gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
73 GHz millimeter wave propagation measurements for outdoor urban mobile and backhaul communications in New York City (2014)

The spectrum congestion experienced in today's common cellular bands has led to research and measurements to explore the vast bandwidths available at millimeter waves (mmWaves). NYU WIRELESS conducted E-band propagation measurements for both mobile and backhaul scenarios in 2013 in the dense urban environment of New York City using a sliding correlator channel sounder, by transmitting a 400 Mega chip per second (Mcps) PN sequence with a power delay profile (PDP) multipath time resolution of 2.5 ns. Measurements were made for more than 30 transmitter-to-receiver location combinations for both mobile and backhaul scenarios with separation distances up to 200 m. This paper presents results that support the use of directional steerable antennas at mmWave bands in order to achieve comparable path loss models and channel statistics to today's current cellular systems and at 28 GHz. These early results reveal that the mmWave spectrum, specifically the E-band, could be used for future cellular communications by exploiting multipath in urban environments with the help of beam-steering and beam combining.
Structural and Biochemical Studies of a Fluoroacetyl-CoA-Specific Thioesterase Reveal a Molecular Basis for Fluorine Selectivity (2010)

We have initiated a broad-based program aimed at understanding the molecular basis of fluorine specificity in enzymatic systems, and in this context, we report crystallographic and biochemical studies on a fluoroacetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) specific thioesterase (FlK) from Streptomyces cattleya. Our data establish that FlK is competent to protect its host from fluoroacetate toxicity in vivo and demonstrate a 10(6)-fold discrimination between fluoroacetyl-CoA (k(cat)/K(M) = 5 × 10⁷ M⁻¹ s⁻¹) and acetyl-CoA (k(cat)/K(M) = 30 M⁻¹ s⁻¹) based on a single fluorine substitution that originates from differences in both substrate reactivity and binding. We show that Thr 42, Glu 50, and His 76 are key catalytic residues and identify several factors that influence substrate selectivity. We propose that FlK minimizes interaction with the thioester carbonyl, leading to selection against acetyl-CoA binding that can be recovered in part by new C═O interactions in the T42S and T42C mutants. We hypothesize that the loss of these interactions is compensated by the entropic driving force for fluorinated substrate binding in a hydrophobic binding pocket created by a lid structure, containing Val 23, Leu 26, Phe 33, and Phe 36, that is not found in other structurally characterized members of this superfamily. We further suggest that water plays a critical role in fluorine specificity based on biochemical and structural studies focused on the unique Phe 36 "gate" residue, which functions to exclude water from the active site. Taken together, the findings from these studies offer molecular insights into organofluorine recognition and design of fluorine-specific enzymes.
Acoustic Cavitation Inception in Water and in Insonated Root Tips. (1978)

An analysis of two aspects of air bubble nucleation is presented. Part I describes the role of particulate matter in acoustic cavitation inception; Part II describes the growth of air bubbles by rectified diffusion in insonated root tips. It was discovered that a modification of some earlier analyses of cavity nucleation from motes lead to a correct prediction of the variation of the acoustic cavitation inception threshold for kilohertz frequencies in water for a range of physical variables. It was also discovered that acoustic emissions from insonated root tips could be attributed to the growth of air bubbles by rectified diffusion. (Author)
Setdb1 maintains hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by restricting the ectopic activation of nonhematopoietic genes (2016)

Setdb1, also known as Eset, is a methyltransferase that catalyzes trimethylation of H3K9 (H3K9me3) and plays an essential role in the silencing of endogenous retroviral elements (ERVs) in the developing embryo and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Its role in somatic stem cells, however, remains unclear because of the early death of Setdb1-deficient embryos. We demonstrate here that Setdb1 is the first H3K9 methyltransferase shown to be essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in mice. The deletion of Setdb1 caused the rapid depletion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), as well as leukemic stem cells. In contrast to ESCs, ERVs were largely repressed in Setdb1-deficient HSPCs. A list of nonhematopoietic genes was instead ectopically activated in HSPCs after reductions in H3K9me3 levels, including key gluconeogenic enzyme genes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (Fbp1) and Fbp2 The ectopic activation of gluconeogenic enzymes antagonized glycolysis and impaired ATP production, resulting in a compromised repopulating capacity of HSPCs. Our results demonstrate that Setdb1 maintains HSPCs by restricting the ectopic activation of nonhematopoietic genes detrimental to their function and uncover that the gluconeogenic pathway is one of the critical targets of Setdb1 in HSPCs.
Morphology and Dissolution Rate of Wear Debris from Silicon Nitride Coatings (2016)

