gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LEGATO: A LayerwisE Gradient AggregaTiOn Algorithm for Mitigating Byzantine Attacks in Federated Learning (2021)

Federated learning has arisen as a mechanism to allow multiple participants to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data. In these settings, participants (workers) may not trust each other fully; for instance, a set of competitors may collaboratively train a machine learning model to detect fraud. The workers provide local gradients that a central server uses to update a global model. This global model can be corrupted when Byzantine workers send malicious gradients, which necessitates robust methods for aggregating gradients that mitigate the adverse effects of Byzantine inputs. Existing robust aggregation algorithms are often computationally expensive and only effective under strict assumptions. In this paper, we introduce LayerwisE Gradient AggregatTiOn (LEGATO), an aggregation algorithm that is, by contrast, scalable and generalizable. Informed by a study of layer-specific responses of gradients to Byzantine attacks, LEGATO employs a dynamic gradient reweighing scheme that is novel in its treatment of gradients based on layer-specific robustness. We show that LEGATO is more computationally efficient than multiple state-of-the-art techniques and more generally robust across a variety of attack settings in practice. We also demonstrate LEGATO's benefits for gradient descent convergence in the absence of an attack.
Carbocationic Copolymerization of Isobutylene and Indene: Copolymer Characterization and Reactivity Ratios (1995)

Abstract The copolymerization of the isobutylene (IB)-indene (In) monomer pair has been investigated by using the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane/TiCl4 initiating system and methyl chloride-methylcyclohexane (40/60 v/v) solvent mixture −80°C. According to the Kelen-Tüdös method, the reactivity ratios are r IB = 1.56 ± 0.72 and r In = 3.48 ± 0.89. The formation of copolymers was confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, selective solvent extraction, and glass transition temperature (T g) measurements. Copolymerization experiments in the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide indicate that this electron donor does not affect the reactivity ratios.
Effect of porosity on the optical properties of anodized porous silicon thin films (2002)

A systematic approach to the study of porous silicon (PS) films is presented in this paper. The study relates the effect of the anodization parameters on the index of refraction, the integrated reflectance, and thus, the porosity of the film. For a single layered film, the results show that the index of refraction decreases with increasing current density and anodization time. Both the film thickness and porosity are directly proportional to the current density applied and they increase with increasing anodization time.
Transradial Palmaz-Schatz coronary stenting on an outpatient basis: results of a prospective pilot study. (1995)

Since no complications were encountered (95% confidence interval; 0-17%) in the first 24 hours after optimal coronary stent implantation in patients with an adequate preprocedural level of anticoagulation, a larger feasibility study of outpatient coronary stenting will be undertaken.
Quench Protection of HTS Magnet Composed of Multiple Pancake-coils by Forming Auxiliary Dump Resistor Loop (2019)

The most probable cause of quench damage of HTS magnets is over-heating at the highest temperature spot (hot-spot) in the magnet wire during the quench protection sequence. Therefore, to avoid damage, it is necessary to reduce heat generation in the hot-spot. The authors propose a method to reduce the hot-spot temperature of a magnet composed of multiple sub-pancake-coils by reducing current in a quenching sub-coil. A quench occurs most often in a sub-coil that has critical current Ic lower than that of the other sub-coils. When a quench is detected in the lower Ic sub-coil, the current of the quenching sub-coil is transferred to the other coils with higher Ic <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">'</sup> s resistively shorting the other sub-coils by forming auxiliary dump resistor loop. In this paper, the effectiveness of the method is shown by a case study of a magnet composed of eight pancake sub-coils.
Do's and don'ts for the emulation of four-wave mixing in 10 Gb/s WDM systems based on low-dispersion fibre (2007)

We numerically investigate simulation conditions to accurately emulate the impact of four-wave mixing in 10 Gbit/s systems based on low-dispersion fibre, such as the statistical impact of phase/time shifts between channel or combs of channels. (2 pages)
Supplemental Data - Meoli et al. (2019)

Meoli L, Ben-Zvi D, Panciotti C, Kvas S, Pizarro P, Munoz R, Stylopoulos N. Supplemental Material: Intestine-specific overexpression of LDLR improves lipid and glucose metabolism by enhancing cholesterol excretion in male mice.
Online Frequency Response Analysis: A Powerful Plug-in Tool for Compensation Design and Health Assessment of Digitally Controlled Power Converters (2016)

This paper presents a cycle efficient software frequency response analyzer (SFRA), which is integrated into the firmware of the digitally controller power converter to measure the frequency response of the plant and the open-loop gain of the closed-loop system. The algorithm uses the readily available measurements taken for the power stage control and does not require additional hardware. This enables periodic measurement of the frequency response which can be used to monitor changes in the power converter. The proposed technique can run on a conventional microcontroller without any host intervention, and adds no cost to the system, which is important for the cost-sensitive power converters. Both floating point and fixed point implementation are compared enabling widespread applicability of the technique. In order to validate the efficacy of the analyzer, a synchronous buck power converter is designed and its control transfer function is compared with the measured online frequency response. An algorithm is outlined to fit the measured SFRA data to a pole-zero format through intelligent cost function estimation. The correlation of zeros and poles identified using this method with the modeled plant transfer function is analyzed. A dual core approach is discussed to run SFRA on a high-switching-frequency converter, thus showing applicability of the technique in high-switching-frequency converters.
Determinants of Apamin and d-Tubocurarine Block in SK Potassium Channels (1997)

Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels show a distinct pharmacology. Some, but not all, are blocked by the peptide toxin apamin, and apamin-sensitive channels are also blocked by d-tubocurarine. Cloned SK channels (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel) recapitulate these properties. We have investigated the structural basis for these differences and found that two amino acid residues on either side of the deep pore are the primary determinants of sensitivity to apamin and differential block by d-tubocurarine. Therefore, the pharmacology of SK channels compared with other potassium channels correlates with structural differences in the outer pore region. However, introduction of a tyrosine residue in the position analogous to that which determines sensitivity to external tetraethylammonium for voltage-gated potassium channels endows SK channels with an equivalent tetraethylammonium sensitivity, indicating that the outer vestibules of the pores are similar. The pharmacology of channels formed in oocytes coinjected with SK1 and SK2 mRNAs, or with SK1-SK2 dimer mRNA, show that SK subunits may form heteromeric channels.
Crystal-Facet-Dependent Metallization in Electrolyte-Gated Rutile TiO2 Single Crystals (2013)

The electric-field-induced metallization of insulating oxides is a powerful means of exploring and creating exotic electronic states. Here we show by the use of ionic liquid gating that two distinct facets of rutile TiO2, namely, (101) and (001), show clear evidence of metallization, with a disorder-induced metal-insulator transition at low temperatures, whereas two other facets, (110) and (100), show no substantial effects. This facet-dependent metallization can be correlated with the surface energy of the respective crystal facet and, thus, is consistent with oxygen vacancy formation and diffusion that results from the electric fields generated within the electric double layers at the ionic liquid/TiO2 interface. These effects take place at even relatively modest gate voltages.
In-Plane High-Sensitivity Capacitive Accelerometer in a 3-D CMOS-Compatible Surface Micromachining Process (2018)

This paper proposes a novel design for a 3-D, high-sensitivity, single-axis lateral capacitive accelerometer. The accelerometer utilizes the entire area of the sensor for both sensing and the proof mass, which mitigates the tradeoffs often needed in conventional 2-D designs. The accelerometer structure is optimized to target the highest possible performance. Innovative Z-shaped supporting beams are introduced to limit the vertical displacement within the transducer’s submicron gap. The design was fabricated in a novel 3-D complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor-compatible surface micromachining process. This process allows the use of non-conductive materials with attractive mechanical properties to build capacitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. Polyimide is used as a core structural layer which is combined with other materials such as silicon nitride or silicon carbide to build the final sensors. The photolithography steps are limited to four, and the number of materials used is also limited to four, in order to keep the process feasible. The overall thermal budget is 300 °C, which enables above-IC MEMS integration. While the used materials provide good results, this process is not limited to them, and other materials can be used, if needed. The fabricated accelerometer measures <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$500 \times 500 \,\,\mu \text{m}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and achieves 58 fF/g sensitivity in a ±4 g range in an open-loop system, yielding a competitive sensitivity per unit area. [2018-0125]
On the Optical Transmission of Millimeter Waves (1987)

Optical Components, which have been developed over the past 15 years mainly for telecommunication systems, also have the potential for widespread applications in the microwave domain. One of the interesting topics is the transmlssion of microwave via optical waveguldes. Since the fibers are low loss. broad band and flexible channels, the method becomes attractive This paper reviews the state - of - the - art of the basic components to achieve a microwave transmission via optical waveguides. A special attention is given to the wide band light modulators which are now under development. A new type of light modulator is proposed eg : The Tunable Travelling Wave Electro Optic Modulator (TTWEOM)
On the embedded vector RF measurements in frequency agile and reconfigurable front-ends (2010)

Emerging intelligent and reconfigurable radiofrequency front-ends require the use of embedded vector measurements to ensure their proper tuning and operation at the frequency of choice. Alternative solutions for embedded vector measurements are briefly reviewed and a new wideband, non directional four-port reflectometer for vector reflection coefficient measurement is proposed. The four-port is based on two nondirectional low coupling RF samplers judiciously placed on a transmission line. The principle and the basic theory governing the 4-port operation are presented. Experimental measurements using the proposed reflectometer are compared to simulations as well as measurements using commercial vector network analyzers for a wide range of loads. Good agreement is obtained with an error not exceeding 0.8 dB6∠6°.
The alpha-spectrin gene is on chromosome 1 in mouse and man. (1985)

