gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sound Reproduction within a Closed Ear Canal: Acoustical and Physiological Effects (2011)

When a sound producing device such as insert earphones or a hearing aid is sealed in the ear canal, the fact that only a tiny segment of the sound wave can exist in this small volume at any given instant, produces an oscillation of the static pressure in the ear canal. This effect can greatly boosts the SPL in the ear canal, especially at low frequencies, a phenomena which we call Trapped Volume Insertion Gain (TVIG). In this study the TVIG has been found by numerical modeling as well as direct measurements using a Zwislocki coupler and the ear of a human subject, to be as much as 50dB greater than sound pressures typically generated while listening to sounds in an open environment. Even at moderate listening volumes, the TVIG can increase the low frequency SPL in the ear canal to levels where they produce excursions of the tympanic membrane that are 100 to 1000 times greater than in normal open-ear hearing. Additionally, the high SPL at low frequencies in the trapped volume of the ear canal, can easily exceed the threshold necessary to trigger the Stapedius reflex, a stiffing response of the middle ear, which reduces its sensitivity, and may lead to audio fatigue. The addition of a compliant membrane covered vent in the sound tube of an insert ear tip was found to reduce the TVIG by up to 20 dB, such that the Stapedius reflex would likely not be triggered.
Acylation of monosubstituted ferrocenes. Unusual directive effect of the cyanomethyl group (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcylation of monosubstituted ferrocenes. Unusual directive effect of the cyanomethyl groupBruce E. MaryanoffCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 1, 70–74Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00314a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00314a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views142Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Absolute and relative emissions analysis in practical combustion systems—effect of water vapor condensation (2016)

Accurate knowledge of the absolute combustion gas composition is necessary in the automotive, aircraft, processing, heating and air conditioning industries where emissions reduction is a major concern. Those industries use a variety of sensor technologies. Many of these sensors are used to analyze the gas by pumping a sample through a system of tubes to reach a remote sensor location. An inherent characteristic with this type of sampling strategy is that the mixture state changes as the sample is drawn towards the sensor. Specifically, temperature and humidity changes can be significant, resulting in a very different gas mixture at the sensor interface compared with the in situ location (water vapor dilution effect). Consequently, the gas concentrations obtained from remotely sampled gas analyzers can be significantly different than in situ values. In this study, inherent errors associated with sampled combustion gas concentration measurements are explored, and a correction methodology is presented to determine the absolute gas composition from remotely measured gas species concentrations. For in situ (wet) measurements a heated zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) oxygen sensor (Bosch LSU 4.9) is used to measure the absolute oxygen concentration. This is used to correct the remotely sampled (dry) measurements taken with an electrochemical sensor within the remote analyzer (Testo 330-2LL). In this study, such a correction is experimentally validated for a specified concentration of carbon monoxide (5020 ppmv).
Optimal Power Control of Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems for an Accelerated System Warm-Up (2007)

Key technical challenges in hybrid fuel cell power system applications are the power management and the thermal control. In this paper, a charge-sustaining supervisory power controller is developed, which minimizes the warm-up duration of a fuel cell/battery hybrid power system by optimally controlling the power split between the fuel cell system and the battery, as well as the operation of an auxiliary heater. The controller is implemented as a model-predictive feedback law. First, a control-oriented, mathematical model of the system is established and partially validated with experimental data. An optimal control problem is then stated, and from the necessary conditions of Pontryagin's minimum principle a solution is derived. The operation of the controller is demonstrated in the simulation, and the controller's functionality is analyzed in detail. As the controller has a feedback structure and as it requires only low computing power, it is adequate for an on-board, real-time application
The structure of a polymer blend in a volume grating (2008)

Holographic polymerization (H-P) has been used to fabricate polymer-dispersed liquid crystals, block copolymers and pattern inert nanoparticles. In this article, one-dimensional grating structures of Norland resin and a polymer blend were achieved using the H-P technique. A reflection grating structure known as a Bragg reflector (BR) was fabricated. The hierarchical structure and morphology of the BR were studied using synchrotron X-ray, polarized light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The structure of the BR containing a polymer blend displayed lamellae structures formed with periodicity of 200 nm. Polycaprolactone and Poly(L-lactide) crystals were found to be confined in ~ 60 nm thick layers in the BR. The polymer chains tended to orient themselves parallel to the grating when the two polymers where blended together. The phase separation and structure of the polymer blend inside the H-P grating could be of great interest for multifunctional optical sensors or devices.
Fish Disease and Biosecurity: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceptions of Managers and Owners of Commercial Finfish Recirculating Facilities in the United States and Canada (2005)

