gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of dendritic pendants on the folding of amphiphilic copolymers via supramolecular interactions (2018)

ABSTRACT The supramolecular folding of amphiphilic heterograft copolymers equipped with dendritic pendants is investigated using a combination of proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Hereto, the linear poly(ethylene glycol) pendants normally used to convey water compatibility are partially substituted with branched analogues. For one set of copolymers, second‐generation polyglycerol dendrons are directly attached to the polymer backbone, while for the other a hydrophilic linker is placed in between. The results show that the branching of the hydrophilic pendants affects the local structure of the folded copolymer but does not influence the overall conformation and single‐chain character of the folded copolymers in solution. All copolymers fold into 4–5 nm single‐chain polymeric nanoparticles with a very compact spherical morphology, independent of the dendritic content of the copolymer. Intriguingly, the incorporation of the dendritic pendants affects the formation of a structured interior even at low incorporation ratios. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57 , 411–421
Energy-Efficient Wide-Range Voltage Level Shifters Reaching 4.2 fJ/Transition (2018)

This letter proposes a new level-shifting structure that can convert extremely low levels of input voltages to high output voltages while maintaining excellent delay and power dissipation. In order to reduce contention and voltage swing in the internal nodes, the proposed circuit uses a diode-connected level shifter between gate terminals of the output inverter. Using a control circuit, only during the high-to-low transitions of the output, a current is forced into the diode-connected device. Measurement results demonstrate that the proposed circuit can consume as small energy as 4.2 fJ/transition with VDDL and VDDH of 0.35 V and 1.1 V, respectively, when implemented in a 40-nm CMOS technology. Furthermore, when fabricated in a 180-nm technology, the level-shifting circuit can convert VDDL as small as 80 mV to 1.8 V without using low-threshold devices.
Efficient Video-on-Demand services over mobile datacast channels (2006)

The integration of reliable Video-on-Demand (VoD) broadcasting schemes in the DVB-h transmission system is studied, exemplary for Pyramid Broadcasting (PB). Sophisticated VoD broadcasting schemes such as PB allow receivers to tune into the ongoing transmission of a video-stream at arbitrary time, while still being able to receive the multimedia sequence from the beginning to end, after a short initial playout latency. Raptor coding, integrated in the FLUTE protocol, is combined with the traditional PB scheme in order to provide high service and presentation reliability. We give a short overview on the DVB-h transmission system as well as on the FLUTE protocol. We present and discuss options for the integration of VoD broadcasting schemes in combination with Raptor coding. We achieve backward-compatibility even with terminals not supporting Raptor coding. Simulation results show the benefits of the discussed VoD scheme compared to existing carousel approaches in DVB-h.
Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin (2012)

The ubiquitous presence of solar UV radiation in human life is essential for vitamin D production but also leads to skin photoaging, damage, and malignancies. Photoaging and skin cancer have been extensively studied, but the effects of UV on the critical mechanical barrier function of the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), are not understood. The SC is the first line of defense against environmental exposures like solar UV radiation, and its effects on UV targets within the SC and subsequent alterations in the mechanical properties and related barrier function are unclear. Alteration of the SC's mechanical properties can lead to severe macroscopic skin damage such as chapping and cracking and associated inflammation, infection, scarring, and abnormal desquamation. Here, we show that UV exposure has dramatic effects on cell cohesion and mechanical integrity that are related to its effects on the SC's intercellular components, including intercellular lipids and corneodesmosomes. We found that, although the keratin-controlled stiffness remained surprisingly constant with UV exposure, the intercellular strength, strain, and cohesion decreased markedly. We further show that solar UV radiation poses a double threat to skin by both increasing the biomechanical driving force for damage while simultaneously decreasing the skin's natural ability to resist, compromising the critical barrier function of the skin.
A Structural Constitutive Model for Planar Collagenous Tissues That Integrates SALS-Derived Fiber Orientation Data (2001)

