gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Halogen Bonding versus Hydrogen Bonding in Driving Self‐Assembly and Performance of Light‐Responsive Supramolecular Polymers (2012)

Abstract Halogen bonding is arguably the least exploited among the many non‐covalent interactions used in dictating molecular self‐assembly. However, its directionality renders it unique compared to ubiquitous hydrogen bonding. Here, the role of this directionality in controlling the performance of light‐responsive supramolecular polymers is highlighted. In particular, it is shown that light‐induced surface patterning, a unique phenomenon occurring in azobenzene‐containing polymers, is more efficient in halogen‐bonded polymer–azobenzene complexes than in the analogous hydrogen‐bonded complexes. A systematic study is performed on a series of azo dyes containing different halogen or hydrogen bonding donor moieties, complexed to poly(4‐vinylpyridine) backbone. Through single‐atom substitution of the bond‐donor, control of both the strength and the nature of the noncovalent interaction between the azobenzene units and the polymer backbone is achieved. Importantly, such substitution does not significantly alter the electronic properties of the azobenzene units, hence providing us with unique tools in studying the structure–performance relationships in the light‐induced surface deformation process. The results represent the first demonstration of light‐responsive halogen‐bonded polymer systems and also highlight the remarkable potential of halogen bonding in fundamental studies of photoresponsive azobenzene‐containing polymers.
Receptivity of Physicians in a Teaching Hospital to a Computerized Drug Interaction Monitoring and Reporting System (1977)

Physicians at Stanford University Medical Center were surveyed to evaluate their responses to a computerized drug interaction warning system one year after its installation. While one-fourth of the 862 respondents had personally received at least one warning report, the educational benefits of the system had diffused to many physicians in the hospital. Reports were found to be useful for patient management and 44 per cent of the physicians who had received reports indicated they had changed their behavior in response to the information. The system was particularly beneficial for interns and medical students, and appears to have potential as an educational tool for training in therapeutics. While several problems with the system were noted, the overall attitude of the respondents toward it was favorable. The drug interaction warning system appears to have a promising future for reducing the problem of drug interactions among hospitalized patients.
Tissue‐Engineered Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (2017)

Research on neural interfaces has historically concentrated on development of systems for the brain; however, there is increasing interest in peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) that could provide benefit when peripheral nerve function is compromised, such as for amputees. Efforts focus on designing scalable and high-performance sensory and motor peripheral nervous system interfaces. Current PNIs face several design challenges such as undersampling of signals from the thousands of axons, nerve-fiber selectivity, and device-tissue integration. To improve PNIs, several researchers have turned to tissue engineering. Peripheral nerve tissue engineering has focused on designing regeneration scaffolds that mimic normal nerve extracellular matrix composition, provide advanced microarchitecture to stimulate cell migration, and have mechanical properties like the native nerve. By combining PNIs with tissue engineering, the goal is to promote natural axon regeneration into the devices to facilitate close contact with electrodes; in contrast, traditional PNIs rely on insertion or placement of electrodes into or around existing nerves, or do not utilize materials to actively facilitate axon regeneration. This review presents the state-of-the-art of PNIs and nerve tissue engineering, highlights recent approaches to combine neural-interface technology and tissue engineering, and addresses the remaining challenges with foreign-body response.
11.8 Chip-scale electro-optical 3D FMCW lidar with 8μm ranging precision (2016)

Miniaturized 3D imaging systems with sub-mm precision are of high interest for applications such as high-fidelity 3D copying. 3D cameras that employ light-detection-and-ranging (lidar) units offer better spatial and depth resolution compared to radar- and ultrasonic-based cameras [1-5]. While depth is measured in common lidar architectures using the round-trip delay of a short pulse [3] (so-called “pulsed lidar”) or the phase-delay of an intensity envelope on continuous-wave (CW) light (“amplitude-modulated (AM)-CW lidar”) [4], these architectures require sub-picosecond timing resolution and commensurate with high power dissipation and large area for sub-millimeter depth precision.
A characterization and disproportionality analysis of medication error related adverse events reported to the FAERS database (2018)

