gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partitioning Variables across Register Windows to Reduce Spill Code in a Low-Power Processor (2005)

Low-power embedded processors utilize compact instruction encodings to achieve small code size. Such encodings place tight restrictions on the number of bits available to encode operand specifiers and, thus, on the number of architected registers. As a result, performance and power are often sacrificed as the burden of operand supply is shifted from the register file to the memory due to the limited number of registers. In this paper, we investigate the use of a windowed register file to address this problem by providing more registers than allowed in the encoding. The registers are organized as a set of identical register windows where, at each point in the execution, there is a single active window. Special window management instructions are used to change the active window and to transfer values between windows. This design gives the appearance of a large register file without compromising the instruction encoding. To support the windowed register file, we designed and implemented a graph partitioning-based compiler algorithm that partitions program variables and temporaries referenced within a procedure across multiple windows. On a 16-bit embedded processor, an average of 11 percent improvement in application performance and 25 percent reduction in system power was achieved as an 8-register design was scaled from one to two windows.
Development of novel bifunctional chelating agents containing rigid cyclic hydrocarbon backbones (1995)

We are developing a new class of ligands in which the metal-binding polyaminocarboxylate groups are incorporated onto rigid cyclic hydrocarbon backbones. These ligands, with increased preorganization, should produce radiometal-bioconjugates with higher in-vivo stability. The synthesis of the first in this series of ligands (2,3-diaminobicyclo[2.2.2] octanetetraacetic acid, BODTA) began with a Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diacetylimidazolin-2-one and 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Base hydrolysis, alkylation with ethyl iodoacetate, hydrolysis of the esters, and catalytic hydrogenation gave BODTA. For conjugation to MAbs, an average of one COOH group of unsaturated BODTA was converted into an NHS ester using 0.8 equivalent of DCC. The second ligand under development is the decadentate tethered bis-cyclohexyl-EDTA (bis-CDTA) in which 2 cyclohexyl rings are tied together with an ethylene tether. Acylation of monotrityl-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with the di-NHS ester of oxalic acid, reduction of the amide moieties, and removal of the trityl groups followed by cyanomethylation has afforded a hexanitrile whose hydrolysis will produce tethered bis-CDTA. An anti-CEA F(ab{prime}){sub 2} MAb was conjugated with an average of 0.6 BODTA per MAb molecule, labeled with Co-57, and purified by size-exclusion HPLC. Stability of this radioconjugate in mouse serum at 48 h was somewhat better (2% loss) than that of the conventional DTPA-dianhydride (DTPA-DA) conjugate (8%more » loss). In human tumor-xenografted nude mice (LS-174T cells), tumor (T), blood (B), liver (L), and kidney (K) uptakes (% ID/g) at 24h were: TODTA, 21.6, 4.4, 4.8, 6.0; DTPA-DA, 13.6, 2.5, 5.0, 2.9. The tumor to normal tissue ratios at 48 h for BODTA and DTPA-DA respectively were: T/B, 18.0, 13.9; T/L 4.9, 2.3; T/K, 5.4, 3.9. These preliminary results show promise for using the basic BODTA structure to produce improved bioconjugates with small radiometal ions.« less
Mechanism of Coarsening and Bubble Formation in High-Genus Nanoporous Metals (2011)

Coarsening of crystalline nanoporous metals involves complex changes in topology associated with the reduction of genus via both ligament pinch-off and void bubble formation. Although void bubbles in metals are often associated with vacancy agglomeration, we use large-scale kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to show that both bubble formation and ligament pinch-off are natural results of a surface-diffusion-controlled solid-state Rayleigh instability that controls changes in the topology of the porous material during coarsening. This result is used to find an effective activation energy for coarsening in nanoporous metals that is associated with the reduction of topological genus, and not the reduction of local surface roughness.
Power Scaling Fiber Amplifiers Using Very-Large-Mode-Area Fibers (2016)

