gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Bright Alkenyl‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazoles: A Theoretical and Photophysical Study (2014)

Abstract A sustainable synthesis of alkenyl‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazoles through the Hiyama reaction is reported, which employs water as solvent and sodium hydroxide to activate the silyl group under microwave irradiation, thereby leading to high product yields (51–93 %) in very short reaction times. Two substitution patterns were attained owing to the different reactivity of the third and fifth positions of the 1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole unit, as evidenced by calculated condensed Fukui functions. Moreover, all compounds are good blue emitters ( Φ F up to 0.69) in THF solution, although they exhibit an optical behavior dependent on the substitution. Excited‐state theoretical investigations by the configuration interaction singles method and time‐dependent density functional theory were performed not only to support and elucidate the studied photophysical properties, but also to create a predictive model to reduce the cost and optimize the search for new blue emitters based on this class of alkenyl‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
BioSentinel/Mars: Interplanetary Space Radiation Biosensor Experiment in Martian Transit on Mars 2020 (2014)

Despite significant progress understanding biological radiation effects via terrestrial studies, no terrestrial source duplicates space’s unique radiation environment. Furthermore, no biological experiments have been conducted beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo. Understanding space’s fundamental biological effects requires overcoming these limitations. The BioSentinel 4U payload, under development for flight aboard Exploration Mission-1, measures biological responses to deep space radiation. Traveling to more than 1AU from Earth, BioSentinel/EM-1 will record DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired using a pathway common to humans and BioSentinel’s bioengineered yeast model organism, responding to as few as one biologically repaired DSB. The BioSentinel/Mars 4U instrument (6-8kg; 5-8W; 0.2-1MB/week) would include eighteen 16-well biosensor fluidic cards, activated biweekly during Mars 2020’s cruise phase, to provide a dose-dependent rate of DSB/repair. The instrument, which includes solid-state sensors for total ionizing dose and linear-energy-transfer spectra, addresses MEPAG SKG-B3 by simultaneously measuring both spectra and biological effects of space radiation. Biological measurements are rendered reliable by independent replicate experiments. The spatio-temporal uniformity of interplanetary galactic cosmic radiation makes BioSentinel/EM1 and BioSentinel/Mars approximate replicates, except for any major differences in solar particle events. Results will be compared to Earth and ISS controls to characterize the radiation/reduced-gravity parameter space by its biological impact.
Full harmonic load flow calculation in power systems for sensitivity investigation (2006)

In this paper a novel method for harmonic influence assessment for large power systems is presented. The approach is based on the calculation of the harmonic flow in the power network. In this process the Jacobian matrices for each frequency are computed. These matrices make it possible to investigate the sensitivity of the network with respect to the harmonic order being analyzed. To find a solution the Jacobian matrices are factorized by the singular value decomposition (SVD) procedure. Based on decomposed matrices the node sensitive to each harmonic in the network can be determined
A protocol for rapid pericyte differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (2021)

Pericytes play a critical role in promoting, regulating, and maintaining numerous vascular functions. Their dysfunction is a major contributor to the progression of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases, making them an ideal candidate for large-scale production for disease modeling and regenerative cell therapy. This protocol describes the rapid and robust differentiation of pericytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) while simultaneously generating a population of hiPSC-derived endothelial progenitor cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Zhang et al. (2017).
A Research Model for Trustworthy Pervasive Social Networking (2013)

Social networking has extended its popularity from the Internet to the mobile domain. Nowadays, mobile Internet can work together with self-organized ad hoc networks to offer advanced pervasive social networking (PSN) at any time and in any place. Trust plays an important role in PSN for reciprocal activities among strangers. It helps people overcome perceptions of uncertainty and risk and engages in trust-related social behaviors. However, current literature still lacks a comprehensive study to manage trust in PSN. In this paper, we propose a research model towards trustworthy pervasive social networking by reviewing the current literature and indicating unsolved issues.
DQN-based Beamforming for Uplink mmWave Cellular-Connected UAVs (2021)

