gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Enhancers (Nootropics). Part 3: Drugs Interacting with Targets other than Receptors or Enzymes. Disease-modifying Drugs (2013)

Cognitive enhancers (nootropics) are drugs to treat cognition deficits in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, stroke, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or aging. Cognition refers to a capacity for information processing, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. It involves memory, attention, executive functions, perception, language, and psychomotor functions. The term nootropics was coined in 1972 when memory enhancing properties of piracetam were observed in clinical trials. In the meantime, hundreds of drugs have been evaluated in clinical trials or in preclinical experiments. To classify the compounds, a concept is proposed assigning drugs to 19 categories according to their mechanism(s) of action, in particular drugs interacting with receptors, enzymes, ion channels, nerve growth factors, re-uptake transporters, antioxidants, metal chelators, and disease modifying drugs, meaning small molecules, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies interacting with amyloid-β and tau. For drugs, whose mechanism of action is not known, they are either classified according to structure, e.g., peptides, or their origin, e.g., natural products. The review covers the evolution of research in this field over the last 25 years.
Anaerobic Respiration on Self‐Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Impact of Chemical Structure (2017)

We probe anaerobic respiration of bacteria in the presence of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs). Three different CPEs were used to probe how structural variations impact biocurrent generation from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. For the self-doped anionic CPE only, absorption spectroscopy shows that the addition of S. oneidensis MR-1 leads to the disappearance of the polaron (radical cation) band at >900 nm and an increase in the band at 735 nm due to the neutral species, consistent with electron transfer from microbe to polymer. Microbial three-electrode electrochemical cells (M3Cs) show an increase in the current generated by S. oneidensis MR-1 with addition of the self-doped CPE relative to other CPEs and controls. These experiments combined with in situ cyclic voltammetry suggest that the doped CPE facilitates electron transport to electrodes and reveal structure-function relationships relevant to developing materials for biotic/abiotic interfaces.
Acid-base and tautomeric equilibriums in the solid state: nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy of histidine and imidazole (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-base and tautomeric equilibriums in the solid state: nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy of histidine and imidazoleM. Munowitz, W. W. Bachovchin, J. Herzfeld, C. M. Dobson, and R. G. GriffinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 5, 1192–1196Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00369a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00369a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views595Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Approaching Theoretical Performances of Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Generation by Cobalt‐Nitrogen Moieties (2023)

Abstract Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been intensively studied for environmentally benign applications. However, insufficient understanding of ORR 2 e − ‐pathway mechanism at the atomic level inhibits rational design of catalysts with both high activity and selectivity, causing concerns including catalyst degradation due to Fenton reaction or poor efficiency of H 2 O 2 electrosynthesis. Herein we show that the generally accepted ORR electrocatalyst design based on a Sabatier volcano plot argument optimises activity but is unable to account for the 2 e − ‐pathway selectivity. Through electrochemical and operando spectroscopic studies on a series of CoN x /carbon nanotube hybrids, a construction‐driven approach based on an extended “dynamic active site saturation” model that aims to create the maximum number of 2 e − ORR sites by directing the secondary ORR electron transfer towards the 2 e − intermediate is proven to be attainable by manipulating O 2 hydrogenation kinetics.
Periodically poled lithium niobate optical parametric amplifiers pumped by high-power passively Q-switched microchip lasers (1997)

High-power passively Q-switched microchip lasers produce 157-muJ pulses of 1-ns duration in a single-frequency, diffraction-limited output beam. The unfocused 1.064-mum output of these devices has been used to drive periodically poled lithium niobate optical parametric amplifiers at wavelengths between 1.4 and 4.3 mum . With a peak conversion efficiency of nearly 100%, these devices generate 100-kW, subnanosecond pulses in the mid IR, with a beam quality that is better than two times diffraction limited.
Plasmon‐Mediated Synthesis of Silver Cubes with Unusual Twinning Structures Using Short Wavelength Excitation (2013)