While a detailed root-cause analysis for ME characteristic can rarely be performed on such a dataset, data mining for signals in spontaneous reporting database may assist in identifying potential ME in a more standardized and objective manner. Continued use of spontaneous reporting system for identifying MEs is encouraged to prevent unnecessary patient harm.
Life cycle of Chikungunya virus inside infected cells. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Characteristically, there are two rounds of translation: (+) sense genomic RNA (49S′ = 11.7 kb) acts directly as mRNA and is partially translated (5′ end) to produce non-structural proteins (nsp's). These proteins are responsible for replication and formation of a complementary (−) strand, the template for further (+) strand synthesis. Subgenomic mRNA (26 S = 4.1 kb) replication occurs through the synthesis of full-length (−) intermediate RNA, which is regulated by nsp4 and p123 precursor in early infection and later by mature nsp's. Translation of the newly synthesized sub-genomic RNA results in production of structural proteins such as Capsid and protein E2-6k-E1 (from 3′ end of genome). Assembly occurs at the cell surface, and the envelope is acquired as the virus buds from the cell and release and maturation almost simultaneous occurred. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm and is very rapid (∼4 h) &lt;a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000623#pntd.0000623-Edwards1" target="_blank"&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000623#pntd.0000623-Strauss1" target="_blank"&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
Androgen Therapy Induces Muscle Protein Anabolism in Older Women (2006)

Fourteen days of OX significantly increased skeletal muscle FSR in older women (d 0, 0.073 +/- 0.006 vs. d 5, 0.092 +/- 0.006 vs. d 14, 0.115 +/- 0.007%/h) (P < 0.05, d 0 vs. d 14). Conversely, OX stimulated FSR in older men after only 5 d (d 0, 0.061 +/- 0.003 vs. d 5, 0.101 +/- 0.01 vs. d 14, 0.084 +/- 0.01%/h) (P < 0.05, d 0 vs. d 5). Androgen receptor expression was significantly increased in older men by d 14, but had not increased in older women. No change was noted in IGF-I expression in either group. We conclude that the skeletal muscle of older women and men responds to androgen administration, although the time course of anabolism appears to be gender specific.
Stimulation of Growth Hormone by Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in Acromegaly* (1984)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was administered as an iv bolus of 1 micrograms/kg BW to 8 acromegalic patients and in doses of 0.5 and 1 microgram/kg BW to 15 normal volunteers. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased, and pulse rate increased transiently after VIP injection. VIP stimulated PRL release from the anterior pituitary in normal subjects. Plasma PRL responses to VIP in women were dose dependent and larger than those in men. On the other hand, plasma GH levels rose markedly after VIP injection in all 6 patients with untreated acromegaly. In 2 patients studied after transsphenoidal microadenomectomy, there was no plasma GH response to VIP. In 2 other patients with inactive acromegaly as well as in normal subjects, VIP failed to affect plasma GH levels. In all 6 patients with active acromegaly, LRH (1-2 micrograms/kg BW, iv) did not increase plasma GH levels, but TRH (5-10 micrograms/kg BW, iv) caused significant increases in plasma GH, the magnitude of which was not similar to that of increases seen after VIP injection. Paradoxical GH responses to TRH were not observed in patients in the inactive phase after transsphenoidal surgery. These findings suggest that VIP stimulates GH release in vivo in acromegalic patients. A VIP test as well as a TRH test offer promise as simple and reliable techniques to evaluate the activity of acromegaly, particularly after transsphenoidal surgery.
Using An Image Preliminary Segmentation For Adaptive Subpixel Correlation (1998)

