gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel vertical flow assay for point of care measurement of iron from whole blood (2021)

Disorders in iron metabolism are endemic globally, affecting more than several hundred million individuals and often resulting in increased rates of mortality or general deterioration of quality of life. To both prevent and monitor treatment of iron related disorders, we present a point of care medical device which leverages a simple smartphone camera to measure total iron concentration from a finger-prick sample. The system consists of a smartphone and an in-house developed app, a 3D printed sensing chamber and a vertical flow membrane-based sensor strip designed to accommodate 50 μl of whole blood, filter out the cellular components and carry out a colorimetric chelation reaction producing a colour change which is detected by our smartphone device. The app's accuracy and precision were assessed via comparison of the mobile app's RGB output to a reference imaging software, ImageJ for the same colorimetric sensing strip. Correlation plots resulted in slopes of 0.99 and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99). The device was determined to have a signal to noise ratio >40 and a mean bias of 2% which both indicate high analytical accuracy and precision (in terms of RGB measurement). The smartphone device's iron concentration readout was then studied using an extensively validated laboratory developed test (LDT) for iron detection, which is an optimized spectrophotometry-based technique (this is considered the gold standard for iron quantification among LDTs). In comparison of the smartphone-based technique with the gold standard LDT, a calibration slope of 0.0004 au μg<sup>-1</sup> dL<sup>-1</sup>, a correlation plot with slope of 1.09 and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.96 and a mean bias of 5.3%, our device can accurately measure iron levels in blood. With detection times of five minutes, fingerpick sample and sensor cost less than 10 cents, the device shows great promise in being developed as the first ever commercial device for iron quantification in blood.
A Framework for Scalable Hierarchical Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2004)

The theoretical performance advantages of dividing a network into independent routing domains is well known; however, the actual benefits are hard to quantify and are often not sufficient to outweigh the added complexity. Justification of domains is especially hard in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS) because reconfiguration overhead and the use of single interface routers increase. Nevertheless, the authors believe that with the right domain configuration and inter-domain routing protocol, they can get better performance using hierarchical than flat routing, especially in heterogeneous and dynamic networks. This paper proposes a framework for scalable routing in MANETs based on auto-configured optimized routing domains and an enhanced inter-domain routing scheme. To minimize overall overhead, the inter-domain routing protocol exploits existing messages needed for domain maintenance. The framework allows different routing protocols to run in each domain. OPNET simulations show the benefits of the proposed approach using OLSR for intra-domain routing. The results show significant reduction in protocol overhead, increased route stability, and increased route availability in a dynamic heterogeneous network.
Platelet-Associated Antibodies Mediate Protective Autoimmune Response in Schizophrenia (2003)

The peripheral blood platelets of schizophrenic patients were isolated, and the level of the platelet-associated antibodies (SPAA) was correlated with the rating scores of discrete schizophrenic symptom clusters evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Irrespective of medication and gender, symptom-dependent correlations were established between the SPAA levels and the relevant psychometric scores. The results indicate a heterogeneous origin of schizophrenia and imply the involvement of an autoimmune arm as a predominantly protective immune response.
Clinical Outcomes of 217 Patients with Acute Erythroleukemia According to Treatment Type and Line: A Retrospective Multinational Study (2017)

Acute erythroleukemia (AEL) is a rare disease typically associated with a poor prognosis. The median survival ranges between 3-9 months from initial diagnosis. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) have been shown to prolong survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and AML, but there is limited data of their efficacy in AEL. We collected data from 210 AEL patients treated at 28 international sites. Overall survival (OS) and PFS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was used for subgroup comparisons. Survival between treatment groups was compared using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Eighty-eight patients were treated with HMAs, 44 front line, and 122 with intensive chemotherapy (ICT). ICT led to a higher overall response rate (complete or partial) compared to first-line HMA (72% vs. 46.2%, respectively; <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), but similar progression-free survival (8.0 vs. 9.4 months; <i>p</i> = 0.342). Overall survival was similar for ICT vs. HMAs (10.5 vs. 13.7 months; <i>p</i> = 0.564), but patients with high-risk cytogenetics treated with HMA first-line lived longer (7.5 for ICT vs. 13.3 months; <i>p</i> = 0.039). Our results support the therapeutic value of HMA in AEL.
Novel CCD Image Processor For Z-Plane Architecture (1989)

The use of charge-coupled device (CCD) circuits in Z-plane architectures for focal-plane image processing is discussed. The low-power, compact layout nature of CCDs makes them attractive for Z-plane application. Three application areas are addressed; non-uniformity compensation using CCD MDAC circuits, neighborhood image processing functions implemented with CCD circuits, and the use of CCDs for buffering multiple image frames. Such buffering enables spatial-temporal image transformation for lossless compression.
Hydrothermal growth mechanism of SnO2 nanorods in aqueous HCl (2018)

