gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instrumentation development for the measurement and characterisation of indoor and urban canyon ambient noise floor in the Galileo frequency bands (2006)

The Galileo satellite navigation system will offer new frequency bands as well as share existing spectrum with parallel systems. The development of the Galileo system will significantly improve the already high level of accuracy, availability, reliability and integrity provided by current satellite navigation systems. However, in urban canyon and indoor locations there is a significant performance loss due to high levels of attenuation, signal masking and multipath. Receiver design for positioning in challenging areas like this is dependent on accurate characterization of the signal andnoise environments. Effects of signal propagation into urban canyons and indoors is relatively well known. However, the noise characteristics are largely unknown, especially the effect on the noise floor in the sensitive Galileo bands from the proliferation of electronic devices. This paper describes the design and development of a measurement instrument to characterise the underlying thermal interference noise floor in the various frequency bands in which Galileo will operate. The design trade-offs and designs are presented along with initial instrument testing. The instrument will be used in a joint measurements campaign between Luleå Technical University and the University of Leeds.
Effect of Surfactants on the Release of Griseofulvin from Polyvinylpyrrolidone Dispersions (1998)

The overall objective of this work was to increase the apparent water-solubility and dissolution rate of the water-insoluble drug griseofulvin (gris) so as to enhance its bioavailability, absorption and therapeutic efficacy. This was to be accomplished by incorporating the drug in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solid dispersions. Thus, gris and PVP were dissolved in a common solvent and then isolated as an intimate mixture or complex. In this work, the effect of several surfactants on the dissolution rates of gris from the gris/PVP solid dispersions was determined. The anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the cationic surfactant deodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and the non-ionic surfactant polyoxyethylene dodecylether (Brij-35) were added in equivalent amounts (0.01% w/v) to the release media. The anionic surfactant greatly enhanced the dissolution rate of gris. The non-ionic and cationic surfactants showed a less pronounced positive influence on the release of gris.
H-bridge building block with SiC power MOSFETs for pulsed power applications (2016)

This paper presents a H-bridge building block with 1700V SiC MOSFET for a pulsed power application to achieve both high voltage, high current and high switching frequency capability. Both power module level and system level stray inductance is minimized to better utilize the SiC high switching speed capability. Meanwhile, since the large pulsed energy is required to drive the pulsed load, voltage sensing for active DC link voltage compensation is proposed and designed.
EZ-Flow (2009)

Recent analytical and experimental work demonstrate that IEEE 802.11-based wireless mesh networks are prone to turbulence. Manifestations of such turbulence take the form of large buffer build-up at relay nodes, end-to-end delay fluctuations, and traffic congestion. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel, distributed flow-control mechanism to address this problem, called EZ-flow. EZ-flow is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard (i.e., it does not modify headers in packets), can be implemented using off-the-shelf hardware, and does not entail any communication overhead. EZ-flow operates by adapting the minimum congestion window parameter at each relay node, based on an estimation of the buffer occupancy at its successor node in the mesh. We show how such an estimation can be conducted passively by taking advantage of the broadcast nature of the wireless channel. Real experiments, run on a 9-node testbed deployed over 4 different buildings, show that EZ-flow effectively smoothes traffic and improves delay, throughput, and fairness performance. We further corroborate these results with a mathematical stability analysis and extensive ns-2 simulations run for different traffic workloads and network topologies.
Scopemate (2011)

Scopemate is a robotic microscope that tracks the user for inspection microscopy. The novel input device combines an optically augmented web-cam with a head tracker. A head tracker controls the inspection angle of a webcam fitted with appropriate microscope optics. This allows an operator the full use of their hands while intuitively looking at the work area from different perspectives.
Detection of TNT and Picric Acid on Surfaces and in Seawater by Using Photoluminescent Polysiloles (2001)

