gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SpotTune: Transfer Learning through Adaptive Fine-tuning (2018)

Transfer learning, which allows a source task to affect the inductive bias of the target task, is widely used in computer vision. The typical way of conducting transfer learning with deep neural networks is to fine-tune a model pre-trained on the source task using data from the target task. In this paper, we propose an adaptive fine-tuning approach, called SpotTune, which finds the optimal fine-tuning strategy per instance for the target data. In SpotTune, given an image from the target task, a policy network is used to make routing decisions on whether to pass the image through the fine-tuned layers or the pre-trained layers. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Our method outperforms the traditional fine-tuning approach on 12 out of 14 standard datasets.We also compare SpotTune with other state-of-the-art fine-tuning strategies, showing superior performance. On the Visual Decathlon datasets, our method achieves the highest score across the board without bells and whistles.
Scintillation Properties of an Organic–Inorganic Lead Iodide Perovskite Single Crystal Having Quantum Well Structures (2022)

A (C 6 H 5 C 2 H 4 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 crystal was prepared to investigate its photoluminescence (PL) and scintillation properties. Two PL emission peaks at 525 and 560 nm derived from the recombination of excitons were observed. The obtained PL decay curve was approximated from the sum of three exponential decay functions related to the excitonic luminescence. Under X-ray irradiation, the excitonic emission at 560 nm from shallow trap centers was observed, and the X-ray induced scintillation decay times were 0.8, 6.0, and 37 ns. The full energy peak was observed under 241 Am -ray (5.5 MeV) irradiation, and the light yield was estimated to be ~2900 ph/5.5 MeV-.
Rejoice in the hubris: useful things biologists could do for physicists (2014)

Political correctness urges us to state how wonderful it is to work with biologists and how, just as the lion will someday lie down with the lamb, so will interdisciplinary work, where biologists and physicists are mixed together in light, airy buildings designed to force socialization, give rise to wonderful new science. But it has been said that the only drive in human nature stronger than the sex drive is the drive to censor and suppress, and so I claim that it is OK for physicists and biologists to maintain a wary distance from each other, so that neither one censors or suppresses the wild ideas of the other.
Proceedings of the sixth international workshop on MobiArch (2011)

It is our pleasure to welcome you to MobiArch 2011, the sixth edition of the MobiArch workshop series that focuses on architectural issues arising from mobility. The phenomenal adoption rate of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets has made mobility a pervasive characteristic of today's Internet. Effectively supporting mobile devices requires addressing issues such as decoupling location from identity, multi-homing, security, and energy efficiency. The workshop provides an interactive venue for researchers interested in exploring these issues.

This year's workshop received 14 papers, of which 7 were selected for inclusion in the program. We thank all authors who submitted their work. We also thank the members of the technical program committee who helped with the selection process through their reviews and discussions.

In addition to paper presentations, the program includes a panel discussion on maintaining connectivity to mobile devices. This a problem for which solutions were originally proposed over 15 years ago, and yet, it continues to attract attention from the research and engineering communities.

We hope that you will find this program interesting and thought provoking, and that the workshop will provide you with a valuable opportunity to share ideas with other researchers and practitioners from institutions around the world.
Measurements and analysis of UWB channels in industrial environments (2005)

Communication in industrial environments is an important scenario for ultra wideband (UWB) systems. The characteristics of this environment differ considerably from office environments, where most of the channel measurements reported in the literature are performed. In this paper, we present the results and analysis of UWB channel measurements in an industrial environment. We investigate both peer-to-peer non-line-of-sight (P-P NLOS) and base station NLOS (BS NLOS) scenarios. The measurements are performed in the frequency range 3.1 to 8 GHz, at distances 2-16 m, using a vector network analyzer in conjunction with virtual antenna arrays. From these measurements, we extract channel model parameters such as power delay profiles, pathloss exponents, rms delay spread and the percentage of energy captured by RAKE receivers with a finite number of fingers. In addition, Saleh- Valenzuela parameters such as ray and cluster power decay constants and distribution of cluster interarrival times are extracted.
Editorial (2001)

