gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Low‐Toxicity, 5‐Deoxy‐5‐fluoro, and 5‐Deoxy‐5,5‐difluoro Derivatives of Arbekacin and Its Analogs, and Study of Structure‐ Toxicity Relationships. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Solid-Phase Transimidation for the Removal of N-Phthalimido- and N-Tetrachlorophthalimido Protecting Groups on Carbohydrates (1996)

N-Phthalimido and N-tetrachlorophthalimido groups on carbohydrate derivatives are conveniently deprotected using alkyldiamines immobilized on polystyrene beads. The protecting group and reagent remain on the beads and the free amino sugar is recovered in 81-96% yield by simple filtration and evaporation.
Supramolecular Hemoprotein Linear Assembly by Successive Interprotein Heme−Heme Pocket Interactions (2007)

We demonstrate a new strategy for the construction of supramolecular hemoprotein assemblies. A synthetic heme was selectively introduced onto the surface Cys residue of the cytochrome b562 single mutant (H63C) through a thioether bond. After removal of the native heme of the H63C mutant by acid denaturation followed by neutralization, the externally attached heme on the apoprotein surface was inserted into the vacant heme pocket of the other apoprotein. Therefore, the interprotein heme−heme pocket interaction produces a unique submicrometer-sized linear hemoprotein fiber, determined by size exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy. This methodology should be widely applicable to the creation of new nanobiomaterials based on a functional hemoprotein.
Problems of the Shaping Universal and professional competencies among students of Domestic Universities in the implementation of the federal state educational standard of higher education 3++ and ways to solve them (2021)

Today, Russia is actively working to introduce the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education 3++ (FSES HO 3++) into the educational process. At the same time, it is assumed that these higher education standards will contribute to improving the quality of training students of domestic universities for professional activities in domestic organizations. However, as practice shows, the continuous improvement of FSES HO, according to the Bachelor-Master system, does not solve the key problems associated with the training of professionals demanded by domestic organizations, who should be trained by the universities. This paper shows the problems associated with the formation of professional competencies among students of domestic universities in the implementation of FSES HO 3++, as well as possible ways to solve them and to improve the quality of training students as future professionals for domestic organizations. At the same time, all proposals are based on the practical experience of the authors and scientific analysis of existing problems, as well as feedback from employers justifying their requirements for graduates of domestic universities from the standpoint of the needs of organizations in the young professional staff they need, which allows them to successfully solve the issues of timely provision of the required level of competitiveness.
Integration of single photon emitters in 2D layered materials with a silicon nitride photonic chip (2019)

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) enable the miniaturization of optical quantum circuits because several optic and electronic functionalities can be added on the same chip. Integrated single photon emitters (SPEs) are central building blocks for such quantum photonic circuits. SPEs embedded in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides have some unique properties that make them particularly appealing for large-scale integration. Here we report on the integration of a WSe<sub>2</sub> monolayer onto a Silicon Nitride (SiN) chip. We demonstrate the coupling of SPEs with the guided mode of a SiN waveguide and study how the on-chip single photon extraction can be maximized by interfacing the 2D-SPE with an integrated dielectric cavity. Our approach allows the use of optimized PIC platforms without the need for additional processing in the SPE host material. In combination with improved wafer-scale CVD growth of 2D materials, this approach provides a promising route towards scalable quantum photonic chips.
Pre-treatment study for barrier-less Ruthenium filling into single damascene via of sub 20nm hole size (2023)

Ru filling in small vias is challenging. Voids in the via will cause high via resistance. Ru filling with dep-etch sequence helps to minimize void formation; however, it is not productivity friendly. We report Ru fill without void in sub 20nm diameter vias using a surface treatment. New surface treatment has been introduced as a treatment to manage the Ru deposition rate on SiO2 and the bottom metal.
Interaction effects in direct electron beam lithography on silicon substrates (1978)

