gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Virology at a Time of Great Need and Great Jeopardy (2015)

A s we enter 2015, one needs to look no farther than the daily news reports to appreciate the ongoing burden of viral diseases.Last year, Ebola reemerged in West Africa, claiming thousands of lives and affecting many thousands more.Cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) continue to be reported, with the possibility of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like epidemic ever present.Chikungunya virus has spread to the Western Hemisphere, and the infection is now epidemic in the Caribbean and southern United States.We are also living in a world in which hundreds of millions of people are chronically infected with hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively).The rate of new HIV infections has declined, but millions remain infected, and it, too, has already cut short far too many lives.Viruses account for up to 20% of all human cancers, and although a large percentage of new human papillomavirus (HPV) and HBV infections can now be prevented by vaccination, many are already infected, and the vaccines are not being used to their full potential.We are in the middle of our annual encounter with influenza virus, never knowing when the next strain to which there is little or no preexisting immunity will arise.In 2014-2015, a mismatch between the H3N2 strain in the influenza vaccine and the circulating virus has led to a poorly protective vaccine, which highlights the need for new vaccines.In recent months, there has been a recurrence of measles in the United States associated with a refusal by some parents to vaccinate their children, and the outbreak continues at the time of this writing (1).This accounting is of only some viruses and is limited to those that infect humans!There can be no argument that humankind's best hope of preventing and treating these diseases comes from a vigorous research enterprise.Vannevar Bush recognized this after World War II in the landmark report "Science, the Endless Frontier," in which he convinced the U.S. government that investment in basic research at universities would yield tremendous dividends (https:// www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm).Indeed, we have now almost eliminated polio due to the development of vaccines and have converted HIV infection from a certain death sentence to a largely manageable state, and, as mentioned above, we have our first anticancer vaccines by preventing some viral infections.The tremendous reduction in mortality from such diseases as variola, measles, and rubella came about only because the causative viruses were identified, cultivated, attenuated, and made into effective vaccines by biomedical research.In addition to having applied these practical findings, we have gained important fundamental insights into the biology not only of viruses but also of the cells that they infect, and that information is being applied to find cures against other diseases, such as cancer.All these advances, and more, have come about because of public trust in science and investment in scientific research.
Deterministic and probabilistic approaches to fatigue crack growth in nuclear pressure vessels (2007)

This paper presents some approaches to the fatigue crack growth in nuclear pressure vessels for failure probability calculation. According to the Thomson methodology, the crack growth is the physical process in which the time is explicitly involved in the structural failure of the pressure vessel. Since the crack growth laws are of deterministic nature, we first obtain the failure probability considering a deterministic approach. Next, probabilistic approaches are applied to calculate the failure probability based on the fact that the fatigue crack growth is a random process. Here, we use a probability distribution function to represent the failure process if the random behaviour is due only to the variability of experimental data. Next, we propose a stochastic approach for the failure probability calculation when the random nature of the crack growth along the time must be taken into account. The result of a simple problem shows that the stochastic approach is the most accurate one.
Synthesis and characterization of Eu3+, Ti4+@ ZnO organosols and nanocrystalline c-ZnTiO3thin films aiming at high transparency and luminescence (2010)

By exploiting colloidal properties, such as transparency, rheology and versatile chemistry, we propose to synthesize new photonic nanomaterials based on colloidal solutions and thin films. This contribution highlights our efforts to elaborate and to characterize nanostructures based on the ZnO-TiO<sub>2</sub> system. Using a recently developed sol-gel route to synthesize new Ti<sup>4+</sup>@ZnO organosols, we were able to prepare, at relatively low temperature (400 °C) and short annealing time (15 min), highly transparent, luminescent, nanocrystalline Eu<sup>3+</sup> doped c-ZnTiO<sub>3</sub> thin films. The organosols and thin films were characterized with UV-visible-near infrared absorption, ellipsometry, photoluminescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Highly active gold supported nanoparticles for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA): role of particle size and stabilizer (2011)

