gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ti‐mask selective‐area growth of GaN nanorings by RF‐plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy (2009)

Abstract GaN nanorings with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were successfully fabricated on a GaN template by RF‐plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE) using a titanium (Ti) mask selective‐area growth (SAG) technique. We employed focused ion beam (FIB) milling to make patterns on the Ti‐mask (ring groove patterns). 3‐period InGaN/GaN MQWs integrated into the GaN nanorings exhibited a clear room‐temperature photoluminescence (RT‐PL) spectrum with a peak wavelength of 462 nm and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the RT‐PL spectrum was 145 meV. In addition, we fabricated GaN double nanorings and hexagonal nanorings with InGaN/GaN MQWs by controlling the amount of FIB etching, and the growth conditions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental study of the water-to-air stopping power ratio of monoenergetic carbon ion beams for particle therapy (2012)

Reference dosimetry with ionization chambers requires a number of chamber-specific and beam-specific calibration factors. For carbon ion beams, IAEA report TRS-398 yields a total uncertainty of 3% in the determination of the absorbed dose to water, for which the biggest contribution arises from the water-to-air stopping power ratio (s(w, air)), with an uncertainty of 2%. The variation of (s(w, air)) along the treatment field has been studied in several Monte Carlo works presented over the last few years. Their results were, in all cases, strongly dependent on the choice of mean ionization potentials (I-values) for air and water. A smaller dependence of (s(w, air)) with penetration depth was observed. Since a consensus on I(w, air) and I(air) has not yet been reached, the validity of such studies for clinical use cannot be assessed independently. Our approach is based on a direct experimental measurement of water-equivalent thicknesses of different air gaps at different beam energies. A theoretical expression describing the variation of the stopping power ratio with kinetic energy, s(w,air)(E), was derived from the Bethe-Bloch formula and fit to the measured data, yielding a coherent pair of I(w) and I(air) values with I(air)/I(w) = 1.157 ± 0.023. Additionally, the data from five different beam energies were combined in an average value of s(w,air) = 1.132 ± 0.003 (statistical) ± 0.003 (variation over energy range), valid for monoenergetic carbon ion beams at the plateau area of the depth dose distribution. A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed on the data, in order to assess the limitations of the method, yielding an overall standard uncertainty below 1% in s(w,air)(E). Therefore, when properly combined with the appropriate models for the fragment spectra, our experimental work can contribute to narrow the uncertainty margins currently in use in absorbed dose to water determination for dosimetry of carbon ion beam radiotherapy.
K-rasMutations and Prognosis in Large-Bowel Carcinomas (1997)

When present, the primary tumour shows homogeneous distribution of K-ras mutation, and the mutation follows the carcinoma in the secondary deposit, regardless of lymphogenous or hematogenous spread. The presence of K-ras mutation does not seem to have prognostic significance for the patient, and the precise nucleotide change is furthermore not predictive of tumour behaviour.
Performance comparison of AlGaAs, GaAs and InGaP tunnel junctions for concentrated multijunction solar cells (2010)

Abstract Four tunnel junction (TJ) designs for multijunction (MJ) solar cells under high concentration are studied to determine the peak tunnelling current and resistance change as a function of the doping concentration. These four TJ designs are: AlGaAs/AlGaAs, GaAs/GaAs, AlGaAs/InGaP and AlGaAs/GaAs. Time‐dependent and time‐average methods are used to experimentally characterize the entire current–voltage profile of TJ mesa structures. Experimentally calibrated numerical models are used to determine the minimum doping concentration required for each TJ design to operate within a MJ solar cell up to 2000‐suns concentration. The AlGaAs/GaAs TJ design is found to require the least doping concentration to reach a resistance of &lt;10 −4 Ω cm 2 followed by the GaAs/GaAs TJ and finally the AlGaAs/AlGaAs TJ. The AlGaAs/InGaP TJ is only able to obtain resistances of ≥5 × 10 −4 Ω cm 2 within the range of doping concentrations studied. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Surfactant assisted polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in supercritical carbon dioxide with a pilot scale batch reactor (2007)

