gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Model Reference Adaptive Control with Selective State Variable Weighting Applied to a Space Nuclear Power System (1991)

To ensure that a space nuclear power system will operate safely and respond in a predictable and desired manner, the system’s controller design must account for changes in the system parameters over its lifetime. A model reference adaptive controller is applied to enable the actual space nuclear power system to follow a predictable and desired response of a reference model system, despite changes in the actual system’s operating parameters. Model reference adaptive control is well developed for linear systems and has been applied to simple, single-input, single-output (and the output’s derivative) systems. Model reference adaptive control is applied to a single-input, multiple-output nonlinear system but also shows the development for a multiple-input, multiple-output linear system. An algorithm is developed for linear systems to determine the constant gains in the model reference adaptive control algorithm and a method is developed that allows selective weighting of a desired state variable. Examples are presented to show that a model reference adaptive controller can ensure the load-following response of a nonlinear space nuclear power system and that the reference model can be complex enough to embody the physics of the plant. The results of the example cases show that a model reference adaptive controller can cause a selected nonlinear plant state variable to track the transient trajectory of the corresponding state variable of the reference model with local stability.
miRNA-34b as a tumor suppressor in estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer cells (2011)

These findings reveal that miR-34b is an oncosuppressor miRNA requiring both ER+ and wild-type p53 phenotypes in breast cancer cells. These results improve our ability to develop new therapeutic strategies to target the complex estrogenic pathway in human breast cancer progression through miRNA regulation.
Efficient error detection, localization, and correction for FPGA-based debugging (2000)

Simulations for modern designs are often performed on Field Programmable Gate Array technology in a functional test and debugging process known as emulation, allowing for more complex simulations than possible in software. One drawback to emulation is the lengthy time spent in the back-end CAD tools for each debugging iteration, including debugging changes and the introduction of control and observation logic. We have developed a technique that confines the re-place-and-route area to only the portions of the design affected by the introduction of the test logic and by the debugging changes. Therefore, the back-end CAD effort for error detection, localization, and correction is reduced. This benefit is achieved by partitioning the design at the physical level into independent blocks, and the test logic and design changes are localized to the affected blocks. The result is a shortened time between debugging iterations, and thus a shortened time-to-market for the design.
Hepatitis C Virus E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Core Structure (2013)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a Hepacivirus, is a major cause of viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 mediate fusion and entry into host cells and are the primary targets of the humoral immune response. The crystal structure of the E2 core bound to broadly neutralizing antibody AR3C at 2.65 angstroms reveals a compact architecture composed of a central immunoglobulin-fold β sandwich flanked by two additional protein layers. The CD81 receptor binding site was identified by electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis and overlaps with the AR3C epitope. The x-ray and electron microscopy E2 structures differ markedly from predictions of an extended, three-domain, class II fusion protein fold and therefore provide valuable information for HCV drug and vaccine design.
PREPARATION OF HIERARCHICAL NETWORKS OF OUT-OF-PLANE/IN-PLANE PORES BY ELECTROCHEMICAL ETCHING OF SILICON THROUGH CONTROLLED INHIBITION OF BREAKDOWN EFFECTS (2016)

Silicon electrochemical etching is a well-known technique used for the preparation of both random and ordered porous silicon with tunable pore morphology and size for a wide range of applications [1,2]. However, the preparation of hierarchical networks of pores that synergistically integrate out-of-plane and in-plane pores at different length-scales with potential applications in different fields, e.g. energy storage [3], has not been achieved yet by silicon electrochemical etching. In this work, for the first time, hierarchical network of pores are prepared by back-side illumination electrochemical etching (ECE) of n-type silicon in HF-based electrolytes through controlled inhibition of electric breakdown (BD) at high anodic voltages.
Intraperitoneal nonviral nucleic acid delivery in the treatment of peritoneal cancer (2015)

Intraperitoneal nonviral nucleic acid delivery
Robust Knowledge Distillation from RNN-T Models With Noisy Training Labels Using Full-Sum Loss (2023)