Abstract Structurally based constitutive models attempt to exploit the tissue composition and structure to avoid ambiguities in material characterization, and offer insight into the function, structure, and mechanics of tissue components. In the structural approach, the tissues total strain energy is assumed to be the sum of the individual fiber strain energies [1–3]. Although theoretically complete, the fiber architecture must be estimated from assumed distributions and “backed-out” from the mechanical data. Thus, fall realization of the structural approach is significantly limited without direct quantitative structural information to either validate structural model predictions or for direct implementation into the model. This limitation of the structural constitutive modeling approach motivated the development of the following structural constitutive model for planar collagenous tissue that directly incorporates the experimentally measured angular distribution of collagen fibers.
Efficient Multi-stage Image Classification for Mobile Sensing in Urban Environments (2013)

With the recent dramatic increase in the popularity of mobile electronic devices equipped with cameras, there is a growing number of real-world applications for image classification. Nevertheless, some of these real-world applications aim to classify images captured in an unconstrained manner and in complex environments where existing image classification techniques may not perform well. We propose an efficient image classification system that is robust enough to cope with challenging imaging conditions, and demonstrate its effectiveness in the context of classification of real-world images of dumpsters captured by mobile phones in the Indian metropolitan city of Hyderabad. Our system is able to achieve accurate classification of the cleanliness state of the dumpsters despite the challenging uncontrolled urban environment by utilizing a multi-stage approach, where the first stage is the efficient detection of the dumpster, and the second stage is the classification of its state. We analyze the performance of the system and provide comprehensive experimental results on a real-world public dataset.
Electrochemical Analysis on Degradation of Ni-GDC Cermet Anode for SOFC (2009)

AC impedance measurements were carried out with Ni-GDC cermet anode in various partial pressures of hydrogen at temperatures from 873 K to 1273, the data was analyzed focusing on the chemical capacitance. It was proposed that the effective reaction zone (ERZ) of the cermet anode could be evaluated by comparing the observed capacitance and the one expected for the whole electrode. The ERZ was estimated as 1 μm for the Ni-GDC electrode investigated in this work. Degradation mode of the cermet anode was discussed based on the observed change in the ERZ. It was suggested the agglomeration of Ni particles might be the main factor for the degradation during the thermal cycle at high temperature.
Verification of linear duration properties over continuous-time markov chains (2013)

Stochastic modelling and algorithmic verification techniques have been proved useful in analysing and detecting unusual trends in performance and energy usage of systems such as power management controllers and wireless sensor devices. Many important properties are dependent on the cumulated time that the device spends in certain states, possibly intermittently. We study the problem of verifying continuous-time Markov Chains (CTMCs) against Linear Duration Properties (LDP), that is, properties stated as conjunctions of linear constraints over the total duration of time spent in states that satisfy a given property. We identify two classes of LDP properties, Eventuality Duration Properties (EDP) and Invariance Duration Properties (IDP), respectively referring to the reachability of a set of goal states, within a time bound; and the continuous satisfaction of a duration property over an execution path. The central question that we address is how to compute the probability of the set of infinite timed paths of the CTMC that satisfy a given LDP. We present algorithms to approximate these probabilities up to a given precision, stating their complexity and error bounds. The algorithms mainly employ an adaptation of uniformisation and the computation of volumes of multidimensional integrals under systems of linear constraints, together with different mechanisms to bound the errors.
Silencing of Gene Expression in Cultured Cells Using Small Interfering RNAs (2010)

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and related small RNA-mediated regulatory pathways has significantly altered the understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotic cells. In the RNAi pathway, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) approximately 21 to 23 nucleotides in length serve as the regulatory molecules that guide and induce sequence-specific gene silencing. The use of siRNA-mediated silencing as a tool for investigating gene function is well established in cultured mammalian cells. This unit provides basic approaches to explore the field of RNAi, and hopes to address the importance of optimizing transfection conditions after empirical determinations in order to understand various degrees of silencing efficiency.
P191Are cerebrovascular variants causal in the development of hypertension? (2017)

