gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
4.1: A 20‐inch OLED Display Driven by Super‐Amorphous‐Silicon Technology (2003)

Abstract A 20‐inch, largest OLED display in the world is demonstrated which is driven by “Super Amorphous Silicon” technology. It has been widely believed that the characteristics of amorphous silicon TFT is not sufficient to drive OLED display. This paper turns over the hypothesis to prove that amorphous silicon can be applied to the large active‐matrix driven displays. Novel approaches to enable amorphous silicon to drive bright and long life OLED display are shown to open a bright future to realize larger OLED televisions.
Time-Resolved Nonlinear Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy of Semiconductor Microdisks (1994)

The experiments described here use nonlinear, time-resolved, near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM 1 ) techniques to study the local carrier dynamics and spatial distributions in GaAs microdisks. GaAs quantum wells in the plane of the microdisk provide a gain material for microlasers based on the whispering-gallery modes propagating around the edge of the microdisk . We are exploring the carrier density regime required for lasing. What are the energy relaxation times and spatial diffusion lengths near the microdisk edge? How do these properties vary with surface treatment and carrier densities? These questions can best be answered using the high spatial resolution provided by NSOM and the temporal resolution of short excitation and probe pulses tuned to frequencies near the GaAs bandedge.
Stem Cell Chromatin Patterns and DNA Hypermethylation (2009)

Normal development requires carefully orchestrated cellular remodeling on both a global and gene-specific/tissue-specific level. Heritable changes in gene expression that occur independently of alterations in the primary DNA sequence are deemed “epigenetic,” and are largely characterized by a tightly regulated program of active and repressive histone modifications. In this chapter, we will discuss the histone modifications that help modulate gene expression during development, as well as the normal stem/progenitor cell epigenetic remodeling proteins, including polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which control these modifications. Intriguingly, the methylation of CpG dinucleotides in DNA also plays a critical role during both normal and malignant epigenetic reprogramming. DNA methylation is a critical mediator of both X-chromosome inactivation and paternal and maternal imprinting, the variable regulation of tissue/cell specific activation of genes required for successful differentiation of alternate cell lineages, and the permanent silencing of genes required for stem/progenitor cell maintenance and pluripotency. Aberrant DNA methylation is a key component of the malignant epigenetic programs that are pervasive in all types of cancer and are thought to contribute to tumor initiation and progression. The clustering of silenced genes within single cell pathways and the remarkable frequency with which epigenetically silenced genes are being identified within any given cancer type begs the question of whether gene silencing is a series of random events resulting in an enhanced survival of a premalignant clone, or whether silencing is the result of a directed, instructive program for silencing initiation reflective of the cells of origin for tumors. We hypothesize that a combination of both chromatin and DNA regulatory networks controlling stem cell epigenetics may go awry in cells that give rise to tumors and during tumor progression. In this regard, the current chapter stresses the hypothesis that the malignant epigenetic program is linked, at least for silencing of some cancer genes, to the epigenetic control of stem/precursor cell gene expression patterns.
Task-Robust Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (2020)

Meta-learning methods have shown an impressive ability to train models that rapidly learn new tasks. However, these methods only aim to perform well in expectation over tasks coming from some particular distribution that is typically equivalent across meta-training and meta-testing, rather than considering worst-case task performance. In this work we introduce the notion of "task-robustness" by reformulating the popular Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) objective [Finn et al. 2017] such that the goal is to minimize the maximum loss over the observed meta-training tasks. The solution to this novel formulation is task-robust in the sense that it places equal importance on even the most difficult and/or rare tasks. This also means that it performs well over all distributions of the observed tasks, making it robust to shifts in the task distribution between meta-training and meta-testing. We present an algorithm to solve the proposed min-max problem, and show that it converges to an $ε$-accurate point at the optimal rate of $\mathcal{O}(1/ε^2)$ in the convex setting and to an $(ε, δ)$-stationary point at the rate of $\mathcal{O}(\max\{1/ε^5, 1/δ^5\})$ in nonconvex settings. We also provide an upper bound on the new task generalization error that captures the advantage of minimizing the worst-case task loss, and demonstrate this advantage in sinusoid regression and image classification experiments.
High Performance Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) Produced by Improved Process (2007)

Soft magnetic composites (SMC’s) are produced compacting iron powder coated with a thin insulator and then heat-treating the greens. In this study, to improve magnetic properties of SMC’s, formation of heat resistant MgO insulation layer on iron powder particles was examined. It was found that the MgO coating can be made by a dry process with two steps, i.e., oxidation of the iron particle surfaces and reduction of iron oxide by magnesium vapor. The SMC fabricated from the MgO-coated powder exhibits high resistivity even after heat treatment at 600, which leads to low iron losses comparable to those of the as-punched silicon-iron laminations. This can be ascribed to complete relief of stress introduced in the compaction process.
The associations of hostility and defensiveness with telomere length are influenced by sex and health status (2021)

Hostility and defensiveness are differentially associated with TL as a function of sex and health status. The implication of these results for health remains to be determined, but propose an additional pathway through which the effect of maladaptive personality traits may contribute to CV and other disease.
Linear System Identification Based on a Third-Order Tensor Decomposition (2023)

A wide variety of system identification problems can be efficiently addressed based on the Kronecker product decomposition of the impulse response, together with low-rank approximations. Such an approach solves the original system identification problem using a combination of two shorter filters. In this paper, targeting a higher dimensionality reduction, we develop a solution based on a third-order tensor decomposition. In addition, the problem of approximating the rank of a tensor is avoided thanks to the control of a matrix rank. Then, an iterative Wiener filter is developed, which outperforms both the conventional benchmark and the previously developed counterpart that exploits the second-order decomposition.
The Development and Use of a Common Database for Composite Materials (2002)

The development of a database and guidelines for its generation are described. The developed common database guidelines include types and number of mechanical tests, test methods, and environmental conditions. Methods to reduce the test data to the level of obtaining A- and/or B-basis values include statistical procedures that allow pooling across different environments for the same failure modes in order to increase sample sizes to estimate material variability. Either Weibull or normal distribution statistics can be used. For the normal distribution, knockdown factors from mean value to A-and B-basis material (lamina) allowables were developed that are based on a large sample size for variability and a small sample size for the mean. The concept of establishing large sample (population) variability for particular failure modes has implications for the statistical significance of design allowables for notched and unnotched laminates where the test samples are historically small. In order to utilize the database, each company must demonstrate that their processing of the identical composite material results in mechanical properties that are the same as in the database. Equivalency tests, along with statistical acceptance criteria, were developed that would perform that function. In addition, the developed acceptance criteria may be used by the manufacturing company to control the quality of the incoming material. This paper will also contain an example of a database for a carbon/epoxy material along with example equivalency tests and statistics.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Antifungal Sulfoximines, Novel Triazoles. Part 1. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
NKG2D engagement of colorectal cancer‐specific T cells strengthens TCR‐mediated antigen stimulation and elicits TCR independent anti‐tumor activity (2003)

The NKG2D receptor is expressed by human NK, gammadelta T and alpha/beta T lymphocytes and its engagement results in the stimulation of effector cells. We evaluated the role of NKG2D receptor in anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) immune response. The cell surface expression of stress-inducible NKG2D ligands MICA/B (MHC class I-related chain molecules A/B) and ULBP (UL16 binding protein) by a panel of CRC lines was evaluated by flow cytometry. MICA and ULBP2/3 were widely expressed by the analyzed lines, with a minority of them being also ULBP-1+, whereas MICB was undetectable. CD8+ and CD4+ HLA-restricted anti-tumor T cell clones of a CRC patient were used to evaluate whether NKG2D engagement could mediate tumor recognition. Three out of four CD8+ T cell clones recognized the autologous tumor with a marginal NKG2D engagement, a finding that was correlated with the weak expression of NKG2D ligands by the autologous tumor. On the contrary, NKG2D triggering of these CD8+ T cell clones induced recognition of allogeneic CRC lines showing high expression of MICA and ULBP. A costimulatory role of NKG2D was observed with one CD4+/NKG2D+ T cell clone when stimulated by tumors sharing the HLA class II alleles and expressing NKG2D ligands. Taken together these data indicate that the engagement of NKG2D, depending on the expression of its ligands by target cells, can influence the pattern of anti-tumor reactivity by T lymphocytes.
Neoplastic transformation induced by an activated lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (pp56lck). (1988)

The lck proto-oncogene encodes a lymphocyte-specific member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases. Here we demonstrate that pp56lck is phosphorylated in vivo at a carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue (Tyr-505) analogous to Tyr-527 of pp60c-src. Substitution of phenylalanine for tyrosine at this position resulted in increased phosphorylation of a second tyrosine residue (Tyr-394) and was associated with an increase in apparent kinase activity. In addition, this single point mutation unmasked the oncogenic potential of pp56lck in NIH 3T3 cell transformation assays. Viewed in the context of similar results obtained with pp60c-src, it is likely that the enzymatic activity and transforming ability of all src-family protein tyrosine kinases can be regulated by carboxy-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation. We further demonstrate that overexpression of pp56lck in the murine T-cell lymphoma LSTRA as a result of a retroviral insertion event produces a kinase protein that despite wild-type primary structure is nevertheless hypophosphorylated at Tyr-505. Thus, control of normal growth in this lymphoid cell line may have been abrogated through acquisition of a posttranslationally activated version of pp56lck.
Manipulation of nanoscale components with the AFM: principles and applications (2002)