Nitroaromatische Sprengstoffe können einfach und schnell nachgewiesen werden, indem man das Löschen der Photolumineszenz fluoreszierender Polysilole beobachtet. Das Löschen beruht auf dem Elektronentransfer vom Leitungsband der Polysilole zu elektronenarmen Molekülen wie Pikrinsäure, Nitrobenzol, DNT und TNT. Verdünnte Polymerlösungen können auch als Sprühreagentien in der Spurensicherung zum Nachweis von TNT- oder Pikrinsäure-Rückständen unter einer UV-Lampe eingesetzt werden (das Bild zeigt den Abdruck einer behandschuhten Hand, die zuvor in Kontakt mit TNT war).
Mechanistic Study of Ester Olefinations Using Dimethyltitanocene (1996)

Olefination of esters using dimethyltitanocene is proposed to proceed via the titanium carbene, Cp2TiCH2, on the basis of the following evidence: (1) No H/D exchange or 13C scrambling occurs in the reactions of ethyl acetate or dodecyl acetate using either labeled ester or labeled dimethyltitanocene, (2) kinetics are zero order in ester and first order in Cp2TiMe2, (3) the reactions of ethyl acetate and dodecyl acetate with Cp2Ti(CD3)2 produce substantial kinetic isotope effects of 9−10, (4) esters of differing electronic and steric environments have similar reactivity, and (5) there is regiochemical preference for the least stable exo-methylene product. These findings are inconsistent with the methyl addition mechanism proposed in the literature.
Silibinin polarizes Th1/Th2 immune responses through the inhibition of immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells (2006)

Silibinin is the primary active compound in silymarin. It has been demonstrated to exert anti-carcinogenic effects and hepato-protective effects. However, the effects of silibinin on the maturation and immunostimulatory activities exhibited by dendritic cells (DCs) remain, for the most part, unknown. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether silibinin can influence surface molecule expression, dextran uptake, cytokine production, capacity to induce T-cell differentiation, and the signaling pathways underlying these phenomena in murine bone marrow-derived DCs. Silibinin was shown to significantly suppress the expression of CD80, CD86, MHC class I, and MHC class II in the DCs, and was also associated with impairments of LPS-induced IL-12 expression in the DCs. Silibinin-treated DCs proved highly efficient with regard to Ag capture via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Silibinin also inhibited the LPS-induced activation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit. Additionally, silibinin-treated DCs evidenced an impaired induction of Th1 response, and a normal cell-mediated immune response. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological functions of silibinin, especially with regard to their impact on the DCs. These findings expand our current understanding of the immunopharmacological functions of silibinin, and may prove useful in the development of therapeutic adjuvants for acute and chronic DC-associated diseases.
The shear Alfvén wave in a resistive plasma with a shearless magnetic field (1997)

In this Brief Communication, the time development of the shear Alfvén wave in a resistive magnetohydrodynamic plasma is treated. The analysis is restricted to a pressureless plasma confined in a planar sheet pinch with a constant equilibrium magnetic field directed parallel to the magnetic surface wave vector. The equilibrium mass density depends on the spatial coordinate orthogonal to the planar magnetic surfaces. Under these conditions, the shear Alfvén mode decouples from the compressional Alfvén mode. The time behavior of the wave fields is governed by a second-order scalar partial differential equation. Laplace transform techniques are used to solve the equation, and to explore the limiting form of the solution as resistivity passes to zero.
‘The sceptical tendencies of modern times’ (2015)

Abstract This chapter focuses on Charles Haddon Spurgeon, the most popular Nonconformist preacher of the reign of Queen Victoria and the strongest opponent of attempts to modify, explain away, or repudiate traditional Evangelical teaching on eternal punishment. For over thirty years, Spurgeon kept an eagle eye out for any of his fellow Dissenters who showed signs of straying from his own narrow brand of conservative Evangelicalism. By the end of 1870, he became increasingly worried by the growth of theological liberalism in the churches, and increasingly bellicose in his call to arms to stop the spread of its insidious influence.
Metabolic engineering and control analysis for production of aromatics: Role of transaldolase (1997)

