gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of rat adenohypophyseal cells to estradiol and LHRH during long-term culture (1981)

To determine possible effects of the time in culture on the responsiveness of the different pituitary cell types to estrogens, rat anterior pituitary cells were incubated up to 20 days in the presence or absence of 10 nM 17 beta-estradiol. Whereas spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release decreased by 85-90%, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin accumulation in medium were only 50% decreased after 20 days in culture, thus suggesting that the secretion of FSH and prolactin is less dependent on extrinsic stimulatory factors. Estradiol increased spontaneous LH release and its responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) up to day 16 in culture, whereas the stimulatory effect of the estrogen on FSH secretion was significant only up to day 6. The stimulatory effect of estradiol on basal TSH release was seen up to day 8 in culture, whereas that on spontaneous prolactin release increased progressively after day 8 in culture up to the last time interval studied (20 days). As revealed by immunocytochemistry, the stimulatory effect of estradiol was not due to changes of cell growth.
A one MB cache subsystem prototype with 2GHz embedded DRAMs in 45nm SOI CMOS (2008)

We present a 1 MB cache subsystem that integrates 2 GHz embedded DRAM macros, charge pump circuits, a 4 Kb one-time-programmable ROM, clock multipliers, and built-in self test circuitry, having a 36.5 GB/s peak system data-rate. The eDRAM employs a programmable pipeline, achieving a 1.8 ns latency.
High-Temperature Operation of AlGaN/GaN HFET With a Low on-State Resistance, High Breakdown Voltage, and Fast Switching (2006)

Improved characteristics of an AlGaN/GaN HFET are reported. In this paper, the authors introduce a new ohmic electrode of Ti/AlSi/Mo and a low refractive index SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> to decrease the contact resistance and gate leakage current. The AlGaN/GaN HFET showed a low specific resistance of 6.3 mOmega middot cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a high breakdown voltage of 750 V. The switching characteristics of an AlGaN/GaN HFET are investigated. The small turn-on delay of 7.2 ns, which was one-tenth of Si MOSFETs, was measured. The switching operation of the HFET showed no significant degradation up to 225 degC
Investigation of Cobalt Phthalocyanine at the Solid/Liquid Interface by Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2019)

Electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS) with three excitation wavelengths in combination with in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) and absorption measurements has been employed to provide comprehensive insights into the electrochemical processes of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) at the solid/liquid interface supported on a Au(111) substrate. As the substrate potential becomes more negative, CoPc molecules form a highly ordered monolayer on the Au(111) surface (>0.1 V) until the ordered-to-diffusing phase transition is triggered (<0.1 V). CoPc molecules in the ordered phase are reduced during cathodic scanning, which leads to a redshift in the resonance condition and gives rise to distinct EC-TERS behaviors which depend on excitation wavelengths. The ordered-to-diffusing phase transition of CoPc molecules results in the disappearance of the EC-TERS signal. The catalytic activity of CoPc for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was not visible in the EC-STM and has negligible effect on the EC-TERS measurements. The comprehensive evidence from EC-TERS, EC-STM, and absorption spectroelectrochemistry clearly demonstrates that partially reduced CoPc molecules are the dominant species under steady state measurements during the oxygen reduction reaction.
Sub-millimeter resolution laser ranging at 9.3 kilometers using temporally stretched frequency chirped pulses from a mode-locked laser (2009)

A chirped fiber Bragg grating with a dispersion of 1651ps/nm is used to generate temporally stretched, frequency chirped pulses from a passively mode locked fiber laser that generates pulses of ~1ps (FWHM) duration at a repetition rate of 20MHz with 3.5mW average power (peak power of 175W). The use of a chirped fiber Bragg grating enables the generation of temporally stretched pulses with low peak power so that non-linear effects in the fiber can be avoided. A fiber based interferometeric arrangement is used for interfering a reference signal with the reflected signal from the target to realize a coherent heterodyne detection scheme. In the RF domain, the detected heterodyne beat frequency shifts as the target distance is changed. A round trip target distance of 14km in air is simulated using 9.3km of optical fiber and a resolution of less than a millimeter is observed.
Intrinsic GTPase Activity of K-RAS Monitored by Native Mass Spectrometry (2019)

Mutations in RAS are associated with many different cancers and have been a therapeutic target for more than three decades. RAS cycles from an active to inactive state by both intrinsic and GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-stimulated hydrolysis. The activated enzyme interacts with downstream effectors, leading to tumor proliferation. Mutations in RAS associated with cancer are insensitive to GAP, and the rate of inactivation is limited to their intrinsic hydrolysis rate. Here, we use high-resolution native mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the kinetics and transition state thermodynamics of intrinsic hydrolysis for K-RAS and its oncogenic mutants. MS data reveal heterogeneity where both 2'-deoxy and 2'-hydroxy forms of GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and GTP (guanosine triphosphate) are bound to the recombinant enzyme. Intrinsic GTPase activity is directly monitored by the loss in mass of K-RAS bound to GTP, which corresponds to the release of phosphate. The rates determined from MS are in direct agreement with those measured using an established solution-based assay. Our results show that the transition state thermodynamics for the intrinsic GTPase activity of K-RAS is both enthalpically and entropically unfavorable. The oncogenic mutants G12C, Q61H, and G13D unexpectedly exhibit a 2'-deoxy GTP intrinsic hydrolysis rate higher than that for GTP.
t-Flavanone Improves the Male Pattern of Hair Loss by Enhancing Hair-Anchoring Strength: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2016)

Kao Corp.
Discovery of a Chemical Probe to Study Implications of BPTF Bromodomain Inhibition in Cellular and in vivo Experiments (2023)

The bromodomain and PHD-finger containing transcription factor (BPTF) is part of the nucleosome remodeling factor (NURF) complex and has been implicated in multiple cancer types. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective chemical probe targeting the bromodomain of BPTF with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile enabling cellular and in vivo experiments in mice. Microarray-based transcriptomics in presence of the probe in two lung cancer cell lines revealed only minor effects on the transcriptome. Profiling against a panel of cancer cell lines revealed that the antiproliferative effect does not correlate with BPTF dependency score in depletion screens. Both observations and the multi-domain architecture of BPTF suggest that depleting the protein by proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) could be a promising strategy to target cancer cell proliferation. We envision that the presented chemical probe and the related negative control will enable the research community to further explore scientific hypotheses with respect to BPTF bromodomain inhibition.
Janus: optimal flash provisioning for cloud storage workloads (2013)

Janus is a system for partitioning the flash storage tier between workloads in a cloud-scale distributed file system with two tiers, flash storage and disk. The file system stores newly created files in the flash tier and moves them to the disk tier using either a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) policy or a Least-Recently-Used (LRU) policy, subject to per-workload allocations. Janus constructs compact metrics of the cacheability of the different workloads, using sampled distributed traces because of the large scale of the system. From these metrics, we formulate and solve an optimization problem to determine the flash allocation to workloads that maximizes the total reads sent to the flash tier, subject to operator-set priorities and bounds on flash write rates. Using measurements from production workloads in multiple data centers using these recommendations, as well as traces of other production workloads, we show that the resulting allocation improves the flash hit rate by 47–76 % compared to a unified tier shared by all workloads. Based on these results and an analysis of several thousand production workloads, we conclude that flash storage is a cost-effective complement to disks in data centers. 1
HIV-1 Vpr inhibits the maturation and activation of macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro (2004)

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr encodes a 14 kDa protein that has been implicated in viral pathogenesis through in vitro modulation of several host cell functions. Vpr modulates cellular proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and host cell transcription in a manner that involves the glucocorticoid pathway. To better understand the role of HIV-1 Vpr in host gene expression, approximately 9600 cellular RNA transcripts were assessed for their modulation in primary APC after treatment with a bioactive recombinant Vpr (rVpr) by DNA micro-array. As an extracellular delivered protein, Vpr down-modulated the expression of several immunologically important molecules including CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86 costimulatory molecules on MDM (monocyte-derived macrophage) and MDDC (monocyte-derived dendritic cells). Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) is known to result in a decreased capacity to produce HIV due to a post-entry block of the HIV-1 replicative cycle. Based on the changes observed in the gene array, we analyzed maturation of DC generated from monocytes in tissue culture as influenced by Vpr. We observed that Vpr-treated immature MDM and MDDC were unable to acquire high levels of costimulatory molecules and failed to develop into mature DC, even in the presence of maturation signals. These studies have importance for understanding the interaction of HIV with the host immune system.
Polymer‐Supported Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for Organic and Combinatorial Synthesis (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fuzzy inference and fuzzy inference processor (1993)

Fuzzy inference, a data processing method based on the fuzzy theory that has found wide use in the control field, is reviewed. Consumer electronics, which accounts for most current applications of this concept, does not require very high speeds. Although software running on a conventional microprocessor can perform these inferences, high-speed control applications require much greater speeds. A fuzzy inference date processor that operates at 200000 fuzzy logic inferences per second and features 12-b input and 16-b output resolution is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phase 2 of extracellular RNA communication consortium charts next-generation approaches for extracellular RNA research (2022)

The extracellular RNA communication consortium (ERCC) is an NIH-funded program aiming to promote the development of new technologies, resources, and knowledge about exRNAs and their carriers. After Phase 1 (2013-2018), Phase 2 of the program (ERCC2, 2019-2023) aims to fill critical gaps in knowledge and technology to enable rigorous and reproducible methods for separation and characterization of both bulk populations of exRNA carriers and single EVs. ERCC2 investigators are also developing new bioinformatic pipelines to promote data integration through the exRNA atlas database. ERCC2 has established several Working Groups (Resource Sharing, Reagent Development, Data Analysis and Coordination, Technology Development, nomenclature, and Scientific Outreach) to promote collaboration between ERCC2 members and the broader scientific community. We expect that ERCC2's current and future achievements will significantly improve our understanding of exRNA biology and the development of accurate and efficient exRNA-based diagnostic, prognostic, and theranostic biomarker assays.
Mechanisms and Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (2017)

The US Air Force Office of Scientific Research convened a meeting of researchers in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, engineering, and medicine to discuss most pressing issues facing ongoing research in the field of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and related techniques. In this study, we present opinions prepared by participants of the meeting, focusing on the most promising areas of research, immediate and future goals for the field, and the potential for hormesis theory to inform tDCS research. Scientific, medical, and ethical considerations support the ongoing testing of tDCS in healthy and clinical populations, provided best protocols are used to maximize safety. Notwithstanding the need for ongoing research, promising applications include enhancing vigilance/attention in healthy volunteers, which can accelerate training and support learning. Commonly, tDCS is used as an adjunct to training/rehabilitation tasks with the goal of leftward shift in the learning/treatment effect curves. Although trials are encouraging, elucidating the basic mechanisms of tDCS will accelerate validation and adoption. To this end, biomarkers (eg, clinical neuroimaging and findings from animal models) can support hypotheses linking neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Dosage can be optimized using computational models of current flow and understanding dose-response. Both biomarkers and dosimetry should guide individualized interventions with the goal of reducing variability. Insights from other applied energy domains, including ionizing radiation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and low-level laser (light) therapy, can be prudently leveraged.
The ‘grey area’ between small cell and non‐small cell lung carcinomas. Light and electron microscopy versus clinical data in 14 cases (1986)

We studied 14 lung tumours which on light microscopy had posed difficulties on classification as either small cell or non-small cell carcinomas. The light and electron microscopical features were compared with patient follow-up data. Electron microscopy showed neuroendocrine granules in 12 cases, and adeno- and squamous cell differentiation but no neuroendocrine granules in the remaining two cases. The latter two cases showed prolonged patient survival (both patients alive after 2 1/2 and 2 years, respectively). Ten of the cases with neuroendocrine granules showed a rapid course of disease (death between 2 1/2 weeks and 15 months after diagnosis) and marked initial response to multiagent chemotherapy. Thus, the clinical impression of these cases was that of small cell carcinoma. The remaining two cases with neuroendocrine granules showed a more protracted course, with death after 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years. These two tumours did not show the light microscopical features of atypical carcinoid. The results illustrate the value of electron microscopy in predicting clinical behaviour of carcinomas difficult to place into small cell or non-small cell carcinoma groups. They also point to the existence of neuroendocrine carcinomas other than carcinoids with a more protracted course than small cell carcinomas.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of molybdenum-cofactor biosynthesis protein C fromThermus thermophilus (2006)

The gram-negative aerobic eubacterium Thermus thermophilus is an extremely important thermophilic microorganism that was originally isolated from a thermal vent environment in Japan. The molybdenum cofactor in this organism is considered to be an essential component required by enzymes that catalyze diverse key reactions in the global metabolism of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. The molybdenum-cofactor biosynthesis protein C derived from T. thermophilus was crystallized in two different space groups. Crystals obtained using the first crystallization condition belong to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 64.81, b = 109.84, c = 115.19 A, beta = 104.9 degrees; the crystal diffracted to a resolution of 1.9 A. The other crystal form belonged to space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 106.57, c = 59.25 A, and diffracted to 1.75 A resolution. Preliminary calculations reveal that the asymmetric unit contains 12 monomers and one monomer for the crystals belonging to space group P2(1) and R32, respectively.
ATP-independent diffusion of double-stranded RNA binding proteins (2012)

The proteins harboring double-stranded RNA binding domains (dsRBDs) play diverse functional roles such as RNA localization, splicing, editing, export, and translation, yet mechanistic basis and functional significance of dsRBDs remain unclear. To unravel this enigma, we investigated transactivation response RNA binding protein (TRBP) consisting of three dsRBDs, which functions in HIV replication, protein kinase R(PKR)-mediated immune response, and RNA silencing. Here we report an ATP-independent diffusion activity of TRBP exclusively on dsRNA in a length-dependent manner. The first two dsRBDs of TRBP are essential for diffusion, whereas the third dsRBD is dispensable. Two homologs of TRBP, PKR activator and R3D1-L, displayed the same diffusion, implying a universality of the diffusion activity among this protein family. Furthermore, a Dicer-TRBP complex on dsRNA exhibited dynamic diffusion, which was correlated with Dicer's catalytic activity. These results implicate the dsRNA-specific diffusion activity of TRBP that contributes to enhancing siRNA and miRNA processing by Dicer.
Identification of genes altered with maternal nutrition in growing puppies (2007)

Maternal nutrition may influence proper growth and development as well as the occurrence of disease. Providing specific nutrients early in life may improve quality of life in dogs. Sixteen beagle puppies were utilized in this study. Dams and puppies were fed either a commercially available food or Hill's Science Diet® from conception to one year of age. RNA was extracted from blood and hybridized to an Affymetrix GeneChip Canine‐2 Genome Arrays and normalized using Robust Multi‐Array Average. Transcripts having a P &lt; 0.05 (following a false discovery rate adjustment value of 0.1) and a fold change range of at least 1.5 were considered different among the two groups. Analysis of the RNA found differences in 143 genes between puppies fed Hill's Science Diet® compared to the commercial food. Of the genes identified, 90 were down‐regulated and 53 up‐regulated in Hill's Science Diet® fed puppies versus puppies fed the commercial food. Genes associated with, DNA replication and repair, cell compromise, arthritis, and cancer were decreased, while cellular assembly and cell cycle regulation were increased in puppies fed Hill's Science Diet® compared to puppies fed the commercial food.
Discovery of a Highly Specific Anti-methotrexate (MTX) DNA Aptamer for Antibody-Independent MTX Detection (2022)

High-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy is used to treat a wide variety of cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma, while the resulting high blood concentration of MTX faces a risk of life-threatening side effects, so it is essential to monitor the concentration carefully. Currently, the MTX concentration is measured using antibody-based kits in a clinical setting; however, the heterogeneity and batch-to-batch variation of antibodies potentially compromise the detection limit. Here, we developed MTX detection systems with chemically synthesizable homogeneous oligonucleotides. Microbead-assisted capillary electrophoresis (MACE)-SELEX against MTX successfully identified MS<sup>mt</sup>7 with a similar level of specificity to anti-MTX antibodies within three rounds. The 3'-end of MS<sup>mt</sup>7 was coupled to a peroxidase-like hemin-DNAzyme to construct a bifunctional oligonucleotide for MTX sensing, where MTX in 50% human serum was detected with a limit of detection (LoD) of 118 nM. Furthermore, amplifying the DNAzyme region with rolling circle amplification significantly improved the sensitivity with an LoD of 290 pM. Presented oligonucleotide-based MTX detection systems will pave the way for antibody-independent MTX detection with reliability and less cost in the laboratory and the clinic.
Obtaining Patient Priorities in a Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center: Beyond Patient-Reported Outcomes (2019)

Importantly, MIPC responders described idiosyncratic symptoms, disease management, and social concerns not included in the PROMS, suggesting the MIPC question offered patients a unique opportunity to share specific concerns with their providers.
Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral 1,3-Disubstituted Allenes (2019)

The general enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral disubstituted allenes from prochiral starting materials remains a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis. Here, we report an efficient enantio- and chemoselective copper hydride-catalyzed semi-reduction of conjugated enynes to furnish 1,3-disubstituted allenes using water as the proton source. This protocol is sufficiently mild to accommodate an assortment of functional groups including keto, ester, amino, halo, and hydroxyl groups. Additionally, applications of this method for the selective synthesis of mono-deuterated allenes and chiral 2,5-dihydropyrroles are described.
Detection and monitoring of lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis during respiratory tract exacerbation using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (2017)

The aim was to investigate whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) detects and monitors inflammatory and lung function changes during respiratory tract exacerbations (RTE) treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).29 patients with RTE underwent DWI pre- and post-antibiotic treatment. A control group of 27 stable patients, matched for age and sex, underwent DWI with the same time gap as those undergoing RTE treatment. Clinical status and lung function were assessed at each DWI time point. The CF-MRI scoring system was used to assess structural lung changes in both CF groups.Significant reduction in the DWI score over the course of antibiotic treatment (p<0.0001) was observed in patients with RTE, but not in the control group. DWI score had a strong inverse correlation with clinical status (r=-0.504, p<0.0001) and lung function (r=-0.635, p<0.0001) in patients with RTE. Interestingly, there were persistent significant differences in the CF-MRI score between the RTE and control group at both baseline and follow-up (p<0.001), while the differences in DWI score were only observed at baseline (p<0.001).DWI is a promising imaging method for noninvasive detection of pulmonary inflammation during RTE, and may be used to monitor treatment efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatment.