gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Design of a Manufacturing Process for an Automotive Microchannel Heat Exchanger (2018)

Calls for higher fuel efficiency in the United States and Europe are driving the need for waste heat recovery in automotive markets. While conventional heat exchangers can be designed to meet the heat duty requirement, the resulting volume, weight, and thermal mass are too large for rapid transient response and packaging of the device. The lightweight, compact form factor of microchannel heat exchangers with submillimeter flow passages is attractive for automotive applications. However, the industrial use of microchannel heat exchangers continues to be inhibited by high manufacturing costs. The objective of this paper is to develop a microchannel heat exchanger concept capable of meeting the cost and performance goals for an automotive application. So-called printed-circuit microchannel heat exchangers are produced using a stacked-lamina approach in which individual metal laminae are photochemically machined and diffusion bonded. Here, the conceptual design of a microchannel heat exchanger produced using more conventional stamping and joining technologies is discussed for an automotive application. The device is sized to provide waste heat recovery from an exhaust stream to engine coolant for a representative passenger vehicle with acceptable pressure loss. Using the specified design, a process-based cost model is presented showing cost modeling efforts to date including the capital investment and cost-of-goods-sold as a function of annual production volume. The initial results show a pathway for the cost effective integration of compact microchannel heat exchangers into advanced vehicle thermal management systems.
The Production of Antibody by Invading B Cells Is Required for the Clearance of Rabies Virus from the Central Nervous System (2009)

The mechanisms required for immune effectors to enter rabies virus-infected tissues are induced by infection with attenuated rabies virus but not by infection with pathogenic rabies viruses or immunization with killed virus. T cell activities can inhibit rabies virus replication, but the production of rabies virus-specific antibodies by infiltrating B cells, as opposed to the leakage of circulating antibody across the BBB, is critical to elimination of the virus. These findings suggest that a pathogenic rabies virus infection may be treatable after the virus has reached the CNS tissues, providing that the appropriate immune effectors can be targeted to the infected tissues.
Induction of apoptosis by extracelluar organic metabolite isolated from actinomycete Streptomyces sp. BIT-64 in human leukemia cells (2007)

A11 Marine organisms have produced a wide variety of structurally unique and biologically active natural products. As a part of a research program aimed at the discovery of active compounds from marine organisms, we isolated an extracelluar organic metabolite (EOM) from marine actinomycete Streptomyces sp. BIT-64 from Jinhae Bay (southern coast of Korea) and investigated the antiproliferative mechanism of EOM in cultured human leukemic cell lines (U937, HL-60, K562 and THP-1). The exposure of leukemic cells to EOM resulted in growth inhibition and the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by the MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion method, fluorescent microscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry assay. The EOM treatment induced the proteolytic activation of caspase-3, which was associated with the down-regulation modulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and a concomitant degradation of poly(ADP ribose) polymerase. However, EOM-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis were significantly attenuated in Bcl-2 overexpressing U937 cells. z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 specific inhibitor, blocked caspase-3 activation and increased the survival rate of EOM-treated U937 cells. Moreover the activity of Akt was inhibited in EOM-treated cells, and PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002, sensitized the cells to EOM-induced apoptosis. Our data collectively imply that the down-regulation Akt signaling pathway may play a key role in EOM-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Thus, our findings imply that some of the biological functions of Bcl-2 may be attributed to their ability to inhibit EOM-induced apoptosis and it is suggested that this compound can be a promising anti-cancer agent for leukemia cells.
Enhancement of integrity of polysilicon oxide by using a combination of N2O nitridation and CMP process (1999)

This work prepares and demonstrates, for the first time, a high-quality polysilicon oxide, by combing N/sub 2/O nitridation and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. Our results demonstrate that capacitors with this process have an improved Q/sub hd/ (charge-to-breakdown) due to the planar surface and more concentrated nitrogen at the interface of polysilicon oxide.
Facet-Enhanced Dielectric Sensitivity in Plasmonic Metal Oxide Nanocubes (2023)

