gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and Compositional Characterization of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia:  Evidence of Surface-Stabilized, Low-Valence Metal Species (2005)

The structural properties of polycrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) have been studied using FT-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Yttria content was varied between 8 and 15% (by mole fraction) to determine compositional effects on YSZ phonon structure, lattice parameter, and oxidation state. The dominant feature in the low-frequency Raman spectrum correlates quite closely with the material's sole (cubic) lattice parameter. XPS measurements of typical YSZ samples show only a single species of both Y and Zr. After exposing YSZ to a reducing environment (H2) at elevated temperatures (1000 degrees C), however, the XPS spectra of YSZ show new features at lower binding energy for both Y and Zr. Angle-resolved XPS measurements suggest that these reduced forms of Y and Zr exist only within the first few molecular layers of the sample. This treatment does not effect the XRD pattern, nor does it change the low-frequency phonon structure observed in the Raman spectrum, although the Raman spectrum does experience approximately 50% reduction in overall signal intensity. These disparities are reconciled with each other based on differences in each technique's sampling depth. The impact that surface-reduced YSZ may have on the chemistry occurring within solid oxide fuel cells is discussed briefly.
Solid-State Reactions Occurring during the Synthesis of CaTiO3−NdAlO3 Perovskite Solid Solutions (2004)

The X-ray powder-diffraction technique was used to investigate the solid-state reaction paths to the 0.7CaTiO3−0.3NdAlO3 perovskite solid solution. The results show that the perovskite phases CaTiO3 and NdAlO3 are formed prior to the solid solution, regardless of the combination of oxide powders used as reagents. The two perovskites subsequently react to form a solid solution at temperatures above 1200 °C. The reaction between CaTiO3 and NdAlO3 was studied using a diffusion couple, which revealed that the slower kinetics of incorporation of the Al into the forming solid solution results in the formation of an intermediate phase based on hexaluminate CaAl12O19. The presence of such inclusions results in the formation of defects in the perovskite matrix phase, which adversely affects the dielectric losses of the sintered ceramics based on the 0.7CaTiO3−0.3NdAlO3 solid solution. To minimize the concentration of CaAl12O19-based inclusions, a thorough calcination procedure with intermediate homogenizations needs to be conducted at temperatures above 1300 °C.
Funktionalisierte Template für den konvergenten Aufbau von Polyethern: Synthese der HIJK‐Ringe von Gymnocin A (2009)

Abstract Leiterverlängerung : Der Erfolg einer Epoxidöffnungsstrategie zur Synthese leiterförmiger Polyether hängt davon ab, ob die entstehenden Produkte weiter umgesetzt werden können. Mithilfe zweier funktionalisierter Template wurde ein Fragment von Gymnocin A synthetisiert, das vier differenzierte Stellen für die darauffolgende Fragmentkupplung enthält (siehe Schema; Bn=Benzyl). magnified image
Ligand Activation Domain of Human Orphan Growth Hormone (GH) Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R) Conserved from Pufferfish to Humans (2000)

Synthetic ligands have been identified that reset and amplify the cycle of pulsatile GH secretion by interacting with the orphan GH-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). The GHS-R is rhodopsin like, but does not obviously belong to any of the established G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subfamilies. We recently characterized the closely related orphan family member, GPR38, as the motilin receptor. A common property of both receptors is that they amplify and sustain pulsatile biological responses in the continued presence of their respective ligands. To efficiently identify additional members of this new GPCR family, we explored a vertebrate species having a compact genome, that was evolutionary distant from human, but where functionally important genes were likely to be conserved. Accordingly, three distinct full-length clones, encoding proteins of significant identity to the human GHS-R, were isolated from the Pufferfish (Spheroides nephelus). Southern analyses showed that the three cloned Pufferfish genes are highly conserved across species. The gene with closest identity (58%) was activated by three synthetic ligands that were chosen for their very high selectivity on the GHS-R as illustrated by their specificity in activating the wild-type human GHS-R but not the E124Q mutant. These results indicate that the ligand activation domain of the GHS-R has been evolutionary conserved from Pufferfish to human (400 million years), supporting the notion that the GHS-R and its natural ligand play a fundamentally important role in biology. Furthermore, they illustrate the power of exploiting the compact Pufferfish genome for simplifying the isolation of endocrinologically important receptor families.
Effects of implant angle on SIMOX structure and electrical properties of buried oxide (2002)

