gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of In-Vivo Cardiac HIFU Ablation (2005)

The potential for cardiac applications of HIFU remains largely unexplored. In order to create reproducible lesions in a beating heart, it is necessary to maintain focusing at a certain position within moving myocardial tissue. One technique is to use multiple short HIFU exposures (0.2 s) and to synchronize them with an EKG signal and respiration. In order to investigate the interaction of HIFU exposures and cardiac tissues, a series of in‐vitro experiments was conducted. The left ventricular free wall (LVFW) of calf hearts were cut into 4‐cm cubes, degassed in phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and heated to 37C. Several transducers were employed. Most experiments used a 33‐mm diameter spherical‐cap transducer with focal length of 35 mm, operated at a frequency of 5.075 MHz and a focused intensity of 13 kW/cm2 (in‐situ spatial average over the half‐power points of the focused beam). The transducer was coupled to the LVFW using degassed PBS. First, the effects of pericardial fat, focal depth, and temperature on lesion size were individually evaluated. We compared the effect of different time pulse duration (0.2 s and 0.3 s) and number of applied pulses. Dimensions of all lesions were measured by visual examination of the fresh, unstained tissue. Histopathological examination of the lesions was also performed.
Discontinuous frequency drop in spin torque oscillator with a perpendicularly magnetized FeB free layer (2014)

We investigated the low-field oscillation in a spin-torque oscillator (STO) consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized reference layer. A sharp drop in oscillation frequency at a low magnetic field was observed when the free layer of the STO possessed high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In contrast to the results obtained in the past, the investigation performed in this study was consistent with the theoretical predictions in the low-field region. The study presented unveils the oscillation mechanism in the entire field range, which is crucial in designing practical STO devices.
Asset Attribution Stability And Portfolio Construction: An Educational Example (2014)

This paper illustrates how a third statistic from asset pricing models, the R-squared statistic, may have information that can help in portfolio construction. Using a traditional CAPM model in comparison to an 18-factor Arbitrage Pricing Style Model, a portfolio separation test is conducted. Portfolio returns and risk metrics are compared using data from the Dow Jones 30 stocks over the period January 2007 through October 2013. Various teaching points are discussed and illustrated.
Entry of CD4−CD8−immature thymocytes into the CD4/CD8 developmental pathway is controlled by tyrosine kinase signals that can be provided through TCR components (1994)

Entry of thymus-migrated precursor cells into the CD4/CD8 developmental pathway was analyzed by using the short-term organ cultures of day 14 fetal mouse thymus lobes. Organ cultures of CD4-CD8- day 14 fetal thymocytes for 1-2 days resulted in the generation of CD4-CD8+ cells, which were mostly immediate precursor cells for CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. This differentiation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes into CD4-CD8+ cells was strongly enhanced by anti-CD3 antibodies. The anti-CD3- induced generation of CD4-CD8+ cells was even found in the immunodeficient scid fetal thymus cultures, and the cell surface CD3 expression on the scid fetal thymocytes could be directly visualized, indicating that functional CD3 could be expressed on CD4-CD8- immature thymocytes without being associated with rearranged TCR components. The anti-CD3-induced generation of CD4-CD8+ cells from scid and normal fetal thymus cultures was inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors Herbimycin A and Tyrphostin. The generation of CD4-CD8+ cells in unstimulated normal fetal thymus cultures was also markedly inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors but not by Cyclosporin A, suggesting that tyrosine kinase-dependent but calcineurin-independent signals were essential for the differentiation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes. Interestingly, the generation of CD4-CD8+ cells from the normal fetal thymus cultures was modestly but consistently enhanced by anti-TCR beta antibody, suggesting that functional TCR beta in addition to CD3 was expressed on normal CD4-CD8- immature thymocytes. On the other hand, anti-TCR delta antibody did not affect this differentiation in the normal fetal thymus cultures and the generation of CD4-CD8+ cells from the fetal thymus cultures of TCR delta-deficient mice was still enhanced by anti-TCR beta or anti-CD3 antibodies, indicating that either TCR delta chains or TCR delta+ cells were not involved in the control of the differentiation into CD4-CD8+ cells. These results indicate that the entry of CD4-CD8- immature thymocytes into the CD4/CD8 developmental pathway is controlled by tyrosine kinase signals and that these signals can be provided through the engagement of TCR-CD3 complexes with or without TCR beta chains expressed on the CD4-CD8- immature thymocytes.
Synthesis and use of (polyfluoroaryl)fluoroanions of aluminum, gallium and indium (2023)

