gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diphtheria Toxin Fused to Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Eliminates Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells With the Potential to Initiate Leukemia in Immunodeficient Mice, But Spares Normal Hemopoietic Stem Cells (1997)

We studied the cell kill induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF ) fused to Diphtheria Toxin (DT-GM-CSF ) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples and in populations of normal primitive hemopoietic progenitor cells. AML samples from three patients were incubated in vitro with 100 ng/mL DT-GM-CSF for 48 hours, and AML cell kill was determined in a proliferation assay, a clonogenic assay colony-forming unit-AML (CFU-AML) and a quantitative long-term bone marrow (BM) culture ie, the leukemic-cobblestone area forming cell assay (L-CAFC). To measure an effect on cells with in vivo leukemia initiating potential DT-GM-CSF exposed AML cells were transplanted into immunodeficient mice. In two out of three samples it was shown that all AML subsets, including those with long-term abilities in vivo (severe combined immunodeficient mice) and in vitro (L-CAFC assay) were reduced in number by DT-GM-CSF. Cell kill induced by DT-GM-CSF could be prevented by coincubation with an excess of GM-CSF, demonstrating that sensitivity to DT-GM-CSF is specifically mediated by the GM-CSF receptor. Therefore, binding and internalization of GM-CSF probably occur in immature AML precursors of these two cases of AML. The third AML sample was not responsive to either GM-CSF or DT-GM-CSF. The number of committed progenitors of normal bone marrow (burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit granulocyte- macrophage, and cobble stone area forming cell [CAFC] week 2) and also the number of cells with long-term repopulating ability, assayed as week 6 CAFC, were unchanged after exposure to DT-GM-CSF (100 ng/mL, 48 hours). These studies show that DT-GM-CSF may be used to eliminate myeloid leukemic cells with long-term potential in vitro and in immunodeficient mice, whereas normal hemopoietic stem cells are spared.
An optical implementation of a packet-based (Ethernet) MAC in a WDM passive optical network overlay (2001)

We propose and demonstrate an optical implementation of an Ethernet (CSMA/CD) MAC on a WDM PON using spectrally slicing and novel AWG wiring connections. Fairness and throughput are demonstrated and compared to theory and simulations.
Successful Management of Lower-Pole Moiety Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction in a Partially Duplicated Collecting System Using Minimally Invasive Retrograde Endoscopic Techniques (2000)

Although the true incidence of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in the lower-pole moiety of an incompletely duplicated renal collecting system remains elusive, the description of this entity in the published literature is exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, we report the first case of this entity managed successfully by ureteroscopic holmium laser incision of the stenotic UPJ segment. This case underscores the utility of minimally invasive techniques in the management of selected cases of UPJ obstruction associated with a partially duplicated collecting system.
A robust genomic signature for the detection of colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability phenotype and high mutation frequency (2012)

Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in 10-20% of colorectal tumours and is associated with good prognosis. Here we describe the development and validation of a genomic signature that identifies colorectal cancer patients with MSI caused by DNA mismatch repair deficiency with high accuracy. Microsatellite status for 276 stage II and III colorectal tumours has been determined. Full-genome expression data was used to identify genes that correlate with MSI status. A subset of these samples (n = 73) had sequencing data for 615 genes available. An MSI gene signature of 64 genes was developed and validated in two independent validation sets: the first consisting of frozen samples from 132 stage II patients; and the second consisting of FFPE samples from the PETACC-3 trial (n = 625). The 64-gene MSI signature identified MSI patients in the first validation set with a sensitivity of 90.3% and an overall accuracy of 84.8%, with an AUC of 0.942 (95% CI, 0.888-0.975). In the second validation, the signature also showed excellent performance, with a sensitivity 94.3% and an overall accuracy of 90.6%, with an AUC of 0.965 (95% CI, 0.943-0.988). Besides correct identification of MSI patients, the gene signature identified a group of MSI-like patients that were MSS by standard assessment but MSI by signature assessment. The MSI-signature could be linked to a deficient MMR phenotype, as both MSI and MSI-like patients showed a high mutation frequency (8.2% and 6.4% of 615 genes assayed, respectively) as compared to patients classified as MSS (1.6% mutation frequency). The MSI signature showed prognostic power in stage II patients (n = 215) with a hazard ratio of 0.252 (p = 0.0145). Patients with an MSI-like phenotype had also an improved survival when compared to MSS patients. The MSI signature was translated to a diagnostic microarray and technically and clinically validated in FFPE and frozen samples.
Unified Numerical Stability and Accuracy Analysis of the Partitioned-Solution Approach (2023)

