gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An overview and comparison of various refrigeration methods for microelectronics cooling (2008)

Small-scale refrigerators, termed <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mesoscale</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">refrigerators</i> , are possible cooling solutions for high-power microelectronics. The performance of mesoscale refrigerators has not yet been experimentally demonstrated, although a recent theoretical model indicated that at temperatures near room temperature and above, a vapor compression refrigerator may compete successfully with a thermoelectric cooler having extremely high efficiency [1]. The present study proposes an overview and comparison between several alternative refrigeration methods used to actively cool the electronic components in a power microelectronics system. Three systems are evaluated, namely a miniaturized classical mechanical vapor compression system using an off-the-shelf compressor, a miniaturized system with ejector used for vapor compression, and finally a miniaturized refrigeration system with absorption, designed for similar cooling powers. The efficiency and COP of each system will be evaluated, together with associated reliability and cost related issues. The specifics of all proposed systems are based on the optimized performance of the miniaturized components of the various refrigeration systems, designed to fit the smaller scale power electronics populating a printed circuit board (PCB) in a high-power microelectronics system. For all designs, an array of micro-channels is used for vaporizer/condenser units. Several components of the refrigeration system are thermally evaluated for cooling powers ranging from 20- 100 W, with direct application to high power telecom units. Several advantages and/or disadvantages of these refrigeration-based cooling methods are highlighted. The study is concluded by identifying the pros and cons of implementing such systems to real-life microelectronics applications.
Multi-atlas image registration of clinical data with automated quality\n assessment using ventricle segmentation (2019)

Registration is a core component of many imaging pipelines. In case of\nclinical scans, with lower resolution and sometimes substantial motion\nartifacts, registration can produce poor results. Visual assessment of\nregistration quality in large clinical datasets is inefficient. In this work,\nwe propose to automatically assess the quality of registration to an atlas in\nclinical FLAIR MRI scans of the brain. The method consists of automatically\nsegmenting the ventricles of a given scan using a neural network, and comparing\nthe segmentation to the atlas' ventricles propagated to image space. We used\nthe proposed method to improve clinical image registration to a general atlas\nby computing multiple registrations and then selecting the registration that\nyielded the highest ventricle overlap. Methods were evaluated in a single-site\ndataset of more than 1000 scans, as well as a multi-center dataset comprising\n142 clinical scans from 12 sites. The automated ventricle segmentation reached\na Dice coefficient with manual annotations of 0.89 in the single-site dataset,\nand 0.83 in the multi-center dataset. Registration via age-specific atlases\ncould improve ventricle overlap compared to a direct registration to the\ngeneral atlas (Dice similarity coefficient increase up to 0.15). Experiments\nalso showed that selecting scans with the registration quality assessment\nmethod could improve the quality of average maps of white matter hyperintensity\nburden, instead of using all scans for the computation of the white matter\nhyperintensity map. In this work, we demonstrated the utility of an automated\ntool for assessing image registration quality in clinical scans. This image\nquality assessment step could ultimately assist in the translation of automated\nneuroimaging pipelines to the clinic.\n
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: expression as multiple forms in a dynamic, variably sized fraction of the clone (2003)

The degree of somatic mutation of immunoglobulin variable (Ig V) region genes is an important prognostic indicator of clinical course and outcome in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), although the reason for this association remains unclear. Furthermore, some B-CLL cells continue to acquire Ig V gene mutations after the transforming event. Because activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential component of the canonical somatic hypermutation process in healthy B cells, its expression in B-CLL is potentially relevant to the disease. We detected full-length AID transcripts and 3 splice variants by conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in approximately 40% of the cases examined. More sensitive real-time quantitative PCR detected AID transcripts in virtually all B-CLL samples tested, although the range of transcript levels was very large between different cases and varied within individual cases over time. Limiting dilution assays revealed that AID expression was restricted to a small fraction of the leukemic cells in the blood. However, this small fraction is not unique in its ability to express AID, because in vitro stimulation of B-CLL cells with appropriate stimuli significantly increased the fraction of AID-expressing cells. These data suggest that AID-mediated DNA alterations may occur in a variably sized, minor subset of B-CLL cells at any given time.
Kidney-Induced Hypertension Depends on Superoxide Signaling in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (2010)

