gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal Energy Extraction During Dynamic Jet Stream Soaring (2010)

Dynamic soaring, a technique in which horizontal wind that varies in strength or direction is used to support flight, could potentially support perpetual flight of a high performance glider in the jet stream. However, the aircraft's control systems would still require electric power. This could be extracted for example using specially designed ram air turbines (RAT). The present paper focuses on developing flight trajectories that extract the maximum amount of power for a RAT equipped glider during dynamic soaring in high altitude jet streams. The physics are worked out, a numerical scheme developed, and preliminary results presented. Introduction Lord Rayleigh [1883] is usually accredited for first suggesting that soaring can be done in a horizontal but non-uniform wind field. Seabirds like albatrosses are known to travel hundreds of kilometers in a single day utilizing dynamic soaring (e.g., Cone [1964]). Save for an anecdote of a flight in Australia in 1974, attempts for sustained dynamic soaring of manned gliders appear to not have been fully successful as of yet. However, radio controlled hobby aircraft routinely dynamically soar in the steep wind gradients on the leeward side of mountain ridges and often reach speeds over 600 km/h. A number of papers have been devoted to optimizing flight trajectories of dynamically soaring aircraft, flying either in near-ground wind gradients or in wind gradients associated with high altitude jet streams; e.g. Boslough [2002], Zhao [2004], Sachs [2006], Gordon [2006]. In  Corresponding author, e-mail jog5@Lehigh.edu, tel. +1-610-758 4129. 2 (12) order to sustain flight over long periods of time, such as weeks, months or years, onboard systems including controls, navigation, transponders, etc, would need to be supplied with power. Power could be generated for example from solar cells or ram air turbines. The focus of the present paper is on the latter. Actuator Disk Theory Estimate of Ram Air Turbine Performance Classical actuator disk theory is often used for estimating performance of wind turbines and propellers. The theory can be used also for estimating power generation and drag additions of a ram air turbine (RAT). At present only the results are presented:                                                 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 , 2 1 , 4 V V c c A V D V V V V V V c c A V P
Exceptional points and symmetry recovery in a two-state system (2017)

We consider a two-state system consisting of a pair of coupled ferromagnetic waveguides. A monotonically increasing bias magnetic field can dynamically manipulate the system to enter a $\mathcal{PT}$ -symmetry-broken phase and then reenter a symmetric phase. The symmetry recovery is enabled by the presence of accidental degeneracy points when the system has no loss and each degeneracy point can spawn a pair of exceptional points when asymmetric loss is introduced. We performed microwave experiments to demonstrate the presence of the exceptional point and symmetry recovery.
Endogenous Cardioprotective Agents: Role in Pre and Postconditioning (2015)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death, chronic illness and disability in Western countries. The most common cause of CVD derives from the harmful effects of acute myocardial ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury. Cardioprotection against acute ischemia/ reperfusion injury is made possible by the "conditioning protocols." Conditioning is obtained by applying a few periods of brief ischemia and reperfusion in the event of prolonged (index) ischemia that may cause myocardial infarction. Whilst the conditioning stimulus is applied before the index ischemia in ischemic pre-conditioning, it is applied after the event in post-conditioning. Pre and post- conditioning stimuli can be applied in a different/remote organ (remote pre- and post-conditioning); in this case conditioning stimulus can also be applied during the index event, in the so called remote per-conditioning. All these endogenous cardioprotective strategies recruit endogenous cytoprotective agents and factors that elicit specific cardioprotective pathways. Here, we discuss many of these cardioprotective factors compared to literature and highlight their main characteristics and mechanisms of action. Enphasis is given to endogenous cardioprotective agents acting or not on surface receptors, including chromogranin A derivatives, ghrelin-associated peptides, growth factors and cytokines, and to microvesicles and exosomes. Moreover the cardioprotective effects of gasotransmitters nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide are reviewed. The possible clinical translation of these knowledge for future successful therapies is briefly and critically discussed.
Effect of Phorbol Esters on Cytosolic Ca2+ Level, Myosin Phosphorylation and Muscle Tension in High K+-Stimulated Bovine Tracheal Smooth Muscle (1997)

