gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OFSCENEDESMUS(CHLOROPHYCEAE). I. SPECIES WITH THE “RETICULATE” OR “WARTY” TYPE OF ORNAMENTAL LAYER1 (1975)

SUMMARY The ultrastructure of the wall layers and ornamentative features of Scenedesmus pannonicus and S. longus are described using carefully correlated freeze‐etched replicas, thin sections and scanning electron micrographs. The two species arc enclosed by different types of ornamented layers, S. pannonicus by the tightly filling, “warty” layer and S. longus by the loosely fitting, “reticulate” layer, held off the coenobium by 2 types of tubular propping spikelets and rosettes. The reticulate layer has an intricate substructure, especially when studied with freeze‐etching. Its inner and outer surfaces appear different, as is its attachment to the 2 types of spikelets. Whole cells of S. longus subjected to acetolysis lack the cellulose wall and cytoplasm, but all other surface features survive, including the Trilaminar Sheath (TLS); this ornamentation cannot be “pectic.” The cellulose wall and ornamentation is unaffected by boiling water alone. Boiling in 6 n NaOH removes the surface ornamentation, but the TLS and wall remain; the possibility that these features contain silica is discussed. The terminal spines of both species consist of closely packed spikelets enclosed within a skin of hexagonally‐packed subunits. Similar subunits are seen in the propping spikelets of S. longus, and in the rows or “combs” of laterally fused spikelets of S. pannonicus. The warty layer of S. pannonicus is tightly appressed to the TLS except close to where the cells are joined, where it is suspended free. It is composed of a layer of globular subunits, and small indentations form the warts. Single, evenly distributed warts characterize the freely suspended sections of the warty layer, and the layer that encloses young coenobia soon after they have been formed: in contrast, the warts are clumped over the surface of older and larger colonies. Some of the single warts form characteristic double rows, but these latter remain single even on older cells. The surface structure of the warty layer, TLS, and plasmalemma are revealed by the freeze‐etching process.
The Origin of Shape Frequency Distributions and the Relationship Between Size and Shape (1980)

ABSTRACT Measurement of thousands of quartz particle shapes from a variety of modern and ancient settings has led to the following conclusions concerning the origin and nature of shape frequency distributions: 1) Quartz shape frequency distributions are polydimensional and polymodal; six or more independent variables are necessary to account for more than 90 percent of shape variation, with each variable generating a polymodal frequency distribution; 2) Each source rock yields quartz particles which are represented by shape frequency distributions with 3 modes or more; mixed sediment samples are so complexly polymodal that they can be considered to be unique fingerprints; and 3) This provenance-produced polymodality tends to be reduced with increasing abrasion in the variables which describe the finer details of the particle shape (higher harmonics). However, even in the most mature sands of the Saint Peter Sandstone, shape variables which describe large scale shape components (lower harmonics) persist, Thus, in the same sample, both provenance and process history (degree of abrasion) can be evaluated. A relationship between size and shape exists and must be considered in any shape analysis. The relationship is not continuous but is manifest by discrete shifts in shape frequency distributions at around 125 microns. We feel that this shift is related to provenance associated with the different rates of transport of grain sizes above and below 125 microns.
Continuously Moving Table Axial Imaging with Radial Acquisitions at 3T (2003)

o . Table Motion: The table motion software allowed the operator to choose table velocities between 0.5 to 10cm/sec. The table velocities were chosen to ensure complete sampling before the table moved a slice thickness (3). Volunteer experiments: Following informed consent, healthy volunteers were placed in the scanner and radial acquisitions were performed while the table moved continuously. The x, y and z shimming values were set to zero to obtain an average shim over the whole body. Post Processing: An automated gridding reconstruction was implemented on the Silicon Graphics (SGI, Mountain View, California) host computer. A three-point cubic spline interpolation method was used to interpolate projections to the location of slice reconstruction. The data was then gridded and Fourier transformed. The reconstruction framerate of 5 fps exceeded the interpolated acquisition framerate of 4 fps and images were displayed in real-time. Results and Discussion Figure 2 compares abdominal images obtained at 1.5T (2a) and 3T (2b) using identical parameters. As predicted by theory, the mean SNR for the images obtained on 3T scanner was approximately twice that obtained on 1.5T scanner. Figure 3 shows images from different parts of the body acquired using the gradient-echo sequence at 3T. Figure 4 illustrates T1-weighted images acquired at 3T using the non-selective inversion prepared pulse sequence. Note that the SNR at 3 T is sufficient to allow this contrast manipulation using body-coil reception. Whole-body imaging at 3T introduces new challenges not found at 1.5 T. SAR restrictions can limit the flip angle utilized. In addition, changes in relaxation time constants will require reoptimization of imaging parameters. Conclusion In summary, this work shows the feasibilty of performing whole body imaging in a short scan time at 3T with sufficient SNR for body-coil exams. It also provides opportunities for developing a more flexible protocol for whole body imaging.
Magneto-elastic tuning of ferroelectricity within a magnetoelectric nanowire (2011)