The approach presented by the authors revealed the effect of the implant angle on the major characteristics of SIMOX material such as thin film layer thicknesses and structure of buried oxide, pinhole density and pinhole patterns and background leakage current of the buried oxide. The obtained results show the importance of the investigated phenomena in the development of high integrity buried oxide SIMOX material and encourage further studies for the development of optimized standard and thin buried oxide SIMOX. The supporting data are presented in detail.
Skin adaptation: comparison of in vivo and in vitro results (2003)

Electron microscopy differences between mechanically stressed skin and control skin were compared for an in vivo and an in vitro pig model. The in vivo model showed significant (p<0.01) collagen fibril increases at all dermal depths while the in vitro model demonstrated significant increases only in the deep dermis. Neither model showed scarred collagen fibril structures but instead natural skin architectures.
Steering Capabilities of an Acoustic Lens for Transcranial Therapy: Numerical and Experimental Studies (2019)

For successful brain therapy, transcranial focused ultrasound must compensate for the time shifts induced locally by the skull. The patient-specific phase profile is currently generated by multi-element arrays which, over time, have tended toward increasing element count. We recently introduced a new approach, consisting of a single-element transducer coupled to an acoustic lens of controlled thickness. By adjusting the local thickness of the lens, we were able to induce phase differences which compensated those induced by the skull. Nevertheless, such an approach suffers from an apparent limitation: the lens is a priori designed for one specific target. In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility of taking advantage of the isoplanatic angle of the aberrating skull in order to steer the focus by mechanically moving the transducer/acoustic lens pair around its initial focusing position. This study, conducted on three human skull samples, demonstrates that tilting of the transducer with the lens restores a single -3 dB focal volume at 914 kHz for a steering up to ±11 mm in the transverse direction, and ±10 mm in the longitudinal direction, around the initial focal region.
The effect of telotristat etiprate on clinical and biochemical responses in patients with symptomatic carcinoid syndrome: Preliminary results of an ongoing phase II, multicenter, open-label, serial-ascending dose study. (2012)

e14564 Background: Excess serotonin (5-HT) may contribute to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as diarrhea in carcinoid syndrome (CS) patients. Telotristat etiprate, an oral serotonin synthesis inhibitor (SSI), is designed to reduce peripheral 5-HT levels and alleviate GI distress. Methods: This study evaluates the safety and tolerability of ascending doses (150 mg, 250 mg, 350 mg, and 500 mg tid) of telotristat etiprate in symptomatic CS patients, averaging ≥4 bowel movements (BMs)/day, either therapy-naïve or receiving somatostatin analogs. Secondary objectives include symptomatic response (change in: number of BMs/day, stool form/consistency, sensation of urgency to defecate, sensation/severity of nausea, global assessment of symptoms, assessment of abdominal pain/discomfort, reduction of cutaneous flushing episodes), and assessment of plasma drug concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid [u5-HIAA] and blood 5-HT). All patients began dosing at 150 mg. Dose will be increased following 2 weeks of therapy with no dose-limiting toxicity. If dose-limiting toxicities occur, the dose will be reduced to prior level. Treatment will continue at the individual maximum-tolerated dose for 4 weeks; patients may elect to continue in an extension phase. Results: As of 1/2012, 13 patients, refractory to octreotide LAR have enrolled and been treated with telotristat etiprate. Eight (8) of 9 patients have completed the 12-week ascending dose study and 6 of 6 eligible patients have enrolled into the long-term extension, up to 72 weeks; 4 more patients are eligible for the long-term extension. Mean age: 63 years (range 51-81), mean BMs at baseline: 6.0 (range 4.7-8.5) for the 9 patients. Upon completion of 12 weeks of dosing, 7 of 9 patients (78%) had sustained reductions of ≥30% in BMs/day. All 7 of these patients had multiple assessments indicating ≥50% BM reductions) during the 6 weeks while on their highest dose. No major safety issues were detected. Conclusions: Telotristat etiprate produced biochemical and clinical responses/benefit in CS.
Efficient Strategies for Estimating the Spatial Coherence of Backscatter (2016)

The spatial coherence of ultrasound backscatter has been proposed to reduce clutter in medical imaging, to measure the anisotropy of the scattering source, and to improve the detection of blood flow. These techniques rely on correlation estimates that are obtained using computationally expensive strategies. In this paper, we assess the existing spatial coherence estimation methods and propose three computationally efficient modifications: a reduced kernel, a downsampled receive aperture, and the use of an ensemble correlation coefficient. The proposed methods are implemented in simulation and in vivo studies. Reducing the kernel to a single sample improved computational throughput and improved axial resolution. Downsampling the receive aperture was found to have negligible effect on estimator variance, and improved computational throughput by an order of magnitude for a downsample factor of 4. The ensemble correlation estimator demonstrated lower variance than the currently used average correlation. Combining the three methods, the throughput was improved 105-fold in simulation with a downsample factor of 4- and 20-fold in vivo with a downsample factor of 2.
A SELF-ORGANIZED RADIO NETWORK FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS (2001)

In this paper a self-organized radio network for inter-vehicle communication (IVC) using broadcast messages is presented. The purpose of this network is to increase road traffic safety and to provide the driver with locally generated real-time traffic information. Therefore, each individual car transmits and receives broadcast packets that include floating car data (FCD) like position, velocity, road condition and visibility in a periodical way (e.g. every second). The periodical broadcast packets are also used to propagate summarized traffic information which has been received from other users in order to extend their accessibility far beyond the limited radio range of a single vehicle. Additionally, the transmission of delay-less data packets is foreseen in cases of emergency (e.g. crash, loss of traction), where an immediate and automatic reaction of the surrounding vehicles is required in order to prevent critical situations and further accidents. For collision-free access to the radio channel a reservation technique is considered which allows a self-organization inside the network. The system concept for a self-organized radio network and simulative results under realistic traffic situations are presented in this paper.
Assessment of the working range and effect of sodium dichloroisocyanurate onPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms and planktonic cells (2012)

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) is a chemical agent that acts against microorganisms in a manner similar to that of sodium hypochlorite by releasing free available chlorine. NaDCC has been approved by the WHO for the emergency treatment of water and by the US EPA for routine treatment of water. Previous studies assessing the effectiveness of NaDCC for the treatment of water implied that NaDCC should have a wide array of disinfecting effects beyond the treatment of planktonic cells in potable water. In this study the biocidal effects of NaDCC against Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells in different growth modes including planktonic cells and biofilms were explored. The data showed that a 60% dilution of the standard NaDCC solution was effective in the treatment of both P. aeruginosa planktonic cells and biofilms.
Catalytic Aftertreatment of Vehicle Exhausts from Two-Stroke Motorcycles (1996)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The use of catalytic aftertreatment to reduce residual hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from the exhaust stream of 2-stroke 2-wheel vehicles is reported. The impact of applying three different catalyst technologies to the exhaust streams of two motorcycles was examined. Mass emission and modal results generated from 50cc and 110cc motorcycles during the India Driving Cycle (IDC) were used to characterize catalyst performance. The results indicate that the effective implementation of catalytic aftertreatment to 2-stroke 2-wheel vehicles depends strongly on both catalyst formulation and the specific application. Catalysts can be formulated to possess desired selectivity allowing flexibility in meeting emissions standards.&lt;/div&gt;
Class A Orphans (version 2020.5) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database (2020)

Table 1 lists a number of putative GPCRs identified by NC-IUPHAR [194], for which preliminary evidence for an endogenous ligand has been published, or for which there exists a potential link to a disease, or disorder. These GPCRs have recently been reviewed in detail [150]. The GPCRs in Table 1 are all Class A, rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Class A orphan GPCRs not listed in Table 1 are putative GPCRs with as-yet unidentified endogenous ligands.Table 1: Class A orphan GPCRs with putative endogenous ligands GPR3 GPR4 GPR6 GPR12 GPR15 GPR17 GPR20 GPR22 GPR26 GPR31 GPR34 GPR35 GPR37 GPR39 GPR50 GPR63 GRP65 GPR68 GPR75 GPR84 GPR87 GPR88 GPR132 GPR149 GPR161 GPR183 LGR4 LGR5 LGR6 MAS1 MRGPRD MRGPRX1 MRGPRX2 P2RY10 TAAR2 In addition the orphan receptors GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 which are reported to respond to endogenous agents analogous to the endogenous cannabinoid ligands have been grouped together (GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119).
Novel Antifungal Activity of Lolium-Associated Epichloë Endophytes (2020)

Asexual <i>Epichloë</i> spp. fungal endophytes have been extensively studied for their functional secondary metabolite production. Historically, research mostly focused on understanding toxicity of endophyte-derived compounds on grazing livestock. However, endophyte-derived compounds also provide protection against invertebrate pests, disease, and other environmental stresses, which is important for ensuring yield and persistence of pastures. A preliminary screen of 30 strains using an in vitro dual culture bioassay identified 18 endophyte strains with antifungal activity. The novel strains NEA12, NEA21, and NEA23 were selected for further investigation as they are also known to produce alkaloids associated with protection against insect pests. Antifungal activity of selected endophyte strains was confirmed against three grass pathogens, <i>Ceratobasidium</i> sp., <i>Dreschlera</i> sp., and <i>Fusarium</i> sp., using independent isolates in an in vitro bioassay. NEA21 and NEA23 showed potent activity against <i>Ceratobasidium</i> sp. and NEA12 showed moderate inhibition against all three pathogens. Crude extracts from liquid cultures of NEA12 and NEA23 also inhibited growth of the phytopathogens <i>Ceratobasidium</i> sp. and <i>Fusarium</i> sp. and provided evidence that the compounds of interest are stable, constitutively expressed, and secreted. Comparative analysis of the in vitro and in planta metabolome of NEA12 and NEA23 using LCMS profile data revealed individual metabolites unique to each strain that are present in vitro and in planta. These compounds are the best candidates for the differential bioactivity observed for each strain. Novel endophyte strains show promise for endophyte-mediated control of phytopathogens impacting <i>Lolium</i> spp. pasture production and animal welfare.
Monocytes and Macrophages: Functions and Diseases (1978)

The mononuclear phagocyte complex is a widespread system of cells originating in the bone marrow monoblast and promonocyte, passing through the intermediate monocyte stage in the blood, and culminating in the tissue macrophages of the lung, liver, spleen, and pleural and peritoneal spaces. The cells are prominently phagocytic and have a well-developed lysosomal system. They function in host defense reactions against micro-organisms, in interactions with lymphoid cells in immunity, in disposal of cell debris, and possible in the regulation of granulopoiesis. Monocytes and the alveolar macrophage are the most accessible cells of this system for study. Several diseases of mononuclear phagocytes have been identified and characterized. These include microbicidal defects associated with increased susceptibility to infection, enzyme defects leading to storage diseases, and neoplastic diseases in which both cell proliferation and biologically active cell products contribute to the clinical disorder.
Injectable biomimetic liquid crystalline scaffolds enhance muscle stem cell transplantation (2017)

Muscle stem cells are a potent cell population dedicated to efficacious skeletal muscle regeneration, but their therapeutic utility is currently limited by mode of delivery. We developed a cell delivery strategy based on a supramolecular liquid crystal formed by peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that encapsulates cells and growth factors within a muscle-like unidirectionally ordered environment of nanofibers. The stiffness of the PA scaffolds, dependent on amino acid sequence, was found to determine the macroscopic degree of cell alignment templated by the nanofibers in vitro. Furthermore, these PA scaffolds support myogenic progenitor cell survival and proliferation and they can be optimized to induce cell differentiation and maturation. We engineered an in vivo delivery system to assemble scaffolds by injection of a PA solution that enabled coalignment of scaffold nanofibers with endogenous myofibers. These scaffolds locally retained growth factors, displayed degradation rates matching the time course of muscle tissue regeneration, and markedly enhanced the engraftment of muscle stem cells in injured and noninjured muscles in mice.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) selectively regulates paracellular ionic and fluid permeability in proximal tubule (PT) cells (2007)

