gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoskaliges Wolframtrioxid durch In‐situ‐Zwillingspolymerisation (2009)

Alternative zu Sol-Gel-Prozessen: Nanoskaliges Wolframoxid mit großen BET-Oberflächen ist über die hier vorgestellte In-situ-Zwillingspolymerisation erhältlich. In nur einem Prozess-Schritt können aus WCl6 und kationisch polymerisierbaren Arylmethanolen nanostrukturierte Hybridmaterialien synthetisiert werden. Das Verfahren schlägt eine Brücke zwischen dem nichtwässrigen Sol-Gel-Prozess und der Zwillingspolymerisation und eröffnet neue Perspektiven für die Synthese nanostrukturierter Metalloxide. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
On the mechanical properties of HIPE templated macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) prepared with low surfactant amounts (2012)

Reducing the surfactant amount below generally accepted values in polyHIPE chemistry allowed for distinctly improving the mechanical properties of ROMP derived HIPE templated poly(dicyclopentadiene) without compromising the open cellular structure of the scaffold rendering the preparation of a ductile polymer foam with 80% porosity and a Young's modulus of 110 MPa possible.
Structural and mechanistic insights into the electron flow through protein for cytochrome c-tethering copper nitrite reductase (2013)

Copper-containing nitrite reductases (CuNiRs), which catalyse the reversible one-electron reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, are members of a large family of multi-copper enzymes that require an interprotein electron transfer (ET) reaction with redox partner proteins. Here, we show that the naturally fused type of CuNiR tethering a cytochrome c (Cyt c) at the C-terminus folds as a unique trimeric domain-swapped structure and has a self-sufficient electron flow system. The C-terminal Cyt c domain is located at the surface of the type 1 copper (T1Cu) site in the N-terminal CuNiR domain from the adjacent subunit, the heme-to-Cu distance (10.6 Å) of which is comparable to the transient ET complex of normal CuNiR with Cyt c. The structural aspects for the domain-domain interface and the ET kinetics indicate that the Cyt c-CuNiR domain interaction should be highly transient. The further electrochemical analysis of the interprotein ET reaction with a cognate redox partner protein suggested that an electron is directly transferred from the partner to the T1Cu. Structural and mechanistic comparisons of Cyt c-CuNiR with another cupredoxin-tethering CuNiR highlight the behaviours of extra domains on the fusion types of CuNiRs required for ET through proteins.
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy of ischemic stroke (2011)

A major obstacle in understanding the mechanism of ischemic stroke is the lack of a tool to noninvasively or minimally invasively monitor cerebral hemodynamics longitudinally. Here, we applied optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) to longitudinally study ischemic stroke induced brain injury in a mouse model with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). OR-PAM showed that, during MCAO, the average hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO<sub>2</sub>) values of feeder arteries and draining veins within the stroke core region dropped ~10% and ~34%, respectively. After reperfusion, arterial sO<sub>2</sub> recovered back to the baseline; however, the venous sO2 increased above the baseline value by ~7%. Thereafter, venous sO<sub>2</sub> values were close to the arterial sO<sub>2</sub> values, suggesting eventual brain tissue infarction.
Yeast Glycolytic mRNAs Are Differentially Regulated (1991)

The regulation of glycolytic genes in response to carbon source in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied. When the relative levels of each glycolytic mRNA were compared during exponential growth on glucose or lactate, the various glycolytic mRNAs were found to be induced to differing extents by glucose. No significant differences in the stabilities of the PFK2, PGK1, PYK1, or PDC1 mRNAs during growth on glucose or lactate were observed. PYK::lacZ and PGK::lacZ fusions were integrated independently into the yeast genome at the ura3 locus. The manner in which these fusions were differentially regulated in response to carbon source was similar to that of their respective wild-type loci. Therefore, the regulation of glycolytic mRNA levels is mediated at the transcriptional level. When the mRNAs are ordered with respect to the glycolytic pathway, two peaks of maximal induction are observed at phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. These enzymes (i) catalyze the two essentially irreversible steps on the pathway, (ii) are the two glycolytic enzymes that are circumvented during gluconeogenesis and hence are specific to glycolysis, and (iii) are encoded by mRNAs that we have shown previously to be coregulated at the translational level in S. cerevisiae (P. A. Moore, A. J. Bettany, and A. J. P. Brown, NATO ASI Ser. Ser. H Cell Biol. 49:421-432, 1990). This differential regulation of glycolytic mRNA levels might therefore have a significant influence upon glycolytic flux in S. cerevisiae.
The use of muscle strength assessed with handheld dynamometers as a non-invasive biological marker in myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients: a multicenter study (2010)

