gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High light-extraction efficiency in GaInN light-emitting diode with pyramid reflector (2007)

A GaInN light-emitting diode (LED) that employs a new type of reflector consisting of an array of SiO<sub>2</sub> pyramids and a reflective Ag layer is demonstrated to have enhanced light extraction compared to GaInN LEDs with a planar Ag reflector. Ray tracing simulations reveal that the pyramid reflector provides 14.1% enhancement in extraction efficiency. Consistent with the simulation, it is experimentally demonstrated that the GaInN LED employing the pyramid-patterned Ag reflector shows 13.9% higher light-output compared to the LED with a planar Ag reflector. In addition, the GaInN LED with pyramid reflector shows uniform light intensity due to current spreading beneath the SiO<sub>2</sub> pyramid pattern. The enhancement is attributed to the appearance of an additional escape cone for light extraction, enabled by the change in direction of light rays reflected by the 3-dimensional pyramid reflector.
Synchronized beamline at FLASH2 based on high-order harmonic generation for two-color dynamics studies (2021)

We present the design, integration, and operation of the novel vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline installed at the free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH. The VUV source is based on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gas and is driven by an optical laser system synchronized with the timing structure of the FEL. Ultrashort pulses in the spectral range from 10 to 40 eV are coupled with the FEL in the beamline FL26, which features a reaction microscope (REMI) permanent endstation for time-resolved studies of ultrafast dynamics in atomic and molecular targets. The connection of the high-pressure gas HHG source to the ultra-high vacuum FEL beamline requires a compact and reliable system, able to encounter the challenging vacuum requirements and coupling conditions. First commissioning results show the successful operation of the beamline, reaching a VUV focused beam size of about 20 µm at the REMI endstation. Proof-of-principle photo-electron momentum measurements in argon indicate the source capabilities for future two-color pump-probe experiments.
A Comparison of Environmental Stressing Data and Simulation at the Corner of a Test Chip in a FC-BGA Package (2019)

Thermal expansion mismatches pose significant challenges to the reliability of flip chip-Ball grid array (FC-BGA) package technology. Technology advancement for FC-BGA packages drives towards thinner substrates, smaller bump pitch and high flow underfills. In this work, the risk of corner cracking is studied using two substrate thickness and underfill types. Environmental stressing is performed beyond the JEDEC recommended limits in order to drive the units to failure. It is observed substrates with a thinner core and underfill with higher CTE produced 5X to 10X more number of cracks in the underfill compared to other cases. Finite element modeling is used to compare the corner stresses to the observed cracking as a means to identify conditions with higher cracking risk. In order to understand if a potential material root-cause of cracking exists, nanoindentation is used to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of underfills before and after stressing.
Arrays of III-V semiconductor Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (2004)

In this paper, InGaAsP/InP APDs is designed for detection of near infrared (1-1.5 /spl mu/m wavelength) light and GaN APDs designed for detection of ultraviolet (<365 nm wavelength) light. This paper will also describe ladar measurements which use arrays of G-M APDs matched with timing circuits to produce 3D images with near-infrared photons.
Joint halftoning and watermarking (2000)

A spread spectrum watermarking algorithm for hardcopy imaging applications using a human visual system model based halftoning technique called direct binary search (DBS) is presented. DBS is used to design a halftone that jointly optimizes a human visual system based error metric and correlation watermark detector output. The original image is required for the correlation watermark detector.
Review of Platform Cooling Technology for High Pressure Turbine Blades (2014)

With the relatively large surface area of the platform of the gas turbine blades being exposed directly to the hot, mainstream gas, it is vital to efficiently cool this region of the blades. This region is particularly difficult to protect due to the strong secondary flows developed at the airfoil junction (formation of the leading edge horseshoe vortex) and circumferentially across the blade passage (strengthening passage vortex moving from the pressure side to the suction side of the passage). Over the past decade, researchers and engine designers have attempted to combat the enhanced heat transfer to the blade platform by implementing both frontside and backside novel cooling techniques. This paper presents a review of platform cooling technology ranging from frontside film cooling via stator-rotor purge flow, mid-passage purge flow, and discrete film holes to backside cooling achieved via impinging jet arrays or cooling channels. To gain a full understanding of state-of-the-art cooling technology, recent patents, journal articles, and conference proceedings are included in this review.
A Fully-Integrated Sensing and Control System for High-Accuracy Mobile Robotic Building Construction (2019)

We present a fully-integrated sensing and control system which enables mobile manipulator robots to execute building tasks with millimeter-scale accuracy on building construction sites. The approach leverages multi-modal sensing capabilities for state estimation, tight integration with digital building models, and integrated trajectory planning and whole-body motion control. A novel method for high-accuracy localization updates relative to the known building structure is proposed. The approach is implemented on a real platform and tested under realistic construction conditions. We show that the system can achieve sub-cm end-effector positioning accuracy during fully autonomous operation using solely onboard sensing.
Lymph node size is not a reliable criterion for predicting nodal metastasis in rectal neuroendocrine tumours (2016)

