gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Internal Friction Study of Melting in Aluminum-Indium and Aluminum-Lead Alloys (2009)

Internal friction studies were performed on two aluminum-based alloys: aluminum-indium and aluminum-lead. Each system was processed to obtain microstructures consisting of an aluminum matrix dispersed with inclusions of nominally pure indium or lead. The inclusion volume fraction was varied from 0.02 to 0.07 (6 to 16% by weight) for aluminum-indium alloys and from 0.01 to 0.02 (4 to 8% by weight) for aluminum-lead alloys. Internal friction was measured as a function of time, temperature, temperature scan rate, frequency, and strain amplitude using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Sharp internal friction peaks were observed near the melting temperatures of 156 and 327°C for the aluminum-indium and aluminum-lead alloys, respectively. These peaks were associated with a matrix relaxation that accommodated the change in volume associated with the melting transition. The internal friction at the melting transition exhibited many of the internal friction characteristics associated with the polymorphic diffusionless transformations. Internal friction peak height associated with these melting transitions was found to be proportional, but not linear, to the ratio of the heating rate to the frequency of oscillation. Also, the peak height was observed to increase proportionally with the volume fraction of the inclusion. Increasing the applied strain amplitude reduced the internal friction peak height and the peak was observed to disappear completely at strain amplitudes of greater than 0.02 for aluminum-indium and 0.01 for aluminum-lead alloys. An internal friction peak was not observed when a laminate of aluminum and indium was tested. It was postulated that the internal friction peaks observed near the melting transition temperature of the embedded inclusions were related to a matrix relaxation around the inclusion. Only when the volume change of the melting inclusions is fully constrained by the matrix is an internal friction peak observed. Similar effects were observed for cooling experiments where the inclusions solidified.
Auxiliary Task Guided Interactive Attention Model for Question Difficulty Prediction (2022)

Online learning platforms conduct exams to evaluate the learners in a monotonous way, where the questions in the database may be classified into Bloom's Taxonomy as varying levels in complexity from basic knowledge to advanced evaluation. The questions asked in these exams to all learners are very much static. It becomes important to ask new questions with different difficulty levels to each learner to provide a personalized learning experience. In this paper, we propose a multi-task method with an interactive attention mechanism, Qdiff, for jointly predicting Bloom's Taxonomy and difficulty levels of academic questions. We model the interaction between the predicted bloom taxonomy representations and the input representations using an attention mechanism to aid in difficulty prediction. The proposed learning method would help learn representations that capture the relationship between Bloom's taxonomy and difficulty labels. The proposed multi-task method learns a good input representation by leveraging the relationship between the related tasks and can be used in similar settings where the tasks are related. The results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than training only on difficulty prediction. However, Bloom's labels may not always be given for some datasets. Hence we soft label another dataset with a model fine-tuned to predict Bloom's labels to demonstrate the applicability of our method to datasets with only difficulty labels.
Abnormal Epithelial Cell Polarity and Ectopic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Expression Induced in Emx2 KO Embryonic Gonads (2010)

The gonadal primordium first emerges as a thickening of the embryonic coelomic epithelium, which has been thought to migrate mediodorsally to form the primitive gonad. However, the early gonadal development remains poorly understood. Mice lacking the paired-like homeobox gene Emx2 display gonadal dysgenesis. Interestingly, the knockout (KO) embryonic gonads develop an unusual surface accompanied by aberrant tight junction assembly. Morphological and in vitro cell fate mapping studies showed an apparent decrease in the number of the gonadal epithelial cells migrated to mesenchymal compartment in the KO, suggesting that polarized cell division and subsequent cell migration are affected. Microarray analyses of the epithelial cells revealed significant up-regulation of Egfr in the KO, indicating that Emx2 suppresses Egfr gene expression. This genetic correlation between the two genes was reproduced with cultured M15 cells derived from mesonephric epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling was recently shown to regulate tight junction assembly through sarcoma viral oncogene homolog tyrosine phosphorylation. We show through Emx2 KO analyses that sarcoma viral oncogene homolog tyrosine phosphorylation, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and Egfr expression are up-regulated in the embryonic gonad. Our results strongly suggest that Emx2 is required for regulation of tight junction assembly and allowing migration of the gonadal epithelia to the mesenchyme, which are possibly mediated by suppression of Egfr expression.
Refractory Idiopathic Absence Status Epilepticus: A Probable Paradoxical Effect of Phenytoin and Carbamazepine (2000)

