gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated Analysis of Geophysical Data Using a Data Mining Approach (2019)

Summary A data mining algorithm was tested in order to jointly interpret electrical tomography and seismic refraction profiles. As a first step, the geophysical profiles used are numerical ones before applying this approach to real measurements data in further studies.
Dislocation reduction in AlInSb mid-infrared photodiodes grown on GaAs substrates (2019)

We investigated the electrical and optical properties of a highly mismatched AlInSb/GaAs photodiode sensor working in the mid-infrared range at room temperature. A substantial increase in the device performance was achieved by controlling the strain energy density in the dislocation filter layers and barrier layers to reduce the density of threading and interfacial dislocations, respectively. The resulting photodiode showed a high resistance-area product of 0.24 Ω cm2 and a peak detectivity of 2.2 × 109 cm Hz1/2 W–1 at 3.3 μm.
Measurements of Total Cross Sections for Positron Scattering from He under Magnetic-Field-Free Conditions Using an Electrostatic High-Brightness Slow Positron Beam System (2011)

Magnetic-field-free measurements of absolute total cross sections for positron scattering from helium have been performed using an electrostatic high-brightness slow positron beam apparatus. In the energy region above 20 eV, the present results are in good agreement with those of other studies. On the other hand, in the energy range of 4–20 eV, our values are higher than most of the other measurements except one study.
3-Amino-1-methylpyrazin-1-ium chloride (2023)

&lt;p&gt;In the cation of the title compound, C5H8N3+·Cl-, the C-N(H2) bond distance [1.348 (3) Å] is at the lower end of the range for aryl amines. In the crystal structure, cations and anions are linked &lt;em&gt;via&lt;/em&gt; N-Hhttps://scripts.iucr.org/logos/entities/ctdot_rmgif.gifCl hydrogen bonds, forming one-dimensional chains along [100].&lt;/p&gt;
Ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with cardiogenic shock on mechanical circulatory support (2018)

Key Teaching Points•It is important to appreciate that supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) can precipitate cardiogenic shock and right heart failure, and thus preclude the ability to wean from vasoactive and mechanical support.•It should be recognized that SVTs in the setting of cardiogenic shock can be resistant to chemical and electrical cardioversion.•Catheter ablation for SVT can be performed safely with adjunctive mechanical support and should be considered early in a patient’s hospital course when cardioversion is not durable. •It is important to appreciate that supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs) can precipitate cardiogenic shock and right heart failure, and thus preclude the ability to wean from vasoactive and mechanical support.•It should be recognized that SVTs in the setting of cardiogenic shock can be resistant to chemical and electrical cardioversion.•Catheter ablation for SVT can be performed safely with adjunctive mechanical support and should be considered early in a patient’s hospital course when cardioversion is not durable.
[Lactate concentration in the ventricular fluid and blood plasma following severe craniocerebral trauma]. (1985)

Cerebral ischemia/hypoxia is of central importance in the sequence of pathogenetic processes after severe head injuries. Investigations in 72 patients showed that after severe head injury the changes of lactate concentration in blood plasma do not allow any statement with respect to cerebral ischaemia/hypoxia. However in ventricular liquor the amount and duration of increase in lactate concentration is significantly different in nonsurvivors in comparison to survivors. In lethal courses after 3rd day after head injury the increase of lactate concentration in ventricular liquor points to secondary cerebral ischemia/hypoxia.
Invisibility cloak for ultrasonic waves (2011)

Invisibility devices based on coordinate transformation have opened up a new field of considerable interest. We present here the first practical realization of a low-loss and broadband acoustic cloak for underwater ultrasound. This metamaterial cloak is constructed with a network of acoustic circuit elements, namely, serial inductors and shunt capacitors. Our experiment clearly shows that the acoustic cloak can effectively bend the ultrasound waves around the hidden object, with reduced scattering and shadow. Because of the nonresonant nature of the building elements, this low-loss ($ 6 dB=m) cylindrical cloak exhibits invisibility over a broad frequency range from 52 to 64 kHz. Furthermore, our experimental study indicates that this design approach should be scalable to different acoustic frequencies and offers the possibility for a variety of devices based on coordinate transformation.
The capital intensity of photovoltaics manufacturing: barrier to scale and opportunity for innovation (2015)

