gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dual modality approach for detection of enzyme activity by means of 1H/19F MRI (2013)

Introduction Noninvasive mapping of enzyme activity with MRI holds a great potential for disease diagnosis and evaluation of cell therapies. Dual-modality approaches are gaining popularity as they deliver complementary information allowing more unambiguous data interpretation on enzyme activity in vivo. Here, we report on such a dual 1H/19F MRI probe (Fig1) responsive to β-gal encoded by LacZ reporter gene [1]. Probe activation leads to "turning on" of the 19F signal (via alterations in 19F T1,T2) and changed ability of the Gd3+ complex to modulate the 1H MR signal intensity of water. Methods Gd-DOMF-Gal was obtained by attachment of galactose and MRI reporters to a self-immolative linker. 19F NMR spectra were recorded on a 300MHz NMR spectrometer (~37°C). The 19F-MR images were acquired on a 7T MRI system with FLASH and true FISP using a dual 1H/19F surface coil (~25°C). T1 maps were obtained by voxel-wise fitting of the 1H signal (IR-FLASH). Relaxivity r1 values were determined at 3T and 7T (~25°C). Results Gd-DOMF-Gal was successfully synthesized. Its 19F T1,T2 values were in the range of 3~6 ms, but could not be estimated precisely due to the broadening and low signal intensity of the 19F NMR peak as an effect of the intramolecular relaxation enhancement by Gd3+. Upon activation, the 19F resonance became sharp and intense with 19F T1 and T2 values of 245.4±2.9 and 182.3±3.5 ms measured for the product. In the 19F MR images no signal was detected for Gd-DOMF-Gal, while a 19F signal of increasing intensity was observed after conversion (Fig2). The corresponding proton T1 maps displayed a significant elongation of T1 in the presence of β-gal. The relative r1 changes (Δr1) upon activation were found to be ~27 in PBS at 7T (6.66±0.62 vs 5.10±0.49mM-1s-1) and 3T (9.55±0.05 vs 7.00±0.10 mM-1s-1), whereas a Δr1 of 46 was observed in HEPES. We also compared true FISP with 19F FLASH sequence in terms of sensitivity and specificity for imaging of probe activation. While an SNR of 14 was determined in true FISP images, compared to 10 in FLASH images, the use of FLASH is still preferable for our approach as it allows unambiguous distinction between substrate and product. Conclusions We have developed a “smart” probe, which activation by β-gal can be measured by 1H/19F MRI. With this molecular design we provide a potential tool for monitoring not only the activity of β-gal, but also other enzymes by means of 1H and 19F MRI.
Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation of 4-Phenylpyridine to 4-Phenylpiperidine with Integrated Product Isolation Using a CO2 Switchable System (2017)

Abstract A process comprising a continuous-flow hydrogenation reaction integrated with selective water-organic solvent biphasic extraction using CO 2 as molecular switch to control partitioning was devised for the synthesis of arylpiperidines from arylpyridines. The selective hydrogenation of 4-phenylpyridine using heterogeneous carbon-supported metal catalysts was chosen as model reaction. A design-of-experiment approach was used for the identification of suitable reaction conditions under continuous-flow operation. A maximum selectivity for 4-phenylpiperidine of 96% was achieved at 87% conversion suppressing the deep hydrogenation to 4-cyclohexylpiperidine almost completely (≤5%). The higher basicity of piperidines over pyridines was exploited for selective and reversible protonation of the product upon pressurization with CO 2 separating it quantitatively from the remaining starting material in a water-EtOAc biphasic system. This concept enabled a fully integrated and a salt-free synthetic process using a standard Pd/C catalyst for the hydrogenation coupled with the CO 2 -triggered isolation of the desired product 4-phenylpiperidine in 81% yield and 98% purity.
On a class of subband adaptive filters with inherent decorrelating properties (2005)

