gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A dynamic multi-channel speech enhancement system for distributed microphones in a car environment (2013)

Supporting multiple active speakers in automotive hands-free or speech dialog applications is an interesting issue not least due to comfort reasons. Therefore, a multi-channel system for enhancement of speech signals captured by distributed distant microphones in a car environment is presented. Each of the potential speakers in the car has a dedicated directional microphone close to his position that captures the corresponding speech signal. The aim of the resulting overall system is twofold: On the one hand, a combination of an arbitrary pre-defined subset of speakers' signals can be performed, e.g., to create an output signal in a hands-free telephone conference call for a far-end communication partner. On the other hand, annoying cross-talk components from interfering sound sources occurring in multiple different mixed output signals are to be eliminated, motivated by the possibility of other hands-free applications being active in parallel. The system includes several signal processing stages. A dedicated signal processing block for interfering speaker cancellation attenuates the cross-talk components of undesired speech. Further signal enhancement comprises the reduction of residual cross-talk and background noise. Subsequently, a dynamic signal combination stage merges the processed single-microphone signals to obtain appropriate mixed signals at the system output that may be passed to applications such as telephony or a speech dialog system. Based on signal power ratios between the particular microphone signals, an appropriate speaker activity detection and therewith a robust control mechanism of the whole system is presented. The proposed system may be dynamically configured and has been evaluated for a car setup with four speakers sitting in the car cabin disturbed in various noise conditions.
Extreme light infrastructure (ELI): Physics and lasers at the ultra-intense frontier (2010)

ELI has been put on the European Roadmap for Research infrastructures by the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). It will be the first Paneuropean Infrastructure utilizing an ultra-intense laser with a peak-power of 200 PW for interaction experiments with electric field strength well above the PV/m (1015 V/m ). With the high focused intensity (above 4 x1024W/cm2) it will be possible to enter the ultra-relativistic regime when protons are accelerated to nearly the speed of light at a distance in the order of the wavelength of the driving extreme light. Fundamental physics phenomena can be investigated for the first time including nonlinear vacuum interaction and pair generation. ELI intermediate beam lines with peak-powers in the few PW range but higher repetition rates (10 Hz) will enable scientific and societal including medical applications based on laser particle acceleration (proton therapy) and x-ray generation. The photonuclear facility will explore nuclei with hard x-ray and gamma-ray photons produced by high intensity interaction with matter. The Attosecond science laser driver with its high repetition rate (1 kHz) and high average power (>1 kW, 5-10fs) opens the way to ultrafast investigations in different scientific and technological areas with time resolutions in the Attosecond and may by even faster (zeptosecond) time domains using very brilliant VUV-light and x-rays generated by harmonics from gases or solids. © 2010 IEEE.
Enhanced Control over Ice Nucleation Stochasticity Using a Carbohydrate Polymer Cryoprotectant (2022)

Metastable supercooling has emerged as a transformative technique for ice-free biopreservation, but issues of stability inherent to the stochastic nature of ice formation have thus far limited its translation out of the laboratory. In this work, we explore the influence of the bio-based carbohydrate polymer FucoPol on aqueous supercooling using an isochoric nucleation detection technique. We show that FucoPol, a high-molecular-weight, fucose-rich polysaccharide, which has previously been shown to reduce average ice crystal sizes after nucleation, also induces a concentration-dependent stabilization of metastable supercooled water, as evidenced by both a significant reduction in nucleation stochasticity (i.e., the spread in temperatures over which the system will nucleate upon cooling) and a corresponding increase in the predicted induction time of nucleation. FucoPol is found to confine the stochasticity of ice nucleation to a narrow, well-defined band of temperatures roughly one-third as wide as that of pure water under identical conditions. Importantly, this substantial reduction in stochasticity is accompanied by only a minimal (<1 °C) change in the average nucleation temperature, suggesting that this effect is distinct from colligative freezing point depression. Reducing and characterizing the stochasticity of aqueous supercooling is essential to the engineering design of practical biopreservation protocols, and the results reported herein suggest that high-viscosity polymer systems may provide a powerful and largely unexplored lever by which to manipulate metastable-equilibrium phase change kinetics at subzero temperatures.
Color error diffusion with generalized optimum noise shaping (2002)

We optimize the noise shaping behavior of color error diffusion by designing an optimized error filter based on a proposed noise shaping model for color error diffusion and a generalized linear spatially-invariant model of the human visual system. Our approach allows the error filter to have matrix-valued coefficients and diffuse quantization error across channels in an opponent color representation. Thus, the noise is shaped into frequency regions of reduced human color sensitivity. To obtain the optimal filter, we derive a matrix version of the Yule-Walker equations which we solve by using a gradient descent algorithm.
Minimizing Injury and Maximizing Return to Play: Lessons from Engineered Ligaments (2017)

