gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ISOLATION OF ACTINOMYCIN A FROM A STRAIN OF STREPTOMYCES (1948)

Antagonism between Actinomyces and bacteria has been observed by many workers, and the literature is reviewed by Waksman (1) . But it is rather recently that the antibiotic substances are extracted and purified up to the crystalline forms. According to the review by Kiese (2), Actinomycin A is the first crystalline antibiotic substance from Actinomyces.Since we had begun to study the antibiotics from Actinomyces (January, 1946), the red crystalline antibiotic substance was first extracted. And owing to the contradictory descriptions in the reviews by Kiese (2), and by Hallauer (3), it could not be decided whether this substance was identical with Actinomycin A, until we had a chance to read the monograph concerning the antibiotics written by Waksman (4) .
Continuous sampling ion mobility spectrometers and methods therefor (2023)

An ion mobility spectrometer may include a flow channel having an inlet end and an outlet end. A deflection electrode is positioned within the flow channel so that a non-linear electric field is created between at least a portion of the flow channel and at least a portion of the deflection electrode when an electrostatic potential is placed across the deflection electrode and the flow channel. The ion mobility spectrometer also includes means for producing ions at a position upstream from the leading edge of the deflection electrode, so that ions produced thereby are deflected by the deflection electrode into the non-linear electric field. A detector positioned within the flow channel for detects ions from the non-linear electric field.
Plasma-deposited membranes for controlled release of antibiotic to prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation (2000)

Bacterial infection on implanted medical devices is a significant clinical problem caused by the adhesion of bacteria to the biomaterial surface followed by biofilm formation and recruitment of other cells lines such as blood platelets, leading to potential thrombosis and thromboembolisms. To minimize biofilm formation and potential device-based infections, a polyurethane (Biospan) matrix was developed to release, in a controlled manner, an antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) locally at the implant interface. One material set consisted of the polyetherurethane (PEU) base matrix radiofrequency glow discharge plasma deposited with triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme); the other set had an additional coating of poly(butyl methyacrylate) (pBMA). Triglyme served as a nonfouling coating, whereas the pBMA served as a controlled porosity release membrane. The pBMA-coated PEU contained and released ciprofloxacin in a controlled manner. The efficacy of the modified PEU polymers against Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspensions was evaluated under flow conditions in a parallel plate flow cell. Bacterial adhesion and colonization, if any, to the test polymers were examined by direct microscopic image analysis and corroborated with destructive sampling, followed by direct cell counting. The rate of initial bacterial cell adhesion to triglyme-coated PEU was 0. 77%, and to the pBMA-coated PEU releasing ciprofloxacin was 6% of the observed adhesion rates for the control PEU. However, the rate of adherent cell accumulation due to cell growth and replication was approximately the same for the triglyme-coated PEU and the PEU controls, but was zero for the pBMA-coated PEU releasing ciprofloxacin.
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Stereocontrol in Acyclic Systems. Hydride Addition to 1,5‐ and 1,6‐Hydroxy Ketones Mediated by Metal Chelation. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Association between Net Ultrafiltration Rate and Renal Recovery among Critically Ill Adults with Acute Kidney Injury Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: An Observational Cohort Study (2021)

Median age was 67.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 57-76.3) years, 64.4% were male, median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-III score was 100 (IQR, 84-118), and 634 (44.2%) died by day 90. Kidney recovery occurred in 755 patients (52.7%). Using tertiles of UFNET rates, 3 groups were defined: high, >1.75; middle, 1.01-1.75; and low, <1.01 mL/kg/h. Proportion of patients alive and independent of RRT among the groups were 47.8 versus 57.2 versus 53.0%; p = 0.01. Using competing risk regression, higher UFNET rate tertile compared with middle (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR], 0.79, 95% CI, 0.66-0.95; subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR], 0.80, 95% CI, 0.67-0.97) and lower (csHR, 0.69, 95% CI, 0.56-0.85; sHR, 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.95) tertiles were associated with a longer time to independence from RRT. Every 1.0 mL/kg/h increase in rate was associated with a lower probability of kidney recovery (csHR, 0.81, 95% CI, 0.74-0.89; and sHR, 0.87, 95% CI, 0.80-0.95). Using the joint model, longitudinal increases in UFNET rates were also associated with a lower renal recovery (β = -0.29, p < 0.001). UFNET rates >1.75 mL/kg/h compared with rates 1.01-1.75 and <1.01 mL/kg/h were associated with a longer duration of dependence on RRT. Randomized clinical trials are required to confirm this UFNET rate-outcome relationship.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Combustor Liner (2002)

Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to understand the heat transfer characteristics of a stationary gas turbine combustor liner cooled by impingement jets and cross flow between the liner and sleeve. Heat transfer was also aided by trip-strip turbulators on the outside of the liner and in the flowsleeve downstream of the jets. The study was aimed at enhancing heat transfer and prolonging the life of the combustor liner components. The combustor liner and flow sleeve were simulated using a flat plate rig. The geometry has been scaled from actual combustion geometry except for the curvature. The jet Reynolds number and the mass-velocity ratios between the jet and cross flow in the rig were matched with the corresponding combustor conditions. A steady state liquid crystal technique was used to measure spatially resolved heat transfer coefficients for the geometric and flow conditions mentioned above. The heat transfer was measured both in the impingement region as well as over the turbulators. A numerical model of the combustor test rig was created that included the impingement holes and the turbulators. Using CFD, the flow distribution within the flow sleeve and the heat transfer coefficients on the liner were both predicted. Calculations were made by varying the turbulence models, numerical schemes, and the geometrical mesh. The results obtained were compared to the experimental data and recommendations have been made with regard to the best modeling approach for such liner-flow sleeve configurations.
FIXing hemophilia B with gene therapy (2006)

A critical element for treatment of hemophilia B via gene therapy is sustained transgene expression. This study describes novel AAV vectors, optimized for expression in the liver, that generate sustained, therapeutic levels of factor IX expression in nonhuman primates. 

Although sustained
Pathwise optimality of the exponential scheduling rule for wireless channels (2004)

We consider the problem of scheduling the transmissions of multiple data users (flows) sharing the same wireless channel (server). The unique feature of this problem is the fact that the capacity (service rate) of the channel varies randomly with time and asynchronously for different users. We study a scheduling policy called the exponential scheduling rule, which was introduced in an earlier paper. Given a system with N users, and any set of positive numbers { a n }, n = 1, 2,…, N , we show that in a heavy-traffic limit, under a nonrestrictive ‘complete resource pooling’ condition, this algorithm has the property that, for each time t , it (asymptotically) minimizes max n a n q ̃ n ( t ), where q ̃ n ( t ) is the queue length of user n in the heavy-traffic regime.
Our Scope Expansion to Include Biologics (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTOur Scope Expansion to Include BiologicsBruce E. Maryanoff and Donna M. HurynView Author Information Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center (UP-CDC)Cite this: ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 3, 227Publication Date (Web):March 12, 2015Publication History Published online12 March 2015Published inissue 12 March 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00063https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00063editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views632Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (121 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Drug discovery,Immunotherapy,Molecules,Pharmaceuticals,Therapeutics Get e-Alerts
Computationally Guided Design of Large-Diameter Carbon Nanotube Bundles for High-Strength Materials (2021)

Large-diameter carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized by floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) assemble into bundles and subsequently into aerogel networks from which yarns and sheets are mechanically drawn. The CNT bundles exhibit unique microstructures with collapsed CNT packing, not found in other types of CNT yarns. At the same time, the bundle structure is not homogeneous and the wide variability of CNT cross-sectional shapes reflects the bundling process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images allow detailed quantification of CNT diameters, shapes, and number of walls. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of CNT assemblies are subsequently built to match the observed CNT shape characteristics and mass densities. Contrary to an established notion of an applied “buckling” pressure requirement for radial collapse, MD demonstrated that interacting large-diameter CNTs can collapse spontaneously, suggesting that collapse can occur during bundling. Computational explorations of this mechanism yield conditions for large double-walled CNTs (with a mean diameter around 7.8 nm) to assemble into phases with significantly increased packing efficiencies and Young’s moduli approaching 1 TPa. The results may play a guiding role in advancing FC-CVD aerogel synthesis and processing methods to yield yarn and sheets with larger densities and superior mechanical properties.
Abstract B128: Efficacy of RP4010, a calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) inhibitor, in preclinical models of DLBCL (2018)

