gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Power Grid Design (2008)

This chapter discusses basic concepts and techniques for deep submicron power grid design and verification in various aspects: modeling, methodology, analysis, and optimization. It also discusses widely adopted power grid analysis and verification methodologies and modeling for every part of the power distribution system. The chapter addresses four analysis techniques to handle large-scale power grid circuits with fixed and uncertain work loads: Optimization techniques including wire sizing, decoupling capacitance optimization, topology optimization, and optimal power pads/pin placement. The annual report of the International Technology Roadmap for semiconductors has shown the continued reduction of power supply voltage, driven by power consumption reduction, reduced transistor channel length, and reliability of gate dielectrics. Realistic power grid analysis methodologies must handle cells or power grids in a hierarchical manner to manage the complexity of the problem. For static analysis, the maximum voltage drop among all power grid nodes is a general metric for the entire chip.
Charge-Based Separation of Micro- and Nanoparticles (2020)

Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) is a label-free particle sorting method that separates by size continuously and with high resolution. By combining DLD with electric fields (eDLD), we show separation of a variety of nano and micro-sized particles primarily by their zeta potential. Zeta potential is an indicator of electrokinetic charge—the charge corresponding to the electric field at the shear plane—an important property of micro- and nanoparticles in colloidal or separation science. We also demonstrate proof of principle of separation of nanoscale liposomes of different lipid compositions, with strong relevance for biomedicine. We perform careful characterization of relevant experimental conditions necessary to obtain adequate sorting of different particle types. By choosing a combination of frequency and amplitude, sorting can be made sensitive to the particle subgroup of interest. The enhanced displacement effect due to electrokinetics is found to be significant at low frequency and for particles with high zeta potential. The effect appears to scale with the square of the voltage, suggesting that it is associated with either non-linear electrokinetics or dielectrophoresis (DEP). However, since we observe large changes in separation behavior over the frequency range at which DEP forces are expected to remain constant, DEP can be ruled out.
Absorbed dose in ion beams: comparison of ionisation- and fluence-based measurements (2014)

A direct comparison measurement of fluorescent nuclear track detectors (FNTDs) and a thimble ionisation chamber is presented. Irradiations were performed using monoenergetic protons (142.66 MeV, ϕ=3×10(6) cm(-2)) and carbon ions (270.55 MeV u(-1), ϕ=3 × 10(6) cm(-2)). It was found that absorbed dose to water values as determined by fluence measurements using FNTDs are, in case of protons, in good agreement (2.4 %) with ionisation chamber measurements, if slower protons and Helium secondaries were accounted for by an effective stopping power. For carbon, however, a significant discrepancy of 4.5 % was seen, which could not be explained by fragmentation, uncertainties or experimental design. The results rather suggest a W-value of 32.10 eV ± 2.6 %. Additionally, the abundance of secondary protons expected from Monte-Carlo transport simulation was not observed.
Deep-Donor-Induced Suppression of Current Collapse in an AlGaN-GaN Heterojunction Structure Grown on Si (2019)

TCAD simulation was performed to investigate the material properties of an AlGaN/GaN structure in Deep Acceptor (DA)-rich and Deep Donor (DD)-rich GaN cases. DD-rich semi-insulating GaN generated a positively charged area thereof to prevent the electron concentration in 2DEG from decreasing, while a DA-rich counterpart caused electron depletion, which was the origin of the current collapse in AlGaN/GaN HFETs. These simulation results were well verified experimentally using three nitride samples including buffer-GaN layers with carbon concentration ([C]) of 5×1017, 5×1018, and 4×1019 cm-3. DD-rich behaviors were observed for the sample with [C]=4×1019 cm-3, and DD energy level EDD=0.6 eV was estimated by the Arrhenius plot of temperature-dependent IDS. This EDD value coincided with the previously estimated EDD. The backgate experiments revealed that these DD-rich semi-insulating GaN suppressed both current collapse and buffer leakage, thus providing characteristics desirable for practical usage.
<title>Recent results with the coupled opto-electronic oscillator</title> (1998)

