gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lattice strain-enhanced exsolution of nanoparticles in thin films (2019)

Nanoparticles formed on oxide surfaces are of key importance in many fields such as catalysis and renewable energy. Here, we control B-site exsolution via lattice strain to achieve a high degree of exsolution of nanoparticles in perovskite thin films: more than 1100 particles μm<sup>-2</sup> with a particle size as small as ~5 nm can be achieved via strain control. Compressive-strained films show a larger number of exsolved particles as compared with tensile-strained films. Moreover, the strain-enhanced in situ growth of nanoparticles offers high thermal stability and coking resistance, a low reduction temperature (550 °C), rapid release of particles, and wide tunability. The mechanism of lattice strain-enhanced exsolution is illuminated by thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, emphasizing the unique role of the misfit-strain relaxation energy. This study provides critical insights not only into the design of new forms of nanostructures but also to applications ranging from catalysis, energy conversion/storage, nano-composites, nano-magnetism, to nano-optics.
Electron Monochromator Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Whole Bacteria and Bacterial Spores (2000)

Spores from a variety of Bacillus species were analyzed with direct probe mass spectrometry using an electron monochromator to select electrons of distinct energies for ionization. Electron energies were chosen to match the electron capture energies of taxonomically important compounds such as dipicolinic acid and fatty acids. Previous negative ion interferences were not observed when the monochromator was used, and the signal-to-noise ratio of targeted compounds was significantly enhanced using this approach. To demonstrate the selectivity of the technique, the monochromator was swept over a range of electron energies while monitoring the masses of compounds with known electron capture energies. Scanning the monochromator while the mass spectrometer was operated in single-ion mode enabled dipicolinic acid to be detected in 10(5) spores. The results presented here demonstrate the utility of the electron monochromator for selectively ionizing compounds directly in bacteria and bacterial spores.
A comparative study on Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 ferroelectric thin films derived by metal organic decomposition (2010)

The crystal orientations and electrical properties of Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) ferroelectric thin films were studied and compared. Stoichiometric BIT and BLT samples were deposited on Pt(111) substrates and crystallized at 750 °C to get mixed orientations. The BIT sample exhibited a/b axes orientation with (117) component, while the BLT sample was more c-axis oriented. The 2Pr values of such BIT and BLT were 34.3 μC/cm2 and 25.7 μC/cm2, respectively. Nevertheless, BLT has much better leakage current and polarization saturation properties. In order to obtain c-axis oriented BIT thin films, excess bismuth was used. BIT with 15% excess bismuth processed at 750 °C was purely c-axis oriented and only possessed a 2Pr value of 4.9 μC/cm2, while that of 15% excess bismuth BLT sample was 18.3 μC/cm2. This can be attributed to the large polarization anisotropy in BIT, and this anisotropy is reduced by lanthanum doping.
(Invited) New Electrolyte Solvents and Additives Designed for Li Ion and Beyond Chemistries (2015)

Ever since the birth of Li ion chemistry, carbonate esters have been the main solvents used as the skeleton composition of the electrolytes. This class of polar organic compounds, ethylene carbonate in particular, brings both their merits of supporting reversible intercalation of Li+ at electrodes of potential differences as wide as 4.2 V, and their intrinsic limits of narrow temperature range, chemical reactivity toward conducting salts, and inflammability. Numerous efforts were made during the past decades in an attempt to replace these carbonate, either partially or entirely, but little change has occurred as the result. The emergence of new chemistries such as the high voltage (&gt;4.5 V) cathode intercalation materials and the beyond-Li-ion concepts −− most of which resort to conversion-reaction concepts to maximize the specific capacities −− presents unprecedented challenges to these carbonate esters that have been widely used by Li-ion industry, and activities resumed in seeking new alternatives. This presentation will summarize our recent efforts of designing, synthesizing and characterizing such new electrolyte solvents in both high voltage and Li-ion as well as beyond-Li-ion chemistries.
High temperature - High energy density polymer-coated glass capacitors (2013)

Traditional polymer capacitors used for pulsed power and power electronics applications have severe limitations in terms of portability and high temperature reliability. Alkali-free glass is a promising material for high temperature and high power capacitors because of its low dielectric loss and high breakdown strength (10 MV/cm), resulting in energy density values higher than 35 J/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Thin glass sheet production has grown substantially because of the strong demand from the flat panel display industry and a large investment in the development of new glass fabrication methods. Several alkali-free glass compositions, such as Schott's AF-45 and NEG's OA-10G barium-boro-alumino-silicate glass, are commercially offered with a permittivity range of 5 to 7 and low dielectric loss (tan δ < 0.5%) values up to temperatures of 200°C. Glass ribbons and sheets are available with thicknesses between 5 and 50 µm and length of up to a few meters.
Apoptosis during an early stage of nephrogenesis induces renal hypoplasia in bcl-2-deficient mice. (1996)

