gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-pass cells for post-compression of ultrashort laser pulses (2022)

Ultrafast lasers reaching extremely high powers within short fractions of time enable a plethora of applications. They grant advanced material processing capabilities, are effective drivers for secondary photon and particle sources, and reveal extreme light-matter interactions. They also supply platforms for compact accelerator technologies, with great application prospects for tumor therapy or medical diagnostics. Many of these scientific cases benefit from sources with higher average and peak powers. Following mode-locked dye and titanium-doped sapphire lasers, broadband optical parametric amplifiers have emerged as high peak- and average power ultrashort pulse lasers. A much more power-efficient alternative is provided by direct post-compression of high-power diode-pumped ytterbium lasers—a route that advanced to another level with the invention of a novel spectral broadening approach, the multi-pass cell technique. The method has enabled benchmark results yielding sub-50-fs pules at average powers exceeding 1 kW, has facilitated femtosecond post-compression at pulse energies above 100 mJ with large compression ratios, and supports picosecond to few-cycle pulses with compact setups. The striking progress of the technique in the past five years puts light sources with tens to hundreds of TW peak and multiple kW of average power in sight—an entirely new parameter regime for ultrafast lasers. In this review, we introduce the underlying concepts and give brief guidelines for multi-pass cell design and implementation. We then present an overview of the achieved performances with both bulk and gas-filled multi-pass cells. Moreover, we discuss prospective advances enabled by this method, in particular including opportunities for applications demanding ultrahigh peak-power, high repetition rate lasers such as plasma accelerators and laser-driven extreme ultraviolet sources.
Hysteresis reduction in proprioception using presynaptic shunting inhibition (1995)

1. The tonic responses of angular-position-sensitive afferents in the metathoracic chordotonal organ of the locust leg exhibit much hysteresis. For a given joint angle, the ratio of an afferent's tonic firing rate after extension to its firing rate after flexion (or vice versa) is typically between 1.2:1 and 3:1 but can be as large as 10:1. Spiking local interneurons, that receive direct inputs from these afferents, can, by contrast, exhibit much less hysteresis (between 1.1:1 and 1.2:1). We tested the hypothesis that presynaptic inhibitory interactions between afferent axons reduces the hysteresis of postsynaptic interneurons by acting as an automatic gain control mechanism. 2. We used two kinds of neural models to test this hypothesis: 1) an abstract nonspiking neural model in which a multiplicative, shunting term reduced the "firing rate" of the afferent and 2) a more realistic compartmental model in which shunting inhibition presynaptically attenuated the amplitude of the action potentials reaching the afferent terminals. 3. The abstract neural model demonstrated the automatic gain control capability of a network of laterally inhibited afferent units. A postsynaptic unit, which was connected to the competitive network of afferents, coded for joint angle without saturating as the strength of the afferent input increased by two orders of magnitude. This was possible because shunting inhibition exactly balanced the increase in the excitatory input. This compensatory mechanism required the sum of the excitatory and inhibitory conductances to be much larger than the leak conductance. This requirement suggested a graded weighting scheme in which the afferent recruited first (i.e., at a small joint angle) received the largest inhibition from each of the other afferents because of the lack of active neighbors, and the afferent recruited last (i.e., at a large joint angle) received the least inhibition because all the other afferents were active. 4. The compartmental model demonstrated that presynaptic shunting inhibition between afferents could decrease the average synaptic conductance caused by the afferents onto the spiking interneuron, thereby counterbalancing the afferents' large average firing rates after movements in the preferred direction. Therefore the total postsynaptic input per unit time did not differ much between the preferred and nonpreferred directions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
5G Data Transfer at Maximum Speed (2019)

Mobile communications have permanently changed our society and our ways of communicating ever since the global availability of mobile speech services, and because these communications form the basis for mobile Internet. They have facilitated a new dimension of productivity growth and manufacturing and service process networking since the use of the Internet. Their technical basis is founded on a deep understanding of the relationships between radio and telecommunications technology, beginning with radio wave propagation and modeling, through techniques for digital signal processing and a scalable system design for a cellular radio system with mobility support, to methods for system analysis and optimization. The Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz-Institute, HHI has been working in the field of mobile telephony communications for 20 years and has made key contributions to the third, fourth, and fifth generations. Alongside research articles and numerous first-time demonstrations of key technological components, the institute is also an active contributor to 3GPP standardization.
Investigation of olfactory function in a Panx1 knock out mouse model (2014)

