gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Y3Al5O12 (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) (2008)

Polycrystalline Y3Al5O12 was fabricated using two different processing routes, sintering and hot-pressing; and the mechanical properties of the resulting material were evaluated. YAG powder was produced using a mixed alkoxide method. Bend bars of the sintered and hot-pressed samples were used in a 4-pt. bend test to obtain fracture strength and fracture toughness values. The hot-pressed YAG had a strength of 234 MPa at room temperature, while the sintered YAG had a strength of only 102 MPa. The strength of hot-pressed YAG was found to decrease sharply beyond 1400°C. The fracture toughness of the material was approximately 1.5 MPa · m1/2 at room temperature with a gradual drop to 1.3 MPa · m1/2 at 1400°C. The sintered YAG had a similar fracture toughness value of 1.2 MPa · m1/2.
Poly(Propylene Amine) Dendrimers with Peripheral Dansyl Units:  Protonation, Absorption Spectra, Photophysical Properties, Intradendrimer Quenching, and Sensitization Processes (1999)

We report the preparation, absorption spectra, and photophysical properties (fluorescence spectrum, quantum yield, and lifetime) of five dendrimers of the poly(propylene amine) family (POPAMs) functionalized with dansyl units at the periphery. Each dendrimer nD, where n = 1 to 5 is the generation number, comprises 2(n+1) (i.e., 64 for 5D) dansyl functions in the periphery and 2(n+1) - 2 (i.e., 62 for 5D) tertiary amine units in the branches. In acetonitrile/dichloromethane solution each dansyl unit of the dendrimers exhibits the characteristic properties of a monodansyl model compound. Upon addition of trifluoroacetic or triflic acid, the absorption and emission bands of the dansyl units are gradually replaced by the absorption and emission bands of the protonated dansyl unit. In the case of the dendrimers the titration curves obtained from the changes in emission intensity do not match those obtained from the changes in absorbance. Furthermore, each dendrimer exhibits a different titration curve. The results obtained show that protonation first involves tertiary amine groups of the interior and then the dansyl units of the periphery. In the dendrimers containing both protonated and unprotonated dansyl units, the fluorescence of the protonated units is partly quenched. Corrected excitation spectra have shown that the quenching is due to energy transfer from the excited protonated to the ground-state unprotonated dansyl units, with a consequent amplification of the changes in the fluorescent signals that accompany the protonation/deprotonation of the dansyl units.
Modeling Uncertainty in Preliminary Design: A Short Review (1995)

Abstract Several mathematical theories exist for modeling uncertainty, and this paper explores the use of three different techniques for modeling judgment in preliminary engineering design. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each theory are discussed from an applied perspective based on experience with prototype systems. These techniques include the Dempster-Shafer theory, Bayesian Belief Networks, and Fuzzy Systems. Additionally, the relative merits and limitations of each technique are discussed in a qualitative manner drawing on experience gained with each model. Conclusions are drawn about the effectiveness of these techniques for representing uncertainty in preliminary engineering design.
The Discovery of the Bone-Active Agent Risedronate, and Bisphosphonate Structure-Activity Considerations Including the Aminophenylethane Phosphonate Series (1999)

(1999). The Discovery of the Bone-Active Agent Risedronate, and Bisphosphonate Structure-Activity Considerations Including the Aminophenylethane Phosphonate Series. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements: Vol. 144, No. 1, pp. 9-12.
Region 10 Chapter Chairs Meeting at A-SSCC 2019 [Society News] (2020)

Reports on SSCS society meetings and events.
Locally Efficient Estimation with Current Status Data and Time-Dependent Covariates (1998)

