gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current‐transport studies and trap extraction of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanotubes using gold Schottky diode (2010)

Abstract High‐quality zinc oxide (ZnO) nanotubes (NTs) were grown by the hydrothermal technique on n‐Si substrate. The room temperature (RT) current‐transport mechanisms of Au Schottky diodes fabricated from ZnO NTs and nanorods (NRs) reference samples have been studied and compared. The tunneling mechanisms via deep‐level states was found to be the main conduction process at low applied voltage but at the trap‐filled limit voltage ( V TFL ) all traps were filled and the space‐charge‐limited current conduction was the dominating current‐transport mechanism. The deep‐level trap energy and the trap concentration for the NTs were obtained as ∼0.27 eV and 2.1 × 10 16 cm –3 , respectively. The same parameters were also extracted for the ZnO NRs. The deep‐level states observed crossponds to zinc interstitials (Zn i ), which are responsible for the violet emission.
Effects of PDE-5 Inhibition on the Cardiopulmonary System After 2 or 4 Weeks of Chronic Hypoxia (2019)

Thus, although hypoxia adaptation is not yet accomplished after 4 weeks, PH alleviation by PDE5 inhibition might nevertheless provide an efficient strategy for the management of this disease.
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE DIMERIZATION OF MONOSUBSTITUTED α‐OLEFINS BY TANTALACYCLOPENTANE CATALYSTS (1980)

Abstract Die Dimerisierung der Olefine R‐CH=CH2 (R: H, Me, Pr, CH 2 ‐iPr, CHz‐tßu) in Gegenwart von Dichloro‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl‐cycloocten‐Ta sowie von Propylen in Gegenwart des Cyclopentadienyl‐Analogen oder von Dichloropentamethylcyclopentadienyl‐trans‐β,β′‐dimethyltantalacyclopentan werden untersucht, Reaktionsmechanismen vorgeschlagen und diskutiert.
Resistant RuO2/SiO2 Absorbing Sol–Gel Coatings for Solar Energy Conversion at High Temperature (2015)

Within the list of the different technologies developed to provide “clean” alternative energy in the future, Concentrated Solar Power systems (CSP), transforming sunlight radiation into thermal or electrical power, are serious candidates. However, some of the main critical issues to the success of the industrial CSP are the solar-to-thermal and the thermal-to-electrical conversion efficiencies, which require robust absorbing systems, capable of withstanding high operating temperatures for decades. In the present communication, we report the preparation of such performing coatings through accurate control of synthesis and processing, achieved using a simple and scalable bottom-up approach. These new systems are composed of highly controlled nanocrystalline RuO2/SiO2 composite designed such that the device stays highly stable in air at 873 K for more than 1000 h while possessing a high solar selectivity (α > 0.94, and ε@873 K <0.28), making them one of the most promising advancements for CSP technologies.
Selecting Folded Proteins from a Library of Secondary Structural Elements (2007)

A protein evolution strategy is described by which double-stranded DNA fragments encoding defined Escherichia coli protein secondary structural elements (alpha-helices, beta-strands, and loops) are assembled semirandomly into sequences comprised of as many as 800 amino acid residues. A library of novel polypeptides generated from this system was inserted into an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion vector. Library members were screened by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to identify those polypeptides that fold into soluble, stable structures in vivo that comprised a subset of shorter sequences ( approximately 60 to 100 residues) from the semirandom sequence library. Approximately 108 clones were screened by FACS, a set of 1149 high fluorescence colonies were characterized by dPCR, and four soluble clones with varying amounts of secondary structure were identified. One of these is highly homologous to a domain of aspartate racemase from a marine bacterium (Polaromonas sp.) but is not homologous to any E. coli protein sequence. Several other selected polypeptides have no global sequence homology to any known protein but show significant alpha-helical content, limited dispersion in 1D nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, pH sensitive ANS binding and reversible folding into soluble structures. These results demonstrate that this strategy can generate novel polypeptide sequences containing secondary structure.
Modular Concepts for Practical Massive MIMO Implementations (2020)

The Massive MIMO principle is becoming a standard component of 5G cellular communications. 5G New Radio (NR) supports beamforming, beam-adjustment and beam-sweeping techniques. This increases data rates and adds flexibility for resource allocation, even in lower frequency bands below 6 GHz. In this paper, we give details on a Massive MIMO prototype, which was engineered at Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute for testing of novel radio techniques. Furthermore, we show results for beamforming and beam-nulling of real measurements performed with this hardware prototype in an outdoor environment operating in the 2.6 GHz band. Finally, we evaluate the inter-beam interference in a multi-beam scenario with spatially close beams.
The effect of rhPTH on the healing of tendon to bone in a rat model (2011)

