gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal-variant-based modeling of relaxor single crystals (2003)

Rhombohedral relaxor single crystals are a class of materials that includes PZN-xPT and PMN-xPT in a certain range of compositions. This work presents an approach to predicting the physical properties of engineered domain state crystals. A model based on the properties of the crystal variants and volume averaging provides a method for determining a full set of the piezoelectric coefficients for the rhombohedral <111> single domain. The model suggests there is a large d15 and the existence of d16 for the <111> orientation cuts of PZN-PT and PMN-PT crystals. The approach has led to the identification of engineered domain states with properties optimized for specific applications such as the large transverse piezoelectric coefficients of the <110> orientation. This cut has optimal properties for actuator and sensor applications that utilize the transverse mode piezoelectric coupling coefficients (d<sub>31</sub> and d<sub>32</sub>).
Layout dependency of PMOS off current degradation due to off-state stress (2009)

this paper, we used 56 nm DRAM design-rule technology with dual poly gate process. PMOS in inverter had an electrical oxide thickness (t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ox</sub> ) of 60 A and an effective channel length (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</sub> ) of 0.16 um with utilizing STI features and finger type gate structures(x2, x400). HC stress on inverter was performed at 4.3V bias(VDD) during lOksec (1MHz). Under such condition, the gate current is not dominated by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current. PMOS in Inverter was stressed at on state (CHE,Vin=0V), dynamic state (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gmax</sub> , I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">bmax</sub> ) and off-state bias (Vin=Vdd) conditions. The change in the transistor drive current (Id) was measured at the saturation condition (Vd=Zero) and the off- state leakage current (I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ) was also measured at high (PMOS) gate bias. To evaluate acceleration model and parameter, constant voltage off state stresses were conducted over a wide rage of voltage (4.3-5.8V, 0.3V step) and 3 corner temperature (35'c, 85'c, 125'c).
Anomeric Mixtures ofD-Xylo-andD-Lyxo-Furanonucleosides: Correlations between their Structures and their Retention Times in HPLC Analysis (1987)

Abstract Rationalization of the intrinsic structural factors which can influence retention times of anomeric D-xylo- and lyxofuranonucleoside analogues in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been established.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Combination Epigenetic Therapy in Advanced Breast Cancer with 5-Azacitidine and Entinostat: A Phase II National Cancer Institute/Stand Up to Cancer Study (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Kaplan-Meier curves for survival after disease progression among women with advanced hormone-resistant breast cancer by optional continuation (blue curve) or event monitoring (red curve). The 95% confidence limits are shaded; Tick marks indicate censored data.&lt;/p&gt;
Solution structure of the RWD domain of the mouse GCN2 protein (2004)

Abstract GCN2 is the α‐subunit of the only translation initiation factor (eIF2α) kinase that appears in all eukaryotes. Its function requires an interaction with GCN1 via the domain at its N‐terminus, which is termed the RWD domain after three major RWD‐containing proteins: RING finger‐containing proteins, WD‐repeat‐containing proteins, and yeast DEAD (DEXD)‐like helicases. In this study, we determined the solution structure of the mouse GCN2 RWD domain using NMR spectroscopy. The structure forms an α + β sandwich fold consisting of two layers: a four‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet, and three side‐by‐side α‐helices, with an αββββαα topology. A characteristic YPXXXP motif, which always occurs in RWD domains, forms a stable loop including three consecutive β‐turns that overlap with each other by two residues (triple β‐turn). As putative binding sites with GCN1, a structure‐based alignment allowed the identification of several surface residues in α‐helix 3 that are characteristic of the GCN2 RWD domains. Despite the apparent absence of sequence similarity, the RWD structure significantly resembles that of ubiquitin‐conjugating enzymes (E2s), with most of the structural differences in the region connecting β‐strand 4 and α‐helix 3. The structural architecture, including the triple β‐turn, is fundamentally common among various RWD domains and E2s, but most of the surface residues on the structure vary. Thus, it appears that the RWD domain is a novel structural domain for protein‐binding that plays specific roles in individual RWD‐containing proteins.
Retinal Oxygen Delivery, Metabolism and Extraction Fraction and Retinal Thickness Immediately Following an Interval of Ophthalmic Vessel Occlusion in Rats (2019)

