gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Posttraumatic Arthritis Through Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Inhibition (2011)

Background Despite surgical and mechanical stabilization of an acutely injured joint through ligament reconstruction, meniscus repair, or labral repair, the risk of posttraumatic arthritis remains high. Joint injury triggers three phases of pathogenic events: the early (acute) phase involves joint swelling, hemarthrosis, expression of inflammatory cytokines (especially interleukin-1 [IL-1] and tumor necrosis factor-a [TNF-a]), and biomarkers of cartilage catabolism; an intermediate phase is characterized by reduction of joint inflammation, ongoing joint catabolism, but no evidence yet for typical features of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA); and a late phase characterized by radiographic OA. Hypotheses We hypothesize that the early phase of acute knee injury represents a window of opportunity for providing biologic treatment to promote healing and to slow or prevent a subsequent cascade of destructive joint processes
Structure of the Active Sites on H3PO4/ZrO2 Catalysts for Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide (2001)

The catalytic properties of H3PO4/ZrO2 catalysts for dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from CH3OH and CO2 were investigated. The modification of ZrO2 with H3PO4 promoted the activity for selective DMC formation. The characterization of H3PO4/ZrO2 catalysts was performed by means of BET, XRD, 31P MAS NMR, LRS, DRIFT, and NH3-TPD. From the characterization results, it was determined that ZrO2 had Lewis acid sites and did not have Brønsted acid sites. The presence of Brønsted acid sites as well as Lewis acid sites was observed on H3PO4/ZrO2 (P/Zr = 0.05). The acidity of the Brønsted sites is weak, and the site's structure is a bridged OH. Furthermore, this Brønsted site is formed by the interaction between tetragonal Zr and P. In the reaction scheme of DMC formation, the Brønsted acid site can contribute to CH3OH activation and to the enhancement of the catalytic activity.
A murine model for B-cell lymphomagenesis in immunocompromised hosts: c-myc-rearranged B-cell lines with a premalignant phenotype. (1990)

Activation of c-myc or bcl-2 protooncogene is a common event in B-cell lymphomagenesis. Alone, each is insufficient to produce lymphoma, prompting the search for the additional steps required to complete the malignant phenotype. Among the existing systems of murine or human B-cell neoplasia, no commonly occurring complementary oncogenic activation has been found. This study introduces a new series of murine B-cell lines with a phenotype suggesting that such additional events might not involve intrinsic growth control, but instead host immune mechanisms which normally suppress tumorigenicity of premalignant B-cells. Four murine B-cell lines were isolated from the long-term culture of normal lymphoid tissue bearing a premalignant phenotype. (a) Their phenotype resembled naturally occurring lymphoid tumors of immunocompromised hosts with regard to c-myc activation, aberrant or absent immunoglobulin expression, preferential rearrangement of the lambda light chain locus, and a distinctive pattern of tissue invasion and tumor histology. (b) Their tumorigenicity was strictly dependent on host permissiveness correlated with immunodeficient status: C.B-17-scid greater than BALB/c-nu/nu greater than normal BALB/c much greater than other H-2d strains (NZB x NZW F1, NZB, DBA/2). (c) Host passage selected for malignant variants distinguished by a 10(4)-fold increase in tumorigenicity (as judged by limiting cell dose) and by novel tumorigenicity in nonpermissive syngeneic hosts. These features are analogous to properties of human lymphomas arising in immunocompromised states and, to our knowledge, unique among previously reported murine B-cell lines.
Electrochemical degradation of butyltrimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for lithium battery applications (2014)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are being considered as electrolytes for lithium ion batteries due to their low volatility, high thermal stability, and wide electrochemical windows which are stable at the strongly reducing potentials present in Li/Li+ batteries. Lithium metal deposition occurs under strongly reducing conditions and the effect that Li metal and any overpotential has on the stability of ILs is important in furthering the application of ILs in lithium based batteries. Here, N-butyl-N-trimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was exposed to various potential differences in order to collect and characterize the volatile products. The IL produced more volatile products when exposed to strong reducing potentials which included reactive products such as hydrogen, alkanes, and amines. Water is a known contributor to hydrogen production in reducing environments, but the IL is also a source of hydrogen. If Li+ was present, the preferred pathway of reduction was plating of the lithium onto the working electrode, thus decreasing the reaction rate of degraded ILs.
Term-Based Ontology Alignment (2005)

