gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preface: Special Issue on Large Scale Integration (1967)

The interests of the solid-state circuits community have been focused on integrated circuits during the past several years. Through a potent combination of technological and economic factors, the development of digital integrated circuits has progressed at a particularly rapid rate during this petiod. At present, large scale integration represents the region of singular importance in the field of digital integrated circuits. Typically, large scale integration consists of the combination of a multiplicity of circuit elements within a basic cell and the further combination of a multiplicity of cells in a monolithic structure to form a highly complex integrated circuit or an integrated equipment component. A most significant feature of an integrated equipment component is the uniquely intimate interdependence of its material, device, circuit, and system-design considerations. Recognizing this interdependence, the central position of large scale integration in electronics and its salient importance in solid-state circuits, the purpose of this issue is to act as an expose of advanced work being done in this field.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis Optimization and Catalytic Activity Screening of Industrially Relevant Ruthenium‐Based Metathesis Catalysts (2014)

Abstract Review: 58 refs.
Semiconducting Thienothiophene Copolymers: Design, Synthesis, Morphology, and Performance in Thin‐Film Organic Transistors (2009)

Abstract Organic semiconductors are emerging as a viable alternative to amorphous silicon in a range of thin‐film transistor devices. With the possibility to formulate these p‐type materials as inks and subsequently print into patterned devices, organic‐based transistors offer significant commercial advantages for manufacture, with initial applications such as low performance displays and simple logic being envisaged. Previous limitations of both air stability and electrical performance are now being overcome with a range of both small molecule and polymer‐based solution‐processable materials, which achieve charge carrier mobilities in excess of 0.5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , a benchmark value for amorphous silicon semiconductors. Polymer semiconductors based on thienothiophene copolymers have achieved amongst the highest charge carrier mobilities in solution‐processed transistor devices. In this Progress Report, we evaluate the advances and limitations of this class of polymer in transistor devices.
On achievable rates for multicast in the presence of side information (2008)

We investigate the network source coding rate region for networks with multiple sources and multicast demands in the presence of side information, generalizing earlier results on multicast rate regions without side information. When side information is present only at the terminal nodes, we show that the rate region is precisely characterized by the cut-set bounds and that random linear coding suffices to achieve the optimal performance. When side information is present at a non-terminal node, we present an achievable region. Finally, we apply these results to obtain an inner bound on the rate region for networks with general source-demand structures.
Supplementary Figure S6 from Selective Modulation of a Pan-Essential Protein as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;NXT2 expression is not associated with neuroblastoma disease subtypes&lt;/p&gt;
The state of melanoma: challenges and opportunities (2020)

The Melanoma Research Foundation (MRF) has charted a comprehensive assessment of the current state of melanoma research and care. Intensive discussions among members of the MRF Scientific Advisory Council and Breakthrough Consortium, a group that included clinicians and scientists, focused on four thematic areas—diagnosis/early detection, prevention, tumor cell dormancy (including metastasis) and therapy (response and resistance). These discussions extended over the course of 2015 and culminated at the Society of Melanoma Research 2015 International Congress in November. Each of the four groups has outlined their thoughts per the current status, challenges and opportunities in the four respective areas. The current state and immediate and long-term needs of the melanoma field, from basic research to clinical management, are presented in the following report.
Cucurbit[7]uril Inhibits Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation by Targeting N Terminus Hot Segments and Attenuates Cytotoxicity (2022)

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Prof. Hamilton at New York University. The image depicts how cucurbit[7]uril inhibits islet amyloid polypeptide self-assembly that rescues rat insulinoma cells (a pancreatic β-cell model) from assembly-associated cytotoxicity. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202200456.
Millimeter-Wave Path Loss at 73 GHz in Indoor and Outdoor Airport\n Environments (2019)

