gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of heterocyclic compounds. Part IX. Formylation of 6a-thiathiophthens (1971)

6a-Thiathiophthen and 2,5-dideuterio-6a-thiathiophthen undergo formylation with NN-dimethylthioformamidephosphoryl chloride at position 3. Formylation of 2-t-butyl-6a-thiathiophthen and 5-deuterio-2-t-butyl-6a-thiathiophthen occurs at position 4. The position of formylation was established by comparative 1H n.m.r. and mass spectral studies. 2-Methyl- and 2,5-dimethyl-6a-thiathiophthen condensed with NN-dimethylthioformamide at their reactive methyl groups, giving enamines. The i.r. spectra of formyl-6a-thiathiophthenes indicate that the 6a-thiathiophthen nucleus is electron-releasing at the 3(4)-position. Formyl-6a-thiathiophthens were reduced by sodium borohydride to the corresponding hydroxymethyl-6a-thiathiophthens, and were partially desulphurised by mercuric acetate to 3-diformylmethylene-3H-1,2-dithioles.
Ultra-thin plasma panel radiation detector (2023)

An ultra-thin radiation detector includes a radiation detector gas chamber having at least one ultra-thin chamber window and an ultra-thin first substrate contained within the gas chamber. The detector further includes a second substrate generally parallel to and coupled to the first substrate and defining a gas gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The detector further includes a discharge gas between the substrates and contained within the gas chamber, where the discharge gas is free to circulate within the gas chamber and between the first and second substrates at a given gas pressure. The detector further includes a first electrode coupled to one of the substrates and a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode. The detector further includes a first discharge event detector coupled to at least one of the electrodes for detecting a gas discharge counting event in the electrode.
Tunable bandpass and bandstop filter cascade for dynamic pole allocation (2012)

In this paper, a highly dynamic filter cascade is presented with the capability of creating very high isolation regions in close spectral proximity to the received signal of interest. The cascade consists of 10 widely tunable resonators that can be combined to form advanced filtering functions. Two of the resonators are tasked to create a second-order Butterworth bandpass filter, while the other eight are used in a bandstop configuration to manipulate the stopband and form either very deep isolation, wide band isolation, or multiple isolation regions. This device consists of substrate-integrated, evanescent-mode cavities that are created using traditional circuit board technology as an example. 120 dB of isolation over a bandwidth of 21 MHz is achieved 16% away from the passband of the bandpass filter.
Applications of organocopper reagents in organic synthesis (1988)

Abstract The importance of organocopper reagents in organic synthesis is highlighted and the different types of organocopper reagents available are briefly reviewed. Applications of organocopper reagents in the synthesis of natural products and related compounds of biological interest are then discussed commencing with synthetic approaches to thia-thromboxane analogues based on the organocopper conjugate addidon-enolate alkylation reaction. The extension of this methodology to the preparation of 2,3- disubstituted cyclopentenones, illustrated by the synthesis of the antimicrobial natural product, tetrahydrodicranenone B, is then discussed. Finally, synthetic applications of the organocopper alkyne addition reaction are described with emphasis on the use of double acetylene carbocupration for the stereospecific preparation of Z,Z-dienes. The use of this methodology for the synthesis of the Navel Orangeworm pheromone is discussed.
Entropy, black holes, and the new cyclic universe (2021)

We track the evolution of entropy and black holes in a cyclic universe that undergoes repeated intervals of expansion followed by slow contraction and a smooth (non-singular) bounce. In this kind of cyclic scenario, there is no big crunch and no chaotic mixmaster behavior. We explain why the entropy following each bounce is naturally partitioned into near-maximal entropy in the matter-radiation sector and near-minimal in the gravitational sector, satisfying the Weyl curvature conditions conjectured to be essential for a cosmology consistent with observations. As a result, this kind of cyclic universe can undergo an unbounded number of cycles in the past and/or the future.
Pattern uniformity control in integrated structures (2017)

In our previous paper dealing with multi-patterning, we proposed a new indicator to quantify the quality of final wafer pattern transfer, called interactive pattern fidelity error (IPFE). It detects patterning failures resulting from any source of variation in creating integrated patterns. IPFE is a function of overlay and edge placement error (EPE) of all layers comprising the final pattern (i.e. lower and upper layers). In this paper, we extend the use cases with Via in additional to the bridge case (Block on Spacer). We propose an IPFE budget and CD budget using simple geometric and statistical models with analysis of a variance (ANOVA). In addition, we validate the model with experimental data. From the experimental results, improvements in overlay, local-CDU (LCDU) of contact hole (CH) or pillar patterns (especially, stochastic pattern noise (SPN)) and pitch walking are all critical to meet budget requirements. We also provide a special note about the importance of the line length used in analyzing LWR. We find that IPFE and CD budget requirements are consistent to the table of the ITRS’s technical requirement. Therefore the IPFE concept can be adopted for a variety of integrated structures comprising digital logic circuits. Finally, we suggest how to use IPFE for yield management and optimization requirements for each process.
Wasserspaltung mit Cobalt (2011)

