gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the Hydrazinyl Pyridine Intermediate: Phase-Appropriate Delivery (2017)

A two-step synthesis of an intermediate for a drug-candidate, 3-fluoro-2-hydrazinyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine (1), was developed and optimized according to the strategic priorities of the program. The bond disconnection remained unchanged from the initial route to the scale-up routes; however, the process evolved as the program’s priorities progressed. Speed, securing the raw material supply chain, and cost were all factors considered during development. The strategies to enable multikilogram deliveries are highlighted in this report.
Magnetic resonance imaging of denervation‐induced muscle atrophy: Effects of clenbuterol in the rat (2001)

We show that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to quantify the amount of muscle in the lower legs of adult rats and to noninvasively monitor the onset and progression of denervation-induced atrophy. Muscle cross-sectional areas determined from 2D gradient-echo MR images allow longitudinal quantification of the protective effects of a beta(2)-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol. We also show that the estimation of clenbuterol's efficacy is improved by computation of the muscle volume. Rapid animal throughput and the ability to accurately estimate efficacy make MRI an attractive technology for studying skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, allowing the evaluation of potential therapies in longitudinal studies.
HLA‐B typing by allele separation followed by direct sequencing (1997)

Due to the enormous allelic diversity of the HLA-B locus, it has been difficult to design an unambiguous molecular typing method for the alleles at this locus. Here we describe a technique for the direct sequencing of HLA-B alleles. Initially, HLA-B alleles were PCR-amplified after locus-specific reverse transcription of RNA. Alleles were then separated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), which separates DNA fragments based on their sequence composition. Amplification products were excised from the gel and eluted DNA was reamplified and directly sequenced. The derived sequences were aligned to a database of published HLA-B sequences, and an initial allele assignment was made. This approach was theoretically sufficient to type 92 of the 118 known HLA-B alleles. The majority of the remaining 26 alleles contain differences at the beginning of exon 2, a region outside the DGGE-separated PCR products. Therefore, we used heterozygous sequencing of this region to identify 19 of these 26 alleles, raising the resolution power to 111 alleles. Using this technique, we analyzed immortalized cell lines and blood samples from several different sources. Nine immortalized cell lines were obtained from the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop (IHWS) and nine were derived from aboriginal peoples. Additionally, 25 blood samples were acquired from a panel of donors previously shown to be difficult to type using serological techniques. Altogether, using this new method of allele separation by DGGE followed by direct sequencing, we typed 52 different alleles from 57 individuals, covering 40 serological specificities.
High frequency of HER2-specific immunity observed in patients (pts) with HER2+ cancers treated with margetuximab (M), an Fc-enhanced anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). (2019)

1030 Background: Previous studies have shown that 44-71% of trastuzumab (T)-treated pts develop HER2-specific immunity (Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:5133; Cancer Res 2016, 76:3702; Breast Cancer Res 2018, 20:52). M is an Fc-engineered mAb that shares similar HER2 binding and antiproliferative activity as T. The Fc region of M has been engineered for increased affinity to the activating FcγRIIIA (CD16A) and lower binding to the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B), attributes that may enhance the mAb’s immune function, such as antigen presentation. Methods: HER2+ cancer pts who progressed on prior therapy received M (0.1-6 mg/kg QW for 3 of every 4 weeks [N = 34]; or 10-18 mg/kg Q3W [N = 32]) in phase 1 trial NCT01148849. PBMC and plasma were collected pre-dose and 50 days post-dose for 46 pts and &gt; 4 years for 3 pts on long-term treatment. Response to HER2 or control antigens (Ag) was assessed by IFNγ ELISpot and antibody (Ab) ELISA. In 14 pts, T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire was assessed by immunosequencing. Results: Following M treatment, mean frequencies of IFNγ-producing T cells specific for intra- or extracellular fragments of HER2 increased by 2.5 to 6-fold (p &lt; 0.0027, paired t test). Most (95%) of subjects responded to ≥2 of 6 (median = 5) HER2 Ag. Mean HER2-specific Ab concentration increased by 19-54% (p &lt; 0.0001), with all subjects responding to ≥2 (median = 5) of the 6 Ag. A small 1.6-fold increase in IFNγ response to control CMV/EBV/Flu (but not tetanus or cyclin D1) peptides was observed; no increase in Ab response to control Ag was noted. Subsets of HER2-specific T-cell and Ab responses persisted during long-term treatment. Median TCR clonality increased by 54% (p = 0.003), with an average of 125 unique clones expanding, while overall TCR diversity remained unchanged (p = 0.19). Conclusions: Treatment of HER2+ cancer with M was associated with enhanced HER2-specific T-cell and Ab responses together with increased TCR clonality, indicative of a more focused T-cell repertoire. The high frequency of HER2-specific immunity in M-treated patients ( &gt; 95%) is consistent with its enhanced Fc region contributing to linkage of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Time domain oscillating poles: Stability redefined in Memristor based Wien-oscillators (2010)