Oxidative stress induced by Ang II or by inhibition of nitric oxide reduces renal efficiency of O2 usage to transported Na+. Furthermore, high Ang II reduced net Na+ uptake in PT cells. We tested the hypothesis that Ang II‐induced oxidative stress increases paracellular permeability in PT cells. We measured transepithelial resistance (TER); an index of paracellular Na+ permeability and mannitol permeability; an index of paracellular fluid permeability. Immortalized mouse PT cells and in MDCK‐I, a model of distal tubule (DT) cells, in monolayers grown on special plates, were treated with vehicle or Ang II (10 −8 to 10 −10 M). Ang II increased TER in MDCK (35–49 ohm) at all doses but decreased (15–22 ohm) TER in PT cells. Basal mannitol permeability was higher in PT cells compared to MDCK cells (PT: 7.89±0.6 vs. MDCK: 2.68±0.2 %/h, n=22–24, P&lt;0.0001), but was reduced dose‐dependently by Ang II in both PT and MDCK cells. In summary, physiological doses of Ang II increase paracellular Na+, but not fluid permeability selectively in the PT. An increase in Na+ backflux into the PT lumen may underlie both the reduced net Na+ reabsorption from the PT and the reduced efficiency of O2 use for net Na+ transport caused by Ang II.
Formation and Stabilization of a Decanuclear CuII Wheel Linked by Chloride and O⋅⋅⋅H−N Hydrogen Bonds (2001)

Kupfer steigt in den Ring: Durch direkte Umsetzung von CuCl2 mit einem fluorierten Aminoalkoholat, welches ein sekundäres und ein tertiäres Stickstoffdonoratom aufweist, erhält man den gezeigten zehnkernigen cyclischen CuII-Komplex (Cu hellblau, Cl gelb, O rot, N dunkelblau, C grau, F grün, H rosa). Faktoren, die zur Selbstanordnung dieses bislang einmaligen molekularen Rades führen, werden diskutiert.
Various strategies to tune the ionic/electronic properties of electrode materials (2004)

This Perspective highlights, through several snapshot examples, the importance of electrochemically-driven redox reactions in tuning the electronic/ionic as well as magnetic properties of 3d-metal-based inorganic compounds through a careful control of the metal oxidation state. Although such redox reactions usually imply the electron-ionic duality, they can be extended to insulating compounds (LiFePO(4)) or semiconductors (CoO) as long as we can combine electrochemistry at the nanoscale to reduce diffusion and migration limitations, and provide the compounds with electrons through metallic coating techniques. A thorough investigation of the composition-structure-property relationships of the Li(x)CoO(2) system, through the assembly of LiCoO(2)/Li electrochemical cells has led to the identification of the CoO(2) phase, whose property and stability are discussed in terms of cationic-anionic redox competition, thus bearing some similarity with the high T(c) cuprate superconductors. Such a d-sp redox competition could have structural and electronic consequences. Encouraged by the recently reported superconductivity in Na(x)CoO(2);yH(2)O phase, the room temperature Li(x)CuO(2) phase diagram was reinvestigated through Li-driven electrochemical reactions. A solid solution domain was unravelled but superconductivity was not evident. With Cu-based materials such as Cu(2.33)V(4)O(11), we have shown the feasibility of a new reversible Li electrochemically-driven copper extrusion/insertion process, owing to the enhanced copper diffusion within the structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Metal Redox Kinetics: Reactions of Iodine and Triiodide with Thiosulfate via I2S2O2‐ 3 and IS2O‐ 3 Intermediates. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.