gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive Al/Al Interfaces in Ultrafine Grained Al Compact Prepared by Low Oxygen Powder Metallurgy Technique (2021)

The low oxygen powder metallurgy technique makes it possible to prepare full-dense ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al compacts with an average grain size of 160 nm by local surface bonding at a substantially lower temperature of 423 K from an Al nanopowder prepared by a low oxygen induction thermal plasma process. By atomic level analysis using transmission electron microscopy, it was found that there was almost no oxide layer at the Al/Al interfaces (grain boundaries) in UFG Al compact. The electrical conductivity of the UFG Al compact reached 3.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> S/m, which is the same level as that of the cast Al bulk. The Vickers hardness of the UFG Al compact of 1078 MPa, which is 8 times that of the cast Al bulk, could be explained by the Hall-Petch law. In addition, fracture behavior was analyzed by conducting a small punch test. The as-sintered UFG Al compact initially fractured before reaching its ultimate strength due to its large number of grain boundaries with a high misorientation angle. Ultimate strength and elongation were enhanced to 175 MPa and 24%, respectively, by reduction of grain boundaries after annealing, indicating that high compatibility of strength and elongation can be realized by appropriate microstructure control.
Abstract 16181: Ranolazine Reduces the Late Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation. An Exploratory Analysis of the Raffaello Study (2014)

Introduction: Ranolazine (RAN) is an antianginal drug that inhibits late sodium currents and reduces atrial excitability, thus being potentially effective in atrial fibrillation (AF). The phase 2 study RAFFAELLO tested 3 ranolazine doses (375mg, 500mg, 750mg BID) vs. placebo in maintaining sinus rhythm after successful cardioversion (CV) in patients with persistent AF. A trend was found toward reduced AF recurrence in the two higher doses although the study missed the primary endpoint to show superiority of any dose over placebo, The RAN 375 dose was ineffective.

Hypothesis: This exploratory analysis compared the combined RAN 500 + 750 mg group with the combined placebo + RAN 375 mg group to gain insights into the time course of the antifibrillatory effects of RAN.

Methods: Patients with persistent AF were randomized 2 h after CV to the study treatment lasting 16 weeks. Primary endpoint was the median time from randomisation to first AF recurrence. The RAN 500 and 750 mg patients were pooled and compared with pooled RAN 375 and placebo patients. Effect on early ( 14 days) AF recurrence was assessed.

Results: The population comprised 238 patients (placebo+RAN 375:n=120, RAN 500+750:n=118).The figure shows the recurrence-free survival curves of the 2-group analysis (p=0.02). Early AF recurrences were moderately and non significantly reduced by high RAN doses (relative risk 0.78, 95%CI 0.53-1.13, p=0.16) whereas late recurrences were significantly reduced by 50% (relative risk 0.51, 95%CI 0.25-1.00, p=0.03).

Conclusions: The 500+750 mg RAN doses reduced the recurrence of AF compared with placebo + the ineffective 375 mg dose. The data suggest that ranolazine may be less effective early after CV when inflammation and atrial remodelling are present and more effective against late AF recurrences, when triggers are likely to play a dominant role. Late sodium current blockers, by reducing the triggers may represent a novel approach against atrial fibrillation.

 ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
13 Chemical Structure and Biological Activity of Bacteriophage MS2 RNA (1975)

