gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear wave mixing and dynamically controlled gratings in EDFAs (1994)

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are active fibers that can be used to generate strong nonlinearities, such as wave mixing. We consider gratings induced in the excited-state population of erbium ions, which can produce strong coupling effects. We report two- and four-wave mixing in EDFAs and a coupled-wave analysis useful in understanding these effects.
Generalized domain adaptation framework for parametric back-end in speaker recognition (2023)

State-of-the-art speaker recognition systems comprise a speaker embedding front-end followed by a probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) back-end. The effectiveness of these components relies on the availability of a large amount of labeled training data. In practice, it is common for domains (e.g., language, channel, demographic) in which a system is deployed to differ from that in which a system has been trained. To close the resulting gap, domain adaptation is often essential for PLDA models. Among two of its variants are Heavy-tailed PLDA (HT-PLDA) and Gaussian PLDA (G-PLDA). Though the former better fits real feature spaces than does the latter, its popularity has been severely limited by its computational complexity and, especially, by the difficulty, it presents in domain adaptation, which results from its non-Gaussian property. Various domain adaptation methods have been proposed for G-PLDA. This paper proposes a generalized framework for domain adaptation that can be applied to both of the above variants of PLDA for speaker recognition. It not only includes several existing supervised and unsupervised domain adaptation methods but also makes possible more flexible usage of available data in different domains. In particular, we introduce here two new techniques: (1) correlation-alignment in the model level, and (2) covariance regularization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposed application of such techniques for domain adaptation w.r.t. HT-PLDA. The efficacy of the proposed techniques has been experimentally validated on NIST 2016, 2018, and 2019 Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE'16, SRE'18, and SRE'19) datasets.
Detrital remanent magnetization: Viscosity theory of the lock‐in zone (1982)

Post‐depositional remanent magnetization (PDRM) becomes permanent within a lock‐in zone, whose apparent time delay (depth) and time span (thickness) are related to the characteristic time constants of compaction and magnetic grain rotation. Two simple models of the PDRM lock‐in zone are described, using Yaskawa's idea of effective sedimentary viscosity, and Mooney's empirical relation for the viscosity of a concentrated suspension of spheres. The impulse response of the lock‐in zone determines the fidelity of the paleomagnetic recording.
Discovery of GS-5245 (Obeldesivir), an Oral Prodrug of Nucleoside GS-441524 that Exhibits Antiviral Efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 Infected African Green Monkeys (2023)

Abstract Remdesivir 1 is an amidate prodrug that releases the monophosphate of nucleoside GS-441524 ( 2 ) into lung cells thereby forming the bioactive triphosphate 2-NTP . 2-NTP , an analog of ATP, inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replication and transcription of viral RNA. Strong clinical results for 1 have prompted interest in oral approaches to generate 2-NTP . Here we describe the discovery of a 5’-isobutyryl ester prodrug of 2 ( GS-5245, Obeldesivir, 3 ) that has low cellular cytotoxicity and three to seven-fold improved oral delivery of 2 in monkeys. Prodrug 3 is cleaved pre-systemically to provide high systemic exposures of 2 that overcome its less efficient metabolism to 2-NTP leading to strong SARS-CoV-2 antiviral efficacy in an African green monkey infection model. Exposure-based SARS-CoV-2 efficacy relationships resulted in an estimated clinical dose of 350-400 mg twice-daily. Importantly, all SARS-CoV-2 variants remain susceptible to 2 which supports development of 3 as a promising COVID-19 treatment.
Analytical Performance of COVID-19 Detection Methods (RT-PCR): Scientific and Societal Concerns (2021)

<i>Background.</i> Health and social management of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, responsible for the COVID-19 disease, requires both screening tools and diagnostic procedures. Reliable screening tests aim at identifying (truely) infectious individuals that can spread the viral infection and therefore are essential for tracing and harnessing the epidemic diffusion. Instead, diagnostic tests should supplement clinical and radiological findings, thus helping in establishing the diagnosis. Several analytical assays, mostly using RT-PCR-based technologies, have become commercially available for healthcare workers and clinical laboratories. However, such tests showed some critical limitations, given that a relevant number of both false-positive and false-negative cases have been so far reported. Moreover, those analytical techniques demonstrated to be significantly influenced by pre-analytical biases, while the sensitivity showed a dramatic time dependency. <i>Aim.</i> Herein, we critically investigate limits and perspectives of currently available RT-PCR techniques, especially when referring to the required performances in providing reliable epidemiological and clinical information. <i>Key Concepts.</i> Current data cast doubt on the use of RT-PCR swabs as a screening procedure for tracing the evolution of the current SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Indeed, the huge number of both false-positive and false-negative results deprives the trustworthiness of decision making based on those data. Therefore, we should refine current available analytical tests to quickly identify individuals able to really transmit the virus, with the aim to control and prevent large outbreaks.
The Mind Grows Circuits (2012)