Abstract Rutile-type nanorods of SnO 2 were obtained in a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis starting from SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O and HCl in a temperature range between 200 and 240°C. Although the nanorods are polydisperse, the average length of the nanorods could be adjusted from 13 to 65 nm by varying of the reaction temperature. The resulting anisotropic nanocrystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), (high resolution-) transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The particle growth proceeds via a dissolution-recrystallization process with soluble [SnCl 5 (H 2 O)] − intermediates, as confirmed by PXRD, Raman spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR).
Comparative Study of Bis(Benzyl)Phosphate Triesters of 2′,3′-Dideoxy-2′,3′-Didehydrothymidine (d4T) andCycloSal-d4TMP — Hydrolysis, Mechanistic Insights and Anti-HIV Activity (2002)

A comparative study of three cycloSal-d4TMP 1, 2 and 3 and a variety of bis(benzyl) phosphate triester 4-8 of the antivirally active nucleoside analogue 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T) will be described. This study has been initiated by the observation that the introduction of a simple 7-methyl group in the cycloSal-structure (2) led to a completely different hydrolysis pattern as compared to the prototype cycloSal-d4TMP 1. Instead of the selective formation of d4TMP, a phenyl phosphate diester was formed in the case of the 7-methyl-substituted compound 2. The difference in degradation pathway was caused by a change of the reaction mechanism. The phenyl phosphate diester was chemically and enzymatically inert to further cleavage to yield d4TMP. For comparison bis(benzyl)-d4TMP 4, bis(alpha-methylbenzyl)-d4TMP 5, bis(alpha-methoxycarbonylmethyl [MCM]-benzyl)-d4TMP 6 as well as the enzyme-cleavable bis(4-acetoxybenzyl)-d4TMP [bis(AB)-d4TMP(7 and bis(alpha-methoxycarbonylmethyl-4-acetoxybenzyl)-d4TMP [bis(alpha-MCM-AB)-d4TMP] 8 were synthesized. Chemical hydrolysis studies proved that all bis(benzyl) triesters hydrolyze to give the intermediate benzyl phosphate diesters. Moreover, the latter two triesters 7,8 and cycloSal-d4TMPs 1 and 3 led finally to the delivery of d4TMP. The chemical hydrolysis studies allowed a detailed mechanistic interpretation of the degradation pathways of triesters 1-8. Cell extract studies of the bis(benzyl) triesters 4-8 confirmed that only triesters 7 and 8 released d4TMP although with a considerable increase of the reaction rate. Anti-HIV evaluation of the compounds showed that cycloSal-d4TMP 1 and the bis(AB) triesters 7,8 were entirely independent of the presence of cellular thymidine kinase (TK).
Ureteric stones (2017)

Acute renal colic is a common presentation to the emergency department. It is estimated that about 12% of men and 5% of women will have at least one symptomatic stone by the age of 70. Renal colic has an annual incidence 16 cases per 10,000 per year, and a lifetime incidence of 2–5%. In the year 2000, there were over 600,000 emergency room visits for urolithiasis listed as the primary diagnosis in the United States alone. In this chapter, acute pharmacologic management of patients diagnosed with ureteral stones will be outlined. The pharmacology and clinical efficacy for narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics will be reviewed. In addition, medical expulsive therapy using alpha blockers and other agents will be extensively reviewed, in order to provide a targeted approach to the pharmacologic management of patients diagnosed with acute renal colic secondary to a ureteral stone.
Extraction of spectral information in auditory brain stem nuclei; hypothesis and experimental observations (1980)

Psychophysical evidence strongly suggests that there is a central neural pattern of representation of sound frequencies; and that the overall pitch of any sound is a function of this central pattern. Physiological studies on the discharges of auditory nerve fibers as a function of cochlear location, and psychophysical studies employing controlled electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve array in man strongly indicate that the spectral composition of complex sounds is not extracted from either discharge rate versus position profiles across the auditory nerve array (the “cochlear place”), or by measuring input discharge periodicities per se. It is hypothesized that spectral components of sounds are extracted from the relative timing of discharges of auditory nerve fibers from separated locations along the auditory nerve array. To extract a spectral representational pattern with broad dynamic range, comparator neurons must detect the synchronicity of arrival of input from separated basilar membrane locations with a resolution of 10–20 μs. It is hypothesized that this extraction is effected by the neurons of the medial superior olive, which operate as monaural as well as binaural time comparators. Psychophysical and physiological data supporting testable predictions of this hypothesis will be reviewed. [Work supported by NIH Contract N01-NS-7-2367 and NIH Grant NS-11804.]
Polarization-Encoded BB84 QKD Transmitter Sourced by a SiGe Light Emitter (2023)

