gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human milk oligosaccharides reduce necrotizing enterocolitis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice (2023)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. One of the most devastating complications of NEC is the development of NEC-induced brain injury, which manifests as impaired cognition that persists beyond infancy and which represents a proinflammatory activation of the gut-brain axis. Given that oral administration of the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and 6'-sialyslactose (6'-SL) significantly reduced intestinal inflammation in mice, we hypothesized that oral administration of these HMOs would reduce NEC-induced brain injury and sought to determine the mechanisms involved. We now show that the administration of either 2'-FL or 6'-SL significantly attenuated NEC-induced brain injury, reversed myelin loss in the corpus callosum and midbrain of newborn mice, and prevented the impaired cognition observed in mice with NEC-induced brain injury. In seeking to define the mechanisms involved, 2'-FL or 6'-SL administration resulted in a restoration of the blood-brain barrier in newborn mice and also had a direct anti-inflammatory effect on the brain as revealed through the study of brain organoids. Metabolites of 2'-FL were detected in the infant mouse brain by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), whereas intact 2'-FL was not. Strikingly, the beneficial effects of 2'-FL or 6'-SL against NEC-induced brain injury required the release of the neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as mice lacking BDNF were not protected by these HMOs from the development of NEC-induced brain injury. Taken in aggregate, these findings reveal that the HMOs 2'-FL and 6'-SL interrupt the gut-brain inflammatory axis and reduce the risk of NEC-induced brain injury.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> This study reveals that the administration of human milk oligosaccharides, which are present in human breast milk, can interfere with the proinflammatory gut-brain axis and prevent neuroinflammation in the setting of necrotizing enterocolitis, a major intestinal disorder seen in premature infants.
Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction from Coherent Phonons during a Laser-Induced Phase Transition (2000)

Time-resolved x-ray diffraction with picosecond temporal resolution is used to observe scattering from impulsively generated coherent acoustic phonons in laser-excited InSb crystals. The observed frequencies and damping rates are in agreement with a model based on dynamical diffraction theory coupled to analytic solutions for the laser-induced strain profile. The results are consistent with a 12 ps thermal electron-acoustic phonon coupling time together with an instantaneous component from the deformation-potential interaction. Above a critical laser fluence, we show that the first step in the transition to a disordered state is the excitation of large amplitude, coherent atomic motion.
Kinetics of Crystal Etching Limited by Terrace Dissolution (2010)

We describe an experiment whose results are interpreted as a direct measurement of the chemical reaction kinetics of atoms being removed from high coordination crystal terrace sites, at least in the particular restricted case of electrochemical dissolution of metal alloys. The central idea is that there are binary metal alloys such as Ag/Au with the property that they can be subjected to electrochemical dissolution (corrosion) conditions where one element, the less noble component, dissolves and the remaining (minor, more noble) element diffuses on the surface, passivating all step edges and other low coordination sites. Further dissolution, particularly under conditions leading to porosity evolution, is rate-limited by dissolution from nine-coordinated terrace sites in face-centered cubic alloys. By dealloying Ag from Ag-Au alloys in ionic liquids, we have extrapolated the activation barrier for Ag dissolution from alloy terrace sites over the composition range 0-20 atom % Au.
Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging for Personalized Brain Tumor Resection: Current State and Future Directions (2016)

We are standing on the threshold of the era of marker-assisted tumor management. Innovations in the fields of surgical optics, computer image analysis, and molecular bioengineering are advancing fluorescence-guided tumor resection paradigms, leading to cell-level approaches to visualization and resection of brain tumors.
Dynamic Dependency Analysis of Ordinary Programs (2005)

A quantitative analysis of program execution is essential to the computer architecture design process. With the current trend in architecture of enhancing the performance of uniprocessors by exploiting fine-grain parallelism, first-order metrics of program execution, such as operation frequencies, are not sufficient; characterizing the exact nature of dependencies between operations is essential. This paper presents a methodology for constructing the dynamic execution graph that characterizes the execution of an ordinary program (an application program written in an imperative language such as C or FORTRAN) from a serial execution trace of the program. It then uses the methodology to study parallelism in the SPEC benchmarks. We see that the parallelism can be bursty in nature (periods of lots of parallelism followed by periods of little parallelism), but the average parallelism is quite high, ranging from 13 to 23,302 operations per cycle. Exposing this parallelism requires renaming of both registers and memory, though renaming registers alone exposes much of this parallelism. We also see that fairly large windows of dynamic instructions would be required to expose this parallelism from a sequential instruction stream.
The effect of fin ray flexural rigidity on the propulsive forces generated by a biorobotic fish pectoral fin (2010)

