gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Formation of Atomically Thin Stripes in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers (2016)

Whether an alloy is random or ordered can have profound effects on its properties. The close chemical similarity of W and Mo in the two-dimensional semiconductors MoS<sub>2</sub> and WS<sub>2</sub> has led to the expectation that W<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1-x</sub>S<sub>2</sub> is a random alloy. Here we report that triangular monolayer flakes of W<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1-x</sub>S<sub>2</sub> produced by sulfurization of MoO<sub>3</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> are not only nonrandom, but also anisotropic: W and Mo form atomically thin chains oriented parallel to the edges of the triangle, especially around x ∼ 0.5, as resolved by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. First-principles calculations reveal that the binding energies of striped and random alloys are nearly identical but that phase segregation at the growth edge favors one metal over another depending on the local sulfur availability, independent of the composition deeper inside the monolayer. Thus, atomically thin striping is kinetically driven and controlled by fluctuations that couple the local chemical potentials of metals and chalcogenide. Considering the nearly identical electronic properties but very different atomic masses of Mo and W, the resulting striped alloy is electronically isotropic, but vibrationally anisotropic. Phonon anomalies associated with the stripe ordering are predicted, as is an anisotropic thermal conductivity. More generally, fluctuation-driven striping provides a mechanism to produce in-plane subnanometer superlattices within two-dimensional crystals, with broad implications for controlling the electronic, optical, and structural properties of these systems.
Series Saliency: Temporal Interpretation for Multivariate Time Series Forecasting (2020)

Time series forecasting is an important yet challenging task. Though deep learning methods have recently been developed to give superior forecasting results, it is crucial to improve the interpretability of time series models. Previous interpretation methods, including the methods for general neural networks and attention-based methods, mainly consider the interpretation in the feature dimension while ignoring the crucial temporal dimension. In this paper, we present the series saliency framework for temporal interpretation for multivariate time series forecasting, which considers the forecasting interpretation in both feature and temporal dimensions. By extracting the "series images" from the sliding windows of the time series, we apply the saliency map segmentation following the smallest destroying region principle. The series saliency framework can be employed to any well-defined deep learning models and works as a data augmentation to get more accurate forecasts. Experimental results on several real datasets demonstrate that our framework generates temporal interpretations for the time series forecasting task while produces accurate time series forecast.
Empirial Description of the Liquid-Vapor Critical Region Based upon Coexistence Data (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEmpirial Description of the Liquid-Vapor Critical Region Based upon Coexistence DataKenneth R. Hall and Phillip T. EubankCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen. 1976, 15, 4, 323–330Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i160060a017https://doi.org/10.1021/i160060a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Journal of Micro/Nano Lithography, MEMS, and MOEMS (2006)

The <i>Journal of Micro/Nanopatterning, Materials, and Metrology</i> (JM3) publishes peer-reviewed papers on the core enabling technologies that address the patterning needs of the electronics industry.
Selective Protecting Method for the Individual Hydroxyl Groups of Kdn (1999)

ABSTRACT Selective protection for the individual hydroxyl groups of methyl (phenyl 3-deoxy-2-thio-β-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosid)onate (2) was examined. The 4-, 5-, and 7-hydroxyl groups of methyl (phenyl 3-deoxy-8,9-O-isopropylidene-2-thio-β-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosid)onate (3) were found selectively to be protected by t-butyldimethylsilyl, methoxymethyl, and benzoyl groups, respectively. In order to obtain the 8- and 9-hydroxyl derivatives selectively, methyl (phenyl 4,5,7-tri-O-acetyl-9-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-3-deoxy-2-thio-β-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosid)onate (12) and methyl (phenyl 4,5,7,8-tetra-O-benzyl-9-O-triphenylmethyl-3-deoxy-2-thio-β-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosid)onate (19) were prepared in moderate yields.
Smectic (2016)

In the past, aggregation and self-assembly have been associated principally with micellar and colloidal systems of molecules; however, with the advent of supramolecular chemistry, molecular self-assembly has been opened to a much wider understanding that has facilitated access to a variety of different shapes and sizes, along with the construction of new and fascinating molecular topologies. This document aims at defining more than 150 terms related to aggregation and self-assembly in the particular case of macromolecules. The list is restricted to the most commonly encountered terms.
Dense depth maps from sparse models and image coherence for augmented reality (2012)

A convincing combination of virtual and real data in an Augmented Reality (AR) application requires detailed 3D information about the real world scene. In many situations extensive model data is not available, while sparse representations such as outlines on a map exist. In this paper, we present a novel approach using such sparse 3D model data to seed automatic image segmentation and infer a dense depth map of an environment. Sparse 3D models of known landmarks, such as points and lines from GIS databases, are projected into a registered image and initialize 2D image segmentation at the projected locations in the image. For the segmentation we propose different techniques, which combine shape information, semantics given by the database, and the visual appearance in the referenced image. The resulting depth information of objects in the scene can be used in many applications, including occlusion handling, label placement, and 3D modeling.
Current status and future prospects of electric generators using electroactive polymer artificial muscle (2010)

