gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mechanism for Detection of Cooperative Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2011)

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio network and maintaining connections in a decentralized manner. Security remains a major challenge for these networks due to their features of open medium, dynamically changing topologies, reliance on cooperative algorithms, absence of centralized monitoring points, and lack of clear lines of defense. Most of the routing protocols for MANETs are thus vulnerable to various types of attacks. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) is a very popular routing algorithm. However, it is vulnerable to the well-known black hole attack, where a malicious node falsely advertises good paths to a destination node during the route discovery process. This attack becomes more sever when a group of malicious nodes cooperate each other. In this paper, a defense mechanism is presented against a coordinated attack by multiple black hole nodes in a MANET. The simulation carried out on the proposed scheme has produced results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the mechanism in detection of the attack while maintaining a reasonable level of throughput in the network.
Analytical method for joint optimization of FFE and DFE equalizations for multi-level signals (2022)

Abstract Channel equalization is the efficient method for recovering distorted signal and correspondingly reducing bit error rate (BER). Different type of equalizations, like feed forward equalization (FFE) and decision feedback equalization (DFE) are canceling channel effect and recovering channel response. Separate optimization of tap coefficients for FFE and DFE does not give optimal result. In this case FFE and DFE tap coefficients are found separately and they are not collaborating. Therefore, the final equalization result is not global optimal. In the present paper new analytical method for finding best tap coefficients for FFE and DFE joint equalization is introduced. The proposed method can be used for both NRZ and PAM4 signals. The idea of the methodology is to combine FFE and DFE tap coefficients into one optimization problem and allow them to collaborate and lead to the global optimal solution. The proposed joint optimization method is fast, easy to implement and efficient. The method has been tested for several measured channels and the analysis of the results are discussed.
Technology for emerging markets at MSR india (2011)

The Technology for Emerging Markets (TEM) group at Microsoft Research India seeks to address the needs and aspirations of people in the world's developing communities. Our research targets people who are just beginning to use computing technologies and services as well as those for whom access to computing still remains largely out of reach. Most of our work falls under the rubric of the relatively young field of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICTD or ICT4D). Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of ICTD, TEM is a multidisciplinary group engaged in a range of technical and social-science research. We work in the areas of cultural anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, and psychology, all of which help us understand the social context of technology and how it relates to communities and individual users. We combine this understanding with technical research in hardware and software to devise solutions for underserved communities in rural and urban environments around the world.
Bulk and thin film organic crystal structures (2020)

Abstract Organic electronic devices are comprised of materials that are amorphous, nanocrystalline, microcrystalline, or single crystalline solids bonded by weak van der Waals forces. This chapter presents the terminology and concepts used in defining condensed matter structures, including the real and reciprocal lattices, the unit cell, and crystal symmetry. Bonding forces that form the solid, with emphasis on van der Waals bonds, are quantitatively discussed. In particular, the electrostatic potentials leading to both fixed and induced dipole interactions between molecules are described. Since almost all devices are found in thin film form, growth modes of thin films, from epitaxy, van der Waals epitaxy, quasiepitaxy, to self-assembly are discussed, along with the energetic driving forces that lead to particular thin film structures.
A Comparison of Four Methods for Determining the Octane Index and K on a Modern Engine with Upstream, Port or Direct Injection (2017)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Combustion in modern spark-ignition (SI) engines is increasingly knock-limited with the wide adoption of downsizing and turbocharging technologies. Fuel autoignition conditions are different in these engines compared to the standard Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Numbers (MON) tests. The Octane Index, OI = RON - K(RON-MON), has been proposed as a means to characterize the actual fuel anti-knock performance in modern engines. The K-factor, by definition equal to 0 and 1 for the RON and MON tests respectively, is intended to characterize the deviation of modern engine operation from these standard octane tests. Accurate knowledge of K is of central importance to the OI model; however, a single method for determining K has not been well accepted in the literature.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper first examines four different methods for determining K, using literature results from a modern SI engine operating with direct injection (DI), port fuel injection (PFI) and homogeneous, upstream fuel injection (UFI). The test fuels were ethanol-gasoline blends spanning a wide range of RON and MON, together with isooctane as a reference. The quality of the K results from some of these methods is particularly dependent on the design of the test fuel matrix, with unreliable K values resulting in some cases.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;One of the more reliable methods is then used to examine how K varies with the intake pressure, fueling strategy, engine speed and compression ratio, with throttled conditions considered in detail. Several of the observed trends are consistent with prior studies, including K being consistently negative at higher loads for DI. In contrast to other studies, however, K is also observed to approach 0.5 at part load, throttled conditions, irrespective of whether the engine is fuelled by DI, PFI or UFI. Preliminary analysis of the autoignition chemistry for different fuelling methods then suggests plausible reasons for these results.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Validating the Oracle SQL engine (2009)

