gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryogenic-DRAM based memory system for scalable quantum computers (2017)

A quantum computer can solve fundamentally difficult problems by utilizing properties of quantum bits (qubits). It consists of a quantum substrate, connected to a conventional computer, termed as control processor. A control processor can manipulate and measure the state of the qubits and act as an interface between qubits and the programmer. Unfortunately, qubits are extremely noise-sensitive, and to minimize the noise; qubits are operated at cryogenic temperatures. To build a scalable quantum computer, a control processor which can work at cryogenic temperatures is essential [3, 14]. In this paper, we focus on the challenges of building a memory system for a cryogenic control processor. A scalable quantum computer will require large memory capacity for storing the program and the data generated by the quantum error correction. To this end, we evaluate the feasibility of cryogenic DRAM-based memory system by characterizing commercial DRAM modules at cryogenic temperatures. In this paper, we report the minimum operational temperature for 55 DIMMs (consisting of a total of 750 DRAM chips) and analyze the error patterns in commodity DRAM devices operated at cryogenic temperatures. Our study shows that a significant fraction of DRAM chips continue to work at temperatures as low as 80K. This study is an initial step towards evaluating the effectiveness of cryogenic DRAM as a main memory for quantum computers.
Highly tetrahedral amorphous carbon films with low stress (1996)

We have deposited boronated highly tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:B) films with low stress using a filtered cathodic vacuum arc. The sp3 fraction, hardness, and resistivity were measured as a function of the ion energy and were found to reach a maximum above 50 eV for B concentrations of 2% and 4%. The most significant result we found was that highly tetrahedral a-C:B film (sp3≊80%) with low stress (1–3 GPa) with B concentrations up to 4% could be obtained. The B in the films was found to be predominantly (≊75%) sp2 bonded. Additionally, the stress in the films did not vary with the ion energy or sp3 fraction unlike in regular ta-C films.
Silicon Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Addressing the Challenges through Coordination Chemistry (2019)

Silicon is considered as a promising negative electrode active material for Li-ion batteries, but its practical use is hampered by its very limited electrochemical cyclability arising from its major volume change upon cycling, which deteriorates the electrode architecture and the solid–electrolyte interphase. In this Perspective, we aim at critically discussing the opportunities offered by coordination chemistry to tackle these challenges. More precisely, we will show how the characteristics of the coordination bonds, notably their tunability, medium strength, and dynamic character, can be exploited to offer alternative paths for binding, templating, and coating Si particles in order to ultimately improve the cycle life of Si electrodes in Li-ion batteries.
Demonstrating Novel Functionality of Air-holes to Realize Large-mode-area Optical Fibers (2011)

A new functionality of air-holes, worked as prevention for micro-deformation induced loss without affecting other properties, is demonstrated. A fiber with Aeff of 150µm2 was fabricated by utilizing the new functionality.
Magnetorheological (MR) Jet Finishing Technology (2007)

One suitable way to polish optics of complex shapes is by using a jet of abrasive fluid. In doing so, the energy required for polishing is supplied by the radial spread of the jet, which impinges upon a surface to be polished. Generally, the jet instability results in a non-deterministic polishing process. A method of jet stabilization has been proposed, developed, and demonstrated whereby the round jet of magnetorheological (MR) fluid is magnetized by an axial magnetic field as it flows out of the nozzle. It has been experimentally shown that in this case a stable and reproducible material removal function can be achieved at a distance of several tens of centimeters from the nozzle. At the same time, the interferometrically derived distribution of material removal for the MR jet coincides well with the distribution of the fluid power density calculated using CFD modeling. Polishing results support the assertion that the MR jet finishing process may produce high precision surfaces on glasses and single crystals.
Urinary lithogen risk test: usefulness in the evaluation of renal lithiasis treatment using crystallization inhibitors (citrate and phytate). (1999)

From the obtained results it can be concluded that the test is useful to evaluate the efficacy of a given renal lithiasis medical treatment, and also the efficacy of the treatment of calcium oxalate renal lithiasis using crystallization inhibitors, such as citrate and phytate, in an important number of cases.
Síntesis de fluoretinales y análisis por 19F-RMN de proteínas fotoactivas artificiales (1995)

