gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Batching Techniques for Accumulators with Applications to IOPs and Stateless Blockchains. (2018)

We present batching techniques for cryptographic accumulators and vector commitments in groups of unknown order. Our techniques are tailored for distributed settings where no trusted accumulator manager exists and updates to the accumulator are processed in batches. We develop techniques for non-interactively aggregating membership proofs that can be verified with a constant number of group operations. We also provide a constant sized batch non-membership proof for a large number of elements. These proofs can be used to build the first positional vector commitment (VC) with constant sized openings and constant sized public parameters. As a core building block for our batching techniques we develop several succinct proof systems in groups of unknown order. These extend a recent construction of a succinct proof of correct exponentiation, and include a succinct proof of knowledge of an integer discrete logarithm between two group elements. We circumvent an impossibility result for Sigma-protocols in these groups by using a short trapdoor-free CRS. We use these new accumulator and vector commitment constructions to design a stateless blockchain, where nodes only need a constant amount of storage in order to participate in consensus. Further, we show how to use these techniques to reduce the size of IOP instantiations, such as STARKs. The full version of the paper is available online [BBF18b].
An alternative B cell development program (2008)

Two major types of B cells, the antibody-producing cells of the immune system, are classically distinguished in the spleen: marginal zone (MZ) and follicular (FO). In addition, FO B cells are subdivided into FO I and FO II cells, based on the amount of surface IgM. MZ B cells, which surround the splenic follicles, rapidly produce IgM in response to blood-borne pathogens without T cell help, while T cell-dependent production of high affinity, isotype-switched antibodies is ascribed to FO I cells. The significance of FO II cells and the mechanism underlying B cell fate choices are unclear. We showed that FO II cells express more Sca1 than FO I cells and originate from a distinct B cell development program, marked by high expression of Sca1. MZ B cells can derive from the “canonical” Sca1lo pathways, as well as from the Sca1hi program, although the Sca1hi program shows a stronger MZ bias than the Sca1lo program, and extensive phenotypic plasticity exists between MZ and FO II, but not between MZ and FO I cells. The Sca1hi program is induced by hematopoietic stress and generates B cells with an Igλ-enriched repertoire. In aged mice, the canonical B cell development pathway is impaired, while the Sca1hi program is increased. Furthermore, we showed that a population of unknown function, defined as Lin-c-kit+Sca1+ (LSK-), contains early lymphoid precursors, with primarily B cell potential in vivo. Our data suggest that LSK- cells may represent a distinct precursor for the Sca1hi program in the bone marrow.
Modification of Electrical Transport Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Realized by Negative-Ion Irradiation with Electron-Free Pure Alkali–Halogen Plasma (2008)

Negative ions are selectively irradiated to pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with novel alkali–halogen plasma technology. Since the plasma produced consists of only positive (alkali) and negative (halide) ions, effective negative-ion irradiation can be realized without undergoing undesirable effects of electron existence. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the inner space of SWNTs is partially filled with irradiated negative ions. Furthermore, the electrical transport measurements provide direct evidence that the p-type semiconductor behavior of SWNTs can be markedly enhanced by negative-ion irradiation.
The Hydrophobic Domain of the Mycobacterial Erp Protein Is Not Essential for the Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2004)

Erp (exported repetitive protein) is a member of a mycobacterium-specific family of extracellular proteins. A hydrophobic region that is localized at the C-terminal domain and that represents a quarter of the protein is highly conserved across species. Here we show that this hydrophobic region is not essential for restoring the virulence and tissue damage of an erp::aph mutant strain of M. tuberculosis as assessed by bacterial counts and lung histology analysis in a mouse model of tuberculosis.
The Skin (2021)

The skin is the largest organ of the body consisting of three main layers including the epidermis, dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin composed of mainly keratinocyte cells which forms 80% of the epidermis and other cells including melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells. The subcutaneous layer of the skin lies beneath the dermis and is composed of fat and connective tissue. Vitamin C is a key component for skin-brightening, as it inhibits melanin production and brown spots by evening out skin tone. Retinol is considered to be the gold-standard ingredient in skincare because it alters the behaviour of aged cells, so they act in a more youthful manner. Retinol is considered to be the gold-standard ingredient in skincare because it alters the behaviour of aged cells, so they act in a more youthful manner.
Transmission Line Security Monitor (2011)

