gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanocellulose in green food packaging (2017)

The development of packaging materials with new functionalities and lower environmental impact is now an urgent need of our society. On one hand, the shelf-life extension of packaged products can be an answer to the exponential increase of worldwide demand for food. On the other hand, uncertainty of crude oil prices and reserves has imposed the necessity to find raw materials to replace oil-derived polymers. Additionally, consumers' awareness toward environmental issues increasingly pushes industries to look with renewed interest to "green" solutions. In response to these issues, numerous polymers have been exploited to develop biodegradable food packaging materials. Although the use of biopolymers has been limited due to their poor mechanical and barrier properties, these can be enhanced by adding reinforcing nanosized components to form nanocomposites. Cellulose is probably the most used and well-known renewable and sustainable raw material. The mechanical properties, reinforcing capabilities, abundance, low density, and biodegradability of nanosized cellulose make it an ideal candidate for polymer nanocomposites processing. Here we review the potential applications of cellulose based nanocomposites in food packaging materials, highlighting the several types of biopolymers with nanocellulose fillers that have been used to form bio-nanocomposite materials. The trends in nanocellulose packaging applications are also addressed.
Electrical characterisation of BGA package for RF applications (2002)

This paper highlights the electrical behaviour of the interconnects on a 120‐pin Ball Grid Array (BGA) package from 500 MHz upto 8 GHz. The measurements are made using IMEC's MCM‐D thin film technology as the substrate and with a test set‐up called MoPoM (MCM‐on‐Package‐on‐MCM). The interconnects are classified based on length and measured with adjacent interconnects grounded as well as floating. Circuit models are extracted from the measurement and the simulation respectively for an RF interconnect including the wirebond. Comparison of the circuit models with each other and with the measurement show agreement atleast upto 6 GHz. One of the interconnects is also measured before and after globtopping and a considerable change in the impedance match is observed. The effect of package loading is found to be negligible.
MRI and PET/MRI in hematologic malignancies (2019)

The role of MRI differs considerably between the three main groups of hematological malignancies: lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma. In myeloma, whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) is recognized as a highly sensitive test for the assessment of myeloma, and is also endorsed by clinical guidelines, especially for detection and staging. In lymphoma, WB-MRI is presently not recommended, and merely serves as an alternative technique to the current standard imaging test, [<sup>18</sup> F]FDG-PET/CT, especially in pediatric patients. Even for lymphomas with variable FDG avidity, such as extranodal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), but not WB-MRI, is presently recommended, despite the high sensitivity of diffusion-weighted MRI and its ability to capture treatment response that has been reported in the literature. In leukemia, neither MRI nor any other cross-sectional imaging test (including positron emission tomography [PET]) is currently recommended outside of clinical trials. This review article discusses current clinical applications as well as the main research topics for MRI, as well as PET/MRI, in the field of hematological malignancies, with a focus on functional MRI techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, on the one hand, and novel, non-FDG PET imaging probes such as the CXCR4 radiotracer [<sup>68</sup> Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and the amino acid radiotracer [<sup>11</sup> C]methionine, on the other hand. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1325-1335.
The Pivotal Role of Excess Nitroxide Radical in Living Free Radical Polymerizations with Narrow Polydispersity (1996)

