gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Plethora of Plans (1997)

Abstract This chapter discusses various plans considered by the Chinese government to address the prospect of persisting mass starvation in the countryside and its spread to the cities. At this point, Chairman Mao appeared to be ready to acknowledge or accept the blame for the economic disaster that resulted from his failed GLF initiative. The plans included the establishment of a less egalitarian accounting system, the restoration of or compensation for confiscated private properties, the importation of grains, and the transfer of millions of urban residents back to the countryside.
Study on the Impact of Surface Roughness on Germanium TPV Cell Performance (2010)

A next step in the fabrication of low-cost thermophotovoltaic cells based on germanium is the realization of TPV cells on substrates which do not have an epi-ready front surface finishing. Since imec’s proprietary TPV cell fabrication process does not include any epitaxial growth, substrates with such an excellent surface finishing are not required. The transfer of the process from epi-ready substrates to substrates with a specifically engineered front and rear surface only requires small adaptations on the emitter formation. Since an emitter is formed by diffusion from a spin-on dopant source, the risk of interruptions in the emitter due to the rougher surfaces increases. An increase of the P-concentration in the spin-on dopant source, together with a reduction of the spin speed solved this issue. The TPV cells on the new type of substrates showed the same IV-performance under AM1.5G light compared to the standard TPV cells and even a better performance in the long wavelength range relevant for TPV applications, as evidenced by an increased quantum efficiency.
Plasma Free H 2 S Levels are Elevated in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease (2013)

Findings reported in this study reveal that plasma-free H2S levels are significantly elevated in vascular disease and identify a novel inverse relationship with NO bioavailability in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Anticancer Activity and Modes of Action of (arene) ruthenium(II) Complexes Coordinated to C-, N-, and O-ligands (2016)

An overview of anticancer active (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes coordinated to period 2 element-based ligand systems, i.e., carbon-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-coordinated ligands, is provided in this mini-review. A bridge is forged from the large group of anticancer active ruthenium compounds with monodentate and chelating nitrogen ligands via complexes of O,O-chelating ligands to organometallic ruthenium derivatives coordinated to carbon. (Arene)ruthenium(II) complexes with reduced side-effects and enhanced efficacy against cancer are highlighted. Pertinent literature is covered up to 2014.
Pulsed Doppler Determinations of Cardiac Output in Neonates: Normal Standards for Clinical Use (1985)

Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac output can greatly facilitate the clinical assessment and management of neonates with cardiovascular compromise. To assess normal values of cardiac output in neonates, mean blood flow velocity was measured in the ascending aorta from a suprasternal approach using a range-gated, pulsed Doppler velocity meter, and aortic root diameter was determined from an M-mode echocardiogram. These techniques were combined, and cardiac output was evaluated in 59 healthy premature and 62 term newborn infants during the first week of life. Birth weights ranged from 780 g to 4,740 g and gestational age from 27 to 42 weeks. Cardiac output values increased linearly with advancing birth weight (r = +.94, P less than 0.001) and gestational age (r = +.95, P less than .001). Mean cardiac output values (+/- SD) per kilogram of body weight were 249 +/- 34 mL/min/kg and decreased with advancing birth weight: less than 1,500 g = 265 +/- 32 mL/min/kg; 1,500 to 2,500 g = 253 +/- 34 mL/min/kg; and greater than 2,500 g = 241 +/- 33 mL/min/kg. For clinical use, 325 mL/min/kg and 200 mL/min/kg can be used as upper and lower limits of normal, respectively. Doppler cardiac output estimates compared favorably with studies using invasive techniques.
Poly(3‐alkylthiophene) Films as Solvent‐Processable Photoelectrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide (2021)

Photoelectrocatalysts In article number 2100103, Hiroyuki Nishide and co-workers demonstrate solvent-processable and commercially-available poly(3-alkylthiophene)s as a robust photoelectrocatalyst for the reduction of O2 to H2O2, with a high conversion rate and a high Coulombic efficiency (>95%).
A high-voltage polysilicon TFT with multigate structures (1991)

