gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-chip FPGA Debug Instrumentation for Machine Learning Applications (2019)

FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost.
Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase Akt Pathway Mediates Nitric Oxide-Induced Endothelial Cell Migration and Angiogenesis (2003)

To test the hypothesis that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase)/protein kinase Akt signaling pathway is involved in nitric oxide (NO)-induced endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis, we treated human and bovine endothelial cells with NO donors, S-nitroso-L-glutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-penicillamine (SNAP). Both GSNO and SNAP increased Akt phosphorylation and activity, which were blocked by cotreatment with the PI3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin. The mechanism was due to the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase because 8-bromo-cyclic GMP activated PI3 kinase and the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) blocked NO-induced PI3 kinase activity. Indeed, transfection with adenovirus containing endothelial cell NO synthase (eNOS) or protein kinase G (PKG) increased endothelial cell migration, which was inhibited by cotransfection with a dominant-negative mutant of PI3 kinase (dnPI3 kinase). In a rat model of hind limb ischemia, adenovirus-mediated delivery of human eNOS cDNA in adductor muscles resulted in time-dependent expression of recombinant eNOS, which was accompanied by significant increases in regional blood perfusion and capillary density. Coinjection of adenovirus carrying dnPI3 kinase abolished neovascularization in ischemic hind limb induced by eNOS gene transfer. These findings indicate that NO promotes endothelial cell migration and neovascularization via cGMP-dependent activation of PI3 kinase and suggest that this pathway is important in mediating NO-induced angiogenesis.
The menstrual cycle and blood loss during laparoscopic myomectomy (2017)

Intraoperative blood loss during laparoscopic myomectomy does not vary significantly with the phase of the menstrual cycle.
Thermal radiation control structure obtained by anisotropic anode etching of Al (2019)

By anodically etching a (100)-oriented Al foil with an etching mask in hydrochloric acid solution, an ideally ordered array of Al holes was obtained. The Al hole array structure showed wavelength selective thermal radiation property. Wavelength band of the thermal radiation could be tuned by controlling the aperture size of the hole. The aperture size of the Al hole was controlled by optimizing geometrical structures of the etching mask and anode etching conditions.
Mathematical Modeling of Facilitated Liquid Membrane Transport Systems Containing lonically Charged Species (1985)

Abstract A numerical model is presented which solves the transient nonlinear system of partial differential equations governing the facilitated transport of ionically charged species through a liquid membrane. The mathematical model is derived in dimensionless form and solved numerically. Facilitation factors and electrical potentials across the membrane are computed and compared to experimental results. This model is useful in predicting transient concentration, flux, and electrical potential gradients provided that the values of the required physical constants are known. It was noticed that transient facilitation factors are not affected by the transient electrical potential buildup, which indicates that both the pure diffusion and the faciltated transport of permeate are affected equally by the electrical effects of the ionically charged species.
Physical Insights into the Low Current ESD Failure of LDMOS-SCR and its Implication on Power Scalability (2019)

A unique low current ESD failure during snapback region, which otherwise survive high current stress, is reported in LDMOS-SCR device. The failure is universal to LDMOS-SCR devices designed as self-protected MOS switch and found to be specific to a window of current between trigger and holding state, which can only be captured using high resistance load-line in TLP system. This resulted in severe power scalability issues in LDMOS-SCRs. In this work, while using systematic experiments and 3D TCAD simulations, we have developed detailed physical insights into the unique low current ESD failure phenomenon in LDMOS-SCR devices.
COCOS (corona oxide characterization of semiconductor) non-contact metrology for gate dielectrics (2001)

COCOS metrology enables gate dielectrics to be quickly monitored in a non-contact manner for all wafer sizes including 300mm. This approach has been developed during the last five years and is already implemented in many microelectronic fablines. The method uses corona charging in air to deposit an electric charge on a dielectric thus changing the electric field in the dielectric and in the semiconductor. The response is measured in a non-contact manner by using a contact potential difference, VCPD, in the dark and under strong illumination. This measurement gives the voltage drop across the oxide. VOX and the surface barrier, VSB, as a function of the corona charge dose, ΔQC. These basic relationships are then used in a very straightforward manner to determine the flat band voltage, VFB, the total charge required to achieve the flat band condition, QTOT and the interface trap spectra, DIT, across the silicon bandgap in an energy range from flat band to deep inversion. Measurements of VCPD vs. ΔQC under accumulation (or strong inversion) give the oxide capacitance and, after correcting for quantum effects, provide a very accurate measure of the electrical dielectric thickness. Application of corona discharge to characterize dielectric was originally suggested by Williams and Willis [1]. COCOS introduced whole wafer charging based upon the development of a very precise wire-type corona discharge gun [2]. With this charging technique, a near equi-potential condition is created across the dielectric for reducing leakage along the surface. In certain applications whole wafer uniform pre-charging is followed by a charge pulse on a smaller site. The contact potential difference transients after cessation of the pulse give the I-V characteristics of the dielectric. The latter technique is the basis for only recently introduced COCOS measurement of oxide thickness and stress induced leakage current [3].
Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir leaves: A dietary supplement to alleviate type 2 diabetes through metabolic enzymes inhibition (2020)

Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir is an edible medicinal plant widely distributed in Asian countries. One of its folk medicinal uses is the alleviation or treatment of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A number of animal studies confirmed its use in treating T2DM; however, none of them explored the chemistry or the possible mechanism. This study aims to unveil the chemical profile of S. grandiflora through LC-HRMS dereplication analysis, followed by isolation, identification and quantification of the major secondary metabolites with potential α-amylase and α glucosidase inhibitory effect as the potential anti-diabetic mechanism. LC-HRMS chemical profiling of its leaves and twigs identified 32 metabolites. Bio-guided fractionation and HPLC purification led to the isolation of 14 major metabolites that were screened for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. For the first time, two terpenoids; vomifoliol (11) and loliolide (14) showed inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 64.5 and 388.48 µM, respectively. Quercetin (10) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value of 17.45 µM. Further, predicated molecular modelling studies demonstrated strong binding interactions between active compounds and enzyme-substrate binding pockets supporting the observed enzyme inhibitory activity. Interestingly, the quantitative analysis of the most potent inhibitors indicated their existence at a high percentage within S. grandiflora extract. Our findings suggested S. grandiflora is a useful dietary supplement to control postprandial blood glucose.
Pulsed-field electrophoresis of megabase-sized DNA. (1991)

Success in constructing a physical map of the human genome will depend on two capabilities: rapid resolution of very large DNA and identification of migration anomalies. To address these issues, a systematic exploration of pulsed-field electrophoresis conditions for separating multimegabase-sized DNA was undertaken. Conditions were found for first liberating and then separating DNA up to 6 megabases at higher field strengths and more rapidly than previously reported. In addition, some conditions for transversely pulsed fields produced mobility inversion, in which increased size was accompanied by faster rather than slower migration. Importantly, anomalous migration could be identified by the presence of lateral band spreading, in which the DNA band remained sharply defined but spread laterally while moving down the gel. These results have implications for both practical applications and theoretical models of pulsed-field electrophoresis.
Dynamic and Structural Performances of a New Sailcraft Concept for Interplanetary Missions (2015)

Typical square solar-sail design is characterised by a central hub with four-quadrant sails, conferring to the spacecraft the classical X-configuration. One of the critical aspects related to this architecture is due to the large deformations of both membrane and booms, which leads to a reduction of the performance of the sailcraft in terms of thrust efficiency. As a consequence, stiffer sail architecture would be desirable, taking into account that the rigidity of the system strongly affects the orbital dynamics. In this paper, we propose a new solar-sail architecture, which is more rigid than the classical X-configuration. Among the main pros and cons that the proposed configuration presents, this paper aims to show the general concept, investigating the performances from the perspectives of both structural response and attitude control. Membrane deformations, structural offset, and sail vibration frequencies are determined through finite element method, adopting a variable pretensioning scheme. In order to evaluate the manoeuvring performances of this new solar-sail concept, a 35-degree manoeuvre is studied using a feedforward and feedback controller.
FIBEX: An exchange format for networks based on field busses (2004)

International audience
To Cluster Or Not To Cluster: The Uses and Misuses of Clustering Algorithms (2008)

Clustering is a standard part of microarray data analysis. Indeed, the heatmaps and dendrograms characteristic of clustering algorithms are nearly synonymous with microarrays. But not all papers apply clustering algorithms in a valid or meaningful way. This review aims to offer some general guidelines of how a reader can distinguish appropriate cluster analyses from those that are uninformative or invalid.
Cost function analysis for stochastic clustered-dot halftoning based on direct binary search (2010)

Most electrophotographic printers use periodic, clustered-dot screening for rendering smooth and stable prints. However, periodic, clustered-dot screening suffers from the problem of periodic moir´e resulting from interference between the component periodic screens superposed for color printing. There has been proposed an approach, called CLU-DBS for stochastic, clustered-dot halftoning and screen design based on direct binary search. This method deviates from conventional DBS in its use of different filters in different phases of the algorithm. In this paper, we derive a closed-form expression for the cost metric which is minimized in CLU-DBS. The closed-form expression provides us with a clearer insight on the relationship between input parameters and processes, and the output texture, thus enabling us generate better quality texture. One of the limitations of the CLU-DBS algorithm proposed earlier is the inversion in the distribution of clusters and voids in the final halftone with respect to the initial halftone. In this paper, we also present a technique for avoiding the inversion by negating the sign of one of the error terms in the newly derived cost metric, which is responsible for clustering. This not only simplifies the CLU-DBS screen design process, but also significantly reduces the number of iterations required for optimization.
Screen detection of serrated polyps by stool DNA multi-target testing (sDNA-MT): Comparison against fecal immunochemical occult blood testing (FIT). (2013)

