gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Switchable Chromium(II) Ethylene Oligomerization/Polymerization Catalyst (2005)

The tri- and divalent chromium derivatives of [N-Me,tripyrr] ([N-Me,tripyrr] = 2,5-bis(diphenyl(pyrrol-2-yl)methyl)-1-methylpyrrole) [N-Me,tripyrr]CrCl (1), and [N-Me,tripyrr]Cr(L)2·(THF)0.5 (2) [L = THF (2a), pyridine (2b)] were obtained in good yield from the reaction of the dipotassium salt of the ligand with CrCl3(THF)3 and CrCl2(THF)2, respectively. Reaction of the dilithium salt of the ligand with CrCl2(THF)2 led to the divalent analogue [N-Me,tripyrr]Cr(μ-Cl)Li(THF)3 (3), wherein a Li−Cl unit was retained by the metal center. The compounds were tested for ethylene oligomerization activity upon activation with two different alumoxanes. In the case of MAO, the Cr(II) catalyst precursors 2b and 3 showed a marked increase in activity with respect to the trivalent 1. The product distributions from compounds 1 and 2b were nearly identical, indicating that the Cr(II) oxidation state provides better catalyst precursors. Use of the i-BuAlO activator instead of MAO afforded exclusively polymerization with high activity and produced linear, low molecular weight polyethylene.
Zirconocene-Catalyzed Polymerization of α-Olefins: When Intrinsic Higher Activity Is Flawed by Rapid Deactivation (2019)

Kinetic studies of homogeneous 1-hexene polymerization have been used for determining the propagation rates and active sites concentrations of industrially relevant zirconocene catalytic systems incorporating {SBI}- and {Cp/Flu}- ancillaries: {rac-Me2Si(2-Me-Benz[e]Ind)2}ZrCl2 ({SBI}-1), {rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2}ZrCl2 ({SBI}-2), {Me2C(3,6-tBu2-Flu)(2-Me-4-tBu-Cp)}ZrCl2 ({Cp/Flu}-1), {Ph(H)C(3,6-tBu2-Flu)(2-Et-4-tBu-Cp)}ZrCl2 ({Cp/Flu}-2), {Ph2C(2,7-tBu2-Flu)(2-Me-4-tBu-Cp)}ZrCl2 ({Cp/Flu}-3), {Ph(H)C(2,7-tBu2-Flu)(2-Me-4-tBu-Cp)}ZrCl2 ({Cp/Flu}-4). The influence of different activation parameters, such as aging time and nature of coactivator (MAO vs boraluminoxane), has been investigated. It was found that the activation efficiency of {Cp/Flu}-type precatalysts by MAO is similar (1–12% at 30 °C) to that of the {SBI}-type precatalysts (4–18%). Moreover, the propagation rates for the {Cp/Flu}-based systems appeared to be superior to those obtained with the {SBI}-type congeners. Deactivation processes, arising from monomer 2,1-misinsertions and resulting in dormant M–sec-alkyl species, were demonstrated to occur for both types of catalytic systems. While the {SBI}-type systems are capable to undergo further regular 1,2-insertions of 1-hexene into the M–sec-alkyl (or undergo regeneration of an active species through β-H elimination), the {Cp/Flu}-type congeners are apparently reluctant to further enchainement; this is proposed to account for the observed overall lower productivity of the latter {Cp/Flu}-type systems. Dormant M–sec-alkyl species with the {Cp/Flu} ancillaries can be efficiently reactivated by introduction of small molecules (H2 or ethylene).
Observation of backward-wave oscillations in silicon-MEMS beam-wave interaction circuits at 0.1 THz (2012)

We report a W-band backward-wave oscillator using micro-fabrication technologies by which a fully 3-dimensional slow-wave interaction circuit is successfully employed on multi-bonded silicon wafers. MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) technologies such as deep RIE (reactive ion etching) and thermocompressive hermetic bonding are applied to achieve highly accurate dimensional structures for high frequency regime (>;100 GHz). A successful implementation of the slow-wave structure with high aspect ratios between in-plane and out-of-plane dimensions was confirmed by the return loss simulation and measurement. A thermionic dispenser cathode of 15 kV produced more than 91 mA electron beam current and achieved 90% beam transmission through the interaction circuit after vacuum integration. The RF measurement of the UHV-sealed interaction circuit showed backward-wave oscillations at 0.1 THz driven by an external small signal from a Gunn diode.
Phase separation in InxGa1−xN (2007)

Quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to study the distribution of indium atoms in In x Ga1− x N alloys by strain mapping. In GaN/In x Ga1− x N/GaN quantum wells with x < 0.1 we find that the sample thickness and the precision to which displacement fields can be extracted from a lattice image determine whether or not it is possible to discriminate between random alloy fluctuations and cluster formation. In miscible alloys such as SiGe or AlGaN a precision of better than 1 pm is required to reveal random alloy fluctuations, which presently exceeds experimental capabilities. In In x Ga1− x N with x > 0.1, a precision of about 3 pm suffices to distinguish random alloy fluctuations from indium clusters that are present. Thick In x Ga1− x N layers with x = 0.6 and x = 0.7 show phase separation with a wavelength between 2 and 4 nm and a fluctuation amplitude of Δx = 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. This produces striped composition fluctuations, which are modulated by dot-like structures. The similarity of the fluctuation magnitudes in quantum wells and thick layers suggests that spinodal decomposition occurs in both materials and our results place the centre of the miscibility gap around x = 0.5–0.6.
Potential of high-average-power solid state lasers (1984)

We discuss the possibility of extending solid state laser technology to high average power and of improving the efficiency of such lasers sufficiently to make them reasonable candidates for a number of demanding applications. A variety of new design concepts, materials, and techniques have emerged over the past decade that, collectively, suggest that the traditional technical limitations on power (a few hundred watts or less) and efficiency (less than 1%) can be removed. The core idea is configuring the laser medium in relatively thin, large-area plates, rather than using the traditional low-aspect-ratio rods or blocks. This presents a large surface area for cooling, and assures that deposited heat is relatively close to a cooled surface. It also minimizes the laser volume distorted by edge effects. The feasibility of such configurations is supported by recent developments in materials, fabrication processes, and optical pumps. Two types of lasers can, in principle, utilize this sheet-like gain configuration in such a way that phase and gain profiles are uniformly sampled and, to first order, yield high-quality (undistorted) beams. The zig-zag laser does this with a single plate, and should be capable of power levels up to several kilowatts. The disk laser is designed around a large number of plates, and should be capable of scaling to arbitrarily high power levels.
Radio-Frequency Energy Delivery to the Anal Canal for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence (2002)

Radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal for treatment of fecal incontinence is a new modality that, in this study group, safely improved Wexner and fecal incontinence-related quality of life scores, eliminated protective pad use in most patients, and improved patient quality of life.
Acoustically discriminative training for language models (2009)

This paper introduces a discriminative training for language models (LMs) by leveraging phoneme similarities estimated from an acoustic model. To train an LM discriminatively, we needed the correct word sequences and the recognized results that automatic speech recognition (ASR) produced by processing the utterances of those correct word sequences. But, sufficient utterances are not always available. We propose to generate the probable N-best lists, which the ASR may produce, directly from the correct word sequences by leveraging the phoneme similarities. We call this process the ldquoPseudo-ASRrdquo. We train the LM discriminatively by comparing the correct word sequences and the corresponding N-best lists from the Pseudo-ASR. Experiments with real-life data from a Japanese call center showed that the LM trained with the proposed method improved the accuracy of the ASR.
High temperature conductance characteristics of LaAlO3/SrTiO3-heterostructures under equilibrium oxygen atmospheres (2010)

The interface conductance of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures was investigated under high temperature oxygen equilibrium. The dependence of the heterostructure’s conductance on oxygen partial pressure (from 10−22 to 1 bar) and temperature (800 to 1100 K) was compared to the characteristic of SrTiO3 single crystals, which is described in terms of a defect chemistry model. Up to 950 K the equilibrated heterostructures reveal an additional influence of a metallic-like conduction path with a very slight dependence on the oxygen partial pressure. Donor-type interface states which may result from either lattice distortions or A-site cation intermixing during processing are discussed as a possible origin for the exceptional interface conduction of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures.
Overall Survival Benefit With Lapatinib in Combination With Trastuzumab for Patients With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Final Results From the EGF104900 Study (2012)

These data demonstrated a significant 4.5-month median OS advantage with the lapatinib and trastuzumab combination and support dual HER2 blockade in patients with heavily pretreated HER2-positive MBC.
Synthetic Utility and Mechanistic Implications of the Fries Rearrangement of Hydroquinone Diesters in Boron Trifluoride Complexes (2000)

Reactions of boron trifluoride methyl and ethyl etherate complexes with hydroquinone diesters yield monomethyl and monoethyl derivatives of acetylhydroquinones. The use of sterically hindered boron trifluoride etherate complexes results in acetylhydroquinone derivatives. This procedure represents a one-step synthesis of acetylhydroquinone derivatives, important building blocks for a variety of synthetic applications.
Analysis of ultramicro biomedical samples with microfabricated chemical sensors: sample/reagent adsorption on alumina vs. pyrex substrates (2002)

