gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A randomized phase II study comparing bipolar androgen therapy vs. enzalutamide in asymptomatic men with castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer: The TRANSFORMER trial. (2015)

TPS5079 Background: Prostate cancer can progress despite androgen deprivation therapy through overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR) and expression of AR splice variants. Almost paradoxically, testosterone given to cancer cells in this state can cause growth inhibition. The AR is normally degraded during progression through the cell cycle, but androgen-bound AR is stabilized, thus arresting the cell cycle and inducing DNA strand breaks through interaction with topoisomerase-IIb. Clinically, supraphysiologic testosterone given to men with castration-resistant prostate cancer was found to be safe in a pilot clinical trial, producing responses and re-sensitizing patients to subsequent anti-androgen therapy. In this context, we designed a randomized phase II study comparing bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) to enzalutamide for patients who have experienced progression on abiraterone. Methods: In this multi-center randomized study, funded by a grant from the Department of Defense, eligible patients have asymptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that has radiographically or biochemically progressed after treatment with abiraterone. Patients are enzalutamide-naïve and have not received docetaxel for castration-resistant disease. Patients randomized to BAT will continue on androgen deprivation therapy and receive monthly intramuscular testosterone at the FDA-approved dose of 400mg. This dose produces initial supraphysiologic testosterone levels with return to castrate levels after one month. Patients randomized to enzalutamide will receive 160mg daily. Crossover is encouraged. The primary endpoint is radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS). The trial is powered to detect a 50% improvement in median rPFS in the BAT arm compared to the enzalutamide arm (expected to be ~6 months), with planned accrual of 90 patients in each arm. The arms will be stratified for time to progression on abiraterone. Secondary endpoints include PSA response rates, safety, and quality of life. Correlative studies include the effect of BAT on AR variant expression. Enrollment opened in February 2015. Clinical trial information: NCT02286921.
Micromechanical Gratings for Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (2004)

We present a micromechanical grating array that acts as a configurable optical filter for low-cost and compact visible and near-infrared spectrometric sensors. We show how the grating array can be used either as a fast scanning monochromator or as a diffractive filter, and that the expected signal-to-noise ratio is approximately equal for the two modes of measurement. The free spectral range of the filter can be matched to a defined spectral measurement region, so that we can optimize the relationship between spectral resolution and electromechanical complexity. We have numerically studied diffraction efficiency and errors in filter shape. Finally, we fabricated a small configurable grating array and present measurement results that demonstrate electrostatic filter modulation.
Photonic crystal tuned by cantilever (2005)

The purpose of our research is to tune two-dimensional (2D) slab photonic crystal (PhC) reflectors by inserting an AFM cantilever into one of the air holes. The 2D slab PhCs have column-shaped air holes on the triangular lattice in silicon air-bridge waveguide. The PhCs act as optical reflectors because of their photonic band gap. First, we estimated the effect of the cantilever insertion on the transmittance of the PhC reflectors with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Then, we fabricated PhC reflectors by electron beam (EB) lithography and DRIE. Finally, we inserted the cantilever into one of their air holes. The transmittance with the cantilever was about twice as large as the original transmittance. The results proved that we could tune the transmittance of the PhC reflectors.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Mitochondria-Targeting Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibitor (2018)

