gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation based analysis for optimal chip layout of a 2.5D flip chip package (2018)

The current paper describes finite element method based simulations to assess assembly process and thermo-mechanical reliability related risks associated with 2.5D flip chip package and to develop guidelines for an optimal chip layout of a 2.5D package. A general configuration of a 2.5D package includes a silicon interposer on which logic and memory die are placed. In this study, the relative location of the top die, interposer edges and its impact on the mechanical performance of the package is investigated. Two different phases of module assembly are analyzed: 1. Post chip/interposer reflow attach prior to under fill application and 2. Post final assembly. The 2.5D package incorporates fine-pitch copper pillar interconnects on the logic die along with conventional C4 bumps on the interposer which are susceptible to damage during thermal excursions. The plastic strains in these structures are analyzed to assess risk of damage. Die-under fill shear stress is utilized as a metric to study the potential for under fill delamination during thermal cycling.
Azaindole-Based Inhibitors of Cdc7 Kinase: Impact of the Pre-DFG Residue, Val 195 (2013)

To investigate the role played by the unique pre-DFG residue Val 195 of Cdc7 kinase on the potency of azaindole-chloropyridines (1), a series of novel analogues with various chloro replacements were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against Cdc7. X-ray cocrystallization using a surrogate protein, GSK3β, and modeling studies confirmed the azaindole motif as the hinge binder. Weaker hydrophobic interactions with Met 134 and Val 195 by certain chloro replacements (e.g., H, methyl) led to reduced Cdc7 inhibition. Meanwhile, data from other replacements (e.g., F, O) indicated that loss of such hydrophobic interaction could be compensated by enhanced hydrogen bonding to Lys 90. Our findings not only provide an in-depth understanding of the pre-DFG residue as another viable position impacting kinase inhibition, they also expand the existing knowledge of ligand-Cdc7 binding.
Fluorescence enhancement by a photonic crystal with a nanorod-structured high index layer (2008)

We report the design and characterization of a one-dimensional photonic crystal slab incorporating a nanorod-structured TiO2 high index layer. The photonic crystal is designed to function as an optical resonator at the wavelength of a laser used to excite fluorescence emission and the highly porous TiO2 film, not only increases the surface area of the device but more importantly allows fluorophores to penetrate into the most intense region of the resonance-enhanced near electric fields. The design shows an enhancement of 193-fold in fluorescence intensity for the detection of cyanine 5-labeled streptavidin in comparison to an unpatterned glass slide.
Whetstone: An Accessible Platform-Independent Method for Training Spiking Deep Neural Networks for Neuromorphic Processors. (2019)

Abstract not provided.
Naphthazarin Derivatives (VI): Synthesis, Inhibitory Effect on DNA Topoisomerase-I and Antiproliferative Activity of 2- or 6-(1-Oxyiminoalkyl)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (2000)

2- or 6-(1-Hydroxyiminoalkyl)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquin-one (DMNQ) and 6-(1-propyloxyimino- alkyl)-DMNQ derivatives were synthesized, and their inhibitory effects on DNA topoisomerase-I (TOPO-I) and antiproliferative activities against L1210 cells were examined. In a comparison, it was found that 6-(1-hydroxyiminoalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives exhibited higher potencies in both bioactivities than 2-(1-hydroxyiminoalkyl)-DMNQ analogues, suggesting that the difference in bioactivities between two positional isomers might be due to the steric hindrance of the side chain. It is noteworthy that the optimal size of alkyl group for both bioactivities of 6-(1-hydroxyiminoalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives was pentyl to octyl (IC50, 22-29 microM) for the inhibition of TOPO-I and propyl to nonyl (ED50, 0.12-0.19 microM) for the antiproliferative activity. In addition, a similar potency of bioactivities was expressed by 6-(1-propyloxyiminoalkyl)-DMNQ derivatives, propylation products of the oximes.
A 72GS/s, 8-bit DAC-based Wireline Transmitter in 4nm FinFET CMOS for 200+Gb/s Serial Links (2022)

A DAC-based SST transmitter for wireline applications is reported in a 4nm FinFET technology. 8b resolution and high analog output bandwidth (BW) are achieved by employing a segmented architecture along with a single-ended LSB. Hybrid analog/digital tuning is used in the DAC LSB segments, resulting in well-matched MSB/LSB segments with -0.63/0.67 LSB INL and -0.16/0.43 LSB DNL. 216Gb/s PAM8 and 212Gb/s QAM64 OFDM operation are demonstrated at 288mW from a 0.95V supply.
Enzyme and Gold Catalysis: A New Enantioselective Entry into Functionalized 4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolines (2013)

