gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DiffCSE: Difference-based Contrastive Learning for Sentence Embeddings (2022)

We propose DiffCSE, an unsupervised contrastive learning framework for learning sentence embeddings. DiffCSE learns sentence embeddings that are sensitive to the difference between the original sentence and an edited sentence, where the edited sentence is obtained by stochastically masking out the original sentence and then sampling from a masked language model. We show that DiffSCE is an instance of equivariant contrastive learning (Dangovski et al., 2021), which generalizes contrastive learning and learns representations that are insensitive to certain types of augmentations and sensitive to other "harmful" types of augmentations. Our experiments show that DiffCSE achieves state-of-the-art results among unsupervised sentence representation learning methods, outperforming unsupervised SimCSE by 2.3 absolute points on semantic textual similarity tasks.
Venous ulcer management in New Zealand: usual care versus guideline recommendations. (2009)

Compression use was consistent with guideline recommendations, although hosiery use after healing could improve. Dressing selection and use of pentoxifylline did not match guideline recommendations. Three of the four guideline recommendations offer opportunities for improving clinical effectiveness, with some potential for cost savings.
Augmented Data Transmission Based on Low Density Parity Check Code for the ATSC Terrestrial DTV System (2012)

In this paper, we propose a novel augmented data transmission (ADT) system based on low density parity check (LDPC) code for an additional data stream transmission in the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) terrestrial digital television system. The LDPC code-based ADT system can provide additional data of rate up to 3 megabits per second (Mbps), which is significantly improved over the conventional data transmission schemes used in the transmitter identification system. Based on the laboratory test, we verify that the LDPC code-based ADT system is only about 1.1 dB away from Shannon limit.
Selection for CD26− and CD49A+ Cells From Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Islet-Like Clusters Improves Therapeutic Activity in Diabetic Mice (2021)

Refining the composition of ILC differentiated from hPSC by negative selection to remove cells expressing CD26 and positive selection for CD49A expressing cells could enable more effective cell therapy of diabetes.
Exploring mechanisms of sex differences in longevity: lifetime ovary exposure and exceptional longevity in dogs (2009)

To move closer to understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of sex differences in human longevity, we studied pet dogs to determine whether lifetime duration of ovary exposure was associated with exceptional longevity. This hypothesis was tested by collecting and analyzing lifetime medical histories, age at death, and cause of death for a cohort of canine 'centenarians'--exceptionally long-lived Rottweiler dogs that lived more than 30% longer than average life expectancy for the breed. Sex and lifetime ovary exposure in the oldest-old Rottweilers (age at death, > or = 13 years) were compared to a cohort of Rottweilers that had usual longevity (age at death, 8.0-10.8 years). Like women, female dogs were more likely than males to achieve exceptional longevity (OR, 95% CI = 2.0, 1.2-3.3; P = 0.006). However, removal of ovaries during the first 4 years of life erased the female survival advantage. In females, a strong positive association between ovaries and longevity persisted in multivariate analysis that considered other factors, such as height, body weight, and mother with exceptional longevity. A beneficial effect of ovaries on longevity in females could not be attributed to resistance against a particular disease or major cause of death. Our results document in dogs a female sex advantage for achieving exceptional longevity and show that lifetime ovary exposure, a factor not previously evaluated in women, is associated with exceptional longevity. This work introduces a conceptual framework for designing additional studies in pet dogs to define the ovary-sensitive biological processes that promote healthy human longevity.
Electric vehicle charge scheduling using an artificial neural network (2016)

With the integration of EVs into the power grid, smart metering using machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is likely to play an important role in real-time energy management and control. Smart devices embedded with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) can forecast the energy demand as well as perform energy pricing in real time. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) based intelligent decision-making system is presented that utilises data logged by an M2M AMI for EV charge scheduling and load management. The ANN was trained using household power consumption and EV energy demand data, and was used to decide when a vehicle should charge (G2V), or could discharge (V2G).
Scientific Formula Retrieval via Tree Embeddings (2021)