Reactive oxygen species in peripheral cardiovascular tissues are implicated in the pathogenesis of 2 kidney-1 clip hypertension. We recently identified an imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and oxidant scavenging in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of 2 kidney-1 clip in rats. We tested whether enhanced superoxide signaling in RVLM of 2 kidney-1 clip rats contributes to the chronic hypertension via sympathetic activation in conscious rats. We enhanced superoxide scavenging in RVLM by overexpressing cytoplasmically targeted superoxide dismutase using an adenoviral vector (Ad-CMV-CuZnSOD) in Wistar rats (male, 150 to 180 g) in which the left renal artery was occluded partially 3 weeks earlier. Hypertension was documented using radiotelemetry recording of arterial pressure in conscious rats for 6 weeks. Renovascular hypertension elevated both serine phosphorylation of p47phox subunit of NADPH and superoxide levels in RVLM. The elevated superoxide levels were normalized by expression of CuZnSOD in RVLM. Moreover, the hypertension produced in the 2 kidney-1 clip rats was reversed 1 week after viral-mediated expression of CuZnSOD. This antihypertensive effect was maintained and associated with a decrease in the low-frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure variability, suggesting reduced sympathetic vasomotor tone. The expression of CuZnSOD was localized to RVLM neurons, of which some contained tyrosine hydroxylase. None of the above variables changed in control rats receiving Ad-CMV-eGFP in RVLM. In Goldblatt hypertension, superoxide signaling in the RVLM plays a major role in the generation of sympathetic vasomotor tone and the chronic sustained hypertension in this animal model.
Synthon Hierarchies in Crystal Forms Composed of Theophylline and Hydroxybenzoic Acids: Cocrystal Screening via Solution-Mediated Phase Transformation (2014)

Theophylline, a pharmaceutical model compound, was screened for cocrystal formation using nine (di)hydroxybenzoic acids as cocrystal formers, namely, 2-, 3-, 4-hydroxybenzoic- and 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids. The experiments were conducted using an efficient, reliable, and fast screening method based on thermodynamically driven solution-mediated phase transformation and revealed the formation of eight cocrystals and one salt. The theophylline-based solids were identified using powder and structurally characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained solids are sustained by theopylline-carboxylic acid heterosynthons, in addition to both theophylline and carboxylic acid homosynthons. The results are a part of a systematic study of xanthine-alkaloid cocrystals that aims to establish synthon hierarchies in cocrystals comprised of molecules with multiple hydrogen-bonding functional groups. Structural features and synthon hierachies are discussed and compared to those in a series of published caffeine cocrystals.
Identifying cross-correlation peaks with autocorrelation functions (1997)

Crosscorrelating the output of two receivers may fail to provide a means to estimate the arrival time difference of the first arriving signals when the crosscorrelation of accompanying multipaths have amplitudes that may be confused with that between the first arrivals. Based on information in two autocorrelation functions, a new method is described for identifying which peak in the cross-correlation function corresponds to the arrival time difference between the first arrivals [J. L. Spiesberger, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 910–917 (1996)]. The technique relies on (1) a high signal-to-noise ratio following auto and crosscorrelation and (2) time series which have been preprocessed to suppress all signals except those emanating from a single source. The technique works even when (1) the number of multipaths are unknown, (2) the received signal is not visible above the noise, (3) the transmission time is unknown, (4) the transmitted waveform is unknown, and (5) the spatial coordinates of the multipaths are unknown or are impractical to estimate. These techniques may be useful for localizing transient signals.
Direct targeting of Gα q and Gα 11 oncoproteins in cancer cells (2019)

