gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-polar GaN-based MIS-HEMTs for Mixed Signal Applications (2010)

GaN-based transistors are attractive for the next generation RF power and mixed signal electronics due to their high breakdown field and high carrier saturation velocity. III-N high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated on the N-face of GaN are well-suited to address the problems of poor electron confinement and high ohmic contact resistance in the highly scaled transistors. At 4 GHz, N-polar metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS)-HEMTs with a gate length of 0.7 micron exhibited a highest output power density (Pout) of 8.1 W/mm and a highest power-added efficiency (PAE) of 71%, while a Pout of 4.2 W/mm and a PAE of 49% were achieved at 10 GHz. A high speed N-polar MIS-HEMT fabricated with a gate-first self-aligned InGaN-based ohmic contact regrowth technology was characterized, demonstrating an ultra-low contact resistance of 23 ohm-micron and a state-of-the-art fTxLG product of 16.8 GHz-micron with a gate length of 130 nm.
Genome-Wide SNP-Genotyping Array to Study the Evolution of the Human Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 3 (2014)

Vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. Strains of V. vulnificus are classified into three different biotypes. The newly emerged biotype 3 has been found to be clonal and restricted to Israel. In the family Vibrionaceae, horizontal gene transfer is the main mechanism responsible for the emergence of new pathogen groups. To better understand the evolution of the bacterium, and in particular to trace the evolution of biotype 3, we performed genome-wide SNP genotyping of 254 clinical and environmental V. vulnificus isolates with worldwide distribution recovered over a 30-year period, representing all phylogeny groups. A custom single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array implemented on the Illumina GoldenGate platform was developed based on 570 SNPs randomly distributed throughout the genome. In general, the genotyping results divided the V. vulnificus species into three main phylogenetic lineages and an additional subgroup, clade B, consisting of environmental and clinical isolates from Israel. Data analysis suggested that 69% of biotype 3 SNPs are similar to SNPs from clade B, indicating that biotype 3 and clade B have a common ancestor. The rest of the biotype 3 SNPs were scattered along the biotype 3 genome, probably representing multiple chromosomal segments that may have been horizontally inserted into the clade B recipient core genome from other phylogroups or bacterial species sharing the same ecological niche. Results emphasize the continuous evolution of V. vulnificus and support the emergence of new pathogenic
ChemInform Abstract: A Van Leusen Deprotection—Cyclization Strategy as a Fast Entry into Two Imidazoquinoxaline Families. (2013)

Abstract Microwave‐assisted van Leussen three‐component condensation of amines with aldehydes and TosMic′s is followed by deprotection and cyclization to afford imidazoquinoxaline derivatives.
Paediatric cardiac and thoracic anaesthesia (2015)

Abstract The chapter provides a comprehensive overview on anaesthesia for congenital heart paediatric patients and paediatric thoracic anaesthesia. The main topics treated include: education and training in paediatric cardiothoracic anaesthesia; an exhaustive overview on the main patterns of congenital heart defects, with the pertinent pathophysiological changes and the relative surgical interventions (palliations and corrections); risk stratification for paediatric cardiac surgery. Pre-anaesthetic management, as well as intraoperative anaesthesia techniques are widely described. A specific attention is dedicated to the haemodynamic monitoring of the patient, with particular respect to central venous oxygen saturation, arterial blood lactates, near infrared spectroscopy and transoesophageal echocardiography. The peculiar aspects of cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric patients are included in this chapter. Finally, an overview on the main pathologies leading to a thoracic surgery operation, with or without cardiopulmonary bypass is included. Pathophysiology of the lateral position, bronchoscopy and related issues complete this part.
Continuous Saccharification of Corn Starch in a Membrane Reactor. Part I: Conversion, Capacity and Productivity (1992)

Abstract Effects of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and residence time on substrate conversion, reactor capacity and productivity were evaluated. As enzyme concentration increased from 1 to 6 g/L, substrate conversion also increased. Substrate conversion was essentially unchanged at enzyme concentrations greater than 6 g/L. Reactor capacity was significantly affected by both substrate and enzyme concentration. As residence time increased, substrate conversion increased 15–22%. Productivities of the continuous reactor were 10 to 20 times greater than those obtained in a batch reactor. The continuous membrane reactor was capable of producing a highly pure glucose syrup at low residence times. Due to the high levels of substrate conversion, minimal operational problems were experienced.
Safety Analysis Technique for System with Limited Data: Case Study of the Multipurpose Research Reactor in Indonesia (2020)