The problems associated with the direct exposure of resist-coated silicon substrates with electron beams have been studied. The scattering of electrons in the electron resist, from the substrate, and from topographical features such as steps on the substrate causes exposure at some distance from the beam's point of entry. Experiments have been carried out by drawing lines with a 0.5 μm diameter probe at 15keV beam energy on a silicon wafer coated with a 0.35 μm thick PMMA resist. Two adjacent lines were exposed in each experiment. The separation between lines was increased in steps of 0.2 μm until the lines were well separated. A constant incident dose of 4 × 10 -6 C/mm 2 was used and standard development conditions were maintained at 1 minute in a 3:1 solution of IPA:MIBK. Measured line and gap widths are shown as functions of the separation between adjacent lines in Fig.
Cataract Surgery Complications (2011)

Our in vitro studies confirm that ropivacaine is less toxic than lidocaine to these cells. Therefore, in vivo studies in the anterior chamber could be useful to evaluate the effects of ropivacaine versus lidocaine in intracameral anesthesia in cataract surgery.
Descnrptive Contour Fill of Parly Degenerated Shapes (1986)

A uniform and consistent way of filling degenerated shapes on a restergrid is presented. The processing algorithms described are based on contour segmentation of shapes along local minima and maxima (polysegments). To reduce errors, contour segments are scan convertedby considering their real parameters. A criterion is introduced to find discreate departure and arrival pixels as well as the initial error for subsequent scan conversion of segments. The context-based description of potential polysegment and scan line intersections permits both the handling of singularities at birth and death points and the treatment of polysegment degeneration. The definition of degeneration and the execution of corresponding processing steps at segment, polysegment, birth and death point levels enables contour filling of shapes scaled down by any factor.
Ultra-Low Temperature Flattening Technique of Silicon Surface Using Xe/H2 Plasma (2015)

In order to flatten any crystal orientation Si surface including Si-fin-structure and to introduce the flattening process just before the gate oxide formation in the latest LSI manufacturing process, it is strongly required that the flattening process is carried out at lower temperature. By introducing Xe/H 2 plasma flattening at 400 o C just before the gate oxide formation, the breakdown field intensity (E bd ) was improved and E bd fluctuation became much smaller than that of conventional.
Syk Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Prevents HtrA2-dependent Loss of X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) to Promote Survival of Epstein-Barr Virus+ (EBV+) B Cell Lymphomas (2011)

B cell lymphoma survival requires tonic or ligand-independent signals through activation of Syk by the B cell receptor. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein latent membrane 2a (LMP2a), a mimic of the B cell receptor, provides constitutive survival signals for latently infected cells through Syk activation; however, the precise downstream mechanisms coordinating this survival response in EBV+ B cell lymphomas remain to be elucidated. Herein, we assess the mechanism of Syk survival signaling in EBV+ B cell lymphomas from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) to discover virally controlled therapeutic targets involved in lymphomagenesis and tumor progression. Using small molecule inhibition and siRNA strategies, we show that Syk inhibition reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis of PTLD-derived EBV+ B cell lines. Syk inhibition also reduces autocrine IL-10 production. Although Syk inhibition attenuates signaling through both the PI3K/Akt and Erk pathways, only PI3K/Akt inhibition causes apoptosis of PTLD-derived cell lines. Loss of the endogenous caspase inhibitor XIAP is observed after Syk or PI3K/Akt inhibition. The loss of XIAP and apoptosis that results from Syk or PI3K/Akt inhibition is reversed by inhibition of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2. Thus, Syk drives EBV+ B cell lymphoma survival through PI3K/Akt activation, which prevents the HtrA2-dependent loss of XIAP. Syk, Akt, and XIAP antagonists may present potential new therapeutic strategies for PTLD through targeting of EBV-driven survival signals.
Demonstration of joint DSP receivers for spatial superchannels (2012)

We report lab measurements of joint digital signal processing of simultaneous 112Gbps links in a 7-core fiber. Strongly-correlated phase fluctuations between the cores permit reduced processing complexity with no increase in the bit-error ratio.
Screening and Identification of Acidic Carbohydrates in Bovine Colostrum by Using Ion/Molecule Reactions and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry:  Specificity toward Phosphorylated Complexes (2003)