I deeply regret stepping down from the position as Editor-in-Chief of Laser and Particle Beams (LPB), but this has become necessary as my other professional responsibilities have changed. Fortunately, Dieter Hoffmann is an ideal replacement who will provide the leadership needed to maintain the quality and continue the growth of LPB. I am confident that, under his direction, the journal will continue to serve the scientific community as a leading vehicle to exchange and archive forefront research results.The success of LPB to this point has been due to the work and contributions of many people. I learned much from Heinz Hora, the founding editor of LPB, during the 4 year overlap period when I served as Managing Editor. He continued to provide much help and advice after I took over in 1992. The Associate Editors and the Editorial Board have also played an instrumental role in the Journal's operations, ranging from advice about editorial policies to helping with special issues and with Guest Editors. The many authors who have submitted such outstanding manuscripts over the years are, of course, the fundamental reason the journal is so well received in the community. The various reviewers who have given so much time to their work have been integral to maintaining the journal quality. Last, but not least, thanks goes to the Cambridge University Press staff who have so ably handled the proofing, printing and circulation of the Journal.
Editorial: Proceedings of the 2021 Indiana O'Brien Center Microscopy Workshop (2022)

EDITORIAL article Front. Physiol., 02 May 2022Sec. Renal and Epithelial Physiology https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.891526
Influence of Optical Purity on the Smectic-Cβ * Phase of Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1996)

The Smectic- C β * (SmC β * ) phase, which appears between the SmA and SmC A * phases in an optically pure liquid crystal of MHPOBC, has been studied by means of simultaneous measurements of the dielectric constant ε and the electroclinic coefficient κ under a dc bias electric field. The result of electroclinic coefficient measurement shows that the SmC β * phase is obviously different from the SmC * phase and can be considered as a ferrielectric phase. From the simultaneous measurement of ε and κ, we can observe the difference in the phase transition behaviors between pure and slightly racemized MHPOBC samples and confirm that the decrease of optical purity causes the change from the SmC β * phase to the SmC * phase.
ICE: A Service Oriented Approach to Uniform the Access and Management of Cluster Environments (2006)

This paper presents the Integrated Cluster Environment - ICE, which aims to provide an efficient and easy way to interact with several clusters. Generally, when users and clusters administrators have access to several clusters they have to deal with different kind of tools in each cluster. For example: different job schedulers, resource monitoring and administrative configuration issues. Sometimes these tools are used to perform similar tasks but using different interfaces with different parameters. ICE environment provides an alternative to uniform the access to different cluster tools, allowing users and administrators to interact and manage them in a transparent manner. Besides transparency, it also provides extensibility, since tools already installed in clusters can be managed by ICE environment just by adopting the integration framework designed. Uniformity, transparency and extensibility are reached due to ICE architecture and Web service usage as the environment middleware. This paper describes ICE architecture, the developed prototype, ICE usage and also a comparison with related work.
Towards efficient end-to-end speech recognition with biologically-inspired neural networks (2021)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a capability which enables a program to process human speech into a written form. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to high-accuracy ASR systems based on deep neural networks, such as the recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T). However, the core components and the performed operations of these approaches depart from the powerful biological counterpart, i.e., the human brain. On the other hand, the current developments in biologically-inspired ASR models, based on spiking neural networks (SNNs), lag behind in terms of accuracy and focus primarily on small scale applications. In this work, we revisit the incorporation of biologically-plausible models into deep learning and we substantially enhance their capabilities, by taking inspiration from the diverse neural and synaptic dynamics found in the brain. In particular, we introduce neural connectivity concepts emulating the axo-somatic and the axo-axonic synapses. Based on this, we propose novel deep learning units with enriched neuro-synaptic dynamics and integrate them into the RNN-T architecture. We demonstrate for the first time, that a biologically realistic implementation of a large-scale ASR model can yield competitive performance levels compared to the existing deep learning models. Specifically, we show that such an implementation bears several advantages, such as a reduced computational cost and a lower latency, which are critical for speech recognition applications.
Unified Mechanism of Oxygen Atom Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions with a Triflic Acid-Bound Nonheme Manganese(IV)–Oxo Complex via Outer-Sphere Electron Transfer (2019)

