gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance erbium-doped fiber amplifier pumped at 811 and 980 nm (1991)

Most work on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) over the past few years has focussed on amplifiers pumped at 980 nm and at 1480 nm. 1-3 Recently, however, there has been renewed interest for file 800-nm pump band. 4 In this paper we present a comparative study of an EDFA pumped by a Ti:sapphire laser tuned to both 800 and 980 nm in order to illustrate the effects of excited-state absorption. 5 The erbium-doped fiber used in the experiment has a 4-μm-diameter SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -GeO 2 core with a relative index difference of 0.035 and a cutoff wavelength of ~815 nm. The erbium concentration is 200 ppm. Gain and saturation measurements were per formed on different lengths of fiber, pumped at 980 nm and at some arbitrary wavelength in the 810-nm region, the optimum wavelength having been found to increase with length. Figure 1 is a plot of normalized gain for λ s = 1533 nm as a function of pump wavelength. The 3-dB bandwidth is 14 nm. The peak gain for this 12-m piece is obtained for λ p = 811 nm and was 25 dB for λ s = 1533 nm and 20 dB for λ s = 1553 nm. The maximum absorption, however, was found to be at 797 nm.
Observation of Superparamagnetism in Coexistence with Quantum Anomalous Hall C=±1 and C=0 Chern States (2018)

Simultaneous transport and scanning nanoSQUID-on-tip magnetic imaging studies in Cr-(Bi,Sb)2Te3 modulation-doped films reveal the presence of superparamagnetic order within the quantum anomalous Hall regime. In contrast to the expectation that a long-range ferromagnetic order is required for establishing the quantum anomalous Hall state, superparamagnetic dynamics of weakly interacting nanoscale magnetic islands is observed both in the plateau transition regions, as well as within the fully quantized C = ±1 Chern plateaus. Modulation doping of the topological insulator films is found to give rise to significantly larger superparamagnetic islands as compared to uniform magnetic doping, evidently leading to enhanced robustness of the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Nonetheless, even in this more robust quantum state, attaining full quantization of transport coefficients requires magnetic alignment of at least 95% of the superparamagnetic islands. The superparamagnetic order is also found within the incipient C = 0 zero Hall plateau, which may host an axion state if the top and bottom magnetic layers are magnetized in opposite directions. In this regime, however, a significantly lower level of island alignment is found in our samples, hindering the formation of the axion state. Comprehension and control of superparamagnetic dynamics is thus a key factor in apprehending the fragility of the quantum anomalous Hall state and in enhancing the endurance of the different quantized states to higher temperatures for utilization of robust topological protection in novel devices. In contrast to the expectation that the quantum anomalous Hall state (QAH) should be formed by a long-range ferromagnetic order, such a state is established by a superparamagnetic order. An international team led by Eli Zeldov from the Weizmann Institute of Science perform magnetic imaging of modulation-doped (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films concurrently with electron transport measurements. They observe superparamagnetic dynamics in contrast to the common expectation that QAH states can only be stabilized by a long-range ferromagnetic order. Although Cr modulation doping gives rise to significantly larger superparamagnetic islands and enhanced robustness of the QAH as compared to uniform doping, attaining full quantization of transport coefficients requires magnetic alignment of a large majority of the superparamagnetic islands. The results suggest that understanding and control of superparamagnetic dynamics is a key factor to apprehend the fragility of QAH states in topological materials-based devices.
Evaluation of residue based power oscillation damping control of inter-area oscillations for static power sources (2012)

Low frequency inter-area oscillations are known stability issue of large interconnected electrical grids. It was demonstrated that additional control loop can be applied for static power sources, like FACTS, HVDC or modern Wind Power Plants, to modulate their power output and successfully attenuate these oscillations. Variety of control design methods were proposed for this service. In this paper focus is given to the most popular technique based on residues. Authors demonstrate on a small 4-machine 12-bus grid that residues may not provide sufficient information for effective damping control design. Hence, it is proposed to give more attention to additional indices like transfer function zero location and interactions between mode of interest and other system dynamics. Consequently, additional rules are proposed for residue based damping control design.
A novel respiratory rate estimation method for sound-based wearable monitoring systems (2011)

