gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monolithically integrated Sigma-Delta Frequency Synthesizers in 0.13 μm CMOS (2008)

In this work a compact, monolithically integrated, high frequency sigma-delta phase-locked loops (PLLs) designed in 0.13 μm CMOS technology are investigated. The research focuses on the analysis of PLL spurious performance degradation caused by the integrated digital sigma-delta modulator, design and optimization of compact sigma-delta modulators with improved tonal and switching noise performance. The main achievements of this work include: 1. An implementation of MASH (multistage) modulator in the dual edge triggered style is proposed. The implementation offers two advantages over conventional MASH when integrated into the same die with a fractional-N PLL: 1) the modulator’s area is reduced by 15–20%; 2) the switching noise power is distributed in such a manner, that the first reference spur of a synthesizer is not degraded; instead, the glitch energy is shifted to the second multiple of reference frequency; in the work a benefit of such reference spur power distribution is demonstrated. Proposed implementation does not affect logical behavior of the MASH modulator. 2. MASH 1-1-1 (three stages of first order each) sigma-delta modulator with DC dithering used for frequency synthesis applications is investigated. At the expense of minimum additional hardware such dithering topology allows to shift tones to the low frequencies and decrease their power. 3. An oscillator-based dither generator is proposed for the use in MASH 1-1-1 modulator. The generator consumes less current and area, produces much less supply switching noise than a conventional pseudo-random dither generator while keeping modulator’s output free of tones. An empirical study of oscillator-based dither generator is presented. 4. MASH 1-1-1 modulator with direct feedback dithering is investigated. Such dithering topology requires no additional hardware to be implemented. Among the disadvantages of the direct feedback dithering is the addition of small DC offset to the output of MASH modulator and presence of some low power tones in amplitude spectrum. Two fully integrated 11 GHz sigma-delta PLLs incorporating single- and dual edge triggered MASH modulators with different dithering topologies were fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS process. Spurious, as well as phase noise performance of the PLLs for different modulator topologies was compared. The PLL controlled by the integrated dual edge triggered MASH 1-1-1 modulator exhibited first reference spur below –66 dBc over the whole locking range and fractional spurs power not exceeding –70 dBc within 70% of the division ratio range.
Continuous Monitoring of Turning in Patients with Movement Disability (2013)

Difficulty with turning is a major contributor to mobility disability and falls in people with movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Turning often results in freezing and/or falling in patients with PD. However, asking a patient to execute a turn in the clinic often does not reveal their impairments. Continuous monitoring of turning with wearable sensors during spontaneous daily activities may help clinicians and patients determine who is at risk of falls and could benefit from preventative interventions. In this study, we show that continuous monitoring of natural turning with wearable sensors during daily activities inside and outside the home is feasible for people with PD and elderly people. We developed an algorithm to detect and characterize turns during gait, using wearable inertial sensors. First, we validate the turning algorithm in the laboratory against a Motion Analysis system and against a video analysis of 21 PD patients and 19 control (CT) subjects wearing an inertial sensor on the pelvis. Compared to Motion Analysis and video, the algorithm maintained a sensitivity of 0.90 and 0.76 and a specificity of 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. Second, we apply the turning algorithm to data collected in the home from 12 PD and 18 CT subjects. The algorithm successfully detects turn characteristics, and the results show that, compared to controls, PD subjects tend to take shorter turns with smaller turn angles and more steps. Furthermore, PD subjects show more variability in all turn metrics throughout the day and the week.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors from an Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus niveus Fv-er401: Metabolomics, Isolation and Molecular Docking (2023)

