gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing The Selection of Strangers To Answer Questions in Social Media (2014)

Millions of people express themselves on public social media, such as Twitter. Through their posts, these people may reveal themselves as potentially valuable sources of information. For example, real-time information about an event might be collected through asking questions of people who tweet about being at the event location. In this paper, we explore how to model and select users to target with questions so as to improve answering performance while managing the load on people who must be asked. We first present a feature-based model that leverages users exhibited social behavior, including the content of their tweets and social interactions, to characterize their willingness and readiness to respond to questions on Twitter. We then use the model to predict the likelihood for people to answer questions. To support real-world information collection applications, we present an optimization-based approach that selects a proper set of strangers to answer questions while achieving a set of application-dependent objectives, such as achieving a desired number of answers and minimizing the number of questions to be sent. Our cross-validation experiments using multiple real-world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our work.
Size reduction and higher operating bands of CRLH antennas (2016)

A design of compact size and multi-band composite right-left handed meta-material antennas for wireless applications is presented. The proposed antenna consists of single left handed cell. The series interdigital capacitor and short circuit stub which acts as shunt inductor are considered the main block of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at different frequency bands. Because of the nonlinearity of the left handed region of the composite right left handed transmission line, the compactness of the antenna has been achieved. The proposed antenna has compact size (its size is only 28 × 22 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). The design represents size reduction of approximately 60 % compared to conventional patch antennas operating at the same frequencies. The antenna is designed, simulated and measured. A good agreement is achieved between the measured and simulated results.
Cholesteric cellular patterns with electric-field-controlled line tension (1998)

A field-induced instability of wall defects, commonly called oily streaks, is observed in cholesteric liquid crystals. The electric field favors reorientation of cholesteric layers and drives the line tension of the oily streaks negative. Defects with negative line tension elongate, preserving their width. The electrically controlled line tension is a nonmonotonic function of the width; streaks that are too narrow or too wide remain straight. The phenomenon is explained within a coarse-grain model that accounts for the surface anchoring.
Direct Photopatterning of Metal Oxide Structures Using Photosensitive Metallorganics (2004)

A novel process employing photosensitive metallorganic precursor materials is used to pattern thin-film mixed-metal oxide structures. In this process a photosensitive metallorganic precursor is coated onto a silicon substrate and exposed to ultraviolet light through a mask to form patterned oxide structures or baked at low temperatures to produce blanket metal oxide thin films. In the case of direct photopatterning, a negative-tone process occurs in which the unexposed areas can be washed away using a developer solvent. The photochemical conversion of the precursor films was monitored using transmission Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy, and lithographic contrast experiments were conducted to estimate the dose required to pattern mixed oxide films of barium, strontium, and titanium. It was determined that the minimum dose required to print an image with the set of precursors investigated in this work was approximately 440 mJ/cm 2 for a precursor film thickness of 800 nm. Based on FTIR data, this dose corresponds to removal of approximately 20% of the organic material from the original precursor film. Dielectric properties were measured for photochemically converted oxide films via parallel-plate capacitance testing. The composition of the oxide films produced from a given precursor stoichiometry was determined by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
1257 Single cell immunologic dissection of checkpoint inhibitor hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis reveals insights into immune tolerance in the human liver (2022)

<h3>Background</h3> The emergence of monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 to treat solid tumors has revolutionized the field of immuno-oncology. However, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is limited by frequent immune-related adverse events. ICB-induced hepatic toxicity (irHepatitis) occurs in approximately 1-17% of patients. While these adverse events are usually mild, they often delay cancer treatment and require initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, which may compromise anti-tumor immune responses. irHepatitis shares clinical and histologic features with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). As such, the study of irHepatitis is important not only for the care of oncology patients but also for the understanding how immune tolerance is lost across a spectrum of inflammatory liver diseases. <h3>Methods</h3> To characterize the cellular and molecular pathways underpinning hepatic injury in irHepatitis, we used single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing (scRNAseq/snRNAseq) with paired T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) sequencing to characterize ~300,000 cells from the liver and blood of 23 patients – 9 patients with irHepatitis, 4 patients with AIH, 3 controls on ICB, and 7 controls not on ICB. irHepatitis was defined by a hepatocellular or cholestatic rise in LFTs often with centrilobular histiocytic liver injury requiring treatment with steroids. Control patients had drug-induced liver injury, hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, or venous outflow obstruction that did not require immunosuppressive therapy. <h3>Results</h3> In irHepatitis we detected liver T cells expressing <i>CXCL13</i> and expanded cycling and cytotoxic CD8 T cells spanning effector to exhausted phenotypes. TCR repertoire analysis demonstrated clonal expansion of CD8 T cell subsets specific to irHepatitis. Parallel analysis of tissue immune cells from patients with AIH and irHepatitis enabled the identification of cell types and states both common and unique to each type of immune-mediated liver injury. For all patients, matched blood samples were also analyzed by scRNAseq to determine how cellular and transcriptional signatures in the liver tissue microenvironment were mirrored in circulating immune cells. Lastly, analysis of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and mesenchymal cells revealed specific inflammatory signatures in irHepatitis and AIH that suggested significant liver parenchymal dysfunction. <h3>Conclusions</h3> In defining the cellular and transcriptional programs that are altered in irHepatitis, we have identified novel pathways that could be therapeutically targeted to treat liver inflammation in this context and have determined how PD-1 and CTLA-4 signaling may contribute to immune tolerance in the liver. <h3>Ethics Approval</h3> This study was approved by the DANA-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center Institutional Review Boards (DFCI/HCC 11-181 and 13-416, Mass General Brigham 2010P001242).
High-efficiency thermophotovoltaic energy conversion enabled by a metamaterial selective emitter (2018)

Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) is the process by which photons radiated from a thermal emitter are converted into electrical power via a photovoltaic cell. Selective thermal emitters that can survive at temperatures at or above ~1000°C have the potential to greatly improve the efficiency of TPV energy conversion by restricting the emission of photons with energies below the photovoltaic (PV) cell bandgap energy. In this work, we demonstrated TPV energy conversion using a high-temperature selective emitter, dielectric filter, and 0.6 eV In<sub>0.68</sub>Ga<sub>0.32</sub>As photovoltaic cell. We fabricated a passivated platinum and alumina frequency-selective surface by conventional stepper lithography. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of TPV energy conversion using a metamaterial emitter. The emitter was heated to >1000°C, and converted electrical power was measured. After accounting for geometry, we demonstrated a thermal-to-electrical power conversion efficiency of 24.1±0.9% at 1055°C. We separately modeled our system consisting of a selective emitter, dielectric filter, and PV cell and found agreement with our measured efficiency and power to within 1%. Our results indicate that high-efficiency TPV generators are possible and are candidates for remote power generation, combined heat and power, and heat-scavenging applications.
Eutectic ionic liquid mixtures and their effect on CO2 solubility and conductivity (2015)

A simple binary system of compounds resembling short-chain versions of popular ionic liquids has been shown to have alloying properties.
A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PARALLEL GONIOPHOTOMETRY (2013)

A reliable computer simulation of natural and artificial lighting of an indoor environment requires the thorough knowledge of the angular intensity distribution of light scattered or emitted by the various objects involved such as the illuminated surfaces, the trans-illuminated windows or fenestration systems, as well as the luminaires. The angular intensity distribution of light flux reflected, transmitted or emitted as a function of the illumination angle can be measured with an instrument called goniophotometer. Fast measurement, essential in most practical applications, requires the simultaneous detection of all scattering directions with a so-called parallel goniophotometer. In this paper we define and explain the three working principles on which a parallel goniophotometer can rest, namely (i) screen imaging, (ii) dioptric angular mapping, and (iii) catadioptric angular mapping. We provide a state-of-the-art of these instruments and compare their performance and limitations based on a few key parameters.
Power/Data Telemetry Techniques for Implants or Wearable Systems (2016)

The need for energy efficient and multi-functional implanted or wearable devices has driven research into novel power and data telemetry techniques. For both implantable and wearable devices, specifications of the power and data telemetry need to be identified based on the underlying applications. However, few general methods and technologies have been developed to ease the constraints of these systems. For example, multiple wireless power transfer (WPT) methods. This chapter presents two design examples that discuss the implementation of a leading implanted retinal prosthesis and a wearable electronics based on body-area network (BAN). For WPT systems, the efficiency of the power transfer depends on the operating frequency, operating distance, and the dimensions of the external and implant coils. The chapter describes three methods based on the operating frequency and electromagnetic field source: inductive coupling, high frequency power transfer, and permanent magnet-based power transfer.
Analysis of signal and noise propagation for several imaging mechanisms (1989)

The utility of multivariate moment-generating functions for analyzing the influence of stochastic amplifying and scattering mechanisms on the transfer of signal and noise through multistage imaging systems was shown in a previous study [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 895 ( 1987)]. Here we extend that study to include cases in which the amplification or scattering parameters are themselves stochastic variables. Each of these cases is illustrated by a physical example drawn from the study of radiographic screen–film imaging. For stationary, photon-limited inputs, expressions for the noise power spectrum and the detective quantum efficiency are derived for each case.
Full-chip sub-threshold leakage power prediction model for sub-0.18 μm CMOS (2002)

