gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partially Oxidized Alginate as a Biodegradable Carrier for Glucose‐Responsive Insulin Delivery and Islet Cell Replacement Therapy (2022)

Self-regulated insulin delivery that mimics native pancreas function has been a long-term goal for diabetes therapies. Two approaches towards this goal are glucose-responsive insulin delivery and islet cell transplantation therapy. Here, biodegradable, partially oxidized alginate carriers for glucose-responsive nanoparticles or islet cells are developed. Material composition and formulation are tuned in each of these contexts to enable glycemic control in diabetic mice. For injectable, glucose-responsive insulin delivery, 0.5 mm 2.5% oxidized alginate microgels facilitate repeat dosing and consistently provide 10 days of glycemic control. For islet cell transplantation, 1.5 mm capsules comprised of a blend of unoxidized and 2.5% oxidized alginate maintain cell viability and glycemic control over a period of more than 2 months while reducing the volume of nondegradable material implanted. These data show the potential of these biodegradable carriers for controlled drug and cell delivery for the treatment of diabetes with limited material accumulation in the event of multiple doses.
Infrared spectroscopy and modeling of co-crystalline CO2·C2H2 aerosol particles. I. The formation and decomposition of co-crystalline CO2·C2H2 aerosol particles (2012)

Aerosol particles composed of co-crystalline CO(2)·C(2)H(2) were generated in a bath gas cooling cell at cryogenic temperatures and investigated with infrared spectroscopy between 600 and 4000 cm(-1). Similar to results obtained for thin films of the co-crystal [T. E. Gough and T. E. Rowat, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 6809 (1998)], this phase was found to be metastable and decomposed into pure CO(2) and pure C(2)H(2). These decomposed aerosols were characterized through (i) a comparison to experimentally prepared aerosols of mixed CO(2) and C(2)H(2) of known architectures and (ii) the modeling of infrared spectra. A likely architecture after decomposition are C(2)H(2)-CO(2) core-shell particles with a disk-like shape. The co-crystalline CO(2)·C(2)H(2) aerosols prior to decomposition are modeled and analyzed in detail in the subsequent paper (Part II).
The Oviductal Environment and Early Embryo Development: A Question of Supply and Demand.Henry J. Leese, Ph.D. (2009)

The oviduct (Fallopian tube) provides the environment for fertilisation and preimplantation development but little is known about the extent to which the supply of nutrients by the tube matches the nutritional requirements of the gametes and early embryo. Any consideration of these matters has to take into account the autonomy of the embryo, as illustrated by its ability to adapt to a variety of culture media in vitro, and the capacity of the oviducts of a given species to provide an excellent environment for the development of embryos of different species. Ultimately, the composition of oviduct fluid is a function of the transport and metabolic properties of the epithelial cells which line the lumen but knowledge of the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved, or their regulation, is sparse. It is important to obtain this information because the oviduct epithelium may be seen as the final component in a supply chain that links maternal diet at one end with the consumption of nutrients by the embryo at the other. When considered in this way, the oviduct (and uterine) epithelia become, periconceptually, the critical tissues in establishing a pregnancy and have a potentially key role in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease phenomenon.
A spiral 2D phased array for 3D imaging (2003)

Presents simulation results suggesting that 2D arrays constructed by arranging N elements in an exponential spiral, while achieving comparable beam widths, have smaller grating lobes and produce more symmetric point spread functions than random and periodic sparse arrays operating under similar conditions. All simulations were carried out mimicking the function of a commercial ultrasound scanner.
Robust assessment of changes in cellular networks (2013)

Cellular network service providers often have to conduct small scale testing in the operational network before a change (e.g., a new feature) is fully rolled out across the entire network. This is referred to as the First Field Application (FFA). However, assessing the effectiveness of FFA changes is challenging because of overlapping external factors: seasonality (foliage, leaves budding), weather (rain, snow, hurricanes, storms), traffic pattern changes due to big events (e.g., games at stadiums, students returning to school after holidays), and network events such as outages or other maintenance activities in different regions. In this paper, we first highlight the technical challenges in assessing the service performance impact of changes in operational cellular networks. We then propose Litmus, a new approach based on a spatial dependency model for robust assessment of changes. We evaluate the effectiveness of Litmus using real-world data from operational cellular networks (GSM, UMTS and LTE). Our operational experiences demonstrate accurate inferences of the service performance impact of changes in the field.
Efficient MAC protocol for JT CoMP in small cells (2013)

