gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factored operating systems (fos) (2009)

The next decade will afford us computer chips with 100's to 1,000's of cores on a single piece of silicon. Contemporary operating systems have been designed to operate on a single core or small number of cores and hence are not well suited to manage and provide operating system services at such large scale. If multicore trends continue, the number of cores that an operating system will be managing will continue to double every 18 months. The traditional evolutionary approach of redesigning OS subsystems when there is insufficient parallelism will cease to work because the rate of increasing parallelism will far outpace the rate at which OS designers will be capable of redesigning subsystems. The fundamental design of operating systems and operating system data structures must be rethought to put scalability as the prime design constraint. This work begins by documenting the scalability problems of contemporary operating systems. These studies are used to motivate the design of a factored operating system (fos). fos is a new operating system targeting manycore systems with scalability as the primary design constraint, where space sharing replaces time sharing to increase scalability.We describe fos, which is built in a message passing manner, out of a collection of Internet inspired services. Each operating system service is factored into a set of communicating servers which in aggregate implement a system service. These servers are designed much in the way that distributed Internet services are designed, but instead of providing high level Internet services, these servers provide traditional kernel services and replace traditional kernel data structures in a factored, spatially distributed manner. fos replaces time sharing with space sharing. In other words, fos's servers are bound to distinct processing cores and by doing so do not fight with end user applications for implicit resources such as TLBs and caches. We describe how fos's design is well suited to attack the scalability challenge of future multicores and discuss how traditional application-operating systems interfaces can be redesigned to improve scalability.
Metabolic syndrome and extensive adipose tissue inflammation in morbidly obese Göttingen minipigs (2018)

The worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased to 10% in men and 15% in women and is associated with severe comorbidities such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Animal models of obesity are central to experimental studies of disease mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) models in rodents have provided important insights into the pathophysiology of obesity and, in most instances, are the first in line for exploratory pharmacology studies. To deepen the relevance towards translation to human patients, we established a corresponding DIO model in Göttingen minipigs (GM). Young adult female ovariectomized GM were fed a high-fat/high-energy diet for a period of 70 weeks. The ration was calculated to meet the requirements and maintain body weight (BW) of lean adult minipigs (L-GM group) or increased stepwise to achieve an obese state (DIO-GM group). Body composition, blood parameters and intravenous glucose tolerance were determined at regular intervals. A pilot chronic treatment trial with a GLP1 receptor agonist was conducted in DIO-GM. At the end of the study, the animals were necropsied and a biobank of selected tissues was established. DIO-GM developed severe subcutaneous and visceral adiposity (body fat >50% of body mass vs. 22% in L-GM), increased plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >5 vs. 2 in L-GM), impaired glucose tolerance and increased heart rate when resting and active. However, fasting glucose concentrations stayed within normal range throughout the study. Treatment with a long-acting GLP1 receptor agonist revealed substantial reduction of food intake and body weight within four weeks, with increased drug sensitivity relative to observations in other DIO animal models. Extensive adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte necrosis was observed in visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue of DIO-GM. The Munich DIO-GM model resembles hallmarks of the human metabolic syndrome with extensive adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte necrosis reported for the first time. DIO-GM may be used for evaluating novel treatments of obesity and associated comorbidities. They may help to identify triggers and mechanisms of fat tissue inflammation and mechanisms preventing complete metabolic decompensation despite morbid obesity.
Genauigkeitsanalyse der Bestimmung der Transepikondylären Achse und deren Auswirkung auf die Rotation der femoralen Komponente für die Knie-Totalendoprothetik (2003)

Fragestellung: Die femorale Malrotation nach Implantation einer Knie-Endototalprothese kann zu einer ausgeprägten klinischen Symptomatik führen. Für die intraoperative Bestimmung der femoralen Rotation stehen dem Operateur verschiedene anatomische Landmarken zur Verfügung. Meistens wird die Transepikondyläre Achse (TEA) verwendet. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Genauigkeit einer Bestimmung der TEA am Kadavermodell zu analysieren.
Mechanical memory devices (1979)

Discovery of the mechanical memory phenomenon exhibited by certain alloys has led to the development of a variety of novel mechanical devices which operate at low temperatures. The mechanical or shape memory effect (SME), also termed marmem (from martensitic memory) is especially spectacular in the near-equiatomic nickel–titanium alloys (nitinols) and has been exploited in the working elements of low temperature heat engines, which offer a new and efficient way for the conversion of low grade heat into useful work.
Dynamic cardiomyoplasty: clinical follow-up at 12 years (1997)

