gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of the Positive Feedback of Estradiol Benzoate on Gonadotropin Secretion by an Inhibitory Analog of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LRH) in Oophorectomized Rhesus Monkeys: Evidence for a Necessary Synergism between LRH and Estrogens* (1983)

Estrogens have a biphasic effect on gonadotropin (FSH and LH) secretion in human and nonhuman primates. Recent studies suggest that estrogens induce negative as well as positive feedback on gonadotropin secretion by a direct action at the pituitary gland. To further investigate the mechanism by which estrogens modulate gonadotropin secretion, the following experiments were performed. Oophorectomized rhesus monkeys were injected with estradiol benzoate (EB) at a dose of 40 micrograms/kg sc at zero time (controls). Three groups of animals received, additionally, an inhibitory analog of LRH, [Ac-D-p-Cl-Phe1,2, D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10]LRH (200 micrograms, sc, daily) at 1) -48 to 48 h, 2) 0-48 h, and 3) 24-48 h from EB treatment, respectively. Blood was collected at -72, -48, -24, and 0 h, every 6 h from 6-84 h, and 96 and 116 h after EB; FSH and LH levels were measured by RIA. Control animals had a 70-80% decrease in baseline FSH and LH levels during the first 24 h after EB injection, followed by a sharp rise to 60-80% above basal levels 42-48 h post-EB. In contrast, animals that received the inhibitory analog of LRH in different regimens had more pronounced and prolonged negative feedback of EB on gonadotropin concentrations. The positive feedback release of FSH and LH was significantly diminished or delayed compared to control values. The results of this study indicate that this inhibitory analog of LRH potentiates the negative feedback and suppresses the positive feedback of EB on gonadotropins, suggesting that estrogens induce the secretion of FSH and LH through a mechanism that involves the action of LRH at the gonadotroph.
A Peptoid with Extended Shape in Water (2019)

The term "peptoids" was introduced decades ago to describe peptide analogues that exhibit better physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties than peptides. Oligo(<i>N</i>-substituted glycine) (oligo-NSG) was previously proposed as a peptoid due to its high proteolytic resistance and membrane permeability. However, oligo-NSG is conformationally flexible, and ensuring a defined shape in water is difficult. This conformational flexibility severely limits the biological application of oligo-NSG. Here, we propose oligo(<i>N</i>-substituted alanine) (oligo-NSA) as a peptoid that forms a defined shape in water. The synthetic method established in this study enabled the first isolation and conformational study of optically pure oligo-NSA. Computational simulations, crystallographic studies, and spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the well-defined extended shape of oligo-NSA realized by backbone steric effects. This new class of peptoid achieves the constrained conformation without any assistance of <i>N</i>-substituents and serves as a scaffold for displaying functional groups in well-defined three-dimensional space in water, which leads to effective biomolecular recognition.
SiC Power Devices for Microgrids (2010)

Microgrids with distributed generation sources are critical for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and imported energy. However, power converters and circuit breakers built with silicon (Si) switches are too bulky and inefficient to be used in the microgrid system. The development of high-voltage power devices based on silicon carbide (SiC) will be a critical component in building the microgrid with distributed and fluctuating sources of power generation. In this paper, the physics and technology of high-voltage (>10 kV) 4H-SiC power devices, namely MOSFETs and insulated gate bipolar transistors are discussed. A detailed review of the current status and future trends in these devices is given with respect to materials growth, device design, and fabrication processing.
Phosphate Kinetics during Different Dialysis Modalities (2004)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; An abnormal serum phosphate concentration is common in acute renal failure patients, with a reported incidence of 65–80%. Phosphate removal and kinetics during intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) have been investigated, but there is no information on its kinetics during slow low-efficiency dialysis (SLED) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Eight IHD, 8 SLED, and 10 continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) patients with a residual renal clearance of &lt;4.0 ml/min were studied during a single treatment to evaluate phosphate removal and kinetics. CVVH was studied the first 24 h after initiation. Dialysis/replacement fluid contained no phosphate. Kt/V, clearance of urea (Ku), inorganic phosphate (Kp) and solute removal was determined by direct dialysate quantification (DDQ). &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Kp recorded with the three techniques were: IHD, 126.9 ± 18.4 ml/min; SLED, 58.0 ± 15.8 ml/min, and CVVH, 31.5 ± 6.0 ml/min. However, in shorter dialysis treatment the total removal of phosphate was significantly lower than in longer dialysis (IHD, 29.9 ± 7.7 mmol; SLED, 37.6 ± 9.6 mmol; CVVH, 66.7 ± 18.9 mmol, p = 0.001). The duration of treatment is the only factor determining phosphate removal (r = 0.7, p &lt; 0.0001 by linear correlation model). Like IHD, phosphate kinetics during SLED could not be explained by the two-pool kinetic model, and the rebound of phosphate extended beyond 1 h after dialysis. Rebound, however, is less marked than in short dialysis. &lt;i&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/i&gt; These results are reliable evidence about amount of phosphate removal and behavior of intradialytic phosphate kinetics in renal failure patients undergoing different dialysis modalities. These data will help clinicians plan phosphate supplementation and treatment intensity.
Nano-focused ultrafast spectroscopy and imaging reaching the single quantum level (2014)

The near-field tip-antenna enhanced signal transduction with femtosecond laser pulses allows for spatio-spectral and spatio-temporal imaging and quantum coherent control with the perspective to reach the single electronic or vibrational quantum level.
A Multiplex PCR/LDR Assay for Viral Agents of Diarrhea with the Capacity to Genotype Rotavirus (2018)

Rotavirus and noroviruses are major causes of diarrhea. Variable rotavirus vaccination efficacy in Africa and Asia is multifactorial, including the diversity of circulating strains and viral co-infection. We describe a multiplexed assay that detects and genotypes viruses from stool specimens. It includes a one-step reverse transcriptase PCR reaction, a ligase detection reaction (LDR), then hybridization of fluorescent products to micro-beads. In clinical samples it detects rotavirus, caliciviruses (sapovirus and norovirus), mixed infections, and genotypes or genogroups of rotaviruses and noroviruses, respectively. The assay also has the capacity to detect hepatitis A. The assay was validated on reference isolates and 296 stool specimens from the US and Ghana. The assay was 97% sensitive and 100% specific. The genogroup was concordant in 100% of norovirus, and the genotype in 91% and 89% of rotavirus G- and P-types, respectively. Two rare rotavirus strains, G6P[6] and G6P[8], were detected in stool specimens from Ghana. The high-throughput assay is sensitive, specific, and may be of utility in the epidemiological surveillance for rare and emerging viral strains post-rotavirus vaccine implementation.
Plasticity mechanism for copper extrusion in through-silicon vias for three-dimensional interconnects (2013)

In this paper, we demonstrated the plasticity mechanism for copper (Cu) extrusion in through-silicon via structures under thermal cycling. The local plasticity was directly observed by synchrotron x-ray micro-diffraction near the top of the via with the amount increasing with the peak temperature. The Cu extrusion was confirmed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) measurements and found to be consistent with the observed Cu plasticity behavior. A simple analytical model elucidated the role of plasticity during thermal cycling, and finite element analyses were carried out to confirm the plasticity mechanism as well as the effect of the via/Si interface. The model predictions were able to account for the via extrusions observed in two types of experiments, with one representing a nearly free sliding interface and the other a strongly bonded interface. Interestingly, the AFM extrusion profiles seemed to contour with the local grain structures near the top of the via, suggesting that the grain structure not only affects the yield strength of the Cu and thus its plasticity but could also be important in controlling the pop-up behavior and the statistics for a large ensemble of vias.
Synthesis of FeAl matrix ODS by mechanical alloying (2003)

Water atomized Fe powder, containing excessive oxygen, was mechanically alloyed (MA) with Al powder at the composition of Fe-40mol%Al. Al can act as a metallic reducing agent for iron oxide of water atomized Fe powder during powder metallurgy process. After long time milling, B2 type FeAl intermetallic phase forms along with elemental phases only by MA. Vacuum hot pressed compacts of obtained from two MAed powders showed almost 100% FeAl intermetallic compound. Compact made from the water atomized Fe powder showed higher hardness compared to the case of reduced Fe powder. This seems to be caused of the effect of dispersed Al_2O_3 particle. And the compact made from the fully milled powder showed higher hardness compared to the case of the powder milled for short time. This seems to be caused of the fine microstructure of the compact.
Mapping fine-scale anatomy of gray matter, white matter, and trigeminal-root region applying spherical deconvolution to high-resolution 7-T diffusion MRI (2018)

With 7-T MRI being introduced into clinical routine, high-resolution dMRI and derived measures such as fODFs can serve to characterize fine-scale anatomic structures as a prerequisite to detecting pathologies in GM and small or intertwined WM tracts.
Suppression of effects of nonlinearities in a class of nonlinear systems by disturbance observers (2002)

In this paper, a class of single-input single-output (SISO) nonlinear systems is considered. A nonlinear system in this class has the property that its output is equal to the summation of the output of a stable SISO linear time-invariant system and a bounded function of time. A disturbance observer is designed to estimate the effects of nonlinearities in the system and cancel them subsequently. The disturbance observer is thus able to make the nonlinear system behave linearly and, for instance, be free of limit cycle behavior. An example is given to show that limit cycles in a Van der Pol type system caused by a nonlinearity can be effectively suppressed by a disturbance observer. Furthermore, a methodology for designing controllers for a class of nonlinear feedback systems is presented. The designed controllers consist of two parts: a disturbance observer by which the effects of nonlinearities are suppressed and a linear controller to have the system achieve desired goals.
Membrane Fusion (1997)

Abstract The sections in this article are: Observation of Fusion Requires Physical Techniques for Monitoring Mixing of Membranes and the Compartments they Enclose Morphological Changes Following Fusion Are Observed by Light Microscopy but Membrane Fusion May Occur without such Changes Fluorescence Microscopy and Spectrofluorometry Allow Quantitation of Membrane Fusion Events in Living Cells Electron Microscopy Provides Direct Observation of Structural Rearrangements Due to Fusion Patch‐Clamp Techniques Allow the Monitoring of Very Fast Openings of Fusion Pores What Do We Learn from “Nonbiological” Fusion Processes? Ca 2+ Induces Aggregation Destabilization, and Fusion of Liposomes Containing Phospholipids with Negatively Charged Head‐groups Fusion of Lipid Membranes by Amphipathic and Nonpolar Molecules Correlates with Their Lytic and Aggregational Activity Dehydration, Aggregation, and Destabilization of Membranes by Polyethelene Glycol Are Essential for Fusion of Lipid Membranes Destabilization by High‐Voltage Electric Pulses Leads to Fusion of Adjoining Membranes Molecular Rearrangements in the Lipid Bilayers during the Very Act of Fusion May Involve Intermediate Structures Specialized Proteins Mediate Fusion in Life Processes Viral Envelope Proteins Contain Hydrophobic “Fusion Peptide” Sequences To Enter a Cell a Virus Must Find the Receptor That Invites It In Some Viruses Require More Than One Type of Envelope Protein for Entry Influenza Hemagglutinin Was the Only Fusion Protein with Known Three‐Dimensional Structure The Process of HA ‐mediated Membrane Fusion Can Be Dissected into a Number of Elementary Steps Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 ( HIV ‐1), the Primary Etiological Agent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ), Enters Cells by Membrane Fusion at Neutral pH The Receptor CD 4 Plays Both a Passive and an Active Role in Allowing Entry of the Virus into the Cell Stable Envelope Glycoprotein‐Receptor Complex Formation Is Rate‐limiting in the Overall Fusion Process Multiple Copies of the HIV ‐1 Envelope Glycoprotein May Be Required for Fusion Pore Formation Sperm Membrane Proteins Involved in Sperm‐Egg Fusion May Resemble Viral Fusion Proteins Toward A Resolution of Fusion Proteins in Exocytosis Multiple Proteins May Be Required for Intracellular Fusion Toward A Physicochemical Analysis of Fusion Kinetics Delays in Fusion Are Proportional to the Fusion Barriers and Decrease with an Increase in the Strength of the Fusogen Rates of Fusion Can Provide Information for the Time Course of Membrane Merging and Fusion Pore Expansion Fusion Yields and Delays Are Related but May Reflect Different Properties of the Fusing Membranes Does Understanding Membrane Fusion Need New Breakthroughs in Methodology? Note Added in Proof
Perfect concrete implementation of arbitrary mechanisms (2010)

Privacy and trust affect our everyday thinking and, in particular, the way we approach a concrete game. Accordingly, we hope that a rigorous treatment of privacy and trust will become integral part of mechanism design. As of now, the field has been very successful in finding many ingenious mechanisms as solutions to a variety of problems. But these mechanisms are theoretical constructions and not enough attention has been devoted to their concrete implementation. Indeed, It should be appreciated that the outcome function of a simple normal-form mechanism does not spontaneously evaluate itself on the "messages" that the players have selected in "their own minds." To be practically useful in a real strategic setting, any mechanism M, whether of normal or extensive form, must be concretely implemented. But then, in such concrete implementations, issues of privacy and trust may arise so as to undermine the valuable theoretical properties of M.
Analysis of cascading failure induced by load fluctuation and robust station capacity assignment for metros (2021)

In this paper, we analyze metro cascading failure induced by load fluctuation and present a robust station capacity assignment method. A cascading failure model is proposed by considering system initial balance state, load matching, and capacity-based load redistribution. Based on random walks, an initial failure model is proposed to simulate different load fluctuations that represent unrealistic passenger flows for failure analysis. We study the actual case of Nanjing metro. The results show that small station tolerance and larger load fluctuation can lead to global network failure easily. The phase transition between network functional state and global failure is abrupt and first order-like, which is sensitive to station tolerance and load fluctuation strength. The coupling effects of station capacity, station tolerance, and load fluctuation strength on the network robustness are investigated and the optimal model parameters for robust station capacity assignment are obtained.
Chronic Posttraumatic Elbow Disorders Treated with Metallic Radial Head Arthroplasty (2008)

Metallic radial head arthroplasty for the treatment of posttraumatic elbow disorders appears to be a safe and durable procedure that can provide a functional range of motion and pain relief for at least five to ten years. However, longer follow-up is needed to evaluate progression of lucencies adjacent to stems and osteoarthritis.
Learned Multi-View Texture Super-Resolution (2020)

We present a super-resolution method capable of creating a high-resolution texture map for a virtual 3D object from a set of lower-resolution images of that object. Our architecture unifies the concepts of (i) multi-view super-resolution based on the redundancy of overlapping views and (ii) single-view super-resolution based on a learned prior of high-resolution (HR) image structure. The principle of multi-view super-resolution is to invert the image formation process and recover the latent HR texture from multiple lower-resolution projections. We map that inverse problem into a block of suitably designed neural network layers, and combine it with a standard encoder-decoder network for learned single-image super-resolution. Wiring the image formation model into the network avoids having to learn perspective mapping from textures to images, and elegantly handles a varying number of input views. Experiments demonstrate that the combination of multi-view observations and learned prior yields improved texture maps.
Controlling LED radiation with dielectric metasurfaces (Conference Presentation) (2019)

We numerically and experimentally demonstrate that metasurfaces can be used to control the light emission from light emitting diodes (LED). This control provides a desired wavefront and functionality of the light emission in addition to enhancing light extraction efficiency. Simply placing the metasurface on top of the LED does not work as conventional metasurface designs require plane wave excitation, which LEDs cannot provide. To overcome this challenge we implement a novel concept using internal and external resonant cavities combined with the LED. Guided by our numerical simulations, we experimentally demonstrate this concept by fabricating Si and TiO2 metasurfaces on top of the resonant cavity LED structures. The integration of these metasurfaces with commercially available GaN and GaP LED devices show full wavefront control, beam deflection and beam collimation. Both the cavity and the metasurface enhance the LED radiation. Moreover, following the proposed principle, any random light emitting sources including fluorescent molecules and quantum dots can be integrated into a similar optical device to achieve focusing, beam deflecting, vortex beam generation and other capabilities.
FRET-assisted organic dye molecules using in conjunction with colloidal quantum dots for bio-labelling (2010)

The paper presents Forster-type resonance energy transfer (FRET)-mediated light-harvesting of CdSe quantum dots for Atto Rhodamine 12 dye molecules using selective excitation wavelengths and achieved up to 4-fold enhancement of the Atto emission. Organic CdSe quantum dots are synthesized using hot injection method, and are emitting at 584 nm with a quantum yield of 31% that are carefully selected to spectrally match the absorption band of the acceptor dye molecules. It is shown that the strong lifetime modifications of the donor and acceptor molecules is the result of light-harvesting FRET, which will be important for bio-labelling.
Pillared MOFs: structure and ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters (2022)

Pillared 2- and 3D MOFs have been isolated from reactions of 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 4,4′-bipyridyls and metal (Zn, Co, Mn, Cd) nitrate salts. Their ability to act as catalysts for the ROP of ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone has been investigated.
Continuous coflow synthesis of hybrid palladium nanocrystals as catalysts for borylation reaction (2013)

The combination of highly active Pd nanocrystal (NC) types with tailored surface properties (various ligands) - e.g. organic-inorganic hybrid NCs - as catalysts opens avenues towards new synthetic pathways, implying a faster practical alternative for adjusting and screening the reaction conditions. Pd@dppf and Pd@PCy3 NCs have been successfully prepared via a continuous supercritical fluid assisted coflow route with promising results as catalysts in borylation reaction. It has been found that the ligands not only influence the catalytic properties of the systems, but also contribute to Pd metal core characteristics (size, shape and time stability).
Caution Regarding Government-Mandated Shared Decision Making for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (2017)

lthough cardiovascular clinicians are increasingly encouraged to incorporate a shared decision-making (SDM) approach with their patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at risk for stroke, limited guidance is available on how to navigate this complex interaction. Referring physicians, who know their patients best, struggle to present risks and benefits of newer therapies, whereas subspecialists are challenged to rapidly learn new patients' values and preferences. Decision aids are consistently shown to improve patient outcomes, such as knowledge, engagement, and satisfaction, 1 yet poor implementation of an SDM approach by clinicians across routine practice speaks to the ongoing need for a greater understanding of where in the care process SDM is best used and with what tools. In March 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration approved Watchman (Boston Scientific), a cardiac device that occludes the left atrial appendage where most clots are formed in AF. The device was approved for patients with an appropriate rationale to select a percutaneously implanted device over anticoagulation, "taking into account the safety and effectiveness of the device." 3 CMS then released a National Coverage Determination, which prescriptively outlined the healthcare delivery processes required to take place before left atrial appendage closure (LAAC). Referring physicians (nonimplanters) must document evidence of an SDM interaction regarding anticoagulation choices with an evidence-based decision aid. Much angst, confusion, and questions have resulted from this mandate (eg, are nonimplanters required to lead an SDM interaction on LAAC in detail, a procedure for which many are not yet familiar?). Per the National Coverage Determination, the answer is no. The SDM mandate is regarding the choice of oral anticoagulation (ie, referring physicians must first document an appropriate rationale [US Food and Drug Administration language] to not use an anticoagulant). The implications of mandating that SDM take place upstream means it is possible the initial interactions may not include information on all choices appropriate for the patient or that the patient may require a second visit with their referring clinician to fulfill the mandate.
Pamplemousse: The optical design, fabrication, and assembly of a three-mirror freeform imaging telescope (2014)

Since the last IODC meeting, the field of optical design with freeform surfaces has burst onto the scene. This talk will present a first of its kind, all reflective, unobscured, three-mirror 10° full field of view, F/1.9 operational freeform imaging telescope from design to full assembly.
Mitigation of cross-polar antenna pattern errors in SMOS: Simplified approach (2016)

This paper analyzes a simplified image reconstruction method that exclusively takes into account the dominant antenna pattern terms to model image inversion artifacts and mitigate SMOS polarimetric spatial bias over the Ocean. This simplified method, that reduces computation time at the cost of small radiometric performance degradation, is useful to the L1 teams to process a large amount of data when full radiometric accuracy is not required (e.g. stability assessments).