gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Algorithms for Testing Properties of Distributions (2011)

Suppose one has access to oracles generating samples from two unknown probability distributions p and q on some N-element set. How many samples does one need to test whether the two distributions are close or far from each other in the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm? This and related questions have been extensively studied during the last years in the field of property testing. In the present paper we study quantum algorithms for testing properties of distributions. It is shown that the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -distance ∥p-q∥ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> can be estimated with a constant precision using only O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> ) queries in the quantum settings, whereas classical computers need Ω(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-o</sup> (1)) queries. We also describe quantum algorithms for testing uniformity and orthogonality with query complexity O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/3</sup> ). The classical query complexity of these problems is known to be Ω(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> ).
Submillisecond Electron Beam for Plasma Heating in Multi-Mirror Trap GOL-3 (2011)

AbstractExperiments on plasma heating in open magnetic traps require a powerful electron beam with pulse length of 0.1–1 ms. Such a beam is expected to obtain in the source with a plasma cathode and high perveance multiaperture electron optical system. An appropriate technology is being developed at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk. Here we introduce a prototype electron beam injector with the following design parameters: energy of electrons up to 150 keV, pulse duration of >0.1 ms and beam current up to a few hundred amperes. The injector is intended to operate in an external axial magnetic field of ~0.1 T. In this paper, the design of injector prototype is described and the first test experiments are presented.
Noninvasive fluorescence monitoring of protoporphyrin IX production and clinical outcomes in actinic keratoses following short-contact application of 5-aminolevulinate (2010)

Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is widely used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of actinic keratoses (AK), a type of premalignant skin lesion. However, the optimal time between ALA application and exposure to light has not been carefully investigated. Our objective is to study the kinetics of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation in AK after short contact ALA and relate this to erythemal responses. Using a noninvasive dosimeter, PpIX fluorescence measurements (5 replicates) were taken at 20-min intervals for 2 h following ALA application, in 63 AK in 20 patients. Data were analyzed for maximal fluorescent signal obtained, kinetic slope, and changes in erythema. Our results show that PpIX accumulation was linear over time, becoming statistically higher than background in 48% of all lesions by 20 min, 92% of lesions by 1 h, and 100% of lesions by 2 h. PpIX accumulation was roughly correlated with changes in lesional erythema post-PDT. We conclude that significant amounts of PpIX are produced in all AK lesions by 2 h. The linear kinetics of accumulation suggest that shorter ALA application times may be efficacious in many patients. Noninvasive fluorescence monitoring of PpIX may be useful to delineate areas of high PpIX accumulation within precancerous areas of the skin.
The anticonvulsant, antihyperalgesic agent gabapentin is an agonist at brain gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors negatively coupled to voltage-dependent calcium channels. (2001)

Gabapentin (Neurontin, Pfizer Global R & D) is a novel anticonvulsant, antihyperalgesic, and antinociceptive agent with a poorly understood mechanism of action. In this study, we show that gabapentin (EC50 2 microM) inhibited up to 70 to 80% of the total K+-evoked Ca2+ influx via voltage-dependent calcium channels (VD-CCs) in a mouse pituitary intermediate melanotrope clonal mIL-tsA58 (mIL) cell line. mIL cells endogenously express only gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) gb1a-gb2 receptors. Moreover, activity of the agonist gabapentin was dose dependently and completely blocked with the GABA(B) antagonist CGP55845 and was nearly identical to the prototypic GABA(B) agonist baclofen in both extent and potency. Antisense knockdown of gb1a also completely blocked gabapentin activity, while gb1b antisense and control oligonucleotides had no effect, indicating that gabapentin inhibition of membrane Ca2+ mobilization in mIL cells was dependent on a functional GABA(B) (gb1a-gb2) heterodimer receptor. In addition, during combined whole cell recording and multiphoton Ca2+ imaging in hippocampal neurons in situ, gabapentin significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner subthreshold soma depolarizations and Ca2+ responses evoked by somatic current injection. Furthermore, gabapentin almost completely blocked Ca2+ action potentials and Ca2+ responses elicited by suprathreshold current injection. However, larger current injection overcame this inhibition of Ca2+ action potentials suggesting that gabapentin did not predominantly affect L-type Ca2+ channels. The depressant effect of gabapentin on Ca2+ responses was coupled to the activation of neuronal GABA(B) receptors since they were blocked by CGP55845, and baclofen produced similar effects. Thus gabapentin activation of neuronal GABA(B) gb1a-gb2 receptors negatively coupled to VD-CCs can be a potentially important therapeutic mechanism of action of gabapentin that may be linked to inhibition of neurotransmitter release in some systems.
1377-P: Pramlintide Lowers Postprandial Glucagon Concentrations by Inhibiting Glucagon Secretion without Altering Clearance in Type 1 Diabetes: A [13C15N]-Glucagon Study (2022)

