gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influenza A Virus-Induced IFN-α/β and IL-18 Synergistically Enhance IFN-γ Gene Expression in Human T Cells (1998)

Abstract T cells contribute significantly the to host’s early defense against viral and bacterial infections and are essential for clearance of the pathogen. IFN-γ, a product of activated T and NK cells, has, in addition to its direct antimicrobial activity, a major role in activating cell-mediated immunity. Here we report that cytokines secreted by influenza A virus-infected macrophages are able to induce IFN-γ synthesis in human T cells. Influenza A virus-infected human peripheral macrophages secreted IFN-α/β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and a recently identified cytokine, IL-18 (or IFN-γ-inducing factor), whereas the production of IL-12 was not detected. Supernatants collected from virus-infected macrophages induced rapid IFN-γ mRNA expression and protein production in T cells. This was down-regulated by the addition of neutralizing anti-IFN-α/β Abs, whereas neutralizing anti-IL-12 Abs had no effect on IFN-γ gene expression. Exogenously added IFN-α/β also rapidly stimulated the synthesis of IFN-γ mRNA in T cells independently of protein synthesis. IL-18 synergized with IFN-α to up-regulate IFN-γ gene expression and protein production. The data suggest that IFN-α/β and IL-18 produced by macrophages during virus infection may act together to induce IFN-γ synthesis and, consequently, may play an important role for both of these cytokines in the development of Th1-type immune responses.
Association of morphological and RFLP markers in rice (Oryza sativaL.) (1995)

Seventeen morphological marker genes were associated with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in rice by using four F2 populations, each segregating for a few observable traits, and 14 near isogenic lines (NILs), each containing one morphological mutant gene. The location of five genes was confirmed on the basis of F2 analysis: Purple hull (Pr) (16.8 +/- 7.9 cM away from RG163 on chromosome 4); Phenol staining (Ph) (20.8 +/- 8.4 cM away from RG163 on chromosome 4); glabrous leaf and hull (gl-1) (14.3 +/- 7.4 cM away from RG182, and 20.9 +/- 8.3 cM from RG403 on chromosome 5); Brown pericarp (Rc) (12.5 +/- 7.2 cM away from RG30 on chromosome 7); and lazy growth habit (la) (28.8 +/- 9.4 cM away from RG118 on chromosome 11). In addition, 12 other morphological markers, including the agronomically important genes semi-dwarf (sd-1) and Pollen restoring factor (Rf-1) were tentatively associated with mapped DNA clones based on screening pairs of NILs.
Lithium-oxygen batteries incorporating lithium superoxide (2023)

A composition includes LiO.sub.2, reduced graphene oxide, and a metal catalyst or residue thereof.
Strain-induced direct band gap shrinkage in local Ge-on-insulator structures fabricated by lateral liquid-phase epitaxy (2014)

Direct band gap shrinkage in Ge-on-insulator (GOI) structures fabricated by lateral liquid-phase epitaxy (LLPE) was investigated by means of micro(μ)-photoluminescence and μ-Raman spectroscopy. The LLPE method, based on the rapid thermal process, was found to be an effective and feasible way to produce highly strained local GOI structures. We observed a significant redshift of direct gap emission amounting to 45 meV from the tensile-strained GOI layer. Strain analysis and temperature dependent PL spectra indicated that a direct band gap shrinkage was mainly due to a tensile strain of about 0.4% induced by rapid crystallization from the Ge melting point during the LLPE process. The local optical properties along the LLPE-grown GOI wire were examined and discussed on the basis of μ-PL mapping images.
Path Independent Polar Effective Plastic Strain (PEPS) Diagram for Sheet Forming (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Stress-Based Formability The Polar Effective Plastic Strain Diagram Summary
Low-Divergence, Soft X-Ray Harmonic Combs with Tunable Line Spacing from Necklace-Structured Driving Lasers (2021)