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are the emerging vital components of millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless systems. Accurate beam alignment is essential for efficient beam based mmWave communications of UAVs with base stations (BSs). Conventional beam sweeping approaches often have large overhead due to the high mobility and autonomous operation of UAVs. Learning-based approaches greatly reduce the overhead by leveraging UAV data, like position to identify optimal beam directions. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-based framework for UAV-BS beam alignment using deep Q-Network (DQN) in a mmWave setting. We consider uplink communications where the UAV hovers around 5G new radio (NR) BS coverage area, with varying channel conditions. The proposed learning framework uses the location information to maximize data rate through the optimal beam-pairs efficiently, upon every communication request from UAV inside the multi-location environment. We compare our proposed framework against Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) learning-based approach and the traditional exhaustive approach, respectively and also analyse the training performance of DQN-based beam alignment over different coverage area requirements and channel conditions. Our results show that the proposed DQN-based beam alignment converge faster and generic for different environmental conditions. The framework can also learn optimal beam alignment comparable to the exhaustive approach in an online manner under real-time conditions.
Multiple Failure Recovery of Optical Paths Using GMPLS Based Restoration Scheme Escalation (2007)

This paper proposes a generalized multi-protocol label switching based restoration scheme escalation against multiple failures. The proposed scheme automatically evolves from a pre-planned restoration scheme to a label switched path rerouting scheme following the failure state in a network.
Binaural hearing in the presence of a low frequency magnetic field (1994)

We propose the binaural auditory system as a candidate neural system that may be disrupted by exposure to relatively weak LF magnetic fields. Extracellular currents, induced by time-varying magnetic fields, may change the timing of action potentials in the auditory nerve, thereby disrupting sound localization when interaural time differences are very small. Three subjects were exposed to a 1000 Hz magnetic field--with a maximum rate of change of 2.3 T/s at the location of the cochlea--while presenting two identical 1000 Hz tones randomly delayed to the left or right ear by less than 10 microseconds. The subjects were asked whether the signal was perceived to be displaced to the left or right side of midline. After a total of over 20,000 trials, conducted at different phase angles between the field signal and the tones, there was no clear evidence for a consistent change in performance when the magnetic field was present. This, however, does not rule out an effect at other combinations of magnetic and acoustic frequencies.
A Novel Method to Determine Kerogen Content of Tight Gas Shale (2019)

Abstract Reservoir evaluation of source rock is still a challenge because the geochemical assessment of the kerogen content is complicated and time consuming. Existing traditional methods to characterize kerogen involves the removal of inorganic minerals which is a critical preliminary step. The incomplete isolation of kerogen may introduce some errors and uncertainties in kerogen content estimation. The alteration of kerogen microstructure during this process has also been documented. The current approach still requires input from geochemical measurement of total organic carbon (TOC) while the conversion of TOC to kerogen volume requires the precise value of a conversion factor and kerogen density. Overall, there is yet a standard lab or field scale approach to characterize kerogen content. These difficulties and uncertainties prompt the motivation to attempt a new methodology to quantify the kerogen content of unconventional shale from porosity measurements. Porosity is the basic rock property that is related to the volumetric average of pore space. The distinction between the total and effective porosity is meaningless for shale and this characteristic property has enabled the preservation of its organic content. The recent popularity and growth of different measurement techniques is in part closely tied to the near zero porosity of shale. Two special cases of practical interest are NMR and density porosity measurements which can both be measured in the rock physics lab and well logs. NMR porosity is sensitive to 1H which is naturally enriched in kerogen whereas density porosity must be calibrated to the mineral matrix. Based on porosity measurements, the emerging aproach is that the kerogen volume fraction is the contrast between NMR and density porosity. Although, the theoretical basis of this approach is not satisfactory, it is straightforward and far less complicated than the existing approaches to quantify kerogen content. We investigate this concept further based on laboratory measurement. We conducted laboratory measurements of NMR porosity, bulk density, grain density and TOC on Qusaiba shale to characterize its kerogen content. In our approach, we conducted the NMR experiment on the shale samples in the dry state without fluid saturation.
Genetic basis of Marfan syndrome (1995)

