gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic optimization of MRI guided near infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy in breast (2015)

A hybrid frequency domain (FD)-continuous wave (CW) MRI/NIRS system was validated in a clinical trial involving patients with at least ACR 4 radiologic findings in Xi’an, China. In this study, MRI guided nonlinear iterative reconstruction of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) images with limited phase data is investigated. In addition, a systematic optimization of the system hardware design has been conducted as well. We are able to get less than 3% variation in tumor contrast to the surrounding normal tissue, by reducing the number of FD detectors from 16 to 6, showing the potential of reducing the FD detectors. Furthermore, a lookup table of the scattering properties has been made by averaging four MRI-identified breast density groups. By using this look-up table for the patient with the noisy phase data, similar AUCs and p-values are achieved for differentiating the malignant from benign patients.
Spectogram Reconstruction from Random Sampling: Application to the GSM Band Sensing (2009)

In the context of cognitive radios, we present a method to sense wideband radio spectra from randomly distributed samples with an average sampling rate smaller than the Nyquist sampling rate. The method finds its roots in the compressed sensing paradigm. The Gabor time-frequency is employed as a sparsifying transform to represent the radio signals generated in the framework of TDMA/FDMA based radio access technologies. Indeed, many white spaces are observable in these wideband spectrograms. In addition, noisy measurements are modeled through the Basis Pursuit DeNoise formulation, which enables to reconstruct the time-frequency representation with some errors or information losses. The method is experimented on measured baseband radio signals sampled at 51.2MHZ and acquired in the GSM 900 downlink band. Finally, results about the effects of the algorithm parameters and about the algorithm complexity are provided and discussed.
Syntheses of benzomorphan and related compounds. Part 1. Synthesis ofN‐substituted‐l,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐8‐hydroxy‐2,6‐methano‐6,11‐dimethyl‐3‐benzazocine [studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part CCLXXXII ] (1969)

Abstract A modified synthesis of pentazocine, l,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐8‐hydroxy‐2,6‐methano‐6, H‐dimethyl‐3‐(3‐methyl‐2‐butenyl)‐3‐benzazocine (III), has been achieved and catalytic hydro‐genation has been found to be effective for the debenzylation of quaternary ammonium salts.
Separable Models for cone-beam MBIR Reconstruction (2018)

Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) is an attractive tool for many kinds of non-destructive evaluation (NDE). Model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) has been shown to improve reconstruction quality and reduce scan time. However, the computational burden and storage of the system matrix is challenging. In this paper we present a separable representation of the system matrix that can be completely stored in memory and accessed cache-efficiently. This is done by quantizing the voxel position for one of the separable subproblems. A parallelized algorithm, which we refer to as zipline update, is presented that speeds up the computation of the solution by about 50 to 100 times on 20 cores by updating groups of voxels together. The quality of the reconstruction and algorithmic scalability are demonstrated on real cone-beam CT data from an NDE application. We show that the reconstruction can be done from a sparse set of projection views while reducing artifacts visible in the conventional filtered back projection (FBP) reconstruction. We present qualitative results using a Markov Random Field (MRF) prior and a Plug-and-Play denoiser.
A 2‐log drop in viral load at 1 month is the best predictor of sustained response in HCV patients with normal ALT: a kinetic prospective study (2009)

The most reliable predictor of a sustained virological response in patients with persistently normal ALT has not been identified. We analysed 17 patients with genotype 1 chronic HCV who underwent therapy with pegylated interferon alfa 2b and ribavirin for 48 weeks. Two patients discontinued therapy within 28 days because of side effects and the remaining 15 patients were analysed in detail. An analysis of on treatment virological response using area under the receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that a 2 log drop in HCV RNA at day 28 was the best predictor of a sustained virological response and a failure to reduce viral load by 2 logs correctly identified patients with a low (<15%) probability of achieving a sustained virological response. Introduction of this early discontinuation rule in patients with normal ALT would allow nearly half of the patients to discontinue futile therapy at an early stage.
ER-851, a Novel Selective Inhibitor of AXL, Overcomes Resistance to Antimitotic Drugs (2022)

