gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperinsulinemia adversely affects lung structure and function (2016)

There is limited knowledge regarding the consequences of hyperinsulinemia on the lung. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and epidemiological associations with asthma, this is a critical lacuna, more so with inhaled insulin on the horizon. Here, we demonstrate that insulin can adversely affect respiratory health. Insulin treatment (1 μg/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the proliferation of primary human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and induced collagen release. Additionally, ASM cells showed a significant increase in calcium response and mitochondrial respiration upon insulin exposure. Mice administered intranasal insulin showed increased collagen deposition in the lungs as well as a significant increase in airway hyperresponsiveness. PI3K/Akt mediated activation of β-catenin, a positive regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis, was observed in the lungs of insulin-treated mice and lung cells. Our data suggests that hyperinsulinemia may have adverse effects on airway structure and function. Insulin-induced activation of β-catenin in lung tissue and the contractile effects on ASM cells may be causally related to the development of asthma-like phenotype.
Hints and notifications [for wireless links] (2003)

With current Internet protocols, users may experience low and unpredictable forwarding quality at wireless links. This is due to varying link properties caused by changing radio conditions. Decreased forwarding quality can cause severe degradation in utilization. This is undesirable since forwarding capacity often is expensive at wireless links because of the limited radio spectrum. Allowing the application and transport layers to communicate with wireless link layers can improve the forwarding quality and utilization. We propose to enable inter-layer communication by adding hints and notifications (HAN) to the Internet architecture. Hints can be introduced and used without notifications, while notifications need hints or a similar mechanism to operate. By using IP options and ICMP messages to implement HAN, a backward-compatible partial deployment is possible. With HAN, the network layer becomes truly wireless friendly and the radio spectrum can be used efficiently while supporting both real-time and traditional data applications.
An optimized, 99% efficient, 5 kW, phase-shift PWM DC-DC converter for data centers and telecom applications (2010)

The development of new power supply systems is increasingly focused on higher efficiency, while the power density should remain on a high level. This is especially true for data center and telecom application Power Supply Units (PSU). The commonly-used DC-DC converter in telecom and data center PSU's are full-bridge phase-shift PWM converter, which enables a high power and highly efficient conversion, compact design and simple control due to constant switching frequency. The component dimensioning of the converter system has many degrees of freedom, as the design parameters are interdependent from each other to some extend. An automatic optimization procedure based on comprehensive analytical models leads to the optimal design parameters, such as switching frequency and geometry of the magnetic components. In this paper, the development, optimization and design process for an efficiency-optimized 5kW, 400 V to 48..54 V phase-shift PWM DC-DC converter with LC-output filter and synchronous rectification is presented. The proposed optimization algorithm, which considers the part-load-efficiency as well, results directly in the component values for the realized prototype. The design of the converter is explained in detail and measurement results are presented and discussed.
Quantitative measurements of inorganic analytes on a digital microfluidics platform (2019)

Abstract Two methods were studied for selectively measuring the on-chip absorbance of trace sulfate analytes in droplets on a digital microfluidics (DMF) platform. In one method, the direction of measurement was perpendicular to the flat upper and lower surfaces of the DMF platform (vertical), and in the second method, the measurement direction was parallel to the DMF platform surfaces (horizontal). The channel height or the vertical light path length was 0.24 mm, and the droplet diameter was 1 mm. The DMF system employed a silicone oil transport medium whereby a thin, non-uniform oil layer formed between the droplet and the upper/lower plates which was unstable, resulting in randomly formed local oil lenses. The mobile oil lenses caused vertical absorbance measurement errors and uncertainties. The effects of the oil lenses were verified by simulation. Horizontal absorbance measurements were taken with embedded optical fibers (0.2 mm in diameter) aligned over the bottom chip surface in contact with the sides of the droplet, resulting in a horizontal light path length approximately three times that of the vertical light path. Because no oil lenses could form on the droplet’s sides, the stability of repeated horizontal measurements outperformed repeated vertical measurements made on the same droplet and on multiple droplets actuated into the measurement positions. Comparisons were based on measurement standard deviations and limits of detection (LOD). The following LODs and measurement standard deviations were achieved for horizontal measurements of multiple sulfate concentrations in 1.5 µl droplets: 7 ppm for sulfate (0.3–2.7%) and an R 2 value of 0.957 from a least square data fit. Measurements on a commercial plate reader gave comparable results (200 µl liquid in each well, LOD equals 11 ppm, CV equals to 0.2–4%), even though the absorbance path was larger (0.7 mm). This LOD value means that the chip could detect 10.5 ng of sulfate. LOD values on vertical measurements were also similar, but large measurement errors from numerous outlier points yielded an R 2 value of 0.735 and large average measurement standard deviations (36%).
Guest Editors' Introduction: Reliability Challenges in Nano-CMOS Design (2009)

VLSI design is driven by an ever-increasing challenge to cope with unreliable components at the device, circuit, and system levels. Reliability challenges include, for example, bias-temperature instability (BTI), dielectric breakdown, early-life failure, and soft errors, as well as their interaction with statistical process variation. The impact of unreliability must be managed at various levels of the design abstraction. This special issue addresses the problem of design for reliability at the 32-nm node and beyond, in the context of the emerging threat of progressively unreliable components used in VLSI chip design.
Lipoteichoic Acid Increases TLR and Functional Chemokine Expression while Reducing Dentin Formation in In Vitro Differentiated Human Odontoblasts (2006)

Abstract Gram-positive bacteria entering the dentinal tissue during the carious process are suspected to influence the immune response in human dental pulp. Odontoblasts situated at the pulp/dentin interface are the first cells encountered by these bacteria and therefore could play a crucial role in this response. In the present study, we found that in vitro-differentiated odontoblasts constitutively expressed the pattern recognition receptor TLR1–6 and 9 genes but not TLR7, 8, and 10. Furthermore, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a wall component of Gram-positive bacteria, triggered the activation of the odontoblasts. LTA up-regulated the expression of its own receptor TLR2, as well as the production of several chemokines. In particular, an increased amount of CCL2 and CXCL10 was detected in supernatants from LTA-stimulated odontoblasts, and those supernatants augmented the migration of immature dendritic cells in vitro compared with controls. Clinical relevance of these observations came from immunohistochemical analysis showing that CCL2 was expressed in vivo by odontoblasts and blood vessels present under active carious lesions but not in healthy dental pulps. In contrast with this inflammatory response, gene expression of major dentin matrix components (type I collagen, dentin sialophosphoprotein) and TGF-β1 was sharply down-regulated in odontoblasts by LTA. Taken together, these data suggest that odontoblasts activated through TLR2 by Gram-positive bacteria LTA are able to initiate an innate immune response by secreting chemokines that recruit immature dendritic cells while down-regulating their specialized functions of dentin matrix synthesis and mineralization.
From Visualization to Visually Enabled Reasoning (2010)

Interactive Visualization has been used to study scientific phenomena, analyze data, visualize information, and to explore large amounts of multi-variate data. It enables the human mind to gain novel insights by empowering the human visual system, encompassing the brain and the eyes, to discover properties that were previously unknown. While it is believed that the process of creating interactive visualizations is reasonably well understood, the process of stimulating and enabling human reasoning with the aid of interactive visualization tools is still a highly unexplored field. We hypothesize that visualizations make an impact if they successfully influence a thought process or a decision. Interacting with visualizations is part of this process. We present exemplary cases where visualization was successful in enabling human reasoning, and instances where the interaction with data helped in understanding the data and making a better informed decision. We suggest metrics that help in understanding the evolution of a decision making process. Such a metric would measure the efficiency of the reasoning process, rather than the performance of the visualization system or the user. We claim that the methodology of interactive visualization, which has been studied to a great extent, is now sufficiently mature, and we would like to provide some guidance regarding the evaluation of knowledge gain through visually enabled reasoning. It is our ambition to encourage the reader to take on the next step and move from information visualization to visually enabled reasoning.
The Polarization of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Electrodes: II . Characterization by AC Impedance and Response to Current Interruption (1991)

AC impedance and current interruption measurements have been investigated as an in situ method for characterizing rate‐limiting processes in molten carbonate fuel cell porous electrodes. Analysis of the data for the fuel cell anode indicates that the anode is always under strong mass‐transfer control, in the temperature range of 600–700°C. Analysis of data for the cathode indicates that at 650°C the cathode is under mixed control. Charge‐transfer control is approached at lower temperature (600°C) and at high partial pressures. Control by mass transfer or slow homogeneous reactions (e.g.,) in the cathode tends to become dominant at higher temperature (700°C). The kinetic (exchange) reaction orders of the cathode reaction are approximately 0.85 and −0.45 for oxygen and carbon dioxide, respectively. The activation energy of oxygen reduction is approximately 230 kJ/g mol.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Complexation of Flexible and Rigid Substrates by Molecular Recognition. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Identifying and manipulating evolutionary determinants linking catalytic specificities in enzymes of specialized metabolism (2007)

