gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward an Understanding of Founder's Syndrome: An Assessment of Power and Privilege Among Founders of Nonprofit Organizations (2002)

Abstract On the subject of stewardship, Block (1996, p. 47) writes, “Stewardship not only affects the use of power, but it also confronts the way we hold privilege.” He also states, “Holding on to privilege is an act of self‐interest, the antithesis of service and stewardship.” As Block uses it, the term privilege denotes a class structure within governance settings, and self‐interest refers to using one's power (through the exercise of privilege) to ascertain an objective that may not be in accord with others'.
The blur horopter: Retinal conjugate surface in binocular viewing (2021)

From measurements of wavefront aberrations in 16 emmetropic eyes, we calculated where objects in the world create best-focused images across the central 27\(^\circ\) (diameter) of the retina. This is the retinal conjugate surface. We calculated how the surface changes as the eye accommodates from near to far and found that it mostly maintains its shape. The conjugate surface is pitched top-back, meaning that the upper visual field is relatively hyperopic compared to the lower field. We extended the measurements of best image quality into the binocular domain by considering how the retinal conjugate surfaces for the two eyes overlap in binocular viewing. We call this binocular extension the blur horopter. We show that in combining the two images with possibly different sharpness, the visual system creates a larger depth of field of apparently sharp images than occurs with monocular viewing. We examined similarities between the blur horopter and its analog in binocular vision: the binocular horopter. We compared these horopters to the statistics of the natural visual environment. The binocular horopter and scene statistics are strikingly similar. The blur horopter and natural statistics are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, similar. Finally, we used the measurements to refine what is commonly referred to as the zone of clear single binocular vision.
Delineation of the Innate and Adaptive T-Cell Immune Outcome in the Human Host in Response to Campylobacter jejuni Infection (2010)

Both innate and adaptive T cell-immunity to C. jejuni infection led to the release of IFNγ, IL-22 and IL-17A; suggesting a critical role for this cytokine triad in establishing host anti-microbial immunity during the acute and effectors phase of infection. In addition, to their known anti-microbial functions; IL-17A and IL-17F reduced the number of intracellular C. jejuni in intestinal epithelia, highlighting a novel aspect of how IL-17 family members may contribute to protective immunity against C. jejuni.
A 2.4-GHz 20–40-MHz Channel WLAN Digital Outphasing Transmitter Utilizing a Delay-Based Wideband Phase Modulator in 32-nm CMOS (2012)

A digital outphasing transmitter is presented for 2.4-GHz WiFi. The transmitter consists of two delay-based phase modulators and a 26-dBm integrated switching class-D power amplifier. The delay-based phase modulator delays incoming LO edges with a resolution of 1.4 ps (8 bit) required to meet WiFi requirements. A phase MUX architecture is proposed to implement switching between phases once every LO period (2.4 GHz) without generating detrimental glitches at the output. Due to its open-loop nature, the proposed phase modulator is capable of delivering wide OFDM bandwidths up to 40 MHz. The paper analyzes the impact of impairments, e.g., delay mismatch within the delay cells and outphasing mismatches, as well as associated mitigation techniques. The transmitter has been implemented in a 32-nm digital CMOS process and delivers an OFDM average power of 20 dBm with an overall system efficiency of 18.6% when transmitting 54-Mb/s 64QAM signal. The fully digital design is expected to further improve in power dissipation and chip-area with further CMOS scaling.
The use of logic in information retrieval modelling (1998)

Information retrieval is the science concerned with the efficient and effective storage of information for the later retrieval and use by interested parties. During the last forty years, a plethora of information retrieval models and their variations have emerged. Logic-based models were launched to provide a rich and uniform representation of information and its semantics with the aim to improve information retrieval effectiveness. This approach was first advanced in 1986 by Van Rijsbergen with the so-called logical uncertainty principle. Since then, various logic-based models have been developed. This paper presents an introduction to and a survey of the use of logic for information retrieval modelling.
Reducing memory latency via read-after-read memory dependence prediction (2002)

We observe that typical programs exhibit highly regular read-after-read (RAR) memory dependence streams. To exploit this regularity, we introduce read-after-read memory dependence prediction. This technique predicts whether: 1) a load will access a memory location that a preceding load accesses and 2) exactly which this preceding load is. This prediction is done without actual knowledge of the corresponding memory addresses. We also present two techniques that utilize RAR memory dependence prediction to reduce memory latency. In the first technique, a load may obtain a value by naming a preceding load with which an RAR dependence is predicted. The second technique speculatively converts a series of LOAD/sub 1/-USE/sub 1/,...,LOAD/sub N/-USE/sub N/ chains into a single LOAD/sub 1/-USE/sub 1/...USE/sub N/ producer/consumer graph. Our techniques can be implemented as small extensions to the previously proposed read-after-write (RAW) dependence prediction-based speculative memory cloaking and speculative memory bypassing. Performance experimentation results of RAR-based techniques are provided.
Absolute quantification of the magnetization of individual micron-sized magnets using a high-temperature superconductor micro-SQUID magnetometer (2010)

