gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
At-wavelength characterization of refractive x-ray lenses using a two-dimensional grating interferometer (2011)

We report on the application of a two-dimensional hard x-ray grating interferometer to x-ray optics metrology. The interferometer is sensitive to refraction angles in two perpendicular directions with a precision of 10 nrad. It is used to observe the wavefront changes induced by a single parabolic beryllium focusing lens of large radius of curvature. The lens shape is reconstructed and its residual aberrations are analyzed. Its profile differs from an ideal parabolic shape by less than 2 μm or λ/50 at λ = 0.54 Å wavelength.
Development of Extremely High Efficacy White OLED with over 100 lm/W (2014)

Non-radiation mode of OLED device was reduced by optimizing the distance between emissive layers to the metal cathode. Light distribution of OLED and optical properties of a light outcoupling substrate based on high refractive index microstructures were adjusted to achieve the better combination of the OLED device with the substrate. Those advanced optical design decreased non-radiative evanescent mode and waveguide mode, and realized a white OLED device with quite high light outcoupling efficiency of at least 56 % and outstandingly high efficacy of 133 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2.
Benchmarking of different WSS and MCS sizes in OXCs (2014)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text T. Zami, M. Bertolini, and A. Morea, "Benchmarking of different WSS and MCS sizes in OXCs," in Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2014, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optica Publishing Group, 2014), paper ATh4G.2. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
MOCVD growth of β-(AlGa)2O3 on β-Ga2O3 using N2O (Conference Presentation) (2023)

MOCVD growth of high-quality β-(AlGa)2O3 on (010), (001), and (100) β-Ga2O3 substrates using nitrous oxide (N2O), TEGa, and TMAl as sources will be presented. Coherently strained β-(AlGa)2O3 layers with Al composition of ~40% and ~30% were realized on (100) and (010) substrates, which were coloaded during the growth. The films were smooth, but the layers grown on (100) substrates were smoother (~0.3 nm). The N2O can also dope the layers with nitrogen. β-(AlGa)2O3 films with [N] ranging from ~5x1017 to ~2×1019 cm-3 were achieved. The effects of substrate temperature and Al composition on N incorporation will be discussed.
Prototype 1.75 MV X-band linear accelerator testing for medical CT and industrial nondestructive testing applications (2015)

Flat panel imagers based on amorphous silicon technology (a-Si) for digital radiography are accepted by the medical and industrial community as having several advantages over radiographic film-based systems. Use of Mega-voltage x-rays with these flat panel systems is applicable to both portal imaging for radiotherapy and for nondestructive testing (NDT) and security applications. In the medical field, one potential application that has not been greatly explored is to radiotherapy treatment planning. Currently, such conventional computed tomographic (CT) data acquired at kV energies is used to help delineate tumor targets and normal structures that are to be spared during treatment. CT number accuracy is crucial for radiotherapy dose calculations. Conventional CT scanners operating at kV X-ray energies typically exhibit significant image reconstruction artifacts in the presence of metal implants in human body. Using the X-ray treatment beams, having energies typically &ge;6MV, to acquire the CT data may not be practical if it is desired to maintain contrast sensitivity at a sufficiently low dose. Nondestructive testing imaging systems can expand their application space with the development of the higher energy accelerator for use in pipeline, and casting inspection as well as certain cargo screening applications that require more penetration. A new prototype x-band BCL designed to operate up to 1.75 MV has been designed built and tested. The BCL was tested with a prototype portal imager and medical phantoms to determine artifact reductions and a PaxScan 2530HE industrial imager to demonstrate resolution is maintained and penetration is improved.
First observation of high-order quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in semiconductor multilayers in reflection geometry (2003)

Summary form only given. We report our results on derailed investigation of SHG in reflection geometry (reflection-SHG) in GaAs/AlAs multilayer. For the first time, we measured the spectra of the reflection-SHG and identified high-order quasi-phase matched peaks. Moreover, we confirmed the quadratic dependence of the SH pulse energy on the pump pulse energy.
Assembly of Radically Recoded E. coli Genome Segments (2016)

