gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Perflubron Emulsion Particle Size on Blood Half-Life and Febrile Response in Rats (1994)

Perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsions are particulate in nature and, as such, can cause delayed febrile reactions when injected intravenously. This study investigated the influence of emulsion particle size on intravascular retention and on body temperature changes in unrestrained conscious rats. Concentrated (60% to 90% w/v) emulsions based on perflubron (perfluorooctyl bromide [PFOB]) with mean particle sizes ranging from 0.05 microns to 0.63 microns were tested. Rats were fitted with a chronic jugular catheter and an abdominal body temperature telemetry unit. Fully recovered, conscious rats were monitored for 24 hours after infusion (dose = 2.7 g PFC/kg). Emulsion blood half-life (T1/2) was determined from blood perflubron levels measured by gas chromatography. Emulsions with a particle size of 0.2-0.3 microns caused fevers (6 to 8 hour duration) which peaked at 1-1.5 degrees C above normal (approximately 37.5 degrees C). Fevers could be blocked by i.v. treatment with either cyclooxygenase inhibitors (ibuprofen) or corticosteroids (dexamethasone). Both intensity and duration of the temperature response, quantified by area under the temperature curve, was decreased significantly for emulsions with a particle size < or = 0.12 micron. Blood T1/2 varied inversely with particle size, and was 3 to 4 fold longer for emulsions with a mean particle size < or = 0.2 micron. Thus, smaller emulsion particles more effectively evaded the reticuloendothelial system, which resulted in longer intravascular retention, less macrophage activity, and reduced febrile responses.
Development of the Basis for an Analytical Protocol for Feeds and Products of Bio-oil Hydrotreatment (2012)

Methods for easily following the main changes in the composition, stability, and acidity of bio-oil as a result of hydrotreatment are presented in this paper. The methods provide the basis for the development of an analytical protocol, which can be used for bio-oil, as well as the hydrotreated products from bio-oil. The correlation to more conventional methods is provided; however, the use of these methods for the upgrading products is different than previously recognized. The differences in the properties of bio-oil and the hydrotreated products will also create challenges for the analytical protocol. Polar pyrolysis liquids and their hydrotreated products can be divided into five main groups with solvent fractionation, and the change in the proportions of the groups as a result of handling or processing is easy to follow. Over the past 10 years, this method has been successfully used for comparison of fast pyrolysis bio-oil quality and the changes during handling and storage and provides the basis of the analytical protocol presented in this paper. This paper describes the use of the method for characterization of bio-oil hydrotreatment products. A discussion of the use of gas chromatographic and spectroscopic methods is also included. In addition, fuel oil analyses suitable for fast pyrolysis bio-oils and hydrotreatment products are discussed.
Evidence for Nucleation-Growth, Redistribution, and Dissolution Mechanisms during the Course of Redox Cycling Experiments on the C60/NBu4C60 Solid-State Redox System:  Voltammetric, SEM, and in Situ AFM Studies (1999)

The electrochemical reduction of solid C60 abrasively attached in the form of microcrystals to graphite and glassy carbon electrode surfaces and then immersed in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M NBu4PF6 or NBu4ClO4 as the electrolyte has been studied. Voltammetric responses observed after the initial stages of redox cycling experiments, when redistribution processes occur, are consistent with those observed previously for so-called “film” deposits. The characteristic “steady-state” shape of the solid-state voltammetric response with a large potential gap between reduction and reoxidation responses is shown by chronoamperometric experiments to be associated with the presence of a nucleation and growth-type mechanism. The initial three reduction processes of C60 attached to the electrode surface, which lead to the chemically reversible formation of only slightly soluble C60- and C602- and finally to the loss of the soluble C603- have been followed by ex situ SEM and in situ AFM experiments. The extent of the electrochemical conversion is shown to depend strongly on the crystal size, with larger crystals being affected only at the solid−liquid interfacial region. Evidence for stochastic processes further supports the proposed nucleation and growth-type mechanism. Crystal redistribution processes also are identified by the AFM measurements.
Type inference of SELF: Analysis of objects with dynamic and multiple inheritance (1995)

Abstract We have designed and implemented a type inference algorithm for the S ELF language. The algorithm can guarantee the safety and disambiguity of message sends, and provide useful information for browsers and optimizing compilers. S ELF features objects with dynamic inheritance. This construct has until now been considered incompatible with type inference because it allows the inheritance graph to change dynamically. Our algorithm handles this by deriving and solving type constraints that simultaneously define supersets of both the possible values of expressions and of the possible inheritance graphs. The apparent circularity is resolved by computing a global fixed‐point, in polynomial time. The algorithm has been implemented and can successfully handle the S ELF benchmark programs, which exist in the ‘standard S ELF world’ of more than 40,000 lines of code.
A novel glioma expressed antigen immunogenic in glioblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma (2000)

Glioma constitutes the most frequent brain tumor in man with glioblastoma as the most prevalent and malignant type. Despite surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, patients with glioblastoma have only a median survival time of less than one year. Although numerous chromosomal deviations have been described in glioblastoma, only few genes have been associated with these changes. It is especially necessary to identify genes involved in early glioma development and in progression to glioblastoma. Here, we describe the identification of a novel glioma expressed antigen both in the benign form of pilocytic astrocytoma and the malignant glioblastoma. We established two lambda zap expression libraries from a glioblastoma WHO grade IV and from a pilocytic astrocytoma WHO grade I and screened the libraries with the corresponding autologous patient sera. Both screenings revealed several serum positive clones, but interestingly only one clone termed glioma expressed antigen 1 (GLEA1) was found immunoreactive in the glioblastoma serum and the pilocytic astrocytoma serum. None of the control sera including sera from patients with lung carcinoma, meningioma or control persons showed an immune response to GLEA 1. GLEA appears to be a glioma specific immunogenic antigen which lends itself as a potential diagnostic marker.
Preparation of PbTiO3 thin films by plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1994)

Thin films of PbTiO3 have been prepared on glass substrate by plasma-enhanced metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Lead dipivaloylmethane, and titanium tetraisopropoxide were used as the source materials. High crystalline and tetragonal a-axis oriented PbTiO3 film was obtained at rf power of 200 W and substrate temperature of 570 °C. The deposition rate of the film was as high as 0.18 μm/min. The film had a smooth surface and a columnar structure. The average columnar diameter was about 80 nm. Dielectric constant and tan δ of the deposited film was 250 and 0.04, respectively. The influence of deposition conditions on deposition rate and film properties has been investigated.
Clinical validation of EndoPredict in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) primary breast cancer. (2021)

537 Background: The EndoPredict 12-gene prognostic assay is validated to predict distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS) and response to chemotherapy in post-menopausal women with ER+, HER2- breast cancer. This study evaluated the performance of EndoPredict in pre-menopausal women. Methods: Stored tumor samples from women with ER+, HER2- primary breast cancer who were pre-menopausal at the time of diagnosis and were systemically treated with endocrine therapy alone were obtained from two sites (University of Nottingham and University of Cyprus). These samples were tested with EndoPredict to produce a 12-gene molecular score (EP). Pathologic tumor size and nodal status were algorithmically combined with the EP score to produce the clinicomolecular EPclin score. Cases with tumors &gt; pT3, which were treated with chemotherapy, or for whom the EPclin score was missing or invalid were excluded. Associations of EP and EPclin with 10-year DRFS were evaluated in terms of hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox proportional hazards models stratified by cohort. 10-year DRFS was estimated for EPclin high-risk and low-risk women by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: Out of 411 eligible cases, 385 had a valid EPclin score and were included in the analysis. Mean age at breast cancer diagnosis was 46.5 years (standard deviation 4.7). Most women (N = 239, 62.6%) had grade II tumors and 16.1% (N = 62) had node-positive disease. Over the observation period (median 9.7 years, interquartile range 6.6-13.9 years), 35 women had a distant recurrence within 10 years. Both the molecular EP score and the molecular-clinicopathologic EPclin score were associated with increased risk of distant recurrence [HR 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.5; p &lt; 0.001 and HR 3.6, 95% CI 2.3-5.7; p &lt; 0.001, respectively]. Of these patients, 249 (64.7%) were categorized as low risk by EPclin score while the remaining 136 (35.3%) were categorized as high risk. Compared to EPclin low-risk women, EPclin high-risk patients were more likely to experience distant recurrence (HR 4.6, 95% CI 1.4-15.2; p = 0.004). At 10 years post-diagnosis, EPclin low-risk women who received endocrine therapy alone had a DRFS of 97% (95% CI 93-99%). Conversely, EPclin high-risk women had a DRFS of only 76% (95% CI 67-82%). Conclusions: The EPclin score is highly associated with DRFS in pre-menopausal women who received adjuvant endocrine therapy alone. Based on these data, pre-menopausal women with EPclin low-risk breast cancer may safely forgo adjuvant chemotherapy in addition to endocrine therapy.
Compact Thermal Resistor-Capacitor-Network Approach to Predicting Transient Junction Temperatures of a Power Amplifier Module (2012)

Junction temperature is an important issue for a semiconductor package, influencing the package's thermal, mechanical, and reliability performance. An accurate prediction of junction temperature provides informative guidance in design, development and operation of the package. A compact thermal resistor-capacitor (RC) network approach is presented in this paper to accurately predict transient junction temperatures. The thermal RC network in this approach is a nongrounded Foster network. This approach consists of extraction of the thermal Foster network and prediction of the transient junction temperature response to a given power input using the extracted network. The network extraction part is based on Kirchhoff's current law and Laplace transformation technique, and uses the Foster network to facilitate changes of the RC network structure. The temperature prediction part is a direct substitution-and-calculation process, and therefore is fast to carry out. Since Laplace transforms are directly or indirectly available for most power inputs, their transient temperatures may be predicted by the proposed approach. Superposition is employed in cases where the Laplace transform of a given power input is not directly found in Laplace tables, or where the junction temperature is affected by multiple heat sources. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a power amplifier (PA) module; predicted junction temperatures are accurate in both single and multiple heat source cases.
Insertion mutant of bacteriophage f1 sensitive to EcoRI. (1979)

The nucleotide sequence A-A-T-T was inserted into the intergenic region of the f1 genome at a site cleaved by Hae III (cleavage sequence (G-G-C-C). The resultant viable phage mutant (R199) contains a single site sensitive to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI (cleavage sequence G-A-A-T-T-C). This phage is sensitive to EcoRI restriction and modification in vivo and in vitro. Its potential for use as a cloning vector has been tested by construction in vitro of an f1/pBR322 chimeric phage. The four bases inserted into wild-type f1 to generate the R199 mutant came from a small restriction fragment obtained by digesting plasmid pBR322 with EcoRI and HindIII. The use of this linker prepared from a biological substrate is an example of a technique for constructing restriction enzyme sites in vitro. It is presented as an alternative to the use of synthetic linkers and should be generally applicable.
방송통신 융합서비스를 위한 콘텐츠 적응 기술 (2005)

방송과 통신이 융합하는 새로운 환경의 도래에 따라 사용자에게 불편함이 없이 언제 어디서나 멀티미디어 콘텐츠를 접근(universal multimedia access)하게 할 수 있는 기술적 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 기술들 중에서 가장 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 콘텐츠 적응(content adaptation)에 대해 논한다. 특히 현재의 MPEG-21 표준에서의 콘텐츠 적응에 대한 동향을 살펴보고, 콘텐츠 적응에 속하는 중요 기술들 중에 비디오 트랜스코딩(video transcoding)과 모달리티 변환(modality conversion)에 대한 일반적인 사항과 우리의 연구결과들을 전개하고자 한다. 비디오 트랜스코딩 관점에서는 최적의 트랜스코딩 연산 조합을 찾는 문제에 있어서 비트율-왜곡(rate-distortion) 모델(model)에 기초한 방법과 의미적 개념(semantic concept)이 판단에 미치는 영향에 대해 논한다. 모달리티 변환 관점에서는 최적의 모달리티 변환 경계를 찾기 위한 중첩 콘텐츠 값(overlapped content value, OCV) 모델을 논하고 실질적인 모델링 예제를 통해 OCV 모델의 효율성을 보인다.
Diyl Trapping Reactions To Synthesize Taxol Analogs (1997)

A new and efficient entry to the ABC-ring system common to taxol and related materials has been developed. Highlights include the use of a regioselective intramolecular diyl trapping reaction to synthesize tricyclic alkene 5, the creation and oxidative cleavage of the tetrasubstituted olefin found in ketal 20a,b to afford a highly functionalized eight-membered ring (21a), and cyclization of 22, thereby providing the tricyclic core.
Investigation of Physical Cleaning Process Window by Atomic Force Microscope (2009)

The pattern damage-free process window of physical cleaning was investigated by measuring the pattern collapse and particle removal forces using atomic force microscope with a quantitative lateral force calibration method. The pattern collapse forces of amorphous Si (a-Si) with 20 nm in width and 100 nm in height and TiN/black diamond (BD) II/SiCN-SiCO with 80 nm width and 210 nm height on SiO2/Si-substrates were measured. The particle removal forces of silica and PSL with 100, 300, and 500 nm diameters were measured on ozone last Si surface. The damage free cleaning process windows certainly were measured to be 600 and 3000 nN for a-Si and BDII, respectively.
Effect of α1-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Exposure on Prostate Cancer Incidence: An Observational Cohort Study (2007)

These data suggest that exposure to quinazoline based alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists significantly decreases the incidence of prostate cancer. This evidence suggests that the apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of these drugs may prevent the development of prostate cancer.
Fluorescence probe studies during the curing of epoxy systems (2007)

The curing of bisphenol-A-diglycidylether with diaminodiphenylmethane has been investigated by monitoring the fluorescence decay of relaxing stilbazolium dyes. Because these compounds show a very strong viscosity-dependent fluorescence, it is possible to obtain information about the rotational mobility of the probe within the curing system investigated. The conversion degree of epoxy groups was determined by Raman spectroscopy. Further, the time of gelation was measured by a cycloviscograph (torque measurement). Results obtained by Raman spectroscopy and torque measurements are compared with data obtained by time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The fluorescence lifetimes measured during the curing process increase very fast near the gelation point. Investigations of the uncured system lead to the conclusion that two kinds of diffusion can be studied by using such probes: Stokes diffusion and diffusion into free volume.
Photon-counting CT: Review of initial clinical results (2023)

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is a new technology that enables higher spatial resolution compared to conventional CT techniques, energy resolved imaging and spectral post-processing. This leads to improved contrast-to-noise ratio, artifact and potential dose reduction as well as elimination of electronic noise. Since the introduction of clinical PCCT in 2021, a shift has been observed from solely pre-clinical studies to clinical research (i.e. use of PCCT imaging in humans). This review article is focused on the initial clinical results of PCCT by explaining the current PCCT systems, the applications themselves and, the challenges of PCCT.
New control scheme in the local system stabilizing controller (1999)

A new control scheme for the local system stabilizing controller (SSC), an adaptive relay system to prevent blackout and maintain frequency of split subsystems with generator shedding and/or load shedding, is described. The most distinctive feature of the scheme is its multiple shedding steps; i.e., primary step and additional steps. This reduces the total amount of control and minimizes control error which may be caused by unmeasured factors such as load dropout by undervoltage relays. In the primary step, shortage control is implemented which is not enough to make the frequency deviation zero, but sufficient to suppress the frequency maximum predicted in real time analysis of dynamic characteristics. In the additional steps, multiple adjustment controls are implemented to revise the frequency deviation of the primary step. The true frequency value is estimated with plural values of measured frequency to deal with load dropout or recovery. The scheme was tested in a power system simulator. Test results showed the amount of shedding was cut 14.9% compared to a conventional scheme.
Review of optical methods for fetal monitoring in utero (2022)

The current technology for monitoring fetal wellbeing during child birth is cardiotocography. However, CTG has high false positive rates that lead to unnecessary emergency Cesarean deliveries and false negatives that result in birth injuries. To curtail these issues, fetal pulse oximetery has been a topic of interest for many decades. Fetal pulse oximetry would yield the oxygen saturation of the fetus in utero and provide a more robust marker for clinicians to make decisions about performing emergency Cesarean deliveries. Here, we present a review of biomedical optical developments related to transabdominal fetal pulse oximetery in the biophotonics field and the challenges that must be overcome to make transabdominal pulse oximetry a clinical reality.
Transmission of HCV to a chimpanzee using virus particles produced in an RNA‐transfected HepG2 cell culture (2001)

It was demonstrated previously that HepG2 cells produce negative strand RNA and virus-like particles after transfection with RNA transcribed from a full-length hepatitis C virus (HCV) cDNA clone [Dash et al. (1997) American Journal of Pathology, 151:363-373]. To determine in vivo infectivity of these in vitro synthesized viral particles, a chimpanzee was inoculated intravenously with HCV derived from HepG2 cells. The infected chimpanzee was examined serially for elevation of liver enzymes, for the presence of HCV RNA in the serum by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), anti-HCV antibodies in the serum, and inflammation in the liver. The chimpanzee developed elevated levels of liver enzymes after the second week, but the levels fluctuated over a 10-week period. HCV RNA was detected in the serum of the chimpanzee at the second, seventh and ninth weeks after inoculation, and remained positive up to 25 weeks. Liver biopsies at Weeks 18 and 19 revealed of mild inflammation. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HCV recovered from the infected chimpanzee at the second and ninth weeks showed 100% sequence homology with the clone used for transfection studies. Serum anti-HCV antibodies were not detected by EIA during the 25 weeks follow-up period. These results suggest that intravenous administration of the virus-like particles derived from RNA-transfected HepG2 cells are infectious, and therefore, the pMO9.6-T7 clone is an infectious clone. These results provide new information that in vitro synthesized HCV particles produced from full-length HCV clone can cause infection in a chimpanzee. This study will facilitate the use of innovative approaches to the study of assembly of HCV particles and mechanisms of virus infectivity in cell culture.
Chapter 21. Multiphysics Modeling of Nonlinear Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Plates (2015)

The most prevalent form of ionic polymer metal composites used for actuation applications is that of thin strips or membrane/plate structures where the through-thickness dimension is much smaller than the other two. In this chapter, we exploit a multiphysics theoretical framework for developing the modeling infrastructure that can account for the nonlinear large deflection deformation of such structures under the influence of mechanical, electrical, thermal and multicomponent mass transport fields. The derived system of partial differential equations generalizes the well-known von Karman equations of large deflection plates originally developed for deflection under mechanical loads. We demonstrate the numerical solution of the system by using the finite element method for the case of a rectangular plate. In addition, we employ an inverse method for determining the analytical solution of the system of equations provided experimental data of the behavior of the plate are available. Finally, we apply the method to a square plate and demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
Preferentially oriented, High temperature superconductors by seeding and a method for their preparation (2023)

A multi-domained bulk REBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x with low-angle domain boundaries which resembles a quasi-single domained material and a method for producing the same comprising arranging multiple seeds, which can be small single crystals, single domained melt-textured REBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x pieces, textured substrates comprised of grains with low misorientation angles, or thick film REBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x deposited on such textured substrate, such seeds being tailored for various REBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x compounds, in specific pattern and relative seed orientations on a superconductor precursor material which may be placed in contact with a porous substrate so as to reduce the amount of liquid phase in the melt. Because seeds can be arranged in virtually any pattern, high quality REBa.sub.2 Cu.sub.3 O.sub.x elements of virtually unlimited size and complex geometry can be fabricated.