Background: Hypertension (HT) in the elderly is associated with increase occurrence rate of dementia. Purpose: We evaluated the prevalence of the pattern of high blood pressure and effects of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wave reflections on central aortic pressure (CAP) in hypertensive patients with dementia. Methods: We analyzed a total 450 hypertensive patients with dementia, investigated using 24hr ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Among the HT, classified as early morning hypertension (EMHT) (early morning BP: above 135/85 mmHg and night-time BP: below 120/70 mmHg), Night HT (NHT) (Daytime BP: below 135/85 mmHg and night-time BP: above 120/70 mmHg). And using radial artery applanation tonometry, aortic pulse analysis was performed. Results: 128 patients was observed HT with stroke related dementia. EMHT was found in 55.6% of patients (n=71). Compared with patients with both EMHT and NHT, EMHT had higher aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI) and AI75 (AI to HR 75 beat/min), ASP (Central aortic systolic pressure) and pulse pressure were also higher in the EMHT. Conclusion: Our study showed that EMHT could have increased stroke related dementia and especial, early morning systolic BP, might be risk factor for cognitive decline. Hence active anti-hypertension treatment benefits in dementia prevention.
Association between Striatal Subregions and Extrastriatal Regions in Dopamine D1 Receptor Expression: A Positron Emission Tomography Study (2012)

The mesencephalic dopamine (DA) system is the main DA system related to affective and cognitive functions. The system consists of two different cell groups, A9 and A10, which originate from different regions of the midbrain. The striatum is the main input from the midbrain, and is functionally organized into associative, sensorimotor and limbic subdivisions. At present, there have been few studies investigating the associations of DA functions between striatal subdivisions and extrastriatal regions. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of DA D(1) receptor (D(1)R) expression between striatal subdivisions and extrastriatal regions in humans using positron emission tomography (PET) with voxel-by-voxel whole brain analysis. The PET study was performed on 30 healthy subjects using [(11)C]SCH23390 to measure D(1)R expression. Parametric images of binding potentials (BP(ND)) were created using the simplified reference tissue model. Regions of interest were defined for striatal subdivisions. Multiple regression analysis was undertaken to determine extrastriatal regions that were associated with each striatal subdivision in BP(ND) using statistical parametric mapping 5. The BP(ND) values of associative, sensorimotor and limbic subdivisions were similarly correlated with those of multiple brain regions. Regarding the interrelationships among striatal subdivisions, mutual correlations were found among associative, sensorimotor and limbic subdivisions in BP(ND) as well. The relationships in BP(ND) between striatal subdivisions and extra-striatal regions suggest that differential striatal subdivisions and extrastriatal regions have a similar biological basis of D(1)R expression. Different DA projections from the midbrain did not explain the associations between striatal subdivisions and extrastriatal regions in D(1)R expression, and the DA-related neural networks among the midbrain, striatum and the other regions would contribute to a similar D(1)R expression pattern throughout the whole brain.
Development of fatigue life evaluation technique using strain gradient parameters (2017)

We developed a new technique for evaluating the fatigue life of welding using strain gradient parameters. These parameters are composed of two parameters. One of them Hε shows the magnitude of the strain concentration points, and the other parameters λε shows the gradient of strain concentration points. These parameters can arrange the fatigue life of welding N in an equation called as face fatigue life. The equation’s basic form is logN=alogHε+bλε+c (a,b,c are constant). In this report, we considered how to use the equation for the design process and showed two efficient use cases. One is the use of logN-logHε with constant λε. This relationship shows the load tolerance and required plate thickness. The other is the use of logN-λε with const Hε. This relationship shows the crack length tolerance and required a radius of curvature of the strain concentration points of welding.
Projectile identification system (2004)