The type of electroactive polymer known as dielectric elastomers has shown considerable promise for harvesting energy from environmental sources such as ocean waves, wind, water currents, human motion, etc. The high energy density and conversion efficiency of dielectric elastomers can allow for very simple and robust “DIRECT DRIVE” generators. Various types of energy harvesting generators based on dielectric elastomers have been tested. For example, buoy-mounted generators that harvest the energy of ocean waves were tested at sea for two weeks. Each generator uses a proof-mass to provide the mechanical forces that stretch and contract the dielectric elastomer generator. Those generators operated successfully during the sea trials. The buoy-mounted generators will be scaled up to produce larger amounts of power. The use of significantly larger amounts of dielectric elastomer material to produce generator modules with outputs in the MEGAWATT at range is being investigated for application to ocean wave power systems.
Anode material for lithium batteries (2023)

Primary and secondary Li-ion and lithium-metal based electrochemical cell system. The suppression of gas generation is achieved through the addition of an additive or additives to the electrolyte system of respective cell, or to the cell itself whether it be a liquid, a solid- or plastized polymer electrolyte system. The gas suppression additives are primarily based on unsaturated hydrocarbons.
3D shape reconstruction of the femur from planar X-ray images using statistical shape and appearance models (2022)

Abstract Major trauma is a condition that can result in severe bone damage. Customised orthopaedic reconstruction allows for limb salvage surgery and helps to restore joint alignment. For the best possible outcome three dimensional (3D) medical imaging is necessary, but its availability and access, especially in developing countries, can be challenging. In this study, 3D bone shapes of the femur reconstructed from planar radiographs representing bone defects were evaluated for use in orthopaedic surgery. Statistical shape and appearance models generated from 40 cadaveric X-ray computed tomography (CT) images were used to reconstruct 3D bone shapes from digital reconstructed radiographs simulating bone defects between 0% and 50% in anterior posterior (AP) and anterior posterior/medial lateral (AP/ML) directions by comparing the images to projections of the shape model instance. As error metrics for the comparison, measures evaluating the distance between contour lines of the projections as well as a measure comparing similarities in image intensities were used. The results were evaluated using the root mean squared distance for surface error as well as differences in commonly used anatomical measures, including bow, femoral neck, diaphyseal-condylar and version angles between reconstructed surfaces from the shape model and the intact shape reconstructed from the CT image. The reconstructions had average surface errors between 1.59 mm and 3.59 mm with reconstructions using the contour error metric from the AP/ML directions being most accurate. Predictions of bow and femoral neck angles were well below the clinical threshold accuracy of 3°, diaphyseal-condylar angles were around the threshold of 3° and only version angle predictions of between 5.3° and 9.3° were above the clinical threshold, but within the range of accuracies obtained using computer navigation. This study shows that the accuracy of reconstructions combining the use of planar radiographs and statistical shape and appearance models is sufficient for use in orthopaedic reconstruction surgeries.
Management of Injuries Caused by Cryptococcus neoformans-Contaminated Needles (1994)

This report describes four skin-puncture accidents with needles that were heavily contaminated with Cryptococcus neoformans. In one accident, delayed administration of antifungal drugs resulted in a granuloma of the finger. In the other three accidents, no skin infection followed immediate prophylaxis with oral fluconazole. Our experience suggests that early therapy with fluconazole is a reasonable means of managing skin injuries caused by instruments contaminated with viable C. neoformans.
Electrical Imaging for Hydrogeology (2023)

Cover Image: Example of time-lapse inversions showing the changes in bulk conductivity caused by the presence of amendment.After injection, the amendment experienced density-driven downward flow and lateral flow over the lower bounding unit contact at approximately 10 m depth.The progression from day 93 to day 371 shows the plume sinking and diluting.
FIELD EXPERIENCE WITH MERCURY EMISSIONS CONTROL FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS BY BOILER OPTIMIZATION (2007)

This article presents an overview of testing performed at five coal-fired units to demonstrate the benefit of boiler optimization for low-mercury operation. Units with generating capacities of 110, 160, 250, 650, and 805 MW were tested. Boiler optimizations were performed at these units using available control parameters that have an impact on Hg emissions. Optimal control settings were tested, and the benefit of "low-Hg control settings" was quantified, considering the trade-off between mercury emissions reduction, the level of unburned carbon in the fly ash, and unit thermal efficiency. Optimization results indicated a range of stack mercury emissions reductions from approximately 30% to 70%, depending on the coal type, with modest impact on unit heat rate.
Network array of zinc oxide whiskers (2004)

