gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signal characteristics of emphysematous and control lungs. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;The distribution of transmission, dark-field and normalized scatter values are shown as boxplots for emphysematous and control lungs in a per-pixel (&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;) and a per-individual (&lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;) analysis. For the per-individual analyses median values over all 11 projections of each specimen were used (depicted as rhombs). Additionally, the median value over all projections of all specimens from the respective group is shown (horizontal bar).&lt;/p&gt;
Prostate Segmentation in Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Images (2016)

Prostate segmentation in trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and magnetic resonance images (MRI) facilitates volume estimation, multi-modal image registration, surgical planing and image guided prostate biopsies. The objective of this work was to develop shape and region prior deformable models for accurate, robust and computationally efficient prostate segmentation in TRUS and MRI images. Primary contribution of this work was in adopting a probabilistic learning approach to achieve soft classification of the prostate for automatic initialization and evolution of a shape and region prior deformable models for prostate segmentation in TRUS images. Region based energy was determined from region based statistics of the posterior probabilities. Graph cut energy minimization framework was adopted for prostate segmentation in MRI. Posterior probabilities obtained in a supervised learning schema and from a probabilistic segmentation of the prostate using an atlas are fused in logarithmic domain to reduce segmentation error. Finally a graph cut energy minimization in the stochastic framework achieves prostate segmentation in MRI.
Adaptive Polymersome and Micelle Morphologies in Anticancer Nanomedicine: From Design Rationale to Fabrication and Proof‐of‐Concept Studies (2018)

Abstract Intrigued and inspired by the intricacy of natural architectures which display various morphologies, researchers seek to develop artificial counterparts in order to replicate, and thereby harness, their function for diverse applications. In particular, well‐defined nanoparticles with various morphologies are of great interest for biomedical research. The impact of morphologically discrete nanoparticles upon the development of nanomedicine is significant, gaining increasing attention for its potential to provide a new avenue for the development of future therapeutic technologies. This progress report discusses adaptive morphologies based on block copolymers as platforms for therapeutic and smart drug delivery applications, including design rationale and controlling the morphology of polymeric nanoparticles. The proof‐of‐concept studies on influence of shapes of nanoparticles on their anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo are addressed.
Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Cath Lab: Current Applications and Future Developments (2009)

This is an electronic preprint version of an article published as: Onno Wink, Harvey S. Hecht, Daniel Ruijters: Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory: Current Applications and Future Developments, Cardiology Clinics, (book chapter), Advances in Coronary Angiography, edited by S. J. Chen and J. D. Carroll, Volume 27, Issue 3, August 2009, pp. 513-529. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2009.04.002
An integrated PCR microfluidic chip incorporating aseptic electrochemical cell lysis and capillary electrophoresis amperometric DNA detection for rapid and quantitative genetic analysis (2012)

A fully integrated microchip for performing cell lysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative analysis of DNA amplicons in a single step is described herein. The chip was built on glass substrate using an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) microheater and PDMS engraved microchannels, which integrated an electrochemical cell lysis zone, a continuous flow PCR module and capillary electrophoresis amperometric detection (CE-AD) system. The total length of the microchannel was 4625 mm for performing 25 cycles of flow-through PCR and was laid on a handheld form factor of 96 × 96 mm(2) area. The key to the fabrication of such a device lies in the use of a single medium to carry out different kinds of biochemical reactions and hence, a reagentless electrochemical cell lysis protocol was integrated on the microchip which was capable of lysing most cell types, including difficult to lyse gram positive bacteria. The lysate contained genomic DNA from a sample which was proven to be suitable for PCR reactions. Genetic analysis was successfully performed on the microchip with purified lambda phage genomic DNA and various cell types, including non-tumorigenic MCF-10A and tumorigenic MCF-7 human cell lines, gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7, and gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, at an optimized flow rate of 5 μl min(-1). For the detection of amplicon DNA, a CE-AD system was used, with semisolid alkaline agarose within the capillary microchannel to minimize interference from cell debris and for efficient resolution of DNA fragments. High signal to noise ratio during amperometric detection and the use of online FFT filtering protocol enhanced the limit of detection of DNA amplicons. Therefore, with a combination of portability, cost-effectiveness and performance, the proposed integrated PCR microchip can be used for one step genetic analysis of most of the cell types and will enable more accessible healthcare.
Barriers, drivers, and public support instruments on international business development among manufacturing SMEs in Finland (2019)

