gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critical Issues for Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells on Flexible Polymer Web (2007)

Elemental in-line evaporation on glass substrates has been a viable process for the large-area manufacture of CuInSe2-based photovoltaics, with module efficiencies as high as 12.7% [1]. However, lightweight, flexible CuInSe2-based modules are attractive in a number of applications, such as space power sources. In addition, flexible substrates have an inherent advantage in manufacturability in that they can be deposited in a roll-to-roll configuration allowing continuous, high yield, and ultimately lower cost production. As a result, high-temperature polymers have been used as substrates in depositing CuInSe2 films [2]. Recently, efficiency of 14.1% has been reported for a Cu(InGa)Se2-based solar cell on a polyimide substrate [3]. Both metal foil and polymer webs have been used as substrates for Cu(InGa)Se2-based photovoltaics in a roll-to-roll configuration with reasonable success [4,5]. Both of these substrates do not allow, readily, the incorporation of Na into the Cu(InGa)Se2 film which is necessary for high efficiency devices [3]. In addition, polymer substrates, can not be used at temperatures that are optimum for Cu(InGa)Se2 deposition. However, unlike metal foils, they are electrically insulating, simplifying monolithically-integrated module fabrication and are not a source of impurities diffusing into the growing film. The Institute of Energy Conversion (IEC) has modified its in-line evaporation system [6] from deposition onto glass substrates to roll-to-roll deposition onto polyimide (PI) film in order to investigate key issues in the deposition of large-area Cu(InGa)Se2 films on flexible polymer substrates. This transition presented unexpected challenges that had to be resolved. In this paper, two major problems, spitting from the Cu source and the cracking of Mo back contact film, will be discussed and the solution to each will be presented.
Determination of Subsurface Hardness Gradients in Plastically Graded Materials via Surface Indentation (2011)

Graded materials with high surface hardness and ductile cores are popularly used in high performance bearing applications to resist surface wear and fatigue damage. The gradient in hardness with depth is commonly determined using micro-indentation on the cross section of the material which contains the gradation in microstructure or composition. In the current study, a novel method is proposed to predict the hardness gradient profile using solely surface indentations at a range of loads. The method does not require the graded material to be sectioned, and has practical utility in the surface treatment industry. Two case hardened steels, M-50 NiL and Pyrowear® 675, and a through-hardened M50 steel, are used as model materials to illustrate the concepts. For a material with a decreasing gradient in hardness, higher indent loads result in a lower measured hardness due to the influence of the softer subsurface layers. A power-law model is presented which relates the measured surface indentation hardness under increasing load to the subsurface gradient in hardness. It is shown that the response of the material is not influenced greatly by the absolute surface hardness value, but instead sensitive to the sharpness of the gradient in subsurface hardness beneath the indented region. The proposed approach is not specific to case hardened steels and can be used to determine the subsurface hardness gradient for any plastically graded material (PGM).
Thermodynamic limitations on the resolution obtainable with metal replicas (1996)

The major factor limiting resolution of metal‐shadowed surfaces for electron and scanning tunnelling microscopy is the granularity of the metal film. This granularity had been believed to result from a recrystallization of the evaporated film, and hence could be limited by use of higher melting point materials for replication, or inhibited by adding carbon or other impurities to the film. However, evaporated and sputtered films of amorphous metal alloys that do not crystallize also show a granularity that decreases with increasing alloy melting point. A simple thermodynamic analysis shows that the granularity results from a dewetting of the typically low surface energy sample by the high surface energy metal film, similar to the beading up of drops of spilled mercury. The metal granularity and the resulting resolution of the metal‐coated surface is proportional to the mobility of the metal on the surface after evaporation, which is related to the difference in temperature between the melting point of the metal and the sample surface temperature.
Table S2. Sixty-three types of HPV used for Agilent baits from Targeted, Deep Sequencing Reveals Full Methylation Profiles of Multiple HPV Types and Potential Biomarkers for Cervical Cancer Progression (2023)

