gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pituitary and Testicular Function in Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Knockout Mice * (1999)

The role of GH in the control of pituitary and testicular function is poorly understood. GH receptor gene knockout (GHR-KO) mice were recently produced. As these mice are good experimental animals to assess the influence of the effects of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the present studies were undertaken. Young adult male GHR-KO mice and their normal siblings were tested for fertility and subsequently injected (i.p.) with saline or GnRH (1 ng/g BW) in saline. Fifteen minutes later, blood was obtained via heart puncture. Plasma IGF-I, PRL, LH, and testosterone concentrations were measured by RIAs. In addition, the testicular testosterone response to LH treatment was evaluated in vitro. The results indicate that the absence of GH receptors (GHRs) was associated with an increase (P < 0.005) in plasma PRL levels, and circulating IGF-I was not detectable. Although the basal plasma LH levels were similar in GHR-KO mice relative to those in their normal siblings, the circulating LH response to GnRH treatment was significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated. Plasma testosterone levels were unaffected by disruption of the GHR gene. However, basal (P < 0.01) and LH-stimulated (P < 0.001) testosterone release from the isolated testes of GHR-KO mice were decreased. The rate of fertility in GHR-KO male mice was also reduced. These results indicate that the lack of GHRs (with GH resistance and lack of IGF-I secretion) induces hyperprolactinemia and alters the effect of GnRH on LH secretion as well as testicular function. Thus, GH and IGF-I influence pituitary and gonadal functions in male mice.
Ionic liquid-containing cathodes empowering ceramic solid electrolytes (2022)

Although ceramic solid electrolytes, such as Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LLZO), are promising candidates to replace conventional liquid electrolytes for developing safe and high-energy-density solid-state Li-metal batteries, the large interfacial resistance between cathodes and ceramic solid electrolytes severely limits their practical application. Here we developed an ionic liquid (IL)-containing while nonfluidic quasi-solid-state LiCoO<sub>2</sub> (LCO) composite cathode, which can maintain good contact with an Al-doped LLZO (Al-LLZO) ceramic electrolyte. Accordingly the interfacial resistance between LCO and Al-LLZO was significantly decreased. Quasi-solid-state LCO/Al-LLZO/Li cells demonstrated relatively high capacity retention of about 80% after 100 cycles at 60°C. The capacity decay was mainly because of the instability of the IL. Nevertheless, the IL-containing LCO cathode enabled the use of Al-LLZO as a solid electrolyte in a simple and practical way. Identifying a suitable IL is critical for the development of quasi-solid-state Li-metal batteries with a ceramic solid electrolyte.
TDNetGen: An Open-Source, Parametrizable, Large-Scale, Transmission, and Distribution Test System (2017)

In this paper, an open-source MATLAB toolbox is presented that is able to generate synthetic, combined transmission, and distribution network models. These can be used to analyse the interactions between transmission and multiple distribution systems, such as the provision of ancillary services by active distribution grids, the co-optimization of planning and operation, the development of emergency control and protection schemes spanning over different voltage levels, the analysis of combined market aspects, etc. The generated test-system models are highly customizable, providing the user with the flexibility to easily choose the desired characteristics, such as the level of renewable energy penetration, the size of the final system, etc.
Edge measurements during ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequency) heating on the PLT (Princeton Large Torus) tokamak (1989)

Edge measurements have been conducted on the PLT tokamak under a variety of operating conditions in order to ascertain the relevant processes at work in coupling rf power to plasmas. The edge density is found to increase significantly with the application of ICRF, and electron heating occurs in the vicinity of the Faraday shield surrounding the antenna. Spectroscopic measurements indicate that the energized antenna is a significant particle source. The relative increase of metallic impurities was found to be /approximately/2.7 times larger than the corresponding increase in deuterium. In addition, the relative increase of deuterium and impurities was /approximately/3--4 times greater at the energized antenna than at other locations around the torus. Model calculations show that for deuterium released from the Faraday shield, the D/sub ..cap alpha../ emission is localized radially to a region within 4 cm of the antenna. A correlation was found between the edge density and the D/sub ..cap alpha../ intensity that justifies its use as a measure of the particle source rate. 26 refs., 14 figs.
Aortic Valve Replacement With the Freestyle Stentless Bioprosthesis (1999)