We present experimental results of coupled opto-electronic oscillators (COEO) constructed with a semiconductor optical amplifier based ring laser, a semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser, and a semiconductor colliding pulse mode-locked laser. Each COEO can simultaneously generate short optical pulses and spectrally pure RF signals. With these devices, we obtained optical pulses as short as 6 picoseconds and RF signals as high in frequency as 18 GHz with a spectral purity comparable with a HP8561B synthesizer. These experiments demonstrate that COEOs are promising compact sources for generating low jitter optical pulses and low phase noise RF/millimeter wave signals.
Thermal and chemical stabilities of group-III sesquioxides in a flow of either N2 or H2 (2016)

Abstract The thermal and chemical stabilities of group-III sesquioxides (Al 2 O 3 , Ga 2 O 3 , and In 2 O 3 ) were comparatively investigated at an atmospheric pressure at heat treatment temperatures ranging from 250 to 1450 °C in a flow of either N 2 or H 2 . In a flow of N 2 , the thermal decomposition of α-Al 2 O 3 was not observed at the temperatures investigated, while the decompositions of β-Ga 2 O 3 and c -In 2 O 3 occurred above 1150 and 1000 °C, respectively, with no generation of group-III metal droplets on the surfaces. In contrast, the chemical reactions of α-Al 2 O 3 , β-Ga 2 O 3 , and c -In 2 O 3 began at low temperatures of 1150, 550, and 300 °C in a flow of H 2 . Thus, the presence of H 2 in the gas flow significantly promotes the decomposition of group-III sesquioxides. The order of thermal and chemical stabilities (α-Al 2 O 3 ≫ β-Ga 2 O 3 &gt; c -In 2 O 3 ) obtained experimentally was verified by thermodynamic analysis, which also clarified dominant decomposition reactions of group-III sesquioxides.
Morphological Assessment of Embryo Viability (2014)

Morphological assessment is discussed in the context of significant literature at all stages of in vitro development, beginning with the oocyte and culminating at the blastocyst stage. Current evidence is used to debate the inclusion of commonly observed morphological features in grading schemes. The biological rationale behind observed phenomena such as multinucleation and fragmentation are also explored. Current limitations as well as technological advancements that increase our ability to assess viability are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between developmental timing and assessment schemes. Failure to standardize assessment timing and inclusion criteria is glaring weaknesses of the literature that currently make consensus unattainable. Mounting evidence suggests that the future of static assessment is very likely to be influenced by information gathered from preimplantation genetic screening and other invasive techniques as well as from continuous monitoring tools such as time lapse.
Preparation of 13C and 15N labeled bellenamine and its degradation products. (1992)

A streptomyces metabolite, bellenamine, has been converted into D-beta-lysinamide and cyclized bellenamine in an acidic solution at 75 degrees C. The structure of the new cyclized compound was assigned as (R)-6-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-diazacyclohexan-4-one by spectral analyses. [1-13C, Amide, 1'-15N2]bellenamine, which has been isolated from the culture by feeding both L-[1-13C]lysine and [15NH4]2SO4 to a synthetic medium, was degraded under acidic condition to obtain the stable isotope labeled D-beta-lysine, D-beta-lysinamide and cyclized bellenamine. These labeled compounds were analyzed by 13C and 15N NMR spectra, and will be used for the biosynthetic study on bellenamine.
Unlimited Sampling for FMCW Radars: A Proof of Concept (2022)

High-resolution FMCW radar systems are becoming an integral aspect of applications ranging from automotive safety and autonomous driving to health monitoring of infants and the elderly. This integration provides challenging scenarios that require radars with extremely high dynamic range (HDR) ADCs; these ADCs need to avoid saturation while offering high-performance and high-fidelity data-acquisition. The recent concept of Unlimited Sensing allows one to achieve high dynamic range (HDR) acquisition by recording low dynamic range, modulo samples. Interestingly, oversampling of these folded measurements, with a sampling rate independent of the modulo threshold, is sufficient to guarantee their perfect reconstruction for band-limited signals. This contrasts with the traditional methodology of increasing the dynamic range by adding a programmable-gain amplifier or operating multiple ADCs in parallel. This paper demonstrates an FMCW radar prototype that utilises the unlimited sampling strategy. Our hardware experiments show that even with the use of a modulo measurements of lower precision, the US reconstruction is able to match the performances of the conventional acquisition. Furthermore, our real-time processing capability demonstrates that our &#x201C;proof-of-concept&#x201D; approach is a viable solution for HDR FMCW radar signal processing, thus opening a pathway for future hardware-software optimization and integration of this technology with other mainstream systems.
Endotoxin rapidly induces changes in lipid metabolism that produce hypertriglyceridemia: low doses stimulate hepatic triglyceride production while high doses inhibit clearance. (1992)

