gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O5‐03‐04: THE LEWY BODY DEMENTIA ASSOCIATION RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE PROGRAM: TOWARD OPTIMIZING CLINICAL CARE AND CLINICAL TRIAL INFRASTRUCTURE (2018)

The Lewy Body Dementias (LBD), which include dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), represent the second most common dementia syndrome after Alzheimer's disease dementia. There are several challenges associated with LBD, which include the lack of approved medications for most clinical features, lack of evidence on management principles, and absence of infrastructure for LBD clinical trials. The Lewy Body Dementia Association (LBDA) oversaw the development of the Research Centers of Excellence (RCOE) program with the primary goals of 1) improving LBD clinical care and 2) developing a clinical trials-ready network and the associated infrastructure. A nation-wide request for applications and review process was performed in 2017, and the inaugural investigator meeting was held in December 2017. Twenty-four centers were selected, and over 40 individuals participated in the investigator meeting. A survey revealed that over 1700 new and over 4800 established LBD patients are evaluated each year across the RCOE centers. The following items were identified as key objectives relating to improving clinical care: 1) identify the optimal tools for clinical diagnosis, 2) define the standards of care for management throughout the course of the disorder, 3) promote continuing medical education to health care providers, and 4) operate and maintain LBD-specific resources, support groups and programs. The key objectives relating to developing clinical trial network infrastructure include: 1) review the landscape of clinical measures and biomarkers pertinent to LBD trial methodology, 2) determine the optimal core and supplemental battery of measures for clinical trials, and develop new measures when needed, 3) expand relationships with industry partners, and 4) determine core principles for LBD trials. Several working groups and committees were established to address these objectives. These objectives address many of the priorities for LBD which were developed at the NAPA Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Summit in 2016 (Corriveau et al, Neurology 2017;89:2381-2391) – particularly the highest priority goal of initiating more clinical trials in LBD. The LBDA RCOE investigators will update the scientific community as these objectives are addressed. Supported by the LBDA.
Buried‐heterostructure mid‐infrared quantum cascade lasers fabricated by non‐selective regrowth and chemical polishing (2015)

A novel fabrication method of buried‐heterostructure (BH) mid‐infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by using non‐selective regrowth of iron‐doped indium phosphide (InP) (Fe:InP), around deeply etched laser ridges, via metal‐organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) and planarisation via chemical polishing is reported. Owing to better heat dissipation, the fabricated 4.75 μm emitting QCLs exhibit about three‐fold enhancement in maximum output power under continuous‐wave operation at room temperature ( T = 20°C) compared with that from lasers without the regrown InP. The demonstrated fabrication method provides a more flexible route to realising BH QCLs by removing strict requirements on the etched‐ridge sidewall profile, as well as on the physical dimensions of the dielectric mask for the regrowth via MOCVD. The method can be further employed for making large‐emitting aperture, closely packed arrays of QCLs, with planarised geometry, for coherent‐power scaling.
On the design of phase locked loop oscillatory neural networks: Mitigation of transmission delay effects (2016)

This paper introduces a novel design of phase locked loop (PLL) based oscillatory neural networks (ONNs) to mitigate the frequency clustering phenomenon caused by transmission delays in real systems. Theoretical analysis of the ONN reveals that transmission delays can produce frequency clustering that leads to synchronization and convergence failure. This paper describes the redesign of ONN dynamics and associated system-level architecture to achieve robustness. Specifically, we first demonstrate that using the phase information of zero-crossing points of inputs as the PLL error signal enables the ONN dynamical model to correctly synchronize under uniform transmission delays. A Type-II PLL based ONN architecture is shown via simulation to provide this property in hardware. Furthermore, to accommodate non-uniform transmission delays in hardware, a phase synchronization technique is proposed that is shown to provide the correct synchronization behavior.
Adrenomedullin Gene Delivery Reduces Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. (1997)