Salts of (polyfluoroaryl)fluoroanions of aluminum, gallium, and indium are described. The (polyfluoroaryl)fluoroanions have the formula [ER'R"R'"F].sup..crclbar. wherein E is aluminum, gallium, or indium, wherein F is fluorine, and wherein R', R", and R'" is each a fluorinated phenyl, fluorinated biphenyl, or fluorinated polycyclic group.
Association between Brain and Plasma Glutamine Levels in Healthy Young Subjects Investigated by MRS and LC/MS (2019)

Both glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) are known to exist in plasma and brain. However, despite the assumed relationship between brain and plasma, no studies have clarified the association between them. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was sequentially performed twice, with a 60-min interval, on 10 males and 10 females using a 3T scanner. Blood samples for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to measure Gln and Glu concentrations in plasma were collected during the time interval between the two MRS sessions. MRS voxels of interest were localized at the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and cerebellum (Cbll) and measured by the SPECIAL sequence. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to examine the association between brain and plasma metabolites. The Gln concentrations in PCC (mean of two measurements) were positively correlated with Gln concentrations in plasma (<i>p</i> < 0.01, <i>r</i> = 0.72). However, the Glu concentrations in the two regions were not correlated with those in plasma. Consideration of the different dynamics of Gln and Glu between plasma and brain is crucial when addressing the pathomechanism and therapeutic strategies for brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and hepatic encephalopathy.
Investigation of Gene Expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in Rat Lung in Inhaled Nickel Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (2011)

In order to investigate whether or not dispersed nanoparticles have an effect of inflammation and fibrosis on animals, we developed a nanoparticle generation system and examined the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor matrix proteinase (TIMP) in rat lung containing inhaled nickel oxide (NiO) or titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles. In both experiments, Wistar male rats were exposed to NiO or TiO(2) nanoparticles for 4 wk (6 h/day). The geometric mean diameters of NiO and TiO(2) in the chamber were 139 ± 12 nm and 51 ± 9 nm, respectively. The average concentration of the particle number of NiO and TiO(2) was 1.0E+05 /cm(3) and 2.8E+05 /cm(3), respectively. At 4 d, 1 and 3 months after the end of the inhalation, the rats exposed to these particles were sacrificed and the gene expressions of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and type I collagen were measured using RT-PCR. Pathological finding revealed that there was minimum inflammation with nickel oxide only at 4 d and no change with titanium oxide. However, there were no changes of the gene expression of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and type I collagen in either the NiO or TiO(2) exposure groups. In this study, inhalation of nickel oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles did not induce the gene expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in rat lungs.
A 3D Printed Robotic Finger with Embedded Tactile Pressure and Strain Sensor (2020)

In this paper a simple and low-cost 3D printed robotic finger is presented. The 3D printed finger is embedded with a low-cost flexible piezoresistive polymer for sensing pressure and a thread-based carbon coated strain sensor for tracking the bending of the finger. The fingers are 3D printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers using polymer composites thereby enabling low cost, high speed and simplicity. Design of a single such 3D printed finger is discussed and results are shown for the embedded pressure and strain sensors using a simple highly linear analog readout circuit.
Using Refinement in Formal Development of OS Security Model (2016)

