gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
10-GHz ultralow-noise optical sampling stream from a semiconductor diode ring laser (2001)

We report, what is to our knowledge, the lowest-noise pulsetrain produced to date with an actively mode-locked external-cavity semiconductor diode laser. Operating characteristics at 10 GHz include dispersion-compensated pulsewidths as short as 1.2 ps, amplitude noise as low as 0.12% rms, and residual phase noise as low as 43-fs rms. Potential application of such a laser in a next-generation optical analog-to-digital converter would theoretically provide as much as 8.6 bits of resolution, while sampling a 5-GHz waveform at the Nyquist frequency.
Challenges of merging digital imaging and wireless communication (2002)

Recent advances in digital imaging technology combined with the next generation digital wireless communication has great potential to transform the paradigm for how humans will communicate visual information with one another in the next century. The first major change is that the model of one message from a single source to many clients (mass broadcasting) will be replaced by a model of many messages from multiple sources to many receivers (peer to peer). A second major change is that the model will move from a passive client, which only receives messages to an interactive client able to respond and even direct the information content to itself. This will have great impact in the experience of visual communication in the next decade. In this paper, we shall outline some of the key technological challenges in terms of bandwidth, processing power, data rate, data sizes and human factors required to influence this paradigm shift resulting from the merger of digital imaging and digital wireless communication technologies.
Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors Based On Energy Transfer (1988)

The development of energy transfer based fiber-optic sensors provides a new approach to optical sensing and offers greater flexibility in the choice of analyte specific dyes. We have successfully constructed a physiological pH fiber-optic chemical sensor based on energy transfer from a pH insensitive fluorophore, eosin, to a pH sensitive absorber, phenol red. As the pH increases, phenol red&apos;s absorption increases in the spectral region that overlaps with the emission spectrum of eosin. Since the extent of energy transfer is proportional to the spectral overlap integral, the amount of energy transfer increases as the pH increases resulting in a diminished fluorescence intensity. Our present efforts are aimed at preparing pH sensitive dyes based on intramolecular energy transfer. Since the energy transfer efficiency is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the donor and acceptor, the small intramolecular distance should lead to very efficient energy transfer. Several types of intramolecular systems are being investigated.
Epidemiology, clinical course and treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. (1991)

Chronic hepatitis may take the form of a hepatitis B infection, a delta virus infection, or a non-A, non-B hepatitis including hepatitis C. All the viruses involved are transmitted predominantly by parenteral or sexual routes. New insights into the structure of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the immune response mechanisms of the organism permit a clear definition of the replicative state of the virus, and allow predictions to be made about the outcome of the disease. Development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are the major complications associated with impaired life expectancy. Recently, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was identified as the agent responsible for most cases of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. The development of an assay for the detection of HCV-antibodies facilitated the diagnosis of this type of hepatitis. Moreover, the use of screening tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C in blood donors will decrease the risk of acquiring hepatitis via contaminated blood products. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C with alpha-interferon has shown promising results. However, the dosage schedule, the period of treatment, and the selection of patients needs to be evaluated in further studies.
Cellular Uptake of PEO Surface-Modified Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Nanoparticles Made of PLA: PEO Diblock and Triblock Copolymers (2000)

Nanoparticles with either physically adsorbed or covalently bound poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) coatings were produced from various combinations of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and diblock or triblock copolymers of PLA and PEO. The particles were produced by the salting-out process and purified by the cross-flow filtration technique. The amount of PEO at the nanoparticle surface, as well as the residual amount of emulsifier poly(vinyl alcohol) were assessed, with a good correlation with expected values. Stability of the nanoparticulate suspensions was studied at 4 degrees C and after freezing under various conditions for up to 6 months. The nanoparticle redispersibility after storage was related to the thermal behavior of the PEO coatings. The in vitro cellular uptake of the different types of nanoparticles was compared by flow cytometry after incubation with human monocytes in serum and in plasma. The influence of the PEO molecular weight and surface density on the particle uptake was especially marked for the diblock and triblock copolymer formulations, with a decrease in uptake of up to 65% with one of the diblock copolymer formulations. Nanoparticles made of triblock copolymer with short PEO chains at their surface in the postulated "loop conformation" proved to be as resistant to cellular uptake as nanoparticles made of diblock copolymers with PEO chains in the "brush conformation".
Design of Nonuniform Filter Banks with Frequency Domain Criteria (2004)

