gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical scaling laws for transverse diffusive broadening in two-phase laminar flows in microchannels (2000)

This letter quantifies both experimentally and theoretically the diffusion of low-molecular-weight species across the interface between two aqueous solutions in pressure-driven laminar flow in microchannels at high Péclet numbers. Confocal fluorescent microscopy was used to visualize a fluorescent product formed by reaction between chemical species carried separately by the two solutions. At steady state, the width of the reaction–diffusion zone at the interface adjacent to the wall of the channel and transverse to the direction of flow scales as the one-third power of both the axial distance down the channel (from the point where the two streams join) and the average velocity of the flow, instead of the more familiar one-half power scaling which was measured in the middle of the channel. A quantitative description of reaction–diffusion processes near the walls of the channel, such as described in this letter, is required for the rational use of laminar flows for performing spatially resolved surface chemistry and biology inside microchannels and for understanding three-dimensional features of mass transport in shearing flows near surfaces.
Patient and Physician Analytic Goals for Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Instruments (1994)

The study's objective was to determine the maximum analytical error that is allowable in portable whole blood glucose meters. Interviews were conducted to derive personal reference values and significant deviations from these values for the limit of hypoglycemia, the limit of hyperglycemia, and the upper and lower limits of acceptable blood glucose for physicians and patients with diabetes at the Park Nicollet Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Fifty patients with diabetes (30 type I and 20 type II), and 43 physicians (14 endocrinologists, 14 family practitioners, and 15 general internists) were enrolled in the study. The results showed no significant differences between type I and type II diabetic patient responses. Nor were there significant differences among family practitioner, internist, and endocrinologist responses for any of the parameters (the limit of hypoglycemia, the limit of hyperglycemia, the upper and lower limits of acceptable blood glucose for the patient, and the corresponding allowable coefficients of variation at each of these glucose levels). There were significant differences when patients were compared to physicians. Physicians require the highest degree of precision at the limit of hyperglycemia (8.4 +/- 0.28 mmol/L [150.8 +/- 5.1 mg/dL]) with a maximum allowable coefficient of variation (CV) of 7%, a CV significantly lower than that of the patients (CV = 10%). Patients require the highest precision for glucose concentration around the lower acceptable limit (4.7 +/- .013 mmol/L [84.1 +/- 2.5 mg/dL]), with an allowable CV of 8%, a CV significantly lower than that of the physicians (CV = 14%). The authors conclude that the accuracy required by patients and physicians at normal and higher glucose concentrations is achievable by currently available meters. Manufacturers should ascertain that glucose measurements are optimally accurate at glucose levels of 4.7 mmol/L (84.1 mg/dL) and have CVs no higher than 7%.
4,4′-Bipyridine–2,4,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,3-diiodobenzene (1/1) (2007)

The self-assembly of 1,3-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (13DITFB) and bipyridine (44BPY), C 10 H 8 N 2 ·C 6 F 4 I 2 , is driven by halogen bonding. It results in infinite wave-like chains, with the two molecules in a 1:1 mole ratio. Both molecules lie on crystallographic mirror planes, bisecting the central 44BPY C—C bond and passing through two opposite CF groups of 13DITFB. The N...I halogen-bonding interaction is 2.902 (4) Å, and the C—I...N angle is almost linear [175.6 (2)°]. The chain ...13DITFB...44BPY... is polar, with all 13DITFB on the wave crest and all 44BPY at the bottom. This is in contrast to similar complexes obtained on self-assembly of 44BPY with 1,3-dibromotetrafluorobenzene (13DBrTFB), 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (14DITFB) or 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (12DITFB), where centrosymmetric wave-like chains are observed.
Gold Redox Catalysis for Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enhancing ethanol yields through d-xylose and l-arabinose co-fermentation after construction of a novel high efficient l-arabinose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (2017)

Lignocellulose contains two pentose sugars, l-arabinose and d-xylose, neither of which is naturally fermented by first generation (1G) ethanol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Since these sugars are inaccessible to 1G yeast, a significant percentage of the total carbon in bioethanol production from plant residues, which are used in second generation (2G) ethanol production, remains unused. Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains capable of fermenting d-xylose are available on the market; however, there are few examples of l-arabinose-fermenting yeasts, and commercially, there are no strains capable of fermenting both d-xylose and l-arabinose because of metabolic incompatibilities when both metabolic pathways are expressed in the same cell. To attempt to solve this problem we have tested d-xylose and l-arabinose co-fermentation. To find efficient alternative l-arabinose utilization pathways to the few existing ones, we have used stringent methodology to screen for new genes (metabolic and transporter functions) to facilitate l-arabinose fermentation in recombinant yeast. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in a successfully constructed yeast strain capable of using l-arabinose as the sole carbon source and capable of fully transforming it to ethanol, reaching the maximum theoretical fermentation yield (0.43 g g-1). We demonstrate that efficient co-fermentation of d-xylose and l-arabinose is feasible using two different co-cultured strains, and observed no fermentation delays, yield drops or accumulation of undesired byproducts. In this study we have identified a technically efficient strategy to enhance ethanol yields by 10 % in 2G plants in a process based on C5 sugar co-fermentation.
Runtime Performance Analysis of the M-to-N Scheduling Model (1996)

The popular M-to-N thread scheduling model multiplexes many user-level threads on top of fewer kernel-level threads. While this model is designed to be scalable and efficient without excessive resource consumption, we isolate several elementary examples under which the M-to-N model exhibits highly nonintuitive performance. We use a runtime performance monitor for multithreaded programs which we have developed, ThreadMon, to explain the causes of the unexpected results. We conclude that the complexity and nondeterminism exported to the programmer make performance tuning to the intricate M-to-N model extremely difficult. Moreover, we show that the insulation of user-level scheduling from kernel-level scheduling can have undesirable side-effects. 1 Introduction Since the approval of the POSIX threads standard [6], multithreaded programming has experienced an explosion of interest. Many applications have appreciated performance gains through multithreading; the popular Netscape web browse...
The Effects of Spaceflight Conditions on Calcium-Dependent Secretion and Cytoskeletal Organization During Fertilization and Cell Divisions In the Sea Urchin Lytechinus Pictus (1999)

Abstract Calcium loss and muscle atrophy are two of the main metabolic changes experienced by astronauts and crew members during exposure to microgravity in space. To investigate the effects of spaceflight on calcium-dependent secretion and cytoskeletal formation in a less complex system we utilized sea urchin eggs and embryos which were fertilized and cultured under spaceflight conditions during the STS-77 shuttle mission. Sea urchin eggs were fertilized and cultured in the newly developed aquatic research facility (ARF) which allowed culture of eggs and embryos in microgravity and in a 1g centrifuge in space. This allowed analysis of the comparison of microgravity and 1g spaceflight treatments with samples cultured on ground. Eggs and embryos were maintained in Standard Container Assemblies (SCAs) with identical sets prepared for culture in microgravity, and at 1g in the middeck compartment of the shuttle Endeavor, as well as for ground observations at the Kennedy Space Center.
Unexpectedly Stable (Chlorocarbonyl)(N-ethoxycarbonylcarbamoyl)disulfane, and Related Compounds That Model the Zumach–Weiss–Kühle (ZWK) Reaction for Synthesis of 1,2,4-Dithiazolidine-3,5-diones (2015)

