gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Face Recognition Using Self-Organizing Maps (2010)

As an active research area, face recognition has been studied for more than 20 years. Especially, after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, security systems utilizing personal biometric features, such as, face, voice, fingerprint, iris pattern, etc. are attracting a lot of attention. Among them, face recognition systems have become the subject of increased interest (Bowyer, 2004). Face recognition seems to be the most natural and effective method to identify a person since it is the same as the way human does and there is no need to use special equipments. In face recognition, personal facial feature extraction is the key to creating more robust systems. A lot of algorithms have been proposed for solving face recognition problem. Based on the use of the Karhunen-Loeve transform, PCA (Turk & Pentland, 1991) is used to represent a face in terms of an optimal coordinate system which contains the most significant eigenfaces and the mean square error is minimal. However, it is highly complicated and computational-power hungry, making it difficult to implement them into real-time face recognition applications. Feature-based approach (Brunelli & Poggio, 1993; Wiskott et al., 1997) uses the relationship between facial features, such as the locations of eye, mouth and nose. It can implement very fast, but recognition rate usually depends on the location accuracy of facial features, so it can not give a satisfied recognition result. There are many other algorithms have been used for face recognition. Such as Local Feature Analysis (LFA) (Penev & Atick, 1996), neural network (Chellappa et al., 1995), local autocorrelations and multi-scale integration technique (Li & Jain, 2005), and other techniques (Goudail et al., 1996; Moghaddam & Pentland, 1997; Lam & Yan, 1998; Zhao, 2000; Bartlett et al., 2002 ; Kotani et al., 2002; Karungaru et al., 2005; Aly et al., 2008) have been proposed. As a neural unsupervised learning algorithm, Kohonen’s Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) has been widely utilized in pattern recognition area. In this chapter, we will give an overview in SOM-based face recognition applications. Using the SOM as a feature extraction method in face recognition applications is a promising approach, because the learning is unsupervised, no pre-classified image data are needed at all. When high compressed representations of face images or their parts are formed by the SOM, the final classification procedure can be fairly simple, needing only a moderate number of labeled training samples. In this chapter, we will introduce various face recognition algorithms based on this consideration. 17
Micellization of Binary Surfactant Mixtures (1992)

We develop a molecular theory of micelle formation in aqueous solutions of binary surfactant mixtures. The theory allows the prediction of the critical micelle concentration and the size and composition distribution of mixed micelles. Illustrative results are obtained for nonionic-nonionic, ionic-ionic, nonionic-ionic, anionic-cationic and hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon type of binary surfactant mixtures and compared against available experimental data. It is found that the theory predicts well the ideal and nonideal behavior exhibited by different mixtures. Of special interest are the predictions showing both the formation of miscible hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon mixed micelles and the coexistence of mutually immiscible hydrocarbon rich and fluorocarbon rich micelle populations. Finally, the theory allows one to identify the origin of mixture nonidealities in terms of various molecular interactions.
Hepatitis C virus RNA assays: current and emerging technologies and their clinical applications (2010)

Molecular diagnostic assays represent a cornerstone in the management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients. Qualitative and quantitative HCV molecular assays are used for the diagnosis of acute and chronic HCV infections, viral genotyping, viral-load determination, treatment monitoring and prognosis. Reverse-transcription PCR, transcription-mediated amplification and branched DNA amplification are commonly employed for detection of HCV RNA. Recently, new HCV molecular assays that employ nanostructures have emerged and have been proposed as suitable for both low- and high-resource settings, without sacrificing sensitivity and specificity. This article will present current and future HCV molecular diagnostic assays with a focus on their clinical applications.
Editorial for: “Normative Pancreatic Stiffness Levels and Related Influences Established by Magnetic Resonance Elastography in Volunteers” (2020)

5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:459-460.
High and low reduction potential 4Fe-4S clusters in Azotobacter vinelandii (4Fe-4S) 2ferredoxin I. Influence of the polypeptide on the reduction potentials. (1975)

Azotobacter vinelandii (4Fe-4S)2 ferredoxin I (Fd I) is an electron transfer protein with Mr equals 14,500 and Eo equals -420 mv. It exhibits and EPR signal of g equals 2.01 in its isolated form. This resonance is almost identical with the signal that originates from a "super-oxidized" state of the 4Fe-4S cluster of potassium ferricyanide-treated Clostridium ferredoxin. A cluster that exhibits this EPR signal at g equals 2.01 is in the same formal oxidation state as the cluster in oxidized Chromatium High-Potential-Iron-Protein (HiPIP). On photoreduction of Fd I with spinach chloroplast fragments, the resonance at g equals 2.01 vanishes and no EPR signal is observed. This EPR behavior is analogous to that of reduced HiPIP, which also fails to exhibit an EPR spectrum. These characteristics suggest that a cluster in A. vinelandii Fd I functions between the same pair of states on reduction as does the cluster in HiPIP, but with a midpoint reduction potential of -420 mv in contrast to the value of +350 mv characteristic of HiPIP. Quantitative EPR and stoichoimetry studies showed that only one 4Fe-4S cluster in this (4Fe-4S)2 ferredoxin is reduced. Oxidation of Fd I with potassium ferricyanide results in the uptake of 1 electron/mol as determined by quantitative EPR spectroscopy. This indicates that a cluster in Fd I shows no electron paramagnetic resonance in the isolated form of the protein accepts an electron on oxidation, as indicated by the EPR spectrum, and becomes paramagnetic. The EPR behavior of this oxidizable cluster indicates that it also functions between the same pair of oxidation states as does the Fe-S cluster in HiPIP. The midpoint reduction potential of this cluster is approximately +340 mv. A. vinelandii Fd I is the first example of an iron-sulfur protein which contains both a high potential cluster (approximately +340 mv) and a low potential cluster (-420 mv). Both Fe-S clusters appear to function between the same pair of oxidation states as the single Fe-S cluster in Chromatium HiPIP, although the midpoint reduction potentials of the two clusters are approximately 760 mv different.
Viscosity Dependence of the Folding Kinetics of a Dimeric and Monomeric Coiled Coil (1999)

We measured whether solvent viscosity, and hence chain diffusion, plays a role in the rate-limiting step of the folding reactions of GCN4-p2', a simple alpha-helical coiled coil derived from the leucine zipper region of bZIP transcriptional activator GCN4. To deconvolute the dual effects of viscosogenic solvents on both viscosity, eta, and stability, earlier attempts assumed that the cosolvent and denaturant interact to the same degree in the transition state. Applying this analysis to GCN4-p2' yielded a nearly 1/eta dependence between folding rates and viscosity for both the dimeric and the cross-linked, monomeric versions of the coiled coil, but it revealed no such coherent relationship for cytochrome c. We also developed a method to determine the relative viscosity dependence of the dimeric and monomeric forms of the coiled coil independent of the assumption concerning the transition state's relative interaction with cosolvents and denaturants. Application of this method indicated that the effect of viscosity on both the folding and the unfolding rates was the same for the dimeric and monomeric versions, further supporting the view that the folding of the dimeric version is folding-limited rather than encounter-limited. The finding that GCN4-p2' folding appears to exhibit a 1/eta viscosity dependence implies that the rate-limiting step in folding is opposed predominantly by solvent-derived rather than internal frictional forces. These results are interpreted in relation to various models for protein folding.
Copper filled TSV formation with Parylene-HT insulator for low-temperature compatible 3D integration (2014)

In this paper, investigation of Parylene-HT for using as insulation/liner in through-silicon-via (TSV) is presented. Bottom-up copper filled TSVs with 1 µm Parylene-HT insulator with aspect ratios (ARs) up to 10, are demonstrated on a 100 µm-thick Si wafer through via etching, parylene vapor deposition, and copper electroplating processes. Cross sectional inspections on the fabricated TSVs confirm the pin-hole free, high-uniformity, good conformal coverage room temperature deposited Parylene-HT liner, the void- and seam-free filled Cu, as well as the low diffusivity of Cu into Parylene-HT. Excellent insulation function of Parylene-HT liner, i.e., capacitance of 0.164 pF/TSV and leakage current density of 22 pA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a field of 0.25 MV/cm, were also confirmed on the fabricated TSV. As the Parylene-HT deposition and Cu electroplating processes can be implemented at room temperature, the copper filled TSV formation with Parylene-HT insulator investigated in this work is highly compatible with low-temperature 3D integration.
HIV Antigen and DNA in AIDS Spinal Cords Correlate with Macrophage Infiltration but not with Vacuolar Myelopathy (1994)

