gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering the Temporal Dynamics of All-Optical Switching with ‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’ Materials (2022)

Abstract All-optical switches offer advanced control over the amplitude, phase, and/or polarization of light at ultrafast timescales using optical pulses as both the carrying signal and the control. Limited only by material response times, these switches can operate at terahertz speeds which is essential for technology-driven applications, such as all-optical signal processing and ultrafast imaging, as well as for fundamental studies, such as frequency translation and novel optical media concepts such as photonic time crystals. In conventional systems, the switching time is determined by the relaxation response of a single active material, which is generally challenging to adjust dynamically. This work demonstrates that the zero-to-zero response time of an all-optical switch can instead be varied through the combination of so-called “fast” and “slow” materials in a single device. When probed in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) operational regime of a material with a slow response time, namely, plasmonic titanium nitride, the proposed hybrid switch exhibits a relatively slow, nanosecond response time. The response time then decreases as the probe wavelength increases reaching the picosecond time scale when the hybrid device is probed in the ENZ regime of the faster material, namely, aluminum-doped zinc oxide. Overall, the response time of the switch is shown to vary by two orders of magnitude in a single device and can be selectively controlled through the interaction of the probe signal with the constituent materials. The ability to adjust the switching speed by controlling the light-matter interactions in a multi-material structure provides an additional degree of freedom in the design of all-optical switches. Moreover, the proposed approach utilizes “slower” materials that are very robust and allow to enhance the field intensities while “faster” materials ensure an ultrafast dynamic response. The proposed control of the switching time could lead to new functionalities and performance metrics within key applications in multiband transmission, optical computing, and nonlinear optics.
Parallelizing Julia with a Non-Invasive DSL (2017)

Computational scientists often prototype software using productivity&#13;\nlanguages that offer high-level programming abstractions. When higher&#13;\nperformance is needed, they are obliged to rewrite their code in a&#13;\nlower-level efficiency language. Different solutions have been&#13;\nproposed to address this trade-off between productivity and&#13;\nefficiency. One promising approach is to create embedded&#13;\ndomain-specific languages that sacrifice generality for productivity&#13;\nand performance, but practical experience with DSLs points to some&#13;\nroad blocks preventing widespread adoption. This paper proposes a&#13;\nnon-invasive domain-specific language that makes as few visible&#13;\nchanges to the host programming model as possible. We present ParallelAccelerator,&#13;\na library and compiler for high-level, high-performance scientific&#13;\ncomputing in Julia. ParallelAccelerator's programming model is aligned with existing&#13;\nJulia programming idioms. Our compiler exposes the implicit&#13;\nparallelism in high-level array-style programs and compiles them to&#13;\nfast, parallel native code. Programs can also run in "library-only"&#13;\nmode, letting users benefit from the full Julia environment and&#13;\nlibraries. Our results show encouraging performance improvements with very few changes to source code required. In particular, few to no additional type annotations are necessary.
Depressed Skull Fractures in Children Secondary to Skull Clamp Fixation Devices (1994)

The use of external skull fixation devices (skull clamps) is a common practice in neurosurgery. The insertion of pins into the skull is usually routine and uneventful in adult patients. However, the safety of skull clamp fixation devices in children is not reported. We have examined our complications over the past 6 years, and have encountered 5 children with depressed skull fractures secondary to application of a skull clamp fixation device. There were 3 boys and 2 girls with ages ranging from 3 to 8 years (mean 5.8 years). Two patients had brainstem gliomas, 2 patients had hypothalamic gliomas and 1 patient had a medulloblastoma. Four of the children required separate cranial procedures for exploration and elevation of the depressed fractures. There were no sequelae associated with the depressed fractures. We conclude that skull clamp fixation devices are safe, but should be used with caution in the pediatric patient. In addition, we present several modifications of existing skull clamps which may decrease the risk of depressed skull fractures.
Monitoring Cable current and Laying Environment Parameters for Assessing the Aging Rate of MV Cable Joint Insulation (2018)

