gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond Transient Grating Studies of Electron Transfer in Porphyrin and Chlorophyll Donor-Acceptor Molecules (1994)

Transient grating experiments have been utilized to study a variety of condensed phase phenomena. Most of these studies are performed on transparent media, resulting in non-resonant probing of the material response of the system. Such experiments include the study of orientational dynamics in liquids, acoustic and optical phonon dynamics as they relate to phase transitions in solid state media, optical Kerr effects, intramolecular vibrations, etc. In its simplest form, the technique requires two beams to be temporally and spatially overlapped in the sample. An interference pattern is created, which modulates the real part of the index of refraction through the third order susceptibility (χ (3) ). A phase grating results, through which a variably delayed probe beam incident on the sample may diffract and provide temporal information about the material response. Transient grating experiments have been utilized to study a variety of condensed phase phenomena. Most of these studies are performed on transparent media, resulting in non-resonant probing of the material response of the system. Such experiments include the study of orientational dynamics in liquids, acoustic and optical phonon dynamics as they relate to phase transitions in solid state media, optical Kerr effects, intramolecular vibrations, etc. In its simplest form, the technique requires two beams to be temporally and spatially overlapped in the sample. An interference pattern is created, which modulates the real part of the index of refraction through the third order susceptibility (χ (3) ). A phase grating results, through which a variably delayed probe beam incident on the sample may diffract and provide temporal information about the material response.
Co-cultured microfluidic model of the airway optimized for microscopy and micro-optical coherence tomography imaging (2019)

We have developed a human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell and endothelial cell co-cultured microfluidic model to mimic the <i>in vivo</i> human airway. This airway-on-a-chip was designed with a central epithelial channel and two flanking endothelial channels, with a three-dimensional monolayers of cells growing along the four walls of the channel, forming central clear lumens. These cultures mimic airways and microvasculature <i>in vivo</i>. The central channel cells are grown at air-liquid interface and show features of airway differentiation including tight-junction formation, mucus production, and ciliated cells. Combined with novel micro-optical coherence tomography, this chip enables functional imaging of the interior of the lumen, which includes quantitation of cilia motion including beat frequency and mucociliary transport. This airway-on-a chip is a significant step forward in the development of microfluidics models for functional imaging.
Role of Nitric Oxide in the Enhancement of Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures Caused byShigella dysenteriae (1999)

Convulsions and encephalopathy are frequent complications of childhood shigellosis. We studied the role of nitric oxide (NO) in Shigella-related seizures in an animal model. Pretreatment of mice with Shigella dysenteriae 60R sonicate elevated serum NO levels and enhanced the convulsive response to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), as indicated by a higher mean convulsion score and a higher number of mice responding with seizures. Treatment of the mice with S-methylisothiourea sulfate (SMT), a potent inhibitor of inducible NO synthase (NOS), prevented the elevation of serum NO levels and concomitantly reduced the enhanced response to PTZ. The mean convulsion scores were 0.7, 0.7, 1.3, and 0.8 for mice treated with saline, saline and SMT, S. dysenteriae 60R sonicate, and S. dysenteriae 60R sonicate with SMT, respectively (P = 0.001 for 60R sonicate versus saline and P = 0.013 for 60R sonicate versus 60R sonicate with SMT). The corresponding seizure rates were 40, 44, 75, and 47% for saline, saline with SMT, S. dysenteriae 60R sonicate, and S. dysenteriae 60R sonicate with SMT, respectively (P = 0.0004 for 60R sonicate versus saline and P = 0.005 for 60R sonicate versus 60R sonicate with SMT). In contrast, injection of N-nitro-L-arginine, a selective inhibitor of constitutive NOS, neither abolished the elevation of serum NO nor attenuated the enhancement of seizures. These findings indicate that NO, induced by S. dysenteriae 60R sonicate, is involved in enhancing the susceptibility to seizures caused by S. dysenteriae.
Computational study of an overmoded, with diameter to wavelength ratio ≈ 8, slow-wave structure (SWS) of a relativistic backward-wave oscillator (BWO) operating in the E-band frequency range (2021)