The Transmission Line Security Monitor is a multi-sensor monitor that mounts directly on high-voltage transmission lines to detect, characterize and communicate terrorist activity, human tampering and threatening conditions around support towers. For more information about INL';s critical infrastructure protection research, visit http://www.facebook.com/idahonationallaboratory.
Poly(vinylpyridinium dichromate): an inexpensive recyclable polymeric reagent (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly(vinylpyridinium dichromate): an inexpensive recyclable polymeric reagentJean M. J. Frechet, Pauline Darling, and M. Jean FarrallCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 8, 1728–1730Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00321a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00321a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views238Altmetric-Citations104LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Insulation Diagnosis of GIS Based on Amplitude Ratio of First Incoming PD-induced Electromagnetic Wave Measured by UHF Method (2002)

This paper describes insulation diagnosis of SF6 gas insulated switchgears (GIS) by detecting partial discharge (PD)-induced electromagnetic (EM) waves using UHF method. Sensitively detecting PD signals is effective to prevent breakdown in GIS because PD is a pre-breakdown phenomenon. Breakdown in SF6 gas under nonuniform field takes place when PD type proceeds from streamer to leader discharge. Therefore, breakdown prediction becomes possible by discriminating PD type, that is, by detecting generation of leader discharge. An amplitude of PD-induced EM wave depends on the time derivative of PD current. Experimental results revealed that the time derivative in rising part of PD current for streamer discharge is almost same as that for leader one while that in the falling part is quite different. Thus, one can recognize the generation of leader discharge by noting the ratio of the EM wave magnitude of the positive peak value to the negative one of the first incoming EM wave. In this study, an attempt was made to discriminate leader and streamer-type discharges on the basis of the amplitude ratio of first incoming EM wave measured with UHF sensors. Furthermore, we investigated effects of trigger level of a digital oscilloscope in the measurement of the EM wave and UHF sensor position on detection sensitivity and discrimination probability of PD type while changing the SF6 gas pressure and the applied ac voltage. As a result, it was found that leader discharge can be discriminated from streamer one with a probability as high as 70% using a criterion of amplitude ratio of first incoming EM wave VP+/VP-=0.7. When VP-=0.8 is used as criterion, the discrimination probability increases as high as 80%.
Bioluminescent Probes of Sulfatase Activity (2010)

Lighting up sulfatases: A panel of bioluminescent sulfatase reporters have been developed that can be used to investigate sulfatase activity in both human and prokaryotic cell samples. Structural modulation allowed selective probe activation by particular enzymes. This strategy has potential application in common clinical imaging modalities, such as MRI and PET. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
DIGITAL TWIN FOR TANK TRACK ELASTOMERS: PREDICTING SELF-HEATING AND DURABILITY (2017)

&lt;title&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/title&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this work, Abrams tank track system T-158LL backer pad elastomer self-heating and fatigue behavior was characterized experimentally, and the backer pad design was digitally twinned to show how complex in-service conditions can be evaluated virtually.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The material characterization included measurement of the thermal properties and dissipative characteristics of the rubber compound, as well as its fatigue crack growth rate curve and crack precursor size. The analysis included 1) a structural finite element analysis of the backer pad in operation to obtain the load history, 2) a thermal finite element analysis to obtain steady-state operating temperature distribution within the backer pad, and 3) a thermo-mechanical fatigue analysis using the Endurica CL fatigue solver to estimate the expected service life and failure mode of the backer pad.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As validation, experiments were conducted on the backer pad to measure operating temperature, fatigue life, and failure mode over a matrix of loads and frequencies typical of service. Operating temperatures in a range from 125 °F to 350 °F were observed. Several failure modes occurred in backer pad tests, depending on the load and frequency. In cases where thermal runaway occurred, a thermal degradation mechanism was observed internally in the pad. Under less severe conditions, fatigue crack growth initiating near the “binocular” tubes was observed. Fatigue life was found in almost all cases to fall between 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; and 10&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt; cycles. Thermal runaway predictions for the T-158LL backer pad were also validated against tests in cases where debonding of the rubber from the metal core occurred.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The digital twin of the backer pad yielded failure modes quite similar to those observed in experiments, and gave realistic estimates of operating temperature and fatigue life. The fatigue analysis methods developed under this project have since been applied commercially, and have proven effective in a wide range of elastomer applications. Future applications of the tools will include durability improvement initiatives, light-weighting efforts, and remaining life tracking for reliability programs.&lt;/p&gt;
Discovery of Antischistosomal Drug Leads Based on Tetraazamacrocyclic Derivatives and Their Metal Complexes (2016)

Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis, and since its large-scale use might be associated with the onset of resistance, new antischistosomal drugs should be developed. A series of 26 synthetic tetraazamacrocyclic derivatives and their metal complexes were synthesized, characterized, and screened for antischistosomal activity by application of a phased screening program. The compounds were first screened against newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) of harvested Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, then against adult worms, and finally, in vivo using the mouse model of S. mansoni infection. At a concentration of 33 μM, incubation with a total of 12 compounds resulted in the mortality of NTS at the 62% to 100% level. Five of these showing 100% inhibition of viability of NTS at 10 μM were selected for further screening for determination of the 50 inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) against both NTS and adult worms. Against NTS, all 5 compounds showed IC50s comparable to the IC50 of the standard drug, PZQ (0.87 to 9.65 μM for the 5 compounds versus 2.20 μM for PZQ). Three of these, which are the bisquinoline derivative of cyclen and its Fe(2+) and Mn(2+) complexes, showed micromolar IC50s (1.62 μM, 1.34 μM, and 4.12 μM, respectively, versus 0.10 μM for PZQ) against adult worms. In vivo, the worm burden reductions were 12.3%, 88.4%, and 74.5%, respectively, at a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight. The Fe(2+) complex exhibited activity in vivo comparable to that of PZQ, pointing to the discovery of a novel drug lead for schistosomiasis.
Design of Lanthanide Fingers: Compact Lanthanide‐Binding Metalloproteins (2010)

Lanthanides have interesting chemical properties; these include luminescent, magnetic, and catalytic functions. Toward the development of proteins incorporating novel functions, we have designed a new lanthanide-binding motif, lanthanide fingers. These were designed based on the Zif268 zinc finger, which exhibits a beta beta alpha structural motif. Lanthanide fingers utilize an Asp(2)Glu(2) metal-coordination environment to bind lanthanides through a tetracarboxylate peptide ligand. The iterative design of a general lanthanide-binding peptide incorporated the following key elements: 1) residues with high alpha-helix and beta-sheet propensities in the respective secondary structures; 2) an optimized big box alpha-helix N-cap; 3) a Schellman alpha-helix C-cap motif; and 4) an optional D-Pro-Ser type II' beta-turn in the beta-hairpin. The peptides were characterized for lanthanide binding by circular dichroism (CD), NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy. In all instances, stabilization of the peptide secondary structures resulted in an increase in metal affinity. The optimized protein design was a 25-residue peptide that was a general lanthanide-binding motif; this binds all lanthanides examined in a competitive aqueous environment, with a dissociation constant of 9.3 microM for binding Er(3+). CD spectra of the peptide-lanthanide complexes are similar to those of zinc fingers and other beta beta alpha proteins. Metal binding involves residues from the N-terminal beta-hairpin and the C terminal alpha-helical segments of the peptide. NMR data indicated that metal binding induced a global change in the peptide structure. The D-Pro-Ser type II' beta-turn motif could be replaced by Thr-Ile to generate genetically encodable lanthanide fingers. Replacement of the central Phe with Trp generated genetically encodable lanthanide fingers that exhibited terbium luminescence greater than that of an EF-hand peptide.
Regulation of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Conifer Defense (1992)

Oleoresin is a complex mixture of terpenoids that serves an important role in the defense of conifers against herbivores and pathogens. The regulation of oleoresin monoterpene biosynthesis in a range of conifer species was examined. The levels of constitutive monoterpene cyclase activity were correlated with the monoterpene content of the oleoresin and with the anatomy of the resin-secreting structures. Stem wounding to simulate bark beetle attack resulted in significant increase in cyclase activity in some conifer species, such as Abies grandis, but only minor changes in constitutive levels in others, such as Pinus species, thus indicating different mechanisms of regulation of oleoresin biosynthesis. The increase in cyclase activity following wounding of A. grandis represented the enhancement of constitutive cyclase activities and the appearance of additional distinct enzymes that were absent in unwounded tissue.
Forward RNAi screens in primary human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (2009)

The mechanisms regulating key fate decisions such as self-renewal and differentiation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) remain poorly understood. We report here a screening strategy developed to assess modulators of human hematopoiesis using a lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA) library transduced into cord blood-derived stem/progenitor cells. To screen for modifiers of self-renewal/differentiation, we used the limited persistence of HSPCs under ex vivo culture conditions as a baseline for functional selection of shRNAs conferring enhanced maintenance or expansion of the stem/progenitor potential. This approach enables complex, pooled screens in large numbers of cells. Functional selection identified novel specific gene targets (exostoses 1) or shRNA constructs capable of altering human hematopoietic progenitor differentiation or stem cell expansion, respectively, thereby demonstrating the potential of this forward screening approach in primary human stem cell populations.
In vivo mechanism by which leflunomide controls lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disease in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr mice (1997)

