gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graph-Based Spatial Segmentation of Health-Related Areal Data (2022)

Smoothing is often used to improve the readability and interpretability of noisy areal data. However there are many instances where the underlying quantity is discontinuous. In this case, specific methods are needed to estimate the piecewise constant spatial process. A well-known approach in this setting is to perform segmentation of the signal using the adjacency graph, as does the graph-based fused lasso. But this method does not scale well to large graphs. This article introduces a new method for piecewise-constant spatial estimation that (i) is fast to compute on large graphs and (ii) yields sparser models than the fused lasso (for the same amount of regularization), giving estimates that are easier to interpret. We illustrate our method on simulated data and apply it to real data on overweight prevalence in the Netherlands. Healthy and unhealthy zones are identified which cannot be explained by demographic of socio-economic characteristics. We find that our method is capable of identifying such zones and can assist policy makers with their health-improving strategies. The implementation of our method in R is publicly available at github.com/goepp/graphseg.
Chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis: novel, potential therapeutic targets of the CCR2 chemokine receptor signaling pathway (2003)

Apoptosis is a principal mechanism in metazoans by which superfluous or potentially harmful cells are eliminated. Deregulation of this process leads to a variety of diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Stimuli that can induce apoptosis are relatively diverse, and include the death factors (Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor and TRAIL), DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Regardless of the origin of the apoptotic stimulus, commitment to apoptosis leads to activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. Cleavage of a select group of cellular substrates by caspases is responsible for the morphological and biochemical changes that characterize apoptotic cell death. The degradation of nuclear DNA into nucleosomal units is one of the features of apoptotic cell death, and is mediated by a caspase-activated DNase (CAD). Cells deficient in CAD undergo cell death without the DNA fragmentation, but CAD-null mice did not show any adverse phenotypes. A close examination of the apoptotic cells in these mice indicated that apoptotic cells are always in macrophages. It seems that at an early stage of apoptosis, the dying cells present an 'eat me signal' on their surface. This signal is recognized by macrophages for engulfment, and DNase II in the lysosomes of macrophages degrades DNA of apoptotic cells. Mice deficient in both CAD and DNase II genes were established, and the development of various organs was found to be severely impaired in these mutant mice. The mice accumulated a large amount of undigested DNA in macrophages in various tissues during development. This accumulation of DNA in macrophages activated the innate immunity to induce the expression of the interferon gene. The interferon thus produced seems to be responsible for the impaired tissue development. These results indicate that the degradation of DNA during apoptotic cell death is an essential step of apoptosis to maintain mammalian homeostasis.
STUN - Simple Traversal of UDP Through Network Address Translators (2003)

Simple Traversal of UDP Through NATs (STUN) is a lightweight protocol
that allows applications to discover the presence and types of Network
Address Translators (NATs) and firewalls between them and the public
Internet. It also provides the ability for applications to determine
the public IP addresses allocated to them by the NAT. STUN works with
many existing NATs, and does not require any special behavior from
them. As a result, it allows a wide variety of applications to work
through existing NAT infrastructure.
Optimising fitness for major vascular surgery (2019)

Major vascular surgeries, such as aortic aneurysm repair, carotid<br/>endarterectomy, and lower limb revascularisation, are increasingly common and carry a high risk. More than 200 million people are affected by peripheral arterial disease<br/>worldwide, of whom 10-20% require surgery
Enantioselective Synthesis of Paraconic Acids (2002)

The development of a new method for the enantioselective synthesis of disubstituted gamma-butyrolactones is reported. Based on this strategy, the total synthesis of three paraconic acids, that is (-)-roccellaric acid, (-)-nephrosteranic acid and (-)-protopraesorediosic acid, and the formal total synthesis of (-)-methylenolactocin and (-)-protolichesterinic acid is described, which are important because of their antibiotic and antitumor properties. Key steps of the synthesis are copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanations of furans, highly diastereoselective Sakurai allylations, Lewis acid or Lewis base catalyzed retroaldol/lactonization cascades, and ruthenium(II)-catalyzed, intermolecular cross metathesis reactions.
Newly Developed Heat Source Combined with Short-Duration Flash Lamp Annealing (FLA) Featuring a Low Thermal Budget and Low Environmental Load (2021)