Abstract In biostatistical applications, interest often focuses on the estimation of the distribution of a failure time variable T. If one observes only whether or not T exceeds an observed monitoring time C, then the data structure is called current status data, also known as interval-censored data, case I. We extend the data structure by allowing the presence of a possibly time-dependent covariate process which is observed up till the monitoring time C. We follow the approach of Robins and Rotnitzky by modeling the hazard of C conditional on the failure time variable and the covariate-process (i.e., the missingness or censoring process) under the restriction that the missingness (monitoring) process satisfies coarsening at random. Because of the curse of dimensionality, no globally efficient nonparametric estimators with a good practical performance at moderate sample sizes exist. We introduce an inverse probability of censoring weighted estimator of the distribution and of smooth functionals of this distribution that are guaranteed to be consistent and asymptotically normal if we have available a correctly specified parametric or semiparametric model for the missingness process. Furthermore, given a correctly specified model for the missingness process, we propose a locally efficient one-step estimator whose asymptotic variance attains the efficiency bound, if we correctly specify a lower-dimensional model for the conditional distribution of T given the covariates. The estimator remains consistent and asymptotically normal even if this latter submodel is misspecified. We conclude with a simulation experiment and a data analysis.
The P387 thrombospondin‐4 variant promotes accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions (2020)

Abstract Thrombospondin‐4 (TSP4) is a pro‐angiogenic protein that has been implicated in tissue remodeling and local vascular inflammation. TSP4 and, in particular, its SNP variant, P387 TSP4, have been associated with cardiovascular disease. Macrophages are central to initiation and resolution of inflammation and development of atherosclerotic lesions, but the effects of the P387 TSP4 on macrophages remain essentially unknown. We examined the effects of the P387 TSP4 variant on macrophages in cell culture and in vivo in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the levels and distributions of the two TSP4 variants were assessed in human atherosclerotic arteries. In ApoE – /– /P387‐TSP4 knock‐in mice, lesions size measured by Oil Red O did not change, but the lesions accumulated more macrophages than lesions bearing A387 TSP4. The levels of inflammatory markers were increased in lesions of ApoE – / – /P387‐TSP4 knock‐in mice compared to ApoE – / – mice. Lesions in human arteries from individuals carrying the P387 variant had higher levels of TSP4 and higher macrophage accumulation. P387 TSP4 was more active in supporting adhesion of cultured human and mouse macrophages in experiments using recombinant TSP4 variants and in cells derived from P387‐TSP4 knock‐in mice. TSP4 supports the adhesion of macrophages and their accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions without changing the size of lesions. P387 TSP4 is more active in supporting these pro‐inflammatory events in the vascular wall, which may contribute to the increased association of P387 TSP4 with cardiovascular disease.
Achieving Low Magnetic Flux Density and Low Electric Field Intensity for a Loosely Coupled Inductive Wireless Power Transfer System (2018)

In most loosely coupled inductive wireless power transfer systems, the air-gap magnetic flux density between coils is still far above the safety limit, which is a potential threat to human beings and animals. In addition, less attention is paid to the air-gap electric field intensity, which increases significantly as the operating frequency and the number of turns increase. In this paper, a multi-kW loosely coupled inductive wireless power transfer system general design methodology that can inherently achieve low air-gap center plane magnetic flux density and electric field intensity is proposed. The coil-to-coil efficiency, magnetic and electric field distributions of different winding configurations are compared. The effects of coil radius, number of turns, interturn distance, transfer distance, and operating frequency on transfer efficiency, and magnetic and electric field distributions are investigated. The proposed methodology is evaluated with a 3 kW, 30 cm distance wireless power transfer design example by finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment tests.
Highly efficient bipolar host materials towards solution-processable blue and green thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light emitting diodes (2018)

Simple structured bipolar host materials boosted the device performance of solution processable blue and green thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light emitting diodes.
Impact of Surfactant on the Retention of CO2 and Methane in Carbonate Reservoirs (2018)

