gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Anti-HAV: Comparison of a Microtiter Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (1981)

Article Demonstration of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Anti-HAV: Comparison of a Microtiter Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay (micro-SPRIA) and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was published on January 1, 1981 in the journal Journal of Laboratory Medicine (volume 5, issue 2).
Growth and characterization of SiC epitaxial layers on Si- and C-face 4H SiC substrates by chemical-vapor deposition (2005)

High-quality Schottky junctions have been fabricated on n-type 4H SiC epitaxial layers grown by chemical-vapor deposition on C- and Si-face substrates in order to understand the effect of growth direction on the growth mechanism and formation of defects. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed dramatic differences between the surfaces of SiC epilayers grown on C and Si faces. There was a significant step bunching in the SiC grown on Si-face substrates. Current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements were carried out on the Schottky junctions to analyze the junction characteristics. The Schottky junctions on C-face SiC showed larger barrier heights than those on Si-face SiC, showing that each face has a different surface energy. The barrier heights of Ni Schottky junctions were found to be 1.97 and 1.54 eV for C-face and Si-face materials, respectively. However, the deep-level spectra obtained by DLTS were similar, regardless of the increased surface roughness of the Si-face 4H SiC.
Sphingolipids in Cell Signaling: Their Function as Receptor Ligands, Second Messengers, and Raft Constituents (2006)

Sphingolipids have lately been recognized as important signaling molecules with an unexpected multitude of actions and mechanisms. While we are currently just uncovering the tip of the iceberg, the available data give us an unprecedented understanding of how membrane rearrangements translate into the generation of intracellular lipid signaling molecules and further into secreted bioactive lipids. Furthermore, new concepts such as the rheostat of sphingolipids show that fundamental principles in signaling also do apply to this class of molecules. The plethora of sphingolipids as well as sphingolipid modifying enzymes seem to comprise many novel, attractive, and pharmaceutically exploitable targets beyond sphingolipidoses, in applications ranging from autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative conditions to cancer. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic triad of action of sphingolipids as membrane/raft components, intracellular signaling molecules and secreted mediators. Keywords: Cell signaling, G-protein-coupled receptors, mediators, rafts, second messenger molecules, sphingolipids
Fast adaptive early termination for mode selection in H.264 scalable video coding (2008)

In the scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC standard, an additional inter-layer prediction is combined with the traditional inter-frame prediction and intra prediction to obtain coding efficiency. This additional prediction demands a higher video encoding computational complexity. In this paper, our previously developed fast adaptive early termination algorithm is utilized to speed up the mode selection component of the H.264 scalable video coding at the base and enhancement layers. The experimental results over different content video sequences show a time reduction by 20% to 50% for spatial and quality scalable situations as compared with JSVM9.8 while achieving more or less the same video quality.
Photoinitiated oxidation of heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymers. I. Comparison of oxidation products (1993)

Abstract Detailed photoproducts from photoirradiation of heterophasic ethylene‐propylene copolymers and their fractions have been compared by infrared spectroscopy combined with chemical derivatization. The oxidized films were treated with gaseous NH 3 , SF 4 , and NO for the rapid identification and resolution of the various carbonyl species, alcohols, and hydroperoxides. The photoproduct formation depends upon the composition of the sample. The heterogeneities in thin films were also determined by micro FTIR spectroscopy. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Web Table Formatting Affects Readability on Mobile Devices (2023)

Reading large tables on small mobile screens presents serious usability challenges that can be addressed, in part, by better table formatting. However, there are few evidenced-based guidelines for formatting mobile tables to improve readability. For this work, we first conducted a survey to investigate how people interact with tables on mobile devices and conducted a study with designers to identify which design considerations are most critical. Based on these findings, we designed and conducted three large scale studies with remote crowdworker participants. Across the studies, we analyze over 14,000 trials from 590 participants who each viewed and answered questions about 28 diverse tables rendered in different formats. We find that smaller cell padding and frozen headers lead to faster task completion, and that while zebra striping and row borders do not speed up tasks, they are still subjectively preferred by participants.
HPSC-derived organoids express intestinal marker genes at levels comparable to human intestinal epithelium. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;Results represent day 33 organoids (d42 from hPSC) derived from day 9 CHIR cells. A. Gene expression of intestinal differentiation markers &lt;i&gt;CDX2&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;KRT20&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;KLF5&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;IFABP2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;HOXA13&lt;/i&gt;. B. Expression of crypt area/intestinal stem cell markers &lt;i&gt;LGR5&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;ASCL2&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;SOX9&lt;/i&gt;. Data represent the mean ± SEM of 3–9 samples. (E, EGF; N, Noggin; R, R-Spondin1; W, WNT3A; F, FGF4; 2D, initial monolayer culture; HI, human intestinal epithelium samples.)&lt;/p&gt;
Pulse-chase Analysis of N-linked Sugar Chains from Glycoproteins in Mammalian Cells (2010)

