gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative Genomics of Plant Chromosomes (2000)

Andrew H. Paterson, John E. Bowers, Mark D. Burow, Xavier Draye, Christine G. Elsik, Chun-Xiao Jiang, Catherine Susan Katsar, Tien-Hung Lan, Yann-Rong Lin, Reiguang Ming, Robert J. Wright, Comparative Genomics of Plant Chromosomes, The Plant Cell, Vol. 12, No. 9 (Sep., 2000), pp. 1523-1539
Functional modeling compiler for system-level design of automotive cyber-physical systems (2014)

A novel design methodology, associated algorithms, and tools for the design of complex automotive cyber-physical systems are presented. Rather than supporting the critical path where most resources are spent, we preemptively target the concept design phase that determines 75% of a vehicle's cost. In our methodology, the marriage of systems engineering principles with high-level synthesis techniques results in a Functional Modeling Compiler capable of generating high-fidelity simulation models for the design space exploration and validation of multiple cyber-physical (ECUs+Physics) vehicle architectures. Using real-world automotive use-cases, we demonstrate how functional models capturing cyber-physical aspects are synthesized into high-fidelity simulation models.
Morphology and Tensile Properties of Multigraft Copolymers with Regularly Spaced Tri-, Tetra-, and Hexafunctional Junction Points (2006)

The effect of chain architecture on the morphological and tensile properties of series of multigraft copolymers, with regularly spaced tri-, tetra-, and hexafunctional junction points, was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and tensile testing. The materials were synthesized by coupling difunctional polyisoprene (PI) spacers and living polystyrene (PS) branches, made by anionic polymerization, with chlorosilanes of different functionalities. Since the coupling process is a step-growth polymerization, yielding polydisperse products, fractionation was utilized to separate each material into three fractions (high, middle, and low molecular weight), each of low polydispersity. All three fractions have the same chain architecture on a per junction point basis but differ in the number of junction point units per molecule. By applying the constituting block copolymer concept, the physical behavior of these molecules was compared with current theories. It was found that morphological behavior of these graft copolymers can be predicted using theoretical approaches and is independent on the number of junction points. The number of the junction points, however, greatly influences the long-range order of microphase separation. Additionally, two new parameters for adjusting mechanical properties of multigraft copolymers were found in this investigation: (1) functionality of the graft copolymertri-, tetra-, or hexafunctionaland (2) number of junction points per molecule. An increase in functionality causes a change in morphology, resulting in a high level of tensile strength for tetrafunctional (cylindrical) and hexafunctional (lamellae) multigraft copolymers, leading to about the twice the strength of the spherical trifunctional multigrafts of similar overall composition. Tetrafunctional multigraft copolymers show a surprisingly high strain at break, far exceeding that of commercial block copolymer thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). Strain at break and tensile strength increase linearly with the number of junction points per molecule. Hysteresis experiments at about 300−900% deformation demonstrate that multifunctional multigraft copolymers have improved high elasticity as compared to commercial TPEs like Kraton or Styroflex.
Inertial focusing of microparticles, bacteria, and blood in serpentine glass channels (2021)

Early detection of pathogenic microorganisms is pivotal to diagnosis and prevention of health and safety crises. Standard methods for pathogen detection often rely on lengthy culturing procedures, confirmed by biochemical assays, leading to >24 h for a diagnosis. The main challenge for pathogen detection is their low concentration within complex matrices. Detection of blood-borne pathogens via techniques such as PCR requires an initial positive blood culture and removal of inhibitory blood components, reducing its potential as a diagnostic tool. Among different label-free microfluidic techniques, inertial focusing on microscale channels holds great promise for automation, parallelization, and passive continuous separation of particles and cells. This work presents inertial microfluidic manipulation of small particles and cells (1-10 μm) in curved serpentine glass channels etched at different depths (deep and shallow designs) that can be exploited for (1) bacteria preconcentration from biological samples and (2) bacteria-blood cell separation. In our shallow device, the ability to focus Escherichia coli into the channel side streams with high recovery (89% at 2.2× preconcentration factor) could be applied for bacteria preconcentration in urine for diagnosis of urinary tract infections. Relying on differential equilibrium positions of red blood cells and E. coli inside the deep device, 97% red blood cells were depleted from 1:50 diluted blood with 54% E. coli recovered at a throughput of 0.7 mL/min. Parallelization of such devices could process relevant volumes of 7 mL whole blood in 10 min, allowing faster sample preparation for downstream molecular diagnostics of bacteria present in bloodstream.
AsMA Medical Guidelines for Air Travel: In-Flight Medical Care (2015)

