gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TURBULENCE STRUCTURAL MEASUREMENTS USING A COMPREHENSIVE LASER-DOPPLER VELOCIMETER IN TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS (2007)

The advanced 'comprehensive' laser Doppler velocimeter is used to acquire spatially and temporally resolved turbulence structural measurements in high Reynolds number two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers. The new instrument directly measures three-dimensional particle trajectories at high repetitions. These trajectories are analyzed in post-processing to obtain fluctuating velocity gradient tensor fields, which lead to direct measurements of turbulent viscous dissipation rates. Such data acquired in two- and three-dimensional boundary layers with approach flow momentum thickness Reynolds number, Reθ = 7500 are presented. Results indicate that anisotropy of the dissipation rate of Reynolds stresses persists to similar heights in viscous wall units as obtained with direct numerical simulations at lower Reynolds numbers. Measurements in a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the vicinity of a wing/body junction also indicate that a reduction in the value of the velocity/pressure-gradient correlations for the Reynolds normal stresses reduces the turbulent energy redistribution and contributes to reduced shear stress magnitudes, as observed previously through DNS (Moin et al. 1990).
Texaco gasification technology; Texaco ho gas ka process (1998)

This paper describes the Texaco gasification process. The process oxidizes carbides or hydrocarbons partially by using high-purity oxygen, making it possible to manufacture continuously synthesized gas composed mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide without using a catalyst. The process can cause gasification reaction at 1200 to 1500 degC in oxygen limited reductive atmosphere. Clean synthesized gas can be obtained because the process produces no oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. Ash in the raw material turns into liquid and is recovered as glass solidified substance (slag) as a result of the quenching. Practical use of the process began in the 1940`s. License has been granted to more than 100 plants in the world. Oil residues, coal bitumen, and waste plastics can also be used as raw materials. The synthesized gas can be used for synthesizing such chemicals as oxo alcohol, acetic acid and ammonia, and chemical fertilizers, or can be used for power generation. The process is now a promising power generation system having fuel flexibility, high power generation efficiency and environmental superiority especially when it is linked with a combined cycle. The process is also applied to re-utilizing waste plastics. 13 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
Synthesis of Linear Acetylenic Carbon (1998)

A new carbon allotrope based “sp” hybridization contaning alternating triple and single bonds (an acetylenic or linear carbon allotrope) has been prepared. Studies of small (8 to 28 carbon atoms) acetylenic carbon model compounds show that such species are quitestable (130-140°C) provided that nonreactive terminal groups or end caps, such as t-butyl, triethylsilyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, or nitrile groups, are present to stabilize these molecules against further reactions. Using laser based synthetic techniques in the presenceof end capping groups, similar to the conditions normally used to generate fullerenes, thermally stable acetylenic carbon species cappedwith trifluoromethyl or nitrile groups have been prepared with chain lengths in excess of 300 carbon atoms. Under these conditions, the production of fullerenes is suppressed and only a negligible quantity of fullerenes is produced. Acetylenic carbon compoundsare not particularly moisture or oxygen sensitive but are moderately light sensitive. Carbon (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and laser desorption mass spectroscopy are used to characterize these carbon chain speciesand confirm that capped acetylenic chain polymers, (-C≡C-C≡-) n, join graphite, diamond and fullerenes-nanotubes as the fourthallotrope of the element carbon.
Accurate and Stable Run-Time Power Modeling for Mobile and Embedded CPUs (2016)