This work deals with the subpixel point correspondence problem. Subpixel matching methods such as Least-Squares Correlation [2] or Adaptive Subpixel Cross-Correlation [1] use six-parameter geometric transformation and two-parameter radiometric transformation of the whole image patches to achieve subpixel matching accuracy. However different regions inside image patch may have different distortion parameters. The method developed in this paper uses the images preliminary segmented into regions. Each region possesses its own unknown distortion parameter set that can be found by solving the correlation coefficient maximization problem. Two different kinds of correlation: widely used normalized cross-correlation and morphological correlation are to be considered. In both cases the consecutive correlation application results in problem of a finding a vector of the amendments of the parameters as a generalized eigenvector problem. The theoretical decision of this problem in view of specific structure of matrices obtained by linearization is offered.
Advanced imaging approaches for characterizing nanoparticle delivery and dispersion in skin (Conference Presentation) (2017)

The purpose of this research was to develop advanced imaging approaches to characterise the combination of elongated silica microparticles (EMP) and nanoparticles to control topical delivery of drugs and peptides. The microparticles penetrate through the epidermis and stop at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ). In this study we incorporated a fluorescent lipophilic dye, DiI, as a hydrophobic drug surrogate into the nanoparticle for visualization with microscopy. In another nanoparticle-based approach we utilized a chemically functionalized melanin nanoparticle for peptide delivery. These nanoparticles were imaged by coherent anti-Stoke Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy to characterize the delivery of these nanoparticles into freshly excised human skin. We compared four different coating approaches to combine EMP and nanoparticles. These data showed that a freeze-dried formulation with cross-linked alginate resulted in 100% of the detectable nanoparticle retained on the EMP. When this dry form of EMP-nanoparticle was applied to excised, living human abdominal skin, the EMP penetrated to the DEJ followed by controlled release of the nanoparticles. This formulation resulted in a sustained release profile, whereas a freeze-dried formulation without crosslinking showed an immediate burst-type release profile. These data show that advanced imaging techniques can give unique, label free data that shows promise for clinical investigations.
Viral and bacterial co-infection in severe pneumonia triggers innate immune responses and specifically enhances IP-10: a translational study (2016)

Mixed viral and bacterial infections are widely described in community-acquired pneumonia; however, the clinical implications of co-infection on the associated immunopathology remain poorly studied. In this study, microRNA, mRNA and cytokine/chemokine secretion profiling were investigated for human monocyte-derived macrophages infected in-vitro with Influenza virus A/H1N1 and/or Streptococcus pneumoniae. We observed that the in-vitro co-infection synergistically increased interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (CXCL10, IP-10) expression compared to the singly-infected cells conditions. We demonstrated that endogenous miRNA-200a-3p, whose expression was synergistically induced following co-infection, indirectly regulates CXCL10 expression by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling-6 (SOCS-6), a well-known regulator of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Additionally, in a subsequent clinical pilot study, immunomodulators levels were evaluated in samples from 74 children (≤5 years-old) hospitalized with viral and/or bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. Clinically, among the 74 cases of pneumonia, patients with identified mixed-detection had significantly higher (3.6-fold) serum IP-10 levels than those with a single detection (P = 0.03), and were significantly associated with severe pneumonia (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that viral and bacterial co-infection modulates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and leads to exacerbated IP-10 expression, which could play a major role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia.
Towards an easy-to-use tuberculosis diagnosis through exhaled breath analysis: a liquid fluorimeter with an excitation at 265 nm (2013)

The struggle against tuberculosis is one of the World Health Organization priorities. Identifying in a short time, patients
with active tuberculosis, would bring a tremendous improvement to the current situation. Recovering from this infectious
and deadly disease (2 million of death per year) is possible with a correct diagnosis to give an appropriate treatment.
Unfortunately, most common tuberculosis diagnoses have few drawbacks:
- skin tests: not reliable at 100% and need an incubation of 2 days before the diagnosis,
- blood tests: costly and sophisticated technology,
- chest X-ray: the first step before the sputum tests used for a bacterial culture with a final diagnosis given within
2 weeks.
A tuberculosis test based on exhaled breath analysis is a prospective and noninvasive solution, cheap and easy to use and
to transport. This test lies on a fluoregenic detection of niacin, a well-known mycobacterium tuberculosis specific
metabolite. In this paper, it is assumed that the selected probe is specific to niacin and that exhaled breath does not
contain any interfering species.
To address this problem, a fluorimeter is developed with a cheap and cooled CCD ( 2k$) as a sensor, to easily
determine the suitable “fluorescent zone”. In comparing aqueous solutions with and without niacin, 250 pM of niacin
have been detected. With a commercial fluorimeter (Fluorolog from Horiba), only 200 nM of niacin are detected. The
present detection remains 10 times above the estimated targeted value for a tuberculosis test.
The excitation source is a LED, which typically emits 20 W at 265 nm through an optical fiber. The emission signal is
detected around 545 nm. A typical light exposure lasts 700 seconds.
Analysis of biomarkers with a liquid fluorimeter is generic and promising as health diagnosis.
An investigation of the sequence-specific interaction of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and four analogs, including two acridine-tethered complexes with DNA inside human cells (1992)

