gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactor pressure vessel neutron fluence surveillance dosimetry using solid-state track recorders (1991)

Many neutron dosimetry issues arose in the context of life assurance/extension programs for nuclear power plants. The most important of these relates to determining the extent of reactor pressure vessel steel embrittlement caused by fast neutron leakage from the reactor core, since a key factor in reactor plant life is the service lifetime of the reactor pressure vessel. In the past, neutron dosimetry for pressure vessel surveillance purposes was carried out mainly through analyses of dosimetry sets installed in surveillance capsules. Surveillance capsule neutron dosimetry programs are limited by restrictions on the position and number of locations available and by the frequency of removal of the surveillance capsules. In many cases, neutron surveillance data cannot be obtained near critical vessel locations, and dosimetry data are only obtained when the surveillance capsules are removed, so most results are averaged over several reactor operating cycles. During the past 5 years, pressure vessel surveillance dosimetry sets were deployed in the reactor cavity (annular gap) region to perform neutron dosimetry on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Solid-state track recorder (SSTR) neutron dosimeters are a key component of these reactor-cavity surveillance dosimetry sets. Measurements by SSTR neutron dosimetry have demonstrably produced high-quality results in a large numbermore » of cases, and the absolute accuracy of the technique was validated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through irradiations in standard neutron fields.« less
Characterization of a quinone reductase activity for the mitomycin C binding protein (MRD): Functional switching from a drug-activating enzyme to a drug-binding protein (2001)

Self-protection in the mitomycin C (MC)-producing microorganism Streptomyces lavendulae includes MRD, a protein that binds MC in the presence of NADH and functions as a component of a unique drug binding-export system. Characterization of MRD revealed that it reductively transforms MC into 1,2-cis-1-hydroxy-2,7-diaminomitosene, a compound that is produced in the reductive MC activation cascade. However, the reductive reaction catalyzed by native MRD is slow, and both MC and the reduced product are bound to MRD for a relatively prolonged period. Gene shuffling experiments generated a mutant protein (MRD(E55G)) that conferred a 2-fold increase in MC resistance when expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified MRD(E55G) reduces MC twice as fast as native MRD, generating three compounds that are identical to those produced in the reductive activation of MC. Detailed amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the region around E55 in MRD strongly resembles the second active site of prokaryotic catalase-peroxidases. However, native MRD has an aspartic acid (D52) and a glutamic acid (E55) residue at the positions corresponding to the catalytic histidine and a nearby glycine residue in the catalase-peroxidases. Mutational analysis demonstrated that MRD(D52H) and MRD(D52H/E55G) conferred only marginal resistance to MC in E. coli. These findings suggest that MRD has descended from a previously unidentified quinone reductase, and mutations at the active site of MRD have greatly attenuated its catalytic activity while preserving substrate-binding capability. This presumed evolutionary process might have switched MRD from a potential drug-activating enzyme into the drug-binding component of the MC export system.
Knowledge-Based Explanations for Transfer Learning (2020)

Transfer learning aims at building robust prediction models by transferring knowledge gained from one problem to another. In the semantic Web, learning tasks are enhanced with semantic representations. We exploit their semantics to augment transfer learning by dealing with when to transfer with semantic measurements and what to transfer with semantic embeddings. We further present a general framework that integrates the above measurements and embeddings with existing transfer learning algorithms for higher performance. It has demonstrated to be robust in two real-world applications: bus delay forecasting and air quality forecasting.
Mainstreaming : a hero of lost causes? (2009)

