gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stratified Sampling for Even Workload Partitioning Applied to IDA* and Delaunay Algorithms (2015)

This work presents Workload Partitioning and Scheduling (WPS), a novel algorithm for evenly partitioning the computational workload of large implicitly-defined work-list-based applications on distributed/shared-memory systems. In WPS, a stratified sampling technique estimates the number of work items that will be processed in each step of the target application. Then WPS uses this estimation to evenly partition and distribute the computational workload. An empirical evaluation on large applications -- Iterative-Deepening A* (IDA*) applied to (4 × 4)- and (5 × 5)-Sliding-Tile Puzzles, Delaunay Mesh Generation, and Delaunay Mesh Refinement -- shows that WPS is applicable to a range of applications. A coordination between WPS and existing work-stealing schedulers for intra-node load balancing yields additional speedups in the range of 18% to 40% compared to that achieved with the existing work-stealing schedulers alone. Such a coordination also outperforms an existing workload-partitioning scheme intended specifically for IDA* algorithms by 17% to 36%.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,4‐Trisubstituted Pyrrolidine CCR5 Receptor Antagonists. Part 1. Discovery of the Pyrrolidine Scaffold and Determination of Its Stereochemical Requirements. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Favourable prognosis with modified dosing of docetaxel and cisplatin in Japanese patients with ovarian cancer. (2009)

The combination of docetaxel/cisplatin is a regimen with favourable progression-free survival for ovarian cancer.
Livermore flow cytometer (1981)

A stable, easy to operate, flow cytometer was built for routine use by research personnel in a biology laboratory. A 5 watt argon-ion laser excites the fluorescent dyes in cells flowing through a quartz flow chamber. A f/0.95 TV camera lens collects the fluorescent and scattered light and directs it through color separation filters and a beam splitter onto two photomultiplier tubes. Two 3-axis positioners are used to align the focused laser beam and the flow chamber with the light collection optics. All of the components, except the laser, are mounted on a rigid aluminum plate. Standard electronics modules are used. A coefficient of variation of about 1% can be obtained with fluorescent microspheres.
Fabrication of low-loss and wide-bandwidth v.a.d. optical fibres at 1.3 μm wavelength (1980)

A low-loss and wide-bandwidth optical fibre in the long-wavelength region has been fabricated by the v.a.d. method. Loss at 1.3 μm is 0.98 dB/km and 6 dB down bandwidth is 1600 MHz km at 1.26 μm.
Active Mechanical-Electrochemical-Thermal Platform for In-Situ Nanoscale Materials Characterization. (2019)

Abstract not provided.
Laser‐induced photofragmentation of neutral and acidic glycans inside an ion‐trap mass spectrometer (2007)

Permethylated acidic and neutral N-glycans representing different types of glycan structures, such as linear and branched sialylated structures, high-mannose type and fucosylated complex type, were photodissociated with 157 nm vacuum ultraviolet light in a linear ion trap. Cross-ring fragments corresponding to high-energy fragmentation pathways were observed in abundance for all studied structures. Some product ions appear diagnostic for a linkage of sialic acid residues and the glycan antenna to which these residues are attached. A conclusive assignment of the fucosylation site of the studied glycan structure has been facilitated through measurement of cross-ring fragmentation resulting from photodissociation.
Sequencing heuristic for flexible assembly systems with mixed volume production and stochastic processing times (2003)

Summary form only given. The focus of this study is the development and subsequent analysis of an efficient control policy for deployment within hybrid flexible assembly systems (FASs) functioning in a build-to-order environment. Typically, within such a production system, the product demand is a sequence of mixed-volume part types. Given the hybrid nature of the system, although parts enter and exit in a sequence, within the system however, part types may follow different paths on parallel workstations. Further, in general, processing times are stochastic and, owing to the limited process capabilities of successive processing stations, parts might well be delayed due to quality concerns or machine failures. As a result, parts could violate prescribed due dates. The authors' focus in this paper is on the sequencing aspects of FASs, and more specifically, on a variant of the FAS class in which parallel paths exist for accommodating different families of parts produced.
Selection and cloning of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein RNA activators of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase from prostate cancer cells (2006)

The antiviral and antitumor functions of RNase L are enabled by binding to the allosteric effectors 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A). 2-5A is produced by interferon-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) upon activation by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Because mutations in RNase L have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer, we sought to determine if OAS activators are present in prostate cancer cells. We show that prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, LNCaP and DU145), but not normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), contain RNA fractions capable of binding to and activating OAS. To identify the RNA activators, we developed a cDNA cloning strategy based on stringent affinity of RNAs for OAS. We thus identified mRNAs for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) that bind and potently activate OAS. In addition, human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) envelope RNAs were present in PC3 cells that bind and activate OAS. Analysis of several gene expression profiling studies indicated that PCBP2 RNA was consistently elevated in metastatic prostate cancer. Results suggest that OAS activation may occur in prostate cancer cells in vivo stimulated by cellular mRNAs for RKIP and PCBP2.
Advanced UXO discrimination: resolving multiple targets and overlapping EMI signals (2011)

