gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Pendent Carbonate Ester Groups onto Aliphatic Polycarbonates (2006)

The reactions of mono- -bromo ethyl carbonate with carboxylic acids, amines, and alcohols were investigated as a model tool for the preparation of novel aliphatic polycarbonate esters. The formation of the corresponding carbonate ester, carbamate, and carbonate derivatives, showed that of the three types of groups chosen to react with -bromo ethyl carbonate, only the carboxylate anions displaced the bromo group to form the corresponding -carbonate ester bond (R—COO—CH(CH 3 )—O—CO—CH 2 —CH 3 ). This approach was applied to the synthesis of pendent carbonate ester groups onto aliphatic polycarbonates. The synthetic pathway involved partial bromination of polytrimethylene carbonate (PTMC) to Br-PTMC, which was then reacted with benzoic acid or acetic acid to form the corresponding benzoate and acetate pendent polycarbonate, respectively. The hydrolysis of Br-PTMC and its derivatives as possible biodegradable polymers were investigated. The benzoate group was more susceptible to hydrolysis than the carbonate group hence degradation of the ester catalyzed the hydrolysis of the polymer and improved its biodegradability. The decrease in molecular weight, the release profile for benzoic acid from the grafted polymer and the degradation of Br-PTMC, ACPTMC and PTMC, in terms of the change in pH, were evaluated.
Design technology co-optimization for 10 nm and beyond (2014)

Silicon-based integrated circuits technologies have reached the extreme level to satisfy the demand of the present society. This requires design technology co-optimization and introduction of new semiconductor materials. The three papers in this session address various facets of technologies for 10 nm and beyond.
Effect of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System on Salmonella Survival in Activated Chicken Macrophage-Like HD11 Cells (2011)

In order to better identify the role of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system (T3SS) in chickens, we used the well-known gentamicin protection assay with activated HD11 cells. HD11 cells are a macrophage-like chicken cell line that can be stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to exhibit more macrophage-like morphology and greater production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activated HD11 cells were infected with a wild-type Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strain, a SPI-2 mutant S. Typhimurium strain, a wild-type Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) strain, a SPI-2 mutant S. Enteritidis strain, or a non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain. SPI-2 mutant strains were found to survive as well as their parent strain at all time points post-uptake (PU) by the HD11 cells, up to 24 h PU, while the E. coli strain was no longer recoverable by 3 h PU. We can conclude from these observations that the SPI-2 T3SS of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis is not important for survival of Salmonella in the activated macrophage-like HD11 cell line, and that Salmonella must employ other mechanisms for survival in this environment, as E. coli is effectively eliminated.
Clinical impact of C9orf72 repeat expansion in Spinocerebellar Ataxias (P2.128) (2015)

Objective: To determine the frequency of C9orf72 repeat expansion and its clinical impact on a US nation-wide SCA cohort. Background: Since the differential diagnosis of cerebellar ataxias is broad even in genetically identified populations and C9ORF72 penetrance varies by age, with full penetrance occurring by the 9th decade we decided to examine the possibility that C9ORF72 may contribute to the complexity of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Methods: Clinical data and CAG genotypes were collected from 277 patients, SCA1 n=53, SCA2 n=58, SCA3 n=105, SCA6 n=60. Age of onset was considered the first sign of gait ataxia. Hexanucleotide repeat lengths were determined as previously described along with internal standards. Duplicates on 5[percnt] of the sample population showed 100[percnt] reproducibility. Results: Of the 277 SCA patients evaluated, 7 were found to have a pathological c9orf72 repeat expansion ( 4 SCA1, 1 SCA2 and 2 SCA3). Three of 4 SCA1 patients were siblings. None of the patients had overt motor neuron signs and MOCA scores were mixed., Intermediate repeats (10-17) were found to be more common in in SCA2 than in SCA3 patients (15[percnt] vs. 2[percnt]), whereas in SCA6 patients 94[percnt] of repeats were in the range of 8 or below. Conclusions: Hexanucleotide repeat expansions of the C9ORF72 gene are a significant cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent reports have described cases which broaden the clinical phenotype. Here we report 7 genetically defined SCA patients who also carry a pathological c9orf72 expansion. These observations raise the possibility that C9ORF72 may contribute to the complexity of SCA phenotypes or age of disease onset. Population-based studies of c9orf72 repeat lengths and repeat structure are needed to determine penetrance and clinical presentations. Supported by:R01NS033123,R56NS033123 UF10036, UF10181
A BIOSENSOR TO DETECT PENICILLIN RESIDUES IN FOOD (2000)

Avoidance of antibiotic residues is an essential element in the production of safe meat and dairy products. Ourobjectives in this research were to develop an enzyme immunoassay for -lactam penicillins, design an automated sensorto implement this assay, and evaluate the detection performance. An antibody capture with antigen competition assay wasdeveloped to run in polystyrene cuvets, with a test time of 13-15 min. A photometric sensor consisting of an optical head,electronic/fluidic board, and control computer was then designed to implement this assay. Results from manual assay testson ampicillin in phosphate-buffered saline showed a slight reduction in optical density at 100 ng/mL and a significantreduction of 21% for 200 ng/mL. Sensor calibration tests gave similar results, indicating that the detection chemistry wassuccessfully automated. Higher affinity or avidity antibodies are needed to detect U.S. and European Community residuelimits.
Development of a microspectrometer for the infrared range (2002)

In this paper we demonstrate the development of a new microspectrometer system for the mid-infrared range (2.5 - 6 /spl mu/m). Micromechanical components are used for the system, therefore a very compact and economical spectroscopic device has been realized. First measurement results are reported as well as the functional ability of the device.
Link-Layer FEC and Cross-Layer Architecture for DVB-S2 Transmission With QoS in Railway Scenarios (2009)

Digital Video Broadcasting via Satellite-Second Generation (DVB-S2) was originally designed for fixed terminals, but it has recently been adopted by the DVB Return Channel via Satellite for Mobile scenario (DVB-RCS +M) under the single-carrier-per-channel (SCPC) mode. For the purpose of adapting DVB-S2 for mobile reception, it has been agreed that, among others, forward error correction (FEC) at the link layer (LL) is a suitable means of achieving reliable reception in mobile environments. Prime candidates for LL-FEC had already been available schemes in the DVB family of standards: multiple-protocol encapsulation-FEC (MPE-FEC) and MPE interburst FEC (MPE-IFEC). Furthermore, different FEC codes may be applied within these schemes, i.e., Reed-Solomon (RS) or Raptor FEC codes. This paper introduces the integration of such schemes and codes on top of DVB-S2. In addition, we analyze the performance that can be achieved when applying these schemes with particular focus on two typical railway scenarios: 1) line of sight, together with the effect of railway power arches (LOS+PA), and 2) nonline of sight (nLOS). Both theoretical and simulation analyses reveal that LL-FEC can overcome typical fading effects in the railway scenario by selecting appropriate FEC codes and optimizing the coding parameters. We show that MPE-IFEC and extended MPE-FEC with Raptor codes-as finally specified in DVB-RCS+ M-consistently show superior results over those of other LL-FEC for railway scenarios. We also indicate signaling updates to allow achievable performance. As for practical implementation, we propose two possible novel cross-layer architectures for unicast DVB-S2 to provide quality of service (QoS). The architectures allow the migration from traditional packet encapsulation based on Moving Picture Experts Group 2-Transport Streams (MPEG2-TS) to new schemes, such as generic stream encapsulation (GSE).
<title>Ultraviolet polarimeter for characterization of an imaging spectrometer</title> (1990)

A polarimeter for characterization of the instrumental polarization of an imaging UV spectrometer has been designed. In the course of calibrating the polarimeter, the quarter-wave retarders were observed to possess polarization properties other than pure linear retardance. This forced the development of a complex procedure for the calibration of the retarders and a new generalized approach to polarimetric analysis.
Preface (2009)

There is, justifiably, a great interest currently in the study and development of scramjet engines for hypersonic flight applications. A major impetus is the potential to reduce space accessibility costs by use of vehicles that use air-breathing propulsion from takeoff to the edges of the atmosphere; defense applications for hypersonic flight within the atmosphere are also of considerable interest. In the hypersonic flight regime, commonly considered to begin when velocities exceed Mach 6, the scramjet engine's specific thrust surpasses that of any other propulsion system. Subsonic combustion, which technologically is easier to manage with the current knowledge, would be associated, in the hypersonic regime, with high stagnation temperatures that would lead to unacceptable dissociation levels, and hence an inability to materialize the energy rise expected through chemical reactions. Additional thermal and structural considerations preclude the use of other air-breathing propulsion systems at these flight velocities.
Spray forming, droplet microstructure and impingement behavior (1996)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1996.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is a therapeutic target for impaired cutaneous wound healing (2011)