This paper describes and analyzes a class of subband adaptive filters (SAFs) that stems from various approaches of applying subband and multirate techniques in adaptive filtering. This class of SAFs has a unique weight-control mechanism, whereby subband error signals are used to adapt a fullband tap-weight vector. In this paper, we show that the recursive tap-weight adaptation can be expressed as an optimization process which approximates the steepest-descent and Newton's methods in minimizing two fundamentally different error criteria. Theoretical analysis reveals the inherent decorrelating properties of the adaptive algorithm, which manifest themselves in different forms as integral elements of the weight-control mechanism.
β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Lipolysis and Oxygen Consumption in Brown Adipocytes from Cynomolgus Monkeys (1997)

Primary adipocytes were isolated from axillary brown adipose tissue from adult cynomolgus monkeys. That this tissue contained brown adipocytes was verified by morphological examination and by demonstrating the presence of uncoupling protein messenger ribonucleic acid in the isolated adipocytes. The contributions of beta 1-, beta 2-, and beta 3-adrenergic receptors (AR) to lipolysis and oxygen consumption of isolated brown adipocytes were determined after agonist stimulation. Dose responses were determined using isoproterenol (a nonselective beta-AR agonist), denopamine (beta 1-AR agonist), procaterol (beta 2-AR agonist), and CGP12177A (beta 1- and beta 2-AR antagonist, beta 3-AR agonist). Isoproterenol, denopamine, and procaterol stimulated lipolysis with EC50 values of 4,500, and 83 nmol/L, respectively. Intrinsic activities (relative to isoproterenol maxima) were 100%, 74%, and 59%, respectively. The presence of beta 3-ARs coupled to lipolysis was demonstrated by the activity of CGP12177A (EC50 = 1.6 mumol/L; intrinsic activity = 62%). Isoproterenol stimulated oxygen consumption of brown adipocytes by 75-100% above the basal rate, with an EC50 of 1 mumol/L. Denopamine, procaterol, and CGP12177A stimulated oxygen consumption at a concentration of 100 mumol/L. These results demonstrate that all three beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes are coupled to lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from cynomolgus monkeys.
Linkage analysis in two schizophrenic families originating from a restricted subpopulation of Finland (1994)

We report here linkage data on two families with multiple cases of schizophrenia originating from the genetically isolated population of Finland. We analyzed chromosomal DNA regions containing relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and chromosomal regions which have been among the most widely studied in schizophrenia research due to associations between chromosomal anomalies and schizophrenia observed in certain families or populations. These include the chromosomal regions 5q11-q13, 11q and 15q21 as well as gene loci coding for components of dopamine, serotonin and amino acid transmitter pathways. No evidence for linkage to any of the chromosomal regions or candidate genes could be obtained, our data in fact suggested exclusion of all these regions as the site for major predisposing loci for schizophrenia in our families. On the 11p region the lod scores obtained deviated in the two families, but the difference remained statistically insignificant. The data emphasize the importance of analyzing families even with restricted genetic background separately since locus heterogeneity is likely to be detected not only between ethnic groups but also between diagnostic classes of the schizophrenia spectrum of diseases.
Low-Complexity CFO Estimation for Multi-User Massive MIMO Systems (2014)

Low-complexity carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation and compensation in multi-user massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is a challenging problem. The existing CFO estimation algorithms incur tremendous increase in complexity with increasing number of base station (BS) antennas, M and number of user terminals (UTs) K (i.e. massive MIMO regime). In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel low-complexity algorithm for CFO estimation which uses the pilot signal received at the BS during special uplink slots. The total per-channel use complexity of the proposed algorithm increases only linearly with increasing M and is independent of K. Analysis reveals that the CFO estimation accuracy can be considerably improved by increasing M and K (i.e. massive MIMO regime). For example, for a fixed K and a fixed training length, the required per-user radiated power during uplink training decreases as 1/√M with increasing M.
Solder Bump Electromigration and CPI Challenges in Low-k Devices (2009)

