gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Photosensitizers for Trans-illumination and Optical Imaging (2008)

The purpose of this study is to explore novel concepts of light enhancement mechanisms and trans-illumination imaging techniques. Specifically, the impact of glucose molecules, amino acids and other polar molecules on the light beam profile enhancement characteristics of a trans-illumination system, such as beam intensity, contrast resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and signal- to-background ratio have been studied, under a variety of experimental scenarios. The outcome of this study can be extended to a variety of clinical and diagnostic applications and techniques.
Interspecific chloroplast recombination in a Nicotiana somatic hybrid (1985)

Genetic recombination between chloroplasts of two flowering plant species, Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, after somatic cell fusion is described. The parental lines differed in three cytoplasmic genetic markers. The N. tabacum mutant SR1-A15 was streptomycin-resistant, defective in chloroplast greening, and lincomycin-sensitive. The N. plumbaginifolia mutant LR400 was streptomycin-sensitive, normal green, and lincomycin-resistant. Streptomycin-resistant clones in cell culture are identified by their ability to form a green callus on a selective medium. Streptomycin resistance in the SR1-A15 mutant could not be expressed due to defective chloroplasts. Protoplasts of the two species were fused, and calli grown from the fused population were screened for the expression of streptomycin resistance from the SR1-A15 line as the result of interspecific chloroplast recombination. A somatic hybrid, pt14, expressed a new combination of the cytoplasmic genetic markers. In the pt14 chloroplast genome three N. tabacum and four N. plumbaginifolia parent specific restriction sites have been identified, indicating that the pt14 chloroplast genome contains at least six recombination sites.
Genetic basis of neurocognitive decline and reduced white-matter integrity in normal human brain aging (2013)

Identification of genes associated with brain aging should markedly improve our understanding of the biological processes that govern normal age-related decline. However, challenges to identifying genes that facilitate successful brain aging are considerable, including a lack of established phenotypes and difficulties in modeling the effects of aging per se, rather than genes that influence the underlying trait. In a large cohort of randomly selected pedigrees (n = 1,129 subjects), we documented profound aging effects from young adulthood to old age (18-83 y) on neurocognitive ability and diffusion-based white-matter measures. Despite significant phenotypic correlation between white-matter integrity and tests of processing speed, working memory, declarative memory, and intelligence, no evidence for pleiotropy between these classes of phenotypes was observed. Applying an advanced quantitative gene-by-environment interaction analysis where age is treated as an environmental factor, we demonstrate a heritable basis for neurocognitive deterioration as a function of age. Furthermore, by decomposing gene-by-aging (G × A) interactions, we infer that different genes influence some neurocognitive traits as a function of age, whereas other neurocognitive traits are influenced by the same genes, but to differential levels, from young adulthood to old age. In contrast, increasing white-matter incoherence with age appears to be nongenetic. These results clearly demonstrate that traits sensitive to the genetic influences on brain aging can be identified, a critical first step in delineating the biological mechanisms of successful aging.
Spectral narrowing and infrared laser fragmentation of jet-cooled UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ TMP and UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ THF: Volatile uranyl compounds (1982)

The temperature dependence of the CO/sub 2/ laser-induced decomposition spectral linewidths and yields for jet-cooled UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ TMP and UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ THF molecules has been studied using laser-induced fluorescence detection and photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry on a pulsed supersonic beam of uranyl molecules seeded into a helium carrier gas. The two uranyl species, although chemically very similar, show a remarkable difference in the temperature dependence of the linewidth. For UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ TMP, the linewidth decreases upon cooling by a factor of approx.15, while the UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ THF linewidth decreases by only a factor of approx.2.6 over the same temperature range. The differences in the linewidth behavior are reflected in the yield curves for the laser-induced reaction for the cooled molecules. These results for UO/sub 2/(hfaa)/sub 2/ TMP, to our knowledge, represent the first measurements of the temperature dependence of a T/sub 2/ line broadening process for an isolated gas phase molecule. Detection of beam molecules as well as molecular decomposition fragments by multiphoton ionization is found to be approx.10/sup 3/ times more efficient than detection by resonant two-color photoionization.
Pilot study of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐mobilized peripheral blood stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (2008)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. It has been proposed that bone marrow (BM)-derived cells might supply motor neurons and other cells with a cellular milieu more conducive to survival in ALS. Direct injection of stem cells in ALS is problematic because of the large expanse of the neuraxis that would need to be injected. We reasoned that transiently increasing the number of circulating hematopoietic stem cells might be a useful therapeutic approach. However, agents stimulating the activation and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells may have adverse effects such as activation of microglial cells. We conducted a small pilot trial of the collection and reinfusion of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) in ALS patients and found no adverse effects, paving the way for a properly powered therapeutic trial with an optimized regimen of G-CSF.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrimidino(4,5‐b)(1,5)benzodiazepin‐2‐ones and Pyrimidino‐(1,6‐a)benzimidazol‐1‐ones from 4‐Ethoxycarbonylamino‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepine‐3‐carbonitrile via 4‐(2‐Aminoanilino)pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one‐5‐carbonitriles. (1987)

