gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of siRNA to Silence Neuronal Gene Expression in the Brain (2013)

Manipulation of gene expression in the brain is fundamental for understanding the function of proteins involved in neuronal processes. In this article, we show a method for using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to efficiently silence neuronal gene expression in cell culture and in the brain in vivo through intracranial injection. We show that neurons accumulate these LNPs in an apolipoprotein E-dependent fashion, resulting in very efficient uptake in cell culture (100%) with little apparent toxicity. In vivo, intracortical or intracerebroventricular (ICV) siRNA-LNP injections resulted in knockdown of target genes either in discrete regions around the injection site or in more widespread areas following ICV injections with no apparent toxicity or immune reactions from the LNPs. Effective targeted knockdown was demonstrated by showing that intracortical delivery of siRNA against GRIN1 (encoding GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)) selectively reduced synaptic NMDAR currents in vivo as compared with synaptic AMPA receptor currents. Therefore, LNP delivery of siRNA rapidly manipulates expression of proteins involved in neuronal processes in vivo, possibly enabling the development of gene therapies for neurological disorders.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e136; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.65; published online 3 December 2013.
Dynamic deadlock resolution protocols (1986)

The deadlock resolution problem can be informally stated as follows. There exists a set of actions, generated at different times, with some complex and contradictory precedence constraints between their executions. To resolve a deadlock, some of the actions need to be aborted; this enables to execute the remaining ones. This problem naturally arises in the context of distributed systems, e.g. communication networks, distributed operating systems and distributed databases, where actions are generated by many processors, and are not coordinated by a central controller. In this paper, we are concerned with efficient distributed algorithms (protocols) for resolution of dynamic deadlocks. Such resolution protocols must operate on-line without any knowledge of the future and using only local information. The main contribution of the paper is a reduction of the most general dynamic deadlock resolution problem to a conceptually simpler static problem, in which all actions are known a priori. The complexity of our reduction is O (m + n logn) in communication and O (n) in time, where n is the number of actions and m is total number of constraints. Since the static deadlock resolution requires at least Ω(m + n logn) in communication and Ω(n) in time, our reduction essentially shows that the resolution of dynamic deadlocks is not any harder than resolution of the static ones. We also show here a simple and optimal algorithm for the static problem, which, together with the above reduction, yields an optimal dynamic deadlock resolution protocol.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisDefective in Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate Translocation Provides Greater Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis than the Existing Bacille Calmette‐Guérin Vaccine (2004)

We demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is unable to export the complex lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate has a decreased capacity to replicate in mice and affords sustained protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection Protection was significantly better than that provided by the existing vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and this improved protective efficacy was maintained for at least 24 weeks after vaccination. Protection afforded by this attenuated strain coincided with a number of factors that were not associated with BCG vaccination: long-term persistence of the strain within the host, sustained and potent induction of antimycobacterial interferon-gamma-secreting cells equal to that induced by virulent M. tuberculosis, and elicitation of T cells recognizing dominant M. tuberculosis antigens absent from BCG. These results suggest that the BCG vaccine may be too attenuated to afford effective protective immunity against tuberculosis, and vaccine strains that can provide sustained delivery of mycobacterial antigens are promising antituberculosis vaccine candidates.
Isolation and structure elucidation of bovine pineal arginine vasopressin: arginine vasotocin not identified (1990)

A large number of reports have demonstrated the presence of neurohypophysial hormone-like peptides in mammalian pineal glands and an antigonadotropic function has been ascribed to pineal arginine vasotocin (AVT). We have undertaken large scale purification of bovine pineal neurohypophysial hormone-like substances which demonstrate mouse mammary milk-ejection activity (ME-activity) in vitro. Peptides with ME-activity were extracted from more than 5 kg of bovine pineal glands. ME-activity containing peptides were found in both high (Mr approximately 10,000-15,000) and low (Mr approximately 500-1000) Mr species from Sephadex G-25 chromatography of 0.2 N acetic acid extracts. After ultrafiltration in 5% formic acid, the neurohypophysial hormone-like peptides were localized to an ultrafiltration Mr 500-1000 retentate. A homogeneous peptide, which shared an identical retention time (RT) and amino acid sequence with synthetic 8-arginine vasopressin (AVP), was isolated by serial semipreparative high performance liquid chromatography. On the other hand, the non-mammalian nonapeptide AVT was not identified.
Effects of multipath diversity on adaptive QAM in frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels (2002)

We derive the average bit error rate (BER) and the average throughput for adaptive quadrature amplitude modulation (AQAM) with constant transmit power over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. Based on these derived BER and throughput expressions, we go on to investigate the effect of multipath diversity on AQAM using two BER constraints.
ChemInform Abstract: A Radical Thia‐Brook Rearrangement. (2014)