One issue with the micro-superconducting quantum interference device (micro-SQUID) magnetometer system is the magnetic flux detected by the SQUID loop cannot be converted to sample magnetization. Herein we present a technique for absolute quantification of magnetization of a microcrystal sample using a micro-SQUID magnetometer. The field dependence of the magnetic flux from a microcrystal of a known molecular ferromagnet, RbMn[Fe(CN)6], was measured. Then, by combining the experimental data and a simple dipole approximation calculation, a highly accurate molar effective magnetic moment was obtained.
Challenges and Opportunities for Integrating Dealloying Methods into Additive Manufacturing (2020)

The physical architecture of materials plays an integral role in determining material properties and functionality. While many processing techniques now exist for fabricating parts of any shape or size, a couple of techniques have emerged as facile and effective methods for creating unique structures: dealloying and additive manufacturing. This review discusses progress and challenges in the integration of dealloying techniques with the additive manufacturing (AM) platform to take advantage of the material processing capabilities established by each field. These methods are uniquely complementary: not only can we use AM to make nanoporous metals of complex, customized shapes—for instance, with applications in biomedical implants and microfluidics—but dealloying can occur simultaneously during AM to produce unique composite materials with nanoscale features of two interpenetrating phases. We discuss the experimental challenges of implementing these processing methods and how future efforts could be directed to address these difficulties. Our premise is that combining these synergistic techniques offers both new avenues for creating 3D functional materials and new functional materials that cannot be synthesized any other way. Dealloying and AM will continue to grow both independently and together as the materials community realizes the potential of this compelling combination.
Self-induced oscillations in coupled fluxgate magnetometer: a novel approach to operating the magnetic sensors (2004)

A fluxgate magnetometer is one of the numerous devices that belong to a class of nonlinear systems known as the overdamped bistable system. Its dynamics can be described by the generic form x=-/spl nabla/U(x), where U(x) is the potential energy function with two minima that form the bases for the bistability. It is well known that an overdamped system does not oscillate on its own. To switch states, the system is forced by an external periodic signal with large enough amplitude to overcome the potential energy barrier that separates the two minima. However, well-designed coupling schemes, together with the appropriate choice of initial conditions can induce oscillations when a control parameter exceeds a threshold value. The self-induced oscillation, therefore, eliminates the necessity of the forcing function. We demonstrate these concepts numerically and experimentally using three single-domain fluxgate magnetometers that are coupled unidirectionally in a ring.
Table S3 from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Immunosuppression by Inducing ROS-Generating Monocytic MDSCs in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary table 3&lt;/p&gt;
FRET‐Capture: A Sensitive Method for the Detection of Dynamic Protein Interactions (2012)

Caught in the act: The FRET-Capture approach exploits a bound solvatochromic fluorophore, 4-N,N-dimethylamino-1,8-naphthalimide, as a FRET donor in both inter- and intramolecular energy transfer. A unique feature of this method is the additional level of signal selectivity as the FRET signal is only turned on when the donor is specifically bound to the protein of interest, eliminating high background and false positive signals.
Automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator: a bridge to heart transplantation. (1991)

The automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) is effective in preventing death in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias (VT/VF) refractory to medical therapy. Because of the long waiting period for heart transplantation and the high likelihood of sudden arrhythmic death in this population, this study was undertaken to assess the value of the AICD in patients awaiting heart transplantation who have refractory VT/VF. Fourteen patients awaiting heart transplantation who had a history of VT/VF underwent AICD implantation (10 extrapericardial and four intrapericardial) via median sternotomy. All patients survived the AICD implantation and have either had heart transplantation or await transplantation at present (1 to 24 months after AICD implantation). Twelve of these patients have received a mean of 10 AICD shocks (range, 0 to 32). One patient received 19 shocks in the 24-hour period before transplantation. Two patients have died of progressive heart failure. Five patients have gone on to successful transplantation, and seven patients await heart transplantation with a functioning AICD in place. In conclusion, the AICD represents a new "bridge" to heart transplantation that is well tolerated by these high-risk patients, avoids drug side effects, and is efficacious in aborting sudden death, thereby allowing them to undergo successful heart transplantation.
Ursodeoxycholic acid attenuates colonic epithelial secretory function (2013)

Dihydroxy bile acids, such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), are well known to promote colonic fluid and electrolyte secretion, thereby causing diarrhoea associated with bile acid malabsorption. However, CDCA is rapidly metabolised by colonic bacteria to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), the effects of which on epithelial transport are poorly characterised. Here, we investigated the role of UDCA in the regulation of colonic epithelial secretion. Cl(-) secretion was measured across voltage-clamped monolayers of T84 cells and muscle-stripped sections of mouse or human colon. Cell surface biotinylation was used to assess abundance/surface expression of transport proteins. Acute (15 min) treatment of T84 cells with bilateral UDCA attenuated Cl(-) secretory responses to the Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent secretagogues carbachol (CCh) and forskolin (FSK) to 14.0 ± 3.8 and 40.2 ± 7.4% of controls, respectively (n = 18, P < 0.001). Investigation of the molecular targets involved revealed that UDCA acts by inhibiting Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and basolateral K(+) channel currents, without altering their cell surface expression. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of UDCA (25 mg kg(-1)) to mice enhanced agonist-induced colonic secretory responses, an effect we hypothesised to be due to bacterial metabolism of UDCA to lithocholic acid (LCA). Accordingly, LCA (50-200 μm) enhanced agonist-induced secretory responses in vitro and a metabolically stable UDCA analogue, 6α-methyl-UDCA, exerted anti-secretory actions in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, UDCA exerts direct anti-secretory actions on colonic epithelial cells and metabolically stable derivatives of the bile acid may offer a new approach for treating intestinal diseases associated with diarrhoea.
Can LTE-A Support Real-Time Smart Meter Traffic in the Smart Grid? (2017)

The chapter investigates the scheduling load added on a long-term evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTEA) network when automatic meter reading (AMR) in advanced metering infrastructures (AMI) is performed using internet of things (IoT) deployments of smart meters in the smart grid. First, radio resource management algorithms to perform dynamic scheduling of the meter transmissions are proposed and shown to allow the accommodation of a large number of smart meters within a limited coverage area. Then, potential techniques for reducing the signaling load between the meters and base stations are proposed and analyzed. Afterwards, advanced concepts from LTE-A, namely carrier aggregation (CA) and relay stations (RSs) are investigated in conjunction with the proposed algorithms in order to accommodate a larger number of smart meters without disturbing cellular communications.
DuTongChuan: Context-aware Translation Model for Simultaneous Interpreting (2019)

In this paper, we present DuTongChuan, a novel context-aware translation model for simultaneous interpreting. This model allows to constantly read streaming text from the Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) model and simultaneously determine the boundaries of Information Units (IUs) one after another. The detected IU is then translated into a fluent translation with two simple yet effective decoding strategies: partial decoding and context-aware decoding. In practice, by controlling the granularity of IUs and the size of the context, we can get a good trade-off between latency and translation quality easily. Elaborate evaluation from human translators reveals that our system achieves promising translation quality (85.71% for Chinese-English, and 86.36% for English-Chinese), specially in the sense of surprisingly good discourse coherence. According to an End-to-End (speech-to-speech simultaneous interpreting) evaluation, this model presents impressive performance in reducing latency (to less than 3 seconds at most times). Furthermore, we successfully deploy this model in a variety of Baidu's products which have hundreds of millions of users, and we release it as a service in our AI platform.
Elemental Depth Profiling of Nuclear Waste Glasses after Two‐Years Burial in a Salt Geology (1992)

Detailed surface compositional analysis has been conducted on 12 simulated nuclear waste forms leached for two years in the brine environment of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of both cations and anions has identified characteristic leaching and precipitation zones within the leached layers on all specimens. The thickness of the leached layers is found to range from approximately 0.3 to 2.7 μm and the total element loss from 80 to 625 mmol/m 2 , indicating that durability in brine differs by less than an order of magnitude between the different glasses. The in‐depth profiles of anionic elements indicate the significant roles of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine in the formation of surface phases. Also recorded and discussed are elemental SIMS images of sputter crater tapers, providing additional documentation of leaching subzones.
Next Generation Measurement Systems with High Common-Mode Rejection (2018)

