gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
241 Comprehensive In-vivo Biomechanical Study of IPPs Yields Interesting Results (2018)

Due to the inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) we have seen a new era ushered in the management of erectile dysfunction. A growing interest in the biomechanical properties of IPP is leading to systematic studies of the ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation of the inflated rigidity of the IPP and comparative properties of different implants. This study is a comprehensive in-vivo biomechanical study of the 3 most popular IPPs assessed by longitudinal (column compression), Horizontal (modified cantilever deflection) and flexure (3-point bending) methods. IPPs were surgically placed in three cadavers via an infrapubic approach. The biomechanical measurements were obtained in a bind testing study performed by engineers from Rice University. Two pressures for the implants were chosen and 10 implant conditions were assessed based on mechanical measurements and visual and audio recordings of the analysis. Funding for this study was obtained from Coloplast Corporation. Compression, cantilever, and bend data were acquired for the in vivo IPP. Analysis was assessed based on kink formation in compression, max loading in cantilever testing and 3-point bend testing. Rigidity was also assessed based on plotted slopes indicating stiffness, and the differences in slope change, kinking, and IPP buckling. Data was correlated to vaginal insertion strength, horizontal load strength, and prosthesis rigidity.
Gain-assisted Hybrid-superlens Hyperlens for Nano Imaging (2012)

We propose an innovative active imaging device named gain-assisted hybrid-superlens hyperlens and examine its resolving power theoretically. This semi-cylindrical device consists of a core of semi-cylindrical super-lens and a half cylindrical outer shell of hyperlens. Both the superlens and hyperlens parts of the device are appropriately designed multi-layered metal-dielectric structures having indefinite eigenvalues of dielectric tensors. The dielectric layers of the hyperlens are doped with Coumarin, which play the role of gain medium. The gain medium is analyzed thoroughly using a generic four-level system model, and the permittivity of the gain medium is extracted from this analysis for simulating the imaging characteristics of the device. According to our simulation at wavelength of 365 nm, an excellent resolution power much better than the diffraction limit value can be achieved.
Neon: A Domain-Specific Programming Language for Image Processing (2011)

Neon is a high-level domain-specific programming language for writing efficient image processing programs which can run on ei-ther the CPU or the GPU. End users write Neon programs in a C# programming environment. When the Neon program is executed, our optimizing code generator outputs human-readable source files for either the CPU or GPU. These source files are then added to the user source tree, compiled and executed. When targeting CPUs, the Neon compiler automatically generates highly optimized, mul-tithreaded, vectorized code for processors supporting the SSE in-struction set. For GPU applications, the compiler generates HLSL pixel shaders and the required Direct3D 10 setup code to sequence shader passes. In both cases, the performance of Neon programs rivals of other widely used general purpose image processing sys-tems such as Apple Core Image and Adobe Pixel Bender. In par-ticular, the performance of Neon programs running on the CPU is closer to GPU performance than might be expected from the peak floating-point performance of each architecture.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND BIOGENETIC‐TYPE SYNTHESIS OF ANDRANGININE, AN INDOLE ALKALOID OF A NEW TYPE (1974)

Abstract Precondylocarpinacetat (I) ergibt bei 100°C in Essigsäureäthylester das Alkaloid Andranginin (IV), das mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid zu dem Alkohol (V) reduziert wird Durch Thermolyse von (I) in Gegenwart von Methanol entsteht das Methoxyderivat (VI).
Long-term management of a dog with idiopathic megaesophagus and recurrent aspiration pneumonia by use of an indwelling esophagostomy tube for suction of esophageal content and esophagogastric tube feeding (2016)

A 10-year-old neutered male Labrador Retriever dog was diagnosed with idiopathic megaesophagus. Despite receiving conventional treatments including elevated feeding, the dog showed repeated regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia, consequently developing weight loss and severe malnutrition. For the purpose of controlling regurgitation, an esophagostomy tube was placed for draining the esophageal fluid. Additionally, an esophagogastric tube was placed for nutritional support. After tube placement, the average frequency of regurgitation was reduced from 2.4 times a day to 0.1 times a day. The nutritional state of the dog improved gradually, and the body weight increased from 18.5 to 27.9 kg. The dog died on day 951, and necropsy revealed a gastric ulcer (2.5 cm in diameter), presumably esophagostomy tube-induced injury. This case report suggests that patients with idiopathic megaesophagus and persistent regurgitation might benefit from esophageal drainage through an esophagostomy tube.
Novel Aryl Sulfonamide Derivatives as NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Cancer (2023)

