gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
50 nm continuously tunable MEMS VCSEL devices with surface micromachining operating at 1.95 µm emission wavelength (2012)

An investigation of micro-electro-mechanical-system vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers at 1.95 µm emission wavelength grown on InP is presented. The top sided distributed Bragg reflector has been substituted by a dielectric SiOx/SiNy membrane. Its deflection causes a continuous change of emission wavelength due to cavity tuning. The membrane actuation can be achieved in two different ways: by electrostatic attraction and electrothermal expansion. The recently developed surface-micro-machining technique allows both tuning mechanisms on one and the same device. The maximum achieved continuous tuning range is 50 nm with side-mode-suppression-ratios beyond 50 dB over the entire tuning range. Peak optical output powers of 1.0 to 1.8 mW with threshold current densities of 2.2 kA cm−2 will be presented.
Insights into Mechanism of Glucokinase Activation (2012)

Human glucokinase (GK) is a principal regulating sensor of plasma glucose levels. Mutations that inactivate GK are linked to diabetes, and mutations that activate it are associated with hypoglycemia. Unique kinetic properties equip GK for its regulatory role: although it has weak basal affinity for glucose, positive cooperativity in its binding of glucose causes a rapid increase in catalytic activity when plasma glucose concentrations rise above euglycemic levels. In clinical trials, small molecule GK activators (GKAs) have been efficacious in lowering plasma glucose and enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but they carry a risk of overly activating GK and causing hypoglycemia. The theoretical models proposed to date attribute the positive cooperativity of GK to the existence of distinct protein conformations that interconvert slowly and exhibit different affinities for glucose. Here we report the respective crystal structures of the catalytic complex of GK and of a GK-glucose complex in a wide open conformation. To assess conformations of GK in solution, we also carried out small angle x-ray scattering experiments. The results showed that glucose dose-dependently converts GK from an apo conformation to an active open conformation. Compared with wild type GK, activating mutants required notably lower concentrations of glucose to be converted to the active open conformation. GKAs decreased the level of glucose required for GK activation, and different compounds demonstrated distinct activation profiles. These results lead us to propose a modified mnemonic model to explain cooperativity in GK. Our findings may offer new approaches for designing GKAs with reduced hypoglycemic risk.
A High-Efficiency Synthetic Promoter That Drives Transgene Expression Selectively in Noradrenergic Neurons (2001)

Gene promoter systems that drive high-level, long-term, and cell-specific transgene expression are of great interest because of their potential utility for gene therapy. To generate an efficient promoter system specific for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, we multimerized an NA-specific cis-regulatory element (PRS2) identified in the human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (hDBH) promoter, and combined it with a minimal promoter (containing a TATA box and transcription start site). Forms of this synthetic promoter that contain 8 or more copies of PRS2 were >50 times more effective than the 1.15-kb hDBH promoter at driving reporter gene expression in cell lines originated from NA neurons. Neither the synthetic promoter nor the 1.15-kb hDBH promoter drove reporter gene expression in nonneuronal cells. Microinjections of an adenoviral vector containing the synthetic promoter directly into rat brain caused more strict NA-specific reporter gene expression than that caused by a vector containing the 1.15-kb hDBH promoter when the targeted region contained large numbers of NA neurons (locus coeruleus). Furthermore, the vector containing the synthetic promoter caused less nonspecific ("leaky") reporter gene expression than that caused by the vector containing the 1.15-kb hDBH promoter when the targeted region was devoid of NA neurons (cerebellum, dentate gyrus). Together, these studies provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that this novel synthetic promoter can target transgene expression to NA neurons even more efficiently and selectively than the naturally occurring, 1.15-kb hDBH promoter.
Involvement of apoptosis and interferon-gamma in murine toxoplasmosis. (2001)

