gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Convolutional neural network application to plant detection, based on synthetic imagery (2016)

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN's) have shown great value in approaching highly challenging problems in image classification. Based on the successes of DCNNs in scene classification and object detection and localization it is natural to consider whether they would be effective for much simpler computer vision tasks. Our work involves the application of a DCNN to the relatively simple task of detecting weeds in lawn grass. We looked at the effects of the choice of CNN hyper-parameters on accuracy and training convergence behavior. In order to obtain a large labeled set of interesting data we generated realistic synthetic imagery. Since our problem is somewhat constrained we were able to run thousands of training experiments and do accurate estimation of the probability density function of the convergence rate. Our results suggest that the use of realistic synthetic imagery is an effective approach for training DCNNs, and that very small DCNNs can be effective for simple image recognition tasks.
Relationship between information and energy carried by photons in extreme ultraviolet lithography: Consideration from the viewpoint of sensitivity enhancement (2015)

The role of photons in lithography is to transfer information and energy for imaging. The resist patterns are fabricated in accordance with the information carried by the photons. The energy is used to induce the chemical reactions required for changing the solubility of the resist. In this study, the relationship between the information and the energy carried by photons in extreme ultraviolet lithography was investigated from the viewpoint of sensitivity enhancement. The factor limiting the resist performance (information or energy) depended on the relationship between the resist requirement and the potential performance. The determination of the limiting factor is essential in designing highly sensitive resist materials.
Recombinant Cardiac ATP-Sensitive K+Channel Subunits Confer Resistance To Chemical Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury (1998)

The fact that transfer of cardiac KATP channel subunits protected natively KATP channel deficient cells provides direct evidence that the cardiac KATP channel protein complex harbors intrinsic cytoprotective properties. These findings validate the concept that targeting cardiac KATP channels should be considered a valuable approach to protect the myocardium against injury.
Evaluation of fully-functionalized diazirine tags for chemical proteomic applications (2021)

The use of photo-affinity reagents for the mapping of noncovalent small molecule-protein interactions has become widespread. Recently, several 'fully-functionalized' (FF) chemical tags have been developed wherein a photoactivatable capture group, an enrichment handle, and a functional group for synthetic conjugation to a molecule of interest are integrated into a single modular tag. Diazirine-based FF tags in particular are increasingly employed in chemical proteomic investigations; however, despite routine usage, their relative utility has not been established. Here, we systematically evaluate several diazirine-containing FF tags, including a terminal diazirine analog developed herein, for chemical proteomic investigations. Specifically, we compared the general reactivity of five diazirine tags and assessed their impact on the profiles of various small molecules, including fragments and known inhibitors revealing that such tags can have profound effects on the proteomic profiles of chemical probes. Our findings should be informative for chemical probe design, photo-affinity reagent development, and chemical proteomic investigations.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavonoidal C‐Glycosides from Abutilon pakistanicum (2008)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Low Energy Neutron Measurements in High Energy Density Plasmas using the National Ignition Facility (2014)

Deuterium-tritium-loaded capsules at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) are now regularly producing a neutron rich high energy density plasma (nHEDP) with a low-energy “ICF-thermal” neutron density > 1021 neutrons/cm3. These low-energy neutrons are produced via multiple scatter off of the highly compressed capsule and therefore provide insight into the confinement time (τconfinement) of the assembled plasma. Neutrons are formed in the center of the 5 m NIF chamber that is well suited for minimizing “room return” thermal capture. This nHEDP environment is befitting for activation-based measurements of the (n,γ) cross sections responsible for the formation of heavy elements in astrophysical settings. These experiments also offer the first opportunity to search for the effects of nuclear-plasma interaction-induced excited state population on (n,x) reaction rates in a stellar-like plasma environment. Unfortunately, no capability currently exists at the NIF to measure the neutron spectrum in a capsule down to the 100 eV level required to enable these new classes of nuclear-plasma experiments. In this paper we will discuss nHEDP-based neutron capture experiments, compare them to accelerator-based (n,γ) measurements, and discuss the requirements for a NIF-based low energy neutron spectrometer (LENS).
Path diversity is only part of the problem (2009)

The goal of motion planning is to find a feasible path that connects two positions and is free from collision with obstacles. Path sets are a robust approach to this problem in the face of real-world complexity and uncertainty. A path set is a collection of feasible paths and their corresponding control sequences. A path-set-based planner navigates by repeatedly testing each of these robot-fixed paths for collision with obstacles. A heuristic function selects which of the surviving paths to follow next. At each step, the robot follows a small piece of each path selected while simultaneously planning the subsequent trajectory. A path set possesses high path diversity if it performs well at obstacle-avoidance and goal-seeking behaviors. Previous work in path diversity has tacitly assumed that a correlation exists between this dynamic planning problem and a simpler, static path diversity problem: a robot placed randomly into an obstacle field evaluates its path set for collision a single time before following the chosen path in entirety. Although these problems might intuitively appear to be linked, this paper shows that static and dynamic path diversity are two distinct properties. After empirically demonstrating this fact, we discuss some of the factors that differentiate the two problems.
Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Tasmanian Devil and Its Transmissible Cancer (2012)