There is a vast supply of prior art that study models for mental processes. Some studies in psychology and philosophy approach it from an inner perspective in terms of experiences and percepts. Others such as neurobiology or connectionist-machines approach it externally by viewing the mind as complex circuit of neurons where each neuron is a primitive binary circuit. In this paper, we also model the mind as a place where a circuit grows, starting as a collection of primitive components at birth and then builds up incrementally in a bottom up fashion. A new node is formed by a simple composition of prior nodes when we undergo a repeated experience that can be described by that composition. Unlike neural networks, however, these circuits take "concepts" or "percepts" as inputs and outputs. Thus the growing circuits can be likened to a growing collection of lambda expressions that are built on top of one another in an attempt to compress the sensory input as a heuristic to bound its Kolmogorov Complexity.
A rotor lamination design for surface permanent magnet retention at high speeds (2002)

A major problem in the design and manufacturing of surface mounted permanent magnet machines is reliably holding the permanent magnets in place at high speeds. This paper evaluates a unique rotor lamination design for a high pole number, permanent magnet alternator. This buried magnet design, which is capable of reliably holding the permanent magnets in place at high speeds, offers both easier and cheaper assembly when compared with the methods currently used in surface mounted permanent magnet machines. Finite element analysis is used to compare the buried magnet design with equivalent surface mounted designs and shows that the performance of the alternator is not significantly affected by the iron over the magnets. Experimental results from a prototype alternator further corroborate the FEA and show that the design is capable of operating at high speeds with no other means of magnet retention. In addition, an improvement in the buried magnet design which can reduce the lamination complexity is suggested and examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Production of carbon molecular sieves from Illinois coal; [Quarterly] technical report, September 1, 1993--November 30, 1993 (1994)

Carbon molecular sieves (CMS) have become an increasingly important class of adsorbents for use in gas separation and recovery processes. The overall objective of this project is to determine whether Illinois Basin coal is a suitable feedstock for the production of CMS and to evaluate the potential application of these products in commercial gas separation processes. In Phase I of this project, gram quantities of char were produced from IBC-102 coal in a fixed-bed reactor under a wide range of pyrolysis and activation conditions. Chars having surface areas. of 1500--2100 m{sup 2}/g were produced by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide as the activant. These high surface area chars had more than twice the adsorption capacity of commercial molecular sieves. The kinetics of adsorption of various gases, i.e., O{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 4} and H{sub 2} on these chars at 25{degree}C was studied. Several chars showed good potential for efficient O{sub 2}/N{sub 2}, CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}, CO{sub 2}/H{sub 2} and CH{sub 4}/H{sub 2} separation; both high adsorption capacities and selectivities were achieved. The full potential of these materials in commercial gas separations has yet to be realized. In Phase II, the optimal preparation conditions determined in Phase I will be applied to production of larger quantities of CMS in a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK).
MOEMS spatial light modulator development at the Center for Adaptive Optics (2003)

The National Science Foundation Center for Adaptive Optics (CfAO) is coordinating a program for the development of spatial light modulators suitable for adaptive optics applications based on micro-optoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS) technology. This collaborative program is being conducted by researchers at several partner institutions including the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, Boston Micromachines, Boston University, Lucent Technologies, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The goal of this program is to produce MEMS spatial light modulators with several thousand actuators that can be used for high-resolution wavefront control applications that would benefit from low device cost, small system size, and low power requirements. The two primary applications targeted by the CfAO are astronomy and vision science. In this paper, we present an overview of the CfAO MEMS development plan along with details of the current program status.
All-Optical Wavelength Conversion of 10 Gb/s RZ-OOK Data in a Silicon Nanowire via Cross-Phase Modulation: Experiment and Theoretical Investigation (2010)

Wavelength conversion of a 10 Gb/s 2.7%-duty-cycle return-to-zero (RZ) OOK (RZ-OOK) signal using XPM in a compact silicon nanowire waveguide (Si nanowire) and a detuned filter is successfully demonstrated for the first time. A 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> -BER receiver sensitivity penalty of <;1 dB was measured for the converted signal relative to the baseline signal, with a filter-probe detuning of 0.6 nm. The system is numerically modeled and the results are shown to match well with the experimental results. The numerical model is further used to design an optimal filter that would eliminate filter-probe detuning.
Effects of Pravastatin Administration for 12 Months on Serum Lipid Levels in Aged Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. (1994)