Using a bottom-up cost model, we assess the impact of initial factory capital expenditure (capex) on photovoltaic (PV) module minimum sustainable price (MSP) and industry-wide trends. We find capex to have two important impacts on PV manufacturing. First, capex strongly influences the per-unit MSP of a c-Si module: we calculate that the capex-related elements sum to 22% of MSP for an integrated wafer, cell, and module manufacturer. This fraction provides a significant opportunity to reduce MSP toward the U.S. DOE SunShot module price target through capex innovation. Second, a combination of high capex and low margins leads to a poor financial rate of return, which limits the growth rate of PV module manufacturing capacity. We quantify the capex of Czochralski-based crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV manufacturing, summing to 0.68 $/W[subscript aCap] ($ per annual production capacity in watts, $year/W) from wafer to module and 1.01 $/W[subscript aCap] from polysilicon to module. At a sustainable operating margin determined by the MSP methodology for our bottom-up scenario, we calculate the sustainable growth rate of PV manufacturing capacity to be ∼19% annually – below the historical trend of ∼50% annually. We conclude with a discussion of innovation opportunities to reduce the capex of PV manufacturing through both incremental and disruptive process innovation with c-Si, platform innovations, and financial approaches.
Physiological role of epidermal growth factor on adipose tissue development in vivo. (1991)

The ability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to affect adipose tissue development in vivo was investigated. The subcutaneous administration of EGF to newborn NBR rats for 10 days resulted in decreased body weight and fat pad weight that occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. At a dose of 1 micrograms/g of body weight, injected EGF resulted in a 50% decrease of fat pad weight. Although kidney weight was also diminished, the weight of other organs such as liver and intestine remained unchanged or even slightly increased, suggesting that the effect of EGF on fat pad development was not due to a generalized inhibitory action of EGF on the development of the neonate rats. The number of adipocyte precursors in inguinal fat pads of EGF-treated animals was higher than in control animals (1.3-fold for 0.3 micrograms/g of body weight of EGF and 1.8-fold for 1.0 micrograms/g of body weight), whereas the number of mature adipocytes and the amount of triglyceride accumulated per fat pad were concomitantly lower. Adipocyte precursors isolated from EGF-treated animals displayed a reduced differentiation ability in culture and a higher sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of EGF than did cells isolated from control animals. These experiments demonstrate that EGF can retard adipose tissue development in vivo and suggest that EGF plays an important physiological role in the control of adipocyte differentiation.
Chroma subsampling for HDR video with improved subjective quality (2013)

Many proposed high dynamic range (HDR) video coding schemes employ a float to integer transform with a subsequent standard low dynamic range (LDR) video codec. Standard LDR video codecs often work with subsampled chrominance components, usually 4:2:0. In this work we subjectively evaluate float to integer transforms and chroma subsampling for HDR video coding. An adaptive logLuv transform with 12 bit luma component and 8 bit chroma components proves adequate for HDR video coding. A novel chroma subsampling technique is proposed to avoid color bleeding artifacts while preserving the saturation. Subjective tests show improved performance over other known subsampling techniques.
Chemische Synthese in überkritischem Kohlendioxid: Die „bessere Lösung”? (2003)

Abstract Die in dieser kurzen Übersicht angeführten Beispiele verdeutlichen das Potenzial von überkritischem Kohlendioxid als Reaktionsmedium für nachhaltige Syntheseverfahren („Green Chemistry”︁). Die Forschung auf diesem Gebiet vereint in besonderer Weise anwendungsbezogene Fragestellungen mit dem grundlegenden Studium molekularer und reaktionstechnischer Zusammenhänge. Dabei zeigt sich bereits heute, dass scCO 2 aufgrund seiner einzigartigen physikalisch‐chemischen Eigenschaften für die Synthesechemie weit mehr ist als nur ein „Ersatzlösungsmittel”︁ und beispielsweise gänzlich neue Methoden für die Kontrolle von Aktivität, Selektivität und Prozessdesign mit heterogenen Katalysatoren, metallorganischen Katalysatoren und Biokatalysatoren eröffnet. Besonders spannend bleibt für die Zukunft gerade auch die Suche nach neuen, in „konventionellen”︁ Lösungsmitteln nicht durchführbaren Reaktionen.
Visible‐Light‐Initiated Manganese Catalysis for C−H Alkylation of Heteroarenes: Applications and Mechanistic Studies (2017)

