gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly uniform and highly reliable 850-nm VCSEL platform for high-speed optical communications (2002)

In this paper, we report a high performance, highly uniform, and highly reliable VCSEL platform at LuxNet Corporation. The proprietary design of this VCSEL gives it oxide VCSEL-like performance and an implant VCSEL-like reliability. Threshold currents are between 1 .0 to 2.5 mA, and the slope efficiencies are between 0.3 to 0.5W/A. The threshold current change with temperature is minimal and the slope efficiency change less than ~30% when the substrate temperature is raised from 25&deg;C to 90&deg;C. The eye diagram of LuxNet TOSA operating at 2.5 GB/s with 6mA bias and 10dB extinction ratio shows very clean eye with jitter less than 3Ops. We have accumulated life test data up to 5000 hours at 100&deg;C/2OmA with exceptional reliability. And the WHTOL (85/85) bias at 8mA has passed over 3000 hours. In addition, the overall yield across a 3 inch wafer is over 90%. The chips are now being shipped in commercial quantities. Finally, we will present our preliminary results of 10 Gb/s VCSEL.
Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoU (2021)

The combined use of multiple modalities enables accurate pedestrian detection under poor lighting conditions by using the high visibility areas from these modalities together. The vital assumption for the combination use is that there is no or only a weak misalignment between the two modalities. In general, however, this assumption often breaks in actual situations. Due to this assumption's breakdown, the position of the bounding boxes does not match between the two modalities, resulting in a significant decrease in detection accuracy, especially in regions where the amount of misalignment is large. In this paper, we propose a multi-modal Faster-RCNN that is robust against large misalignment. The keys are 1) modal-wise regression and 2) multi-modal IoU for mini-batch sampling. To deal with large misalignment, we perform bounding box regression for both the RPN and detection-head with both modalities. We also propose a new sampling strategy called "multi-modal mini-batch sampling" that integrates the IoU for both modalities. We demonstrate that the proposed method's performance is much better than that of the state-of-the-art methods for data with large misalignment through actual image experiments.
The aflatoxin B 1 formamidopyrimidine adduct plays a major role in causing the types of mutations observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (2002)

A G to T mutation has been observed at the third position of codon 249 of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in over 50% of the hepatocellular carcinoma cases associated with high exposure to aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). Hypotheses have been put forth that AFB(1), in concert with hepatitis B virus (HBV), may play a role in the formation of, and/or the selection for, this mutation. The primary DNA adduct of AFB(1) is 8,9-dihydro-8-(N(7)-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)-N7-Gua), which is converted naturally to two secondary lesions, an apurinic site and an AFB(1)-formamidopyrimidine (AFB(1)-FAPY) adduct. AFB(1)-FAPY is detected at near maximal levels in rat DNA days to weeks after AFB(1) exposure, underscoring its high persistence in vivo. The present study reveals two striking properties of this DNA adduct: (i) AFB(1)-FAPY was found to cause a G to T mutation frequency in Escherichia coli approximately 6 times higher than that of AFB(1)-N7-Gua, and (ii) one proposed rotamer of AFB(1)-FAPY is a block to replication, even when the efficient bypass polymerase MucAB is used by the cell. Taken together, these characteristics make the FAPY adduct the prime candidate for both the genotoxicity of aflatoxin, because mammalian cells also have similar bypass mechanisms for combating DNA damage, and the mutagenicity that ultimately may lead to liver cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 5‐SUBSTITUTED‐4,5‐DIHYDRO‐1,2,4‐TRIAZIN‐6‐ONES AND 5‐SUBSTITUTED‐1,2,4‐TRIAZIN‐6‐ONES (1985)

Abstract Die Aminosäureester (I) liefern über die Dimethylaminomethylenverbindungen (II) mit Hydrazin die Dihydro‐triazinone (III), die mit Permanganat zu den I.2,4‐Triazin‐6‐onen (IV) oxidiert werden.
Decoupled Classification Refinement: Hard False Positive Suppression for Object Detection (2018)

In this paper, we analyze failure cases of state-of-the-art detectors and observe that most hard false positives result from classification instead of localization and they have a large negative impact on the performance of object detectors. We conjecture there are three factors: (1) Shared feature representation is not optimal due to the mismatched goals of feature learning for classification and localization; (2) multi-task learning helps, yet optimization of the multi-task loss may result in sub-optimal for individual tasks; (3) large receptive field for different scales leads to redundant context information for small objects. We demonstrate the potential of detector classification power by a simple, effective, and widely-applicable Decoupled Classification Refinement (DCR) network. In particular, DCR places a separate classification network in parallel with the localization network (base detector). With ROI Pooling placed on the early stage of the classification network, we enforce an adaptive receptive field in DCR. During training, DCR samples hard false positives from the base detector and trains a strong classifier to refine classification results. During testing, DCR refines all boxes from the base detector. Experiments show competitive results on PASCAL VOC and COCO without any bells and whistles. Our codes are available at: https://github.com/bowenc0221/Decoupled-Classification-Refinement.
Hormonal modulation of the accumulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin and phototoxicity in prostate cancer cells (1997)

The effect of hormonal modulation on the response of human prostate cancer cell lines to photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was studied. Two cell lines, one responsive to androgens (LNCaP) and the other non-responsive (PC-3), were used. Fetal bovine serum was depleted of steroid hormones by stripping with charcoal-dextran, and then resupplied with known concentrations of the androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the estrogen estradiol. It was found that LNCaP cells alone increased growth rate in response to both added hormones, but only androgen had an effect on PDT treatment. LNCaP cells pretreated with 10(-7) M DHT and then 1 mM ALA accumulated 70% more PpIX, compared to cells pre-treated with 10(-12) M DHT. Exposure of the cells treated with high DHT and ALA to 630 nm light led to an 85% decrease in the number of surviving cells compared to the low DHT treated group. The uptake of 14C-ALA was increased with high DHT treatment of the cells, consistent with the above data. No effect of hormones was seen with PC-3 cells or with either cell line and the exogenous photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative.
Static discovery and remediation of code-embedded resource dependencies (2011)

Many enterprises perform data-center transformation, consolidation, and migration in order to improve the efficiency of their IT infrastructures. These transformation projects begin with the discovery of the existing infrastructure, in particular the dependencies between applications. These dependencies are needed in planning, in order to determine how components influence one another, and in relinking, so that the component names and addresses can be updated. Typically, dependency discovery is done by network monitoring and middleware configuration analysis. These existing approaches will often fail to detect dependencies expressed in the application code. In this paper, we present the first method and tool for automatically identifying code-embedded external dependencies in Java Enterprise Edition applications. In addition, our tool can automatically alter the application code to update the dependencies, or externalize them to configuration files. We analyzed over 1000 Java EE applications from three enterprise environments. The results demonstrate the prevalence of code-embedded dependencies that would otherwise have to be identified manually, often causing failures during user-acceptance testing.
3D incoherent imaging using an ensemble of sparse self-rotating beams (2023)

Interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH) is one of the simplest incoherent holography techniques. In I-COACH, the light from an object is modulated by a coded mask, and the resulting intensity distribution is recorded. The 3D image of the object is reconstructed by processing the object intensity distribution with the pre-recorded 3D point spread intensity distributions. The first version of I-COACH was implemented using a scattering phase mask, which makes its implementation challenging in light-sensitive experiments. The I-COACH technique gradually evolved with the advancement in the engineering of coded phase masks that retain randomness but improve the concentration of light in smaller areas in the image sensor. In this direction, I-COACH was demonstrated using weakly scattered intensity patterns, dot patterns and recently using accelerating Airy patterns, and the case with accelerating Airy patterns exhibited the highest SNR. In this study, we propose and demonstrate I-COACH with an ensemble of self-rotating beams. Unlike accelerating Airy beams, self-rotating beams exhibit a better energy concentration. In the case of self-rotating beams, the uniqueness of the intensity distributions with depth is attributed to the rotation of the intensity pattern as opposed to the shifts of the Airy patterns, making the intensity distribution stable along depths. A significant improvement in SNR was observed in optical experiments.
Fabrication of Metal‐Organic Framework‐Containing Silica‐Colloidal Crystals for Vapor Sensing (2011)

By combining metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with colloidal crystals, the challenge of signal transduction in response to molecular sorption by MOF materials can be met for sensing applications. HKUST-1 (Cu2(BTC)3) is grown on a silica colloidal crystal thin film via a step-by-step technique, and the obtained MOF-containing colloidal crystal is rapidly and reversibly responsive to vapor or gas molecules adsorbed by the MOF component. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Laser Induced Backside Wet Etching: Mechanisms and Fabrication of Micro-Optical Elements (2007)

A novel method for the fabrication of complex 3 dimensional structures, such as plano-convex microlens arrays in quartz, is presented. This technique is applied for precise micromachining of UV transparent materials, e.g. quartz, by using a conventional XeCl excimer laser and an organic solution which is in contact with the substrate. Strong absorption of the intense laser light results in the formation of the high pressure and temperature jumps at the quartz-liquid interface, which are the key elements in this process. A combination of laser assisted wet etching with the projection of a Diffractive Gray Tone Phase Mask is applied to fabricate diffractive and refractive micro-lens arrays in quartz. A quartz micro-lens array, which consists of 10 × 10 plano-convex microlenses is tested as a beam homogenizer for the quadrupled Nd:YAG laser.
One- and two-dimensional spin correlation of complex fluids and the relation to fluid composition (2010)