Se ha llevado a cabo la sintesis de diversos retinales que incorporan atomos de fluor en las posiciones impares de la cadena polienica. La metodologia sintetica utilizada para la incorporacion de fluor en el polieno se ha basado en reacciones de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons y Wittig. Los fluororetinales se incubaron con bacteriopsina y opsina generandose diversos pigmentos artificiales derivados de bacteriorrodopsina y rodopsina que se estudiaron por resonancia magnetica nuclear de 19 fluor. Los estudios de los desplazamientos quimicos de 19F-RMN de los retinales, las bases de Schiff, las bases de Schiff protonadas y los pigmentos artificiales ha permitido sugerir un entorno hidrofobico, conformacionalmente restrictivo para el cromoforo en el bolsillo de bacteriopsina. Las interacciones polares son debiles, lo que es coherente con la presencia de moleculas de agua entre la base de Schiff protonada y su contraion. Finalmente, se sugiere una disposicion S-CIS del cromoforo en el bolsillo de la proteina y mas concretamente 10-S-CIS o 12-S-CIS
Mining User Home Location and Gender from Flickr Tags (2010)

Personal photos and their associated metadata reveal different aspects of our lives and, when shared online, let others have an idea about us. Automating the extraction of personal information is an arduous task but it contributes to better understanding and serving users. Here we present methods for analyzing textual metadata associated to Flickr photos that unveil users’ home location and gender. We test our techniques on a sample of 30,000 people coming from six different countries, allowing us to compare results across cultures and point out similarities and differences.
The Roles of Social Networks and Communities in Open Education Programs (2011)

Open Education Programs provide a range of digitized educational resources freely to educators, students, and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning, and research. In the current chapter the authors study how the educational experience for users and the effectiveness of these programs can be enhanced by incorporating new social networking technologies along with traditional virtual communities, such as bulletin boards and chat-rooms. An overview of open education programs is provided, discussing their common characteristics and participants’ motivations for joining and contributing to such programs. The authors also consider the roles played by collaboration processes in open education programs, examine how communities evolve on theses sites, their roles in making the programs sustainable, and what site organizers can do to enhance these processes. They conclude the chapter with a discussion of future trends and how social networking technologies will contribute to the next generation of open education programs. Throughout, their discussion is informed by our experiences and engagement with the Connexions project (www.cnx.org).Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Synthesis and Diels-Alder reactions of N-methylthionomaleimide (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Diels-Alder reactions of N-methylthionomaleimideZhongying Hu, M. V. Lakshmikantham, Michael P. Cava, Jan Becher, Thomas Hansen, and Tine JorgensenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 14, 3988–3990Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00040a046https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00040a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SOI ESD Failure Mechanisms (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Tables of SOI Device and Integration ESD Failure Mechanisms SOI N-channel MOSFETs SOI Diodes SOI Buried Resistors SOI Failure Mechanisms in 150 nm Technology SOI ESD Failure Mechanisms in 45 nm Technology SOI ESD Failure Mechanisms in 32 nm Technology SOI ESD Failure Mechanisms in 22 nm Technology and the Future SOI Design Synthesis and ESD Failure Mechanisms SOI Integration: ESD Failure Mechanisms Closing Comments and Summary Problems References
High-performance robot motion control based on zero-phase notch filter for industrial robot (2010)

This paper proposes a new motion control method for industrial robots. It is important to regulate the motion of robot on condition of high-speed and high-accuracy for industrial robots. However, industrial robots often occur vibration phenomenon which is caused by the resonant frequency and nonlinear interference force from various joints of the robot. A zero-phase notch filter is very useful for suppressing the resonant phenomenon. However, as the design method of zero-phase notch filter is more difficult than that of the zero-phase low-pass filter, the high-performance zero-phase notch filter cannot be realized in motion control field. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new design method of the zero-phase notch filter which has no phase delay for fast robot motion control reference. Using the proposed method, this paper achieves fast and accurate robot motion control without vibration phenomenon and overshoot. The experimental results confirm that the control system based on the proposed method well regulates fast accurate path tracking control smoothly and rapidly.
Sequence-specific antibodies show that maturation of Moloney leukemia virus envelope polyprotein involves removal of a COOH-terminal peptide. (1981)

We followed maturation of the glycosylated envelope polyprotein Pr80env of a murine retrovirus by using antisera specific to subregions of the protein, including an antiserum directed against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the COOH-terminus of Pr80env. Shortly after synthesis and glycosylation, Pr80env is cleaved into two species, gp70 and Pr15E, that are found associated, perhaps through disulfide bonds, in infected cells. Pr15E is further cleaved at the time of virus maturation to form virus protein p15E. NH2-Terminal protein sequence analysis showed that Pr15E had an NH2 terminus in common with p15E. Pr15E, but not p15E, is precipitated by antibody against the COOH-terminal peptide; hence, p15E is missing a peptide at the COOH-terminus. Our data indicate that Pr15E is the predominant species in cells and p15E is the major species in virus.
Patient selection for endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms (2000)