Outer-sphere electron transfer from styrene, thioanisole, and toluene derivatives to a triflic acid (HOTf)-bound nonheme Mn(IV)-oxo complex, [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub> (N4Py = N, N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)- N-bis(2-pyridyl)methylamine), has been shown to be the rate-determining step of different types of redox reactions such as epoxidation, sulfoxidation, and hydroxylation of styrene, thioanisole, and toluene derivatives, respectively, by [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub>. The rate constants of HOTf-promoted epoxidation of all styrene derivatives with [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup> and electron transfer from electron donors to [(N4Py)Mn<sup>V</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup> exhibit a remarkably unified correlation with the driving force of outer-sphere electron transfer in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer. The same electron-transfer driving force dependence is observed in the oxygen atom transfer from [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub> to thioanisole derivatives as well as in the hydrogen atom transfer from toluene derivatives to [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub>. Thus, mechanisms of oxygen atom transfer (epoxidation and sulfoxidation) reactions of styrene and thioanisole derivatives and hydrogen atom transfer (hydroxylation) reactions of toluene derivatives by [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub> have been unified for the first time as the same reaction pathway via outer-sphere electron transfer, followed by the fast bond-forming step, which exhibits the singly unified electron-transfer driving force dependence of the rate constants as outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions. In the case of the epoxidation of cis-stilbene by [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub>, the isomerization of cis-stilbene radical cation to trans-stilbene radical cation occurs after outer-sphere electron transfer from cis-stilbene to [(N4Py)Mn<sup>IV</sup>(O)]<sup>2+</sup>-(HOTf)<sub>2</sub> to yield trans-stilbene oxide selectively, which is also taken as evidence for the occurrence of electron transfer in the acid-catalyzed epoxidation.
Simple Bisthiocarbonohydrazones as Sensitive, Selective, Colorimetric, and Switch‐On Fluorescent Chemosensors for Fluoride Anions (2007)

Bis-thiocarbono-hydrazones are found to be a class of sensitive, selective, ratiometric, and colorimetric chemosensors for anions such as fluoride (F(-)) or acetate (Ac(-)). The sensitivities, or the binding constants of the sensors with anions, were found to be strongly dependent on the substituents appended on the pi-conjugation framework, the delocalization bridge CH==N, the aromatic moiety, and the hetero atom in the C==X group (X=O, S) of the sensors. Single-crystal structures and (1)H NMR titration analysis shows that the --CH==N-- moiety is a hydrogen-bond donor, and it is proposed that an additional CHF hydrogen bond is formed for the sensors in the presence F(-). A sensor bearing anthracenyl groups is demonstrated as a switch-on fluorescent chemosensor for F(-) and Ac(-). The recognition of F(-) in acetonitrile (MeCN) by a sensor with nitrophenyl substituents is tolerant to MeOH (MeCN/MeOH=10:1, v/v) and water (MeCN/H(2)O=30:1, v/v); at these solvent ratios the absorption intensity of the sensor-F(-) complex solution at maximal absorption wavelength was attenuated to half of the original value in pure MeCN.
Recent Advances in MT Ferrule Processing and MTP Hardware Design (2005)

Achieving dry physical contact with MT-style ferrules is essential to achieving stable, low-loss fiber-to-fiber junctions. Recent advances in connector polishing processes and hardware allow today’s MT ferrule-based products to perform well to industry standard tests.
Codesign of a PA–Antenna Block in Silicon Technology for 80-GHz Radar Application (2013)

