gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adult Rodent Spinal Cord-Derived Neural Stem Cells: Isolation and Characterization (2008)

Self-renewing multipotent stem/progenitor cells have been isolated from various areas of the adult central nervous system, both neurogenic and non-neurogenic, in vitro by using a variety of mitogens and culture conditions. Mitogenic growth factors stimulate the proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells from embryonic and adult rodent, primates, and human. Neural stem cells were isolated from the adult rat spinal cord as follows: Adult rat spinal cords were dissected, and tissue was mechanically and enzymatically dissociated. The cell suspension was filtered and further purified from debris and enriched for progenitors by using a Percoll density gradient. The dissociated cells were grown on polyornithine- and laminin-coated plates in N2 medium containing fibroblast growth factor-2. The cells grew as attached layers. Cultures were passaged by trypsinization, and rapidly proliferating cells that could be passaged, frozen, and thawed were isolated. Clonal cultures derived from single founder cells identified by marker genes generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, confirming the multipotent nature of the parent cell. Subcloning analysis showed that after serial passaging, recloning, and expansion, these cells retained multipotentiality, indicating that they are self-renewing.
Prevalence of two-dimensional photonic topology (2023)

The topological characteristics of photonic crystals have been the subject of intense research in recent years. Despite this, the basic question of whether photonic band topology is rare or abundant -- i.e., its relative prevalence -- remains unaddressed. Here, we determine the prevalence of stable, fragile, and higher-order photonic topology in the 11 two-dimensional crystallographic symmetry settings that admit diagnosis of one or more of these phenomena by symmetry analysis. Our determination is performed on the basis of a data set of 550000 randomly sampled, two-tone photonic crystals, spanning 11 symmetry settings and 5 dielectric contrasts, and examined in both transverse electric (TE) and magnetic (TM) polarizations. We report the abundance of nontrivial photonic topology in the presence of time-reversal symmetry and find that stable, fragile, and higher-order topology are generally abundant. Below the first band gap, which is of primary experimental interest, we find that stable topology is more prevalent in the TE polarization than the TM; is only weakly, but monotonically, dependent on dielectric contrast; and that fragile topology is near-absent. In the absence of time-reversal symmetry, nontrivial Chern phases are also abundant in photonic crystals with 2-, 4-, and 6-fold rotational symmetries but comparatively rare in settings with only 3-fold symmetry. Our results elucidate the interplay of symmetry, dielectric contrast, electromagnetic polarization, and time-reversal breaking in engendering topological photonic phases and may inform general design principles for their experimental realization.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Chloromethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles (2004)

Abstract We have developed a simple one‐step synthesis of 2‐chloromethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles from commercially available acylhydrazides using 1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trimethoxyethane as a solvent under microwave irradiation.
Structure and tensile properties of Nanoclay–Polypropylene fibers produced by melt spinning (2011)

Abstract Nanocomposite fibers of polypropylene and montmorillonite‐based organoclay were produced by a melt‐spinning process, and their structures and mechanical properties were studied. The addition of nanoclay in polypropylene increased the rate of crystallization and altered the microstructures of the fibers. Increases in the crystal size and a reduction in the molecular orientation were observed in the nanoclay–polypropylene composite fibers. The tensile properties of nanoclay composite fibers were also studied, and decreases in the fiber modulus and tenacity and increases in the strain at break were observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Identification and Functional Characterization of P159L Mutation inHNF1Bin a Family with Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young 5 (MODY5) (2014)

Mutation in HNF1B, the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) gene, results in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) 5, which is characterized by gradual impairment of insulin secretion. However, the functional role of HNF-1β in insulin secretion and glucose metabolism is not fully understood. We identified a family with early-onset diabetes that fulfilled the criteria of MODY. Sanger sequencing revealed that a heterozygous P159L (CCT to CTT in codon 159 in the DNA-binding domain) mutation in HNF1B was segregated according to the affected status. To investigate the functional consequences of this HNF1B mutation, we generated a P159L HNF1B construct. The wild-type and mutant HNF1B constructs were transfected into COS-7 cells in the presence of the promoter sequence of human glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2). The luciferase reporter assay revealed that P159L HNF1B had decreased transcriptional activity compared to wild-type (p < 0.05). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed reduced DNA binding activity of P159L HNF1B. In the MIN6 pancreatic β-cell line, overexpression of the P159L mutant was significantly associated with decreased mRNA levels of GLUT2 compared to wild-type (p < 0.05). However, INS expression was not different between the wild-type and mutant HNF1B constructs. These findings suggests that the impaired insulin secretion in this family with the P159L HNF1B mutation may be related to altered GLUT2 expression in β-cells rather than decreased insulin gene expression. In conclusion, we have identified a Korean family with an HNF1B mutation and characterized its effect on the pathogenesis of diabetes.
A Generic Approach for Escaping Saddle points (2017)