Abstract The aminobenzodiazepine carbonitrile (I) is acylated to give (II) which reacts with the anilines (III) with ring contraction, producing the benzimidazoles (IV).
Transparent near-infrared reflector metasurface with randomly dispersed silver nanodisks (2014)

We present large-area ultrathin metasurfaces that transmit visible light and reflect near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. These visible-transparent metasurfaces consist of 10 nm-thick monolayer of randomly dispersed silver nanodisks, that is only λ/90 thickness at the reflection peak wavelength. Calculated optical properties of the structure show that the reflectance for NIR wavelengths increases monotonically as a function of increasing nanodisk density, while the absorption saturates and scattering of visible light decreases. We demonstrate that the proposed structure is easy to fabricate with chemically synthesized silver particles using the bottom-up method and has industrially applications.
Apoptotic Effects of Hexadecylphosphocholine on Resistent and Non-Resistant Cells Monitored by NMR Spectroscopy (1998)

The antineoplastic and immune modulating action of ether-linked lysophosphatidylcholines was described several years ago (1-5). They are cytotoxic against tumour cells in vitro and in vivo, but may also induce differentiation in malignant cells (6-10). They also activate cytotoxic macrophages (11,12) and inhibit neoplastic cell invasion in normal tissues (13,14). In addition edelfosine (ET-18-OCH3), an alkyllysophosphocholine, is capable to induce apoptosis in certain cells (15-18). Apoptosis, the programmed cell death, has recently attracted much interest in terms of both the therapy of tumorous tissues and its mechanism to resisting therapy. It is an endogenously induced physiological cell death, which is morphologically distinguishable from necrosis (19-21). Apoptosis is a process in which extracellular endogenous stimuli activate a genetic program to start a specific series of events to disintegrate a cell without an inflammatory process. The characteristic morphological features of apoptosis are cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and engulfment by neighbouring cells or phagocytosis. Miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine, HPC) is a derivative of the alkylphosphocholines, which differ from the „conventional“ alkyllysophosphocholines with regards to the missing glycerol backbone. HPC is a prototype of alkylphosphocholines, which show anticancer properties superior to the alkyllysophosphocholine edelfosine. We investigate the apoptotic potential of HPC and its effect on cellular metabolism as can be accessed through NMR spectroscopy. As the cell membranes are one target of this drug treatment, the membrane composition and variations of their composition needed to be analyzed. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy was used to non-invasively and non-destructively detect low molecular weight metabolites in viable cells or in vitro with better resolution and higher sensitivity on cell extracts. P-NMR of living cells was able to monitor the energy status under treatment (22) and diffusion-weighted H-NMR spectroscopy (23) to follow up changes in the cell volume. The study of cell extracts requires no separation or derivatisation of its components. All metabolites are simultaneously detectable. NMR spectroscopy of cellular extracts reflects the steady state concentration of metabolites at the time of extraction. With P-NMR spectroscopy it is possible to detect the relative composition of phospholipids, while the lipid and fatty acid metabolism could be followed up by C-NMR spectroscopy using non-radioactive C-labelled glucose.
EFFECT OF SEEDING DEPTH AND TEMPERATURE ON TILLERING CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS (1990)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding depth and temperature on tillering patterns of cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with diverse tillering capacities. Four cultivars (Ingal, Neepawa, Pitic 62 and Potam) were grown at three seeding depths (3, 6 and 12 cm) and two temperature regimes (10/5 °C and 20/10 °C) in a controlled environment. Times to emergence of individual tillers were recorded as were their biomass, leaf area and leaf number at the time of main stem spike emergence. Increasing the seeding depth from 3 to 6 cm delayed seedling emergence, and reduced and delayed emergence particularly of the coleoptilar (TO) and first leaf (T1) tillers of all cultivars. Increased temperature resulted in reduced time to seedling and tiller emergence for all cultivars, increased (+13%) final tiller number in Pitic 62, little change in final tiller numbers of Neepawa and Ingal, and a significant reduction (−24%) in final tiller number for Potam. Pitic differed from other cultivars in having a vernalization requirement that affected its response to temperature. Potam differed from the other cultivars in showing an increase in main stem apical dominance with increased temperature. Tillers which had produced a minimum of three or four leaves, depending on the cultivar, had not senesced at the time of main stem spike emergence.Key words: Wheat (spring), tillering, seeding depth, temperature, cultivar-environmental interaction
BEOL variability and impact on RC extraction (2005)

