gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Human and quasi-Bayesian observers of images limited by quantum noise, object-variability, and artifacts</title> (1994)

Many investigators have pointed out the need for performance measures that describe how well the images produced by a medical imaging system aid the end user in performing a particular diagnostic task. To this end we have investigated a variety of imaging tasks to determine the applicability of Bayesian and related strategies for predicting human performance. We have compared Bayesian and human classification performance for tasks involving a number of sources of decision-variable spread, including quantum fluctuations contained in the data set, inherent biological variability within each patient class, and deterministic artifacts due to limited data sets.
Immunotherapy of Malignant Glioma by Noninvasive Administration of TLR9 Agonist CpG Nano‐Immunoadjuvant (2022)

Immunotherapy with toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN offers an emergent strategy to treat life-threatening malignant glioma. CpG is typically applied invasively by intracranial and intrathecal administration which induces not only poor compliance and lessened potency but also possibly strong adverse effects and immunotoxicity. Here, it is reported that immunotherapy of murine LCPN glioma is greatly boosted by polymersome-steered intravenous and intranasal brain delivery of CpG. CpG is efficiently loaded in apolipoprotein E peptide-directed polymersomes to give blood-brain barrier permeable and glioma and cervical lymph node-homing CpG nano-immunoadjuvant (t-NanoCpG) which strongly stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells, antigen cross-presentation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Intriguingly, both intravenous and intranasal administration of t-NanoCpG brings about significant survival benefits in murine LCPN glioma-bearing mice while free CpG and nontargeted CpG nano-immunoadjuvant (NanoCpG) afford modest therapeutic effects. Moreover, combination of t-NanoCpG with radiotherapy further boosts the immunotherapeutic effects leading to more improved survival rate of mice. This intelligent brain-permeable nano-immunoadjuvant provides a new, minimally invasive and highly potent strategy for immunotherapy of glioma.
Evaluating Influence of Compiler Optimizations on Data Speculation (2002)

The practice of using speculation in resolving data dependences based on value prediction has been studied as a means of extracting more instruction level parallelism. There are many studies on value prediction mechanisms with high predictabilities. However, to the best of our knowledge, the influence of compiler optimizations on value prediction has not been investigated. In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency of value prediction on several binaries, which are compiled with different optimization levels. Detailed simulations reveal that value prediction is still effective for highly optimized binaries.
Superoxide Dismutase Activity of the Naturally Occurring Human Serum Albumin–Copper Complex without Hydroxyl Radical Formation (2013)

The superoxide radical anion (O2(.-)) is biologically toxic and contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Here we describe the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of human serum albumin (HSA) complexed with a single Cu(II) ion at the N-terminal end (HSA-Cu complex). The structure of this naturally occurring copper-coordinated blood serum protein has been characterized by several physicochemical measurements. The O2(.-) dismutation ability of the HSA-Cu (1:1) complex is almost the same as that of the well-known SOD mimics, such as Mn(III) -tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium)porphyrin. Interestingly, the HSA-Cu complex does not induce a subsequent Fenton reaction to produce the hydroxyl radical (OH(.)), which is one of the most harmful reactive oxygen species.
Spatiotemporal Inpainting for Recovering Texture Maps of Occluded Building Facades (2007)

We present a technique for constructing a "clean" texture map of a partially occluded building facade from a series of images taken from a moving camera. Building regions blocked by trees, signs, people, and other foreground objects in a minority of views can be recovered via temporal median filtering on a registered image mosaic of the planar facade. However, when such areas are occluded in the majority of camera views, appearance information from other visible portions of the facade provides a critical cue to correctly complete the mosaic. In this paper, we apply a robust measure of spread to infer whether a particular mosaic pixel is occluded in a majority of views, and introduce a novel spatiotemporal timeline-based inpainting algorithm that uses appearance and motion cues in order to fill the texture map in majority-occluded regions. We describe methods for automatically training appearance-based classifiers from a coarse motion-based segmentation to efficiently recognize foreground and background patches in static imagery. Results of recovered building facades are shown for various sequences.
Early events in the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae on Nicotiana benthamiana (2007)

