gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic beam steering through inhomogeneous layers with a time reversal mirror (1996)

Adaptive time delay focusing techniques allow an efficient correction of the effects due to an inhomogeneous layer close to the transducer array. If the layer is far from the array, these techniques are no longer appropriate to correct the diffraction effects between the layer and the transducer array. This problem was overcome by the use of acoustic time reversal mirrors. In this technique, the Green's function of a dominant scatterer available in the medium is recorded in digital memories and used to focus on the scatterer in both transmit and receive modes. We present in this paper an extension of this technique to focus, in the presence of an aberrating layer, not only on the dominant scatterer, but also around it in order to image the surrounding zone. From the knowledge of the Green's function needed to focus on the initial scatterer, we calculate the new Green's function matched to the new point of interest. The algorithm uses the concept of time reversal propagation, and we shall present here theoretical and experimental results obtained with this technique. Finally, the knowledge of each Green's function matched to each new desired focal point allows the realization of a B-scan image of the zone surrounding the reflector.
Labeled Nanoparticles Based on Pharmaceutical EUDRAGIT® S 100 Polymers (2010)

The pharmaceutically important polymer P(MAA-r-MMA)(1:2) (EUDRAGIT(®) S100) was investigated concerning its behavior to form nanoparticles via nanoprecipitation. The particles obtained were characterized regarding their size, shape, and characteristics using DLS, SEM, and AUC. Furthermore, the P(MAA-r-MMA)(1:2) copolymer was modified with different markers in order to achieve polymer-based nanocarrier systems, which are detectable and may be useful for controlled drug delivery devices to monitor the drug pathways. The particles were labeled by physical entrapment as well as by covalent attachment of various markers, e.g., radicals, fluorescent-, and near-infrared dyes, to the polymer. Physical entrapment of radicals into the polymeric units was performed by co-nanoprecipitation of P(MAA-r-MMA)(1:2) and a radical marker. By means of covalent binding of the markers to the polymer, a stable and more defined labeling of the particles was also performed, leading only to a low degree of modification of the pharmaceutical polymer. After nanoprecipitation, the resulting labeled particles were characterized by SEM and DLS, whereas their biocompatibility was proven by in vitro studies. In order to ensure the possibility of detection of the particles inside the body for drug delivery-, sensor-, and imaging applications, the polymeric carriers were also investigated by electron spin resonance, fluorescence, as well as near-infrared spectroscopy.
Abstract C199: Development of potent, small-molecule inhibitors of ETK (2009)

Abstract Epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase (Etk) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that plays a central role in the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenicity of epithelial cells. Inhibition of Etk signaling can result in impaired cellular transformation, down-regulation of angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis. Employing our proprietary CLIMB™ technology, a computationally driven drug discovery process, we designed and synthesized approximately 35 small molecules for ETK-inhibition testing in biochemical and cellular assays. Most of these compounds exhibited low nanomolar activity and selectivity across a wide panel of kinases. Five compounds were subsequently chosen for further evaluation in in vivo studies. As predicted from CLIMB™, all of the compounds showed sufficient tolerability and pharmacokinetics in mice to advance into tumor efficacy studies. Endometrial and hepatocellular cancers were selected for these studies based on previous in vitro results indicating high ETK expression and potent compound activity. All five compounds demonstrated marked activity in these models; in one cell line, two of the compounds inhibited tumor growth by more than 50% after less than two weeks of dosing. Using these same tumor lines in pharmacodynamic studies, the compounds also showed significant modulation of cellular transformation and anti-apoptotic markers consistent with ETK inhibition. Moreover, quantitative analysis of microvessel density, a key indicator of angiogenesis, demonstrated clear inhibition of blood vessel formation from tumors excised after treatment with the five compounds. Utilizing our CLIMB™ technology, we have rapidly developed a new class of potent inhibitors that consistently demonstrate in vivo activity against ETK-relevant tumor cell lines. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C199.
The Troll-Trust Model for Ranking in Signed Networks (2016)

Signed social networks have become increasingly important in recent years because of the ability to model trust-based relationships in review sites like Slashdot, Epinions, and Wikipedia. As a result, many traditional network mining problems have been re-visited in the context of networks in which signs are associated with the links. Examples of such problems include community detection, link prediction, and low rank approximation. In this paper, we will examine the problem of ranking nodes in signed networks. In particular, we will design a ranking model, which has a clear physical interpretation in terms of the sign of the edges in the network. Specifically, we propose the Troll-Trust model that models the probability of trustworthiness of individual data sources as an interpretation for the underlying ranking values. We will show the advantages of this approach over a variety of baselines.
Writer pole remanence of a tapered main pole head (2010)

We used a micromagnetic model to study the head remanence of a perpendicular tapered main pole head. To reduce the head pole tip remanence, a single magnetic domain structure forming a vortex state from the pole tip to the tapered region is preferred. A tapered main pole structure with a trailing gap depth less than about 30 nm and a tapered angle (TGθ) equal to about 30° improved the writing efficiency. This was achieved with a head field value more than 1.3 times higher and with a head field gradient about 1.15 times higher than that of the conventional structure. Moreover, the pole tip remanence was reduced to a value closer to that of the conventional structure. The reduction in the throat height had less effect on the reduction in the head remanence in the tapered head than in the conventional head. We also discuss both single pole heads and shielded heads.
Polymers for Surface‐Functionalization and Biocompatibility of Inorganic Nanocrystals (2013)

Abstract Hybrid nanomaterials combining inorganic nanostructures with organic molecules such as polymers and biomolecules offer flexible platforms with size‐ and composition‐tunable properties. These materials have shown promising use in an array of applications ranging from optical devices to biologically active platforms, facilitating important functions such as sensing, imaging, and as diagnostic tools. One of the key requirements to the integration of these inorganic nanostructures into biology is the ability to effectively control and tune their interfaces with the surrounding media. Block copolymers provide versatile molecules with dimensions comparable to those of the inorganic nanostructures and the ability to chemically tune their properties and behavior (solubility and such) over multiple length scales. Amphiphilic polymers have been used by several groups as ligands or/and capsules to promote the transfer of a variety of inorganic nanomaterials (Au nanoparticles, magnetic nanocrystals, and semiconducting nanocrystals) to buffer media and to render them biocompatible. In this article, we provide an overview of the recent developments using various amphiphilic polymers to interface inorganic nanocrystals with biological media. We start with a brief description of the most common routes for growing a few representative high quality nanocrystals of semiconductors (ie, quantum dots), metal, and metal oxide materials. We then discuss the strategies to solubilize those nanocrystals in buffer media using amphiphilic polymers and provide a few representative examples where these hydrophilic platforms have been used as sensors and imaging probes.
Approach for linear state estimation considering zero-injected currents (2013)

With the increasing complexity of operating conditions, the operators of power system rely on the energy management system (EMS) more and more. The state estimation is the core of EMS. The invention of phasor measurement unit (PMU) provides new opportunities for state estimations. In China, all of the 500kV and above substations are equipped with PMU. The linear state estimation based on PMU measurements is possible. In this paper, the approach for linear state estimation based on PMU measurements is proposed. The detailed model of the linear state estimation is presented. To improve the accuracy, the zero-injected currents at connecting buses are considered as virtual measurements. The proposed linear state estimation is solved by the linear weighted least squares (LWLS). The IEEE 39 and IEEE 118bus testing systems are applied to test the proposed method. The simulating results show that the accuracy of the estimated states by the linear state estimation based on PMU is higher than the traditional nonlinear state estimations and the speed of computation is faster than the nonlinear estimation.
Examining Erosion Potential of Various Inflow Control Devices to Determine Duration of Performance (2007)

Abstract When producing long, horizontal zones, production rate is typically higher at the heel of the well than at the toe. The resulting imbalanced production profile may cause early water or gas breakthrough into the wellbore. Once coning occurs, well production may be severely decreased due to limited flow contribution from the toe. To eliminate this imbalance, inflow control devices (ICDs) are placed in each screen joint (sandstone formations) or debris barrier (carbonate formations) to balance the production influx profile across the entire lateral length and compensate for permeability variation. This creates equal production through each joint of screen to maximize recovery and rate. Pressure drop is created through restriction or friction mechanisms. Restriction uses small holes or orifices to restrict flow. Friction utilizes surface friction of a long channel to create the required pressure drop. ICDs to effectively balance production inflow depend upon their ability to resist erosion. Because these ICDs are permanent downhole components, their long-term reliability is imperative. Factors that determine erosion potential of ICD designs are fluid velocity, fluid particle concentration and design geometry. Calculations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can be used to predict values for several factors independently, but not as a complete system. A full-scale erosion test is the most accurate way to demonstrate how the interaction of erosion factors affects the long-term reliability of downhole components. This paper will detail the methodology behind ICD design, the use of CFD analysis in determining erosion potential, as well as the analysis of full-scale ICD erosion testing conducted at an independent testing laboratory.
Associations between Indicators of Nitrosative Stress and Levels of soluble HLA-I, CD95 Molecules in Patients with COPD (2014)