The plasmon-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is a versatile synthetic method which leverages the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of nanoscale silver to generate particles with non-spherical shapes and control over dimensions. Herein, a method is reported for controlling the twinning structure of silver nanoparticles, and consequently their shape, via the plasmon-mediated synthesis, solely by varying the excitation wavelength between 400, 450, and 500 nm, which modulates the rate of Ag⁺ reduction. Shorter, higher energy excitation wavelengths lead to faster rates of reaction, which in turn yield structures containing a greater number of twin boundaries. With this method, silver cubes can be synthesized using 450 nm excitation, which represents the first time this shape has been realized by a plasmon-mediated synthetic approach. In addition, these cubes contain an unusual twinning structure composed of two intersecting twin boundaries or multiple parallel twin boundaries. With respect to their twinning structure, these cubes fall between planar-twinned and multiply twinned nanoparticles, which are synthesized using 500 and 400 nm excitation, respectively.
Telebiometric information security and safety management (2013)

Organizations that rely on human-oriented technologies such as telebiometrics should protect and manage the safety and security of their physical and information assets. Data that documents the safe and secure operation of telebiometric system devices should be collected and captured in an information security and safety event journal. Event journal data provides an audit trail that should be protected using digital signatures, encryption and other safeguards. A system heartbeat record should document and monitor the safety, performance, and availability of telebiometric system devices and alert system administrators to security and safety events and changes. Heartbeat data should provide metrics that inform the continuous improvement of a telebiometric information security and safety management program. A signcryption cryptographic message wrapper should protect event journal, biometric reference template, and other telebiometric information to promote user security and respect for user privacy rights.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinone Methide Intermediates in Organic Photochemistry (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Critical Role of STAT3 in IL-6–Mediated Drug Resistance in Human Neuroblastoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 3 - PDF file 455K, A. CHLA-255 cells were cultures alone or in the presence of sIL-6R (25ng/mL) or IL-6 (10 ng/mL) before being treated with etoposide as indicated in Figure 3. After 24 hours, cells were examined for Annexin V expression by Flow cytometry. The data represents the mean percent of Annexin V positive cells from triplicate samples. B. CHLA-255 and human monocytes were co-cultured as described in figure 6E. Cells were then separated by flow cytometry using anti-GD2 antibody (CHLA-255) and an anti-CD14 (monocytes) and examined for nuclear pSTAT3 by flow cytometry. C. Increased expression of in bone marrow samples from patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Paraffin-embedded sections of bone marrow biopsies stained by immunohistochemistry of patients without (Left panel) and with (Right panel) tumor cells (scale bar = 50 �m). Increased expression of pSTAT3 and survivin (top) and Bcl-xL (bottom) in bone marrow samples from patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Left panel, Representative paraffin-embedded sections of bone marrow biopsies from patients, stained by immunohistochemistry for pSTAT3 and survivin of Bcl-xL as indicated in Materials and Methods (scale bar = 50 �m). Right panel, The graph represents the mean number (�SD) of pSTAT3 and survivin positive cells in five 40x fields examined in bone marrow without (n=5) and with (n=5) tumor cells&lt;/p&gt;
Review of Grid Stability Assessment Based on AI and a New Concept of Converter-Dominated Power System State of Stability Assessment (2023)

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly used for power system stability assessment due to its fast evaluation speed compared to conventional time-domain methods. This article reviews four types of classic grid stability assessment methods based on AI in the recent literature first, where different AI algorithms from the literature are summarized and compared. Moreover, as the number of power converters using grid forming control intensively increases in the modern system, the influence of the converter parameters on grid stability needs to be investigated. In this context, the concept of the converter-dominated power system state of stability (CDPS-SOS) assessment based on AI is qualitatively discussed. The CDPS-SOS assessment can reveal the system stability margin by considering the converter control parameters and grid bus voltages. Overall, this article aims to give an overview of AI-based stability assessment for the traditional grid and to provide a new stability assessment concept and inspiration for solving the challenges of future converter-dominated grids.
The 64th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2020)

First Page
Band-Diagram Framework for Materials Development in Cation Intercalation Charge Storage (2016)