In this paper, two large-scale fading path loss models are presented based on\nindoor and outdoor channel measurements at 73 GHz. The line-of-sight\nmillimeter-wave propagation measurement campaigns were uniquely conducted\nwithin the indoor and outdoor environments at an airport setting, i.e., the\nBoise Airport. The channel measurements were made with directional transmit and\nreceive antennas with a 24 dBi gain at different receive antenna heights. From\nthe measured data, we obtained the parameters of two path loss models, i.e.,\nthe close-in reference distance model (CIM) and the floating-intercept model\n(FIM). Results show that the path loss exponents estimated from the CIM are\nvery close to that of the free-space path loss model, while the FIM provides a\nbetter fit to the measurement data.\n
Molecular characterization of myotonic dystrophy fibroblast cell lines for use in small molecule screening (2022)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) are common forms of adult onset muscular dystrophy. Pathogenesis in both diseases is largely driven by production of toxic-expanded repeat RNAs that sequester MBNL RNA-binding proteins, causing mis-splicing. Given this shared pathogenesis, we hypothesized that diamidines, small molecules that rescue mis-splicing in DM1 models, could also rescue mis-splicing in DM2 models. While several DM1 cell models exist, few are available for DM2 limiting research and therapeutic development. Here, we characterize DM1 and DM2 patient-derived fibroblasts for use in small molecule screens and therapeutic studies. We identify mis-splicing events unique to DM2 fibroblasts and common events shared with DM1 fibroblasts. We show that diamidines can partially rescue molecular phenotypes in both DM1 and DM2 fibroblasts. This study demonstrates the potential of fibroblasts as models for DM1 and DM2, which will help meet an important need for well-characterized DM2 cell models.
Is It Necessary to Extend a Multilevel Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion to the Upper Thoracic Spine? (2016)

3.
Local lattice response in LaFeAsO0.93F0.07probed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy: Evidence for carrier-induced lattice distortion (2009)

Carrier-induced lattice distortion (signature of strong electron-lattice interaction) in oxypnictide superconductors is found by a local structural study using extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). Local lattice instability (polaron formation) is detected as an anomalous upturn of the mean-square relative displacement for the nearest neighbor distances (Fe-As) in LaFeAsO1-xFx (x = 0.07), implying a local lattice distortion that develops below 70 K and disappears at the superconducting critical temperature. Comparing the results with the lattice response in cuprate superconductors, intimate correlation between local lattice mode and superconductivity is revealed. The results suggest that strong electron-lattice interaction is present as a common ingredient in the microscopic mechanism of s uperconducting transition.
A clock phase adjustment circuit for synchronizing multiple high-speed DEMUXs (2012)

A 2:16 DEMUX IC with clock phase adjustment has been successfully designed, fabricated, and tested as an interfacing component in 30 Gbps and higher transmission systems using HRL's 0.25 μm low power InP DHBT technology with f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> of 400 GHz. The novel clock phase adjustment circuit described here allows multiple DEMUXs to be automatically synchronized eliminating the need of complex clock recovery circuits. The IC uses 1460 DHBTs and consumes only 1.85 W of power demonstrating the feasibility of InP DHBTs in low power and large integration ICs.
In Vivo Imaging of Oligonucleotide Delivery (2012)

RNA interference (RNAi) has rapidly become a powerful tool for drug-target discovery and therapeutics. Cancer is an important application for RNAi therapeutics, since abnormal gene regulation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of the metastatic phenotype of cancer. Many oncogenic genes present enticing therapeutic target possibilities for RNAi. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) are potent and specific examples of RNAi are able to silence tumor-related genes and multiple oncogenic pathways and appear to be a rational approach to inhibit tumor growth. In subsequent in vivo studies, an appropriate animal model must be developed for a better evaluation of gene-silencing effects on tumors. How to evaluate the effect of siRNA and miRNA in an in vivo therapeutic model is also important. Bioluminescence imaging is an optical imaging method that can evaluate RNAi in vivo.
Novel members of quinoline compound family enhance insulin secretion in RIN-5AH beta cells and in rat pancreatic islet microtissue (2017)

