gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Possibilities for Nuclear Photo-Science with Intense Lasers (2006)

The interaction of intense laser light with relativistic electrons can produce unique sources of high-energy x rays and gamma rays via Thomson scattering. ''Thomson-Radiated Extreme X-ray'' (T-REX) sources with peak photon brightness (photons per unit time per unit bandwidth per unit solid angle per unit area) that exceed that available from world's largest synchrotrons by more than 15 orders of magnitude are possible from optimally designed systems. Such sources offer the potential for development of ''nuclear photo-science'' applications in which the primary photon-atom interaction is with the nucleons and not the valence electrons. Applications include isotope-specific detection and imaging of materials, inverse density radiography, transmutation of nuclear waste and fundamental studies of nuclear structure. Because Thomson scattering cross sections are small, &lt; 1 barn, the output from a T-REX source is optimized when the laser spot size and the electron spot size are minimized and when the electron and laser pulse durations are similar and short compared to the transit time through the focal region. The principle limitation to increased x-ray or gamma-ray brightness is ability to focus the electron beam. The effects of space charge on electron beam focus decrease approximately linearly with electron beam energy. For this reason, T-REX brightness increases rapidly as a function of the electron beam energy. As illustrated in Figure 1, above 100 keV these sources are unique in their ability to produce bright, narrow-beam, tunable, narrow-band gamma rays. New, intense, short-pulse, laser technologies for advanced T-REX sources are currently being developed at LLNL. The construction of a {approx}1 MeV-class machine with this technology is underway and will be used to excite nuclear resonance fluorescence in variety of materials. Nuclear resonance fluorescent spectra are unique signatures of each isotope and provide an ideal mechanism for identification of nuclear materials. With TREX it is possible to use NRF to provide high spatial resolution (micron scale) images of the isotopic distribution of all materials in a given object. Because of the high energy of the photons, imaging through dense and/or thick objects is possible. This technology will have applicability in many arenas including the survey of cargo for the presence of clandestine nuclear materials. It is also possible to address the more general radiographic challenge of imaging low-density objects that are shielded or placed behind high density objects. In this case, it is the NRF cross section and not the electron density of the material that provides contrast. Extensions of T-REX technology will be dependent upon the evolution of short pulse laser technology to high average powers. Concepts for sources that would produce 10's of kWs of gamma-rays by utilizing MW-class average-power, diode-pumped, short pulse lasers and energy recovery LINAC technology have been developed.
A Dominant Negative Mutant of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase A Reduces Endoreduplication but Not Cell Size or Gene Expression in Maize Endosperm (2004)

Cells in maize (Zea mays) endosperm undergo multiple cycles of endoreduplication, with some attaining DNA contents as high as 96C and 192C. Genome amplification begins around 10 d after pollination, coincident with cell enlargement and the onset of starch and storage protein accumulation. Although the role of endoreduplication is unclear, it is thought to provide a mechanism that increases cell size and enhances gene expression. To investigate this process, we reduced endoreduplication in transgenic maize endosperm by ectopically expressing a gene encoding a dominant negative mutant form of cyclin-dependent kinase A. This gene was regulated by the 27-kD gamma-zein promoter, which restricted synthesis of the defective enzyme to the endoreduplication rather than the mitotic phase of endosperm development. Overexpression of a wild-type cyclin-dependent kinase A increased enzyme activity but had no effect on endoreduplication. By contrast, ectopic expression of the defective enzyme lowered kinase activity and reduced by half the mean C-value and total DNA content of endosperm nuclei. The lower level of endoreduplication did not affect cell size and only slightly reduced starch and storage protein accumulation. There was little difference in the level of endosperm gene expression with high and low levels of endoreduplication, suggesting that this process may not enhance transcription of genes associated with starch and storage protein synthesis.
Visual Information Sensing Technology. Calibration Accuracy and its Dependence on Target Point Arrangement for a Zoom Lens Camera System. (1997)

