gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Continuous Transesterification with Acidic Ionic Liquids as Homogeneous Catalysts (2013)

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are recyclable acid catalysts for transesterification reactions. In the present study, different acidic ILs were examined in this reaction, with special focus on their recyclability. Furthermore, the IL‐catalyzed transesterification reaction was realized in continuous operation. A miniplant reactor with technically representative design and operating characteristics was used for this study. The applied rig has a volume of 5 L and an external thermosyphon reboiler. The miniplant reactor can be operated in batch and in continuous mode. ILs functionalized with a sulfonic acid group were found to be the most suitable IL catalysts for the transesterification reactions under investigation. Using these ILs, reaction rates as high as for H 2 SO 4 could be realized. Moreover, the IL catalyst was demonstrated to be active for at least 1000 h of operation time.
Pressure-Side Bleed Film Cooling: Part I — Steady Framework for Experimental and Computational Results (2002)

This study combines both experiments and computations to investigate pressure-side bleed on the trailing edge of a turbine blade. Realistic engine conditions are considered with a lip thickness to slot height ratio of 0.9 and mainstream Mach numbers of 0.7 at the coolant injection point expanding to sonic conditions at the exit plane of the test section. The purpose of this study is to understand the complex physics of pressure-side bleed, in particular, the unusual behavior that occurs with increasing blowing ratio. Experimentally, it is shown that as the blowing ratio increases, the film cooling effectiveness at a point near the end of the test section increases for blowing ratios less than 0.8, while decreasing over the range of blowing ratios from 1.0 through 1.25. For blowing ratios higher than 1.25, effectiveness increases. This phenomenon has been repeated experimentally for many years without being fully understood. Parts I and II of this paper describe the mechanism responsible for the unusual experimental results. This mechanism is unsteady vortex shedding. Experimental results are from a row of jets with the use of foreign gas injection that simulates the engine conditions that would be seen by the pressure side of an airfoil with pressure-side bleed. These results consist of the pressure distribution due to the nozzle and the effectiveness along the test surface downstream of the injection site. The computational model is designed to replicate the experimental setup. High-quality grids, high-order discretization schemes, and an advanced turbulence model are employed to ensure that the computational results can be used to explain the complex physics of transonic pressure-side bleed film cooling. The grid consists of 2.2 million cells and a high-quality, unstructured, multi-topology, super-block mesh with the resolution of the viscous sub-layer and y+ &amp;lt; 1 on all surfaces. The simulations are fully converged and grid-independent. Effects of blowing ratio are examined, with blowing ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 and a density ratio of 1.52. The geometry consists of not only the transonic mainstream flow and the jet, but also the creeping plenum flow. As a result of the significant lip thickness to slot height ratio, it is shown that unsteady effects are the dominant mechanism in the physics of pressure-side bleed film cooling.
Advantages and Tuning of Zero Voltage Switching in a Wireless Power Transfer System (2019)

In charging applications, wireless power transfer (WPT) is mostly used in the form of inductive power transfer with magnetic resonant coupling. Therefore, both the transmitter and the receiver coils are combined with capacitors, such that only active power is transferred. To evaluate the operation of the WPT charging system, its equivalent circuit can be analyzed in the frequency domain. However, this is limiting since the H-bridge inverter operation is not intrinsically considered. As an example, the operating points of both zero current switching (ZCS) and zero voltage switching (ZVS) operations might be still analyzed, but it is not possible to assess their performance in terms of efficiency. In this paper, the advantage of ZVS over the ZCS is evaluated in terms of the efficiency and the delivered output power. To enable the full potential of ZVS, this is tuned considering the switch capacitance and the dead time.
Ultra-thin tag fabrication and sensing technique using third harmonic for implantable wireless sensors (2011)