A screening method was developed for the identification of acidic saccharides from biological mixtures utilizing gas-phase derivatization and mass spectrometry. Phosphorylated compounds were differentiated from other acidic species by exploiting the selective reactivity of chlorotrimethylsilane with the phosphate ions (phosphorylated compounds shift by 72 Da, allowing rapid compound detection). A 13-component mock mixture was used to demonstrate the viability of the method, and a detection limit of 600 nM (30 fmol) was determined. This method was applied to the identification of acidic compounds from bovine colostrum. To further verify the selectivity of the ion/molecule reaction, exact mass measurements were used to determine the elemental composition of 14 compounds. Eight novel acidic carbohydrate species were observed in bovine colostrum, six of which have never been reported previously in milks. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments allowed compound characterization for two of these components.
Bi-exponential T2* analysis of healthy and diseased Achilles tendons: an in vivo preliminary magnetic resonance study and correlation with clinical score (2013)

• Magnetic resonance imaging offers new insight into healthy and diseased Achilles tendons • Bi-exponential T2 calculation in Achilles tendons is more beneficial than mono-exponential • A short T2 component correlates strongly with clinical score • Variable echo time sequences successfully used instead of ultrashort echo time sequences.
Equalization of four cardiovascular risk algorithms after systematic recalibration: individual-participant meta-analysis of 86 prospective studies. (2018)

AIMS: There is debate about the optimum algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation. We conducted head-to-head comparisons of four algorithms recommended by primary prevention guidelines, before and after 'recalibration', a method that adapts risk algorithms to take account of differences in the risk characteristics of the populations being studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using individual-participant data on 360 737 participants without CVD at baseline in 86 prospective studies from 22 countries, we compared the Framingham risk score (FRS), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), pooled cohort equations (PCE), and Reynolds risk score (RRS). We calculated measures of risk discrimination and calibration, and modelled clinical implications of initiating statin therapy in people judged to be at 'high' 10 year CVD risk. Original risk algorithms were recalibrated using the risk factor profile and CVD incidence of target populations. The four algorithms had similar risk discrimination. Before recalibration, FRS, SCORE, and PCE over-predicted CVD risk on average by 10%, 52%, and 41%, respectively, whereas RRS under-predicted by 10%. Original versions of algorithms classified 29-39% of individuals aged ≥40 years as high risk. By contrast, recalibration reduced this proportion to 22-24% for every algorithm. We estimated that to prevent one CVD event, it would be necessary to initiate statin therapy in 44-51 such individuals using original algorithms, in contrast to 37-39 individuals with recalibrated algorithms. CONCLUSION: Before recalibration, the clinical performance of four widely used CVD risk algorithms varied substantially. By contrast, simple recalibration nearly equalized their performance and improved modelled targeting of preventive action to clinical need.
The effect of helper virus on Abelson virus-induced transformation of lymphoid cells. (1978)

Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV)-transformed fibroblast nonproducer cells were used to prepare A-MuLV stocks containing a number of different helper viruses. The oncogenicity of the A-MuLV stocks was tested by animal inoculation and their ability to transform normal mouse bone marrow cells was measured in vitro. All of the A-MuLV stocks transformed fibroblast cells efficiently. However, only A-MuLV stocks prepared with helper viruses that are highly oncogenic were efficient in vivo and in vitro in hematopoietic cell transformation. In addition, inefficient helpers did not establish a stable infection in lymphoid nonproducer cells. Thus, helper virus has a more central role in lymphoid cell transformation than in fibroblast cell transformation.
CD8 expression alters the fine specificity of an alloreactive MHC class l-specific T hybridoma (1992)