Limited knowledge is currently available about alterations of retinal blood flow (F), oxygen delivery (DO<sub>2</sub>), oxygen metabolism (MO<sub>2</sub>), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), or thickness after the ophthalmic blood vessels have been closed for a substantial interval and then reopened. We ligated the ophthalmic vessels for 120 minutes in one eye of 17 rats, and measured these variables within 20 minutes after release of the ligature in the 10 rats which had immediate reflow. F, DO<sub>2</sub> and MO<sub>2</sub> were 5.2 ± 3.1 μL/min, 428 ± 271 nL O<sub>2</sub>/min, and 234 ± 133 nL O<sub>2</sub>/min, respectively, that is, to 58%, 46% and 60% of values obtained from normal fellow eyes (P < 0.004). OEF was 0.65 ± 0.23, 148% of normal (P = 0.03). Inner and total retinal thicknesses were 195 ± 24 and 293 ± 20 μm, respectively, 117% and 114% of normal, and inversely related to MO<sub>2</sub> (P ≤ 0.02). These results reflect how much energy is available to the retina immediately after an interval of nonperfusion for 120 minutes. Thus, they elucidate aspects of the pathophysiology of nonperfusion retinal injury and may improve therapy in patients with retinal artery or ophthalmic artery obstructions.
A novel role for VEGF in endocardial cushion formation and its potential contribution to congenital heart defects (2001)

ABSTRACT Normal cardiovascular development is exquisitely dependent on the correct dosage of the angiogenic growth factor and vascular morphogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, cardiac expression of VEGF is also robustly augmented during hypoxic insults, potentially mediating the well-established teratogenic effects of hypoxia on heart development. We report that during normal heart morphogenesis VEGF is specifically upregulated in the atrioventricular (AV) field of the heart tube soon after the onset of endocardial cushion formation (i.e. the endocardium-derived structures that build the heart septa and valves). To model hypoxia-dependent induction of VEGF in vivo, we conditionally induced VEGF expression in the myocardium using a tetracycline-regulated transgenic system. Premature induction of myocardial VEGF in E9.5 embryos to levels comparable with those induced by hypoxia prevented formation of endocardial cushions. When added to explanted embryonic AV tissue, VEGF fully inhibited endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation. Transformation was also abrogated in AV explants subjected to experimental hypoxia but fully restored in the presence of an inhibitory soluble VEGF receptor 1 chimeric protein. Together, these results suggest a novel developmental role for VEGF as a negative regulator of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation that underlies the formation of endocardial cushions. Moreover, ischemia-induced VEGF may be the molecular link between hypoxia and congenital defects in heart septation.
Technology evaluation: FluMist, University of Michigan. (2000)

FluMist is an intranasal influenza vaccine, which has been developed by Aviron. The genetically engineered, live, attenuated, cold-adapted virus vaccine produces influenza infection without the symptoms. The product has been field for approval in the US, where Merrill Lynch expects it to be marketed by mid-2000 [336561].
Lighting analysis of diffusely illuminated tableaus in realist paintings: an application to detecting "compositing" in the portraits of Garth Herrick (2009)

The problem of estimating the direction of point-source illumination in digital photographs has been studied extensively, and the cast-shadow and occluding-contour algorithms have been used to detect tampering and compositing; differences between the lighting directions estimated from different objects indicate that at least one of them was composited into the image. Such methods have also been applied to the analysis of realist paintings to estimate the position of illuminants within a tableau and thereby test for artists' use of optical aids. Recently, the occluding-contour algorithm has been enhanced to address the case of diffuse illumination, for instance from light passing through several windows, from multiple lamps, and so forth. Here, the pattern of lightness along the occluding contour of an object is expressed as a weighted sum of spherical harmonics. Significant differences between the coefficients extracted from different objects indicates that they were recorded under different illumination conditions, and thus that one or more was likely composited into the image. We apply this technique to the analysis of diffuse lighting in realist paintings, focussing on the portraits of the contemporary American realist Garth Herrick. Herrick often works with multiple photographs as referents, for instance a photograph of the portrait subject and a different photograph of the background. There is no guarantee that the two lighting conditions are the same, nor that Herrick can perceive or compensate for such lighting discrepancies when executing his painting. We tested for lighting consistency throughout two of his paintings: one based on a single photographic referent, and another "composited," i.e., based on two photographic referents. Our algorithms found great illumination consistency in the first painting and significant inconsistencies in the second painting-inconsistencies difficult to discern by eye. As such, our methods reveal this artist's working methods. Our algorithms have broad applicability to the study of studio practice throughout the history of art.
Regenerative Cardiac Pharmacology: Translating Stem Cell Biology into Therapeutic Solutions (2013)

