gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Dexela 2923 CMOS X-ray detector: A flat panel detector based on CMOS active pixel sensors for medical imaging applications (2012)

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) active pixel sensors (APS) have been introduced recently in many scientific applications. This work reports on the performance (in terms of signal and noise transfer) of an X-ray detector that uses a novel CMOS APS which was developed for medical X-ray imaging applications. For a full evaluation of the detector's performance, electro-optical and X-ray characterizations were carried out. The former included measuring read noise, full well capacity and dynamic range. The latter, which included measuring X-ray sensitivity, presampling modulation transfer function (pMTF), noise power spectrum (NPS) and the resulting detective quantum efficiency (DQE), was assessed under three beam qualities (28 kV, 50 kV (RQA3) and 70 kV (RQA5) using W/Al) all in accordance with the IEC standard. The detector features an in-pixel option for switching the full well capacity between two distinct modes, high full well (HFW) and low full well (LFW). Two structured CsI:Tl scintillators of different thickness (a “thin” one for high resolution and a thicker one for high light efficiency) were optically coupled to the sensor array to optimize the performance of the system for different medical applications. The electro-optical performance evaluation of the sensor results in relatively high read noise (∼360 e−), high full well capacity (∼1.5×106 e−) and wide dynamic range (∼73 dB) under HFW mode operation. When the LFW mode is used, the read noise is lower (∼165) at the expense of a reduced full well capacity (∼0.5×106 e−) and dynamic range (∼69 dB). The maximum DQE values at low frequencies (i.e. 0.5 lp/mm) are high for both HFW (0.69 for 28 kV, 0.71 for 50 kV and 0.75 for 70 kV) and LFW (0.69 for 28 kV and 0.7 for 50 kV) modes. The X-ray performance of the studied detector compares well to that of other mammography and general radiography systems, obtained under similar experimental conditions. This demonstrates the suitability of the detector for both mammography and general radiography, with the use of appropriate scintillators. The high DQE values obtained under low mammographic exposures (up to 0.65 for 22.3 μGy) matches the demand for high detectability in imaging of the dense breast.
Organically Modified Silica Nanoparticles with Intraparticle Heavy-Atom Effect on the Encapsulated Photosensitizer for Enhanced Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy (2009)

We report a novel nanoassembly formulation for photodynamic therapy, which is composed of covalently iodine-concentrated organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles (diameter <30 nm) and a hydrophobic photosensitizer embedded therein. Comparative studies with iodinated and non-iodinated nanoparticles have demonstrated that the intraparticle external heavy-atom effect on the encapsulated photosensitizer molecules significantly enhances the efficiency of <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub> generation, and thereby, the in vitro PDT efficacy.
NMR and Mass Spectroscopy Based Comparison of Blood Metabolites from Dantrolene and SR59230A Treated Arctic Ground Squirrels (2020)

Arctic ground squirrels (AGS) hibernate during winter, undergoing cycles of torpor, where body temperatures plummet as low as −3°C followed by rapid rewarming to 37°C during interbout arousals (IBA). While IBAs only occur in certain species that experience torpor, they offer a unique model into which one can observe the specific mechanisms responsible for thermogenesis. Rapid rewarming at IBA onset increases AGS body temperature above 15°C through the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Above 15°C, shivering thermogenesis is able to contribute to warming back up to original body temperature. However, the relative contributions of these two thermogenic processes during IBA is not well understood. AGS were treated across periods of coupled torpor cycles, whereby during the second cycle AGS were treated with either carrier (control) or a selected inhibitor. BAT inhibition using SR59230A, a β3‐adrenergic receptor inhibitor, would be expected to strain the rapid heat production. Shivering thermogenesis utilizes calcium cycling and the Ryanodine receptor in skeletal muscles; the use of dantrolene reduces the thermogenic mechanism needed to reach 37°, effectively inhibiting the Ryanodine receptor in muscle. Relative concentrations of blood plasma metabolites were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to compare whole and polar extracted plasma. The NMR method was compared against full metabolomic analysis performed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC MS‐MS). NMR analysis resulted in higher peak resolution quality and increased metabolite identification in polar and lipid extraction samples compared to whole samples, whereas LC MS‐MS provided a greater abundance of metabolites. Overall, total metabolites were significantly reduced during hibernation. Dantrolene treated AGS had alterations in metabolites indicative of increased energy demand. Furthermore, SR treatment resulted in profiles describing decreased beta‐oxidation and generally lower total metabolites compared to Dantrolene. These trends indicate that changes in calcium cycling and BAT stimulation during hibernation can have profound effects on the animals ability to efficiently balance energy usage. Support or Funding Information Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103395. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the NIH. BLaST is supported by the NIH with the linked awards; TL4GM118992, RL5GM118990, UL1GM118991.
Analysis of Topiramate and Its Metabolites in Plasma and Urine of Healthy Subjects and Patients With Epilepsy by Use of a Novel Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Assay (2003)

A novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and validated for quantification of topiramate (TPM) and its metabolites 10-hydroxy topiramate (10-OH-TPM), 9-hydroxy topiramate (9-OH-TPM), and 4,5-O-desisopropylidene topiramate (4,5-diol-TPM) in plasma and urine. The method uses 0.5 mL of plasma or 1 mL of urine that is extracted with diethyl ether and analyzed by LC-MS. Positive ion mode detection enables tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) identification of the aforementioned four compounds. Calibration curves of TPM, 4,5-diol-TPM, 9-OH-TPM, and 10-OH-TPM in plasma and urine were prepared and validated over the concentration range of 0.625 to 40 microg/mL using TPM-d(12) as an internal standard. Calibration curves were linear over this concentration range for TPM and its metabolites. Accuracy and precision ranged in urine from 83% to 114% and 4% to 13% (%CV), respectively, and in plasma from 82% to 108% and 6% to 13%, respectively. The applicability of the assay was evaluated by analyzing plasma samples from a healthy subject who received a single oral dose of TPM (200 mg) and urine samples from 11 patients with epilepsy treated with TPM (daily dose between 100 to 600 mg) alone or with other antiepileptic drugs. Only TPM was detected and quantified in the plasma samples, and its concentration ranged between 0.7 and 4.3 microg/mL. The concentrations of TPM and 10-OH TPM were quantifiable in all urine samples and ranged from 20 to 300 microg/mL for TPM and from 1 to 50 microg/mL for 10-OH-TPM. The metabolites 4,5-diol-TPM and 9-OH-TPM were also detected in all urine samples, but their concentrations were quantifiable only in 4 patients. An unidentified peak in the chromatograms obtained from patients' urine was attributed to 2,3-O-desisopropylidene topiramate (2,3-diol-TPM). Due to a lack of reference material of 2,3-diol TPM and the similar MS/MS spectrum with 4,5-diol-TPM, the calibration curves of 4,5-diol-TPM were used for the quantification of its isomer 2,3-diol-TPM. Based on these determinations, the apparent 2,3-diol-TPM-to-TPM concentration ratio in patients' urine ranged from 0.05 to 0.51 and the 10-OH-TPM-to-TPM ratio ranged from 0.02 to 0.17. In conclusion, a novel LC-MS method for the assay of TPM and four of its metabolites in plasma and urine was developed. Its utilization for analysis of urine samples from patients with epilepsy showed that the method was suitable for analysis of TPM and its metabolites in clinical samples. Two quantitatively significant TPM metabolites (10-OH-TPM and 2,3-diol-TPM) and two quantitatively minor metabolites (9-OH-TPM and 4,5-diol-TPM) were detected and quantified in urine samples from patients with epilepsy.
Single-Cell Transfection by Electroporation Using an Electrolyte/Plasmid-Filled Capillary (2009)