In this paper, we investigate an efficient MAC protocol for interference coordination in small cells embedded in a macro-cell mobile network. We perform joint transmission (JT)-coordinated multi-point (CoMP), where cells in the cluster include adjacent macro-cells as suggested by the small-cell terminal. Most gains compared to uncoordinated transmission come from selecting the right users in these macro-cells. For minimizing the feedback overhead, we propose successive channel state information (CSI) requests. Thereby we replace users in the set until all of them experience consistently enhanced performance when using JT-CoMP. Gains can be further increased by MIMO mode switching in each cell and frequency-selective scheduling. We tested our algorithms over coherently measured multi-cell channels in the LTE-Advanced testbed in Berlin where small cells were embedded at several places. Using these algorithms, performance becomes comparable to a popular bound assuming no more intra-cluster interference while feedback overhead and complexity are substantially reduced.
Chromenopyrazole, a Versatile Cannabinoid Scaffold with in Vivo Activity in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis (2016)

A combination of molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship studies has been used to fine-tune CB2 selectivity in the chromenopyrazole ring, a versatile CB1/CB2 cannabinoid scaffold. Thus, a series of 36 new derivatives covering a wide range of structural diversity has been synthesized, and docking studies have been performed for some of them. Biological evaluation of the new compounds includes, among others, cannabinoid binding assays, functional studies, and surface plasmon resonance measurements. The most promising compound [43 (PM226)], a selective and potent CB2 agonist isoxazole derivative, was tested in the acute phase of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), a well-established animal model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Compound 43 dampened neuroinflammation by reducing microglial activation in the TMEV.
Parameter estimation for spectral matching in articulatory synthesis (1989)

A major difficulty in generating natural sounding speech using articulatory synthesis is the lack of sufficient data on the parameters of the synthesiser and the motions of the articulators. The author describes a method for estimating the parameters of the nasal section of a vocal tract model, using input speech spectra estimated using a conventional technique. The use of a neural net in estimating the coupling into the nasal tract is also described. >
Monitoring Rates and Heterogeneity of High-Pressure Germination of Bacillus Spores by Phase-Contrast Microscopy of Individual Spores (2013)

Germination of Bacillus spores with a high pressure (HP) of ∼150 MPa is via activation of spores' germinant receptors (GRs). The HP germination of multiple individual Bacillus subtilis spores in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) was monitored with phase-contrast microscopy. Major conclusions were that (i) >95% of wild-type spores germinated in 40 min in a DAC at ∼150 MPa and 37°C but individual spores' germination kinetics were heterogeneous; (ii) individual spores' HP germination kinetic parameters were similar to those of nutrient-triggered germination with a variable lag time (Tlag) prior to a period of the rapid release (ΔTrelease) of the spores' dipicolinic acid in a 1:1 chelate with Ca(2+) (CaDPA); (iii) spore germination at 50 MPa had longer average Tlag values than that at ∼150 MPa, but the ΔTrelease values at the two pressures were identical and HPs of <10 MPa did not induce germination; (iv) B. subtilis spores that lacked the cortex-lytic enzyme CwlJ and that were germinated with an HP of 150 MPa exhibited average ΔTrelease values ∼15-fold longer than those for wild-type spores, but the two types of spores exhibited similar average Tlag values; and (v) the germination of wild-type spores given a ≥30-s 140-MPa HP pulse followed by a constant pressure of 1 MPa was the same as that of spores exposed to a constant pressure of 140 MPa that was continued for ≥35 min; (vi) however, after short 150-MPa HP pulses and incubation at 0.1 MPa (ambient pressure), spore germination stopped 5 to 10 min after the HP was released. These results suggest that an HP of ∼150 MPa for ≤30 s is sufficient to fully activate spores' GRs, which remain activated at 1 MPa but can deactivate at ambient pressure.
Activation, Tuning, and Immobilization of Homogeneous Catalysts in an Ionic Liquid/Compressed CO2 Continuous-Flow System (2001)