Attachment of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 precursor oligosaccharide to nascent polypeptides in the ER is a common modification for secretory proteins. Although this modification was implicated in several biological processes, additional aspects of its function are emerging, with recent evidence of its role in the production of signals for glycoprotein quality control and trafficking. Thus, phenomena related to N-linked glycans and their processing are being intensively investigated. Methods that have been recently developed for proteomic analysis have greatly improved the characterization of glycoprotein N-linked glycans. Nevertheless, they do not provide insight into the dynamics of the sugar chain processing involved. For this, labeling and pulse-chase analysis protocols are used that are usually complex and give very low yields. We describe here a simple method for the isolation and analysis of metabolically labeled N-linked oligosaccharides. The protocol is based on labeling of cells with [2-(3)H] mannose, denaturing lysis and enzymatic release of the oligosaccharides from either a specifically immunoprecipitated protein of interest or from the general glycoprotein pool by sequential treatments with endo H and N-glycosidase F, followed by molecular filtration (Amicon). In this method the isolated oligosaccharides serve as an input for HPLC analysis, which allows discrimination between various glycan structures according to the number of monosaccharide units comprising them, with a resolution of a single monosaccharide. Using this method we were able to study high mannose N-linked oligosaccharide profiles of total cell glycoproteins after pulse-chase in normal conditions and under proteasome inhibition. These profiles were compared to those obtained from an immunoprecipitated ER-associated degradation (ERAD) substrate. Our results suggest that most NIH 3T3 cellular glycoproteins are relatively stable and that most of their oligosaccharides are trimmed to Man9-8GlcNAc2. In contrast, unstable ERAD substrates are trimmed to Man6-5GlcNAc2 and glycoproteins bearing these species accumulate upon inhibition of proteasomal degradation.
Characterization of a Novel Pyranopyridine Inhibitor of the AcrAB Efflux Pump of Escherichia coli (2013)

Members of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of efflux pumps, such as AcrAB-TolC of Escherichia coli, play major roles in multidrug resistance (MDR) in Gram-negative bacteria. A strategy for combating MDR is to develop efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) for use in combination with an antibacterial agent. Here, we describe MBX2319, a novel pyranopyridine EPI with potent activity against RND efflux pumps of the Enterobacteriaceae. MBX2319 decreased the MICs of ciprofloxacin (CIP), levofloxacin, and piperacillin versus E. coli AB1157 by 2-, 4-, and 8-fold, respectively, but did not exhibit antibacterial activity alone and was not active against AcrAB-TolC-deficient strains. MBX2319 (3.13 μM) in combination with 0.016 μg/ml CIP (minimally bactericidal) decreased the viability (CFU/ml) of E. coli AB1157 by 10,000-fold after 4 h of exposure, in comparison with 0.016 μg/ml CIP alone. In contrast, phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN), a known EPI, did not increase the bactericidal activity of 0.016 μg/ml CIP at concentrations as high as 100 μM. MBX2319 increased intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 in wild-type but not AcrAB-TolC-deficient strains and did not perturb the transmembrane proton gradient. MBX2319 was broadly active against Enterobacteriaceae species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MBX2319 is a potent EPI with possible utility as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens.
Fiber Type Distribution and Maximal Activities of Enzymes Involved in Energy Metabolism Following Short-Term Supramaximal Exercise (1984)

Alterations in enzyme activities involved in muscle energy metabolism and the muscle fiber type distribution were investigated in six subjects, ranging in age from 19-23 years, following short-term, high intensity exercise. Changes in the vastus lateralis muscle were studied prior to exercise and approximately 24 h after each of 2 consecutive days of supramaximal cycling exercise (120% VO2 max) performed intermittently as 1-min work to 4-min rest until fatigue or until 24 repetitions had been completed. The results indicated that there were no changes (P greater than 0.05) in maximal in vitro activities for representative enzymes of beta-oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HAD), the citric acid cycle (succinic dehydrogenase, SDH), glucose phosphorylation (hexokinase, HK), glycogenolysis (total phosphorylase, PHOSPH), or glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, PFK; pyruvate kinase, PK; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) in spite of the large increase in carbohydrate utilization and glycolytic flux rate. In addition, although no change in fiber type distribution was found in the pre-exercise biopsy between days, an acute reduction (P less than 0.05) in type I fiber distribution occurred with exercise. It is concluded that supramaximal exercise performed on a short-term basis does not alter the enzymatic profile or the fiber type distribution when measured 24 h following the activity.
Robust Measurement and Comparison of Context Similarity for Finding Translation Pairs (2010)

