gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observer-based direct field orientation: analysis and comparison of alternative methods (2002)

The authors discuss methods of achieving direct field orientation (DFO) of induction machines based on closed-loop, stator, and rotor flux observers which are well suited to both zero and very high speed operation. Both observer topologies are dominated by a current model at zero and low speeds, and a voltage model at high speeds. Application of such rotor and stator flux observers to both stator and rotor direct field orientation is presented, including experimental results for three different methods. The influence which flux regulation has on parameter sensitivity of the complete DFO system is analyzed. A rotor-flux-regulated and -oriented system is shown to be sensitive to leakage inductance under high slip (i.e., field weakened) operation. Both a stator-flux-regulated and -oriented system and a stator-flux-regulated, rotor-flux-oriented system are shown to have reduced parameter sensitivity at high speeds. Unlike stator flux orientation using simple voltage integration stator flux models, excellent zero and low-speed operation of an observer-based stator flux oriented system is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
African Swine Fever Virus Induces STAT1 and STAT2 Degradation to Counteract IFN-I Signaling (2021)

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a serious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars and is currently expanding worldwide. No safe and efficacious vaccines against ASFV are available, which threats the swine industry worldwide. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex dsDNA virus that displays multiple mechanisms to counteract the host innate immune response, whose efficacy might determine the different degrees of virulence displayed by attenuated and virulent ASFV strains. Here we report that infection with both virulent Arm/07/CBM/c2 and attenuated NH/P68 strains prevents interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in interferon (IFN)-treated cells by counteracting the JAK/STAT pathway. This inhibition results in an impaired nuclear translocation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, as well as in the proteasome-dependent STAT2 degradation and caspase 3-dependent STAT1 cleavage. The existence of two independent mechanisms of control of the JAK/STAT pathway, suggests the importance of preventing this pathway for successful viral replication. As ASFV virulence is likely associated with the efficacy of the IFN signaling inhibitory mechanisms, a better understanding of these IFN antagonistic properties may lead to new strategies to control this devastating pig disease.
Comparative Genomics and stx Phage Characterization of LEE-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (2012)

Infection by Escherichia coli and Shigella species are among the leading causes of death due to diarrheal disease in the world. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that do not encode the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE-negative STEC) often possess Shiga toxin gene variants and have been isolated from humans and a variety of animal sources. In this study, we compare the genomes of nine LEE-negative STEC harboring various stx alleles with four complete reference LEE-positive STEC isolates. Compared to a representative collection of prototype E. coli and Shigella isolates representing each of the pathotypes, the whole genome phylogeny demonstrated that these isolates are diverse. Whole genome comparative analysis of the 13 genomes revealed that in addition to the absence of the LEE pathogenicity island, phage-encoded genes including non-LEE encoded effectors, were absent from all nine LEE-negative STEC genomes. Several plasmid-encoded virulence factors reportedly identified in LEE-negative STEC isolates were identified in only a subset of the nine LEE-negative isolates further confirming the diversity of this group. In combination with whole genome analysis, we characterized the lambdoid phages harboring the various stx alleles and determined their genomic insertion sites. Although the integrase gene sequence corresponded with genomic location, it was not correlated with stx variant, further highlighting the mosaic nature of these phages. The transcription of these phages in different genomic backgrounds was examined. Expression of the Shiga toxin genes, stx(1) and/or stx(2), as well as the Q genes, were examined with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. A wide range of basal and induced toxin induction was observed. Overall, this is a first significant foray into the genome space of this unexplored group of emerging and divergent pathogens.
Establishment of an in vivo human myeloid leukemia model in the SCID mouse. (1999)

We succeeded in establishing a human myelogenous leukemia model in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice by transplanting 2 x 10(7) ML-2 cells intraperitoneally (i.p.) with cyclophosphamide (CTX) pretreatment. Two months after transplantation, 9 of 10 mice developed leukemia and leukemia cells were detected in the peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM). The main findings at autopsy were peritoneal and pleural effusions and large tumor masses involving the peritoneal organs. However, successful transplantation required injection of a large number of cells. We therefore established a new cell line, ML-2S, from the PB of a mouse with ML-2 leukemia. Although only 2 x 10(6) ML-2S cells were inoculated, ML-2S induced the same pattern of leukemic dissemination reminiscent of the parent ML-2 cells. Compared to ML-2, progression of ML-2S was slow, suggesting that ML-2S is suitable as a leukemia model to study treatment. Furthermore, we confirmed that ML-2S cells are of human origin using isoenzyme analysis and also that ML-2S and ML-2 cells have the same phenotypic character by cell surface marker analysis.
Induction of Mannanase, Xylanase, and Endoglucanase Activities inSclerotium rolfsii (1998)

Induction of mannanase, xylanase, and cellulase (endoglucanase) synthesis in the plant-pathogenic basidiomycete Sclerotium rolfsii was studied by incubating noninduced, resting mycelia with a number of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. The simultaneous formation of these three endoglycanases could be provoked by several polysaccharides structurally resembling the carbohydrate constituents of lignocellulose (e.g., mannan and cellulose), by various disaccharide catabolites of these lignocellulose constituents (e.g., cellobiose, mannobiose, and xylobiose), or by structurally related disaccharides (e.g., lactose, sophorose, and galactosyl-beta-1,4-mannose), as well as by l-sorbose. Synthesis of mannanase, xylanase, and endoglucanase always occurred concomitantly and could not be separated by selecting an appropriate inducer. Various structurally different inducing carbohydrates promoted the excretion of the same multiple isoforms of endoglycanases, as judged from the similar banding patterns obtained in zymogram analyses of enzyme preparations obtained in response to these different inducers and resolved by analytical isoelectric focusing. Whereas enhanced xylanase and endoglucanase formation is strictly dependent on the presence of suitable inducers, increased levels of mannanase are excreted by S. rolfsii even under noninducing, derepressed conditions, as shown in growth experiments with glucose as the substrate. Significant mannanase formation commenced only when glucose was exhausted from the medium. Under these conditions, only very low, presumably constitutive levels of xylanase and endoglucanase were formed. Although the induction of the three endoglycanases is very closely related in S. rolfsii, it was concluded that there is no common, coordinated regulatory mechanism that controls the synthesis of mannanase, xylanase, and endoglucanase.
Time-optimal control for circadian entrainment for a model with circadian and sleep dynamics (2017)

In this paper, we study an optimal control problem for circadian rhythm regulation. The objective of the problem is to find a lighting schedule that minimizes the time required for a subject's circadian rhythm to synchronize with a reference circadian rhythm. We previously solved this problem with a bang-off control algorithm. However, this existing solution neglects the sleep dynamics and often results in an unreasonably uncomfortable schedule (with excessive sleepiness). In this paper, we use a hybrid system model that contains both the circadian and sleep dynamics. Using variational analysis, we show that the time-optimal control problem is still a bang-off control algorithm, but from a class of algorithms that is richer than the one previously reported.
Monolithic integration of vertical-cavity laserdiodes with refractive GaAsmicrolenses (1995)

Beam collimation and focusing, necessary for practical use of vertical-cavity laser diodes, is achieved by the monolithic integration of lasers with refractive microlenses etched on the back side of the GaAs substrate. For 7 µm diameter lasers, an original beam divergence of 6.5° was reduced to 1.9° and increased to 12.3° with lenses of focal lengths ~220 µm, and ~60 µm, respectively.
Distribution of functional opioid receptors in human dorsal root ganglion neurons (2020)

Preclinical evidence has highlighted the importance of the μ-opioid peptide (MOP) receptor on primary afferents for both the analgesic actions of MOP receptor agonists, as well as the development of tolerance, if not opioid-induced hyperalgesia. There is also growing interest in targeting other opioid peptide receptor subtypes (δ-opioid peptide [DOP], κ-opioid peptide [KOP], and nociceptin/orphanin-FQ opioid peptide [NOP]) on primary afferents, as alternatives to MOP receptors, which may not be associated with as many deleterious side effects. Nevertheless, results from several recent studies of human sensory neurons indicate that although there are many similarities between rodent and human sensory neurons, there may also be important differences. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of opioid receptor subtypes among human sensory neurons. A combination of pharmacology, patch-clamp electrophysiology, Ca imaging, and single-cell semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction was used. Our results suggest that functional MOP-like receptors are present in approximately 50% of human dorsal root ganglion neurons. δ-opioid peptide-like receptors were detected in a subpopulation largely overlapping that with MOP-like receptors. Furthermore, KOP-like and NOP-like receptors are detected in a large proportion (44% and 40%, respectively) of human dorsal root ganglion neurons with KOP receptors also overlapping with MOP receptors at a high rate (83%). Our data confirm that all 4 opioid receptor subtypes are present and functional in human sensory neurons, where the overlap of DOP, KOP, and NOP receptors with MOP receptors suggests that activation of these other opioid receptor subtypes may also have analgesic efficacy.
Melanization in Cryptococcus neoformans Requires Complex Regulation (2020)