To determine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in bovine tracheal smooth muscle contractility, we examined the effects of phorbol esters on cytosolic Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i), myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and contractile force in intact muscle and contraction in a permeabilized preparation. In intact muscle, 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate (DPB, 1 μM) increased the force without changing [Ca2+]i. High K+ (72.7 mM) induced sustained contraction with sustained increase in [Ca2+]i. In the muscle stimulated by high K+, 50 nM DPB increased the contractile force without changing [Ca2+]i, and 1 μM DPB increased the contractile force with decreasing [Ca2+]i. Thus DPB shifted the [Ca2+]i/force relationship for high K+ to the lower [Ca2+], in a concentration-dependent manner. In permeabilized muscle, DPB did not induce contraction in the absence of Ca2+ (≪0 nM), but shifted the Ca2+/force relationship to the lower Ca2+ levels. In the muscle stimulated with high K+, DPB (50 nM and 1 μM) increased MLC phosphorylation and force without changing the MLC phosphorylation/force relationship. DPB (1 μM) increased PKC activity estimated by the translocation from the cytoplasm to the membrane. These results suggest that DPB increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of MLC phosphorylation via the activation of PKC. Furthermore, DPB at higher concentration has an inhibitory effect on stimulated [Ca2+]i.
Polarization noise suppression in retracing optical fiber circuits (1991)

A novel scheme is proposed in which the presence of a Faraday rotator in a retracing fiber-optic circuit allows the complete, passive, and universal compensation of any birefringence (reciprocal) change occurring in the fiber. The action of the scheme was experimentally tested by inducing thermal and mechanical perturbations on a fiber coil. The results confirm the theoretical expectations and compensating for unwanted birefringence effects.
Combinatorial Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graded TiO2–VO2 Mixed-Phase Composites and Their Dual Functional Property as Self-Cleaning and Photochromic Window Coatings (2013)

A combinatorial film with a phase gradient from V:TiO₂ (V: Ti ≥ 0.08), through a range of TiO₂-VO₂ composites, to a vanadium-rich composite (V: Ti = 1.81) was grown by combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (cAPCVD). The film was grown from the reaction of TiCl₄, VCl₄, ethyl acetate (EtAc), and H₂O at 550 °C on glass. The gradient in gas mixtures across the reactor induced compositional film growth, producing a single film with numerous phases and compositions at different positions. Seventeen unique positions distributed evenly along a central horizontal strip were investigated. The physical properties were characterized by wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The functional properties examined included the degree of photoinduced hydrophilicity (PIH), UVC-photocatalysis, and thermochromism. Superhydrophilic contact angles could be achieved at all positions, even within a highly VO₂-rich composite (V: Ti = 1.81). A maximum level of UVC photocatalysis was observed at a position bordering the solubility limit of V:TiO₂ (V: Ti ≈ 0.21) and fragmentation into a mixed-phase composite. Within the mixed-phase TiO₂: VO₂ composition region (V: Ti = 1.09 to 1.81) a decrease in the semiconductor-to-metal transition temperature of VO₂ from 68 to 51 °C was observed.
Origins of aspect ratio dependent etching in plasma materials processing (2016)