By using alpha-spectrin cDNA clones of murine and human origin and somatic cell hybrids segregating either mouse or human chromosomes, the gene for alpha-spectrin has been mapped to chromosome 1 in both species. This assignment of the mouse alpha-spectrin gene to mouse chromosome 1 by DNA hybridization strengthens the previous identification of the alpha-spectrin locus in mouse with the sph locus, which previously was mapped by linkage analysis to mouse chromosome 1, distal to the Pep-3 locus. By in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes, the human alpha-spectrin gene has been localized to 1q22-1q25; interestingly, the locus for a non-Rh-linked form of elliptocytosis has been provisionally mapped to band 1q2 by family linkage studies.
Wear Mechanisms in a Reliability Methodology (2003)

The main thrust in any reliability work is identifying failure modes and mechanisms. This is especially true for the new technology of MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). The methods are sometimes just as important as the results achieved. This paper will review some of the methods developed specifically for MEMS. Our methodology uses statistical characterization and testing of complex MEMS devices to help us identify dominant failure modes. We strive to determine the root cause of each failure mode and to gain a fundamental understanding of that mechanism. Test structures designed to be sensitive to a particular failure mechanism are typically used to gain understanding. The development of predictive models follows from this basic understanding. This paper will focus on the failure mechanism of wear and how our methodology was exercised to provide a predictive model. The MEMS device stressed in these studies was a Sandia-developed microengine with orthogonal electrostatic linear actuators connected to a gear on a hub. The dominant failure mechanism was wear in the sliding/contacting regions. A sliding beam-on-post test structure was also used to measure friction coefficients and wear morphology for different surface coatings and environments. Results show that a predictive model of failure-time as a function of drive frequency based on wear fits the functional form of the reliability data quite well, and demonstrates the benefit of a fundamental understanding of wear. The results also show that while debris of similar chemistry and morphology was created in the two types of devices, the dependence of debris generation on the operating environment was entirely different. The differences are discussed in terms of wear maps for ceramics, and the mechanical and thermal contact conditions in each device.
Influence of HAART on Alternative Reading Frame Immune Responses over the Course of HIV-1 Infection (2012)

These results have implications for vaccine design and unveil the existence of potential new epitopes that could be included as vaccine targets.
DNA-encoded library (DEL)-enabled discovery of proximity-inducing small molecules (2022)

Abstract Molecular glues and bifunctional compounds that induce protein–protein associations provide a powerful and general mechanism to modulate cell circuitry. We sought to develop a platform for the direct discovery of compounds able to induce association of any two pre-selected proteins, using the first bromodomain of BRD4 and the VHL–elongin C–elongin B (VCB) complex as a test system. Leveraging the screening power of DNA-encoded libraries (DELs), we synthesized ∼one million DNA-encoded compounds that possess a VHL-targeting fragment, a variety of connectors, and a diversity element generated by split- and-pool combinatorial chemistry. By screening our DEL against BRD4 BD1 in the presence and absence of VCB, we could identify VHL-bound molecules that simultaneously bind BRD4. For highly barcode-enriched library members, ternary complex formation leading to BRD4 degradation was confirmed in cells. Furthermore, a ternary complex crystal structure was obtained for the most enriched library member. Our work provides a foundation for adapting DEL screening to the discovery of proximity-inducing small molecules. Abstract Figure
Fatigue Life Prediction of Nonlinear Plates Under Random Excitations (1998)

An efficient method is presented for estimating the high cycle fatigue life of nonlinear structures under random excitations. The procedure is based on an application of the method of equivalent linearization for constructing the response of the stress of the structure in time domain. Fatigue estimates are obtained by processing the time domain signal using the Rain-Flow cycle counting scheme in conjunction with the linear accumulative damage theory. The estimated average fatigue life of a nonlinear plate under random excitations by the present method is compared with the result obtained by direct Monte Carlo simulations of the original nonlinear modal equations. The agreement is excellent for a wide range of levels of nonlinearity. The present method has the advantage of being much more computationally efficient than direct numerical simulations of nonlinear systems. The computational effort required of the present method for a nonlinear system is nearly the same as that for a linear system and is not affected much by the type and level of nonlinearity in the structure. The present method offers a practical means for predicting high cycle fatigue lives of complex nonlinear structures.
Joint spectrum sensing and direction of arrival recovery from sub-Nyquist samples (2015)

