gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Cells (2015)

The effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on differentiation of 3T3L1-derived adipocytes was examined. Endogenous H2S was increased after 3T3L1 differentiation. The expression of the H2S-synthesising enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST), was increased in a time-dependent manner during 3T3L1 differentiation. Expression of genes associated with adipogenesis related genes including fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4/aP2), a key regulator of this process, was increased by GYY4137 (a slow-releasing H2S donor compound) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a classical H2S donor) but not by ZYJ1122 or time-expired NaHS. Furthermore expression of these genes were reduced by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, CBS inhibitor), DL-propargylglycine (PAG, CSE inhibitor) as well as by CSE small interference RNA (siCSE) and siCBS. The size and number of lipid droplets in mature adipocytes was significantly increased by both GYY4137 and NaHS, which also impaired the ability of CL316,243 (β3-agonist) to promote lipolysis in these cells. In contrast, AOAA and PAG had the opposite effect. Taken together, we show that the H2S-synthesising enzymes CBS, CSE and 3-MST are endogenously expressed during adipogenesis and that both endogenous and exogenous H2S modulate adipogenesis and adipocyte maturation.
Plasminogen is an Important Regulator in the Pathogenesis of a Murine Model of Asthma (2007)

The decreased inflammation in the lungs of Plg(-/-) mice and its blockade with a plasminogen inhibitor indicate that plasminogen plays an important role in orchestrating the asthmatic response and suggests that plasminogen may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma.
Selective production of cyclohexanol and methanol from guaiacol over Ru catalyst combined with MgO (2014)

Methoxyphenols can be converted to cyclohexanol and methanol with H<sub>2</sub> over Ru/C combined with MgO.
WEF/WERF Cooperative Study of BNR Plants Approaching the Limit of Technology: I. What Can We Learn About the Technologies? (2009)

WEF/WERF Cooperative Study of BNR Plants Approaching the Limit of Technology: I. What Can We Learn About the Technologies?The Water Environment Federation (WEF) and the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) cooperated in a comprehensive study of nutrient removal plants designed and operated to meet the “Limit of Technology” (LOT) for nutrient removal. LOT has been defined as plants meeting 3 mg/L TN and 0.1 mg/L TP. This effort focuses on maximizing what can be learned from existing full scale...Author(s)Denny ParkerCharles BottJ. B. NeethlingAmit PramanikSudhir MurthySourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 70 - Biological Nutrient Removal – Survey, Evaluation, and OptimizationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2009ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20090101)2009:12L.4543;1-DOI10.2175/193864709793953863Volume / Issue2009 / 12Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)4543 - 4559Copyright2009Word count171Subject keywordsNutrient removalnitrogen removalphosphorus removallimit of technologyLOT
A Binding Site Tyrosine Shapes Desensitization Kinetics and Agonist Potency at GluR2 (2005)

Binding of an agonist to the 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor family of the glutamate receptors (GluRs) results in rapid activation of an ion channel. Continuous application results in a non-desensitizing response for agonists like kainate, whereas most other agonists, such as the endogenous agonist (S)-glutamate, induce desensitization. We demonstrate that a highly conserved tyrosine, forming a wedge between the agonist and the N-terminal part of the bi-lobed ligand-binding site, plays a key role in the receptor kinetics as well as agonist potency and selectivity. The AMPA receptor GluR2, with mutations in Tyr-450, were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized in a two-electrode voltage clamp setup. The mutation GluR2(Y450A) renders the receptor highly kainate selective, and rapid application of kainate to outside-out patches induced strongly desensitizing currents. When Tyr-450 was substituted with the larger tryptophan, the (S)-glutamate desensitization is attenuated with a 10-fold increase in steady-state/peak currents (19% compared with 1.9% at the wild type). Furthermore, the tryptophan mutant was introduced into the GluR2-S1S2J ligand binding core construct and co-crystallized with kainate, and the 2.1-A x-ray structure revealed a slightly more closed ligand binding core as compared with the wild-type complex. Through genetic manipulations combined with structural and electrophysiological analysis, we report that mutations in position 450 invert the potency of two central agonists while concurrently strongly shaping the agonist efficacy and the desensitization kinetics of the AMPA receptor GluR2.
Long term follow-up of BL22 in cladribine-resistant hairy cell leukemia (2004)