Abstract Chain‐free radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ), at 50 °C and 121–133 bar, with tertiary ‐amyl‐per‐pivalate as a free radical initiator, using a 5‐L pilot scale batch reactor. Experiments were carried out both in the absence and in the presence of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) carboxylate surfactants. Stabilizers were employed under the free acid form and as sodium and calcium salts. An expanded fibrillated poly(TFE) was obtained in all experiments. In the case of surfactant‐free polymerizations, the product was mainly constituted by irregular shape macroparticles having size in the range 200–500 μm. Quite interestingly, when the free acid surfactant was used, a clear acceleration of the polymerization rate was observed and smaller polymer particles with more regular quasi‐spherical morphology were obtained. Melt fusion crystallinity of as‐polymerized poly(TFE) seemed not substantially affected by the presence of the stabilizers and was rather high (80–86%) suggesting that polymerization mainly occurs at polymer particle surface. All these elements suggest that FLUOROLINK® 7004H PFPE carboxylic acid decreases coagulation of primary polymer particles leading to an increase in polymer surface area. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 257–266, 2008
Let's Get the Embattled Spouses out of the Trenches (1953)

Lawyers are sometimes accused of being unable to see the woods for the trees. In my book there are at least a couple of other callings equally or more chargeable with this failing. But it is a common human failing, productive of many evils, just one of which is the too-frequent miscarriage of justice. So, instead of scrutinizing each individual tree, suppose we take a little look at the woods, with the prayerful hope that we may then be a little better able to decide which of the trees are useful, bear edible fruit, and are a friend to man, and which are merely obstacles to be bumped into.
Effect of Mutual Coupling on BER Performance of Alamouti Scheme (2006)

This work presents a study on the effect of mutual coupling on the performance of Alamouti scheme by studying the bit error rate (BER) performance under different propagation scenarios and for different coupling cases. We show that the presence of mutual coupling may have positive or negative impact on the achieved power gain depending on the correlation properties of the propagation environment in absence of the coupling effect and on the mutual coupling matrix
Development of deep ultraviolet optical maskless exposure tool for advanced lithography (2023)

Digital scanner (DS), a deep ultraviolet optical maskless exposure tool is being developed. DS uses a micromirror-type spatial light modulator to create the “mask” pattern combined with a solid-state laser with a wavelength of 193 or 248 nm. The exposure concept of DS and advantage of solid-state laser as an exposure light source is described. DS proof-of-concept tool with resolution of half-pitch 80 nm L/S was developed. The exposure results of maskless unique application, such as large area printing and chip ID printing for security purposes, are shown.
A study of thermal transitions in a new semicrystalline thermoplastic polyimide (1988)

A polyimide derive from 4,4'-isophthaloyl diphthalic anhydride (IDPA) and 1,3-bis (4-aminophenoxy 4'-benzoyl) benzene (1,3-BABB) having semicrystalline behavior was prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Thus a poly(amic acid) film cured in air for one hour each at 100 and 200 C displayed an endotherm at 286 C, followed by a crystallization exotherm at 317 C, and a second melting transition at 350 C. The 286 C melting point appeared to result from earlier solvent-induced crystallization. Films cast from DMAc, air dried, and soaked in methylene chloride could not be induced into semicrystallinity. The fully cured polyimide has a Tg of 216 C. Films heated to temperatures as high as 100 C for one hour in air were transparent and light yellow in color. Those films heated to or above 125 C were translucent. Polarized light microscopy revealed the presence of spherulites 608 micrometers in diameter in a sample cured to 275 C in air. Two film samples, one cured to 275 and the other to 325 C, were evaluated for tensile and ultimate strength, modulus, and percent elongation at 25 and 200 C. These values remained essentially constant at each test temperature.
New Satellite Propulsion System Has Mass Below 100 Grams (0.22 pounds). (2001)

