gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution intracranial and cervical MRA at 3.0T: Technical considerations and initial experience (2001)

Initial experience with intracranial and cervical MRA at 3.0T is reported. Phantom measurements (corrected for relaxation effects) show S/N (3.0T) = 2.14 ± 0.08 × S/N (1.5T) in identical-geometry head coils. A 3.0T 3DTOF intracranial imaging protocol with higher-order autoshimming was developed and compared to 1.5T 3DTOF in 12 patients with aneurysms. A comparison by two radiologists showed the 3.0T to be significantly better (P < 0.001) for visualization of the aneurysms. The feasibility of cervical and intracranial contrast enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) at 3.0T is also examined. The relaxivity of the gadolinium contrast agent decreases by only about 4–7% when the field strength is increased from 1.5 to 3.0T. Cervical 3.0T CEMRA was obtained in eight patients, two of whom had 1.5T studies available for direct comparison. Image comparison suggests 3.0T to be a favorable field strength for cervical CEMRA. Voxel volumes of 0.62–0.73 mm3 (not including zero-filling) were readily achieved at 3.0T with the use of a single-channel transmit-receive head or cervical coil, a 25 mL bolus of gadoteridol, and a 3D pulse sequence with a 66% sampling efficiency. This spatial resolution allowed visualization of intracranial aneurysms, carotid dissections, and atherosclerotic disease including ulcerations. Potential drawbacks of 3.0T MRA are increased SAR and T dephasing compared to 1.5T. Image comparison suggests signal loss due to T dephasing will not be substantially more problematic than at 1.5T. The dependence of RF power deposition on TR for CEMRA is calculated and discussed. Magn Reson Med 46:955–962, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In situobservation of dynamic pitch jumps of in-planar cholesteric liquid crystal layers based on wavelength-swept laser (2018)

We report in situ observation of dynamic pitch jumps in cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) layers that depend on the applied electric field. A high-speed and wide bandwidth wavelength-swept laser is used as an optical broadband source to measure the dynamic pitch jumps. We could not observe the dynamic pitch jump in the quasi-static pitch variation. Instead, we carry out two driving methods, a normal driving and an overdriving method, in order to measure the dynamic pitch jump in the CLC cell. For the case of normal driving, it has been confirmed that the reflection band from the measurement region is discontinuously shifted by movement of the defect wall. The reflection band was compressed and recovered before the band moved, but the dynamic pitch jump of the helix could not be observed. For the case of overdriving, however, it was possible to observe the unwinding of the helix during the dynamic pitch jump. The entire dynamic pitch jump process in the CLC cell could be observed by measuring the transmission spectra from the CLC cell by varying the applied electric field. We confirm that the entire reaction time with the overdriving method was about 800 ms, which was shorter than with the normal driving method. This study contributes to the development of fast in-plane switching research and the development of new CLC devices.
Mutagenesis and Modeling of the Hairpin Ribozyme Family (2003)

This chapter describes methods for the successful two-dimensional modeling of a small catalytic RNA. Our laboratory has used these methods to model and name the hairpin ribozyme family based on secondary structure predicted from computer modeling and mutagenesis (see Chapter 19 ) (1,2,3). The methodology has two basic components: postulation and testing of the model.
A Theoretical Approach to Determining the 95% Probability of TTFF for the P(Y) Code Utilizing Active Code Acquisition (2006)

This paper deals with the problem of mathematically describing the probability specification of the time to first fix (TTFF) for a navigational receiver such as GPS, as a function of the receiver search time and the initial conditions. Commonly many analyses are based on computing the mean TTFF; however, in contrast, many navigational specifications are for the 95% probability TTFF. For the GPS P(Y) code, results are provided for both the mean TTFF and the 95% probability of TTFF, and the two times are compared. The approach is approximate, but is believed to be quite accurate.
A Markov Variation Approach to Smooth Graph Signal Interpolation (2018)

