gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Substitutional diffusion of Mg into GaN from GaN/Mg mixture (2022)

Abstract We evaluated Mg-diffusion into GaN from GaN/Mg mixture. The diffusion depth of Mg increased with diffusion temperature from 1100 °C to 1300 °C, whereas the Mg concentration remained constant at 2–3 × 10 18 cm −3 independent of temperature. The estimated activation energy for Mg diffusion was 2.8 eV, from which the substitutional diffusion mechanism was predicted. Mg-diffused GaN samples showed p-type conductivity with a maximum hole mobility of 27.7 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , suggesting that substitutional diffusion contributes to Mg activation. This diffusion technique can be used to easily form p-type GaN and has potential as a p-type selective doping technique.
Robust and Secure Biometrics: Some Application Examples (2006)

In the past years there has been much theoretical interest in secure extraction of robust strings from noisy measurements. In particular this technique allows extracting robust cryptographic keys from noisy biometric data. This paper starts with an overview of the ideas behind robust and secure string extraction in terms of information reconciliation, privacy amplification and helper data. The main part of the paper gives three application examples explaining how these techniques are used to enhance the convenience and security of devices (e.g. tokens) while preserving also the privacy of the user because neither biometric information nor secret cryptographic keys need to be stored on applications. We discuss a server access token, a 3-way check for a biometric ePassport and a password vault.
Demonstration of a nonmagnetic blazed-grating atomic beam splitter (1995)

We demonstrate a coherent atomic beam splitter for metastable helium atoms, based on the diffraction of atomic matter waves from a blazed phase grating. The beam splitter is created by driving the two transitions of a three-level V system with differentially detuned standing light waves that have a relative spatial phase shift of pi/2. The light f ields create a potential that is approximately triangular as a function of position in the laser field. Splittings of 38 times the photon momentum have been observed.
Fabrication of silicon nitride nanoceramics—Powder preparation and sintering: A review (2007)

Fine-grained silicon nitride ceramics were investigated mainly for their high-strain-rate plasticity. The preparation and densification of fine silicon nitride powder were reviewed. Commercial sub-micrometer powder was used as raw powder in the “as-received” state and then used after being ground and undergoing classification operation. Chemical vapor deposition and plasma processes were used for fabricating nanopowder because a further reduction in grain size caused by grinding had limitations. More recently, nanopowder has also been obtained by high-energy milling. This process in principle is the same as conventional planetary milling. For densification, primarily hot pressing was performed, although a similar process known as spark plasma sintering (SPS) has also recently been used. One of the advantages of SPS is its high heating rate. The high heating rate is advantageous because it reduces sintering time, achieving densification without grain growth. We prepared silicon nitride nanopowder by high-energy milling and then obtained nanoceramics by densifying the nanopowder by SPS.
Diagnosis of Static Eccentricity in 3-Phase Synchronous Machines using a Pseudo Zero-Sequence Current (2019)

Large synchronous generators are the heart of the modern world, while producing the vast majority of the electric power consumed globally. Although they are robust devices, they are prone to degradation and failure. If such failures are not detected at an early stage, then the negative impact may be catastrophic in terms of financial costs, repair times, human lives and quality of life. This is the reason for continuous research in the field of condition monitoring aiming towards the reliable operation of synchronous generators. This paper proposes a novel technique for the diagnosis of the static eccentricity in synchronous generators. The proposed approach is off-line and non-intrusive, allowing the estimation of the fault severity with stator current measurements only. The performed work has been carried out with Finite Element Simulations and extensive experimental testing.
Regulation of Na channels of the rat cortical collecting tubule by aldosterone. (1993)

The activity of apical membrane Na channels in the rat cortical collecting tubule was studied during manipulation of the animals' mineralocorticoid status in vivo using a low-Na diet or the diuretic furosemide. Tubules were isolated and split open to expose the luminal membrane surface. Induction of Na channel activity was studied in cell-attached patches of the split tubules. No activity was observed with control animals on a normal diet. Channel activity could be induced by putting the animals on the low-Na diet for at least 48 h. The mean number of open channels per patch (NPo) was maximal after 1 wk on low Na. Channels were also induced within 3 h after injection of furosemide (20 mg/kg body wt per d). NPo was maximal 48 h after the first injection. In both cases, increases in NPo were primarily due to increases in the number of channels per patch (N) at a constant open probability (Po). With salt depletion or furosemide injection NPo is a saturable function of aldosterone concentration with half-maximal activity at approximately 8 nM. When animals were salt repleted after 1-2 wk of salt depletion, both plasma aldosterone and NPo fell markedly within 6 h. NPo continued to decrease over the next 14 h, while plasma aldosterone rebounded partially. Channel activity may be dissociated from aldosterone concentrations under conditions of salt repletion.
Dissociation of Electrolytes in a Nano-aqueous System within Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (2005)