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical component of innate immunity that senses diverse pathogen- and host-derived molecules. However, its aberrant activation has been associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including cancer. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of aryl sulfonamide derivatives (ASDs) to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome. Among these, compounds <b>6c</b>, <b>7n</b>, and <b>10</b> specifically inhibited NLRP3 activation at nanomolar concentrations without affecting the activation of the NLRC4 and AIM2 inflammasomes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these compounds reduce interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production <i>in vivo</i> and attenuate melanoma tumor growth. Moreover, metabolic stability in liver microsomes of <b>6c</b>, <b>7n</b>, and <b>10</b> was studied along with plasma exposure in mice of the most interesting compound <b>6c</b>. Therefore, we generated potent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, which can be considered in future medicinal chemistry and pharmacological studies aimed at developing a new therapeutic approach for NLRP3 inflammasome-driven cancer.
The Japanese Agrarian Reform of 1946 (2002)

This article discusses the reasons why the Japanese Land Reform of 1946 was a success. The interpretation according to which this success was mostly due to the policy of American occupation forces is discarded in favor of a multicausal approach, including socioeconomic relations and pressure for reform applied by farmers, followed by ever-increasing government intervention from the beginning of the 20th century on, a series of factors eventually leading to gradual weakening of landowners’ power.
Structural health monitoring using FFT (2005)

This work is part of an effort to develop smart composite materials that monitor their own health using embedded micro-sensors and local network communication nodes. Here we address the issue of data management through the development of localized processing algorithms. We demonstrate that the two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a useful algorithm due to its hierarchical structure and ability to determine the relative magnitudes of different spatial wavelengths in a material. We investigate different algorithms for implementing the distributed FFT and compare them in terms of computational requirements within a low-power, low-bandwidth network of microprocessors.
Anatomical Characteristics of Three Inbred Lines and Two Maize Synthetics Recurrently selected for High and Low Stalk Crushing Strength1 (1986)

Despite progress in improving maize ( Zea mays L.) stalk strength, stalk lodging is still a problem. Identification of traits associated with stalk strength will aid breeders in selecting for lodging resistance and improving maize stalk quality. Anatomical features of stalks of two Missouri synthetic populations (MoSQA and MoSQB) were examined to identify those traits most closely associated with stalk strength. Cycles (C 6 low = sixth cycle of selection for low crushing strength, C 6 high = sixth cycle of selection for high crushing strength, and C 10 high = 10th cycle of selection for high crushing strength) and the original population (C 0 ) of each synthetic were grown 37 064 and 74 129 plants ha ‐1 at Newark and Georgetown, DE. Stalks of MoSQA had significantly more vascular bundles (C 6 low = 338.7, C 0 = 375.9, C 6 high = 362.7, and C 10 high = 368.2) than stalks of MoSQB (C 6 low = 281.2, C 0 = 304.9, C 6 high = 304.4, and C 10 high = 317.9). Rind vascular bundles of MoSQA stalks were composed of bundle‐sheaths with significantly larger proportional areas (C 6 low = 82.54%, C 0 = 80.51%, C 6 high = 84.05%, and C 10 high = 84.34%) than the rind vascular bundle‐sheaths of MoSQB stalks (C 6 low = 79.79%, C 0 = 81.37%, C 6 high = 80.81%, and C 10 high = 80.79%). Stalks of MoSQB had a significantly larger proportion of hypodermal cell‐wall area (C 6 low = 76.11%, C 0 81.57%, C 6 high = 82.33%, and C 10 high = 87.42%) compared to stalks of MoSQA (C 6 low = 64.32%, C 0 = 75.29%, C 6 high 72.04%, and C 10 high = 75.10%). Anatomical differences between synthetics suggest that MoSQA and MoSQB maintain stalk strength through different struictural compositions. Hypodermal cell‐wall area and rind‐parenchyma interlumen thickness significantly increased with selection for high crushing strength for both synthetics. The increase in rind‐parenchyma interlnmen thickness with selection for high crushing strength is an important consequence of selection given the large area of the maize stalk rind composed of parenchyma cells. Examination of stalk cross‐sections of greenhouse‐grown‐strong, intermediate‐strong, and weak‐stalk inbred lines (DE811, Wf9, and L317, respectively) revealed anatomical rind component differences. Ear‐leaf midrib anatomy reflects rind differences and midribshow promise as a nondestructive selection screen for developing inbred lines and hybrids with stronger stalks to reduce lodging.
Interference between wave modes may contribute to the apparent negative dispersion observed in cancellous bone (2008)