Hyperlipidemia frequently accompanies infectious diseases and may be due to increases in lipoprotein production or decreases in lipoprotein clearance. The administration of endotoxin (LPS) has been used to mimic infection and prior studies demonstrate that LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia. In the present study in rodents, the dose of LPS necessary to induce hyperlipidemia was orders of magnitude less than that necessary to induce shock and death. As little as 10 ng/100 g body weight induced hypertriglyceridemia and this increase in serum triglyceride levels occurred rapidly (78% increase at 2 h). At high doses of LPS (50 micrograms/100 g body weight), the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins was decreased. At low doses of LPS (100 ng/100 g body weight), triglyceride clearance was not altered but the hepatic secretion of triglyceride was increased. Low dose LPS stimulated hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis and lipolysis, both of which provided a source of fatty acids for the increase in hepatic triglyceride production. High dose LPS did not increase hepatic fatty acid synthesis or peripheral lipolysis, and hepatic triglyceride secretion was not stimulated. Thus, low dose LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by increasing hepatic lipoprotein production, while high dose LPS produces hypertriglyceridemia by decreasing lipoprotein catabolism. Administration of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies or interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist did not prevent the increase in serum triglyceride levels induced by LPS. However, anti-TNF antibodies and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) blocked the increase in serum triglycerides induced by TNF or IL-1, respectively. These data suggest that neither of these cytokines is absolutely required for the increase in serum triglycerides induced by LPS, raising the possibility that other cytokines, small molecular mediators, or LPS itself may play a crucial role.
Filtering Motion Capture Data for Real-Time Applications (2013)

In this paper we present some custom designed filters for real-time motion capture applications. Our target application is motion controllers, i.e. systems that interpret hand motion for musical interaction. In earlier research we found effective methods to design nearly optimal filters for realtime applications. However, to be able to design suitable filters for our target application, it is necessary to establish the typical frequency content of the motion capture data we want to filter. This will again allow us to determine a reasonable cutoff frequency for the filters. We have therefore conducted an experiment in which we recorded the hand motion of 20 subjects. The frequency spectra of these data together with a method similar to the residual analysis method were then used to determine reasonable cutoff frequencies. Based on this experiment, we propose three cutoff frequencies for different scenarios and filtering needs: 5, 10 and 15 Hz, which correspond to heavy, medium and light filtering, respectively. Finally, we propose a range of real-time filters applicable to motion controllers. In particular, low-pass filters and low-pass differentiators of degrees one and two, which in our experience are the most useful filters for our target application.
Coulomb blockade and quantum transport in $\mathrm{MoS}_2$ nanotubes (2019)

Low-temperature transport spectroscopy measurements on a quantum dot lithographically defined in a multiwall $\mathrm{MoS}_2$ nanotube are demonstrated. At $T=300\,\mathrm{mK}$, clear Coulomb blockade is observed, with charging energies in the range of 1 meV. In single-electron tunneling, discrete conductance resonances are visible at finite bias. Additionally, a magnetic field perpendicular to the nanotube axis reveals clear indications of quantum state transitions, with effective $g$ factors consistent with published theoretical predictions.
Synergism of intraventricular NaCl infusion and subpressor angiotensins in rats (1989)

