gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced Steel Microstructure Classification by Deep Learning Methods (2018)

The inner structure of a material is called microstructure. It stores the genesis of a material and determines all its physical and chemical properties. While microstructural characterization is widely spread and well known, the microstructural classification is mostly done manually by human experts, which opens doors for huge uncertainties. Since the microstructure could be a combination of different phases with complex substructures its automatic classification is very challenging and just a little work in this field has been carried out. Prior related works apply mostly designed and engineered features by experts and classify microstructure separately from feature extraction step. Recently Deep Learning methods have shown surprisingly good performance in vision applications by learning the features from data together with the classification step. In this work, we propose a deep learning method for microstructure classification in the examples of certain microstructural constituents of low carbon steel. This novel method employs pixel-wise segmentation via Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNN) accompanied by max-voting scheme. Our system achieves 93.94% classification accuracy, drastically outperforming the state-of-the-art method of 48.89% accuracy, indicating the effectiveness of pixel-wise approaches. Beyond the success presented in this paper, this line of research offers a more robust and first of all objective way for the difficult task of steel quality appreciation.
Characterizing Software Engineering Work with Personas Based on Knowledge Worker Actions (2017)

Mistaking versatility for universal skills, some companies tend to categorize all software engineers the same not knowing a difference exists. For example, a company may select one of many software engineers to complete a task, later finding that the engineer's skills and style do not match those needed to successfully complete that task. This can result in delayed task completion and demonstrates that a one-size fits all concept should not apply to how software engineers work. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of different software engineers and their working styles we interviewed 21 participants and surveyed 868 software engineers at a large software company and asked them about their work in terms of knowledge worker actions. We identify how tasks, collaboration styles, and perspectives of autonomy can significantly effect different approaches to software engineering work. To characterize differences, we describe empirically informed personas on how they work. Our defined software engineering personas include those with focused debugging abilities, engineers with an active interest in learning, experienced advisors who serve as experts in their role, and more. Our study and results serve as a resource for building products, services, and tools around these software engineering personas.
Regioselective synthesis of renewable bisphenols from 2,3-pentanedione and their application as plasticizers (2014)

2,3-Pentanedione (2,3-PD), a bio-based chemical derived from lactic acid, has the potential to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of novel bisphenols.
Pectin Gel Vehicles for Controlled Fragrance Delivery (2005)

Using citronellal as a model compound, pectin gels formulations were evaluated for the controlled fragrance release by kinetic and static methods. The pectins with higher degrees of esterification induced a stronger molecular association with the nonpolar fragrance. This resulted in a prolonged duration of fragrance release and the limitation of fragrance adsorption to the receptor skin layers. The increase in pectin concentrations suppressed the fragrance release by a diffusion mechanism. Blocking the carboxyl groups of pectin with calcium ions reduces the hydrophilicity of pectin and provides physical barriers for citronellal diffusion. The pectin/calcium microparticles are promising materials for controlled fragrance release.
30.58 Tb/s Transmission over 7,230 km using PDM Half 4D-16QAM Coded Modulation with 6.1 b/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency (2013)

We transmit 30.58 Tb/s data (294×104 Gb/s) over 7,230 km in 40 nm bandwidth with 6.1 b/s/Hz spectral efficiency. We use PDM half-4D-16QAM coded modulation to achieve the highest reported capacity-distance product of 221 Pb/s•km.
United States Patent: Ellipsometer (1994)

To sense characteristics of a sample, an ellipsometer includes a pivotal diffraction grating positioned to receive white light from the analyzer without further focusing of the light after the light leaves the sample. The diffraction grating is focused on the sensor at a predetermined angle with a precision of at least plus or minus one-half degree using an alignment-sensing means positioned between the analyzer and diffraction grating. The sensor includes an aperture through which the incident beam of light is transmitted, light-sensitive areas on opposite sides of said sensor and a comparator for comparing the signal from said light-sensitive areas. Equality of the light from the light-sensitive areas indicates that the incident beam of light is perpendicular to the diffraction grating. A second diffraction grating and a second sensing means may receive the specularly reflected white light from a first diffraction grating and reflect it to another diffraction grating to investigate another spectrum of light. A spectroscopic ellipsometer uses a stacked photodiode in which the first photodiode and second photodiode have overlapping spectral ranges.
Efficient Two-Photon Absorbing Acceptor-π-Acceptor Polymethine Dyes (2010)

