gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study on Combustion Control by Using Internal and External EGR for HCCI Engines Fuelled with DME (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is possible to achieve high thermal efficiency and low emissions. One of the main challenges with HCCI engines is structuring the systems to control combustion phasing, crank angle of 50% heat release (CA50), for keeping high thermal efficiency and avoiding an excessive rate of pressure rise which causes knocking, when operating conditions vary. Though some HCCI combustion control systems, for example Variable Valve Timing System and Variable Compression Ratio System, have been suggested, these control systems are complex and heavy.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, for the development of a lightweight and small-sized generator HCCI engine fuelled with Dimethyl Ether (DME) which is low-emission and easy to autoignite, a simple HCCI combustion control system is suggested, and the control system is evaluated experimentally. In the control system, the means of controlling gas temperature at inlet valve closure (IVC) is focused on to control CA50 as the specific autoignition temperature of a fuel is constant in HCCI combustion. The amount of premixture of air and fuel at stoichiometric ratio necessary to achieve load is fixed, and gas temperature at IVC is controlled by changing the mixing ratio of hot (internal) EGR gas and cold (external) EGR gas. And also cold EGR gas plays a role in the avoidance of a very rapid combustion reaction speed. The exhaust cam has two stages to use hot EGR gas, and exhaust gas is cooled through the heat exchanger to use cold EGR gas. The mixing ratio of three gases, stoichiometric premixture, hot EGR gas and cold EGR gas, is controlled by four throttles placed in the flow path of these gases.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;As input heat quantity per cycle greatly affects CA50, the change in input heat quantity per cycle needs to be considered to control CA50 by gas temperature at IVC. In the control system, the measured IMEP has the slow response and vibrates to the IMEP set value. Meanwhile, the CA50 controller shows the good performance in aspects of steady and transient characteristics. Hereafter, the IMEP controller should be improved without reducing the performance of the CA50 controller.&lt;/div&gt;
In Vivo Fluorescence Spectra Unmixing and Autofluorescence Removal by Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (2011)

Fluorescence imaging locates fluorescent markers that specifically bind to targets; like tumors, markers are injected to a patient, optimally excited with near-infrared light, and located thanks to backward-emitted fluorescence analysis. To investigate thick and diffusive media, as the fluorescence signal decreases exponentially with the light travel distance, the autofluorescence of biological tissues comes to be a limiting factor. To remove autofluorescence and isolate specific fluorescence, a spectroscopic approach, based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF), is explored. To improve results on spatially sparse markers detection, we suggest a new constrained NMF algorithm that takes sparsity constraints into account. A comparative study between both algorithms is proposed on simulated and in vivo data.
The directed insertion of Janus nanoparticles into polymer membranes. (2013)

Abstract not provided.
Discrete dislocation simulations of precipitation hardening in inverse superalloys (2006)

The low-temperature yield stress of a γ′ (Ni3Al) matrix–γ (Ni) precipitate ‘inverse’ superalloy, containing 40% Ni precipitates (γ), is calculated by discrete-dislocation simulations. Two different precipitate sizes and two anti-phase boundary energies are considered. The results of these simulations are compared with corresponding results from γ–γ′ superalloys (S. Rao, T.A. Parthasarathy, D. Dimiduk, et al., Phil. Mag. 84 3195 (2004)). In general, the results show that precipitation hardening in inverse superalloys is weaker than for regular superalloys. Similar to studies of superalloys, many of these results can be rationalized from the results of simulations on simple homogenized precipitate structures. The Hirsch, Kelly and Ardell precipitation-strengthening model (Metall. Trans. A 16 2131 (1985); Phil. Mag. 12 881 (1965); Trans. Jpn. Inst. Metals 9 1403 (1968).), developed for low-stacking-fault-energy spherical precipitates in a high-stacking-fault-energy matrix, adapted for inverse superalloys, shows qualitative agreement with the simulation results for spherical γ precipitates.
ABVD in Older Patients With Early-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated Within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD10 and HD11 Trials (2013)

In patients age ≥ 60 years with HL, four cycles of ABVD is associated with substantial dose reduction, treatment delay, toxicity, and treatment-related mortality.
Twinning by Merohedry and Thermal Expansion of Zeolitic Clathrasil Deca-dodecasil 3R (2020)