Renal development in bcl-2-deficient mice was monitored to examine the temporal and spatial function of this gene during nephrogenesis in vivo. Extensive apoptosis occurred during abnormal nephrogenesis in bcl-2-deficient mice. In embryos and newborn mice, the sequence of morphological events was monitored by morphology in conjunction with morphometry, and bcl-2 -/-, bcl-2 +/-, and bcl-2 +/+ mice were compared. In bcl-2 -/- mice, initial induction of nephrons was detected by embryonic day 13 (E-13) as normal. Then, apoptotic cells became five times more frequent at E-13 to E-16 with a significant reduction (1/5) in nephron number at E-17 to E-19 in bcl-2 -/- mice compared with bcl-2 +/+ mice. No morphological difference was evident between bcl-2 +/- mice and bcl-2 +/+ mice by morphometry. Apoptotic cells were found mainly among the mesenchyme and less frequently in tubuli. Little apoptosis among ureteric buds was noted. In bcl-2 -/- mice at E-17 to E-19, inactive branching and insufficient convolution of ureteric buds were accompanied by fulminant apoptosis in the mesenchyme. Neonatal bcl-2 -/- mice lacked the nephrogenic zone, exhibiting renal hypoplasia. Thus, bcl-2 seems to inhibit apoptosis in renal stem cells during the induction of nephrons in vivo.
Multiple pathways are involved in radioprotective effects of lithium chloride in the hippocampal neurons (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

4383 

Cranial irradiation therapy used in the treatment of certain cancers often causes neurocognitive deficiency in adult and childhood cancer survivors. This neurocognitive deficit is in part related to decreased neurogenesis and apoptosis of neuronal cells in subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Lithium treatment has been shown to enhance neurogenesis and to have neuroprotective effects in several experimental and clinical settings. Here, we show that lithium treatment decreases radiation-induced apoptosis in the culture of mouse hippocampal neurons HT-22, but not in the glioma cell lines GL261 and D54. The molecular mechanism of this neuroprotective effect of lithium is mediated through multiple pathways. In the present study we demonstrate that Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) is one of the pathways. Τreatment of HT-22 cells with 3 mM LiCl for 7 days results in activation of Akt, followed by inhibition of GSK-3β activity and function of its down-stream targets, β-catenin and cyclin D1. These effects are sustained or facilitated when cells are treated with lithium in combination with ionizing radiation. This combined treatment also alters response of the apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bax to ionizing radiation. The Microarray approach reveals additional set of genes in HT-22 cells, which levels of expression are regulated by lithium. From 38,467 mouse genes studied, several dozen show greater than two-fold increase or reduction in expression following LiCl treatment. Several of the Microarray data are confirmed by real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses. For example, levels of mRNA and protein for decorin, which is known to positively regulate neurogenesis and neuronal response to injury, are increased from 2 to 3-fold. These data show that lithium radioprotective effects are mediated through multiple pathways. Detailed studying of the molecular components of these pathways could uncover additional therapeutic targets for enhanced protection of normal neuronal tissue during radiotherapy.
Carbon-assisted chemical vapor deposition of hexagonal boron nitride (2017)

We show that in a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, the residual oxygen and/or air play a crucial role in the mechanism of the growth of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films on Ni foil &amp;apos;enclosures&amp;apos;. Hexagonal-BN films grow on the Ni foil surface via the formation of an intermediate boric-oxide (BOx) phase followed by a thermal reduction of the BOx by a carbon source (either amorphous carbon powder or methane), leading to the formation of single-and bi-layer h-N. Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and diffraction (LEED) were used to map the number of layers over large areas; Raman spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were used to characterize the structure and physical quality of the ultra-thin h-BN film. The growth procedure reported here leads to a better understanding and control of the synthesis of ultra-thin h-BN films.
Substrate-correlated interface polarity reversal at a carbon nanotube/fullerene junction (2015)

Understanding of the electronic structure at organic donor/acceptor interfaces is vital to further develop organic photovoltaic technologies. We have observed a reversed interfacial potential difference at a carbon nanotube/fullerene interface when it is formed on aluminum oxide (Al2O3) compared to when it is formed on silicon dioxide (SiO2). We do not observe this in a polymer/fullerene junction. We hypothesize the cause is a combination of poorer screening of a more reactive substrate (Al2O3) by the nanotubes (which are a thinner, more conductive film than the polymer film) and greater static dipolar disorder at the Al2O3 interface. The static dipolar disorder leads to stable trapping of otherwise mobile charges, which may originate from the carbon nanotubes, the externally applied potential, or low lying static charges from the insulating substrate.
Epigenetic markers for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high risk population (2011)