The paper presents work in progress on formal development of an operating system security model for the purpose of its deductive verification. We consider two approaches to formalize the security model. The first one is to build a monolithic model, another one is to build a hierarchical model using the refinement technique. The main criteria for comparison are costs of development, simplicity of maintenance and confidence in the quality of the formal model. The results are twofold. On the one hand, refinement helped us to deal with complexity of the formal model, to improve its readability and to simplify automatic proofs. However, deep understanding of the security model details and careful planning were absolutely necessary to build a reasonable hierarchical model. The monolithic approach allowed to quickly start formalization and helped to study the details of the security model, but the resulting formal model became hard to maintain and explore.
Loopholes and missing links in protein modeling (2007)

This paper provides an unbiased comparison of four commercially available programs for loop sampling, Prime, Modeler, ICM, and Sybyl, each of which uses a different modeling protocol. The study assesses the quality of results and examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method. The set of loops to be modeled varied in length from 4-12 amino acids. The approaches used for loop modeling can be classified into two methodologies: ab initio loop generation (Modeler and Prime) and database searches (Sybyl and ICM). Comparison of the modeled loops to the native structures was used to determine the accuracy of each method. All of the protocols returned similar results for short loop lengths (four to six residues), but as loop length increased, the quality of the results varied among the programs. Prime generated loops with RMSDs <2.5 A for loops up to 10 residues, while the other three methods met the 2.5 A criteria at seven-residue loops. Additionally, the ability of the software to utilize disulfide bonds and X-ray crystal packing influenced the quality of the results. In the final analysis, the top-ranking loop from each program was rarely the loop with the lowest RMSD with respect to the native template, revealing a weakness in all programs to correctly rank the modeled loops.
Organization of the polarization splay modulated smectic liquid crystal phase by topographic confinement (2010)

Recently, the topographic patterning of surfaces by lithography and nanoimprinting has emerged as a new and powerful tool for producing single structural domains of liquid crystals and other soft materials. Here the use of surface topography is extended to the organization of liquid crystals of bent-core molecules, soft materials that, on the one hand, exhibit a rich, exciting, and intensely studied array of novel phases, but that, on the other hand, have proved very difficult to align. Among the most notorious in this regard are the polarization splay modulated (B7) phases, in which the symmetry-required preference for ferroelectric polarization to be locally bouquet-like or "splayed" is expressed. Filling space with splay of a single sign requires defects and in the B7 splay is accommodated in the form of periodic splay stripes spaced by defects and coupled to smectic layer undulations. Upon cooling from the isotropic phase this structure grows via a first order transition in the form of an exotic array of twisted filaments and focal conic defects that are influenced very little by classic alignment methods. By contrast, growth under conditions of confinement in rectangular topographic channels is found to produce completely new growth morphology, generating highly ordered periodic layering patterns. The resulting macroscopic order will be of great use in further exploration of the physical properties of bent-core phases and offers a route for application of difficult-to-align soft materials as are encountered in organic electronic and optical applications.
Electrodynamic mechanism of voltage dependent gating (2002)

A new concept of channel gating is proposed. The concept is based on the idea that the polarization of the channel, due to the presence of gating charges, modifies the effective potential through which the ions migrate. The channel gate is therefore an up or down shift in the potential function seen by the ion in the channel.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Passively aligned 100-port micro-fluidic connector (2006)

