gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
False data injection attacks against state estimation in electronic power grids (2009)

A power grid is a complex system connecting electric power generators to consumers through power transmission and distribution networks across a large geographical area.System monitoring is necessary to ensure the reliable operation of power grids, and state estimation is used in system monitoring to best estimate the power grid state through analysis of meter measurements and power system models.Various techniques have been developed to detect and identify bad measurements, including the interacting bad measurements introduced by arbitrary, nonrandom causes.At first glance, it seems that these techniques can also defeat malicious measurements injected by attackers, since such malicious measurements can be considered as interacting bad measurements.In this paper, we present a new class of attacks, called false data injection attacks, against state estimation in electric power grids.We show that an attacker can take advantage of the configuration of a power system to launch such attacks to successfully bypass the existing techniques for bad measurement detection.Moreover, we look at two realistic attack scenarios, in which the attacker is either constrained to some specific meters (due to the physical protection of the meters), or limited in the resources required to compromise meters.We show that the attacker can systematically and efficiently construct attack vectors in both scenarios, which can not only change the results of state estimation, but also modify the results in a predicted way.We demonstrate the success of these attacks through simulation using the IEEE 9-bus, 14-bus, 30-bus, 118-bus, and 300-bus systems.Our results indicate that security protection of the electric power grid must be revisited when there are potentially malicious attacks.
Application of Hot-Pressed Ge-Crystal Monochromators for Reactor-Based Neutron Beam Experiments (2011)

A renewed Ge-crystal monochromator was installed in a neutron spectrometer at JRR-3. The beam size at the sample position is vertically about 1.5 times as large as before, while the neutron luminosity is unchanged. Well-collimated, monochromatic beams with quite different incident energy ( E i ) are available through a slight rotation in the monochromator-crystal angle by making use of discrete Bragg reflections of Ge. The ability of inelastic-neutron-scattering measurements is examined through observation of magnetic Brillouin scattering with extremely high resolution and with a supplementary use of two E i s.
Overview for the Second Shared Task on Language Identification in Code-Switched Data (2016)

Giovanni Molina, Fahad AlGhamdi, Mahmoud Ghoneim, Abdelati Hawwari, Nicolas Rey-Villamizar, Mona Diab, Thamar Solorio. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Approaches to Code Switching. 2016.
Direct inhibition of rat testicular androgen biosynthesis by arginine vasotocin. Studies on mechanisms of action. (1982)

The mechanisms of the direct antigonadal action of arginine vasotocin (AVT) were investigated in vitro in a primary culture of testis cells from adult hypophysectomized rats.Treatment with AVT did not affect testosterone production, while treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) led to 30-80-fold increases in testosterone production.In contrast, concomitant treatment with increasing concentrations of AVT led to a dose-dependent inhibition of the hCG-stimulated accumulation of testosterone (median effective dose = 6.3 & 0.3 X 10"' M).This inhibitory effect of AVT was partially reversible upon removal of the hormone.Arginine vasopressin and lysine vasopressin also inhibited hCG-stimulated androgen biosynthesis but 16 other peptides were without effect.Treatment with AVT did not interfere with the binding of hCG to its receptors and was not associated with alterations in the total cell number, cell viability, cellular DNA, or protein content.In contrast, AVT inhibited N6,02"dibutyryl adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate-stimulated accumulation of testosterone, suggesting that AVT may act a t steps distal to CAMP formation.Measurement of the steroid precursors of testosterone indicated that concomitant treatment with AVT inhibited the hCG-stimulated accumulation of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone (67% reduction) and androstenedione (87% reduction) but increased pregnenolone (3.5-fold) and progesterone (9.6-fold) production.Provision of exogenous progesterone or 17a-hydroxyprogesterone increased androgen production but failed to overcome the AVT-induced inhibition of the accumulation of testosterone and androstenedione.Thus, the inhibitory effect of AVT on testicular androgen biosynthesis is due, at least in part, to selective suppression of the enzymes 17a-hydroxylase and 17-20 desmolase.Arginine vasotocin, the most primitive neurohypophysial hormone of the vertebrates (1, 2) and one that has been
Layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of polar MgO (111) films with atomically flat surfaces (2011)

We have succeeded in layer-by-layer epitaxial growth of MgO (111) films using single-crystalline NiO buffer films by pulsed laser deposition along the [111] polar growth direction despite a strong electrostatic instability. Layer-by-layer growth was clearly observed up to ~ 10 MgO layers with monolayer step and terrace structure. Further thicker films of 10 - 500 MgO layer present the root mean square surface roughness as small as ~ 0.2 nm with high crystalline quality comparable to the single-crystal NiO buffer layers although the step and terrace structure disappeared. Transmission electron microscopy study indicates formation of an atomic smooth MgO/NiO interface although low-quality domains with dislocations and strains and high-quality domains coexisted in the regin away from the interface. Thus the electrostatic instability of thicker MgO films induced the switching from layer-by-layer to three dimensional growth mode by introducing the double domain structures.
On the cryptocomplexity of knapsack systems (1979)