Traditionally, the necessary and sufficient condition for any system to be oscillating is that its poles are located on the imaginary (jω) axis. In this paper, for the first time, we have shown that systems can oscillate with time-domain oscillating poles. The idea is verified using a Memristor based Wien oscillator. Sustained oscillations are observed without having the poles of the system fixed on the imaginary axis and the oscillating behavior of the system poles is reported. The oscillating resistance and triangular shape of FFT are also demonstrated with mathematical reasoning and simulation results to support the unusual and surprising characteristics.
Metalenses or diffractive lenses for imaging? (2019)

There is currently an explosion of interest in the use of metalenses for imaging. We demonstrate via rigorous simulations and exemplary experiments that metalenses offer no advantage over appropriately designed diffractive lenses in most cases.
Back to the Future: Creating a New Generation of Design Engineers Competent in Both Modern Manufacturing Enterprise Systems and Traditional Hands On Manufacturing (2013)

The mechanical engineering department at Washington State University has just completed a 6 year program in offering a modern sequence of design/manufacturing electives. Using theoretical foundations, site visits, guest lectures, IT based labs, and hands-on manufacturing exercises students learn about the role of information technology and electronic data in modern manufacturing enterprise systems, design for manufacture concepts, design automation, and also hands-on machining using advanced programming concepts of CNC code and CNC machines that are integrated with CAD/CAM systems. In this paper, two key courses of this sequence will be discussed and the innovations that they have enabled in engineering design education of the students will be presented. What is significant is that thru these courses we have achieved a dynamic interplay between the new and the old — we have been able to leapfrog into concepts of modern industry where IT and modern computing tools play a critical role in the manufacturing enterprise system and bring about considerable design and manufacturing automation; at the same time we have also retained and enhanced traditional concepts from before where design engineers had considerable hands-on knowledge with machining and manufacturing processes.
Engineering architecture of the neutron Time-of-Flight (nToF) diagnostic suite at the National Ignition Facility (2014)

This paper describes the engineering architecture and function of the neutron Time-of-Flight (nToF) diagnostic suite installed on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). These instruments provide key measures of neutron yield, ion temperature, drift velocity, neutron bang-time, and neutron downscatter ratio. Currently, there are five nToFs on three collimated lines-of-site (LOS) from 18m to 27m from Target Chamber Center, and three positioned 4.5m from TCC, within the NIF Target Chamber but outside the vacuum and confinement boundary by use of re-entrant wells on three other LOS. NIF nToFs measure the time history and equivalent energy spectrum of reaction generated neutrons from a NIF experiment. Neutrons are transduced to electrical signals, which are then carried either by coaxial or Mach-Zehnder transmission systems that feed divider assemblies and fiducially timed digitizing oscilloscopes outside the NIF Target Bay (TB) radiation shield wall. One method of transduction employs a two-stage process wherein a neutron is converted to scintillation photons in hydrogen doped plastic (20x40mm) or bibenzyl crystals (280x1050mm), which are subsequently converted to an electrical signal via a photomultiplier tube or a photo-diode. An alternative approach uses a single-stage conversion of neutrons-to-electrons by use of a thin (0.25 to 2 mm) Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond (CVDD) disc (2 to 24mm radius) under high voltage bias. In comparison to the scintillator method, CVDDs have fast rise and decay times (&lt;ns), have very low residual tails, are insensitive to shot gammas, and are less sensitive to the neutron signal of interest.
A Cascaded Feedback Control Schemefor Trajectory Tracking ofRobotManipulator Systems withActuator Dynamics (2006)