Background —Stentless aortic valves were designed to provide a more physiological flow pattern and lower transvalvular gradient, which may have an important bearing on postoperative left ventricular function and remodeling. In this study, we prospectively analyzed the 5-year clinical results with the Freestyle valve (Medtronic, Inc) and its hemodynamic performance by serial echocardiography. Methods and Results —Between January 1993 and August 1997, 95 patients with a mean age of 75 years underwent aortic valve replacement with the Freestyle prosthesis. Sixty-four percent of patients received valves ≤23 mm, and 37% had concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Average follow-up was 44±18 months (mean±SD), and echocardiography was performed preoperatively, at discharge, at 3 to 6 months, and annually thereafter. The 30-day operative mortality rate was 3%, with an overall actuarial survival rate of 80±6% (mean±SEM) at 5 years. Of the 10 late deaths, only 2 were cardiac related, thereby yielding a freedom from cardiac mortality of 94±3% after 5 years. No patient required reoperation on the aortic valve for any reason, including structural degeneration, nonstructural dysfunction, or prosthetic valve endocarditis. There were 9 thromboembolic and 3 anticoagulant-related bleeding events, none of which was fatal. The actuarial freedom from valve-related morbidity and mortality was 79±4% at 5 years. Hemodynamically, the mean transvalvular gradient significantly decreased after valve replacement and was reduced further by 41% by 6 months with a corresponding increase in effective orifice area. Left ventricular mass index fell to 75% of the preoperative value by 2 years. Conclusions —The Freestyle stentless valve can be implanted safely in the elderly with excellent midterm clinical results. It has superb hemodynamics in terms of residual transvalvular gradient, effective orifice area, and regression of left ventricular hypertrophy.
Cations Mediate B-DNA Conformational Heterogeneity (2000)

We demonstrate that DNA conformation is sensitive to cationic environment. We describe a high resolution (1.2 Å) potassium form of CGCGAATTCGCG, determined from crystals grown in the presence of spermine and magnesium, along with potassium. The structure was refined with anisotropic displacement-factors by SHELX-97 to an R-factor of 13.9%. A comparison of this structure with others, reveals that the conformation of CGCGAATTCGCG varies in direct response to cation type and position. The DNA conformation in the presence of excess magnesium differs from the conformation in the presence of excess spermine. Divalent cations near the minor groove sequester into the lip, which is the region between opposing phosphate groups. Minor groove width is sensitive to, and can be predicted by, cation positions. It appears that minor groove narrowing is facilitated by interactions of cations with opposing phosphate groups.
Controllers tuning in a power-split continuously variable transmission (2003)

The problem considered in this paper is the tuning of the control system of a power-split Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) used in high-power tractors. Power-Split CVTs are characterized by the combination of a traditional (discontinuous) mechanical transmission and by a continuously-variable transmission. This guarantees, at the same time, smooth variations of the transmission-ratio and high efficiency of the overall transmission system.
Template effects in chelating polymers (1982)

Abstract Poly(4′‐methyl‐4‐vinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) has been prepared as have various copolymers with divinylbenzene. When polymerization is carried out in the presence of metal ions (Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ ) a metal‐containing copolymer is obtained which, when the metal ion is removed with acid, retains some memory of the original chelating metal.
Homeland Security (2004)

"Homeland security" is a major concern for governments worldwide, which must protect their populations and the critical infrastructures that support them. Information technology plays an important role in many homeland security initiatives. On one hand, it can help mitigate risk and enable effective responses to disasters of natural or human origin. Yet, its suitability for this role is plagued by questions ranging from dependability concerns to the risks that some technologies, such as surveillance, profiling and data aggregation, pose to privacy and civil liberties. On the other hand, information technology is itself an infrastructure to be protected. This includes not only the Internet and financial infrastructure but also the complex systems that control critical infrastructure such as energy, transportation, and manufacturing.
FOAM BUBBLE SIZE MEASURED USING IMAGE ANALYSIS BEFORE AND AFTER PASSAGE THROUGH A POROUS MEDIUM (1989)