Research on material incorporation within single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) through aqueous solutions of various electrolytes is performed for the purpose of providing a foundation for future application of SWNTs to, for example, drug delivery systems. We have determined that the optical spectra of SWNTs were significantly affected when SWNTs that had opened holes or removed caps were treated through immersion in an aqueous solution of electrolytes, followed by drying at room temperature; however, the spectra of SWNTs without opened holes or removed caps were not subjected to such treatment. We infer that when the sucked solutions remained inside the tubes, even after drying (the nano-aqueous system), the electrolyte was dissociated into ions, which was likely to change the electronic states of SWNTs. On the other hand, when the SWNTs were well-dried under vacuum, no remarkable changes in their optical spectra were observed.
An Application Of Interference Microscopy To Integrated Circuit Inspection And Metrology (1987)

The results of recent research on synthetic electro-optic imaging using a Linnik interference microscope are presented. A new technique is used in which images are produced by calculating the degree of coherence between corresponding pixels in the object and reference image planes of the Linnik microscope. Each pixel in the synthetic image is a function of this degree of coherence. This amounts to what one might call &quot;Coherence Probe Imaging.&quot; The images have the properties that all parts of the object which are out of focus appear dark, those in focus appear bright, and the depth of focus is very narrow. Three dimensional images can be produced by moving the object in the vertical direction and recording a number of optical sections of the image. Theoretical analyses and experimental results are presented. A model for the per-formance of the coherence probe microscope is first developed and then its performance is compared with that of a standard microscope and of a confocal laser scanning microscope within the context of this model. One figure shows the measured edge profile of a coherence probe microscope compared with a standard microscope for a clean edge of cleaved single crystal silicon. Another figure shows the measured z profile of the coherence probe microscope. Linewidth measurement algorithms are implemented on 3 dimensional images produced by the coherence probe microscope, and these measure the top width, the bottom width, and the height of the semiconductor lines independently. The amount of electronic hardware required for reasonable throughput is not prohibitive. Some results of comparison with Scanning Electron Microscopes are presented. Generally, the agreement is very good. Overall, the coherence probe microscope appears to have some promise for linewidth measurement applications. Several photographs show small defects on semiconductor devices as imaged by a coherence probe microscope and by a standard microscope, both illuminated with white light. Substantial resolution improvement is clearly discernable in these pictures suggesting that the coherence probe microscope may also be a promising imaging tool for defect detection.
Back to the Drawing Board: A Critical Evaluation of Poisoning Attacks on Production Federated Learning (2022)

While recent works have indicated that federated learning (FL) may be vulnerable to poisoning attacks by compromised clients, their real impact on production FL systems is not fully understood. In this work, we aim to develop a comprehensive systemization for poisoning attacks on FL by enumerating all possible threat models, variations of poisoning, and adversary capabilities. We specifically put our focus on un-targeted poisoning attacks, as we argue that they are significantly relevant to production FL deployments. We present a critical analysis of untargeted poisoning attacks under practical, production FL environments by carefully characterizing the set of realistic threat models and adversarial capabilities. Our findings are rather surprising: contrary to the established belief, we show that FL is highly robust in practice even when using simple, low-cost defenses. We go even further and propose novel, state-of-the-art data and model poisoning attacks, and show via an extensive set of experiments across three benchmark datasets how (in)effective poisoning attacks are in the presence of simple defense mechanisms. We aim to correct previous misconceptions and offer concrete guidelines to conduct more accurate (and more realistic) research on this topic.
Towards a large-scale, optical timing distribution system with sub-femtosecond residual timing jitter (2013)

We present here key technologies for an all-optical timing distribution system with sub-femtosecond precision. Timing distribution over a 1.2-km polarization-maintaining, fiber-optic link using balanced optical cross-correlators (BOC) for link stabilization was demonstrated for 16 days with 0.6 fs RMS timing drift and during a 3-day interval only 0.13 fs drift. Jitter characterization of two identical commercial femtosecond lasers using the BOC method verified sub-100-as timing jitter for frequencies above than 1 kHz. Preliminary operation of a fiber-coupled, hybrid-integrated BOC using periodically-poled KTiOPO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> (PPKTP) waveguides indicate great potential for improved BOC timing sensitivities and overall system efficiency and robustness.
Chemoreceptor Hypersensitivity, Sympathetic Excitation, and Overexpression of ASIC and TASK Channels Before the Onset of Hypertension in SHR (2009)