To determine the underlying mechanism of pramlintide effects on postprandial (PP) glucagon concentrations, we studied thirteen C-peptide negative T1D subjects (Age 35±yrs, BMI 27.6±2.2 kg/m2, fasting plasma glucose 9.4±4 mM, HbA1c 7.1±1%) on two occasions in random order, with and without 30 μg of sc pramlintide at the onset of a mixed meal (75 gm carb, 15% fat and 35% protein; 8 kcal/kg) . Subjects administered insulin bolus at meal onset. 13C15N glucagon tracer was infused intravenously to estimate PP glucagon turnover. Arterialized venous samples were drawn periodically for measurements of glucose (YSI) , 13C15N-glucagon (LC-MS/MS) and glucagon (Mercodia) concentrations. Systemic glucagon turnover was calculated using non-steady state Steele's equation after determining glucagon volume of distribution. Integrated PP glucagon concentrations were lower (p&amp;lt;0.01) in pramlintide (Pram) than without pramlintide (No Pram) . Integrated rates of glucagon appearance and glucagon disappearance were lower (p&amp;lt;0.01) in Pram vs. No Pram. When adjusted for plasma glucagon concentrations, glucagon clearance was not different (p=0.7) between Pram vs. No Pram. These data demonstrate that pramlintide lowers postprandial glucagon concentrations by lowering glucagon secretion without altering clearance in subjects with T1D. Disclosure F.Ruchi: None. D.Romeres: None. M.Schiavon: None. S.Renuse: None. A.Pandey: None. C.Dalla man: Research Support; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. C.Cobelli: None. R.Basu: Consultant; Sparrow Pharmaceuticals Inc, Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca. A.Basu: Speaker's Bureau; Zealand Pharma A/S. Funding National Institute of Health (DK 085516, DK 029953)
(Invited) High Power Waveguide Ge/Si Photodiodes (2010)

High-performance analog optical links require photodiodes that can handle large amounts of optical power. The power-handling capability of a photodiode is typically limited by 1) space-charge effects and 2) thermal effects. Space-charge effects can be overcome by using a uni-traveling carrier (UTC) design with the appropriate doping profile and bias voltage. Ge and Si have much higher thermal conductivities than the InGaAs absorbing layers and InGaAsP waveguide layers usually used for high power waveguide photodetectors at 1.3 and 1.5 um. Consequently, we have measured dramatically higher power handling in these devices. We have used a thermoreflectance imaging technique to measure the surface temperature of a waveguide photodiode under high-power operation. The results from this measurement closely agree with a finite element model of the device. Additionally, it has been shown that the heat generation in the depletion region of a waveguide photodetector closely follows the absorption profile.
Evidence for Numerous Embedded Antisense Overlapping Genes in Diverse E. coli Strains (2020)