We demonstrate a polarization-encoded BB84 transmitter sourced by a SiGe light source and show that such a potentially “all-silicon” QKD scheme can operate well below the QBER threshold at which secret keys can be established.
Reducing data size and radiation dose for CT colonography. (1997)

May 1997Reducing data size and radiation dose for CT colonography.Authors: A K Hara, C D Johnson, J E Reed, D A Ahlquist, H Nelson, R L Ehman, and W S HarmsenAuthor Info & AffiliationsVolume 168, Issue 5https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.168.5.9129408 METRICS PDFotherformats
120-nm Bandwidth Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier in Parallel Configuration (2004)

A new S- to L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) module, which reaches 120-nm gain bandwidth of 1480 to 1600 nm, has been experimentally investigated and demonstrated by using coupled structure. A 32.8-, 34.7-, and 38.1-dB peak gain is obtained at 1504, 1532, and 1568 nm, respectively, when the input signal power is -30 dBm. In addition, this proposed amplifier also provides a broad-band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source of 1480-1606 nm with the output level above -40 dBm.
First branching fraction measurement of the suppressed decay Ξc0→π−Λc+ (2020)

The ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{0}$ baryon is unstable and usually decays into charmless final states by the $c\ensuremath{\rightarrow}su\overline{d}$ transition. It can, however, also disintegrate into a ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson and a ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}$ baryon via $s$ quark decay or via $cs\ensuremath{\rightarrow}dc$ weak scattering. The interplay between the latter two processes governs the size of the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+})$, first measured here to be $(0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)%$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and second systematic. This result is compatible with the larger of the theoretical predictions that connect models of hyperon decays using partially conserved axial currents and SU(3) symmetry with those involving the heavy-quark expansion and heavy-quark symmetry. In addition, the branching fraction of the normalization channel, $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})=(1.135\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.387)%$ is measured.
Quasi-planar monolithic integration of high-speed VCSEL and resonant enhanced photodetector arrays (1999)

We describe the quasi-planar monolithic integration of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and resonant enhanced photodetector (REPD) arrays. These high speed devices are fabricated using an approach in which current apertures with a range of different sizes are formed by concatenating a number of discrete crescent shaped oxidation fronts. This approach preserves planarity while improving dimensional control for devices with very small oxide apertures (<4 μm). It resulted in VCSEL's with electrical and optical characteristics that are comparable to those of etched-mesa devices, while producing high-speed REPD's with a rise time of /spl sim/65 ps.
Site‐Selective, Late‐Stage C−H 18F‐Fluorination on Unprotected Peptides for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging (2018)

Abstract Peptides are often ideal ligands for diagnostic molecular imaging due to their ease of synthesis and tuneable targeting properties. However, labelling unmodified peptides with 18 F for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging presents a number of challenges. Here we show the combination of photoactivated sodium decatungstate and [ 18 F]‐ N ‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide effects site‐selective 18 F‐fluorination at the branched position in leucine residues in unprotected and unaltered peptides. This streamlined process provides a means to directly convert native peptides into PET imaging agents under mild aqueous conditions, enabling rapid discovery and development of peptide‐based molecular imaging tools.
3D multimodality roadmapping in neuroangiography (2007)

In this paper we describe a novel approach to using morphological datasets (such as CT or MR) in the minimally invasive image guidance of intra-arterial and intra-venous endovascular devices in neuroangiography interventions. Minimally invasive X-ray angiography procedures rely on the navigation of endovascular devices, such as guide wires and catheters, through human vessels, using C-arm fluoroscopy. While the bone structure may be visible, and the injection of iodine contrast medium allows to guide endovascular devices through the vasculature, the soft-tissue structures remain invisible in the fluoroscopic images. We intend to present a method for the combined visualization of morphological data, a 3D rotational angiography (3DRA) reconstruction and the live fluoroscopy data stream in a single image. The combination of the fluoroscopic image with the 3DRA vessel tree offers the advantage that endovascular devices can be located with respect to the vasculature, without additional contrast injection, while the position of the C-arm geometry can be altered freely. The additional visualization of the morphological data, adds contextual information to the position of endovascular devices. This article addresses the clinical applications, the real-time aspects of the registration algorithms and fast fused visualization of the proposed method.
Fabrication of a dual-tier thin film micropolarization array (2007)

