gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antitumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: A review of agents, pharmacology, clinical results, and safety (2007)

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Biotechnology agents including a chimeric monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (infliximab), a humanized monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (CDP571), and a recombinant TNF receptor fusion protein (etanercept) have been used to inhibit TNFα activity. Controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for infliximab in moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD) and fistulizing CD sufficient to justify recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Additional trials have been completed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Similarly, preliminary controlled trials have suggested efficacy for CDP571 in active CD and RA. Larger controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy for etanercept in RA patients who have failed disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy leading to FDA approval for RA. Toxicities observed with anti-TNF therapies have included formation of human antichimeric antibodies (HACA) with associated acute and delayed hypersensitivity infusion reactions, human antihuman antibodies (HAHAs), and formation of autoantibodies with rare instances of drug-induced lupus. Several cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma also has been described. Future studies should evaluate optimal timing and duration of anti-TNF therapy, the utility of adjuvant medical treatments during anti-TNF therapy, and evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of the various anti-TNF agents.
A Sertoli cell-selective knockout of the androgen receptor causes spermatogenic arrest in meiosis (2004)

Androgens control spermatogenesis, but germ cells themselves do not express a functional androgen receptor (AR). Androgen regulation is thought to be mediated by Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells, but their relative roles and the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Using Cre/loxP technology, we have generated mice with a ubiquitous knockout of the AR as well as mice with a selective AR knockout in Sertoli cells (SC) only. Mice with a floxed exon 2 of the AR gene were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase ubiquitously or selectively in SC (under control of the anti-Müllerian hormone gene promoter). AR knockout males displayed a complete androgen insensitivity phenotype. Testes were located abdominally, and germ cell development was severely disrupted. In contrast, SC AR knockout males showed normal testis descent and development of the male urogenital tract. Expression of the homeobox gene Pem, which is androgen-regulated in SC, was severely decreased. Testis weight was reduced to 28% of that in WT littermates. Stereological analysis indicated that the number of SC was unchanged, whereas numbers of spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongated spermatids were reduced to 64%, 3%, and 0% respectively of WT. These changes were associated with increased germ cell apoptosis and grossly reduced expression of genes specific for late spermatocyte or spermatid development. It is concluded that cell-autonomous action of the AR in SC is an absolute requirement for androgen maintenance of complete spermatogenesis, and that spermatocyte/spermatid development/survival critically depends on androgens.
Architecture Principles for Cloud RAN (2016)

Cloud Radio Access Networks (Cloud RAN) is an emerging architectural paradigm that attempts to exploit operational efficiencies through centralization of baseband functions, pooling efficiencies for RAN baseband processing, and air-interface performance gains by fast-time-scale multi-cell coordination. In this paper, we aim to derive insights underlying key technologies and tradeoffs that drive Cloud RAN. We highlight principles that explain the impact of Cloud RAN architectures and functional splits on multi-cell coordination gains. We show that the ability to extract pooling gains can differ significantly between RAN functions, depending on whether they are per-user or per-cell functions. We propose a method for elastic scaling of RAN functions that takes into account both real-time and non-real-time needs. We conclude with a proposal for a methodology for operators to evaluate the overall tradeoffs they will face in deciding whether to adopt Cloud RAN.
TGF-β1 downregulates CFTR expression and function in nasal polyps of non-CF patients (2004)

Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways. It has been suggested that ion transports and CFTR expression could be modified in epithelial cells from nasal polyps of non-cystic fibrosis patients. We compared human nasal epithelial cells from nasal polyps (NP) with control nasal mucosa (CM). The level of CFTR mRNA was studied by Northern blot analysis and protein expression was studied by immunoprecipitation both ex vivo and in vitro in primary cultures of human nasal epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface. Ion transports were evaluated by short-circuit measurements in vitro. CFTR gene and protein expressions were significantly decreased in NP native tissues and in culture on day 4, when a global defect of ion transports was observed in NP cultures, but not in CM. We evaluated the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 on CFTR expression and function in NP cultures on day 14 and showed, for the first time, that TGF-beta 1 was able to significantly downregulate the level of CFTR mRNA and cAMP-dependent current in NP cultures. Finally, we showed that the effects of TGF-beta 1 on ion transports could be reversed after 48-h removal of TGF-beta1 in NP cultures. In conclusion, our data strongly suggest that chronic inflammation in nasal polyposis downregulates CFTR gene and protein expression.
Source-Based Names of Polymers Formed by Polycondensation (2017)