Alzheimer's disease poses a global health concern with unmet demand requiring creative approaches to discover new medications. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition and the anticholinesterase activity of <i>Aspergillus niveus</i> Fv-er401 isolated from <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> (Apiaceae) roots. Fifty-eight metabolites were identified using UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of the crude extract. The fungal extract showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory effects with IC<sub>50</sub> 53.44 ± 1.57 and 48.46 ± 0.41 µg/mL, respectively. Two known metabolites were isolated, terrequinone A and citrinin, showing moderate AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity using the Ellman's method (IC<sub>50</sub> = 11.10 ± 0.38 µg/mL and 5.06 ± 0.15 µg/mL, respectively for AChE, and IC<sub>50</sub> 15.63 ± 1.27 µg/mL and 8.02 ± 0.08 µg/mL, respectively for BuChE). As evidenced by molecular docking, the isolated compounds and other structurally related metabolites identified by molecular networking had the required structural features for AChE and BuChE inhibition. Where varioxiranol G (-9.76 and -10.36 kcal/mol), penicitrinol B (-9.50 and -8.02 kcal/mol), dicitrinol A (-8.53 and -7.98 kcal/mol) and asterriquinone CT5 (-8.02 and -8.25 kcal/mol) showed better binding scores as AChE and BuChE inhibitors than the co-crystallized inhibitor (between -7.89 and 7.82 kcal/mol) making them promising candidates for the development of new drugs to treat Alzheimer's.
Changes in hydration of the stratum corneum are the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin (2016)

Our results indicate that the change of hydration of the SC is equivalent to the skin damage caused by surfactants, and therefore is the most suitable indicator to evaluate the irritation of surfactants on the skin.
Isothiocyanato-Tolanes Based High Birefringence and Fast Response Time Mixtures for Photonic Applications (2006)

We have developed some high birefringence (Δn ∼ 0.3 at λ = 633 nm) and relatively low viscosity nematic mixtures using isothiocyanato tolanes. These mixtures exhibit a high figure-of-merit (FoM) which is desirable for reducing the device response time. Using such a high FoM liquid crystal mixture in a 2-μm homogeneous cell, we demonstrate a 1π phase modulator at λ = 633 nm with submillisecond response time.
ChemInform Abstract: A Route to the Pyrrolizidine Ring System Using a Novel Radical Cyclization. (1988)

Abstract Ring enlargement of the cyclopropanes (I) yields the pyrrolines (II) which undergo Diels‐Alder reaction with the butadiene precursor (III) to give the hexahydroindoles (IV).
Sci—Fri PM: Delivery — 05: A complete set of VMAT machine‐specific QA tests using EPID (2012)

During a VMAT (Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy) radiation delivery, various machine parameters (gantry position and speed, MLC leaves position, dose rate, etc) have to be highly synchronized and coordinated. To ensure that all of the machine components are effectively operating together requires unique machine-specific quality assurance (QA) tests. The purpose of this work is to describe a complete set of VMAT machine-specific QA tests using Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID). To address the need for VMAT machine-specific QA tests, Varian has recommended 6 EPID-based tests for commissioning and QA of RapidArc™ capable machines. Recent studies have identified that these Varian tests do not define a complete set of tests needed for adequate commissioning and machine-specific QA of RapidArc machines. The goal of this work is twofold: a) to report and discuss the results of the original 6 Varian's EPID-based tests, and b) to extend the original set by adding 2 more EPID-based tests, which results in a more complete and comprehensive set of tests. We have demonstrated that the Varian EPID-based QA tests can be used to verify that the synchronization of Dose Rate, Gantry Speed and MLC Leaves speed is generally to within 1.5% during a RapidArc delivery. Also, the gantry rotation does not have any significant effect on MLC leaves positional accuracy during a RapidArc delivery. Finally, we have introduced a new EPID-based QA test, which can be used to verify that the angular accuracy of the gantry position during a RapidArc delivery is to within ∼1 degree.
Photochemical Generation of Electrons and Holes in Germanium-Containing ITQ-17 Zeolite (2005)