Somatic gain-of-function mutations of <i>GNAQ</i> and <i>GNA11</i>, which encode α subunits of heterotrimeric Gα<sub>q/11</sub> proteins, occur in about 85% of cases of uveal melanoma (UM), the most common cancer of the adult eye. Molecular therapies to directly target these oncoproteins are lacking, and current treatment options rely on radiation, surgery, or inhibition of effector molecules downstream of these G proteins. A hallmark feature of oncogenic Gα<sub>q/11</sub> proteins is their reduced intrinsic rate of hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which results in their accumulation in the GTP-bound, active state. Here, we report that the cyclic depsipeptide FR900359 (FR) directly interacted with GTPase-deficient Gα<sub>q/11</sub> proteins and preferentially inhibited mitogenic ERK signaling rather than canonical phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ) signaling driven by these oncogenes. Thereby, FR suppressed the proliferation of melanoma cells in culture and inhibited the growth of Gα<sub>q</sub>-driven UM mouse xenografts in vivo. In contrast, FR did not affect tumor growth when xenografts carried mutated B-Raf<sup>V600E</sup> as the oncogenic driver. Because FR enabled suppression of malignant traits in cancer cells that are driven by activating mutations at codon 209 in Gα<sub>q/11</sub> proteins, we envision that similar approaches could be taken to blunt the signaling of non-Gα<sub>q/11</sub> G proteins.
A model approach for assessing liposome targetingin vivo (1995)

A procedure intended to facilitate characterization and optimization of liposomes designed for in vivo targeting to sites outside the blood compartment is described. The approach is based on a model consisting of administering streptavidin liposomes intravenously to mice previously injected intraperitoneally or intratumorally with biotinylated multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). In vivo targeting, therefore, is measured through the evaluation of streptavidin liposome accumulation and distribution within the site of MLV injection. In vitro studies suggested that optimal binding would be achieved when streptavidin liposomes, prepared with 2 mol% polyethylene glycol-modified phospholipids (PEG-SA-LUV), were incubated with multilamellar vesicles incorporating biotinoylaminohexanoyl DSPE (BAH-MLV). In vivo targeting studies were focused in three areas. The least stringent test determined PEG-SA-LUV binding to biotinylated MLVs in the peritoneal cavity after ip administration and resulted in a 17-fold increase in binding of PEGSA-LUVs to MLVs within the peritoneal cavity 24 h after injection. Alternatively, a 5-fold increase in binding to MLVs was achieved in animals when the PEGSA-LUVs were administered intravenously. The third approach consisted of iv administration of PEG-SALUVs into mice bearing subcutaneous Lewis lung tumors that had been injected with either BAH-MLVs or, in a contralateral tumor, control MLVs. Under these conditions a 2-fold increase in tumor accumulation was achieved in tumors injected with the biotinylated MLVs. The results presented indicate that approaches designed to facilitate targeting of liposomal drugs to extravascular sites will result in little or no change in the capacity of these liposomes to accumulate passively.
Renin: at the heart of the mast cell (2007)

Cardiac mast cells proliferate in cardiovascular diseases. In myocardial ischemia, mast cell mediators contribute to coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue injury and repair. Arrhythmic dysfunction, coronary vasoconstriction, and contractile failure are also characteristic of cardiac anaphylaxis. In coronary atherosclerosis, mast cell mediators facilitate cholesterol accumulation and plaque destabilization. In cardiac failure, mast cell chymase causes myocyte apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation, leading to ventricular dysfunction. Chymase and tryptase also contribute to fibrosis in cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. In addition, mast cell tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes myocardial remodeling. Cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy in end-stage hypertension are also induced by mast cell mediators and proteases. We recently discovered that cardiac mast cells contain and release renin, which initiates local angiotensin formation. Angiotensin causes coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, fibrosis, apoptosis, and endothelin release, all demonstrated mechanisms of mast-cell-associated cardiac disease. The effects of angiotensin are further amplified by the release of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerves. Our discovery of renin in cardiac mast cells and its release in pathophysiological conditions uncovers an important new pathway in the development of mast-cell-associated heart diseases. Several steps in this novel pathway may constitute future therapeutic targets.
Photovoltaic nanopillar radial junction diode architecture enhanced by integrating semiconductor quantum dot nanocrystals as light harvesters (2010)