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a potent vasoactive peptide. In this study, we explored the effects of a continuous supply of ADM by somatic gene delivery on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). DNA constructs containing the human ADM cDNA fused to either the cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-cADM) or Rous Sarcoma virus 3'-long terminal repeat (RSV-cADM) were intravenously injected into SHR through the tail vein. Expression of human ADM in SHR was identified in the kidney, adrenal gland, heart, and lung by radioimmunoassay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern blot analysis. A single injection of ADM plasmid DNA in young adult SHR (7 wk old) caused a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure for up to 5 wk (p < 0.05). A second injection of CMV-cADM 5 wk after the first delivery resulted in a further reduction in blood pressure for another 3 wk (p < 0.001). A maximal blood pressure reduction of 22 mmHg in SHR was observed 7 wk after injection of CMV-cADM plasmid DNA (185 +/- 1.7 mmHg, n = 6, p < 0.001), and a reduction of 15 mmHg was observed after injection of RSV-cADM (192 +/- 2.7 mmHg, n = 6, p < 0.001), as compared with control rats given vector DNA (207 +/- 2.4 mmHg, n = 6). Similarly, injection of CMV-cADM plasmid DNA in adult SHR (10 wk old) resulted in a significant reduction in blood pressure for up to 6 wk. Antibodies to either human ADM or its plasmid DNA were not detected in rat sera after the second injection. These studies indicate that intravenous injection of the human ADM gene in hypertensive rats results in expression of the foreign gene and induces a long-lasting reduction in blood pressure.
MiR-155 Regulates PAD4-Dependent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (2019)

Accumulating data suggest that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) exert a key function in several diseases. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) regulates NET formation via citrullination of histones. The aim of this study was to examine the role of miR-155 in controlling PAD4-dependent generation of NETs. Bone marrow neutrophils were stimulated with PMA and MIP-2. Pre-incubation of neutrophils with translational inhibitors (cycloheximide or puromycin) markedly decreased NET formation induced by PMA or MIP-2. Neutrophil transfection with a mimic miR-155 increased PMA-induced PAD4 mRNA expression and NET formation. In contrast, transfection with an antagomiR-155 decreased induction of PAD4 mRNA and NETs in response to PMA challenge. Bioinformatical examination of PAD4 revealed a potential binding site in AU-rich elements at the 3'-UTR region. MiR-155 binding to PAD4 was examined by use of target site blockers and RNA immunoprecipitation, revealing that miR-155 regulation of PAD4 mRNA is mediated via AU-rich elements in the 3'-UTR region. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that miR-155 positively regulates neutrophil expression of PAD4 and expulsion of extracellular traps. Thus, our novel results indicate that targeting miR-155 might be useful to inhibit exaggerated NET generation in inflammatory diseases.
On Naturalistic Pharmacogenetic Studies: Reply from the Authors (2013)

A letter in response to: Ruaño G, Szarek BL, Villagra D et al. Length of psychiatric hospitalization is correlated with CYP2D6 functional status in inpatients with major depressive disorder. Biomarkers Med. 7(3), 429–439 (2013).
Substrate recognition of type III secretion machines -testing the RNA signal hypothesis (2005)

Secretion by the type III pathway of Gram-negative microbes transports polypeptides into the extracellular medium or into the cytoplasm of host cells during infection. In pathogenic Yersinia spp., type III machines recognize 14 different Yop protein substrates via discrete signals genetically encoded in 7-15 codons at the 5' portion of yop genes. Although the signals necessary and sufficient for substrate recognition of Yop proteins have been mapped, a clear mechanism on how proteins are recognized by the machinery and then initiated into the transport pathway has not yet emerged. As synonymous substitutions, mutations that alter mRNA sequence but not codon specificity, affect the function of some secretion signals, recent work with several different microbes tested the hypothesis of an RNA-encoded secretion signal for polypeptides that travel the type III pathway. This review summarizes experimental observations and mechanistic models for substrate recognition in this field.
Thiophene Polymer-Grafted Barium Titanate Nanoparticles toward Nanodielectric Composites (2014)