Bottom-up construction of nanostructures from molecular-sized components is a promising approach to nanofabrication. This paper discusses bottom-up techniques that involve positioning of nanoparticles or nanorods with an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and, for certain applications, chemical linking of such components. The physical principles of nanomanipulation with an AFM are described, with an emphasis on Dynamic Force Microscopy (DFM). Sources of spatial uncertainty are discussed. It is shown that nanoparticles and nanorods can be reliably positioned on a surface by pushing them with the tip of an AFM. Typical nanomanipulation operations are conducted at room temperature, in ambient air or in a liquid. For many applications nanostructures composed of nanoparticles or nanorods must be linked together. This can be done by using self-assembling linkers or by electroless deposition. The ability to immobilize the particles on a surface also is important in some applications. Again, self-assembly techniques can be used to imbed the particles in deposited layers.
Approach to medical therapy in perianal Crohn’s disease (2021)

Perianal Crohn's disease remains a challenging condition to treat and can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life. It often requires combined surgical and medical interventions. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, including infliximab and adalimumab, remain preferred medical therapies for perianal Crohn's disease. Infliximab has been shown to be efficacious in improving fistula closure rates in randomized controlled trials. Clinicians can be faced with a number of questions relating to the optimal use of anti-TNF therapy in perianal Crohn's disease. Specific issues include evaluation for the presence of perianal sepsis, the treatment target of therapy, the ideal time to commence treatment, whether additional medical therapy should be used in conjunction with anti-TNF therapy, and the duration of treatment. This article will discuss key studies which can assist clinicians in addressing these matters when they are considering or have already commenced anti-TNF therapy for the treatment of perianal Crohn's disease. It will also discuss current evidence regarding the use of vedolizumab and ustekinumab in patients who are failing to achieve a response to anti-TNF therapy for perianal Crohn's disease. Lastly, new therapies such as local injection of mesenchymal stem cell therapy will be discussed.
Zero leakage microcontroller with 384ns wakeup time using FRAM mini-array architecture (2013)

Catalog ULP microcontrollers (MCUs) have to balance the needs of diverse customers by providing high performance along with near zero standby power and fast wakeup times for real time applications. We present a full HVT 8MHz 75uA/MHz Non-Volatile Logic (NVL) based MCU that has zero standby power and an ultrafast 384ns wakeup time. Non-volatile mini-arrays distributed throughout the logic domain of the MCU snapshot the state of all sequential elements before the MCU goes into a power gated standby mode. Upon wakeup no bootup is required. A high bandwidth parallel connection between the flipflops and mini-arrays helps achieve fast MCU wakeup. NVL has no impact on MCU active mode performance and power and adds only 3.6% to the SoC area. By eliminating leakage in standby mode, NVL allows use of high performance leaky processes in MCU design. We present results from a second generation full SVT 32MHz NVL MCU. The SVT SoC has 4x higher active mode performance or 30% lower active energy than the HVT SoC, but can still achieve zero leakage using NVL.
Data from Molecular and Biologic Analysis of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Diverse Specificities (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are anticancer agents that induce hyperacetylation of histones, resulting in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional changes. In addition, nonhistone proteins, such as the chaperone protein Hsp90, are functionally regulated through hyperacetylation mediated by HDACis. Histone acetylation is thought to be primarily regulated by HDACs 1, 2, and 3, whereas the acetylation of Hsp90 has been proposed to be specifically regulated through HDAC6. We compared the molecular and biologic effects induced by an HDACi with broad HDAC specificity (vorinostat) with agents that predominantly inhibited selected class I HDACs (MRLB-223 and romidepsin). MRLB-223, a potent inhibitor of HDACs 1 and 2, killed tumor cells using the same apoptotic pathways as the HDAC 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8 inhibitor vorinostat. However, vorinostat induced histone hyperacetylation and killed tumor cells more rapidly than MRLB-223 and had greater therapeutic efficacy &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. FDCP-1 cells dependent on the Hsp90 client protein Bcr-Abl for survival, were killed by all HDACis tested, concomitant with caspase-dependent degradation of Bcr-Abl. These studies provide evidence that inhibition of HDAC6 and degradation of Bcr-Abl following hyperacetylation of Hsp90 is likely not a major mechanism of action of HDACis as had been previously posited. &lt;i&gt;Mol Cancer Ther; 12(12); 2709–21. ©2013 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Emergence and molecular characterization of pigeon Paramyxovirus-1 in non-native Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) in California, USA (2021)

