gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
µChemLab: twenty years of developing CBRNE detection systems with low false alarm rates (2019)

Gas Chromatography (GC) is routinely used in the laboratory to temporally separate chemical mixtures into their constituent components for improved chemical identification. This paper will provide a overview of more than twenty years of development of one-dimensional field-portable micro GC systems, highlighting key experimental results that illustrate how a reduction in false alarm rate (FAR) is achieved in real-world environments. Significantly, we will also present recent results on a micro two-dimensional GC (micro GCxGC) technology. This ultra-small system consists of microfabricated columns, NanoElectroMechanical System (NEMS) cantilever resonators for detection, and a valve-based stop-flow modulator. The separation of a 29-component polar mixture in less than 7 seconds is demonstrated along with peak widths in the second dimension ranging from 10-60 ms. For this system, a peak capacity of just over 300 was calculated for separation in about 6 s. This work has important implications for field detection, to drastically reduce FAR and significantly improve chemical selectivity and identification. This separation performance was demonstrated with the NEMS resonator and bench scale FID. But other detectors, suitably fast and sensitive can work as well. Recent research has shown that the identification power of GCxGC-FID can match that of GC-MS. This result indicates a path to improved size, weight, power, and performance in micro GCxGC systems outfitted with relatively non-specific, lightweight detectors. We will briefly discuss the performance of possible options, such as the pulsed discharge helium ionization detector (PDHID) and miniature correlation ion mobility spectrometer (mini-CIMS).
Evaluation of Combination Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Immunotherapy in Patients With Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers (2020)

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02923934.
Ionic Conductivity in Sodium–Alkaline Earth–Aluminosilicate Glasses (2016)

The effect of alkaline‐earth ions on Na transport in aluminosilicate glasses was studied by measuring ionic conductivity for a systematic compositional series of Na 2 O – RO – Al 2 O 3 – SiO 2 glasses (R=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba). The Na transport in aluminosilicate glass could be affected by compositional changes in aluminum coordination and nonbridging oxygen as well as physical properties such as dielectric constant, shear modulus, and ionic packing factor. Through careful experimental designs and measurements, the main determinants among these parameters were identified. 27 Al MAS ‐ NMR indicated that all aluminum species contained in these glasses are four‐coordinated. The activation energy for ion conductivity decreased with increasing aluminum content and decreasing ionic radii of the alkaline‐earth ion in the region where [Al] &lt; [Na]. When the aluminum content exceeded the sodium content ([Al] &gt; [Na]), the composition dependence of the activation energy depended on the specific alkaline earth. These results are explained based on variations in free volume and dielectric constant caused by structural changes around the AlO 4 charge compensation sites. These structure changes occur in response to the smaller size and higher field strength of the alkaline‐earth ions, and are most prevalent in the compositions which require bridging of two AlO 4 sites by the alkaline‐earth ion for charge compensation.
Neurotransmitter Release Enhancement as a Possible Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Update on Linopirdine (DUP996) (1994)

Cholinergic approaches to palliate the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have focussed on the discovery and development of direct cholinergic agonists or cholinesterase inhibitors. As an alternative approach to develop drugs that bolster compromised cognitive processes, increasing presynaptic release of acetylcholine (ACh) offers another means of enhancing cholinergic activity. The aminopyridines have long been known to increase neurotransmitter release, but these compounds increase release under basal as well as stimulated conditions. Nickolson et al. (1990) hypothesized, however, that compounds which specifically enhance stimulated ACh release would prove to be superior therapeutic agents. Their efforts to identify compounds which enhance K+-stimulated and not basal release of ACh led to the discovery of linopirdine (DuP996), an agent which has undergone clinical evaluation for its efficacy in AD patients.
Figure S5 from Genetic Alterations in the PI3K/AKT Pathway and Baseline AKT Activity Define AKT Inhibitor Sensitivity in Breast Cancer Patient-derived Xenografts (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Mechanisms of resistance to AZD5363 and paclitaxel pharmacokinetics&lt;/p&gt;
Regulatory and Reimbursement Challenges for Molecular Imaging (2007)

Molecular imaging is being hailed as the next great advance for imaging. Since molecular imaging typically involves the use of specific imaging probes that are treated like drugs, they will require regulatory approval. As with any drug, molecular imaging probes and techniques will also require thorough assessment in clinical trials to show safety and efficacy. The timeline for the regulatory approval will be long and potentially problematic because of the mounting costs of obtaining final regulatory approval. The current article is a detailed review of the regulatory and reimbursement process that will be required for molecular imaging probes and techniques to become a widespread clinical reality. The role of molecular imaging in the therapeutic drug discovery process will also be reviewed, as this is where these exciting new techniques have the potential to revolutionize the drug discovery and development process and, it is hoped, make it less costly. [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography, one of the first molecular imaging techniques to be widely used, will be used as an example to illustrate the process of obtaining eventual reimbursement for widespread clinical use.
Generation of invasive and metastatic variants of a non‐metastatic T‐cell lymphoma by in vivo fusion with normal host cells (1984)