The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of enzymes plays a crucial role in cellular and molecular processes including DNA damage detection and repair and transcription; indeed, PARP inhibitors are under clinical evaluation as chemotherapeutic adjuncts given their capacity to impede genomic DNA repair in tumor cells. Conversely, overactivation of PARP can lead to NAD<sup>+</sup> depletion, mitochondrial energy failure, and cell death. Since PARP activation facilitates genomic but impedes mitochondrial DNA repair, nonselective PARP inhibitors are likely to have opposing effects in these cellular compartments. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of the mitochondria-targeting PARP inhibitor, XJB-veliparib. Attachment of the hemigramicidin S pentapeptide isostere for mitochondrial targeting using a flexible linker at the primary amide site of veliparib did not disrupt PARP affinity or inhibition. XJB-veliparib was effective at low nanomolar concentrations (10-100 nM) and more potent than veliparib in protection from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary cortical neurons. Both XJB-veliparib and veliparib (10 nM) preserved mitochondrial NAD<sup>+</sup> after OGD; however, only XJB-veliparib prevented release of NAD<sup>+</sup> into cytosol. XJB-veliparib (10 nM) appeared to inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer formation in mitochondria and preserve mitochondrial cytoarchitecture after OGD in primary cortical neurons. After 10 nM exposure, XJB-veliparib was detected by LC-MS in mitochondria but not nuclear-enriched fractions in neurons and was observed in mitoplasts stripped of the outer mitochondrial membrane obtained from HT22 cells. XJB-veliparib was also effective at preventing glutamate-induced HT22 cell death at micromolar concentrations. Importantly, in HT22 cells exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to produce DNA damage, XJB-veliparib (10 μM) had no effect on nuclear DNA repair, in contrast to veliparib (10 μM) where DNA repair was retarded. XJB-veliparib and analogous mitochondria-targeting PARP inhibitors warrant further evaluation in vitro and in vivo, particularly in conditions where PARP overactivation leads to mitochondrial energy failure and maintenance of genomic DNA integrity is desirable, e.g., ischemia, oxidative stress, and radiation exposure.
Measurement of Inorganic Phosphorus in Soybeans with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (2006)

This study explored the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) quantitative and qualitative models for soybean inorganic phosphorus (Pi), which is complementary to phytic acid, a component of nutritional and environmental importance. Spectra, consisting of diffuse reflectance (1100-2500 nm) of ground meal and single-bean transmittance (600-1900 nm) of whole seed, were collected on 191 recombinant inbred soybean lines. Partial least-squares regression models were individually developed for soy meal diffuse reflectance, single-bean transmittance, and averaged (24 beans/line) whole seed transmittance data. The best performance was obtained with diffuse reflectance data, in which the standard errors (rmsd) were 263 and 248 mg/kg for cross-validation and validation sets, respectively. Model accuracy was lower for the 24-bean average transmittance spectra and still lower for single beans. Despite the overall poorer modeling ability of Pi with respect to the common macronutrient NIR regressions, such as those for protein and oil, this technique holds promise for use in breeding programs.
Atomic layer deposition of stoichiometric In2O3 films using liquid ethylcyclopentadienyl indium and combinations of H2O and O2 plasma (2019)

Liquid ethylcyclopentadienyl indium (InEtCp) was synthesized, and this compound exhibited superior characteristics, including a relatively high vapor pressure and thermal stability up to 250 °C. In2O3 thin films were subsequently deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using the InEtCp as a precursor together with combinations of oxidants: H2O followed by O2 plasma (WpO), H2O followed by O2 (WO), O2 plasma alone (pO), and O2 plasma followed by H2O (pOW). The growth rates for In2O3 thin films using the pO and pOW processes were much smaller than those using the WO and WpO processes. A self-limiting surface reaction during the WpO process was observed with no delay in nucleation when the pulse times for InEtCp, H2O, and O2 plasma were 0.1, 2.0, and 14 s, respectively, at a growth temperature of 200 °C. For the WO and WpO processes, the In2O3 films are considered to be formed by quite different mechanisms, due to oxidation or lack thereof in the presence or absence of the -O-In-OH* intermediate product. This is due to the difference in the oxidation strength of O2 gas and O2 plasma during the oxidation step in the ALD process. As a result, In2O3 thin films deposited by WpO were obtained with a stoichiometric O/In ratio of 1.5 and a negligibly low residual carbon concentration of around TOF-SIMS detection limit, below 1 ppm. Therefore, InEtCp is one of the promising candidate precursors to form a high quality In2O3 film.
Atomic Level Characterization of Transition-Metal Catalytic Clusters and Nanoparticles on MgAl2O4 Substrate (2011)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
ON-ROAD REMOTE SENSING OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS IN THE DENVER AREA: YEAR 2 (2001)

