gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of PECVD deposition fluxes on the spatial variation of thin film density of as-deposited SiO/sub 2/ films in interconnect structures (2002)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements in conjunction with isotropic wet etching was utilized to extract the 2D etch rate variation of PECVD-deposited SiO/sub 2/ within aggressive structures. The etch rate, with resolution of 2.5 nm/min, was measured as a function of location within a cantilever test structure. The etch rate variation has been compared with calculated ion/neutral deposition flux distribution generated by an experimentally based deposition simulator. A model to predict film density as a function of ion flux which is based on collision induced thermal exchanges and collision induced surface diffusion is being considered.
Development Status of CMOS 1920×1080 Imaging System-on-Chip for 60p HDTV (2004)

High-performance charge-coupled device imagers (CCD) having 2 million pixels in 1920×1080 format have been commercially available for over ten years <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> . Nevertheless, today's HDTV cameras still do not simultaneously provide sufficient resolution and electronic film speed at the minimum progressive frame rates (≥60p) needed for creative motion imaging production. Overcranking, for example, is only available at ∼1 million pixel (1280 by 720) resolution. The maximum frame rate of today's 1920×1080 progressive cameras is 30 Hz. To truly offer a compelling alternative to motion imaging film, electronic HD cameras must provide higher progressive frame rate along with additional bit depth to maximize production quality and creativity. Leveraging a key architectural advantage and ongoing improvements in CMOS technology driven by a robust semiconductor industry that produces multi-GHz microprocessors at consumer prices, CMOS-based image sensors are now more capable than CCDs of meeting this challenge. We discuss the technical background for the shift in technology from CCD imaging to CMOS imaging system-on-chip. Specifically, we compare the sensor architectures and explain why CCD noise consistently increases with video frequency at about 3 dB/octave. Managing noise consequently forces more video outputs per CCD. High-end CCD-based camera manufacturers are consequently building larger, more expensive and more power hungry cameras. We conclude by briefly reporting the development status for a CMOS 1920×1080 image sensor for next-generation, affordable and compact HD cameras to support progressive frame rates at 60 Hz and beyond.
Effects of Open-loop Transmit Diversity Schemes with Four Antennas for Control Signals Using Cyclic-Shift CDMA (2012)

This paper investigates the effects of open-loop transmit diversity schemes with four antennas on low-rate control signals using cyclic shift (CS)-CDMA for single-carrier (SC)-frequency division multiples access (FDMA). More specifically, we investigate the average block error rate (BLER) performance levels of space orthogonal-resource transmit diversity (SORTD) and a combination of space-time block code (STBC) and time-switched transmit diversity (TSTD) for N Rx = 2 and 4 antenna diversity reception. Computer simulation results show that for N Tx = 4 transmission antennas, SORTD significantly decreases the required average received signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) that satisfies the target average BLER compared to the combination of STBC and TSTD due to the minimum mean-square error combining (MMSEC) gain from the 4 antennas. We show that for N Rx = 2, the required average received SNR at the average BLER of 10−2 and 10−3 using SORTD with N Tx = 4 antennas is decreased by approximately 0.6 and 1.5 dB, respectively, compared to that for SORTD with N Tx = 2 antennas. Moreover, we show that even with N Rx = 4-antenna receiver diversity, N Tx = 4-antenna SORTD is effective in decreasing the required average received SNR when a large number of control channels such as K = 12 are multiplexed during a short cyclic shift, in which severe inter-code interference occurs.
Development of electronic governor and simulator for the generating diesel engine (2009)