341 Background: Precursors to 1/3 of colorectal cancer (CRC), serrated polyps have historically been underdetected by screening due to their inconspicuous, nonhemorrhagic, and proximal nature. New generation sDNA-MT show high sensitivity for both CRC and advanced adenomas (Gastroenterology 2012;142:248), but screen detection of serrated polyps by this approach requires further validation. Aim: To assess and compare noninvasive detection of sessile serrated polyps &gt;1cm (SSP) by sDNA-MT and a commercial quantitative FIT. Methods: In a blinded prospective study, a single stool sample used for both tests was collected from 456 asymptomatic adults prior to screening or surveillance colonoscopy (criterion standard). All 29 patients with SSP were included as cases and all 232 with no neoplastic findings as controls. Buffered stool samples were processed and frozen on receipt; Exact Sciences performed sDNA-MT in batches using optimized analytical methods (Gastroenterology 2012;142:S770). The sDNA-MT panel targets methylated BMP3 (mBMP3) and NDRG4, mutant KRAS, β-actin, and hemoglobin. FIT (Polymedco OC-FIT Check) was performed in separate lab &lt;2 days post defecation and evaluated at cutoffs of 50 (FIT-50) and 100 ng/ml (FIT-100). Results: Age/sex distributions were similar in cases and controls: 40% vs 45% &gt; 65 years and 51% vs 59% women, p=NS respectively. SSP median size was 1.2cm (range 1-3cm), 93% were proximal, and 64% had synchronous diminutive polyps. Among sDNA-MT markers, mBMP3 proved highly discriminant for SSP detection (AUC=0.87, p&lt;0.00001); other DNA markers were less informative and provided no incremental sensitivity. Hemoglobin alone showed no discrimination (AUC=0.50, p=NS). At matched specificities, SSP detection by stool mBMP3 was significantly greater than by either FIT-50 or FIT-100 (Table). Conclusions: From a screening and surveillance setting, SSP can be detected noninvasively by stool assay of exfoliated DNA markers, especially mBMP3. FIT appears to have no value in SSP detection. [Table: see text]
ChemInform Abstract: A REGIOSPECIFIC TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐DAUNOMYCINONE (1979)

Abstract Aus dem Trimethoxycyanomethyl‐naphthalin (I) und dem Cyclohexencarbonsäureethylester (II) entsteht ein Addukt (IIIa), das nach Hydrolyse zu (IIIb) zum tetracyclischen Keton (IV) cyclisiert.
Gaucher-related synucleinopathies: The examination of sporadic neurodegeneration from a rare (disease) angle (2015)

Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by a recessively inherited deficiency in glucocerebrosidase and subsequent accumulation of toxic lipid substrates. Heterozygous mutations in the lysosomal glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) have recently been recognized as the highest genetic risk factor for the development of α-synuclein aggregation disorders ("synucleinopathies"), including Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Despite the wealth of experimental, clinical and genetic evidence that supports the association between mutant genotypes and synucleinopathy risk, the precise mechanisms by which GBA1 mutations lead to PD and DLB remain unclear. Decreased glucocerebrosidase activity has been demonstrated to promote α-synuclein misprocessing. Furthermore, aberrant α-synuclein species have been reported to downregulate glucocerebrosidase activity, which further contributes to disease progression. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that highlight the complexity of this pathogenetic link and how several pathways that connect glucocerebrosidase insufficiency with α-synuclein misprocessing have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. From a translational perspective, we discuss how various therapeutic approaches to lysosomal dysfunction have been explored for the treatment of GBA1-related synucleinopathies, and potentially, for non-GBA1-associated neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, the link between GBA1 and synucleinopathies has become the paradigm of how the study of a rare lysosomal disease can transform the understanding of the etiopathology, and hopefully the treatment, of a more prevalent and multifactorial disorder.
Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on the Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblasts Cultured over Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Scaffolds (2007)

Abstract We report the use of DBD plasma to improve the osteoblast cells adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds. The effects of plasma treatment were characterized by surface energy, surface topography, and surface biocompatibility. The PCL film treated for 5 min showed the highest degree of total surface energy, mouse osteoblast cell proliferation and surface roughness. It is demonstrated that the oxygen plasma treatment not only enhances the hydrophilicity and increases solid surface energy, surface roughness of PCL but also improves the initial attachment and the proliferation of osteoblasts on the PCL substrate. magnified image
Dependence of the Performance of Single Photon Avalanche Diodes on the Multiplication Region Width: Temperature and Field Effects (2007)

