gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hate Speech Detection with Comment Embeddings (2015)

We address the problem of hate speech detection in online user comments. Hate speech, defined as an "abusive speech targeting specific group characteristics, such as ethnicity, religion, or gender", is an important problem plaguing websites that allow users to leave feedback, having a negative impact on their online business and overall user experience. We propose to learn distributed low-dimensional representations of comments using recently proposed neural language models, that can then be fed as inputs to a classification algorithm. Our approach addresses issues of high-dimensionality and sparsity that impact the current state-of-the-art, resulting in highly efficient and effective hate speech detectors.
A New Journal Called LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. (2009)

We would like to introduce a new international journal called LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and highlight 2 papers in the first issue of this exciting new publication.
Modular All-Metal Ultrawideband Cylindrical Array for Multifunction Operation (2022)

Legacy cylindrical phased array systems are constrained to narrowband operation due to antenna element limitations amid a growing need to support advanced multifunctional platform requirements. In this article, a notch-based all-metal ultrawideband (UWB) antenna element suitable for cylindrical arrays is introduced. The proposed element is designed to operate over 2.75–10 GHz while being highly amenable to a cylindrical architecture via modularized assembly of compact scalable column facets. The primary enabling technical innovations are: 1) a new shunt-loaded stepped-impedance (SI) gap design scheme to improve low-frequency performance without increasing profile and 2) the design of a tongue-and-groove azimuthal crosswall that precisely conforms to the wedge-shaped unit cell for simple yet robust cylinder assembly. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, a 120° sector array is built having a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$12^{\prime \prime }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> outer diameter and 21 columns—each comprising eight single-polarized elements (168 total feed points). Measurements are presented for active phase-mode impedance and embedded element patterns of a central element, demonstrating good agreement with full-wave simulations.
Punching through device and its integration—Static induction transistor (1980)

Static induction transistor (SIT) having a short-channel structure is characterized by small gate capacitance, high transconductance, and nonsaturation current-voltage characteristic. The major mechanism of current transport in SIT is majority-carrier injection due to barrier height control at the intrinsic gate in the channel. When the channel is completely pinched off due to the gate-to-channel built-in voltage in a junction-gate SIT (JSIT), there appears a normally-off SIT. In the forward gate bias operation of JSIT, which is called bipolar mode SIT (BSIT), the switching speed is far more improved from the conventional JSIT. BSIT exhibits saturation current-voltage characteristic. In BSIT, the drain voltage for the onset of current saturation is lower than that of the bipolar transistor and the current density is very high, leading to characteristics of low impedance, high transconductance, and high current gain. Applications of SIT in LSI are discussed especially concentrating on the BSIT. SIT logic circuit (SITL) containing BSIT exhibits short propagation delay time and low power dissipation and is very promising in the future development of VLSI.
Deep neural network classifier for multidimensional functional data (2023)

Abstract We propose a new approach, called as functional deep neural network (FDNN), for classifying multidimensional functional data. Specifically, a deep neural network is trained based on the principal components of the training data which shall be used to predict the class label of a future data function. Unlike the popular functional discriminant analysis approaches which only work for one‐dimensional functional data, the proposed FDNN approach applies to general non‐Gaussian multidimensional functional data. Moreover, when the log density ratio possesses a locally connected functional modular structure, we show that FDNN achieves minimax optimality. The superiority of our approach is demonstrated through both simulated and real‐world datasets.
Depth Map Estimation and Colorization of Anaglyph Images Using Local Color Prior and Reverse Intensity Distribution (2015)

In this paper, we present a joint iterative anaglyph stereo matching and colorization framework for obtaining a set of disparity maps and colorized images. Conventional stereo matching algorithms fail when addressing anaglyph images that do not have similar intensities on their two respective view images. To resolve this problem, we propose two novel data costs using local color prior and reverse intensity distribution factor for obtaining accurate depth maps. To colorize an anaglyph image, each pixel in one view is warped to another view using the obtained disparity values of non-occluded regions. A colorization algorithm using optimization is then employed with additional constraint to colorize the remaining occluded regions. Experimental results confirm that the proposed unified framework is robust and produces accurate depth maps and colorized stereo images.
Anterior Shoulder Forces in Professional and Little League Pitchers (2010)