Abstract A hitherto unknown migration of a silicon group from carbon to sulfur by a radical chain mechanism is described.
Sparse aperture coding for compressive sampling (2010)

For many years, the basic goal of sparse aperture design has been to maximize the support of the modulation transfer function (MTF). Golay apertures and related nonredundant arrays are typically used to achieve this objective. Unfortunately, maximizing the support of the MTF has the necessary effect of decreasing the magnitude of the MTF at mid-band spatial frequencies. Fienup has shown that the decreased magnitude of the MTF for nonredundant arrays contributes as much as reduced throughput to the loss of SNR in sparse apertures relative to full aperture systems. This paper considers the use of periodic sparse arrays to improve the mid-band MTF at the cost of reduced spatial frequency coverage. We further consider methods to recover lost spatial frequencies using multispectral and multiframe sampling and decompressive inference.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Boron Aldol Reactions of α ‐Heterosubstituted Thioacetates with Aldehydes and Silyl Imines. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Transcriptional Derepression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP26 Gene during Heat Shock (1990)

hsp26, the small heat shock protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, accumulates in response to heat and other types of stress. It also accumulates during the normal course of development, as cells enter stationary phase growth or begin to sporulate (S. Kurtz, J. Rossi, L. Petko, and S. Lindquist, Science 231:1154-1157, 1986). Analysis of deletion and insertion mutations demonstrated that transcriptional control plays a critical role in regulating HSP26 expression. The HSP26 promoter was found to be complex and appears to contain repressing elements as well as activating elements. Several upstream deletion mutations resulted in strong constitutive expression of HSP26. Furthermore, upstream sequences from the HSP26 gene repressed the constitutive expression of a heterologous heat shock gene. We propose that basal repression and heat-induced depression of transcription play major roles in regulating the expression of HSP26. None of the recombinant constructs that we analyzed separated cis-regulatory sequences responsible for heat shock regulation from those responsible for developmental regulation of HSP26. Depression of HSP26 transcription may be the general mechanism of HSP26 induction in yeast cells. This regulatory scheme is very different from that described for the regulation of most other heat shock genes.
The chemical compatibility of insert-molded bimaterial composites of polycarbonate and carbon fiber polyetheretherketone (2000)

Chemical compatibility of a bimaterial composite composed of polycarbonate (PC) and C fiber polyetheretherketone (PEEK) was examined. Series composite specimens were constructed by injecting C fiber PEEK into a mold containing one half of a PC dogbone. Specimens were exposed for 2 weeks at room temperature to various cleaning chemicals that are commonly used in semiconductor fabrication facilities: deionized water, 0.1% aqueous Triton CL10 surfactant, 0.1% aqueous Alfonic 610-3.5 surfactant, and isopropyl alcohol. To increase the severity of the test, some samples were strained and/or notched before immersion. After exposure, specimens were tested in tension and results were compared to their corresponding pre-exposure values. None of the chemicals affected the strength of the unstrained, unnotched PC/C fiber PEEK composite. However, isopropyl alcohol and the surfactant solutions caused the strained specimens to fail (both unnotched and notched) during chemical exposure. The strains used during exposure were near the respective breaking points of the unnotched and notched composite. Consequently, only a slight reduction in strength from chemical exposure was needed to cause failure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 173–178, 2000
Initial Active Phase of In-Vessel Composting of Sewage Sludge, Leaves and Rice Straw (2022)

This work studied the characteristics of leaf, rice straw, and sewage sludge (SS) co-composting with the aim of determining the best composting ratio by monitoring temperature changes, oxygen (O2) concentration, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, ammonia (NH3) concentration, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), heavy metal content, carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), germination index (GI), moisture content (MC), and volatile solids (VS) content during the composting process. Three composting piles with the mixture ratios of 4:1:1 (Pile A), 5:1:1 (Pile B), and 6:1:1(Pile C) (SS: leaf: rice straw) were tested. According to the temperature, C/N ratio, germination index, MC, and VS, the level of compost maturity in Pile B with a 5:1:1 mixing ratio was higher than that in Piles A and C. The contents of heavy metals in the composts were shown to meet the grade A standard in CJ/T 309-2009 (2009), except Cu and Zn, which was within the grade B standard.
Peptide-based PET quantifies target engagement of PD-L1 therapeutics (2018)