Multiple marker MSP is proposed as a complementary test for NPC risk assessment in combination with EBV-based markers.
Catechol-Based Phosphoramidites:  A New Class of Chiral Ligands for Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenations (2004)

[reaction: see text] The synthesis and application of a new class of catechol-based phosphoramidites is described. Ees up to 99% were obtained in the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids and enamides.
Temperature insensitive racetrack resonators for near infrared applications (2012)

We report a record low temperature dependent wavelength shift of 0.2 pm/K for silicon-on-insulator strip racetrack resonators at a 1550 nm wavelength using a polymer cladding. A significant reduction of propagation losses is also achieved.
Immunostimulatory effect of DDX41 of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (2017)

The cellular DEAD-box helicase DDX41, which functions as an initial sensor for cytoplasmic DNA, is involved in the activation of type I interferon (IFN-1) immune response in olive flounder. A plasmid encoding DDX41 (pEF-D) was introduced into flounder cells in vitro and in vivo. Immune responses induced by DDX41 were evaluated by relative quantification value (ΔΔCt) method of RT-qPCR using specific IFN-related gene primers. Results in in vitro, transcript levels of IFN-1, IRF-3, ISG-15 and IL-1β were significantly higher in pEF-D- than pEF-A-transfected cells, with 15-, 4-, 10- and 32-fold changes, respectively. In vivo, elevated expression of these genes was observed in the kidney of pEF-D group on days 1 and 3 post-treatment. The viral challenge test revealed higher survival rate in fish treated with pEF-D (67.5%) than controls, PBS- and pEF-A-treated fish (45%). Conclusively DDX41 elicits a robust IFN-mediated immune response, validating its adjuvant property.
Presence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Waterfowl and Wetlands during Summer 2010 in California: Are Resident Birds a Potential Reservoir? (2012)

Although wild waterfowl are the main reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIv), the environment plays a critical role for the circulation and persistence of AIv. LPAIv may persist for extended periods in cold environments, suggesting that waterfowl breeding areas in the northern hemisphere may be an important reservoir for AIv in contrast to the warmer southern wintering areas. We evaluated whether southern wetlands, with relatively small populations (thousands) of resident waterfowl, maintain AIv in the summer, prior to the arrival of millions of migratory birds. We collected water and fecal samples at ten wetlands in two regions (Yolo Bypass and Sacramento Valley) of the California Central Valley during three bi-weekly intervals beginning in late July, 2010. We detected AIv in 29/367 fecal samples (7.9%) and 12/597 water samples (2.0%) by matrix real time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR). We isolated two H3N8, two H2N3, and one H4N8 among rRT-PCR positive fecal samples but no live virus from water samples. Detection of AIv RNA in fecal samples was higher from wetlands in the Sacramento Valley (11.9%) than in the Yolo Bypass (0.0%), but no difference was found for water samples (2.7 vs. 1.7%, respectively). Our study showed that low densities of hosts and unfavorable environmental conditions did not prevent LPAIv circulation during summer in California wetlands. Our findings justify further investigations to understand AIv dynamics in resident waterfowl populations, compare AIv subtypes between migratory and resident waterfowl, and assess the importance of local AIv as a source of infection for migratory birds.
Integrating a Closed World Planner with an Open World Robot: A Case Study (2010)

In this paper, we present an integrated planning and robotic architecture that actively directs an agent engaged in an urban search and rescue (USAR) scenario. We describe three salient features that comprise the planning component of this system, namely (1) the ability to plan in a world open with respect to objects, (2) execution monitoring and replanning abilities, and (3) handling soft goals, and detail the interaction of these parts in representing and solving the USAR scenario at hand. We show that though insufficient in an individual capacity, the integration of this trio of features is sufficient to solve the scenario that we present. We test our system with an example problem that involves soft and hard goals, as well as goal deadlines and action costs, and show that the planner is capable of incorporating sensing actions and execution monitoring in order to produce goal-fulfilling plans that maximize the net benefit accrued.
The Continued Evolution of Web Traffic (2013)