Exploiting the ever-growing corpus of scientific content calls for new ways and means to effectively organize, search, and retrieve scientific formulae. We propose a new data-driven framework for retrieving similar scientific formulae via learned formula representations based on tree embeddings. FORTE (for FOrmula Representation learning via Tree Embeddings) leverages operator tree representations of symbolic scientific formulae (such as math equations) to explicitly capture their inherent structural and semantic properties. FORTE employs i) a tree encoder that encodes the formula’s operator tree into an embedding vector and ii) a tree decoder that directly generates a formula’s operator tree from the embedding vector. We also develop a novel tree beam search algorithm that improves the quality of the decoded operator trees. We demonstrate that FORTE (sometimes significantly) outperforms various baseline methods on formula reconstruction and retrieval using a real-world dataset comprising 770k scientific formulae collected on-line.
Encapsulation of RIN-m5F cells within Ba2+cross-linked alginate beads affects proliferation and insulin secretion (2006)

The viability, proliferation and insulin production of RIN-m5F cells when loaded into alginate beads to form a 3D culture system has been investigated. The mechanism of alginate cross-linking (calcium ions vs barium ions), the addition of poly(L-lysine) (PLL) and poly(L-ornithine (PLO) and presence of different extra-cellular matrix proteins (ECM) influence the RIN-m5F cell behaviour. Cells in calcium alginate beads (CAB) proliferated and produced more insulin per cell than monolayer culture, but the physical properties of the beads were poor and they ruptured within a few days of culture. Barium alginate beads (BABs) provided a stable encapsulation method. Addition of PLL and PLO at concentrations above 0.1% w/v with the culture medium increased cell proliferation. With the addition of ECMs after bead formation there was a further increase in cell proliferation for certain combinations of ECM and PLO. It was concluded that RIN-m5F-loaded Ba-alginate beads (BABs), when incorporated with varying concentrations of poly (L) lysine (PLL), poly (L) ornithine (PLO) in the presence of extra-cellular matrix proteins (ECMs) were superior to both tissue culture and RIN-m5F-loaded Ca-alginate beads (CABs) in terms of physical stability, cell proliferation and insulin production.
Complement activation in early protocol kidney graft biopsies after living-donor transplantation1 (2003)

Early diffuse C4d deposition in the kidney graft capillaries is closely related to acute humoral rejection, whereas focal staining may occur with mild AR or, rarely, without rejection. Codeposition of C3 indicates early AR with a higher risk of graft loss. In most cases, activation was limited to C4d, indicating efficient in situ regulation of complement activation.
THE INFRARED NUCLEAR EMISSION OF SEYFERT GALAXIES ON PARSEC SCALES: TESTING THE (2009)

We present subarcsecond resolution mid-infrared (mid-IR) photometry in the wavelength range from 8 to 20 µm of eighteen Seyfert galaxies, reporting high spatial resolution nuclear fluxes for the entire sample. We construct spectral energy distributions (SEDs) that the AGN dominates, relatively uncontaminated by starlight, adding near-IR measurements from the literature at similar angular resolution. We find that the IR SEDs of intermediate-type Seyferts are flatter and present higher 10 to 18 µm ratios than those of Seyfert 2 galaxies. We fit the individual SEDs with clumpy dusty torus models using the in-house-developed BayesClumpy tool. We find that the clumpy models reproduce the high spatial resolution measurements. Regardless of the Seyfert type, even with high spatial resolution data, near- to mid-IR SED fitting poorly constrains the radial extent of the torus. For the Seyfert 2 galaxies, we find that edge-on geometries are more probable than face-on views, with a number of clouds along equatorial rays of N0 = 5–15. The 10 µm silicate feature is generally modeled in shallow absorption. For the intermediate-type Seyferts, N0 and the inclination angle of the torus are lower than those of the Seyfert 2 nuclei, with the silicate feature appearing in weak emission or absent. The columns of material responsible for the X-ray absorption are larger than those inferred from the model fits for most of the galaxies, which is consistent with X-ray absorbing gas being located within the dust sublimation radius whereas the mid-IR flux arises from an area farther from the accretion disc. The fits yield both the bolometric luminosity of the intrinsic AGN and the torus integrated luminosity, from which we derive the reprocessing efficiencyof the torus. In the models, the outer radial extent of the torus scales with the AGN luminosity, and we find the tori to be confined to scales less than 5 pc. Subject headings: galaxies: active - galaxies: nuclei - galaxies: Seyfert - infrared: galaxies
Robustness of Computerized Lesion Detection and Classification Scheme across Different Breast US Platforms (2005)