According to clinical data, some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) possess antidiabetic effects. Several proposed mechanisms were assigned to them, however their mode of action is not clear. Our hypothesis was that they directly stimulate insulin release in beta cells. In our screening approach we demonstrated that some commercially available TKIs and many novel synthesized analogues were able to induce insulin secretion in RIN-5AH beta cells. Our aim was to find efficient, more selective and less toxic compounds. Out of several hits, we chose members from a compound family with quinoline core structure for further investigation. Here we present the studies done with these novel compounds and reveal structure activity relationships and mechanism of action. One of the most potent compounds (compound 9) lost its affinity to kinases, but efficiently increased calcium influx. In the presence of calcium channel inhibitors, the insulinotropic effect was attenuated or completely abrogated. While the quinoline TKI, bosutinib substantially inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation, compound 9 had no such effect. Molecular docking studies further supported our data. We confirmed that some TKIs possess antidiabetic effects, moreover, we present a novel compound family developed from the TKI, bosutinib and optimized for the modulation of insulin secretion.
Highly-stable, multi-megahertz circular-ranging optical coherence tomography at 1.3 um (2019)

In Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), the finite bandwidth of the acquisition electronics constrains the depth range and speed of the system. Circular-ranging (CR) OCT methods use optical-domain compression to surpass this limit. However, the CR-OCT system architectures of prior reports were limited by poor stability and were confined to the 1.55 um wavelength range. In this work, we describe a novel CR-OCT architecture that is free from these limitations. To ensure stable operation, temperature sensitive optical modules within the system were replaced; the kilometer-length fiber spools used in the stretched-pulse mode-locked (SPML) laser was eliminated in favor of a single 10 meter, continuously chirped fiber Bragg grating, and the interferometer's passive optical quadrature demodulation circuit was replaced by an active technique using a lithium niobate phase modulator. For improved imaging penetration in biological tissues, the system operating wavelength was shifted to a center wavelength of 1.29 um by leveraging the wavelength flexibility intrinsic to CFBG-based dispersive fibers. These improvements were achieved while maintaining a broad (100 nm) optical bandwidth, a long 4 cm imaging range, and a high 7.6 MHz A-line rate. By enhancing stability, simplifying overall system design, and operating at 1.3 um, this CR-OCT architecture will allow a broader exploration of CR-OCT in both medical and non-medical applications.
Segmentation of Intracranial Arterial Calcification with Deeply Supervised Residual Dropout Networks (2017)

Intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC) is a major risk factor for stroke, and might contribute to dementia and cognitive decline. Reliance on time-consuming manual annotation of ICAC hampers much demanded further research into the relationship between ICAC and neurological diseases. Automation of ICAC segmentation is therefore highly desirable, but difficult due to the proximity of the lesions to bony structures with a similar attenuation coefficient. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic segmentation of ICAC; the first to our knowledge. Our method is based on a 3D fully convolutional neural network that we extend with two regularization techniques. Firstly, we use deep supervision (hidden layers supervision) to encourage discriminative features in the hidden layers. Secondly, we augment the network with skip connections, as in the recently developed ResNet, and dropout layers, inserted in a way that skip connections circumvent them. We investigate the effect of skip connections and dropout. In addition, we propose a simple problem-specific modification of the network objective function that restricts the focus to the most important image regions and simplifies the optimization. We train and validate our model using 882 CT scans and test on 1,000. Our regularization techniques and objective improve the average Dice score by 7.1%, yielding an average Dice of 76.2% and 97.7% correlation between predicted ICAC volumes and manual annotations.
Analysis and Interpretation of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data by Clustering Mass-to-Charge Images According to Their Spatial Similarity (2013)