To evaluate long-term efficacy of pravastatin, we administered this HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor at a mean dose of 9.9 mg/day to 208 aged patients with serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) over 220 mg/dl (mean +/- SD aged of 70 +/- 7 years; 62 males and 146 females) for 12 months. The mean serum value of TC significantly decreased from the basal level of 265 mg/dl to 216 mg/dl in the 3rd month, and this decrease was maintained throughout the observation period. Similar change was observed in the serum level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Although the mean serum level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HLC-C) in all patients did not change significantly, the HDL-C level in 34 patients with a HDL-C level below 40 mg/dl significantly increased from the 3rd month. The mean serum level of triglyceride (TG) in all patients significantly decreased from the 3rd month, and this decrease in the TG was more prominent in 101 aged patients with TG levels higher than 150 mg/dl. In 168 aged patients on 10 mg/day of pravastatin throughout the period, there were significant negative correlations between the ratio of the decrease in TC in basal serum and each of the basal serum TC levels (r = -0.345, p < 0.001) and age of the subjects (r = -0.208, p = 0.007). These results indicate that long-term administration of pravastatin is effective treatment for lipid metabolism even in aged patients.
Quantification of Insulin Release from Implantable Polymer-Based Delivery Systems and Augmentation of Therapeutic Effect with Simultaneous Release of Somatostatin (1996)

Insulin injections control diabetes mellitus but do not reproduce physiologic regulation. Polymer-based controlled-release technology has enabled us to demonstrate: that the controlled release of insulin from polymer matrices can indeed be used to control diabetes mellitus but does so at the expense of hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia; and that somatostatin can be delivered in similar fashion, so as to provide glucose homeostasis in a more physiologic range, at lower insulin levels and at somatostatin doses below those used in intermittent infusion studies; and, that microgram quantities of a drug can be delivered successfully in vivo with intact biological function and in a manner that can be monitored continuously. In the present study the simultaneous polymer-matrix-controlled release of insulin with somatostatin extended glycemic control in diabetic rats. Eleven rats received subcutaneous polymer matrix implants containing insulin alone and 11 rats received implants containing insulin and somatostatin. Plasma and urinary glucose control were improved in both groups. Glucose concentrations in the insulin alone group remained depressed for 5 days until insulin release from the matrices declined below 11.6 units/kg/day. When somatostatin was delivered at 0.75-1.1 micrograms/kg/day together with insulin, plasma glucose control persisted for 12 days until insulin release decreased below 3.6 units/kg/day. It is our hope that further experiments regarding the potential role of both controlled-release devices and somatostatin will be performed to provide continuing therapeutic alternatives to the insulin-dependent diabetic. This is also the first in vivo demonstration of the simultaneous release of two biologically active peptide hormones from polymer matrices. The use of the polymer matrix systems may not only have profound effects on the ambulatory care of diabetes but might also permit the investigation of the synergistic effects of other families of compounds.
A new low-complexity super-resolution technique to localize two closely-spaced plane-wave sources (2007)

We propose a new simple and accurate approach to localize two equipowered plane-wave sources (i.e., harmonics) using a uniform linear array (ULA) of sensors. We exploit the particular form of the covariance matrix jointly with a least square fitting (LSF) to derive new simple closed-form expressions for the directions of arrival (or harmonics in general). Simulation results demonstrate that resorting to this new method, mainly in the case of very low angular separation, and even with a limited number of sensors, leads to highly accurate results while requiring low computational complexity.
Noise transmission characteristics of a large scale composite fuselage model (1990)

Results from an experimental test undertaken to study the basic noise transmission characteristics of a realistic, built-up composite fuselage model are presented. The floor-equipped stiffened composite cylinder was exposed to a number of different exterior noise source configurations in a large anechoic chamber. These exterior source configurations included two point sources located in the same plane on opposite sides of the cylinder, a single point source and a propeller simulator. The results indicate that the interior source field is affected strongly by exterior noise source phasing. Sidewall treatment is seen to reduce the overall interior sound pressure levels and dampen dominant acoustic resonances so that other acoustic modes can affect interior noise distribution.
A CMOS Temperature Sensor with a 49fJ·K2 Resolution FoM (2017)

This paper presents the most energy-efficient CMOS temperature sensor ever reported, with a resolution FoM of 49fJ·K2, 2.7× better than the state-of-the-art. It consists of a Wheatstone bridge made from poly-silicon resistors, which is readout by a 2nd-order Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma modulator (CTDSM). This approach leads to a high resolution (160μK in 10ms) and a low supply-voltage sensitivity (< 20mK/V at room temperature).
Bipolar Host Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2015)

It is important to balance holes and electrons in the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes to maximize recombination efficiency and the accompanying external quantum efficiency. Therefore, the host materials of the emitting layer should transport both holes and electrons for the charge balance. From this perspective, bipolar hosts have been popular as the host materials of thermally activated delayed fluorescent devices and phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. In this review, we have summarized recent developments of bipolar hosts and suggested perspectives of host materials for organic light-emitting diodes.
Pesquisa de aglutininas anti-Leptospira spp. Em bovinos da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, Brasil (2019)

