gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operando Investigation of Toluene Oxidation over 1D Pt@CeO2 Derived from Pt Cluster-Containing MOF (2020)

A unique 1D nanostructure of Pt@CeO<sub>2</sub>-BDC was prepared from Pt@CeBDC MOF. The Pt@CeO<sub>2</sub>-BDC was rich in oxygen vacancies (i.e., XPS O<sub>β</sub>/(O<sub>α</sub> + O<sub>β</sub>) = 39.4%), and on the catalyst, the 2 nm Pt clusters were uniformly deposited on the 1D mesoporous polycrystalline CeO<sub>2</sub>. Toluene oxidation was conducted in a spectroscopic <i>operando</i> Raman-online FTIR reactor to elucidate the reaction mechanism and establish the structure-activity relationship. The reaction proceeds as follows: (I) adsorption of toluene as benzoate intermediates on Pt@CeO<sub>2</sub>-BDC at low temperature by reaction with surface peroxide species; (II) reaction activation and ring-opening involving lattice oxygen with a concomitant change in defect densities indicative of surface rearrangement; (III) complete oxidation to CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O by lattice oxygen and reoxidation of the reduced ceria with consumption of adsorbed oxygen species. The Pt clusters, which mainly exist as Pt<sup>2+</sup> with minor amounts of Pt<sup>0</sup> and Pt<sup>4+</sup> on the surface, facilitated the adsorption and reaction activation. The Pt-CeO<sub>2</sub> interface generates reduced ceria sites forming nearby adsorbed peroxide at low temperature that oxidize toluene into benzoate species by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. As the reaction temperature increases, the role of lattice oxygen becomes important, producing CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O mainly by the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism.
Long pulse switching properties of pseudospark switches (2005)

Increasing demands on high voltage, high power switches have led to the development of a new kind of low pressure hollow electrode switches called Pseudospark Switches ('PSS', electrical triggering methods) and the Back-of-the-cathode Lighted Thyratron ('BLT', optical triggering). For high power excimer laser applications, a small series of brazed ceramic metal switches has been manufactured and tested for lifetime and performance. in this contribution, results of tests at very long pulse durations are reported. The very encouraging results suggest that repetitive multi-kilojoule switching with single-channel PSSs is possible at a multi-kiloampere level. Repetition rates of up to 1 kHz seem to be feasible from the experimental results. This makes the PSS a promising candidate for flashlamp pumped high average power solid state lasers for material processing. Switching of high-power flashlamps by PSS seems to be even more interesting due to the observed phenomenon of complete switch recovery during current zero after conducting a full sine wave of 560 /spl mu/sec duration and /spl tilde/6 kA in amplitude.
160 MILLI-OHM ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE THRU-WAFER INTERCONNECTS WITH 10:1 ASPECT RATIO (2014)

We present a novel approach for high-aspect ratio low resistance Thru-Wafer Interconnects for Double-Sided (TWIDS) fabrication of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). The interconnects are formed by etching blind via holes in the handle substrate of an SOI (Silicon on Insulator) wafer, followed by filling the holes with copper, using sonic-assisted seedless copper electroplating process. This technique does not require additional conductive layer deposition, but utilizes a highly doped silicon device layer as a seed. The donut-shape gaps are etched around the copper filled vias to provide interconnects insulation. We introduced the fabrication process and characterized the performance of interconnects. Experimental analysis of an array of 22 interconnects demonstrated that the resistance values as low as 160 milli-Ohm can be achieved. Parasitic capacitance of interconnects is analytically calculated and the distortion of the MEMS resonator transduction spectrum is predicted using an equivalent circuit model. Signal amplitude and phase distortion due to the parasitic capacitance are estimated to be 1.15 dB and 5.96 deg, respectively, for the optimum 60 um diameter via with 35 um insulating gap. The method presented is compatible with an in-house folded MEMS fabrication process and may enable 3D folded TIMU (Timing Inertial Measurement Unit) structures with thru-wafer interconnects.
Towards Quantum Scalable Data for Heterogeneous Computing Environments (2022)

Data scalability is a crucial characteristic in various classical applications. In this study, we introduce the concept of quantum scalable data. A hybrid quantum-classical architecture is proposed to support quantum scalable data, which includes scalable data definition, associated metadata, and operations in both classical and quantum parts. As a proof of concept, experiments of quantum machine learning are carried out with quantum scalable data. It is found that when more data layers are retained, classification performance will be increased. Also, scalability implementation of quantum data is much more straightforward than that of classical data. This could be considered an advantage of quantum data compared to classical data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that introduces and experimentally proves the concept of quantum scalable data.
The enzymes, Mesoporous silica-Based Nanomaterials and Biomedical Applications, Fuyuhiko Tamanoi Ed (2018)