IUPAC recommendations on source-based nomenclature for single-strand polymers have so far addressed its application mainly to copolymers, non-linear polymers and polymer assemblies, and within generic source-based nomenclature of polymers. In this document, rules are formulated for devising a satisfactory source-based name for a polymer, whether homopolymer or copolymer, which are as clear and rigorous as possible. Thus, the source-based system for naming polymers is presented in a totality that serves as a user-friendly alternative to the structure-based system of polymer nomenclature. In addition, because of their widespread and established use, recommendations for the use of traditional names of polymers are also elaborated.
Preparation of macroporous, monodisperse, functionalized styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer beads: Effect of the nature of the monomers and total porogen volume on the porous properties (1998)

The staged templated suspension polymerization method was used for the preparation of 5 μm beads from mixtures of styrene and several substituted styrene monomers, including 4-methylstyrene, 4-aminostyrene, 3-aminostyrene, 4-acetoxystyrene, and 4-tert-butoxycarbonyl oxystyrene, with divinylbenzene in the presence of various amounts of linear polystyrene and dibutyl phthalate as porogens. The nature of the monomer as well as the total percentage of porogenic compounds in the polymerization mixture have a large effect on the porous properties and surface morphology of the monodisperse beads. Beads with large pores can only be obtained once the percentage of porogen in the mixture exceeds a threshold value that varies with the type of monomers involved in the polymerization. The level of incompatibility of the functional polymer chains formed during the crosslinking polymerization with the linear polystyrene porogen that is present in the polymerization mixture is another variable that also affects both the porous properties and the morphology of the beads. Because better compatibility is achieved, this effect is less pronounced if unfunctionalized styrene is used as a monomer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 597–607, 1998
Multi-site test optimization for multi-V dd SoCs using space- and time- division multiplexing (2014)

Even though system-on-chip (SoC) testing at multiple voltage settings significantly increases test complexity, the use of a different shift frequency at each voltage setting offers parallelism that can be exploited by time-division multiplexing (TDM) to reduce test length. We show that TDM is especially effective for small-bitwidth and heavily loaded test-access mechanisms (TAMs), thereby tangibly increasing the effectiveness of multi-site testing. However, TDM suffers from some inherent limitations that do not allow the fullest possible exploitation of TAM bandwidth. To overcome these limitations, we propose space-division multiplexing (SDM), which complements TDM and offers higher multi-site test efficiency. We implement space-and time-division multiplexing (STDM) using a new, scalable test-time minimization method based on a combination of bin packing and simulated annealing. Results for industrial SoCs, highlight the advantages of the proposed optimization method.
Pyruvate and glucose uptake by mouse ova and preimplantation embryos (1984)

A method has been devised to measure the uptake of nutrients by small numbers of mouse ova and preimplantation embryos. The 1-5 embryos were incubated as a group at 37 degrees C in a small volume (at least 20 nl/embryo) of culture medium on siliconized microscope slides under mineral oil. Serial 4 nl samples were taken at 30-min intervals for 3 h and assayed for their content of glucose and pyruvate using an ultramicrofluorometric technique. Pyruvate uptake exceeded that of glucose in unfertilized and fertilized ova and in the developmental stages up to the blastocyst, when glucose became the predominant substrate. A component of the uptake of pyruvate by unfertilized ova was probably mediated by a carrier.
Optical modeling of a holographic single-element head-mounted display (2004)

This paper proposes a new method to design an optically-fabricated holographic element, where the construction optical system and the playback system can be optimized jointly. The method was driven by the use of a new holographic recording material - the photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass - that can only be written at 325nm, while its playback takes place in the visible part of the spectrum. Applying the method proposed, a single holographic element head-mounted display (HMD) was modeled. Results show that a single holographic element may be constructed at 325 nm, and inserted in a playback optical system operating at 633nm, with a MTF of over 80% across a 40 degree field of view at 37cycles/mm.
Development of an ELISA to differentiate between animals either vaccinated with or infected by Aujeszky's disease virus (1989)

