gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Gaussian selection in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition using HMMS (2002)

This paper investigates the use of Gaussian Selection (GS) to reduce the state likelihood computation in HMM-based systems. These likelihood calculations contribute significantly (30 to 70%) to the computational load. Previously, it has been reported that when GS is used on large systems the recognition accuracy tends to degrade above a /spl times/3 reduction in likelihood computation. To explain this degradation, this paper investigates the trade-offs necessary between achieving good state likelihoods and low computation. In addition, the problem of unseen states in a cluster is examined. It is shown that further improvements are possible. For example, using a different assignment measure, with a constraint on the number of components per state per cluster enabled the recognition accuracy on a 5k speaker-independent task to be maintained up to a /spl times/5 reduction in likelihood computation.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Discrimination and taxonomy of geographically diverse strains of nitrile-metabolizing actinomycetes using chemometric and molecular sequencing techniques. (2002)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Discrimination and taxonomy of geographically diverse strains of nitrile-metabolizing actinomycetes using chemometric and molecular sequencing techniques.
Association of ANK3 with bipolar disorder confirmed in East Asia (2011)

Results of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for bipolar disorder (BD) have indicated ANK3 as one of the most promising candidates for a susceptibility gene. In this study, we performed genetic association analysis of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ANK3 (rs1938526 and rs10994336), whose genome-wide significant associations were reported in a previous meta-analysis of GWASs, using genotyping data of Korean and Japanese case-control samples and a part of data from a GWAS in Han-Chinese from Taiwan. The total number of participants was 2,212 cases (352 from Korea, 860 from Japan, and 1,000 from Taiwan) and 2,244 controls (349 from Korea, 895 from Japan, and 1,000 from Taiwan). We could not detect any significant difference of allele frequency in individual analyses using each of the three populations. However, when we combined the three data sets and performed a meta-analysis, rs1938526 showed nominally significant association (P = 0.048, odds ratio = 1.09). The over-represented allele in BD was same as that reported in Caucasian GWASs. On the other hand, any significant association was not detected in rs10994336. This discrepancy between two SNPs may be explained by the different degree of linkage disequilibrium between Asian and Caucasian. These findings further supported the association between ANK3 and BD, and also suggested the genomic region around rs1938526 as a common risk locus across ethnicities.
Kinetic Blowout Stopper - The Airbag for the Oil and Gas Industry (2019)

Abstract A proprietary design using a pyro-mechanical, electrically initiated, kinetic energy enabled shearing action has safely and reliably delivered on the promise of "Shear Anything" and seal successfully. The kinetic blowout stopper (K-BOS) will shear anything in the well above the bit thus eliminating non-shearables from the oil &amp; gas lexicon. Further a superior clean fish with minimal deformation is produced by the kinetic shearing action. The K-BOS will shut-in full flow and pressure blowouts in milliseconds with its simple protected hermetically sealed construction for unparalleled post–shearing sealing performance and dramatically reduce extremely deadly and damaging flammable and/or toxic gas releases. With unrivalled confidence and reliability with best-in-industry control system monitoring and function testing and actuation techniques, the K-BOS requires virtually zero maintenance because of its simple construction where the working components are not wetted by wellbore fluids until actuation, meaning lower costs and reduced NPT and downtime. Like the automotive air bag, the K-BOS is self-contained and meets US and International deregulation requirements regarding safety and logistics of pyrotechnic devices. Starting with ballistic modeling technology developed for the military, the models were adapted to the K-BOS application and predicted the outcomes of shearing tests with different common tubulars including traditional "unshearables." A testing regime has been conducted to validate the models, demonstrate repeatability of the results, and demonstrate that a post shear seal could be achieved. More than 30 test serials with the K-BOS 4-1/16″ prototype including empty well-bore tests, shear tests ranging from 5/16″ wireline to 3-1/2″ Drill Collar with a 1″ Wall Thickness. All tests to date have sheared the target tubular without failure. Multiple materials and configurations have been tested. In all the shearing tests, the K-BOS successfully sheared the target while achieving all safety objectives. The shear test program has validated the models and has also provided validation data allowing for adjustments to the modeling technology for this specific application and resulting in a high level of accuracy and precision in design and shear performance expectations. The shear testing also showed that the K-BOS can shear without damaging the seals and provides an adequate sealing surface after shearing. The K-BOS has successfully met technical readiness level 5 (API 17N scale) and is ready to move on to in the field scale shear and seal testing. These results and the continuation to continuing development further the prospects of ensuring the K-BOS achieves its mission to strengthen the industry's social license to operate.
Development of metal organic cluster EUV photoresists (2019)