This article focuses on the Partitioned-Solution Approach (PSA) employed for the Time-Domain Simulation (TDS) of dynamic power system models. In PSA, differential equations are solved at each step of the TDS for state variables, whereas algebraic equations are solved separately. The goal of this article is to propose a novel, matrix-pencil based technique to study numerical stability and accuracy of PSA in a unified way. The proposed technique quantifies the numerical deformation that PSA-based methods introduce to the dynamics of the power system model, and allows estimating useful upper time step bounds that achieve prescribed simulation accuracy criteria. The family of Predictor-Corrector (PC) methods, which is commonly applied in practical implementations of PSA, is utilized to illustrate the proposed technique. Simulations are carried out on the IEEE 39-bus system, as well as on a 1479-bus model of the All-Island Irish Transmission System (AIITS).
Linear Analysis of Thermo-hydraulic Instabilities of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR). (1998)

Analysis was carried out to predict the threshold of instability for Ledinegg type and density wave oscillations for the Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) which is a Natural Circulation Pressure Tube Type Boiling Water Reactor. The mathematical model considers homogeneous two-phase flow and the conservation equations are solved analytically to obtain the steady state thermo-hydraulic characteristics and flow stability map. The model was applied for the AHWR concept after it had been validated with the test data obtained from a simple forced circulation loop with small parallel boiling channels and from the High Temperature Loop (PNC). The results indicate that the proposed design configuration of the AHWR may experience both Ledinegg type (static instability) and Type-I and Type-II density wave oscillations depending on the operating condition. The effects of various geometric and operating parameters on these types of instabilities were studied. It can be seen from the results that the Ledinegg type instability is suppressed with an increase in pressure and disappears when the operating pressure is higher than 0.7MPa. But the density wave instability may occur even at 7 MPa. In addition, it is found that for parallel multiple channels operating under natural circulation condition, the stability of density wave instability is not always enhanced by increasing the throttling coefficients at the inlet of channels.
Efficient and product-representative timing model validation (2011)

Timing analysis is a key sign-off step in the design of today's chips, but as technology advances, it becomes ever more challenging to create timing models that accurately reflect real timing-related behavior. Complex dependencies on second order phenomena, such as pattern density and stress/strain make it very difficult to develop device models and simulation tools that accurately predict the timing behavior that will be seen in actual product silicon. As a result, it is necessary to validate timing models in silicon. Traditional ways to validate timing models use ring oscillators or perform delay testing but both approaches have significant drawbacks. Ring oscillators lack diversity in circuit structure and present layout configurations that are not typical of real products. Delay test can be expensive to apply and provides directly only path delay information not individual gate delays. To address these limitations, we explore the potential of a new test structure-based method of timing model validation. The proposed approach combines benefits of a ring oscillator and path delay testing while addressing their limitations. Specifically, the test structure is composed of circuits that are physically synthesized and therefore product-representative, but configures the devices under test into oscillating paths so that measurement is easy and inexpensive. Path delay test ATPG is used to generate test patterns whose oscillation frequencies provide measures of path delays. Gate delays are deduced from those path delays using a matrix that codes the delay elements comprising each path in a careful way that overcomes overdetermination problems in the matrix algebra. Results show that RMS errors can be maintained under 5% for all gate types using a chosen circuit.
Weighted Transformer Network for Machine Translation (2017)

