gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shell Engineering ofCarbon Nanotube Arrays byCurrent Driven Breakdown (2006)

Thispaper presents thecontrolled peeling oftheshells Controllably locating andaligning MWNTs isimportant for ofmulti-walled carbonnanotubes (MWNTs)by electricbothrealizing electric breakdown ina massive scale and breakdown. Investigations inside a transmission electronunderstanding their behavior. Mostprevious investigations of microscope (TEM)areusedtocorrelate thechanges inMWNT devices involving NTshaveemployed randomdispersions of structure withtheelectrical measurements. Suchelectrically nanotubes ontosilicon chips, imaging theentire chiptolocate engineered nanotubes canbeusedasrotational andlineartheNTsand, then, fabrication ofdevices atthese locations (8). bearings innanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). MWNT Though this method canbeusedtobuild single devices andfor arrays, assembled using dielectrophoresis, areusedtoinvestigate proving concepts inprototype studies, adeeper understanding thebatchfabrication ofsuchstructures andinitial experiments ofdeviceperformance andeventual conumercializati on of demonstrate thefabrication ofMWNT linearbearings in NEMSrequires processes forhandling, locating andaligng parallel. Thisrepresents thefirst effort atengineering theshell nanomaterials inamassively parallel fashion. structure onMWNTs deposited byacontrolled batchprocess which, canbeusedtorealize arrays ofnanoscale bearings. Several techniques havebeenexplored toaddress this challenge. Direct growthofSWNTs ontopre-pattemed Keywords-carbon nanotubes;electric breakdown; catalysts onasilicon substrate using chemical vapor deposition nanoelectrmechanica
Steroid hormone receptor homologs in development (1989)

The steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily are ligand-dependent transcription factors which consist of distinct functional domains required for transcriptional control of a network of genes. Members of this superfamily are beginning to be studied for their contribution to embryogenesis. Two human receptors for the vertebrate morphogen retinoic acid have been isolated and further characterized on model promoters. Moreover, the presence of homologs of these receptors in Drosophila reveals that members of this superfamily predate the divergence of the vertebrates and invertebrates. One locus is knirps-related (knrl), whose product is closely related to that of the gap segmentation gene knirps (kni). knrl is one of the most diverged steroid receptor-like molecules and displays a spatially restricted blastoderm pattern.
Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analyses of tisagenlecleucel in adult patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from Singapore’s private insurance payer’s perspective (2021)

TIS for treating r/r DLBCL patients who have failed ≥2 lines of systemic therapies, is likely to be cost effective with limited budget impact.
Automated 3-Dimensional Computed Tomographic and Fluoroscopic Image Registration (1998)

The registration of 3-dimensional (3-D) anatomical surfaces to sensor data such as intraoperative fluoroscopy is one of the basic problems in computer integrated surgery. The main objective is to find the relationship between 3-D preoperative computed tomographic images and a pair of intraoperative fluoroscopic images. Consequently, surgical navigation devices can use this relationship to provide improved surgical guidance. The proposed registration strategy presents a noninvasive anatomy-based (frameless) method for registration. In this article, we propose a cooperative approach between registration and contour segmentation on fluoroscopy. This approach is based on the duality between registration and segmentation in a model-based vision system. It associates a likelihood value to each pixel that corresponds to the probability that the pixel belongs to the contour of the object of interest. The registration is then achieved between backprojection lines stemming from likely contour pixels and the 3-D surface model of the object of interest. Then, in order to take into account the internal contour points extracted by the cooperative approach, we propose a new line to surface distance computation algorithm to be used during the data to model distance minimization step. Finally, we present the obtained results that demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach in carrying out accurate 3-D and 2-D registration.
The Mechanism of Photochemical Release of Nitric Oxide from S‐Nitrosoglutathione (1996)