Summary form only given. During reactive ion plasma etching (RIE) of semiconductor materials, a strong correlation between etch rate and feature size, or more specifically feature aspect ratio (AR), is often observed. There have been several analytical models proposed to explain this aspect ratio dependent etch-rate (ARDE), also known as “RIE lag.”[1,2] While most analytical models only address individual causes of ARDE, the complexity of most etching reactions implies that several ARDE mechanisms may be at play. This complexity motivates the use of numerical models which are sensitive to all of the probable causes of ARDE to determine the dominant factor in any given etching reaction. To investigate processes leading to ARDE, a 3-dimensional voxel based Monte-Carlo etch profile simulator was developed. In this model, the etch feature is represented by mesh of cubic computational voxels. Energy and angular resolved fluxes of neutral radicals and ions are produced by a companion plasma equipment model. Pseudoparticles are randomly chosen from these distributions and directed to the surface. Each collision of a gas phase pseudoparticle with the profile then adds, removes or changes the identity of material voxels based on probabilities defined in a reaction mechanism. We investigated some of the complex interactions that may lead to ARDE for Cl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma etching of Si and fluorocarbon plasma etching of SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . By tuning parameters that are uncontrolled in experiments, such as the sticking coefficients of etch products to sidewalls of the feature, we were able to isolate the causes of ARDE in several etch regimes. Even within a single reaction mechanism, the dominant cause of ARDE can change with etch geometry, processing conditions or even with etch depth. For instance, as the profile of a trench or via transitions from a flat etch front to a tapered profile, a transition which occurs at some AR for almost all RIE processes, the dominant cause of ARDE can abruptly shift from radical starvation to lack of ion energy flux. The dominant cause(s) of ARDE will be discussed for a range of operating configurations (experimentally accessible) and model parameters (only simulation accessible). For conditions where a single mechanism dominates we present scaling relations and test the applicability of analytical models.
A single dose, BCG-adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine provides sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice (2020)

ABSTRACT Global control of COVID-19 requires broadly accessible vaccines that are effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this report, we exploit the immunostimulatory properties of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the existing tuberculosis vaccine, to deliver a vaccination regimen with potent SARS-CoV-2-specific protective immunity. Combination of BCG with a stabilized, trimeric form of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen promoted rapid development of virus-specific IgG antibodies in the blood of vaccinated mice, that was further augmented by the addition of alum. This vaccine formulation, BCG:CoVac, induced high-titre SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and Th1-biased cytokine release by vaccine-specific T cells, which correlated with the early emergence of T follicular helper cells in local lymph nodes and heightened levels of antigen-specific plasma B cells after vaccination. Vaccination of K18-hACE2 mice with a single dose of BCG:CoVac almost completely abrogated disease after SARS-CoV-2 challenge, with minimal inflammation and no detectable virus in the lungs of infected animals. Boosting BCG:CoVac-primed mice with a heterologous vaccine further increased SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses, which effectively neutralized B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. These findings demonstrate the potential for BCG-based vaccination to protect against major SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating globally.
Comparative study of three digestion methods for elemental analysis in traditional medicine products using atomic absorption spectrometry (2016)

Traditional medicine mainly of herbal origin is widely used all around the world. Heavy metal contamination in such products is frequently reported. Accumulation of heavy metals in the human body leads to various health hazards. Thus, precise determination for such contaminants is required for safety assurance. Sample preparation is a significant step in spectroscopic analysis to achieve reliable and accurate results. Wet digestion methods are basically used for the dissolution of herbal product samples prior to elemental analysis. This study has been designed to evaluate the efficiency of three acid digestion methods using different solvents. Five samples were digested with three different acid digestion methods namely method A (a combination of nitric-perchloric acids HNO3–HClO4 in a ratio 2:1), method B (only nitric acid HNO3), and method C (a mixture of nitric-hydrochloric acids HNO3–HCl in a ratio 1:3), to recommend the most efficient digestion method that gains the highest analyte recovery. The analysis of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) was conducted using various techniques of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The statistical analysis revealed that method C which represented the combination of nitric-hydrochloric acids HNO3–HCl in a ratio 1:3 was the most efficient digestion method for herbal product samples as it had given a significant high recovery (p < 0.05) for all metals compared to method A and method B. Accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by the analysis of standard reference material (SRM) 1515 Apple Leaves from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which presented good recoveries for all metals ranging from 94.5 to 108 %. Method C provides highest recovery for all the analytes under investigation using AAS in herbal medicine samples.
The effect of source/drain processing on the reverse short channel effect of deep sub-micron bulk and SOI NMOSFETs (2002)