SUMMARY The genetic code allows six reading frames at a double-stranded DNA locus, and many open reading frames (ORFs) overlap extensively with ORFs of annotated genes (e.g., at least 30 bp or having an embedded ORF). Currently, bacterial genome annotation systematically discards embedded overlapping ORFs of genes (OLGs) due to an assumed information-content constraint, and, consequently, very few OLGs are known. Here we use strand-specific RNAseq and ribosome profiling, detecting about 200 embedded or partially overlapping ORFs of gene candidates in the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 EDL933. These are typically short, many of them show clear promoter motifs as determined by Cappable-seq, indistinguishable from those of annotated genes, and are expressed at a low level. We could express most of them as stable proteins, and 49 displayed a potential phenotype. Ribosome profiling analyses in three other E. coli strains predicted between 84 and 190 embedded antisense OLGs per strain except in E. coli K-12, which is an atypical lab strain. We also found evidence of homology to annotated genes for 100 to 300 OLGs per E. coli strain investigated. Based on this evidence we suggest that bacterial OLGs deserve attention with respect to genome annotation and coding complexity of bacterial genomes. Such sequences may constitute an important coding reserve, opening up new research in genetics and evolutionary biology.
Enterocyte respiration rates in feline small intestine exposed to graded ischemia (1995)

The purpose of our study was to investigate the changes in enterocyte cellular and mitochondrial respiration rates subsequent to ischemia of graded duration. The small intestine of anesthetized adult cats was assigned to one of five treatment regimens: control or ischemia of 15-, 30-, 60-, or 90-min duration. Cellular and mitochondrial respiration was measured using a Clark-type O2 electrode at 0 and 4 h postharvest. Ischemia of increasing duration caused a progressive decrease in cellular and mitochondrial respiration in enterocytes at 0 h postharvest. By 4 h postharvest, cellular and mitochondrial respiration rates for the 15-, 30-, and 60-min ischemic groups had recovered to near control levels, whereas the 90-min group showed minimal recovery. These data suggest that ischemia suppresses cellular and mitochondrial respiration of intestinal epithelial cells, the magnitude of which is related to the ischemic duration. The ischemia-induced suppression in cellular respiration primarily reflects a reduction in mitochondrial respiration.
Selective Enhancement by Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α of Vascular Permeability of New Blood Vessels Induced with Agarose Hydrogel‐entrapped Meth‐A Fibrosarcoma Cells (1996)

We have previously developed a simple and quantitative method for assessment of in vivo tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by means of microencapsulation of tumor cells in agarose hydrogel and mouse hemoglobin ELISA (mHb-ELISA). In this article, we report that the new blood vessels induced with agarose-encapsulated tumor cells have the same sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as the original solid-tumor vessels. Agarose beads (average diameter = 200 microns), in which Meth-A fibrosarcoma cells were microencapsulated, were subcutaneously implanted in non-syngeneic ddY mice. Ten days later, extensive angiogenesis was observed on the implanted sites of Meth-A agarose heads, whereas no new blood vessels were induced with cell-free agarose heads. The vascular permeability of the new blood vessels induced with agarose-microencapsulated Meth-A cells was selectively and significantly enhanced by the i.v. injection of TNF-alpha, and it reached the maximum level at 2 h after the injection of TNF-alpha. At 4 h after the injection of TNF-alpha, the vascular permeability was reduced to the basal level. This permeability profile in Meth-A agarose beads in ddY mice is very similar to that in Meth-A solid tumor in syngeneic BALB/c mice. On the other hand, TNF-alpha-treatment did not affect the vascular permeability of other normal tissues or inflammatory tissue in ddY mice. These results strongly suggest that the new blood vessels induced with agarose-microencapsulated tumor cells have the specific characteristics of tumor vessels. Our in vivo angiogenesis assay system should be useful not only to screen anti-angiogenetic agents, but also to elucidate the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis.
Microwave magnetic field modulation of spin torque oscillator based on perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (2019)