Abstract— Laser flash photolysis of S‐nitroso complexes of glutathione (GSNO) and bovine serum albumin (BSANO) via excitation at 355 nm has been used to investigate the photogeneration of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent radical reactions. In the case of GSNO, liberation of NO was confirmed by its oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to met hemoglobin. Initial NO release is via homolytic cleavage of the S‐N bond to produce the glutathione thiyl radical, GS, which can subsequently react with (a) ground‐state GSNO ( k = 1.7 × 10 9 M −1 /i&gt; s −1 ) to yield additional NO and oxidized glutathione, GSSG; and (b) oxygen ( k = 3.0 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 ) to give the glutathione peroxy radical, GSOO, which subsequently reacts with ground‐state GSNO ( k = 3.8 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 ), also producing additional NO and GSSG. The relative concentrations of oxygen and GSNO in the system determine the major pathway for removal of G'. These secondary reactions occur at such high rates that they preclude radical recombination under low‐intensity irradiation conditions. The quantum yield of overall loss of GSNO thus varies with both GSNO and oxygen concentrations; a value of 0.66 was determined for an aerated solution of GSNO (0.86 m M ). In the case of GSNO, therefore, generation of NO is not due solely to homolysis of the S‐N bond; secondary reactions of the radicals formed lead to further NO liberation. In rationalizing the known phototoxicity of GSNO, possible contributions from thiyl and thiyl‐derived radicals should be considered. In contrast to GSNO, direct excitation of BSANO (containing one bound NO group per molecule) led to photodecomposition with a quantum yield of 0.09 but no evidence was obtained for liberation of NO into the bulk medium.
One-port active polysilicon resonant microstructures (2003)

Theoretical and experimental characteristics of a two-terminal, or one-port, resonant microstructure are discussed. An equivalent circuit model that is useful for design and analysis of these devices is presented. This model is verified by experimental measurements, with a worst-case error between model and experimental parameters of 30%. A process for integrating polysilicon resonant microstructures with on-chip NMOS (N-metal oxide semiconductor) circuitry is also described. A novel feature of this process is the use of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) for strain-relief of the non-implanted phosphorus-doped polysilicon. The RTA-strain-relieved polysilicon has a Young's modulus of 0.9.10/sup 12/ dynes/cm/sup 2/ and residual strain of 0.002% as measured by resonant frequency techniques. This low value of strain indicated that RTA is a useful strain-relief technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Measures of vibrational localization on point-driven flat-panel loudspeakers (2016)

Previous publications on flat-panel, or distributed-mode, loudspeakers generally assume that a localized driving force is able to spread energy evenly across the surface of a panel. However, investigations have shown that panel vibrations remain localized around the driving point at high frequencies, and this paper presents a deeper investigation into this phenomenon. Energy spreading will only occur when the panel is actuated in a frequency region with a low density of modes, as many modes actuated together will combine to form a band-limited delta function at the location of the driving force. A quantitative measure of localization is introduced, based on the ratio of the energy contained in a small region around the driving point to the energy contained in the entire panel. Experiments demonstrate that the localization rises uniformly above a critical frequency, and this critical frequency correlates well with predictions of the high-frequency plate region using standard modal overlap metrics.
Macroporous Photopolymer Frits for Capillary Electrochromatography (2000)

Macroporous polymer frits have been fabricated in fused-silica capillaries by the UV photopolymerization of a solution of glycidyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. This in situ preparation is a simple, rapid, and reproducible process. The frit can be placed at any desired position along the column. Photopolymer frits can withstand the short exposure to a high pressure (over 6000 psi). Bubble formation is not observed to occur with these frits under our experimental conditions. By choice of porogens, it is possible to control the porous properties. The use of such frits in capillaries to retain particles of chromatographic packing has been demonstrated to be stable and robust with continuous operation over 3 days.
Machine Learning-Based Propped Fracture Conductivity Correlations of Several Shale Formations (2021)

In hydraulic fracturing operations, small rounded particles called proppants are mixed and injected with fracture fluids into the targeted formation. The proppant particles hold the fracture open against formation closure stresses, providing a conduit for the reservoir fluid flow. The fracture's capacity to transport fluids is called fracture conductivity and is the product of proppant permeability and fracture width. Prediction of the propped fracture conductivity is essential for fracture design optimization. Several theoretical and few empirical models have been developed in the literature to estimate fracture conductivity, but these models either suffer from complexity, making them impractical, or accuracy due to data limitations. In this research, and for the first time, a machine learning approach was used to generate simple and accurate propped fracture conductivity correlations in unconventional gas shale formations. Around 350 consistent data points were collected from experiments on several important shale formations, namely, Marcellus, Barnett, Fayetteville, and Eagle Ford. Several machine learning models were utilized in this research, such as artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic, and functional network. The ANN model provided the highest accuracy in fracture conductivity estimation with <i>R</i> <sup>2</sup> of 0.89 and 0.93 for training and testing data sets, respectively. We observed that a higher accuracy could be achieved by creating a correlation specific for each shale formation individually. Easily obtained input parameters were used to predict the fracture conductivity, namely, fracture orientation, closure stress, proppant mesh size, proppant load, static Young's modulus, static Poisson's ratio, and brittleness index. Exploratory data analysis showed that the features above are important where the closure stress is the most significant.
Sol–Gel Derived Hybrid Thin Films: The Chemistry behind Processing (2011)

Despite their apparent simple preparation by sol–gel process, silsesquioxanes based materials are quite complex and rich systems. Accordingly, a clear understanding of their elaboration chemistry and its relations to process and properties are important matter. In the particular case of thin film preparation, vitrification must be controlled to ensure high throughput and reliability. Using methylsilsesquioxane based films as a relevant model and a combination of IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and solution 29Si NMR, a meaningful description of the film structure was obtained. Furthermore, vitrification, observed by dynamic mechanical analysis, was shown to depend strongly on the amounts of cages and extended structures present in the films. More interestingly, the proportion of these species can be tuned through a careful control of the elaboration chemistry. On one hand, long aging and high dilution yield a larger amount of cages, which results in a delay of the vitrification. On the other hand, pH appears as the convenient parameter to finely adjust the time span during which high quality films can be prepared from the sols, while preserving the film composition and final properties.
Preparation of 4-amino-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid (2023)

A process for synthesizing 4-amino-2,4-dioxobutanoate involves reacting a dialkyl oxalate with an alkoxide in ethanol to form a reaction mixture, and afterward adding an alkyl cyano acetate to the reaction mixture and allowing a reaction to proceed under conditions suitable to form a first reaction product of the formula diethyl 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-butenedioate, and then isolating the diethyl 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-butenedioate, and afterward reacting the diethyl-2-cyano-3-hydroxy-butenedioate with an aqueous hydroxide under conditions suitable to form 4-amino-2,4-dioxobutanoate. The 4-amino-2,4-dioxobutanoate may be acidified into 4-amino-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid.
Annotation Methods and Application Abstractions (2007)

Embedded system complexity is increasing with time. This impacts negatively the product development cycle (PDC). The increasing software and hardware concurrency, and need for architectural optimization, will also complicate PDC. Innovations in PDC are needed to reduce product cost and time-to-market. Modeling a system can help in addressing architect's design concerns. To be effective in reducing PDC, a system model must incorporate performance parameters and quality of service (QoS) metrics of the modeled components. We discuss three different annotation methods for obtaining such metrics.
Linear pre/post filters for transform and subband/wavelet coding (2002)

We propose a novel method for designing linear pre/post filters for transform and subband/wavelet coders. We use a linear gain-plus-additive noise model to describe the effects of a class of point distribution function-optimized quantizers. Using this quantizer model, we provide an explicit expression for the power spectral density of the reconstruction error in an improved transform coding system that includes linear pre/post filters. This expression allows us to design pre/post filters that minimize the overall mean square error at a given target rate, by improving the frequency domain behavior of the overall system. For a 1-D Gauss-Markov source, we show that pre/post filters help DCT-based coders to match the performance of subband coders. We also describe an a posteriori method of designing postfilters for a JPEG coder, that uses the actual image data and maximizes the PSNR performance of the system. The postfilter coefficients are designed at the transmitter, and are sent to the receiver as part of the coded data.
Benchmarking large-scale Fine-Grained Categorization (2014)

This paper presents a systematic evaluation of recent methods in the fine-grained categorization domain, which have shown significant promise. More specifically, we investigate an automatic segmentation algorithm, a region pooling algorithm which is akin to pose-normalized pooling [31] [28], and a multi-class optimization method. We considered the largest and most popular datasets for fine-grained categorization available in the field: the Caltech-UCSD 200 Birds dataset [27], the Oxford 102 Flowers dataset [19], the Stanford 120 Dogs dataset [16], and the Oxford 37 Cats and Dogs dataset [21]. We view this work from a practitioner's perspective, answering the question: what are the methods that can create the best possible fine-grained recognition system which can be applied in practice? Our experiments provide insights of the relative merit of these methods. More importantly, after combining the methods, we achieve the top results in the field, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods by 4.8% and 10.3% for birds and dogs datasets, respectively. Additionally, our method achieves a mAP of 37.92 on the of 2012 Imagenet Fine-Grained Categorization Challenge [1], which outperforms the winner of this challenge by 5.7 points.
Cerebellar leukoencephalopathy (2008)

Considering the striking clinical and MRI similarities between our patients and the patients with this neurodegenerative syndrome in the context of proven histiocytosis, it is likely that they share the same paraneoplastic syndrome, although we cannot exclude a genetic disorder with certainty. The fact that we found histiocytic lesions in two patients substantiates our conclusion. Patients with cerebellar white matter abnormalities should be monitored for histiocytosis.
Jacob, Monod, the Lac Operon, and the PaJaMa Experiment—Gene Expression Circuitry Changing the Face of Cancer Research (2016)

Visit the Cancer Research 75th Anniversary [timeline][1].

See related article by Pitot and Heidelberger, [Cancer Res 1963;23:1694–700][2] .

It is a virtually universal rule in science that if we step back to reflect upon a field currently viewed as extremely dynamic and novel, we find ourselves
Progressive Refinement of Beamforming Vectors for High-Resolution Limited Feedback (2009)

Limited feedback enables the practical use of channel state information in multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. Using the limited feedback concept, channel state information at the receiver is quantized by choosing a representative element from a codebook known to both the receiver and transmitter. Unfortunately, achieving the high resolution required with multiuser MIMO communication is challenging due to the large number of codebook entries required. This paper proposes to use a progressively scaled local codebook to enable high resolution quantization and reconstruction for multiuser MIMO with zero-forcing precoding. Several local codebook designs are proposed including one based on a ring and one based on mutually unbiased bases; both facilitate efficient implementation. Structure in the local codebooks is used to reduce search complexity in the progressive refinement algorithm. Simulation results illustrate sum rate performance as a function of the number of refinements.
Chemical durability of Savannah River Plant waste glass as a function of groundwater pH (1982)

The leachability of Savannah River Plant (SRP) waste glass was assessed for leachants in the pH range of 3 to 11. A parabolic relationship was observed between leachability and solution pH in this range. At 40/sup 0/C, leachability was lowest within a pH range of approximately 5 to 9. Most of the groundwaters in potential repository locations have pH values in this range. Below pH 5 and above pH 9, leachability of the waste glass increases. Leachability as a function of solution pH was studied first at room temperature and then in more detail at 40/sup 0/C, 90/sup 0/C, and 150/sup 0/C using abbreviated MCC-1 and MCC-2 static leaching tests. These data were then correlated with the formation and stabilization of surface layers that are produced on the waste glass during leaching.
Dendrimer-conjugated glutaminase inhibitor selectively targets microglial glutaminase in a mouse model of Rett syndrome (2020)

<b>Background</b>: Elevated glutamate production and release from glial cells is a common feature of many CNS disorders. Inhibitors of glutaminase (GLS), the enzyme responsible for converting glutamine to glutamate have been developed to target glutamate overproduction. However, many GLS inhibitors have poor aqueous solubility, are unable to cross the blood brain barrier, or demonstrate significant toxicity when given systemically, precluding translation. Enhanced aqueous solubility and systemic therapy targeted to activated glia may address this challenge. Here we examine the impact of microglial-targeted GLS inhibition in a mouse model of Rett syndrome (RTT), a developmental disorder with no viable therapies, manifesting profound central nervous system effects, in which elevated glutamatergic tone, upregulation of microglial GLS, oxidative stress and neuroimmune dysregulation are key features. <b>Methods</b>: To enable this, we conjugated a potent glutaminase inhibitor, <i>N</i>-(5-{2-[2-(5-amino-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-ethylsulfanyl]-ethyl}-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-phenyl-acetamide (JHU29) to a generation 4 hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimer (D-JHU29). We then examined the effect of D-JHU29 in organotypic slice culture on glutamate release. We also examined GLS activity in microglial and non-microglial cells, and neurobehavioral phenotype after systemic administration of D-JHU29 in a mouse model of RTT. <b>Results</b>: We report successful conjugation of JHU29 to dendrimer resulting in enhanced water solubility compared to free JHU29. D-JHU29 reduced the excessive glutamate release observed in tissue culture slices in a clinically relevant <i>Mecp2</i>-knockout (KO) RTT mouse. Microglia isolated from <i>Mecp2</i>-KO mice demonstrated upregulation of GLS activity that normalized to wild-type levels following systemic treatment with D-JHU29. Neurobehavioral assessments in D-JHU29 treated <i>Mecp2</i>-KO mice revealed selective improvements in mobility. <b>Conclusion</b>: These findings demonstrate that glutaminase inhibitors conjugated to dendrimers are a viable mechanism to selectively inhibit microglial GLS to reduce glutamate production and improve mobility in a mouse model of RTT, with broader implications for selectively targeting this pathway in other neurodegenerative disorders.
Small Surfactant Concentration Differences Influence Adsorption of Human Serum Albumin on Polystyrene Nanoparticles (2016)

Surfactants, even in miniscule amounts, are often used for the synthesis and especially the stabilization of nanomaterials, which is essential for in vivo applications. In this study, we show that the interaction between nanoparticles and proteins strongly depends on the type of stabilizing surfactants and their (small) concentration changes. The reaction between human serum albumin and polystyrene nanoparticles stabilized by an ionic or nonionic surfactant-sodium dodecyl sulfate or Lutensol AT50, respectively-was monitored using isothermal titration calorimetry. It was found that the amount of surfactant molecules on the surface significantly determines the protein binding affinity and adsorption stoichiometry, which is important for all nanomaterials coming into contact with biological components such as blood plasma proteins. Thus after synthesizing nanomaterials for in vivo applications as drug delivery agents, it is crucial to perform a detailed analysis of the obtained surface chemistry that accounts for the presence of minimal amounts of stabilizing agents.
A study on the effects of chaotic mixer design and operating conditions on morphology development in immiscible polymer systems (2004)

Abstract Self‐similar mixing structures, a novel feature of chaotic mixing, were generated in this study as precursor to an array of mixing microstructures, such as nested layers, elongated fibrils, droplets and their combinations in the blending of two immiscible polymers, polypropylene (PP) and polyamide‐6 (PA6). Simulations based on Newtonian flow model were used to compute Poincaré maps and stretching distribution as the tools for investigation of the effect of shear gap and chaotic mixing parameter, such as angular displacement per period (θ) of rotors, on the degree of mixing and morphology development in a batch chaotic mixing device. It was found that a value of θ = 1440° provided the conditions for fastest conversion of the PP‐phase into droplets for the same total strain. A 25% reduction in shear gap from 0.0127 m to 0.0095 m gave rise to much more uniform mixing of the components and led to faster conversion of the PP‐phase into droplets for the same value of θ and the same total strain. A very large fraction (&gt;90%) of the droplets generated fell below the equilibrium size and were found to be much smaller than those produced by twin‐screw extrusion method. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:407–422, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.