Inthecaseofcontrol fornonlinear mechanical systems, whichhavecomplex actuator dynamics, thetotal system becomes high-order andnonlinear. Generally speaking, itisnot easytotunefeedback gains forstate feedback. Inthispaper, we propose a feedback control schemeformotioncontrol of nonlinear high-order systems. Weprove thattheproposed scheme canimprove thetrajectory tracking performance ofa robot manipulator systemwithactuator dynamics. Moreover, some simulation results demonstrate theeffectiveness oftheproposed control scheme. I.INTRODUCTION Recently, various actuators havebeendeveloped forthe applications ofmechanical systems. Inmanycases theresul- tantsystem cannotignore theeffect ofactuator dynamics. Pneumatically driven mechanical systems(l), shapememory alloy actuators(2), oceanvehicles(3), flexibility manipulator systems(4) aretheexamples. Thesecaseshavethesimilar structure thattheoutput oftheactuator dynamics becomes theinput forthemechanical system. Inthecaseofrobot manipulators withactuator dynamics feedback control causes instability withinadequate tuning of thegains. However, ifthetuning methodisclear toguarantee stability ofthetotal system including actuator dynamics, the feedback control scheme isveryuseful formanyapplications. Therefore, wepropose afeedback control schemefortrajec- torytracking ofrobot manipulators withactuator dynamics in this paper. There arepapers whichaddress theusefulness oflinear PD feedback forthetrajectory tracking onrobot manipulators with nonlinear robot dynamics(6)(7). Invirtue ofthose results, we adopt thevirtual desired input forrobot systems basing on thelinear PD feedback controller. Ifthevirtual desired input isperfectly realized, alinear PD feedback controller isset fortherobot. Since theinput fortherobot meanstheoutput oftheactuator dynamics, itisnecessary tomakethevirtual desired output oftheactuator dynamics. Then, we utilize a linear feedback controller fortheactuator dynamics inorder to realize thevirtual desired output. Inother words, theresultant total control input hasacascade structure withstate feedback, whichcanassure highperformance oftrajectory tracking of therobot manipulator aslong astrajectory tracking foractuator dynamics isrealized withhighaccuracy. Inthis paper, wetreat systems whichhaveactuator dynam- icswith1st-order andnonlinearity. Therearesomeexamples whichcanbemodeled as1st-order andnonlinear systems suchaspneumatic drive system, shape memoryalloy system andsoon.InChapter 2,we explain actuator dynamics and robot manipulator dynamics. Thenacascaded feedback control schemeisproposed. InChapter 3,itisproven that trajectory tracking performance canbeimproved asfeedback gains appropriately increase. InChapter 4,asymptotic stability on thecaseofPoint-to-Point control isproved. Finally itis shownthattheproposed cascaded control schemecanbe applied topneumatically driven mechanical cylinder systems andsomesimulation results demonstrate theeffectiveness of theproposed control scheme.
Series-Fed Beam-Scanning Antenna Employing Multi-Stage Configured Microstrip Antennas with Tunable Reactance Devices (2005)

A series-fed beam-scanning array employing a MUlti-Stage Configured microstrip Antenna with Tunable reactance devices (MUSCAT) is proposed. The proposed antenna significantly expands the beam scanning range and achieves high efficiency. This antenna comprises unit element groups, whose elements are placed close to each other and employ tunable reactance devices. Analyses and experiments on the unit element groups show that their multi-stage configuration extends the phase shift range and increases the radiation efficiency, e.g., a 120° phase shift and the radiation efficiency of more than 50% are achieved, when three stages are employed. The radiation pattern of the fabricated MUSCAT array antenna comprising eight unit element groups is measured. A beam scanning range of 27°, which is greater than twice the beam scanning range of a non-multi-stage configuration, is achieved.
Flexible Electronics: Thin PZT‐Based Ferroelectric Capacitors on Flexible Silicon for Nonvolatile Memory Applications (Adv. Electron. Mater. 6/2015) (2015)

Physically bendable (flexible) solid state ferroelectric memory using PZT is demonstrated by M. M. Hussain and co-workers in article number 1500045. The device shows record endurance that is sustained for one billion operation cycles. Using a staged reactive ion etching process, silicon-substrate-based ferroelectric memory is etched from the back side to reduce the silicon thickness down to forty micrometers, achieving a bending radius of one centimeter.
Inside-outside stereoisomerism. 4. An unusual rearrangement of the trans-bicyclo[5.3.1]undecan-11-yl radical (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInside-outside stereoisomerism. 4. An unusual rearrangement of the trans-bicyclo[5.3.1]undecan-11-yl radicalJeffrey D. Winkler, V. Sridar, Lauri Rubo, John P. Hey, and Nizar HaddadCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 13, 3004–3006Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00274a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00274a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views410Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nonhomogeneities in Couette flow of ferrite suspensions (1991)

Barium ferrite particles were stabilized and suspended to 3, 5, 7, and 9 vol % in mineral oil. The particles were roughly hexagonal platelets, 100 nm wide and 17 nm thick. When sheared at rates less than 10 s−1 in Couette rheometers of several gap sizes and surface treatment these suspensions gave erratic torque readings. Cycles in the torque corresponded to cycles of alternating stick and slip in the flow, as observed through a glass outer cylinder. Optical and transmission electron micrographs of a similar sample in which the matrix was polymerized indicated flocculated structures even at very low particle volume concentrations. At shear rates greater than 10 s−1 the torque signal was steady and the flow became homogeneous in appearance. Similar behavior was observed in other flocculated suspensions, namely those made from both the magnetic and nonmagnetic forms of acicular (needle‐like) shaped ferric oxide particles.
Rubberneck Navigation: Manipulating Frames of Reference for 3D Navigation with 2D Input Devices (1999)