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper presents the fabrication of an ultra-thin tag for identification and sensing applications in extremely small implantable regions. Particularly, we are demonstrating the capability to create a telemetry system which is implantable in a mouse eye. This system will eventually be able to monitor intraocular pressure (IOP). Telemetry with a small tag implanted inside of the eye is established for the first time using the 3rd order harmonic response from the implanted device.
Immunological and biochemical studies of meningococcal C polysaccharides isolated by diethylaminoethyl chromatography (1976)

Meningococcal C polysaccharides isolated from the broth supernatant of C1+ and C1- strains by a combination of Sepharose 4B and diethylaminoethyl-52 chromatography are antigenically identical to the group C antigen isolated by the Cetavlon procedure. Immunizations result in the induction of precipitating, hemagglutinating, and bactericidal antibodies in rabbits and sheep and hemagglutinating and bactericidal antibodies in rabbits and sheep and hemagglutinating and bactericidal antibodies in gerbils. Selective destruction of C1- polysaccharides with neuraminidase has demonstrated that these antibodies are directed against the C polysaccharide. Neuraminidase digestions of the C1- polysaccharides resulted in release of up to 84% of the antigen as N-acetylneuraminic acid. C1+ polysaccharides proved to be more resistant to neuraminidase, requiring greater concentrations of enzyme and longer intervals of exposure for digestion. Chemical analysis of the C1+ and C1- polysaccharides indicated that they contain less than 0.5% protein and less than 0.5% nucleic acid.
A neuro-wavelet method for multi-sensor system integration for vehicular navigation (2003)

The last two decades have shown an increasing trend in the use of navigation technologies in several applications including land vehicles and automated car navigation. Navigation systems incorporate the global positioning system (GPS) and the inertial navigation system (INS). While GPS provides position information when there is direct line of sight to four or more satellites, INS utilizes the local measurements of angular velocity and linear acceleration to determine both the vehicle's position and attitude. Both systems are integrated together to provide reliable navigation solutions by overcoming each of their respective shortcomings. The present integration schemes, which are predominantly based on Kalman filtering, have several inadequacies related to sensor error models, immunity to noise and observability. This paper aims at introducing a multi-sensor system integration approach for fusing data from an INS and GPS hardware utilizing wavelet multi-resolution analysis (WMRA) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The WMRA is used to compare the INS and GPS position outputs at different resolution levels. The ANN module is then trained to predict the INS position errors in real time and provide accurate positioning of the moving vehicle. The field-test results have demonstrated that substantial improvements in INS/GPS positioning accuracy could be obtained by applying the proposed neuro-wavelet technique.
The pan-Bcl-2 blocker obatoclax promotes the expression of Puma, Noxa, and Bim mRNA and induces apoptosis in neoplastic mast cells (2013)

Advanced SM is an incurable neoplasm with short survival time. So far, no effective therapy is available for these patients. We and others have shown recently that neoplastic MC in ASM and MCL express antiapoptotic Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. In this study, we examined the effects of the pan-Bcl-2 family blocker obatoclax (GX015-070) on primary neoplastic MC, the human MC leukemia cell line HMC-1, and the canine mastocytoma cell line C2. Obatoclax was found to inhibit proliferation in primary human neoplastic MC (IC₅₀: 0.057 μM), in HMC-1.2 cells expressing KIT D816V (IC₅₀: 0.72 μM), and in HMC-1.1 cells lacking KIT D816V (IC₅₀: 0.09 μM), as well as in C2 cells (IC₅₀: 0.74 μM). The growth-inhibitory effects of obatoclax in HMC-1 cells were accompanied by an increase in expression of Puma, Noxa, and Bim mRNA, as well as by apoptosis, as evidenced by microscopy, TUNEL assay, and caspase cleavage. Viral-mediated overexpression of Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, or Bcl-2 in HMC-1 cells was found to introduce partial resistance against apoptosis-inducing effects of obatoclax. We were also able to show that obatoclax synergizes with several other antineoplastic drugs, including dasatinib, midostaurin, and bortezomib, in producing apoptosis and/or growth arrest in neoplastic MC. Together, obatoclax exerts major growth-inhibitory effects on neoplastic MC and potentiates the antineoplastic activity of other targeted drugs. Whether these drug effects can be translated to application in patients with advanced SM remains to be determined.
Improved CRISPR genome editing using small highly active and specific engineered RNA-guided nucleases (2021)