Enhanced gas recovery methods such as foamed CO2 are recommended for depleted gas reservoirs. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) is a form of a surfactant used for forming CO2 foam. In this study, the impact of VES on CH4 and CO2 retention and adsorption in calcite rock samples was studied. Crushed samples of Indiana limestone rocks of average particle size (125–250 μm) were used in the static adsorption experiments. To study the effect of VES on CH4 and CO2 adsorption, 50% of the crushed samples were conditioned in a solution of NaCl of 0.1 vol % surfactant. X-ray diffraction shows that the rock samples are 99.99% calcite and traces of quartz. The gas adsorption experiments were performed at different temperatures; namely; 50, 100, and 150 °C and at a pressure of 45 bar. At 50 °C, the plain calcite samples adsorbed more CH4 and CO2 compared to that treated with VES. However, at 100 and 150 °C, the plain sample adsorbed much less CH4 and CO2 than the treated sample. This means that at higher temperatures (100 and 150 °C) VES enhanced the adsorption of both CO2 and CH4 on the rock surface. Thermodynamic investigations showed that the process of gas adsorption in the plain samples was exothermic with ΔHads of −13.5 and −16.7 kJ/mol for CO2 and CH4, respectively, and at 50 °C the adsorption was spontaneous with ΔGads of −0.425 for CH4 and −2.599 for CO2. In contrast, at higher temperatures (100 and 150 °C), the adsorption of CO2 and CH4 on surfactant treated sample was spontaneous and endothermic with corresponding ΔHads of 36.2 and 60.1 kJ/mol and ΔGads of −4.701 and −0.581 for CO2 and CH4, respectively. The adsorption of CO2 was three times that of CH4 because of the high affinity of calcite to CO2. Because of the multilayer adsorption on both samples, Freundlich isotherm was found to be the best model that fits the experimental data of calcite with both CO2 and CH4 at different temperatures. Dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out using gas coreflooding system with the same calcite cores used in the static adsorption experiments. The results of this study showed that carbonate rock samples conditioned in the surfactant solution have great adsorption potential for CO2 and are excellent candidates for CO2 sequestration. However, surfactant promoted high CH4 adsorption at 100 and 150 °C, and this will reduce the natural gas recovery. In contrast, using viscoelastic surfactant at low-temperature reservoirs (50 °C) reduced CH4 adsorption by blocking the active adsorption sites in the carbonate rock samples, and this will increase the gas recovery.
The Electron Injection Spectrum Determined by Anomalous Excesses in Cosmic Ray, Gamma Ray, and Microwave Signals (2010)

Recent cosmic ray, gamma ray, and microwave signals observed by Fermi, PAMELA, and WMAP indicate an unexpected primary source of e+e- at 10-1000 GeV. We fit these data to "standard backgrounds" plus a new source, assumed to be a separable function of position and energy. For the spatial part, we consider three cases: annihilating dark matter, decaying dark matter, and pulsars. In each case, we use GALPROP to inject energy in log-spaced energy bins and compute the expected cosmic-ray and photon signals for each bin. We then fit a linear combination of energy bins, plus backgrounds, to the data. We use a non-parametric fit, with no prior constraints on the spectrum except smoothness and non-negativity. In addition, we consider arbitrary modifications to the energy spectrum of the "ordinary" primary source function, fixing its spatial part, finding this alone to be inadequate to explain the PAMELA or WMAP signals. We explore variations in the fits due to choice of magnetic field, primary electron injection index, spatial profiles, propagation parameters, and fit regularization method. Dark matter annihilation fits well, where our fit finds a mass of ~1 TeV and a boost factor times energy fraction of ~70. While it is possible for dark matter decay and pulsars to fit the data, unconventionally high magnetic fields and radiation densities are required near the Galactic Center to counter the relative shallowness of the assumed spatial profiles. We also fit to linear combinations of these three scenarios, though the fit is much less constrained.
Efficient, high-power, all-buIk spectral broadening in a quasi-waveguide (2017)