Our observations strongly suggest that therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin and carbamazepine exacerbate idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Subjects in whom absence is one of the seizure types seem at a particularly high risk for responding paradoxically. These findings underscore the value of accurate classification of seizures and particularly the syndromic approach to diagnosis and point to the potential for iatrogenic complications with indiscriminate use of antiseizure drugs.
Abstract IA10: Targeting glutamine metabolism as a means of enhancing immunotherapy for cancer (2020)

Abstract Tumors possess specialized metabolic programming that facilitates their rapid growth. We have developed a novel glutamine antagonist that not only demonstrates single-agent efficacy in a variety of mouse tumor models but also synergizes with anti-PD-1, adoptive cellular therapy (ACT), and A2aR antagonism to overcome resistance to immunotherapy and promote durable cures. Our data demonstrate that targeting tumor glutamine metabolism alters the tumor microenvironment by making it less acidic, less hypoxic, and more nutrient replete. These alterations lead to enhanced endogenous antitumor responses (in the absence of additional immunotherapy). Further analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) reveals markedly increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells with increased proliferative index (Ki67) and the generation of robust memory phenotypes in the treated mice. Further, RNA sequencing data revealed that CD8+ TIL from vehicle-treated mice showed significantly enhanced expression of apoptotic transcriptional programs compared with TIL from treated mice. Additionally, targeting glutamine metabolism leads to decreased MDSC with an increase in inflammatory TAMs. Furthermore, we observe a downregulation of IDO and a marked decrease in kynurenine in the tumors of treated mice. These changes in macrophage subsets also correlated with decreased metastasis. Overall our findings suggest a novel “metabolic” approach to enhancing immunotherapy for cancer. Citation Format: Jonathan Powell, Robert Leone, Min-Hee Oh, Rana Rais, Pavel Majer, Barbara Slusher. Targeting glutamine metabolism as a means of enhancing immunotherapy for cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Optimizing Survival and Quality of Life through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2019 Apr 29-30; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(12_Suppl_2):Abstract nr IA10.
GPU programming in a high level language (2011)

GPU architectures have emerged as a viable way of considerably improving performance for appropriate applications. Program fragments (kernels) appropriate for GPU execution can be implemented in CUDA or OpenCL and glued into an application via an API.
Hierarchial Zeolites: Beyond Creation of Mesoporosity: The Advantages of Polymer‐Based Dual‐Function Templates for Fabricating Hierarchical Zeolites (Adv. Funct. Mater. 12/2016) (2016)

A new synthetic strategy is developed for fabricating hierarchically structured zeolite materials, which features the use of cationic non-surfactant polymers as dual-functional templates. Y. Han and co-workers show, on page 1881, that the mutual interpenetration of the polymer and the zeolite networks renders disordered but highly interconnected mesopores in zeolite crystals. This strategy also enables the synthesis of unprecedented core-shell-structured hierarchical zeolites.
Automatic motion probe setting assist system for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (2013)