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, using 13.5 nm radiations, is almost ready for high volume manufacturing. EUV lithography is expected to be the main technology for manufacturing leading-edge devices and continuous improvement of lithography performance is still needed. We have developed several metal oxide containing resists and recently focused on metal organic cluster photoresists with controlled size distribution. In this paper, material properties and lithography performance of our new metal organic cluster photoresists are discussed.
Vertebrate Bitter Taste Receptors: Keys for Survival in Changing Environments (2016)

Research on bitter taste receptors has made enormous progress during recent years. Although in the early period after the discovery of this highly interesting receptor family special emphasis was placed on the deorphanization of mainly human bitter taste receptors, the research focus has shifted to sophisticated structure-function analyses, the discovery of small-molecule interactors, and the pharmacological profiling of nonhuman bitter taste receptors. These findings allowed novel perspectives on, for example, evolutionary and ecological questions that have arisen and that are discussed.
Accurate and Conservative Estimates of MRF Log-likelihood using Reverse Annealing (2014)

Markov random fields (MRFs) are difficult to evaluate as generative models because computing the test log-probabilities requires the intractable partition function. Annealed importance sampling (AIS) is widely used to estimate MRF partition functions, and often yields quite accurate results. However, AIS is prone to overestimate the log-likelihood with little indication that anything is wrong. We present the Reverse AIS Estimator (RAISE), a stochastic lower bound on the log-likelihood of an approximation to the original MRF model. RAISE requires only the same MCMC transition operators as standard AIS. Experimental results indicate that RAISE agrees closely with AIS log-probability estimates for RBMs, DBMs, and DBNs, but typically errs on the side of underestimating, rather than overestimating, the log-likelihood.
Supplementary Figure 3 from TYK2–STAT1–BCL2 Pathway Dependence in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 400K, Protein expression levels and phosphorylation of candidate signaling molecules in T-ALL cell lines.&lt;/p&gt;
Upconverting nanophosphors for bioimaging (2009)

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) when excited in the near-infrared (NIR) region display anti-Stokes emission whereby the emitted photon is higher in energy than the excitation energy. The material system achieves that by converting two or more infrared photons into visible photons. The use of the infrared confers benefits to bioimaging because of its deeper penetrating power in biological tissues and the lack of autofluorescence. We demonstrate here sub-10 nm, upconverting rare earth oxide UCNPs synthesized by a combustion method that can be stably suspended in water when amine modified. The amine modified UCNPs show specific surface immobilization onto patterned gold surfaces. Finally, the low toxicity of the UCNPs is verified by testing on the multi-cellular C. elegans nematode.
Untangling Non-Contact Power Monitoring Puzzles (2017)

Electromagnetic field sensors provide an electronic “stethoscope” that can determine the current and power flowing in the wire without ohmic contact and without the need to physically separate conductors. Isolation is inherent, and non-contact monitors can be installed without special safety precautions. However, the process of reconstructing the detailed conductor currents is an inverse problem subject to subtle and severe complications in real environments. Interference from nearby conductors, incorrect or unconventional wiring, ground leakage, and three-wire connections complicate the interpretation of electric and magnetic fields to infer line currents. Over a year of field monitoring has been conducted to demonstrate signal processing and physical approaches for untangling these problems to produce accurate and reliable multi-phase power measurements with non-contact sensors.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl‐Containing Compounds by Three‐Component Photoredox Chemistry (2017)