International business development is critical to manufacturing SMEs since these businesses need to extend their markets internationally in order to stay in the competition. Many barriers, drivers, and regional public support instruments influence their international business development. Appreciating these barriers, drivers, and public support instruments is core to the successful promotion of internationalization. This research aims to study the influences of various types of barriers, drivers, and public support instruments on international business development in Finland. The study draws on diverse data, including qualitative interviews with company representatives and regional innovation actors. The results showed that the barriers of ‘limited managerial information’ and ‘lack of resources’ have a significant negative influence on international business development. Furthermore, the results indicated that the drivers of ‘research, development and innovation’, ‘home government assistance’, and ‘foreign market’ have a significant positive influence on international business development. Here, various public support instruments provided by the regional innovation actors may further strengthen the drivers to overcome the barriers. In addition to the empirical contribution, the article highlights the dynamics between the barriers, drivers and public support instruments, and suggests that national policymakers, regional innovation actors and SMEs should further strengthen what drives SMEs’ international business development to indirectly mitigate the barriers.
Determining the Electrical Charging Speed Limit of ReRAM Devices (2021)

Redox-based random-access memory (ReRAM) has the potential to successfully address the technological barriers that today's memory technologies face. One of its promising features is its fast switching speed down to 50 ps. Identifying the limiting process of the switching speed is, however, difficult. At sub-nanosecond timescales three candidates are being discussed: An intrinsic limitation, being the migration of mobile donor ions, e.g., oxygen vacancies, the heating time, and its electrical charging time. Usually, coplanar waveguides (CPW) are used to bring the electrical stimuli to the device. Based on the data of previous publications, we show, that the rise time of the effective electrical stimulus is mainly responsible for limiting the switching speed at the sub-nanosecond timescale. For this purpose, frequency domain measurements up to 40 GHz were conducted on three Pt\TaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> \Ta devices with different sizes. By multiplying the obtained scattering parameters of these devices with the Fourier transform of the incoming signal, and building the inverse Fourier transform of this product, the voltage at the ReRAM device can be determined. Finally, the rise time of the voltage at the ReRAM device is calculated, which is a measure to the electrical charging time. It was shown that this rise time amounts to 2.5 ns for the largest device, which is significantly slower than the pulse generator's rise time. Reducing the device's rise time down to 66 ps is possible, but requires smaller features sizes and other optimizations, which we summarize in this paper.
CD74 (CD74 molecule, major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain) (2014)

Review on CD74, with data on DNA/RNA, on the protein encoded and where the gene is implicated. Identity
Effects on growth and energy metabolism in untransformed and transformed BALB/c mouse fibroblasts by a novel cytotoxic compound. (1989)

A lipid, recently discovered as a contaminant of endotoxin and White-Type polysaccharide preparations from an unidentified isolate of Serratia marcescens, was named DCX for its direct cytotoxic activity. Previously we have shown that DCX is cytotoxic to several transplantable tumors and transformed cell lines in culture at nanomolar concentrations, while normal fibroblasts were significantly more resistant. In this study the selectivity and mechanism of DCX-mediated cytotoxicity was examined more thoroughly with the use of clonally related cell lines. DCX is growth inhibitory but is not cytotoxic to a BALB/c embryonal cell line. Transformation by Simian Virus 40 renders a cloned derivative cell line sensitive to the cytotoxicity of DCX. Treatment of both cell lines with DCX increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake and lactate production, and decreased ATP levels. Electron micrographs show extensive damage to mitochondria in cells treated with DCX. The results indicate that the growth inhibitory activity of DCX in these cells is due to effects on mitochondria resulting in depletion of cellular ATP. The data suggest that the basis for selective cytotoxicity is in how the different cells are able to cope with lower energy levels.
Extending a Human-AI Collaboration Framework with Dynamism and Sociality (2022)

Abstract. We propose an integrated framework of Collaborating Humans and AIs (CHA) for the design, analysis, and critique of human-AI applications in current and future workplaces. Through four use cases, we explore different configurations of humans working with intelligent systems, informed by a 70-year history of frameworks of human-machine interaction. We make two primary contributions: (1) In contrast to prior analyses of mixed-initiative human-AI systems, we demonstrate that complex organizational applications involve dynamic shifts and exchanges of human and machine initiative. (2) We extend the analyses to include multi-user configurations, in which we can examine the sometimes-invisible human roles behind those structures, interrogate power relationships, and uncover mismatches between the desired and available levels of human and AI initiative.
Engineering exosome polymer hybrids by atom transfer radical polymerization (2020)

Exosomes are emerging as ideal drug delivery vehicles due to their biological origin and ability to transfer cargo between cells. However, rapid clearance of exogenous exosomes from the circulation as well as aggregation of exosomes and shedding of surface proteins during storage limit their clinical translation. Here, we demonstrate highly controlled and reversible functionalization of exosome surfaces with well-defined polymers that modulate the exosome's physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Using cholesterol-modified DNA tethers and complementary DNA block copolymers, exosome surfaces were engineered with different biocompatible polymers. Additionally, polymers were directly grafted from the exosome surface using biocompatible photo-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). These exosome polymer hybrids (EPHs) exhibited enhanced stability under various storage conditions and in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. Tuning of the polymer length and surface loading allowed precise control over exosome surface interactions, cellular uptake, and preserved bioactivity. EPHs show fourfold higher blood circulation time without altering tissue distribution profiles. Our results highlight the potential of precise nanoengineering of exosomes toward developing advanced drug and therapeutic delivery systems using modern ATRP methods.
Allosteric aptamers and aptazymes as probes for screening approaches. (2005)

Substantial effort is currently being devoted to engineering allosteric nucleic acids, aptamers and ribozymes for various applications in cellular and molecular biology, biotechnology and diagnostics. These molecular switches alter their different functional activities in response to specific binding molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids and small organic compounds. The interacting molecules trigger a response in the allosteric nucleic acid, which can be used for purposes such as real-time monitoring, high-throughput screening or gene expression control.
Ethylene signaling regulates natural variation in the abundance of antifungal acetylated diferuloylsucroses and Fusarium graminearum resistance in maize seedling roots (2018)

Summary The production and regulation of defensive specialized metabolites plays a central role in pathogen resistance in maize ( Zea mays ) and other plants. Therefore, identification of genes involved in plant specialized metabolism can contribute to improved disease resistance. We used comparative metabolomics to identify previously unknown antifungal metabolites in maize seedling roots, and investigated the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying their natural variation using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and comparative transcriptomics approaches. Two maize metabolites, smilaside A (3,6-diferuloyl-3′,6′-diacetylsucrose) and smiglaside C (3,6-diferuloyl-2′,3′,6′-triacetylsucrose), that may contribute to maize resistance against Fusarium graminearum and other fungal pathogens were identified. Elevated expression of an ethylene receptor gene, ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 ( ZmEIN2 ), co-segregated with decreased smilaside A/smiglaside C ratio. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of ethylene availability and sensitivity in vivo indicated that, whereas ethylene was required for the production of both metabolites, the smilaside A/smiglaside C ratio was negatively regulated by ethylene sensitivity. This ratio, rather than the absolute abundance of these two metabolites, was important for maize seedling root defense against F. graminearum. Ethylene signaling regulates the relative abundance of the two F. graminearum -resistance-related metabolites and affects resistance against F. graminearum in maize seedling roots.
Selection of a dtpa chelate conjugate for monoclonal antibody targeting to a human colonic tumor in nude mice (1990)

