gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
10C-4 Improved Myocardial Motion Tracking in Mouse Echocardiography Using Large-Diameter Microbubbles (2007)

High frequency (25-35 MHz), transthoracic, adult mouse echocardiography images sometimes exhibit low echogenecity in segments of the myocardium, resulting in degraded regional motion tracking. In this work, we performed high frequency (30 MHz) transthoracic ultrasound scanning on the left ventricle (LV) of normal C57BL/6 mice. Large-diameter microbubbles (range=2-8 mum, median~=5 mum) were used to enhance myocardial image signal via microbubbles lodging in the myocardial capillary bed [1]. Microbubbles produced an image intensity enhancement of 5-10 dB throughout the myocardium - especially in known signal dropout susceptible locations such as the septal wall. The motion analysis was performed using various filtering and tracking block size parameters, and the results were compared between analysis on microbubble-enhanced images and control echocardiographic images where no microbubbles were employed. The use of microbubbles allowed motion tracking without image pre-filtering and thus reduced the smoothing effect on motion tracking that filtering can cause. Motion tracking using smaller tracking block size (0.2 x 0.2 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> vs. 0.4 x 0.4 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) on microbubble- enhanced images yielded finer tracking accuracy and better resolution than when tracking was performed on control images. Microbubble enhancement also facilitated motion tracking measurements using "real-time" image sequences (requiring an acquisition lasting a few seconds) versus the previously preferred EKV data acquisition method (i.e., an ECG-gated EKV acquisition mode) that required 2-3 minutes.
Optimizing Information Credibility in Social Swarming Applications (2011)

With the advent of smartphone technology, it has become possible to conceive of entirely new classes of applications. Social swarming, in which users armed with smartphones are directed by a central director to report on events in the physical world, has several real-world applications: search and rescue, coordinated fire-fighting, and the DARPA balloon hunt challenge. In this paper, we focus on the following problem: how does the director optimize the selection of reporters to deliver credible corroborating information about an event. We first propose a model, based on common notions of believability, about the credibility of information. We then cast the problem posed above as a discrete optimization problem, prove hardness results, introduce optimal centralized solutions, and design an approximate solution amenable to decentralized implementation whose performance is about 20 percent off, on average, from the optimal (on real-world data sets derived from Google News) while being three orders of magnitude more computationally efficient. More interesting, a time-averaged version of the problem is amenable to a novel stochastic utility optimization formulation, and can be solved optimally, while in some cases yielding decentralized solutions. To our knowledge, we are the first to propose and explore the problem of extracting credible information from a network of smartphones.
The TechQA Dataset (2019)

We introduce TechQA, a domain-adaptation question answering dataset for the technical support domain. The TechQA corpus highlights two real-world issues from the automated customer support domain. First, it contains actual questions posed by users on a technical forum, rather than questions generated specifically for a competition or a task. Second, it has a real-world size -- 600 training, 310 dev, and 490 evaluation question/answer pairs -- thus reflecting the cost of creating large labeled datasets with actual data. Consequently, TechQA is meant to stimulate research in domain adaptation rather than being a resource to build QA systems from scratch. The dataset was obtained by crawling the IBM Developer and IBM DeveloperWorks forums for questions with accepted answers that appear in a published IBM Technote---a technical document that addresses a specific technical issue. We also release a collection of the 801,998 publicly available Technotes as of April 4, 2019 as a companion resource that might be used for pretraining, to learn representations of the IT domain language.
Development and use of a new burner rig facility to mimic service loading conditions of Ni-based single crystal superalloys (2014)

Performing representative experiments of in-service operating conditions of Ni-based superalloys used as high pressure turbine blades in aeroengines is a challenging issue due to the complex environmental, mechanical and thermal solicitations encountered by those components. A new burner rig test facility called MAATRE (French acronym for Mechanics and Aerothermics of Cooled Turbine Blades) has been developed at ENSMA – Pprime Institute to mimic as close as possible those operating conditions. This new test bench has been used to perform complex non-isothermal creep tests representative of thermomechanical solicitations seen by some sections of HP turbine blades during engine certification procedure.
Self-reactive T cells can escape clonal deletion in T-cell receptor V beta 8.1 transgenic mice. (1990)

