gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Palladium-catalysed Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzenes and Oximes using Ammonium Formate† (1998)

G. K. Jnaneshwara, A. Sudalai and V. H. Deshpande, J. Chem. Res. (S), 1998, 160 DOI: 10.1039/A705957D
Adaptive Beamformer for Hands-Free Communication System in Noisy Environments (2005)

The paper proposes a new adaptive algorithm for speech enhancement in hands-free communication systems. The scheme aims to enhance a target signal corrupted by background noise and by acoustic echo. The main idea is the incorporation of both the source and the interference short-term spectral amplitudes in the solution. These spectral components are estimated iteratively to provide a spectrally optimized constraint while the background noise statistics are estimated and updated continuously. Evaluations in a hands-free car environment show that the proposed algorithm is superior in suppressing both the noise and the interference even in a double-talk situation.
Small and low-loss IF SAW filters with excellent temperature coefficient consisting of zinc oxide film on quartz substrate (2003)

One of the authors reported that a surface acoustic wave (SAW) substrate with an excellent temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) and a large electromechanical coupling factor could be realized by a combination of a specific quartz (cut-angle and propagation-direction) substrate having a positive TCF and a ZnO film having a negative TCF from theoretical and experimental investigations. The authors have tried to apply this ZnO/quartz substrate to various SAW filters at an intermediate frequency stage (IF). But, it was clarified that the SAW filter consisting of a single electrode (strip) or single-phase unidirectional transducer (SPUDT) on these substrates often had a large spurious response due to the Love wave which was a higher-order-mode of the Rayleigh wave. The new cut angle of quartz was developed in order to suppress its response. The IF filters for wide-band code division multiple access (W-CDMA: 380 MHz) and narrow-band CDMA (N-CDMA: 183 MHz) were developed by combining the new cut angle quartz and the ZnO film. As a result, small-sized IF filters without a spurious response due to the Love wave and with excellent TCF, low insertion loss, and cost advantages in the applications were obtained. Their frequency shift per 1/spl deg/C from -20/spl deg/C to 80/spl deg/C was less than 0.37 ppm//spl deg/C. Their insertion losses were 3.6 to 4.4 dB lower than, those of conventional SAW filters consisting of the ST-X quartz substrate. Adjacent channel sensitivities (ACSs) of the W-CDMA filter were always larger than 36.1 dB/35 dB in the temperature range of -20 to 80/spl deg/C.
Investigation of electric/magnetic local interaction between Si photonic-crystal nanocavities and Au meta-atoms (2014)

We experimentally investigate nanoscale local interaction in a composite system consisting of dielectric photonic-crystal nanocavity and metallic meta-atoms. The Q factor of the composite system changes by a maximum of about 10 dB based on the relative position and the type of meta-atoms. The emission by meta-atoms dominates the nanocavity emission when they are in the electric or magnetic antinodes of the cavity field. Circularly polarized emission is achieved by tuning the polarization, the position, and the coupling phase of each meta-atom with respect to the nanocavity. Utilization of the local interaction with meta-atoms is shown to be useful as a new degree of freedom in tailoring the characteristics of nanocavities.
High-Mass-Loading Porous Ti3C2Tx Films for Ultrahigh-Rate Pseudocapacitors (2020)

Mass production of ordered and porous three-dimensional (3D) electrodes is a crucial prerequisite for practical energy storage devices. MXenes have drawn considerable attention as pseudocapacitive materials for outstanding electric conductivity and surface redox reactions; however, they face challenges for achieving 3D porous architectures especially at high mass loadings. Herein we propose a reduced-repulsion freeze-casting assembly concept via interlayer interaction engineering for constructing 3D porous Ti3C2Tx films, wherein interlayer repulsion is minimized via less electronegative functional groups and charge screening effect based on quantum calculations. 3D Ti3C2Tx films deliver a capacitance of 207.9 F g–1 at 10 V s–1, which demonstrates 58.6% capacitance retention with a 1000-fold scan rate increase. The capacitive performance is almost independent of electrode mass loading up to 16.18 mg cm–2, exhibiting ultrahigh areal capacitance of 3731 mF cm–2 and energy density of 336.7 μWh cm–2.
Multilevel Coding for the Full-Duplex Relay Channel (2014)