Pannexin 1 (Panx1), the most extensively investigated member of a channel-forming protein family, is able to form pores conducting molecules up to 1.5 kDa, like ATP, upon activation. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), ATP modulates olfactory responsiveness and plays a role in proliferation and differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This process continuously takes place in the OE, as neurons are replaced throughout the whole lifespan. The recent discovery of Panx1 expression in the OE raises the question whether Panx1 mediates ATP release responsible for modulating chemosensory function. In this study, we analyzed pannexin expression in the OE and a possible role of Panx1 in olfactory function using a Panx1(-/-) mouse line with a global ablation of Panx1. This mouse model has been previously used to investigate Panx1 functions in the retina and adult hippocampus. Here, qPCR, in-situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that Panx1 is expressed in axon bundles deriving from sensory neurons of the OE. The localization, distribution, and expression of major olfactory signal transduction proteins were not significantly altered in Panx1(-/-) mice. Further, functional analysis of Panx1(-/-) animals does not reveal any major impairment in odor perception, indicated by electroolfactogram (EOG) measurements and behavioral testing. However, ATP release evoked by potassium gluconate application was reduced in Panx1(-/-) mice. This result is consistent with previous reports on ATP release in isolated erythrocytes and spinal or lumbar cord preparations from Panx1(-/-) mice, suggesting that Panx1 is one of several alternative pathways to release ATP in the olfactory system.
Comparison of Structural Behavior of Nanocrystals in Randomly Packed Films and Long-Range Ordered Superlattices by Time-Resolved Small Angle X-ray Scattering (2009)

We evaluated the difference between randomly packed NCs (disordered films), periodic films, and three-dimensional crystals in terms of their lattice structure and interparticle spacing using time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. The work was performed on nanocrystal solids formed by 7 nm PbS nanocrystals capped with oleic acid. We have found that interparticle spacing in faceted three-dimensional crystals is approximately 25% smaller as compared with three-dimensional films formed by solvent evaporation. We showed that interparticle spacing in faceted three-dimensional crystals is significantly smaller than the length of a fully extended molecule of oleic acid, and hence, full interdigitation of molecules from neighboring particle is doubtful. Also we demonstrated that postpreparative mild thermal treatment allows further manipulation of interparticle spacing.
Single-Unit Stability Using Chronically Implanted Multielectrode Arrays (2009)

The use of chronic intracortical multielectrode arrays has become increasingly prevalent in neurophysiological experiments. However, it is not obvious whether neuronal signals obtained over multiple recording sessions come from the same or different neurons. Here, we develop a criterion to assess single-unit stability by measuring the similarity of 1) average spike waveforms and 2) interspike interval histograms (ISIHs). Neuronal activity was recorded from four Utah arrays implanted in primary motor and premotor cortices in three rhesus macaque monkeys during 10 recording sessions over a 15- to 17-day period. A unit was defined as stable through a given day if the stability criterion was satisfied on all recordings leading up to that day. We found that 57% of the original units were stable through 7 days, 43% were stable through 10 days, and 39% were stable through 15 days. Moreover, stable units were more likely to remain stable in subsequent recording sessions (i.e., 89% of the neurons that were stable through four sessions remained stable on the fifth). Using both waveform and ISIH data instead of just waveforms improved performance by reducing the number of false positives. We also demonstrate that this method can be used to track neurons across days, even during adaptation to a visuomotor rotation. Identifying a stable subset of neurons should allow the study of long-term learning effects across days and has practical implications for pooling of behavioral data across days and for increasing the effectiveness of brain-machine interfaces.
Supplementary Table 1 from Multilevel Whole-Genome Analysis Reveals Candidate Biomarkers in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 28K, Broad regions of gains and losses in at least 5% of cases (n=154).&lt;/p&gt;
A data-oriented network architecture (2008)

