gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ideal observer approximation using Bayesian classification neural networks (2001)

It is well understood that the optimal classification decision variable is the likelihood ratio or any monotonic transformation of the likelihood ratio. An automated classifier which maps from an input space to one of the likelihood ratio family of decision variables is an optimal classifier or "ideal observer." Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are frequently used as classifiers for many problems. In the limit of large training sample sizes, an ANN approximates a mapping function which is a monotonic transformation of the likelihood ratio, i.e., it estimates an ideal observer decision variable. A principal disadvantage of conventional ANNs is the potential over-parameterization of the mapping function which results in a poor approximation of an optimal mapping function for smaller training samples. Recently, Bayesian methods have been applied to ANNs in order to regularize training to improve the robustness of the classifier. The goal of training a Bayesian ANN with finite sample sizes is, as with unlimited data, to approximate the ideal observer. We have evaluated the accuracy of Bayesian ANN models of ideal observer decision variables as a function of the number of hidden units used, the signal-to-noise ratio of the data and the number of features or dimensionality of the data. We show that when enough training data are present, excess hidden units do not substantially degrade the accuracy of Bayesian ANNs. However, the minimum number of hidden units required to best model the optimal mapping function varies with the complexity of the data.
Micro-electro-mechanical focusing mirrors (2002)

Novel surface-micromachined focusing mirrors have been designed, fabricated, and tested. The mirrors are constructed from concentric rings of polysilicon and gold, and connected by thin bridges of polysilicon. The outer ring of the mirror is lifted out of the plane of the substrate using thermal actuators to change the mirror's focal length. The focal lengths for 1 mm diameter mirrors have been driven over the range of 7.39 mm to 14.36 mm at frequencies beyond 120 Hz. The mirror may be able to correct both pincushion and barrel distortion. Applications for this mirror include shaping laser spots for laser radars and holographic data storage, and dynamic focusing onto photodetectors for communication systems.
From Data Processing to Knowledge Processing: Operation with Schemas in Autopoietic Machines (2021)

Knowledge processing is an important feature of intelligence in general and artificial intelligence in particular. To develop computing systems working with knowledge, it is necessary to elaborate means of working with knowledge representations (as opposed to data) because knowledge is an abstract structure. There are different forms of knowledge representations derived from data. One of the basic forms is called a schema. The goal of this paper is the development of theoretical and practical tools for processing schemas. To achieve this goal, we use schema representations elaborated in the mathematical theory of schemas and use structural machine as a powerful theoretical tool for modeling parallel and concurrent computational processes. We describe the schema of autopoietic machines as physical realizations of structural machines. An autopoietic Machine is a technical system capable of regenerating, reproducing and maintaining itself by production, transformation and destruction of its components and the networks of processes downstream contained in them. We present the theory and practice of designing and implementing autopoietic machines as information processing structures integrating both symbolic computing and neural networks. Autopoietic machines use knowledge structures containing the behavioral evolution of the system and its interactions with the environment to maintain stability by counteracting fluctuations.
Compositional Inhomogeneity of InGaN Grown on Sapphire and Bulk GaN Substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (1998)

The compositional inhomogeneity of the InGaN layers in GaN/InGaN/GaN double-hetero (DH) and InGaN/GaN single-hetero (SH) structures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on sapphire (0001) and bulk GaN was investigated by means of cathodoluminescence (CL) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Dotlike CL image of the band edge emission from InGaN was observed. The bright spots were found to have higher indium content compared to that on the outside of the spots. The compositional inhomogeneity increased and the density of the spot decreased with increasing film thickness. Hexagonal hillocks, which had higher indium content and emitted stronger CL, were observed on the surface of the SH structure. Compositional inhomogeneity of homoepitaxial InGaN on bulk GaN substrate was much less compared to that of InGaN on sapphire revealing that dislocation plays a key role in producing an inhomogeneity. A possible mechanism that explains these phenomena is proposed.
<title>Pulsar huge array with Nyquist-rate digital lens and prism</title> (2000)