The size of LNs containing metastasis varied widely, with some being very small. LN size alone is therefore not a sufficient predictor of tumour metastasis in rectal NETs. Radical surgery with lymphadenectomy should be considered for patients with rectal NETs with high risk factors for LN metastasis, even those without LN enlargement.
Donor and acceptor modes in photonic band structure (1991)

Three-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures, photonic crystals, possessing a forbidden gap for electromagnetic wave propagation, a photonic band gap, are now known. If the perfect 3D periodicity is broken by a local defect, local electromagnetic modes can occur within the forbidden band gap. Addition of extra dielectric material locally, inside the photonic crystal, produces ``donor'' modes. Conversely, local removal of dielectric material from the crystal produces ``acceptor'' modes. It is now possible to make high-Q electromagnetic cavities of \ensuremath{\sim}1 cubic wavelength, for short wavelengths at which metallic cavities are useless. These new dielectric cavities can cover the range from mm waves to UV wavelengths.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLLACTON‐UMLAGERUNG 48. MITT. SYNTH. VON SUBSTITUIERTEN BUTEN‐(2)‐OLIDEN‐(4,1) UND 3‐AMINO‐1‐METHYL‐DELTA(3)‐PYRROLON‐(2) (1971)

Abstract Die aus den entsprechenden α‐Bromvy‐lactonen mit Na‐azid dargestellten Azide (Ia) und (Ib) (80‐85% Ausbeute) spalten in Äthanol/Na‐äthylat Stickstoff ab und lagem sich in die Butenolide (IIa) bzw. (IIb) (65%) um.
Re-investigation of the Coupling Reaction of 2-Aryl-1,1-dibromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropenes. Preparation of Perfluoroalkylated [3]Cumulenes (1999)

Abstract The coupling reaction of perfluoroalkylated 2-aryl-1,1-dibromoalkenes using zinc and copper(I) bromide gave stereoisomeric mixtures of [3]cumulenes and [4]radialenes. The ratio of [3]cumulenes and [4]radialenes mainly depended upon the reaction temperature and the electronic character of the aryl group. When the coupling reaction was carried out at −40 °C, (E)- and (Z)-[3]cumulenes were obtained in good selectivity and only trace amounts of [4]radialenes were detected by a 19F NMR analysis. On the other hand, a similar reaction at −60 °C afforded a considerable amount of [4]radialene isomers. When the cis-[3]cumulenes were heated at an appropriate temperature, selective isomerization to trans-[3]cumulenes occurred.
Qubit Measurement by Multichannel Driving (2019)

We theoretically propose and experimentally implement a method of measuring a qubit by driving it close to the frequency of a dispersively coupled bosonic mode. The separation of the bosonic states corresponding to different qubit states begins essentially immediately at maximum rate, leading to a speedup in the measurement protocol. Also the bosonic mode can be simultaneously driven to optimize measurement speed and fidelity. We experimentally test this measurement protocol using a superconducting qubit coupled to a resonator mode. For a certain measurement time, we observe that the conventional dispersive readout yields close to 100% higher average measurement error than our protocol. Finally, we use an additional resonator drive to leave the resonator state to vacuum if the qubit is in the ground state during the measurement protocol. This suggests that the proposed measurement technique may become useful in unconditionally resetting the resonator to a vacuum state after the measurement pulse.
Cation Ordering in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -Pb(Sc 1/ 2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (PMN-PSN) Solid Solutions (2002)

Extended thermal annealing treatments were used to modify the B-site cation order in the (1 - x)PMN–xPSN perovskite system (where PMN is lead magnesium niobate, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, and PSN is lead scandium niobate, Pb(Sc1/2Nb1/2)O3). Extensive 1:1 ordering could be induced in compositions with x ≧ 0.1. The substitution of PSN into PMN produced a large increase in the thermal stability of the 1:1 ordered phase, with the maximum disordering temperature of ~1360oC being observed for the x = 0.5 composition. By monitoring the change in the degree of order with temperature, the order–disorder boundary for the PMN–PSN system was established and the transition temperature for pure PMN was estimated to be ~950oC. The changes in stability across the system were consistent with the "random-site" description of the cation order. The change in enthalpy associated with the ordering was affected by the size difference of the two ordered cation sites and by the size and charge mismatch of the metal cations that occupy the random-site position.
Endovascular Biopsy: Evaluating the Feasibility of Harvesting Endothelial Cells Using Detachable Coils (2013)