A leptospirose e uma importante causa de perdas economicas em rebanhos de bovinos, nos quais determina a ocorrencia de abortamentos, queda de fertilidade e natimortalidade. A regiao da Serra da Canastra, em Minas Gerais, e um polo produtor do queijo Canastra, um patrimonio cultural imaterial da regiao. Entretanto, os dados sobre a circulacao de Leptospiras na regiao sao escassos, e a vacinacao contra leptospirosenao e comum nos rebanhos da regiao.
Deca(4-methylbenzyl)ferrocen und -stannocen (2005)

Cyclopentadiene reacts with five equivalents of 4-methylbenzylalcohol (1:5,6 mole ratio) and sodium yielding penta(4-methylbenzyl)cyclopenta-2,4-diene (1), which upon treatment with butyl lithium affords the lithium salt [(4-MeC6H4CH2)5C5]Li (2). The reactions of 2 with FeCl2 and SnCl2 result in the formation of deca(4-methylbenzyl)ferrocene (3) and deca(4-methylbenzyl)stannocene (4), respectively. The 1H and 13C NMR, IR and mass spectra of the new compounds as well as the single crystal X-ray structure analysis of 1 are reported and discussed.
An ultraviolet-inducible adenosine-adenosine cross-link reflects the catalytic structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1990)

When a shortened enzymatic version of the Tetrahymena self-splicing intervening sequence (IVS) RNA is placed under catalytic conditions and irradiated at 254 nm, a covalent cross-link forms with high efficiency. The position of the cross-link was mapped by using three independent methods: RNase H digestion, primer extension with reverse transcriptase, and partial hydrolysis of end-labeled RNA. The cross-link is chemically unusual in that it joins two adenosines, A57 and A95. Formation of this cross-link depends upon the identity and concentration of divalent cations present and upon heat-cool renaturation of the IVS in a manner that parallels conditions required for optimal catalytic activity. Furthermore, cross-linking requires the presence of sequences within the core structure, which is conserved among group I intervening sequences and necessary for catalytic activity. Together these correlations suggest that a common folded structure permits cross-linking and catalytic activity. The core can form this structure independent of the presence of P1 and elements at the 3' end of the IVS. The cross-linked RNA loses catalytic activity under destabilizing conditions, presumably due to disruption of the folded structure by the cross-link. One of the nucleotides participating in this cross-link is highly conserved (86%) within the secondary structure of group I intervening sequences. We conclude that A57 and A95 are precisely aligned in a catalytically active conformation of the RNA. A model is presented for the tertiary arrangement in the vicinity of the cross-link.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Substituted α‐Methyl and α‐ Phenyl Phosphonic Acids: Design, Carbanion Geometry, Reactivity and Preparative Aspects of Chiral Alkyl Bicyclic Phosphonamides. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reactive Postural Control During Sit-to-Stand Motion (2022)

Moving from a seated position to a standing position is essential for performing daily functional tasks. However, a sit-to-stand task may lead to falls in people with neuromotor disorders. Previous studies have shown that perturbation-based training can improve individuals’ reactive control and reduce the risk of falls. However, few studies have investigated individuals’ reactive control while transitioning from sit-to-stand. The present study aims to understand how ten healthy adults react to physical perturbations when transitioning from sitting to standing. We delivered two types of perturbations to the participants. In one condition, we used a cable-driven robotic system to displace the user’s pelvis. In the second condition, we used a treadmill to displace the participants’ support surface. A set of perturbations were delivered until participants failed to maintain balance. The type of perturbation delivered, i.e., force applied on the pelvis or displacement of the support surface, was randomized within each set. In addition, the direction of the perturbation, i.e., anterior or posterior, was also randomized within each set. Joint angles, ground reaction forces, and muscle activity using surface electromyography were measured to characterize their balance control strategies. Our results show that perturbation directions had the most distinguishable change among participants. Participants also required an increase in trunk movement to stabilize as the perturbation intensities increased. These results provide important insights for designing future sit-to-stand perturbation-based training in individuals prone to falling.
Edge-enhanced Raman scattering in Si nanostripes (2009)

We show both theoretically and experimentally that at the 364 nm excitation wavelength, the Raman signal is strongly enhanced within a local (&amp;lt;20 nm wide) area at the Si stripe edge when both incident and scattered lights are polarized parallel to the stripe. This enhancement effect results from a high concentration of the light electric field at the stripe edge and allows single nanowire Raman measurement as well as local stress detection at the stripe edges in Si device structures.