gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Age Associated Decrease of MT-1 Melatonin Receptor in Human Dermal Skin Fibroblasts Impairs Protection Against UV-Induced DNA Damage (2020)

The human body follows a physiological rhythm in response to the day/night cycle which is synchronized with the circadian rhythm through internal clocks. Most cells in the human body, including skin cells, express autonomous clocks and the genes responsible for running those clocks. Melatonin, a ubiquitous small molecular weight hormone, is critical in regulating the sleep cycle and other functions in the body. Melatonin is present in the skin and, in this study, we showed that it has the ability to dose-dependently stimulate <i>PER1</i> clock gene expression in normal human dermal fibroblasts and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Then we further evaluated the role of MT-1 melatonin receptor in mediating melatonin actions on human skin using fibroblasts derived from young and old subjects. Using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR, we confirmed the expression of MT-1 receptor in human skin fibroblasts and demonstrated a dramatic age-dependent decrease in its level in mature fibroblasts. We used siRNA technology to transiently knockdown MT-1 receptor in fibroblasts. In these MT-1 knockdown cells, UV-dependent oxidative stress (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production) was enhanced and DNA damage was also increased, suggesting a critical role of MT-1 receptor in protecting skin cells from UV-induced DNA damage. These studies demonstrate that the melatonin pathway plays a pivotal role in skin aging and damage. Moreover, its correlation with skin circadian rhythm may offer new approaches for decelerating skin aging by modulating the expression of melatonin receptors in human skin.
Measuring and Exploiting the Transmission Matrix in Optics (2010)

We introduce a method to measure the transmission matrix of a complex medium. This matrix exhibits statistical properties in good agreement with random matrix theory and allows light focusing and imaging through the random medium.
Solar Hydrocarbons: Single‐Step, Atmospheric‐Pressure Synthesis of C2−C4 Alkanes and Alkenes from CO2 (2023)

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> ) spinel has been found to produce C<sub>2</sub> -C<sub>4</sub> hydrocarbons in a single-step, ambient-pressure, photocatalytic hydrogenation of CO<sub>2</sub> with a rate of 1.1 mmol g<sup>-1</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> , selectivity of 29.8 % and conversion yield of 12.9 %. On stream the CoFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> reconstructs to a CoFe-CoFe<sub>2</sub> O<sub>4</sub> alloy-spinel nanocomposite which facilitates the light-assisted transformation of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO and hydrogenation of the CO to C<sub>2</sub> -C<sub>4</sub> hydrocarbons. Promising results obtained from a laboratory demonstrator bode well for the development of a solar hydrocarbon pilot refinery.
Enabling Technologies for High-accuracy Multiangle Spectropolarimetric Imaging from Space (2004)

Satellite remote sensing plays a major role in measuring the optical and radiative properties, environmental impact, and spatial and temporal distribution of tropospheric aerosols. In this paper, we envision a new generation of spaceborne imager that integrates the unique strengths of multispectral, multiangle, and polarimetric approaches, thereby achieving better accuracies in aerosol optical depth and particle properties than can be achieved using any one method by itself. Design goals include spectral coverage from the near-UV to the shortwave infrared; global coverage within a few days; intensity and polarimetric imaging simultaneously at multiple view angles; kilometer to sub-kilometer spatial resolution; and measurement of the degree of linear polarization for a subset of the spectral complement with an uncertainty of 0.5% or less. The latter requirement is technically the most challenging. In particular, an approach for dealing with inter-detector gain variations is essential to avoid false polarization signals. We propose using rapid modulation of the input polarization state to overcome this problem, using a high-speed variable retarder in the camera design. Technologies for rapid retardance modulation include mechanically rotating retarders, liquid crystals, and photoelastic modulators (PEMs). We conclude that the latter are the most suitable.
Transposed Brachiobasilic Fistula or PTFE Arm Graft - Alternative or Complementary? (2008)