The resonant frequency of plasmonic nanoparticles depends on the refractive index of the local environment, a property which is directly useful for sensing applications and is indicative of potential utility for other applications based on near-field enhancement of light intensity. While the morphology dependence of dielectric sensitivity has been well studied in noble-metal nanoparticles, less investigated is the sensitivity of degenerately doped metal oxide nanocrystals, whose plasmon resonances lie in the near- to mid-infrared region. Here, we report the dielectric sensitivity of fluorine and tin codoped indium oxide nanocubes and its dependence on their sharp faceting which gives rise to multiple plasmonic modes and on their tin-dopant concentration. We find that the plasmon mode associated with the nanocube corners is the most sensitive and that raising dopant concentration increases dielectric sensitivity. Comparing to finite element simulations that assume a spatially uniform free electron distribution in the nanocubes, we show that the plasmon modes associated with the edges and the faces of the nanocubes are less sensitive than expected and that their reduced dielectric sensitivity can be rationalized by the presence of band bending and a resulting surface depletion layer. Interestingly, simulations suggest that Fermi level pinning occurs predominantly on the cube faces, reshaping the free electron volume so that the depletion layer effectively insulates the faces and edges from the surrounding environment, while the corner mode remains sensitive.
Characterization of the phenotype and function of CD8+, α / β+ NKT cells from tumor-bearing mice that show a natural killer cell activity and lyse multiple tumortargets (2001)

Natural Killer (NK) T cells are a specialized T cell population that co-expresses receptors of the NK lineage with the alpha / beta TCR receptor and other T cell surface markers. Their functions, regulation and relationship to other cells in the immune system are not fully understood. This report demonstrates that tumor-bearing C57BL / 6 mice have a population of NKT cells that co-express CD8 and CD161 (NK1.1) surface markers. These cells are maintained in long-term culture with T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), but produce large amounts of Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) following activation. NK1.1(+)CD8(+) T cells show a potent NK-like cytotoxic activity against multiple tumor targets, and lysis is independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class I or non-classical MHC-class I molecules (Qa, TL). The NK1.1(+)CD8(+) T cells express Vbeta14 chain of the TCR. These NKT cells are not CD1d restricted, and their cytotoxic activity is CD1d independent. Therefore, they represent a unique subset of T cells with an unknown restriction element which produce large quantities of IFN-gamma following expansion with IL-4. Furthermore, their cytotoxic activity is enhanced by B7 co-stimulatory molecules present on tumor cells. CD161(+) T cells that are expanded in tumor-bearing hosts may function as a part of the innate immune system with potential role(s) in tumor surveillance.
Models and visualizations in a virtual habitat (2003)

The Earth is still rather flat. Therefore geographic data still tend to be two-dimensional and are stored in 2-dimensional information systems. But we do live in a three-dimensional world. In technical systems, the 3rd dimension has long been merely an attribute of 2-dimensional graphical data. This is subject to rapid change. Three-dimensional models of the human habitat are emerging. The required tools to create and use such models are the topic of the paper. This is at the intersection of computer graphics and computer vision and reflects a recent trend in computer science, where vision and graphics increasingly tend to meet. The paper discusses procedures for a fully automated creation of 3-dimensional models of today's buildings and cities, but also of interior spaces, even of microscopic worlds and of the lost cities of the antique. Methods will be described, but also their performance, accuracies, limitations and costs, to better understand what it takes to create and use a virtual habitat.
Synthesis of Heteroaryl Sulfonamides from Organozinc Reagents and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl Chlorosulfate (2015)

A method for the preparation of aryl and heteroaryl sulfonamides using 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl chlorosulfate (TCPC) is described. The reaction of 2-pyridylzinc reagents with TCPC resulted in 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl (TCP) pyridine-2-sulfonates, and the parent pyridine-2-sulfonate was shown to react with amines. Less electron-rich aryl- and heteroarylzinc reagents reacted with TCPC to afford sulfonyl chlorides that were converted in situ to sulfonamides.
Analytical Criteria for Designing Multiresonance Filters in Scattering Systems, with Application to Microwave Metasurfaces (2022)

Designing filter devices with precisely desired transmission spectra is of utmost importance in wave physics. For sharp spectra (such as elliptic filters with transmission zeros), brute-force methods to directly optimize the spectrum face severe numerical challenges, while circuit models and coupled-mode theory apply only in certain limits. The authors provide a set of universal analytical criteria based on quasinormal-mode theory (QNMT) for designing 2-port systems, and apply the method to a variety of microwave metasurface filters configured for polarization-preserving transmission, reflective polarization conversion, or diffractive anomalous reflection.
Trends in biomedical engineering: focus on Smart Bio-Materials and Drug Delivery (2011)

