gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Possible roles of gene deficient mice as a model of osteoporosis]. (2005)

Recent technical advance for making of gene modified mice includes gene targeting and transgenic mice are clarify the biological function of its targeted molecules. The evidence from gene modified mice on sex-steroid hormones may contribute to develop clinical drugs for osteoporosis treatment especially. Gene deficient mice of the sole enzyme for estrogen synthesis (aromatase), estrogen receptor and androgen receptor deficient mice have great potential to elucidate further mechanisms of pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Effect of lipid nanoparticle siRNA delivery systems on silencing clusterin and progression in enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer in vivo. (2015)

256 Background: Clusterin (CLU) is induced by androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibition and its overexpression confers treatment resistance. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) facilitates tumor uptake and intracellular processing through an enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR), currently with multiple products undergoing clinical evaluation. Gene silencing using small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a promising approach but in vivo delivery remains a major barrier. In our study, we investigated the efficacy siRNA tumor delivery using LNP systems in enzalutamide-resistant (ENZ-R) castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) model. Methods: To validate the effect of LNP siRNA tumor delivery in vivo, gene silencing of a reporter gene, luciferase (LUC), in PC3-M-luc stable cell line was treated with LNP LUC-siRNA and examined for Luc activity by the IVIS imaging system. Next, we investigated the efficacy of LNP CLU-siRNA tumor delivery and LNP CLU-siRNA sensitized AR knockdown activity in ENZ-R CRPC LNCaP in vitro and in vivo models. Results: LNP LUC-siRNA exhibited LUC silencing effects in PC-3M-luc xenograft and metastatic models. LNP CLU-siRNA suppressed PSA and decreased AKT and ERK phosphorylation in ENZ-R LNCaP cells in vitro. LNP CLU-siRNA sensitized AR antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) activity, more potently inhibiting ENZ-R cell growth rates and increased apoptosis when compared to AR-ASO monotherapy. In vivo,combinatory treatment of LNP CLU-siRNA and AR-ASO significantly suppressed tumor growth and serum PSA levels compared to LNP LUC -siRNA (control) and AR-ASO in ENZ-R LNCaP xenografts. Conclusions: The LNP CLU-siRNA systems sensitized AR knockdown resulting in inhibition of ENZ-R LNCaP cell growth, providing pre-clinical proof-of-principle as a promising AR co-targeting approach in ENZ-R CRPC.
Speed gradient approach to longitudinal control of heavy-duty vehicles equipped with variable compression brake (2002)

This paper considers a longitudinal speed control problem for heavy-duty vehicles equipped with variable compression brake. The use of compression brake reduces the wear of the conventional friction brakes, and it is a preferred way of controlling the vehicle speed during a steady descent or non-critical braking maneuvers. To perform more aggressive braking maneuvers or control vehicle speed during large changes in the grade, the compression brake must be coordinated with gear ratio adjustments and friction brakes. We develop nonlinear controllers that accomplish both noncritical and critical maneuvers. We also show how distance constraints from other vehicles in traffic may be included. The design technique is based on the speed-gradient (SG) approach, whereby the control action is chosen in the maximum descent direction for a scalar goal function. The nominal goal function is selected to address the speed regulation objective, and it is then appropriately modified by barrier functions to handle the critical maneuver requirements. Two ways to handle the uncertainty in the road grade are discussed: through the use of an integral action of the SG controller for constant grades, and through the use of an added differential action for varying grades.
Structures and Strategies of Anti-CRISPR-Mediated Immune Suppression (2020)

More than 50 protein families have been identified that inhibit CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas-mediated adaptive immune systems. Here, we analyze the available anti-CRISPR (Acr) structures and describe common themes and unique mechanisms of stoichiometric and enzymatic suppressors of CRISPR-Cas. Stoichiometric inhibitors often function as molecular decoys of protein-binding partners or nucleic acid targets, while enzymatic suppressors covalently modify Cas ribonucleoprotein complexes or degrade immune signaling molecules. We review mechanistic insights that have been revealed by structures of Acrs, discuss some of the trade-offs associated with each of these strategies, and highlight how Acrs are regulated and deployed in the race to overcome adaptive immunity.
Improved link budget (35 dB) of 2×25 Gb/s WDM/TDM-PON by using crosstalk-free SOA and FEC (2018)