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is frequently applied to deductively evaluate the safety systems of complex engineering systems such as chemical industries or nuclear facilities. To perform this analysis, generic data are commonly used due to the limitation of historical failure data of the system being evaluated. However, generic data have a degree of uncertainty and hence cannot represent the system’s actual performance. In addition, generic data are not applicable to older components due to the aging process, which obviously degrades the reliability of those components. To deal with this limitation, another safety analysis method, called fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA), has been proposed. The purpose of this study is to apply FFTA to evaluate the performance of the primary cooling systems of G.A. Siwabessy Multipurpose Reactor (RSG-GAS). RSG-GAS is a research reactor, which belongs to the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN). Expert justifications were used to evaluate the failure occurrences of basic events in the primary cooling system of the RSG–GAS through questionnaires. The assessment by experts is in the form of qualitative data, which are then converted into quantitative data by applying FFTA. Then, the top event probability generated from FFTA was applied to calculate the event probability using event tree analysis (ETA). It was obtained that the highest event probability was 4.304 × 10−8/year. Since it complies with The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) specified core damage frequency (CDF) limit, i.e., not greater than 10−5/year of reactor operation, the reactor is safe to operate.
Orientation of the Disperse Red 1 Chromophore Along the Polar Axis in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (1995)

Organic thin films with large second order nonlinear susceptibility χ (2) are of potential utility in fast integrated electro-optic modulators. Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs), possessing a thermodynamically stable polar structure, and therefore non-zero χ (2) with infinite "thermal stability," combined with good processibility on semiconductor substrates, seem to provide an excellent approach to creation of χ (2) thin films. Indeed, we have outlined in detail an approach for achieving useful χ (2) values in FLCs by orientation of the p-nitroaniline unit along the FLC polar axis. [1] This approach was later shown to afford an FLC glass with χ (2) values on the order of 5 pm/V. [2] However, to be most useful for fabrication of integrated electro-optic modulators, χ (2) values on the order of 50 pm/V arc required.
In‐Situ X‐Ray Diffraction of Electrode Surface Structure (2014)

The first in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations of phase transitions of adsorbed monolayer and multilayer and reconstruction of a metal surface were reported by Martin Fleischmann and B.W. Mao. The high intensity of the X-ray beam from a synchrotron source enables surface XRD (scattering) studies. The application of in-situ XRD/SXS to studies of the electrode/electrolyte interface, as inspired by the research of Martin Fleischmann, has helped to shape the present understanding of the structure of the electrolyte and ions at the interface, the structure of the metal electrode itself, and the effects of adsorbed species and oxides on this structure, and the structure of over layers. The completion of this chapter has highlighted areas where, with the relatively limited laboratory-based resources available to them, Fleischmann and coworkers largely anticipated the results that have been obtained at later stages, using more sophisticated synchrotron-based methods.
Coherent ONU Designs for 50 Gb/s/λ PON (2019)

The required complexity of coherent technology has always been a show-stopper in optical access networks. Here, the recent compelling research activities in low-complexity coherent PONs are reviewed, and their feasibility for 50 Gb/s/λ is investigated.
Expression of a Fibroblast Growth Factor–Binding Protein during the Development of Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas and Colon (2006)

Abstract The activity of growth factors is crucial for tumor progression. We previously characterized a secreted fibroblast growth factor–binding protein (FGF-BP1) as a chaperone molecule, which enhances the biological functions of FGFs by releasing FGFs from the extracellular matrix. Here, we characterize the frequency and pattern of FGF-BP1 expression during the malignant progression of pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. For this, we generated monoclonal antibodies that detect FGF-BP1 protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and applied in situ hybridization to detect FGF-BP1 mRNA in adjacent tissue sections. FGF-BP1 protein and mRNA were found up-regulated (&amp;gt;70% positive) in parallel (r = 0.70, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in colon adenoma (n = 9) as well as primary (n = 46) and metastatic (n = 71) colorectal cancers relative to normal colon epithelia (all P &amp;lt; 0.0001, versus normal). Similarly, pancreatitis (n = 17), pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 80), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 67) showed a significant up-regulation of FGF-BP1 compared with normal pancreas (n = 42; all P &amp;lt; 0.0001, relative to normal). Furthermore, the biological activity of FGF-BP1 is neutralized by one of the antibodies, suggesting the potential for antibody-based therapeutic targeting. We propose that the up-regulation of the secreted FGF-BP1 protein during initiation of pancreas and colon neoplasia could make this protein a possible serum marker indicating the presence of high-risk premalignant lesions. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(2): 1191-8)
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PERFLUOROALKYLETHYLENES WITH NUCLEOPHILES (1984)

Abstract "Die Perfluoralkylethylene (I) werden mit einer Reihe von Nucleophilen zu den allyl‐substituierten Olefinen (II) umgesetzt.
The Comparative Study between PLGA and Chitosan Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. (2005)

