gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tin Oxide Gas Sensor Insensitive to Ethanol Gas (1984)

Works of conventional tin oxide gas sensors are often disturbed by a contact with ethanol vapor. In order to remove such a disturbance, it was tried to insensitize the sensor to ethanol by use of oxidation catalysts. Of the twelve different catalysts tested, alumina supported Pt catalyst (Pt(1%)/Al2O3) was found to be the most effective for total oxidation of ethanol vapor; ethanol was completely oxidized above ca. 200°C under the experimental conditions. The effects of Pt(1%)/Al2O3 catalyst in the actual sensing performance were examined by using three types of sensor elements. As a result, the best data were obtained with the coated element which was prepared by coating the conventional sensor element (base element) with Pt(1%)/Al2O3 catalyst. The sensitivity of the base element to ethanol vapor was higher than those to CH4 and C3H8 below 400°C and was still significant at 500°C, The coated element, however, was almost insensitive to ethanol vapor in the temperature range 300-500°C, while it was as sensitive to CH4 and C3H8 as the base element. It was also confirmed that the rate of sensor response was little affected by the catalyst coating.
The Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening score: a validated tool that stratifies risk for colorectal advanced neoplasia in asymptomatic Asian subjects (2011)

The APCS score based on age, gender, family history and smoking is useful in selecting asymptomatic Asian subjects for priority of colorectal screening.
Assembly of γ-secretase occurs through stable dimers after exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (2021)

γ-Secretase affects many physiological processes through targeting >100 substrates; malfunctioning links γ-secretase to cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The spatiotemporal regulation of its stoichiometric assembly remains unresolved. Fractionation, biochemical assays, and imaging support prior formation of stable dimers in the ER, which, after ER exit, assemble into full complexes. In vitro ER budding shows that none of the subunits is required for the exit of others. However, knockout of any subunit leads to the accumulation of incomplete subcomplexes in COPII vesicles. Mutating a DPE motif in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) abrogates ER exit of PSEN1 and PEN-2 but not nicastrin. We explain this by the preferential sorting of PSEN1 and nicastrin through Sec24A and Sec24C/D, respectively, arguing against full assembly before ER exit. Thus, dimeric subcomplexes aided by Sec24 paralog selectivity support a stepwise assembly of γ-secretase, controlling final levels in post-Golgi compartments.
Raman spectroscopy of Nitromethane under pressure and temperature (1994)

Nitromethane have been studied as a model for energetic materials. The phase diagram of Nitromethane has been investitaged by Raman scattering in the pressure and temperature range of 0–25 GPa and 293–423 K respectively. The phase transitions and the decomposition limits have been detected by analysis of the evolution of different Raman modes.
A Low-Cost Lane-Determination System Using GNSS/IMU Fusion and HMM-Based Multistage Map Matching (2017)

This paper presents a low-cost real-time lane-determination system that fuses micro-electromechanical systems inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes), global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and commercially available road network maps. The system can be used for intelligent transportation systems, telematics applications, and autonomous driving. The system does not depend on visual markings or highly precise GNSS technology, such as DGPS or RTK, and it does not need explicit lane-level resolution maps. High-resolution estimation of the vehicle's position, velocity, and orientation is implemented by fusing inertial sensors with GNSS in a loosely coupled mode using extended Kalman filter. A curve-to-curve road-level map-matching is implemented using a hidden Markov model followed by a least-square regression step that estimates the vehicle's lane. The system includes a lane-change detector based on inertial sensors and the filtered vehicle's state. The system has been realized in real time and tested extensively on real-road data. Experiments showed robust map-matching in challenging road intersections and a 97.14% lane-determination success rate.
Author Correction: Integrative pathway enrichment analysis of multivariate omics data (2022)

