gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty in the ACL-deficient knee (2016)

Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee develops often in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. Two distinct pathologies should be recognised while considering treatment options in patients with end-stage medial compartment OA and ACL deficiency. Patients with primary ACL deficiency (usually traumatic ACL rupture) can develop secondary OA (typically presenting with symptoms of instability and pain) and these patients are typically young and active. Patients with primary end stage medial compartment OA can develop secondary ACL deficiency (usually degenerate ACL rupture) and these patients tend to be older. Treatment options in either of these patient groups include arthroscopic debridement, reconstruction of the ACL, high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with or without ACL reconstruction, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). General opinion is that a functionally intact ACL is a fundamental prerequisite to perform a UKA. This is because previous reports showed higher failure rates when ACL was deficient, probably secondary to wear and tibial loosening. Nevertheless in some cases of ACL deficiency with end-stage medial compartment OA, UKA has been performed in isolation and recent papers confirm good short- to mid-term outcome without increased risk of implant failure. Shorter hospital stay, fewer blood transfusions, faster recovery and significantly lower risk of developing major complications like death, myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (as compared to TKA) make the UKA an attractive option, especially in the older patients. On the other hand, younger patients with higher functional demands are likely to benefit from a simultaneous or staged ACL reconstruction in addition to UKA to regain knee stability. These procedures tend to be technically demanding. The main aim of this review was to provide a synopsis of the existing literature and outline an evidence-based treatment algorithm.
Clustering of Acetic Acid by Association of Hydrogen-Bonded Dimers:  Spectroscopic Observation of Multicomponent (Ne)·(C6H6)·(CH3COOH)n Clusters (1999)

Resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) spectra of benzene−acetic acid binary clusters BAn, with n = 1−6 are reported. The results indicate that cluster formation from acetic acid vapor proceeds mainly via the association of preformed hydrogen-bonded dimers. The spectral shift of the BA complex is consistent with π-hydrogen bonding interaction with the benzene ring. The spectral shifts of the BA2 and BA3 clusters are consistent with a predominantly dispersion interaction which is enhanced upon electronic excitation of the benzene molecule. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of (Ne)·(C6H6)·(CH3COOH)n clusters, with n = 4 and 6, is presented. The direction and magnitude of the spectral shift indicate that the C6H6···Ne and the C6H6···(CH3COOH)n structures are retained in the multicomponent clusters, suggesting no perturbations due to the weak C6H6···Ne interaction.
ELECTRON COOLING RATES IN FNAL'S RECYCLER RING * (2007)

A 0.1-0.5 A, 4.3 MeV DC electron beam provides cooling of 8 GeV antiprotons in Fermilab's Recycler storage ring. The paper presents cooling rate formulas derived in the framework of a simple non-magnetized model and compares them with measurements.
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3)–mediated gene therapy for glaucoma (2023)

Approximately 80 million people globally are affected by glaucoma, with a projected increase to over 110 million by 2040. Substantial issues surrounding patient compliance remain with topical eye drops, and up to 10% of patients become treatment resistant, putting them at risk of permanent vision loss. The major risk factor for glaucoma is elevated intraocular pressure, which is regulated by the balance between the secretion of aqueous humor and the resistance to its flow across the conventional outflow pathway. Here, we show that adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)–mediated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) can increase outflow in two murine models of glaucoma and in nonhuman primates. We show that long-term AAV9 transduction of the corneal endothelium in the nonhuman primate is safe and well tolerated. Last, MMP-3 increases outflow in donor human eyes. Collectively, our data suggest that glaucoma can be readily treated with gene therapy–based methods, paving the way for deployment in clinical trials.
<title>Large-scale holographic neuron system for multispectral sensor fusion and high-speed signal processing</title> (1994)

One-dimensional (1D) and 2D sensor signals returned from the mass spectrometers, x-ray spectral analyzers, CT scanners, or vapor detectors present a major challenge for the detection and identification of illegal substances. Prompt and accurate identification and classification of detected signatures demands extremely high computation power and requires sophisticated signal processing. The paper presents the development of a real-time multispectral analysis system that performs high-speed neural operations and sensor fusion for feature extraction and trace identification. The system utilizes the technology of large-scale holographic optical neural networks being developed and demonstrated by Physical Optics Corporation (POC). This technology is based on fully parallel optical processing of spectral information to produce parallel spectral pattern recognition. In addition, POC's processing algorithm has demonstrated the ability to extract spectral information from extremely noisy backgrounds. This translates into very high instrument sensitivity.
Operational features (cogging, field weakening) (2000)