This study presents a systematic investigation of the effects of source/drain processing on the reverse short channel effect (RSCE) and is the first to demonstrate significant differences in the electrical behavior of identically processed silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and bulk devices due to dopant diffusion kinetics. In bulk and SOI devices, the RCSE due to implantation damage enhanced diffusion is minimized if a high temperature rapid thermal anneal follows the source/drain implantation. The magnitude of the V/sub th/ roll-up is significantly smaller in SOI than in bulk. When arsenic concentrations greater than 2.5/spl times/10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ are used, arsenic deactivation enhanced diffusion can cause a significant increase in V/sub th/ rollup.
Simple analytical and graphical tools for carrier based PWM methods (2002)

This paper provides analytical and graphical tools for the study, performance evaluation and design of the popular carrier based PWM methods which are widely employed in PWM VSI-fed AC motor drives. Simple techniques for generating the modulation waves of the high performance PWM methods are described. The two most important modulator characteristics, the current ripple and the switching losses, are analytically modeled. The graphical illustration of these often complex multivariable functions accelerate the learning process and help understand the microscopic (per carrier cycle) and macroscopic (per fundamental cycle) behavior of all the popular PWM methods. The analytical formulae and graphics are valuable educational tools. They also aid the design and implementation of the high performance PWM methods.
Characterisation of five missense mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase gene from three patients with B6-nonresponsive homocystinuria. (1997)

Homocystinuria, due to a deficiency of the enzyme cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), is an inborn error of sulphur-amino acid metabolism. This is an autosomal recessive disease which results in hyperhomocysteinaemia and a wide range of clinical features, including optic lens dislocation, mental retardation, skeletal abnormalities and premature thrombotic events. We report the identification of 5 missense mutations in the protein-coding region of the CBS gene from 3 patients with pyridoxine-nonresponsive homocystinuria. Reverse-transcription PCR was used to amplify CBS cDNA from each patient and the coding region was analysed by direct sequencing. The mutations detected included 3 novel (1058C-->T, 992C-->A and 1316G-->A) and 2 previously identified (430G-->A and 833C-->T) base alterations in the CBS cDNA. Each of these mutations predicts a single amino acid substitution in the CBS polypeptide. Appropriate cassettes of patient CBS cDNA, containing each of the above defined mutations, were used to replace the corresponding cassettes of normal CBS cDNA sequence within the bacterial expression vector pT7-7. These recombinant mutant and normal CBS constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli cells and the catalytic activities of the mutant proteins were compared with normal. All of the mutant proteins exhibited decreased catalytic activity in vitro, which confirmed the association between the individual mutation and CBS dysfunction in each patient.
End-to-End Integration of a Multi-die Glass Interposer for System Scaling Applications (2016)

The processes key to enabling 3D manufacturing, namely, bond, backgrind, and through silicon via (TSV) reveal, are extended for 300 mm glass substrates to fabricate a heterogeneous, multi-die, 2.5D glass interposer. Based on an existing silicon interposer offering, the glass interposer is comprised of multi-level “device” side copper wiring, with line space (L/S) of ≤ 2.5 μm, built using damascene techniques, a 55 μm glass core with through glass vias (TGVs), and multiple UBM levels finished with tin silver (SnAg) C4 bumps. The 300mm TGV wafers are processed on existing silicon wafer manufacturing equipment following established, integrated silicon process flows. Once fully processed, the glass wafers are diced, and the interposer joined to a ceramic carrier by mass reflow. Sub-assemblies are then underfilled, the top die attached, and lidding completed. The final assemblies are tested to evaluate performance of chip to chip interconnects, chip-to-package (through interposer) interconnects, and chip-to-PCB (through interposer and package) interconnects. Results of loss vs frequency measurements are compared, for the glass interposer against the existing silicon interposer results.
Contrast-coding in amblyopia. II. On the physiological basis of contrast recruitment (1983)

