gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis of defects and tactoids during isotropic–nematic phase transition in self-assembled lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (2013)

We explore the structure of nuclei and topological defects in the first-order phase transition between the nematic (N) and isotropic (I) phases in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs). The LCLCs are formed by self-assembled molecular aggregates of various lengths and show a broad biphasic region. The defects emerge as a result of two mechanisms: (1) surface-anisotropy that endows each N nucleus ('tactoid') with topological defects thanks to preferential (tangential) orientation of the director at the closed I-N interface, and (2) Kibble mechanism with defects forming when differently oriented N tactoids merge with each other. Different scenarios of phase transition involve positive (N-in-I) and negative (I-in-N) tactoids with nontrivial topology of the director field and also multiply connected tactoid-in-tactoid configurations. The closed I-N interface limiting a tactoid shows a certain number of cusps; the lips of the interface on the opposite sides of the cusp make an angle different from π. The N side of each cusp contains a point defect-boojum. The number of cusps shows how many times the director becomes perpendicular to the I-N interface when one circumnavigates the closed boundary of the tactoid. We derive conservation laws that connect the number of cusps c to the topological strength m of defects in the N part of the simply connected and multiply connected tactoids. We demonstrate how the elastic anisotropy of the N phase results in non-circular shape of the disclination cores. A generalized Wulff construction is used to derive the shape of I and N tactoids as a function of I-N interfacial tension anisotropy in the approximation of frozen director field of various topological charges m. The complex shapes and structures of tactoids and topological defects demonstrate an important role of surface anisotropy in morphogenesis of phase transitions in liquid crystals.
Synthesis of Lasofoxifene, Nafoxidine and Their Positional Isomers via the Novel Three-Component Coupling Reaction (2010)

A Lewis acid-mediated three-component coupling reaction was successfully applied for the synthesis of lasofoxifene (1), nafoxidine (2), and their positional isomers, inv-lasofoxifene (3) and inv-nafoxidine (4). In the presence of HfCl4, the desired one-pot coupling reaction among 4-pivaloyloxybenzaldehyde (5), cinnamyltrimethylsilane (6), and anisole proceeded to afford the corresponding 3,4,4-triaryl-1-butene 7 in high yield. The iodocarbocyclization of the coupling product and the successive elimination of hydrogen iodide forming the olefin part, followed by the migration of the double-bond afforded the common synthetic intermediate of lasofoxifene (1) and nafoxidine (2) via a very concise procedure. Additionally, the syntheses of their positional isomers inv-lasofoxifene (3) and inv-nafoxidine (4) were also achieved through very convenient protocols.
Bioelectrodes modified with chitosan for long-term energy supply from the body (2015)

We demonstrate that the use of a Chit–MWCNT matrix, fabricated by mechanical compression, allows construction of a biocompatible enzymatic biocathode which remains operational after more than five months <italic>in vivo</italic> (retaining 50% of its initial electrocatalytic activity).
Texture from Touch (2015)

Texture from touch refers to the processing of information about surface material and microgeometry obtained from tactile exploration. Though textural information can be obtained both visually (Heller 1989) and auditorily (Lederman 1979), touch yields much finer and more complex textural information than do the other sensory modalities.
Tailoring Management of Tomato Production to ENSO Phase at Different Scales (2006)

The opportunity to benefit from climate prediction arises from the intersection of human vulnerability, climate predictability, and decision capacity. Climate forecasts, like other technical innovations, are not an unambiguous boon to growers. Florida's tomato industry was shown vulnerable to predictable climate variability. This industry is characterized by a small number of decision makers who may have profound influence on aggregate supply, prices, grower's decision capacity, and potential benefits of climate predictions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential benefits of ENSO forecast information as a function of the scale of adoption. Using a participatory approach, biophysical modeling, and economic modeling, we estimated the value of ENSO forecasts at the field, farm, and regional scales for Florida's fresh tomato production. Simulated yield reductions in El Nio years relative to neutral years (~20%) compared closely with historical results (~23%). At the field scale, we showed that growers can adjust planting dates to reduce negative impacts of El Nio on yields and increase productivity during La Nia years. Adoption of climate forecast can help growers increase income and reduce costs at the farm scale. At the regional scale, the aggregate forecast value to producers increased with increasing adoption. However, our simulation results suggest that widespread forecast adoption can offset and perhaps eliminate the benefits of forecast adoption to individual tomato growers. Climate forecasts are an emerging technical innovation that may improve productive efficiency for Florida's tomato growers. However, if tomato growers' responses to ENSO forecasts will affect agricultural markets, then growers should consider those market changes when deciding whether to adopt these forecasts. Future development of technology to apply climate forecasts in the tomato industry should focus on strategies to reduce costs rather than to increase tomato production.
Glycyrrhizin and isoliquiritigenin suppress the LPS sensor Toll-like receptor 4/MD-2 complex signaling in a different manner (2012)