A zinc oxide (ZnO) whisker network array with sixfold symmetry was fabricated on ZnO-buffered (0001) sapphire substrate by the vapour-phase transport method using a mixture of zinc oxide and graphite powders as source materials and patterned gold as catalyst. From the ZnO buffer layer, hexagonal ZnOnanorods with identical in-plane structure grew epitaxially along the [0001] orientation to form vertical stems. The branches grew horizontally from six side-surfaces of the vertical stem along [011 0] and other equivalent directions. Most whiskers were confined along the six preferential orientations and interconnected with each other to form a regular network structure. The growth mechanism is discussed.
Ecotoxico-Proteomics for Aquatic Environmental Monitoring: First in Situ Application of a New Proteomics-Based Multibiomarker Assay Using Caged Amphipods (2017)

As a proof of principle, a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry-based methodology was applied to the simultaneous quantification of dozens of protein biomarkers in caged amphipods (Gammarus fossarum). We evaluated the suitability of the methodology to assess complex field contaminations through its application in the framework of a regional river monitoring network. Thanks to the high throughput acquisition of biomarker levels in G. fossarum exposed in four reference and 13 contaminated sites, we analyzed the individual responses of 38 peptides reporting for 25 proteins of interest in 170 organisms. Responses obtained in contaminated sites included inductions of vitellogenin-like proteins in male organisms, inductions of Na<sup>+</sup>K<sup>+</sup>/ATPases, and strong inhibitions of molt-related proteins such as chitinase and JHE-carboxylesterase. Proteins from detoxification and immunity processes were also found modulated in abundance. Summarizing, the results presented here show that the SRM strategy developed for multibiomarker measurement paves a very promising way to define multiple indicators of the health status of sentinel organisms for environmental hazard assessment.
Using ICN slicing framework to build an IoT edge network (2018)

We demonstrate 5G network slicing as a unique deployment opportunity for information centric networking (ICN), by using a generic service orchestration framework that operates on commodity compute, storage, and bandwidth resource pools to realize ICN service slices. In this demo, we specifically propose a service slice for the IoT Edge network. ICN has often been considered pertinent for IoT use due to its benefits like simpler stacks on resource constrained devices, in-network caching, and in-built data provenance. We use a lightweight ICN stack on IoT devices connected with sensors and actuators to build a network, where clients can set realistic policies using their legacy hand-held devices. We employ name based authentication protocols between the service end-points and IoT devices to allow secure onboarding. The IoT slice co-exists with other service slices that cater to different classes of applications (e.g., bandwidth intensive applications, such as video conferencing) allowing resource management flexibility. Our design creates orchestrated service Edge functions to which the clients connect, and these can in turn utilize in-network stateless functions to perform tasks, such as decision making and analytics using the available compute resources efficiently.
Development and characterization of an innovative synthetic tissue-mimicking material for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposures (2002)

While many tissue-mimicking phantoms have been developed for ultrasound imaging applications, none is suitable for exploration of the high temperature and pressure regimes involved in High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU). HIFU dosimetry studies are usually performed on biological tissues, but this approach has two drawbacks: 1) tissues are opaque and development of coagulative lesions cannot be visually observed in real-time, and 2) the natural heterogeneous structure of tissue may complicate direct comparison with numerical models. To address these issues, a new optically transparent tissue phantom was developed. It is a polyacrylamide hydrogel with a thermally sensitive indicator protein (Bovine Serum Albumin, 3 - 9%) that becomes optically diffusive when denatured. We describe various measurements undertaken to characterize this material and to demonstrate how well it matches tissue in terms of bulk acoustic and thermal properties. In summary, this new phantom material simulates many of the lesion-forming characteristics of soft tissue under HIFU exposures.
Black-Staining Fungus Effects on the Natural Resistance Properties of Alaskan Yellow Cedar to the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) (2003)