This work studies knowledge distillation (KD) and addresses its constraints for recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T) models. In hard distillation, a teacher model transcribes large amounts of unlabelled speech to train a student model. Soft distillation is another popular KD method that distills the output logits of the teacher model. Due to the nature of RNN-T alignments, applying soft distillation between RNN-T architectures having different posterior distributions is challenging. In addition, bad teachers having high word-error-rate (WER) reduce the efficacy of KD. We investigate how to effectively distill knowledge from variable quality ASR teachers, which has not been studied before to the best of our knowledge. We show that a sequence-level KD, full-sum distillation, outperforms other distillation methods for RNN-T models, especially for bad teachers. We also propose a variant of full-sum distillation that distills the sequence discriminative knowledge of the teacher leading to further improvement in WER. We conduct experiments on public datasets namely SpeechStew and LibriSpeech, and on in-house production data.
Supplemental Figure S5 from <i>KRAS</i> Genomic Status Predicts the Sensitivity of Ovarian Cancer Cells to Decitabine (2023)

&lt;p&gt;A, quantification of western blot analysis for phosphorylation of MEK and ERK after treatment with decitabine for six days in a KRAS-mutant (MCAS) and KRAS-wild type (RMGI) ovarian cancer cell line as depicted in the main text. B, phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was probed by western blot after treatment with decitabine for six days in a KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR8). Quantification was performed using Image J. C, KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR8, was co-treated with decitabine and navitoclax for six days (nine replicates, mean). Data were normalized to the ATP levels (CTG) measured for the corresponding DMSO-treated controls (6 days) to illustrate the overall decrease in cell viability for the combination treatment. Data is a representative example of two independent experiments. D, combined bisulfite restriction analysis of the transcriptional start site of BNIP3 in MCAS cell line treated with decitabine (0.5 ÃŽÂ¼M) or DMSO for six days.&lt;/p&gt;
The Control of Single-Celled Cotton Fiber Elongation by Developmentally Reversible Gating of Plasmodesmata and Coordinated Expression of Sucrose and K + Transporters and Expansin (2001)

Yong-Ling Ruan, Danny J. Llewellyn, Robert T. Furbank, The Control of Single-Celled Cotton Fiber Elongation by Developmentally Reversible Gating of Plasmodesmata and Coordinated Expression of Sucrose and K⁺ Transporters and Expansin, The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jan., 2001), pp. 47-60
Cytotoxic activity of chimeric proteins composed of acidic fibroblast growth factor and Pseudomonas exotoxin on a variety of cell types (1991)

Chimeric proteins composed of acidic fibroblast growth factor (acidic FGF) and several forms of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) that cannot bind to the PE receptor have been produced in Escherichia coli by expressing chimeric genes in which DNA encoding acidic FGF is fused to various mutant forms of PE. These acidic FGF-PE fusion proteins were found to be cytotoxic to a variety of tumor cell lines including hepatocellular (PLC/PRF/5 and HEPG2), prostatic (LNCaP), colon (HT29), and breast (MCF-7) carcinomas at concentrations of 1-70 ng/ml. The cytotoxic effects of acidic FGF-PE were FGF-receptor specific as demonstrated by competition with excess acidic FGF and by showing that acidic FGF-PE bound to the FGF receptor with the same affinity as acidic FGF. Furthermore, the cell-killing activity of acidic FGF-PE was toxin-mediated, as an acidic FGF-PE mutant, which does not possess ADP-ribosylation activity, failed to kill cells. These findings demonstrate that acidic FGF-PE is a potent cytotoxic molecule that can be targeted to FGF receptor-bearing cells. Because acidic FGF is a potent angiogenic molecule, cytotoxic acidic FGF-PE chimeras may have utility as anti-angiogenic agents. These molecules could be helpful in determining the functional role of FGF receptors in cellular processes.
30am2-PN-58 Tactile display integrating factors for tactile perception (2015)