The influence of CD8 on the fine specificity of MHC class I-restricted T cell allorecognition was evaluated by comparing the reactivity of CD8- and CD8-transfected forms of an allospecific, H-2Kb-restricted T hybridoma. The CD8- T hybridoma responded to cells expressing H-2Kb, H-2Kbm6, and the individual H-2Kb----bm10 back mutations 165V----M, 173K----E, and 174N----L. Under the same conditions the CD8- T hybridoma responded poorly or not at all to cells expressing H-2Kbm10, H-2Kbm8, the individual H-2Kb----bm10 back mutants 163T----A and 167W----S, and the individual H-2Kb----bm8 back mutations 22Y----F and 24E----S. In contrast, T hybridoma cells expressing high levels of CD8 reacted strongly with antigen presenting cells (APC) expressing H-2Kb and H-2Kbm6 molecules, as well as APC expressing H-2Kbm10 (weakly), H-2Kbm8, and all five individual H-2Kb----bm10 and the two H-2Kb----bm8 back mutants 22Y----F and 24E----S. The mutations which distinguish the T cell recognition of both H-2Kbm10 and H-2Kbm8 from H-2Kb are predicted to control the interaction of these class I molecules with antigenic peptides in the binding site, implying an important role for peptide antigen in T cell allorecognition. Nonetheless, CD8 expression by the H-2Kb-restricted T cells conferred novel or enhanced alloreactivity with cells expressing H-2Kbm10, H-2Kbm8, and each of the individual H-2Kb----bm10 and H-2Kb----bm8 back mutants. These findings reflect an important role for CD8 in influencing the fine specificity of MHC class I recognition by T cells and may indicate a limited structural role for peptide antigen in defining the ligand recognized by these alloreactive T cells.
A fourth-order ΣΔ interface for micromachined inertial sensors (2004)

A high-order electromechanical /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator uses additional electronic filtering in the loop to eliminate excessive in-band quantization noise inherently present in second-order implementations. The interface is fabricated in a 0.5/spl mu/m CMOS process and tested with a gyroscope and accelerometer achieving 1/spl deg//s/4Hz and 150/spl mu/g/Hz of resolution, respectively. Active chip area is 0.9mm/sup 2/ and the IC consumes a total of 18mW.
Collaborative firewalling in wireless networks (2011)

Firewalls are one of the essential security elements to enforce access policies in computer networks. Open network architecture, shared wireless medium, stringent resource constraints, and highly dynamic network topology impose a new set of challenges on deploying firewalls in a mobile wireless environment. The current state-of-the-art demands for self protection by personal (i.e. local) firewalls for each node; however, this requires that all unwanted traffic travels all the way to the node before it is discarded at the destination. This wastes considerable bandwidth and power of all of the nodes in a network with multi-hop routing, specially if a node is under a denial of service (DoS) attack. In this paper, we develop a novel distributed firewalling scheme for wireless networks in which nodes collaboratively perform packet filtering to address resource squandering. The proposed scheme introduces techniques to distribute discarding rules based on both proactive and reactive routing protocols. It also proposes efficient rule placement mechanisms to maximize the number of packets discarded remotely before they reach the destination and minimize the number of unwanted packet forwardings. The scheme is evaluated through various simulation scenarios. The simulation results show that by distributing only 1% of the rules, about 42% of the unwanted traffic is discarded before it reaches the destination, which significantly saves the network resources. Saving about 30% of the wasted bandwidth can be crucial for the performance of a wireless network.
The social contact hypothesis under the assumption of endemic equilibrium: Elucidating the transmission potential of VZV in Europe (2015)