The pivotal role of the nitroxide concentration in bulk living polymerization of styrene was studied between 115 and 135 °C, using in situ electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) to follow the concentration of the TEMPO stable free radical during the polymerization. Molecular weight and conversion were also followed on the same reaction mixtures using gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. While molecular weights were linear with conversion, to high conversion, there was an increase in the polymerization rate with time: nonideal behavior for a living polymerization. However, the TEMPO concentration also shows a slow decay as polymerization proceeds. Using the current mechanistic model, which predicts a polymerization rate inversely proportional to TEMPO concentration, this changing concentration was incorporated into the kinetic analysis. Except for low conversion in the lowest temperature polymerization, correction for the TEMPO concentration resulted in ideal, constant polymerization rate constants. While increasing the initial TEMPO concentration decreases the rate of polymerization dramatically, the corrected rate is independent of initial TEMPO concentration, again consistent with the current mechanism. From these corrected polymerization rates, the activation energy for the release of TEMPO from the growing chain end was estimated as 82 kJ/mol, considerably less than the previously observed value of 130 kJ/mol for the release of TEMPO from styrene 1-mers. Using TEMPO as a probe of irreversible chain termination, ESR shows that irreversible chain termination up to 75% conversion is limited to less than 2 chains in a hundred. It is concluded that the TEMPO-mediated polymerization is a living polymerization under the conditions of this study. To aid in the understanding of these living polymerizations that are based on reversible termination, a new term has been defined, the germination efficiency, which describes the yield of living chains in terms of the reversible terminating agent.
16-Gbaud QPSK radio transmission using optical frequency comb with recirculating frequency shifter for 300-GHz RoF signal (2012)

We demonstrate 300-GHz-band radio transmission with a digital coherent detection technique. Quadrature-phaseshift-keying modulation can provide a data rate of 29.9 Gb/s, with 7% forward error correction overhead. A frequency-locked optical frequency comb for a 300-GHz radio-over-fiber signal can be generated by a recirculating frequency shifter with a single sideband suppressed-carrier modulator in an amplified optical fiber loop.
Glycine Identification in Natural Jarosites Using Laser Desorption Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: Implications for the Search for Life on Mars (2008)

The jarosite group minerals have received increasing attention since the discovery of jarosite on the martian surface by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. Given that jarosite can incorporate foreign ions within its structure, we have investigated the use of jarosite as an indicator of aqueous and biological processes on Earth and Mars. The use of laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometry has revealed the presence of organic matter in several jarosite samples from various locations worldwide. One of the ions from the natural jarosites has been attributed to glycine because it was systematically observed in combinations of glycine with synthetic ammonium and potassium jarosites, Na(2)SO(4) and K(2)SO(4). The ability to observe these organic signatures in jarosite samples with an in situ instrumental technique, such as the one employed in this study, furthers the goals of planetary geologists to determine whether signs of life (e.g., the presence of biomolecules or biomolecule precursors) can be detected in the rock record of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples.
Towards THz power enhancement using spatial multiplexing photo-mixers driven by a dual-frequency VeCSEL (2019)

International audience
Cation Size Effects on the Electronic and Structural Properties of Solution‐Processed In–X–O Thin Films (2015)

The nature of charge transport and local structure are investigated in amorphous indium oxide‐based thin films fabricated by spin‐coating. The In–X–O series where X = Sc, Y, or La is investigated to understand the effects of varying both the X cation ionic radius (0.89–1.17 Å) and the film processing temperature (250–300 °C). Larger cations in particular are found to be very effective amorphosizers and enable the study of high mobility (up to 9.7 cm 2 V −1 s −1 ) amorphous oxide semiconductors without complex processing. Electron mobilities as a function of temperature and gate voltage are measured in thin‐film transistors, while X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations are used to probe local atomic structure. It is found that trap‐limited conduction and percolation‐type conduction mechanisms convincingly model transport for low‐ and high‐temperature processed films, respectively. Increased cation size leads to increased broadening of the tail states (10–23 meV) and increased percolation barrier heights (24–55 meV) in the two cases. For the first time in the amorphous In–X–O system, such effects can be explained by local structural changes in the films, including decreased In–O and In–M (M = In, X) coordination numbers, increased bond length disorder, and changes in the MO x polyhedra interconnectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF REACTIVE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 11. DECACARBONYLDIAZOMETHANEDIMANGANESE, A STABLE ORGANOMETALLIC DERIVATIVE OF DIAZOMETHANE (1976)

