gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Video Inpainting by Frame Alignment with Deformable Convolution (2021)

Video inpainting is a task of filling missing regions in videos. In this task, it is important to efficiently use information from other frames and generate plausible results with sufficient temporal consistency. In this paper, we present a video inpainting method jointly using affine transformation and deformable convolutions for frame alignment. The former is responsible for frame-scale rough alignment and the latter performs pixel-level fine alignment. Our model does not depend on 3D convolutions, which limits the temporal window, or troublesome flow estimation. The proposed method achieves improved object removal results and better PSNR and SSIM values compared with previous learning-based methods.
Polarization- and thickness-dependent near fields of small phase-shifting structures (1993)

The spatial distribution of amplitude and phase in the diffraction near field behind phase-shifting structures of infinite length and small rectangular cross section (</= lambda(2), lambda is the wavelength) is investigated for incident, linearly polarized plane waves. The near fields are computed by an inverse Fourier transformation of the calculated angular spectra; 3-cm microwave measurements yield good agreement. The computed near fields are compared to the structure images in the range of geometrical optics. Quantitative relations are derived for the deviations between the corresponding angular spectra, depending on polarization of the incident wave and structure thickness.
Imaging Tissue Conductivity via Contactless Measurements: A Feasibility Study (1998)

The feasibility of a new imaging system is investigated. This system will be used to image electrical conductivity distribution of biological tissues via contactless measurements. This will be achieved by introducing currents in the conductive medium using time-varying magnetic fields and measuring the magnetic fields of the induced currents. Consequently, the imaging system consists of transmitter and receiver coils placed nearby the conductive body. In this study, the basic features of the coplanar and coaxial coils are studied. The validity of the simplifying assumptions for the governing field equations is investigated. It is found that, for operating frequency of 100 kHz the displacement currents can be ignored, however, the propagation effects become effective for a representative distance of 20 cm. In order to estimate the induced current and the secondary field strengths, the half-space problem is solved for representative coil configurations. The validity of these solutions are also tested with a semi-analytical solution based on conductor-rings model of the half space. For coaxial coil configuration, the maximum induced current density, primary voltage and secondary voltage are obtained as 0.2\\times 10-4 mA/cm2, 468 mV and 8.7 m V, respectively. These results are obtained for 1 turn transmitter coil excited by sinusoidal current having a peak value of 1 A at 50 Khz, and 10000-turn detection coil. Note that the calculated voltages are measureable while the maximum current density induced in the conductive body is much lower than the safety limits (1.6 mA/ cm2) at that operating frequency. For coplanar coil configuration, the maximum current density increases to 4.9 \\times 10-4 mA/ cm2, since the transmitter coil is closer to half space surface. These results ultimately revealed that the signals are in the measurable range while the currents are below the safety limits.
Holographic optical elements for optical backplane bus targeted at high speed data transfer (2006)

The primary technical challenge for optical backplanes involve the alignment and optical isolation of multiple data channels. Since most backplanes require data transfer rates greater than a single optical channel can costeffectively provide, multiple data channels is the common solution for higher aggregate transfer rates. Established optical alignment and isolation techniques include spatial separation of optical channels, use of lensing elements to focus specific transmitter outputs to specific receiver areas, use of differing wavelengths for adjacent channels with appropriate frequency filtering on receivers, and the use of "light guide tubes" for each channel. This presentation will examine another promising option, the use of "matched" Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) to provide both cross channel optical isolation and to significantly relax traditional optical alignment requirements. Matched HOEs can both induce upon a transmitted optical stream, and then filter upon a received optical stream, a number of distinguishing characteristics such as wavelength, polarization, phase, and amplitude. Thus the use of a unique "matched HOE" pair with each transmitterreceiver pair of multiple optical data channels can provide an efficient mechanism to isolate individual data streams even when they may be physically coincident, such as in a length of fibre optic or when multiple free space data transmitters illuminate several channel's receiver elements. Thus, the alignment issue is relaxed from the usual constraint of attempting to physically separate channels to one where, as long as the receiver is within the optical cone of it's matched transmitting element, cross channel interference can be effectively eliminated.
A recurrent SHANK3 frameshift variant in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021)