Conserved microbial molecules known as PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) elicit defence responses in plants through extracellular receptor proteins. One important PAMP is the flagellin protein derived from motile bacteria. We show here that the solanaceous species Nicotiana benthamiana perceives the flagellin proteins of both pathogenic and non-host species of Pseudomonas syringae. The response to flagellin required a gene closely related to that encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana flagellin receptor that we designated NbFls2. In addition, silencing of NbFls2 led to increased growth of compatible, non-host and non-pathogenic strains of P. syringae. Thus, flagellin perception restricts growth of P. syringae strains on N. benthamiana. Pathogenic bacteria secrete effector proteins into the plant cell to enhance virulence. We tested the ability of several unrelated effectors to suppress PAMP-mediated defences. The effector proteins AvrPto and AvrPtoB, but not AvrRps4, suppressed all responses tested including the hypersensitive response induced by non-host flagellins and the oomycete elicitor INF1. Strikingly, transient expression of avrPto or avrPtoB stimulated the growth of non-pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciensin planta, suggesting that multiplication of this species is also restricted by PAMP perception. Unexpectedly, AvrPtoB but not AvrPto required the defence-associated genes Rar1, Sgt1 and Eds1 for suppression. This observation separates the respective mechanisms of the two effectors, and suggests that AvrPtoB may target the defence machinery directly for its suppressive effect.
BCI meeting 2005-workshop on clinical issues and applications (2006)

This paper describes the outcome of discussions held during the Third International BCI Meeting at a workshop charged with reviewing and evaluating the current state of and issues relevant to brain-computer interface (BCI) clinical applications. These include potential BCI users, applications, validation, getting BCIs to users, role of government and industry, plasticity, and ethics.
Demonstrating the potential of 6-H silicon carbide for power devices (1993)

Discusses the first vertical UMOS power MOSFETs ever reported in SiC, shows the highest gain 6H-SiC BJTs (bipolar junction transistors) and thyristors ever reported, and demonstrate the high-temperature operation of these devices. Vertical power MOSFETs fabricated in 6H-SiC with a UMOS design have specific on-resistances as low as 38 m Omega -cm/sup 2/ at a gate bias of +12 V. These devices can have current densities as high as 190 A/cm/sup 2/ (0.32 A/cm of gate periphery) and can dissipate a maximum power density of 5.4 kW/cm/sup 2/. SiC BJTs have been demonstrated up to 400 degrees C. The device structure used a reactive ion etched emitter with sintered Ni contacts to both the emitter and collector, and Al/Ti alloy contacts to the base. Four-layer structures have also been demonstrated in 6H-SiC, with p-n-p-n thyristors showing 100 V operation.
Human Interaction with Small Haptic Effects (2005)

This research investigates the ability of subjects to detect small haptic effects and the associated gains in task performance with various configurations of haptic stimuli. Variations in force amplitude, shape, and pulse duration used to create the effects are studied. An adaptive-threshold method is used to obtain subjects' detection thresholds for actively explored haptic icons ranging in size from 3 to 5 mm. Detection thresholds are compared for smooth versus rough actively-explored icons. Subjects' detection thresholds for “static icons” (force pulses of 50 to 150 ms duration) are also measured. Results indicate that rough (sawtooth) haptic icons are more easily detected by a human subject than smooth (sinusoidal) icons of the same size. Transient vibrotactile cues may contribute to these observations. Mean subject performance, as measured by Fitts' information-processing rate and by clicks per minute, is shown to improve with the amplitude of haptic stimulus.
High Dynamic Range image sensor with self adapting integration time in 3D technology (2012)