Gold supported nanoparticles were synthesized by using two colloidal methods. The most active catalysts were generated by calcining the samples at high temperature. In terms of support influence, titania showed better catalytic performance than ceria. Taking into account the particle size and the removal of stabilizer, it is clear the influence of particle size and stabiliser with particles of 10 nm and almost complete removal of stabiliser to demonstrate the highest catalytic performance.
Hsp101 plays a crucial role in thermotolerance in Arabidopsis. (2000)

Plants are sessile organisms, and their ability to adapt to stress is crucial for survival in natural environments. Many observations suggest a relationship between stress tolerance and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in plants, but the roles of individual HSPs are poorly characterized. We report that transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing less than usual amounts of HSP101, a result of either antisense inhibition or cosuppression, grew at normal rates but had a severely diminished capacity to acquire heat tolerance after mild conditioning pretreatments. The naturally high tolerance of germinating seeds, which express HSP101 as a result of developmental regulation, was also profoundly decreased. Conversely, plants constitutively expressing HSP101 tolerated sudden shifts to extreme temperatures better than did vector controls. We conclude that HSP101 plays a pivotal role in heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. Given the high evolutionary conservation of this protein and the fact that altering HSP101 expression had no detrimental effects on normal growth or development, one should be able to manipulate the stress tolerance of other plants by altering the expression of this protein.
A feasibility study of a leaky waveguide aptasensor for thrombin (2019)

This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility of a leaky waveguide (LW) aptasensor, where aptamers were immobilised in a mesoporous chitosan waveguiding film for the detection of thrombin. This work has demonstrated that aptamers immobilised in hydrogels retain their affinity and selectivity towards their target and thus can be used as bioreceptors. The use of antibodies as bioreceptors for sensing thrombin is not viable because it is a serine protease, which will cleave the antibodies. Currently used assays based on clotting time and chromogenic/fluorogenic substrates have limited potential for thrombin measurement in whole blood. Using the initial binding rate over the first 5 min, the limit of detection of our LW aptasensor for thrombin was ∼22 nM. The sensor was tested with spiked serum samples, giving a reading of 46.1 ± 4.6 nM for a sample containing 50 nM thrombin. Our proposed sensor combines the robustness and low cost of aptamers as molecular recognition elements with the simple fabrication process of the chitosan-based leaky waveguide, making LW aptasensors highly attractive for applications in point-of-care diagnostics and healthcare monitoring.
Absence of point mutation in the 12th codon of transformed c-Ha-rasl genes of human cancer of the breast, stomach, melanoma, and neuroblastoma (1985)

In the authors' previous investigations, they established that the tumorous cell lines SK-BR-3 (breast cancer), LAN-1 (neuroblastoma), and a heterotransplant of malignant melanoma Jal contain transforming genes of Ha-ras type. Now, the authors report their results using restriction endonucleases of MspI and HpaII restriction to study nucleotide sequences 5'-CCGGC-3' and 3'GGCCG-5', which contain the 12th codon of GGC for the amino acid glycine in the normal allele of c-Ha-rasl in the three tumors listed above, in addition to human adenocarcinoma of the stomach (CaVSt) and normal cells corresponding to them. For hybridization of MspI/HpaII, fragments of chromosomal DNA isolated from cell lines SK-BR-3, and LAN-1, Ja-1 heterotransplant, and stomach adenocarcinoma CaVSt, the XmaI section of EJ oncogene, c-Ha-rasl (plasmid pEJ 6.6), labeled with /sup 32/P was used in down-translation reaction. Hybridization was performed in 3 x SSC buffer containing 5x Deinhardt's reagent and 10% dextran sulfate at 68/sup 0/C for 16-18 h. Washing of filters was conducted under rigid conditions. For autoradiography, Kodak XR-5 x-ray film in cartridges with reinforcing shields was used at -70/sup 0/C, exposure time of four to six days.
Intravascular inhibition of factor VIIa and the analogue NN1731 by antithrombin (2020)