The basic reproduction number R0 and the effective reproduction number R are pivotal parameters in infectious disease epidemiology, quantifying the transmission potential of an infection in a population. We estimate both parameters from 13 pre-vaccination serological data sets on varicella zoster virus (VZV) in 12 European countries and from population-based social contact surveys under the commonly made assumptions of endemic and demographic equilibrium. The fit to the serology is evaluated using the inferred effective reproduction number R as a model eligibility criterion combined with AIC as a model selection criterion. For only 2 out of 12 countries, the common choice of a constant proportionality factor is sufficient to provide a good fit to the seroprevalence data. For the other countries, an age-specific proportionality factor provides a better fit, assuming physical contacts lasting longer than 15 min are a good proxy for potential varicella transmission events. In all countries, primary infection with VZV most often occurs in early childhood, but there is substantial variation in transmission potential with R0 ranging from 2.8 in England and Wales to 7.6 in The Netherlands. Two non-parametric methods, the maximal information coefficient (MIC) and a random forest approach, are used to explain these differences in R0 in terms of relevant country-specific characteristics. Our results suggest an association with three general factors: inequality in wealth, infant vaccination coverage and child care attendance. This illustrates the need to consider fundamental differences between European countries when formulating and parameterizing infectious disease models.
Cell and organ bioengineering technology as applied to gastrointestinal diseases (2012)

This review illustrates promising regenerative medicine technologies that are being developed for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The main strategies under validation to bioengineer or regenerate liver, pancreas, or parts of the digestive tract are twofold: engineering of progenitor cells and seeding of cells on supporting scaffold material. In the first case, stem cells are initially expanded under standard tissue culture conditions. Thereafter, these cells may either be delivered directly to the tissue or organ of interest, or they may be loaded onto a synthetic or natural three-dimensional scaffold that is capable of enhancing cell viability and function. The new construct harbouring the cells usually undergoes a maturation phase within a bioreactor. Within the bioreactor, cells are conditioned to adopt a phenotype similar to that displayed in the native organ. The specific nature of the scaffold within the bioreactor is critical for the development of this high-function phenotype. Efforts to bioengineer or regenerate gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas have yielded promising results and have demonstrated the immense potential of regenerative medicine. However, a myriad of technical hurdles must be overcome before transplantable, engineered organs become a reality.
Reproducible Two-Dimensional Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis of Barrett's Esophagus Tissues (2006)

We have constructed a high-speed, two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system with a compact and high-sensitivity fluorescence detector. This instrument is used for the rapid and reproducible separations of Barrett's esophagus tissue homogenates. Proteins and biogenic amines are labeled with the fluorogenic reagent 3-(2-furoyl)quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde. Labeled biomolecules are separated sequentially in two capillaries. The first capillary employs capillary sieving electrophoresis using a replaceable sieving matrix. Fractions are successively transferred to a second capillary where they undergo additional separation by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The comprehensive two-dimensional separation requires 60 min. Within-day migration time reproducibility is better than 1% in both dimensions for the 50 most intense features. Between-day migration time precision is 1.3% for CSE and better than 0.6% for MECC. Biopsies were obtained from the squamous epithelium in the proximal tubular esophagus, Barrett's epithelium from the distal esophagus, and fundus region of the stomach from each of three Barrett's esophagus patients with informed consent. We identified 18 features from the homogenate profiles as biogenic amines and amino acids. For each of the patients, Barrett's biopsies had more than 5 times the levels of phenylalanine and alanine as compared to squamous tissues. The patient with high-grade dysplasia shows the highest concentrations for 13 of the amino acids across all tissue types. Concentrations of glycine are 40 times higher in squamous biopsies compared to Barrett's and fundal biopsies from the patient with high-grade dysplasia. These results suggest that two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis may be of value for the rapid characterization of endoscopic and surgical biopsies.
Formation and Structure of a Tin−Iron Oxide Solid-State System with Potential Applications in Carbon Monoxide Sensing through the Use of Cyanogel Chemistry (1998)

The reaction of aqueous solutions of SnCl4·5H2O and K4Fe(CN)6 in a 2/1 Sn/Fe atomic ratio results in a hydrogelled polymeric material, characterized by bridging cyanides between the central metals of the adducts. Materials of this type have previously been noted upon reaction of PdCl42- with cyanometalates in aqueous solution and have been referred to as cyanogels. Dehydration of Sn/Fe cyanogels results in xerogels that maintain the initial polymeric structure of the hydrogel. Thermal processing of such gels under an air atmosphere at 900 °C produces a solid homogeneous mixture of microcrystalline SnO2 and Fe2O3.