Rhombohedral crystal particles of zeolitic clathrasil deca-dodecasil 3R (DDR), hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture consisting of fumed silica, water, and 1-adamantanamine, were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffractometry as a function of temperature and pole figure analysis. The crystallite was bounded by six equivalent {101̅1} faces and exhibited twin-free appearance, whereas the structure was resolved with the binary twin by merohedry, defined by the twin point group 3̅2'/<i>m</i>'1, consisting of two twin domains with nearly equal volume fractions. This twinning modifies the positions of O atoms in the Si-O-Si framework while preserving the positions of Si atoms that define the topology of polyhedral cages. This type of twinning therefore does not disrupt the microporous channels via the 8-membered rings of the 19-hedral cages and little disturbs the adsorption and permeation of gas molecules in DDR. The cell volume of DDR increased monotonically with an increase in temperature up to ∼673 K accompanied by an elongation perpendicular to the [0001] axis and a shrinkage along the [0001] axis. Above ∼673 K, the cell volume decreased with temperature. These positive and negative volume expansion coefficients observed in this study were roughly one-half and one-third of the values currently available.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Syncytial-Type Cell Plates during Endosperm Cellularization Visualized by High Resolution Electron Tomography[W] (2001)

The three-dimensional architecture of syncytial-type cell plates in the endosperm of Arabidopsis has been analyzed at approximately 6-nm resolution by means of dual-axis high-voltage electron tomography of high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples. Mini-phragmoplasts consisting of microtubule clusters assemble between sister and nonsister nuclei. Most Golgi-derived vesicles appear connected to these microtubules by two molecules that resemble kinesin-like motor proteins. These vesicles fuse with each other to form hourglass-shaped intermediates, which become wide (approximately 45 nm in diameter) tubules, the building blocks of wide tubular networks. New mini-phragmoplasts also are generated de novo around the margins of expanding wide tubular networks, giving rise to new foci of cell plate growth, which later become integrated into the main cell plate. Spiral-shaped rings of the dynamin-like protein ADL1A constrict but do not fission the wide tubules at irregular intervals. These rings appear to maintain the tubular geometry of the network. The wide tubular network matures into a convoluted fenestrated sheet in a process that involves increases of 45 and 130% in relative membrane surface area and volume, respectively. The proportionally larger increase in volume appears to reflect callose synthesis. Upon fusion with the parental plasma membrane, the convoluted fenestrated sheet is transformed into a planar fenestrated sheet. This transformation involves clathrin-coated vesicles that reduce the relative membrane surface area and volume by approximately 70%. A ribosome-excluding matrix encompasses the cell plate membranes from the fusion of the first vesicles until the onset of the planar fenestrated sheet formation. We postulate that this matrix contains the molecules that mediate cell plate assembly.
LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MULTICENTER UROLUME* TRIAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF EXTERNAL DETRUSOR-SPHINCTER DYSSYNERGIA (1999)

The UroLume stent demonstrates long-term safety and efficacy for the treatment of external detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The outcome was similar in men with and without previous sphincterotomy.
You Never Get a Second Chance To Make a Good First Impression: Seeding Active Learning for 3D Semantic Segmentation (2023)

We propose SeedAL, a method to seed active learning for efficient annotation of 3D point clouds for semantic segmentation. Active Learning (AL) iteratively selects relevant data fractions to annotate within a given budget, but requires a first fraction of the dataset (a 'seed') to be already annotated to estimate the benefit of annotating other data fractions. We first show that the choice of the seed can significantly affect the performance of many AL methods. We then propose a method for automatically constructing a seed that will ensure good performance for AL. Assuming that images of the point clouds are available, which is common, our method relies on powerful unsupervised image features to measure the diversity of the point clouds. It selects the point clouds for the seed by optimizing the diversity under an annotation budget, which can be done by solving a linear optimization problem. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach compared to random seeding and existing methods on both the S3DIS and SemanticKitti datasets. Code is available at https://github.com/nerminsamet/seedal.
Honing-in antigen-specific cells during antibody discovery: a user-friendly process to mine a deeper repertoire (2022)

Immunization based antibody discovery is plagued by the paucity of antigen-specific B cells. Identifying these cells is akin to finding needle in a haystack. Current and emerging technologies while effective, are limited in terms of capturing the antigen-specific repertoire. We report on the bulk purification of antigen-specific B-cells and the benefits it offers to various antibody discovery platforms. Using five different antigens, we show hit rates of 51-88%, compared to about 5% with conventional methods. We also show that this purification is highly efficient with loss of only about 2% antigen specific cells. Furthermore, we compared clones in which cognate chains are preserved with those from display libraries in which chains either from total B cells (TBC) or antigen-specific B cells (AgSC) underwent combinatorial pairing. We found that cognate chain paired clones and combinatorial clones from AgSC library had higher frequency of functional clones and showed greater diversity in sequence and paratope compared to clones from the TBC library. This antigen-specific B-cell selection technique exemplifies a process improvement with reduced cycle time and cost, by removing undesired clones prior to screening and increasing the chance of capturing desirable and rare functional clones in the repertoire.
Spectrally resolved bioluminescence tomography using the reciprocity approach (2008)

