gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperuniformity of generalized random organization models (2019)

Studies of random organization models of monodisperse (i.e., identical) spherical particles have shown that a hyperuniform state is achievable when the system goes through an absorbing phase transition to a critical state. Here we investigate to what extent hyperuniformity is preserved when the model is generalized to particles with a size distribution and/or nonspherical shapes. We begin by examining binary disks in two dimensions and demonstrate that their critical states are hyperuniform as two-phase media, but not hyperuniform nor multihyperuniform as point patterns formed by the particle centroids. We further confirm the generality of our findings by studying particles with a continuous size distribution. Finally, to study the effect of rotational degrees of freedom, we extend our model to noncircular particles, namely, hard rectangles with various aspect ratios, including the hard-needle limit. Although these systems exhibit only short-range orientational order, hyperuniformity is still preserved. Our analysis reveals that the redistribution of the "mass" of the particles rather than the particle centroids is central to this dynamical process. The consideration of the "active volume fraction" of generalized random organization models may help to resolve which universality class they belong to and hence may lead to a deeper theoretical understanding of absorbing-state models. Our results suggest that general particle systems subject to random organization can be a robust way to fabricate a wide class of hyperuniform states of matter by tuning the structures via different particle-size and -shape distributions. This in turn potentially enables the creation of multifunctional hyperuniform materials with desirable optical, transport, and mechanical properties.
Half‐Heusler superlattices as model systems for nanostructured thermoelectrics (2015)

Abstract The efficiency of thermoelectric materials is directly related to the dimensionless figure of merit , therefore, one of the means to improve ZT is to reduce the thermal conductivity. Our research focuses on half‐Heusler superlattices (SLs) and the relationship between the SL period and the thermal conductivity. The cross‐plane thermal conductivity of DC‐sputtered TiNiSn/HfNiSn SLs was measured by the 3 method at room temperature and a clear reduction of was achieved for all SL periods, in particular for periods smaller than 20 nm. Moreover, the thermal conductivities of TiNiSn and HfNiSn single films display reduced values compared to the literature data for bulk materials. Furthermore, we also found that the quality of interfaces has an influence on , namely, SLs with rougher interfaces exhibit an about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to samples with sharp interfaces.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐ARYL‐5‐ISOXAZOLE (1971)

Abstract Die 1,3‐dipolare Cycloaddition der Arylnitriloxide (III) an 1,1‐Dichloräthylen (IV) führt zu den Primärprodukten (V), die spontan Chlorwasserstoff abspalten und damit in die Isoxazole (VI) übergehen.
Use of highly compressible Ceolus™microcrystalline cellulose for improved dosage form properties containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion (2011)

The development of amorphous solid dispersions containing poorly soluble drug substances has been well-documented; however, little attention has been given to the development of the finished dosage form. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of Ceolus(™) microcrystalline cellulose, a highly compressible excipient, for the production of rapidly disintegrating tablets containing a hydrophilic solid dispersion of a poorly soluble drug, indomethacin. Solid dispersions of indomethacin and Kollidon(®) VA64 were prepared by hot melt extrusion and characterized for amorphous nature. Milled dispersion particles at 500 mg/g drug loading were shown to be amorphous by differential scanning calorimetry and provided rapid dissolution in sink conditions. Physical characterization of the milled extrudate showed that the particle size of the intermediate was comparable with Ceolus(™) PH-102 and larger than the high compressibility grades of microcrystalline cellulose selected for the trial (Ceolus(™) KG-802, Ceolus(™) UF-711). Preliminary tableting trials showed that dissolution performance was significantly reduced for formulations at dispersion loadings in excess of 50%. Using a mixture design of experiments (DOE), the levels of PH-102, KG-802, UF-711, and PH-301 were optimized. Trials revealed a synergistic relationship between conventional grades (PH-102 and PH-301) and highly compressible grades (KG-802 and UF-711) leading to improved compression characteristics and more rapid dissolution rates. The formulation and resulting compressibility were also shown to have an impact on in vitro supersaturation indicating tablet formulation could impact oral bioavailability. Through the use of highly compressible microcrystalline cellulose grades such as Ceolus(™) KG-802 and UF-711, it may be possible to maximize the bioavailability benefit of amorphous solid dispersions administered as tablet dosage forms.
Multi-electrode stimulation evokes consistent spatial patterns of phosphenes and improves phosphene mapping in blind subjects (2021)

Relative mapping methods, combined with bimanual fixation, resulted in the most precise estimates of phosphene organization. These techniques, combined with use of a standard logarithmic model of visual cortex, may provide a practical way to improve the implementation of a VCP.
Best practices for correlating electrical conductivity with broadband EMI shielding in binary filler-based conducting polymer composites (2022)

Multiple conductive fillers (MWCNT, GNP, [email protected] dendrite, EGain) were incorporated in a commercial polypropylene matrix through melt processing. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and EMI shielding properties of the fabricated composites were examined according to various filler compositions, and it was confirmed that the properties varied according to shape, composition, and mutual compatibility of the particulate fillers. In particular, at broadband frequencies (X-, Ka-, W- band), the EMI shielding properties reached 32.6 dB (at 10 GHz), 39.3 dB (at 28 GHz), 51.1 dB (at 77 GHz) for composites comprising of PC15 (0.3 mm) and the EMI shielding mechanisms according to the material thickness (0.3, 0.5, 1 mm) and the filler content were studied. As the frequency increased from 8.2–110 GHz, the reflection properties decreased from 90.93 % to 80.99 % (at 0.3 mm), and the absorption properties increased 9.01 % to 19.01 % even for PC15 (0.3 mm). In particular, the correlation between the type of electrical conductivity and the EMI shielding properties were investigated using a theoretical (Simon, Drude) model.
US Quantification of Liver Fat: Past, Present, and Future (2023)

Fatty liver disease has a high and increasing prevalence worldwide, is associated with adverse cardiovascular events and higher long-term medical costs, and may lead to liver-related morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for accurate, reproducible, accessible, and noninvasive techniques appropriate for detecting and quantifying liver fat in the general population and for monitoring treatment response in at-risk patients. CT may play a potential role in opportunistic screening, and MRI proton-density fat fraction provides high accuracy for liver fat quantification; however, these imaging modalities may not be suited for widespread screening and surveillance, given the high global prevalence. US, a safe and widely available modality, is well positioned as a screening and surveillance tool. Although well-established qualitative signs of liver fat perform well in moderate and severe steatosis, these signs are less reliable for grading mild steatosis and are likely unreliable for detecting subtle changes over time. New and emerging quantitative biomarkers of liver fat, such as those based on standardized measurements of attenuation, backscatter, and speed of sound, hold promise. Evolving techniques such as multiparametric modeling, radiofrequency envelope analysis, and artificial intelligence-based tools are also on the horizon. The authors discuss the societal impact of fatty liver disease, summarize the current state of liver fat quantification with CT and MRI, and describe past, currently available, and potential future US-based techniques for evaluating liver fat. For each US-based technique, they describe the concept, measurement method, advantages, and limitations. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2023 <i>Online supplemental material is available for this article.</i> Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
mTORC1 signaling suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling through DVL-dependent regulation of Wnt receptor FZD level (2018)

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays pivotal roles in cell proliferation and tissue homeostasis by maintaining somatic stem cell functions. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling functions as an integrative rheostat that orchestrates various cellular and metabolic activities that shape tissue homeostasis. Whether these two fundamental signaling pathways couple to exert physiological functions still remains mysterious. Using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we discover that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling suppresses canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Deficiency in tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/2), core negative regulators of mTORC1 activity, represses Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression, which can be rescued by RAD001. Mechanistically, mTORC1 signaling regulates the cell surface level of Wnt receptor Frizzled (FZD) in a Dishevelled (DVL)-dependent manner by influencing the association of DVL and clathrin AP-2 adaptor. Sustained mTORC1 activation impairs Wnt/β-catenin signaling and causes loss of stemness in intestinal organoids ex vivo and primitive intestinal progenitors in vivo. Wnt/β-catenin-dependent liver metabolic zonation gene expression program is also down-regulated by mTORC1 activation. Our study provides a paradigm that mTORC1 signaling cell autonomously regulates Wnt/β-catenin pathway to influence stem cell maintenance.
INTEGRATED MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY PLATFORM: CELL CULTURE, DRUG TREATMENT, LYSIS, SEPARATION, AND DETECTION (2008)

We are developing an integrated microfluidic system capable of performing online cell culturing, phenotype analysis, lysing, and analyses of the lysate for protein expression profiling in response to various drug treatments for quantitative medical analysis and systems biology.
Oral antigen exposure in newborn piglets circumvents induction of oral tolerance in response to intraperitoneal vaccination in later life (2015)

Newborn piglets gavaged with low dose soluble and particulate OVA plus CpG ODN and polyphosphazene adjuvants produced antigen-specific antibodies in serum and lung after systemic re-exposure in later life. These data indicate circumvention of oral tolerance but not induction of oral immunity.
Sub-chronic administration of the 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, carbenoxolone, improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice with diet-induced obesity (2008)