Successful rotator cuff tendon repair depends on secure tendon-to-bone healing. Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) has been shown in multiple studies to accelerate bone healing. Recent studies have also shown that rhPTH is chondrogenic by increasing chondrocyte recruitment and differentiation. We hypothesized that rhPTH would improve tendon-to-bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model. One hundred and fourteen Sprague Dawley rats underwent division and repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Fifty seven rats received daily subcutaneous injections of 10 µg/kg of rhPTH. Rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days for histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, rats in each group were sacrificed at 14, 28, and 56 days for biomechanical testing and micro CT analysis. At 2 weeks the controls had a significantly higher load to failure than the rhPTH group. At 28 and 56 days there were no differences in load to failure. rhPTH specimens had significantly higher stiffness at 56 days. MicroCT analysis showed that the rhPTH group had significantly greater total mineral content at all time points, as well as significantly higher bone volume (BV) at 14 and 28 days. Histologically, the rhPTH specimens had more fibrocartilage, osteoblasts, and blood vessels at all timepoints, with significantly better collagen fiber orientation at 28 and 56 days. Although treatment with rhPTH resulted in an increase in bone and mineralized fibrocartilage formation, as well as better collagen fiber organization, this did not translate into improved biomechanical properties.
Differentiation between proteolytic activation and autocatalytic conversion of human prothrombin. Activation of recombinant human prothrombin and recombinant D419N-prothrombin by snake venoms from Echis carinatus and Oxyuranus scutellatus (1996)

Recombinant human prothrombin (r-prothrombin) and recombinant mutant prothrombin with active site Asp419 substituted by Asn (D419N-prothrombin) were expressed in recombinant CHO cells, isolated and purified from the fermentation supernatant. The r-Prothrombin and D419N-prothrombin were digested by both Echis carinatus venom and Oxyuranus scutellatus venom. Prior to, during and after activation, generation of thrombin activity and the proteolytic degradation of the prothrombin polypeptide chain were analysed. Owing to the recombinant preparation and inactivity of D419N-prothrombin and its activation products, the proteolytic action of E.carinatus and O.scutellatus venoms could be studied without addition of thrombin inhibitor, without interference from autocatalytic digestion of prothrombin and in the absence of any other blood coagulation protease. The comparison between the activation of r-prothrombin and D419N-prothrombin by snake venoms permitted differentiation between proteolytic activation and autocatalytic conversion of prothrombin. Incubation of D419N-prothrombin with E.carinatus venom resulted in the generation of stable D419N-meizothrombin by hydrolysis of the peptide bond Arg320-Ile321. By contrast, O.scutellatus venom exhibited activity towards peptide bonds Arg320-Ile321 and Arg271-Thr272 and lower activity towards peptide bond Arg155-Ser156, thus converting D419-prothrombin into D419N-thrombin and also liberating Fragment-1, Fragment-2 and Fragment-1/2 activation peptide. Activation of r-prothrombin by E.carinatus and O.scutellatus venoms demonstrated the autocatalytic potential of prothrombin-derived molecules and indicated that meizothrombin hydrolysed the cleavage between Fragment-2 and thrombin A-chain in the meizothrombin molecule, but not in prothrombin, preferentially at position Arg284-Thr285. By contrast, both meizothrombin and thrombin exhibited no detectable activity towards peptide bond Arg320-Ile321 between thrombin A- and B-chain, although this site exhibits the optimum sequence for thrombin cleavage.
Die Kinetik der Piancatelli-Umlagerung (2019)

The Brønsted acid catalyzed Piancatelli rearrangement of the substrate furfuryl alcohol (FA) to 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (4HCP) with polymeric by products was experimentally investigated in three different reactor types (stirred-tank batch, tubular reactor and continuously stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)). Initially, the influences of the pressure p, proton concentration c(H+), volume fraction toluene ϕ(toluene) and cosolvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone c(NMP) on the selectivity in the tubular reactor were excluded. Subsequently, the reaction parameters temperature T, residence time τ and concentration of the substrate c$_{0}$(FA) were empirically optimized in a self-optimizing tubular reactor. High selectivities were achieved at high temperatures and low initial substrate concentrations. High temperatures and residence times lead to higher conversions. The optimal reaction parameters of the tubular reactor are thus low initial substrate concentrations at high temperatures and a corresponding residence time. In order to generate a kinetic model for the reaction, concentration-time curves (c t) of the reaction from FA to 4HCP were recorded in the three reactors at 180 ≤ T/°C ≤ 240 and 15 ≤ p/bar ≤ 70. The c-t curves were investigated in the tubular reactor with eight models and combined with a convection model, in the batch reactor with four different kinetic models. The models of both reactors were combined to 16 complete models and validated on the c-t curves of the CSTR. It was shown that the concentration curves in both the tubular reactor and the CSTR are best described by the same kinetic model. This confirms the validity and robustness of this kinetic model. The other kinetic models could be excluded by the Akaike information criterion. Three components were considered in the best model: FA, 4HCP and the polymeric by-product. The model shows that the activation energy of the chain growth of the polymers is significantly smaller than that of the product formation to 4HCP. This leads to increased product selectivity at high temperatures. However, since the activation energy of the nucleation of the polymers is higher than that of the product formation to 4HCP, the selectivity reaches a plateau at very high temperatures. In addition, the speed constant of the chain growth of the polymers is smaller than that of the nucleation of the polymers. This relationship leads to higher yields in the tubular reactor than in the CSTR. Therefore, based on the data available in this thesis, a Plug-flow reactor (PFR) is best suited for the Piancatelli rearrangement of furfuryl alcohol due to its low back-mixing.
Facile Tuning of Luminescent Platinum(II) Schiff Base Complexes from Yellow to Near‐Infrared: Photophysics, Electrochemistry, Electrochemiluminescence and Theoretical Calculations (2013)

