gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fatalities by Seating Position and Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) for 1st, 2nd and 3rd Row Occupants (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Purpose: A better understanding of rear occupant fatality risks is needed to guide the development of safety improvements for 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; and 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants. This study investigates fatal accidents of 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;, 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; and 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants by principal direction of force (PDOF), irrespective of restraint use. It determined the number of fatalities, exposure and fatality risk.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Methods: 1996-2005 FARS was analyzed for occupant fatalities by seating position (1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt;, 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; and 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row) and principal direction of force (1-12 o'clock PDOF, rollover and other/unknown). Light vehicles were included with model year 1990+. 1996-2005 NASS-CDS was similarly analyzed for occupant exposure. Fatality risk was defined as the number of fatalities in FARS for a given category divided by the exposure from NASS-CDS.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Results: Ten percent (9.6%) of fatalities were to 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants in FARS. About 2,080 deaths occur to 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants annually. 38.4% died in rollovers and 26.8% in frontal crashes. There were about 300,000 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants annually in towaway crashes in NASS-CDS, representing 12.3% of all occupants. Most are exposed to front impacts (51.5%) followed by side impacts (21.0%). Rear impacts are the lowest frequency (10.0%). Fatality risk is highest in rollovers (2.52%) followed by right-side impacts (0.91%). Less than one percent (0.4%) of fatalities was to 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants in FARS. About 94 deaths occur to 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants annually. 61.0% died in rollovers, and 18.6% in frontal crashes. There were about 17,900 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants annually in tow away crashes in NASS-CDS, representing 0.7% of all occupants. Fatality risk is highest in rollovers (2.01%) followed by left-side impacts (0.37%).&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Conclusions: 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; and 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; row occupants have lower overall risks than the driver. However, they have high risks in crashes where the PDOF is in the proximity of their seating position. This involves oblique side impacts and oblique rear impacts (3-5 o'clock for 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; row right and 7-9 o'clock for 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; row left occupants).&lt;/div&gt;
Vacuum ultraviolet excited state dynamics of small amides (2019)

Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with ab initio quantum chemistry calculations was used to study ultrafast excited state dynamics in formamide (FOR), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) following 160 nm excitation. The particular focus was on internal conversion processes within the excited state Rydberg manifold and on how this behavior in amides compared with previous observations in small amines. All three amides exhibited extremely rapid (<100 fs) evolution from the Franck-Condon region. We argue that this is then followed by dissociation. Our calculations indicate subtle differences in how the excited state dynamics are mediated in DMA/DMF as compared to FOR. We suggest that future studies employing longer pump laser wavelengths will be useful for discerning these differences.
Using Synthetic Audio to Improve the Recognition of Out-of-Vocabulary Words in End-to-End Asr Systems (2021)

Today, many state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems apply all-neural models that map audio to word sequences trained end-to-end along one global optimisation criterion in a fully data driven fashion. These models allow high precision ASR for domains and words represented in the training material but have difficulties recognising words that are rarely or not at all represented during training, i.e. trending words and new named entities. In this paper, we use a text-to-speech (TTS) engine to provide synthetic audio for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words. We aim to boost the recognition accuracy of a recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T) on OOV words by using the extra audio-text pairs, while maintaining the performance on the non-OOV words. Different regularisation techniques are explored and the best performance is achieved by fine-tuning the RNN-T on both original training data and extra synthetic data with elastic weight consolidation (EWC) applied on the encoder. This yields a 57% relative word error rate (WER) reduction on utterances containing OOV words without any degradation on the whole test set.
Cross-talk between microglia and neurons regulates HIV latency (2019)

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are found in nearly one-third of patients. Using a cellular co-culture system including neurons and human microglia infected with HIV (hμglia/HIV), we investigated the hypothesis that HIV-dependent neurological degeneration results from the periodic emergence of HIV from latency within microglial cells in response to neuronal damage or inflammatory signals. When a clonal hμglia/HIV population (HC69) expressing HIV, or HIV infected human primary and iPSC-derived microglial cells, were cultured for a short-term (24 h) with healthy neurons, HIV was silenced. The neuron-dependent induction of latency in HC69 cells was recapitulated using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived GABAergic cortical (iCort) and dopaminergic (iDopaNer), but not motor (iMotorNer), neurons. By contrast, damaged neurons induce HIV expression in latently infected microglial cells. After 48-72 h co-culture, low levels of HIV expression appear to damage neurons, which further enhances HIV expression. There was a marked reduction in intact dendrites staining for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the neurons exposed to HIV-expressing microglial cells, indicating extensive dendritic pruning. To model neurotoxicity induced by methamphetamine (METH), we treated cells with nM levels of METH and suboptimal levels of poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist that mimics the effects of the circulating bacterial rRNA found in HIV infected patients. This combination of agents potently induced HIV expression, with the METH effect mediated by the σ1 receptor (σ1R). In co-cultures of HC69 cells with iCort neurons, the combination of METH and poly(I:C) induced HIV expression and dendritic damage beyond levels seen using either agent alone, Thus, our results demonstrate that the cross-talk between healthy neurons and microglia modulates HIV expression, while HIV expression impairs this intrinsic molecular mechanism resulting in the excessive and uncontrolled stimulation of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
Direct Backside Connection Of Optical Fibers To GaAs Detectors (1988)