The determinant factor that dictates whether or not one is eligible to undergo endovascular repair of aorto-iliac aneurysm is the arterial anatomy of the affected area and its surrounding vessels. Some of the initial limitations imposed in this technology have changed such as an acceptance of much shorter neck than initially conceptualized, by the use of supra-renal stent deployment. However, unsolved issues remain regarding the differentiation of thrombus and atherosclerotic plaque in the infra-renal aortic region, iliac artery disease, and the need to have an enhanced flexibility of the delivery system for proper deployment in tortuous aortic necks. The question of long-term device durability remains the most important issue that has to be taken into consideration before one chooses minimally invasive endovascular approaches.
Beam diameter threshold for photoinduced polarization conversion in LiNbO3:Fe (1991)

Photoinduced polarization conversion is a form of optical damage in LiNbO 3 waveguide devices. 1 In an attempt to better understand this phenomenon, we have studied the effect in bulk LiNbO 3 :Fe. In this work, we have observed nearly complete ordinary-to-extraordinary polarization conversion in LiNbO 3 :Fe for input ordinary beam diameters greater than ~200 μm and no polarization conversion for beam diameters less than ~60 μm. The extraordinary light was scattered into a wide angular distribution in a plane perpendicular to the optic axis of the crystal. 2 For small beam diameters, there is no scattered light, and no energy is lost from the ordinary beam. However, as the beam diameter is increased, there is steady-state energy transfer out of the ordinary beam into two broad extraordinary peaks. Using the photovoltaic model, 3,4 we have derived coupled equations that describe the polarization conversion process as a function of scattering angle and beam diameter. This model correctly describes the distribution of the scattered extraordinary light and predicts the beam diameter threshold behavior of the polarization conversion.
A Comparative Study of Electrochemical, Spectroscopic and Structural Properties of Phenyl, Thienyl and Furyl Substituted Ethylenes (2017)

Abstract a detailed electrochemical and photophysical comparative study of three parallel series of phenyl, thienyl and furyl substituted ethylenes has been carried out, implemented by the computational calculation of selected terms. Relationships have been highlighted between molecular structure (number and type of aromatic rings) and important functional properties (in particular, electronic features and oligomerization ability). Interestingly, some of the studied heteroaryl‐ethylenes show emission in the solid state displaying an aggregation‐induced emission behavior.
Graves' Disease with Moderate–Severe Endocrine Ophthalmopathy–Long Term Results of a Prospective, Randomized Study of Total or Subtotal Thyroid Resection (2005)

The optimal thyroid surgery to be performed in patients with Graves' disease and concomitant endocrine ophthalmopathy is a matter of debate. We randomly assigned 44 patients with moderate-severe eye signs in a trial of treatment with subtotal, leaving a small (approximately 2 g) thyroid remnant, or total thyroidectomy. At inclusion, the patients had been treated with antithyroid drugs, and corticosteroids been given to 12 (27%). All received postoperative thyroxine supplementation and were followed for 3 years at regular examinations. The eye disease improved in all cases, and throughout the study, the two groups did not differ with regard to subjective and objective eye symptoms and laboratory findings. At the study start, motility disturbances were present in 8 and 11 of the cases in the subtotal and total resection group and proptosis in 16 and 17, respectively. After 3 years, the corresponding data were 3 and 6 cases with motility defects and 16 and 15 cases with proptosis. Thyrotropin (TSH)-receptor antibody levels gradually fell and became nondetectable in 21 (49%). The surgical complication rate (permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis and permanent hypoparathyroidism) was significantly higher in the total thyroidectomy group. The data indicate that in patients with Graves' disease and active endocrine ophthalmopathy, subtotal thyroidectomy, leaving a small thyroid remnant, will reduce the risk of surgical complications but not the beneficial effect of surgery.
Estimating corpus size via queries (2006)

We consider the problem of estimating the size of a collection of documents using only a standard query interface. Our main idea is to construct an unbiased and low-variance estimator that can closely approximate the size of any set of documents defined by certain conditions, including that each document in the set must match at least one query from a uniformly sampleable query pool of known size, fixed in advance.Using this basic estimator, we propose two approaches to estimating corpus size. The first approach requires a uniform random sample of documents from the corpus. The second approach avoids this notoriously difficult sample generation problem, and instead uses two fairly uncorrelated sets of terms as query pools; the accuracy of the second approach depends on the degree of correlation among the two sets of terms.Experiments on a large TREC collection and on three major search engines demonstrates the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Musculoskeletal Differentiation of Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Germ Cells (2005)

