gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PANDA: A Gigapixel-level Human-centric Video Dataset (2020)

We present PANDA, the first gigaPixel-level humAN-centric viDeo dAtaset, for large-scale, long-term, and multi-object visual analysis. The videos in PANDA were captured by a gigapixel camera and cover real-world scenes with both wide field-of-view (~1 square kilometer area) and high-resolution details (~gigapixel-level/frame). The scenes may contain 4k head counts with over 100x scale variation. PANDA provides enriched and hierarchical ground-truth annotations, including 15,974.6k bounding boxes, 111.8k fine-grained attribute labels, 12.7k trajectories, 2.2k groups and 2.9k interactions. We benchmark the human detection and tracking tasks. Due to the vast variance of pedestrian pose, scale, occlusion and trajectory, existing approaches are challenged by both accuracy and efficiency. Given the uniqueness of PANDA with both wide FoV and high resolution, a new task of interaction-aware group detection is introduced. We design a 'global-to-local zoom-in' framework, where global trajectories and local interactions are simultaneously encoded, yielding promising results. We believe PANDA will contribute to the community of artificial intelligence and praxeology by understanding human behaviors and interactions in large-scale real-world scenes. PANDA Website: http://www.panda-dataset.com.
Low Operating Voltage Single ZnO Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors Enabled by Self-Assembled Organic Gate Nanodielectrics (2005)

The development of nanowire transistors enabled by appropriate dielectrics is of great interest for flexible electronic and display applications. In this study, nanowire field-effect transistors (NW-FETs) composed of individual ZnO nanowires are fabricated using a self-assembled superlattice (SAS) as the gate insulator. The 15-nm SAS film used in this study consists of four interlinked layer-by-layer self-assembled organic monolayers and exhibits excellent insulating properties with a large specific capacitance, 180 nF/cm2, and a low leakage current density, 1 × 10-8 A/cm2. SAS-based ZnO NW-FETs display excellent drain current saturation at Vds = 0.5 V, a threshold voltage (Vth) of −0.4 V, a channel mobility of ∼196 cm2/V s, an on−off current ratio of ∼104, and a subthreshold slope of 400 mV/dec. For comparison, ZnO NW-FETs are also fabricated using 70-nm SiO2 as the gate insulator. Implementation of the SAS gate dielectric reduces the NW-FET operating voltage dramatically with more than 1 order of magnitude enhancement of the on-current. These results strongly indicate that SAS-based ZnO NW-FETs are promising candidates for future flexible display and logic technologies.
Joint Estimation of Multiple RF Impairments Using Deep Multi-Task Learning (2022)

Radio-frequency (RF) front-end forms a critical part of any radio system, defining its cost as well as communication performance. However, these components frequently exhibit non-ideal behavior, referred to as impairments, due to the imperfections in the manufacturing/design process. Most of the designers rely on simplified closed-form models to estimate these impairments. On the other hand, these models do not holistically or accurately capture the effects of real-world RF front-end components. Recently, machine learning-based algorithms have been proposed to estimate these impairments. However, these algorithms are not capable of estimating multiple RF impairments jointly, which leads to limited estimation accuracy. In this paper, the joint estimation of multiple RF impairments by exploiting the relationship between them is proposed. To do this, a deep multi-task learning-based algorithm is designed. Extensive simulation results reveal that the performance of the proposed joint RF impairments estimation algorithm is superior to the conventional individual estimations in terms of mean-square error. Moreover, the proposed algorithm removes the need of training multiple models for estimating the different impairments.
Ultraviolet C light for Acinetobacter baumannii wound infections in mice (2012)

These results suggested that UVC may be useful in preventing combat-related wound infections.
Effects of Si Substitution on the Ei Reaction of Alkyl Sulfoxides. (2004)

A computational study has been carried out on the effects of SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; substitution on the Ei reaction\nof alkyl sulfoxides. SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; substitution in the β-position (relative to the sulfur atom) is found to lower\nthe barrier to elimination about 5 kcal mol&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, in line with qualitative experimental observations.\nHowever, SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; substitution at the α-position has a similar, if smaller, effect. It is argued that the\nbarrier-lowering in the latter case is mainly correlated with changes in the overall Δ&lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt; of the\nelimination reaction. In contrast, electronic effects in the transition state overcome an unfavorable\nΔ(Δ&lt;i&gt;H&lt;/i&gt;) when SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is in the β-position. On the basis of estimated magnitudes of the various energy\nchanges and the fractional change in bond orders in the transition state, it is argued that both\nhyperconjugative stabilization and inductive effects of Si substitution contribute. Finally, it is shown\nthat the elimination reaction by SiH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; transfer from C&lt;sub&gt;β&lt;/sub&gt; to O has a surprisingly high enthalpic barrier,\ngiven its modest endothermicity, and it is suggested that this is due to a forced unfavorable geometry\nat the Si center in the transition state.
Utilisation of Ambient Laser Desorption Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ALDI-MS) Improves Lipid-Based Microbial Species Level Identification (2019)

The accurate and timely identification of the causative organism of infection is important in ensuring the optimum treatment regimen is prescribed for a patient. Rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS), using electrical diathermy for the thermal disruption of a sample, has been shown to provide fast and accurate identification of microorganisms directly from culture. However, this method requires contact to be made between the REIMS probe and microbial biomass; resulting in the necessity to clean or replace the probes between analyses. Here, optimisation and utilisation of ambient laser desorption ionisation (ALDI) for improved speciation accuracy and analytical throughput is shown. Optimisation was completed on 15 isolates of Escherichia coli, showing 5 W in pulsatile mode produced the highest signal-to-noise ratio. These parameters were used in the analysis of 150 clinical isolates from ten microbial species, resulting in a speciation accuracy of 99.4% - higher than all previously reported REIMS modalities. Comparison of spectral data showed high levels of similarity between previously published electrical diathermy REIMS data. ALDI does not require contact to be made with the sample during analysis, meaning analytical throughput can be substantially improved, and further, increases the range of sample types which can be analysed in potential direct-from-sample pathogen detection.
Ionizing-radiation beam monitoring system (2023)

A transmissive ionizing-radiation beam monitoring system includes an enclosure structure with at least one ultra-thin window to an incident ionizing-radiation beam, where the ultra-thin window is highly transmissive to ionizing-radiation. Embodiments include at least one thin or ultra-thin scintillator within the enclosure structure that is substantially directly in an incident ionizing-radiation beam path and transmissive to the incident radiation beam, and at least one ultraviolet (UV) illumination source within the enclosure structure facing the scintillator. Embodiments include at least one machine vision camera within the enclosure structure located out of an incident ionizing-radiation beam path and including a camera body and lens having a projection of its optical axis oriented at an angle of incidence of 45±35 degrees to a surface of the scintillator.
Networked Cows : Virtual fences for controlling cows (2004)

will obtain a networked system that can function as an information backbone for the group. Information can flow across this group to update individual parameters and programs (for example the motion plans for the virtual fences), coordinate tasks, USA, (e-mail: ################################ ). CSIRO Manufacturing &amp;amp; Infrastructure Technology, Australia, (email: ######### ). USA, (e-mail: ### ### ). Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, USA, (e-mail: ################### ). Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Copyright 200X ACM X-XXXXX-XX-X/XX/XX ..
Domains of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Involved in Specific and Nonspecific Deoxyribonucleic Acid Binding, Hormone Activation, and Transcriptional Enhancement (1987)

We have analyzed the domain structure of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor by expression of in vitro mutated receptor in COS-7 cells. The receptor consists of a core domain rich in Cys, Lys, and Arg amino acids which can bind specific DNA sequences (glucocorticoid response elements) and activate transcription. The activity of this centrally located domain is modulated by the activity of the other two domains. The N-terminal domain of the receptor plays a role in decreasing nonspecific DNA binding and may therefore improve the ability of the protein to discriminate between specific and nonspecific DNA binding sites. This activity maps to a small, highly acidic region of the N-terminal domain. The C-terminal domain of the receptor contains the glucocorticoid binding site and in addition represses the transcriptional activity of the receptor in the absence of hormone. Hormone binding relieves the repression allowing transcription activation. The C-terminal domain contains a short sequence conserved among steroid receptors; its deletion yields a receptor that activates transcription in the absence of hormone.
Tilorone, a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral for Emerging Viruses (2020)

Tilorone is a 50-year-old synthetic small-molecule compound with antiviral activity that is proposed to induce interferon after oral administration. This drug is used as a broad-spectrum antiviral in several countries of the Russian Federation. We have recently described activity <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> against the Ebola virus. After a broad screening of additional viruses, we now describe <i>in vitro</i> activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIK) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
PubMed QUEST: The PubMed Query Search Tool. An informatics tool to aid cancer centers and cancer investigators in searching the PubMed databases (2006)

Searching PubMed for citations related to a specific cancer center or group of authors can be labor-intensive. We have created a tool, PubMed QUEST, to aid in the rapid searching of PubMed for publications of interest. It was designed by taking into account the needs of entire cancer centers as well as individual investigators. The experience of using the tool by our institution's cancer center administration and investigators has been favorable and we believe it could easily be adapted to other institutions. Use of the tool has identified limitations of automated searches for publications based on an author's name, especially for common names. These limitations could likely be solved if the PubMed database assigned a unique identifier to each author.
Comparative Characterization of Lung Muscarinic Receptor Binding After Intratracheal Administration of Tiotropium, Ipratropium, and Glycopyrrolate (2011)

The aim of the current study was to characterize comparatively the binding of muscarinic receptor in the lung of rats intratracheally administered anticholinergic agents (tiotropium, ipratropium, glycopyrrolate) used clinically to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Binding parameters of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS) were determined in tissues (lung, bladder, submaxillary gland) of rats intratracheally administered tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate. The in vitro binding affinity of tiotropium for the receptors was 10-11-fold higher than those of ipratropium and glycopyrrolate. Intratracheal administration of tiotropium (0.6-6.4 nmol/kg) caused sustained (lasting at least 24 h) increase in the apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) for [(3)H]NMS binding in rat lung compared with the control value. Concomitantly, there was a long-lasting decrease in the maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) for [(3)H]NMS. Similary, ipratropium and glycopyrrolate at 7.3 and 7.5 nmol/kg, respectively, brought about a significant increase in K(d) for [(3)H]NMS binding. The effect by ipratropium was observed at 2 h but not 12 h, and that by glycopyrrolate lasted for 24 h. Both agents had little influence on the muscarinic receptors in the bladder and submaxillary gland. The present study provides the first evidence that tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate administered intratracheally in rats selectively bound muscarinic receptors of the lung, and tiotropium and glycopyrrolate had a much longer-lasting effect than ipratropium.
Movie 1 from HER2 Isoforms Uniquely Program Intratumor Heterogeneity and Predetermine Breast Cancer Trajectories During the Occult Tumorigenic Phase (2023)

&lt;p&gt;p95HER2 labelled sidebuds. p95HER2 shown in magenta. Krt14 antibody staining shown in green.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
A WDM silicon photonic transmitter based on carrier-injection microring modulators (2014)

We present a 5 × 10 Gbps WDM silicon photonic transmitter based on carrier-injection type microring modulators. Resonant wavelengths can be adjusted by both thermal heaters and bias tuning.
Development of Combinatorial Chemistry Methods for Coatings:  High-Throughput Optimization of Curing Parameters of Coatings Libraries (2002)

An automated analytical system has been implemented for the high-throughput optimization of processing conditions such as curing parameters in fabrication of UV-cured automotive organic protective coatings. Selection of optimum process conditions of combinatorial arrays of coatings is essential to correlate the high-throughput screening and conventional processes and to achieve the desired physical properties of coatings. For monitoring of curing conditions of each coating in the array, a viscosity-sensitive fluorophore 4,4'-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)stilbene was incorporated into coating formulations. This fluorescence tagging approach permitted us to combine a gradient temperature heater and a UV curing system with the full capabilities of our high-throughput screening system, including generation of spectroscopic data and its analysis. This investigation demonstrated the possibility of rapid decoupling of temperature and radiation effects in curing of UV-curable coating formulations by using multiple coatings and process conditions at once. While the system described here was implemented for high-throughput optimization of temperature conditions of radiation curing of arrays of organic protective coatings for automotive applications, this system can be further applied for a variety of other applications where optimization of process parameters can be studied in situ or off-line using optical spectroscopic tools.
The effects of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors in men with "normal" erectile function. (2004)

The high-density tissue microarray (TMA) was developed by Kononen and colleagues1 for the purpose of rapidly analyzing a large number of samples with either in situ or immunohistochemical methods on a single slide. The technique involves taking core tissue biopsies (diameter, 0.6 mm; height, 3–4 mm) from individual “donor” paraffin-embedded tumor blocks and arraying them in a new “recipient” paraffin block (45 × 20 mm) using a custom-built instrument. Using 0.6-mm cores while preserving the histologic information allows as many as 1000 specimens to be arrayed in a single recipient block (single slide) with minimal damage to the original tissue blocks. Up to 200 consecutive tissue sections (4–8 μm) can be cut onto individual slides from each block array. Serial sectioning of the blocks allows rapid, parallel analyses of the arrayed tumor punches by several methods, including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and RNA/RNA in situ hybridization.

The major advantage of TMA is that analysis of tumors from many different patients with different stages of disease can be performed simultaneously. This not only saves considerable time but also dramatically reduces expenditure and improves intra-sample testing reliability. However, the major drawback of this technique is that, because of the small punch size, TMAs may not demonstrate tumor heterogeneity, which can commonly be estimated in whole section mounts. Therefore, the choice of the tumor area is pivotal and, in the case of widely heterogeneous tumor, numerous punches may be necessary. The following studies report on the use and limitations of TMAs in prostate cancer research.
Negative Regulation of Cdc18 DNA Replication Protein by Cdc2 (1998)

