gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear force driven plasma blocks igniting solid density hydrogen boron: Laser fusion energy without radioactivity (2009)

Abstract Energy production by laser driven fusion energy is highly matured by spherical compression and ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel. An alternative scheme is the fast ignition where petawatt (PW)-picosecond (ps) laser pulses are used. A significant anomaly was measured and theoretically analyzed with very clean PW-ps laser pulses for avoiding relativistic self focusing. This permits a come-back of the side-on ignition scheme of uncompressed solid DT, which is in essential contrast to the spherical compression scheme. The conditions of side-on ignition thresholds needed exorbitantly high energy flux densities E *. These conditions are now in reach by using PW-ps laser pulses to verify side-on ignition for DT. Generalizing this to side-on igniting solid state density proton-Boron-11 (HB11) arrives at the surprising result that this is one order of magnitude more difficult than the DT fusion. This is in contrast to the well known impossibility of igniting HB11 by spherical laser compression and may offer fusion energy production with exclusion of neutron generation and nuclear radiation effects with a minimum of heat pollution in power stations and application for long mission space propulsion.
The FMR2 gene, FRAXE and non-specific X-linked mental retardation: clinical and molecular aspects. (2000)

FRAXE fragile site associated mental retardation remains unique among X-linked mental retardation phenotypes due to its very mild to borderline nature (50< IQ< 85). It is the most prevalent form of non-specific X-linked mental retardation so far delineated, with an estimated incidence of at least 1/50-100,000 males, and with more than 50 families known worldwide. The FRAXE site is within, or immediately adjacent to, the 5' untranslated region of the FMR2 gene. Hyperexpansion of the FRAXE CCG repeat silences transcription of the gene. The structure of FMR2 has been characterized, but its function remains unknown. Gene localizations for numerous (> 75) large families with non-specific X-linked mental retardation (MRX) have been determined so far. Recently the molecular basis for some of them has been unravelled by identification of the responsible genes, which participate in complex common signalling pathways. This review summarises the new data on FRAXE associated mental retardation and the FMR2 gene in the light of the recent discoveries of new genes responsible for other forms of non-specific X-linked mental retardation.
Beyond bag‐of‐words: Bigram‐enhanced context‐dependent term weights (2014)

While term independence is a widely held assumption in most of the established information retrieval approaches, it is clearly not true and various works in the past have investigated a relaxation of the assumption. One approach is to use n‐grams in document representation instead of unigrams. However, the majority of early works on n‐grams obtained only modest performance improvement. On the other hand, the use of information based on supporting terms or “contexts” of queries has been found to be promising. In particular, recent studies showed that using new context‐dependent term weights improved the performance of relevance feedback ( RF ) retrieval compared with using traditional bag‐of‐words BM 25 term weights. Calculation of the new term weights requires an estimation of the local probability of relevance of each query term occurrence. In previous studies, the estimation of this probability was based on unigrams that occur in the neighborhood of a query term. We explore an integration of the n‐gram and context approaches by computing context‐dependent term weights based on a mixture of unigrams and bigrams. Extensive experiments are performed using the title queries of the Text Retrieval Conference ( TREC )‐6, TREC ‐7, TREC ‐8, and TREC ‐2005 collections, for RF with relevance judgment of either the top 10 or top 20 documents of an initial retrieval. We identify some crucial elements needed in the use of bigrams in our methods, such as proper inverse document frequency ( IDF ) weighting of the bigrams and noise reduction by pruning bigrams with large document frequency values. We show that enhancing context‐dependent term weights with bigrams is effective in further improving retrieval performance.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse (1976)

Abstract The ongoing IgE antibody formation against ovalbumin (OA) in high responder mice was depressed by i.v. injections of either native or urea-denatured ovalbumin (UD-OA). Adoptive transfer experiments to determinethe helper function of spleen cells from the treated animals showed that helper function for both IgE and IgG antibody responses diminished after treatment. Evidence was obtained that treatment suppressed the expansion of IgE-B memory cells. When the same treatment with OA or UD-OA was given to OA-primed mice before the appearance of IgE antibody in their serum, OA-specific splenic suppressor T cells were demonstrable. Thus, the transfer of splenic T cells from treated mice into normal mice suppressed the primary IgE and IgG antibody responses of the recipeints to DNP-OA. It was also found that the transfer of the splenic T cells from UD-OA-treated mice into OA-primed mice depressed ongoing IgE antibody formation in the recipients. The results suggested strongly that the decrease of helper function and the depression of ongoing IgE antibody formation by repeated injections of UD-OA was caused by generation of antigen (OA)-specific suppressor T cells.
What You See Is What You Get? The Impact of Representation Criteria on Human Bias in Hiring (2019)

Although systematic biases in decision-making are widely documented, the ways in which they emerge from different sources is less understood. We present a controlled experimental platform to study gender bias in hiring by decoupling the effect of world distribution (the gender breakdown of candidates in a specific profession) from bias in human decision-making. We explore the effectiveness of representation criteria, fixed proportional display of candidates, as an intervention strategy for mitigation of gender bias by conducting experiments measuring human decision-makers’ rankings for who they would recommend as potential hires. Experiments across professions with varying gender proportions show that balancing gender representation in candidate slates can correct biases for some professions where the world distribution is skewed, although doing so has no impact on other professions where human persistent preferences are at play. We show that the gender of the decision-maker, complexity of the decision-making task and over- and under-representation of genders in the candidate slate can all impact the final decision. By decoupling sources of bias, we can better isolate strategies for bias mitigation in human-in-the-loop systems.
Editorial for the Special Issue on “Fluidic Oscillators—Devices and Applications” (2022)

Fluidic oscillators are devices that produce a temporally and/or spatially oscillating output of fluid flow without requiring any moving parts [...]
Simulation of electron impact mass spectra by charge exchange in chemical ionization mass spectrometry (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimulation of electron impact mass spectra by charge exchange in chemical ionization mass spectrometryDonald F. Hunt and P. Jane. GaleCite this: Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 7, 1111–1114Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00271a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00271a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views120Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Adherus Dural Sealant as an Adjunct to Sutured Dural Repair in a Canine Cranial Durotomy Repair Model (2010)

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Adherus Dural Sealant when used as an adjunct to sutured closure in a canine durotomy repair model. The effectiveness of dural repair was evaluated at time of surgery, one week post surgery and again at approximately six months post surgery by pressure testing. The safety and endurance of the test article was evaluated over approximately six months using magnetic resonance imaging, clinical evaluations, clinical pathology, and histopathology. During pressure testing at all specified time points, Adherus Dural Sealant provided 100% water-tight closure. None of the Adherus Dural Sealant-treated incisions leaked at intracranial pressures up to 50 mmHg. MRI scans obtained at two to four days post surgery and monthly thereafter showed the test material to be clearly visible in all imaging sequences (T2, FLAIR, T1, and T1 with contrast). The test article continued to be visible, although clearly degrading, through the three month scan, was barely discernible in a portion of the scans at four months, and not present in the five and six month scans (T2 images). Adherus Dural Sealant was well-tolerated and none of the treated animals experienced test article related clinical signs after surgery. There were no test article related changes in body weight, food consumption, neurological/physical examination parameters, and clinical pathology parameters. Histopathologic evaluations indicate that there were no unanticipated morphologic changes associated with a single topical administration of Adherus Dural Sealant to a durotomy site in beagle dogs at eight days or six months post surgery.
Cardiovascular safety of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib (2021)

The intracellular tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib has shown great efficacy for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other interstitial lung diseases. However, the incidence rate of myocardial infarction (MI) among participants in landmark IPF trials was remarkable, peaking at 3/100 patient-years. Although subjects with IPF often have a high cardiovascular (CV) risk profile, the occurrence of MI in nintedanib-treated patients may not be fully explained by clustering of CV risk factors. Nintedanib inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor pathways, which play important roles in the biology of the atherosclerotic plaque and in the response of the heart to ischaemia. Hence, unwanted CV effects may partly account for nintedanib-related MI. We review the evidence supporting this hypothesis and discuss possible actions for a safe implementation of nintedanib in clinical practice, building on the experience with tyrosine kinase inhibitors acquired in cardio-oncology.
Waveform-Diverse Sensors (2009)

Abstract : The electromagnetic spectrum has become increasingly crowded in recent years as a result of the demand for higher bandwidths for greater communication throughput and finer resolution radar imaging. Thus efficient use of bandwidth is essential to meet the needs of a wide variety of technological disciplines. For radar applications perhaps the greatest challenges to attaining high spectral efficiency are the need for spectrally clean emissions that minimize the out-of-band interference and the complementary need for advanced receiver designs to enable the separation and processing of multiple radar and communications signals that mutually interfere with one another. In essence, instead of dealing with interference as simply a deleterious effect, it can be exploited as additional sources of information without the requirement of additional bandwidth. This 'waveform diverse' perspective is used to facilitate numerous performance enhancements and new operating modes for sensing.
Rotor Track and Balance Improvements (2013)

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Vibration derived from the main rotor dynamics and imbalance causes premature wear to the aircraft components, and can cause pilot fatigue. While improvements have been made in rotor track and balance (RTB) techniques; there is room to enhance the quality of the recommended RTB adjustments.&#x0D; One aspect that limits the development of RTB algorithms is the difficulty in quantifying the performance of new algorithms. This is because there are limited data sets to work on, and no agreed upon metrics on which to measure RTB performance.This paper develops a methodology to simulate the vibration due to injecting a fault into the rotor system, and demonstrates metrics to evaluate the performance of a RTB algorithm. A new Bayes RTB method is evaluated against a standard least squares technique. In addition, a technique is presented to automate the selection of active adjustments.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;
<title>Visual attention techniques in the graphical user interface</title> (1997)

This paper presents an experiment in using visual techniques, called 'masks,' to direct a user's attention within a computer graphical user interface. Bleaching, darkening, and a solid- color pattern overlay (screening) are used to de-emphasize background material, causing the target to visually 'pop-out' at the user. The tradeoff between effectively directing the user's attention and ensuring the readability of the background material is explored. Experimental results indicate that there is a wide range of darkening and screening levels that can create a pop-out effect without degrading the readability of the masked area.
Identification of novel ligands that alter the function of type II NKT cells (2020)

Abstract Natural killer T (NKT) cells are distinct innate lymphocytes which recognize lipid antigens in the context of the major histocompatibility complex-like molecule CD1d. When activated, these cells can rapidly produce a variety of cytokines and modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. There are two main subsets of NKT cells, termed type I and type II NKT cells. Type I NKT cells are characterized primarily on the basis of their invariant TCRα expression and reactivity to the glycolipid α-galactosyl ceramide (αGalCer), whereas type II NKT cells express a different and more diverse TCR repertoire than type I NKT cells. Currently, the most widely studied antigen for type II NKT cells is sulfatide. Sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells are reported to have the immunosuppressive function in autoimmune diseases and cancer. We previously showed a role for sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells in suppressing tumor immunosurveillance in a murine model of lung metastasis. The activation of type II NKT cells in this model by the injection of sulfatide increased the development of lung metastasis. We synthesized diverse sulfatide-analogues varying in the number of double bonds and hydroxyl groups in the ceramide. In vitro, analogues having a phytosphingosine sphingoid base activated both type II and type I NKT cell hybridomas. On the other hand, the analogue C24:2 with a sphingosine base activated only the type II NKT cell hybridoma. In vivo, the C24:2 analogue significantly reduced the development of lung metastasis, showing distinct and opposite effects from sulfatide. The identification of new ligands inducing altered functional activity of type II NKT cells could be of great interest for developing new anti-tumor immunotherapies.
Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXV. Gel point in the polymerization of diallyl esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acids (1977)

Abstract Studies on gelation in the radical polymerization of diallyl dicarboxylates have been conducted by Simpson, 9,11 Gordon, 10 and Oiwa. 13 However, the results obtained have not always been consistent and are still far from full elucidations. In this paper, the gel point in the polymerization of diallyl aromatic dicarboxylates, including diallyl phthalate (DAP), diallyl isophthalate (DAI), and diallyl terephthalate (DAT) is experimentally reexamined in detail and discussed according to Gordon's theory; the discrepancy between actual and theoretical gel point conversion was quite large and was enhanced in the order DAT &gt; DAI &gt; DAP. Moreover, from detailed inquiry into the primary chain length of the prepolymer it is suggested that the intramolecular chain transfer reaction plays an important role in the polymerization of diallyl ester accompanying the intramolecular cyclization reaction. The polydispersity coefficient ( P w ,0 / P n ,0 ) of the initial prepolymer of DAP is also estimated to be 2.0 from the extrapolation of P w / P n to zero conversion.
Class I HDAC inhibitors enhance YB ‐1 acetylation and oxidative stress to block sarcoma metastasis (2019)