Modern mobile and embedded devices are required to be increasingly energy-efficient while running more sophisticated tasks, causing the CPU design to become more complex and employ more energy-saving techniques. This has created a greater need for fast and accurate power estimation frameworks for both run-time CPU energy management and design-space exploration. We present a statistically rigorous and novel methodology for building accurate run-time power models using performance monitoring counters (PMCs) for mobile and embedded devices, and demonstrate how our models make more efficient use of limited training data and better adapt to unseen scenarios by uniquely considering stability. Our robust model formulation reduces multicollinearity, allows separation of static and dynamic power, and allows a 100× reduction in experiment time while sacrificing only 0.6% accuracy. We present a statistically detailed evaluation of our model, highlighting and addressing the problem of heteroscedasticity in power modeling. We present software implementing our methodology and build power models for ARM Cortex-A7 and Cortex-A15 CPUs, with 3.8% and 2.8% average error, respectively. We model the behavior of the nonideal CPU voltage regulator under dynamic CPU activity to improve modeling accuracy by up to 5.5% in situations where the voltage cannot be measured. To address the lack of research utilizing PMC data from real mobile devices, we also present our data acquisition method and experimental platform software. We support this paper with online resources including software tools, documentation, raw data and further results.
STROBE-metagenomics: a STROBE extension statement to guide the reporting of metagenomics studies (2020)

The term metagenomics refers to the use of sequencing methods to simultaneously identify genomic material from all organisms present in a sample, with the advantage of greater taxonomic resolution than culture or other methods. Applications include pathogen detection and discovery, species characterisation, antimicrobial resistance detection, virulence profiling, and study of the microbiome and microecological factors affecting health. However, metagenomics involves complex and multistep processes and there are important technical and methodological challenges that require careful consideration to support valid inference. We co-ordinated a multidisciplinary, international expert group to establish reporting guidelines that address specimen processing, nucleic acid extraction, sequencing platforms, bioinformatics considerations, quality assurance, limits of detection, power and sample size, confirmatory testing, causality criteria, cost, and ethical issues. The guidance recognises that metagenomics research requires pragmatism and caution in interpretation, and that this field is rapidly evolving.
Cell surface expression of several species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 major core protein (1989)

The major core protein (p25) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was characterized by two-dimensional-gel isoelectric focusing. The p25 detectable in HIV-1-infected cells is composed of four species with related isoelectric points. This is due in part to the phosphorylated state of p25. The four species of p25 are expressed on the cell surfaces of infected cells, but only the two most basic species are incorporated into the HIV-1 virion. These findings emphasize the importance of p25 in understanding infection with HIV and might have implications for the development of vaccines.
Structure Engineering: Engineering the Internal Structure of Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles by Thermal Control (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 3/2015) (2015)

A controllable method for engineering the internal shape of silica nanoparticles is designed by Hyon Min Son, Jeffrey I. Zink, and Niveen M. Khashab on page 307. The authors calcinate hydrated iron salts in the pores of both spherical and rod-shaped mesoporous silica. The internal structure can then be changed from an ordered 2D hexagonal structure into large hollow cores, a smaller number of large pores (of ca. 18 nm) or a large number of 10-nm voids.
Establishing abiotic and biotic factors necessary for reliable male pheromone production and attraction to pheromones by female plum curculiosConotrachelus nenuphar(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (2014)

Abstract The plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key pest of stone and pome fruit in North America. Though grandisoic acid (GA) was identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone for this species, other components likely exist, as have been identified for various curculionids. To better determine these components, an understanding of the conditions necessary for optimum pheromone production and attraction is needed, this is essential for the improvement of monitoring techniques and to achieve better biological control. The goal of this study was to determine the biotic and abiotic factors influencing both the response to pheromones and pheromone production. Tests were conducted in a dual-choice still-air vertical olfactometer using live male PCs as odour sources and live females as responders, to determine which physiological factors (age, number of males, mating status) influenced female response to males. Head-space collections of GA production under various conditions (airflow rate and frequency, collection zone strata, variation of humidity, temperature, and presence of a harbourage) were also done, as were electroantennograms (EAG) using synthetic pheromone mixtures. Results revealed that for both strains, the odour of two virgin mature males elicited significantly greater and more consistent attraction from mature virgin females than other ages and numbers of males when compared with the control. Head-space collections indicate that male PC have increased production of GA under high humidity in the presence of fruit, indicating that these conditions are necessary for optimal pheromone production and collection. EAG studies revealed significant responses to GrandLures I, II, III/IV and to the positive enantiomer of GA, and the amplitude of the signal varied with concentration. Our data identify the optimal physiological state and conditions at which pheromone collections should be performed, and what physiological life stages respond to these stimuli. These results have implications for optimising monitoring tools for this serious crop pest. This species has a northern univoltine strain and a southern multivoltine strain, both of which were examined in this study.
Monitoring Cellular Interactions during T Cell Activation at the Single Molecule Level Using Semiconductor Quantum-Dots (2005)