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TDMA Few-Mode Passive Optical Network (2014)

We demonstrate the first few-mode PON network that can eliminate upstream combining loss. The PON architecture only requires direct detection because TDMA alleviates the need for mode demultiplexing even in the presence of mode crosstalk.
Author response: Domain-swapped T cell receptors improve the safety of TCR gene therapy (2016)

T cells enable the immune system to recognize invading microbes and diseased cells while ignoring healthy cells. The ability of a T cell to recognize a specific microbe or diseased cell is determined by two proteins that pair to form its “T cell receptor.” The paired receptors are exported to the surface of the T cell, where they bind to infected or cancerous cells. Those T cells that produce receptors that bind healthy cells are eliminated during development. T cells can generally distinguish between the body’s own cells and the cells of invading bacteria or other microbes. However, cancer cells are more difficult to identify because they are similar to healthy cells. Efforts to develop therapies that enhance the immune system’s ability to recognize cancer cells have had only limited success. One successful approach – known as T cell receptor gene therapy – modifies T cells to destroy cancer cells by arming them with a cancer-specific T cell receptor. This technique produces T cells possessing two T cell receptors – the cancer-specific receptor and the one it had originally – so it is possible for proteins from the two receptors to mispair. This impedes the correct pairing of the cancer-specific T cell receptor, reducing the effectiveness of the therapy. More importantly, mispaired T cell receptors may cause the immune cells to attack healthy cells in the body, leading to autoimmune disease. To make T cell receptor gene therapy safe, the cancer-specific receptor must not mispair with the resident receptor. Here, Bethune et al. describe a new strategy to prevent T cell receptors from mispairing. The researchers altered the arrangement of particular regions in a cancer-specific T cell receptor to make a new receptor called a domain-swapped T cell receptor (dsTCR). Like normal T cell receptors, the dsTCRs were exported to the T cell surface and were able to interact with other proteins involved in immune responses. Furthermore, T cells armed with dsTCRs were able to kill cancer cells and prevent tumor growth in mice. Unlike other cancer-specific receptors, dsTCRs did not mispair with the resident T cell receptors in mouse or human cells, and did not cause autoimmune disease in mice. The findings of Bethune et al. show that the structure of the T cell receptor is unexpectedly robust, in that it still works even if it is modified. The next step is to study dsTCRs in more detail with the aim of optimizing them so that they might be used in human clinical trials in the future.
Watermarking-based Defense against Adversarial Attacks on Deep Neural Networks (2021)

The vulnerability of deep neural networks to adversarial attacks has posed significant threats to real-world applications, especially security-critical ones. Given a well-trained model, slight modifications to the input samples can cause drastic changes in the predictions of the model. Many methods have been proposed to mitigate the issue. However, the majority of these defenses have proven to fail to resist all the adversarial attacks. This is mainly because the knowledge advantage of the attacker can help to either easily customize the information of the target model or create a surrogate model as a substitute to successfully construct the corresponding adversarial examples. In this paper, we propose a new defense mechanism that creates a knowledge gap between attackers and defenders by imposing a designed watermarking system into standard deep neural networks. The embedded watermark is data-independent and non-reproducible to an attacker, which improves randomization and security of the defense model without compromising performance on clean data, and thus yields knowledge disadvantage to prevent an attacker from crafting effective adversarial examples targeting the defensive model. We evaluate the performance of our watermarking defense using a wide range of watermarking algorithms against four state-of-the-art attacks on different datasets, and the experimental results validate its effectiveness.
Shape, size, and polymer dependent effects of microplastics on Daphnia magna (2022)

The effects of microplastic (MP) pollution on organisms are gaining increasing attention. To date, a variety of polymers of different shapes and sizes are used in ecotoxicology. Although polystyrene (PS) is the predominant polymer type used in effect studies, it is still unclear whether the observed effects derive from the polymer itself or from a certain particle shape and size. To elucidate whether the effects are polymer specific, we conducted a systematic study on Daphnia magna by comparing various PS-MPs to nonplastic control particles with similar properties. In chronic exposure experiments, we used PS beads (6 µm; 20 µm), fibers (Ø 3 µm, length: 75.5 µm), and fragments (5.7 µm; 17.7 µm) in two different size classes and two different concentrations (500 and 5000 particles ml-1) and in-house-produced control particles of comparable size, shape, concentration and, if possible, density. Although most PS properties did not elicit effects on the tested endpoints, we observed sublethal effects on D. magna life history and morphology for small PS beads and fragments. Interestingly, no adverse effects were detected for any of the control particles. Hence, the observed effects are polymer-specific, related to the size and shape of the polymer, and do not result from particle exposure per se. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/428208/document
Evaluating Bacterial Adhesion Using Atomic Force Microscopy (2000)