Outcomes for metastatic Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma are dismal and have not changed for decades. Oxidative stress attenuates melanoma metastasis, and melanoma cells must reduce oxidative stress to metastasize. We explored this in sarcomas by screening for oxidative stress sensitizers, which identified the class I HDAC inhibitor MS-275 as enhancing vulnerability to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sarcoma cells. Mechanistically, MS-275 inhibits YB-1 deacetylation, decreasing its binding to 5'-UTRs of NFE2L2 encoding the antioxidant factor NRF2, thereby reducing NFE2L2 translation and synthesis of NRF2 to increase cellular ROS. By global acetylomics, MS-275 promotes rapid acetylation of the YB-1 RNA-binding protein at lysine-81, blocking binding and translational activation of NFE2L2, as well as known YB-1 mRNA targets, HIF1A, and the stress granule nucleator, G3BP1. MS-275 dramatically reduces sarcoma metastasis in vivo, but an MS-275-resistant YB-1K81-to-alanine mutant restores metastatic capacity and NRF2, HIF1α, and G3BP1 synthesis in MS-275-treated mice. These studies describe a novel function for MS-275 through enhanced YB-1 acetylation, thus inhibiting YB-1 translational control of key cytoprotective factors and its pro-metastatic activity.
Ecto-ATPase activity in cytolytic T-lymphocytes. Protection from the cytolytic effects of extracellular ATP. (1990)

Addition of ATP or ATP analog to the incubation media is shown to result in cell death in experiments with different cultured cell lines as evidenced by the results of several independent assays, both in the absence or presence of extracellular Ca2+. Cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clone itself was not only resistant to cytolytic effects of ATP, but was able to "rescue" antigen-nonbearing 51Cr-labeled cells from lytic effects of extracellular ATP (but not from lytic effects of adenosine 5'-thiotriphosphate) when present during assay. To test whether the resistance of CTL to ATP is due to a high activity of ecto-ATPase, four independent assays of ATPase activity were utilized to demonstrate the presence and relatively high activity of the ecto-ATPase(s) on CTL surface. Studies of substrate specificity of CTL ecto-ATPase suggest that there is more than one nucleoside 5'-triphosphatase on the surface of CTL. The enzyme(s) activity is Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent and in this respect is similar to recently described hepatic cells ecto-ATPase. We tested effects of known ATP-binding site-specific reagents fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate (FITC) and 5'-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine (FSBA) to find covalent modification procedures to be used in studies of functional role of ecto-ATPase. FSBA, but not FITC, inhibits lymphocyte ecto-ATPase but addition of ATP together with FSBA protects ecto-ATPase activity. Inactivation of CTL ecto-ATPase by pretreatment with FSBA makes CTL susceptible to lytic effects of extracellular ATP, as was hypothesized for the functional role of this enzyme in CTL.
Back to the Drawing Board: A Critical Evaluation of Poisoning Attacks on Federated Learning. (2021)

While recent works have indicated that federated learning (FL) is vulnerable to poisoning attacks by compromised clients, we show that these works make a number of unrealistic assumptions and arrive at somewhat misleading conclusions. For instance, they often use impractically high percentages of compromised clients or assume unrealistic capabilities for the adversary. We perform the first critical analysis of poisoning attacks under practical production FL environments by carefully characterizing the set of realistic threat models and adversarial capabilities. Our findings are rather surprising: contrary to the established belief, we show that FL, even without any defenses, is highly robust in practice. In fact, we go even further and propose novel, state-of-the-art poisoning attacks under two realistic threat models, and show via an extensive set of experiments across three benchmark datasets how (in)effective poisoning attacks are, especially when simple defense mechanisms are used. We correct previous misconceptions and give concrete guidelines that we hope will encourage our community to conduct more accurate research in this space and build stronger (and more realistic) attacks and defenses.
Asymptotic behavior of global recovery in SRM (1998)

The development and deployment of a large-scale, wide-area multicast infrastructure in the Internet has enabled a new family of multi-party, collaborative applications. Several of these applications, such as multimedia slide shows, shared whiteboards, and large-scale multi-player games, require reliable multicast transport, yet the underlying multicast infrastructure provides only a best-effort delivery service. A difficult challenge in the design of efficient protocols that provide reliable service on top of the best-effort multicast service is to maintain acceptable performance as the protocol scales to very large session sizes distributed across the wide area. The Scalable, Reliable Multicast (SRM) protocol [6] is a receiver-driven scheme based on negative acknowledgments (NACKs) reliable multicast protocol that uses randomized timers to limit the amount of protocol overhead in the face of large multicast groups, but the behavior of SRM at extremely large scales is not well-understood.In this paper, we use analysis and simulation to investigate the scaling behavior of global loss recovery in SRM. We study the protocol's control-traffic overhead as a function of group size for various topologies and protocol parameters, on a set of simple, representative topologies --- the cone (a variant of a clique), the linear chain, and the binary tree. We find that this overhead, as a function of group size, depends strongly on the topology: for the cone, it is always linear; for the chain, it is between constant and logarithmic; and for the tree, it is between constant and linear.