An 8 X 8 equals 64 element digital interferometer was developed at Waseda University (1989 - 1995). It was an equally spaced two dimensional array of 2.4 m dishes at 10.6 GHz, and a 2D FFT processor was used for Nyquist rate imaging. Recently a spatial-temporal (2 + 1)D FFT processor has been developed for pulsar survey (1996 - 2000), in which a first 2D spatial FFT transforms the electric fields of coordinate represented to those of momentum represented. We obtain the electric fields in each 64 direction at Nyquist rate by the 2D spatial Fourier transform. The following temporal 1D FFT gives the spectrum of 64ch or 256ch to 64 directions respectively also at Nyquist rate. The total bandwidths of each direction are 20 MHz and the resulting frequency resolutions are 20/64 MHz or 20/256 MHz. For sensitive pulsar survey, we also have developed an interferometric array of 20 m spherical dishes in Nasu flat, 160 km north of Tokyo. Five dishes are completed at present. Normal temperature receivers of high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) are used at 1.4 GHz observation and the receiver noise temperatures are below 40 K. Expected rms detection limit (Delta) T is about 10<SUP>-2</SUP>K under the condition of 20 MHz band widths and 1s integration time. Preliminary results of zenith survey at (delta) equals 40 deg using a single dish show (Delta) T equals 0.03 K without switching. Sub-reflectors and feed horns were designed so as to observe 5 deg off directions from zenith and they rotate around Az axis. It enable us to survey the declination zone of 32 &lt;EQ (delta) &lt;EQ 42 deg.
Optical 2R and 3R Signal Regeneration in Combination with Dynamic Wavelength Switching Using a Monolithically Integrated, Widely Tunable Photocurrent Driven Wavelength Converter (2006)

Optical 2R and 3R signal regeneration along with dynamic wavelength switching is demonstrated for the first time using a monolithically integrated, widely tunable photocurrent driven wavelength converter.
Analysis of temperature and strain sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings written in dual-mode highly birefringent microstructured fibers (2013)

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) are one of the most successful fiber optic technologies with very interesting perspectives for application in fiber optic sensing. It has been already reported that the possibility of its fabrication in novel microstructured fibers (MSF), creating a unique 3D structure, can significantly improve their performance and sensing properties. In this paper we present the results of FBG inscription in a dual-mode highly birefringent (HB) MSF with enhanced polarimetric strain sensitivity of the second order mode, as its mode maxima are closer to the cladding air-holes, where the strain distribution during fiber elongation is the highest. We perform an analysis and comparison of the FBG reflection and transmission characteristics, showing the effects of power coupling to cladding radiation modes. Furthermore we present the results of temperature and longitudinal strain sensitivities of the particular modes visible in the grating reflection spectrum followed by conclusions with reference to our previously reported results of polarimetric strain and temperature measurements of a similar fiber design.
Age-induced methylmalonic acid accumulation promotes tumor progression and aggressiveness (2020)

Summary From age 65 onwards, the risk of cancer incidence and associated mortality is substantially higher 1-3 . Nonetheless, our understanding of the complex relationship between age and cancer is still in its infancy 4 . For decades, the link has largely been attributed to increased exposure time to mutagens in older individuals. However, this view does not account for the well-established role of diet, exercise and small molecules that target the pace of metabolic aging 5-8 . Here, we show that metabolic alterations that occur with age can render a systemic environment favorable to progression and aggressiveness of tumors. Specifically, we show that methylmalonic acid (MMA), a by-product of propionate metabolism, is significantly up-regulated in the serum of older people, and functions as a mediator of tumor progression. We traced this to the induction of SOX4 and a consequent transcriptional reprogramming that can endow cancer cells with aggressive properties. Thus, accumulation of MMA represents a novel link between aging and cancer progression, implicating MMA as a novel therapeutic target for advanced carcinomas.
Additively-Manufactured Cylindrical Array with Snap-fit Connector Integration (2019)

Recent improvements to the resolution and surface roughness of additive manufacturing have made this technology an enticing method for fabricating antennas. Challenges including connector integration have kept additive manufacturing from being widely used for antenna fabrication. In this paper, a novel solderless snap-on connector backplane concept is demonstrated.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Photodiode Array Detection for phenylpropanoids and benzoates in Rubus protoplasts elicited by kinetin (1997)

International audience
Risk Stratification in Cardiac Surgery (2010)