Abstract. This paper presents an efficient approach to automatically align concepts between two ontologies. We propose an iterative algorithm that performs finding the most appropriate target concept for a given source concept based on the similarity of shared terms. Experimental results on two lexical ontologies, the MMT semantic hierarchy and the EDR concept dictionary, are given to show the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. 1
A parametric formulation of the UTD diffraction coefficient for real-time propagation prediction modeling (2005)

This letter presents a new solution to the diffracted field for dielectric wedges within the context of the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The relationship between the diffraction coefficient and the four characterization factors in its formulation is studied by using the high-frequency solution for impedance-surface wedge diffraction at normal incidence in a UTD-like form in a previous paper. A polynomial curve-fitting procedure is employed through the least square criterion to obtain simplified expressions of the four factors. The result is compared with rigorous and heuristic formulations. Both parallel and perpendicular field polarizations are tested. The new parametric formulation agrees the rigorous solution reasonably well and exhibits significant improvement in accuracy over heuristic methods. This approach enables faster and more accurate evaluation of diffracted field in propagation prediction models for urban and indoor environments for potential use in real-time propagation computations.
CMOS-compatible RF MEMS switch (2004)

Mobile technologies have relied on RF switches for a long time. Though the basic function of the switch has remained the same, the way they have been made has changed in the recent past. In the past few years work has been done to use MEMS technologies in designing and fabricating an RF switch that would in many ways replace the electronic and mechanical switches that have been used for so long. The work that is described here is an attempt to design and fabricate an RF MEMS switch that can handle higher RF power and have CMOS compatible operating voltages.
Materials science: Dry solution to a sticky problem (2011)

available in PMC 2012 September 1.
Characterization of the Superhyperfine Interaction in 171 Yb:YVO 4 (2019)

We computationally characterize the superhyperfine energy structure of 171Yb:YVO 4 and compare predicted holeburning spectra and coherence times with experimental data. Our simulation can help optimize coherence times for ensemble-based quantum memories and single-ion qubits. © 2019 The Author(s)
Towards a Scalable Multiprocessor User-level Environment (2010)

Our previous research on NOVA has shown that a small and e cient virtualization environment can be built by using microkernel construction principles in the design of a virtualization environment [9]. In NOVA, virtual-machine monitors, device drivers and other system services run as user-level applications. The microhypervisor provides communication mechanisms and enforces temporal and spatial separation between the components running on top of it. Due to the increasing numbers of cores on a chip, even in embedded systems, support for multiple processors should be a primary objective in the design of any new user-level environment. In this paper we show how to construct a scalable multiprocessor user-level environment that requires only a minimal set of kernel abstractions. 1. Motivation
Participation and Properties of Lipoxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase in Volatile C6-Aldehyde Formation from C18-Unsaturated. Fatty Acids in Isolated Tea Chloroplasts (1982)

Isolated tea chloroplasts utilized linoleic acid, linolenic acid and their 13-hydroperoxides as substrates for volatile C6-aldehyde formation. Optimal pH values for oxygen uptake, hydroperoxide lyase and the overall reaction from C18-fatty acids to C6-aldehydes were 6.3, 7.0 and 6.3, respectively. Methyl linoleate, linoleyl alcohol and γ-linolenic acid were poor substrates for the overall reaction, but linoleic and linolenic acids were good substrates. The 13-hydroperoxides of the above fatty acids and alcohol also showed substrate specificity similar to that of fatty acids. Oxygen uptakes (relative Vmax) with methyl linoleate, linoleyl alcohol, linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were comparable to or higher than that with linoleic acid. In winter leaves, the activity for C6-aldehyde formation from C18-fatty acids was raduced to almost zero. This was due to the reduction in oxygenation. The findings presented here provide evidence for the involvement of lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase in C6-aldehyde formation in isolated chloroplasts.
Effect of Decrease in Bicarbonate Concentration on Metabolism of the Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney (1979)

1. An isolated perfused rat kidney preparation which responds to acidification of the perfusion medium with the production of an acid urine and increased ammonia production was used to study the metabolic regulation of ammonia production from glutamine. 2. An inhibitor of gluconeogenesis at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(GTP), mercaptopicolinate, completely prevented the increase in ammoniagenesis, without preventing acidification of the urine. 3. Acidification of the perfusion medium from pH 7·4 to 7·0 reduced the renal concentrations of malate and 2-oxoglutarate. 4. Malate concentration was restored by inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(GTP), but 2-oxoglutarate content remained low. This indicates that accelerated gluconeogenesis in acute acidosis cannot be the explanation for the fall in 2-oxoglutarate concentration. 5. The fall in 2-oxoglutarate content is taken to indicate an important fall in tissue pH or in the redox ratio (NAD+/NADH) or both during acute metabolic acidosis. 6. From these studies with lowered bicarbonate two separate stimuli to ammoniagenesis in acute metabolic acidosis are postulated: urinary trapping of ammonia and increased disposal of glutamine carbon atoms via the pathway of glucose synthesis.
Air-stable monodispersed Mo6S3I6nanowires (2004)

We report on the properties of a new air-stable nanowire material with the chemical formula Mo6S3I6. The distinguishing features of the material are rapid one-step synthesis, easy isolation and controllable dispersion into small-diameter wire bundles. Elemental analysis, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, Raman scattering and electron microscopy were used to characterize the material.
Balancing Considered Harmful - Faster Photon Mapping using the Voxel Volume Heuristic (2004)

Figure 1: Our example scenes, from purely diffuse illumination to highly detailed caustics: a) Direct visualization of a diffuse photon map in the “Conference ” scene, using 2.1 million photons, b) the “GlassEgg ” with a sharp, compact caustic, c) the “MetalRing”, with highly detailed caustics distributed over the entire room, and d) a visualization of the illumination patterns generated by the highly complex “HeadLight ” model, using a total of 2.3 million photons. In these four scenes, our presented technique improves the performance of photon map queries by a factor of 1.3 to 5.8, resulting in overall speedups (including ray tracing) of 35, 65, 55, and 83 percent, respectively. Photon mapping is one of the most important algorithms for computing global illumination. Especially for efficiently producing convincing caustics, there are no real alternatives to photon mapping. On the other hand, photon mapping is also quite costly: Each radiance lookup requires to find the k nearest neighbors in a kd-tree, which can be more costly than shooting several rays. Therefore, the nearest-neighbor queries often dominate the rendering time of a photon map based renderer. In this paper, we present a method that reorganizes – i.e. unbalances – the kd-tree for storing the photons in a way that allows for finding the k-nearest neighbors much more efficiently, thereby accelerating the radiance estimates by a factor of 1.2–3.4. Most importantly, our method still finds exactly the same k-nearest-neighbors as the original method, without introducing any approximations or loss of accuracy. The impact of our method is demonstrated with several practical examples.
Technologierohstoffe für erneuerbare Energien – Verfügbarkeit und ökologische Aspekte (2015)

Abstract Auf Grundlage von Materialbilanzen erneuerbarer Energieanlagen und dem prognostizierten Ausbaupotenzial regenerativer Technologien wurde der globale Rohstoffbedarf der Windenergie, der Photovoltaik und der Elektromobilität für den Zeitraum von 2012 bis 2030 abgeschätzt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Mengenbedarf der fünf Elemente Dysprosium, Kobalt, Lithium, Neodym und Silber mehr als 10 % ihrer kumulierten Jahresproduktion beträgt. Die Primärgewinnung dieser Rohstoffe wurde ferner untersucht, um weitere Versorgungsrisiken hinsichtlich des Ausbaus der Erneuerbaren Energien zu bestimmen.
The stability of cell surface protein to surfactants and denaturants (1978)