The Zumach-Weiss-Kühle (ZWK) reaction provides 1,2,4-dithiazolidine-3,5-diones [dithiasuccinoyl (Dts)-amines] by the rapid reaction of O-ethyl thiocarbamates plus (chlorocarbonyl)sulfenyl chloride, with ethyl chloride and hydrogen chloride being formed as coproducts, and carbamoyl chlorides or isocyanates generated as yield-diminishing byproducts. However, when the ZWK reaction is applied with (N-ethoxythiocarbonyl)urethane as the starting material, heterocyclization to the putative "Dts-urethane" does not occur. Instead, the reaction directly provides (chlorocarbonyl)(N-ethoxycarbonylcarbamoyl)disulfane, a reasonably stable crystalline compound; modified conditions stop at the (chlorocarbonyl)[1-ethoxy-(N-ethoxycarbonyl)formimidoyl]disulfane intermediate. The title (chlorocarbonyl)(carbamoyl)disulfane cannot be converted to the elusive Dts derivative, but rather gives (N-ethoxycarbonyl)carbamoyl chloride upon thermolysis, or (N-ethoxycarbonyl)isocyanate upon treatment with tertiary amines. Additional transformations of these compounds have been discovered, providing entries to both known and novel species. X-ray crystallographic structures are reported for the title (chlorocarbonyl)(carbamoyl)disulfane; for (methoxycarbonyl)(N-ethoxycarbonylcarbamoyl)disulfane, which is the corresponding adduct after quenching in methanol; for [1-ethoxy-(N-ethoxycarbonyl)formimidoyl](N'-methyl-N'-phenylcarbamoyl)disulfane, which is obtained by trapping the title intermediate with N-methylaniline; and for (N-ethoxycarbonylcarbamoyl)(N'-methyl-N'-phenylcarbamoyl)disulfane, which is a short-lived intermediate in the reaction of the title (chlorocarbonyl)(carbamoyl)disulfane with excess N-methylaniline. The new chemistry and structural information reported herein is expected to contribute to accurate modeling of the ZWK reaction trajectory.
SWAicons (2012)

In this paper, we extend the concepts of audio-icons to provide auditory cues, for improving navigation in Spoken Web for low-literate population in rural India. The SWAicons are a suite of contextual auditory elements, which act as acoustic clues to a user. The SWAicons are expected to increase the user perception for the content and the structure of VoiceSite.
Effect of expanded genomic testing in lung adenocarcinoma (LUCA) on survival benefit: The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium II (LCMC II) experience. (2016)

11510 Background: EGFR mutation (MT) and ALK rearrangement (RR) testing is standard of care for advanced stage LUCA due to effective targeted therapies. Testing for additional driver alterations in LUCA is not yet accepted as standard of care. We sought to examine the frequency and clinical impact of testing a broader set of alterations in a multi-institutional setting. Methods: 16 institutions participated in LCMC II. Enrollment required stage IV, centrally confirmed LUCA; PS 0-2; available tumor tissue, and consent. 1315 patients (pts) were enrolled between May 2012 and November 2015. All testing was performed in CLIA certified laboratories with a minimum panel of 97 alleles in 8 genes (AKT1, BRAF, EGFR, ERBB2, KRAS, MEK1, NRAS, PIK3CA), plus evaluation for ALK, ROS1, RET RRs and MET amplification (AMP), and MET and PTEN expression (EXP) by IHC. 12 sites utilized next generation sequencing (NGS) for analysis of all or some cases, and additional mutational data, including for TP53 and PTEN, was provided as available. Therapies were provided as standard of care and via clinical trials. Results: 980 pts were eligible and molecular data was obtained from 919 eligible pts (94%). 529 (53.9%) had genetic alteration(s) detected: EGFR (16%), KRAS (27%), ALK (4%), ROS1 (2%), RET (2%), BRAF (4%) ERBB2 (2%), and MET AMP by FISH or NGS (5%), with co-occurring drivers (most commonly MET AMP) in 2%. MET EXP and PTEN loss by IHC was observed in 59% and 15% of cases, respectively. 127 pts received targeted therapies. A 'targetable' cohort consisting of alterations in EGFR/BRAF(V600E)/ERBB2/ALK/ROS1/RET/MET and with clinical follow-up (n=187) showed a survival benefit when targeted therapy was used (n=113) versus not (n=74) (median survival 2.8 vs. 1.5 years, p=0.039). One or more alterations in TP53, PIK3CA, and/or PTENwere identified in a subset of tumors from the targeted cohort (complete data available on 78, of which 29 (37%) were positive), which showed a trend as a negative prognostic factor, with further analysis of these and other genes, including IHC analysis, ongoing. Conclusions: Expanded tumor mutational analysis combined with targeted therapy in LUCA provides potential for patient benefit.
Uplink transmission and system performance (2011)