The University of Denver has completed the second year of a five-year remote sensing study in the Denver area.The remote sensor used in this study is capable of measuring the ratios of CO, HC and NO to CO 2 in motor vehicle exhaust.From these ratios, we calculate the percent concentrations of CO, CO 2 , HC and NO in the exhaust that would be observed by a tailpipe probe, corrected for water and excess oxygen not involved in combustion.Mass emissions per mass or volume of fuel can also be determined.The system used in this study was configured to determine the speed and acceleration of the vehicle, and was accompanied by a video system to record license plates.Measurements were conducted on 4 business days in late December of 1999 and early January of 2000 in Denver.The measurement site was the interchange ramp from northbound I-25 to westbound 6 th Avenue in central Denver.A database was compiled containing 22,986 records for which the State of Colorado provided make and model year information.All of these records contained valid measurements for at least CO and CO 2 , and 22,867 records contained valid measurements for HC and NO as well.The database, along with earlier databases and reports, can be found at www.feat.biochem.du.edu.The mean CO, HC and NO emissions for the fleet measured in this study were 0.43%, 175 ppm and 511 ppm.These values are somewhat lower than the mean emissions for fleets measured by the University of Denver at the same site in the winters of 1996 and 1997, as part of a separate study, and in 1999, except for HC, which was lower in 1999.These lower emissions can be attributed to the current fleet consisting of more modern vehicles with advanced emissions control systems.As expected, the fleet emissions observed at the site in Denver exhibited a skewed distribution, with most of the total emissions contributed by a relatively small percentage of the vehicles.For example, the cleanest 89% of the fleet is responsible for only 33% of CO emissions.This skewed distribution was also seen in previous studies at the site.Using vehicle specific power, it was possible to adjust the emissions of the vehicle fleet measured in 2000 to match the vehicle driving patterns of the fleet measured in 1999.After doing so, the NO emissions of the 2000 fleet were lower than the emissions of the 1999 fleet.The apparent HC emissions were found to have increased probably because of an instrument noise problem, while CO remained relatively constant.A model year adjustment was applied to a fleet of specific model year vehicles to track deterioration.Using a fleet of 1982 to 1999 model year vehicles, the deterioration of the fleet was demonstrated for CO and HC.Tracking of model year fleets through four measurements in five years (including two years of this study) showed that the rate of emissions deterioration increases significantly after the vehicle has aged several years.An analysis of high emitting vehicles showed that there is considerable overlap of CO and HC high emitters, for instance 3% of the fleet emit 27% of the total CO and 22% of the total HC.
Fabrication of Periodic Silicon Nanopillars in a Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Array with Enhanced Control on Structural Dimension and Period (2015)

We present a method to fabricate well-controlled periodic silicon nanopillars (Si NPs) in hexagonal arrays using silica nanosphere (SNS) lithography (SNL) combined with metal-assisted chemical etching (MaCE). The period of the Si NPs is easily changed by using our silica nanosphere (SNS) spin-coating process, which provides excellent monolayer uniformity and coverage (>95%) over large surface areas. The size of the deposited SNS is adjusted by reactive ion etching (RIE) to produce a target diameter at a fixed period for control of the surface pattern size after a gold metal mask layer deposition. The Si NPs are etched with the MaCE technique following introduction of a Ni interfacial layer between the Si and Au catalyst layer for adhesion and improved lithographical accuracy. The result is a fast, convenient, and large-area applicable Si surface nanolithography technique for accurate and reproducible Si NP fabrication.
Intestinal Npt2b Plays a Major Role in Phosphate Absorption and Homeostasis (2009)