Summary form only given. The bandwidth of gain materials for high-power femtosecond lasers, mainly Yb:YAG, is fairly limited, allowing only > 100 fs long pulses to be generated efficiently in oscillators or near ps pulses from amplifiers. Therefore, additional pulse-compression, commonly employing solid or gas-filled fibres, is necessary to permit e.g. compact, MHz XUV sources or brilliant mid-infrared (MIR) sources for spectroscopy applications. The use of bulk materials offers some distinct advantages over fiber-based spectral broadening such as insensitivity to coupling or alignment as well as low cost. One of the drawbacks of bulk-based spectral broadening is the effect of self-focusing that spoils the beamprofile and compressibility. However, when the bulk material is set up for multiple passes of the pulse, emulating a waveguide, deterioration of the beam-profile can be suppressed and an effective spatial mixing of the spectrum can yield nearly perfectly compressible pulses. In our experiment the 140 fs long, 60 MW peakpower pulses from a 16 MHz, Yb:YAG KLM thin-disk oscillator were spectrally broadened and compressed to 32 fs in a very simple and compact setup. The nonlinear waveguide, consisted of spherical, curved HR-mirrors arranged as a stable waveguide with 9 passes through 6 mm fused silica windows. A chirped-mirror compressor with -4000 fs2 GDD reduced the pulse-duration to 60 fs upon which the pulse was re-imaged and returned for a second pass through the same waveguide. The spectrally broadened pulses were finally compressed and retrieved via second-harmonic FROG to yield 32 fs pulse-duration. To the best of our knowledge this is the shortest pulse-duration achieved in a high-average-power, bulk-based compressor. The power transmission through the whole setup was 95 % and the total average power of 136 W combined with the retrieved pulseshape were indicative of 230 MW peak-power. The beam had an M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x,y</sub> quality of 1.3 and 1.1 respectively with good focusability. The spatial-spectral distribution was uniform, allowing good overall compressibility despite the relatively high nonlinear phase-shifts of≈ 0.2 and 0.4 π per window-pass. The exceptionally good throughput efficiency as well as good agreement with simulations make us confident that this type of compression can lead to high-quality pulses in the few-cycle regime, rivalling the efficiency of fibers. The average-power scalability, robustness and low cost make it a very attractive approach for building long-term stable, high-power, femtosecond laser-systems in different wavelength ranges.
Recommendations for connecting molecular sequence and biodiversity research infrastructures through ELIXIR (2022)

<ns4:p>Threats to global biodiversity are increasingly recognised by scientists and the public as a critical challenge. Molecular sequencing technologies offer means to catalogue, explore, and monitor the richness and biogeography of life on Earth. However, exploiting their full potential requires tools that connect biodiversity infrastructures and resources. As a research infrastructure developing services and technical solutions that help integrate and coordinate life science resources across Europe, ELIXIR is a key player. To identify opportunities, highlight priorities, and aid strategic thinking, here we survey approaches by which molecular technologies help inform understanding of biodiversity. We detail example use cases to highlight how DNA sequencing is: resolving taxonomic issues; Increasing knowledge of marine biodiversity; helping understand how agriculture and biodiversity are critically linked; and playing an essential role in ecological studies. Together with examples of national biodiversity programmes, the use cases show where progress is being made but also highlight common challenges and opportunities for future enhancement of underlying technologies and services that connect molecular and wider biodiversity domains. Based on emerging themes, we propose key recommendations to guide future funding for biodiversity research: biodiversity and bioinformatic infrastructures need to collaborate closely and strategically; taxonomic efforts need to be aligned and harmonised across domains; metadata needs to be standardised and common data management approaches widely adopted; current approaches need to be scaled up dramatically to address the anticipated explosion of molecular data; bioinformatics support for biodiversity research needs to be enabled and sustained; training for end users of biodiversity research infrastructures needs to be prioritised; and community initiatives need to be proactive and focused on enabling solutions. For sequencing data to deliver their full potential they must be connected to knowledge: together, molecular sequence data collection initiatives and biodiversity research infrastructures can advance global efforts to prevent further decline of Earth’s biodiversity.</ns4:p>
Light Extraction Efficiency Enhancement of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Large‐Scale Nanopillar Arrays (2014)

A colloidal quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) is reported with substantially enhanced light extraction efficiency by applying a layer of large‐scale, low‐cost, periodic nanopillar arrays. Zinc oxide nanopillars are grown on the glass surface of the substrate using a simple, efficient method of non‐wetting templates. With the layer of ZnO nanopillar array as an optical outcoupling medium, a record high current efficiency (CE) of 26.6 cd/A is achieved for QLEDs. Consequently, the corresponding external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.34% reaches the highest EQE value for green‐emitting QLEDs. Also, the underlying physical mechanisms enabling the enhanced light‐extraction are investigated, which leads to an excellent agreement of the numerical results based on the mode theory with the experimental measurements. This study is the first account for QLEDs offering detailed insight into the light extraction efficiency enhancement of QLED devices. The method demonstrated here is intended to be useful not only for opening up a ubiquitous strategy for designing high‐performance QLEDs but also with respect to fundamental research on the light extraction in QLEDs.
Reclassification of family A DNA polymerases reveals novel functional subfamilies and distinctive structural features (2023)

Family A DNA polymerases (PolAs) form an important and well-studied class of extant polymerases participating in DNA replication and repair. Nonetheless, despite the characterization of multiple subfamilies in independent, dedicated works, their comprehensive classification thus far is missing. We therefore re-examine all presently available PolA sequences, converting their pairwise similarities into positions in Euclidean space, separating them into 19 major clusters. While 11 of them correspond to known subfamilies, eight had not been characterized before. For every group, we compile their general characteristics, examine their phylogenetic relationships and perform conservation analysis in the essential sequence motifs. While most subfamilies are linked to a particular domain of life (including phages), one subfamily appears in Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. We also show that two new bacterial subfamilies contain functional enzymes. We use AlphaFold2 to generate high-confidence prediction models for all clusters lacking an experimentally determined structure. We identify new, conserved features involving structural alterations, ordered insertions and an apparent structural incorporation of a uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) domain. Finally, genetic and structural analyses of a subset of T7-like phages indicate a splitting of the 3'-5' exo and pol domains into two separate genes, observed in PolAs for the first time.
A Survey of Unstructured Text Summarization Techniques (2014)

Due to the explosive amounts of text data being created and organizations increased desire to leverage their data corpora, especially with the availability of Big Data platforms, there is not usually enough time to read and understand each document and make decisions based on document contents. Hence, there is a great demand for summarizing text documents to provide a representative substitute for the original documents. By improving summarizing techniques, precision of document retrieval through search queries against summarized documents is expected to improve in comparison to querying against the full spectrum of original documents. Several generic text summarization algorithms have been developed, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, some algorithms are particularly good for summarizing short documents but not for long ones. Others perform well in identifying and summarizing single-topic documents but their precision degrades sharply with multi-topic documents. In this article we present a survey of the literature in text summarization. We also surveyed some of the most common evaluation methods for the quality of automated text summarization techniques. Last, we identified some of the challenging problems that are still open, in particular the need for a universal approach that yields good results for mixed types of documents.
Symbol error probability of time spread PPM signals in the presence of interference (2002)

Time spread (TS) pulse position modulation (PPM) signals have been proposed for CDMA applications, where envelope detection is employed instead of coherent detection for easier synchronization of PPM. A new method of deriving the symbol error probability (SEP) of TS PPM signals in the presence of interference is introduced. The analysis is based on the moment technique. The maximum entropy criterion for estimating an unknown probability density function (PDF) from its moments is applied to the evaluation of the PDF of the envelope detector output. Numerical results of the SEP are shown for 4, 8 and 16 PPM in the practical range of signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) and signal-to-interference power ratio (SIR) of 5, 10 and 20 dB. The SEP obtained by the union bound is also given for comparison. From the results it is noted that when the PPM multilevel number is small, the union bound goes near to the SEP obtained by the proposed method, but when it increases the difference of the SEP obtained by the bound and proposed method becomes larger.
Table S4 from NK Cells Mediate Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Combined Inhibition of HDAC6 and BET in a SCLC Preclinical Model (2023)

&lt;p&gt;List of GOrilla synergistic upregulated hits&lt;/p&gt;