The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), the largest marsupial carnivore, is endangered due to a transmissible facial cancer spread by direct transfer of living cancer cells through biting. Here we describe the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the Tasmanian devil genome and whole-genome sequences for two geographically distant subclones of the cancer. Genomic analysis suggests that the cancer first arose from a female Tasmanian devil and that the clone has subsequently genetically diverged during its spread across Tasmania. The devil cancer genome contains more than 17,000 somatic base substitution mutations and bears the imprint of a distinct mutational process. Genotyping of somatic mutations in 104 geographically and temporally distributed Tasmanian devil tumors reveals the pattern of evolution and spread of this parasitic clonal lineage, with evidence of a selective sweep in one geographical area and persistence of parallel lineages in other populations.
Mechanism of the Superoxide Scavenging Activity of Neoandrographolide − A Natural Product from Andrographis paniculata Nees (2002)

It was hypothesized that neoandrographolide might scavenge free radicals by donating the allylic hydrogen of the unsaturated lactone ring. It was found that the stoichiometry of the reaction between neoandrographolide and superoxide radical generated from KO(2) in DMSO was 2 to 1. One major reaction product was isolated and determined to be a diacid formed by the opening of the lactone ring. It was concluded that the antiradical activity of neoandrographolide proceeded by hydrogen abstraction from carbon C-15. A reaction mechanism was proposed.
Dissociation of Striatal Dopamine and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression from Aging-Related Motor Decline: Evidence from Calorie Restriction Intervention (2017)

The escalating increase in retirees living beyond their eighth decade brings increased prevalence of aging-related impairments, including locomotor impairment (Parkinsonism) that may affect ~50% of those reaching age 80, but has no confirmed neurobiological mechanism. Lifestyle strategies that attenuate motor decline, and its allied mechanisms, must be identified. Aging studies report little to moderate loss of striatal dopamine (DA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in nigrostriatal terminals, in contrast to ~70%-80% loss associated with bradykinesia onset in Parkinson's disease. These studies evaluated the effect of ~6 months 30% calorie restriction (CR) on nigrostriatal DA regulation and aging-related locomotor decline initiated at 12 months of age in Brown-Norway Fischer F1 hybrid rats. The aging-related decline in locomotor activity was prevented by CR. However, striatal DA or TH expression was decreased in the CR group, but increased in substantia nigra versus the ad libitum group or 12-month-old cohort. In a 4- to 6-month-old cohort, pharmacological TH inhibition reduced striatal DA ~30%, comparable with decreases reported in aged rats and the CR group, without affecting locomotor activity. The dissociation of moderate striatal DA reduction from locomotor activity seen in both studies suggests that aging-related decreases in striatal DA are dissociated from locomotor decline.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Chalcopyrite Cu1–xAgxGaTe2–ZnTe: Nontrivial Band Structure and Dynamic Doping Effect (2022)

The understanding of thermoelectric properties of ternary I-III-VI<sub>2</sub> type (I = Cu, Ag; III = Ga, In; and VI = Te) chalcopyrites is less well developed. Although their thermal transport properties are relatively well studied, the relationship between the electronic band structure and charge transport properties of chalcopyrites has been rarely discussed. In this study, we reveal the unusual electronic band structure and the dynamic doping effect that could underpin the promising thermoelectric properties of Cu<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Ag<sub><i>x</i></sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub> compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electronic transport measurements suggest that the Cu<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Ag<sub><i>x</i></sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub> compounds possess an unusual non-parabolic band structure, which is important for obtaining a high Seebeck coefficient. Moreover, a mid-gap impurity level was also observed in Cu<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Ag<sub><i>x</i></sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub>, which leads to a strong temperature-dependent carrier concentration and is able to regulate the carrier density at the optimized value for a wide temperature region and thus is beneficial to obtaining the high power factor and high average <i>ZT</i> of Cu<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Ag<sub><i>x</i></sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub> compounds. We also demonstrate a great improvement in the thermoelectric performance of Cu<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Ag<sub><i>x</i></sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub> by introducing Cu vacancies and ZnTe alloying. The Cu vacancies are effective in increasing the hole density and the electrical conductivity, while ZnTe alloying reduces the thermal conductivity. As a result, a maximum <i>ZT</i> of 1.43 at 850 K and a record-high average <i>ZT</i> of 0.81 for the Cu<sub>0.68</sub>Ag<sub>0.3</sub>GaTe<sub>2</sub>-0.5%ZnTe compound are achieved.
Anti‐PlGF (placental growth factor) as a safer alternative for anti‐VEGF in the treatment of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD)? (2008)