The HHD protocol showed discriminative properties suitable for multicentre therapeutic trial. The present results confirmed the capacity of quantitative muscle testing to discriminate between healthy and DM1 patients with different levels of impairments. This study is a preliminary step for the implementation of a valid, reliable and responsive clinical outcome for the measurement of muscle impairments with this population.
ChemInform Abstract: Manumycin A: Synthesis of the (+)‐Enantiomer and Revision of Stereochemical Assignment. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
<title>Ultrasonic multifeature analysis procedures for breast lesion classification</title> (2000)

We are developing quantitative descriptors of breast lesions in order to provide reliable, operator-independent means of non-invasive breast cancer identification. These quantitative descriptors include lesion internal features assessed using spectrum analysis of ultrasonic radio-frequency (RF) echo signals and morphometric features related to lesion shape. Internal features include quantitative measures of 'echogenicity,' 'heterogeneity,' and 'shadowing;' these were computed by generating spectral-parameter images of the lesion and surrounding tissue. Spectral-parameter values were generated at each pixel in the parameter image using a sliding-window Fourier analysis. Lesions were traced on B-mode images and traces were used in conjunction with spectral parameter values to compute echogenicity, heterogeneity, and shadowing. Initial results show that no single parameter may be sufficiently precise in identifying cancerous breast lesions; the results also show that the use of multiple features can substantially improve discrimination. This paper describes the background, research objective, and methodology. Clinical examples are included to illustrate the practical application of our methodology.
First attempt to motion corrected flow encoding using free-breathing phase-contrast CINE MRI (2012)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of free-breathing phase-contrast CINE MRI without averaging. A new version of the CINE GRICS algorithm[1] was used to correct for motion.
Conclusion (2017)

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Liquid-phase Synthesis of CaF<sub>2</sub> Particles and Their Low Refractive Index Characterization (2011)

The purpose of the present study was to reveal the details of the preparation of CaF2 particles with controllable size (30–900 nm) and shape (spherical, hexagonal, and cubical forms) using a liquid-phase synthesis method, and to demonstrate that a change in the composition of the reactants and crystalline structure of the CaF2 product could improve material performance. The particles were synthesized from the reaction of CaCl2 and NH4F in an aqueous solution in the absence of any additional components (e.g., chemicals, surfactants). Monodispersed particles were achieved by the optimization of the reaction condition parameters: temperature, mixing rate, and reaction time. Control of the particle size was accomplished mainly by changing the concentration of the reactants, which is qualitatively explained by the conventional nucleation theory. Flexibility of the process in controlling particle morphology, from a spherical to a hexagonal and/or a cubical form, was predominantly achieved by varying the concentration of CaCl2. Since the identical XRD pattern was detected in particles with varying morphologies, the shape transformation was due to changes in particle growth. A theoretical background to support how the particles changed was also added and was compared with an analysis of the number of nuclei. In addition, sufficient adjustment of the reactant compositions made it possible to produce a material with an ultralow refractive index (nCaF2 was near to ntheoretical CaF2), which was confirmed by the measurement of the refractive index and the material crystallinity.
Methods for the Topographical Patterning and Patterned Surface Modification of Hydrogels Based on Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (2003)

Hydrogels have gained broad acceptance as a class of biocompatible materials. In this paper, we report the topographic patterning and regiospecific functionalization of hydrogel surfaces. Both photolithography and soft lithography are combined in a hybrid process to form these topographic features. By functionalization of a base layer surface followed by lithographic patterning steps, it is possible to introduce chemical functions to specific regions of the patterned surface. The model systems investigated were based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which is well-known for its low toxicity and widespread use in biomedical applications. Tests of Ni-NTA modified hydrogel surfaces showed successful binding of fluorescently labeled proteins to selected regions of the patterned hydrogel surface. These processes can be expanded to a wide range of monomer systems.
Genome-wide mega-analysis identifies 16 loci and highlights diverse biological mechanisms in the common epilepsies (2018)

The epilepsies affect around 65 million people worldwide and have a substantial missing heritability component. We report a genome-wide mega-analysis involving 15,212 individuals with epilepsy and 29,677 controls, which reveals 16 genome-wide significant loci, of which 11 are novel. Using various prioritization criteria, we pinpoint the 21 most likely epilepsy genes at these loci, with the majority in genetic generalized epilepsies. These genes have diverse biological functions, including coding for ion-channel subunits, transcription factors and a vitamin-B6 metabolism enzyme. Converging evidence shows that the common variants associated with epilepsy play a role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the brain. The results show an enrichment for monogenic epilepsy genes as well as known targets of antiepileptic drugs. Using SNP-based heritability analyses we disentangle both the unique and overlapping genetic basis to seven different epilepsy subtypes. Together, these findings provide leads for epilepsy therapies based on underlying pathophysiology.
Affairs of the Heart: Innovation in Cardiovascular Research and Development (2017)