A new route toward functionalized pyrrolines starting from acetylenic aldehydes was developed. Key steps involved a ­hydroxynitrile lyase catalyzed asymmetric hydrocyanation of acetylenic aldehydes and a gold-catalyzed cyclization of substituted acetylene-containing amino alcohols.
Reflectance and substrate currents of dielectric layers under vacuum ultraviolet irradiation (2010)

The reflectance of low-k porous organosilicate glass (SiCOH) as a function of photon energy under synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation was measured using a nickel mesh reflectometer. The authors found that during VUV irradiation, the reflectance of SiCOH and the substrate current were inversely correlated. Thus, reflectance can be inferred from substrate current measurements and vice versa. The authors conclude that reflectance or substrate current measurements can determine the photon energies that are absorbed and, therefore, cause dielectric damage during processing. Thus, reducing the flux of deleterious photon energies in processing systems can minimize dielectric damage.
Discovery and Optimization of 1-Phenoxy-2-aminoindanes as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitors of the Na+/H+ Exchanger Type 3 (NHE3) (2016)

The design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of 1-phenoxy-2-aminoindanes as inhibitors of the Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger type 3 (NHE3) are described based on a hit from high-throughput screening (HTS). The chemical optimization resulted in the discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable NHE3 inhibitors with 13d as best compound, showing high in vitro permeability and lacking CYP2D6 inhibition as main optimization parameters. Aligning 1-phenoxy-2-aminoindanes onto the X-ray structure of 13d then provided 3D-QSAR models for NHE3 inhibition capturing guidelines for optimization. These models showed good correlation coefficients and allowed for activity estimation. In silico ADMET models for Caco-2 permeability and CYP2D6 inhibition were also successfully applied for this series. Moreover, docking into the CYP2D6 X-ray structure provided a reliable alignment for 3D-QSAR models. Finally 13d, renamed as SAR197, was characterized in vitro and by in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacological studies to unveil its potential for reduction of obstructive sleep apneas.
In-line etching process control using dynamic scatterometry (2007)

In-line process control in microelectronics manufacturing requires real-time and non-invasive monitoring techniques. Among the different metrology techniques, scatterometry, based on the analysis of ellipsometric signatures of the light scattered by a patterned structures, is well adapted. Traditionally, the problem of defining the shape and computing the signature is dealt with modal methods and is called <i>direct problem.</i> On the opposite, the <i>inverse problem</i> allows to find the grating shape thanks to an experimental signature acquisition, and can not be solved as easily. Different classes of algorithms have been introduced (evolutionary, simplex, etc.) to address this problem, but the method of library searching seems to be the most attractive technique for industry. This technique has many advantages that will be presented in this article. However the main limitation in real-time context comes from the short data acquisition time for different wavelengths. Indeed, the lack of data leads to the method failure and several database patterns can match the experimental data. In this article, a technique for real time reconstruction of grating shape variation using dynamic scatterometry is presented. The different tools to realize this reconstruction, such as Modal Method by Fourier Expansion, regularization technique and specific software and hardware architectures are then introduced. Results issued from dynamic experiments will finally illustrate this paper.
Plasma considerations prior to wire bonding in advanced packaging (2006)

Today's packaging engineers are faced with many challenges, including cost-saving strategies, yield-enhancing process steps, and damage-free preparation of intricate, small geometry devices such as multi-chip modules, stacked packages and hybrids. In order to ensure high device reliability and minimize manufacturing costs, a well-prepared surface for wire bonding plays a very important role in successful advanced packaging since it can significantly improve the quality and reliability of the bond. Gas plasma technology can be used to clean pads prior to wire bonding to improve bond strengths and yields. It is a powerful, efficient resource for surface preparation that can dramatically improve the manufacturability, reliability, and yield of advanced packages. In this paper, the types of plasma technologies and consideration for their use prior to wire bonding are discussed, and experimental results are reviewed. Examples specific to epoxy bleed-out contamination and considerations regarding substrate material and device characteristics are also addressed.
TAIKO wafer ball attach (2016)

Ball attach on ultra-thin 200 mm TAIKO wafers is considered a challenge but it can be mastered. The TAIKO wafer grinding concept is based on the thinning of an inner area of a silicon wafer leaving an outer ring as stiffening frame for wafer handling without an additional carrier [1]. The process development methodology for a near industrial TAIKO wafer balling pilot line is described. A phased process development methodology was applied with different residual wafer thicknesses, wafer ball diameters and balling pitches to check yield affecting topics and process throughput.
Small-angle-scattering determination of the microstructure of porous silica precursor bodies (1990)