To input an accurate magnification image, calibration of the focal length is needed in an active camera system which can control the zoom, focus, iris, and viewing angle. We show that in a calibration with a pinhole camera model, the arrangement of the measurement points influences accuracy and good camera parameter estimation is difficult by using a single target. In addition, we show that by calibrating with the zoom lens camera model we propose, good camera parameter estimation can be achieved even when the number of the measurement points on a single plane is small and the error of the image coordinates is large.
Spatial-frequency multiplication via absorbance modulation (2007)

The absorbance of a thin film of photochromic material can be reversibly modified by exposure to two different wavelengths, λ1 and λ2. When such a film is illuminated by both wavelengths simultaneously, and the longer wavelength λ2 possesses a node in its intensity distribution, then the absorbance of the layer can be made high except at an arbitrarily small region near the node. By exploiting the large nonlinearity introduced by this mechanism, combined with the reversibility of the absorbance of the photochromic layer, the authors demonstrate that spatial frequencies larger than those present in incident intensity distributions may be generated. They show photoresist exposures to demonstrate this technique.
A New Distributed Voltage Controller for Enabling Volt-Var Support of Microgrids in Grid-Connected Operation (2019)

Voltage support is one of ancillary services that can be provided by grid-connected microgrids. This paper presents a new microgrid-level voltage controller to enable microgrids to contribute to distribution system voltage regulation. Like the Volt-Var droop control of the smart inverters, the proposed controller makes sure that the voltage and reactive power flow at microgrid point of common coupling (PCC) follows a proportional relationship. To increase flexibility and avoid centralized computation, a distributed controller design is developed using the distributed averaging algorithm in order to achieve reactive power sharing among multiple distributed energy resources (DERs) within the microgrid. A large signal analysis is performed to study the stability and dynamic characteristics of the closed-loop system. Simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective in providing voltage regulation for distribution systems with multi-microgrid architecture.
Rescue H. pylori Therapy in the Clinical Setting (2012)

Purpose:Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is increasingly more resistant to ‘current standard triple therapy' of amoxicillin, clarithromycin and omeprazole1. We report the response of a novel dose ramped-up rifabutin-based combination therapy used as ‘rescue therapy'. The unique aspect of this report is the use of this combination in ‘real life' clinical practice to remove the artificial restraints of a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) which may result in excessively high Hp eradication compared with real clinical practice for which the trial is designed2. This is a prospective study of referred patients with failed Hp therapy whose doctors were given the protocol to prescribe to be followed by Urea Breath Test(UBT) without other interference from the consultant. This reflects clinical practice and should probably be used as the real measure of clinical efficacy in situations of unequivocal outcomes eg Hp positive vs Hp negative. Methods: Patients who had failed initial treatment with the ‘current standard triple therapy' were prescribed ‘rescue therapy' of amoxicillin (4.5 g/d), rifabutin (240 mg/d final dose ramped up over 3 days), omeprazole (120 mg/d) for a period of 14 days. They were given a protocol to follow with an information leaflet. A total of 56 patients were offered treatment. Eradication was determined by follow up urea breath test approximately 4-6 weeks post last dosage. Results: We report 55 patients who completed >80% ‘rescue therapy' (12/14 day treatment). To date, 52 were available for review with 49/52 (PP=94%) cured of Hp as judged by post treatment UBT, with three remaining positive. Two patients have yet to undergo repeat UBT. 1 patient chose not to complete >80% of the therapy (ITT=92%). Conclusion: 1. Higher dose, ramped-up rifabutin protocol achieves high eradication in treating recrudescent Hp that had remained despite first line triple therapy. A 94% efficacy ‘locally' conforms to best clinical practice and possibly exceeds it for failed Hp3. 2. Unequivocal trial results remove ‘noise from signal' and so preclude need for RCT where placebo almost universally fails4 saving unnecessary placebo arms. Such ‘Clinical Setting' trials in Hp should be used more. References 1. Mégraud F. Gastroenterology1998;115:1278. 2. Lee J, et al. Aliment Pharmacol 1999;13:489. 3. Rimbara E, et al. Nature Rev Gastroenterology and Hepatol 2011;8:79. 4. Glasziou P, et al.BMJ 2007;334:349. Disclosure: Prof. Thomas Borody has a pecuniary interest (royalty payments) from the combination therapy.
Electrolytes Polymerization‐Induced Cathode‐Electrolyte‐Interphase for High Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2021)