Laser flash photolysis of germanium-containing ITQ-17 zeolite (Ge/ITQ-17, a single polymorph of beta zeolite) at 266 nm generates a transient spectrum decaying in the sub-millisecond time scale that is compatible with the formation of two transient species. The shorter lived transient (tau approximately 45 micros under nitrogen) has been assigned to trapped electrons due to the characteristic spectroscopic absorption (single band at 480 nm) and its quenching by typical electron scavengers such as N(2)O and CH(2)Cl(2). The second longer lived transient (lambda(max) = 500, 540, and 600 nm; tau approximately 390 micros) is not quenched by O(2) or electron scavengers, but it is quenched by methanol as hole scavenger and has been assigned to positive holes. Also there is a remarkable similarity of the transient spectrum of the Ge/ITQ-17 with the optical spectrum reported previously for electron-hole pairs in ZSM-5 zeolite. Under the same irradiation conditions, photoejection of electrons and photogeneration of positive holes has not been observed for conventional aluminosilicate zeolites, all-silica zeolites, or GeO(2)-impregnated zeolites. Therefore this photochemical behavior has been ascribed to the presence of framework germanium atoms opening the way for photoresponsive zeolites. The ability of Ge/ITQ-17 to generate photochemically electrons and holes has been confirmed by adsorbing naphthalene and propyl viologen sulfonate as electron donor and acceptor, respectively, and observing the generation of the corresponding radical ions.
Cloning and Characterization of the Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Gene 5′-Flanking Region (1992)

The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGFIR) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that mediates the action of insulin-like growth factors. The cDNAs for the human IGFIR have been cloned and expressed, but the structures of the gene and its promoter have not been elucidated. In this study, we isolated an IGFIR promoter clone from a human chromosome 15 library. This clone contained the promoter, first exon, and a portion of the first intron. Sequence analysis of the 5' region that contained the promoter revealed that it lacked both TATA and CAAT boxes. The promoter contained binding sites for the transcription factors Sp1, AP-2, and the epidermal growth factor receptor transcription factor (ETF). Primer extension analysis of IGFIR mRNA indicated the presence of a single transcription start site 1,012 bp upstream from the ATG. When the putative promoter was ligated into a promoterless CAT vector and transfected mto HEPG2 cells, CAT activity was expressed, indicating that promoter activity was contained in this fragment. Other constructs containing the promoter and portions of the 5' untranslated region were used in transfection studies, and indicated that the 5' untranslated regions may play a role in promoter activity. Comparison of the human IGFIR promoter with that of the rat IGFIR promoter revealed significant sequence homology. Comparison of the IGFIR promoter with that of the human insulin receptor (IR) revealed structural similarities, although the arrangement of promoter elements differed.
The Era of Nanomaterials: A Safe Solution or a Risk for Marine Environmental Pollution? (2021)

In recent years, the application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in environmental remediation gained increasing attention. Due to their large surface area and high reactivity, ENMs offer the potential for the efficient removal of pollutants from environmental matrices with better performances compared to conventional techniques. However, their fate and safety upon environmental application, which can be associated with their release into the environment, are largely unknown. It is essential to develop systems that can predict ENM interactions with biological systems, their overall environmental and human health impact. Until now, Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools have been employed to investigate ENMs potential environmental impact, from raw material production, design and to their final disposal. However, LCA studies focused on the environmental impact of the production phase lacking information on their environmental impact deriving from in situ employment. A recently developed eco-design framework aimed to fill this knowledge gap by using ecotoxicological tools that allow the assessment of potential hazards posed by ENMs to natural ecosystems and wildlife. In the present review, we illustrate the development of the eco-design framework and review the application of ecotoxicology as a valuable strategy to develop ecosafe ENMs for environmental remediation. Furthermore, we critically describe the currently available ENMs for marine environment remediation and discuss their pros and cons in safe environmental applications together with the need to balance benefits and risks promoting an environmentally safe nanoremediation (ecosafe) for the future.
Generalized surface codes and packing of logical qubits (2016)

We consider a notion of relative homology (and cohomology) for surfaces with two types of boundaries. Using this tool, we study a generalization of Kitaev's code based on surfaces with mixed boundaries. This construction includes both Bravyi and Kitaev's and Freedman and Meyer's extension of Kitaev's toric code. We argue that our generalization offers a denser storage of quantum information. In a planar architecture, we obtain a three-fold overhead reduction over the standard architecture consisting of a punctured square lattice.
A Fault Detection and Diagnosis Method for Via-Switch Crossbar in Non-Volatile FPGA (2020)