Background Planning assist systems for cardiac MR examinations are necessary for easier operation and shorter examination times. This is also true for motion probe setting in whole-heart MR imaging. In previous reports, we proposed an automatic planning assist system for couch adjustment, local shimming, and axial multislice imaging using single scout volume data of the chest. This system employs an atlas-based segmentation technique, so it can detect not only the heart region but also various anatomical structures in the chest. In the present study, this technique was employed to detect the position of the top of the right hemidiaphragm for motion probe setting. The results were also compared against the degree of interobserver error in manual annotation. Methods An ECG-non-gated 3D fast field echo (FFE) single volume covering the entire chest area was acquired using a 1.5-T MRI scanner (Excelart VantageTM powered by Atlas, Toshiba Medical Systems) during a single breathhold with TR/TE = 3.7/1.3, FOV = 500x350x350 mm3 (coronal slab), and readout/phase/slice encode steps = 256/64/35 in an acquisition time of approximately 9 seconds. The acquired volume was then transformed to match a prepared model volume with manual annotation of the heart region and the position of the top of the right hemidiaphragm, permitting the motion probe region of the input data to be located. Accuracy was assessed by measuring the Euclidean distance between the position of the top of the right hemidiaphragm obtained by our
Image quality evaluation for high dynamic range and wide color gamut applications using visual spatial processing of color differences (2020)

Abstract High dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut imagery has an established video ecosystem, spanning image capture to encoding and display. This drives the need for evaluating how image quality is affected by the multitudes of ecosystem parameters. The simplest quality metrics evaluate color differences on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis. In this article, we evaluate a series of these color difference metrics on four HDR and three standard dynamic range publicly available distortion databases consisting of natural images and subjective scores. We compare the performance of the well‐established CIE L * a * b * metrics ( Δ E 00 , Δ E 94 ) alongside two HDR‐specific metrics ( Δ E Z [J z a z b z ], Δ E ITP [IC T C P ]) and a spatial CIE L * a * b * extension ( ). We also present a novel spatial extension to Δ E ITP derived by optimizing the opponent color contrast sensitivity functions. We observe that this advanced metric, , outperforms the other color difference metrics, and we quantify the improved performance with the steps of metric advancement.
Inhibition of human sperm acrosin by synthetic agents (1976)

Twenty-two synthetic proteinase inhibitors were tested for their inhibitory properties towards human acrosin. p-Nitrophenyl-p1-guanidino benzoate (NPGB) was the most effective (K1 value of 1-5 X 10(-8) M), producing a non-competitive type of inhibition in contrast to all other inhibitors which showed a competitive type of inhibition. The Michaelis constant for human acrosin on BAEE at pH 8-1 was calculated to be 4-25 X 10(-5) M.
(Invited) Charge Trapping Type SOI-FinFET Flash Memory (2014)

The charge trapping (CT) type tri-gate (TG) silicon on insulator (SOI) FinFET flash memories with different gate and blocking layer materials have successfully been fabricated, and their electrical characteristics including short-channel effect (SCE) immunity, threshold voltage (V t ) variability and memory property have comparatively been investigated. It was experimentally found that a large memory window is obtained in the physical vapor deposited (PVD) titanium nitride (TiN) metal gate flash memories than the n + -poly-Si gate ones owing to the higher work function of PVD-TiN metal gate, which is effective to suppress electron back tunneling during erase operation. It was also confirmed that the better SCE immunity and a significant improvement in memory window are observed by introducing a high-k Al 2 O 3 blocking layer into the PVD-TiN metal gate flash memories. Moreover, it was found that the V t variations before and after a program/erase (P/E) cycle are independent of the gate and blocking layer materials.
A Hybrid Compositional Approach to Optimal Mission Planning for\n Multi-rotor UAVs using Metric Temporal Logic (2019)

