gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Ebola Epidemic Crystallizes the Potential of Passive Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases (2015)

The current Ebola epidemic provides a dramatic example of the potential of passive antibody for infectious diseases that is also instructive of the hurdles and limitations involved in wide-scale reintroduction of this powerful anti-infective strategy. Passive antibody was first used in the 1890s as therapy and was the first effective anti-infective therapy. Serum was largely discontinued with the advent of antibiotic in the early 1940s because it could not compete with regards to cost or ease of administration and had additional complexities, including that it had to be administered early in disease, it manifested lot-to-lot variation, and its efficacy required immune donors and the availability of a specific microbiological diagnosis so sera could be matched to the disease-causing microorganism [1]. Serum using heterologous sera was also associated with sickness, a syndrome caused by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. However, antibiotic was never shown to be superior in efficacy to antibody and there were some conditions, such as pneumococcal pneumonia, where it may have had some advantages. Despite their wholesale abandonment, antibody therapies did retain a niche for certain conditions where no drugs were available, such as the prevention and/or treatment of tetanus, botulism, and certain viral diseases. The development of hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the mid-1970s promised to solve many of the problems of serum therapy, but, to date, there has not been formal reintroduction of antibody therapies for infectious diseases despite considerable and ongoing efforts to develop such therapies against viral diseases, such as HIV infection, and bacterial diseases, such as those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylacoccous aureus. In contrast, mAbs have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers and rheumatic diseases and dozens have been licensed. Here we analyze why Ab-based therapies remain so underdeveloped for infectious diseases through the prism of the Ebola epidemic.
Indoor and Outdoor Experiments on 5G Radio Access Using Distributed MIMO and Beamforming with a Variety of TP Deployments (2017)

This paper presents indoor and outdoor field experimental results that clarify 4-by-8 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink throughput performance applying distributed MIMO with a variety of transmission point (TP) deployments and narrow antenna beam tracking in the 15 GHz frequency band of a 5G cellular radio access system in order to investigate the appropriate TP deployment for distributed MIMO. Experimental results show that a throughput gain from distributed MIMO is achieved in various TP deployments in the lobby of an office building and an outdoor parking area using two radio units (RUs). In the lobby, a deployment where TP #1 covers the entire lobby and TP #2 covers areas around TP #1 that are non-line-of-sight exhibits a significant advantage over when distributed MIMO is not used yielding a throughput gain of 11 % over most of the area. In the outdoor parking area, a distinct advantage when using distributed MIMO is expected, and a gain in throughput of 124 % is achieved when TPs face the same direction and have a large separation between them over when distributed MIMO is not used. However, a large difference in the mobility reference signal received power (MRSRP) is also confirmed, especially in front of the TPs due to the large difference in the distance between the mobile station and the TPs. We find that if the second TP has a signal power below 14 dB of the first TP's signal, it does not contribute to the MIMO transmission. In order to compensate for the difference in MRSRP, four RUs are installed in the parking area, and the distributed MIMO gain of 77 % is achieved.
Engineering a filamentous fungus for l-rhamnose extraction (2016)

L-Rhamnose is a high value rare sugar that is used as such or after chemical conversions. It is enriched in several biomass fractions such as the pectic polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and II and in naringin, hesperidin, rutin, quercitrin and ulvan. We engineered the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger to not consume L-rhamnose, while it is still able to produce the enzymes for the hydrolysis of L-rhamnose rich biomass. As a result we present a strain that can be used for the extraction of L-rhamnose in a consolidated process. In the process the biomass is hydrolysed to the monomeric sugars which are consumed by the fungus leaving the L-rhamnose.
Multiuser Detecti nl in Mismatched (1995)

ULTIUSER detection is an active area of research, with the primary goal of developing techniques to demod- ulate reliably a subset of cochannel and asynchronous users while controlling the algorithm's complexity and decoding de- lay. Previous work in the AWGN channel proposed centralized multiuser detectors which utilized perfect knowledge of the received signal set, including complex amplitude and symbol synchronization for all users. Results using this assumption have indicated that in all but pathological examples the so- called near-far problem is eliminated with a well-designed multiuser detector. However, even in the very idealized chan- nel presented in this work, a multiuser receiver has precise knowledge only of the transmitted signature sequence set, and must approximate all other channel parameters from a noisy observation of the aggregate signal from all active users. Due to the effects of multiple-access interference (MAI) and additive thermal noise, these channel parameter estimates will deviate from the true values. Other common, nonlinear, and unavoidable effects, such as AD conversion and quantization of the observation at the receiver front end, will render even precise channel knowledge inaccurate when applied to the sampled and quantized observation. The ramification of these facts is an unavoidable mismatch between the true multiple- access channel and the receiver's estimate thereof.
Terthiophene-Containing Copolymers and Homopolymer Blends as High-Performance Dielectric Materials (2014)