In the 25 years since becoming commercially available, the Internet has grown into a global communication infrastructure connecting a significant part of mankind and has become an important part of modern society. Its impressive growth has been fostered by innovative applications, many of which were completely unforeseen by the Internet's inventors. While fully acknowledging ingenuity and creativity of application designers, it is equally impressive how little the core architecture of the Internet has evolved during this time. However, the ever evolving applications and growing importance of the Internet have resulted in increasing discordance between the Internet's current use and its original design. In this thesis, we focus on four sources of discomfort caused by this divergence. &#13;\n First, the Internet was developed around host-to-host applications, such as telnet and ftp, but the vast majority of its current usage is service access and data retrieval. Second, while the freedom to connect from any host to any other host was a major factor behind the success of the Internet, it provides little protection for connected hosts today. As a result, distributed denial of service attacks against Internet services have become a common nuisance, and are difficult to resolve within the current architecture. Third, Internet connectivity is becoming nearly ubiquitous and reaches increasingly often mobile devices. Moreover, connectivity is expected to extend its reach to even most extreme places. Hence, applications' view to network has changed radically; it's commonplace that they are offered intermittent connectivity at best and required to be smart enough to use heterogeneous network technologies. Finally, modern networks deploy so-called middleboxes both to improve performance and provide protection. However, when doing so, the middleboxes have to impose themselves between the communication end-points, which is against the design principles of the original Internet and a source of complications both for the management of networks and design of application protocols. &#13;\n In this thesis, we design a clean-slate network architecture that is a better fit with the current use of the Internet. We present a name resolution system based on name-based routing. It matches with the service access and data retrieval oriented usage of the Internet, and takes the network imposed middleboxes properly into account. We then propose modest addressing-related changes to the network layer as a remedy for the denial of service attacks. Finally, we take steps towards a data-oriented communications API that provides better decoupling for applications from the network stack than the original Sockets API does. The improved decoupling both simplifies applications and allows them to be unaffected by evolving network technologies: in this architecture, coping with intermittent connectivity and heterogenous network technologies is a burden of the network stack.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids: Mononucleotides (2012)

Abstract Review: 87 refs.
Detection of a buoyant coastal wastewater discharge using airborne hyperspectral and infrared imagery (2010)

Municipal wastewater discharged into the ocean through a submerged pipe, or outfall, can rise buoyantly to the sea surface, resulting in a near-field mixing zone and, in the presence of an ambient ocean current, an extended surface plume. In this paper, data from a CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) and an airborne infrared (IR) camera are shown to detect a municipal wastewater discharge off the southeast coast of Florida, U.S.A., through its elevated levels of chromophoric dissolved organic matter plus detrital material (CDOM) and cooler sea surface temperatures. CDOM levels within a ~15-m-diameter surface 'boil' are found to be about twice those in the ambient shelf water, and surface temperatures near the boil are lower by ~0.4°C, comparable to the vertical temperature difference across the ambient water column. The CASI and IR imagery show a nearly identically shaped buoyant plume, consistent with a fully surfacing discharge, but the IR data more accurately delineate the area of most rapid dilution as compared with previous in-situ measurements. The imagery also allows identification of ambient oceanographic processes that affect dispersion and transport in the far field. This includes an alongshore front, which limits offshore dispersion of the discharge, and shoreward-propagating nonlinear internal waves, which may be responsible for an enhanced onshore transport of the discharge.
Phenolic Acids, Lipids, and Proteins Associated with Purified Corn Fiber Arabinoxylans (2006)

Corn fiber gum (CFG) is a hemicellulose (arabinoxylan)-enriched fraction obtained by the extraction of corn bran/fiber using a proprietary alkaline hydrogen peroxide process. When purified CFG prepared by this process was hydrolyzed with more concentrated base (1.5 N methanolic KOH at 70 degrees C for 1 hour), considerable amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids (up to 0.015% of mainly ferulic acid) and lipids (up to 0.43%) were released. The released phenolic acids and lipids were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by both UV and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). During the wet milling of corn, two types of corn fiber are produced: coarse fiber, which is primarily from pericarp, and fine fiber, which is from the endosperm. The total phenolic acid content in CFGs purified from coarse corn fiber (pericarp fiber) is comparatively higher than that purified from fine corn fiber (endosperm fiber). It was also determined that the purified CFG samples contained significant amounts of strongly associated proteins, from 2 to 5% by weight. The presence of these phenolic acids, lipids, and proteins strongly associated or bound to CFG may contribute to its excellent ability to emulsify oil-in-water emulsions.
Remotely Powered Wireless Dual-Band Sensing System for Aircraft EMC Environment (2008)

In this paper, a wireless measurement system designed to monitor temperature inside a slat of an aircraft is presented. Both measurement signals and supply power for sensors installed on the remote part are transmitted by means of electromagnetic waves, which allows the system to work without connecting cables. The power delivered to the remote part is sufficient for a general-purpose microcontroller and separate platinum resistor thermal sensors, which significantly enhaces flexibility of the solution in comparison to other wireless sensing approaches based on a single dedicated ultralow power IC. Care was taken to maintain compliance of the system with RTCA/DO160E electromagnetic compatibility norms defined for aeronautic electronic equipment as well as with U.S. and European norms for general-purpose electronic devices.
Mechanistic aspects of dihydrogen activation and transfer during asymmetric hydrogenation in supercritical carbon dioxide (2000)