&lt;p&gt;List of base pair coverage and sequence references used by Agilent for designing custom HPV baits.&lt;/p&gt;
In Vivo Generation of Neural Tumors from Neoplastic Pluripotent Stem Cells Models Early Human Pediatric Brain Tumor Formation (2011)

Recent studies have identified gene signatures in malignant tumors that are associated with human embryonic stem cells, suggesting a molecular relationship between aggressive cancers and pluripotency. Here, we characterize neural precursors (NPs) derived from transformed human embryonic stem cells (N-t-hESCs) that exhibit neoplastic features of human brain tumors. NPs derived from t-hESCs have enhanced cell proliferation and an inability to mature toward the astrocytic lineage, compared with progeny derived from normal human embryonic stem cells (N-hESCs) independent of adherent or neurosphere outgrowth. Intracranial transplantation of NPs derived from N-t-hESCs and N-hESCs into NOD SCID mice revealed development of neuroectoderm tumors exclusively from the N-t-hESCs NPs and not from normal N-hESCs. These tumors infiltrated the ventricles and the cerebellum of recipient mice and displayed morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features associated with classic medulloblastoma including retention of a pluripotent signature. Importantly, N-t-hESCs did not exhibit cytogenetic changes associated with medulloblastoma, suggesting that aberrant cellular and molecular properties precede the acquisition of karyotypic changes thus underscoring the value of this model system of human medulloblastoma. Our study demonstrates that NPs from a starting population of neoplastic human pluripotent parent cells possess brain tumor-initiating cell capacity, thereby providing a model system to investigate initiation and progression of primitive human neural cancers that are difficult to assess using somatic sources.
Supplementary Table 1 from Novel Potent and Selective Inhibitors of p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Reveal the Heterogeneity of RSK Function in MAPK-Driven Cancers (2023)

&lt;p&gt;XLSX file - 27K, Competition binding of LJH685, LJI308, BI-D1870-AE, and FMK-PA at 10 microM concentration to either 96 or 492 kinases.&lt;/p&gt;
A high-voltage MOSFET in polycrystalline silicon (1980)

A high-voltage enhancement-type MOSFET, fabricated in undoped thin polycrystalline silicon films deposited on oxidized single-crystal silicon substrate is described. The behavior is fully explained by investigation of low-and high-voltage performances of the device. Ease of fabrication and high-voltage breakdown characteristics are emphasized. From the device characteristics, calculations have been done to determine hole mobility in polycrystalline silicon.
Gate length scaling and high drive currents enabled for high performance SOI technology using high-&#x03BA;/metal gate (2008)

CMOS devices with high-k/metal gate stacks have been fabricated using a gate-first process flow and conventional stressors at gate lengths of 25 nm, highlighting the scalability of this approach for high performance SOI CMOS technology. AC drive currents of 1630muA/mum and 1190muA/mum have been demonstrated in 45 nm ground-rules at 1V and 200nA/mum off current for nFETs and pFETs, at a Tinv of 14 and 15 respectively. The drive currents were achieved using a simplified high-k/metal gate integration scheme with embedded SiGe and dual stress liners (DSL) and without utilizing additional stress enhancers. Devices have been fabricated with Tinv's down to 12 and 10.5 demonstrating the scalability of this approach for 32 nm and beyond.
4‐3: Invited Paper: High Mobility Oxide Thin‐film Transistors for AMOLED Displays (2022)

The present report provides a brief overview on the recent development of high mobility oxide TFTs, and the technical challenges that need to be addressed for display applications. High peiformance devices offer a broader range of opportunities in the scaling of driving circuitry or reduction of power consumption in comparison with In‐Ga‐Zn‐0 (IGZO) TFTs. However, technical hurdles are still present, an important issue being the trade‐off relationship between device performance and reliability.
SU‐FF‐J‐30: Automatic Determination of Required Adjustment in Patient Setup for Radiation Therapy (2006)

