gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control Barrier Functions for Constrained Control of Linear Systems with Input Delay (2018)

The concept of Control Lyapunov Functions (CLF) has been used to design control laws robust to disturbances and modeling errors, while Control Barrier Functions (CBF) have been used to adhere to state constraints in the operating space. The two can be combined and methods that employ Quadratic Programming (QP) have recently gained popularity. In this paper we consider a CLF-CBF QP design for linear systems with input delay. One obstacle is that input delays prevent the CLF concept from being extended to either Razumikhin or Krasovsky version. Instead, this paper starts with the CLF V for the zero-delay system and employs its value predicted by the delay time τ. While this predicted V is not positive definite, when used with the QP-based design it produces a controller that renders the origin globally asymptotically stable. A similar approach is followed with the barrier function - a predicted value of the CBF for the zero-delay system is used to form a QP constraint for the delay system. The controller combining the two provides essentially the same benefits as its non-delay counterpart. The results are illustrated on an example by simulations.
Growth, High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction, Z-Scan, Laser Damage Threshold, Etching of Maleic Acid Single Crystals by Slow Evaporation Method (2019)

Single crystal of Maleic Acid (MA) were grown by the slow evaporation technique at room temperature has been employed for the growth of non-linear optical MA crystal. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction curves is 13 arcs, which is close to that expected from the plane wave theory of dynamical X-ray diffraction. The laser damage threshold is directly related to the impurities present in the crystal and the measured higher laser damage threshold indicates the suitability of the crystal for device fabrication. The Z-scan measurement with 632.8 nm laser pulses revealed that non-linear refractive index of the crystal is in the range of 3.29 x10 -12 m 2 /W. The chemical etching studies were carried out to study the shape and distribution of etch pits in the grown crystal.
Application of a pet device with 1.5 mm FWHM intrinsic spatial resolution to breast cancer imaging (2005)

Operation of a high resolution compact clinical PET Scanner (PEM Flex/spl trade/) device as a breast scanner is described. The device features high spatial resolution (1.5 mm FWHM intrinsic resolution) as a result of small crystals and compact position-sensitive photomultipliers. The compactness of the system allows it to reside within a stereotactic X-ray mammography unit, or as a separate standalone system capable of breast compression. The gamma rays are detected for a volumetric reconstruction by two heads, each of which contains 2,028 2 mm by 2 mm by 10 mm lutetium-containing crystals. The heads travel within X-ray transparent compression paddles. A window is provided in one of the paddles for direct correlation with ultrasound transducers and for interventional access. To enable real-time interventions, images are reconstructed and displayed while the detectors are still acquiring data. The maximum-likelihood reconstruction provides quantitative images with threefold improved contrast as compared to simple back-projections.
An optical down-converter for phase detection (2002)

Summary form only given. Commercial off-the-shelf optoelectronic components can easily be implemented for remoting microwave signals great distances providing essential microwave functionality while also offering less weight, smaller size, less prime power, and fewer components at the remote location. A two-channel down-converting optical system capable of detecting the relative phase of incoming microwave signals can be used in direction finding applications as well as in modulation and demodulation of complex microwave communication signals. This is, to our knowledge, the first ever two-channel optically down-converting phase detection system. The system configuration uses cascaded modulators, optical amplification, balanced detection, and low noise preamplifiers to obtain a noise figure of 8.5-14 dB over the operating frequency range 2-18 GHz.
Reference Values for Acoustic Rhinometry in Children from 4 to 13 Years Old (2008)

This article presents the most extensive current reference material for AR in nondecongested prepubescent healthy children. The presented reference material will facilitate the interpretation and evaluation of future and present epidemiologic studies based on AR in children.
Mapping the S' subsites of serine proteases using acyl transfer to mixtures of peptide nucleophiles (1993)

We have developed a rapid and convenient procedure for the characterization of the S' subsite specificity of serine proteases. A mixture of peptide nucleophiles is incubated with the enzyme in the presence of excess of a specific ester substrate. The decrease in each nucleophile concentration is monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the dansylated mixture. Relative kinetic parameters for each nucleophile in the mixture are then calculated using a new statistical algorithm that relates all pairs of nucleophiles. As a first application, we investigated the S'1 subsite specificity of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and a recently described trypsin mutant, Tr-->Ch[S1 + L1 + L2] with chymotrypsin-like primary specificity [Hedstrom, L., Szilagyi, L., & Rutter, W. J. (1992) Science 255, 1249-1253]. For this purpose 21 peptide nucleophiles of the general structure H-Xaa-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-NH2 were prepared by multiple solid-phase synthesis, where Xaa represents D-alanine, citrulline, and all natural amino acids except cysteine. Relative second-order rate constants for the enzyme-catalyzed acyl transfer to these nucleophiles were determined over a range of 10(2). Chymotrypsin and trypsin have markedly different S'1 specificities. The order of preference in chymotrypsin-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions is positively charged > aliphatic > aromatic >> negatively charged, D-Ala, Pro P'1 side chain. Trypsin prefers hydrophobic residues, but like chymotrypsin aliphatic residues are better than aromatic residues in P'1 position. The S'1 specificity of the mutant Tr-->Ch[S1 + L1 + L2] is similar to the specificity of trypsin; however, P'1 aromatic residues have low reactivity characteristic of chymotrypsin.
Improving Cross-Resolution Face Matching Using Ensemble-Based Co-Transfer Learning (2014)