The effects of several denaturants and detergents on the structure and stability of cell surface protein have been evaluated by circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. Cell surface protein undergoes a single broad transition in both urea and guanidinium chloride. Although guanidinium chloride is twice as effective as urea on a molar basis, both appear to eliminate all of the organized structure present in the native molecule. Nonionic surfactants and lysolecithin have little effect on cell surface protein. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate increases the alpha helical content and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide increases the beta structure of cell surface protein. The reorganization of the polypeptide backbone requires the loss of certain restraints imposed by tertiary interactions as evidenced by a decrease in ellipticity in the far ultraviolet and in the polarization of tryptophanyl fluorescence. These results along with the data of a previous paper (Alexander, S. S., Jr., Colonna, G., Yamada, K. M., Pastan, I., and Edelhoch, H. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5820--5824) suggest the presence of structural domains distributed along the flexible polypeptide chain of cell surface protein.
New Sugar-Mimic Alkaloids from the Pods of Angylocalyx pynaertii (2002)

Chromatographic separation of the pod extract of Angylocalyx pynaertii resulted in the isolation of 13 sugar-mimic alkaloids (1-13). The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside (10) and N-hydroxyethyl derivative (11) of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB) (1), 1,6-dideoxynojirimycin (12), and 1,3,4-trideoxynojirimycin (13). 2,5-Imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-L-glucitol (7), 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-fucitol (8), and beta-homofuconojirimycin (9), isolated from the pods as well as the bark, were very specific inhibitors of alpha-L-fucosidase with no significant inhibitory activity toward other glycosidases. In this work, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol (6) was found to be a better inhibitor of lysosomal beta-mannosidase than 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-mannitol (2). N-Hydroxyethyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (miglitol), which is commercially available for the treatment of diabetes, retained its inhibitory potential toward rat intestinal maltase and sucrase, whereas 11 and the synthetic N-hydroxyethyl derivative of 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-D-mannitol markedly lowered or abolished their inhibition toward all enzymes tested.
Multiscale queuing analysis of long-range-dependent network traffic (2002)

Many studies have indicated the importance of capturing scaling properties when modeling traffic loads; however, the influence of long-range dependence (LRD) and marginal statistics still remains on an unsure footing. In this paper, we study these two issues by introducing a multiscale traffic model and a novel multiscale approach to queuing analysis. The multifractal wavelet model (MWM) is a multiplicative, wavelet-based model that captures the positivity, LRD, and "spikiness" of non-Gaussian traffic. Using a binary tree, the model synthesizes an N-point data set with only O(N) computations. Leveraging the tree structure of the model, we derive a multiscale queuing analysis that provides a simple closed form approximation to the tail queue probability, valid for any given buffer size. The analysis is applicable not only to the MWM but to tree-based models in general, including fractional Gaussian noise. Simulated queuing experiments demonstrate the accuracy of the MWM for matching real data traces and the precision of our theoretical queuing formula. Thus, the MWM is useful not only for fast synthesis of data for simulation purposes but also for applications requiring accurate queuing formulas such as call admission control. Our results clearly indicate that the marginal distribution of traffic at different time-resolutions affects queuing and that a Gaussian assumption can lead to over-optimistic predictions of tail queue probability even when taking LRD into account.
An Improved Measure of AC System Strength for Performance Analysis of Multi-Infeed HVdc Systems Including VSC and LCC Converters (2017)

A small signal model of a multi-infeed high-voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission system containing a line commutated converter (LCC) and a voltage source converter (VSC) is developed. This model represents the LCC and VSC converters as operational impedances as seen from the converter ac busbar. This permits the converters to be included in the effective short-circuit ratio (ESCR) calculations. The resulting ESCR is referred to in this paper as the “Impedance based Effective Short Circuit Ratio” (IESCR). It is shown that the maximum power transfer limit (referred to as the maximum available power or MAP) of the converters is better predicted by this index compared to the conventional ESCR which ignores the operational impedances of the converters. The question also arises as to how close to this theoretical maximum power transfer limit can the HVdc system operate. Using the small-signal model, it is shown that with commonly used control strategies, the predicted MAP can only be achieved by reducing the controller gains. The results are validated using detailed electromagnetic transients simulation of the multi-infeed VSC-LCC system.
Guest Editorial Special Section on Hardware Security and Trust (2015)

