gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering Transgenic Plants for the Sustained Containment and In Situ Treatment of Energetic Materials (2009)

Abstract : Explosives from manufacture and military use now contaminate large areas of land and ground water across the United States and Europe. These energetic compounds are both toxic and recalcitrant to degradation and removing them is a difficult and massive logistical task. While phytoremediation is a technique that potentially offers an environmentally friendly, lowcost alternative to current remediation techniques, the use of this method is hindered by the phytotoxicity of TNT and the low inherent metabolic abilities of plants towards these xenobiotic compounds. Bacterial enzymes capable of detoxifying these energetic compounds have been identified, and further characterization is presented here. These genes have been introduced into the model plant species, tobacco and Arabidopsis where, in combination, they confer tolerance to TNT and the ability to detoxify TNT and degrade RDX. These studies, shown below, provide valuable information on the ability of transgenic plants to remove explosives from soil and ground water. The knowledge gained using these model species has been essential in the production and characterization of more robust tree species, Aspen and poplar hybrids, for both laboratory and field testing. Enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase reduction products We have previously found that expression of Enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase (NR) confers tolerance to TNT by rapidly transforming TNT to hydroxylamino derivatives [1]. These can subsequently be conjugated by the plant to sugars. In work presented here a time-course HPLC-based assay was conducted which revealed that the major product of TNT reduction was the 4-isomer of hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene (4-HADNT). This was confirmed by comparison of retention times and UV/vis spectra to authentic standards of 4-HADNT.
Characterization of the interaction of nanobubble ultrasound contrast agents with human blood components (2022)

Nanoscale ultrasound contrast agents, or nanobubbles, are being explored in preclinical applications ranging from vascular and cardiac imaging to targeted drug delivery in cancer. These sub-micron particles are approximately 10x smaller than clinically available microbubbles. This allows them to effectively traverse compromised physiological barriers and circulate for extended periods of time. While various aspects of nanobubble behavior have been previously examined, their behavior in human whole blood has not yet been explored. Accordingly, herein we examined, for the first time, the short and long-term effects of blood components on nanobubble acoustic response. We observed differences in the kinetics of backscatter from nanobubble suspensions in whole blood compared to bubbles in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), plasma, or red blood cell solutions (RBCs). Specifically, after introducing nanobubbles to fresh human whole blood, signal enhancement, or the magnitude of nonlinear ultrasound signal, gradually increased by 22.8 ± 13.1% throughout our experiment, with peak intensity reached within 145 s. In contrast, nanobubbles in PBS had a stable signal with negligible change in intensity (-1.7 ± 3.2%) over 8 min. Under the same conditions, microbubbles made with the same lipid formulation showed a -56.8 ± 6.1% decrease in enhancement in whole blood. Subsequent confocal, fluorescent, and scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed attachment of the nanobubbles to the surface of RBCs, suggesting that direct interactions, or hitchhiking, of nanobubbles on RBCs in the presence of plasma may be a possible mechanism for the observed effects. This phenomenon could be key to extending nanobubble circulation time and has broad implications in drug delivery, where RBC interaction with nanoparticles could be exploited to improve delivery efficiency.
A novel approach to low profile scanning antenna design using reconfigurable metasurfaces (2014)

A novel approach for the design of scanning antennas is proposed. It relies on the use of a reconfigurable metasurface (MTS) whose modulation can be adjusted so as to vary the pointing angle of the supported leaky wave. The building block of the MTS is an electrically very small bistable elementary cell, or “MTS bit”; proper combinations of a number of these MTS bits lead to “MTS bytes” exhibiting different equivalent surface impedances. A leaky wave antenna can be realized by periodically arranging the MTS bytes. By acting on the switches controlling the single bits it is possible to modify the global modulation of the surface impedance, and hence to vary the leaky wave antenna pointing angle. This leads to an extremely light, low profile and potentially low cost scanning antenna.
Techno-economic and Life Cycle Analysis for Bioleaching Rare-Earth Elements from Waste Materials (2017)