It has been found that human recognize tactile sensations by feeling the following four factors (friction, smoothness, hardness, thermal). A tactile display that can represent the four factors mentioned earlier was developed. This tactile display makes use of haptic devices an ultrasonic vibrator and a thermal display. The haptic devices reproduce the feeling of friction. The ultrasonic vibrator reproduces the feeling of smoothness and hardness by modulating the amplitude of the wave flowing through the material. The thermal display which consist of a Peltier element, reproduces the thermal feeling of materials. The tactile display presented and simulated to users different types of cloth materials; test subjects were able to discriminate the difference and properly tell which tactile display was simulating which cloth.
Validation of the first step of the heuristic refinement method for the derivation of solution structures of proteins from NMR data (1987)

A new method for the analysis of NMR data in terms of the solution structure of proteins has been developed. The method consists of two steps: first a systematic search of the conformational space to define the region allowed by the initial set of experimental constraints, and second, the narrowing of this region by the introduction of additional constraints and optional refinement procedures. The search of the conformational space is guided by heuristics to make it computationally feasible. The method is therefore called the heuristic refinement method and is coded in an expert system called PROTEAN. The paper describes the validation of the first step of the method using an artificial NMR data set generated from the known crystal structure of sperm whale carbon monoxymyoglobin. It is shown that the initial search procedure yields a low-resolution structure of the myoglobin molecule, accurately reproducing its main topological features, and that the precision of the structure depends on the quality of the initial data set.
Fabrication and Testing of Ceramic Turbine Wheels (1993)

A silicon nitride (Si3N4) radial inflow turbine wheel was fabricated by injection molding at Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs. The wheel was 142 mm in outer diameter and had 14 blades. The radial wheel was too bulky to manufacture as a homogeneous and defect-free body in one piece. It was divided into two pieces for injection molding and put together into one body by a cold isostatic pressing step after binder removal. Spin testing was executed at room temperature and the resulting photographs, taken from three directions, provided useful information about the fraction mode of the wheels. The maximum burst speed of the wheels at room temperature was 98,900 rpm, which corresponded to 145 percent of the design speed. In a hot rig test, one of the wheels survived 75,000 rpm for ten minutes at a turbine inlet temperature of 1050°C.
Evolving from a distribution system simulation platform to a micro-grid simulation platform for transient studies (2014)

This paper implements a full electromagnetic transient (EMT) micro-grid model based on a distribution system to show the possibility of evolving actual distribution systems to microgrids platform. Due to necessity of different studies for a micro-grid, the success of this evolution depends on feasibility of performing complete studies using the platform. Micro-grid studies include power flow, fault analysis, harmonics, stability and other dynamic analyses. The proposed EMT model can lead researchers to achieve this goal. This paper provides the solution of some of the challenges that the developer of the EMT model faces and shows results of typical studies that can be done using this platform.
Modeling With Limited Data: The Influence of Crop Rotation and Management on Weed Communities and Crop Yield Loss (2009)

Theory and models of crop yield loss from weed competition have led to decision models to help growers choose cost-effective weed management. These models are available for multiple-species weed communities in a single season of several crops. Growers also rely on crop rotation for weed control, yet theory and models of weed population dynamics have not led to similar tools for planning of crop rotations for cost-effective weed management. Obstacles have been the complexity of modeling the dynamics of multiple populations of weed species compared to a single species and lack of data. We developed a method to use limited, readily observed data to simulate population dynamics and crop yield loss of multiple-species weed communities in response to crop rotation, tillage system, and specific weed management tactics. Our method is based on the general theory of density dependence of plant productivity and extensive use of rectangular hyperbolic equations for describing crop yield loss as a function of weed density. Only two density-independent parameters are required for each species to represent differences in seed bank mortality, emergence, and maximum seed production. One equation is used to model crop yield loss and density-dependent weed seed production as a function of crop and weed density, relative time of weed and crop emergence, and differences among species in competitive ability. The model has been parameterized for six crops and 15 weeds, and limited evaluation indicates predictions are accurate enough to highlight potential weed problems and solutions when comparing alternative crop rotations for a field. The model has been incorporated into a decision support tool for whole-farm management so growers in the Central Great Plains of the United States can compare alternative crop rotations and how their choice influences farm income, herbicide use, and control of weeds in their fields.
Effect of Cell-Photosensitizer Binding and Cell Density on Microbial Photoinactivation (2005)

