gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generative OpenMax for Multi-Class Open Set Classification (2017)

We present a conceptually new and flexible method for multi-class open set classification. Unlike previous methods where unknown classes are inferred with respect to the feature or decision distance to the known classes, our approach is able to provide explicit modelling and decision score for unknown classes. The proposed method, called Gener- ative OpenMax (G-OpenMax), extends OpenMax by employing generative adversarial networks (GANs) for novel category image synthesis. We validate the proposed method on two datasets of handwritten digits and characters, resulting in superior results over previous deep learning based method OpenMax Moreover, G-OpenMax provides a way to visualize samples representing the unknown classes from open space. Our simple and effective approach could serve as a new direction to tackle the challenging multi-class open set classification problem.
Reinforced random forest (2016)

Reinforcement learning improves classification accuracy. But use of reinforcement learning is relatively unexplored in case of random forest classifier. We propose a reinforced random forest (RRF) classifier that exploits reinforcement learning to improve classification accuracy. Our algorithm is initialized with a forest. Then the entire training data is tested using the initial forest. In order to reinforce learning, we use mis-classified data points to grow certain number of new trees. A subset of the new trees is added to the existing forest using a novel graph-based approach. We show that addition of these trees ensures improvement in classification accuracy. This process is continued iteratively until classification accuracy saturates. The proposed RRF has low computational burden. We achieve at least 3% improvement in F-measure compared to random forest in three breast cancer datasets. Results on benchmark datasets show significant reduction in average classification error.
Light-Curing Units (2015)

For improved interstudy reproducibility, reduced risk of premature failures, and ultimately better patient care, researchers and dentists need to know how to accurately characterize the electromagnetic radiation (light) they are delivering to the resins they are using. The output from a light-curing unit (LCU) is commonly characterized by its irradiance. If this value is measured at the light tip, it describes the radiant exitance from the surface of the light tip, and not the irradiance received by the specimen. The value quoted also reflects only an averaged value over the total measurement area and does not represent the irradiance that the resin specimen is receiving locally or at a different moment in time. Recent evidence has reported that the spectral emission and radiant exitance beam profiles from LCUs can be highly inhomogeneous. This can cause nonuniform temperature changes and uneven photopolymerization within the resin restoration. The spectral radiant power can be very different between different brands of LCUs, and the use of irradiance values derived from dental radiometers to describe the output from an LCU for research purposes is discouraged. Manufacturers should provide more information about the light output from the LCU and the absorption spectrum of their resin-based composite (RBC). Ideally, future assessments and research publications should include the following information about the curing light: 1) radiant power output throughout the exposure cycle and the spectral radiant power as a function of wavelength, 2) analysis of the light beam profile and spectral emission across the light beam, and 3) measurement and reporting of the light the RBC specimen received as well as the output measured at the light tip.
Etchant Solutions for the Removal of Cu(0) in a Supercritical CO2-Based “Dry” Chemical Mechanical Planarization Process for Device Fabrication (2003)

The microelectronics industry is focused on increasing chip complexity, improving the density of electron carriers, and decreasing the dimensions of the interconnects into the sub-0.25 mum regime while maintaining high aspect ratios. Water-based chemical mechanical planarization or polishing (CMP) faces several technical and environmental challenges. Condensed CO2 has significant potential for replacing current CMP solvents as a "dry" etching medium because of its unique properties. In working toward a condensed CO2-based CMP process, we have successfully investigated the oxidation and chelation of solid copper metal in liquid and supercritical CO2 using ethyl peroxydicarbonate and a beta-diketone chelating agent.
System Performance of DPSK Signals Transmitted Through Broadband SBS-based Slow Light Element and Reduction of Slow-Light-Induced Data-Pattern Dependence (2007)

We demonstrate 42 ps delay on 10.7-Gb/s DPSK signals via SBS-based slow light. Slow-light-induced DPSK-data-partern dependence is analyzed and its reduction results in 3-dB Q factor improvement. NRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK system performances are compared.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Photometric Sampler (1992)