We present a novel technique for allowing users to control both viewpoint motion and orientation using a 2D input device with a button to provide cognitively simple and unobtrusive navigation in desktop 3D virtual environments. In this task, the user must control the three frames of reference—environment, body, and head—with a single 2D input device. The underlying observation to our solution is the fact that users &amp;apos; control of their frames of reference may be separately, but transparently, constrained in the two dissociated modes of use: wayfinding and travel. When users are stationary, we couple the head to the body and allow them to control the orientation of their entire being and to specify a 3D path to control future viewpoint motion. While in motion along this path, we decouple control of the head from the body, giving users the flexibility to look around the environment while the body continues to move along the specified path, a process we term rubbernecking (Figure 1). With a button click, users may toggle between modes and may re-specify paths at any time.
Genome dynamics of the human embryonic kidney 293 lineage in response to cell biology manipulations (2014)

The HEK293 human cell lineage is widely used in cell biology and biotechnology. Here we use whole-genome resequencing of six 293 cell lines to study the dynamics of this aneuploid genome in response to the manipulations used to generate common 293 cell derivatives, such as transformation and stable clone generation (293T); suspension growth adaptation (293S); and cytotoxic lectin selection (293SG). Remarkably, we observe that copy number alteration detection could identify the genomic region that enabled cell survival under selective conditions (i.c. ricin selection). Furthermore, we present methods to detect human/vector genome breakpoints and a user-friendly visualization tool for the 293 genome data. We also establish that the genome structure composition is in steady state for most of these cell lines when standard cell culturing conditions are used. This resource enables novel and more informed studies with 293 cells, and we will distribute the sequenced cell lines to this effect.
Field lysimeter investigations - test results. Low-level waste data base development program: Test results for fiscal years 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989 (1995)

The Field Lysimeter Investigations: Low-Level Waste Data Base Development Program, funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), is (a) studying the degradation effects in EPICOR-II organic ion-exchange resins caused by radiation, (b) examining the adequacy of test procedures recommended in the Branch Technical Position on Waste Form to meet the requirements of 10 CFR 61 using solidified EPICOR-II resins, (c) obtaining performance information on solidified EPICOR-II ion-exchange resins in a disposal environment, and (d) determining the condition of EPICOR-II liners. Results of the first 4 years of data acquisition from the field testing are presented and discussed. During the continuing field testing, both Portland type I-II cement and Dow vinyl ester-styrene waste forms are being tested in lysimeter arrays located at Argonne National Laboratory-East in Illinois and at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The experimental equipment is described and results of waste form characterization using tests recommended by the NRC`s {open_quotes}Technical Position on Waste Form{close_quotes} are presented. The study is designed to provide continuous data on nuclide release and movement, as well as environmental conditions, over a 20-year period.
A user study of policy creation in a flexible access-control system (2008)

Significant effort has been invested in developing expressive and flexible access-control languages and systems. However, little has been done to evaluate these systems in practical situations with real users, and few attempts have been made to discover and analyze the access-control policies that users actually want to implement. We report on a user study in which we derive the ideal access policies desired by a group of users for physical security in an office environment. We compare these ideal policies to the policies the users actually implemented with keys and with a smartphone-based distributed access-control system. We develop a methodology that allows us to show quantitatively that the smartphone system allowed our users to implement their ideal policies more accurately and securely than they could with keys, and we describe where each system fell short.
Integrated Urban Modelling for Sustainable Policies: Considerations and Difficulties (2012)

International audience
Growth Termination and Multiple Nucleation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Evidenced by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (2017)

In order to controllably grow single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), a better understanding of the growth processes and how they are influenced by external parameters such as catalyst and gaseous environment is required. Here, we present direct evidence of growth termination of individual SWCNTs and successive growth of additional SWCNTs on Co catalyst particles supported on MgO by means of environmental transmission electron microscopy. Such in situ observations reveal the plethora of solid carbon formations at the local scale while it is happening and thereby elucidate the multitude of configurations resulting from identical external synthesis conditions, which should be considered in the quest for controlled SWCNT growth. Using CO and a mixture of CO and H<sub>2</sub> as carbon sources, we show that the growth of SWCNTs terminates with a reduced tube-catalyst adhesion strength. Two main reasons for the cessation are proposed: insufficient active carbon species and a certain amount of stress exerted at the tube-catalyst interface. Interestingly, it was observed that catalyst particles stayed active in terms of nucleating additional solid carbon structures after growth termination of the first SWCNT. These observations elucidate the importance of an in-depth understanding of the role of catalysts and carbon sources in the continued growth of SWCNTs. Furthermore, it serves as a guide for further control of carbon nanostructure synthesis via catalyst engineering and synthesis optimization.