gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Device-Aware Yield-Centric Dual-$V_{t}$ Design Under Parameter Variations in Nanoscale Technologies (2007)

Dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> design technique has proven to be extremely effective in reducing subthreshold leakage in both active and standby mode of operation of a circuit in submicrometer technologies. However, aggressive scaling of technology results in different leakage components (subthreshold, gate and junction tunneling) to become significant portion of total power dissipation in CMOS circuits. High-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> devices are expected to have high junction tunneling current (due to stronger halo doping) compared to low-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> devices, which in the worst case can increase the total leakage in dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> design. Moreover, process parameter variations (and in turn V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> variations) are expected to be significantly high in sub-50-nm technology regime, which can severely affect the yield. In this paper, we propose a device aware simultaneous sizing and dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> design methodology that considers each component of leakage and the impact of process variation (on both delay and leakage power) to minimize the total leakage while ensuring a target yield. Our results show that conventional dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> design can overestimate leakage savings by 36% while incurring 17% average yield loss in 50-nm predictive technology. The proposed scheme results in 10%-20% extra leakage power savings compared to conventional dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> design, while ensuring target yield. This paper also shows that nonscalability of the present way of realizing high-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> devices results in negligible power savings beyond 25-nm technology. Hence, different dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> process options, such as metal gate work function engineering, are required to realize high-performance and low-leakage dual-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> designs in future technologies.
Measuring the Turnover Rate of Clinically Important Plasma Proteins using an Automated SISCAPA Workflow (2019)

To the Editor:

Today, the term “personalized medicine” is most frequently used to refer to performing “static tests” (e.g., genetic testing) to categorize patients into subgroups and to deliver tailored treatment(s). Although this approach has been effective where genetic mutations are linked to specific diseases, a more comprehensive personalization strategy is required when DNA analysis is not informative. This would entail establishing personal baseline levels for clinically important biomolecules (e.g., proteins) so that dynamic changes can be tracked over time, thus allowing personal health monitoring. We recently published a study in which 27 protein biomarkers were longitudinally monitored in dried blood specimens collected from individuals over 1 to 5 years (1). For some proteins, personalized baselines could be established using relatively infrequent sampling (weekly collections), whereas for others (e.g., C-reactive protein), determining accurate intraindividual biological variations required dense sampling. Although frequent sampling is currently impractical for most clinical uses, at a research level, it is important to explore whether frequent measurement of proteins and establishment of personal baselines would have diagnostic advantages over the conventional, population-based methods currently in practice. To conduct such research, the fundamental question becomes “What is the appropriate frequency …
Stimulated emission spectrum of an XeCl laser (1986)

Factors responsible for the width of the stimulated emission spectrum of an XeCl laser are discussed. It is found that at high intracavity intensities (10 MW/cm2) the spectral width is governed by the deformation of the gain profile near the maximum due to weak saturation of the rate of rotational exchange. At fairly high input energies (>0.2 J/cm3), heating of the active medium during a pump pulse shifts the gain maximum and this also broadens the spectrum obtained by time-integrated recording. The experimental data are in good agreement with the proposed analytic model.
Dynamics, effciency and energy distribution of nonlinear plasmon-assisted generation of hot carriers (2016)

We employ nonlinear autocorrelation measurements to investigate plasmon-assisted hot carrier dynamics generated in optical gold antennas. We demonstrate that surface plasmons enable a nonlinear formation of hot carriers, providing thus a unique lever to optimize the energy distribution and generation efficiency of the photo-excited charges. The temporal response of the carriers' relaxation can be controlled within a range extending from 500~fs to 2.5~ps. By conducting a quantitative analysis of the dynamics, we determine the nonlinear absorption cross-section of individual optical antennas. As such, this work provides strong insights on the understanding of plasmon-induced hot carrier generation, especially in the view of applications where the time response plays a preponderant role.
Is the temporo-mandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome a disorder of the mind? (1983)

It was assumed that patients with temporo-mandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) would represent a population whose pain resulted from their emotional state. It was anticipated in the light of existing reports in the literature that they would score like patients with anxiety neurosis or other psychiatric illness on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI: a measure of anxiety and other emotional characteristics). It was also anticipated that patients with facial pain associated with lesions would show evidence of similar emotional disturbance secondary to their pain. It was postulated, however, that the TMPDS patients would be separated from the others by a scale which measured their attitudes to parents and childhood experience, namely, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The actual comparison of TMPDS patients and patients with facial pain and lesions or pathophysiological disorders showed little evidence of neuroticism in either group; nor were the parental bonding attitudes found to be abnormal. It is questioned whether TMPDS is primarily psychological in origin.
The Stellarator Program (1981)