The overwhelming majority of the large literature on coding for the relay channel has been dedicated to the low-SNR regime (binary signaling) and the half- duplex scenario. For non-binary full-duplex signaling, important challenges remain in the simultaneous design of coded modulation at the source and relay. Part of the difficulty is to design the codes with the requisite correlation prescribed by theory. This paper proposes a systematic code design methodology for the relay channel via multilevel coding (MLC). The main difficulty was that a straightforward extension of the chain rule MLC decomposition, as was previously used in the point to-point MLC, would result in many dependencies between the coded layers of the source and relay. A key contribution of this paper is showing that MLC joint source/relay code design can be implemented via standard binary code design procedures. Specifically, we outline a design process where the correlation between the source and relay codes are implemented purely via pairwise correlations between the binary codes of source and relay at each layer, without any other inter-layer correlations. Moreover, a specific design example is provided via a simple XOR operation on two conventionally designed codes. Numerical results show excellent performance for the proposed scheme.
40-Gb/s Optical Clock Recovery Using a Compact Traveling-Wave Electroabsorption Modulator-Based Ring Oscillator (2004)

Compact optical clock recovery is demonstrated by utilizing filtered and amplified photocurrent in a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator. The 40-GHz optical clock was recovered from a 40-Gb/s optical time-division multiplexed signal and transferred to a new clock wavelength. The recovered optical clock has 500-fs timing jitter and 8-ps pulsewidth.
Improvement in Aerosol Delivery with Helium–Oxygen Mixtures during Mechanical Ventilation (2001)

In mechanically ventilated patients with airway obstruction, helium-oxygen (He-O2) mixtures reduce airway resistance and improve ventilation, but their influence on aerosol delivery is unknown. Accordingly, we determined the effect of various He-O2 mixtures on albuterol delivery from metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and jet nebulizers in an in vitro model of mechanical ventilation. Albuterol delivery from a MDI was increased when the ventilator circuit contained 80% helium and 20% oxygen (He-O2 80/20) versus O2: 46.7 +/- 3.3 versus 30.2 +/- 1.3 (SE)% of the nominal dose (p < 0.001)-the difference was mainly due to decreased drug deposition in the spacer chamber, mean 39.2% and 55.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). Nebulizer efficiency at a flow rate of 6 L/min was five times lower with He-O2 80/20 than O2, and the amount of nebulized drug was inversely correlated with gas density (r = 0.94, p < 0.0001). When the nebulizer was operated with O2, greater albuterol delivery was achieved when the ventilator circuit contained He-O2 rather than O2. In summary, He-O2 mixtures in the circuit increased aerosol delivery for both MDIs and nebulizers in the mechanically ventilated model by as much as 50%. In conclusion, at appropriate flow rates and concentrations, He-O2 in the ventilator circuit may improve aerosol delivery in mechanically ventilated patients with severe airway obstruction.
Hierarchical Macroporous Particles for Efficient Whole-Cell Immobilization: Application in Bioconversion of Greenhouse Gases to Methanol (2019)

A viable approach for methanol production under ambient physiological conditions is to use greenhouse gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), as feed for immobilized methanotrophs. In the present study, unique macroporous carbon particles with pore sizes in the range of ∼1–6 μm were synthesized and used as support for the immobilization of Methylocella tundrae. Immobilization was accomplished covalently on hierarchical macroporous carbon particles. Maximal cell loading of covalently immobilized M. tundrae was 205 mgDCM g–1 of particles. Among these particles, the cells immobilized on 3.6 μm pore size particles showed the highest reusability with the least leaching and were chosen for further study. After immobilization, M. tundrae showed up to 2.4-fold higher methanol production stability at various pH and temperature values because of higher stability and metabolic activity than free cells. After eight cycles of reuse, the immobilized cells retained 18.1-fold higher relative production stability compared to free cells. Free and immobilized cells exhibited cumulative methanol production of 5.2 and 9.5 μmol mgDCM–1 under repeated batch conditions using simulated biogas [CH4 and CO2, 4:1 (v/v)] as feed, respectively. The appropriate pore size of macroporous particles favors the efficient M. tundrae immobilization to retain better biocatalytic properties. This is the first report concerning the covalent immobilization of methanotrophs on the newly synthesized macroporous carbon particles and its subsequent application in repeated methanol production using simulated biogas as a feed.
Systematic Management and Analysis of Yeast Gene Expression Data (2000)

We report steps toward the systematic management, standardization, and analysis of functional genomics data. We developed the ExpressDB database for yeast RNA expression data and loaded it with approximately 17.5 million pieces of data reported by 11 studies with three different kinds of high-throughput RNA assays. A web-based tool supports queries across the data from these studies. We examined comparability of data by converting data from 9 studies (217 conditions) into mRNA relative abundance estimates (ERAs) and by clustering of conditions by ERAs. We report on generation of ERAs and condition clustering for non-microarray data (5 studies, 63 conditions) and describe initial attempts to generate microarray-based ERAs (4 studies, 154 conditions), which exhibit increased error, on our web site http://arep.med.harvard. edu/ExpressDB. We recommend standards for data reporting, suggest research into improving comparability of microarray data through quantifying and standardizing control condition RNA populations, and also suggest research into the calibration of different RNA assays. We introduce a model for a database that integrates different kinds of functional genomics data, Biomolecule Interaction, Growth and Expression Database (BIGED).
Discovery and Characterization of ML398, a Potent and Selective Antagonist of the D4Receptor within VivoActivity (2014)

Herein, we report the structure-activity relationship of a chiral morpholine-based scaffold, which led to the identification of a potent and selective dopamine 4 (D4) receptor antagonist. The 4-chlorobenzyl moiety was identified, and the compound was designated an MLPCN probe molecule, ML398. ML398 is potent against the D4 receptor with IC50 = 130 nM and K i = 36 nM and shows no activity against the other dopamine receptors tested (>20 μM against D1, D2S, D2L, D3, and D5). Further in vivo studies showed that ML398 reversed cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion at 10 mg/kg.
All normal dispersion nonlinear fibre supercontinuum source characterization and application in hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (2020)

Hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful label-free, chemical-specific technique for biomedical and mineralogical imaging. Usually, broad and rapid spectral scanning across Raman bands is required for species identification. In many implementations, however, the Raman spectral scan speed is limited by the need to tune source laser wavelengths. Alternatively, a broadband supercontinuum source can be considered. In SRS microscopy, however, source noise is critically important, precluding many spectral broadening schemes. Here we show that a supercontinuum light source based on all normal dispersion (ANDi) fibres provides a stable broadband output with very low incremental source noise. We characterized the noise power spectral density of the ANDi fibre output and demonstrated its use in hyperspectral SRS microscopy applications. This confirms the viability and ease of implementation of ANDi fibre sources for broadband SRS imaging.
Bomebesin: specific binding to rat brain membranes. (1978)

The binding of a radiolabeled bomebesin analogue to rat brain membranes was studied. [125I-Tyr4]Bombesin bound with high affinity (KD = 3 nM) to a single class of non-interacting sites. Binding was specific, saturable (3.8 pmol of sites/g of wet tissue), and reversible. Regional and subcellular distribution studies showed that the density of sites was 7-fold greater in the hippocampus than the medulla/pons and greater in synaptosomal fractions than in mitochondrial or nuclear fractions. The abilities of numerous bombesin analogues to induce hypothermia and to inhibit [125I-Tyr4]bombesin-binding activity correlate well. Numerous amino acid residues near the CONH2-terminal are required for high-affinity binding and biological potency.
Advanced Air Mobility: Research Directions for Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance (2022)

