gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Beam-Based Flexure Modules (2006)

The beam flexure is an important constraint element in flexure mechanism design. Nonlinearities arising from the force equilibrium conditions in a beam significantly affect its properties as a constraint element. Consequently, beam-based flexure mechanisms suffer from performance tradeoffs in terms of motion range, accuracy and stiffness, while benefiting from elastic averaging. This paper presents simple yet accurate approximations that capture the effects of load-stiffening and elastokinematic nonlinearities in beams. A general analytical framework is developed that enables a designer to parametrically predict the performance characteristics such as mobility, over-constraint, stiffness variation, and error motions, of beam-based flexure mechanisms without resorting to tedious numerical or computational methods. To illustrate their effectiveness, these approximations and analysis approach are used in deriving the force–displacement relationships of several important beam-based flexure constraint modules, and the results are validated using finite element analysis. Effects of variations in shape and geometry are also analytically quantified.
Integrated Smart Systems for Theranostic Applications (2013)

By the incorporation of miniaturised systems within medical devices new functionalities can be achieved and implantable devices profit from a significant increase of functionality. The paper provides information about nowadays and future technical opportunities and focuses on the benefit micro systems can provide to implantable devices and the patients therefore.
Progressive Isthmus Delay During Atrial Flutter Ablation: The Critical Importance of Isthmus Spanning Electrodes for Distinguishing Pseudoblock from Block (2002)

Bidirectional isthmus block is associated with successful atrial flutter ablation, whereas creation of increased isthmus conduction delay without block can be proarrhythmic. Often, halo catheter electrodes fail to provide adequate sub-Eustachian isthmus recordings. The aim of this study was to determine if progressive isthmus conduction delay results in the false appearance of block during atrialflutter ablation. A 20-pole deflectable catheter was prospectively positioned across the sub-Eustachian isthmus (from the coronary sinus os [CSO] to 7:00 on the tricuspid valve annulus [TVA] clock face in the left anterior oblique [LAO] projection) in nine patients undergoing atrial flutter ablation. During sinus rhythm, conduction time was measured from the CSO to the 7:00 position while pacing the CSO. Measurements were repeated after each linear lesion and after conduction block was achieved. Transisthmus conduction time at baseline, just prior to success, and after the presence of complete block was 54 +/- 9, 123 +/- 39, and 155 +/- 30 ms, respectively (P < or = 0.01). The marked delay prior to complete block resulted in reversal of the activation sequence in electrodes at TVA 7:00, creating the false appearance of isthmus block; the isthmus electrodes clearly distinguished delay from block. Catheter ablation results in progressive isthmus conduction delay prior to the creation of complete block. Electrodes spanning the isthmus and line of block are critical for distinguishing conduction delay (and pseudoisthmus block) from block.
Small Molecule Agents (2007)

The prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains poor despite investigation of multiple novel therapies. Ongoing discovery of many of the genetic alterations associated with the transformed phenotype has permitted the development of new therapeutic approaches focused specifically on attacking these changes in neoplastic cells. Targeted therapies can be divided into three categories: (1) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), (2) antisense oligonucleotides, and (3) small molecule drugs (SMDs). SMDs target growth factors and their receptors, downstream signaling signal transduction cascades, cell-cycle control molecules, and modulators of apopotosis, or invasion factors. This chapter focuses on the rationale for using small molecule targeted therapy for the treatment of malignant gliomas, and on progress made in the development of this class of drugs for clinical use. In the future, molecular profiling of gliomas will provide a basis for individualized “tailored therapy” using targeted molecules along with traditional cytotoxic therapies.
Configurational transformation of an Er center in GaAs:Er,O under hydrostatic pressure (1997)

An optical spectroscopic study of Er-related luminescence in GaAs:Er,O under hydrostatic pressure is reported. The application of pressure results in new Er-related centers becoming optically active under host photoexcitation. Two new sets of I413/2→4I15/2 transitions are observed to appear in different pressure ranges. It is concluded that these two sets of crystal-field-split transitions are due to the same Er center, and that this Er center undergoes an abrupt change in local configuration at a specific pressure.
Tests for Screening Product Designs Prior to User Testing by People with Functional Limitations (1999)