Previous work has shown that ultrasonic waves propagating through cancellous bone often exhibit a linear-with-frequency attenuation coefficient, but a decrease in phase velocity with frequency (negative dispersion) that is inconsistent with the causality-imposed Kramers-Kronig relations. In the current study, interfering wave modes similar to those observed in bone are shown to potentially contribute to the observed negative dispersion. Biot theory, the modified Biot-Attenborogh model, and experimental results are used to aid in simulating multiple-mode wave propagation through cancellous bone. Simulations entail constructing individual wave modes exhibiting a positive dispersion using plausible velocities and amplitudes, and then summing the individual modes to create mixed-mode output wave forms. Results of the simulations indicate that mixed-mode wave forms can exhibit negative dispersion when analyzed conventionally under the assumption that only one wave is present, even when the individual interfering waves exhibit positive dispersions in accordance with the Kramers-Kronig relations. Furthermore, negative dispersion is observed when little or no visual evidence of interference exists in the time-domain data. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the observed negative dispersion could aid in determining the true material properties of cancellous bone, as opposed to the apparent properties measured using conventional data analysis techniques.
Structural origins for selectivity and specificity in an engineered bacterial repressor–inducer pair (2009)

The bacterial tetracycline transcription regulation system mediated by the tetracycline repressor (TetR) is widely used to study gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. To study multiple genes in parallel, a triple mutant TetR(K 64 L 135 I 138 ) has been engineered that is selectively induced by the synthetic tetracycline derivative 4‐de‐dimethylamino‐anhydrotetracycline (4‐ddma‐atc) and no longer by tetracycline, the inducer of wild‐type TetR. In the present study, we report the crystal structure of TetR(K 64 L 135 I 138 ) in the absence and in complex with 4‐ddma‐atc at resolutions of 2.1 Å. Analysis of the structures in light of the available binding data and previously reported TetR complexes allows for a dissection of the origins of selectivity and specificity. In all crystal structures solved to date, the ligand‐binding position, as well as the positioning of the residues lining the binding site, is extremely well conserved, irrespective of the chemical nature of the ligand. Selective recognition of 4‐ddma‐atc is achieved through fine‐tuned hydrogen‐bonding constraints introduced by the His64→Lys substitution, as well as a combination of hydrophobic effect and the removal of unfavorable electrostatic interactions through the introduction of Leu135 and Ile138.
Detection of American Football Head Impacts Using Biomechanical Features and Support Vector Machine Classification (2017)

Accumulation of head impacts may contribute to acute and long-term brain trauma. Wearable sensors can measure impact exposure, yet current sensors do not have validated impact detection methods for accurate exposure monitoring. Here we demonstrate a head impact detection method that can be implemented on a wearable sensor for detecting field football head impacts. Our method incorporates a support vector machine classifier that uses biomechanical features from the time domain and frequency domain, as well as model predictions of head-neck motions. The classifier was trained and validated using instrumented mouthguard data from collegiate football games and practices, with ground truth data labels established from video review. We found that low frequency power spectral density and wavelet transform features (10~30 Hz) were the best performing features. From forward feature selection, fewer than ten features optimized classifier performance, achieving 87.2% sensitivity and 93.2% precision in cross-validation on the collegiate dataset (n = 387), and over 90% sensitivity and precision on an independent youth dataset (n = 32). Accurate head impact detection is essential for studying and monitoring head impact exposure on the field, and the approach in the current paper may help to improve impact detection performance on wearable sensors.
Whole Body Vibration Treatments in Postmenopausal Women Can Improve Bone Mineral Density: Results of a Stimulus Focussed Meta-Analysis (2016)