An approach is proposed for obtaining a high-voltage thin-film transistor (TFT) with multigate structure where polysilicon TFTs are connected in series. A basic principle for high-voltage operation has been investigated in detail through calculations based on a model describing log I/sub DS/-V/sub GS/ characteristics observed in a single-gate polysilicon TFT. It has been found that off-state (V/sub GS/<0) operation of the polysilicon TFT causes a large increase of breakdown voltage of the multigate TFT with the result that a nearly equal fraction of drain voltage is applied across the region around each elemental TFT. The breakdown voltage of drain of the fabricated multigate TFT which has five elemental TFTs has been elevated up to 80 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
IEE Science, Education & Technology Division: Chairman's address. Spectrum: The good guy's guide to the galaxies (1993)

The paper surveys the 20 or so decades of frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum, and discusses both the energy and information which can be extracted from it. The Sun provides abundant radiant energy, which is being used to an increasing extent to provide terrestrial power.The history and use of radio waves, the visible spectrum, and X, γ and cosmic rays are examined. In recent years optical astronomy has received a boost from competition by radio astronomy. All available parts of the spectrum are now being used by both Earth and satellitebased instruments. There is rapidly-growing knowledge about the Universe and its probable origin in the Big Bang.
Tire and Brake Interaction - A New Test Rig to Study Wheel Locking (2021)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The paper investigates the dynamics of the tire and brake during hard braking or wheel locking, from the view point of a brake manufacturer. A new test rig, named BRAD (BRembo Automotive Dynamometer) is presented which measures the forces acting both at the brake and at the tire-ground interface. Lateral forces are not measured. In the test rig, the ground is represented by a drum. The features of the test rig are presented. The measurement accuracy is declared. The first result is that, near wheel locking, a substantial part of the braking power is generated by the tire and not by the brake. The test rig quantifies such a partitioning of brake power, which is important for current and future electric motorsport activities. Some 30% of the braking power is due to tire during hard braking. The second result is that, due to such important braking power at the tire, the tire is heated up, which increases considerably the maximum friction. This implies that brakes interact with tires near wheel locking. The new test rig enables to study such an interaction.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Investigation of Femtosecond Pulse Induced Phase Transitions in GaAs (1992)

There has been a great deal of interest in the investigation of the primary steps of phase transitions at semiconductor surfaces excited by an ultrashort laser pulse. Raman experiments [1] revealed that energy from the electronic system is transferred to the phonon system (lattice) on a time scale of about 1-2ps. Direct observation of the sample surface after excitation showed the onset of melting to be within a few or less than 1ps [2]. Second harmonic generation in reflection turned out to be a powerful tool to detect symmetry changes of the sample surface [3-5]. The general observation is that the drop of the second harmonic efficiency occurs within the first one hundred fs after excitation. In contrast the reflectivity of the fundamental changes on a time scale of several hundred fs up to one ps depending on the excitation density. While the SHG probes only about a layer of lOnm the reflectivity of the fundamental is determined by a layer thickness of several hundred nm. Therefore one possible explanation for the different time constants rests on propagation effects of the melt front, another assumes an intermediate state reflecting a changed lattice symmetry which is reached before a considerable part of energy is transferred to the phonon system (cold melting) [3]. We supplemented pump-probe and time resolved SHG in reflection by transient grating measurements. The latter are extremly sensitive against propagation effects because they change the grating structure and thus the diffraction efficiency. Corresponding measurements are shown in Fig.l. It is intresting to note that observable first-order diffraction occured only at excitation densities above the melting threshold. From Fig.1 it is evident that the diffraction dynamics is similar to that of the fundamental reflection. A theoretical model explains this as a consequence of the fact that propagation effects can be neglected within the first few ps. An upper limit for the velocity of the melt front velocity can be estimated and is in the order of 500 m/s. Since the diffraction rise time of the UV-probe (310nm) is considerably longer than the decay of the second harmonic efficiency the existence of an intermediate state or phase prior the melting becomes even more likely.
A Novel Neutrophil-Specific PET Imaging Agent: cFLFLFK-PEG-64Cu (2009)

