gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer Applications in Geology, No.4, Chapter 1: Geographic Information Systems in Petroleum Exploration and Development: An Introductory Essay (2000)

In this opening chapter, the reader is introduced to the contents and organization of the book and to some of the important concepts that characterize the technology of geographic information systems (GIS), particularly as it relates to petroleum exploration and development. Specifically, the spatial functionality of GIS is discussed, along with the vitality of its role in integrated project organization and administration. The authors present some philosophical considerations concerning the practice of GIS and point to its evolving applicability in the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. A short historical perspective is provided, along with additional commentary highlighting the past, present, and prospective status of GIS as a mainstream geoscience technology.
Permanent magnet volume minimization of spoke type fractional slot synchronous motors (2014)

The combination of the spoke type interior permanent magnet synchronous motor together with the NdFeB is an effective solution when high torque density is required. On the other hand, in the last years, the instability and the high price of the rare earth make the magnet minimization and the optimization of the motor design critical and mandatory. This paper deals with the design criteria of a spoke type, fractional slot concentrated winding, interior permanent magnet motor, especially as regards the minimization of the magnet volume, maximization of the airgap flux density and optimization of the split ratio. An analytical procedure is presented and validated by means of finite element analysis. At last, the advantages and the differences among the solutions are highlighted.
Unsupervised learning of multilingual short message service (SMS) dialect from noisy examples (2008)

Noise in textual data such as those introduced by multi-linguality, misspellings, abbreviations, deletions, phonetic spellings, non standard transliteration, etc pose considerable problems for text-mining. Such corruptions are very common in instant messenger (IM) and short message service (SMS) data and adversely affect off the shelf text mining methods. Most techniques address this problem by supervised methods. But they require labels that are very expensive and time consuming to obtain. While we do not champion unsupervised methods over supervised when quality of results is the supreme and singular concern, we demonstrate that unsupervised methods can provide cost effective results without the need for expensive human intervention to generate parallely labelled corpora. A generative model based unsupervised technique is presented that maps non-standard words to their corresponding conventional frequent form. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) over subsequencized representation of words is used subject to a parameterization such that the training phase involves clustering over vectors and not the customary dynamic programming over sequences. A principled transformation of maximum likelihood based "central clustering" cost function into a "pairwise similarity" based clustering is proposed. This transformation makes it possible to apply "subsequence kernel" based methods that model delete and insert edit operations well. The novelty of this approach lies in that the expensive (Baum-Welch) iterations required for HMM, can be avoided through a careful factorization of the HMM Loglikelihood and in establishing the connection between information theoretic cost function and the kernel approach of machine learning. Anecdotal evidence of efficacy is provided on public and proprietary data.
Supplementary Figure 5 from Radiotherapy Increases the Permissiveness of Established Mammary Tumors to Rejection by Immunomodulatory Antibodies (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 282K, Analysis of the combined therapeutic effects of radiotherapy and alpha-CD137/alpha-PD-1 therapy in established 4T1.2 tumors&lt;/p&gt;
Optical-thermal model verification by high-speed optical coherence tomography (2001)

Optical-thermal models that can accurately predict temperature rise and damage in blood vessels and surrounding tissue may be used to improve the treatment of vascular disorders. Verification of these models has been hampered by the lack of time- and depth-resolved experimental data. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to visualize laser irradiation of blood in cuvettes or cutaneous (hamster dorsal skin flap) blood vessels. Two optical coherence tomography systems, one operating at 400 a-scans per second and the other at 4-30 frames per second, were used. For the in vitro study, a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used (532 nm, 10 ms pulse duration, 2 mm spot size, 10 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> radiant exposure). In vivo, an Argon laser was employed (all lines, 0.1-2.0 s pulse duration, 0.1-1.0 mm spot size, 100- 400 mW power. Video microscopy images were compared to predictions of temperature rise and damage using Monte Carlo and finite difference techniques. In general, predicted damage agreed with actual blood, blood vessel, and surrounding tissue coagulation seen in images. However, limitations of current optical-thermal models were identified, such as the inability to model the dynamic changes in blood optical properties and vessel diameters that were seen in the optical coherence tomography images.
Fault diagnosis of power systems (1992)

Knowledge-based fault diagnosis systems are classified by the method of inference utilized in the knowledge-based systems for fault diagnosis of power systems. The characteristics of each class and corresponding issues as well as the state-of-the-art techniques for improving their performance are presented. Additional topics covered are user interfaces, interfaces with energy management systems, and expert system development tools for fault diagnosis. Results and evaluation of actual operation in the field are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intraoperative Label‐Free Photoacoustic Histopathology of Clinical Specimens (Laser Photonics Rev. 15(10)/2021) (2021)

Photoacoustic Histopathology As described in article number 2100124 by Jin Young Kim, Kyunghee Byun, Chulhong Kim, and co-workers, label-free Intraoperative histopathology can be performed photoacoustically on clinical specimens without complex procedures (freezing, sectioning, and staining) by steering UV light and generated ultrasound simultaneously using a high-speed waterproof microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner, which has the capability to provide not only histoarchitectural features but also cytologic features for guiding pathologists.
Novel High-Viscosity Polyacrylamidated Chitosan for Neural Tissue Engineering: Fabrication of Anisotropic Neurodurable Scaffold via Molecular Disposition of Persulfate-Mediated Polymer Slicing and Complexation (2012)

Macroporous polyacrylamide-grafted-chitosan scaffolds for neural tissue engineering were fabricated with varied synthetic and viscosity profiles. A novel approach and mechanism was utilized for polyacrylamide grafting onto chitosan using potassium persulfate (KPS) mediated degradation of both polymers under a thermally controlled environment. Commercially available high molecular mass polyacrylamide was used instead of the acrylamide monomer for graft copolymerization. This grafting strategy yielded an enhanced grafting efficiency (GE = 92%), grafting ratio (GR = 263%), intrinsic viscosity (IV = 5.231 dL/g) and viscometric average molecular mass (MW = 1.63 × 106 Da) compared with known acrylamide that has a GE = 83%, GR = 178%, IV = 3.901 dL/g and MW = 1.22 × 106 Da. Image processing analysis of SEM images of the newly grafted neurodurable scaffold was undertaken based on the polymer-pore threshold. Attenuated Total Reflectance-FTIR spectral analyses in conjugation with DSC were used for the characterization and comparison of the newly grafted copolymers. Static Lattice Atomistic Simulations were employed to investigate and elucidate the copolymeric assembly and reaction mechanism by exploring the spatial disposition of chitosan and polyacrylamide with respect to the reactional profile of potassium persulfate. Interestingly, potassium persulfate, a peroxide, was found to play a dual role initially degrading the polymers-"polymer slicing"-thereby initiating the formation of free radicals and subsequently leading to synthesis of the high molecular mass polyacrylamide-grafted-chitosan (PAAm-g-CHT)-"polymer complexation". Furthermore, the applicability of the uniquely grafted scaffold for neural tissue engineering was evaluated via PC12 neuronal cell seeding. The novel PAAm-g-CHT exhibited superior neurocompatibility in terms of cell infiltration owing to the anisotropic porous architecture, high molecular mass mediated robustness, superior hydrophilicity as well as surface charge due to the acrylic chains. Additionally, these results suggested that the porous PAAm-g-CHT scaffold may act as a potential neural cell carrier.
Cognitive Performance and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration: A Study of Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Controls (2015)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of neurodegeneration are associated with cognition in bipolar disorder and healthy controls, respectively. CSF concentrations of total and phosphorylated tau, amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42, ratios of Aβ42/40 and Aβ42/38, soluble amyloid precursor protein α and β, and neurofilament light chain protein were analyzed in relation to neuropsychological performance in 82 euthymic bipolar disorder patients and 71 healthy controls. Linear regression models were applied to account for performance in five cognitive domains using the CSF biomarkers. In patients, the CSF biomarkers explained a significant proportion of the variance (15-36%, p=.002 - <.0005) in all cognitive domains independently of age, medication, disease status, and bipolar subtype I or II. However, the CSF biomarkers specifically mirroring Alzheimer-type brain changes, i.e., P-tau and Aβ1-42, did not contribute significantly. In healthy controls, CSF biomarkers did not explain the variance in cognitive performance. Selected CSF biomarkers of neurodegenerative processes accounted for cognitive performance in persons with bipolar disorder, but not for healthy controls. Specifically, the ratios of Aβ42/40 and Aβ42/38 were consistently associated with altered cognitive performance.
Replicated data types (2014)

Geographically distributed systems often rely on replicated eventually consistent data stores to achieve availability and performance. To resolve conflicting updates at different replicas, researchers and practitioners have proposed specialized consistency protocols, called replicated data types, that implement objects such as registers, counters, sets or lists. Reasoning about replicated data types has however not been on par with comparable work on abstract data types and concurrent data types, lacking specifications, correctness proofs, and optimality results.
HER2 and TOP2A as predictive markers for anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimens as adjuvant treatment of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of individual patient data (2011)

Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro, Academy of Finland, Belgian Federation Against Cancer, Cancer Research UK, Les Amis de l'Institut Bordet, Scottish Breast Cancer Trials Group, NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, Danish Council for Strategic Research, Pharmacia-Upjohn (now Pfizer), and Abbott Laboratories.
Direct Asymmetric Intermolecular Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Amino Acids and Small Peptides (2006)

In nature there are at least nineteen different acyclic amino acids that act as the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins with different functions. Here we report that alpha-amino acids, beta-amino acids, and chiral amines containing primary amine functions catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities. Moreover, the amino acids can be combined into highly modular natural and unusual small peptides that also catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high stereoselectivities, to furnish the corresponding aldol products with up to >99 % ee. Simple amino acids and small peptides can thus catalyze asymmetric aldol reactions with stereoselectivities matching those of natural enzymes that have evolved over billions of years. A small amount of water accelerates the asymmetric aldol reactions catalyzed by amino acids and small peptides, and also increases their stereoselectivities. Notably, small peptides and amino acid tetrazoles were able to catalyze direct asymmetric aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities in water, while the parent amino acids, in stark contrast, furnished nearly racemic products. These results suggest that the prebiotic oligomerization of amino acids to peptides may plausibly have been a link in the evolution of the homochirality of sugars. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the reactions are also discussed.
Biosentinel: Developing a Space Radiation Biosensor (2014)

Ionizing radiation presents a major challenge to human exploration and long-term residence in space. The deep-space radiation spectrum includes highly energetic particles that generate double strand breaks (DSBs), deleterious DNA lesions that are usually repaired without errors via homologous recombination (HR), a conserved pathway in all eukaryotes. While progress identifying and characterizing biological radiation effects using Earth-based facilities has been significant, no terrestrial source duplicates the unique space radiation environment.We are developing a biosensor-based nanosatellite to fly aboard NASAs Space Launch System Exploration Mission 1, expected to launch in 2017 and reach a 1AU (astronomic unit) heliocentric orbit. Our biosensor (called BioSentinel) uses the yeast S. cerevisiae to measure DSBs in response to ambient space radiation. The BioSentinel strain contains engineered genetic defects that prevent growth until and unless a radiation-induced DSB near a reporter gene activates the yeasts HR repair mechanisms. Thus, culture growth and metabolic activity directly indicate a successful DSB-and-repair event. In parallel, HR-defective and wild type strains will provide survival data. Desiccated cells will be carried within independent culture microwells, built into 96-well microfluidic cards. Each microwell set will be activated by media addition at different time points over 18 months, and cell growth will be tracked continuously via optical density. One reserve set will be activated only in the occurrence of a solar particle event. Biological measurements will be compared to data provided by onboard physical dosimeters and to Earth-based experiments.BioSentinel will conduct the first study of biological response to space radiation outside Low Earth Orbit in over 40 years. BioSentinel will thus address strategic knowledge gaps related to the biological effects of space radiation and will provide an adaptable platform to perform human-relevant measurements in multiple space environments. We hope that it can therefore be used on the ISS, on and around other planetary bodies as well as other exploration platforms as a self-contained system that will allow us to compare and calibrate different radiation environments.BioSentinels results will be critical for improving interpretation of the effects of space radiation exposure, and for reducing the risk associated with long-term human exploration.
An Improved Ring‐Closing Metathesis Approach to Fluorinated and Trifluoromethylated Nitrogen Heterocycles (2007)

Abstract The synthesis of fluoro‐ and trifluoromethyl‐containing N ‐sulfonylated nitrogen heterocycles is described. A first crucial step is a Mitsunobu functionalization of intermediate sulfonamides using commercially available unsaturated alcohols, which gives efficient access to fluorinated ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) precursors. Key step is an RCM reaction of these precursors leading to the corresponding fluoro‐ and trifluoromethyl‐containing heterocyclic building blocks. Furthermore, aminopalladation of the same sulfonamide intermediates provides access to trifuoromethyl‐containing pyrrole derivatives.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Attachment ofChlamydia trachomatisL2 to host cells requires sulfation (2012)

Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen responsible for a prevalent sexually transmitted disease. It is also the most common cause of infectious blindness in the developing world. We performed a loss-of-function genetic screen in human haploid cells to identify host factors important in C. trachomatis L2 infection. We identified and confirmed B3GAT3, B4GALT7, and SLC35B2, which encode glucuronosyltransferase I, galactosyltransferase I, and the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1, respectively, as important in facilitating Chlamydia infection. Knockout of any of these three genes inhibits Chlamydia attachment. In complementation studies, we found that the introduction of functional copies of these three genes into the null clones restored full susceptibility to Chlamydia infection. The degree of attachment of Chlamydia strongly correlates with the level of sulfation of the host cell, not simply with the amount of heparan sulfate. Thus, other, as-yet unidentified sulfated macromolecules must contribute to infection. These results demonstrate the utility of screens in haploid cells to study interactions of human cells with bacteria. Furthermore, the human null clones generated can be used to investigate the role of heparan sulfate and sulfation in other settings not limited to infectious disease.
A Mammalian Homologue of a Transcript from the Drosophila Pecanex Locus (1992)

The Drosophila pecanex locus contains a maternal-effect neurogenic gene. A homologue of this gene has not yet been described in mammals or other organisms. We report here a partial complementary DNA clone from rat brain mRNA that encodes sequences which are very similar (83% over 189 amino acids) to a portion of sequence encoded by a transcript from the Drosophila pecanex locus [LaBonne, S.G., Sunitha, I and Mahowald, A.P. (1989) Dev. Biology 136: 1-161].
A signal-dependent time-frequency representation: fast algorithm for optimal kernel design (1994)

A time-frequency representation based on an optimal, signal-dependent kernel has been previously been proposed in an attempt to overcome one of the primary limitations of bilinear time-frequency distributions: that the best kernel and distribution depend on the signal to be analyzed. The optimization formulation for the signal-dependent kernel results in a linear program with a unique feature: a tree structure that summarizes a set of constraints on the kernel. The authors present a fast algorithm based on sorting to solve a special class of linear programs that includes the problem of interest. For a kernel with Q variables, the running time of the algorithm is O(Q log Q), which is several orders of magnitude less than any other known method for solving this class of linear program. This efficiency enables the computation of the signal-dependent, optimal-kernel time-frequency representation at a cost that is on the same order as a fixed-kernel distribution. An important property of the optimal kernel is that it takes on essentially only the values of 1 and 0.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Analytical/numerical matching for efficient calculation of scattering from cylindrical shells with lengthwise constraints (1998)

Structural discontinuities in highly coupled fluid–structure systems are modeled by an approach called analytical/numerical matching (ANM). This method separates the low-resolution global influence of a discontinuity from the relatively high-resolution local effects. A continuous, smoothed replacement for a fundamental structural discontinuity is constructed so that the system is identically unchanged beyond a small smoothing region. Simultaneously, the precise local effect of smoothing the discontinuity is retained in analytical form. The smoothed problem is solved by numerical techniques, with rapid convergence and reduced computational cost. The original discontinuous character is restored using the analytical expression for the local difference between the smoothed and the original problems. ANM has been successfully applied to two-dimensional cases of acoustic scattering from a thin, infinitely long cylindrical shell, with multiple structural discontinuities. Local solutions for longitudinal line discontinuities with radial, tangential, and rotational constraints have been formulated using ANM. Line constrained scattering problems, as well as line driven problems, are investigated. The ability of analytical/numerical matching to replace a discontinuous physical problem by a well behaved continuous one for numerical evaluation, while ultimately retaining the original geometry and physical behavior, is illustrated.
Investigation of the Scope of an Enantioselective Co‐Mediated O→C Rearrangement Reaction. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two-Dimensional Chip-Based Protein Analysis using Coupled Isoelectric Focusing and Capillary Electrophoresis (2002)

A chip-based acrylic microfluidic device that sequentially couples isoelectric focusing (IEF) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been designed and demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an implementation of on-chip twodimensional (2-D) electrophoresis has been presented. Both dimensions in this liquid-phase system were characterized using a full-field CCD imaging approach. Commercial ampholytes were used in microchannel-based IEF to sustain a stable pH gradient. Analysis of the concentrating IEF step revealed substantially reduced electroosmotic mobilities, as compared to typical mobilities for acrylic microchannels filled with standard buffer solutions. Due to this residual electroosmotic flow, IEF species were simultaneously rapidly focused and slowly mobilized into intersections. After IEF separation and 100x pre-concentration, voltage switching was used to electrokinetically inject portions of a multi-protein mixture into the second separation, which was ampholyte-based CE. Mobility information was obtained from the second dimension. Results are presented in a 2-D area plot. With optimization, this architecture has the potential to be a basis for high-throughput, high-resolution protein and peptide analysis.