Multicomponent reactions allow the construction of molecular complexity in an economical fashion, fluorinated compounds play an important role in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, whereas visible light is an abundant and sustainable source of energy for activating chemical transformations. Here we report a visible-light-induced asymmetric three-component fluoroalkylation reaction scheme catalyzed by a chiral-at-rhodium Lewis acid. The photoredox process is mediated by the inexpensive, commercially available organic photoredox mediator 4,4'-difluorobenzil, which upon activation by visible light induces the generation of perfluoroalkyl radicals from their sulfinates via single electron transfer oxidation. The fluorinated radicals are trapped by electron-rich C-C double bonds to deliver α-oxy carbon-centered radicals, followed by a subsequent stereocontrolled reaction with acceptor-substituted alkenes. This three-component fluoroalkylation scheme provides a range of complex fluoroalkyl-containing chiral compounds under dual C-C bond formation with high enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee) and modest diastereoselectivities (up to 6:1 dr). Excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >38:1:1 dr) for natural chiral compound derivatives are observed. Broad substrate scope (25 examples), excellent functional group tolerance, scalability of the reaction, along with the option to recover the chiral catalyst and photoredox mediator reveal the practicability of this methodology in organic synthesis for the rapid synthesis of fluorinated chiral molecules.
Normal Induction but Attenuated Progression of Germinal Center Responses in BAFF and BAFF-R Signaling–Deficient Mice (2003)

The factors regulating germinal center (GC) B cell fate are poorly understood. Recent studies have defined a crucial role for the B cell–activating factor belonging to TNF family (BAFF; also called BLyS) in promoting primary B cell survival and development. A role for this cytokine in antigen-driven B cell responses has been suggested but current data in this regard are limited. A BAFF receptor expressed by B cells (BAFF-R/BR3) is defective in A/WySnJ mice which exhibit a phenotype similar to BAFF-deficient (BAFF−/−) animals. Here, we show that although GC responses can be efficiently induced in both A/WySnJ and BAFF−/− mice, these responses are not sustained. In BAFF−/− mice, this response is rapidly attenuated and accompanied by perturbed follicular dendritic cell development and immune complex trapping. In contrast, analysis of the A/WySnJ GC response revealed a B cell autonomous proliferative defect associated with reduced or undetectable Ki67 nuclear proliferation antigen expression by GC B cells at all stages of the response. These data demonstrate a multifaceted role for the BAFF pathway in regulating GC progression.
A Compiler-Blockable Algorithm for QR Decomposition. (1995)

Because of an imbalance between computation and memory speed in modern processors, programmers are explicitly restructuring codes to perform well on particular memory systems, leading to machine-specific programs. This paper describes a block algorithm for QR decomposition that is derivable by the compiler and has good performance on small matrices --- sizes that are typically run on nodes of a massively parallel system or workstation. The advantage of our algorithm over the one found in LAPACK is that it can be derived by the compiler and needs no hand optimization. 1 Introduction The trend in high-performance microprocessor design is toward increasing the computational power on chip. Unfortunately, memory speed is not increasing at the same rate. The result is an increase in the number of cycles for a memory access -- a latency of 10 to 20 machine cycles is quite common. Although cache helps to ameliorate these problems, it performs poorly on scientific calculations with working set...
DIELECTROPHORESIS-BASED MICROFLUIDIC SEPARATION AND DETECTION SYSTEMS. (2000)