No significant difference in the degree of ocular inflammation and apoptosis was detected between the wild-type and Fas or FasL mutant mice. However, there was an earlier and subjectively greater expression of IFN gamma in the brain and eye and a higher level of nitrite in the ocular tissue of mutant strains than in the wild type. Multiple factors are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis.
The Predicted ATP-Binding Domains in the Hexose Transporter GLUT1 Critically Affect Transporter Activity (2001)

The glucose transporter GLUT1 has three short amino acid sequences (domains I-III) with homology to typical ATP-binding domains. GLUT1 is a facilitative transporter, however, and transports its substrates down a concentration gradient without a specific requirement for energy or hydrolysis of ATP. Therefore, we assessed the functional role of the predicted ATP-binding domains in GLUT1 by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Xenopus oocytes. For each mutant, we determined the level of protein expression and the kinetics of transport under zero-trans influx, zero-trans efflux, and equilibrium exchange conditions. Although all five mutants were expressed at levels similar to that of the wild-type GLUT1, each single amino acid change in domains I or III profoundly affected GLUT1 function. The mutants Gly116-->Ala in domain I and Gly332-->Ala in domain III exhibited only 10-20% of the transport activity of the wild-type GLUT1. The mutants Gly111-->Ala in domain I and Leu336-->Ala in domain III showed altered kinetic properties; neither the apparent Km nor the Vmax for 3-methylglucose transport were increased under equilibrium exchange conditions, and they did not show the expected level of countertransport acceleration. The mutant Lys117-->Arg in domain I showed a marked increase in the apparent Km for 3-methylglucose transport under zero-trans efflux and equilibrium exchange conditions while maintaining countertransport acceleration. These results indicate that the predicted ATP-binding domains I and III in GLUT1 are important components of the region in GLUT1 involved in transport of the substrate and that their integrity is critical for maintaining the activity and kinetic properties of the transporter.
Translating Yield Learning Into Manufacturable Designs (2006)

Abstract Improving semiconductor yield is a multi-dimensional process that must include design, fabrication, and test aspects. Incorporating design-for-manufacturability (DFM) concepts needs to include prior and ongoing learning and experience on what worked and what did not. As feature sizes shrink beyond 130nm, it is possible to identify another class of failures that is more systematic and related not to manufacturing defects but to DFM marginalities related to layout. In this article, it is shown that DFM can also help reduce design sensitivity to process variations. Examples of these failure modes and the lessons learnt are listed: relaxed design rules for repeated patterns, relaxing design rules to reduce yield loss, and special considerations for analog circuit layout.
Exploration of Unseen Organisms in the Era of Environmental Metagenomics (2012)

21世紀最初の10年は，環境微生物学・微生物生態学における第二の革命期であったと言えるだろう．言うまでもなく，それは次世代シークエンサーの登場とそれを活用した環境ゲノム解析技術の驚くべき発展によるものである．1990年代の16S rRNA遺伝子に基づいた培養に依存しない複合微生物系解析技術の誕生による第一の革命期から，大規模シークエンシング技術による環境ゲノム科学の時代を経て，今後期待される第三の革命は何であろうか．筆者らは，環境微生物の分離培養技術の革新がそれにあたるのではないか，と考えている．本稿では，環境ゲノム解析の現状を概観しつつ，この大規模シークエンス解析時代の中で少しずつ光の見えてきた未知微生物探索の現状と課題について述べる．
The kinetics of urinary fumonisin B1 excretion in humans consuming maize‐based diets (2012)

The results support the use of urinary FB(1) to assess ongoing exposure in population-based studies. However, relating the FB(1) concentration in urine to dietary intake of FB by individual subjects will be complicated due to interindividual variability and the rapidity of clearance.
Guideline and Tool for Designing an Assembly Task Support System Using Augmented Reality (2020)