N1731 is a recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) analogue with increased intrinsic activity. This also applies to its reactivity towards antithrombin (AT), the role of which was investigated in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study. NN1731 or rFVIIa was administered to normal and haemophilia A dogs and elimination was measured by FVIIa clot activity, FVIIa- and FVIIa-AT antigen. In vitro AT complex formation was studied in canine plasma spiked with NN1731 or rFVIIa. Based on FVIIa antigen concentrations, PK profiles in normal and haemophilia A dogs were similar for NN1731 and rFVIIa with antigen half lives, t½ ≈ 1·8 h. In contrast, PK profiles based on activity measurements were distinctly different. NN1731 induced a strong, short lasting (t½ ≈ 0·5 h) pro-coagulant response, whereas rFVIIa induced a lower, longer lasting (t½ ≈ 1·1 h) response. Western Blot and FVIIa-AT antigen analysis demonstrated in vivo AT complex formation that accounted for these divergences. AT complex formation with FVIIa or NN1731 in vitro in canine plasma was considerably slower than the in vivo reaction. The results suggest that in vivo inhibition by AT contributes significantly to define drug duration in haemophilia treatment with rFVIIa and in particular with the NN1731 analogue.
Endoscopic retreatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers (1999)

Lau, James Y. W.; Sung, Joseph J. Y.; Lam, Yuk Hoi; Chan, Angus C. W.; Ng, Enders K. W.; Lee, Danny W. H.; Chan, Francis K. L.; Suen, Roamy C. Y.; Sydney Chung, S. C.
Exploring bilingual, task-oriented, document-centric chat (2009)

We study a new type of workplace communication made possible by the recent advent of real-time bilingual chat tools. Because of the imperfect accuracy of real-time text translation services, this type of communication imposes extreme difficulties on user collaboration and task performance. The problems are compounded by the narrow task awareness and communication bandwidth afforded by standard chat. We report an exploratory study of users attempting to arrive at a joint understanding of a document using a bilingual chat tool. We observed many problems concerning the establishment of common ground and task coordination. We derive design implications for an improved chat tool that better supports the sharing of mental state and task coordination in this communication environment.
Three-Dimensional Turbulent Bottom Density Currents from a High-Order Nonhydrostatic Spectral Element Model (2004)

Overflows are bottom gravity currents that supply dense water masses generated in high-latitude and marginal seas into the general circulation. Oceanic observations have revealed that mixing of overflows with ambient water masses takes place over small spatial and time scales. Studies with ocean general circulation models indicate that the strength of the thermohaline circulation is strongly sensitive to representation of overflows in these models. In light of these results, overflow-induced mixing emerges as one of the prominent oceanic processes. In this study, as a continuation of an effort to develop appropriate process models for overflows, nonhydrostatic 3D simulations of bottom gravity are carried out that would complement analysis of dedicated observations and large-scale ocean modeling. A parallel high-order spectral-element Navier-Stokes solver is used as the basis of the simulations. Numerical experiments are conducted in an idealized setting focusing on the startup phase of a dense water mass released at the top of a sloping wedge. Results from 3D experiments are compared with results from 2D experiments and laboratory experiments, based on propagation speed of the density front, growth rate of the characteristic head at the leading edge, turbulent overturning length scales, and entrainment parameters. Results from 3D experiments are found to be in general agreement with those from laboratory tank experiments. In 2D simulations, the propagation speed is approximately 20% slower than that of the 3D experiments and the head growth rate is 3 times as large, Thorpe scales are 1.3-1.5 times as large, and the entrainment parameter is up to 2 times as large as those in the 3D experiments. The differences between 2D and 3D simulations are entirely due to internal factors associated with the truncation of the Navier-Stokes equations for 2D approximation.
Silicon‐Directed Oxa‐Pictet—Spengler Cyclization and an Unusual Dimerization of 2‐Trimethylsilanyl Tryptophols. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Observation of an Identity-Forbidden Transition in Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy:I1Σ−−X1Σ+Transition in CO (1984)