FPGA that exploits via-switches, which are a kind of non-volatile resistive RAMs, for crossbar implementation is attracting attention due to its high integration density and energy efficiency. Via-switch crossbar is responsible for the signal routing in the interconnections by changing on/off-states of via-switches. To verify the via-switch crossbar functionality after manufacturing, fault testing that checks whether we can turn on/off via-switches normally is essential. This paper confirms that a general differential pair comparator successfully discriminates on/off-states of via-switches, and clarifies fault modes of a via-switch by transistor-level SPICE simulation that injects stuck-on/off faults to atom switch and varistor, where a via-switch consists of two atom switches and two varistors. We then propose a fault diagnosis methodology for via-switches in the crossbar that diagnoses the fault modes according to the comparator response difference between the normal and faulty via-switches. The proposed method achieves 100% fault detection by checking the comparator responses after turning on/off the via-switch. In case that the number of faulty components in a via-switch is one, the ratio of the fault diagnosis, which exactly identifies the faulty varistor and atom switch inside the faulty via-switch, is 100%, and in case of up to two faults, the fault diagnosis ratio is 79%.
Effect of Surfactant Type and Sonication Energy on the Electrical Conductivity Properties of Nanocellulose-CNT Nanocomposite Films (2018)

We present a detailed study on the influence of sonication energy and surfactant type on the electrical conductivity of nanocellulose-carbon nanotube (NFC-CNT) nanocomposite films. The study was made using a minimum amount of processing steps, chemicals and materials, to optimize the conductivity properties of free-standing flexible nanocomposite films. In general, the NFC-CNT film preparation process is sensitive concerning the dispersing phase of CNTs into a solution with NFC. In our study, we used sonication to carry out the dispersing phase of processing in the presence of surfactant. In the final phase, the films were prepared from the dispersion using centrifugal cast molding. The solid films were analyzed regarding their electrical conductivity using a four-probe measuring technique. We also characterized how conductivity properties were enhanced when surfactant was removed from nanocomposite films; to our knowledge this has not been reported previously. The results of our study indicated that the optimization of the surfactant type clearly affected the formation of freestanding films. The effect of sonication energy was significant in terms of conductivity. Using a relatively low 16 wt. % concentration of multiwall carbon nanotubes we achieved the highest conductivity value of 8.4 S/cm for nanocellulose-CNT films ever published in the current literature. This was achieved by optimizing the surfactant type and sonication energy per dry mass. Additionally, to further increase the conductivity, we defined a preparation step to remove the used surfactant from the final nanocomposite structure.
The soluble pyocins S2 and S4 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa bind to the same FpvAI receptor (2012)

Soluble (S-type) pyocins are Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriocins that kill nonimmune P. aeruginosa cells by gaining entry via a specific receptor, which, in the case of pyocin S2, is the siderophore pyoverdine receptor FpvAI, and in the case of pyocin S3, FpvAII. The nucleic acid sequence at the positions 4327697-4327359 of P. aeruginosa PAO1 genome was not annotated, but it was predicted to encode the immunity gene of the flanking pyocin S4 gene (PA3866) based on our analysis of the genome sequence. Using RT-PCR, the expression of the immunity gene was detected, confirming the existence of an immunity gene overlapping the S4 pyocin gene. The PA3866 coding for pyocin S4 and the downstream gene coding for the immunity protein were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the His-tagged S4 pyocin was obtained in pure form. Forty-three P. aeruginosa strains were typed via PCR to identify their ferripyoverdine receptor gene (fpvAI-III) and were tested for their sensitivity to pyocin S4. All S4-sensitive strains had the type I ferripyoverdine receptor fpvA gene. Some S4-resistant type I fpvA-positive strains were detected, but all of them had the S4 immunity gene, and, following the deletion of the immunity gene, became S4-sensitive. The fpvAI receptor gene was deleted in a S4-sensitive strain, and, as expected, the mutant became resistant to S4. The N-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) of pyocin S2, which also uses the FpvAI receptor to enter the cell, was cloned in the pET-15b vector, and expressed in E. coli. When the purified RBD was mixed with pyocin S4 at different ratios, an inhibition of killing was observed, indicating that S2 RBD competes with the pyocin S4 for the binding to the FpvAI receptor. The S2 RBD was also shown to enhance the expression of the pvdA pyoverdine gene, suggesting that it, like pyoverdine, works via the known siderophore-mediated signalization pathway.
A novel method to remove the background from x-ray diffraction signal (2018)