Eine neue Immobilisierungsmethode für enantioselektive Katalysatoren wurde entwickelt, die auf der kombinierten Verwendung von ionischen Flüssigkeiten und komprimiertem CO2 beruht. Unter Durchflussbedingungen wurde bei der enantioselektiven Ni-katalysierten Hydrovinylierung von Styrol über mehr als 60 h stabiler Umsatz und asymmetrische Induktion erreicht. Die ionische Flüssigkeit löst den metallorganischen Komplex unter Aktivierung und steuert seine katalytischen Eigenschaften, während das komprimierte CO2 den Massentransfer erleichtert und die kontinuierliche Prozessführung ermöglicht (siehe schematische Darstellung).
Development of a real-time continuous emissions monitor for polychlorinated dioxins and furans (2001)

The need for a continuous emissions monitor for the determination of dioxins and furans at realistic (ppt or sub-ppt) concentrations in real time (minutes) is widely recognized in the waste combustion community. The key issues are overall sensitivity, and selectivity among the many congeners found in real applications. At SRI International we have begun a project designed to meet these needs. Our instrument is based on supersonic jet expansion and cooling, followed by resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) into a mass spectrometer. This furnishes the dual selectivity of tuned laser absorption and mass analysis. We have made direct measurements of several polychlorinated dioxins and furans using a one-color REMPI scheme, and we have demonstrated a two-color excitation scheme.
Stochastic implementation of the disparity energy model for depth perception (2015)

We implement a binocular vision system based on a disparity-energy model that emulates the hierarchical multi-layered neural structure in the primary visual cortex. Layer 1 performs difference-of-Gaussian filtering that mimicks the center-surround receptive fields (RF) in the retina, layer 2 performs Gabor filtering mimicking the orientation selective filtering performed by simple cells and layer 3 has complex cells tuned to detecting 5 different disparities. A VLSI architecture is developed based on stochastic computing that is compact and adder-free. Even with a short stream length, the proposed architecture achieves better disparity detection than a floating-point version by using a modified disparity-energy model. A 1 × 100 pixel processing system is synthesized using TSMC 65nm CMOS technology and achieves up to 79% reduction in area-delay product compared to a fixed point implementation.
Eventual Attenuation of Hypocalciuric Response to Hydrochlorothiazide in Absorptive Hypercalciuria (1987)

The effect of long-term hydrochlorothiazide therapy on renal calcium excretion was measured in 12 well defined cases of absorptive hypercalciuria and 10 of renal hypercalciuria. Patients were studied during a control phase, at 3 to 6 months of therapy and after long-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (mean 61 months for absorptive hypercalciuria and 71 months for renal hypercalciuria). Evaluation comprised measurement of urinary calcium and fractional (intestinal) calcium absorption while patients were maintained on a constant metabolic diet (400 mg. calcium per day) for 3 days. In patients with absorptive hypercalciuria urinary calcium decreased significantly at 3 months of treatment (from 266 to 137 mg. per day, p less than 0.001). However, with continued treatment urinary calcium rebounded to 197 mg. per day. Of the patients with absorptive hypercalciuria 50 per cent were hypercalciuric (greater than 200 mg. per day) on long-term treatment, whereas none was hypercalciuric at 3 months. In contrast, urinary calcium in the patients with renal hypercalciuria decreased from 299 to 104 mg. per day (p less than 0.001) at 3 months of treatment and remained reduced (116 mg. per day) during long-term treatment. Intestinal calcium absorption was increased initially and remained unchanged throughout treatment in the patients with absorptive hypercalciuria. In patients with renal hypercalciuria intestinal calcium absorption decreased significantly after short-term treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and remained so after long-term therapy. The results suggest that, unlike patients with renal hypercalciuria, some with absorptive hypercalciuria lose the hypocalciuric effect of hydrochlorothiazide during long-term treatment.
Analysis of left atrial respiratory and cardiac motion for cardiac ablation therapy (2015)

