gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats (1999)

Both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia have been reported to be independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known regarding insulin signaling in the vascular tissues in insulin-resistant states. In this report, insulin signaling on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways were compared in vascular tissues of lean and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats in both ex vivo and in vivo studies. Ex vivo, insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor beta subunits (IRbeta) in the aorta and microvessels of obese rats was significantly decreased compared with lean rats, although the protein levels of IRbeta in the 2 groups were not different. Insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2) and their protein levels were decreased in the aorta of obese rats compared with lean rats. The association of p85 subunit to the IRS proteins and the IRS-associated PI 3-kinase activities stimulated by insulin in the aorta of obese rats were significantly decreased compared with the lean rats. In addition, insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of Akt, a downstream kinase of PI 3-kinase pathway, was also reduced significantly in isolated microvessels from obese rats compared with the lean rats. In euglycemic clamp studies, insulin infusion greatly increased tyrosine phosphorylation of IRbeta- and IRS-2-associated PI 3-kinase activity in the aorta of lean rats, but only slight increases were observed in obese rats. In contrast, insulin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase (ERK-1/2) equally in isolated microvessels of lean and obese rats, although basal tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 was higher in the obese rats. To our knowledge, these data provided the first direct measurements of insulin signaling in the vascular tissues, and documented a selective resistance to PI 3-kinase (but not to MAP kinase pathway) in the vascular tissues of obese Zucker rats.
Bioinspired microstructures of chitosan hydrogel provide enhanced wear protection (2018)

We describe the fabrication of physical chitosan hydrogels exhibiting a layered structure. This bilayered structure, as shown by SEM and confocal microscopy, is composed of a thin dense superficial zone (SZ), covering a deeper zone (DZ) containing microchannels orientated perpendicularly to the SZ. We show that such structure favors diffusion of macromolecules within the hydrogel matrix up to a critical pressure, σ<sub>c</sub>, above which channels were constricted. Moreover, we found that the SZ provided a higher wear resistance than the DZ which was severely damaged at a pressure equal to the elastic modulus of the gel. The coefficient of friction (CoF) of the SZ remained independent of the applied load with μ<sub>SZ</sub> = 0.38 ± 0.02, while CoF measured at DZ exhibited two regimes: an initial CoF close to the value found on the SZ, and a CoF that decreased to μ<sub>DZ</sub> = 0.18 ± 0.01 at pressures higher than the critical pressure σ<sub>c</sub>. Overall, our results show that internal structuring is a promising avenue in controlling and improving the wear resistance of soft materials such as hydrogels.
Dynamic schemes for speculative execution of code (2002)

Speculative execution of code is becoming a key technique for enhancing the performance of pipeline processors. We study schemes that predict the execution path of a program based on the history of branch executions. Building on previous work, we present a model for analyzing the effective speedup from pipelining using various schemes for speculative execution. We follow this with stochastic analyses of various speculative execution schemes. Finally, we conclude with simulations covering several of the settings we study.
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Based Analysis of an Ammonia Borane (AB) Reactor System for Hydrogen Storage (2010)

Research on ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) has shown it to be a promising material for chemical hydrogen storage in PEM fuel cell applications. AB was selected by DOE's Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) as the initial chemical hydride of study because of its high hydrogen storage capacity (up to 19.6% by weight for the release of three molar equivalents of hydrogen gas) and its stability under typical ambient conditions. A model of a bead reactor system which includes feed and product tanks, hot and cold augers, a ballast tank/reactor, a H2 burner and a radiator was developed to study AB system performance in an automotive application and estimate the energy, mass, and volume requirements for this off-board regenerable hydrogen storage material. Preliminary system simulation results for a start-up case and for a transient drive cycle indicate appropriate trends in the reactor system dynamics. A new controller was developed and validated in simulation for a couple of H2 demand cases.
MRI lung lobe segmentation in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients using a recurrent neural network trained with publicly accessible CT datasets (2022)

Recurrent neural network lung lobe segmentation of 2D ufSSFP imaging is feasible, in good agreement with manual segmentations. The proposed workflow might provide access to automated lobe segmentations for various lung MRI examinations and quantitative analyses.
Chaos in a ring circuit (2019)