Field weakening is used to extend the speed range of motor drives. In wound field DC machines this simply involves reducing the excitation current. In PM motors the excitation is fixed but a reduction in the air-gap field and back EMF can be obtained by adjusting the angle in space between the armature and field MMF patterns. The maximum effect occurs when the patterns are in space opposition and then, if the two MMFs are equal, the air-gap flux is zero and the speed theoretically infinite. The torque produced by a brushless DC machine can be conveniently thought of as having two components. First the electromagnetic torque which originates from the interaction between the armature currents and the field from the permanent magnet excitation. Secondly the cogging torque which is an oscillatory effect originating from the interaction between the permanent magnets and the slotted iron structure. This paper is mainly confined to the latter case. The calculation of the cogging torque amplitude can be attempted using algebraic techniques and approximate answers can be obtained. However the use of finite element modelling is recommended for this work since it provides a good match to measured results without the use of approximations or the use of empirical factors. (6 pages)
Totally implantable robot to treat chronic atrial fibrillation (2008)

Chronic atrial fibrillation affects millions of people worldwide. Its surgical treatment often fails to restore the transport function of the atrium. This study first introduces the concept of an atrial assist device (AAD) to restore the pump function of the atrium. The AAD is developed to be totally implantable in the human body with a transcutaneous energy transfer system to recharge the implanted battery. The ADD consists of a motorless pump based on artificial muscle technology, positioned on the external surface of the atrium to compress it and restore its muscular activity. A bench model reproduces the function of a fibrillating atrium to assess the circulatory support that this pump can provide. Atripump (Nanopowers SA, Switzerland) is a dome-shaped silicone-coated nitinol actuator 5 mm high, sutured on the external surface of the atrium. A pacemaker-like control unit drives the actuator that compresses the atrium, providing the mechanical support to the blood circulation. Electrical characteristics: the system is composed of one actuator that needs a minimal tension of 15 V and has a maximum current of 1.5 A with a 50% duty cycle. The implantable rechargeable battery is made of a cell having the following specifications: nominal tension of a cell: 4.1 V, tension after 90% of discharge: 3.5 V, nominal capacity of a cell: 163 mA h. The bench model consists of an open circuit made of latex bladder 60 mm in diameter filled with water. The bladder is connected to a vertically positioned tube that is filled to different levels, reproducing changes in cardiac preload. The Atripump is placed on the outer surface of the bladder. Pressure, volume and temperature changes were recorded. The contraction rate was 1 Hz with a power supply of 12 V, 400 mA for 200 ms. Preload ranged from 15 to 21 cm H(2)O. Maximal silicone membrane temperature was 55 degrees C and maximal temperature of the liquid environment was 35 degrees C. The pump produced a maximal work of 16 x 10(-3) J. Maximal volume pumped was 492 ml min(-1). This artificial muscle pump is compact, follows the Starling law and reproduces the hemodynamic performances of a normal atrium. It could represent a new tool to restore the atrial kick in persistent atrial fibrillation.
Genome-Wide Saturation Mutagenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 Predicts Essential Genes and Novel Targets for Antimicrobial Development (2014)

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a lethal human pathogen that is considered a potential bioterrorism threat and has limited treatment options due to an unusually high natural resistance to most antibiotics. We have identified a set of genes that are required for bacterial growth and thus are excellent candidates against which to develop potential novel antibiotics. To validate our approach, we constructed four mutants in which gene expression can be turned on and off conditionally to confirm that these genes are required for the bacteria to survive.
Abstract 755: Fas Ligand- and Nitric Oxide-Releasing Stent (2019)

To restore blood flow in stenotic vessels such as coronary arteries, metallic vascular stents are often used. However, stent deployment under high pressure leads to vascular wall and smooth muscle (SMC) damage, with compensatory thrombosis, inflammation, and neointimal proliferation of SMCs. These events result in vessel re-occlusion and treatment failure. In an effort to prevent intimal hyperplasia and treatment failure, drug-eluting stents were developed roughly 15 years ago. These stents release global inhibitors of proliferation (eg. “mTOR inhibitors”) which stop the growth of SMC as well as vascular endothelial cells (EC). Despite being widely used, drug-eluting stents mandate long-term treatment with potent anticoagulants. This is because mTOR inhibitors prevent re-endothelialization of the stent surface, leaving the clot-inducing metal exposed to the bloodstream. Yet, long-term dual antiplatelet therapy leads to increased risk of bleeding/stroke and myocardial infarction. Here, we leveraged the fact that nitric oxide (NO) increases Fas receptors on the SMC surface. Fas forms a death-inducing complex upon binding to Fas ligand (FasL), while ECs are relatively resistant to this pathway (Figure 1). Selected doses of FasL and NO donor synergistically increased SMC apoptosis and inhibited SMC growth more potently than did everolimus or sirolimus, while having no significant effect on EC viability and proliferation. We verified this differential effect in an ex vivo pig coronary artery model, where the intimal thickening was inhibited by the drug combination, but endothelial viability was retained. We also deployed FasL and NO donor-releasing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc)-coated stents into pig coronary arteries, and cultured them in perfusion bioreactors for one week. FasL and NO donor, released from the stent coating, killed SMCs in the proximity of the stent struts, even in the presence of flow rates mimicking those of native arteries. Therefore, the FasL-NO donor-combination has the potential to prevent intimal hyperplasia and in-stent restenosis, without harming endothelial restoration, and hence may be a superior drug delivery strategy for drug-eluting stents.
Unravelling R gene‐mediated disease resistance pathways in Arabidopsis (2000)