In the world of public policy, waves of innovations and new policy developments are usually followed by movements of rationalisation. In this context, the creation of instruments of cooperation and coordination is a classic policy response to rationalise public policy. We argue that mainstreaming is one of those policy instruments. Indeed, considering recent negotiations on the EU's budget, mainstreaming has emerged as a policy instrument dedicated to the rationalisation of European finances and policies. In that sense, mainstreaming can be considered as a highly innovative instrument, whose introduction and diffusion in different policy sectors took place when other stronger mechanisms of coordination have failed. Based on a longitudinal and a comparative analysis of mainstreaming, its diffusion across several EU policy domains (environment, gender and urban), and its restructuring, we assume that this policy instrument has contributed to shaping this process of rationalisation. We will firstly characterize mainstreaming and clarify its relationship with the integration principle across sectors. Secondly, we will develop original assumptions on the diffusion of mainstreaming, by systematically analysing logics of instrumentation in three European policy domains, as well as its relationship with the rationalisation of European finances and policies. Thirdly, we will argue that the logic of mainstreaming leads to similar unintended effects across sectors.
The APC I1307K allele conveys a significant increased risk for cancer (2015)

This study is the first attempt to evaluate the association between the APC I1307K variant and overall cancer risk. It is unique in both its large sample size and in the reliability of data in the control group. The findings described in this article have major implications in terms of identifying asymptomatic individuals who are at increased risk to harbor cancer and therefore targeted to be enrolled in specific early detection and prevention programs. The prevalence of the APC I1307K missense mutation among Ashkenazi Jews is ∼ 6%. Carriers are at an increased risk for colorectal neoplasia. In this study, we examined the association of this variant with non-colorectal cancers. Consecutive 13,013 healthy subjects who underwent screening at the Integrated Cancer Prevention Center between 2006 and 2014 were enrolled. This population was supplemented with 1,611 cancer patients from the same institution. Demographics, medical history, and pathological data were recorded. Mortality data were obtained from the Ministry of Health's registry. The prevalence of APC I1307K in cancer patients and healthy subjects was compared. The APC I1307K variant was detected in 189 (11.8%) cancer patients compared to 614 (4.7%) healthy subjects, reflecting an adjusted age and sex odds ratio (OR) of 2.53 (p < 0.0001). History of two or more cancer types was associated with a positive carrier prevalence (OR = 4.38 p < 0.0001). Males had significantly increased carrier prevalence in lung, urologic, pancreatic, and skin cancers. The carrier prevalence among females was significantly higher only in breast and skin cancers. Female carriers developed cancer at a significantly older age compared to non-carriers (average 62.7 years vs. 57.8, respectively, p = 0.027), had better survival rates (HR = 0.58, p = 0.022) and overall increased longevity (average age of death 78.8 vs. 70.4 years, respectively, p = 0.003). In conclusion, the APC I1307K variant is a reliable marker for overall cancer risk (OR 2.53). Further studies are needed to evaluate its use for specific cancer types-particularly in males. Female carriers have better prognosis and increased lifespan.
Raman Spectroscopy of Monolayer-Type Catalysts: Supported Molybdenum Oxides (1998)

Abstract Oxides of the group VIb metals (Cr, Mo, W) and oxides of vanadium, rhenium, and niobium supported on a second high-surface-area metal oxide such as Al2O3, TiO2, Si02, ZrO2, and so forth are recognized as industrially important catalysts or catalyst precursors for various reactions [1–11], These materials frequently have been described as so-called monolayer catalysts based on a structural model which assumed spreading of the active oxide over the support surface. These catalysts have been investigated by a variety of techniques, conventional bulk sampling techniques as well as by surface-sensitive electron and ion spectroscopies, in an attempt to elucidate the nature of the catalyst surface species, and to study the coordination environment of the active metal center(s). Electronic spectroscopy gives rise to broad bands and the spectra are less informative than vibrational spectra. In addition, although techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are highly surface sensitive (with typical sampling depths of 1–2 nm), only indirect evidence concerning coordination environment can generally be obtained.
Kinetic and Structural Modeling Mechanisms of Melatonin Transport from an Electrolytically Regulated Salted-out PLGA Scaffold (2009)