To study the mechanisms of tolerance in detail, we have constructed transgenic mice expressing a V beta 8.1-D beta 2-J beta 2.3-C beta 2 T-cell receptor (TCR) gene. Since expression of V beta 8.1 is known to correlate with reactivity of CD4+CD8- T cells to minor lymphocyte-stimulating locus 1a (Mls-1a), we expected to induce tolerance in most CD4+CD8- T cells in V beta 8.1 transgenic mice of the Mls-1a allele. In one line of Mls-1b V beta 8.1 transgenic mice, the V beta 8.1 TCR was expressed on greater than 98% of mature T cells and their response to Mls-1a was highly enriched. In Mls-1a V beta 8.1 transgenic mice, CD4+CD8- T cells in these mice were severely reduced among both peripheral T cells and thymocytes. However, the deletion of these cells was not complete, and most of the residual CD4+CD8- mature T cells still expressed normal densities of V beta 8.1 TCR. The residual CD4+CD8- T cells did not respond to Mls-1a but were still able to proliferate in response to other stimuli via the TCR. Interestingly, CD4+CD8- V beta 8.1+ T-cell clones isolated from Mls-1a V beta 8.1 transgenic mice could respond to Mls-1a. We suggest that these types of T cells escape clonal deletion in the thymus.
Predicting Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis: Keep It Simple (P04.100) (2013)

OBJECTIVE: To compare how accurately a history of falls, questionnaires and physical tests predict future falls in people with MS.
Electron Transfer Across Modular Oligo-p-phenylene Bridges in Ru(bpy)2(bpy–phn–DQ)4+(n= 1–5) Dyads. Unusual Effects of Bridge Elongation (2011)

A series of dyads of general formula Ru(bpy)(2)(bpy-ph(n)-DQ)(4+) (n = 1-5), based on a Ru(II) polypyridine unit as photoexcitable donor, a set of oligo-p-phenylene bridges with 1-5 modular units, and a cyclo-diquaternarized 2,2'-bipyridine (DQ(2+)) as electron acceptor unit, have been synthesized. Their spectroscopic and photophysical properties have been investigated in CH(3)CN and CH(2)Cl(2) by time-resolved emission and absorption spectroscopy in the nanosecond and picosecond time scale. The experimental study has also been complemented with a computational investigation carried out on the whole series of dyads. The absorption spectra of the dyads show new spectroscopic transitions, in addition to those characteristic of the donor, bridge, and acceptor fragments. DFT calculations suggest the assignment of such bands as bridge-to-acceptor (π ph(n)) → (π* DQ) charge-transfer transitions. This assignment is consistent with the solvatochromic and spectroelectrochemical behavior of the new bands. For all the dyads at room temperature in fluid solution, the typical (3)MLCT luminescence of the Ru(II) polypyridine unit is strongly (>90%) quenched, supporting the occurrence of an efficient intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer. The study has revealed, however, that the photophysical mechanism is actually more complex than presumed on the basis of a simple photoinduced electron-transfer scheme. For n = 1, very fast (few picoseconds) photoinduced electron transfer from the MLCT state localized on the substituted bpy ligand to the DQ unit has been observed, followed by slower interligand hopping and charge recombination. For n = 2-5, MLCT excited-state quenching takes place without transient detection of charge-separated product, indicating that charge recombination is faster than charge separation. This behavior can be rationalized in terms of the superexchange couplings expected through this type of bridges for the two processes. The kinetics of MLCT quenching in the dyads with n = 1-5 does not follow the usual exponential falloff with bridge length: after a regular decrease for n = 1-3, the rate constants become almost insensitive to bridge length for n = 3-5. The rationale of this uncommon behavior, as suggested by DFT calculations, lies in a switch in the MLCT quenching mechanism with increasing bridge length, from oxidative quenching by the DQ acceptor to reductive quenching by the bridge.
Defect formation in SiO2:GeO2glasses studied by irradiation with excimer laser light (1996)

The formation of germanium electron centers in ${[\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}]}_{9}$[Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$] glasses by irradiation with excimer laser light was found to occur via two-photon absorption processes for ArF, KrF, and XeCl lasers. Although the wavelength of KrF laser light corresponds to the absorption band of preexisting oxygen-deficient defects associated with Ge ions, no significant difference in the formation efficiency was seen between ArF and KrF laser lights. The efficiency for XeCl laser light was smaller by four orders of magnitude than that for ArF or KrF light, but was still larger by an order of magnitude than the formation efficiency of Si ${E}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers in Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ glasses with ArF laser light. It was shown that defect-formation efficiencies for the case where the two-photon energy is close to the optical band gap are much lower than for that when the two-photon energy is enough to exceed the band gap.
Light Emission in Ge Quantum Wells (2012)

We present the Ge/SiGe quantum well structure as a strong candidate for CMOS compatible light source. Photoluminescence and electroluminescence show enhanced optical properties over bulk Ge. Further optical enhancement is observed in disk resonators.
Real-Time Adaptive Modulation Schemes for Underwater Acoustic OFDM Communication (2022)

