gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cleaning of extreme ultraviolet lithography optics and masks using 13.5nm and 172nm radiation (2005)

Under extreme ultraviolet (EUV) exposure, the surfaces of the imaging optics and mask, which are coated with a Mo∕Si multilayer, become contaminated with organic compounds. Thus, an efficient method of removing carbon contamination from masks and the imaging optics is required. Then, we propose two methods as a removal method of contamination: one is in situ cleaning method without heating a sample by synchrotron radiation irradiation that is mainly targeted at the imaging optics, and another is cleaning method without heating a sample using by 172nm light irradiation that is targeted at an EUV lithography finished mask. For in situ cleaning so called online cleaning, the contamination removal rate is 0.24nm∕min in the condition of O2-rich-vacuum environment at a pressure of 5.0×10−2Pa and an electron beam current of 130mA of 1.0GeV electron storage ring. For offline cleaning using 172nm light, the contamination removal rate is 2nm∕min in the O2-rich-vacuum environment at the pressure of 2×10−3Pa. Both two methods restore the reflectivity of a Mo∕Si multilayer to its original level without causing any surface damage. The effectiveness of both in situ and offline contamination removal are confirmed.
Enhancement of Light Extraction in GaInN Light-Emitting Diodes with Graded-Index Indium Tin Oxide Layer (2007)

Enhancement of light extraction in a GaInN light-emitting diode employing a graded-refractive index ITO anti-reflection coating deposited by oblique-angle electron-beam evaporation is presented.
Purinergic receptor antagonists inhibit odorant-mediated CREB phosphorylation in sustentacular cells of mouse olfactory epithelium (2011)

Our results point to a possible role for extracellular nucleotides in mediating intercellular communication between the neurons and sustentacular cells of the olfactory epithelium in response to odorant exposure. Maintenance of extracellular ionic gradients and metabolism of noxious chemicals by sustentacular cells may therefore be regulated in an odorant-dependent manner by olfactory sensory neurons.
Mechanisms of craniofacial pain (2017)

Aim To provide an overview of mechanisms underlying craniofacial pain; to highlight peripheral and central adaptations that may promote chronification of pain in craniofacial pain states such as migraine and temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Background Pain is a common symptom associated with disorders involving craniofacial tissues including the teeth and their supporting structures, the temporomandibular joint and the muscles of the head. Most acute painful craniofacial conditions are easily recognized and well managed, but others, especially those that are chronic (e.g., migraine, TMD and trigeminal neuropathies), present clinical challenges. Preclinical studies have provided substantial information about the anatomical and physiological mechanisms related to the initiation and modulation of nociceptive signals in the trigeminal system. While knowledge of the mechanisms underlying chronic craniofacial pain remains limited, both clinical and preclinical investigations suggest that changes in afferent inputs to the brain as well as in brain structure and modulatory pathways occur in chronic pain. Collectively, these changes result in amplification of nociception that promotes and sustains craniofacial chronic pain states. Conclusions The increased understanding gained of the physiological and pathological processing of nociception in the trigeminal system has provided new perspectives for the mechanistic understanding of acute craniofacial pain conditions and the peripheral and central adaptations that are related to pain chronification. Such knowledge may contribute to improvements in currently available treatments as well as to the development of novel analgesic therapies.
Cation-Exchange Capacity Pedotransfer Functions for Danish Soils (2000)

The soil cation-exchange capacity (CEC) has edaphological, pedological and environmental importance. CEC pedotransfer functions were developed for Danish soils by multiple linear regression analysis of 1643 samples from a nation-wide 7 km grid survey. By partitioning the data into four groups [podzolic B-horizons, organic soils (>10% soil organic matter), calcareous soils (>0.1% CaCO3), and a 'normal data set'], four separate functions were developed. Without further partitioning of the normal data, 90% of the variability in CEC values can be modelled by using clay and organic matter content as independent variables. This yields a standard error of the estimate of 1.99. The average soil organic matter-CEC is 284-291 cmolc kg
Related Articles / Press Coverage from Chemoprevention Meets Glucose Control (2023)