Creating backdoors in integrated circuits (ICs), stealing hardware intellectual property, counterfeiting electronic components, reverse engineering ICs, and injecting malware in ICs are no longer nation state acts requiring specialized, expensive, and unlimited resources. Democratization of IC design has created numerous opportunities for rogues throughout the IC supply chain to inflict these attacks with aplomb and for a variety of reasons: personal gain, economic harm, economic gain, bringing disrepute, and sheer fun among others.
Multifunctional optical waveguide chips (2002)

Based on polymeric materials, the possibilities of monolithic integration of various optical waveguide components are discussed and, especially, the efforts to realize the functions of optical modulation and amplification on a single optical chip are made. Exploration of more capabilities of optical waveguides is also emphasized. The work on exploring functions of optical waveguides for the applications in WDM components and photonic phased-array radar systems are presented and multifunctional optical waveguide chips with the explored functions are fabricated.
Study of A2A adenosine receptor gene deficient mice reveals that adenosine analogue CGS 21680 possesses no A2A receptor‐unrelated lymphotoxicity (2000)

Cell surface A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)R) mediated signalling affects a variety of important processes and adenosine analogues possess promising pharmacological properties. Demonstrating the receptor specificity of potentially lymphotoxic adenosine-based drugs facilitates their development for clinical applications. To distinguish between the receptor-dependent and -independent lymphotoxicity and apoptotic activity of adenosine and its analogues we used lymphocytes from A(2A)R-deficient mice. Comparison of A(2A)R-expressing (+/+) and A(2A)R-deficient (-/-) cells in cyclic AMP accumulation assays confirmed that the A(2A)R agonist CGS 21680 is indeed selective for A(2A) receptors in T-lymphocytes. Incubation of A(2A)R-expressing thymocytes with extracellular adenosine or CGS 21680 in vitro results in the death of about 7-15% of thymocytes. In contrast, no death was induced in parallel assays in cells from A(2A)R-deficient mice, providing genetic evidence that CGS 21680 does not display adenosine receptor-independent intracellular cytotoxicity. The A(2A) receptor-specific lymphotoxicity of CGS 21680 is also demonstrated in a long-term (6-day) in vitro model of thymocyte positive selection where addition of A(2A)R antagonist ZM 241,385 did block the effects of CGS 21680, allowing the survival of T cells. The use of cells from adenosine receptor-deficient animals is proposed as a part of the screening process for potential adenosine-based drugs for their receptor-independent cytotoxicity and lymphotoxicity.
Nanocrystalline CeO2 as a Highly Active and Selective Catalyst for the Dehydration of Aldoximes to Nitriles and One-Pot Synthesis of Amides and Esters (2016)

The dehydration of aldoximes into nitriles has been performed in the presence of various metal oxides with different acid–base properties (Al2O3, TiO2, CeO2, MgO). The results showed that a nanocrystalline CeO2 was the most active catalyst. An in situ IR spectroscopy study supports a polar elimination mechanism in the dehydration of aldoxime on metal oxide catalysts, in which Lewis acid sites and basic sites are involved. The Lewis acid sites intervene in the adsorption of the oxime on the catalyst surface while surface base sites are responsible for the C1–H bond cleavage. Thus, the acid–base properties of nanocrystalline CeO2 are responsible for the high catalytic activity and selectivity. A variety of aldoximes including alkyl and cycloalkyl aldoximes have been dehydrated into the corresponding nitriles in good yields (80–97%) using nanosized ceria which moreover resulted in a stable and reusable catalyst. Additionally, it has been showed that a variety of pharmacologically important products such as picolinamide and picolinic acid alkyl ester derivatives can be obtained in good yields from 2-pyridinaldoxime in a one-pot process using the nanoceria as catalyst.
Formation of Indole Nucleus via Intramolecular Cyclization of Aminophenylpropenyltriphenylphosphonium Salts with One‐Carbon Degradation. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.