State-of-the-art results on neural machine translation often use attentional sequence-to-sequence models with some form of convolution or recursion. Vaswani et al. (2017) propose a new architecture that avoids recurrence and convolution completely. Instead, it uses only self-attention and feed-forward layers. While the proposed architecture achieves state-of-the-art results on several machine translation tasks, it requires a large number of parameters and training iterations to converge. We propose Weighted Transformer, a Transformer with modified attention layers, that not only outperforms the baseline network in BLEU score but also converges 15-40% faster. Specifically, we replace the multi-head attention by multiple self-attention branches that the model learns to combine during the training process. Our model improves the state-of-the-art performance by 0.5 BLEU points on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task and by 0.4 on the English-to-French translation task.
Abstract 778: The identification and structure-guided optimisation of potent and selective inhibitors of oncogenes in medullary thyroid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma (2015)

Abstract RET (REarranged during Transfection) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (TK), which plays pivotal roles in regulating cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, migration and chemotaxis. Activating mutations in RET (C634W and M918T) have been identified in both familial and sporadic forms of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and correlate with aggressive disease progression, validating RET as a classical oncogene. Furthermore the recent identification of RET fusions (CCDC6-RET and KIF5B-RET) present in ∼1% of lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) patients has renewed interest in the identification and development of more selective RET inhibitors lacking the toxicities associated with the current treatments. At present, there are no known specific RET inhibitors in clinical development, although many potent inhibitors of RET have been identified opportunistically through selectivity profiling of compounds initially designed to target other TKs. Such “secondary RET inhibitors” include the clinical agents Vandetanib and Cabozantinib, both approved for use in MTC, but additional pharmacological activities (most notably inhibition of KDR) lead to dose-limiting toxicity. Using a robust screening cascade developed in house, we have measured RET and KDR inhibitory activity in vitro and in relevant cell line models to assess compound potency and selectivity. Anti-proliferative activity and off-target toxicity of these agents have also been measured. Although these competitor compounds displayed reasonable RET potency in cellular assays and this translated into anti-proliferative effects in our MTC and LAD disease models, as expected none met our target candidate criteria, clearly highlighting the need for therapeutic agents with improved selectivity. Guided by structure-based drug design, we have identified and optimised a novel series of potent and selective inhibitors of the RET kinase domain. These agents met our stringent criteria for enzyme and cell selectivity and, whilst potent in a RET-driven cell line, display little overt toxicity in a matched non-RET driven cell line. Herein, we describe the chemical optimisation of these agents and, using structural information, rationalise their improved selectivity. Citation Format: Roger J. Butlin, Rebecca Newton, Mandy Watson, Gemma Hopkins, Ben Acton, Kate Bowler, Samantha Fritzl, Kristin Goldberg, Niall Hamilton, Sarah Holt, Stuart Jones, Allan Jordan, Nikki March, Daniel Mould, Helen Small, Alexandra Stowell, Ian Waddell, Bohdan Waszkowycz, Donald Ogilvie. The identification and structure-guided optimisation of potent and selective inhibitors of oncogenes in medullary thyroid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 778. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-778
Dual-mode injection locking of two independent modelocked semiconductor lasers (2004)

A novel method of optical injection locking to obtain efficient synchronisation between independent sets of optical frequency combs from two modelocked semiconductor lasers is presented. Locking dynamics are experimentally observed and the performance of oscillator synchronisation is demonstrated by an optical heterodyne detection experiment.
Bipolar Tined Polyurethane Ventricular Lead: A Four‐Year Experience (1985)

With the advent of polyurethane as an insulating material for permanent pacemaker leads, concern has arisen over the integrity and long-term durability of polyurethane-insulated pacing leads. Specific concern has arisen over particular bipolar tined polyurethane ventricular leads. We have assessed our 4-year experience with this lead. This experience involves two groups of patients, those with leads manufactured before a certain date and those with leads manufactured at a later date. In the first group (judged to be at increased risk) the failure rate was 8.8%, and in the second group (judged not to be at increased risk) the rate was 3.9%. Lead failure occurred at an average of 17.5 months in the first group. Adequate follow-up on the second group is not available to determine whether or not the failure rate may eventually be as high as that in the early group. Actuarial analysis suggests that survivorship free of lead failure is probably not significantly different in the two groups. This experience points out the need for determining lead failure rates, identifying optimal lead design and configuration, and establishing a lead registry or mechanism by which the integrity of various pacing leads can be evaluated.
Prospects for Wide Bandgap and Ultrawide Bandgap CMOS Devices (2020)