These results indicate that the performance of this fully automated computerized lesion detection and classification method, which demonstrated robustness over the different US equipment used, is promising.
Repurposed battery for energy storage in applications of renewable energy for grid applications (2011)

This paper investigates an approach to repurposing old hybrid electric vehicle batteries for energy storage in electrical networks that incorporate renewable energy sources. Such batteries suffer from aging affects that limit their ability to maintain their designed capacity, voltage and current ratings. Furthermore, this paper examines the battery aging factors which will affect the development of a repurposed battery energy storage system and uses pulsed charge regulation and interlacing of batteries to form a multi-level battery operation scheme to further the life of the aged batteries. The approach is demonstrated using detailed electromagnetic transient simulations.
Cities as Incomplete Societies: Actors and Regulations (2002)

This chapter is about social and political actors, organized interests in cities of Europe, and the extent to which their forms of compromise, aggregation, and representation produced something original. There is a discussion on the diversity of groups, organizations, and interests being accompanied by processes, strategies, and diverse modes of regulation that lie beyond the paradigm of competition. The issue of unity, of the whole, of how far the city is complete — or, indeed, incomplete — remains especially fundamental to European cities. Despite diversity of neighbourhoods, differences between the centre and the outlying suburbs, and the existence of stigmatized districts, forms of regulation can be identified. The issues of integration and redistribution have not been wiped off the map. These cities are, to some extent, local societies. Two principal forms of interests within cities, associations and private sector interests, represent two different forms of organization and interaction within European cities and provide evidence of territorialization and institutionalization within cities.
Simplified Cleaning for a-Si:H Passivation of Wafers Bonded to Glass (2014)

Silicon photovoltaic (PV) roadmaps indicate the reduction of wafer thicknesses and the need for innovation in wafering method and cell processing. Within this framework, Imec proposes the i 2 -module device [1], i.e. an heterojunction interdigitated back-contact (HJ i-BC) solar module [2] processed on 40-μm thick epitaxial wafers bonded to carriers by means of silicone. In the i 2 -module concept, the Rear Side (RS) of the solar cell is passivated while the wafer is bonded to the module glass and the influence of the silicone on the passivation process is reduced by an O 2 plasma realized in an Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) chamber [3]. In this contribution, the effect of different post-bonding cleaning sequences on the passivation of wafers/silicone/glass stacks treated with an O 2 plasma is investigated and a simplified post-bonding cleaning sequence leading to state-of-the-art passivation is proposed.
Synthesis of (‐)‐DAPD. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quantum Codes from High-Dimensional Manifolds (2017)

We construct toric codes on various high-dimensional manifolds. Assuming a conjecture in geometry we find families of quantum CSS stabilizer codes on N qubits with logarithmic weight stabilizers and distance N^{1-\epsilon} for any \epsilon>0. The conjecture is that there is a constant C>0 such that for any n-dimensional torus {\mathbb T}^n={\mathbb R}^n/\Lambda, where \Lambda is a lattice, the least volume unoriented n/2-dimensional cycle (using the Euclidean metric) representing nontrivial homology has volume at least C^n times the volume of the least volume n/2-dimensional hyperplane representing nontrivial homology; in fact, it would suffice to have this result for \Lambda an integral lattice with the cycle restricted to faces of a cubulation by unit hypercubes. The main technical result is an estimate of Rankin invariants for certain random lattices, showing that in a certain sense they are optimal. Additionally, we construct codes with square-root distance, logarithmic weight stabilizers, and inverse polylogarithmic soundness factor (considered as quantum locally testable codes. We also provide an short, alternative proof that the shortest vector in the exterior power of a lattice may be non-split.
Zika Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 Antigen-Capture Immunoassay (2021)

