gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards the Optical Inspection Sensitivity Optimization of EUV Masks and EUVL-Exposed Wafers (2012)

Pending the availability of actinic inspection tools, optical inspection tools with 193 nm DUV
illumination wavelength are currently used to inspect EUV masks and EUVL-exposed wafers.
Due to strong optical absorption, DUV photons can penetrate only a few surface layers of EUV
masks, making them sub-optimal for detecting hidden defects embedded within the sub-layers of
the mask, the so-called phase defects. Although these phase defects may not be detected by
optical inspection tools, they may print on the wafer. Conversely, false and nuisance defects
which may not print on the wafer may be detected by optical inspection tools, and by so doing,
degrade the inspection sensitivity of the tool to real and critical defects. This paper discusses
approaches to optimizing the optical inspection sensitivity of EUV masks, with a view to
overcoming some of the absorption limitations of the inspection wavelength and also with a view
to enhancing the imaging contrast of the reflected light between the low reflective absorber/antireflection
coating stack and the moderately reflective mirror surface of Mo/Si bilayers, capped
with a thin Ru layer, and which serves to protect the mirror surface from damage and
contamination during mask fabrication and wafer printing processes. The effects of mask
absorber/ARC stack thickness on optical inspection contrast are simulated using rigorous
coupled wave analysis (RCWA), and compared to experimental results. EUV masks with thin
absorber/ARC stacks are observed to have higher inspection contrast, up to 15 % higher than
their thicker counterparts, especially as the feature pitch gets smaller. Blank defect inspection
performance of tools such as the Siemens DFX40 tool and KLA 617 Teron tool equipped with
Phasur module are compared, and correlated with patterned mask inspection data generated from
KLA 617 Teron tool. Patterned mask defect sensitivities to the tune of 40 nm and 90 nm were
obtained on thin and thick absorber/ARC stacks, respectively. The defect location accuracy of
the Teron 617 tool is better than 250 nm (3σ), while the alignment repeatability of the Teron 617
on the fiducials is better than 60 nm (3σ). Printability of mask blank and patterned mask defects
on exposed wafers in terms of what and where the defects print, are also presented. Four masks
with different absorber and antireflection coating thicknesses, some with substrate and absorber programmed defects of different types and sizes, were fabricated and used to expose resistcoated
SiN substrate wafers on full field ASML EUV scanners.
An engineering curriculum track for IT for sustainability (2012)

Information technology (IT) forms a crucial foundation for designing, building and managing future sustainable cities. This paper proposes a model to innovate the engineering and computing curriculum to include sustainability and IT topics in order to develop the skills and competencies that future professionals will need to design, build and manage future cities. Rather than developing a new program, we propose a curriculum model — called SustainIT -adapted from the successful 2006 US NAE Gordon Prize engineering curriculum innovation, The Learning Factory — as a possible roadmap to reform and complement existing Bachelors of Science (BS) degrees in engineering. By providing a series of guided electives, any engineering program may offer engineering, and/or computer science students the opportunity to learn about and become specialized in IT for Sustainability. Multidisciplinary topics include traditional ecological engineering; life-cycle design; design and application of resource microgrids; pervasive sensing and data aggregation; knowledge discovery, data mining and visualization; and, policy based control and operation for resource provisioning.
SMALL AMPLITUDE OSCILLATORY SHEAR STUDIES ON MOZZARELLA CHEESE PART I. REGION OF LINEAR VISCOELASTICITY (1997)

ABSTRACT Changes in texture of a low‐moisture, part‐skim and a low‐fat, part‐skim Moz‐zarella cheese during heating were examined by measuring their rheological properties using small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests after 1, 4 and 12 weeks of refrigerated storage. In general, the linear viscoelastic range decreases with increasing temperature and age because cheese behaves more like a viscoelastic solid at lower temperature and shorter ripening time. The dynamic rheological properties (η*, G′ and G″) were constant within a range of 0.05% shear strain. The dynamic rheological properties of low‐fat, part‐skim Mozzarella were found to be higher than that of low‐moisture, part‐skim Mozzarella within the linear viscoelastic range.
Perception of Body Ownership Is Driven by Bayesian Sensory Inference (2015)

Recent studies have shown that human perception of body ownership is highly malleable. A well-known example is the rubber hand illusion (RHI) wherein ownership over a dummy hand is experienced, and is generally believed to require synchronized stroking of real and dummy hands. Our goal was to elucidate the computational principles governing this phenomenon. We adopted the Bayesian causal inference model of multisensory perception and applied it to visual, proprioceptive, and tactile stimuli. The model reproduced the RHI, predicted that it can occur without tactile stimulation, and that synchronous stroking would enhance it. Various measures of ownership across two experiments confirmed the predictions: a large percentage of individuals experienced the illusion in the absence of any tactile stimulation, and synchronous stroking strengthened the illusion. Altogether, these findings suggest that perception of body ownership is governed by Bayesian causal inference--i.e., the same rule that appears to govern the perception of outside world.
Sheep as a Potential Model of Intradiscal Infection by the Bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (2021)