The U.S. Army plans for the needs of future warfare to retain its technological superiority. Future Combat Systems (FCS) is a major effort designed to meet this need. FCS includes multiple automated fire weapons. On current systems, a human typically enters information about each projectile loaded. This is a slow process, placing the soldier and the weapon in danger. Cybernet (through funding by TACOM-ARDEC) has created a vision system that leverages multiple simple and mature image processing techniques to recognize the projectile type as it is loaded into the system's magazine. The system uses a combination of shape detection, color detection, and character identification, along with knowledge of the projectile (such as CAD model, text location, coloring, etc.) to identify the projectile. The system processes the data in real-time, allowing the soldier to load the projectiles as quickly as possible. The system has been designed with a modular recognition framework.
New Process (Jet Cutting Method) for the Production of Spherical Beads from Highly Viscous Polymer Solutions (1998)

Processes for the production of sperical beads distributed uniformly are of major interest for various industries. Up to now no encapsulation process exists that allows the production of small, uniformly distributed beads. In order to resolve this problem the authors have developed a new process. As model fluid they used high viscosity poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions that are able to form gels by freezing-thawing.
Discovery of the First M5-Selective and CNS Penetrant Negative Allosteric Modulator (NAM) of a Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor: (S)-9b-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(3,4-difluorobenzoyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[2,1-a]isoindol-5(9bH)-one (ML375) (2013)

A functional high throughput screen and subsequent multidimensional, iterative parallel synthesis effort identified the first muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) negative allosteric modulator (NAM) selective for the M5 subtype. ML375 is a highly selective M5 NAM with submicromolar potency (human M5 IC50 = 300 nM, rat M5 IC50 = 790 nM, M1-M4 IC50 > 30 μM), excellent multispecies PK, high CNS penetration, and enantiospecific inhibition.
Hepatitis Associated with Herpes Viral Infection in the Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii) (2002)

Herpesvirus infection in tortoises is largely characterized by the development of respiratory clinical signs. Usually lesions develop in the respiratory, oral pharyngeal, intestinal tract and are accompanied by cutaneous and ocular lesions. In chelonids affected by herpesvirus, systemic-type lesions in organs such as the liver and spleen are commonly observed. In this paper we describe a case of multifocal necrotic hepatitis associated with herpesviruses in an adult female land tortoise of the species Testudo horsfieldii. This article is the first description of a viral hepatitis in Testudo spp. with lesions compatible with herpesvirus infection, with no clinical signs or lesions in the respiratory system, oral cavity or other organs.
Sesamin Ingestion Regulates the Transcription Levels of Hepatic Metabolizing Enzymes for Alcohol and Lipids in Rats (2005)

These results suggested that sesamin ingestion regulated the transcription levels of hepatic metabolizing enzymes for alcohol and lipids.
The Highly Recurrent PP2A Aα-Subunit Mutation P179R Alters Protein Structure and Impairs PP2A Enzyme Function to Promote Endometrial Tumorigenesis (2019)

Somatic mutation of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Aα-subunit gene <i>PPP2R1A</i> is highly prevalent in high-grade endometrial carcinoma. The structural, molecular, and biological basis by which the most recurrent endometrial carcinoma-specific mutation site P179 facilitates features of endometrial carcinoma malignancy has yet to be fully determined. Here, we used a series of structural, biochemical, and biological approaches to investigate the impact of the P179R missense mutation on PP2A function. Enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations showed that arginine-to-proline substitution at the P179 residue changes the protein's stable conformation profile. A crystal structure of the tumor-derived PP2A mutant revealed marked changes in A-subunit conformation. Binding to the PP2A catalytic subunit was significantly impaired, disrupting holoenzyme formation and enzymatic activity. Cancer cells were dependent on PP2A disruption for sustained tumorigenic potential, and restoration of wild-type Aα in a patient-derived P179R-mutant cell line restored enzyme function and significantly attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis <i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, small molecule-mediated therapeutic reactivation of PP2A significantly inhibited tumorigenicity <i>in vivo</i>. These outcomes implicate PP2A functional inactivation as a critical component of high-grade endometrial carcinoma disease pathogenesis. Moreover, they highlight PP2A reactivation as a potential therapeutic strategy for patients who harbor P179R <i>PPP2R1A</i> mutations. SIGNIFICANCE: This study characterizes a highly recurrent, disease-specific PP2A <i>PPP2R1A</i> mutation as a driver of endometrial carcinoma and a target for novel therapeutic development.<i>See related commentary by Haines and Huang, p. 4009</i>.
Low molecular weight and highly functional RCF lignin products as a full bisphenol a replacer in bio-based epoxy resins (2021)