Joints are critical components of MV cable distribution networks and the aging rate of their insulation is particularly sensitive to temperature due to loading current and laying environment parameters. This makes it very useful to monitor the load current and laying environment parameters (humidity, pressure and temperature) of joints, so as to single out conditions that might accelerate joint insulation aging rate critically. This paper illustrates the installation of humidity, pressure, current and temperature sensors - in a partnership between e-distribuzione (the main DSO in Italy) and the University of Bologna - to assess the aging rate of cable joint insulation in underground distribution networks.
In-vitro investigation of the relationship between microvascular structure and ultrasound contrast agent dynamics (2019)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in western countries. Tumor-driven angiogenesis is a recognized hallmark of cancer. Typical features of angiogenic vasculature include increased microvascular density (MVD), smaller vessel diameter and higher tortuosity, resulting in complex blood-flow patterns. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) widely provides a noninvasive diagnostic tool for PCa detection with the passage of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) through the prostate. Analysis of the UCA dispersion kinetics in the tumor vasculature has shown promise for PCa diagnostics, but a clear link between the estimated kinetics parameters and the underlying microvascular structure is still lacking. In this work, modeling the prostate microvasculature as a porous medium, we developed tissue-mimicking phantoms with variable pore size, representing different MVD and vessel diameter. The UCA flow through the phantoms was recorded by DCE-US, and UCA velocity and dispersion coefficient were estimated by model-based deconvolution. In general, phantoms reproducing increased MVD and smaller vessel diameter lead to increased velocity and decreased dispersion coefficient. This is line with our in-vivo findings in PCa patients. Further validation will be performed by insilico simulation and more complex in-vitro phantoms in the future.
Unraveling the Exciton Binding Energy and the Dielectric Constant in Single-Crystal Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskite (2017)

We have accurately determined the exciton binding energy and reduced mass of single crystals of methylammonium lead triiodide using magneto-reflectivity at very high magnetic fields. The single crystal has excellent optical properties with a narrow line width of ∼3 meV for the excitonic transitions and a 2s transition that is clearly visible even at zero magnetic field. The exciton binding energy of 16 ± 2 meV in the low-temperature orthorhombic phase is almost identical to the value found in polycrystalline samples, crucially ruling out any possibility that the exciton binding energy depends on the grain size. In the room-temperature tetragonal phase, an upper limit for the exciton binding energy of 12 ± 4 meV is estimated from the evolution of 1s-2s splitting at high magnetic field.
Evaluation of Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Anatomical Classification, Procedural Success, Clinical Assessment, and Data Collection (1997)

The use of this standardized data collection system could enable physicians and industry to better understand endovascular AAA repair and ultimately improve patient care.
Coupling Between Component Sizing and Regulation Capability in Microgrids (2013)

Increasing energy security and reliability concerns are intensifying the interest in microgrids. In this setting, design optimization is vital to achieve a reliable infrastructure without overbuilding. This paper considers the impact of frequency and voltage regulation on the optimal design of a conceptual, autonomous military microgrid. This microgrid comprises a solar panel and vehicles as power sources, with each vehicle incorporating a battery and generator. The power output and terminal voltage of these inverter-based sources must be regulated. The paper investigates the effects of battery DC voltage variations on a decentralized regulation scheme, and the resulting influence on optimal component sizing. To this end, controllers are first designed based on the typical assumption that the voltage on the DC side of each inverter is constant. The battery internal resistance is then considered and its impact on regulation performance is investigated. The results show that the battery internal resistance can affect the performance of both frequency and voltage regulation, and consequently must be taken into account in component sizing decisions. Thus, the paper identifies an important coupling between regulation and component sizing problems through battery characteristics, and highlights the need for a combined sizing and regulation framework for microgrid design.
Model-Based Optimization: An Approach to Fast, Accurate, and Consistent Site Modeling from Imagery (1997)

Model-Based Optimization (MBO) is a paradigm in which an objective function is used to express both geometric and photometric constraints on features of interest. A parametric model of a feature, such as a road, a building, a river or the underlying terrain, is extracted from one or more images by automatically adjusting the model&amp;apos;s state variables until a minimum value of the objective function is obtained. The optimization procedure yields a description that simultaneously satis es (or nearly satis es) all constraints, and, as a result, is likely to be a good model of the feature. Using this approach, a rough initial sketch of a 3-D object can automatically be re ned, resulting in an accurate model. The paper presents experimental results on road delineation, showing the speedup obtained when compared to totally manual road delineation. Furthermore, because objects are all modeled in the same fashion, we can re ne the models simultaneously and enforce geometric and semantic constraints between objects, thus increasing
Segmental Duplications Flank the Multiple Sclerosis Locus on Chromosome 17q (2004)

Large chromosomal rearrangements, duplications, and inversions are relatively common in mammalian genomes. Here we report interesting features of DNA strands flanking a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) susceptibility locus on Chromosome 17q24. During the positional cloning process of this 3-Mb locus, several markers showed a radiation hybrid clone retention rate above the average (1.8-fold), suggestive for the existence of duplicated sequences in this region. FISH studies demonstrated multiple signals with three of the tested regional BACs, and 24 BACs out of 187 showed evidence for duplication in shotgun sequence comparisons of the 17q22-q24 region. Specifically, the MS haplotype region proved to be flanked by palindromic sequence stretches and by long segmental intrachromosomal duplications in which highly homologous DNA sequences (>96% identity) are present at both ends of the haplotype. Moreover, the 3-Mb DNA segment, flanked by the duplications, is inverted in the mouse genome when compared with the orientation in human and chimp. The segmental duplication architecture surrounding the MS locus raises the possibility that a nonallelic homologous recombination between duplications could affect the biological activity of the regional genes, perhaps even contributing to the genetic background of MS.
Classification of Small Negative Lightning Reports at the KSC-ER (2008)

The NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Air Force Eastern Range (ER) operate an extensive suite of lightning sensors because Florida experiences the highest area density of ground strikes in the United States, with area densities approaching 16 fl/sq km/yr when accumulated in 10x10 km (100 sq km) grids. The KSC-ER use data derived from two cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning detection networks, the Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Surveillance System (CGLSS) and the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (TradeMark) (NLDN) plus a 3-dimensional lightning mapping system, the Lightning Detection and Ranging (LDAR) system, to provide warnings for ground operations and to insure mission safety during space launches. For operational applications at the KSC-ER it is important to understand the performance of each lightning detection system in considerable detail. In this work we examine a specific subset of the CGLSS stroke reports that have low values of the negative inferred peak current, Ip, i.e. values between 0 and -7 kA, and were thought to produce a new ground contact (NGC). When possible, the NLDN and LDAR systems were used to validate the CGLSS classification and to determine how many of these reported strokes were first strokes, subsequent strokes in a pre-existing channel (PEC), or cloud pulses that the CGLSS misclassified as CG strokes. It is scientifically important to determine the smallest current that can reach the ground either in the form of a first stroke or by way of a subsequent stroke that creates a new ground contact. In Biagi et al (2007), 52 low amplitude, negative return strokes ([Ip] < or = 10 kA) were evaluated in southern Arizona, northern Texas, and southern Oklahoma. The authors found that 50-87% of the small NLDN reports could be classified as CG (either first or subsequent strokes) on the basis of video and waveform recordings. Low amplitude return strokes are interesting because they are usually difficult to detect, and they are thought to bypass conventional lightning protection that relies on a sufficient attractive radius to prevent shielding failure (Golde, 1977). They also have larger location errors compared to the larger current events. In this study, we use the estimated peak current provided by the CGLSS and the results of our classification to determine the minimum Ip for each category of CG stroke and its probability of occurrence. Where possible, these results are compared to the findings in the literature.
Rotation flap approach mastectomy (2012)

The RoFA mastectomy has the potential to facilitate reconstructive results equivalent to skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction.
Programming temporal shapeshifting (2016)

Shapeshifting enables a wide range of engineering and biomedical applications, but until now transformations have required external triggers. This prerequisite limits viability in closed or inert systems and puts forward the challenge of developing materials with intrinsically encoded shape evolution. Herein we demonstrate programmable shape-memory materials that perform a sequence of encoded actuations under constant environment conditions without using an external trigger. We employ dual network hydrogels: in the first network, covalent crosslinks are introduced for elastic energy storage, and in the second one, temporary hydrogen-bonds regulate the energy release rate. Through strain-induced and time-dependent reorganization of the reversible hydrogen-bonds, this dual network allows for encoding both the rate and pathway of shape transformations on timescales from seconds to hours. This generic mechanism for programming trigger-free shapeshifting opens new ways to design autonomous actuators, drug-release systems and active implants.
The Influence of Hypoxia and Acidity on the Hyperthermic Response of Malignant CellsIn Vitro (1977)

Colony formation of JB-1-E tumor cells was studied after hyperthermic treatment (42.5°C) at a pH of 6.4 or 7.2 under hypoxic and euoxic conditions. At a pH of 7.2 and normal oxygen tension, there was a moderate decrease in colony formation with increasing duration of hyperthermic treatment (T0 = 65 min.). This effect was slightly enhanced under hypoxic conditions (T0 = 36 min.). The hyperthermic effect was enhanced to a considerably greater degree when treatment was performed at a pH of 6.4 (T0 = 19 min.), with no observable difference between hypoxia and euoxia. These findings indicate that environmental acidity is a determining factor in the hyperthermic effect. The hypoxic effect at a pH of 7.2 is probably due to a slight decrease in the intracellular pH caused by increased production of lactic acid.
Development of T cell precursor activity in the murine fetal liver (1998)

The generation of T cell precursors in the liver of murine embryos was studied. The total number of T cell precursors in the liver was measured in thymic organ cultures by a limiting dilution assay. Sixty T cell precursors were detected in the liver at day 11 of gestation. By day 12 the number of precursors showed a 20-fold increase, half of which could be explained by in situ proliferation as ascertained by a fetal liver organ culture assay. By day 13 a further 2-3-fold increase was observed. Whereas the number of total liver cells continued to increase, that of T cell precursors declined in the following days, suggesting a massive exit of these cells after day 13. The capacity to generate a TCRB repertoire in the cells was evaluated by a PCR assay. T cell precursors in day 11 fetal liver developed a TCRB repertoire at day 8 of culture. The cells from days 12-15 developed an identically diverse repertoire by day 6, suggesting that day 11 precursors are more immature than those of later days. A mechanism for yielding a single wave of T cell precursors in the fetal liver is discussed with a proposed model.
Non-droop methods for context-sensitive sharing in multi-module switching converters (2008)

This paper introduces automatic methods that support intentional nonuniform power or current sharing in multi-module DC-DC converter configurations. Sharing that is proportional to ratings or to external weighting values is supported. The methods extend to input-series output-parallel and input-parallel output-series connections as well as to conventional parallel-parallel configurations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Amidines from Aryl Halides. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
1.55 micron in-plane lasers with p-Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As cladding layers (2002)

Semiconductor lasers operating at 1.55 /spl mu/m are important components for long haul fiber-optic communications. However, their strong temperature sensitivity requires that thermoelectric coolers be used to control the device parameters as the temperature changes. Two parameters are the main focus of this work: the change in threshold current (measured by T/sub 0/) and slope efficiency with temperature. Modeling shows that both a reduction in Auger recombination and carrier overflow are needed to improve the temperature performance of 1.55 /spl mu/m lasers significantly. To this end, we propose a novel laser structure with increased carrier confinement at 1.55 /spl mu/m This novel structure use a p-Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As cladding layer instead of p-InP. Since Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As has a lower index of refraction at 1.55 /spl mu/m than InP, it is possible, in this design, to use a higher barrier in the active region with no decrease in optical confinement when compared to a typical structure using InP. In addition, the large band gap of Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As allows for carrier leakage out of the active region to be reduced significantly. To obtain a p-Al/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As layer on a GaInAsP active region, direct wafer bonding is used which combines two dissimilar materials without threading dislocation formation.
Macro-Architectures in Spinal Cord Scaffold Implants Influence Regeneration (2008)

Biomaterial scaffold architecture has not been investigated as a tunable source of influence on spinal cord regeneration. This study compared regeneration in a transected spinal cord within various designed-macro-architecture scaffolds to determine if these architectures alone could enhance regeneration. Three-dimensional (3-D) designs were created and molds were built on a 3-D printer. Salt-leached porous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) was cast in five different macro-architectures: cylinder, tube, channel, open-path with core, and open-path without core. The two open-path designs were created in this experiment to compare different supportive aspects of architecture provided by scaffolds and their influence on regeneration. Rats received T8 transections and implanted scaffolds for 1 and 3 months. Overall morphology and orientation of sections were characterized by H&E, luxol fast blue, and cresyl violet staining. Borders between intact gray matter and non-regenerated defect were observed from GFAP immunolabeling. Nerve fibers and regenerating axons were identified with Tuj-1 immunolabeling. The open-path designs allowed extension of myelinated fibers along the length of the defect both exterior to and inside the scaffolds and maintained their original defect length up to 3 months. In contrast, the cylinder, tube, and channel implants had a doubling of defect length from secondary damage and large scar and cyst formation with no neural tissue bridging. The open-path scaffold architectures enhanced spinal cord regeneration compared to the three other designs without the use of biological factors.
An empirical study of fusion operators for multimodal image retrieval (2012)

In this paper we propose an empirical study of late fusion operators for multimodal image retrieval. Therefore, we consider two experts, one based on textual and one on visual similarities between documents and study the possibilities to go beyond simple score averaging. The main idea is to exploit the correlation between the two experts by encoding explicitly or implicitly an "and" and an "or" operator in an efficient way. We show through several experiments that the operators that combine both of these two aspects generally outperform the ones that look only to one of them. Based on this observation we propose several generalized version of most classical fusion operators and compare them using ImageClef benchmark datasets both in an unsupervised and in a supervised framework.
Optical properties of ZnSe diffractive optical elements for spot array generation (2000)

The diffractive optical element (DOE) is a revolutionary technology for sophisticated optical systems. It has recently been launched within the optical industry, which is constantly seeking improvements over conventional optics. We have designed and fabricated three types of binary-phase DOE and a 4-level phase DOE for spot array generation. The surface relief of a ZnSe substrate was patterned and etched with each intended phase distribution by using photolithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) technologies. The optical properties of anti-reflection coated samples were then examined by measuring the intensity distribution of the converging beams and the results compared with the calculated beam propagation.
Nanostructured Hybrid Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Heterostructures: Novel Reversible High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Anodes (2010)

Abstract not Available.