We present a newly developed low thermal budget heat unit with increased ramp up and cooling rates. Moreover, this unit provides an energy saving of more than 50% compared to a conventional unit. With this tool, super activation with minimal diffusion is obtained in boron doped Si. These results indicate that our technique can be applied to advanced node devices which require high activation with green manufacturing technology.
Zirconium nanoparticles prepared by the reduction of zirconium oxide using the RAPET method (2011)

The aim of the current work is the synthesis and characterization of metallic Zr nanoparticles. The preparation is carried out by using the RAPET method (Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperatures) developed in our lab. The RAPET reaction of commercial ZrO(2) with Mg powder was carried out in a closed stainless steel cell, at 750 °C. On completion of the reaction, the additionally formed MgO is removed by treatment with acid. The characterization of the product was performed by XRD, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, SEM, TEM and elemental analysis. The XRD pattern reveals that the product is composed of pure metallic zirconium, without any traces of the MgO by-product.
Using Maize Chromosome Segment Substitution Line Populations for the Identification of Loci Associated with Multiple Disease Resistance (2018)

Southern Leaf Blight (SLB), Northern Leaf Blight (NLB), and Gray Leaf Spot (GLS) caused by <i>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</i>, <i>Setosphaeria turcica</i>, and <i>Cercospora zeae-maydis</i> respectively, are among the most important diseases of corn worldwide. Previously, moderately high and significantly positive genetic correlations between resistance levels to each of these diseases were identified in a panel of 253 diverse maize inbred lines. The goal of this study was to identify loci underlying disease resistance in some of the most multiple disease resistant (MDR) lines by the creation of chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) populations in multiple disease susceptible (MDS) backgrounds. Four MDR lines (NC304, NC344, Ki3, NC262) were used as donor parents and two MDS lines (Oh7B, H100) were used as recurrent parents to produce eight BC<sub>3</sub>F<sub>4:5</sub> CSSL populations comprising 1,611 lines in total. Each population was genotyped and assessed for each disease in replicated trials in two environments. Moderate to high heritabilities on an entry mean basis were observed (0.32 to 0.83). Several lines in each population were significantly more resistant than the MDS parental lines for each disease. Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) for disease resistance were detected for each disease in most of the populations. Seventeen QTL were associated with variation in resistance to more than one disease (SLB/NLB: 2; SLB/GLS: 7; NLB/GLS: 2 and 6 to all three diseases). For most populations and most disease combinations, significant correlations were observed between disease scores and also between marker effects for each disease. The number of lines that were resistant to more than one disease was significantly higher than would be expected by chance. Using the results from individual QTL analyses, a composite statistic based on Mahalanobis distance (<i>Md</i>) was used to identify joint marker associations with multiple diseases. Across all populations and diseases, 246 markers had significant <i>Md</i> values. However further analysis revealed that most of these associations were due to strong QTL effects on a single disease. Together, these findings reinforce our previous conclusions that loci associated with resistance to different diseases are clustered in the genome more often than would be expected by chance. Nevertheless true MDR loci which have significant effects on more than one disease are still much rarer than loci with single disease effects.
The Challenges of Turbocharger Matching for North American Freight Locomotives (2019)