Abstract Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) based on LiNi x Co y Mn 1‐x‐y O 2 (NCM) cathode materials have been widely commercialized, because of their high energy density, favorable rate performance, and relatively low cost. However, with increased Ni content to further increase their energy density, their cycling stability deteriorates dramatically and thus fails to meet the commercial application requirements. The artificial cathode‐electrolyte‐interphase (CEI) is a promising approach to solve this problem. Here, a robust CEI is fabricated through in situ polymerization of ethylene carbonate induced by aluminum isopropoxide (AIP). By adding 1 wt.% AIP in a commercial electrolyte, the capacity retention of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 ||Li cell at 1 C rate has been significantly increased from 80.8% to 97.8% with a highly reversible capacity of 176 mA h g −1 after 200 cycles. AIP can be also used as an additive during the slurry‐making process, enabling a reversible capacity of 170 mA h g −1 for LiCoO 2 after 200 cycles even at a high charge cut‐off voltage of 4.6 V. It is confirmed that the in situ formed CEI layer can prevent the cathodes from cracking and reduce the irreversible phase transformation.
Extra-cellular matrix remodeling as a unique mechanism of expansion of periprostatic adipose tissue: a potential driver of prostate cancer aggressiveness (2023)

Abstract One of the most striking features of the adipose depot surrounding the prostate (periprostatic adipose tissue, PPAT) is that its accumulation is independent of body mass index. Its volume varies considerably between individual with some patients exhibiting abundant PPATs that have been correlated to occurrence of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). However, abundant PPAT are not defined at biological levels. We used a new statistical approach to define abundant PPAT by normalizing PPAT volume to prostate volume in a cohort of 351 patients with a linear regression model. Applying this definition, we confirmed the link between abundant PPAT and PCa aggressiveness, therefore validating our approach. At biological levels, we showed that abundant PPAT exhibited extensive extracellular matrix remodeling, notably of the collagen network, decreasing the mechanical constraints in hypertrophic adipocytes leading to an inflammation free-expansion. Degradation of the most abundant collagen in AT, collagen VI was associated with increased production of endotrophin, a signaling peptide derived from AT, that was also elevated in the urine of patients with abundant PPAT confirming the clinical relevance of our results. These results highlight a unique mechanism of expansion of an adipose depot and open new mechanistic avenues to explain its role in prostate-related disorders.
Robust Decentralized Virtual Coordinate Systems in Adversarial Environments (2010)

Virtual coordinate systems provide an accurate and efficient service that allows hosts on the Internet to determine the latency to arbitrary hosts without actively monitoring all of the nodes in the network. Many of the proposed systems were designed with the assumption that all of the nodes are altruistic. However, this assumption may be violated by compromised nodes acting maliciously to degrade the accuracy of the coordinate system. As numerous peer-to-peer applications come to rely on virtual coordinate systems to achieve good performance, it is critical to address the security of such systems. In this work, we demonstrate the vulnerability of decentralized virtual coordinate systems to insider (or Byzantine) attacks. We propose techniques to make the coordinate assignment robust to malicious attackers without increasing the communication cost. We use both spatial and temporal correlations to perform context-sensitive outlier analysis to reject malicious updates and prevent unnecessary and erroneous adaptations. We demonstrate the attacks and mitigation techniques in the context of a well-known virtual coordinate system using simulations based on three representative, real-life Internet topologies of hosts and corresponding Round Trip Times (RTT). We show the effects of the attacks and the utility of the mitigation techniques on the virtual coordinate system as seen by higher-level applications, elucidating the utility of deploying robust virtual coordinate systems as network services.
Rapid Thermal Annealing of Cathode-Garnet Interface toward High-Temperature Solid State Batteries (2017)