Streptococcus pyogenes (Spy) Cas9 has potential as a component of gene therapeutics for incurable diseases. One of its limitations is its large size, which impedes its formulation and delivery in therapeutic applications. Smaller Cas9s are an alternative, but lack robust activity or specificity and frequently recognize longer PAMs. Here, we investigated four uncharacterized, smaller Cas9s and found three employing a "GG" dinucleotide PAM similar to SpyCas9. Protein engineering generated synthetic RNA-guided nucleases (sRGNs) with editing efficiencies and specificities exceeding even SpyCas9 in vitro and in human cell lines on disease-relevant targets. sRGN mRNA lipid nanoparticles displayed manufacturing advantages and high in vivo editing efficiency in the mouse liver. Finally, sRGNs, but not SpyCas9, could be packaged into all-in-one AAV particles with a gRNA and effected robust in vivo editing of non-human primate (NHP) retina photoreceptors. Human gene therapy efforts are expected to benefit from these improved alternatives to existing CRISPR nucleases.
A Scene Change and Noise Aware Rate Control Method for VVenC, An Open VVC Encoder Implementation (2022)

Contemporary motion picture content, consisting of scenes with different amounts of visual complexity or camera noise, represents demanding input for video encoders operating in rate control (RC) modes. This paper presents improvements to the 2-pass RC method integrated into VVenC, an open VVC encoder implementation, outlined in previous publications. We specifically introduce three extensions to our RC solution: first, frame type adaptation operating near scene cuts, along with an associated simple detector; second, rate stabilization means to allow for more reliable lookahead based 2-pass RC operation in on-the-fly encoding applications; and third, a low-complexity approach for estimating the instantaneous intensity of camera noise or film grain to avoid large variations in bit consumption when encoding individual frames in the final RC pass. Experimental evaluation confirms that these extensions significantly improve both the objective (BD rate) and subjective (visual) RC performance of VVenC especially on challenging video content.
Quantification of defect size in shearing direction by shearography and wavelet transform (2007)

Shearography is a recognized interferometric technique in non-destructive testing to detect defects. Defects are detectable in wrapped phase maps because they are characterized in their neighborhood by singular fringes. They are detectable in unwrapped phase maps, because they induce unexpected phase values. By analyzing the length of unexpected phase values area in shearing direction, and by taking into consideration shearing amount, defect size can be locally estimated. To examine this length, we propose to locally determine borders of unexpected phase values region by analyzing wavelet transform of unwrapped phase map profiles. The borders of defect area are found by examining the convergence at fine scales of lines of wavelet modulus maxima. To have a physical interpretation of this convergence, second derivate of a Gaussian is employed as mother wavelet: estimated borders of defect region are some maximal curvature points of unwrapped phase map profile. To finish, we show that shearing amount does not affect estimated defect size with our methodology. So, shearography is adapted to quantify defects in shearing direction. Currently, in any other direction, an ambiguity exists on the position where the local estimation of defect width is performed. The methodoly cannot be employed.
Effect of Hf Additions to Pt Aluminide Bond Coats on EB‐PVD TBC Life (2001)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Procedure Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements
Randomized Trial of a Vaccine Regimen to Prevent Chronic HCV Infection (2021)

A safe and effective vaccine to prevent chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a critical component of efforts to eliminate the disease.
A genetic model of ivabradine recapitulates results from randomized clinical trials (2020)