This work explores the dielectric and polarization properties of block copolymers and homopolymer blends containing a terthiophene-rich, electronically polarized block (PTTEMA) and an insulating polystyrene block (PS). PTTEMA-b-PS block copolymers were synthesized by reverse addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and PTTEMA/PS homopolymer blends with the same PTTEMA weight percentages were produced by solution blending. DSC and XRD characterization show that crystallinity increases with PTTEMA content, indicating the presence of terthiophene-rich crystalline domains. Under an applied electric field, these domains are electronically polarized, but the insulating PS block inhibits current leakage, resulting in enhanced dielectric properties. Impedance measurements show that relative permittivity increases with PTTEMA content. The permittivity values are higher in PTTEMA-b-PS copolymers with moderate PTTEMA content due to the ability of the PS block to inhibit PTTEMA association, resulting in a higher density of isolated, terthiophene-rich polarizable domains. Freestanding PTTEMA/PS blend films containing up to 40 wt % PTTEMA have almost 40% greater recoverable energy density compared to pure PS films polarized to the same electric field strength.
Circuit and DFT techniques for robust and low cost qualification of a mixed-signal SoC with integrated power management system (2011)

This paper discusses some specific circuit, and analog DFT techniques and methodologies used in integrated power management (PM) systems to overcome challenges of mixed-signal SoC qualification. They are mainly targeted at achieving the following: 1. Enabling the robust digital and system level test and burn-in (BI) with external supplies by disabling the on-chip PM with robust power-on performance, 2. Minimising external on-board active components in BI board and making the whole BI process more robust, 3. Making the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDQ</sub> tests more robust, increasing the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDQ</sub> sensitivity by less error prone design methods and enabling I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DDQ</sub> tests possible on analog supplies, and 4. Defining separate BI strategy for the whole PM modules on-chip and enabling it by targeted analog test modes.
Where do dispersion curves end? A basic question in theory of excitable media (1998)

We use our recent exactly solvable model of excitable media with nondiffusive control kinetics to study periodic wave trains in an excitable medium. We explicitly find restitution and dispersion curves for such a medium that are protocol independent. We also introduce an approximate stability criterion for periodic waves, which is based on the solitary pulse stability. Using our analytical periodic solutions as the initial conditions in our numerical experiments we demonstrate that this criterion indeed determines the minimal wavelength and propagation velocity below which both a solitary pulse and a periodic wave train quickly die.
Advanced Na[Ni0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25]O2/C–Fe3O4 Sodium-Ion Batteries Using EMS Electrolyte for Energy Storage (2014)

While much research effort has been devoted to the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries for renewal energy storage applications, the sodium-ion battery is also of considerable interest because sodium is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. In this work, we report a sodium-ion battery based on a carbon-coated Fe3O4 anode, Na[Ni0.25Fe0.5Mn0.25]O2 layered cathode, and NaClO4 in fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methanesulfonate electrolyte. This unique battery system combines an intercalation cathode and a conversion anode, resulting in high capacity, high rate capability, thermal stability, and much improved cycle life. This performance suggests that our sodium-ion system is potentially promising power sources for promoting the substantial use of low-cost energy storage systems in the near future.
Learning Whole-Slide Segmentation from Inexact and Incomplete Labels\n using Tissue Graphs (2021)

Segmenting histology images into diagnostically relevant regions is\nimperative to support timely and reliable decisions by pathologists. To this\nend, computer-aided techniques have been proposed to delineate relevant regions\nin scanned histology slides. However, the techniques necessitate task-specific\nlarge datasets of annotated pixels, which is tedious, time-consuming,\nexpensive, and infeasible to acquire for many histology tasks. Thus,\nweakly-supervised semantic segmentation techniques are proposed to utilize weak\nsupervision that is cheaper and quicker to acquire. In this paper, we propose\nSegGini, a weakly supervised segmentation method using graphs, that can utilize\nweak multiplex annotations, i.e. inexact and incomplete annotations, to segment\narbitrary and large images, scaling from tissue microarray (TMA) to whole slide\nimage (WSI). Formally, SegGini constructs a tissue-graph representation for an\ninput histology image, where the graph nodes depict tissue regions. Then, it\nperforms weakly-supervised segmentation via node classification by using\ninexact image-level labels, incomplete scribbles, or both. We evaluated SegGini\non two public prostate cancer datasets containing TMAs and WSIs. Our method\nachieved state-of-the-art segmentation performance on both datasets for various\nannotation settings while being comparable to a pathologist baseline.\n
Don't love thy nearest neighbor (2010)

One of the most flexible features of Internet routing—that service providers have administrative autonomy over their networks—has, over the years, proven to be one of the most restrictive—users have little to no say in how their packets are
Unique pattern of HTLV-III (AIDS-related) antigen recognition by sera from African children in Uganda (1972). (1985)