An identity-forbidden two-photon transition has been observed for the first time, between the ${I}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${X}^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ states in carbon monoxide. Such transitions are dipole allowed only for the absorption of two photons with different frequencies and polarization states. Only $P$ and $R$ rotational branches of the (7-0) band are observed, and the line intensities are maximized for perpendicular photon polarizations. This is the first experimental demonstration of the two-photon electric-dipole selection rule ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Metal–organic frameworks as hypergolic additives for hybrid rockets (2022)

Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, <i>i.e.</i> igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popular hypergolic propulsion approaches based on extremely toxic and carcinogenic hydrazines. Here we present the first demonstration for the use of hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs) as additives to trigger hypergolic ignition in conventional paraffin-based hybrid engine fuels. HMOFS are a recently introduced class of stable and safe hypergolic materials, used here as a platform to bring readily tunable ignition and combustion properties to hydrocarbon fuels. We present an experimental investigation of the ignition delay (ID, the time from first contact with an oxidizer to ignition) of blends of HMOFs with paraffin, using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. The majority of measured IDs are under 10 ms, significantly below the upper limit of 50 ms required for functional hypergolic propellant, and within the ultrafast ignition range. A theoretical analysis of the performance of HMOFs-containing fuels in a hybrid launcher engine scenario also reveals the effect of the HMOF mass fraction on the specific impulse (<i>I</i> <sub>sp</sub>) and density impulse (<i>ρI</i> <sub>sp</sub>). The use of HMOFs to produce paraffin-based hypergolic fuels results in a slight decrease of the <i>I</i> <sub>sp</sub> and <i>ρI</i> <sub>sp</sub> compared to that of pure paraffin, similar to the effect observed with Ammonia Borane (AB), a popular hypergolic additive. HMOFs however have a much higher thermal stability, allowing for convenient mixing with hot liquid paraffin, making the manufacturing processes simpler and safer compared to other hypergolic additives such as AB.
Abstract 3262: Biomarkers of response to deslorelin in women at high risk of breast cancer (2018)

Abstract Women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a high breast cancer (BC) risk. Breast density is an independent biomarker of BC risk. We demonstrated that deslorelin (D), a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHA), reduced mammographic breast density among BRCA1 carriers (Weitzel, CCR 2007). We report here on correlative studies in a Phase II chemoprevention study of intranasal D plus low-dose add-back estradiol and testosterone for 10 months in 10 premenopausal high-risk women. Pre- and post-study measures included mammographic and MRI breast density; serum hormone levels; breast tissue gene expression by Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array; Q-PCR to validate the top genes; analysis of sera by 2D-PAGE and LC-MS/MS Mass Spectrometry, validated by a marker specific ELISA. Nine of 10 participants showed a mean reduction in MRI volumetric breast density of 17.3% (p=0.045), a mean reduction in MRI fibroglandular volume of 15.1% (p=0.041) and a mean reduction in mammographic density of 31.9% (p=0.0033). The top five differentially expressed genes in breast tissue were: FOS, EGR1, FABP3, COL3A1 and COL1A1. From seven protein spots up-regulated following treatment, 65 sera proteins were initially identified as response biomarkers, with two of these, adiponectin and Vitamin D-binding protein, predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analyses (IPA) to have a direct role in reducing breast density by possibly altering stromal and epithelial tissue viability and fat metabolism. FOS was identified through IPA in the Vitamin D-binding protein network and both COL3A1 and COL1A1 were identified in the adiponectin network. Of the nine subjects two had an increase of ≥ 5% BMI and two had a decrease of ≥ 5% BMI. There was no significant correlation between adiponectin level changes and BMI changes.Tissue micro-array gene expression and proteomic analyses of sera identified changes in biomarkers that correlated with reduced breast density among young high-risk women receiving a GnRHA-based chemoprevention regimen. Pre/Post Human Serum Adiponectin LevelsA_Pre: 0 MB_ Post: 10 MFold (Post/Pre)Log A (0M)Log B (10M)T-Test (p) pairedS10.4630.3860.835-0.335-0.4130.014S20.3760.4131.097-0.425-0.385S30.2620.3671.403-0.583-0.435S40.6640.8021.209-0.178-0.096S50.2450.6082.487-0.612-0.216S60.3150.7552.399-0.502-0.122S70.4130.7991.936-0.385-0.098S80.5750.6461.123-0.240-0.190S90.4360.7331.680-0.361-0.135Average1.574224 Citation Format: Jeffrey N. Weitzel, Michael F. Press, Sharon R. Sand, Lei Zhang, Catherine Klifa, Malcolm Pike, Giske Ursin, Darcy V. Spicer, AnnaMarie Daniels, Josef Herzog, Yunan Miao, Gerald Wuenschell, Chun Li, Robert Hickey. Biomarkers of response to deslorelin in women at high risk of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3262.
Self-healing of PE-fiber reinforced lightweight high-strength engineered cementitious composite (2021)