Innate and adaptive resistance to cancer therapies, such as chemotherapies, molecularly targeted therapies, and immune-modulating therapies, is a major issue in clinical practice. Subpopulations of tumor cells expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL become enriched after treatment with antimitotic drugs, causing tumor relapse. Elevated AXL expression is closely associated with drug resistance in clinical samples, suggesting that AXL plays a pivotal role in drug resistance. Although several molecules with AXL inhibitory activity have been developed, none have sufficient activity and selectivity to be clinically effective when administered in combination with a cancer therapy. Here, we report a novel small molecule, ER-851, which is a potent and highly selective AXL inhibitor. To investigate resistance mechanisms and identify driving molecules, we conducted a comprehensive gene expression analysis of chemoresistant tumor cells in mouse xenograft models of genetically engineered human lung cancer and human triple-negative breast cancer. Consistent with the effect of AXL knockdown, cotreatment of ER-851 and antimitotic drugs produced an antitumor effect and prolonged relapse-free survival in the mouse xenograft model of human triple-negative breast cancer. Importantly, when orally administered to BALB/c mice, this compound did not induce retinal toxicity, a known side effect of chronic MER inhibition. Together, these data strongly suggest that AXL is a therapeutic target for overcoming drug resistance and that ER-851 is a promising candidate therapeutic agent for use against AXL-expressing antimitotic-resistant tumors.
A 45nm resilient and adaptive microprocessor core for dynamic variation tolerance (2010)

A 45 nm 1.3 GHz microprocessor core employs error-detection circuits, tunable replica circuits, and error-recovery circuits, to mitigate dynamic variation guardbands for maximum throughput. An adaptive clock controller adjusts the frequency based on error statistics to optimize efficiency. Silicon measurements show resilient operation as well as throughput gains of 12 to 16% at 1.0 V and 22 to 23% at 0.8 V.
Effects of Grafting Densities of Comb-Like Copolymer on the Dispersion Properties of Concentrated Cement Suspensions (2012)

Effects of grafting densities of comb-like copolymer on the dispersion properties of concentrated cement suspensions are investigated systemicly in this paper. For comb-like copolymers the adsorbed amount increases at the same dosages as the grafting density decreases, while the efficiency of dispersion is improved by increasing the grafting densities. Based on the theory of Flatt at level of scaling law, the molecule size and the occupied surface area of the comb-like polymers with different grafting densities are calculated. The comb-like polymers with higher grafting density has bigger molecular size. For comb-like polymer dispersant, the steric repulsion provided by the side chains is the main drive of the dispersion, so the Flory energy is employed to explore the relationship between steric repulsion and grafting density. The calculation tells us that higher grafting density results in higher Flory energy which represents stronger steric repulsion. The calculation method based on the scaling law and Flory theory is successfully used to interpret the dispersion mechanism, and it is anticipated that this method can be applied to explain the effect of other parameters of PCE comb-like polymers on the dispersion properties of cement suspensions, ceramics suspensions, slurries and so on.
Cell Type–Specific, Topoisomerase II–Dependent Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Protein Accumulation by NSC 644221 (2007)

NSC 644221 is a novel HIF-1 inhibitor with potential for use as both an analytic tool and a therapeutic agent. Our data provide a strong rationale for pursuing the preclinical development of NSC 644221 as a HIF-1 inhibitor.
Thickness-dependent charge transport in exfoliated indium selenide vertical field-effect transistors (2019)

