gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solution Copolymerizations of N‐Vinyl‐2‐Pyrrolidone with Acrylic Acid, Methacrylic Acid and Vinyl Acetate for Applications in Hair Cosmetics (2020)

Abstract Hair care cosmetics are used for cleaning, damage prevention from external agents and making hair healthier. The use of film‐forming polymers in these formulations ensures the correction of hair cuticle imperfections and the reduction of water loss, making hair softer and thicker. For this reason, in the present work, N ‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone homopolymers and copolymers with acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and vinyl acetate are produced through aqueous solution polymerizations, investigating some properties of the final products and respective polymer films for use in capillary cosmetic applications. The obtained results show that the poly( N ‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) (PVP) homopolymer and copolymer samples can be obtained with high molar masses, providing films that can interact appropriately with keratin. Besides that, it is shown that acrylic acid and methacrylic acid can be successfully incorporated into the PVP chains during the copolymerization reactions, resulting in the improvement of the mechanical properties of the film, but affecting negatively the polymer‐keratin interaction.
Ontology-driven Information Retrieval in FF-Poirot. (2005)

Abstract — This paper proposes a new approach for supporting domain information retrieval and information extraction on the web, using an original query expansion technique supported by an ad-hoc ontology focused on a specific domain of interest. The system has been built and tested in the framework of the FF-Poirot project, for supporting fine-grain retrieval from the Internet aiming at detecting financial fraudent sites. In a first stage, using a short list of keywords given by the user, the application mines the web retrieving relevant documents. These documents are then clustered into coherent groups focusing on specific subjects. The ontology model is devoted to represent the most important concepts of the domain of interest and to link them to the user need as expressed by the keywords. Once clusters of documents are made available after the first stage, the ontology can be used to extract from these clusters the most interesting documents (the most probable fraudolent sites in the framework of the FF-Poirot application). Browsing the ontology and selecting specific concepts, the user starts a query expansion engine that refines the search, creating a new query based on terminological evidences tied in the ontology to the selected concepts. The paper describes the overall software architecture of the application as used in the project, focusing specifically on the query exapansion engine and the supporting ontological model adopted. Experimental evidences, as emerged in FF-Poirot, will be used to prove the feasibility and the advantages of the adopted technique. I.
Semiconductor random-access memories (1971)

In the last few years, semiconductor random-access memory (RAM) components have been introduced into high-speed scratchpad applications and small buffer memory systems, where the performance or cost advantage of semiconductor components is greatest. More recently, developments in the technology of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits have resulted in cost-performance characteristics of semiconductor RAMs that are competitive in computer main-frame memories as well. This article reviews the basic circuit concepts used in these components, representative products that are presently available, and some systems considerations involved in their use.
INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB FOR TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE AND NONPROLIFERATIVE TYPE 2 IDIOPATHIC MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA (2011)

Bevacizumab did not improve acuity or reduce retinal thickness in nonproliferative macular telangiectasia Type 2 at final follow-up. In proliferative macular telangiectasia Type 2, bevacizumab caused involution of neovascularization and improved visual acuity.
A novel network simulator based on stochastic spatial models (2013)

Wireless ad hoc networks have been of significant interest in the communications engineering field within the last decades. Due to their flexibility and relatively low infrastructure and front end expenses, wireless ad hoc networks promise a wide application spectrum. To understand their expected performance, interference limited scenarios must be considered and an interference analysis based on the spatial distribution of the network nodes is necessary. This analysis must cover the randomness of this spatial distribution. The authors have considered the stochastic geometry tools as basic means for this analysis. The randomness of the individual spatial distribution realizations can thus be decoupled from the interference analysis by collecting the statistics over multiple particular spatial network distributions, which eases the analysis. In this manuscript the authors illustrate a simulation framework for the investigation of the performance of wireless ad hoc networks. The simulation results for the various spatial node densities are discussed for both distribution types by taking the interference limited scenarios into account. Also, theoretical performance bounds are shown which allow the verification of the stochastic simulation.
Using visual noise to characterize amblyopic letter identification (2004)

