gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new catalytic transformation of diazo esters: hydride abstraction in dirhodium(II)-catalysed reactions (1995)

Secondary benzylic and allylic diazoacetates undergo dirhodium(II)-catalysed diazo decomposition to form, competitively or exclusively, ketone and vinylidene products from intramolecular hydride abstraction in catalyst ligand-dependent molar ratios.
Computational Process Management for Aircraft Conceptual Design (2007)

[Abstract ] Presented is a system for conducting computational desi gn studies at feasibi lity stage . During this phase hundreds of low -fidelity models such as equations and compiled code s, together with thousands of variables , are used to des cribe a complex product such as aircraft. These models need to be assembled in an appropriate com putational sequence in order to perform various design studies including trade -off analysis and optimization studies, quickly and efficiently . In this context the paper proposes a novel computational approach associated with this process. The main aspect o f this approach is the dynamic derivation of the optimal computational plan for the system of models , given the designer’s choice of in put variables. An industrial test case is used for validation .
Bright circularly polarized soft X-ray high harmonics for X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (2015)

We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 µm, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phase-matching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N4,5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform.
Neural Map: Structured Memory for Deep Reinforcement Learning (2017)

A critical component to enabling intelligent reasoning in partially observable environments is memory. Despite this importance, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents have so far used relatively simple memory architectures, with the main methods to overcome partial observability being either a temporal convolution over the past k frames or an LSTM layer. More recent work (Oh et al., 2016) has went beyond these architectures by using memory networks which can allow more sophisticated addressing schemes over the past k frames. But even these architectures are unsatisfactory due to the reason that they are limited to only remembering information from the last k frames. In this paper, we develop a memory system with an adaptable write operator that is customized to the sorts of 3D environments that DRL agents typically interact with. This architecture, called the Neural Map, uses a spatially structured 2D memory image to learn to store arbitrary information about the environment over long time lags. We demonstrate empirically that the Neural Map surpasses previous DRL memories on a set of challenging 2D and 3D maze environments and show that it is capable of generalizing to environments that were not seen during training.
Gait changes in patients with knee osteoarthritis are replicated by experimental knee pain (2010)

In healthy subjects, pain was associated with reductions in knee joint moments during walking in a manner similar to less severe knee OA patients. The experimental model may be used to study mechanically-driven knee OA progression and preventive measures against abnormal joint loading in knee OA.
Directly patterned mesoporous dielectric films templated from chemically amplified block copolymers (2008)

495-499
Correction: Liu, H.W.; et al. Enhanced Hsa-miR-181d/p-STAT3 and Hsa-miR-181d/p-STAT5A Ratios Mediate the Anticancer Effect of Garcinol in STAT3/5A-Addicted Glioblastoma. Cancers 2019, 11, 1888 (2020)

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...].
The Demographics of High-level and Recreational Athletes With Intra-articular Hip Injury (2013)

Objectives: The pathoanatomy that causes femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is common, but not everyone develops hip pain or arthrosis. Symptomatic FAI is likely due to a combination of anatomy and biomechanical demands, including sports participation. The primary purpose of this study was to determine demographic differences between high-level and recreational athletes undergoing hip arthroscopy. The secondary purpose of this study was to look at the demographics of high-level athletes grouped by sports with similar mechanical demands on the hip. We hypothesize that high-level and recreational athletes will differ by age, gender, and need for bilateral surgery. We also predict that demographics for high-level athletes will differ for sports with unique demands for hip kinematics. Methods: Using our hip preservation center registry, a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from patients undergoing hip arthroscopy between March 2010 and April 2012 was performed. Athletes were categorized as high-level (high school, collegiate, Olympic/international, or professional) or recreational. Subgroup analysis was performed for high-level athletes, looking at differences between contact, rotational running, impingement, overhead/asymmetric, endurance, and flexibility sports. Results: 288 high-level athletes and 334 recreational athletes were included. Being a high level athlete was associated with younger age (average age 20.2 vs 33.0, OR=0.69, P&lt;0.001) and male gender (61.5% vs 53.6%, OR=1.75, P=0.03). The percentage of high-level athletes undergoing bilateral surgery was higher than for recreational athletes (28.4% vs 15.9%); however, this association was found to be confounded by age in multivariate analysis The most common sports for high-level athletes were soccer, hockey, and football. Athletes participating in rotational running sports were significantly younger than flexibility, contact, or impingement athletes. Similarly, endurance athletes were significantly younger than athletes in impingement sports. Conclusion: There are significant differences between high-level and recreational athletes that are likely to be important when counseling patients and reporting surgical outcomes. This study also provides important information about sports that provoke hip pain. Identifying biomechanical mechanisms that place young athletes at risk for hip injury enables anticipatory guidance and preventative strategies for these patients.
Modelling of the threshold voltage distributions of sub-20nm NAND flash memory (2014)

The proliferation of NAND flash memory in consumer devices has driven their aggressive cost reduction by continuous scaling to smaller technology nodes. However, this relentless cost per capacity improvement has diminished the reliability of flash memory to a degree that advanced signal processing and error correction are needed to enhance signal integrity in current flash-based systems. Accurate models of flash readback signals are necessary to properly design such advanced signal enhancement schemes. We propose a new parametric model of the flash readback signal based on fitting threshold voltage distributions from NAND flash devices. We show accurate fitting results for flash devices cycled up to 10 times longer than their nominal endurance specification, and provide simple expressions of the model parameters as a function of program/erase cycles. Finally, we also demonstrate that the proposed model can be used to capture effects such as programming errors, that occur in over-stressed flash devices.
Sequential Resection of the Distal Clavicle and Its Effects on Horizontal Acromioclavicular Joint Translation (2011)

These results suggest that resection of the distal clavicle leads to increased horizontal translation despite an intact superior and posterior AC capsule. Only sparing resection of the distal clavicle should be performed and only if strictly indicated. Violation of the AC capsule further increases horizontal translation and should therefore be avoided, or if indicated in AC joint dislocations, a reconstruction of the AC capsule should be considered.
Impaired Heart Rate Recovery and Chronotropic Incompetence in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2009)

Patients with HfpEF have impaired chronotropic incompetence during maximal exercise and abnormal HR recovery after exercise.
Figure S6 from BET Inhibitors Suppress ALDH Activity by Targeting <i>ALDH1A1</i> Super-Enhancer in Ovarian Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Combination of JQ1 and cisplatin treatment in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;
Movie 6 from Metabolic Screening of Cytotoxic T-cell Effector Function Reveals the Role of CRAC Channels in Regulating Lethal Hit Delivery (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Human CTL engagement with an αCD3-coated surface in the absence (DMSO) or presence of BTP2. Morgenstemning LUT, Fura-2 340/380 ratio. Time stamp, min:sec (0 min denoting the time-point of contact initiation). Scale bar, 10 µm.&lt;/p&gt;
Identification of cutin, a lipid biopolymer, as significant component of sewage sludge (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIdentification of cutin, a lipid biopolymer, as significant component of sewage sludgePappachan E. Kolattukudy and Richard E. PurdyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1973, 7, 7, 619–622Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60079a006https://doi.org/10.1021/es60079a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved cryopreservation of in vitro produced bovine embryos using FGF2, LIF, and IGF1 (2021)

In vitro embryo production systems are limited by their inability to consistently produce embryos with the competency to develop to the blastocyst stage, survive cryopreservation, and establish a pregnancy. Previous work identified a combination of three cytokines [fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)], called FLI, that we hypothesize improve preimplantation development of bovine embryos in vitro. To test this hypothesis, FLI was supplemented into oocyte maturation or embryo culture medium. Embryos were produced in vitro using abattoir-derived oocytes and fertilized with sperm from a single bull known to have high fertility. After an 18-20 h fertilization period, putative zygotes were cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) for 8 days. The addition of FLI to the oocyte maturation medium increased (P < 0.05) the dissociation of transzonal projections at 12, 18, and 24 h of maturation, as well as, the proportion of oocytes that reached the metaphase II stage of meiosis. Additionally, lipid content was decreased (P < 0.05) in the blastocyst stage embryo. The addition of FLI during the culture period increased development to the blastocyst stage, cytoskeleton integrity, and survival following slow freezing, as well as, decreased post thaw cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of these cytokines in vitro has the potential to alleviate some of the challenges associated with the cryo-survival of in vitro produced bovine embryos through improving embryo development and embryo quality.
High power violet laser diodes with crack‐free layers on GaN substrates (2007)