Medical Guidelines for Airline Travel provide information that enables healthcare providers to properly advise patients who plan to travel by air. All airlines are required to provide first aid training for cabin crew, and the crew are responsible for managing any in-flight medical events. There are also regulatory requirements for the carriage of first aid and medical kits. AsMA has developed recommendations for first aid kits, emergency medical kits, and universal precaution kits.
Quantum electronic transport in semiconductors using the Wigner distribution from first principles (2020)

Electronic transport properties of semiconductors with small band gaps are often not well described by semiclassical methods, because of missing interband interactions between carriers in the valence and conduction bands. We develop a new first-principles formalism based on the Wigner transform to generalize semiclassical transport models to include quantum effects. We apply the method to Bi$_2$Se$_3$, showing that bulk transport properties at low doping concentrations are dominated by the Zener effect, a mechanism in which carriers transfer charge by tunnelling across the band gap. Surprisingly, Zener tunneling occurs also between band subvalleys of energy much larger than the bandgap.
Small cell lung cancer: radionuclide bone scans for assessment of tumor extent and response (1981)

Radionuclide bone scans were performed before and during combination chemotherapy in 119 systematically staged patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Before therapy, 49 patients (41%) had positive scans. Scan positivity was significantly associated with the presence of metastatic tumor in the bone marrow, positive skeletal radiographs, and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Nonosseous distant metastases were significantly more likely to be detected as the number of areas of focal abnormalities on bone scan increased. The survival of patients with documented distant metastases in bone and nonosseous sites was significantly inferior to the survival of patients with limited disease, isolated osseous extensive disease, and extensive disease occurring only in nonbony sites. Of 36 patients with initially abnormal scans and tumor regression documented by other methods, scan findings improved in 24 (67%). In 26 (36%) of 72 scans in patients demonstrating disease progression in extraosseous sites, new areas of increased radionuclide uptake appeared. Improvement or worsening in follow-up scans was associated with nonbony tumor response or progression, respectively, 70% of the time. Serial bone scans provide reasonably accurate staging and prognostic information in patients with small cell lung cancer, although they are probably not sufficiently reliable to be used as the sole parameter in therapeutic decision-making.
Mechanically Robust and Recyclable Cross-Linked Fibers from Melt Blown Anthracene-Functionalized Commodity Polymers (2019)

Melt blowing combines extrusion of a polymer melt through orifices and attenuation of the extrudate with hot high-velocity air jets to produce nonwoven fibers in a single step. Due to its simplicity and high-throughput nature, melt blowing produces more than 10% of global nonwovens (∼$50 billion market). Semicrystalline thermoplastic feedstock, such as poly(butylene terephthalate), polyethylene, and polypropylene, have dominated the melt blowing industry because of their facile melt processability and thermal/chemical resistance; other amorphous commodity thermoplastics (e.g., styrenics, (meth)acrylates, etc.) are generally not employed because they lack one or both characteristics. Cross-linking commodity polymers could enable them to serve more demanding applications, but cross-linking is not compatible with melt processing, and it must be implemented after fiber formation. Here, cross-linked fibers were fabricated by melt blowing linear anthracene-functionalized acrylic polymers into fibers, which were subsequently cross-linked via anthracene-dimerization triggered by either UV light or sunlight. The resulting fibers possessed nearly 100% gel content because of highly efficient anthracene photodimerization in the solid state. Compared to the linear precursors, the anthracene-dimer cross-linked acrylic fibers exhibited enhanced thermomechanical properties suggesting higher upper service temperatures (∼180 °C), showing promise for replacing traditional thermoplastic-based melt blown nonwovens in certain applications. Additionally, given the dynamic nature of the anthracene-dimer cross-links at elevated temperatures (> ∼180 °C), the resulting cross-linked fibers could be effectively recycled after use, providing new avenues toward sustainable nonwoven products.
BMET-15TUMOR CELL FREE DNA IN CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID REFLECTS TREATMENT RESPONSE IN LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASIS (2015)

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) from brain tumor patients contains tumor cell free DNA (cfDNA), which may provide a non-invasive and routinely accessible method to obtain tumor genomic information.This "liquid biopsy" method would prove considerably less morbid compared to an open removal of tumor tissue from the brain.The opportunities of cfDNA in CSF
Long-distance FBG sensor system using fiber ring laser with hybrid amplifier (2005)

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system using a fiber ring laser with a hybrid amplifier is proposed and demonstrated. The hybrid amplifier comprises an erbium doped waveguide amplifier and a semiconductor optical amplifier. The experiment shows that such the hybrid amplifier has a high amplifier spontaneous emission power and gain spectrum. Moreover, this fiber ring laser can provide a stable multiwavelength output with an optical signal-to-noise ratio over 50 dB even if the FBGs are located at a 25 km remote sensing position.
How Small Can Fast-Spectrum Space Reactors Get? (2006)