This paper presents a High Dynamic Range (HDR) image sensor architecture that uses capabilities of three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) to reach a dynamic range over 120 dB without modifying the classic (3T or 4T) pixel architecture. The integration time is evaluated on subsets of pixels on the lower IC of the stack and then sent back by vertical interconnections to the sensor array.
Temperature stability improvement of a QVGA uncooled infrared radiation FPA (2013)

We have developed a low-cost uncooled infrared radiation focal plane array (FPA) requiring no thermoelectric cooler (TEC), which has 320 x 240 detection pixels with 22 um pitch. The silicon single-crystal series p-n junction diodes and the low-noise readout circuit on the same SOI wafer fabricated by 0.13 um CMOS technology were utilized for infrared (IR) detection. The temperature dependence in the readout circuit was eliminated by correlated double sampling (CDS) operation with reference pixel that was insensitive to infrared radiation. In order to reduce the temperature dependence, we improved the reference pixel and the readout circuit. Although the reference pixels should be completely insensitive to IR radiation, prior reference pixels showed measurable sensitivity. The improved reference pixel was formed by partially releasing with bulk-micromachining and was verified to be insensitive to IR radiation by an object of 400°C. The readout circuit had a differential amplifier instead of a singletransistor amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). In each portion, CDS was applied to reduce temperature dependence. The first CDS operation was used for eliminating the pixel output variation and the second operation was used for canceling the variation of the differential amplifier. The output variation referred to input was reduced to 1/30 compared with that of the prior circuit. Moreover, the residual variation of output voltage was reduced by CDS operation in ADC and stable output data was obtained with ambient temperature variation. With these improvements, the sensitivity variation of the FPA was improved to 10% in the range of -30 degrees to 80 degrees and noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 40 mK was achieved.
2-phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes using oxynitride/nitride phosphors (2007)

Green α-sialon:Yb2+ and red Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ oxynitride/nitride phosphors have been demonstrated as potential downconversion luminescent materials for white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this letter, the authors attempt to fabricate white LEDs by combining α-sialon:Yb2+ and Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ with a blue LED die and report their optical properties. These two phosphors lend themselves for use in 2-phosphor-converted white LEDs with promising properties: a wide range of tunable correlated color temperature (2700–6700K), acceptable color rendering index (82–83), and luminous efficacy (17–23lm∕W). These LEDs are acceptable for general lighting.
Effects of Spent Cooling and Swirler Angle on a 9-Point Swirl-Venturi Injector (2013)

This paper presents multipoint Lean-Direct-Injection (LDI) emissions results for flame tube combustion tests at an inlet pressure of 1034 kPa and inlet temperatures between 835 and 865 K; these are the combustor inlet conditions that the High Speed Research (HSR) program used for supersonic cruise. It focuses on one class of LDI geometry, 9-point swirl-venturi LDI (SV-LDI). Two parameters are compared in this paper: the use of dome air and the swirler blade angle. Dome air is called cooling and is at combustor inlet conditions. Three variations are studied: at the venturi throat, at the dome face, and no at all. Two swirler blade angles are studied: 45deg and 60deg. The HSR 9-point SV-LDI emissions are also compared to a similar 9-point SV-LDI design which was used in the later ultra-efficient engine technology (UEET) program. The HSR and UEET designs cannot be compared directly due to different UEET combustor conditions. Therefore, this paper uses previously published UEET correlation equations to make comparisons. Results show that using a 45deg swirler produces lower NOx emissions than using a 60deg swirler. This is consistent with the later UEET results. The effects of spent depend on swirler angle, spent location, and the test conditions. For the configuration with 45deg swirlers, spent delivers lower NOx emissions when it is injected at the throat. For the 60deg swirler, spent does not have much effect on NOx emissions. These results might be caused by the location and the intensity of the flame recirculation zone.
Effects of Elastic Waves at Several Frequencies on Biofilm Formation in Circulating Types of Laboratory Biofilm Reactors (2018)

