gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Heat of Vaporization, Chemical Octane, and Sensitivity on Knock Limit for Ethanol - Gasoline Blends (2012)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Ethanol and other high heat of vaporization (HoV) fuels result in substantial cooling of the fresh charge, especially in direct injection (DI) engines. The effect of charge cooling combined with the inherent high chemical octane of ethanol make it a very knock resistant fuel. Currently, the knock resistance of a fuel is characterized by the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON). However, the RON and MON tests use carburetion for fuel metering and thus likely do not replicate the effect of charge cooling for DI engines. The operating conditions of the RON and MON tests also do not replicate the very retarded combustion phasing encountered with modern boosted DI engines operating at low-speed high-load.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, the knock resistance of a matrix of ethanol-gasoline blends was determined in a state-of-the-art single cylinder engine equipped with three separate fuel systems: upstream, pre-vaporized fuel injection (UFI); port fuel injection (PFI); and DI. Constant inlet temperature was held downstream of the injector for UFI and upstream of the injectors for PFI and DI. For each fuel, engine inlet pressure was swept at borderline knocking conditions at constant engine speed using each of the three fuel systems. This test method characterized each fuel's knocking behavior over a wide range of conditions, including those typical of boosted DI engines.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Comparison of UFI and DI results allowed the chemical octane effect on knock to be separated from the evaporative charge cooling effect. These effects were found to be of comparable importance for ethanol blends.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;An outcome of the test method was the discovery of an interaction between combustion phasing and the sensitivity of a fuel's autoignition kinetics to temperature. For a given gasoline blendstock, increasing ethanol content significantly increased knock-limited performance with combustion phasing near the thermodynamic optimum, as expected. However, due to ethanol's high sensitivity, knock-limited performance improved to a much greater extent with increasing ethanol content as combustion phasing was retarded. This effect was further enhanced by charge cooling with DI. Increasing ethanol content also significantly increased the knock-limited performance before enrichment was required to control exhaust gas temperature.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The RON ratings of the fuels did not fully reflect the observed knock resistance of mid-to-high level ethanol blends (E20 and higher). K, the weighting factor for MON in the Octane Index, decreased with increasing combustion phasing retard and with increasing evaporative charge cooling, and increased with increasing inlet temperature and increasing compression ratio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Loss network models and multiple metric performance sensitivity analysis for mobile wireless multi-hop networks (2008)

We develop and evaluate a new method for estimating and optimizing various performance metrics of mobile wireless multi-hop networks, including MANETs. The method utilizes approximate (throughput) loss model that couples the physical, MAC and routing layers effects. The model provides quantitative statistical relations between the loss parameters that are used to characterize multiuser interference and physical path conditions on the one hand and the traffic rates between origin destination pairs on the other. The model considers effects of the hidden nodes, node scheduling algorithms, MAC and PHY layer failures and unsuccessful packet transmission attempts at the MAC layer in arbitrary time varying network topologies where multiple paths share nodes. The method then applies Automatic Differentiation (AD) to these implicit performance models, to compute sensitivities of various performance metrics with respect to network parameters. We demonstrate the method by applying it to time varying mobile network topologies, including reduced connectivity instances, with both random access MAC (contention mode of the 802.11) as well as reservation based MAC (USAP TDMA based protocol). We analyze throughput, delay and packet loss as metrics and investigate metric optimization and tradeoff analysis. Finally we provide numerical results for realistic mobile networks with time varying topologies.
Preparing for the Future — Nanobodies for Covid-19? (2021)

Fighting SARS-CoV-2 with Nanobodies New therapies effective against SARS-CoV-2 are desirable. Could nanobodies represent an arrow in the quiver of therapeutic strategies to treat Covid-19?
Cryogenic Tests of 30 m Flexible Hybrid Energy Transfer Line with Liquid Hydrogen and Superconducting MgB2 Cable (2015)

Recently we reported about first in the world test of 10 m hybrid energy transfer line with liquid hydrogen and MgB2 superconducting cable. In this paper we present the new development of our second hybrid energy transfer line with 30 m length. The flexible 30 m hydrogen cryostat has three sections with different types of thermal insulation in each section: simple vacuum superinsulation, vacuum superinsulation with liquid nitrogen shield and active evaporating cryostatting (AEC) system. We performed thermo-hydraulic tests of the cryostat to compare three thermo-insulating methods. The tests were performed at temperatures from 20 to 26 K, hydrogen flow from 100 to 450 g/s and pressure from 0.25 to 0.5 MPa. It was found that AEC thermal insulation practically eliminated completely heat transfer from room temperature to liquid hydrogen in the 10 m section. AEC thermal insulation method can be used for long superconducting power cables. High voltage current leads were developed as well. The current leads and superconducting MgB2 cable have been passed high voltage DC test up to 50 kV DC. Critical current of the cable at ∼21 K was ∼3500 A. The 30 m hybrid energy system developed is able to deliver up to 135 MW of chemical and electrical power in total.
Applications of Organosulfur Chemistry to Organic Synthesis:  Total Synthesis of (+)-Himbeline and (+)-Himbacine (1997)