Single-cell transfection of adherent cells has been accomplished using single-cell electroporation (SCEP) with a pulled capillary. HEPES-buffered physiological saline solution containing pEGFP plasmid at a low concentration (0.16 approximately 0.78 microg/microL) filled a 15 cm long capillary with a tip opening of 2 microm. The electric field is applied to individual cells by bringing the tip close to the cell and subsequently applying one or two brief electric pulses. Many individual cells can thus be transfected with a small volume of plasmid-containing solution (approximately 1 microL). The extent of electroporation is determined by measuring the percentage loss of freely diffusing thiols (chiefly reduced glutathione) that have been derivatized with the fluorogenic ThioGlo 1. A mass transport model is used to fit the time-dependent fluorescence intensity decay in the target cells. The fits, which are excellent, yield the electroporation-induced fluorescence loss at steady state and the mass transfer rate through the electroporated cell membrane. Steady-state fluorescence loss ranged approximately from 0 to about 80% (based on the fluorescence intensity before electroporation). For the cells having a loss of thiol-ThioGlo 1 fluorescence intensity greater than 10% and mass transfer rate greater than 0.03 s(-1), EGFP fluorescence is observed after 24 h. The EGFP fluorescence is increased at 48 h. With a loss smaller than 10% and a mass transfer rate smaller than 0.03 s(-1), no EGFP fluorescence is detected. Thus, transfection success is closely related to the small molecule mass transport dynamics as indicated by the loss of fluorescence from thiol-ThioGlo 1 conjugates. The EGFP expression is weaker than bulk lipid-mediated transfection, as indicated by the EGFP fluorescence intensities. However, the success with the single-cell approach is considerably greater than lipid-mediated transfection.
Surface Charge and Cellular Processing of Covalently Functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Determine Pulmonary Toxicity (2013)

Functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) are being produced in increased volume because of the ease of dispersion and maintenance of the pristine material physicochemical properties when used in composite materials as well as for other commercial applications. However, the potential adverse effects of f-CNTs have not been quantitatively or systematically explored. In this study, we used a library of covalently functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs), established from the same starting material, to assess the impact of surface charge in a predictive toxicological model that relates the tubes' pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic effects at cellular level to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Carboxylate (COOH), polyethylene glycol (PEG), amine (NH2), sidewall amine (sw-NH2), and polyetherimide (PEI)-modified MWCNTs were successfully established from raw or as-prepared (AP-) MWCNTs and comprehensively characterized by TEM, XPS, FTIR, and DLS to obtain information about morphology, length, degree of functionalization, hydrodynamic size, and surface charge. Cellular screening in BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells showed that, compared to AP-MWCNTs, anionic functionalization (COOH and PEG) decreased the production of pro-fibrogenic cytokines and growth factors (including IL-1β, TGF-β1, and PDGF-AA), while neutral and weak cationic functionalization (NH2 and sw-NH2) showed intermediary effects. In contrast, the strongly cationic PEI-functionalized tubes induced robust biological effects. These differences could be attributed to differences in cellular uptake and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which depends on the propensity toward lysosomal damage and cathepsin B release in macrophages. Moreover, the in vitro hazard ranking was validated by the pro-fibrogenic potential of the tubes in vivo. Compared to pristine MWCNTs, strong cationic PEI-MWCNTs induced significant lung fibrosis, while carboxylation significantly decreased the extent of pulmonary fibrosis. These results demonstrate that surface charge plays an important role in the structure-activity relationships that determine the pro-fibrogenic potential of f-CNTs in the lung.
Human iPSC-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells Support Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection In Vitro (2015)

Malaria eradication is a major goal in public health but is challenged by relapsing malaria species, expanding drug resistance, and the influence of host genetics on antimalarial drug efficacy. To overcome these hurdles, it is imperative to establish in vitro assays of liver-stage malaria for drug testing. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) potentially allow the assessment of donor-specific drug responses, and iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) can facilitate the study of host genetics on host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of novel targets for antimalarial drug development. We establish in vitro liver-stage malaria infections in iHLCs using P. berghei, P. yoelii, P. falciparum, and P. vivax and show that differentiating cells acquire permissiveness to malaria infection at the hepatoblast stage. We also characterize antimalarial drug metabolism capabilities of iHLCs using prototypical antimalarial drugs and demonstrate that chemical maturation of iHLCs can improve their potential for antimalarial drug testing applications.
Le retour de la normalisation hygiéniste (2008)