Recent evidences suggest that the extracts of plant products are able to modulate innate immune responses. A saponin GL and a chalcone ILG are representative components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which attenuate inflammatory responses mediated by TLRs. Here, we show that GL and ILG suppress different steps of the LPS sensor TLR4/MD-2 complex signaling at the receptor level. Extract of G. uralensis suppressed IL-6 and TNF-α production induced by lipid A moiety of LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Among various G. uralensis-related components of saponins and flavanones/chalcones, GL and ILG could suppress IL-6 production induced by lipid A in dose-dependent manners in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, elevation of plasma TNF-α in LPS-injected mice was attenuated by passive administration of GL or ILG. GL and ILG inhibited lipid A-induced NF-κB activation in Ba/F3 cells expressing TLR4/MD-2 and CD14 and BMMs. These components also inhibited activation of MAPKs, including JNK, p38, and ERK in BMMs. In addition, GL and ILG inhibited NF-κB activation and IL-6 production induced by paclitaxel, a nonbacterial TLR4 ligand. Interestingly, GL attenuated the formation of the LPS-TLR4/MD-2 complexes, resulting in inhibition of homodimerization of TLR4. Although ILG did not affect LPS binding to TLR4/MD-2, it could inhibit LPS-induced TLR4 homodimerization. These results imply that GL and ILG modulate the TLR4/MD-2 complex at the receptor level, leading to suppress LPS-induced activation of signaling cascades and cytokine production, but their effects are exerted at different steps of TLR4/MD-2 signaling.
Rat, mouse and human neutrophils stimulated by a variety of activating agents produce much less nitrite than rodent macrophages. (1995)

The role of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) in the antimicrobial activities of neutrophils from various mammalian species is unclear. However, it has been reported that rodent neutrophils possess the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase and that inflammatory neutrophils from rats produce potentially antimicrobial levels of RNI. In the present study, neutrophils from humans, rats and mice were evaluated for production of nitrite, a stable end-product of RNI. Human neutrophil preparations (> 95% neutrophils) isolated from peripheral blood were stimulated for 2-24 hr with agents known to trigger the Ca(2+)-dependent constitutive nitric oxide synthase, or to stimulate synthesis of the inducible nitric oxide synthase. Superoxide dismutase was added to some cultures to decrease the levels of superoxide, a compound reported to react with RNI and yield products other than nitrite. Even though the cells were viable and responsive to stimuli, they did not produce nitrite concentrations indicative of antimicrobial potential. Preparations of inflammatory (casein-elicited) mouse neutrophils also failed to produce high concentrations of nitrite. Inflammatory rat neutrophils (2.5 x 10(6)/ml) produced nitrite concentrations of approximately 40 microM in 24-hr cultures, but plots of nitrite production versus cell number for neutrophil and macrophage preparations indicated that contaminating macrophages could account for all the nitrite production in the neutrophil preparations. Thus, neutrophils from rats, mice and humans seem comparable in their inability to produce high levels of nitrite in response to a variety of stimuli. This suggests that in most circumstances the constitutive nitric oxide synthase known to be present in these cells is limited to the production of low levels of nitric oxide for intercellular signalling. In addition, this raises questions about the presence or functional status of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rodent neutrophils.
Acid sphingomyelinase modulates the autophagic process by controlling lysosomal biogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease (2014)

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal sphingolipid metabolism has been reported, although the pathogenic consequences of these changes have not been fully characterized. We show that acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is increased in fibroblasts, brain, and/or plasma from patients with AD and in AD mice, leading to defective autophagic degradation due to lysosomal depletion. Partial genetic inhibition of ASM (ASM(+/-)) in a mouse model of familial AD (FAD; amyloid precursor protein [APP]/presenilin 1 [PS1]) ameliorated the autophagocytic defect by restoring lysosomal biogenesis, resulting in improved AD clinical and pathological findings, including reduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and improvement of memory impairment. Similar effects were noted after pharmacologic restoration of ASM to the normal range in APP/PS1 mice. Autophagic dysfunction in neurons derived from FAD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was restored by partial ASM inhibition. Overall, these results reveal a novel mechanism of ASM pathogenesis in AD that leads to defective autophagy due to impaired lysosomal biogenesis and suggests that partial ASM inhibition is a potential new therapeutic intervention for the disease.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Inversion of a Chiral Phosphoryl Radical. A Single‐ Crystal ESR Analysis of X‐Irradiated Bis(2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphinic Chloride (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: General Approach for the Synthesis of Polyquinenes. (1986)