6624 Background: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is effectively treated although not cured with cladribine and the likelihood and durability of response decrease after each relapse. BL22 is a recombinant anti-CD22 immunotoxin containing a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin which kills CD22 positive cells. Methods: A total of 36 patients with cladribine-resistant hairy cell leukemia (HCL) have received BL22, 31 on a phase I trial, 2 patients by single patient exemption and 3 in a recently opened phase II trial. Results: In the phase I trial, complete remission (CR) was observed in 19 patients, with CR rates of 43% (6/14), 69% (9/13), and 100% (3/3) in patients enrolled at 30, 40 and 50 ug/Kg every other day for 3 days (QOD x3), respectively. CR was achieved after cycle 1 in 11 and after cycles 2–14 in 8 patients. Of the 19 CRs, 8 (42%) have remained in CR for 14–47 (median 27) months, and the median CR duration is 26 months. Hematologic remission (HR), defined as minimum platelets 100,000/ul, absolute neutrophil count 1500/ul, and hemoglobin 11 g/dl, was achieved in 21 out of 29 (72%) patients. Of 21 in HR, 11 (52%) have remained in HR for 14–46 (median 37) months, and the median HR duration is 26 months. BL22 was nontoxic to CD4+ lymphocytes; the median CD4 count in 17 evaluable patients was 288 prior to and 345 at 3–8 months after BL22. A total of 5 HCL patients had hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), 2 after cycle 2 of 30, 2 after cycle 3 of 40, and 1 after cycle 2 of 50 ug/Kg QOD x3 of BL22. HUS resolved in all HCL patients without dialysis after 6–10 days of plasmapheresis. All HUS patients benefited from BL22, with independence from pre-BL22 transfusions, and HR in 5 out of 5 patients. Conclusions: The risk-benefit ratio of BL22 is favorable even in those with HUS because of response to BL22 and reversibility of HUS. BL22 is currently undergoing phase II testing in patients with HCL where 3 of 3 patients have achieved reversal of cytopenias. The true incidence and durability of HR to one cycle of BL22 is being examined by delaying retreatment for 8 weeks after cycle 1, and observing rather than retreating patients in HR after one cycle. This should greatly diminish the incidence of HUS, which in HCL occurred only during retreatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Bony Increased Offset-Reversed Shoulder Arthroplasty (BIO-RSA) (2017)

Bony increased offset-reversed shoulder arthroplasty (BIO-RSA) is an effective and safe means of achieving lateralization of the prosthetic center of rotation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty.Confirm the indication for surgery and obtain radiographs and 3-dimensional (3D) imaging (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans) to confirm the suitability for a BIO-RSA.With the patient in the beach-chair position, approach the shoulder via a standard deltopectoral approach.Dislocate the humeral head anteriorly and use the instrumentation to harvest a 29-mm fully cancellous graft of desired thickness from the humeral head.Carefully and meticulously expose and prepare the glenoid for prosthetic implantation.Prepare and implant the humeral prosthesis as per the standard surgical technique described for implantation of the Aequalis Reversed prosthesis10.Postoperative management is the same as that for a nonlateralized reverse prosthesis, with no alteration in rehabilitation required.In our original series of 42 patients with a minimum follow-up of 2 years (mean, 28 months), the glenoid bone graft incorporated completely in 41 patients and partially in 1 patient (Fig. 5)6.
Addition of arenesulphenyl chlorides to 2-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene: effect of increasing electron demand upon the rate and product determining transition states (1980)

The rates and products of addition of a series of sixteen arenesulphenyl chlorides to 2-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene, 7, and the E, Z isomeric 2-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enes, 8 and 9, have been determined in methylene chloride solution. The major species from attack on 7 is always endo-3-arylthio-1-chloromethyltricyclo[2.2.1.0 2,6 ]heptane, the product of exo attack upon the endocyclic double bond with homoallylic participation of the exocyclic π system. No evidence was found for initial electrophilic attack upon the exocyclic double bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Amines and Amino Alcohols by Electrophilic Amination and Highly Stereoselective Reduction. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Predictive value of topoisomerase 1 by immunohistochemistry (TOP1 IHC) in patients with metastatic breast cancer receiving irinotecan-based therapy. (2016)

1037 Background: There is an unmet need for rapid assays predictive of efficacy for specific chemotherapy agents. In particular, for those patients with metastatic disease that have progressed on prior therapies. Newer multi-omic analysis can be performed on a single biopsy specimen and with rapid turn-around-time allowing greater clinical utility. Methods: 49 patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and with a history of prior treatments were enrolled in a prospective phase II study. Real-time biopsies were evaluated with a multi-omic platform which included TOP1 (1D6 antibody, positive if intensity > = 2+ in at least 30% tumor) measured by IHC. 23 of 49 tumors were TOP1 positive. Each of the 23 patients received an irinotecan based regimen as follows: 11 irinotecan alone, 9 (irinotecan+capecitabine) or (irinotecan+fluorouracil/leucovorin), 2 (irinotecan+trastuzumab) and 1 (irinotecan+exemestane). To determine therapeutics benefit, a predetermined endpoint (developed by Von Hoff, et al. JCO 2010 was used: The ratio of the progression free survival (PFS) of the new regimen divided by the PFS of the prior therapy (GMI) with a ratio of 1.3 or greater indicating improved therapeutic benefit from the new regimen. Results: Among the 23 TOP1 positive patients,13/18 evaluable patients were GMI positive (72%), 5 GMI negative, while 4 were not evaluable and 1 was too early for evaluation. In the subset of patients receiving irinotecan alone, 6/11 patients had a positive GMI (55%). Conclusions: In this prospective phase II study in patients with advanced MBC, measurement of TOP1 predicted clinical benefit as measured by GMI, in 72% of all patients receiving irinotecan based therapy and in 6/11 (55%) patients receiving irinotecan alone. These findings warrant further evaluation of TOP1 IHC in predicting the utility of irinotecan in the treatment of breast cancer. Clinical trial information: NCT01919749.
Aroma Comparisons of Traditional and Mild Yogurts:  Headspace Gas Chromatography Quantification of Volatiles and Origin of α-Diketones (1999)

A quick headspace GC method for quantification of volatiles was developed, involving only minor sample preparation. Yogurt flavor compounds could be quantified in the micrograms per kilogram to milligrams per kilogram range without any difficulty, despite the complex matrix. Volatiles of traditional acidic and mild, less acidic yogurts were compared, and important differences were found for acetaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, and 2,3-pentanedione. Concentrations of 2,3-butanedione and 2,3-pentanedione increased 2-3-fold in mild, less acidic yogurts compared to traditional acidic ones. This is due to accumulation of the precursors of the diketones, 2-acetolactate and 2-acetohydroxybutyrate, during fermentation in mild, less acidic yogurt. These precursors are subsequently converted to the corresponding diketones during storage. On the contrary, acetaldehyde formation was reduced in the mild yogurt, due to growth differences between the lactic acid bacteria used for fermentation of the milk. The quantitative results presented in this study validate previous GC sniffing conclusions (Ott et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 850-858), showing that yogurt aroma is the superposition of impact flavor compounds generated by fermentation on milk compounds.
DyReg-FResNet: Unsupervised Feature Space Amplified Dynamic Regularized Residual Network for Time Series Classification (2019)