The sequence specificity of DNA damage caused by cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin) and four analogues in human (HeLa) cells was studied using Taq DNA polymerase and a linear amplification system. The primer extension is inhibited by the drug-DNA adducts, and hence the sites of these lesions can be analyzed on DNA sequencing gels. The repetitive alphoid DNA was used as the target DNA in human cells. A comparison was made between adduct formation in human cells and in purified DNA. The sequence-specific position and relative intensity of damage was similar in both systems for cisplatin, dichloro(ethylenediammine)platinum(II) (PtenCl2), and N-[3-N-(ethylenediamino)propyl]acridine-4-carboxamidedichloropl atinum(II) (4AcC3PtenCl2). However, no DNA damage could be detected in cells for trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (transPt) or N-[3-N-(ethylenediamino)propyl]acridine-2-carboxamide-dichloroplat inum(II) (2AcC3PtenCl2) despite the ability of these latter analogues to damage purified DNA. Cisplatin, PtenCl2, and 4AcC3PtenCl2, which significantly damaged DNA inside cells, also show antitumor activity in mouse models. However, transPt and 2AcC3PtenCl2, which did not detectably damage DNA inside cells, did not show such antitumor activity. This correlation between intracellular DNA damaging ability and in vivo antitumor activity indicates the potential use of the human cells/Taq DNA polymerase/linear amplification technique as a convenient method for screening new cisplatin analogues for useful chemotherapeutic activity.
An approach to threading dislocation ‘‘reaction kinetics’’ (1996)

An approach is developed to describe the evolution of threading dislocation (TD) densities in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films. TD ensembles are treated in close correspondence to chemical species in chemical reaction kinetics. ‘‘Reaction rate’’ equations are derived for changing TD density with increasing film thickness for first- and second-order reactions. Selective area growth is an example of a first-order reaction. TD annihilation, fusion, and scattering are examples of second-order reactions. Analytic models are derived for TD behavior in relaxed homogeneous buffer layers, selective area growth, and strained layers.
Chromatic Dispersion Monitoring of 40-Gb/s OOK Data Using Optical VSB Filtering at High Frequency (2010)

We experimentally demonstrate a chromatic dispersion monitoring technique for a 40-Gb/s OOK data by measuring the pulse pattern after optical VSB filtering centered at high frequency. A 142.2-ps delay of the pattern changes with 0~400-ps/nm chromatic dispersion.
The Sigma Receptor (1988)

Deutsch, Stephen I.; Weizman, Abraham; Goldman, Mark E.; Morihisa, John M. Author Information
A 4 Mb LV MOS-Selected Embedded Phase Change Memory in 90 nm Standard CMOS Technology (2010)

A 4 Mb embedded phase change memory macro has been developed in a 90 nm 6-ML CMOS technology. The storage element has been integrated using 3 additional masks with respect to process baseline. The cell selector is implemented by a standard LV nMOS device, achieving a cell size of 0.29 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . A dual-voltage row decoder and a double-path column decoder are introduced, enabling a completely low voltage read operation. A 20b-parallelism write scheme is embedded in the digital controller in order to maximize throughput. In alternative, a power-saving low-parallelism write algorithm can be employed. The macro features a 1.2 V 12 ns read access time and a write throughput of 1 MB/s. Set and reset current distributions showing a good read window are presented and robust reliability results are demonstrated.
An Improved N-Step Value Gradient Learning Adaptive Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Online Learning (2019)