Face recognition algorithms are generally trained for matching high-resolution images and they perform well for similar resolution test data. However, the performance of such systems degrades when a low-resolution face image captured in unconstrained settings, such as videos from cameras in a surveillance scenario, are matched with high-resolution gallery images. The primary challenge, here, is to extract discriminating features from limited biometric content in low-resolution images and match it to information rich high-resolution face images. The problem of cross-resolution face matching is further alleviated when there is limited labeled positive data for training face recognition algorithms. In this paper, the problem of cross-resolution face matching is addressed where low-resolution images are matched with high-resolution gallery. A co-transfer learning framework is proposed, which is a cross-pollination of transfer learning and co-training paradigms and is applied for cross-resolution face matching. The transfer learning component transfers the knowledge that is learnt while matching high-resolution face images during training to match low-resolution probe images with high-resolution gallery during testing. On the other hand, co-training component facilitates this transfer of knowledge by assigning pseudolabels to unlabeled probe instances in the target domain. Amalgamation of these two paradigms in the proposed ensemble framework enhances the performance of cross-resolution face recognition. Experiments on multiple face databases show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm and compare with some existing algorithms and a commercial system. In addition, several high profile real-world cases have been used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach in addressing the tough challenges.
Subjective Duration as a Signature of Coding Efficiency: Emerging Links Among Stimulus Repetition, Predictive Coding, and Cortical GABA Levels (2014)

Immediate repetition of a stimulus reduces its apparent duration relative to a novel item. Recent work indicates that this may reflect suppressed cortical responses to repeated stimuli, arising from neural adaptation and/or the predictive coding of expected stimuli. This article summarizes recent behavioral and neurobiological studies linking perceived time to the magnitude of cortical responses, including work suggesting that variations in GABA-mediated cortical inhibition may underlie some of the individual differences in time perception. We suggest that the firing of cortical neurons can be modified using simple recurrent networks with time-dependent processes that are modulated by GABA levels. These local networks feed into a core-timing network used to integrate across stimulus inputs/modalities, thereby allowing for the coordination of multiple duration ranges and effector systems.
Physical interpretation of intercore crosstalk in multicore fiber: effects of macrobend, structure fluctuation, and microbend (2013)

We have derived an intuitively interpretable expression of the average power-coupling coefficient for estimating the inter-core crosstalk of the multicore fiber. Based on the derived expression, we discuss how the structure fluctuation and macrobend can affect the crosstalk, and organize previously reported methods for crosstalk suppression. We also discuss how the microbending can affect the crosstalk in homogeneous and heterogeneous MCFs, based on the derived expression and previously reported measurement results.
[Gd(CyPic3A)(H2O)2]−: a stable, bis(aquated) and high-relaxivity Gd(iii) complex (2013)

We report the synthesis and MR relevant properties of CyPic3A, a heptadentate chelator that forms ternary Gd(III) complexes of hydration state q = 2. [Gd(CyPic3A)(H2O)2](-) affords an r1 value of 5.70 mM(-1) s(-1) at 1.41 T and 310 K and displays thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness comparable to FDA approved MR imaging probes.
Polymorphic Transformation of PbO by Isothermal Wet Ball‐Milling (1971)

Mechanochemical polymorphic transformation of massicot to litharge was achieved by isothermal wet ball‐milling. A first‐order relation was observed between the fractional conversion and the milling time; the apparent activation energies for various milling conditions were obtained by kinetic treatments. The fact that the Arrhenius equation can be applied to the mechanochemical transformation suggests that the reaction cannot be explained by a simple local heating mechanism and that a mechanical effect has a fundamental role. The effects of the number, volume, and density of the milling balls on the rate constant agreed fairly well with those predicted by Matsui's equations for impact comminution in ball‐milling, indicating that the action of the milling balls may be similar to that in impact comminution of granular materials.
Simulation-based formulation of a nonchemically amplified resist for 257-nm laser mask fabrication (2000)