Immune checkpoint therapies have shown tremendous promise in cancer therapy. However, tools to assess their target engagement, and hence the ability to predict their efficacy, have been lacking. Here, we show that target engagement and tumor-residence kinetics of antibody therapeutics targeting programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) can be quantified noninvasively. In computational docking studies, we observed that PD-L1-targeted monoclonal antibodies (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab) and a high-affinity PD-L1-binding peptide, WL12, have common interaction sites on PD-L1. Using the peptide radiotracer [64Cu]WL12 in vivo, we employed positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and biodistribution studies in multiple xenograft models and demonstrated that variable PD-L1 expression and its saturation by atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab can be quantified independently of biophysical properties and pharmacokinetics of antibodies. Next, we used [64Cu]WL12 to evaluate the impact of time and dose on the unoccupied fraction of tumor PD-L1 during treatment. These quantitative measures enabled, by mathematical modeling, prediction of antibody doses needed to achieve therapeutically effective occupancy (defined as >90%). Thus, we show that peptide-based PET is a promising tool for optimizing dose and therapeutic regimens employing PD-L1 checkpoint antibodies, and can be used for improving therapeutic efficacy.
The conversion of SURF II to SURF III (1999)

The Electron and Optical Physics Division of the Physics Laboratory has operated the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for over 30 years. Initially operated in a parasitic mode at the NIST electron synchrotron, the facility was converted into the SURF II electron storage ring in 1974. Since then, SURF II has been the United States national standard of irradiance in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region, but the radiometric accuracy of SURF II was limited by the uniformity of the magnetic field encountered by electrons as they traversed their orbit. Variations of up to 0.5% limited the knowledge of the local bending radius at any tangent point and restricted the accuracy of the irradiance calculations. To improve the radiometric accuracy of SURF, an entirely new magnet structure was installed in the summer of 1998. The azimuthal uniformity of the SURF III magnetic field has been improved by a factor of 50 at 388 MeV and a factor of 25 at 260 MeV, allowing irradiance calculations to be made with much higher accuracy than SURF II could achieve. As an additional benefit, the use of improved magnet material, a smaller air gap between the poles, and new magnet windings has increased the magnetic field strength at the electron orbit, allowing SURF III to store electrons at energies as high as 400 MeV, compared to 300 MeV for SURF II. The higher electron energy will extend the usable range of radiation from SURF to shorter wavelengths, enabling experiments in the "water window" from 2.3 nm to 4.4 nm. We present here the major design goals and features of the SURF III magnet, the results of magnet field mapping and other measurements, and the facility performance to date.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Targeting the Oligomerization Domain of ETO Interferes with RUNX1/ETO Oncogenic Activity in t(8;21)-Positive Leukemic Cells (2023)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Targeting the Oligomerization Domain of ETO Interferes with RUNX1/ETO Oncogenic Activity in t(8;21)-Positive Leukemic Cells
USE OF RHBMP-2 IN COMBINATION WITH STRUCTURAL CORTICAL ALLOGRAFTS (2005)

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 soaked into an absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) has been shown in a nonhuman primate study and in a pilot study in humans to promote new bone formation and incorporation of an allograft device when implanted in patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis. However, a larger series with longer follow-up is needed to demonstrate its superiority to autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Methods: Between 1998 and 2001, a two-part, prospective, randomized, multicenter study of 131 patients was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of the use of rhBMP-2/ACS as a replacement for autogenous iliac crest bone graft in anterior lumbar spinal arthrodesis with threaded cortical allograft dowels. Patients were randomly assigned to a study group that received rhBMP-2/ACS or to a control group that received autograft. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were determined with use of well-established instruments and radiographic assessments. Results: The patients in the study group had significantly better outcomes than the control group with regard to the average length of surgery (p < 0.001), blood loss (p < 0.001), and hospital stay (p = 0.020). Fusion rates were significantly better in the study group (p < 0.001). The average Oswestry Disability Index scores, Short-Form-36 physical component summary scores, and low-back and leg-pain scores were significantly better in the study group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In patients undergoing anterior lumbar interbody arthrodesis with threaded allograft cortical bone dowels, rhBMP-2/ACS was an effective replacement for autogenous bone graft and eliminated the morbidity associated with graft harvesting. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Nanoenergetic materials: boron nanoparticles from the pyrolysis of decaborane and their functionalisation (2009)

The surfaces of boron nanoparticles 10-150 nm in diameter, prepared by gas phase pyrolysis of decaborane vapour at 1 atm and 700-900 degrees C, can be halogenated by treatment with Br2 or XeF2; the surface halogenation somewhat increases the onset temperature for the oxidation of the particles under O2.
Einfluss der Reaktionsparameter bei polymeranalogen Umsetzungen in der Schmelze am Beispiel der Umsetzung von Poly(styrol‐co‐acrylnitril) mit Aminoalkoholen (2002)

Abstract No abstracts.
Chip-by-chip configurable interconnection using digital printing techniques (2017)