Cardiovascular disease represents the single largest contributor to morbidity and mortality, yet the flow of therapeutic innovation is lagging. Globally, academia, industry, and regulatory agencies must work together to address this gap, and ensure new disruptive therapeutic modalities to address growing needs of patients and society.
Bivalent engagement of endothelial surface antigens is critical to prolonged surface targeting and protein delivery in vivo (2020)

Targeted drug delivery to the endothelium has the potential to generate localized therapeutic effects at the blood-tissue interface. For some therapeutic cargoes, it is essential to maintain contact with the bloodstream to exert protective effects. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of endothelial surface-targeted affinity ligands and biotherapeutic cargo remain a largely unexplored area, despite obvious translational implications for this strategy. To bridge this gap, we site-specifically radiolabeled mono- (scFv) and bivalent (mAb) affinity ligands specific for the endothelial cell adhesion molecules, PECAM-1 (CD31) and ICAM-1 (CD54). Radiotracing revealed similar lung biodistribution at 30 minutes post-injection (79.3% ± 4.2% vs 80.4% ± 10.6% ID/g for αICAM and 58.9% ± 3.6% ID/g vs. 47.7% ± 5.8% ID/g for αPECAM mAb vs. scFv), but marked differences in organ residence time, with antibodies demonstrating an order of magnitude greater area under the lung concentration vs. time curve (AUC<sub>inf</sub> 1698 ± 352 vs. 53.3 ± 7.9 ID/g*hrs for αICAM and 1023 ± 507 vs. 114 ± 37 ID/g*hrs for αPECAM mAb vs scFv). A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, fit to and validated using these data, indicated contributions from both superior binding characteristics and prolonged circulation time supporting multiple binding-detachment cycles. We tested the ability of each affinity ligand to deliver a prototypical surface cargo, thrombomodulin (TM), using one-to-one protein conjugates. Bivalent mAb-TM was superior to monovalent scFv-TM in both pulmonary targeting and lung residence time (AUC<sub>inf</sub> 141 ± 3.2 vs 12.4 ± 4.2 ID/g*hrs for ICAM and 188 ± 90 vs 34.7 ± 19.9 ID/g*hrs for PECAM), despite having similar blood PK, indicating that binding strength is more important parameter than the kinetics of binding. To maximize bivalent target engagement, we synthesized an oriented, end-to-end anti-ICAM mAb-TM conjugate and found that this therapeutic had the best lung residence time (AUC<sub>inf</sub> 253 ± 18 ID/g*hrs) of all TM modalities. These observations have implications not only for the delivery of TM, but also potentially all therapeutics targeted to the endothelial surface.
Wound Healing after Trauma May Predispose to Lung Cancer Metastasis (2010)

Inflammatory oncotaxis, the phenomenon in which mechanically injured tissues are predisposed to cancer metastases, has been reported for a number of tumor types, but not previously for histologically proven lung cancer. We review clinical and experimental evidence and mechanisms that may underlie inflammatory oncotaxis, and provide illustrative examples of two patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung who developed distant, localized metastatic disease at sites of recent physical trauma. Trauma may predispose to metastasis through two distinct, but not mutually exclusive, mechanisms: (1) physical trauma induces tissue damage and local inflammation, creating a favorable environment that is permissive for seeding of metastatic cells from distant sites; and/or (2) micrometastatic foci are already present at the time of physical injury, and trauma initiates changes in the microenvironment that stimulate the proliferation of the metastatic cells. Further exploration of post-traumatic inflammatory oncotaxis may elucidate fundamental mechanisms of metastasis and could provide novel strategies to prevent cancer metastasis.
Optical filter characterization by using optical frequency sweep technique with a single sideband modulator (2006)

We demonstrated optical filter characterization using optical frequency sweep with optical single sideband modulation technique, where the frequency shift range was 2GHz-10GHz. Undesired sidebands generated in the single sideband modulation due to electric phase errors can be compensated by automatic synchronized bias control. Fine pass band structures of a dual-section FBG were precisely measured, where the bandwidths of the pass bands were 440MHz.
Application of homogenous, defined strains to cell cultures (1994)

Nearly all types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, can respond to the mechanical environment. This environment may be due to environmental stresses (e.g. wind, or activity, perhaps also gravity) or vibrations (e.g. sound), the difference being merely the amplitudes and the frequencies involved. Distortions of some parts of the cell or tissue are caused and this distortion is transduced into an electrophysiological and/or biochemical response. In some protists, organelles have become adapted into vibration sensors and can elicit evasion or aggression responses. In many multicellular organisms groups of cells can be adapted as vibration sensing-organs. For instance, in coelenterates special cells act as sensors to release a trigger mechanism controlling the nematocysts for prey capture (Golz & Thurm, 1991). Plants can adapt to environmental wind forces and also to gravity (Gehring et al., 1990). Specialised organs exist in animals to transduce small mechanical loads, such as vibrations, and link this transducer to the nervous system. Strains induced by stresses in the swim bladder of fish are detected, which can aid in prey capture or predator evasion (Canfield & Eaton, 1990). The sensory hairs of vestibular ampullae (similar to the cochlea) provide an example of an organ where small vibrations are amplified by exploiting the production of shear between two surfaces (Nagel et al., 1991). Interaction with the mechanical environment leading to adaptation of tissues is also necessary in non-specialised cells to allow the organism to maintain the correct functional balance of its tissues.
IGF2 Preserves Osteosarcoma Cell Survival by Creating an Autophagic State of Dormancy That Protects Cells against Chemotherapeutic Stress (2014)

Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents characterized by intrinsic therapeutic resistance. The IGF2 is expressed at elevated levels in osteosarcoma after treatment with chemotherapy, prompting an examination of its functional contributions to resistance. We found that continuous exposure to IGF2 or insulin in the absence of serum created a dormant growth state in osteosarcoma cells that conferred resistance to various chemotherapeutic drugs in vitro. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this dormant state correlated with downregulation of downstream signaling by the IGF1 receptor, heightened cell survival, enhanced autophagy, and the presence of extracellular glutamine. Notably, inhibiting autophagy or depleting glutamine was sufficient to increase chemotherapeutic sensitivity in osteosarcoma xenografts in mice. Clinically, we confirmed that IGF expression levels were elevated in human osteosarcoma specimens from patients who received chemotherapy. Together, our results suggest that activation of IGF or insulin signaling preserves the survival of osteosarcoma cells under chemotherapeutic stress, providing a drug-resistant population that may engender minimal residual disease. Attenuating this survival mechanism may help overcome therapeutic resistance in osteosarcoma.
Hierarchical Watermarking of Semiregular Meshes Based on Wavelet Transform (2008)

This paper presents a hierarchical watermarking framework for semiregular meshes. Three blind watermarks are inserted in a semiregular mesh with different purposes: a geometrically robust watermark for copyright protection, a high-capacity watermark for carrying a large amount of auxiliary information, and a fragile watermark for content authentication. The proposed framework is based on wavelet transform of the semiregular mesh. More precisely, the three watermarks are inserted in different appropriate resolution levels obtained by wavelet decomposition of the mesh: the robust watermark is inserted by modifying the norms of the wavelet coefficient vectors associated with the lowest resolution level; the fragile watermark is embedded in the high resolution level obtained just after one wavelet decomposition by modifying the orientations and norms of the wavelet coefficient vectors; the high-capacity watermark is inserted in one or several intermediate levels by considering groups of wavelet coefficient vector norms as watermarking primitives. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework: the robust watermark is able to resist all common geometric attacks even with a relatively strong amplitude; the fragile watermark is robust to content-preserving operations, while being sensitive to other attacks of which it can also provide the precise location; the payload of the high-capacity watermark increases rapidly along with the number of watermarking primitives.
Mitophagy: An Emerging Target in Ocular Pathology (2021)

Mitochondrial function is essential for the viability of aerobic eukaryotic cells, as mitochondria provide energy through the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulate cellular metabolism, provide redox balancing, participate in immune signaling, and can initiate apoptosis. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that participate in a cyclical and ongoing process of regeneration and autophagy (clearance), termed mitophagy specifically for mitochondrial (macro)autophagy. An imbalance in mitochondrial function toward mitochondrial dysfunction can be catastrophic for cells and has been characterized in several common ophthalmic diseases. In this article, we review mitochondrial homeostasis in detail, focusing on the balance of mitochondrial dynamics including the processes of fission and fusion, and provide a description of the mechanisms involved in mitophagy. Furthermore, this article reviews investigations of ocular diseases with impaired mitophagy, including Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, primary open-angle glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration, as well as several primary mitochondrial diseases with ocular phenotypes that display impaired mitophagy, including mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis stroke, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. The results of various studies using cell culture, animal, and human tissue models are presented and reflect a growing awareness of mitophagy impairment as an important feature of ophthalmic disease pathology. As this review indicates, it is imperative that mitophagy be investigated as a targetable mechanism in developing therapies for ocular diseases characterized by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
High-speed position control of SPMSM using rapid current profiling technique based on angular impulse (2014)

Recently, stepping motors have been widely used in the field of industrial manufacturing for high-speed position control over minute distances. Furthermore, fast and precise position control at finer angles is strongly required. However, a few problems hinder the satisfaction of these requirements when using a stepping motor. For example, the motor becomes expensive and its size increases, and the number of poles increases structurally. To overcome these problems, a surface permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPMSM) is commonly employed for high-speed position control. In this paper, a rapid current profile is designed by using a new current profiling method based on the angular impulse of acceleration and deceleration, and the SPMSM is operated by proposed current profile. In the experimental results, it is confirmed that faster and more precise and stable position control is achieved by the proposed method.