Musculoskeletal injuries account for more than 70% of time away from sports. One of the reasons for the high number of injuries and long return to play is that we have only a very basic understanding of how our training alters tendon and ligament (sinew) structure and function. Sinews are highly dense tissues that are difficult to characterize both in vivo and in vitro. Recently, engineered ligaments have been developed in vitro using cells from human anterior cruciate ligaments or hamstring tendons. These three-dimensional tissues can be grown in a laboratory, treated with agents thought to affect sinew physiology, and then mechanically tested to determine their function. Using these tissues, we have learned that sinews, like bone, quickly become refractory to an exercise stimulus, suggesting that short (<10 min) periods of activity with relatively long (6 h) periods of rest are best to train these tissues. The engineered sinews have also shown how estrogen decreases sinew function and that a factor released following intense exercise increases sinew collagen synthesis and function. Last, engineered sinews are being used to screen possible nutritional interventions that may benefit tendon or ligament function. Using the data derived from these tissue-engineered sinews, new nutritional and training regimes are being designed and tested with the goal of minimizing injury and accelerating return to play.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC ACCESS TO α‐SUBSTITUTED PROP‐2‐YNYLAMINES AND α‐ACETYLENIC AMINO ACIDS VIA THE TERT‐BUTYL‐N‐TRIMETHYLSILYLPROP‐2‐YNYLCARBAMATE DIANION (1979)

Abstract Das Dianion des Carbamats (I) ergibt mit Kohlendioxid ein Gemisch der Carbonsäurcn (II) und (III) mit (II) als Hauptprodukt.
Solar wind and terrestrial atmosphere effects on lunar sample surface composition (1973)

Samples returned from the Apollo missions have been shown to have undergone a partial surface oxidation with the degree of oxidation being dependent on the intensity and duration of exposure to a terrestrial or other oxidizing atmosphere. Exposure to atomic hydrogen at room temperature, or molecular hydrogen above 100 C results in a surface reduction. The adsorption of water vapor on a test sample was found to be only slightly dependent on the state of surface oxidation, a situation consistent with the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface when a sample is exposed to hydrogen. That hydroxyl groups are indeed formed is substantiated by the release of water vapor (and by release of heavy water following exposure to deuterium), indicating that water vapor can be synthesized from solar wind hydrogen and sample oxygen. Observations of trace amounts of methane indicate that the reduction process is by no means restricted to the formation of water vapor.
Microscope-Cockpit: Python-based bespoke microscopy for bio-medical science (2021)

We have developed "Microscope-Cockpit" (Cockpit), a highly adaptable open source user-friendly Python-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment for precision control of both simple and elaborate bespoke microscope systems. The user environment allows next-generation near instantaneous navigation of the entire slide landscape for efficient selection of specimens of interest and automated acquisition without the use of eyepieces. Cockpit uses "Python-Microscope" (Microscope) for high-performance coordinated control of a wide range of hardware devices using open source software. Microscope also controls complex hardware devices such as deformable mirrors for aberration correction and spatial light modulators for structured illumination via abstracted device models. We demonstrate the advantages of the Cockpit platform using several bespoke microscopes, including a simple widefield system and a complex system with adaptive optics and structured illumination. A key strength of Cockpit is its use of Python, which means that any microscope built with Cockpit is ready for future customisation by simply adding new libraries, for example machine learning algorithms to enable automated microscopy decision making while imaging.
Advanced technologies for brain-inspired computing (2014)

This paper aims at presenting how new technologies can overcome classical implementation issues of Neural Networks. Resistive memories such as Phase Change Memories and Conductive-Bridge RAM can be used for obtaining low-area synapses thanks to programmable resistance also called Memristors. Similarly, the high capacitance of Through Silicon Vias can be used to greatly improve analog neurons and reduce their area. The very same devices can also be used for improving connectivity of Neural Networks as demonstrated by an application. Finally, some perspectives are given on the usage of 3D monolithic integration for better exploiting the third dimension and thus obtaining systems closer to the brain.
3-D Magnetic Equivalent Circuit Framework for Modeling Electromechanical Devices (2009)

Magnetic equivalent circuits (MECs) are becoming an accepted alternative to electrical-equivalent lumped-parameter models and finite-element analysis (FEA) for simulating electromechanical devices. Their key advantages are moderate computational effort, reasonable accuracy, and flexibility in model size. MECs are easily extended into three dimensions. But despite the successful use of MEC as a modeling tool, a generalized 3-D formulation useable for a comprehensive computer-aided design tool has not yet emerged (unlike FEA, where general modeling tools are readily available). This paper discusses the framework of a 3-D MEC modeling approach, and presents the implementation of a variable-sized reluctance network distribution based on 3-D elements. Force calculation and modeling of moving objects are considered. Two experimental case studies, a soft-ferrite inductor and an induction machine, show promising results when compared to measurements and simulations of lumped parameter and FEA models.
Polynomial Matrix Eigenvalue Decomposition-Based Source Separation Using Informed Spherical Microphone Arrays (2021)