This chapter focuses on the correlation between applied elastic waves and biofilm formation in a circulating type of laboratory biofilm reactor (LBR). Several metallic specimens were inserted into the LBR and elastic waves were applied to them for a certain period of time in an experiment. The other method of measurement was the staining test using crystal violet agents. This chemical can stain bacteria themselves and also EPS. Specimens were immersed in 0.1% crystal violet solutions for 30 minutes. The intermediate colors refer to heights between the highest and lowest and they change according to the height. The slight sea-island patterns were observed when the ultrasonic waves were applied. Since the optical microscopic observation was a local measurement, the results suggest that biofilm still formed at some places on the aluminum surface. Chromium plated specimens were not affected by sonic waves. The extent of violet colors did not change in the case with and without sonic waves. The same tendency was also observed for the glass specimens.
Sutureless Nerve Repair with Laser-Activated Chitosan Adhesive: A Pilot in Vivo Study (2008)

Nerve anastomosis, performed by the laser-adhesive procedure, was successful 3 d postoperatively. Proximal myelinated axons were not significantly damaged by the low laser fluence.
Soil washing: Practical considerations and pitfalls (1992)

Abstract The use of soil washing to remove petroleum hydrocarbon contamination from the soil matrix is becoming more widely used. When viewed as a volume reduction tool, this technology shows some promise. However, ongoing research and treatability studies indicate that without further treatment, even larger‐sized soil fractions (sands and cobbles) may retain hydrocarbon contamination at levels that require further cleaning prior to permanent disposal or reuse. The perception has been that by removing the sand from the soil matrix, thus achieving a 30 percent to 60 percent volume reduction, expensive post‐washing treatment or approved disposal of the finer materials (silts and clays) would be cost‐effective. There exists evidence to the contrary, however. Hydrocarbon retention after soil washing may be influenced by a number of factors unrelated to particle size. Soil characteristics that may play a role include soil humic acids, metal oxide coatings, geologic origin of the soil particles, and clay type. In this article the authors describe a laboratory study designed to evaluate the “cleanability” of two soils.
Integrated Nanophotonic Ising Sampler (2019)

We demonstrate an integrated silicon photonic Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler capable of high-probability convergence to the ground state of various 4-spin Ising graphs. Robustness to getting trapped in local minima is enhanced by experimental system noise.
Altered dosage of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body duplication gene, NDC1 , leads to aneuploidy and polyploidy (1999)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are exquisitely sensitive to altered dosage of the spindle pole body duplication gene, NDC1. We show that the NDC1 locus is haploinsufficient because diploid yeast cells cannot survive with a single chromosomal copy of the NDC1 gene. Diploid cells with a single copy of NDC1 can survive by gaining an extra copy of the NDC1-containing chromosome. NDC1 haploinsufficiency is a dominant loss-of-function phenotype that leads to aneuploidy. Furthermore, we report that overexpression of NDC1 leads to spindle pole body duplication defects indistinguishable from those observed in ndc1-1 mutant cells. Cells overexpressing NDC1 arrest with monopolar spindles and exhibit increase-in-ploidy phenotypes. Thus, both increased and decreased NDC1 dosage can lead to aneuploidy. The striking sensitivity of yeast cells to changes in NDC1 gene dosage suggests a model for the behavior of some tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in which loss-of-function mutations and overexpression, respectively, lead to increased genetic instability.
Precise measurement of thermal conductivities of Nd-doped laser materials by the thermal wave analysis (2005)

Thermal diffusivities of Nd-doped crystals were measured precisely within 2% accuracy by using the thermal wave analysis. The thermal conductivity of Nd:LuVO/sub 4/ crystal was decided for the first time to our knowledge.
Curcumin and turmeric attenuate arsenic-induced angiogenesis in ovo. (2010)

