gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Catalytic Stereoselective Olefin Metathesis: From Ancillary Transformation to Purveyor of Stereochemical Identity (2014)

There have been numerous significant advances in catalytic olefin metathesis (OM) during the past two decades. Such progress has transformed this important set of reactions to strategically pivotal processes that generate stereochemical identity while delivering molecules that cannot be easily prepared by alternative routes. In this Perspective, an analysis of the origin of the inception of bidentate benzylidene ligands for Ru-based OM catalysts is first presented. This is followed by an overview of the intellectual basis that culminated in the development of Mo-based diolates and stereogenic-at-Ru complexes for enantioselective OM. The principles accrued from the study of the latter Ru carbenes and Mo alkylidenes and utilized in the design of stereogenic-at-Mo, -W, and -Ru species applicable to enantioselective and Z-selective OM are then discussed. The influence of the recently introduced catalytic OM protocols on the design of synthesis routes leading to complex organic molecules is probed. The impact of a better understanding of the mechanistic nuances of OM toward the discovery of stereoselective catalysts is reviewed as well.
The Genetic Age: Who Owns the Genome?: A Symposium on Intellectual Property and the Human Genome, 2 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 6 (2002) (2002)

A Symposium on Intellectual Property Co-Sponsored by The Woodrow Wilson Center. Featuring the remarks of Scott A. Brown, J.D.; Q. Todd Dickinson, J.D.; Stephen P.A. Fodor, Ph.D.; Justin Gillis; Hon. Lee H. Hamilton; Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.; and Pilar Ossorio, Ph.D., J.D.
Fluoroimmunoassays Using Antibody-Conjugated Quantum Dots (2005)

Luminescent colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) are robust inorganic fluoro phores that have the potential to circumvent some of the functional limitations encountered by organic dyes in sensing and biotechnological applications. Quantum dots exhibit size-dependent tunable, narrow fluorescence emission spectra that span the visible spectrum and have broad absorption spectra. This allows simultaneous excitation of several particle sizes at a single wavelength with emission at multiple wavelengths. Quantum dots also provide a high-resistance threshold to chemical degradation and photodegradation. We have developed a conjugation strategy for the attachment of antibodies to quantum dots based on electrostatic interactions between negatively charged dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-capped CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots and positively charged proteins (natural or engineered) that serve to bridge the quantum dot and antibody. This chapter details the materials and methods for synthesis of the DHLA-capped CdSe-ZnS core-shell quantum dots, the construction and preparation of recombinant proteins, the conjugation of antibodies to quantum dots, and the use of antibody-coated quantum dots in a fluoroimmunoassay.
DEK in the synovium of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Characterization of DEK antibodies and posttranslational modification of the DEK autoantigen (2010)

These results indicate that DEK can contribute directly to joint inflammation in JIA by generating ICs through high-affinity interaction between DEK and DEK autoantibodies, a process enhanced by acetylation of DEK in the inflamed joint.
A Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform With Remote Distribution Circuit Cosimulation (2014)

This paper demonstrates a novel cosimulation architecture that integrates hardware testing using power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) techniques with larger-scale electric grid models using off-the-shelf non-PHIL software tools. This test bed for distributed integration enables utilities to study the impacts of emerging energy technologies on their system and manufacturers to explore the interactions of new devices with existing and emerging devices on the power system, both without the need to convert existing grid models to a new platform or to conduct in-field trials. This paper describes an implementation of this architecture for testing two residential-scale advanced solar inverters at separate points of common coupling (PCCs). The same hardware setup is tested with two different distribution feeders (IEEE 123 and 8500 node test systems) modeled using GridLAB-D. In addition to simplifying testing with multiple feeders, the architecture demonstrates additional flexibility with hardware testing in one location linked via the Internet to software modeling in a remote location. In testing, the inverter current, real and reactive power, and PCC voltage are well captured by the cosimulation platform. Testing of the inverter advanced control features is currently somewhat limited by the software model time step (1 s) and tested communication latency (24 ms). These limitations could be overcome using faster modeling and communication within the same cosimulation architecture.
Thin film electrodes for fast electrochemical microdevices based on redox or intercalation pseudocapacitance (2017)

International audience
Spring over muscle (SOM) actuator for rehabilitation devices (2005)

For people affected by stroke, frequent physical therapy has been shown to be an effective form of rehabilitation. To this goal, several home therapy devices have been developed. Many of these devices may benefit from the use of a bidirectional pneumatic muscle actuator. This work presents the concept and design of the double-acting, compliant, spring over muscle (SOM) actuator. The principle design uses a spring in parallel with a pneumatic muscle actuator. This concept is economical, and easily scalable. Additionally, a design proposal for an ankle rehabilitation device, which incorporates the SOM actuator, is discussed.
A clustered AF organization increases IAV binding probability. (2020)