Spectrally resolved bioluminescence optical tomography is an approach to recover images of, for example, Luciferase activity within a volume using multiwavelength emission data from internal bioluminescence sources. The underlying problem of uniqueness associated with nonspectrally resolved intensity-based bioluminescence tomography is demonstrated and it is shown that using a non-negative constraint inverse algorithm, an accurate solution for the source distribution can be calculated from the measured data. Reconstructed images of bioluminescence are presented using both simulated complex and heterogeneous small animal models as well as real multiwavelength data from a tissue-simulating phantom. The location of the internal bioluminescence source using experimental data is obtained with 0.5 mm accuracy and it is shown that small (2.5 mm diameter) sources of up to 12.5 mm deep, within a complex mouse model, can be resolved accurately using a single view data collection strategy. Finally, using the reciprocity approach for image reconstruction, a dramatic improvement in computational time is shown without loss to image accuracy with both experimental and simulated data, potentially reducing computing time from 402 to 3.75 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Comparative Photocatalytic Activity of Pt/WO3 and Au/WO3 Nanocomposites under Sunlight‐Type Excitation. (2011)

Abstract The photocatalytic activity of the title nanocomposites (obtained by photochemical deposition of Pt and Au nanoparticles on WO 3 ) is characterized by the removal of methyl orange and 2,4‐sichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solutions under sunlight irradiation.
Heavy chain-1 of inter-α-inhibitor has an integrin-like structure with immune regulatory activities (2019)

Abstract Inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) is a proteoglycan essential for mammalian reproduction that also plays a less well-characterised role in inflammation. IαI is composed of 2 homologous ‘heavy chains’ (HC1 and HC2) covalently attached to chondroitin sulphate on the bikunin core protein. Prior to ovulation HCs are transferred onto the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA), thereby stabilising a matrix that is required for fertilisation. Here we show that human HC1 has a structure similar to integrin β-chains and contains a functional MIDAS (metal ion-dependent adhesion site) motif that can mediate self-association of heavy chains, providing a mechanism for matrix crosslinking. Surprisingly, its interaction with RGD-containing integrin ligands, such as vitronectin and the latency-associated peptides of TGFβ, occurs in a MIDAS/cation-independent manner. However, HC1 utilises its MIDAS motif to bind to, and inhibit the cleavage of, complement C3, thus identifying it as a novel regulator of innate immunity through inhibition of the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Abbreviations ADPs, atomic displacement parameter; AUC, analytical ultracentrifugation; CMG2, capillary morphogenesis protein-2; COC, cumulus-oocyte complex; CS, chondroitin sulphate; FB, complement factor B; FnIII; fibronectin type III; HA, hyaluronan; HC, heavy chain; HC•HA, covalent complex of HC with HA; IαI, inter-α-inhibitor; ITGA, integrin α-chain; ITGB, integrin β-chain; LAP, latency associated peptide; LLC, large latent complex; LTBP, latent TGFβ binding protein; MIDAS, metal ion-dependent adhesion site; PαI, pre-α-inhibitor; PTX3, pentraxin-3; rHC1, recombinant HC1; SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering; SHAP, serum-derived HA binding protein; SLC, small latent complex; TEM8, tumour endothelial marker-8; TGFβ, transforming factor β; TSG-6, tumour necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6; TSG-6•HC, covalent complex of TSG-6 and HC; vWFA domain, von Willebrand Factor A domain.
Roadway Departure and Impact Conditions (2010)

In-depth accident data were collected to investigate vehicle impact conditions (e.g., crash severity, impact speed, impact angle, and orientation) for crashes with roadside obstacles and features. Descriptive statistics of these variables are presented, including statistics for the data segregated by highway class, speed limit, and access control. Relationships between impact conditions and these segregating factors were explored. Statistical tests were applied to investigate the association between speed and angle, and univariate distributions were fitted for these two variables. Impact speed and impact angle are independent for most highway classes when segregated by highway class, and they have a relatively weak negative correlation. Both impact speed and angle data for all highway classes follow a normal distribution. Joint impact distributions were then determined using the bivariate normal distribution. The findings of this study are of significant importance to the establishment or reinforcement of full-scale vehicle crash testing guidelines, to benefit–cost analysis procedures, and to highway designers who seek more detailed information on probabilities of impact conditions for different highway classes.
Inhibition of T cell–dependent and RANKL‐dependent osteoclastogenic processes associated with high levels of bone mass in interleukin‐15 receptor–deficient mice (2010)