Photodetectors fabricated in GaAs have been vertically coupled to optical fibers using a cavity anisotropically etched in the backside of the GaAs substrate. The detector used was a Schottky photodiode amplified by an integrated MESFET. The cavity was etched from the backside using reactive ion etching (RIE). AlGaAs epitaxially grown on the substrate was used as an etch stop layer. A tapered optical fiber inserted in the backside cavity is accurately aligned to the detector and is mechanically stable. The vertical coupling approach is real-estate efficient and is particularly well suited for spatially parallel optical computing.
Advanced Approach to Simultaneous Monitoring of Multiple Bacteria in Space (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A novel microarray-based approach to simultaneous detection, quantitation, and identification of multiple microorganisms found in water and air supplies is presented. The rapid DNA/RNA probe-based approach avoids time consuming cell cultivation procedures by utilizing the inherent amplification property of rRNA combined with highly sensitive proximal CCD detection.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Specifically, optimal DNA probes for simultaneously capturing &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Vibrio proteolyticus&lt;/i&gt; were arrayed in a 4 x 4 matrix using a novel microarray printer capable of depositing hundreds of probes within a single well (1cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of a conventional 96 well microtiter plate. Following hybridization of a 16S rRNA microorganism mixture to the DNA microarray, detection, imaging, quantitation and identification was performed within seconds employing the complimentary PC-based proximal CCD detector/imager.&lt;/div&gt;
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Molecular Editing, and Biological Assessment of the Potent Cytotoxin Leiodermatolide. (2015)

Abstract The total synthesis of leiodermatolide (I) allows the unambiguous assignment of the stereocenters especially on the six‐membered lacton ring unit.
Making MedSLT Easier to Use: Back-Translation and the Help System (2006)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Simulation of TunneLadder traveling-wave tube cold-test characteristics: Implementation of the three-dimensional, electromagnetic circuit analysis code micro-SOS (1993)

The three-dimensional, electromagnetic circuit analysis code, Micro-SOS, can be used to reduce expensive time-consuming experimental 'cold-testing' of traveling-wave tube (TWT) circuits. The frequency-phase dispersion characteristics and beam interaction impedance of a TunneLadder traveling-wave tube slow-wave structure were simulated using the code. When reasonable dimensional adjustments are made, computer results agree closely with experimental data. Modifications to the circuit geometry that would make the TunneLadder TWT easier to fabricate for higher frequency operation are explored.
Half-pitch 14nm direct patterning with nanoimprint lithography (2019)

A low cost alternative lithographic technology is desired to cope with the challenges in decreasing feature size of semiconductor devices. Nano-imprint lithography (NIL) is one of the viable candidates. <sup>[1][2][3]</sup> NIL has been a promising solution to overcome the cost issue associated with expensive process and tool of multi patterning and EUVL. The challenges of NIL implementation for mass-production are overlay, defects, throughput, template life, and template patterning. The overlay and defects must satisfy the requirements of the products applied. The throughput needs to provide adequate cost of ownership (CoO). Since NIL is a contact process, its template damage by the particles on a wafer is inescapable and a longer template life is required for mass production.[<sup>4]-[10] </sup>In our previous study, we have reported that the hp2xnm NIL process performance is getting closer to the requirement for the high volume manufacturing. We focused on the process overlay accuracy and demonstrated dramatic reduction of process overlay error by using CVA(controlled viscosity alignment) and HODC(high order distortion control) function of FPA-1200 NZ2C. <sup>[11] </sup>Currently, we have further developed a nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technology including NIL system, template, and resist process for half pitch 14 nm direct pattering. The hp14 nm template was fabricated by a self-aligned double patterning (SADP) on a template. Using this template, we fabricated hp 14 nm dense Si lines with a depth of 50 nm on a 300 mm wafer. In this paper, we report on the latest lithography performance of NIL including hp14nm pattering with single mask exposure.
The Role of Local Material Properties in Modeling Fracture Tolerance of the Human Thorax (2003)