The dispersion diagram of a uniform 20-period highly overmoded, with average diameter to 75 GHz operating wavelength ratio ≈ 8, slow-wave structure (SWS) designed to operate in E-band frequency range is numerically calculated using the SuperFish code. It is shown as a result of calculations that, while the lower-order TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> mode of the SWS is slowed down by the corrugated structure of the E-band SWS, the higher-order TM <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0n</inf> modes are not slowed down.
Modified Titanium Surface-Mediated Effects on Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Response (2013)

Surface modification of titanium implants is used to enhance osseointegration. The study objective was to evaluate five modified titanium surfaces in terms of cytocompatibility and pro-osteogenic/pro-angiogenic properties for human mesenchymal stromal cells: amorphous microporous silica (AMS), bone morphogenetic protein-2 immobilized on AMS (AMS + BMP), bio-active glass (BAG) and two titanium coatings with different porosity (T1; T2). Four surfaces served as controls: uncoated Ti (Ti), Ti functionalized with BMP-2 (Ti + BMP), Ti surface with a thickened titanium oxide layer (TiO₂) and a tissue culture polystyrene surface (TCPS). The proliferation of eGFP-fLuc (enhanced green fluorescence protein-firefly luciferase) transfected cells was tracked non-invasively by fluorescence microscopy and bio-luminescence imaging. The implant surface-mediated effects on cell differentiation potential was tracked by determination of osteogenic and angiogenic parameters [alkaline phosphatase (ALP); osteocalcin (OC); osteoprotegerin (OPG); vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)]. Unrestrained cell proliferation was observed on (un)functionalized Ti and AMS surfaces, whereas BAG and porous titanium coatings T1 and T2 did not support cell proliferation. An important pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic potential of the AMS + BMP surface was observed. In contrast, coating the Ti surface with BMP did not affect the osteogenic differentiation of the progenitor cells. A significantly slower BMP-2 release from AMS compared to Ti supports these findings. In the unfunctionalized state, Ti was found to be superior to AMS in terms of OPG and VEGF-A production. AMS is suggested to be a promising implant coating material for bioactive agents delivery.
From Hard to Soft: Understanding Deep Network Nonlinearities via Vector\n Quantization and Statistical Inference (2018)

Nonlinearity is crucial to the performance of a deep (neural) network (DN).\nTo date there has been little progress understanding the menagerie of available\nnonlinearities, but recently progress has been made on understanding the r\\^ole\nplayed by piecewise affine and convex nonlinearities like the ReLU and absolute\nvalue activation functions and max-pooling. In particular, DN layers\nconstructed from these operations can be interpreted as {\\em max-affine spline\noperators} (MASOs) that have an elegant link to vector quantization (VQ) and\n$K$-means. While this is good theoretical progress, the entire MASO approach is\npredicated on the requirement that the nonlinearities be piecewise affine and\nconvex, which precludes important activation functions like the sigmoid,\nhyperbolic tangent, and softmax. {\\em This paper extends the MASO framework to\nthese and an infinitely large class of new nonlinearities by linking\ndeterministic MASOs with probabilistic Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs).} We show\nthat, under a GMM, piecewise affine, convex nonlinearities like ReLU, absolute\nvalue, and max-pooling can be interpreted as solutions to certain natural\n"hard" VQ inference problems, while sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent, and softmax\ncan be interpreted as solutions to corresponding "soft" VQ inference problems.\nWe further extend the framework by hybridizing the hard and soft VQ\noptimizations to create a $\\beta$-VQ inference that interpolates between hard,\nsoft, and linear VQ inference. A prime example of a $\\beta$-VQ DN nonlinearity\nis the {\\em swish} nonlinearity, which offers state-of-the-art performance in a\nrange of computer vision tasks but was developed ad hoc by experimentation.\nFinally, we validate with experiments an important assertion of our theory,\nnamely that DN performance can be significantly improved by enforcing\northogonality in its linear filters.\n
Quantum electrodynamics of optical metasurfaces (2018)