Nanowires each consisting of a magnetostrictive Co core and a PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 or BiFeO3 ferroelectric oxide shell exhibit a magnetic field-tunable piezoelectric response and ferroelectric coercivity owing to magneto-elastic coupling through the interfacial core-shell boundary. The observed magneto-elastic tuning of the ferroelectric switching is analyzed using a renormalized Landau-Ginzburg stiffness in which a magnetic field-tunable stress concentration is incorporated. These results provide insight into the design of integrated functional devices and magnetoelectric sensors.
3‐Iodothyronamine is a novel suppressor of fetal sheep cardiomyocyte proliferation in vitro (2008)

OBJECTIVES: Fetal cardiomyocyte (CMC) maturation results in cells losing ability to divide. In late‐gestation sheep CMCs thyroid hormone (T 3 ) decreased proliferation and changed signaling protein levels in favor of cell cycle arrest (Chattergoon et al , 2007). 3‐Iodothyronamine (T 1 AM) is a naturally occurring relative of T 3 that does not bind classical thyroid receptors (TRs). We hypothesized that T 1 AM may depress CMC proliferation similar to T 3 . METHODS: Isolated right and left ventricular fetal sheep CMCs were cultured with T 1 AM (1nM, 10nM) and Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 10μM) for 48 hours. Two ages were studied—100 days gestational age (dGA) and 135dGA—to determine developmental variations. BrdU uptake (index of proliferation) in fixed cells was analyzed. RESULTS: Basal BrdU uptake in serum free medium (SFM) was 10–12% in 100dGA CMCs versus 1–2% in 135dGA CMCs (p&lt;0.01). BrdU uptake in response to 10% serum medium (SM) increased to 20% in 100dGA cells versus 8–10% in 135dGA CMCs (p&lt;0.01). Similar to T 3 , T 1 AM does not affect cells exposed to SFM but decreases BrdU uptake by CMCs exposed to SM by 50% (p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest T1AM is as potent an inhibitor of fetal CMC proliferation as T 3 . Because T 1 AM does not activate TRs, non‐classical signaling of T 1 AM and T 3 may be important in CMC growth and maturation. Grant support: NICHD (P01HD34430) and Minority Supplement (3PO1 HD034430 ‐09S1).
ChemInform Abstract: Callipeltoside A: Assignment of Absolute and Relative Configuration by Total Synthesis. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Communication Method for a Full-view Synchronized Measurement System (2018)

Future electrical power systems shall be capable of integrating a large number of distributed energy resources (DERs) and construction and operation of HVDC power transmission project. These changes are transforming the system dynamic characteristics, resulting in new stability and reliability issues of power systems. One of the major issues is the sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) caused by inter-harmonics associated with inverter-based renewable power generators (IRPG). Meanwhile, it presents the requirements for measuring harmonics and inter-harmonics to ensure power quality in the distribution network. These changes have made the new demand for the construction of the advanced monitoring system. In this article, an advance communication method is introduced for transmission of synchrophasor data.
Alteration in Surgical Technique of Tessier Classification Number 7 Cleft. (2011)

Purpose: A Tessier classification number 7 cleft is an uncommon malformation that results from a failure of mesenchymal fusion within the maxillary and mandibular prominences of the 1st pharyngeal arch. Many operative techniques of the number 7 cleft repair have been proposed to restore function and improve aesthetics. Fifteen patients underwent repair of a number 7 cleft over 13 years by a modification of the surgical Technique, and an appraisal of the operative outcome is reported herein. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted involving 15 patients with number 7 clefts who underwent surgery from 1996 to 2009. The changes in surgical technique included skin closure, attachment of the orbicularis oris muscle, and position of the repaired commissure; the changes were analysed with a review of the medical records and the outcomes of surgery were analysed via photographs. Specifically, the technique of skin closure was changed from the a Z-plasty to a linear closure, the orbicularis oris muscle overlapped attachment was replaced by a side-to-side approximation with horizontal mattress sutures, and the position of the repaired commissure was changed from 1 mm laterally to 1 mm medially in reference to the non-cleft side. Results: A Z-plasty caused additional cutaneous scarring, an overlapped attachment of the orbicularis oris muscle caused a thick oral commissure, and the repaired commissure migrated to the lateral side, so a 1 mm, laterally-positioned commissure caused asymmetry. The altered procedure included a linear skin closure, a side-to-side orbicularis oris muscle approximation, and a 1 mm, medially-positioned commissure, which together resulted in a good outcome. Conclusion: The altered procedure for repair of a number 7 cleft as described herein, yields a short scar, no functional problems with the orbicularis oris muscle, a thin oral commissure, and symmetry of the repaired commissure.
Monsoon Mission: A Targeted Activity to Improve Monsoon Prediction across Scales (2019)

