gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy Requirements for Desalinating Brackish Groundwater in the United States (2017)

Water shortages have motivated growing interest in desalinating brackish groundwater to meet fresh water requirements. Since the 1960s, only one national assessment of groundwater resource distribution and availability has been conducted in the United States, and no national assessment has been conducted on the energy costs required to make brackish groundwater potable. Yet, various organizations have collected more hydrological and chemical data from the increasing number of wells. Groundwater’s far more complex and diverse chemical composition, compared to that of seawater, makes a large-scale analysis of the resource especially valuable. This paper uses chemical and physical data from groundwater samples, compiled by U.S. Geological Survey in August 2016 from 17 sources for over 100,000 groundwater wells across the United States, to conduct a national assessment on groundwater composition and desalination energy costs. First, the paper investigates the geographic distribution of groundwater composition and reveals that composition varies largely throughout the U.S. Then, a thermodynamic analysis of the least work of separation is developed. This analysis is used to evaluate the site-specific least work of separation required for desalination, which serves as a baseline for groundwater desalination energy costs in the U.S. As with composition, least work of separation varies considerably across the nation. Lastly, areas with both low least work of separation and high water stress are determined in order to highlight regions that hold potential for desalination to reduce the gap between high water demand and low water supply.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION NEAR A CRACK TIP IN β-SILICON NITRIDE(Special Issue on Hierarchical Estimations of Materials Strength) (1999)

The stress distribution near a crack tip and crack propagation in a β-silicon nitride crystal are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A crack propagates when K I is greater than 0.7 MPa√m. On the other hand, it shrinks when K I is smaller than 0.65 MPa√m, indicating that the K IC value is about 0.7 MPa√m. This value agrees well with that calculated using Griffith's theory. The stress distribution near the crack tip for K I is 0.7 MPa√m, i.e. the case when the crack stops, is calculated from the MD results, assuming that the stress is the average of the atomic stresses. The calculated stress distribution is in good agreement with the linear elastic solution.
Imaging sub-nanomolar concentrations through more than five centimeters of tissue with time-domain diffuse fluorescence tomography? (2011)

The superior sensitivity and dynamic range of photodetection using time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technology can extend the diameter of specimens that can be imaged with fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) and extend the minimum fluorescence concentration that can be reconstructed. To test these limits, a multi-modal system combining microcomputed tomography (microCT) and time-domain TCSPC FMT was used to image a 5 cm-diameter tissue-simulating cylindrical phantom containing an inclusion of various concentrations of AlexaFluor 647, mixed with 1% intralipid in water. This was repeated at lower concentrations for a 2.5 cm-diameter cylindrical phantom. Fluorescence tomography images were reconstructed using the structural information obtained from the microCT (outer surface of the interrogated sample) as prior information for light transport modeling. Results are presented showing that the location of the fluorescent inclusion can be reconstructed down to nanomolar concentrations in the 5 cm phantom and down to sub-nanomolar concentrations in the 25 mm phantom. The ability to reconstruct fluorescence images of these phantoms demonstrates that an unprecedented level of sensitivity can be achieved with time-domain TCSPC fluorescence tomography allowing this technology to be used for applications involving animals larger than mice as well as for applications where limited contrast is available.
[Replication of an isolate of human rotavirus on human cells cultured in vitro: observation by electron microscopy]. (1981)

Replication of human rotaviruses on cultured human cells obtained from an intestinal carcinoid tumor was observed by electron microscopy. No enzymatic pretreatment of either the cell monolayers or the inoculum was needed. The characteristics of the vital progeny are discussed.
Cross-plane Seebeck coefficient and Lorenz number in superlattices (2007)

Low dimensional and nanostructured materials have shown great potential to achieve much higher thermoelectric figure of merits than their bulk counterparts. Here, we study the thermoelectric properties of superlattices in the cross-plane direction using the Boltzmann transport equation and taking into account multiple minibands. Poisson equation is solved self-consistently to include the effect of charge transfer and band bending in the potential profile. The model is verified with the experimental data of cross-plane Seebeck coefficient for a superlattice structure with different doping concentrations. The simulations show that thermoelectric properties of superlattices are quite different from those of bulk materials because the electronic band structure is modified by the periodic potential. The Lorenz numbers of superlattices are surprisingly large at low carrier concentrations and deviate far away from the Wiedemann-Franz law for bulk materials. Under some conditions, the Lorenz number could be reduced by 50% compared to the bulk value. Most significantly, the Seebeck coefficient and the Lorenz number of superlattices do not change monotonically with doping concentration. An oscillatory behavior is observed. The effects of temperature and well and barrier thicknesses on the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient and Lorenz number are also investigated.
ADEN: Adaptive Energy Efficient Network of Flying Robots Monitoring over Disaster Hit Area (2012)

