gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Beyond the plasma cell: emerging therapies for immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (2016)

Systemic immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a potentially fatal disease caused by immunoglobulin LC produced by clonal plasma cells. These LC form both toxic oligomers and amyloid deposits disrupting vital organ function. Despite reduction of LC by chemotherapy, the restoration of organ function is highly variable and often incomplete. Organ damage remains the major source of mortality and morbidity in AL. This review focuses on the challenges posed by emerging therapies that may limit the toxicity of LC and improve organ function by accelerating the resorption of amyloid deposits.
Optimal wavelet basis selection for signal representation (1994)

We study the problem of choosing the optical wavelet basis with compact support for signal representation and provide a general algorithm for computing the optimal wavelet basis. We first briefly review the multiresolution property of wavelet decomposition and the conditions for generating a basis of compactly supported discrete wavelets in terms of properties of quadrature mirror filter (QMF) banks. We then parametrize the mother wavelet and scaling function through a set of real coefficients. We further introduce the concept of information measure as a distance measure between the signal and its projection onto the subspace spanned by the wavelet basis in which the signal is to be reconstructed. The optimal basis for a given signal is obtained through minimizing this information measure. We have obtained explicitly the sensitivity of dilations and shifts of the mother wavelet with respect to the coefficient set. A systematic approach is developed here to derive the information gradient with respect to the parameter set for a given square integrable signal and the optimal wavelet basis. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is developed in this paper for computing the optimal wavelet basis.
UNIFYing Cloud and Carrier Network Resources: An Architectural View (2015)

Cloud networks provide various services on top of virtualized compute and storage resources. The flexible operation and optimal usage of the underlying infrastructure are realized by resource orchestration methods and virtualization techniques developed during the recent years. In contrast, service deployment and service provisioning in carrier networks have several limitations in terms of flexibility, scalability or optimal resource usage as the built-in mechanisms are strongly coupled to the physical topology and special purpose hardware elements. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) opens the door between cloud and carrier networks by providing software-based telecommunication services which can run in virtualized environment on general purpose hardwares. Our main goal is to unify software and network resources in a common framework. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture supporting automated, dynamic service creation based on a fine-granular service chaining model, SDN and cloud virtualization techniques. First, we introduce the architecture with the main components. Second, the most important benefits are highlighted and compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. Finally, preliminary experiences with our proof-of-concept prototypes are presented.
A 500 Watts Single Stage Single Switch Soft Switched CCM PFC Flyback Converter with BCM Control (2018)

Single stage isolated AC to DC converters find prominence due to simplicity and efficiency in addition to economics. Boundary control Mode BCM Flyback converters are widely used for such applications up to power levels of 200 watts. For higher power levels, average current control mode PFCs are used and two stage conversion is incorporated. In this paper, a novel technique for building a single stage PFC with a Continuous Conduction Mode CCM Flyback AC DC converter is proposed for 500 watts power. A practicalsingle stage converter is built with power factor correction and input output isolation. The unique feature of the new configuration lies in having only one primary MOSFET switch and adapting BCM control in a CCM Flyback configuration and achieving ZVS and ZCS while in CCM operation. Proposed configuration is best suited for battery charger applications. Also, the absence of high voltage bulk capacitor at the mains input adds lot of advantages in terms of eliminating inrush current and saving PCB area. A working model of 130 V Dc output and 4.0A is built and the test data are presented depicting the complete soft switching of all power devices and exhibiting the efficiencies in excess of 95%.
Minimum energy point tracking for sub-threshold digital CMOS circuits using an in-situ energy sensor (2013)

The design of an energy sensor and a minimum energy point tracking algorithm are presented. When synthesized with standard cells in a 0.13μm CMOS process, the tracking algorithm requires 2021 gates (0.008mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), which consume 32μW when clocked at 100MHz. The proposed energy sensor operates by integrating the voltage drop across a power gating device. A digitally-assisted integrator ensures a wide dynamic range. When operated from a 1.2V supply, the sensor dissipates only 80μW, which is further reduced by a comparator-sharing scheme. The sensor has a resolution of 10fJ and can resolve 0.0025 activity changes in a 0.7MHz bandwidth.
A 5.4 mW G-Band Phase Shifter in 90-nm SiGe HBT With One-Hot Encoding (2023)

We present a compact, low-power G-band phase shifter for beamforming and/or MIMO arrays with large numbers of elements. The active phase shifter is based on a one-hot selection where the state of the phase shifter is selected from four phases. The low resolution (2-bit) per element minimizes per channel complexity and power consumption as well as supporting high switching bandwidth. A sub-quarter wavelength balun and broadside coupler allow compact implementation covering most of G-band. The phase shifter is implemented in a 90-nm SiGe HBT process (fmax = 375 GHz) and measured from 150 to 220 GHz with -8.7 dB average gain and a -5.7 dBm input 1-dB gain compression at 180 GHz. It consumes 5.4 mW DC power and occupies only 0.02 mm2 core area. The root-mean-square error of gain and phase were respectively 0.68 – 1.48 dB and 12 – 16.7∘ across the range.
Bare-Minimum Fluorous Mixture Synthesis of a Stereoisomer Library of 4,8,12-Trimethylnonadecanols and Predictions of NMR Spectra of Saturated Oligoisoprenoid Stereoisomers (2013)

