gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realization of high efficiency in a plasma-assisted microwave source with two-dimensional electron motion (2003)

Summary form only given. A plasma-assisted slow wave oscillator (pasotron) may be operated without an external magnetic field allowing for radial motion of the electrons. This phenomenon has been exploited to achieve an increase in interaction efficiency from /spl sim/20% to /spl sim/50% by injecting electrons into the weak RF field region near the axis and having them bunch as they move axially and radially toward the surface of the slow wave circuit where RF fields are strong and efficient energy extraction occurs. Both in-situ diagnostics and analysis confirmed that the enhanced interaction efficiency is due to the fact that RF forces dominate the beam dynamics.
THE INCIDENCE OF NEPHROLITHIASIS IN PATIENTS WITH SPINAL NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (1999)

Bladder stones are common in patients with spinal neural tube defects but there are little data on the incidence of renal calculi in this population. We examined the incidence, nature and risk factors of nephrolithiasis in our clinic population of patients with neural tube defects.We retrospectively reviewed the charts and radiological studies of 327 patients followed at our neural tube defects clinic with routine radiological imaging of the urinary tract. Additional confirmatory studies were performed when stones were noted.Renal calculi were identified in 20 patients with neural tube defects (6.1%). The incidence of nephrolithiasis increased with age. Renal stones were noted in 19 patients (10.7%) 12 years old or older. Management of the stones in these patients resulted in overall 53% stone-free and 87% recurrence rates after intervention. Major risk factors for new and/or recurrent renal stone formation were bacteriuria in 95% of the cases, lower urinary tract reconstruction in 80%, pelvicalicectasis in 70%, vesicoureteral reflux in 65%, a thoracic level spinal defect in 60% and renal scarring in 55%.These data suggest that there is a higher incidence of nephrolithiasis in patients with neural tube defects than in the general population and the risk of stone recurrence is also elevated. Most patients with stones had undergone lower urinary tract reconstruction. Other risk factors were bacteriuria, pelvicalicectasis, vesicoureteral reflux and a thoracic level neural tube defect.
Diffusion tensor distribution imaging (2019)

Conventional diffusion MRI yields voxel-averaged parameters that suffer from ambiguities for heterogeneous anisotropic materials such as brain tissue. Using principles from solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we have previously introduced the shape of the diffusion encoding tensor as a separate acquisition dimension that disentangles isotropic and anisotropic contributions to the observed diffusivities, thereby allowing for unconstrained data inversion into diffusion tensor distributions with "size," "shape," and orientation dimensions. Here we combine our recent non-parametric data inversion algorithm and data acquisition protocol with an imaging pulse sequence to demonstrate spatial mapping of diffusion tensor distributions using a previously developed composite phantom with multiple isotropic and anisotropic components. We propose a compact format for visualizing two-dimensional arrays of the distributions, new scalar parameters quantifying intra-voxel heterogeneity, and a binning procedure giving maps of all relevant parameters for each of the components resolved in the multidimensional distribution space.
Distribution of interspersed repeats (Alu and Kpn) on NotI restriction fragments of human chromosome 21. (1992)

Interspersed repeated sequences (Alu and Kpn) were used as probes to detect a set of Not I restriction fragments of human chromosome 21 from the hybrid cell line WAV17. Forty different Not I fragments, ranging in size from less than 0.05 megabase (Mb) to 7.0 Mb, were identified. The total length of these fragments was 47.3 Mb. This length provides an estimate of the minimum size of the chromosome and a minimum number of fragments to be ordered to create a complete restriction map. The average length Not I fragment is 1.2 Mb. Alu and Kpn fragments are not always coincident: a 2.9-Mb fragment is detected with Kpn but not with Alu, and 13 fragments, ranging from less than 0.05 Mb to 5.6 Mb, are detected with Alu but not with Kpn; the 26 remaining fragments, covering 75% (35.3 Mb) of the total length, are detected with both repetitive probes. The presence of so many noncoincident fragments and the high variation of the hybridization signal intensities of the fragments suggest a very nonuniform distribution of Kpn and Alu repeats.
Lack of Ultrametricity in the Low-Temperature Phase of Three-Dimensional Ising Spin Glasses (2004)

We study the low-temperature spin-glass phases of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model and of the 3-dimensional short-range Ising spin-glass (3DISG). By using clustering to focus on the relevant parts of phase space and reduce finite size effects, we found that for the SK model ultrametricity becomes clearer as the system size increases, while for the short-range case our results indicate the opposite, i.e., lack of ultrametricity. Another method, which does not rely on clustering, indicates that the mean-field solution works for the SK model but does not apply in detail to the 3DISG, for which stochastic stability is also violated.
Investigations of Needle-free Jet Injections (2005)

Jet injection is a needle-free drug delivery method in which a high-speed stream of fluid impacts the skin and delivers drugs. Although a number of jet injectors are commercially available, especially for insulin delivery, they have a low market share compared to needles possibly due to occasional pain associated with jet injection. Jets employed by the traditional jet injectors penetrate deep into the dermal and sub-dermal regions where the nerve endings are abundantly located. To eliminate the pain associated with jet injections, we propose to utilize microjets that penetrate only into the superficial region of the skin. However, the choice of appropriate jet parameters for this purpose is challenging owing to the multiplicity of factors that determine the penetration depth. Here, we describe the dependence of jet injections into human skin on the power of the jet. Dermal delivery of liquid jets was quantified using two measurements, penetration of a radiolabeled solute, mannitol, into skin and the shape of jet dispersion in the skin which was visualized using sulforhodamine B. The dependence of the amount of liquid delivered in the skin and the geometric measurements of jet dispersion on nozzle diameter and jet velocity was captured by a single parameter, jet power.
Controlling the Internal Structure of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles by Means of Reversible Temperature Dependent Sol−Gel Transition of Internalized Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (2005)

In this work, we present preparation and basic applications of lipid-bilayer-enclosed picoliter volumes (microcontainers) of solutions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were prepared from phospholipids using a standard swelling procedure and subsequently surface immobilized. Clear, slightly viscous solutions of PNIPAAm of varying concentration in aqueous buffer were directly pressure-microinjected into the GUVs, using a submicrometer-sized, pointed capillary. The GUV was subjected to changing temperature over a 21-40 degrees C range. The typical phase transition of the polymeric material upon heating and cooling across the lower critical solution temperature was followed using optical microscopy and shown to be reversible over multiple sequential heating/cooling cycles without compromising the integrity of the GUV membrane. Fluorescent, carboxylic acid modified 200 nm latex beads, co-injected with the PNIPAAm solution, were temperature-reversibly immobilized during the phase transition, practically freezing the Brownian motion of the entrapped particles in the volume. Furthermore, a co-injected water soluble fluorescent polysaccharide-dye conjugate was shown not to migrate from the aqueous phase into the hydrophobic polymer part upon heating, whereas the fluorescent beads were completely but reversibly immobilized in the hydrophobic domains of dense polymer agglomerates. The system reported here provides a feasible method for the reversible stabilization and solidification of GUV interior volumes, e.g., as a micrometer-sized model system for controlled drug release.
Transport Mechanism of Thermohydraulic Instability in Natural Circulation Boiling Water Reactors during Startup (2003)

This paper presents experimental study on transport mechanism of thermohydraulic instability, which may occur in natural circulation boiling water reactor during startup.The research was carried out using a natural circulation experimental loop featuring twin parallel boiling channels with chimney assembly.The experiments were performed with the pressure range of 0.1 to 0.7 MPa and maximum heat flux of 577 kW/m 2 .The objective of the study is to formulate thermohydraulic stability maps required for determining rational startup procedure of the reactor, in which the instability could be prevented.The study clarified that the flow modes during startup consist of the following sequence:(1) single-phase flow, (2) geysering, (3) oscillation due to hydrostatic head fluctuation, (4) density wave oscillation, (5) transition oscillation, and ( 6) stable two-phase flow.The main findings of the experiments are as follows: First, low amplitude geysering still occurs at 0.7 MPa under lower heat flux and high inlet subcooling.Second, stable twophase natural circulation is achieved with system pressure as low as 0.2 MPa, under medium heat flux, and subcooling lower than 5 K. Third, oscillation due to hydrostatic head fluctuation only occurs under atmospheric condition.Finally, thermohydraulic stability maps and rational startup procedure are formulated.
Free-Radical Version of the Strecker Synthesis of α-Aminoamides Promoted by Aqueous H2O2/TiCl3/HCONH2 System (2006)