Fast neutron spectrum space reactors are an appropriate choice for high thermal powers, but for low powers, they may not satisfy the excess reactivity requirement while remaining sub‐critical when immersed in wet sand and flooded with seawater following a launch abort accident. This paper identifies the smallest size fast spectrum, Sectored, Compact Reactor loaded with Single UN fuel pins (SCoRe‐S7), which satisfy the requirements of cold clean excess reactivity > $4.00 and remains at least $1.00 subcritical at shutdown and in submersion conditions. Results indicate that increasing the diameter of the SCoRe‐S core reduces its active height and the UN fuel enrichment, but increases the Spectrum‐Shift Absorber (SSA) of 157GdN additive to the fuel. All SCoRe‐S cores also have a 0.1 mm thick 157Gd2O3 SSA coating on the outer surface of the reactor vessel to reduce the effect of the wet sand reflector, while the SSA fuel additive reduces the effect on the criticality of the flooded reactor caused by thermal neutron fission. The active core height decreases from 42.4 cm for the smallest SCoRe‐S7 to as much as to 37.4 cm for the largest core of SCoRe‐S11. For a 1.8 MWth reactor thermal power the UN fuel specific power decreases from 17.0 in the SCoRe‐S7 to 11.5 Wth/kg in the −S11. The corresponding reactor total mass, including the BeO reflector, increases from 440 kg to 512 kg.
Response: Normal Glucose Tolerance with a High 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Level Exhibits Decreased β-Cell Function Similar to Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Diabetes Metab J2015;39:147-53) (2015)

A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a sensitive test in most populations for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and commonly used to identify high-risk individuals of T2DM [1]. The diagnostic criteria define diabetes as a fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or a 2-hour glucose challenge ≥200 mg/dL, but not including 1-hour glucose level. Recently, data obtained in population studies have suggested that 1-hour glucose level after OGTT can provide a better predictor for development of T2DM than fasting or 2-hour glucose [2]. And, subjects with 1-hour glucose levels of ≥155 mg/dL with normal glucose tolerance (NGT 1-hour high) have been considered as high risk of T2DM [3], which were more insulin-resistant and worse β-cell function than subjects with NGT 1 hour-low (<155 mg/dL) [4].
Feature-Scale Process Simulation and Accurate Capacitance Extraction for the Backend of a 100-nm Aluminum/TEOS Process (2004)

One of the challenges that technology computer-aided design must meet currently is the analysis of the performance of groups of components, interconnects, and, generally speaking, large parts of the IC. This enables predictions that the simulation of single components cannot achieve. In this paper, we focus on the simulation of backend processes, interconnect capacitances, and time delays. The simulation flows start from the blank wafer surface and result in device information for the circuit designer usable from within SPICE. In order to join topography and backend simulations, deposition, etching, and chemical mechanical planarization processes in the various metal lines are used to build up the backend stack, starting from the flat wafer surface. Depending on metal combination, line-to-line space, and line width, thousands of simulations are required whose results are stored in a database. Finally, we present simulation results for the backend of a 100-nm process, where the influence of void formation between metal lines profoundly impacts the performance of the whole interconnect stack, consisting of aluminum metal lines, and titanium nitride local interconnects. Scanning electron microscope images of test structures are compared to topography simulations, and very good agreement is found. Moreover, charge-based capacitance measurements were carried out to validate the capacitance extraction, and it was found that the error is smaller than four percent. These simulations assist the consistent fabrication of voids, which is economically advantageous compared to low-/spl kappa/ materials, which suffer from integration problems.
Promoter hypomethylation of NY-ESO-1, association with clinicopathological features and PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (2017)

Cancer-Testis antigens (CTA) are immunogenic molecules with normal tissue expression restricted to testes but with aberrant expression in up to 30% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Regulation of CTA expression is mediated in part through promoter DNA methylation. Recently, immunotherapy has altered treatment paradigms in NSCLC. Given its immunogenicity and ability to be re-expressed through demethylation, NY-ESO-1 promoter methylation, protein expression and its association with programmed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and clinicopathological features were investigated. Lung cancer cell line demethylation resulting from 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment was associated with both NY-ESO-1 and PD-L1 re-expression <i>in vitro</i> but not increased chemosensitivity. NY-ESO-1 hypomethylation was observed in 15/94 (16%) of patient samples and associated with positive protein expression (<i>P</i> < 0.0001). In contrast, PD-L1 expression was observed in 50/91 (55%) but strong expression in only 12/91 (13%) cases. There was no association between NY-ESO-1 and PD-L1 expression, despite resultant re-expression of both by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Importantly, NY-ESO-1 hypomethylation was found to be an independent marker of poor prognosis in patients not treated with chemotherapy (HR 3.59, <i>P</i> = 0.003) in multivariate analysis. In patients treated with chemotherapy there were no differences in survival associated with NY-ESO-1 hypomethylation. Collectively, these results provided supporting evidence for the potential use of NY-ESO-1 hypomethylation as a prognostic biomarker in stage 3 NSCLCs. In addition, these data highlight the potential to incorporate demethylating agents to enhance immune activation, in tumours currently devoid of immune infiltrates and expression of immune checkpoint genes.
Molecular markers for colorectal cancer screening (2015)