Diagnosis and treatment of human diseases frequently requires isolation and detection of certain cell types from a complex mixture. Compared with traditional separation and detection techniques, microfluidic approaches promise to yield easy-to-use diagnostic instruments tolerant of a wide range of operating environments and capable of accomplishing automated analyses. These approaches will enable diagnostic advances to be disseminated from sophisticated clinical laboratories to the point-of-care. Applications will include the separation and differential analysis of blood cell subpopulations for host-based detection of blood cell changes caused by disease, infection, or exposure to toxins, and the separation and analysis of surface-sensitized, custom dielectric beads for chemical, biological, and biomolecular targets. Here we report a new particle separation and analysis microsystem that uses dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF). The system consists of a microfluidic chip with integrated sample injector, a DEP-FFF separator, and an AC impedance sensor. We show the design of a miniaturized impedance sensor integrated circuit (IC) with improved sensitivity, a new packaging approach for micro-flumes that features a slide-together compression package and novel microfluidic interconnects, and the design, control, integration and packaging of a fieldable prototype. Illustrative applications will be shown, including the separation of different sized beads and different cell types, blood cell differential analysis, and impedance sensing results for beads, spores and cells.
A new childhood T-cell lymphoma established in nude mice and in vitro. (1988)

A T-lymphoma cell line was established from a lymph node biopsy of a boy currently alive in complete remission. Neoplastic cells from this biopsy did not grow in vitro, whereas they formed a progressively growing s.c. tumor in splenectomized and sublethally irradiated nude mice and became serially transplantable in splenectomized and sublethally irradiated nude mice with a stable latency time. After the fourth transplant, cells were stored in liquid nitrogen and referred to as ST-4 cells. ST-4 cells display a membrane phenotype and a karyotype similar to that of the biopsy cells. After thawing, ST-4 cells grow both in splenectomized and sublethally irradiated nude mice and in vitro. They do not secrete interferon or interleukin 2, do not have natural killer activity, and do not respond to mitogen or alloantigen stimulation. The stable features of these T-lymphoma cells and the availability of normal autologous lymphocytes from the patient make this in vivo system quite unique and of importance for studies in tumor immunotherapy.
The immunology of traumatic brain injury: a prime target for Alzheimer’s disease prevention (2012)

A global health problem, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is especially prevalent in the current era of ongoing world military conflicts. Its pathological hallmark is one or more primary injury foci, followed by a spread to initially normal brain areas via cascades of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines resulting in an amplification of the original tissue injury by microglia and other central nervous system immune cells. In some cases this may predispose individuals to later development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The inflammatory-based progression of TBI has been shown to be active in humans for up to 17 years post TBI. Unfortunately, all neuroprotective drug trials have failed, and specific treatments remain less than efficacious. These poor results might be explained by too much of a scientific focus on neurons without addressing the functions of microglia in the brain, which are at the center of proinflammatory cytokine generation. To address this issue, we provide a survey of the TBI-related brain immunological mechanisms that may promote progression to AD. We discuss these immune and microglia-based inflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of post-trauma brain damage to AD. Flavonoid-based strategies to oppose the antigen-presenting cell-like inflammatory phenotype of microglia will also be reviewed. The goal is to provide a rationale for investigations of inflammatory response following TBI which may represent a pathological link to AD. In the end, a better understanding of neuroinflammation could open therapeutic avenues for abrogation of secondary cell death and behavioral symptoms that may mediate the progression of TBI to later AD.
Composites from furfuryl alcohol and inorganic solids by cationic initiation, 2. Spectroscopic studies of poly(furfuryl alcohol)‐silica composites obtained by trifluoroacetic acid initiation (1993)

Abstract Furfuryl alcohol polymerizes in a suspension of dispersed inorganic solids such as silica in 1,2‐dichloroethane using trifluoroacetic acid as initiator. Depending on the experimental conditions the reactions load to (1) agglomeration of particles, (2) composite and soluble polymer formation, (3) composite formation. The chemical structure of the soluble polymers is not regular but the furfurylic sequence is predominant. The polymer grafted on the surface of the solid is a strongly reticulated poly(furfuryl alcohol), which also possesses conjugated double bonds that are involved in an acid‐base equilibrium with trifluoroacetic acid.
A new mild, clean and highly efficient method for the preparation of graphene quantum dots without by-products (2015)