Purpose: To automatically determine the required adjustment for radiotherapy patient setup from two electronic portal images and rapidly calculated digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR's) from the CT dataset acquired during CT‐simulation. Method and Materials: An amorphous silicon EPID (OPTIVUE, Siemens) was used to obtain setup portal images on patients receiving radiotherapy treatment at various anatomical sites. Two orthogonal portal images or a pair of portals with minimum of 12 degree parallax were acquired. A CT dataset obtained during CT‐simulation was used in an algorithm that calculated DRR's in approximately 80 ms. An iterative procedure compared the generated DRR with the acquired portal image using as the initial position the treatment plan isocenter and gantry angles. The minimum deviation between the generated DRR's and the acquired portal images was obtained using various similarity measures. The output from the registration algorithm gave the required patient setup adjustment with 6 degrees of freedom (3 couch translation shifts, and 3 rotational shifts) Results: The alignment of the acquired portals images with the generated DRR's were evaluated by a radiation oncologist for 37 patients (74 portal images). The agreement between generated DRR's and acquired portal images were within 2 mm in 73 of the 74 images analyzed. The largest deviation was approximately 5mm. The calculated translational shift from planned isocenter was between 1 mm and 7 mm. Rotational shifts were usually less than 2 degrees. Conclusion: A robust and intensity‐based software was evaluated for automatic patient positioning based on DRRs and portal images. The software shows agreement to within 2 mm as compared to evaluations performed by a human observer for various anatomical sites. The software also provides rotational shifts which are difficult to be determined by a human observer in cases where the magnitude is small.
Wuschel2 enables highly efficient CRISPR/Cas-targeted genome editing during rapid de novo shoot regeneration in sorghum (2021)

Summary For many important crops, including sorghum, the use of CRISPR/Cas technology is limited not only by the delivery of the gene-modification components into a plant cell, but more critically, by the ability to regenerate a fertile plant from the engineered cell through conventional tissue culture methods. Here, we report that Wuschel2 (Wus2) -enabled sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) transformation increases not only the efficiency of transgenic plant recovery, but also increases the observed efficiency of CRISPR/Cas-targeted genome editing within the population of T0 plants. Using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation, we have demonstrated Wus2 -induced direct somatic embryo formation and regeneration, bypassing genotype-dependent callus formation and significantly shortening the tissue culture cycle time. This method also increased regeneration capacity, resulting in higher transformation efficiency across different sorghum genotypes. Subsequently, advanced excision systems and “altruistic” transformation technology have been developed to generate high-quality morphogenic gene-free and/or selectable marker-free sorghum events. Finally, we demonstrated up to an additional 6.8-fold increase in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene dropout frequency using Wus2 -enabled, Agrobacterium- mediated transformation (compared to the control treatment with no Wus2) , across various targeted loci in different sorghum genotypes. Wus2 -enabled genome editing may be applicable to other crops and increasingly popular in planta transformation strategies.
Strong Coupling in All-Dielectric Intersubband Polaritonic Metasurfaces (2020)

Mie-resonant dielectric metasurfaces are excellent candidates for both fundamental studies related to light-matter interactions and for numerous applications ranging from holography to sensing to nonlinear optics. To date, however, most applications using Mie metasurfaces utilize only weak light-matter interaction. Here, we go beyond the weak coupling regime and demonstrate for the first time strong polaritonic coupling between Mie photonic modes and intersubband (ISB) transitions in semiconductor heterostructures. Furthermore, along with demonstrating ISB polaritons with Rabi splitting as large as 10%, we also demonstrate the ability to tailor the strength of strong coupling by engineering either the semiconductor heterostructure or the photonic mode of the resonators. Unlike previous plasmonic-based works, our new all-dielectric metasurface approach to generate ISB polaritons is free from ohmic losses and has high optical damage thresholds, thereby making it ideal for creating novel and compact mid-infrared light sources based on nonlinear optics.
Accelerating nonuniform fast Fourier transform via reduction in memory access latency (2008)