Whole body vibration treatment is a non-pharmacological intervention intended to stimulate muscular response and increase bone mineral density, particularly for postmenopausal women. The literature related to this topic is controversial, heterogeneous, and unclear despite the prospect of a major clinical effect.The aim of this study was to identify and systematically review the literature to assess the effect of whole body vibration treatments on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with a specific focus on the experimental factors that influence the stimulus. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including 527 postmenopausal women and different vibration delivery designs. Cumulative dose, amplitudes and frequency of treatments as well as subject posture during treatment vary widely among studies. Some of the studies included an associated exercise training regime. Both randomized and controlled clinical trials were included. Whole body vibration was shown to produce significant BMD improvements on the hip and spine when compared to no intervention. Conversely, treatment associated with exercise training resulted in negligible outcomes when compared to exercise training or to placebo. Moreover, side-alternating platforms were more effective in improving BMD values than synchronous platforms and mechanical oscillations of magnitude higher than 3 g and/or frequency lower than 25 Hz were also found to be effective. Treatments with a cumulative dose over 1000 minutes in the follow-up period were correlated to positive outcomes.Our conclusion is that whole body vibration treatments in elderly women can reduce BMD decline.However, many factors (e.g., amplitude, frequency and subject posture) affect the capacity of the vibrations to propagate to the target site; the adequate level of stimulation required to produce these effects has not yet been defined. Further biomechanical analyses to predict the propagation of the vibration waves along the body and assess the stimulation levels are required.
Freeze‐fracture of lipids and model membrane systems (1989)

Model membrane systems are used extensively in all aspects of membrane research, and freeze-fracture is the preeminent procedure for directly visualizing local structure in these lipid dispersions. Here we describe in detail the formation of liposomes and how freeze-fracture is routinely employed as a complementary technique to biophysical and biochemical procedures in the characterization of multilamellar vesicles (most commonly known as liposomes) and unilamellar vesicles. Many preparative procedures exist for the formation of multi- and unilamellar vesicles. Examples of each system are given and their properties as well as freeze-fracture morphology are discussed. The detection of lipid-phase transitions is considered, in particular, with emphasis on the application of freeze-fracture to the study of lipid polymorphism. We briefly discuss the fracturing of apolar lipids which do not adopt bilayer structures but which can be stabilized into microemulsions by a phospholipid monolayer. Finally, a critical assessment is made of filipin as a morphological marker for cholesterol domains in the plane of the bilayer.
A new synthesis of 1-phenylthio- and 1-alkylamino-4-nitrobuta-1,3-dienes (1996)

A new synthesis of push-pull dienes such as 4-nitro-1-phenylthiopenta-1,3-diene 4 and 1-dialkylamino-4-nitropenta-1,3-diene 5, is described. The X-ray crystal analysis shows that 4-nitro-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)penta-1,3-diene 5a is essentially planar in an E,E-configuration with r(C–C)= 1.42(1)Å and r(CC)= 1.35(1) and 1.371(9)Å. Compounds 5 showed a large solvatochromic effects similar to that of merocyanine dyes. Molecule 5a exhibits second harmonic generation (SHG) activity whose efficiency is 2.5 times that of urea (determined by a powder method at 1064 nm). For 5a, the molecular nonlinearity µβ is estimated to be 1200 × 10–48 esu which is calculated from the Pockel coefficient (r33) determined by electrooptic measurements of poled polymers of 5a in poly(methyl methacrylate) at 1300 nm. This value is relatively large for such small conjugated molecules, where donors and acceptors are bridged by only 4π electron systems.
Improving on-device speaker verification using federated learning with\n privacy (2020)

