gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MXenes as High Capacity Electrode Materials for Metal (Li, Na, K, Ca)-ion batteries (2013)

Two-dimensional (2D) materials can have an excellent capability to handle high rates of charge in ion batteries since metal ions need not diffuse in a 3D lattice structure. However graphene, which is the most important 2D material, is known to have no Li capacity. Herein, adsorption of Li, as well as Na, K, and Ca on Ti$_3$C$_2$, one representative MXene, is predicted by first-principles density functional calculations. In our study, we observed that these alkali ions exhibit different adsorption energy depending on the coverage. The adsorption energies of Na, K and Ca decrease as coverage increases, while Li shows little sensitivity to variance in coverage. This observed relationship between adsorption energies and coverage of alkali ions on Ti$_3$C$_2$ can be explained by their effective ionic radii. A larger effective ionic radius increases interaction between alkali atoms, thus lower capacity and coverage are obtained. Our calculated capacity values for Li, Na, K and Ca on Ti$_3$C$_2$ are 639.5, 319.8, 191.8 and 159.9 mAh g$^{-1}$, respectively. Compared to materials currently used in Li ion battery anodes, MXene shows great promise in increasing overall battery performance.
Two-Dimensional Modulation for Holographic Data Storage Systems (2008)

Page-oriented holographic data storage systems (HDSSs) generally use spatial light modulators (SLMs) to generate two-dimensional (2D) digital patterns, so-called data pages. These data pages are stored via interference patterns of the object and reference beam in the holographic medium and are retrieved from the medium by exposing it to the reference beam. The reconstructed data pages are then detected by a matrix detector. One important challenge in designing an HDSS is to develop a suitable modulation, which takes into account the specific characteristics of the transfer channel and enables high data capacity, high data transfer rate and low symbol error rate (SER). In this paper, we present a new method for modulating data in an HDSS. The main idea is to adapt the general concept of 2D run-length limited modulation (RLL) to a numerically more efficient implementation usable for HDSS. We demonstrate that this 2D block coding method with a constant weight and a sparse code increases the amount of user data per data page, while the SER remains low compared with standard sparse modulation coding. This results in a higher data rate and higher data density.
Carbon Nanotube Bucky Paper as an Artificial Support Membrane for Retinal Cell Transplantation (2013)

Bucky paper possesses the necessary attributes for therapeutic cell transplantation in the eye.
Taming the shadow Terminator (2019)

A longstanding problem with the use of shading normals is the discontinuity introduced into the cosine falloff where part of the hemisphere around the shading normal falls below the geometric surface. Our solution is to add a geometrically derived shadowing function that adds minimal additional shadowing while falling smoothly to zero at the terminator. Our shadowing function is simple, robust, efficient and production proven.
Phononic fluidics: acoustically activated droplet manipulations (2011)

Microfluidic systems have faced challenges in handling real samples and the chip interconnection to other instruments. Here we present a simple interface, where surface acoustic waves (SAWs) from a piezoelectric device are coupled into a disposable acoustically responsive microfluidic chip. By manipulating droplets, SAW technologies have already shown their potential in microfluidics, but it has been limited by the need to rely upon mixed signal generation at multiple interdigitated electrode transducers (IDTs) and the problematic resulting reflections, to allow complex fluid operations. Here, a silicon chip was patterned with phononic structures, engineering the acoustic field by using a full band-gap. It was simply coupled to a piezoelectric LiNbO3 wafer, propagating the SAW, via a thin film of water. Contrary to the use of unstructured superstrates, phononic metamaterials allowed precise spatial control of the acoustic energy and hence its interaction with the liquids placed on the surface of the chip, as demonstrated by simulations. We further show that the acoustic frequency influences the interaction between the SAW and the phononic lattice, providing a route to programme complex fluidic manipulation onto the disposable chip. The centrifugation of cells from a blood sample is presented as a more practical demonstration of the potential of phononic crystals to realize diagnostic systems.
Turnover of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in cultures of human cells (1976)