Amblyopia is a much-studied but poorly understood developmental visual disorder that reduces acuity, profoundly reducing contrast sensitivity for small targets. Here we use visual noise to probe the letter identification process and characterize its impairment by amblyopia. We apply five levels of analysis - threshold, threshold in noise, equivalent noise, optical MTF, and noise modeling - to obtain a two-factor model of the amblyopic deficit: substantially reduced efficiency for small letters and negligibly increased cortical noise. Cortical noise, expressed as an equivalent input noise, varies among amblyopes but is roughly 1.4x normal, as though only 1/1.4 the normal number of cortical spikes are devoted to the amblyopic eye. This raises threshold contrast for large letters by a factor of radical1.4 = 1.2x, a negligible effect. All 16 amblyopic observers showed near-normal efficiency for large letters (> 4x acuity) and greatly reduced efficiency for small letters: 1/4 normal at 2x acuity and approaching 1/16 normal at acuity. Finding that the acuity loss represents a loss of efficiency rules out all models of amblyopia except those that predict the same sensitivity loss on blank and noisy backgrounds. One such model is the last-channel hypothesis, which supposes that the highest-spatial-frequency channels are missing, leaving the remaining highest-frequency channel struggling to identify the smallest letters. However, this hypothesis is rejected by critical band masking of letter identification, which shows that the channels used by the amblyopic eye have normal tuning for even the smallest letters. Finally, based on these results, we introduce a new "Dual Acuity" chart that promises to be a quick diagnostic test for amblyopia.
Novel optically-controlled optical switch based on intimate integration of surface-normal photodiode and waveguide electroabsorption modulator for wavelength conversion (2004)

For optical-electronic-optical (o-e-o) conversion without the use of conventional electronics, we introduce a novel, highly-integrated, chip-scale, optically-controlled optical switch that incorporates a surface-normal photodiode (PD) and a waveguide electroabsorption modulator (EAM) on the same substrate. Such an integrated optical switch avoids the difficulties and the limitations of ordinary o-e-o conversion, and eliminates the need for separate packaging of its individual parts.
Radical and Ion Compositions of BCl3/Cl2 Plasma and Their Relation to Aluminum Etch Characteristics (1997)

Plasma compositions in BCl 3 /Cl 2 were calculated using a molecular orbital method and a plasma kinetic method. The key factors for plasma compositions and their relations to the etch characteristics of Al-based multilayers were investigated. The etch rate of Al seemed to be correlated with the Cl density rather than the Cl 2 density. The etch rates of TiN and the resist were also related to the Cl density and the ion density. Therefore the ion energy distribution (IED) impinging on the wafer was also calculated and the rf frequency dependence of the selectivity of the TiN/resist was evaluated using an etching model. Even if the rf frequency increased to 10 MHz, where the IED had a single peak, the predicted selectivity was slightly improved. A narrower IED was required.
Slow Light in Semi-Conductor Quantum Well Waveguides (2008)

Abstract : The main objective of the program is to investigate various physical phenomena and device structures that can lead to potential applications to all optical storage and processing. The physical effects include electro-magnetic ally induced transparency (EIT), coherent population oscillation (CPO) in semiconductor quantum wells (QW) or dots. We carried out experimental implementation of EIT from electron spin coherence in a GaAs quantum well waveguide for the first time. We designed and fabricated the waveguide structure. We also designed and fabricated a miniature waveguide coupler attached to a cold finger in an optical cryostat. The EIT experiment using double-V energy configuration was carried out for the first time on a (110) QW waveguide. An absorption dip of tilde 10% indicates a slow down factor of 1000 was obtained with a spectral width 1GHz at 4K. From the spectral width, the spin coherence lifetime can be inferred to be tilde 1 ns at 4K. We carried out frequency-resolved measurements of electron spin coherence lifetime from the measured EIT spectral linewidth. An asymmetry in the resonance lineshape was observed. All results will be critical for understanding the physical properties of (110) QW waveguide and implementation of optical delay lines for signal processing.
Coherent flow power doppler (CFPD): flow detection using spatial coherence beamforming (2015)

Power Doppler imaging is a widely used method of flow detection for tissue perfusion monitoring, inflammatory hyperemia detection, deep vein thrombosis diagnosis, and other clinical applications. However, thermal noise and clutter limit its sensitivity and ability to detect slow flow. In addition, large ensembles are required to obtain sufficient sensitivity, which limits frame rate and yields flash artifacts during moderate tissue motion. We propose an alternative method of flow detection using the spatial coherence of backscattered ultrasound echoes. The method enhances slow flow detection and frame rate, while maintaining or improving the signal quality of conventional power Doppler techniques. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated with simulations, flow-phantom experiments, and an in vivo human thyroid study. In comparison with conventional power Doppler imaging, the proposed method can produce Doppler images with 15- to 30-dB SNR improvement. Therefore, the method is able to detect flow with velocities approximately 50% lower than conventional power Doppler, or improve the frame rate by a factor of 3 with comparable image quality. The results show promise for clinical applications of the method.
Ion mobility augments the utility of mass spectrometry in the identification of human hemoglobin variants (2008)