Abstract Die Umsetzung von Pentacarbonylmangarmydrid mit Diazomethan im Überschuß in THF bei ‐85°C liefert die kristalline Titelverbindung (I) neben drei weiteren neuen Komplexen, die nicht näher bezeichnet werden.
Recent results on the GOL-3 device (1992)

The review of activity on the GOL-3 program is presented. The first part of the results is concerned with the experiments on the uniform plasma heating by a 100 kJ E-beam. Heating of the bulk plasma electrons up to 1 keV at 1015 cm−3 density is achieved. The second group of experiments deals with so-called two-stage dense plasma heating. The 1016–1017 cm−3 hydrogen bunches of 0.5–3 m length are produced by gas-puffing. High efficiency of the conversion of the energy, delivered by E-beam to 1015 cm−3 background plasma occupying the rest of the device, to the dense plasma bunches, is demonstrated. Last part of the paper describes activity on the microsecond ribbon E-beam of 4×140 cm2 cross section and of 200 kJ energy content on the U-2 generator. The transportation of such a beam at 2 m distance in a slit vacuum channel and its shape transformation to a circular one is achieved.
Lateral nanoscale field emission comb for frequency mixing (2023)

Nanoscale field emission devices are promising candidates to design high-frequency electronics due to the lack of scattering in the vacuum channel that enables ballistic transport. In-plane devices are relatively easy to fabricate with current fabrication techniques and offer sub-fF capacitance. In this work, the characteristics of lateral gold multi-tip field emission arrays are studied. Vacuum gaps between the electrodes of 30 nm are fabricated, which allow &amp;lt; 10 V operation. The effect of number of emitting tips on measured current is investigated. By taking advantage of the strong non-linearity in the emission characteristic, frequency mixing in the MHz range is also demonstrated.
Large-stroke self-aligned vertical comb drive actuated micromirror arrays for adaptive optics applications (2007)

A high-stroke micromirror array was designed, modeled, fabricated and tested. Each pixel in the 4×4 array consists of a self-aligned vertical comb drive actuator that has had a single-crystal silicon mirror successfully bonded to it. Two different bonding technologies were used, photoresist bonding and fusion bonding. The results of each of these bonding methods will be presented. Analytical models combined with CoventorWare<sup>R</sup> simulations were used to design these elements that would move up to 10 microns in piston motion with 200V applied. Devices were fabricated according to this design and difference measurements performed with a white-light interferometer demonstrated a displacement of 0.18 microns with 200V applied. Further investigation revealed that fabrication process inaccuracy led to significantly stiffer mechanical springs in the fabricated devices. The increased stiffness of the springs was shown to account for the reduced displacement that was observed.
Phenological Temperature Response of Maize (1998)