&lt;p&gt;To estimate the effect of AF clustering on the efficiency of a virus to bind the target cell, we simulated two scenarios in a 1x1 μm membrane area, (&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;) a varying cluster size and (&lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;) a varying degree of clustering. For &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;, we simulated a constant lateral concentration of AF (black) and added AF clusters (blue) at increasing size. In &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;, we keep the total amount of AF constant and gradually shift molecules into clusters. In both cases, an approaching virus was simulated as a 2D projection of a small spherical IAV particle (contact area as red circles in &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;). A binding attempt was counted as successful if at least 10 AF molecules were found inside the contact area. &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;D&lt;/b&gt; show the simulation result plotted as the binding probability out of 1000 simulations against the respective tested cluster parameter.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;(PDF)&lt;/p&gt;
Pin-Point Transmission Electron Microscopic Analysis Applied to Off-Leakage Failures of a Bipolar Transistor in 0.5μm BiCMOS Devices (1996)

Abstract Pin-point (specific area) planar transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis has been improved to study process-induced defects in recent very large scale integrated (VLSI) devices. The specimens are prepared by a combination of marking failure sites with focused ion beam (FTB) equipment and planar TEM specimen preparation technique. This method provides not only planar observation of localized failures with an accurate observation with high positioning accuracy but also wide range of observable area which is feasible to carry out some application techniques associated with TEM. In particular, it is found to be a powerful method to identify the nature of crystalline defects which cause the failures. This work presents the detailed procedure and demonstrates its successful applicability via studying a leaky bipolar transistor in 0.5μm BiCMOS devices (one failure of more than 4500 transistors). The results clarify the presence of stacking faults, formed during epitaxial growth, between collector and emitter regions in the specific transistor with resistive collector-emitter leakage current.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of C3‐Substituted CBI Analogues of CC‐1065 and the Duocarmycins. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Optical oversampled analog-to-digital conversion (1992)

Previously, 1 we introduced a new method of optical analog-to-digital conversion based on oversampling and error diffusion coding that offers the potential to extend resolution and conversion rates beyond that currently possible with other electronic or optical converters. In this new approach, the analog input signal is first optically sampled at a rate much greater than the Nyquist frequency and is then quantized by a modulator that incorporates one-bit quantizers and linear filters in a negative feedback architecture for the purpose of reducing in-band quantization noise. The output of the modulator is subsequently processed by a digital decimation filter, which removes the out-of-band noise and generates a high resolution digital approximation to the analog input signal at the signal's Nyquist rate. In this paper, we present experimental results from the first demonstration of an optical first-order noninterferometric modulator and discuss both spatial and temporal extensions of this optical error diffusion technique to multidimensional applications.
Pyrolysis reaction networks for lignin model compounds: unraveling thermal deconstruction of β-O-4 and α-O-4 compounds (2015)

Although lignin is one of the main components of biomass, its pyrolysis chemistry is not well understood due to complex heterogeneity.
Data from Abnormal DNA Methylation of <i>CD133</i> in Colorectal and Glioblastoma Tumors (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Much recent effort has focused on identifying and characterizing cellular markers that distinguish tumor propagating cells (TPC) from more differentiated progeny. We report here an unusual promoter DNA methylation pattern for one such marker, the cell surface antigen CD133 (Prominin 1). This protein has been extensively used to enrich putative cancer propagating stem-like cell populations in epithelial tumors and, especially, glioblastomas. We find that, within individual cell lines of cultured colon cancers and glioblastomas, the promoter CpG island of &lt;i&gt;CD133&lt;/i&gt; is DNA methylated, primarily, in cells with absent or low expression of the marker protein, whereas lack of such methylation is evident in purely CD133+ cells. Differential histone modification marks of active versus repressed genes accompany these DNA methylation changes. This heterogeneous CpG island DNA methylation status in the tumors is unusual in that other DNA hypermethylated genes tested in such cultures preserve their methylation patterns between separated CD133+ and CD133− cell populations. Furthermore, the &lt;i&gt;CD133&lt;/i&gt; DNA methylation seems to constitute an abnormal promoter signature because it is not found in normal brain and colon but only in cultured and primary tumors. Thus, the DNA methylation is imposed on the transition between the active versus repressed transcription state for &lt;i&gt;CD133&lt;/i&gt; only in tumors. Our findings provide additional insight for the dynamics of aberrant DNA methylation associated with aberrant gene silencing in human tumors. [Cancer Res 2008;68(19):8094–103]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
High Tolerance to Iron Contamination in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells (2017)