INTRODUCTION Background Upon my return to Belgium in 1963, I decided to work on the structure of bacteriophage RNA. Indeed, at that time the prospects for a breakthrough in the understanding of the molecular biology of an RNA virus seemed very promising. It was only two years after the discovery of the f2 by Loeb and Zinder (1961), and it was obvious that viral RNA would play a decisive role in the study of translation, both as regards the mechanism of protein synthesis as well as the print-out of genetic information (Nirenberg and Matthaei 1961; Crick et al. 1961; Nathans et al. 1962), in the study of viral RNA replication (Baltimore and Franklin 1962; Weissmann, Simon and Ochoa 1963) and in the study of the physiology of virus-infected cells (Cooper and Zinder 1962). The interest centered mainly on the viral RNA itself, since Davis, Strauss and Sinsheimer (1961) showed that this component by itself was sufficient for infection (although we now know that in normal infection the viral RNA penetrates the host cell in association with the A protein; Kozak and Nathans 1971; Krahn, O’Callaghan and Paranchych 1972). Moreover, as similar RNA phages could be readily isolated, such as MS2 by J. Clark (cited in Davis, Strauss and Sinsheimer 1961) and R17 by Paranchych and Graham (1961), this system was also of potential value for studying the evolutionary variability of RNA as a genetic information carrier. No doubt an understanding of all these aspects would be greatly benefitted if the...
Higher Order Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (2021)

Asymptotic efficiency of targeted maximum likelihood estimators (TMLE) of target features of the data distribution relies on a a second order remainder being asymptotically negligible. In previous work we proposed a nonparametric MLE termed Highly Adaptive Lasso (HAL) which parametrizes the relevant functional of the data distribution in terms of a multivariate real valued cadlag function that is assumed to have finite variation norm. We showed that the HAL-MLE converges in Kullback-Leibler dissimilarity at a rate n-1/3 up till logn factors. Therefore, by using HAL as initial density estimator in the TMLE, the resulting HAL-TMLE is an asymptotically efficient estimator only assuming that the relevant nuisance functions of the data density are cadlag and have finite variation norm. However, in finite samples, the second order remainder can dominate the sampling distribution so that inference based on asymptotic normality would be anti-conservative. In this article we propose a new higher order TMLE, generalizing the regular first order TMLE. We prove that it satisfies an exact linear expansion, in terms of efficient influence functions of sequentially defined higher order fluctuations of the target parameter, with a remainder that is a k+1th order remainder. As a consequence, this k-th order TMLE allows statistical inference only relying on the k+1th order remainder being negligible. We also provide a rationale for the higher order TMLE that it will be superior to the first order TMLE by (iteratively) locally minimizing the exact finite sample remainder of the first order TMLE. The second order TMLE is demonstrated for nonparametric estimation of the integrated squared density and for the treatment specific mean outcome. We also provide an initial simulation study for the second order TMLE of the treatment specific mean confirming the theoretical analysis.
Probabilistic performance of write-once memory with Linear Wom codes &#x2014; Analysis and insights (2012)

The level of write-once memory cells (e.g., Flash) can only be raised individually. Bulk erasure is possible, but only a number of times (endurance) that decreases sharply with increasing cell capacity or cell-size reduction. A device's declared storage capacity and the total amount of information that can be written to it over its lifetime thus jointly characterize it. Write-once memory (WOM) coding permits a trade-off between these, enabling multiple writes between erasures. The guaranteed (over data) number of such writes is presently considered the important measure. We observe that given the typical endurance (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> -10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> for Flash), the actual write capacity is very close to its mean value with extremely high probability, rendering the mean number of writes between erasures much more interesting than its guaranteed value in any practical setting. For the Linear WOM code, we derive the write capacity CDF, and show that even the nearly guaranteed number of writes between erasures is substantially larger than the guaranteed one. Based on this, we present Piecewise Linear WOM code, whereby a page is partitioned into numerous independent WOM segments (whose writes must all succeed), permitting a flexible storage/write capacity tradeoff. We show that the aforementioned behavior is preserved. Finally, we outline an extension to Multi-Level cells.
Supplementary Data S7 from Optimizing Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer Brain Metastases with Functional Drug Response Assessment (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDX molecular profiling&lt;/p&gt;
An F-band fundamental mixer using 75-nm InP HEMTs for precise spectrum analysis (2013)

A broad band, single fundamental mixer is developed by using 75-nm InP HEMT technology for use in precise spectrum analysis at frequencies above 110 GHz. The mixer has a diplexer at the drain terminal separating LO/RF signals from an IF signal and functions in both resistive and drain-LO-injection modes. In the drain-LO-injection mode, a conversion loss of 3 dB is measured on-chip. The mixer exhibits an IF bandwidth of more than 20 GHz on a wafer at an RF frequency of 116 GHz with an LO signal of 110 GHz and LO power of only 3 dBm. On the other hand, a conversion loss of 6.5 dB and an IF bandwidth of more than 30 GHz are measured on-chip in the resistive mode. The mixer chip is mounted in a module package, and we report on design and characterization of the mixer and module package. Our mixer module shows promise for millimeter-wave high precision measurements or wireless communication systems because of its low conversion loss, wide bandwidth, and low LO power performance.
Aging behavior of aluminum alloys after severe plastic deformation (2006)

properties Abstract. The process of severe plastic deformation (SPD) makes it possible to reduce the grain size to the submicrometer or nanometer range in many metallic materials. When the SPD process is applied to age hardenable alloys, it may also be possible to control aging behavior. In this study, a technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is used as an SPD process and aging behavior is examined on the three selected Al alloy systems such as Al-Ag, Al-Mg-Si and Al-Si-Ge. The microstructures are observed using transmission electron microscopy and the mechanical properties including hardness are measured. It is shown that the SPD process introduces unusual phenomena in the precipitation process and there should be a potential for enhancement of strength over the conventional age-hardening process or for improvement of ductility while keeping the high strength.
All-Electrical Determination of Crystal Orientation in Anisotropic Two-Dimensional Materials (2018)

The crystal orientation of an exfoliated black phosphorous flake is determined by purely electrical means. A sequence of three resistance measurements on an arbitrarily shaped flake with five contacts determines the three independent components of the anisotropic in-plane resistivity tensor, thereby revealing the crystal axes. The resistivity anisotropy ratio decreases linearly with increasing temperature T and carrier density reaching a maximum ratio of 3.0 at low temperatures and densities, while mobility indicates impurity scattering at low T and acoustic phonon scattering at high T.
An integrated hardware/software approach for run-time scratchpad management (2004)

An ever increasing number of dynamic interactive applications are implemented on portable consumer electronics. Designers depend largely on operating systems to map these applications on the architecture. However, today's embedded operating systems abstract away the precise architectural details of the platform. As a consequence, they cannot exploit the energy efficiency of scratchpad memories. We present in this paper a novel integrated hardware/software solution to support scratchpad memories at a high abstraction level. We exploit hardware support to alleviate the transfer cost from/to the scratchpad memory and at the same time provide a high-level programming interface for run-time scratchpad management. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with a case-study.
Combining multigene profiling of molecular subtypes with the 70-gene profile for classification of breast cancer (2009)

11083 Background: Classification of breast cancers into molecular subtypes may be important for accurate selection of therapy for patients. Herein we report a multigene profile for classification of breast cancer into molecular subtypes. The profile separates tumors into hormone receptor (HR)+/luminal-like, HER2+/ERBB2-like, and triple negative/basal-like subclasses. Methods: A multi-gene profile was developed based on a series of 200 tumor samples of known ER, PR and HER2 receptor status (concordant IHC and gene expression result) hybridized on 44k microarrays. The profile classifies 96% concordant to the molecular subtypes named luminal-, ERBB2- or basal-type as published by Perou et al (Perou et al, Nature, 2000; Fan et al, NEJM, 2005). The profile was validated using 469 independent samples as well as on two publically available gene expression datasets (n=251 and n=159). Results: The profile classified 66% (712) as luminal-like, 18% (194) ERBB2-like, and 16% (173) as basal-like. As compared to single-marker readout for the presence of ER, PR and HER2, 13% of the samples that were scored positive for presence of ER/PR did not express a luminal-like gene profile. Samples with a ERBB2-like or basal-like gene profile showed equally poor 5-year survival rates of ∼65%. However, the ERBB2-like subset of MammaPrint low risk patients (15%) showed an 89% (95%CI, 71–100) survival rate without trastuzumab treatment. When the luminal-like subtype was separated into “high-” and “low-risk” by MammaPrint the survival rate was 56% (95%CI, 46–68) for high-risk luminal-like samples and 94% (95%CI, 90–99) for low-risk samples. Conclusions: The developed multigene profile can classify breast tumors into luminal-, ERBB2- and basal-like subgroups. By combining this molecular subtyping with MammaPrint risk-classification specific groups of patients can be recognized that that are at high risk of recurrence. The low risk patients within the luminal- and ERBB2-like subclasses have a very low risk of recurrence. Implementation of this knowledge can improve the clinical management of breast cancer patients. [Table: see text]
<title>Polymer-based highly multimode electro-optic waveguide modulator</title> (1998)

A unidirectional electrooptic modular based on an asymmetric highly multi-mode waveguide coupler is demonstrated. A modulation depth of more than 90 percent is experimentally achieved at 633nm wavelength with an index modulation of 3.0 X 10<SUP>-4</SUP>.
Modelling the Variability and the Anisotropic Behaviour of Crack Growth in SLM Ti-6Al-4V (2021)

The United States Air Force (USAF) Guidelines for the Durability and Damage Tolerance (DADT) certification of Additive Manufactured (AM) parts states that the most difficult challenge for the certification of an AM part is to establish an accurate prediction of its DADT. How to address this challenge is the focus of the present paper. To this end this paper examines the variability in crack growth in tests on additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V specimens built using selective layer melting (SLM). One series of tests analysed involves thirty single edge notch tension specimens with five build orientations and two different post heat treatments. The other test program analysed involved ASTM standard single edge notch specimens with three different build directions. The results of this study highlight the ability of the Hartman-Schijve crack growth equation to capture the variability and the anisotropic behaviour of crack growth in SLM Ti-6Al-4V. It is thus shown that, despite the large variability in crack growth, the intrinsic crack growth equation remains unchanged and that the variability and the anisotropic nature of crack growth in this test program is captured by allowing for changes in both the fatigue threshold and the cyclic fracture toughness.
Two new, near-infrared, fluorescent probes as potential tools for imaging bone repair (2020)

A precise imaging technique to evaluate osteogenesis, osteodifferentiation, and osseointegration following peri-implant surgery is in high clinical demand. Herein, we report the generation of two new, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for use in the molecular imaging of bone repair. The first probe aims to monitor the in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts. A NIR fluorochrome was conjugated to a cyclic peptide that binds to integrin α5β1, a factor that promotes osteogenesis in MSCs and therefore functioned as an osteoblast-specific marker. The second probe aims to monitor osteogenesis, and was generated by conjugating the drug pamidronate to a NIR fluorescent gold nanocluster. Pamidronate specifically binds to hydroxyapatite (HA), a mineral present in bone that is produced by osteoblasts, and therefore provides a functional marker for new bone formation. Our results show that both probes bind to their specific targets in vitro-differentiated osteoblasts, and not to undifferentiated MSCs, and emit NIR fluorescence for functional detection. This in vitro work demonstrates the ability of these probes to bind to active osteoblasts and their mineral deposits and highlight their potential utility as clinical tools for the imaging of the osseointegration process at the molecular level.
New approach to AI-77B: stereoselective construction of a potential precursor of the amino acid side chain (1997)

A potential precursor of the amino acid side-chain derivative of antiulcerogenic antibiotic AI-77B is prepared in a highly stereoselective manner from the anti-aldol product 3, obtained from the reaction of the chiral benzaldehydechromium(0) complex 2.
The sounds of science - A symphony for many instruments and voices (2020)

Sounds of Science is the first movement of a symphony for many (scientific) instruments and voices, united in celebration of the frontiers of science and intended for a general audience. John Goodenough, the maestro who transformed energy usage and technology through the invention of the lithium-ion battery, opens the programme, reflecting on the ultimate limits of battery technology. This applied theme continues through the subsequent pieces on energy-related topics - the sodium-ion battery and artificial fuels, by Martin Månsson - and the ultimate challenge for 3D printing, the eventual production of life, by Anthony Atala. A passage by Gerianne Alexander follows, contemplating a related issue: How might an artificially produced human being behave? Next comes a consideration of consciousness and free will by Roland Allen and Suzy Lidström. Further voices and new instruments enter as Warwick Bowen, Nicolas Mauranyapin and Lars Madsen discuss whether dynamical processes of single molecules might be observed in their native state. The exploitation of chaos in science and technology, applications of Bose-Einstein condensates and the significance of entropy follow in pieces by Linda Reichl, Ernst Rasel and Roland Allen, respectively. Mikhail Katsnelson and Eugene Koonin then discuss the potential generalisation of thermodynamic concepts in the context of biological evolution. Entering with the music of the cosmos, Philip Yasskin discusses whether we might be able to observe torsion in the geometry of the Universe. The crescendo comes with the crisis of singularities, their nature and whether they can be resolved through quantum effects, in the composition of Alan Coley. The climax is Mario Krenn, Art Melvin and Anton Zeilinger's consideration of how computer code can be autonomously surprising and creative. In a harmonious counterpoint, his 'Guidelines for considering AIs as coauthors', Roman Yampolskiy concludes that code is not yet able to take responsibility for coauthoring a paper. An interlude summarises a speech by Zdeněk Papoušek. In a subsequent movement, new themes emerge as we seek to comprehend how far we have travelled along the path to understanding, and speculate on where new physics might arise. Who would have imagined, 100 years ago, a global society permeated by smartphones and scientific instruments so sophisticated that genes can be modified and gravitational waves detected? © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: The (4 + 4) Cycloaddition and Its Strategic Application in Natural Product Synthesis (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The pathophysiology of pelvic floor disorders: evidence from a histomorphologic study of the perineum and a mouse model of rectal prolapse (2001)

The muscle changes related to pelvic floor disorders are poorly understood. We conducted an anatomical and histological study of the perineum of the normal mouse and of a transgenic mouse strain deficient in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA-/-) that was previously reported to develop a high incidence of rectal prolapse. We could clearly identify the iliococcygeus (ILC) and pubococcygeus (PC) muscles and anal (SPA) and urethral (SPU) sphincters in male and female mice. The bulbocavernosus (BC), ischiocavernosus (ISC) and levator ani (LA) muscles could be found only in male mice. Histochemical analysis of the pelvic floor muscles revealed a majority of type IIA fibres. Rectal prolapses were observed only in male uPA-/- mice. The most obvious finding was an irreducible evagination of the rectal mucosa and a swelling of the entire perineal region corresponding to an irreducible hernia of the seminal vesicles through the pelvic outlet. The hernia caused stretching and thinning of the ISC, BC and LA. Myopathic damage, with degenerated and centronucleated myofibres, were observed in these muscles. The PC, ILC, SPA and SPU were not affected. This study provides an original description of a model of pelvic floor disorder and illustrates the differences existing between the perineum of humans and that of a quadruped species. In spite of these differences, the histopathologic changes observed in the pelvic floor muscles of uPA-/- mice with rectal prolapse suggest that prolonged muscular stretching causes a primary myopathic injury. This should be taken into account in the evaluation of pelvic floor disorders.
Tables of Glycosidase Inhibitors with Nitrogen in the Sugar Ring and Their Inhibitory Activities: Section 3.2.5.2–3.2.6 (1998)

This appendix contains sections titled: 3.2.5.2 O-Glycosylated 3.2.5.3 N-Modified and O-Glycosylated 3.2.5.4 Other Modifications 3.2.6 L-gluco-, L-gulo-, L-ido-Configurations