Intravenous inoculation of the AKR mouse-strain-derived BW lymphoma into CBA recipients resulted in a case of liver metastasis; cells derived from this metastatic nodule were termed BW-Li cells. BW-Li cells, upon reinoculation, generated metastases in the spleen, liver, kidney and ovaries in 100% of CBA recipients. Furthermore, BW-Li cells, in contrast to BW cells, were found to infiltrate in vitro monolayers of hepatocytes, thus confirming their inherent invasive potential. Analysis of the alloantigenic phenotype of BW-Li cells revealed that such cells were Thy 1.1+, Thy 1.2+, Lyt 1.2+, Lyt 1.1-, Lyt 2- and H-2Dk+, as compared to BW cells which exhibited the membrane phenotype Thy 1.1+, Thy 1.2-, Lyt 1.2-, Lyt 1.1-, Lyt 2-, H-2Dk-. BW-Li cells also differed functionally from BW cells since these cells secreted IL-2 upon stimulation with Concanavalin A. BW tumor transplantation experiments were repeated in a semi-allogeneic F1 strain combination, i.e. (AKR X CBA)F1, and again a case of massive liver metastasis was observed. Cells derived from these liver metastases (termed BW-O-Li) manifested an invasive and metastatic potential similar to that of BW-Li cells. Furthermore, BW-O-Li cells secreted IL-2 upon stimulation with Con A and manifested the following alloantigenic phenotype: Thy 1.1+, Thy 1.2+, Lyt 1.2+, Lyt 1.1-, Lyt 2-, H-2Dk+ and H-2Kk+. These results indicate that BW-Li and BW-O-Li cells are functional T-cell hybrids which express T-cell markers derived from BW cells and Thy 1.2+ CBA host cells. The acquisition of host-derived T-cell properties may have led to the expression of metastatic and invasive capabilities. From these results we conclude that the acquisition of metastatic properties following somatic cell fusion with normal lymphoreticular cells may represent a mechanism for tumor progression in vivo.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Efficient Method for the Preparation of S‐Phenyl Carbothioates via Mixed Anhydrides Using Active Titanium(IV) Salts. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Characterisation of IHR entrainment in controlled breathing experiments in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus and normal subjects (2002)

The objective of this study was to investigate whether adult patients with diabetes mellitus show different instantaneous heart rate (IHR) entrainment characteristics compared with normal adults. The authors performed controlled breathing experiments in 10 normal adults and in 6 adults with diabetes mellitus. They recorded the IHR and the breathing signal (integrated volume). The entrainment behaviour in the time course was analysed by means of short time (10 sec.) moving cross connection (MCC). A transition from oscillating phase to stable entrainment took place at larger breathing frequencies (0.13 Hz/spl plusmn/0.03 Hz) in patients with diabetes mellitus compared to normal subjects (0.097 Hz/spl plusmn/0.013 Hz). This significant difference (p=0.041) supports the hypothesis that the degree of coupling between breathing and heart rate is lower in diabetics than in normal subjects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fully CMOS-Compatible Integrated Distributed Feedback Laser with 250 °C Fabricated Al2O3:Er3+ Gain Medium (2016)

We demonstrate a DFB laser with a record low temperature (250 °C) fabrication process of low-loss (<0.1 dB/cm) amorphous Al2O3:Er3+ gain medium by utilizing the substrate bias, facilitating laser integration in a fully CMOS-compatible platform.
281: Instillation of Liposomes is Superior to DMSO or Pentosan Polysulfate in Reducing Bladder Hyperactivity (2006)

You have accessJournal of UrologyModerated Poster, Sunday, May 21, 2006, 10:00 am - 12:00 pm1 Apr 2006281: Instillation of Liposomes is Superior to DMSO or Pentosan Polysulfate in Reducing Bladder Hyperactivity Vincent Hsieh, Ratna Ganabathi, Naoki Yoshimura, Jonathan Kaufman, Michael B. Chancellor, and Pradeep Tyagi Vincent HsiehVincent Hsieh More articles by this author , Ratna GanabathiRatna Ganabathi More articles by this author , Naoki YoshimuraNaoki Yoshimura More articles by this author , Jonathan KaufmanJonathan Kaufman More articles by this author , Michael B. ChancellorMichael B. Chancellor More articles by this author , and Pradeep TyagiPradeep Tyagi More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)32548-5AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "281: Instillation of Liposomes is Superior to DMSO or Pentosan Polysulfate in Reducing Bladder Hyperactivity." The Journal of Urology, 175(4S), p. 93 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 175Issue 4SApril 2006Page: 93 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Vincent Hsieh More articles by this author Ratna Ganabathi More articles by this author Naoki Yoshimura More articles by this author Jonathan Kaufman More articles by this author Michael B. Chancellor More articles by this author Pradeep Tyagi More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Real-time image processing by using image compression sensor (2003)