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is genetically complex, but specific copy number variants (CNVs; e.g., 1q21.1, 16p11.2) and genes (e.g., NRXN1, NLGN4 ) have been identified as penetrant susceptibility factors, and all of these demonstrate pleiotropy. Many ASD-associated CNVs are, in fact, genomic disorder loci where flanking segmental duplications lead to recurrent deletion and duplication events of the same region in unrelated individuals, but these lesions are large and involve multiple genes. To identify opportunities to establish a more specific genotype and phenotype correlation in ASD, we searched genomic data, and the literature, for recurrent predicted damaging sequence-level variants affecting single genes. We identified 17 individuals from 15 unrelated families carrying a heterozygous guanine duplication (rs797044936; NM_033517.1; c.3679dup; p.Ala1227Glyfs*69) occurring within a string of 8 guanines (at genomic location [hg38]g.50,721,512dup) affecting SHANK3 , a prototypical ASD gene (6/7,521 or 0.08% of ASD-affected individuals studied by whole genome sequencing carried the p.Ala1227Glyfs*69 variant). This variant, which is predicted to cause a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon truncating the C-terminal region of the corresponding protein, was not reproducibly found in any of the control groups we analyzed. All probands identified carried de novo mutations with the exception of five individuals in three families who inherited it through somatic mosaicism. This same heterozygous variant in published mouse models leads to an ASD-like phenotype. We scrutinized the phenotype of p.Ala1227Glyfs*69 carriers, and while everyone (16/16) formally tested for ASD carried a diagnosis, there was variable expression of core ASD features both within families and between families, underscoring the impact of as yet unknown modifiable factors affecting expressivity in autism.
[The synthesis of valperinol and various 3-aminomethyl derivatives of 2,9-dioxatricyclo[4,3,1,0(3,7)]decane from didrovaltrate]. (1984)

3-Aminomethyl derivatives of 2,9-dioxatricyclo [4,3,1,0(3,7)]decane, can be synthesized via an amination, starting from (1R, 3S, 4S, 6R, 7S, 8R, 10R)-3-iodomethyl-4-acetoxy-8-methoxy-10-methyl-2, 9-dioxatricyclo [4,3,1,0(3,7)]decane or (1R, 3S, 4S, 6R, 7S, 8R)-3-iodomethyl-4-acetoxy-8-methoxy-10-methylen-2,9- dioxatricyclo [4,3,1,0(3,7)]decane, which can be prepared from didrovaltrate.
A randomized controlled and long‐term linaclotide study of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation patients in Japan (2018)

This study suggests that a linaclotide dose of 0.5 mg is effective and safe for IBS-C patients in Japan.
The Progress of Prodrugs in Drug Solubility (2020)

Prodrug design has been widely used as a successful approach to achieve selectivity, reduce toxicity, and improve pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics features of drugs for some time. The prodrug approach offers enormous applicability as it overcomes several barriers in their applications, including poor aqueous solubility, local irritation after application, inadequate permeability and bioavailability, chemical instability, fast presystemic metabolism, and inappropriate physicochemical characteristics of the drug, among others. Phosphate esters have been used widely to design water-soluble prodrugs as the dianionic phosphate group in their structures is able to increase water-solubility by several orders of magnitude. Prodrugs containing an imine function may also be explored for increasing the water-solubility of compounds. The valproic acid-taurine prodrug exhibited anticonvulsant activity with reduced teratogenicity, demonstrating that, in addition to the increased water-solubility, the adverse effects of the parent drug may also be modulated by using the prodrug approach.
Book reviews (2000)

Learning and Teaching in Distance Education: Analyses and Interpretations from an International Perspective. Otto Peters. (London: Kogan Page, 1998, 248 pp., price not listed). Information Technology in Higher Education: Assessing Its Impact and Planning for the Future. Ed. Richard N. Katz and Julia A. Rudy. (San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass Inc., 1999, 89 pp., $23.00).
Driving Force Dependence of Electron Transfer Kinetics and Yield in Low-Band-Gap Polymer Donor–Acceptor Organic Photovoltaic Blends (2015)

The rate of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) (κPET), quantum yield of PET (QYPET), and charge extraction yield (EQE) are determined for a series of donor–acceptor (DA) organic photovoltaic systems, comprising low-band-gap polymer donors and the phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) acceptor. The energetic alignment of these polymer donors relative to PCBM provides driving forces for PET (ΔGPET) in the range of 0.18–0.57 eV. Femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy was used to assess the PET kinetics and QYPET, while time-resolved charge extraction (TRCE) measurements were employed to assess EQE. Near unity QYPET was observed in DA blend films with a ΔGPET of 0.57 and 0.30 eV, whereas no resolvable PET was observed with a ΔGPET of 0.18 eV. For the DA blends that exhibit PET, both κPET and QYPET appear independent of ΔGPET, with an average κPET of 420 fs for the 70% PCBM blends. An increase in nanosecond charge separation yield (TA) and EQE (TRCE) between DA systems was observed, which appears not to be due to the PET process but rather the subsequent recombination processes. DA systems should be designed to minimize ΔGPET, minimizing associated losses in device open-circuit potential; however, picosecond bimolecular recombination severely limits achievable charge extraction yields in these DA systems.
Vision Based 3D Tracking and Pose Estimation for Mixed Reality (2007)