Silicon nitride (SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub>) coatings have recently been introduced as a potential material for joint implant bearing surfaces, but there is no data on wear debris morphology nor their dissolution rate, something that could play a central role to implant longevity. In this study, wear debris was generated in a ball-on-disc setup in simulated body fluid. After serum digestion the debris was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The particle dissolution rate was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma techniques, on model SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub> particles. The wear debris from SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub> coatings was found to be round, in the nm range and formed agglomerates in the submicrometer to micrometer range. Model particles dissolved in simulated body fluid at a rate of: <i>c</i>(<i>t</i>) = 39.45[1 - exp(-1.11 × 10<sup>-6</sup><i>t</i>)], where [<i>c</i>(<i>t</i>)] = mg/L and [<i>t</i>] = <i>s</i>. This study can be used as a preliminary prediction of size, shape, and dissolution rate of wear debris from SiN<sub><i>x</i></sub> coatings.
Scalable In-Memory Clustered Annealer With Temporal Noise of Charge Trap Transistor for Large Scale Travelling Salesman Problems (2023)

Combinatorial optimization problems (COP) are ubiquitous and practical in our daily life, but many of them are NP-hard and intractable to solve using conventional computing. Ising model-based annealer has gained increasing attention due to its efficiency in finding fast and approximate solutions. However, such solvers are suffering from scalability problem due to quadratically increasing spins, and there are few hardware designs proposed to support large-scale COPs. In this paper, we propose scalable in-memory annealers to solve the large-scale travelling salesman problem (TSP) with crossbar arrays of FinFET based charge trap transistors. The intrinsic temporal noise of the drain current caused by trapping/detrapping is used to realize the annealing process. We apply two kinds of hardware implementations to map Ising model: 1) Hopfield neural network (HNN) based design, converting from a graph network to a regular neural network to utilize crossbar memory arrays; 2) index-based design, using index to record the order to avoid the quadratic scaling up of spins to represent all permutations. For both implementations, hierarchical clustering algorithms are adopted to enable the solving of large-scale TSP and overcome the scalability challenge. We further speed up the system convergence by updating non-adjacent clusters in parallel with equal size k-means clustering. At last, three hardware designs (HNN with conventional and equal-size clustering, index method with conventional clustering) are tested with up to 1060-city problems and benchmarked by the system-level simulation to show their trade-offs. They all show benefits on fast convergence and ultra-low energy compared with state-of-the-art annealers, and present advantages on accuracy, chip area, or latency/energy consumption, respectively.
Introduction and measurement of the effective Verdet constant of spun optical fibers (2021)

We introduce the term effective Verdet constant to describe the effect of spun fiber fabrication parameters on the Faraday polarization rotation sensitivity in response to a longitudinal magnetic field along the fiber. We obtain the expression of the effective Verdet constant of a spun fiber showing that it is always less than that of an ideal fiber free of birefringence by a factor relating to the ratio of spin twist rate to unspun fiber retardation per unit length. The larger the ratio, the closer the effective Verdet constant to that of the ideal fiber is. By measuring the polarization rotation in spun fibers with a highly accurate polarization analysis system made with binary polarization rotators, we experimentally obtain the effective Verdet constants of three different high birefringence spun fibers from three different manufactures at 1310 nm, with values of 1.07 × 10<sup>-6</sup> rad/A, 1.05 × 10<sup>-6</sup> rad/A, and 1.04 × 10<sup>-6</sup> rad/A, respectively, which are 98%, 96%, and 95% of that of the ideal fused silica fiber free of birefringence. Our work is important for understanding the Faraday Effect in the spun optical fibers, as well as for quantifying the Faraday sensitivity of different spun fibers for electrical current and magnetic field sensing applications.
Oxygen migration in TiO2-based higher-k gate stacks (2010)