The worldwide development of stellarator research is reviewed briefly and informally.
Fault Diagnosis and Classification of Large-Scale Photovoltaic Plants through Aerial Orthophoto Thermal Mapping (2015)

Today, towards the great deployment of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants, the implementation of wide-area orthophoto infrared thermography (IRT), integrated with effective fault diagnosis and classification, comprises an emerging challenge and, thus, high motivation in the field of reliability research and development of photovoltaic systems. This paper presents the preliminary results of an ongoing study, upon an aerial IRT imaging application for detection, diagnosis and classification of faults in crystalline silicon PV plants. The proposed widearea IRT measurements were implemented in the field, by a light unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a thermal imaging system. The output of such system comprises an IRT map of the inspected PV plant which depicts the thermal signature of each operating PV module, in the infrared spectrum. Any abnormality witnessed in the thermal pattern of a PV module, is assigned to a possible fault type. Auxiliary monitoring and characterization, by means of IRT, electrical performance (I-V) characterization and electroluminescence (EL), successfully validated the largescale observations and confirmed each occurring fault type.
Ion Beam Patterning of High-Density STT-RAM Devices (2016)

Dependence on ion beam energy, ion species, and incidence angles is investigated to reduce sidewall re-deposition on the magnetic tunnel junction barrier. Experimental and simulated etch data, for a representative spin-torque transfer random access memory structure with 40 nm critical dimension and 150 nm pitch, indicated a reduction in the sidewall re-deposition when operating at: high angle, high voltage, and with Xe as the source gas. The Monte Carlo binary collision model simulations showed re-deposition thickness reduced by ~75% with Xe versus Ar at 1 kV beam energy and 30° incidence angle.
Estimation of internal quantum efficiency in InGaN‐based light emitting diodes using electroluminescence decay times (2008)

Abstract We investigate the internal quantum efficiency of InGaN‐based Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) from the semiconductor rate equation of pulse current injection. A method is presented for estimating the internal quantum efficiency based on data of electroluminescence decay times measured as a function of current in the pulse injection. For the screening of built‐in electric field, the pulse current was injected with bias voltage. For blue LED, the internal quantum efficiency was measured to be about 70% in high injection condition. It is found that the internal quantum efficiency increase with injection current, whereas the external quantum efficiency decreases at high injection. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Processing of avian retroviral gag polyprotein precursors is blocked by a mutation at the NC-PR cleavage site (1992)

The avian sarcoma and leukosis viruses (ASLV) encode a protease (PR) at the C terminus of gag which in vivo catalyzes the processing of both gag and gag-pol precursors. The studies reported here were undertaken to determine whether PR is able to cleave these polyproteins while it is still part of the gag precursor or whether the release of its N terminus to form free PR is necessary for full proteolytic activity. To address this question, we created a mutation that disrupts the PR cleavage site between the NC and PR coding regions of the gag gene. This mutation was introduced into a eukaryotic vector that expresses only the gag precursor and into an otherwise infectious clone of ASLV that carries the neo gene as a selectable marker. These constructs were expressed in monkey COS cells or in quail QT35 cells, respectively. Processing was impaired in both systems. Mutant particles were formed, but they contained no mature processed gag proteins. We observed only the uncleaved gag precursor polypeptide Pr76 in one case or Pr76 and a cleaved product of about 60 kDa in the other. Processing of the mutant gag precursor could be complemented in trans by from a wild-type construct, suggesting that the mutation did not induce gross structural alterations in its precursor. Our results suggest that the PR first must be released from its precursor before it can attack other sites in the gag and gag-pol polyproteins and that cleavage at the NC-PR boundary is a prerequisite for the initiation of the PR-directed processing.
Electrical properties of Pd-based ohmic contact to p-GaN (2001)