Abstract Variability of development rate estimates across locations and years using the current heat unit system of growing degree‐days (GDD) with maximum and minimum temperature thresholds of 30 and 10°C (GDD 30,10 ) limits predictability of maturity in hybrid maize ( Zea mays L.). Data sets of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures and dates of maize development stages were collected for a range of hybrids at locations in Canada and the northern USA (39° to 45° N lat). Data were analyzed to improve the temperature response functions for maize at different stages of development. Results indicate that during vegetative growth, phenological response to mean daily air temperature followed a sigmoidal curve beginning below 5°C, with maximum response to temperatures between 25 and 30°C. During reproductive growth, the temperature response function was flat from 0 to 12°C and rose significantly only with mean daily air temperatures greater than this range. A general thermal index (GTI) based on these two response functions improved estimation of maturity dates by 50% over estimates made using GDD 30,10 (SE of 6.7 d for GTI and 13.6 d for GDD 30,10 in estimating time from planting to maturity). The greatest improvement using GTI occurred for the reproductive period (SE of 5.8 d using GTI, compared with 12.1 d using GDD 30,10 ). These results suggest that incorporating the temperature response function reported in this paper would improve prediction of maize development.
THY-1 Cell Surface Antigen (CD90) Has an Important Role in the Initial Stage of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection (2015)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects about 50% of the US population, is the leading infectious cause of birth defects, and is considered the most important infectious agent in transplant recipients. The virus infects many cell types in vivo and in vitro. While previous studies have identified several cellular proteins that may function at early steps of infection in a cell type dependent manner, the mechanism of virus entry is still poorly understood. Using a computational biology approach, correlating gene expression with virus infectivity in 54 cell lines, we identified THY-1 as a putative host determinant for HCMV infection in these cells. With a series of loss-of-function, gain-of-function and protein-protein interaction analyses, we found that THY-1 mediates HCMV infection at the entry step and is important for infection that occurs at a low m.o.i. THY-1 antibody that bound to the cell surface blocked HCMV during the initial 60 minutes of infection in a dose-dependent manner. Down-regulation of THY-1 with siRNA impaired infectivity occurred during the initial 60 minutes of inoculation. Both THY-1 antibody and siRNA inhibited HCMV-induced activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway required for entry. Soluble THY-1 protein blocked HCMV infection during, but not after, virus internalization. Expression of exogenous THY-1 enhanced entry in cells expressing low levels of the protein. THY-1 interacted with HCMV gB and gH and may form a complex important for entry. However, since gB and gH have previously been shown to interact, it is uncertain if THY-1 directly binds to both of these proteins. Prior observations that THY-1 (a) interacts with αVβ3 integrin and recruits paxillin (implicated in HCMV entry), (b) regulates leukocyte extravasation (critical for HCMV viremia), and (c) is expressed on many cells targeted for HCMV infection including epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblast, and CD34+/CD38- stem cells, all support a role for THY-1 as an HCMV entry mediator in a cell type dependent manner. THY-1 may function through a complex setting, that would include viral gB and gH, and other cellular factors, thus links virus entry with signaling in host cells that ultimately leads to virus infection.
Intestinal Lesions in Specific-Pathogen-Free Lambs Associated with a Cryptosporidium from Calves with Diarrhea (1982)

Small and large intestines of seven specific pathogen-free lambs infected with cryptosporidia from calves with diarrhea were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The small intestine was infected in all the lambs, and the cecum and colon in three. Small intestinal alterations were severe villous atrophy and dilatation of the crypts of Lieberkühn. Epithelial cross-bridging between contiguous villi caused much villous fusion. Epithelial cells constituting the bridges were connected by desmosomal junctions, and were continuous with the epithelial coverings of the associated villi. The lamina propria was heavily infiltrated with neutrophil leukocytes. Infected crypts in cecum and colon were dilated and devoid of mucus-secreting cells, while the ridges between crypts were hypertrophied, and the lamina propria was infiltrated by neutrophils. Cell vegetations with adherent bacteria were present in the surface intestinal epithelium of two lambs infected for 11 and 14 days, respectively. No adherent bacteria were seen in any site in lambs killed up to six days post-inoculation.
Mutations in TFAP2B and previously unimplicated genes of the BMP, Wnt, and Hedgehog pathways in syndromic craniosynostosis (2019)

Craniosynostosis (CS) is a frequent congenital anomaly featuring the premature fusion of 1 or more sutures of the cranial vault. Syndromic cases, featuring additional congenital anomalies, make up 15% of CS. While many genes underlying syndromic CS have been identified, the cause of many syndromic cases remains unknown. We performed exome sequencing of 12 syndromic CS cases and their parents, in whom previous genetic evaluations were unrevealing. Damaging de novo or transmitted loss of function (LOF) mutations were found in 8 genes that are highly intolerant to LOF mutation (<i>P</i> = 4.0 × 10<sup>-8</sup>); additionally, a rare damaging mutation in <i>SOX11</i>, which has a lower level of intolerance, was identified. Four probands had rare damaging mutations (2 de novo) in <i>TFAP2B</i>, a transcription factor that orchestrates neural crest cell migration and differentiation; this mutation burden is highly significant (<i>P</i> = 8.2 × 10<sup>-12</sup>). Three probands had rare damaging mutations in <i>GLI2</i>, <i>SOX11</i>, or <i>GPC4</i>, which function in the Hedgehog, BMP, and Wnt signaling pathways; other genes in these pathways have previously been implicated in syndromic CS. Similarly, damaging de novo mutations were identified in genes encoding the chromatin modifier <i>KAT6A</i>, and <i>CTNNA1</i>, encoding catenin α-1. These findings establish <i>TFAP2B</i> as a CS gene, have implications for assessing risk to subsequent children in these families, and provide evidence implicating other genes in syndromic CS. This high yield indicates the value of performing exome sequencing of syndromic CS patients when sequencing of known disease loci is unrevealing.
A Draft Human Pangenome Reference (2022)

