gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Escaping death: single-patterning contact printing for <inline-formula><math display="inline" overflow="scroll"><mrow><mn mathvariant="bold">32</mn><mo mathvariant="bold">/</mo><mn mathvariant="bold">28</mn></mrow></math></inline-formula>-nm logic technology nodes (2012)

As 193-nm immersion lithography is extended indefinitely to sustain technology roadmaps, there is increasing pressure to contain escalating lithography costs by identifying patterning solutions that can minimize the use of multiple-pass processes. Contact patterning for the 32/28-nm technology nodes has been greatly facilitated by the just-in-time introduction of new process enablers that allow the support of flexible foundry-oriented ground rules alongside high-performance technology, without inhibiting migration to a single-pass patterning process. The incorporation of device-based performance metrics, along with rigorous patterning and structural variability studies, was critical in the evaluation of material innovation for improved resolution and CD shrink. Additionally, novel design changes for single patterning incorporating mask optimization efforts, along with new capability in data preparation, were assessed to allow for minimal impact of implementation of a single patterning contact process late in the 32-nm and 28-nm development cycles. In summary, this paper provides a comprehensive study of what it takes to turn a contact-level double-patterning process into a single-patterning process consisting of design and data manipulation, as well as wafer manufacturing aspects, together with many results.
Effects of side reservoirs on the electromigration lifetime of copper interconnects (2011)

A new side reservoir test structure is shown to have improved electromigration reliability over conventional end-of-line reservoir structures. This is believed to be due to the ability of the side reservoir to “trap” migrating pre-existing voids before they reach the cathode end. The ability of the side reservoir to `trap' pre-existing voids is believed to be associated with local differences in back-stresses and with the differing adhesion strength of Cu atoms with the Ta/Cu and SiN-SiCN/Cu interfaces.
Fundamentals of soft thermofluidic system design (2020)

The soft composition of many natural thermofluidic systems allows them to effectively move heat and control its transfer rate by dynamically changing shape (e.g. dilation or constriction of capillaries near our skin). So far, making analogous deformable "soft thermofluidic systems" has been limited by the low thermal conductivity of materials with suitable mechanical properties. By remaining soft and stretchable despite the addition of filler, elastomer composites with thermal conductivity enhanced by liquid-metal micro-droplets provide an ideal material for this application. In this work, we use these materials to develop an elementary thermofluidic system consisting of a soft, heat generating pipe that is internally cooled with flow of water and explore its thermal behavior as it undergoes large shape change. The transient device shape change invalidates many conventional assumptions employed in thermal design making analysis of this devices' operation a non-trivial undertaking. To this end, using time scale analysis we demonstrate when the conventional assumptions break down and highlight conditions under which the quasi-static assumption is applicable. In this gradual shape modulation regime the actuated devices' thermal behavior at a given stretch approaches that of a static device with equivalent geometry. We validate this time scale analysis by experimentally characterizing thermo-fluidic behavior of our soft system as it undergoes axial periodic extension-retraction at varying frequencies during operation. By doing so we explore multiple shape modulation regimes and provide a theoretical foundation to be used in the design of soft thermofluidic systems undergoing transient deformation.
IMPROVEMENT IN EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING AND RELATIONSHIPS OF USERS OF SILDENAFIL (2001)

Sildenafil users reported significant improvements in erectile and sexual function that were associated with positive changes in emotional well-being and the sexual partner relationships with their sexual partner.
Iron point defect reduction in multicrystalline silicon solar cells (2008)

In this work, we propose and demonstrate an annealing procedure designed to improve the performance of iron-contaminated silicon solar cells. Specifically, we put forward the idea that cells contaminated with iron should be annealed at appropriate times and temperatures to allow for the transformation from supersaturated point defects to distributed iron silicide precipitates. We examine the optimal transformation rate for string ribbon multicrystalline silicon and demonstrate that a 30min annealing can improve the efficiency of cells manufactured from low-purity feedstock.
Tunable all-polarization-maintaining single-cavity dual-color/dual-comb from an Yb:fiber laser (2019)

We demonstrate the generation of a tunable single-cavity dual-comb out of an all-polarization-maintaining ytterbium fiber laser via spectral subdivision. The feasibility of spectroscopy measurements is demonstrated by measuring the transmission of a 5-mm thick etalon.
Spectroscopic diagnostic for the ring-size of carbohydrates in the gas phase: furanose and pyranose forms of GalNAc (2019)

Hexoses are mainly found in nature in the pyranose form (6-membered ring). Yet, furanose forms (5-membered ring) are observed in some rare polysaccharides. Using IRMPD spectroscopy (InfraRed Multiple Photon Dissociation), we propose a straightforward diagnostic of the ring-size of N-acetyl galactosamine ions. The furanose form of N-acetyl galactosamine was synthesized and its protonated ion was isolated in an ion trap to measure its gas phase vibrational spectrum by IRMPD. Comparison with the IRMPD spectrum of its pyranose counterpart reveals that they have distinctive optical fingerprints. This new MS-based diagnostic opens the way to facile identification of the ring-size in oligosaccharides. Our experimental data also provide new insights to support the theoretical description of the conformational behavior of the furanose ring, which is notoriously more flexible than the pyranose form but remains difficult to assess.
Effects of Cu-In precursor film phase structure on CuInSe_2 film properties (2004)

The effect of sputtering power on the phase structures of Cu-In precursors and the properties of CuInSe_2 (CIS) films were investigated. Cu-In precursors prepared using a middle frequency AC magnetron at different sputtering powers. CuInSe_2 films were formed by selenization in a selenium atmosphere. SEM and EDX were used to observe the surface morphologies and to determine the atomic concentrations in both the Cu-In precursors and the CIS films. Their microstructures were characterized by XRD. The kinetics of the reactions in the film were also analyzed. The results show that the Cu-In precursors are mainly composed of a Cu_11In_9 phase with or without a CuIn phase depending on the sputtering power. Stoichiometric CIS films with a single chalcopyrite phase were synthesized from Cu-In precursors containing the Cu_11In_9 phase and the CuIn phase. The Cu_2Se phase occurs in addition to the CIS chalcopyrite phase in Cu-rich CIS films formed using a Cu-In precursor with the Cu_11In_9 phase. The Cu-In precursor with Cu_11In_9 and CuIn phases is favorable for CuInSe_2 absorbers in solar cells.
Author Correction: Transdermal delivery of nobiletin using ionic liquids (2020)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Abstract 3088: Farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase dual inhibitor thwarts mutant KRas-driven patient-derived pancreatic tumors (2019)

Although mutant KRas is a significant driver of pancreatic oncogenesis and resistance to therapy, there are no KRas inhibitors available for these patients. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed as potential anticancer drugs because KRas requires farnesylation for its membrane localization and cancer-causing activity. However, KRas becomes geranylgeranylated and active when cancer cells are treated with FTIs. In this study, we designed a Ras C-terminal mimetic dual Farnesyl/geranylgeranyltransferase-1 (GGT-1) inhibitor, FGTI-2734, to overcome the geranylgeranylation-dependent resistance to FTIs. Immunofluorescence, cellular fractionation, and gel shift assays showed that FGTI-2734, but not the selective FTI-2148 and GGTI-2418, inhibited membrane localization of KRas in mt KRas pancreatic, lung, and colon human cancer cells. FGTI-2734 inhibited the growth in mice of mt KRas-dependent but not -independent human tumors, indicating its selectivity for mt KRas-driven cancers. Importantly, FGTI-2734 inhibited the in vivo growth of xenografts derived from four pancreatic cancer patients with mt KRas (two G12D, and two G12V) tumors. In addition, FGTI-2734 was highly effective at inhibiting, in three-dimensional co-cultures with chemotherapy resistance-promoting pancreatic stellate cells, the viability of primary and metastatic mutant KRas (G12D, G13D, and G12V) tumor cells derived from 8 pancreatic cancer patients. Finally, FGTI-2734 suppressed oncogenic pathways mediated by Akt, mTOR, and cMyc while upregulating p53 and inducing apoptosis in patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Thus, the development of this novel dual FT and GGT-1 inhibitor overcomes a major hurdle in KRas resistance, thwarting the growth of patient-derived mutant KRas-driven xenografts from pancreatic cancer patients, and as such it warrants further advanced preclinical and clinical studies.Citation Format: Aslamuzzaman Kazi, Shengyan Xiang, Hua Yang, Liwei Chen, Perry Kennedy, Muhammad Ayaz, Steven Fletcher, Christopher Cummings, Harshani Lawrence, Francisca Beato, Ya'an Yang, Michael P. Kim, Andrea Delitto, Patrick Underwood, Jason B. Fleming, Jose Trevino, Andrew D. Hamilton, Said M. Sebti. Farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase dual inhibitor thwarts mutant KRas-driven patient-derived pancreatic tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3088.
Optical Investigation of Disclination Lines in Multidomain Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Created by Microrubbing (2005)