This study focused on optimizing the mechanism of zero-order active pre-programmed release of melatonin from a salted-out PLGA scaffold. A Box—Behnken design, modeled the formulations, required for optimizing the melatonin entrapment efficiency (EE), mean dissolution time at 30 days (MDT 30 ) and the release rate constant ( k). Response Surface Methodology depicted the influence of NaCl, CaCl 2 , and AlCl 3 on the release kinetics. Qualitative structural kinetic modeling and quantitative mathematical modeling of release data supported the kinetic events, interaction parameters, and melatonin transport phenomena that resolved the constraints governing the rate and extent of melatonin release. A salted-out PLGA chain was evaluated by rheological studies and braided rope-coiling and nonbraided nonrope coiling with dynamic simulations capturing the coherent structural transitions in the turbulent release medium with the influence of salts on the swelling or erosion, energy dissipation, and subsequent melatonin release. The release was mainly governed by erosion and not affected by time-dependent diffusion resistance (Hopfenberg model; n = 0.95; R 2 = 0.96; k e = 0.11—4.69×10 -3 mm/min; D = 0.110—0.893 × 10 -8 cm 2 /s; Deb release = 0.016—1.312). Swelling parameters confirmed that polymer swelling did not significantly influence melatonin release (δ = 0.232.00 mm, v = 0.027—0.181 cm/s, S w = 0.010—0.542). EE values ranged between 46% and 90% and were dependant on the salt type and concentration. AlCl 3 and NaCl blends increased the k values (0.0050) indicating their significance in melatonin release. The optimal scaffold (EE = 95%; MDT 30 = 1; k = 0.0050) was predicted to comprise 1.1451 and 0.8264 w/v of NaCl and AlCl 3 , respectively, with the exclusion of CaCl 2 in order to achieve zero-order kinetics over 30 days. The kinetic modeling approach enabled a qualitative and quantitative description of melatonin release patterns from the salted-out PLGA scaffolds thus facilitating the manipulation and prediction of drug release from PLGA modification by salting-out.
FK506 Neuroprotection After Cavernous Nerve Injury is Mediated by Thioredoxin and Glutathione Redox Systems (2011)

The neuroprotective effect of FK in preserving EF after CNI involves antioxidative/nitrosative and antiapoptotic mechanisms mediated, to some extent, by Trx and GSH systems.
The Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Action of Nanocrystalline Silver and Manuka Honey on the Molecular Alternation of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Comprehensive Literature Review (2015)

Honey and silver have been used since ancient times for treating wounds. Their widespread clinical application has attracted attention in light of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While there have been a number of studies exploring the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of manuka honey and nanocrystalline silver, their advantages and limitations with regard to the treatment of chronic wounds remain a subject of debate. The aim of this paper is to examine the evidence on the use of nanocrystalline silver and manuka honey for treating diabetic foot ulcers through a critical and comprehensive review of in vitro studies, animal studies, and in vivo studies. The findings from the in vitro and animal studies suggest that both agents have effective antibacterial actions. Their anti-inflammatory action and related impact on wound healing are unclear. Besides, there is no evidence to suggest that any topical agent is more effective for use in treating diabetic foot ulcer. Overall, high-quality, clinical human studies supported by findings from the molecular science on the use of manuka honey or nanocrystalline silver are lacking. There is a need for rigorously designed human clinical studies on the subject to fill this knowledge gap and guide clinical practice.
Process selection for chemimechanical pulping of aspen (2002)