A central challenge to using first-order methods for optimizing nonconvex\nproblems is the presence of saddle points. First-order methods often get stuck\nat saddle points, greatly deteriorating their performance. Typically, to escape\nfrom saddles one has to use second-order methods. However, most works on\nsecond-order methods rely extensively on expensive Hessian-based computations,\nmaking them impractical in large-scale settings. To tackle this challenge, we\nintroduce a generic framework that minimizes Hessian based computations while\nat the same time provably converging to second-order critical points. Our\nframework carefully alternates between a first-order and a second-order\nsubroutine, using the latter only close to saddle points, and yields\nconvergence results competitive to the state-of-the-art. Empirical results\nsuggest that our strategy also enjoys a good practical performance.\n
Requirements from Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Session Border Control (SBC) Deployments (2010)

This document describes functions implemented in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) intermediaries known as Session Border Controllers (SBCs). The goal of this document is to describe the commonly provided functions of SBCs. A special focus is given to those practices that are viewed to be in conflict with SIP architectural principles. This document also explores the underlying requirements of network operators that have led to the use of these functions and practices in order to identify protocol requirements and determine whether those requirements are satisfied by existing specifications or if additional standards work is required.
Alloy Design for Long Term Cyclability of Si Based Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Composites comprising silicon (Si), graphite (C) and polyacrylonitrile based disordered carbon (PC), denoted as Si/C/PC, have been synthesized by thermal treatment of high energy mechanically milled silicon, graphite, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) powder of nominal composition 42wt.%C-28wt.%Si-30wt.%PAN. The resultant Si/C/PC composite exhibits a 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; charge capacity of ∼1015mAh/g with a fade in capacity ∼0.31% per cycle when cycled at a rate of ∼160mA/g. In order to improve the cyclability of the Si/C/PC composite system, the alloying/dealloying behavior of lithium ion with silicon has been studied to minimize the volume expansion/contraction during electrochemical cycling, and accordingly changes in the alloy composition has been proposed to fulfill the requirements for practical application.&lt;/div&gt;
Manufacturable transparent holographic components for HUD applications (2019)

Augmented reality (AR) and heads up display (HUD) applications overlap images directly on the user’s field of view. To achieve that, optical components with high optical performance and versatility are required. Also, the optical elements must allow an unrestricted view of the world. Traditional optical elements as limited by laws of refraction and reflection, are not versatile, and reduce the transmittance of the devices worn by the AR user. In this paper, we discuss the transparent holographic components’ operation parameters and general optical geometries relevant for HUDs, the holographic substrata available for these applications, their performance characteristics and manufacturability.
Airborne Signals from a Wounded Leaf Facilitate Viral Spreading and Induce Antibacterial Resistance in Neighboring Plants (2012)

Many plants release airborne volatile compounds in response to wounding due to pathogenic assault. These compounds serve as plant defenses and are involved in plant signaling. Here, we study the effects of pectin methylesterase (PME)-generated methanol release from wounded plants ("emitters") on the defensive reactions of neighboring "receiver" plants. Plant leaf wounding resulted in the synthesis of PME and a spike in methanol released into the air. Gaseous methanol or vapors from wounded PME-transgenic plants induced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in the leaves of non-wounded neighboring "receiver" plants. In experiments with different volatile organic compounds, gaseous methanol was the only airborne factor that could induce antibacterial resistance in neighboring plants. In an effort to understand the mechanisms by which methanol stimulates the antibacterial resistance of "receiver" plants, we constructed forward and reverse suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA libraries from Nicotiana benthamiana plants exposed to methanol. We identified multiple methanol-inducible genes (MIGs), most of which are involved in defense or cell-to-cell trafficking. We then isolated the most affected genes for further analysis: β-1,3-glucanase (BG), a previously unidentified gene (MIG-21), and non-cell-autonomous pathway protein (NCAPP). Experiments with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and a vector encoding two tandem copies of green fluorescent protein as a tracer of cell-to-cell movement showed the increased gating capacity of plasmodesmata in the presence of BG, MIG-21, and NCAPP. The increased gating capacity is accompanied by enhanced TMV reproduction in the "receivers". Overall, our data indicate that methanol emitted by a wounded plant acts as a signal that enhances antibacterial resistance and facilitates viral spread in neighboring plants.
Expression des récepteurs nucléairs RXR E75 pendant le cycle reproductif du crustacé Gammarus fossarum et modulation lors de l'exposition à 3 insecticides perturbateurs endocriniens (2016)

