gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large-scale fabrication of nano-architected functional materials via metasurface-enabled interference lithography (2021)

We present a visible light interference lithography technique that utilizes a 2x2 cm metasurface mask to enable fabrication of 8x8 cm continuous and homogenous nano-architected materials. Patterns are resolved both in commercial 20-60 um films of SU-8 and &gt;20 um films of custom glycidyl methacrylate-derived negative-tone photoresists. The combination of our metasurface-enabled large-scale 3D patterning technique with customizable photoresist chemistry provides a new pathway for scalable production of architected materials with nanometer feature resolution and advanced functional properties. Impact experiments using Laser-Induced Particle Impact Testing (LIPIT) were conducted to probe mechanical response and material homogeneity.
Cobalt–manganese oxide water-gas shift catalysts. A kinetic and mechanistic study (1989)

An investigation of the mechanism of the water-gas shift reaction over a cobalt–manganese oxide catalyst (Co: Mn = 1:1) is described using both kinetic and model reagent studies. The reaction of methanol, ethanol and formic acid are discussed, and these reagents are used as model reactants to probe the reaction mechanism. Based on these kinetic and model reactant studies a mechanism for the water-gas shift reaction is proposed for this catalyst system. It is considered that the mechanism proceeds according to the following steps : (i) water dissociatively adsorbs to form surface hydroxy and hydride species, (ii) subsequent CO adsorption and oxidative addition of the surface hydroxy species lead to the formation of a surface formate species, (iii) decomposition of the formate species via β-elimination to give gas-phase CO2 and surface hydride and (iv) combination of two surface hydride species giving gas-phase H2.
Neurological aspects of Wilson's disease (2005)

As a trace metal with several critical metabolic roles, copper is present throughout the brain (Warren et al., 1960) and other organs as an essential element needed for maintaining health. This vital mineral enters the body as a dietary component readily absorbed in the small intestine. The body's load of copper is largely stored in the liver and other visceral organs. Systemic organ load of copper is normally regulated by the ability of the biliary system to excrete excess quantities (Frommer, 1974; Gibbs & Walshe, 1980). A failure of the body's mechanisms for eliminating copper is the characteristic feature of an uncommon but distinctive systemic disorder originally termed progressive hepatolenticular degeneration, or Wilson's disease (WD). The latter eponym, now widely used for this disorder, credits the man who discovered much of what we know today and helps to avoid a mistaken notion that excess copper deposition affects only the liver and brain. WD's manifestations throughout the body can be variable from patient to patient, and can include features listed in Table 61.1. In nearly all cases, the liver is a major target of WD. Death from hepatic WD is usually inevitable unless decoppering therapy is instituted early enough. Other systemic manifestations of WD, including its propensity for neurological involvement, can vary greatly among patients. In the pediatric population, hepatic damage is often a presenting feature of the disorder, while neurological impairment becomes increasingly more common with onset in the second or third decades of life.
Fingerprinting techniques for field-programmable gate array intellectual property protection (2001)

As current computer-aided design (CAD) tool and very large scale integration technology capabilities create a new market of reusable digital designs, the economic viability of this new core-based design paradigm is pending on the development of techniques for intellectual property protection. This work presents the first technique that leverages the unique characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to protect commercial investment in intellectual property through fingerprinting. A hidden encrypted mark is embedded into the physical layout of a digital circuit when it is placed and routed onto the FPGA. This mark uniquely identifies both the circuit origin and original circuit recipient, yet is difficult to detect and/or remove, even via recipient collusion. While this approach imposes additional constraints on the backend CAD tools for circuit place and route, experiments indicate that the performance and area impacts are minimal.
Rotation and zooming in image mosaicing (2002)

Many methods are available for image mosaicing most of which are not useful because they either (1) require a great deal of overlap between images, or (2) if they work for restricted sub-problem (translation, rotation or zooming) they would not work for the others. While numerous methods exist for accurately calculating translational shifts, no method was found that could handle rotations of angles greater than 15 degrees, or for scaling. In this paper, a new method using Zernike moments is presented to solve for the translational registration, rotational registration (2D and 3D) and zooming all at the same time. This method was tested on different sets of images with translational shifts, rotational shifts and zooming. The method is very fast, efficient and does not require any human interaction, and the results proved to be very accurate.
Curbing energy cravings in networks (2011)