Total syntheses of (+)-himbacine (1) and (+)-himbeline (2) are described. The synthesis involves the preparation of sulfone 38 and aldehyde 42 as single enantiomers followed by coupling of these compounds using a Julia−Lythgoe olefination. The preparation of sulfone 38 features an acid-promoted intramolecular Diels−Alder reaction of an α,β-unsaturated thioester while the synthesis of 42 features a Beak alkylation of piperidine 39.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Lactam Biphenyltetrazoles as Angiotensin II Mediated Antihypertensives (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Large-area epitaxial silicon solar cells based on industrial screen-printing processes (2005)

Thin-film epitaxial silicon solar cells are an attractive future alternative for bulk silicon solar cells incorporating many of the process advantages of the latter, but on a potentially cheap substrate. Several challenges have to be tackled before this potential can be successfully exploited on a large scale. This paper describes the points of interest and how IMEC aims to solve them. It presents a new step forward towards our final objective: the development of an industrial cell process based on screen-printing for > 15% efficient epitaxial silicon solar cells on a low-cost substrate. Included in the discussion are the substrates onto which the epitaxial deposition is done and how work is progressing in several research institutes and universities on the topic of a high-throughput epitaxial reactor. The industrial screen-printing process sequence developed at IMEC for these epitaxial silicon solar cells is presented, with emphasis on plasma texturing and improvement of the quality of the epitaxial layer. Efficiencies between 12 and 13% are presented for large-area (98 cm2) epitaxial layers on highly doped UMG-Si, off-spec and reclaim material. Finally, the need for an internal reflection scheme is explained. A realistically achievable internal reflection at the epi/substrate interface of 70% will result in a calculated increase of 3 mA/cm2 in short-circuit current. An interfacial stack of porous silicon layers (Bragg reflectors) is chosen as a promising candidate and the challenges facing its incorporation between the epitaxial layer and the substrate are presented. Experimental work on this topic is reported and concentrates on the extraction of the internal reflection at the epi/substrate interface from reflectance measurements. Initial results show an internal reflectance between 30 and 60% with a four-layer porous silicon stack. Resistance measurements for majority carrier flow through these porous silicon stacks are also included and show that no resistance increase is measurable for stacks up to four layers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Networks and conetworks of PIB‐based cyanoacrylate‐telechelic prepolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and properties (2008)

Abstract Novel networks and conetworks were prepared by the instantaneous polymerization of cyanoacrylate‐telechelic three‐arm star polyisobutylene [Ø(PIB‐CA) 3 ] and the copolymerization of Ø(PIB‐CA) 3 /2,4,4‐trimethylpentane cyanoacrylate (TMP‐CA) mixtures, respectively, by means of strong nucleophiles, such as NEt 2 ‐telechleic linear or three‐arm star PIBs [Ø(PIB‐NEt 2 ) 2 or 3 ]. The reactants were combined in the bulk in double‐barrel syringes by reaction injection molding (RIM). The chemical and mechanical properties of products prepared in the bulk and by conventional solution techniques were characterized by various techniques (swelling, extractables, FTIR and NMR spectroscopies, Instron, microhardness, oxidative resistance, DSC, DMTA). Conditions for the preparation of rubbery materials for possible biomedical applications were developed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2612–2623, 2008
Reconfigurable Inverted-F Antenna for MIMO Cellular User Equipment (2021)

MIMO (multiple input multiple output) systems are utilized more and more in modern handheld cellular devices. Because of the limited space, the mutual coupling effect between the antennas increases significantly. In order to reduce the coupling between antennas various decoupling and matching networks are implemented. In this work, a concept for reconfigurable inverted-F antenna for MIMO RF frontends in cellular user terminals is proposed. The main component of the system is the RF switch-based IC (integrated circuit), which was manufactured in Infineon 130 nm RF switch technology. The chip reconfigures the physical length of the inverted-F antenna (IFA), making the antenna longer for low-band operation and splitting the antenna in two IFAs for middle/ high band MIMO operation. The proposed concept implements MIMO approach with 19 dB isolation between the antennas at 1.8 GHz while sustaining good efficiency at 900 MHz.
Integration for reduction of sub-half-micron center yield fallout (2003)