Joint spectrum sensing and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is often necessary in communication applications, such as Cognitive Radio (CR). In this paper, we consider joint DOA and carrier frequency recovery of several transmissions as well as signal reconstruction from sub-Nyquist samples to overcome the sampling rate bottleneck of the wideband signals a CR typically deals with. We present two joint DOA and carrier frequency recovery approaches. The first is based on compressed sensing (CS) techniques and the second adapts a 2D-DOA recovery algorithm previously proposed in the Nyquist regime, the Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) analysis algorithm, to our sub-Nyquist samples. This technique allows us to solve the well known pairing issue between the DOA and carrier frequency to be recovered for each transmission. Once these are recovered, we show how the signal itself can be reconstructed from the samples. We also provide sufficient conditions for perfect blind signal recovery in terms of the sampling rate and the number of array elements.
Membrane technology in the vegetable oil industry (2005)

The vegetable oil industry now may be ready for a large-scale penetration by membranes. This article focuses on the opportunities and challenges of this application.
Clinical Pathways in Glaucoma (2001)

Thom J. Zimmerman and Kranjit S. Kooner (ed.) Clinical Pathways in Glaucoma 565 pages Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 2001. GTV ISBN 3–13–125971-X, US$ 99 This is an unusual, almost unique addition to the glaucoma literature. Clinical Pathways in Glaucoma is certainly not a standard textbook on glaucoma that can be read by the novice to learn about the basics of the disease. Thus, it has little information on issues like basic diagnostics, epidemiology or on disease mechanisms for the most common forms of glaucoma. The words tonometry or perimetry are not even present in the book’s index. Instead, this volume has a wealth of information on management and different forms of treatment, also of the most unusual forms of glaucoma. There are, e.g., chapters not only on glaucoma associated with primary disorders of the corneal endothelium, but also on drug-induced glaucoma and management of glaucoma in pregnancy. To facilitate reading the discussion follows a question and answer format with most of the headlines in the form of questions, e.g.: “How is a patient with newly diagnosed CRVO prevented from progressing to neovascular glaucoma?” or “How is a blind painful eye from glaucoma managed?” Flow diagrams are also frequently used to suggest or define clinical management. There are such diagrams in almost every chapter, e.g. “Management of uveitic glaucoma” or “Management of a patient with elevated IOP after first week of filtration surgery“. The book contains a wealth of references, particularly on management. It is a valuable addition to the libraries of all eye departments, but it can also definitely be helpful to glaucoma specialists in unusual clinical situations.
An Arbitrary High-Order DGTD Method With Local Time-Stepping for Nonlinear Field-Circuit Cosimulation (2021)

In this article, an efficient transient analysis method with arbitrary high-order accuracy for nonlinear field-circuit cosimulation problems is proposed. The proposed method combines a local time-stepping (LTS) technique with the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method based on an arbitrary high-order derivatives (ADER) time integration scheme. The stability of the proposed method is not limited by the global time step size, allowing nonlinear and linear elements to update themselves with individual and optimal time intervals in accordance with the local stability condition. It is shown that the efficiency of the proposed method can be significantly improved when the nonlinear effects increase, which requires a smaller time interval to ensure system convergence. Several field-circuit coupling structures are simulated to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, confirming that it represents an effective tool for transient analysis of nonlinear field-circuit structures.
Data from Adjuvant Sirolimus Does Not Improve Outcome in Pet Dogs Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapy for Appendicular Osteosarcoma: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of 324 Dogs (2023)

&lt;div&gt;AbstractPurpose:&lt;p&gt;The mTOR pathway has been identified as a key nutrient signaling hub that participates in metastatic progression of high-grade osteosarcoma. Inhibition of mTOR signaling is biologically achievable with sirolimus, and might slow the outgrowth of distant metastases. In this study, pet dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were leveraged as high-value biologic models for pediatric osteosarcoma, to assess mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating metastatic disease progression.&lt;/p&gt;Patients and Methods:&lt;p&gt;A total of 324 pet dogs diagnosed with treatment-naïve appendicular osteosarcoma were randomized into a two-arm, multicenter, parallel superiority trial whereby dogs received amputation of the affected limb, followed by adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy ± oral sirolimus therapy. The primary outcome measure was disease-free interval (DFI), as assessed by serial physical and radiologic detection of emergent macroscopic metastases; secondary outcomes included overall 1- and 2-year survival rates, and sirolimus pharmacokinetic variables and their correlative relationship to adverse events and clinical outcomes.&lt;/p&gt;Results:&lt;p&gt;There was no significant difference in the median DFI or overall survival between the two arms of this trial; the median DFI and survival for standard-of-care (SOC; defined as amputation and carboplatin therapy) dogs was 180 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 144–237] and 282 days (95% CI, 224–383) and for SOC + sirolimus dogs, it was 204 days (95% CI, 157–217) and 280 days (95% CI, 252–332), respectively.&lt;/p&gt;Conclusions:&lt;p&gt;In a population of pet dogs nongenomically segmented for predicted mTOR inhibition response, sequentially administered adjuvant sirolimus, although well tolerated when added to a backbone of therapy, did not extend DFI or survival in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;