gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Palladium‐Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine) Catalyst Traces on Charge Recombination and Extraction in Non‐Fullerene‐based Organic Solar Cells (2021)

Abstract The effect of the cross‐coupling catalyst tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 ) on the performance of a model organic bulk‐heterojunction solar cell composed of a blend of poly([2,6′‐4,8‐di(5‐ethylhexylthienyl)benzo[1,2‐b;3,3‐b]dithiophene]{3‐fluoro‐2[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7‐Th) donor and 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐((3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐6,7‐difluoro)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (IOTIC‐4F) non‐fullerene acceptor is investigated. The effect of intentional addition of different amounts of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 on morphology, free charge carrier generation, non‐geminate bulk trap‐ and surface trap‐assisted recombination as well as bimolecular recombination and charge extraction is quantified. This work shows that free charge carrier generation is affected significantly, while the impact of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 on non‐geminate recombination processes is limited because the catalyst does not facilitate efficient trap‐assisted recombination. The studied system shows substantial robustness towards the addition of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 in small amounts.
A linear actuated chain test rig capable of accelerated test speeds and continuous wear measurements (2012)

This article presents a novel linear actuated chain test rig, which is capable of accelerated test speeds and continuous wear measurements. The ability to measure chain wear in situ saves time and expense compared to a conventional sprocket driven rig because the traditional rig requires the chain to be dismantled in order to monitor wear. In situ chain measurement reduces errors significantly. The novel test rig does not have a traditional set up of rotary driven sprocket and chain but uses a pneumatic linear actuator to articulate a short section of chain, which is preloaded between two cantilevers. This design leads to a compact rig with only few moving parts and allows accelerated testing at high frequencies. Linear encoder displacement transducers are used to measure changes in chain length down to 0.06 µm at a rate of 4000 readings per second. Sample wear tests on different chains have been conducted to compare life test results with conventional sprocket-driven tests rig. A good correlation was obtained between the steady-state wear rate for three different brands of roller chain.
Developing an Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (Uceis) (2008)

Purpose: There are 9 different endoscopic indices of activity for ulcerative colitis (UC) developed for clinical trials; none have been validated. All 9 indices are subject to interobserver variation (IOV), which has been incompletely quantified. IOV potentially exerts an influence on trial outcome and patient management. The results of the pilot phase of an international initiative to validate an endoscopic index of activity are reported. The purpose of this pilot phase was to confirm the extent of IOV; compare four-point (normal, mild, moderate and severe) and visual analogue scales (VAS, 0–100 mm); short (5 min) vs complete video clips; and a pre-study evaluation of individual index components. Methods: Ten specialists in UC were asked to assess 16 sigmoidoscopies from a pool of 24 digitally recorded videos from a treatment trial that had predefined method and assessment of sigmoidoscopy and mucosal friability. Videos (from a total 334) were selected to represent normal to severe activity, based on the blinded, independent assessment of a central reader (CR). To avoid index-selection bias, the 10 assessors were asked to score severity according to their custom, without reference to different indices. The individual terms used in the Baron score were identified as present or absent, allowing use of Baron's score as the reference index. All assessors were blinded to symptomatic and histologic activity. Results: Activity scores calculated from individual assessors differed from the CR Baron's score by ≧ 2 grades in 3/157 assessments (2%); the median % of assessments (across assessors) that differed by ≧ 1 grade was 50% (range 31–63). 10 videos had a mean VAS < 20 mm and 7/10 were rated normal by the CR; 3 scored 20–40 mm and all were rated mild; 8 scored 41–70 mm and 3/8 rated moderate; 3 scored > 70 mm and 0/3 were rated severe by the CR. There was a trend towards an increase in VAS when evaluating a complete procedure vs a short version. There was no consistency regarding the relative contribution of individual terms (erythema, granularity, friability, mucopus, ulceration and bleeding), as assessors are determining severity. Conclusion: There is IOV in endoscopic scoring of UC activity among specialists in UC, either by Baron's score or VAS. Nevertheless, mean VAS provided a reasonable indication of UC activity. IOV needs to be considered when assessing trial outcome.Table
P4‐013: Selective autophagy in neurons and its involvement in tau pathogenesis (2012)