The post disaster mitigation is the immediate task to be carried out in disaster affected areas in order to reduce the extent of damage and for early rehabilitation and reconstruction. This paper proposes a design framework for an optimal control strategy to efficiently perform surveillance over a wide disaster hit area using a network of flying robots to determine the extent of damage promptly so that the rescue operation can be carried out efficiently. The main focus of the paper is to develop a low cost and an adaptive energy efficient strategy with less power dissipation and delay compared to traditional methods. The routing protocol proposed in the paper efficiently determines the best route by taking account of the residual energy, signal strength and various environmental factors. Simulation results show that the proposed routing scheme achieves much higher performance than the classical routing protocols.
Establishment of multiple sublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control (2006)

Preparedness for a possible influenza pandemic caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A subtype H5N1 has become a global priority. The spread of the virus to Europe and continued human infection in Southeast Asia have heightened pandemic concern. It remains unknown from where the pandemic strain may emerge; current attention is directed at Vietnam, Thailand, and, more recently, Indonesia and China. Here, we report that genetically and antigenically distinct sublineages of H5N1 virus have become established in poultry in different geographical regions of Southeast Asia, indicating the long-term endemicity of the virus, and the isolation of H5N1 virus from apparently healthy migratory birds in southern China. Our data show that H5N1 influenza virus, has continued to spread from its established source in southern China to other regions through transport of poultry and bird migration. The identification of regionally distinct sublineages contributes to the understanding of the mechanism for the perpetuation and spread of H5N1, providing information that is directly relevant to control of the source of infection in poultry. It points to the necessity of surveillance that is geographically broader than previously supposed and that includes H5N1 viruses of greater genetic and antigenic diversity.
Phase 2 study of the lenalidomide and azacitidine combination in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (2012)

Lenalidomide and azacitidine each have activity in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients, where both microenvironment and cell-regulatory mechanisms contribute to disease pathogenesis. The objective of this multicenter, phase 2 expansion trial was to determine the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with azacitidine (75 mg/m(2)/d for 5 days) and lenalidomide (10 mg/d for 21 days; 28-day cycle) in patients with higher-risk MDS. Among 36 patients enrolled (18 phase 1, 18 phase 2), median age was 68 years (range, 47-78 years) and follow-up was 12 months (range, 3-55 years). IPSS categories included intermediate-1 (n = 5 patients with excess blasts), intermediate-2 (20), and high (11). Common grade 3/4 nonhematologic adverse events included febrile neutropenia (22% of patients), other infection (11%), pulmonary (11%), cardiac (11%), constitutional (11%), and dermatologic (11%). The overall response rate (per modified MDS International Working Group criteria) was 72%: 16 patients (44%) achieved a complete response (CR), and 10 (28%) had hematologic improvement. Median CR duration was 17+ months (range, 3-39+); median overall survival was 37+ months (range, 7-55+) for CR patients, and 13.6 months for the entire cohort (range, 3-55). TET2/DNMT3A/IDH1/2 mutational status was associated with response in a limited number of patients. The lenalidomide/azacitidine combination is well-tolerated and highly active in treating greater-risk MDS.
Combustion System Damping Augmentation With Helmholtz Resonators (1999)

This paper describes an analytical and experimental investigation to enhance combustion system operability using side branch resonators. First, a simplified model of the combustion system dynamics is developed in which the large amplitude pressure oscillations encountered at the operability limit are viewed as limit cycle oscillations of an initially linear instability. Under this assumption, increasing the damping of the small amplitude combustion system dynamics will increase combustor operability. The model is then modified to include side branch resonators. The parameters describing the side branch resonators and their coupling to the combustion system are identified, and their influence on system stability is examined. The parameters of the side branch resonator are optimized to maximize damping augmentation and frequency robustness. Secondly, the model parameters for the combustor and side branch resonator dynamics are identified from experimental data. The analytical model predicts the observed trends in combustor operability as a function of the resonator parameters and is shown to be a useful guide in developing resonators to improve the operability of combustion systems. [S0742-4795(00)00602-5]
Nanoscale Structure, Composition, and Charge Transport Analysis of Transparent Conducting Oxide Nanowires Written by Focused Ion Beam Implantation (2010)

Realizing optically transparent functional circuitry continues to fuel scientific and technological interest in transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). However, precise means for creating transparent interconnects for device-to-device integration has remained elusive. Here we report on the chemical, microstructural, and electronic properties of transparent conducting oxide nanowires (Ga-doped In(2)O(3)) created by direct-write focused ion beam (Ga(+)) implantation within an insulating oxide substrate (In(2)O(3)). First, methodology for preparing TEM-ready samples is presented that enables detailed TEM-based analysis of individual nanowires. Differences in diffraction features between doped and undoped oxide regions, accompanied by RTA results, support a model in which oxygen vacancies and amorphization comprise the predominant doping/carrier creation mechanism. The same isolated nanowires are then subjected to chemical profiling, providing quantitative information on the lateral Ga doping dimensions, which are in good agreement with conductive AFM images. Furthermore, spatially selective nanoscale EELS spectroscopy provides additional evidence for changes in the oxygen site chemical environment in the FIB-processed/doped In(2)O(3), and for negligible changes in the surrounding non-FIB-processed/undoped oxide. The nanowires exhibit ohmic electrical behavior and with an average estimated conductivity of 1600-3600 S cm(-1), similar to macroscale Ga-doped In(2)O(3) films grown by conventional processes.
Posterolateral approach to intradural extramedullary thoracic tumors (1994)

Six ventrally located intradural thoracic tumors were successfully resected through the posterolateral approach. This approach allows direct visualization of the ventral and dorsal boundaries of the tumor with minimal manipulation of the spinal cord. Compared to the traditional laminectomy, the operative time is increased but visualization of the tumor and spinal cord is markedly improved. Compared to the transthoracic approach, the posterolateral approach has fewer potential complications and eliminates the necessity of vertebrectomy. Neurological improvement occurred in all six patients. It is believed that this approach offers significant advantages for the treatment of ventrally located intradural thoracic tumors, and should be considered an alternative to the transthoracic approach.
Long-term results of postoperative intrathoracic chemo-thermotherapy for lung cancer with pleural dissemination (1993)

These results strongly suggest that in patients with pleural dissemination, PICT may be beneficial for regional disease control and improvement of survival, particularly for patients without mediastinal lymph node involvement.
Antitumor imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazines: compounds modified at the 3-position overcome resistance in human glioblastoma cell lines (2016)

Imidazotetrazines substituted at the N-3 position overcome resistance or tolerance to temozolomide conferred, respectively, by MGMT or DNA MMR defects.
Simple Prediction of Nonlinear Frequency Response for MEMS Diaphragm with Initial Deformation (2023)

A simple method for predicting the nonlinear frequency response of the MEMS diaphragm with initial deformation is proposed in this study. The prediction consists of static analysis based on a finite-element-analysis and numerical analysis based on a normalized motion of equation. For piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers with different initial deformations (one flat and the other warped upward), their frequency responses are predicted. Typical hardening spring and mixed spring of hardening and softening are predicted for the flat and the upward-warped diaphragms, respectively. Since the trends of the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement, the proposed procedure is useful for the nonlinear frequency response.
The Reaction of Ketone Enolates with a δ-Oxo Phosphonate: A Carbanion-Based [4 + 2] Annulation (2001)

The reaction of ketone enolates with phosphonate aldehyde 3 followed by acetylation and cyclization represents a useful carbanion-based strategy for the appendage of a functionalized six-membered ring.
Ethnic differences in atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure from Asia-Pacific (2019)

ACTRN12610000374066.
Accuracy of Inverse Composite Laminate Characterization via the Mesh Free Random Grid Method (2009)

The present paper reports on the progress towards the evaluation of the Mesh Free Random Grid Method (MFRGM) for the inverse constitutive characterization of composite materials. The method provides the capability for the remote (non contact) measurement of displacement and strain fields of structures bounded by flat surfaces that deform under various mechanical and generalized loading conditions. The known forward solution of an anisotropic plate with an open hole, loaded at infinity, is used to generate synthetic images MFRG. The inverse problem for determining the constitutive parameters formulated directly on the generalized constitutive law. Performance of the technique is evaluated by the usage of just one frame corresponding to one set of strain state for various amounts of noise. The evaluation is repeated by utilizing frames corresponding to different rotations of the laminate relative to the loading direction. Finally the exceedingly accurate behavior of the methodology is discussed.
A versatile synthesis of “tafuramycin A”: a potent anticancer and parasite attenuating agent (2014)

An improved and versatile synthesis of tafuramycin A, a potent anticancer and parasite-attenuating agent, is reported. The three major improvements that optimized yield, simplified purification and allowed the synthesis of more versatile duocarmycin analogues are: a first-time reported regioselective bromination using DMAP as catalyst; the control of the aryl radical alkene cyclization step to prevent the dechlorination side reaction; and the design of a new protection/deprotection method to avoid furan double bond reduction during the classical O-benzyl deprotection in the final step. This alternative protection/deprotection strategy provides ready access to duocarmycin seco-analogues that carry labile functionalities under reducing reaction conditions. Tafuramycin A (3) was prepared in either 8 steps from intermediate 6 or 7 steps from intermediate 17 in 52% or 37% yield respectively. Our strategy provides a significant improvement on the original procedure (11% overall yield) and greater versatility for analogue development.
The propensity for tumorigenesis in human induced pluripotent stem cells is related with genomic instability (2012)

The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs) is a promising advancement in the field of regenerative medicine. Previous studies have indicated that the teratoma-forming propensity of iPSCs is variable; however, the relationship between tumorigenic potential and genomic instability in human iPSCs (HiPSCs) remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we evaluated the malignant potential of HiPSCs by using both colony formation assays and tumorigenicity tests. We demonstrated that HiPSCs formed tumorigenic colonies when grown in cancer cell culture medium and produced malignancies in immunodeficient mice. Furthermore, we analyzed genomic instability in HiPSCs using whole-genome copy number variation analysis and determined that the extent of genomic instability was related with both the cells' propensity to form colonies and their potential for tumorigenesis. These findings indicate a risk for potential malignancy of HiPSCs derived from genomic instability and suggest that quality control tests, including comprehensive tumorigenicity assays and genomic integrity validation, should be rigorously executed before the clinical application of HiPSCs. In addition, HiPSCs should be generated through the use of combined factors or other approaches that decrease the likelihood of genomic instability.
Write barrier elision for concurrent garbage collectors (2004)

Concurrent garbage collectors require write barriers to preserve consistency, but these barriers impose significant direct and indirect costs. While there has been a lot of work on optimizing write barriers, we present the first study of their elision in a concurrent collector. We show conditions under which write barriers are redundant, and describe how these conditions can be applied to both incremental update or snapshot-at-the-beginning barriers. We then evaluate the potential for write barrier elimination with a trace-based limit study, which shows that a significant percentage of write barriers are redundant. On average, 54% of incremental barriers and 83% of snapshot barriers are unnecessary.
Data from MicroRNAs modulate the chemosensitivity of tumor cells (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;MicroRNAs are strongly implicated in such processes as development, carcinogenesis, cell survival, and apoptosis. It is likely, therefore, that they can also modulate sensitivity and resistance to anticancer drugs in substantial ways. To test this hypothesis, we studied the pharmacologic roles of three microRNAs previously implicated in cancer biology (let-7i, mir-16, and mir-21) and also used in silico methods to test pharmacologic microRNA effects more broadly. In the experimental system, we increased the expression of individual microRNAs by transfecting their precursors (which are active) or suppressed the expression by transfection of antisense oligomers. In three NCI-60 human cancer cell lines, a panel of 60 lines used for anticancer drug discovery, we assessed the growth-inhibitory potencies of 14 structurally diverse compounds with known anticancer activities. Changing the cellular levels of let-7i, mir-16, and mir-21 affected the potencies of a number of the anticancer agents by up to 4-fold. The effect was most prominent with mir-21, with 10 of 28 cell-compound pairs showing significant shifts in growth-inhibitory activity. Varying mir-21 levels changed potencies in opposite directions depending on compound class; indicating that different mechanisms determine toxic and protective effects. In silico comparison of drug potencies with microRNA expression profiles across the entire NCI-60 panel revealed that ∼30 microRNAs, including mir-21, show highly significant correlations with numerous anticancer agents. Ten of those microRNAs have already been implicated in cancer biology. Our results support a substantial role for microRNAs in anticancer drug response, suggesting novel potential approaches to the improvement of chemotherapy. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(1):1–9]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Escherichia coli Arabinose Isomerase and Staphylococcus aureus Tagatose-6-Phosphate Isomerase: Which is a Better Template for Directed Evolution of Non-Natural Substrate Isomerization? (2010)

Metallic and non-metallic isomerases can be used to produce commercially important monosaccharides. To determine which category of isomerase is more suitable as a template for directed evolution to improve enzymes for galactose isomerization, L-arabinose isomerase from Escherichia coli (ECAI; E.C. 5.3.1.4) and tagatose-6-phosphate isomerase from Staphylococcus aureus (SATI; E.C. 5.3.1.26) were chosen as models of a metallic and non-metallic isomerase, respectively. Random mutations were introduced into the genes encoding ECAI and SATI at the same rate, resulting in the generation of 515 mutants of each isomerase. The isomerization activity of each of the mutants toward a non-natural substrate (galactose) was then measured. With an average mutation rate of 0.2 mutations/kb, 47.5% of the mutated ECAIs showed an increase in activity compared with wild-type ECAI, and the remaining 52.5% showed a decrease in activity. Among the mutated SATIs, 58.6% showed an increase in activity, whereas 41.4% showed a decrease in activity. Mutant clones showing a significant change in relative activity were sequenced and specific increases in activity were measured. The maximum increase in activity achieved by mutation of ECAI was 130%, and that for SATI was 190%. Based on these results, the characteristics of the different isomerases are discussed in terms of their usefulness for directed evolution of non-natural substrate isomerization.
The inverse-square law and quantum gravity (1989)

A program is described which measures the gravitational acceleration of antiprotons. This idea was approached from a particle physics point of view. That point of view is examined starting with some history of physics over the last 200 years.