Abstract Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive, rapidly growing type of lymphoma that comprises 30-40% of NHL cases. Chemotherapy remains the most widely used treatment for DLBCL, thereby necessitating the need to develop targeted and safer drugs. Calcium signaling via CRAC channels mediates several physiologic processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis. RP4010 is a potent inhibitor of CRAC channel activity (IC50=60 nM) with demonstrated efficacy across a range of cancer cell lines in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of RP4010 as a single agent or in combination with known agents in preclinical models of DLBCL. Methods: Growth inhibition and apoptosis was estimated following incubation with RP4010 for 48-72 h using representative DLBCL cell lines. Besides single-agent activity, the effect of combining RP4010 with emerging and marketed therapies for DLBCL such as Ibrutinib and GA-101 was evaluated. Translation of in vitro activity to in vivo efficacy was assessed in mouse xenograft models representative of DLBCL. The effect of RP4010 (30 mg/kg/BID) as a single agent or in combination with Ibrutinib (30 mg/kg/QD) was tested in a DOHH2 human non-Hodgkin lymphoma cancer model using CB17/SCID mice. In a follow-up study, RP4010 at 30 mg/kg/BID was tested in combination with Rituximab (2.5 mg/kg BIW x 2W) or Rituximab + Bendamustine (10 mg/kg; QD x 2, 12 days off i.v.). Results: Channel blockade resulted in reduction in cell viability (EC50 = 0.3 -18 μM) with a corresponding dose-dependent induction of apoptosis. Adding RP4010 to Ibrutinib or GA-101 resulted in a synergistic effect on OCI-LY-1 and OCI-LY-10 cell proliferation. Single-agent RP4010 and the combination of RP4010 + Ibrutinib or RP4010 + Rituximab + Bendamustine were well tolerated throughout the study period with no appreciable change in body weight. IN DOHH-2 mouse xenografts, RP4010 demonstrated significant (p&amp;lt;0.001) antitumor activity both as a single agent and in combination with Ibrutinib with tumor growth inhibitions of 68 and 86%, respectively. Similar antitumor activity was observed upon combining RP4010 with Rituximab or Rituximab + Bendamustine with tumors remaining regressed for the duration of 2-week follow-up post withdrawal of treatment. Conclusions: RP4010, a potent CRAC channel inhibitor, attenuated DLBCL tumor growth as a single agent besides demonstrating remarkable synergy with known agents. Findings provide a rationale for use of this molecule in clinical trials involving naïve or relapsed/refractory DLBCL patients. Citation Format: Srikant Viswanadha, Satyanarayana Eleswarapu, Swaroop Vakkalanka. Efficacy of RP4010, a calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) inhibitor, in preclinical models of DLBCL [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B128.
Cost of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis across the world (2013)

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a modality is underutilized in most parts of the world today despite several advantages including the possibility of it being offered in the remotest of locations and being significantly more affordable than haemodialysis (HD) in most cases. In this article, we will compare the cost of HD and PD in several countries to demonstrate that PD is less than, or at least as expensive as, HD. A thorough literature survey of EMBASE and PUBMED was conducted; 78 articles which compared the annual PD and annual HD costs were finally selected. Careful attention was paid to the methodology followed by each study and the year it was published in. Our final calculations included 46 countries (20 developed and 26 developing). We found that the cost of HD was between 1.25 and 2.35 times the cost of PD in 22 countries (17 developed and 5 developing), between 0.90 and 1.25 times the cost of PD in 15 countries (2 developed and 13 developing), and between 0.22 and 0.90 times the cost of PD in 9 countries (1 developed and 8 developing). From our analysis, it is evident that most developed countries can provide PD at a lesser expense to the healthcare system than HD. The evidence on developing countries is more mixed, but in most cases PD can be provided at a similar cost where economies of scale have been achieved, either by local production or by low import duties on PD equipment.
General Strategy for Fabricating Transparent TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrodes: Illumination Geometry and Transport Properties (2011)

We report on the preparation of transparent oriented titania nanotube (NT) photoelectrodes and the effect of illumination direction on light harvesting, electron transport, and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating these electrodes. High solar conversion efficiency requires that the incident light enters the cell from the photoelectrode side. However, it has been synthetically challenging to prepare transparent TiO(2) NT electrodes by directly anodizing Ti metal films on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates because of the difficulties of controlling the synthetic conditions. We describe a general synthetic strategy for fabricating transparent TiO(2) NT films on TCO substrates. With the aid of a conducting Nb-doped TiO(2) (NTO) layer between the Ti film and TCO substrate, the Ti film was anodized completely without degrading the TCO. The NTO layer was found to protect the TCO from degradation through a self-terminating mechanism by arresting the electric field-assisted dissolution process at the NT-NTO interface. The illumination direction and wavelength of the light incident on the DSSCs were shown to strongly influence the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency, light-harvesting, and charge-collection properties, which, in turn, affect the photocurrent density, photovoltage, and solar energy conversion efficiency. Effects of NT film thickness on the properties and performance of DSSCs were also examined. Illuminating the cell from the photoelectrode substantially increased the conversion efficiency compared with illuminating it from the counter-electrode side.
Investigation on the Effects of Process Parameters on Defect Formation in Friction Stir Welded Samples via Predictive Numerical Modeling and Experiments (2017)