Related Articles / Press Coverage from Chemoprevention Meets Glucose Control
Practical approach to separating the pattern generator-induced mask CD errors from the blank/process-induced mask CD errors using conventional market measurements (1997)

With the continuing reduction of minimum feature sizes for semiconductor wafers, the manufacturing tolerances for photomask CD errors were reduced proportionately. As a result, it has become increasingly important to separate the major sources of mask CD errors so that they can be quantified and appropriately addressed. In this article we describe a reliable, convenient and inexpensive technique for separating the blank, and process CD errors from the pattern generator CD errors using conventional market measurements on cross arrays and two-dimensional spatial frequency Fourier analyses. By taking advantage of the fact that the blank/process-induced CD error spatial distributions are known to be fixed relative to the mask blank, while the pattern generator CD error distributions are known to be fixed relative to the pattern generator, a spatial frequency domain analysis of multiple sets of CD measurements on the masks, each set printed by displacing the mask relative to the previous set, is shown to allow a simple and unambiguous separation of the two types of CD errors. These measurements also directly verify the expected result that the blank/process CD error contributors tend to have mainly low-spatial-frequency components, while the pattern generator tends to mainly have higher-spatial-frequency components. Furthermore, by utilizing this result, it is shown that a simple low-pass filter applied to a single set of market measurements provides a surprisingly accurate estimate of the relative sizes of these two error contributors. Results are presented from masks printed on two commercial mask-making systems, one optical and one e-beam.
Specific antagonists at the pyridine receptor: evidence from electrophysiological studies with acetylpyridines (1985)

The effect of structural isomers of acetylpyridine on the response of single pyridine-sensitive cells was investigated electrophysiologically. 4-Acetylpyridine was identified as a strong specific inhibitor of the response to pyrazine-carboxamide, the most effective stimulant. When 4-acetylpyridine was present in the concentration range from 5 × 10 -5 to 5 × 10 -2 mol/l, the dose-response curves were shifted to the right, the slope and the common saturation level remaining unchanged. This effect can be interpreted as a competitive inhibition. It was also consistent with competitive antagonism that the Schild plot of these data was linear with a slope close to 1 (0.90). Linear regression indicated an inhibition constant K 1 = 40 μmol. 2-Acetylpyridine had a less potent antagonistic effect and an agonistic effect only at high concentrations (>10 −3 mol/1).
Highly Defined ABC Triblock Cooligomers and Copolymers Prepared by ROMP Using an N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Substituted Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiator (2003)

Abstract The “3 rd generation Grubbs” initiator (H 2 IMes)(3‐bromopyridine) 2 (Cl) 2 RuCHPh ( 1 ) accomplishes the synthesis of ABC triblock copolymers via living ring‐opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) of norbornene derivatives. Complete initiation and an outstanding tolerance of functional groups are provided, which is proven by a combined study by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography and NMR spectroscopy on an ABC triblock cooligomer. Gel permeation chromatograms of oligo A , oligo AB , and oligo ABC . magnified image Gel permeation chromatograms of oligo A , oligo AB , and oligo ABC .
Shadow radiation physical optics for penetrable scatterers (2017)

A novel iterative physical optics (IPO) algorithm for the analysis of scattering from large complex semi-transparent geometries is proposed. Two main modifications of the conventional IPO scheme are introduced to model penetrable scatterers: the geometry is divided into non-overlapping connected homogeneous domains and the fields transmitted between the domains are evaluated, in addition to the conventional reflected field calculations. The algorithm comprises two types of nested iterations: reflection/transmission (“bounce”) iterations and iterative shadowing ones. The scheme is applied separately to the bounding surfaces of each domain. The interaction between the domains, through transmission, is accounted for at the conclusion of each bounce iteration. The algorithm is demonstrated to provide a good approximation of an analytical reference solution.
Characterization of physiological 18F-FSPG uptake in healthy volunteers and comparison to 18F-FDG (2013)