It is hypothesized that packaging of abnormal tau into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) protects neurons against tau-induced neurodegeneration, while molecular mediators of NFT formation versus accumulation of neurotoxic, low-order tau assemblies remain unidentified. p62 promotes autophagic degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, and sequesters them by forming an inclusion body. In mice transgenic for mutant human P301S tau protein (P301S mice), NFTs are abundantly developed in the brainstem but are accompanied by only modest neuronal loss in these area. By contrast, massive neuron death without deposition of NFTs occurs in the hippocampus. Here, we investigated regional differences in levels of p62 and their association with tau lesions between the brainstem and hippocampus of P301S mice to analyze roles of p62 in the tau pathogenesis. Furthermore, we crossbred p62-knockout mice with P301S mice to investigate the influence of p62 deficiency on tau pathologies. Immunoreactivity for p62 was found in the brainstem neurons of wild-type mice, and this immunolabeling was markedly intensified with accumulation of phosphorylated tau (P-tau) in P301S mice, indicating recruitment of p62 to packaging of P-tau. Meanwhile, p62 was barely detectable in somas of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in both wild-type and P301S mice. In the hippocampus of aged P301S mice, p62 abundantly accumulated in aggresomes with ubiquitin ated organelle but not with P-tau. Autophagic activities were higher in the hippocampus than in the brainstem in younger animals, and this regional difference was attenuated with aging in P301S mice. Sequential protein extraction of samples from these transgenics demonstrated a marked increase of relatively insoluble p62 and ubiquitin particularly in the hippocampus, but P-tau was observed primarily in a distinct solubility fraction. Genetic inactivation of p62 in P301S mice led to early accumulation of P-tau in the hippocampus and brainstem, and caused accelerated neuroinflammation and neuron loss in the hippocampus. Our findings support the view that p62 exerts neuroprtective effects against tau pathologies, and indicate that ubiquitinated substrates of p62 undergoing constitutive autophagy are abundant in the hippocampus under a normal physiological condition, leading to insufficient reserve capacity of autophagic clearance of P-tau and its segregation into inclusions.
Modulation of endothelial SK3 channel activity by Ca2+-dependent caveolar trafficking (2012)

Small- and intermediate-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK3/Kcnn3 and IK1/Kcnn4) are expressed in vascular endothelium. Their activities play important roles in regulating vascular tone through their modulation of intracellular concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) required for the production of endothelium-derived vasoactive agents. Activation of endothelial IK1 or SK3 channels hyperpolarizes endothelial cell membrane potential, increases Ca(2+) influx, and leads to the release of vasoactive factors, thereby impacting blood pressure. To examine the distinct roles of IK1 and SK3 channels, we used electrophysiological recordings to investigate IK1 and SK3 channel trafficking in acutely dissociated endothelial cells from mouse aorta. The results show that SK3 channels undergo Ca(2+)-dependent cycling between the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles; disrupting Ca(2+)-dependent endothelial caveolae cycling abolishes SK3 channel trafficking. Moreover, transmitter-induced changes in SK3 channel activity and surface expression modulate endothelial membrane potential. In contrast, IK1 channels do not undergo rapid trafficking and their activity remains unchanged when either exo- or endocytosis is block. Thus modulation of SK3 surface expression may play an important role in regulating endothelial membrane potential in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of new tetrafluorenyl-porphyrins peripherally functionalized with conjugated 2-fluorenone groups (2021)

Star shaped porphyrins decorated with external fluorenonyl arms have been isolated. Their luminescence and selected photophysical properties are discussed in the frame of two-photon-induced theranostics.
Contextual Object Detection With Spatial Context Prototypes (2014)