We demonstrated that graphene oxide (GO) can be oxidized and cut into graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), which is obtained by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) with a tungsten oxide nanowire (W<sub>18</sub>O<sub>49</sub>) catalyst. The clean oxidizing agent (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and the solid catalyst lead to a simple GQD preparing method without any by-products. The obtained GQD aqueous solution can be directly applied to fluorescence imaging in vitro without any further purification. The effect of the W<sub>18</sub>O<sub>49</sub> catalyst on the ˙OH formation is discussed, and the size of GQDs can be controlled via changing the concentration of hydroxyl radicals.
A 288fs RMS jitter versatile 8–12.4GHz wide-band Fractional-N synthesizer for SONET and SerDes communication standards in 40nm CMOS (2013)

This paper presents a wide-band analog Fractional-N clock synthesizer operating from 8 to 12.4GHz suited for data communication standards. The synthesizer generates a low noise clock with rms jitter of 288-460fs, yet maintains wide loop bandwidth from 1.5 to 4.3MHz. The design consumes 16.9mW from a 1V supply, while occupying an area of 0.39mm2 in a 40nm CMOS technology.
Selective Oxidation using Supported Gold and Gold Palladium Nanoparticles prepared by Sol‐Immobilisation (2010)

Akeydiscoveryinthelasttwodecadeshasbeentheidentifica-tion that gold, when prepared as supported nanoparticles, isexceptionallyeffectiveasanoxidationcatalyst.Followingthisdiscovery, there has been an explosion of interest in gold as acatalyst and several hundred papers and tens of patents arebeing published annually. Gold catalysis is now a major topicforbothheterogeneousandhomogeneouscatalysisworldwide.Previouslywehaveshownthatsupportedgoldandgoldpalla-dium catalysts are very active and selective for the oxidationof alcohols and hydrocarbons and also the direct synthesis ofhydrogen peroxide
Semiconductor optical limiters with large dynamic range (1986)

We present a detailed characterization of optical limiting devices, i.e., devices which have a high linear transmittance at low incident irradiance (energy) which switches to low transmittance at high incident irradiance (energy). The principle of operation is based on the combined effects of two-photon absorption (2PA) and the subsequent defocusing due to the photogenerated carriers. As the 2PA coefficient is nearly constant over a large frequency range, 1 the limiter is a broadband device. The limiter is an advance on previous designs, 2 as damage is prevented by utilizing nonlinear propagation in an optically thick medium. By focusing tightly into the bulk of the semiconductor ZnSe with 532-nm, 30-ps pulses, we have observed limiting energies as low as 10 nJ. At high input energies, the nonlinearities prevent damaging irradiances being reached in the bulk. The dynamic range is therefore limited only by damage at the input surface of the semiconductor.
Tapered Block Copolymers Containing Ethylene and a Functionalized Comonomer (2006)

We report the synthesis of tapered block copolymers of ethylene with 5-norbornen-2-yl acetate (1) by the nickel catalyst system [N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)propanamide] Ni(η1-CH2Ph)(PMe3) (2) and Ni(COD)2 (bis(1,4-cyclooctadiene)nickel). This technique utilizes a one-pot semibatch copolymerization in which ethylene is continuously added while 1 is depleted by incorporation into the polymer chain. The simplicity of this technique allows the construction of a polymer library, which enabled us to study the effect of polymer composition and chain length on solid-state morphology and mechanical and thermal properties. From these studies we were able to derive a profile relating the probability of 1 insertion vs degree of polymerization (Xn). Under proper experimental conditions, these tapered polymers form ordered microphase-separated morphologies where the phase morphology is modulated by the polymer chain length. The percent crystallinity and storage modulus of the polymers were found to be chain length dependent.