gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color Image Display with a Limited Palette Size (1989)

Many image display devices limit the colors which can be simultaneously displayed to a small set of colors called a color palette. Usually, each element of the color palette can be selected by the user from a wide variety of available colors. Such device restrictions make it particularly difficult to display natural color images since these images usually contain a wide range of colors. The color quantization problem can be considered in two parts: the selection of an optimal color palette and the optimal mapping of each pixel of the image to a color from the palette. This paper applies a hierarchical tree structure to the design of the color palette. The tree structure allows palette colors to be properly allocated to areas of the color space which are densely populated and, in addition, greatly reduces the computational requirements of the palette design and pixel mapping tasks. Methods are presented for incorporating performance measures which reflect subjective evaluations of image quality. Incorporation of these measures into the quantization problem results in significantly improved image quality. The algorithms presented in the paper produce high quality displayed images with minimum artifacts and require far less computation than previously proposed algorithms using unstructured color palettes.
Concept of two-dimensional swing curves for critical dimension prediction and optimization of resist/antireflective coating bilayers in topographic situations (2000)

In microlithography, the necessity of using bottom antireflective coatings (BARCs) to reduce linewidth variations resulting from reflective notching and thin film interference effects has been largely demonstrated. We report a new methodology, based on a 2-D swing curve concept, to predict the lithographic performance of resist/BARC bilayers in a topographic situation to optimize the critical dimension (CD) range. Due to inherent planarization effects when coating on topography, both the resist and organic BARC thicknesses vary, as do the final reflectivity and CDs. As a consequence, it is not easy to determine the optimal BARC thicknesses and to predict the lithographic performance, taking into account topography effects over the whole chip. Usually, lithographic performance (CD swing curves) is measured or calculated using modeling over plane wafers. Over the topography of a real chip, however, the resist thickness can cover up to four periods of the swing curve, which means that lithographic performance over a real chip cannot be predicted using swing curves calculated or measured on plane wafers. We therefore propose a new method of representing the reflectivity and CD swing curves in two dimensions to evaluate the lithographic performance of the BARC/resist bilayer. A simulation algorithm is performed that enables the determination of both the optimal BARC thicknesses and the lithographic performance window over the whole chip. Practical examples are given demonstrating the role of such a simulation.
A One‐Step Shallow Trench Global Planarization Process Using Chemical Mechanical Polishing (1997)

The use of chemical‐mechanical polishing (CMP) as a planarization technique in VLSI process technology is increasing rapidly. However, many of the planarizing applications are directed toward interconnect dielectric planarization for triple‐level metal (TLM) and quadruple‐level metal (QLM) schemes. Interest in CMP as a tool for use in shallow trench isolation is much more limited because of the dishing effect in wide field regions, as well as the difficulty of planarizing large and small features simultaneously. In this work, we discuss the status of our planarization technique, aimed at the development of a viable shallow trench isolation process for a CMOS technology. We discuss the initial effort which optimizes the planarizing characteristics of our polish process as a function of feature geometry, nitride overcoat, and nitride polish stop. It is shown that large and small features on a variety of mask layouts are planarized simultaneously without dishing. Small features are planarized quickly and remain protected by a nitride polish stop; larger features planarize more slowly and end on the nitride polish stop as well.
Adhesion selectivity by electrostatic complementarity. II. Two-dimensional analysis (2011)

In Part I of this work, using a one-dimensional (1D) representation of the two-dimensional (2D) electrostatic and ion concentration fields, we showed that highly selective adhesion can be achieved between two charged surfaces separated by an electrolyte. In Part II of this work, we provide a detailed theoretical justification of our 1D model by solving the electrostatic problem in a 2D configuration. We establish the conditions under which a 1D approximation is accurate in terms of material and geometrical parameters. We provide the full 2D solution that can be used to analyze other physical phenomena involving migration and separation of particles under the influence of fixed surface charges.
Table S1 from Functional Silencing of <i>HSD17B2</i> in Prostate Cancer Promotes Disease Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Primer sequences of genes&lt;/p&gt;
Computing Blindfolded on Data Homomorphically Encrypted under Multiple\n Keys: An Extended Survey (2020)

New cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption (HE) allow\ncomputations to be outsourced to and evaluated blindfolded in a resourceful\ncloud. These computations often require private data owned by multiple\nparticipants, engaging in joint evaluation of some functions. For example,\nGenome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) is becoming feasible because of recent\nproliferation of genome sequencing technology. Due to the sensitivity of\ngenomic data, these data should be encrypted using different keys. However,\nsupporting computation on ciphertexts encrypted under multiple keys is a\nnon-trivial task. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on different\nstate-of-the-art cryptographic techniques and schemes that are commonly used.\nWe review techniques and schemes including Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE),\nProxy Re-Encryption (PRE), Threshold Homomorphic Encryption (ThHE), and\nMulti-Key Homomorphic Encryption (MKHE). We analyze them based on different\nsystem and security models, and examine their complexities. We share lessons\nlearned and draw observations for designing better schemes with reduced\noverheads.\n
Axially asymmetric metal alkyls. Part 4. Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the tungsten(V) metallabicyclic complex [{W[(2-CH2C6H4)2]2O}2Mg(C4H8O)4]·CH2Cl2 (1986)

Reaction of the di-Grignard reagent [{Mg(thf)nCl}2{(2-CH2C6H4)2}], derived from [Mg(anth)(thf)3](anth = anthracene) and (2-CICH2C6H4)2, with WCI4O in tetrahydrofuran (thf) yields a paramagnetic species, shown by an X-ray diffraction study to be [{W[(2-CH2C6H4)2]2[graphic omitted]g(thf)4]. Within each molecule the bidentate alkyl ligands have the same chirality, the overall molecular symmetry being approximately 222. A two-fold axis containing the oxo-groups and metal centres is the only crystallographically imposed symmetry. Oxo-groups are trans in the octahedrally co-ordinated magnesium centre [Mg–O(oxo) 2.036(5), 2.029(5)Å; Mg–O(thf) 2.080(3), 2.1 20(5)Å] and occupy an apical position of square-pyramidally co-ordinated tungsten centres [W–01.744(5), 1.726(4) A; W–CH2 2.162(5)–2.191(4)Å]. Important angles of the metallacycles are: CH2–W–CH2 83.7(2), 85.8(2)°; W–CH2 C(aryl)115.3(4)–121.1(4)°; and torsion angles along the biphenyl axes, 52.9 and 63.1°.
Catalytic Activity of Polymer-metal Complexes: (1973)

触媒作用のある金属錯体を合成高分子に導入して触媒活性高分子を得ることは,いわば高分子の修飾を受けた触媒挙動を示すことになるため,たとえば金属酵素モデルへのアプローチという動機から大方の研究者の関心を集めてか,数多くの報告がある。しかし一般に扱われている錯体構造は必ずしも明確ではなく,これが錯体の反応性や触媒活性に関する取扱いを困難なものにしている。このような見地からまず構造明確な高分子金属錯体の合成を試み,高分子について錯体化学の諸問題を掘り下げて検討することは重要である。とくに高分子効果を単離して単純な合成高分子上に一つずつ具現化し,機能性の定量的追求を可能にすることが急務と思われる。ここでは主に酸化触媒作用を取り上げ,その素反応である電子移動反応から高分子金属錯体の特徴を考えるとともに,PPO樹脂を生成する酸化重合反応の触媒能を検定し,実用性をもった高分子錯体触媒としての展開を紹介する。
O-Band 10-Gb/s Operation of a Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Based Self-Seeded Transmitter for Optical Access Applications (2014)

New applications are emerging in the optical access for wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network colorless transmitters based on a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier. Previous works have shown that 10-Gb/s operation can be reached in the C-band with such transmitters, yet trade-offs are necessary for chromatic dispersion and, consequently, link length enters the equation. Such impairments are discussed using both experimental data and simulation results. New experimental data with interesting performance in the O-band are also presented.
ABT‐719 for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing High‐Risk Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Phase 2b Clinical Trial (2016)

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT01777165.
Cutin-Derived Oligomers Act as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana (2023)