Advanced air mobility (AAM) is an emerging industry focus as well as a research and development discipline. Innovations and technologies resulting from AAM will change the way that we move cargo and people in and around cities. Industry is moving fast with excitement to deploy AAM solutions. However, there are multiple technical challenges that need to be overcome before AAM becomes a reality. This article takes a closer look at the technology readiness level of AAM solutions in the area of communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) and identifies open research problems as well as directions to address them. In particular, we discuss current approaches and future research challenges in air corridor design, air-to-air (AA) communications, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) support for navigation, and detect and avoid (DAA)/collision avoidance, among other areas, for supporting future AAM operations.
Anytime K-Nearest Neighbor Search for Database Applications (2008)

Many contemporary database applications require similarity-based retrieval of complex objects where the only usable knowledge of its domain is determined by a metric distance function. In support of these applications, we explored a search strategy for k- nearest neighbor searches with MVP-trees that greedily identifies k answers and then improves the answer set monotonically. The algorithm returns an approximate solution when terminated early, as determined by a limiting radius or an internal measure of progress. Given unbounded time the algorithm terminates with an exact solution. Approximate solutions to k-nearest neighbor search provide much needed speed improvement to hard nearest-neighbor problems. Our anytime approximate formulation is well suited for interactive search applications as well as applications where the distance function itself is an approximation. We evaluate the algorithm over a suite of workloads, including image retrieval, biological data and high-dimensional vector data. Experimental results demonstrate the practical applicability of our approach.
Alternative approaches to infrared multiphoton dissociation in an external ion reservoir (2003)

In this work we present variations on in-hexapole infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) for the characterization of modified oligonucleotides using an ESI-FTICR spectrometer. We demonstrate that IRMPD in the external ion reservoir provides a comprehensive series of fragments allowing thorough characterization of a wide range of oligonucleotides containing alternative backbones and 2' substitutions. An alternative pulse sequence is presented that allows alternating MS and IRMPD MS/MS spectra to be acquired on a chromatographic timescale without loss in ionization duty cycle. Ions are excited to a larger cyclotron radius such that they "dodge" the IR laser beam that travels through the center of the trapped ion cell and impinges on the external ion reservoir creating IRMPD fragments that will be detected in the next scan. An alternative approach for directing IR radiation into the external ion reservoir using a hollow fiber waveguide as a photon conduit is presented. This approach offers a simple and robust alternative to the previously utilized on-axis scheme and may allow effective implementation with lower power lasers owing to the inherent increase in power density achieved by focusing the nascent laser beam into the hollow fiber waveguide.
Para‐Substituted phenylalanine‐4 analogues of [l‐Ala3]. DPDPE: highly selective δ opioid receptor ligands (1997)

Several para-substituted Phe4 analogues of the delta 1-selective antagonist [L-Ala3]DPDPE (DPADPE) were prepared and evaluated for their brain-binding and in vitro pharmacological effects. Unlike the p-haloPhe4 analogues of DPDPE and the deltorphins, similar analogues of DPADPE with electron-withdrawing groups substituted at the para-position of the Phe4 aromatic ring did not all have increased potency and selectivity for delta opioid receptors, but all retained high potency and selectivity for delta opioid receptors greater than DPDPE.
Characterization of nuclease‐resistant ribozymes directed against hepatitis B virus RNA* (2002)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for > 350 million cases of chronic hepatitis B worldwide and 1.2 million deaths each year. To explore the use of ribozymes as a novel therapy for HBV infection, nuclease-resistant ribozymes that target highly conserved regions of HBV RNA were screened in cell culture. These synthetic ribozymes have the potential to cleave all four major HBV RNA transcripts and to block the HBV lifecycle by cleavage of the pregenomic RNA. A number of the screened ribozymes demonstrate activity in cell culture systems, as measured by decreased levels of HBV surface antigen, HBV e antigen and HBV DNA. In addition, a lead anti-HBV ribozyme maintains activity against a lamivudine-resistant HBV variant in cell culture. Treatment of HBV transgenic mice with lead anti-HBV ribozymes significantly reduced viraemia compared with saline-treated animals and was as effective as treatment with lamivudine. In conclusion, the therapeutic use of a ribozyme alone or in combination with current therapies (lamivudine or interferons) may lead to improved HBV therapy.
Metabolism-Guided Selective Androgen Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation for Activity against Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2023)