Abstract The large potential of radically recoded organisms (RROs) in medicine and industry depends on improved technologies for efficient assembly and testing of recoded genomes for biosafety and functionality. Here we describe a next generation platform for conjugative assembly genome engineering, termed CAGE 2.0, that enables the scarless integration of large synthetically recoded E. coli segments at isogenic and adjacent genomic loci. A stable tdk dual selective marker is employed to facilitate cyclical assembly and removal of attachment sites used for targeted segment delivery by sitespecific recombination. Bypassing the need for vector transformation harnesses the multi Mb capacity of CAGE, while minimizing artifacts associated with RecA-mediated homologous recombination. Our method expands the genome engineering toolkit for radical modification across many organisms and recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE).
Inhibitor-bound structures of human pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (2011)

The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. PDC activity is tightly regulated by four members of a family of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoforms (PDK1-4), which phosphorylate and inactivate PDC. Recently, the development of specific inhibitors of PDK4 has become an especially important focus for the pharmaceutical management of diabetes and obesity. In this study, crystal structures of human PDK4 complexed with either AMPPNP, ADP or the inhibitor M77976 were determined. ADP-bound PDK4 has a slightly wider active-site cleft and a more disordered ATP lid compared with AMPPNP-bound PDK4, although both forms of PDK4 assume open conformations with a wider active-site cleft than that in the closed conformation of the previously reported ADP-bound PDK2 structure. M77976 binds to the ATP-binding pocket of PDK4 and causes local conformational changes with complete disordering of the ATP lid. M77976 binding also leads to a large domain rearrangement that further expands the active-site cleft of PDK4 compared with the ADP- and AMPPNP-bound forms. Biochemical analyses revealed that M77976 inhibits PDK4 with increased potency compared with the previously characterized PDK inhibitor radicicol. Thus, the present structures demonstrate for the first time the flexible and dynamic aspects of PDK4 in the open conformation and provide a basis for the development of novel inhibitors targeting the nucleotide-binding pocket of PDK4.
Critical Review and Conceptual and Quantitative Models for the Transfer and Depuration of Ciguatoxins in Fishes (2021)

We review and develop conceptual models for the bio-transfer of ciguatoxins in food chains for Platypus Bay and the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Platypus Bay is unique in repeatedly producing ciguateric fishes in Australia, with ciguatoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates (<i>Gambierdiscus</i> spp.) growing epiphytically on free-living, benthic macroalgae. The <i>Gambierdiscus</i> are consumed by invertebrates living within the macroalgae, which are preyed upon by small carnivorous fishes, which are then preyed upon by Spanish mackerel (<i>Scomberomorus commerson</i>). We hypothesise that <i>Gambierdiscus</i> and/or <i>Fukuyoa</i> species growing on turf algae are the main source of ciguatoxins entering marine food chains to cause ciguatera on the Great Barrier Reef. The abundance of surgeonfish that feed on turf algae may act as a feedback mechanism controlling the flow of ciguatoxins through this marine food chain. If this hypothesis is broadly applicable, then a reduction in herbivory from overharvesting of herbivores could lead to increases in ciguatera by concentrating ciguatoxins through the remaining, smaller population of herbivores. Modelling the dilution of ciguatoxins by somatic growth in Spanish mackerel and coral trout (<i>Plectropomus leopardus</i>) revealed that growth could not significantly reduce the toxicity of fish flesh, except in young fast-growing fishes or legal-sized fishes contaminated with low levels of ciguatoxins. If Spanish mackerel along the east coast of Australia can depurate ciguatoxins, it is most likely with a half-life of ≤1-year. Our review and conceptual models can aid management and research of ciguatera in Australia, and globally.
387. Gene Delivery of APOE2 Reduces Amyloid Pathology in Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease (2015)

