gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-Agent Training beyond Zero-Sum with Correlated Equilibrium Meta-Solvers (2021)

Two-player, constant-sum games are well studied in the literature, but there has been limited progress outside of this setting. We propose Joint Policy-Space Response Oracles (JPSRO), an algorithm for training agents in n-player, general-sum extensive form games, which provably converges to an equilibrium. We further suggest correlated equilibria (CE) as promising meta-solvers, and propose a novel solution concept Maximum Gini Correlated Equilibrium (MGCE), a principled and computationally efficient family of solutions for solving the correlated equilibrium selection problem. We conduct several experiments using CE meta-solvers for JPSRO and demonstrate convergence on n-player, general-sum games.
Processing, Characterization, and Modeling of Room‐Temperature‐Vulcanized Silicone‐Derived Ceramic Foams (2013)

A novel method was developed to produce ceramic foams from a silicone precursor which was foamed and vulcanized at room temperature. Silicone foams were prepared by platinum‐catalyzed cross‐linking and dehydrogenation of reactive polysiloxanes. Silicone foams were converted to ceramic foams after being pyrolyzed at 1200°C in argon. Near‐net‐shape polymer‐to‐ceramic conversion was achieved when SiC particles were added to the polymer as a solid filler. A simple physical model was created to describe the rising and pyrolysis of the silicone foam, and was validated by experimental data. Foam density was largely dependent on the content of ethanol, which was used as a chemical blowing agent. Up to 1.8 wt% ethanol was effective in driving foam rising without leading to foam collapse. SiC filler helped reduce weight loss and volumetric shrinkage during pyrolysis, and slightly increased foam density. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that although incorporating a solid filler helps to reduce the bulk shrinkage, it cannot prevent local microcracking and residual porosity.
Trench doping process for 3D transistors - 2D cross-sectional doping profiling study (2012)

Comparison study of doping a 3D trench transistor structure was carried out by beam-line (BL) implant and plasma doping (PLAD) methods. Electron holography (EH) was used as a powerful characterization method to study 2D cross-sectional doping profiles of boron-based doping processes. Quantitative definitions of junction depths xj in both vertical and lateral directions can be obtained. Good correlations of 2D electron holography dopant profiles, 2D dopant profile simulations, and 1D SIMS/ARXPS impurity profiles are demonstrated. The results reveal an advantage of PLAD over BL implant: a much larger effective implant area for 3D trench bottom. It leads to a larger lateral junction depth xj(L) with a comparable vertical junction depth xj(V). It is attributed to the PLAD technology with no line of sight shadowing effect and less angle variation issues. Enhancing the dopant lateral straggle by PLAD at the trench bottom is particularly useful for non-planar device structures with low resistance buried dopant layers.
The Discrete-Time Poisson Channel at Low Input Powers (2011)

The asymptotic capacity at low input powers of an average-power limited or an average- and peak-power limited discrete-time Poisson channel is considered. For a Poisson channel whose dark current is zero or decays to zero linearly with its average input power <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> , capacity scales like <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> log 1/ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> for small <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> . For a Poisson channel whose dark current is a nonzero constant, capacity scales, to within a constant, like <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> log log 1/ε for small <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ε</i> .
SCMA for Open-Loop Joint Transmission CoMP (2015)

Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA), a non-orthogonal multiple access scheme, has been introduced as a key 5G technology to improve spectral efficiency. In this work, we propose SCMA to enable open-loop coordinated multipoint (CoMP) joint transmission (JT). The scheme combines CoMP techniques with multi-user SCMA (MU-SCMA) in downlink. This scheme provides open-loop user multiplexing and JT in power and code domains, with robustness to mobility and low overhead of channel state information (CSI) acquisition. The combined scheme is called MU-SCMA- CoMP, in which SCMA layers and transmit power of multiple transmit points (TPs) are shared among multiple users while a user may receive multiple SCMA layers from multiple TPs within a CoMP cluster. The benefits of the proposed scheme includes: i) drastic overhead reduction of CSI acquisition, ii) significant increase in throughput and coverage, and iii) robustness to channel aging. Various algorithms of MU-SCMA-CoMP are presented, including the detection strategy, power sharing optimization, and scheduling. System level evaluation shows that the proposed schemes provide significant throughput and coverage gains over OFDMA for both pedestrian and vehicular users.
A Critical Review of Modeling Transport Phenomena in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2014)

Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells are a promising energy-conversion technology. Over the last several decades significant progress has been made in increasing their performance and durability, of which continuum-level modeling of the transport processes has played an integral part. In this review, we examine the state-of-the-art modeling approaches, with a goal of elucidating the knowledge gaps and needs going forward in the field. In particular, the focus is on multiphase flow, especially in terms of understanding interactions at interfaces, and catalyst layers with a focus on the impacts of ionomer thin-films and multiscale phenomena. Overall, we highlight where there is consensus in terms of modeling approaches as well as opportunities for further improvement and clarification, including identification of several critical areas for future research.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Apogossypolone Derivatives as Pan-active Inhibitors of Antiapoptotic B-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) Family Proteins (2010)

Overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins is commonly related with tumor maintenance, progression, and chemoresistance. Inhibition of these antiapoptotic proteins is an attractive approach for cancer therapy. Guided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) binding assays, a series of 5,5' substituted compound 6a (Apogossypolone) derivatives was synthesized and identified pan-active antagonists of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, with binding potency in the low micromolar to nanomolar range. Compound 6f inhibits the binding of BH3 peptides to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 with IC(50) values of 3.10, 3.12, and 2.05 μM, respectively. In a cellular assay, 6f potently inhibits cell growth in several human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Compound 6f further displays in vivo efficacy in transgenic mice and demonstrated superior single-agent antitumor efficacy in a PPC-1 mouse xenograft model. Together with its negligible toxicity, compound 6f represents a promising drug lead for the development of novel apoptosis-based therapies for cancer.
Glycosylation of Fluoroquinolones through Direct and Oxygenated Polymethylene Linkages as a Sugar-Mediated Active Transport System for Antimicrobials (1999)

We report herein the synthesis and biological testing of several glycosylated derivatives of some fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In particular, we have prepared several glycosylated derivatives of ciprofloxacin (2) in which the carbohydrate units are linked to the free secondary amine of the piperazine unit by: (a) no linker (e.g., a glycosylamine), (b) a beta-oxyethyl linker, and (c) a gamma-oxypropyl linker. Both glucose and galactose were used as carbohydrates so that six compounds of this type were prepared, e.g., no linker 4a,b, oxyethyl linker 5a,b, and oxypropyl linker 6a,b. In addition the aryl glycosides of glucose and galactose (7a,b) were prepared from the active 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluoroquinolone (3.) The syntheses of the glycosylamines 4a,b involved the direct condensation of glucose and galactose with the hydrochloride salt of ciprofloxacin (2). For the oxyalkyl-linked compounds, we first prepared the peracetylated omega-bromoalkyl glycopyranosides 14a,b and 15a,b and then coupled them to the allyl ester of ciprofloxacin (11) to give, after saponification to remove all of the esters, the desired fluoroquinolone carbohydrates 5a,b and 6a,b. The final series was prepared from 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoyl chloride (22) which gave 3 in four precedented steps. Coupling of 3 with the peracetylated glucosyl and galactosyl halides 12a,b and 26 afforded, after saponification, the desired aryl glycosides 7a,b. Six of these derivatives of ciprofloxacin-4a,b, 5a,b, and 6a,b-were subjected to microbiological screening. Of the six, compound 6a showed the highest activity. Since 6a would give the hydroxypropyl-substituted ciprofloxacin on hydrolysis and its activity is approximately 4-8 times less than that of ciprofloxacin (2), this implies that compound 6a is probably being actively transported. Thus preliminary results suggest that some of the compounds are stable in culture conditions and may be differentially transported by multiple resistant organisms. In some cases, the addition of a linker and a carbohydrate to ciprofloxacin lessens, but does not eliminate, antimicrobial activity.
An A2 + B3 Approach to Hyperbranched Aliphatic Polyethers Containing Chain End Epoxy Substituents (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTAn A2 + B3 Approach to Hyperbranched Aliphatic Polyethers Containing Chain End Epoxy SubstituentsTodd Emrick, Han-Ting Chang, and Jean M. J. FréchetView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460 Cite this: Macromolecules 1999, 32, 19, 6380–6382Publication Date (Web):August 20, 1999Publication History Received3 May 1999Revised27 July 1999Published online20 August 1999Published inissue 1 September 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma990687bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma990687brapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2010Altmetric-Citations258LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Monomers,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,Organic polymers,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Electrospinning-Derived “Hairy Seaweed” and Its Photoelectrochemical Properties (2013)