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a series of acceptor-pi-acceptor symmetrical anionic polymethine dyes with diethylamino-coumarin-dioxaborine terminal groups and different conjugation lengths. Two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections (delta(2PA)) are enhanced with an increase of pi-conjugation length in the investigated series of dyes. 2PA spectra for all dyes consist of two well-separated bands. The first band, located within the telecommunications window, occurs upon two-photon excitation into the vibrational levels of the main S(0) --> S(1) transition, reaching a large delta(2PA) = 2200 GM (1 GM = 1 x 10(-50) cm(4) s/photon) at 1600 nm for the longest conjugated dye. The position of the second, and strongest, 2PA band for all anionic molecules corresponds to the second-excited final state, which is confirmed by quantum-chemical calculations and excitation anisotropy measurements. Large delta(2PA) values up to 17,000 GM at 1100 nm are explained by the combination of the large ground- and excited-state transition dipole moments. The three shortest dyes show good photochemical stability and surprisingly large fluorescence quantum yields of approximately 0.90, approximately 0.66, and approximately 0.18 at the red to near-IR region of approximately 640, approximately 730, and approximately 840 nm, respectively. The excited-state absorption spectra for all samples are also studied and exhibit intense bands throughout the visible wavelength region with peak cross section close to 5 x 10(-16) cm(2) with a corresponding red shift with increasing conjugation lengths.
Electroluminescent devices based on cross-linked polymer blends (2003)

We report the electrical and optical properties of two-component blends of electron and hole transporting materials in single and bilayer structures for organic light emitting diode (OLED) applications. The materials considered were a blue-emitting bipolar transporting polyfluorene, poly(9,9-di-n-hexylfluorene) (DHF), and a hole-transporting material, poly-[4-nhexyltriphenylamine] (HTPA). We compare the steady state OLED performance, transport, and optical properties of devices and describe morphology studies of the polymer films based on cross-linkable (x) blends with the analogous non-cross-linkable blends. The cross-linkable blends exhibit highest efficiency at low concentrations of the hole transporting material. At these concentrations the single layer OLEDs reach efficiencies greater than 0.1%, and are higher than for single layer x-DHF or the binary non-cross-linkable blend by more than an order of magnitude. Bilayer structures with homogeneous x-HTPA as hole transport layer show efficiencies between 0.08% and 0.96%, depending on the blend concentration in the emitting layer and on the top contact. We interpret these results in terms of the relative degree of phase segregation in the cross-linked networks versus the non-cross-linkable blends.
Nucleotide base recognition: synthesis of artificial receptors containing two distinct binding regions for the complexation of bis-thymine derivatives (1990)

A. D. Hamilton and D. Little, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1990, 297 DOI: 10.1039/C39900000297
Software-Defined Visible Light Networking for Bi-Directional Wireless Communication Across the Air-Water Interface (2021)

Autonomous networks of sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) will play a vital role in scenarios/applications where a plethora of distributed assets across multiple domains &#x2013; air and water - operate in unison to accomplish a common goal. However, establishing high data rate, robust, and bi-directional communication links across the air-water interface between aerial and underwater assets is still an open problem. In this article, we propose a communication system based on visible (blue) light that enables aerial and underwater assets to establish bi-directional links through the air-water interface without requiring any preexisting communication infrastructure such as buoys acting as relay nodes. We first derive a mathematical model and accordingly build a simulator for the bi-directional air-water visible light communication (VLC) channel accounting for water surface distribution, optical parameters and path losses. Then, we design and prototype a software-defined visible light communication (VLC) modem. We present an extensive experimental evaluation conducted both in a test tank and in the ocean using the proposed VLC modem prototypes.
Small Intestinal Submucosa as a Potential Bioscaffold for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration (2006)

This pilot study shows that small intestine submucosa is a promising bioactive material that could potentially serve as a temporary scaffold for intervertebral disc regeneration.
Phase field simulation of precipitation in a Mg-Al alloy using two techniques of approximation (2012)

In this paper, the precipitation of β-Mg17Al12 in aging process of Mg-9%Al (mass fraction) alloy was studied using a diffuse-interface phase field model. In the model, the precipitate phase and the matrix are distinguished by a structural order parameter, and the interface region is assumed to be a mixture of the precipitate phase and the matrix. The mixture composition was calculated using a weighted average method. Two techniques of approximation for the chemical free energy of precipitate phase and matrix were employed, where the variation characteristics of the free energy with the mole fraction of solute were included. In the simulation, the temperature and diffusion mobility coefficient were assumed to be constant. The effects of the solution approximations on the morphology evolution and growth kinetics of the precipitate were discussed. The effects of the interface mobility coefficient on the interface growth kinetics were examined, and the effects of the interface anisotropy between the precipitate phase and the matrix on the morphology of the precipitate were also discussed. It is demonstrated that the solution approximation taking into account the interaction between atoms for a binary system provides a good description for the chemical free energy. The simulation results showed that the precipitate phase growing from a supersaturated solid solution has a plate-like shape, which is in agreement with experimental observations. The growth kinetics of the precipitate phase is significantly influenced by the interface mobility coefficient.
Exploring the uptake and implementation of tele-monitored home-exercise programmes in adults with Parkinson’s disease: A mixed-methods pilot study (2018)