A bioleaching process to extract rare-earth elements (REE) from fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts was optimized using a heterotrophic bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans to produce organic acids from glucose. Parameters optimized included agitation intensity, oxygen levels, glucose concentrations, and nutrient additions. Biolixiviants from the optimized batch process demonstrated REE leaching efficiencies up to 56%. A continuous bioreactor system was subsequently developed to feed a leach process and demonstrated leaching efficiencies of 51%. A techno-economic analysis showed glucose to be the single largest expense for the bioleach process, constituting 44% of the total cost. The bioleaching plant described here was found profitable, although the margin was small. Lower cost carbon and energy sources for producing the biolixiviant, sourcing FCC catalysts with higher total REE content (>1.5% by mass), and improved leaching efficiencies would significantly increase the overall profit. A life cycle analysis showed that electricity and glucose required for the bioreactor had the largest potential for environmental impacts.
Excessive Cell Growth Causes Cytoplasm Dilution And Contributes to Senescence (2019)

Cell size varies greatly between cell types, yet within a specific cell type and growth condition, cell size is narrowly distributed. Why maintenance of a cell-type specific cell size is important remains poorly understood. Here we show that growing budding yeast and primary mammalian cells beyond a certain size impairs gene induction, cell-cycle progression, and cell signaling. These defects are due to the inability of large cells to scale nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis in accordance with cell volume increase, which effectively leads to cytoplasm dilution. We further show that loss of scaling beyond a certain critical size is due to DNA becoming limiting. Based on the observation that senescent cells are large and exhibit many of the phenotypes of large cells, we propose that the range of DNA:cytoplasm ratio that supports optimal cell function is limited and that ratios outside these bounds contribute to aging.
Small- and Large-Signal Dynamic Output Capacitance and Energy Loss in GaN-on-Si Power HEMTs (2021)

The origin of C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oss</sub> and the energy dissipation due to output capacitance can be roughly separated into two types: resistive loss and capacitive hysteresis loss. The resistive losses are due to the resistance of gallium nitride (GaN) buffer layers and Si-substrate. These loss components can be potentially improved by reengineering the doping concentrations in the buffer stacks and substrate layer. However, the capacitive hysteresis loss that is suspected to be due to trapping dynamics remains largely unexplained. This article presents a physics view of the trapping dynamics related to C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oss</sub> in the GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) under small- and large-signal excitations. It is observed that, under large-signal excitation, traps with shallow energy levels (in the range of 0.5 eV above valence band) are mostly responsible for the charge imbalance and energy dissipation. Under small-signal conditions, deep traps with an energy level of around 0.98 eV from the valence band are the causes for the hysteresis at dc. By identifying dominating types of traps and relevant trap energy levels in GaN HEMT, we can gain important insights on how to optimize the device stack design for high-frequency applications.
Transport and accumulation of pyridoxine and pyridoxal by erythrocytes. (1980)

The mechanisms of transport of pyridoxine (PN) and pyridoxal (PL) into erythrocytes have been investigated using the rapid-mixing technique with 3H-labeled substrates. Erythrocytes take up PN by passive diffusion as indicated by the fact that the initial influx process is nonsaturable and is not affected by pyridoxamine (PM), PL, or 4'-deoxypyridoxine. Transport of PL has the same characteristics. The transport of both PN and PL is temperature-dependent with a sharp increase in rate of uptake between 15 and 20 degrees C. The accumulation of 3H from [3H]PN against a concentration gradient was the result of phosphorylation. When the phosphorylation of [3H]PN was reduced by adding 160 microM unlabeled PN, PL, PM, or 4'-deoxypyridoxine, the cell:medium concentration ratio for 3H did not exceed unity. In contrast, with [3H]PL, 1.6 mM concentrations of these unlabeled substrates did not reduce the cell:medium concentration ratio of 3H. This kinase-in-dependent accumulation of PL against a concentration gradient, in the absence of evidence for mediated transport, suggested that binding by an intracellular protein was responsible. Evidence for such binding was obtained from Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, ultrafiltration, and equilibrium dialysis studies with [3H]PL. Reduction of the PL x protein complex with NaBH4 resulted in a stable pyridoxyl protein. The high binding capacity and the molecular weight by gel filtration suggest that hemoglobin is the binding protein.
White light generating semiconductor nanocrystal luminophors with high photometric quality (2008)