In this paper we employ advanced electromagnetic induction models to resolve multiple targets with overlapping EMI signals-i.e. to discriminate objects of interest, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO), from innocuous items. The models include a) a joint diagonalization (JD) technique that takes data from next-generation EMI sensors and uses the eigenvalues of the multistatic response matrix to estimate the number of potential targets, and b) the orthonormalized volume magnetic source (ONVMS) model, a physically complete, fast, and accurate forward model whose representation of a target's intrinsic EMI response is used to extract classification parameters. In the given approach the overall EMI inversion and classification problem proceeds as follows: first, the JD is applied to the data and the number of targets is estimated; once this is known, the ONVMS is combined with an optimization technique to yield the location and orientation of each buried object, as well as the amplitude of its ONVMS. Finally, a total ONVMS is calculated for each object and used as a discriminant to distinguish between UXO and non-UXO items and between different kinds of UXO. We illustrate the applicability of our multi-target analysis technique by using it on several teststand and live-site datasets collected with the TEMTADS sensor array. We end by demonstrating the superior performance of the ONVMS by applying it to multi-target blind-test data compiled at the Aberdeen Proving Ground test-stand facility.
Optical techniques for sparse-aperture millimeter-wave imaging (2006)

To obtain high-angular-resolution (< 1 milliradian) passive millimeter-wave images using traditional imaging techniques requires prohibitively large apertures for most applications. Sparse aperture techniques present a viable alternative by providing large effective aperture without the corresponding cubic increase in imager volume and weight. However, implementing a large field-of-view, high-resolution, sparse-aperture imager presents a number of challenges, namely: (1) the fabrication of a large number of phase-sensitive, ultra-low-noise millimeter-wave detectors, (2) routing and (3) realtime correlation of acquired data across the array, and (4) implementation of true time delays for steering the field-of-view without pronounced fringe-washing effects. In previous work, we have presented optical upconversion techniques as a viable alternative for overcoming these challenges. Converting passive millimeter-wave energy collected at each point in the array into sidebands on a common optical carrier signal allows for (1) recording of broadband complex field values onto the optical carrier, (2) efficient routing of these field values via fiber optics, (3) correlation of the recorded data via optical filtering and simple optics, and (4) implementation of true time delays using fiber optic or integrated optical switches. Herein, we present continued theoretical and experimental progress toward the realization of such optically based sparse arrays for passive millimeter-wave imaging applications.
General Total Variation Regularized Sparse Bayesian Learning for Robust Block-Sparse Signal Recovery (2021)

Block-sparse signal recovery without knowledge of block sizes and boundaries, such as those encountered in multi-antenna mmWave channel models, is a hard problem for compressed sensing (CS) algorithms. We propose a novel Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) method for block-sparse recovery based on popular CS based regularizers with the function input variable related to total variation (TV). Contrary to conventional approaches that impose the regularization on the signal components, we regularize the SBL hyperparameters. This iterative TV-regularized SBL algorithm employs a majorization-minimization approach and reduces each iteration to a convex optimization problem, enabling a flexible choice of numerical solvers. The numerical results illustrate that the TV-regularized SBL algorithm is robust to the nature of the block structure and able to recover signals with both block-patterned and isolated components, proving useful for various signal recovery systems.
Propositional Attitudes and Causation. (2009)

Predicting and explaining the behavior of others in terms of mental states is indispensable for everyday life. It will be equally important for artificial agents. We present an inference system for representing and reasoning about mental states, and use it to provide a formal analysis of the false-belief task. The system allows for the representation of information about events, causation, and perceptual, doxastic, and epistemic states (vision, belief, and knowledge), incorporating ideas from the event calculus and multi-agent epistemic logic. Unlike previous AI formalisms, our focus here is on mechanized proofs and proof programmability, not on metamathematical results. Reasoning is performed via relatively cognitively plausible inference rules, and a degree of automation is achieved by general-purpose inference methods and by a syntactic embedding of the system in first-order logic.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genetic evolution in children with different rates of development of disease (1997)