The rate of turnover of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the human cell line, D98/AH2, has been estimated by measuring the rates of entry into and exit from NAD molecules of 14C-adenine. In one set of experiments, cells were labeled by growth in medium containing 14C-adenine for six hours and then shifted to medium without labeled adenine. The loss of 14C-adenine from the adenine nucleotide and pyridine nucleotide pools was measured, and the data were analyzed using an analytical treatment which corrects for the relatively slow turnover of precursor pools. The loss of 14C-adenine from the NAD pool and from the precursor ATP pool could be related to the absolute rate of NAD breakdown. Under the experimental conditions used, the rate of NAD turnover ranged from 83,000 to 126,000 molecules per second per cell. In a complementary experiment cells were grown in the presence of unlabeled adenine, then shifted into medium containing 14C-adenine and the rate of entry of 14C-adenine into adenine and pyridine nucleotides was measured. The data were treated using a similar analysis to relate the rate of entry of 14C-adenine into NAD and the precursor ATP pools to the absolute turnover rate of NAD. This analysis gave a value for NAD turnover of 78,000 molecules per second per cell in excellent agreement with results from the pulse-chase experiments. The results from both types of experiment indicate that within D98/AH2 cells the half-life of an intact NAD molecule is 60 +/- 18 minutes. Thus, in a human D98/AH2 cell growing with a generation time of 24 hours, NAD is turning over at twice the rate found in Escherichia coli with a generation time of half an hour.
Impact of Acetic Acid Exposure on the Screen-Printed Tellurite-Based Silver Contacts (2021)

Degradation due to acetic acid in photovoltaic modules has been a commonly observed phenomenon for both damp-heat exposure and outdoor operations. Acetic acid is formed as a decomposition product of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), a common module encapsulation material. It interacts with the front metallization, causing degradation in the glass layer/metal-silicon interface. This results in the loss of cell performance, contact adhesion, increased resistance, dark areas seen in electroluminescence (EL) imaging, etc. It has been reported that lead oxide (PbO) contained in the glass layer is dissolved by acetic acid causing significant performance losses. To address this issue, robust metallic pastes and new metallization techniques are being developed. However, it is important to assess how these technologies perform in acetic acid environment and withstand degradation before they are implemented in the solar market. In this work, we investigate the impact of acetic acid exposure on novel screen-printable pastes, including a lead-tellurite (Pb-Te-O) based paste and a lead-free tellurite (Te-O) based paste. Solar cells fabricated using these pastes were exposed to acetic acid for different amounts of time. A subset of the cells were also exposed to water to monitor and compare the impact. We measure the change in contact resistivity for the samples by a non-destructive circular transmission line method (cTLM). The contact recombination characteristics are extracted by intensity-dependent photoluminescence imaging and multivariate regression analysis with Griddler AI. Additionally, Suns-V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf> measurement was performed to further characterize the cells. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to understand the change in materials properties. Our study suggests that both the contact recombination and contact resistivity is affected by exposure to acetic acid. The lead-based paste performs better overall compared to lead-free paste even after different stages of exposure.
Multifunction metrology platform for photovoltaics (2011)

Advanced characterization for PV is a complex process that must address bulk defects, interfaces, passivation, and degradation phenomena. It requires not only appropriate measurement techniques, but also a coupling of measurements with treatments altering defect/interface activity. Preferably, the metrology should be noncontact and cost effective. The purpose of this work was to provide such multifunction wafer scale characterization capability for silicon PV. In this paper we describe a multifunction metrology platform. Example applications are given that illustrate the importance of sequenced measurements for 1 - monitoring of the light induced degradation in PV wafers and solar cells; 2 - correlation between interface trap density and surface recombination and the role of surface barrier, and 3 - monitoring of the field-effect potential emitter passivation.
A DNA Polymerase from Ustilago maydis (1976)

A DNA polymerase from Ustilago maydis has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The native enzyme possesses a subunit structure consisting of 50000 and 55000-dalton monomers. The apparent sedimentation coefficient of the polymerase activity in the absence of salt is 8.4 S (Mr=180000-200000), that in its presence (0.6 M NaCl or 0.12 M KCl) being 6.3 S (Mr=80000-100000). Low concentrations of EDTA also converted the 8.4-S to a 6.3-S form, whereas magnesium ions catalysed the reverse association. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for both a DNA or RNA template and a DNA primer. For homopolymer templates the primer requirement was satisified by a short complementary oligodeoxynucleotide, but oligoribonucleotides were extremely inefficient primers. With the template-primer poly(dA) X (dT)12, the enzyme added an average of 50 dTMP nucleotides on to each primer molecule, whereas with poly(rA) X (dT)12, this figure was 300. The enzyme also possesses an associated deoxyribonuclease activity. No other DNA polymerase activity was detected in cell-free extracts of U. maydis.
Assessment of apical seal obtained by three obturating techniques using dye penetration method and macro lens photography : An in-vitro study (2012)

The main aim this in vitro study was to compare three techniques and establish the clinically best technique in terms of sealing capabilities, lateral adaptation and microleakage at the root dentine–material interface with dye penetration using ”macro-lens photography”. This method has been used for the first time and was found effective, reliable as well as less time consuming for the measurement of dye leakage. Methodology: Mesiobuccal roots of ninety-three mandibular molars were instrumented (Profile.04) using crowndown technique and divided into three groups. Group 1: obturated with lateral condensation, group 2: obturated with Thermafil plus and Group 3: obturated with Obtura II. AH plus sealer was used in all the three groups. All specimens were stored in 100% humidity for 1 week, coated with nail polish, except apical 2mm, and were suspended in blank India ink. Molars were decalcified, rendered transparent and linear dye penetration was measured, initially, using StereoZoom Microscope and macro-lens photography. Results: Macro-lens photography proved better as compared to StereoZoom microscope. No statistical difference was found between Lateral Condensation and Obtura II (P>0.05). However, significant statistical difference was found between lateral condensation and Thermafil (P<0.05) (post hoc test). Conclusion: Using Macro-lens photography, thermafil system proved to be the material of choice when compared with lateral condensation and Obtura II for filling of the root canal system.
Color rendering map: a graphical metric for assessment of illumination (2012)

The method of evaluating color rendering using a visual, graphical metric is presented. A two-dimensional Color Rendering Map (CRM) of a light source's color-rendering capabilities is explained and demonstrated. Extension of this technique to three-dimensional CRMs of objects under illumination is explained, including the method of introducing numerical indices in order to evaluate standards for specific applications in lighting. Three diverse applications, having a range from subtle to significant color variation, are shown with their respective CRMs. These three applications are also used to demonstrate how three differing light sources produce different maps. The results show a flexible, simple method to obtain a clear, visual determination of color rendering performance from differing sources used in differing illumination applications. The use of numeric indices in these applications shows how specific standards can be imposed in assessing the applicability of a light source.
Nucleotides and phospholipids compete for binding to the C terminus of K ATP channels (2002)

Inwardly rectifying, ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP)) couple metabolism to either cell excitability (Kir6.x) or potassium secretion (Kir1.1). Phosphatidylinositol phospholipids, like PI(4,5)P2, antagonize nucleotide inhibition of K(ATP) channels enhancing the coupling of metabolic events to cell electrical or transport activity. The mechanism by which phospholipids relieve ATP block is unclear. We have shown that maltose-binding fusion proteins (MBP) containing the COOH termini of K(ATP) channels (Kir1.1, Kir6.1, and Kir6.2) form functional tetramers that directly bind at least two ATP molecules with negative cooperativity. Here we show that purified phosphatidylinositol phospholipids compete for 2,4,6,-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-ATP binding to the COOH termini of K(ATP) channels with EC50 values for PIP2 between 6-8 microM. The phospholipid potency profile was PIP3 > PIP2 = PIP > PI, suggesting that net phospholipid charge was important. A role for head group charge was supported by polycations (neomycin, spermine, and polylysine) reversing the effect of PIP2 on TNP-ATP binding to the Kir1.1 channel COOH terminal fusion protein. In contrast, the water-soluble charged hydrolytic product of PIP2, inositol(1,4,5)P3 (IP3), had no effect on TNP-ATP binding, suggesting that the acyl chain of PIP2 was also necessary for its effect on TNP-ATP binding. Indeed, neutral and charged lipids had weak, but significant, effects on TNP-ATP binding. Whereas microM concentrations of PIP2 could compete with TNP-ATP, we found that mM concentrations of MgATP were required to compete with PIP2 for binding to these K(ATP) channel COOH termini. Thus the COOH termini of K(ATP) channels form a nucleotide- and phospholipid-modulated channel gate on which ATP and phospholipids compete for binding.
Surgical Biomechanics of the Patellofemoral Joint (2007)

This review presents objective data, as far as possible, about the current understanding of the biomechanics of the patellofemoral joint as it pertains to the management of patellofemoral problems. When faced with a patellofemoral malfunction, it is important to check all the soft-tissue and articular geometry factors relating to the patella locally and not to neglect the overall lower limb alignment and function. It is important to remember that small alterations in alignment can result in significant alterations in patellofemoral joint stresses and that changes in the mechanics of the patellofemoral joint can also result in changes in the tibiofemoral compartments. Surgical intervention for patellofemoral problems needs to be planned carefully and take into account an individual's anatomy.
Thermal Poling of Optical Glasses: Mechanisms and Second‐Order Optical Properties (2012)

The objective to induce reproducible, efficient, and stable second‐order nonlinear optical properties ( SONL ) in an isotropic material remains a challenge in photonics. Thermal poling allows inducing SONL properties in glasses by the formation of an axial symmetry because of the implementation of a static electric field within the glassy matrix. A description of the main poling mechanisms is proposed. Depending on the glass compositions and the poling conditions, an effort is made to correlate poling mechanisms and the strength of the implemented static electric field. A review of the main technological improvements done to develop poled‐silica‐based electro‐optical modulators as well as the SONL efficiencies obtained for different glass compositions is reported and analyzed.
Temperature Limits of Single and Composite Storage Layer with Different Thicknesses and Capping Materials for p-STT-MRAM Applications (2018)

Perpendicular STT-MRAM temperature limits have been investigated in this paper by characterizing different simple and composite storage layer's thicknesses as well as different capping materials and annealing temperature conditions. Temperature measurements showed the importance of tuning precisely the thickness of the storage layer in order to choose between low consumption, high magnetic immunity, high working temperature, TMR and data retention in which the composite storage layer appeared to be the best compromise. The different thicknesses and stacks have then been compared to the main industrial applications to match thickness and performances.
MomentumRNN: Integrating Momentum into Recurrent Neural Networks (2020)

Designing deep neural networks is an art that often involves an expensive search over candidate architectures. To overcome this for recurrent neural nets (RNNs), we establish a connection between the hidden state dynamics in an RNN and gradient descent (GD). We then integrate momentum into this framework and propose a new family of RNNs, called {\em MomentumRNNs}. We theoretically prove and numerically demonstrate that MomentumRNNs alleviate the vanishing gradient issue in training RNNs. We study the momentum long-short term memory (MomentumLSTM) and verify its advantages in convergence speed and accuracy over its LSTM counterpart across a variety of benchmarks. We also demonstrate that MomentumRNN is applicable to many types of recurrent cells, including those in the state-of-the-art orthogonal RNNs. Finally, we show that other advanced momentum-based optimization methods, such as Adam and Nesterov accelerated gradients with a restart, can be easily incorporated into the MomentumRNN framework for designing new recurrent cells with even better performance. The code is available at https://github.com/minhtannguyen/MomentumRNN.
<title>Curvature-based signatures for object description and recognition</title> (1997)

An invariant related to Gaussian curvature at an object point is developed based upon the covariance matrix of photometric values within a local neighborhood about the point. We employ three illumination conditions, two of which are completely unknown. We never need to explicitly know the surface normal at a point. The determinant of the covariance matrix of the intensity three-tuples in the local neighborhood of an object point is shown to be invariant with respect to rotation and translation. A way of combing these determinant to form a signature distribution is formulated that is rotation, translation, and scale invariant. This signature is shown to be invariant over large ranges of poses of the same objects, while being significantly different between distinctly shaped objects. A new object recognition methodology is proposed by compiling signatures for only a few viewpoints of a given object.
Evaluating the Tradeoff Between Abstractiveness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarization (2021)

Neural models for abstractive summarization tend to generate output that is fluent and well-formed but lacks semantic faithfulness, or factuality, with respect to the input documents. In this paper, we analyze the tradeoff between abstractiveness and factuality of generated summaries across multiple datasets and models, using extensive human evaluations of factuality. In our analysis, we visualize the rates of change in factuality as we gradually increase abstractiveness using a decoding constraint, and we observe that, while increased abstractiveness generally leads to a drop in factuality, the rate of factuality decay depends on factors such as the data that the system was trained on. We introduce two datasets with human factuality judgements; one containing 10.2k generated summaries with systematically varied degrees of abstractiveness; the other containing 4.2k summaries from five different summarization models. We propose new factuality metrics that adjust for the degree of abstractiveness, and we use them to compare the abstractiveness-adjusted factuality of previous summarization works, providing baselines for future work.
Integrated Polymer Composites for Electro-responsive Drug Delivery (2018)

The notions of “on-demand” and “on–off” therapeutic intervention fits perfectly with electro-responsive drug delivery (ERDD) systems, wherein an external modulation of bioactive release can be realised and even programmed. Conventionally, electroactive candidates such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, ethylene vinyl acetate, and polyethylene were blended with polymeric or peptide hydrogels. However, the recent interests in ERDD derive from the integration of material composites (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, clay enclatherates, and microtubes) together with responsive hydrogels to provide enhanced and more electro-controllable drug delivery platforms. This chapter provides an insight into recent advances in integrated polymer composites for ERDD and a molecular mechanistic outlook to the performance and setup of such stimuli responsive systems.
Polysulfides made from re-purposed waste are sustainable materials for removing iron from water (2018)

Water contaminated with Fe<sup>3+</sup> is undesirable because it can result in discoloured plumbing fixtures, clogging, and a poor taste and aesthetic profile for drinking water. At high levels, Fe<sup>3+</sup> can also promote the growth of unwanted bacteria, so environmental agencies and water authorities typically regulate the amount of Fe<sup>3+</sup> in municipal water and wastewater. Here, polysulfide sorbents-prepared from elemental sulfur and unsaturated cooking oils-are used to remove Fe<sup>3+</sup> contaminants from water. The sorbent is low-cost and sustainable, as it can be prepared entirely from waste. The preparation of this material using microwave heating and its application in iron capture are two important advances in the growing field of sulfur polymers.