gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All-optical switching with 1-ps response time in a DDMEBT enabled silicon grating coupler/resonator hybrid device (2014)

An amorphous film of the third-order nonlinear optical material DDMEBT was spun onto silicon chips for the first time, filling 80 nm lithographic features. A 710 μm² device was designed, fabricated, and tested that acts both as a nonlinear resonator switch and as an input/output grating coupler to a perfectly vertical single mode fiber. Autocorrelation and spectral measurements indicate the device has <1 ps response time, 4 nm of switching bandwidth, and 4 dB of on/off contrast. With sufficient power, this all-optical device can potentially modulate a single optical carrier frequency in excess of 1 THz.
Embedded tutorial - Emerging memory technologies: What it means for computer system designers (2013)

Summary form only given. As conventional memory technologies such as DRAM run into the scaling wall, architects and system designers are forced to look at alternative technologies for building future computer systems. Several emerging Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technologies such as PCM, STT-RAM, and Memristors have the potential to boost memory capacity in a scalable and power-efficient manner. However, these technologies are not drop-in replacements and will require novel solutions to enable their deployment. Even the prime candidates among these technologies have their own set of challenges such as higher read latency (than DRAM), much higher write latency, and limited write endurance. In this talk, I will discuss some of our recent work that addresses these challenges. Our first solution is hybrid memory system that combines emerging memory technologies with a small DRAM buffer, thereby obtaining the latency of DRAM in the common case, and the higher capacity of emerging technologies. Such a hybrid memory system allows combining technologies that have latency higher than DRAM without having significant impact on read latency. Second, we target the problem of limited write endurance, which is common to many of the emerging memory technologies. This problem is exacerbated by non-uniformity in write traffic to memory, causing frequently written lines to fail much earlier than others thereby reducing system lifetime significantly. Unfortunately, existing wear-leveling techniques require large storage tables and indirection, resulting insignificant area and latency overheads. We propose Start-Gap, a simple and effective wear-leveling technique that incurs an overhead of only few bytes and still provides lifetime close to ideal wear leveling. Finally, I will discuss the performance impact of high write latency, as most of the emerging memory technologies tend to have write latency much higher than the read latency. While a higher write latency can typically be tolerated using buffers, once the write request is scheduled for service to a bank, it can still cause increased latency for later arriving read requests to the same bank. To avoid this latency penalty caused by contention from slow write operations, we propose write cancellation and write pausing as a means to tolerate slow writes.
Constrained-complexity equalizer design for fixed delay tree search with decision feedback (1994)

Fixed delay tree search with decision feedback (FDTS/DF) is a hybrid detection scheme which incorporates a sequence detector into the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). When applied to minimum-runlength-limited channels, the FDTS/DP provides near-optimal detection performance with a reasonable complexity requirement. It has been shown recently that for the special case of search depth 1 and the channel subject to the d=1 run length constraint, a simpler structure arises for the decision elements of the FDTS/DF, which provides asymptotically-equivalent performance to the originally proposed FDTS/DF structure. We demonstrate the asymptotic optimality of this reduced FDTS/DF based on a simple signal-to-noise ratio argument. We also introduce a design criterion for choosing tap weights for the constrained-complexity FDTS/DF, which assumes the finite impulse response (FIR) structure for its forward and feedback filters. A method to compute optimal tap weights for the forward and feedback filters is then presented for a magnetic recording channel subject to the popular minimum runlength constraint, d=1. Results show that under the d=1 constraint, the FDTS/DF with one-bit decision delay achieves a large performance improvement over the DFE.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Dusty Circumstellar Environments of A[CLC]e[/CLC]/B[CLC]e[/CLC] Protoplanetary Disk Candidates (2002)

We have obtained high spatial resolution mid-IR observations of four intermediate-mass pre–main-sequence stars: HD 259431, AS 310, LkHα 234, and MWC 1080. Our observations reveal the morphology of the circumstellar (500–10,000 AU) environments of these young stars. We resolve companion stars and complex diffuse emission from dust that can account for on average 50% of the IR emission detected in previous low-resolution observations. We calculate new spectral indices for these objects and show that they differ from those expected from simple geometrically flat disk models. We also show mid-IR spectral energy distributions that reveal the presence of silicate emission and absorption features for several objects. Finally, temperature maps constructed from our observations suggest the presence of transiently heated grains, and optical depth maps point to the locations of the most embedded objects.
Active Management of Photovoltaic System Variability With Power Electronics (2020)