There is an increased need for propulsive microsatellites to support a range of future specialized Air Force and NASA missions. In response to this need, the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Spacecraft Propulsion unit at Edwards AFB, CA, has developed the 100-gram Micro Pulsed Plasma Thruster (MicroPPT), a simple, miniaturized propulsion device designed for propulsive attitude control on present 100-kilogram small satellites, and for stationkeeping and primary propulsion on next-generation 25-kilogram-class microsatellites. The primary features of the MicroPPT are the use of a solid inert propellant (Teflon), expected high-Isp due to the use of electromagnetic acceleration, and a simple, lightweight design based largely on commercial, flight-qualified electronic components. For 100-kilogram-class small satellites a set of 4 MicroPPTs, each designed with 3 selectable thrust directions, can provide full spacecraft attitude control, yet require only 1/10th the mass of standard torque rods and reaction wheels. The MicroPPT was invented in 1997 and it is currently slated for flight as a micropropulsion demonstration aboard the AFRL TechSat21, scheduled for launch in 2004. The rapid advancement of the MicroPPT from invention to flight manifestation is indicative of the inherent simplicity of the device, and of the importance AFRL is placing on the development of microsatellite enabling technologies. This paper describes the design and functioning of the MicroPPT, including its propellant assembly, electronic firing mechanism, self-consuming satellite design, and cable guns. Laboratory testing, modeling, and analysis have led to MicroPPT assembly designs that demonstrate long lifetimes without char formation. MicroPPT lifetime is now limited only by the amount of available propellant and has demonstrated over 1 million discharges without failure. (4 figures, 8 refs.)
Imaging Systems and Techniques (2011)

Following the success of previous IEEE International Workshops on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST) in Italy, Canada, Poland and Greece, the 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Imaging Systems and Techniques (IST'2009) was held in Shenzhen, China, in collaboration with the Graduate School in Shenzhen of Tsinghua University. IST?2009 dealt with the design, development, evaluation and applications of imaging systems, instrumentation, and measuring techniques, aimed at enhancing the detection and image quality. It covered applications in aerospace, medicine, biology, molecular imaging, metrology, ladars, radars, and homeland security.
Data from Effective Clinical Responses in Metastatic Melanoma Patients after Vaccination with Primary Myeloid Dendritic Cells (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Thus far, dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy of cancer was primarily based on &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;–generated monocyte-derived DCs, which require extensive &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; manipulation. Here, we report on a clinical study exploiting primary CD1c&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; myeloid DCs, naturally circulating in the blood.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Fourteen stage IV melanoma patients, without previous systemic treatment for metastatic disease, received autologous CD1c&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; myeloid DCs, activated by only brief (16 hours) &lt;i&gt;ex vivo&lt;/i&gt; culture and loaded with tumor-associated antigens of tyrosinase and gp100.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Our results show that therapeutic vaccination against melanoma with small amounts (3–10 × 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;) of myeloid DCs is feasible and without substantial toxicity. Four of 14 patients showed long-term progression-free survival (12–35 months), which directly correlated with the development of multifunctional CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T-cell responses in three of these patients. In particular, high CD107a expression, indicative for cytolytic activity, and IFNγ as well as TNFα and CCL4 production was observed. Apparently, these T-cell responses are essential to induce tumor regression and promote long-term survival by stalling tumor growth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; We show that vaccination of metastatic melanoma patients with primary myeloid DCs is feasible and safe and results in induction of effective antitumor immune responses that coincide with improved progression-free survival. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2155–66. ©2015 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Electrochemical and Ex Situ X-Ray Study of Li(Li[sub 0.2]Ni[sub 0.2]Mn[sub 0.6])O[sub 2] Cathode Material for Li Secondary Batteries (2003)