This paper investigates a hybrid compositional approach to optimal mission\nplanning for multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). We consider a time\ncritical search and rescue scenario with two quadrotors in a constrained\nenvironment. Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) is used to formally describe the task\nspecifications. In order to capture the various modes of UAV operation, we\nutilize a hybrid model for the system with linearized dynamics around different\noperating points. We divide the mission into several sub-tasks by exploiting\nthe invariant nature of various task specifications i.e., the mutual\nindependence of safety and timing constraints along the way, and the different\nmodes (i,e., dynamics) of the robot. For each sub-task, we translate the MTL\nformulae into linear constraints, and solve the associated optimal control\nproblem for desired path using a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) solver.\nThe complete path is constructed by the composition of individual optimal\nsub-paths. We show that the resulting trajectory satisfies the task\nspecifications, and the proposed approach leads to significant reduction in\ncomputational complexity of the problem, making it possible to implement in\nreal-time.\n
Transcription Factor IIA Derepresses TATA-binding Protein (TBP)-associated Factor Inhibition of TBP-DNA Binding (1998)

The interaction of the general transcription factor (TF) IIA with TFIID is required for transcription activation in vitro. TFIID consists of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFIIs). TFIIA binds directly to TBP and stabilizes its interaction with TATA-containing DNA. In this work, we present evidence that TAFIIs inhibit TBP-DNA and TBP-TFIIA binding, and that TFIIA stimulates transcription, in part, by overcoming this TAFII-mediated inhibition of TBP-DNA binding. TFIIA mutants modestly compromised for interaction with TBP were found to be significantly more defective in forming complexes with TFIID. Subtle changes in the stability or conformation of the TFIIA-TBP complex resulted in a failure of TFIIA to overcome TAFII-mediated inhibition of TBP-DNA binding and transcription function. Inhibition of TBP-DNA binding by TAFIIs could be partially relieved by limited proteolysis of TFIID. Proteolysis significantly stimulated TFIIA-TFIID-TATA binding in both electrophoresis mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting but had little effect on complexes formed with TBP. Recombinant TAFII250 inhibits TBP-DNA binding, whereas preincubation of TFIIA with TBP prevents this inhibition. Thus, TFIIA competes with TAFII250 for access to TBP and alters the TATA binding properties of the resulting complex. Transcriptional activation by Zta was enhanced by temperature shift inactivation of TAFII250 in the ts13 cell line, suggesting that TAFII250 has transcriptional inhibitory activity in vivo. Together, these results suggest that TAFIIs may regulate transcription initiation by inhibiting TBP-TFIIA and TBP-DNA complex formation.
Supplementary methods from A Digital RNA Signature of Circulating Tumor Cells Predicting Early Therapeutic Response in Localized and Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Methods describing microfluidic CTC enrichment, RNA extraction, amplification and detection, single cell and bulk RNA sequencing&lt;/p&gt;
Carbon nanofibres from fructose using a light-driven high-temperature spinning disc processor (2013)

A novel high flux bright light-driven high temperature spinning disc processor operating at ∼720 °C can effectively synthesise carbon nanofibres from fructose, a natural feedstock, in polyethylene glycol-200, within minutes and with multiple reactor passes being a pivotal operating parameter in controlling the growth of the fibres.
Intermediate-Temperature Proton Conduction in Al[sup 3+]-Doped SnP[sub 2]O[sub 7] (2007)

-doped proton conductors were prepared by controlling the initial composition of the reactants [, , and ]. with displayed conductivities approximately two orders of magnitude lower than , while those of with exhibited conductivities at a maximum of 1.99 times higher. However, because the conductivity values of with were not stable, the optimal value of in was determined to be 2. Partial substitution of for in led to an increase in the conductivity up until . As a result, the conductivity reached at , at , and at when the and values were 0.05 and 2, respectively. A hydrogen concentration cell with this material demonstrated that the ionic transport number was , and a fuel cell using this material demonstrated that the dc conductivity was comparable to the ac conductivity.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Nipple Discharge Fluid Cytology: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature (2021)

Pooled data from studies encompassing nipple discharge fluid assessment suggest that nipple smear cytology is of limited diagnostic accuracy. The authors recommend that a tailored approach to diagnosis be required given the variable sensitivities of currently available tests.
Identifying structured light modes in a desert environment using machine learning algorithms (2020)