Small-angle X-ray and small-angle neutron scattering measurements were carried out on a series of porous silica precursor (unsintered) bodies with different starting chemistries. The samples were prepared from mixtures containing 10 to 30 wt% colloidal silica sol and 90 to 70 wt% potassium silicate. Particle-size distributions were derived from the data using a maximum-entropy technique. Scattering data from the porous silica samples are especially suitable for such an analysis because the colloidal particles and clusters and aggregates of these particles are verified in detail to be spherical, and the scattering instrument use for this study covered the entire range of sizes in this material and was very well calibrated. It was found that the lower the amount of colloidal silica, the broader the size distribution of the silica aggregates.
A high-efficiency 28GHz outphasing PA with 23dBm output power using a triaxial balun combiner (2018)

Gigabit-per-second millimeter-wave (mm-wave) access and backhaul networks at 28GHz demand high-order QAM, OFDM, and/or carrier-aggregated waveforms that force the PA to operate under high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) [1]. High PAPR requirements aggravate the design of mm-wave Si CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS PAs since a linear response and high efficiency are simultaneously desired. Recent work has demonstrated mm-wave PAs with peak efficiency exceeding 30% at 28GHz for output powers above 20dBm [1-5]. However, high average efficiency associated with high-PAPR waveforms remains elusive. To improve average efficiency, circuit techniques based on Doherty [3] and outphasing [6] have been demonstrated in mm-wave bands. Earlier work using these techniques showed average efficiency with QAM waveforms that is well under 20%.
Telomerase Inhibition Targets Clonogenic Multiple Myeloma Cells through Telomere Length-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms (2010)

Telomerase activity regulates the clonogenic growth of MM CSC. Moreover, reductions in MM growth following both long and short-term telomerase inhibition suggest that it impacts CSC through telomere length-dependent and independent mechanisms.
A novel laboratory design of a passive-imaging target recognition system operating under clutter (2016)

To pchieve desired levels of operational performance, air and ground target surveillance systems require enhanced capabilities for identifying targets within the surveillance space. The objective of this study is to present a novel experimental laboratory design of a passive-illumination target recognition system. Polarimetric Exploratory Data Analysis (pEDA) has been applied for the detection and discrimination of targets in the presence of cluttered media, as well as for clutter characterization. The outcome of this study indicates that fusion of (pEDA) and Stokes parameters lead to reliable Figures-of-Merit (FOM)s that can be used as powerful tools for image analysis, characterization, and discrimination of cluttered targets, under passive illumination.
Coupling Reactions of End- vs Mid-Functional Polymers (2004)

Reactive compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends is typically accomplished by grafting reactions between functional groups distributed randomly on one polymer and end-functional groups on the other polymer. A number of model studies have focused on end coupling in polymer melts. In this work we compare directly reaction rate constants for an end-functional chain reacting with an end-functional chain, kE, vs reacting with a mid-functional chain, kM, using competitive reaction of phthalic anhydride end- and mid-functional poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-eAn and PMMA-mAn) with amine terminal PMMA and polystyrene (PMMA-NH2 and PS-NH2). PMMA-eAn was labeled with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) while PMMA-mAn was labeled with anthracene. We measured the extent of coupling to block and graft copolymers selectively at the characteristic excitation and emission wavelengths of NBD and anthracene using a fluorescence detector coupled with GPC. We found that coupling with the mid-functional PMMA was slower under all reaction conditions investigated and had the increasing order of kE/kM: homogeneous melt (1.7), solution (2.8), heterogeneous blend prepared in the mixer (2.6−3.2), and static flat interface (>10). The kinetic excluded-volume effect and steric hindrance due to the polymer chain are considered to be the reasons for kE/kM > 1 in the homogeneous case. kE/kM in solution was in agreement with the value (2.1) predicted by the kinetic excluded-volume theory. The large value of kE/kM in the static flat interface was attributed to end-group segregation at the interface. Interestingly, we found that flow affected the interfacial reaction tremendously, resulting in over 1000 times higher rate constant in heterogeneous melt blending than that in the static bilayer film.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Compared With Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Low-Risk Patients (2016)

In patients with low operative risk, significantly better 3-year survival and freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were observed after SAVR compared with TAVI. Further studies on new-generation valve prostheses are necessary before expanding indications of TAVI toward lower-risk patients.
Antigenic Mimicry in Neisseria Species (2020)

The nonenteric gram-negative mucosal bacteria from the genera Neisseria, Moraxella, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, and Bordetella have evolved a unique set of glycolipids expressed on the outer leaf of the outer membrane, termed lipooligosaccharides (LOS). The majority of LOS studies have been performed on Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis (pathogenic Neisseria), enhancing our understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and functions of these glycolipids. Little was known about the LOS antigenic or chemical structure until the late 1960s, when J.A. Maeland and coworkers began to define the antigenicity of gonococcal endotoxin. Bacterial LOS structures have been implicated in sequelae associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection of the human intestine and in Helicobacter pylori infection associated with peptic ulcer disease.
The influence of midsole shear on running smoothness (2021)