The influence of passive vasomotion on the pressure drop-flow (delta P-Q) characteristics of a partially compliant stenosis was studied in an in vitro model of the coronary circulation. Twelve stenosis models of different severities (50 to 90 percent area reduction) and degrees of flexible wall (0 to 1/2 of the wall circumference) were inserted into thin-walled latex tubing and pressure and flow data were collected during simulated cardiac cycles. In general, the pressure drop increased with increasing fraction of flexible wall for a given flow rate and stenosis severity. The magnitude of this effect was directly dependent upon the underlying stenosis severity. The diastolic delta P-Q relationship of severe, compliant models exhibited features of partial collapse with an increase in pressure drop at a decreasing flow rate. It is concluded that passive vasomotion of a normal wall segment at an eccentric stenosis in response to periodic changes in intraluminal pressure causes dimensional changes in the residual lumen area which can strongly affect the hemodynamic characteristics of the stenosis during the cardiac cycle. This mechanism may have important implications for the onset of plaque fracture and the prediction of the functional significance of a coronary stenosis based on quantitative angiogram analysis.
On the performance of joint iterative detection and decoding in coherent optical channels with laser frequency fluctuations (2015)

The joint iterative detection and decoding (JIDD) technique has been proposed by Barbieri et al. (2007) with the objective of compensating the time-varying phase noise and constant frequency offset experienced in satellite communication systems.The application of JIDD to optical coherent receivers in the presence of laser frequency fluctuations has not been reported in prior literature.Laser frequency fluctuations are caused by mechanical vibrations, power supply noise, and other mechanisms.They significantly degrade the performance of the carrier phase estimator in high-speed intradyne coherent optical receivers.This work investigates the performance of the JIDD algorithm in multi-gigabit optical coherent receivers.We present simulation results of bit error rate (BER) for non-differential polarization division multiplexing (PDM)-16QAM modulation in a 200 Gb/s coherent optical system that includes an LDPC code with 20% overhead and net coding gain of 11.3 dB at BER = 10 À15 .Our study shows that JIDD with a pilot rate 6 5% compensates for both laser phase noise and laser frequency fluctuation.Furthermore, since JIDD is used with non-differential modulation formats, we find that gains in excess of 1 dB can be achieved over existing solutions based on an explicit carrier phase estimator with differential modulation.The impact of the fiber nonlinearities in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems is also investigated.Our results demonstrate that JIDD is an excellent candidate for application in next generation high-speed optical coherent receivers.
Complex Plane and 7Li NMR Studies of Arsenic Sulfide‐Based Lithium Glasses (1985)

The glass forming region of the system was explored as a function of lithium ion concentration. The most conductive base glass attainable was , and with this glass, up to could be added. Ionic conductivity was measured using complex plane techniques with room temperature conductivity reaching for . NMR linewidth data were fit to the Hendrickson‐Bray equation, and activation energies were obtained. All glasses showed a low activation energy process which was attributed to a local motion. Only the more conductive 30–40% glasses showed a second, higher activation energy process which correlated well with activation energies from conductivity measurements.
Re: Mammalian Elongation Factor 4 Regulates Mitochondrial Translation Essential for Spermatogenesis (2016)

No AccessJournal of UrologyInvestigative Urology1 Nov 2016Re: Mammalian Elongation Factor 4 Regulates Mitochondrial Translation Essential for Spermatogenesis Anthony AtalaMD Anthony AtalaAnthony Atala More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.024AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Re: Mammalian Elongation Factor 4 Regulates Mitochondrial Translation Essential for Spermatogenesis." The Journal of Urology, 196(5), p. 1585 © 2016 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 196Issue 5November 2016Page: 1585 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Anthony Atala More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Non-classical interference between independent sources (2005)