Findings demonstrate that adults with Parkinson's disease acknowledge benefits of exercising through a telehealth system and are open to utilizing this channel as a means of exercise. However, human-interactive support may be required to overcome unique impediments to participation. Study findings warrant validation in larger trials that can transfer the success of TAE towards more scalable methods of delivery.
Supplementary Table 1 from Antigen Shedding May Improve Efficiencies for Delivery of Antibody-Based Anticancer Agents in Solid Tumors (2023)

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 100K, This table gives all the parameters and their values used in the model&lt;/p&gt;
Measurement of myocardial native T1 in cardiovascular diseases and norm in 1291 subjects (2016)

We provide typical T1-ranges for common clinical cardiac conditions in the largest cohort to-date, using ShMOLLI T1-mapping at 1.5 T. Sample-size calculations from this study may be useful for the design of future studies and trials that use T1-mapping as an endpoint.
Monolithic Microring-based WDM Optical I/O for Heterogeneous Computing (2021)

For the first time, we demonstrate an error-free, 128Gbps (8x16Gbps) optical transceiver using a microring-based wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) architecture. The optical transceiver ran for 12 hours with zero errors, resulting in a measured bit-error rate of <1.45e-15 per optical lane. The total number of bits sent during this time was ~691 terabits per lane and ~5.5 petabits aggregate across all lanes.
Cellular Effect of High Doses of Silica-Coated Quantum Dot Profiled with High Throughput Gene Expression Analysis and High Content Cellomics Measurements (2006)

Quantum dots (Qdots) are now used extensively for labeling in biomedical research, and this use is predicted to grow because of their many advantages over alternative labeling methods. Uncoated Qdots made of core/shell CdSe/ZnS are toxic to cells because of the release of Cd2+ ions into the cellular environment. This problem has been partially overcome by coating Qdots with polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), or other inert molecules. The most promising coating to date, for reducing toxicity, appears to be PEG. When PEG-coated silanized Qdots (PEG-silane-Qdots) are used to treat cells, toxicity is not observed, even at dosages above 10-20 nM, a concentration inducing death when cells are treated with polymer or mercaptoacid coated Qdots. Because of the importance of Qdots in current and future biomedical and clinical applications, we believe it is essential to more completely understand and verify this negative global response from cells treated with PEG-silane-Qdots. Consequently, we examined the molecular and cellular response of cells treated with two different dosages of PEG-silane-Qdots. Human fibroblasts were exposed to 8 and 80 nM of these Qdots, and both phenotypic as well as whole genome expression measurements were made. PEG-silane-Qdots did not induce any statistically significant cell cycle changes and minimal apoptosis/necrosis in lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) as measured by high content image analysis, regardless of the treatment dosage. A slight increase in apoptosis/necrosis was observed in treated human skin fibroblasts (HSF-42) at both the low and the high dosages. We performed genome-wide expression array analysis of HSF-42 exposed to doses 8 and 80 nM to link the global cell response to a molecular and genetic phenotype. We used a gene array containing approximately 22,000 total probe sets, containing 18,400 probe sets from known genes. Only approximately 50 genes (approximately 0.2% of all the genes tested) exhibited a statistically significant change in expression level of greater than 2-fold. Genes activated in treated cells included those involved in carbohydrate binding, intracellular vesicle formation, and cellular response to stress. Conversely, PEG-silane-Qdots induce a down-regulation of genes involved in controlling the M-phase progression of mitosis, spindle formation, and cytokinesis. Promoter analysis of these results reveals that expression changes may be attributed to the down-regulation of FOXM and BHLB2 transcription factors. Remarkably, PEG-silane-Qdots, unlike carbon nanotubes, do not activate genes indicative of a strong immune and inflammatory response or heavy-metal-related toxicity. The experimental evidence shows that CdSe/ZnS Qdots, if appropriately protected, induce negligible toxicity to the model cell system studied here, even when exposed to high dosages. This study indicates that PEG-coated silanized Qdots pose minimal impact to cells and are a very promising alternative to uncoated Qdots.
Rapid measurement of T1 with spatially selective pre‐inversion pulses (1990)