The use of two monoclonal antibodies specific for glycoproteins GI and GIII of the pseudorabies virus led to the development of a competitive ELISA which made it possible to differentiate animals infected with pseudorabies virus from animals vaccinated with the strains of the virus Bartha, NAI4 or Norden. A postvaccinal serological response could be detected from three to four weeks after vaccination. After the virulent challenge of these vaccinated pigs an infectious serological response became apparent two weeks after the challenge.
Significant change in the structure of a ribozyme upon introduction of a phosphorothioate linkage at P9: NMR reveals a conformational fluctuation in the core region of a hammerhead ribozyme (2000)

A modified hammerhead ribozyme (R32S) with a phosphorothioate linkage between G(8) and A(9), a site that is considered to play a crucial role in catalysis, was examined by high-resolution 1H and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Signals due to imino protons that corresponded to stems were observed, but the anticipated signals due to imino protons adjacent to the phosphorothioate linkage were not detected and the (31)P signal due to the phosphorothioate linkage was also absent irrespective of the presence or absence of the substrate. (31)P NMR is known to reflect backbone mobility, and thus the absence of signals indicated that the introduction of sulfur at P9 had increased the mobility of the backbone near the phosphorothioate linkage. The addition of metal ions did not regenerate the signals that had disappeared, a result that implied that the structure of the core region of the hammerhead ribozyme had fluctuated even in the presence of metal ions. Furthermore, kinetic analysis suggested that most of the R32S-substrate complexes generated in the absence of Mg(2+) ions were still in an inactive form and that Mg(2+) ions induced a further conformational change that converted such complexes to an activated state. Finally, according to available NMR studies, signals due to the imino protons of the central core region that includes the P9 metal binding site were broadened or not observed, suggesting that this catalytically important region might be intrinsically flexible. Our present analysis revealed a significant change in the structure of the ribozyme upon the introduction of the single phosphorothioate linkage at P9 that is in general considered to be a conservative modification.
[Hypertension and osteoporosis]. (2013)

The number of patients with high blood pressure and osteoporosis are increased year by year in our society. In hypertension patients, excess urinary calcium secretion induces secondary parathyroidism to increase serum calcium level by calcium release from bone, which may accelerate osteoporosis. In this aspect, there are several reports that anti-hypertensive drugs, especially thiazides, increase bone mineral density and decrease the incidence of bone fracture. In addition, we demonstrated that renin-angiotensin system can be involved in the process of osteoporosis. Angiotensin II significantly induced the expression of RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) in osteoblasts, leading to the activation of osteoclasts, while these effects were completely blocked by an Ang II type 1 receptor blockade. Recently, it has been reported that angiotensin receptor blockade clinically decreased the incidence of bone fracture. Renin-angiotensin system might be common molecule to regulate both hypertension and osteoporosis.
Results of Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in Congregate Settings in Korea, 2013 (2014)

TB contact investigation is considered as a meaningful strategy for preventing TB outbreaks in congregate settings and decreasing the prevalence of TB in young people. Results of this study could be used to establish the LTBI management policy.
A semi-analytical model for deep-water hyperspectral imaging (2023)

In this paper we propose a semi-analytical (SA) model for relating seafloor reflectance to measured radiance in deep-water hyperspectral imaging for artificially illuminated scenes. Utilizing accurate sensor-seafloor geometry from photogrammetry and the principle of two-perspective observation, we allow for estimation of the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the water column. We demonstrate the SA model and estimation of IOPs for hyperspectral imaging of a deep-water coral reef from a remotely operated vehicle. For the calibrated SA model, evaluation of across-perspective similarity demonstrates the model's ability to compensate for water column and light source effects.
Regulation of Pro-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression by Sex Steroids in The Brain of Male and Female Rats (1989)