When a one-photon state is mixed with a (separate) weak coherent state at a beamsplitter the probability for seeing one photon in each beamsplitter output approaches zero due to destructive interference. We demonstrate this non-classical interference effect using pulse-gated single photons and weak mode-locked laser pulses
Impact of program/erase stress induced hole current on data retention degradation for MONOS memories (2012)

We investigate the mechanism for the data retention degradation caused by program/erase (P/E) cycling in MONOS memories, using the carrier separation measurement to identify the carrier type of Stress-Induced Leakage Current (SILC). It is thereby found that SILC is composed mainly of holes for the MONOS with less Si-rich SiN layer (hole SILC). A clear correlation is also discovered between hole SILC and interface states generated during P/E cycle. We also discuss the mechanism of the degradation by hole SILC of the data retention characteristics of MONOS devices.
Blind channel estimation and equalization using Viterbi algorithms (2003)

In this paper, a trellis based blind channel estimation and equalization technique is presented. First, blind channel estimation is accomplished by incorporating a list parallel Viterbi algorithm with the least mean square (LMS) updating approach. In this operation, multiple trellis mappings are preserved and ranked in terms of path metrics. Equivalently, multiple channel estimates are maintained and updated once a single symbol is received. Second, at a certain point, which is determined by the evolution of path metrics and the linear constraint possessed in the trellis mapping, only the best channel estimate is maintained. Third, this channel estimate is adopted to construct the whole trellis that is used by a conventional adaptive Viterbi algorithm. Signal detection and further channel updating are then conducted alternatively. To alleviate the noise impact, a small delay is introduced before the feedback of detected symbols to further update the channel estimate. Simulation has shown the overall good performance of the proposed scheme in terms of mean square error (MSE) convergence of the channel estimation, stability to the initial channel guess, and computational complexity etc.
Taking into account indirect jumps or calls in continuous control-flow checking (2016)

Control-flow checking (CFC) is one of the main approaches to monitor the behavior of a microprocessor-based system without specific assumptions on error models (e.g., single bit flips). Many approaches have been proposed and evaluated, but none takes explicitly into account the possibility of indirect jumps or calls for which destination addresses are not hard-coded. This paper discusses first the need for an approach taking care of such sequence breaks. Then an approach is proposed to enhance current control-flow checking schemes.
Structure of the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factor Xpln (2012)

Xpln is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases. A Dbl homology (DH) domain followed by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is a widely adopted GEF-domain architecture. The Xpln structure solely comprises these two domains. Xpln activates RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC, although their GTPase sequences are highly conserved. The molecular mechanism of the selectivity of Xpln for Rho GTPases is still unclear. In this study, the crystal structure of the tandemly arranged DH-PH domains of mouse Xpln, with a single molecule in the asymmetric unit, was determined at 1.79 Å resolution by the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion method. The DH-PH domains of Xpln share high structural similarity with those from neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein, PDZ-RhoGEF, leukaemia-associated RhoGEF and intersectins 1 and 2. The crystal structure indicated that the α4-α5 loop in the DH domain is flexible and that the DH and PH domains interact with each other intramolecularly, thus suggesting that PH-domain rearrangement occurs upon RhoA binding.
Activity of cetuximab as single agent in a patient with relapsed multiple myeloma (2010)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasia with a steadily increasing annual incidence of 4–6/100 000, accounting for an estimated 19 000 cases in the USA in 2008 [1]. Clinical symptoms frequ...
Ultrasonic-attenuation measurements in single-phasedYBa2Cu3O7 (1988)