Mixed Reality applications require accurate knowledge of the relative positions of the camera and the scene. When either of them moves, this means keeping track in real-time of all six degrees of freedom that define the camera position and orientation relative to the scene, or, equivalently, the 3D displacement of an object relative to the camera. Many technologies have been tried to achieve this goal. However, Computer Vision is the only one that has the potential to yield non-invasive, accurate and low-cost solutions to this problem, provided that one is willing to invest the effort required to develop sufficiently robust algorithms. In this chapter, we therefore discuss some of the most promising approaches, their strengths, and their weaknesses.
Quantitative analysis of bending efficiency in photonic-crystal waveguide bends at λ = 155 μm wavelengths (2001)

Based on a photonic-crystal slab structure, a 60 degrees photonic-crystal waveguide bend is successfully fabricated. Its bending efficiency within the photonic bandgap is measured, and near 100% efficiency is observed at certain frequencies near the valence band edge. The bending radius is ~1mum at a wavelength of lambda~1.55mum . The measured eta spectrum also agrees well with a finite-difference time-domain simulation.
Revealing the invisible: using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy to identify minute remnants of color in Winslow Homer's colorless skies (2011)

Abstract The fading of pigments in items of importance to cultural heritage, such as paintings, works of art on paper, and textiles, is a ubiquitous problem. Tools currently available that can detect and identify organic colorants in severely degraded works of art are rare, given the heavy deterioration and restricted availability of the sample. Recently, however, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy has shown great promise in detecting and identifying mass‐limited samples. The art conservation field has seized upon the opportunity opened up by this powerful analytical technique to enable the identification of microscopic amounts of organic molecules used as artists' colorants in complex matrices, such as biomaterials (i.e. dyed natural textiles, linseed oil biofilms present in oil paintings, etc.), a possibility that was previously precluded due to interfering fluorescence and small sample size. Here, we report SERS spectra recorded directly on single particles of red lake pigments from an important historical watercolor by the American master Winslow Homer (1836–1910) that suffered some degree of fading. The accurate colorant identification provided by SERS, enhanced by comparison with reference samples of historical watercolors, has thus enabled important discoveries regarding the materials and intended meanings behind artworks from one of the most influential American watercolor painters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
An in vitro study of the adhesion of blood platelets onto vascular catheters. Part I (1987)

The adhesion of human blood platelets onto vascular catheters was studied using a specially designed perfusion chamber. Polyurethane catheters were exposed to citrated human blood for different periods (up to 20 min) and at different wall shear rates (190, 260, 330 sec-1). The rate of platelet adhesion was determined using 111In-labeled platelets, while the morphology of adhering platelets was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. A linear increase in platelet adhesion was found within the first 10 min of perfusion, after which a plateau value was reached. The number of adhering platelets did not vary significantly with the shear rates applied, which may indicate that within the range of shear rates studied, the adhesion of platelets onto the catheter surface is mainly determined by the rate of the reaction between the platelets and the material surface. Catheters coated with a conjugate of heparin and albumin showed a four- to five-fold reduction in platelet adhesion as compared to uncoated catheters. This reduction in platelet adhesion was not only due to the presence of albumin moieties at the surface but also to the presence of heparin residues in the adsorbed albumin-heparin conjugate.
Hydrogen Iodide-Promoted Reduction of β-Chlorovinamidinium Salts (2000)

HI cleanly reduced chlorovinamidinium salts to the vinamidinium salt in essentially quantitative assay yield and 55-85% isolated yield following recrystallization. The reaction proceeds via protonation of the beta-carbon atom of the vinamidinium and dechlorination via the formation of I-Cl.
Trench Sidewall Elimination Effect on Line-to-Line Leakage Current in Scalable Porous Silica (k= 2.1)/Cu Interconnect Structure (2010)

The sidewall film in low- k /copper interconnects is generally applied to protect the etched low- k surface. However, the existence of this film will become a critical issue with shrinking device sizes. In this work, using intermetal low- k film consisting of scalable porous silica ( k = 2.1), we tried to eliminate the sidewall film by reducing pore size in 140-nm-pitched scalable porous silica/copper interconnects. Sufficient wiring resistance yield and low wiring capacitance were obtained even in the structure without sidewall. The degradation in the line-to-line leakage caused by the upper layer fabrication process was improved by this sidewall elimination. The mechanism of the leakage degradation was explained by the moisture diffusion from the upper layer, which reacted with the damage site generated by the sidewall formation process.
Information embedding and extraction for electrophotographic printing processes (2006)

In today's digital world securing different forms of content is very important in terms of protecting copyright and verifying authenticity. One example is watermarking of digital audio and images. We believe that a marking scheme analogous to digital watermarking but for documents is very important. In this paper we describe the use of laser amplitude modulation in electrophotographic printers to embed information in a text document. In particular we describe an embedding and detection process which allows the embedding of 1 bit in a single line of text. For a typical 12 point document, 33 bits can be embedded per page.
Variations in tidal volume with portable transport ventilators. (1992)