Photodynamic therapy involves the use of nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers and visible light to produce reactive oxygen species and cell killing. It is being studied as an alternative method of killing pathogens in localized infections due to the increasing problem of multiantibiotic resistance. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of microbial killing, there is still uncertainty about whether dyes must bind to and penetrate various classes of microbe in order to produce effective killing after illumination. In this report, we compare the interactions of three antimicrobial photosensitizers: rose bengal (RB), toluidine blue O (TBO), and a poly-L-lysine chlorin(e6) conjugate (pL-ce6) with representative members of three classes of pathogens; Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria), Candida albicans (yeast). We compared fluence-dependent cell survival after illumination with the appropriate wavelengths of light before and after extracellular dye had been washed out and used three 10-fold dilutions of cell concentration. pL-ce6 was overall the most powerful photosensitizer, was equally effective with and without washing, and showed a strong dependence on cell concentration. TBO was less effective in all cases after washing, and the dependence on cell concentration was less pronounced. RB was ineffective after washing (except for S. aureus) but still showed a dependence on cell concentration. The overall order of susceptibility was S. aureus>E. coli>C. albicans, but C. albicans cells were 10 to 50 times bigger than the bacteria. We conclude that the number and mass of the cells compete both for available dye binding and for extracellularly generated reactive oxygen species.
Author Correction: Sculpting nanoparticle dynamics for single-bacteria-level screening and direct binding-efficiency measurement (2019)

The original version of this Article omitted the author Kuan Wang, who is from the 'College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan' and 'Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore.'Also, the author S.H. Lim was incorrectly given as L.S. Hoi and A. Larsson was incorrectly given as A. Larson.The "Author contributions" was amended to reflect the authorship changes. It previously read 'Y.Z.S., C.-W.Q., and A.Q.L. jointly conceived the idea. Y.Z.S., S.X., Y.Z., J.B.Z., W.S., J.H.W., T.N.C., Z.C.Y., Y.L.H., B.L., P.H.Y., D.P.T., and C.-W.Q. performed the numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. Y.Z.S., S.X., and L.K.C. did the fabrication and experiments of particle hopping, biomolecule binding and flow cytometry. A.L. and L.S.H. did the SPR experiments. S.X., Y.Z.S., Y.Z., C.-W.Q., Y.-Y.C., L.K.C., T.H.Z., and A.Q.L. prepared the manuscript. S.X., Y.Z., C.-W.Q., and A.Q.L. supervised and coordinated all the work. All authors commented on the manuscript.' The correct version states 'B.L., K. W., P.H.Y.' instead of 'B.L., P.H.Y.' and 'S.H.L.' in place of 'L.S.H.'This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Confocal microscopy of electro-optic materials: effect of aberrations on the axial response in ac mode (2000)

Confocal scanning optical microscopy can be used to investigate the structure of electro-optic materials. Application of an ac electric field allows one to measure sensitively small changes in the reflection of light from a sample surface, and those changes can be related to the electro-optic properties. We observe the axial dependence of the ac light intensity to be a linear combination of the dc component and its axial derivative. Our analysis shows that astigmatic aberrations and the azimuthal dependence of the optical index in anisotropic materials can explain this behavior.
Self-association and solubility of peptides. An infrared absorption method for quantitative titration of the extent of self-association in poly(ethylene glycol)-bound peptides (1983)

The disruption of the sparingly soluble, self-associated species (β-structure) of the polymer-bound, N-protected peptides Boc-L-Ala-Gly-L-lle-(L-Ala)2-NHPEG and Boc-(L-Ala)2-Gly-L-lle-(L-Ala)2-NHPEG [PEG = poly(ethylene glycol)] in methylene chloride by increasing amounts of N,N-dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulphoxide has been monitored by following the disappearance of the intense amide I or A i.r. bands of the strongly intermolecularly hydrogen-bonded molecules; this suggests the use of this method for the quantitative titration of the extent of self-association in PEG-bound peptides.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELEASE OF HISTAMINE AND SLOW-REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS FROM HUMAN LUNG (1971)