Highly porous three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanostructures suspended in aqueous media were facilely prepared via electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/indium tin oxide (ITO) nanofibers and collection of the hybrid nanofibers by water, followed by hydrothermally growing ZnO nanorods from the nanofibers. The large interfiber distances facilitated the uniform growth of the ZnO nanorods throughout the whole system. The suspended PAN/ITO nanofibers process excellent light trapping capability due to their centimeter-sized dimensions and hence large light penetration path. This significantly increases the probability of multiple-reflections, leading to high absorption with almost zero transmission when the size of the sample reaches 10 mm in the direction parallel to incident light. High photocurrent was generated when the nanorods-on-nanofibers was used as a photoanode. The high photocurrent density generated by the anode can be attributed to its excellent light-trapping capability brought by the large amount of interaction sites between the ZnO nanorods and light, its large contact area with electrolyte, as well as the conduction path constructed by high-content ITO nanoparticles.
Leader Transition Properties of Propagating Partial Discharges in SF<sub>6</sub> Gas and the Scaling Law under the Negative Lightning Impulse Voltage Application (2021)

This paper described leader transition properties of propagating partial discharges (PDs) in SF6 gas under the negative standard lightning voltage application with taking into consideration of effects of Trichel pulses and displacement current flowing between the PDs intermittently generated and around the wave front of the impulse voltage. Also, the scaling laws related to critical charge amount Qcr for the leader transition, leader step length ΔL and leader step time τLD were applied to the obtained results to discuss the applicability and difference in the polarity effect. As a result, the valuable negative PD's data to allow to apply the scaling las were obtained from this study. It was revealed that the distinctive displacement current, i.e. gradient of the wave front of the impulse voltage with relatively higher amplitude, and Trichel pulses during the negative polarity discharges can affect the leader transition, and change of the capacitance by propagating PDs also affects the leader transition as well as the scaling law with a parameter of dV/dt because the displacement current flowing thorough the discharge channel is influenced by the capacitance.
A More Realistic Approach to Information-Theoretic Sum Capacity of Reverse Link CDMA Systems in a Single Cell (2007)

We discuss the information-theoretic approach to finding the pattern of transmission powers of the stations in a CDMA system which maximizes the aggregate capacity of the reverse link. This optimization problem is solved subject to a set of constraints. Previous research has suggested a minimum guaranteed quality of service plus bounds on individual transmission powers and the aggregate transmitted power as the constraints. Solving this problem, it is found out that the solution is very prone to including one station which transmits at a rate a hundred times as much as the others. Thus, it is concluded that the above constraints are not enough to produce a solution which can be realized in an actual system. It is suggested that lack of any constraint which explicitly controls either the maximum capacity of each station or the unfairness of the whole system is responsible for this shortcoming. We include a maximum capacity constraint into the formulation and propose an algorithm for solving the resulting optimization problem. Then, empirical evidence are analyzed to show that the system actually becomes more balanced and practical after the new constraint is added to it.
Optimization of optical systems for LED spot lights concerning the color uniformity (2014)

Spotlighting is one illumination field where the application of light emitting diodes (LED) creates many advantages. Commonly, the system for spot lights consists of a LED light engine and collimating secondary optics. Through angular or spatial separated emitted light from the source and imaging optical elements, a non uniform far field appears with colored rings, dots or patterns. Many feasible combinations result in very different spatial color distributions. Several combinations of three multi-chip light sources and secondary optical elements like reflectors and TIR lenses with additional facets or scattering elements were analyzed mainly regarding the color uniformity. They are assessed by the merit function U<sub>sl</sub> which was derived from human factor experiments and describes the color uniformity based on the visual perception of humans. Furthermore, the optical systems are compared concerning efficiency, peak candela and aspect ratio. Both types of optics differ in the relation between the color uniformity level and other properties. A plain reflector with a slightly color mixing light source performs adequate. The results for the TIR lenses indicate that they need additional elements for good color mixing or blended light source. The most convenient system depends on the requirements of the application.
Composite thin films of CdSe nanocrystals and a surface passivating/electron transporting block copolymer: Correlations between film microstructure by transmission electron microscopy and electroluminescence (1999)