Abstract A visible‐light‐driven Minisci protocol that employs an inexpensive earth‐abundant metal catalyst, decacarbonyldimanganese Mn 2 (CO) 10 , to generate alkyl radicals from alkyl iodides has been developed. This Minisci protocol is compatible with a wide array of sensitive functional groups, including oxetanes, sugar moieties, azetidines, tert ‐butyl carbamates (Boc‐group), cyclobutanes, and spirocycles. The robustness of this protocol is demonstrated on the late‐stage functionalization of complex nitrogen‐containing drugs. Photophysical and DFT studies indicate a light‐initiated chain reaction mechanism propagated by . Mn(CO) 5 . The rate‐limiting step is the iodine abstraction from an alkyl iodide by . Mn(CO) 5 .
Fluoride Glasses for 193 nm Optics (1996)

Aluminum fluoride based fluoride glasses were evaluated in comparison with silica glass for their potential for use in 193 nm lithography optics. A pure fluoride glass and fluoride glasses containing a small amout of phosphate exhibit UV absorption edges shorter than that of silica glass. Their reflection spectra in the vacuum UV region also indicate that they have wider band gaps than silica glass, suggesting that they are promising materials for 193 nm optics. However, strong induced absorption in the UV region was observed under ArF excimer laser exposure, of which the absorption bands were attributed to photo-induced oxidation of Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ and formation of electron trapped centers on [ PO 4 ] groups. It is important to keep the contents of both transition metal impurities and phosphate as low as possible in fluoride glasses intended for use in 193 nm lithography optics.
Abstract 2186: Peptide-cleavable maytansinoid (ADCs) induce high bystander killing leading to improved anti-tumor activity in vivo (2017)

Abstract Antibodies targeting surface antigens on cancer cells typically have progressively lower access to tumor cells that are further removed from blood vessels. Also, the antibody will not bind to cells in the tumor mass that do not express antigen, including stromal cells of the tumor, many of which reportedly aid in the survival or metastasis of cancer cells. ADCs can bind to antigen positive cancer cells, after which they are internalized and catabolized to release one or more cytotoxic metabolite(s) that can kill the targeted cell. Metabolites that are membrane permeable may also diffuse into and kill neighboring cells, often called bystander cells, that would normally be less accessible. The goal of this work was to design ADCs that would have increased bystander activity, which could result in greater killing of cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor environment. We have prepared a new type of peptide-cleavable immolative ADC (PCI-ADC) that efficiently releases membrane permeable cytotoxic maytansinoid metabolites upon cleavage of the peptide linker, followed by immolation. Several PCI-ADCs were prepared that release metabolites having different degrees of hydrophobicity. As the hydrophobicity of the metabolite increased, the PCI-ADCs’ bystander activity also increased. The lead PCI-ADC generally displayed a similar degree of in vitro cytotoxicity as maytansinoid ADCs that utilize disulfide linkers, however the PCI-ADC induced significantly more bystander killing. In mice bearing large tumor xenografts (250 mm3) or tumor xenografts that express the target antigen heterogeneously, PCI-ADCs were found to be more efficacious than maytansinoid ADCs that use disulfide linkers, as well as our recently reported peptide-para-anilino maytansinoid ADCs. The nature of the amino acid residues in the peptide linker of the PCI-ADC was also altered so that the tolerability of the ADCs in mice could be increased without impeding efficacy. In conclusion, we have developed a promising new type of maytansinoid ADC, one that provides a high degree of bystander killing, improved activity in homogeneous and heterogeneous tumor models in vivo, and has a different mechanism of metabolite release than current maytansinoid based ADCs. Citation Format: Wayne C. Widdison, Juliet A. Costoplus, Jose F. Ponte, Leanne Lanieri, Yulius Setiady, Ling Dong, Anna Skaletskaya, Rui Wu, Qifeng Qiu, Yelena Kovtun, Ravi V. Chari. Peptide-cleavable maytansinoid (ADCs) induce high bystander killing leading to improved anti-tumor activity in vivo [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2186. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2186
High Freestream Turbulence Simulation in a Scaled-Up Turbine Vane Passage (1997)