Widespread application of micro-fluidic systems has been hindered by the challenge of repeatable, accurate interfacing between integrated channels or wells and external loading, detecting, or stimulating devices. We are developing a repeatable, accurate, 100-port micro-fluidic connector to interface to a 100 capillary array. The capillaries are passively aligned for connection with a combination of precision guide pins and conical tapered holes, and sealed with a PDMS layer after insertion. Using the connector device, an array of 100 loosely-assembled capillaries with 1 mm spacing can be aligned to 20 µm radial accuracy and high repeatability, with only 5 % failure after 10,000 insertions. We have confirmed electrical and fluidic connectivity as well. This device can be simply manufactured and adapted for numerous micro-fluidic interface applications.
Comparison of sub-chronic metabolic effects of stable forms of naturally occurring GIP(1-30) and GIP(1-42) in high fat fed mice (2011)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a 42 amino acid hormone secreted from intestinal K-cells, which exhibits a number of actions including stimulation of insulin release. A truncated form, GIP(1-30), has recently been demonstrated in intestine and islet α-cells. To evaluate the potential physiological significance of this naturally occurring form of GIP, the present study has examined and compared the bioactivity of enzymatically stabilised forms, [D-Ala²]GIP(1-30) and [D-Ala²]GIP(1-42), in high-fat fed mice. Twice-daily injection of GIP peptides for 42 days had no significant effect on food intake or body weight. However, non-fasting glucose levels were significantly lowered, and insulin levels were elevated in both treatment groups compared to saline controls. The glycaemic response to i.p. glucose was correspondingly improved (P < 0.05) in [D-Ala²]GIP(1-30)- and [D-Ala²]GIP(1-42)-treated mice. Furthermore, glucose-stimulated plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated in both treatment groups compared to control mice. Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between any of the groups. Similarly, plasma lipid profile, O₂ consumption, CO₂ production, respiratory exchange ratio, and energy expenditure were not altered by 42 days twice-daily treatment with [D-Ala²]GIP(1-30) or [D-Ala²]GIP(1-42). In contrast, ambulatory activity was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated during the light phase in both GIP treatment groups compared to saline controls. The results reveal that sustained GIP receptor activation exerts a spectrum of beneficial metabolic effects in high-fat fed mice. However, no differences were discernable between the biological actions of the enzyme-resistant analogues of the naturally occurring forms, GIP(1-30) and GIP(1-42).
<title>Chaining and extension mechanism for image processing software</title> (1992)

A common image processing hardware configuration consists of fast, special-purpose hardware attached to a general-purpose computer. The special-purpose hardware performs the computationally-intensive processing. This works well for algorithms that have been hand- coded for the special hardware, and in situations where a complete compiler for the attached processor is available. However, the development of new algorithms requires composition of the basic, hand-coded operators and this suffers from problems of inefficiency in both memory usage and loop overhead. Chaining mechanisms allow the delayed execution of operations, with the potential for optimizing combinations of operations to reduce this inefficiency. Modern programming languages, such as C++, allow attractive implementations of chaining as the programming interface can be natural and intuitive with little syntactical overhead for the chaining constructs. The paper will discuss the philosophy and implementation of chaining and a method for building optimized, chained image processing constructs without a special-purpose language parser or compiler.
Believe it or Not! Multicore CPUs can Match GPUs for FLOP-intensive Applications (2010)

In this work, we evaluate performance of a real-world image processing application that uses a cross-correlation algorithm to compare a given image with a reference one. The algorithm processes individual images represented as 2-dimensional matrices of single-precision floating-point values using O(n4) operations involving dot-products and additions. We implement this algorithm on a nVidia GTX 285 GPU using CUDA, and also parallelize it for the Intel Xeon (Nehalem) and IBM Power7 processors, using both manual and automatic techniques. Pthreads and OpenMP with SSE and VSX vector intrinsics are used for the manually parallelized version, while a state-of-the-art optimization framework based on the polyhedral model is used for automatic compiler parallelization and optimization. The performance of this algorithm on the nVidia GPU suffers from: (1) a smaller shared memory, (2) unaligned device memory access patterns, (3) expensive atomic operations, and (4) weaker single-thread performance. On commodity multi-core processors, the application dataset is small enough to fit in caches, and when parallelized using a combination of task and short-vector data parallelism (via SSE/VSX) or through fully automatic optimization from the compiler, the application matches or beats the performance of the GPU version. The primary reasons for better multi-core performance include larger and faster caches, higher clock frequency, higher on-chip memory bandwidth, and better compiler optimization and support for parallelization. The best performing versions on the Power7, Nehalem, and GTX 285 run in 1.02s, 1.82s, and 1.75s, respectively. These results conclusively demonstrate that, under certain conditions, it is possible for a FLOP-intensive structured application running on a multi-core processor to match or even beat the performance of an equivalent GPU version.
Anterior Plating for Cervical Traumatic Fractures: An Analysis of Graft Height and Segmental Lordosis Preservation (2005)