The photometric sampling method extracts shape and reflectance properties of surfaces (Lambertian, specular, and hybrid) by using multiple illumination directions and a single viewing direction. In this paper, we describe a complete implementation and a performance evaluation of a three- dimensional version of the photometric sampler. All existing shape extraction techniques that are based on photometric measurements rely on assumed surface reflection properties. We proposed a method for determining the shape of surfaces whose reflectance properties may vary from Lambertian to specular without prior knowledge of the relative strengths of the Lambertian and specular components of reflection. The object surface is illuminated using extended light sources and is viewed from a single direction. Extended light sources make it possible to ensure the detection of both Lambertian and specular reflections. Extended sources are generated by illuminating a diffuser with a point source of light. In the 3D implementation of the photosampler, multiple extended sources are generated by distributing 36 point sources around a spherical diffuser, each light source is located at the vertex of a one-frequency icosahedron.
Imaging in multiplexed illumination (2004)

Lighting plays an important role in many applications of computer vision, machine vision and computer graphics. Often, an object needs to be photographed multiple times, in each of which lighting comes from a different direction. Lighting which uses a single source per image is prone to dynamic range problems, especially in dark areas and in specular highlights. In addition, it becomes a practical problem to use an increasingly larger number of discrete sources (say, hundreds). To counter these problems we develop a novel illumination strategy. In each image, multiple light sources irradiate the scene simultaneously. The set of light sources is different in each image, but not mutually exclusive. Then, the contribution of each individual source is extracted in computational post-processing. The number of acquired images using this approach is the same as the number used in single-source images. However, thanks to the multiplexing of light in the raw images, more light is used from a variety of directions, diminishing problems of dynamic range. We derive the optimal illumination multiplexing scheme, which increases the SNR of the images by (&radic;n}/2, where {n} is the number of sources. This lighting strategy is complemented by a novel illumination setup. The setup is easily built and scaled to a huge number of sources, and is controllable by the computer. These advantages are obtained since the apparatus is based on indirect lighting originating from an LCD projector.
Frontispiece: A Novel High‐Pressure Tin Oxynitride Sn2N2O (2020)

High-pressure synthesis of a tin oxynitride Sn2N2O (SNO) is described. A schematic drawing of the large volume press (LVP) (Max Voggenreiter GmbH, mavo press LPQ6-1500-100) installed at beamline P61B, PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg is presented along with the high-pressure anvil assembly at extreme conditions. The SNO crystal structure (space group: Pbcn) of Rh2S3-type with all Sn atoms in six-fold coordination is also highlighted [Picture Credit: Stefan Sonntag; Shrikant Bhat @DESY]. For more information see the Full Paper by S. Bhat et al. on page 2187 ff.
Scarless Gene Tagging with One-Step Transformation and Two-Step Selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (2016)

Gene tagging with fluorescent proteins is commonly applied to investigate the localization and dynamics of proteins in their cellular environment. Ideally, a fluorescent tag is genetically inserted at the endogenous locus at the N- or C- terminus of the gene of interest without disrupting regulatory sequences including the 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR) and without introducing any extraneous unwanted "scar" sequences, which may create unpredictable transcriptional or translational effects. We present a reliable, low-cost, and highly efficient method for the construction of such scarless C-terminal and N-terminal fusions with fluorescent proteins in yeast. The method relies on sequential positive and negative selection and uses an integration cassette with long flanking regions, which is assembled by two-step PCR, to increase the homologous recombination frequency. The method also enables scarless tagging of essential genes with no need for a complementing plasmid. To further ease high-throughput strain construction, we have computationally automated design of the primers, applied the primer design code to all open reading frames (ORFs) of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe), and provide here the computed sequences. To illustrate the scarless N- and C-terminal gene tagging methods in S. cerevisiae, we tagged various genes including the E3 ubiquitin ligase RSP5, the proteasome subunit PRE1, and the eleven Rab GTPases with yeast codon-optimized mNeonGreen or mCherry; several of these represent essential genes. We also implemented the scarless C-terminal gene tagging method in the distantly related organism S. pombe using kanMX6 and HSV1tk as positive and negative selection markers, respectively, as well as ura4. The scarless gene tagging methods presented here are widely applicable to visualize and investigate the functional roles of proteins in living cells.
Lead-free Solder Joint Reliability – State of the Art and Perspectives (2005)