The present article reviews on different research lines, namely: drug and gene delivery, surface modification/modeling, design of advanced materials (shape memory polymers and biodegradable stents), presently developed at Politecnico di Milano, Italy. For gene delivery, non-viral polycationic-branched polyethylenimine (b-PEI) polyplexes are coated with pectin, an anionic polysaccharide, to enhance the polyplex stability and decrease b-PEI cytotoxicity. Perfluorinated materials, specifically perfluoroether, and perfluoro-polyether fluids are proposed as ultrasound contrast agents and smart agents for drug delivery. Non-fouling, self-assembled PEG-based monolayers are developed on titanium surfaces with the aim of drastically reducing cariogenic bacteria adhesion on dental implants. Femtosecond laser microfabrication is used for selectively and spatially tuning the wettability of polymeric biomaterials and the effects of femtosecond laser ablation on the surface properties of polymethylmethacrylate are studied. Innovative functionally graded Alumina-Ti coatings for wear resistant articulating surfaces are deposited with PLD and characterized by means of a combined experimental and computational approach. Protein adsorption on biomaterials surfaces with an unlike wettability and surface-modification induced by pre-adsorbed proteins are studied by atomistic computer simulations. A study was performed on the fabrication of porous Shape Memory Polymeric structures and on the assessment of their potential application in minimally invasive surgical procedures. A model of magnesium (alloys) degradation, in a finite element framework analysis, and a bottom-up multiscale analysis for modeling the degradation mechanism of PLA matrices was developed, with the aim of providing valuable tools for the design of bioresorbable stents.
Volumetric glutamate imaging (GluCEST) using 7T MRI can lateralize nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy: A preliminary study (2021)

The ability of 3-D, volumetric GluCEST to localize seizure onset down to the hippocampal subfield in nonlesional TLE is an improvement upon our previous 2-D, single-slice GluCEST method. Eventually, we hope to expand volumetric GluCEST to whole-brain glutamate imaging, thus enabling noninvasive analysis of glutamate networks in epilepsy and potentially leading to improved clinical outcomes.
Tortuosity Engineering for Improved Charge Storage Kinetics in High-Areal-Capacity Battery Electrodes (2022)

The increasing demands of electronic devices and electric transportation necessitate lithium-ion batteries with simultaneous high energy and power capabilities. However, rate capabilities are often limited in high-loading electrodes due to the lengthy and tortuous ion transport paths with their electrochemical behaviors governed by complicated electrode architectures still elusive. Here, we report the electrode-level tortuosity engineering design enabling improved charge storage kinetics in high-energy electrodes. Both high areal capacity and high-rate capability can be achieved beyond the practical level of mass loadings in electrodes with vertically oriented architectures. The electrochemical properties in electrodes with various architectures were quantitatively investigated through correlating the characteristic time with tortuosity. The lithium-ion transport kinetics regulated by electrode architectures was further studied via combining the three-dimensional electrode architecture visualization and simulation. The tortuosity-controlled charge storage kinetics revealed in this study can be extended to general electrode systems and provide useful design consideration for next-generation high-energy/power batteries.
On generators of 𝐿/𝑅² Lie algebras (1993)

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a free Lie algebra of finite rank <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper R"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> its arbitrary ideal. A necessary and sufficient condition for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> elements of the Lie algebra <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L slash upper R squared"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L/{R^2}</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> to be a generating set is given. In particular, we have a criterion for <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> elements of a free Lie algebra of rank <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> to be a generating set which is similar to the corresponding group-theoretic result due to Birman (<italic>An inverse function theorem for free groups</italic>, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. <bold>41</bold> (1973), 634-638).
ChemInform Abstract: Superoxide Oxidation: A Novel Route to Aromatic 1,2‐Dicarboxylic Acids. (1990)

Abstract Potassium superoxide and 18‐crown‐6 in an aprotic medium represent a reagent system for the mild oxidative cleavage of cyclic ketones fused to aromatic rings or phenols.
Common Work Space of Two Robot Arms (1985)