Terpene cyclases catalyze multistep reactions generating generating 100s of diverse hydrocarbon and oxygenated scaffolds of biological and commercial importance. Investigating the structural basis for the divergent biosynthetic properties of plant sesquiterpene cyclases Nictotiana tabacum 5‐epi‐aristolochene synthase (TEAS) and Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) is yielding physical‐chemical rules governing the relationship between sequence diversity, catalytic mechanism and chemical diversity. Comparisons of TEAS and HPS guided the stepwise mutagenesis of TEAS into HPS, resulting in the identification of 9 mutations that inter‐convert TEAS into HPS. Construction of the reciprocal 9 mutant enzyme in HPS inter‐converted HPS to TEAS. Structure‐based Combinatorial Protein Engineering (SCOPE) created a mutant library comprising all permutations of the 9 mutations which inter‐convert TEAS into HPS (512 combinations). Purification and biochemical characterization of each of the 512 library proteins answers fundamental questions raised by the inter‐conversion results. Several minimal combinations of the original nine mutations have been identified which convert TEAS into an “HPS‐like” cyclase. Interestingly, several mutants display an alternative biosynthetic property and produce a novel terpene 4‐epi‐eremophilene as their dominant product. Furthermore, a large class of highly‐active mutants displays promiscuous activities. Annotating the enzyme lineages created by SCOPE with their chemical output provides the first high resolution map of the evolutionary pathways underlying the emergence of chemical complexity in terpene metabolism.
UbuntuWorld 1.0 LTS — A Platform for Automated Problem Solving and Troubleshooting in the Ubuntu OS (2017)

In this paper we present UbuntuWorld 1.0 LTS — a platform for developing automated technical support agents in the Ubuntu operating system. Specifically, we propose to use the Bash terminal as a simulator of the Ubuntu environment for a learning-based agent, and demonstrate the usefulness of adopting reinforcement learning (RL) techniques for basic problem solving and troubleshooting in this environment. We provide a plug-and-play interface to the simulator as a python package where different types of agents can be plugged in and evaluated, and provide pathways for integrating data from online support forums like Ask Ubuntu into an automated agent’s learning process. Finally, we show that the use of this data significantly improves the agent’s learning efficiency. We believe that this platform can be adopted as a real-world test bed for research on automated technical support.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlling Radical Chain Reactions by Unimolecular Chain Transfer. Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer Reactions of Silicon Hydrides. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Increased In Vivo Activation of Microglia and Astrocytes in the Brains of Mice Transgenic for an Infectious R5 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Provirus and for CD4-Specific Expression of Human Cyclin T1 in Response to Stimulation by Lipopolysaccharides (2008)

Inflammatory mediators and viral products produced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected microglia and astrocytes perturb the function and viability of adjacent uninfected neuronal and glial cells and contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In vivo exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates parenchymal microglia and astrocytes and induces cytokine and chemokine production in the brain. HIV-infected individuals display increased circulating LPS levels due to microbial translocation across a compromised mucosa barrier. We hypothesized that HIV-infected microglia and astrocytes display increased sensitivity to the proinflammatory effects of LPS, and this combines with the increased levels of systemic LPS in HIV-infected individuals to contribute to the development of HAND. To examine this possibility, we determined the in vivo responsiveness of HIV-infected microglia and astrocytes to LPS using our mouse model, JR-CSF/human cyclin T1 (JR-CSF/hu-cycT1) mice, which are transgenic for both an integrated full-length infectious HIV type 1 (HIV-1) provirus derived from the primary R5-tropic clinical isolate HIV-1(JR-CSF) regulated by the endogenous HIV-1 long terminal repeat and the hu-cycT1 gene under the control of a CD4 promoter. In the current report, we demonstrated that in vivo-administered LPS more potently activated JR-CSF/hu-cycT1 mouse microglia and astrocytes and induced a significantly higher degree of monocyte chemoattractant protein production by JR-CSF/hu-cycT1 astrocytes compared to that of the in vivo LPS response of control littermate mouse microglia and astrocytes. These results indicate that HIV infection increases the sensitivity of microglia and astrocytes to inflammatory stimulation and support the use of these mice as a model to investigate various aspects of the in vivo mechanism of HIV-induced neuronal dysfunction.
Plasmonic nanowires as left-handed media (2003)

We study optical properties of metal nanowires and show that electric and magnetic dipole responses of the coupled-wire system can be both opposite to the excitation irradiation. This opens up the possibility to develop left-handed materials based on metal nanowires with negative refraction in the near-infrared and optical spectral ranges.
Lyteloop data “storage in motion” (2019)