This paper identifies and evaluates a new failure mechanism that preferentially suppresses the yield in the center of the wafer for deep submicron technologies. The problem is studied with sort analysis, bitmapping and in-line defect monitoring with production lots and short-looped monitor wafers. The center yield depression is identified to be a strong function of chamber hardware [upper ceramic shaped transformer coupled plasma (TCP) window] in the metal etcher. Surface morphology comparison between an as-fired ceramic TCP window and a standard as-grounded ceramic TCP window indicates loosely bonded particles that could fall loose due to sputtering during the metal etch process. The loosely bonded particles can cause blocked metal etch resulting in metal islands shorting the metal lines. The metal islands range in sizes from 0.3 to 1 /spl mu/m, making them yield killers as design geometries get smaller. Comparison of the as-fired and as-grounded ceramic TCP window indicates the lifetime of the ceramic windows is a strong factor on the extent of blocked metal etch. By adjusting the metal etch chemistry to a less sputtering regime and the addition of polymer forming gases, the impact of the ceramic window on blocked metal etch is minimized with subsequent improvement in the yield in the center of the wafer. Details are given of the effect of the machine hardware on the defect performance, comparison of the old and new metal etch chemistries, as well as the final yield improvement result.
Optimal Utilization of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Javier Sanz, Zahi A Fayad and Valentin Fuster (2008)

Commonly available modalities for carotid disease imaging include duplex ultrasonography (DUS), MRI, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The use of positron emission tomography for the depiction of plaque inflammatory activity 5 offers great potential, but to date remains an investigational application. Although each of these modalities is reviewed in detail in other chapters of this book, the discussion of strengths and weaknesses of MRI is only meaningful in comparison with other techniques. DUS is by far the most widely employed imaging modality, and the screening method of choice. DUS is relatively inexpensive, portable, and completely non-invasive, it can be repeated as often as necessary, and it has good diagnostic accuracy for the detection of significant stenoses. However, DUS evaluation is restricted to a limited portion of the carotid system, image quality is not always optimal, and reproducibility is limited because of patient-, equipment-, and operatordependent factors. Thus, there is substantial variability in the performance of the test amongst different centers. 6 For many years DSA has been the confirmatory imaging modality before surgical intervention, and still today it is considered the reference standard for the detection and quantification of carotid stenoses. The invasive nature of DSA constitutes its most obvious limitation: neurological complications (including a small risk of mortality) occur in 1.3-1.6% of cases, plus additional vascular complications resulting from arterial cannulation. 7 Moreover, DSA involves ionizing radiation and nephrotoxic contrast agents, arterial access may be limited in patients with extensive atherosclerotic disease, and it is expensive and relatively lengthy. Not surprisingly, patients experience DSA as more stressful and painful than MRA, and are more willing to undergo repeatedtesting with the latter. 8 Interestingly, the validity of conventional DSA as a reference standard has also been questioned, as discussed below. CTA represents a robust alternative to DSA, particularly with newer generations of multidetector spiral scanners. CTA can provide complete threedimensional (3D) coverage of the carotid tree and is highly accurate in detecting luminal stenoses, 9 and preliminary data suggest a potential role in the characterization of non-calcified plaque composition. Although almost completely noninvasive, CTA shares some of the limitations of DSA, namely radiation exposure and risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. CTA is excellent for the depiction of calcified lesions, but extensive calcification may limit the ability to detect and quantify luminal stenoses.
1310 nm wafer fused VCSELs - a new generation of uncooled 10 Gbps telecom lasers (2012)

1310 nm-band wafer-fused VCSELs demonstrate record low 10 Gbps modulation current of 6 mA at temperatures from RT to 70 °C. Reliability studies demonstrate the suitability of this technology in commercial photonic systems.
The fatigue life of lead alloy E as a sheathing material for submarine power cables (1988)

An experimental investigation into the fatigue resistance of lead alloy E (nominal Sn 0.4%, Sb 0.2%) is detailed, and the results of some 150 individual tests have been treated statistically to provide a convenient method for predicting, to any desired probability level, the fatigue life of this material as a function of the amplitude and frequency of cyclically applied strains. The results are considered in relation to typical requirements of submarine power cable circuits. It is concluded that lead alloy E is an entirely satisfactory sheathing material for such cable circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bioresorbable Microdroplet Lasers as Injectable Systems for Transient Thermal Sensing and Modulation (2021)

Minimally invasive methods for temperature sensing and thermal modulation in living tissues have extensive applications in biological research and clinical care. As alternatives to bioelectronic devices for this purpose, functional nanomaterials that self-assemble into optically active microstructures offer important features in remote sensing, injectability, and compact size. This paper introduces a transient, or bioresorbable, system based on injectable slurries of well-defined microparticles that serve as photopumped lasers with temperature-sensitive emission wavelengths (>4-300 nm °C<sup>-1</sup>). The resulting platforms can act as tissue-embedded thermal sensors and, simultaneously, as distributed vehicles for thermal modulation. Each particle consists of a spherical resonator formed by self-organized cholesteric liquid crystal molecules doped with fluorophores as gain media, encapsulated in thin shells of soft hydrogels that offer adjustable rates of bioresorption through chemical modification. Detailed studies highlight fundamental aspects of these systems including particle sensitivity, lasing threshold, and size. Additional experiments explore functionality as photothermal agents with active temperature feedback (Δ<i>T</i> = 1 °C) and potential routes in remote evaluation of thermal transport properties. Cytotoxicity evaluations support their biocompatibility, and <i>ex vivo</i> demonstrations in Casper fish illustrate their ability to measure temperature within biological tissues with resolution of 0.01 °C. This collective set of results demonstrates a range of multifunctional capabilities in thermal sensing and modulation.
A PSpice model for HPS lamps operated at high frequency (2002)

