gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Proposed Concept of Operations for Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (2018)

Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) is a concept that extends today’s RAIM by incorporating dual frequency and multiple constellations. ARAIM will dramatically improve the availability of horizontal guidance, and has the possibility to evolve to provide worldwide vertical guidance. A key feature of ARAIM is the Integrity Support Message (ISM). The ISM includes information about the constellations and satellites that the receiver requires in order to provide integrity to the user. Since it was first proposed, the concept of ARAIM and the ISM has evolved to take into account institutional and technical constraints, but there are still many open questions. In this paper we describe our vision for the ARAIM concept of operations for Horizontal ARAIM, which would be the first step in the deployment of ARAIM. We describe high level requirements for the different stakeholders (GNSS providers, the air navigation service providers, and the receiver manufacturers) by addressing the following topics: ISM origin, ISM latency, ISM broadcast, receiver requirements, and ICAO SARPs requirements.
Using process monitor wafers to understand directed self-assembly defects (2013)

As directed self-assembly (DSA) has gained momentum over the past few years, questions about its application to high volume manufacturing have arisen. One of the major concerns is about the fundamental limits of defectivity that can be attained with the technology. If DSA applications demonstrate defectivity that rivals of traditional lithographic technologies, the pathway to the cost benefits of the technology creates a very compelling case for its large scale implementation. To address this critical question, our team at IMEC has established a process monitor flow to track the defectivity behaviors of an exemplary chemo-epitaxy application for printing line/space patterns. Through establishing this baseline, we have been able to understand both traditional lithographic defect sources in new materials as well as new classes of assembly defects associated with DSA technology. Moreover, we have explored new materials and processing to lower the level of the defectivity baseline. The robustness of the material sets and process is investigated as well. In this paper, we will report the understandings learned from the IMEC DSA process monitor flow.
Sex differences in immune responses to vaccines (2014)

Sex differences in susceptibility to infections, and their clinical course and outcome, have been well described in the literature. Thus adult females generally mount more pronounced pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immune responses to viral and bacterial infections than males, and generally males have poorer outcomes in bacterial septic shock. Despite this, few studies consider the effect of sex when analysing responses to vaccines. Females have been shown to mount stronger humoral responses to vaccines compared to males and have higher rates of adverse reactions. Additionally, adult females have been shown to up-regulate more innate immune response genes following yellow fever vaccination than males. The paucity of literature, particularly in regards to infant immunity, prompted us to examine the influence of sex on vaccine responses in more detail. We conducted a series of immunological vaccine studies in infants living in The Gambia, West Africa. We analysed for sex differences in the immunological profiles following administration of measles vaccine (MV) or diphtheria, tetanus, whole cells pertussis combined vaccine (DTwP) to nine month old infants. Assays included whole human transcriptional profile analysis, vaccine antibodies, in vitro cytokine release in response to innate stimuli or cognate antigens, as well as intracellular cytokine staining to enumerate polyfunctional T cells. There were clear sex differences in post-vaccine immunity for most of the parameters tested. Generally, male infants had more pro-inflammatory innate and adaptive immune response profiles compared to females of the same age. The sexes differed in their transcriptional profiles following vaccination, with distinct sets of genes being differentially expressed. By contrast, vaccine induced antibody responses to MV and DTwP were equivalent in male and female infants. The observation of sex differences in the immune responses elicited by vaccines has a number of important implications. It suggests that sex should be taken into account in vaccine studies; particularly for novel vaccines and in vaccine safety trials. Failing to do so may miss important data. The mechanisms are not yet known, but differences in sex hormone levels and expression of X-linked immune responses and microRNAs genes may be involved.
A high-speed two-frame, 1-2 ns gated X-ray CMOS imager used as a hohlraum diagnostic on the National Ignition Facility (invited) (2016)

