gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Two Classes of Somatosensory Neurons That Display Resistance to Retrograde Infection by Rabies Virus (2017)

Glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus-mediated monosynaptic tracing has become a standard method for neuronal circuit mapping, and is applied to virtually all parts of the rodent nervous system, including the spinal cord and primary sensory neurons. Here we identified two classes of unmyelinated sensory neurons (nonpeptidergic and C-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptor neurons) resistant to direct and trans-synaptic infection from the spinal cord with rabies viruses that carry glycoproteins in their envelopes and that are routinely used for infection of CNS neurons (SAD-G and N2C-G). However, the same neurons were susceptible to infection with EnvA-pseudotyped rabies virus in tumor virus A receptor transgenic mice, indicating that resistance to retrograde infection was due to impaired virus adsorption rather than to deficits in subsequent steps of infection. These results demonstrate an important limitation of rabies virus-based retrograde tracing of sensory neurons in adult mice, and may help to better understand the molecular machinery required for rabies virus spread in the nervous system. In this study, mice of both sexes were used.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> To understand the neuronal bases of behavior, it is important to identify the underlying neural circuitry. Rabies virus-based monosynaptic tracing has been used to identify neuronal circuits in various parts of the nervous system. This has included connections between peripheral sensory neurons and their spinal targets. These connections form the first synapse in the somatosensory pathway. Here we demonstrate that two classes of unmyelinated sensory neurons, which account for >40% of dorsal root ganglia neurons, display resistance to rabies infection. Our results are therefore critical for interpreting monosynaptic rabies-based tracing in the sensory system. In addition, identification of rabies-resistant neurons might provide a means for future studies addressing rabies pathobiology.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in critical care medicine (2009)

Abstract Chapter 21 discusses therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in critical care medicine, including principles, apheresis devices, and adverse effects of TPE.
Accurate Friction Compensation for a High Precision Stage using a Synchronous Piezoelectric Device Driver (2007)

It is well-known that one of the major limitations to achieve a good performance in mechanical systems is the presence of friction. High resolution positioning systems operating with accuracies in nanometer region usually exhibit relatively large steady-state tracking errors or even oscillations if controllers are designed without considering friction. Consequently, this paper aims at improving the position control of a high precision stage using a synchronous piezoelectric device driver (SPIDER) by comparing the performances of three friction compensators. These friction compensators detect friction in the system and use this information to modify the control input. The first using bang-bang control is based on the well-known static friction model. The second is a friction state observer based on the dynamic friction LuGre model, and the third is a feed-forward compensator based on the LuGre model. In order to effect a fair comparison, three friction compensators uses the same identified friction parameters in controller synthesis. The performance comparisons are presented by means of experimental results on the proposed high precision stage using SPIDER.
DVB Application-Layer Hybrid FEC Protection (2008)

This document describes the Application-layer Forward Error Correction
(FEC) protocol that was developed by the Digital Video Broadcasting
(DVB) consortium for the protection of media streams over IP networks.
The DVB AL-FEC protocol uses two layers for FEC protection. The first
(base) layer is based on the 1-D interleaved parity code. The second
(enhancement) layer is based on the Raptor code. Since both of these
codes have already been specified in separate documents, the current
document does not define the details of these codes but provides the
references to the respective specifications. By offering a layered
approach, the DVB AL-FEC offers a good protection against both bursty
and random packet losses at a cost of decent complexity.
A new finite-element method simulation model for computing AC loss in roll assisted biaxially textured substrate YBCO tapes (2009)

This paper presents a new finite-element simulation model for computing the electromagnetic properties and AC losses in systems of YBCO (yttrium barium copper oxide) conductors on roll assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTS). In this model, the magnetic field dependent permeability and ferromagnetic loss of the substrates in RABiTS YBCO tapes are taken into account. The simulations were employed to simulate the AC loss in stacks of two parallel connected YBCO tapes. The simulation results are compared with the experimental data to check the validity of the simulation model. The result reveals an effective way of significantly reducing AC loss in YBCO tapes by stacking two RABiTS YBCO coated conductors with the appropriate relative tape orientation.
Introduction to space-time codes (2001)

Information-theoretic analysis by Foschini (1996) and by Telatar (1999) shows that multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver enable very high rate wireless communication. Space-time codes, introduced by Tarokh et al. (1998), improve the reliability of communication over fading channels by correlating signals across different transmit antennas. Design criteria developed for the high-SNR regime in Tarokh et al. (1998) and Guey et al. (1999) are presented in Section 7.3 from the perspective of typical error events (following the exposition by Tse and Viswanath (2005)). Techniques for multiple access and broadcast communication are described very briefly in Sections 7.9 and 7.10, where algebraic structure enables simple implementation. The emphasis throughout is on low cost, low complexity mobile receivers.
Annex: Technical Recommendations on Cryptographic Mechanisms IT and Security Personnel (1996)