Risk stratification in cardiac surgery is based on different models. The great majority of these models derives from a logistic regression equation, and the resulting risk score attributes a specific value to a number of risk factors. However, the number, definition, and type of risk factors included in each risk score greatly varies. Some of the existing risk models include up to 15-20 risk factors. However, it has been demonstrated that for elective patients a simple risk model based on just three factors (age, creatinine, and ejection fraction) has the same level of accuracy and a much better calibration that more complex models. The main deficiency of all the risk models is that they cannot take into consideration the presence of extreme risk conditions which have a very low prevalence, but which are accompanied by a very high operative mortality rate.
Optical Negative-Index Metamaterials: from low to no-loss and from linear to nonlinear optics (2006)

Calculations show that matched impedance and compensated losses due to optimized design and gain material, respectively, can lead to 100% transmission. Extraordinary nonlinear-optical properties originating from contra-directed wave and Poynting vectors are discussed
Integrated All-Photonic Coherent Receiver (2007)

An integrated all-photonic coherent receiver is presented for linear optical demodulation of phase modulated analog signals. The output of a balanced detector pair is directly connected to a tracking phase modulator to provide feedback phase tracking. The resulting measured link SFDR is 110dBHz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2/3</sup> .
Endothelin-1 and NO2/NO3Circulating Levels after Short-Term (1h) Oxygen Supplementation in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Failure During Long-Term Oxygen Treatment (LTOT) (1998)

The effect of acute oxygen administration on endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitrates (NO.2/NO.3), the latter as stable end products of nitric oxide (NO), were evaluated in arterial and venous blood of chronic respiratory failure (CRF) patients underwent to a continuous long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). After one hour of oxygen supplementation, ET-1 showed a marked and significant decrease more pronounced in venous blood whereas no statistical change in NO.2/NO.3 concentrations were observed in both arterial and venous blood. There are evidences for increased expression of ET-1 in several pulmonary diseases and for ET-1 plasma reduction in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in patients which recovered. ET-1 is a potent human pulmonary vessel constrictor and may have other effects including plasma exudation, increased mucus secretion and a increased fibrinogenesis. Our data suggest that the improvement in air function, evaluated in part by the decreased release of inflammatory mediators and mainly by reduction in the pulmonary arterial resistance, may be a consequence of the decrease in ET-1 content in the lungs of CRF patients treated with LTOT.
Preparation of (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxypipecolic Acid and Derivatives (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTPreparation of (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxypipecolic Acid and DerivativesJames Gillard, Abraham, Paul C. Anderson, Pierre L. Beaulieu, Tibor Bogri, Yves Bousquet, Louis Grenier, Ingrid Guse, and Pierre LavalléeView Author Information Bio-Méga/Boehringer Ingelheim Research Inc., 2100 Cunard Street, Laval (Québec), Canada, H7S 2G5 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6, 2226–2231Publication Date (Web):March 22, 1996Publication History Received8 November 1995Published online22 March 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9519874https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9519874brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1582Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Lactones,Peptides and proteins,Reaction products,Salts Get e-Alerts
Wild-type LRP6 inhibits, whereas atherosclerosis-linked LRP6 R611C increases PDGF-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation (2011)

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is an important event in atherosclerosis and other vasculopathies. PDGF signaling is a key mediator of SMC proliferation, but the mechanisms that control its activity remain unclear. We previously identified a mutation in LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), LRP6(R611C), that causes early atherosclerosis. Examination of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries showed markedly increased expression of LRP6 and colocalization with PDGF receptor β (PDGFR-β). Further investigation showed that wild-type LRP6 inhibits but LRP6(R611C) promotes VSMC proliferation in response to PDGF. We found that wild-type LRP6 forms a complex with PDGFR-β and enhances its lysosomal degradation, functions that are severely impaired in LRP6(R611C). Further, we observed that wild-type and mutant LRP6 regulate cell-cycle activity by triggering differential effects on PDGF-dependent pathways. These findings implicate LRP6 as a critical modulator of PDGF-dependent regulation of cell cycle in smooth muscle and indicate that loss of this function contributes to development of early atherosclerosis in humans.
A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) to be attached to metal containers for an active RFID tag (2005)

