gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pattern formation of flames in radial microchannels with lean methane-air mixtures (2007)

Premixed methane-air mixture is introduced at the center of two parallel circular quartz plates separated by a millimeter scale distance (<or= 5mm). Two plates are heated with an external heater to create a positive temperature gradient condition along the flow direction. The combustion characteristics of lean methane-air mixtures are investigated at phi=0.67 and phi=0.85 in the laminar flow regime (Re approximately 500-1800). Contrary to the general perception of a stable premixed flame front at a radial location, a large variety of unstable and dynamic flame front patterns are observed at phi=0.67. At phi=0.85, stable flame propagation mode dominated the regime diagram and unstable flame propagation modes are observed under limited conditions. In these unstable flame propagation modes, single and multiple flame fronts rotate around the center at a rate of 15-50 Hz.
Quantifying Perceptual Image Quality. (1998)

This paper describes a more efficient paired comparison method that reduces the number of trials necessary for converting a table of paired comparisons into scalar data. Instead of comparing every pair of samples (the complete method), a partial method is used that makes more comparisons between closer samples than between more distant samples. A sorting algorithm is used to efficiently order the samples with paired comparisons, and each comparison is recorded. When the sorting is completed, more trials will have been conducted between closer samples than between distant samples. A regression is used to scale the resulting comparison matrix into a one dimensional perceptual quality estimate.
Selection for Low Protein in Barley1 (1984)

Four populations were studied to determine effectiveness of selection for low grain protein content in spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L. From 46 to 60 unreplicated F 5 lines were grown for each of the four populations at Crookston, MN in 1980. Selection blocks based on check cultivars were used to aid selection of 20% of the lines for low grain protein and 10% of the lines for high grain protein. The selected lines were grown in replicated trials at St. Paul and Crookston, MN in 1981. Realized heritabilities for grain protein content for the four populations ranged from 18 to 100% with a mean of 54%. Grain protein content was independent of grain yield, whereas protein content showed a variable relationship in the four populations with percent plump kernels. These findings encourage selection for grain protein content in early generation barley populations using one row plots.
Analysis of Li-Ion Coin Cells with Flame Retardant Co-solvents (2011)

Abstract not Available.
Nanotube Friendly Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (2010)

Poly(N-ispropylacrylamide) [PNIPAM] is a widely studied polymer for use in biological applications due to its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) being so close to the human body temperature. Unfortunately, attempts to combine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with PNIPAM have been unsuccessful due to poor interactions between these two materials. In this work, a PNIPAM copolymer with 1 mol-% pyrene side group [p-PNIPAM] was used to produce a thermoresponsive polymer capable of stabilizing both single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in water. The presence of pyrene in the polymer chain lowers the LCST less than 4 °C and the interaction with nanotubes does not show any influence on LCST. Moreover, p-PNIPAM stabilized nanotubes show a temperature-dependent dispersion in water that allows the level of nanotube exfoliation/bundling to be controlled. Cryo-TEM images, turbidity, and viscosity of these suspensions were used to characterize these thermoresponsive changes. This ability to manipulate the dispersion state of CNTs in water with p-PNIPAM will likely benefit many biological applications, such as drug delivery, optical sensors, and hydrogels.
Besser verstehen (2016)

Abstract Moderne Hörgeräte können vernetzt von Ohr zu Ohr kommunizieren. Eine hohe Datenrate erlaubt eine binaurale Verarbeitung der Audiosignale beider Geräte. Entscheidend ist die Fähigkeit, ihre Mikrofone zu einem Richtmikrofon zusammenzuschließen, das über seine Richtwirkung effizient Störgeräusche ausblendet. Das macht die neue Gerätegeneration wesentlich leistungsfähiger als frühere Generationen mit einer monauralen Signalverarbeitung an jeweils einem Ohr. Auch die automatische Erkennung der Hörsituation hat sich deutlich verbessert. Der Verarbeitung zugrunde liegt ein stromsparendes, magnetisch‐induktives Wireless‐System. Es kann zudem über ein Relais mit Bluetooth‐Geräten kommunizieren und so zum Beispiel den Ton von Telefonen oder TV direkt empfangen. Auch mit dem Smartphone ist es vernetzbar und macht so die Hörgeräte bequem über eine App steuerbar.
Human In Vitro Fertilization (1980)

Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois1, The George Washington University Medical School, Washingion, D.C.3, and the Section on Human Genetics3 and Pregnancy Research Branch2, National Institute for Child Health and Human Developmeni, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Metal cluster ion photofragmentation (1986)

Photofragmentation studies are described for mass-selected transition metal cluster ions cooled in a supersonic expansion. Examples of the spectral utility of this technique are presented in the cases of Ni+2 and Nb+2 for which well resolved vibronic bands have been recorded by monitoring fragment yield as a function of dissociation laser wavelength. For larger, more complicated metal clusters the absorption spectrum is far too congested and perturbed for analysis, but photodissociation can reveal the thresholds and time scales of various fragmentation pathways. The order of the absorption event leading to dissociation is found from the extent of fragmentation as a function of laser fluence. Using this method, the one-photon dissociation threshold of Fe+2 is found to lie between 2.43 and 2.92 eV, which determines the binding energy of this transition metal dimer cation. Combined with previous ionization potential measurements this places the binding energy of the Fe2 neutral between 0.83 and 1.32 eV. Similarly, the threshold for dissociation of Fe+3 into Fe+2 +Fe was found to lie between 1.17 and 2.18 eV, placing the Fe3 neutral binding energy between 1.27 and 2.38 eV. For all transition metal clusters measured (Fex, Nix, and Nbx with x between 2 and 10) the primary one-photon fragmentation pathway was always found to be loss of a single metal atom from the cluster. Far more accurate measures of these dissociation thresholds should be possible with more extensive measurements of cold cluster ion photodissociation as a function of wavelength. Arguments are presented to the effect that these dissociation thresholds should generally provide valid measures of the true binding energies of transition metal clusters.
Increased Uric Acid in the Developing Brain and Spinal Cord Following Cytomegalovirus Infection (1989)

Tissue concentrations of uric acid were determined in the spinal cord, cerebellum, caudate-putamen, and cerebral cortex of developing mice following intraventricular inoculation with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) on postnatal day 10. Transient signs of neurological impairment were observed in MCMV-infected animals beginning on days 13-16 and continuing until days 19-21. At the onset of neurological impairment, uric acid concentrations in tissues from infected animals were 17-60-fold greater than in control animals. On postnatal day 70, 60 days after inoculation and 40 days after resolution of neurological signs, uric acid levels were still two- to threefold greater in infected animals. Histological examination revealed signs of focal ischemia in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of MCMV-infected mice only at the onset of neurological impairment, with ischemic cell changes in some pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. These results indicate that uric acid may be a sensitive marker of persistent vascular pathology resulting from cytomegalovirus infection of the developing nervous system.
Information-Sharing in Out-of-Hospital Disaster Response: The Future Role of Information Technology (2004)

Numerous examples exist of the benefits of the timely access to information in emergencies and disasters. Information technology (IT) is playing an increasingly important role in information-sharing during emergencies and disasters. The effective use of IT in out-of-hospital (OOH) disaster response is accompanied by numerous challenges at the human, applications, communication, and security levels. Most reports of IT applications to emergencies or disasters to date, concern applications that are hospital-based or occur during non-response phases of events (i.e., mitigation, planning and preparedness, or recovery phases). Few reports address the application of IT to OOH disaster response. Wireless peer networks that involve ad hoc wireless routing networks and peer-to-peer application architectures offer a promising solution to the many challenges of information-sharing in OOH disaster response. These networks offer several services that are likely to improve information-sharing in OOH emergency response, including needs and capacity assessment databases, victim tracking, event logging, information retrieval, and overall incident management system support.
Lectin binding to chronic inflammatory gingival tissue: possible adhesion mechanisms based on lectin‐carbohydrate interactions (1993)