Recent theoretical and experimental development of optical metasurfaces has been able to address the major issues including high losses, cost-ineffective fabrication, and challenging integration that hamper the full-scale development of the metasurface technology. Future progress utilizing the quantum nature of light is likely to result in ultrathin metasurfaces with increased operational bandwidths and reduced losses. Here we discuss the simplest case of ultrathin plasmonic films as an example to show how quantum electrodynamics and understanding of quantum-dimensional effects therein can help uncover new functionalities of ultrathin metallic nanostructures.
Real time quantitative elastography using Supersonic Shear wave Imaging (2010)

Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI) is a quantitative stiffness imaging technique based on the combination of a radiation force induced in tissue by an ultrasonic beam and ultrafast ultrasound imaging sequence (up to more than 10000 frames per second) catching in real time the propagation of the resulting shear waves. Local shear wave speed is estimated and enables the two dimensional mapping of shear elasticity. This imaging modality is implemented on conventional probes driven by dedicated ultrafast echographic devices and can be performed during a standard ultrasound exam. The clinical potential of SSI is today extensively investigated for many potential applications such as breast cancer diagnosis, liver fibrosis staging, cardiovascular applications, ophthalmology. This invited lecture presents a short overview of the current investigated applications of SSI.
A 30 Msample/s 12b 110 mW video analog front end for digital camera (2003)

A highly integrated 30 MSample/s video analog front end for >2M pixels camera with 36 dB of programmable pixel-by-pixel gain achieves 73 dB SNR. Dynamic bias in a 12b pipeline ADC results in 48 mW power with 0.4 LSB DNL. The die is 7.6 mm/sup 2/ in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS with 110 mW power at 2.7 V.
SwissQM: Next Generation Data Processing in Sensor Networks (2007)

Sensor networks are becoming an important part of the IT landscape. Existing systems, however, are limited in two fundamental ways: lack of data independence, and poor integration with the higher layers of the data processing chain. In this paper we present SwissQM, a next generation architecture for sensor networks built to address these two limitations. SwissQM combines a virtual machine at the sensors with a powerful gateway as access point to the system. The ﬂexibility of SwissQM opens up the doors to sensor networks with richer functionality, data model independence, optimised performance, and smooth integration into the rest of the architecture. SwissQM supports adaptability (e.g., push down strategies), multiple users and applications, high query turn-around, extensibility (e.g., user deﬁned functionality), and optimised use of resources. The paper describes SwissQM, the features it provides, and examples of its use.
A Study of Wear Characteristics of Superpolished Orthopaedic Implant Materials Using Ultra-Precision Polishing (2010)

Ultra-precision polishing is an emerging technology for producing superfinishing surfaces with sub-micrometer form accuracy and surface finish in nanometer range. It has been applied in superpolishing the freeform bearing surfaces of orthopaedic implants. It is believe that the superfinished surfaces are capable of prolonging the life of the implants. In this paper, an experimental investigation of ultra-precision polishing of orthopaedic implants and the study of the wear characteristics of the superfinished surfaces using a multi-directional pin-on-plate wear test simulator are implemented. Tests were carried out over 3 million cycles using Zeeko IRP200 superfinished cobalt chrome pins articulating against cross-linked UHMWPE plates. The results were compared to that of manually polished pins articulated against the same UHMWPE material. The results show that the Zeeko IRP200 polished pins produced better wear performance that that of the manually polished pins.
Creating predictive haptic feedback for obstacle avoidance using a model predictive control (MPC) framework (2015)