Cet article est destiné à La Science au Présent, Editions de l'Encyclopaedia universalis, Paris.
Low-threshold current AlGaAs/GaAs-distributed feedback laser grown by two-step molecular beam epitaxy (1986)

AlGaAs/GaAs-distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with oxide-stripe structure were fabricated by a two-step molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth for the first time. The large coupling coefficient of 90 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and the threshold current as low as 165 mA at room temperature were obtained with the second-order gratings. The characteristic temperature T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> was as high as 210 K. Single longitudinal-mode oscillation was observed up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I/I_{th} = 1.5</tex> and from 0 to 50°C without any mode hopping. The wavelength variation from device to device was ±5 Å. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on the device structure was calculated, and it was shown that MBE is much more advantageous than LPE to enhance the coupling coefficient.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser‐Induced Fluorescence, Far‐Infrared Spectroscopy, and Luminescence Quenching of Europium Zeolite Y: Site‐Selective Probes of Extraframework Cations. (1988)

Abstract The FIR and laser induced fluorescence spectra of ion‐exchanged, dehydrated europium zeolite Y indicate that Eu 3+ is located at three major sites.
Search for resonances in the mass spectrum of muon pairs produced in association with b quark jets in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=8 $ and 13 TeV (2018)

A search for resonances in the mass range 12–70 GeV produced in association with a b quark jet and a second jet, and decaying to a muon pair, is reported. The analysis is based on data from proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 8 and 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponding to integrated luminosities of 19.7 and 35.9 fb−1, respectively. The search is carried out in two mutually exclusive event categories. Events in the first category are required to have a b quark jet in the central region (|η| ≤ 2.4) and at least one jet in the forward region (|η| &gt; 2.4). Events in the second category are required to have two jets in the central region, at least one of which is identified as a b quark jet, no jets in the forward region, and low missing transverse momentum. An excess of events above the background near a dimuon mass of 28 GeV is observed in the 8 TeV data, corresponding to local significances of 4.2 and 2.9 standard deviations for the first and second event categories, respectively. A similar analysis conducted with the 13 TeV data results in a mild excess over the background in the first event category corresponding to a local significance of 2.0 standard deviations, while the second category results in a 1.4 standard deviation deficit. The fiducial cross section measurements and 95% confidence level upper limits on those for a resonance consistent with the 8 TeV excess are provided at both collision energies.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Hydrates of Simple Inorganic Salts. Part 1. Water‐Rich Magnesium Halide Hydrates MgCl2·8H2O, MgCl2·12H2O, MgBr2·6H2O, MgBr2·9H2O, MgI2·8H2O and MgI2·9H2O. (2014)

Abstract Crystals of MgCl 2 ·8H 2 O (I), MgCl 2 ·12H 2 O (II), MgBr 2 ·6H 2 O (III), MgBr 2 ·9H 2 O (IV), MgI 2 ·8H 2 O (V), and MgI 2 ·9H 2 O (VI) are grown from their aqueous solutions at below 298 K according to their solid‐liquid phase diagrams.
114 A Highly Sensitive and Specific Universal Mirna Profiling Method (2012)