A thin film polarization filter has been patterned and etched using reactive ion etching (RIE) in order to create 8 by 8 microns square periodic structures. The micropolarization filters retain the original extinction ratios of the unpatterned thin film. The measured extinction ratios on the micropolarization filters are approximately 1000 in the blue and green visible spectrum and approximately 100 in the red spectrum. Various gas combinations for RIE have been explored in order to determine the right concentration mix of CF(4) and O(2) that gives optimum etching rate, in terms of speed and under-etching. Theoretical explanation for the optimum etching rate has also been presented. In addition, anisotropic etching with 1 microm under cutting of a 10 microm thick film has been achieved. Experimental results for the patterned structures under polarized light are presented. The array of micropolarizers will be deposited on top of a custom made CMOS imaging sensor in order to compute the first three Stokes parameters in real time.
Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome (2008)

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), also previously known by a variety of other names, including insulin resistance syndrome and the deadly quartet, is characterized by clustering of abdominal (visceral and retroperitoneal) obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors, including impaired glucose regulation, raised triglycerides, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure (BP). Associated with increased risk of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), MetS is believed to be a contributor to the modern-day epidemics of diabetes and CVD and has become a major public health challenge around the world [I]. Currently, there are five different sets of criteria which have been developed to characterize the syndrome. These definitions differ in the components included and the cut-points used for each component. The prevalence of MetS in the westernized world is significant (10-50%) and believed to be increasing over time. The pathophysiology of the syndrome is unclear, but it is thought that obesity and/or insulin resistance are key underlying components. Genetics, lifestyle and environment factors are also important causes of MetS. This chapter provides: • a historical overview of the evolution of MetS; • a summary of the value of the different definitions used to characterize the syndrome; • a summary of the underlying pathophysiology, the causes and other important risk factors of MetS; • a summary of the evidence describing the association of MetS with CVD and diabetes; • a summary of the prevalence of MetS using the various definitions in different countries.
Editorial: message from the incoming Editor-in-Chief (2019)

Editor-in-Chief James Leger begins his term, acknowledges the support of the Optics Express editorial board, and welcomes new Senior Deputy Editor, Chris Dainty.
Measuring colorant fading within raster regions of printed scanned customer content using a novel unsupervised clustering method (2022)

Colorant fading defects in raster region of interest (ROI) are among the most common printing issues in electrophotographic printers. Colorant fading manifests as faint print or customer content and is usually caused by low-level ink/cartridge. This paper presents an accurate method to detect the colorant fading defects and classify the defects based on their severity. There are two modules for this method. The first module uses the SLIC super-pixel method to separate the raster ROI and extract the smooth super-pixels. We design a novel unsupervised clustering algorithm to automatically extract the three or four main colors from the smooth super-pixels. Unsupervised data clustering is an important problem that arises in many image processing applications. We propose a new approach to unsupervised data clustering called Data Inter-Distance MEdiated Clustering (DIDMEC). Our new method is based on analyzing the matrix of Euclidean distances between each pair of points in the data set. Based on three simple properties, we devise an approach that effectively yields the same accuracy as the K-Means algorithm but at a much lower computational cost for a moderate number of sample points. The second module extracts feature vectors for each main color clustered by DIDMEC to classify the colorant fading defects based on their severity.
On the performance of directional communications in ultra-dense networks (2017)

Extreme densification of base stations is imminent in the next generation of cellular networks to meet the exponentially increasing demand for mobile data traffic. In such ultra-dense networks (UDNs), the remarkably high inter-cell interference can reduce or even negate the densification gain. On the other hand, directional communications can significantly bring down the interference levels in UDNs. Hence, it is of importance to evaluate the network performance of UDNs with directional communications. Through Monte Carlo simulations, this paper analyzes the characteristics of coverage probability, area spectral efficiency (ASE), and per-user throughput with respect to extreme network densification. Our simulation results show that directional communications can deliver significantly higher network performance with tens of times higher ASE when compared to non-directional communications in UDNs.
Numerical prediction of frequency dependent 3D maps of mechanical index thresholds in ultrasonic brain therapy (2011)

The significant frequency dependence of the volumes with an increased probability of cavitation can be attributed to two factors: First, the volume encompassed by the focal region depends on the cube of the frequency. Second, the heat deposition increases with frequency. In conclusion, according to these simulations, the acoustic environment during HIFU brain therapy at 1 MHz is not conducive to a high probability of cavitation in extended regions of the brain.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Semiconductor Resonant Cavity Linear Interferometric Intensity Modulator (2011)

The phase response of an injection locked semiconductor laser that is used as the phase modulator in a resonant cavity linear interferometric intensity modulator is studied in detail. It is shown that, signal-to-intermodulation ratio of such a modulator is affected by the injection ratio, linewidth enhancement factor of the semiconductor laser, residual amplitude modulation, depth of phase modulation, and linearity of the resonant cavity response. Experimental measurements of the signal-to-intermodulation ratio of this modulator using a semiconductor Fabry-Pérot laser as the resonant cavity are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values.