Intestinal phosphate absorption occurs through both a paracellular mechanism involving tight junctions and an active transcellular mechanism involving the type II sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter NPT2b (SLC34a2). To define the contribution of NPT2b to total intestinal phosphate absorption, we generated an inducible conditional knockout mouse, Npt2b(-/-) (Npt2b(fl/fl):Cre(+/-)). Npt2b(-/-) animals had increased fecal phosphate excretion and hypophosphaturia, but serum phosphate remained unchanged. Decreased urinary phosphate excretion correlated with reduced serum levels of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23 and increased protein expression of the renal phosphate transporter Npt2a. These results demonstrate that the absence of Npt2b triggers compensatory renal mechanisms to maintain phosphate homeostasis. In animals fed a low phosphate diet followed by acute administration of a phosphate bolus, Npt2b(-/-) animals absorbed approximately 50% less phosphate than wild-type animals, confirming a major role of this transporter in phosphate regulation. In vitro analysis of active phosphate transport in ileum segments isolated from wild-type or Npt2b(-/-) mice demonstrated that Npt2b contributes to >90% of total active phosphate absorption. In summary, Npt2b is largely responsible for intestinal phosphate absorption and contributes to the maintenance of systemic phosphate homeostasis.
Spectroscopy of Naphthalene Diimides and Their Anion Radicals* (2004)

Naphthalene diimides 1–4 having different N,N-disubstitution undergo single electron reduction processes either chemically or electrochemically to yield the corresponding radical anion in high yield. This study concentrates on 1, bearing pentyl side chains connected through the diimide nitrogens, and compares the results obtained against those bearing isopropyl, propargyl, and phenylalanyl side chains. Compound 1 exhibits mirror image absorption and fluorescence in the near-UV region in CH2Cl2 and dimethylformamide that is typical of monomeric N,N-dialkyl-substituted naphthalene diimides. In toluene, excimer-like emission is observed, which suggests ground-state complexes involving 1 are formed. X-Ray crystallography has been used to characterize 1 in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry enables the reversible potentials for [NDI]0/– and [NDI]-/2– type processes to be measured. Bulk one-electron reduction of 1–4 is characterized by dramatic changes in the absorption and emission spectra. Additionally, highly structured EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) signals from dimethylformamide solutions of the radical anions of 1–3 have been obtained and are consistent with coupling between the unpaired electron and the naphthalene diimide nitrogens and hydrogens and the NCH hydrogens of the appropriate side chains. The overall structure of the EPR spectrum is substituent-dependent. These changes in spectroscopic output upon an electronic input may be described as a simple ‘on/off’ switching mechanism with which to apply a ‘bottom-up’ approach to molecular device manufacture.
Sublimation Not an Innocent Technique: A Case of Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Emitter for OLED (2008)

Isomerization of a neutral bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex has been observed for the first time during the preparation of vacuum-processed organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and reproduced in solution. Isolation of the isomer revealed a cis organization of the two pyridine rings of the cyclometalating ligands. Photophysical studies show very similar emission properties of the two isomers. However, due to in situ isomerization, it is only possible to prepare vacuum-processed OLED devices having a mixture of isomers.
ppk23-Dependent Chemosensory Functions Contribute to Courtship Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster (2012)

Insects utilize diverse families of ion channels to respond to environmental cues and control mating, feeding, and the response to threats. Although degenerin/epithelial sodium channels (DEG/ENaC) represent one of the largest families of ion channels in Drosophila melanogaster, the physiological functions of these proteins are still poorly understood. We found that the DEG/ENaC channel ppk23 is expressed in a subpopulation of sexually dimorphic gustatory-like chemosensory bristles that are distinct from those expressing feeding-related gustatory receptors. Disrupting ppk23 or inhibiting activity of ppk23-expressing neurons did not alter gustatory responses. Instead, blocking ppk23-positive neurons or mutating the ppk23 gene delayed the initiation and reduced the intensity of male courtship. Furthermore, mutations in ppk23 altered the behavioral response of males to the female-specific aphrodisiac pheromone 7(Z), 11(Z)-Heptacosadiene. Together, these data indicate that ppk23 and the cells expressing it play an important role in the peripheral sensory system that determines sexual behavior in Drosophila.
Scaling tape-recording areal densities to 100 Gb/in2 (2008)

