gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defining a region of optimization based on engine usage data (2023)

Methods and systems for engine control optimization are provided. One or more operating conditions of a vehicle engine are detected. A value for each of a plurality of engine control parameters is determined based on the detected one or more operating conditions of the vehicle engine. A range of the most commonly detected operating conditions of the vehicle engine is identified and a region of optimization is defined based on the range of the most commonly detected operating conditions of the vehicle engine. The engine control optimization routine is initiated when the one or more operating conditions of the vehicle engine are within the defined region of optimization.
Sharpening coarse-to-fine stereo vision by perceptual learning: asymmetric transfer across the spatial frequency spectrum (2016)

Neurons in the early visual cortex are finely tuned to different low-level visual features, forming a multi-channel system analysing the visual image formed on the retina in a parallel manner. However, little is known about the potential 'cross-talk' among these channels. Here, we systematically investigated whether stereoacuity, over a large range of target spatial frequencies, can be enhanced by perceptual learning. Using narrow-band visual stimuli, we found that practice with coarse (low spatial frequency) targets substantially improves performance, and that the improvement spreads from coarse to fine (high spatial frequency) three-dimensional perception, generalizing broadly across untrained spatial frequencies and orientations. Notably, we observed an asymmetric transfer of learning across the spatial frequency spectrum. The bandwidth of transfer was broader when training was at a high spatial frequency than at a low spatial frequency. Stereoacuity training is most beneficial when trained with fine targets. This broad transfer of stereoacuity learning contrasts with the highly specific learning reported for other basic visual functions. We also revealed strategies to boost learning outcomes 'beyond-the-plateau'. Our investigations contribute to understanding the functional properties of the network subserving stereovision. The ability to generalize may provide a key principle for restoring impaired binocular vision in clinical situations.
Lithium n‐Doped Polyaniline as a High‐Performance Electroactive Material for Rechargeable Batteries (2017)

The discovery of conducting lithium-doped polyaniline with reversible redox chemistry allows simultaneous unprecedented capacity and stability in a non-aqueous Li battery. This compound (lithium emeraldinate) was synthesized by lithium-proton exchange on the emeraldine base in an anhydrous lithium-based electrolyte. A combination of UV/Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry, XPS, FTIR, and EQCM characterization allowed a unified description of the chemical and electrochemical behavior, showing facile charge delocalization of the doped states and the reversibility of the redox processes in this form of polyaniline. From a practical point of view, lithium emeraldinate behaves as a high-capacity organic active material (230 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> ) that enables preparation of relatively thick composite electrodes with a low amount of carbon additives and high energy density (460 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup> ). Concomitantly, at 1C rate, 400 cycles were achieved without significant capacity loss, while the coulombic efficiency is greater than 99 %.
Computational refocusing in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with phase unstable systems (2021)

We present computational refocusing in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to improve spatial resolution in the calculated polarimetric parameters and extending the depth-of-field in PS-OCT. To achieve this, we successfully integrated SHARP, a computational aberration correction method compatible with phase unstable systems, into a PS-OCT system with inter--A-line polarization modulation. Together with the spectral binning technique to mitigate chromatic polarization effects in system components, we show image quality enhancement in tissue polarimetry of swine eye anterior segment ex vivo, demonstrating the potential of computational refocusing in PS-OCT.
Pharmacological Classification and Renal Actions of Diuretics (1994)

Diuretics may be classified according to their chemical structure, their mechanism and site of action within the nephron, and their diuretic potency. Those agents with primary action in the proximal nephron include the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, e.g. acetazolamide, a sulfonamide derivative. Other drugs containing the sulfonamido grouping, e.g. furosemide, chlorothiazide and metolazone, also have secondary effects on the proximal nephron. Those drugs which have their major pharmacologic activity within the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, inhibiting the sodium/potassium/2 chloride electroneutral transport system, include the sulfonamide agents furosemide, bumetanide, piretanide and torasemide, and the phenoxyacetic acid derivative, ethacrynic acid. In the early portion of the distal convoluted tubule, sodium chloride reabsorption is impaired by the thiazide group, indapamide and metolazone, as their primary site of action. In the late reaches of the distal convolution and in the collecting duct, agents that inhibit the exchange of sodium for that of hydrogen and potassium have their major sites of activity. These agents, spironolactone, amiloride and triamterene, differ not only chemically but in their mechanisms of action. Diuretics may also be grouped according to potency. The loop of Henle agents are the most powerful, causing the excretion of 20-25% of filtered sodium load. The thiazide group and metolazone are moderately potent, resulting in the excretion of 5-8% of filtered sodium, and the 'potassium-sparing' drugs are only mildly potent, causing the excretion of only 2-3% of filtered sodium.
Avian sarcoma and leukosis virus pol-endonuclease recognition of the tandem long terminal repeat junction: minimum site required for cleavage is also required for viral growth (1987)