The comprehensive objective of SEISMED (a $\underbar{{\rm S}}$ecure $\underbar{{\rm E}}$nvironment for $\underbar{{\rm I}}$nformation $\underbar{{\rm S}}$ystems in $\underline{{\rm MED}}$icine) was to elaborate a consistent, harmonized framework for medical data protection throughout Europe. The specific technical proposals of SEISMED are thus accompanied by a high level security policy which presents the underlying principles. This approach is consistent with the forthcoming European ITSEC activity.
First-Phase Insulin Secretion Has Limited Impact on Postprandial Glycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: Correlations Between Hyperglycemic Glucose Clamp and Meal Test (2010)

This study, correlating results of hyperglycemic glucose clamps with meal tests, shows that a preserved first-phase INS secretion has only a limited impact on postprandial glucose excursions in a group of subjects in early-stage type 2 diabetes.
Initiation électrochimique de séquences radicalaires avec transfert d'halogène, en série perfluorée : étude mécanistique et préparative (1989)

Dans la gamme des diioses perfluores repondant a la formule generale i(cf#2)#ni, ou n=2, 4, 6. . . , le difonctionnel i(cf#2)#4i est une molecule industrielle interessante, notamment dans la synthese des polymeres a chaine pendante. Dans un premier temps, il fallait montrer que la liaison c-i etait reductible sur cathode de carbone. Pour cette etude, les iodures de f-alkyle (c#nf#2#n#+#1) ont ete utilises comme modeles. La mise en evidence de produits de dimerisation prouve la presence de radicaux libres dans le milieu electrolytique. Dans le cas du dihalogenure vicinal ic#2f#4i, la dimerisation est inexistante. Les electrolyses preparatives en presence de composes insatures, ont montre que la reduction des liaisons c-i ou c-br permet de declencher des reactions radicalaires en chaine avec elimination d'halogene (i ou br). L'electrochimie apparait comme un moyen utilisable pour declencher ce genre de mecanisme. Toutefois, la diffusion entre les compartiments d'electrolyse et la reduction partielle des produits formes limitent ce procede. Selon le type d'halogenure perfluore utilise, les electrolyses preparatives en presence de composes insatures conduisent a des mono ou des diadditions. La voltametrie lineaire sur disque de carbone vitreus a mis en evidence le declenchement de reactions radicalaires en chaine avec elimination d'atome
Toward BxDF display using multilayer diffraction (2014)

With a wide range of applications in product design and optical watermarking, computational BxDF display has become an emerging trend in the graphics community. In this paper, we analyze the design space of BxDF displays and show that existing approaches cannot reproduce arbitrary BxDFs. In particular, existing surface-based fabrication techniques are often limited to generating only specific angular frequencies, angle-shift-invariant radiance distributions, and sometimes only symmetric BxDFs. To overcome these limitations, we propose diffractive multilayer BxDF displays. We derive forward and inverse methods to synthesize patterns that are printed on stacked, high-resolution transparencies and reproduce prescribed BxDFs with unprecedented degrees of freedom within the limits of available fabrication techniques.
Diverse Counterfactual Explanations for Anomaly Detection in Time Series (2022)

Data-driven methods that detect anomalies in times series data are ubiquitous in practice, but they are in general unable to provide helpful explanations for the predictions they make. In this work we propose a model-agnostic algorithm that generates counterfactual ensemble explanations for time series anomaly detection models. Our method generates a set of diverse counterfactual examples, i.e, multiple perturbed versions of the original time series that are not considered anomalous by the detection model. Since the magnitude of the perturbations is limited, these counterfactuals represent an ensemble of inputs similar to the original time series that the model would deem normal. Our algorithm is applicable to any differentiable anomaly detection model. We investigate the value of our method on univariate and multivariate real-world datasets and two deep-learning-based anomaly detection models, under several explainability criteria previously proposed in other data domains such as Validity, Plausibility, Closeness and Diversity. We show that our algorithm can produce ensembles of counterfactual examples that satisfy these criteria and thanks to a novel type of visualisation, can convey a richer interpretation of a model's internal mechanism than existing methods. Moreover, we design a sparse variant of our method to improve the interpretability of counterfactual explanations for high-dimensional time series anomalies. In this setting, our explanation is localised on only a few dimensions and can therefore be communicated more efficiently to the model's user.
ChemInform Abstract: MIKROBIOLOGISCHE HYDROXYLIERUNG VON STEROIDEN 6. MITT. HYDROXYLIERUNG VON EINFACHEN MONO‐ UND DIOXYGENIERTEN 5ALPHA‐ANDROSTANEN UND 3‐OXO‐OESTRANEN MIT ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS (1973)