This dissertation presents the results of dynamic material tests and computational modeling exploring the effects of regional rib mechanical properties on thoracic fracture patterns. Test coupon modeling was used to verify the test setup. These material properties were incorporated into a human body computational model. The data from the material tests for all subjects indicate a statistically significant increase in the average stiffness and average ultimate stress for the cortical bone specimens located in the lateral (11.9 GPa modulus, 153.5 MPa ultimate stress) portion of the ribs versus the anterior (7.51 GPa, 116.7 MPa) and posterior (10.7 GPa, 127.7 MPa) rib locations. The results from computational modeling for both frontal and lateral impacts illustrate that the location and number of rib fractures are altered by the inclusion of rib material properties that vary by region. A sensitivity analysis of the effects of altering the failure strain criteria on the number of rib fractures predicted is performed revealing improved sensitivity of the modified THUMS model versus the original THUMS model for failure strains from 0.8 to 1.8%. The results from the small specimen tests are compared to results obtained for three-point bending of whole human rib sections.
AnimationPak: Packing Elements with Scripted Animations (2020)

We present AnimationPak, a technique to create animated packings by arranging animated two-dimensional elements inside a static container. We represent animated elements in a three-dimensional spacetime domain, and view the animated packing problem as a three-dimensional packing in that domain. Every element is represented as a discretized spacetime mesh. In a physical simulation, meshes grow and repel each other, consuming the negative space in the container. The final animation frames are cross sections of the three-dimensional packing at a sequence of time values. The simulation trades off between the evenness of the negative space in the container, the temporal coherence of the animation, and the deformations of the elements. Elements can be guided around the container and the entire animation can be closed into a loop.
Femtosecond Dynamics of Solvated Electrons in Nanodroplets Probed with Extreme Ultraviolet Beams (2016)

We use ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light to conduct time-resolved photoemission measurements of isolated nanodroplets in vacuum. We observe the creation and relaxation of solvated electrons within the nanodroplets after the absorption of EUV photons.
Spin relaxation in asymmetrical heterostructures (2000)

Electron spin relaxation caused by the D'yakonov-Perel' mechanism is investigated theoretically in asymmetrical A$_3$B$_5$ heterostructures. The total spin relaxation anisotropy is demonstrated for a wide range of structure parameters and temperatures. The spin relaxation rates dependences are derived for GaAs-based heterojunction and triangular quantum well. The calculations show a few orders of magnitude difference in spin relaxation times.
A Leishmania protein that modulates interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor‐α production and expression of B7‐1 in human monocyte‐derived antigen‐presenting cells (1997)

LeIF, a gene homologue of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4A was first described as a leishmanial antigen that induced a Th1-type T cell response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from leishmaniasis patients. Moreover, the interferon (IFN)-gamma production by PBMC was found to be interleukin (IL)-12 dependent. Herein, we characterize the effects of LeIF on cytokine production and expression of surface molecules by normal human monocytes as well as by monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (MoDC). LeIF was a strong inducer of IL-12 and, to a lesser extent, of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in macrophages and MoDC. IL-12 production did not require CD40 triggering, confirming that the ability of LeIF to induce IL-12 was not mediated through an effect on T cells. However, addition of soluble CD40 ligand (L) synergistically augmented IL-12 production in macrophages and MoDC. The cytokine-inducing activity of LeIF is located in the N-terminal portion of the molecule and was both proteinase K sensitive and polymyxin B resistant. LeIF, lipopolysaccharide and fixed Staphylococcus aureus all induced comparable amounts of IL-12, validating the potent cytokine-inducing effects of LeIF. Moreover, of these stimuli, LeIF had the highest IL-12/IL-10 and IL-12/TNF-alpha ratio demonstrating the preference of LeIF for IL-12 induction. Studies investigating the expression of surface molecules showed that LeIF up-regulated B7-1 and CD54 (ICAM-1) on macrophages and MoDC. To our knowledge this is the first report describing IL-12 production, up-regulation of co-stimulatory and intercellular adhesion molecules by monocytic antigen-presenting cells in response to a protein from a pathogenic microorganism. These immunomodulatory characteristics of LeIF might be excellent properties for a Th1-type adjuvant.
STALP: Style Transfer with Auxiliary Limited Pairing (2021)