ABSTRACT Background Naturally occurring human genetic variants provide a valuable tool to identify drug targets and guide drug prioritization and clinical trial design. Ivabradine is a heart rate lowering drug with protective effects on heart failure despite increasing the risk of atrial fibrillation. In patients with coronary artery disease without heart failure, the drug does not protect against major cardiovascular adverse events prompting questions about the ability of genetics to have predicted those effects. This study evaluates the effect of a mutation in HCN4 , ivabradine’s drug target, on safety and efficacy endpoints. Methods We used genetic association testing and Mendelian randomization to predict the effect of ivabradine and heart rate lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. Results Using data from the UK Biobank and large GWAS consortia, we evaluated the effect of a heart rate-reducing genetic variant at the HCN4 locus encoding ivabradine’s drug target. These genetic association analyses showed increases in risk for atrial fibrillation (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.13, P=9.3 ×10 −9 ) in the UK Biobank. In a cause-specific competing risk model to account for the increased risk of atrial fibrillation, the HCN4 variant reduced incident heart failure in participants that did not develop atrial fibrillation (HR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.98, P=0.013). In contrast, the same heart rate reducing HCN4 variant did not prevent a composite endpoint of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death (OR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.93-1.04, P=0.61). Conclusion Genetic modelling of ivabradine recapitulates its benefits in heart failure, promotion of atrial fibrillation, and neutral effect on myocardial infarction. CONDENSED ABSTRACT The effects of drugs can sometimes be predicted from the effects of mutations in genes encoding drug targets. We tested the effect of a heart rate reducing allele at the HCN4 locus encoding ivabradine’s drug target and found results coherent with the SHIFT and SIGNIFY clinical trials of ivabradine. The genetic variant increased the risk of atrial fibrillation and cardioembolic stroke and protected against heart failure in a competing risk model accounting for the increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The variant had a neutral effect on a composite of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death.
In Vitro Evaluation Method to Monitor Pathogenic Acne Vulgaris by Culturing Keratinocytes with Sebocytes (2011)

Background: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Keratinocytes and sebocytes are the two major cell types involved in the induction of acne within the pilosebaceous unit. Thus, keratinocytes or sebocytes cultured alone may not accurately reflect the physiology of the acne lesion. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine inflammatory cytokine production and neutral lipid content in keratinocyte and sebocyte co-cultures treated with acne etiologic stimulants. Methods: Spontaneously immortalized, non-tumorigenic human HaCaT keratinocytes and immortalized human facial SZ95 sebocytes were seeded in 24-well culture plates (Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany). Secretion of inflammatory cytokines by each cell type was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and neutral lipid production in the cells was measured by Oil Red O staining. Cells were then simultaneously treated with multiple stimulants at various concentrations, and triglyceride and interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels were measured. Results: Arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, dihydrotestosterone and P. acnes extract all induced IL-8 production. De novo synthesis of sebaceous lipids was observed more frequently in the keratinocyte/sebocyte co-culture than that in the sebocyte monoculture. Higher levels of IL-8 were detected in the multi-stimulant system than those in the mono stimulant system. Conclusion: The results suggest that co-culture of keratinocytes and sebocytes is more representative of the clinical condition associated with the development of acne lesions than culture of either cell type alone. The co-culture system used in this study is applicable to research acne vulgaris pathogenesis and to screen active drugs for treating this condition. (Korean J Dermatol 2011;49(12):1057∼1063)
Multi‐instrument characterization of poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres for use in liquid chromatography: as received, air oxidized, carbonized, and acid treated (2015)