Integration of retroviral DNA is a site-specific reaction involving an endonuclease encoded by the viral pol gene (pol-endo). In vitro the pol-endo from avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses (ASLVs) cleaves both DNA strands near the U5-U3 junction of tandem long terminal repeats (LTR-LTR junction) in single-stranded and replicative form (RF)-I substrates. We have reported previously that the sequences that are required for cleavage of single-stranded substrates by the alpha beta form of the pol-endo differ for the plus and minus strands (G. Duyk, M. Longiaru, D. Cobrinik, R. Kowal, P. deHaseth, A. M. Skalka, and J. Leis, J. Virol. 56:589-599, 1985). This is not the case with RF-I substrates, in which a maximum of 22 base pairs of U5 and 8 base pairs of U3 were required for alpha beta pol-endo cleavage in each strand. Insertion of a palindromic octanucleotide (CATCGATG) at the LTR-LTR junction abolished cleavage in RF-I but not in single-stranded DNA substrates. Deletion of the four nucleotides (TTAA) at the junction prevented cleavage in the plus strand of RF-I DNA, but did not affect cleavage of single-stranded DNA. Furthermore, the alpha beta form of ASLV pol-endo did not recognize heterologous LTR-LTR junction sequences from the reticuloendotheliosis virus or Moloney murine leukemia virus in either substrate form, despite their sequence and structural similarities to the ASLV junction. These results support a role for a sequence-specific interaction between the ASLV pol-endo and the LTR-LTR junction domains that are required for cleavage. By using the infectious Rous sarcoma virus clone pATV8-K, we introduced a set of deletions into the U5 region that would be incorporated into the LTR-LTR junction on viral replication. In the unintegrated provirus, the deletions started 43 base pairs from the LTR-LTR junction and extended various lengths toward the junction. Results of transfection studies with these clones indicated that the U5 sequences that are required for virus production in vivo correspond to those that are required for cleavage of RF-I DNA in vitro.
An Atropos Chiral Biphenyl Bisphosphine Ligand Bearing Only 2,2′‐Substituents and Its Application in Rh‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2017)

Abstract An atropos chiral biphenyl bisphosphine ligand bearing only 2,2′‐substituents was rationally designed and easily synthesized utilizing a bulky chiral t ‐butylmethylphosphino block. Computational results showed a large difference in the free energies between the two diastereomers (7.8 kcal/mol) and attainable rotational energy barriers from one diastereomer to another (27.7 kcal/mol and reverse 19.9 kcal/mol). This ligand avoids the time‐consuming optical resolution generally needed for the preparation of axially chiral ligands and shows high reactivity and enantioselectivity in Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations. magnified image
ChemInform Abstract: Opening of Glycidol with Phenols in Water Using Catalytic Amounts of Sodium Hydroxide: A Practical Synthesis of 3‐Aryloxy‐1,2‐propanediols. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Improving Lightly Supervised Training for Broadcast Transcriptions (2013)

This paper investigates improving lightly supervised acous-tic model training for an archive of broadcast data. Standard lightly supervised training uses automatically derived decoding hypotheses using a biased language model. However, as the actual speech can deviate significantly from the original pro-gramme scripts that are supplied, the quality of standard lightly supervised hypotheses can be poor. To address this issue, word and segment level combination approaches are used between the lightly supervised transcripts and the original programme scripts which yield improved transcriptions. Experimental re-sults show that systems trained using these improved transcrip-tions consistently outperform those trained using only the origi-nal lightly supervised decoding hypotheses. This is shown to be the case for both the maximum likelihood and minimum phone error trained systems. Index Terms: lightly supervised training, speech recognition, confidence scores
Aerodynamic and Heat Transfer Characterization of a Nozzle Vane Cascade With and Without Platform Cooling (2015)

In the present paper, aerodynamic and thermal performance of a linear nozzle vane cascade is fully assessed. Tests have been carried out with and without platform cooling, with coolant ejected through a slot located upstream of the leading edge. Cooling air is also ejected through a row of cylindrical holes located upstream of the slot, simulating a combustor cooling system. The cascade was tested at a high inlet turbulence intensity level (Tu1 = 9%) and at variable cooling injection conditions. Aero-thermal characterization of vane platform was obtained through 5-hole probe measurements, oil &amp; dye surface flow visualizations, measurements of end wall adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient. The platform cooling scheme operated at nominal injection rate was shown to effectively reduce the heat load over most of the platform surface, with only a small increase in secondary flows loss. Combustor holes injection resulted beneficial in controlling momentum of coolant approaching the cascade, thus limiting the secondary flows growth and resulting in an increase of the coolant film length inside of the passage.
IFN Regulatory Factor-2 Regulates Macrophage Apoptosis through a STAT1/3- and Caspase-1-Dependent Mechanism (2007)

IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-2(-/-) mice are significantly more resistant to LPS challenge than wild-type littermates, and this was correlated with increased numbers of apoptotic Kupffer cells. To assess the generality of this observation, and to understand the role of IRF-2 in apoptosis, responses of peritoneal macrophages from IRF-2(+/+) and IRF-2(-/-) mice to apoptotic stimuli, including the fungal metabolite, gliotoxin, were compared. IRF-2(-/-) macrophages exhibited a consistently higher incidence of apoptosis that failed to correlate with caspase-3/7 activity. Using microarray gene expression profiling of liver RNA samples derived from IRF-2(+/+) and IRF-2(-/-) mice treated with saline or LPS, we identified >40 genes that were significantly down-regulated in IRF-2(-/-) mice, including Stat3, which has been reported to regulate apoptosis. Compared with IRF-2(+/+) macrophages, STAT3alpha mRNA was up-regulated constitutively or after gliotoxin treatment of IRF-2(-/-) macrophages, whereas STAT3beta mRNA was down-regulated. Phospho-Y705-STAT3, phospho-S727-STAT1, and phospho-p38 protein levels were also significantly higher in IRF-2(-/-) than control macrophages. Activation of the STAT signaling pathway has been shown to elicit expression of CASP1 and apoptosis. IRF-2(-/-) macrophages exhibited increased basal and gliotoxin-induced caspase-1 mRNA expression and enhanced caspase-1 activity. Pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 and caspase-1 abolished gliotoxin-induced apoptosis in IRF-2(-/-) macrophages. A novel IFN-stimulated response element, identified within the murine promoter of Casp1, was determined to be functional by EMSA and supershift analysis. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that IRF-2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of Casp1, and that the absence of IRF-2 renders macrophages more sensitive to apoptotic stimuli in a caspase-1-dependent process.
Anytime Classification Using the Nearest Neighbor Algorithm with Applications to Stream Mining (2006)

For many real world problems we must perform classification under widely varying amounts of computational resources. For example, if asked to classify an instance taken from a bursty stream, we may have from milliseconds to minutes to return a class prediction. For such problems an anytime algorithm may be especially useful. In this work we show how we can convert the ubiquitous nearest neighbor classifier into an anytime algorithm that can produce an instant classification, or if given the luxury of additional time, can utilize the extra time to increase classification accuracy. We demonstrate the utility of our approach with a comprehensive set of experiments on data from diverse domains.
Molecular Basis of the Interaction Specificity between the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Endogenous Steroid Ligand Cortisol (2005)

We analyzed the binding of five steroids to the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) experimentally as well as theoretically. In vitro, we measured the binding affinity of aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone to hGR in competition with the ligand dexamethasone. The binding affinity relative to the endogenous ligand cortisol (100%) is reduced for progesterone (22%) and aldosterone (20%) and is very weak for testosterone (1.5%) and estradiol (0.2%). In parallel, we constructed a homology model of the hGR ligand-binding domain (LBD) based on the crystal structure of the human progesterone receptor (hPR). After docking the five steroids into the hGR model ligand-binding pocket, we performed five separate 4-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with these complexes in order to study the complex structures. We calculated the binding affinities with two different approaches (MM/PBSA, FlexX) and compared them with the values of the experimentally determined relative binding affinities. Both theoretical methods allowed discrimination between strongly and weakly binding ligands and recognition of cortisol as the endogenous ligand of the hGR in silico. Cortisol binds most strongly due to a nearly perfect steric and electrostatic complementarity with the hGR binding pocket. Chemically similar ligands such as estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone also fit into the hGR binding pocket, but they are unable to form all those contacts with the amino acids of the protein that are necessary to yield a stable, transcriptionally active receptor conformation. Our analysis thus explains the selectivity of the human glucocorticoid receptor for its endogenous ligand cortisol at a molecular level.
Band Structure Calculation of Photonic Crystal Structures Fabricated via Multi-Beam-Interference Lithography (2009)

The band structures of both 2-D and 3-D photonic crystal structures defined via multi- beam-interference lithography are calculated theoretically. Examples of 2-D and 3-D structures with complete band gaps are presented.
Distinct outcomes by dynamically encircling an exceptional point along homotopic loops (2019)

