gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Optimality of Treating Inter-Cell Interference as Noise: Downlink\n Cellular Networks and Uplink-Downlink Duality (2019)

We consider the information-theoretic optimality of treating inter-cell\ninterference as noise (multi-cell TIN) in downlink cellular networks. We focus\non scenarios modeled by the Gaussian interfering broadcast channel (IBC),\ncomprising $K$ mutually interfering Gaussian broadcast channels (BCs), each\nformed by a base station communicating independent messages to an arbitrary\nnumber of users. We establish a new power allocation duality between the IBC\nand its dual interfering multiple access channel (IMAC), which entails that the\ncorresponding generalized degrees-of-freedom regions achieved through\nmulti-cell TIN and power control (TINA regions) for both networks are\nidentical. As by-products of this duality, we obtain an explicit\ncharacterization of the IBC TINA region from a previously established\ncharacterization of the IMAC TINA region; and identify a multi-cell convex-TIN\nregime in which the IBC TINA region is a polyhedron (hence convex) without the\nneed for time-sharing. We then identify a smaller multi-cell TIN regime in\nwhich the IBC TINA region is optimal and multi-cell TIN achieves the entire\ncapacity region of the IBC, up to a constant gap. This is accomplished by\nderiving a new genie-aided outer bound for the IBC, that reveals a novel\nBC-type order that holds amongst users in each constituent BC (or cell) under\ninter-cell interference, which in turn is not implied by previously known\nBC-type orders (i.e. degraded, less noisy and more capable orders). The\nmulti-cell TIN regime that we identify for the IBC coincides with a\ncorresponding multi-cell TIN regime previously identified for the IMAC, hence\nestablishing a comprehensive uplink-downlink duality of multi-cell TIN in the\nGDoF (and approximate capacity) sense.\n
Molecular Phylogenetics of Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex (2008)

We report a molecular phylogeny for a nonavian dinosaur, extending our knowledge of trait evolution within nonavian dinosaurs into the macromolecular level of biological organization. Fragments of collagen alpha1(I) and alpha2(I) proteins extracted from fossil bones of Tyrannosaurus rex and Mammut americanum (mastodon) were analyzed with a variety of phylogenetic methods. Despite missing sequence data, the mastodon groups with elephant and the T. rex groups with birds, consistent with predictions based on genetic and morphological data for mastodon and on morphological data for T. rex. Our findings suggest that molecular data from long-extinct organisms may have the potential for resolving relationships at critical areas in the vertebrate evolutionary tree that have, so far, been phylogenetically intractable.
Design, Modeling, and Parametric Analysis of a Syringe Pump for Soft Pneumatic Actuators (2023)

Syringe pump has been applied to actuate soft pneumatic robots. Most previous works focus on designs of the syringe pump, its applications, and improvement of its problems such as leaking air, inefficient motions, etc. This paper introduces dynamical modeling and parametric analysis of a syringe pump. The syringe pump is made of a commercial syringe and a linear actuator. The dynamic equation is derived from the motions of the linear actuator, the air dynamics in the syringe, and the airflow inside the soft actuator. Because of the high-elastic materials, the volume of the soft actuator is a time-varying parameter. Therefore, the variation of volume is estimated by the Kalman filter instead of relying on the traditional design method. The dynamic model is also utilized to select optimal parameters which are verified by the experiments for the syringe pump. Two system controllers are designed with and without consideration of the pressure dynamics. The controller considering pressure dynamics outperforms. This work shows the benefits of pressure dynamic of the syringe pump for both system design and advanced controller design.
Modeling of traveling-wave amplification photodetectors (TAP detectors) (2001)

High speed, high efficiency, low noise and high saturation power are the characteristics desired for detectors in high bit-rate long-haul optical communication systems. We present the modeling of Traveling-wave Amplification Photodetectors (TAP detectors). These novel monolithic devices combine optical gain and absorption in a distributed fashion along a traveling-wave structure, providing high-responsivity and high-speed performance, without sacrificing saturation power. We present the models used to simulate the behavior of these devices, as well as their results. We show that TAP detectors have higher saturation power than other detectors with the same bandwidth-efficiency product, at the price of a small noise penalty, which is also calculated. The result is a net increase in the dynamic range.
Char2Subword: Extending the Subword Embedding Space Using Robust Character Compositionality (2020)

Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is a ubiquitous algorithm in the subword tokenization process of language models as it provides multiple benefits. However, this process is solely based on pre-training data statistics, making it hard for the tokenizer to handle infrequent spellings. On the other hand, though robust to misspellings, pure character-level models often lead to unreasonably long sequences and make it harder for the model to learn meaningful words. To alleviate these challenges, we propose a character-based subword module (char2subword) that learns the subword embedding table in pre-trained models like BERT. Our char2subword module builds representations from characters out of the subword vocabulary, and it can be used as a drop-in replacement of the subword embedding table. The module is robust to character-level alterations such as misspellings, word inflection, casing, and punctuation. We integrate it further with BERT through pre-training while keeping BERT transformer parameters fixed--and thus, providing a practical method. Finally, we show that incorporating our module to mBERT significantly improves the performance on the social media linguistic code-switching evaluation (LinCE) benchmark.
Reconfigurable Multiband Operation for Wireless Devices Embedding Antenna Boosters (2021)

Wireless devices such as smart meters, trackers, and sensors need connections at multiple frequency bands with low power consumption, thus requiring multiband and efficient antenna systems. At the same time, antennas should be small to easily fit in the scarce space existing in wireless devices. Small, multiband, and efficient operation is addressed here with non-resonant antenna elements, featuring volumes less than 90 mm3 for operating at 698–960 MHz as well as some bands in a higher frequency range of 1710–2690 MHz. These antenna elements are called antenna boosters, since they excite currents on the ground plane of the wireless device and do not rely on shaping complex geometric shapes to obtain multiband behavior, but rather the design of a multiband matching network. This design approach results in a simpler, easier, and faster method than creating a new antenna for every device. Since multiband operation is achieved through a matching network, frequency bands can be configured and optimized with a reconfigurable matching network. Two kinds of reconfigurable multiband architectures with antenna boosters are presented. The first one includes a digitally tunable capacitor, and the second one includes radiofrequency switches. The results show that antenna boosters with reconfigurable architectures feature multiband behavior with very small sizes, compared with other prior-art techniques.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Ring Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone with and without Alcohol Initiators: Insights from Theory and Experiment (2015)

Computational investigations with density functional theory (DFT) have been performed on the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in the presence and in the absence of a methanol initiator. Much like the zwitterionic ring opening (ZROP) of δ-valerolactone which was previously reported, calculations predict that the mechanism of the ZROP of caprolactone that occurs without an alcohol present involves a high-barrier step involving ring opening of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate formed after the initial nucleophilic attack of NHC on caprolactone. However, the operative mechanism by which caprolactone is polymerized in the presence of an alcohol initiator does not involve the analogous mechanism involving initial nucleophilic attack by the organocatalytic NHC. Instead, the NHC activates the alcohol through hydrogen bonding and promotes nucleophilic attack and the subsequent ring-opening steps that occur during polymerization. The largest free energy barrier for the hydrogen-bonding mechanism in alcohol involves nucleophilic attack, while that for both ZROP processes involves ring opening of the initially formed zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate. The DFT calculations predict that the rate of polymerization in the presence of alcohol is faster than the reaction performed without an alcohol initiator; this prediction has been validated by experimental kinetic studies.
Combination Cytokine Therapy (2007)

Cytokines represent a diverse group of small, soluble polypeptides that are involved in regulating a wide range of physiologic processes, including inflammation, tissue repair, and immunity. The expanding role of cytokines in these processes and the identification of over 100 putative cytokine family members have made it difficult to easily classify cytokines based on structure or function. In addition, many cytokines exhibit a variety of biologic activities and these effects may be dependent on the concentration, timing, and duration of target cell exposure to a given cytokine, as well as the influence of other cytokine and growth factors in the local microenvironment. In fact, much of the early characterization of cytokines was based on simple in vitro experiments, which have failed to accurately predict the activity of cytokines in vivo. More recent investigation using targeted knockout mice and analysis of cytokine signaling pathways is leading to new insights into the biology of many cytokines. This is perhaps best exemplified by interleukin-2 (IL-2), originally described as a T-cell growth factor and defined by its ability to induce T-cell proliferation in vitro. Such ex vivo studies predicted that IL-2 would function to promote cellular immunity through expansion of naive T-cell populations in vivo. The availability of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor knockout mice, however, demonstrated that in the absence of IL-2 signaling T-cell proliferation was increased, significant lymphadenopathy occurred, and animals succumb to aggressive autoimmune disease. This unexpected result suggests that IL-2 may actually function in vivo, not as a T-cell stimulant, but rather as a regulatory cytokine maintaining peripheral tolerance through balancing effector and regulatory T-cell pools (1).
Resolution of a 2/spl pi/ ambiguity problem in multiple frequency spectral estimation (1995)