The absence of safe and reliable methods to harvest vascular tissue in situ limits the discovery of the underlying genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of many vascular disorders such as aneurysms. We investigated the feasibility and comparable efficacy of endothelial cell collection using a spectrum of endovascular coils. Nine detachable coils ranging in k coefficient (0.15-0.24), diameter (4.0 mm-16.0 mm), and length (8.0 cm-47.0 cm) were tested in pigs. All coils were deployed and retrieved within the iliac artery of pigs (three coils/pig). Collected coils were evaluated under light microscopy. The total and endothelial cells collected by each coil were quantified. The nucleated cells were identified by Wright-Giemsa and DAPI stains. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells were identified by CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin antibody staining. Coils were deployed and retrieved without technical difficulty. Light microscopy demonstrated sheets of cellular material concentrated within the coil winds. All coils collected cellular material while five of nine (55.6%) coils retrieved endothelial cells. Coils collected mean endothelial cell counts of 89.0±101.6. Regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between increasing coil diameter and endothelial cell counts (R(2)=0.52, p = 0.029). Conventional detachable coils can be used to harvest endothelial cells. The number of endothelial cells collected by a coil positively correlated with its diameter. Given the widespread use of coils and their well-described safety profile their potential as an endovascular biopsy device would expand the availability of tissue for cellular and molecular analysis.
Distributed Fiber-optic Sensing Based Production Logging Investigation: Flowloop Experiments (2020)

Summary At Colorado School of Mines, we are conducting a series of flow loop experiments to understand the fundamental physics of the interaction between the optic-sensing fiber and the borehole fluid. The goal of the experiments is to understand the potentials of using fiber-optic sensing technology for production logging purposes, in both horizontal and vertical well setups. Results from a vertical flow loop indicate both thermal and acoustic signals measured by DAS are sensitive to the existence of a small amount of gas injection. A large horizontal flow loop with a real-life borehole section is under construction to better study the generation, propagation, and attenuation of the thermal and acoustic energies.
Instantaneous crystallization of ultrathin one-dimensional fluorescent rhabdophane nanowires at room temperature (2011)

Lanthanide phosphates are of increasing interest because of their sharp, stable photoluminescence with long lifetime. The emission of lanthanide phosphate can be easily changed by introducing different lanthanide ion dopants such as Eu and Tb for down-conversion and Er, Tm for up-conversion luminescence. However, the synthesis of such crystalline materials is always energy- and/or time-consuming. Sometimes, even templates and/or organic solvents are required to prepare the nano-sized and crystalline lanthanide phosphate. Those obstacles hinder the scaling-up of production and practical applications. In this communication, we report two microfluidic platforms (SDP and RTP) using continuous flow conditions to fabricate (within seconds) ultrathin single-crystalline rhabdophane lanthanide phosphate nanowires with tunable length at room temperature, using water as a benign medium.
Optimized sequential sampling algorithm for EMI near-field scanning (2013)

Abstract—In this paper, a recently proposed automatic and sequential sampling and modeling algorithm for near-field scanning of printed circuit boards and/or integrated circuits is further optimized in two ways. The main goal of this optimization is to reduce the total measurement time needed to come to a complete model of the near-field distribution over the full scan area. The first optimization is that the new adaptive sampling algorithm in every step proposes a batch of N locations in which to measure the near-field while the original algorithm gave in every step exactly one location. The second optimization is that one tries to minimize the total distance that one needs to go through these N locations. These two optimization result in a significant reduction of the total measurements because the time needed to move the probe around is reduced and because much less models of the near-field distribution have to made. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed sampling algorithm is tested in practice on a simple printed circuit board. The time reduction that is achieved when increasing the batch size N is discussed. In the end a trade-off needs to be made. Choosing the bath size N larger means a reduction of the measurement time for the same total number of sampling points. However, a larger batch size N also means that for the same quality of the near-field scan, a larger total number of samples is needed.
Combinations of 2'-C-Methylcytidine Analogues with Interferon-α2b and Triple Combination with Ribavirin in the Hepatitis C Virus Replicon System (2008)

These promising in vitro data warrant clinical investigation of the nucleosides analogues such as 2'-C-MeC or 2'-F-C-MeC in their prodrug forms, together with IFN-alphac2b and RBV, for successful treatment of HCV infections.
Bactericidal Antibody Response of Normal Human Serum to the Lipooligosaccharide of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1986)

Human antibody to lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from pooled normal human serum (NHS) and human immunne serum globulin (HISG) was isolated by affinity chromatography from a Sepharose column to which Escherichia coli strain J-5 LOS had been conjugated. Fractionated antibody was tested for bactericidal activity against serum-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains JW31, WR220, or 838 or serum-sensitive strains JW31R or 1074. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the eluate of antibody to LOS contained IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to both JW31 and JW31R LOS. The IgM fraction from NHS was bactericidal at 30 min for strains JW31R and 1074 but failed to kill strains JW31 and 838. An IgG fraction from HISG was bactericidal for strains JW31 and WR220 yet failed to kill strain JW31R. The IgA fraction from NHS did not kill either strain JW31 or JW31R. Blocking experiments indicated that IgA or IgG failed to prevent IgM-mediated killing of strain JW31R, whereas IgA blocked the IgG-mediated killing of strain JW31.
Just Another Kid with a Gun? United States v. Michael R.: Reviewing the Youth Handgun Safety Act Under the United States v. Lopez Commerce Clause Analysis (1998)

