gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Acetates by Transesterification Catalyzed by Chiral Alkoxocopper(I) Complexes. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Power spectra of a free space optical link in a maritime environment (2009)

Parameters characterizing the atmospheric turbulence in a 16 km maritime optical link were measured over a 6 month period in 2007, on a continuous basis as conditions allowed. Both the scintillation index and the atmospheric structure constant were found to have a strong dependence on the air - water temperature difference. Temporal-frequency spectra were also generated from the received intensity fluctuations. In this paper the frequency components of the laser irradiance are studied in order to ascertain the degree of correlation with prevailing meteorological conditions. In addition, the high frequency behavior of the power spectra is documented and shows an extensive range of values for the power-law scaling index.
Perceiver IO: A General Architecture for Structured Inputs & Outputs (2021)

A central goal of machine learning is the development of systems that can solve many problems in as many data domains as possible. Current architectures, however, cannot be applied beyond a small set of stereotyped settings, as they bake in domain &amp; task assumptions or scale poorly to large inputs or outputs. In this work, we propose Perceiver IO, a general-purpose architecture that handles data from arbitrary settings while scaling linearly with the size of inputs and outputs. Our model augments the Perceiver with a flexible querying mechanism that enables outputs of various sizes and semantics, doing away with the need for task-specific architecture engineering. The same architecture achieves strong results on tasks spanning natural language and visual understanding, multi-task and multi-modal reasoning, and StarCraft II. As highlights, Perceiver IO outperforms a Transformer-based BERT baseline on the GLUE language benchmark despite removing input tokenization and achieves state-of-the-art performance on Sintel optical flow estimation with no explicit mechanisms for multiscale correspondence.
Effects of Extracellular Ionized Calcium, Diltiazem and Camp on Motility of Human Spermatozoa (1989)

In order to elucidate the effects of ionized calcium and calcium channel blockers on human sperm motility, an in vitro study was conducted looking at the effects of exogenous calcium, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), diltiazem and dibutyrl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP) on per cent motility and mean velocity of human sperm. Washed spermatozoa from 21 fertile donors were incubated with ionized calcium (zero, five, 10 and 50 mM), EDTA (one and 10 mM), diltiazem (one, 10, 100 microM and one mM) and cAMP (five mM). Per cent motility and mean velocity determinations were made at 10 and 120 min. by computerized analysis of videomicrographs. Over a wide range of extracellular ionized calcium concentrations (50 microM to 50 mM), per cent motility and mean velocity of human sperm were not stimulated or inhibited. At ionized calcium concentration less than 1 microM, achieved by addition of EDTA (10 mM), per cent motility decreased by 68% and 79% and mean velocity decreased by 44% and 48% compared to controls at 10 and 120 min. respectively (p less than 0.001). The decrease in mean velocity was reversible by addition of calcium to the EDTA (10 mM) sample to return ionized calcium to control concentration (0.5 mM). This reversibility suggests EDTA did not have a direct toxic effect on spermatozoa and that its action was mediated by changes in ionized calcium concentration. Diltiazem (one mM) decreased sperm mean velocity by 26% and 28% compared to controls at 10 and 120 min. respectively (p less than 0.01), but had no effect at lower concentrations (one, 10 or 100 microM). Db-cAMP (five mM) increased per cent motility by 25% and 20% and mean velocity by 36% and 34% compared to controls at 10 and 120 min. respectively (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that a minimum level of extracellular ionized calcium is essential to normal sperm motility and suggest that sperm are more dependent on the intracellular translocation of calcium ions for the regulation of motility than on the extracellular ionized calcium concentration. While db-cAMP does significantly increase per cent motility and mean velocity of human sperm, its clinical usefulness for the treatment of male infertility remains to be demonstrated.
Model-Powered Conditional Independence Test (2017)

We consider the problem of non-parametric Conditional Independence testing (CI testing) for continuous random variables. Given i.i.d samples from the joint distribution $f(x,y,z)$ of continuous random vectors $X,Y$ and $Z,$ we determine whether $X \perp Y | Z$. We approach this by converting the conditional independence test into a classification problem. This allows us to harness very powerful classifiers like gradient-boosted trees and deep neural networks. These models can handle complex probability distributions and allow us to perform significantly better compared to the prior state of the art, for high-dimensional CI testing. The main technical challenge in the classification problem is the need for samples from the conditional product distribution $f^{CI}(x,y,z) = f(x|z)f(y|z)f(z)$ -- the joint distribution if and only if $X \perp Y | Z.$ -- when given access only to i.i.d. samples from the true joint distribution $f(x,y,z)$. To tackle this problem we propose a novel nearest neighbor bootstrap procedure and theoretically show that our generated samples are indeed close to $f^{CI}$ in terms of total variational distance. We then develop theoretical results regarding the generalization bounds for classification for our problem, which translate into error bounds for CI testing. We provide a novel analysis of Rademacher type classification bounds in the presence of non-i.i.d near-independent samples. We empirically validate the performance of our algorithm on simulated and real datasets and show performance gains over previous methods.
Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Copolymers of PEG600 and Functionalized Aromatic Diesters for Drug Delivery Applications (2004)