Abstract Die Energieversorgung der Zukunft kann nur durch grundlegende Neuerungen auf dem Gebiet billiger, nachhaltiger und effizienter Systeme zur Gewinnung und Speicherung von Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen oder aus Sonnenlicht gesichert werden. Die Erzeugung von Wasserstoff, einem Brennstoff mit bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften, durch die Wasserspaltung mithilfe von Sonnenlicht ist in diesem Zusammenhang ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Während die aktiven Zentren von wasserspaltenden Enzymen – wie Hydrogenasen und Photosystem II – Eisen‐, Nickel‐ und Manganionen enthalten, hat sich Cobalt in den vergangenen fünf Jahren als vielseitigstes unedles Metall bei der Entwicklung synthetischer Katalysatoren zur H 2 ‐ und O 2 ‐Erzeugung durch Reduktion bzw. Oxidation von Wasser bewährt. Solche Katalysatoren lassen sich mit Photosensibilisatoren zu Systemen für die photokatalytische Wasserstofferzeugung aus Wasser koppeln.
Data from A First-Generation Multiplex Biomarker Analysis of Urine for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;Although prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum level is currently the standard of care for prostate cancer screening in the United States, it lacks ideal specificity and additional biomarkers are needed to supplement or potentially replace serum PSA testing. Emerging evidence suggests that monitoring the noncoding RNA transcript &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt; in urine may be useful in detecting prostate cancer in patients with elevated PSA levels. Here, we show that a multiplex panel of urine transcripts outperforms &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt; transcript alone for the detection of prostate cancer. We measured the expression of seven putative prostate cancer biomarkers, including &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt;, in sedimented urine using quantitative PCR on a cohort of 234 patients presenting for biopsy or radical prostatectomy. By univariate analysis, we found that increased &lt;i&gt;GOLPH2, SPINK1&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt; transcript expression and &lt;i&gt;TMPRSS2:ERG&lt;/i&gt; fusion status were significant predictors of prostate cancer. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a multiplexed model, including these biomarkers, outperformed serum PSA or &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt; alone in detecting prostate cancer. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.758 for the multiplexed model versus 0.662 for &lt;i&gt;PCA3&lt;/i&gt; alone (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003). The sensitivity and specificity for the multiplexed model were 65.9% and 76.0%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 79.8% and 60.8%, respectively. Taken together, these results provide the framework for the development of highly optimized, multiplex urine biomarker tests for more accurate detection of prostate cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(3):645–9]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Compact eye-safe photorefractive coherent receiver for vibration analysis (1996)

Summary form only given. Vibration analysis is a widely used technique in industry for the nondestructive inspection and metrology of mechanical structures. Nondestructive inspections such as optical methods present many advantages over conventional techniques. Eye-safe operation of the device is essential. Coherent detection can be a potential candidate to design a vibration analysis device. In this paper, we present the design and the performance of a compact eye-safe coherent receiver for vibration analysis. We will propose an analytical resolution of the coupled equations system that describes two wave mixing in photorefractive crystal as an adaptive beam combiner in a coherent detection, in presence of a phase modulation of the signal beam.
Message from TPC chairs (2017)

We are pleased to welcome you to Osaka, Japan to attend IEEE LANMAN 2017, the 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks. LANMAN began as a workshop focused on local networking technologies, but over more than two decades it has grown into a full fledged symposium covering a broad spectrum of networking issues. This year's technical program covers both wired and wireless networks, with application areas ranging from the Internet of Things, to software defined infrastructures, to cellular networks.
On the Impact of Coarse Synchronization on the Performance of Broadcast/Multicast Single Frequency Network Operation in WCDMA (2008)

We evaluate the system-level performance and potential capacity gain of MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network) operation in wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and compare it to conventional multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) provision with macro-diversity combining. MBSFN operation has recently been specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as an enhancement to MBMS. It aims to mitigate the cell-edge problem of multicast/broadcast applications, which are typically dimensioned for a predefined coverage. In WCDMA as considered here, MBSFN operation refers to the use of a single common scrambling code and the same set of spreading codes to simultaneously broadcast bit identical MBMS data in a number of cells that form an MBMS cluster. Since intercell interference is drastically reduced by this concept, it has the potential of considerably increasing the spectral efficiency of MBMS. Nevertheless, coarse synchronization of the transmitting base stations is expected to degrade the performance of MBSFN. We study the system-level performance of MBSFN for WCDMA with imperfect synchronization of the base stations considering different equalization strategies.
Discovery of Orally Active 3-Pyridinyl-tropane As a Potent Nociceptin Receptor Agonist for the Management of Cough (2009)

A series of 3-pyridinyl-tropane analogues based on previously reported compound 1 have been synthesized and shown to bind to the nociceptin receptor with high affinity. From the SAR study and our lead optimization efforts, compound 10 was found to possess potent oral antitussive activity in the capsaicin-induced guinea pig model. The rationale for compound selection and the biological profile of the optimized lead (10) are disclosed.
Coordination polymers of Fe(iii) and Al(iii) ions with TCA ligand: distinctive fluorescence, CO2uptake, redox-activity and oxygen evolution reaction (2016)

Fe and Al belong to different groups in the periodic table, one from the p-block and the other from the d-block. In spite of their different groups, they have the similarity of exhibiting a stable 3+ oxidation state. Here we have prepared Fe(iii) and Al(iii) based coordination polymers in the form of metal-organic gels with the 4,4',4''-tricarboxyltriphenylamine (TCA) ligand, namely Fe-TCA and Al-TCA, and evaluated some important physicochemical properties. Specifically, the electrical conductivity, redox-activity, porosity, and electrocatalytic activity (oxygen evolution reaction) of the Fe-TCA system were noted to be remarkably higher than those of the Al-TCA system. As for the photophysical properties, almost complete quenching of the fluorescence originating from TCA was observed in case of the Fe-TCA system, whereas for the Al-TCA system a significant retention of fluorescence with red-shifted emission was observed. Quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were performed to unravel the origin of such discriminative behaviour of these coordination polymer systems.
Automatic Determination of O-Glycan Structure from Fragmentation Spectra (2006)

Glycosylation is one of the most important classes of post-translational protein modifications, but the identification of glycans is difficult because of their branched structures and numerous isomers. We describe an algorithm called CartoonistTwo that proposes structures for O-linked glycans by automatically analyzing fragmentation mass spectra. CartoonistTwo improves upon previous glycan identification software primarily in its scoring function, which can more successfully distinguish among a number of similar structures. CartoonistTwo was designed and tested with FTICR mass spectra, and includes automatic recalibration and peak selection especially tuned for such data, yet it can be easily adapted to fragmentation spectra (MS2 or MSn) from other instrument types. On a validated test set of 34 SORI-CID MSn FTICR spectra from Xenopus egg jelly, CartoonistTwo gave the manually determined structural assignment either the first or second highest score over 90% of the time. And for over 50% of these spectra, CartoonistTwo selected a unique highest scoring structure that agreed with the manually determined one.
A Model for Predicting Magnetic Particle Capture in a Microfluidic Bioseparator (2006)

A model is presented for predicting the capture of magnetic micro/nano-particles in a bioseparation microsystem. This bioseparator consists of an array of conductive elements embedded beneath a rectangular microfluidic channel. The magnetic particles are introduced into the microchannel in solution, and are attracted and held by the magnetic force produced by the energized elements. Analytical expressions are obtained for the dominant magnetic and fluidic forces on the particles as they move through the microchannel. These expressions are included in the equations of motion, which are solved numerically to predict particle trajectories and capture time. This model is well-suited for parametric analysis of particle capture taking into account variations in particle size, material properties, applied current, microchannel dimensions, fluid properties, and flow velocity.
αKlotho Regulates Age-Associated Vascular Calcification and Lifespan in Zebrafish (2019)

The hormone αKlotho regulates lifespan in mice, as knockouts die early of what appears to be accelerated aging due to hyperphosphatemia and soft tissue calcification. In contrast, the overexpression of αKlotho increases lifespan. Given the severe mouse phenotype, we generated zebrafish mutants for αklotho as well as its binding partner fibroblast growth factor-23 (fgf23). Both mutations cause shortened lifespan in zebrafish, with abrupt onset of behavioral and degenerative physical changes at around 5 months of age. There is a calcification of vessels throughout the body, most dramatically in the outflow tract of the heart, the bulbus arteriosus (BA). This calcification is associated with an ectopic activation of osteoclast differentiation pathways. These findings suggest that the gradual loss of αKlotho found in normal aging might give rise to ectopic calcification.
<title>Phase-matching pseudo-resonant tunable InP-based MOEMS</title> (2002)

In this paper, we present a new concept of tunable active Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System (MOEMS) microdevice for specific applications in the 1.3-2.5 micrometers wavelength range such as near infrared spectroscopy or optical telecommunications. The proposed optical structure can be used for the realization of tunable wavelength selective devices (photodetectors or emitters). The device uses a radically new optical design which separates the detector (or emitter) from the filter but place it on top of the filter. As compared to the existing micro-mechanical tunable devices, this concept does present two main advantages such as the improvement of the optical spectral response (forward and backward traveling of the optical waves through the active part) and relaxation of the technological constraints for fabrication (planar monolithic integration of the active component with post-process micromachining). We present here the design, the optical simulations and the fabrication procedure of a first demonstrator consisting in an optically pumped wavelength selective and tunable light emitting diode. The gain active region comprises InAs quantum wires designed for light emission aro7und 1500 nm. The MOEM structure is made of InP/air gap layers. We have obtained an increase of the spontaneous emission by a factor of about 40 and tuning range about 60 nm for actuation voltages up to 15 V.
Total saponin extract, ginsenoside Rb1, and compound K alleviate peripheral and central neuropathic pain through estrogen receptors on rats (2020)

In this study, we investigated whether total saponin extract (TSE), ginsenoside Rb1, and Rb1 metabolite compound K, which are isolated from red ginseng, have antinociceptive effects on peripheral and central neuropathic pain (PNP and CNP, respectively). PNP and CNP were induced by tail nerve injury (TNI) at S1 and by contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) at T9 in male Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Two weeks after TNI or 4 weeks after SCI, pain-induced rats were orally administered vehicle, TSE (50 mg/kg), Rb1 (12.5 mg/kg), compound K (7 mg/kg), or gabapentin (GBP, 60 mg/kg), and the antinociceptive effects were examined by von Frey filament, cold/warm water, and hot plate analyses. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were significantly alleviated by TSE, Rb1, and GBP 1 hr after drug administration. The immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR results showed that the activation of microglia/astrocytes and the expression of inflammatory mediators such as Il-1β, Il-6, iNOS, and Cox-2 were also significantly inhibited in L4-L5 spinal cord of CNP-induced rats 1 hr after drug administration. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effects of TSE and Rb1 were reversed by treatment with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI182780. In particular, compound K also significantly alleviated both PNP and CNP. Therefore, our results indicate that TSE, Rb1, and compound K have potential antinociceptive effects against neuropathic pain that might be mediated through the ER.
Emergent design of dynamical behavior (2010)

In order to deal with ultra multi degree-of-freedom (DOF) dynamical systems, this paper proposes a design methodology for a control scheme inspired by the concept of emergence in living organisms. With this methodology, specific functions are found to appear in the system only using only local information available to the subcomponents of the system. In order to introduce the advantages of emergence to an ultra multi-DOF dynamical system, we designed the system as an autonomous decentralized system, and controlled its behavior using a bottom-up scheme, i.e., by setting local rules for each DOF. We considered a simplified 242-DOF mass system, with subsystems represented by point masses connected together by linear actuators. We analyzed the behavior of this dynamical system by computer simulation. We applied local rules to connect/disconnect the actuators to realize three kinds of functions: shape maintainability, displacement controllability and energy saving ability. These functions were found to successfully emerge in the numerical simulation results. Hence, the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology is confirmed.
Basic and Applied Aspects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides (2011)

Neonicotinoid insecticides are considered the the fastest-growing class of insecticides in modern crop protection since the introduction of pyrethroids, with widespread use against a broad spectrum of sucking and several chewing pests. Seven structurally different neonicotinoid insecticides are commercially availabale. They act selectively as agonists on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), their molecular target site, with little or no binding to vertebrate receptors. Because of the relatively low risk for non-target organisms and environment, the high target-specificity of neonicotinoid insecticides and their versatility in application methods, this important class has to be maintained globally for sustainable integrated pest management strategies and insect resistance management programmes. Combined with innovative concepts for life-cycle management such as optimized formulations, neonicotinoids will be the most important chemical class within the next few years for the control of some of the globally most destructive pest insects in many agronomic cropping systems.
Machine Learning Recognition of Gait Identity via Shoe Embedded Accelerometer (2020)

Machine learning and data analytics are becoming pervasive also in the analysis of human behaviour as more and more miniaturized sensors can observe and quantify human activities. The so-called wearables are particularly tiny transducers which give the possibility to understand an individual's behaviour possibly enabling innovative services such as gait analysis based identification, foot pressure analysis, fall prevention and automatic recognition of dangerous situations. In this work we investigate an innovative experimental setting where accelerations are captured, during walking, by an Inertial Measurement Unit embedded in the shoe's sole. The goal is to identify who is wearing the shoe by simply analyzing his gait. User classification is then performed comparing different machine learning methods, relying either on the k-Neareast-Neighbour or on the Linear Discriminant Analysis algorithm. An extensive experimental campaign was carried out on five young adults and a comparative analysis of the accuracy of the methods proves that machine learning recognition of gait identity via shoe embedded accelerometer is feasible and sufficiently reliable.