Understanding and managing both chip-to-package interaction (CPI) and solder bump electromigration (EM) in new designs is becoming an increasing challenge for flip chip plastic ball grid array (FCPBGA) packaging. Requirements for state-of-the-art device technologies drive smaller features, higher power and RoHS compliance (Pb-free product). It will be shown that the optimal attributes for Pb-free solder bump EM performance often are diametrically opposed to the design parameters that improve CPI robustness in structures comprised of low-k dielectric materials.
Sixty-second Denver X-ray Conference and selected papers for the special June Powder Diffraction issue (2014)

This issue of Powder Diffraction is comprised of selected papers presented at the 2013 62nd Annual Denver X-ray Conference (DXC). At DXC 16 workshops, 2 poster sessions, a plenary session The 100th Anniversary of X-ray Spectroscopy and 13 special sessions were held, covering the following topics:
Reduction Malarplasty Using Osteotomy and Repositioning of the Malar Complex: Clinical Review and Comparison of Two Techniques (2003)

Twenty-five patients with a prominent zygoma underwent reduction malarplasty from January 1995 through January 2001. In mild cases, the osteotomized zygoma was repositioned superoposteriorly. In severe cases, after the removal of a 2- to 5-mm-thick bony segment, the osteotomized zygoma was repositioned medially and superoposteriorly. Ten patients underwent reduction malarplasty based on a bicoronal incision, whereas intraoral and preauricular incisions were used in the other 15 cases. Ten patients were male and 15 patients were female, with an age range from 18 to 52 years. The average follow-up was 13 months. All patients were satisfied with their results, and a symmetrical appearance was achieved in all cases. Reduction malarplasty using a bicoronal incision has various advantages because it provides a wide operative field, makes it easy to maintain symmetry, and facilitates combination with a forehead lift. Conversely, reduction malarplasty using an intraoral and preauricular incision has the advantages of a short operative time, simple procedure, and no scalp scar. Because the whole face should be regarded as one unit, the following adjutant procedures were also performed simultaneously: reduction of the mandibular angle in 17 patients, augmentation rhinoplasty in 4 patients, face lift in 2 patients, and fat graft in 2 patients. In conclusion, the procedure of osteotomy and repositioning the malar complex was found to be effective for correcting a prominent malar complex.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. EINIGER 1‐(CARBOXYALKYL)‐NITRO‐IMIDAZOL‐DERIVATE IN POLYPHOSPHORSAEURE (1970)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung mit Hydroxylamin/Alkali erhält man aus den Nitro‐ imidazol‐carbonsäuren (IIa)‐(IIc) die Amino‐Verbindungen (IIIa)‐(IIIc), die durch Polyphosphorsäure (PPA) zu den Lactamen (IV) cyclisiert ′werden i können.
Spatial coherence effect on layer thickness determination in narrowband full-field optical coherence tomography (2011)

Longitudinal spatial coherence (LSC) is determined by the spatial frequency content of an optical beam. The use of lenses with a high numerical aperture (NA) in full-field optical coherence tomography and a narrowband light source makes the LSC length much shorter than the temporal coherence length, hence suggesting that high-resolution 3D images of biological and multilayered samples can be obtained based on the low LSC. A simplified model is derived, supported by experimental results, which describes the expected interference output signal of multilayered samples when high-NA lenses are used together with a narrowband light source. An expression for the correction factor for the layer thickness determination is found valid for high-NA objectives. Additionally, the method was applied to a strongly scattering layer, demonstrating the potential of this method for high-resolution imaging of scattering media.
Threshold Monitoring of Urea SCR Systems (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;To meet stringent 2010 NOx emissions, many manufacturers are expected to deploy urea selective catalytic reduction systems. Indications from ARB are that a threshold monitor must be developed to monitor their performance. The most capable monitoring technology at this time relies on NOx sensors.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper assesses the capability of the NOx sensor as an SCR monitoring device. To this end, the NOx sensor must be able to distinguish between a marginal and a threshold catalyst with enough separation to allow for variability. We present the noise factors associated with the NOx conversion of the SCR system, and analyze what NOx sensor accuracy we need to preserve separation in the face of those noise factors. It is shown that a 1.75 threshold monitor is not feasible with current NOx sensor technology. We analyze the benefit of a partial volume monitor, and show there is no advantage unless the slope error of the NOx sensor is drastically reduced from current levels.&lt;/div&gt;
Site‐Specific Protein Modification Using Lipoic Acid Ligase and Bis‐Aryl Hydrazone Formation (2012)