There is an increasing demand for replacing tin-lead (Sn/Pb) solders with lead-free solders in the electronics industry due to health and environmental concerns. The European Union recently passed a law to ban the use of lead in electronic products. The ban will go into effect in July of 2006. The Japanese electronics industry has worked to eliminate lead from consumer electronic products for several years. Although currently there are no specific regulations banning lead in electronics devices in the United States, many companies and consortiums are working on lead-free solder initiatives including Intel, Motorola, Agilent Technologies, General Electric, Boeing, NEMI and many others to avoid a commercial disadvantage. The solder joints reliability not only depends on the solder joint alloys, but also on the component and PCB metallizations. Reflow profile also has significant impact on lead-free solder joint performance because it influences wetting and microstructure of the solder joint. A majority of researchers use temperature cycling for accelerated reliability testing since the solder joint failure mainly comes from thermal stress due to CTE mismatch. A solder joint failure could be caused by crack initiation and growth or by macroscopic solder facture. There are conflicting views of the reliability comparison between lead-free solders and tin-lead solders. This paper first reviews lead-free solder alloys, lead-free component lead finishes, and lead-free PCB surface finishes. The issue of tin whiskers is also discussed. Next, lead-free solder joint testing methods are presented; finite element modeling of lead-free solder joint reliability is reviewed; and experimental data comparing lead-free and tin-lead solder joint reliability are summarized. Finally the paper gives perspectives of transitions to totally lead-free manufacturing.
Involvement of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (2005)

5890 Increased levels of PGE 2 have been detected in a variety of malignancies including HNSCC. Several lines of evidence, beyond the finding of elevated levels of PGE 2 in tumors, suggest that PGE 2 plays a role in tumor growth. For example, PGE 2 can stimulate cell proliferation, cell motility and angiogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis and immune surveillance. Treatment with anti-PGE 2 monoclonal antibody has been reported to suppress the growth of transplantable HNSCC in experimental animals. PGE 2 elicits cellular responses via interaction with four cell surface receptors, EP 1-4 . In this study, we first investigated the expression of EP 1-4 in human HNSCC and then attempted to identify which EP receptor was responsible for mediating the growth of experimental HNSCC. Real-time PCR indicated that each of the four EP receptors was commonly expressed in human HNSCC and in 1483 cell xenografts, a transplantable model of HNSCC. Treatment with ONO-8713, an EP 1 receptor antagonist (RA), did not suppress the growth of 1483 cell xenografts. In contrast, ONO-AE3-208, an EP 4 receptor antagonist (EP 4 RA), caused dose-dependent inhibition of xenograft growth. At a dose of 500 ppm, ONO-AE3-208 caused more than a 50% reduction in tumor growth. Because EP 4 receptor signaling is mediated by the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, levels of cAMP and PKA activity were measured. Treatment with the EP 4 RA caused a reduction in both amounts of cAMP and PKA activity in 1483 xenografts. Immunohistochemistry was performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the anti-tumor activity of the EP 4 RA. Treatment with ONO-AE3-208 led to more than a 50% reduction in cell proliferation (Ki-67) and microvessel density (CD-34). These findings provided the rationale for complementary in vitro studies to further characterize the growth inhibitory effects of ONO-AE3-208. Neither treatment with exogenous PGE 2 nor the EP 4 RA altered the growth of 1483 cells in culture. Human endothelial cells were employed to begin to define the anti-angiogenic properties of the EP 4 RA. Treatment with 0-100 nM ONO-AE3-208 caused dose-dependent suppression of endothelial capillary tube formation. Taken together, these results suggest that the EP 4 receptor plays a significant role in mediating the growth promoting effects of PGE 2 in experimental HNSCC. Decreased tumor cell proliferation in xenografts may be a consequence of the anti-angiogenic effects of the EP 4 RA. Therapies that target PGE 2 synthesis or EP receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of malignancies including HNSCC.
Interdisziplinäre Therapie eines perforierten Hämangiosarkoms der Leber (2007)