Abstract : DEW-class fiber lasers are limited to below 1kW due to limited mode size and thermal issues, particularly thermal mode instability (TMI). Two comprehensive models were developed for scaling the mode area of fiber amplifiers while inclusively addressing all relevant spatial and dynamic effects. The beam propagation model was found to be too computationally intensive for design purposes. A rate-equation/kinetics model was developed and validated for accurately modeling very large- mode-area fiber amplifiers while simultaneously including thermal lensing and TMI. This model was applied to investigate scaling to an effective 50m core diameter. Mode-area scaling using conventional large-mode-area fibers was found to be simply not possible since the TMI threshold decreases with increased core area. Modifications in pump geometry were found to provide a modest benefit, particularly when flattening out the temperature profile along the fiber. Confined gain was studied and found to provide exceptional resilience to TMI (at least 2x increase in TMI threshold), as was originally proposed. Two new promising fiber types were developed, and both were found to exhibit features with modeled and expected resilience to TMI.
mRNA vaccines and hybrid immunity use different B cell germlines against Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 (2023)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 are characterized by high transmissibility and ability to escape natural and vaccine induced immunity. Here we test the neutralizing activity of 482 human monoclonal antibodies isolated from people who received two or three mRNA vaccine doses or from people vaccinated after infection. The BA.4 and BA.5 variants are neutralized only by approximately 15% of antibodies. Remarkably, the antibodies isolated after three vaccine doses target mainly the receptor binding domain Class 1/2, while antibodies isolated after infection recognize mostly the receptor binding domain Class 3 epitope region and the N-terminal domain. Different B cell germlines are used by the analyzed cohorts. The observation that mRNA vaccination and hybrid immunity elicit a different immunity against the same antigen is intriguing and its understanding may help to design the next generation of therapeutics and vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019.
Cochlear's unique electrode portfolio now and in the future (2014)

Combining the hearing preservation benefits of slim straight arrays with perimodiolar proximity is the design objective of Cochlear's next generation electrodes.
Ultra-low-temperature low-ohmic contacts for SOA applications (2003)

High-power excimer laser annealing is used to produce low-ohmic implanted contacts to both n- and p-type silicon diodes at thermal processing temperatures not exceeding 300/spl deg/C. This is the maximum allowable temperature after gluing to glass in silicon-on-anything (SOA) processing. Bipolar NPN transistors have been fabricated with the emitter and base contacted on the front-wafer and the collector contacted directly under the emitter via the back-wafer after SOA processing.
Versatile and Efficient Targeting Using a Single Nanoparticulate Platform: Application to Cancer and Alzheimer’s Disease (2012)

A versatile and efficient functionalization strategy for polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) has been reported and successfully applied to PEGylated, biodegradable poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanocarriers. The relevance of this platform was demonstrated in both the fields of cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prepared by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and subsequent self-assembly in aqueous solution of amphiphilic copolymers, the resulting functionalized polymeric NPs exhibited requisite characteristics for drug delivery purposes: (i) a biodegradable core made of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate), (ii) a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) outer shell leading to colloidal stabilization, (iii) fluorescent properties provided by the covalent linkage of a rhodamine B-based dye to the polymer backbone, and (iv) surface functionalization with biologically active ligands that enabled specific targeting. The construction method is very versatile and was illustrated by the coupling of a small library of ligands (e.g., biotin, curcumin derivatives, and antibody), resulting in high affinity toward (i) murine lung carcinoma (M109) and human breast cancer (MCF7) cell lines, even in a coculture environment with healthy cells and (ii) the β-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Aβ(1-42)), believed to be the most representative and toxic species in AD, both under its monomeric and fibrillar forms. In the case of AD, the ligand-functionalized NPs exhibited higher affinity toward Aβ(1-42) species comparatively to other kinds of colloidal systems and led to significant aggregation inhibition and toxicity rescue of Aβ(1-42) at low molar ratios.
An analysis of a constant current controlled Bi-directional DC-DC converter with digital control (2009)