The respiratory rate is a vital sign that can provide important information about the health of a patient, especially that of the respiratory system. The aim of this study is to develop a simple method that can be applied in wearable systems to monitor the respiratory rate automatically and continuously over extended periods of time. In this paper, a novel respiratory rate estimation method is presented to achieve this target. The proposed method has been evaluated in both the open-source data as well as the local-hospital data, and the results are encouraging. The findings of this study revealed strong linear correlation to the reference respiratory rate. The correlation coefficients for the open-source data and the in-hospital data are 0.99 and 0.96 respectively. The standard deviation of the estimation error is less than 7% for both types of data.
<title>Development and terrestrial applications of a nano-g accelerometer</title> (1999)

The ultra-sensitive accelerometer, developed for NASA to monitor the microgravity environments of Space Shuttle, free orbitors and Space Station, needed to measure accelerations up to 10 mg with an absolute accuracy of 10 nano-g for at least two orbits to resolve accelerations associated with orbital drag. Also, the accelerometers needed to have less than 10<SUP>-9</SUP> F.S. off-axis sensitivity; to be thermally and magnetically inert; to be immune to quiescent shock, and to have an in-situ calibration capability. The utilization of these accelerometers in multi-axis compact seismometers designs that have twelve decades of dynamic range, density profilometers, precision gradiometers, gyros and vibration isolation designs and applications will be discussed. FInally, examples of the versatility of the proof mass suspension system will be demonstrated through the transformation of the basic accelerometer into sensitive anemometers and imaging spectrometers.
Selection of external beam radiotherapy approaches for precise and accurate cancer treatment (2018)

Physically precise external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) technologies may not translate to the best outcome in individual patients. On the other hand, clinical considerations alone are often insufficient to guide the selection of a specific EBRT approach in patients. We examine the ways in which to compare different EBRT approaches based on physical, biological and clinical considerations, and how they can be enhanced with the addition of biophysical models and machine-learning strategies. The process of selecting an EBRT modality is expected to improve in tandem with knowledge-based treatment planning.
Ultrasonic attenuation in human calcaneus from 0.2 to 1.7 MHz (2001)

Ultrasonic attenuation has been demonstrated to be a useful measurement in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Most studies have employed ultrasound in a range of frequencies from about 200 kHz-300 kHz to 600 kHz-1 MHz, and many have assumed a linear dependence of attenuation on frequency. In order to investigate the attenuation properties of human calcaneus at higher frequencies, 16 defatted human calcanea were interrogated in vitro using two matched pairs of transducers with center frequencies of 500 kHz and 2.25 MHz. The linear dependence of attenuation on frequency seems to extend up to at least 1.7 MHz. The correlation between attenuation coefficient and frequency from 400 kHz to 1.7 MHz was r = 0.999 (95% confidence interval, CI, = 0.998-1.00). The measurements suggest that some deviations from linear frequency dependence of attenuation may occur at lower frequencies (below 400 kHz), however.
Role of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor, mGlu1, in Melanoma Development (2010)