High-temperature batteries require the battery components to be thermally stable and function properly at high temperatures. Conventional batteries have high-temperature safety issues such as thermal runaway, which are mainly attributed to the properties of liquid organic electrolytes such as low boiling points and high flammability. In this work, we demonstrate a truly all-solid-state high-temperature battery using a thermally stable garnet solid-state electrolyte, a lithium metal anode, and a V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> cathode, which can operate well at 100 °C. To address the high interfacial resistance between the solid electrolyte and cathode, a rapid thermal annealing method was developed to melt the cathode and form a continuous contact. The resulting interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte and V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> cathode was significantly decreased from 2.5 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 71 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> at room temperature and from 170 to 31 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> at 100 °C. Additionally, the diffusion resistance in the V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> cathode significantly decreased as well. The demonstrated high-temperature solid-state full cell has an interfacial resistance of 45 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> and 97% Coulombic efficiency cycling at 100 °C. This work provides a strategy to develop high-temperature all-solid-state batteries using garnet solid electrolytes and successfully addresses the high contact resistance between the V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> cathode and garnet solid electrolyte without compromising battery safety or performance.
Insulated gate III-N devices and ICs (2004)

The MOSHFET design which combines the advantage of the MOS structure, which suppresses the gate leakage current, and an AlGaN/GaN heterointerface that provides high density, high mobility two-dimensional electron gas channel. This article presents a comparative review of the I-V characteristics, cut-off frequencies, RF output powers, power gain, and nonlinear distortions of AlGaN/GaN MOSHFET, and HFET device. The MOSHFETs possess significant advantages for the monolitic IC design. They sustain very high input impedance at elevated temperatures, even above 300 /spl deg/C. The results show that the MOSHFET based ICs are extremely promising for a large variety of high-power high-temperature applications.
A cross-sectional survey of urinary iodine status in Latvia (2014)

Our findings suggest that although the overall median UIC in Latvian schoolchildren falls within the lower normal range, almost 50% of the schoolchildren are iodine deficient, especially in urban schools and in the eastern part of Latvia. The absence of a mandatory salt iodization program puts a significant number of children and pregnant women at risk.
X-ray-Induced Scintillation Properties of Nd-Doped Bi4Si3O12 Crystals in Visible and Near-Infrared Regions (2022)

Undoped, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% Nd-doped Bi<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (BSO) crystals were synthesized by the floating zone method. Regarding photoluminescence (PL) properties, all samples had emission peaks due to the 6p-6s transitions of Bi<sup>3+</sup> ions. In addition, the Nd-doped samples had emission peaks due to the 4f-4f transitions of Nd<sup>3+</sup> ions as well. The PL quantum yield of the 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% Nd-doped samples in the near-infrared range were 67.9, 73.0, and 56.6%, respectively. Regarding X-ray-induced scintillation properties, all samples showed emission properties similar to PL. Afterglow levels at 20 ms after X-ray irradiation of the undoped, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% Nd-doped samples were 192.3, 205.9, 228.2, and 315.4 ppm, respectively. Dose rate response functions had good linearity from 0.006 to 60 Gy/h for the 1.0% Nd-doped BSO sample and from 0.03 to 60 Gy/h for the other samples.
Metabolic phenotype of methylmalonic acidemia in mice and humans: the role of skeletal muscle (2007)

The combined observations from the murine metabolite studies and patient investigations indicate that during homeostasis, a large portion of circulating MMA has an extra-heptorenal origin and likely derives from the skeletal muscle. Our studies suggest that modulating skeletal muscle metabolism may represent a strategy to increase metabolic capacity in methylmalonic acidemia as well as other organic acidurias. This mouse model will be useful for further investigations exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions in methylmalonic acidemia, a devastating disorder of intermediary metabolism.
Structural determinants of long-term functional outcomes in young children with cystic fibrosis (2020)