Ultrasonic attenuation at 15 MHz have been measured between 300 K and liquid-helium temperatures on a single-phased ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ sample with a 91-K superconducting transition temperature. The attenuation data show similarities to the behavior of heavy-fermion superconductors, with a local maximum just below ${T}_{c}$ and a nearly quadratic dependence of the attenuation at lower temperatures. At higher temperatures there is evidence for a relaxation maximum at 252 K, with an effective relaxation time of 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ s.
Identification of overlapping but distinct cAMP and cGMP interaction sites with cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3A by site‐directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling based on crystalline PDE4B (2001)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) hydrolyzes cAMP to AMP, but is competitively inhibited by cGMP due to a low k(cat) despite a tight K(m). Cyclic AMP elevation is known to inhibit all pathways of platelet activation, and thus regulation of PDE3 activity is significant. Although cGMP elevation will inhibit platelet function, the major action of cGMP in platelets is to elevate cAMP by inhibiting PDE3A. To investigate the molecular details of how cGMP, a similar but not identical molecule to cAMP, behaves as an inhibitor of PDE3A, we constructed a molecular model of the catalytic domain of PDE3A based on homology to the recently determined X-ray crystal structure of PDE4B. Based on the excellent fit of this model structure, we mutated nine amino acids in the putative catalytic cleft of PDE3A to alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. Six of the nine mutants (Y751A, H840A, D950A, F972A, Q975A, and F1004A) significantly decreased catalytic efficiency, and had k(cat)/K(m) less than 10% of the wild-type PDE3A using cAMP as substrate. Mutants N845A, F972A, and F1004A showed a 3- to 12-fold increase of K(m) for cAMP. Four mutants (Y751A, H840A, D950A, and F1004A) had a 9- to 200-fold increase of K(i) for cGMP in comparison to the wild-type PDE3A. Studies of these mutants and our previous study identified two groups of amino acids: E866 and F1004 contribute commonly to both cAMP and cGMP interactions while N845, E971, and F972 residues are unique for cAMP and the residues Y751, H836, H840, and D950 interact with cGMP. Therefore, our results provide biochemical evidence that cGMP interacts with the active site residues differently from cAMP.
Retroreflective imaging system for optical labeling and detection of microorganisms (2014)

A retroreflective imaging system for imaging microscopic targets over macroscopic sampling areas is introduced. Detection of microorganism-bound retroreflector (RR) targets across millimeter-scale samples is implemented according to retroreflection directionality, collimation, and contrast design characteristics. Retroreflection directionality is considered for corner-cube (CC) and spherical geometries. Spherical-RRs improve directionality and reliability. Retroreflection collimation is considered for spherical-RRs. Retroreflective images for micro-CC-RRs and micro-spherical-RRs with varying refractive indices show optimal results for high refractive index BaTiO3 micro-spherical-RRs. A differential imaging technique improves retroreflection contrast by 35 dB. High refractive index micro-spherical-RRs and differential imaging, together, can detect microscopic RR targets across macroscopic areas.
Dependence of optical diffusion tomography image quality on image operator and noise (2002)

By applying linear perturbation theory to the radiation transport equation, the inverse problem of optical diffusion tomography can be reduced to a set of linear equations, W/sub /spl mu//=R, where W is the weight function, /spl mu/ is the cross section perturbations to be imaged, and R is the detector readings perturbations. The quality of reconstructed images depends on the accuracy of W and R, and was studied by corrupting one or both with systematic error and/or random noise. Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) performed on a cylindrical phantom of 20 mean free paths (mfp) diameter, with and without a black absorber located off-axis, were used to compute R and W (i.e., matched W). Additional MCS computed Ws for cylinders of 10 mfp, 40 mfp, and 100 mfp diameters (i.e., unmatched W). R and/or W also were corrupted with additive white noise. A constrained CGD method the authors developed was used to reconstruct images from the simulated R and Ws. The results show that images containing few artifacts and the rod accurately located can be obtained when the matched W is used. Comparable image quality was obtained for unmatched Ws, but the location of the rod becomes more inaccurate as the mismatch increases. The noise study shows that W is much more sensitive than R to noise. The rod can be reasonably located with 100% noise added to R, while addition of 5% noise to W totally destroys the image. The impact of noise increases with the number of iterations.