Modulation of a microwave signal generated by the spin-torque oscillator (STO) based on a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with perpendicularly magnetized free layer is investigated. Magnetic field inductive loop was created during MTJ fabrication process, which enables microwave field application during STO operation. The frequency modulation by the microwave magnetic field of up to 3 GHz is explored, showing a potential for application in high-data-rate communication technologies. Moreover, an inductive loop is used for self-synchronization of the STO signal, which after field-locking, exhibits significant improvement of the linewidth and oscillation power.
2D Ferroelectrics: Enhanced Spontaneous Polarization in Ultrathin SnTe Films with Layered Antipolar Structure (Adv. Mater. 3/2019) (2019)

The underlying mechanism of the transition temperature in ferroelectric 2D SnTe films with a thickness of as little as 2 atomic layers is determined by Stuart S. P. Parkin and co-workers, as described in article number 1804428. The observed high transition temperature, together with the strong spin-orbit coupling and van der Waals structure, underlines the potential of atomically thin γ-SnTe films for the development of novel spontaneous-polarization-based devices.
An Energy-Efficient Optical Interconnect Architecture for Bandwidth-Balanced Systems (2016)

Systems comprised of interconnected computing nodes present a number of design challenges. In this paper, we present and, then, analyze a design for a power-efficient, bandwidth-balanced system to meet a performance goal of 1 PFlops. We show that the on-node bandwidth required to support internode communications grows as the data-locality of an application decreases. We present an internode network that reduces this on-node bandwidth requirement to meet the limitations of the system building block (the macrochip) and introduce a new silicon photonics-based switch called the macroswitch. Our analysis demonstrates that a bandwidth-balanced system based on the macroswitch and photonic interconnects can achieve the stated goals with significantly lower power than an evolutionary system based on conventional multilevel switches.
Biological impact of iberdomide in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (2022)

NCT03161483.
A Model for Non-Invasive Estimation of in Vivo Dialyzer Performances and Patient's Conductivity during Hemodialysis (1993)

On-line monitoring of hemodialysis sessions requires a non-invasive estimation of the parameters concerning the patient's status and the dialyzer performances. We describe here a model based on a new method for non-invasive dialysance and patient conductivity measurements. In this technique the same probe measures alternately the conductivity at the dialysate inlet and outlet for two different dialysate conductivity values. From these data, an appropriate model allows to determine the patient's conductivity as well as the effective dialysance of ionised solutes, that is to say the dialysance corrected for recirculation. A strong correlation is evidenced between the effective dialysance measured by this method and the urea clearance measured by conventional methods (r = 0.98 for in vitro solutions; r = 0.82 in vivo situations).
Molecular Shape Descriptors. 1. Three-Dimensional Molecular Shape Descriptor (1985)

The paper presents and illustrates a method which uses numerical integration of the van der Waals envelope(s) to calculate with desired accuracy the molecular van der Waals volume and the three-dimensional molecular shape descriptor defined as the twin-number [OV(α, β); NOV(β, α), where OV and NOV represent the overlapping and, respectively, the nonoverlapping van der Waals volumes of the molecules α and ß superimposed according to appropriate criteria.
Self-Doped Polyaniline/Poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) Complex:  N-Type Doping with High Stability (2006)

The negatively charged oxygen donates an electron pair to the hydrogen, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen accordingly weakly bonds with oxygen. The nitrogen in the polyaniline backbone finally possesses extra negative charge due to the donation of electron density by the oxygen.
Rhus javanica Gall Extract Inhibits the Differentiation of Bone Marrow‐Derived Osteoclasts and Ovariectomy‐Induced Bone Loss (2016)

Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption is a therapeutic strategy for the management of postmenopausal bone loss. This study investigated the effects of Rhus javanica (R. javanica) extracts on bone marrow cultures to develop agents from natural sources that may prevent osteoclastogenesis. Extracts of R. javanica (eGr) cocoons spun by Rhus javanica (Bell.) Baker inhibited the osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The effects of aqueous extract (aeGr) or 100% ethanolic extract (eeGr) on ovariectomy- (OVX-) induced bone loss were investigated by various biochemical assays. Furthermore, microcomputed tomography (µCT) was performed to study bone remodeling. Oral administration of eGr (30 mg or 100 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks) augmented the inhibition of femoral bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and other factors involved in bone remodeling when compared to OVX controls. Additionally, eGr slightly decreased bone turnover markers that were increased by OVX. Therefore, it may be suggested that the protective effects of eGr could have originated from the suppression of OVX-induced increase in bone turnover. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that eGr has potential to activate bone remodeling by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and bone loss.
Comment on “Intracenter Transition in EL2 Observed in Photocurrent Spectrum” (1986)