The query engine is the component inside a database system that is responsible for the compilation and execution of every SQL statement submitted by a database user or application. One of the most important steps of query compilation is query optimization. The goal of query optimization is to find the best execution plan based on metadata and statistics about the objects related to the tables referenced in the statement. There are two distinct kinds of query optimization: logical and physical. During logical optimization the structures of the query are changed by applying transformations such as view merging, subquery unnesting, etc. Physical optimization considers the physical properties of the tables (disk layout, access methods, size) and properties of the relational algebra operations (commuting joins) to find the best execution plan for a given query shape as presented by the logical optimization.The changes made to the SQL statement during query optimization can be temporary (to cost a particular optimization) or permanent (after an optimization is considered final). In this paper we discuss the quality problems that occur during the manipulation of the query structures that take place during query compilation with a focus on query optimization. We propose (1) a method to validate query structure change; (2) a method to validate plans that are discarded during query optimization but that may be picked under different circumstances.
The Role of Phospholipids and the Factor VII Gla-Domain in the Interaction of Factor VII with Tissue Factor (1992)

Whether or not the factor VII Gla-domain is involved in the high-affinity interaction of factor VII and tissue factor via calcium-dependent interactions with surrounding phospholipids is unknown. To investigate this, we have purified the factor VII Gla-peptide (FVII-GP) from digested recombinant human factor VIIa and assessed its effect on factor VII:tissue factor interactions. FVII-GP inhibited the activation of factor X by factor VIIa in the presence of either soluble or cell surface tissue factor half-maximally at 0.5 microM and 2.7 microM, respectively. However, FVII-GP failed to inhibit the specific binding of factor VIIa to cell-surface tissue factor, and did not inhibit the ability of tissue factor to stimulate the amidolytic activity of factor VIIa. Unrelipidated tissue factor apoprotein stimulated the amidolytic activity of factor VIIa to the same extent as relipidated tissue factor apoprotein. These findings suggest that the factor VII Gla-domain does not directly interact with tissue factor, but rather is important for calcium binding and concomitant expression of other factor VII epitopes necessary for tissue factor recognition and binding. To test this hypothesis, we have prepared a monoclonal antibody against a putative factor VII epitope that participates in the interaction of factor VII with cell-surface tissue factor (peptide 195-206) and assessed its ability to bind to factor VII in the presence and absence of calcium. Binding of this monoclonal antibody (PW-4) to intact factor VIIa was calcium-dependent and could be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by peptide 195-206.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CUDA and OpenCL-based asynchronous PSO (2011)

In ‘synchronous ’ PSO, positions and velocities of all particles are updated in turn in each ‘generation’, after which each particle’s new fitness is evaluated. The value of the social attractor is only updated at the end of each generation, when the fitness values of all particles are known. The ‘asynchronous ’ version of PSO, instead, allows the social attractors to be updated immediately after evaluating each particle’s fitness, which causes the swarm to move more promptly towards newly-found optima. In asynchronous PSO, the velocity and position update equations can be applied to any particle at any time, in no specific order. The most common GPU implementations of PSO assign one thread per particle and do not take full advantage of the GPU power in evaluating the fitness function in parallel. Parallelization only occurs on the number of particles of a swarm and ignores the dimensions of the function. In our parallel implementations: (i) we designed the thread parallelization to be as fine-grained as possible, considering that, in PSO, velocity and position update occur independently over each dimension; (ii) we implemented an ’asynchronous ’ PSO which, despite updating all particles in parallel, allows each of them to update the social attractor without waiting for all other particles ’ fitness values to be evaluated. A block diagram representing the GPU execution of our parallel asynchronous PSO is shown in Figure 1. 1.1 Synchronous CUDA-PSO The synchronous implementation [4] we previously developed using CUDA comprises three stages (kernels), namely: positions update, fitness evaluation, and bests update, implemented as three CUDA kernels which must be executed sequentially; synchronization occurs at the end of each kernel run. While allowing for virtually any swarm size, this implementation requires synchronization points where all the particles ’ data has to be saved into slow global memory to be read by the next kernel. This frequent access to global memory has been the main justification behind the asynchronous implementation.
Electronic interactions between a stable electride and a nano-alloy control the chemoselective reduction reaction (2016)

Controlling the electronic structure of heterogeneous metal catalysts is considered an efficient method to optimize catalytic activity. Here, we introduce a new electronic effect induced by the synergy of a stable electride and bimetallic nanoparticles for a chemoselective reduction reaction. The electride [Ca<sub>24</sub>Al<sub>28</sub>O<sub>64</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>·(e<sup>-</sup>)<sub>4</sub>, with extremely low work function, promotes the superior activity and selectivity of a Ru-Fe nano-alloy for the conversion of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols in a solvent-free system. The catalyst is easily separable from the product solution and reusable without notable deactivation. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that electron injection from the electride to the Ru-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles promotes H<sub>2</sub> dissociation on the highly charged active metal and preferential adsorption of C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds over C[double bond, length as m-dash]Cs bond of the unsaturated aldehydes, to obtain the thermodynamically unfavorable but industrially important product.
The construction of new proteins (1986)

Abstract Recent progresses in the elucidation of the folding mechanism and topology of proteins revealed that the formation of folding units with specific topological features is not restricted to a unique primary sequence. This finding presents the basis for the design of polypeptides having the propensity to fold into a tertiary structure that can be achieved by the assembly of peptide blocks exhibiting stable secondary structures. Conformational studies on model peptides show that Aib containing peptides with chain‐lengths of 12‐15 residues are able to form stable amphiphilic helices in solution. On the other hand, oligopeptides with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues are capable for β‐structure formation for chain‐lengths of 6‐8 residues. Those amphiphilic secondary structures have been used as building‐blocks for the design and synthesis of artificial folding units, their amphiphilic nature acting as major driving force for intramolecular folding. Spectroscopic data obtained for two polypeptides designed as βαβ‐models actually suggest a folded conformation of these molecules in aqueous solution. The implications of these findings for the design of biologically active folded polypeptides are discussed.
An induvfively loaded PIFA for automotive applications (2004)

A side grounded and fed PIFA has been designed and investigated for automotive applications. The behaviour of the resonance frequency and the impedance as a fimction of a design parameter has been analysed. For the optimised set of design parameters the radiation pattern as well as the gain of the antenna have been evaluated. Further results will be presented.
Innovative granular formulation of Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia and blastospores for cattle tick control (2021)

The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm<sup>2</sup> (25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
Films from spruce galactoglucomannan blended with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), corn arabinoxylan and konjac glucomannan (2008)

The improvement of mechanical properties of spruce galactoglucomannan (GGM)-based films was sought by blending GGM with each of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), corn arabinoxylan (cAX), and konjac glucomannan (KGM). The blend ratios were 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 (w/w), and in addition films were made from each of the polymers alone. Glycerol was used as plasticizer. Adding other polymers increased the elongation at break of GGM blend films. The tensile strength of films increased with increasing amount of PVOH and KGM, but the effect of cAX was the opposite. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed two separate loss modulus peaks for blends of GGM and PVOH, but a single peak for all other films. Optical and scanning electron microscopy confirmed good miscibility of GGM with cAX and KGM. In contrast, films blended from GGM and PVOH showed phase separation when examined by microscopy.
Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) QoS Measurements of an Ultra Wideband (UWB) Device for Low-Data Rate Transmissions (2020)

The intra-aircraft communication systems have been largely dependent on wired connectivity in the past decades. This dependency leads to increased aircraft weight, inflexibility in cabin design, and higher maintenance costs. Hence, the increase in reliability and resilience of wireless communication systems in the past decade provides a lucrative opportunity for the aircraft industry. This led to the formation of the Wireless Avionics Intra-Communication (WAIC) initiative. WAIC specifies a frequency band and the QoS requirements for the wireless systems in the next generation of aircraft. So, in this paper, a study is performed to measure the QoS performance of an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) based WAIC system for low-data rate communications inside an aircraft. The measurements were performed with different setups inside and outside an aircraft cabin. The impact of realtime propagation conditions like passenger induced shadowing and interference from a Radio Altimeter (RA) is also studied. The measurements demonstrate that a UWB-based WAIC system has QoS that satisfies the WAIC requirements in Line-of-Sight (LOS) conditions and the presence of passenger shadowing. In the presence of interference, the performance can be improved using scheduling to meet the requirements.
Characterization of Alstrom Syndrome 1 (ALMS1) Transcript Variants in Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells (2017)