We proposed and demonstrated warm white light generating combinations of semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dot emitters with high photometric quality including high color rendering index (~80) on LED platforms to meet requirements of future lighting. Additionally, we developed and demonstrated of these nanocrystal luminophors with metal nanoparticles to control and enhance their spontaneous emission in the solid state film.
Mean-field-analysis of coding versus replication in cloud storage systems (2016)

We study cloud-storage systems with a very large number of files stored in a very large number of servers. In such systems, files are either replicated or coded to ensure reliability, i.e., file recovery from server failures. This redundancy in storage can further be exploited to improve system performance (mean file access delay) through appropriate load-balancing (routing) schemes. However, it is unclear whether coding or replication is better from a system performance perspective since the corresponding queueing analysis of such systems is, in general, quite difficult except for the trivial case when the system load asymptotically tends to zero. Here, we study the more difficult case where the system load is not asymptotically zero. Using the fact that the system size is large, we obtain a mean-field limit for the steady-state distribution of the number of file access requests waiting at each server. We then use the mean-field limit to show that, for a given storage capacity per file, coding strictly outperforms replication at all traffic loads while improving reliability. Further, the factor by which the performance improves in the heavy-traffic is at least as large as in the light-traffic case. Finally, we validate these results through extensive simulations.
Hybrid phosphorus–viologen dendrimers as new soft nanoparticles: design and properties (2021)

Design of new families of dendritic soft nanoparticles constituted of phosphorus, viologen and carbosilane fragments and their properties as nanomaterials and applications in biology.
Amino acid and sugar transport incells permissively infected with simian virus 40. (1975)

Transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and 2-deoxy-D-glucose in African green monkey kidney cells was measured 8 to 100 hr following permissive simian virus 40 infection. No differences in transport were detected during the time-period studies, and no significant differences were seen between the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants of normal and virally infected cells. The absence of transport enhancement in permissive simian virus 40 infection suggests that the augmented transport of viral-transformed cell lines devolves upon altered host genome function.
The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids (2014)

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.
Ribonucleotides Covalently Linked to Deoxyribonucleic Acid in T4 Bacteriophage (1972)

Bacteriophage T4 was grown in the presence of labeled uridine. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the phage was shown to contain covalently attached ribonucleotides. The label appears not to be internal in the DNA strands. Presumably, it is at the ends of the DNA strands and this may be related to DNA initiation.
Volume adaptation and visualization by modeling the volume level in noisy environments for telepresence system (2014)

The Lombard effect is the involuntary tendency of speakers to increase their vocal effort when speaking in a loud noise to enhance the audibility of their voice. There is a problem in telecommunication due to the Lombard effect. A speaker talks at a louder volume than necessary for the conversation partner at a remote location. This paper proposes a volume model that is required in order to automatically adjust the volume of an operator's voice at a remote communication via a telepresence robot, and develops an optimal volume control system LombaBot equipped on a telepresence robot with the model. The volume model measures the level of noise around the robot and the distance between a conversation partner and the robot to adjust the volume of the operator's voice. It has two types of volume adjustments. Those are called comfortable volume and secret talk volume. LombaBot enables people at a remote site to listen comfortably to the voice of a robot operator. Moreover, the operator is able to talk in low voices when s/he wants to talk in secret with nearby people. We confirmed that LombaBot adjusted the volume of an operator's voice properly in the noisy remote location.
Application-Level Monitoring and SLA Violation Detection for Multi-Tenant Cloud Services (2015)

Keeping the quality of service defined by Service Level Agreements (SLAs) is a key factor to facilitate business operations of Cloud providers. SLA enforcement relies on resource and application monitoring—a topic that has been investigated by various Cloud-related projects. Application-level monitoring still represents an open research issue, especially for billing and accounting purposes. Such a monitoring is becoming fundamental, as Cloud services are multi-tenant, thus having users sharing the same resources. This chapter describes key challenges on application provisioning and SLA enforcement in Clouds, introduces a Cloud Application and SLA monitoring architecture, and proposes two methods for determining the frequency that applications needs to be monitored. The authors evaluate their architecture on a real Cloud testbed using applications that exhibit heterogeneous behaviors. The achieved results show that the architecture is low intrusive, able to monitor resources and applications, detect SLA violations, and automatically suggest effective measurement intervals for various workloads.
Effects of kinetin on formation of scopoletin and scopolin in tobacco tissue cultures. (1982)