The anaerobic bacterium <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i> has been increasingly linked to the development of degenerative disc disease (DDD), although causality is yet to be conclusively proven. To better study how this organism could contribute to the aetiology of DDD, improved animal models that are more reflective of human disc anatomy, biology and mechanical properties are required. Against this background, our proof-of concept study aimed to be the first demonstration that <i>C. acnes</i> could be safely administered percutaneously into sheep intervertebral discs (IVDs) for in vivo study. Following our protocol, two sheep were successfully injected with a strain of <i>C. acnes</i> (8.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/disc) previously recovered from a human degenerative disc. No adverse reactions were noted, and at one-month post inoculation all triplicate infected discs in our first animal grew <i>C. acnes</i>, albeit at a reduced load (5.12 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 6.67 × 10<sup>4</sup> CFU/disc). At six months, no growth was detected in discs from our second animal indicating bacterial clearance. This pilot study has demonstrated the feasibility of safe percutaneous injection of <i>C. acnes</i> into sheep IVDs under fluoroscopic guidance. The design of follow-up sheep studies to investigate the potential of <i>C. acnes</i> to drive pathological changes within infected discs should now be pursued.
Decomposition and decentralized control system design: A review of frequency domain methods (1985)

We provide a short review of the literature on design of decentralized control based on weak coupling measures for transfer function models. The notion of diagonal dominance for transfer functions has been suggested as a measure of weak coupling for system decomposition. Various generalizations of this notion for partitioned transfer function matrices are discussed as they pertain to design of decentralized control. Such weak coupling techniques permit a decentralized design procedure based on an approximate decoupled model. The accuracy of these decoupled approximations for control design is highlighted.
Focusing the ATMS (1988)

Many problems having enormous search spaces can nevertheless be solved because only a very small fraction of that space need be traversed to find the needed solution(s). The ability of assumption-based truth maintenance systems to rapidly switch and compare contexts is an advantage for such problems, but existing ATMS techniques generally perform badly on them. This paper describes a new strategy, the implied-by strategy, for using the ATMS that efficiently supports problem solving in domains which are infinite and where the inference engine must retain tight control in the course of problem solving. We describe the three mechanisms required to implement this strategy: focus environments, implied-by consumers, and contradiction consumers. We compare the implied-by strategy to previous ATMS strategies, and demonstrate its effectiveness by performance comparisons in two simple domains. Finally, we discuss the implications for parallel processing and future ATMS design.
Lymphohaemopoietic antigens of cultured human glomerular epithelial cells. (1989)

Glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GVEC) from normal human glomeruli were grown in tissue culture. Cell surface markers were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against lymphohaemopoietic differentiation antigens which are known to be present early (BA-1, OKB2, BA-2) and late (J5, anti CR1) in renal ontogenesis. Like foetal human glomerular epithelium, the cultured cells reacted with BA-1 and OKB2 (identifying an antigen expressed on B cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes), and BA-2 (leukaemia-associated antigen), but were consistently negative for CR1 (C3b receptor); J5 which identifies the common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CALLA) stained variably. Reactivity with antimyosin or anti factor VIII were absent. The cells produced an extracellular matrix containing laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin. This study supports the notion that GVEC undergo dedifferentiation as shown by the acquisition of lymphohaemopoietic differentiation antigens present early in renal ontogeny. In addition, the production of extracellular matrix constituents in vitro may be useful for the investigation of human glomerular basement membranes.
Online Estimation of POI-level Aggregated Inertia Considering Frequency Spatial Correlation (2022)

Online estimation of power system inertia provides the essential basis for frequency stability analysis and control. This paper proposes an approach to estimate the aggregated inertia at the point of interconnection (POI), which can be further used to calculate the power system total inertia and to monitor the inertia spatial distribution. Based on the spatial correlation of the power system frequency, the general correlation between the rotor speed and network bus frequency is derived. Furthermore, the phasor measurement unit placement principle for inertia estimation is given, and the impacts of redundant and lacking frequency measurement are analyzed. The proposed method is designed for the field implementation scenario, where ambient measurement data are used and the requirement for mechanical power measurement is relaxed. Simulation results carried out on the modified IEEE 39-bus System show that the proposed approach can accurately estimate POI-level inertia under different conditions, including poor data quality, lacking POI frequency, parameter and topology error, and renewable power generation penetration.
The impact of episporic modification of Lichtheimia corymbifera on virulence and interaction with phagocytes (2021)