&lt;p&gt;Printed electronics technologies add new fabrication concepts to the classical set of microelectronic processes. Among these, the use of digital printing techniques such as inkjet permits the deposition of materials on top of preexisting substrates without any mask. This allows individual personalization of electronic circuits. Different proposals have been made to make use of such a property: (1) wiring new metallic layers on top of circuits to build programmable logic array-like circuits, (2) programming OTP ROM like memories, and (3) building inkjet-configurable gate arrays. The capability of building an individual circuit with technological steps simpler than photolithographic ones opens a concept similar to the successful field programmable gate array. Although nowadays the process resolution is still low, it can quickly evolve to higher wiring densities and therefore permit a greater level of transistor integration. In this paper, we propose a new structure to realize the connections only by deposition of conductive dots oriented to optimize the area needed to implement the drop-on-demand (DoD) wiring at circuit level. One important feature of this structure is that it minimizes the amount of printed material required for the connection thereby reducing failures often seen with DoD printing techniques for conductive lines. These structures have been validated by two different DoD technologies: inkjet and superfine jet, and have been compared to mask-based photolithography technology with promising results.&lt;/p&gt;
An introduction to the natural history of birds : being the article "Ornithology," from the seventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica : with one hundred and thirty-five figures / (1839)

may trace an improved spirit of ob--~~-History.
Vaccine development and technology for SARS‐CoV‐2: Current insight (2021)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is associated with a severe respiratory disease in China, that rapidly spread across continents. Since the beginning of the pandemic, available data suggested the asymptomatic transmission and patients were treated with specific drugs with efficacy and safety data not always satisfactory. The aim of this review is to describe the vaccines developed by three companies, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, in terms of both technological and pharmaceutical formulation, safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. A critical analysis of Phases 1, 2, and 3 clinical trial results available was conducted, comparing the three vaccine candidates, underlining their similarities and differences. All candidates showed consistent efficacy and tolerability; although some differences can be noted, such as their technological formulation, temperature storage, which will be related to logistics and costs. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate long-term effects and to assess the vaccine safety and efficacy in the general population.
Novel Poly-Si/GaN Vertical Heterojunction Diode (2015)

We previously reported a unipolar mode p + -polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)/4H-SiC heterojunction diode (SiC-HJD) [1-3]. In this work, we demonstrate a poly-Si/GaN vertical unipolar heterojunction diode (GaN-HJD) based on numerical simulation and experimental results. The GaN-HJD is expected to control the electrical characteristics of both Schottky action with a p-type poly-Si and ohmic action with an n-type poly-Si. We investigated the detailed physics of the GaN-HJD between p + Si and n + Si by numerical simulation. The GaN-HJD was also fabricated with p + -type polycrystalline silicon on an n - -type epitaxial layer on bulk GaN substrates. The measured barrier height of the GaN-HJD was 0.79 eV and the ideality factor was 1.10.
Policy instruments and governance (2010)

Introduction - Governance and Policy Instruments: New Policy Instruments for New Modes of Governance? - Governance, Governmentality and Policy Instruments
Numerical technique for analysis of magnetic recording with an MR head (1997)

A numerical technique for treating a nonrectangular shape of a self adjacent layer (SAL) type magneto-resistive (MR) recording head, especially the angled interface between the MR/spacer/SAL and the permanent magnet is described. Causes of noise in the MR head response are analyzed with this technique. The responses of the MR head using the proposed technique are compared with those of a conventional model. The separation of the materials at the interface of the head is important to reduce the noise.
Affinity chromatographic screening of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries (1999)

Affinity chromatography using immobilized S-protein was used for the screening of affinity peptide ligands from two soluble peptide libraries. Peptide library I consisted of octamers with glycine (G) at both termini of each peptide, i.e. GXXXXXXG. The six center positions were constructed using random sequences of six L-amino acids (Y, N, F, E, V, and L). Peptide library II also consisted of octamers but with glycine and valine (V) at both termini of each peptide (GVZZZZVG). The four variable center positions of peptide library II were random sequences of 18 L-amino acids. Peptides that were retained specifically on the immobilized S-protein column were eluted by 2% acetic acid. The peptides in the acid eluate were further separated using reversed-phase HPLC. Each separated peptide fraction was collected and the peptide sequences deconvoluted by mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The screenings of peptide libraries I and II resulted in 12 and 7 affinity peptides, respectively. Eight out of the twelve peptides from peptide library I contained the clear consensus sequence NFEV. Peptide library II resulted in affinity peptides with the sequences GVNFEVVG, GVNFTVVG and GVFFEL(I)VG. The advantages and limitations of affinity chromatography in peptide library screening are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 63: 633–641, 1999.
Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry (2007)

Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the complex network of thermal and photochemical processes occurring in the gas and condensed (cloud droplets, aerosol particles, ice crystals) phase as well as in multiphase processes. Chemical kinetic modeling is required to interpret observations in the field. This necessitates the availability of a robust, reliable, and regularly updated database of elementary reactions for use in chemical-radiative-transport models. Combustion chemistry and plasma processing for semiconductor applications require the same type of database.