The fine modulation of gonadotropin gene expression and secretion is well recognized to be regulated by sex steroids through their direct action both at the anterior pituitary level and on the pulsatile pattern of GnRH secretion at the hypothalamic level. Since the influence of sex steroids on hypothalamic GnRH mRNA levels remains to be elucidated, quantitative in situ hybridization was used to study the effect of sex steroids on cellular levels of pro-GnRH mRNA in adult rats of both sexes. The effects of 14-day gonadectomy as well as administration of 17 beta-estradiol (E2, 0.25 micrograms) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 100 micrograms) twice a day during 14 days to gonadectomized animals were evaluated. In addition, the effect of progesterone (P, 2 mg, twice daily) alone or in the presence of E2 was also studied in ovariectomized animals. Hybridization was performed using a 35S-labeled cDNA probe encoding rat pro-GnRH and the corresponding mRNA levels were assessed by counting the number of silver grains overlying labeled neurons. In male rats, castration induced a highly significant 65% increase (compared to intact rats) in the mean number of grains per neuron. Administration of E2 or DHT to castrated animals completely prevented the post castration rise in pro-GnRH mRNA levels. In female animals, the effect of ovariectomy was less striking than in the male, a 25% increase (P less than 0.001) being observed. Treatment with E2 or DHT also completely prevented the increase in pro-GnRH mRNA levels induced by ovariectomy. Moreover, treatment with P in ovariectomized animals markedly potentiated the inhibitory effect of E2 on pro-GnRH mRNA levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Supplementary Figure 4 from Heterogeneous Mechanisms of Primary and Acquired Resistance to Third-Generation EGFR Inhibitors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Concomitant inhibition of MEK and EGFR is synergistic in PC9KRAS-G12S and HCC827KRAS-G12S cells.&lt;/p&gt;
On the Introduction and Circulation of Chinese Buddhist Short Story Collections in the Late Joseon Dynasty (2017)

이 글에서는 조선후기에 수용, 유통된 불교 소화집(小話集)들에 대하여 살펴보았다. 조선후기 불교계에는 짧은 분량의 불교 일화들을 모아 놓은 불교 소화집이 활발하게 유통되고 있었다. 15세기에 명나라에서 편찬된 『석씨원류』는 17세기와 18세기에 각기 서울과 전라도 지역에서 간행되어 불교계에 널리 유통되었으며, 조선후기의 팔상도와 석가여래 전기에 적지 않은 영향을 미쳤다. 종래 13세기에 한국에서 편찬된 것으로 알려진 『석가여래십지수행기』는 실제로는 15세기 명나라에서 편찬된 것으로 17세기 중엽 충청도 지역에서 번각, 간행되어 불교계에 유통된 것으로 확인된다. 이 책은 간본은 많지 않지만 필사되어 널리 읽힌 것으로 보이며 〈적성의전〉이나 〈금송아지전〉 등의 한글 소설 출현에 영향을 미쳤다. 중국 남북조시대 후기에 편찬된『금장요집경』은 일찍이 고려시대에 목판본으로 간행되었는데, 조선후기에 들어와 새롭게 유통된 모습이 보이고 있다. 18~19세기에 고려시대 목판을 이용한 간본이 보이고, 그 내용을 일부 발췌한 필사본들도 확인되고 있다. 이 중에는 그동안 확인되지 않았던 권5의 앞부분도 보이고 있다.BR 이처럼 조선후기에는 중국의 불교 소화집들이 새로 수용되거나 새롭게 유통되고 있는데, 이는 조선후기 불교계의 대중화와 관련하여 주목할 모습이라고 생각된다. 정부의 억불정책으로 위축되어 있던 조선의 불교계는 日本과 後金의 잇단 침략을 방어하는데 적극적으로 참여한 공로를 인정받아 17세기부터 다시 그 세력을 회복하게 되었다. 정부는 기존의 억불정책에서 벗어나 불교계의 발전을 지원하는 대신 그들을 국가 운영에 적극적으로 활용하는 쪽으로 정책 방향을 바꾸었다. 이에 따라 불교계는 체제를 재정비하고 사회의 주요 세력으로서 기능할 수 있게 되었다. 새롭게 발전하는 조선후기 불교계의 모습 중 하나로 불교의 대중화를 생각해 볼 수 있는데, 불교 소화집의 유통은 이러한 불교 대중화의 구체적 모습으로서 이해될 수 있다고 생각된다. 이 시기에 수용된 불교 소화집들은 일반인들에게 불교의 기본적 가르침을 전파하는데 유효하게 활용되었을 뿐 아니라 일반 서민문화에 불교적 요소가 침투하는 중요한 매개체로 기능하였다.
Transportable Ultra-low Noise Photonic Microwave Synthesizer (2018)