A new "CO2-philic" chiral rhodium diphosphinite complex was synthesized and applied as catalyst precursor in the asymmetric hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate in scCO2, scC2H6 and various liquid organic solvents. Deuterium labeling studies and parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) NMR experiments were used to provide the first detailed mechanistic insight into the activation and transfer of the dihydrogen molecule during hydrogenation in scCO2. Chemical interactions between CO2 and reactive intermediates of the catalytic pathway could be excluded as possible explanations for the experimentally verified difference in the catalytic behavior in scCO2 and hexane.
Numerical analysis for electromagnetic integral equations (2008)

This unique volume is the first book on integral equation-based methods that combines quantitative formulas for predicting numerical simulation accuracy together with rigorous error estimates and results for dozens of actual electromagnetics and wave propagation problems. You get the latest insights on accuracy-improving methods like regularization and error-increasing effects such as edge singularities and resonance, along with full details on how to determine mesh density, choice of basis functions, and other parameters needed to optimize any numerical simulation.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 17/2009 (2009)

Back Cover: Well-defined linear-dendronized diblock copolymers are synthesized through an alkyne-containing diblock precursor by attaching azide-modified dendrons. From highly diluted solutions it is possible to deposit clusters of about four molecules on mica surfaces, whereas nanostructured thin films can be prepared from more concentrated solutions. Further details can be found in the article by S. Fleischmann, A. Kiriy, V. Bocharova, C. Tock, H. Komber, and B. Voit* on page 1457.
Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses are Rarely Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Evaluation by Differential Polymerase Chain Reaction (1994)

While a strong association between oncogenic human papillomaviruses and squamous cell cancers of the genital tract (penis, urethra and cervix) is known to exist, there is substantial controversy regarding the association of human papillomaviruses and cancers of the bladder. Technical issues regarding assay technique and concern about potential contamination have marred interpretation of previous work. Moreover, because human papillomavirus has been associated predominantly with squamous cell cancers at other sites, any involvement of human papillomavirus and bladder epithelial carcinogenesis must address whether any association between human papillomavirus and squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder exists. Differential polymerase chain reaction and a rigorous protocol to avoid crossover contamination were used to analyze archival bladder carcinoma specimens (22 squamous cell carcinomas and 20 transitional cell carcinomas). Type specific primers for human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 were used as were general primers to detect types 6b, 11, 13, 16, 18, 31, 32, 33, 35, 45 and 51. Only 1 of 22 squamous cell carcinoma specimens (4.4%) was positive (human papillomavirus type 18)--a cadaveric renal transplant patient on chronic immunosuppression. Cervical specimens were human papillomavirus negative in this patient. No human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid was detected in the 20 transitional cell carcinoma cohort. Our results confirm that these human papillomavirus types appear to have little association with invasive transitional cell cancers. Of greater significance, despite this (to our knowledge) first reported case of human papillomavirus type 18 detected in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder (seen in an immunocompromised patient), we conclude that these oncogenic human papillomavirus types do not have a significant role in squamous cell carcinogenesis of the bladder.
Burrowing as a Non-reflex Behavioral Readout for Analgesic Action in a Rat Model of Knee Joint Arthritis (2012)

Non-evoked readouts for assessment of analgesic efficacy against spontaneous pain have been proposed to improve the predictive validity of preclinical models for analgesia. As such, the development and validation of novel readouts which go beyond reflex-withdrawal assays and which rely more on innate animal behavior is necessary. Here we demonstrate that the normalization of innate rodent behavior suppressed by pain, such as burrowing, can be a useful alternative behavioral readout for assessment of analgesic efficacy. In a Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced model of knee-joint arthritis the effects of naproxen, ibuprofen and pregabalin were compared in a weight bearing, an open field and a burrowing assay.
High Contrast Imaging at 3-5 microns (2007)

The 6.5 m MMT with its integrated deformable secondary, is an ideal platform for carrying out high contrast diffraction-limited imaging in the 3-5 micron wavelength regime. We have developed a dedicated camera for this purpose that can operate with high efficiency at both L &amp;apos; and M atmospheric windows. In addition we have demonstrated an approach to diffraction suppression, using a relatively simple apodizing phase plate (APP) that allows improved sensitivity to faint objects at several resolution elements away. These techniques are currently being used to search for Jupiter-like planets around nearby stars. 1.
Mesostructured Prussian Blue Analogues (2007)

Holey Prussian blue, Batman! A family of mesostructured Prussian blue analogues has been developed by a ligand-assisted templating approach in formamide. These new materials are composed of cyanide-linked metal centers organized around alkyl pyrazinium templates with lamellar, hexagonal (see idealized structural model), or cubic periodicity. Evidence for valence delocalization and magnetic interactions in materials formed from FeII/FeIII is presented. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z703627_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.