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PlGF blockage by inhibiting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of AMD. Methods A laser‐induced CNV model was used in C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg of an anti‐PlGF‐antibody, an anti‐VEGF receptor2 (VEGFR2) antibody, a combination of both, or a control antibody. The CNV lesions were evaluated on flat mounts and serial sections after 14 days, by immunostainings for endothelial and inflammatory cells (CD31 and F4/80 respectively). Ganglion cell survival was scored via NeuN and TUNEL staining after 2, 4, and 6 weeks in C57Bl/6 and Swiss mice with and without CNV lasering. Safety of anti‐PlGF and anti‐VEGFR2 on normal vascular development in the retina, kidney, and heart was assessed. Results Anti‐PlGF or anti‐VEGFR2 comparably inhibited CNV by ± 50%. Moreover, a combination treatment of the optimal dose of anti‐PlGF and a lower dose of anti‐VEGFR2 further suppressed CNV to ± 70%, allowing to reduce the dose of anti‐VEGFR2 by fourfold. Anti‐PlGF did not inhibit vascular development in the retina, heart, or kidney, whereas a reduction of ± 40% was seen after anti‐VEGFR2 treatment. Repeated anti‐VEGFR2 injections induced an increase in ganglion cell apoptosis after 4 and 6 weeks of administration, whereas anti‐PlGF did not. Conclusion Anti‐PlGF treatment inhibits CNV formation in a mouse model of AMD, and enhances the efficacy of anti‐VEGFR‐2, allowing the dose of anti‐VEGF therapy to be lowered and the potential adverse effects to be minimized. Moreover and contrary to anti‐VEGFR2, anti‐PlGF is safe for the neuroretina and for the systemic and retinal vascular development.
Assessing the Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 on Bladder Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype. I. Modulation of In Vitro Contractility (2009)

Increased transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in the detrusor of spinal cord injured rats implies up-regulation and localized signaling in response to injury. Bladder smooth muscle cells showed a loss of contractility in response to transforming growth factor-beta1 in all cell populations. A shift in phenotype was confirmed by high molecular weight caldesmon immunostaining. These results suggest that transforming growth factor-beta1 can modulate bladder smooth muscle cell function and may be a crucial regulator of bladder smooth muscle cell phenotype in pathological bladder conditions.
A Short and Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of the Potent 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor CMI-977 (2000)

Abstract A short and efficient synthesis of the potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor CMI-977 is described using as the key step a stereoselective anomeric oxygen to carbon rearrangement of an alkynyl stannane tetrahydrofuranyl ether derivative mediated by boron trifluoride etherate.
Ensemble Reinforcement Learning-Based Supervisory Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Fuel Economy Improvement (2020)

This study proposes an ensemble reinforcement learning (RL) strategy to improve the fuel economy. A parallel hybrid electric vehicle model is first presented, followed by an introduction of ensemble RL strategy. The base RL algorithm is Q-learning, which is used to form multiple agents with different state combinations. Two common energy management strategies, namely, thermostatic strategy and equivalent consumption minimization strategy, are used as two single agents in the proposed ensemble agents. During the learning process, multiple RL agents make an action decision jointly by taking a weighted average. After each driving cycle iteration, Q-learning agents update their state-action values. A single RL agent is used as a reference for the proposed strategy. The results show that the fuel economy of the proposed ensemble strategy is 3.2% higher than that of the best single agent.
Recurrent Aortic Aneurysms Following Thoracic Aortic Stent-Graft Repair in a Patient with Cogan Syndrome (2006)

This case highlights the pitfalls of stent-graft repair in a patient with presumed connective tissue disease.
Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine A2A receptors in the rat central nervous system (1998)

The A2A adenosine receptor (A2A-AR) transcript and radioligand binding sites have a distinct distribution in rat brain, restricted primarily to the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles. We describe here the use of purified recombinant human A2A-ARs to generate a monoclonal antibody that has been used to better resolve the distribution of A2A-ARs in rat brain. The antibody can detect 1 ng of purified recombinant receptor by Western blotting and is potent (EC50 = 0.62 microg/ml) and highly selective for the A2A-AR subtype. By Western blotting, the apparent molecular mass of recombinant and rat striatal receptors shifts upon deglycosylation from 43-48 to 42 kilodaltons. Analyses of chimeric A1/A2A-ARs and synthesis of a blocking peptide pinpointed the epitope (SQPLPGER) of the antibody to the center of the third intracellular loop of the receptor. Incubation of rat striatal membranes with antibody reduces receptor coupling to G-proteins. In rat brain, dense A2A-AR-like immunoreactivity that is eliminated by the blocking peptide was found in the neuropil of the striatum, nucleus accumbens (rostral pole, core and shell), cell bridges of the striatum, olfactory tubercles, and areas of extended amygdala with somewhat lighter labeling in the globus pallidus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Light perikaryal labeling was found in other areas of the brain, including the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellum, and portions of the hindbrain. The observed distribution of A2A-AR immunoreactivity throughout the neuraxis is consistent with the receptors' role in modulating dopaminergic neurotransmission and central control of cardiovascular function.
Is Deep Reinforcement Learning Ready for Practical Applications in\n Healthcare? A Sensitivity Analysis of Duel-DDQN for Hemodynamic Management in\n Sepsis Patients (2020)