The choice of kinematic and dynamic parameters for a robot arm depends on the desired working space, desired load lifting capacity, and desired performance of the robot. The inverse process, which is the determination of a single robot's work space from given specifications, is also possible, and is very important both to the designers and to the users. Proceeding further, the analysis of the common work space of two robot arms expands our understanding of spatial limitations of the communicating, cooperative robots of the future. This thesis presents a new possible application of industrial robots in which two robots work together interactively, or individually, within their common work space. Kinematic equations of anthropomorphic articulated robot arms are derived by using homogeneous 4 X 4 transformation matrices. Based on these equations, the possible working boundaries of two-revolute and three-revolute jointed robot arms are defined. Based on the geometric influence coefficients, the common working areas and volumes of two-link and three-link robot arms are investigated and calculated. The calculations and plotting of these areas and volumes are performed on a digital computer. The results reached show that the common working areas and volumes of two fixed identical robots depend on the distance between their bases. area (face-to-face orientation) Maximum common working occurs at an optimum distance, but the maximum common working volume occurs when the two robots are at the exact same position. Realistically, this means the robots should be placed as near to each other as practical if it is desired to maximize their common working volume.
Thalidomide and analogues: potential for immunomodulation of inflammatory and neoplastic dermatologic disorders. (2010)

Thalidomide and analogues are a class of immunomodulatory drugs or IMiDS. Thalidomide was initially approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administation for treatment of erythema nodosum in leprosy and is now approved for multiple myeloma as well. A second generation IMiD, lenalidomide, is also approved for multiple myeloma and refractory myelodysplastic syndrome. Discovery of this class of drugs has been serendipitous and empirical, as the drug targets have been unknown. In this review, the authors integrate recent identification of drug targets of IMiDS, which include the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Rho GTPase and caspase-1, with the developments in the understanding of the molecular biology of human inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic skin disorders. Because thalidomide reemerged through leprosy, the original disease classified by the T cell, the authors have also emphasized advances in the understanding of T-cell subsets in human skin disorders.
Effect of Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} additions on microstructure, hardness, and fracture toughness of a lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic and interfacial shear strength of a Nicalon reinforced composite (1996)

Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} additions to a glass of composition 1Li{sub 2}O x 1Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} x 4SiO{sub 2} increased the hardness and decreased the indentation fracture toughness of the melt-cooled glass-ceramic. Rapid cooling discouraged agglomeration of Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}, which enhanced precipitation hardening. Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} was mobile in the fluid glass, allowing it to react with the Nicalon fibers to form a TaC layer which encapsulated the fibers and increased the fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength when the carbon debond layer was depleted (9% Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} additions).
Active route planning for active diesel particulate filter regeneration (2019)

The vehicle route choice has great impact on the vehicle operating conditions, but it has rarely been used as a way to create desired vehicle operation and benefit automotive control. This paper presents a route planning algorithm which generates a route that meets the requirement of high-speed driving time from the diesel particulate filter controller for an active diesel particulate filter regeneration. Real-time traffic information is considered when designing the route. A new routing algorithm based on the unconstrained Dijkstra algorithm is developed to approximately solve this consecutive-highway-time-constrained shortest-path problem. A correctness proof of the algorithm is given based on an augmented graph. Examples are provided to show the scenarios in which the proposed routes can facilitate the diesel particulate filter regeneration control without adding too much travel time cost.
Context-Aware Intent Identification in Email Conversations (2019)

Email continues to be one of the most important means of online communication. People spend a significant amount of time sending, reading, searching and responding to email in order to manage tasks, exchange information, etc. In this paper, we study intent identification in workplace email. We use a large scale publicly available email dataset to characterize intents in enterprise email and propose methods for improving intent identification in email conversations. Previous work focused on classifying email messages into broad topical categories or detecting sentences that contain action items or follow certain speech acts. In this work, we focus on sentence-level intent identification and study how incorporating more context (such as the full message body and other metadata) could improve the performance of the intent identification models. We experiment with several models for leveraging context including both classical machine learning and deep learning approaches. We show that modeling the interaction between sentence and context can significantly improve the performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Cyclopentane‐Based Mimics of (D)‐myo‐Inositol 1,4,5‐ Trisphosphate from D‐Glucose. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Microstructural Effects on Conduction Properties of Na5YSi4 O 12‐Type Glass‐Ceramic Na + ‐Fast Ionic Conductors (1996)

Based on the formula of ‐type glass‐ceramic ‐fast ionic conductors were successfully produced for a variety of rare‐earth ions, R, under the appropriate composition parameters. The possible combinations of x and y became more limited for the crystallization of the fast ionic conducting phase as the ionic radius of R increased, while the conduction properties were more enhanced in the glass‐ceramics of larger R. These results are discussed in view of the structure and the conduction mechanism. Also studied were the microstructural effects on the conduction properties, which were dependent upon the heating conditions of crystallization. These effects were understood in relation to the grain boundary conduction properties as well as the transmission electron microstructural morphology of grain boundaries.