Study Design: A 5-year retrospective review of cases treated for traumatic cervical spine injuries. Objective: To assess the clinical impact of the biomechanical properties for cervical plates systems on patient's radiological outcome. This was addressed by comparing the degree of graft height and lordosis loss between constrained fixed angle plates, semiconstrained rotational angle plates, and semiconstrained with trfanslational and rotational angle plates(Synthes CSLP, Codman, Medtronic Atlantis, and ABC Aesculap) Methods: This investigation comprised a total of 70 cases, including 61 cases of single-level ACDF and 9 cases of two or more level ACDF. There were 24 cases of CSLP, 15 cases of Atlantis, 13 cases of Codman and 18 cases of ABC plates used. Digitized lateral cervical spine x-rays were done at each patient follow up. Computer-assisted measurements of Cobb angles and graft height, allowed a recording of any loss in lordosis or graft height for each construct. Post-operative follow-up lasted up to 18 months. Results:Loss of cervical lordosis from the ABC, Codman, Atlantis and CSLP plates were 4.16 degrees, 6.1 degrees, 6.45 degrees, 10.3 degrees on average respectively. Loss of graft height was 10.4% for the ABC, 37.2% for the Codman, 19.4% for the Atlantis and 31.8% for the CSLP implants. There were a total number of 2 plate fractures (CSLP constructs), 7 cases of graft extrusion (4 CSLP, 1 Atlantis, 2 Codman), and 2 cases of screw breakage (1 CSLP and 1 Atlantis). Conclusion: The semiconstrained translational, and rotational angle plates fared best with regards to loss of cervical lordosis and graft subsidence (p<0.05). This observation suggests that differences in plate design may have significant effects on subsequent segmental arhrodesis.
Single-dose cyclophosphamide synergizes with immune responses to the renal cell cancer vaccine IMA901 (2012)

The development of efficient immunotherapies requires strong rationalization. We have recently implemented a large analysis of biomarkers in two studies involving the multi-peptide vaccine IMA901 and advanced renal cell cancer patients. Our findings demonstrate that the breadth of immune responses was associated with clinical benefits and that single-dose cyclophosphamide reduced the amount of regulatory T cells and was associated with prolonged survival after vaccination.
Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Design for Improving Self-Sensing Performance at Very Low Speed (2009)

The focus of this paper is to improve the self-sensing performance of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) by modifying the rotor configurations. A field-intensified IPMSM (FIIPMSM) is designed by adding flux barriers in the rotor of an IPMSM. In comparison with IPMSMs, FIIPMSMs have the advantage of decoupling saturation-induced saliency, cross-coupling effects, and also secondary saliencies, which reduce the estimation accuracy of self-sensing control for IPMSMs. A finite element analysis is used to design the FIIPMSM and assess the performance of the machine for self-sensing. The self-sensing capabilities of IPMSMs and FIIPMSMs are presented and compared. The results demonstrate the improved self-sensing performance of the new field-intensified machine.
108 Tb/s Transmission Over 120 km of 7-Core Multicore Fiber with Integrated Cladding Pumped Multicore Amplifiers (2018)

Employing time-domain hybrid modulation we maximize the throughput over a multicore link of 2×60km. We adjust the ratio of the modulation schemes according to the available OSNR at each spatial and wavelength channel achieving a net spectral efficiency of 39. 27bit/s/Hz.
Focused Ultrasound: Concept for Automated Transcutaneous Control of Hemorrhage in Austere Settings (2009)

An automated system to detect and target simulated bleeding has been built and tested. The system could be combined with existing algorithms to detect, target, and treat clinical bleeding.