New sensing technologies allow modern vehicles to perceive the environment around them even when human visual perception is limited due to poor lighting or fog. Steer-by-wire technology enables active steering capability in which the driver's command to the roadwheels is augmented for maintaining safety. Predictive controllers can leverage both of these technologies to create shared control safety systems that work with the driver to ensure a safe and collision-free vehicle trajectory. The earlier the system intervenes, the smoother the intervention but the more it interferes with the driver's control authority. Ideally, predictive controllers should still intervene late but also indicate upcoming environmental threats to the driver as early as possible. Haptic feedback provides a good means of communicating information to the driver early. Together with a controller still providing a late intervention fallback, this regime provides an ideal framework for predictive shared control systems. This paper presents a novel technique for creating haptic steering feedback, based on future differences between the predictive controller and the driver. This feedback mirrors the tension between the sometimes competing controller objectives of following the driver and maintaining a feasible path. The paper uses simulation and experiment to investigate the inherent trade-offs of predictive haptic feedback and qualitatively discuss its impact.
Platinum Hillocks in Pt/Ti Film Stacks Deposited on Thermally Oxidized Si Substrate (2001)

The stress dependence of platinum hillock formation during post thermal cycling was investigated in Pt/Ti electrode stacks. Annealing temperatures were varied from room temperature (RT) to 650°C. High compressive stress was generated during electrode annealing by the Ti diffusion into the platinum layer followed by oxidation in the platinum grain boundaries. The compressive stress was the major driving force for the hillock formation on the platinum surface. Thus, the Ti glue layer was oxidized before platinum deposition to reduce the Ti diffusion. The Pt/TiO x electrode stack retained its smooth platinum surface after the electrode annealing of 650°C for 30 min in O 2 . The Pt/TiO x interface remained flat even after the ferroelectric annealing at 800°C, which was performed after SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 (SBT) deposition. Moreover, the remanent polarization (2 P r ) of the SBT capacitor was increased to 17 µC/cm 2 on the Pt/TiO x electrode stack, up from 13 µC/cm 2 , which was the value on the Pt/Ti electrode stack.
Novel fast catadioptric objective with wide field of view (2010)

Using the Simultaneous Multiple Surface method in 2D (SMS2D), we present a fast catadioptric objective with a wide field of view (125&deg;&times;96&deg;) designed for a microbolometer detector with 640&times;480 pixels and 25 microns pixel pitch Keywords: Infrared lens design, thermal imaging, Schwarzschild configuration, SMS2D, wide field of view, driving cameras, panoramic systems
Wavelength-tunable fiber codirectional coupler filter based on asymmetric side-polished fiber coupler with dispersive interlayer (2007)

We demonstrate tunable highly wavelength-selective filter with a coupling ratio of higher than 30 dB based on an asymmetric side-polished fiber coupler with dispersive interlayer in one of the coupling arms. The coupling wavelength can span over 84 nm (from 1410 nm to 1325 nm) under index variation of 0.004.
Polarization-selective laser tomography and ellipsometric measurements of the retina (1990)

The background of the human eye consists of a variety of layers, which have slightly different optical properties. The change in refractive index between the aqueous humor and the internal limiting membrane of the retina results in a specular reflection of light incident on this layer. The state of polarization of this specularly reflected light is generally maintained. However, the polarization state of light being scattered from deeper retinal layers is changed. In general, the light detected in an ophthalmoscope is a combination of specularly and diffusely reflected light of several retinal layers.
Interfacing Forest Engineering with Bioenergy Production (2008)

Woody biomass from forestland, urban greenbelts, and residential areas has the potential to provide more than 150 million tons per year of cellulosic feedstocks for biorefineries, pellet fuels, and fermentation. Production sites range from urban lots to large wildland forest tracts. Destinations range from small urban boutiques to large remote industrial complexes. The systems, logistics and equipment will need to be matched to the context of each combination of source and destination. This paper offers a discussion and postulates an operational context for planning equipment, business models, and logistics systems that may represent the likely evolution of the woody biomass feedstock industry. The context includes thousands of very small producers and users, and a continuum toward a few very large industrial complexes. Forest engineers are the logical engineering professionals to expanding their practices to include urban sources and new woody biomass uses. A premise is that forest engineers are well equipped to address issues of materials collection, handling, preprocessing into commercially valuable feedstocks, and transportation systems to move large volumes of woody biomass to market.
Primary structure, expression in Escherichia coli, and properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase from Bacillus megaterium (1991)