Our results establish a novel molecular basis for increased chemotransduction that contributes to excessive sympathetic activity before the onset of hypertension.
Curing effect on the relaxation modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of rodlike polyimide films (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCuring effect on the relaxation modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of rodlike polyimide filmsJwo Huei Jou and Cheng Sheng ChungCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 22, 6035–6039Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00048a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00048a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views254Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Catalysis of pyridoxal phosphate mediated transamination (2006)

The design of folded polypeptide catalysts is a new way of studying enzyme catalysis and opens up new routes to biocatalysts that can be used in the chemical laboratory and in the large-scale production of organic compunds using fermentation technology. The design of folded polypeptide catalysts is based on the introduction of reactive sites into protein templates or scaffolds that have enough inherent binding energy to sustain the sequence modifications needed to establish the relationship between structure and function. We have developed 42-residue helix-loop-helix motifs that dimerize in solution to form four-helix bundles, and introduced reactive sites for the catalysis of acyl-transfer reactions [1-3] and more recently of decarboxylation reactions. Here we wish to report on the catalysis of a considerably more complex reaction, the transamination of amino acids to form the corresponding acid, in order to develop by rational design a catalytic system capable of multiple turnovers in the synthesis of artificial amino acids. The catalyst depends on the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate, used by nature in the biosynthesis of amino acids.
Optimal design and use of retry in fault-tolerant computer systems (1988)

In this paper, a new method is presented for (i) determining an optimal retry policy and (ii) using retry for fault characterization , which is defined as classification of the fault type and determination of fault durations. First, an optimal retry policy is derived for a given fault characteristic, which determines the maximum allowable retry durations so as to minimize the total task completion time. Then, the combined fault characterization and retry decision, in which the characteristic of a fault is estimated simultaneously with the determination of the optimal retry policy, are carried out. Two solution approaches are developed: one is based on point estimation and the other on Bayes sequential decision analysis. Numerical examples are presented in which all the durations associated with faults (i.e., active, benign, and interfailure durations) have monotone hazard rate functions (e.g., exponential Weibull and gamma distributions). These are standard distributions commonly used for modeling and analyses of faults.
Massive MIMO with Cauchy Noise: Channel Estimation, Achievable Rate and Data Decoding (2023)

We consider massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in the presence of Cauchy noise. First, we focus on the channel estimation problem. In the standard massive MIMO setup, the users transmit orthonormal pilots during the training phase and the received signal at the base station is projected onto each pilot. This processing is optimum when the noise is Gaussian. We show that this processing is not optimal when the noise is Cauchy and as a remedy propose a channel estimation technique that operates on the raw received signal. Second, we derive uplink-downlink achievable rates in the presence of Cauchy noise for perfect and imperfect channel state information. Finally, we derive log-likelihood ratio expressions for soft bit detection for both uplink and downlink, and simulate coded bit-error-rate curves. In addition to this, we derive and compare the symbol detectors in the presence of both Gaussian and Cauchy noises. An important observation is that the detector constructed for Cauchy noise performs well with both Gaussian and Cauchy noises; on the other hand, the detector for Gaussian noise works poorly in the presence of Cauchy noise. That is, the Cauchy detector is robust against heavy-tailed noise, whereas the Gaussian detector is not.
Generation of remote adaptive torsional shear waves with an octagonal phased array to enhance displacements and reduce variability of shear wave speeds: comparison with quasi-plane shear wavefronts (2015)

A method based on adaptive torsional shear waves (ATSW) is proposed to overcome the strong attenuation of shear waves generated by a radiation force in dynamic elastography. During the inward propagation of ATSW, the magnitude of displacements is enhanced due to the convergence of shear waves and constructive interferences. The proposed method consists in generating ATSW fields from the combination of quasi-plane shear wavefronts by considering a linear superposition of displacement maps. Adaptive torsional shear waves were experimentally generated in homogeneous and heterogeneous tissue mimicking phantoms, and compared to quasi-plane shear wave propagations. Results demonstrated that displacement magnitudes by ATSW could be up to 3 times higher than those obtained with quasi-plane shear waves, that the variability of shear wave speeds was reduced, and that the signal-to-noise ratio of displacements was improved. It was also observed that ATSW could cause mechanical inclusions to resonate in heterogeneous phantoms, which further increased the displacement contrast between the inclusion and the surrounding medium. This method opens a way for the development of new noninvasive tissue characterization strategies based on ATSW in the framework of our previously reported shear wave induced resonance elastography (SWIRE) method proposed for breast cancer diagnosis.
Satellite antennas based on MEMS tunable reflectarrays (2007)