Low temperature photocurrent spectra of undoped semi-insulating GaAs reported recently by Tsukada et al . were claimed to be virtually identical to those of optical absorption spectra published by Kaminska et al . This claim is unfounded, as the two types of spectra were systematically different, and accordingly the interpretation of the subject photocurrent spectra is erroneous.
Functional and biophysical characterization of an HLA‐A*6801‐restricted HIV‐specific T cell receptor (2007)

HLA-A*6801 exhibits several unusual features. First, it is known to bind weakly to CD8 due to the presence of an A245V substitution in the alpha3 domain. Second, it is able to accommodate unusually long peptides as a result of peptide 'kinking' in the binding groove. Third, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognise HLA-A*6801-restricted antigens can tolerate substantial changes in the peptide sequence without apparent loss of recognition. In addition, it has been suggested that HLA-A68-restricted TCR might bind with higher affinity than other TCR due to their selection in the presence of a decreased contribution from CD8. Here we (1) examine monoclonal T cell recognition of an HLA-A*6801-restricted HIV-1 Tat-derived 11-amino acid peptide (ITKGLGISYGR) and natural variant sequences thereof; (2) measure the affinity and kinetics of a TCR/pHLA-A68 interaction biophysically for the first time, showing that equilibrium binding occurs within the range previously determined for non-HLA-A68-restricted TCR (KD approx. 7 microM); and (3) show that "normalization" of the non-canonical HLA-A*6801 CD8-binding domain enhances recognition of agonist peptides without inducing non-specific activation. This latter effect may provide a fundamental new mechanism with which to enhance T cell immunity to specific antigens.
Evidence behind the exhortation? A rapid review of servant leadership’s influence and claims in healthcare over the last decade (2023)

Servant leadership is an other-oriented approach to leadership with multiple positive outcomes. However, its influence in the context of medicine, particularly on healthcare leaders, is less clear. We conducted a rapid review to examine the impact of servant leadership in healthcare over the last decade. We included a total of 28 articles, 26 of which described beneficial organisational, relational and personal outcomes of servant leadership. However, most of these were either conceptual or opinion-based articles. Moreover, most quantitative studies were cross-sectional, precluding causal inferences. Our review demonstrates that the purported positive association between servant leadership and healthcare outcomes lacks a strong evidence base. We conclude by calling for more rigorous empirical research to examine the effects and potential challenges of implementing servant leadership in healthcare contexts.
A Solid-State Amperometric Oxygen Sensor Using NAFION Membrane Operative at Room Temperature (1988)

Abstract New type amperometric oxygen sensors using a NAFION membrane were investigated for monitoring oxygen partial pressure at room temperature. The sensor element finally constructed had a structure in which an electrochemical cell was combined with a hydrogen-generation system and a gas-diffusion layer. Its sensing current under the short-circuit condition was found to vary linearly with the oxygen partial pressure. The 90% response time was about 3 min at 25 °C.
Optical compensation of PMD-induced power fading for single sideband subcarrier-multiplexed systems (2002)

We experimentally demonstrate a novel technique for compensating the PMD-induced power fading that occurs in single sideband SCM transmission systems. PMD-induced power fading can be understood in the optical domain as caused by the polarization state of the optical carrier being different from that of the SSB.
Analysis of Picattiny Sample for Trace Explosives (2008)

The sample received from Picatinny Arsenal was analyzed for trace amounts of high explosives (HE). A complete wash of the surface was performed, concentrated, and analyzed using two sensitive analysis techniques that are capable of detecting numerous types of explosives. No explosives were detected with either test.