Eurasian collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto) were introduced into Florida in the 1980s and have since established populations throughout the continental United States. Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1), a species-adapted genotype VI Avian orthoavulavirus 1, has caused periodic outbreaks among collared doves in the U.S. since 2001 with outbreaks occasionally involving native doves. In California, PPMV-1 mortality events were first documented in Riverside County in 2014 with subsequent outbreaks in 23 additional counties from southern to northern California between 2015 and 2019. Affected collared doves exhibited torticollis and partial paralysis. Pale kidneys were frequently visible on gross necropsy (65.4%; 51/78) while lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis often with acute tubular necrosis (96.0%; 24/25) and pancreatic necrosis (80.0%; 20/25) were common findings on histopathology. In total, PPMV-1 was confirmed by rRT-PCR and sequence analysis from oropharyngeal and/or cloacal swabs in 93.0% (40/43) of the collared doves tested from 16 California counties. In 2017, Avian orthoavulavirus 1 was confirmed in a native mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) found dead during a PPMV-1 outbreak in collared doves by rRT-PCR from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, after the initial rRT-PCR from swabs failed to detect the virus. Molecular sequencing of the fusion protein of isolates collected from collared doves during outbreaks in 2014, 2016, and 2017 identified two distinct subgenotypes, VIa and VIn. Subgenotype VIn has been primarily isolated from collared doves in the southern U.S., while VIa has been isolated from mixed avian species in the northeastern U.S., indicating two independent introductions into California. While populations of collared doves are not expected to be substantially impacted by this disease, PPMV-1 may pose a threat to already declining populations of native columbids. This threat could be assessed by monitoring native and non-native columbids for PPMV-1. Based on our study, swab samples may not be sufficient to detect infection in native columbids and may require the use of non-traditional diagnostic approaches, such as FFPE tissues, to ensure virus detection.
Compact and High-Brightness Helmet-Mounted Head-Up Display System by Retinal Laser Projection (2016)

A compact binocular heads-up display integrated in a motorcycle helmet is presented and characterized. The use of a laser micro-projector using a 2D MEMS-mirror enables the formation of a bright image, superimposed on the user vision. A fully-functional and adjustable 3D-printed prototype, thereby fitting the morphology of most users, is presented.
Structured illumination for compressive x-ray diffraction tomography (2014)

Coherent x-ray scatter (also know as x-ray diffraction) has long been used to non-destructively investigate the molecular structure of materials for industrial, medical, security, and fundamental purposes. Unfortunately, molecular tomography based on coherent scatter typically requires long scan times and/or large incident fluxes, which has limited the practical applicability of such schemes. One can overcome the conventional challenges by employing compressive sensing theory to optimize the information obtained per incident photon. We accomplish this in two primary ways: we use a coded aperture to structure the incident illumination and realize massive measurement parallelization and use photon-counting, energy-sensitive detection to recover maximal information from each detected photon. We motivate and discuss here the general imaging principles, investigate different coding and sampling strategies, and provide results from theoretical studies for our structured illumination scheme. We find that this approach promises real-time molecular tomography of bulk objects without a loss in imaging performance.
CVtreeMLE: Efficient Estimation of Mixed Exposuresusing Data Adaptive Decision Trees and Cross-Validated Targeted MaximumLikelihood Estimation in R (2023)

Statistical causal inference of mixed exposures has been limited by reliance on parametric models and, until recently, by researchers considering only one exposure at a time, usually estimated as a beta coefficient in a generalized linear regression model (GLM). This independent assessment of exposures poorly estimates the joint impact of a collection of the same exposures in a realistic exposure setting. Marginal methods for mixture variable selection such as ridge/lasso regression are biased by linear assumptions and the interactions modeled are chosen by the user. Clustering methods such as principal component regression lose both interpretability and valid inference. Newer mixture methods such as quantile g-computation (Keil et al., 2020) are biased by linear/additive assumptions. More flexible methods such as Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR)(Bobb et al., 2014) are sensitive to the choice of tuning parameters, are computationally taxing and lack an interpretable and robust summary statistic of dose-response relationships. No methods currently exist which finds the best flexible model to adjust for covariates while applying a non-parametric model that targets for interactions in a mixture and delivers valid inference for a target parameter. Non-parametric methods such as decision trees are a useful tool to evaluate combined exposures by finding partitions in the joint-exposure (mixture) space that best explain the variance in an outcome. However, current methods using decision trees to assess statistical inference for interactions are biased and are prone to overfitting by using the full data to both identify nodes in the tree and make statistical inference given these nodes. Other methods have used an independent test set to derive inference which does not use the full data. The CVtreeMLE R package provides researchers in (bio)statistics, epidemiology, and environmental health sciences with access to state-of-the-art statistical methodology for evaluating the causal effects of a data-adaptively determined mixed exposure using decision trees. Our target audience are those analysts who would normally use a potentially biased GLM based model for a mixed exposure. Instead, we hope to provide users with a non-parametric statistical machine where users simply specify the exposures, covariates and outcome, CVtreeMLE then determines if a best fitting decision tree exists and delivers interpretable results.