The Alstrom syndrome gene (ALMS1) is one of the largest disease associated genes identified today in the human genome and is implicated in cell cycle control, ciliogenesis, endosome recycling and intracellular transport mechanisms. ALMS1 mutations cause Alstrom syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. However, its function is not completely understood. DNA microarray analysis suggested that ALMS1 might be differentially expressed between Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cells and normal tissues. By using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) we detected low but variable expression of ALMS1 in HL cell lines with highest expression in KM-H2 cells. Immunofluorescence indicated centrosomal accumulation of ALMS1 protein in HL cells. Knock-down of ALMS1 in KM-H2 cells had no impact on viability or cytotoxic drug sensitivity of these cells. Sequencing of RT-PCR products from HL cell lines identified three variable regions in ALMS1 transcripts that affect exons 2, 13, and 23. One of these variants was characterized by splicing out of exon 13. The other variants are characterized by two alternative 5 prime ends or alternative 3 prime ends. Structure prediction of the corresponding RNAs and proteins suggest that the different transcript variants might affect posttranscriptional regulation and ligand binding.
An ultrafast barcode reader using amplified dispersive Fourier transform (2008)

Dispersive Fourier transformation (FT) is a powerful technique in which the spectrum of a pulse is mapped into a time-domain waveform using chromatic dispersion. It replaces a diffraction grating and detector array with a dispersive fiber, single photodetector, and digitizer. This simplifies the system, and more importantly, enables fast real-time spectroscopy . Dispersive FT has also been used for optical coherence tomography. Here we propose and demonstrate a novel imaging method using dispersive FT for ultrafast displacement sensing and barcode reading. This method, which we refer to as chirped wavelength encoding and electronic time domain sampling (CWEETS), exposes a sample to a broadband pulsed probe beam which is spatially dispersed by a diffraction grating so that each separated wavelength of the probe beam is incident on a different part of the sample along a transverse line on the sample. The reflectivity profile of the sample is encoded into the spectrum of the reflected light from the sample. It is then subjected to dispersive FT using group-velocity dispersion to detect the reflectivity profile of the sample in the time domain. To overcome the loss of the dispersive element, we introduce Raman amplification in the same medium, resulting in greatly enhanced resolution.
Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants Expressing a Fungal Cutinase Show Alterations in the Structure and Properties of the Cuticle and Postgenital Organ Fusions (2000)

A major structural component of the cuticle of plants is cutin. Analysis of the function of cutin in vivo has been limited because no mutants with specific defects in cutin have been characterized. Therefore, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that express and secrete a cutinase from Fusarium solani f sp pisi. Arabidopsis plants expressing the cutinase in the extracellular space showed an altered ultrastructure of the cuticle and an enhanced permeability of the cuticle to solutes. In addition, pollen could germinate on fully differentiated leaves of cutinase-expressing plants but not on control leaves. These differences coincided with strong postgenital organ fusions. The junctions of the fusions contained pectic polysaccharides. As fused organs grew apart from each other, organ deformations and protrusions of epidermal cells developed at positions with high mechanical stress. These results demonstrate that an intact cutin layer not only is important for plant-environment interactions but also prevents fusions between different plant organs and is therefore necessary for normal epidermal differentiation and organ formation.
The Application of ICP Spectroscopy to Model the Chemistry Occurring in Plasma-Etch Reactors: Part I (1989)

ICP spectroscopy utilizing both gaseous and/or liquid sample introduction was used to model chemical components produced in plasma etch reactors. Single plasma gas chemistries including Ar and CF 4 and additive gas systems of CHF 3 -O 2 and CF 4 -O 2 were characterized with the use of a dispersive monochromatoir/photodiode array detection system. Experimental techniques and equipment comparisons of plasma sources and detection systems for plasma chemistry modeling are discussed. Identification of atomic and molecular species produced in each plasma source for these gas chemistries and sample components was determined and compared.