Abstract The title compounds (III) and (VII) are synthesized as described in the scheme.
Flavonoids from Eight Tropical Plant Species That Inhibit the Multidrug Resistance Transporter ABCG2 (2011)

Overexpression of ABCG2, a membrane-bound multi-drug transporter, can make tumor cells resistant to treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. A high-throughput screening effort with the NCI repository of natural product extracts revealed that eight tropical plant extracts significantly inhibited the function of ABCG2. This activity was tracked throughout the extract fractionation process to a series of ABCG2 inhibitory flavonoids (1-13). Their structures were identified by a combination of NMR, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism studies, and this resulted in the elucidation of (2S)-5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-(3''-methylbut-2''-enyl)-flavonone (1), (2S)-5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-8-[3'',8''-dimethylocta-2''(E),7''-dienyl]flavonone (3), and 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,5'-dimethoxy-2'-(3'-methylbut-2-enyl)flavone (12) as new compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Physicochemical Properties of Ce‐Containing Three‐Way Catalysts and the Effect of Ce on Catalyst Activity. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
How inverse solver technologies can support die face development and process planning in the automotive industry (2017)

With the availability of die face design tools and incremental solver technologies to provide detailed forming feasibility results in a timely fashion, the use of inverse solver technologies and resulting process improvements during the product development process of stamped parts often is underestimated. This paper presents some applications of inverse technologies that are currently used in the automotive industry to streamline the product development process and greatly increase the quality of a developed process and the resulting product.The first focus is on the so-called target strain technology. Application examples will show how inverse forming analysis can be applied to support the process engineer during the development of a die face geometry for Class ‘A’ panels. The drawing process is greatly affected by the die face design and the process designer has to ensure that the resulting drawn panel will meet specific requirements regarding surface quality and a minimum strain distribution to ensure dent resistance. The target strain technology provides almost immediate feedback to the process engineer during the die face design process if a specific change of the die face design will help to achieve these specific requirements or will be counterproductive. The paper will further show how an optimization of the material flow can be achieved through the use of a newly developed technology called Sculptured Die Face (SDF). The die face generation in SDF is more suited to be used in optimization loops than any other conventional die face design technology based on cross section design.A second focus in this paper is on the use of inverse solver technologies for secondary forming operations. The paper will show how the application of inverse technology can be used to accurately and quickly develop trim lines on simple as well as on complex support geometries.
GraphBAD: A general technique for anomaly detection in security information and event management (2018)

Summary The reliance on expert knowledge—required for analysing security logs and performing security audits—has created an unhealthy balance, where many computer users are not able to correctly audit their security configurations and react to potential security threats. The decreasing cost of IT and the increasing use of technology in domestic life are exacerbating this problem, where small companies and home IT users are not able to afford the price of experts for auditing their system configuration. In this paper, we present GraphBAD, a graph‐based analysis tool that is able to analyse security configurations in order to identify anomalies that could lead to potential security risks. GraphBAD, which does not require any prior domain knowledge, generates graph‐based models from security configuration data and, by analysing such models, is able to propose mitigation plans that can help computer users in increasing the security of their systems. A large experimental analysis, conducted on both publicly available (the well‐known KDD dataset) and synthetically generated testing sets (file system permissions), demonstrates the ability of GraphBAD in correctly identifying security configuration anomalies and suggesting appropriate mitigation plans.
Graphene as Enabling Material for Infrared Plasmonic Biosensors (2016)

We demonstrate a graphene infrared biosensor for chemical-specific label-free protein detection. Graphene plasmon resonances are dynamically tuned to enhance protein vibrational bands. We show that the extreme light confinement makes graphene plasmons extremely sensitive to nanometric molecules.
Diaryldiamines with Dual Inhibition of the Histamine H3 Receptor and the Norepinephrine Transporter and the Efficacy of 4-(3-(Methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl)-6-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)naphthalen-1-ol in Pain (2010)

A series of compounds was designed as dual inhibitors of the H(3) receptor and the norepinephrine transporter. Compound 5 (rNET K(i) = 14 nM; rH(3)R K(i) = 37 nM) was found to be efficacious in a rat model of osteoarthritic pain.
Low‐cost, frequency‐domain, fluorescence lifetime confocal microscopy (2004)