In the published version of this paper, the members of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortiumwere listed in the Supplementary Information; however, these members shouldhave been included in themainpaper.The originalArticle has been corrected to include the members and affiliations of the PCAWG Consortium in the main paper; the corrections have been made to the HTML version of the Article but not the PDF version. Additional minor corrections to affiliations have been made to the PDF and HTML versions of the original Article for consistency of information between the PCAWG list and themain paper.
Modular, stereocontrolled C β –H/C α –C activation of alkyl carboxylic acids (2019)

The union of two powerful transformations, directed C-H activation and decarboxylative cross-coupling, for the enantioselective synthesis of vicinally functionalized alkyl, carbocyclic, and heterocyclic compounds is described. Starting from simple carboxylic acid building blocks, this modular sequence exploits the residual directing group to access more than 50 scaffolds that would be otherwise extremely difficult to prepare. The tactical use of these two transformations accomplishes a formal vicinal difunctionalization of carbon centers in a way that is modular and thus, amenable to rapid diversity incorporation. A simplification of routes to known preclinical drug candidates is presented along with the rapid diversification of an antimalarial compound series.
New Approaches for Bottom-Up Assembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Derived Nucleoprotein Tubes on Defined Patterns on Silica- and Polymer-Based Substrates (2012)

The capability of some natural molecular building blocks to self-organize into defined supramolecular architectures is a versatile tool for nanotechnological applications. Their site-selective integration into a technical context, however, still poses a major challenge. RNA-directed self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus-derived coat protein on immobilized RNA scaffolds presents a possibility to grow nucleoprotein nanotubes in place. Two new methods for their site-selective, bottom-up assembly are introduced. For this purpose, isothiocyanate alkoxysilane was used to activate oxidic surfaces for the covalent immobilization of DNA oligomers, which served as linkers for assembly-directing RNA. Patterned silanization of surfaces was achieved (1) on oxidic surfaces via dip-pen nanolithography and (2) on polymer surfaces (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) via selective oxidization by UV-light irradiation in air. Atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the surfaces. It is shown for the first time that the combination of the mentioned structuring methods and the isothiocyanate-based chemistry is appropriate (1) for the site-selective immobilization of nucleic acids and, thus, (2) for the formation of viral nanoparticles by bottom-up self-assembly after adding the corresponding coat proteins.
Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the extracellular acid protease gene (ACP) from the yeast Candida tropicalis (1991)

The extracellular acid protease of Candida tropicalis was purified from the supernatant fraction of culture medium containing bovine serum albumin as nitrogen source and the NH2-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence of the protein was determined. The gene for the acid protease (ACP) was isolated using a pool of synthetic oligonucleotides as a probe and a segment of the deduced aa sequence was found to be in agreement with the NH2-terminal aa sequence of the protein. The deduced aa sequence of ACP is similar to the aa sequence of proteases of the pepsin family. The nucleotide sequence of the 5' portion of this gene revealed a coding sequence for a 60 residue propeptide containing two Lys-Arg amino acid pairs that have been identified as sites for peptidase processing of several exported peptides and proteins. The final Lys-Arg site occurs at the junction with the mature extracellular form of the acid protease.
Iterative Interference Cancellation for Time Reversal Division Multiple Access (2023)

Time reversal (TR) has been proposed as a competitive precoding strategy for low-complexity devices relying on ultra-wideband waveforms, as it shifts the signal processing complexity to the transmitter side. This transmit precoding paradigm can address the need for low-power, low-complexity receivers, which is particularly important for the Internet of Things. Due to its spatio-temporal focusing property, TR has also been used to design multiple access schemes for multi-user scenarios. However, with time-division multiple access, the signals received by users suffer from a significant level of inter-symbol interference and inter-user interference, which often requires additional processing at the receiver side. This paper proposes an iterative TR scheme that aims to reduce the level of interference, while keeping the processing complexity only at the transmitter side. The performance of this protocol is evaluated using analytical derivations. Its superiority over conventional TRDMA is demonstrated through simulations and experimental measurements.
NFATx, a Novel Member of the Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Family That Is Expressed Predominantly in the Thymus (1995)