Quantifying high freestream turbulence effects on surface heat transfer and on blade boundary layer development is important for improving predictions of the thermal loading and aerodynamic losses for gas turbine blades, vanes, and endwalls. To improve our physical understanding as well as improve CFD capabilities, detailed flow and thermal field data is needed in addition to surface data. This paper discusses the development of a turbulence generator that is capable of generating turbulence intensities as high as 20% and yet allow an independent control on the turbulent length scale. The integral length scale at a turbulence intensity of TI = 20% ranged from 2.1 cm to 5.5 cm. The development of the turbulence generator took place in a wind tunnel having a large, constant area, test section. After this development, the turbulence generator was placed upstream of a scaled-up turbine vane. This paper also describes the development of the turbine vane test section that has a central first stage stator vane that was scaled up by a factor of nine. Finally, turbulence measurements, turbulent length scales, and energy spectra measured inside the turbine vane passage are presented and compared to measurements that were made in the constant area test section. The results indicate that in the first 40% of the stator vane passage, the turbulence levels rapidly decrease by a factor of four with the integral length scales having a rapid growth.
Geometric optics analysis of modal propagation in graded-index cylindrical fiber (1990)

Methods of geometric optics are used to characterize a multimode optical fiber. The discrete propagation modes are derived by applying the phase resonance constraint to equations of constant phase surfaces. This constraint provides a very clear geometrical interpretation of discrete propagation modes, and provides a link between the well known Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin (WKB) method and geometric optics.
A Tin-Mediated One-Step Synthesis of (+)-Dicrotaline, an 11-Membered Dilactonic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid (1988)

Abstract A new synthesis of (+)-dicrotaline (1), an 11-membered dilactonic pyrrolizidine alkaloid of retronecine (6) type has been achieved in one step by utilizing a tinmediated lactonization process.
Agreement between local and central reading of endoscopic disease activity in ulcerative colitis: results from the tofacitinib OCTAVE trials (2021)

Moderate-to-substantial agreement was observed between central and local endoscopic reads. Where disagreements occurred, local reads were systematically lower than central reads at most timepoints, suggesting potential bias. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01465763, NCT01458951, NCT01458574, NCT01470612.
A novel, single plasmid, approach to in-frame fusion (1989)

The sequence GCGCGCGCGC contains three overlapping, mutually exclusive, BssHII restriction sites, each corresponding to one of the three different reading frames. When inserted into a plasmid and digested with BssHII, the three sites in this sequence are cleaved at an approximate ratio of 2:1:2. Consequently, this system can be used to simplify in vitro in frame fusions to involve a single plasmid. We have constructed such a plasmid and used it to select an open reading frame in a 1.6 kb cDNA fragment.
Macrophages Guard Endothelial Lineage by Hindering Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (2019)