In problems with complex dynamics and challenging state spaces, the dual heuristic programming (DHP) algorithm has been shown theoretically and experimentally to perform well. This was recently extended by an approach called value gradient learning (VGL). VGL was inspired by a version of temporal difference (TD) learning that uses eligibility traces. The eligibility traces create an exponential decay of older observations with a decay parameter ( λ ). This approach is known as TD( λ ), and its DHP extension is known as VGL( λ ), where VGL(0) is identical to DHP. VGL has presented convergence and other desirable properties, but it is primarily useful for batch learning. Online learning requires an eligibility-trace-work-space matrix, which is not required for the batch learning version of VGL. Since online learning is desirable for many applications, it is important to remove this computational and memory impediment. This paper introduces a dual-critic version of VGL, called N -step VGL (NSVGL), that does not need the eligibility-trace-work-space matrix, thereby allowing online learning. Furthermore, this combination of critic networks allows an NSVGL algorithm to learn faster. The first critic is similar to DHP, which is adapted based on TD(0) learning, while the second critic is adapted based on a gradient of n -step TD( λ ) learning. Both networks are combined to train an actor network. The combination of feedback signals from both critic networks provides an optimal decision faster than traditional adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) via mixing current information and event history. Convergence proofs are provided. Gradients of one- and n -step value functions are monotonically nondecreasing and converge to the optimum. Two simulation case studies are presented for NSVGL to show their superior performance.
Electronics Packaging Cooling: Technologies From Gas Turbine Engine Cooling (2005)

Abstract Heat transfer in turbomachinery has been well established due to the long history of research in the field. A vast amount of research has been devoted to obtain flow fields and regimes, heat transfer modes, surface effects, and heat transfer enhancement techniques. Since most of the flows are in the turbulent regime of air cooling, various heat transfer enhancements such as turbulators, pin fins, concavities, and lattice cooling have been investigated. The electronics industry has shown a rapid increase in the functionality, speed, and the density of transistors, leading to a large increase in the required heat transfer. Most of the flows are in the transitional regime. Heat sinks are the primary choice for thermal management in electronics systems. Enhancements in heat sinks have been limited to taller and tighter fin spacing, while decreasing the weight and the cost. Current state-of-the-art for heat sinks in electronics components is lacking in heat transfer enhancement technologies, which is common in turbine heat transfer practice. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to examine the turbomachinery cooling technologies and to inform the packaging engineers about the thermal technologies on the other side of the thermal world.
Collecting Telemetry Data Privately (2017)

The collection and analysis of telemetry data from users' devices is routinely performed by many software companies. Telemetry collection leads to improved user experience but poses significant risks to users' privacy. Locally differentially private (LDP) algorithms have recently emerged as the main tool that allows data collectors to estimate various population statistics, while preserving privacy. The guarantees provided by such algorithms are typically very strong for a single round of telemetry collection, but degrade rapidly when telemetry is collected regularly. In particular, existing LDP algorithms are not suitable for repeated collection of counter data such as daily app usage statistics. In this paper, we develop new LDP mechanisms geared towards repeated collection of counter data, with formal privacy guarantees even after being executed for an arbitrarily long period of time. For two basic analytical tasks, mean estimation and histogram estimation, our LDP mechanisms for repeated data collection provide estimates with comparable or even the same accuracy as existing single-round LDP collection mechanisms. We conduct empirical evaluation on real-world counter datasets to verify our theoretical results. Our mechanisms have been deployed by Microsoft to collect telemetry across millions of devices.
Experimental Demonstration of UWB Monocycle Pulse Generation using Two-Photon Absorption in a Silicon Waveguide (2011)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate UWB monocycle generation using non-degenerated two-photon absorption in a silicon waveguide. A 8.69-GHz 10-dB bandwidth (BW) and a 154.5% fractional bandwidth is achieved with a ~125 ps monocycle pulse.