Adaptive modulation received significant attention for underwater acoustic (UA) communication systems with the aim of increasing the system efficiency. It is challenging to attain a high data rate in UA communication, as UA channels vary fast, along with the environmental factors. For a time-varying UA channel, a self-adaptive system is an attractive option, which can choose the best method according to the channel condition to guarantee the continuous connectivity and high performance constantly. A real-time orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-based adaptive UA communication system is presented in this paper, employing the National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW software and NI CompactDAQ device. In this paper, the received SNR is considered as a performance metric to select the transmission parameters, which are sent back to the transmitter for data transmission. In this research, a UA OFDM communication system is developed, employing adaptive modulation schemes for a nonstationary UA environment which allows to select subcarriers, modulation size, and allocate power adaptively to enhance the reliability of communication, guarantee continuous connectivity, and boost data rate. The recent UA communication experiments carried out in the Canning River, Western Australia, verify the performance of the proposed adaptive UA OFDM system, and the experimental results confirm the superiority of the proposed adaptive scheme.
Electrically-Controlled Thermal Infrared Metamaterial Devices. (2016)

Abstract not provided.
Monticello Through the Window (2003)

We present a case study in the use of virtual environment technology for cultural heritage applications, describing a collaborative effort to construct two cultural heritage exhibits for a five month exhibition at the New Orleans Museum of Art. To illustrate the factors that shape museum exhibit design, we explore the initial conceptual phase and discuss our reasons for choosing certain designs. We describe the two exhibits that we built in turn, focusing on equipment and on robustness. Although little went awry during the exhibition, we explain how certain equipment did fail and how we had prepared for such crises by keeping spare equipment on-site. Finally, we report on the success of the undertaking and close with some thoughts and advice for researchers attempting similar museum-oriented projects.
DEFUNCTIONALIZED BLADDERS: EFFECTS BEFORE AND AFTER REFUNCTIONALIZATION IN AN ANIMAL MODEL (2000)

Bladder behavior after refunctionalization is usually unpredictable. We comparatively analyze various aspects of bladder defunctionalization and subsequent refunctionalization using an animal model.A total of 18 rabbits were divided equally into 3 groups. Animals in group 1 underwent 2 successive surgical procedures, including bladder division and reattachment. Bladder division was performed by hemisecting the bladder from dome to trigone into a functioning and nonfunctioning chamber. Bladder reattachment was achieved by reanastomosing both hemibladders. Group 2 animals underwent sham operations, and group 3 animals were age matched normal controls. Serial urodynamic studies and fluoroscopic cystograms were performed in all animals. Gross, histochemical (hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red) and immunocytochemical (alpha-actin, collagen I and III) analyses, collagen content determination and organ bath studies were performed.The defunctionalized hemibladders demonstrated lower wet weight, capacity and compliance compared to the functional contralateral and normal control bladders. Refunctionalization of the bladders resulted in a progressive recovery of capacity and compliance with time. The bladder contractile response and connective tissue-to-muscle ratio were abnormal in the defunctionalized segments but normalized after bladder refunctionalization.Defunctionalization results in remarkable alterations in bladder growth, capacity, compliance and distribution of connective tissue. However, these bladders demonstrate an innate capacity to recover from these alterations following refunctionalization.
Controlled experiments on millions of students to personalize learning. (2013)

Khan Academy is a personalized learning resource that enables students to watch educational videos and answer questions across a variety of levels of mathematics and other subjects. With over one billion problems solved, Khan Academy has a massive dataset from which to draw evidence and make inferences about student learning behaviors. Our goal is to use this unprecedented quantity of data to learn what content each student will benefit the most from seeing, and to present it to them. Towards this goal, we have run more than one hundred massive controlled experiments, evaluating hypotheses about learning. We focus here on personalizing the learning experience by using student responses to assessment items to adaptively suggest new content. We discuss the metrics by which we measure student improvement and the tradeoffs that occur when increased exercise difficulty reduces student engagement. We further discuss personalizing content such as exercise or video suggestions, and measuring student responses to such interventions. Leveraging massive data to personalize learning is one of the greatest promises of online education, and this work represents first steps towards fulfilling that promise for millions of users worldwide.
Identifying Infectious Diarrhea Hot spots and Associated Socioeconomic Factors in Anhui Province, China (2019)