Aromatic metabolites in Escherichia coli and other microorganisms are derived from two common precursors: phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P). During growth on glucose, the levels of both E4P and PEP are insufficient for high throughput of aromatics because of the low carbon flux through the pentose pathway and the use of PEP in the phosphotransferase system. It has been shown that transketolase and PEP synthase are effective in relieving this limitation and promoting high throughput of aromatics. To determine whether transaldolase, another E4P-producing enzyme, is also a limiting factor in directing carbon flux to the aromatic pathway, E. coli transaldolase gene (tal) was cloned and overexpressed in an aroB strain which excretes 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP), the first intermediate in the aromatic pathway. We found that overexpression of transaldolase did significantly increase the production of DAHP from glucose. This result further supports the contention that the supply of E4P is limiting when glucose is the carbon source. However, overexpression of transaldolase in strains which already overexpress transketolase did not show a further increase in production of aromatics. This result was attributed to the saturation of E4P supply when TktA was overexpressed. The flux control of DAHP production was discussed on the basis of Metabolic Control Analysis. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FlatCam: Replacing Lenses with Masks and Computation (2015)

We present a thin form-factor lensless camera, FlatCam, that consists of a coded mask placed on top of a bare, conventional sensor array. FlatCam is an instance of a coded aperture imaging system in which each pixel records a linear combination of light from multiple scene elements. A computational algorithm is then used to demultiplex the recorded measurements and reconstruct an image of the scene. In contrast with vast majority of coded aperture systems, we place the coded mask extremely close to the image sensor that can enable a thin system. We use a separable mask to ensure that both calibration and image reconstruction are scalable in terms of memory requirements and computational complexity. We demonstrate the potential of our design using a prototype camera built using commercially available sensor and mask.
Insulation Properties of CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>/50%SF<sub>6</sub> Gas Mixture under Nonuniform Field (2001)

This paper describes partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of CO2/N2/SF6 gas mixture under nonuniform field. These voltage characteristics were investigated with AC high voltage by changing the mixture rate of each gas of CO2, N2 and SF6 gas and the gas pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.6 MPa. It was found that adding a small amount of CO2 gas into N2/ SF6 gas mixture causes the drastic increase in the breakdown voltage: for instance, when the mixture rate of SF6 in N2/SF6 gas mixture is 50%, with 1% CO2 addition the maximum breakdown voltage becomes 1.31 and 1.15 times higher than that of 50%N2/50%SF6 gas mixture and pure SF6 gas, respectively. Moreover, those voltage characteristics of CO2/N2/SF6 gas mixture were also investigated by changing the electric field utilization factor as well as by applying positive and negative standard lightning impulse voltages in order to enable to discuss the corona stabilization effect which seems to be one reason for drastically increasing the breakdown voltage. These results and breakdown mechanism of CO2/N2/SF6 gas mixture were discussed on the basis of the corona stabilization effect and the dissociation energies of the component gases by observing PD light images, PD light intensities through a blue and red filter and PD current waveforms.
Secure document engineering (2011)

With the boom in interactive and composite documents and the increased coupling between the on-line and physical worlds, the need for secure document engineering is greater than ever. Four important factors contribute to the need to re-engineer document lifecycles and the associated workflows. The first is the rapid increase in mobile access to documents. The second is the movement of documents from private directories, shared directories and intranets to the cloud. The third is the increased generation of - and expectation for - document content, context and use analytics. Finally, the proliferation of social website applications and services over the past half-decade have created for many a constant state of log-in. Each of these trends creates a significantly increased "attack surface" for individuals, organizations and governments interested in breaching the privacy and security of web users. Combined, these transformations create as big a change to content security as that of the browser in the 1990s. In this workshop, we consider the impact of these ongoing transformations in document creation and interaction, and consider what the best approaches will be to provide privacy and security in light of these transformations.
Optimal Connection for Tiotropium SMI Delivery through Mechanical Ventilation: An In Vitro Study (2020)