Time Series Classification (TSC) is a challenging problem owing to the practical constraints of lack of availability of training examples and insufficient sample points in the training instances. In order to ensure the construction of a robust trained model (under practical constraints) to address TSC, we propose DyReg-FResNet, which is a dynamically regularized Residual Network (ResNet), amplified by unsupervised feature space training. We generate signal processing, information theoretic and statistical features to augment the representation learning of the ResNet. The unsupervised features are capable of extracting the morphological and structural characteristics of the time series signals, whereas our proposed dynamic regularizer trades off by reducing substantial variance while not perturbing the bias. The regularization factor is a function of the signal dynamics (in effect, regularization factor is different for different training sets). DyReg-FResNet learns through residual mapping to minimize the exploding or vanishing gradient problems, amplified unsupervised features amplify the representation space by introducing lower level representation to guide the learning towards the basins of attraction of minima and dynamic regularizer minimizes the generalization error. We extensively experiment with publicly available UCR time series datasets. DyReg-FResNet demonstrates extremely superior performance by consistently outperforming the existing benchmark results as well as current state-of-the-art algorithms.
The Genetic Polymorphism of Drug Transporters: Functional Analysis Approaches (2004)

Evidence is accumulating to strongly suggest that drug transporters are one of the determining factors governing the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. To date, a variety of drug transporters have been cloned and classified as solute carriers and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Such drug transporters are expressed in various tissues such as the intestine, brain, liver, and kidney, and play critical roles in the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. However, at the present time, information is limited regarding the genetic polymorphism of drug transporters and its impact on their function. In this context, we have undertaken the functional analyses of the polymorphisms identified in drug transporter genes. This article aims to provide an overview on the functional aspects of the non-synonymous polymorphisms of drug transporters and to present standard methods for the evaluation of the effect of polymorphisms on their function.
Revision Surgery Following Gracilis Transplantation for Pediatric Facial Reanimation (2019)

PURPOSE: Management of pediatric patients with facial paralysis is challenging, and numerous surgical techniques have been described for smile reconstruction. A free gracilis muscle transfer innervated by a cross-face nerve graft (CFNG) from the contralateral facial nerve or by the ipsilateral motor nerve to masseter (MNTM) is recognized as the gold standard for smile reconstruction owing to its reliable outcomes. Despite the ubiquity of this technique in the pediatric population, there are limited data regarding the rate of secondary surgery to improve the cosmesis, symmetry, or function of the reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence and type of secondary surgical procedures following pediatric facial reanimation using gracilis muscle transplantation. METHODS: Following ethics board approval, a retrospective cohort study was performed and included children who underwent facial reanimation using free gracilis muscle transfer at our pediatric hospital between 1985 and 2014. Medical charts were reviewed to assess secondary surgical procedures performed at least 1 year following the initial reanimation surgery. Procedures related to early postoperative complications, including hematoma or infection, were excluded. Indications for surgical revision were subdivided into major revisions—which involved a non- or poorly functioning muscle transplant necessitating a new gracilis muscle transplant—and minor revisions, where muscle function was acceptable, but surgery was intended to improve cosmesis and/or symmetry. RESULTS: There were 261 cases of facial reanimation utilizing a free gracilis muscle transfer between 1985 and 2019. One hundred seventy-three unilateral (66%) and 88 bilateral (34%) reconstructions were performed. Fourteen patients, 7 male and 7 female, required surgical revision (5.4%). The mean time to revision was 2.5 years following the initial surgery. Among patients requiring revision, 10 had muscle transplants innervated by a CFNG, and 4 by the MNTM. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of revision between CFNG and MNTM (7.7% versus 4.8%; P = 0.4). Minor revisions to improve cosmesis and symmetry were performed in 12 patients (4.6%). Only 2 patients (0.8%) required major revisions, in which the gracilis muscle from the primary surgery was removed and replaced with a new free functioning gracilis muscle. There was no significant difference in revision rate for patients undergoing unilateral versus bilateral procedures (6.8% versus 3.5%; P = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the use of gracilis muscle transplantation as a reliable technique for smile reconstruction in pediatric facial palsy, with low rates of secondary revision. Secondary surgery is most often performed to improve cosmesis and/or symmetry, and major revisions requiring microvascular transplantation of new muscle transfer are rare.
Quantum dot vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a dielectric aperture (1997)