The objective of this paper is to present in progress developments on reconfigurable antennas using the MEMS technology.
Water Vapor Transport Measurement across PEMs (2014)

Water vapor transport through the PEM is one of the key parameters that can help achieve high performance and low-cost fuel cell system. Ex-situ water vapor transport rate (WVTR) measurement is extremely difficult and expensive to measure. This transport depends on many parameters such as ionomer equivalent weight, ionomer type, thickness, reinforcement, and operating conditions. This work presents a simplified and an inexpensive set-up that consists of fuel cell test stand, cell hardware, and a humidity sensor to measure WVTR at PEMFCs operating conditions in order to characterize and compare water transport properties of PEMs. WVTR is found to increase with decrease in EW and decrease in thickness. WVTR shows dependence on flow rates at fixed water vapor activity and increases by almost 2 times at flow rate from 0.1 to 4 L/min. WVTR is strongly dependent on RH% and increases by 4-5 times at RH from 30 to 100%. Overall, a simple and inexpensive set-up is developed which is capable of producing water vapor transport behavior of widely different PEMs.
From Allergen Molecules to Molecular Immunotherapy of Nut Allergy: A Hard Nut to Crack (2021)

Peanuts and tree nuts are two of the most common elicitors of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy. Nut allergy is frequently associated with systemic reactions and can lead to potentially life-threatening respiratory and circulatory symptoms. Furthermore, nut allergy usually persists throughout life. Whether sensitized patients exhibit severe and life-threatening reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis), mild and/or local reactions (e.g., pollen-food allergy syndrome) or no relevant symptoms depends much on IgE recognition of digestion-resistant class I food allergens, IgE cross-reactivity of class II food allergens with respiratory allergens and clinically not relevant plant-derived carbohydrate epitopes, respectively. Accordingly, molecular allergy diagnosis based on the measurement of allergen-specific IgE levels to allergen molecules provides important information in addition to provocation testing in the diagnosis of food allergy. Molecular allergy diagnosis helps identifying the genuinely sensitizing nuts, it determines IgE sensitization to class I and II food allergen molecules and hence provides a basis for personalized forms of treatment such as precise prescription of diet and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Currently available forms of nut-specific AIT are based only on allergen extracts, have been mainly developed for peanut but not for other nuts and, unlike AIT for respiratory allergies which utilize often subcutaneous administration, are given preferentially by the oral route. Here we review prevalence of allergy to peanut and tree nuts in different populations of the world, summarize knowledge regarding the involved nut allergen molecules and current AIT approaches for nut allergy. We argue that nut-specific AIT may benefit from molecular subcutaneous AIT (SCIT) approaches but identify also possible hurdles for such an approach and explain why molecular SCIT may be a hard nut to crack.
Affinity Chromatography and Characterization of the Acetylcholine Receptor from Torpedo californica (1976)

Abstract Affinity chromatography has become one of the most important tools available to the biochemist for the selective isolation and purification of- interesting biological macromolecules. pioneering work of Porath [1,2] and subsequent developmental work by Porath [33 and Cuatrecasas 141 have served as practical guides for the successful application of affinity chromatography in many The areas of biochemical research. Specific ligands can be covalently attached to an insoluble, stationary support such as agarose or polyacrylamide beads and used to “fish out” those components which show an appreciable affinity for the ligands.
A Direct Oral Anticoagulant as a Cost Effective Alternative to Warfarin for Treatment of Provoked Venous Thrombosis. (2016)

In Ireland, Warfarin is the primary anticoagulant prescribed in the secondary prevention of provoked DVT. We completed a comprehensive cost analysis of a trial group of 24 patients treated with Rivaroxaban (between November 2013 and December 2014), versus a control group treated with Warfarin (between January 2008 and November 2013). The groups were matched for gender (3/7 M/F ratio), DVT type (5 proximal, 19 distal DVTs), provoking factor (20 traumatic, 4 atraumatc), and age. We calculated the cost for each group based on drug administration and clinic costs (labour, sample analysis, and additional costs). Warfarin patients attended clinic 14.58 times; Rivaroxaban patients attended 2.92 times. Overall, the cost per patient on Rivaroxaban is €273.30 versus €260.68 with warfarin. This excludes patient costs which would further increase cost of Warfarin therapy.