Power and RF electronics applications have spurred massive investment into a range of wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductor devices which can switch large currents and voltages rapidly with low losses. However, the end systems using these devices are often limited by the parasitics of integrating and driving these chips from the silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based design (CMOS) circuitry necessary for complex control logic. For that reason, implementation of CMOS logic directly in the wide bandgap platform has become a way for each maturing material to compete. This review examines potential CMOS monolithic and hybrid approaches in a variety of wide bandgap materials.
Processing and properties of duplex stainless steel coatings manufactured by coaxial hot-wire laser cladding (2013)

Duplex stainless steels are used for example in pulp and paper industry, chemical plants and offshore platforms. The advantages of duplex stainless steels are high resistances to pitting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue. The experimental tests using Thermanit 2509 super duplex wire were performed with coaxial laser wire cladding head. Thermanit 2509 is austenite-ferrite stainless steel Fe-25Cr-10Ni-4Mo with high amount of alloying contents with excellent corrosion resistance. Corrosion properties of duplex hot-wire laser coatings were investigated by the critical pitting temperature (CPT) test. CPT values of duplex laser coating specimens were measured nearly consistent with 2507 wrought duplex steel. Microstructure phases of laser duplex coatings were investigated and compared to the objective 50-50% austenite-ferrite ratio.
Analytic solutions for reduced leading-edge noise aerofoils (2018)

This paper presents an analytic solution for the sound generated by an unsteady gust interacting with a semi-infinite flat plate with a piecewise linear periodic leading edge. The Wiener-Hopf method is used in conjunction with a non-orthogonal coordinate transformation and separation of variables to allow analytical progress. A fully analytic solution is obtained in terms of a modal expansion for the far-field noise which is obtained by summing only a finite number of cuton modes, allowing very quick evaluation. The analytic solution is compared to experimental results for five test case leading-edge geometries. Good agreement is seen indicating the analytic model is capturing the key features of the interaction such as the destructive interference from the tip and root. In four of the five test cases the serrated edges show large reductions of noise compared to the straight edge at mid and high frequencies, however the square wave geometry is seen to be ineffective at noise reduction for high frequencies.
SociAL Sensor Analytics: Measuring phenomenology at scale (2013)

The objective of this paper is to present a system for interrogating immense social media streams through analytical methodologies that characterize topics and events critical to tactical and strategic planning. First, we propose a conceptual framework for interpreting social media as a sensor network. Time-series models and topic clustering algorithms are used to implement this concept into a functioning analytical system. Next, we address two scientific challenges: 1) to understand, quantify, and baseline phenomenology of social media at scale, and 2) to develop analytical methodologies to detect and investigate events of interest. This paper then documents computational methods and reports experimental findings that address these challenges. Ultimately, the ability to process billions of social media posts per week over a period of years enables the identification of patterns and predictors of tactical and strategic concerns at an unprecedented rate through SociAL Sensor Analytics (SALSA).
Advancing Research on Medical Image Perception by Strengthening Multidisciplinary Collaboration (2021)

Medical image interpretation is central to detecting, diagnosing, and staging cancer and many other disorders. At a time when medical imaging is being transformed by digital technologies and artificial intelligence, understanding the basic perceptual and cognitive processes underlying medical image interpretation is vital for increasing diagnosticians' accuracy and performance, improving patient outcomes, and reducing diagnostician burnout. Medical image perception remains substantially understudied. In September 2019, the National Cancer Institute convened a multidisciplinary panel of radiologists and pathologists together with researchers working in medical image perception and adjacent fields of cognition and perception for the "Cognition and Medical Image Perception Think Tank." The Think Tank's key objectives were to identify critical unsolved problems related to visual perception in pathology and radiology from the perspective of diagnosticians, discuss how these clinically relevant questions could be addressed through cognitive and perception research, identify barriers and solutions for transdisciplinary collaborations, define ways to elevate the profile of cognition and perception research within the medical image community, determine the greatest needs to advance medical image perception, and outline future goals and strategies to evaluate progress. The Think Tank emphasized diagnosticians' perspectives as the crucial starting point for medical image perception research, with diagnosticians describing their interpretation process and identifying perceptual and cognitive problems that arise. This article reports the deliberations of the Think Tank participants to address these objectives and highlight opportunities to expand research on medical image perception.
Cationic and Neutral [4]-Cumulenes CCCCC with Five Cumulated Carbons and Three to Four Ferrocenyl Termini (1998)

Starting from 1,1-diferrocenyl-1-methoxypropyne, the first air-stable C5-cumulenium salt (Fc)2CCCCC(Fc)+BF4- (Fc = ferrocenyl) can be synthesized by a metalation, iodination, cross-coupling, and dehydration sequence. Attempted nucleophilic attack of ferrocenyl carbanion affords only radical decomposition products and none of the desired tetraferrocenyl-C5-cumulene (Fc)2CCCCC(Fc)2. In contrast, reaction with phenyllithium yields the nucleophilic addition product (Fc)2CCC(R)C⋮CFc (R = C6H5) with 100% regioselectivity. Starting from diferrocenyl ketone, the first air-stable protonated C5-cumulenium salt (Fc)2CCHCCC(Fc)2+BF4- is prepared by stepwise substitution of propyne with diferrocenyl(methoxy)methyl groups and subsequent 2-fold dehydration. Addition of methoxide affords (Fc)2CCC(R)CΗC(Fc)2 (R = OCH3); attempted conversion to tetraferrocenyl-C5-cumulene (Fc)2CCCCC(Fc)2 by thermal elimination of methanol in vacuo fails but yields an unusual cyclobutene dimer with eight ferrocenyl substituents. Finally, deprotonation of (Fc)2CCHCCC(Fc)2+BF4- with “super base” n-BuLi/t-BuOK gives access to tetraferrocenyl-C5-cumulene (Fc)2CCCCC(Fc)2, one of the very few C5-cumulenes known. IR, Raman, UV−vis, MS, NMR, Mössbauer spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography are used for a detailed characterization of these metallocenylcumulene compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: NICKEL‐CATALYZED SYNTHESIS OF α‐NORNICOTINE DERIVATIVES (1978)

Abstract Während sich Schiffbasen (I) und Butadien (II) an Ni‐Katalysatoren bekanntlich im allgemeinen unter Bildung von Aminen (III) und Iminen (IV) cooligomerisieren, reagieren die Schiffbasen (V) bzw. (VI) unter Bildung der neuen Cycloaddukte (VII).
Synthesis and Charge–Discharge Properties of Organometallic Copolymers of Ferrocene and Triphenylamine as Cathode Active Materials for Organic‐Battery Applications (2016)

Abstract Two new organometallic copolymers (PVFVM1 and PVFVM1‐1) bearing different molar ratios of ferrocene and triphenylamine pendants were successfully designed and synthesized as cathode active materials for organic‐battery applications. Their structural and thermal characteristics were determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Cyclic voltammograms of the as‐prepared polymers show that the electrochemical reactions of the ferrocene and triphenylamine moieties are reversible after the first cycle. A composite electrode based on copolymer PVFVM1 exhibits an initial specific discharge capacity of 102 mA h g –1 , which corresponds to 98 % of its theoretical capacity (104 mA h g –1 ). The cycle endurances for both polymers have been evaluated for over 50 cycles. Our results show that both copolymers are good candidates as a new class of cathode active materials and charge‐storage materials for rechargeable batteries.