Decreases in VT with a transport ventilator predispose patients to hypoventilation, hypercapnia, and acidemia. Tidal volume often is not monitored continuously during transport, yet large decreases in VT must not be allowed when pulmonary mechanics are unstable. Internal pressure-limiting valves, venturi flow-generating devices, and compression volume in the breathing circuit are at least three factors that affect VT with transport ventilators.
The Epstein-Barr Virus-Hybridoma Technique for Production of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (1988)

The technology for production of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), although significantly improved in the past few years, still lags behind that of mouse MAbs. One reason is that the techniques for generating human MAbs have relied on the use of lymphocytes from hyperimmunized donors in the fusion. To have wide application, any human hybridoma technique must work efficiently with peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the fact that only 1 in 10 peripheral blood lymphocytes is a B cell presents no small barrier. Two to four weeks after a booster injection, the frequency of circulating B cells capable of responding to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) by producing anti-tetanus toxoid (TT) IgG was only 1 × 10−4 (Stevens et al., 1979). This low number, together with a fusion frequency estimated at approximately 10−5, makes the chance of obtaining a specific hybrid in the order of 10−9 (Kozbor and Roder, 1984).
Producing Durable Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement using Glass-ceramic Coated Reinforcing Steel (2010)

Abstract : PRESENTATION: The Corrosion Problem in Pavements * Nature of the Vitreous-Ceramic Coating * Ease of Application to Reinforcement Steel * Bond Strength and Corrosion-Resistance * Field Demonstration Program * Testing in Reinforced Concrete Pavement * Summary of Current Status. FRAMING THE PROBLEM: The predicted service life of continuously reinforced concrete pavement can be shortened if the rebar in the pavement corrodes prematurely and delaminates the pavement. Moisture and chlorides can move through the natural porosity of concrete and the cracks in the pavement * Application of chlorides from natural sources and from deicing compounds can greatly speed up the corrosion process.
A Complement C3–Specific Nanobody for Modulation of the Alternative Cascade Identifies the C-Terminal Domain of C3b as Functional in C5 Convertase Activity (2020)

The complement system is an intricate cascade of the innate immune system and plays a key role in microbial defense, inflammation, organ development, and tissue regeneration. There is increasing interest in developing complement regulatory and inhibitory agents to treat complement dysfunction. In this study, we describe the nanobody hC3Nb3, which is specific for the C-terminal C345c domain of human and mouse complement component C3/C3b/C3c and potently inhibits C3 cleavage by the alternative pathway. A high-resolution structure of the hC3Nb3-C345c complex explains how the nanobody blocks proconvertase assembly. Surprisingly, although the nanobody does not affect classical pathway-mediated C3 cleavage, hC3Nb3 inhibits classical pathway-driven hemolysis, suggesting that the C-terminal domain of C3b has an important function in classical pathway C5 convertase activity. The hC3Nb3 nanobody binds C3 with low nanomolar affinity in an SDS-resistant complex, and the nanobody is demonstrated to be a powerful reagent for C3 detection in immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Overall, the hC3Nb3 nanobody represents a potent inhibitor of both the alternative pathway and the terminal pathway, with possible applications in complement research, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Discussion on the mechanism of alternating copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride (1971)

Abstract To clear up the detailed mechanism of the alternating copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MAn) concerning the initiation species, the propagation species, the tendency of the chain transfer reaction as well as the directional tendency of the reaction between copolymer radicals and monomer complexes, the role of the charge transfer complexes, characterization of end groups and additional donor effects were examined. The equilibrium constant of the St/MAn (1 : 1) complex was determined to be 0.31 by NMR spectroscopy, that suggested considerable amounts of complexes existing in the system. As expected, a small quantity of initiator ( 14 C‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)) was incorporated into the St/MAn copolymer. Chlorine atoms were scarcely incorporated into the copolymer synthesized in CCl 4 with AIBN or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. Hence the copolymerization was considered to be induced only by attacke of initiator radicals to the monomer or the complexes, contrary to the usual conception of telomerization. When the electron donor monomer was added to the system, the terpolymerization could be treated as a copolymerization of the two complexes, i.e. , St/MAn and Donor/MAn. By adding naphthalene the rate maximum point shifted from higher concentration of MAn to the equivalent concentration of St and MAn. Degradative chain transfer to N.N‐dimethylaniline was observed, confirming the existance of poly‐MAn radicals. It was suggested from these results that the charge transfer complex and uncomplexed MAn took part in the copolymerization of St and MAn. This was proved kinetically. The whole mechanism was discussed.