This new radiolabeled peptide targeting the FPR binds to neutrophils in vitro and accumulates at sites of inflammation in vivo. This modified peptide may prove to be a useful tool to probe inflammation or injury.
On the development of natural fiber composites of high‐temperature thermoplastic polymers (2002)

Abstract A new method is presented for the development of natural fiber composites of high‐performance thermoplastic polymers considering poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) and wood flour as an example system. The large gap between the high processing temperature of PPE, typically between 280 and 320°C, and the low decomposition temperature of wood flour, about 200°C, was reduced by using a reactive solvent, a low molecular weight epoxy. The epoxy formed miscible blends with PPE, which offered much lower viscosity compared to PPE and processing temperatures well below the decomposition temperature of wood flour. In addition, the epoxy component accumulated around the polar wood flour particles upon polymerization during the fabrication step. The composite materials consisted of a thermoplastic continuous phase and two dispersed phases, one of polymerized epoxy and the other of wood flour particles coated with polymerized epoxy. These composites offered a significant reduction in density and better mechanical and physical properties when compared to commercially available grades of engineering polymer blends filled with short glass fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2159–2167, 2002
Testosterone Prescribing in the United States, 2002-2016 (2018)

Testosterone use in the United States tripled from 2001 through 2011, mostly in men without a clear indication. n late 2013 and early 2014, 2 studies reported increased myocardial infarction and stroke associated with testosterone use. 3 , 4 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a safety bulletin on January 31, 2014. We assessed recent trends in testosterone prescribing.
Dipeptidyl Aspartyl Fluoromethylketones as Potent Caspase Inhibitors: SAR of the N‐Protecting Group. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Production of a Two-Dimensional Ordered Array of Ferritin-Nanoparticles on a Silicon Substrate (2007)

We have proposed a Bio Nano process that is a bottom-up technique using protein supramolecules for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices that exceed the limits imposed by conventional lithography. One of its features is a nanostructure, for example, a two-dimensional (2D) ordered array using protein self-assembly. In this study, we show that a 2D ordered array with nanoparticles forms on a thermally-oxidized silicon substrate by using a solution without metals or sodium ions, which cause malfunctions of semiconductor devices. Furthermore, after protein elimination by UV-ozone treatment, a 2D ordered array was confirmed. The clarification of the principle of a 2D ordered array will be promoted in the future.
Clustering Time Series with Nonlinear Dynamics: A Bayesian\n Non-Parametric and Particle-Based Approach (2018)

We propose a general statistical framework for clustering multiple time\nseries that exhibit nonlinear dynamics into an a-priori-unknown number of\nsub-groups. Our motivation comes from neuroscience, where an important problem\nis to identify, within a large assembly of neurons, subsets that respond\nsimilarly to a stimulus or contingency. Upon modeling the multiple time series\nas the output of a Dirichlet process mixture of nonlinear state-space models,\nwe derive a Metropolis-within-Gibbs algorithm for full Bayesian inference that\nalternates between sampling cluster assignments and sampling parameter values\nthat form the basis of the clustering. The Metropolis step employs recent\ninnovations in particle-based methods. We apply the framework to clustering\ntime series acquired from the prefrontal cortex of mice in an experiment\ndesigned to characterize the neural underpinnings of fear.\n
Designing Tailored Gas Diffusion Layers with Pore Size Gradients via Electrospinning for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (2020)