Overhead throwing as a youth can lead to shoulder injuries and can predispose the shoulder to more significant injuries as an adult pitcher.
Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Transcription in Acquired Sporadic Gastric Angiodysplasia (2006)

Purpose: To study the role of the angiogenic factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1-alpha (HIF 1α) in the etiopathogenesis of gastric arteriovenous malformations. Methods: 9 patients with symptomatic sporadic acquired gastric angiodysplasia were included in the study. Mucosal biopsies were obtained from 3 locations: 0.5, 5 and 10 cm away from the lesion and mRNA was prepared for analysis of VEGF and HIF 1α expression using quantitative real time PCR. As control, biopsies of the antrum were obtained from 9 other patients with no gastric lesions but who were undergoing endoscopy for other reasons. Results: As compared with controls, mRNA levels of VEGF were increased 8-fold (95% confidence interval 5.55–10.45; p < 0.001) and those of HIF 1a, 3.4- fold (95% confidence interval 2.46–4.41; p < 0.001) in the mucosa immediately adjacent to the arteriovenous malformations. There was also a statistically significant correlation between HIF1 α and VEGF expression (r = 0.44, p= 0.05). Further, there was a clear gradient of expression with mRNA levels of both factors decreasing markedly with increasing distance away from the lesion. Conclusions: The expression of VEGF and HIF 1α is increased near sporadic acquired angiodysplastic lesions of the stomach, implying a possible causative effect. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a putative role for HIF1a in gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations.
Ultrabroad Brillouin instantaneous frequency measurement with a designed linear system response (2022)

We demonstrate an ultrabroad instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) with a designed linear system response. The linear system response is found to be the key factor that broadens the system bandwidth. It is realized by designing the sweeping method of frequency and amplitude of the local pump signal. With the improvement of linearity, the measurement error is decreased and the bandwidth of the SBS-based IFM is consequently enlarged. A Costas frequency modulated signal with an instantaneous bandwidth of 10.5 GHz is successfully measured by the designed system response. Further optimization of pump signal's characteristics extends the system bandwidth to 14.5 GHz. The measurement error of a linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal ranging from 6 GHz to 20.5 GHz is less than 1% of the instantaneous bandwidth.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of the reaction of a 3-amidothiophene derivative with various carbonyl compounds (2021)

The reactions of a 3-amidothiophene derivative, which is a partial structure of penthiopyrad, with various carbonyl compounds were investigated. Depending on the carbonyl compound that was used as a reactant, different products (alkenes and bis-products) were obtained from the attack of the carbon at the 2-position of the 3-amidothiophene on the carbonyl compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that dehydration conditions were important for the first carbonyl addition to shift the reaction toward the product, as the products are more unstable than reactants other than aldehyde. The DFT calculations also suggested that the relative stability of the alkenyl state determined whether the second bis-product formation would proceed; <i>i.e.</i>, the relatively unstable disubstituted alkene led to bis-products, and the stable trisubstituted or conjugated alkene yielded alkenyl products.
Synthesis of Fused Imidazole Rings by Sequential van Leusen/C—H Bond Activation. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ChemInform Abstract: Multistage Cycloadducts from the Condensation of N,N′‐Dipyrrolylmethane with Acetylenic Dienophiles: Synthesis of the 10,12‐Diazapentacyclo‐ [7.3.1.04,12.05,13.06,10]trideca‐2,7‐diene Ring System. (1986)

Abstract Das Dipyrrolylmethan (I) reagiert mit den Alkinen (II) zu den Cycloaddukten (III), von denen (IIIb) zu (IV) um‐ 114 gelagert wird.
Effect of Strain Rate on the Material Properties of Human Liver Parenchyma in Unconfined Compression (2013)

The liver is one of the most frequently injured organs in abdominal trauma. Although motor vehicle collisions are the most common cause of liver injuries, current anthropomorphic test devices are not equipped to predict the risk of sustaining abdominal organ injuries. Consequently, researchers rely on finite element models to assess the potential risk of injury to abdominal organs such as the liver. These models must be validated based on appropriate biomechanical data in order to accurately assess injury risk. This study presents a total of 36 uniaxial unconfined compression tests performed on fresh human liver parenchyma within 48 h of death. Each specimen was tested once to failure at one of four loading rates (0.012, 0.106, 1.036, and 10.708 s-1) in order to investigate the effects of loading rate on the compressive failure properties of human liver parenchyma. The results of this study showed that the response of human liver parenchyma is both nonlinear and rate dependent. Specifically, failure stress significantly increased with increased loading rate, while failure strain significantly decreased with increased loading rate. The failure stress and failure strain for all liver parenchyma specimens ranged from -38.9 kPa to -145.9 kPa and from -0.48 strain to -1.15 strain, respectively. Overall, this study provides novel biomechanical data that can be used in the development of rate dependent material models and the identification of tissue-level tolerance values, which are critical to the validation of finite element models used to assess injury risk.
Supplemental Table 7 from The Genomic Landscape of Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Patients with Hormone Receptor–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplemental Table 7&lt;/p&gt;
Specificity of Cyclic GMP Activation of a Multi-substrate Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase from Rat Liver (2005)

Cyclic nucleotide derivatives have been used as a tool to investigate the existence of distinctive activating and hydrolytic sites on the phosphodiesterase from rat liver activated by cGMP (guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate). This positively cooperative enzyme was stimulated up to 30-fold by 3 microM cGMP when 3 microM cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) was used as substrate. All analogues were less potent activators than cGMP. Most cAMP derivatives were inactive, with two exceptions: 7-deazaadenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Benzimidazole ribonucleoside 3',5'-monophosphate, where the two atoms of nitrogen of the pyrimidine ring are missing was a better stimulator than the intact purine-related cyclic derivative. When cAMP and cGMP with identical chemical ligands substituted at the same position were compared, the cGMP analogue was always the more potent activator suggesting that the activating site is sensitive to a guanine-type cyclic nucleotide structure. Degradation of the derivatives by the enzyme was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography: no relation could be established between hydrolysis and effectiveness of activation. In addition, there was no parallelism between inhibitory and activating potency for ten cyclic nucleotide derivatives. Since the chemical interactions between the analogues at the activating site on the one hand and at the catalytic site on the other, are different, it is proposed that the sites are distinct. Consequently, it is suggested that the enzyme operates in steps. In the first activating step, cGMP is fixed by at least two hydrogen bonds at a specific binding site of the enzyme. This is followed by a conformational change of the protein and subsequently a change of the kinetic parameters. In a rather unspecific process and in a second hydrolytic step, several purine-related cyclic nucleotides are converted to the corresponding 5' nucleotides.
A Fully Integrated O-band Coherent Optical Receiver Operating up to 80 Gb/s (2021)

This paper presents an O-band QPSK coherent receiver, consisting of a dual-polarization silicon photonic receiver and a dual-channel electronic integrated circuit with receiver chain and Costas loop. Measurements are performed at 56 Gb/s and 80 Gb/s, and the receiver performance is characterized in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) and estimated bit-error ratio (BER).
Minimizing the VPARP MVP interaction domain and implications in engineering new vault function (2006)

Vaults are large macromolecular assemblies composed of the 100 kDa major vault protein (MVP), the 193 kDa vault poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (VPARP), the 240 kDa telomerase/vault asssociated protein (TEP1), and one or more related small RNAs (vRNA). About 75% of the particle mass is composed of the MVP. Their ubiquitous expression, high copy number, conserved morphology, and composition all indicate they have an important yet undefined cellular function. The vault ribonucleoprotein complex is primarily localized to the cytoplasm and about ~5% are thought to associate with the nucleus near nuclear pore complexes. VPARP is a member of the PARP family of proteins. In purified vaults VPARP retains its enzymatic activity and ADP ribosylates itself and MVP. VPARP is the only vault component identified to date with an enzymatic activity and has been shown to produce short polymers of ADP-ribose units. VPARP associates with the vault complex by binding MVP. Currently, the VPARP minimum MVP interaction domain, (m)int, is 163 amino acids. Our lab has fused this domain to heterologous proteins such as GFP and luciferase to package them inside of vaults. Our hypothesis is that the (m)int domain can be minimized further. This would allow larger heterologous proteins to be packaged into vaults and ultimately would facilitate use of the vault particle as a protein targeting device. This work was supported in part by NationalScience Foundation Grants MCB-0210690.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Laser-Produced Plasmas for In Situ Toxic Metal Monitoring (1996)

We have examined the suitability of laser spark spectroscopy as a real-time, in situ continuous monitor for toxic metals. A crucial issue for in situ monitors is the effects of ambient conditions on accuracy. Detailed measurements of the plasma parameters show that the laser-produced spark is remarkably insensitive to ambient conditions such as variations in the background gas, the presence of particles, humidity, and laser power. This is a very positive result for the field use of laser spark spectroscopy to measure toxic metals.
Multi-octave GaN MMIC amplifier (2010)

A broadband multi-octave, 0.1 – 20 GHz, 10 dB ±2 dB amplifier was implemented in the GaN/SiC technology. The amplifier design relies on a series DC/RF HEMTs (SHEMTS) configuration. This configuration offers an alternative to the traveling wave amplifier (TWA), uses a smaller chip area, and readily extends the gain to the low frequency region. The amplifier is power matched at Ku-band and has an output power of 1 W at 1-dB compression, 17 GHz, and 17 % drain efficiency.
Wild-Type and Mutant HCN Channels in a Tandem Biological-Electronic Cardiac Pacemaker (2006)

mE324A induces faster, more positive pacemaker current activation than mHCN2 and stable, catecholamine-sensitive rhythms in situ that compete with EPM comparably but more catecholamine responsively than mHCN2. BPM/EPM tandems function reliably, reduce the number of EPM beats, and confer sympathetic responsiveness to the tandem.
Analysis of RISE-IBC Solar Cells (2013)

In order to test whether the lab facilities of Hanwha Solar America in Santa Clara are compatible with high-efficiency processing, we commissioned ISFH to fabricate small-area crystalline-silicon high-efficiency solar cells based on the RISE process. We reach efficiencies exceeding 23%, observed no statistically significant difference between the cells processed completely at ISFH and the cells partly processed at Hanwha, and conclude that the facilities are compatible with high-efficiency processing. Meanwhile, we analyze the performance reached by the cells in the different splits of the experiment. We find that a passivation of the n-type surface based on SiO2 improves the open-circuit voltage, but suffers from a lower (pseudo-) fill-factor compared to an Al2O3 passivation layer. We also observe that increasing the emitter width increases the open-circuit voltage thanks to a lower saturation current but reduces also the fill-factor because of increased majority-carrier resistivity.
848 Comparison of Patient Preferences Between Stool Tests and Colonoscopy for Assessment of Disease Activity in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2019)

INTRODUCTION: Fecal biomarkers are being increasingly suggested as alternatives to colonoscopy for disease activity assessments. We aimed to assess patient preferences between fecal testing and colonoscopy for disease activity assessments. METHODS: Prospective interview of UC and CD patients from a single tertiary referral center. A hierarchy matrix survey was built to understand patient preferences around decision making when choosing between approaches (fecal testing or colonoscopy) for achieving a specific goal (monitoring disease activity) based on pre-set criteria (accuracy, preparation, pain, complications). Presumed accuracy of fecal biomarkers was set to 80-90%, and rates of colonoscopy related complication were set to 1 in 100 or 1 in 1,000. Pair wise analyses were used to identify determinants of patient preference and thresholds of acceptability to change preferences. RESULTS: N = 100, median age of 44 years (IQR 27-63) with median disease duration of 9 years (IQR 5-21). Disease activity at the time of survey was well distributed with 47% in clinical remission, 24% with mild and 29% with moderate-severe activity. Colonoscopy was the initial preference for 40% of patients and more often being preferred by CD patients (49% vs. 31%, P = 0.069). When choosing between fecal testing or colonoscopy for disease activity assessment, accuracy was significantly more important than preparation, pain, or complications ( P &lt; 0.05), but preparation and pain were comparable to complications ( P &gt; 0.20). After understanding the limitations in accuracy with fecal testing, 25 patients who initially chose fecal testing changed their preference to colonoscopy ( P &lt; 0.001) and at the completion of the survey a total of 65% chose colonoscopy over fecal testing. If the fecal test was wrong at most 1 in 20 times (5%), 40% of patients who ultimately chose colonoscopy were willing to undergo fecal testing. If the fecal test was wrong at most 1 in 50 times (2%), 66% of patients who ultimately chose colonoscopy were willing to undergo fecal testing. CONCLUSION: Accuracy appears to be the most important criteria for IBD patients when choosing monitoring strategies, followed by pain/preparation and risk of complications. A significant number of patients changed their preferences to colonoscopy after learning more about the diagnostic accuracy of current fecal testing for disease monitoring. A high degree of confidence is required of fecal test results for patients to choose this strategy.
Bausteine von Oligosacchariden, LII. Synthese von Disacchariden aus 3‐Desoxy‐D‐manno‐2‐octulosonsäure (KDO) und D‐Glucosamin (1984)

Abstract Das Pyranosylbromid 2 der 3‐Desoxy‐ D ‐ manno ‐2‐octulosonsäure (KDO) läßt sich am günstigsten mit dem Benzyl‐2‐benzyloxycarbonylamino‐2‐desoxy‐4,6‐ O ‐ethyliden‐α‐ D ‐glucopyranosid ( 7 ) zu (2→3)‐glycosidisch verknüpften Disacchariden aus KDO und D ‐Glucosamin umsetzen. Je nach Art des Lösungsmittels wird nur das α‐ D ‐glycosidisch verknüpfte Produkt 10a oder ein Gemisch der Anomeren erhalten. Quecksilbersalze dienen als Katalysatoren. Nach Trennung der Anomeren und Entblockierung wurden die beiden Disaccharide α‐KDO‐(2→3)‐ D ‐GlcNAc 21 und α‐KDO‐(2→3)‐ D ‐GlcNAc 26 dargestellt. Die Zuordnung der Anomerenkonfiguration erfolgte durch NOE‐Experimente und durch Überführung in das Lacton 31 .
Formation of a New Buried Charge Drives a Large-Amplitude Protein Quake in Photoreceptor Activation (2001)

Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a eubacterial photoreceptor and a structural prototype of the PAS domain superfamily of receptor and regulatory proteins. We investigate the activation mechanism of PYP using time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our data provide structural, kinetic, and energetic evidence that the putative signaling state of PYP is formed during a large-amplitude protein quake that is driven by the formation of a new buried charge, COO(-) of the conserved Glu46, in a highly hydrophobic pocket at the active site. A protein quake is a process consisting of global conformational changes that are triggered and driven by a local structural "fault". We show that large, global structural changes take place after Glu46 ionization via intramolecular proton transfer to the anionic p-coumarate chromophore, and are suppressed by the absence of COO(-) formation in the E46Q mutant. Our results demonstrate the significance of buried charge formation in photoreceptor activation. This mechanism may serve as one of the general themes in activation of a range of receptor proteins. In addition, we report the results of time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy of PYP crystals. The direct comparison of time-resolved FTIR spectroscopic data of PYP in aqueous solution and in crystals reveals that the structure of the putative signaling state is not developed in P6(3) crystals. Therefore, when the structural developments during the functional process of a protein are experimentally determined to be very different in crystals and solutions, one must be cautious in drawing conclusions regarding the functional mechanism of proteins based on time-resolved X-ray crystallography.