Abstract Von den 1 l möglichen Soz‐Androstan‐monoketonen werden nur die Ketone (I) und (IV) durch A.ochraceus hydroxyliert.
High Density Infrared Surface Treatment of Ceramics (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Expreimental Procedure Discussion of Results Conclusions Acknowledgements
Competitive binding-based optical DNA mapping for fast identification of bacteria - multi-ligand transfer matrix theory and experimental applications on Escherichia coli (2014)

We demonstrate a single DNA molecule optical mapping assay able to resolve a specific Escherichia coli strain from other strains. The assay is based on competitive binding of the fluorescent dye YOYO-1 and the AT-specific antibiotic netropsin. The optical map is visualized by stretching the DNA molecules in nanofluidic channels. We optimize the experimental conditions to obtain reproducible barcodes containing as much information as possible. We implement a multi-ligand transfer matrix method for calculating theoretical barcodes from known DNA sequences. Our method extends previous theoretical approaches for competitive binding of two types of ligands to many types of ligands and introduces a recursive approach that allows long barcodes to be calculated with standard computer floating point formats. The identification of a specific E. coli strain (CCUG 10979) is based on mapping of 50-160 kilobasepair experimental DNA fragments onto the theoretical genome using the developed theory. Our identification protocol introduces two theoretical constructs: a P-value for a best experiment-theory match and an information score threshold. The developed methods provide a novel optical mapping toolbox for identification of bacterial species and strains. The protocol does not require cultivation of bacteria or DNA amplification, which allows for ultra-fast identification of bacterial pathogens.
Supramolecular architecture containing end-capping bis-imidazolium cations (2010)

Multi-component self-assembly involving bis-phosphonium and bis-imidazolium cations, and p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene feature supermolecules based on two geometrically opposed calixarenes end-capping each bis-imidazolium cation, either with coordinated lanthanide cations or with the phosphonium cations residing around the upper rim of the calixarenes. The nature of the calixarene-bis-imidazolium interaction is mapped out using Hirshfeld surface analysis. 1H NMR and ROESY experiments establish the formation of the supermolecules of the bis-imidazolium cation and calixarenes in solution.
Nucleation of Electrodeposited Lithium Metal: Dendritic Growth and the Effect of Co-Deposited Sodium (2013)

Higher energy density batteries are desired, especially for mobile electronic devices. Lithium metal anodes are a possible route to achieving high energy and power density due to their light weight compared to current graphite anodes. However, whisker growth during lithium electrodeposition (i.e. charging) represents a serious safety and efficiency concern for both lithium metal batteries and overcharging of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. The initial morphology of deposited lithium nuclei can have a significant impact on the bulk material deposited. The nucleation of lithium metal from an organic ethylene carbonate: dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC) and an ionic liquid (trimethylbutylammonium bis(triflouromethanesulfonyl)imide) electrolyte has been studied. Whisker extrusion and tip-based dendrite growth was observed ex-situ, and confirmed by in-situ optical microscopy experiments. The nucleation of a non-dendritic sodium co-deposit is also discussed. A model based on nuclei geometry is provided which gives insight into the deposition rate at constant overpotential.
Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts controls deleterious lung inflammation in severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in immunosuppressed mice (2012)

Background: Most clinical trials of sepsis treatment modalities fail at their primary objective of establishing superiority over placebo when added to background standard of care. While there is no definitive explanation for the high failure rate, it might be stated that our attempts to insert a new therapeutic agent into standard of care encounters severe problems with definition of exactly what stage is ongoing, and what are the criteria for progression or resolution from that time point onwards. Clearly there is need for a means of defining steps in the septic process that would apply to individuals, and to better define the course of sepsis in each patient after they are enrolled in a trial. Methods: For core model development, 30 septic patients were studied for time-related progression in relation to biomarkers, employing a Load Model in a neural net algorithm in MatLab. Causative bacterial infections were linked to primary infection sites. In order to minimize overparameterization, the model was allowed to estimate outputs using the best three input parameters. Bacterial load was tracked from origin using clinical and microbiologic data to provide an estimate at the start of sepsis. The bacterial load as well as clinical and laboratory parameters were model inputs with the output parameter being organ failures and/ or mortality. Results: At onset of sepsis, human bacterial load estimates ranged from between 10 8 and 10 11 CFU, which is consistent with inocula in animal models of sepsis. Sepsis proceeds to organ failures and mortality in a series of steps that are initially linked to bacterial load and inflammatory response, followed by coagulopathy, ischemia, oxygen deprivation in organs and tissues, and culminating in organ failures. The later stages of sepsis are all driven by metabolic parameters, and there seems to be little benefit to blocking inflammation at later stages. Substrate and oxygen deficiencies must be addressed first. Conclusion: Neural net progression models based on biomarkers and physiological markers are able to describe the evolution of sepsis to septic shock, organ failures, and provide some evidence that mortality may be a consequence of the stages of sepsis. Overall, these models appear useful to the task of sorting out organ failure endpoints and mechanisms in individual patients with sepsis progression across sepsis to septic shock.
Bmi1 Promotes Hepatic Stem Cell Expansion and Tumorigenicity in Both Ink4a/Arf -Dependent and -Independent Manners in Mice† (2010)