Information on speaker characteristics can be useful as side information in\nimproving speaker recognition accuracy. However, such information is often\nprivate. This paper investigates how privacy-preserving learning can improve a\nspeaker verification system, by enabling the use of privacy-sensitive speaker\ndata to train an auxiliary classification model that predicts vocal\ncharacteristics of speakers. In particular, this paper explores the utility\nachieved by approaches which combine different federated learning and\ndifferential privacy mechanisms. These approaches make it possible to train a\ncentral model while protecting user privacy, with users' data remaining on\ntheir devices. Furthermore, they make learning on a large population of\nspeakers possible, ensuring good coverage of speaker characteristics when\ntraining a model. The auxiliary model described here uses features extracted\nfrom phrases which trigger a speaker verification system. From these features,\nthe model predicts speaker characteristic labels considered useful as side\ninformation. The knowledge of the auxiliary model is distilled into a speaker\nverification system using multi-task learning, with the side information labels\npredicted by this auxiliary model being the additional task. This approach\nresults in a 6% relative improvement in equal error rate over a baseline\nsystem.\n
Development of P assive I mmunotherapies for S ynucleinopathies (2015)

Immunotherapy using antibodies targeting alpha-synuclein has proven to be an effective strategy for ameliorating pathological and behavioral deficits induced by excess pathogenic alpha-synuclein in various animal and/or cellular models. However, the process of selecting the anti-alpha-synuclein antibody with the best potential to treat synucleinopathies in humans is not trivial. Critical to this process is a better understanding of the pathological processes involved in the synucleinopathies and how antibodies are able to influence these. We will give an overview of the first proof-of-concept studies in rodent disease models and discuss challenges associated with developing antibodies against alpha-synuclein resulting from the distribution and structural characteristics of the protein. We will also provide a status on the passive immunization approaches targeting alpha-synuclein that have entered, or are expected to enter, clinical evaluation.
Treatment with G-CSF reduces acute myeloid leukemia blast viability in the presence of bone marrow stroma (2015)

These ex vivo results would provide a biological basis to data available from studies showing a clinical benefit with the use of G-CSF as a priming agent in patients with a chemosensitive AML and would support implementation of further studies exploring new strategies of chemotherapy priming in AML.
An atom efficient route to N-aryl and N-alkyl pyrrolines by transition metal catalysis (2011)

The synthesis of N-aryl, N-tosyl, and N-alkyl pyrrolines from allyl alcohols and amines has been developed. The reaction sequence includes a palladium-catalyzed allylation step in which non-manipulated allyl alcohol is used to generate the diallylated amine in good to excellent yield. An excess of allyl alcohol was necessary for efficient diallylation of the amine, where the excess alcohol could be recycled three times. For aryl and tosyl amines, Pd[P(OPh)(3)](4) was used and for benzyl and alkyl amines a catalytic system comprising Pd(OAc)(2), P(n)Bu(3), and BEt(3) was used. Both the electronic properties and the steric influence of the amine affected the efficiency of the allylation. The isolated diallylated amines were transformed into their corresponding pyrrolines by ring-closing metathesis catalyzed by (H(2)IMes)(PCy(3))Cl(2)RuCHPh in good to excellent yield. A one-pot reaction was developed in which aniline was transformed into the corresponding pyrroline without isolating the diallylated intermediate. This one-pot reaction was successfully scaled-up to 1 mL of aniline in which the N-phenyl pyrroline was isolated in 95% yield. The versatility of the reaction in which 3-methyl-1-phenyl pyrroline was prepared in two-steps was demonstrated.
X-ray wavefront analysis and optics characterization with a grating interferometer (2005)

We present an interferometric method to measure the shape of a hard-x-ray wavefront. The interferometer consists of a phase grating as a beam splitter and an absorption grating as a transmission mask for the detector. The device can be used to measure wavefront shape gradients corresponding to radii of curvature as large as several dozens of meters, with a lateral resolution of a few microns. This corresponds to detected wavefront distortions of approximately 10−12m or λ∕100⁠. The device was used with 12.4 keV x rays to measure the slope error and height profile of an x-ray mirror. Surface slope variations with periods ranging from less than 1 mm to more than 1 m can be detected with an accuracy better than 0.1μrad⁠.