The next generation of batteries may employ ionic liquid or solid electrolytes with stability windows of more than 6 volts, and migrate from lithium ion chemistries to more earth-abundant cations such as sodium, potassium, or magnesium ions. In this work, we apply new theoretical and experimental approaches to lithium ion battery cathode materials to gain insight into the requisite properties for electrode materials in next-generation batteries, with particular emphasis on spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ). Nanoscale spinel LiMn 2 O 4 is of interest as a high-rate cathode material for advanced battery technologies among other electrochemical applications. We first demonstrate the synthesis of ultrathin films of spinel LiMn 2 O 4 between 20 and 200 nm in thickness by room-temperature electrochemical conversion of MnO grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Next, we investigate the charge storage properties of LiMn 2 O 4 thin films in electrolytes containing Li + with Na + , K + , and Mg 2+ . Using a coupled electrochemical and band structure analysis of LiMn 2 O 4 informed by screened hybrid density functional theory calculations we identify new features of the charge storage properties and stability of LiMn 2 O 4 . The accuracy and predictive power of this theoretical framework to determine the equilibrium potential(s) for charge-transfer in intercalated compounds is validated by comparison with experimental results. Furthermore, our CV experiments demonstrate that for sweep rates between 1 and 400 mV/s, up to 30% of the capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 arises from bulk electronic charge-switching which does not require compensating cation mass transport. The hybrid ALD-electrochemical synthesis, coupled electrochemical and electronic structure analysis, and unique charge storage mechanism we describe provide a fundamental framework to guide the development of future nanoscale electrode materials for ion-incorporation charge storage. Figure 1
Two-Stage Lane Keeping Control Algorithm for Lane Sensing Inaccuracy Handling (2013)

The Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) system is a safety feature that applies an automatic steering torque to the vehicle steering system to keep the subject vehicle in its lane. Like many other active safety systems, the LKA systems may often experience a performance issue in real road situations. The common LKA performance issues are mainly due to poor quality of the front camera’s curvature data and sudden drops of camera’s detection range. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes a two-stage lane keeping control. In this approach, the LKA has two independent algorithms running with a coordination. In the coordination layer, the secondary lane keeping (LK) control has the authority to override the primary LK control if the primary LK fails to maintain the subject vehicle in the current lane due to the above issues. The key aspect of this system is the accurate timing of the secondary LK’s override over the primary LK. The coordination logic between the primary and the secondary LK control, and smooth transition between the controls are also important performance measures. The determination algorithm of the LK initiation and termination plays a key role in achieving the objectives of LKA fail handling. This paper describes these algorithms as well as the path planning and the steering control algorithms. Several vehicle tests were carried out on curved roads. The results show successful and smooth transition from the primary to the secondary LK layer.
Relationship between Dynamic Contact Resistance and Weldability of Can Materials. (1996)

Amethod of evaluating the continuity of the weld nugget in mash seam can body welding was developed. In this method, the change in electric resistance at the interface between the materials is measured with a rectangular current pulse during spot welding. Weldability is affected by the difference in the initial and final material interface resistance and by the rate of increase in interface resistance. Materials which have a wide welding current range in mash seam welding show lower initial and higher final interface resistance. Increasing the welding electrode force, which widens the welding current range in seam welding, reduces the rate of increase in interface resistance. These phenomena are attributed to the welding current path, which is affected by material interface electric resistance.
Identifying The Key Drivers Of The Lung Response To Inhaled Geogenic Dusts (2013)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aim&lt;/strong&gt;: To determine the key characteristics of inhaled geogenic PM10 (&lt;10 &amp;#956;m diameter particulate matter) that have the greatest impact on the lung.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: The PM10 fraction was extracted from surface soil samples from 4 communities across Western Australia. BALB/c mice were intranasally exposed to 100 &amp;#956;g of PM10. Control mice received 100 &amp;#956;g of polystyrene beads (2.5 &amp;#956;m) or vehicle alone. Mice were assessed for infl ammation (cellular infl ux, MIP-2, IL-6 and IL-1&amp;#946;), lung volume (plethysmography) and lung mechanics (forced oscillation technique) 6, 24 or 168 hours post exposure. The physical and chemical characteristics of the particles were assessed by cascade impactor and ICP-MS/OES, respectively. Principal component analyses of the outcome measures were used to construct lung impairment scores. Multivariatelinear regression models were then used to identify the characteristics of the particles driving the lung responses.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: Exposure to geogenic particles caused an acute infl ammatory response (6 hours), an acute impairment in lung mechanics (24 hours) and along term deficit in lung volume. Both the infl ammatory response and long term deficits in lung volume were associated with the concentration of Fe and variability in particle size (GSD) while the impairment in lung mechanics was associated with Fe and particle size (MMAD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: Despite the complex physico-chemical characteristics of geogenic dusts we were able to identify the concentration of Fe and physical dimensions of the particles as the key drivers of lung responses. Using these data we may be able to predict which communities are at greatest risk of adverse respiratory health due to high particle loads.&lt;/p&gt;
<title>Characterization of polymer composites during autoclave manufacturing by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy</title> (2001)