A set of inexpensive to implement usability ‘screening tests’ are proposed which would be administered by designers on their colleagues or acquaintances. Test subjects, who have no prior knowledge of a product, conduct every day use tasks while having their sensory, physical and cognitive capabilities limited through various techniques. The tests have been assembled to provide minimum set which cover a wide range of functional limitation experiences. For each test the concept, usability questions, and suggested procedure and materials are given. A hierarchy of test priorities is suggested. The tests should be conducted by experts who are aware of the safety and ethics issues concerning inducing sensory, physical, and cognitive limitations. The set of tests incorporate new, existing, and exploratory ideas A number of outstanding research issues are introduced, which are discussed briefly.
Distinct CD4 T‐cell effects on primary versus recall CD8 T‐cell responses during viral encephalomyelitis (2014)

CD4 T-cell help is not a universal requirement for effective primary CD8 T cells but is essential to generate memory CD8 T cells capable of recall responses. This study examined how CD4 T cells affect primary and secondary anti-viral CD8 T-cell responses within the central nervous system (CNS) during encephalomyelitis induced by sublethal gliatropic coronavirus. CD4 T-cell depletion before infection did not impair peripheral expansion, interferon-γ production, CNS recruitment or initial CNS effector capacity of virus-specific CD8 T cells ex vivo. Nevertheless, impaired virus control in the absence of CD4 T cells was associated with gradually diminished CNS CD8 T-cell interferon-γ production. Furthermore, within the CD8 T-cell population short-lived effector cells were increased and memory precursor effector cells were significantly decreased, consistent with higher T-cell turnover. Transfer of memory CD8 T cells to reduce viral load in CD4-depleted mice reverted the recipient CNS CD8 T-cell phenotype to that in wild-type control mice. However, memory CD8 T cells primed without CD4 T cells and transferred into infected CD4-sufficient recipients expanded less efficiently and were not sustained in the CNS, contrasting with their helped counterparts. These data suggest that CD4 T cells are dispensable for initial expansion, CNS recruitment and differentiation of primary resident memory CD8 T cells as long as the duration of antigen exposure is limited. By contrast, CD4 T cells are essential to prolong primary CD8 T-cell function in the CNS and imprint memory CD8 T cells for recall responses.
Covalent fragment mapping of KRasG12C revealed novel chemotypes with in vivo potency (2023)

G12C mutant KRas is considered druggable by allele-specific covalent inhibitors due to the nucleophilic character of the oncogenic mutant cysteine at position 12. Discovery of these inhibitors requires the optimization of both covalent and noncovalent interactions. Here, we report covalent fragment screening of our electrophilic fragment library of diverse non-covalent scaffolds equipped with 40 different electrophilic functionalities to identify fragments as suitable starting points targeting Cys12. Screening the library against KRas<sup>G12C</sup> using Ellman's free thiol assay, followed by protein NMR and cell viability assays, resulted in two potential inhibitor chemotypes. Characterization of these scaffolds in in vitro cellular- and in vivo xenograft models revealed them as promising starting points for covalent drug discovery programs.
Inhibition of 11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 with AZD4017 in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase II study (2022)

Although the study did not meet one of the primary outcomes, AZD4017 blocked the conversion of <sup>13</sup> C cortisone to <sup>13</sup> C cortisol in the liver in all patients who received the drug. In patients with NASH and T2D, AZD4017 improved liver steatosis versus placebo.
Tunable Optical Correlator using an Optical Frequency Comb for Generating Multiple Taps in a Tapped-Delay-Line Composed of a Single Nonlinear Element (2013)