The rate of development of disease varies considerably among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children. The reasons for these observed differences are not clearly understood but most probably depend on the dynamic interplay between the HIV-1 quasispecies virus population and the immune constraints imposed by the host. To study the relationship between disease progression and genetic diversity, we analyzed the evolution of viral sequences within six perinatally infected children by examining proviral sequences spanning the C2 through V5 regions of the viral envelope gene by PCR of blood samples obtained at sequential visits. PCR product DNAs from four sample time points per child were cloned, and 10 to 13 clones from each sample were sequenced. Greater genetic distances relative to the time of infection were found for children with low virion-associated RNA burdens and slow progression to disease relative to those found for children with high virion-associated RNA burdens and rapid progression to disease. The greater branch lengths observed in the phylogenetic reconstructions correlated with a higher accumulation rate of nonsynonymous base substitutions per potential nonsynonymous site, consistent with positive selection for change rather than a difference in replication kinetics. Viral sequences from children with slow progression to disease also showed a tendency to form clusters that associated with different sampling times. These progressive shifts in the viral population were not found in viral sequences from children with rapid progression to disease. Therefore, despite the HIV-1 quasispecies being a diverse, rapidly evolving, and competing population of genetic variants, different rates of genetic evolution could be found under different selective constraints. These data suggest that the evolutionary dynamics exhibited by the HIV-1 quasispecies virus populations are compatible with a Darwinian system evolving under the constraints of natural selection.
When Does Catalysis with Transition Metal Complexes Turn into Catalysis by Nanoparticles? (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Nanoparticles vs. Homogeneous Catalysts in C–C Bond-Forming Reactions Nanoparticles vs. Homogeneous Catalysts in Hydrogenation Reactions Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation Conclusions References
Type II Floating Knee (1992)

Thirty-four patients with ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia with intraarticular extension into the knee of at least one fracture were reviewed at an average follow-up of 38 months. Joint involvement was present in 22 (65%) femoral fractures and 23 (68%) tibial fractures. In 11 (32%) patients, both fractures were intraarticular. In 71% of the patients, there were major associated injuries. Open fractures were common, occurring in 21 (62%) extremities. Associated vascular injuries were seen in seven (21%) cases. Ninety percent of the fractures were surgically stabilized. The average time to healing was 39 and 37.5 weeks for the femur and tibia, respectively. The average flexion of the knee was 96 degrees (5-140 degrees) with flexion contractures occurring in five (15%) knees. Results were graded according to criteria established by Karlström and Olerud. Only eight (24%) patients had good or excellent results. Complications were frequent, with deep infections occurring in 11 (32%) extremities, leading to above-knee amputations in three (9%) patients. This subgroup of floating knee injuries appears to be associated with a higher degree of systemic trauma, a higher percentage of open injuries, and a much graver prognosis.
The ASM Journals Committee Values the Contributions of Black Microbiologists (2020)

Black lives matter. The ongoing problem of police brutality and the resulting deaths of George Floyd ([1][1]), Breonna Taylor ([2][2]), and many other Black people in the United States ([3][3]) has rightly shaken the country. Acts of racism should cause us to question the level to which we have
GPGPU-based optical propagation simulator of a laser processed crystal block for the &#x201C;X'tal Cube&#x201D; PET detector (2011)

X'tal cube is a next generation DOI detector for PET with high resolution and sensitivity that we are developing. It is constructed from a cubic scintillation crystal and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) coupled on various positions of six surfaces of the cube. A laser processing technique is applied to produce 3D optical boundaries composed of micro-cracks inside a monolithic scintillator crystal. In this paper, in order to design optical characteristics properly, we developed a Monte Carlo simulator which is able to arrange laser-processed optical boundaries (LPB) arbitrarily. Optical characteristics of LPB were measured using a set of laser and photo-diode and then modeled for simulator. Effectiveness of the simulator was confirmed from a comparison with the experiment using a cubic LYSO monolithic crystal with 6 × 6 × 6 segments. Furthermore, the simulator was accelerated by parallel computing with a general purpose GPU (GPGPU). Calculation speed with GPGPU was 350 to 430 times faster than that with only CPU.
Permanent Gauge Pressure and Rate Measurements for Reservoir Description and Well Monitoring: Field Cases (1998)

Summary This paper presents a procedure for interpreting data acquired with permanent downhole pressure sensors in association with surface or downhole rate measurements. The usefulness of this data source in reservoir description and well performance monitoring is illustrated. Unlike previously published examples, this interpretation is based on the analysis of a stream of data acquired over a long period of time, thus taking advantage of the continuous nature of the measurements. Three field cases are presented using the pressure and rate data in decline-curve analysis for wells with a variable downhole flowing pressure. Because such an interpretation is conducted while production continues, the interpretation is particularly well suited for a well or group of wells under extended testing that are equipped with downhole gauges and are flowing through surface separation and metering systems. Wells completed with both permanent downhole rate and pressure measurements are also ideal candidates for this analysis. Finally, the influence of the pressure sensor long-term drift and the rate measurement error on the interpretation results and future forecasts are investigated.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones Using QUINAPHOS as the Ligand. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Standard reporting requirements for biological samples in metabolomics experiments: microbial and in vitro biology experiments (2007)