A novel x-ray imager, which takes time-resolved gated images along a single line-of-sight, has been successfully implemented at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This Gated Laser Entrance Hole diagnostic, G-LEH, incorporates a high-speed multi-frame CMOS x-ray imager developed by Sandia National Laboratories to upgrade the existing Static X-ray Imager diagnostic at NIF. The new diagnostic is capable of capturing two laser-entrance-hole images per shot on its 1024 × 448 pixels photo-detector array, with integration times as short as 1.6 ns per frame. Since its implementation on NIF, the G-LEH diagnostic has successfully acquired images from various experimental campaigns, providing critical new information for understanding the hohlraum performance in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments, such as the size of the laser entrance hole vs. time, the growth of the laser-heated gold plasma bubble, the change in brightness of inner beam spots due to time-varying cross beam energy transfer, and plasma instability growth near the hohlraum wall.
Busulphan-loaded long-circulating nanospheres, a very attractive challenge for both galenists and pharmacologists (2007)

Hepatic veino-occlusive disease (HVOD) is the most severe and frequent busulphan high risk injury. The development of busulphan-loaded'stealth'nanospheres which avoid liver accumulation should minimize busulphan toxicity. To reach this important goal, this study has attempted to develop poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated nanospheres using polyester-PEG diblock copolymers and studied the busulphan physico-chemical characteristics related to its encapsulation. Nanospheres were prepared by nanoprecipitation and by emulsion-solvent evaporation techniques. They were characterized by microscopy and dynamic light-scattering. Busulphan interactions with adjuvants were studied using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, high performance thin-layer chromatography and dynamic scanning calorimetry. These investigations explain both the low busulphan loadings obtained ( approximately 1% w/w) and its rapid release from nanoparticles. These experiments constituted an essential step for the development of busulphan-loaded long-circulating nanospheres.
High-speed GalnAsSb/GaSb PIN photodetectors for wavelengths to 2.3 μm (1986)

Photodetectors are needed for future communications systems utilizing novel mid-infrared fiber materials with extremely low predicted losses in the 2–4- μ m wavelength range. We report improved performance of front-illuminated Galn-AsSb/GaSb PIN homojunction photodiodes 1 that operate with high speed and high quantum efficiency at room temperature. The photodiodes consist of a Zn-diffused homojunction 0.3 μ m below the surface of a 3- μ m thick layer of rt-type Ga 0.82 ln- 0.18 As 0.17 Sb 0.83 . This layer was grown by liquid-phase epitaxy on a GaSb substrate and doped with Sn to a level of n = 2.5 × 10 15 cm -3 . A partial metallization of the 100- μ m diam mesa surface allows for front illumination of the chips, which are packaged as described in Ref. 2 . The external quantum efficiency without antireflection coating is constant at 55–65 % for wavelengths up to 2.2 μ m. At 1.06 μ m the impulse response of the detector has a FWHM of 110 ps. At 1.3 μ m it responds to pseudorandom modulation at bit rates up to 4 Gbit/s.
Drug (2016)

This Glossary of Terms Related to Pharmaceutics is needed by practitioners in the field of pharmaceutics as this field fulfills an important and crucial role, different from the roles of other scientific disciplines involved in the drugmaking process. The glossary contains 168 definitions used in pharmaceutics. These are related to various aspects of this discipline, such as: (1) physicochemical characterization of pharmaceutical preparations and the active ingredients they contain; (2) unit operations used in the practice of pharmaceutics; (3) terms related to the various dosage forms; (4) terms related to the various modes and routes of drug delivery; (5) terms used in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics in general; and additional miscellaneous terms. The field of pharmaceutics itself is of a multidisciplinary nature as its practitioners come from a variety of disciplines, such as chemistry or various biological sciences, thus a glossary containing authoritative definitions would be useful for them. The terms used in pharmaceutics are rarely covered by existing glossaries, and in the cases they are, their definitions are often inappropriate for the field of pharmaceutics and require new or modified definitions to better fit the new context.
Formation of the Spinel Phase in the Layered Composite Cathode Used in Li-Ion Batteries (2012)