We report on a transportable photonic microwave synthesizer comprising an ultrastable laser and a ultra-low noise frequency comb. The last acts as a frequency divider, transferring the spectral purity from the optical to microwave domain.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendritic Encapsulation of Function: Applying Nature′s Site Isolation Principle from Biomimetics to Materials Science (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Coding Scheme for Optimizing Random I/O Performance (2012)

Flash memories intended for SSD and mobile applications need to provide high random I/O performance. This requires using efficient schemes for reading small chunks of data (e.g. 0.5KB - 4KB) from random addresses. Furthermore, in order to be cost efficient, it is desirable to use high density Multi-Level Cell (MLC) memories, such as the ones based on 3 or 4 bit per cell technologies. Unfortunately, these two requirements are contradicting, as reading an MLC memory, whose data is coded conventionally, requires multiple sensing operations, resulting in slow reading and degraded random I/O performance. This paper describes a novel coding scheme that optimizes random read throughput, by allowing reading small data chunks from an MLC memory using a single sensing operation.
Cyclization Reactions of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals (2021)

The cyclization of nitrogen‐centered radicals constitutes a powerful approach for the synthesis of a broad variety of nitrogen heterocycles. As with carbon‐centered radicals, the most common ring‐closure mode is the 5‐ exo cyclization onto an internal unsaturation, and the stereoselectivity is similar. Numerous methods for the generation of almost every type of nitrogen‐centered radical have been described. They involve the direct or indirect rupture of N–Y bonds, with Y = halogen (except fluorine), oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and hydrogen. Indirect methods, such as the addition of carbon radicals to imines, azides, and nitriles, have also been devised. The extended choice of methods and precursors, and the general mildness of the experimental conditions and tolerance for numerous functional groups, represent valuable synthetic advantages. Furthermore, the cyclization step can be part of a radical cascade leading to multiple bond formations and the rapid construction of complex molecular frameworks. This chapter describes the types, structures, and reactivity of nitrogen‐centered radicals, and details the mechanistic basis of the methods used to generate them. The methods include stannane‐based processes, oxidations and reductions by single‐electron transfer, thermolysis, electrolysis, photolysis, and photoredox catalysis. The factors that influence the stereoselectivity of the ring‐closures are discussed briefly. Applications to the total synthesis of natural products, as well as functional‐group compatibilities, reaction variants, and comparison to other methods for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles by ionic, organometallic, and uncatalyzed ring‐closures onto alkenes are also presented. The tabular surveys are organized according to the type of nitrogen‐centered radical involved in the cyclization step: aminyls, amidyls, carbamyls, iminyls, amidinyls, and other types of nitrogen‐centered radicals.
Transcriptional programming drives Ibrutinib-resistance evolution in mantle cell lymphoma (2021)

Ibrutinib, a bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, provokes robust clinical responses in aggressive mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), yet many patients relapse with lethal Ibrutinib-resistant (IR) disease. Here, using genomic, chemical proteomic, and drug screen profiling, we report that enhancer remodeling-mediated transcriptional activation and adaptive signaling changes drive the aggressive phenotypes of IR. Accordingly, IR MCL cells are vulnerable to inhibitors of the transcriptional machinery and especially so to inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), the catalytic subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Further, CDK9 inhibition disables reprogrammed signaling circuits and prevents the emergence of IR in MCL. Finally, and importantly, we find that a robust and facile ex vivo image-based functional drug screening platform can predict clinical therapeutic responses of IR MCL and identify vulnerabilities that can be targeted to disable the evolution of IR.