Engine speed controller of the conventional diesel engine is called a governor. In order to control engine speed, the governor controls amount of fuel using the fuel rack. Because a mechanical governor has a good speed control performance and is relatively inexpensive, it is used more popularly. However, it is difficult to link several engines. In the power generating system which requires the simultaneous operation of several diesel engines, the load sharing is very important to operate effectively by mutual linkage of engines. Because an electronic governor is easier to share load of several engines, the use of the electronic governor is increasingly on demand recently. In this study, an electronic governor and an engine simulator have been developed for generating diesel engine. Because of high cost and safety, tests on real engines are difficult. Therefore engine simulator which can behave similar to the real diesel engine, is very useful to evaluate the performance of electronic governor. The simple model of mediunn diesel engine is developed and used for simulator. The simulator receives the control signal of fuel valve from electronic governor, calculates engine behavior using simple model, and outputs the signal of pickup sensor. The developed electronic governor has been evaluated using the simulator, and then tested by the real engine. The speed control performance of the developed electronic governor meets ISOS525 standards.
IR and Vis-NIR electroluminescence developments for FA in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on SiC (2010)

International audience
The Helsinki Psychotherapy Study: Effectiveness, Sufficiency, and Suitability of Short- and Long-Term Psychotherapy (2011)

Both short- and long-term psychotherapies have been shown to be effective for the treatment of patients suffering from mood or anxiety disorders [1–4]. Therapies of the same length have, on average, been found to be equally effective [5]. Short-term therapies, on which most of the studies have concentrated, have generally been found as effective as psychiatric medication and more effective than being on a waiting-list, thus proving that improvement in treatment is not just due to the placebo effect or regression to the mean [6, 7]. Long-term therapies, mostly psychodynamic, although widely used in clinical practice, have been studied to a lesser extent, and, in particular, comparative research on the effectiveness of long-term and short-term therapies is scarce [2, 3, 8]. Furthermore, only a few studies have explored the effectiveness or cost effectiveness of therapies during a long follow-up and with regard to outcomes other than symptoms, such as work ability or social functioning.
Elucidating Interfacial Stability between Lithium Metal Anode and LiPON via In Situ Electron Microscopy (2020)

<title>Abstract</title> Li phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is one of a very few solid electrolytes that have demonstrated stability against Li metal, and performed extended cycling with high coulombic efficiency. However, theoretical calculations show that LiPON does react with Li metal. Here, we utilize <italic>in situ</italic> electron microscopy to directly observe the dynamic evolutions at the LiPON-Li interface upon contacting and under biasing at the nanometer scale. We reveal that a thin interface layer (~60nm) develops at the LiPON-Li interface upon contact. This interface layer is conductive and robust, serving as an effective passivation layer keeping the interface stable over time and under biasing up to 5 V. Our results explicate the excellent cyclability of LiPON and reconciles the existing debates regarding the stability of LiPON-Li interface. This work demonstrates that glassy solid-state electrolytes with a sufficient ionic conductivity, though may not have a perfect initial electrochemical window with Li metal, may excel in future applications for ASSBs.
Ionic Liquid Stabilizing High‐Efficiency Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells (2021)

Abstract Tin halide perovskites attract incremental attention to deliver lead‐free perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, disordered crystal growth and low defect formation energy, related to Sn(II) oxidation to Sn(IV), limit the efficiency and stability of solar cells. Engineering the processing from perovskite precursor solution preparation to film crystallization is crucial to tackle these issues and enable the full photovoltaic potential of tin halide perovskites. Herein, the ionic liquid n ‐butylammonium acetate (BAAc) is used to tune the tin coordination with specific O…Sn chelating bonds and NH…X hydrogen bonds. The coordination between BAAc and tin enables modulation of the crystallization of the perovskite in a thin film. The resulting BAAc‐containing perovskite films are more compact and have a preferential crystal orientation. Moreover, a lower amount of Sn(IV) and related chemical defects are found for the BAAc‐containing perovskites. Tin halide perovskite solar cells processed with BAAc show a power conversion efficiency of over 10%. This value is retained after storing the devices for over 1000 h in nitrogen. This work paves the way toward a more controlled tin‐based perovskite crystallization for stable and efficient lead‐free perovskite photovoltaics.
<title>Method for increasing accuracy of manual localization for skin markers in three-dimensional images</title> (2002)