The global dispersion of hemoglobin variants through population migration has precipitated a need for their identification. A particularly effective mass spectrometry (MS)-based procedure involves analysis of the intact globin chains in diluted blood to detect the variant through mass anomalies, followed by location of the variant amino acid residue by direct analysis of the enzymatically digested globins. Here we demonstrate the use of ion mobility separation in combination with this MS procedure to reduce mass spectral complexity. In one example, the doubly charged tryptic peptide from a low abundance variant (4%) occurred at the same m/z value as a singly and a doubly charged interfering ion. In another example, the singly charged tryptic peptide from an alpha-chain variant (26%) occurred at the same m/z value as a doubly charged interfering ion. Ion mobility was used to separate the variant ions from the interfering ions, thus allowing the variant peptides to be observed and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry.
The York Mason Approach for Repair of Rectourethral Fistulas (2000)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Video Review: Ureteroscopy/Laparoscopy/Bladder Reconstruction1 Dec 2000The York Mason Approach for Repair of Rectourethral Fistulas Julio M. Pow-Sang, andM.D. Ralph V. ClaymanM.D. Julio M. Pow-SangJulio M. Pow-Sang More articles by this author , and Ralph V. ClaymanRalph V. Clayman More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67004-8AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "The York Mason Approach for Repair of Rectourethral Fistulas." The Journal of Urology, 164(6), p. 2201 References 1 : Laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit performed completely intracorporeally: the initial 2 cases. Urology2000; 56: 26. Google Scholar © 2000FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 164Issue 6December 2000Page: 2201 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2000MetricsAuthor Information Julio M. Pow-Sang More articles by this author Ralph V. Clayman More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
User grouping behavior in online forums (2009)

Online forums represent one type of social media that is particularly rich for studying human behavior in information seeking and diffusing. The way users join communities is a reflection of the changing and expanding of their interests toward information. In this paper, we study the patterns of user participation behavior, and the feature factors that influence such behavior on different forum datasets. We find that, despite the relative randomness and lesser commitment of structural relationships in online forums, users' community joining behaviors display some strong regularities. One particularly interesting observation is that the very weak relationships between users defined by online replies have similar diffusion curves as those of real friendships or co-authorships. We build social selection models, Bipartite Markov Random Field (BiMRF), to quantitatively evaluate the prediction performance of those feature factors and their relationships. Using these models, we show that some features carry supplementary information, and the effectiveness of different features vary in different types of forums. Moreover, the results of BiMRF with two-star configurations suggest that the feature of user similarity defined by frequency of communication or number of common friends is inadequate to predict grouping behavior, but adding node-level features can improve the fit of the model.
<title>Design of organic transistor semiconductors for logic elements, displays, and sensors</title> (2001)

The early demonstrations of field-effect transistors based on organic semiconductors with high dynamic range utilized single devices incorporating p-channel materials such as thiophene oligomers and pentacene. Through end-group substitution and use of electron-deficient cores, we have built a library of semiconductors with a variety of attributes, including low off-current, n-channel function and chemical sensitivity. Devices containing these materials can be assembled to form complementary circuits, pixel drivers, and chemoselective sensors. Specific properties of these materials have led to a new approach to a polymer-based memory element.
Efficiency of broadband wavelength conversion by four-wave mixing in semiconductor traveling-wave amplifiers (2002)

Four-wave mixing in traveling-wave amplifiers (TWA's), when used for wavelength conversion, has several advantages. Owing to their traveling-wave operation, these devices offer the potential for very high speed operation as well as continuous tuning of the input and output wavelengths. In addition, since the converted signal is the phase-conjugate replica of the input signal, the conversion is transparent to the modulation format, and provides the possibility for fiber-dispersion-compensation in lightwave communication systems. In this paper, we present measurements of wavelength conversion efficiencies in TWA's for /spl Delta//spl lambda/-shifts as large as 27 nm. We show that wavelength up-conversion is less efficient than down-conversion and show that the effect results from phase interference between the interband and intraband mechanisms causing four-wave mixing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Superficial dosimetry imaging of Čerenkov emission in electron beam radiotherapy of phantoms (2013)

Čerenkov emission is generated from ionizing radiation in tissue above 264 keV energy. This study presents the first examination of this optical emission as a surrogate for the absorbed superficial dose. Čerenkov emission was imaged from the surface of flat tissue phantoms irradiated with electrons, using a range of field sizes from 6 cm × 6 cm to 20 cm × 20 cm, incident angles from 0° to 50°, and energies from 6 to 18 MeV. The Čerenkov images were compared with the estimated superficial dose in phantoms from direct diode measurements, as well as calculations by Monte Carlo and the treatment planning system. Intensity images showed outstanding linear agreement (R(2) = 0.97) with reference data of the known dose for energies from 6 to 18 MeV. When orthogonal delivery was carried out, the in-plane and cross-plane dose distribution comparisons indicated very little difference (± 2-4% differences) between the different methods of estimation as compared to Čerenkov light imaging. For an incident angle 50°, the Čerenkov images and Monte Carlo simulation show excellent agreement with the diode data, but the treatment planning system had a larger error (OPT = ± 1~2%, diode = ± 2~3%, TPS = ± 6-8% differences) as would be expected. The sampling depth of superficial dosimetry based on Čerenkov radiation has been simulated in a layered skin model, showing the potential of sampling depth tuning by spectral filtering. Taken together, these measurements and simulations indicate that Čerenkov emission imaging might provide a valuable method of superficial dosimetry imaging from incident radiotherapy beams of electrons.
The use of two-dimensional CT reconstruction to demonstrate a vertical fracture of the condylar head. (1990)