Two activities have been identified for the immunosuppressive metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726: inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO-DHase), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides (PyN); and inhibition of protein tyrosine kinases. The in vitro potency of A77 1726 as a DHO-DHase inhibitor is reported to be 10- to 500-fold greater than as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. These observations suggested that the immunosuppressive efficacy of leflunomide in vivo is related to inhibition of DHO-DHase. However, observations that patients with disorders in the PyN synthetic pathway are not overtly immunodeficient militate against this hypothesis. We investigated the effects of leflunomide in vivo and report that amelioration of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (lpr/lpr) mice by leflunomide is not accompanied by reduced PyN concentrations in lymph node cells. Our hypothesis that lymphocytes could salvage serum uridine to counter the effects of reduced PyN synthesis in vivo was supported by in vitro studies. Finally, we observed that amelioration of disease correlated with a reduction of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in lymph node cells of lpr/lpr mice. These observations suggest that the primary mechanism by which leflunomide prevents autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases in lpr/lpr mice is not depletion of PyN, but correlates with reduced tyrosine phosphorylation concentrations in lymph node cells.
Isolation and Structures of Axistatins 1–3 from the Republic of Palau Marine Sponge Agelas axifera Hentschel (2013)

An investigation begun in 1979 directed at the Republic of Palau marine sponge Agelas axifera Hentschel for cancer cell growth inhibitory constituents subsequently led to the isolation of three new pyrimidine diterpenes designated axistatins 1 (1), 2 (2), and 3 (3), together with the previously reported formamides 4, 5, and agelasine F (6). The structures were elucidated by analysis of 2D-NMR spectra and by HRMS. All of the isolated compounds were found to be moderate inhibitors of cancer cell growth. Axistatins 1-3 (1-3), formamide 4, and agelasine F (6) also exhibited antimicrobial activity.
Application of wavelet-type functions in image processing (1991)

Orthonormal bases of wavelets are a powerful tool in image representation and processing. A tree algorithm makes the process simple and computationally efficient. A comparative study of compactly supported wavelets shows that, when applied to the analysis of digital images, the simplest choice of Haar's wavelet is also the optimal choice.
4D‐Printing of Photoswitchable Actuators (2020)

Abstract Shape‐switching behavior, where a transient stimulus induces an indefinitely stable deformation that can be recovered on exposure to another transient stimulus, is critical to building smart structures from responsive polymers as continue power is not needed to maintain deformations. Herein, we 4D‐print shape‐switching liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) functionalized with supramolecular crosslinks, dynamic covalent crosslinks, and azobenzene. The salient property of shape‐switching LCEs is that light induces long‐lived, deformation that can be recovered on‐demand by heating. UV‐light isomerizes azobenzene from trans to cis , and temporarily breaks the supramolecular crosslinks, resulting in a programmed deformation. After UV, the shape‐switching LCEs fix more than 90 % of the deformation over 3 days by the reformed supramolecular crosslinks. Using the shape‐switching properties, we print Braille‐like actuators that can be photoswitched to display different letters. This new class of photoswitchable actuators may impact applications such as deployable devices where continuous application of power is impractical.
Guidance for an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle (1988)

The use of atmospheric drag for slowing satellite in high energy, high apogee orbits to a lower energy, lower apogee orbit about the Earth is investigated. The high energy orbit is assumed to intercept the Earth's atmosphere. Guidance for the atmospheric phase of the trajectory may be done using the aerodynamic forces generated by the passage through the atmosphere. This research was concerned with the investigation of several methods of guidance during the atmospheric phase to cause a significant reduction in the final velocity as the vehicle leaves the atmosphere. In addition, the velocity direction was controlled to exit to a desired target orbit. Lastly excess aerodynamic lift was used to effect a plane change between the entry orbit plane and the exit orbit plane to achieve a desired orbit plane. The guidance methods were applied to a 3 degree-of-freedom simulation which included an oblate Earth gravity model and a rotating atmosphere. Simulation results were compared on the basis of speed of computation of the guidance parameters and amount of added velocity necessary to achieve the desired orbit.
Low-Activity Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Thyroid Carcinomas Exhibiting Nodal Metastases and Extrathyroidal Extension May Lead to Early Disease Recurrence (2018)

Recurrent disease in differentiated thyroid carcinoma is more common in patients treated with low-activity radioactive iodine in patients with lymph node metastases and extrathyroidal extension. These recurrences typically occur within four years of initial treatment. Patients lacking both of these risk factors treated with low radioactive iodine activity (<1850 MBq) have excellent outcomes, even after 10 years.
Movie S4 from Induction of Telomere Dysfunction Prolongs Disease Control of Therapy-Resistant Melanoma (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Time-lapse imaging of A375(Fucci2)-BR cells treated with 6-thio-dG.&lt;/p&gt;