The utilization of aspen in chemimechanical pulping increased significantly during the last decade. There are a number of technologies now available for chemimechanical pulping of aspen, the two most popular being BCTMP and APMP. The former involves impregnation with alkaline sulphite (AS) and the latter with alkaline peroxide (AP) chemicals. Results from these two processes have been previously reported on aspen chips in terms of pulp property/energy requirements [1], and intrinsic relationships [2]. It is well understood that to reduce energy consumption in refiner mechanical pulping of aspen, some kind of alkali pre-treatment is needed [3]. Over the course of the last decade, the use of alkaline peroxide in the chip impregnation stage(s) has seen an increase in both development and commercial application. A large number of alkaline chip impregnation studies at atmospheric refining conditions, such as APMP and APP, have been conducted on hardwood species [2,4-7]. The large increase in hardwood utilization by the paper industry during the 1990s is one explanation for the rapid progression to commercial installation of a number of BCTMP and APMP (APP) mills for use in market pulp and/or integrated printing paper applications. The installed hardwood chemimechanical market pulp capacity increased from less than 10% in 1989 to 54% of capacity by 1999 [8]. This paper reviews several process configurations available for alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping of aspen. The process configurations include atmospheric refining (APMP), pressurized refining (AP-TMP) and a combination of atmospheric and pressurized refining (P-RC). Results from the most recent configuration (P-RC) are presented and discussed in terms of pulp property development and compared to an APMP pulp series produced from the same aspen chip furnish.
High-Performance Code Generation though Fusion and Vectorization (2017)

We present a technique for automatically transforming kernel-based computations in disparate, nested loops into a fused, vectorized form that can reduce intermediate storage needs and lead to improved performance on contemporary hardware. We introduce representations for the abstract relationships and data dependencies of kernels in loop nests and algorithms for manipulating them into more efficient form; we similarly introduce techniques for determining data access patterns for stencil-like array accesses and show how this can be used to elide storage and improve vectorization. We discuss our prototype implementation of these ideas---named HFAV---and its use of a declarative, inference-based front-end to drive transformations, and we present results for some prominent codes in HPC.
Positive realness preserving model reduction with H/sub /spl infin norm error bounds (1995)

Many physical systems that occur in applications are naturally passive, for example, mechanical systems with dual sensors and actuators, and electrical circuits with passive components. Taking advantage of this property, many controller schemes have been proposed with the property that the controller is strictly positive real. Due to design and implementation considerations, the plant or the controller may need to be approximated by a lower-order system. It is highly desirable for the reduced-order system to also possess the positive realness property to guarantee that the resulting closed-loop system remains stable. Motivated by this problem, this paper considers the general model-reduction problem for a positive real system under the constraint that the reduced system is also positive real. We present a solution based on the balanced stochastic truncation. When the higher-order system is strictly positive real, we derive an H/sub /spl infin norm bound on the approximation error. We also consider alternate approaches of approximating the spectral factors with associated H/sub /spl infin norm error bounds. An example is included to show the efficacy of this method and comparison with other approaches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Upsurge in T-Wave Alternans and Nonalternating Repolarization Instability Precedes Spontaneous Initiation of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Humans (2006)

The magnitude of repolarization instability, manifested by TWA and beat-to-beat oscillations of T-wave amplitudes at other frequencies, increased before the onset of VTA. Tracking of these dynamics can facilitate timely detection of high-risk periods and may be useful for initiation of preventive treatments.
Accelerating dynamic imaging of the lung using blind compressed sensing (2014)

Background Real time dynamic lung MRI is a promising tool to noninvasively assess lung function and mechanics. However, it potential is not realized in the clinic due to the restricted spatio-temporal resolution and volume coverage. The main focus of this work is to overcome these drawbacks using the recent blind compressed sensing (BCS) scheme [Lingala et al., IEEE TMI 2013], which enables recovery from undersampled k-t measurements.
Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants (2021)

Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are of clinical concern. In a cohort of 417 persons who had received the second dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine at least 2 weeks previously, we identified 2 women with vaccine breakthrough infection. Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy in both women, symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 developed, and they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase-chain-reaction testing. Viral sequencing revealed variants of likely clinical importance, including E484K in 1 woman and three mutations (T95I, del142-144, and D614G) in both. These observations indicate a potential risk of illness after successful vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus, and they provide support for continued efforts to prevent and diagnose infection and to characterize variants in vaccinated persons. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
Elliptical stretch as a cause of side branch ostial compromise after main vessel stenting in coronary bifurcations: New insights from numerical analysis (2013)