As a layered, two-dimensional material with high charge carrier mobility and photoresponsivity, exfoliated indium selenide (InSe) is being actively studied for a variety of optoelectronic applications. While significant effort has been devoted to characterizing the in-plane electronic properties of InSe, charge transport in the out-of-plane direction has been underreported despite its importance in vertical field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and related van der Waals heterostructure devices. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by performing variable temperature and variable thickness charge transport measurements in the out-of-plane direction for exfoliated InSe crystals. A vertical field-effect transistor geometry is utilized with a bulk metal top contact and single-layer graphene bottom contact such that electrostatic gating can be performed via the underlying Si substrate. In contrast to lateral InSe transistors, vertical InSe transistors show decreasing conductance at low temperatures, which is explained by the temperature dependence of tunneling and field-emission currents. While thinner InSe crystals are dominated by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, thicker InSe crystals show increasing contribution from thermionic emission. In addition, the graphene/InSe barrier height can be modulated by the gate potential, resulting in vertical field-effect transistor current switching ratios up to 104. Overall, this study provides fundamental insight into the out-of-plane electronic properties of exfoliated InSe, which will inform ongoing efforts to realize ultrathin InSe device applications.
Coherence of Sound using Navy Sonars: Deep Water Acoustics (2010)

Abstract : The long term goals are to 1) determine when methods can be used to reliably and accurately predict the temporal and spatial coherence of sound at low frequencies in the sea, 2) develop reliable and accurate methods to make such predictions and, 3) determine the physical mechanisms affecting coherence. The first two goals are to be achieved without tuning with data in any way whatsoever. The primary objective is to determine when the temporal and spatial scales of coherence are accurately predicted by solving an approximation of the acoustic wave equation for climatological conditions in the ocean perturbed by a time-evolving field of internal gravity waves following a standard spectrum. These waves have long been thought responsible for coherence in the deep ocean at low frequencies. Despite decades of theoretical work to predict coherence, theoretical models to date are highly unreliable, often being inaccurate by several orders of magnitude. We are comparing numerical predictions for coherence with data collected with Navy sonars. A secondary objective is to understand how to quantify the regions of the ocean that influence acoustic signals that are measured at a receiver. The classic picture of such regions is described by ray paths, which are solutions of the wave equation at high frequency. Modern theories of diffraction have the ability to quantify the regions exactly for any finite frequency and bandwidth (Spiesberger, 2011b). Since the exact regions that influence sound look very different than where rays propagate at low frequency, it may turn out in the long-term that the modern theory will replace the use of rays for many applications in basic research and surveillance.
Palmprint as a smartphone biometric (2016)

This paper focuses on smartphone based palmprint authentication. Various challenges in unconstrained acquisition and processing such as segmentation of palm images in a wide variety of backgrounds and illumination conditions are addressed. The main contribution of the paper is to eliminate the illumination using local illumination normalization algorithm.
Lymphatic transport in rats of interesterified oils containing conjugated linoleic acids (2005)

In this study we examined the lymphatic transport in rats of FA after administration of interesterified oils containing CLA, with emphasis on the location of CLA and octanoic acid in the TAG. The oils were produced by enzymatic interesterification. Eight oils with different structures or FA profiles were examined in this study: MCM, CMC, OCO, and COC, where M was expected to be octanoic acid and O oleic acid. In group 1, C was CLA as a mixture of the two CLA isomers c9, t11 or t10, c12, and in group 2, C was mainly the isomer t10, c12. Rats were subjected to cannulation of the mesenteric lymph duct, and the following day they were intragastrically administered one of the oils and lymph samples were collected for 24 h. The lymphatic transport of total FA from 0 to 8 h in group 1 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the OCO-1 and the COC-1 oils than for the CMC-1 oil. Similarly, in group 2 the transport was higher for the OCO-2 oil than for the CMC-2 oil. The recovery of both of the CLA isomers examined was similar (50-70%) and independent of the isomer, oil structure, and FA profile, whereas more octanoic acid was recovered from the CMC oils than from the MCM oils. The results indicated that the FA profiles and the position of octanoic acid had only a minor influence on the absorption of CLA.
Suppl.Figure S16 from ROS Induction Targets Persister Cancer Cells with Low Metabolic Activity in NRAS-Mutated Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;S16: scRNA-sequencing analysis of xenograft tumors M130227&lt;/p&gt;
Synthesis of pyrazolylvinyl ketones from furan derivatives (2019)