We present electrospinning as a versatile technique to design and fabricate tailored polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell gas diffusion layers (GDLs) with a pore-size gradient (increasing from catalyst layer to flow field) to enhance the high current density performance and water management behavior of a PEM fuel cell. The novel graded electrospun GDL exhibits highly robust performance over a range of inlet gas relative humidities (RH). At relatively dry (50% RH) inlet conditions that exacerbate ohmic losses, the graded GDL lowers ohmic resistance and improves high current density performance compared to a uniform GDL with larger pores and fiber diameters. Specifically, the graded GDL facilitates a beneficial degree of liquid water retention at the catalyst layer/GDL interface due to the high capillary pressure inherent in its microstructure, thereby improving membrane hydration. Additionally, enhanced graphitization and connectivity of the graded electrospun fibers improves heat dissipation from the catalyst layer interface compared to the GDL with larger fiber diameters, thereby reducing membrane dehydration. When the inlet RH is raised to fully humid (100% RH) conditions, the graded GDL mitigates liquid water accumulation and lowers mass transport resistance. Specifically, the pore size gradient directs the removal of liquid water from the GDL, resulting in superior performance at high current densities.
HPRC Y1 assemblies (HiFi + UL) evaluated in the hifiasm (UL) paper (2023)

This repository contains all HPRC Y1 assemblies evaluated in the paper titled: <strong><em>Scalable telomere-to-telomere assembly for diploid and polyploid genomes with double graph</em></strong>.
III-V/Si Hybrid Laser Arrays Using Back End of the Line (BEOL) Integration (2016)

Creating arrays of efficient optical sources to enable dense integration of silicon photonic transceivers with silicon very large-scale integration circuits remains a challenge. We review manufacturing strategies and challenges for back-end-of-line integration of tunable, external-cavity lasers using edge-coupled and surface-normal-coupled integration approaches showing that such laser arrays can be manufactured with a fab-less model. We demonstrate, for the first time, hybrid laser arrays using both integration approaches highlighting performance and design differences. We also discuss challenges and opportunities for each method and present experimental techniques to reduce alignment tolerance and improve laser stability and mode control.
Identification of a novel pathway important for proliferation and differentiation of primary erythroid progenitors (1997)

Homodimerization of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPO-R) in response to EPO binding transiently activates the receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinase JAK2. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPO-R creates "docking sites" for SH2 domain(s) in signaling molecules such as the protein tyrosine phosphatases SH-PTP1 and SH-PTP2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 kinase), and STAT5. However, little is known about the specific intracellular signals essential for proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Here we show that an EPO-R containing only one cytosolic (phospho)tyrosine residue, Y479, induces a signal transduction pathway sufficient for proliferation and differentiation of fetal liver progenitors of erythroid colony-forming units from EPO-R(-/-) mice as well as for proliferation of cultured hematopoietic cells. This cascade involves sequential EPO-induced recruitment of PI3 kinase to the EPO-R and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, independent of the Shc/Grb2-adapter pathway and of STAT5. Protein kinase C epsilon may be one of the mediators connecting PI3 kinase with the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Our results identify a signaling cascade important in vivo for erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation.
A Troubled Asset Reverse Auction (2008)

The US Treasury has proposed purchasing $700 billion of troubled assets to restore liquidity and solve the current financial crisis, using market mechanisms such as reverse auctions where appropriate. This paper presents a high-level design for a troubled asset reverse auction and discusses the auction design issues. We assume that the key objectives of the auction are to: • provide a quick and effective means to purchase troubled assets and increase liquidity; • protect the taxpayer by yielding a price for assets related to their value; and • offer a transparent rules-based process that minimizes discretion and favoritism. We propose a two-part approach. Part 1. Groups of related securities are purchased in simultaneous descending clock auctions. The auctions operate on a security-by-security basis to avoid adverse selection. To assure that the auction for each security is competitive, the demand for each security is capped at the total quantity offered by all but the largest three sellers. Demand bids from private buyers are also allowed. The simultaneous clock auctions protect the taxpayer by yielding a competitive price for each security and allow bidders to manage liquidity constraints and portfolio risk. The resulting price discovery also improves the liquidity of the securities that are not purchased in the
Synthetic Vasopressin and Oxytocin Analogs and Their Potential Use in Hemorrhagic, Traumatic and Septic Shock: A Personal Perspective (2017)