Contextual information is widely exploited in state-of-the-art object detection systems, most of which utilize pre-defined spatial relationships (e.g., above, below, next to, etc.). However, we observe that the spatial arrangement manifests heterogeneous statistical distributions for different object class pairs, which suggests mining class-specified prototypes of spatial contexts in a data-driven manner. This paper proposes a novel contrast K-Means clustering algorithm for automatically discovering spatial context prototypes to beyond the pre-defined spatial relationship representation in literature. Based on the learned prototypes, we further construct the spatial context features by using a simple localized soft assignment quantization method. Besides, considering the large number of real object categories that might lead to overcomplicated spatial context features, we propose a feature refinement method based on the number of context occurrences and K-L divergence to efficiently reduce the complexity of our contextual model. The experiment results on PASCAL VOC dataset and SUN 09 dataset demonstrate that our method can effectively capture meaningful spatial context prototypes as well as most contributing contextual features for different object class pairs and thus boost recognition performance on object detection task.
Inorganic technology for optical data storage (2003)

DVD technology is emerging on the storage media market. However, it is not so simple that a high capacity rewritable version (RW) will be attractive for this format, so the authors have pursued development of a write once version (R). Inorganic materials are more interesting than dyes from an industrial point of view. Thus, the authors propose here a possible medium design for an inorganic recordable single level optical disc.
A novel software defined research receiver architecture (2009)

Software defined receivers (SDR) are an increasingly important tool within the GNSS research community as the high level of flexibility offer a significant advantage over traditional hardware implementations. Over the last decade, software receivers have been used to investigate techniques as diverse as bi-static radar (additional correlators), multipath mitigation techniques, GPS/INS integration and array processing.Mentioned above are only a few examples of features that could be required of an SDR, other include support for new signals (Galileo, GPS L5), multiple data file formats, high sensitivity and support for very long data sets. The large number of available features should ideally be coupled with program simplicity (such that other people can understand the program) and efficiency. This paper discusses these issues and proposes several solutions such asgeneralized data buffers (that is trivial to extend for new data formats) and a unified tracking structure (regardless of signal modulation). Examples are given using a Matlab implementation based on the Borre/Akos book Ä Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver", however with significant modifications. Where critical, Java is used to increase performance while maintaining cross platform compatibility. Near real-time operation is available under optimal circumstances and the receiver currently supports GPS C/A- and GPS P-code signals.
The resilience wall: Cross-layer solution strategies (2014)

Resilience to hardware failures is a key challenge for a large class of future computing systems that are constrained by the so-called power wall: from embedded systems to supercomputers. Today's mainstream computing systems typically assume that transistors and interconnects operate correctly during useful system lifetime. With enormous complexity and significantly increased vulnerability to failures compared to the past, future system designs cannot rely on such assumptions. At the same time, there is explosive growth in our dependency on such systems. To overcome this outstanding challenge, this paper advocates and examines a cross-layer resilience approach. Two major components of this approach are: 1. System and software-level effects of circuit-level faults are considered from early stages of system design; and, 2. resilience techniques are implemented across multiple layers of the system stack - from circuit and architecture levels to runtime and applications - such that they work together to achieve required degrees of resilience in a highly energy-efficient manner. Illustrative examples to demonstrate key aspects of cross-layer resilience are discussed.
Wear Properties of Ash Minerals in Biomass (2018)