This paper reports a strategy for controlling surface chemistry of barium titanate (BaTiO3) using surface-initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of an oligothiophene monomer. The modular chemistry on the engineering of nanoparticles provides a facile pathway to compatibilizing dielectric nanofillers in a matrix of oligothiophene polymers, leading to the formation of nanodielectric composites with permittivity at ∼20 and dielectric loss <0.02 over a wide range of frequencies (1 kHz to 1 MHz). This approach could be generalized to a variety of nanoparticles with tunable dipolar polymer shells for the development of novel dielectric nanocomposite systems for energy storage.
Electrical conductive composite lubricants (1995)

In power and electronic systems, electrical contact resistance is a major issue. For mechanical connections and sliding contacts, power losses and electrical noise are critical concerns. These issues are of particular interest to all industrial members of the Auburn CCDS. Research has been conducted to develop a variety of contact materials, both for solid lubricant films and composite paper lubricants. A combination of low electrical resistance, good lubricating properties, long wear‐life, and low sliding electrical noise was achieved using a metal‐cellulose composite paper with dichalcogenide powders entrapped in the porous paper matrix. Advancements in developing these conductive lubricants can increase contact lifetime and reliability in many space and terrestrial applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic and Nuclear Dynamics of the Accessory Bacteriochlorophylls in Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers from Resonance Raman Intensities. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Topologically controlled circuits of human iPSC-derived neurons for electrophysiology recordings (2021)

Bottom-up neuroscience, which consists of building and studying controlled networks of neurons in vitro , is a promising method to investigate information processing at the neuronal level. However, in vitro studies tend to use cells of animal origin rather than human neurons, leading to conclusions that might not be generalizable to humans and limiting the possibilities for relevant studies on neurological disorders. Here we present a method to build arrays of topologically controlled circuits of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. The circuits consist of 4 to 50 neurons with mostly unidirectional connections, confined by microfabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes. Such circuits were characterized using optical imaging and microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Electrophysiology recordings were performed on circuits of human iPSC-derived neurons for at least 4.5 months. We believe that the capacity to build small and controlled circuits of human iPSC-derived neurons holds great promise to better understand the fundamental principles of information processing and storing in the brain.
Orienteering with one endomorphism (2022)

In supersingular isogeny-based cryptography, the path-finding problem reduces to the endomorphism ring problem. Can path-finding be reduced to knowing just one endomorphism? It is known that a small endomorphism enables polynomial-time path-finding and endomorphism ring computation (Love-Boneh [36]). An endomorphism gives an explicit orientation of a supersingular elliptic curve. In this paper, we use the volcano structure of the oriented supersingular isogeny graph to take ascending/descending/horizontal steps on the graph and deduce path-finding algorithms to an initial curve. Each altitude of the volcano corresponds to a unique quadratic order, called the primitive order. We introduce a new hard problem of computing the primitive order given an arbitrary endomorphism on the curve, and we also provide a sub-exponential quantum algorithm for solving it. In concurrent work (Wesolowski [54]), it was shown that the endomorphism ring problem in the presence of one endomorphism with known primitive order reduces to a vectorization problem, implying path-finding algorithms. Our path-finding algorithms are more general in the sense that we don't assume the knowledge of the primitive order associated with the endomorphism.
The A3 adenosine receptor agonist, namodenoson, ameliorates non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice (2019)