Abstract In spite of the summer monsoon’s importance in determining the life and economy of an agriculture-dependent country like India, committed efforts toward improving its prediction and simulation have been limited. Hence, a focused mission mode program Monsoon Mission (MM) was founded in 2012 to spur progress in this direction. This article explains the efforts made by the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India, in implementing MM to develop a dynamical prediction framework to improve monsoon prediction. Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2), and the Met Office Unified Model (UM) were chosen as the base models. The efforts in this program have resulted in 1) unparalleled skill of 0.63 for seasonal prediction of the Indian monsoon (for the period 1981–2010) in a high-resolution (∼38 km) seasonal prediction system, relative to present-generation seasonal prediction models; 2) extended-range predictions by a CFS-based grand multimodel ensemble (MME) prediction system; and 3) a gain of 2-day lead time from very high-resolution (12.5 km) Global Forecast System (GFS)-based short-range predictions up to 10 days. These prediction skills are on par with other global leading weather and climate centers, and are better in some areas. Several developmental activities like coupled data assimilation, changes in convective parameterization, cloud microphysics schemes, and parameterization of land surface processes (including snow and sea ice) led to the improvements such as reducing the strong model biases in the Indian summer monsoon simulation and elsewhere in the tropics.
Impaired IL-20 expression in lung cancer contributes to high levels of COX-2/PGE2 and angiogenesis (2005)

4642 >Background: Up-regulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cycloxygenase-2 enzyme (COX-2) have been reported to play a role in the process of carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible correlation between iNOS, COX-2 and angiogenesis in ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) Methods: We identified 118 patients with high-grade, advanced stage OSC from our database. Clinical data including patients’ and tumor characteristics and overall survival were collected. Two to 3 paraffin blocks were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies to COX-2, VEGF and iNOS. For all three markers both intensity and percentage of positive cells were evaluated to give an overall score. Statistical analysis included Chi-square testing to evaluate the correlation between the various markers and the Kaplan-Meier method to evaluate survival Results: Up-regulation of all three markers was noted in a significant number of the cases. The frequencies of overexpression of the specific markers in the study population were: 49% for iNOS, 69% for COX-2 and 77% for VEGF. High iNOS expression strongly correlated with high expression of COX-2 and VEGF. In fact, 98.3% of tumors with high iNOS expression exhibited high COX-2 expression and 98.1% exhibited high VEGF expression. The median survival of patients with high iNOS expressing tumors was 637 days compared to 1107 days for those with low iNOS expressors; this difference did not reach statistical significance Conclusion: High expression of iNOS is noted in a significant number of OSC tumors. This high expression is associated with high expression of COX-2 and VEGF. This suggests a significant role for iNOS in the process of ovarian carcinogenesis and tumor angiogenesis and warrants further investigation
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical and Electrochemical Insertion of Lithium into Two Allotropic Varieties of NbPO5. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Rags: The gaseous sample collection diagnostic at the National Ignition Facility (2010)

Summary form only given. Radiochemical diagnostic techniques such as solid- and gas-phase capsule debris analysis may prove to be successful methods for establishing the success or failure of ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Samples in the gas phase offer the most direct method of collection by simply pumping out the large target chamber following a NIF shot. The target capsules will be prepared with dopants which will produce radioactive noble gas isotopes upon activation with neutrons. We have designed and constructed the Radchem Apparatus for Gas Sampling (RAGS) in order to collect post-shot gaseous samples for NIF capsule diagnostics. The design of RAGS incorporates multiple stages intended to purify, transfer, and count the radioactive decays from gaseous products synthesized in NIF experiments. We will present preliminary results from the RAGS system's commissioning experiments highlighting collection efficiency and transport times. In addition, future improvements including cryogenic collection and purification of analytes and an implementation timeline at NIF will be discussed.
Aging affects mechanical properties and lubricin/PRG4 gene expression in normal ligaments (2015)

Age-related changes in ligament properties may have clinical implications for injuries in the mature athlete. Previous preclinical models documented mechanical and biochemical changes in ligaments with aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aging on ligament properties (mechanical, molecular, biochemical) by comparing medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) from 1-year-old and 3-year-old rabbits. The MCLs underwent mechanical (n=7, 1-year-old; n=7, 3-year-old), molecular (n=8, 1-year-old; n=6, 3-year-old), collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (n=8, 1-year-old; n=6, 3-year-old) and water content (n=8, 1-year-old; n=5, 3-year-old) assessments. Mechanical assessments evaluated total creep strain, failure strain, ultimate tensile strength and modulus. Molecular assessments using RT-qPCR evaluated gene expression for collagens, proteoglycans, hormone receptors, and matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. While total creep strain and ultimate tensile strength were not affected by aging, failure strain was increased and modulus was decreased comparing MCLs from 3-year-old rabbits to those from 1-year-old rabbits. The mRNA expression levels for lubricin/proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 increased with aging; whereas, the mRNA expression levels for estrogen receptor and matrix metalloproteinase-1 decreased with aging. Collagen and GAG content assays and water content assessments did not demonstrate any age-related changes. The increased failure strain and decreased modulus with aging may have implications for increased susceptibility to ligament damage/injury with aging. Lubricin/PRG4 gene expression was affected by aging and its speculated role in ligament function may be related to interfascicular lubrication, which in turn may lead to altered mechanical function with aging and increases in potential for injury.
Effect of Mn promoter on Rh/tungsten carbide on product distributions of alcohols and hydrocarbons by CO hydrogenation (2016)

Roles of Mn promoter on Rh-impregnated mesoporous tungsten carbides (W<sub>x</sub>C) have been investigated for direct synthesis of mixed alcohols by CO hydrogenation of syngas.
Method designs free-form optical devices (2009)

The simultaneous multiple surfaces (SMS) method was developed to calculate the surfaces of increasingly complex optical devices in nonimaging applications where the goal is efficient light transfer from a source to a target. It is primarily concerned with the design of devices such as waveguides, reflectors, and lenses. The method calculates all the optical surfaces (top, bottom, internal) of the lens or reflector simultaneously, starting from an initial area which has been pre-defined. Details of the early development of the method have been presented elsewhere.1–6 In this article, we give examples of our successful design solutions using SMS and outline the procedure by which subsequent parts of a device or optical system are calculated so that they meet the requirements of the application. The first applications of the SMS method were devoted to the problem of coupling two input sets of rays with two output sets of rays. The simplest design case is a lens that perfectly focuses two source points, P and P’, onto two image points, Q and Q’ (see Figure 1). Only when the distances PP’ and QQ’ approach zero does the lens tend to the aplanatic case (where the system is free of spherical aberrations and circular coma of all orders). The goal in the SMS method is to design a system that generates a sharp image over as broad a plane of incidence as possible (i.e., when the distances PP’ and QQ’ are not negligible).7 So while the aplanatic strategy is to improve the optical quality near the axis, the SMS strategy looks at improving image quality more evenly across the whole field. The result is that there is always a segment of design points such that the maximum spot size for any point in the field is smaller in the SMS case than the aplanatic one. In other words, the SMS case is better. For example, for a given maximum rms spot size (for instance 25a.u.), the SMS design will have a wider useful field (4.4 degrees versus 3.1 degrees) than the aplanatic case (see Figure 2). Figure 1. An SMS construction. The entire lens (right) is calculated from an initial pre-defined portion of the lens (left). With the SMS method, both surfaces of the lens are calculated simultaneously. P, P’: source points for optical rays. Q, Q’: image points.
Presence of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells: its therapeutic implication for MTAP (-) malignancies. (1997)

Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is important for the salvage of adenine and methionine. Recently, we found frequent deletion of MTAP in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients both at diagnosis and at relapse (A. Batova et al., Blood, 88: 3083-3090, 1996). In addition, MTAP deficiency has been reported in other cancers. Thus, MTAP deficiency in cancer may offer opportunities for developing selective therapy, which would spare normal cells. It is therefore important to document the presence of MTAP activity in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Our approach was to investigate whether hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells can be rescued from the cytotoxicity of an AMP synthesis inhibitor, L-alanosine, by 5'-deoxyadenosine, a process that requires MTAP. Erythroid burst-forming unit, granulocyte/monocyte colony-forming unit, or granulocyte/erythrocyte/macrophage/megakaryocyte colony-forming unit progenitors and the primitive high proliferative potential colony-forming cells in the purified CD34(+) cells were cultured in horse serum-containing medium, and their colony growth was found to be suppressed by incubation with 5 microM or greater concentrations of L-alanosine. However, in the presence of 5-10 microM of 5'-deoxyadenosine, colony formation of hematopoietic stem/primitive progenitors was restored. On the other hand, 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine, the endogenous substrate of MTAP, was toxic to hematopoietic stem/progenitors (ID50 < 1 microM), presumably due to inhibition of methylation reactions or polyamine synthesis. We also compared the effects of L-alanosine and 5'-deoxyadenosine on MTAP (+) and MTAP (-) T-ALL cell lines. Treatment of MTAP (+) Molt 4 and MTAP (-) CEM cell lines with L-alanosine in the presence of 5'-deoxyadenosine resulted in killing of MTAP (-), but not MTAP (+) cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the presence of MTAP in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and support the possibility of targeting MTAP in the design of an enzyme-selective therapy for T-ALL and other MTAP-deficient malignancies.