The potential of Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been demonstrated through\nsuccessful applications to games such as Go and Atari. However, while it is\nstraightforward to evaluate the performance of an RL algorithm in a game\nsetting by simply using it to play the game, evaluation is a major challenge in\nclinical settings where it could be unsafe to follow RL policies in practice.\nThus, understanding sensitivity of RL policies to the host of decisions made\nduring implementation is an important step toward building the type of trust in\nRL required for eventual clinical uptake. In this work, we perform a\nsensitivity analysis on a state-of-the-art RL algorithm (Dueling Double Deep\nQ-Networks)applied to hemodynamic stabilization treatment strategies for septic\npatients in the ICU. We consider sensitivity of learned policies to input\nfeatures, embedding model architecture, time discretization, reward function,\nand random seeds. We find that varying these settings can significantly impact\nlearned policies, which suggests a need for caution when interpreting RL agent\noutput.\n
Adaptive Beam Director for a Tiled Fiber Array (2006)

We present the concept development of a novel atmospheric compensation system based on adaptive tiled fiber array architecture operating with target-in-the-loop scenarios for directed beam applications. The adaptive tiled fiber array system is integrated with adaptive beam director (ABD). Wavefront control and sensing functions are performed directly on the beam director telescope primary mirror. The beam control of the adaptive tiled fiber array aims to compensate atmospheric turbulence-induced dynamic phase aberrations and results in a corresponding brightness increase on the illuminated extended object. The system is specifically designed for tiled fiber system architectures operating in strong intensity scintillation and speckle-modulation conditions typical for laserilluminated extended objects and includes both local (on-tile) wavefront distortion compensation and phase locking of sub-systems. The compensation algorithms are based on adaptive optimization of performance metrics. Local wavefront distortion compensation is performed using on-tile stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) optimization of local speckle metrics directly measured on each fiber-tile. Phase locking is performed using SPGD optimization of a composed metric, that is, the metric combined from the local metrics. An experimental setup is developed to evaluate the feasibility of controlling beam quality by using speckle metrics based on the temporal analysis of the speckle pattern of light which is backscattered from a laser-illuminated extended object and recorded by a single photo-detector. The experimental setup is used to investigate beam quality improvement, adaptive process convergence, and the influence of the illuminated object shape.
Velocity‐shear‐driven ion‐cyclotron waves and associated transverse ion heating (1998)

Recent sounding rocket experiments, such as SCIFER, AMICIST, and ARCS‐4, and satellite data from FAST, Freja, DE‐2, and HILAT, provide compelling evidence of a correlation between small‐scale spatial plasma inhomogeneities, broadband low‐frequency waves, and transversely heated ions. These naturally arising, localized inhomogeneities can lead to sheared cross‐magnetic‐field plasma flows, a situation that has been shown to have potential for instability growth. Experiments performed in the Naval Research Laboratory's Space Physics Simulation Chamber demonstrate that broadband waves in the ion‐cyclotron frequency range can be driven solely by a transverse, localized electric field, without the dissipation of a field‐aligned current. Significant perpendicular ion energization resulting from these waves has been measured. Detailed comparisons with both theoretical predictions and space observations of electrostatic waves found in the presence of sheared cross‐magnetic‐field plasma flow are made.
Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery to Endothelial Cells (2023)

Endothelial cells play critical roles in circulatory homeostasis and are also the gateway to the major organs of the body. Dysfunction, injury, and gene expression profiles of these cells can cause, or are caused by, prevalent chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Modulation of gene expression within endothelial cells could therefore be therapeutically strategic in treating longstanding disease challenges. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) have emerged as potent, scalable, and tunable carrier systems for delivering nucleic acids, making them attractive vehicles for gene delivery to endothelial cells. Here, we discuss the functions of endothelial cells and highlight some receptors that are upregulated during health and disease. Examples and applications of DNA, mRNA, circRNA, saRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, and ASO delivery to endothelial cells and their targets are reviewed, as well as LNP composition and morphology, formulation strategies, target proteins, and biomechanical factors that modulate endothelial cell targeting. Finally, we discuss FDA-approved LNPs as well as LNPs that have been tested in clinical trials and their challenges, and provide some perspectives as to how to surmount those challenges.