This paper presents methods for the design of nonuniform filter banks. The filter bank structure is obtained from an uniformly modulated filter bank by using an allpass transform which has a lossless frequency function and a nonlinear phase function. The proposed design methods include linear and quadratic frequency domain criteria and linear constraints. Considered applications are subband adaptive filtering and subband coding. Analysis filter banks and synthesis filter banks are designed in two subsequent stages, and design objectives include minimization of subband aliasing as well as reconstruction output residual aliasing components on an individual basis. This way to formulate design objectives is appropriate for filter banks used in subband adaptive filtering. Other design objectives are to optimize the overall filter bank response for low amplitude and phase distortion. Designs with phase compensation for linear phase overall response are included. Examples are included of filter banks with increasing bandwidth. Chapter 1
Genomic diversity of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome virus HTLV-III: different viruses exhibit greatest divergence in their envelope genes. (1985)

Converging lines of research have linked human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) to the pathogenesis of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. A characteristic feature of this virus is its genomic heterogeneity, which occurs to varying degrees in different viral isolates. To define further the nature and extent of these genomic changes, we compared the molecularly cloned genomes of two variant HTLV-III isolates by extensive restriction enzyme mapping and heteroduplex thermal melt analysis. Both viral isolates were found to be highly related to each other throughout their entire genomic complement, yet they differed markedly in their restriction enzyme maps. Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis revealed several distinct regions of divergence located almost exclusively in the part of the genome that encodes the viral envelope gene. In vitro culture of one of these viruses over a period of 3 months did not result in any genomic changes as determined by restriction analysis of viral DNA. These results, as well as the recently published nucleotide sequences of other HTLV-III isolates, indicate that the most substantial variation among HTLV-III isolates is located in the envelope. These findings raise the possibility that viral isolates from different individuals could have important biological differences in their envelope antigens, a consideration relevant to ongoing attempts to develop a vaccine against HTLV-III.
Measurement of $WW/WZ \to \ell\nu qq^{\prime}$ production with the hadronically decaying boson reconstructed asone or two jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV with ATLAS, and constraints on anomalous gauge couplings (2017)

This paper presents a study of the production of $WW$ or $WZ$ boson pairs, with one $W$ boson decaying to $e\nu$ or $\mu\nu$ and one $W$ or $Z$ boson decaying hadronically. The analysis uses 20.2 fb$^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV $pp$ collision data, collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Cross-sections for $WW/WZ$ production are measured in high-$p_{T}$ fiducial regions defined close to the experimental event selection. The cross-section is measured for the case where the hadronically decaying boson is reconstructed as two resolved jets, and the case where it is reconstructed as a single jet. The transverse momentum distribution of the hadronically decaying boson is used to search for new physics. Observations are consistent with the Standard Model predictions, and $95\%$ confidence intervals are calculated for parameters describing anomalous triple gauge-boson couplings.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Connections to the Aromatic Directed Metalation Reaction. A Modified Niementowski Quinoline Synthesis from Anthranilamides. (1987)

Abstract The anthranilamides (I) and (V) are converted to the corresponding imines (III), which are cyclized by treatment with lithium diisopropylamide to yield the 4‐quinolones (IV).
Figure S1 from RAS–MAPK Reactivation Facilitates Acquired Resistance in <i>FGFR1</i>-Amplified Lung Cancer and Underlies a Rationale for Upfront FGFR–MEK Blockade (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Figure S1 shows sensitivity of NCI-H2077 cells to FGFR inhibition&lt;/p&gt;
Clinical Relevance of Computationally Derived Attributes of Peritubular Capillaries from Kidney Biopsies (2023)

Key Points Computational image analysis allows for the extraction of new information from whole-slide images with potential clinical relevance. Peritubular capillary (PTC) density is decreased in areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy when measured in interstitial fractional space. PTC shape (aspect ratio) is associated with clinical outcome in glomerular diseases. Background The association between peritubular capillary (PTC) density and disease progression has been studied in a variety of kidney diseases using immunohistochemistry. However, other PTC attributes, such as PTC shape, have not been explored yet. The recent development of computer vision techniques provides the opportunity for the quantification of PTC attributes using conventional stains and whole-slide images. Methods To explore the relationship between PTC characteristics and clinical outcome, n =280 periodic acid–Schiff-stained kidney biopsies (88 minimal change disease, 109 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 46 membranous nephropathy, and 37 IgA nephropathy) from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network digital pathology repository were computationally analyzed. A previously validated deep learning model was applied to segment cortical PTCs. Average PTC aspect ratio (PTC major to minor axis ratio), size (PTC pixels per PTC segmentation), and density (PTC pixels per unit cortical area) were computed for each biopsy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations between these PTC parameters and outcome (40% eGFR decline or kidney failure). Cortical PTC characteristics and interstitial fractional space PTC density were compared between areas of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) and areas without IFTA. Results When normalized PTC aspect ratio was below 0.6, a 0.1, increase in normalized PTC aspect ratio was significantly associated with disease progression, with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.28 (1.04 to 1.59) ( P = 0.019), while PTC density and size were not significantly associated with outcome. Interstitial fractional space PTC density was lower in areas of IFTA compared with non-IFTA areas. Conclusions Computational image analysis enables quantification of the status of the kidney microvasculature and the discovery of a previously unrecognized PTC biomarker (aspect ratio) of clinical outcome.
Synthesis and Rheology of Branched Multiblock Polymers Based on Polylactide (2016)