Impaired wound healing states lead to substantial morbidity and cost with treatment resulting in an expenditure of billions of dollars per annum in the U.S. alone. Both chronic wounds and impaired acute wounds are characterized by excessive inflammation, enhanced proteolysis, and reduced matrix deposition. These confounding factors are exacerbated in the elderly, in part, as we report here, related to increased local and systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Moreover, we have used a secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) null mouse model of severely impaired wound healing and excessive inflammation, comparable to age-related delayed human healing, to demonstrate that topical application of anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibodies blunts leukocyte recruitment and NFκB activation, alters the balance between M1 and M2 macrophages, and accelerates wound healing. Following antagonism of TNF-α, matrix synthesis is enhanced, associated with suppression of both inflammatory parameters and NFκB binding activity. Our data suggest that inhibiting TNF-α is a critical event in reversing the severely impaired healing response associated with the absence of SLPI, and may be applicable to prophylaxis and/or treatment of impaired wound healing states in humans.
Structure–Activity Relationship of 18F-Labeled Phosphoramidate Peptidomimetic Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-Targeted Inhibitor Analogues for PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer (2016)

A series of phosphoramidate-based prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors of increasing lipophilicity were synthesized (4, 5, and 6), and their fluorine-18 analogs were evaluated for use as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents for prostate cancer. To gain insight into their modes of binding, they were also cocrystallized with the extracellular domain of PSMA. All analogs exhibited irreversible binding to PSMA with IC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 1.3 nM. In vitro assays showed binding and rapid internalization (80-95%, 2 h) of the radiolabeled ligands in PSMA(+) cells. In vivo distribution demonstrated significant uptake in CWR22Rv1 (PSMA(+)) tumor, with tumor to blood ratios of 25.6:1, 63.6:1, and 69.6:1 for [(18)F]4, [(18)F]5, and [(18)F]6, respectively, at 2 h postinjection. Installation of aminohexanoic acid (AH) linkers in the phosphoramidate scaffold improved their PSMA binding and inhibition and was critical for achieving suitable in vivo imaging properties, positioning [(18)F]5 and [(18)F]6 as favorable candidates for future prostate cancer imaging clinical trials.
Contactless Power Delivery System for Mining Applications (1995)

The ability to transfer large amounts of electrical power (up to 1 MW) to a moving load has traditionally used means that are unreliable, inefficient, and potentially unsafe. These include sliding or rolling metal contacts, sliding carbon brushes, and trailing cables. More recently, flat inductively coupled coils have been used to help mitigate these problems. Except for the inductively coupled coils, these techniques have not been developed with the capabilities of power electronics in mind. This paper presents the first conceptual description of a power delivery system design unifying power electronics and a coaxial-winding transformer for devices that require a contactless connection and/or relative motion while delivering large amounts of power. The transformer's unique characteristics and how they might be used to advantage in combination with power electronics are emphasized. Potential applications are flexible power distribution, material handling, electric vehicle boost, and battery opportunity recharge. Test results of a small scale prototype are presented and verify these initial concepts.
Traffic and power-aware protection scheme in Elastic Optical Networks (2012)

Currently, the need for “greener” telecommunication networks is stimulating research efforts to find new solutions to cope with power consumption and sustainability issues. Exploiting the potential of optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) networks for this purpose has been identified as an attractive approach. However, the traditional WDM fixed-grid, where 50 GHz-spaced optical carriers are used with Single Line Rates (SLR), may result in lower efficiency from both the spectral occupation and power consumption perspectives. Higher flexibility can be provided by adopting Mixed Line Rates (MLR) and, especially, the so-called Elastic Optical Network (EON) paradigm, which is enabled by the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing combined with Coherent Detection (CO-OFDM). In this scenario a finer channel spacing is considered so the spectrum can be best fitted to actual traffic needs. Another critical issue is the network robustness to failures, accomplished by reserving additional resources as a backup for protection. Traditional approaches allocate dedicated (1+1) resources for protection and the peak-rate capacity is reserved in both working and protection paths for every traffic demand. Thus, the power consumed in resilient network is substantially increased compared to the unprotected case. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the hourly network traffic variation to reduce the power consumed by backup resources, by adapting their rate to the current required bandwidth. We apply this paradigm to the SLR, MLR and EON scenarios and find that, especially in the EON case and for high traffic load conditions, substantial energy savings (up to 27%) can be obtained by exploiting the information on hourly traffic variation.
Rotationally asymmetrical geodesic lenses (1992)

This paper examines rotationally asymmetrical geodesic optical waveguide lenses and develops a ray-tracing method for the lenses. The effects of asymmetry on the optical properties are estimated by this method in the case of a symmetrical lens distorted in the optical axis direction. It is proved that focal length or field curvature can be modified by the asymmetry for the same depression depth. This is expected to increase design flexibility and simplify design specifications.
Bone Health and Bone-Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer: ASCO Endorsement of a Cancer Care Ontario Guideline (2020)