There is an increasing importance for floating measurements with high bandwidth in the field of power electronics, driven by the need to characterize power converters utilizing latest wide bandgap devices which offer very fast voltage transitions. In this paper, the required Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) as the most important performance metric of a floating or isolated measurement system is analyzed and quantified for different converter realizations with the aim to limit the resulting time-domain error voltage. Afterwards, state of the art isolated single-ended probes are investigated and analyzed in terms of practical applicability and sensitivity regarding variations of the measurement setup, specifically looking at non-ideal connections between probe and converter, often inevitable in power electronic applications. It is found that the performance of isolated single-ended probes quickly degrades when additional connecting wires are used between the circuit under test and probe input. To overcome this inherent limitation of any single-ended approach, an isolated differential structure is presented that combines the advantages of conventional high-voltage differential probes and isolated single-ended probes. Finally, challenges involved when designing a matched differential system are discussed, in particular the influence of amplitude and phase imbalance on the maximum achievable CMRR. Especially the required phase accuracy which needs to be around six times higher than the amplitude accuracy is very hard to realize over the whole frequency range of interest. It turns out, however, that thanks to the passive common-mode filtering already present in state of the art single-ended approaches, CMRR values of around 30-40 dB in the difference-stage enable significant performance improvement for the differential structure.
Identification and Isolation of Anaerobic, Syntrophic Phthalate Isomer-Degrading Microbes from Methanogenic Sludges Treating Wastewater from Terephthalate Manufacturing (2004)

The microbial populations responsible for anaerobic degradation of phthalate isomers were investigated by enrichment and isolation of those microbes from anaerobic sludge treating wastewater from the manufacturing of terephthalic acid. Primary enrichments were made with each of three phthalate isomers (ortho-, iso-, and terephthalate) as the sole energy source at 37 degrees C with two sources of anaerobic sludge (both had been used to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of phthalate isomers) as the inoculum. Six methanogenic enrichment cultures were obtained which not only degraded the isomer used for the enrichment but also had the potential to degrade part of other phthalate isomers as well as benzoate with concomitant production of methane, presumably involving strictly syntrophic substrate degradation. Our 16S rRNA gene-cloning analysis combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the predominant bacteria in the enrichment cultures were affiliated with a recently recognized non-sulfate-reducing subcluster (subcluster Ih) in the group 'Desulfotomaculum lineage I' or a clone cluster (group TA) in the class delta-PROTEOBACTERIA: Several attempts were made to isolate these microbes, resulting in the isolation of a terephthalate-degrading bacterium, designated strain JT, in pure culture. A coculture of the strain with the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanospirillum hungatei converted terephthalate to acetate and methane within 3 months of incubation, whereas strain JT could not degrade terephthalate in pure culture. During the degradation of terephthalate, a small amount of benzoate was transiently accumulated as an intermediate, indicative of decarboxylation of terephthalate to benzoate as the initial step of the degradation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain was a member of subcluster Ih of the group 'Desulfotomaculum lineage I', but it was only distantly related to other known species.
Learning True Rate-Distortion-Optimization for End-To-End Image Compression (2022)

Even though rate-distortion optimization is a crucial part of traditional image and video compression, not many approaches exist which transfer this concept to end-to-end-trained image compression. Most frameworks contain static compression and decompression models which are fixed after training, so efficient rate-distortion optimization is not possible. In a previous work, we proposed RDONet [1], which enables an RDO approach comparable to adaptive block partitioning in HEVC. In this paper, we enhance the training and boost the model performance by introducing low-complexity estimations of the RDO result into the training. It is well known that the setup during the training should be as close as possible to the setup during inference. Since including an RDO search into the training is computationally not feasible, we propose a fast variance-based criterion which we can use to approximate the RDO behavior during training. Additionally, we use the same criterion to propose a variance-adaptive RDO initialization which converges faster, needs fewer RDO passes. We can therefore decrease the inference runtime significantly. With our novel training method, we achieve average Bj&#x00F8;ntegaard rate savings of 19.6&#x0025; in MS-SSIM over the previous RDONet model [1], which equals rate savings of 27.3&#x0025; over a comparable conventional deep image coder, similar to [2]. With our novel initialization method, we can reduce the number of RDO passes to one. Therefore, we need only half the time for RDO, while still saving 26.8&#x0025; rate. When we do not perform an RDO search but instead only rely on the initial estimation, we still obtain remarkable rate-savings of 23.6&#x0025;, needing no additional time for an RDO search. The full paper is available on arXiv [3].
Nanoparticles obtained by confined impinging jet mixer: poly(lactide-co-glycolide) vs. Poly-ε-caprolactone (2018)

This paper is focused on the production and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles obtained by nanoprecipitation. The method consisted of using a confined impinging jet mixer (CIJM), circumventing high-energy equipment. Differences between the use of poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) as concerns particle mean size, zeta potential, and broad-spectrum antibiotic florfenicol entrapment were investigated. Other analyzed variables were polymer concentration, solvent, and anti-solvent flow rates, and antibiotic initial concentration. To our knowledge, no data were found related to PLGA and PCL nanoparticles comparison using CIJM. Also, florfenicol encapsulation within PCL or PLGA nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation has not been reported yet. The complexity of the nanoprecipitation phenomena has been confirmed, with many relevant variables involved in particles formation. PLGA resulted in smaller and more stable nanoparticles with higher entrapping of florfenicol than PCL.