Fungal infections caused by the ancient lineage Mucorales are emerging and increasingly reported in humans. Comprehensive surveys on promising attributes from a multitude of possible virulence factors are limited and so far, focused on <i>Mucor</i> and <i>Rhizopus</i>. This study addresses a systematic approach to monitor phagocytosis after physical and enzymatic modification of the outer spore wall of <i>Lichtheimia corymbifera</i>, one of the major causative agents of mucormycosis. Episporic modifications were performed and their consequences on phagocytosis, intracellular survival and virulence by murine alveolar macrophages and in an invertebrate infection model were elucidated. While depletion of lipids did not affect the phagocytosis of both strains, delipidation led to attenuation of LCA strain but appears to be dispensable for infection with LCV strain in the settings used in this study. Combined glucano-proteolytic treatment was necessary to achieve a significant decrease of virulence of the LCV strain in <i>Galleria mellonella</i> during maintenance of the full potential for spore germination as shown by a novel automated germination assay. Proteolytic and glucanolytic treatments largely increased phagocytosis compared to alive resting and swollen spores. Whilst resting spores barely (1-2%) fuse to lysosomes after invagination in to phagosomes, spore trypsinization led to a 10-fold increase of phagolysosomal fusion as measured by intracellular acidification. This is the first report of a polyphasic measurement of the consequences of episporic modification of a mucormycotic pathogen in spore germination, spore surface ultrastructure, phagocytosis, stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), phagolysosomal fusion and intracellular acidification, apoptosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and virulence.
Analyzing nested experimental designs—A user-friendly resampling method to determine experimental significance (2022)

While hierarchical experimental designs are near-ubiquitous in neuroscience and biomedical research, researchers often do not take the structure of their datasets into account while performing statistical hypothesis tests. Resampling-based methods are a flexible strategy for performing these analyses but are difficult due to the lack of open-source software to automate test construction and execution. To address this, we present Hierarch, a Python package to perform hypothesis tests and compute confidence intervals on hierarchical experimental designs. Using a combination of permutation resampling and bootstrap aggregation, Hierarch can be used to perform hypothesis tests that maintain nominal Type I error rates and generate confidence intervals that maintain the nominal coverage probability without making distributional assumptions about the dataset of interest. Hierarch makes use of the Numba JIT compiler to reduce p-value computation times to under one second for typical datasets in biomedical research. Hierarch also enables researchers to construct user-defined resampling plans that take advantage of Hierarch's Numba-accelerated functions.
Supplementary Figure Legends 1-6 from <i>De novo</i> Lipogenesis Protects Cancer Cells from Free Radicals and Chemotherapeutics by Promoting Membrane Lipid Saturation (2023)

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-6 from &lt;i&gt;De novo&lt;/i&gt; Lipogenesis Protects Cancer Cells from Free Radicals and Chemotherapeutics by Promoting Membrane Lipid Saturation
Crystallographic analysis of ionic liquids (2017)

Within the last decade, the use of ionic liquids (salt melts below 100 C) has extended from the more traditional fields of electrochemistry, separation or catalysis, to newer areas in materials chemistry and crystal engineering. Ionic liquids have also attracted the interest of pharmaceutical scientists because of the ease of tuning the physical, chemical, and biological properties, further providing a new strategy to overcome major problems such as polymorphism, bioavailability, and solubility. Our group has designed various bioactive ionic liquids formed from biologically active ions by utilizing anti-crystal engineering principles with the goal of decreasing the prominent intermolecular interactions between cations and anions that might yield common supramolecular synthons in a crystal. However, it is still challenging to understand the fundamental chemistry of liquids, where the system is more dynamic and harder to characterize. In this sense, the crystallographic study of crystalline salts containing ionic liquid ions provides a direct insight into the spatial relationship between the cations and anions including the strength, type and number of intermolecular interactions, all of which are major factors determining the lattice energies, viscosity, melting point, and general behavior of ionic liquids and salts. This presentation will discuss crystallographic details of low-melting bioactive salts, focusing on weak intermolecular interactions, ionic repulsion, structural flexibility, and packing. Further, such insights have been applied to produce unusual crystal structures of nucleobases to better understand their biological roles and reveal unknown interactions.
Investigation of Mechanical Clearance Change with Thermal Flying-height Control Slider at High Altitude (2010)

Clearance change between a magnetic head with a thermal flying-height control (TFC) function and a magnetic disk at high altitude was investigated. To clarify the change of head-disk clearance in the case of TFC actuation at high altitude, head-disk clearance change was experimentally evaluated as a function of altitude and head-disk clearance by using a TFC function. The evaluation results show that the head-disk clearance change is larger in the case with TFC actuation at high altitude than that in the case without TFC actuation.
40.3: Optimization of Host‐Dopant System for Realizing Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence OLEDs (2015)