The Wnt/β‑catenin pathway confers a chain of molecular events in livers affected by non‑alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Namodenoson, a selective agonist of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR), which is highly expressed in pathological liver cells, induces a robust anti‑inflammatory effect in the liver, mediated via the de‑regulation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Namodenoson also acts as a liver protective agent by inhibiting ischemia/reperfusion injury. Based on these unique characteristics, we investigated the anti‑NASH effect of Namodenoson in murine models of steatohepatitis and in the LX2 human hepatic stellate cell line (HSC). In the STAM model, Namodenoson significantly decreased the non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score, NAS, demonstrating anti‑inflammatory and anti‑steatotic effects. In the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) model, Namodenoson reversed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to normal values and significantly improved liver inflammation and fibrosis, as well as the adiponectin and leptin levels. Namodenoson de‑regulated the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway in the liver extracts of the CCl4 model mice and in the LX2 HSCs, manifested by a decrease in the expression of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor κ‑light‑chain‑enhancer of activated B cells (NF‑κB), β‑catenin, lymphoid enhancer‑binding factor 1 (Lef‑1) and cyclin D1, and an increase in the expression level of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‑3β). The fibrosis marker, α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) was also de‑regulated, supporting the anti‑fibrotic effect of Namodenoson. On the whole, the findings of this study demonstrate that Namodenoson exerts an anti‑NASH effect mediated via the de‑regulation of the PI3K/NF‑κB/Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Thus, targeting A3AR may prove to be a novel direction in the pharmacotherapy of NAFLD/NASH.
Waffling around for Performance: Visual Classification with Random Words and Broad Concepts (2023)

The visual classification performance of vision-language models such as CLIP has been shown to benefit from additional semantic knowledge from large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-3. In particular, averaging over LLM-generated class descriptors, e.g. "waffle, which has a round shape", can notably improve generalization performance. In this work, we critically study this behavior and propose WaffleCLIP, a framework for zero-shot visual classification which simply replaces LLM-generated descriptors with random character and word descriptors. Without querying external models, we achieve comparable performance gains on a large number of visual classification tasks. This allows WaffleCLIP to both serve as a low-cost alternative, as well as a sanity check for any future LLM-based vision-language model extensions. We conduct an extensive experimental study on the impact and shortcomings of additional semantics introduced with LLM-generated descriptors, and showcase how - if available - semantic context is better leveraged by querying LLMs for high-level concepts, which we show can be done to jointly resolve potential class name ambiguities. Code is available here: https://github.com/ExplainableML/WaffleCLIP.
Study on the Accuracy of Injection Molded Plastic Gear with the Assistance of Supercritical Fluid and a Pressurized Mold (2007)

Plastic gears are lighter and less noisy compared to steel gears, and they can be easily shaped into diverse forms by the injection molding process. For this reason, plastic gears are widely used in industry. An extensive amount of research has been conducted on gear materials and methods of shaping plastic gears for durability and for broader applications. In this article, the focus is on producing a plastic gear shaping method incorporating the injection molding process. The most important factor influencing the durability of a plastic gear is its accuracy. Unlike steel gears, the dimensions of plastic gears are subject to considerable change during formation, and this is due to certain conditions during the injection molding process and to the mold structure. The main causes of size variability here are the high viscosity of plastic and the shrinkage ratio of the resin. In our study, a supercritical fluid was used to reduce the viscosity of the plastic, and a pressurized mold was used to control the shrinkage ratio of the resin. Thus, production of an improved, more highly accurate plastic gear was achieved.
Robbery or Assault by Stupefying Drugs: The New Indian Scourge (2016)

