22% AR-positives longitudinal samples.Conclusion Molecular marker alterations in blood emerge well ahead of the time of clinically overt AR. Monitoring of a gene-expression signature of AR in peripheral blood could unravel AR-related pro-inflammatory activity and provide information on subclinical processes and further justification for a biopsy in cases of sustained kidney dysfunction with no marked change in creatinine. Medical Research Council (MRC) (grants G0801537/ID: 88245 and MRC Centre for Transplantation, – MRC grant no. MR/J006742/1). MHF - HEALTH-F5– 2010–260687: The ONE Study. SC, PM and MPH-F received funding from FP7-HEALTH-2012-INNOVATION-1 project number 305147: BIO-DrIM. National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ and King’s College London. NIHR Health Informatics Collaborative.
A New Antenna System Using a Metasurface Abreast of New Satellites for NTN Communication (2022)

Satellite communication has begun being taken to the expanded scope of mobile services in the upcoming future such as 6G or beyond, attention has been paid to methodologies to combine the on-the-ground with off-the-ground wireless link. Along with advancing the modulation schemes, protocols and signal processing, it is a must-thing to secure physical devices working for them. As all the wireless systems need RF components and modules as in beamforming for 5G, the antenna compatible to the demands of accomplishing the NTN should be devised. In this paper, for the purpose of long-range signal transmission and mountability on the payload of an LEO satellite, we show a novel antenna system of high directivity as a smaller structure. A metamaterial surface is designed to reduce the volume of the classic satellite antenna system, because this is a flat geometry instead of a parabolic one. The high directivity of the antenna is shown increasing the gain of the primary antenna by over 5 dB as the frequency band is kept with no degradation in signals.
Image Classification by Hierarchical Spatial Pooling with Partial Least Squares Analysis (2012)

Recent coding-based image classification systems generally adopt a key step of spatial pooling operation, which characterizes the statistics of patch-level local feature codes over the regions of interest (ROI), to form the image-level representation for classification. In this paper, we present a hierarchical ROI dictionary for spatial pooling, to beyond the widely used spatial pyramid in image classification literature. By utilizing the compositionality among ROIs, it captures rich spatial statistics via an efficient pooling algorithm in deep hierarchy. On this basis, we further employ partial least squares analysis to learn a more compact and discriminative image representation. The experimental results demonstrate superiority of the proposed hierarchical pooling method relative to spatial pyramid, on three benchmark datasets for image classification.
Digital Image Processing At The Level Of Data Acquisition (1987)

The Random Scan Computer Vision System acquires two-dimensional data along task-dependent scanning patterns matched to image structure. A scanning trajectory is generated based on a-priori information concerning image structure, and is modified in real-time by the central processor in an interactive mode. The utility of various deterministic and probabilistic strategies is discussed, with special emphasis on the hierarchical nature of the process.
An Intravascular Tantalum Oxide–based CT Contrast Agent: Preclinical Evaluation Emulating Overweight and Obese Patient Size (2018)

Purpose To compare the CT imaging performance of a carboxybetaine zwitterionic-coated tantalum oxide (TaCZ) nanoparticle CT contrast agent with that of a conventional iodinated contrast agent in a swine model meant to simulate overweight and obese patients. Materials and Methods Four swine were evaluated inside three different-sized adipose-equivalent encasements emulating abdominal girths of 102, 119, and 137 cm. Imaging was performed with a 64-detector row CT scanner at six scan delays after intravenous injection of 240 mg element (Ta or I) per kilogram of body weight of TaCZ or iopromide. For each time point, contrast enhancement of the aorta and liver were measured by using regions of interest. Two readers independently recorded the clarity of vasculature using a five-point Likert scale. Findings were compared by using paired t tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results Mean peak enhancement was higher for TaCZ than for iopromide in the aorta (270 HU [σ = 24.5] vs 199 HU [σ = 10.2], P < .001) and liver (61.3 HU [σ = 11.7] vs 45.2 HU [σ = 8], P < .001). Vascular clarity was higher for TaCZ than for iopromide in 63% (132 of 208), 82% (170 of 208), and 86% (178 of 208) of the individual vessels at the 102-, 119-, and 137-cm girths, respectively (P < .01). Arterial clarity scores were higher for TaCZ than for iopromide in 62% (208 of 336) of vessels. Venous clarity scores were higher for TaCZ than for iopromide in 89% (128 of 144) of the veins in the venous phase and in 100% (144 of 144) of veins in the delayed phase (P < .01). No vessel showed higher clarity score with iopromide than with TaCZ. Conclusion An experimental tantalum nanoparticle-based contrast agent showed greater contrast enhancement compared with iopromide in swine models meant to simulate overweight and obese patients. © RSNA, 2018.
3-D NAND Technology Achievements and Future Scaling Perspectives (2020)

Since the introduction of a 3-D NAND product in 2014, the areal density has increased by more than 8 times (from 0.96 to 7.80 Gb/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) in the recent five years. The increase of word-line (WL) stacking from 24 to 128 layers, the scaling of bits per cell from 2 to 3 bits/cell and 4 bits/cell, and a CMOS under array technology enabled this successful 3-D NAND density scaling. A gate-all-around cell architecture realized excellent reliability and program/read performance by having a large physical cell size and good shielding of cell-to-cell interference. In the newly introduced 3-D NAND devices, several new cell phenomena have been reported. Unique temperature dependence and threshold-voltage instability are observed due to the polysilicon channel. Down-coupling of the floating body and its impact on program disturb and hot electron injection were reported. The cell-to-cell interference is enhanced by the effective gate length modulation due to the no-lightly doped drain (LDD) string architecture. For the future 3-D NAND scaling, WL stacking will continue to be a key driver. In addition, XYZ dimension shrink of the cell will become another key critical scaling direction in order to relieve the cost and device challenges introduced by the WL stacking. Various device and structure solutions for the XYZ cell scaling have been suggested. The good engineering in number of electrons and cell-to-cell interference in the XYZ scaled cell will be critical in order to maintain the excellent reliability and performance of 3-D NAND.
OPUS: optoacoustic imaging combined with conventional ultrasound for breast cancer detection (2007)

Besides x-ray imaging, sonography is the most common method for breast cancer screening. The intention of our work is to develop optoacoustical imaging as an add-on to a conventional system. While ultrasound imaging reveals acoustical properties of tissue, optoacoustics generates an image of the distribution of optical absorption. Hence, it can be a valuable addition to sonography, because acoustical properties of different tissues show only a slight variation whereas the optical properties may differ strongly. Additionally, optoacoustics gives access to physiological parameters, like oxygen saturation of blood. For the presented work, we combine a conventional ultrasound system to a 100 Hz laser. The laser system consists of a Nd:YAG-laser at a wavelength of 532 nm with 7 ns pulse duration, coupled to a tunable Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) with a tuning rage from 680 nm to 2500 nm. The tunable laser source allows the selection of wavelengths which compromising high spectral information content with high skin transmission. The laser pulse is delivered fiber-optically to the ultrasound transducer and coupled into the acoustical field of view. Homogeneous illumination is crucial in order to achieve unblurred images. Furthermore the maximum allowed pulse intensities in accordance with standards for medical equipment have to be met to achieve a high signal to noise ration. The ultrasound instrument generates the trigger signal which controls the laser pulsing in order to apply ultrasound instrument's imaging procedures without major modifications to generate an optoacoustic image. Detection of the optoacoustic signal as well as of the classical ultrasound signal is carried out by the standard medical ultrasound transducer. The characterization of the system, including quantitative measurements, performed on tissue phantoms, is presented. These phantoms have been specially designed regarding their acoustical as well as their optical properties.
FT3 lightguide transmission medium performance results (1981)

The Bell System has begun the commercial deployment of lightguide transmission media for the FT3 44.7-Mbit/sec interoffice trunk system.1 We report on the technology and philosophy used and describe the medium performance achieved on the first two installations that were fully engineered and installed by Bell Telephone Operating Cos. (Telcos), namely, the Southern Bell and Bell of Pennsylvania installations near Atlanta and Pittsburgh. In total, these installations represent ~75 sheath km, 3200 km of optical fiber, and 7200 optical fiber splices.
Structures in diamond for optical manipulation of nitrogen-vacancy centers (2008)

We describe research on new optical structures in diamond for quantum information and sensing applications based on the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Results include etching experiments that reveal the vertical distribution of NV centers produced by ion implantation and annealing, and gallium phosphide waveguides fabricated on diamond with evanescent coupling to NV centers close to the diamond surface.