Since the relationship between vacuolar myelopathy (VM) and HIV infection of the spinal cord is unclear, we studied 74 cases of VM in AIDS patients for associated spinal cord and brain diseases, the presence of HIV antigens (n = 54) and amplified DNA (n = 7) and serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid (n = 6). Necrosis of the medial F. gracilis was present in 14%, HIV myelitis in 9%, cytomegalovirus myelitis in 3% and microglial nodules in 16%. HIV-immunoreactive macrophages were encountered in 6% of VM cords; they were in regions of gracile tract necrosis in two and in monocytes and multinucleated cells in spinal gray matter in one. Amplified HIV DNA was detected in 50% of cords and 70% of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of cases with moderate or severe VM and 63% of cords and 75% of DRG in AIDS cases without VM. Six of the eight spinal cords with HIV DNA contained macrophages whereas all cords without HIV DNA (n = 6) were normal or contained only rare macrophages. There was no association between VM and HIV myelitis or opportunistic infections of the CNS, but there was a close association with HIV encephalitis which occurred in 80% of severe VM, 33% of moderate VM and 17% of mild VM. Vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were normal or elevated in all six AIDS with VM as well as in 12 AIDS without VM; all had received prophylactic vitamin therapy prior to death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neurosteroid metabolism : identification of allopregnanolone and isoallopregnanolone metabolites in rat brain and plasma (2009)

Implementation of information technology in clinical research has resulted in revolutionary changes in drug development. Based on the good clinical practice (GCP) requirements on data, processes and documentations, and the era of fast growth in clinical studies using up-to-date information technology, we explore an integrated e-clinical solution in clinical studies in China.
Kinetic Mechanism and Inhibitor Characterization of WNK1 Kinase (2009)

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is caused by the mutation of two members of the WNK (with-no-K[Lys] kinase) kinase family. We describe here the development of an in vitro WNK1 microfluidic mobility shift assay for kinetic mechanism studies. Assays using capillary electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip are suitable for both compound selection and mechanistic studies, because of the robustness of this method, as well as its high-throughput feature and insensitivity to the ATP concentration. Double-reciprocal plots of the initial rates versus the concentration of the substrate revealed that the random sequential activity of WNK catalyzed OXSR1 (oxidative stress response kinase-1) phosphorylation. WNK1 inhibitors were then found from among 86 kinases in a commercially available library. Interestingly, the Hck, Lck, and Src inhibitors, PP1 and PP2, exhibited positive inhibition against WNK1. The inhibition mode of PP1 was analyzed to be pure ATP competition with a K(i) value of 12.7 microM, showing noncompetitive inhibition against the OXSR1 peptide. From the structure-based comparison, we found that, since the WNK1 enzymes are categorized as STEs (homologues of yeast Sterile 7, Sterile 11, and Sterile 20 kinases) and Hck belongs to the TK (tyrosine kinase) family on the basis of the results of the Human Kinome Project, the residues at the catalytic site of the WNK1 that interact with PP1 were well-conserved in Hck. We concluded that the compound-based structural alignment enabled us to find interesting relationships among the kinases. This information helps us to screen specific WNK1 therapeutic reagents with no inhibition of the Src, Hck, and Lck kinases for the treatment of hypertension.
Ultra-low Dose CT Image Denoising based on Conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic model (2022)