In this paper we present the Markov variation, a smoothness measure which offers a probabilistic interpretation of graph signal smoothness. This measure is then used to develop an optimization framework for graph signal interpolation. Our approach is based on diffusion embedding vectors and the connection between diffusion maps and signal processing on graphs. As diffusion embedding vectors may be expensive to compute for large graphs, we present a computationally efficient method, based on the Nyström extension, for interpolation of signals over a graph. We demonstrate our approach on the MNIST dataset and a dataset of daily average temperatures around the US. We show that our method outperforms state of the art graph signal interpolation techniques on both datasets, and that our computationally efficient reconstruction achieves slightly reduced accuracy with a large computational speedup.
Industry trends in power integrated circuits (2003)

The authors consider some of the recent trends in power integrated circuits. They discuss the novel processes and device configurations which the semiconductor industry is developing to meet the needs of customers. Also included is a qualitative look at the design tradeoffs which influence the choice of technology for a particular application. The movement toward high-performance and higher-density circuitry, which demands smaller geometries and sophisticated processing, is also discussed. Particular attention is given to smart power (smart discrete devices and integrated circuits), multiple-output technology, high-voltage junction isolation, and high-voltage dielectric isolation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Abstract 5326: MicroRNA profiles discriminate among colon cancer metastasis. (2013)

Abstract MicroRNAs are being exploited for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancer and other diseases. Their small non immunogenic size, high tissue specificity, and critical role in oncogenesis provide new biomarkers for diagnosing and classifying cancer as well as predicting patients’ outcomes. MicroRNAs signatures have been identified for many human tumors, including colorectal cancer. This tumor affects about one million individuals in developed countries, and about half of them die for recurrences. In most cases, metastatic disease is difficult to predict and to prevent with adequate therapies. The identification of microRNAs signatures for metastatic disease, could aid to define the risk and localization of recurrences in patients with unknown micrometastasis. In this study, tissues of three different groups of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were analyzed: microarray and cards analysis were performed on 66 patients with or without lymph nodes and/or liver recurrences; a second group of 16 metastatic patients were selected for RT-PCR; finally, in situ hybridization was carried out on tissue cores arrays belonging to a different set of patients with and without positive lymph nodes and/or liver metastasis. MicroRNA-31, 21, 93, and 103 up-regulation together with miR-566 down-regulation defined the CRC metastatic signature. Moreover, in situ hybridization data defined metastatic localization: miR-200c up-regulation together with miR-566 down-regulation characterized lynphonodal invasion, while liver recurrences were defined by miR-31, 93 and 103 over-expression. Citation Format: Mario Acunzo, Jerry G. Nuovo, Nicola Zanesi, Giampiero Di Leva, Flavia Pichiorri, Stefano Volinia, Cecilia Fernandez, Stefan Costinenan, Arianna Bottoni, Aaron Burch, Hansjuerg Alder, Laura Conti, Anna Antenucci, Immacolata A. Rosito, Antonio Ciardi, Chang G. Liu, Alessandra Drusco, Carlo M. Croce. MicroRNA profiles discriminate among colon cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5326. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5326
Lipid Nanoparticle RBD-hFc mRNA Vaccine Protects hACE2 Transgenic Mice against a Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection (2021)

The COVID-19 pandemic led to development of mRNA vaccines, which became a leading anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunization platform. Preclinical studies are limited to infection-prone animals such as hamsters and monkeys in which protective efficacy of vaccines cannot be fully appreciated. We recently reported a SARS-CoV-2 human Fc-conjugated receptor-binding domain (RBD-hFc) mRNA vaccine delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). BALB/c mice demonstrated specific immunologic responses following RBD-hFc mRNA vaccination. Now, we evaluated the protective effect of this RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine by employing the K18 human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (K18-hACE2) mouse model. Administration of an RBD-hFc mRNA vaccine to K18-hACE2 mice resulted in robust humoral responses comprising binding and neutralizing antibodies. In correlation with this response, 70% of vaccinated mice withstood a lethal SARS-CoV-2 dose, while all control animals succumbed to infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nonreplicating mRNA vaccine study reporting protection of K18-hACE2 against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Semisupervised Learning Using Bayesian Interpretation: Application to LS-SVM (2011)