We aimed to quantify Soft Mist Inhalers (SMI) delivery to spontaneous breathing model and compare with different adapters via endotracheal tube during mechanical ventilation or by manual resuscitation. A tiotropium SMI was used with a commercial in-line adapter and a T-adapter placed between the Y-adapter and the inspiratory limb of the ventilator circuit during mechanical ventilation. The SMI was actuated at the beginning of inspiration and expiration. In separate experiments, a manual resuscitator with T-adapter was attached to endotracheal tube, collecting filter, and a passive test lung. Drug was eluted from collecting filters with salt-based solvent and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed the percent of SMI label dose inhaled was 3-fold higher with the commercial in-line adapter with actuation during expiration than when synchronized with inspiration. SMI with T-adapter delivery via ventilator was similar to inhalation (1.20%) or exhalation (1.02%), and both had lower delivery dose than with manual resuscitator (2.80%; <i>p</i> = 0.01). The inhaled dose via endotracheal tube was much lower than inhaled dose with spontaneous breathing (22.08%). In conclusion, the inhaled dose with the commercial adapter was higher with SMI actuated during expiration, but still far less than reported spontaneous inhaled dose.
Modeling Weed Distribution for Improved Postemergence Control Decisions (1992)

Broadleaf weeds apparently have patchy distributions within a field while POST control decisions are made assuming a regular spatial distribution. As a result, yield loss from weed competition may be overestimated, possibly leading to mistakes in choosing the optimal control treatment. Data on distribution of broadleaf weeds in 14 soybean fields were used in simulation experiments to investigate the potential for improving decision making with information about weed patchiness. The feasibility of modeling weed distribution in individual fields was also examined. Overall, the cost of assuming a regular distribution when making POST decisions was found to be low. Errors that occurred most often involved recommending more intensive control than was actually required, although in a few cases less intensive control was recommended. Error in the yield loss estimated for the uncontrolled population did not indicate the potential for a mistake in decision making for a field. Accurately modeling distribution of weeds within fields may be difficult as a result of correlations between distributions of individual species within a field and variation in distributions between fields.
Late-stage difluoromethylation: concepts, developments and perspective (2021)

This review describes the recent advances made in difluoromethylation processes based on X-CF<sub>2</sub>H bond formation where X is C(sp), C(sp<sup>2</sup>), C(sp<sup>3</sup>), O, N or S, a field of research that has benefited from the invention of multiple difluoromethylation reagents. The last decade has witnessed an upsurge of metal-based methods that can transfer CF<sub>2</sub>H to C(sp<sup>2</sup>) sites both in stoichiometric and catalytic mode. Difluoromethylation of C(sp<sup>2</sup>)-H bond has also been accomplished through Minisci-type radical chemistry, a strategy best applied to heteroaromatics. Examples of electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical and cross-coupling methods have appeared to construct C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-CF<sub>2</sub>H bonds, but cases of stereoselective difluoromethylation are still limited. In this sub-field, an exciting departure is the precise site-selective installation of CF<sub>2</sub>H onto large biomolecules such as proteins. The formation of X-CF<sub>2</sub>H bond where X is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur is conventionally achieved upon reaction with ClCF<sub>2</sub>H; more recently, numerous protocols have achieved X-H insertion with novel non-ozone depleting difluorocarbene reagents. All together, these advances have streamlined access to molecules of pharmaceutical relevance, and generated interest for process chemistry.
Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Molecular Spacers for Efficient Fluorescence Energy Transfer to Dye‐Labeled DNA (2006)