International audience
Ultrasound-mediated ocular delivery of therapeutic agents: a review (2016)

Due to numerous anatomical and physiological barriers, ocular drug delivery remains a major limitation in the treatment of diseases such as glaucoma, macular degeneration or inflammatory diseases. To date, only invasive approaches provide clinically effective results. Ultrasound can be defined as the propagation of a high-frequency sound wave exposing the propagation media to mechanical and thermal effects. Ultrasound has been proposed as a non-invasive physical agent for increasing therapeutic agent delivery in various fields of medicine. Areas covered: An update on recent advances in transscleral and transcorneal ultrasound-mediated drug delivery is presented. Efficient drug delivery is achieved in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo for various types of materials. Numerous studies indicate that efficacy is related to cavitation. Although slight reversible effects can be observed on the corneal epithelium, efficient drug delivery can be performed without causing damage to the cornea. Expert opinion: Recent developments prove the potential of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery. Cavitation appears to be a preponderant mechanism, opening a way to treatment monitoring by cavitation measurement. Even if no clinical studies have yet been performed, the promising results summarized here are promoting developments toward clinical applications, particularly in assessing the safety of the technique.
Structural Studies of HNA Substrate Specificity in Mutants of an Archaeal DNA Polymerase Obtained by Directed Evolution (2020)

Archaeal DNA polymerases from the B-family (polB) have found essential applications in biotechnology. In addition, some of their variants can accept a wide range of modified nucleotides or xenobiotic nucleotides, such as 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA), which has the unique ability to selectively cross-pair with DNA and RNA. This capacity is essential to allow the transmission of information between different chemistries of nucleic acid molecules. Variants of the archaeal polymerase from Thermococcus gorgonarius, TgoT, that can either generate HNA from DNA (TgoT_6G12) or DNA from HNA (TgoT_RT521) have been previously identified. To understand how DNA and HNA are recognized and selected by these two laboratory-evolved polymerases, we report six X-ray structures of these variants, as well as an in silico model of a ternary complex with HNA. Structural comparisons of the apo form of TgoT_6G12 together with its binary and ternary complexes with a DNA duplex highlight an ensemble of interactions and conformational changes required to promote DNA or HNA synthesis. MD simulations of the ternary complex suggest that the HNA-DNA hybrid duplex remains stable in the A-DNA helical form and help explain the presence of mutations in regions that would normally not be in contact with the DNA if it were not in the A-helical form. One complex with two incorporated HNA nucleotides is surprisingly found in a one nucleotide-backtracked form, which is new for a DNA polymerase. This information can be used for engineering a new generation of more efficient HNA polymerase variants.
Strain relief and its effect on the properties of GaN using isoelectronic In doping grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1999)

We studied the effect of isoelectronic In doping on the crystalline and optical properties of GaN grown on sapphire with H2 or N2 carrier gas by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The relationship between lattice constants c and a obtained by x-ray diffraction analysis showed that with increasing trimethylindium (TMI) flow during growth, the strain in GaN decreased, and accordingly, the tilting and the twisting components of crystalline mosaicity also decreased. In addition, the Raman shift, the excitonic photoluminescence peak energy, and the its linewidth shifted in accordance with the magnitude and the sign of the strain in GaN, regardless of the carrier gas used. These results revealed that for a smaller TMI flow region, In was incorporated so that the crystallinity of GaN improved, and for a larger TMI flow region, In substituted for Ga so that alloying formation might have occurred.
Matrix based computation of floating-point roundoff noise (1989)

A matrix-based procedure is presented for computing the output roundoff power for filters implemented with floating-point arithmetic. The filter's computational structure is represented in terms of a product of matrices, known as a factored state variable description. The quantities needed to compute the output roundoff noise power are obtained from the factored state variable description by matrix manipulation. The expression for output roundoff noise power is shown to be of the same form as that for fixed-point arithmetic roundoff noise. Comparison indicates that, under very general conditions, fixed-point arithmetic provides better roundoff noise performance than floating-point arithmetic. Several examples are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stochastic Modeling of Inter-Hypoxemia Intervals in Preterm Infants (2022)

Hypoxemia, characterized by low blood oxygen levels is pervasive in preterm infants and is associated with development of multiple adverse cardiovascular morbidities. In clinical practice, it is often quantified using frequency, pattern and time spent in it. A predictive tool of hypoxemia occurrence will aid clinicians in risk stratifying infant oxygenation patterns and improving personalized care. As a first step towards this goal in characterizing the underlying temporal processes, we studied inter-hypoxemia interval distributions in preterm infants on oxygen supplementation. We derived regression relationships of characterizing parameters of the distributions with gestational age and birth weight of infants. The modeling and goodness of fit tests of pooled and individual inter-hypoxemia intervals indicated that the inverse Gaussian and Birnbaum Saunders distributions fit well over short time scales and the lognormal at longer time scales. Information from distribution modeling may provide insights into hypoxemia recurrence times and be helpful in developing models to predict severe hypoxemic events that may be translated to personalized care in clinical settings. Clinical relevance - Understanding the stochastic nature of temporal processes underlying hypoxemia in preterm infants is a critical step towards developing predictive models for their occurrence. This may potentially aid in the neonatal care and treatment of these vulnerable infants.
Current developments in the treatment of early-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (2016)