In cross-language information retrieval it is often important to align words that are similar in meaning in two corpora writ-ten in different languages. Previous re-search shows that using context similar-ity to align words is helpful when no dictionary entry is available. We sug-gest a new method which selects a sub-set of words (pivot words) associated with a query and then matches these words across languages. To detect word associa-tions, we demonstrate that a new Bayesian method for estimating Point-wise Mutual Information provides improved accuracy. In the second step, matching is done in a novel way that calculates the chance of an accidental overlap of pivot words us-ing the hypergeometric distribution. We implemented a wide variety of previously suggested methods. Testing in two con-ditions, a small comparable corpora pair and a large but unrelated corpora pair, both written in disparate languages, we show that our approach consistently out-performs the other systems. 1
On design principles for self-organizing network functions (2014)

With an increasing number of SON functions deployed in cellular radio networks, conflicts between the actions proposed by independently-designed and distributed SON functions may arise. The process of minimizing the occurrence, and the consequences, of such conflicts is referred to as SON coordination. SON coordination can be achieved either by a separate entity, a SON coordinator, controlling the actions of each SON function during operation, or in the design of the SON functions as such, through a conflict free SON design. In both cases, the SON functions should be designed in a way compliant with the coordination method used. This paper proposes a number of SON design principles to apply in order to achieve this. In the case of an operational SON coordinator, SON functions should be able to deal with the possible actions that are taken by the SON coordination function in order not to worsen the problems experienced in the network. In the case of conflict free SON design the aim is at removing potential conflicts already in the design phase. The ambition of this paper is not to provide a complete set of design guidelines that address all aspects. Instead, the target is to open up the discussion on the distributed SON design principles in the community.
The Ball‐Shaped Heteropolytungstates [{Sn(CH3)2(H2O)}24{Sn(CH3)2}12(A‐XW9O34)12]36− (2005)

Great balls of tungsten: Two polyoxotungstates with spectacular size (almost 1000 atoms), molar mass (approximately 33 000 g mol−1), and spherical symmetry have been synthesized. The dimethyltin-substituted [{Sn(CH3)2(H2O)}24{Sn(CH3)2}12(A-XW9O34)12]36− ions (see polyhedral representation; X=P, As; red octahedra WO6, yellow tetrahedra XO4) consist of 12 (A-XW9O34) Keggin moieties linked by 36 dimethyltin groups resulting in a spherical structure with a cavity 8 Å in diameter.
Efficient Timing Mismatch Correction for Low-Cost Digital-Mixing Transmitter (2015)

In this paper we present a novel digital predistortion method to eliminate the nonlinear timing mismatches, delay mismatch and duty cycle mismatch, in the in-phase and quadrature upconversion signals of a power-efficient digital transmitter architecture. This transmitter architecture has a separate digital-mixing stage before the digital-to-analog conversion, which halves the number of required current cells in the radio frequency digital-to-analog converter (RFDAC), but introduces a nonlinear performance impact of timing mismatches in the digital-mixing stage. This paper analyzes the inefficiency in deploying a classical look up table (LUT) predistortion scheme for this impairment. Then a much more effective predistortion scheme based on a run-time binary-tree descent searching scheme is proposed to tackle the problem. Simulation results show that, for both 64-QAM and 256-QAM modulation schemes, the error-vector-magnitude (EVM) can be improved from around -24 dB to less than -42 dB with a power-efficient implementation, which leaves substantial design margin for other nonidealities distorting the transmitted signal. The power consumption of the predistortion block, exploiting dynamic voltage scaling, is 5.52 mW when operating at a sampling rate of 600 Mega samples per second (MSPs) and scales to 3.25 and 1.48 mW when reducing the sample rate to 400 and 200 MSPs.
Development of the Vacuum Circuit Breaker with an Electromagnetic Actuator (2007)

A new type of vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) has been developed, which needs a minimum of maintenance. This VCB is characterized by the following: (a) a significantly simplified driving mechanism, (b) no need for grease, and (c) a new electromagnetic actuator called a hybrid-type electromagnet. The number of movable parts is decreased to 15% of that of our conventional product with a spring drive. Solid lubricant is adopted instead of grease for almost all of the linkages, which helps to eliminate periodical lubricating maintenance. The hybrid-type electromagnet has an attractive force suitable for the spring force characteristics of the VCB through its combination of conventional plunger-type and plate-armature-type electromagnet. The VCB is held in the closed position by the attractive force of the permanent magnet without using a coil current. Its core structure is optimized to prevent the permanent magnet from demagnetization and to secure long-term reliability. To assess the solid lubricant reliability, some special tests were performed such as a rare operation test. Dynamic characteristics were measured for three specimens at intervals of a month, a year, and two years, respectively. It was confirmed that variation of the armature speed is small and the influence of the non-operation interval is negligible.
Green Hydrogel Synthesis: Emphasis on Proteomics and Polymer Particle-Protein Interaction (2022)