Our previous studies with a 90Y-labelled antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) conjugated to the cyclic anhydride-DTPA (CA-DTPA) indicated that the accretion of 90Y in the bone may limit the application of 90Y-labelled antibodies for therapy. In this report, we have compared the tumor targeting of CA-DTPA-conjugated antibody to antibody conjugated with 4 isothiocyanatobenzyl (ITC-Bz) derivatives of DTPA in nude mice bearing a human colonic tumor xenograft. In biodistribution studies using an 111In-labelled anti-CEA murine monoclonal antibody (MAb), the CA-DTPA-conjugated MAb showed lower tumor uptake, faster blood clearance, and higher accretion in the liver than any of the 4 ITC-Bz-DTPA-conjugated MAbs. There were smaller differences among the 4 ITC-Bz-DTPA conjugates. Whole-body autoradiography of animals given 90Y-MAb prepared with the CA-DTPA or the ITC-Bz-DTPA showed less radioactivity in the bone with the ITC-Bz-DTPA-MAb than the CA-DTPA-MAb. 90Y uptake in the bone corresponded with regions of low proliferative activity as defined by 3H-labelled thymidine, suggesting that the 90Y was in the cortex rather than the marrow. These studies clearly show an advantage of the ITC-Bz-DTPA derivatives for 90Y and 111In labelling of MAbs.
Broadband THz detection in the counter-propagating configuration using THz-enhanced plasma fluorescence (2013)

Terahertz-Radiation Enhanced Emission of Fluorescence (THz-REEF) was studied in the counter-propagating configuration as a more accurate representation of stand-off THz sensing scenarios. Determination of the THz amplitude and phase using this technique was successfully demonstrated.
Biochemical characterization of phosphorylated .beta.-adrenergic receptors from catecholamine-desensitized turkey erythrocytes (1986)

Isoproterenol-induced desensitization of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase is accompanied (1) by a decrease in the mobility of beta-adrenergic receptor proteins, specifically photoaffinity labeled with 125I-(p-azidobenzyl)carazolol (125I-PABC), on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels and (2) by a 2-3-fold increase in phosphate incorporation into the beta receptor [Stadel, J.M., Nambi, P., Shorr, R. G. L., Sawyer, D. F., Caron, M. G., & Lefkowitz, R. J. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 3173]. Analysis of 32P-labeled beta receptors partially purified by affinity chromatography and subsequently hydrolyzed in 6 N HCl revealed that the beta receptor from control erythrocytes contained only phosphoserine and that agonist-promoted phosphorylation of the receptor in desensitized cells occurred on serine residues. Comparison of limited-digest peptide maps of 125I-PABC-labeled beta receptors from control and desensitized erythrocytes reveals distinctly different sensitivities of the two beta receptors to cleavage by chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus protease. The altered mobility of the 125I-PABC-labeled beta receptor from desensitized erythrocytes was eliminated when 5 M urea was included in the SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Limited-digest peptide mapping of 32P-labeled beta receptors from control and desensitized cells with the protease papain identified a unique phosphorylated peptide in desensitized preparations. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the altered mobility of beta-receptor proteins on SDS gels following desensitization is due to changes in conformation promoted by prolonged exposure to agonists.
Airborne measurements of humidity using a single-mode Pb–salt diode laser (1987)