We demonstrated a link budget improved 2×25 Gb/s WDM/TDM-PON by using O-band SOA with an assist light and FEC. When the assist light is used to the SOA, gain-saturation induced crosstalk of SOA was successfully mitigated. 50G-Ethernet PON traffic was transmitted over 20-km reach and 256-split.
Eine Tandem‐Strategie zur Herstellung von Pfropf‐ und dendrimerartigen Pfropfcopolymeren durch „lebende” radikalische Polymerisation (1997)

Mit vielfach funktionalisierten Kettenenden versehene Pfropf‐ und dendrimerartige Pfropfcopolymere (Beispiel rechts, PS = Polystyrol, PBMA = Poly‐ n ‐ butylmethacrylat) können mit aufeinanderfolgenden „lebenden”︁ radikalischen Polymerisationen hergestellt werden. Die erste Polymerisation liefert das lineare Polymerrückgrat, in den folgenden werden die verzweigten Ketten eingeführt. magnified image
The use of RAPDs for the analysis of parasites (1993)

There is a lack of sequence information concerning polymorphic loci in parasite genomes. Thus, the use of arbitrary PCR primers under low temperature annealing conditions to generate random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) represents an important approach to the study of the structure of parasite populations, their genetic variation as well as improved diagnosis of the diseases they cause. Following the examination of all variables and their effect on the reproducibility of the reaction, we have established a protocol for the analysis of RAPDs that involves amplification at two separate DNA concentrations followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. We find the technique to be sensitive, reproducible, simple and relatively cheap. It has already provided insight into the genetic variation in populations of schistosomes and trypanosomes and is being used to study various other endemic infections. We also use specific primers under low stringency conditions in situations where the objective of the amplification is the detection of a particular sequence and where normal high stringency conditions give a positive/negative answer such as sex determination or diagnosis of blood born infections. Under low stringency conditions, specific amplification products persist but products of low stringency priming are also apparent and serve as a perfect internal control for negative samples.
Saturation-robust SAR image formation (2011)

The formation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is formulated as an inverse problem, a flexible approach suitable for a variety of acquisition systems and signal models. This paper focuses on increasing robustness to data saturation, specifically by optimizing a one-sided quadratic cost function to promote consistency with the received data. We model the SAR acquisition process using a linear function and we present an efficient implementation of this function and its adjoint for use in iterative optimization algorithms. Improved image quality and robustness to saturation are observed in experiments on synthetic images. Preliminary work on controlling azimuth ambiguities and incorporating image models enables saturation-robust reconstruction from satellite SAR data as well.
Seismic/electromagnetic system for landmine detection (2000)

A system has been designed for the detection of buried landmines. The system uses a stationary seismic source in conjunction with a movable displacement sensor that is based on an 8 GHz CW radar. The sensor measures the surface displacement by analog demodulation of the radar signal, which is reflected from the soil surface and modulated by the surface motion. The sensor is not in direct contact with the soil surface and is, therefore, capable of interrogating surface motion immediately above a buried mine. This configuration provides the dual advantage of removing half the seismic propagation path that would be encountered with a classical pulsed echo technique and detecting localized fields that would not propagate to a remote receiver. The system has been used in the laboratory to image inert antipersonnel mines and simulated antitank mines buried in damp compacted sand. Signal processing in the wave number domain provides significant improvement in the contrast between mine-related and background motion. The simplest detection cue for antipersonnel mines was found to be low-frequency resonances of their trigger mechanisms. These responded to seismic excitations with substantial local displacement. The resonances made these mines easily discernable from buried clutter such as rocks and sticks. [Work supported by ARO.]
OS-A4: A Study of a Variable Compression Ratio and Variable Valve Actuation System for Improving Fuel Economy(OS-A High Efficiency and Low Emission Engine by Variable Mechanism,Organized Session Papers) (2008)