The first step that is required to extract the correct information from a two-dimensional (2D) diffraction signature is to remove the background accurately. However, direct background subtraction inevitably overcorrects the signal as it does not take into account the attenuation by the sample. Other traditional background removal methods, such as the rolling ball technique, can separate sharp diffraction peaks of crystalline materials from their background. These methods are unsuitable for biological tissue, which is amorphous and does not have sharp diffraction peaks. This technical note proposes a novel method that combines peak fitting and experimental results to estimate the background for 2D XRD signals.
Global position paper on cardiovascular regenerative medicine (2017)

Based on the increasingly understood regenerative capacity of the human heart and vascular system,1 cardiovascular regenerative medicine (CRM) encompasses all potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring organ health. Envisioned to enhance the innate regenerative response of cardiovascular tissues, diverse and often complementary products and strategies have been investigated (e.g. stem and progenitor cells, stromal cells, extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes, growth factors, non-coding RNAs, episomes and other gene therapies, biomaterials, tissue engineering products, and neo-organogenesis). Despite promising results based on 20 years of research, next generation CRM treatments have yet to transform cardiovascular practice.&#13;\n&#13;\nGiven the compelling need for a thorough critical debate on the past, present, and future of CRM, the international consortium Transnational AllianCe for regenerative Therapies In Cardiovascular Syndromes (TACTICS, www.tacticsalliance.org)2 summarizes the shared vision of leading expert teams in the field (for a complete list of TACTICS members please see Annex 1). The document addresses key priorities and challenges, including basic and translational research, clinical practice, regulatory hurdles, and funding sources. The methodological procedure included the following: (i) identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) by means of an open poll; (ii) distribution of the main topics between at least two worldwide key opinion leaders, who prepared proposals for each topic; (iii) open discussion and consensus on each proposal between all members of TACTICS; and (iv) review of the document by an independent committee.
Single-flow electron motion in a magnetized coaxial diode (2013)

Summary form only given. The Brillouin flow equilibrium is one of the most widespread models of electrons drifting around cathodes in crossed radial electric and axial magnetic fields. In this present work we describe electron flow with non-crossed trajectories of electrons with azimuthal and axial velocities, with full space charge of electrons taken into account, unlike another popular model that is a two-flow model of space charge fields. We consider the single-stream model, which is generalized Brillouin flow that can be used for consideration of the operating characteristics of many devices where space charge is very important, as, for example, in relativistic magnetrons, magnetically insulated linear oscillators (MILOs), and coaxial transmission lines. In the consideration, the self-azimuthal and-longitudinal magnetic fields of electrons moving along spiral trajectories are included in addition to the applied magnetic field. We obtained analytic solutions for electron flow with non-crossed trajectories around the cylindrical cathode whose surface is not intercepted by magnetic field lines and which include the radial structure of space charge, self-electric and - magnetic fields, and velocity distribution accounting for the screening of self-magnetic fields of short pulse drifting electrons by the metallic boundary condition of the vacuum transport channel and including relativistic velocities. In the derivation we followed the basic considerations in. In particular, we found a condition for magnetic insulation including the case when there is no externally applied axial magnetic field (as is the case for the MILO). In addition, we identified the condition of synchronism of the electron flow with the electromagnetic wave, similar to the Buneman-Hartree condition in magnetrons and the condition of synchronism in MILOs.