Of 75 sera collected in the West Nile district of Uganda over a 1-year period between 1972 and 1973, 50 (66%) had antibody reactivity to human T-cell lymphotropic virus subgroup III (HTLV-III) at low titer levels. Sera were initially screened by HTLV-III enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and sera with values less than normal mean + 2 SD were removed from testing. The remaining sera were tested for positivity by an amplified Western blotting procedure which incorporated a three-layer immunoperoxidase procedure. Immunoglobulin reactive with HTLV-III Mr 24,000, 41,000, and 76,000 proteins were present in nearly all positive sera. The antibody status of this group was unlike any normal or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-risk group previously tested. The high prevalence and relatively low titers suggest the detection as early as 1972 of a relative or predecessor of HTLV-III or of HTLV-III itself but existing in a population acclimated to its presence. It further suggests a likely African origin of HTLV-III.
Radiation sensitivity of Bragg gratings written with femtosecond IR lasers (2009)

The radiation sensitivity of Bragg gratings written with a femtosecond IR laser was measured for the first time. Type I-IR and type II-IR gratings were written into hydrogen loaded as well as unloaded fibers of distinctly different radiation sensitivity with the intention to find extremely radiation resistant gratings for temperature or stress measurements in radiation environments, as well as very radiation sensitive ones for radiation dose measurements. With a highly radiation-hard F-doped fiber we found a radiation-induced wavelength shift between about 3 and 7 pm after a dose of 100 kGy. These are the lowest shifts observed so far. In such fibers it is very difficult to write gratings with an UV laser. However, gratings made of the highly radiation-sensitive fibers only showed shifts of about the same size as those made of the quite radiation-insensitive Corning SMF-28e fiber. This was already observed with UV laser gratings written in such fibers.
Mid-infrared, spatially resolved spectroscopy of the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy (2006)

High spatial resolution spectroscopy at 8-13microns with T-ReCS on Gemini-S has revealed striking variations in the mid-infrared emission and absorption in the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy on sub-arcsecond scales. The core of Circinus is compact and obscured by a substantial column of cool silicate dust. Weak extended emission to the east and west coincides with the coronal line region and arises from featureless dust grains which are probably heated by line emission in the coronal emission zone. The extended emission on the east side of the nucleus displays a much deeper silicate absorption than that on the west, indicating significant columns of cool material along the line of sight and corresponding to an additional extinction of A(V) 25 mag. Emission bands from aromatic hydrocarbons are not subject to this additional extinction, are relatively weak in the core and in the coronal line region, and are much more spatially extended than the continuum dust emission; they presumably arise in the circumnuclear star-forming regions. These data are interpreted in terms of an inclined disk-like structure around the nucleus extending over tens of parsecs and possibly related to the inner disk found from observations of water masers by Greenhill et al (2003).
Controlling chaos through compactification in cosmological models with a collapsing phase (2005)

We consider the effect of compactification of extra dimensions on the onset of classical chaotic mixmaster behavior during cosmic contraction. Assuming a universe that is well-approximated as a four-dimensional Friedmann--Robertson--Walker model (with negligible Kaluza--Klein excitations) when the contraction phase begins, we identify compactifications that allow a smooth contraction and delay the onset of chaos until arbitrarily close to the big crunch. These compactifications are defined by the de Rham cohomology (Betti numbers) and Killing vectors of the compactification manifold. We find compactifications that control chaos in vacuum Einstein gravity, as well as in string theories with $\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetry and M-theory. In models where chaos is controlled in this way, the universe can remain homogeneous and flat until it enters the quantum gravity regime. At this point, the classical equations leading to chaotic behavior can no longer be trusted, and quantum effects may allow a smooth approach to the big crunch and transition into a subsequent expanding phase. Our results may be useful for constructing cosmological models with contracting phases, such as the ekpyrotic/cyclic and pre-big bang models.
Data visualization: the end of the rainbow (1998)

A rainbow colormap is often supplied as a default in visualization software. In this kind of colormap, red is mapped to the highest data value, blue to the lowest, and the other data values are interpolated along the full extent of the spectrum. But there is more to color than meets the eye. Color is a perceptual as well as physical phenomenon. What is commonly called color-hue-is only one of three parameters. Another is the brightness of the signal-intensity. The third is the admixture of white -saturation. Change any one parameter enough, and the color looks different. (The hue-intensity-saturation model of color is one of a several explored through the years, and captures some of the basic characteristics of basic color perception.) To make matters worse, the parameters' relationship to what is perceived is nonlinear. At the same intensity, for example, yellow appears brighter than blue. Some of the perceptual principles involved have been implemented in software developed at IBM Corp.'s Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY. The module runs with IBM's visualization package Data Explorer and is called Pravda (for perceptual rule based architecture for visualizing data accurately).
A black-box approach to energy-aware scheduling on integrated CPU-GPU systems (2016)