Infectious diarrhea cases have increased during the past years in the Anhui Province of China, but little is known about its spatial cluster pattern and associated socioeconomic factors. We obtained county-level total cases of infectious diarrhea in 105 counties of Anhui in 2016 and computed age-adjusted rates. Socioeconomic factors were collected from the Statistical Yearbook. Hot spot analysis was used to identify hot and cold spot counties for infectious diarrhea incidence. We then applied binary logistic regression models to determine the association between socioeconomic factors and hot spot or cold spot clustering risk. Hot spot analysis indicated there were both significant hot spot (29 counties) and cold spot (18 counties) clustering areas for infectious diarrhea in Anhui (<i>P</i> < 0.10). Multivariate binary logistic regression results showed that infectious diarrhea hot spots were positively associated with per capita gross domestic product (GDP), with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.51, 95% CI: 2.09-5.91, whereas cold spots clustering were positively associated with the number of medical staffs (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29) and negatively associated with the number of public health physicians (AOR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.86). We identified locations for hot and cold spot clusters of infectious diarrhea incidence in Anhui, and the clustering risks were significantly associated with health workforce resources and the regional economic development. Targeted interventions should be carried out with considerations of regional socioeconomic conditions.
Antiangiogenesis therapy: an update after the first decade (2014)

Angiogenesis is a complex biological phenomenon that forms new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature. Aberrant angiogenesis has been implicated in a variety of diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, arthritis, obesity, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. These conditions collectively affect nearly 10% of the global population. Much effort has focused on identifying new therapeutic agents that inhibit pathological angiogenesis since 1971, when Judah Folkman published the hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent and that its inhibition may be therapeutic. In 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first antiangiogenic drug for the treatment of metastatic colon cancer, bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech). This drug is a humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the vascular endothelial growth factor. It is used in combination with chemotherapy, and its use began the era of antiangiogenesis therapy. Several new therapeutic agents have been added to the list of approved drugs, and clinical trials of new therapeutic options and antiangiogenic agents are ongoing. This review describes the progress made in the first decade of antiangiogenesis therapy, and addresses both validated and possible targets for future drug development.
A Fingerprint Sensor with Impedance Sensing for Fraud Detection (2008)

A fingerprint sensor that integrates fraud detection and fingerprint sensing to prevent spoofing with a fake (artificial) finger is presented. Fingerprint identification using capacitive fingerprint sensing provides small user-authentication systems. For systems that need a higher level of security, fraud detection, which determines whether the sensed finger is alive or not, is necessary. Integrating fraud detection capability into a capacitive sensor is important because attempted fraud has to be detected at the same time that the fingerprint is captured. Various methods that use information about a finger, such as its electrical characteristics, optical characteristics or elastic characteristics, have been tried. Impedance-sensing is suitable from the viewpoint of using electrical signals. An impedance-sensing circuit should not increase the chip size nor degrade the quality of the captured fingerprint image. To meet these requirements, we propose an impedance-sensing scheme built into a capacitive sensor and implemented as a circuit and electrode without changing the chip size.
Towards a living earth simulator (2012)

The Living Earth Simulator (LES) is one of the core components of the FuturICT architecture. It will work as a federation of methods, tools, techniques and facilities supporting all of the FuturICT simulation-related activities to allow and encourage interactive exploration and understanding of societal issues. Society-relevant problems will be targeted by leaning on approaches based on complex systems theories and data science in tight interaction with the other components of FuturICT. The LES will evaluate and provide answers to real-world questions by taking into account multiple scenarios. It will build on present approaches such as agent-based simulation and modeling, multiscale modelling, statistical inference, and data mining, moving beyond disciplinary borders to achieve a new perspective on complex social systems.
Direct Sensitivity Based Data-Optimization Strategy for Image-Guided Diffuse Optical Tomography (2016)

Implementing image-guidance for diffuse optical tomographic imaging involves reducing the spatial optical parameter space within the discrete tissue types being estimated. This makes the inverse problem overdetermined which indicates that the required number of measurements could be less than all available measurements. In this work, we propose a data-optimization approach to curtail the algorithmic complexity and implicitly reconstruct optical absorption image based on direct sensitivity approach. The performance of the proposed method was validated using numerical and gelatin phantom data indicating that this perturbation-like approach can quantify embedded regions with good accuracy and is free of bias errors associated with regularization approaches. The testing of the algorithm on human data of fast pulsatile NIR imaging in breast tissue showed that fast updates are possible and the required number of measurements is equal to discrete tissue types. The proposed method offers high level of measurement optimization for the dynamic imaging, compared to traditional methods of full iterative regularized tomography or recently proposed data resolution-based methods.
DESIGN OF NEW MONONUCLEOTIDE PRODRUGS: ARYL (SATE) PHOSPHOTRIESTER DERIVATIVES (2001)

Synthesis, biological activities and decomposition kinetics of novel phosphotriester derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) bearing a S-tButyl-2-thioethyl (tBuSATE) group and L-tyrosinyl residues are reported. All the derivatives appeared to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in various cell culture experiments. The proposed decomposition process of these mixed phosphotriesters may involve successively an esterase and then a phosphodiesterase activation.