Microfabricated platinum redox sensors can be used for indication in redox diffusional microtitration of microliter size body fluid samples. The sensor can be deposited onto different substrate materials. Adsorption of reagent and/or sample on alumina ceramic substrate versus Pyrex glass substrate is compared. It is demonstrated that in a classical iodimetric redox titration system, significant adsorption occurs on alumina ceramic substrate, causing irreproducible results. Reproducibility with a 1.7% coefficient of variation (CV) is achieved using a sensor deposited on Pyrex substrate for the analysis of 20 /spl mu/L sample droplets.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
In situ insight into the unconventional ruthenium catalyzed growth of carbon nanostructures (2018)

We report on the in situ analysis of the growth process of carbon nanostructures catalyzed by Ru nanoparticles using syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and CO, as the carbon source at a medium temperature (500 °C). The structural modifications of the dual nanotube/nanoparticle system and the general dynamics of the involved processes have been directly followed during the growth, in real time and at the atomic scale, by transmission electron microscopy in an environmental gas cell at atmospheric pressure. After a reduction step under hydrogen and syngas, the particles became very active for the carbon growth. The growth rate is independent of the particle size which mainly influences the nanotube wall thickness. Other subtle information on the general behavior of the system has been obtained, as for instance the fact that the regular changes in the direction of the particle originate generally from the particle shape fluctuation. The main result is the evidence of a new growth mode in relation to the presence and the high instability of the ruthenium carbide phase which acts as a carbon reservoir. For the first time, a relaxation oscillation of the growth rate has been observed and correlated with the metal-carbide structural transition at the particle sub-surface.
Application of a drug delivery system to a steroidal ophthalmic preparation with lipid microspheres (1987)

The applicability of a drug delivery system to an ophthalmic preparation was examined using lipid microspheres containing hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP). A 3H-labelled HBP ophthalmic suspension and 3H-labelled HBP lipid microspheres were applied to rabbit eyes, which were then enucleated at fixed intervals to determine the level of 3H-labelled HBP in ocular tissues. The lipid microspheres were shown to deliver the drug to the anterior ocular tissues more effectively than the ophthalmic suspension. It is suggested that a lipid microsphere ophthalmic preparation of various lipophilic drugs including steroids may be useful as a drug delivery system for ophthalmic therapy.
Recapitulation of In Vivo Gene Expression During Hepatic Differentiation From Murine Embryonic Stem Cells * (2005)

Hepatic differentiation at the molecular level is poorly understood, mainly because of the lack of a suitable model. Recently, using adherent monoculture conditions, we demonstrated the direct differentiation of hepatocytes from embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, we exploited the direct differentiation model to compare the gene expression profiles of ES cell-derived hepatocytes with adult mouse liver using DNA microarray technology. The results showed that the ES cell-derived hepatocyte gene expression pattern is very similar to adult mouse liver. Through further analysis of gene ontology categories for the 232 most radically altered genes, we found that the significant categories related to hepatic function. Furthermore, through the use of small interfering RNA technology in vitro, hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta/FoxA2 was identified as having an essential role in hepatic differentiation. These results demonstrate that ES cell-derived hepatocytes recapitulate the gene expression profile of adult mouse liver to a significant degree and indicate that our direct induction system progresses via endoderm differentiation. In conclusion, our system closely mimics in vivo hepatic differentiation at the transcriptional level and could, therefore, be useful for studying the molecular basis of hepatocyte differentiation per se.
Direct Data Placement over Reliable Transports (2007)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (2017)

Innovations in the area of vehicle electronics, sensing technologies and wireless communication (including both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-roadside (V2X)) are resulting in a rapid change of the driving context. Over the last few years, a rapid increase can be observed in the number of systems aiming to support the driver and increase the safety and comfort. Ultimately, the combination of these support systems may lead to the complete automation of the driving task. In addition, developments in the area of wireless communication have vastly increased the possibilities for drivers and passengers alike to take nomadic appliances within the car for entertainment and communication purposes. These developments create both opportunities and challenges for researchers and developers in the area of automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications.
Progressive cerebral edema associated with high methionine levels and betaine therapy in a patient with cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) deficiency (2002)

Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency, the most common form of homocystinuria, is an autosomal recessive inborn error of homocysteine metabolism. Treatment of B6-nonresponsive patients centers on lowering homocysteine and its disulfide derivatives (tHcy) by adherence to a methionine-restricted diet. However, lifelong dietary control is difficult. Betaine supplementation is used extensively in CBS-deficient patients to lower plasma tHcy. With betaine therapy, methionine levels increase over baseline, but usually remain below 1,500 micromol/L, and these levels have not been associated with adverse affects. We report a child with B6-nonresponsive CBS deficiency and dietary noncompliance whose methionine levels reached 3,000 micromol/L on betaine, and who subsequently developed massive cerebral edema without evidence of thrombosis. We investigated the etiology by determining methionine and betaine metabolites in our patient, and several possible mechanisms for her unusual response to betaine are discussed. We conclude that the cerebral edema was most likely precipitated by the betaine therapy, although the exact mechanism is uncertain. This case cautions physicians to monitor methionine levels in CBS-deficient patients on betaine and to consider betaine as an adjunct, not an alternative, to dietary control.
3-dimensional imaging and analysis of smooth muscle colonization of porous chitosan scaffolds (2003)