We study a two-state non-Hermitian waveguide system that carries an exceptional point (EP). It is commonly believed that dynamically encircling an EP exhibits a chiral behavior when the starting point of the loop lies in the branch cut with eigenmodes being symmetric and antisymmetric modes. We show here that such statement is conditional; i.e., the dynamics can in fact be nonchiral for specially designed loops with the starting point in the branch cut. In particular, we find that for two homotopic loops (i.e., loops that can be transformed continuously from one to another without crossing any EP), the outcomes can be completely different even if the two loops share the same starting state, enclose the same EP, and encircle the EP in the same direction. Our findings greatly enrich the understanding of the physics in dynamical processes of EP encircling in non-Hermitian systems.
Proton affinities and gas-phase basicities of alkyl and silyl ethers (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProton affinities and gas-phase basicities of alkyl and silyl ethersJames F. Blake and William L. JorgensenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 21, 6052–6059Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00021a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00021a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Highly Flexible Hybrid CMOS Inverter Based on Si Nanomembrane and Molybdenum Disulfide (2016)

2D semiconductor materials are being considered for next generation electronic device application such as thin-film transistors and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuit due to their unique structural and superior electronics properties. Various approaches have already been taken to fabricate 2D complementary logics circuits. However, those CMOS devices mostly demonstrated based on exfoliated 2D materials show the performance of a single device. In this work, the design and fabrication of a complementary inverter is experimentally reported, based on a chemical vapor deposition MoS<sub>2</sub> n-type transistor and a Si nanomembrane p-type transistor on the same substrate. The advantages offered by such CMOS configuration allow to fabricate large area wafer scale integration of high performance Si technology with transition-metal dichalcogenide materials. The fabricated hetero-CMOS inverters which are composed of two isolated transistors exhibit a novel high performance air-stable voltage transfer characteristic with different supply voltages, with a maximum voltage gain of ≈16, and sub-nano watt power consumption. Moreover, the logic gates have been integrated on a plastic substrate and displayed reliable electrical properties paving a realistic path for the fabrication of flexible/transparent CMOS circuits in 2D electronics.
P3‐363: BACE inhibitor LY2886721 safety and central and peripheral PK and PD in healthy subjects (HSs) (2012)

LY2886721, a BACE inhibitor, dose-dependently lowers Aβs in animals. Herein LY2886721 safety, PK and PD were investigated in randomized, double blind phase I single and multiple ascending dose (SAD, MAD) studies. In SAD part A, placebo or LY2886721 (1-35 mg) were administered PO. In SAD part B, effects of placebo or LY2886721 (10-35 mg) on Aβs, sAPPβ and sAPPα were determined in serially-sampled CSF. In MAD, single daily doses of placebo and LY2886721 (5-35 mg) were administered PO for 14 days. CSF was obtained by LP at baseline and 24 hrs after last dose. Plasma and CSF LY2886721 concentrations were measured by LC/MS/MS. Plasma and CSF Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-X and CSF sAPPβ and sAPPa were measured by immunoassay. PK/PD was assessed after single and steady state dosing. Adverse event, vital sign, ECG, lab and eye exams were assessed throughout the study and for 6 weeks after last dose to characterize safety and tolerability. LY2886721 appeared safe and well-tolerated in 29 and 39 HSs completing SAD and MAD studies, respectively. C max was achieved 2-4 hrs after dosing. Mean t 1/2 was approximately 12 hrs. In SAD part A, 24-hour time-averaged change from baseline (TACFB) in plasma Aβ 1-40 for placebo and 1, 7, 15, 25 and 35 mg LY2886721 groups was -0.14, -25.0, -38.3, -56.1, -62.0 and -63.7%, respectively. In part B, CSF Aβs gradually increased after placebo treatment. LY2886721 dose-dependently lowered all CSF Aβ isoforms. 24-hr TACFB for CSF Aβ 1-40, Aβ 1-42, and Aβ 1-X in the 35 mg LY2886721 group was -27.9, -31.1 and -52.9%, respectively. LY2886721 dose-dependently decreased CSF sAPPβ and increased CSF sAPPα. In the MAD study, LY2886721 dose-dependently lowered plasma and CSF Aβs. Placebo, 5, 15 and 35 mg LY2886721 TAFCB for plasma Aβ 1-40 was +3.46, -51.8, -63.6 and -76.9 %, respectively and change in CSF Aβ 1-40 was -0.46, -17.7, -29.1 and -57.6 %, respectively. LY2886721 dose-dependently decreased CSF sAPPβ and increased CSF sAPPα. LY2886721 appeared safe and well-tolerated at single and multiple doses producing dose-dependent central disposition, BACE target engagement and lowering of multiple Aβ isoforms. LY2886721 could enter phase 2 in 2012.