Setting optimum process parameters is very critical in achieving a sound friction stir weld joint. Understanding the formation of defects and developing techniques to minimize them can help in improving the overall weld strength. The most common defects in friction stir welding are tunnel defects, cavities and excess flash formation which are caused due to incorrect tool rotational or advancing speed. In this paper, the formation of these defects is explained with the help of an experimentally verified 3D finite element model. It was observed that the asymmetricity in temperature distribution varies for different types of defects formed during friction stir welding. The location of the defect also changes based on the shoulder induced flow and pin induced flow during friction stir welding. Besides formation of defects like excess flash, cavity defects, tunnel/wormhole defects, two types of groove like defects are also discussed in this paper. By studying the different types of defects formed, a methodology is proposed to recognize these defects and counter them by modifying the process parameters to achieve a sound joint for a displacement based friction stir welding process.
Composition of Enamel Pellicle from Dental Erosion Patients (2014)

Oral health is dependent upon a thin mobile film of saliva on soft and hard tissues. Salivary proteins adhere to teeth to form the acquired enamel pellicle which is believed to protect teeth from acid erosion. This study investigated whether patients suffering diet-induced dental erosion had altered enamel pellicles. Thirty patients suffering erosion were compared to healthy age-matched controls. Subjects wore a maxillary splint holding hydroxyapatite and human enamel blocks for 1 h. The acquired enamel pellicle was removed from the blocks and compared to the natural incisor pellicle. Basic Erosive Wear Examination scores confirmed that dental erosion was present in erosion patients and absent from healthy age-matched controls. Erosion patients had half the amount of proteins (BCA assay) within the acquired pellicle forming on splint blocks compared to normal controls (p < 0.05). In particular, statherin, a calcium-binding protein, was 35% less abundant (p < 0.05). Calcium concentration within the acquired pellicle was also reduced by 50% in erosion patients (p < 0.001). In contrast, the natural pellicle on the incisor had similar amounts of total protein in erosion patients and healthy controls. In summary, the formation of new acquired pellicles on surfaces was reduced in erosion patients, which may explain their greater susceptibility to acid erosion of teeth.
Behavior of Atrazine in Limited Irrigation Cropping Systems in Colorado: Prior Use Is Important (2009)

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn may be a major component of new cropping systems to optimize the use of limited irrigation water supply while sustaining production. Because atrazine is an important tool for residual weed control in GR corn, we examined atrazine binding to soil, dissipation, movement, and early season weed control in limited and full irrigation cropping systems. These systems included continuous corn under conventional tillage and full irrigation (CCC-FI) and under no-tillage and deficit irrigation (CCC-DI), a sunflower-wheat-corn rotation under no-tillage and deficit irrigation (SWC-DI), and a wheat-fallow-wheat-corn rotation under no tillage and natural precipitation (WFWC-NP). Crop rotation and herbicide use history influenced atrazine behavior more than amount or type of irrigation. Atrazine dissipated more rapidly in the top 30 cm of soil in the CCC-FI and CCC-DI plots (half-life [T(1/2)] = 3-12 d), which had received previous applications of the herbicide, compared with the SWC-DI and WFWC-NP plots, which had no history of atrazine use (T(1/2) = 15-22 d). Laboratory assays indicated that the different rates of degradation were at least partly due to differences in microbial degradation in the soil. Atrazine moved the most in the top 30 cm in the SWC-DI and WFWC-NP plots. This greater movement is probably due to the slower rate of atrazine degradation. Studies of the behavior of pre-emergence herbicides in new limited irrigation cropping systems must consider all characteristics of the systems, not just amount and timing of irrigation.
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Engineered Antibody CH2 and VH Domains (2012)

Most of the FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are full-size IgG molecules with a molecular weight of about 150 kDa. A major problem for such large molecules is their poor penetration into tissues (e.g., solid tumors) and poor or absent binding to regions on the surface of some molecules (e.g., on the HIV envelope glycoprotein) which are fully accessible only by molecules of smaller size. Therefore, much work especially during the last decade has been aimed at developing novel scaffolds of much smaller size and high stability. Immunoglobulin-based scaffolds including Fab (∼50 kD), ScFv (∼30 kD), and VH domain (termed domain antibody, dAb) (∼15 kD) have been well established. Recently, a new scaffold based on human IgG1 CH2 domain (∼15 kD) was also proposed (termed nanoantibody, nAb). Binders based on a CH2 scaffold could also confer some effector functions. Here, we describe the design, expression, purification, and characterization of engineered CH2 and VH domains.