We describe the theory and implementation of a frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime confocal microscope using switched diode laser illumination. Standard, communications-type, radio-frequency electronics are used to provide inexpensive modulation references and to perform phase-sensitive detection. This allows the rapid acquisition of fluorescence intensity and lifetime images and their display in real time. We show fluorescence lifetime images of bead objects and fluorescence lifetime images of biological specimens from a single confocal scan.
System performance of Inter-NodeB MF-HSDPA with RLC and MAC enhancements (2012)

In this paper, we study the feature of Multi-Flow HSDPA (MF-HSDPA), which allows simultaneous transmission of separate data packets from two or more serving cells (across different sectors or NodeBs) to a UE. This new feature brings challenges for system design, especially for the Inter-NodeB case, in which the serving cells reside in different NodeBs. To address these challenges, we propose enhancements to the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. Simulation results show significant performance gain can be achieved by the MF-HSDPA feature.
[O2–14–03]: TARGETING OF TOXIC AMYLOID‐BETA OLIGOMER SPECIES BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PMN310: PRECISION DRUG DESIGN FOR ALZHEIMER's DISEASE (2017)

Current evidence suggests that progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be catalyzed by the prion-like propagation of soluble toxic amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO) rather than plaque burden. Binding of Aβ monomers and/or fibrils by therapeutic antibodies has been associated with suboptimal efficacy and adverse events (e.g. ARIA-E) in clinical trials. These observations suggest that antibodies capable of specifically or selectively neutralizing toxic AβO are needed to achieve improved efficacy and safety. Computational algorithms were developed to identify epitope sequences and conformations likely to be exposed in toxic AβO but not on monomers or fibrils. The binding profile of monoclonal antibodies raised against predicted epitopes was assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Inhibition of oligomer propagation was assessed by thioflavin-T fluorescence in vitro. Neutralization of AβO neurotoxicity by the antibodies was evaluated in cultures of primary neurons in vitro and in wild-type mice injected intracerebroventricularly with AβO in vivo. Screening of IgG clones raised against 5 distinct AβO epitopes yielded antibodies with the desired profile of selective binding to synthetic oligomers vs monomers, preferential binding to native soluble AβO in CSF and brain extracts of AD patients compared to controls by SPR, and lack of plaque reactivity by IHC on unfixed AD brain sections. Activity assays led to the identification of PMN310 as a lead antibody capable of blocking the propagation and neurotoxicity of AβO in vitro and protecting mice against the AβO-induced loss of short term memory formation in vivo. Computational modeling allowed for the identification and generation of monoclonal antibodies against AβO-specific epitopes. Antibody PMN310 was selected as a lead candidate on the basis of its ability to selectively target and neutralize AβO with no significant cross-reactivity to monomers or fibrils. These unique characteristics distinguish PMN310 from Aβ-reactive antibodies currently undergoing clinical trials, and are designed to address observed issues of efficacy and safety.
<title>Surface Characteristics Of Machined Optics</title> (1976)

The light intensity diffracted out of a reflected laser beam as a function of angle can be used to determine a portion of the spectral density function (SDF) of the reflector&apos;s surface. These measurements cover the frequency range in which surface deviations are generally termed surface roughness (as opposed to surface contour). In addition to giving values of rms roughness, the SDF can be used to infer more specific surface and machining parameters such as tool feed rate, groove shape information and tool chatter. The SDF also provides an interesting way of comparing roughness measurements made by systems with different spatial frequency band widths. Results are given for a number of machined surfaces. The tendency for large amounts of low frequency roughness is discussed. Surface groove shape is shown to be different from the expected &quot;circular cusp shape&quot; calculated from tool radius and feed rate.
Closed-Loop Composition and Molecular Weight Control of a Copolymer Latex Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (2002)

A control algorithm is designed and implemented experimentally for the simultaneous closed-loop control of the composition and number-average molecular weight of a copolymer latex. The developed control algorithm is based on a predictive control strategy and uses an iterative dynamic programming (IDP) algorithm for process optimization and design of the optimum dynamic trajectories at each sampling time. The control of semibatch methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BuA) emulsion copolymerizations is used to illustrate the approach. Monomer compositions and polymer holdup are measured in-line and in situ with the help of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), while average molecular weights are inferred with the help of a process model. The manipulated variables are the flow rates of three distinct feed streams, which contain known concentrations of both monomer species and of a chain-transfer agent. The results obtained when different process disturbances are introduced, such as feed failure and addition of unknown amounts of inhibitor to the reactor charge, show unequivocally that NIRS can be used successfully for the in-line and in situ simultaneous control of copolymer composition and average molecular weights in emulsion copolymerizations.