Abstract Two water‐soluble conjugated polyelectrolytes, poly(9,9′‐bis(6‐ N,N,N ‐trimethylammoniumhexyl)fluorene‐ alt ‐1,4‐(2,5‐bis(6‐ N,N,N ‐trimethylammoniumhexyloxy))phenylene) tetrabromide ( P1i ) and poly((10,10′‐bis(6‐ N,N,N ‐trimethylammoniumhexyl)‐10H‐spiro(anthracene‐9,9′‐fluorene))‐ alt ‐1,4‐(2,5‐bis(6‐ N,N,N ‐trimethylammoniumhexyloxy))phenylene) tetrabromide ( P2i ) are synthesized, characterized, and used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments with fluorescein‐labeled single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA‐Fl). P1i and P2i have nearly identical π‐conjugated backbones, as determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The main structural difference is the presence of an anthracenyl substituent, orthogonal to the main chain in each of the P2i repeat units, which increases the average interchain separation in aggregated phases. It is possible to observe emission from ssDNA‐Fl via FRET upon excitation of P2i . Fluorescein is not emissive within the ssDNA‐Fl/ P1i electrostatic complex, suggesting Fl emission quenching through photoinduced charge transfer (PCT). We propose that the presence of the anthracenyl “molecular bumper” in P2i increases the distance between optical partners, which decreases PCT more acutely relative to FRET.
Short period La/B and LaN/B multilayer mirrors for ~68 nm wavelength (2013)

In the first part of this article we experimentally show that contrast between the very thin layers of La and B enables close to theoretical reflectance. The reflectivity at 6.8 nm wavelength was measured from La/B multilayer mirrors with period thicknesses ranging from 3.5 to 7.2 nm at the appropriate angle for constructive interference. The difference between the measured reflectance and the reflectance calculated for a perfect multilayer structure decreases with increasing multilayer period. The reflectance of the multilayer with the largest period approaches the theoretical value, showing that the optical contrast between the very thin layers of these structures allows to experimentally access close to theoretical reflectance. In the second part of the article we discuss the structure of La/B and LaN/B multilayers. This set of multilayers is probed by hard X-rays (λ = 0.154 nm) and EUV radiation (λ = 6.8 nm). The structure is reconstructed based on a simultaneous fit of the grazing incidence hard X-ray reflectivity and the EUV reflectivity curves. The reflectivity analysis of the La/B and LaN/B multilayer mirrors shows that the lower reflectance of La/B mirrors compared to LaN/B mirrors can be explained by the presence of 5% of La atoms in the B layer and 63% of B in La layer. After multi-parametrical optimization of the LaN/B system, including the nitridation of La, the highest near normal incidence reflectivity of 57.3% at 6.6 nm wavelength has been measured from a multilayer mirror, containing 175 bi-layers. This is the highest value reported so far.
Super toxins from a super bug: structure and function of Clostridium difficile toxins (2011)

Clostridium difficile, a highly infectious bacterium, is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. In 2009, the number of death certificates mentioning C. difficile infection in the U.K. was estimated at 3933 with 44% of certificates recording infection as the underlying cause of death. A number of virulence factors facilitate its pathogenicity, among which are two potent exotoxins; Toxins A and B. Both are large monoglucosyltransferases that catalyse the glucosylation, and hence inactivation, of Rho-GTPases (small regulatory proteins of the eukaryote actin cell cytoskeleton), leading to disorganization of the cytoskeleton and cell death. The roles of Toxins A and B in the context of C. difficile infection is unknown. In addition to these exotoxins, some strains of C. difficile produce an unrelated ADP-ribosylating binary toxin. This toxin consists of two independently produced components: an enzymatic component (CDTa) and the other, the transport component (CDTb) which facilitates translocation of CDTa into target cells. CDTa irreversibly ADP-ribosylates G-actin in target cells, which disrupts the F-actin:G-actin equilibrium leading to cell rounding and cell death. In the present review we provide a summary of the current structural understanding of these toxins and discuss how it may be used to identify potential targets for specific drug design.