Infection with Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the <i>Flavivirus</i> genus of the <i>Flaviviridae</i> family, typically results in mild self-limited illness, but severe neurological disease occurs in a limited subset of patients. In contrast, serious outcomes commonly occur in pregnancy that affect the developing fetus, including microcephaly and other major birth defects. The genetic similarity of ZIKV to other widespread flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV), presents a challenge to the development of specific ZIKV diagnostic assays. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is established for use in immunodiagnostic assays for flaviviruses. To address the cross-reactivity of ZIKV NS1 with proteins from other flaviviruses we used site-directed mutagenesis to modify putative epitopes. Goat polyclonal antibodies to variant ZIKV NS1 were affinity-purified to remove antibodies binding to the closely related NS1 protein of DENV. An antigen-capture ELISA configured with the affinity-purified polyclonal antibody showed a linear dynamic range between approximately 500 and 30 ng/mL, with a limit of detection of between 1.95 and 7.8 ng/mL. NS1 proteins from DENV, yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus showed significantly reduced reactivity in the ZIKV antigen-capture ELISA. Refinement of approaches similar to those employed here could lead to development of ZIKV-specific immunoassays suitable for use in areas where infections with related flaviviruses are common.
Reversibility limitations of metal exsolution reactions in niobium and nickel co-doped strontium titanate (2023)

Reversible metal exsolution and re-dissolution of metal cations in perovskite host lattices hold the potential for the development of regenerable metal-oxide catalysts. However, the reversibility of metal exsolution reactions is often limited.
Is it turquoise + fuchsia = purple or is it turquoise + fuchsia = blue? (2010)

The first step in communicating color is to name it. The second step is color semiotics. The third step is introducing structure in the set of colors. In color education at all levels, this structure often takes the form of formulæ, like red + green = yellow, or turquoise + red = black. In recent times, Johannes Itten's color theory and its associated color wheel have been very influential, mostly through its impact on Bauhaus, although a number of color order systems and circles have been introduced over the centuries. Students get confused when they are trying to formulate the color name arithmetic using the structure of color order systems and concepts like complementary colors and opponent colors. Suddenly turquoise + fuchsia = purple instead of blue; purple and violet become blurred, and finally the student's head explodes under the epistemological pressures of Itten, Albers, Goethe, Runge, Newton, da Vinci, and all the other monsters of color structure. In this contribution we propose a systematic presentation of structure in color, from color theories to color naming. We start from the concept of color perception introduced by da Vinci and work ourselves through color measurement, color formation, and color naming, to develop the basis for a robust system based on table lookup and interpolation. One source of confusion is that color naming has been quite loose in color theory, where for example red can be used interchangeably with fuchsia, and blue with turquoise. Furthermore, common color terms are intermingled with technical colorant terms, for example cyan and aqua or fuchsia and magenta. We present the evolution of a few color terms, some of which have experienced a radical transition over the centuries, and describe an experiment showing the robustness of crowd-sourcing for color naming.
MAESTRO affords ‘breadth and depth’ for mutation testing (2021)

Abstract The ability to assay large numbers of low-abundance mutations is crucial in biomedicine. Yet, the technical hurdles of sequencing multiple mutations at extremely high depth and accuracy remain daunting. For sequencing low-level mutations, it’s either ‘depth or breadth’ but not both. Here, we report a simple and powerful approach to accurately track thousands of distinct mutations with minimal reads. Our technique called MAESTRO ( m inor a llele e nriched s equencing t hrough r ecognition o ligonucleotides) employs massively-parallel mutation enrichment to empower duplex sequencing—one of the most accurate methods—to track up to 10,000 low-frequency mutations with up to 100-fold less sequencing. In example use cases, we show that MAESTRO could enable mutation validation from cancer genome sequencing studies. We also show that it could track thousands of mutations from a patient’s tumor in cell-free DNA, which may improve detection of minimal residual disease from liquid biopsies. In all, MAESTRO improves the breadth, depth, accuracy, and efficiency of mutation testing.
The Effect of Freeze/Thawing on the Physical Properties and Acoustic Performance of Perfluoropropane Nanobubble Suspensions (2019)