The driving force for the semiconductor industry growth has been the elegant scaling nature of CMOS technology. In future CMOS technology generations, supply and threshold voltages will have to continually scale to sustain performance increase, control switching power dissipation, and maintain reliability. These continual scaling requirements on supply and threshold voltages pose several technology and circuit design challenges. With threshold voltage scaling sub-threshold leakage power is expected to become a significant portion of the total power in future CMOS systems. Therefore, it becomes crucial to predict sub-threshold leakage power of such systems. In this paper, we present a sub-threshold leakage power prediction model that takes into account within-die threshold voltage variation. Statistical measurements of 32-bit microprocessors in 0.18 mm CMOS confirms that the mean error of the model to be 4%. Comparisons of this model to two other existing models that do not take within-die threshold voltage variation into account are also presented.
Conversion of a linear to a circular plasmid in the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii (1996)

Spirochetes of the genus Borrelia have genomes composed of both linear and circular replicons. We characterized the genomic organization of B. burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. turicatae, and B. anserina with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All four species contained a linear chromosome approximately 1 Mb in size and multiple linear plasmids in the 16- to 200-kb size range. Plasmids 180 and 170 kb in size, present in the relapsing fever agents B. hermsii and B. turicatae but not in the other two species, behaved as linear duplex DNA molecules under different electrophoretic conditions. A variant of strain HSI of B. hermsii had a 180-kb circular instead of linear plasmid. There were no detectable differences in the growth rates or in the expression of cellular proteins between cells bearing linear forms and those bearing circular forms of the plasmid. The conversion to a circular conformation of monomeric length was demonstrated by the introduction of strand breaks with irradiation, restriction endonuclease analysis, and direct observation of the DNA molecules by fluorescent microscopy. Consideration of different models for the replication of linear DNA suggests that circular intermediates may be involved in the replication of linear replicons in Borrelia spp.
Modeling and quantitative nanocalorimetric analysis to assess interdiffusion in a Ni/Al bilayer (2011)

A computational model is developed to describe the evolution of the temperature field in a nanocalorimeter that comprises inert material layers on which a nanoscale Ni/Al bilayer has been deposited. The model incorporates a reduced continuum description of mixing and heat release in the Ni/Al bilayer, and of the energy equation in the inert layers. Due to the small thicknesses of individual layers that are several orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding length, a simplified, transient, homogeneous representation of the temperature field can be adopted. The resulting lumped model is valid over short enough timescales, which are nonetheless sufficiently large to capture the formation reaction. By using experimental observations of the evolution of the temperature on the surface of the nanocalorimeter, the model is used to estimate the transient heat release rate. Assuming an Arrhenius model for the mixing between Ni and Al, the estimated heat release rate is used to determine the Arrhenius pre-exponent and activation energy of the atomic diffusivity. Computed results indicate that the present approach provides a promising means of characterizing atomic diffusion rates. Limitations arise, however, due to the low amplitudes of the heat release term at low temperature, and also due to phase-change effects, which make the heat release rate unobservable in the neighborhood of the melting temperature of individual constituents. For the present system, reliable estimates are extracted for temperatures ranging from about 600 K to the Al melting temperature.
IoT-CAD (2020)

The deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in cyber-physical applications has introduced a new set of vulnerabilities. The new security and reliability challenges require a holistic solution due to the cross-domain, cross-layer, and interdisciplinary nature of IoT systems. However, the majority of works presented in the literature primarily focus on the cyber aspect, including the network and application layers, and the physical layer is often overlooked.
Detection of endothelial cell‐reactive immunoglobulin in patients with anti‐phospholipid antibodies (1991)

Individuals with anti-phospholipid antibodies are at increased risk for the development of thrombosis and fetal loss. The pathogenesis of these syndromes is unknown, but may involve antibody-mediated alterations in endothelial cell coagulant activity. To address this possibility, we determined the incidence of endothelial cell-reactive antibodies in 76 patients whose plasma contained anti-phospholipid antibodies, but who had no clinically-evident immune disorder. Plasma from 47 patients deposited significantly more immunoglobulin on cultured endothelial cells than control plasma. Positive tests were more frequent in patients with a history of thrombosis than in those without (17/19 v 23/48; P = 0.004). However, we observed no correlation between immunoglobulin deposition on cardiolipin and endothelial cells by individual plasmas. Furthermore, endothelial cell reactivity was not diminished by adsorption of anti-cardiolipin antibodies from patient sera using liposomes. Immunoglobulin fractions prepared from 5/6 patient sera immunoprecipitated a approximately 70 kDa endothelial cell surface protein; 4/5 of these fractions also induced the release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that plasma from many patients with anti-phospholipid antibodies, but no clinically-evident autoimmune disease, also contains endothelial cell-reactive antibodies. Detection of such antibodies might help identify individuals in this patient population at greatest risk for thrombosis.
Human cancers overexpress genes that are specific to a variety of normal human tissues (2005)

We have analyzed gene expression data from three different kinds of samples: normal human tissues, human cancer cell lines, and leukemic cells from lymphoid and myeloid leukemia pediatric patients. We have searched for genes that are overexpressed in human cancer and also show specific patterns of tissue-dependent expression in normal tissues. Using the expression data of the normal tissues, we identified 4,346 genes with a high variability of expression and clustered these genes according to their relative expression level. Of 91 stable clusters obtained, 24 clusters included genes preferentially expressed either only in hematopoietic tissues or in hematopoietic and one to two other tissues; 28 clusters included genes preferentially expressed in various nonhematopoietic tissues such as neuronal, testis, liver, kidney, muscle, lung, pancreas, and placenta. Analysis of the expression levels of these two groups of genes in the human cancer cell lines and leukemias identified genes that were highly expressed in cancer cells but not in their normal counterparts and, thus, were overexpressed in the cancers. The different cancer cell lines and leukemias varied in the number and identity of these overexpressed genes. The results indicate that many genes that are overexpressed in human cancer cells are specific to a variety of normal tissues, including normal tissues other than those from which the cancer originated. It is suggested that this general property of cancer cells plays a major role in determining the behavior of the cancers, including their metastatic potential.
New Analysis of Semiconductor Isolators: The Modified Spectral Domain Analysis (Short Papers) (1985)

This paper addresses semiconductor isolators of the field displacement effect type. The semiconductor is modelized by its surface impedance tensor. This description allows an extension of the well-known spectral domain method to the analysis of the semiconductor isolators. Different configurations are studied and numerical results are given. The finline isolator with InSb is shown to be the best choice-indeed, insertion loss is less than 3 dB/cm and isolation is greater than 18 dB/cm. Experimental results supporting these calculations will be published in a following paper.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Activity Relationships of Mammalian Topoisomerase II Inhibitors Related to Ellipticine. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electrocatalytic Activities for the Reduction of Oxygen of Carbon Particles Modified with Polypyrrole Including Various Metal Ions as Electrocatalytic Sites (2007)

We reported that carbon black modified with cobalt and various transition metal ions (M) incorporated in a polypyrrole film (Co+MPPy/C) were good electrocatalysts for the reduction of oxygen (O2). After heat treatment of the catalysts at 600 to 650°C under argon atmosphere, which were prepared using with iron and iridium ions as M, the resulted catalysts gave rise to the reduction of O2 at a remarkably positive potential (Ep>0.40 V vs SCE). Rotating ring disk voltammetry (RRDV) revealed that Co+IrPPy/C reduced O2 completely with four electrons (nav=4.0). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the cobalt and M ions were coordinated with nitrogen as the donor atoms and the active sites were maintained even after the heat treatment under argon atmosphere without aggregation of metals and formation of alloys.
The carriage ofStreptococcus suistype 2 by pigs in Papua New Guinea (1993)

SUMMARY An indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to detect the presence of Streptococcus suis type 2 in nasal and pharyngeal swabs taken from pigs in Papua New Guinea. The rate of carriage for the two sites in domesticated indigenous village pigs was 0·5 and 2·5% respectively, compared to 39 and 43% for intensively reared pigs. These findings were supported by the results of a serological survey, using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, in which 87% of intensively reared pigs but only 8% of village pigs were seropositive to S. suis type 2. It is proposed that in intensive piggeries S. suis type 2 is continually cycled between pigs. In village pigs, the low population density and harsh environmental conditions prevents this cycle of infection.
Enhancing the alignment selectivity of p/MQW/n InGaN nanorod LEDs (2018)

We introduced DC offset voltage in a dielectrophoresis assembly process used to align individually separated p/MQW/n InGaN nanorod LEDs to enhance the alignment selectivity for the DC operation of novel nanorod LED devices.
Densities and Viscosities of MTBE + Nonane or Decane atp= 0.1 MPa from (273.15 to 363.15) K (2007)

This work presents densities and viscosities at atmospheric conditions for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) + nonane, or decane, over the whole range of compositions from (273.15 to 363.15) K. A vibrating tube densimeter has been used for the density measurements and a Cannon-Fenske viscosimeter for the viscosity measurements. Excess molar volumes have been calculated from the density measurements and have been represented with a Redlich–Kister equation. The average absolute deviation of our excess molar volumes from literature values is within 0.015 cm3·mol−1. We also have represented our kinematic viscosity values with a three-body McAllister equation.