Ash in biomass is believed to damage biorefinery equipment due to its abrasive properties, and is undesirable in thermal and biological conversion reactions as it cannot be converted into fuels, can catalyze undesirable side reactions, and poisons catalysts. All biomass contains at least some ash, or inorganic content, as a result of normal physiological processes. The concentration of biogenic ash in biomass is largely species dependent; however it can also be affected by weather patterns, irrigation, soil type, and fertilizer applications. Ash concentrations in harvested biomass can also be elevated due to the incorporation of soil and dust during the harvest and collection processes. While ash concentration in biomass is important, so also is the mineral form of the ash. Certain mineral forms of ash can be much harder than the steels used to construct biorefinery equipment and cause excessive wear. In this perspective, the relative concentrations of ash elements, mineral forms of ash, and the hardness of these minerals are considered to identify ash components of concern to biorefinery operators. Strategies are suggested to remove ash from harvested biomass to reduce the risk of excessive wear on biomass processing equipment.
Energy Dissipation Characteristics of Rubber Cylinders (1992)

A simplified procedure for scaling the energy absorption characteristics of rubber cylinders during high speed impact is presented. Static and dynamic tests of scale model and full size cylinders are used to demonstrate accuracy of procedure.
Effects on electronics exposed to high-power microwaves on the basis of a relativistic backward-wave oscillator operating on the X-band (2017)

An analysis of the effects of electromagnetic pulses from a high-power microwave (HPM) radiation technique is conducted using a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (RBWO) which uses relativistic electron beams in vacuum circuits. The application described here is based on a relativistic electron device and uses relativistic electron beams to generate high-power electromagnetic radiation. The RBWO was fabricated to operate in a relativistic region with a gamma factor (γ) of 2 at an acceleration voltage of 500 kV. A mode-converted relativistic back-wave oscillator with an antenna that converts TM01 to TE11 was designed and fabricated because the electric field of the center in the RBWO circuit is null. The effects on electronic devices by HPM radiation and exposure were assessed. The effects on electronic devices exposed to HPMs, the failure of information equipment, and modulation of and interference with the received signal through a theoretical model of the threshold power relative to the influence on the target were confirmed in a high-output microwave exposure environment. Particularly, information devices containing semiconductors can undergo serious failures and breakdowns due to the thermal secondary breakdown caused by the high-output transient electromagnetic waves, and it is a theoretical consideration that reverse voltage occurs due to the generation of surge current when caught in the PN-junction region. Finally, the range of power regarding the effectiveness of the electromagnetic coupling of electronics exposed to HPM radiation was estimated.
Shape representation using scale-space (1985)

A major goal of shape analysis is to derive discrete qualitative descriptions of binary data which may assume a continuum of distributions in space—witness the range of 2-D silhouettes that may be called hammer. We address the question, when during information processing should a representation proceed from a continuous, iconic data structure (i.e., in the format of the image array) to more abstract, discrete symbolic descriptors? Conventional approaches to shape representation immediately describe shape in terms of the spatial relationships among instantiations of a small number of shape primitives. Depending on the primitives chosen and the rules for assigning primitives to portions of the image, this strategy can lead to unnatural and unstable descriptions. We argue that at an early level of shape analysis the quantity of interest is the continuous-valued location and density of matter in space, across all scales of resolution. A natural data structure is scale-space, the original signal smoothed at all scales. 1 Shape information is manipulated via operations for moving matter around in the scale-space image. Different shapes can be compared through comparison and alignment of their scale-space images under these operations.
Per1/Per2–Igf2 axis–mediated circadian regulation of myogenic differentiation (2021)

Circadian rhythms regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, but circadian control of tissue regeneration remains elusive at the molecular level. Here, we show that proper myoblast differentiation and muscle regeneration are regulated by the circadian master regulators Per1 and Per2. Depletion of Per1 or Per2 suppressed myoblast differentiation in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo, demonstrating their nonredundant functions. Both Per1 and Per2 were required for the activation of Igf2, an autocrine promoter of myoblast differentiation, accompanied by Per-dependent recruitment of RNA polymerase II, dynamic histone modifications at the Igf2 promoter and enhancer, and the promoter-enhancer interaction. This circadian epigenetic priming created a preferred time window for initiating myoblast differentiation. Consistently, muscle regeneration was faster if initiated at night, when Per1, Per2, and Igf2 were highly expressed compared with morning. This study reveals the circadian timing as a significant factor for effective muscle cell differentiation and regeneration.
Junction and carrier temperatures (2006)