The effect of selective salt infusion to the central nervous system on the blood pressure (BP) regulation was examined in male Wistar rats. Hypertonic NaCl (0.8 M, 1 microliter/h) was infused into the lateral ventricle concomitantly with intravenous infusion of a subpressor dose (5.4 pmol.kg-1.min-1) of angiotensin II (ANG II) or its analogues for 7 days using osmotic minipumps. The BP was not increased by intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl alone at this dose but was significantly and consistently increased by concomitant intravenous infusion of ANG II or its analogues. The increases in the BP over the base-line values on day 7 in groups on infusions of ANG II, ANG III, and pentasarcosyl-ANG II [(Sar)5ANG II] were 29 +/- 5 mmHg (n = 9, P less than 0.05), 8 +/- 2 mmHg (n = 8, P less than 0.05), and 19 +/- 3 mmHg (n = 6, P less than 0.05), respectively. The responses to hexamethonium, prazosin, and antagonists of arginine vasopressin and ANG II were examined in separate sets of conscious and unrestrained animals that had received intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl and intravenous infusion of ANG II for the preceding 6 days. These animals showed significantly greater depressor responses only to hexamethonium and prazosin than control. These results indicate that the pressor effect of continuous and concomitant administration of intracerebroventricular NaCl and intravenous ANG II is mainly due to activation of the sympathetic nerve function. Synergism of the effects of selective central sodium administration and a subpressor dose of ANG II in the central nervous system is suggested.
Logical synchronous replication in the Tintri VMstore file system (2018)

A standard feature of enterprise data storage systems is synchronous replication: updates received from clients by one storage system are replicated to a remote storage system and are only acknowledged to clients after having been stored persistently on both storage systems. Traditionally these replication schemes require configuration on a coarse granularity, e.g. on a LUN, filesystem volume, or whole-system basis. In contrast to this, we present a new architecture which operates on a fine granularity--individual files and directories. To implement this, we use a combination of novel per-file capabilities and existing techniques to solve the following problems: tracking parallel writes in flight on independent storage systems; replicating arbitrary filesystem operations; efficiently resynchronizing after a disconnect; and verifying the integrity of replicated data between two storage systems.
TU-F-12A-01: Quantitative Non-Linear Compartment Modeling of 89Zr- and 124I- Labeled J591 Monoclonal Antibody Kinetics Using Serial Non-Invasive Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in a Pre-Clinical Human Prostate Cancer Mouse Model (2014)

Purpose: To examine the binding kinetics of human IgG monoclonal antibody J591 which targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in a pre-clinical mouse cancer model using quantitative PET compartmental analysis of two radiolabeled variants. Methods: PSMA is expressed in normal human prostate, and becomes highly upregulated in prostate cancer, making it a promising therapeutic target. Two forms of J591, radiolabeled with either 8 9Zr or 12 4I, were prepared. 8 9Zr is a radiometal that becomes trapped in the cell upon internalization by the antigen-antibody complex, while radioiodine leaves the cell. Mice with prostate cancer xenografts underwent non-invasive serial imaging on a Focus 120 microPET up to 144 hours post-injection of J591. A non-linear compartmental model describing the binding and internalization of antibody in tumor xenograft was developed and applied to the PET-derived time-activity curves. The antibody-antigen association rate constant (ka), total amount of antigen per gram tumor (Ag_total), internalization rate of antibody-antigen complex, and efflux rate of radioisotope from tumor were fitted using the model. The surface-bound and the internalized activity were also estimated. Results: Values for ka, Ag_total, and internalization rate were found to be similar regardless of radiolabel payload used. The efflux rate, however, was ∼ 9-fold higher for 12 4I-J591 than for 8 9Zr-J591. Time-dependent surface-bound and internalized radiotracer activity were similar for both radiolabels at early times post-injection, but clearly differed beyond 24 hours. Conclusion: Binding and internalization of J591 to PSMA-expressing tumor xenografts were similar when radiolabeled with either 8 9Zr or 12 4I payload. The difference in efflux of radioactivity from tumor may be attributable to differential biological fate intracellularly of the radioisotopes. This has great significance for radioimmunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates. Further exploration using the model will examine binding and radioisotope residence as antibody dose is increased to antigen saturation. The Center for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy and Theranostics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK), NIH (R25-CA096945). Technical services provided by the MSK Small-Animal Imaging Core Facility were supported by the NIH (R24-CA83084, P30-CA08748, and P50-CA92629; Zanzonico). NCI, Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparity (R21 CA153177-03; Osborne).
Preparation and characterization of polypropylene-graft-thermally reduced graphite oxide with an improved compatibility with polypropylene-based nanocomposite (2011)