High-harmonic generation (HHG) is among the most extreme nonlinear optical processes to date. In HHG, some of the driving laser beam properties are imprinted on the dynamics of the radiating electron, and, in turn, on the emitted extreme-ultraviolet/soft X-ray light. As a consequence, it is now possible to coherently manipulate the HHG pulse duration (attosecond waveforms), the photon energy (UV to soft X-rays [1] ), polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) [2] , [3] , among others. However, precise coherent control over the frequency content—a key property to perform high-harmonic spectroscopy—has not been achieved yet. Also, equally important to the frequency content is the transverse confinement of the HHG radiation [4] , [5] is a key aspect for applications in imaging and scatterometry.
Display Technology Letters Ultra-High Transmission Electrowetting Displays Enabled by Integrated Reflectors (2008)

A reflector technique for increasing the transmission performance of a back-lit electrowetting display is presented. The electrowetting display pixel structure consists of an opaque oil film that blocks light transmission. Electrowetting with 5-10 V breaks up the oil film and creates a transmissive area for the pixel. With real-world electrowetting materials and device constraints, the transmissive area typically reaches 60% to 80% of the pixel area. By integrating a simple thin-film reflector between the back- light and the remaining oil film area, the effective transmission can be boosted to 90 . This high efficiency is promising for bat- tery-powered applications and for high-brightness sunlight-legible displays.
Structure determination of two-dimensional atomic sheet of silicene using TRHEPD (2014)

This study reports determination of the atomic coordinates of a two-dimensional atomic sheet, silicene, by using total reflection high-energy positron diffraction (TRHEPD) [1]. TRHEPD method, formerly called as RHEPD, is a surface-sensitive tool owing to the total reflection of positrons. Since the sign of the potential energy for positrons in crystals is positive, opposite to that for the electrons, the positron beam at a grazing incidence are totally reflected at a crystal surface. The penetration depth of the positron beam in the total reflection region is estimated to be approximately a few Å, which corresponds to the thickness of 1-2 atomic layers. Thus, the positron beam selectively sees the topmost surface layer and hence the TRHEPD method is very useful for structure determinations of crystal surface and two-dimensional atomic sheet on the substrate. Silicene is a two-dimensional atomic sheet of silicon. Since the silicene has an intriguing property such as a Dirac cone like a graphene, it attracts increasing attention as a candidate for future devices. Recently, the synthesis of silicene on a Ag(111) surface was successfully performed [2]. Although the atomic coordinates of the silicene in this system was theoretically calculated, they were not confirmed experimentally. It is very important to experimentally determine the magnitude of the buckling in silicene and the spacing between the bottom of the silicene and the substrate because the dispersion of the Dirac cone is closely related to these structure parameters. We thus investigated the atomic positions of the silicene on the Ag(111) surface using the TRHEPD [3]. From the rocking curve analysis based on the dynamical diffraction theory of positrons (see figure), the existence of the buckling (0.83 Å) in silicene was verified experimentally. Moreover, the spacing between the silicene and the substrate was determined as 2.17 Å. The structural difference with the graphene will be also discussed.
Abstract 1778: Selectively targeting the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor as a prospective therapy for prostate cancer (2015)

Abstract The androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-activated transcription factor implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. The AR contains an N-terminal domain (NTD), followed by DNA binding (DBD) and ligand-binding (LBD) domains. Upon binding of androgens to the LBD, the AR moves into the nucleus where it interacts with target genes via the conserved AR-DBD. Prostate cancer treatment involves the use of small-molecules to block androgen production or to compete with androgens for binding to the AR-LBD. Drug-resistance occurs when LBD mutations render small-molecule treatment ineffective or when constitutively active AR splice variants, lacking the LBD, become overexpressed. We recently identified a surface pocket on the AR-DBD that may serve as an alternative drug-target site. The DBD-specific, small molecule compounds presented here block transcriptional activity of full-length and splice variant AR forms across multiple cell lines and show no cross-reactivity with related steroid nuclear receptors. The inhibition is lost when residues in the binding pocket are mutated or when the AR-DBD is replaced with a different DNA binding domain. Biophysical techniques were used to explore the interaction of these compounds with the purified, recombinant DBD protein. Gene expression analysis demonstrated the down-regulation of AR target genes following compound treatment, without any obvious expression signature associated with toxicity. The compounds affected DNA binding in vitro and also blocked interactions of the AR with chromatin inside the nucleus. Finally, the lead compound suppressed the growth of LNCaP tumor xenografts and was accompanied by down-regulation of AR target genes, such as PSA. These results suggest a mechanism whereby our developed inhibitory compounds interfere with DNA binding by the AR, potentially leading to effective treatment of advanced, castration-resistant prostate cancers. Citation Format: Kush Dalal, Mani Roshan-Moniri, Aishwariya Sharma, Huifang Li, Fuqiang Ban, Mohamed D. Hassona, Michael Hsing, Kriti Singh, Eric LeBlanc, Scott Dehm, Emma Tomlinson Guns, Artem Cherkasov, Paul S. Rennie. Selectively targeting the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor as a prospective therapy for prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1778. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1778
Similar luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone binding sites in rat anterior pituitary and ovary. (1980)

To study the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH; luliberin) receptors in the rat anterior pituitary gland and ovary, 125I-labeled [D-Ser(TBU)6des-Gly-NH2(10)]LH-RH ethylamide was used as a labeled ligand. The binding characteristics were assessed by Scatchard analysis of labeled ligand binding and by potency displacement with unlabeled peptides. Similar Kd values, ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 nM, were found for the labeled and unlabeled peptides in both tissues. A similar order of potency was observed between the finding affinity of 15 peptides in anterior pituitary and ovarian homogenates and their biological activity on luteinizing hormone release in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture. These data demonstrate that the LH-RH receptors present in the rat ovary have a specificity similar to that of the anterior pituitary LH-RH receptor controlling secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Moreover, the binding affinities of the LH-RH agonists and antagonists can account, at least up to a large extent, for their relative biological potencies. Although there definitely are specific LH-RH receptors in the ovary which may play a role in the antifertility effects observed after administration of LH-RH agonists, the possible physiological significance of these ovarian receptors is still unknown and of great biological interest.
Kinetic-Turbidimetric Determination of Stachyose Based on Its Inhibitory Action on Sucrose Crystallization. (1994)

Abstract The effects of 9 saccharides on the crystallization of sucrose have been comparatively studied with analytical purposes. A sensitive (detection limit 0.1 μg mL−1) and simple kinetic turbidimetric procedure is used for determination of stachyose, based on its inhibitory action on the crystallization of sucrose. The supersaturated solutions of sucrose were prepared by addition of acetone to stable water sucrose solutions. The induction period of the crystallization process was turbidimetrically measured. Controlled constant stirring and temperature are convenient in order to obtain reproducible results. The method was applied to the determination of stachyose in synthetic mixtures.
Surface Modification of Ultrafiltration Membranes with 1,4-Benzoquinone and Polyetheramines to Improve Fouling Resistance (2022)

Membrane fouling remains a key challenge for membrane separations. Hydrophilic membrane surface modification can mitigate irreversible foulant deposition, thereby improving fouling resistance. We report new hydrophilic membrane coatings based on 1,4-benzoquinone and various commercially available polyetheramines. These coatings, prepared from 1,4-benzoquinone and Jeffamine EDR 148, poly(benzoquinone-Jeffamine EDR 148) (p(BQ-EDR 148)), were used to modify polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes. In fouling experiments using an oil/water emulsion, membranes exhibited comparable fouling resistance to that of polydopamine (pDA)-modified membranes. Based on contact angle measurements, p(BQ-EDR 148) and pDA-modified membranes have similar levels of hydrophilicity, and both exhibited higher threshold flux values than those of their unmodified analogues. Based on their similar threshold flux values, p(BQ-EDR 148)-modified (76 LMH) and pDA-modified membranes (74 LMH) should have similar fouling resistance. Moreover, the mean pore size of p(BQ-EDR 148)-modified membranes can be tuned, while keeping the pure water permeance constant, by changing the deposition time and molar ratio of benzoquinone to EDR 148 in the modification solution.
Showering spaces (1975)