ABSTRACT A microrubbing (μ-rubbing) process was utilized to create a four-domain twisted nematic cell with improved viewing angle characteristics in comparison to a single domain twisted nematic display. A metallic sphere of 1 mm in diameter was used to μ-rub homeotropic polyimide, resulting in planar alignment with a 10° pretilt. With our set of initial conditions, a 10° pretilt cannot stabilize the four-domain structure in zero field; however, the four-domain structure is stable for voltages above 1 V. Here we optically study the formation of disclination lines and the stability of the four-domain configuration with respect to the applied voltage. The director orientation of the four-domain cell is simulated using the 2dimMOS simulation software and the optical transmission using extended Jones matrix method. Iso-contrast plots of the four-domain structure are compared with the single domain structure.
Efficacy of a topical agent SS-cream in the treatment of premature ejaculation: preliminary clinical studies (1997)

SS-cream is a topical agent for treating premature ejaculation (PE) which is made with extracts from 9 natural products. We evaluated the efficacy of SS-cream in the treatment of PE. An open pilot study was performed in 186 patients with PE. The mean ejaculatory latency from intromission to ejaculation was 1.5 minutes. Sixty-four of the 186 patients (34.4%) were combined with mild erectile dysfunction in whom penile rigidity was not sufficient to be satisfied in sexual activity. Patients were instructed to apply 0.1 gm. of SS-cream on the glans penis 1 hour before sexual contact and to wash out the cream before sexual intromission. Patients were asked to complete a report form including ejaculatory latency, the degree of satisfaction in the sexual lives of both themselves and their partners, and any adverse effects after each application. One hundred and sixty-six out of 186 patients (89.2%) reported they were satisfied with the application of the SS-cream and the mean ejaculatory latency was significantly prolonged to 10.89 +/- 5.60 minutes. The mean ejaculatory latency was 9.85 +/- 3.58 minutes in 52 out of 64 patients (81.2%) with mild erectile dysfunction. There was no significant difference in the changes of ejaculatory latencies between patients with pure PE and patients with mild erectile dysfunction. Twenty patients (10.8%) claimed to have no changes of ejaculatory latencies after the application of SS-cream. Adverse effects were noted in 11 patients (5.9%), which were mild local irritation symptoms in 7 patients, and delayed ejaculation of more than 30 minutes in 4 patients, the symptoms subsided spontaneously within 4 hours. These results indicate SS-cream is effective in the treatment of PE and also PE combined with mild erectile dysfunction with a few side effects. Further studies on the action mechanisms of SS-cream and a double blind placebo-controlled trial are needed.
Non-destructive measurement of sunshine bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) × Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), body composition using electrical conductivity (1993)

Abstract. We describe a rapid, non-destructive method for determining lean body mass (LBM; i.e. total body mass — total lipid mass) and lipid content in live fish. This method provides non-invasive determination of body composition by measuring the total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) of an animal placed within a low-frequency electromagnetic field. This principle is governed by the different electrical properties of body fat and fat-free tissues. Relationships between TOBEC analysis and body composition were examined using juvenile sunshine bass (hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) ♀×M. saxatilis (Walbaum) ♂) in a size range of 24–124g. Whole-body conductivity was significantly correlated to LBM, lipid, protein, water, and ash content. Analyses of an independent group of fish indicated TOBEC to be a reliable indicator of body composition. This method should prove useful for deriving body composition data at various phases of an experiment or a life cycle, rather than a single point in time as with destructive methods.
Identification of ultrasound contrast agent dilution systems for ejection fraction measurements (2005)

Left ventricular ejection fraction is an important cardiac-efficiency measure. Standard estimations are based on geometric analysis and modeling; they require time and experienced cardiologists. Alternative methods make use of indicator dilutions, but they are invasive due to the need for catheterization. This study presents a new minimally invasive indicator dilution technique for ejection fraction quantification. It is based on a peripheral injection of an ultrasound contrast agent bolus. Left atrium and left ventricle acoustic intensities are recorded versus time by transthoracic echocardiography. The measured curves are corrected for attenuation distortion and processed by an adaptive Wiener deconvolution algorithm for the estimation of the left ventricle impulse response, which is interpolated by a monocompartment exponential model for the ejection fraction assessment. This technique measures forward ejection fraction, which excludes regurgitant volumes. The feasibility of the method was tested on a group of 20 patients with left ventricular ejection fractions going from 10% to 70%. The results are promising and show a 0.93 correlation coefficient with echographic bi-plane ejection fraction measurements. A more extensive validation as well as an investigation on the method applicability for valve insufficiency and right ventricular ejection fraction quantification will be an object of future study.
Biohybrid Carbon Nanotube/Agarose Fibers for Neural Tissue Engineering (2011)

We report a novel approach for producing carbon nanotube fibers (CNF) composed with the polysaccharide agarose. Current attempts to make CNF's require the use of a polymer or precipitating agent in the coagulating bath that may have negative effects in biomedical applications. We show that by taking advantage of the gelation properties of agarose one can substitute the bath with distilled water or ethanol and hence reduce the complexity associated with alternating the bath components or the use of organic solvents. We also demonstrate that these CNF can be chemically functionalized to express biological moieties through available free hydroxyl groups in agarose. We corroborate that agarose CNF are not only conductive and nontoxic, but their functionalization can facilitate cell attachment and response both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that agarose/CNT hybrid materials are excellent candidates for applications involving neural tissue engineering and biointerfacing with the nervous system.
Hormonal Influences on Lung Function and Response to Environmental Agents: Lessons from Animal Models of Respiratory Disease (2009)

Abstract Numerous studies in humans and experimental animals have identified considerable sex differences in respiratory physiology and in the response of the lung to environmental agents. These differences appear to be mediated, at least in part, by sex hormones and their nuclear receptors. Moreover, animal models are increasingly used to study pathogenic mechanisms and test potential therapies for a variety of human lung diseases, many of which appear to be influenced by sex and sex hormones. In this article, data are summarized from studies of lung function and disease in which sex differences have been observed. Specific attention is paid to animal models of acute lung injury, nonallergic and allergic lung inflammation, and lung fibrosis. It is anticipated that continued investigation of the role of sex and sex hormones in animal models will provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatments for a variety of acute and chronic human lung diseases.
Beyond VaR: parametric and simulation-based risk management tools (2003)

Financial institutions worldwide have devoted much effort to developing enterprise-wide systems that integrate financial information across their organizations to measure their institution's risk. Probabilistic measures such as value-at-risk (VaR), are now widely accepted by both financial institutions and regulators for assigning risk capital and monitoring risk. Since development efforts have been driven largely by regulatory and internal requirements to report risk numbers, tools needed to understand and manage risk across the enterprise have generally lagged behind those designed to measure it. The paper presents an extended simulation based risk management toolkit developed on top of the analytical tools presented by R. Litterman (1996; 1997). Simulation based tools provide additional insights when the portfolio contains nonlinearities, when the market distributions are not normal or when there are multiple horizons. In particular, these tools should prove very useful not only for market risk, but also for credit risk, where the exposure and loss distributions are generally skewed and far from normal. We also demonstrate that simulation based tools can be used, sometimes even more efficiently, with other risk measures in addition to VaR. Indeed, they also uncover limitations of VaR as a coherent risk measure, as demonstrated by P. Artzner et al. (1998). We focus in particular on constructing useful visualizations of risk, as provided by triangular decompositions and trade risk profiles, and calculating relevant risk measures such as marginal VaR and VaR contributions.
Flow Characteristics and Shear-Layer Vortex Shedding of Double Concentric Jets (1997)