Variable engine mechanisms, such as variable compression ratio (VCR) and variable valve actuation (VVA) technologies, are being studied for improving fuel economy. The authors have developed a unique multiple-link VCR mechanism and a variable valve event and lift (VVEL) system as VVA mechanisms. This study examined the potential for improving fuel economy by using a system that combines both the multiple-link VCR and VVEL technologies. The multiple-link VCR mechanism achieves a longer piston stroke characteristic that resembles a simple sine curve. This unique long-stroke configuration suppresses the increase in the surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio of the combustion chamber as the compression ratio is raised, thereby avoiding an increase in the cooling loss. The VVEL system is effective in reducing the pumping loss by using the Miller-cycle under a low-load condition. In addition, the combination with the VCR mechanism expands the EGR limit by maintaining a higher effective compression ratio, resulting in reduced cooling loss. A prototype engine combining the long-stroke multiple-link VCR and VVEL systems was built and evaluated with regard to fuel economy. The results showed that fuel economy was improved by over 20% under a low-load condition through significant reductions of the cooling loss, exhaust loss and pumping loss.
Study on the Flexural Strength of Interior Thick Wall-Thick Slab Joints Subjected to Lateral Force Using Finite-Element Analysis (2022)

A brand-new structural type, termed thick wall-thick slab structure, has been developed in recent years based on the reinforced concrete wall structure in Japan. This type of structural system can not only maintain high seismic performance, but also provide large interior space and improve the flexibility of the architectural design that is more favored by architects. In the present study, an equivalent cross-sectional area concept in which a coefficient termed the equivalent cross-sectional area ratio is proposed to estimate the flexural strength of the horizontal member of the interior wall-slab joints, which are critical assemblies in the thick wall-thick slab structures. To capture the stress condition of slab flexural reinforcement for calculating the equivalent cross-sectional area ratio, the method of finite-element analysis was employed in this work. The finite-element modeling was calibrated firstly using two isolated interior wall-slab joints from literature and consequently applied to a parametric numerical study. Finally, results from these finite-element analyses are adopted to propose the equivalent cross-sectional area ratio for modifying the current code formula to predict the flexural strength of interior wall-slab joints in TWTS structures subjected to lateral force.
Ethanol inhibits gastric acid secretion in rats through increased AMP‐K activity (2007)

We have previously shown that short-term (15–20 min) low dose (1–2%) ethanol exposure inhibits secretagogue-induced acid secretion. In the present study we investigate the potential interactions of ethanol with AMP-Kinase (AMP-K), a potent modulator of energy-dependent processes in a variety of cells. Individual rat gastric glands were incubated with the pH-sensitive dye BCECF. The secretagogues carbachol or histamine (200μM) were added during dye-loading and to all solutions. Following loading, glands were subsequently exposed to an NH4Cl prepulse (20mM) and a 0mM Na+ solution. Rates of alkalinization were calculated as dpHi/dT. In one series of experiments ethanol was added to all solutions and the rate of alkalinization compared to secretagogues alone. In a separate series ethanol was added in combination with compound C (20μM) an AMP-K inhibitor to prevent activation of the AMP-K. Ethanol significantly suppressed secretagogue-induced acid secretion. Addition of compound C reversed the inhibitory effects of ethanol on secretagogue-induced acid secretion. We demonstrate that low dose ethanol inhibits secretagogue-dependent acid secretion by activation of the AMP-K pathway in rat gastric parietal cells. This inhibition can be reversed by exposure to the AMP-K inhibitor compound C, further suggesting a strong link between ethanol and AMP-K activation. This work was supported by the Ohse Fund.
Revealing the Formation Mechanism of Alloyed Pd–Ru Nanoparticles: A Conversion Measurement Approach Utilizing a Microflow Reactor (2019)

The synthesis of alloyed nanoparticles has been studied extensively; however, the formation mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we reveal the detailed formation mechanism of alloyed nanoparticles in a Pd-Ru system, using a semibatch polyol method in which the simultaneous rapid reduction of both precursors was assumed to be the critical mechanism. We employed a microflow reactor to realize rapid heating and cooling. A significant difference in the reaction rate between the two precursors was observed. Pd was reduced within seconds, but the reduction of Ru was 2 orders of magnitude slower than that of Pd and was not as rapid as previously assumed. Further investigation of the semibatch method was performed to trace changes in the particle sizes and composition. Through quantitative and multilateral evidence, we concluded that the formation of low-crystallinity seeds, followed by solid-state diffusion, is the governing mechanism for the formation of alloyed Pd-Ru nanoparticles.
Updated Hysterectomy Surveillance and Factors Associated With Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy (2014)

The US hysterectomy incidence in 2009 decreased from prior years' reports, with an increasing frequency of laparoscopic and robotic approaches. Racial and socioeconomic factors influenced hysterectomy mode.
DIME: Fine-grained Interpretations of Multimodal Models via Disentangled Local Explanations (2022)

The ability for a human to understand an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model's decision-making process is critical in enabling stakeholders to visualize model behavior, perform model debugging, promote trust in AI models, and assist in collaborative human-AI decision-making. As a result, the research fields of interpretable and explainable AI have gained traction within AI communities as well as interdisciplinary scientists seeking to apply AI in their subject areas. In this paper, we focus on advancing the state-of-the-art in interpreting multimodal models - a class of machine learning methods that tackle core challenges in representing and capturing interactions between heterogeneous data sources such as images, text, audio, and time-series data. Multimodal models have proliferated numerous real-world applications across healthcare, robotics, multimedia, affective computing, and human-computer interaction. By performing model disentanglement into unimodal contributions (UC) and multimodal interactions (MI), our proposed approach, DIME, enables accurate and fine-grained analysis of multimodal models while maintaining generality across arbitrary modalities, model architectures, and tasks. Through a comprehensive suite of experiments on both synthetic and real-world multimodal tasks, we show that DIME generates accurate disentangled explanations, helps users of multimodal models gain a deeper understanding of model behavior, and presents a step towards debugging and improving these models for real-world deployment. Code for our experiments can be found at https://github.com/lvyiwei1/DIME.
Investigation of microcolumnar scintillators on an optical fiber coupled compact imaging system (2001)

A compact imaging system with a novel front-end detector is under investigation and development. Unique aspects of this collimatorless system include the use of thin arrays of many thousands of microcolumnar (<10 /spl mu/m diameter) CsI front-end scintillators that are coupled through a four-times reducing fiber-optic (FO) bundle to a metal-channel multianode position sensitive photodetector. The tested arrays are 140 or 200 /spl mu/m tall on faceplates of plane glass, FO and FO with statistical extramural absorbers (EMAs). The highly discrete nature of the scintillator microcolumn arrays ensures very fine intrinsic spatial resolution, limited by the particle penetration and backscatter in the detector assembly. Their retro-reflector-tipped front ends facilitate light propagation toward the photodetector, ensuring good light collection, Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the limiting nature of beta particle penetration on measurable resolution. With this system, absolute light output was higher for the taller arrays, which indicates that these sizes are below the optimum for light output and energy absorption from the energetic beta particles; even taller scintillators, however, would suffer from increased backgrounds from annihilation radiation with positron detection. While MTF measurements with an X-ray source and microslit indicate the best response with the arrays on FO+EMA substrates, measurements with high and medium (1.7 MeV and 635 keV) energy beta line sources yield the best responses with the plane glass substrate, indicating that energy thresholding affects resolution in the classical way, even with these highly miniaturized arrays. Experiments with complex positron emission distributions along with large gamma-ray backgrounds, as may be expected during surgery, yield images with small background contamination and no distortions.
Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heparin-binding protein is significantly increased in acute pancreatitis (2021)