In this study, we analyzed the expression of different leukocyte surface antigens, of the adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and GMP-140 and binding of various lectins and neoglycoproteins in inflamed gingival tissue. Cell suspensions from collagenase-digested gingiva were analyzed by flow cytometry in a FACScan. The expression of ELAM-1, GMP-140, carbohydrate structures and lectins in gingival specimens was also studied by immunohistochemistry. Gingival tissue of patients with active periodontal disease contained between 5% and 50% CD45+ mononuclear cells, consisting mainly of CD19+ cells (B lymphocytes). CD62, resembling GMP-140, and ELAM-1 were strongly expressed on endothelial cells of these patients. Control subjects usually contained almost no CD45+ cells in their gingiva and no CD62+ or ELAM-1-positive endothelial cells could be found in 5 of 6 control persons. Analysis of the glycosylation pattern revealed staining of infiltrating cells by peanut agglutinin (PNA; specificity for galactose), whereas soy bean agglutinin (SBA; specificity for N-acetyl-galactosamine) bound to epithelial cells. An endogenous lactosyl-specific lectin could be detected on endothelial cells by binding of lactosyl-BSA. Ulex europeus I agglutinin (UEA-1, specific for fucose) showed selective staining of endothelial and epithelial cells. Expression of a fucose-binding lectin, demonstrated by binding of fucosylated BSA, could be found on infiltrating cells. The adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and GMP-140 seem to be involved in cell adhesion during chronic inflammation of the gingiva. Interaction of other carbohydrate residues with endogenous lectins might resemble additional adhesion mechanisms in inflamed gingiva.
Combinatorial Classification of Pixels for Ridge Extraction in a Gray-Scale Fingerprint Image. (2002)

Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) are usually based on minutiae matching. Minutiae are the terminations and bifurcations of the ridge lines in a fingerprint image. Detection of ridge lines from a noisy gray-scale fingerprint image is a challenging task. In this work, a novel combinatorial approach is proposed for classifying each pixel into one of the three classes (crest, valley, and slope) based on its gray-scale topographical relationship with its neighbors. A two-pass algorithm is developed for the pixel classification scheme. The ridge lines are then detected as formed by the thinned version of the crest pixels. The algorithm is robust, performs very well in the presence of noise, and has minimal dependence on thresholding. It has been tested on several fingerprint images in the NIST Special Database 14 and NIST Special Database 4, and is observed to produce good results both in terms of quality of solutions and CPU time.
Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data (2019)

Crohn Disease (CD) is a complex genetic disorder for which more than 140 genes have been identified using genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, the genetic architecture of the trait remains largely unknown. The recent development of machine learning (ML) approaches incited us to apply them to classify healthy and diseased people according to their genomic information. The Immunochip dataset containing 18,227 CD patients and 34,050 healthy controls enrolled and genotyped by the international Inflammatory Bowel Disease genetic consortium (IIBDGC) has been re-analyzed using a set of ML methods: penalized logistic regression (LR), gradient boosted trees (GBT) and artificial neural networks (NN). The main score used to compare the methods was the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) statistics. The impact of quality control (QC), imputing and coding methods on LR results showed that QC methods and imputation of missing genotypes may artificially increase the scores. At the opposite, neither the patient/control ratio nor marker preselection or coding strategies significantly affected the results. LR methods, including Lasso, Ridge and ElasticNet provided similar results with a maximum AUC of 0.80. GBT methods like XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost, together with dense NN with one or more hidden layers, provided similar AUC values, suggesting limited epistatic effects in the genetic architecture of the trait. ML methods detected near all the genetic variants previously identified by GWAS among the best predictors plus additional predictors with lower effects. The robustness and complementarity of the different methods are also studied. Compared to LR, non-linear models such as GBT or NN may provide robust complementary approaches to identify and classify genetic markers.
A New Class of 3′‐Sulfonyl BINAPHOS Ligands: Modulation of Activity and Selectivity in Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalysed Hydrophosphorylation of Styrene (2008)