Einleitung: Das Hämangiosarkom der Leber (HAS) ist ein seltener, mesenchymaler Tumor mit insgesamt schlechter Prognose. Die Ätiologie bleibt trotz einiger Risikofaktoren (z.B. Thorotrast) meist unklar. Ohne Therapie versterben die meisten Patienten innerhalb von Monaten nach Diagnosestellung. Derzeit existiert noch keine Standarttherapie für HAS.
Interleukin-6-Induced STAT3 and AP-1 Amplify Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-Mediated Transactivation of Hepatic Genes, an Adaptive Response to Liver Injury (2001)

Following hepatic injury or stress, gluconeogenic and acute-phase response genes are rapidly upregulated to restore metabolic homeostasis and limit tissue damage. Regulation of the liver-restricted insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) gene is dramatically altered by changes in the metabolic state and hepatectomy, and thus it provided an appropriate reporter to assess the transcriptional milieu in the liver during repair and regeneration. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is required for liver regeneration and repair, and it transcriptionally upregulates a vast array of genes during liver growth by unknown mechanisms. Evidence for a biologic role of IL-6 in IGFBP-1 upregulation was demonstrated by increased expression of hepatic IGFBP-1 in IL-6 transgenic and following injection of IL-6 into nonfasting animals and its reduced expression in IL-6(-/-) livers posthepatectomy. In both hepatic and nonhepatic cells, IL-6 -mediated IGFBP-1 promoter activation was via an intact hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1) site and was dependent on the presence of endogenous liver factor HNF-1 and induced factors STAT3 and AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun). IL-6 acted through the STAT3 pathway, as dominant negative STAT3 completely blocked IL-6-mediated stimulation of the IGFBP-1 promoter via the HNF-1 site. HNF-1/c-Fos and HNF-1/STAT3 protein complexes were detected in mouse livers and in hepatic and nonhepatic cell lines overexpressing STAT3/c-Fos/HNF-1. Similar regulation was demonstrated using glucose-6-phosphatase and alpha-fibrinogen promoters, indicating that HNF-1/IL-6/STAT3/AP-1-mediated transactivation of hepatic gene expression is a general phenomenon after liver injury. These results demonstrate that the two classes of transcription factors, growth induced (STAT3 and AP-1) and tissue specific (HNF-1), can interact as an adaptive response to liver injury to amplify expression of hepatic genes important for the homeostatic response during organ repair.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Era of Big Data: The 15th Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) (2016)

The world is immersed in "big data". Big data has brought about radical innovations in the methods used to capture, transfer, store and analyze the vast quantities of data generated every minute of every day. At the same time; however, it has also become far easier and relatively inexpensive to do so. Rapidly transforming, integrating and applying this large volume and variety of data are what underlie the future of big data. The application of big data and predictive analytics in healthcare holds great promise to drive innovation, reduce cost and improve patient outcomes, health services operations and value. Acute kidney injury (AKI) may be an ideal syndrome from which various dimensions and applications built within the context of big data may influence the structure of services delivery, care processes and outcomes for patients. The use of innovative forms of "information technology" was originally identified by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) in 2002 as a core concept in need of attention to improve the care and outcomes for patients with AKI. For this 15(th) ADQI consensus meeting held on September 6-8, 2015 in Banff, Canada, five topics focused on AKI and acute renal replacement therapy were developed where extensive applications for use of big data were recognized and/or foreseen. In this series of articles in the Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, we describe the output from these discussions.
Extended wavelength InGaAs-Based avalanche photodiodes for single photon counting applications (2012)