Herein, we present a full lignocellulose-to-chemicals valorization chain, wherein low molecular weight and highly functional lignin oligomers, obtained from reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of pine wood, were used to fully replace bisphenol A (BPA) for synthesizing bio-based epoxy resins.
Topographical modification of melanotropin peptide analogs with .beta.-methyltryptophan isomers at position 9 leads to differential potencies and prolonged biological activities (1995)

We have introduced topographical constraints at the 9 position of a superpotent cyclic alpha-melanotropin analogue, Ac-Nle4-Asp5-His6-DPhe7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10-NH2, by incorporating a methyl group at the beta-carbon of Trp9. These studies were performed on the Trp side chain pharmacophore to identify the bioactive topography of the indole moiety with melanocortin MC1 receptors. The four beta-MeTrp9 isomers, in addition to the stereochemical controls L- and DTrp9, were used to probe differential receptor molecular recognition of the tryptophan moiety in two bioassay systems. Approximately a 460-fold difference in potency was observed between the diastereoisomeric peptides in the frog skin bioassay, with only 33- and 10-fold efficacy differences observed in binding and intracellular cAMP accumulation, respectively, on the human melanocortin receptor, hMC1R. The relative orders of potencies in the frog skin bioassay were 2R,3S > 2S,3S = 2R,3R >> 2S,3R and for the hMC1R were 2S,3S > 2R,3R > 2R,3S >> 2S,3R. Of particular interest is the ability of these topographically constrained ligands to differentially affect prolonged biological activity. The 2R,3R diastereoisomeric peptide possessed superprolonged activity, whereas the 2S,3S peptide lacked any residual activity in the frog skin bioassay. However, on the melanocortin receptor, the 2S,3S diastereoisomeric peptide maintained slow dissociation rates (t1/2 = 7 h), while the other diastereoisomeric peptides possessed dissociation t1/2 rates of ca. 2 h. These data strongly implicate ligand-receptor interactions and kinetics as contributing to the observed prolonged biological activities and clearly illustrate topographical recognition differences between these two peripheral MC1 receptors involved in skin pigmentation. This study also demonstrates that topographical modifications of pharmacophore side chain residues, in addition to identifying preferential side chain orientation, can be a useful strategy for the design of peptides to increase the duration of biological activity, relative to the native ligand.
Continuous-wave and Q-switched Nd:YAG fiber lasers (1985)

Single-crystal fibers offer a great potential as low threshold miniature laser sources. This paper illustrates this potential by reporting the characteristics of Nd:YAG fiber oscillators. Fibers were grown by the laser-heated pedestal growth technique. They were made into lasers by (1) mounting several 60-250- µ m diam, 5-15-mm sections in a holder for polishing purposes, (2) polishing and AR coating the ends, (3) placing the fibers in a flat mirror external cavity, and (4) end pumping a fiber through the back mirror with the focused beam of a cw Ar-ion laser (λ = 514.5 nm). Continuous-wave oscillation at 1.06 and 1.32 µ m is demonstrated in over forty fibers, either in a guided or unguided mode. Thresholds as low as 3.5 mW and conversion efficiencies up to 31 % are observed, with output powers as high as 30 mW. Q -switched 1.06- µ m fiber lasers are also demonstrated by mechanically vibrating the back mirror. A typical device output is 70-ns, 50-mW pulses at a 4-kHz rate. The mechanism responsible for residual fiber loss is scattering induced by fiber diameter variations (1-10%). Future devices made of fibers with improved diameter control (-“0.1%) should yield further reduction in threshold and the possibility of monolithic devices.