Pristine Li-rich layered cathodes, such as Li(1.2)Ni(0.2)Mn(0.6)O(2) and Li(1.2)Ni(0.1)Mn(0.525)Co(0.175)O(2), were identified to exist in two different structures: LiMO(2)R3[overline]m and Li(2)MO(3)C2/m phases. Upon 300 cycles of charge/discharge, both phases gradually transform to the spinel structure. The transition from LiMO(2)R3[overline]m to spinel is accomplished through the migration of transition metal ions to the Li site without breaking down the lattice, leading to the formation of mosaic structured spinel grains within the parent particle. In contrast, transition from Li(2)MO(3)C2/m to spinel involves removal of Li(+) and O(2-), which produces large lattice strain and leads to the breakdown of the parent lattice. The newly formed spinel grains show random orientation within the same particle. Cracks and pores were also noticed within some layered nanoparticles after cycling, which is believed to be the consequence of the lattice breakdown and vacancy condensation upon removal of lithium ions. The AlF(3)-coating can partially relieve the spinel formation in the layered structure during cycling, resulting in a slower capacity decay. However, the AlF(3)-coating on the layered structure cannot ultimately stop the spinel formation. The observation of structure transition characteristics discussed in this paper provides direct explanation for the observed gradual capacity loss and poor rate performance of the layered composite. It also provides clues about how to improve the materials structure in order to improve electrochemical performance.
Memory Encryption for General-Purpose Processors (2016)

Intel's Software Guard Extensions allows general-purpose computing platforms to run software in a trustworthy manner and securely handle encrypted data. To satisfy the technology's security goals, the external system memory must be cryptographically protected. A new hardware unit added to the processor's memory controller - the Memory Encryption Engine (MEE) - was recently developed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and freshness of this external memory traffic, against eavesdropping and tampering. The MEE is a successful feat of real-world cryptographic engineering: it's the first time such cryptographic memory protection has been added to a widely deployed general-purpose processor. This article explains the MEE threat model and security objectives, describe some of the difficulties encountered in building the MEE, and report concrete performance results.
Perifosine treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of a phase II clinical trial andin vitrostudies (2013)

Abstract Because of the importance of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we evaluated in vitro cytotoxicity induced by perifosine, an AKT inhibitor, in CLL lymphocytes and found that the mean 50% effective dose (ED50) was 313 nM. We then performed a phase II trial of perifosine in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL to assess response, outcomes, toxicity and ex vivo correlative measures. After 3 months of treatment, six of eight patients showed stable disease, one achieved a partial response and one had progressive disease. Median event-free survival and overall survival in all patients treated were 3.9 and 9.7 months. Adverse events included hematologic, infectious/fever, pain, gastrointestinal and constitutional toxicities. Unexpectedly, AKT phosphorylation in CLL lymphocytes from treated patients was not correlated with response. Additionally, perifosine did not inhibit AKT phosphorylation in cultured CLL lymphocytes. Perifosine is cytotoxic to CLL cells in vitro, and largely induces stabilized disease in vivo, with an AKT-independent mechanism.
Design study of electronically steerable half-width microstrip leaky wave antennas (2011)

A half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna (HMLWA) having electronic beam steering capabilities is presented. Electronic beam scanning is demonstrated in X-, Ku- and Ka-bands through detailed design analysis and measurements. Two physical design approaches are studied; one requiring multi-layer processing and another requiring only a single layer metallization. In this paper, only the single layer design was implemented. Varactor diodes are edge coupled to the antenna element to achieve beam scanning as a function of the applied voltage at a fixed frequency. Beam scanning of 45-degrees for an 8 GHz design and 30-degrees for a 16 GHz antenna design are demonstrated. Details of design, fabrication and measurements are presented.
Probing Alzheimer amyloid peptide aggregation using a cell-free fluorescent protein refolding method (2009)