The fungal human pathogen <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> undergoes melanization in response to nutrient starvation and exposure to exogenous melanin precursors. Melanization protects the fungus against host defense mechanisms such as oxidative damage and other environmental stressors (e.g., heat/cold stress, antimicrobial compounds, ionizing radiation). Conversely, the melanization process generates cytotoxic intermediates, and melanized cells are potentially susceptible to overheating and to certain melanin-binding drugs. Despite the importance of melanin in <i>C. neoformans</i> biology, the signaling mechanisms regulating its synthesis are poorly understood. The recent report by D. Lee, E.-H. Jang, M. Lee, S.-W. Kim, et al. [mBio 10(5):e02267-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02267-19] provides new insights into how <i>C. neoformans</i> regulates melanization. The authors identified a core melanin regulatory network consisting of transcription factors and kinases required for melanization under low-nutrient conditions. The redundant and epistatic connections of this melanin-regulating network demonstrate that <i>C. neoformans</i> melanization is complex and carefully regulated at multiple levels. Such complex regulation reflects the multiple functions of melanin in <i>C. neoformans</i> biology.
PneumococcalHaemophilus influenzaeProtein D Conjugate Vaccine Induces Antibodies That Inhibit Glycerophosphodiester Phosphodiesterase Activity of Protein D (2008)

Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein D (PD) is a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) activity-possessing virulence factor and a promising vaccine antigen, providing 35.3% efficacy against acute otitis media caused by nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) when it was used as a carrier protein in a novel pneumococcal PD conjugate (Pnc-PD) vaccine. To study if PD-induced protection against NTHI could be due to antibodies that inhibit or neutralize its enzymatic activity, a GlpQ enzyme inhibition assay was developed, and serum samples collected from Finnish infants before and after Pnc-PD vaccination were analyzed for enzyme inhibition and anti-PD immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentration. Before vaccination at age 2 months, the majority (84%) of infants (n = 69) had no detectable anti-PD IgG antibodies, and all were enzyme inhibition assay negative (inhibition index, <20). At age 13 to 16 months, all infants receiving three or four doses of Pnc-PD had detectable anti-PD IgG antibodies and 36% (8/22 infants) of the infants receiving three doses and 26% (6/23 infants) of the infants receiving four doses of Pnc-PD were inhibition assay positive (inhibition index, >/=20). No significant rise in anti-PD IgG antibodies or enzyme inhibition among control vaccinees (n = 24) receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine was detected. A modest correlation (r(s), approximately 0.66) between anti-PD IgG concentration and enzyme inhibition was detected; however, their kinetics were clearly different. These data suggest that measurement of antibody responses that inhibit PD's enzymatic activity could be a useful tool for assessing Pnc-PD vaccine-induced protective immunity against NTHI.
Towards the development of a humanoid arm by minimizing interaction forces through minimum impedance control (2002)

We present the results from our work in the development of a robotic arm with minimal impedance. The development of such an arm is useful for gentle exploration of unknown objects in unstructured environments. Similar to a human, the robotic arm should minimize the contact forces in the event of unanticipated contact with unknown objects in the absence of visual feedback. To accomplish this, our strategy is to develop a good model of the robotic system so that we can use low gains which in turn will lead to low impedance and hence low contact forces in manipulation tasks in unstructured environments. The paper demonstrates how good modeling and feedforward compensation can result in low interaction forces without any external force sensing. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity of our model and approach.
Forward error correction for radiobeacon broadcast of differential GPS data (1993)

Marine radiobeacon networks are being used to broadcast differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) corrections to marine users. The correction data digitally modulate signals from some of the existing marine radiobeacons, which operate in the 285 to 325 kHz band, creating DGPS/radiobeacons. The corrections improve the accuracy of the GPS fix from 100 m to 5-10 m, and provide position fixing service for many marine applications which are too demanding for the normal GPS service. Forward error correction can be used to improve the reliability or range of the DGPS/radiobeacon signal. The improvements made possible by channel coding are analyzed, and a code for DGPS/radiobeacons is recommended.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
Effects of Storage and Preoxidation on Sludge and Water Quality (1987)

Ever since the city of Newport News, Va., eliminated prechlorination at its water treatment facilities in 1982 in order to control trihalomethanes, it has been plagued by deterioration of alum sludges in manually cleaned sedimentation basins and by occasional declines in settled water quality. Laboratory and field studies showed that anaerobic conditions develop rapidly in manually cleaned sedimentation basins (but not in those that are mechanically cleaned), allowing manganese to be released from the sludge into the overlying water. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant was found to suppress this release of manganese, produce sludges with improved dewatering characteristics, and lengthen filter runs.
Identification of a human epidermal growth factor receptor-associated protein kinase as a new member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase family. (1993)