Clinical application of the cartilage formed by tissue engineering is of no practical use due to the failure of long-term structural integrity maintenance. One of the important factors for integrity maintenance is the biomaterial for a scaffold. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference between polylactic-co-glycolic acids (PLGA) and chitosan as scaffolds. Human auricular chondrocytes were isolated, cultured, and seeded on the scaffolds, which were implanted in the back of nude mice. Eight animals were sacrificed at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks after implantation respectively. In gross examination and histological findings, the volume of chondrocyte-PLGA complexes was decreased rapidly. The volume of chondrocyte-chitosan complexes was well maintained with a slow decrease rate. The expression of type II collagen protein detected by immunohistochemistry and western blots became weaker with time in the chondrocyte-PLGA complexes. However, the expression in the chondrocyte-chitosan complexes was strong for the whole period. Collagen type II gene expressions using RT-PCR showed a similar pattern. In conclusion, these results suggest that chitosan is a superior scaffold in cartilage tissue engineering in terms of structural integrity maintenance. It is expected that chitosan scaffold may become one of the most useful scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
Kinetics of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 (AAV2) and AAV8 Capsid Antigen Presentation In Vivo Are Identical (2020)

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors 2 and 8 have been used in clinical trials for patients with hemophilia, and data suggest that the capsid-specific CD8+ T cell response has had a negative impact on therapeutic success. To date the pattern of capsid cross-presentation from AAV2 and AAV8 transduction in vivo has not been elucidated. Previously, we have demonstrated that an engineered AAV2 virus carrying the immune-dominant SIINFEKL peptide in the capsid backbone was indistinguishable from wild type with respect to titer, tropism, and the ability to induce capsid-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. In this study, we used the same strategy to engineer an AAV8 vector and demonstrated that antigen from SIINFEKL peptide-integrated AAV8 capsid was effectively presented via either plasmid transfection or AAV8 transduction in vitro. The tissue tropism and transgene expression kinetics of the engineered AAV8 vector in vivo were identical to that of wild-type AAV8. Animal studies show that capsid antigen presentation from AAV transduction was dose dependent, and more importantly, the proliferation of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells had similar kinetics (detectable before 30 days and undetectable after 40 days) for both AAV2 and AAV8 vectors. Elucidation of the kinetics of capsid antigen presentation from AAV transduction by various serotypes provides new insight into the potential impact CD8+ T cells can have during clinical trials and may help with rational design of effective strategies to prevent capsid-specific CD8+ T cell-mediated elimination of AAV-transduced target cells.
6kV 4H-SiC BJTs with Specific On-resistance Below the Unipolar Limit using a Selectively Grown Base Contact Process (2007)

High-voltage (6kV) 4H-SiC NPN BJTs are demonstrated using a novel self-aligned selectively grown base contact process. The devices exhibit specific on-resistance values (R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on,sp</sub> ) as low as 28mΩcm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , the lowest reported to date and below the unipolar limit. The current gain in the active region is found to be 3 and closely related to the depth of the isolation trench. The open-base turn-off curves exhibit a storage time of 0.4μs, providing evidence for conductivity modulation in SiC high-voltage BJTs for the first time. Blanket growth devices fabricated on the same wafer as the selective growth devices show higher R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on,sp</sub> and current gain values as a result of a deeper isolation trench.
Development of a data acquisition system for the MiCES small animal PET scanner (2004)

We have previously reported on the design of a firewire (1394a) based data acquisition system for small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. Here we report on the evolution of that design for our micro-crystal element mouse PET scanner - MiCES. The scanner utilizes 72 position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PMT), each coupled to a 22/spl times/22 array of 0.8/spl times/0.8/spl times/10 mm MLS crystals. Each electronics module supports two PMTs. The module consists of digital and analog boards. The digital board contains a field programmable gate array (FPGA). a microcontroller., and a firewire transport device. We are building two versions of the analog board. One version uses a 32 channel amplifier and pulse height analyzer application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) from Integrated Detectors and Electronics. This version processes each signal from the PMT (12 per tube) independently. The second version uses an analog ASIC from Concorde Microsystems Inc. This version uses resistive summing to combine the PMT signals into the 4 analog channels processed by the ASIC. In both cases. the analog board is a daughter board on the digital board, and the two configurations are supported by different microcode loaded into the FPGA. The resulting 36 sets of detector boards are connected to a host Macintosh computer via the firewire bus. Another microcontroller in the gantry acts as a master controller and is connected to the Macintosh host via a serial cable. The master controller provides command signals (e.g., stop, start, reset, etc) to the detector boards as well as supporting all gantry motions. and sends data to the host via firewire at regular intervals to report the current table and gantry positions.
The Development of a Stable Citrate Electrolyte for the Electrodeposition of Copper‐Nickel Alloys (1998)