Audio source separation is essential for many applications such as hearing aids, telecommunications, and robot audition. Subspace decomposition approaches using polynomial matrix eigenvalue decomposition (PEVD) algorithms applied to the microphone signals, or lower-dimension eigenbeams for spherical microphone arrays, are effective for speech enhancement. In this work, we extend the work from speech enhancement and propose a PEVD subspace algorithm that uses eigenbeams for source separation. The proposed PEVD-based source separation approach performs comparably with state-of-the-art algorithms, such as those based on independent component analysis (ICA) and multi-channel non-negative matrix factorization (MNMF). Informal listening examples also indicate that our method does not introduce any audible artifacts.
Abstract 2221: Analysis of the protein tryosine kinome in melanoma revealed recurrent mutations in ERBB4 (2010)

Abstract One of the most important features of cellular signaling involves the addition (or removal) of phosphate groups. Protein phosphorylation is coordinately regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases. Protein kinases are the largest superfamily of conserved genes in the genome, and represent the largest family of genes implicated in human cancer. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are frequently mutated in cancer and since they are amenable to pharmacologic inhibition, further analysis of the PTK gene family may identify new therapeutic strategies. In the current study we focused on mutational analysis of the PTK gene family in cutaneous metastatic melanoma, identifying 30 somatic mutations in the kinase domain of 19 PTKs. The entire coding region of these 19 PTKs was further evaluated for somatic mutations in 79 melanoma cell lines derived from different patients. Our analysis revealed novel somatic mutations in ERBB4 in 19% of melanoma cell lines. Seven missense mutations in ERBB4 were examined and found to increase intrinsic kinase activity as evidenced by their ability to transform NIH 3T3 cells as well the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-2. Melanoma cells expressing mutant ERBB4 exhibited reduced cellular proliferation after shRNA-mediated knockdown of ERBB4 or treatment with the pan-ERBB inhibitor lapatinib (GW2016). Furthermore, we found that cells expressing mutant ERBB4 had increased Akt phosphorylation compared to wild-type ERBB4 cells and that treatment with lapatinib (pan-ERBB inhibitor) specifically inhibited Akt phosphorylation and increased apoptosis in cells expressing mutant ERBB4 compared to cells expressing WT ERBB4. Collectively, our results suggest that melanoma cells harboring mutant ERBB4 are “oncogenically addicted” and that mutational activation of ERBB4 may be essential for tumorigenesis. To further elucidate the biological role of ERBB4, we plan on generating isogenic cell lines through homologous recombination to knock-out either wild-type or mutant alleles of ERBB4 or create isogenic cell lines expressing endogenously epitope-tagged (EET) wild-type ERBB4 or mutant ERBB4. Both of these approaches should provide clues to the function ERBB4 plays in tumorigenesis and may identify additional therapeutic targets applicable to the clinic. Furthermore, our characterization of ERBB4 mutations offers promise for clinical investigation using small molecule inhibitors such as lapatinib forming the basis for a clinical protocol for melanoma patients. Based on these results, a clinical trial using lapatinib in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring ERBB4 mutations is being planned at the Surgery Branch/ NCI under the leadership of Dr. Steven Rosenberg. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2221.
Methodical Approach to the Development of a Radar Sensor Model for the Detection of Urban Traffic Participants Using a Virtual Reality Engine (2021)

New approaches for testing of autonomous driving functions are using Virtual Reality (VR) to analyze the behavior of automated vehicles in various scenarios. The real time simulation of the environment sensors is still a challenge. In this paper, the conception, development and validation of an automotive radar raw data sensor model is shown. For the implementation, the Unreal VR engine developed by Epic Games is used. The model consists of a sending antenna, a propagation and a receiving antenna model. The microwave field propagation is simulated by a raytracing approach. It uses the method of shooting and bouncing rays to cover the field. A diffused scattering model is implemented to simulate the influence of rough structures on the reflection of rays. To parameterize the model, simple reflectors are used. The validation is done by a comparison of the measured radar patterns of pedestrians and cyclists with simulated values. The outcome is that the developed model shows valid results, even if it still has deficits in the context of performance. It shows that the bouncing of diffuse scattered field can only be done once. This produces inadequacies in some scenarios. In summary, the paper shows a high potential for real time simulation of radar sensors by using ray tracing in a virtual reality.
Improved Light Output Power of 16 × 16 Pixelated Micro‐LEDs for Headlights by Enhancing the Reflectivity and Coverage of the p‐Electrode (Phys. Status Solidi A 10∕2018) (2018)