The temperature of the active region crystal lattice, frequently referred to as the junction temperature, is a critical parameter. The junction temperature is relevant for several reasons. Firstly, the internal quantum efficiency depends on the junction temperature. Secondly, hightemperature operation shortens the device lifetime. Thirdly, a high device temperature can lead to degradation of the encapsulant. It is therefore desirable to know the junction temperature as a function of the drive current.
Frizzled-7 Is Required for Wnt Signaling in Gastric Tumors with and Without Apc Mutations (2019)

A subset of patients with gastric cancer have mutations in genes that participate in or regulate Wnt signaling at the level of ligand (Wnt) receptor (Fzd) binding. Moreover, increased Fzd expression is associated with poor clinical outcome. Despite these findings, there are no <i>in vivo</i> studies investigating the potential of targeting Wnt receptors for treating gastric cancer, and the specific Wnt receptor transmitting oncogenic Wnt signaling in gastric cancer is unknown. Here, we use inhibitors of Wnt/Fzd (OMP-18R5/vantictumab) and conditional gene deletion to test the therapeutic potential of targeting Wnt signaling in preclinical models of intestinal-type gastric cancer and <i>ex vivo</i> organoid cultures. Pharmacologic targeting of Fzd inhibited the growth of gastric adenomas <i>in vivo</i>. We identified Fzd7 to be the predominant Wnt receptor responsible for transmitting Wnt signaling in human gastric cancer cells and mouse models of gastric cancer, whereby Fzd7-deficient cells were retained in gastric adenomas but were unable to respond to Wnt signals and consequently failed to proliferate. Genetic deletion of <i>Fzd7</i> or treatment with vantictumab was sufficient to inhibit the growth of gastric adenomas with or without mutations to <i>Apc</i>. Vantictumab is currently in phase Ib clinical trials for advanced pancreatic, lung, and breast cancer. Our data extend the scope of patients that may benefit from this therapeutic approach as we demonstrate that this drug will be effective in treating patients with gastric cancer regardless of <i>APC</i> mutation status. SIGNIFICANCE: The Wnt receptor Fzd7 plays an essential role in gastric tumorigenesis irrespective of <i>Apc</i> mutation status, therefore targeting Wnt/Fzd7 may be of therapeutic benefit to patients with gastric cancer.
The B7-H3–Targeting Antibody–Drug Conjugate m276-SL-PBD Is Potently Effective Against Pediatric Cancer Preclinical Solid Tumor Models (2021)

m276-SL-PBD has significant antitumor activity across a broad panel of pediatric solid tumor PDX models.
Polarization Issues in Optical Design (1994)

Coatings, crystals, and polarization elements can do remarkable and puzzling things to the image-forming characteristics of optical systems. They contribute to the wavefront aberrations of systems, but also introduce apodization and polarization aberrations, effects not normally calculated by ray tracing. Coatings, for example, because of their s and p amplitude and phase coefficients, have their own contributions to the aberrations of an optical system. Near their design wavelength and optimal angle of incidence, these coating induced aberrations are usually insignificant, milliwaves of wavefront aberration. Away from their optimal wavelength and angle of incidence range, these aberrations can become significant. Many unexpected phenomena occur including the following: chromatic aberration, apodization, polarization aberration, on-axis astigmatism in radially symmetric systems, and different wavefront aberrations for different incident polarization states. These effects then alter the point spread functions and modulation transfer functions that would be calculated by geometrical optics in the absence of coating effects. The point spread function can have polarization state variations and can be different for different incident polarization states. Birefringent elements, liquid crystals, electro-optical and magneto-optical materials, diffraction gratings, and binary and holographic optical elements all contribute additional polarization effects.