Instrumentation for the measurement of ambient humidity, incorporating a liquid nitrogen-cooled tunable lead-salt laser and a reduced pressure multipass absorption cell, was installed on the Lockheed L-1011 advanced research aircraft and tested on four flights. Humidity measurements taken over altitudes ranging from 0.76 to 10.7 km were compared to results obtained with a commercial dew point hygrometer. The flight tests showed generally good agreement between the two devices to within the estimated accuracies of the instruments. At altitudes above 8 or 9 km the hygrometer is not reliable, whereas the diode laser system exhibited very good sensitivity at the highest altitudes attained. A time response of better than 0.1 s was demonstrated. We believe that a compact diode laser instrument can ultimately measure atmospheric water vapor concentrations over a wide altitude range with an accuracy of better than 3%.
Bioartificial Liver Process Monitoring and Control Systems with Integrated Systems Capability (2002)

Monitoring and control of a bioartificial liver (BAL) support system have the potential to allow for maximization of device bioactivity and protection of both patient and device from untoward consequences of a complex hemoperfused fluidic process, such as coagulation, leakage, or decreased metabolic output. In this work, an integrated embedded systems controller and associated experimental platform were developed to allow for simultaneous monitoring and control of the physical environment of the BAL support system to ensure optimal and sustained hepatic metabolic function and to allow for simplified recording of experimental data. The user interface and core embedded system kernel were developed with rapid prototyping software tools and allowed for operation of easily modified user interface panels. BAL environment monitoring consisted of real-time recording of ambient and reactor temperatures, reactor inlet pressure, the presence of bubbles in the prereactor inlet tubing, and aqueous oxygen tension. Environmental parameters under direct real-time control included reactor inlet flow rate, ambient temperature, and adaptive control of flow rate in response to changes in either inlet pressure or outlet oxygen tension. Use of embedded system integration techniques will facilitate subsequent BAL studies that are dependent on scale-up of reactor size and number, fluidic complexity, and the degree of parallelism such as large animal studies and, ultimately, human clinical studies. In addition, further studies of the effects of flow rate, shear, oxygenation and metabolic substrate on real-time cellular respiration can be pursued with the use of real-time ruthenium oxymetry, as described in this article.
Should I Wait or Should I Push? A Performance Analysis of Push Feature in HTTP/2 Connections (2016)

Since its standardization, the HTTP has been widely used for transmission of hypertext and hypermedia files, such as audio and video in an interactive way. Recently, the protocol was updated and received several modifications, such as server push, focused mainly on improvements in the network usage. This fact introduces new challenges to web developers that raise questions, such as "which resources should a server push?" and "when should a server push resources?". Due that, it is crucial to analyze when or which scenarios these new features can be really useful. Therefore, this work presents a performance analysis of server push feature on HTTP/2 connections. According to results, we can observe that, despite the server push be presented as an improvement, regarding to the web page load time, its improper use may cause degradation of the QoE.
On Debugging Non-Answers in Keyword Search Systems (2015)

Handling non-answers is desirable in information retrieval systems. Current e-commerce websites usually try to suppress the somewhat dreaded message that no results have been found. Possible solutions include, for example, augmenting the data with synonyms and common misspellings based on query logs. Nonetheless, this is only achievable if we can know the cause of the non-answers. Under the hood, most e-commerce data sits in some structured format. Debugging non-answers in the underlying KWS-S systems is therefore not trivial — non-answers in a KWS-S system could be a problem of the data (e.g., absence of some keywords), the schema (e.g., missing key-foreign-key joins), or due to empty join results from one of possibly several joins in the generated SQL queries. So far, we are unaware of any previous work that explores how to enable developers to debug non-answers in a KWS-S system. In this paper, we take a first step towards this direction by proposing a KWS-S system that can expose non-answers to the developers. Our system presents the developers with the maximal nonempty sub-queries that represent the frontier cause of the non-answers. We outline the challenges in building such a system and propose a lattice structure for efficient exploration of the non-answer query space. We also evaluate our proposed mechanisms over a real world dataset to demonstrate their feasibility.
Anterior Distal Tibia Plafondplasty for Exposure of the Talar Dome (2012)

It may be possible to avoid malleolar osteotomy by using limited plafondplasty to access the talar dome for treatment of osteochondral lesions if perpendicular access to the talus is not required.