Despite the importance of invertebrates in aquatic systems, we lack specific biomarkers to assess the effects of endocrine disruption (ED) on these animals. This can be attributed to a poor knowledge of their endocrine systems and to the absence of genomic data for non-model species. The development of relevant tools for hazard assessment of ED is currently a challenge for crustacean species used in aquatic ecotoxicology. Our research teams have conducted a "proteogenomic" approach to generate a large transcriptomic and proteomic dataset for the amphipod crustacean Gammarus fossarum, a sentinel species used widely in aquatic ecotoxicology in Europe. However, among the 2257 MS-certified proteins obtained with this approach, key proteins involved in hormonal regulation that could be potential candidates for endocrine disruption biomarkers were not identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify, in G. fossarum, some key players involved in the endocrine regulation of crustaceans/amphipods in order to propose candidate biomarkers of endocrine disruptions in this species. For this, we first established a list of candidate genes known to play an essential role in hormonal systems of crustaceans and insects: nuclear hormone receptors, other regulatory genes, enzymes of the hormone metabolism and hormone-regulated genes. Using sequence similarity and phylogenetic analyses, we identified similar sequences of three candidate genes in our transcriptomic G. fossarum database: the nuclear receptors RXR and E75, and the regulator broad-complex. The three genes were cloned in order to obtain reliable nucleotide sequences and primers for the subsequent expression studies. Their functional validation and relevance as biomarkers was then performed by studying gene expression during the female reproductive cycle, and after laboratory exposure to model ED chemical compounds (pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide).
Factors associated with preservation of facial nerve function after surgical resection of vestibular schwannoma (2010)

Avoidance of facial nerve palsy is one of the major goals of vestibular schwannoma (VS) microsurgery. In this study, we examined the significance of previously implicated prognostic factors (age, tumor size, the extent of resection and the surgical approach) on post-operative facial nerve function. We selected all VS patients from prospectively collected database (1984-2009) who underwent microsurgical resection as their initial treatment for histopathologically confirmed VS. The effect of variables such as surgical approach, tumor size, patient age and extent of resection on rates facial nerve dysfunction after surgery, were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Patients with preoperative facial nerve dysfunction (House-Brackman [HB] score 3 or higher) were excluded, and HB grade of 1 or 2 at the last follow-up visit was defined as "facial nerve preservation." A total of 624 VS patients were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that only pre-operative tumor size significantly predicted poorer facial nerve outcome for patients followed-up for ≥6 and ≥12 months (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.49, p < 0.01; OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10-1.67, P < 0.01, respectively). We found no significant relationship between facial nerve function and age, extent of resection, surgical approach, or tumor size (when extent of resection and surgical approach were included in the regression analysis). Because facial nerve palsy is a debilitating and psychologically devastating condition for the patient, we suggest altering surgical aggressiveness in patients with unfavorable tumor anatomy, particularly in cases with large tumors where overaggressive resection might subject the patient to unwarranted risk. Residual disease can be followed and controlled with radiosurgery if interval growth is noted.
The potential role of tissue-engineered urethral substitution: clinical and preclinical studies (2015)

Urethral strictures and anomalies remain among the difficult problems in urology, with urethroplasty procedures being the most effective treatment options. The two major types of urethroplasty are anastomotic urethroplasty and widening the urethral lumen using flaps or grafts (i.e. substitution urethroplasty). However, no ideal material for the latter has been found so far. Designing and selecting such a material is a necessary and challenging endeavour, driving the need for further bioengineered urethral tissue research. This article reviews currently available studies on the potentialities of tissue engineering in urethral reconstruction, in particular those describing the use of both acellular and recellularized tissue-engineered constructs in animal and human models. Possible future developments in this field are also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical Clustering of Internet Communication Patterns (2003)

We describe a new methodology for analyzing Internet traffic based on an abstract model of application-level communication and statistical cluster analysis, and argue that this method of analysis can serve as a foundation for building flexible traffic generation tools. We present the details of two case studies in which the new analysis tools are applied to data from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Internet2. 1
Effect of femtosecond laser irradiation on structure‐terahertz property relationship in sodium borosilicate glasses (2023)