Abstract The perceptual compensations that result from a disruption to early visual development (amblyopia) were investigated to highlight the adaptative capabilities of normal contrast-coding. In anisometropic and meridional ambylopia, contrast thresholds may be raised without sub­stantial impairment to the perception of high contrasts. This accelerating response linking the anomalous threshold function with normal suprathreshold behaviour is similar to that observed for loudness perception in cases of inner ear damage and termed recruitment. This phenomenon is not purely psychological adaptation to amblyopia because magnitude estimation of contrast change within the ‘recruiting range’ is not disturbed. Three possible physiological explanations for contrast recruit­ment are examined, namely (i) recruitment of different-frequency neu­rons, (ii) recruitment of different-threshold neurons and (iii) a gain change in the response–contrast function of individual neurons. Since contrast­-matching in the presence of band-limited noise designed to raise artificially the threshold of adjacent detectors does not alter the recruiting response, it is unlikely that ‘across-frequency’ recruiting represents an adequate explanation. Similarly, it is argued that since the incremental sensitivity to contrast change is not enhanced in the recruiting region it is also unlikely the amblyopic neurons have steeper response–contrast relations (gain) than normal. The remaining and more likely possibility, in the light of recent neurophysiological findings of separate low and high threshold systems in the primate, is that recruitment in amblyopia occurs across neurons with the same spatial but different threshold characteristics. This suggests that normal contrast perception is subserved by more than one contrast mechanism and that in amblyopia the more sensitive contrast channel (lower threshold) is selectively affected.
Frequent Absence of GBSS 1 B Isoprotein in Endosperm Starch of Canadian Wheat Cultivars (2000)

Granule bound starch synthase 1 (GBSS 1) is an enzyme involved in amylose synthesis, and it is encoded at the waxy loci in wheat. Mutations have been reported for three GBSS1 loci in wheat. Mutations at wheat GBSS 1 loci result in the absence of GBSS 1 isoproteins with concomitant reduction in the amylose concentrations of endosperm starch. A recent survey of Canadian wheat cultivars detected the frequent absence of GBSS1 B isoprotein in endosperm starch granules. This was likely a result of many Canadian spring wheat cultivars having common parents, which have a mutation at the GBSS1 B locus.
Synthesis of several O-glycopeptide analogs of enkephalin (2006)

Work within the Polt laboratory has focussed on the exploration and exploitation of carbohydrate moieties in the design and synthesis of opiate glycopeptides. These glycopeptides have been synthesized based on the pharmacophore D-Cys -enkephalin (DCDCE) [1]. A -D-glucose-containing analog of DCDCE, LSZ-1025, displayed potent analgesia when administered peripherally [2,3]. In an effort to understand the role of the amino acid glycoside in both penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and opiate receptor binding and stimulation, a series of glycopeptides were synthesized. This work reflects the optimized synthesis of several enkephalin glycopeptides, represented by several structural modifications. Incorporation of D-amino acid glucosides to test the environment of the amino acid-glycoside linkage, variance of the glycan moiety on serine to verify the impact of different sugars, and implementation of several different pharmacophores, such as in SAM-1095 where a linear pharmacophore [4] was used, highlight our design rationale. The impact of these changes was assessed after detailed pharmacological testing.
Design of a CPPLL-based clock multiplier for USB hub (2005)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a clock multiplier circuit used as a part of a USB hub chip set. It obtains a precise 48 MHz internal system clock signals from a 6 MHz off-chip reference clock by using a charge pump phase locked loop (PLL) as a multiplier. In addition, the output internal clock signals can be altered from 36 MHz to 96MHz by changing the control signals. The USB hub clock architecture, module circuits of PLL design, simulation results, and chip layout are included. Experimental results using CSMC 0.6 /spl mu/m process technology show that the required timing relations can be obtained.
Low Dispersion Silicon Slot Waveguides for Frequency Comb Generation with Equally Spaced Spectral Lines (2010)

A silicon slotted ring resonator with flattened dispersion in the cavity is proposed to produce uniform spectral lines in on-chip frequency comb generations. Standard deviation of the free spectral range is improved by 250 times as compared to a strip waveguide in the same size.