A recent trend in cryptographic systems is to base their encryption/decryption functions on NP-complete problems, and in particular on the knapsack problem. To analyze the security of these systems, we need a complexity theory which is less worst-case oriented and which takes into account the extra conditions imposed on the problems to make them cryptographically useful. In this paper we consider the two classes of one-to-one and onto knapsack systems, analyze the complexity of recognizing them and of solving their instances, introduce a new complexity measure (median complexity), and show that this complexity is inversely proportional to the density of the knapsack system. The tradeoff result is based on a fast probabilistic knapsack solving algorithm which is applicable only to one-to-one systems, and it indicates that knapsack-based cryptographic systems in which one can both encrypt and sign messages are relatively insecure. We end the paper with new results about the security of some specific knapsack systems.
Mesoangioblasts at 20: From the embryonic aorta to the patient bed (2023)

In 2002 we published an article describing a population of vessel-associated progenitors that we termed mesoangioblasts (MABs). During the past decade evidence had accumulated that during muscle development and regeneration things may be more complex than a simple sequence of binary choices (e.g., dorsal vs. ventral somite). LacZ expressing fibroblasts could fuse with unlabelled myoblasts but not among themselves or with other cell types. Bone marrow derived, circulating progenitors were able to participate in muscle regeneration, though in very small percentage. Searching for the embryonic origin of these progenitors, we identified them as originating at least in part from the embryonic aorta and, at later stages, from the microvasculature of skeletal muscle. While continuing to investigate origin and fate of MABs, the fact that they could be expanded <i>in vitro</i> (also from human muscle) and cross the vessel wall, suggested a protocol for the cell therapy of muscular dystrophies. We tested this protocol in mice and dogs before proceeding to the first clinical trial on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients that showed safety but minimal efficacy. In the last years, we have worked to overcome the problem of low engraftment and tried to understand their role as auxiliary myogenic progenitors during development and regeneration.
Supplementary Figure from Patients with Rare Cancers in the Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP) Benefit from Genomics-Guided Treatment (2023)

Supplementary Figure from Patients with Rare Cancers in the Drug Rediscovery Protocol (DRUP) Benefit from Genomics-Guided Treatment
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine Alkylenes. Part 49. Organoboron Compounds. Part 2. Preparation, Structure, and Reactions of Lithium (Cyano( triphenylphosphoranylidene)methyl)trihydroborate(‐1). (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Approximation Algorithms for the Feedback Vertex Set Problem with Applications to Constraint Satisfaction and Bayesian Inference (1998)

A feedback vertex set of an undirected graph is a subset of vertices that intersects with the vertex set of each cycle in the graph. Given an undirected graph G with n vertices and weights on its vertices, polynomial-time algorithms are provided for approximating the problem of finding a feedback vertex set of G with smallest weight. When the weights of all vertices in G are equal, the performance ratio attained by these algorithms is 4-(2/n). This improves a previous algorithm which achieved an approximation factor of $O(\sqrt{\log n})$ for this case. For general vertex weights, the performance ratio becomes $\min\{2\Delta^2, 4 \log_2 n\}$ where $\Delta$ denotes the maximum degree in G. For the special case of planar graphs this ratio is reduced to 10. An interesting special case of weighted graphs where a performance ratio of 4-(2/n) is achieved is the one where a prescribed subset of the vertices, so-called blackout vertices, is not allowed to participate in any feedback vertex set. It is shown how these algorithms can improve the search performance for constraint satisfaction problems. An application in the area of Bayesian inference of graphs with blackout vertices is also presented.
Sintering of calcium oxide (CaO) during CO2 chemisorption: a reactive molecular dynamics study (2012)

Reactive dynamics simulations with the reactive force field (ReaxFF) were performed in NVE ensembles to study the sintering of two solid calcium oxide (CaO) particles with and without CO(2) chemisorption. The simulated sintering conditions included starting adsorption temperatures at 1000 K and 1500 K and particle separation distances of 0.3 and 0.5 nm. The results revealed that the expansion of sorbent particles during CO(2) chemisorption was attributed to the sintering of two CaO-CaO particles. Increasing the adsorption temperature resulted in more particle expansion and sintering. The shorter the distance between two particles, the faster the rate of sintering during CO(2) adsorption. A detailed analysis on atom spatial variations revealed that the sorbent particles with a larger separation distance had a larger CO(2) uptake because of less sintering incurred. The chemisorptions of CO(2) on CaO particles sintered at high adsorption temperatures were also simulated to mimic the process of sorbent regeneration. It was found that regeneration would be more difficult for sintered particles than for fresh particles. In addition, a possible sintering barrier, magnesium oxide (MgO), was introduced to prevent CaO particles from sintering during CO(2) chemisorption. It was found that the MgO particles could reduce the sintering of CaO particles during CO(2) chemisorption. Simulation results from this study provided some guidelines on synthesizing or selecting sorbents with less sintering effect for multiple CO(2) adsorption-regeneration cycles.
Long‐Range Correlations between Aliphatic 13C Nuclei in Protein MAS NMR Spectroscopy (2009)

Highly efficient polarization transfer can be achieved in the magic-angle spinning NMR analysis of proteins by the combination of 13C labeling at alternating positions and band-selective radio-frequency-driven recoupling (BASE RFDR), a pulse scheme aimed at exploiting the bandwidth selectivity and favorable effects of weak 13C radio-frequency irradiation to reintroduce the homonuclear dipolar interactions between distant nuclei. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Use of bias sputtering to enhance decoupling in oxide composite perpendicular recording media (2007)

The effects of substrate bias on two types of oxide composite perpendicular recording media CoCrPt–SiO2 and FePt–MgO were investigated. The use of substrate bias greatly modified the thin film microstructure and resulted in the enhanced grain decoupling in the films. The growth characteristics due to preferential resputtering were interpreted to arise mainly from weak surface bonding to the growing films for nontextured growth, combined with strong cohesion for the textured growth.
Low power bank-based multi-port SRAM design due to bank standby mode (2004)

A low power multi-port SRAM design method based on banks switchable between active and standby mode is described. Speed decrease is prevented by use of an access method with hidden precharge-time. More than 56% power reduction can be achieved when 64 banks are used to implement a 4-port SRAM. A 4 kB SRAM with 4 ports and 16 banks has been designed and fabricated for verification.
Delivery of therapeutic levels of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin through a pulmonary route (2004)

Although heparin and low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) have been widely used clinically as anticoagulants, their broader use has been limited by the lack of noninvasive delivery methods for this class of molecules. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient, rapid, and reproducible delivery system for heparin through the lungs that is not confined to particles of a certain geometric or aerodynamic diameter. Importantly, blood levels after intrapulmonary administration of either heparin or LMWH were comparable to that of s.c. administration but are characterized by a more rapid onset of action (t(1/2) = 40 min vs. 2.5 h, respectively). Furthermore, we show in animal models, that inhaled heparin species efficiently inhibit diseases such as thrombosis and emphysema, and that the repetitive inhalation of formulated LMWH results in no observable toxicity from the delivery of reproducible systemic levels of heparin or LMWH.
p56lck plays a key role in transducing apoptotic signals in T cells (1995)

The CD4 receptor synergizes with the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) in helper T-cell activation. However CD4 cross-linking in the absence of simultaneous TCR engagement leaves the cells primed to activation dependent apoptosis. To assess the role of the CD4 associated protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in CD4 priming to apoptosis we have constructed Jurkat T-cell lines stably transfected with a constitutively active form of p56lck. These cells were constitutively primed to undergo apoptosis upon TCR crosslinking with specific antibodies. In addition the Jurkat JCaM1 line, which is defective for p56lck expression, was resistant to TCR induced apoptosis. These data indicate that p56lck is required for T-cell apoptosis and that CD4 priming of T-cells for antigen dependent apoptosis is due to inappropriate or partial activation of the p56lck signal transduction pathway.
Neuroform stent deployment for treatment of a basilar tip aneurysm via a posterior communicating artery route. (2006)

Coiling of a wide-necked basilar tip aneurysm can be accomplished in selected cases by placing a single Neuroform stent horizontally across the aneurysm neck via a posterior communicating artery approach rather than by placing 2 stents in a Y configuration via a basilar artery approach.
Conversion of mRNA into Double‐Stranded cDNA (1995)

Enzymatic conversion of mRNA into double-stranded insert DNA can be accomplished by a number of different procedures. All of them involve the action of reverse transcriptase and oligonucleotide-primed synthesis of cDNA. After that, the procedures in common use diverge considerably. There are a number of methods for synthesizing the second strand and several procedures for producing suitable ends for making clonable DNA. The major goals of these procedures are to construct insert DNA that is as long as possible, with a high yield of conversion of mRNA into DNA that can ligate to vector DNA. The following protocols require only commercially available reagents and are usually successful in producing good cDNA libraries. The basic protocol describes a method for making blunt-ended cDNA that can then be ligated to linkers for subsequent cloning into a unique restriction site such as EcoRI. The Alternate Protocol is a variation that requires fewer enzymatic manipulations and allows construction of directional cDNA libraries, which are particularly desirable when the goal is to generate expression cDNA libraries. The Alternate Protocol takes advantage of a linker-primer consisting of (in order from 3' to 5') an oligo(dT) primer, a restriction site for the XhoI endonuclease, and a (GA)20 repeat to protect the restriction site during generation of the blunt-ended cDNA. The internal XhoI sites on the individual cDNA molecules are protected by incorporation of 5-methyl-dCTP in the first-strand nucleotide mix. The resulting cDNAs having unique ends can be cloned into EcoRI/XhoI-digested vectors after ligation of EcoRI adaptors to the 5' end and digestion by XhoI to release the 3' XhoI sites that were incorporated into the cDNA by the linker-primer. These changes result in a considerably streamlined procedure that is substantially faster and easier than the basic protocol.
Multicanonical Monte-Carlo simulations of light propagation in biological media (2005)