A case of vertical fracture of the condylar head is described. The history, investigation and treatment is outlined with emphasis on the use of two-dimensional CT reconstruction to demonstrate the fracture.
Cyclic AMP modulates microvillus formation and agglutinability in transformed and normal mouse fibroblasts. (1975)

We have utilized dark field microscopy to observe the surface microstructure of living cultured cells. Using this method, we have found that dibutyryl cAMP treatment causes regression of the numerous, long cell surface microvilli present on L929 cells. Thirty minutes after removal of dibutyryl cAMP, microvilli reappear. An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (methylisobutylxanthine) and a stimulator of adenylate cyclase (prostaglandin E1), both of which raise cAMP levels, cause regression of microvilli in 15 min. Untransformed 3T3 cells show very few microvilli when viewed still attached to their substratum or after removal with EDTA. Treatment of these cells with trypsin causes the formation of numerous microvilli on their surface. When clumps of cells agglutinated by concanavalin A are examined by thin section electron microscopy, the cells are seen to be held together by a "forest" of interdigitating microvilli and only rarely is there apposition of the areas of membrane between microvilli. At the same time the distribution of surface-bound concanavalin A was examined using immunofluorescent light microscopy, and concanavalin A was found to be uniformly distributed over the cell surface. We propose that agglutinability of mouse and rat fibroblasts is regulated through the modulation of cell surface microvilli by cAMP, and that transformed cells are highly agglutinable because their low cAMP levels result in the formation of numerous surface microvilli.
Targeting of folate receptor β on acute myeloid leukemia blasts with chimeric antigen receptor–expressing T cells (2015)

T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can produce dramatic results in lymphocytic leukemia patients; however, therapeutic strategies for myeloid leukemia remain limited. Folate receptor β (FRβ) is a myeloid-lineage antigen expressed on 70% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of the first CARs specific for human FRβ (m909) in vitro and in vivo. m909 CAR T cells exhibited selective activation and lytic function against engineered C30-FRβ as well as endogenous FRβ(+) AML cell lines in vitro. In mouse models of human AML, m909 CAR T cells mediated the regression of engrafted FRβ(+) THP1 AML in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that treatment of AML with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) enhanced FRβ expression, resulting in improved immune recognition by m909 CAR T cells. Because many cell surface markers are shared between AML blasts and healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs), we evaluated FRβ expression and recognition of HSCs by CAR T cells. m909 CAR T cells were not toxic against healthy human CD34(+) HSCs in vitro. Our results indicate that FRβ is a promising target for CAR T-cell therapy of AML, which may be augmented by combination with ATRA.
Ag(i)-mediated self-assembly of anisotropic rods and plates in the surfactant mixture of CTAB and Pluronics (2019)

One-dimensional (1D) metallogels are commonly observed in metal-coordinated complexes, but there are not many examples of soft crystalline solids which are generated by the self-assembly of metal-polymer complexation in a non-gel state. In a continued effort to obtain 1D materials by utilizing the tendency of Pluronic triblock copolymers to be micellized anisotropically at an elevated temperature, we investigate Ag(i)-mediated self-assembly of the surfactant mixture of Pluronic copolymers and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). At sufficiently high temperature, Pluronic copolymers are known to organize into many crystalline mesophases, such as body-centered-cubic, hexagonal, and lamellar phases. Four Pluronics of L-31, L-64, P-123, and F-108 were studied, and at the concentration of 17.9%, macroscale 1D rods with the aspect ratios ranging from 3.07 to 12.8 are obtained. At the concentration of 35.7%, anisotropic two dimensional (2D) planar plates are observed. These planar structures were believed to be generated from 2D lamellar mesophases, which is consistent with the general phase diagram of Pluronic copolymers that shows lamellar phase with the highest concentration. In the absence of ascorbic acid, rods and plates of larger size are produced. Rather than as a reductant, ascorbic acid is thought to play the roles of an agent to increase the hydrophilicity, and as a mediator to determine the dimension of rods and plates by hindering the long range self-assembly of alkyl chains. Dehydration by the addition of AgNO<sub>3</sub>, and the increase of hydrophobicity enable self-assembly of alkyl groups of CTAB and Pluronics and promote the formation of crystalline soft solids.