Many natural fluids, including crude oils, are complex mixtures of molecules with a broad range of sizes and chemical properties. In such systems, the molecular dynamics is complex and the relaxation and diffusion behavior cannot be described by a single relaxation time or diffusion coefficient. Nevertheless, low field NMR relaxation and diffusion measurements have become powerful tools for the study of such fluids. The complexity can be overcome by analyzing the measurements in terms of one- and two-dimensional distribution functions. The one-dimensional relaxation and diffusion distribution functions are directly related to the composition of the fluids. We also show that from the analysis of the shape of the relaxation and diffusion decay, it is possible to predict the temperature dependence of viscosity. Two-dimensional distribution functions probe further aspects of the molecular dynamics. The correlation between <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> relaxation behavior can be used to detect the presence of slow motion and to probe the aggregation of molecules into supermolecular structures. Diffusion–relaxation distribution functions give information about the chemical composition of the fluid.
Environmental aging of the Ti-6Al-4V/FM-5 polyimide. adhesive bonded system: implications of physical and chemical aging on durability (1998)

Ti-6A1-4V/FM-5 polyimide adhesively bonded double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were aged for 12 months at elevated temperatures (177°C and 204°C) in one of three different environments: ambient atmospheric air pressure and reduced air pressures of 2 psi (13.8 kPa) and 0.2 psi (1.38 kPa), to assess bond durability. The FM-5 polyimide adhesive (Tg~ 250°C) is based on a polyimide developed by NASA Langley Research Center and is produced by Cytec Industries, Inc. Bonds aged for different times were tested to measure the critical strain energy release rate as a function of the temperature and environment. The greatest loss in bond strength occurred after aging in air at 204°C. Following thermal rejuvenation of the aged bonds at 300°C for 2 h, part of the strength loss could be recovered. This strength recovery was attributed to the reversal of physical aging in the adhesive resin. Further evidence for physical aging, which is a thermo-reversible phenomenon, was obtained from tests conducted on neat resin specimens using DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). The unrecovered portion of the loss in bond strength following longer-term aging was attributed to chemical aging/degradation of the bonded 'system'. The 'system' in this study includes the adherends, the adhesive, the surface pretreatment (chromic acid anodization, CAA), and their respective interphase/interface regions. Evidence for chemical aging was also seen from weight loss, and Soxhlet extraction data on neat resin specimens.
Characterization of Graphite Crystal Structure and Growth Mechanisms Using FIB and 3D Image Analysis (2010)

Abstract Considering the significant influence of the morphology of graphite inclusions on the properties of cast iron it is important to understand the correlation between manufacturing parameters and resulting microstructure. In particular, understanding the effect of alloying elements and inoculants on the formation and growth mechanisms of the graphite particles provides the basis for exact tailoring of the microstructure and thus exact tailoring of effective properties of cast iron. Experimental observations of the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of graphite particles, high resolution chemical analysis of nuclei and other inclusions, as well as quantitative characterization of possible growth mechanisms have confirmed certain existing theoretical models for nodular and flake graphite and provided a comprehensive description of all intermediate morphologies. Precise analysis of the graphite's crystal structure based on target preparation of transmission electron microscope thin foils opens additional possibilities for estimating of the properties of different graphite types.
Human organoid biofilm model for assessing antibiofilm activity of novel agents (2021)

Bacterial biofilms cause 65% of all human infections and are highly resistant to antibiotic therapy but lack specific treatments. To provide a human organoid model for studying host-microbe interplay and enabling screening for novel antibiofilm agents, a human epidermis organoid model with robust methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm was developed. Treatment of 1-day and 3-day MRSA and PAO1 biofilms with antibiofilm peptide DJK-5 significantly and substantially reduced the bacterial burden. This model enabled the screening of synthetic host defense peptides, revealing their superior antibiofilm activity against MRSA compared to the antibiotic mupirocin. The model was extended to evaluate thermally wounded skin infected with MRSA biofilms resulting in increased bacterial load, cytotoxicity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels that were all reduced upon treatment with DJK-5. Combination treatment of DJK-5 with an anti-inflammatory peptide, 1002, further reduced cytotoxicity and skin inflammation.
A Unied Framework for Preclusion of Multiple Steady States in Networks of Interacting Species (2012)

