gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IMF STRUCTURAL CONDITIONALITY AND SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS: DETERMINANTS OF PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION IN LABOR MARKET AND FINANCIAL SECTOR (2017)

What accounts for the differences in implementation of IMF programs across countries and across policy areas? Why do some countries are more effective in implementing IMF reforms than others, and in some policy areas than others? In this dissertation project, I argue that one of the most important sources of this heterogeneity in implementation lies in the strength of organized interests who are adversely affected by specific policies and their interaction with their governments. Specifically, I examine how partisan differences in the borrowing country governments and their electoral concerns mediate the effect of organized interests in the implementation of IMF reforms. Departing from common practice in the literature, I use a disaggregated approach to study implementation. With a novel global dataset, constructed from the Fund’s MONA database, I analyze implementation in two specific policy areas: labor market and financial sector reforms, in which preferences of organized interests and their linkages to the different partisan governments can be drawn from the existing literature. The results provide strong evidence regarding the interactive effect of special interests and partisanship. Analysis of the implementation of labor market reforms show that these reforms are driven by partisan preferences, electoral concerns and the interaction between the borrowing country governments and labor unions. When faced with an increasing number of strikes, left-wing governments are more likely to implement labor market reforms in non-election years than center/right wing governments. However, the left is less likely than the center/right to fulfill its international commitments when labor groups are militant during election years. Unlike labor market reforms, the effect of the financial sector is not necessarily mediated by the partisan politics and democratic institutions in the implementation stage due to lack of broader electoral appeal and mobilization capacity. The implementation of financial sector conditionality significantly goes down in the presence of strong financial interests, irrespective of the regime type and partisan ideology. This dissertation also provides two detailed case studies: the recent Fund programs in Ireland and Greece, focusing on the politics of reform in these countries and further highlighting the empirical findings.
Large scale splitter-less FFD-SPLITT fractionation: effect of flow rate and channel thickness on fractionation efficiency (2014)

SPLITT 분획법(Split-flow thin cell fractionation, SF)은 입자성 물질이나 거대분자를 크기에 따라 연속적으로 분획할 수 있는 유용한 기술이다. SF에서는 얇은 리본 모양 채널의 입구와 출구에 존재하는 흐름분할기(flow stream splitter)에 의하여 시료의 분리가 이뤄진다. 대용량 중력장 FFD-SF 시스템(New large scale splitter-less FFD-SF system)은 흐름분할기를 사용하지 않고, 전액공급 모드(FFD mode) 로 작동하도록 디자인되었다. 전액공급 모드는 용매의 공급 없이 시료만을 채널 내로 주입함으로써 시료의 희석을 방지할 수 있는 장점을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 산업용 polyurethane (PU)입자를 시료로 이용하여, FFD-SF 장치의 성능에 미치는 시료의 주입유속과 채널두께의 영향을 확인하였다. Carrier 용액으로는 시료간 응집과 박테리아 생성을 방지하기 위하여 0.1% FL-70와 0.02% sodium azide (<TEX>$NaN_3$</TEX>)를 함유하는 수용액을 사용하였다. 시료농도는 0.02% (wt/vol)로 고정, 주입 양은 4.2~7.2 L/hr, 채널두께는 <TEX>$900{\sim}1300{\mu}m$</TEX>의 범위에서 실험하였다. 분획효율(Fractionation efficiency, FE)은 optical microscopy (OM)을 사용하여 입자의 수를 확인하여 계산하였으며, 시료회수율(sample recovery)은 membrane filter를 이용하여 분획된 시료의 무게로부터 계산하였다. 채널두께가 두꺼울수록 fraction-a의 분획효율이 증가하였고, 유속이 증가할수록 fraction-b의 분획효율 증가하였다. 시료회수율은 평균 95%를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 새로운 splitter-less FFD-SF system은 다양한 마이크론 크기의 입자의 분획에 유용한 방법임을 보여준다. SPLITT fractionation (SF) allows continuous (and thus a preparative scale) separation of micronsized particles into two size fractions ('fraction-a' and 'fraction-b'). SF is usually carried out in a thin rectangular channel with two inlets and two outlets, which is equipped with flow stream splitters at the inlet and the outlet of the channel, respectively. A new large scale splitter-less gravitational SF (GSF) system had been assembled, which was designed to eliminate the flow stream splitters and thus is operated by the full feed depletion (FFD) mode (FFD-GSF). In the FFD mode, there is only one inlet through which the sample is fed. There is no carrier liquid fed into the channel, and thus prevents the sample dilution. The effects of the sample-feeding flow rate, the channel thickness on the fractionation efficiency (FE, number % of particles that have the size predicted by theory) of FFD-GSF was investigated using industrial polyurethane (PU) latex beads. The carrier liquid was water containing 0.1% FL-70 (particle dispersing agent) and 0.02% sodium azide (used as bactericide). The sample loading rate was varied from about 4 to 7 L/hr with the sample concentration fixed at 0.01%. The GSF channel thickness was varied from 900 to <TEX>$1300{\mu}m$</TEX>. Particles exiting the GSF channel were collected and monitored by optical microscopy (OM). Sample recovery was monitored by collecting the fractionated particles on a <TEX>$0.45{\mu}m$</TEX> membrane filter. It was found that FE of fraction-a was increased as the channel thickness increases, and FE of fraction-b was increased as the flow rate was increased. In all cases, the sample recovery has higher than 95%. It seems the new splitter-less FFD GSF system could become a useful tool for large scale separations of various types of micron-sized particles.
Hydrogen sulfide and DNA repair (2020)