The unique orthogonal shapes of structured light beams have attracted researchers to use as information carriers. Structured light-based free space optical communication is subject to atmospheric propagation effects such as rain, fog, and rain, which complicate the mode demultiplexing process using conventional technology. In this context, we experimentally investigate the detection of Laguerre Gaussian and Hermite Gaussian beams under dust storm conditions using machine learning algorithms. Different algorithms are employed to detect various structured light encoding schemes including the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN), support vector machine, and k-nearest neighbor. We report an identification accuracy of 99% under a visibility level of 9 m. The CNN approach is further used to estimate the visibility range of a dusty communication channel.
Optical coherence microscopy for deep tissue imaging of the cerebral cortex with intrinsic contrast (2012)

In vivo optical microscopic imaging techniques have recently emerged as important tools for the study of neurobiological development and pathophysiology. In particular, two-photon microscopy has proved to be a robust and highly flexible method for in vivo imaging in highly scattering tissue. However, two-photon imaging typically requires extrinsic dyes or contrast agents, and imaging depths are limited to a few hundred microns. Here we demonstrate Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) for in vivo imaging of neuronal cell bodies and cortical myelination up to depths of ~1.3 mm in the rat neocortex. Imaging does not require the administration of exogenous dyes or contrast agents, and is achieved through intrinsic scattering contrast and image processing alone. Furthermore, using OCM we demonstrate in vivo, quantitative measurements of optical properties (index of refraction and attenuation coefficient) in the cortex, and correlate these properties with laminar cellular architecture determined from the images. Lastly, we show that OCM enables direct visualization of cellular changes during cell depolarization and may therefore provide novel optical markers of cell viability.
Vaccine-induced early control of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees fails to impact on hepatic PD-1 and chronicity (2007)

Despite early control of virus load, a virus-associated tolerogenic-like state can develop in certain individuals independent of vaccination history.
Teaching behaviors in the cardiac surgery simulation environment (2021)

OBJECTIVE: To understand how teaching behaviors contribute to simulation-based learning, we used a 7-category educational framework to assess the teaching behaviors used in basic skills training. METHODS: Twenty-four first-year cardiothoracic surgery residents and 20 faculty participated in the Boot Camp vessel anastomosis sessions. A portable chest model with synthetic graft and target vessels and a tissue-based porcine model simulated coronary artery anastomosis. After each 2-hour session on days 1 and 2, residents assessed teaching behaviors of faculty using a 20-item questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale. After session on day 1, faculty completed a self-assessment questionnaire. At 3 months, faculty completed self-assessment questionnaires regarding teaching behaviors in simulation and clinical settings. Each questionnaire item represents 1 or more teaching categories: "learning climate," "control of session," "communication of goals," "promoting understanding and retention," "evaluation," "feedback," and "self-directed learning." RESULTS: Generally, resident ratings indicated that faculty showed positive teaching behaviors. Faculty self-assessment ratings were all lower (P < .025) than those assigned to them by the residents except for 1 component representative of "feedback," which approached significance (P = .04); 2 items, representative of "promoting understanding and retention" and "evaluation", had mean scores of less than 3. At 3 months, compared with self-assessment at Boot Camp, faculty ratings suggested improved teaching behaviors in their simulation settings in the following: "learning climate," "control of session," "communication of goals," "promoting understanding and retention," and "evaluation." The simulation environment was perceived as more positive for technical skills training in certain aspects compared with clinical setting: instructor reviewed function and operation of equipment with learner before session (representative of "promoting understanding and retention") and instructor allowed the learner ample time to practice (representative of "control of session" and "promoting understanding and retention") (P < .025). CONCLUSIONS: Simulation-based skills training is perceived by residents to be associated with positive teaching behaviors. Faculty self-ratings indicate that they do not always use many of these teaching behaviors and that their performance can be improved. The simulation setting may provide greater opportunity for positive teaching behaviors compared with the clinical environment.