Historically, Back End of Line (BEOL) or interconnect resistance and capacitance have been viewed as parasitic components. They have now become key parameters with significant impact on circuit performance and signal integrity. This paper examines the types of BEOL variations and their impact on RC extraction. The importance of modeling systematic effects in RC extraction is discussed. The need for minimizing the computational error in RC extraction before incorporating random process variations is emphasized.
MRI Brain Volume Measurements in Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (2016)

Rapid cerebral volume loss was expected on the basis of previous qualitative reports. Because our study did not include a nontreatment arm and because progression of brain volumes in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis has not been previously quantified, we could not determine whether our intervention had a beneficial effect on brain volumes. However, the level of quantitative detail in this study allows it to serve as a reference for evaluation of future therapeutic interventions.
A simple way to make tough diamond/metal laminates (2021)

Diamond foils are exceptionally strong yet brittle. One approach to make ceramic foils less susceptible to brittle fracture is to introduce interfaces into the material that provide pathways for crack deflection. In this study, we were able to produce strong yet tough diamond/metal laminates (DMLs) from freestanding diamond foils using a brazing process. The mechanical behavior was characterized via three-point bending (3PB) where the laminates exhibit step-like fracture. Crack deflection at interfaces induces toughening within the laminates. At approx. 3.0 MJ/m3 diamond/metal laminates exhibit more than twice the fracture energy of monolithic diamond foils while maintaining 90 % stiffness and about 70 % nominal strength. Classical laminate theory (CLT) supports the assessment of the deformation behavior and step-like fracture of diamond/metal laminates. We find that the diamond-to-metal interface plays a critical role: it must be strong enough to enable the transfer of shear stress, while being weak enough to deflect a crack.
Translating the XTAG English grammar to HPSG (1998)

Introduction We describe the development of XHPSG, a large-scale English grammar in the HPSG formalism translated from the XTAG grammar (The XTAG Research Group, 1995). Our goal is to obtain a large-scale, linguistically sound grammar for our HPSG parser (Makino et al., 1998) with a relatively small workload. For this purpose, we try to make an HPSG grammar equivalent to the XTAG grammar in the strong sense where we preserve the structures and the linguistic analysis of the XTAG grammar. To guarantee the equivalence of the XHPSG and XTAG grammars, the following conditions must be satisfied: 1) An XTAG elementary tree is translated to an XHPSG lexical item that translates back to the original elementary tree by applying the schemata and principles; 2) No XHPSG lexical item translates back to a tree other than the original XTAG elementary tree; 3) Substitution and adjunction allowed in the original grammar, and no other opeations, are simulated in the XHPSG parsing. We not onl
Paediatric kidney transplantation (1998)

Renal transplantation is the optimal form of renal replacement therapy leading to substantial improvement in the quality of life. It has rapidly become the standard treatment for end-stage renal disease in children. However, despite impressive short-term results significant long-term problems remain unsolved. Because of the lack of effective treatment for chronic rejection and common recipient noncompliance, allograft half-life has not improved significantly during the last decade. A paediatric recipient is likely to need several retransplantations in adulthood. Moreover, the immunosuppressive drugs used today have potentially serious side-effects including nephrotoxicity and de novo malignancy. These are especially relevant for paediatric recipients who will continue to receive therapy for several decades. Most therapeutic protocols used for children are derived from those used for adults. However, the metabolic differences between an adult and a growing and developing paediatric transplant recipient are not always adequately appreciated before these new therapies are initiated. In the near future, we are likely to see new and more efficient drugs become available. It is important that we try to understand their properties in children and use them and our current arsenal on an individual basis aiming at optimal graft survival but also at avoiding unnecessary adverse effects.
Abstract 1558: STX140 but not paclitaxel inhibits mammary tumor initiation, progression and metastasis in C3(1)/SV40 T/t-antigen transgenic mice (2010)