Electrochemical properties of synthesized by a sol-gel method, were studied by galvanostatic cycling. When the cell was cycled at 2.0-4.6 V, the material showed a long, irreversible plateau at 4.5-4.6 V and exhibited very high initial charge capacity of 240 mAh/g, which is much larger than a theoretical value for the reaction of (126 mAh/g). Discharge capacity of the material gradually increased from 155 at the first cycle to 205 mAh/g at the tenth cycle and was stabilized afterward. From the ex situ X-ray study, we found that Li ions in the transition metal layer were irreversibly extracted during charging at a voltage higher than 4.5 V; the diffraction peaks corresponding to Li in the transition metal layer were hardly observed in the cathode material after extended cycling. The cell that was cycled at 2.0-4.3 V showed stable but very small capacity (69 mAh/g) and Li in the transition metal layer remained almost intact. When the cell was initially charged to 4.6 V and then cycled at 2.0-4.3 V, the cathode material showed higher capacity (114 mAh/g) than the one cycled at 2.0-4.3 V. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Mammalian gastrointestinal tract parameters modulating the integrity, surface properties, and absorption of food‐relevant nanomaterials (2015)

Many natural chemicals in food are in the nanometer size range, and the selective uptake of nutrients with nanoscale dimensions by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a normal physiological process. Novel engineered nanomaterials (NMs) can bring various benefits to food, e.g., enhancing nutrition. Assessing potential risks requires an understanding of the stability of these entities in the GI lumen, and an understanding of whether or not they can be absorbed and thus become systemically available. Data are emerging on the mammalian in vivo absorption of engineered NMs composed of chemicals with a range of properties, including metal, mineral, biochemical macromolecules, and lipid-based entities. In vitro and in silico fluid incubation data has also provided some evidence of changes in particle stability, aggregation, and surface properties following interaction with luminal factors present in the GI tract. The variables include physical forces, osmotic concentration, pH, digestive enzymes, other food, and endogenous biochemicals, and commensal microbes. Further research is required to fill remaining data gaps on the effects of these parameters on NM integrity, physicochemical properties, and GI absorption. Knowledge of the most influential luminal parameters will be essential when developing models of the GI tract to quantify the percent absorption of food-relevant engineered NMs for risk assessment.
High-speed Energy-efficient Silicon-polymer Hybrid Integrated Slot Photonic Crystal Waveguide Modulator (2015)

We present a high-performance silicon-polymer hybrid integrated slot photonic crystal waveguide modulator. A record-high effective in-device r33 of 1230pm/V, Vπ×L of 0.282V×mm, 3-dB bandwidth of 15GHz, and energy consumption of 94.4fJ/bit are experimentally demonstrated.
Okadaic acid-mediated induction of the c-fos gene in estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma cells utilized, in part, posttranscriptional mechanisms involving adenosine-uridine-rich elements. (2000)

Signal transduction via modulation of phosphorylation after selective inhibition of protein phosphatase (PP) 1 and/or PP2A appears to play a role in okadaic acid (OA)-mediated effects. Treatment of several estrogen receptor-negative human breast carcinoma (HBC) cells with 100 nM OA resulted in induction of c-fos, c-myc, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 genes. Transfections of various luciferase reporter constructs in HBC cells revealed involvement of activator protein-1-dependent as well as -independent pathways in induction of the c-fos gene by OA. MDA-MB-468 HBC cells were stably transfected with plasmids expressing luciferase, chimeric luciferase- c-fos 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), or chimeric luciferase-p21WAF1/CIP 3'UTR mRNAs. Expression of chimeric luciferase-c-fos and luciferase-p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNAs was elevated by OA in several independent sublines. Actinomycin D chase experiments revealed an enhanced rate of decay of luciferase-c-fos mRNA, whereas treatment with OA caused approximately 3.5-fold enhanced stability of the chimeric luciferase-c-fos mRNA only. By transfecting different plasmids containing deletions of c-fos 3'UTR, OA-responsive sequences were mapped to an 86-nucleotide, AU-rich region. UV cross-linking experiments using HBC cell cytosolic proteins showed multiple complexes with the AU-rich region subfragments of c-fos, as well as c-myc and p21WAF1/CIP1 mRNAs. OA enhanced binding of a novel Mr approximately 75,000 protein present in the cytosolic extracts of HBC cells to the AU-rich RNA probes of all of the above three genes. Taken together, OA regulation of HBC cell gene expression involves the activator protein-1 pathway, as well as enhanced binding of a novel Mr approximately 75,000 protein to an AU-rich region of the 3'UTRs of the target genes.
Graded ferroelectrics: A new class of steady-state thermal/electrical/mechanical energy interchange devices (1999)