The informed clinician in the audience may realize, much better than a molecular biologist from Finland, how heterogenous the clinical phenotype of Marfan Syndrome is. It actually consists of a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. We all identify the classical Marfan Syndrome based on traditional criteria and like Dr. Pyeritz described, this disease was assigned to chromosome 15 some two years ago (1). But additionally, Marfan Syndrome consists of some other phenotypes; both very severe neonatal Marfan Syndrome, and a mild ectopia lentis, which I will discuss later, are also caused by a mutation in the same Marfan gene. Further, there is the mysterious “marfanoid” phenotype, of which we still know much too little to state anything definitive about the basic defect. Additionally, there are other very similar syndromes like contractural arachnodactyly which clearly is not caused by fibrillin on chromosome 15, but instead is most probably caused by mutations in the closely-related gene on chromosome 5 (9). Another related disease is familial annuloaortic ectasia for which only preliminary data exists on the molecular defect.
Stability of Water/Poly(ethylene oxide)43-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)14/Cyclohexanone Emulsions Involves Water Exchange between the Core and the Bulk (2015)

The formation of emulsions upon reverse self-association of the monodisperse amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)43-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)14 in cyclohexanone is reported. Such emulsions are not formed in toluene, chloroform, or dichloromethane. We demonstrate by magnetic resonance spectroscopy the active role of the solvent on the stabilization of the emulsions. Cyclohexanone shows high affinity for both blocks, as predicted by the Hansen solubility parameters, so that the copolymer chains are fully dissolved as monomeric chains. In addition, the solvent is able to produce hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Water undergoes molecular exchange between water molecules associated with the polymer and water molecules associated with the solvent, dynamics of major importance for the stabilization of the emulsions. Association of polymeric chains forming reverse aggregates is induced by water over a concentration threshold of 5 wt %. Reverse copolymer aggregates show submicron average hydrodynamic diameters, as seen by dynamic light scattering, depending on the polymer and water concentration.
Development of sustainable smart society based on transformative electronics (2017)

We will review three recent advances. Defects which cause leakage under a high-voltage reverse-biased condition were identified in GaN pin diodes grown on free-standing GaN substrates. The performances of GaN-based horizontal-heterostructure superjunction high-electron-mobility transistor and a GaN-nanorod-based vertical pn-superjunction diode were simulated. A vertical pn-superjunction was fabricated using GaN nanorod growth technology.
Spatial Resource Allocation for Spectrum Reuse in Unlicensed LTE Systems (2017)

In this paper, we study how to reuse the unlicensed spectrum in LTE-U systems while guaranteeing harmonious coexistence between the LTE-U and Wi-Fi systems. For a small cell with multiple antennas at the base station (SBS), some spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) are used to serve small cell users (SUEs) while the rest are employed to mitigate the interference to the Wi-Fi users by applying zero-forcing beamforming (ZFBF). As a result, the LTE-U and Wi-Fi throughput can be balanced by carefully allocating the spatial DoFs. Due to the channel state information (CSI) estimation and feedback errors, ZFBF cannot eliminate the interference completely. We first analyze the residual interference among SUEs, called intra-RAT interference, and the interference to the Wi-Fi users, called inter-RAT interference after ZFBF, due to imperfect CSI. Based on the analysis, we derive the throughputs of the small cell and the Wi-Fi systems, respectively. Accordingly, a spatial DoF allocation scheme is proposed to balance the throughput between the small cell and the Wi-Fi systems. Our theoretical analysis and the proposed scheme are verified by simulation results.
Nitric Oxide–cGMP Pathway Modulation in an Experimental Model of Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension (2021)