We present a unied framework for the preclusion of non-degenerate multiple steady states in a network of interacting species. An interaction network is modeled as a system of ordinary dierential equations in which the form of the species formation rate function is restricted by the reactions of the network and how the species inuence each reaction. We characterize sets of interaction networks for which any choice of associated species formation rate function is injective within each stoichiometric class and thus cannot exhibit multistationarity. Our criteria rely on the determinant of the Jacobian of the species formation rate function for so-called power-law kinetics. The criteria are conceptually simple, computationally tractable and easily implemented. Our approach embraces and extends much previous work on multistationarity, such as work in relation to chemical reaction networks with dynamics dened by mass-action or non-catalytic kinetics, and also work based on graphical analysis of the interaction graph associated to the system. Further, we interpret the criteria in terms of circuits in the so-called DSR-graph.
The α9 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Mediates Nicotine-Induced PD-L1 Expression and Regulates Melanoma Cell Proliferation and Migration (2019)

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of melanoma metastasis. Smokers show higher PD-L1 expression and better responses to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors than nonsmokers. Here, we investigate whether nicotine, a primary constituent of tobacco, induces PD-L1 expression and promotes melanoma cell proliferation and migration, which is mediated by the α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α9-nAChR). α9-nAChR overexpression in melanoma using melanoma cell lines, human melanoma tissues, and assessment of publicly available databases. α9-nAChR expression was significantly correlated with PD-L1 expression, clinical stage, lymph node status, and overall survival (OS). Overexpressing or knocking down α9-nAChR in melanoma cells up- or downregulated PD-L1 expression, respectively, and affected melanoma cell proliferation and migration. Nicotine-induced α9-nAChR activity promoted melanoma cell proliferation through stimulation of the α9-nAChR-mediated AKT and ERK signaling pathways. In addition, nicotine-induced α9-nAchR activity promoted melanoma cell migration via activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, PD-L1 expression was upregulated in melanoma cells after nicotine treatment via the transcription factor STAT3 binding to the PD-L1 promoter. These results highlight that nicotine-induced α9-nAChR activity promotes melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and PD-L1 upregulation. This study may reveal important insights into the mechanisms underlying nicotine-induced melanoma growth and metastasis through α9-nAChR-mediated carcinogenic signals and PD-L1 expression.
Abstract 216: Pancreatic cancer fluorescence-guided surgery with a fluorophore-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) improves surgical resection and increases disease-free and overall survival in orthotopic mouse models (2015)

Abstract We established nude­ mouse models of human pancreatic cancer with surgical orthotopic implantation of the human BxPC­3 pancreatic cancer for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). After 2 weeks, mice then underwent bright-­light surgery (BLS) or FGS 24 hours after intravenous injection of anti CEA­-Alexa Fluor 488. Completeness of resection was assessed from postoperative imaging. Mice were followed postoperatively until premorbid to determine disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Complete resection was achieved in 92% of mice in the FGS group compared to 45.5% in the BLS group (p = 0.001). FGS resulted in a smaller postoperative tumor burden (p = 0.01). Cure rates with FGS compared to BLS improved from 4.5 to 40%, respectively (p = 0.01), and 1­year postoperative survival rates increased from 0% with BLS to 28% with FGS (p = 0.01). Median DFS increased from 5 weeks with BLS to 11 weeks with FGS (p = 0.0003). Median OS increased from 13.5 weeks with BLS to 22 weeks with FGS (p = 0.001). FGS resulted in greater cure rates and longer DFS and OS using a fluorophore-­conjugated anti ­CEA antibody. The present results demonstrate that FGS has potential to improve the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Cristina A. Metildi, Sharmeela Kaushal, George A. Luiken, Robert M. Hoffman, Michael Bouvet. Pancreatic cancer fluorescence-­guided surgery with a fluorophore­-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) improves surgical resection and increases disease-free and overall survival in orthotopic mouse models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 216. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-216
Variable-Length Codes (2009)

While the noiseless coding theorem provides for the existence of a code that can achieve a rate equal to or approaching the entropy of a source, it unfortunately does not provide a means for constructing an actual code. Generally, variable-length codes are used together with source extensions to achieve the desired performance. In this chapter, we discuss the use and construction of variable-length codes for source encoding. Consider an example in which a DMS S has four symbols, s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , and s 4 , with probabilities given in Table 3.1. We wish to construct an efficient code using a binary alphabet to encode this source. Our code should have some desired characteristics. For instance, each codeword in the sequence should be instantaneously decodable, i.e., decodable without reference to the succeeding codewords. A necessary and sufficient condition for constructing such codes is that no codeword be a prefix of some other codeword. Any code satisfying this condition is called a prefix condition code. Code I in Table 3.1, which is a fixed-length code, has an average length of 2 bits/symbol and is clearly a prefix condition code.