The ASCO Expert Panel endorses all the original guideline recommendations as written and offers a series of discussion points to guide practice for clinicians as they manage bone-related risks within this patient population.
Source Tracking Based on Core Genome SNV and CRISPR Typing of Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolates Involved in Foodborne Outbreaks in Québec, 2012 (2020)

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the method of choice for bacterial subtyping and it is rapidly replacing the more traditional methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Here we used the high-resolution core genome single nucleotide variant (cgSNV) typing method to characterize clinical and food from <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Heidelberg isolates in the context of source attribution. Additionally, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) analysis was included to further support this method. Our results revealed that cgSNV was highly discriminatory and separated the outbreak isolates into distinct clusters (0-4 SNVs). CRISPR analysis was also able to distinguish outbreak strains from epidemiologically unrelated isolates. Specifically, our data clearly demonstrated the strength of these two methods to determine the probable source(s) of a 2012 epidemiologically characterized outbreak of <i>S.</i> Heidelberg. Using molecular cut-off of 0-10 SNVs, the cgSNV analysis of 246 clinical and food isolates of <i>S.</i> Heidelberg collected in Québec, in the same year of the outbreak event, revealed that retail and abattoir chicken isolates likely represent an important source of human infection to <i>S</i>. Heidelberg. Interestingly, the isolates genetically related by cgSNV also harbored the same CRISPR as outbreak isolates and clusters. This indicates that CRISPR profiles can be useful as a complementary approach to determine source attribution in foodborne outbreaks. Use of the genomic analysis also allowed to identify a large number of cases that were missed by PFGE, indicating that most outbreaks are probably underestimated. Although epidemiological information must still support WGS-based results, cgSNV method is a highly discriminatory method for the resolution of outbreak events and the attribution of these events to their respective sources. CRISPR typing can serve as a complimentary tool to this analysis during source tracking.
An application of multivariate moment‐generating functions to the analysis of signal and noise propagation in radiographic screen–film systems (1990)

Previous studies [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 4A 895-901 (1987)] have shown the utility of multivariate moment-generating functions for analyzing the influence of stochastic amplifying and scattering mechanisms on the transfer of signal and noise through multistage imaging systems. Recently, these studies were extended to include cases in which the amplification or scattering parameters are themselves stochastic variables [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 6A, 1156-1164 (1989)]. In this paper we consider a special case in which amplification is followed by scattering such that the same random variable which characterizes the parameters of each amplification process also characterizes the parameters of the subsequent scattering of the amplified output events. In radiographic imaging, this can be used to describe the physics of the depth dependence of emission efficiency and light scatter in x-ray intensifying screens, which was originally treated by Lubberts [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1475-1483 (1968]). In this work Lubberts' original results are rederived in a more general form. They are then illustrated in terms of a diffusion model [Appl. Opt. 12, 1865-1870 (1973)] for light scatter within the intensifying screen.
Order–disorder transitions in Langmuir–Blodgett films. III. Polarized Raman studies of cadmium arachidate using integrated optical techniques (1987)

Polarized Raman measurements of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) multilayers of cadmium arachidate (CdA) have been obtained through the application of integrated optical techniques. Excitation of either the transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) mode of an asymmetric slab waveguide was alternately used to produce Raman scattering in the CdA multilayers deposited on its surface. Analysis of the 90° scattered light with a polarizer placed at two mutually perpendicular positions for both the TE and TM modes of the waveguide produced a set of four measurements which were used to determine the orientation and lateral order of the CdA monolayer components. The extent of order in the LB film was then investigated as a function of temperature and compared with that of bulk CdA. The temperature of the order–disorder transition was found to be similar in both cases and consistent with that found previously from infrared studies.
Real time monitoring of laser ablation for treatment of Barrett’s Esophagus by Optical Coherence Tomography (2004)

We present an integrated imaging/laser-ablation technique for treatment of Barrett’s Esophagus using Optical Coherence Tomography. The technique provides real time feedback during ablation on a micron scale and provides more accurate control of treatment volume.
Gastrointestinal bleeding (2011)

Variceal bleeding is one of the most fatal complications of portal hypertension and its mortality rate is much higher than that of other types of gastrointestinal bleeding. Combined endoscopic therapy with vasoactive agents and prophylactic antibiotics is the conventional treatment but recurrent bleeding still occurs in 10 % – 15 % of patients, leading to multiple endoscopies, multiple transfusions, and death. The use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) is known to be highly effective in controlling the bleeding by reducing portal pressure but it does lead almost inevitably to hepatic encephalopathy. Therefore, the conventional recommendation is to continue with pharmacotherapy combined with endoscopic treatment of bleeding varices and use TIPS only as rescue therapy. There is always a dilemma that TIPS prevents bleeding but results in comatose patients due to hepatic failure, and hence does not improve survival.