Melanoma remains one of the cancers for which a decline in morbidity has not been achieved with current scientific and medical advances. Mono-therapies targeting melanoma have been largely ineffective, increasing the need for identification of new drugable targets. Multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes that impart genetic predisposition to melanoma have been identified and are being studied in an attempt to provide insight on the development of anti-melanoma therapies. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor I (<i>GRM1</i>) has recently been implicated as a novel oncogene involved in melanomagenesis. <i>GRM1</i> (mGlu<sub>1</sub>, protein) belongs to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super family and is normally functional in the central nervous system. Our group showed in a transgenic mouse model system that ectopic expression of <i>Grm1</i> in melanocytes is sufficient to induce spontaneous melanoma development <i>in vivo</i>. GPCRs are some of the most important therapeutic drug targets discovered to date and they make up a significant proportion of existing therapies. This super family of transmembrane receptors has wide spread expression and interacts with a diverse array of ligands. Diverse physiological responses can be induced by stimulator(s) or suppressor(s) of GPCRs, which contributes to their attractiveness in existing and emerging therapies. GPCR targeting therapies are employed against a variety of human disorders including those of the central nervous system, cardiovascular, metabolic, urogenital and respiratory systems. In the current review, we will discuss how the identification of the oncogenic properties of <i>GRM1</i> opens up new strategies for the design of potential novel therapies for the treatment of melanoma.
Discovering spatial context prototypes for object detection (2013)

Contextual information is widely exploited in the-state-of-art object detection systems, most of which utilize pre-defined spatial relationships (e.g., above, below, next to, etc.). However, we observe that the spatial arrangement of objects manifests heterogeneous statistical distribution for different object classes, which suggests mining class-specified prototypes of spatial contexts in a data-driven manner. This paper proposes a novel clustering-based method for automatically discovering spatial context prototypes to beyond the pre-defined spatial relationship representation in literature. Based on the learned prototypes, we further construct a compact representation on spatial context feature, by means of efficient coding method of soft-assignment quantization. Our experimental results on PASCAL VOC dataset demonstrate that the proposed method can capture meaningful spatial context prototypes for various object class pairs and thus boost recognition performance on object detection task.
Prokineticin Receptor 1 Antagonist PC-10 as a Biomarker for Imaging Inflammatory Pain (2011)

(18)F-PC-10 can be used to image PKR1, a biomarker of the inflammation process. However, the high uptake of (18)F-PC-10 in the gastrointestinal tract, due to specific uptake and the metabolic processing of this highly lipophilic molecule, would restrict its utility.
Novel approach in fabricating microchannel-structured La(Fe,Si)13Hy magnetic refrigerant via low-contamination route using dissolutive mold (2022)

Herein, as the fabrication of the microchannels for fluid flow using La(Fe,Si)13 magnetic refrigerant material is required while maintaining its superior magnetocaloric performance, sinter molding of the microchannel-designed La(Fe,Si)13 was investigated using a dissolutive mold comprised of NaCl to develop a molding process without contamination by carbon and other light elements. In addition, to avoid the thermal decomposition of fine particles of La(Fe,Si)13, a solid-state reaction was conducted during sintering using a mixture of α-Fe and La-rich compounds as the initial powder. After sintering, the sample shape exhibited channel widths and depths of 200 μm and pillar widths of 300 μm, which were originally designed for the NaCl dissolutive mold. The metallographic microstructure mostly comprised the La(Fe,Si)13 phase, and the volume fractions of the extra phases, such as α-Fe and La2O3, were suppressed to 1.1 % and 3.2 %, respectively. The maximum of the magnetic entropy change in a single pillar reached −19 J/kg K. Direct observation of magnetic nucleation/growth confirmed the smooth emergence of the first-order transitions in multiple pillars. Consequently, this fabrication approach promoted micro-channel-designed La(Fe,Si)13Hy while maintaining a large magnetocaloric effect via low carbon contamination.
Minority carrier injection across the 3D RESURF junction (2002)

In this paper we report a novel class of semiconductor devices termed 3D devices, based on the application of the RESURF concept to the the third dimension. For the first time we demonstrate devices based on pure three-dimensional on-state/blocking operation with the third-dimension junction acting to enhance the breakdown capability in the voltage blocking mode and provide conductivity modulation in the on-state. A brief discussion of the ideal substrate to enhance breakdown performance is also given.
Effects of Detail in Wireless Network Simulation (2001)