Confocal microscopy provides a method by which the interior of a transparent system may be probed by minimally invasive means. In this study the authors examined the use of this technique for three dimensional imaging of the growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC) within a porous chitosan, scaffold. By labeling scaffold material and cells with different fluorophores, confocal imaging could be combined with inexpensive software to provide detailed 3-D views of the spatial relationships between the porous structure and incorporated cells. Quantitative data on cellular volume could be easily obtained together with similar data for the porous material. This dual imaging approach provides a useful technique for studying the dynamics of cell-cell and cell-material interactions as well as material degradation during the scaffold colonization process.
Zirconia: material background and clinical application. (2011)

Zirconia is the oxidized form of zirconium and can exist in several phases, depending on the temperature. In dental ceramics, zirconia can inhibit crack growth and prevent catastrophic failure. The following case report demonstrates the use of zirconia as a framework material. Overall, zirconia has proven to be a strong and reliable framework material. In combination with CAD/CAM, this material allows for the fabrication of esthetic all-ceramic restorations in all areas of the mouth.
Kinetic simulation of an extreme ultraviolet radiation driven plasma near a multilayer mirror (2006)

Future generation lithography tools will use extreme ultraviolet radiation to enable the printing of sub-50 nanometer features on silicon wafers. The extreme ultraviolet radiation, coming from a pulsed discharge, photoionizes the low pressure background gas in the tool. A weakly ionized plasma is formed, which will be in contact with the optical components of the lithography device. In the plasma sheath region ions will be accelerated towards the surfaces of multilayer mirrors. A self-consistent kinetic particle-in-cell model has been applied to describe a radiation driven plasma. The simulations predict the plasma parameters and notably the energy at which ions impact on the plasma boundaries. We have studied the influence of photoelectron emission from the mirror on the sheath dynamics and on the ion impact energy. Furthermore, the ion impact energy distribution has been convoluted with the formula of Yamamura and Tawara [At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 62, 149 (1996)] for the sputter yield to obtain the rate of physical sputtering. The model predicts that the sputter rate is dominated by the presence of doubly ionized argon ions.
The Impact of Opportunistic User Scheduling on Outage Probability of CR-MIMO Systems (2014)

In this paper, we study the impact of opportunistic user scheduling on the outage probability of cognitive radio (CR) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in the high power region where the peak transmit power constraint is higher than the peak interference constraint. The primary contributions of this paper are the derivation of exact closed-form expressions of the proposed scheduled CR-MIMO systems for outage probability and asymptotic analysis to quantify the diversity order and signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain. Through exact analytical results, we provide the achievable outage probability of the proposed scheduled systems as a function of SNR. Also, through asymptotic analysis, we show that the scheduled CR-MIMO systems provide some diversity order gain over the non-scheduled CR-MIMO systems which comes from multi-user diversity (MUD). Also, the SNR gain of the proposed scheduled systems is identical to that of the non-scheduled CR-MIMO systems.
Highly dispersive mirrors for Ti:sapphire laser compressors (2007)

We report on two types of dispersive mirrors designed for a 3 kHz Ti:Sa oscillator-amplifier system and Ti:Sa CPO compressors. The mirrors have an average group delay dispersion of -400 fs <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the 3 kHz Femtopower compact Pro system in the range 730-860 nmand -1300 fs <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> for the Ti:Sa CPO (770-820 nm). A hybrid prism-mirror compressor was implemented in the 3kHz, lmJ Femtopower system using 18 highly dispersive mirror reflections.
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of adult height in East Asians identifies 17 novel loci (2014)

Human height is associated with risk of multiple diseases and is profoundly determined by an individual's genetic makeup and shows a high degree of ethnic heterogeneity. Large-scale genome-wide association (GWA) analyses of adult height in Europeans have identified nearly 180 genetic loci. A recent study showed high replicability of results from Europeans-based GWA studies in Asians; however, population-specific loci may exist due to distinct linkage disequilibrium patterns. We carried out a GWA meta-analysis in 93 926 individuals from East Asia. We identified 98 loci, including 17 novel and 81 previously reported loci, associated with height at P < 5 × 10(-8), together explaining 8.89% of phenotypic variance. Among the newly identified variants, 10 are commonly distributed (minor allele frequency, MAF > 5%) in Europeans, with comparable frequencies with in Asians, and 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are with low frequency (MAF < 5%) in Europeans. In addition, our data suggest that novel biological pathway such as the protein tyrosine phosphatase family is involved in regulation of height. The findings from this study considerably expand our knowledge of the genetic architecture of human height in Asians.