Enhanced peptide-coated quantum dots (with high brightness and high saturation intensity) were developed. Two high-affinity targeting "velcro-pairs" based on avidin-biotin and fluorescine-antibody interactions were demonstrated and used to specifically target single proteins in membranes of live cells. Single molecule spectroscopy and imaging of individual quantum dot-labeled lipid rafts receptors were performed. Software tools were developed to analyze individual diffusion and trafficking trajectories. These studies provide strong support for the lipid raft hypothesis. Cloning and fusion of avidin to four immune synapse components were achieved. These mutants are being characterized by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. This report provides information on the following new findings: (1) hybrid approach to the synthesis of highly luminescent infrared CdTe/ZnS and CdHgTe/ZnS quantum dots; (2) bioactivation and cell targeting of semiconductor CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with phytochelatin-related peptides; (3) development of bright Cd+ rich peptide-coated quantum dots; (4) comparison of the photophysical and colloidal properties of biocompatible quantum dots using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS); (5) testing the lipid raft hypothesis by single molecule imaging of targeted peptide-coated quantum dots; and (6) molecular cloning and fusion of avidin to immunological synapse (IS) components.
New insights into the physiology of retrograde cardioplegia delivery (1995)

Although retrograde cardioplegia (RC) is being increasingly used in clinical practice, its physiology is unclear. Because the microvascular architecture of the coronary venous system is different from that of the arterial system, we hypothesized that myocardial perfusion would be different during RC compared with anterograde cardioplegia (AC) delivery. To better understand these differences, three groups of dogs were studied during similar RC and AC flow rates. Radiolabeled microsphere-derived microvascular flow underestimated total cardioplegia flow by 66% during RC. For the same flows, the first-pass extraction fractions of 201Tl and 99mTc were significantly less during RC compared with AC despite adjusting for microsphere loss. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), however, provided an accurate estimation of AC and RC flow rates. In addition, the rate of myocardial cooling for most of the left ventricular myocardium was similar for AC and RC at the same flow rates, as long as the flow rates were brisk. It is concluded that microvascular and nutrient flows are significantly lower at the same flow rates during RC compared with AC due to loss of RC at different microvascular sites. Unlike microspheres and diffusible radioisotopes, MCE can provide a reliable measure of myocardial flow during RC delivery. Furthermore, myocardial cooling is similar in most of the myocardium during high-flow RC and AC, which suggests that the clinical benefits of RC are probably related to myocardial cooling and that substrate replenishment may be better achieved at the same flow rates and myocardial temperatures with AC rather than RC.
Allergy to antibiotics in children: Perception versus reality (2002)

Type I:
Multiplicity of genes encoding secreted aspartic proteinases in Candida species (1994)

The secreted aspartic proteinases (SAP) of Candida sp. are presumed to be potential virulence factors. In the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans the proteinase genes identified to date, SAP1, SAP2, SAP3 and SAP4, constitute a multigene family. Before addressing the possible role of each proteinase in virulence, we sought to isolate all the members of this multigene family by screening a genomic library with a SAP1 probe for additional C. albicans SAP genes using low-stringency hybridization conditions. Three putative new members, SAP5, SAP6 and SAP7 were isolated and sequenced. The N-terminal segments of the deduced amino acid sequences of SAP5 and SAP6 contained secretion signal sequences similar to those of other Candida SAPs. Upon comparison and alignment with the other reported SAP amino acid sequences, SAP7 is not only the most divergent protein but also exhibits a much longer putative pro-sequence with a single Lys-Lys putative processing site. Using SAP1 to SAP7 as probes, the overall number of SAP genes in C. albicans was tentatively estimated by low-stringency hybridization to EcoRI-digested genomic DNA. While each isolated SAP gene could be assigned to distinct EcoRI bands, the existence of two additional genes not isolated after screening of the C. albicans gene library was inferred. Furthermore, evidence was obtained for the existence of SAP multigene families in other Candida species such as C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. guillermondii.
Novel Iron-Cobalt Derivatised Lithium Iron Phosphate Nanocomposite for Lithium Ion Battery Cathode (2013)

Described herein is the electrochemical study conducted on lithium ion battery cathode material consisting of composite of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), iron-cobalt derivatised carbon nanotubes (FeCo-CNT) and polyaniline (PA) nanomaterials (LiFePO4/FeCoCNT-PA); and pristine LiFePO4. The design of the nanocomposite electrode involves first, the attachment of FeCo nanoparticles unto the nanotubes matrix via in situ reductive precipitation of the metal precursors within a CNT suspension. Results from High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy show the successful attachment of FeCo nanoparticles to the CNTs. The composite cathode exhibits better reversibility and kinetics than the pristine LiFePO4 due to the presence of the conductive additives in the former. This is demonstrated in the values of the diffusion coefficient (D) and standard rate constant (ks) determined through cyclic voltammetry. For the composite cathode D = 1.0 x 10-9 cm2 s-1 and ks = 7.05 x 10-7 cm s-1 whereas the pristine electrode has values of 4.81 x 10-11 cm2 s-1 and 2.68 x 10-7 cm s-1 for D and ks, respectively. Similar trend is observed in the results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Cover Image, Volume 53, Number 9, September 2018 (2018)

The cover image, by Abigail Strang et al., is based on the Original Article: Pulmonary Physiology Measures of Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography (RIP) in Children with Neuromuscular Disease, DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24134. Image Credit: Cindy Brodoway of Nemours duPont Children's Hospital. Funding Credit: The Nemours Foundation; The Univ. of Delaware, Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) Program Grant #44058 (TR & THS); and NIH COBRE, P30 GM114736 (THS).
Inhibition of factor XIIIa in a canine model of coronary thrombosis: effect on reperfusion and acute reocclusion after recombinant tissue- type plasminogen activator (1990)

The effect of inhibition of factor XIIIa with 2-(l-acetonylthio)-5-methylthiazolo[2,3-b]1,3,4-thiadiazo lium perchlorate (L-722,151) on coronary thrombolysis and reocclusion was studied in an acute dog model of electrically induced coronary thrombosis. L-722,151 (0.1 mg/kg/min intravenously [IV] or placebo was administered 15 minutes before current initiation (150 microA) and for the duration of the experiment (270 minutes). Fifteen minutes after thrombus formation, heparin (300 U/kg, IV) was administered, followed 45 minutes later by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) (10 micrograms/kg/min, IV for 90 minutes). Placebo-treated animals thrombosed at 48.9 +/- 8.1 minutes (mean +/- SEM) and reperfused in response to tPA at 49.1 +/- 9.3 minutes. L-722,151 pretreated animals thrombosed at 44.4 +/- 9.7 minutes and reperfused in response to tPA at 16.4 +/- 2.8 minutes (P less than .05 v vehicle). Furthermore, residual thrombus mass was reduced by L-722,151 from 6.9 +/- 1.9 mg in placebo-treated animals to 1.7 +/- 0.6 mg (P less than .05 v vehicle). Acute reocclusion occurred in 86% of placebo and in 75% of L-722,151-treated animals. The incidence of tPA-induced reperfusion in L-722,151-treated dogs was 100% (8 of 8), whereas only 70% (7 of 10) of placebo-treated dogs reperfused. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with L-722,151 hastens reperfusion time threefold and reduces residual thrombus mass. These effects occurred with no change in systemic blood pressure in response to L-722,151. When L-722,151 was administered 15 minutes after thrombus formation in a separate group of dogs (n = 5), no beneficial effect on thrombolysis time or thrombus mass was observed. Thus, the specific factor XIIIa catalyzed crosslinking reaction(s), which may determine(s) resistance to plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation, occur(s) rapidly. Inhibition of this crosslinking by pretreatment with L-722,151 promotes tPA-induced thrombolysis.
Identical T Cell Clones Are Located within the Mouse Gut Epithelium and Lamina Propria and Circulate in the Thoracic Duct Lymph (2000)