All four diastereomers of a typical saturated oligoisoprenoid, 4,8,12-trimethylnonadecanol, are made by an iterative three-step cycle with the aid of traceless thionocarbonate fluorous tags to encode configurations. The tags have a minimum number of total fluorine atoms, starting at zero and increasing in increments of one. With suitable acquisition and data processing, each diastereomer exhibits characteristic chemical shifts of methyl resonances in its (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra. Together, these shifts provide a basis to predict the appearance of the methyl region of the spectrum of every stereoisomer of higher saturated oligoisoprenoids.
Analysis of the Alkali Flow in Ironmaking Reactors by a Thermochemical Approach: Blast Furnace (2017)

Elements like potassium and sodium have a negative impact on the blast furnace performance. Therefore, the flow of alkali metals in and out of the reactor has to be controlled. In the furnace, the chemical and physical properties of K and Na lead to the formation of a circulating movement. To point out the characteristics of this alkali‐cycle, a thermochemical model is developed. The program is linked with the databases of Factsage 7.0. Based on a defined standard process, the alkali distribution in particular regions of the reactor is calculated. The results of the calculations show the enrichment of alkalis in the blast furnace, the stability of chosen alkali compounds over the reactor height, and the alkali load in the output flows (slag, metal, and top gas). Furthermore, a modification of the model is done by the addition of halogens (chlorine, fluorine). A significant coherence is observed between the formation of alkali and halogen compounds. The results of the model are compared and confirmed by the validation of investigations on industrial plants.
[Effect of a mitogenic concentration on membrane glycoconjugates of human lymphocytes]. (1980)

Periodate oxidation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes followed by reduction with 3H labelled sodium borohydride and acidic hydrolysis generates N-AN 7, glycerol and propane 1-2 diol. This indicates that sialyl, fucosyl and probably galactosyl residues are oxidized by periodate. Neuraminidase-treated lymphocytes exhibit decreased N-AN 7 levels, increased N-AN 8 levels and increased glycerol levels. Such results were neither found with mouse splenocytes nor with calf lymph node cells.
Deep eutectic solvents induced changes in the phase transition behavior of smart polymers: a sustainable future approach (2023)

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are considered "green" and "sustainable" alternatives to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) due to their characteristic properties and relatively low costs. DESs are considered IL analogs and have attracted consideration as benign media formulations for the synthesis of novel polymers because they satisfy the principle of sustainability. Over the past few years, the use of DESs has resulted in novel pathways for the synthesis of novel materials, biomaterials, functional materials, and ionic soft materials. Furthermore, DESs have been widely applied in the science, industrial, engineering, and technological fields. On the other hand, stimulus-responsive (smart) polymers have been widely utilized in intelligent devices owing to their virtues of good processibility, stimuli and environmental sensitivity, responsivity, and so on. With the introduction of a DES into the smart polymeric matrices, their potential characteristics, biocompatibility, and flexibility endow the corresponding DES-based polymeric materials with intriguing properties, which in turn will broaden their applications in various domains of polymer science and material chemistry. Substantial research has been done in the fabrication of DES-based polymeric materials. Numerous studies have extensively investigated the effects of DESs on biomolecules such as proteins/enzymes and nucleic acids, whereas few have addressed the impact of DESs on the aggregation and phase transition behaviors of smart polymers. This review focuses on mechanistic insights, aggregation behavior, and interactions between smart polymers and DESs. Opportunities and future research perspectives in this blossoming arena are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will pave futuristic pathways for the design and development of advanced DES-based polymeric materials and biomaterials for various applications.
Activity of α- and θ-Defensins against Primary Isolates of HIV-1 (2004)