The field of drug discovery has seen significant progress in recent years. These advances drive the development of new technologies for testing compound's effectiveness, as well as their adverse effects on organs and tissues. As an auxiliary tool for drug discovery, smart biomaterials and biopolymers produced from biodegradable monomers allow the manufacture of multifunctional polymeric devices capable of acting as biosensors, of incorporating bioactives and biomolecules, or even mimicking organs and tissues through self-association and organization between cells and biopolymers. This review discusses in detail the use of natural monomers for the synthesis of hydrogels via green routes. The physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of these polymers are described, in addition to emphasizing polymer-particle-protein interactions and their application in proteomics studies. To highlight the diversity of green synthesis methodologies and the properties of the final hydrogels, applications in the areas of drug delivery, antibody interactions, cancer therapy, imaging and biomarker analysis are also discussed, as well as the use of hydrogels for the discovery of antimicrobial and antiviral peptides with therapeutic potential.
Folded type SAW filters with minimised group delay deviation (2002)

Aiming at realising the frequency response with small group delay deviation and wide passband width, we propose miniaturised surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters having folded propagation path and employing a straight edge mirror reflector for SH-type SAWs. In a filter fabricated on a PZT substrate, the group delay deviation of less than /spl plusmn/15 ns and passband width of 5% were obtained at the centre frequency of 100 MHz. The experimental result and theoretical prediction were in good agreement with each other.
EM-based segmentation-driven color standardization of digitized histopathology (2013)

The development of tools for the processing of color images is often complicated by nonstandardness – the notion that different image regions corresponding to the same tissue will occupy different ranges in the color spectrum. In digital pathology (DP), these issues are often caused by variations in slide thickness, staining, scanning parameters, and illumination. Nonstandardness can be addressed via standardization, a pre-processing step that aims to improve color constancy by realigning color distributions of images to match that of a predefined template image. Unlike color normalization methods, which aim to scale (usually linearly or assuming that the transfer function of the system is known) the intensity of individual images, standardization is employed to align distributions in broad tissue classes (e.g. epithelium, stroma) across different DP images irrespective of institution, protocol, or scanner. Intensity standardization has previously been used for addressing the issue of intensity drift in MRI images, where similar tissue regions have different image intensities across scanners and patients. However, this approach is a global standardization (GS) method that aligns histograms of entire images at once. By contrast, histopathological imagery is complicated by the (a) additional information present in color images and (b) heterogeneity of tissue composition. In this paper, we present a novel color Expectation Maximization (EM) based standardization (EMS) scheme to decompose histological images into independent tissue classes (e.g. nuclei, epithelium, stroma, lumen) via the EM algorithm and align the color distributions for each class independently. Experiments are performed on prostate and oropharyngeal histopathology tissues from 19 and 26 patients, respectively. Evaluation methods include (a) a segmentation-based assessment of color consistency in which normalized median intensity (NMI) is calculated from segmented regions across a dataset and (b) a quantitative measure of histogram alignment via mean landmark distance. EMS produces lower NMI standard deviations (i.e. greater consistency) of 0.0054 and 0.0034 for prostate and oropharyngeal cohorts, respectively, than unstandardized (0.034 and 0.026) and GS (0.031 and 0.017) approaches. Similarly, we see decreased mean landmark distance for EMS (2.25 and 4.20) compared to both unstandardized (54.8 and 27.3) and GS (27.1 and 8.8) images. These results suggest that the separation of broad tissue classes in EMS is vital to the standardization of DP imagery and subsequent development of computerized image analysis tools.
Empagliflozin restores cardiac metabolic flexibility in diet-induced obese C57BL6/J mice (2022)

Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor therapy to treat type 2 diabetes unexpectedly reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure in several large-scale clinical trials, and has since been shown to produce similar cardiovascular disease-protective effects in patients without diabetes. How SGLT2 inhibitor therapy improves cardiovascular disease outcomes remains incompletely understood. Metabolic flexibility refers to the ability of a cell or organ to adjust its use of metabolic substrates, such as glucose or fatty acids, in response to physiological or pathophysiological conditions, and is a feature of a healthy heart that may be lost during diabetic cardiomyopathy and in the failing heart. We therefore undertook studies to determine the effects of SGLT2 inhibitor therapy on cardiac metabolic flexibility <i>in vivo</i> in obese, insulin resistant mice using a [U<sup>13</sup>C]-glucose infusion during fasting and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Relative rates of cardiac glucose versus fatty acid use during fasting were unaffected by EMPA, whereas insulin-stimulated rates of glucose use were significantly increased by EMPA, alongside significant improvements in cardiac insulin signaling. These metabolic effects of EMPA were associated with reduced cardiac hypertrophy and protection from ischemia. These observations suggest that the cardiovascular disease-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors may in part be explained by beneficial effects on cardiac metabolic substrate selection.