We report on the stability of high-permittivity (high-k) TiO2 films incorporated in metal-oxide-silicon capacitor structures with a TiN metal gate electrode, focusing on oxygen migration. Titanium oxide films are deposited by either Ti sputtering [physical vapor deposition (PVD)] followed by radical shower oxidation or by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) from titanium isopropoxide (Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4) and O2 plasma. Both PVD and PEALD films result in near-stoichiometric TiO2 prior to high-temperature annealing. We find that dopant activation anneals of TiO2-containing gate stacks at 1000 °C cause 5 Å or more of additional SiO2 to be formed at the gate-dielectric/Si-channel interface. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that oxygen released from TiO2 diffuses through the TiN gate electrode and oxidizes the poly-Si contact. The thickness of this upper SiO2 layer continues to increase with increasing TiO2 thickness, while the thickness of the regrown SiO2 at the gate-dielectric/Si interface saturates. The upper SiO2 layer degrades gate stack capacitance, and simultaneously the oxygen-deficient TiOx becomes a poor insulator. In an attempt to mitigate O loss from the TiO2, top and bottom Al2O3 layers are added to the TiO2 gate dielectric as oxygen barriers. However, they are found to be ineffective, due to Al2O3-TiO2 interdiffusion during activation annealing. Bottom HfO2/Si3N4 interlayers are found to serve as more effective oxygen barriers, reducing, though not preventing, oxygen downdiffusion.
Changes in the structure-function relationship of elastin and its impact on the proximal pulmonary arterial mechanics of hypertensive calves Running Head: Elastin mechanics in pulmonary hypertension (2008)

Abstract Extracellular matrix remodeling has been proposed as one mechanism by which proximal pulmonary arteries stiffen during pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although some attention has been paid to the role of collagen and metallomatrix proteins in affecting vascular stiffness, much less work has been performed on changes in elastin structure-function relationships in PAH. Such work is warranted given the importance of elastin as the structural protein primarily responsible for the passive elastic behavior of these conduit arteries. Here, we study structure-function relationships of fresh arterial tissue and purified arterial elastin from the main, left and right pulmonary artery branches of normotensive and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertensive neonatal calves. PAH resulted in an average 81% and 72% increase in stiffness of fresh and digested tissue respectively. Increase in stiffness appears most attributable to elevated elastic modulus, which increased 46% and 65% respectively for fresh and digested tissue. Comparison between fresh and digested tissues shows that, at 35% strain, a minimum of 48% of the arterial load is carried by elastin, and a minimum of 43% of the change in stiffness of arterial tissue is due to the change in elastin stiffness. Analysis of the stress-strain behavior revealed that PAH causes an increase in the strains associated with the physiologic pressure range but had no effect on the strain of transition from elastin-dominant to collagen-dominant behavior. These results indicate that mechanobiological adaptations of the continuum and geometric properties of elastin, in response to PAH, significantly elevate the circumferential stiffness of proximal pulmonary arterial tissue.
VWR2A (2022)

Edge-computing requires high-performance energy-efficient embedded systems. Fixed-function or custom accelerators, such as FFT or FIR filter engines, are very efficient at implementing a particular functionality for a given set of constraints. However, they are inflexible when facing application-wide optimizations or functionality upgrades. Conversely, programmable cores offer higher flexibility, but often with a penalty in area, performance, and, above all, energy consumption. In this paper, we propose VWR2A, an architecture that integrates high computational density and low power memory structures (i.e., very-wide registers and scratchpad memories). VWR2A narrows the energy gap with similar or better performance on FFT kernels with respect to an FFT accelerator. Moreover, VWR2A flexibility allows to accelerate multiple kernels, resulting in significant energy savings at the application level.
Influence of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds on the GOSAT-observed CO 2 : a case study over Tsukuba (2011)