Nanobubble (NBs) contrast agents have the potential to augment the molecular imaging capabilities of ultrasound (US), especially in cancer imaging. However, as with most bubble-based formulations, these shell-stabilized perfluoropropane (C3F8) bubbles are fragile, last only several hours after self-assembly, and size isolation. Longer storage of the NB preparation leads to bubble dissolution. The short shelf-life after activation has limited broader bubble adoption and can hamper the diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Distribution of the NBs is also limited by the access to the amalgamator and centrifuge used for NB activation and isolation. In this work, we tested two simple freeze/thaw strategies for long term NB storage and examined their effect on NB size and concentration, initial acoustic activity, and US signal decay. Aliquoted NBs were either stored at -80°C for gradual cooling (GC-80), or flash frozen by submerging in liquid nitrogen prior storing at -80°C (FF-80). Our results suggest that NB suspension could be stored at -80°C for at least 28 days with only minor change in physical properties and acoustic performance. FF-80 NBs exhibited preserved NB size distribution and acoustic activity for over 28 days. GC-80 NBs showed a narrower size distribution but decrease in NB concentration at day 28. These differences are likely a result of shell composition changes induced by the freezing process, leading to less stable bubbles. The specific mechanism for the observed changes will be evaluated in future studies.
Perspective: Toward highly stable electroluminescent quantum dot light-emitting devices in the visible range (2020)

With significant improvements in external quantum efficiency (EQE) and stability for red, green, and blue devices over the past decade, the future of electroluminescent quantum dot light-emitting devices (QDLEDs) is bright. State-of-the-art QDLEDs have achieved &amp;gt;30% EQE and a &amp;gt;2 000 000 h electroluminescence half-life for an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2, rivaling those of organic light-emitting devices. To date, most of the improvements in QDLED performance have been primarily achieved via advancements in QD synthesis and design that aim at reducing Auger recombination and improving the balance between electron and hole concentrations in the emissive QD layer. However, recent work is starting to reveal the critical role that other device layers, as well as interlayer interfaces, play in limiting QDLED stability. Degradation within the organic hole transport layer (HTL) and near the QD/HTL interface has recently been found to lead to the formation of nonradiative recombination centers that quench excitons in the emissive QD layer and contribute to QDLED failure over time. Looking forward, minimizing degradation in the charge transport layers will likely be crucial for the realization of highly stable QDLEDs and this perspective provides potential avenues to achieve these enhancements. In particular, tailoring the QD energy levels via material selection or interfacial dipoles may reduce charge carrier accumulation in the transport layers and replacing the organic HTL with an inorganic alternative may be an effective approach to circumvent the inherent susceptibility of organic semiconductors to exciton-induced degradation.
The Pinene Path to Taxanes (1994)

Taxol is a recent and striking example of the continuing impact of natural products chemistry on science and human health and a reminder of the significant return that is realized through investment in basic research. First isolated in the sixties from the bark of the Pacific Yew by chemists Wall, Wani, and their colleagues working in collaboration with the National Cancer Institute (1), taxol was found to possess a novel polycyclic structure (1) punctuated by a central eight-membered ring. Interest in the chemotherapeutic potential of this compound was stimulated by early cytotoxicity studies and greatly amplified by the subsequent proposal by Horwitz and coworkers that taxol operates through a new molecular mode of action involving the facilitated assembly and stabilization of microtubules (2). Clinical trials of taxol in the eighties proved to be sufficiently promising to warrant its subsequent approval for use in the treatment of ovarian cancer and, more