Abstract Molecular genetic approaches were adopted in the model crucifer, Arabidopsis thaliana, to unravel components of RPP5- and RPP1-mediated disease resistance to the oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica. The products of RPP5 and three genes comprising the RPP1 complex locus belong to a major subclass of nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) resistance (R) protein that has amino-terminal homology to the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila and mammalian Toll and interleukin-1 family receptors (the so called 'TIR' domain). Similarities in the domain architecture of these proteins and animal regulators of programmed cell death have also been observed. Mutational screens revealed a number of genes that are required for RPP5-conditioned resistance. Among these are EDS1 and PAD4. Both EDS1 and PAD4 precede the function of salicylic acid-mediated plant responses. The EDS1 and PAD4 genes were cloned and found to encode proteins with similarity to the catalytic site of eukaryotic lipases, suggesting that they may function by hydrolysing a lipid-based substrate.
A SYNTHETIC ANALOGUE OF VITAMIN D3, 22-OXA-lα,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3IS A POTENT MODULATOR OF IN VIVO IMMUNOREGULATING ACTIVITY WITHOUT INDUCING HYPERCALCEMIA IN MICE (1989)

The in vivo immunoregulating activity and the hypercalcemic action of 4 synthetic analogues of vitamin D3 with an oxygen atom in the side chain were compared with those of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3] in mice. Oral administration of these vitamin D3 compounds augmented the primary immune response, induced by immunization with a suboptimal number of sheep erythrocytes, without inducing hypercalcemia. The order of the in vivo potency to induce the immune response was 22-oxa-1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 greater than 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 not equal to 20-oxa-1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 not equal to 22-oxa-1 alpha(OH)D3 greater than 1 alpha(OH)D3 not equal to 20-oxa-1 alpha(OH)D3. 22-Oxa-1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was about 50 times more potent than 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in inducing the in vivo primary immune response, but the former was only 1/100 as active as the latter in inducing hypercalcemia. These results suggest that the immunoregulating activity of vitamin D compounds can be separated structurally from their hypercalcemic action in vivo.
Molecular Mechanochemistry: Low Force Switch Slows Enzymatic Cleavage of Human Type I Collagen Monomer (2011)

In vertebrate animals, fibrillar collagen accumulates, organizes, and persists in structures which resist mechanical force. This antidissipative behavior is possibly due to a mechanochemical force-switch which converts collagen from enzyme-susceptible to enzyme-resistant. Degradation experiments on native tissue and reconstituted fibrils suggest that collagen/enzyme kinetics favor the retention of loaded collagen. We used a massively parallel, single molecule, mechanochemical reaction assay to demonstrate that the effect is derivative of molecular mechanics. Tensile loads higher than 3 pN dramatically reduced (10×) the enzymatic degradation rate of recombinant human type I collagen monomers by Clostridium histolyticum compared to unloaded controls. Because bacterial collagenase accesses collagen at multiple sites and is an aggressive cleaver of the collagen triple helical domain, the results suggest that collagen molecular architecture is generally more stable when mechanically strained in tension. Thus the tensile mechanical state of collagen monomers is likely to be correlated to their longevity in tissues. Further, strain-actuated molecular stability of collagen may constitute the fundamental basis of a smart structural mechanism which enhances the ability of animals to place, retain, and load-optimize material in the path of mechanical forces.
3.2-MP Back-Illuminated Polarization Image Sensor With Four-Directional Air-Gap Wire Grid and 2.5-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>m Pixels (2018)