For each triple a,, where a > 0 and ^ ^0 are cardinal numbers and > 0 is an ordinal number, S%, is defined. It is proved that S%, is Hausdorff, paracompact and zerodimensional. Various topological properties of S%, are discussed and are used to give examples.
High–performance, low–power, and leakage–tolerance challenges for sub–70nm microprocessor circuits (2002)

CMOS technology scaling is becoming difficult beyond 70nm node, raising new design challenges for high-performance and low-power microprocessors. This paper discusses some of the key paradigm shifts required. Circuit techniques to combat (i) increasing switching and leakage power dissipation, (ii) poor leakage tolerance of large-signal cache arrays and register files, (iii) worsening global on-chip interconnect scaling trend, and (iv) high-performance robust datapath circuits enabling up to 10GHz ALU and instruction scheduler loops in 130nm dual-Vt CMOS technology are described.
Silicides for 22nm and Beyond (2008)

Silicide engineering for high-performance CMOS logic devices is challenged by aggressive scaling of critical dimensions, new high-performance elements, and requirements of morphological stability. While NiSi can satisfy many of the integration challenges, incorporating Pt forms a more robust [NixPt(1-x)]Si and improves morphological stability. In light of the challenges created by performance enablers, we review our latest results indicating whether a replacement for NiPt(1-x)Si is needed and highlight our investigations into alternative silicide materials such as Er, Yb, and Ir. We also discuss the architecture and performance needs beyond 32nm technology.
Theoretical Investigations on Sprayed Particle-Plasma Interactions to Optimize Processing Parameters in D.C. Thermal Plasma Spraying (1997)

Abstract A numerical model is proposed to simulate the behavior of particles injected into a dc spraying plasma in conjunction with the code that calculates the plasma jet characteristics. The sprayed particle-plasma interaction, particle loading effect and the particle internal heat transfer including phase transformations are considered together in the model to present a realistic prediction for the characteristic features of plasma spraying. The temperature and velocity fields in a plasma jet expanding region outside the nozzle are found by a pre-developed code based on the arc-gas interactions inside the nozzle depending on the operating conditions of the torch. The influence of particle injection on the plasma jet characteristics is treated as the source in the fluid equations governing the plasma jet in semi-three dimensional calculations caused by non-axisymmetric injection of powders. The calculated velocity profiles of powder particles along the axial distance are compared with those obtained from experiments, and the determination of optimal spraying conditions are discussed from the results calculated from the present model. This model gives more realistic information for plasma spraying than earlier works which have not included the loading effects and non-axisymmetric injection of powders in dc thermal plasma spraying. The theoretical predictions of the sprayed particle characteristics using this model can be helpful for determining preliminary range and optimal values of operating parameters for plasma spray processes.
Ladder-Type Pentaphenylene Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

A series of donor−π-acceptor dyes based on rigid ladder-type pentaphenylene spacers 1–3 have been synthesized from dibromopentaphenylene 4 in three steps. The three dyes contain the same acceptors (2-cyanoacrylic acid) as anchor groups but differ in donor units (diphenylamino 1, phenothiazinyl 2, and bis(N,N-4-dimethylaminophenyl)amino 3). Their maximum absorption peaks range from 442 to 457 nm with high extinction coefficients, while dye 3 shows a broader absorption band in the visible region along with a weak NIR absorption band due to the formation of amino radical cation. The DSSCs based on these dyes demonstrate the highest IPCE value of 73% and power conversion efficiency of 2.3% (liquid cell) and 0.8% (solid cell), respectively. Although the power conversion efficiencies are not so high, this work explores new donor−spacer−acceptor models and the effects of molecular design on photophysical and photoelectrochemical properties.
A multi-piezoelectric structure: the stacked transducer (2002)

A new piezoelectric structure made of several ceramic plates stacked together is proposed. With such an arrangement a gain in sensitivity can be obtained via constructive addition of the different ceramic signals appropriately delayed. Conversely, a reduction of the pulse duration can be achieved with destructive interference. A general unidimensional model of a bi-stacked transducer based on the Mason model which takes into account multiple adaptive layers, losses, and the electrical network is derived. Experimental results obtained with a PZT/PVDF structure show very good agreement with this model. Another application is presented with a double-damped structure made of two piezo-composite ceramics. These new structures lead to a very-wide-band transducer suitable to medical imaging and NDT.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Brain and psychological determinants of placebo pill response in chronic pain patients (2017)

Abstract Placebo response is universally observed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), yet these effects are commonly dismissed as consequences of uncontrollable confounds. In this prospective neuroimaging-based RCT performed in chronic back pain patients, we demonstrate that the intensity, but not quality, of pain is diminished with placebo pill ingestion. The response to placebo pills depended on brain: subcortical limbic volume asymmetry, sensorimotor cortical thickness, and functional coupling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with the periaqueductal grey (PAG), the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), and the precentral gyrus (PreCG); and psychological factors. All features were present before exposure to the pill; most remained stable across treatment and washout periods, although specific functional coupling between DLPFC and PAG dissipated with repeated exposure. These brain properties and specific psychological factors, such as interoceptive awareness and openness, were also predictive of the magnitude of response (continuous variable). We used machine learning in a fully cross-validated procedure and demonstrated that psychological factors were sufficient for classifying and predicting response magnitude; and response magnitude could also be predicted from a functional network (nodes mainly located in the limbic community, the DLPFC, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the temporo-parietal junction); the combined model explained 36% of the variance. Together, our results demonstrate that placebo pill analgesia observed in clinical trials depends on a combination of brain properties and specific psychological factors.
An 8-Gb/s simultaneous bidirectional link with on-die waveform capture (2003)

A full-duplex transceiver capable of 8-Gb/s data rates is implemented in 0.18-μm CMOS. This equalized transceiver has been optimized for small area (329 μm × 395 μm) and low power (158 mW) for point-to-point parallel links. Source-synchronous clocking and per-pin skew compensation eliminate coding bandwidth overhead and reduce latency, jitter, and complexity. This link is self-configuring through the use of automatic comparator offset trim and adaptive deskew. Comprehensive diagnostic capabilities have been integrated into the transceiver to provide link, interconnect, and circuit characterization without the use of external test equipment. With a resolution of 4 mV and 9 ps, these capabilities enable on-die eye diagram generation, equivalent time waveform capture, noise characterization, and jitter distribution measurements.
Spray response on a model prefilmer under unsteady airflows of various frequencies (2022)

An appealing concept for jet engine combustors is the Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP) combustor, which operates at high pressures. The low NO x emissions achieved by lean combustion are one of the targets for modern aircraft engines. However, these types of combustors can introduce thermoacoustic instabilities that can potentially damage the engine and reduce its lifespan. Since the potential instabilities on the fuel spray characteristics, i.e. the spray mass flux, can affect the flame stability, the need arises to investigate the spray response under an unsteady airflow. For this study, a model prefilmer was experimentally investigated to produce a two-dimensional droplet flow without swirl flow. An acoustic forcing in the range of 100–500 Hz was introduced into the airflow, characterized by a hot wire Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) setup. Droplet characteristics, namely the droplet diameter distribution and velocity, were determined using a Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) setup, while the acquired data were phase-averaged in one period of the airflow oscillation. The influence of the excitation frequency and the air-to-liquid ratio (ALR) on the spray was studied: the spray responded to the acoustic excitation and therefore critical performance parameters, such as the spray mass flux, oscillated indicating potential problems regarding the flame stability.
Information-to-energy conversion in an electron pump (2011)

We propose and analyze a possible implementation of Maxwell's demon based on a single-electron pump. We show that measurements of the charge states of the pump and feedback control of the gate voltages lead to a net flow of electrons against the bias voltage ideally with no work done on the system by the gate control. The information obtained in the measurements converts thermal fluctuations into free energy. We derive the conditions on the detector back-action and measurement time necessary for implementing this conversion.