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy systems present a variable power source. They are often treated as “negative load,” especially for small systems, and require grid reserve margins and management resources to address their stochastic operation. However, inverters linked to PV energy systems probably represent the fastest resource on the grid, able to adjust operation on a cycle-by-cycle basis. This work reviews and quantifies PV variability, with emphasis on fast time scales. Operating needs if batteries are used to manage variability are presented. A reference case establishes the rates of change and storage needs in megawatt-scale installations. Alternative power electronics operating strategies are explored to mitigate variability directly at the source. Variability measures based on a time-window standard deviation lead to fast adaptive strategies. Controls that trade off energy production against variability are presented. Measured data are used to determine and compare performance expectations among several different control methods. Results, validated with scaled experiments, show that fast variability can decrease by about an order of magnitude given the right control strategy, implying battery capacity reduction of about <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> compared to systems in which batteries manage variation. System-level economics strongly favor large variability reduction linked to modest energy reduction.
Relaxation Behavior of Polymer Structures Fabricated by Nanoimprint Lithography (2007)

We study the decay of imprinted polystyrene (PS) patterns under thermal annealing using light diffraction. The first-order diffraction intensity from the imprinted gratings was measured as a function of annealing time. A local intensity maximum is observed as a function of annealing time. This "abnormal" intensity variation can be qualitatively understood, using rigorous coupled wave approximation calculations, as a characteristic diffraction from patterns with specific shape/height. We demonstrate that this diffraction anomaly can be used to characterize the temperature dependence of the pattern decay rate. The activation energies of the pattern decay are found to be similar to those of the segmental and chain relaxations. Comparisons between PS samples of different molecular mass reveal that the patterns decay through different mechanisms. For unentangled PS, the decay of the imprinted pattern follows the surface-tension-driven viscous flow, with a viscosity similar to the steady-state viscosity. However, for highly entangled PS, large residual stresses introduced from the imprinting process cause the pattern to decay much faster than expected from surface-tension-driven viscous flow.
Effect of Preoperative Exercise on Postoperative Mobility in Patients Who are Obese Undergoing Total Joint Replacement Surgery. (2010)

Robbins, Claire E.1; Barry, Marilyn T.2; Doren, Janice2; McNinch, Amanda2; Bono, James V.1; Ward, Daniel M.1Author Information
Wavelength multiplexed field of view expansion for high-resolution near-to-eye displays (2022)

We demonstrate a hologram-based image projector that expands the field of view (FOV) via wavelength multiplexing while retaining the flexibility of the high-resolution image displayed by a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). Current Near-to-Eye Displays (NED) for AR/VR/MR applications are often limited in Etendue of the display devices and of the image transfer optics. Moreover, angular resolution and FOV are typically coupled, therefore a large physical package volume is also needed for large FOV optics. Our group previously reported increasing Etendue by custom pulsed illumination sources synchronized to a single DMD. To effectively utilize the increased Etendue along with the often angularly band-limited optical channels, for example, a TIR image guide, additional means to effectively increase Etendue of image transfer medium is needed. To address this challenge, wavelength multiplexed image transfer with extraction volume holograms proved to effectively increase the FOV at least by factor of 2. Along with the volume hologram, the prototype projector system employed 100ns pulsed dual lasers as sources, with a 0.7” DMD operating at 20kHz, coupled with a reflection type extraction volume hologram. In this talk, we address the optical architecture of wavelength multiplexed and FOV expanded projector, and are undergoing quantitative assessments of image quality, such as uniformity, resolution, contrast, and crosstalk.
The Characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System Uncovers an Unexpected Protective Role of Thioredoxin Reductase 2 in β-Amyloid Peptide Toxicity (2012)

The nematode strains characterized in this work make C. elegans an ideal model organism to study the pathophysiology of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system at the level of a complete organism.
Influence of shape of weld toe and hardness of weld metal on fatigue properties in GMA welded ﬁllet lap joint of UHSS sheet (2020)