To improve the toughness and processability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a branched multiblock polymer was prepared from d,l-lactide and ε-decalactone. A hydroxy telechelic four-arm star poly(ε-decalactone)–poly(d,l-lactide) diblock was synthesized using sequential ring-opening transesterfication polymerization (ROTEP) and coupled using a substoichiometric amount of sebacoyl chloride to obtain a segmented multiblock with a comb-like architecture. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that this branched multiblock was microphase separated but lacked long-range order. Unlike a linear multiblock of similar mass, the branched material demonstrated significant extensional hardening in the disordered state, suggesting much improved processability in polymer processing methods that require fast elongational flows. Additionally, the branched multiblock material exhibited remarkable tensile toughness. This simple synthetic approach allows for simultaneous control of mechanical and rheological properties using a single macromolecular architecture to address key practical issues with PLA.
Synthesis of Poly(acyclic orthoester)s: Acid‐Sensitive Biomaterials for Enhancing Immune Responses of Protein Vaccine (2020)

Abstract While poly(acyclic orthoester)s (PAOEs) have many appealing features for drug delivery, their application is significantly hindered by a lack of facile synthetic methods. Reported here is a simple method for synthesizing acyclic diketene acetal monomers from diols and vinyl ether, and their polymerization with a diol to first synthesize PAOEs. The PAOEs rapidly hydrolyze at lysosomal pH. With the help of a cationic lipid, ovalbumin, a model vaccine antigen was efficiently loaded into PAOEs nanoparticles using a double emulsion method. These nanoparticles efficiently delivered ovalbumin into the cytosol of dendritic cells and demonstrated enhanced antigen presentation over poly(lactic‐ co ‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. PAOEs are promising vehicles for intracellular delivery of biopharmaceuticals and could increase the utility of poly(orthoesters) in biomedical research.
Parametric Study of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients at the Tire Surface (1980)

Abstract Analyses have shown that the thermal state of a tire is influenced by both the size of and variation in the value of the convective heat transfer coefficient at the tire surface. In the work reported here, a test facility was constructed to permit the determination of convective heat transfer coefficients under a broad range of operating conditions. Data were obtained to show the effects of air speed, boundary layer thickness and turbulence level, humidity, tire surface contamination, tire surface roughness and unevenness, and tire surface wetness on convective heat transfer coefficients. The significance of these results to tire power loss is discussed.
Contribution of copy number variants involving nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway genes to neuro-developmental disorders (2013)

The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway functions not only to degrade transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTC), but also to regulate the transcriptome. UPF3B and RBM8A, important components of NMD, have been implicated in various forms of intellectual disability (ID) and Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radius (TAR) syndrome, which is also associated with ID. To gauge the contribution of other NMD factors to ID, we performed a comprehensive search for copy number variants (CNVs) of 18 NMD genes among individuals with ID and/or congenital anomalies. We identified 11 cases with heterozygous deletions of the genomic region encompassing UPF2, which encodes for a direct interacting protein of UPF3B. Using RNA-Seq, we showed that the genome-wide consequence of reduced expression of UPF2 is similar to that seen in patients with UPF3B mutations. Out of the 1009 genes found deregulated in patients with UPF2 deletions by at least 2-fold, majority (95%) were deregulated similarly in patients with UPF3B mutations. This supports the major role of deletion of UPF2 in ID. Furthermore, we found that four other NMD genes, UPF3A, SMG6, EIF4A3 and RNPS1 are frequently deleted and/or duplicated in the patients. We postulate that dosage imbalances of these NMD genes are likely to be the causes or act as predisposing factors for neuro-developmental disorders. Our findings further emphasize the importance of NMD pathway(s) in learning and memory.
A highly scalable dielectric metamaterial with superior capacitor performance over a broad temperature (2020)