A major challenge for new drug discovery in the area of androgen receptor (AR) antagonists lies in predicting the druggable properties that will enable small molecules to retain their potency and stability during further studies <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Indole (compound <b>8</b>) is a first-in-class AR antagonist with very high potency (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.085 μM) but is metabolically unstable. During the metabolic studies described herein, we synthesized new small molecules that exhibit significantly improved stability while retaining potent antagonistic activity for an AR. This structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of more than 50 compounds classified with three classes (Class I, II, and III) and discovered two compounds <b>(32c</b> and <b>35i</b>) that are potent AR antagonists (e.g., IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.021 μM, <i>T</i><sub>1/2</sub> = 120 min for compound <b>35i</b>). The new antagonists exhibited improved <i>in vivo</i> pharmacokinetics (PK) with high efficacy antiandrogen activity in Hershberger and antiandrogen Enz-Res tumor xenograft models that overexpress AR (LNCaP-AR).
Determining Achievable Rates for Secure, Zero Divergence, Steganography (2006)

In steganography (the hiding of data into innocuous covers for secret communication) it is difficult to estimate how much data can be hidden while still remaining undetectable. To measure the inherent detectability of steganography, Cachin suggested the ϵ-secure measure, where ϵ is the Kullback Leibler (K-L) divergence between the cover distribution and the distribution after hiding. At zero divergence, an optimal statistical detector can do no better than guessing; the data is undetectable. The hider's key question then is, what hiding rate can be used while maintaining zero divergence? Though work has been done on the theoretical capacity of steganography, it is often difficult to use these results in practice. We therefore examine the limits of a practical scheme known to allow embedding with zero-divergence. This scheme is independent of the embedding algorithm and therefore can be generically applied to find an achievable secure hiding rate for arbitrary cover distributions.
Active array for s-band satellite communications (2002)

User Radio Access Equipment (URAE) having omnidirectional antennas will support only low data rates due to limitations on available power in both the up and down links. In order to support higher data rates — up to 64 kbps — URAE having medium gain antennas are envisaged. These higher gain antennas would provide a minimum G/T of −20dB/K over the coverage region along with an EIRP of 10dBW. With very low losses and state-of-the-art LNA performance this G/T corresponds to an edge of coverage directive gain of 4dBic.
Thermal degradation of long-chain polyunsatured fatty acids during deodorization of fish oil (2006)

International audience
Amplification of the CDK4 gene in sarcomas: tumor specificity and relationship with the RB gene mutation. (1998)

Amplification of the CDK4 gene, which encodes a key molecule in the cell cycle, has been shown in some types of human neoplasms, including bone and soft tissue tumors. It is also reported that the CDK4 gene is coamplified with other sequences in the 12q13-15 region, including the MDM2 and SAS genes. Using 146 DNA samples derived from a variety of bone and soft tissue tumors, we have studied the pattern of amplification of these three genes, CDK4, MDM2, and SAS, to investigate whether there are any tumor type specific patterns of amplification. Amplification of at least one of these three genes was found in 18 tumors, and five different patterns of amplification were observed. Amplification of all of these three genes was detected in 9 cases. Amplification of the CDK4 gene without MDM2 amplification was observed in osteosarcomas and a chondrosarcoma but not in soft tissue tumors, whereas amplification of MDM2 gene alone was observed in malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs), liposarcomas, and lipomas, but not in bone tumors. These results suggested that the CDK4 region is the primary target for amplification in bone tumors, whereas the MDM2 region is in soft tissue tumors. We also investigated the relationship of CDK4 amplification with retinoblastoma (RB) gene mutations in osteosarcomas, for which we have already performed the mutation analyses in detail. Interestingly, contrary to the prevailing theory that CDK4 amplification is an alternative mechanism for RB gene mutation, we found that three of four cases with amplification of the CDK4 gene showed loss of expression of the RB protein, one of which was proved to have an gross DNA alteration in the RB locus. This redundancy of mutations may indicate that the amplification of CDK4 may have some roles other than the inactivation of the RB protein in the development of osteosarcomas.