Experience with wired networks has provides guidance about what level of detail is appropriate for simulation-based proto-col studies. Wireless simulations raise many new questions about appropriate levels of detail in simulation models for radio propagation and energy consumption. This paper de-scribes the trade-offs associated with adding detail to simula-tion models. We evaluate the effects of detail in five case stud-ies of wireless simulations for protocol design. Ultimately the researcher must judge what level of detail is required for a given question, but we suggest two approaches to cope with varying levels of detail. When error is not correlated, net-working algorithms that are robust to a range of errors are often stressed in similar ways by random error as by detailed models. We also suggest visualization techniques that can help pinpoint incorrect details and manage detail overload.
Calibration of CT Hounsfield units for proton therapy treatment planning: use of kilovoltage and megavoltage images and comparison of parameterized methods (2013)

Proton beam range is of major concern, in particular, when images used for dose computations are artifacted (for example in patients with surgically treated bone tumors). We investigated several conditions and methods for determination of computed tomography Hounsfield unit (CT-HU) calibration curves, using two different conversion schemes. A stoichiometric methodology was used on either kilovoltage (kV) or megavoltage (MV) CT images and the accuracy of the calibration methods was evaluated. We then studied the effects of metal artifacts on proton dose distributions using metallic implants in rigid phantom mimicking clinical conditions. MV-CT images were used to evaluate relative proton stopping power in certain high density implants, and a methodology is proposed for accurate delineation and dose calculation, using a combined set of kV- and MV-CT images. Our results show good agreement between measurements and dose calculations or relative proton stopping power determination (<5%). The results also show that range uncertainty increases when only kV-CT images are used or when no correction is made on artifacted images. However, differences between treatment plans calculated on corrected kV-CT data and MV-CT data remained insignificant in the investigated patient case, even with streak artifacts and volume effects that reduce the accuracy of manual corrections.
Clinical adoption of Nephrocheck® in the early detection of acute kidney injury (2020)

Acute kidney injury is a common complication of acute illnesses and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Over the past years several acute kidney injury biomarkers for diagnostication, decision-making processes, and prognosis of acute kidney injury and its outcomes have been developed and validated. Among these biomarkers, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), the so-called cell cycle arrest biomarkers, showed a superior profile of accuracy and stability even in patients with substantial comorbidities. Therefore, in 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the product of TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 ([TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7]), known as cell cycle arrest biomarkers, to aid critical care physicians and nephrologists in the early prediction of acute kidney injury in the critical care setting. To date, Nephrocheck® is the only commercially available test for [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7]. In this narrative review, we describe the growing clinical and investigational momentum of biomarkers, focusing on [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7], as one of the most promising candidate biomarkers. Additionally, we review the current state of clinical implementation of Nephrocheck®.
Millimetre-wave aperture synthesis radiometry for snow and ice mapping (2003)

An outline design for a dual-band mm-wave polarimetric SAIR has been presented and is considered to be tractable. The envisaged application is for snow and ice mapping and ocean wind vector measurement. The vastly increased complexity of the high-frequency waveband may not be justified by the scientific benefit and operation at an additional lower frequency such as 18 GHz may give improved classification, though with reduced spatial resolution. The authors describe the outline design for a polarimetric, mm-wave SAIR. One-dimensional aperture synthesis employs a hybrid technique in which a long linear array of real-aperture stick antennas form over-lapping fan beams on the ground and aperture synthesis within the fan beams enables synthesis of the mm-wave image. Critical aspects for building a high-resolution, mm-wave ESTAR are system calibration and the construction of stick antennas that will be 3 m long and about half a wavelength wide.
Effects of tissue electrical properties on neural excitation (2002)

The influence of anisotropy and inhomogeneity of tissue electrical conductivity on the relationship between the threshold current and the electrode-to-fiber distance was determined by computer simulation. Anisotropy affected both the slope and offset of the current-distance curve. Inhomogeneity also affected the slope and offset of the current-distance curves, and in some cases caused reversals in recruitment order. This study demonstrates the importance of accurate representation of tissue electrical properties when modeling extracellular electrical stimulation.
Crankshaft Decoupling Effects on Fuel Economy in HEV-P0 (2022)