Due to repeated examinations of lung nodules by Standard Dose Computed Tomography (SDCT), patients suffer from an increased risk of further cancer deterioration caused by the accumulated X-ray dose. Although radiologist have attempted using Ultra-low dose CT images instead of SDCT for diagnosis, the reduction of CT dose decreases the final reconstructed image quality and seriously hinders diagnosis. To compensate for the reduced image quality, we presents a novel noise reduction approach, conditional Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (c-DDPM), by exploiting the advantages of Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM). c-DDPM applies a 2.5D feature fusion strategy to account for CT spatial details, and constrains the denoising procession, by combining the loss function l <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> and l <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ssim</inf> . We evaluate c-DDPM and a state-of-the-art method CycleGAN, the commercial IMR method and iDose on an actual patients dataset with a total of 170 patients. Objective assessment shows that c-DDPM can suppress the isolated artifacts and generate more compelling ULDCT images with PSNR (35.19±0.73) and SSIM (0.85±0.03). The subjective evaluation performed by radiologists also demonstrates that our approach can effectively improve perceptual image quality, achieving an overall image quality score of 4/5 or above in 88.4% of cases and an image noise score of 4/5 or above in 100% of the cases. Finally, we provides comprehensive empirical evidence showing that in the lung nodule detection task, ULDCT images denoised through c-DDPM my be detected 11% more valid nodules than of CycleGAN.
Designing Thread forming Rotary Atomizers by Similarity Trials (2012)

Rotary atomizers operated in the regime of laminar thread disintegration can be used for the production of sprays with narrow distributed droplet sizes. The liquid threads formed are attenuated due to centrifugal acceleration and small drop sizes can be achieved, compared to the thread detachment diameter. LAMROT atomizers can hold the desired break-up mode for an extensive range of liquid feed rates and revolution rates. This kind of rotary atomizer has a low plugging tendency and can be designed according to the principles described in [1]. For process design the mean drop size d50,3 of the spray and the droplet span, representing the width of the droplet size distribution (DSD), have to be known. Empirical correlations are frequently used for the calculation of these parameters. However, such kind of correlations are often restricted to a specific atomizer geometry, to specific operating conditions respectively. Therefore similarity trials were carried out, covering a wide range of typical operating conditions for liquid thread break-up at rotary atomizers. The main influences on the thread break-up, like e.g. the gas-liquid interaction during thread break-up, were identified and separately varied. It is shown that the results of the similarity experiments can be used for elaborating empirical correlations for mean drop size and span, that are also valid for thread break-up at rotary atomizers. These correlations can be applied to the design of spray processes including spiraling thread disintegration. As an example the design of a spray drying process including a LAMROT atomizer will be discussed.
S-Nitrosothiol Signaling in Respiratory Biology (2006)

Genetic and biochemical data demonstrate a pivotal role for S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) in mediating the actions of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). SNOs serve to convey NO bioactivity and to regulate protein function. This understanding is of immediate interest to the pulmonary clinical and research communities. This article reviews the following: (1) biochemical and cellular evidence that SNOs in amino acids, peptides, and proteins elicit NOS-dependent signaling in the respiratory system and (2) studies that link SNO signaling to pulmonary medicine. SNO-mediated signaling is involved in the regulation of minute ventilation, ventilation-perfusion matching, pulmonary arterial pressure, basal airway tone, and respiratory and peripheral muscle function. Derangements in SNO signaling are implicated in many disorders relevant to pulmonary and critical care medicine, including apnea, hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and septic shock.
Microstructural Indicators for Prognostication of Copper–Aluminum Wire Bond Reliability Under High-Temperature Storage and Temperature Humidity (2016)