The stability of citrate electrolytes for the electrodeposition of copper‐nickel alloys and multilayers has been investigated. It was found that electrolytes operating at pH 4 are unstable due to the formation of an insoluble citrate complex. This complex had previously been thought to be copper citrate dihydrate, , but elemental analysis of the precipitate revealed it to be a heteronuclear copper‐nickel citrate complex. Calculations of the distribution of citrate species in a typical plating solution was undertaken to identify experimental conditions under which the insoluble citrate complex is not formed. These studies indicate that increasing the pH of the citrate solution from 4 to 6 should produce a stable electrolyte. Experimental studies show that the electrolytes at pH 6 are stable for periods of several weeks, in agreement with the predictions of the speciation calculations. The stable citrate electrolytes were used to deposit Cu‐Ni alloys. It was found that alloys could be deposited from these electrolytes with almost 100% current efficiency and with a morphology and composition comparable to those obtained from the unstable citrate electrolytes.
Evidence of a causal effect of genetic tendency to gain muscle mass on uterine leiomyomata (2023)

Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are the most common tumours of the female genital tract and the primary cause of surgical removal of the uterus. Genetic factors contribute to UL susceptibility. To add understanding to the heritable genetic risk factors, we conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of UL in up to 426,558 European women from FinnGen and a previous UL meta-GWAS. In addition to the 50 known UL loci, we identify 22 loci that have not been associated with UL in prior studies. UL-associated loci harbour genes enriched for development, growth, and cellular senescence. Of particular interest are the smooth muscle cell differentiation and proliferation-regulating genes functioning on the myocardin-cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1 A pathway. Our results further suggest that genetic predisposition to increased fat-free mass may be causally related to higher UL risk, underscoring the involvement of altered muscle tissue biology in UL pathophysiology. Overall, our findings add to the understanding of the genetic pathways underlying UL, which may aid in developing novel therapeutics.
Multimodality image guidance system integrating X-ray fluoroscopy and ultrasound image streams with electromagnetic tracking (2007)

This work presents an integrated system for multimodality image guidance of minimally invasive medical procedures. This software and hardware system offers real-time integration and registration of multiple image streams with localization data from navigation systems. All system components communicate over a local area Ethernet network, enabling rapid and flexible deployment configurations. As a representative configuration, we use X-ray fluoroscopy (XF) and ultrasound (US) imaging. The XF imaging system serves as the world coordinate system, with gantry geometry derived from the imaging system, and patient table position tracked with a custom-built measurement device using linear encoders. An electromagnetic (EM) tracking system is registered to the XF space using a custom imaging phantom that is also tracked by the EM system. The RMS fiducial registration error for the EM to X-ray registration was 2.19 mm, and the RMS target registration error measured with an EM-tracked catheter was 8.81 mm. The US image stream is subsequently registered to the XF coordinate system using EM tracking of the probe, following a calibration of the US image within the EM coordinate system. We present qualitative results of the system in operation, demonstrating the integration of live ultrasound imaging spatially registered to X-ray fluoroscopy with catheter localization using electromagnetic tracking.
A latent space exploration for microscopic skin lesion augmentations with VQ-VAE-2 and PixelSNAIL (2021)

Skin cancer affects more than 3 million people only in the US. Comprehensive microscopic databases include around 30 thousand samples, limiting the richness of patterns that can be presented to machine learning. To this end, generative models such as GANs have been proposed for creating realistic synthetic images but, despite their popularity, they are often difficult to train and control. Recently an autoregressive approach based on a quantized autoencoder showed state of the art performances while being simple to train and provide synthetic data generation opportunities. In the first part of this paper we evaluate the training of VQ-VAE-2 with different latent space configuration. In the second part, we show how to use a learned prior over the latent space with PixelSNAIL to generate and modify skin lesions. We show how this process can be used for powerful data augmentation and visualization for skin health, evaluating it on a downstream application that classifies malignant lesions
To Monitor or Not (2018)

Today's data centers (DCs) consume up to 3% of the energy produced worldwide, much of which is wasted due to over-cooling and under utilization of IT equipment. In this paper, we deploy a custom-designed wireless sensor network (WSN) in one high-performance computing (HPC) DC and one modular DC featuring in-row cooling units. The measurement study provides insights on the fidelity and utility of WSN-based solutions to DC monitoring as well as the interplay between IT and cooling equipment in DCs.
2-Dibenzylaminobutane-1,4-diol: An Effective Chiral Building Block for the Synthesis of 1,2-Amino Alcohols (1995)

Regioselective activation and protection of the chiral building block 1, readily available from L-aspartic acid, leads to the key intermediate 8. Employing classical nucleophiles, heterocyclic anions or organocuprates, 8 could be transformed into the displacement products 9. Finally, hydrolysis affords the homochiral 1,2-amino alcohols 4 in 48-77% yield (based on 8).