A PSpice circuit model has been developed for the electrical characteristics of high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS). The model is constructed from a two-parameter equation, which is based on a set of two measurements. This model is easily constructed and it is suitable for a preliminary design of electronic ballast. Simulated and experimental results are used to verify the analytical discussions, and an electronic ballast design using the proposed model is presented to further demonstrate its application.
Smarter eyewear (2014)

Smart eyewear computing is a relatively new subcategory in ubiquitous computing research, which has enormous potential. In this paper we present a first evaluation of soon commercially available Electrooculography (EOG) glasses (J!NS MEME) for the use in activity recognition. We discuss the potential of EOG glasses and other smart eye-wear. Afterwards, we show a first signal level assessment of MEME, and present a classification task using the glasses. We are able to distinguish of 4 activities for 2 users (typing, reading, eating and talking) using the sensor data (EOG and acceleration) from the glasses with an accuracy of 70 % for 6 sec. windows and up to 100 % for a 1 minute majority decision. The classification is done user-independent.
78‐2: The Optimum Display for Virtual Reality (2017)

Display for virtual reality (VR) requires real black, and should be free from flicker and motion blur. This paper shows which device is proper to VR between liquid crystal display (LCD) and organic light emitting diode (OLED). This paper explains why OLED is the best fit for VR.
ITP of lanthanides in microfluidic PMMA chip (2013)

An ITP separation of eight lanthanides on a serpentine PMMA microchip with a tee junction and a 230-mm-long serpentine channel is described. The cover of the PMMA chip is 175 μm thick so that a C(4) D in microchip mode can be used to detect the lanthanides as they migrate through the microchannel. Acetate and α-hydroxyisobutyric acid are used as complexing agents to increase the electrophoretic mobility difference between the lanthanides. Eight lanthanides are concentrated within ∼ 6 min by ITP in the microchip using 10 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 as the leading electrolyte and 10 mM acetic acid at ∼ pH 3.0 as the terminating electrolyte. In addition, a 2D numerical simulation of the lanthanides undergoing ITP in the microchip is compared with experimental results using COMSOL Multiphysics v4.3a.
Near-visible bright-soliton Kerr comb generation in dispersion-engineered lithium niobate coupled optical microresonators (2019)

We present an optimized, dispersion-engineered, air-clad, coupled lithium niobite optical-microresonator-based configuration for bright-soliton wideband (40 nm bandwidth at −70 dB window) Kerr-comb generation at the near-visible spectrum. © 2019 The Author(s)
Mechanics for vibratory manipulation (2002)

Vibratory manipulation is any mode of manipulation involving repeated impacts due to a striker which follows some periodic motion. In this paper, we study vibratory manipulation in the context of tapping planar objects which slide on a fixed support surface. We are interested in the behaviors an object exhibits under such excitation. There are two distinct types of tapping that can result: continuous tapping, in which the object is always in motion, and intermittent tapping, in which the object comes to rest between taps. We first examine vibratory manipulation in one dimension, adapting results from related work to find conditions for stable periodic motion. The general two dimensional case is closely related to our previous work in impulsive manipulation which examined the mechanics of a sliding rotating object. In fact, vibratory manipulation is an approximation to the limiting cases of impulsive manipulation. We develop the limiting cases for intermittent and continuous tapping for rotationally symmetric objects and conclude with some examples.
Fluoropolymer-based resists for a single-resist process of 157 nm lithography (2002)

We investigated two types of main-chain fluorinated polymers and found that incorporating fluorine into their backbones reduced their absorption coefficients to less than 1 μm−1 at 157 nm and showed good dry-etching resistance. Fluoropolymer dissolution during development was studied using a quartz-crystal microbalance and evaluated from the standpoint of molecular structures and polymer acidity. The fluorine and hydrophobic effects, rather than the polymer acidity effect, were found to play the dominant role in forming the swelling layer during development. The use of main-chain fluorinated polymers for the base resin of positive-tone resists results in fine imaging with a film thickness of 300 nm. The incorporation of fluorine into the backbones will thus enable these polymers to be used as single-layer resists for 157 nm lithography.