This research aims at the development of switching power supply circuits that supply electric power from distributed power sources to electronic devices. A typical switching power supply uses constant voltage control, but in addition to constant voltage control, we propose constant current control enabled by means of digital PWM (pulse width modulation) control and a bidirectional DC-DC converter capable of converting energy in two directions using a single DC-DC converter. This paper supposes that the aforementioned technology will be applied to streetlight systems that use solar cells, LEDs and batteries. Experiments on the charging operation using batteries and LEDs, as well as of the discharging operation using solar cells and batteries, were conducted, and this technology was evaluated based on those results.
Mobile healthcare infrastructure for home and small clinic (2012)

In this paper, the authors describe the software infrastructure built to provide healthcare solution for home and small clinic scenario using mobile healthcare devices. The paper discusses how the data from the devices have been stored into a generic Internet of Things (IoT) backend and then retrieved using web services to provide an interactive portal which provides patient data in a unified manner. The novelty of the approach lies in the use of a mobile device as a gateway to reach the backend IoT platform, which supports application deployment and then applying it to the health-care vertical. The mobile device has hence been used as a pervasive healthcare gateway that collects data from the medical devices using either Bluetooth or Wi-Fi and uploads the data to the back-end server in desired format. Hence the mobile application acts as the edge platform. Several connected healthcare devices like ECG, pulse oxygen meter, body fat analyzer and blood pressure monitor have been used in conjunction with the mobile gateway.
Simultaneous measurement of emittance, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials at elevated temperature (2010)

A two-substrate method is developed to simultaneously determine emissivity, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials with a single measurement under the same environment at elevated temperature. The three quantities can be obtained through the emissivities of substrates and the apparent emissivities resulting from the radiance of the sample heated by substrates. The two-substrate method is compared with the conventional method by measuring sapphire samples with various thicknesses, resulting in good agreements for all the samples. The present method will be useful to measure the temperature dependence of optical properties of porous ceramic materials.
Somatostatin Dramatically Stimulates Growth Hormone Release from Primate Somatotrophs Acting at Low Doses Via Somatostatin Receptor 5 and Cyclic AMP (2011)

Somatostatin and cortistatin have been shown to act directly on pituitary somatotrophs to inhibit growth hormone (GH) release. However, previous results from nonprimate species indicate that these peptides can also directly stimulate GH secretion, at low concentrations. The relevance of this phenomenon in a nonhuman primate model was investigated in the present study by testing the impact of somatostatin/cortistatin on GH release in primary pituitary cell cultures from baboons. High doses (> 10(-10) m) of somatostatin/cortistatin did not alter basal GH secretion but blocked GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)- and ghrelin-induced GH release. However, at low concentrations (10(-17)-10(-13) m), somatostatin/cortistatin dramatically stimulated GH release to levels comparable to those evoked by GHRH or ghrelin. Use of somatostatin receptor (sst) specific agonists/antagonists, and signal transduction blockers indicated that sst2 and sst1 activation via intact adenylate cylcase and mitogen-activated protein kinase systems mediated the inhibitory actions of high-concentration somatostatin. By contrast, the stimulatory actions of low-dose somatostatin on GH release were mediated by sst5 signalling through adenylate cylcase/cAMP/protein kinase A and intracellular Ca(2+) pathways, and were additive with ghrelin (not GHRH). Notably, low-concentrations of somatostatin, similar to sst5-agonists, inhibited prolactin release. These results clearly demonstrate that the ultimate impact of somatostatin/cortistatin on hormone release is dose-dependent, cell type-selective and receptor-specific, where the stimulatory effects of low-concentration somatostatin/cortistatin on GH release extend to primates, thereby supporting the notion that this action is relevant in regulating GH secretion in humans.
Fabrication and Electrical Evaluation of Via Last Polymer Liner TSVs (2010)

Imec is developing two TSV flavors for Si thicknesses of 50 and 100 μm for various wafer level packaging (WLP) applications where thin dice are stacked and electrically connected to each other through post CMOS processed TSVs and microbumps. As a differentiator, these TSV technologies use spin-on dielectric polymers as the insulating liner. A three-mask process sequence is implemented for fabrication of both TSV types; however, the TSV shape, the process flow, and the Si thickness are different for each one of them. All processes employed in the fabrication of the TSVs are performed at low temperature (&amp;lt;200°C) for post CMOS compatibility. For both TSV types, electrically yielding TSV connected daisy chains are measured on the fabricated wafers and the reliability of the TSVs while undergoing thermal cycle tests is analyzed.
Editorial: Mathematical Modeling of Cardiovascular Systems: From Physiology to the Clinic (2019)