Abstract New chemotherapeutic options for late-stage metastatic breast cancer are urgently required. Currently, the taxanes are considered one of the most effective treatments for late-stage cancer treatment. Paclitaxel and the novel cytotoxic agent STX140, compounds that have shown significant activity against numerous xenograft mouse models of cancers, are here investigated in the C3(1)/SV40 T/t-antigen mouse model of spontaneous breast cancer. This mouse model recapitulates important histopathological and molecular alterations in mammary cancer development over a highly predictable time-course. At 8 weeks of age, the female animals develop low-grade mammary intra-epithelial neoplasia (MIN) lesions. By 12 to 14 weeks of age this progresses to high-grade MIN, which is similar to human ductal carcinoma in situ. From 15 weeks of age onwards invasive, metastatic carcinomas are observed. STX140 and paclitaxel were administered to these mice at 12 weeks of age (early intervention) and when tumors had reached 0.5 cm (late intervention). Results demonstrated that all mice in the control and paclitaxel treated groups at early intervention developed palpable mammary cancer which grew to 3112 mm3 by 25 weeks of age and led to the termination of these animals at week at this time point. However, STX140, when administered at week 12 onwards, blocked disease progression and no palpable tumor develop in 47% of tumors and significantly inhibited the growth of tumors that did develop. This resulted in a significant (P &amp;lt; 0.01) survival advantage for animals treated with STX140. Conversely, in C3(1)/SV40 mice, paclitaxel failed to inhibit tumor growth and therefore did not confer a survival benefit. In the late treatment groups, STX140 significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) inhibited primary mammary cancer growth and also resulted in a significant (P &amp;lt; 0.001) survival advantage compared to control animals. Furthermore, it was observed that paclitaxel treatment increased liver metastases in these mice. To conclude, STX140 has a greater anti-cancer efficacy and conferred an improved survival outcome compared to paclitaxel in a clinically relevant transgenic mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1558.
Role analysis in international politics: a causal hypothesis (1983)

Abstract This article explores the processes, and the influences thereon, underlying foreign policy decisionmaking. Three mutually interdependent influences are identified as fundamental to the causal sequence of the foreign policy decisionmaking process, namely; national capability, ego‐role perception and the external environment. It is suggested that these three areas may be incorporated in the concept “role” in an effort to conceptualize the causal sequence in international interaction.
A Nested Simulation Optimization Approach for Portfolio Selection (2020)

We consider the problem of portfolio selection with risk factors, where the goal is to select the portfolio position that minimizes the value at risk (VaR) of the expected portfolio loss. The problem is computationally challenging due to the nested structure caused by the risk measure VaR of the conditional expectation, along with the optimization over a discrete and finite solution space. We develop a nested simulation optimization approach to solve this problem. In the outer layer, we adapt the optimal computing budget allocation (OCBA) approach to sequentially allocate the simulation budget of the outer-layer to different portfolio positions. In the inner layer, we propose a new sequential procedure to efficiently estimate the VaR of the expected loss. We present a numerical example that shows that our approach achieves a higher probability of correct selection under the same computing budget compared to three other methods.
Musical coffee mugs, singing machines, and laptop orchestras: New paradigms for musical expression (2006)

Advances in algorithms, hardware, and sensors now allow us to build new types of expressive musical devices based around small computer systems. These new ‘‘instruments’’ can leverage and extend the expertise of virtuoso performers, expand the palette of sounds available to composers, and encourage new ideas and participation from the young or the musically untrained. New musical instuments can take the form of augmentations of traditional musical instruments, whimsical objects made by augmenting everyday nonmusical objects, or entirely new paradigms for making and controlling sound. Wired and wireless networking can provide opportunities, yet pose significant challenges, for new forms of ‘‘orchestral’’ expression. This talk will look at a variety of musical technologies, devices, systems, compositions, and performances we have created at Princeton in the last 10 years or so. Lots of audio/video examples, as well as actual live demonstratons, will be presented.
Intestinal filtration-secretion due to increased intraluminal pressure in rabbits (1982)

The mechanism of changes in small intestinal transport due to acutely increased intraluminal hydrostatic pressure (IHP) was investigated in detail using perfused in vivo rabbit intestinal segments. IHP affected passive transport in vivo by increasing effective mucosal surface area in the small intestine (indicated by 3HOH transport and tissue architectural changes) and increasing small intestinal permeability (indicated by a proportionately greater increase in mannitol than erythritol secretory clearance). IHP did not alter ileal blood flow rate measured by radioactive microspheres, despite grossly evident venous dilatation, or active intestinal transport in the ileum as measured by a) in vitro ion transport in the absence of elevated hydrostatic pressure, b) mucosal adenylate cyclase or Na-K-ATPase activities, and c) glucose-stimulated water and electrolyte absorption. Acutely increased IHP appears to influence the hydrodynamics of the mucosal microcirculation in the rabbit ileum to produce a driving force for passive filtration-secretion, which is associated with and possibly augmented by increased tissue permeability and effective surface area.