In cranial neurosurgery, a common approach to matching image space to physical space in the operating room is to attach markers to the skin of the patient. By localizing these markers in image space, and subsequently in physical space before the surgical procedure, a transformation between the two spaces may be determined. However, the accuracy of this transformation is to a large extent determined by the accuracy with which the markers may be identified in each space. In this paper, we investigate the effect of zoom and slice direction on the localization error of the markers in image space. We use a dataset of three-dimensional head images taken of patients wearing skin markers. We ask a set of qualified observers to localize the centroids of the markers as accurately as possible in each image, both with and without an enhancement designed to facilitate the localization process. This enhancement is an image reformatting step to ensure that the 2D image slices lie in planes aligned with the principal axes of the marker being localized.
Detection of Cardiac Structural Abnormalities in Fetal Ultrasound Videos Using Deep Learning (2021)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have recently been applied to medical imaging for diagnostic support. With respect to fetal ultrasound screening of congenital heart disease (CHD), it is still challenging to achieve consistently accurate diagnoses owing to its manual operation and the technical differences among examiners. Hence, we proposed an architecture of Supervised Object detection with Normal data Only (SONO), based on a convolutional neural network (CNN), to detect cardiac substructures and structural abnormalities in fetal ultrasound videos. We used a barcode-like timeline to visualize the probability of detection and calculated an abnormality score of each video. Performance evaluations of detecting cardiac structural abnormalities utilized videos of sequential cross-sections around a four-chamber view (Heart) and three-vessel trachea view (Vessels). The mean value of abnormality scores in CHD cases was significantly higher than normal cases (p &lt; 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve in Heart and Vessels produced by SONO were 0.787 and 0.891, respectively, higher than the other conventional algorithms. SONO achieves an automatic detection of each cardiac substructure in fetal ultrasound videos, and shows an applicability to detect cardiac structural abnormalities. The barcode-like timeline is informative for examiners to capture the clinical characteristic of each case, and it is also expected to acquire one of the important features in the field of medical AI: the development of “explainable AI.”
Femtosecond Time-Resolved Optical and Raman Spectroscopy of Photoinduced Spin Crossover: Temporal Resolution of Low-to-High Spin Optical Switching (2008)

A combination of femtosecond electronic absorption and stimulated Raman spectroscopies has been employed to determine the kinetics associated with low-spin to high-spin conversion following charge-transfer excitation of a FeII spin-crossover system in solution. A time constant of tau = 190 +/- 50 fs for the formation of the 5T2 ligand-field state was assigned based on the establishment of two isosbestic points in the ultraviolet in conjunction with changes in ligand stretching frequencies and Raman scattering amplitudes; additional dynamics observed in both the electronic and vibrational spectra further indicate that vibrational relaxation in the high-spin state occurs with a time constant of ca. 10 ps. The results set an important precedent for extremely rapid, formally forbidden (DeltaS = 2) nonradiative relaxation as well as defining the time scale for intramolecular optical switching between two electronic states possessing vastly different spectroscopic, geometric, and magnetic properties.
Experimental Characterization of E-Band Two-Dimensional Electronically Beam-Steerable Integrated Lens Antennas (2013)

This letter presents design of E-band integrated lens antennas (ILAs) with two-dimensional (2-D) fully electronical beam-steering capability. Two extended hemispherical quartz lenses with the radii of 7.5 and 12.5 mm and a feeding printed circuit board (PCB) with 16 aperture-coupled microstrip antenna (ACMA) elements arranged in a 2-D order together with a switching circuit were fabricated for experimental verification. A set of the directivity and radiation patterns measurements of the scanning antenna at 77 and 85 GHz is presented. It is shown that the ILA with the radius of 12.5 mm provides the coverage within the solid angle in any direction from the lens axis with the directivity not lower than 20 dBi in the covered area. The ILA with the radius of 7.5 mm provides higher coverage (within ), but with the lower directivity of 16 dBi. A good agreement between the electromagnetic simulations and the measurements is demonstrated. The designed ILAs can be effectively used in different millimeter-wave applications such as WLAN/WPAN communications, automotive radars, imaging systems, and millimeter-wave radio backhaul systems.
LCTV polarization characterization with a visible near-IR Mueller-matrix imaging polarimeter (1993)