We have been investigating an integration of sensing and compression on an image sensor. The compression sensor reduces the number of pixels in the image signal that has to be readout from the sensor. Therefore, the compression sensor can capture the images at the higher pixel rate which the traditional sensor can not handle. In this paper, we present a compression sensor which has 228/spl times/128 pixels. The processing circuits of the sensor can be operated at 5000 frames/second. We also describe the experimental results of two real-time image processing systems by using the compression sensor. They are a reconstruction circuit by using FPGA and a stereo image processing system for tracking of a moving object.
CLINICAL PATHWAYS IN PEDIATRIC TRAUMA (1998)

Proceedings of the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine: PDF Only
Wear Mechanisms in Electron Sources for Ion Propulsion, II: Discharge Hollow Cathode (2008)

The wear of the keeper electrode in discharge hollow cathodes is a major impediment to the implementation of ion propulsion onboard long-duration space science missions. The development of a predictive theoretical model for hollow cathode keeper life has long been sought, but its realization has been hindered by the complexities associated with the physics of the partially ionized gas and the associated erosion mechanisms in these devices. Thus, although several wear mechanisms have been hypothesized, a quantitative explanation of life test erosion profiles has remained incomplete. A two-dimensional model of the partially ionized gas in a discharge cathode has been developed and applied to understand the mechanisms that drove the erosion of the keeper in two long-duration life tests of a 30-cm ion thruster. An extensive set of comparisons between predictions by the numerical simulations and measurements of the plasma properties and of the erosion patterns is presented. It is found that the near-plume plasma oscillations, predicted by theory and observed by experiment, effectively enhance the resistivity of the plasma as well as the energy of ions striking the keeper.
Preparation of Rhodium Nanoparticles in Carbon Dioxide Induced Ionic Liquids and their Application to Selective Hydrogenation (2008)

In the trap: Catalytically active nanoparticles can be generated and stabilized in solid ionic matrices with the aid of supercritical CO2. The method allows the use of simple ammonium salts that would not be classified as ionic liquids, and results in solid and easily handled catalyst materials. These materials can selectively catalyze the hydrogenation of highly sterically encumbered aromatic olefins.
Mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide. (2002)

Arsenic trioxide has shown substantial efficacy in treating both newly diagnosed and relapsed patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). As a single agent, it induces complete remissions, causing few adverse effects and only minimal myelosuppression. These successes have prompted investigations to elucidate the mechanisms of action underlying these clinical responses. Substantial data show that arsenic trioxide produces remissions in patients with APL at least in part through a mechanism that results in the degradation of the aberrant PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion protein. Studies have also investigated concerns about the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of long-term exposure to environmental arsenic. Arsenic apparently affects numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways and causes many alterations in cellular function. These actions of arsenic may result in the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of growth and angiogenesis, and the promotion of differentiation. Such effects have been observed in cultured cell lines and animal models, as well as clinical studies. Because arsenic affects so many cellular and physiological pathways, a wide variety of malignancies, including both hematologic cancer and solid tumors derived from several tissue types, may be susceptible to therapy with arsenic trioxide. These multiple actions of arsenic trioxide also highlight the need for additional mechanistic studies to determine which actions mediate the diverse biological effects of this agent. This information will be critical to realizing the potential for synergy between arsenic trioxide and other chemotherapeutic agents, thus providing enhanced benefit in cancer therapy.
Natural Products for Medicine (2012)

Throughout human history, natural products—including terrestrial plants, animal products, marine organisms, and products of microorganismal fermentation—have been used in traditional medicines. This historical experience with natural products as therapeutic agents has evolved to sophisticated isolation of active chemical entities from ethnopharmacological plants with the effect that, in modern medicine, natural products are increasingly the primary sources in early drug discovery.

The population is aging in many modern societies and is linked to steadily increasing morbidity rates of cancer and cerebrovascular disease, thus mandating the importance of better preventive as well as therapeutic options. Many medically advanced societies are exploring the adjunctive use of western and oriental medicine alternatives, enhancing the demand for natural products. While evidence-based data is still scant in the field of alternative medicines, in this special issue we have the pleasure of sharing with our readers many scientific articles on natural products with potential medicinal use.