A 3.2-MP four-directional polarization image sensor with air-gap wire-grid polarizer is described. The image sensor was fabricated using a wafer process and incorporates back-illumination and an antireflection layer to minimize optical flaring and ghosting problems. In testing, the sensor achieved a polarization transmittance of 63.3% and an extinction ratio of 85 at 550 nm, thereby outperforming conventional polarization sensors. The proposed sensor also exhibited good oblique-incidence characteristics, even with small polarization pixels of 2.5 μm. Based on these results, the proposed image sensor is suitable for various megapixel fusion-imaging applications, such as reducing surface reflections, highly accurate depth mapping, and condition-robust surveillance.
The Benefit of an Integrative, Multiscale (Molecular- to Meso-Scale) Perspective for the Investigation of Energy Storage Materials (2017)

Overcoming the difference between the usable output of any energy storage systems and its theoretical energy content remains a critical challenge. The inefficiency typically results in the production of waste heat (q) rather than useful work (w). Minimization of inefficiency can be approached through optimization at the macro level, where bulk parameters are identified and varied. One approach to analyze multivariate systems is through optimization, often involving statistical methods such as design of experiments. This is an effective tool when the needed information regarding the parameters affecting the system is known. However, the diversity and intricacies of new and modified battery materials inherently reduce the probability of optimization experiments resulting in marketable products because the detailed operation mechanisms are unknown. Further, optimization will likely not yield insight into the complexities of electric energy storage systems, especially when considering any heterogeneity of ion and electron flux at the numerous interfaces over several scale lengths within a battery. This would require multiple characterization approaches used in concert, to assemble information gathered at the local or atomic level and link it to mesoscale characterization and finally system level performance. Thus, the ability to control and ultimately predict the behavior of complex systems demands not just parameterization at the bulk scale, but rather specific experimentation and understanding over multiple length scales within the same battery system, from the molecular- to the meso-scale through understanding the associated basic science. This presentation will examine insights and implications from multiscale investigations of energy storage related materials.
A two-channel optical downconverter for phase detection (1998)

Experimental results for a two-channel optical downconverter link operating from 2 to 18 GHz are presented. Using low-noise preamplifiers results in a noise figure (NF) of 8.5-14 dB over the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. For the first time, relative phase measurements between optically downconverted signals have been performed. An in-phase/quadrature phase-measurement technique indicates a phase precision of /spl plusmn/2/spl deg/ with as little as -60 dBm radio frequency (RF) received power. Comparing the optical microwave downconverter to an electrical microwave downconverter in terms of phase detection reveals similar performance between the two systems.
Tuning microcapsules surface morphology using blends of homo- and copolymers of PLGA and PLGA-PEG (2009)

We modulate precisely the surface morphology of polymer microcapsules containing perfluorooctyl bromide prepared by the solvent-evaporation technique by varying the percentage of PLGA-PEG copolymer in the formulation. As copolymer percentage increases, protrusions start to appear, become more numerous and finally fuse to yield sponge-like capsules. It has been postulated that the shell morphology arises from an interfacial tension instability. We show here that if an interfacial tension instability develops, it happens during the final step of polymer desolvation, when the interface is no longer fluid and interfacial tension changes cannot be monitored. The formation of protrusions occurs in order to accommodate all the PEG chains of the copolymer in a hydrophilic environment, since PEG and PLGA moieties are not miscible in the solid state.
Discovering General-Purpose Active Learning Strategies (2018)

We propose a general-purpose approach to discovering active learning (AL) strategies from data. These strategies are transferable from one domain to another and can be used in conjunction with many machine learning models. To this end, we formalize the annotation process as a Markov decision process, design universal state and action spaces and introduce a new reward function that precisely model the AL objective of minimizing the annotation cost. We seek to find an optimal (non-myopic) AL strategy using reinforcement learning. We evaluate the learned strategies on multiple unrelated domains and show that they consistently outperform state-of-the-art baselines.
Autonomy in Materials Research: A Case Study in Carbon Nanotube Growth (Postprint) (2016)

Abstract : Advances in materials are an important contributor to our technological progress, and yet the process of materials discovery and development itself is slow. Our current research process is human-centered, where human researchers design, conduct, analyze and interpret experiments, and then decide what to do next. We have built an Autonomous Research System (ARES)an autonomous research robot capable of first-of-its-kind closed-loop iterative materials experimentation. ARES exploits advances in autonomous robotics, artificial intelligence, data sciences, and high-throughput and in situ techniques, and is able to design, execute and analyze its own experiments orders of magnitude faster than current research methods. We applied ARES to study the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, and show that it successfully learned to grow them at targeted growth rates. ARES has broad implications for the future roles of humans and autonomous research robots, and for human-machine partnering. We believe autonomous research robots like ARES constitute a disruptive advance in our ability to understand and develop complex materials at an unprecedented rate.
Caractérisation du changement d’état du Tellure de Germanium en vue de réaliser des commutateurs RF (2017)

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