Abstract The cuticle constitutes the outermost defensive barrier of most land plants. It comprises a polymeric matrix – cutin, surrounded by soluble waxes. Moreover, the cuticle constitutes the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, while also protecting the plant from many abiotic stresses. Aliphatic monomers in cutin have been suggested to act as immune elicitors in plants. This study analyses the potential of tomato cutin oligomers to act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) able to induce a rapid immune response in the model plant Arabidopsis . Cutin oligomeric mixtures led to Ca 2+ influx and MAPK activation in Arabidopsis . Comparable responses were measured for cutin, which was also able to induce a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. Furthermore, treatment of Arabidopsis with cutin oligomers resulted in a unique transcriptional reprogramming profile, having many archetypal features of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Targeted spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses of the cutin oligomers suggest that the elicitors compounds consist mostly of two up to three 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid monomers linked together through ester bonds. This study demonstrates that cutin breakdown products can act as DAMPs; a novel class of elicitors deserving further characterization.
Podocalyxin-Like Protein Is Expressed in Glioblastoma Multiforme Stem-Like Cells and Is Associated with Poor Outcome (2013)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor and is associated with poor survival. Recently, stem-like cell populations have been identified in numerous malignancies including GBM. To identify genes whose expression is changed with differentiation, we compared transcript profiles from a GBM oncosphere line before and after differentiation. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression profiles identified podocalyxin-like protein (PODXL), a protein highly expressed in human embryonic stem cells, as a potential marker of undifferentiated GBM stem-like cells. The loss of PODXL expression upon differentiation of GBM stem-like cell lines was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Analytical flow cytometry of numerous GBM oncosphere lines demonstrated PODXL expression in all lines examined. Knockdown studies and flow cytometric cell sorting experiments demonstrated that PODXL is involved in GBM stem-like cell proliferation and oncosphere formation. Compared to PODXL-negative cells, PODXL-positive cells had increased expression of the progenitor/stem cell markers Musashi1, SOX2, and BMI1. Finally, PODXL expression directly correlated with increasing glioma grade and was a marker for poor outcome in patients with GBM. In summary, we have demonstrated that PODXL is expressed in GBM stem-like cells and is involved in cell proliferation and oncosphere formation. Moreover, high PODXL expression correlates with increasing glioma grade and decreased overall survival in patients with GBM.
Multiomic analysis of malignant pleural mesothelioma identifies molecular axes and specialized tumor profiles driving intertumor heterogeneity (2023)

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with rising incidence and challenging clinical management. Through a large series of whole-genome sequencing data, integrated with transcriptomic and epigenomic data using multiomics factor analysis, we demonstrate that the current World Health Organization classification only accounts for up to 10% of interpatient molecular differences. Instead, the MESOMICS project paves the way for a morphomolecular classification of MPM based on four dimensions: ploidy, tumor cell morphology, adaptive immune response and CpG island methylator profile. We show that these four dimensions are complementary, capture major interpatient molecular differences and are delimited by extreme phenotypes that-in the case of the interdependent tumor cell morphology and adapted immune response-reflect tumor specialization. These findings unearth the interplay between MPM functional biology and its genomic history, and provide insights into the variations observed in the clinical behavior of patients with MPM.
Integrated THz Quantum Cascade Laser Technology. (2012)

Abstract not provided.
Electric-field-induced optical hysteresis in single-layer WSe2 (2019)

We demonstrate that the exciton energy of a monolayer of tungsten diselenide on an SiO2/Si substrate can be tuned by an applied in-plane electric field for two samples with different dielectric capping materials. The exciton energy can be either red- or blue-shifted by up to 20 meV based on the polarity of the applied electric field. We argue that a piezoelectric effect creates a large internal electric field, which is either partially aligned or partially antialigned with the external electric field. Additionally, optical hysteresis is observed on cycling of the external electric field due to trapped charges.
Determination of the molecular weight distribution of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene from solution rheology (2022)