A biorobotic pectoral fin was developed and used to study how the flexural rigidities of fin rays within a highly deformable fish fin affect the fin's propulsive forces. The design of the biorobotic fin was based on a detailed analysis of the pectoral fin of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). The biorobotic fin was made to execute the kinematics used by the biological fin during steady swimming, and to have structural properties that modeled those of the biological fin. This resulted in an engineered fin that had a similar interaction with the water as the biological fin and that created close approximations of the three-dimensional motions, flows, and forces produced by the sunfish during low speed, steady swimming. Experimental trials were conducted during which biorobotic fins of seven different stiffness configurations were flapped at frequencies from 0.5 to 2.0 Hz in flows with velocities that ranged from 0 to 270 mm s(-1). During these trials, thrust and lift forces were measured, kinematics were recorded in three dimensions, and digital particle image velocimetry was used to evaluate flow hydrodynamics. The results of the trials revealed that slight changes to the fin's mechanical properties or to the operating conditions can have significant impact on the direction, magnitude and time course of the propulsive forces. In general, the magnitude of the 2-D (thrust and lift) propulsive force scaled with fin ray stiffness, and increased as the fin's flapping speed increased or as the velocity of the flow decreased.
Model and simulation of scanning tunneling microscope tip/semiconductor interactions in p n junction delineation (1992)

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is an electrically sensitive technique with atomic resolution, making it a viable candidate for use in shallow junction delineation. It has been demonstrated that STM can be used to distinguish between n- and p-type semiconductors, yet the effects of STM tip and sample biases on the electronic structure of the silicon and, hence, on the tunneling current have not been extensively explored. A tunnel diode model has been proposed coupled with classical band bending to simulate these effects. The scanning of the tip across the junction was simulated using structure defining algorithms in pisces, a two dimensional device simulator. The tip electrode was moved incrementally across the silicon surface at a set height. pisces was called at each new tip location to produce a new structure file. The Poisson equation was solved by pisces at each tip location to determine band bending. Silicon surface potentials were extracted from the simulation and incorporated into the tunneling current calculations. Tunneling currents in the model depend on the density of empty states in the electron-receiving material, on the density of filled states in the electron-supplying material, and on the tunneling probability across the tip-to-semiconductor gap. The tunneling currents were then compared to experimental results.
Overcoming Compound Interference in Fluorescence Polarization-Based Kinase Assays Using Far-Red Tracers (2004)

Kinase-mediated phosphorylation of proteins is critical to the regulation of many biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Because of the central role that kinases play in processes that can lead to disease states, the targeting of kinases with small-molecule inhibitors is a validated strategy for therapeutic intervention. Classic methods for assaying kinases include nonhomogenous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or scintillation-based formats using [gamma-(32)P]ATP. However, homogenous fluorescence-based assays have gained in popularity in recent years due to decreased costs in reagent usage through miniaturization, increased throughput, and avoidance of regulatory costs associated with the use of radiation. Whereas the readout signal from a nonhomogenous or radioactive assay is largely impervious to interferences from matrix components (such as library compounds), all homogenous fluorescent assay formats are subject to such interferences. Interference from intrinsically fluorescent compounds or from scattered light due to precipitated compounds can interfere with assays that depend on a fluorescence intensity (or fluorescence quenching), fluorescence resonance energy transfer, or fluorescence polarization-based readout. Because these interfering factors show a greater effect at lower wavelengths, one strategy to overcome such interferences is to develop fluorescent assays using longer wavelength (red-shifted) fluorescent probes. In this article, we describe the PanVera PolarScreen far-red fluorescence polarization assay format, which mitigates assay interference from autofluorescent compounds or scattered light through the use of a far-red tracer. The tracer shows substantially less interference from light scatter or autofluorescent library compounds than do fluorescein-based tracers, and gives rise to a larger assay window than the popular far-red fluorophore Cy5.
Constant common mode voltage modulation strategy for the FB10 power converter (2011)

In this paper a modulation strategy based on the classical space vector modulation is applied to the FB10 converter, a new converter topology for PV applications. Firstly, the FB10 converter is presented and the natural modulation is computed. Secondly, the simulation and experimental results are shown. Finally, the conclusions are stated
ChemInform Abstract: A 5′‐Noraristeromycin Enantiomer with Activity Towards Hepatitis B Virus. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Practical Neuro-Urology: Genitourinary Complications in Neurologic Disease (1995)

Neuro-urology basics neurophysiology of micturition classification of neurogenic bladder disease sexual dysfunction and infertility urological symptoms of neurologic diseases neuro-urological examination urodynamic evaluation in neuro-urology electromyography in neuro-urology advance electromyography techniques spinal cord injury cerebrovascular accident and other intracranial lesions multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease diabetic neurogenic bladder cauda equina and peripheral nerve injury invertebral disc disease autonomic nervous system dysfunction infectious neurological diseases non-traumatic spinal cord diseases voiding dysfunction in children cerebral palsy benign prostatic hyperplasia urinary retention and dysfunctional voiding urologic cancer with neurologic sequela female urology and pelvic floor dysfunction urinary incontenence and neurological implication urinary tract infection and neurogenic bladder pharmacology of neuro-urology alternative therapeutic modalities cathererization management management of sphincter dyssynergia surgery for neuro-urologic diseases neuromodulation electrical stimulation for micturition.
Taxing times should prompt move to revenue reform (2014)

Attempting to address the ‘great corporate tax dodge’ is high on the G20 leaders’ agenda, having endorsed the OECD’s Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) at their St Petersburg summit in September 2013. Leaders were prompted by global public anger over multinational companies’ failure to pay their ‘fair share’, and their own concerns about weak tax collections. The real question is whether these issues can be resolved by simply patching up the current system or whether more fundamental reform is needed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Chemistry of the Fluoronitramide Anion (2007)

The fluoronitramide anion, as its potassium, tetraisopropyl p-phenylenediguanidinium, and tetraphenylphosphonium salts, have been synthesized. The latter salt was characterized in detail as it was by far the most stable. The free acid HN(F)(NO2) was found to be unstable, as was the ammonium salt of fluoronitramide. The fluorine atom was shown to be capable of displacement by nucleophiles. In contrast to dinitramide, which at room temperature is unreactive towards aqueous alkali, fluoronitramide reacts instantly with aqueous hydroxide. Single crystal X-ray diffraction data show an unusual degree of uncertainty in the position of the fluorine atom in all of the salts that were examined.
The capacity region of the discrete memoryless interference channel with strong interference (Corresp.) (1987)

The capacity region of the discrete memoryless interference channel with strong interference is established.
Motion Estimation and Object Recovery with Time-Sequentially Sampled Imagery* (1985)

Algorithms for estimating the motion of a moving object from digital imagery acquired in real time generally rely on two important assumptions: 1) the field of view is sampled frame-instantaneously, i.e. a record of the radiation integrated over a time interval that is short compared to the frame interval is stored at the focal plane, and this frozen image is read out serially during the interval between frames; and 2) there is relatively little change in the image between consecutive frames. With many digital imaging systems, the field of view is sampled time-sequentially during the entire interval between frames; and the radiation sensed at the focal plane changes continuously during this time. Typically, the field of view is sampled in a lexicographic (LEX) or 2:1 line-interlaced (2:1-LI) fashion. These patterns are illustrated in Table 1 which shows the order in which a 4 × 4 array of points would be sampled. With both these patterns, consecutive samples are clustered spatially. Table 1 also shows three dot-interlaced sampling patterns which disperse consecutive samples over the entire field of view. The 2:1 dot-interlaced (2:1-DI) and bit-reversed dot-interlaced (BRV-DI) patterns have been considered for bandwidth compression in video systems. The congruential dot-interlaced (CGR-DI) pattern has been shown to be optimal for sampling bandlimited signals [1],[2]. It also simplifies certain signal processing operations [3]. This particular pattern generates a 5 × 4 array of samples.
Supplementary Table 1 from Functional Phosphodiesterase 11A Mutations May Modify the Risk of Familial and Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (2023)

Supplementary Table 1 from Functional Phosphodiesterase 11A Mutations May Modify the Risk of Familial and Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors
Practical low-rank matrix approximation under robust L<inf>1</inf>-norm (2012)

A great variety of computer vision tasks, such as rigid/nonrigid structure from motion and photometric stereo, can be unified into the problem of approximating a low-rank data matrix in the presence of missing data and outliers. To improve robustness, the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -norm measurement has long been recommended. Unfortunately, existing methods usually fail to minimize the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -based nonconvex objective function sufficiently. In this work, we propose to add a convex trace-norm regularization term to improve convergence, without introducing too much heterogenous information. We also customize a scalable first-order optimization algorithm to solve the regularized formulation on the basis of the augmented Lagrange multiplier (ALM) method. Extensive experimental results verify that our regularized formulation is reasonable, and the solving algorithm is very efficient, insensitive to initialization and robust to high percentage of missing data and/or outliers <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Analytical Modeling of the Suspended-Gate FET and Design Insights for Low-Power Logic (2008)

An analytical model for the suspended-gate field-effect transistor (SGFET), dedicated to the dc analysis of SGFET logic circuits, is developed. The model is based on the depletion approximation and expresses the pull-in voltage, the pull-out voltage, and the stable travel range as a function of the structural parameters. Gate position is explicitly expressed as a function of the gate voltage, thus enabling the convenient integration of the analytical SGFET relationships into the standard MOSFET models. Starting from the new SGFET model, the influence of the mechanical hysteresis on the circuit steady-state behavior is discussed, the potential of using the SGFET as an ultra-low power switch is demonstrated, and the operation of the complementary SGFET inverter is analyzed.
Longitudinally mounted light emitting plasma in a dielectric resonator (2011)

Methods for coupling power from a dielectric resonator to a light-emitting plasma have been previously described (Gilliard et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. at press). Inevitably, regardless of the efficiency of power transfer, much of the emitted light is absorbed in the resonator itself which physically surrounds much if not all of the radiating material. An investigation into a method is presented here for efficiently coupling power to a longitudinally mounted plasma vessel which is mounted on the surface of the dielectric material of the resonator, thereby eliminating significant absorption of light within the resonator structure. The topology of the resonator and its physical properties as well as those of the metal halide plasma are presented. Results of basic models of the field configuration and plasma are shown as well as a configuration suitable as a practical light source.
Neamphamide A, a New HIV-Inhibitory Depsipeptide from the Papua New Guinea Marine Sponge Neamphius huxleyi (2004)

A new HIV-inhibitory cyclic depsipeptide, neamphamide A (2), was isolated from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine sponge Neamphius huxleyi. Its structure was established through interpretation of spectroscopic data and by acid hydrolysis, derivatization of the free amino acids, and LC-MS analysis of the derivatives. Neamphamide A (2) contains 11 amino acid residues and an amide-linked 3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethylheptanoic acid moiety. The amino acid constituents were identified as L-Leu, L-NMeGln, D-Arg, D- and L-Asn, two residues of D-allo-Thr, L-homoproline, (3S,4R)-3,4-dimethyl-L-glutamine, beta-methoxytyrosine, and 4-amino-7-guanidino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. In a cell-based XTT assay, 2 exhibited potent cytoprotective activity against HIV-1 infection with an EC50 of approximately 28 nM.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Organosilicon Chemistry. Part 142. Allylsilylation of Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Oxygen Unsaturated Bonds via a Radical Process. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Application of over-current relay in offshore wind power plant grid with VSC-HVDC connection (2011)

This paper presents the setting and coordination of over-current relays in an offshore wind power plant (WPP) grid connected only to the power electronic converters with limited fault current capability. The limited fault current injection capability of the converters has been considered as a hindrance for the relay setting. This characteristic can be utilized to develop a deterministic picture of the radial grid network and then the relays settings could be applied. The relay coordination has been demonstrated through an implementation in the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) platform. The setting of relay parameters based upon maximum nominal currents is explained and the consequences are investigated.
GABAA receptor mRNAs are increased after electroconvulsive shock. (1991)

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) has been reported to alter brain second-messengers and neurotransmitter systems, including the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) system, and to increase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the proto-oncogene c-fos. We evaluated mRNA for the most abundant GABAA receptor subunits, alpha 1 and gamma 2, in brain regions after a single ECS in mice. Alpha 1 and gamma 2 mRNAs were unchanged from controls at 2 hrs after ECS, but both were significantly elevated in cerebellum and hippocampus after 4 hrs. This alteration persisted in cerebellum for alpha 1 mRNA at 8 hrs, but resolved for gamma 2 mRNA in cerebellum and for both subunit mRNAs in hippocampus. No changes in mRNA were observed in cortex for either subunit and no changes in either mRNA were observed in brain regions of sham-treated mice. Thus, ECS appears to be associated with a rapid, reversible increase in GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in several brain regions.
Nickel Boride Catalyzed Reductions of Nitro Compounds and Azides: Nanocellulose-Supported Catalysts in Tandem Reactions (2021)

Abstract Nickel boride catalyst prepared in situ from NiCl2 and sodium borohydride allowed, in the presence of an aqueous solution of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (0.01 wt%), the reduction of a wide range of nitroarenes and aliphatic nitro compounds. Here we describe how the modified nanocellulose has a stabilizing effect on the catalyst that enables low loading of the nickel salt pre-catalyst. Ni-B prepared in situ from a methanolic solution was also used to develop a greener and facile reduction of organic azides, offering a substantially lowered catalyst loading with respect to reported methods in the literature. Both aromatic and aliphatic azides were reduced, and the protocol is compatible with a one-pot Boc-protection of the obtained amine yielding the corresponding carbamates. Finally, bacterial crystalline nanocellulose was chosen as a support for the Ni-B catalyst to allow an easy recovery step of the catalyst and its recyclability for new reduction cycles.