A ring-shaped logic circuit is proposed here as a robust design for a True Random Number Generator (TRNG). Most existing TRNGs rely on physical noise as a source of randomness, where the underlying idealized deterministic system is simply oscillatory. The design proposed here is based on chaotic dynamics and therefore intrinsically displays random behavior, even in the ideal noise-free situation. The paper presents several mathematical models for the circuit having different levels of detail. They take the form of differential equations using steep sigmoid terms for the transfer functions of logic gates. A large part of the analysis is concerned with the hard step-function limit, leading to a model known in mathematical biology as a Glass network. In this framework, an underlying discrete structure (a state space diagram) is used to describe the likely structure of the global attractor for this system. The latter takes the form of intertwined periodic paths, along which trajectories alternate unpredictably. It is also invariant under the action of the cyclic group. A combination of analytical results and numerical investigations confirms the occurrence of symmetric chaos in this system, which when implemented in (noisy) hardware, should therefore serve as a robust TRNG.
The War on Diabetic Retinopathy: Where Are We Now? (2019)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a major cause of blindness in working-age adults, is emerging as a major public health issue worldwide, in particular in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Traditionally, the management of DR has been on tertiary-level treatment (eg, laser, anti-VEGF injections and surgery) in specialized settings by highly trained ophthalmologists on individual patients. To win the war on DR, a paradigm shift in strategic focus and resources must be made from such tertiary treatment toward primary and secondary prevention, which are broader, more impactful, and cost-effective for the larger population. These include improving education and awareness of risk of DR among people initially diagnosed with diabetes, promoting behavioral modifications such as physical activity and medication adherence for improving glycemic and blood pressure control, setting up systematic screening programs for DR to detect the onset or progression of the disease, and implementing cost-effective, evidence-based policies and guidelines for managing DR. Additionally, there is a need to leverage on novel technology including the application of digital big data to predict people at risk of diabetes and DR, the use of wearable devices and smart phone apps, behavioral techniques including social media for self-management of diabetes, and telemedicine-based DR screening incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) to broaden access to screening in all settings. To turn the tide on the war on DR, we must reframe DR not only as a specific condition that can be managed by ophthalmologists, but fundamentally, as a preventable condition by shifting the weight of strategies from tertiary to secondary and primary battlegrounds.
A novel neurological function of rice bran: a standardized rice bran supplement promotes non‐rapid eye movement sleep in mice through histamine H1 receptors (2017)

RBS decreases sleep latency and promotes NREMS through the inhibition of H<sub>1</sub> R, suggesting that it could be a promising therapeutic agent for insomnia.
Open peer commentary Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease (2000)

Inflammation clearly occurs in pathologically vulnerable regions of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, and it does so with the full complexity of local peripheral inflammatory responses. In the periphery, degenerating tissue and the deposition of highly insoluble abnormal materials are classical stimulants of inflammation. Likewise, in the AD brain damaged neurons and neurites and highly insoluble amyloid b peptide deposits and neurofibrillary tangles provide obvious stimuli for inflammation. Because these stimuli are discrete, microlocalized, and present from early preclinical to terminal stages of AD, local upregulation of complement, cytokines, acute phase reactants, and other inflammatory mediators is also discrete, microlocalized, and chronic. Cumulated over many years, direct and bystander damage from AD inflammatory mechanisms is likely to significantly exacerbate the very pathogenic processes that gave rise to it. Thus, animal models and clinical studies, although still in their infancy, strongly suggest that AD inflammation significantly contributes to AD pathogenesis. By better understanding AD inflammatory and immunoregulatory processes, it should be possible to develop anti-inflammatory approaches that may not cure AD but will likely help slow the progression or delay the onset of this devastating disorder. © 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Downhole Fiber-Optic Multiphase Flowmeter: Design, Operating Principle, and Testing (2002)

Abstract Real-time, downhole, multiphase flow rate data is widely acknowledged to be of significant value for production optimization. This is particularly the case for high-cost deepwater developments and in complex multi-lateral wells. Applications of downhole flow data include zonal production allocation, identifying and localizing production anomalies, direct determination of well productivity index, ability to commingle production from multiple zones, and reduction in surface well testing and facilities requirements. However, despite the potential value of this data, in the past reliable continuous measurements of downhole flow rates in producing wells have not generally been available because of difficulties in designing and deploying measurement devices for hostile in-well environments. This paper discusses the design, operating principles, and flow loop testing of the world's first all-fiber optic multiphase flowmeter for downhole deployment. The flowmeter provides real-time measurement of flow rate, phase fraction, pressure and temperature. It is deployed with the production tubing and is rated to 125°C and 15,000 psi. It is full-bore, non-intrusive, has no moving parts, is electrically passive, and overcomes the design limitations imposed by downhole environments. Thus, it has the potential for providing highly reliable downhole measurements. The flowmeter has been extensively tested in Shell's multiphase flow loop in Rijswijk, The Netherlands over a wide range of oil and brine compositions and phase fractions, flow rates, and meter inclinations. Results from the testing have demonstrated the ability of the flowmeter to measure flow rates and water fractions in oil-water systems to within ±5% over the entire range of water cuts. These results have been validated by data from several field deployments.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Stereospecific Synthesis of (R)‐2‐Fluorohexanoic Acid Ethyl Ester. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nonlinear systems analysis of the hippocampal perforant path-dentate projection. III. Comparison of random train and paired impulse stimulation (1988)