An algorithm is proposed to resolve a fundamental 2/spl pi/ ambiguity problem occurring in multiple frequency spectral estimation. Given M frequencies f/sub m/, and I separate frequency estimators with unambiguous bandwidths F/sub i/, the ambiguity problem can be stated as solving for the fm, given the estimator outputs, /spl alphasub mi/, (1/spl les/m/spl les/M;1/spl les/i/spl les/I) where f/sub m/=/spl alphasub mi/+K/sub mi/F/sub i/ and K/sub mi/ is some integer. The proposed algorithm exhaustively resolves all possible /spl alphasub mi/ groupings into single frequency values using a noise insensitive technique that exchanges system bandwidth for noise protection. The correct multiple frequencies are then defined as the single frequencies that repeat a specified number of times. A complete analysis is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A draft genome sequence and functional screen reveals the repertoire of type III secreted proteins of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tabaci 11528 (2009)

The draft genome sequence facilitates the continued development of P. syringae pathovar tabaci on wild tobacco as an attractive model system for studying bacterial disease on plants. The catalogue of effectors sheds further light on the evolution of pathogenicity and host-specificity as well as providing a set of molecular tools for the study of plant defence mechanisms. We also discovered several large genomic regions in Pta 11528 that do not share detectable nucleotide sequence similarity with previously sequenced Pseudomonas genomes. These regions may include horizontally acquired islands that possibly contribute to pathogenicity or epiphytic fitness of Pta 11528.
Tuning Polymer Nanocomposite Morphology: AC Electric Field Manipulation of Epoxy–Montmorillonite (Clay) Suspensions (2004)

AC electric field alignment (see Figure) offers a route to composite films with unusual physical properties, in numerous geometries and applicable to a wide range of organically modified layered silicates. Exchangeable organic cations on the aluminosilicate surface are suspected to cause the induced dipole. Orientational, compositional, and translational control of nanoparticles, paralleling efforts in electric field‐trapping and traveling wave applications, could be achieved.
Learning Large Causal Structures from Inverse Covariance Matrix via\n Sparse Matrix Decomposition (2022)

Learning causal structures from observational data is a fundamental problem\nfacing important computational challenges when the number of variables is\nlarge. In the context of linear structural equation models (SEMs), this paper\nfocuses on learning causal structures from the inverse covariance matrix. The\nproposed method, called ICID for Independence-preserving Decomposition from\nInverse Covariance matrix, is based on continuous optimization of a matrix\ndecomposition model that preserves the nonzero patterns of the inverse\ncovariance matrix. Through theoretical and empirical evidences, we show that\nICID efficiently identifies the sought directed acyclic graph (DAG) assuming\nthe knowledge of noise variances. Moreover, ICID is shown empirically to be\nrobust under bounded misspecification of noise variances in the case where the\nnoise variances are non-equal. The proposed method enjoys a low complexity, as\nreflected by its time efficiency in the experiments, and also enables a novel\nregularization scheme that yields highly accurate solutions on the Simulated\nfMRI data (Smith et al., 2011) in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms.\n
Efficient Fast-Convolution Implementation of Filtered CP-OFDM Waveform Processing for 5G (2015)

This paper investigates the use of effective and flexible fast-convolution (FC) filtering scheme for multiplexing OFDM resource blocks (RBs) in a spectrally well-localized manner. The scheme is able to effectively suppress interference leakage between adjacent RBs, thus supporting asynchronous operation and independent waveform parametrization of RBs. This is considered as an important feature in 5G waveform development for effectively supporting diversified service characteristics. Our approach is applicable for cyclic prefix or zero prefix based OFDM and the corresponding OFDM based single-carrier (SC-FDMA) waveforms. It is also possible to generate and process traditional Nyquist pulse shaping based single-carrier waveforms and filter bank multicarrier waveforms using the same FC processing engine, accommodating different waveforms simultaneously in different RBs. Our case study is based on proposed numerology for 5G cm-wave communications utilizing flexible time-division duplexing principle. While using RBs of 160 OFDM subcarriers, it is enough to deactivate 3 to 5 subcarriers out of each RB as guardbands to effectively suppress interference leakage between RBs.
Coordinated Multipoint Trials in the Downlink (2009)

Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is a new class of transmission schemes for interference reduction in the next generation of mobile networks. We have implemented and tested a distributed CoMP transmission approach in the downlink of an LTE-Advanced trial system operating in real time over 20 MHz bandwidth. Enabling features such as network synchronization, cell- and user-specific pilots, feedback of multicell channel state information and synchronous data exchange between the base stations have been implemented. Interference-limited transmission experiments have been conducted using optimum combining with interference-aware link adaptation and cross-wise interference cancellation between the cells. The benefits of CoMP transmission have been studied over multi-cell channels recorded in an urban macro-cell scenario.
A slow interconversion between active and inactive states of the (sodium + potassium ion)-dependent ATPase (1976)