A new reaction of general synthetic interest representing the free-radical version of the Strecker synthesis to alpha-aminoamides is reported. A hydroxy radical, generated by Ti(III) one-electron reduction of H2O2, abstracts a H atom from the C-H bond of formamide, and the resulting carbamoyl radical adds to the C atom of aldimines formed in situ, leading to a one-pot synthesis of alpha-aminoamides. Several types of aldehydes can participate in this process.
Design,in vitroandin vivoevaluation of glipizide Eudragit microparticles (2010)

Glipizide microparticles made with Eudragit (RS 100 and RL 100), prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique were evaluated for various in-vitro properties viz. encapsulation efficiency, particle size and surface morphology, drug release pattern and in-vivo hypoglycaemic activity. The optimized formulation parameters were used to prepare smooth and spherical microparticles (2-32 microm) with higher entrapment efficiency (67-89%). Drug release patterns of glipizide microparticles of Eudragit RS 100 and Eudragit RL 100 with drug-to-polymer ratio of 1 : 4 (i.e. EGM14 and ELGM14) have shown gradual and extended release for 24 h with cumulative release of glipizide to the extent of 72.3% and 83.9%, respectively. However, EGM14 showed a significant in-vivo hypoglycaemic effect up to 12 h in rabbits while ELGM14 showed for 9 h. Hence, glipizide microparticles of Eudragit RS 100 (glipizide: polymer 1 : 4) is better suited for oral sustained release formulation.
A facile approach towards enantiomerically pure masked β-amino alcohols (2007)

β-Amino alcohols are bioactive molecules, used also as catalysts in asymmetric C–C bond formation. While asymmetric synthesis has been the preferred route for their preparation, there was always been a need to develop a facile methodology involving environmentally friendly transformations. Masked amines in the form of phthalimide alcohols, prepared via a fast coupling reaction in an ionic liquid as a reusable reaction media together with reduction and an efficient biocatalytic resolution, offer a green methodology for enantiomerically pure products (ee > 99%, 50 g L−1).
A Novel Pressure Compensating Valve for Low-Cost Drip Irrigation (2014)

This paper presents a novel pressure-compensating flow restrictor for low-cost/low-pressure drip irrigation systems. There are nearly one billion subsistence farmers in the developing world who lack the resources and opportunities to rise out of poverty. Irrigation is an effective development strategy for this population, enabling farmers to increase crop yields and grow more lucrative plant varieties. Unfortunately, as a large fraction of subsistence farmers live off the electrical grid, the capital cost of solar or diesel powered irrigation systems makes them unobtainable. This cost could be drastically reduced by altering drip irrigation systems to operate at a decreased pressure such that lower pumping power is required. The work presented here aims to accomplish this by designing a drip emitter that operates at 0.1 bar, 1/10 the pressure of current products, while also providing pressure-compensation to uniformly distribute flow over a field. Our proposed pressure compensating solution is inspired by the resonating nozzle of a deflating balloon. First, a reduced order model is developed to understand the physical principles which drive the cyclic collapse of the balloon nozzle. We then apply this understanding to propose a pressure compensating emitter consisting of compliant tube in series with a rigid diffuser. A scaling analysis is performed to determine the ideal geometry of the system and the reduced order model is applied to demonstrate that the proposed design is capable of pressure compensation in the required operation range. Preliminary experiments demonstrating the collapse effect are presented, along with initial work to translate the concept to a robust physical device.
Fragment screening: an introduction (2006)