We have examined the metabolic effects of daily administration of carbenoxolone (CBX), a naturally occurring 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD1) inhibitor, in mice with high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. Eight-week-old male Swiss TO mice placed on a synthetic high fat diet received daily intraperitoneal injections of either saline vehicle or CBX over a 16-day period. Daily administration of CBX had no effect on food intake, but significantly lowered body weight (1.1- to 1.2-fold) compared to saline-treated controls. Non-fasting plasma glucose levels were significantly decreased (1.6-fold) by CBX treatment on day 4 and remained lower throughout the treatment period. Circulating plasma corticosterone levels were not significantly altered by CBX treatment. Plasma glucose concentrations of CBX-treated mice were significantly reduced (1.4-fold) following an intraperitoneal glucose load compared with saline controls. Similarly, after 16-day treatment with CBX, exogenous insulin evoked a significantly greater reduction in glucose concentrations (1.4- to 1.8-fold). 11beta-HSD1 gene expression was significantly down-regulated in liver, whereas glucocorticoid receptor gene expression was increased in both liver and adipose tissue following CBX treatment. The reduced body weight and improved metabolic control in mice with high fat diet-induced obesity upon daily CBX administration highlights the potential value of selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibition as a new route for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Current Concepts of Pathogenesis and Potential Targets for Treatment (2019)

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a disease triggered by different inducers in susceptible individuals. The inhaled inducing particles can be of both organic and less frequently inorganic origin...
Clinical and Molecular Genetics of the Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) (2013)

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP as well as of their signaling pathways and downstream biological effects. PDEs have been exploited pharmacologically for more than half a century, and some of the most successful drugs worldwide today affect PDE function. Recently, mutations in PDE genes have been identified as causative of certain human genetic diseases; even more recently, functional variants of PDE genes have been suggested to play a potential role in predisposition to tumors and/or cancer, especially in cAMP-sensitive tissues. Mouse models have been developed that point to wide developmental effects of PDEs from heart function to reproduction, to tumors, and beyond. This review brings together knowledge from a variety of disciplines (biochemistry and pharmacology, oncology, endocrinology, and reproductive sciences) with emphasis on recent research on PDEs, how PDEs affect cAMP and cGMP signaling in health and disease, and what pharmacological exploitations of PDEs may be useful in modulating cyclic nucleotide signaling in a way that prevents or treats certain human diseases.
Systems and methods for producing nitriles (2023)

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes a first reacting a molecule from at least one of a carboxylic acid, an ester of a carboxylic acid, and/or an anhydride with ammonia to form a nitrile, where the first reacting is catalyzed using an acid catalyst. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the molecule may include at least one of acetic acid, lactic acid, and/or 3-hydroxyproprionic acid (3-HPA). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the molecule may include at least one of methyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and/or ethyl 3-hydroxypropanoate (ethyl 3-HP). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the anhydride may be acetic anhydride.
Linear Interpolation in Pilot Symbol Assisted Channel Estimation for OFDM (2007)

In this paper, we investigate several efficient interpolation techniques for pilot symbol assisted channel estimation in OFDM. The interpolation methods studied include two dimensional (2-D) separable lowpass sine interpolator with Kaiser window, 2-D separable Deslauriers-Dubuc (DD) interpolation and 2-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based lowpass interpolation. The performances of these interpolators are compared with those of the well known minimum mean-square error (MMSE) 2-D separable Wiener filter and the perfect channel state information. It is shown that the Kaiser window based interpolator and DD interpolation are simple, robust, and outperform the 2-D DFT based lowpass interpolation as well as several existing interpolation methods proposed in the literature. These two schemes are suitable candidates for use in 1-D and 2-D channel estimation
Effects of substrate quality and orientation on the characteristics of III-nitride resonant tunneling diodes (2010)

Al(Ga)N/GaN resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of material quality on room temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) behaviour of RTDs are investigated by growing the RTD structure on AlN, GaN, and lateral epitaxial overgrowth GaN templates. This reveals that NDR characteristics of RTDs are very sensitive to material quality (such as surface roughness and dislocations density). The effects of the aluminum content of AlGaN double barriers (DB) and polarization fields on NDR characteristic of AlGaN/GaN RTDs were also investigated by employing low dislocation density c-plane (polar) and m-plane (nonpolar) freestanding GaN substrates. Lower aluminum content in the DB RTD active layer and minimization of dislocations and polarization fields enabled a more reliable and reproducible NDR behaviour at room temperature.
Electrodeposition of quantum‐confined metal/semiconductor nanocomposites (1997)

Electrodepositiona s an approach to quantum confinement is the idea behind the work on nanocomposite films of Cu and Cu 2 O reported here. The phase of the film electrodeposited from an alkaline aqueous solution of copper(II) lactate depends on the cathodic current density used, varying from pure Cu 2 O (a p‐type semiconductor) to 98 mol‐% Cu, the color of the film changing correspondingly; the electrode potential oscilates spontaneously at fixed current density. It is shown that the Cu 2 O crystallites exhibit the optical properties of quantum dots.
Efficient near-field wireless energy transfer using adiabatic system variations (2023)