We propose and demonstrate colloidal quantum dot hybridized, radial p-n junction based, nanopillar solar cells with photovoltaic performance enhanced by intimately integrating nanocrystals to serve as light harvesting agents around the light trapping pillars. By furnishing Si based nanopillar photovoltaic diodes with CdSe quantum dots, we experimentally showed up to sixfold enhancement in UV responsivity and ∼13% enhancement in overall solar conversion efficiency. The maximum responsivity enhancement achieved by incorporation of nanocrystals in the nanopillar architecture is found to be spectrally more than four times larger than the responsivity enhancement obtained using planar architecture of the same device.
Design and Analysis: Thermal Emulator Cubes for Opto-Electronic Stacked Processor (2002)

3D finite element modeling of thermal emulator cube and its composition consisting of composite stack of multi-layer chip are developed. Thermal analysis of the Multi-Chip Module consisting of 16 alternate layers Si processor and heat sink layers with Si spacers and AlN ceramic cap is undertaken. The various alternatives for design of the emulator cubes such as thermal cube floating in free-space, thermal cube-on-substrate, thermal cube-on-flex cable with a continuous joint of solder and thermal cube embedded in rectangular Si-spacer are investigated for their heat extraction capability. Thermal modeling of a composite structural unit stack of chip offers first hand information as to the operating performance of the entire thermal emulator cube to be used in the construction of buffer cube. The scientific understanding of the mode of heat transfer of the emulator cube, heat extraction of the various heat sink materials, ceramic and the metallic substrates are investigated. A thin sheet of ceramic (AlN) substrate is at least three times more effective in extraction of heat than thick block of steel under similar conditions. The homogeneous and heterogeneous nature of the composite structure of thermal emulator in heat transfer is analyzed. The primary and secondary hotspots in thermal cubes with AlN heat sink are found in thermal simulations. The mode of heat transfer advances normal to lateral and transverse directions of stacking from the central core of the cube towards the outward face. The sharp corners of the cube typically exhibit edge convection due to chilling effect. Buffer-on-flex cable is modeled with a continuous solder joint and its further improvement with alternate hinges of solder joints and micro-channels is proposed for enhanced heat transfer analysis. The embedded emulator cubes are developed for thermal analysis of the optical layers on top of buffer. The optical layers with an interconnection of solder joints on top of the embedded emulator cubes coupled with micro-channels and hinged solder joints will be used for further enhanced heat transfer and higher dissipation of heat 1∼3W/layer resulting in efficient and cost effective thermal management technique.
Pulse radiolysis study of polystyrene-based polymers with added photoacid generators: Reaction mechanism of extreme-ultraviolet and electron-beam chemically amplified resist (2015)

The reaction mechanism of chemically amplified resist (CAR) after irradiation with ionizing radiation is important for developing extreme-ultraviolet and electron-beam lithography. The acid generation after the ionization is an essential reaction in CAR. In this study, the intermediate of the proton source of acid (a radical cation of the base polymer) in the presence of a photoacid generator (PAG) was investigated by the pulse radiolysis method. The deprotonation kinetics of the radical cation of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) in solutions with and without PAG shows only a small difference. However, the yield of radical cations of poly(4-methoxystyrene) (PMOS) as a model of the resist with a protecting (releasing) group increases upon adding PAG. The formation of the ion pair between the PMOS radical cation and the dissociated anion with a lifetime of approximately 30 to 40 µs is suggested. The lower acid yield in PMOS than in PHS film is also discussed in terms of the stability of the radical cation.
High Frequency Characteristics of Fe65Co35 Alloy Cluster-Assembled Films Prepared by Energetic Cluster Deposition (2011)