This brief presents the codesign of a W-band power amplifier (PA) with a dipole antenna using a 0.13-μm SiGe bipolar complementary metal oxide semiconductor (BiCMOS) process. The codesign allows the direct interconnection between the PA and the transmitter (Tx) antenna, suppressing the matching network between the two blocks and contributing to loss reduction, energy efficiency enhancement, and miniaturization. The design and the measured results of the monolithic integrated circuit are reported. The 79-GHz differential PA delivers 17 dBm of maximum output power. The chip consumes 300 mA with a 1.8-V supply voltage. The gain of the dipole antenna is -14 dBi in the forward direction and -8.5 dBi in the backward direction. The PA and the antenna size are 0.7 and 0.75 mm2, respectively. The PA/antenna achieves a maximum power gain of 9.4 dB at 77 GHz and an effective isotropic radiated power of 8.5 dBm.
Advanced wavefront correction technology for the next generation of adaptive optics equipped ophthalmic instrumentation (2005)

Adaptive optics (AO) is becoming increasingly important in improving system resolution in flood illuminated fundus cameras, confocal laser scanning ophthalmoscopes (cSLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). For the latter two cases, AO also provides an increase in the throughput light levels. The flood and cSLO modalities have allowed for the routine, in-vivo visualization of individual cone photoreceptor cells and real time blood flow measurements of single leukocyte cells. Most recently, evidence of the rod mosaic has also been observed. A key component in all of these systems is the deformable mirror (DM) that provides the correction of the high order aberrations. The majority of these systems to-date have utilized large, expensive DMs originally designed for astronomy. This paper details ongoing work at Iris AO, Inc in which advanced fabrication techniques based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are being leveraged. This approach yields extremely compact DMs that offer higher performance and lower cost, coupled with the ability for batch fabrication. The Iris AO design uses an array of individually addressable hexagonal segments than can each be moved in three orthogonal directions. Such a design allows for superior ocular wavefront fitting performance and very high stroke (&gt;10 microns). Additionally, our DMs can be fabricated with diameters that are an order of magnitude smaller than conventional non-MEMS techniques.
Vigilance adaptation in adaptive resonance theory (2013)

Despite the advantages of fast and stable learning, Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) still relies on an empirically fixed vigilance parameter value to determine the vigilance regions of all of the clusters in the category field (F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ), causing its performance to depend on the vigilance value. It would be desirable to use different values of vigilance for different category field nodes, in order to fit the data with a smaller number of categories. We therefore introduce two methods, the Activation Maximization Rule (AMR) and the Confliction Minimization Rule (CMR). Despite their differences, both ART with AMR (AM-ART) and with CMR (CM-ART) allow different vigilance levels for different clusters, which are incrementally adapted during the clustering process. Specifically, AMR works by increasing the vigilance value of the winner cluster when a resonance occurs and decreasing it when a reset occurs, which aims to maximize the participation of clusters for activation. On the other hand, after receiving an input pattern, CMR first identifies all of the winner candidates that satisfy the vigilance criteria and then tunes their vigilance values to minimize conflicts in the vigilance regions. In this paper, we chose Fuzzy ART to demonstrate these concepts, but they will clearly carry over to other ART architectures. Our comparative experiments show that both AM-ART and CM-ART improve the robust performance of Fuzzy ART to the vigilance parameter and usually produce better cluster quality.
Commercial-scale RF/V drying of softwood lumber. Part 1. Basic kiln design considerations (1996)

The philosophical approach in designing a commercial radio frequency/vacuum (RF/V) kiln is discussed, with a review of all the design issues thought to be important. The physical processes relevant to RF/V drying are reviewed and basic equations are introduced for dielectric heating, and electric field breakdown in a low pressure environment. The project followed this approach of design and construction. The successful completion of the kiln construction phase then provided an opportunity to experiment with the kiln to prove out the design, and to evaluate the important variables for determining the commercial viability of RF/V drying. The experimental phase will be described in Part 2 of this paper.
Total lymphoid irradiation leads to transient depletion of the mouse thymic medulla and persistent abnormalities among medullary stromal cells. (1988)