High-strength engineered cementitious composite (HS-ECC) reinforced with polyethylene (PE) fiber typically features larger crack width compared with conventional polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC), diminishing the self-healing potential of HS-ECC. This larger crack width is attributed to the high matrix fracture toughness and the weak interfacial property between PE fiber and matrix. In this study, synergistic utilization of crumb rubber (CR) and hollow fly ash cenosphere (FAC) particles as lightweight particles and artificial flaws were employed to reduce the density, the matrix toughness, and the crack width of HS-ECC, leading to a lightweight HS-ECC (LWHS-ECC) with enhanced self-healing capability. The impacts of CR and FAC particles on the density, mechanical, and self-healing properties of LWHS-ECC were investigated. The addition of these two particle types significantly narrows the crack width from 120 μm to 50 μm and promotes the self-healing property of LWHS-ECC. Despite lower compressive and tensile strengths with an increasing amount of CR and FAC, the tensile strength to self-weight ratio of LWHS-ECC is twice that of M45 PVA-ECC. The realization of the self-healing ability of PE-fiber reinforced LWHS-ECC is expected to enlarge its practical application.
Conformal mm-wave antennas for catheter embedded atherosclerotic plaque sensors (2015)

This contribution shows a sensor design for the intravascular differentiation of vulnerable and calcified plaques. A measurement concept based on the reflection of an oblique incident electromagnetic wave at the dielectric interface between blood and plaque is discussed. Therefore, the indispensable dielectric properties of both materials are presented. For a catheter embedded solution the sensor is optimized with respect of small geometries and a smooth cylindrical shape. The optimization and verification are performed by means of 3D electromagnetic wave simulations. Furthermore, a broadband measurement concept is presented, which provides additional information for the plaque type differentiation.
Networked priced timed automata for energy-efficient factory automation (2012)

Energy efficiency and energy savings are urging and intensively discussed topics in the domain of industry automation because of environmental, social and legal reasons [5]. Factory automation can significantly contribute to energy efficiency in manufacturing. However, in order to take advantage of energy saving potentials, a specific energy system model is necessary. In this paper, we propose a formal energy system model based on timed automata with energy efficiency extensions (PTA), that incorporates operating and transitional modes annotated with timing and process-related constraints, input power and utility. We are interested in the verification and calculation of switching sequences satisfying domain specific requirements to handle and actively switch energy-enabled automation systems. Furthermore, the motivation is to synthesize energy-efficient switching schedules for automated manufacturing systems. In this context, a real-world factory automation use case illustrates and provides proof-of-concept for this approach.