Data are presented on an oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser that uses a quantum dot active region. The laser is grown by molecular beam epitaxy, with the quantum dot active region formed from a five monolayer deposition of In0.50Ga0.35Al0.15As. Lasing occurs at wavelengths corresponding to quantum dot transitions, with a room temperature pulsed threshold as low as 560 μA for a 7 μm diameter oxide aperture.
Hierarchical vertically oriented graphene as a catalytic counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (2012)

Vertically oriented graphene (VG) nanosheets are synthesized for counter electrodes (CEs) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The VG electrode exhibits charge transfer resistance about 1% of the Pt electrode and improves power conversion efficiency of DSSCs from 4.68% (for Pt CEs) to 5.36%.
On the Limitation of Convolutional Neural Networks in Recognizing\n Negative Images (2017)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art\nperformance on a variety of computer vision tasks, particularly visual\nclassification problems, where new algorithms reported to achieve or even\nsurpass the human performance. In this paper, we examine whether CNNs are\ncapable of learning the semantics of training data. To this end, we evaluate\nCNNs on negative images, since they share the same structure and semantics as\nregular images and humans can classify them correctly. Our experimental results\nindicate that when training on regular images and testing on negative images,\nthe model accuracy is significantly lower than when it is tested on regular\nimages. This leads us to the conjecture that current training methods do not\neffectively train models to generalize the concepts. We then introduce the\nnotion of semantic adversarial examples - transformed inputs that semantically\nrepresent the same objects, but the model does not classify them correctly -\nand present negative images as one class of such inputs.\n
Improving Application Performance Over Error Prone Routes in Internet: Joint Impact of Coding, Interleaving, and ARQ (2007)

Voice and video traffic can tolerate some errors in end-to-end transfer but require very low latency. Data traffic typically requires an almost error free transfer but can tolerate higher latency. Thus, coding and forward error corrections are the main mechanisms for error controls for voice and video traffic while ARQ is the main mechanism for error controls for data traffic. When the error rates are high (for example, in wireless links), it is beneficial to have both forward error corrections and ARQ for data traffic. In addition, the effectiveness of the coding and FEC can be improved by using interleaving. The combined effects of coding, interleaving, and ARQ on data traffic effective throughput is not well understood. In this paper, we take the first steps. In particular, we show the effective throughput is very sensitive to channel, coding, and interleaving parameters, thus identifying a need to study parameter optimization further. We also show that appropriately sized LDPC codes provide better throughput than traditional codes do. Early results also suggest that, for mixed traffic environment, it may pay to have some coding and interleaving be done at higher layer to allow application specific parameters.
Tumor masses support naive T cell infiltration, activation, and differentiation into effectors (2010)

Studies of T cell responses to tumors have focused on the draining lymph node (LN) as the site of activation. We examined the tumor mass as a potential site of activation after adoptive transfer of naive tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Activated CD8 T cells were present in tumors within 24 h of adoptive transfer and proliferation of these cells was also evident 4-5 d later in mice treated with FTY720 to prevent infiltration of cells activated in LNs. To confirm that activation of these T cells occurred in the tumor and not the tumor-draining LNs, we used mice lacking LNs. Activated and proliferating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were evident in these mice 24 h and 4 d after naive cell transfer. T cells activated within tumors acquired effector function that was evident both ex vivo and in vivo. Both cross-presenting antigen presenting cells within the tumor and tumor cells directly presenting antigen activated these functional CD8 effectors. We conclude that tumors support the infiltration, activation, and effector differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, despite the presence of immunosuppressive mechanisms. Thus, targeting of T cell activation to tumors may present a tool in the development of cancer immunotherapy.
ChemInform Abstract: Tailor Made Coordination Compounds for Photochemical Purposes. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.