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable optical correlator to search for multiple patterns among QPSK symbols in 20 Gbuad stream. We use an optical frequency comb to generate coherent signals and add them coherently using a single PPLN waveguide. Multiple patterns with different lengths are successfully searched on QPSK signals.
Memory-Contention Responsive Hash Joins (1994)

davison @ cs.colorado.edu In order to maximize system performance in envi-ronments with fluctuating memory contention, memory-intensive algorithms such as hash join must gracefully adapt to variations in available memory. Mixed workloads, creating fluctuations of erratic frequency and magnitude, make respon-siveness to memory contention particularly impor-tant. Previous studies on adaptable hash joins have focused on lowering I/O costs by reducing the I/O volume, as measured in the number of pages, by spilling partitions from memory to disk and then restoring them into memory if more memory becomes available. In this paper, we pre-sent memory-contention responsive hash joins that (i) reduce the amount of time spent on I/O by us-ing large I/O buffers, or clusters, (ii) dynamically vary the cluster size in response to fluctuations in memory availability, and (iii) employ earlier tech-niques of dynamic destaging and restoration. Our simulation results demonstrate that these com-bined techniques provide better performance than previous algorithms, particularly in environments with medium to high memory contention or with very frequent changes in memory availability. 1.
Multipath Suppression With an Absorber for UWB Wind Turbine Blade Deflection Sensing Systems (2017)

The deflection of a wind turbine blade can be monitored with an ultra-wideband (UWB) deflection sensing system, which consists of one transmitting antenna at the blade tip and two receiving antennas at the blade root. The blade deflection is calculated by two estimated tip-root antenna distances. Applying the tip antenna inside a blade is highly preferred in practice, but it leads to strong multipath. The multipath may cause interference and cancellation to the direct pulse and affect the accuracy of tip-root distance estimations. In this paper, a method of utilizing an absorber inside the blade to suppress the multipath is proposed for the in-blade tip antenna. The physical mechanism of the proposed idea is described with a simplified multipath model. Simulations are performed with a 2.5-m-long blade tip section to investigate the tendencies of how the absorber affects pulse waveforms. More accurate verifications of the proposed method are carried out with different full-blade measurements. From all the results, it is found that the proposed technique can efficiently suppress multipath for the in-blade tip antenna, and improve the pulse wave front fidelity, so that the UWB sensing system can also be utilized in a much longer blade. Finally, some other conclusions are also addressed.
Anti-reflective surface structures for spinel ceramics and fused silica windows, lenses and optical fibers (2014)

Anti-reflective surfaces structures (ARSS) have been successfully fabricated on fused silica windows, lenses and fibers, and spinel ceramics. The reflection loss for spinel was reduced from 7% per surface to 0.9%. For fused silica with ARSS, the reflection loss was reduced to 0.02% near 1 µm. Pulsed laser damage thresholds at 1.06 µm were measured and thresholds as high as 100 J/cm2 were obtained for fused silica windows of up to 10 cm in diameter with ARSS and 850 J/cm2 for silica fibers with ARSS on the end faces. Spinel samples with ARSS showed damage thresholds more than two times higher than that of spinel with traditional AR coatings.
Attenuation of dengue virus infection by adeno-associated virus-mediated siRNA delivery (2004)

BACKGROUND: The need for safe and effective treatment of dengue virus (DEN), a class A agent that causes dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, has been a critical global priority. An effective vaccine for DEN is not yet available. In this study the possibility of attenuating DEN infection using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-encoded short interfering RNAs (siRNA) was examined in Vero cells and human dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS: A cassette encoding siRNA targeted to a 3' untranslated sequence common to all DEN serotypes was designed and tested for its ability to attenuate DEN infection by use of AAV delivery. RESULTS: Vero cells or DCs infected with AAV-siRNA showed a significant, dose-dependent reduction in DEN infection. Treatment of DCs with AAV-siRNA also decreased the DEN-induced apoptosis of DCs and did not induce significant inflammation. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that AAV-mediated siRNA delivery is capable of reducing DEN infection in cells and may be useful in decreasing DEN replication in humans.
Reduction of Actuation Loads in a Self-Deploying SMA-Based Slat-Cove Filler for a Transport Aircraft (2015)