Theta-defensins are lectin-like, cyclic octadecapeptides found in the leukocytes of nonhuman primates. They are also homologues of the more familiar alpha-defensins expressed by humans and certain other mammals. This study compares the ability of six theta-defensins (hominid retrocyclins 1-3 and rhesus theta-defensins 1-3) and four human alpha-defensins (human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) 1-4) to bind gp120 and CD4. In addition, we compared the ability of these theta-defensins and HNP-1 to protect J53-BL cells (an indicator cell line) from primary HIV-1 isolates that varied in subtype and coreceptor usage. The most potent theta-defensin, retrocyclin-2, bound with exceptionally high affinity to gp120 (K(D), 9.4 nM) and CD4 (K(D), 6.87 nM), and its effectiveness against subtype B isolates (IC(50), 1.05 +/- 0.28 microg/ml; 520 +/- 139 nM) was approximately twice as great as that of HNP-1 on a molar basis. We also show, for the first time, that human alpha-defensins, HNPs 1-3, are lectins that bind with relatively high affinity to gp120 (K(D) range, 15.8-52.8 nM) and CD4 (K(D) range, 8.0-34.9 nM). Proteins found in human and FBS bound exogenous HNP-2 and retrocyclin-1, and competed with their ability to bind gp120. However, even the low concentrations of alpha-defensins found in normal human serum suffice to bind over half of the gp120 spikes on HIV-1 and a higher percentage of cell surface CD4 molecules. Although this report principally concerns the relationship between carbohydrate-binding and the antiviral properties of alpha- and theta-defensins, the lectin-like behavior of defensins may contribute to many other activities of these multifunctional peptides.
The preliminary experience of Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre in right hepatectomy with anterior approach (2008)

Aim: To summarize the experience of Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre in right hepatectomy. Methods: Nine cases of right hepatectomy were performed with Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre from June 2002 to May 2005. They included seven cases of large hepatocellular carcinoma located in the right liver lobe with diameters from 8 to 12 cm (two have encroached diaphragm and lateral peritoneum) and two cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis with hepatolithiasis fully packed in the right liver lobe. The key step of this manoeuvre was to develop a retrohepatic tunnel between the anterior surface of the inferior vena cava and the liver parenchyma. A tape was then passed though the tunnel and the liver was resected under tape suspension. Results: The retrohepatic tunnel was established and the suspending tape was passed though the tunnel successfully in all cases. The mean time for this procedure was 21 min. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 380 mL. The middle hepatic veins were protected from damage in eight cases. There were no operative deaths or morbidity, except one case that developed postoperative bile leakage, which was cured by drainage. Conclusion: Belghiti's liver hanging manoeuvre is a preferred surgical method for right hepatectomy, with its reliable anatomic background and satisfactory primary clinical results.
The effects of an electromagnetic crystal substrate on a microstrip patch antenna (2002)

The effects of a two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic bandgap substrate on the performance of a microstrip patch antenna are investigated. The microstrip patch antenna is placed on a defect in the electromagnetic bandgap substrate that localizes the energy under the antenna. Finite-difference time-domain calculations are employed to determine the effects of the substrate. The excitation frequency of the antenna near the resonance frequency of the defect mode can be used to control the coupling between antennas that are placed in an array.
The STRONGMAN architecture (2004)

The design principle of restricting local autonomy only where necessary for global robustness has led to a scalable Internet. Unfortunately, this scalability and capacity for distributed control has not been achieved in the mechanisms for specifying and enforcing security policies. This shortcoming must be overcome if end-to-end security mechanisms (such as IPsec or TLS) are to ever replace solutions of short-term convenience such as firewalls. The STRONGMAN (for Scalable Trust Of Next Generation Management) system offers three new approaches to scalability, applying the principle of local policy enforcement complying with global security policies. First is the use of a compliance checker to provide great local autonomy within the constraints of a global security policy. Second is a mechanism to compose policy rules into a coherent enforceable set, e.g. at the boundaries of two locally autonomous application domains. Third is the "lazy instantiation" of policies to reduce the amount of state that enforcement points need to maintain. We demonstrate the use of these approaches in the design, implementation, and measurements of a distributed firewall. Our experiments show that, under certain circumstances, performance can improve over the traditional-firewall approach.
A study of the neurotoxic effect of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on 5‐HT neurones in the brains of mothers and neonates following administration of the drug during pregnancy (1997)

1. It is well established that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'ecstasy') is neurotoxic and produces long term degeneration of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) nerve terminals in many species. Since MDMA is used extensively as a recreational drug by young people, it is being ingested by many women of child bearing age. We have therefore examined the effect of administering high doses of MDMA to rats during pregnancy on the cerebral content of both the dams and the neonates. 2. MDMA (20 mg kg-1, s.c.) was injected twice daily on days 14-17 of the gestation period. The initial dose produced a marked hyperthermic response in the dam which was progressively attenuated in both peak height and area under the curve following further doses of the drug. The body weight of the dams decreased during the period of treatment. 3. There was a modest decrease in litter size (-20%) of the MDMA-treated dams. 4. The concentration of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA was decreased by over 65% in the hippocampus and striatum and 40% in the cortex of the dams 1 week after parturition. In contrast, the content of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the dorsal telencephalon of the pups of the MDMA-treated dams was the same as that seen in tissue from pups born to control animals. 5. Administration of MDMA (40 mg kg-1, s.c.) to adult rats increased thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) in cortical tissue 3 h and 6 h later, indicating increased lipid peroxidation. No increase in TBARS was seen in the cortical tissue of 7-10 day neonates injected with this dose of MDMA 3 h or 6 h earlier. 6. The data suggest that exposure to MDMA in utero during the maturation phase does not produce damage to 5-HT nerve terminals in the foetal rat brain, in contrast to the damage seen in the brains of the mothers. This may be due to MDMA being metabolized to free radical producing entities in the adult brain but not in the immature brain or, alternatively, to more effective or more active free radical scavenging mechanisms being present in the immature brain.
Multiple-order staircase etalon spectroscopy (2014)