We present an approach to example-based stylization of images that uses a single pair of a source image and its stylized counterpart. We demonstrate how to train an image translation network that can perform real-time semantically meaningful style transfer to a set of target images with similar content as the source image. A key added value of our approach is that it considers also consistency of target images during training. Although those have no stylized counterparts, we constrain the translation to keep the statistics of neural responses compatible with those extracted from the stylized source. In contrast to concurrent techniques that use a similar input, our approach better preserves important visual characteristics of the source style and can deliver temporally stable results without the need to explicitly handle temporal consistency. We demonstrate its practical utility on various applications including video stylization, style transfer to panoramas, faces, and 3D models.
Formalizing drug indications on the road to therapeutic intent (2017)

Therapeutic intent, the reason behind the choice of a therapy and the context in which a given approach should be used, is an important aspect of medical practice. There are unmet needs with respect to current electronic mapping of drug indications. For example, the active ingredient sildenafil has 2 distinct indications, which differ solely on dosage strength. In progressing toward a practice of precision medicine, there is a need to capture and structure therapeutic intent for computational reuse, thus enabling more sophisticated decision-support tools and a possible mechanism for computer-aided drug repurposing. The indications for drugs, such as those expressed in the Structured Product Labels approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, appears to be a tractable area for developing an application ontology of therapeutic intent.
Image Enhancement and Restoration (2005)

Image enhancement techniques deal with accentuation or sharpening of image features, such as contrast, boundaries, edges, etc. Image enhancement techniques both in spatial domain and frequency domain have been discussed in this chapter. Interesting spatial domain strategies like unsharp masking, spatial filtering etc have been briefly discussed. Widely used techniques like histogram equalization and histogram hyperbolization have been presented. Frequency domain strategies which include frequency domain filtering have also been discussed. The primary difference between the enhancement and restoration techniques have been brought out here. Some of the important techniques of image restoration like inverse filtering, Wiener filter, restoration of impulse noise embedded image and blurred image have been discussed in this chapter.
Comparing the performance of FAM19A4 methylation analysis, cytology and HPV16/18 genotyping for the detection of cervical (pre)cancer in high‐risk HPV‐positive women of a gynecologic outpatient population (COMETH study) (2015)

Recently, DNA methylation analysis of FAM19A4 in cervical scrapes has been shown to adequately detect high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer (≥ CIN3) in high-risk HPV (hrHPV)-positive women. Here, we compared the clinical performance of FAM19A4 methylation analysis to cytology and HPV16/18 genotyping, separately and in combination, for ≥ CIN3 detection in hrHPV-positive women participating in a prospective observational multi-center cohort study. The study population comprised hrHPV-positive women aged 18-66 years, visiting a gynecological outpatient clinic. From these women, cervical scrapes and colposcopy-directed biopsies (for histological confirmation) were obtained. Cervical scrapes were analyzed for FAM19A4 gene promoter methylation, cytology and HPV16/18 genotyping. Methylation analysis was performed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). Sensitivities and specificities for ≥ CIN3 were compared between tests. Stratified analyses were performed for variables that potentially influence marker performance. Of all 508 hrHPV-positive women, the sensitivities for ≥ CIN3 of cytology, FAM19A4 methylation analysis, and cytology combined with HPV16/18 genotyping were 85.6, 75.6 and 92.2%, respectively, with corresponding specificities of 49.8, 71.1 and 29.4%, respectively. Both sensitivity and specificity of FAM19A4 methylation analysis were associated with age (p ≤ 0.001 each). In women ≥ 30 years (n = 287), ≥ CIN3 sensitivity of FAM19A4 methylation analysis was 88.3% (95%CI: 80.2-96.5) which was noninferior to that of cytology [85.5% (95%CI: 76.0-94.0)], at a significantly higher specificity [62.1% (95%CI: 55.8-68.4) compared to 47.6% (95%CI: 41.1-54.1)]. In conclusion, among hrHPV-positive women from an outpatient population aged ≥ 30 years, methylation analysis of FAM19A4 is an attractive marker for the identification of women with ≥ CIN3.
EDITORS PAGE (1998)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVEditorialNEXTEDITORS PAGEProtecting NSF Core SupportThis guest editorial is by Richard N. Zare, Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University and chairman of the National Science Board. The views expressed are those of Zare and not necessarily those of NSBRICHARD N. ZARECite this: Chem. Eng. News 1998, 76, 7, 3Publication Date (Print):February 16, 1998Publication History Published online16 November 2010Published inissue 16 February 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v076n007.p003https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n007.p003editorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views67Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (463 KB) SUBJECTS:Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Get e-Alerts