The Lopez decision prompted many defendants, charged under a wide variety of federal statutes, to attack those statutes as unconstitutional under the new "commercial activity" test. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addressed one such challenge in United States v. Michael R. Section II of this note discusses Michael R.'s facts and procedural history. Section III outlines the history of Commerce Clause jurisprudence, with an emphasis on the recent change in the Supreme Court's review of Congress' use of the commerce power under Lopez. In addition, Section III details the legislative history of the Youth Handgun Safety Act, 18 U.S.C. § 922(x), the law under which Michael R. was prosecuted and which Congress intended to be an exercise of the commerce power. Section IV analyzes the Ninth Circuit's reasoning in Michael R. Section V critiques this reasoning in light of the Supreme Court's holding in Lopez, and prior Commerce Clause history, and finds that Michael R. further substantiates the theory that the judiciary is not the branch of government that should define the limits of federalism. Finally, Section VI concludes that despite its initial fanfare as either revolutionary or reactionary, subsequent cases, such as Michael R., indicate that Lopez does not represent a new era of Commerce Clause review.
Understanding the Design Trade-Offs of Hybrid Flash Controllers (2019)

Over the last few years, NAND flash manufacturers have steadily increased the number of bits stored per cell to achieve significant cost reductions. However, the increased density does not come without drawbacks. All key flash performance metrics, including latency and endurance, significantly degrade as bit density increases. Particularly, sustained write throughput is the worst affected as writes are roughly one order of magnitude slower than reads and further require precursory block erases in the background. As a result, many recent flash controllers operate flash blocks both in single-bit (high endurance and performance) and in multi-bit (high density) mode. In theory, such hybrid controllers are a great way of hiding flash technology limitations. A controller can use a small percentage of the flash blocks in single-bit mode as a cache which allows orders of magnitude higher write bandwidth and endurance in environments where the access patterns of the workload are skewed and bursty. In practice, however, many devices fall short of expectations when write performance varies significantly and utilization increases. We argue that a principled approach is required to understand the design trade-offs of hybrid NAND flash controllers. To this end, we develop a modeling framework for estimating the performance and endurance of hybrid controllers. The modeling framework computes the internal data movement generated by a hybrid controller by relying on advanced analytical models that offer both accurate and fast predictions. The data flow is then translated into higher-level metrics that quantify upper bounds for the overall performance of an SSD such as write throughput, latency, and device endurance. Using our modeling framework, we compare different controller architectures, identify their strong and weak points, and show that there is room to improve the efficiency of the hybrid controllers used today.
Inline process characterization and control for robust BEOL reliability (2011)

In advanced technology node, the complexity of process, materials selection and limitation of tools' capability, becomes very challenging with respect to meet tight reliability targets. In our fabrication of low-k based BEOL integration scheme, we have demonstrated that by proper inline process characterization, feedback and control at critical process modules, a robust Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) and Electromigration (EM) performance can be achieved. In this paper, we proposed a working model with inline process parameters characterization, reliability performance evaluation, root causes identification and solutions, to establish a relationship between inline process parameters and BEOL TDDB, EM performance. Our data shows that, to pass TDDB E-model (field driven), Mx final critical dimension (FCD) must be within very tight control of less than FCD target + 0.5nm, and greater than FCD target - 2nm. On the other hand, to pass TDDB SQRT E-model, FCD target - 2nm <; Mx FCD <; FCD target + 6nm control is required. To pass EM, Mx FCD >; FCD target - 2nm is needed. Through this working model, we are able to justify and identify the critical process modules and to determine the process window to achieve robust BEOL TDDB and EM performance.
Cross-layer optimization for streaming scalable video over fading wireless networks (2010)

We present a cross-layer design of transmitting scalable video streams from a base station to multiple clients over a shared fading wireless network by jointly considering the application layer information and the wireless channel conditions. We first design a long-term resource allocation algorithm that determines the optimal wireless scheduling policy in order to maximize the weighted sum of average video quality of all streams. We prove that our algorithm achieves the global optimum even though the problem is not concave in the parameter space. We then devise two on-line scheduling algorithms that utilize the results obtained by the long-term resource allocation algorithm for user and packet scheduling as well as video frame dropping strategy. We compare our schemes with existing video scheduling and buffer management schemes in the literature and simulation results show our proposed schemes significantly outperform existing ones.