Fission yeast Cdc18, a homologue of Cdc6 in budding yeast and metazoans, is periodically expressed during the S phase and required for activation of replication origins. Cdc18 overexpression induces DNA rereplication without mitosis, as does elimination of Cdc2-Cdc13 kinase during G2 phase. These findings suggest that illegitimate activation of origins may be prevented through inhibition of Cdc18 by Cdc2. Consistent with this hypothesis, we report that Cdc18 interacts with Cdc2 in association with Cdc13 and Cig2 B-type cyclins in vivo. Cdc18 is phosphorylated by the associated Cdc2 in vitro. Mutation of a single phosphorylation site, T104A, activates Cdc18 in the rereplication assay. The cdc18-K9 mutation is suppressed by a cig2 mutation, providing genetic evidence that Cdc2-Cig2 kinase inhibits Cdc18. Moreover, constitutive expression of Cig2 prevents rereplication in cells lacking Cdc13. These findings identify Cdc18 as a key target of Cdc2-Cdc13 and Cdc2-Cig2 kinases in the mechanism that limits chromosomal DNA replication to once per cell cycle.
Fucoidan from Laminaria cichorioides inhibits AP‐1 transactivation and cell transformation in the mouse epidermal JB6 cells (2008)

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds, has anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities. Unlike heparine, fucoidan is known to exhibit anticarcinogenic activities. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the chemopreventive activities of fucoidan are not understood. Here we report that fucoidan from Laminaria cichorioides inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced neoplastic cell transformation, but had less cytotoxic effects on JB6 mouse epidermal cells. The EGF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and c-Jun was inhibited by fucoidan, resulting from the inhibition of phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Fucoidan dose-dependently attenuated the c-fos or c-jun transcriptional activity, and thereby inhibited the associated activator protein-1 (AP-1) transactivation activity. In vitro binding assay revealed that fucoidan directly interacted with EGF, suggested that antitumor promoting effect of fucoidan might be due to preventing the binding of EGF to its cell surface receptor (EGFR). These findings are the first to reveal a molecular basis for the anticarcinogenic action of fucoidan and may partially account for the reported chemopreventive effects of brown seaweeds.
The Drosophila Gene brainiac Encodes a Glycosyltransferase Putatively Involved in Glycosphingolipid Synthesis (2002)

The Drosophila genes fringe and brainiac exhibit sequence similarities to glycosyltransferases. Drosophila and mammalian fringe homologs encode UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:fucose-O-Ser beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases that modulate the function of Notch family receptors. The biological function of brainiac is less well understood. brainiac is a member of a large homologous mammalian beta3-glycosyltransferase family with diverse functions. Eleven distinct mammalian homologs have been demonstrated to encode functional enzymes forming beta1-3 glycosidic linkages with different UDP donor sugars and acceptor sugars. The putative mammalian homologs with highest sequence similarity to brainiac encode UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (beta3GlcNAc-transferases), and in the present study we show that brainiac also encodes a beta3GlcNAc-transferase that uses beta-linked mannose as well as beta-linked galactose as acceptor sugars. The inner disaccharide core structures of glycosphingolipids in mammals (Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-Cer) and insects (Manbeta1-4Glcbeta1-Cer) are different. Both disaccharide glycolipids served as substrates for brainiac, but glycolipids of insect cells have so far only been found to be based on the GlcNAcbeta1-3Manbeta1-4Glcbeta1-Cer core structure. Infection of High Five(TM) cells with baculovirus containing full coding brainiac cDNA markedly increased the ratio of GlcNAcbeta1-3Manbeta1-4Glcbeta1-Cer glycolipids compared with Galbeta1-4Manbeta1-4Glcbeta1-Cer found in wild type cells. We suggest that brainiac exerts its biological functions by regulating biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids.
Effects of Cav3.2 channel mutations linked to idiopathic generalized epilepsy (2005)

Heron and colleagues (Ann Neurol 2004;55:595-596) identified three missense mutations in the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel gene (CACNA1H) in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. None of the variants were associated with a specific epilepsy phenotype and were not found in patients with juvenile absence epilepsy or childhood absence epilepsy. Here, we introduced and functionally characterized these three mutations using transiently expressed human Cav3.2 channels. Two of the mutations exhibited functional changes that are consistent with increased channel function. Taken together, these findings along with previous reports, strongly implicate CACNA1H as a susceptibility gene in complex idiopathic generalized epilepsy.
Controlling multidomain states to enable sub-10-nm magnetic force microscopy (2008)

The letter reports experimental data to demonstrate magnetic force microscopy (MFM) with sub-10-nm resolution under ambient conditions. To achieve this record high resolution, multidomain states in a nanomagnetic probe were controlled. Two demagnetized (multidomain) FePt (45/55) films sputtered on a silicon probe and separated by an 8 nm thick MgO layer were further annealed at temperature of 650 °C to trigger the high-anisotropy L10 phase. A field of above 2 T was applied to drive the probes into a saturated “single-domain” state. The multidomain probes were equivalently compared with state-of-the-art conventional MFM probes via comparative imaging of benchmark magnetic recording disks.