We have developed an accurate imaging polarimeter ( &lt; 1% error) operating in the visible to near-IR.
Applying time-frequency analysis to assess cerebral autoregulation during hypercapnia (2017)

The time-frequency method performed no worse than the classic one and yet may offer benefits from lower dispersion of phase shift as well as a more in-depth insight into the dynamic nature of cerebral autoregulation.
Nonsurgical Reshaping of the Lower Jaw With Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: A Retrospective Case Series (2022)

For those patients not willing to undergo surgery, the jawline remodelling with hyaluronic acid fillers seems to be a viable option for ameliorating the definition of the lower third of the face. Nonetheless, it is mandatory to perform multilayer injections using fillers with different rheological properties.
Direct Observation of a Transient Tyrosine Radical Competent for Initiating Turnover in a Photochemical Ribonucleotide Reductase (2007)

Photochemical ribonucleotide reductases (photoRNRs) are developed for the generation and transport of amino acid radicals by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in this enzyme. The β2 subunit has been replaced with the [Re]-3,5-F2Y-R2C19 peptide, which substitutes 3,5-F2Y for Y at "position 356" and contains the Re(bpy)(CO)3CN ([Re]) photochemical radical generator. Excitation of this peptide with 355 nm light produces the [Re]0-3,5-F2Y· charge-separated state within the nanosecond laser pulse, as characterized by transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Excitation of the bound peptide:α2 complex results in 29% turnover after 10 min of photolysis, while the corresponding [Re]-Phe-R2C19:α2 system is inactive. The 3,5-F2Y· radical on the peptide bound to the Y731F-α2 variant has been observed by TA spectroscopy. These data allow us to observe, for the first time, a peptide-derived, protein-bound radical that is competent for initiating RNR turnover.
Suppl. Fig. 1: Experimental design. from Combined PET Imaging of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment Identifies Margins of Unique Radiotracer Uptake (2023)

&lt;p&gt;Gli36dEGFR cells were implanted. Thereafter, two imaging sequences were conducted: In sequence 1, T2w MRI and PET with [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]DPA-714 was performed, while [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]BR-351 PET and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]FET PET were conducted at day 13 and 14, respectively. In imaging sequence 2, T2w MRI and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]FET PET were conducted at day 12, followed by [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]BR-351 and [&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F]DPA-714 at day 13 and 14, respectively. After the last imaging experiment, mice were sacrificed and the brains immediately harvested for further analysis.&lt;/p&gt;
Tutorial T4: Intellectual Property Protection and Security in System-on-Chip Design (2012)