A third possible mechanism of SB compromise after MV stenting of coronary bifurcation stenosis is elliptical ostial deformation at the ostium of SBs. The ostial area, calculated based on elliptical assumption correlates better with FFR, than area stenosis calculated with the traditional circular formula.
Synthesis of Novel Encapsulated Pigment Dispersion (2008)

Encapsulated Pigment that each pigment particle is coated with water-insoluble polymeric materials has been studied. In spite of e several advantages of encapsulated pigment, there are some issues of applications due to the problems for a synthetic method. There are poor dispersion stability of reactant pigment, low adhesion force between monomer and pigment, and surfactant residue in solution.To overcome these problems, we adopted emulsion polymerization using anionic self-dispersed pigment, basic monomer, and macromonomer to offer dispersion stability, electrostatic adhesion force and surfactant free reactionAs a result, we developed good dispersion stability, proper size encapsulated pigment.
2 μm solid-state laser mode-locked by single-layer graphene (2013)

We report a 2 lm ultrafast solid-state Tm : Lu 2 O 3 laser, mode-locked by single-layer graphene, generating transform-limited $410 fs pulses, with a spectral width $11:1 nm at 2067 nm. The maximum average output power is 270 mW, at a pulse repetition frequency of 110 MHz. This is a convenient high-power transform-limited ultrafast laser at 2 lm for various applications, such as laser surgery and material processing.
Microarray based oligonucleotide synthesis (2008)

Type your abstract here. (Font: Times or Times New Roman, 10 pt, bold) Access to DNA sequence information on a genomic scale has enabled the design of large sets of oligonucleotides for high-throughput assays. The ability to synthesize oligonucleotides directly from sequence information has facilitated many key advances in genomics, including the development of synthetic biology. These applications would benefit from new technologies to synthesize thousands of oligos in parallel at even lower costs than possible today. To this end we are developing a novel approach for manufacturing oligonucleotides based on microarray technology. We have also developed methods to characterize pools of oligonucleotides using nextgeneration sequencing, which for the first time provides a direct measure of the relative abundance of large numbers of sequences in a complex pool of oligonucleotides as well as the frequency and distribution of mutations.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOREDOX REACTIONS IN FUNCTIONAL MICELLAR ASSEMBLIES. USE OF AMPHIPHILIC REDOX RELAYS TO ACHIEVE LIGHT ENERGY CONVERSION AND CHARGE SEPARATION (1981)

Abstract Die Photoreduktion der homologen Reihe der Viologene (I) durch die Komplexe (II) und (III) als Sensibilisatoren wird in Wasser und wäßrigen Lösungen von kationischen Micellen untersucht.
Statistically adaptive filtering for low signal correction in x-ray computed tomography (2021)

Low x-ray dose is desirable in x-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging due to health concerns. But low dose comes with a cost of low signal artifacts such as streaks and low frequency bias in the reconstruction. As a result, low signal correction is needed to help reduce artifacts while retaining relevant anatomical structures. Low signal can be encountered in cases where sufficient number of photons do not reach the detector to have confidence in the recorded data. X-ray photons, assumed to have Poisson distribution, have signal to noise ratio proportional to the dose, with poorer SNR in low signal areas. Electronic noise added by the data acquisition system further reduces the signal quality. In this paper we will demonstrate a technique to combat low signal artifacts through adaptive filtration. It entails statistics-based filtering on the uncorrected data, correcting the lower signal areas more aggressively than the high signal ones. We look at local averages to decide how aggressive the filtering should be, and local standard deviation to decide how much detail preservation to apply. Implementation consists of a pre-correction step i.e. local linear minimum mean-squared error correction, followed by a variance stabilizing transform, and finally adaptive bilateral filtering. The coefficients of the bilateral filter are computed using local statistics. Results show that improvements were made in terms of low frequency bias, streaks, local average and standard deviation, modulation transfer function and noise power spectrum.