Chest CT identifies children at an early age who have adverse long-term outcomes. The prevention of structural lung damage should be a goal of early intervention and can be usefully assessed with chest CT. In an era of therapeutics that might alter disease trajectories, chest CT could provide an early readout of likely long-term success.
SAVVY Wiki (2009)

This paper presents a new Wiki called SAVVY Wiki that realizes context-oriented, collective and collaborative knowledge management environments that are able to reflect users' intentions and recognitions. Users can collaboratively organize fragmentary knowledge with the help of the SAVVY Wiki. Fragmentary knowledge, in this case, implies existing Wiki content, multimedia content on the web, and so on. Users select and allocate fragmentary knowledge in different contexts onto the SAVVY Wiki. Owing to this operation, it is ensured that related pages belong to the same contexts. That is, users can find correlations among the pages in a Wiki. The SAVVY Wiki provides new collective knowledge created from fragmentary knowledge, depending on contexts, in accordance with the users' collaborative operations. Various collaborative working environments have been developed for the sharing of collective knowledge. Most current Wikis have a collaborative editing mode to every page, as a platform to enable a collaborative working environment. In order to understand an arbitrary concept thoroughly, it is necessary to find correlations among the various threads of content, depending on the users' purpose, task or interest. In a Wiki system, it is important to realize a collaborative editing environment with correlation among pages depending on the contexts. In this paper, we present a method to realize the SAVVY Wiki, and describe its developing prototype system.
Improved display resolution of subsampled colour images using subpixel addressing (2003)

Subsampling based on subpixel addressing has been successfully applied to the problem of font rendering on an LCD. The increased horizontal resolution of the process makes otherwise fuzzy or aliased text look noticeably clearer, but the increased luminance resolution comes at the cost of chrominance aliasing. Also, the technique has only been applied to achromatic imagery. A new algorithm is presented which, based on a human perceptual model, successfully removes visible chrominance aliasing while retaining the invisible aliased components that contribute to enhanced resolution. The algorithm is applicable to both achromatic and natural colour imagery.
Network equivalence in the presence of an eavesdropper (2012)

We consider networks of noisy degraded wiretap channels in the presence of an eavesdropper. For the case where the eavesdropper can wiretap at most one channel at a time, we show that the secrecy capacity region, for a broad class of channels and any given network topology and communication demands, is equivalent to that of a corresponding network where each noisy wiretap channel is replaced by a noiseless wiretap channel. Thus in this case there is a separation between wiretap channel coding on each channel and secure network coding on the resulting noiseless network. We show with an example that such separation does not hold when the eavesdropper can access multiple channels at the same time, for which case we provide upper and lower bounding noiseless networks.
Altered DNA repair pathway engagement by engineered CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases (2023)

CRISPR-Cas9 introduces targeted DNA breaks that engage competing DNA repair pathways, producing a spectrum of imprecise insertion/deletion mutations (indels) and precise templated mutations (precise edits). The relative frequencies of these pathways are thought to primarily depend on genomic sequence and cell state contexts, limiting control over mutational outcomes. Here, we report that engineered Cas9 nucleases that create different DNA break structures engage competing repair pathways at dramatically altered frequencies. We accordingly designed a Cas9 variant (vCas9) that produces breaks which suppress otherwise dominant nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair. Instead, breaks created by vCas9 are predominantly repaired by pathways utilizing homologous sequences, specifically microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). Consequently, vCas9 enables efficient precise editing through HDR or MMEJ while suppressing indels caused by NHEJ in dividing and nondividing cells. These findings establish a paradigm of targeted nucleases custom-designed for specific mutational applications.
A Generic Context Model For Uniform-Reconstruction Based Snr-Scalable Representations Of Residual Texture Signals (2007)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Poznan, Poland, 2007