Light Emitting Diodes A pixel array of GaN-based micro-light emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) based on a flip-chip structure and driven by a passive matrix is fabricated. The light output power of 16 × 16 pixelated μ-LEDs for headlights of vehicles is greatly improved by enhancing the reflectivity and coverage of the p-electrode. More details can be found in article number 1700571 by Joon Seop Kwak and co-workers
ChemInform Abstract: Russian Doll Assembled Superanion Capsule‐Metal Ion Complexes: Combinatorial Supramolecular Chemistry in Aqueous Media (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Saturated long-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria contribute to enhanced colonic motility in rats (2018)

These findings reveal a previously unknown relationship between gut bacteria, intracolonic SLCFAs, and host GI motility, suggesting the importance of SLCFA-producing bacteria in GI motility disorders. Further exploration of this relationship could lead to a precise medication targeting the gut microbiota for treating GI motility disorders.
Primary Follicular Dystrophy With Scarring Dermatitis in C57BL/6 Mouse Substrains Resembles Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia in Humans (2010)

A number of C57BL/6 (B6) substrains are commonly used by scientists for basic biomedical research. One of several B6 strain-specific background diseases is focal alopecia that may resolve or progress to severe, ulcerative dermatitis. Clinical and progressive histologic changes of skin disease commonly observed in C57BL/6J and preliminary studies in other closely related substrains are presented. Lesions develop due to a primary follicular dystrophy with rupture of severely affected follicles leading to formation of secondary foreign body granulomas (trichogranulomas) in affected B6 substrains of mice. Histologically, these changes resemble the human disease called central centrifugal cicatrical alopecia (CCCA). Four B6 substrains tested have a polymorphism in alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (Adh4) that reduces its activity and potentially affects removal of excess retinol. Using immunohistochemistry, differential expression of epithelial retinol dehydrogenase (DHRS9) was detected, which may partially explain anecdotal reports of frequency differences between B6 substrains. The combination of these 2 defects has the potential to make high dietary vitamin A levels toxic in some B6 substrains while not affecting most other commonly used inbred strains.
An Expedient and Multikilogram Synthesis of a Naphthalenoid H3 Antagonist (2007)

A facile and scaleable synthesis of potent and selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist 1 is described, starting from commercially available 6-bromo-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester 3a. The key intermediate, 2-(6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)ethanol 5 was prepared in good yield (78%) and purity (99%) via a one-carbon homologation of 3a. The coupling of 5 with pyridazinone 12 was accomplished effectively by a copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Activation of the hydroxyl group of 4, followed by displacement reaction with 2(R)-methylpyrrolidine 13, afforded the free base of 1, which was subsequently converted to its corresponding salt. The new process consisted of eight chemical steps and one salt formation step and required no chromatographic purification throughout the synthesis. It has been successfully implemented on pilot plant scale to prepare over 10 kg quantities of the target compound 1 in 43% overall yield in high purity (99%) and with the desired physical properties.
Untangling knots by stochastic energy optimization (1996)

A method for visualizing unknottedness of mathematical knots via energy optimization with simulated annealing is presented. In this method a potential field is formed around a tangled rope that causes it to self-repel. By allowing the rope to evolve in this field in search of an energy minimizing configuration we can determine the knot type of the initial configuration. In particular, it is natural to conjecture that if such a "charged rope" was not initially knotted, it will reach its minimal potential in a circular configuration, given a suitable energy functional. Because situations potentially arise in which the functional may not be strictly unimodal, we suggest it to be advantageous to use a robust stochastic optimization technique (simulated annealing), rather than a deterministic hill climber common in physically based approaches, to make sure that the evolving rope does not settle in a suboptimal configuration. The same method is applicable to simplifying arbitrary knots and links and for establishing knot equivalence. Aside from its theoretical appeal, the method promises to solve practical problems common in genetic research and polymer design.
Alpha-Particle Shielding Effect of Thick Copper Plating Film on Power MOSFETs (2019)

We investigated characteristics impact of alpha-particles irradiation to power MOSFETs and demonstrated alpha-particle shielding effect of thick copper plating film on a power MOSFET. We used americium-241 alpha-source for irradiating alpha-particles to the surface of the power MOSFET die. Irradiation under gate-source bias caused threshold voltage (Vth) decrease due to generated trapped holes in gate oxide, however, no Vth shift occurred under drain-source bias. We found that sensitivity to alpha-particles depends on gate structures of trench or planar. Recovery behavior of Vth shift by gate bias or thermal annealing support the hole trapping model in the gate oxide. We evaluated alpha-particle shielding effect of thick copper plating film. We demonstrated more than 15 micrometer thick copper plating on the power MOSFET shielded alpha-particles successfully.