1. The transformational properties of the network of hippocampal neurons activated monosynaptically and polysynaptically by electrical stimulation of the perforant path were analyzed using random impulse train and paired impulse stimuli. In response to both types of input, the amplitudes of granule cell population spikes evoked in the dentate gyrus were used as the measure of network output. The random stimulus train consisted of a series of 4,064 electrical impulses, with interimpulse intervals determined by a Poisson distribution; the mean interimpulse interval of the train was 500 ms, and the range was 1-5,000 ms. Paired impulse stimuli consisted of pairs of impulses separated by 10-1,200 ms; impulses pairs were delivered once every 20 s. The procedures were applied to both anesthetized and chronically implanted, unanesthetized preparations. 2. Nonlinear systems analysis of population spike responses evoked during random train stimulation revealed that dentate granule cell output to any impulse was highly dependent on the interval since a prior impulse. Data from anesthetized animals showed that population spike amplitudes were markedly suppressed in response to intervals less than 50 ms, facilitated in response to intervals of approximately 100 ms, suppressed slightly in response to intervals of 300-700 ms, and unaffected by intervals greater than 700 ms. Data from unanesthetized animals showed similar results except that facilitation rather than suppression of spike amplitude was observed in response to intervals of 300-700 ms, and could extend to intervals as great as 1,000 ms. 3. The results of paired impulse stimulation applied to the same preparations also showed that granule cell response was highly dependent on interimpulse interval. However, nonlinearities observed with paired impulse stimulation differed from those revealed by a random impulse signal. Compared to results of random train stimulation, a paired impulse format produced greater magnitude spike suppression in response to short interimpulse intervals (e.g., 10-20 ms), maximum facilitation in response to shorter interstimulus intervals (50 ms rather than 100 ms), greater magnitude spike facilitation, and greater suppression in response to intervals greater than or equal to 300 ms. Furthermore, there were virtually no differences in the nonlinearities of granule cell response recorded from anesthetized and unanesthetized animals when a paired impulse format was used, whereas several differences were observed with random train stimuli. 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Broadband radio access: LTE and LTE-advanced (2009)

This paper addresses broadband radio access techniques for the long-term evolution (LTE) specified as the Release 8 specifications (Rel. 8 LTE) and LTE-Advanced in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). We first briefly describe the system requirements for the Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced. Then, we describe wider transmission bandwidths around 100 MHz to satisfy the peak data rate of 1 Gbps in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the uplink for LTE-Advanced. Based on multiple access schemes and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel techniques in the Rel. 8 LTE, enhanced multiple access schemes and MIMO channel techniques for LTE-Advanced are presented to satisfy the improved system requirements while maintaining backward compatibility with the Rel. 8 LTE radio interface.
The effect of frequency on the magnitude of cyclic variation of backscatter in dogs and implications for prompt detection of acute myocardial ischemia (1991)

The magnitude of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter was measured for 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, and 7-8 MHz. In ten normal dogs, the magnitude of cyclic variation (M) was found to increase with ultrasonic frequency in an approximately linear fashion. The least squares linear fit to the data yielded M=2.5 dB+0.24f dB/MHz where f is the ultrasonic frequency (MHz). The potential frequency dependence of detection of the immediate consequences of myocardial ischemia was investigated. Acute ischemic injury was induced in each of seven dogs by ligation of a coronary artery. The magnitude of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter was measured in regions of myocardium supplied by this artery before and after ligation. Ischemic myocardium was clearly differentiable from normal myocardium in all five frequency bands. The magnitude of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter demonstrated substantial recovery upon reperfusion. The results offer promise for the detection of ischemia in humans using clinical imaging systems.
TeraFlow: Secured Autonomic Traffic Management for a Tera of SDN Flows (2021)

TeraFlow proposes a new type of secure, cloudnative Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller that will radically advance the state-of-the-art in beyond 5G networks by introducing novel micro-services architecture, and provide revolutionary features for both flow management (service layer) and optical/microwave network equipment integration (infrastructure layer) by adapting new data models. TeraFlow will also incorporate security using Machine Learning (ML) and forensic evidence for multi-tenancy based on Distributed Ledgers. Finally, this new SDN controller shall be able to integrate with the current Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) frameworks as well as to other networks. The target pool of TeraFlow stakeholders expands beyond the traditional telecom operators towards edge and hyperscale cloud providers.
Alfalfa [SWR 18-17] (2018)