We address the discrepancy that existed between the low arithmetic complexity of nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform (NUFFT) algorithms and high latency in practical use of NUFFTs with large data sets, especially, in multi-dimensional domains. The execution time of a NUFFT can be longer by a factor of two orders of magnitude than what is expected by the arithmetic complexity. We examine the architectural factors in the latency, primarily on the non-even latency distribution in memory references across different levels in the memory hierarchy. We then introduce an effective approach to reducing the latency substantially by exploiting the geometric features in the sample translation stage and making memory references local. The restructured NUFFT algorithms render efficient computation in sequential as well as in parallel. Experimental results and improvements for radially encoded magnetic resonance image reconstruction are presented.
Antioxidantes y cáncer de próstata (2005)

La prostata es la glandula que produce semen (el fluido que lleva esperma) y es esencial para la reproduccion. El cancer que se inicia en la prostata se conoce como cancer de prostata primario (o cancer prostatico) y puede extenderse a distintos organos. Se considera como la segunda causa de muerte de hombres en el mundo. La etiologia del cancer de prostata es aun bastante desconocida, pero se tiende mucho a creer que se relaciona con la accion estimulante de la testosterona. La mayoria de los casos de cancer tienen un periodo de latencia de 10 a 20 anos, lo que permite un amplio margen para tomar medidas preventivas. Los tocoferoles y tocotrienoles son compuestos muy conocidos por sus propiedades antioxidantes como inhibidores de los radicales libres y tienen el potencial necesario para disminuir el dano al ADN, inhibir la transformacion maligna e inducir la apoptosis. La mayor abundancia de tocoferoles se presenta en los aceites extraidos de la soya, y de las semillas de algodon y girasol, mientras que los tocotrienoles se encuentran principalmente en el aceite de palma y en fracciones de aceite de cereales tales como trigo, cebada y arroz. La posible prevencion de este tipo de cancer a traves de factores relacionados con la dieta resulta en realidad muy digna de atencion.
Distributed Kalman Filtering with quantized sensing state (2015)

This paper studies a Quantized Gossip-based Interactive Kalman Filtering (QGIKF) algorithm implemented in a wireless sensor network, where the sensors exchange their quantized states with neighbors via inter-sensor communications. We show that with the information loss due to quantization, the network can still achieve weak consensus, i.e., the estimation error variance sequence at a randomly selected sensor can converge weakly (in distribution) to a unique invariant measure. To prove the weak convergence, we first interpret the error variance sequence evolution as the interacting particle, then formulate the sequence as a Random Dynamical System (RDS), and finally prove that it is stochastically bounded.
The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation (2006)

3GPP is in the process of defining the long-term evolution (LTE) for 3G radio access, sometimes referred to as super-3G, in order to maintain the future competitiveness of 3G technology. The main targets for this evolution concern increased data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, improved coverage, and reduced latency. Taken together these result in significantly improved service provisioning and reduced operator costs in a variety of traffic scenarios. This paper gives an overview of the basic radio interface principles for the 3G long-term evolution concept, including OFDM and advanced antenna solution, and presents performance results indicating to what extent the requirements/targets can be met. It is seen that the targets on three-fold user throughput and spectrum efficiency compared to basic WCDMA can be fulfilled with the current working assumptions. More advanced WCDMA systems, employing e.g. advanced antenna solutions may however achieve similar performance gains. Enhancements for reduced latency and IP optimized architectures and protocols are further applicable to both LTE and WCDMA
n-Doping of Quantum Dots by Lithium Ion Intercalation (2020)