The relationship between charge-carrier lifetime and the tolerance of lead halide perovskite (LHP) solar cells to intrinsic point defects has drawn much attention by helping to explain rapid improvements in device efficiencies. However, little is known about how charge-carrier lifetime and solar cell performance in LHPs are affected by extrinsic defects (i.e., impurities), including those that are common in manufacturing environments and known to introduce deep levels in other semiconductors. Here, we evaluate the tolerance of LHP solar cells to iron introduced via intentional contamination of the feedstock and examine the root causes of the resulting efficiency losses. We find that comparable efficiency losses occur in LHPs at feedstock iron concentrations approximately 100 times higher than those in p-type silicon devices. Photoluminescence measurements correlate iron concentration with nonradiative recombination, which we attribute to the presence of deep-level iron interstitials, as calculated from first-principles, as well as iron-rich particles detected by synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy. At moderate contamination levels, we witness prominent recovery of device efficiencies to near-baseline values after biasing at 1.4 V for 60 s in the dark. We theorize that this temporary effect arises from improved charge-carrier collection enhanced by electric fields strengthened from ion migration toward interfaces. Our results demonstrate that extrinsic defect tolerance contributes to high efficiencies in LHP solar cells, which inspires further investigation into potential large-scale manufacturing cost savings as well as the degree of overlap between intrinsic and extrinsic defect tolerance in LHPs and "perovskite-inspired" lead-free stable alternatives.
Antibody-Mediated Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy (2004)

The lack of specificity of currently available chemo- and radiotherapeutic agents constitutes a major obstacle to the treatment of cancer. The difference between malignant and normal cells in regards to their sensitivity to cytotoxic therapies is, in most cases, not sufficient to allow potentially curative doses of drugs or radiation to be administered without unacceptable toxicity to normal cells. Thus, the administration of therapeutic doses of these agents during the treatment of cancer patients also damages rapidly proliferating cells of host tissues such as hematopoietic cells, hair follicles, and the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. It is generally accepted that the usefulness of many cytotoxic therapies would be enhanced if these agents were rendered more tumor-selective.
Optically active bi-polymer hetero-nanoparticles (2009)

In summary, preparing four different bi-polymer nanoparticle systems we investigated the energy transfer dynamics between the donor PF and the acceptor MEH-PPV. The highest level of energy transfer efficiency is obtained to be 35% for (MEH-PPV/PF) sequential hetero-NPs, which are demonstrated for the first time in this work. These bipolymer nanostructures hold great promise for tunable white-light generating systems with optimized tristimulus coordinates, CCTs, and CRIs.
Comparison of vibration and rolling noise emission of resilient and solid monobloc railway wheels in underground lines (2006)

Flat or worn wheels rolling on rough or corrugated tracks can provoke airborne noise and ground-borne vibration, which can be a serious concern for nearby neighbours of urban rail transit lines. Among the various treatments used to reduce vibration and noise, resilient wheels play an important role. In conventional resilient wheels, a slightly prestressed V­shaped rubber ring is mounted between the steel wheel centre and tyre. The elastic layer enhances rolling noise and vibration suppression, as well as impact reduction on the track. In this paper the effectiveness of resilient wheels in underground lines, in comparison to monobloc ones, is assessed. The analysed resilient wheel is able to carry greater loads than standard resilient wheels used for light vehicles. It also presents a greater radial resiliency and a higher axial stiffness than conventional V­wheels. The finite element method was used in this study. A quarter car model was defined, in which the wheelset was modelled as an elastic body. Several simulations were performed in order to assess the vibrational behaviour of elastic wheels, including modal, harmonic and random vibration analysis, the latter allowing the introduction of realistic vertical track irregularities, as well as the influence of the running speed. Due to numerical problems some simplifications were needed. Parametric variations were also performed, in which the sensitivity of the whole system to variations of rubber prestress and Poisson’s ratio of the elastic material was assessed.Results are presented in the frequency domain, showing a better performance of the resilient wheels for frequencies over 200 Hz. This result reveals the ability of the analyzed design to mitigate rolling noise, but not structural vibrations, which are primarily found in the lower frequency range.
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and phosphodiesterase 4B: towards an understanding of psychiatric illness (2007)

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is one of the most convincing genetic risk factors for major mental illness identified to date. DISC1 interacts directly with phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), an independently identified risk factor for schizophrenia. DISC1-PDE4B complexes are therefore likely to be involved in molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric illness. PDE4B hydrolyses cAMP and DISC1 may regulate cAMP signalling through modulating PDE4B activity. There is evidence that expression of both genes is altered in some psychiatric patients. Moreover, DISC1 missense mutations that give rise to phenotypes related to schizophrenia and depression in mice are located within binding sites for PDE4B. These mutations reduce the association between DISC1 and PDE4B, and one results in reduced brain PDE4B activity. Altered DISC1-PDE4B interaction may thus underlie the symptoms of some cases of schizophrenia and depression. Factors likely to influence this interaction include expression levels, binding site affinities and the DISC1 and PDE4 isoforms involved. DISC1 and PDE4 isoforms are targeted to specific subcellular locations which may contribute to the compartmentalization of cAMP signalling. Dysregulated cAMP signalling in specific cellular compartments may therefore be a predisposing factor for major mental illness.
Pharmacological Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging With the Potent and Selective A2AAdenosine Receptor Agonists ATL193 and ATL146e Administered by Either Intravenous Infusion or Bolus Injection (2001)