Alfalfa is a web based software service that implements a virtual building control system using the EnergyPlus simulation as a backend. Conventional building energy simulation is non interactive, meaning that a simulation is started and run to completion without any user input during the simulation. Alfalfa allows a client to start a building simulation, then interactively read sensor locations and dynamically command actuators in realtime. The Alfalfa web service conforms to the Project Haystack standard, which is a specification adopted by many building control system vendors. The service enables Haystack compliant control system vendors to test their control modules and algorithms without the need for a physical building or modifying their hardware and software, enabling faster and cheaper development cycles. Alfalfa has use cases beyond control system testing. One example is building fault detection, where physical building performance can be compared to simulated values in realtime, indicating where there may be a problem in the building. Another use case is informing predictive control systems, where near future events are simulated to premptively guide control decisions in the real building. This software is web based and designed to be self service. Users of Alfalfa can upload an OpenStudio building model and begin communicating with the simulated building without any advanced setup or configuration, as if they were communicating a real building control system. Behind the scenes, Alfalfa makes extensive use of Amazon Web Services, in order to scale from a very small number of users and buildings, to extremely large numbers in a cost effective way.
Biologics as novel therapeutics for the treatment of allergy: Challenges and opportunities (2022)

Over the last 4 decades there has been a significant global increase in the incidence and prevalence of IgE-mediated allergy. Although much progress has been made in the management of allergy <i>via</i> patient education, pharmacotherapy and immunomodulatory treatment regimens, significant unmet need remains. Advancements in our knowledge base surrounding the type 2 immune response, production of IgE and maintenance of immunological memory has led the field to explore targeted intervention of allergic pathways using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Intervention at various stages of the allergic cascade offers the opportunity to prevent initiation and/or maintenance of the type 2 immune response and effectively provide therapeutic benefit to patients. Furthermore, a better understanding of the protective mechanisms involved in allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT) has led us to appreciate the interplay of immunoglobulins in the allergic response, specifically the benefit in shifting the IgG:IgE ratio in favor of functionally relevant blocking IgG. Thus, treatments that lower IgE or boost IgG with the ability to outcompete IgE binding to allergen also present a favorable approach in the treatment of allergy. In this short review we discuss and highlight recent advances in the use of biologics to treat severe allergy, highlighting the key challenges but also the significant opportunities and advances to date.
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Catalysts for Enantioselective Transfer Hydrogenations. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
FULL-LENGTH PEPTIDE ASSAY OF ANTIGENIC PROFILE OF ENVELOPE PROTEINS FROM SIBERIAN ISOLATES OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (2014)

Antigenic profiles of envelope glycoproteins of hepatitis C virus presented by three genotypes 1b, 2a/2c and 3a, which are most widespread in the territory of Russia and, in particular, in Novosibirsk, were studied using a panel of overlapping synthetic peptides. It was shown that highly immunogenic peptide epitopes of Е1 and Е2 proteins common for all HCV genotypes, are located in amino acid positions 250-260, 315-325 (Е1 protein), 390-400 (hypervariable region 1), 430-440, and 680-690 (Е2 protein). The greatest inter-genotypic differences were recorded in positions 280-290, 410-430 and 520-540. A novel antigenic determinant was detected in the region of aa 280-290 of the Е1 protein which was typical only for HCV 2a/2c genotype. A broad variation in the boundaries for the most epitopes suggests a high variability of the Е1 and Е2 viral proteins; however, a similar repertoire of antibodies induced by different HCV genotypes indicates to an opportunity of designing a new generation of cross-reactive HCV vaccines based on mapping of the E1 and E2 antigenic regions.
Optimization of tunneling magnetoresistance of MgO based tunnel junctions by tuning the stage impedance for radio frequency sputtering of the barrier (2013)

In this article, we describe a method to maximize the tunneling magnetoresistance of magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO tunneling barrier by optimizing the stage impedance for the RF MgO deposition. The impedance can be varied continuously using a matchbox that is in place to apply a RF bias to the stage. It is measured by means of a network analyzer connected to a dummy wafer on the stage. For positive stage reactance, both resistance area product and tunneling magnetoresistance are observed to drop, related to the stage impedance resonating with the plasma sheath capacitance. At high negative stage reactance, resputtering is minimized and tunneling magnetoresistance maximized.