This paper presents a patent pending approach to store digital data using high bandwidth laser light in motion. Data is stored in a loop. The amount of data stored is the data rate times the storage time. Lyteloop uses: (i) highly multiplexed optical communications to maximize data rate, and (ii) a long light path, to maximize length of time it takes light to traverse the full storage loop. Lyteloop is developing data storage in motion in 4 domains : fiber, space, and two forms of near vacuum chambers. Multiplexing is done across very wide wavelength ranges, and many spatial modes. OEM modes will be used in free space at the shorter wavelengths, and other spatial mode structures will be used in fibers. Multiple cores will be used in fibers. A 1.5 Gigabyte demonstation data storage unit has been built in fiber, and is described, along with its performance. We are starting a free space prototype. Lyteloop builds on, and advances, both free space, and fiber, high data rate communications technology as a method of storing data in motion. We also have patent pending approaches to increase the length of the data stroage loop. Less complex, and lower power, signal regeneration will be required to achive Lytelops’s goals.
Fungal Hydrophobins as Predictors of the Gushing Activity of Malt (2005)

Fungal infection of barley and malt, particularly by strains of the genus Fusarium, is known to be a direct cause of beer gushing. We have shown previously that small fungal proteins, hydrophobins, isolated from strains of the genera Fusarium, Nigrospora and Trichoderma act as gushing factors in beer. A hydrophobin concentration as low as 0.003 ppm was sufficient to induce gushing. The gushing-inducing abilities of the isolated hydrophobins varied probably due to their structural differences. The hydrophobins did not affect beer foam stability. A correlation was observed between the hydrophobin level analyzed by the hydrophobin ELISA developed and the gushing potential of malt. The risk of gushing was found to increase with hydrophobin concentrations above 250 μg/g malt. The levels of hydrophobin and the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in malts were not correlated which indicated that the formation of those two fungal metabolites may not be linked. Furthermore, we did not observe a correlation between the DON content and the gushing potential of the malt studied. Our observations suggest that the accuracy of predicting gushing could be improved by measuring the amount of the actual gushing factors, hydrophobins, in barley or malt.
Data from Personalized Chemotherapy Profiling Using Cancer Cell Lines from Selectable Mice (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; High-throughput chemosensitivity testing of low-passage cancer cell lines can be used to prioritize agents for personalized chemotherapy. However, generating cell lines from primary cancers is difficult because contaminating stromal cells overgrow the malignant cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; We produced a series of &lt;i&gt;hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt)&lt;/i&gt;-null immunodeficient mice. During growth of human cancers in these mice, &lt;i&gt;hprt&lt;/i&gt;-null murine stromal cells replace their human counterparts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Pancreatic and ovarian cancers explanted from these mice were grown in selection media to produce pure human cancer cell lines. We screened one cell line with a 3,131-drug panel and identified 77 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs with activity, and two novel drugs to which the cell line was uniquely sensitive. Xenografts of this carcinoma were selectively responsive to both drugs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Chemotherapy can be personalized using patient-specific cell lines derived in biochemically selectable mice. &lt;i&gt;Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 1139–46. ©2012 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Cervical Pneumomyelogram Secondary to a Closed Fracture-Dislocation of the Thoracic Spine (1989)

*From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California †From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
AdaMML: Adaptive Multi-Modal Learning for Efficient Video Recognition (2021)

Multi-modal learning, which focuses on utilizing various modalities to improve the performance of a model, is widely used in video recognition. While traditional multi-modal learning offers excellent recognition results, its computational expense limits its impact for many real-world applications. In this paper, we propose an adaptive multi-modal learning framework, called AdaMML, that selects on-the-fly the optimal modalities for each segment conditioned on the input for efficient video recognition. Specifically, given a video segment, a multi-modal policy net-work is used to decide what modalities should be used for processing by the recognition model, with the goal of improving both accuracy and efficiency. We efficiently train the policy network jointly with the recognition model using standard back-propagation. Extensive experiments on four challenging diverse datasets demonstrate that our proposed adaptive approach yields 35% − 55% reduction in computation when compared to the traditional baseline that simply uses all the modalities irrespective of the in-put, while also achieving consistent improvements in accuracy over the state-of-the-art methods. Project page: https://rpand002.github.io/adamml.html.
Analysis of the effect of catalyst layer thickness on the performance and durability of platinum group metal-free catalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (2019)

A simple approach based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement is adopted to elucidate the effect of mixed ion and electron transport limitations during materials aging in platinum group metal-free catalysts for PEMFC.