The soaring power dissipation of computing infrastructures has effectively become a key performance bottleneck. At the same time, thermal issues arising from power hungry devices result in compromising reliability of such systems. At present, the processor cores within a chip multiprocessor (CMP) are interconnected using on-chip networks. At the same time, the emerging era of cloud computing and the associated large-scale distributed computing model are stretching the limits of computer networking. Hence, as an essential and pervasive fabric that binds all computing machinery, there is an underlying network that appears with varying scale and characteristics. In this paper, we take a look at methodologies for better management of the power budget across the cross-section of computing systems traversing the boundary between micro-level on-chip networks to macro-level cloud computing. We discuss methodologies for power and thermal management both at micro and macro scales and explore the role of one in reducing the power budget of the other.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISCHE DICARBONSAEUREESTER 1. MITT. SYNTH. UND REAKTIVITAET VON 2‐METHYL‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐PYRANO(2,3‐D)PYRIDAZINEN (1973)

Abstract Der Diester (Ia) setzt sich mit Hydrazinhydrat zum Dihydrazid (Ib) um, das bei höherer Temperatur in den neuen Heterocyclus (II) übergeht.
Front-end electronics for a 1 mm<sup>3</sup> resolution avalanche photodiode-based PET system with analog signal multiplexing (2008)

We are developing a 1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> resolution breast-dedicated Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system with 4608 Position Sensitive Avalanche Photodiode (PSAPD) detectors. This paper focuses on three aspects of the system’s front-end electronics: multiplexing of the PSAPD analog output signals, scaling the dynamic range of the PSAPD output signals using charge attenuation, and positioning of individual interaction energy depositions that are below the 511 keV photo-peak.
Morphology and transfection study of human microvascular endothelial cell angiogenesis: an in vitro three-dimensional model (2005)

Microvascular endothelial cells from human neonatal foreskin were grown in vitro until a three-dimensional network of capillary-like structures was formed. All stages of the angiogenic cascade could be observed in this in vitro model, including the formation of an internal lumen. The microscopy focused on morphology, formation of an internal lumen, role of the extracellular matrix, polarity of the cells, and the time-course of the angiogenic cascade. Bright-field microscopy revealed cells arranged circularly side by side and the internal lumen of capillary-like structures was verified by electron microscopy. Immunolabeling revealed a peritubular localization of collagen IV. Reporter gene expression after the formation of capillary-like structures was marginally higher than control expression, but clearly lower than the expression of cells at the stage of proliferation. Highest transfection efficiencies were obtained using vectors with the CMV promoter and the long fragment of the Ets-1 promoter. This is a first study of transfection efficiencies mapped for stages of in vitro angiogenesis. We describe here the morphological features of a long-term in vitro model of angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells that could be used for transfection studies, without the provision of an extracellular matrix substrate. The cells self-create their own extracellular matrix to proliferate and form a three-dimensional network of capillary-like structures with an internal lumen.
Oscillatory energetics of flat Ag films on MgO(001) (2001)

The energetics and electronic structures of flat Ag films on the MgO(001) substrate are studied by first-principles density-functional calculations. An oscillatory variation of the film energetics showing the existence of multiple magic thicknesses for smooth growth is found. This oscillatory behavior correlates well with the quantum-well states, which themselves vary with the film thickness. The results demonstrate the importance of the confined motion of the conduction electrons in stabilizing epitaxial metal films, as emphasized in a recent ``electronic growth'' model.
Bladder Perforation Secondary to Clean Intermittent Catheterization (1989)

Clean intermittent catheterization has been an effective treatment for the management of patients with a neurogenic bladder during the last 15 years. Reported complication rates have been low and the majority of these problems have been minor. While significant problems are seen only rarely during clean intermittent catheterization, we recently diagnosed 2 potential life-threatening complications: bladder perforation and bladder necrosis. We present our experience with these major problems associated with routine clean intermittent catheterization.
Ambipolar Charge Transport in Air‐Stable Polymer Blend Thin‐Film Transistors (2004)

Abstract Ambipolar thin‐film transistors based on a series of air‐stable, solution‐processed blends of an n‐type polymer poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and a p‐type small molecule, copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are demonstrated, where all fabrication and measurements are performed under ambient conditions. The hole mobilities are in the range of 6.0 × 10 –6 to 2.0 × 10 –4 cm 2 V –1 s –1 and electron mobilities are in the range of 2.0 × 10 –6 to 3.0 × 10 –5 cm 2 V –1 s –1 , depending on the blend composition. UV‐vis spectroscopy and electron diffraction show crystallization of CuPc in the metastable α‐crystal form within the semicrystalline BBL matrix. These CuPc domains develop into elongated ribbon‐like crystalline nanostructures when the blend films are processed in methanol, but not when they are processed in water. On methylene chloride vapor annealing of the blend films, a phase transformation of CuPc from the α‐form to the β‐form is observed, as shown by optical absorption spectroscopy and electron diffraction. Ambipolar charge transport is only observed in the blend films where CuPc crystallized in the elongated ribbon‐like nanostructures (α‐form). Ambipolar behavior is not observed with CuPc in the β‐polymorph. Unipolar hole mobilities as high as 2.0 × 10 –3 cm 2 V –1 s –1 are observed in these solution‐processed blend field‐effect transistors (FETs) on prolonged treatment in methanol, comparable to previously reported hole mobilities in thermally evaporated CuPc FETs. These results show that ambipolar charge transport and carrier mobilities in multicomponent organic semiconductors are intricately related to the phase‐separated nanoscale and crystalline morphology.
Pre-operative homocysteine levels and morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery (2008)

Elevated pre-operative homocysteine level is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients undergoing CABG. Specific post-operative antithrombotic strategies may be advisable in hyperhomocysteinaemic patients.
A Convenient Nitroxyl Radical Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones by O2 and H2O2 under Mild Conditions (2003)

A new macrocyclic tetrafunctional nitroxyl radical, I, developed by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, is a particularly effective catalyst in combination with Mn(II) and Co(II) or Cu(II) nitrates for the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones by air or O2 under mild conditions (ambient temperature and pressure) or H2O2. A distinctive feature of I is the possibility of easy recovery and recycles, due to its low solubility, particularly as ammonium salt, in most organic solvents, which makes it especially useful for practical applications.
Early detection of cardiac dysfunction induced by the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. (2011)

e13612 Background: The mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus is being evaluated for anticancer efficacy in hundreds of clinical trials and is approved for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. The PI3K/Akt pathway converges on mTOR, which is a central regulator of cell growth, including cardiomyocyte growth. Hence, we assess whether the anticancer mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus affects cardiac function. Methods: In vivo cardiac function was measured with left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening (FS) by M-mode echocardiography in sedated C57BL/6 mice (2-4 mo. old) at day 0, and after 2, 7, 14, 21 days from a single i.p. administration of temsirolimus (0.1μg/g, a dose comparable to the one used to treat cancer in humans) or vehicle. Doxorubicin (Doxo, 2.17 μg/g/day for 7 days) was used as a positive control. With speckle tracking echocardiography (ST) we also evaluated radial myocardial strain (%), a very sensitive parameter which can predict LV dysfunction. Results: After 2 days, there was no change in FS with temsirolimus, but FS was already reduced with Doxo: 52±0.2%, p=.0000001 vs sham (60±0.4%). FS was reduced only after 21 days in the temsirolimus group: 50±3%, p=.009 vs sham. Interestingly, with speckle tracking echocardiography we found that radial strain was already decreased at 7 days: 42±5%, p=.01 vs sham (59±1%). Conclusions: The mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus induces LV dysfunction in mice. Such dysfunction occurs later than the one observed with Doxo, but can be identified with speckle tracking echocardiography (reduction in myocardial strain) before a decrease in FS is observed with conventional echocardiography. The clear mechanisms of temsirolimus cardiotoxicity are to be elucidated in further experimental studies. We also plan to apply speckle tracking echocardiography to clinical studies, in order to evaluate the impact of early identification of temsirolimus cardiotoxicity in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.
MineSpider: Extracting URLs from Environment-Dependent Drive-by Download Attacks (2015)

Drive-by download attacks force users to automatically download and install malware by redirecting them to malicious URLs that exploit vulnerabilities of the user's web browser. Attackers profile the information on the user's environment such as the name and version of the browser and browser plugins and launch a drive-by download attack on only certain targets by changing the destination URL. When malicious content detection and collection techniques such as honey clients are used that do not match the specific environment of the attack target, they cannot detect the attack because they are not redirected. We propose here a method to exhaustively analyze Java Script code relevant to redirections and to extract the destination URLs in the code. Our method facilitates the detection of attacks by extracting a large number of URLs while controlling the analysis overhead by excluding code not relevant to redirections. We implemented our method in a browser emulator called Mine Spider that automatically extracts potential URLs from websites. We validated it by using communication data with malicious websites captured during a three-year period. The experimental results demonstrated that Mine Spider extracted 30,000 new URLs from websites in a few seconds that existing techniques missed.
Design Principles for Fragment Libraries: Maximizing the Value of Learnings from Pharma Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) Programs for Use in Academia (2016)

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is well suited for discovering both drug leads and chemical probes of protein function; it can cover broad swaths of chemical space and allows the use of creative chemistry. FBDD is widely implemented for lead discovery in industry but is sometimes used less systematically in academia. Design principles and implementation approaches for fragment libraries are continually evolving, and the lack of up-to-date guidance may prevent more effective application of FBDD in academia. This Perspective explores many of the theoretical, practical, and strategic considerations that occur within FBDD programs, including the optimal size, complexity, physicochemical profile, and shape profile of fragments in FBDD libraries, as well as compound storage, evaluation, and screening technologies. This compilation of industry experience in FBDD will hopefully be useful for those pursuing FBDD in academia.
Augmenting the human-machine interface: improving manual accuracy (2002)

We present a novel application of a neural network to augment manual precision by cancelling involuntary motion. This method may be applied in microsurgery, using either a telerobotic approach or active compensation in a handheld instrument. A feedforward neural network is trained to input the measured trajectory of a handheld tool tip and output the intended trajectory. Use of the neural network decreases rms error in recordings from four subjects by an average of 43.9%.
Large area, ultra-high voltage 4H-SiC p-i-n rectifiers (2002)

This paper reports the design, fabrication and high temperature characteristics of 1 mm/sup 2/, 4 mm/sup 2/ and 9 mm/sup 2/ 4H-SiC p-i-n rectifiers with 6 kV, 5 kV, and 10 kV blocking voltage, respectively. These results were obtained from two lots in an effort to increase the total power levels on such rectifiers. An innovative design utilizing a highly doped p-type epitaxial anode layer and junction termination extension (JTE) were used in order to realize good on-state as well as stable blocking characteristics. For the 1 mm/sup 2/ and 4 mm/sup 2/ rectifier, a forward voltage drop of less than 5 V was observed at 500 A/cm/sup 2/ and the peak reverse recovery current shows a modest 50% increase in the 25/spl deg/C to 225/spl deg/C temperature range. On the 10 kV, 9 mm/sup 2/ rectifier, a forward voltage drop of less than 4.8 V was observed at 100 A/cm/sup 2/ in the entire 25/spl deg/C to 200/spl deg/C temperature range. For this device, the reverse recovery characteristics show a modest 110% increase in the peak reverse recovery current from 25/spl deg/C to 200/spl deg/C. A dramatically low Q/sub rr/ of 3.8 /spl mu/C was obtained at a forward current density of 220 A/cm/sup 2/ at 200/spl deg/C for this ultra high voltage rectifier. These devices show that more than three orders of magnitude reduction in reverse recovery charge is obtained in 4H-SiC rectifiers as compared to comparable Si rectifiers.
Temperature dependent fatigue in ferroelectric PZT thin films (2002)

The rate of electrical fatigue at different temperatures was measured for lead zirconate titanate capacitors with the composition Pb(Zr/sub .60/Ti/sub .40/)O/sub 3/. Results showed that a temperature rise contributes to an increasing rate of logarithmic decay in the fatigue profile. We distinguish two thermally dependent stages during fatigue; each plotted as separate Arrhenius relationships. The first stage has an experimentally measured activation energy of 0.22 eV while the second stage has a measured value of 0.042 eV. The physical basis for these activation energies has not been identified due to the complexity of interactions occurring during the switching reversals. Even so, the measured values give some indication of the types of defects and the mechanisms responsible in each stage.
H. influenzae Consortium: Integrative Study of H. influenzae -Human Interactions (2002)

Developments in high-throughput analysis tools coupled with integrative computational techniques have enabled biological studies to reach new levels. The ability to correlate large volumes of diverse data types into cohesive models of organism function has spawned a new systematic approach to biological investigation. The creation of a new consortium has been proposed to investigate a single organism utilizing these comprehensive approaches. The Haemophilus influenzae Consortium (HIC) would be comprised of five laboratories, each providing separate and complementary areas of expertise in the study of Haemophilus influenzae (HI). The 5-year study proposes to develop coherent models of HI, both as a stand-alone organism, and more importantly, as a human pathogen. Studies in growth condition specificity followed by genomic, metabolic, and proteomic experimentation will be combined and integrated through computational and experimental analyses to form dynamic and predictive models of HI and its responses. Data from the HIC will allow greater understanding of cellular behavior, pathogen-host interactions, bacterial infection, and provide future scientific endeavors with a template for studies of other pathogens.
Chemical Composition of Hexene‐Based Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene by Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics (2019)

Abstract Mid and near infrared (MIR and NIR) spectroscopy associated with the partial least squares (PLS) method makes it possible to rapidly characterize the composition of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) in a large range of 1‐hexene content from 0 to 21 mol%. LLDPEs are produced using zirconocene catalysts activated with methylaluminoxane. PLS regression methods for MIR and NIR are constructed from this series of LLDPEs to quantify the 1‐hexene content in unknown copolymers. In this case, the PLS regression method aims to correlate the 1‐hexene content in the copolymers with their IR spectra. Multivariate calibration models are constructed by the PLS algorithm on pretreated data of MIR and NIR analyses. They are tested and validated by comparing results obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance and the PLS analyses for four unknown ethylene‐1‐hexene copolymers.