Purpose Our primary aims were (1) to examine the patency of transposed brachiobasilic (TBB) fistulae compared to arm arteriovenous graft (AVG) without prior transposition, and (2) to examine the patency of AVG with and without prior transposition. Methods Single institution; analysis of prospectively collected data between January 2001 and January 2007. Dedicated database and medical records were reviewed and results analyzed with SPSS. Results Ninety-one patients underwent 111 procedures (52 TBB: 39 AVG as index); 28 TBB failed with 17 (60%) being replaced with an ipsilateral AVG. TBB compared to AVG (without prior TBB) had significantly (log rank &lt;0.05) better primary, primary assisted and secondary patency. Secondary patency at 2 yrs was 47% to 33%, respectively. Ipsilateral AVG after TBB to primary AVG had superior patency rates (secondary patency at 2 yrs 52 vs. 33%) but did not reach significance (log rank =0.073). Combined secondary patency of TBB and AVG after TBB was 81% at 2 yrs. Conclusions The TBB offers an autogenous fistula in the upper arm which has superior patency rates to an arm AVG. Once a TBB has failed an ipsilateral AVG is technically feasible and may offer better patency than a primary AVG.
Live-in-Labs: Rapid translational research and implementation-based program for rural development in India (2016)

Government agencies, public institutions, and private companies in India have worked over six decades to empower Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) or rural communities through various policies and interventions. Eighty-five percent of these technological interventions failed to create an impact as they lacked a holistic approach, scalability, sustainability, and effective interagency coordination. This paper discusses the successful implementation of interventions through Amrita University's Live-in-Labs™ program and proposes a model that ensures a co-design environment to develop technology-based interventions for rural development. The model aims to create a virtual ecosystem that will enable field practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to plan, design, implement, and review scalable and sustainable interventions. The paper describes the key components of the model and investigates the sustainability, scalability, and impact of the technology interventions in the program's five main thematic areas - Infrastructure & Basic Facilities, Health & Livelihood, Education & Technology, Energy, and Environment & Farming - through a case study.
Profiling the Lolium perenne Microbiome: From Seed to Seed (2020)

Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is a common temperate pasture grass species and is favored by dairy farmers. Commercially, the known association with the mutualistic endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae subsp. lolii is used to enhance insect resistance of host plants. Knowledge of other members of the microbiome and their functions are limited. Sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to examine the bacterial microbiome of perennial ryegrass (Alto) seed (generation 1 [G1]), subsequent mature plants grown in soil and sand, and seed (generation 2 [G2]) from crosses of these mature plants. The G1 microbiome was dominated by the class Gammaproteobacteria. The mature plant microbiomes were far more diverse, comprising up to 37 classes inclusive of Gammaproteobacteria. Different growth media yielded different microbiome profiles in mature plants. The G2 microbiome, similar to the G1 microbiome, was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria as the primary constituent, with additional supplementation from class Bacilli. This suggests the continuation of a core microbiome which persists from seed through plant maturation to seed. This study sheds new light on the hereditability of perennial ryegrass bacterial microbiomes and has identified some operational taxonomic units of potential commercial significance due to their seed transmissibility, and their roles are currently being explored.
Tetrakis(triisopropyl phosphite)palladium(0) (2001)

[82838-61-7] C36H84O12P4Pd (MW 939.50) InChI = 1S/4C9H21O3P.Pd/c4*1-7(2)10-13(11-8(3)4)12-9(5)6;/h4*7-9H,1-6H3; InChIKey = OUDXBYNXYLEREX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (catalyst for [4 + 3] and [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions1 and nucleophilic additions2) Preparative Methods: has only been generated in situ from the reaction of Palladium(II) Acetate with 2 equiv n‐Butyllithium and 4 equiv Triisopropyl Phosphite in THF.2 No reports of the characterization or isolation of [(i-PrO)3P]4Pd have appeared. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: solutions of [(i-PrO)3P]4Pd should be generated and used under an argon or nitrogen atmosphere. Use in a fume hood.
Formally verified on-line diagnosis (1997)