Of late, instances of innocent travellers on buses and trains being drugged by unknown co-passengers and then robbed of their belongings are steadily on the rise in various states of India. There are also instances of victims being approached by strangers at locations such as cinema theatres or hotels, and subsequently incapacitated by stupefying drugs, prior to being robbed or sexually assaulted. Such cases pose a real challenge to the attending physician when brought for treatment to the hospital, and to the investigating authorities such as the police, since most of the time the victims are dazed and confused upon arrival and even after recovery, and may not be able to recall the incident or the perpetrators clearly. This is the result of such drugs possessing the capacity to not only incapacitate the victim by rendering him or her suddenly unconscious or delirious (stupefaction), but also to cause disorientation and amnesia during the acute and recovery phases. In some cases these drugs have been misused even by the youth to facilitate what is now termed as “date rape”, i.e., taking a girl out on the pretext of a date, rendering her unconscious or helpless by mixing the drug in food or drink, and then sexually assaulting her in a secluded place. The same difficulties in proving the commission of the offence and prosecuting the culprit arise as in drug-facilitated robbery, owing to confusion and memory disturbances in the victim. Two typical cases are presented, followed by a brief discussion of the common drugs used in such offences, their mechanism of action, and their detection in body fluids, which can be of help in hospital management, and subsequent police investigation and prosecution.
An efficient technique for modeling wideband propagation in an urban parallel street microcellular environment (2003)

This paper suggests an extended technique for modeling of wideband propagation in an urban parallel street microcellular environment. This technique is based on multiple equivalent sources. It makes parallel street propagation predictable by using a simple yet accurate method which has been successful for a side street environment.
Stress-Induced Cell Death Is Mediated by Ceramide Synthesis in Neurospora crassa (2008)

The combined stresses of moderate heat shock (45 degrees C) and analog-induced glucose deprivation constitute a lethal stress for Neurospora crassa. We found that this cell death requires fatty acid synthesis and the cofactor biotin. In the absence of the cofactor, the stressed cells are particularly sensitive to exogenous ceramide, which is lethal at low concentrations. When we extracted endogenous sphingolipids, we found that unique ceramides were induced (i) by the inhibitory glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose and (ii) by combined heat shock and 2-deoxyglucose. We determined that the former is a 2-deoxyglucose-modified ceramide. By structural analysis, we identified the latter, induced by dual stress, as C(18)(OH)-phytoceramide. We also identified C(24)(OH)-phytoceramide as a constitutive ceramide that continues to be produced during the combined stresses. The unusual C(18)(OH)-phytoceramide is not made by germinating asexual spores subjected to the same heat and carbon stress. Since these spores, unlike growing cells, do not die from the stresses, this suggests a possible connection between synthesis of the dual-stress-induced ceramide and cell death. This connection is supported by the finding that a (dihydro)ceramide synthase inhibitor, australifungin, renders cells resistant to death from these stresses. The OS-2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, homologous to mammalian p38, may be involved in the cell death signaling pathway. Strains lacking OS-2 survived the combined stresses better than the wild type, and phosphorylated OS-2 increased in wild-type cells in response to heat shock and combined heat and carbon stress.
Energy barriers at grain boundaries dominate charge carrier transport in an electron-conductive organic semiconductor (2018)

Semiconducting organic films that are at the heart of light-emitting diodes, solar cells and transistors frequently contain a large number of morphological defects, most prominently at the interconnects between crystalline regions. These grain boundaries can dominate the overall (opto-)electronic properties of the entire device and their exact morphological and energetic nature is still under current debate. Here, we explore in detail the energetics at the grain boundaries of a novel electron conductive perylene diimide thin film. Via a combination of temperature dependent charge transport measurements and ab-initio simulations at atomistic resolution, we identify that energetic barriers at grain boundaries dominate charge transport in our system. This novel aspect of physics at the grain boundary is distinct from previously identified grain-boundary defects that had been explained by trapping of charges. We furthermore derive molecular design criteria to suppress such energetic barriers at grain boundaries in future, more efficient organic semiconductors.
An inexpensive bounding representation for offsets of quadratic curves (2011)

We describe a simple mechanism for bounding the portion of the plane lying between a quadratic Beizer curve segment and its offset curve at distance d. Instead of comprising one or more partial bounding polygons, our representation consists of only a single approximate offset curve segment, also in quadratic Bezier form. Evaluated on a corpus of real-world curves, this technique avoids 68--99% of antialias-distance queries and 41--96% of brush-parameter queries. A proof of correctness is provided.