A new protocol for the synthesis of pyrazol-5-ylvinyl ketones, e.g. pyrazole-chalcones, employing furfuryl ketones as a triketone equivalent, has been developed. The reaction occurs under mild conditions and does not require the use of expensive materials. Other important benefits include the simplicity and atom efficiency of this approach.
Infrared Radiation Transparent Film Impact on Thermal Measurement (2021)

Measuring surface infrared radiation (IR), thermal infrared detectors can accurately measure surface temperatures with the advantage of non-contact detection. However, IR thermal measurements can only be applied in limited applications due to the limitation that only infrared transparent objects can be placed between the device under test (DUT) and thermal infrared detectors. In this paper, the thermal measurement impact from an IR transparent film has been investigated. The testing setup was built with an IR detector, IR transparent film, and thermocouple instrumented heating element as the device under test. Most of the DUT's metal surface has been prepared with black electric tape, white electric tape, and Kapton thermal tape. Thermocouples were attached to these surfaces as well as areas that were not covered with any material. Thermocouple readings were compared with the results from the IR detectors with and without the IR transparent film. Results show an increasing thermal impact to the measurements as temperatures rose when using the IR transparent film. A minor impact from the various applied surface films was also observed. Correlations between the actual and IR detector measured temperatures when using the IR transparent film were generated, enabling more accurate thermal measurements when using these materials in the future.
Single-frame 3D fluorescence microscopy with ultraminiature lensless FlatScope (2017)

Modern biology increasingly relies on fluorescence microscopy, which is driving demand for smaller, lighter, and cheaper microscopes. However, traditional microscope architectures suffer from a fundamental trade-off: As lenses become smaller, they must either collect less light or image a smaller field of view. To break this fundamental trade-off between device size and performance, we present a new concept for three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging that replaces lenses with an optimized amplitude mask placed a few hundred micrometers above the sensor and an efficient algorithm that can convert a single frame of captured sensor data into high-resolution 3D images. The result is FlatScope: perhaps the world's tiniest and lightest microscope. FlatScope is a lensless microscope that is scarcely larger than an image sensor (roughly 0.2 g in weight and less than 1 mm thick) and yet able to produce micrometer-resolution, high-frame rate, 3D fluorescence movies covering a total volume of several cubic millimeters. The ability of FlatScope to reconstruct full 3D images from a single frame of captured sensor data allows us to image 3D volumes roughly 40,000 times faster than a laser scanning confocal microscope while providing comparable resolution. We envision that this new flat fluorescence microscopy paradigm will lead to implantable endoscopes that minimize tissue damage, arrays of imagers that cover large areas, and bendable, flexible microscopes that conform to complex topographies.
A three-dimensional field solution for bipolar cylinders (1994)