A reconfigurable fault tolerant system achieves the attributes of dependability of operations through fault detection, fault isolation and reconfiguration, typically referred to as the FDIR paradigm. Fault diagnosis is a key component of this approach, requiring an accurate determination of the health and state of the system. An imprecise state assessment can lead to catastrophic failure due to an optimistic diagnosis, or conversely, result in underutilization of resources because of a pessimistic diagnosis. Differing from classical testing and other off-line diagnostic approaches, we develop procedures for maximal utilization of the system state information to provide for continual, on-line diagnosis and reconfiguration capabilities as an integral part of the system operations. Our diagnosis approach, unlike existing techniques, does not require administered testing to gather syndrome information but is based on monitoring the system message traffic among redundant system functions. We present comprehensive on-line diagnosis algorithms capable of handling a continuum of faults of varying severity at the node and link level. Not only are the proposed algorithms on-line in nature, but are themselves tolerant to faults in the diagnostic process. Formal analysis is presented for all proposed algorithms. These proofs offer both insight into the algorithm operations and facilitate a rigorous formal verification of the developed algorithms.
Can AI serve as an independent second reader of mammograms? a simulation study (2020)

In this study we used a large previously built database of 2,892 mammograms and 31,650 single mammogram radiologists' assessments to simulate the impact of replacing one radiologist by an AI system in a double reading setting. The double human reading scenario and the double hybrid reading scenario (second reader replaced by an AI system) were simulated via bootstrapping using different combinations of mammograms and radiologists from the database. The main outcomes of each scenario were sensitivity, specificity and workload (number of necessary readings). The results showed that when using AI as a second reader, workload can be reduced by 44%, sensitivity remains similar (difference-0.1%; 95% CI =-4.1%, 3.9%), and specificity increases by 5.3% (P&lt;0.001). Our results suggest that using AI as a second reader in a double reading setting as in screening programs could be a strategy to reduce workload and false positive recalls without affecting sensitivity.
Loss of CD4 T-cell–dependent tolerance to proteins with modified amino acids (2011)

The site-specific incorporation of the unnatural amino acid p-nitrophenylalanine (pNO(2)Phe) into autologous proteins overcomes self-tolerance and induces a long-lasting polyclonal IgG antibody response. To determine the molecular mechanism by which such simple modifications to amino acids are able to induce autoantibodies, we incorporated pNO(2)Phe, sulfotyrosine (SO(3)Tyr), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3NO(2)Tyr) at specific sites in murine TNF-α and EGF. A subset of TNF-α and EGF mutants with these nitrated or sulfated residues is highly immunogenic and induces antibodies against the unaltered native protein. Analysis of the immune response to the TNF-α mutants in different strains of mice that are congenic for the H-2 locus indicates that CD4 T-cell recognition is necessary for autoantibody production. IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis of CD4 T cells isolated from vaccinated mice demonstrates that peptides with mutated residues, but not the wild-type residues, are recognized. Immunization of these peptides revealed that a CD4 repertoire exists for the mutated peptides but is lacking for the wild-type peptides and that the mutated residues are processed, loaded, and presented on the I-A(b) molecule. Overall, our results illustrate that, although autoantibodies are generated against the endogenous protein, CD4 cells are activated through a neo-epitope recognition mechanism. Therefore, tolerance is maintained at a CD4 level but is broken at the level of antibody production. Finally, these results suggest that naturally occurring posttranslational modifications such as nitration may play a role in antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders.
A New Family of Polymerizable Lyotropic Liquid Crystals:  Control of Feature Size in Cross-Linked Inverted Hexagonal Assemblies via Monomer Structure (2000)

An efficient and versatile synthesis of a series of polymerizable amphiphilic mesogens that affords control over tail length and position of the polymerizable group is described. The synthesis employs a novel and facile method of preparing styrene ethers. The monomers are sodium salts of styrene ether-modified fatty acids that can be used to form cross-linkable inverted hexagonal (HII) lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) phases at ambient temperature with controllable nanometer-scale dimensions. Examination of a series of regioisomers with the same alkyl chain length but with the styrene ether group at different locations along the chain revealed that the position of the styrene ether has a profound effect on the dimensions of the resulting HII phase at a fixed temperature and composition. Increasing overall monomer tail length also has a significant, although smaller, effect on the unit cell dimensions of the LLC phase. By controlling the structure of the LLC monomer in this manner, cross-linked HII phases with interchannel distances (ICD) ranging from 29 to 54 Å can be obtained. Furthermore, changing the counterion from Na+ to tetraalkylammonium ions leads to further expansion of the HII unit cell to a maximum ICD of 65 Å, as well as to the production of a lamellar phase. Use of these monomers affords a new and unparalleled degree of control over phase structure and dimensions for the production of nanostructured organic materials.
Cutting Edge: Transplantation Tolerance through Enhanced CTLA-4 Expression (2003)