This study aims to clarify the inﬂuence of shape around weld toe and hardness of weld metal on fatigue crack life in ﬁllet lap joints for automotive chassis elements. Gas metal arc (GMA) welding was performed using 980 MPa class hot rolled steel sheet as the test material. The shape around weld toe and hardness of weld metal were changed by the combination of the shield gas composition and the welding wire. The smoothing of the weld toe signiﬁcantly improved the fatigue life compared to the hardened weld metal. The total fatigue life was separated into crack initiation life and crack propagation life by measuring the decreasing ratio in the stiﬀness of the specimen during the fatigue test. Then, the eﬀect of smoothing the weld toe and hardening the weld metal on each life was examined. The changes in the propagating crack front shape and the propagation rate during fatigue test were examined by the beach mark technique. As a result, it was suggested that the smoothing of weld toe improves not only the crack initiation life but also the propagation life by delaying the crack propagation rate in the early stage of crack propagation. The mechanism of retardation of crack propagation rate due to smoothing of weld toe was discussed from the viewpoint of crack shape and aspect ratio.
Protein/Protein Nanocomposite Based on Whey Protein Nanofibrils in a Whey Protein Matrix (2018)

This article describes nanocomposite films with separately grown protein nanofibrils (PNFs) in a nonfibrillar protein matrix from the same protein starting material (whey). Tensile tests on the glycerol-plasticized films indicate an increased elastic modulus and a decreased extensibility with increasing content of PNFs, although the films are still ductile at the maximum PNF content (15 wt %). Infrared spectroscopy confirms that the strongly hydrogen-bonded β-sheets in the PNFs are retained in the composites. The films appear with a PNF-induced undulated upper surface. It is shown that micrometer-scale spatial variations in the glycerol distribution are not the cause of these undulations. Instead, the undulations seem to be a feature of the PNF material itself. It was also shown that, apart from plasticizing the protein film, the presence of glycerol seemed to favor to some extent exfoliation of stacked β-sheets in the proteins, as revealed by X-ray diffraction.
MetaboRank: network-based recommendation system to interpret and enrich metabolomics results (2018)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiovascular Disease Modeling and Precision Medicine: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2018)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unprece-dented opportunity to study human physiology and disease at the cellular level. They also have the potential to be leveraged in the practice of precision medicine, for example, personalized drug testing. This statement comprehensively describes the provenance of iPSC lines, their use for cardiovascular disease modeling, their use for precision medicine, and strategies through which to promote their wider use for biomedical applications. Human iPSCs exhibit properties that render them uniquely qualified as model systems for studying human diseases: they are of human origin, which means they carry human genomes; they are pluripotent, which means that in principle, they can be differentiated into any of the human body's somatic cell types; and they are stem cells, which means they can be expanded from a single cell into millions or even billions of cell progeny. iPSCs offer the opportunity to study cells that are genetically matched to individual patients, and genome-editing tools allow introduction or correction of genetic variants. Initial progress has been made in using iPSCs to better understand cardiomyopathies, rhythm disorders, valvular and vascular disorders, and metabolic risk factors for ischemic heart disease. This promising work is still in its infancy. Similarly, iPSCs are only just starting to be used to identify the optimal medications to be used in patients from whom the cells were derived. This statement is intended to (1) summarize the state of the science with respect to the use of iPSCs for modeling of cardiovascular traits and disorders and for therapeutic screening; (2) identify opportunities and challenges in the use of iPSCs for disease modeling and precision medicine; and (3) outline strategies that will facilitate the use of iPSCs for biomedical applications. This statement is not intended to address the use of stem cells as regenerative therapy, such as transplantation into the body to treat ischemic heart disease or heart failure.
Preparation and physicochemical and immunological characterization of polysaccharide-outer membrane protein complexes of Neisseria meningitidis (1983)

A crude complex containing group C polysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the cell-free culture liquid of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C, serotype 2a. Group C polysaccharide and LPS were removed from this complex, resulting in an outer membrane complex and a purified complex, respectively. Analysis by electron microscopy showed the outer membrane origin of the crude complex and the outer membrane complex, whereas such a structure was absent in the purified complex. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of the three complexes were identical. Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry data correlated well with those obtained by the biochemical assays and suggested a low LPS content in the purified complex and a low polysaccharide content in the outer membrane complex. The purified complex was shown to be nonpyrogenic and could be prepared with the same yield as that of purified polysaccharide. The immunogenic activities of the complexes were studied in mice. The antibodies were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; and the bactericidal antibody assay. All complexes induced immunoglobulin G antibodies to group C polysaccharide as well as to the serotype antigen, although the removal of polysaccharide and LPS resulted in a reduction of the immunogenic activities of outer membrane complex and purified complex, respectively. A second dose of all complexes produced a clear booster effect of both antibody responses. The antibodies were bactericidal.
A footstep-plan-based floor sensing method using stereo images for biped robot control (2007)