HBP levels are dramatically increased in patients with AP, and these levels far exceed those previously reported in other conditions. In this study, we did not observe any significant correlation between HBP levels and disease severity or the need for intravenous fluid. Additional studies on HBP are needed to further explore the role of HBP in the pathogenesis of AP and its possible clinical implications.
Solid to Gas Temperature Gradient in a Microwave Fluidized Bed (2011)

Convective heat transfer from solid to gas was investigated in a microwave heated fluidized bed and compared to an identical conventionally heated bed. Fluidizing gas was fed at room temperature and heated in contact with the bed solid phase. Solid phase temperature was varied in range of 300-600°C. Temperature difference of the two phases and heat loss by gas stream were measured in both heating types and discussed regarding chemical reaction engineering and energy efficiency. Advantages of microwave heating in such systems were elaborated with an outlook to perspective applications of the process in field of materials science and engineering.
Cutting Edge: Bcl6-Interacting Corepressor Contributes to Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cell Formation and B Cell Helper Function (2015)

CD4(+) germinal center (GC)-T follicular helper (Tfh) cells help B cells become long-lived plasma cells and memory cells. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 plays a key role in GC-Tfh formation by inhibiting the expression of genes that promote differentiation into other lineages. We determined whether BCOR, a component of a Polycomb repressive complex that interacts with the Bcl6 BTB domain, influences GC-Tfh differentiation. T cell-targeted BCOR deficiency led to a substantial loss of peptide:MHC class II-specific GC-Tfh cells following Listeria monocytogenes infection and a 2-fold decrease following immunization with a peptide in CFA. The reduction in GC-Tfh cells was associated with diminished plasma cell and GC B cell formation. Thus, T cell-expressed BCOR is critical for optimal GC-Tfh cell differentiation and humoral immunity.
36.4: 3.4‐inch Full‐Color QHD AMOLED Display using Large‐Size Flexible Substrate with Highly Reliable OS‐FETs (2011)

Abstract We report a 300mm × 360mm flexible FET substrate made by our transfer technology and 3.4‐inch full‐color AMOLED display with oxide FET flexible substrate. Our transfer technology has advantages in applicability for a large‐size substrate and cost performance because laser irradiation is not needed.
Disc-like copper vias fabricated in a silicon wafer: Design for reliability (2008)

Simple formulas have been obtained for the evaluation of the 1) elastic stability of thin-and-large-diameter ("disc-like") copper vias fabricated in a silicon wafer and subjected, at elevated temperatures, to thermally induced compression, as well as of the level of the 2) cumulative stresses in an array of vias. Based on the computed data, we have concluded that, when the spacing between the vias in a via array is twice as large as the via diameter, the maximum cumulative tensile stress in the silicon wafer could be assessed by multiplying the "hoop" pressure due to a single via by the factor of 2.25.
PI3K Inhibition Impairs BRCA1/2 Expression and Sensitizes BRCA-Proficient Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to PARP Inhibition (2020)

PARP inhibitors are active in tumors with defects in DNA homologous recombination (HR) due to BRCA1/2 mutations. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway preserves HR steady state. We hypothesized that in BRCA-proficient triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), PI3K inhibition would result in HR impairment and subsequent sensitization to PARP inhibitors. We show in TNBC cells that PI3K inhibition leads to DNA damage, downregulation of BRCA1/2, gain in poly-ADP-ribosylation, and subsequent sensitization to PARP inhibition. In TNBC patient–derived primary tumor xenografts, dual PI3K and PARP inhibition with BKM120 and olaparib reduced the growth of tumors displaying BRCA1/2 downregulation following PI3K inhibition. PI3K-mediated BRCA downregulation was accompanied by extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Overexpression of an active form of MEK1 resulted in ERK activation and downregulation of BRCA1, whereas the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 increased BRCA1/2 expression and reversed the effects of MEK1. We subsequently identified that the ETS1 transcription factor was involved in the ERK-dependent BRCA1/2 downregulation and that knockdown of ETS1 led to increased BRCA1/2 expression, limiting the sensitivity to combined BKM120 and olaparib in 3-dimensional culture.