Abstract Engine development is centered on developing a solution for best performance while meeting emissions and operational requirements. This will lead to a tradeoff between engine efficiency and emissions across a wide range of load and ambient operating points. Proper airflow to the engine through turbocharger matching is critical to ensure efficient operation and to meet emissions. This study addresses the challenges of turbocharger matching for vehicle advanced emissions control using a North American freight locomotive application as an example. The airflow trends in moving across the various operating points will be shown along with the impact on both the turbocharger and engine performance. First, the airflow trends across the locomotive load set points will be discussed along with the performance and emissions tradeoffs to meet required airflows. Results on the impact on turbocharger performance such as speed will be shown along with the engine efficiency and emissions implications. Next, the ambient operating requirements for a locomotive will be reviewed and the impact on turbocharger matching. Locomotives operate in a wide range of ambient conditions, including altitudes up to 3,050 meters and across ambient air temperatures ranging from −40 °C to well over 38 °C (including higher temperature operation). This thermal swing provides stress on the turbocharger to efficiently deliver the necessary airflow across all conditions. Trends in turbocharger performance will be reviewed and discussed across this range of ambient conditions. In addition, challenges unique to locomotive applications, such as unventilated tunnel operation and vibrational loading, will be reviewed. Finally, potential for advanced technologies such as variable geometry turbines and their applicability to locomotive operation will be discussed.
DigiGlo (2020)

The shape and function of the human hand are intimately linked to our interaction with the physical world and sets us apart from our evolutionary ancestors. In the digital age, our hands still represent our main form of interaction. We use our hands to operate keyboards, mice, trackpads, and game controllers. This modality, however, separates content display and interaction. In this paper, we present Digital Gloves (DigiGlo), a system designed to evaluate the benefits of a unified hand display and interaction system. We explore this symbiosis in the context of gaming where users control games using hand gestures while the content is displayed on their bare hand. Building on established learning principles, we explore different hand gestures and other specially tailored interactions, through three carefully designed activities and two user studies. From these we show that this is an idea that has the potential to bring more intuitive, enjoyable, and effective gaming and learning experiences, and offer recommendations regarding how to better design such systems.
Fasted and fed state human duodenal fluids: Characterization, drug solubility, and comparison to simulated fluids and with human bioavailability (2021)

Accurate in vivo predictions of intestinal absorption of low solubility drugs require knowing their solubility in physiologically relevant dissolution media. Aspirated human intestinal fluids (HIF) are the gold standard, followed by simulated intestinal HIF in the fasted and fed state (FaSSIF/FeSSIF). However, current HIF characterization data vary, and there is also some controversy regarding the accuracy of FaSSIF and FeSSIF for predicting drug solubility in HIF. This study aimed at characterizing fasted and fed state duodenal HIF from 16 human volunteers with respect to pH, buffer capacity, osmolarity, surface tension, as well as protein, phospholipid, and bile salt content. The fasted and fed state HIF samples were further used to investigate the equilibrium solubility of 17 representative low-solubility small-molecule drugs, six of which were confidential industry compounds and 11 were known and characterized regarding chemical diversity. These solubility values were then compared to reported solubility values in fasted and fed state HIF, FaSSIF and FeSSIF, as well as with their human bioavailability for both states. The HIF compositions corresponded well to previously reported values and current FaSSIF and FeSSIF compositions. The drug solubility values in HIF (both fasted and fed states) were also well in line with reported solubility data for HIF, as well as simulated FaSSIF and FeSSIF. This indicates that the in vivo conditions in the proximal small intestine are well represented by simulated intestinal fluids in both composition and drug equilibrium solubility. However, increased drug solubility in the fed vs. fasted states in HIF did not correlate with the human bioavailability changes of the same drugs following oral administration in either state.
Synthesis and photochemistry of 2,2-di- tert -butyl-6-( 4,4-di- tert -butylbuta-1 ,3-dienyl) -2 H -pyran (2001)

£,£-1,1,9,9-tetra-tert-butylnona-1,3,6,8-tetraen-5-one 7 undergoes cyclization under both basic and acidic conditions to yield 2,2-di-tert-butyl-6-(4,4-di-tert-butylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-2H-pyran 6. Upon photolysis of the 2H-pyran derivative ring opening to the ketone is observed. The 2H-pyran derivative is fluorescent and its fluorescence quantum yield and life time have been measured in cyclohexane and acetonitrile.
Scattering light interference from liquid crystal polymer dispersion films (2002)