Murine gut intraepithelial (IEL) T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha/beta lymphocytes bearing CD8alpha/13 or CD8alpha/alpha coreceptors have been shown previously to express different oligoclonal TCR beta chain repertoires in the same mouse, in agreement with other evidence indicating that these two populations belong to different ontogenic lineages, with only CD8alpha/beta+ IELs being fully thymus dependent. CD8alpha/beta+, but not CD8alpha/alpha+, T lymphocytes are also present in the lamina propria. Here, we show that CD8alpha/beta+ lymphocytes from the lamina propria and the epithelium are both oligoclonal, and that they share the same TCR-beta clonotypes in the same mouse, as is also the case for CD4alpha T cells. Furthermore, identical T cell clones were detected among CD8alpha/beta IELs and CD8alpha/beta+ blasts circulating into the thoracic duct (TD) lymph of the same mouse, whereas TD small lymphocytes are polyclonal. These findings must be considered in light of previous observations showing that T blasts, but not small T lymphocytes, circulating in the TD lymph have the capacity of homing into the gut epithelium and lamina propria. These combined observations have interesting implications for our understanding of the recirculation of gut thymus-dependent lymphocytes and their precursors, and of the events leading up to the selection of their restricted TCR repertoire.
Osteoblast‐derived sphingosine 1‐phosphate to induce proliferation and confer resistance to therapeutics to bone metastasis‐derived prostate cancer cells (2014)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plays important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation or survival mainly through its surface G-protein-coupled receptors S1P1-5. Bone represents the major site of metastasis for prostate cancer (CaP) cells, which rely on bone-derived factors to support their proliferation and resistance to therapeutics. In the present work we have found that conditioned medium (CM) from the MC3T3 osteoblastic cell line or primary murine and human osteoblast-like cells, as well as co-culture with MC3T3 stimulate proliferation of CaP lines in S1P-dependent manner. In addition, osteoblastic-derived S1P induces resistance of CaP cells to therapeutics including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. When S1P release from osteoblastic cells is decreased (inhibition of SphK1, knock-down of SphK1 or the S1P transporter, Spns2 by siRNA) or secreted S1P neutralized with anti-S1P antibody, the proliferative and survival effects of osteoblasts on CaP cells are abolished. Because of the paracrine nature of the signaling, we studied the role of the S1P receptors expressed on CaP cells in the communication with S1P secreted by osteoblasts. Strategies aimed at down-regulating S1P1, S1P2 or S1P3 (siRNA, antagonists), established the exclusive role of the S1P/S1P1 signaling between osteoblasts and CaP cells. Bone metastases from CaP are associated with osteoblastic differentiation resulting in abnormal bone formation. We show that the autocrine S1P/S1P3 signaling is central during differentiation to mature osteoblasts by regulating Runx2 level, a key transcription factor involved in osteoblastic maturation. Importantly, differentiated osteoblasts exhibited enhanced secretion of S1P and further stimulated CaP cell proliferation in a S1P-dependent manner. By establishing the dual role of osteoblast-borne S1P on both osteoblastic differentiation and CaP cell proliferation and survival, we uncover the importance of S1P in the bone metastatic microenvironment, which may open a novel area of study for the treatment of CaP bone metastasis by targeting S1P.
Step Up: Gas–Liquid Mass-Transfer Characterization at Plant Scale Using the Pressure Step Method (2021)

Gas–liquid reactions (such as aqueous phase hydrogenations) are frequently mass transport limited. Characterization of reactor overall mass transport performance is key to the successful transfer of reactions across scales or between plants. Despite this need, prediction of mass-transfer performance remains elusive. In this paper, the authors adapt the pressure step method of Teramoto et al. for use in a 1.3 m3 vessel by explicitly accounting for background pressure loss. The method is found to produce theoretically sound results rapidly, with measured hydrogen solubility in water agreeing well with the literature. The measured values of the overall mass-transfer coefficient, kLa, are compared to those predicted by published correlations and modeling tools, which are found to give generally poor predictive performance.