EDITORIAL article Front. Physiol., 27 September 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01259
Characterization of growth plate mitochondria (1984)

The growth plate chondrocyte plays a central role in growth plate function. The purpose of this study was to characterize the respiratory and calcium transport properties of isolated mammalian growth plate chondrocytes and mitochondria obtained from these cells and to quantitate the mitochondrial weight and volume fraction in each zone of the growth plate. A new method was developed for isolation of mitochondria from chondrocyte suspensions. Isolated chondrocyte mitochondria demonstrated an eightfold increase in oxygen consumption in response to calcium and a two- to threefold increase in oxygen consumption in response to adenosine diphosphate. Similar responses were observed in chondrocytes treated with digitonin. The mitochondrial protein content of the growth plate and hyaline cartilage chondrocytes is significantly less than hepatocytes. Conversely, the chondrocyte mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 content is similar to mitochondria from a wide variety of sources. A zonal analysis of the growth plate demonstrates an increase in the mitochondrial weight (protein) fraction from the reserve to the hypertrophic zone whereas the mitochondrial volume fraction decreases from the reserve to the hypertrophic zone. The findings of this study emphasize the dependence of chondrocytes on glycolysis as a prime energy source and support the concept that chondrocyte mitochondria have become specialized in the process of matrix calcification.
Preparation of barium strontium titanate thin film capacitors on silicon by metallorganic decomposition (1994)

Barium strontium titanate films were deposited on 100-mm-diam silicon wafers by metallorganic decomposition. Highly uniform films ranging up to 250 nm in thickness were obtained. Scanning electron beam micrographs revealed dense, crack-free, low porosity films having grain sizes in the submicron range. Dissipations (tan δ) of less than 0.01 and capacitance densities up to 204 nF/cm2 were measured for 190-nm-thick films. These films had dc leakage currents of 0.2 μA/cm2 or less for bias voltages up to 10 V. They also exhibited relatively small temperature coefficients of capacitance. A patterning process was developed that permitted feature resolution down to 5 μm.
Alkyl Galactofuranosides Strongly Interact with Leishmania donovani Membrane and Provide Antileishmanial Activity (2014)

We investigated the in vitro effects of four alkyl-galactofuranoside derivatives, i.e., octyl-β-D-galactofuranoside (compound 1), 6-amino-β-D-galactofuranoside (compound 2), 6-N-acetamido-β-D-galactofuranoside (compound 3), and 6-azido-β-D-galactofuranoside (compound 4), on Leishmania donovani. Their mechanism of action was explored using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultrastructural alterations were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compound 1 showed the most promising effects by inhibiting promastigote growth at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8.96±2.5 μM. All compounds exhibit low toxicity toward human macrophages. Compound 1 had a higher selectivity index than the molecule used for comparison, i.e., miltefosine (159.7 versus 37.9, respectively). EPR showed that compound 1 significantly reduced membrane fluidity compared to control promastigotes and to compound 3. The furanose ring was shown to support this effect, since the isomer galactopyranose had no effect on parasite membrane fluidity or growth. NMR showed a direct interaction of all compounds (greatest with compound 1, followed by compounds 2, 3, and 4, in descending order) with the promastigote membrane and with octyl-galactopyranose and octanol, providing evidence that the n-octyl chain was primarily involved in anchoring with the parasite membrane, followed by the putative crucial role of the furanose ring in the antileishmanial activity. A morphological analysis of compound 1-treated promastigotes by TEM revealed profound alterations in the parasite membrane and organelles, but this was not the case with compound 3. Quantification of annexin V binding by flow cytometry confirmed that compound 1 induced apoptosis in >90% of promastigotes. The effect of compound 1 was also assessed on intramacrophagic amastigotes and showed a reduction in amastigote growth associated with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thus validating its promising effect.
ß Blockers With ACE Inhibitors in Mild Heart Failure (2000)