The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) regulates cytokine gene expression in T cells through cis-acting elements located in the promoters of cytokine genes. Here, we report the cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, and initial characterization of a transcription factor related to NFATp and NFATc. The novel molecule, designated NFATx, exhibits in its middle a region very similar to the Rel homology domain in NFATc and NFATp. The amino-terminal region of NFATx also shows significant similarities to corresponding sequences in NFATc and NFATp and contains three copies of a conspicuous 17-residue motif of unknown function. We provide evidence showing that NFATx can reconstitute binding to the NFAT-binding site from the interleukin 2 promoter when combined with AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) polypeptides and that NFATx is capable of activating transcription of the interleukin 2 promoter in COS-7 cells when stimulated with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. NFATx mRNA is preferentially and remarkably found in the thymus and at lower levels in peripheral blood leukocytes. The expression pattern of NFATx, together with its functional activity, strongly suggests that NFATx plays a role in the regulation of gene expression in T cells and immature thymocytes.
Delving into Data: Effectively Substitute Training for Black-box Attack (2021)

Deep models have shown their vulnerability when processing adversarial samples. As for the black-box attack, without access to the architecture and weights of the attacked model, training a substitute model for adversarial attacks has attracted wide attention. Previous substitute training approaches focus on stealing the knowledge of the target model based on real training data or synthetic data, without exploring what kind of data can further improve the transferability between the substitute and target models. In this paper, we propose a novel perspective substitute training that focuses on designing the distribution of data used in the knowledge stealing process. More specifically, a diverse data generation module is proposed to synthesize large-scale data with wide distribution. And adversarial substitute training strategy is introduced to focus on the data distributed near the decision boundary. The combination of these two modules can further boost the consistency of the substitute model and target model, which greatly improves the effectiveness of adversarial attack. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our method against state-of-the-art competitors under non-target and target at-tack settings. Detailed visualization and analysis are also provided to help understand the advantage of our method.
Central Versus Peripheral Antagonism of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Obesity: Effects of LH‐21, a Peripherally Acting Neutral Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonist, in Zucker Rats (2008)

The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important modulatory role in feeding behaviour and metabolism, acting at both central and peripheral levels. Chronic administration of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists has been found to be effective in experimental obesity. However, clinically available cannabinoid receptor antagonists are inverse agonists that can target CB(1) receptors located in both central circuits regulating appetite and motivation and in peripheral organs regulating metabolism and energy expenditure. This profile complicates understanding of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor blockade as a therapeutic strategy in obesity and metabolic disorders. This review aims to explore the relevance of both inverse agonism and peripheral cannabinoid receptor blockade on the beneficial actions of chronic cannabinoid receptor blockade, by comparing the actions of the reference antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant and the newly designed drug LH-21. LH-21 is a triazol derivative and a neutral cannabinoid receptor antagonist; it has a poor penetration rate into the central nervous system. When given acutely it decreases food intake and enhances the anorectic actions of oleoylethanolamide, a feeding suppressant lipid that acts on peripheral sensory terminals in a similar way as rimonabant. Unlike rimonabant, chronic administration of LH-21 (3 mg/kg) reduces feeding but does not improve hypertriglyceridaemia or hypercholesterolaemia; nor does it reduce liver fat deposits in Zucker rats. These results suggest that the inverse agonism and/or the antagonism of central cannabinoid CB(1) receptors are necessary for the metabolic benefits of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor blockade, but not for the appetite reduction.
Four-year Outcomes After Cessation of Tenofovir in Immune-tolerant Chronic Hepatitis B Patients (2017)

Rapid virological relapse is universal and clinical relapse is common after stopping antiviral therapy in patients with immune-tolerant chronic hepatitis B. HBeAg seroconversion is rare regardless of treatment reinitiation.
Novel Asphaltene Inhibitor for Direct Application to Reservoir (2013)