There are clearly many different philosophies associated with adapting fragment screening into mainstream Drug Discovery Lead Generation strategies. Scientists at Astex, for instance, focus entirely on strategies involving use of X-ray crystallography and NMR. However, AstraZeneca uses a number of different fragment screening strategies. One approach is to screen a 2000 compound fragment set (with close to "lead-like" complexity) at 100 microM in parallel with every HTS such that the data are obtained on the entire screening collection at 10 microM plus the extra samples at 100 microM; this provides valuable compound potency data in a concentration range that is usually unexplored. The fragments are then screen-specific "privileged structures" that can be searched for in the rest of the HTS output and other databases as well as having synthesis follow-up. A typical workflow for a fragment screen within AstraZeneca is shown below (Figure 24) and highlights the desirability (particularly when screening >100 microM) for NMR and X-ray information to validate weak hits and give information on how to optimise them. In this chapter, we have provided an introduction to the theoretical and practical issues associated with the use of fragment methods and lead-likeness. Fragment-based approaches are still in an early stage of development and are just one of many interrelated techniques that are now used to identify novel lead compounds for drug development. Fragment based screening has some advantages, but like every other drug hunting strategy will not be universally applicable. There are in particular some practical challenges associated with fragment screening that relate to the generally lower level of potency that such compounds initially possess. Considerable synthetic effort has to be applied for post-fragment screening to build the sort of potency that would be expected to be found from a traditional HTS. However, if there are no low-hanging fruit in a screening collection to be found by HTS then the use of fragment screening can help find novelty that may lead to a target not being discarded as intractable. As such, the approach offers some significant advantages by providing less complex molecules, which may have better potential for novel drug optimisation and by enabling new chemical space to be more effectively explored. Many literature examples that cover examples of fragment screening approaches are still at the "proof of concept" stage and although delivering inhibitors or ligands, may still prove to be unsuitable when further ADMET and toxicity profiling is done. The next few years should see a maturing of the area, and as our understanding of how the concepts can be best applied, there are likely to be many more examples of attractive, small molecule hits, leads and candidate drugs derived from the approaches described.
Evoked and spontaneous pain assessment during tooth pulp injury (2019)

Abstract Injury of the tooth pulp is excruciatingly painful and yet the receptors and neural circuit mechanisms that transmit this form of pain remain poorly defined in both the clinic and preclinical rodent models. Easily quantifiable behavioral assessment in the rodent orofacial area remains a major bottleneck in uncovering molecular mechanisms that govern inflammatory pain in the tooth. Here we use a dental pulp injury model in the mouse and expose the tooth pulp to the outside environment, a procedure we have previously shown produces pulpal inflammation. We demonstrate here with RNAscope technology in the trigeminal ganglion of injured mice, an upregulation of genes that contribute to the inflammatory pain state. Using both evoked and spontaneous measures of pain in the orofacial area, including application of von Frey Hair filaments and pain feature detection with the mouse grimace scale, we reveal a differential timeline of induction of spontaneous pain versus mechanical allodynia following pulpal injury. This work demonstrates that tooth pain can be easily assessed in freely behaving mice using approaches common for other types of pain assessment. Harnessing these assays in the orofacial area during gene manipulation should assist in uncovering mechanisms for tooth pulp inflammation and other forms of trigeminal pain.
Assessment of Reversibility for Covalent Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Using Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Free Energy Surfaces (2022)

We have used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potentials to investigate the reaction mechanism for covalent inhibition of cathepsin K and assess the reversibility of inhibition. The computed free energy profiles suggest that a nucleophilic attack by the catalytic cysteine on the inhibitor warhead and proton transfer from the catalytic histidine occur in a concerted manner. The results indicate that the reaction is more strongly exergonic for the alkyne-based inhibitors, which bind irreversibly to cathepsin K, than for the nitrile-based inhibitor odanacatib, which binds reversibly. Gas-phase energies were also calculated for the addition of methanethiol to structural prototypes for a number of warheads of interest in cysteine protease inhibitor design in order to assess electrophilicity. The approaches presented in this study are particularly applicable to assessment of novel warheads, and computed transition state geometries can be incorporated into molecular models for covalent docking.
Long-term outcomes of intravitreal activated protein C injection for ischemic central retinal vein occlusion: an extension trial (2021)

No complications were associated with intravitreal APC, the clinical course improved, and improved RNP was maintained for the long term, suggesting that intravitreal APC may be an alternative treatment for CRVO.
Process development, design, and characterization of high-finesse micromachined optical Fabry-Perot microcavities (2007)

Micromachined waveguide Fabry-Perot cavities are demonstrated. The devices are fabricated in silicon-on-insulator using a cryogenic dry-etch process, enabling large aspect ratios with high verticality and low surface roughness (&les;10 nm). Details of the process development are presented with emphasis on our specific device application. The Fabry-Perot cavities consist of shallow-etched rib waveguides and deep-etched silicon/air distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors. The high-index-contrast mirrors enable large reflectance with only a few mirror periods. High Q-factor (Q&ap;27,000) and large finesse (F&ap;500) were measured. We demonstrate thermo-optic tuning over &Dgr;&lgr;=6.7 nm and also examine modulation of the cavity (f=150 kHz). Future improvements and application areas of this device are discussed.
Erratum to: Measurement of the inclusive jet cross-section in proton-proton collisions at s=7 $$ \sqrt{s}=7 $$ TeV using 4.5 fb−1 of data with the ATLAS detector (2015)

It was found that the non-perturbative corrections calculated using Pythia with the Perugia 2011 tune did not include the effect of the underlying event. The affected correction factors were recomputed using the Pythia 6.427 generator. These corrections are applied as baseline to the NLO pQCD calculations and thus the central values of the theoretical predictions have changed by a few percent with the new corrections. This has a minor impact on the agreement between the data and the theoretical predictions. Figures A few sentences in the discussion in sections 5.2 and 9 were altered or removed.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND X‐RAY STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF CHROMIUM(I) NITROSYL COMPLEXES WITH MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS (1977)

Abstract Bis‐[pyridin]‐chrom(II)‐chlorid reagiert mit dem makrocyclischen Liganden als Hexafluorophosphat in einer Acetonitri1‐Pyridin (5: 1)‐Mischung zu dem Komplex (I), der durch Einwirkung von NaNOg im Überschuß in alkoholischer Lösung den neutralen Nitrosylkomplex (II) liefert.
Crystallographic and molecular modelling studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1984)

Polycyclic hydrocarbons do not themselves bind to nucleic acids, their likely biological targets. Instead, a complex series of metabolic steps leads to reactive species, typified by the 7,S-dio1 9,10-epoxides of benzo(a)pyrene.
Murine IL-12 is involved in Calmette-Guérin bacillus-induced sensitization and is by itself sufficient to sensitize mice to the lethal effects of human TNF1 (1996)

Human TNF, a specific agonist of murine (m)TNF-R55, is fairly harmless in healthy mice, but readily induces lethality in animals sensitized by a malignant tumor or a bacterial infection. We here report that IL-12 is both a necessary and sufficient mediator in Calmette-Guérin bacillus-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of hTNF. Evidence for this involvement is provided by the protection observed after anti-mIL-12 Ab treatment and by the fact that Calmette-Guérin bacillus-induced sensitization can be mimicked by repetitive mIL-12 administration. IL-12 exerts this effect by inducing IFN-gamma in NK cells. Tumor-induced sensitization, however, does not seem to involve mIL-12.
Collagen and Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Lower Limb Rate of Force Development (2021)

The HC + C supplementation improved RFD in the squat and countermovement jump alongside training.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE LIPID VESICLES FOR CONTROLLING SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN A CONTRACTION- EXPANSION ARRAY MICROCHANNEL (2011)

We report a new synthesis method of liposomes with tunable size as well as enhanced monodispersity of the size distribution and high throughput in a contraction–expansion array (CEA) microchannel. Lipid vesicles were generated in the CEA microchannel by injecting lipids in isopropyl alcohol as a sample flow and phosphate buffered saline as a buffer flow, leading to spontaneous formation of liposomes. Generated lipid vesicles from the CEA microchannel showed narrower size distribution than ones from the linear microchannel. The throughput of the lipid generation in the CEA microchannel was ten times higher than previous works.