The sensitization of human lung with atopic serum is both time and temperature dependent. Highly purified IgE myeloma protein is capable of blocking sensitization of human lung with atopic serum whereas myeloma proteins of the IgG subgroups are inactive. Drugs capable of increasing cellular levels of CAMP such as beta-adrenergic agents and methylxanthines inhibit the antigen-induced release of both histamine and SRS-A from human lung and these agents demonstrate synergism when used together. The beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, prevents epinephrine-induced inhibition of the immunologic release of the mediators. Diethylcarbamazine also inhibits the antigen-induced release of histamine and SRS-A from human lung and a synergism between this drug and epinephrine is observed. Predominantly alpha-adrenergic stimulation achieved by combining propranolol with epinephrine or norepinephrine not only prevented the inhibitory activity of the sympathomimetic amines but also resulted in an enhanced release of histamine and SRS-A. These observations suggest that whereas increases in cellular levels of CAMP are inhibitory, decreases in cellular levels of CAMP enhance the antigen-induced release of the mediators.
One-Dimensional Molecular Crystal of Phthalocyanine Confined into Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2015)

New one-dimensional (1D) hybrid nanosystems are elaborated with metalated or metal free phthalocyanine molecules encapsulated into the hollow core of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The X-ray diffraction experiments coupled to simulation allow evidencing the 1D structural organization of the molecules inside the nanotubes. The angle between the molecule ring and the nanotube axis is close to 32° as determined from our density functional theory calculations. Confined molecules display Raman spectra hardly altered with respect to the bulk phase, suggesting a rather weak interaction with the tubes. For comparison, noncovalent functionalization at the outer surface of the tube is also investigated. The vibrational properties of the molecules functionalized at the outer surface of tubes display important modifications. A significant curvature of the phthalocyanine is induced by the interaction with the tube walls, leading to change of the central atom position within the molecular ring, in good agreement with our first-principles calculations.
Tromancenium complexes with steric and electronic modulation (2022)

A series of new heteroleptic cationic (η7-cycloheptatrienyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl)manganese(I) (“tromancenium”) sandwich complexes containing the cycloheptatrienyl ligand and various sterically bulky cyclopentadienyl ligands was synthesized in a one-pot two-step procedure via their cymantrene precursors by high-power LED photochemistry followed by oxidation. In comparison to their less-substituted congeners which display only partially reversible redox events, these new air-stable tromancenium salts show reversible Mn(I)/Mn(II) and quasi-reversible Mn(I)/Mn(0) redox couples, as intended by the conceptual design of this work. Full spectroscopic and structural characterization of by 1H, 13C, 55Mn NMR, IR, UV–vis spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and single crystal structure analysis is reported.
Effect of Grain Growth of β‐Silicon Nitride on Strength, Weibull Modulus, and Fracture Toughness (1993)

β‐Si 3 N 4 powder containing 1 mol% of equimolar Y 2 O 3 –Nd 2 O 3 was gas‐pressure sintered at 2000°C for 2 h (SN2), 4 h (SN4), and 8 h (SN8) in 30‐MPa nitrogen gas. These materials had a microstructure of “ in‐situ composites” as a result of exaggerated grain growth of some β Si 3 N 4 grains during firing. Growth of elongated grains was controlled by the sintering time, so that the desired microstructures were obtained. SN2 had a Weibull modulus as high as 53 because of the uniform size and spatial distribution of its large grains. SN4 had a fracture toughness of 10.3 MPa‐m 1/2 because of toughening provided by the bridging of elongated grains, whereas SN8 showed a lower fracture toughness, possibly caused by extensive microcracking resulting from excessively large grains. Gas‐pressure sintering of β‐Si 3 N 4 powder was shown to be effective in fostering selective grain growth for obtaining the desired composite microstructure.