Abstract Destabilization of asphaltenes within crude systems often occurs inside production tubing, but aging reservoirs, especially those flooded with supercritical CO2, can suffer asphaltene precipitation within the reservoir. Conventional asphaltene treatment programs entail inhibitor chemicals dosed into produced fluids via a capillary injector, which insufficiently guards against asphaltene deposition occurring within the reservoir. Such deposits, either far within the reservoir or near the wellbore, alter reservoir characteristics, production economics, and potentially the lifespan of the well. This paper presents a novel asphaltene inhibitor molecularly tailored to adsorb to formation surfaces upon application and then slowly desorb and remain in produced fluids to mitigate the flocculation of asphaltenes. Coreflood test results indicate the new asphaltene inhibitor for ‘squeeze’ applications resides within field core samples for approximately twice as long as the benchmark asphaltene inhibitor. Importantly, the new asphaltene inhibitor squeeze chemistry maintains equal inhibition performance compared to incumbent asphaltene inhibitors.
Mechanical Performance of Sprayed Engineered Cementitious Composite Using Wet-Mix Shotcreting Process for Repair Applications (2004)

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Two-Stage 48V-1V Hybrid Switched-Capacitor Point-of-Load Converter with 24V Intermediate Bus (2020)

This paper presents a 90.6% 48 V-1 V/150 A two-stage hybrid switched-capacitor point-of-load (PoL) converter with a 24 V intermediate bus. The first stage of the converter is a 2:1 resonant charge pump which converts the 48 V input voltage to 24 V. The second stage of the converter is a 24:1 four-phase series capacitor buck converter which is capable of delivering 150 A with two customized four-phase coupled inductor for vertical power delivery. The two-stage architecture combines the resonant switched-capacitor structure and the series capacitor buck configuration to achieve high efficiency, high power density, and voltage regulation. The effectiveness of the topology is verified by a 48 V-1 V/150 A prototype with a peak efficiency of 90.6% at 60 A and a full load efficiency of 86.2% at 150 A. The power density of the prototype is 283 W/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> .
Automatic mouse embryo brain ventricle segmentation from 3D 40-MHz ultrasound data (2013)

Volumetric analysis of brain ventricles is important to the study of normal and abnormal development of the central nervous system of mouse embryos. High-frequency ultrasound (HFU) is frequently used to image embryos because HFU is real-time, non-invasive, and provides fine-resolution images. However, manual segmentation of ventricles from 3D HFU volumes remains challenging and time consuming. In this study, in utero and in vivo volumetric ultrasound data were acquired from pregnant mice using a 5-element, 40-MHz annular array. An automatic segmentation algorithm based on active shape model (ASM) was developed to segment the brain ventricles of the embryos; ASM allows us to efficiently “learn” from training data (i.e., manually segmented data). The algorithm was further enhanced by using detail-preserving reference shapes (also learned from training data) and region growing constrained by the reference shape. The hybrid algorithm was applied to three 12.5-day-old embryos. Results were qualitatively analyzed and compared with manual segmentation results in regions typically difficult to segment (e.g., thin brain ventricle connections). In addition, quantitative analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to compare the automatic segmentation results with manual segmentation. We obtained average DSC values of 0.848±0.015 for the brain ventricles and our method produced morphologically accurate results. Therefore, our method could streamline current HFU longitudinal studies of brain development that require manual segmentation.
Antigenic drift in type A influenza virus: Peptide mapping and antigenic analysis of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) variants selected with monoclonal antibodies (1979)

