gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Physical Parameters with Steady-State Hardness of Pure Metals Processed by High-Pressure Torsion (2010)

Pure metals of 30 elements with various crystal structures (bcc, fcc, hcp, diamond cubic, complex cubic, primitive hexagonal and tetragonal) are processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) and their mechanical properties are subsequently evaluated by Vickers microhardness measurements. For all metals, the hardness reaches steady states at large strains where the hardness remains unchanged with further straining. It is shown that the hardness values at the steady state are characteristics of each metal and are successfully expressed as a unique function of the homologous temperature, shear modulus and physical parameters of metals such as melting temperature, specific heat capacity and diffusion coefficient except for a few elements. The findings are well applicable to predict the ultimate steady-state hardness of metals attained by HPT processing through the correlation established in this study.
Sharing meaningful and relevant assay data – the experts' opinion (2018)

The question of methods used for analyte quantification (signal vs concentration determination, parameters, and format) continues to generate passionate debates and divergent understanding. As of today, there is still a communication gap between researchers depending on their field of expertise and background (HTS, pharmacology, lead optimization phases, medicinal chemistry…).
This white paper precisely addresses that topic and summarizes the workshop Cisbio chaired with a focus group of renowned researchers in the field of GPCR biology and lead discovery (*). 
Our goal was to come up with methodology recommendations on which biologists, screeners, pharmacologists and medicinal chemists could share a common understanding, and to provide guidance based on facts and results.
The removal of natural organic matter and inorganic salts in nanofiltration concentrates (2010)

Membrane fouling limits the water recovery of nanofiltration to 80-85% in drinking water production. In order to increase the water recovery, a closed cycle is under investigation where the concentrate stream is treated by specific technologies, so it can return to the feed side of the membrane without increased membrane fouling. In this way, a closed cycle with a recovery of almost 100% may be obtained. The natural organic matter in the concentrate stream is decomposed by O3 oxidation. The membrane flux of three of the four investigated nanofiltration membranes (NF270, NF90, NF-PES 10, N30F) is higher during the filtration of the ozonated concentrate stream than during the filtration of the (prefiltered) surface water. The chemical oxygen demand and the UV absorption is reduced by 44% and 75%, respectively, for a specific O3 dose of 2.56 g O3 per g COD. The salts in the concentrate stream are removed by electrodialysis. Electrodialysis membranes with a high permselectivity for divalent ions are desired. The FTAM anion exchange membranes of Fumatech show a high selectivity for sulphate ions relative to chloride ions. The FTCM cation exchange membranes (same manufacturer) were non-selective for calcium and magnesium ions with respect to sodium ions.
Chirality and Frustration in Ordered Fluids (1994)

Abstract Chirality in liquid crystal systems is a complex and sometimes difficult concept to understand and appreciate. In this article we review some of the reduced symmetry aspects of calamitic liquid crystal phases with reference to point symmetry, space symmetry, and helicity. We utilize these concepts in the discussion of new results obtained on Twist Grain Boundary phases, inversions in chiral dependent properties such as the helicity in cholesteric and smectic C* phases and the spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric liquid crystals, and antiferroelectric behaviour in low molar mass systems. Our observations suggest that many novel effects found in chiral liquid crystals are a result of conflicts between the effects of reduced symmetry and the desire to form normal liquid-crystalline structures, i.e., a form of frustration exists.
Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Isocordoin (2001)

In the search of a convenient synthesis for isocordoin (1), a potential anticancer natural product, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone was inoculated in cell suspension cultures of Morus nigra, which were expected to contain an active prenyltransferase. After 24 hours the target compound was easily isolated from the metabolite extract. Optimization of the biotransformation resulted in a 85% yield of the prenyl derivative.
Library of Derivatizable Multiblock Copolymers by Nucleophilic Substitution Polymerization and Targeting Specific Properties (2020)

Multiblock copolymers (MBCs) are fascinating in the field of biology-polymer chemistry interfaces. Synthesizing libraries of MBCs with tailor-made functionality is challenging as it involves multiple steps. Herein, a simple synthesis, analogous to polyurethane/Michael addition reactions, has been introduced to obtain a library of derivatizable MBCs. Nucleophilic substitution polymerization (S<sub>N</sub>P) of poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) blocks containing activated halide termini by primary mono/di/coamines or clickable amines provides functional MBCs. The structure of amines directs the properties of the MBCs. The self-assembly of small molecular weight primary diamine-based MBCs shows controlled release of hydrophobic model guest molecules and therapeutics. The primary diamine (no dangling chain) helps to form MBC micelles having a relatively tight core with a low diffusion property. Antimicrobial property in the MBCs has been introduced by separating the cationic centers from the lipophilic groups using a coamine as a nucleophilic agent and a small molecular weight dihalide as a chain extender. Clickable MBCs were synthesized by changing the structure of the nucleophile to obtain degradable amphiphilic conetworks and hydrogels. Varieties of macromolecular entities could be obtained by switching the nucleophilic agent and introducing a small molecular weight chain extender. This synthesis approach provides an opportunity to tune the chemical functionality, topological structure, and biological properties of macromolecular entities.
Dynamic Thermal Laser Stimulation Theory and Applications (2006)

Thermal laser stimulation (TLS) techniques have demonstrated their ability to detect and locate defects in integrated circuits (IC). Optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) and all derivatives are based on the same physical principle: local laser heating of integrated circuits. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the extensive work done in this area in order to highlight the essential physical principles. With this knowledge dynamic thermal laser stimulation (D-TLS) applications can then be tackled, optimizing parameters such as laser dwell time for sufficient heating. Finally, applications are presented on 180nm, 120nm and 90nm, comparing the sensitivity of dynamic thermal laser stimulation with respect to light emission
Reagent-free-high-throughput extraction of nuclear acids and proteins via rapid mechanical cell lysis using silicon point-constructions (2017)

We present here a novel microfluidic device featuring silicon point-constrictions for reagent-free rapid cell lysis. The ultra-thin edge of the point-constrictions maintains generally low fluidic resistance of the microchannel, therefore enabling high volumetric flow rate and pronounced shear near the constriction for effective membrane disruption at high throughput. © 17CBMS-0001.
Long Chain Branching in Polyethylene from the Phillips Chromium Catalyst (2003)

Supported chromium oxide polymerization catalysts can impart significant levels of long chain branching (LCB) to polyethylene made in a slurry process. LCB often dominates the rheological behavior of the polymer, and is thus responsible for the performance of many HDPE grades during commercial molding operations. LCB is difficult to accurately measure but its presence can be inferred from the visco‐elastic character of the polymer, relative to its molecular weight (MW) and MW distribution. Depending on catalyst choice, LCB levels from chromium oxide catalysts can range from near zero, to very high, rivaling the tightly bridged metallocenes. The most common catalyst and reactor variables were investigated with respect to their effect on LCB formation. The simple “macromonomer insertion” view does not in itself account for many of these LCB responses. In fact, no overall correlation was found between LCB and the catalyst's ability to incorporate large comonomers. Instead, variables that influenced LCB most also govern the active site density, including activation temperature, chromium loading, and the presence of cocatalysts or poisons in the reactor. The physical structure of the catalyst support also had a strong influence on the elastic behavior of the polymer, independent of any effect on MW or MW distribution. These and other variables are discussed.
Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)-Producing and Hepatitis C Virus-Replicating HepG2 Cells Secrete No More Lipoviroparticles than VLDL-Deficient Huh7.5 Cells (2013)

In the plasma samples of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, lipoviroparticles (LVPs), defined as (very-) low-density viral particles immunoprecipitated with anti-β-lipoproteins antibodies are observed. This HCV-lipoprotein association has major implications with respect to our understanding of HCV assembly, secretion, and entry. However, cell culture-grown HCV (HCVcc) virions produced in Huh7 cells, which are deficient for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, are only associated with and dependent on apolipoprotein E (apoE), not apolipoprotein B (apoB), for assembly and infectivity. In contrast to Huh7, HepG2 cells can be stimulated to produce VLDL by both oleic acid treatment and inhibition of the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway but are not permissive for persistent HCV replication. Here, we developed a new HCV cell culture model to study the interaction between HCV and lipoproteins, based on engineered HepG2 cells stably replicating a blasticidin-tagged HCV JFH1 strain (JB). Control Huh7.5-JB as well as HepG2-JB cell lines persistently replicated viral RNA and expressed viral proteins with a subcellular colocalization of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), core, gpE2, and NS5A compatible with virion assembly. The intracellular RNA replication level was increased in HepG2-JB cells upon dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment, MEK/ERK inhibition, and NS5A overexpression to a level similar to that observed in Huh7.5-JB cells. Both cell culture systems produced infectious virions, which were surprisingly biophysically and biochemically similar. They floated at similar densities on gradients, contained mainly apoE but not apoB, and were not neutralized by anti-apoB antibodies. This suggests that there is no correlation between the ability of cells to simultaneously replicate HCV as well as secrete VLDL and their capacity to produce LVPs.
Gene amplification during myogenic differentiation (2016)

Gene amplifications are mostly an attribute of tumor cells and drug resistant cells. Recently, we provided evidence for gene amplifications during differentiation of human and mouse neural progenitor cells. Here, we report gene amplifications in differentiating mouse myoblasts (C2C12 cells) covering a period of 7 days including pre-fusion, fusion and post-fusion stages. After differentiation induction we found an increase in copy numbers of CDK4 gene at day 3, of NUP133 at days 4 and 7, and of MYO18B at day 4. The amplification process was accompanied by gamma-H2AX foci that are indicative of double stand breaks. Amplifications during the differentiating process were also found in primary human myoblasts with the gene CDK4 and NUP133 amplified both in human and mouse myoblasts. Amplifications of NUP133 and CDK4 were also identified in vivo on mouse transversal cryosections at stage E11.5. In the course of myoblast differentiation, we found amplifications in cytoplasm indicative of removal of amplified sequences from the nucleus. The data provide further evidence that amplification is a fundamental mechanism contributing to the differentiation process in mammalians.
High-power single emitters and laser bars with improved performance developed at JENOPTIK (2012)

High-power single emitters and laser bars have proven as widely-used light sources in many industrial and medical applications or as pump source for solid state or fiber lasers. A steady increase in optical and cost efficiency is needed to find the way into new markets. Therefore laser structures and devices have to be designed according to new requirements. The epitaxial structures including the design of the laser bars and the single emitters as well as epitaxial growth process are optimized to enhance the laser performance. Important parameters include the efficiency, the maximum output power, the wavelength stability and finally the reproducibility of the whole manufacturing process. Single emitters have been developed in the wavelength range around 940 nm. For laser bars the wavelength ranges around 880 nm and 1060 nm are under consideration. A wavelength stabilization for 976 nm laser devices is developed.
Analysis of Charge Cloud Geometries for Ion Propulsion of Microwave Lightcraft (2006)

The thrust and flight performance of a novel airbreathing ion propulsion concept was analyzed for a 20‐m diameter microwave‐propelled Lightcraft. Two sample vehicle/charge cloud geometries were modeled using an axisymmetric Finite Element Analysis (FEM) electrostatic package to determine the charge and electric field distributions, as well as the thrust force on the vehicle. A 2‐D cartesian analysis was then employed to approximately model three additional geometries in which the vehicle and charge cloud axes of symmetry did not coincide. In each case, the amount of charge ejected from the vehicle was such that the maximum electric field at the vehicle surface corresponded to the breakdown value for NTP air, ∼2.99 MV/m. The maximum electrostatic force was calculated for each of the three cloud/vehicle configurations. Estimates of the characteristic velocities for equilibrium flight were calculated, and variations in vehicle flight orientation were considered in order to achieve a compromise between aerodynamic benefits and maximum electrostatic force.
Protein Expression of TNF-α in Psoriatic Skin Is Regulated at a Posttranscriptional Level by MAPK-Activated Protein Kinase 2 (2006)

Alterations in specific signal transduction pathways may explain the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines seen in inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. We reveal increased TNF-alpha protein expression, but similar TNF-alpha mRNA levels, in lesional compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin, demonstrating for the first time that TNF-alpha expression in lesional psoriatic skin is regulated posttranscriptionally. Increased levels of activated MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) together with increased MK2 kinase activity were found in lesional compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that activated MK2 was located in the basal layers of the psoriatic epidermis, whereas no positive staining was seen in nonlesional psoriatic skin. In vitro experiments demonstrated that both anisomycin and IL-1beta caused a significant activation of p38 MAPK and MK2 in cultured normal human keratinocytes. In addition, TNF-alpha protein levels were significantly up-regulated in keratinocytes stimulated with anisomycin or IL-1beta. This increase in TNF-alpha protein expression was completely blocked by the p38 inhibitor, SB202190. Transfection of cultured keratinocytes with MK2-specific small interfering RNA led to a significant decrease in MK2 expression and a subsequent significant reduction in the protein expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8, whereas no change in the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was seen. This is the first time that MK2 expression and activity have been investigated in an inflammatory disease such as psoriasis. The results strongly suggest that increased activation of MK2 is responsible for the elevated and posttranscriptionally regulated TNF-alpha protein expression in psoriatic skin, making MK2 a potential target in the treatment of psoriasis.
Improvement of chemical ordering of FePt (001) oriented films by MgO buffer layer (2008)

Chemically ordered L10 FePt layer was obtained at temperature as low as 280°C by in situ heating by using MgO buffer layer on CrRu (200) underlayer. The chemical ordering and magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Ku, increased with increasing deposition temperature from 280to400°C. The out-of-plane coercivity Hc⊥ also increased significantly from 2.7to9.0kOe. All the films showed perpendicular anisotropy. The reason for the increase in the coercivity was investigated by reducing the thickness of the FePt layer to 4nm and varying the thickness of the MgO buffer layer at 1, 2, and 4nm. Well isolated FePt islands were formed. When the MgO layer was 1nm, the Hc⊥ of the 4nm FePt layer was as high as 12kOe. However, it reduced to 6.3kOe when the MgO was 4nm. The change in Hc⊥ was due to the improved chemical ordering and thus higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Executable statement (2003)

An executable statement is a procedural step in a highlevel imperative programming language that calls for processing action by the computer, such as performing arithmetic, reading data from an external medium, making a decision, etc. In describing the structure and features of high-level languages, it is convenient to distinguish between executable statements and nonexecutable ones (declarations) that provide information about the nature of the data or about the way the processing is to be done without themselves causing any processing action.
Electrical Spin-Injection enhancement in III-V Spin-LEDs: Towards control of light polarization using spin-injected Lasers (2013)

International audience
Numerical Study of the Effective Combination of Microbubbles and Ultrasound in HIFU Therapy (2011)

The effective combination of microbubbles and ultrasound in HIFU therapy has been investigated through a numerical simulation. The equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy are solved for a microbubble‐infused mixture, and model HIFU therapy in the presence of microbubbles. The bubbles follow Rayleigh‐Plesset equation, and are coupled with the mixture using the Euler‐Lagrange method. The impacts of both the volume fraction due to the microbubbles and the amplitude of the ultrasound on the heat distribution are analyzed by using a two dimensional cylindrical simulation of the propagation of focused ultrasound (1 MHz) through a mixture of bubbles 1.3 μm in diameter. As the initial void fraction increased, the shape of the high temperature region was observed to change from cigar shape, to tadpole shaped, to cone shape. It was numerically confirmed that the temperature dramatically increased by means of inertial cavitation. The results show that the effectiveness of HIFU therapy increases with increased initial void fraction, as well as an input ultrasound amplitude above the threshold required for inertial cavitation.
Progress in Fabrication and Modeling of Microstructured Optical Fibers (2004)

We discuss recent advancements made in the fabrication and theoretical modeling of microstructured optical fibers and highlight opportunities for these fibers for low-loss transmission, nonlinear applications, and sensing.
Ultra-sensitive acoustic fiber sensors utilizing nano-membranes (2015)

A new, highly sensitive, compact fiber acoustic sensor is reported that implements a micro-fabricated silicon membrane with a &pi;/2 phase step combined to a single-mode fiber to form a simple interferometric sensor head. Compared to high-sensitivity membrane-based fiber Fabry-Perot (FP) sensors, it has a similar pressure resolution, it operates over a much broad range of wavelengths (~&plusmn;150 nm vs. ~&plusmn;1 nm), and fabrication is simpler. A prototype is reported with an average minimum detectable pressure (MDP) as low as 5.4 &mu;Pa/&radic;Hz (1-30 kHz), in agreement with a model. A state-of-the-art FP fiber sensor with an average MDP about twice as low is described for comparison.
Functional Interaction of Caveolin-1 with Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase and Bmx (2002)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a member of the Tec family of protein-tyrosine kinases, has been shown to be crucial for B cell development, differentiation, and signaling. Mutations in the Btk gene lead to X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency in mice. Using a co-transfection approach, we present evidence here that Btk interacts physically with caveolin-1, a 22-kDa integral membrane protein, which is the principal structural and regulatory component of caveolae membranes. In addition, we found that native Bmx, another member of the Tec family kinases, is associated with endogenous caveolin-1 in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Second, in transient transfection assays, expression of caveolin-1 leads to a substantial reduction in the in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of both Btk and its constitutively active form, E41K. Furthermore, a caveolin-1 scaffolding peptide (amino acids 82--101) functionally suppressed the autokinase activity of purified recombinant Btk protein. Third, we demonstrate that mouse splenic B-lymphocytes express substantial amounts of caveolin-1. Interestingly, caveolin-1 was found to be constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 in these cells. The expression of caveolin-1 in B-lymphocytes and its interaction with Btk may have implications not only for B cell activation and signaling, but also for antigen presentation.
Cambios importantes en la cobertura de la tierra y análisis de transiciones sistemáticas en un sector del occidente de Honduras (2015)

El objetivo fue aplicar tecnologías de información geográfica para identificar cambios importantes en cobertura de la tierra y, analizar señales dominantes ligadas a procesos de cambios sistemáticos en el occidente de Honduras. Se analizaron períodos antes y después del huracán Mitch que afectó Centroamérica en 1998. Se utilizaron mapas de 1991, 1995, 2003 y 2006 clasificados en: bosque mixto, pino, matorral, pastos, agricultura, urbano y suelo desnudo. Los de 1991 y 1995 y de 2003 y 2005 se compararon para construir matrices de tabulación cruzada que se analizaron separadamente para identificar persistencia, ganancias y pérdidas por categorías. Se calculó cambio neto, intercambio, cambio total; y las transiciones entre categorías. Como resultado se encontró que entre 1991-1995 el mayor cambio neto fue en agricultura (9.54%), matorral (6.07%) y pino (4.92%). Para 2003-2006, en matorral (5.54%), pasto (4.39%) y bosque mixto (3.13%). Entre 1991-1995 el intercambio se dio en la mayoría de las categorías: bosque mixto (20.15%), agricultura (18.86%), matorral (13.56%), pino (12.32%) y suelo desnudo (11.96%); y entre 2003-2006 en: agricultura (23.98%), pino (15.30%), suelo desnudo (14.77%), matorral (13.47) y bosque mixto (8.22%). Los resultados evidencian una alta dinámica de cambio del paisaje, 52.57% entre 1991-1995 y 48.78% entre 2003-2006. Las principales transiciones sistemáticas entre 1991-1995 fueron: de bosque mixto a pino y de matorral a agricultura, las primeras debidas a la expulsión de grandes aserraderos de la zona; las segundas al avance de la frontera agrícola. Entre 2003- 2006 las transiciones se dieron: de pino a bosque mixto y de matorral a pino, las primeras debidas a la importancia económica que adquirieron otras especies, las segundas al agotamiento de capacidad productiva de matorrales que pasaron a especies de mayor valor económico, como el pino. Estas últimas tendencias revelan potencialidad de regeneración natural del bosque e intencionalidades humanas de protección y económicas.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Volumen 8, Número 2 Otoño, 2015; 469-492