Clinically, this procedure reverses heart failure, improves functional class and ameliorates quality of life. The latissimus dorsi muscle histological structure is maintained at long-term, when postoperative electrostimulation is performed, avoiding excessive stimulation. Cardiomyoplasty may delay or prevent the progression of heart failure and the indication of cardiac transplantation.
<title>Electron-beam mask repair with induced reactions</title> (2003)

Electron-beam induced chemical reactions and their applicability to mask repair are investigated. For deposition and chemical etching with a focused electron-beam system, it is required to disperse chemicals in a molecular beam to the area of interest with a well-defined amount of molecules and monolayers per second. For repair of opaque defects the precursor gas reacts with the absorber material of the mask and forms a volatile reaction product, which leaves the surface. In this way the surface atoms are removed layer by layer. For clear defect repair, additional material, which is light absorbing in the UV, is deposited onto the defect area. This material is rendered as a nanocrystalline deposit from metal containing precursors. An experimental electron-beam mask repair system is developed and used to perform exploratory work applicable to photo mask, EUV mask, EPL and LEEPL stencil mask repair. The tool is described and specific repair actions are demonstrated. Platinum deposited features with lateral dimensions down to 20 nm demonstrate the high resolution obtainable with electron beam induced processes, while AFM and AIMS measurements indicate, that specifications for mask repair at the 70 nm device node can be met. In addition, examples of etching quartz, TaN, and silicon carbide stencil masks are given.
Metal Artifact Reduction Computed Tomography of Arthroplasty Implants (2018)

In computed tomography imaging of ankle arthroplasty implants, iMAR reconstruction results in fewer metal artifacts and better image quality than WFBP reconstruction for both polychromatic and virtual monoenergetic data. The combination of iMAR and VME at higher photon energies results in mixed effects on implant-induced metal artifacts, including decreased high-density and increased low-density artifacts, which in combination does not improve image quality over iMAR reconstruction of the polychromatic data. Our results suggest that, for ankle arthroplasty implants, the highest image quality is obtained by iMAR reconstruction of the polychromatic data without the need to implement VME at high-energy levels.
25th Anniversary Article: Exploring Nanoscaled Matter from Speciation to Phase Diagrams: Metal Phosphide Nanoparticles as a Case of Study (2013)

The notions of nanoscale "phase speciation" and "phase diagram" are defined and discussed in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic controls, based on the case of metal phosphide nanoparticles. After an overview of the most successful synthetic routes for these exotic nanomaterials, the cases of InP, Ni2 P, Ni12 P5 and Pdx Py are discussed in detail to highlight the relationship between composition, structure, and size at the nanoscale. The influence of morphology is discussed next by comparing the behavior of Cu3 P nanophases with those of Nix Py , FeP/Fe2 P, and CoP/Co2 P. Perspectives provide the reader with methodological guidelines for further investigation of nanoscale "phase diagrams", and their use for optimized synthesis of new functional nanomaterials.
Reconstructing the Origins of a Neuropeptide Signaling System Using the Accelerated Evolution of Biodiverse Cone Snail Venoms (2021)

Abstract Somatostatin and its related peptides (SSRPs) form an important family of hormones with diverse physiological roles. The ubiquitous presence of SSRPs in vertebrates and several invertebrate deuterostomes suggests an ancient origin of the SSRP signaling system. However, the existence of SSRP genes outside of deuterostomes has not been established and the evolutionary history of this signaling system remains poorly understood. Our recent discovery of SSRP-like toxins (consomatins) in venomous marine cone snails ( Conus) suggested the presence of a homologous signaling system in mollusks and potentially other protostomes. Here we identify the molluscan SSRP-like signaling gene that gave rise to the consomatin family. Following recruitment into venom, consomatin genes experience strong positive selection and repeated gene duplications resulting in the formation of a hyper-diverse family of venom peptides. Intriguingly, the largest number of consomatins was found in worm-hunting species (&gt; 400 sequences), indicating a homologous system in annelids, another large protostome phylum. Comprehensive sequence mining enabled the identification of orthologous SSRP-like sequences (and their corresponding orphan receptor) in annelids and several other protostome phyla. These results establish the existence of SSRP-like sequences in many major branches of bilaterians, including xenacoelomorphs, a phylum believed to have emerged before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, ~ 600 My ago. Finally, having a large set of predator-prey SSRP sequences available, we show that while the cone snail’s signaling SSRP-like genes are under purifying selection, in striking contrast, the consomatin genes experience rapid directional selection to target receptors in a changing mix of prey.
An Economical Route to Lamivudine Featuring a Novel Strategy for Stereospecific Assembly (2020)