These results indicate that repression of targets of Bmi1 other than the Ink4a/Arf locus plays a crucial role in the oncogenic transformation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Functional analyses of Bmi1 target genes would be of importance to elucidate the molecular machinery underlying hepatic stem cell system and explore therapeutic approaches for the eradication of liver cancer stem cells.
Signal reconstruction from multiple correlations: frequency- and time-domain approaches (1989)

One-dimensional (1-D) ultrashort laser signals cannot be recorded directly, although it is possible to detect their multiple correlations. The reconstruction of 1-D deterministic sampled signals from their multiple correlations is studied. A computationally efficient, fast-Fourier-transform-based, frequency-domain algorithm is described for simultaneously reconstructing the amplitude and the phase of a finite-duration signal. It is shown that, by modeling the Fourier transform of a discrete sequence as a pole-zero rational function, unique (modulo time shifts) signal recovery is possible from any multiple correlation of order greater than 2. The resulting time-domain algorithm uses all the nonredundant 1-D slices of a multiple-correlation sequence and applies to one- or two-sided, finite- or infinite-duration signals. The signal parameters are obtained in closed form by using a set of linear equations. Noise effects are studied theoretically and experimentally through simulated data. Both frequency-and time-domain algorithms are applicable to modeling and interpolation of raster-scanned images.
A Dissymmetry Ratio Optical Technique as Applied to Scattering Pattern Recognition of Differently Shaped Soot Aggregates (1998)

We investigated the shape of soot aggregates as retrieved from light scattering measurements. In particular, the ratios of scattered light intensities at two angles, called the dissymmetry ratios (DRs), will be considered. These are attractive diagnostic tools as they are insensitive to variations in the complex refractive index (m = n + i k) and to the electromagnetic effect of self-interaction that each individual scatterer in the aggregate produces with itself depending on its finite size. The aim of the paper is both to correlate the DRs with the information about the aggregate shape and to establish what is the minimum number of scattering measurements to be performed to characterize the aggregate scattering patterns. The main results can be summarized as follows: (a) an independent evaluation of the primary spherule size is required in order to interpret the scattering data correctly; (b) some of the DRs can share common values for different morphologies when the number of primary spherules per aggregate is sufficiently high; in this respect, we demonstrate the significance of the dissymmetry ratio Rvv(10°/90°) for the identification of the prevailing morphology of aggregates at different levels of agglomeration; (c) the information about light intensities scattered at three angles seems to suffice for the recognition of prevailing aggregate morphology.
Effect of high-fat diet on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and adipose tissue in early stages of diet-induced weight gain (2019)

Subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) play a significant role in obesity-associated systemic low-grade inflammation. High-fat diet (HFD) is known to induce inflammatory changes in both scAT and PBMC. However, the time course of the effect of HFD on these systems is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the time course of the effect of HFD on PBMC and scAT. New Zealand white rabbits were fed HFD for 5 or 10 weeks (i.e. HFD-5 and HFD-10) or regular chow (i.e. control (CNT)-5 and CNT-10). Thereafter, metabolic and inflammatory parameters of PBMC and scAT were quantified. HFD induced hyperfattyacidaemia in HFD-5 and HFD-10 groups, with the development of insulin resistance in HFD-10, while no changes were observed in scAT lipid metabolism and inflammatory status. HFD activated the inflammatory pathways in PBMC of HFD-5 group and induced modified autophagy in that of HFD-10. The rate of fat oxidation in PBMC was directly associated with the expression of inflammatory markers and tended to inversely associate with autophagosome formation markers in PBMC. HFD affected systemic substrate metabolism, and the metabolic, inflammatory and autophagy pathways in PBMC in the absence of metabolic and inflammatory changes in scAT. Dietary approaches or interventions to avert HFD-induced changes in PBMC could be essential to prevent metabolic and inflammatory complications of obesity and promote healthier living.
Quantitative and Comparative Studies of the Vocal Fold Extracellular Matrix I: Elastic Fibers and Hyaluronic Acid (2006)

The elastin content of the human LP is roughly twice that of the dermis, whereas the HA content of the human LP is similar to that of the dermis. Although all species had similar levels of desmosine, histologic evaluation indicates that the porcine elastin distribution is most similar to that of the human LP. Fibrillin-1 staining suggests that stress in the human LP may be particularly high in the superior superficial layer, and tropoelastin staining indicates that the rate of LP elastin turnover may vary spatially.