Abstract. Lidar observations of vertical profiles of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds were made at Tsukuba (36.1° N, 140.1° E), Japan, to investigate the influence of aerosols and thin cirrus clouds on the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) retrieved from observation data of the Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer, measured in the Short-Wavelength InfraRed band (TANSO-FTS SWIR), onboard the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The lidar system measured the backscattering ratio, depolarization ratio, and/or the wavelength exponent of atmospheric particles. The lidar observations and ground-based high-resolution FTS measurements at the Tsukuba Total Carbon Column Observing Network (Tsukuba TCCON) site were recorded simultaneously during passages of GOSAT over Tsukuba. GOSAT SWIR XCO2 data (version 01.xx) released in August 2010 were compared with the lidar and Tsukuba TCCON data. High-altitude aerosols and thin cirrus clouds had a large impact on the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 results. By taking into account the observed aerosol/cirrus vertical profiles and using a more adequate solar irradiance database in the GOSAT SWIR retrieval, the difference between the GOSAT SWIR XCO2 data and the Tsukuba TCCON data was greatly reduced.
Brochures, I Get Brochures… (1998)

"Brochures, I Get Brochures…." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 30(4), p. 17 Additional informationNotes on contributorsCarl L. HansenCarl L. Hansen (shown here with his own brochures) is in his 17th year as president of Midland Lutheran College, a four-year liberal arts and career preparation school with an enrollment of slightly more than 1,000 students.
A survey on computer aided diagnosis for ocular diseases (2014)

While CAD for ocular diseases has shown considerable progress over the past years, the clinical importance of fully automatic CAD systems which are able to embed clinical knowledge and integrate heterogeneous data sources still show great potential for future breakthrough.
Scalable Network for Simultaneous Pairwise Quantum Key Distribution via Entanglement-Based Time-Bin Coding (2022)

A star-shaped, robust and scalable optical fiber network for simultaneous time-bin QKD is experimentally demonstrated with four participants including a field test and more than 100 km of fiber between users as well as full clock recovery.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Octalactin A Using Asymmetric Aldol Reactions and a Rapid Lactonization To Form a Medium‐Sized Ring (2005)

Octalactin A, an antitumor agent containing an eight-membered lactone moiety, has been stereoselectively prepared by means of enantioselective aldol reactions of selected silyl enolates with achiral aldehydes, promoted by a chiral Sn(II) complex. The medium-sized lactone part was effectively constructed by way of a new and rapid mixed-anhydride lactonization using 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA) with a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) or 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine 1-oxide (DMAPO). The use of only 5 mol % of DMAP or 2 mol % of DMAPO rapidly promoted formation of the medium-sized ring of the octalactin, demonstrating the remarkable efficiency of the new lactonization protocol.
Temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for heat-driven and solid-state chillers. (2003)

The paper presents the utilization of the T-S diagram for the study of the absorption and adsorption cycles, as well as for the thermoelectric refrigeration by Peltier effect.
Improved power conversion efficiency of InP solar cells using organic window layers (2011)

We employ the organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) as a nanometer thick window layer for p-InP/indium tin oxide (ITO) Schottky barrier diode solar cells. The power conversion efficiency is enhanced compared to ITO/InP cells lacking the PTCDA window layer, primarily due to neutralizing InP surface state charges via hole injection from the PTCDA. This leads to an increased ITO/p-InP Schottky barrier height, and hence to an increased open circuit voltage. The power conversion efficiency of the cells increases from 13.2±0.5% for the ITO/InP cell to 15.4±0.4% for the ITO/4 nm PTCDA/p-InP cell under 1 sun, AM1.5G simulated solar illumination. The PTCDA window layer is also shown to contribute to the photocurrent by light absorption followed by exciton dissociation at the organic/inorganic semiconductor interface.
Growth inhibitory properties of chalcones to Candida (1994)