We present a microscopic characterization of composite thin films made of CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) dispersed in a polynorbornene-based block copolymer with surface-passivating and electron transport functionalities. We used two types of nanocrystals, CdSe with pure organic capping groups (“bare”) and CdSe–ZnS core-shell nanocrystals, also capped on the outer surface with organic groups. The composite thin films are incorporated in heterostructure light emitting devices where they serve as both the electron transport layer and the emissive layer. A thin layer of self-assembled poly (phenylene vinylene) (PPV) is used as the hole transport layer. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the film structure in plan view and in cross section. The TEM analysis uncovered distinct and complex differences between the microstructures of thin films containing bare and ZnS overcoated nanocrystals. We found a strong correlation between the composite film microstructure and the corresponding electroluminescence (EL) spectra as well as the device performance. For example, the presence of phase separation at low concentration and nanocrystal migration to the surface in films with ZnS overcoated particles, result in a large PPV contribution to the EL spectra. At higher concentrations, particles form connecting paths between the interfaces, resulting in spectra dominated by nanocrystal emission, but with a higher efficiency for bare particles.
A single-institution analysis of the utility of pre-induction ejection fraction measurement in patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (2014)

Anthracyclines, a standard component of induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are known to be cardiotoxic. Existing evidence supporting routine baseline pre-induction cardiac function testing is limited. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 119 consecutive patients diagnosed with AML at our center from 2009 to 2012. In the 76 patients for whom induction chemotherapy was planned, baseline ejection fraction measurements were rarely abnormal (four cases), and in none of these abnormal cases did the result change management decisions. Awaiting LVEF evaluation results led to a delay in chemotherapy administration by a mean of approximately 2 days at significant additional costs to the healthcare system. Routine baseline ejection fraction measurement should be abandoned as it does not change management, results in treatment delay and unnecessary healthcare expenditures. More selective baseline testing, preferentially in patients in whom there is a clinical reason of cardiac disease, should be pursued.
ChemInform Abstract: Methodology for Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyridines via Intramolecular Oximino Malonate Hetero Diels—Alder Reactions. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Computation of Image Spatial Entropy Using Quadrilateral Markov Random Field (2009)

Shannon entropy is a powerful tool in image analysis, but its reliable computation from image data faces an inherent dimensionality problem that calls for a low-dimensional and closed form model for the pixel value distributions. The most promising such models are Markovian, however, the conventional Markov random field is hampered by noncausality and its causal versions are also not free of difficulties. For example, the Markov mesh random field has its own limitations due to the strong diagonal dependency in its local neighboring system. A new model, named quadrilateral Markov random field (QMRF) is introduced in this paper in order to overcome these limitations. A property of QMRF with neighboring size of 2 is then used to decompose an image prior into a product of 2-D joint pdfs in which they are estimated using a joint histogram under the homogeneity assumption. In addition, the paper includes an extension of the introduced method to the computation of image spatial mutual information. Comparisons on synthesized images as well as two applications with real images are presented to motivate the developments in this paper and demonstrate the advantages in the performance of the introduced method over the existing ones.
The Anticancer Potential of Psidium guajava (Guava) Extracts (2023)

The fruits, leaves, and bark of the guava (<i>Psidium guajava</i>) tree have traditionally been used to treat a myriad of ailments, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. The various parts of the plant have been shown to exhibit medicinal properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Recent studies have shown that the bioactive phytochemicals of several parts of the <i>P. guajava</i> plant exhibit anticancer activity. This review aims to present a concise summary of the in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the anticancer activity of the plant against various human cancer cell lines and animal models, including the identified phytochemicals that contributes to their activity via the different mechanisms. In vitro growth and cell viability studies, such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, and the trypan blue exclusion test, were conducted using <i>P. guajava</i> extracts and their biomolecules to assess their effects on human cancer cell lines. Numerous studies have showcased that the <i>P. guajava</i> plant and its bioactive molecules, especially those extracted from its leaves, selectively suppress the growth of human cancer cells without cytotoxicity against the normal cells. This review presents the potential of the extracts of <i>P. guajava</i> and the bioactive molecules derived from it, to be utilized as a feasible alternative or adjuvant treatment for human cancers. The availability of the plant also contributes towards its viability as a cancer treatment in developing countries.