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a scanning probe microscope invented in 1986 by Binnig, Quate, and Gerber in order to image surface features of planar substrates with atomic resolution.3,22,26 The AFM consists of a cantilever that scans a planar substrate resulting in a topographic map of the surface features of the substrate. Standard AFM cantilevers have sharp, pyramidal, silicon nitride tips at their ends that contact the surface during imaging (Fig. 1).26 During imaging the AFM cantilever experiences a repulsive force that originates from the overlap of electron orbitals between atoms of the tip and the substrate.9 As the cantilever scans the substrate, features on the surface cause the cantilever to deflect. Cantilever deflection is detected using a laser which is reflected off of the cantilever into a photodiode, in accordance with the optical lever rule (Fig. 1).22,51
Resistivity and Induced Polarization: Theory and Applications to the Near-Surface Earth (2020)

Resistivity and induced polarization methods are used for a wide range of near-surface applications, including hydrogeology, civil engineering and archaeology, as well as emerging applications in the agricultural and plant sciences. This comprehensive reference text covers both theory and practice of resistivity and induced polarization methods, demonstrating how to measure, model and interpret data in both the laboratory and the field. Marking the 100 year anniversary of the seminal work of Conrad Schlumberger (1920), the book covers historical development of electrical geophysics, electrical properties of geological materials, instrumentation, acquisition and modelling, and includes case studies that capture applications to societally relevant problems. The book is also supported by a full suite of forward and inverse modelling tools, allowing the reader to apply the techniques to a wide range of applications using digital datasets provided online. This is a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers and practitioners interested in near-surface geophysics
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 6/2004 (2004)

Cover: The picture on the cover shows the microstructure of original poly(ethylene‐ co ‐butadiene) containing 1,2‐cyclohexane rings and the mechanism of cyclization. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by V. Monteil, R. Spitz, F. Barbotin, and C. Boisson * on page 737.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Targeting CD4<sup>+</sup> T-Helper Cells Improves the Induction of Antitumor Responses in Dendritic Cell–Based Vaccination (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 51K, CONSORT flow chart&lt;/p&gt;
Regeneration of rabbit calvarial defects using cells-implanted nano-hydroxyapatite coated silk scaffolds (2015)

Within the limitations of this study, silk scaffold is a biocompatible material with potential expediency as an osteoconductive scaffold in bone tissue engineering. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the addition of hDPCs and hPDLCs to the current rabbit calvarial defect model can produce an early effect in augmenting osteogenesis.
Targeting the p53 tumor suppressor activity in glioblastomas using small molecule MDM2-inhibitor (2011)

Introduction: Targeted therapies that inhibit the MDM2-p53 interaction and the downstream RB-E2F signalling pathway have shown promising antitumor activity, but their efficacy in gliomas has not been investigated. Small-molecule MDM2 antagonists have been developed to specifically inhibit the MDM2-p53 interaction, thereby activating p53 signalling serving anti-tumor activity.
An intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of vinylsilanes (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of vinylsilanesScott M. Sieburth and Louis FensterbankCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 20, 5279–5281Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00046a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00046a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views568Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Local IP 3 receptor–mediated Ca 2+ signals compound to direct blood flow in brain capillaries (2021)

Healthy brain function depends on the finely tuned spatial and temporal delivery of blood-borne nutrients to active neurons via the vast, dense capillary network. Here, using in vivo imaging in anesthetized mice, we reveal that brain capillary endothelial cells control blood flow through a hierarchy of IP<sub>3</sub> receptor-mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> events, ranging from small, subsecond protoevents, reflecting Ca<sup>2+</sup> release through a small number of channels, to high-amplitude, sustained (up to ~1 min) compound events mediated by large clusters of channels. These frequent (~5000 events/s per microliter of cortex) Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals are driven by neuronal activity, which engages G<sub>q</sub> protein-coupled receptor signaling, and are enhanced by Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry through TRPV4 channels. The resulting Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent synthesis of nitric oxide increases local blood flow selectively through affected capillary branches, providing a mechanism for high-resolution control of blood flow to small clusters of neurons.