The growth inhibitory properties of derivatives of chalcone (1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one) were studied against oral Candida species, including C. albicans. C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. The antifungal activities of 2‐hydroxychalcone and 2,5‐dihydroxychalcone were so high that they inhibited the growth of most strins at the concentration of 200 μg ml‐1, whereas chalcone was less active (to a limited number of strains) or inactive. 2‐Hydroxychalcone was active only against C. glabrata. The other chalcones without a 2‐hydroxyl group showed no significant antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 2‐hydroxychalcone was 75 μ ml‐1 to all strains of three Candida species sensitive to it. The antifungal property was based on a fungicidal action. The structure‐activity relationship indicates that the presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2‐position potentially improves the antifungal property.
Assumptions: Taking Chemistry in New Directions (2004)

Is thinking about the future an important thing to do or just a diversion? Science periodically requires society to discard important assumptions, with profound consequences. Failed assumptions are easy to identify with hindsight, but can they be predicted? In this Essay, the author discusses assumptions society accepts, and the potential of science to disprove them.
The Impact of Immersion on Cluster Identification Tasks (2019)

Recent developments in technology encourage the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) as a medium to explore visualizations in virtual realities (VRs). VR environments (VREs) enable new, more immersive visualization design spaces compared to traditional computer screens. Previous studies in different domains, such as medicine, psychology, and geology, report a positive effect of immersion, e.g., on learning performance or phobia treatment effectiveness. Our work presented in this paper assesses the applicability of those findings to a common task from the information visualization (InfoVis) domain. We conducted a quantitative user study to investigate the impact of immersion on cluster identification tasks in scatterplot visualizations. The main experiment was carried out with 18 participants in a within-subjects setting using four different visualizations, (1) a 2D scatterplot matrix on a screen, (2) a 3D scatterplot on a screen, (3) a 3D scatterplot miniature in a VRE and (4) a fully immersive 3D scatterplot in a VRE. The four visualization design spaces vary in their level of immersion, as shown in a supplementary study. The results of our main study indicate that task performance differs between the investigated visualization design spaces in terms of accuracy, efficiency, memorability, sense of orientation, and user preference. In particular, the 2D visualization on the screen performed worse compared to the 3D visualizations with regard to the measured variables. The study shows that an increased level of immersion can be a substantial benefit in the context of 3D data and cluster detection.
Calmodulin Methyltransferase Is Required for Growth, Muscle Strength, Somatosensory Development and Brain Function (2015)

Calmodulin lysine methyl transferase (CaM KMT) is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved from plants to vertebrates. CaM is frequently trimethylated at Lys-115, however, the role of CaM methylation in vertebrates has not been studied. CaM KMT was found to be homozygously deleted in the 2P21 deletion syndrome that includes 4 genes. These patients present with cystinuria, severe intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, mitochondrial disease and facial dysmorphism. Two siblings with deletion of three of the genes included in the 2P21 deletion syndrome presented with cystinuria, hypotonia, a mild/moderate mental retardation and a respiratory chain complex IV deficiency. To be able to attribute the functional significance of the methylation of CaM in the mouse and the contribution of CaM KMT to the clinical presentation of the 2p21deletion patients, we produced a mouse model lacking only CaM KMT with deletion borders as in the human 2p21deletion syndrome. No compensatory activity for CaM methylation was found. Impairment of complexes I and IV, and less significantly III, of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was more pronounced in the brain than in muscle. CaM KMT is essential for normal body growth and somatosensory development, as well as for the proper functioning of the adult mouse brain. Developmental delay was demonstrated for somatosensory function and for complex behavior, which involved both basal motor function and motivation. The mutant mice also had deficits in motor learning, complex coordination and learning of aversive stimuli. The mouse model contributes to the evaluation of the role of methylated CaM. CaM methylation appears to have a role in growth, muscle strength, somatosensory development and brain function. The current study has clinical implications for human patients. Patients presenting slow growth and muscle weakness that could result from a mitochondrial impairment and mental retardation should be considered for sequence analysis of the CaM KMT gene.