Polypropylene was successfully covalently grafted onto the surface of thermally reduced graphite oxide (PP-g-TRGO) by taking advantage of the "residual oxygen-containing functional groups" and the "grafting to" method. The PP-g-TRGO obtained showed an improved compatibility, and interfacial interaction, with an isotactic PP (iPP) matrix. The iPP/PP-g-TRGO nanocomposite exhibited a dramatically improved thermal stability compared to that of neat iPP even at low loadings.
The CCR1 Antagonist BX470 Inhibits the Growth of Multiple Myeloma (MM) Cells That Produce MIP-1α. (2005)

Abstract Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1α) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of MM. MIP-1α is a growth and survival factor for MM (Lentzsch et al., Blood 2003), stimulates osteoclast formation, increases adhesion of MM cells to stromal cells and induces bone resorption and lytic lesions in patients with MM (Choi et al., JCI 2001). High levels of MIP-1α are present in the marrow of 70% of MM patients, and MIP-1α levels correlate with increased bone destruction, tumor burden and a poor prognosis in MM patients (Uneda et al., Br J Haematol 2003). MIP-1α binds to the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, which are expressed on myeloma cells as well as on osteoclasts. Therefore, targeting MIP-1α mediated effects on myeloma cells as well as on osteoclasts by blocking its receptors is a novel target for treating the majority of MM patients. BX471 is a potent and selective antagonist of CCR1 that inhibits the binding of MIP-1α to CCR1. BX471 inhibits OCL formation (Oba et al., Exp. Hematology 2005) and is currently being studied in phase II trials for multiple sclerosis. However it is unknown if BX471 effects all MM cells or only those MM cells that produce MIP-1α. Secretion of MIP-1α of the MM cell lines (MM.1S, OPM 2, RPMI 8226) was measured by Bio-Plex Cytokine Assay. All cell lines were exposed to serial dilutions of BX 471 (10–1000 nM) for 48 hours and thymidine uptake was measured to assess inhibition of proliferation. CCR1 expression on MM cell lines was detected by PCR. All MM cell lines expressed CCR1. OPM 2 and MM.1S secreted high amounts of MIP-1α within 48hours (2,032 pg/mL and 4,388 pg/mL, respectively). Secretion of MIP-1α by RPMI 8226 MM cells was not detectable. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation by BX471 was seen with MM.1S and OPM 2 MM cells (40% and 46%, respectively). In contrast RPMI 8226, which did not secret MIP-1α was not inhibited by BX 471 up to 1000 nM. These data show that blocking CCR1 induces significant growth inhibition of MIP-1α producing MM cells and underscore the relevance of MIP-1α as an important autocrine growth and survival factor in MM. This study provides the framework for clinical evaluation of BX 471 in a phase II trial for patients with MM and supports the hypothesis that BX471 targets both the tumor and osteoclastic activity in MIP-1α producing MM cells and suggests that BX471 should be an effective treatment for the majority of MM patients.
AI Powered Compiler Techniques for DL Code Optimization (2021)

Creating high performance implementations of deep learning primitives on CPUs is a challenging task. Multiple considerations including multi-level cache hierarchy, and wide SIMD units of CPU platforms influence the choice of program transformations to apply for performance optimization. In this paper, we present machine learning powered compiler techniques to optimize loop nests. We take a two-pronged approach to code optimization: We first apply high level optimizations to optimize the code to take optimal advantage of the cache memories. Then, we perform low level, target-specific optimizations to effectively vectorize the code to run well on the SIMD units of the machine. For high level optimizations, we use polyhedral compilation techniques and deep learning approaches. For low level optimization, we use a target specific code generator that generates code using vector intrinsics and Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to find the optimal parameters for the code generator. We perform experimental evaluation of the developed techniques on various matrix multiplications that occur in popular deep learning workloads. The experimental results show that the compiler techniques presented in the paper achieve 7.6X and 8.2X speed-ups over a baseline for sequential and parallel runs respectively.