Manipulation of nitric oxide (NO) may enable control of progression and treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Several approaches may modulate the NO-cGMP pathway in vivo. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of 3 modulatory sites: (i) the amount of l-arginine; (ii) the size of plasma NO stores that stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase; (iii) the conversion of cGMP into inactive 5'-GMP, with respect to hypoxia, to test the effectiveness of the treatments with respect to hypoxia-induced PH. Male rats (n = 80; 10/group) maintained in normoxic (21% O<sub>2</sub>) or hypoxic chambers (10% O<sub>2</sub>) for 14 days were subdivided in 4 sub-groups: placebo, l-arginine (20 mg/ml), the NO donor molsidomine (15 mg/kg in drinking water), and phoshodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil (1.4 mg/kg in 0.3 ml saline, i.p.). Hypoxia depressed homeostasis and increased erythropoiesis, heart and right ventricle hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis inducing pulmonary remodeling. Stimulating anyone of the 3 mechanisms that enhance the NO-cGMP pathway helped rescuing the functional and morphological changes in the cardiopulmonary system leading to improvement, sometimes normalization, of the pressures. None of the treatments affected the observed parameters in normoxia. Thus, the 3 modulatory sites are essentially similar in enhancing the NO-cGMP pathway, thereby attenuating the hypoxia-related effects that lead to pulmonary hypertension.
Cigarette smoke and electronic cigarettes differentially activate bronchial epithelial cells (2020)

The transcriptome patterns of host defense and inflammatory genes are significantly distinct between ECIG-exposed and TCIG-treated cells. The overall effects of ECIGs on epithelial cells are less in comparison to TCIG, and ECIG-vapor does not affect host defense. Nevertheless, although acute exposure to ECIG-vapor induces inflammation, and the expression of S100 proteins, long term in vivo data is needed to evaluate the chronic effects of ECIG use.
A new and highly sensitive method of analyzing metabolic activity using FLIM (Conference Presentation) (2017)

Traditional assessments of cellular metabolism are often destructive, time consuming and without visual information. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) provides a highly sensitive, non-invasive, and label-free alternative. This study uses FLIM in combination with two-photon microscopy to investigate pharmacological induced metabolic changes of adipocytes via changes in the fluorescence of the metabolic co-factors NADH and FAD. In agreement with recent publications NADH fluorescence suggests the presence of four distinct lifetimes in cell culture and tissue with two unbound and two protein bound states which show different responses to treatment with metabolic modifiers. We evaluated the effects on NADH fluorescence lifetime after systematic manipulations to change the balance between oxidative and glycolytic metabolism using five pharmacological reagents - Oligomycin, 2-DG, FCCP, Rotenone, and Glucose - which interact with different parts of the metabolic pathway. We established several ratios between the four distinct lifetimes of NADH after treatment and compared the results to oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate. We demonstrated, for the first time, a correlation between the two unbound fluorescence lifetimes components and glycolytic and oxidative metabolic activity with a significant higher sensitivity compared to the commonly used free-to-bound ratio of NADH. Analyzing all four lifetime components of NADH has the potential to become a powerful tool to evaluate metabolic activity of adipocytes with subcellular resolution.
Acoustic resonance frequency locked photoacoustic spectrometer (2023)

A photoacoustic spectroscopy method and apparatus for maintaining an acoustic source frequency on a sample cell resonance frequency comprising: providing an acoustic source to the sample cell, the acoustic source having a source frequency; repeatedly and continuously sweeping the source frequency across the resonance frequency at a sweep rate; and employing an odd-harmonic of the source frequency sweep rate to maintain the source frequency sweep centered on the resonance frequency.
Passive millimeter-wave imaging for security and safety applications (2010)

77 GHz passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging camera for the purpose of security is developed. In order to detect concealed objects in clothes without hindrance to flow of people at airport security checks, video rate imaging is realized using one-dimensional imaging sensor array of 25 elements and a flapping reflector. As receiving antennas, novel antipodal Fermi antenna (APFA) having required characteristics for passive imaging such as broad bandwidth to obtain enough power, axially symmetric directivity with 10dB beam width of 35 degrees to obtain optimum coupling with dielectric lens, narrow width geometry for high spatial resolution of imaging is used. Real-time calibration (RTC) technique is introduced to eliminate the drift of receiving circuits. Interpolation technique to improve the quality of image and marking software for screening of suspicious objects are also developed. High spatial resolution of 20 mm is obtained by using developed imaging camera.
Correlation of Early Outcomes and Intradiscal Interleukin-6 Expression in Lumbar Fusion Patients (2020)

The direct association between IL-6 expression and VAS/ODI suggests patients with elevated intradiscal cytokine expression may have worse early outcomes than those with lower expression of IL-6 after surgery for symptomatic disc degeneration.
Are Allenes with Zwitterionic Character Still Allenes? Of Course! (2009)

Abstract The true ground state of 1 is a matter of debate, but for clarity and convenience the allene resonance form 1 a , is the most appropriate. The arguments for aromaticity made by Christl and Engels are shown to be incorrect. magnified image
Das C3‐symmetrische Tricyclo[2.2.1.02,6]heptan‐3,5,7‐triol (2017)

Abstract Ein direkter Zugang zum bisher unbekannten C 3 ‐symmetrischen Tricyclo[2.2.1.0 2,6 ]heptan‐3,5,7‐triol sowohl in racemischer als auch in enantiomerenreiner Form wurde ausgearbeitet. Die Umsetzung von 7‐tert‐Butoxynorbornadien mit Peroxycarbonsäuren führte durch transannulare π‐Cyclisierung und Substitution der tert‐Butoxy‐Gruppe zu Gemischen der entsprechenden C 1 ‐ und C 3 ‐symmetrischen 3,5,7‐Triacyloxynortricyclene. Durch Sieden in Ameisensäure wurden die C 1 ‐symmetrischen Ester größtenteils in das C 3 ‐symmetrische Formiat überführt. Nachfolgende Verseifung lieferte die diastereomeren Triole, die durch fraktionierende Kristallisation getrennt wurden. Die Enantiomerentrennung des C 3 ‐symmetrischen Triols erfolgte über die diastereomeren Tri(O‐methyl)mandelsäureester. Die so im Gramm‐Maßstab zugänglichen enantiomerenreinen Triole wurden als Kerneinheit von Dotierstoffen für flüssigkristalline Phasen eingesetzt.
A Next-Generation Optical Packet-Switching Node Based on Hybrid III-V/Silicon Optical Gates (2014)

We report a hybrid silicon optical gate array based on a silicon waveguide with a III-V gain medium and two vertical grating couplers. The gates show a fast switching time, a high extinction ratio, and a positive fiber-to-fiber optical gain. The dynamic behavior of such a device is evaluated under electrically controlled gating. We further focus on a single gate performance in a packet-switched network. We demonstrate subwavelength switching operations with multiformat and multibit-rate optical packet based on direct and coherent detection.
Pinocytic capture and exocytosis of rat immunoglobulin IgG-N-(2-hydroxy-propyl)methacrylamide copolymer conjugates by rat visceral yolk sacs culturedin vitro (1986)

Rat immunoglobulin (IgG) was covalently bound to N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers via glycylglycyl spacer. The resultant conjugate, free IgG and HPMA copolymer (containing a low percentage of tyrosinamide to facilitate radiolabelling) were radioiodinated, and their rates of pinocytic uptake, intracellular degradation and exocytic release by rat visceral yolk sacs cultured in vitro were determined. Free IgG was pinocytosed rapidly by the yolk sac and some IgG was subject to intracellular proteolysis. In comparison the IgG-HPMA copolymer conjugate was captured more slowly, but faster than unmodified HPMA. IgG was also exocytosed rapidly by the yolk sac following pinocytic capture and similarly IgG-HPMA copolymer had a much higher rate of release than unmodified HPMA. Measurement of tissue accumulation of 125I-labelled IgG-HPMA copolymer in the presence of increasing concentrations of non-radiolabelled IgG showed competition for membrane binding sites between the free, and polymer-bound immunoglobulin. These experiments indicate that immunoglobulins can be covalently bound to a soluble polymer developed as a drug-carrier in such a way that they can still interact with specific membrane receptors and they are subsequently subjected to specific cellular transport mechanisms.