Imaging mass spectrometry (imaging MS) has emerged in the past decade as a label-free, spatially resolved, and multipurpose bioanalytical technique for direct analysis of biological samples from animal tissue, plant tissue, biofilms, and polymer films. Imaging MS has been successfully incorporated into many biomedical pipelines where it is usually applied in the so-called untargeted mode-capturing spatial localization of a multitude of ions from a wide mass range.3 An imaging MS data set usually comprises thousands of spectra and tens to hundreds of thousands of mass-to-charge (m/z) images and can be as large as several gigabytes. Unsupervised analysis of an imaging MS data set aims at finding hidden structures in the data with no a priori information used and is often exploited as the first step of imaging MS data analysis. We propose a novel, easy-to-use and easy-to-implement approach to answer one of the key questions of unsupervised analysis of imaging MS data: what do all m/z images look like? The key idea of the approach is to cluster all m/z images according to their spatial similarity so that each cluster contains spatially similar m/z images. We propose a visualization of both spatial and spectral information obtained using clustering that provides an easy way to understand what all m/z images look like. We evaluated the proposed approach on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging MS data sets of a rat brain coronal section and human larynx carcinoma and discussed several scenarios of data analysis.
High glucose macrophage exosomes enhance atherosclerosis by driving cellular proliferation & hematopoiesis (2021)

We investigated whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced under hyperglycemic conditions could communicate signaling to drive atherosclerosis. We did so by treating Apoe<sup>-/-</sup> mice with exosomes produced by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) exposed to high glucose (BMDM-HG-exo) or control. Infusions of BMDM-HG-exo increased hematopoiesis, circulating myeloid cell numbers, and atherosclerotic lesions with an accumulation of macrophage foam and apoptotic cells. Transcriptome-wide analysis of cultured macrophages treated with BMDM-HG-exo or plasma EVs isolated from subjects with type II diabetes revealed a reduced inflammatory state and increased metabolic activity. Furthermore, BMDM-HG-exo induced cell proliferation and reprogrammed energy metabolism by increasing glycolytic activity. Lastly, profiling microRNA in BMDM-HG-exo and plasma EVs from diabetic subjects with advanced atherosclerosis converged on miR-486-5p as commonly enriched and recognized in dysregulated hematopoiesis and <i>Abca1</i> control. Together, our findings show that EVs serve to communicate detrimental properties of hyperglycemia to accelerate atherosclerosis in diabetes.
1-(2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole:  A Phosphole with a Significantly Flattened Phosphorus Pyramid Having Pronounced Characteristics of Aromaticity (1997)

Single-crystal X-ray analysis of 1-(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-3-methylphosphole, synthesized to test the effect of the strongly sterically demanding P-substituent on the geometry of the molecule, revealed that the phosphorus pyramid was drastically flattened; the normal out of plane angle of 65° (formed between the P-substituent and the ring C2−P−C5 plane) was reduced to 45.9°. Consistent with strong electron delocalization, the C3−C4 bond length was dramatically shortened relative to that for other phospholes, and the Bird index of aromaticity was 56.5, almost the equivalent of that in pyrrole (59). The phosphole ring, normally resisitant to electrophilic substitutions, underwent reaction with acetyl chloride−aluminum chloride, consistent with considerable cyclic electron delocalization.
Aspartic acid scaffold in bradykinin B1 antagonists (2009)

Several novel bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R) antagonists were synthesized utilizing a new aspartic acid scaffold. This core is derived from the highly potent dihydroquinoxalinone scaffold published recently by researchers at Merck (Ha et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 331, 159-166). Despite the considerably limited chemical space of B1 antagonists, the synthesized compounds still showed significant biological activity. None of the four most potent compounds showed significant activity on the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), consequently they can be considered as valuable starting points for designing more potent and selective B1 antagonists. Furthermore, the synthesis of these aspartic acid derivatives is much simpler than that of the original Merck compounds suggesting efficient parallel synthesis approaches during their optimization. Docking known and novel B1 antagonists into the refined B1R homology model including the second extracellular loop (EC2) underlined the importance of this loop in ligand binding. Comparative binding mode analysis revealed that our novel compounds bind similar to the dihydroquinoxalinone template. Our results indicate that the rigid core of the dihydroquinoxalinone containing B1 antagonists is not crucial for maintaining B1 activity.
Image-guided Tumor Ablation: Standardization of Terminology and Reporting Criteria—A 10-Year Update (2014)