Variants of A/PR/8/34 (HON1) influenza virus, having hemagglutinin molecules with probably a single altered antigenic determinant, were isolated by growing the virus in the presence of the monoclonal hybridoma antibody PEG-1. The variants were analyzed by peptide mapping and characterized antigenically by using PEG-1 and four other monoclonal hybridoma antibodies to PR8 hemagglutinin. Peptide maps of the large hemagglutinin polypeptide, HA1, from 8 out of 10 variants showed a single changed peptide. This peptide from two of the variants was analyzed, and in each case a serine residue in the wild-type hemagglutinin was replaced by leucine in the variant. Although these eight variants showed identical peptide maps, one could be discriminated antigenically from the others with one of the hybridomas. (The peptide maps represented about one-third of the HA1 molecule.) Of the other two variants, one gave the same HA1 map as the wild type, but could be distinguished antigenically from wild-type virus by two of the hybridomas. The other was unique, and could be distinguished, both antigenically and by peptide mapping, from the other variants. Since a large number of the variants selected with PEG-1 showed the same peptide change, it is likely that this alteration in amino acid sequence (serine to leucine) was responsible for the inability of the variants to bind PEG-1 monoclonal antibody. We do not know, however, whether the changed amino acids were located within the antigenic sites or whether the change occurred somewhere else in the hemagglutinin molecule and altered the determinants through conformational changes.
High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of benzo(alpha)pyrene metabolism and covalent binding and the mechanism of action of 7,8-benzoflavone and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane. (1974)

Summary High-pressure liquid chromatography is a rapid and efficient method for the separation of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites. This new technique readily separates eight benzo(a)pyrene metabolites from the parent hydrocarbon. These are three dihydrodiols (9,10-, 7,8-, and 4,5-dihydrodihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene), three quinones (benzo(a)pyrene-1,6-dione, -3,6-dione, and -6,12-dione) and two phenols (9- and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene). This method was applied to the study of the mechanism of inhibitor action on the microsomal benzo(a)pyrene metabolism. 7,8-Benzoflavone, an inhibitor of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, inhibits the covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene to DNA and inhibits the formation of each of the metabolites. The lack of selective inhibition suggests that the 7,8-benzoflavone acts on the oxidase or a prior component of the microsomal electron chain. 1,2-Epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane inhibits benzo(a)pyrene disappearance, which also suggests an inhibitory effect on oxidase activity. This compound, however, also stimulates formation of benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA, reduces the ratio of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene to 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formation, and completely eliminates the formation of the three dihydrodiols. This selective effect suggests a specific inhibition of hydrase activity with a lesser effect on oxidase function.
Evaluation of Chemotherapy Response in VX2 Rabbit Lung Cancer with18F-Labeled C2A Domain of Synaptotagmin I (2011)

(18)F-C2A-GST was easily synthesized by conjugation with (18)F-SFB and manifested a favorable biodistribution. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of (18)F-C2A-GST for the early detection of apoptosis after chemotherapy in a VX2 lung cancer model that could imitate the human lung cancer initiation, development, and progress.
Condensation of supersaturated vapors of hydrogen bonding molecules: Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, and glycerol (1996)

The critical supersaturations required for the homogeneous nucleation (rate of 1 drop cm−3 s−1) of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol and glycerol vapors have been measured over wide temperature ranges (e.g., 280–400 K) using an upward thermal diffusion cloud chamber. At lower temperatures the experimental nucleation rates are much higher than the predictions of the classical nucleation theory. Glycerol shows the best agreement between experiment and theory in the temperature range of 340–370 K. An apparent increase in the critical supersaturation of glycerol is observed with increasing carrier gas (helium) pressure and this effect is more pronounced at lower temperatures. The results from corresponding states and scaled nucleation models indicate that the nucleation behavior of glycerol is quite different from other glycols. Glycerol requires higher critical supersaturations compared to the other glycols at the same reduced temperatures. This implies quite small critical clusters for glycerol (20–50 molecules) in the temperature range 300–380 K. The discrepancy between experiment and theory at lower temperatures may be explained by considering that the surface tension of the critical clusters is lower than the bulk surface tension. It is, however, surprising that a Tolman type correction for the curvature dependent surface tension could be applicable for such small critical clusters. Further theoretical work is required in order to fully understand the observed higher nucleation rates at lower temperatures of glycols and glycerol.