Colorectal cancer (CRC), although a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, has seen a declining incidence and mortality in countries with programmatic screening. Faecal occult blood testing and endoscopic approaches are the predominant screening methods currently. The discovery of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and a greater understanding of the genetic and epigenetic changes that drive the formation of CRC have contributed to innovative research to identify molecular markers for highly accurate, non-invasive screening tests for CRC. DNA, proteins, messenger RNA and micro-RNA have all been evaluated. The observation of tumour cell exfoliation into the mucocellular layer of the colonic epithelium and proven stability of DNA in a harsh stool environment make stool DNA a particularly promising marker. The development of a clinically useful stool DNA test has required numerous technical advances, including optimisation in DNA stabilisation, the development of assays with high analytical sensitivity, and the identification of specific and broadly informative molecular markers. A multitarget stool DNA test, which combines mutant and methylated DNA markers and a faecal immunochemical test, recently performed favourably in a large cross-sectional validation study and has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the screening of asymptomatic, average-risk individuals. The ultimate way in which molecular marker screening assays will be used in clinical practice will require additional studies to determine optimal screening intervals, factors affecting compliance, management of false-positive results, and the use of these assays in high-risk populations, as well as other considerations.
Should Novel Organisms Developed Using Oligonucleotide-mediated Mutagenesis be Excluded from the EU Regulation on GMOs? (2009)

In the European Union, genetically modifi ed organisms (GMO) and genetically modifi ed microorganisms (GMM) are defi ned respectively according to Directives 2001/18/EC1 on deliberate release of GMO and 2009/41/EC2 on the contained use of GMM. The defi nition of a GMO is both technology- and process-oriented. A novel organism will fall under the scope of the GMO Regulation only if it has been developed with the use of certain techniques. The EU Directives therefore include annexes that give additional information regarding the techniques that result in genetic modifi cation, that are not considered to result in genetic modifi cation, or that result in genetic modifi cation but yield organisms that are excluded from the scope of the Directives. The underlying idea here is that some processes of genetic modifi cation are potentially associated with risks. This approach is now challenged with the emergence of new techniques for which it is not always clear whether the resulting organisms shall be subject to the prevailing European GMO legislation or not. In a recent paper published in Environmental Biosafety Research3, we discussed in detail regulatory and safety issues associated with the use of oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis and provided scientifi c arguments for not having organisms developed through this technique fall within the scope of the EU regulation of GMOs. Oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis Oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis (OMM) is a technique used to correct or to introduce specifi c mutations at defi ned sites of an episomal or chromosomal target gene. OMM is also referenced in the literature under other
Inductance gradient and current density distribution for T-shaped convex and concave rail cross-sections (2018)

Rectangular rail was the most widely used cross section shape for the rail gun electromagnetic launching (EML) system. Based on sector assimilation, the rail gun key parameter especially current density (J) and inductance gradient (L’) greatly affected. J decides the efficiency of EML and L’ decides the force acting on the projectile of EML. So, it is mandatory to look upon the sector assimilation of rails. In this paper T shape convex and concave shape rail cross section is proposed and rail gun key design parameters are calculated by varying its dimensions using Ansoft Maxwell 2-D eddy current solver which uses finite element analysis technique to calculate these parameters. The performance of rail gun discussed using the obtained values and it has been observed and that the compared with other considered rail geometries, the T-shaped concave model shows more impact on inductance value which causes uniform current density distribution over the rails.
The Effect of Deformation Conditions on the Occurrence of Fluting at 3-pieces Can Body Making (1997)

The continuously annealed tinplate with low carbon chemistry often exhibits the “fluting” trouble which is associated with stretcher strain defect, when it is roll-formed for making a 3-pieces can body. For preventing the occurrence of fluting, the influence of the forming conditions is focused in this study, leading to following results. The “flexor treatment” just prior to roll forming, recognized as effective for solving the problem, is attributable to the reduction of both the yield point elongation and yield strength in the tinplate. Furthermore, the tendency of the fluting occurrence can be drastically decreased by employing high speed or low temperature roll-forming condition. A greater number of stretcher strain pattern on the deformed sheet is introduced by the high speed or low temperature deformation. This, in turn suppresses clear recognition of the stretcher strain pattern preferably.