The challenge for future clinical research in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma is to continue to cure the majority of patients with first-line treatment while reducing long-term toxicity. New strategies to achieve that goal are currently being developed and will further refine treatment of early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma.
Dynamics of Quantum Dot Photonic Crystal Lasers (2007)

Quantum dot photonic crystal membrane lasers were fabricated and the large signal modulation characteristics were studied. We find that the modulation characteristics of quantum dot lasers can be significantly improved using cavities with large spontaneous emission coupling factor. Our experiments show, and simulations confirm, that the modulation rate is limited by the rate of carrier capture into the dots to around 30GHz in our present system.
Line-scanning detection instrument for photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence (2012)

A laser line-scanning instrument was developed to optimize the near-field enhancement capability of a one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) for excitation of surface-bound fluorophores. The excitation laser beam is shaped into an 8 μm × 1 mm line that is focused along the direction of the PC grating, while remaining collimated perpendicular to the grating. Such a beam configuration offers high excitation power density while simultaneously providing high resonant coupling efficiency from the laser to the PC surface. Using a panel of 21 immunofluorescence assays on the PC surface in a microarray format, the approach achieves an enhancement factor as high as 90-fold between on-resonance and off-resonance illumination. The instrument provides a capability for sensitive and inexpensive analysis of cancer biomarkers in clinical applications.
Rapid Generation of Stochastic Signals with Specified Statistics (2020)

We demonstrate a novel algorithm for generating stationary stochastic signals with a specified power spectral density (or equivalently, via the Wiener-Khinchin relation, a specified autocorrelation function) while satisfying constraints on the signal's probability density function. A tightly related problem has already been essentially solved by methods involving nonlinear filtering, however we use a fundamentally different approach involving optimization and stochastic interchange which immediately generalizes to generating signals with a broader range of statistics. This combination of optimization and stochastic interchange eliminates drawbacks associated with either method in isolation, improving the best-case scaling in runtime to generate a signal of length $n$ from $\mathcal{O}(n^2)$ for stochastic interchange on its own to $\mathcal{O}(n \: \text{log} \: n)$ without parallelization or $\mathcal{O}(n)$ with full parallelization. We demonstrate this speedup experimentally, and furthermore show that the signals we generate match the desired autocorrelation more accurately than those generated by stochastic interchange on its own. We observe that the signals we produce, unlike those generated by optimization on its own, are stationary.
Supplememtary methods from Immunotargeting of Antigen xCT Attenuates Stem-like Cell Behavior and Metastatic Progression in Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Materials and Methods of the supplementary data&lt;/p&gt;
Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of chromatophore membranes from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides (1979)

Triton extracts of intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes (chromatophores) purified from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides were subjected to crossed immunoelectrophoresis with antiserum raised in rabbits to purified chromatophores. A total of 31 immunoprecipitates was visualized; 2 of the immunoprecipitates were identified as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (EC 1.6.99.3) and L-lactate dehydrogenases by enzyme staining techniques. Reaction with a monospecific antiserum identified the photochemical reaction center. Photopigments were associated with a major precipitate in the pattern which was identified on the basis of immunological identity as light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll a . protein complex. These results provide the basis for a detailed structural and functional analysis of the chromatophore membrane by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.
A Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance DNA Microarray Detects a High Frequency of Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Great Lakes Recreational Waters (2006)

Escherichia coli is generally described as a commensal species with occasional pathogenic strains. Due to technological limitations, there is currently little information concerning the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli strains in the environment. For the first time, using a DNA microarray capable of detecting all currently described virulence genes and commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, a survey of environmental E. coli isolates from recreational waters was carried out. A high proportion (29%) of 308 isolates from a beach site in the Great Lakes carried a pathotype set of virulence-related genes, and 14% carried antimicrobial resistance genes, findings consistent with a potential risk for public health. The results also showed that another 8% of the isolates had unusual virulence gene combinations that would be missed by conventional screening. This new application of a DNA microarray to environmental waters will likely have an important impact on public health, epidemiology, and microbial ecology in the future.
The future of autonomous decentralized systems (2003)

Over the past fifty years the size of computer applications, as gauged by any reasonable measure, has increased exponentially. In contrast, our cognitive capabilities for understanding have not changed. This discrepancy has forced us to look for more abstract representations of systems to reduce the number of elements we have to consider simultaneously in order to understand the system behavior. In this contribution we argue that the next unit of abstraction, beyond the component concept, will be a subsystem that performs a specified service autonomously despite the occurrence of disturbances that were not foreseen in the original design.
Theory For and Experiments With a TM02nApplicator* (1975)

ABSTRACTA novel type of cylindrical applicator using a TM02n mode for microwave heating of pumpable materials in a tube is presented. A theoretical analysis of the field configuration in the load and the applicator is given. Using this applicator, zero field strength can be achieved at a given radial distance from the axis, preferably coinciding with the pipe wall so that no buildup of deposits or overheating of the product occurs at the tube wall. The central concentration of the radial power density was experimentally verified. Although the variations in the axial power distribution of the investigated cavities were significant, they could be improved by changing the coupling system. Computer programs were developed for the field calculations and for studies of the influence of different parameters on the heating performance. Among possible uses of the applicator are rapid heating of heat-sensitive fluids containing suspended solids and heating of viscous fluids as well as for extrusion cooking or coagulation of proteinous foods. Notes* Manuscript received April 14, 1975.
Naturalistic Drive Cycles Analysis and Synthesis for Pick-up Trucks (2014)

Future pick-up trucks are meeting much stricter fuel economy and exhaust emission standards. Design tradeoffs will have to be carefully evaluated to satisfy consumer expectations within the regulatory and cost constraints. Boundary conditions will obviously be critical for decision making: thus, the understanding of how customers are driving in naturalistic settings is indispensable. Federal driving schedules, while critical for certification, do not capture the richness of naturalistic cycles, particularly the aggressive maneuvers that often shape consumer perception of performance. While there are databases with large number of drive cycles, applying all of them directly in the design process is impractical. Therefore, representative drive cycles that capture the essence of the naturalistic driving should be synthesized from naturalistic driving data. Method Naturalistic drive cycles are firstly categorized by investigating their micro-trip components, defined as driving activities between successive stops. Micro-trips are expected to characterize underlying local traffic conditions, and separate different driving patterns. Next, the transitions from one vehicle state to another vehicle state in each cycle category are captured with Transition Probability Matrix (TPM). Candidate drive cycles can subsequently be synthesized using Markov Chain based on TPMs for each category. Finally, representative synthetic drive cycles are selected through assessment of significant cycle metrics to identify the ones with smallest errors. Summary This paper provides a framework for synthesis of representative drive cycles from naturalistic driving data, which can subsequently be used for efficient optimization of design or control of pick-up truck powertrains. Impact on industry Manufacturers will benefit from representative drive cycles in several aspects, including quick assessments of vehicle performance and energy consumption in simulations, component sizing and design, optimization of control strategies, and vehicle testing under real-world conditions. This is in contrast to using federal certification test cycles, which were never intended to capture pickup truck segment.
Char2Subword: Extending the Subword Embedding Space Using Robust Character Compositionality (2021)

Byte-pair encoding (BPE) is a ubiquitous algorithm in the subword tokenization process of language models as it provides multiple benefits. However, this process is solely based on pre-training data statistics, making it hard for the tokenizer to handle infrequent spellings. On the other hand, though robust to misspellings, pure character-level models often lead to unreasonably long sequences and make it harder for the model to learn meaningful words. To alleviate these challenges, we propose a character-based subword module (char2subword) 1 that learns the subword embedding table in pre-trained models like BERT. Our char2subword module builds representations from characters out of the subword vocabulary, and it can be used as a dropin replacement of the subword embedding table. The module is robust to character-level alterations such as misspellings, word inflection, casing, and punctuation. We integrate it further with BERT through pre-training while keeping BERT transformer parameters fixedand thus, providing a practical method. Finally, we show that incorporating our module to mBERT significantly improves the performance on the social media linguistic codeswitching evaluation (LinCE) benchmark.
Therapeutic potential of chimeric amyloid-reactive monoclonal antibody 11-1F4. (2003)

These results have led to the decision to produce GMP-grade c11-1F4 for a Phase I/II clinical trial in patients with primary (AL) amyloidosis where the effectiveness of the reagent could be determined. The use of amyloid-reactive antibodies would represent a novel approach in the treatment of individuals with this invariably fatal disorder.
Tolerance Design of an Optomechanical Transmitter Assembly for Automotive Applications (2009)

We report on different optical coupling concepts between resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes and plastic optical fiber for the automotive according to the multimedia oriented systems transport standard. We present five different candidate optical coupling schemes. Two coupling schemes were investigated in depth regarding manufacturing and assembly tolerances using a Monte Carlo simulation method: a system using a ball lens and another made by clear molding. We select the best suited system according to manufacturing and assembly capabilities as well as its suitability for automotive applications.