The demand for smaller and more uniform features on photomasks has inspired consideration of a DUV (257 nm) resist process for optical pattern generation. Chemically amplified resists require storage and exposure in carbon filtered environments, and they require post-exposure bakes. Few mask facilities are set up to handle chemically amplified resists commonly used in deep UV wafer fabrication process. Hence, it is appropriate to explore the lithographic performance of non-chemically amplified resist materials for 257 nm laser photomask lithography. Resist characterization and lithography simulation were used to formulate a 257 nm resist from DNQ/novolak materials provided by a commercial resist supplier. Diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)/novolak resists have not been used for DUV Integrated Circuit (IC) applications mainly due to the low sensitivity and the strong absorbance of the DNQ photoactive compound (PAC) at 248 nm. However, a 2,1,4 DNQ based resist has been characterized that bleaches at 257 nm and inhibits novolak. The photoproduct of the 2,1,4 DNQ PAC is much more transparent at 257 nm than 248 nm. Novolak resin also has an absorbance minimum in the DUV at 257 nm that provides transparency similar to poly (hydroxystyrene). Traditional photoresist formulation requires tedious, iterative, and expensive manufacturing trials. Resist characterization and lithography simulation can be used to relate lithographic performance (resolution, sidewall and process latitude) to resist formulation parameters (PAC concentration, developer concentration, etc.), thereby supporting the formulation optimization. An exposure system using a 257 nm frequency doubled argon laser system has been constructed to study the resist photokinetics. Dill exposure parameters (A, B and C) have been extracted for a 2,1,4 DNQ/novolak based resist. Dissolution rate measurements have been made with a development rate monitor developed at the University of Texas at Austin. Simulation using the exposure and development rate models were used to determine the resist formulation that maximizes the sidewall angle and exposure latitude for isolated resist spaces. Preliminary experiments reveal that a DNQ/novolak resist is capable of resolving 0.30 micrometer linewidths using a 257 nm optical pattern generator.
Smooth and continuous human gait phase detection based on foot pressure patterns (2008)

Measurement of ground contact forces (GCF) provides necessary information to detect human gait phases. In this paper, a new analysis method of the GCF signals is discussed for detection of the gait phases. Human gaits are complicated, and the gait phases can not be exactly distinguished by comparing sensor outputs to a threshold. This paper mainly discusses how to detect the gait phases continuously and smoothly. The proposed analysis method is intended for applications to power assistive devices for patients, as well as diagnostics of pathological gait. Smooth and continuous detection of the gait phases enables a full use of information obtained from GCF sensors. For experimental verification, smart shoes have been developed. Each smart shoe has four GCF sensors embedded between the cushion pad and the sole. The performances are experimentally verified for both normal and abnormal gaits, and a means for quantification of abnormalities in the gait is also introduced in this paper.
Bias in Filter-Based Aerosol Light Absorption Measurements Due to Organic Aerosol Loading: Evidence from Ambient Measurements (2008)

During the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study/Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (TexAQS/GoMACCS 2006) a filter-based (Particle Soot Absorption Photometer, or PSAP) and a photoacoustic-based aerosol light absorption technique were deployed and here the data are compared. The level of agreement between the two techniques with ambient aerosol depended on the abundance of organic aerosol (OA), with the ratio of OA to light absorbing carbon (LAC) mass (R OA−LAC ) of particular importance. When OA mass concentration was low the agreement between the methods was within instrumental uncertainties (PSAP measuring 12% higher), however at high (R OA−LAC ) (∼15–20) the difference in agreement was between 50 and 80%. This difference is similar to the bias observed in the laboratory studies of a companion paper using non-absorbing OA and LAC (Cappa et al. 2008a). It was found that most of the OA was oxidized and non-absorbing in nature. We postulate that the observed differences results from a bias in the filter-based measurements due to (a) the redistribution of liquid-like organic particulate matter (PM) around the fiber filters thereby modifying the filter surface and subsequent light scattering, and (b) the possible coating and absorption enhancement of pre-existing absorbing PM (i.e., soot) as OA deposition and redistribution occurs. We stop short or recommending a universal correction using these findings due to the magnitude of the bias showing some dependence on air mass type. Any use of this data for a correction must consider the uncertainties in measuring OA mass concentrations, LAC mass concentrations and type of OA present. The observed PSAP bias may have a significant impact on the accuracy of aerosol single scatter albedo (SSA) and LAC mass concentrations derived from filter-based aerosol absorption methods from regions impacted by large amounts of OA. Although this study was performed using the PSAP we caution users of other filter-based instrumentation to the possibility of a similar bias in those instruments.
Rapid and Effective Generation of Nanobody Based CARs using PCR and Gibson Assembly (2020)

Recent approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)/Federal and Drug Administration (FDA) and the remarkable results of CAR T clinical trials illustrate the curative potential of this therapy. While CARs against a multitude of different antigens are being developed and tested (pre)clinically, there is still a need for optimization. The use of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) as targeting moieties hampers the quick generation of functional CARs and could potentially limit the efficacy. Instead, nanobodies may largely circumvent these difficulties. We used an available nanobody library generated after immunization of llamas against Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 20 through DNA vaccination or against the ectodomain of CD33 using soluble protein. The nanobody specific sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned by Gibson Assembly into a retroviral vector containing two different second-generation CAR constructs. After transduction in T cells, we observed high cell membrane nanoCAR expression in all cases. Following stimulation of nanoCAR-expressing T cells with antigen-positive cell lines, robust T cell activation, cytokine production and tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in vivo was observed. The use of nanobody technology in combination with PCR and Gibson Assembly allows for the rapid and effective generation of compact CARs.
The plant cell uses carbon nanotubes to build tracheary elements (2012)

Since their discovery, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been eminent members of the nanomaterial family. Because of their unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties, they are regarded as new potential materials to bring enormous benefits in cell biology studies. Undoubtedly, the first step to prove the advantages of CNTs is to understand the basic behavior of CNTs inside the cells. In a number of studies, CNTs have been demonstrated as new carrier systems for the delivery of DNA, proteins and therapeutic molecules into living cells. However, post-uptake behavior of CNTs inside the cells has not received much consideration. Utilizing the plant cell model, we have shown in this study that the plant cells, differentiating into tracheary elements, incorporate cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) into cell structure via oxidative cross-linking of monolignols to the nanotubes surface during lignin biosynthesis. This finding highlights the fate of CNTs inside plant cells and provides an example on how the plant cell can handle internalized carbon nanomaterials.
Spatially localized in vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of an intracerebral rat glioma (1992)

Surface coil MRI combined with spatially localized spectroscopy was used to noninvasively detect 1H signals from metabolites within an intracerebral malignant glioma in rats. The MRS pulse sequence was based upon two-dimensional ISIS, which restricted 1H signals to a column-shaped volume, combined with one-dimensional spectroscopic imaging, which further resolved the signals into 8 or 16 slices along the major axis of the column. All experiments were executed with adiabatic pulses which induced uniform spin excitation despite the inhomogeneous radiofrequency field distribution produced by the surface coil transmitter. Surface coil MRI and MRS experiments were performed on phantom samples, normal rat brains, and rat brains harboring malignant gliomas. Spatially resolved in vivo 1H spectra of intracerebral gliomas revealed significantly decreased concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate and creatine and increased lactic acid (or lipids) as compared to the contralateral hemisphere. These results demonstrate that metabolic abnormalities in intracerebral rat gliomas can be spatially resolved in a noninvasive manner using localized in vivo 1H MRS.
Use of 300 mm magnetic Czochralski wafers for the fabrication of IGBTs (2016)

As in other semiconductor industries, there is a strong trend to use larger wafer diameters for the fabrication of power devices. However, for wafer diameters above 200 mm float-zone (FZ) silicon which is traditionally used for IGBTs is not available. Therefore, there is a need to use silicon material which has been fabricated by the magnetic Czochralski (Cz) method to make use of 300 mm wafers for IGBT-production. As this material contains a relatively high concentration of oxygen, the influence of carbon/oxygen-complexes has to be taken into account. CIOI-complexes can be decorated with hydrogen atoms resulting in donor-like complexes. Particularly, the application of proton-irradiation for the doping of the field-stop zone results in a relatively high concentration of interstitial carbon which is continuatively associated with the generation of undesired donors.
Interaction of the human T1R2 taste receptor ligand-binding domain with sweeteners and sweet-tasting proteins (2016)

Humans perceive sweet-taste through a unique heterodimeric receptor composed of two class C G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), T1R2 and T1R3. Both of these subunits possess a large extra-cellular domain, composed of the N-terminal domain (NTD) followed by the cysteine-rich domain that links the NTD to the heptahelical transmembrane domain. Cellular assays, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis studies have revealed that the NTD of T1R2 (T1R2-NTD) contain the primary binding site for most of the sweet ligands including natural sugars and, artificial and natural sweeteners including sweet-tasting proteins. To elucidate the contribution of T1R2-NTD to sweet tastant binding, we recombinantly expressed human T1R2-NTD in Escherichia coli. Then, we tested T1R2-NTD for its ability to interact with known sweet tasting ligands using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. To validate the method, the same experiment was performed with two T1R2-NTD mutants (D278A and E382A) known to abolish the response of the full-length receptor. We then measured the interaction of T1R2-NTD with the two recombinant sweet-tasting proteins, brazzein and monellin, using Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI). This optical technique analyzes the signal variations in the interference pattern generated from visible light reflected from an optical layer and a biolayer containing the immobilized protein of interest. This method is powerful for studying protein-protein interactions and measuring both affinity constants and kinetic parameters. BLI experiments demonstrated that T1R2-NTD binds these two sweet-tasting proteins with affinities values in agreement with the physiological range. This strategy will be useful to decipher the essential role of T1R2-NTD in the detection of sweet tastants including sweet-tasting proteins.