Abstract We report the effect of high‐repetition rate femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation on structure‐terahertz (THz) property relationship for sodium borosilicate glasses. We have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS), and Raman spectroscopy to examine pristine and laser irradiated regions of these glasses to determine and quantify boron speciation, THz refractive index, n(THz), and change (Δn) in n(THz), and spectral, that is, structural, changes due to laser exposure, respectively. Our results suggest that laser irradiation‐induced Δn(THz) values are dependent upon the glass composition, structural units, connectivity, and network, for example, the corresponding K‐ and R‐values of the borosilicate glass. Depolymerized glass networks show no changes in NMR B 4 signal, slight changes in Raman spectral changes related to silicate structural units, for example, increase in Q 3 tetrahedra with one nonbridging oxygen (nbO) atom, and higher measurable n(THz) and Δn(THz). More polymerized glasses, on the other hand, show changes in NMR B 4 signal, varying degrees of Raman spectral changes in the borate subnetwork and structural units, and lower n(THz) and Δn(THz). The THz refractive index is most sensitive to modifier ions in the glasses, which are directly responsible for nbO formation, glass structure, and network polymerization.
Water-Window X-Ray Pulses from a Laser-Plasma Driven Undulator (2020)

Femtosecond (fs) x-ray pulses are a key tool to study the structure and dynamics of matter on its natural length and time scale. To complement radio-frequency accelerator-based large-scale facilities, novel laser-based mechanisms hold promise for compact laboratory-scale x-ray sources. Laser-plasma driven undulator radiation in particular offers high peak-brightness, optically synchronized few-fs pulses reaching into the few-nanometer (nm) regime. To date, however, few experiments have successfully demonstrated plasma-driven undulator radiation. Those that have, typically operated at single and comparably long wavelengths. Here we demonstrate plasma-driven undulator radiation with octave-spanning tuneability at discrete wavelengths reaching from 13 nm to 4 nm. Studying spontaneous undulator radiation is an important step towards a plasma-driven free-electron laser. Our specific setup creates a photon pulse, which closely resembles the plasma electron bunch length and charge profile and thus might enable novel methods to characterize the longitudinal electron phase space.
Why Regulate Medicines? (2016)

The prehistory of the modern pharmaceutical era is recounted, with emphasis upon the products, including the emergence of snake oil remedies, tapeworm diets and dangerous yet contemporary quack medicines such as Laetrile. As the magnitude of public outrage increased at the turn of the last century, the rise of yellow journalism highlighted spectacles that revealed further abuses and propelled high profile muckrakers to target adulterated products, including an emerging product known as Coca-Cola. As scientific understanding of infection grew, so did the potential for abuse, which culminated in a life-saving and revolutionary pre-antibiotic sulfa drug. However, the adulteratoin of this new breakthrough medicine resulted in the poisoning of more than 100 children in 1938. The disaster arose when a form of the drug was targeted at young by using a sweet elixir, which gained its taste by dissolving the medicine in radiator fluid. The resulting tragedy ushered in the era of the modern Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Recent advances in active noise and vibration control at NASA Langley Research Center (2002)

Over the past 15 years NASA has investigated the use of active control technology for aircraft interior noise. More recently this work has been supported through the Advanced Subsonic Technology Noise Reduction Program (1994–2001), High Speed Research Program (1994–1999), and through the Quiet Aircraft Technology Program (2000–present). The interior environment is recognized as an important element in flight safety, crew communications and fatigue, as well as passenger comfort. This presentation will overview research in active noise and vibration control relating to interior noise being investigated by NASA. The research to be presented includes: active control of aircraft fuselage sidewall transmission due to turbulent boundary layer or jet noise excitation, active control of interior tones due to propeller excitation of aircraft structures, and adaptive stiffening of structures for noise, vibration, and fatigue control. Work on actuator technology ranging from piezoelectrics, shape memory actuators, and fluidic actuators will be described including applications. Control system technology will be included that is experimentally based, real-time, and adaptive.
Surveying Synchronous Machine Sudden Short Circuiting Phenomenal by EMTP (2002)

Applying ATP-EMTP for the purpose of thorough understanding of rotating machine transients, several kinds of model synchronous machines with typical features were analyzed in time domain as for sudden short circuiting, the calculated currents and flux linkages of which were plotted on the d-q domain planes. Many interesting current/flux vector traces, representing rotating machine transients during short circuiting, were obtained. These could, hopefully, be good help for understanding rotating machine transients.
Development of a High Min-Entropy Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission (2023)

We present the theory, architecture, and performance characteristics of a quantum random number generator (QRNG) which operates in a PCI express form factor-compatible plug-and-play design. The QRNG relies on a thermal light source (in this case, amplified spontaneous emission), which exhibits photon bunching according to the Bose-Einstein (BE) statistics. We demonstrate that 98.7% of the unprocessed random bit stream min-entropy is traceable to the BE (quantum) signal. The classical component is then removed using a non-reuse shift-XOR protocol, and the final random numbers are generated at a 200 Mbps rate and shown to pass the statistical randomness test suites FIPS 140-2, Alphabit, SmallCrush, DIEHARD, and Rabbit of the TestU01 library.