Gold wire bonding has been widely used as the first-level interconnect in semiconductor packaging. The increase in the gold price has motivated the industry search for an alternative to the gold wire used in wire bonding and the transition to a copper wire bonding technology. Potential advantages of transition to a Cu-Al wire bond system include low cost of copper wire, lower thermal resistivity, lower electrical resistivity, higher deformation strength, damage during ultrasonic squeeze, and stability compared with gold wire. However, the transition to the copper wire brings along some tradeoffs, including poor corrosion resistance, narrow process window, higher hardness, and potential for cratering. Formation of excessive Cu-Al intermetallics may increase the electrical resistance and reduce the mechanical bonding strength. Current state of the art for studying the Cu-Al system focuses on the accumulation of statistically significant number of failures under accelerated testing. In this paper, a new approach has been developed to identify the occurrence of impending apparently random defect fall-outs and premature failures observed in the Cu-Al wire bond system. The use of intermetallic thickness, composition, and corrosion as a leading indicator of failure for the assessment of the remaining useful life for Cu-Al wire bond interconnects has been studied under exposure to high temperature. Damage in the wire bonds has been studied using an X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (CT). Microstructure evolution was studied under the isothermal aging conditions of 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C until failure. Activation energy was calculated using the growth rate of intermetallic at different temperatures. An effect of temperature and humidity on a Cu-Al wire bond system was studied using the Parr bomb technique at different elevated temperature and humidity conditions (110 °C/100%RH, 120 °C/100%RH, and 130 °C/100%RH), and a failure mechanism was developed. The present methodology uses the evolution of the intermetallic compound thickness and composition in conjunction with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm to identify accrued damage in wire bond subjected to thermal aging. The proposed method can be used for a quick assessment of Cu-Al parts to ensure manufactured part consistency through sampling.
Geometric Ortho-rectification And Generation Of 601mage Products From Multiple Incidence Synthetic Aperture Radar Images (2005)

The results of the first phase of a cooperative effort in geometric orthorectification and generation of sigma(0) images of multiple incidence SAR images are presented. The geometric accuracy of the final image products is approximately 18 m or 1.5 pixels. A method for registering radar imagery collected from an airborne platform to an existing digital elevation model despite the effects of unmodeled variations in the flight path of the platform is demonstrated. The results indicate the requirements for a more detailed digital elevation model.
A Study of Binary Phospholipid Mixtures at the Air−Water Interface Using Infrared Reflection−Absorption Spectroscopy and 2D IR βν Correlation Analysis (2001)

Infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) in combination with isotopic substitution and a modified 2D IR correlation analysis procedure were used to study the dynamics of phospholipid acyl chain structure in both an ideal and a nonideal binary monolayer mixture spread at the air−water (A/W) interface. The ideal mixture consisted of a 1:2 molar ratio of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC-d62), whereas the nonideal mixture consisted of a 1:2 molar ratio of 1,2-dilignoceroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLiPC) and DPPC-d62. The IRRAS spectra were interpreted using standard 2D IR methods as well as a modified two-dimensional correlation analysis called βν correlation analysis. In a βν correlation analysis, the effective phase angle (βe) is determined for the signal variations in a discrete set of dynamic spectra at each spectral frequency. The βe values are then used to quantitatively establish the relative rates of intensity change (i.e., the temporal relationships) as well as the degree of coherence between signal variations. In this study, similar βe values are observed for the methyl and the methylene stretching bands in the DPPC component of the ideal mixture. This same behavior is observed for the methyl and the methylene stretching bands of the DPPC-d62 component in the ideal mixture and the DPPC-d62 component in the nonideal mixture. In contrast, dissimilar βe values are observed for the methyl and the methylene stretching bands of the DLiPC component of the nonideal mixture. This observation can be explained by considering the location of gauche defects in the acyl chains of the individual components. As the mixed monolayer is compressed, conformational ordering takes place throughout the acyl chains of DPPC and DPPC-d62, whereas ordering in the condensed phase DLiPC component is localized near the terminal methyl groups of the acyl chains. Methyl (2940 cm-1) and methylene (∼2890 cm-1) Fermi resonance bands are clearly resolved from the fundamental bands in the C−H stretching region of the βν plot for the nonideal mixture. Average βe values for the symmetric and antisymmetric methylene stretching vibrations were used to determine the relative rates of conformational ordering in the individual components of the two monolayer systems. The relative rates of ordering are summarized as DPPC in the ideal mixture (βe = 220°) ≈ DPPC-d62 in the ideal mixture (βe = 218°) > DPPC-d62 in the nonideal mixture (βe = 194°) > DLiPC in the nonideal mixture (βe = 170°). This study demonstrates for the first time that methyl stretching modes in IRRAS spectra can be used as in situ indicators of structural dynamics in the acyl chains of a Langmuir monolayer.