The characteristics of the flow structure and shear-layer vortex shedding of double concentric jets separated by a disk are studied experimentally. Average flow patterns in the prepenetration, transition, and penetration regimes are measured. In the prepenetration regime, five characteristic flow structures are identified in the shear layer evolving from the edge of the circular disk: laminar, subcritical, transitional, supercritical, and fully turbulent modes. Periodic vortices with small fluctuations shed intermittently along the subcritical shear layer. The transitional shear layer is characterized by chaotic motion. Periodic turbulent vortices shed intermittently in the supercritical shear layer. The Strouhal number of the subcritical vortex shedding increases with the increase of annulus Reynolds number. It is constant in the supercritical mode. With the increase of central jet Reynolds number, the Strouhal number increases to a maximum at a central/annular Reynolds number ratio of 0.11 and then decreases. The Taylor's integral length scale of the subcritical shear-layer vortex shedding decreases rapidly with the increase of annulus Reynolds number. It remains constant at about 0.4 disk diameters in the supercritical mode. The Reynolds stresses of the shear layer and the stagnation point are presented and discussed. At the maximum Strouhal number of shear-layer vortex shedding in the prepenetration regime, the turbulent kinetic energy attains a maximum in the shear layer and at the stagnation point. Nomenclature D = diameter of circular disk, 20 mm d = exit diameter of central jet, 3.4 mm / = frequency of shear-layer vortex shedding, Hz Lr = axial length of recirculation zone, from center of disk to aft stagnation point t - Taylor's integral length scale Rea = Reynolds number of annular jet (=ua D/v) Rec = Reynolds number of central jet (=ucd/v) r = radial coordinate, originating from center of circular disk rlvc = radial coordinate of inner vortex center rovc = radial coordinate of outer vortex center Sr = Strouhal number of vortex shedding (=fD/ua) u = instantaneous axial velocity ua = average exit velocity of annular jet uc = average exit velocity of central jet u_ = mean axial velocity u'u1 = axial normal stress of turbulence u'v' = turbulent shear stress tj_ = mean radial velocity v'v' = radial normal stress of turbulence x = axial coordinate, originating from center of circular disk ;tivc = axial coordinate of inner vortex center jcovc = axial coordinate of outer vortex center v = kinematic viscosity of air
Design of radiation hard CMOS APS image sensors in a 0.35-μm standard process (2001)

A CMOS APS Image sensor test chip was designed employing the physical design techniques of enclosed geometry and guard ring, and according to the design rules of a 0.35-micrometers CMOS standard process that has a gate oxide thickness of approximately 7.0 nm. Three sets of radiation tolerant photodiode active pixels were developed employing these design techniques. They are N-type, and H-type pixels. Each of the pixels is a square pixel with a 16.2 micrometers pitch. The yielded fill-factor is approximately 50 percent. Depending on the pixel-type and the layout, the simulated output voltage swing ranges from 300 mV to 1.1 V. The peripheral circuits, which include decoders, row/column drivers, and I/O pads, were also developed. All NMOS transistors in the peripheral circuits were laid out employing the physical design techniques of enclosed geometry and P-type guard ring. Integrating the pixels and the peripheral circuits into the design of radiation hard CMOS APS image sensor has bene completed. The size of the pixel array is 256 by 256, constituting an imaging area of approximately 4.1 mm X 4.1 mm. The total size of the die is approximately 5.2 mm X 5.0 mm. The total number of the I/O pads is 42. Plans to irradiate these image sensor using Cobalt-60 to determine the level of their radiation hardness are currently being devised.