In the absence of IL-15 signaling, several converging mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis are inhibited, both directly and indirectly, through T cells, which leads to a high bone mass phenotype. Targeting the IL-15 pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach to treating primary and secondary osteoporosis.
Mathematical modeling of the interactions between cellular programs in response to oncogene inactivation: Incorporation of both cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic (Immune mediated) effects (2012)

Some tumors' addiction to the over-expression of a single oncogene provides a weakness for a molecularly targeted therapy to exploit. A number of targeted therapy drugs (e.g., imatinib, erlotinib, etc.) produce dramatic tumor regression but are often eventually followed by tumor relapse. Understanding the complex interaction of mechanisms behind the tumor's overall response to oncogene inactivation is key to preventing tumor relapse. It is becoming clear that there is a general sequence of cellular responses and that the latter immune-mediated steps are key to eliminating residual disease. What is still unclear is exactly how these mechanisms work together to produce the overall tumor regression response. We have built a novel integrative computational model that includes the various cellular response mechanisms of tumors to oncogene inactivation. This consists of cell intrinsic programs (e.g., apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, dormancy) and immune-mediated cell extrinsic programs (e.g., senescence, inhibition of angiogenesis). Our model unifies these different response programs in order to allow for predictions of the time-course of events following oncogene inactivation and their impact on tumor burden. Eventually, we will use this model to make and validate predictions of the effect of various therapeutic strategies and interventions (e.g., adjunct chemotherapy, immune system modulation). These predictions will be validated in vivo using conditional expression transgenic mouse models of MYC-induced lymphoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of 1‐Substituted‐3‐aminopyrazoles. (2011)

Abstract 1‐Alkylation of pyrrolopyrazoles is achieved by Chan—Lam coupling with trifluoroborates (II) or methylation with methyl iodide to yield 1‐alkyl‐3‐aminopyrazoles after deprotection.
The Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway in the Penis (2005)

It is widely accepted that nitric oxide plays an important role in the biology of the penis, serving most familiarly as the agent responsible for penile erection. Early investigation in the field led to the identification of the signaling function of the molecule in the penis which yields corporal smooth muscle relaxation fundamental for the erectile response. Ongoing study of this molecule and its signaling pathway in erectile tissue has served to revise and clarify its importance. Current information conveys the prerequisite of the nitric oxide signaling pathway for penile erection, the regulatory basis for the generation and actions of nitric oxide in the penis, the diverse roles of its synthetic enzyme isoforms in penile biology, and the interaction between nitric oxide and other molecular pathways operative in the broad context of erection physiology. Insight into these subject areas has therapeutic relevance for pathologic conditions of the penis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the latest areas of investigation related to the science of nitric oxide in the penis, as a gateway for considering novel therapeutic strategies for erectile disorders now and in the future.
Synthesis of ferromagnetic cobalt nanoparticle tipped CdSe@CdS nanorods: critical role of Pt-activation (2014)

Activation of CdSe@CdS nanorods by a platinum deposition reaction enables selective deposition of a single dipolar cobalt nanoparticle tip per nanorod.
The role of the support in achieving high selectivity in the direct formation of hydrogen peroxide (2008)

Pd-only, Au-only and bimetallic AuPd catalysts supported on a range of supports (Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, and C) have been prepared by impregnation and tested for the hydrogenation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under conditions similar to those used in direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogenation and decomposition are the main pathways for loss of selectivity and yield in the direct synthesis reaction, and the support is found to be a crucial parameter with respect to hydrogenation and decomposition activity. We show that by making the right choice of support for both the monometallic and bimetallic Au and Pd catalysts, it is possible to achieve very low hydrogen peroxide hydrogenation and decomposition activity, thus enhancing hydrogen peroxide productivity during synthesis. Carbon is found to be the optimal support for both monometallic Au and Pd catalysts as well as Au–Pd alloys, since carbon-supported catalysts gave the lowest hydrogenation and decomposition activities. Au-only catalysts were generally less active than Pd-only catalysts when utilizing the same support and metal loading. The addition of Au to Pd catalysts supported on TiO2 and carbon resulted in a decrease in both H2O2 hydrogenation and decomposition while the reverse effect was observed for the Al2O3 and MgO-supported catalysts. These effects are discussed in terms of the basicity of the support, and in particular the isoelectronic point of the support, which is a major factor in controlling the stability of hydrogen peroxide under reaction conditions.