Traditional Fabry-Perot (FP) spectroscopy is bandwidth limited to avoid mixing signals from different transmission orders of the interferometer. Unlike Fourier transformation, the extraction of spectra from multiple-order interferograms resulting from multiplexed optical signals is in general an ill-posed problem. Using a Fourier transform approach, we derive a generalized Nyquist limit appropriate to signal recovery from FP interferograms. This result is used to derive a set of design rules giving the usable wavelength range and spectral resolution of FP interferometers or etalon arrays given a set of accessible physical parameters. Numerical simulations verify the utility of these design rules for moderate resolution spectroscopy with bandwidths limited by the detector spectral response. Stable and accurate spectral recovery over more than one octave is accomplished by simple matrix multiplication of the interferogram. In analogy to recently developed single-order micro-etalon arrays (Proc. of SPIE v.8266, no. 82660Q), we introduce Multiple-Order Staircase Etalon Spectroscopy (MOSES), in which micro-arrays of multiple order etalons can be bonded to or co-fabricated with a sensor array. MOSES enables broader bandwidth multispectral and hyperspectral instruments than single-order etalon arrays while keeping a physical footprint insignificantly different from that of the detection array.
Operando UV/Vis Analysis of the Synergy Effect between Copper and Gold in Nitric Oxide Reduction over Gold and Copper on Alumina Catalysts (2015)

Abstract Mono‐ (Cu or Au) and bi‐metallic AuCu nanoparticles were prepared by a modified polyol reduction method and deposited onto Al 2 O 3 followed by calcination at 500 °C in air. The synthesised catalysts were tested for their activity for NO reduction with CO in excess H 2 O between 50 and 500 °C at a contact time relevant for automotive convertors. The bi‐metallic catalysts showed a significantly higher activity than Cu/Al 2 O 3 and Au/Al 2 O 3 , and the latter was inert for the target reaction. In addition, the activity depended greatly on the Au/Cu ratio, which thus demonstrates a synergy effect between these two metals. Operando UV/Vis spectroscopy provided direct evidence for the transformation of initially oxidised CuO x species into metallic Cu 0 , which is the only active species for NO reduction. Promotion with Au was found to accelerate the reduction of Cu 2+ /Cu + to Cu 0 .
Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research (2021)

Engineering biology is being applied toward solving or mitigating some of the greatest challenges facing society. As with many other rapidly advancing technologies, the development of these powerful tools must be considered in the context of ethical uses for personal, societal, and/or environmental advancement. Researchers have a responsibility to consider the diverse outcomes that may result from the knowledge and innovation they contribute to the field. Together, we developed a Statement of Ethics in Engineering Biology Research to guide researchers as they incorporate the consideration of long-term ethical implications of their work into every phase of the research lifecycle. Herein, we present and contextualize this Statement of Ethics and its six guiding principles. Our goal is to facilitate ongoing reflection and collaboration among technical researchers, social scientists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to support best outcomes in engineering biology innovation and development.
Analytical Performance Characteristics of the Cepheid GeneXpert Ebola Assay for the Detection of Ebola Virus (2015)

In summary, we found the Xpert® Ebola Assay to have high analytical sensitivity and specificity for the detection of EBOV in whole blood. It offers ease of use, fast turnaround time, and remote monitoring. The test has an efficient viral inactivation protocol, fulfills inclusivity and exclusivity criteria, and has specimen stability characteristics consistent with the need for decentralized testing. The simplicity of the assay should enable testing in a wide variety of laboratory settings, including remote laboratories that are not capable of performing highly complex nucleic acid amplification tests, and during outbreaks where time to detection is critical.
Hidden Chaos (2001)

When a medium composed of microscopic elements is subjected to a high intensity field, the individual behaviors of microscopic elements can become chaotic. In such cases it is important to consider the effects of this irregularity at microscopical level onto the macroscopic behavior of the medium. We show that the macroscopic field produced by a large group of chaotic scatterers can remain regular, due to the partial or complete phase coherence of the scattering elements and the incoherence of the chaotic components of their responses. Thus when only macroscopic fields are observed, one may be unaware of chaotic microscopical motion, as it appears to be hidden from the observer. The coupling among the elements may lead to partial chaos synchronization, which exposes the chaotic nature of the system making the oscillations of macroscopic fields more irregular.