A method is described for rapidly obtaining a multipoint estimate of T1 from a sample that is homogeneous over a few millimeters. An image of the longitudinal recovery curve is produced through the application of successive "pre-inversion" slices that are perpendicular to the imaging slice. These pre-inversion pulses are analogous to pre-saturation pulses, but they are much thinner and the tip angle is 180 degrees. The baseline for the recovery is measured from sections of the sample that have not been perturbed by the slice selective pre-inversion pulses. The existence of the baseline value and the lack of slice profile effects allows a quick T1 estimate (QT1) to be made with a simple linear regression algorithm. The QT1 values are found to correlate very well with T1 values measured with the scanner in "spectrometer' mode, for volumes as small as 5 x 5 x 5 mm. Possible applications are T1 estimates in homogeneous samples and tissues, and scouting the T1 range of a tissue to be measured with higher resolution volume localization techniques.
Prenatal Screening for HIV in Nova Scotia: Survey of Postpartum Women and Audit of Current Prenatal Screening Practices (2006)

HIV prenatal testing rates in Nova Scotia are comparable with those of other provinces that recommend an opt-in approach, but are lower than testing rates for opt-out programs. Most study participants were not screened using the recommended opt-in approach.
Abstract 3186: Comparative analysis of different total RNA sequencing approaches (2012)

Abstract Initial transcriptomic studies largely relied on hybridization-based microarray technologies and offered a limited ability to fully catalogue and quantify the diverse RNA molecules that are expressed from genomes over wide ranges of levels. Massively parallel cDNA sequencing, or Total RNA-Seq, has allowed many advances in the characterization and quantification of transcriptomes; an offer a new appreciation for the complexity of the Transcriptome, encompassing a multitude of previously unknown coding and non-coding RNA species, particularly small RNAs, including micro RNAs. This work investigates the performance of different strategies for Total RNA-Seq using multiple next generation sequencing platforms. Standard RNA-sequencing approaches generally require double-stranded cDNA Synthesis, which erases RNA strand information. Synthesis of a randomly primed double-stranded cDNA followed by addition of adaptors for next-generation sequencing leads to the loss of information about which strand was present in the original mRNA template. The polarity of the transcript is important for correct annotation of novel genes, identification of antisense transcripts with potential regulatory roles, and for correct determination of gene expression levels in the presence of antisense transcripts. Here, we examine the performance of strand-specific RNA libraries made by direct ligation of adaptor on to the RNA. We analyze the effect of different RNA fragmentation methods (divalent cations plus heat versus enzymatic fragmentation) and we provide a comparative data analysis (library complexity, continuity of gene coverage, strand specificity and 3′and 5′-end bias analysis). Identification and analysis of small RNA by deep sequencing requires preparation of a di-tagged cDNA library, which leads to adaptor-dimer formation that strongly contaminates the library. We have developed a novel method to generate di-tagged small RNA libraries free of adapter-dimer contamination without introducing any additional enzymatic steps or gel purifications. This method has optimized the 3′adaptor-ligation reaction to recover and to increase representation of the 2′-O-modified RNAs present in a biological sample. To reduce cost and increase sample throughput we have developed a barcode strategy to tag samples during library construction. The multiplexed libraries can then be pooled together before size selection, reducing the number of steps in the workflow. This technique reduces bias by ligation, increases representation of modified small RNAs and simplifies workflow during library construction for small RNA analysis and discovery. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3186. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3186
Energy level diagram of HC(NH2)2PbI3 single crystal evaluated by electrical and optical analyses (2017)

Recently, organic-inorganic halide perovskites have received attention for applications in solar cells. Measurements of high-quality single crystals reveal lower defect densities and longer carrier lifetimes than those of conventional thin films, which result in improved electrical and optical properties. However, single crystal surfaces are sensitive to exposure to ambient conditions, and degrade under long-term storage in air. The surface also shows differences from the bulk in terms of its optical and electronic characteristics. For a heterojunction device, the interface at the single crystal is important. Understanding the difference between the surface and bulk properties offers insights into device design. Here, we prepared non-sliced and sliced formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI<sub>3</sub>; FA<sup>+</sup> = HC(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>) single crystals with a bandgap of 1.4 eV, which matches well with the requirements for solar cell photoabsorption layers. We evaluate the energy level diagrams of the surface and bulk regions, respectively. Our data indicate that the valence band maximum of the surface region is at a higher energy level than that of the bulk region. We also discuss hypotheses for the well-known and unexplained phenomena (multiple bandgaps and bandgap narrowing) seen in the absorption and photoluminescence spectra of single crystals. We conclude that these effects are likely caused by a combination of the degraded surface, Rashba-splitting in bulk, and self-absorption by the single crystal itself.