ABSTRACT This work examines the flow of foams through porous materials by characterizing the foam bubble sizes before and after injection through a porous medium. Foam cell sizes are measured using an image analysis system and software developed in our laboratory. Glass mats are used as the porous medium, and foam is forced to flow through a mat at a specified porosity under a constant driving pressure. Results indicated that the size of the bubbles exiting the porous mat was independent of the bubble size of the foam entering the mat and dependent on the average pore size of the medium. Results are also presented which demonstrate the effect of foam quality on the bubble size.
Age-related macular degeneration and progression of coronary artery calcium: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2018)

The presence of AMD in a diverse population without known clinical CVD independently predicted higher 10-year CAC progression in participants with baseline CAC >0. The retinal exam might be a useful tool for pre-clinical assessment and prevention of CVD events.
Metastatic breast cancer: preliminary results with oral hormonal therapy. (1985)

Hormonal therapy is very effective in the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Response to various therapies leads to improved quality of life and prolonged survival. This clinical trial compared two commonly utilized additive hormonal agents, tamoxifen citrate and megestrol acetate (Megace). Preliminary data indicate equal efficacy and equal toxicity of these two hormones and suggests that both are suitable for first-line hormonal treatment of stage IV breast cancer.
Three-Dimensional Printable Sodium Carbonate Composite Sorbents for Efficient Biogas Upgrading (2020)

We have developed a new class of sodium carbonate/silicone composite sorbents that selectively capture carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and can purify biogas to natural gas pipeline-quality biomethane. These nontoxic composites can be three-dimensionally printed or extruded at low costs, can have high specific CO<sub>2</sub> sorption rates (in excess of 5 μmol s<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup> bar<sup>-1</sup>) and high selectivity due to their chemical mechanism, and can be regenerated with low-energy air stripping. Therefore, these composite sorbents combine the high selectivity of liquid sorbents with the high specific sorption rates and low regeneration energies found in many solid sorbents. We characterized these composite sorbents with X-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, we measured composite sorption capacities of up to 0.62 mol CO<sub>2</sub> kg<sup>-1</sup> and recorded breakthrough curves in a flow-through, fixed-bed reactor using both simulated biogas and locally sourced industrial biogas. Additional tests of the composite sorbent were carried out with pure CO<sub>2</sub> in a sealed pressure drop apparatus. This experimental data was used to validate a numerical model of the setup and to simulate an industrial-scale biogas upgrading process. Finally, we performed a preliminary technoeconomic analysis for this upgrading process and found that this composite sorbent can upgrade biogas at a lower cost (∼$0.97 per GJ) than other currently implemented techniques.
40 GHz Phase Shifter based on Semiconductor Laser (2008)

This investigation experimentally demonstrates a 40 GHz phase shifter based on a semiconductor laser. The phase shift is achieved by adjusting the bias current and wavelength detuning. The device has an optical delay of 23 ps and a phase shift of about 331°.
Understanding α,β-Unsaturated Imine Formation from Amine Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones: An Analytical and Theoretical Investigation (2014)

A combination of in situ IR spectroscopy (ReactIR) and DFT calculations have been used to understand what factors govern the selectivity in the addition of primary amines to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, i.e., 1,2- versus 1,4-addition. It has been found that the 1,2-addition products (α,β-unsaturated imines following addition and elimination) usually predominate for most systems. However, exceptions, such as methyl vinyl ketone, selectively give 1,4-addition products. This has been rationalized by DFT calculations that show that major conformational effects are involved, controlled mainly by steric effects of carbonyl substituents, resulting in a model that provides simple and predictable preparation of α,β-unsaturated imines for in situ utilization in synthesis.
Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase: Substrate Isosteres in Which an (E)- or (Z)-Alkene Replaces the Prolyl Peptide Bond (2016)

Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (CP4Hs) catalyze a prevalent posttranslational modification, the hydroxylation of (2S)-proline residues in protocollagen strands. The ensuing (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline residues are necessary for the conformational stability of the collagen triple helix. Prolyl peptide bonds isomerize between cis and trans isomers, and the preference of the enzyme is unknown. We synthesized alkene isosteres of the cis and trans isomers to probe the conformational preferences of human CP4H1. We discovered that the presence of a prolyl peptide bond is necessary for catalysis. The cis isostere is, however, an inhibitor with a potency greater than that of the trans isostere, suggesting that the cis conformation of a prolyl peptide bond is recognized preferentially. Comparative studies with a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P4H, which has a similar catalytic domain but lacks an N-terminal substrate-binding domain, showed a similar preference for the cis isostere. These findings support the hypothesis that the catalytic domain of CP4Hs recognizes the cis conformation of the prolyl peptide bond and inform the use of alkenes as isosteres for peptide bonds.
Detection of concealed cars in complex cargo X-ray imagery using Deep Learning (2017)

We believe that this level of performance suggests that the method is suitable for deployment in the field. It is expected that the generic object detection workflow described can be extended to other object classes given the availability of suitable training data.
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase-positive rat hepatocytes are protected from GSH depletion, oxidative stress and reversible alteration of collagen receptors (1990)

The aim of this study has been to define cytotoxic mechanisms that may cause clonal expansion in the liver of pre-carcinogenic cells. An in vitro model, which has been described previously, was used. Hepatocytes were isolated from carcinogen-treated rats and a high proportion of the cells were gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive. The cells were incubated in suspension and exposed to toxic agents in concentrations that induced a moderate increase in cellular leakage within 3 h. Samples were withdrawn and sampled cells were then allowed to attach to collagen-coated plates. Attached cells were stained and the ratio of GGT-positive/GGT-negative cells (GGT-ratio) was determined. The initial GGT-ratio was 10.4 +/- 4.7% and an increased ratio was taken as a sign of toxicity that resulted in a selection of GGT-positive cells. In a first series of experiments it was shown that hydroquinone and menadione increase the GGT-ratio, while diquat, sodium selenite, diethyl maleate or phorone do not. However, diethyl maleate in combination with diquat increased the GGT-ratio. Hydrogen peroxide (5 mM) increased the GGT-ratio as effectively as hydroquinone (0.3 mM). Lower concentrations of H2O2 (0.05 mM) increased the GGT-ratio in GSH-depleted cells. The changes induced by hydroquinone and H2O2 in low concentration were reversible. In another series of experiments, plates coated with antibodies against beta 1-integrin were used. An increase in the GGT-ratio was obtained with anti beta 1-integrin, but not with broad spectrum anti-rat hepatocyte or anti-rat beta 2-microglobulin antibodies as substrata. These data suggested an involvement of the beta 1-integrin in the selection. Taken together, these data indicate that GGT-positive hepatocytes are protected against GSH depletion and oxidative stress that may result in reversible receptor alterations.
In Silico Metabolic Model and Protein Expression of Haemophilus influenzae Strain Rd KW20 in Rich Medium (2004)

The intermediary metabolism of Haemophilus influenzae strain Rd KW20 was studied by a combination of protein expression analysis using a recently developed direct proteomics approach, mutational analysis, and mathematical modeling. Special emphasis was placed on carbon utilization, sugar fermentation, TCA cycle, and electron transport of H. influenzae cells grown microaerobically and anaerobically in a rich medium. The data indicate that several H. influenzae metabolic proteins similar to Escherichia coli proteins, known to be regulated by low concentrations of oxygen, were well expressed in both growth conditions in H. influenzae. An in silico model of the H. influenzae metabolic network was used to study the effects of selective deletion of certain enzymatic steps. This allowed us to define proteins predicted to be essential or non-essential for cell growth and to address numerous unresolved questions about intermediary metabolism of H. influenzae. Comparison of data from in vivo protein expression with the protein list associated with a genome-scale metabolic model showed significant coverage of the known metabolic proteome. This study demonstrates the significance of an integrated approach to the characterization of H. influenzae metabolism.
A temperature compensated soil specific calibration approach for frequency domain soil moisture sensors for in-situ agricultural applications (2021)