LTE uplink provides an increase in capacity (both sector and cell-edge) by a factor of 2–3 compared with previous UMTS high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) systems at substantially less latency. This enables efficient support of high-rate data services such as FTP, HDTV broadcast, and HTTP as well as delay-sensitive services such as VoIP and video streaming. In LTE, several technological enhancements have been introduced in the uplink air interface to enable this improvement. They include orthogonal uplink transmission from intra-cell users, frequency-selective scheduling, shorter subframe size, support for 64-QAM modulation, multi-user spatial multiplexing, subframe bundling, semi-persistent scheduling, fractional power control, inter-cell interference control, and efficient control channels.
Supplementary Table S3 from Bacterial-Driven Inflammation and Mutant <i>BRAF</i> Expression Combine to Promote Murine Colon Tumorigenesis That Is Sensitive to Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Differential expression (DESeq2) tables of RNAseq analysis for sham and ETBF-colonized normal epithelium and tumors from Min and BRAFV600ELgr5CreMin (BLM) colons.&lt;/p&gt;
Towards harmonizing clinical linear energy transfer (LET) reporting in proton radiotherapy: a European multi-centric study (2021)

Harmonizing the reported LET among PT centers is feasible and allows for consistent multi-centric analysis and reporting of tumor control and toxicity in view of a variable RBE. It may serve as basis for harmonized variable RBE dose prescription in PT.
AGE‐RELATED CHANGES IN AORTIC SENSITIVITY TO NORADRENALINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE IN RATS (1998)

1. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between plasma and tissue lipid levels and the effects of age on vascular responses to noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh). 2. Studies were performed in young and aged rats and the response of endothelium-intact and -denuded aortic rings to NA and to ACh was measured. The plasma concentration of cholesterol (total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)) and 17 beta-oestradiol was determined, as was the aortic tissue content of phospholipids, cGMP and cholesterol (total, free and esterified). 3. Levels of all types of cholesterol in plasma and aorta increased with age; cholesterol levels in plasma correlated with those in the aorta; levels of phospholipid in the aorta did not increase with age but correlated with those of LDL cholesterol in plasma; levels of 17 beta-oestradiol did not change, but those of cGMP increased with age. 4. In endothelium-intact rings, the maximum tension developed by exposure to NA did not change, but the EC50 of NA increased with age and correlated with total cholesterol in the plasma and with the levels of all types of cholesterol in the aorta. In rings precontracted with NA, age decreased the maximum relaxation induced by ACh. The EC50 of ACh decreased with age and was inversely correlated with levels of cholesterol in the plasma and aorta. Treatment with NA increased cGMP levels in aged rats. Removal of the endothelium abolished the response to ACh and heightened the sensitivity to NA in young and aged rats. 5. Aortic endothelial cells seem to inhibit amine-induced contraction, while age-related changes in the levels of cholesterol in aortic tissue affect the sensitivity of the tissue to NA and ACh.
A novel non-negative matrix factorization technique for decomposition of Chinese characters with application to secret sharing (2019)