The signals that control endothelial plasticity in inflamed tissues have only been partially characterized. For example, it has been shown that inadequate vasculogenesis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been associated with an endothelial defect. We used a genetic lineage tracing model to investigate whether endothelial cells die or change phenotypically after fibrosis induction and whether signals released by cells of the innate immune system and in the blood of patients influence their commitment. We observed that in the lineage-tracing transgenic mice Cdh5-CreER<sup>T2</sup>::R26R-EYFP, endothelial-derived cells (EdCs) underwent fibrosis after treatment with bleomycin, and EdCs retrieved from the lung showed expression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) markers. Liposome-encapsulated clodronate was used to assess macrophage impact on EdCs. Clodronate treatment affected the number of alternatively activated macrophages in the lung, with upregulated expression of EndoMT markers in lung EdCs. Endothelial fate and function were investigated in vitro upon challenge with serum signals from SSc patients or released by activated macrophages. Sera of SSc patients with anti-Scl70 Abs, at higher risk of visceral organ fibrosis, induced EndoMT and jeopardized endothelial function. In conclusion, EdCs in SSc might be defective because of commitment to a mesenchymal fate, which is sustained by soluble signals in the patient's blood. Macrophages contribute to preserve the endothelial identity of precursor cells. Altered macrophage-dependent plasticity of EdCs could contribute to link vasculopathy with fibrosis.
Preferred drug lists: Potential impact on healthcare economics (2008)

Kimberly Ovsag, Sabrina Hydery, Shaker A MousaPharmaceutical Research Institute at Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany, New York, USAObjectives: To analyze the implementation of Medicaid preferred drug lists (PDLs) in a number of states and determine its impact on quality of care and cost relative to other segments of healthcare.Methods: We reviewed research and case studies found by searching library databases, primarily MEDLINE and EBSCOHost, and searching pertinent journals. Keywords initially included &amp;amp;ldquo;drug lists,&amp;amp;rdquo; &amp;amp;ldquo;prior authorization,&amp;amp;rdquo; &amp;amp;ldquo;prior approval,&amp;amp;rdquo; and &amp;amp;ldquo;Medicaid.&amp;amp;rdquo; We added terms such as &amp;amp;ldquo;influence use of other healthcare services,&amp;amp;rdquo; &amp;amp;ldquo;quality of care,&amp;amp;rdquo; and &amp;amp;ldquo;overall economic impact.&amp;amp;rdquo; We mainly used primary sources.Results: Based on our literature review, we determined that there are a number of issues regarding Medicaid PDLs that need to be addressed. Some issues include: (a) the potential for PDLs to influence the utilization of other healthcare services, (b) criteria used by Medicaid for determining acceptance of drugs onto a PDL, (c) the effect of PDL implementation on compliance to new regimens, (d) the potential effects of restricting medication availability on quality of care, (e) administrative costs associated with PDLs, and (f) satisfaction rates among patients and medical providers. This review highlighted expected short-term cost savings with limited degree of compromised quality of PDL implementation, but raised the concern about the potential long-term decline in quality of care and overall economic impact.Conclusions: The number of concerns raised indicates that further studies are warranted regarding both short-term cost benefits as well as potential long-term effects of Medicaid PDL implementation. Objective analysis of these effects is necessary to ensure cost-effectiveness and quality of care.Keywords: preferred drug lists, medicaid, healthcare costs, managed care
Design, Acceptance and Capacity of Subsea Open Cables (2020)

This article will discuss the collaboratively formed cross-industry open cables concept for characterizing optical performance of undersea cables with the intent of assessing and understanding their capacity potential. The article proposes definitions of two critical nonlinear and linear performance metrics for open cables: GSNR (Gaussian or generalized signal to noise ratio) and SNR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ASE</sub> (Signal to noise ratio amplified spontaneous emission), including effects such as GAWBS (guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering) and signal droop. Measurement methodologies for these metrics are proposed, with considerations for limitations and impact of the test conditions and characteristics of the transponders used. Expanded definitions are offered to enable variable symbol rate transponders to be used for measurement, with considerations for scaling of SNR values. Considerations for using these metrics for capacity assessment and applying these techniques to concatenated multi-segment systems are introduced. Recommendations on key parameters for system specification, system characterization, and proposals for SNR-based performance budgeting tables are also discussed as foundational elements to enabling accurate estimation of the capacity potential of a subsea open cable.
Advances in coating technology for metal cutting tools (2001)

Coatings have a major influence on the performance of cutting tools. Staffan Söderberg, Mats Sjöstrand and Björn Ljungberg of Sandvik Coromant, S