During low speed maneuvers such as approach and landing, a significant component of the total environmental noise produced by a typical transport aircraft is associated with flow over the airframe, termed airframe noise. A key contributor to airframe noise is the leading-edge-slat, a high-lift device. Previous work showed that a slat-cove filler (SCF) may be effective at reducing the slat noise and optimal designs for an SMA-based SCF have been determined, considering stow/deploy and aerodynamic loads as well as other constraints for two realistic airframe configurations such that actuation force was minimized as the design objective. The objective of this current work is to further reduce the actuation force required to retract the SCF by an auxiliary method. The methods considered for force reduction are 1) utilization of structural instabilities in the SCF, 2) addition of auxiliary SMA actuators, and 3) replacement of selected metallic regions of the SCF with more compliant polymer-based alternatives. These methods are investigated using finite element analysis (FEA) models based on a physical bench-top model developed previously. The FEA models are also capable of modeling contact, complex load cases, and they benefit from the use of a custom user subroutine that captures the pseudoelastic response of SMA materials. For each of the three force reduction concepts considered, design optimizations are conducted using open source optimization codes and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. An overall best design is proposed.
Oil/Thickener Interactions and Rheology of Lubricating Greases (2007)

Abstract The present communication concerns the effect of base oil/thickener interaction on the flow properties of lubricating greases. The flow properties of paraffinic and naphthenic lithium greases in the temperature range from −40 to 60°C have been characterized by using the traditional flow pressure test and advanced rheological measurements including the determinations of apparent viscosity, yield stress, grease rheology intersection stress, and critical stress. The rheology of greases appears to be typical of viscoelastic materials possessing a certain degree of internal structure and memory effect (thixotropy), and there exists an obvious correlation between the pumpability and the rheological characteristics of greases at all temperatures. At high temperatures (above 0°C), the flow properties of paraffinic and naphthenic greases are rather similar. However, the pumpability of naphthenic greases is clearly superior to that of paraffinic greases at temperatures between −20 and −40°C. As evidenced by the flow pressure measurements, among the naphthenic greases studied, the grease made of a highly refined naphthenic oil with the lowest aromatic content has the best pumpability at extremely low temperatures (−40°C). The observed differences in pumpability and rheological properties of greases are attributed to differing solvencies of the base oils, which have a significant impact on the structure of the thickener and, as a result, on the rheology and lubricating efficiency of grease. The rheological studies have been complemented by in situ characterization of the thickener structure in grease by using the cryo-TEM technique in combination with a specially developed thickener versus a background contrasting method. In this way, both the characteristic fiber dimensions and the aggregate structure have been determined. The soap fibers were found to have a worm-like shape with the average diameter of around 30 nm and the length of around 1 μm. The only apparent difference between paraffinic and naphthenic greases was that, in the former, the fibers tend to be more irregular in shape. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that severe oxidation of grease in accelerated ageing tests causes a significant aggregation of fibers. Simultaneously with fiber compaction, some fibers get broken and the average fiber diameter increases from around 30 nm to around 50 nm. The described changes in the fiber morphology can be explained by the adsorption of oil oxidation products to the surface of fibers or by soap oxidation and hydrolysis, which are suspected to be the primary degradative processes lying behind the grease ageing in applications. KEY WORDS: Lithium GreaseRheologyPumpabilityOxidationThickener StructureCryo-TEMNapthenic OilParaffinic Oil Acknowledgments Presented at the STLE Annual Meeting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada May 7-11, 2006, Review led by Selda Gunsel
Occupational Doses to Medical Staff Performing or Assisting with Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Procedures (2019)