Although many polymers exhibit excellent dielectric performance including high energy density with high efficiency at room temperature, their electric and dielectric performance deteriorates at high temperatures (~150°C). Here, we show that nanofillers at very low volume content in a high-temperature (high-glass transition temperature) semicrystalline dipolar polymer, poly(arylene ether urea), can generate local structural changes, leading to a marked increase in both dielectric constant and breakdown field, and substantially reduce conduction losses at high electric fields and over a broad temperature range. Consequently, the polymer with a low nanofiller loading (0.2 volume %) generates a high discharged energy density of ca. 5 J/cm<sup>3</sup> with high efficiency at 150°C. The experimental data reveal microstructure changes in the nanocomposites, which, at 0.2 volume % nanofiller loading, reduce constraints on dipole motions locally in the glassy state of the polymer, reduce the mean free path for the mobile charges, and enhance the deep trap level.
Small molecule inhibitors of IkappaB kinase are selectively toxic for subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma defined by gene expression profiling. (2005)

Constitutive activation of the NF-kappaB pathway is required for survival of the activated B cell-like (ABC) subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we show that a small molecule IkappaB kinase (IKK) inhibitor, PS-1145, and related compounds are toxic for ABC DLBCL cell lines but not for cell lines derived from the other prevalent form of DLBCL, germinal center B cell-like DLBCL. Treatment of ABC lines with these inhibitors rapidly induced a series of gene expression changes that were attributable to cessation of constitutive IKK activity, similar to changes induced by acute expression of genetic inhibitors of NF-kappaB, confirming the effectiveness and specificity of this compound. Before cell death, inhibition of IKK also induced features of apoptosis and an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. To test further the specificity of this toxicity, an inducible form of NF-kappaB was created by fusing the p65 NF-kappaB subunit with the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (p65-ERD). In the presence of tamoxifen, p65-ERD reversed the toxicity of IKK inhibition and restored expression of many NF-kappaB target genes. Another subgroup of DLBCL, primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL), also expresses NF-kappaB target genes, and treatment of a PMBL cell line with an IKK inhibitor was toxic and induced gene expression changes of a distinct group of NF-kappaB target genes. These studies validate the NF-kappaB pathway as a promising therapeutic target in ABC DLBCL, PMBL, and other lymphomas that depend on the activity of NF-kappaB for survival and proliferation.
Structural characterization of an activin class ternary receptor complex reveals a third paradigm for receptor specificity. (2019)

TGFβ family ligands, which include the TGFβs, BMPs, and activins, signal by forming a ternary complex with type I and type II receptors. For TGFβs and BMPs, structures of ternary complexes have revealed differences in receptor assembly. However, structural information for how activins assemble a ternary receptor complex is lacking. We report the structure of an activin class member, GDF11, in complex with the type II receptor ActRIIB and the type I receptor Alk5. The structure reveals that receptor positioning is similar to the BMP class, with no interreceptor contacts; however, the type I receptor interactions are shifted toward the ligand fingertips and away from the dimer interface. Mutational analysis shows that ligand type I specificity is derived from differences in the fingertips of the ligands that interact with an extended loop specific to Alk4 and Alk5. The study also reveals differences for how TGFβ and GDF11 bind to the same type I receptor, Alk5. For GDF11, additional contacts at the fingertip region substitute for the interreceptor interactions that are seen for TGFβ, indicating that Alk5 binding to GDF11 is more dependent on direct contacts. In support, we show that a single residue of Alk5 (Phe<sup>84</sup>), when mutated, abolishes GDF11 signaling, but has little impact on TGFβ signaling. The structure of GDF11/ActRIIB/Alk5 shows that, across the TGFβ family, different mechanisms regulate type I receptor binding and specificity, providing a molecular explanation for how the activin class accommodates low-affinity type I interactions without the requirement of cooperative receptor interactions.
Heterozygous Deep-Intronic Variants and Deletions inABCA4in Persons with Retinal Dystrophies and One ExonicABCA4Variant (2014)

Variants in ABCA4 are responsible for autosomal-recessive Stargardt disease and cone-rod dystrophy. Sequence analysis of ABCA4 exons previously revealed one causative variant in each of 45 probands. To identify the "missing" variants in these cases, we performed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-based deletion scanning of ABCA4. In addition, we sequenced the promoter region, fragments containing five deep-intronic splice variants, and 15 deep-intronic regions containing weak splice sites. Heterozygous deletions spanning ABCA4 exon 5 or exons 20-22 were found in two probands, heterozygous deep-intronic variants were identified in six probands, and a deep-intronic variant was found together with an exon 20-22 deletion in one proband. Based on ophthalmologic findings and characteristics of the identified exonic variants present in trans, the deep-intronic variants V1 and V4 were predicted to be relatively mild and severe, respectively. These findings are important for proper genetic counseling and for the development of variant-specific therapies.