Stem cells have the potential to significantly improve cell and tissue regeneration therapies, but little is understood about how to control their behavior. We investigated the potential differentiation capability of cells derived from human embryonic germ (EG) cells into musculoskeletal lineages by providing a three-dimensional environment with increased cell-cell contact and growth factors. Cells were clustered into pellets to mimic the mesenchyme condensation process during limb development. LVEC cells, an embryoid body-derived (EBD) cell culture generated from EG cells, were cultured in micromass pellets for 21 days in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and/or transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFbeta3). Gene expression for cartilage-, bone-, and muscle-specific matrix proteins--including collagen types I, II, III, IX, X; aggrecan; cartilage proteoglycan link protein; cartilage oligomeric protein; chondroitin sulfate-4-S; and myf5--was upregulated in the pellets treated with TGFbeta3, while mRNAs for neurofilament heavy (NFH), a neuron marker, and flk-1, a hematopoietic marker, decreased. Total collagen and proteoglycan production exhibited a time-dependent increase in the pellets treated with TGFbeta3, further confirming the expression of characteristic musculoskeletal markers. Furthermore, our results indicate the ability to select or differentiate stem cells toward a musculoskeletal lineage from a heterogenous EBD cell line.
Temperature effect on the lasing from a dye-doped two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal made of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (2010)

Temperature dependent lasing was demonstrated in a dye-doped two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal made of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (LCs) along ΓM direction in TE polarization. A redshift in lasing peaks was observed as the temperature increased from 25 to 45 °C. The downward movement of photonic band of TE polarization, majorly caused by the decrease in the anisotropy of LC droplets with the increase in temperature, is responsible for the redshift in lasing peaks.
Micro wet analysis system using multi-phase laminar flows in three-dimensional microchannel networkElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: illustration and microscopic view of two-phase laminar flow. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/lc/b4/b400233d/ (2004)

A three-dimensional microchannel network with two-level crossings of channels was constructed in a glass microchip by sandwiching an insulating glass plate between two glass plates with microchannels followed by thermal bonding. Pressure-driven stable multi-phase laminar flows inside the three-dimensional channel network were realized by balancing flow rates of syringe pumps. Micro unit operations for mixing, reaction, solvent extraction, and detection were properly arranged in the multi-phase laminar flows, so that four parallel analyses, comprising twenty unit operations in total, could be integrated onto a single chip. Two chelating reagents and two sample solutions containing heavy metal ions (Fe(ii) or Co(ii)) were mixed and reacted in four different combinations using the three-dimensional channel network. After chelating reactions were completed, post processing (solvent extraction or addition of acid) was applied to each solution stream to remove the interferences of coexisting metal ions. Finally, target metal complexes were detected using a thermal lens microscope (TLM). Integrity of the micro system was confirmed by qualitative analysis of Fe(ii) and Co(ii). This is the first example of continuous flow chemical processing utilizing multi-phase laminar flow realized in a three-dimensional channel network.
DNA Distortion in bis-Intercalated Complexes (1994)

The bis-intercalators Flexi-Di and ditercalinium are synthetic dimers that bis-intercalate into DNA and cause cell death in prokaryotes from futile and abortive repair of DNA. Each is composed of two 7H-pyridocarbazole units and a linker. Flexi-Di has a flexible spermine-like linker while ditercalinium has a rigid bis(ethylpiperidinium) linker. This report, describing the 2.5-A X-ray structure of Flexi-Di complexed with [d(BrCGCG)]2, appears to be the first report of a three-dimensional structure of a DNA complex with a bis-intercalator with a flexible linker. DNA complex formation with a ditercalinium analog having a flexible linker was not anticipated to yield unstacked and bent DNA as was observed in the previously reported ditercalinium.[d(CGCG)]2 complex. Surprisingly, the DNA in the Flexi-Di complex is bent to a degree exceeding that of the ditercalinium complex. A comparison of the DNA complexes of Flexi-Di and ditercalinium has allowed us to propose a mechanism by which these bis-intercalators distort DNA. We propose that this class of bis-intercalators pulls the internal base pairs into the major groove and pushes the external base pairs into the minor groove. The result is a bend toward the minor groove. It appears that hydrogen bonds between the linker and the internal guanines effectively pull the central base pairs of the complex out into the major groove. At the external regions of the complex, stacking interactions between the chromophores and terminal base pairs effectively push the terminal base pairs into the minor groove. The result of this push/pull combination is to bend the DNA.
Nucleic acid arrays and methods of synthesis (2023)

The present invention generally relates to high density nucleic acid arrays and methods of synthesizing nucleic acid sequences on a solid surface. Specifically, the present invention contemplates the use of stabilized nucleic acid primer sequences immobilized on solid surfaces, and circular nucleic acid sequence templates combined with the use of isothermal rolling circle amplification to thereby increase nucleic acid sequence concentrations in a sample or on an array of nucleic acid sequences.