Over the last decade web content has evolved from relatively static pages often delivered by one or two servers, to websites rich with interactive media content served from numerous servers. This content change has affected the associated network traffic. Quantifying and analyzing these changes can lead to updated traffic models and more accurate web traffic simulations for testing new protocols and devices. In this work we analyze the TCP/IP headers in packet traces collected at various times over 13 years on the link that connects the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) to its ISP. We show that while the decade-old methodology for inferring web activity from these packet traces is still viable, it is no longer possible to infer all page boundaries given only the TCP and IP headers. We propose a novel method for segmenting web traffic into Activity Sections, in order to obtain comparable higher level statistics. Using these methods to analyze our data set, we describe trends in the HTTP request and response sizes, and a trend towards longer connection durations. We also show that the number of servers supporting web activity has increased, and present empirical evidence that suggests the number of unused connections has risen, likely due to new speculative TCP preconnect features of popular browsers.
Robust Parameter Estimation of Contaminated Damped Exponentials (2020)

Parameter estimation of damped exponential signals has wide applications including fault detection and system parameter identification, etc. However, existing methods for estimating parameters of damped exponentials are either sensitive to noise or restricted to dealing with a certain type of noise such as Gaussian noise. In this paper we aim to estimate parameters of damped exponentials from contaminated signal, i.e., a mixture of damped exponentials, random Gaussian noise, and spike interference. We propose two robust approaches, a convex one solved by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and a non-convex one solved by coordinate descent, to recovering a low-rank Hankel matrix of damped exponentials from noisy measurements for further parameter estimation using the matrix pencil technique. Numerical experiments show that our proposed methods outperform classical ones in detecting small damped fault signatures from noisy measurements. While the convex approach is amenable to theoretical analysis and global convergence guarantees, the non-convex one exhibits more robustness and computational efficiency.
New Approaches to Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (2006)

Nausea and vomiting are considered to be among the most distressing consequences of cytotoxic chemotherapies. Currently, there are several novel 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), including ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron. These agents provide significant improvement in the management of acute emesis but are ineffective at preventing delayed emesis. In 2003, a new 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, palonosetron HCL (Aloxi), was introduced to the U.S. market. Palonosetron was found to be effective in preventing delayed CINV. Indeed, palonosetron was the first and only 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist approved by the FDA for the prevention of both acute and delayed CINV. More recently, studies on the role of substance P in the emetic process led to the development of aprepitant (Emend) for the prevention of delayed emesis in combination with 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists. Despite these major advances, CINV remains uncontrolled in some patients. Current efforts are focused on treating refractory emesis and include both the clinical evaluation of compounds marketed for other indications and the preclinical evaluation of novel molecules targeting other transmitters in the emetic pathway. Ongoing work in pharmacogenomics has postulated several candidate genes that could be involved in emetic sensitivity and responsiveness to antiemetic therapy. Investigations into the pharmacogenomics of CINV may someday be able to aid in the identification of high risk patients and patients unlikely to respond to conventional therapies.
“Grafting-Through”: Growing Polymer Brushes by Supplying Monomers through the Surface (2016)

We introduce a “grafting-through” brush polymerization mechanism where monomers are supplied through the surface on which the initiators are attached rather than from solution as in the “grafting-from” technique. This is accomplished by attaching the initiator to the surface of a dialysis membrane and supplying monomers through the membrane to the growing brush. This avoids the growth of very long chains while promoting the growth of shorter chains by reversing the monomer concentration gradient found in the commonly used grafting-from technique, where monomer concentration is lowest at the substrate and highest in the surrounding solution. Reversing this monomer concentration gradient results in shorter chains experiencing a higher local monomer concentration than longer chains, thus speeding up their growth relative to the longer ones. It is shown by AFM that brush layers made by this method are thicker and have lower roughness than brushes made by a grafting-from approach. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of brush polymerizations with monomers supplied through a permeable substrate provide insight into the mechanism of the grafting-through brush growth process. Simulations show that it is possible to obtain a brush layer with a chain dispersity index approaching unity for sufficiently long chains. FTIR, contact angle measurements, SEM, and kinetic studies are used to characterize and elucidate the growth mechanism of brushes synthesized by the new grafting-through strategy.
In-loop noise shaping based on pseudo noise injection and Wiener filtering (2011)

This paper proposes an in-loop noise shaping method based on the combination of pseudo noise injection and Wiener filtering for High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). In deblocking process, the proposed method injects pseudo noise into the vicinities of deblocked edges where signal-dependent coding noises are supposed to appear. The pseudo noise injection introduces a masking effect of signal-dependent noise with signal-independent noise. Since subsequently applied Wiener filtering accomplishes optimal noise reduction in a minimum-mean-squared-errors sense, it minimizes the deleterious impact of the pseudo noise injection on coding performance. Simulation results using HEVC Test Model software show that the proposed method successfully suppresses banding artifacts with a negligible impact on PSNR values, bit rates, and encoder/decoder runtime measures.