The deposition of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ), cleavage products of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases, in brain represents a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele carriers have an increased risk to develop AD and an earlier age of onset, whereas carriers of the ε2 allele have reduced risk and a delayed age of onset. APOE is also a major determinant of brain Aβ and amyloid burden in humans and in several transgenic mouse models of AD (E4>E3>E2). We have previously reported that lentivirus-mediated intraparenchymal gene delivery of APOE2 significantly reduces brain Aβ levels and amyloid plaque burden in PDAPP mice. To extend these findings, we administered an rh.10 serotype adeno-associated viral vector expressing the gene (AAVrh.10-APOE2, 1.0X1010 viral genomes (vg)) directly into the hippocampus of 9-month-old PDAPP mice, a mouse model of AD-related amyloidosis. Eight weeks post-injection, AAVrh.10-APOE2 administration resulted in 5-6 times higher levels of APOE2 expression than targeted replacement (wild-type) mice and a marked decrease in both soluble (~33% reduction. P<0.05) and insoluble Aβ42 levels (~70% reduction. P<0.001) compared to control mice. Given the important role of APOE4 in AD risk and amyloid burden, we next assessed how gene delivery of APOE2 affects amyloid pathology in APP.PS1/TRE4 mice where brain Aβ/amyloid deposition is dependent on APOE4 expression. AAVrh.10-APOE2 (0.25X1010, 0.5X1010, or 1×1010 vg) was bilaterally administered into the hippocampus of 2.5-month-old APP.PS1/TRE4 mice. Eight weeks post-injection, there was a dose-dependent increase in APOE expression and a corresponding dose-dependent decrease in insoluble and soluble Aβ levels in the hippocampus of mice treated with AAVrh.10-APOE2, suggesting that overexpression of APOE2 effectively counteracts the detrimental effects of APOE4 on amyloid pathology. We also investigated the effects of AAVrh.10-APOE2 treatment on various proteins associated with Aβ production and clearance by Western analysis. No significant differences were observed in the relative hippocampal levels of APP, β-secretase, C99 (APP cleavage product of β-secretase), or C83 (a non-amyloidogenic APP cleavage product by α-secretase) between mice treated with AAVrh.10-APOE2 or a control vector, suggesting no effect on Aβ production. By contrast, the levels of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE, an Aβ-degrading enzyme) and ATG5/LC3 (the signaling pathway responsible for autophagy) were significantly (P<0.001 and P<0.05 respectively) elevated in the hippocampus of AAVrh.10-APOE2-treated mice. Taken together, the data demonstrates that AAVrh.10-mediated delivery of APOE2 effectively reduces Aβ pathology in the hippocampus of APP mutant mice expressing either murine Apoe or APOE4. The latter may be due to an enhancement of Aβ metabolism or clearance. Gene delivery of APOE2 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for treating or preventing AD.
Endpoints in stem cell trials in ischemic heart failure (2015)

Despite multimodal regimens and diverse treatment options alleviating disease symptoms, morbidity and mortality associated with advanced ischemic heart failure remain high. Recently, technological innovation has led to the development of regenerative therapeutic interventions aimed at halting or reversing the vicious cycle of heart failure progression. Driven by the unmet patient need and fueled by encouraging experimental studies, stem cell-based clinical trials have been launched over the past decade. Collectively, these trials have enrolled several thousand patients and demonstrated the clinical feasibility and safety of cell-based interventions. However, the totality of evidence supporting their efficacy in ischemic heart failure remains limited. Experience from the early randomized stem cell clinical trials underscores the key points in trial design ranging from adequate hypothesis formulation to selection of the optimal patient population, cell type and delivery route. Importantly, to translate the unprecedented promise of regenerative biotherapies into clinical benefit, it is crucial to ensure the appropriate choice of endpoints along the regulatory path. Accordingly, we here provide considerations relevant to the choice of endpoints for regenerative clinical trials in the ischemic heart failure setting.
Protein Nanotube Arrays Immobilized on Solid Substrates: Molecular Trap in Aqueous Medium (2011)