Size-monodispersed Fe65Co35 alloy clusters whose average sizes ranged from 7 to 12 nm were produced by a plasma-gas-condensation (PGC)-type cluster deposition apparatus. Fe65Co35 alloy cluster-assembled films were further prepared at room temperature by energetic cluster deposition method. Positively charged clusters in a cluster beam were accelerated electrically and deposited onto a negatively biased substrate together with neutral clusters from the same cluster source, leading to the formation of a high-density Fe65Co35 alloy cluster-assembled films with good soft magnetic properties. High frequency magnetic characteristics of these films were studied at room temperature using a high-frequency permeameter (RMF-3000, Ryowa). The real part (micro') of permeability for the Fe65Co35 alloy cluster-assembled films prepared at bias voltage V(a) = -20 kV has a large value of micro' = 135 at f = 1.5 GHz, and imaginary part (micro") of permeability has a maximum (micro" approximately 190) at about 2.5 GHz.
A synthetic peptide from transforming growth factor- 1 type III receptor prevents myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (2008)

These results show that P144 inhibits TGF-beta(1)-dependent signalling pathway and collagen type I synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. These effects may be involved in the ability of this peptide to prevent myocardial fibrosis in SHR.
Radiative control of localized excitons at room temperature with an ultracompact tip-enhanced plasmonic nano-cavity (2020)

In atomically thin semiconductors, localized exciton (X$_L$) coupled to light shows single quantum emitting behaviors through radiative relaxation processes providing a new class of optical sources for potential applications in quantum communication. In most studies, however, X$_L$ photoluminescence (PL) from crystal defects has mainly been observed in cryogenic conditions because of their sub-wavelength emission region and low quantum yield at room temperature. Furthermore, engineering the radiative relaxation properties, e.g., emission region, intensity, and energy, remained challenging. Here, we present a plasmonic antenna with a triple-sharp-tips geometry to induce and control the X$_L$ emission of a WSe$_2$ monolayer (ML) at room temperature. By placing a ML crystal on the two sharp Au tips in a bowtie antenna fabricated through cascade domino lithography with a radius of curvature of &lt;1 nm, we effectively induce tensile strain in the nanoscale region to create robust X$_L$ states. An Au tip with tip-enhanced photoluminescence (TEPL) spectroscopy is then added to the strained region to probe and control the X$_L$ emission. With TEPL enhancement of X$_L$ as high as ~10$^6$ in the triple-sharp-tips device, experimental results demonstrate the controllable X$_L$ emission in &lt;30 nm area with a PL energy shift up to 40 meV, resolved by tip-enhanced PL and Raman imaging with &lt;15 nm spatial resolution. Our approach provides a systematic way to control localized quantum light in 2D semiconductors offering new strategies for active quantum nano-optical devices.
Grid Filter Design (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Filter Topologies Design Considerations Practical Examples of LCL Filters and Grid Interactions Resonance Problem and Damping Solutions Nonlinear Behaviour of the Filter Summary References
Crossband Flexible UWB Multiple Access for High-Rate Multipiconet WPANs (2006)

Emerging indoor technologies including wireless multimedia and personal area networks (WPANs) entail high-rate systems capable of supporting multiple users (piconets) with variable rates. These requirements motivate the design of multiband (MB) ultra-wideband (UWB) radios for their simplicity in handling pronounced frequency selectivity, agility in coping with interference, scalability in providing multirate operation, and their potentially low cost. Relative to baseband UWB radios, MB-UWB systems have gained popularity in the IEEE standards for short-range wireless links. However, multiple-access (MA) schemes must be designed carefully to harness the diversity benefits provided by the MB-UWB propagation, in a spectrally efficient manner. To this end, we introduce a crossband flexible UWB MA scheme for multipiconet WPANs. The resultant design that we term FLEX-UWB offers resilience to multiuser interference, can conveniently accommodate various spreading alternatives, enables full multipath diversity, and can effect scalable spectral efficiency (from low to medium and high data rates). Simulations confirm the merits of FLEX-UWB radios in comparison with various alternatives