Augmented reality (AR) systems support complex tasks like assembly by overlaying task-related content onto the real world. In recent years, the effort of designing and developing assembly task support systems in AR decreased with the availability of high potential head-mounted displays and provision of integrated development environments. Nevertheless, problems still arise when companies craft an effective AR task support system, particularly in the difficulty of selecting appropriate techniques and information-presentation methods, and the requirements that vary with each use case. In this study, we formulated a corresponding guideline, developed a selection aid tool that incorporates filtering based on the categorization of subtasks and the degree of freedom of available tracking, and evaluated their effectiveness in two experiments. First, to confirm effects on system design, we asked 18 participants to perform the design action of the AR system with the guideline for two tasks (PC assembly and rope work). Consequently, to verify the quality of the designed AR systems from Experiment 1, we asked another set of 20 participants to perform the same tasks with those systems. The results confirm that using the guideline can considerably lower efforts creating media and alleviate the error for a specific process. We envision our guideline and tool to be accessible as an online web page, assisting AR assembly task support system designer/developers worldwide.
The DLR hand arm system (2011)

An anthropomorphic hand arm system using variable stiffness actuation has been developed at DLR. It is aimed to reach its human archetype regarding size, weight and performance. The main focus of our development is put on robustness, dynamic performance and dexterity. Therefore, a paradigm change from impedance controlled, but mechanically stiff joints to robots using intrinsic variable compliance joints is carried out. Collisions of the rigid joint robot at high speeds with stiff objects induce the energy too fast for an active controller to prevent damages. In contrast, passively compliant robots are able to temporarily store energy. In this case the resulting internal forces applied to the robot structure and the drive trains are reduced. Furthermore, the energy storage allows to outperform the dynamics of stiff robots. The hand drives and the electronics are completely integrated within the forearm. Extremely miniaturized electronics have been developed to drive the 52 motors of the system and interface their sensors. Several variable stiffness actuation principles used in the arm joints and the hand are presented. The paper highlights the different requirements that they have to fulfill. A first test of the systems robustness and dynamics has been performed by driving nails with a grasped hammer and is demonstrated in the attached video.
Mesoporous GeOx/Ge/C as a Highly Reversible Anode Material with High Specific Capacity for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2020)

Nanostructured Ge is considered a highly promising material for Li-ion battery applications as Ge offers high specific capacity and Li-ion diffusivity, while inherent mesoporous nanostructures can contribute resistance against capacity fading as typically induced by high volume expansion in bulk Ge films. Mesoporous GeO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Ge/C films are synthesized using K<sub>4</sub>Ge<sub>9</sub> Zintl clusters as a Ge precursor and the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-<i>block</i>-polyethylene oxide as a templating tool. As compared to a reference sample without post-treatment, enhanced surface-to-volume ratios are achieved through post-treatment with a poor-good azeotrope solvent mixture. High capacities of over 2000 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> are obtained with good stability over 300 cycles. Information from morphological and compositional characterization for both reference and post-treated sample suggests that the good electrochemical performance originates from reversible GeO<sub>2</sub> conversion reactions.
Introduction (2007)

With the explosion of research interest in nanocrystalline materials in recent years, one sub-area that has received significant attention is the mechanical behavior of materials with grain sizes less than 100 nm. The great interest in the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline materials originates from the unique mechanical properties first observed and/or predicted by the pioneers of this field, Gleiter and co-workers, in materials prepared by the gas condensation method (Gleiter, 1989). Among these early observations or predictions were:
Marstacimab, a tissue factor pathway inhibitor neutralizing antibody, improves coagulation parameters of ex vivo dosed haemophilic blood and plasmas (2019)

These studies show the ex vivo potency of marstacimab in restoring haemostasis in whole blood and plasmas from haemophilia participants and comparability to ex vivo reconstitution with recombination coagulation factors.
Immunosuppression as a desired pharmacological effect. (1984)

The immunosuppressive efficacy of the antineoplastic antibiotic Aclacinomycin A (ACM) was assayed in several test models for humoral and cellular immune response. Humoral immune response, measured as splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) in vitro and in vivo was markedly inhibited by ACM. Suppression of PFC in vivo could be observed when ACM was administered together with the antigen, or three days later. Concomitantly a decrease of circulating antibodies to SRBC was obtained. No effect on T-cell mediated immune response - DTH reaction and allogeneic cytotoxic lymphocytes - or on skin transplantation or a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease, EAE, was observed. ACM beneficially influenced the course of the disease in two GvH-models (hemolytic anemia and immune complex glomerulonephritis) which lead to a B-cell mediated autoimmune disease with fatal outcome. It was concluded that the therapeutic effect of ACM on GvH-disease is mediated via its suppression of the B-cell response.
Monoclonal and Polyclonal Immunoglobulin Interference in a Conjugated Bilirubin Assay (2014)

The false-positive interference rate for the Beckman Coulter conjugated bilirubin assay was 0.3% for routinely analyzed serum/plasma samples. In addition to monoclonal proteins, we found that polyclonal immunoglobulins can also interfere with the conjugated bilirubin assay. The overall interference rate was 17.1% for samples with a monoclonal protein.
A randomized phase II trial evaluating the performance of genomic expression profiles to direct the use of preoperative chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. (2010)

TPS102 Background: Genomic assays have been shown to provide the potential for personalized approaches to breast cancer therapy. Full-transcriptome assays using microarrays are challenging, but have the advantage of providing multiple prognostic and predictive signatures in one assay. We have developed genomic predictive signatures for various clinically relevant cancer characteristics, including sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapies. We have investigated the analytic performance of these signatures in biologic replicates, and begun applying them in this prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods: Eligible patients have intact HER2 negative primary breast cancers with tumor size over 1.5 cm and any clinical lymph node status. A fresh frozen sample of the primary tumor must be obtained. After pathology assessment, RNA is analyzed on an Affymetrix H133 Plus 2.0 microarray. The expression data is used to predict doxorubicin (A) and docetaxel (T) sensitivity using previously defined signatures and analytic techniques developed to make one-at-a-time predictions from microarray data. Patients are then assigned to four cycles of standard doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) or docetaxel/cyclphosphamide (TC) chemotherapy in a blinded process randomizing in a 1:2 ratio to a control arm (random assignment to either AC or TC) or a genomically guided (GG) chemotherapy arm. In the GG arm, patients are assigned to AC or TC treatment if the predicted sensitivity is over 0.6 for A or T, respectively. If predictions for both agents are over 0.6, the higher score is used; if both scores are below 0.6, patients are randomly assigned to AC or TC. The primary endpoint is pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast, with the primary objectives: 1) determine whether genomic profiling for drug-sensitivity can improve the pCR rate as compared to randomly assigned therapy; and 2) determine whether genomic profiling can identify drug-sensitive and drug-resistant patients including a comparison of subgroups for the two individual regimens. The accrual goal is 270 patients randomized; currently, 42 patients have been consented and 32 randomized. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
A Learning Approach to Optical Tomography (2015)

Optical tomography has been widely investigated for biomedical imaging applications.In recent years optical tomography has been combined with digital holography and has been employed to produce high-quality images of phase objects such as cells.In this paper we describe a method for imaging 3D phase objects in a tomographic configuration implemented by training an artificial neural network to reproduce the complex amplitude of the experimentally measured scattered light.The network is designed such that the voxel values of the refractive index of the 3D object are the variables that are adapted during the training process.We demonstrate the method experimentally by forming images of the 3D refractive index distribution of Hela cells.
Utility of Point‐of‐Care COVID‐19 Testing in an Outpatient Otolaryngology clinic (2021)

Point-of-care COVID-19 nucleic acid amplification tests in an outpatient otolaryngology clinic identified a low TP rate (<1%) with most cases being clinically suspected. Laryngology and advanced practice practitioner encounters may have higher positivity rates.Level of evidence: 3.
Few aspects about color calibration by tetrahedral interpolation (1995)