Abstract We describe template-assisted synthesis of protein nanotube arrays immobilized on solid substrates (e.g., glass plate) using a nanoporous polycarbonate membrane and the arrays’ molecule-trapping capabilities in aqueous medium. The uniform array of human serum albumin-based nanotubes bearing an avidin surface interior captured efficiently fluorescein-labeled biotin in water.
Estimation of Spark Ignition Phenomena on CFRP Specimen with a Fastener by a Novel Optical System in the Ignitable Mixture Test Method (2015)

This paper deals with spark phenomena in the ignitable mixture gas including 6% hydrogen not only from a CFRP specimen with a fastener in the lightning strike test where the compound current waveforms of “Component A, B and C” were used, but also from an electrode gap system in the 200uJ voltage spark test, which were observed by a novel optical system with PMTs, optical fibers, digital cameras and a spectroscope. We investigated the relationship between spark generation and explosion, i.e. ignition, based on the measured optical signals, especially the time integral value of the spark light emission intensity Lint that derives the spark energy.
Evaluating Intelligibility and Battery Drain of Mobile Sign Language Video Transmitted at Low Frame Rates and Bit Rates (2015)

Mobile sign language video conversations can become unintelligible if high video transmission rates cause network congestion and delayed video. In an effort to understand the perceived lower limits of intelligible sign language video intended for mobile communication, we evaluated sign language video transmitted at four low frame rates (1, 5, 10, and 15 frames per second [fps]) and four low fixed bit rates (15, 30, 60, and 120 kilobits per second [kbps]) at a constant spatial resolution of 320 × 240 pixels. We discovered an “intelligibility ceiling effect,” in which increasing the frame rate above 10fps did not improve perceived intelligibility, and increasing the bit rate above 60kbps produced diminishing returns. Given the study parameters, our findings suggest that relaxing the recommended frame rate and bit rate to 10fps at 60kbps will provide intelligible video conversations while reducing total bandwidth consumption to 25% of the ITU-T standard (at least 25fps and 100kbps). As part of this work, we developed the Human Signal Intelligibility Model , a new conceptual model useful for informing evaluations of video intelligibility and our methodology for creating linguistically accessible web surveys for deaf people. We also conducted a battery-savings experiment quantifying battery drain when sign language video is transmitted at the lower frame rates and bit rates. Results confirmed that increasing the transmission rates monotonically decreased the battery life.
Use of programmed multilayer defects in validating a defect compensation strategy for EUV lithography (1999)

We propose the use of optical proximity correction on absorber features to compensate for the effect of sub-resolution multilayer defects that would otherwise induce a critical error in linewidth. A series of defect printability and compensation experiments utilizing programmed multilayer defects are presented which demonstrate this approach. The amount of absorber removal for defect compensation depends on system imaging performance and the quality of the absorber removal process. A process flow for the mask fabrication, defect characterization and compensation is presented.
Permeation of methyl chloride and benzene through FEP Teflon (1983)

Abstract Permeabilities and diffusivities of methyl chloride and benzene vapors at low activities in FEP Teflon membranes were measured in a continuous‐flow permeation cell, at temperatures ranging from 47°C to 150°C. In all cases investigated, the permeabilities and diffusivities were independent of the penetrant partial pressure, and the permeation process was well described by a Henry's law sorption–Fickian diffusion model. The activation energies for permeation and diffusion and the sorption enthalpy were respectively 34.8 kJ/mol, 50.1 kJ/mol, and −15.3 kJ/mol for methyl chloride and 49.5 kJ/mol, 69.1 kJ/mol, and −19.6 kJ/mol for benzene. The diffusional activation energies for these two substances and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons correlate reasonably well with the Lennard–Jones collision diameters of the penetrant molecules. The solubilities correlate approximately with the penetrant boiling points, but the highly polar nature of methyl chloride and the aromaticity of benzene lead to deviations between the solubilities of these substances and those of nonpolar aliphatics with the same tendency to condense from the vapor phase.
Site‐Selective Hydrogenation of Electron‐Poor Alkenes and Dienes Enabled by a Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydride Addition/Protonolysis Mechanism** (2022)