In this paper, we describe a promising way to realize highly efficient fluorescent OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. The resultant TADF OLEDs with optimized host‐dopant system showed comparable device performances and surpassed the limits of conventional fluorescent OLEDs.
Discovery and Hit-to-Lead Optimization of Benzothiazole Scaffold-Based DNA Gyrase Inhibitors with Potent Activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2023)

We have developed compounds with a promising activity against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, which are both on the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Starting from DNA gyrase inhibitor <b>1</b>, we identified compound <b>27</b>, featuring a 10-fold improved aqueous solubility, a 10-fold improved inhibition of topoisomerase IV from <i>A. baumannii</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, a 10-fold decreased inhibition of human topoisomerase IIα, and no cross-resistance to novobiocin. Cocrystal structures of <b>1</b> in complex with <i>Escherichia coli</i> GyrB24 and (<i>S</i>)-<b>27</b> in complex with <i>A. baumannii</i> GyrB23 and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> GyrB24 revealed their binding to the ATP-binding pocket of the GyrB subunit. In further optimization steps, solubility, plasma free fraction, and other ADME properties of <b>27</b> were improved by fine-tuning of lipophilicity. In particular, analogs of <b>27</b> with retained anti-Gram-negative activity and improved plasma free fraction were identified. The series was found to be nongenotoxic, nonmutagenic, devoid of mitochondrial toxicity, and possessed no ion channel liabilities.
Enhancing research for undergraduates through a nanotechnology training program that utilizes analytical and bioanalytical tools (2018)

Nanotechnology is a broad field combining traditional scientific disciplines; however, analytical chemistry plays an important role in material design, synthesis, characterization, and application. This article emphasizes the uniqueness of nanotechnology and the importance of providing high-quality undergraduate research experiences to both attract and retain talented individuals to the field of nanotechnology. In response to this need to develop a strong and sustainable nanotechnology work force, strategies to create authentic research experiences are considered within the framework of an interdisciplinary nanotechnology environment at West Virginia University. The program, named NanoSAFE Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU), embeds students in different departments at West Virginia University and in research laboratories within the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. A large number of participants have little or no prior research experience and a strong effort is made to recruit applicants from under-represented populations. Components designed to foster research proficiency include frequent reporting, a strong peer-network, and training for secondary mentors. Evidence, which includes student publications and assessment findings demonstrating self-efficacy, is discussed to substantiate the viability of the strategies used in the 2016-2018 program. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Dynamic relay‐location‐oriented group management in MMR WiMAX networks (2012)

ABSTRACT Multihop wireless systems outperform single‐hop ones in terms of coverage and capacity. The IEEE 802.16 standard, also known as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), is one of the latest broadband wireless access technologies over long distances. Mobile multihop relay (MMR) WiMAX networks introduce relay stations (RS) to improve range and performance at low cost. Providing multimedia capabilities to groups defined by node proximity is an interesting feature in tactical communications, which MMR WiMAX networks may support. This paper presents a dynamic group management scheme at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer based on RS position, with dynamic RS selection, suitable for military environments where communications between close nodes are prioritary. The proposal is evaluated analytically and by simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Overlapping Functions of the Two Talin Homologues inDictyostelium (2008)

Talin is a cytoskeletal protein involved in constructing and regulating focal adhesions in animal cells. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum has two talin homologues, talA and talB, and earlier studies have characterized the single knockout mutants. talA(-) cells show reduced adhesion to the substrates and slightly impaired cytokinesis leading to a high proportion of multinucleated cells in the vegetative stage, while the development is normal. In contrast, talB(-) cells are characterized by reduced motility in the developmental stage, and they are arrested at the tight-mound stage. Here, we created and analyzed a double mutant with a disruption of both talA and talB. Defects in adhesion to the substrates, cytokinesis, and development were more severe in cells with a disruption of both talA and talB. The talA(-) talB(-) cells failed to attach to the substrates in the vegetative stage, exhibited a higher proportion of multinucleated cells than talA(-) cells, and showed more-reduced motility during the development and an earlier developmental arrest than talB(-) cells at the loose-mound stage. Moreover, overexpression of either talA or talB compensated for the loss of the other talin, respectively. The analysis of talA(-) talB(-) cells also revealed that talin was required for the formation of paxillin-rich adhesion sites and that there was another adhesion mechanism which is independent of talin in the developmental stage. This is the first study demonstrating overlapping functions of two talin homologues, and our data further indicate the importance of talin.
What makes the best chip-scale photonic sensor? (2020)

We provide a detailed account regarding the design rationales of different essential components of a photonic chip-based sensing system: the sensing element, the light source, and the light analyzer or spectrometer.