As one of us has stated many years ago, “shock is a significant and sustained loss of effective circulating blood volume. It will eventuate in hypoperfusion of critical peripheral tissues, thus leading to a deficit in transcapillary exchange function in critical organ regions. Clinically, there are five major types of circulatory shock: cardiogenic; septic; distributive; anaphylactic; and hypovolemic. Hypovolemic shock (HS) is, primarily, due to a marked decrease in venous return, falling arterial blood pressure, and ventricular preload, and usually is caused by hemorrhage, dehydration, excessive diarrhea, trauma, excessive fluid loss from severe burns, increased positive intrathoracic pressure, excessive urinary fluid loss resulting from diuretics, side effects of many chemotherapeutic agents and radiation in cancer patients, or depressed vasomotor tone in the microcirculation
Local Prevention of Oxidative Stress in the Intestinal Epithelium of the Rat by Adhesive Liposomes of Superoxide Dismutase and Tempamine (2005)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the local prevention of luminal superoxide-mediated biological damage in the rat jejunal mucosa could be achieved by liposomal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the SOD mimic tempamine (TMN). Cationic liposomes loaded with either SOD or TMN were perfused in the rat jejunum prior to the induction of oxidative insult. Reactive hydroxyl radicals were generated in situ in a closed circulating intestinal loop of the rat from the reaction between hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase in the presence of chelated ferrous sulfate. Mucosal activity of lactate dehydrogenase and levels of potassium ions were used to quantify the tissue damage. Intracellular uptake and locality of SOD were examined in HT-29 cells. The intestinal uptake of SOD and TMN was further measured by using rat colon sacs. Entrapment in cationic liposomes was found to significantly enhance the antioxidant effect of SOD and TMN against the induced oxidative damage in the jejunal mucosa, compared with their free forms. The effect was found to be local and was caused by the increased mucosal adhesion of the liposomes. The cationic liposomes also triggered SOD uptake into the HT-29 cell line. It is concluded that the increased residence time of the cationic liposomes of SOD and TMN in the jejunal mucosa resulted in a local effect against oxidative injury. This local protection may be exploited for drug delivery purposes.
Estimation of Finger Pinch Force Based on Surface Electromyography (2021)

厚生労働省の平成28年生活のしづらさなどに関する調査結果によると，上肢の切断や機能障害による上肢不自由者は日本に60万人以上存在する1)．上肢である手や指は日常生活において多くの活動に関わる重要な器官であり多くの役割を担っている．そのため上肢不自由者は上肢の機能を補完する補装具を使用する．その中でも義手は上肢不自由者のうち，上肢切断患者が失った手の見栄えや機能を補うために用いられる．義手には主に装飾義手，能動義手，筋電義手がある．装飾義手は人の手のような見た目をしているが，義手の手や指を動かすことは出来ず，義手を用いて作業を行えない．能動義手は機能性に特化しており，義手を操作して作業を行えるが，見栄えが悪く，また，義手の操作に上半身の動き等を対応させているため，使用時に姿勢の制約がある．これらに対して筋電義手は，腕に残存する筋肉が収縮する際に発生する電気信号である筋電（EMG）信号を，皮膚表面に貼付した表面電極より計測し義手の制御に利用することで，見栄えがよく，機能的で姿勢の制約が小さい義手を実現している．これらの利点により，筋電義手は大変注目されており，開発や研究が進められている．
OS CFAR performance in a 77 GHz radar sensor for car application (2002)

The target detection procedure in a radar sensor for car application is a very important point, due to the strong requirements for extreme low false alarm rates. Furthermore, multi-target situations with up to 10 targets inside a single CFAR window may occur when driving on routes and highways. In this paper the performance of an OS CFAR method is described, applied in an FMCW radar based automotive intelligent cruise control (AICC) system. It is shown that for the applied frequency coded type of waveform OS CFAR is a powerful technique to ensure both reliable detection and very low false alarm rate simultaneously. The applied CFAR procedure can be optimized regarding the required low computational complexity. Theoretical and practical results are presented.