Abstract Palladium‐catalysed monophosphorylation of ( R )‐2,2′‐bisperfluoroalkanesulfonates of BINOL (R F =CF 3 or C 4 F 9 ) by a diaryl phosphinate [Ar 2 P(O)H] followed by phosphine oxide reduction (Cl 3 SiH) then lithium diisopropylamide‐mediated anionic thia‐Fries rearrangement furnishes enantiomerically‐pure ( R )‐2′‐diarylphosphino‐2′‐hydroxy‐3′‐perfluoralkanesulfonyl‐1,1′‐binaphthalenes [( R )‐ 8ab and ( R )‐ 8g–j ], which can be further diversified by Grignard reagent (RMgX)‐mediated CF 3 ‐displacement [→( R )‐ 8c–f ]. Coupling of ( R )‐ 8a–j with ( S )‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐dioxychlorophosphine ( S )‐ 9 generates 3′‐sulfonyl BINAPHOS ligands ( R , S )‐ 10a–j in good yields (43–82%). These new ligands are of utlility in the asymmetric hydrophosphonylation of styrene ( 1 ) by 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane 2‐oxide ( 2 ), for which a combination of the chiral ligands with either [Pd(Cp)(allyl)] or [Pd(allyl)(MeCN) 2 ] + /NaCH(CO 2 Me) 2 proves to be a convenient and active pre‐catalyst system. A combination of an electron‐rich phosphine moiety and an electron‐deficient 3′‐sulfone moiety provides the best enantioselectivity to date for this process, affording the branched 2‐phenethenephosphonate, (−)‐ iso ‐ 3 , in up to 74% ee with ligand ( R,S )‐ 10i , where Ar= p ‐anisyl and the 3′‐SO 2 R group is triflone.
Co-incidence of Damage and Microbial Patterns Controls Localized Immune Responses in Roots (2020)

Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) is crucial for the plant's immune response. How this sophisticated perception system can be usefully deployed in roots, continuously exposed to microbes, remains a mystery. By analyzing MAMP receptor expression and response at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis, we observed that differentiated outer cell layers show low expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and lack MAMP responsiveness. Yet, these cells can be gated to become responsive by neighbor cell damage. Laser ablation of small cell clusters strongly upregulates PRR expression in their vicinity, and elevated receptor expression is sufficient to induce responsiveness in non-responsive cells. Finally, localized damage also leads to immune responses to otherwise non-immunogenic, beneficial bacteria. Damage-gating is overridden by receptor overexpression, which antagonizes colonization. Our findings that cellular damage can "switch on" local immune responses helps to conceptualize how MAMP perception can be used despite the presence of microbial patterns in the soil.
The Multiple Forms of Starch‐Branching Enzyme I in Solanum Tuberosum (1996)

Western blot analysis showed the presence of three forms of starch-branching enzyme (SBE), with apparent molecular masses of 103, 97 and 80 kDa, in extracts of leaves and stored tubers of Solanum tuberosum. The 80-kDa form was absent in extracts of fresh tuber. Active 80-kDa enzyme was partially purified from stored tubers and sequence analysis showed that it, similar to the two larger enzyme forms, was an SBE-I isoform. Limited proteolysis of isolated 103-kDa SBE-I under native conditions removed approximately 200 amino acid residues from the carboxy terminus. A stable intermediate with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 80 kDa was formed. Since the 80-kDa form displayed full enzymatic activity and its circular-dichroism spectrum did not differ significantly from that of the 103-kDa enzyme, the carboxy-terminal portion of the enzyme was suggested to have an extended, unordered structure and therefore to be easily accessible to proteolysis. A cDNA sequence encoding a mature SBE-I was amplified from tuber mRNA of S. tuberosum by means of PCR. The 3' end of this sequence differed significantly from that of previously published data. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the 3' ends of the sbeI gene showed that four sbeI alleles exist in the cultivar studied. Two of these four alleles, sbeia and sbeIb, had slightly longer 3' ends compared with the other two, sbeIc and sbeId. The difference between the two groups of alleles was due to a partial deletion in sbeIc and sbeId of a segment duplicated in all alleles. All four alleles were expressed in leaf and tuber.
<title>Waveguide-grating couplers for illumination of photonic antennas</title> (1997)