ATL-193 and ATL-146e are highly potent and selective Ado A(2A) receptor agonists with excellent potential for use as vasodilators for myocardial perfusion imaging. An important advantage of ATL-146e is the ability to administer it by bolus injection.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Drug‐Induced Tumor Apoptosis with a Caspase‐Triggered Nanoaggregation Probe (2013)

Drug Design: An (18)F-labeled caspase-3-sensitive nanoaggregation positron emission tomography tracer was prepared and evaluated for imaging the caspase-3 activity in doxorubicin-treated tumor xenografts. Enhanced retention of the (18)F activity in apoptotic tumors is achieved through intramolecular macrocyclization and in situ aggregation upon caspase-3 activation (see picture).
Reply : Reliability of corneal topographic analysis with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (2012)

We appreciate the opportunity to report the results about the precision of the OCT-based corneal topographer measurements. Tables 1 and 2 show the previously unpublished examination results from the assessment of the repeatability of the OCT-based corneal topographer measurements. One physician examined 31 normal left eyes of 22 men and 9 women (mean age 35.3 years ± 9.1 [SD]) in this study. Each subject was examined twice during 1 visit. The within-subject standard deviations and coefficients of variation were small for the corneal curvature and corneal thickness values. According to the guidelines of Landis and Koch,1 the intraobserver repeatability was almost perfect (0.99 > intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.81). The ranges of the limits of agreement, in which differences in the paired measurements are expected, were less than 0.2 D for the corneal power and 5.0 μm for the corneal thickness.Table 1: Measurement results for corneal curvature and thickness in normal eyes by the OCT-based corneal topographer showing intrasession repeatability.Table 2: Measurement results for corneal curvature and thickness in normal eyes by the OCT-based corneal topographer showing limits of agreement according to the Bland-Altman method.Because it is difficult to measure the “true” corneal curvature or power values of in vivo deformed corneas, the lower agreement in the central corneal power obtained using the 2 devices, especially for more highly deformed corneas, seems to indicate that caution be exercised when interpreting the corneal powers, not only for the OCT-based corneal topographer but also for the rotating Scheimpflug-based corneal topographer. This problem would have to be solved when using 2 devices to measure a deformed artificial model eye with a closed anterior chamber and the same refractive indices as a human cornea. Nevertheless, because the coefficients of variation for the central corneal power in normal eyes and keratoconic eyes were 0.017 and 0.074, respectively, we do not think the difference will make it difficult to establish diagnoses or treatment strategies for eyes with advanced keratoconus. Because the rotating Scheimpflug-based corneal topographer is also a clinically useful device for analyzing corneal geometry, we believe it is important to use different devices for each clinical application based on an understanding of their characteristics.
Personal Visualization and Personal Visual Analytics (2014)

Data surrounds each and every one of us in our daily lives, ranging from exercise logs, to archives of our interactions with others on social media, to online resources pertaining to our hobbies. There is enormous potential for us to use these data to understand ourselves better and make positive changes in our lives. Visualization (Vis) and visual analytics (VA) offer substantial opportunities to help individuals gain insights about themselves, their communities and their interests; however, designing tools to support data analysis in non-professional life brings a unique set of research and design challenges. We investigate the requirements and research directions required to take full advantage of Vis and VA in a personal context. We develop a taxonomy of design dimensions to provide a coherent vocabulary for discussing personal visualization and personal visual analytics. By identifying and exploring clusters in the design space, we discuss challenges and share perspectives on future research. This work brings together research that was previously scattered across disciplines. Our goal is to call research attention to this space and engage researchers to explore the enabling techniques and technology that will support people to better understand data relevant to their personal lives, interests, and needs.
Resonant drive for stabilizing parallel-plate actuators beyond the pull-in point (2005)

In this paper, we present a circuit technique (resonant drive) that offers solutions for the three major challenges in electrostatic actuation and sense: (1) pull-in instability in parallel-plate actuators, (2) high voltage circuits for creating large electrostatic forces, (3) the need for extra circuitry and capacitor (in most cases) for position sensing. The key idea is a series LC tank formed by placing an inductor in series with the actuator capacitor and operating the circuit at its electrical resonance frequency by the help of an oscillator loop. Electronics operate at voltages significantly smaller (by the Q factor, 10-15, of the electrical tank) than the voltage needed for the electrostatic actuation of the MEMS device.