We examine the issue of scaling magnetic tape-recording to higher areal densities, focusing on the challenges of achieving 100 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in the linear tape format. The current highest achieved areal density demonstrations of 6.7 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in the linear tape and 23.0 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in the helical scan format provide a reference for this assessment. We argue that controlling the head-tape interaction is key to achieving high linear density, whereas track-following and reel-to-reel servomechanisms as well as transverse dimensional stability are key for achieving high track density. We envision that advancements in media, data-detection techniques, reel-to-reel control, and lateral motion control will enable much higher areal densities. An achievable goal is a linear density of 800 Kb/in and a track pitch of 0.2 µm, resulting in an areal density of 100 Gb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydroselenation of Heterobicyclic Alkenes (2020)

A highly efficient Rh(I)/(<i>S</i>)-xyl-Binap catalytic system is developed for the asymmetric hydroselenation of various nonpolar olefins with diselenides. Under these mild reaction conditions, a wide range of heterobicyclic alkenes give selenol-incorporated adducts in excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97%) along with high yields (up to 96%) by overcoming self-promoted racemic hydroselenation. The strategy is also applied for kinetic resolution of unsymmetric oxabenzonorbornadiene.
The Influence of NO on the Combustion Phasing in an HCCI Engine (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this work the influence of NO on combustion phasing has been studied experimentally in a single cylinder HCCI engine. A isooctane/n-heptane blend (PRF), a toluene/n-heptane mixture (TRF) and a full boiling range gasoline were tested at two different operating conditions with NO concentrations ranging from 4 up to 476 ppm in the fresh intake air. All three fuels had the same RON of 84. The first operating condition had a high intake pressure (2 bar absolute) and low intake temperature (40 °C), where low temperature chemistry is relatively prominent. The other operating condition had a high intake temperature (100 °C) and atmospheric intake pressure with significantly lower cool flame reactivity. Additionally the effect of NO at two different engine speeds, 900 and 1200 rpm were studied.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The combustion phasing, represented by CA50 was advanced up to 12.5 CAD by the influence of NO. In the cases with the TRF and the full boiling range gasoline the combustion phasing advanced with an increasing NO concentration. The combustion phasing in the PRF case also advanced at low concentrations of NO, but retarded beyond the baseline case at high concentrations in the high-pressure case. Such effects on combustion phasing are explained in terms of reaction kinetic theory from the literature. At low concentrations NO provides extra branching pathways, but as NO concentration increases termination reactions take over. The interaction of NO and aromatic fuels has not been theoretically examined to the same extent in the literature and more work in this area is needed.&lt;/div&gt;
Analysis and Design of Current-Fed Half-Bridge (C)(LC)–( LC) Resonant Topology for Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Application (2017)

This paper proposes and analyzes a new power electronics circuit topology for wireless inductive power transfer application using current-fed half-bridge converter with CCL-LC resonant network. The major focus is analysis and implementation of a new current-fed resonant topology with current-sharing and voltage doubling features. Generally, inductive power transfer circuits with current fed converter use parallel CL resonant tank to transfer power effectively through air gap. However, in medium power application, this topology suffers from a major limitation of high voltage stress across the inverter semiconductor devices owing to high reactive power consumed by loosely coupled coil. In proposed topology, this is mitigated by adding a capacitor in series with the coil developing series-parallel CCL tank. The power flow is controlled through variable frequency modulation. Soft-switching of the devices is obtained irrespective of the load current. For grid-to-vehicle or solar-to-vehicle, the converter is analyzed and detailed design procedure is illustrated. Experimental results are presented to verify the analysis and demonstrate the performance.
The Control of Living Anionic Polymerization by Metalloporphyrins (1995)

Abstract The living polymerization of methacrylic esters initiated with aluminium porphyrins was found to be dramatically accelerated upon the addition of organoaluminium or organoboron compounds as a Lewis acidic monomer activator (high-speed living polymerization). Under appropriate conditions, high-molecular-weight poly(methyl methacrylates) (Mn &amp;gt; 500000) having a narrow molecular-weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.1—1.2) were synthesized. The key concept of the high-speed living polymerization is the coexistence of nucleophilic growing species and a Lewis acid without a degradative direct reaction.