At the present stage of study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) one of the problem is the definition of new criteria for the topical and systemic chronic inflammation of this disease. The aim of the research was to study the concentration of nitric oxide metabolites, the level of soluble human leukocyte antigens class I (sHLA-I) and of soluble CD95 molecules (sCD95) in the serum of blood and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in patients with exacerbation of COPD. We investigated 49 moderate-to-severe COPD patients with exacerbation, and 21 healthy nonsmokers. The concentration of sHLA-I and sCD95 molecules was studied in serum and in EBC using the ELISA method. The nitrosative stress was evaluated by the measurement of NO2(-) levels in the serum and the concentration of ΣNO2(2)/NO3(2) in the EBC. Exacerbation of COPD is associated with increasing concentrations of NO2(2) in the serum and of the levels of ΣNO2(2)/NO3(2) in the EBC, together with the changing concentration of sHLA-I and sCD95 molecules in the both biological liquid. An association was discovered between the exacerbation of COPD and the indicators of nitrosative stress, the parameters of lung function and the concentration of sHLA-I, sCD95 molecules. The findings suggest a pathogenetic role of nitrosative stress and of soluble molecules of HLA-I and CD95 in the progression of COPD. The studied markers can be used as predictors of unfavourable prognoses of COPD and as quantitative criteria in the diagnosis of exacerbation of moderate-to-severe COPD.
In-process control of surface roughness with tool wear via ultrasonic sensing (2005)

This paper presents in-process monitoring and control of surface roughness during machining processes via ultrasonic sensing. A newly developed system is utilized to measure the reflected intensity of ultrasonic beams from the surface and in-process measurement capability is evaluated under machine vibration and tool wear. The experimental results show that the system is able to detect the changes in surface roughness caused by tool wear and can possibly be used to monitor tool wear. Finally, in-process control of surface roughness using the ultrasonic system is demonstrated by adapting the system to a CNC machining center and performing geometric control. The results show it is possible to maintain surface roughness within 10% of the target value for tool wear up to 0.3 mm.
Tumor antigen specific T cell expansion is greatly facilitated by in vivo priming. (2006)

5566 Adoptive T cell immunotherapy has the potential to induce a clinical response in patients with established cancers and infectious diseases. Polyclonal antigen specific CD4 T cell therapy holds promise as a treatment modality as CD4 T cells are critical in eliciting and maintaining both CD8 and B cell immunity. Expansion of antigen specific CD4 T cells, however, has been limited by a lack of ex vivo priming and expansion techniques. We evaluated the feasibility of expanding tumor-specific T cells ex vivo following in vivo priming with HER-2/neu (HER2) peptides. First, using a well characterized CMV model, we expanded CMV specific T cells from 10 healthy donors who have been previously infected with CMV (CMV+). PBMC from 5 CMV seronegative donors (CMV−) were used as controls. During expansion, PBMC were stimulated with CMV lysate on Day 0 and then expanded with Xcyte CD3/CD28 beads on Day 12. IL-2 was added into culture every 2 to 3 days after the bead stimulation for a period of 12 days. At the end of expansion, the total number of T cells increased 22-fold in CMV+ subjects as compared with 11-fold in CMV− donors. Although there was no difference in the phenotype of expanded cells, the frequencies of CMV-specific T cells generated from CMV+ donors were more than 11-fold higher than those from CMV− donors (p=0.00037). Moreover, the expanded CMV specific T cells responded at 103 to 104 lower concentrations of CMV lysate in CMV+ donors than that in CMV− donors. These results demonstrate that highly functional anti-CMV T cells can be expanded following endogenous priming by virus. Using the same expansion procedure, we stimulated PBMC from 11 patients who had been vaccinated with a HER2 peptide vaccine with 3 neu helper peptides. The cells from 7 breast cancer patients without previous vaccination were used as controls. At the end of expansion, the total number of T cells increased 21-fold in primed patients as compared with 7-fold in naive patients. Although the phenotype of the expanded cells was similar, the frequencies of neu-specific CD4 cells generated from primed patients were more than 17-fold higher than those from naive patients (p=0.01). The expanded anti-tumor T cells from vaccinated patients responded to a 102 –103 times lower concentration of peptides than naive samples, similar to the CMV+ donors. Expansion of HER2 specific CD8 cells was also observed in primed patients. Moreover, the growth of HER2 specific T cells over the expansion period correlated with the maximal T cell response to HER2 peptides during active immunization (p=0.008). Thus, anti-tumor specific T cells can be largely expanded ex vivo following previous priming in vivo with a vaccine. This approach provides an effective method to generate tumor specific polyclonal T cells ex vivo for therapeutic use.
Distribution of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. (1989)