This special issue contains 6 review articles and 19 original peer-reviewed papers. The reviews included summarize such diverse topics as the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb1, isolated from red ginseng root, on skin damage (Y. Kimura et al.); tumor suppression in animals by a fruit pulp containing high amounts of  β-cryptoxanthin and hesperidin (T. Tanaka et al.); the favorable effects of purple corn flower in treatment of infectious diseases (J. B. Hudson); the biomechanisms and clinical outcome of Rhus verniciflia extract in patients (W. Choi et al.); the safety of cruciferous plant extracts (O. Scott et al.); and the antitumor activity of artemisinin and its analogs (M. P. Crespo-Ortiz and M. Q. Wei). The original articles embrace a wide variety of topics, such as apoptosis, suppression of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis (Y. Hu et al., H. Kurose et al., A. Lerner et al., Booth et al., Kita et al., Mohd et al., and G. M. Geetha et al.), the antibacterial/antifungal/anti-inflammation/antioxidative characteristics of natural extracts (E. Biazar et al., Y.-S. Lee et al., Y. Hu et al., A. Cha et al., H. Sun et al., and P.-F. Kao et al.), cardiovascular activity of specific natural products (K. Awang et al.), the effects of extracts on blood parameter levels in diabetic patients (T. Klangjareonchai and C. Roongpisuthipong), examination of isolation techniques (N. A. Mahyudin et al.), enzymatic activity (B. Elya et al.) and metabolism of certain extracts (Y. Shimoda et al.); and specific effects of some natural products on aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression (H. M. Korashy et al.).

We would like to thank the authors for their timely contributions. Finally, we also thank all reviewers for their hard work questioning, pruning, and refining these articles.


Masa-Aki Shibata

Ikhlas A. Khan

Munekazu Iinuma

Tomoyuki Shirai
Platinum-free counter electrodes of plasma-modified hybrid nanomaterials for dye-sensitised solar cells (2017)

Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nanotube and tungsten oxide (W18O49) nanowire were coated with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) by a radio frequency (RF: 13.56 MHz)-rotating plasma-modification method as alternative counter electrodes for dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). Surface analysis showed the homogenous plasma nanocoating of inorganic nanostructures by P3HT and PEDOT. It was demonstrated that the plasma-modified hybrid platinum-free counter electrodes increased the efficiencies of the DSSCs. The DSSCs based on hybrid nanostructure materials showed a short circuit current density of 9.49, 7.95, 2.59 and 2.57 mAcm−2 for MoS2/P3HT, MoS2/PEDOT, W18O49/PEDOT and W18O49/P3HT samples, respectively. The plasma nanocoating with the nanostructured materials approach for obtaining hybrid counter electrodes in the photovoltaic action shows an alternative route towards cost-effective, green energy conversion.
Synthesis of a Family of Fine-Tunable New Chiral Ligands for Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis. Ligand Optimization through the Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes (1997)

A family of enantiomerically pure (1R,2R)-1-(dialkylamino)-1-phenyl-3-(R-oxy)-2-propanols (4) has been synthesized from (2S,3S)-2,3-epoxy-3-phenylpropanol (1a), arising from the Sharpless epoxydation of cinnamyl alcohol, by two alternative sequences involving either the regioselective ring opening of the epoxide by a secondary amine (C-3 attack) and subsequent chemoselective protection of the primary hydroxy group or the reverse of these operations. A total of 19 different derivatives 4 have been prepared in an iterative process aimed at the optimization of their catalytic properties in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. In doing this, the steric bulk of the R-oxy group and the choice of the dialkylamino substituent as a nitrogen-containing six-membered ring have been identified as the key structural parameters for high catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in 4. Two optimized ligands fulfilling these structural requirements, 4d-Tr (R-oxy = trityloxy, dialkylamino = piperidino) and 4i-Tr (R-oxy = trityloxy, dialkylamino = 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl), depict a convenient activity and selectivity profile in the addition of Et2Zn to a structurally diverse family of aldehydes. These results show how chiral ligands based on non-natural starting materials can accommodate subtle variations of the steric/electronic characteristics key to the fine tuning of catalytic properties and thus represent a convenient alternative to ligands based on natural products.
An Integrated Mobile Wireless System for Capturing Physiological Data Streams during a Cognitive-motor Task: Applications for Aging (2007)

Cognitive, motor and perceptual processes diminish with age and thus limit adaptive capabilities of older individuals. Our hypothesis is that with aging there is decreased expression of these proactive adaptive capabilities. These experiments were designed to test this hypothesis by implementing an integrated approach to quantifying physiological characteristics in older individuals. We are working towards building an integrated wireless motion capture and physiological data monitoring system to quantify and data mine various physiologic and motoric streams in a controlled experimental environment. In this paper, synchronized motion capture and EMG data was obtained in young and old subjects performing a cognitive-motor task. We show that some, but not all baseline measures were significantly different in older compared to young subjects. Quantification of these baseline measures will allow us to develop new experimental paradigms that compensate for age-related decline in motor control, sensation, and cognition through brain- plasticity targeted training in rich learning environments.