We have investigated the ohmic contact formation mechanism of Pd-based ohmic contacts to Mg-doped p-GaN grown by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition. To examine room-temperature ohmic behavior, various metal contact systems were deposited and current–voltage measurements were carried out. In spite of the large theoretical Schottky barrier height between Pd and p-GaN, Pd-based contacts showed perfect ohmic characteristic even before annealing. According to the results of synchrotron x-ray radiation, the Pd (111) layer grew epitaxially on GaN (0001) surfaces with Pd[11̄0]∥GaN[112̄0]. The closed-packed atomic planes of the Pd film were quite well ordered in surface normal direction, as well as in the in-plane direction. The effective Schottky barrier height of Au/Pd/Mg/Pd/p-GaN was 0.47 eV, which was estimated by the Norde method. This discrepancy between the theoretical barrier height and the measured one may be due to the epitaxial growth of Pd contact metal.
Three-dimensional Systolic Strain Patterns in the Normal Human Left Ventricle: Characterization with Tagged MR Imaging (2000)

In this study, the authors noninvasively characterized the normal systolic ranges of 3D displacement and strain evolution throughout the human LV. Comparison against this multidimensional database may permit sensitive detection of systolic LV dysfunction.
Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli in Sub-Urban Community of Kathmandu Valley (1970)

Available with full textKey words: Antimicrobial Resistant; Water; Chicken faeces; E.coliTribhuvan University Journal Vol XXIII, No. 1, 2001 Page: 65-72 Uploaded date: 21 April, 2011
Learning to Simulate Realistic LiDARs (2022)

Simulating realistic sensors is a challenging part in data generation for autonomous systems, often involving carefully handcrafted sensor design, scene properties, and physics modeling. To alleviate this, we introduce a pipeline for data-driven simulation of a realistic LiDAR sensor. We propose a model that learns a mapping between RGB images and corresponding LiDAR features such as raydrop or perpoint intensities directly from real datasets. We show that our model can learn to encode realistic effects such as dropped points on transparent surfaces or high intensity returns on reflective materials. When applied to naively raycasted point clouds provided by off-the-shelf simulator software, our model enhances the data by predicting intensities and removing points based on the scene's appearance to match a real LiDAR sensor. We use our technique to learn models of two distinct LiDAR sensors and use them to improve simulated LiDAR data accordingly. Through a sample task of vehicle segmentation, we show that enhancing simulated point clouds with our technique improves downstream task performance.
Efficient Verification of Network Fault Tolerance via Counterexample-Guided Refinement (2019)

We show how to verify that large data center networks satisfy key properties such as all-pairs reachability under a bounded number of faults. To scale the analysis, we develop algorithms that identify network symmetries and compute small abstract networks from large concrete ones. Using counter-example guided abstraction refinement, we successively refine the computed abstractions until the given property may be verified. The soundness of our approach relies on a novel notion of network approximation: routing paths in the concrete network are not precisely simulated by those in the abstract network but are guaranteed to be “at least as good.” We implement our algorithms in a tool called Origami and use them to verify reachability under faults for standard data center topologies. We find that Origami computes abstract networks with 1–3 orders of magnitude fewer edges, which makes it possible to verify large networks that are out of reach of existing techniques.
Figure S2 from EMP2 Is a Novel Regulator of Stemness in Breast Cancer Cells (2023)

&lt;p&gt;EMP2 and ALDH1 staining in breast cancer&lt;/p&gt;
Electrochemical STM Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Electron Transfer Reactions of Covalently Tethered Chromophores on Au(111) (2018)

The ability to study electron transfer reactions at the solid–liquid interface with nanometer resolution has the potential to critically improve our understanding of electrocatalytic processes. However, few techniques are capable of studying electrode surfaces in situ at the nanoscale. We study the redox reactions of Nile Blue (NB) covalently tethered to an Au(111) electrode using in situ tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and show that TERS amplitude decreases reversibly as NB is reduced. The potential dependent TERS intensity allows us to associate an electrochemical wave with the loss of electronic resonance of NB and another with the peak of fluorescence of tethered NB, which we tentatively attribute to the disassembly of on-surface NB aggregates. The study of the electrochemical activity of immobile adsorbates at the solid–liquid interface with TERS is an essential step toward the realization of in situ spectroscopic mapping at the nanoscale.
I/O Schedulers for Proportionality and Stability on Flash-Based SSDs in Multi-Tenant Environments (2019)