In this paper we report new theoretical results on the dependence of the performance of SAM SPADs on the width of the MR by comparing the effects of field-assisted dark carriers with temperature-assisted dark carriers as the width is varied. This sheds light on the characteristic difference in the performance between low-temperature operation and room-temperature operation. Furthermore, we introduce in our study the crucial role played by the location of the carriers within the different layers of the SPAD. We assume that photogenerated carriers are created in the absorber at random locations according to a uniform probability density; similarly, dark carriers are generated randomly in the MR and the absorber according to a uniform probability density in each layer. We consider SPADs with InP hole-injection MRs and InGaAs or InGaAsP absorbers. We use the recursive dead-space multiplication theory to calculate the generalized breakdown probability for all carriers generated in the SPAD according to a field-dependent spatial distribution of carriers (Hayat et al., 2003).
High-efficiency 970-nm multimode pumps (2005)

Ultra-reliable very efficient multimode diodes have been developed. 90 micrometer wide aperture chip-on-submount demonstrate 67% peak power conversion efficiency at 25°C and 60% peak power efficiency at 85°C heatsink temperature; while record high thermal limited peak power in excess of 15 W CW is achieved at 15°C. State-of-the-art performance of Chip-on-Submount does not compromise its reliability; over 1,000,000 hours Mean Time Between Failures has been demonstrated. Cooler-less package design ensures thermal resistance of 4.5°C/W from the Chip-on-Submount to external heatsink; coupling efficiency of 95% into 0.15 NA at over 5 W power in 100 &#956;m dia. fiber are routinely obtained. Results of multi-cell accelerated tests of packaged pumps yielded over 10 years of uninterrupted use MTBF at over 5W CW ex-fiber output.
Photodetector arrays and architectures for acousto-optical signal processing (1990)

A review of photodetector arrays and architectures is presented for acousto-optical (AO) signal processing applications, for which the demands on photodetector arrays are substantially greater than for image sensing applications. The primary design considerations for obtaining photodetector arrays with high dynamic range, high sensitivity, high speed, and low crosstalk are discussed. The current status and future needs for detector arrays for AO signal processing are presented. Several novel detector structures and concepts that have potential for future AO optical signal processing use are described.
Binding of influenza virus hemagglutinin to analogs of its cell-surface receptor, sialic acid: analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography (1992)

The interaction between influenza virus hemagglutinin and its cell-surface receptor, 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), was probed by the synthesis of 12 sialic acid analogs, including derivatives at the 2-carboxylate, 5-acetamido, 4-, 7-, and 9-hydroxyl, and glycosidic positions. The equilibrium dissociation constants of these analogs were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ligand modifications that reduced or abolished binding included the replacement of the 2-carboxylate with a carboxamide, the substitution of azido or N-benzyloxycarbonyl groups for the 5-acetamido group, and the replacement of the 9-hydroxyl with amino or O-acetyl moieties. Modifications having little effect on binding included the introduction of longer chains at the 4-hydroxyl position, the replacement of the acetamido methyl group with an ethyl group, and the removal of the 7-hydroxyl group. X-ray diffraction studies yielded 3 A resolution crystal structures of hemagglutinin in complex with four of the synthetic analogs [alpha-2-O-methyl-, 4-O-acetyl-alpha-2-O-methyl-, 9-amino-9-deoxy-alpha-2-O-methyl-, and alpha-2-O-(4'-benzylamidocarboxybutyl)-N-acetylneuraminic acid] and with the naturally occurring cell-surface saccharide (alpha 2-3)sialyllactose. The X-ray studies unambiguously establish the position and orientation of bound sialic acid, indicate the position of the lactose group of (alpha 2-3)sialyllactose, and suggest the location of an alpha-glycosidic chain (4'-benzylamidocarboxybutyl) that increases the binding affinity of sialic acid by a factor of about 3. Although the protein complexed with alpha-2-O-methylsialic acid contains the mutation Gly-135-->Arg near the ligand binding site, the mutation apparently does not affect the ligand's position. The X-ray studies allow us to interpret the binding affinities in terms of the crystallographic structure. The results suggest further experiments which could lead to the design of tight binding inhibitors of possible therapeutic value.
Physical Activity Measured by Physical Activity Monitoring System Correlates with Glucose Trends Reconstructed from Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2013)

Quantitative information on correlation between mild PA and short-term glucose dynamics was obtained. This represents a preliminary important step toward incorporation of PA information in more realistic physiological models of the glucose-insulin system usable in T1DM simulators, in development of closed-loop artificial pancreas control algorithms, and in CGM-based prediction algorithms for generation of hypoglycemic alerts.