Image-guided tumor ablation has become a well-established hallmark of local cancer therapy. The breadth of options available in this growing field increases the need for standardization of terminology and reporting criteria to facilitate effective communication of ideas and appropriate comparison among treatments that use different technologies, such as chemical (eg, ethanol or acetic acid) ablation, thermal therapies (eg, radiofrequency, laser, microwave, focused ultrasound, and cryoablation) and newer ablative modalities such as irreversible electroporation. This updated consensus document provides a framework that will facilitate the clearest communication among investigators regarding ablative technologies. An appropriate vehicle is proposed for reporting the various aspects of image-guided ablation therapy including classification of therapies, procedure terms, descriptors of imaging guidance, and terminology for imaging and pathologic findings. Methods are addressed for standardizing reporting of technique, follow-up, complications, and clinical results. As noted in the original document from 2003, adherence to the recommendations will improve the precision of communications in this field, leading to more accurate comparison of technologies and results, and ultimately to improved patient outcomes. Online supplemental material is available for this article .
FKBP immunophilin patents for neurological disorders (2005)

Immunophilins are a family of binding proteins that are highly conserved in nature and mediate the actions of immunosuppressant drugs. The FK-506-binding protein (FKBP) subclass of immunophilin bind FK-506 and rapamycin and are of particular interest due to their potent neurotrophic activity. Here, the patent literature covering the structures of novel non-immuno-suppressant derivatives of FK-506 and rapamycin, and their claims pertaining to their potential use for the treatment of neurological disorders, are reviewed.
34.2: Optical Simulation of OLED Devices and Its Application for Determination of Emitting Zone (2005)

Abstract Outcoupling efficiencies and EL spectra of OLEDs were simulated by using characteristic matrix theory of multi‐stacked thin films, considering wavelength dispersion of refractive indices of materials. This simulation method is applicable to the optimization of OLEDs structures, and also to the determination of the emitting zone in organic layers.
A μ-bis(phosphino)ethane gold(I) dimer (1992)

by a square-planar array
Use of the triazolotriazine [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand at recombinant human A2B adenosine receptors. (1999)

Radiolabeled ZM 241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2- ¿furyl¿¿1,2,4¿triazolo¿2,3-a¿¿1,3,5¿triazin-5-ylaminoethyl)p henol), has previously been used as a high affinity radioligand for the labeling of A2A adenosine receptors in cell membranes. Another subtype, the A2B receptor, is the least well-defined subtype of adenosine receptors and lacks selective pharmacological probes. In the present study, we have used [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand to label recombinant human A2B adenosine receptors in HEK-293 cell membranes, that do not express A2A adenosine receptors, and found that the pharmacological profile is consistent with the SAR of A2B receptors. Saturable, specific binding (Kd 33.6 nM, Bmax 4.48 pmol/mg protein) that was best described by a one-site model was found, and specific binding was approximately 75% of total binding. [3H]ZM 241385 binding was displaceable by a large number of compounds known to interact with A2B receptors; thus, this method has promise as a tool in the search for agonists and antagonists selective for this subtype. Xanthine analogs, which are antagonists, proved to be the most potent displacers. The Ki of XAC, xanthine amine congener, was 12.3 nM, while CPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) was less potent. The non-selective triazoloquinazoline antagonist CGS 15943 (Ki 16.4 nM), which is similar in structure to ZM 241385, was slightly less potent than XAC. The non-xanthine A2B-antagonist alloxazine displaced [3H]ZM 241385-binding with a Ki of 462 nM, similar to its affinity in functional assays. Adenosine derivatives known to activate this receptor subtype, such as NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) and R-PIA (N6-phenylisopropyladenosine), were considerably less potent than the 8-substituted xanthines examined.