A Bacillus megaterium DNA fragment encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine:uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase (SUMT) activity was subcloned and sequenced. The encoded polypeptide showed more than 43.5% strict homology to Pseudomonas denitrificans SUMT (F. Blanche, L. Debussche, D. Thibaut, J. Crouzet, and B. Cameron, J. Bacteriol. 171:4222-4231, 1989). The B. megaterium polypeptide was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, partially purified, and shown to exhibit, like P. denitrificans SUMT, substrate inhibition at uroporphyrinogen III concentrations above 0.5 microM, suggesting a common regulation for aerobic cobalamin-producing organisms.
Switchable Reconfiguration of a Seven-Ring Interlocked DNA Catenane Nanostructure (2015)

The synthesis, purification, and structure characterization of a seven-ring interlocked DNA catenane is described. The design of the seven-ring catenane allows the dynamic reconfiguration of any of the four rings (R1, R3, R4, and R6) on the catenane scaffold, or the simultaneous switching of any combination of two, three, or all four rings to yield 16 different isomeric states of the catenane. The dynamic reconfiguration across the states is achieved by implementing the strand-displacement process in the presence of appropriate fuel/antifuel strands and is probed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Each of the 16 isomers of the catenane can be transformed into any of the other isomers, thus allowing for 240 dynamic transitions within the system.
Cover Picture: Transformation of a Spherical Supramolecular Dendrimer into a Pyramidal Columnar Supramolecular Dendrimer Mediated by the Fluorophobic Effect (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36/2003) (2003)

The mode of the self‐assembly of (3,4,5) 2 G2‐CO 2 Me monodendrons changes from a spherical to a pyramidal supramolecular dendrimer upon replacement of the aliphatic chains by partially fluorinated chains. This metamorphosis was verified with a combination of small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, electron density calculations, and molecular modeling studies. For more information on this process, see the Communication by V. Percec et al. on page 4338 ff.
Omnidirectional wavelength selective emitters/absorbers based on dielectric-filled anti-reflection coated two-dimensional metallic photonic crystals (2014)

We demonstrate designs of dielectric-filled anti-reflection coated (ARC) two-dimensional (2D) metallic photonic crystals (MPhCs) capable of omnidirectional, polarization insensitive, wavelength selective emission/absorption. Up to 26% improvement in hemispherically averaged emittance/absorptance below the cutoff wavelength is observed for optimized hafnium oxide filled 2D tantalum (Ta) PhCs over the unfilled 2D Ta PhCs. The optimized designs possess high hemispherically averaged emittance/absorptance of 0.86 at wavelengths below the cutoff wavelength and low hemispherically averaged emittance/absorptance of 0.12 at wavelengths above the cutoff wavelength, which is extremely promising for applications such as thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, solar absorption, and infrared spectroscopy.
Rapid identification of health care–associated infections with an integrated fluorescence anisotropy system (2016)

Health care-associated infections (HAIs) and drug-resistant pathogens have become a major health care issue with millions of reported cases every year. Advanced diagnostics would allow clinicians to more quickly determine the most effective treatment, reduce the nonspecific use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and facilitate enrollment in new antibiotic treatments. We present a new integrated system, polarization anisotropy diagnostics (PAD), for rapid detection of HAI pathogens. The PAD uses changes of fluorescence anisotropy when detection probes recognize target bacterial nucleic acids. The technology is inherently robust against environmental noise and economically scalable for parallel measurements. The assay is fast (2 hours) and performed on-site in a single-tube format. When applied to clinical samples obtained from interventional procedures, the PAD determined the overall bacterial burden, differentiated HAI bacterial species, and identified drug resistance and virulence status. The PAD system holds promise as a powerful tool for near-patient, rapid HAI testing.