The decomposition of Chinese characters is difficult and has been rarely investigated in the literature. In this paper, we propose a novel non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) technique to decompose a Chinese character into several graphical components without considering the strokes of the character or any semantic or phonetic properties of the components. Chinese characters can usually be represented as binary images. However, traditional NMF is only suitable for representing general gray-level or color images. To decompose a binary image using NMF, we force all of the elements of the two matrices (obtained by factorizing the binary image/matrix to be decomposed) as close to 0 or 1 as possible. As a result, a Chinese character can be efficiently decomposed into several components, where each component is semantically unreadable. Moreover, our NMF-based Chinese character decomposition method is suitable for applications in visual secret sharing by distributing the shares (different character components) among multiple parties, so that only when the parties are taken together with their respective shares can the secret (the original Chinese character(s)) be reconstructed. Experimental results have verified the decomposition performance and the feasibility of the proposed method.
Experimental Investigation of Low Cost, Low Thermal Conductivity Thermal Barrier Coating on HCCI Combustion, Efficiency, and Emissions (2020)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In-cylinder surface temperature is of heightened importance for Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion since the combustion mechanism is thermo-kinetically driven. Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) selectively manipulate the in-cylinder surface temperature, providing an avenue for improving thermal and combustion efficiency. A surface temperature swing during combustion/expansion reduces heat transfer losses, leading to more complete combustion and reduced emissions. At the same time, achieving a highly dynamic response sidesteps preheating of charge during intake and eliminates the volumetric efficiency penalty. The magnitude and temporal profile of the dynamic surface temperature swing is affected by the TBC material properties, thickness, morphology, engine speed, and heat flux from the combustion process. This study follows prior work of authors with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, which systematically engineered coatings for HCCI combustion. Herein, a modeling study was used to assess the impacts of various TBC material properties, e.g. density, thickness, and thermal conductivity on the temperature swing effect. Reducing conductivity emerged as a most promising avenue, rather than reducing both the density and effective conductivity by increasing porosity, the current work emphasizes a material with natively low conductivity. A novel TBC formulation was developed, leverages a class of materials that, to the author’s best knowledge, have not been used as a thermal barrier coating previously. A systematic experimental investigation was carried out using single-cylinder research engine. Experimental engine studies utilizing the novel ‘glassy’ low-K coating exhibit advanced ignition phasing and reduced combustion duration relative to the baseline engine. Heat transfer measurements indicate a net reduction in heat flux over the entire cycle, although main effect is felt during expansion, and the reduced heat transfer losses manifest in higher gross indicated thermal efficiency by approximately 5-6% on a relative basis.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Performance bounds for massive MIMO uplink (2014)

In this paper, we consider massive MIMO uplink using maximum ratio combining (MRC) and zero forcing (ZF) receivers with perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). We derive lower and upper bounds on the achievable rates with arbitrary power allocation. Analytical and simulation results illustrate the accuracy and characteristics of the rate bounds.
Viscoelastic coupling dampers (VCDs) for enhanced wind and seismic performance of high‐rise buildings (2013)

SUMMARY As high‐rise buildings are built taller and more slender, their dynamic behavior becomes an increasingly critical design consideration. Wind‐induced vibrations cause an increase in the lateral wind design loads, but more importantly, they can be perceived by building occupants, creating levels of discomfort ranging from minor annoyance to severe motion sickness. The current techniques to address wind vibration perception include stiffening the lateral load‐resisting system, adding mass to the building, reducing the number of stories, or incorporating a vibration absorber at the top of the building; each solution has significant economic consequences for builders. Significant distributed damage is also expected in tall buildings under severe seismic loading, as a result of the ductile seismic design philosophy that is widely used for such structures. In this paper, the viscoelastic coupling damper (VCD) that was developed at the University of Toronto to increase the level of inherent damping of tall coupled shear wall buildings to control wind‐induced and earthquake‐induced dynamic vibrations is introduced. Damping is provided by incorporating VCDs in lieu of coupling beams in common structural configurations and therefore does not occupy any valuable architectural space, while mitigating building tenant vibration perception problems and reducing both the wind and earthquake responses of the structure. This paper provides an overview of this newly proposed system, its development, and its performance benefits as well as the overall seismic and wind design philosophy that it encompasses. Two tall building case studies incorporating VCDs are presented to demonstrate how the system results in more efficient designs. In the examples that are presented, the focus is on the wind and moderate earthquake responses that often govern the design of such tall slender structures while reference is made to other studies where the response of the system under severe seismic loading conditions is examined in more detail and where results from tests conducted on the viscoelastic material and the VCDs in full‐scale are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Space Time Carving for Shape and Motion Recovery (2010)

Recently, a lot of methods for shape and motion reconstruction have been studied extensively. This paper describes a method for simultaneous shape and motion reconstruction without any corresponding points. We call the method space-time carving. The proposed method is based on a space carving method which can reconstruct 3D shape without any corresponding points. The method uses photo-consistency for 3D space carving. Our proposed method also uses photo-consistency for carving high dimensional space which represents not only shape but also motion. As a result, the proposed method can recover not only 3D shapes but also 3D motions of objects. The experimental results show that the proposed method works well.