BACKGROUND: miRNAs can be used as robust biomarkers for diagnosis, staging, prognosis and the response to therapy in various diseases. Although a wide spectrum of miRNA detection techniques have been developed, none can accurately and sensitively perform genome-wide high-throughput miRNA profiling (Chen C, Ridzon DA, Broomer AJ, Zhou Z, Lee DH, Nguyen JT, Barbisin M, Xu NL, et al 2005. Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 33:e179). This problem stems from that miRNAs are only ∼22 bases, and multiple species of nucleic acids that contain the mature miRNA sequences are present in the total RNA samples that are usually used for miRNA detection. METHODS: A novel RT-qPCR miRNA assay (UQmiR, universally quantitating miRNA) was developed to overcome the difficulty. This assay requires only one RT reaction and one universal set of multiple hydrolysis probes to detect all miRNAs, using one universal RT primer, a common reverse primer, and individual miRNA-specific forward primers. A computer program (MSPPD, miRNA-specific primer and probe designer) was developed for the assay. RESULTS: The UQmiR has the advantages, but not the disadvantages, of the 2 mostly used miRNA assays. It has the specificity of hydrolysis probe assay and the universal detection of SYBR Green assay. This assay is more sensitive and specific than the commercially available hydrolysis probe assay and SYBR Green assay. Using this method, we have successfully detected 91 out of 96 miRNAs in 0.8 mL of plasma for each miRNA. CONCLUSIONS: This approach affords a highly specific, sensitive, economical and convenient system to profile the expression of all known miRNAs.
Liquid‐crystalline polymers containing heterocycloalkanediyl groups as mesogens, 6. Liquid‐crystalline poly[trans‐11‐{4‐[5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐yl]‐2,6‐dimethylphenoxy}undecyl methacrylate] and poly[trans‐11‐{4‐[5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐yl]‐2,6‐dimethylphenoxy}undecyl acrylate] (1988)

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of poly[ trans ‐11‐{4‐[5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐yl]‐2,6‐dimethylphenoxy}undecyl methacrylate] and poly[ trans ‐11‐{4‐[5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐yl]‐2,6‐dimethylphenoxy}undecyl acrylate] is presented. Both polymers exhibit nematic mesophases and do not present side‐chain crystallization. At temperatures higher than 160°C the 1,3‐dioxane‐2,5‐diyl groups undergo a thermally induced trans ‐ cis isomerization. A radical mechanism is proposed for this isomerization.
Basis selection in the presence of noise (2002)

We consider procedures to enhance the reliability of basis selection procedures with particular attention being given to methods based on minimizing diversity measures. To deal with noise in the data, basis selection procedures based on a Bayesian framework are considered. An algorithm based on the MAP estimation procedure is developed which leads to a regularized version of the FOCUSS algorithm. Another approach considered is to select basis vectors over multiple measurement vectors thereby achieving an averaging effect and enhancing the reliability. New diversity measures are presented for this purpose, and algorithms are derived for minimizing them.
Nuclear Medicine and Artificial Intelligence: Best Practices for Algorithm Development (2021)

The nuclear medicine field has seen a rapid expansion of academic and commercial interest in developing artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. Users and developers can avoid some of the pitfalls of AI by recognizing and following best practices in AI algorithm development. In this article, recommendations on technical best practices for developing AI algorithms in nuclear medicine are provided, beginning with general recommendations and then continuing with descriptions of how one might practice these principles for specific topics within nuclear medicine. This report was produced by the AI Task Force of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.
Core structure and properties of partial dislocations in silicon carbide p-i-n diodes (2003)

The electroluminescence, mobility, and core nature of partial dislocations bounding stacking faults in 4H silicon carbide p-i-n diodes were investigated using optical emission microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The stacking faults developed and expanded in the blocking layer during high current forward biasing. Their bounding partial dislocations showed two distinct characteristics. Bright luminescent segments were mobile while dark invisible ones were stationary during biasing. TEM analysis of their Burgers vectors indicated that the mobile segments were silicon-core 30° partial dislocations while the immobile segments were carbon-core 30° ones.
The Longevity Gender Gap: Are Telomeres the Explanation? (2005)

In this Perspective, we focus on the greater longevity of women as compared with men. We propose that, like aging itself, the longevity gender gap is exceedingly complex and argue that it may arise from sex-related hormonal differences and from somatic cell selection that favors cells more resistant to the ravages of time. We discuss the interplay of these factors with telomere biology and oxidative stress and suggest that an explanation for the longevity gender gap may arise from a better understanding of the differences in telomere dynamics between men and women.
Bladder Botulinum Toxin (2009)

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is well–known for its ability to modulate neurotransmission and treat muscular hypercontractility. In addition, recent studies also suggest that BoNT affects the modulation of sensory function and inflammation. We hereby review the mechanism by which it modulates overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis.