gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Methods To Enhance Separation Characteristics in Nanofiltration (2006)

This manuscript explores the possibilities of obtaining a more efficient separation of dissolved organic compounds from an aqueous matrix using nonconventional process designs in nanofiltration. It was attempted to transform the typical sigmoid rejection curve (representing the rejection of a solute as a function of molecular size) into a step function with a sharp rejection increase at the molecular weight cutoff. This was first done using a membrane stack that contained up to three membranes in the same module without any spacers between them. Experimental results with four commercially available nanofiltration membranes showed that the rejection of various test solutes was slightly higher, but the sharpness of the rejection curve was not improved. The results were compared with an in-series filtration using up to three membrane passages. The rejection curves were steeper in this case, but the overall molecular weight cutoff shifted toward very low molecular weights, which was not intended, and the overall permeate recovery of this system was too low. However, good results were obtained by recycling each retentate stream to the feed of the previous filtration step. Mass balances showed that the steepness of the rejection curves was greatly improved.
Flatband voltage shift of ruthenium gated stacks and its link with the formation of a thin ruthenium oxide layer at the ruthenium/dielectric interface (2007)

A systematic study about the flatband voltage (Vfb) shift of Ru gated metal-oxide-semiconductor stacks after thermal treatment in O2 has been performed. The dependence of the Vfb shift on the anneal time and temperature and the thickness of Ru was studied in detail, and a clear link between the Vfb shift and an oxygen diffusion process in Ru was observed. A high temperature thermal treatment of the devices prior to the O2 anneal has no significant impact on the Vfb shift. The Vfb shift is ascribed to the shift of metal gates' work function, and is not intrinsic to HfO2 gated stacks as similar behavior was also observed on SiO2, from the combination of internal photoemission and conventional capacitance-voltage measurement. No similar Vfb shift was observed for TiN gated stacks and the Vfb shift seems to be more related to the properties of gate electrodes other than those of gate dielectrics. After thermal treatment in O182, from time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurement, it was found that O18 penetrated through Ru and was incorporated at around the Ru/dielectric interface, which corresponded to the formation of an interfacial RuOx layer. The thin interfacial RuOx layer was found to have very similar properties as the ones of bulk RuO2 and the mechanism of its formation was discussed from thermodynamics and kinetics points of view. We believe that the formation of a thin RuOx layer at around the Ru/dielectric interface in O2 ambient is responsible for the increase of the Vfb for Ru gated stacks.
Percolation and binding of MAB BW 494 to pancreatic carcinoma tissues during high dose immunotherapy and consequences for future therapy modalities. (1990)

The distribution of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) BW494 in human pancreatic carcinoma biopsies during high dose i.v. immunotherapy was investigated. Using immunohistochemical techniques combined with anti-idiotypic, endothelial cell specific and bispecific MAbs it was shown that 3 days after onset of immunotherapy, MAb BW494 was bivalently bound to tumor cells in some highly vascualized areas near capillaries. No binding was observed in other highly vascularized tumor cell areas although the epitope detected by MAb BW494 was present. In contrast to our expectation the majority of the tumor cells was not yet saturated by the antibody, probably due to diffusion barriers in the solid tumor tissue.
Multiportal Retrograde Endoscopy to Enhance Surgical Target Visualization: A Pilot Study (2023)

<b>Objective</b> Current transnasal endoscopic techniques for sinus and skull base surgery use a single endoscope to provide visualization from one perspective curtailing depth perception and compromising visualization of the instrument-target interface. The view can be blocked by instruments, and collisions between instruments often occur. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of multiportal retrograde endoscopy to provide more accurate manipulation of the surgical target. <b>Design</b> Maxillary antrostomy and frontal sinusotomy were performed on three different cadavers by three different surgeons. A zero-degree rigid endoscope was introduced through the nose for the standard transnasal approach. A flexible endoscope was introduced transorally, directed past the palate superiorly, and then flexed 180 degrees for the retrograde view. Videos of the standard transnasal view from the rigid endoscope and retrograde view from the flexible endoscope were recorded simultaneously. <b>Results</b> All surgeries were able to be performed with dual-screen viewing of the standard and retrograde view. The surgeons noted that they utilized the retrograde view to adjust the location of ends/tips of their instruments. Four surgeons reviewed the videos and individually agreed that the visualization achieved provided a perspective otherwise not attainable with rigid transnasal endoscopy alone. <b>Conclusion</b> High-quality visualization of surgical targets such as the frontal or maxillary ostia can be challenging with rigid endoscopes alone. Multiportal retrograde endoscopy provides proof of concept that additional views of a surgical target can be achieved. Additional work is needed to further develop indications, techniques, and generalizability to targets beyond those investigated here.
Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of cellular reprogramming to induced pluripotency (2016)