In this paper, we propose a floor sensing method using stereo cameras mounted on a biped robot. In the proposed method, we first determine multiple regions of interest (ROI) in a reference image from footstep positions up to several steps, scheduled by a current footstep plan. Then the 3D plane parameters of the floor with respect to each ROI are estimated by a direct method using stereo images. We adopt the fast plane parameter estimation method [5], along with the compensation for the errors of the initial parameters by using the internal state of the robot, for the enhancement of the robustness and efficiency in the optimization process. Additionally, we estimate the shape of the floor including slopes from the set of the estimated plane parameters, and feedback the results for updating the footstep plan. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through on-line experiments using stereo cameras mounted on the body of a biped robot traversing a real environment.
Building fully customisable middleware using an aspect-oriented approach (2004)

Applications accrue features in response to the needs of all users, yet the associated code bloating and performance loss often render an application unsuitable for some other users whose needs differ. As a result, developers are often faced with either reinventing pieces of an application, custom tailored to their needs, or they are faced with the daunting task of refactoring an existing application to obtain an appropriate subset of that application&apos;s functionality. In either case, subsequent development, maintenance and testing of the application becomes more complex, due to the effects of future revisions on all of the derived subsets. In the paper, the authors report their experience of using aspect-oriented programming in building a CORBA event channel using a compositional approach to building software. Instead of refactoring a large, feature-rich application, a feature can be added by including that feature&apos;s aspect in the set provided to an aspect compiler. In addition to generic feature management, a study of the effect of the transport layer (CORBA) on overall performance of the event channel is conducted. Finally, experimental results on how such an approach gives fine control over footprint and throughput performance is presented.
Metasurface full-Stokes polarization camera (Conference Presentation) (2019)

Polarization is an important degree of freedom of light carrying information that is usually missing in other degrees of freedom. Polarimetric imaging is the process of measuring the state of polarization of light over an extended scene. It has several applications ranging from remote sensing to biological and medical imaging because it provides various pieces of information about the light source or the objects with which the light has interacted. So far polarization cameras have been made using polarization filters, and therefore suffer from two major drawbacks. First, there is a theoretical 50% upper limit on the efficiency of devices based on polarization filters. Second, to fully determine the state of polarization, multiple layers should be integrated in order to make polarization filters for circular or elliptical polarization states. Here, we present a polarization camera made using dielectric metasurfaces that operates based on separating and focusing orthogonal polarization states instead of polarization filtering. This allows for overcoming both drawbacks of current polarization camera designs. At the core of the design lies the capability of dielectric metasurfaces to fully control the polarization and phase of light. This enables designing and fabricating superpixels that separate and focus orthogonal polarization states of light on adjacent pixels on an image sensor over a single metasurface layer. Using this technique we have demonstrated full-Stokes polarization cameras with experimental efficiencies surpassing 60%, and superpixel dimensions reaching 4.8 µm×7.2 µm. We have also used this camera to form polarization images of custom-designed polarization targets.
Toward Vibrational Tomography of Citrate on Dynamically Changing Individual Silver Nanoparticles (2021)

This study explored changes in binding modes of the most common ligand, citrate on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using single-particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SP-SERS). Single AgNPs of 50 ± 10 nm diameter anchored on clean glass slides were monitored using time-dependent SP-SERS with 632.8 nm excitation at 1.3 μW incident (0.5 μW absorbed) power per nanoparticle. We observed several distinct spectra of citrate during time-dependent SP-SERS. Analysis of 1400 spectra showed the existence of two major groups termed as favorable (F) and probable (P) spectra based on their likelihood of appearance and intensities. These distinct spectra corresponded to a multitude of binding modes, structures, and variants of photocatalyzed products of citrate on the surface of dynamically changing AgNPs. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were performed to model the structures and binding modes of citrate on an Ag(111) surface, and corresponding Raman spectra were computed and compared with distinct spectral types. Experiments performed with deuterated (2,2,4,4-d₄) citrate-capped AgNPs provided additional evidence to understand the shifts in vibrational features obtained in SP-SERS of citrate-capped AgNPs. These systematic analyses of time-dependent SP-SERS spectra may be used for the reconstruction and vibrational tomography (VT) of ligands at the single-particle level. The proposed VT approach is similar to sectioning an object through a multitude of orientations and reconstructing its three-dimensional structure, although the structures reconstructed here are molecular orientations.