Recent evidence has revealed that exposing cells to exogenous H 2 S or inhibiting cellular H 2 S synthesis can modulate cell cycle checkpoints, DNA damage and repair, and the expression of proteins involved in the maintenance of genomic stability, all suggesting that H 2 S plays an important role in the DNA damage response (DDR). Here we review the role of H 2 S in the DRR and maintenance of genomic stability. Treatment of various cell types with pharmacologic H 2 S donors or cellular H 2 S synthesis inhibitors modulate the G 1 checkpoint, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and cause p21, and p53 induction. Moreover, in some cell models H 2 S exposure induces PARP-1 and g-H2AX foci formation, increases PCNA, CHK2, Ku70, Ku80, and DNA polymerase-d protein expression, and maintains mitochondrial genomic stability. Our group has also revealed that H 2 S bioavailability and the ATR kinase regulate each other with ATR inhibition lowering cellular H 2 S concentrations, whereas intracellular H 2 S concentrations regulate ATR kinase activity via ATR serine 435 phosphorylation. In summary, these findings have many implications for the DDR, for cancer chemotherapy, and fundamental biochemical metabolic pathways involving H 2 S.
Mechanisms of γ-Globulin Synthesis (1966)

Summary Protein synthesis has been studied in lymph node cells obtained from rabbits hyperimmunized to bacteriophage T2. Provided ribonuclease activity was inhibited, almost all nascent protein synthesis occurred on polyribosomes. Pretreatment with 1 µg/ml actinomycin D, 7 hr prior to labeling, caused an 80% reduction of polyribosome-directed protein synthesis. Pulse-labeling studies of similar cell populations indicated that depression of RNA synthesis preceded the reduction of protein and γ-globulin synthesis. When actinomycin D-treated cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus (an RNA virus), cells which had already ceased to make RNA and protein started to synthesize these macromolecules at rapid rates. Thus, the final steps of γ-globulin synthesis by immune lymph node cells appear similar to those of protein synthesis in HeLa cells.
Regulating Fibrinolysis to Engineer Skeletal Muscle from the C2C12 Cell Line (2009)

Muscles engineered from transformed cells would be a powerful model for the study of muscle physiology by allowing long-term in vitro studies of muscle adaptation. However, previously described methods either take >5 weeks to produce a tissue or use collagen as a scaffold, which decreases the specific force of the muscle, making it hard to measure the function of the constructs. The aim of this study was to rapidly engineer muscle using the C2C12 cell line in fibrin, which has a stiffness similar to muscle tissue, allowing accurate functional testing. Both the protease inhibitor aprotinin and the natural cross-linker genipin increased the length of time that muscle could be cultured, with genipin increasing the time in culture to 10 weeks. The function of the tissues was significantly affected by the batch of serum (64-78%) or thrombin (41%), the differentiation medium (78%), and the seeding protocol (38%), but was unaffected by initial cell number. Strikingly, different C2C12 clones produced up to a 3.6-fold variation in force production. Under optimal conditions, the tissues form in 10.4+/-0.3 days and remain fully functional for 5 weeks over which time they continue to mature. The optimized model described here provides rapid, reliable, and functional tissues that will be useful in the study of skeletal muscle physiology.
Efficient Secure Neural Network Prediction Protocol Reducing Accuracy Degradation (2020)

Machine learning models inherently memorize significant amounts of information, and thus hiding not only prediction processes but also trained models, i.e., model obliviousness, is desirable in the cloud setting. Several works achieved model obliviousness with the MNIST dataset, but datasets that include complicated samples, e.g., CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, are also used in actual applications, such as face recognition. Secret sharing-based secure prediction for CIFAR-10 is difficult to achieve. When a deep layer architecture such as CNN is used, the calculation error when performing secret calculation becomes large and the accuracy deteriorates. In addition, if detailed calculations are performed to improve accuracy, a large amount of calculation is required. Therefore, even if the conventional method is applied to CNN as it is, good results as described in the paper cannot be obtained. In this paper, we propose two approaches to solve this problem. Firstly, we propose a new protocol named Batch-normalizedActivation that combines BatchNormalization and Activation. Since BatchNormalization includes real number operations, when performing secret calculation, parameters must be converted into integers, which causes a calculation error and decrease accuracy. By using our protocol, calculation errors can be eliminated, and accuracy degradation can be eliminated. Further, the processing is simplified, and the amount of calculation is reduced. Secondly, we explore a secret computation friendly and high accuracy architecture. Related works use a low-accuracy, simple architecture, but in reality, a high accuracy architecture should be used. Therefore, we also explored a high accuracy architecture for the CIFAR10 dataset. Our proposed protocol can compute prediction of CIFAR-10 within 15.05 seconds with 87.36% accuracy while providing model obliviousness.
Biliary tract: three-dimensional helical CT without cholangiographic contrast material. (1995)

Bile duct anatomy depicted with a three-dimensional (3D) model developed with helical computed tomography (CT) data was compared with cholangiographic depiction. The ductal system was completely displayed from all angles in four of six patients, as well as the stricture and length of bile duct between strictures and the bifurcation in five of six cases. 3D rendering can depict preoperative ductal anatomy.
A FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RISK/RETURN CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTFOLIOS COMBINING COMMODITY FUTURES CONTRACTS WITH COMMON STOCKS (1988)

common markets ; stocks ; securities ; risk
Effects of deviation from focal plane on lesion geometry for ablative fractional photothermolysis (2016)

A relatively minor DFP has a marked impact on the thermal injury profile, including lesion depth and diameter, of the laser-exposed tissue. Such marked changes of the thermal injury profile might affect the wound healing, safety, and efficacy of ablative fractional resurfacing procedures. Clinicians should carefully maintain the focal plane during ablative fractional treatment for reproducible results. The presented data are device specific and the clinical impact of such alteration of thermal injury profile warrants further investigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:555-561, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circulating Tumor Cells: An Engineered Human Fc‐Mannose‐Binding‐Lectin Captures Circulating Tumor Cells (Adv. Biosys. 7/2017) (2017)

In article number 1700094, Donald E. Ingber and co-workers present an engineered human Fc-mannose-binding lectin (FcMBL), which captures a broad range of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), such as the one shown on the cover, by recognizing cell surface carbohydrates that are expressed on CTCs regardless of whether they have gone through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FcMBL shows high binding affinity to human and animal cancer cells, and successfully captures CTCs from whole blood collected from breast-tumor-bearing mice.
Context-dependent multi-class classification with unknown observation and class distributions with applications to bioinformatics (2009)

We consider the multi-class classification problem, based on vector observation sequences, where the conditional (given class observations) probability distributions for each class as well as the unconditional probability distribution of the observations are unknown. We develop a novel formulation that combines training with the quality of classification that can be obtained using the 'learned' (via training) models. The parametric models we use are finite mixture models, where the same component densities are used in the model for each class, albeit with different mixture weights. Thus we use a model known as all-class-one-network (ACON) model in the neural network literature. We argue why this is a more appropriate model for context-dependent classification, as is common in bioinformatics. We derive rigorously the solution to this joint optimization problem. A key step in our approach is to consider a tight (provably) bound between the average Bayes error (the true minimal classification error) and the average model-based classification error. We rigorously show that the parameter estimates maximize the likelihood of the model-based class posterior probability distributions. We illustrate by application examples in the bioinformatics of cancer.
Spin trapping of superoxide in the presence of β-cyclodextrins (2002)

The trapping of superoxide anion with DMPO and DEPMPO has been carried out in the presence of a methylated beta-cyclodextrin, Me-beta-CD; inclusion of the spin adducts in the cavity of Me-beta-CD resulted in a seven-fold increase of their half-life (t1/2 = 96 min for DEPMPO-superoxide spin adduct) and in their protection towards glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and also ascrobate anion in the case of DEPMPO.
Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Containing Two Putatively Mutagenic DNA Lesions:  5-Hydroxy-2‘-deoxyuridine and 5-Hydroxy-2‘-deoxycytidine (1997)

Spontaneous oxidative DNA damage occurs as a consequence of aerobic metabolism, lipid peroxidation, immune responses, ionizing radiation, and some chemical oxidants. These processes yield a vast array of oxidized DNA bases and sugars. The existence of significant steady-state levels of oxidized DNA bases in the genome suggests that these lesions are not completely repaired on a biologically relevant time scale and thus may contribute to mutagenesis. In particular, studies have shown that the steady-state levels of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine (dC5-OH) and its deamination product, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxyuridine (dU5-OH), are similar to those found for 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanosine, a known highly mutagenic lesion formed by oxidation of guanosine. Structural and biological properties of dC5-OH and dU5-OH have been constrained by the lack of synthetic methodology for oligonucleotides containing these modified bases. A method is described here for the solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing dC5-OH and dU5-OH. Preparation of each of the required phosphoramidites involved the selective protection of the base 5-hydroxyl group over the deoxyribose 5'- and 3'-hydroxyl groups. The base composition and the incorporation of the adducts into synthetic heptanucleotides were confirmed after purification of the modified oligonucleotides by enzymatic digestion and HPLC analysis. Mass spectrometric analysis of the oligonucleotide products by electrospray MS and GC/MS further confirmed their composition. Most significantly, deamination of the dC5-OH oligomer to a putative dU5-OH product during solid-phase DNA synthesis or oligonucleotide deprotection was not detected by any analytical technique employed.
Surfactant replacement in severe RDS: effects of perinatal acidosis on therapeutic response (1991)

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period. Apart from immaturity of the surfactant system there are numerous conditions that can put infants at risk of developing RDS. From the clinical point of view it is virtually impossible to differentiate between RDS based on primary surfactant deficiency and RDS triggered or aggravated by other clinical conditions. It seems that some patients that we consider to have neonatal RDS really suffer from adult RDS even in the neonatal period [1–4].
Trial Watch (2014)

During the past 2 decades, the possibility that preparations capable of eliciting tumor-specific immune responses would mediate robust therapeutic effects in cancer patients has received renovated interest. In this context, several approaches to vaccinate cancer patients against their own malignancies have been conceived, including the administration of DNA constructs coding for one or more tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Such DNA-based vaccines conceptually differ from other types of gene therapy in that they are not devised to directly kill cancer cells or sensitize them to the cytotoxic activity of a drug, but rather to elicit a tumor-specific immune response. In spite of an intense wave of preclinical development, the introduction of this immunotherapeutic paradigm into the clinical practice is facing difficulties. Indeed, while most DNA-based anticancer vaccines are well tolerated by cancer patients, they often fail to generate therapeutically relevant clinical responses. In this Trial Watch, we discuss the latest advances on the use of DNA-based vaccines in cancer therapy, discussing the literature that has been produced around this topic during the last 13 months as well as clinical studies that have been launched in the same time frame to assess the actual therapeutic potential of this intervention.
Bias-free high-baud-rate UTC-PD for high-density implementations in parallel photonics (2015)