Abstract The increasingly stringent emission regulations have been one of the driving forces to explore more sustainable vehicle powertrains. On the one hand, carmakers are finding alternatives to meet these regulations; on the other hand, they are trying to improve smart features, such as chassis dynamics, passenger comfort, and, ride safety. The P0 architecture in a hybrid electric vehicle is a cost-effective layout due to its easy adaptation to the existing conventional vehicle architecture. In a P0 architecture, fuel consumption and emissions are increased when idling the engine during the stops to fulfill cabin air conditioning with the compressor. Thus, optimal energy management during these events would lead to an improvement in vehicle fuel economy. To this end, this work presents a novel configuration in a hybrid electric vehicle by installing an electromagnetic clutch between the internal combustion engine and the belt drive system. The objective of the study is to quantify the benefits of driving the air conditioning compressor with an electric machine under vehicle idle/stop conditions. It is demonstrated that the proposed solution improves the fuel economy as it shuts down the engine and decouples the engine resisting torque during stops. The results presented are simulated in the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure homologation driving cycle and US06.
A Cost-benefit Analysis of the Use of Electrophysiological Monitoring During Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery (1998)

Abstract 751 Introduction: Electrophysiological monitoring has been increasingly used during intracranial aneurysm surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether electrophysiological monitoring during aneurysm surgery was cost-effective. Methods: Seventy aneurysms in 49 patients were clipped with the aid of intraoperative evoked potential monitoring (58 procedures). Mean patient age was 52 years; 53 (76%) aneurysms were anterior circulation, and 17 (24%) were posterior circulation. Respective mean morbidity rates were calculated, and a cost-effective analysis was performed in terms of costs of hospitalization, professional fees, and other indirect costs. The mean cost for morbidity was estimated as follows: acute stroke, $7026; inpatient rehabilitation (required for 40% of acute stroke patients), $21,333; nursing home charges (15% of stroke patients required long-term nursing home care, mean of 5 yr), $3083/month; and outpatient rehabilitation (estimated 15% of stroke patients require 6 mo),$101/month. Results: Fifteen of the 58 procedures (26%) monitored with electrophysiological monitoring...
Evidence for Adipose-Muscle Cross Talk: Opposing Regulation of Muscle Proteolysis by Adiponectin and Fatty Acids (2007)

Illnesses associated with insulin resistance exhibit increases in whole-body protein degradation and amino acid oxidation. However, the mechanisms stimulating muscle catabolism under these conditions are not clear. Because insulin resistance is associated with accumulation of lipids in muscle, we measured protein degradation in muscles of mice fed a high-fat diet. Muscle protein catabolism was accelerated on the high-fat diet, and this was associated with an increase in plasma free fatty acid and a decrease in plasma levels of the adipocyte-derived cytokine adiponectin. To evaluate how free fatty acids influence adiponectin-mediated changes in muscle protein breakdown we examined C2C12 skeletal muscle cells exposed to free fatty acids. Both saturated fatty acids (palmitate) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleate) increased protein degradation (25 and 18%, respectively) in part by activating the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of adiponectin blocked fatty acid-induced protein degradation in C2C12 cells. Palmitate activated the E3 ubiquitin ligases by suppressing insulin receptor substrate-1/Akt signaling in the C2C12 muscle cells, whereas adiponectin attenuated the E3 ubiquitin ligase activation by increasing both insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. In related experiments, adiponectin overexpression decreased TNFalpha and IL-6 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas exposure to free fatty acids had the opposite effect. We conclude that the balance between free fatty acids and adiponectin impacts muscle proteolysis in insulin-resistant conditions and suggest a role for adipose tissue-muscle cross talk in diabetes and obesity.