To obtain uniform illumination of photonic reconfigurable antennas, a waveguide grating with a nonuniform grating profile may be used. Theoretical studies using approximate models indicate that the grating profile should have a hyperbolic spatial variation along the length of the coupler. This yields a spatially varying diffraction efficiency that compensates for the loss of light as it is diffracted out of the waveguide. Utilizing a holographic interferometer with a computer controlled shutter in one arm, gratings with appropriate spatial profile variation have been recorded in photoresist and transferred to produce photopolymer waveguide gratings. These planar couplers are integrated with optical fiber bundles for input light delivery. The grating periods are chosen to produce orthogonally propagating output waves. A dielectric mirror arrangement is used to reflect the parasitic diffracted order back onto the antenna element. The best devices obtained to date exhibit output uniformity of plus or minus 6% over a coupler length of 20 mm with total efficiency exceeding 50%.
Solid- and Solution-Phase Structures of Zinc Enolates of Amides and Ketones (2008)

Solid-phase structural data for five Zn enolate derivatives are presented. Included are the amide enolates BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](thf) (1a), BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](dmso) (1b), and BrZn[CH2C(O)NEt2](tBu-py) (1c), which are all dimeric in the solid phase with each of the enolate ligands binding in a C,O-bridging fashion. Solution molecular weight data for 1a, determined using diffusion-order NMR spectroscopy, indicate a degree of association of 3.8 in C6D6 solution. In the presence of added Lewis base, however, dimeric (in 1:9 D8-thf/C6D6) and monomeric (in D6-dmso) species are formed. Similar solution behavior is observed for the Reformatsky ester BrZn[CH2C(O)OtBu](thf). Structural data are also presented for the Zn ketone enolates BrZn[OC(═CMe2)iPr](dmf) (2b) and BrZn[OC(═CH2)Mes](dmf) (3b). These are dimeric in the solid phase, with O-bridging enolate ligands. This nuclearlity is maintained for 2b in noncoordinating solvents and in the presence of 10% thf. Dissolution of 2b in D6-dmso, however, appears to form a mononuclear species.
Virtual labeling of mitochondria in living cells using correlative imaging and physics-guided deep learning (2022)

Mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism. This paper presents a novel method to visualize mitochondria in living cells without the use of fluorescent markers. We propose a physics-guided deep learning approach for obtaining virtually labeled micrographs of mitochondria from bright-field images. We integrate a microscope's point spread function in the learning of an adversarial neural network for improving virtual labeling. We show results (average Pearson correlation 0.86) significantly better than what was achieved by state-of-the-art (0.71) for virtual labeling of mitochondria. We also provide new insights into the virtual labeling problem and suggest additional metrics for quality assessment. The results show that our virtual labeling approach is a powerful way of segmenting and tracking individual mitochondria in bright-field images, results previously achievable only for fluorescently labeled mitochondria.
Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems (2021)

Abstract Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry to develop functional and structural building blocks to construct synthetic cell‐like systems. The many strategies and materials that have been developed in recent decades have enabled scientists to engineer synthetic cells and organelles that mimic the essential functions and behaviors of natural cells. Examples include synthetic cells that can synthesize their own ATP using light, maintain metabolic reactions through enzymatic networks, perform gene replication, and even grow and divide. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and construction of synthetic cells and organelles using the bottom‐up approach. Our goal is to present representative synthetic cells of increasing complexity as well as strategies for solving distinct challenges in bottom‐up synthetic biology.
Dynamic Contact Mechanics of the Medial Meniscus as a Function of Radial Tear, Repair, and Partial Meniscectomy (2010)

Large radial tears of the medial meniscus are not functionally equivalent to meniscectomies; the residual meniscus continues to provide some load transmission and distribution functions across the joint.