A closed-form three-dimensional field solution is presented for cylindrical magnets that are polarized perpendicular to their axes. The field components are expressed as finite sums of elementary functions and are readily programmed. They enable rapid parametric studies of field strength, and can be used for the design and optimization of rotational moving magnet actuators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter 1A in breast and lung carcinomas. (2001)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is a tumor suppressor gene associated with both familial and sporadic cancer. Despite high rates of allelic loss in lung and breast cancers, point mutations of the APC gene are infrequent in these cancer types. Aberrant methylation of the APC promoter 1A occurs in some colorectal and gastric malignancies, and we investigated whether the same mechanism occurs in lung and breast cancers. The methylation status of the APC gene promoter 1A was analyzed in 77 breast, 50 small cell (SCLC), and 106 non-small cell (NSCLC) lung cancer tumors and cell lines and in 68 nonmalignant tissues by methylation-specific PCR. Expression of the APC promoter 1A transcript was examined in a subset of cell lines by reverse transcription-PCR, and loss of heterozygosity at the gene locus was analyzed by the use of 12 microsatellite and polymorphic markers. Statistical tests were two-sided. Promoter 1A was methylated in 34 of 77 breast cancer tumors and cell lines (44%), in 56 of 106 NSCLC tumors and cell lines (53%), in 13 of 50 SCLC cell lines (26%), and in 3 of 68 nonmalignant samples (4%). Most cell lines tested contained the unmethylated or methylated form exclusively. In 27 cell lines tested, there was complete concordance between promoter methylation and silencing of its transcript. Demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment restored transcript 1A expression in all eight methylated cell lines tested. Loss of heterozygosity at the APC locus was observed in 85% of SCLCs, 83% of NSCLCs, and 63% of breast cancer cell lines. The frequency of methylation in breast cancers increased with tumor stage and size. In summary, aberrant methylation of the 1A promoter of the APC gene and loss of its specific transcript is frequently present in breast and NSCLC cancers and cell lines and, to a lesser extent, in SCLC cell lines. Our findings may be of biological and clinical importance.
Analyzing the Length-Based Attack on Polycyclic Groups (2013)

After the Anshel-Anshel-Goldfeld (AAG) key-exchange protocol was introduced in 1999, it was implemented and studied with braid groups and with the Thompson group as its underlying platforms. The length-based attack, introduced by Hughes and Tannenbaum, has been used to extensively study AAG with the braid group as the underlying platform. Meanwhile, a new platform, using polycyclic groups, was proposed by Eick and Kahrobaei. 
In this paper, we show that with a high enough Hirsch length, the polycyclic group as an underlying platform for AAG is resistant to the length-based attack. In particular, polycyclic groups could provide a secure platform for any cryptosystem based on conjugacy search problem such as non-commutative Diffie-Hellman, ElGamal and Cramer-Shoup key exchange protocols.
Downlink power control for massive MIMO cellular systems with optimal user association (2016)

This paper aims to minimize the total transmit power consumption for Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) downlink cellular systems when each user is served by the optimized subset of the base stations (BSs). We derive a lower bound on the ergodic spectral efficiency (SE) for Rayleigh fading channels and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) when the BSs cooperate using non-coherent joint transmission. We solve the joint user association and downlink transmit power minimization problem optimally under fixed SE constraints. Furthermore, we solve a max-min fairness problem with user specific weights that maximizes the worst SE among the users. The optimal BS-user association rule is derived, which is different from maximum signal-to-noise-ratio (max-SNR) association. Simulation results manifest that the proposed methods can provide good SE for the users using less transmit power than in small-scale systems and that the optimal user association can effectively balance the load between BSs when needed.
An energy and power consumption analysis of FPGA routing architectures (2009)

In this work, we evaluate bi-directional and unidirectional FPGA routing architectures in terms of energy and power consumption using an updated power estimation framework compatible with VPR 5.0. The goal of this research is to help FPGA vendors find the best FPGA architectures. Initially, we make some general observations on how two types of routing architectures affect speed, area consumption, and power consumption. We observe how routing buffer sizing affects both the critical path delay and power and energy consumption of FPGAs with certain routing architectures. Our results show that uni-directional routing architecture, in all but one case, is the most energy efficient choice both in the traditional FPGA domain and the mobile domain where clock frequencies are fixed.
Designing glucokinase activators with reduced hypoglycemia risk: discovery of N,N-dimethyl-5-(2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)-carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yloxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide as a clinical candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2011)

Glucokinase is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis and small molecule activators of this enzyme represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Several glucokinase activators have advanced to clinical studies and demonstrated promising efficacy; however, many of these early candidates also revealed hypoglycemia as a key risk. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the promising efficacy of this mechanism, we have investigated a series of substituted 2-methylbenzofurans as “partial activators” of the glucokinase enzyme leading to the identification of N,N-dimethyl-5-(2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)-carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yloxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide as an early development candidate.