Abstract Nitride based violet laser diodes grown on GaN substrates have been investigated. A grooved substrate, having a striped pattern with a pitch of 400 μm, has been prepared and epitaxial growth has been performed. No cracks have been observed in the epi‐layers. The violet laser device has been fabricated and characterised. At a pulsed output power of 210 mW, the operating current and the voltage have been 164 mA and 6.6 V, respectively. The mean‐time‐to‐failure has been estimated to be over 3000 h under pulsed condition with an output power of 210 mW at 80 °C. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hyperpolarized 129Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Quantify Regional Ventilation Differences in Mild to Moderate Asthma (2016)

Xenon MRI is able to depict airway obstructions in mild to moderate asthma and significantly correlates with PFTs.
Evidence of Tailoring the Interfacial Chemical Composition in Normal Structure Hybrid Organohalide Perovskites by a Self-Assembled Monolayer (2018)

Current-voltage hysteresis is a major issue for normal architecture organo-halide perovskite solar cells. In this manuscript we reveal a several-angstrom thick methylammonium iodide-rich interface between the perovskite and the metal oxide. Surface functionalization via self-assembled monolayers allowed us to control the composition of the interface monolayer from Pb poor to Pb rich, which, in parallel, suppresses hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. The bulk of the perovskite films is not affected by the interface engineering and remains highly crystalline in the surface-normal direction over the whole film thickness. The subnanometer structural modifications of the buried interface were revealed by X-ray reflectivity, which is most sensitive to monitor changes in the mass density of only several-angstrom thin interfacial layers as a function of substrate functionalization. From Kelvin probe force microscopy study on a solar cell cross section, we further demonstrate local variations of the potential on different electron-transporting layers within a solar cell. On the basis of these findings, we present a unifying model explaining hysteresis in perovskite solar cells, giving an insight into one crucial aspect of hysteresis for the first time and paving way for new strategies in the field of perovskite-based opto-electronic devices.
Genome-wide study of CSF kynurenic acid in bipolar disorder implicates a molecular pathway underlying psychosis (2012)

Sellgren, Ca; Kegel, Mb; Ekman, CJc; Olsson, SKb; Svensson, CIb; Hultman, Ca; Lichtenstein, Pa; Purcell, SMd,e,f; Sullivan, PFg; Sklar, Pd,e,f; Engberg, Gb; Erhardt, Sb; Landèn, Ma,h Author Information
Abstract P233: Inhibition Of Aldosterone Synthesis In Non-human Primates By PB6440, The Novel Highly Selective And Potent CYP11B2 Inhibitor (2020)

Aldosterone is an important mineralocorticoid responsible for fluid and electrolyte homeostasis produced by aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). An aldosterone synthase inhibitor (ASI) may be a therapeutic option for primary aldosteronism-related conditions such as resistant hypertension. An ASI with sufficient selectivity for CYP11B2 versus the similar cortisol-producing enzyme CYP11B1 has remained elusive. PB6440 is a novel ASI that is potent and highly selective for CYP11B2. In vitro studies demonstrated 200-300-fold selectivity of PB6440 for human CYP11B2 compared to human CYP11B1. In single and multiple dose cynomolgus monkey studies of orally administered PB6440, dose-and concentration-dependent reduction of plasma aldosterone after ACTH challenge was observed with &gt;90% reduction at higher doses. Consistent with its high selectivity, PB6440 had little effect on the CYP11B1 cortisol pathway. Plasma levels of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, and deoxycorticosterone, remained unchanged even at high doses of PB6440. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Circulating half-life of PB6440 was approximately 17 hours with high oral bioavailability. In summary, PB6440 is a highly selective ASI that demonstrated sustained aldosterone suppression for 14 days with no effect on the CYP11B1 pathway in non-human primates. In single and multiple dose studies, PB6440 appeared well tolerated, demonstrating good oral bioavailability, and a PK profile supportive of once daily dosing. These results suggest that PB6440 may be useful in humans as a novel therapeutic for treating hypertension or other conditions caused by excess aldosterone.
Supplementary Figure 10 from A Preclinical Trial and Molecularly Annotated Patient Cohort Identify Predictive Biomarkers in Homologous Recombination–deficient Pancreatic Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 10 shows multiplex IHC staining of the Q70P pancreatic resection specimen&lt;/p&gt;
Anisotropy of W-band complex permittivity in Al 2 O 3 (2019)