A chemoenzymatic approach has been developed to synthesize poly(ethylene glycol)-based amphiphilic copolymers under mild reaction conditions that self-assemble in aqueous media to form polymeric nanomicelles in the range of 20-50 nm. The supramolecular organization of polymeric nanomicelles was studied by 1H NMR longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and light scattering techniques (static and dynamic). Interestingly, the enzyme novozyme-435 plays an important role in controlling the polymerization and distribution of polymer chains, which is critical for the formation of nanomicelles with unimodal distributions. The methodology developed is highly flexible as it allows the introduction of various functionalities in the polymeric nanomicelles. These self-organized nanomicelles are highly efficient drug delivery vehicles for hydrophobic and partially hydrophilic drugs, both transdermally and orally, as they have the ability to encapsulate guest molecules during self-organization. In vivo studies by encapsulating anti-inflammatory agents (aspirin and naproxen) in these polymeric nanomicelles and by applying topically resulted in significant reduction in inflammation. The % reduction in inflammation using polymeric nanomicelles containing aspirin and naproxen was 62 and 64%, respectively.
Liquids on-chip: direct storage and release employing micro-perforated vapor barrier films (2015)

Liquids on-chip describes a reagent storage concept for disposable pressure driven Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, which enables liquid storage in reservoirs without additional packaging. On-chip storage of liquids can be considered as one of the major challenges for the commercial break through of polymer-based LoC devices. Especially the ability for long-term storage and reagent release on demand are the most important aspects for a fully developed technology. On-chip storage not only replaces manual pipetting, it creates numerous advantages: fully automated processing, ease of use, reduction of contamination and transportation risks. Previous concepts for on-chip storage are based on liquid packaging solutions (e.g. stick packs, blisters, glass ampoules), which implicate manufacturing complexity and additional pick and place processes. That is why we prefer on-chip storage of liquids directly in reservoirs. The liquids are collected in reservoirs, which are made of high barrier polymers or coated by selected barrier layers. Therefore, commonly used polymers for LoC applications as cyclic olefin polymer (COP) and polycarbonate (PC) were investigated in the context of novel polymer composites. To ensure long-term stability the reservoirs are sealed with a commercially available barrier film by hot embossing. The barrier film is structured by pulsed laser ablation, which installs rated break points without affecting the barrier properties. A flexible membrane is actuated through pneumatic pressure for reagent release on demand. The membrane deflection breaks the barrier film and leads to efficient cleaning of the reservoirs in order to provide the liquids for further processing.
Processing and Secretion of Prosomatostatin by the Pig Pancreas (1988)

Antisera and radioimmunoassays against five different regions of prosomatostatin (proSS) were used for chromatographical analysis and for immunohistochemical mapping of the products of proSS in the pig pancreas. Secreted products of proSS were studied by analysis of effluent from isolated perfused pig pancreas obtained during isoproterenol stimulation. All cells that were stained with one antiserum also stained with the other antisera. Immunoreactive nerves were not observed. Isoproterenol increased equally the secretion of proSS 20-36, proSS 65-76, and proSS 79-92 immunoreactivity. The major molecular forms identified in pancreatic extracts and released from the pancreas were proSS 79-92; proSS 65-76; an N-terminally extended form of proSS 65-76; and two larger forms comprising the proSS 20-36 sequence (but not the 1-13 sequence) with and without the proSS 65-76 sequence. ProSS 1-10, 1-32 and 65-92 (somatostatin 28) were not identified.
Functionalized zinc oxide nanorod with ionophore-membrane coating as an intracellular Ca2+ selective sensor (2009)

The tip of a borosilicate glass capillary with functionalized hexagonal ZnO nanorods was used to make a sensitive electrochemical intracellular Ca2+ sensor. To adjust the sensor for Ca2+ measurements with sufficient selectivity and stability, polyvinylchloride membrane containing Ca2+ ionophores were coated on the surface. The membrane covered ZnO nanorods exhibited a Ca2+-dependent electrochemical potential difference versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The potential difference was linear over a large concentration range (100 nM–10 mM). The measurements of Ca2+ concentrations using our ZnO nanorods sensor in human fat cells or in frog egg cells were consistent with values of Ca2+ concentrations reported in the literature. This nanoelectrode device paves the way to measurements of intracellular biochemical species in specific locations within single living cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted‐pyrrolo(2,1‐a)isoquinoline‐2‐carboxylic Acids, Esters and Amides. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Image Fusion Method Using Noise-Robust Contrast Discrimination Measure (2019)

This paper proposes an image fusion method using a noise-robust contrast discrimination measure for night vision applications with short-wave infrared (SWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) cameras. At night, SWIR images typically contain heavy noise while LWIR images contain less noise. The conventional method, which adapts the fusion ratio on the basis of only local contrasts, does not work appropriately for such SWIR and LWIR images since local contrasts of noisy SWIR images are unreliable due to the heavy noise. The proposed method adapts the fusion ratio on the basis of local contrast and noise variance. The experimental results show that the proposed method can generate visually pleasant fused images even when the SWIR images are severely degraded by noise.
1P166 Detection of 3-D orientation and rotation of single fluorophores by combination of polarization-modulation TIRFM and defocused imaging(11. Molecular motor,Poster,The 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society of Japan(BSJ2014)) (2014)

F1-ATPase is a motor protein driven by ATP hydrolysis. It converts chemical free energy change into the kinetic energy of the rotation. Toyabe examined the external torque dependency of the rotation rate of wild type F1-ATPase (PANS 2011). He found the maximum work estimated from stall torque is nearly equal to the free energy change of ATP hydrolysis, reached conclusion of high energy efficiency. Thus, interest issue is to find out the mechanism of this high efficiency. In the previous annual meeting, we reported that E190D mutant exhibited response to external torque different from WT. Furthermore, we found that the stall torque was smaller than that of WT. Here, we discuss origin of the characteristic response of E190D mutant to the external torque.
A holistic view of chip-level thermal architecture from heterogeneous stacked dice to system level in telecoms applications (2015)

Silicon Interconnect Technology (SSIT) enables superior feature integration beyond what is possible in monolithic technology with only a Moore's Law feature shrink as well as heterogeneous feature integration of disparate dice (e.g. memories, RF DAC/ADCs, optical interfaces, customer ASICs etc.). In a Telecom environment, this superior feature density enables new applications, but also presents higher thermal density to the Thermal Engineer. To properly utilize these benefits, a Thermal Engineer must take a holistic approach to thermal architecture that simultaneously addresses system goals of Cost, Performance, Weight, Size, Power and Performance. This paper will discuss the critical parameters which impact thermal architecture, followed by Challenges in Indoor and Outdoor Telecom Systems from device and system perspectives and finally will show the impact of combining network utilization and heterogeneous load in the user's environment.
The TandemHeart as a bridge to a long-term axial-flow left ventricular assist device (bridge to bridge). (2008)

End-stage heart-failure patients in acute refractory cardiogenic shock with multi-organ dysfunction require aggressive medical therapy that includes inotropic support. Historically, the intra-aortic balloon pump was the last option for patients who were dying of acute cardiogenic shock. Short-term extracorporeal pulsatile or nonpulsatile cardiac assist devices or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation offered further treatment options; however, these therapies required invasive surgical procedures. Patients in this high-risk group had increased mortality rates from major procedures that required cardiopulmonary bypass. We used the TandemHeart, a percutaneously implanted device for short-term cardiac assistance, to lower the risk of death and improve hemodynamic performance and end-organ perfusion before implanting long-term assist devices in selected patients with signs of profound cardiogenic shock. Nine end-stage heart-failure patients (mean age, 37.7 yr) in acute refractory hemodynamic decompensation received a percutaneously implanted TandemHeart pump as a bridge to an implantable axial-flow pump. To determine the relative risk for these patients, prognostic scores were calculated before and after insertion of the TandemHeart. Percutaneous support times ranged from 1 to 22 days (mean, 5.9 d). The mean cardiac index before support, 1.02 L/(min.m2) (range, 0.0-1.8 L/[min.m2]) (0.0 L/[min.m2] implies active cardiopulmonary resuscitation), improved to 2.97 L/(min.m2) (range, 2.2-4.0 L/[min.m2]) during support. Three patients underwent successful cardiac transplantation; 5 are currently supported by axial-flow pumps; and 1 died of complications unrelated to the axial-flow pump, after 587 days. End-organ function and overall condition improved uniformly in our patients, thus decreasing the preoperative risk factors for implantation of the long-term device.
Reduced-Order Long-Horizon Predictive Thermal Management for Diesel Engine Aftertreatment Systems (2019)

Model predictive thermal management of a heavy duty diesel engine aftertreatment system (ATS) requires optimization over a long horizon due to slow thermal dynamics of the ceramic-based catalysts. A model-based optimization architecture is presented to decouple the diesel engine air path and torque with fast dynamics from the ATS slow thermal dynamics and simplify solving the thermal management optimal control problem (OCP). The key idea presented is to estimate the air path variables with static models and control the engine torque within an internal control loop. Then, an ATS predictive thermal management system is proposed as a high-level controller and a reduced order OCP is formulated with only ATS temperatures as states and two control variables, namely the engine intake manifold pressure and fuel injection timing. Simulation results over the FTP drive cycle indicate from 3 to 4% increase in the cycle-averaged diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system efficiency, depending on the catalyst location and length of the controller's prediction horizon, along with 2-3% brake specific fuel consumption reduction over the test cycle. Results also show long-term predictions are required to avoid temperature drop after warm-up which happens during low exhaust temperature operations such as a long engine idle.
Supplementary Figure 6 from Anticancer Activity of a Novel Selective CYP17A1 Inhibitor in Preclinical Models of Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Supplementary Figure 6: Steroidogenesis gene expression from pharmacodynamic study.&lt;/p&gt;
573 FS120, an OX40/CD137 tetravalent bispecific dual agonist antibody, synergistically increases the antitumor activity of anti-PD-1 in preclinical studies (2021)

<h3>Background</h3> Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated durable clinical responses and an increase in overall survival for some patients with cancer. Next generation cancer immunotherapies, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) agonists, have potential to further improve on this success. FS120 is a tetravalent bispecific antibody targeting OX40 and CD137 (4-1BB), currently being evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial (NCT04648202). FS120 activates CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells by concurrent binding to both targets via an FcgR-independent mechanism [1]. In preclinical tumor models, FS120 induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production associated with significant tumor regression, better than that observed with a monoclonal antibody combination. Here, we demonstrate the ability of FS120 to improve anti-PD-1 induced T cell activity, increasing tumor growth inhibition and survival, in syngeneic mouse tumor models, compared to monotherapy. <h3>Methods</h3> FS120 &lt; i &gt;in vitro&lt;/i &gt; activity in combination with anti-PD-1 was assessed by utilizing staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) superantigen assays and mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) assays. An anti-mouse OX40/CD137 bispecific antibody (FS120 surrogate) was tested in CT26 syngeneic mouse tumor models in combination with an anti-mouse PD-1 antibody to assess efficacy and pharmacodynamic endpoints, including T cell proliferation by &lt; i&gt;ex vivo&lt;/i&gt; flow cytometry and serum cytokine levels. <h3>Results</h3> FS120 in combination with anti-PD-1 enhanced primary human T cell activity, when compared to either monotherapy, in both SEA and MLR assays. FS120 surrogate significantly improved survival of CT26 tumor-bearing mice treated with anti-mPD-1 antibody. FS120 surrogate and anti-PD-1 combination significantly enhanced serum interferon-gamma levels and increased proliferating granzyme B<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in the blood of tumor-bearing mice, when compared to either monotherapy treatments. <h3>Conclusions</h3> FS120 combination with anti-PD-1 enhances T cell activity in multiple human primary immune assays. In combination with anti-PD-1, FS120 surrogate increased the antitumor efficacy with pharmacodynamic changes related specifically to T cell activation, when compared to monotherapies. These data support the development of FS120 in combination with anti-PD-1 in patients with hard-to-treat cancers who may not benefit fully from either treatment as a monotherapy. <h3>References</h3> Gaspar M, Pravin J, Rodrigues L, Uhlenbroich S, Everett K L, Wollerton F, Morrow M, Tuna M, Brewis N. CD137/OX40 Bispecific Antibody Induces Potent Antitumor Activity that Is Dependent on Target Coengagement. Cancer Immunol Res. 2020; (8) (6) 781–793 <h3>Ethics Approval</h3> Murine studies were conducted under a U.K. Home Office License in accordance with the U.K. Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and EU Directive EU 2010/63.