12 The superior engineering properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, primarily the high strength-to- weight ratio, make them suitable to applications ranging from sporting goods to aircraft components (e.g. helicopter blades). Unfortunately, consistent fabrication of components with desired mechanical properties has proven difficult, and has led to high production costs. This is largely due to the inability to monitor and control polymer cure, loosely defined as the process of polymer chain extension and cross- linking. Even with stringent process control, slight variations in the pre-polymer formulations (e.g. prepreg) can influence reaction rates, reaction mechanisms, and ultimately, product properties. In an effort to optimize the performance of thermoset composite, we have integrated fiber optic probes between the plies of laminates and monitored cure by Raman spectroscopy, with the eventual goal of process control. Here we present real-time measurements of two high performance aerospace companies cured within an industrial autoclave.
Functional Variants of the <emph type="ital">HMGA1</emph> Gene and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2011)

Compared with healthy controls, the presence of functional HMGA1 gene variants in individuals of white European ancestry was associated with type 2 DM.
Effects of structure on the optical and redox properties of the oligothiophene— Tetrathiafulvalene hybrid system (1994)

The optical properties of the oligothiophene–tetrathiafulvalene system are greatly affected by structural factors. An understanding of these, as presented here, is a first step towards reducing the band gap in thiophene oligomers and thus optimizing them for device applications. The effect of spacer length and the role of planarity and rigidity, for example of the syn conformation shown in the Figure, are investigated. magnified image
Molecular Characterization of Macbecin as an Hsp90 Inhibitor (2008)

Macbecin compares favorably to geldanamycin as an Hsp90 inhibitor, being more soluble, stable, more potently inhibiting ATPase activity (IC50 = 2 microM) and binding with higher affinity (Kd = 0.24 microM). Structural studies reveal significant differences in their Hsp90 binding characteristics, and macbecin-induced tumor cell growth inhibition is accompanied by characteristic degradation of Hsp90 client proteins. Macbecin significantly reduced tumor growth rates (minimum T/C: 32%) in a DU145 murine xenograft. Macbecin thus represents an attractive lead for further optimization.
Injury-independent induction of reactive gliosis in retina by loss of function of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 (2012)

Müller glia are the primary glial subtype in the retina and perform a wide range of physiological tasks in support of retinal function, but little is known about the transcriptional network that maintains these cells in their differentiated state. We report that selective deletion of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 from mature Müller glia leads to the induction of reactive retinal gliosis in the absence of injury. Furthermore, Lhx2 expression is also down-regulated in Prph2(Rd2/Rd2) animals immediately before the onset of reactive gliosis. Analysis of conditional Lhx2 knockouts showed that gliosis was hypertrophic but not proliferative. Aging of experimental animals demonstrated that constitutive reactive gliosis induced by deletion of Lhx2 reduced rates of ongoing apoptosis and compromised both rod and cone photoreceptor function. Additionally, these animals showed a dramatically reduced ability to induce expression of secreted neuroprotective factors and displayed enhanced rates of apoptosis in light-damage assays. We provide in vivo evidence that Lhx2 actively maintains mature Müller glia in a nonreactive state, with loss of function initiating a specific program of nonproliferative hypertrophic gliosis.
Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine (2020)

Treating COVID-19 with Chloroquine A novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged around December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly worldwide (Lu et al., 2020). Until March 27, 2020, the Chinese health authorities had reported 82082 confirmed COVID-19 cases in China with 3298 deaths and 381443 confirmed cases with 20787 deaths outside China. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus SARS-CoV-2, which belongs to a distinct clade from the human severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (Zhu et al., 2020). At present, there is no effective therapy against this new virus. Identifying effective antiviral agents to treat the COVID-19 is of most urgency.
Biological and biochemical criteria for the characterization of the transformed stage of BHK21 cells. (1979)

Some quantitative criteria for spontaneous and virus-induced transformation of BHK21 cells are described. The resistance to acid polysaccharides such as dextran sulphate in agarose medium is a characteristic shared by all tumorigenic clones. The increase in a high molecular weight integral membrane protein seems to be a biochemical feature correlated with this property.
Novel imaging biomarkers predict outcomes in stage III unresectable non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemoradiation and durvalumab (2022)

Tumor radiomics of pretreatment CT images from patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC were prognostic of PFS and OS to CRT followed by durvalumab IO and CRT alone.