The photophysical and related properties of platinum(II) Schiff base complexes can be finely and predictably tuned over a wide range of wavelengths by small and easily implemented changes to ligand structure. A series of such complexes, differing only in the number and positioning of methoxy substituents on the phenoxy ring, were synthesised and their photophysical, electrochemical and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) properties investigated. Theoretical calculations were performed in order to gain further insight into the relationship between structure and properties in these materials. By positioning methoxy groups para and/or ortho to either the imine or the oxygen group on the ligand, electron density could be directed selectively toward the LUMO or HOMO as required. This allowed the emission colour (both photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent) to be tuned over a wide range between 587 and 739 nm. The variation in orbital energies was also manifested in the positions of the absorption bands and the redox properties of the complexes, as well as in the NMR shifts for the uncoordinated ligands. All reported complexes displayed intense electrochemiluminescence (ECL), which could be initiated either by annihilation or co-reactant pathways. The relationship between the electrochemical and photophysical properties and the efficiency of the ECL is discussed. For two of the complexes solid-state ECL could be generated from electrodeposited layers of the complex.
Anthropometric Dimensions of Individuals With High Body Mass Index (2019)

These data provide insights about the obese population segment that are relevant to product design, and establish a foundation for future data collection efforts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic and Structural Studies on New Vinylcyclopentadienyl Derivatives of Titanium, Iron and Thallium. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Abhängigkeit der formcharakteristischen Parameter Rundheit und Kompaktheit verschiedener Graphitmorphologien von der Vergrößerung (2008)

Kurzfassung Die Unterscheidung der verschiedenen Graphitmorphologien in Gusseisen wird schon seit einiger Zeit durch bildanalytische Untersuchungen erfolgreich vollzogen und ersetzt zunehmend den subjektiven Vergleich mit Richtreihenbildern gemäß den Normen ASTM A 247–67 bzw. DIN EN ISO 945. In vorliegender Arbeit bildete die teilchenbasierte Methode die Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen an reinen Proben aus Gusseisen mit Lamellen-, Vermikular- und Kugelgraphit (GJL, GJV bzw. GJS) sowie an Temperguss (GJM). Im Licht- (LM) und im Raster-Elektronen-Mikroskop (REM) wurden Gefügeaufnahmen gemacht und die beiden Formparameter Rundheit und Kompaktheit für verschiedene Vergrößerungen bestimmt. Die Abhängigkeiten der Formparameter von der Vergrößerung wurden dargelegt und diskutiert. Weiterhin waren die gewonnen Messdaten Grundlage zum Aufbau eines Klassifikators, der für beliebige Vergrößerungen des zu untersuchenden Gefüges erstellt werden kann. Dieser Klassifikator wurde darüber hinaus an verschiedenen Gefügebildern gestestet und seine Qualität in Bezug auf die Klassifizierung verschiedener Graphitmorphologien anhand der beiden formcharakteristischen Formparameter bewertet. Es ist vorstellbar, den Parameter Vergrößerung in eine Klassifizierungssoftware mit einzubauen.
Implementation of a Process Analytical Technology System in a Freeze-Drying Process Using Raman Spectroscopy for In-Line Process Monitoring (2007)