Energy efficiency is now a top design goal for all computing systems, from fitness trackers and tablets, where it affects battery life, to cloud computing centers, where it directly impacts operational cost, maintainability, and environmental impact. Today's widespread integrated CPU-GPU processors combine a CPU and a GPU compute device with different power-performance characteristics. For these integrated processors, hardware vendors implement automatic power management policies that are typically not exposed to the end-user. Furthermore, these policies often vary between different processor generations and SKUs. As a result, it is challenging to design a generally-applicable energy-aware runtime to schedule work onto both the CPU and GPU of such integrated CPU-GPU processors to optimize energy consumption. We propose a new black-box scheduling technique to reduce energy use by effectively partitioning work across the CPU and GPU cores of integrated CPU-GPU processors. Our energy-aware scheduler combines a power model with information about the runtime behavior of a specific workload. This power model is computed once for each processor to characterize its power consumption for different kinds of workloads. On two widely different platforms, a high-end desktop system and a low-power tablet, our energy-aware runtime yields an energy-delay product that is 96% and 93%, respectively, of the near-ideal Oracle energy-delay product on a diverse set of workloads.
500 Mbyte/sec data-rate 512 Kbits*9 DRAM using a novel I/O interface (2003)

A novel 512-kb*9 DRAM with a 500-Mbyte/s data transfer rate has been designed. This high data-rate has been achieved by coupling a very high internal column bandwidth DRAM core with a very high internal column bandwidth, and coupling this core with a block oriented, small-swing, synchronous interface that uses skew canceling clocks. The DRAM has a 1-kbyte*2 line sense amplifier cache. This DRAM is assembled in a 32-pin vertical surface mount type plastic package.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Synthesis of Macrocycles via Cobalt-Mediated [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloadditions (2005)

We investigated the formation of macrocycles from alpha,omega-diynes in cobalt-mediated co-cyclotrimerization reactions. Long-chain alpha,omega-diynes underwent metal-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions with nitriles, cyanamides, or isocyanates in the presence of CpCo(CO)2 (Cp = cyclopentadienide) to yield pyridine-containing macrocycles, i.e., meta- and para-pyridinophanes, such as 5m/5p, 35m/35p, and 41m/41p. The regioselectivity of these reactions was affected by the length and type of linker unit between the alkyne groups, as well as by certain stereoelectronic factors. An analogous alpha,omega-cyano-alkyne, 28, combined with an alkyne to yield two isomeric meta-pyridinophanes, such as 5m and 29m, and an ortho cycloadduct (benzannulation product), such as 29o. We developed a reaction protocol for these cobalt-based [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions that involves markedly improved conditions such that this process offers a convenient, flexible synthetic approach to macrocyclic pyridine-containing compounds. For example, diyne 6 reacted with p-tolunitrile in 1,4-dioxane to give 7p and 7m (7:1 ratio) in 87% yield at a moderate temperature of ca. 100 degrees C in 24 h without photoirradiation or syringe-pump addition. Isocyanates were also effective reactants, as exemplified by the formation of 44p almost exclusively (44p:44m > 50:1) in 64% yield from diyne 8 and 2-phenylethylisocyanate. By using this improved protocol we were able to co-cyclotrimerize long-chain alpha,omega-diynes with alkynes in certain cases to demonstrate a successful macrocyclic variant of the Vollhardt reaction. For instance, diyne 6 reacted with dipropylacetylene to give paracyclophane 57p and benzannulene 57o (2:1 ratio) in 29% yield.
Effects of Doorsill Jet Injection on Fume Cupboard Containment (2008)

The flow separation and its accompanied recirculation induced when the airflow passes over the inappropriately designed doorsill of a chemical fume cupboard are the key factors which would lead to deterioration of the cupboard performance. In order to alleviate the contaminant leakage of the fume cupboard induced by inherent aerodynamic deficiency, a technique using doorsill jet injection is developed and validated. A planar jet is ejected upward through a slot located across the inner surface of the doorsill of a full-scale, transparent fume cupboard and is ejected upward. The laser-light-sheet-assisted smoke flow visualization is performed to explore the physical mechanism of changing and controlling the flow structure. It is found that the upward injected jet is curved by the airflow drawn into the sash opening and forms a layer of clean air which can isolate the contaminant and alleviate the diffusion through the recirculating vortex on the doorsill, if the jet velocity is properly adjusted. The tracer gas concentration measurements present extraordinarily satisfactory results--the order of magnitude of the leakage of tracer gas near the doorsill may be reduced from original levels of approximately 10(2) to approximately 10(-2) p.p.m. Except for the experimental fume cupboard used for development of technique, two commercial fume cupboards are employed for verifications and comparisons on the proposed method. Tests about the two modified commercial fume cupboards demonstrate good agreement to those of the model fume cupboard.