Cardiac ablation therapy is often guided by models built from preoperative computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. One of the challenges in guiding a procedure from a preoperative model is properly synching the preoperative models with cardiac and respiratory motion through computational motion models. In this paper, we describe a methodology for evaluating cardiac and respiratory motion in the left atrium and pulmonary veins of a beating canine heart. Cardiac catheters were used to place metal clips within and near the pulmonary veins and left atrial appendage under fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance and a contrast-enhanced, 64-slice multidetector CT scan was collected with the clips in place. Each clip was segmented from the CT scan at each of the five phases of the cardiac cycle at both end-inspiration and end-expiration. The centroid of each segmented clip was computed and used to evaluate both cardiac and respiratory motion of the left atrium. A total of three canine studies were completed, with 4 clips analyzed in the first study, 5 clips in the second study, and 2 clips in the third study. Mean respiratory displacement was 0.2±1.8 <i>mm</i> in the medial/lateral direction, 4.7±4.4 <i>mm</i> in the anterior/posterior direction (moving anterior on inspiration), and 9.0±5.0 <i>mm</i> superior/inferior (moving inferior with inspiration). At end inspiration, the mean left atrial cardiac motion at the clip locations was 1.5±1.3 <i>mm</i> in the medial/lateral direction, and 2.1±2.0 <i>mm</i> in the anterior/posterior and 1.3±1.2 <i>mm</i> superior/inferior directions. At end expiration, the mean left atrial cardiac motion at the clip locations was 2.0±1.5 <i>mm</i> in the medial/lateral direction, 3.0±1.8 <i>mm</i> in the anterior/posterior direction, and 1.5±1.5 <i>mm</i> in the superior/inferior directions.
Clinical staging of prostate cancer: Reproducibility and clarification of issues (2001)

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for prostate cancer adopted in 1992 is based on tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) designations.It has been widely accepted for use in local and advanced disease.The purpose of this study was to assess reproducibility of staging among observers and to help clarify staging issues.Twelve prostate cancer cases were sent to 20 physicians with special expertise in prostate cancer including eight urologists, eight radiation oncologists, and four medical oncologists.Physicians were asked to assign a stage based on the 1992 AJCC clinical staging.The most frequently reported stage assigned to each case was taken to be the consensus.Agreement was the percentage of physicians who reported that particular stage.Seventyfive percent of the physicians responded.The overall agreement for assignment of T stage was 63.9%.Differences were found by specialty for inclusion of available information in designating a T stage.The overall agreement for N stage was 73.8%.The most common designation was Nx regardless of availability of a computed tomography scan.The overall agreement for M stage was 76.6%.Without a bone scan the most common designation was Mx regardless of Gleason grade or prostate-specific antigen (PSA).A frequent comment was that PSA was more indicative of disease extent than current clinical staging.
Efficiency and linearity analysis of a burst mode RF PA with direct filter connection (2011)

Burst mode operation is proposed as an efficiency improving technique for power amplifiers. The core idea is to modulate the amplitude of the envelope signal into a series of square-wave pulses such that the width of the signal burst or the total amount of pulses are varied according to the envelope. The phase information is still contained by the timing of the pulses. This work presents the efficiency and linearity analysis of burst mode radio frequency (RF)/power amplifier (PA). In addition, the efficiency performance is compared when the burst mode RF power amplifiers (PA) is connected to a wideband load or a narrowband filter. It is shown that burst mode PAs are more efficient than the conventional Class B PAs. To achieve an even more favorable efficiency, a transmission line is inserted between the output of the switching RF PA and the filter to improve the filter's impedance characteristic. Additionally, the efficiency and linearity of the burst mode PA with and without transmission line has been studied and simulated thoroughly. To demonstrate the validity of the efficiency formulas and linearity considerations, a printed circuit board (PCB)-mounted burst mode PA using a laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor was fabricated. Measurements show a peak efficiency of 78% and 28.8 dBm of output power.
Commentary: non‐alcoholic fatty pancreas ‐ toward an uncharted territory (2013)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.1, 2 In obese people, ectopic fat deposition also occurs in other internal organs such as the pancreas. However, pancreatic fat is difficult to evaluate. Transabdominal ultrasonography cannot assess the pancreas adequately and is operator-dependent. Unlike the liver, pancreatic biopsy is risky and histological assessment has been limited to autopsy series, which are also problematic because of tissue necrosis after death.3 In their recent article, Patel et al. reported the use of chemical shift-based gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging that measures the proton-density-fat-fraction (MRI-PDFF) to detect fatty pancreas in 43 NAFLD patients.4 Although MRI-PDFF is a recognised measurement of tissue fat and is likely to be accurate and reproducible,5 it should be highlighted that the measurement has not been correlated with pancreatic histology. As such, it is unclear at what level should pancreatic fat be considered pathological. Although it is unethical to conduct tissue studies, it is possible to test the effect of pancreatic fat on insulin resistance and β cell function. In any case, the authors provided detailed description of their radiological assessment and set the stage for future research in this important area. Interestingly, Patel et al. found an inverse association between pancreatic fat and liver fibrosis. The authors suggest that this may reflect pancreatic fibrosis as the disease advances. However, the phenomenon may also be due to patient selection. In their cohort, more patients with grade 1 steatosis had diabetes. The use of insulin sensitisers might have reduced both liver and pancreatic fat, and diabetes is the most important risk factor for liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients.6 Future longitudinal studies taking the influence of drugs into account will clarify this issue. Declaration of personal interests: Vincent Wong is a consultant of Gilead, Otsuka and Merck. He has served as a speaker for Gilead, Otsuka and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Declaration of funding interests: None.
Discovery of Orally Efficacious Tetrahydrobenzimidazoles as TGR5 Agonists for Type 2 Diabetes (2017)

We have discovered a novel series of tetrahydrobenzimidazoles <b>3</b> as TGR5 agonists. Initial structure-activity relationship studies with an assay that measured cAMP levels in murine enteroendocrine cells (STC-1 cells) led to the discovery of potent agonists with submicromolar EC<sub>50</sub> values for mTGR5. Subsequent optimization through methylation of the 7-position of the core tetrahydrobenzimidazole ring resulted in the identification of potent agonists for both mTGR5 and hTGR5 (human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells). While the lead compounds displayed low to moderate exposure after oral dosing, they significantly reduced blood glucose levels in C57 BL/6 mice at 30 mg/kg and induced a 13-22% reduction in the area under the blood glucose curve (AUC)<sub>0-120 min</sub> in oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT).
Controlling the Metal to Semiconductor Transition of MoS2 and WS2 in Solution (2015)

Lithiation-exfoliation produces single to few-layered MoS2 and WS2 sheets dispersible in water. However, the process transforms them from the pristine semiconducting 2H phase to a distorted metallic phase. Recovery of the semiconducting properties typically involves heating of the chemically exfoliated sheets at elevated temperatures. Therefore, it has been largely limited to sheets deposited on solid substrates. Here, we report the dispersion of chemically exfoliated MoS2 sheets in high boiling point organic solvents enabled by surface functionalization and the controllable recovery of their semiconducting properties directly in solution. This process connects the scalability of chemical exfoliation with the simplicity of solution processing, ultimately enabling a facile method for tuning the metal to semiconductor transitions of MoS2 and WS2 within a liquid medium.
Collective stabilization of hydrogen chemisorption on graphenic surfaces (2003)

A graphene sheet is well known to be highly stable against chemisorption of a single hydrogen atom, since a puckered ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ hybridized site heavily distorts the surrounding ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$ framework. However, successive adjacent chemisorbed hydrogen atoms can engage in a collective stabilization mediated by cooperative alternate puckering in the underlying carbon sheet. After several chemisorbed atoms, the binding energy for further adsorption changes sign and becomes favorable. This process requires access to both sides of the graphene sheet. Therefore it is suppressed on a graphite surface, but may be accessible in carbon nanotubes, if the initial kinetic barrier to creating the nucleation island can be overcome.