Background Staff who perform fluoroscopically guided interventional (FGI) procedures are among the most highly radiation-exposed groups in medicine. However, there are limited data on monthly or annual doses (or dose trends over time) for these workers. Purpose To summarize occupational badge doses (lens dose equivalent and effective dose equivalent values) for medical staff performing or assisting with FGI procedures in 3 recent years after accounting for uninformative values and one- versus two-badge monitoring protocol. Materials and Methods Badge dose entries of medical workers believed to have performed or assisted with FGI procedures were retrospectively collected from the largest dosimetry provider in the United States for 49 991, 81 561, and 125 669 medical staff corresponding to years 2009, 2012, and 2015, respectively. Entries judged to be uninformative of occupational doses to FGI procedures staff were excluded. Monthly and annual occupational doses were described using summary statistics. Results After exclusions, 22.2% (153 033 of 687 912) of the two- and 32.9% (450 173 of 1 366 736) of the one-badge entries were judged to be informative. There were 335 225 and 916 563 of the two- and one-badge entries excluded, respectively, with minimal readings in the above-apron badge. Among the two-badge entries, 123 595 were incomplete and 76 059 had readings indicating incorrect wear of the badges. From 2009 to 2015 there was no change in lens dose equivalent values among workers who wore one badge (<i>P</i> = .96) or those who wore two badges (<i>P</i> = .23). Annual lens dose equivalents for workers wearing one badge (median, 6.9 mSv; interquartile range, 3.8213.8 mSv; <i>n</i> = 6218) were similar to those of staff wearing two badges (median, 7.1 mSv; interquartile range, 4.6-11.2 mSv; <i>n</i> = 1449) (<i>P</i> = .18), suggesting a similar radiation environment. Conclusion These workers are among the highest exposed to elevated levels of ionizing radiation, although their occupational doses are within U.S. regulatory limits. This is a population that requires consistent and accurate dose monitoring; however, failure to return one or both badges, reversal of badges, and improper badge placement are a major hindrance to this goal. © RSNA, 2019 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i> See also the editorial by Karellas in this issue.
A study of MiG head readout waveform asymmetry with magnetic force and Kerr Microscopy (1992)

In ferrite MlG heads used in bard disk drives, bit shift caused by asymmetry distortion in readback waveforms becomes more pronounced at higher recording densities. The origin of asymmetry has been said to be mainly Barkhausen transient phenomena. However, little work has been done to verify the connection between magnetic domain distributions and readback waveform asymmetry in narrow track MIG heads. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the cause of the readback waveform distortion in ferrite MlG heads using a magnetic force microscope (MFM) and also an optical microscope capable of micro-ellipsometry for grain contrast and Kerr contrast for domain microscopy. Use of a specialized MFM tip enables us to measure the fringing field near the surface. Domain distributions at the surface are observed for comparison using wide-field Kerr microscopy. Results from both experiments in the critical region near the gap are described for heads exhibiting low and high asymmetry in their readback waveforms.
Rough Sea Deghosting Using Wave Heights Derived from Low Frequency Pressure Recordings – A Case Study (2004)

H024 ROUGH SEA DEGHOSTING USING WAVE HEIGHTS DERIVED FROM LOW FREQUENCY PRESSURE RECORDINGS - A CASE STUDY. Abstract 1 By recording very low frequencies of pressure below 0.5 Hz we are able to estimate the wave heights directly above each hydrophone in the seismic streamer as a function of time. Because of the bandwidth separation this can be done without affecting the simultaneously acquired seismic recordings. These wave height estimates are used to derive deterministic deghosting operators that compensate for the rough sea reflection response. We apply the method to a 2D line acquired in the North Sea using a
Dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide: Influence of helium concentration on particle size and particle size distribution (1997)

Dispersion polymerizations of methyl methacrylate utilizing poly(1,1,-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) as a steric stabilizer in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) were carried out in the presence of helium. Particle size and particle size distribution were found to be dependent on the amount of inert helium present. Particle sizes ranging from 1.64 to 2.66 μm were obtained with various amounts of helium. Solvatochromic investigations using 9-(α-perfluoroheptyl-β,β-dicyanovinyl)julolidine indicated that the solvent strength of CO2 decreases with increasing helium concentration. This effect was confirmed by calculations of Hildebrand solubility parameters. Dispersion polymerization results indicate that PMMA particle size can be attenuated by the amount of helium present in supercritical CO2. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2009–2013, 1997