We discussed crosstalk issues on parallel photonics assuming high-density integration. RF crosstalk has become a more serious problem than optical crosstalk, and it is affected by the operating frequency (baud rate). A bias free UTC-PD was designed and fabricated.
A practical IDTV system improving picture quality for nonstandard TV signals (1988)

A practical improved-definition TV (IDTV) system is described that performs video component signal processing, automatic non-NTSC signal discrimination, and adaptively choosing between burst-locked and highly stable line-locked clocking. The system design is presented along with sample images highlighting its performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Organophotocatalytic Aerobic Oxygenation of Phenols in a Visible‐Light Continuous‐Flow Photoreactor (2021)

A mild photocatalytic phenol oxygenation enabled by a continuous-flow photoreactor using visible light and pressurized air is described herein. Products for wide-ranging applications, including the synthesis of vitamins, were obtained in high yields by precisely controlling principal process parameters. The reactor design permits low organophotocatalyst loadings to generate singlet oxygen. It is anticipated that the efficient aerobic phenol oxygenation to benzoquinones and p-quinols contributes to sustainable synthesis.
The Microwave Harmonic Generation in Semiconductors at Low Temperatures. I. Germanium (1969)

The microwave harmonic generation in n -type germanium is observed at liquid helium temperatures and it is found that the third harmonic generation (THG) shows the resonance behavior when the magnetic field is changed. The experimental results on the conversion efficiency, anisotropic behavior of the peaks, donor concentration dependence and the input power dependence of the THG are described. It is shown from these characteristics that the resonance type THG arises from the multi-photon resonance of electrons trapped in very shallow impurity states. A model is proposed that such impurity states are the states associated with the donor negative ion ( D - ), and the anisotropic behavior of the resonance field is reasonably interpreted in terms of the orbital Zeemann effect of the D - states.
Integrated Fibre Detection Architectures for Distributed Quantum Magnetometry (2019)

Here, we constructed a water-immersible 90-meter-long fully-integrated fiber system that allows distributed quantum magnetic sensing over large distances with a sensitivity of 63 nT Hz-1/2. Applications include remote detection of ferrous metals, geophysics, and biosensing.
Editorial: Humanoid Robots for Real-World Applications (2022)

Since Honda introduced the P2 in 1996, numerous humanoid robots have been developed around the world, and research and development of various fundamental technologies, including bipedal walking, have been conducted. At the same time, attempts have been made to apply humanoid robots to various applications such as plant maintenance, telemedicine, vehicle operation, home security, construction, aircraft manufacturing, disaster response, evaluation of assistive devices, and entertainment.
Modeling of Vinylidene Fluoride Heterogeneous Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2005)

The heterogeneous polymerization of vinylidene fluoride in supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated experimentally, and the obtained results have been interpreted through a detailed kinetic model. The comparison between model predictions and experimental data indicates the presence of two reaction loci: the continuous supercritical phase and the dispersed polymer phase. However, the presence of two reaction loci is not the result of the thermodynamic partitioning between two phases, but rather a kinetic effect. This in fact occurs because part of the radicals generated in the continuous phase, which are driven by thermodynamic equilibrium to diffuse to the dispersed phase, are actually terminated in the former before they can reach the latter. This provides a quantitative explanation for the bimodal molecular weight distributions often measured experimentally for this system.
Detuning characteristics of a subharmonically hybrid mode-locked monolithic semiconductor laser (2002)

The detuning characteristics of subharmonic hybrid mode-locking (SH-ML) of a monolithic semiconductor laser at 33 GHz are investigated. We used a 1.55 /spl mu/m semiconductor laser consisting of a saturable absorber (SA), a gain, a phase control, and a DBR section. A locking bandwidth of 56 MHz is obtained under the third order SH-ML, which is more than twice larger than that under the fundamental hybrid mode-locking (FH-ML).