The aim of the present study was to propose a strategy for the implementation of a Process Analytical Technology system in freeze-drying processes. Mannitol solutions, some of them supplied with NaCl, were used as models to freeze-dry. Noninvasive and in-line Raman measurements were continuously performed during lyophilization of the solutions to monitor real time the mannitol solid state, the end points of the different process steps (freezing, primary drying, secondary drying), and physical phenomena occurring during the process. At-line near-infrared (NIR) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) measurements were done to confirm the Raman conclusions and to find out additional information. The collected spectra during the processes were analyzed using principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution. A two-level full factorial design was used to study the significant influence of process (freezing rate) and formulation variables (concentration of mannitol, concentration of NaCl, volume of freeze-dried sample) upon freeze-drying. Raman spectroscopy was able to monitor (i) the mannitol solid state (amorphous, alpha, beta, delta, and hemihydrate), (ii) several process step end points (end of mannitol crystallization during freezing, primary drying), and (iii) physical phenomena occurring during freeze-drying (onset of ice nucleation, onset of mannitol crystallization during the freezing step, onset of ice sublimation). NIR proved to be a more sensitive tool to monitor sublimation than Raman spectroscopy, while XRPD helped to unravel the mannitol hemihydrate in the samples. The experimental design results showed that several process and formulation variables significantly influence different aspects of lyophilization and that both are interrelated. Raman spectroscopy (in-line) and NIR spectroscopy and XRPD (at-line) not only allowed the real-time monitoring of mannitol freeze-drying processes but also helped (in combination with experimental design) us to understand the process.
B7-H4 Expression in a Range of Breast Pathology: Correlation With Tumor T-cell Infiltration (2007)

B7-H4, a member of the B7 family, is involved in the regulation of antigen-specific immune responses. Its expression in a range of breast pathology and correlation to the number of CD3 and CD8 tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes in invasive carcinomas were explored. The proportion of B7-H4 positive cells, staining pattern, and intensity were evaluated within diagnostic groups (normal and benign lesional, potentially premalignant and in situ carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma) on archival tissue blocks by immunohistochemistry. The proportion and intensity of B7-H4 expression was progressively increased across the major diagnostic groups. There was a significant association between a high proportion of B7-H4 positive cells in invasive ductal carcinomas and decreased number of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (P=0.002). The cellular distribution of B7-H4 appears altered in the spectrum of normal to malignant breast. Its overexpression may help cancers avoid immune detection.
Analysis of second-order Markov reward models (2004)

This paper considers the analysis of second-order Markov reward models. In these systems the reward accumulation during state sojourns is not deterministic, but follows a Brownian motion with a state dependent drift and variance parameter. We give the differential equations that describe the density function and the moments of the accumulated reward, and show the similarities compared to the first-order (ordinary) case. A randomization based numerical method is also presented which is numerically stable, has an error bound to control the precision, and allows the efficient analysis of large models. The computational cost of the proposed procedure is practically the same as the one of the analysis of first-order reward models, while the modeling power of second-order models is clearly larger.
Scalable processing for realizing 21.7%-efficient all-perovskite tandem solar modules (2022)

Challenges in fabricating all-perovskite tandem solar cells as modules rather than as single-junction configurations include growing high-quality wide-bandgap perovskites and mitigating irreversible degradation caused by halide and metal interdiffusion at the interconnecting contacts. We demonstrate efficient all-perovskite tandem solar modules using scalable fabrication techniques. By systematically tuning the cesium ratio of a methylammonium-free 1.8-electron volt mixed-halide perovskite, we improve the homogeneity of crystallization for blade-coated films over large areas. An electrically conductive conformal "diffusion barrier" is introduced between interconnecting subcells to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of all-perovskite tandem solar modules. Our tandem modules achieve a certified PCE of 21.7% with an aperture area of 20 square centimeters and retain 75% of their initial efficiency after 500 hours of continuous operation under simulated 1-sun illumination.
Melanotropic peptide-conjugated beads for microscopic visualization and characterization of melanoma melanotropin receptors (1996)

We developed two solid-phase reagent systems for microscopic visualization and characterization of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptors of melanoma cells. Multiple copies of [Nle-4,D-Phe-7]-alpha-MSH, a potent analog of alpha-MSH, were conjugated to microspheres (latex beads) or macrospheres (polyamide beads) through a thioether or disulfide bond. Binding between the beads and mouse and human melanoma cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy and by light microscopy. Each mouse and human melanoma cell (of all cell lines) evinced binding to the beads. Binding of the melanotropin conjugates was not restricted to any one phase of the cell cycle. Specificity of binding was demonstrated by several studies. Negative controls included cell types of nonmelanocyte origin (e.g., mammary cancer cells) and beads that lacked the melanotropic ligand or had other attached ligands. Beads with a disulfide-linked melanotropin analog served as a direct control. Treatment of these beads with DTT during or before incubation of the beads with melanoma cells (resulting in release of the MSH analog from the beads) eliminated binding of the beads to melanoma cells. Binding interactions between melanoma cells and melanotropin-bound beads also could be abolished by prior incubation with unconjugated MSH analog. During these experiments, certain membrane receptor-hormone associated phenomena, such as capping (aggregation) of the receptor-ligand complex, also were observed. These results provide visual evidence that MSH receptors are a property common to melanoma cells. Normal human epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes were also shown to express melanotropin receptors by the same criteria established for melanoma cells.