Abstract In recirculation finfish facilities in the United States and Canada, biosecurity utilization is neither consistent nor uniform. Seeking reasons for this situation, we examined the beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes of managers and owners of such facilities about fish disease and biosecurity utilization. A questionnaire was mailed in the fall of 2001 to the managers and owners of 152 finfish-rearing recirculation facilities in the United States and Canada to gather information on their attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding fish disease and biosecurity. The response rate to the survey was 86%. This paper reports on a subset of the overall responses, the responses of managers and owners who identified their facility as a business operation. Although respondents had a positive attitude towards biosecurity utilization, they had different beliefs about which disease types were of greatest concern for their farm. Respondents also had differing perceptions on the risk of disease transmission associated with different activities on their farms. In addition, respondents had various beliefs about the practicality and effectiveness of different biosecurity measures and why the practice of biosecurity was important to their farms. This study gives quantitative evidence that different fish farmers perceive disease and the practice of biosecurity differently. This study indicates that recognition of the human dimensions element is an important first step in the creation of biosecurity policies, strategies, and procedures that will be readily accepted and implemented and consistently applied by fish farmers on their farms. The findings challenge the heretofore traditionally accepted belief that poor biosecurity practice on a farm is primarily related to lack of knowledge about biosecurity.
Robust Downlink Beamforming With Partial Channel State Information for Conventional and Cognitive Radio Networks (2013)

We address the problem of robust multiuser downlink beamforming under the assumption that the transmitter has partial covariance-based channel state information (CSI). In our approach, the uncertainty on the channel covariance matrices is assumed to be confined in an ellipsoid of given size and shape, where prior knowledge about the statistical distribution of the CSI mismatch is taken into account. The goal is to minimize the transmitted power under the worst-case quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. We extend the developed robust problem to downlink beamforming in cognitive radio (CR) networks where QoS constraints apply to the users of the secondary network (SN) and interference leaked to the primary users (PUs) is required to be below a given interference threshold. We avoid the coarse approximations used by previous solutions and obtain exact reformulations for both worst-case problems based on Lagrange duality. The resulting problems can then be approximated using semidefinite relaxation (SDR). Further, we consider a popular alternative robust approach that is based on probabilistic QoS and interference constraints and show that both approaches are generally equivalent. Computer simulations show that the proposed techniques provide substantial performance improvements over earlier robust downlink beamforming techniques for both the conventional and the CR scenarios.
Noise characteristics of piezoelectric-transformer DC-DC converter (2002)

A piezoelectric-transformer (PT) is expected for a low-electric-noise device because it transmits power by mechanical vibration. However, there has been no study about noise of the PT so far. In this paper, we propose a model which focuses on a parasitic impedance of the PT, and compare its simulated result with an observed common-mode noise in the PT DC-DC converter to confirm a mechanism of the common-mode noise occurrence. As a result, we found that the parasitic impedance between the input and output terminals of the PT provides the path for common-mode noise. Furthermore, we propose an improved version of the PT DC-DC converter to reduce the common-mode noise, that is based on this noise analysis. As a result, drastic noise reduction was achieved.
Active Control of a Wing Tip Vortex (2005)

*† ‡ § Active control of a wing tip vortex was studied by deflecting a flap mounted at the tip of a semi-span wind tunnel model and then varying the degree of boundary layer separation by means of zero mass-flux perturbations. Qualitative trends were predicted based on wellknown theoretical approaches. Static and dynamic pressure measurements were made to assess the loads on the wing and particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to map the flow above the flap and in the wake. Varying the degree of flow separation, and even eliminating separation completely on the tip-flap, was seen to have a small effect on the overall aerodynamic loads. Nevertheless, the flow above the flap was also seen to be amenable to separation control, requiring small control momentum to produce large changes to the vortex. Reduction of the flap-separated region eliminated the axial velocity deficit and ultimately generated an axial velocity surplus near the center of the vortex. This was accompanied by significant increases in streamwise vorticity. Separation control was found to be well suited to dynamically perturbing the trailing vortex from arbitrarily long wavelengths to wavelengths very much shorter than the wingspan. Dynamic perturbation of the vortex at length-scales less than the wing chord were achieved at the separation control frequencies. Longer wavelengths were perturbed using dynamic separation and attachment control.
Video lens-free microscopy of human cells: from standard 2D to 3D organoids culture (Conference Presentation) (2020)

Research is continuously developing imaging methods to better understand the structure and function of biological systems. In this paper, we describe our work to develop lens-free microscopy as a novel mean to observe and quantify cells in 2D and 3D cell culture conditions. At first, we developed a lens-free video microscope based on multiple wavelength acquisitions to perform time-lapse 2D imaging of dense cell culture inside the incubator. We demonstrated that novel phase retrieval techniques enable imaging thin cell samples with high concentration (~15000 cells over a large field of view of 29.4 mm2). The experimental data can next be further analyzed with existing cell profiling and tracking algorithms. As an example, we showed that a 7 days acquisition of a culture of HeLa cells leads to a dataset featuring 2.106 cell point measurements and 104 cell cycle tracks. Recently, we extended our work to the video-microscopy of 3D organoids culture. We showed the capability of lens-free microscopy to perform 3D+time acquisitions of 3D organoids culture. To our knowledge, our technique is the only one able to reconstruct very large volumes of 3D cell culture (~5 mm3) by phase contrast imaging. This new mean of microscopy allowed us to observe a broad range of phenomena present in 3D environments, e.g. self-organizations, displacement of large clusters, merging and interconnection over long distances (&gt;1 mm). In addition, this 3D microscope can capture the interactions of single cells and organoids with their 3D environment, e.g. traction forces generated by large cell aggregates over long distances, up to 1.5 mm. Overall, lens-free microscopy techniques favor ease of use and label-free experimentations as well as time-lapse acquisitions of large datasets. Importantly, we consider that these lens-free microscopy technique can thus expand the repertoire of phenomena that can be studied within 2D and 3D organoids cultures.
Time-series active search for quick retrieval of audio and video (1999)

This paper proposes a search method that can quickly detect and locate known sound (video) in a long audio (video) stream. The method is based on active search. Active search reduces the number of candidate matches between reference and input signals by approximately 10 to 100 times compared to exhaustive search, while guaranteeing the same retrieval accuracy. We proposed a quick search method in Smith et al. (1998), and here we focus on improvement of the accuracy. Thus the feature used has been extended to the audio power spectrum and temporal division of the histogram windows has been introduced to incorporate time information. Tests carried out under practical circumstances clearly show the accuracy improvement. The proposed method is still so fast that it can correctly retrieve a 15-s commercial in a 6-h recording of TV broadcasting within 2 s, once the features are calculated.
8-bit Partial Magnitude Comparator for Spike Generation in the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Model using Gate-Diffusion-Input Logic Gates (2022)

In an effort to reduce the power consumption required by artificial intelligence algorithms, many works take inspiration from biological neurons to develop spiking neural networks (SNN). The idea is to replace the currently used continuous neural output functions with low-energy spikes that are sparse in time. However, although possible in simulation, SNNs do not run efficiently on current hardware such as FPGAs, CPUs, or GPUs. This work presents a foundation for the development of a neuromorphic spiking neural network processor based on the Leaky Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) neuron model. A low-power digital spiking circuit is designed from an 8-bit partial magnitude comparator (PMC). The 8-bit PMC is made from modified Gate Diffusion Input (m-GDI) logic gates. When implemented in 65nm CMOS, it achieves an average power of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$4.51\mu W$</tex> at a 1.2 V supply, and an average delay of 80.32ps. The spiking circuit has an average power of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$6.861\mu W$</tex> and can operate at up to 14.28GHz. This spiking circuit is the first step towards the realization of a large-scale synchronous spiking neural network processor.
Severe Hypoalbuminemia at Day 90 Predicts Worse Nonrelapse Mortality and Overall Survival after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome (2010)

Because patients who undergo allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remain in the vicinity of the transplant center for approximately 90 days posttransplantation, identifying prognostic factors to determine those at immediate higher risk of mortality is essential. A normal serum albumin level generally denotes healthiness. We evaluated the prognostic significance of day 90 hypoalbuminemia (and other clinical, pharmacologic, and laboratory variables) in 163 patients, median age 48 years (range, 19-69 years), who underwent allo-HCT for acute myelogenous leukemia (n = 124) or myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 39). Day 90 hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <3.0 g/dL) was associated with worse nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and poor overall survival (OS). The estimated 1- and 2-year cumulative incidence rates of NRM were 48% and 52%, respectively, and the corresponding OS rates were 7% and 3%. Serum albumin level <3.0 g/dL and Karnofsky score <80 at day 90 were strong independent predictors of worse NRM and OS in multivariate analysis. These results support day 90 hypoalbuminemia as an adverse prognostic marker for NRM and OS after allo-HCT for acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.
Caractéristiques cliniques et réponses thérapeutiques des patients avec adénome hypophysaire mutés pour AIP : étude internationale sur 96 cas (2010)

peer reviewed
Managing polymer surface structure using surface active block copolymers in block copolymer mixtures (2003)