Enforced ectopic expression of a cocktail of pluripotency-associated genes such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc can reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The remarkable proliferation ability of iPSCs and their aptitude to redifferentiate into any cell lineage makes these cells a promising tool for generating a variety of human tissue in vitro. Yet, pluripotency induction is an inefficient process, as cells undergoing reprogramming need to overcome developmentally imposed epigenetic barriers. Recent work has shed new light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs. Here, we present current knowledge on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of pluripotency induction and discuss how variability in epigenetic states impacts iPSCs' inherent biological properties.
Strain Relaxation in InGaN/GaN Multiple-Quantum Wells by Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrates with Smaller Period (2015)

The growth of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on dry-etched patterned sapphire substrates (DPSSs) with nano-sized periods can relax the residual compressive strain in InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum wells (MQWs), given that the stronger the light emitted.
State Estimation of Thermal Systems with Multiple Operation Modes (2017)

The state estimation of thermal systems with multiple operation modes is considered. Based on a description as hybrid dynamical systems, we reduce it into an observer design problem for switched linear systems. In this design, a tradeoff between fast response and robustness must be taken into account in addition to a guarantee of stability as a switched system. For this purpose, we introduce LMIs with common Lyapunov function to place the closed-loop poles of the observer for each subsystem in the prescribed region in the complex plane. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified through numerical simulations with experimental data set.
Biomaterials and biotechnology: From the discovery of the first angiogenesis inhibitors to the development of controlled drug delivery systems and the foundation of tissue engineering (2013)

This paper describes the discovery of the first inhibitors of angiogenesis; the discoveries that led to the development of the first biocompatible controlled release systems for macromolecules, and findings that helped to create the field of tissue engineering. In addition, new paradigms for creating biomaterials, early work on nanotechnology in medicine and intelligent drug delivery systems are discussed.
Dehydrogenataion of Bicyclohexyl over Ni/Oxidized Sibunit Catalyst (2019)

The dehydrogenation of bicyclohexyl over single-component Ni-containing catalyst supported on oxidized Sibunit containing 3, 10, and 20 wt % of Ni is studied. The effect of addition of small amounts of Pt to Ni-catalysts on their activity with respect to hydrogen release is investigated. It is shown that the presence of nickel in the oxidized state facilitates electron transfer from platinum, reducing the dehydrogenation properties of two-component (Ni–Pt)-catalysts. It is established that the formation of a shell from the two metals on the surface of the material greatly slows the process of carbon support methanation.
Identification of backbone-grid in power grid based on binary particle swarm optimization (2010)

Previous blackouts demonstrate that the safe and stable operation of backbone-grid plays a key role in preventing large-scale blackouts caused by cascading failures. Based on binary particle swarm optimization, a novel method is proposed to identify the backbone-grid in power grid. First, the concept of the backbone-grid is defined for mathematically describing the critical lines and important topology structure which are crucial for power system to prevent the blackout caused by cascading failures. On this basis, the problem of exploring backbone-grid is further formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem which is to be solved with binary particle swarm optimization. The problem just needs to be optimized only once. The backbone-grid essential to the safe and stable operation of power grid can be obtained. Simulation on IEEE RTS-79 system verifies that the proposed method can identify backbone-grid with high computational efficiency.
Induction of epithelial chloride secretion by channel-forming cryptdins 2 and 3 (1997)

Salt and water secretion from intestinal epithelia requires enhancement of anion permeability across the apical membrane of Cl- secreting cells lining the crypt, the secretory gland of the intestine. Paneth cells located at the base of the small intestinal crypt release enteric defensins (cryptdins) apically into the lumen. Because cryptdins are homologs of molecules known to form anion conductive pores in phospholipid bilayers, we tested whether these endogenous antimicrobial peptides could act as soluble inducers of channel-like activity when applied to apical membranes of intestinal Cl- secreting epithelial cells in culture. Of the six peptides tested, cryptdins 2 and 3 stimulated Cl- secretion from polarized monolayers of human intestinal T84 cells. The response was reversible and dose dependent. In contrast, cryptdins 1, 4, 5, and 6 lacked this activity, demonstrating that Paneth cell defensins with very similar primary structures may exhibit a high degree of specificity in their capacity to elicit Cl- secretion. The secretory response was not inhibited by pretreatment with 8-phenyltheophyline (1 microM), or dependent on a concomitant rise in intracellular cAMP or cGMP, indicating that the apically located adenosine and guanylin receptors were not involved. On the other hand, cryptdin 3 elicited a secretory response that correlated with the establishment of an apically located anion conductive channel permeable to carboxyfluorescein. Thus cryptdins 2 and 3 can selectively permeabilize the apical cell membrane of epithelial cells in culture to elicit a physiologic Cl- secretory response. These data define the capability of cryptdins 2 and 3 to function as novel intestinal secretagogues, and suggest a previously undescribed mechanism of paracrine signaling that in vivo may involve the reversible formation of ion conductive channels by peptides released into the crypt microenvironment.
Electron cryo-tomography structure of axonemal doublet microtubule from Tetrahymena thermophila (2021)

Doublet microtubules (DMTs) provide a scaffold for axoneme assembly in motile cilia. Aside from α/β tubulins, the DMT comprises a large number of non-tubulin proteins in the luminal wall of DMTs, collectively named the microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). We used cryoET to study axoneme DMT isolated from <i>Tetrahymena</i> We present the structures of DMT at nanometer and sub-nanometer resolution. The structures confirm that MIP RIB72A/B binds to the luminal wall of DMT by multiple DM10 domains. We found FAP115, an MIP-containing multiple EF-hand domains, located at the interface of four-tubulin dimers in the lumen of A-tubule. It contacts both lateral and longitudinal tubulin interfaces and playing a critical role in DMT stability. We observed substantial structure heterogeneity in DMT in an <i>FAP115</i> knockout strain, showing extensive structural defects beyond the FAP115-binding site. The defects propagate along the axoneme. Finally, by comparing DMT structures from <i>Tetrahymena</i> and <i>Chlamydomonas</i>, we have identified a number of conserved MIPs as well as MIPs that are unique to each organism. This conservation and diversity of the DMT structures might be linked to their specific functions. Our work provides structural insights essential for understanding the roles of MIPs during motile cilium assembly and function, as well as their relationships to human ciliopathies.
A Unilateral-to-Mutual Authentication Compiler for Key Exchange (with Applications to Client Authentication in TLS 1.3). (2016)

We study the question of how to build compilers that transform a unilaterally authenticated (UA) key-exchange protocol into a mutually-authenticated (MA) one. We present a simple and efficient compiler and characterize the UA protocols that the compiler upgrades to the MA model, showing this to include a large and important class of UA protocols. The question, while natural, has not been studied widely. Our work is motivated in part by the ongoing work on the design of TLS 1.3, specifically the design of the client authentication mechanisms including the challenging case of post-handshake authentication. Our approach supports the analysis of these mechanisms in a general and modular way, in particular aided by the notion of functional security that we introduce as a generalization of key exchange models and which may be of independent interest.
Benefits of Closer and Methods for Automatic Cooperation between Packet and Transport Networks (2011)

When Packet and Transport networks operate autonomously, performance degradations and inefficiencies can occur. Closer automatic cooperation between Packet and Transport networks results in improved performance and efficiency.
Activity of Chimeric U Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)/mRNA Genes in Transfected Protoplasts of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia : U snRNA 3'-End Formation and Transcription Initiation Can Occur Independently in Plants (1993)

Formation of the 3' ends of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-specific U small nuclear RNAs (U snRNAs) in vertebrate cells is dependent upon transcription initiation from the U snRNA gene promoter. Moreover, U snRNA promoters are unable to direct the synthesis of functional polyadenylated mRNAs. In this work, we have investigated whether U snRNA 3'-end formation and transcription initiation are also coupled in plants. We have first characterized the requirements for 3'-end formation of an Arabidopsis U2 snRNA expressed in transfected protoplasts of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. We found that the 3'-end-adjacent sequence CA (N)3-10AGTNNAA, conserved in plant Pol II-specific U snRNA genes, is essential for the 3'-end formation of U2 transcripts and, similar to the vertebrate 3' box, is highly tolerant to mutation. The 3'-flanking regions of an Arabidopsis U5 and a maize U2 snRNA gene can effectively substitute for the Arabidopsis U2 3'-end formation signal, indicating that these signals are functionally equivalent among different Pol II-transcribed snRNA genes. The plant U snRNA 3'-end formation signal can be recognized irrespective of whether transcription initiation occurs at U snRNA or mRNA gene promoters, although efficiency of 3' box utilization is higher when transcription initiation occurs at the U snRNA promoter. Moreover, transcripts initiated from the U2 gene promoter can be spliced and polyadenylated. Transcription from a Pol III-specific plant U snRNA gene promoter is not compatible with polyadenylation. Finally, we reveal that initiation at a Pol II-specific plant U snRNA gene promoter can occur in the absence of the snRNA coding region and a functional snRNA 3'-end formation signal, demonstrating that these sequences play no role in determining the RNA polymerase specificity of plant U snRNA genes.
Bioorthogonal Imaging of Aurora Kinase A in Live Cells (2012)

Lebendige Farben: Aurorakinase A (AKA) wurde durch eine bioorthogonale Reaktion mit einem niedermolekularen AKA-Inhibitor (siehe Schema) und einem Fluoreszenzreporter in lebenden Zellen sichtbar gemacht. Das fluoreszierende Molekül wurde in der Metaphase an Spindelpolen und Mikroröhren platziert, in Einklang mit der Lokalisierung endogener und mit grün fluoreszierendem Protein markierter AKA. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Enhanced diamagnetic perturbations and electric currents observed downstream of the high power helicon (2011)