We investigate the linear rheology of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) solutions with the aim of determining the molecular weight distribution of the polymer. The UHMWPE is dissolved in oligo-ethylene in order to avoid issues related to unfavorable interactions with the solvent. To prepare the solutions, UHMWPE, solvent, and a fixed amount of antioxidants are mixed by means of a corotating twin-screw microcompounder. All prepared solutions are within the concentrated regime, as confirmed by the scaling laws of the main rheological parameters (plateau modulus, relaxation time, and zero-shear viscosity) with concentration. Based on the viscoelastic response of the solutions, we adopt a heuristic approach to extrapolate the linear viscoelastic behavior of the melt, according to a time-concentration superposition principle. Such a technique allows us to span many decades of angular frequency, eventually attaining the terminal relaxation regime. The latter is difficult to achieve by direct measurements in the molten state because of experimental issues such as extremely long experimental times and thermal limits. The viscoelastic spectrum of the melt is used to obtain the molecular weight distribution (MWD) according to the time-dependent diffusion/double reptation model. The MWD of UHMWPE evaluated by using this approach agrees well with data obtained from gel permeation chromatography.
Synthesis and characterization of formal‐group‐containing diisocyanates and polyimides therefrom (1992)

Abstract Four new formal‐group‐containing diisocyanates, namely, bis(3‐isocyanatophenoxy) methane, bis(4‐isocyanatophenoxy)methane, bis[2‐(3‐isocyanatophenoxy)ethyl] formal, and bis[2‐(4‐isocyanatophenoxy)ethyl] formal, were synthesized by the Curtius rearrangement from the corresponding dicarboxylic acids. The diisocyanates were polycondensed with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to obtain formal‐group‐containing polyimides. These polyimides were characterized by viscosity measurements, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis.
A Framework for Incentivizing Deep Fixes (2014)

We study the problem of how to incentivize deep fixes to software bugs, where a deep fix attempts to correct the root cause of the bug instead of just suppressing it superficially. To this end we introduce a dynamic model of the software engineering ecosystem. We then solve this problem by proposing subsumption mechanisms. In a subsumption mechanism, deeper fixes can replace or subsume shallower fixes and a worker’s payoff increases if his fix subsumes other fixes. We use a solution concept known as mean field equilibrium, an approximation methodology suited to large market settings. Taking a computational approach, we simulate the dynamic model of the ecosystem with subsumption mechanisms. Our algorithm achieves convergence and thus estimates a mean field equilibrium. We further compare our mechanism to baseline mechanisms using metrics, such as percentage of bugs receiving deep fixes, rate of bugs fixed, and cost to the user. Simulation results indicate that the subsumption mechanism performs favourably versus the baseline mechanisms.
Antenna Switching Sequence Design for Channel Sounding in a Fast Time-Varying Channel (2018)

This paper investigates the impact of array switching patterns on the accuracy of parameter estimation of multipath components for a time division multiplexed (TDM) channel sounder. To measure fast time- varying channels, the conventional uniform array switching pattern poses a fundamental limit of the number of antennas that a TDM channel sounder can utilize. We propose a method, which is based on the simulated annealing algorithm, to find non-uniform array switching patterns for realistic antenna arrays, so that we can extend the Doppler estimation range of the channel sounder by suppressing the high sidelobes in the spatio-temporal ambiguity function. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the optimal switching sequence leads to significantly smaller root mean square errors of both direction of departure and Doppler. Results can be applied in both vehicle-to-vehicle and mobile millimeter wave MIMO channel measurements.
30.3 A 25.6Gb/s Uplink-Downlink Interface Employing PAM-4-Based 4-Channel Multiplexing and Cascaded CDR Circuits in Ring Topology for High-Bandwidth and Large-Capacity Storage Systems (2019)

High-bandwidth (BW) and large-capacity storage systems with NAND Flash memory (hereinafter referred to as “NAND”) have been increasingly required for big data applications, such as the field of advanced biomedical science [1]. However, a conventional NAND interface (I/F), e.g., Toggle DDR, with multi-drop bus topology has a tradeoff between BW and capacity due to the large load capacitance of NAND packages (PKGs). Although increasing the number of parallelized lanes of Toggle DDR improves both BW and capacity, it costs a large number of pins/wires on a controller/PCB. In order to overcome these problems, a daisy-chained serial I/F has been proposed [2]. In the I/F, bridge chips mask large load capacitance of NAND PKGs seen from a controller's transmitter (TX) so that a 12.8Gb/s downlink is realized. However, the multi-band multiplexing technique employed in [2] has a drawback in the difficulty in implementing an uplink because severe timing control is required for cumulatively multiplexing multiple bands (i.e., channels) in each bridge chip. In order to realize both a downlink and an uplink with lower power consumption, this paper presents a newly developed serial I/F with three key techniques: (1) PAM-4-based 4-channel (4-ch) multiplexing, (2) cascaded CDR circuits in (3) ring topology. The fabricated transceiver (TRX) for the proposed I/F achieves 3.69pJ/b with a BER lower than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> at 25.Gb/s with PRBS31 through 1.84dB of channel loss at 6.4GHz. The proposed I/F can achieve a state-of-the-art FoM (defined as “# of packages × Data Rate / power consumption”) of 1.80PKG.Gb/s/mW.
Structured audio: creation, transmission, and rendering of parametric sound representations (1998)

Structured audio representations are semantic and symbolic descriptions that are useful for ultralow-bit-rate transmission, flexible synthesis, and perceptually based manipulation and retrieval of sound. We present an overview of techniques for transmitting and synthesizing sound represented in structured format, and for creating structured representations from audio waveforms. We discuss applications for structured audio in virtual environments, music synthesis, gaming, content-based retrieval, interactive broadcast, and other multimedia contexts.
Publisher Correction: The β20–β21 of gp120 is a regulatory switch for HIV-1 Env conformational transitions (2018)

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Amos B. Smith, III, which was incorrectly given as Amos B. SmithIII. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITE BEAM USING THE PERMANENT FORM REINFORCED WITH CFRPAND ITS APPLICATION TO THE PIER (1995)

鉄筋コンクリート部材の構成材料である鉄筋を, 炭素繊維を用いたCFRPに代替することにより, 耐久性, 耐候性に優れた部材を製作でき, かつ現場作業の省力化を図れる. 本研究では, 塩害の被害の起きた桟橋上部工にCFRPのプレキャスト部材を適用するための合成度の確認実験の結果について報告する. また, 設計・施工法の整備を進め, 実構造物への適用例について報告する.
Supplementary Table 1 from ICOS Is an Indicator of T-cell–Mediated Response to Cancer Immunotherapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Table S1: Characterization of 89Zr-DFO-ICOS mAb, n=4&lt;/p&gt;
Mixing and Circulation of Lakes and Reservoirs with Air Plumes (1976)

The results presented here are based on experiments completed by May 1974.Unfortunately another year of planned work dealing with the effects of simulated wind-induced surface currents, initial stratification, bottom sediments, and dissolved oxygen buildup was not carried out since R. S. Torrest left the University.There are a number of relatively minor inconsistencies in this report.
Acoustically levitated lock and key grains (2022)

We present a scheme for generating shape-dependent, specific bonds between millimeter scale particles, using acoustic levitation. We levitate particles in an ultrasonic standing wave, allowing for substrate-free assembly. Secondary scattering generates shape-dependent attractive forces between particles, while driving the acoustic trap above its resonance frequency produces active fluctuations that mimic an effective temperature. We 3D print planar particles, and show that the local curvature of their binding sites controls the selectivity for attaching a matching particle. We find that the bound-state probability and bound-state lifetime can be independently tuned via the binding site depth and height respectively. Finally, we show that these principles can be used to design particles that assemble into complex structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Strategies for the Intracellular Delivery of Nanoparticles (2011)

Abstract Review: 120 refs.
A hybrid MAC with prioritization for wireless sensor networks (2008)

This paper introduces I-MAC, a new medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks. I-MAC targets at improving both channel utilisation and energy efficiency while taking into account traffic load for each sensor node according to its role in the network. I-MAC reaches its objectives through prioritized and adaptive access to the channel. I-MAC performances obtained through simulations for different network topologies, scenarios and traffic loads show significant improvements in energy efficiency, channel utilization, loss ratio and delay compared to existing protocols.