Trivalent arsenic [As(III)] is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of chronic and acute leukemias. However, As(III) has also demonstrated damaging effects on human health, including development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Further, As(III) is a potent angiogenic agent. In this context, curcumin, an active ingredient in the dietary agent turmeric, has demonstrated potent antiproliferative, antiinflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. In this report, we have shown that both curcumin and turmeric inhibit expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells exposed to As(III). Further, in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay model, treatment with low As(III) concentrations results in extensive increase in blood vessel density, which, however, is reduced in the presence of curcumin or turmeric. Collectively, the findings reported here strongly suggest that turmeric and curcumin can dramatically attenuate the process of angiogenesis induced by low As(III) concentrations.
Brief but Chronic Increase in Allopregnanolone Cause Accelerated AD Pathology Differently in Two Mouse Models (2013)

Previously, we have shown that chronic treatment with allopregnanolone (ALLO) for three months impaired learning function in the Swe/PS1 mouse model. ALLO is a neurosteroid, produced in the CNS and a GABAA receptor agonist. ALLO modulates the general inhibitory system in the CNS by enhancing the effect of GABA. Chronic treatment with other GABAA receptor active compounds, such as benzodiazepines, ethanol and medroxy-progesterone acetate has been associated to cognitive decline and/or increased risk for dementia. In this study, we sufficed with a treatment period of one month for the Swe/PS1 mouse, and included another Alzheimer's disease mouse model; the Swe/Arc model. We found that one month of chronic treatment with elevated ALLO levels within physiological range impaired learning and memory function in the Swe/Arc female and male mice. Male Swe/PS1 mice also showed marginally impaired function, while the female mice did not. Furthermore, the chronic ALLO treatment caused increased levels of soluble Aβ in the Swe/PS1 mouse model while the levels were unchanged in the Swe/Arc model. Therefore, both Swe/Arc and Swe/PS1 mice showed signs of accelerated disease progression. Still, further studies are required to determine the mechanisms behind the cognitive impairment and the increased Aβ-levels caused by mildly elevated ALLO-levels.
Measurement of the differential cross section for top quark pair production in pp collisions at √s=8 TeV (2015)

The normalized differential cross section for top quark pair (tt¯) production is measured in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV at the CERN LHC using the CMS detector in data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7fb-1. The measurements are performed in the lepton+jets (e/μ++jets) and in the dilepton e+e-, μ+μ-, and e±μ∓) decay channels. The tt¯ cross section is measured as a function of the kinematic properties of the charged leptons, the jets associated to b quarks, the top quarks, and the tt¯ system. The data are compared with several predictions from perturbative quantum chromodynamic up to approximate next-to-next-to-leading-order precision. No significant deviations are observed relative to the standard model predictions. © 2015, CERN for the benefit of the CMS collaboration.
Stability and transition on a Coandă cylinder (2020)

An experimental stability and transition investigation of a centrifugally unstable wall jet blown from a slot over a circular Coandă cylinder was conducted using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry. Clear and unambiguous observations of spontaneously generated stationary streamwise structures, never observed previously, were analyzed using standard image processing techniques. These structures ultimately exhibited a secondary time-dependent wavy instability that was followed by transition to turbulence. A modified Görtler number, based on the slot height, was used as a basis for comparison to linear stability theory and was directly related to the Reynolds number via geometric scaling. Direct observation of the vortices allowed the identification of an upper limit to the critical Görtler number of 6.3 that bracketed the value of 3.5 from the linear stability theory. The vortical shear layer grew exponentially along the azimuth and was characterized by a Reynolds number dependent growth rate parameter. Extrapolation of the growth rate parameter to zero furnished a critical Görtler number of 3.1 ± 1.25 (95% CI) that compared remarkably well with the linear stability theory. The shear layer separation angle did not vary monotonically with the Reynolds number: as the Reynolds number increased, the thicker boundary layer was more susceptible to separation, and thus, the separation angle, relative to the slot, decreased. However, following transition to turbulence at higher Reynolds numbers (≈400), the high-momentum fluid near the wall, resulting from turbulent mixing, produced a subsequent increase in the separation angle.