Kinetin increased the formation of scopoletin and scopolin in tobacco tissue cultures. The formation of scopolin was increased more in the presence of both kinetin (KIN) and L-phenylalanine (Phe) in the medium than in the case of either KIN or Phe alone. The activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was increased by the addition of KIN. The increase of PAL activity was inhibited by actinomycin-D and cycloheximide added at the same time as the KIN, but actinomycin-D did not inhibit the increase when added at 8 hr after the addition of KIN at which time cycloheximide inhibited it still. The incorporation of [U-14C]-Phe into scopoletin and scopolin was stimulated by KIN, but its incorporation into protein and lignin was not affected. These results suggest that KIN increased de novo synthesis of PAL through its mRNA, and the enhanced activity of PAL resulted in the increase of scopoletin and scopolin formation.
GPU Optimisation of an Endogenous Peer-to-Peer Market with Product Differentiation (2023)

With the increase of renewable energy and the consumer flexibility needed in the energy transition, grid man-agement will become more and more complex. Solutions for a decentralized market and handling of the physical state of the network already exist in the literature. But when simulated on a single machine for simulation purposes, these implementations do not scale up well with the problem size. This makes it impossible for researchers and system operators to tune parameters and check for stability, robustness, and dimension in a large grid. In this contribution, we optimized an endogenous Peer to peer market on a Graphic Processing Unit to allow the scaling of these algorithms. The computation times between the Central and Graphic Processing Units are divided by more than 25 with 600 agents, and the speed-up increases with the problem size. Some algorithmic and implementation issues are highlighted for such extensive problem dimensions.
Vascular Targeting of Radiolabeled Liposomes with Bio-Orthogonally Conjugated Ligands: Single Chain Fragments Provide Higher Specificity than Antibodies (2018)

Liposomes are a proven, versatile, and clinically viable technology platform for vascular delivery of drugs and imaging probes. Although targeted liposomes have the potential to advance these applications, complex formulations and the need for optimal affinity ligands and conjugation strategies challenge their translation. Herein, we employed copper-free click chemistry functionalized liposomes to target platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) by conjugating clickable monoclonal antibodies (Ab) or their single chain variable fragments (scFv). For direct, quantitative tracing, liposomes were surface chelated with <sup>111</sup>In to a >90% radiochemical yield and purity. Particle size and distribution, stability, ligand surface density, and specific binding to target cells were characterized in vitro. Biodistribution of liposomes after IV injection was characterized in mice using isotope detection in organs and by noninvasive imaging (single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography, SPECT/CT). As much as 20-25% of injected dose of liposomes carrying PECAM and ICAM ligands, but not control IgG accumulated in the pulmonary vasculature. The immunospecificity of pulmonary targeting of scFv/liposomes to PECAM-1 and ICAM-1, respectively, was 10-fold and 2.5-fold higher than of Ab/liposomes. Therefore, the combination of optimal ligands, benign conjugation, and labeling yields liposomal formulations that may be used for highly effective and specific vascular targeting.
Structural, optical, and electronic stability of copper sulfide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (2013)

Copper sulfide films of nanometer thickness are grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and their structural and optoelectronic properties investigated as a function of time and storage environment. At temperatures as low as 80 °C polycrystalline thin films are synthesized, which index to the stoichiometric (Cu2S) chalcocite phase. As-prepared and prior to exposure to room ambient, conductive films are obtained as a result of a high mobility (4 cm2 V−1 s−1) and a relatively moderate p-type doping of 1018 cm−3. However, exposure to air results in a rapid rise in conductivity due to heavy p-type doping (>1020 cm−3). The evolving electronic properties in air are correlated with a change in both crystalline phase and optical constants. Surface analysis corroborates a copper deficiency induced by room temperature oxidation in air. Surprisingly, storage in a <0.1 ppm oxygen and water atmosphere significantly slows but does not halt the rise in conductivity with time. However, an Al2O3 overlayer—also grown by ALD—results in significantly lower carrier concentrations as well as dramatically slower carrier addition with time, even under ambient conditions. The implications for future use of Cu2S in more efficient (p/n+) and stable thin film photovoltaics are discussed.