ACE inhibitors are standard therapy for treating both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction. However, recent clinical trials have shown that beta blockers further reduce mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure treated with ACE inhibitors. However, the evidence in support of adding beta blockers to ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction is less certain. The mechanisms by which ACE inhibitors and beta blockers may exert benefit in patients with heart failure are discussed, and studies assessing the association of beta blockade with outcome in patients with mild heart failure receiving ACE inhibitor therapy are reviewed. (c)2000 by CHF, Inc.
Using SOI double-gate MOSFET NDR structures to improve ultra-low power full adder performance (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new efficient design of a hybrid full adder cell combining two logic styles and a negative differential resistance (NDR) device realized in a fully depleted (FD) silicon on insulator (SOI) double-gate (DG) MOSFET technology. Simulation results show significant (65%) power savings for asymmetric gate workfunction and independent gate control full adders with respect to standard CMOS circuits, with lower device count and comparable delay figures.
Design and Proof-of-Concept Validation of a Latched Arch Active Seal (2008)

Seals are integral to many industries such as aerospace, marine, oilfield and automotive. A key performance metric for seal quality is quantified by the normal force between the seal and contact surface. Many applications have conflicting requirements on the normal force depending on the operational state. For example in panel closures, to ease engagement of the seal the normal force (closing force) should be small; whereas, to maintain a high-quality seal the normal force (sealing force) should be large. While there is an abundance of seal technologies, there still exists a need for adaptable seals that can better accommodate the conflicting demands of multiple operational states and variations in application platforms. This paper introduces an active seal which controls normal force through modification of the structure of a rubber arch seal. While there are several options for actuation, this new technology is modeled, fabricated and experimentally validated utilizing a Shape Memory Alloy web actuation scheme. Finite element models provide a basis for a parametric study from which design guidelines are derived. The technology and supporting models/processes are demonstrated for an automotive panel closure successfully reducing the closing force by almost 50% while simultaneously increasing the sealing force by over 30%.
3'-[18F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([18F]-FLT) as positron emission tomography tracer for imaging proliferation in a murine B-Cell lymphoma model and in the human disease. (2003)

Here we describe the evaluation of 3'-[(18)F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine [[(18)F]-FLT] as a tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma and in human malignant lymphoma. The human B-cell line DoHH2 expressed high levels of active thymidine kinase 1 (TK-1) as the key enzyme of [(18)F]-FLT metabolism. Immunostaining confirmed high levels of TK-1 in DoHH2 derived xenograft tumors in SCID/SCID mice. In vitro studies demonstrated a time-dependent uptake of [(18)F]-FLT, an efficient phosphorylation to the respective monophosphate and the incorporation of [(18)F]-FLT into the perchloric acid insoluble fraction in DoHH2 cells, indicating the incorporation of this tracer into the DNA. After incubation with [(18)F]FLT for 240 min, 12.5% +/- 1.0% of radioactivity applied to the medium was intracellularly trapped in DoHH2 cells. Specific accumulation of [(18)F]-FLT in the malignant cell clone was confirmed in biodistribution studies in SCID/SCID mice bearing DoHH2-derived tumors. The percentage of injected dose of [(18)F]-FLT per gram of tumor tissue correlated with the tumor-proliferation index as evaluated in BrdUrd-labeling experiments. In a pilot study of 11 patients with both indolent and aggressive lymphoma, [(18)F]-FLT was suitable and comparable to [(18)F]-FDG in the ability to detect malignant lesions by PET scan. Furthermore, we found a close correlation (r = 0.95, P < 0.005) of the [(18)F]-FLT standardized uptake values with the Ki67-labeling index of tissue biopsies (n = 10) in these patients. These results suggest that [(18)F]-FLT represents a novel tracer for PET that enables imaging of proliferation in human lymphoma in vivo.