The transition metal catalyzed hydrogenation of alkenes is a well-developed technology used on lab scale as well as on large scales in the chemical industry. Site- and chemoselective mono-hydrogenations of polarized conjugated dienes remain challenging. Instead, stoichiometric main-group hydrides are used rather than H<sub>2</sub> . As part of an effort to develop a scalable route to prepare geranylacetone, we discovered that Rh(CO)<sub>2</sub> acac/xantphos based catalysts enable the selective mono-hydrogenation of electron-poor 1,3-dienes, enones, and other polyunsaturated substrates. D-labeling and DFT studies support a mechanism where a nucleophilic Rh<sup>I</sup> -hydride selectively adds to electron-poor alkenes and the resulting Rh-enolate undergoes subsequent inner-sphere protonation by alcohol solvent. The finding that (L<sub>n</sub> )Rh(H)(CO) type catalysts can enable selective mono-hydrogenation of electron-poor 1,3-dienes provides a valuable tool in the design of related chemoselective hydrogenation processes.
A Robust and Highly Selective Catalytic System of Copper–Silica Nanocomposite and 1‐Butanol in Fructose Hydrogenation to Mannitol (2020)

We report for the first time the selective production of mannitol, a low-calorie sweetener and an important pharmaceutical ingredient, from fructose using Cu-SiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite as catalyst and 1-butanol as solvent. When compared with water and ethanol, a lower fructose solubility was achieved in 1-butanol, which caused a lower fructose conversion and higher mannitol selectivity by reducing formation of side products. Among various Cu-based catalysts in 1-butanol, Cu(80)-SiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite gave an unprecedented mannitol (83 %) and sorbitol (15 %) yield at 120 °C, 35 bar H<sub>2</sub> , and 10 h reaction time. More importantly, this catalyst did not show any Cu leaching and its physicochemical properties were maintained after liquid-phase fructose hydrogenation whereas other Cu-based catalysts such as Cu(32)-Cr<sub>2</sub> O and Cu(66)-ZnO did show significant leaching of Cu and Cr. Thus, Cu(80)-SiO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite and 1-butanol are regarded as a robust and highly efficient catalytic system for the selective hydrogenation of fructose to mannitol. Also, density functional theory calculations supported that in addition to the stable initial structure of adsorbed fructose, the mannitol pathway was more thermodynamically favorable than the sorbitol pathway. Notably, the highly pure mannitol (99 %) could be recovered from the sorbitol-containing 1-butanol solution by simple filtration. Therefore, the present protocol is a novel and effective method to produce pure mannitol from fructose in both an environmental and an industrial context.
Experimental and numerical insights into heterogeneous liquid-solid behaviour in drinking water softening reactors (2021)

Liquid-solid fluidisation is frequently encountered in drinking water treatment processes, for instance in seeded crystallisation softening processes. For modest superficial fluid velocities, liquid–solid fluidisation systems are generally considered to be homogeneous, as reported in literature. However, during fluidisation experiments with calcite grains, open spaces of water can be observed between the fluidised particles, even at relatively low fluid velocities. Moreover, significant heterogeneous particle–fluid patterns are detected at higher fluid velocities. Such heterogeneous behaviour can beneficially or adversely affect the chemical crystallisation efficiency. To obtain information about voids in bulk regions, complementary Computational Fluid Dynamics - Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) simulations were performed and compared with the experimental results for validation. Simulations were performed using different water inlet velocities and fractionised calcite granules obtained from full-scale reactors. Here, the results are analysed using the bed height, voidage and pressure drop of the system. Furthermore, images of the experiments and simulations are visually compared for the formation of voids. The simulations showed distinct differences in void fraction in the cross-section of the column. It is shown that throughout the range of considered water velocities, heterogeneous behaviour exists and cannot be neglected. The heterogeneity and onset of fluidisation behaviour obtained from the simulations and experimental observations were compared and found to agree reasonably well.