We have examined slow changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis for purified dog kidney Na+ and K+ stimulated adenosine triphosphatase [(Na-K)ATPase] at various concentrations of free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, K+, and Na+. The effect of these ligands on the rate of ATP hydrolysis is explained by a rapid binding step determining the initial rate of turnover followed by a slow conformational change. Inactivation of enzyme stored in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid occurs upon adding free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, and K+; reactivation may be achieved if the concentration of these ligands is reduced. Because of the slow conformational change, the affinities for ligands affecting inactivation are time dependent. A model is presented to explain the effects of free Mg2+ and Ma-ATP on (Na-K)ATPase activity.
Possible Contributions of Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormones to the Vasculopathic Complex of COVID-19 Infection (2021)

Elevated FT4 has been described in the NTIS of COVID-19 patients and may be associated with increased illness severity, but the finding of FT4 elevation is inconsistent in the NTIS literature. Circulating 3,5',3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3, rT3) are frequently elevated in NTIS. Thought to be biologically inactive, rT3in fact stimulates cancer cell proliferation via avb3 and also may increase actin polymerization. We propose here that rT3 in the NTIS complicating systemic COVIF-19 infection may support coagulation and disordered blood vessel formation via actin polymerization.
Experimental evaluation of line-of-sight multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission for sub-6 GHz carrier frequencies (2021)

Abstract For the next generation wireless networks, backhaul links with data rates of several Gbit / s are required. Line-of-Sight-MIMO with optimally arranged antennas can exploit the full multiplexing gain of orthogonal MIMO streams to achieve high throughput, as shown in recent works utilizing the 60 GHz mm wave band. In contrast, conventional MIMO systems operating at sub-6 GHz carrier frequencies, as utilized in modern WLAN networks, rely on rich scattering channels to enable reliable transmissions. In this work, we explore the feasibility of applying the LoS-MIMO concept to wireless single-carrier links operating at sub-6 GHz frequencies. For this, we investigate the sub-6 GHz LoS-MIMO channel in a 4 × 4 MIMO configuration by performing measurements in an anechoic chamber and an outdoor backhaul-like environment. In addition, different adaptive equalizers are evaluated. The results show, that the LoS-MIMO concept holds for sub-6 GHz frequencies both in pure LoS and in outdoor environments. It provides high multiplexing gain; however, the multipath propagation limits the potential performance of the equalizers in terms of achievable BER.
Draco (2014)

We present Draco, a sketch-based interface that allows artists and casual users alike to add a rich set of animation effects to their drawings, seemingly bringing illustrations to life. While previous systems have introduced sketch-based animations for individual objects, our contribution is a unified framework of motion controls that allows users to seamlessly add coordinated motions to object collections. We propose a framework built around kinetic textures, which provide continuous animation effects while preserving the unique timeless nature of still illustrations. This enables many dynamic effects difficult or not possible with previous sketch-based tools, such as a school of fish swimming, tree leaves blowing in the wind, or water rippling in a pond. We describe our implementation and illustrate the repertoire of animation effects it supports. A user study with professional animators and casual users demonstrates the variety of animations, applications and creative possibilities our tool provides.
Weed management decision models: pitfalls, perceptions, and possibilities of the economic threshold approach (2002)

The use of scouting and economic thresholds has not been accepted as readily for managing weeds as it has been for insects, but the economic threshold concept is the basis of most weed management decision models available to growers. A World Wide Web survey was conducted to investigate perceptions of weed science professionals regarding the value of these models. Over half of the 56 respondents were involved in model development or support, and 82% thought that decision models could be beneficial for managing weeds, although more as educational rather than as decision-making tools. Some respondents indicated that models are too simple because they do not include all factors that influence weed competition or all issues a grower considers when deciding how to manage weeds. Others stated that models are too complex because many users do not have time to obtain and enter the required information or are not necessary because growers use a zero threshold or because skilled decision makers can make better and quicker recommendations. Our view is that economic threshold–based models are, and will continue to be, valuable as a means of providing growers with the knowledge and experience of many experts for field-specific decisions. Weed management decision models must be evaluated from three perspectives: biological accuracy, quality of recommendations, and ease of use. Scientists developing and supporting decision models may have hindered wide-scale acceptance by overemphasizing the capacity to determine economic thresholds, and they need to explain more clearly to potential users the tasks for which models are and are not suitable. Future use depends on finding cost-effective methods to assess weed populations, demonstrating that models use results in better decision making, and finding stable, long-term funding for maintenance and support. New technologies, including herbicide-resistant crops, will likely increase rather than decrease the need for decision support.