Bayesian reasoning provides an ideal basis for representing and manipulating uncertain knowledge, with the result that many interesting algorithms in machine learning are based on Bayesian inference. In this paper, we use the Bayesian approach with one and two levels of inference to model the semisupervised learning problem and give its application to the successful kernel classifier support vector machine (SVM) and its variant least-squares SVM (LS-SVM). Taking advantage of Bayesian interpretation of LS-SVM, we develop a semisupervised learning algorithm for Bayesian LS-SVM using our approach based on two levels of inference. Experimental results on both artificial and real pattern recognition problems show the utility of our method.
Factors responsible for differences between asymptomatic subjects and patients presenting an IgE sensitization to allergens. A GA2LEN project (2006)

The synthesis of allergen-specific IgE is required for the development of allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma (patients), but many individuals with allergen-specific IgE do not develop symptoms (asymptomatic subjects). Differences may exist between asymptomatic subjects and patients. Whether the presence of allergen-specific IgE translates into clinical allergy most likely depends on a complex interplay of multiple factors. These include a family history of atopy, the levels of total serum IgE and, allergen-specific IgE or IgG, epitope-specificity of IgE and their degree of polyclonality (mono- vs polysensitized), as yet unidentified serum factors, the balance of T regulatory cells (Treg) and Th1/Th2 cells, the polymorphisms of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) and other factors regulating the activation of FcepsilonRI-bearing cells. Asymptomatic subjects may be more often monosensitized than patients who may be more often polysensitized. There are many unanswered important questions that need to be addressed in order to better understand how IgE sensitization translates into clinical allergy. The assessment of differences between the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups of subjects represent one of the scientific programs of Global Allergy and Asthma European Network funded by the European Union and the hypotheses underlying these differences are presented in this paper.
Accurate predictions of cellular response using QSPR: a feasibility test of rational design of polymeric biomaterials (2004)

We present a Surrogate (semi-empirical) model for prediction of cellular response to the surfaces of biodegradable polymers that have been designed for tissue engineering applications. The predictions of our model, when tested against experimental results, show a high degree of accuracy that is sufficient for rational design of polymeric materials for biomedical applications. The model was determined by fitting experimental data for a series of 62 polyarylates to a small number of polymer structure-based ‘molecular descriptors’ using the technique of partial least squares (PLS) regression. While PLS is commonly applied in quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis employed in the pharmaceutical industry, this study marks the first time the technique has been extended to the problem of biomaterials discovery/design. Quantitative predictions of cellular response to six polymers (untested prior to model building) concurred with experiment within 15.8% on average. This performance compares quite favorably with the overall variation in experimental values for the library of polyarylates. Examination of the PLS ‘loadings’ reveals those structure-based features most associated with variations in the polymer performance properties, thereby providing direct guidance to the synthetic chemist in biomaterials design.
Laser structuration of dielectric materials by a train of femtosecond pulses through cumulative effects (2015)

Optical materials can be structured by laser pulses to get new material functionalities in various scientific area going from photonics to medicine. For instance, wave guides, nano-gratings, emergence of nonlinear optical properties for data storage [1], cutting and welding of materials are applications of great interest. Structuration driven by a train of laser pulses is strongly emerging due to its advantages: table top laser facility, very well controlled structuration with energy deposition accuracy in the nJ range by adjusting the number of pulses, etc. The material structuration due to pulse-to-pulse cumulative effects should be deeply understood to design specific structures. This may be achieved by modelling the main physical processes and their possible coupling. Briefly, each laser pulse first induces photo-ionization and heats the conduction electrons which can then transfer their energy to the lattice. That leads to a local increase in the material temperature together with heat diffusion and thermally-activated ions migration on longer timescales. Since the laser pulse is partially absorbed, the electron dynamics and the pulse propagation are closely coupled. Due to the low heat diffusion coefficient of dielectric materials, the laser energy may be accumulated in the absorption region, leading to high temperatures even if the single pulse energy is too low to induce itself any significant material modification. A general modelling including all the above-mentioned processes will be presented, including the two following applications of interest.
Nephropathogenesis of Chickens Experimentally Infected with Various Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (2004)