This paper proposes an implementation of tetrahedral interpolation based on a direct addressing structure of look-up tables for fast device dependent/independent color transformation. The CRT and ink jet printer models were used for exemplification and the procedure was used for colorimetric calibration, but the method is generally applicable for any color device. The models are based on look-up tables and tetrahedral interpolation of LUT values. The direct transformation avoids completely the searching procedure for the tetrahedron that includes the interpolated color. For the reverse transformation, the searching procedure is applied to a reduced set of tetrahedrons and is optimized based on the use of the direct addressing tables structure. The time performance of algorithm depends on the number of calibration colors, direct/inverse transformation. The volume of outside gamut colors to be mapped influences also the performance of transformations. The color gamuts of a CRT and of an ink jet printer are represented and compared in Lab and Luv color coordinates in order to select the optimum space to perform the mapping of the outside gamut colors.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Change of frequency separation for two-mode quantum dot lasers by using a birefringent etalon filter (2016)

We have developed a stable two-mode laser by using a quantum dot optical gain chip in an external cavity. In this study, we demonstrate continuous change of frequency separation of a two-mode laser by using a birefringent etalon filter. Since the polarization of the quantum dot optical gain chip is TE-dominant, the frequency separation of the two-mode laser is controlled by rotating the birefringent etalon filter. We can change the frequency separation from 84 to 93 GHz by using this method.
Crystal Chemistry and Electrochemistry of LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Solid Solution Cathode Materials (2017)

For ordered high-voltage spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) with the P4321 symmetry, the two consecutive two-phase transformations at ∼4.7 V (vs Li+/Li), involving three cubic phases of LMNO, Li0.5Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 (L0.5MNO), and Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 (MNO), have been well-established. Such a mechanism is traditionally associated with poor kinetics due to the slow movement of the phase boundaries and the large mechanical strain resulting from the volume changes among the phases, yet ordered LMNO has been shown to have excellent rate capability. In this study, we show the ability of the phases to dissolve into each other and determine their solubility limit. We characterized the properties of the formed solid solutions and investigated the role of non-equilibrium single-phase redox processes during the charge and discharge of LMNO. By using an array of advanced analytical techniques, such as soft and hard X-ray spectroscopy, transmission X-ray microscopy, and neutron/X-ray diffraction, as well as bond valence sum analysis, the present study examines the metastable nature of solid-solution phases and provides new insights in enabling cathode materials that are thermodynamically unstable.
<title>High-resolution MS-type Saticon pick-up tube with optimized electron optical properties</title> (1991)

In order to develop image pick-up tubes with high and uniform resolution over a large image size, the electron optical design consisting of magnetic focusing and electrostatic deflection (MS-type) was investigated and optimized by 3-dimensional numerical calculations. With optimal electromagnetic configuration, the calculated intensity distribution of the beam spot in the focal plane showed a circular shape of nearly constant width even for elongations of the beam far from the image axis, which promises negligible image aberrations. Test tubes of 1 in. format were built up using Saticon photoconductive layer and low output capacitance (LOC). The overall length of the pick-up tube is less than 125 mm. Experimental investigations resulted in a modulation depth (square wave response) of 60% and more at 1600 TVL using an image size of 19 mm diameter (interlaced system, 1249 lines). The uniformity of resolution at the whole image area was confirmed in agreement with theory. An analysis of image aberrations showed very small curvature of field, landing error, astigmatism and geometric distortion. In comparison to conventional all magnetic tubes (MM-type), the MS- type tube yields superior image quality especially at the corners, more flexibility for using different scanning modes and a reduction in power consumption of the tube and in total costs for the camera system.
Inflow-weighted pulmonary perfusion: comparison between dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI versus perfusion scintigraphy in complex pulmonary circulation (2013)

The inflow-weighted DCE-MRI provides relative perfusion maps similar to that by PS. The discrepancy between conventional indicator-dilution and inflow-weighted analysis represents a mixed-flow component in which pathological flow such as shunting or collaterals might have participated.