Fibrillation of the Alzheimer β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and (or) formation of toxic oligomers are key pathological events in Alzheimer’s disease. Several strategies have been introduced to identify small molecule aggregation inhibitors, and based on these methods, a number of aggregation inhibitors have been identified. However, most of these methods use chemically synthesized Aβ42 peptides, which are difficult to maintain in a monomeric state at neutral pH where anti-aggregation screening is usually carried out. We have developed a cell-free Aβ42 aggregation assay based on fluorescence protein refolding. This assay utilizes nanomolar concentrations of protein. We genetically fused Aβ42 to the N-terminus of vYFP, a variant of of GFP, and expressed and purified the folded fusion protein. The refolding efficiency of Aβ42–vYFP fusion was inversely correlated with the solubility of Aβ42. Using fluorescence to monitor refolding of Aβ42–vYFP, we confirmed that Zn 2+ binds to Aβ42 and increases its aggregation. The IC 50 value estimated for Zn binding is 3.03 ± 0.65 µmol/L. We also show that this technique is capable of monitoring the aggregation of chemically synthesized Aβ42.
Smart Characterization of Rogowski Coils by Using a Synthetized Signal (2020)

With the spread of new Low-Power Instrument Transformers (LPITs), it is fundamental to provide models and characterization procedures to estimate and even predict the LPITs' behavior. In fact, distribution system operators and designers of network models are looking for all forms of information which may help the management and the control of power networks. For this purpose, the paper wants to contribute to the scientific community presenting a smart characterization procedure which easily provides sufficient information to predict the output signal of a Low-Power Current Transformer (LPCT), the Rogowski coil. The presented procedure is based on a synthetized signal applied to the Rogowski coil. Afterwards, the validity of the procedure is assessed within the Matlab environment and then by applying it on three off-the-shelf Rogowski coils. Simulations and experimental tests and results involving a variety of distorted signals in the power quality frequency range and by adopting a quite simple measurement setup demonstrated the effectiveness and the capability of the procedure to correctly estimate the output of the tested device.
<title>Wireless integrated sensing, processing, and display networks for site security</title> (2001)

We consider data management on ad hoc networks of sensing and processing nodes. We describe the construction of simple nodes from off the shelf components (PC 104 single board computers with flash memory, video capture cards and 802.1 lb wireless interfaces). We describe a Java interface to controlling these nodes and accessing images and image processing algorithms. We demonstrate target tracking across nodes and the potential for heterogeneous sensor types.
Expanding the Reaction Scope of DNA-Templated Synthesis (2002)

Vielseitig einsetzbare Reaktionen wie Wittig-Olefinierungen, Nitro-Aldol-Additionen, dipolare Cycloadditionen und Heck-Reaktionen können durch DNA-Template vermittelt werden. Die Reaktionsausbeuten einiger Templatsynthesen hängen dabei nicht von der Anzahl der Basen (n=0 oder 10) ab, welche die fixierten reaktiven Gruppen trennen (wie aus dem Bandenmuster nach der denaturierenden Polyacrylamid-Gelelektrophorese einer DNA-Templat-Wittig-Reaktion zu erkennen ist).
Core−Shell Gyroid Morphology in a Poly(isoprene-block-styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) Triblock Copolymer (1999)

We report a new morphology in a poly(isoprene-block-styrene-block-dimethylsiloxane) ABC triblock copolymer. The most probable symmetry of the morphology (Ia3̄d) was determined from two-dimensional SAXS measurements performed on a sample with long-range order induced by an oscillatory shear field. By comparing the predictions of self-consistent field theory with TEM and SAXS and SANS powder diffraction patterns, we deduced that the morphology is a core−shell gyroid comprised of two independent and triply periodic poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks encased in poly(styrene) shells and separated by a continuous poly(isoprene) domain. Thus, this unique nanostructure divides space into five independent, three-dimensionally continuous domains.
Clevudine Therapy with Vaccine Inhibits Progression of Chronic Hepatitis and Delays Onset of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Infection (2004)