Monte-Carlo simulation is an important tool in the field of biomedical optics, but suffers from significant computational expense. In this paper, we present the multicanonical Monte-Carlo (MMC) method for improving the efficiency of classical Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in biological media. The MMC is an adaptive importance sampling technique that iteratively equilibrates at the optimal importance distribution with little (if any) a priori knowledge of how to choose and bias the importance proposal distribution. We illustrate the efficiency of this method by evaluating the probability density function (pdf) for the radial distance of photons exiting from a semi-infinite homogeneous tissue as well as the pdf for the maximum penetration depth of photons propagating in an inhomogeneous tissue. The results agree very well with diffusion theory as well as classical Monte-Carlo simulations. A six to sevenfold improvement in computational time is achieved by the MMC algorithm in calculating pdf values as low as 10(-8). This result suggests that the MMC method can be useful in efficiently studying numerous applications of light propagation in complex biological media where the remitted photon yield is low.
Development of resistance spot welding technology applying multi-stage adaptive control for narrow pitch spot welding (2019)

Narrow pitch spot welding causes decrease in nugget diameter due to shunting to existing- welds under conventional resistance spot welding. This study aims to develop new resistance spot welding technology for ensuring required nugget diameter regardless of weld spacing. Adaptive control based on real-time feedback of heat quantity was applied for welding of mild steel sheets. However, expulsion occurred from steel sheet surface around the contact edge with electrode when weld spacing was shortened to 10 mm. To solve this problem, a new adaptive control method was developed. The method includes 2-stage adaptive control, in which heat quantity is controlled independently in each stage to obtain proper nugget diameter. It is eﬀective to set relatively low heat quantity compared to conventional method in the 1st stage to ensure current pass between steel sheets, and then to apply enough current-ﬂow to obtain proper nugget diameter in the 2nd stage. This method can decrease shunt current ﬂow to existing welds, and excess increase in welding current and over-heating around contact edge with an electrode was suppressed. Appropriate nugget diameter can be consequently ensured without expulsion from steel sheet surface even with 10 mm weld spacing.
An anomalous downsizing of glycothermally-synthesized YBO3 crystals by Ce3+ doping (2013)

We have systematically investigated the effects of rare-earth doping on the size and morphology of YBO3 crystals prepared by a glycothermal method. Spheroidal particles of YBO3 crystals doped with 1 at% of various rare-earth ions are prepared from trimethyl borate and acetates of rare-earths via a glycothermal reaction at 300 °C for 2 h in 1,4-butanediol. Ce3+-doped YBO3 shows remarkably small particles of ~180 nm in diameter, while undoped and other rare-earth-doped YBO3 consist of spheroidal particles of ~1 μm in diameter. This downsizing phenomenon for Ce3+-doped YBO3 is attributed to neither local lattice distortions nor surface adsorbed species. The downsizing is also observed when other cerium compounds, i.e., cerium nitrate, chloride, acetylacetonato, and oxide, are used as a cerium source. Investigation on the crystal growth process of Ce3+-doped YBO3 reveals that cerium ions promote the nucleation of YBO3 crystals at the early stage of the reaction, resulting in small particles.
Potential of protein OprF of Pseudomonas in bivalent vaccines. (1997)

Outer membrane protein OprF is the major outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and has been expressed to a similar high level in Escherichia coli from the cloned gene. It contains conserved surface epitopes, and antibodies against these epitopes can protect mice from P. aeruginosa infections. To develop the oprF gene as a carrier for foreign epitopes, linker insertion mutagenesis has been performed to introduce 12 nucleotide inserts marked by a unique PstI site. Nine such sites can accept and express a foreign epitope within the surface loop regions of OprF on the surface of E. coli. The antigenicity at a given insertion site, and the influence of the length of a model repeating malarial epitope on antigenicity, have been shown to be site-specific and apparently dependent on the nature of the surrounding amino acids at the insertion site. Immunization of mice with OprF containing a highly antigenic inserted epitope led to an epitope-specific antibody response. These data suggest that OprF has potential for use as a carrier for foreign epitopes.