An economical synthesis of lamivudine was developed by employing a new method to establish the stereochemistry about the heterocyclic oxathiolane ring. Toward this end, an inexpensive and readily accessible lactic acid derivative served the dual purpose of activating the carbohydrate's anomeric center for N-glycosylation and transferring stereochemical information to the substrate simultaneously. Both enantiomers of the lactic acid derivative are available, and either β-enantiomer in this challenging class of 2'-deoxynucleoside active pharmaceutical ingredients can be formed.
A Mechanical Model Study on Correlations of Liquid Crystal Phase and Dynamic Parameters in Linear Molecules (2004)

Three groups of linear molecules, one group having a liquid crystal (LC) phase and two groups having a general state, were prepared to investigate by a mechanical LC system model. The dynamic parameters, the moment of inertia and rotational critical velocity, were calculated to correlate with the appearance of the LC phase. The analysis of the molecular dynamic parameters allows the assessment of why these molecules behave differently in the formation of phase.
Food allergen thresholds: CM-allergic infants managed with hypoallergenic formulas are a more sensitive population (2013)

Background Understanding the relationship of food allergen dose to clinical symptoms is important for managing food-allergic patients, the food industry, and regulatory bodies as all strive to insure food safety. Food allergen reactivity thresholds are highly variable depending on the food and the food-allergic patient population. Existing studies describe reaction thresholds for major food allergens that are useful in managing individual patients. Reaction thresholds are not distributed in a statistically “normal” fashion; some infants with cow milk allergy show sensitivity to extremely low doses. Data describing these unique patients is presented.
Multiple implantation and multiple annealing of phosphorus doped germanium to achieve n-type activation near the theoretical limit (2012)

Full activation of n-type dopant in germanium (Ge) reaching to its solid solubility has never been achieved by using ion implantation doping technique. This is because implantation of dopants always leaves defects such as vacancy and interstitials in the Ge crystal. While implantation-induced defects are electrically neutral for the most of semiconductor materials, they are electrically positive for Ge resulting in compensation of n-type dopants. In this Letter, we verified that 5 × 1019 P/cm3 is the maximum active concentration, which can be fully activated in germanium “without leaving implantation damage” per implantation/annealing cycle. The repetition of implantation and annealing of phosphorous (P) with the concentration of 5 × 1019 cm−3 leads to the activation of 1 × 1020 P/cm3 close to its solid solubility limit of 2 × 1020 P/cm3.
Crossing-Free On-Chip <tex>$2\times 2$</tex> Polarization-Diverse Switch (2018)

We propose and demonstrate an on-chip 2×2 polarization-diverse switch for simultaneously handling two-group polarization multiplexed signals with waveguide crossing-free design. Each input polarization tributary can be independently switched and less than 1 dB power penalties are experimentally observed.
Generation of systemin signaling in tobacco by transformation with the tomato systemin receptor kinase gene (2003)

The tomato systemin receptor, SR160, a plasma membrane-bound, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase that signals systemic plant defense, and the brassinolide (BL) receptor, BRI1, that regulates developmental processes, have been shown recently to have identical amino acid sequences. We report herein that tobacco, a solanaceous species that does not express a systemin precursor gene nor responds to systemin, when transformed with the SR160 receptor gene, expresses the gene in suspension-cultured cells, evidenced by mRNA and protein analyses and photoaffinity-labeling experiments. Additionally, systemin induced an alkalinization response in the transgenic tobacco cells similar to that found in tomato cells, but not in WT cells. The gain in function in tobacco cells indicates that early steps of the systemin signaling pathway found in tomato are present in tobacco cells. A tomato line, cu-3, in which a mutation in the BRI1 gene has rendered the plant nonfunctional in BL signaling, exhibits a severely reduced response to systemin. In leaves of WT tomato plants, BL strongly and reversibly antagonized systemic signaling by systemin. The results suggest that the systemin-mediated systemic defense response may have evolved in some solanaceous species by co-opting the BRI1 receptor and associated components for defense signaling.
Multi-channel hybrid active noise control system for infant incubators (2010)

This paper presents a new active noise control system for infant incubators in neonatal intensive care units. To overcome the problem of complexity of noise sources and their locations, a multi-channel hybrid ANC system using the filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm was developed. This hybrid ANC system integrates both the feedforward and the feedback ANC systems to cancel noises from both inside and outside the incubator. Computer simulations and real-time experiments were performed to compare the proposed hybrid ANC algorithm with the existing feedforward ANC algorithms under various complex noise environments.
ChemInform Abstract: Useful New Annulation Reactions of Vicinal Dicarboxylic Esters. (1987)