A screen of Trp37 mutants of Escherichia coli lipoic acid ligase (LplA) revealed enzymes capable of ligating an aryl-aldehyde or aryl-hydrazine substrate to LplA's 13-residue acceptor peptide. Once site-specifically attached to recombinant proteins fused to this peptide, aryl-aldehydes could be chemoselectively derivatized with hydrazine-probe conjugates, and aryl-hydrazines could be derivatized in an analogous manner with aldehyde-probe conjugates. Such two-step labeling was demonstrated for AlexaFluor568 targeting to monovalent streptavidin in vitro, and to neurexin-1β on the surface of living mammalian cells. To further highlight this technique, we labeled the low-density lipoprotein receptor on the surface of live cells with fluorescent phycoerythrin protein to allow single-molecule imaging and tracking over time.
The Ohio State University Commencement Address by Daryle H. Busch, Winter 1982 (1982)

SNP microarray technology is highly accurate and specific, which is particularly suitable for the detection of chromosomal deletions or duplications, uniparental disomy, low-percentage mosaicism and other chromosomal abnormalities. It has provided an effective supplement to the conventional chorionic villus culture and karyotype analysis.
Parametric warping for motion estimation (1997)

Summary form only given. In warping (also known as mesh-based) motion estimation, motion vectors at individual pixels are computed through an interpolation of a subsampled set of motion vectors. A method for calculating optimal warping coefficients was introduced previously. This algorithm finds the interpolation coefficients, at each individual pixel location (within a block), such that the mean squared luminance errors are minimized. It has been observed that optimal coefficients vary widely with time and across different sequences. This observation motivates the optimization of the warping coefficients locally in time. However, doing so requires the encoder to transmit the coefficients to the decoder. Assuming a 16/spl times/16 block and four floating point coefficients per pixel, this would require a considerable overhead in bitrate. Especially in low bitrate regimes, such overhead is likely to be unacceptable. This paper proposes a parametric class of functions to represent the warping interpolation kernels. More specifically, we propose to use the two-parameter family of functions.
Figure S3 from BET Inhibitors Suppress ALDH Activity by Targeting <i>ALDH1A1</i> Super-Enhancer in Ovarian Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;ALDH activity and ALDH1A1 expression are regulated by BRD4 in a c-MYC-independent manner.&lt;/p&gt;
Retrospective study in US commercial sorghum breeding: I. Genetic gain in relation to relative maturity (2022)

Abstract Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important staple food for human consumption and a source of animal feed in the semiarid regions of the world. Sustained positive rates of crop improvement are necessary to supply food and feed to a growing population. However, land allocated to sorghum and its inclusion in production systems has been in constant decline. Here we report the rate of sorghum genetic gain in a commercial breeding program in the United States and provide evidence that a modest yield improvement is an important factor limiting land allocation to this crop. A 6‐year study that evaluated 50 sorghum genotypes commercialized between the decades of 1960 and 2010 was conducted in 19 environments within the US Sorghum Belt region. Yield varied between 500 and 850 g m −2 . Here we show a positive rate of genetic gain of 2.63 g m −2 y −1 on average across three different maturity groups grown in the United States. Rates ranged from 2.1 to 4.3 g m −2 y −1 across maturity groups. This result contrasts with a stagnant rate of crop improvement for many regions of the world, yet the rates are insufficient to reverse the negative trend in planted area. Breeding technologies are proposed to hasten genetic gain in sorghum to reverse the loss of on‐farm agricultural biodiversity.
Metabolomics for Personalized Nutrition Research and Clinical Applications (2010)