Gigascale integration in recent semiconductor technology mandates design reuse in order to meet the design specifications in time. Electronic description of VLSI design being an intellectual property (IP), may be infringed upon during design reuse. This calls for incorporating techniques for intellectual property protection in the VLSI design flow. The IP of VLSI design, which culminates in fabrication of the integrated circuit, differs from other sources of IPs because in addition to its physical and structural description, it has also a behavioral specification which should remain unaltered after application of IP protection techniques. Security in activation of chips, especially in embedded systems, is an equally grave issue and has led to the paradigm of design-for-security. This tutorial aims at presenting the major concerns related to IP security that are significant to both the circuit designers and developers of CAD tools. The nature of threats are broadly categorized as (i) misappropriation by hacking during electronic commerce and intentional reselling mostly at design level, and (ii) unauthorized design retrieval. Various attack models and the mechanisms for effective counter measures such as encryption, obfuscation, watermarking and fingerprinting, and certain analytic methods derived from the behavioral aspect, specific to chip designs, will be discussed. First, the scenario of digital rights management, attack models and security goals will be described. Next, the existing approaches for protection of soft IPs such as HDL codes, firm IPs especially at the value-added layout level, and hard IPs including DFM-enhanced layout will be presented. This will include a number of published research results by the presenters. Finally, the recent advances in tackling security issues for design of smart cards and crypto processors will be surveyed.
Inoculation of SDDV in <i>Lates calcarifer</i>. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;(A) Kaplan-Meier survival curve of infected fish with 5x10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; TCID&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;/fish (IP—black line) or 5.5 x10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; TCID&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;/fish (IM—blue line) or both (IP + IM—yellow line). IP (1:10; green line) dose equaled 5.5 x10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; TCID&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;/fish. (B) Control fish at day 10; (C) SDDV-infected fish (IP-high dose) at day 10 after infection. Note the fin erosion, tail erosion, body color variations, white or less mucus (inset), and changes in eye color. (D) SDDV genome copy number in serum of the fish on day 1, 7, 10, and 14 after infection. Diamond—black line: IP (mortality 60%); Triangle—blue line: IM (mortality 13%); Single cross—yellow line: IP + IM (mortality 47%); Square—green line: IP 1:10 (mortality 20%).&lt;/p&gt;
Development of Microfabricated Chemical Sensors Operated in the Differential Mode (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Chemical and electrochemical sensors and sensor arrays can be produced using microfabrication and micromachining technologies. These technologies permit the formation of three-dimensional structures and also produce geometrically well-defined, highly reproducible sensor prototypes. Most present chemical and electrochemical sensors operate using a single device for absolute measurements. There are many circumstances in which interference by other species, the signal-to-noise ratio, and/or the selectivity and sensitivity are less than desirable when using a single sensor. It is feasible to employ a differential mode of sensor operation to overcome these weaknesses. In the differential mode of measurement, a pair of identical sensors is used, with one sensor as the active device, and the other serving as a reference. The active device may incorporate an electrocatalyst, while the reference sensor does not. The difference in these two sensor outputs can quantify the sensing species present. The advantages and practicality of the differential mode of sensor operation can be realized only if the manufacture of identical sensor-pair structures can be accomplished relatively simply and at modest cost. Microfabrication and micromachining technologies provide an excellent means to produce two-sensor arrays of well-defined identical structures at a reasonable manufacturing cost. This presentation describes the design, processing and experimental results of some of these differential mode two-sensor arrays. The advantages and the potential applications of these sensors will also be discussed.&lt;/div&gt;
Operation Scheme Optimization for Charge Trap Transistors (CTTs) Based on Fully Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (FDSOI) Platform (2023)

Recently, the charge trap transistors (CTTs) based on CMOS logic devices have been actively explored. The charges in the CTT gate stack could be injected by the hot carrier (HC) effect and removed by changing the polarity of the gate electric field, which can be used as the “program” and “erase” operations for memory applications. In this work, the performance of the FDSOI CTT under various program voltages has been investigated. It is found that when the devices are under moderate horizontal acceleration (the bias voltage <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$V_{\mathrm{D}}=1/2V_{\mathrm{G}}$</tex> ), the CTT shows better performance uniformity and reliability. In addition, the related working mechanism and an optimized operation scheme have also been proposed.
Design of a Microfluidic Chip for Magnetic-Activated Sorting of One-Bead-One-Compound Libraries (2016)

Molecular targeting using ligands specific to disease markers has shown great promise for early detection and directed therapy. Bead-based combinatorial libraries have served as powerful tools for the discovery of novel targeting agents. Screening platforms employing magnetic capture have been used to achieve rapid and efficient identification of high-affinity ligands from one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries. Traditional manual methodologies to isolate magnetized "hit" beads are tedious and lack accuracy, and existing instruments to expedite bead sorting tend to be costly and complex. Here, we describe the design and construction of a simple and inexpensive microfluidic magnetic sorting device using standard photolithography and soft lithography approaches to facilitate high-throughput isolation of magnetized positive hit beads from combinatorial libraries. We have demonstrated that the device is able to sort magnetized beads with superior accuracy compared to conventional manual sorting approaches. This chip offers a very convenient yet inexpensive alternative for screening OBOC libraries.