The optical properties of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are controllable through introduction of excess electrons or holes into their delocalized bands. Crucial to robust and energy-efficient electronic doping of QDs is suitable charge compensation. Compensation by surface modification and substitutional impurities are however not sufficiently controllable to enable effective doping of QDs. This article describes electrochemical n-type doping of CdSe QDs where injected electrons are compensated by interstitial Li+ to form LixCdSe, x ≤ 0.3. n-type degenerate doping reversibly decreases absorption into the lowest-energy excitonic state of the QD, activates intraband optical transitions, and shifts the photoluminescence of the QD to higher energy. This work establishes electrochemical interstitial doping as a reversible and highly controllable method for tuning the optical properties of colloidal QDs.
Crystal Structure of NAD(P)H:Flavin Oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli, (1999)

Flavin reductases use flavins as substrates and are distinct from flavoenzymes which have tightly bound flavins. The reduced flavin can serve to reduce ferric complexes and iron proteins. In Escherichia coli, reactivation of ribonucleotide reductase is achieved by reduced flavins produced by flavin reductase. The crystal structure of E. coli flavin reductase reveals that the enzyme structure is similar to the structures of the ferredoxin reductase family of flavoproteins despite very low sequence similarities. The main difference between flavin reductase and structurally related flavoproteins is that there is no binding site for the AMP moiety of FAD. The direction of the helix in the flavin binding domain, corresponding to the phosphate binding helix in the flavoproteins, is also slightly different and less suitable for phosphate binding. Interactions for flavin substrates are instead provided by a hydrophobic isoalloxazine binding site that also contains a serine and a threonine, which form hydrogen bonds to the isoalloxazine of bound riboflavin in a substrate complex.
Trends in diabetes-related complications in Singapore, 2013–2020: A registry-based study (2022)

We found that DM and its complications represent an important challenge for healthcare in Singapore. Improvements in the trends of DM macrovascular complications were observed. However, trends in DM microvascular complications remain a cause for concern.
<title>Composite materials for precision space reflector panels</title> (1992)

One of the critical technology needs of large precision reflectors for future astrophysical and optical communications satellites lies in the area of structural materials. Results from a materials research and development program at NASA Langley Research Center to provide materials for these reflector applications are discussed. Advanced materials that meet the reflector panel requirements are identified and thermal, mechanical and durability properties of candidate materials after exposure to simulated space environments are compared. Results from analytical studies to define material properties that control laminate properties and reflector deformation are discussed. A parabolic, graphite-phenolic honeycomb composite panel having a surface accuracy of 70.8 microinches RMS and an areal weight of 1.17 lbm/ft<SUP>2</SUP> was fabricated with T50/ERL1962 facesheets, a PAEI thermoplastic surface film, and Al and SiO<SUB>x</SUB> coatings.
Dual-Analyte Fiber-Optic Sensor for the Simultaneous and Continuous Measurement of Glucose and Oxygen (1995)

A fiber-optic sensor for the continuous and simultaneous determination of glucose and oxygen is described. The sensor is comprised of dual-analyte sensing sites in defined positions on the distal end of an imaging fiber (350 microns o.d.). Each sensing site is an individual polymer cone covalently attached to the activated fiber surface using localized photopolymerization. The oxygen sensor consists of a double-layer polymer cone. The inner polymer cone is a hydrophobic gas-permeable copolymer containing an oxygen-sensitive ruthenium dye, and the outer layer is a poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) polymer. The glucose sensor is an oxygen sensor with a poly-HEMA outer layer containing immobilized glucose oxidase. The fluorescence images of both sensing sites are captured with a CCD camera, and the measured fluorescence intensities are related to analyte concentrations. Oxygen quenching data for both sensing sites fit a two-site Stern-Volmer quenching model. The sensor has been used to simultaneously monitor independent changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations. Glucose calibration curves were obtained under varying oxygen tensions, and the detection limit is 0.6 mM glucose. The effect of fluctuations in oxygen partial pressure on the glucose response can be used to calibrate the sensor. The sensor response time varies from 9 to 28 s, depending on the different thicknesses of the enzyme layer. The sensor maintains the same sensitivity for 2 days. Multiple glucose sensing sites with different enzymatic activities can be immobilized on the distal end of the fiber, affording control of the linear range.