The use of flash based Solid State Drives (SSDs) has expanded rapidly into the cloud computing environment. In cloud computing, ensuring the service level objective (SLO) of each server is the major criterion in designing a system. In particular, eliminating performance interference among virtual machines (VMs) on shared storage is a key challenge. However, studies on SSD performance to guarantee SLO in such environments are limited. In this paper, we present analysis of I/O behavior for a shared SSD as storage in terms of proportionality and stability. We show that performance SLOs of SSD based storage systems being shared by VMs or tasks are not satisfactory. We present and analyze the reasons behind the unexpected behavior through examining the components of SSDs such as channels, DRAM buffer, and Native Command Queuing (NCQ). We introduce two novel SSD-aware host level I/O schedulers on Linux, called A+CFQ and H+BFQ, based on our analysis and findings. Through experiments on Linux, we analyze I/O proportionality and stability in multi-tenant environments. In addition, through experiments using real workloads, we analyze the performance interference between workloads on a shared SSD. We then show that the proposed I/O schedulers almost eliminate the interference effect seen in CFQ and BFQ, while still providing I/O proportionality and stability for various I/O weighted scenarios.
Pharyngeal pumping in Caenorhabditis elegans depends on tonic and phasic signaling from the nervous system (2016)

Rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal locomotion, feeding, and circulatory systems. In some systems, the muscle itself generates rhythmic contractions. In others, rhythms are generated by the nervous system or by interactions between the nervous system and muscles. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, feeding occurs via rhythmic contractions (pumping) of the pharynx, a neuromuscular feeding organ. Here, we use pharmacology, optogenetics, genetics, and electrophysiology to investigate the roles of the nervous system and muscle in generating pharyngeal pumping. Hyperpolarization of the nervous system using a histamine-gated chloride channel abolishes pumping, and optogenetic stimulation of pharyngeal muscle in these animals causes abnormal contractions, demonstrating that normal pumping requires nervous system function. In mutants that pump slowly due to defective nervous system function, tonic muscle stimulation causes rapid pumping, suggesting tonic neurotransmitter release may regulate pumping. However, tonic cholinergic motor neuron stimulation, but not tonic muscle stimulation, triggers pumps that electrophysiologically resemble typical rapid pumps. This suggests that pharyngeal cholinergic motor neurons are normally rhythmically, and not tonically active. These results demonstrate that the pharynx generates a myogenic rhythm in the presence of tonically released acetylcholine, and suggest that the pharyngeal nervous system entrains contraction rate and timing through phasic neurotransmitter release.
Genetic Signatures in the Envelope Glycoproteins of HIV-1 that Associate with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (2020)

A steady increase in knowledge of the molecular and antigenic structure of the gp120 and gp41 HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is yielding important new insights for vaccine design, but it has been difficult to translate this information to an immunogen that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. To help bridge this gap, we used phylogenetically corrected statistical methods to identify amino acid signature patterns in Envs derived from people who have made potently neutralizing antibodies, with the hypothesis that these Envs may share common features that would be useful for incorporation in a vaccine immunogen. Before attempting this, essentially as a control, we explored the utility of our computational methods for defining signatures of complex neutralization phenotypes by analyzing Env sequences from 251 clonal viruses that were differentially sensitive to neutralization by the well-characterized gp120-specific monoclonal antibody, b12. We identified ten b12-neutralization signatures, including seven either in the b12-binding surface of gp120 or in the V2 region of gp120 that have been previously shown to impact b12 sensitivity. A simple algorithm based on the b12 signature pattern was predictive of b12 sensitivity/resistance in an additional blinded panel of 57 viruses. Upon obtaining these reassuring outcomes, we went on to apply these same computational methods to define signature patterns in Env from HIV-1 infected individuals who had potent, broadly neutralizing responses. We analyzed a checkerboard-style neutralization dataset with sera from 69 HIV-1-infected individuals tested against a panel of 25 different Envs. Distinct clusters of sera with high and low neutralization potencies were identified. Six signature positions in Env sequences obtained from the 69 samples were found to be strongly associated with either the high or low potency responses. Five sites were in the CD4-induced coreceptor binding site of gp120, suggesting an important role for this region in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1.
The Effects of Ethanol Consumption on Vasculogenesis Potential in Nonhuman Primates (2007)

Ethanol consumption in monkeys markedly increased the production and mobilization of EPCs, but decreased their ability to form capillaries. The pathophysiologic consequences of such effects are unclear, but may represent an ethanol-induced chronic stress on the BM, resulting in EPC.