The effects of a black wood stain, caused by one or more fungi, on the natural resistance of Alaskan yellow cedar (AYC), Chamacyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, to the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were studied. Feeding and survival of groups of 300 C. formosanus feeding on unstained Alaskan yellow cedar heartwood and sapwood and fully and partially black-stained heartwood were compared with a control group feeding on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., wood. All termite groups feeding on unstained AYC died by the end of 14 wk. At the end of 32 wk, mortality of termite groups feeding on fully and partially black-stained AYC was significantly higher than that of groups feeding on pine. Termite mortality was significantly higher when feeding on partially than on fully black-stained AYC at the end of 32 wk. Wood consumption was significantly different among all treatment groups, with means of 4.07, 8.76, 19.81, and 29.77 mg/d in the unstained, partially, and fully black-stained AYC, and loblolly pine, respectively. This suggests that toxic and feeding deterrence properties of AYC heartwood were significantly reduced by black-staining fungus infection but were not totally lost. Chemical analysis of unstained and black-stained AYC wood showed approximately a 50% reduction in concentration of secondary chemicals in the black-stained wood. Carvacrol was totally absent in the black-stained wood. Concentrations of nootkatone in the black-stained wood were one-fourth of those observed in unstained AYC wood. Ecological implications are discussed.
Comparison of electroplated eutectic Sn/Bi and Pb/Sn solder bumps on various UBM systems (2002)

The effect of a reflow process and under bump metallurgy (UBM) systems on the growth of intermetallic compounds for Sn/Bi and Pb/Sn solder bump/UBM interfaces was investigated. The UBM systems were sputtered Al/Ti/Cu, Al/Ti/electroless plated Cu, Al/NiV/sputtered Cu, Al/electroless plated Ni/Au, and the solder bumps were eutectic Pb/Sn and Bi/Sn fabricated by an electroplating method. Microstructure and composition of intermetallic compound (IMC) phases and their morphology were examined using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The IMC compounds were confirmed to be Cu/sub 6/Sn/sub 5/, Cu/sub 3/Sn, Ni/sub 3/Sn/sub 4/, or Ni/sub 3/Sn depending on UBM and solder types. The effect of IMC growth on bump adhesion strength was also investigated using a ball shear test. It turns out that ball shear strengths of the systems depends not on processing conditions but on solder/UBM interfacial adhesion strength.
Light-Activated Cre Recombinase as a Tool for the Spatial and Temporal Control of Gene Function in Mammalian Cells (2009)

Cre recombinase catalyzes DNA exchange between two conserved lox recognition sites. The enzyme has extensive biological application, from basic cloning to engineering knock-out and knock-in organisms. Widespread use of Cre is due to its simplicity and effectiveness, but the enzyme and the recombination event remain difficult to control with high precision. To obtain such control we report the installation of a light-responsive o-nitrobenzyl caging group directly in the catalytic site of Cre, inhibiting its activity. Prior to irradiation, caged Cre is completely inactive, as demonstrated both in vitro and in mammalian cell culture. Exposure to non-damaging UVA light removes the caging group and restores recombinase activity. Tight spatio-temporal control over DNA recombination is thereby achieved.
Low SNR Uplink CFO Estimation for Energy Efficient IoT Using LTE (2016)

Machine Type Communications (MTC) is one of the prominent solutions to enable the Internet of Things (IoT). With a large number of IoT applications envisioned over the cellular network, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has initiated the support for MTC in the Long Term Evolution (LTE)/ LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) standards. A significant portion of the MTC devices is expected to be low-complexity and low-power User Equipment (UE), requiring an energy efficient mode of operation. In addition, many such UEs can be located in the regions of low network coverage. In this paper, we show that an accurate estimation and compensation of the residual carrier frequency offset (CFO) at the base-station (eNB) results in a reduction in energy consumption for MTC devices in low coverage. For robust and accurate CFO estimation in low coverage, we propose a Maximum Likelihood (ML) based CFO estimation technique that works for data and/or pilot repetitions in LTE/LTE-A uplink. Through simulations, we illustrate that our technique shows a significant performance improvement over the conventional CFO estimation technique using the phase angle of the correlation between the repeated data. We determine that residual CFO estimation and compensation at the eNB results in 22.5%-55.2% reduction in energy consumption of the MTC devices, when compared to the case without CFO compensation.
Electronic and structural properties of H-intercalated graphene-SiC (0001) interface (2019)

Abstract In this study, we investigate the changes in electronic and structural properties of a graphene layer deposited on a ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> ) R30° SiC (0001) surface before and after hydrogen intercalation using first-principles energy band calculations. Before hydrogen adsorption, the bond distance between the first graphene layer (FGL) and an Si atom on SiC surface is calculated to be 0.2285 nm, which is close to the value reported in the literature. After hydrogen adsorption, the layer distance between SiC surface and FGL tends to increase. The adsorption energy of hydrogen on SiC surface as estimated from the total energy change before and after hydrogen adsorption is relatively small. Thus, we suggest that hydrogen easily bonds to Si dangling bonds on SiC surface. When Si dangling bonds on SiC surface are passivated by hydrogen, the graphene layer on SiC functions as a quasi-free-standing graphene layer, whether the graphene exfoliates or not. Therefore, our results indicate the effectiveness of the hydrogen intercalation technique to create quasi-free-standing epitaxial graphene on Si-face SiC (0001) substrate.