We present our design and characterization on SPADs and NFADs with InGaAs/GaAsSb Type II SL absorber regions on InP substrates with extended wavelength detection up to 2.4μm wavelengths for single photon counting applications. Packaged devices showed very low variation at -40°C, with ~100nA dark current at 2 volts below breakdown voltage. The measured DCR was 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> Hz at 2 volts excess bias at 223K.
Injectable Anisotropic Materials: Self‐Assembled Collagen Microparticles by Aerosol as a Versatile Platform for Injectable Anisotropic Materials (Small 4/2020) (2020)

In article number 1902224, Bernard Coulomb, Nadine Nassif, and co-workers propose an innovative spray-processing approach, allowing fast and cheap production of highly concentrated, self-assembled type I collagen microparticles. The native properties of collagen are preserved, further enabling the encapsulation of therapeutic biomolecules and their injection for potential active tissue regeneration.
Liquid Entrainment by Round Turbulent Gas Jets Submerged in Water (2011)

Entrainment characteristics of two-phase flow (liquid-gas) buoyant jets differ significantly from their single-phase flow counterparts. Past studies have not adequately described the mechanisms that cause the gas jet to entrain liquid from its surroundings and expand. In this work, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and shadowgraph flow visualization experiments have been conducted on submerged round gas jets of varying speeds and nozzle diameters with the goal of improving our understanding of the processes of entrainment and expansion in a two-phase jet. We hypothesize that liquid is entrained into the gas column through (1) shear entrainment due to instabilities at the interface between the fast-moving gas jet and stagnant liquid, and (2) convective entrainment that occurs when the jet begins to pinch off and transform into a bubbly plume. The total entrainment estimated using the PIV measurements is higher than the respective values that single-phase buoyant jet theory suggests, especially at low jet speeds. This may be an effect of increased convective entrainment as the jet slows down. The shadowgraph flow visualization experiments provide valuable information pertaining to the structure of the jet and the interfacial dynamics.
Water jet cutting techniques for processing of hard rock material (1989)

Abstract The main emphasis in this paper is on the use of high pressure water jets for processing of hard rock materials in the mining and quarrying Industries. On the basis of a brief review of the existing literature and the laboratory results It is shown that the only way that the water jets could be used for these applications is to use them in combination with the mechanical cutters, be it water-jet-assist or mechanical-assist. Further improvement in performance could probably be achieved by incorporating the newly developing techniques, viz., cavitating, percussive or pulsed and abrasive-entrained water Jets into these hybrid systems. Problem areas and controversies existing in the literature are identified and it is strongly recommended that attempts be made to resolve these problems.
E-cubed: End-to-End Energy Management of Virtual Desktop Infrastructure with Guaranteed Performance. (2014)

Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) deployments are a rapidly growing segment in the Mobile/Cloud Era. Compared to traditional enterprise desktop deployments, VDI can reduce the total cost of ownership by as much as 50%. However, the cost of powering a VDI deployment is still a significant IT expense. Typically these deployments consist of a complex system of interconnected server, storage and networking components. Thus, it is challenging to minimize energy consumption of the entire system while at the same time satisfying performance requirements. In this work, we first derive an accurate VDI performance model and then propose a hierarchical heuristic to minimize energy consumption without violating performance constraints. We also demonstrate that such an approach reduces algorithmic complexity significantly. Results from hardware experiments show that in scenarios with low consolidation ratios energy savings range from 3% to 6%, while for high consolidation ratios they range from 11% to 25%. In all cases, the measured end-to-end performance penalty is minimal.