The main purpose of this paper is to present a planar inverted-F antenna to be attached to metal containers. The designed PIFA introduce various shapes of slots and meander line for size reduction and loop-shaped stubs for impedance matching. The impedance bandwidth of the PIFA is about 1.4% for VSWR<2 and the maximum gain is about 2.5 dBi.
Nonlinear interaction of signal and noise in 10 Gb/s long distance RZ transmission (2002)

We show that nonlinear coupling between signal and ASE noise in long-haul WDM dispersion-managed transmission is a significant impairment which limits the amount of accumulated dispersion that can be tolerated. A variety of dispersion compensation scenarios for a broad range of signal wavelengths is analyzed through computer simulations.
Nanoscale imaging of defects in layered liquid crystals (2016)

Topological defects determine many static and dynamic properties of liquid crystals. They are mainly studied by optical microscopy, which cannot reveal the detailed structure of the defect core, where the deformations are too strong to sustain the usual type of order. The size of the core in most of liquid crystals is in the range of 1-10 nanometers, which calls for imaging techniques with resolution much higher than the optical one. Here we summarize and discuss results of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) nanoscale imaging of defects in several layered liquid crystals built of rod- and bent-shaped molecules. We will present and analyze structures of edge and screw dislocations, twist and tilt grain boundaries of smectic layers. Topological defects have large impact on optical properties of the LCs and understanding their nanoscale properties will help us structuring them for optical applications.
PuraStat RADA16 Self-Assembling Peptide Reduces Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion Formation in a Rabbit Cecal Sidewall Injury Model (2021)

<b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the effect of PuraStat (2.5% RADA16) administration on postoperative abdominal adhesion formation in an <i>in vivo</i> model. <b>Methods:</b> Anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits underwent cecal sidewall abrasion surgery in which the cecal serosa and juxtaposed parietal peritoneum were abraded after access through an abdominal midline incision. Eight animals were randomized to receive PuraStat administration at the interface of the injured tissues before incision closure, and five animals served as untreated controls. Treated animals received 3-12 ml PuraStat solution per lesion. Animals were sacrificed 14 days after surgery and examined for adhesion formation at the wound site. <b>Results:</b> At study terminus, adhesions were identified in 90% (9/10) of abraded cecum/peritoneal wound sites in untreated controls versus 25% (4/16) of PuraStat-treated sites (<i>p</i> = 0.004). Mean ± SD Total Adhesion Score (average of the values for extent + strength of the adhesion in both defects per animal; maximum score = 14 points) was significantly 76% lower in PuraStat-treated animals (2.0 ± 3.0 points) compared to untreated controls (8.2 ± 1.9 points) (<i>p</i> = 0.029). Mean adhesion coverage area of wound sites was 79% lower in PuraStat-treated animals than controls (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and mean adhesion durability was 72% lower in PuraStat-treated animals versus controls (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Remnant hydrogel was observed at the wound sites of 75% of treated animals at postoperative Day 14. <b>Conclusion:</b> PuraStat treatment has a positive protective effect in the cecal sidewall injury model, and significantly reduces abdominal adhesion formation at the interface of the injured cecum and overlying peritoneal sidewall defect.
Total synthesis of marasmic acid (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of marasmic acidW. J. Greenlee and R. B. WoodwardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 19, 6075–6076Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00435a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00435a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views862Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Increased PD-L1 expression in KRAS mutated premalignant human bronchial epithelial cells is enhanced by LKB1 loss and mediated by ERK activation (2015)

Meeting abstracts PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway mediates tumor evasion from the immune system, and may be associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer. Activating KRAS mutations and LKB1 loss are common mutations in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Patients with mutated KRAS
Attachment of Cryptosporidium parvum Sporozoites to Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells (1998)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based attachment model using the human intestinal cell line Caco-2A was developed to study attachment of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites in vitro and to assess potential inhibitors of sporozoite binding. In this system, attachment was related to sporozoite dose, incubation time, and host cell differentiation status. Polyclonal antibodies to C. parvum as well as glycoprotein inhibitors of a sporozoite lectin reduced attachment. This model will be a valuable tool in elucidating specific molecules and mechanisms involved in sporozoite-host cell attachment.