The distribution of mRNA coding for the D2 dopamine receptor was studied in the rat brain by in situ hybridization. A cDNA probe corresponding to the putative third cytosolic loop and sixth and seventh transmembrane domains of the rat D2 receptor was used to generate an 35S-labeled riboprobe to hybridize to D2 receptor mRNA. D2 mRNA was found both in dopamine projection fields and in regions associated with dopamine-containing cell bodies, suggesting both postsynaptic and presynaptic autoreceptor localization. Highest concentrations of D2 mRNA were found in neostriatum, olfactory tubercle, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and the nucleus accumbens. This distribution is consistent with those reported with D2 receptor autoradiography.
Endogenous cytokinin and auxin profiles during in vitro organogenesis from vegetative buds of Pinus radiata adult trees (2012)

In Pinus radiata D. Don, the transition from the juvenile to the mature phase is characterized by a reduction in the tree's organogenic potential, which is usually reverted in breeding programs by reinvigoration procedures to enable vegetative propagation. In this work, we have determined the best culture conditions for in vitro reinvigoration of radiata pine buds, tested different cytokinin (CK) types [N⁶-benzyladenine (BA), meta-topolin (mT) and trans-zeatin] and concentrations (25 and 50 µM), and studied the effect of culture conditions on endogenous CK and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels at different stages of the organogenic process. To this end, the levels of 43 CKs and IAA were determined in P. radiata buds before and during the reinvigoration process. When BA or mT was applied to the induction medium, we did not observe any significant increase or decrease in endogenous isoprenoid CK content. We also report for the first time the presence of O-glucosides in non-treated P. radiata explants from the field and remark the importance of O-glucosides as storage forms.
Biphasic (Janus), Core–Shell and Functionalized Magnetic Polymer Particles: A Route of Synthesis to Application (2016)

A brief report on simple way of magnetic particle (MP) development and their use as efficient solid support for the extraction of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) is presented here. Magnetic polystyrene (PSt) particles varying the amount of divinylbenzene (DVB) have been prepared first by seeded polymerization in the presence of oil-in-water (o/w) magnetic emulsion. Thereafter, DVB cross-linked core-shell magnetic polystyrene particles were turned into poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), P(NIPAAm) based thermally responsive magnetic particles using three different kinds of functional monomer including aminoethylmethacrylate (AEM), vinylphenylboronic acid (VPBA), acrylic acid (AA). Moreover, aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) was grafted onto thermally responsive MP/PNIPAAm/AA responsive magnetic particles. The hydrodynamic diameter changes by tuning environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, glucose, etc., inferring smart property of magnetic polymer particle. Further investigation for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) adsorption and release study revealed that amine or boronic acid group containing magnetic polymer particles are more promising. Particularly, RNA adsorption is strongly occurred than that of DNA onto boronic acid magnetic polymer particles due to the opportunity of boronate ester formation with cis-diol of RNA. This report will provide an interesting idea on the preparation of magnetic polymer particles with different morphology and their use in nucleic acid separation.
Heat Shock Proteins as Chaperones of Unique and Shared Antigenic Epitopes of Human Cancers (2020)

Immunization of mice and rats with heat shock protein (hsp) peptide complexes generated in vivo has been shown to elicit specific tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against tumors from which the hsp-peptide complexes were isolated but to antigenically distinct tumors. Hsp-peptide complexes offer unique and unprecedented advantages over other types of vaccines against cancers, infectious and transforming viruses, intracellular bacteria, and protozoa: Knowledge of the antigenic epitopes which elicit immunity is a prerequisite for all forms of vaccination. Hsp-peptide based vaccination circumvents this necessity, as hsps are naturally complexed with the repertoire of peptides generated in a cell. Tumor antigens of an experimental cancers have been historically considered to be antigenically distinct. One of the advantages of hsp-peptide complexes for vaccination against human cancers lies in the possibility that human cancers, like their murine counterparts, are antigenically diverse and individually distinct.
In Situ Modification of a Delafossite-Type PdCoO2 Bulk Single Crystal for Reversible Hydrogen Sorption and Fast Hydrogen Evolution (2019)

The observation of extraordinarily high conductivity in delafossite-type PdCoO<sub>2</sub> is of great current interest, and there is some evidence that electrons behave like a fluid when flowing in bulk crystals of PdCoO<sub>2</sub>. Thus, this material is an ideal platform for the study of the electron transfer processes in heterogeneous reactions. Here, we report the use of bulk single-crystal PdCoO<sub>2</sub> as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). An overpotential of only 31 mV results in a current density of 10 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>, accompanied by high long-term stability. We have precisely determined that the crystal surface structure is modified after electrochemical activation with the formation of strained Pd nanoclusters in the surface layer. These nanoclusters exhibit reversible hydrogen sorption and desorption, creating more active sites for hydrogen access. The bulk PdCoO<sub>2</sub> single crystal with ultrahigh conductivity, which acts as a natural substrate for the Pd nanoclusters, provides a high-speed channel for electron transfer.