With the increasing use of metabolomics as a means to study a large number of different biological research questions, there is a need for a minimal set of reporting standards that allow the scientific community to evaluate, understand, repeat, compare and re-investigate metabolomics studies. Here we propose, a first draft of minimal requirements to effectively describe the biological context of metabolomics studies that involve microbial or in vitro biological subjects. This recommendation has been produced by the microbiology and in vitro biology working subgroup of the Metabolomics Standards Initiative in collaboration with the yeast systems biology network as part of a wider standardization initiative led by the Metabolomics Society. Microbial and in vitro biology metabolomics is defined by this sub-working group as studies with any cell or organism that require a defined external medium to facilitate growth and propagation. Both a minimal set and a best practice set of reporting standards for metabolomics experiments have been defined. The minimal set of reporting standards for microbial or in vitro biology metabolomics experiments includes those factors that are <i>specific</i> for metabolomics experiments and that critically determine the outcome of the experiments. The best practice set of reporting standards contains both the factors that are <i>specific</i> for metabolomics experiments and <i>general aspects</i> that critically determine the outcome of any microbial or in vitro biological experiment.
Lumbosacral Fusions with Harrington Rods and Intersegmental Wiring (1986)

Harrington rods are a valuable adjunct for fusion of the lumbosacral spine. Major limits of distractions are achieved with these rods. Greater amounts of decompression are possible. Decompression, alignment, and stability are maintained. Intersegmental wiring increases security and eliminates the problem of hook and rod displacement and loss of lumbar lordosis. A variety of methods are available for sacral fixation to avoid neurologic complications from the distal hooks. Three- and four-level Harrington rod distraction lumbosacral fusions have proven to be successful in returning severely-disabled spinal stenotic, obese, and osteoporotic patients to normal activities.
Photobiomodulation and the brain – has the light dawned? (2016)

Evidence is mounting that photobiomodulation therapy (shining near-infrared light) can benefit a wide range of brain disorders. The photons can penetrate into the brain where they stimulate production of energy in brain cells, and trigger numerous signaling pathways. Acute ischaemic stroke was the first indication that progressed to human clinical trials. Acute and chronic stages of traumatic brain injury were then investigated. Currently, psychiatric disorders such as depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are under investigation. Although showing great promise, more trials are clearly needed before the therapy will be accepted.
Nanoimprinted distributed feedback lasers of solution processed hybrid perovskites (2016)

Hybrid perovskite materials have considerable potential for light emitting devices such as LEDs and lasers. We combine solution processed CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> perovskite with UV nanoimprinted polymer gratings to fabricate distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The lead acetate deposition route is shown to be an effective method for fabricating low-loss waveguides (loss coefficient ~6 cm-1) and highly compatible with the polymer grating substrates. The nanoimprinted perovskite exhibited single-mode band-edge lasing, confirmed by angle-dependent transmission measurements. Depending on the excitation pulse duration the lasing threshold shows a value of 110 μJ/cm2 under nanosecond pumping and 4 μJ/cm2 under femtosecond pumping. We demonstrate further that this laser has excellent stability with a lifetime of 10<sup>8</sup> pulses.
Increase of β-Lactam-Resistant Invasive Haemophilus influenzae in Sweden, 1997 to 2010 (2012)

The proportions of Haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics have been low in Sweden compared to other countries in the Western world. However, a near-doubled proportion of nasopharyngeal Swedish H. influenzae isolates with resistance to β-lactams has been observed in the last decade. In the present study, the epidemiology and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of H. influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in southern Sweden from 1997 to 2010 (n = 465) were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion, and isolates with resistance to any tested β-lactam were further analyzed in detail. We identified a significantly increased (P = 0.03) proportion of β-lactam-resistant invasive H. influenzae during the study period, which was mainly attributed to a significant recent increase of β-lactamase-negative β-lactam-resistant isolates (P = 0.04). Furthermore, invasive β-lactamase-negative β-lactam-resistant H. influenzae isolates from 2007 and onwards were found in higher proportions than the corresponding proportions of nasopharyngeal isolates in a national survey. Multiple-locus sequence typing (MLST) of this group of isolates did not completely separate isolates with different resistance phenotypes. However, one cluster of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolates was identified, and it included isolates from all geographical areas. A truncated variant of a β-lactamase gene with a promoter deletion, bla(TEM-1)-PΔ dominated among the β-lactamase-positive H. influenzae isolates. Our results show that the proportions of β-lactam-resistant invasive H. influenzae have increased in Sweden in the last decade.