Knockout and blocking studies have shown a critical role for CTLA-4 in peripheral tolerance, however, it is unknown whether augmenting CTLA-4 expression actually promotes tolerance. Here we demonstrate a specific and requisite role for CTLA-4 and its up-regulation in tolerance through anti-CD45RB. First, long-term murine islet allograft survival induced by anti-CD45RB is prevented by CTLA4-Ig, which interferes with B7:CTLA-4 interactions. Second, anti-CD45RB is ineffective in recipients lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2. In contrast, CTLA4-Ig, which targets B7 on allogeneic cells, promotes long-term engraftment in these mice. Moreover, anti-CD45RB was effective in B7-deficient controls expressing CTLA-4. Finally, in wild-type mice, CTLA-4 expression returned to baseline 17 days after receiving anti-CD45RB, and was refractory to further increase. Transplantation and anti-CD45RB therapy at this time could neither augment CTLA-4 nor prolong engraftment. These data demonstrate a specific role for CTLA-4 in anti-CD45RB-mediated tolerance and indicate that CTLA-4 up-regulation can directly promote allograft survival.
An optimal partition between on-chip and on-board interconnects (2001)

An optimal partition between on-chip and on-board interconnects is proposed, which achieves the highest possible global clock frequency as well as high wiring density. A general model is developed for adequate number and size of repeaters and the impact of this model on optimal partition of interconnects is also studied. Using on-board wires the global clock frequency of a projected system-on-a-chip in year 2011 can be increased by about 45% and the required silicon area for repeaters can also be reduced by 60%, using adequate repeater insertion.
Out-of-band distortion of OFDM transmission caused from Low Noise Block converters (2010)

We evaluated out-of-band distortion of OFDM signals caused by LNBs for FSS systems, which might be also important for spectrum sharing between the IMT-Advanced system and FSS expected from the result of WRC'07. The evaluation results show that the input power of interfering signals should not exceed −60dBm to make ACLR less than −50dB. The results also show that the AM-AM characteristic is the dominant factor to decide spectral properties, while AM-PM characteristics might be important for accurate estimation of out-of-band distortion by a part of non-linear amplifiers.
A model for electron currents near a field null (1987)

The fluid approximation is invalid near a field null, since the local electron orbit size and the magnetic scale length are comparable. To model the electron currents in this region we propose a single equation of motion describing the bulk electron dynamics. The equation applies to the plasma within one thermal orbit size of the null. The region is treated as unmagnetized; electrons are accelerated by the inductive electric field and drag on ions; damping is provided by viscosity due to electrons and collisions with ions. Through variational calculations and a particle tracking code for electrons, the size of the terms in the equation of motion have been estimated. The resulting equation of motion combines with Faraday's Law to produce a governing equation which implicitly contains the self inductive field of the electrons. This governing equation predicts that viscosity prevents complete cancellation of the ion current density by the electrons in the null region. Thus electron dynamics near the field null should not prevent the formation and deepening of field reversal using neutral-beam injection.
Low complexity asynchronous DS-CDMA detectors (2002)

Near-far resistant multiuser-detectors for an asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system, which do not need the code-matched filter outputs from all users are presented. Two complex-valued, discrete-time vector models for the system are formulated. Detectors for both models, that work on blocks of data of M symbols are considered. The problem of estimation of the bits is posed in a least squares sense and as a minimum mean squared error problem. The performance of the detection algorithms is investigated by computing the BER (bit error rate) on simulated data. Comparisons with traditional detectors is also carried out. It is shown that detectors based on the compact vector model performs slightly worse than detectors based on the more complex vector model.
Functional Role of Death-associated Protein 3 (DAP3) in Anoikis (2004)