The high power helicon (HPH) is capable of producing a high density plasma (1017−1018 m−3) and directed ion energies greater than 20 eV that continue to increase tens of centimeters downstream of the thruster. In order to understand the coupling mechanism between the helicon antenna and the plasma outside the immediate source region, measurements were made in the plasma plume downstream from the thruster of the propagating wave magnetic field and the perturbation of the axial bulk field using a type ‘R’ helicon antenna. This magnetic field perturbation (ΔB) peaks at more than 15 G in strength downstream of the plasma source, and is 3–5 times larger than those previously reported from HPH. Taking the curl of this measured magnetic perturbation and assuming azimuthal symmetry suggests that this magnetic field is generated by a (predominantly) azimuthal current ring with a current density on the order of tens of kA m−2. At this current density the diamagnetic field is intense enough to cancel out the B0 axial magnetic field near the source region. The presence of the diamagnetic current is important as it demonstrates modification of the vacuum fields well beyond the source region and signifies the presence of a high density, collimated plasma stream. This diamagnetic current also modifies the propagation of the helicon wave, which facilitates a better understanding of coupling between the helicon wave and the resultant plasma acceleration.
Comparison of Antenna Arrays in a 3-D Multiuser Multicell Network (2011)

A three-dimensional (3D) multi-cell multi-user system model along with spatial array processing are presented and studied in this paper. Most of the radio propagation in the literature has been studied and modeled in a two dimensional plane. The 3D propagation channel modeling has drawn attentions recently. This is due to the fact that, in some scenarios, the assumption of small elevation domain angular spread does not hold. With multiple antenna elements displaced in a 3D space, e.g., uniform linear array (ULA) or uniform planar array (UPA), the base station (BS) is capable of forming beams in vertical domain. This is particularly interesting for the interference limited scenario, since the 3D array processing provides another degree of freedom to transmit signal and eliminate the interference. Using the 3D multicell channel model, the impact of elevation domain angular spread and antenna analog beam pattern on the base station antenna design, digital beamforming and power control are studied.
Measurements of top-quark pair spin correlations in the $$e\mu $$ channel at $$\sqrt{s} = 13$$ TeV using pp collisions in the ATLAS detector (2020)

Abstract A measurement of observables sensitive to spin correlations in $$t\bar{t}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math> production is presented, using 36.1 $$\hbox {fb}^{-1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>fb</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> of pp collision data at $$\sqrt{s} = 13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Differential cross-sections are measured in events with exactly one electron and one muon with opposite-sign electric charge as a function of the azimuthal opening angle and the absolute difference in pseudorapidity between the electron and muon candidates in the laboratory frame. The azimuthal opening angle is also measured as a function of the invariant mass of the $$t\bar{t}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>¯</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:math> system. The measured differential cross-sections are compared to predictions by several NLO Monte Carlo generators and fixed-order calculations. The observed degree of spin correlation is somewhat higher than predicted by the generators used. The data are consistent with the prediction of one of the fixed-order calculations at NLO, but agree less well with higher-order predictions. Using these leptonic observables, a search is performed for pair production of supersymmetric top squarks decaying into Standard Model top quarks and light neutralinos. Top squark masses between 170 and 230 GeV are largely excluded at the 95% confidence level for kinematically allowed values of the neutralino mass.
Alkylamine-Integrated Metal–Organic Framework-Based Waveguide Sensors for Efficient Detection of Carbon Dioxide from Humid Gas Streams (2019)

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based chemical sensors have recently been demonstrated to be highly selective, sensitive, and reversible for CO<sub>2</sub> sensing across a range of platforms including optical fiber and surface acoustic wave-based sensors. However, interference of water molecules is a primary issue in CO<sub>2</sub> sensing systems based upon MOF layers due to cross-sensitivity, stability of MOF-based materials in humid conditions, and associated baseline drift over the lifetime of sensors. Herein, we develop a simple approach of alleviating the negative effect of water vapor to the optical fiber sensor by using alkylamine (i.e., oleylamine) to form a protective hydrophobic layer on the surface of MOFs for improving water stability. Alkylamine-modification of a MOF-coated optical fiber sensor provides a reversible and stable sensing response to a wide range of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations while also enhancing the CO<sub>2</sub> sensitivity of the sensor under wet conditions. The FT-IR and breakthrough studies on the oleylamine-modified MOF confirm that the water vapor does not adversely impact the intrinsic CO<sub>2</sub> sorption capacities. Thus, this simple stratrgy for enhancing the CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>O selectivity in the MOF sorbent could also be useful for improving CO<sub>2</sub> capture/separation performance in flue gas stream.