Dielectric based capacitive soil moisture sensors are widely used because of their affordability and ease of use. We propose a simple temperature compensated soil specific in-field calibration method for frequency-domain soil moisture sensors and is implemented using the in-house developed soil moisture sensors. The proposed approach produces two different look-up table based calibration models, one corresponding to 22° C and another corresponding to 32° C. The sensor output frequency is mapped to the soil moisture with the help of linear interpolation using both the models whenever the soil temperature is in the range of 22° C - 32° C. If the soil temperature is outside this range, the calibration model closer to the temperature is used for soil moisture measurements. With the proposed calibration approach, the maximum difference between the gravimetric soil moisture and the measured values is observed as 3 % in comparison with the conventional oven-dry laboratory calibration approach, a labour-intensive method. Field experiments were carried out for five consecutive days using a wireless sensor network consisting of 3 sensor nodes where each node reported its sensor data every 3 hours. The field measurements with the proposed calibration approach showed a maximum deviation of 3.17% in comparison with gravimetric measurements.
Structure of the Aqueous Solvated Electron from Resonance Raman Spectroscopy:  Lessons from Isotopic Mixtures (2003)

The structure and thermodynamics of the hydrated electron are probed with resonance Raman spectroscopy of isotopic mixtures of H(2)O and D(2)O. The strongly enhanced intramolecular bends of e(-)(H(2)O) and e(-)(D(2)O) produce single downshifted bands, whereas the e(-)(HOD) bend consists of two components: one slightly upshifted from the 1,446 cm(-1) bulk frequency to 1,457 cm(-1) and the other strongly downshifted to approximately 1,396 cm(-1). This 60 cm(-1) split and the 200 (120) cm(-1) downshifts of the OH (OD) stretch frequencies relative to bulk water reveal that the water molecules that are Franck-Condon coupled to the electron are in an asymmetric environment, with one proton forming a strong hydrogen bond to the electron. The downshifted bend and librational frequencies also indicate significantly weakened torsional restoring forces on the water molecules of e(-)(aq), which suggests that the outlying proton is a poor hydrogen bond donor to the surrounding solvent. A 1.6-fold thermodynamic preference of the electron for H(2)O is observed based on the relative intensities of the e(-)(H(2)O) and e(-)(D(2)O) bands in a 50:50 isotopic mixture. This equilibrium isotope effect is consistent with the downshifted vibrational frequencies and a relative reduction of the zero-point energy of H(2)O bound to the electron. Our results enhance the cavity model of the solvated electron and support only those models that contain water monomers as opposed to other molecular species.
Effect of cyclosporin A and dexamethasone on interleukin 2 receptor gene expression. (1986)

Here we demonstrate that CsA and DEX, at concentrations that markedly inhibited PHA-induced proliferation and IL 2 mRNA accumulation, partially diminished the expression of receptors for IL 2 on PBMC. This inhibition of IL 2 receptor expression occurred at a pretranslational level and involved a reduction in both high affinity and low affinity forms of the receptor. Although both CsA and DEX inhibited IL 2 receptor expression by about 50%, only CsA blocked the PHA-mediated induction of IL 2 responsivity in PBMC cultures. These data provide evidence that 1) CsA and DEX suppress the proliferation of T lymphocytes through distinct (though perhaps overlapping) mechanisms, 2) CsA (but not DEX) blocks the PHA-mediated induction of signals necessary for T cells to become capable of proliferating in response to IL 2, and 3) T cells regulate the expression of their genes for IL 2 and IL 2 receptors, at least in part, through independent mechanisms.