Abstract The diffuse-phase-transition class of ferroelectric materials allows the fabrication of films graded in composition: the consequence of which is an attendant gradient in electric dipole moment density. Alternating electric-field excitation of these graded structures reveal an asymmetrical hysteresis characteristic, together with a static displacement of the hysteresis trace. This displacement bias is observed to be a function of excitation level and temperature, which leads to a giant effective pyroelectric coefficient. Said displacement, for example, provides a continuous open-circuit voltage, or short-circuit current, provided that the structure is held in an isothermal condition. All other combinations of heat, electrical and strain energies suggest a whole new class of devices, and invite ingenious concepts and/or contributions. Graded ferroelectrics, which operate on principles of asymmetrical bound-charge, are broadly the dielectric analogue of conductive asymmetrical free-charge devices. For example, metallic abrupt junctions (i.e., thermocouples), and semiconductor pn junctions, both operate on free-charge, to provide nonlinear or unidirectional behavior. The graded ferroelectrics, as for the thermocouple, can deliver a steady-state electrical energy in response to thermal or strain energy, whereas semiconductors generally lose any static response because of neutralization of the Fermi voltage by free-charge. Discovery of the “effect”, first in potassium tantalate niobate (KTN), and subsequent studies of the barium strontium titanate (BST) series is presented. The method of achieving graded ferroelectrics is described, and the electrical/thermal characterization thereof is included. Finally, some theoretical explanations of the “effect” are offered.
Multimodal Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease Severity Level Based on Resting-State EEG and Structural MRI (2021)

While several biomarkers have been developed for the detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD), not many are available for the prediction of disease severity, particularly for patients in the mild stages of AD. In this paper, we explore the multimodal prediction of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores using resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Analyses were carried out on a dataset comprised of EEG and MRI data collected from 89 patients diagnosed with minimal-mild AD. Three feature selection algorithms were assessed alongside four machine learning algorithms. Results showed that while MRI features alone outperformed EEG features, when both modalities were combined, improved results were achieved. The top-selected EEG features conveyed information about amplitude modulation rate-of-change, whereas top-MRI features comprised information about cortical area and white matter volume. Overall, a root mean square error between predicted MMSE values and true MMSE scores of 1.682 was achieved with a multimodal system and a random forest regression model.
Selected programs at the new SURF III electron storage ring (2000)

The conversion of the electron storage ring at NIST (the National Institute of Standards and Technology) to SURF III (the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility) has resulted in a significant improvement to the azimuthal uniformity of the magnetic field as well as the capability for operating at higher beam energies. Measurements of magnetic field strength revealed azimuthal uniformity of better than ±0.05% at field strengths equivalent to operating energies of 52 MeV to 417 MeV. Initial operation is restricted to energies up to 331 MeV due to temporary limitations in the rf transmission system. Even at 331 MeV there is already a significant extension of the usable short wavelength range of the synchrotron radiation as compared to the range available at the 284 MeV operating energy of SURF II. These and other improvements have a major impact on SURF programs including: the Nanodetector, a conversion microscope which is a prototype real-time imaging system for EUV (extreme ultraviolet) lithography; the Spectrometer Calibration Beamline, used for high-accuracy absolute calibration of spectrometers; and the National EUV Reflectometry Facility, used to measure optical constants of thin-film multilayer optics.
The individual RDH index: a novel vector index for statistical assessment of antihypertensive treatment reduction, duration, and homogeneity (2006)

We propose a new vector index for the statistical assessment of antihypertensive treatment duration and homogeneity from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. We termed this approach for evaluating and comparing blood pressure coverage offered by antihypertensive drugs over 24 h as the reduction-duration-homogeneity index. The reduction-duration-homogeneity index is a three-component vector index that incorporates information about the reduction, duration, and homogeneity of antihypertensive treatment, as well as their statistical significance. The advantages of the reduction-duration-homogeneity index are demonstrated by several comparative examples.