Four-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated by eyedrop with four different strains (Gray, JMK, CV56b, and Wolgemuth) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized at 1, 4, 7, and 14 days postinfection and tissues were collected for virus isolation, histopathologic examination, in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Clinical disease was severe in chickens infected with Wolgemuth, but no overt disease was observed with the other strains. Virus was isolated from the kidneys of chickens infected with the Gray-, CV56b-, and Wolgemuth-strains of IBV. Histologically, interstitial nephritis was evident in chickens infected with these same 3 strains. However, viral nucleic acid and antigen were detected only with Wolgemuth-infected kidneys by ISH and IHC. These results indicate that the pathological changes in kidneys from chickens infected with Gray and CV56b may not have resulted from the cytolytic action of the virus.
WNK4 regulates apical and basolateral Cl – flux in extrarenal epithelia (2004)

Mutations in the serine-threonine kinase WNK4 [with no lysine (K) 4] cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, a Mendelian disease featuring hypertension with hyperkalemia. In the kidney, WNK4 regulates the balance between NaCl reabsorption and K(+) secretion via variable inhibition of the thiazide-sensistive NaCl cotransporter and the K(+) channel ROMK. We now demonstrate expression of WNK4 mRNA and protein outside the kidney. In extrarenal tissues, WNK4 is found almost exclusively in polarized epithelia, variably associating with tight junctions, lateral membranes, and cytoplasm. Epithelia expressing WNK4 include sweat ducts, colonic crypts, pancreatic ducts, bile ducts, and epididymis. WNK4 is also expressed in the specialized endothelium of the blood-brain barrier. These epithelia and endothelium all play important roles in Cl(-) transport. Because WNK4 is known to regulate renal Cl(-) handling, we tested WNK4's effect on the activity of mediators of epithelial Cl(-) flux whose extrarenal expression overlaps with WNK4. WNK4 proved to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of both the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) and the Cl(-)/base exchanger SLC26A6 (CFEX) (>95% inhibition of NKCC1-mediated (86)Rb influx, P < 0.001; >80% inhibition of CFEX-mediated [(14)C] formate uptake, P < 0.001), mediators of Cl(-) flux across basolateral and apical membranes, respectively. In contrast, WNK4 showed no inhibition of pendrin, a related Cl(-)/base exchanger. These findings indicate a general role for WNK4 in the regulation of electrolyte flux in diverse epithelia. Moreover, they reveal that WNK4 regulates the activities of a diverse group of structurally unrelated ion channels, cotransporters, and exchangers.
802.11 Flavors and System Requirements (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Definition WLAN Market Trends History of 802.11 802.11: b, a, or g? 802.11b Standard 802.11a Channel Allocation 802.11a and 802.11g: OFDM Mapping 802.11a/g: Data Rates 802.11a/g OFDM Packet Construction 802.11 System Requirements Vector Signal Analysis
Practical UV Excimer Laser Image System Illuminators (2018)