We examined a rational approach to therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection that utilized the reduction of viral load combined with appropriately timed immune modulation/stimulation. In a placebo-controlled study, chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) carrier woodchucks received clevudine (L-FMAU), previously shown to have especially potent and sustained antiviral activity in woodchucks, for 32 weeks followed by WHV surface antigen (WHsAg) alum-adjuvanted vaccine at 32, 36, 40 and 48 weeks. Clevudine induced significant reductions in viraemia, surface antigenaemia, hepatic WHV nucleic acids, and hepatic core and surface antigens. Viral replication markers remained markedly suppressed in 75% of the clevudine-treated woodchucks following drug withdrawal, but remained at high levels in the vaccine monotherapy and placebo groups. Combination drug and vaccine therapy had benefits based on sustained reduction of viraemia, antigenaemia, and hepatic WHV DNA and RNA; inhibition of progression of chronic hepatitis; reduced frequency of chronic liver injury; and delayed onset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Combination therapy contributed to prevention of HCC in up to 38% of treated carriers, although the growth rate of established HCC was not affected. This study demonstrates enhanced benefits of combination chemo-immunotherapy against viral load and disease progression in chronic hepadnaviral infection, and provides a platform for further development of such treatment regimens.
Endovascular Device Design in the Future:Transformation From Trial and Error to Computational Design (2009)

Endovascular devices have been designed by trial and error, with bench and animal testing followed by human clinical trials to determine whether the devices are safe and effective. Despite remarkable advances over the past 15 years, there are persistent concerns regarding the long-term durability of endovascular devices. This may be due to deficiencies in device design, which has lagged behind other industries in adopting computational methods that are now routinely used to design, develop, and test new aircraft and automobiles. Similar computational design and failure mode simulations that evaluate performance under stress conditions have not been widely applied in the development of endovascular devices. Advances in medical imaging and computational modeling now allow simulation of physiological conditions in patient-specific 3-dimensional vascular models, which can provide a framework to design and test the next generation of endovascular devices. This modeling will allow the prospective design of devices that can withstand the force variations in the cardiovascular system that occur during bending, coughing, and varying degrees of exercise, as well as the extremes encountered during sudden impact in contact sports. Utilization of computational design methodology that takes into consideration the physiology of the cardiovascular system will improve future endovascular devices so that they are safer and more effective and durable.
Dysfunctional breathing in asthma patients (2011)

Dysfunctional breathing (DB) coexisting with BA presents difficulties for clinicians. Criteria to distinguish these conditions are not defined. This study was aimed at investigating DB in patients with or without BA. Methods: This was a single-center cross-sectional study. We used the language of dyspnoea, HADS scale, the Nijmegen questionnaire, spirometry, capnometry, and blood gas analysis. Results: 29 BA patients and 7 DB patients participated in the study. Of BA patients, 5 had clinical signs of DB (BA+DB group). Patients with DB and BA+DB described their dyspnoea as “ I am gasping for breath ” (28.6% and 40%, respectively, vs 4.2% of “pure” BA) and “ My breathing requires more concentration ” (42.9% and 42.9% vs 10.3%, respectively). Only 1 BA patient (4%) described expiratory difficulties. FEV 1 was 2.35±0.95 L in “pure BA”; 2.08±0.62 L in BA+DB and 3.13±0.9 L in DB group (p&lt;0.05). Anxiety, hyperventilation and blood hypocapnia prevailed in BA+DB group; median HADS-A scores were 12.0 (11.0 – 13.0), 9.0 (4.0 – 11.0) and 7.0 (3.0 – 8.0), the Nijmegen scores were 30.0 (27.0 – 31.0); 21.0 (15.0 – 32.0) and 14.5 (8.0 – 25.5) in BA+DB, DB and “pure” BA groups, respectively. Anxiety and hyperventilation in asthma patients with and without dysfunctional breathing “Pure” BA group BA + DB group DB group HADS-A &gt;8 20.8 80* 42.9 Nijmegen &gt;23 33.3 100* 42.9 Alveolar hypocapnia 11.5 20 57 Arterial hypocapnia 33 100 25 Data are given in % of patients. *p&lt;0.05 vs “Pure” BA group. Conclusion: Most BA patients perceive inspiratory dyspnoea but its quality depends on coexisting DB. Alveolar and arterial CO 2 are not indicative in up to 75% of patients with DB. Therefore, distinguishing DB from BA should be primarily based on verbal descriptions of dyspnoea.