Mice given multiple doses of sublethal irradiation to both the thymus and the peripheral lymphoid tissues showed major transient, and some persistent disruptions in general thymic architecture and in thymic stromal components. At 2 wk after total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), the thymus lacked identifiable medullary regions by immunohistochemical analyses. Medullary stromal cells expression MHC Ag or a medullary epithelial cell Ag, as well as medullary macrophages, were undetectable. Instead, the processes of cortical epithelial cells were observed throughout the entire thymus. Strikingly, thymocyte subsets with mature phenotypes (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) were present in the apparent absence of a medulla. This early, gross effect was rapidly reversed such that by 1 to 2 mo after TLI, medullary areas with MHC Ag-positive cells were evident. However, abnormalities in a subset of medullary stromal cells appeared to be more persistent. Medullary epithelial cells, identified by the MD1 mAb, were greatly reduced in number and abnormally organized for at least 4 mo after TLI. In addition, macrophages containing endogenous peroxidase activity, normally abundant in medullary regions, were undetectable at all times examined after TLI. Therefore, this irradiation regimen induced both transient and long term effects in the thymus, primarily in medullary regions. These results suggest that TLI may be used as an experimental tool for studying the impact of selective depletion of medullary stromal cells on the development of specific T cell functions.
Unified Packet Scheduling Method Considering Delay Requirement in OFCDM Forward Link Broadband Wireless Access (2005)

This paper proposes a unified packet scheduling method that considers the delay requirement of each traffic data packet whether real time (RT) or non-real time (NRT), the channel conditions of each accessing user, and the packet type in hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ), i.e., either initially transmitted packet or retransmitted packet, in the forward link for Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing (OFCDM) wireless access. In the proposed packet scheduling method, the overall priority function is decided based on P Total = α Delay . P Delay + α Type . P Type + α SINR . P SINR (P Delay , P Type , and P SINR are the priority functions derived from the delay requirement, type of packet, and the received signal-to-interference plus noise power ratio (SINR), respectively, and α Delay , α Type , and α SINR are the corresponding weighting factors). The computer simulation results show that the weighting factor of each priority function as α Type /α Delay = 0.6, α SINR /α Delay = 0.4 assuming the linear-type function in P Delay and a constant-type function in P Type is optimized. Furthermore, we show that the outage probability for achieving the packet loss rate (PLR) of less than 10 -3 for non-real time (NRT) traffic users employing the proposed packet scheduling method is reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to that using the Priority Queuing (PQ) method while maintaining the PLR of real-time (RT) traffic users at the same level as that using the PQ method.
Relaxin Research in the Postgenomic Era (2005)

Because of the coevolution of ligands and their cognate receptors, analysis of human genomic sequences allows prediction of the pairing of these elements. Initially, we identified a group of five human leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (LGR) genes homologous to LH, FSH, and TSH receptors. Based on common phenotypes of INSL3 null mice and transgenic mice with LGR8 gene deletion, we hypothesized that INSL3, relaxin, and related genes are likely ligands for the paralogous LGR7 and LGR8 genes. Matching the relaxin family peptides with these two orphan LGRs led to the finding that relaxin is capable of activating LGR7 and LGR8 through the Gs pathway. In addition, INSL3 and relaxin 3 were found to be specific ligands for LGR8 and LGR7, respectively. Based on the known production of INLS3 by testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca cells, we demonstrated the expression of the INSL3 receptor LGR8 in oocytes in ovary and in male germ cells in the testis. Furthermore, we found that LH stimulates INSL3 transcripts in ovarian theca and testicular Leydig cells. INSL3, in turn, binds LGR8 expressed in germ cells to initiate the meiotic progression of arrested oocytes in preovulatory follicles in vitro and in vivo and to suppress male germ cell apoptosis in vivo. INSL3 interacts with germ cells to activate the inhibitory G protein, thus leading to decreases in cAMP production. Our data demonstrate the importance of the INSL3-LGR8 paracrine system in mediating gonadotropic actions in both ovary and testis.