A putative mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has recently been identified, which potentially phosphorylates the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor at a physiological site (Thr-669) and is distinguished from other MAPKs/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) on the basis of chromatographic, immunological, and kinetic data. Here we report that this newly discovered MAPK is physically associated with the EGF receptor in A431 cells and with the related receptor/tyrosine kinase HER2 (encoded by c-neu) in enzyme preparations obtained from Wilm's tumors. This human EGF receptor-associated kinase is characterized as a 40-kDa Thr-669 kinase that exists in a high molecular mass complex with the respective growth factor receptor. EGF treatment of A431 cells stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of p40 and increases Thr-669 kinase activity in p40-containing fractions. The 40-kDa kinase is recognized by affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies directed against the sea star p44mpk and a Pan-ERK antibody directed against the conserved subdomain VIII of MAPKs/ERKs, but is not recognized by antibodies selective for the rat p44erk1 and/or the p42mapk/erk2 isoforms, thus identifying the EGF receptor-associated kinase as a novel MAPK that may regulate receptor function in vivo.
Robust induction of functional astrocytes using NGN2 expression in human pluripotent stem cells (2022)

ABSTRACT Astrocytes play essential roles in normal brain function, with dysfunction implicated in diverse developmental and degenerative disease processes. Emerging evidence of profound species divergent features of astrocytes coupled with the relative inaccessibility of human brain tissue underscore the utility of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technologies for the generation and study of human astrocytes. However, existing approaches for hPSC-astrocyte generation are typically lengthy, incompletely characterized, or require intermediate purification steps, limiting their utility for multi-cell line, adequately powered functional studies. Here, we establish a rapid and highly scalable method for generating functional human induced astrocytes (hiAs) based upon transient Neurogenin 2 (NGN2) induction of neural progenitor-like cells followed by maturation in astrocyte media, which demonstrate remarkable homogeneity within the population and across 11 independent cell lines in the absence of additional purification steps. These hiAs express canonical astrocyte markers, respond to pro-inflammatory stimuli, exhibit ATP-induced calcium transients and support neuronal maturation in vitro . Moreover, single-cell transcriptomic analyses reveal the generation of highly reproducible cell populations across individual donors, most closely resembling human fetal astrocytes, and highly similar to hPSC-derived astrocytes generated using more complex approaches. Finally, the hiAs capture key molecular hallmarks in a trisomy 21 disease model. Thus, hiAs provide a valuable and practical resource well-suited for study of basic human astrocyte function and dysfunction in disease.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitors of Acyl CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT). (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mining Compressing Sequential Patterns (2012)

Compression based pattern mining has been successfully applied to many data mining tasks. We propose an approach based on the minimum description length principle to extract sequential patterns that compress a database of sequences well. We show that mining compressing patterns is NP-Hard and belongs to the class of inapproximable problems. We propose two heuristic algorithms to mining compressing patterns. The first uses a two-phase approach similar to Krimp for itemset data. To overcome performance with the required candidate generation we propose GoKrimp, an effective greedy algorithm that directly mines compressing patterns. We conduct an empirical study on six real-life datasets to compare the proposed algorithms by run time, compressibility, and classification accuracy using the patterns found as features for SVM classifiers.
The KidsRoom: A Perceptually-Based Interactive and Immersive Story Environment (1999)

The KidsRoom is a perceptually-based, interactive, narrative playspace for children. Images, music, narration, light, and sound effects are used to transform a normal child's bedroom into a fantasy land where children are guided through a reactive adventure story. The fully automated system was designed with the following goals: (1) to keep the focus of user action and interaction in the physical and not virtual space; (2) to permit multiple, collaborating people to simultaneously engage in an interactive experience combining both real and virtual objects; (3) to use computer-vision algorithms to identify activity in the space without requiring the participants to wear any special clothing or devices; (4) to use narrative to constrain the perceptual recognition, and to use perceptual recognition to allow participants to drive the narrative; and (5) to create a truly immersive and interactive room environment. We believe the KidsRoom is the first multi-person, fully-automated, interactive, narrative environment ever constructed using non-encumbering sensors. This paper describes the KidsRoom, the technology that makes it work, and the issues that were raised during the system's development. 1 1 A demonstration of the project, which complements the material presented here and includes videos, images, and sounds from each part of the story is available at .