The dielectric anisotropy of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> is studied here by characterizing W-band (75-110 GHz) complex permittivity of four different orientations of sapphire (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> single crystals). This was done using free-space, focused beam methods. Dielectric polarizability ([Formula: see text]) of these orientations is then calculated and these values are related to their complex permittivity. Based on this relationship, a framework is developed for rapid and straightforward estimation of dielectric anisotropy using a known crystal structure and a dielectric permittivity measurement performed on one orientation of the material. This framework can be applied to other materials with dielectric anisotropy (e.g. SnO<sub>2</sub>, LiGaO<sub>2</sub>) to predict permittivity for different orientations, enabling rapid design of high-frequency systems (e.g. radomes, electromagnetic windows). These permittivity measurements were also used to determine the dominant polarization mechanisms leading to dielectric anisotropy of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the W-band; electronic and ionic polarization orthogonal to the direction of the focused beam.
Control over Crystal Size in Vapor Deposited Metal-Halide Perovskite Films (2020)

Understanding and controlling grain growth in metal halide perovskite polycrystalline thin films is an important step in improving the performance of perovskite solar cells. We demonstrate accurate control of crystallite size in CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> thin films by regulating substrate temperature during vacuum co-deposition of inorganic (PbI<sub>2</sub>) and organic (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I) precursors. Films co-deposited onto a cold (-2 °C) substrate exhibited large, micrometer-sized crystal grains, while films that formed at room temperature (23 °C) only produced grains of 100 nm extent. We isolated the effects of substrate temperature on crystal growth by developing a new method to control sublimation of the organic precursor, and CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> solar cells deposited in this way yielded a power conversion efficiency of up to 18.2%. Furthermore, we found substrate temperature directly affects the adsorption rate of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I, thus impacting crystal formation and hence solar cell device performance via changes to the conversion rate of PbI<sub>2</sub> to CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> and stoichiometry. These findings offer new routes to developing efficient solar cells through reproducible control of crystal morphology and composition.
Compressive sensing reconstruction using collaborative sparsity among color channels (2015)

This study describes a reconstruction method for compressive sensing using collaborative sparsity among multi-frame images and color channels. The proposed method reduces the artifact for compressive sensing and obtains better image quality. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method reconstructs 6.1 dB higher quality images than the conventional one for complex texture at occlusion boundaries.
Implementing Fourier algorithm by linear modulation method for distance relaying application (1989)

Abstract The Fourier algorithm, due to its good frequency response characteristics, is frequently used in calculating the peak value of a distorted wave for real time measuring applications. A new method, using the linear modulation method, is proposed to implement the algorithm. It improves the defect of a large number of arithmatic operations during implementation of the algorithm. This paper describes the structure and theory of the proposed linear modulated Fourier algorithm. Test results, including the required arithmatic operations and the numerical accuracy, are reported. Moreover, application to the digital impedance relay was simulated, and the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for relaying applications.
Enhanced degradation of gate oxide in negative-gas plasma during reactive ion etching (1998)

The effect of gas species on the degradation of gate oxides due to plasma exposure in reactive ion etching has been investigated. Gases tested were H2, Ar, Xe, and O2. The oxide degradation was evaluated by applying a constant-current stress and measuring the charge-to-breakdown Qbd of metal/oxide/silicon capacitors. It has been found that O2 plasma significantly degrades the reliability of the gate oxide. Characterization of plasmas using a Langmuir probe has shown that O2 gas tends to produce nonuniform plasma because of its electronegative nature, and thus enhances degradation of gate oxide.
Analytical modeling and numerical simulation of the short-wave infrared electron-injection detectors (2016)

This paper describes comprehensive analytical and simulation models for the design and optimization of the electron-injection based detectors. The electron-injection detectors evaluated here operate in the short-wave infrared range and utilize a type-II band alignment in InP/GaAsSb/InGaAs material system. The unique geometry of detectors along with an inherent negative-feedback mechanism in the device allows for achieving high internal avalanche-free amplifications without any excess noise. Physics-based closed-form analytical models are derived for the detector rise time and dark current. Our optical gain model takes into account the drop in the optical gain at high optical power levels. Furthermore, numerical simulation studies of the electrical characteristics of the device show good agreement with our analytical models as well experimental data. Performance comparison between devices with different injector sizes shows that enhancement in the gain and speed is anticipated by reducing the injector size. Sensitivity analysis for the key detector parameters shows the relative importance of each parameter. The results of this study may provide useful information and guidelines for development of future electron-injection based detectors as well as other heterojunction photodetectors.