The high-throughput ‘omics’ technologies and especially metabolomics can play a major role in advancing the field of personalized medicine and associated fields like nutrition science. Current nutrition research is not mechanism driven making it difficult to fully understand (or forecast) the effects of diet and nutritional interventions. The omics biotechnology platforms can offer a more complete understanding of the complexity of biological systems, which is important for developing personalized nutrition strategies. Unlike transcriptomics and proteomics, metabolomics data encode the genotype and the phenotype. In order to fully understand the effects of diet on overall health status, it is important to be able to define the phenotype and show how it is affected by dietary factors. To this end, the gut microflora composition will also have an impact on the overall phenotype of an individual especially with regards to how nutrients are absorbed and utilized in the body. Metabolomics is uniquely suited to not only provide phenotype-specific information, but also to monitor dynamic changes in nutritional phenotypes, including variations over time, and how interventions such as dietary supplements may return phenotypes back into a normal range. This article provides an introduction to the field of metabolomics and how it may impact nutrition research especially with regards to defining mechanisms of action of bioactive food components, the role of the gut microflora, and the impact of nutritional interventions such as vitamin supplementation. Additionally, the challenges that must be overcome in order to apply metabolomics to its full potential in personalized nutrition are discussed.
Novel Degradable Co-polymers of Polypyrrole Support Cell Proliferation and Enhance Neurite Out-Growth with Electrical Stimulation (2010)

Synthetic polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) are gaining significance in neural studies because of their conductive properties. We evaluated two novel biodegradable block co-polymers of PPy with poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) for nerve regeneration applications. PPy-PCL and PPy-PECA co-polymers can be processed from solvent-based colloidal dispersions and have essentially the same or greater conductivity (32 S/cm for PPy-PCL, 19 S/cm for PPy-PECA) compared to the PPy homo-polymer (22 S/cm). The PPy portions of the co-polymers permit electrical stimulation whereas the PCL or PECA blocks enable degradation by hydrolysis. For in vitro tests, films were prepared on polycarbonate sheets by air brushing layers of dispersions and pressing the films. We characterized the films for hydrolytic degradation, electrical conductivity, cell proliferation and neurite extension. The co-polymers were sufficient to carry out electrical stimulation of cells without the requirement of a metallic conductor underneath the co-polymer film. In vitro electrical stimulation of PPy-PCL significantly increased the number of PC12 cells bearing neurites compared to unstimulated PPy-PCL. For in vivo experiments, the PPy co-polymers were coated onto the inner walls of nerve guidance channels (NGCs) made of the commercially available non-conducting biodegradable polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-HV). The NGCs were implanted in a 10 mm defect made in the sciatic nerve of rats, and harvested after 8 weeks. Histological staining showed axonal growth. The studies indicated that these new conducting degradable biomaterials have good biocompatibility and support proliferation and growth of PC12 cells in vitro (with and without electrical stimulation) and neurons in vivo (without electrical stimulation).
Recent Breakthroughs in Solid‐State Mid‐IR Laser Technology (2016)

Abstract Availability of compact and cost‐efficient mid‐infrared (MIR) laser sources with a broad range of parameters is of great interest for a number of current and emerging applications. For instance, femtosecond (fs) MIR sources with high average power and broad spectral span enable high dynamic range spectroscopy, sensing, and imaging in the molecular fingerprint region. On the other hand, few‐optical‐cycle MIR pulses with high energy are of particular importance for the development of EUV and X‐ray sources based on strong field nonlinear optics, e.g. high harmonic generation. Furthermore, high‐power mid‐IR lasers are of interest for processing polymers, glasses and composites, surgical, dental and cosmetology procedures, as well as numerous defense‐related applications.