The Quetelet-type ring pattern is observed in liquid crystal polymer dispersion (LCPD) films. The clusters of the polymer network and liquid crystal (LC) domains with different director axes in the LCPD films serve as scatterers. Cells with unidirectional and multidirectional rubbins are fabricated. Experimental results show that the polarization of incident light, the applied voltage and the ambient temperature significantly affect the ring intensities. However, the contribution of the LC domains is not evident until the voltage is applied. Finally, rubbing the cells in multiple directions reveals that measurement of the Quetelet-type ring intensity can be used to readily identify the orientation of the liquid crystals. This finding also reveals that the LCs in an LCPD mixture are aligned closer to the final rubbing direction than are pure LCs in a multidirectional rubbed cell. A simple model was proposed to explain the observations.
Erratum: Intuitive understanding of non-Gaussianity in ekpyrotic and cyclic models [Phys. Rev. D78, 023506 (2008)] (2009)

It has been pointed out by several groups that ekpyrotic and cyclic models generate significant non-gaussianity. In this paper, we present a physically intuitive, semi-analytic estimate of the bispectrum. We show that, in all such models, there is an intrinsic contribution to the non-gaussianity parameter f_{NL} that is determined by the geometric mean of the equation of state w_{ek} during the ekpyrotic phase and w_{c} during the phase that curvature perturbations are generated and whose value is O(100) or more times the intrinsic value predicted by simple slow-roll inflationary models, f_{NL}^{intrinsic} = O(0.1). Other contributions to f_{NL}, which we also estimate, can increase |f_{NL}| but are unlikely to decrease it significantly, making non-gaussianity a useful test of these models. Furthermore, we discuss a predicted correlation between the non-gaussianity and scalar spectral index that sharpens the test.
Structural slow light in fiber Bragg gratings and its applications in ultra-highresolution sensing (2016)

We review the principle of structural slow light in strong fiber Bragg gratings and their unique applications, including delay lines with group velocities of only hundreds of km/s and femtostrain sensors that can resolve thermodynamic phase noise.
Suppression of IgE Responses in CD23-Transgenic Animals Is Due to Expression of CD23 on Nonlymphoid Cells (2001)

Serum IgE is suppressed in CD23-transgenic (Tg) mice where B cells and some T cells express high levels of CD23, suggesting that CD23 on B and T cells may cause this suppression. However, when Tg B lymphocytes were compared with controls in B cell proliferation and IgE synthesis assays, the two were indistinguishable. Similarly, studies of lymphokine production suggested that T cell function in the Tg animals was normal. However, adoptive transfer studies indicated that suppression was seen when normal lymphocytes were used to reconstitute Tg mice, whereas reconstitution of controls with Tg lymphocytes resulted in normal IgE responses, suggesting that critical CD23-bearing cells are irradiation-resistant, nonlymphoid cells. Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are irradiation resistant, express surface CD23, and deliver iccosomal Ag to B cells, prompting us to reason that Tg FDC may be a critical cell. High levels of transgene expression were observed in germinal centers rich in FDC and B cells, and IgE production was inhibited when Tg FDCs were cultured with normal B cells. In short, suppressed IgE production in CD23-Tg mice appears to be associated with a population of radioresistant nonlymphoid cells. FDCs that interface with B cells in the germinal center are a candidate for explaining this CD23-mediated IgE suppression.
Cancellous Bone Strains Indicate Efficacy of Stem Augmentation in Constrained Condylar Knees (2005)

Modular augmented stems of a constrained condylar knee implant are intended to improve tibial fixation under increased varus/valgus loads, but conflicting studies have not yet indicated the factors determining stem usage and performance. To address this, we combined a paired-tibiae, cadaveric experiment of unstemmed and stemmed tibial components with specimen-specific computational models. We hypothesized that the stem would improve implant stability by decreasing implant motion and compressive strains in the proximal cancellous bone due to load transfer by the stem. The models also would indicate the important factors governing stem performance. Large variations of the displacements arose because of loading and biologic variability indicating the inconclusive effects of a stem. Despite these variations, the models showed that a stem augment consistently decreased the strains (30%-50%) in the bone beneath the tray. In tibiae of sufficient stiffness, the supporting cancellous bone did not approach yield, suggesting that a stem augment may not always be necessary. On the other hand, tibial specimens with reduced bone quality and lower stiffness benefited from a stem augment that transferred load to the distal cortical bone. Therefore, patient selection and proper sizing of the implant were identified as important factors in the analyses.
Tumor targeting in photodynamic therapy. From glycoconjugated photosensitizers to glycodendrimeric one. Concept, design and properties (2012)

In this paper, we discuss the evolution over the last 15 years in the Curie Institute of the concept, the development of the design and some properties of glycoconjugated photosensitizers with the aim to optimize the tumor targeting in photodynamic therapy. By this research, we have shown that specific interactions between a mannose-lectin and trimannosylglycodendrimeric porphyrins contributed to a larger extent than non-specific ones to the overall interaction of a glycosylated tetraarylporphyrin with a membrane. The studies of in vitro photocytotoxicity showed the relevance of the global geometry of the photosensitizer, the number and position of the linked glycopyranosyl groups on the chromophore and their lipophilicity. The two best compounds appeared to be porphyrins bearing three α-glycosyl groups on para-position of meso-phenyl via a flexible linker. Compound bearing α-manosyl moieties was evaluated successfully in two in vivo xenografted animal models of human retinoblastoma and colorectal cancers. Conversely, the presence on the chromophore of three sugars via a glycodendrimeric moiety induced a potential cluster effect, but decreased the in vitro photoefficiency despite a good affinity for a mannose-lectin.
Hydrosilylation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups catalysed by Mn(i) complexes bearing triazole ligands (2019)

Manganese(<sc>i</sc>) complexes bearing readily accessible triazole ligands are effective catalysts for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl and carboxyl compounds.
Logistic Regression on Homomorphic Encrypted Data at Scale (2019)

Machine learning on (homomorphic) encrypted data is a cryptographic method for analyzing private and/or sensitive data while keeping privacy. In the training phase, it takes as input an encrypted training data and outputs an encrypted model without ever decrypting. In the prediction phase, it uses the encrypted model to predict results on new encrypted data. In each phase, no decryption key is needed, and thus the data privacy is ultimately guaranteed. It has many applications in various areas such as finance, education, genomics, and medical field that have sensitive private data. While several studies have been reported on the prediction phase, few studies have been conducted on the training phase.In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm for logistic regression on homomorphic encrypted data, and evaluate our algorithm on real financial data consisting of 422,108 samples over 200 features. Our experiment shows that an encrypted model with a sufficient Kolmogorov Smirnow statistic value can be obtained in ∼17 hours in a single machine. We also evaluate our algorithm on the public MNIST dataset, and it takes ∼2 hours to learn an encrypted model with 96.4% accuracy. Considering the inefficiency of homomorphic encryption, our result is encouraging and demonstrates the practical feasibility of the logistic regression training on large encrypted data, for the first time to the best of our knowledge.
Extraction of acne lesion in acne patients from multispectral images (2008)

In acne treatment, it is important to accurately evaluate the severity of Acne. The acne should be classified into several skin lesions including comedo, reddish papule, pustule, and scar. However, in some cases, a visual detection from RGB image maybe difficult for the proper evaluation of acne skin lesions. This paper proposes an extraction method using the spectral information of the various type of acne skin lesions calculated from the multispectral images (MSI) of the lesions. In the experiment, we showed the possibility of classifying acne lesion types by applying a combination of several linear discriminant functions (LDF's).