This chapter aims to provide some general, practical guidelines to aid in the selection of the optimum fly’s eye homogenizer, as applied to Excimer lasers and their applications. It discusses the beam entering the homogenizer section that has usually been through some type of preconditioning. The chapter reviews Excimer laser beam delivery techniques and examines actual industrial case histories of ultraviolet Excimer laser processing and the optics required to effectively use these lasers in cost-effective manufacturing situations. It shows that the illumination section of the beam delivery system has a powerful effect on the imaging system, by controlling image ray directionality. The illumination section of an Excimer laser system is central to its performance, harnessing the full potential of this powerful production tool’s strengths and capacity. An Excimer laser’s optical system can be subdivided into three main sections: the light source or laser, the illumination system, and the imaging section.
CD40 ligand‐positive CD8+ T cell clones allow B cell growth and differentiation (1995)

A fraction of activated CD8+ T cells expresses CD40 ligand (CD40L), a molecule that plays a key role in T cell-dependent B cell stimulation. CD8+ T cell clones were examined for CD40L expression and for their capacity to allow the growth and differentiation of B cells, upon activation with immobilized anti-CD3. According to CD40L expression, CD8+ clones could be grouped into three subsets. CD8+ T cell clones expressing high levels of CD40L (> or = 80% CD40L+ cells) were equivalent to CD4+ T cell clones with regard to induction of tonsil B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin (Ig) production, provided the combination of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 was added to cultures. CD8+ T cell clones, with intermediate levels of CD40L expression (10 to 30% CD40L+ cells), also stimulated B cell proliferation and Ig secretion with IL-2 and IL-10. B cell responses induced by these CD8+ T cell clones were neutralized by blocking monoclonal antibodies specific for either CD40L or CD40. By contrast, CD40L- T cell clones (< or = 5% CD40L+ cells), only induced marginal B cell responses even with IL-2 and IL-10. All three clone types were able to activate B cells as shown by up-regulation of CD25, CD80 and CD86 expression. A neutralizing anti-CD40L antibody indicated that T cell-dependent B cell activation was only partly dependent on CD40-CD40L interaction. These CD40L- clones had no inhibitory effects on B cell proliferation induced by CD40L-expressing CD8+ T cell clones. Taken together, these results indicate that CD8+ T cells can induce B cell growth and differentiation in a CD40L-CD40-dependent fashion.
Site‐directed PEGylations of Thymosin α 1 Analogs and Evaluation of Their Immunoactivity (2009)

Abstract PEGylation is an effective way to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of pharmaceutical proteins or peptides. But the relatively large and long PEG chains would be likely to shelter the active site of a small peptide because of its small size, compared with a protein. Therefore, the positions and numbers of PEGylation are crucial for the bioactivity of a PEGylated peptide. To elucidate the relationship between the PEGylated positions and bioactivity of a peptide drug, site‐specific PEGylations were performed on Zadaxin (Thymosin α 1, T α 1), which is a pharmaceutical peptide with an α ‐helix region, a β ‐turn region, and random coils. Site‐specific mono‐PEGylations of T α 1 in different conformational regions were realized through introducing one cysteine residue into the desired positions of the peptide, followed by a coupling reaction with a thiol‐attached maleimide‐PEG reagent. Primary data from IFN‐ γ production of splenocytes induced by Con A showed that the influence of PEGylation on Zadaxin was position‐dependent, and mostly, positive effects were observed after PEGylation, which indicated that the position of PEGylation is important for maintaining the bioactivity of a peptide.
Development of Advanced Surface Enhancement Technology for Decreasing Wear and Corrosion of Equipment Used for Mineral Processing (2005)

Equipment wear is a major concern in the mineral processing industry, which dramatically increases the maintenance cost and adversely affects plant operation efficiency. In this research, a novel surface treatment technology, laser surface engineering (LSE) surface coating process was proposed for the surface enhancement of selected mineral processing equipment. Microstructural and mechanical properties of the coated specimen were characterized. Laboratory-simulated wear tests were conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of the coated components. Test results indicate that the wear resistance of ASTM A36 (raw coal screen section) and AISI 4140 steels can be increased 10 and 25 folds, respectively by the application of LSE process. Initial field testing showed a 2 times improvement of the service life of a raw coal screen panel.