Disclosed is a method for transferring energy wirelessly including transferring energy wirelessly from a first resonator structure to an intermediate resonator structure, wherein the coupling rate between the first resonator structure and the intermediate resonator structure is .kappa..sub.1B, transferring energy wirelessly from the intermediate resonator structure to a second resonator structure, wherein the coupling rate between the intermediate resonator structure and the second resonator structure is .kappa..sub.B2, and during the wireless energy transfers, adjusting at least one of the coupling rates .kappa..sub.1B and .kappa..sub.B2 to reduce energy accumulation in the intermediate resonator structure and improve wireless energy transfer from the first resonator structure to the second resonator structure through the intermediate resonator structure.
System Level Analysis of Interference Aware LMMSE Chip Equalization in HSDPA Network (2007)

In this paper we present a system level performance analysis of ideally interference aware linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) chip-level equalizer capable of both intra-cell and inter-cell interference suppression with high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). The evaluation is performed with and without receive diversity, having the intra-cell interference suppressing LMMSE equalizer as a reference. The study is performed with fully dynamic system simulator which includes the modeling of LMMSE equalizer, HSDPA functionality, UE mobility and the most fundamental radio resource management algorithms. The used system scenario is HSDPA network with proportional fair scheduler. The results indicate that having ideal knowledge of interference in LMMSE equalizer would provide benefits for the end user by increasing the achievable data rates at the cell edges but having a minor effect to the average system performance.
Annotation and processing of continuous emotional attributes: Challenges and opportunities (2013)

Human emotional and cognitive states evolve with variable intensity and clarity through the course of social interactions and experiences, and they are continuously influenced by a variety of input multimodal information from the environment and the interaction participants. This has motivated the development of a new area within affective computing that treats emotions as continuous variables and examines their representation, annotation and modeling. In this work, we use as a starting point the continuous emotional annotation that we performed on a large, multimodal database, and discuss annotation challenges, design decisions, annotation results and lessons learned from this effort, in the context of existing literature. Additionally, we discuss a variety of open questions for future research in terms of labeling, combining and processing continuous assessments of emotional and cognitive states.
NAALADase inhibition reduces alcohol consumption in the alcohol‐preferring (P) line of rats (2000)

N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) is a major peptide component of the brain, with millimolar tissue levels of 0.1-5 nmol/mg wet weight. NAAG is hydrolyzed by the enzyme N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase; glutamate carboxypeptidase II; EC no. 3.4.17.21) to N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate. Recently, a potent and selective NAALADase inhibitor termed 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA) was identified that has a 300 pM Ki for NAALADase inhibition. Given the accumulating evidence indicating an important role of the glutamate system in alcoholism and dependence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic administration of 2-PMPA (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; i.p.) upon the ethanol intakes of alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Female P rats (n = 8) received daily 1-hour scheduled access to a 10% (v/v) ethanol. In a within-subjects design, 2-PMPA treatments were tested once a week. Baseline ethanol drinking consisted of the mean of the 3 days prior to testing in which saline injections were given. Results indicated that, whereas the 200 mg/kg dose of 2-PMPA had no effect on ethanol intake, both the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses significantly reduced ethanol consumption by approximately 25% (p < 0.05) during the 1-hour access period. Body weights and 24-hour water intakes were not altered at any of the doses. These data suggest that the NAAG/NAALADase system may be involved in neuronal systems regulating alcohol-drinking behavior.
Haemodynamic Simulation and the Effect of Early Left Ventricular Unloading in Pre-Shock Acute Coronary Syndrome (2019)

The simulation illustrates how temporary circulatory support with an Impella microaxial pump can stabilize haemodynamics and allow for a safe procedure in an unstable patient. Using computer simulation of haemodynamics to understand changes in haemodynamics when performing interventions in unstable patients might help to properly select a suitable support device if needed.
Ultra-compact MMI-based beam splitter demultiplexer for the NIR/MIR wavelengths of 155 μm and 2 μm (2017)

Based on restricted interferences mechanism in a 1x2 MMI beam splitter, we theoretically investigate and experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact MMI-based demultiplexer for the NIR/MIR wavelengths of 1.55 μm and 2 μm. The device is fabricated on 340 nm SOI platform, with a footprint of 293x6 μm<sup>2</sup>. It exhibits extremely low insertion losses of 0.14 dB and 1.2 dB at the wavelengths of 1.55 μm and 2 μm, respectively, with contrasts of approximately 20 dB for both wavelengths, and a cross-talk of 18.83 dB.