Increased shear force between the foot and ground has been shown to contribute to sports-related injury (Lorimer & Hume, 2014). Therefore, running-related research has modified footwear midsole cus...
Electrically Mediated Plasmid DNA Delivery to Solid Tumors In Vivo (2004)

Electroporation is a physical method that delivers plasmid DNA in a variety of tissues. This technology is currently gaining recognition and acceptance in the scientific community as evidenced by the number of studies using in vivo electroporation published each year. One potential application for this method is to deliver DNA to the cells that comprise tumors.
Life-threatening thrombosis in mice with targeted Arg47 to cys mutation of the heparin binding domain of antithrombin (2001)

sponsorship: Flanders Interuniv, Inst Biotech, Louvain, Belgium; Sanofi Synthelabo, Toulouse, France
Spontaneous Brillouin noise in long-distance high-bandwidth optical-fibre transmission (1983)

The light propagating in a single-mode optical fibre is found to be converted gradually into forward-scattered spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin power. The Brillouin component has a linewidth of -500 MHz and constitutes ~1/200 of the propagating power at 1.3 μm wavelength after 600 km. The measured backscatter-Brillouin shift coefficient is −0.15 GHz/wt% GeO2.
Manipulation of cell adhesion and dynamics using RGD functionalized polymers (2017)

We have successfully synthesized an ABA tri-block co-polymer of poly(methacrylic acid)-block-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(methacrylic acid), having M<sub>w</sub> = 100k and 272k where we were able to insert RDG or RGD peptide sequences using thiol-acrylate Michael addition. A soft silicone stamp was then used to imprint a 0.4-micron wide grating of the copolymer with a period of 10 microns. The samples were then examined with atomic force microscopy after application of an external electric field and the pattern was observed to stretch by a factor of five. Cells plated onto these substrates showed clear preference for the striped patterns formed under the influence of the external field, and no preferential attachment to the patterns formed in the absence of the field. Cell migration experiments, using the agarose droplet method, performed on spun cast copolymer films showed minimal migration and adhesion on the substrates without peptides or those with only with the RDG peptide, while good adhesion and significant outward migration was observed for cells plated on the copolymers with the RGD sequence. Taken together these results confirmed our hypothesis that a smart biomimetic polymer substrate could be constructed where functional domains could be revealed selectively allowing us to mimic the natural design of engineered tissue constructs.
Infection Efficiency of Human and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Adenoviral and Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors (2003)

Human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, suggesting novel therapies for degenerative, metabolic, and traumatic disorders. ES-based regenerative medicine will be further advanced by the development of reliable methods for transgene introduction and expression. Here, we show infection of human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with two of the most popular vectors in gene transfer, adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus (AAV; serotypes 2, 4, and 5). All vectors express the nuclear-localized marker gene beta-galactosidase expressed from the Rous Sarcoma Virus long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR). Both Ad5 and AAV2 infected human and mouse ES cells and gave rise to beta-galactosidase expression. AAV4 and 5 did not yield detectable levels of beta-galactosidase expression. Quantitative PCR analysis of virally infected human and mouse ES cells revealed that only Ad5 and AAV2 are capable of transducing both cell-types. No viral DNA was detected in cells infected with either AAV4 or AAV5. Infection and subsequent differentiation of mouse and human ES cells with Ad5 showed that beta-galactosidase-expressing cells were restricted to cells in the interior of the embryoid body mass. No beta-galactosidase expression was observed in AAV-infected cells following differentiation. There was no difference in morphology or differentiation patterns between infected and noninfected differentiating mouse and human ES cells. Differentiation of hES cells prior to infection led to transduction of neuronally differentiated cells with good efficiency using all vectors. These data show that Ad5- and AAV2-based vectors are capable of infecting both human and mouse ES cells, in both their undifferentiated and differentiated states, whereas AAV4 and AAV5 can infect human and mouse ES cells only following differentiation.
Reduction of Cogging Torque in Double-Rotor Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Disk Motors: A Review of Cost-Effective Magnet-Skewing Techniques With Experimental Verification (2013)

Minimizing cogging torque in designing axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motors is one of the main issues which must be considered during the design process. This paper presents several cost-effective magnet-skewing techniques to minimize cogging torque components in double-rotor AFPM motors. Rotor-side cogging torque minimization methods are examined in detail with major focus on magnet-skewing approach, and several cost-effective alternative skewing techniques are proposed. A detailed comparison of magnet-skewing approaches is provided. A prototype AFPM motor with different rotor structures is built based on the analyses. Analyses are then validated with experimental results, and the influence of cogging torque component on torque quality of AFPM motors is explored. The results confirm that the proposed magnet-skewing approaches can significantly reduce the cogging component as opposed to reference AFPM motor with unskewed magnets and help to improve the torque quality of the disk motors.