Abstract Surface coatings were prepared from semifluorinated monodendron surface‐active block copolymers (SABC) and a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) [poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene butylene‐b‐styrene)] by either spin‐casting a bilayer structure or by blending. The surface of these coatings was characterized by contact angle measurements, scanning force microscopy (SFM) and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) methods. Both bilayers and blends resulted in very low energy surfaces under the right processing conditions and the liquid crystallinity of the semifluorinated monodendrons gave rise to temporally stable, non‐reconstructing surfaces in water. However for small thicknesses of the SABC top layer or for low SABC content blends, SFM shows islands of the fluorinated block of the SABC and incomplete surface coverage of the TPE, an observation confirmed by NEXAFS analysis. Very high water contact angles were produced by even modest amounts of SABC in either case but to achieve low contact angle hysteresis, it was necessary to produce uniform surface coverage by the SABC. Such uniform coverage can be accomplished by spin casting a top layer of SABC as thin as 60 nm in the bilayer case but at least 10 wt% SABC in TPE combined with drop casting of a hot solutions is needed for the blends to achieve equivalent surface structure and properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 411–420, 2004
Diamond Nanothermometry (2017)

Abstract Measuring temperature at or far from equilibrium at the nanoscale is important in many fields of science and engineering. A variety of luminescent nanothermometers have been developed in the past decade for the measurements. Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) stand out from the rest in terms of biological use, because the nanomaterials contain negatively charged nitrogen‐vacancy (NV − ) centers as photostable fluorophores and possess a number of remarkable properties including chemical inertness, negligible toxicity, versatile surface modification ability and, most importantly, exceptional temperature‐measurement precision. However, to enable practical applications of FNDs for temperature sensing in biological systems, conjugation of the particles with polymers, biomolecules, and/or other nanomaterials are often required. Gold/diamond nanohybrids are one of these combinations that enhance the temperature measurement versatility of the NV − centers. Here, we provide a review of the recent advances in the research and development of diamond nanothermometry, with special focus on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of gold/diamond nanohybrids. Current challenges and future perspectives of the FND‐based nanothermometry are also discussed.
Attenuation of Acute Rejection in a Rat Liver Transplantation Model by a Liver-Targeted Dextran Prodrug of Methylprednisolone (2006)

These results demonstrate attenuation of acute rejection following local (allograft) immunosuppression with a single subtherapeutic dose of MP delivered as a liver-targeted prodrug. Dextran prodrugs may be useful for selective delivery of immunosuppressants to the liver following liver transplantation.
A force field for tricalcium aluminate to characterize surface properties, initial hydration, and organically modified interfaces in atomic resolution (2014)

Tricalcium aluminate (C3A) is a major phase of Portland cement clinker and some dental root filling cements. An accurate all-atom force field is introduced to examine structural, surface, and hydration properties as well as organic interfaces to overcome challenges using current laboratory instrumentation. Molecular dynamics simulation demonstrates excellent agreement of computed structural, thermal, mechanical, and surface properties with available experimental data. The parameters are integrated into multiple potential energy expressions, including the PCFF, CVFF, CHARMM, AMBER, OPLS, and INTERFACE force fields. This choice enables the simulation of a wide range of inorganic-organic interfaces at the 1 to 100 nm scale at a million times lower computational cost than DFT methods. Molecular models of dry and partially hydrated surfaces are introduced to examine cleavage, agglomeration, and the role of adsorbed organic molecules. Cleavage of crystalline tricalcium aluminate requires approximately 1300 mJ m(-2) and superficial hydration introduces an amorphous calcium hydroxide surface layer that reduces the agglomeration energy from approximately 850 mJ m(-2) to 500 mJ m(-2), as well as to lower values upon surface displacement. The adsorption of several alcohols and amines was examined to understand their role as grinding aids and as hydration modifiers in cement. The molecules mitigate local electric fields through complexation of calcium ions, hydrogen bonds, and introduction of hydrophobicity upon binding. Molecularly thin layers of about 0.5 nm thickness reduce agglomeration energies to between 100 and 30 mJ m(-2). Molecule-specific trends were found to be similar for tricalcium aluminate and tricalcium silicate. The models allow quantitative predictions and are a starting point to provide fundamental understanding of the role of C3A and organic additives in cement. Extensions to impure phases and advanced hydration stages are feasible.