We report a multi‐instrument characterization of the carbon particles in carbon/polymer/nanodiamond core‐shell materials used for high‐performance liquid chromatography. These particles are prepared by the carbonization/pyrolysis of poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) microspheres. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the particles (4.9 µm initially) decreased in size after air oxidation (to 4.4 µm) and again after carbonization (down to 3.5 µm) but remained highly spherical. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements showed low surface areas initially (as received: 1.6 m 2 /g, after air oxidation: 2.6 m 2 /g) but high values after carbonization (445 m 2 /g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the changes in the functional groups after air oxidation (C = O and C–O stretches appear), carbonization (carbon‐oxygen containing moieties disappear), and acid treatment (reintroduction of carbon‐oxygen containing moieties). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and elemental analysis revealed the surface and bulk oxygen contents before and after treatments. By XPS, the atom percent oxygen for the as received, air oxidized, carbonized, and acid treated particles are 8.7, 16.6, 3.7, and 13.8, respectively, and by elemental analysis, the percent oxygen in the materials is 0.6, 8.1, 0.9, 16.9, respectively. A principal components analysis of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data identified ions that were enhanced in the different materials, where almost 90% of the variation in the analyzed peak areas was captured by two principle components. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy suggested that the carbonized PDVB was disordered. Thermogravimetric analysis showed significant differences between the differently treated PDVB microspheres. This work applies directly to a commercial product and the process for preparing it. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
3.35 μm intracavity difference frequency generator with single pump input (2002)

Compact, CW laser sources with output wavelengths that are matched to the fundamental absorption bands of certain molecules are required for remote sensing, pollution analysis, and medical monitoring. Although Pb-salt diodes have output wavelengths in the desired spectral region, they are quite expensive and operate exclusively at cryogenic temperatures. Nonlinear difference frequency generation is an alternative method of generating output for these applications. In this paper we describe the results of initial experiments in which a 0.807 /spl mu/m input beam was mixed with the intracavity field of a 1.06-/spl mu/m laser to generate difference frequency output at 3.35 /spl mu/m. The input beam was also used to pump the Nd:YAG laser, thus the device needs only one optical input.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Re: Robotic versus Open Prostatectomy: End of the Controversy (2016)

No AccessJournal of UrologyLetter to the Editor/Errata1 Mar 2017Re: Robotic versus Open Prostatectomy: End of the ControversyM. O. Koch J Urol 2016; 196: 9–10. Christian Stief and Martin Gleave Christian StiefChristian Stief More articles by this author and Martin GleaveMartin Gleave More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.09.121AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Re: Robotic versus Open Prostatectomy: End of the Controversy." The Journal of Urology, 197(3 Part 1), pp. 820–821 References 1 : The comparative harms of open and robotic prostatectomy in population based samples. J Urol2016; 195: 321. Link, Google Scholar 2 : Comparative effectiveness of robot-assisted and open radical prostatectomy in the postdissemination era. J Clin Oncol2014; 32: 1419. Google Scholar 3 : Comparison of open and robotic-assisted prostatectomy: the University of British Columbia experience. Can Urol Assoc J2014; 8: 92. Google Scholar 4 : Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction after robotic versus open radical prostatectomy: a prospective, controlled, nonrandomised trial. Eur Urol2015; 68: 216. Google Scholar 5 : Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy: early outcomes from a randomised controlled phase 3 study. Lancet2016; 388: 1057. Google Scholar © 2017 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 197Issue 3 Part 1March 2017Page: 820-821 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2017 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Christian Stief More articles by this author Martin Gleave More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Imaging in the presence of grain noise using the decomposition of the time reversal operator (2003)

In this paper, we are interested in detecting and imaging defects in samples of cylindrical geometry with large speckle noise due to the microstructure. The time reversal process is an appropriate technique for detecting flaws in such heterogeneous media as titanium billets. Furthermore, time reversal can be iterated to select the defect with the strongest reflectivity and to reduce the contribution of speckle noise. The DORT (the French acronym for Decomposition of the Time Reversal Operator) method derives from the mathematical analysis of the time reversal process. This detection technique allows the determination of a set of signals to be applied to the transducers in order to focus on each defect separately. In this paper, we compare three immersion techniques on a titanium sample, standard transmit/receive focusing, the time reversal mirror (TRM), and the DORT method. We compare the sensitivity of these three techniques, especially the sensitivity to a poor alignment of the array with the front face of the sample. Then we show how images of the sample can be obtained with the TRM and the DORT method using backpropagation algorithm.