Abstract The cyclohexenedicarboxylate (I) is converted to the dianion (II) which is coupled with activated olefins such as (III), (V), (X), and (XII) to yield bicyclic compounds such as (IV), (VI), (VIII), (XI), and (XIII).
Gate-Delay-Fault Testability Properties of Multiplexor-Based Networks (2005)

We investigate the gate-delay-fault testability properties of multilevel, multiplexor-based logic circuits. Based on this investigation, we describe a procedure for synthesizing gate-delay-fault testable multilevel circuits. The procedure involves the construction of a multilevel circuit from a general, unordered Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) by replacing vertices of the BDD with multiplexors. The procedure relies on the following result derived in this article: If the multilevel circuit constructed from the BDD is initially fully single stuck-at fault testable, or made fully single stuck-at fault testable by redundancy removal, then it is completely robustly gate-delay-fault testable. Once the initial gate-delay-fault testable circuit has been obtained, constrained algebraic factorization is used to improve the area and performance characteristics without compromising testability. Unlike previous techniques for synthesizing robustly gate-delay-fault testable circuits, this procedure can be used to synthesize fully testable circuits directly from nonflattenable, logic-level implementations.
2 THE IN VIVO DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL OF PORCINE SKIN-DERIVED PROGENITORS (2011)

Skin-derived progenitors (SKP) are capable of generating both neural and mesodermal progeny in vitro: neurons, Schwann cells, adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, thus exhibiting characteristics similar to embryonic neural crest stem cells. SKP show distinct transcriptional profiles when compared with neurospheres/neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and skin-derived fibroblasts, indicating a novel type of multipotent stem cell derived from the dermis of the skin. However, it remains unclear whether SKP cells can produce ectoderm and mesoderm lineages or other germ layers in vivo, although oocyte-like structures can be induced from porcine SKP in vitro. Embryonic chimeras are a well-established tool for investigating cell lineage determination and cell potency through normal embryonic development. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo developmental potential of porcine SKP by chimera production. Porcine SKP cells and fibroblasts were isolated from the back skin of Day 35 to 50 GFP transgenic fetuses. Individual cells or clusters of male GFP transgenic SKP and skin-derived GFP-expressing fibroblasts were injected into pre-compact in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos, respectively and then transferred into corresponding surrogates 24 h post-injection. Additional injected embryos were cultured in PZM3 medium for another 2 days until the blastocyst stage and subsequently stained with Hoechst 33342. Interestingly, in some of the chimeras the injected SKP cells migrated and dispersed into different locations of the host blastocysts, whereas in others they remained as a cluster of cells within the chimeric blastocysts. In contrast, the fibroblast cells were not observed to spread around the host blastocysts. Two chimeric fetuses were recovered at the middle of gestation and a litter of viable piglets was born. Genomic DNA was extracted from various tissues of chimeric piglets and subjected to PCR amplification. Two chimeric fetuses and 2 out of 6 piglets carried the GFP transgene in SKP-derived chimeras, but GFP was not present in the fibroblast-derived chimeric fetuses (n = 6). Surprisingly, the GFP transgene was present in various tissues of two SKP-derived chimeric piglets, including lung, heart, liver, artery, kidney, brain, skin, muscle, gut, ovary, pancreas and stomach, thus representing the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm). In addition, SRY was detected in several tissues of the two GFP-positive female chimeric piglets, confirming the chimerism of these piglets. Therefore, it appears that porcine SKP can contribute to various cell types of the 3 germ layers and have a broader developmental potency than previously expected. Alternatively, pre-compact (4-cell and 8-cell stage) embryos may provide a unique environment for reprogramming skin-derived progenitors into a more primitive state by the process of embryonic compaction. This study was funded by NIH National Center for Research Resources (R01RR013438) and Food for the 21st Century at the University of Missouri.
A small cell approach to optimizing the coverage of MTC systems with massive MIMO and random access using stochastic geometry (2017)

Machine Type Communication (MTC) is a key component of future 5G networks, and its realization is now possible due to the advances in technology and the market drivers. Several challenges however exist which hinder the realization of MTC, among which signaling overhead is considered the prominent challenge, particularly due to the massive number of devices in MTC networks. In this work, we consider an MTC system which utilizes massive MIMO and cell densification to support massive number of devices. In our scheme, devices within small cells can transmit their uplink data simultaneously on the same time-frequency resource with minimal interference due to the massive MIMO implementation, and random access is applied on a per-cell basis to limit the inter-cell interference. We derive a stochastic geometry model for our system and we use it in an optimization study. Our results can be used for optimal network planning and optimal resource allocation.