Abstract The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) presents a first draft human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base-pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generated a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes, reveals novel alleles at structurally complex loci, and adds 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequence and 1,529 gene duplications relative to the existing reference, GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs derive from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyze short-read data reduces errors when discovering small variants by 34% and boosts the detected structural variants per haplotype by 104% compared to GRCh38-based workflows, and by 34% compared to using previous diversity sets of genome assemblies.
Secretoneurin promotes pertussis toxin‐sensitive neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule cells (2003)

The neuropeptide secretoneurin (SN) is an endoproteolytic product of the chromogranin secretogranin II. We investigated the effects of SN on the differentiation of immature cerebellar granule cells derived from the external granular layer (EGL). Secretoneurin caused concentration-dependent increases in neurite outgrowth, reflecting differentiation. The maximum effect was reached at a concentration of 100 nm SN. Secretoneurin immunoneutralization using specific antiserum significantly decreased neurite outgrowth; however, neurite morphology was altered. An affinity chromatography-purified antibody significantly inhibited the outgrowth response to SN (p < 0.001) without altering the morphology. Binding studies suggest the existence of specific G-protein-coupled receptors on the surface of monocytes that recognize SN. Assuming that SN promotes neurite outgrowth in EGL cells by acting through a similar G-protein-coupled mechanism, we treated SN-stimulated EGL cultures with pertussis toxin. Exposure to pertussis toxin (0.1 micro g/mL) showed a significant inhibition of the SN-induced outgrowth. To establish a second messenger pathway we used the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. We found that EGL cell viability was not enhanced following chronic SN treatment for 24 h. These data indicate that SN is a novel trophic substance that can affect cerebellar maturation, primarily by accelerating granule cell differentiation through a signalling mechanism that is coupled to pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins.
Polymeric coatings based on acrylic resin latexes from miniemulsion polymerization using hydrocarbon resins as osmotic agents (2014)

ABSTRACT Waterborne acrylic resins with a solid content higher than 40 wt % were obtained by miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylic acid using a hydrocarbon coumarone–indene resin (HCR) as osmotic agent. HCR is a cheap polymer widely used for coatings and pressure‐sensitive adhesives. The resin leads to a higher hydrophobicity for the acrylic latex film and acts as osmotic agent in miniemulsion polymerization preventing Ostwald ripening, leading to latexes with particle sizes, size distributions, and stability comparable to those obtained using n ‐hexadecane as osmotic agent. However, the monomer conversion and molecular weight were lower, indicating the occurrence of a chain‐transfer reaction. Atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated that a smooth film surface with phase‐separated morphology was formed when using HCR. Faster film hardness development was achieved with HCR comparing with hexadecane. Compared with market standard in a paint formulation, a similar performance was achieved. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40569.
GA-optimiation to damp the resonance of large power/ground planes, combined with Adaptive Frequency Sampling (2010)

The Genetic Algorithm(GA) is suggested to be combined with the Adaptive Frequency Sampling(AFS) technique to find the decoupling capacitors for suppressing the resonances of the large power/ground plane(PGP)s. In more detail, the AFS is used to characterize each of the divided regions of the PGPs and compound of the AFS results are used to evaluate the fitness or cost function in each GA iterative step.