Detachment of adherent epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix induces apoptosis, known as anoikis. Integrin stimulation protects cells from anoikis, but the responsible mechanisms are not well known. Here, we demonstrated that a pro-apoptotic GTP-binding protein, DAP3 (death-associated protein 3), is critical for induction of anoikis. Down-regulation of DAP3 expression by antisense oligonucleotides inhibited anoikis. Conversely, overexpression of DAP3 augmented cell death and caspase activation induced by cell detachment. Furthermore, the association of DAP3 with FADD and the activation of caspase-8 were induced by cell detachment. We also showed that DAP3 is phosphorylated by kinase Akt (PKB), and active Akt can nullify apoptosis induction by DAP3. Mutation of a consensus Akt phosphorylation site in DAP3 renders it resistant to suppression by active Akt in cells. Integrin ligation stimulates Akt activation and phosphorylation of DAP3 in intact cells, as well as suppresses the ability of DAP3 overexpression to augment anoikis. Involvement of DAP3 in anoikis signaling demonstrates a novel role for this GTP-binding protein in apoptosis induction caused by cell detachment.
A synchronized VUV beamline for time domain two-color dynamic studies at FLASH2 (2020)

We present a HHG-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) source at the free electron laser FLASH2. The source provides ultrashort pulses from 10 to 40eV, coupled to the REMI end-station (beamline FL26) for VUV-FEL pump-probe experiments.
Ion Thruster Performance Impacts due to Cathode Wear (2011)

*† ‡ It has been observed in many ion thruster wear tests that the discharge loss increases with the time and the thruster performance correspondingly degrades. This behavior is usually attributed to an enlargement of the accel grid apertures during the tests due to misalignment direct-impingement and charge-exchange ion erosion, which increases the accel-grid optical transparency and thereby reduces the neutral gas pressure inside the thruster. The discharge loss change is then explained as a reduction in the ionization efficiency due to the lower neutral gas density inside the plasma generator. An analysis of the life test data using a discharge-plasma model shows that this mechanism is insufficient to explain the observed results, and even including other changes observed in the thruster parameters during the life tests such as screen grid transparency and discharge voltage only accounts for about half the measured discharge loss increase. Tests at JPL in an ion thruster simulator used in a 16,000 hour discharge cathode wear test show similar increases in discharge loss with time in spite of the fact that there is no ion accelerator or grid apertures eroding and the average pressure in the discharge chamber is essentially constant. In these tests, an increase in the cost of producing ions of nearly 10% was observed in the first 5600 hours of operation corresponding to the time period that significant keeper electrode erosion was observed. Experiments show that increases in keeper orifice diameter cause increases in discharge loss, but only at high discharge currents corresponding to the highest power levels of the thruster. This cathode-electrode erosion mechanism is likely responsible for roughly half of the total discharge loss increases observed in ion thruster life tests.
Scintillation Properties of Praseodymium Activated Single Crystals (2008)

Scintillation properties of LuAG:Pr grown by Fu- rukawa Co. Ltd., Japan, have been studied. The best crystals display light outputs up to 19000 ph/MeV and an energy resolu- tion of 4.6% at 662 keV. The scintillation yield is found to be a function of size and temperature of the sample; it can be enhanced by 40% upon heating to 450 K. Radioluminescence spectra show both - and - transitions of ions; the contribution of the latter increases with temperature. The scintillation decays are complex, with a fast decay constant of 20 ns. The presence of induces high background activity. regarded as an attractive material for a number of applications. In this paper we present a standard characterization and some results of more advanced, previously unreported studies on :Pr. Our research comprises temperature-depen- dent measurements of pulse height spectra, scintillation time profiles, and radioluminescence spectra between 78 and 600 K. We also investigate the proportionality and size dependence of scintillation yield, and the intrinsic activity of LuAG:Pr.