gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Path tracing estimators for refractive radiative transfer (2020)

Rendering radiative transfer through media with a heterogeneous refractive index is challenging because the continuous refractive index variations result in light traveling along curved paths. Existing algorithms are based on photon mapping techniques, and thus are biased and result in strong artifacts. On the other hand, existing unbiased methods such as path tracing and bidirectional path tracing cannot be used in their current form to simulate media with a heterogeneous refractive index. We change this state of affairs by deriving unbiased path tracing estimators for this problem. Starting from the refractive radiative transfer equation (RRTE), we derive a path-integral formulation, which we use to generalize path tracing with next-event estimation and bidirectional path tracing to the heterogeneous refractive index setting. We then develop an optimization approach based on fast analytic derivative computations to produce the point-to-point connections required by these path tracing algorithms. We propose several acceleration techniques to handle complex scenes (surfaces and volumes) that include participating media with heterogeneous refractive fields. We use our algorithms to simulate a variety of scenes combining heterogeneous refraction and scattering, as well as tissue imaging techniques based on ultrasonic virtual waveguides and lenses. Our algorithms and publicly-available implementation can be used to characterize imaging systems such as refractive index microscopy, schlieren imaging, and acousto-optic imaging, and can facilitate the development of inverse rendering techniques for related applications.
Protector questions (2020)

The first protectorate known to English law is that of Oliver Cromwell. Wikipedia explains: The Protectorate began in 1653 when, following the dissolution of the Rump Parliament and then Barebone's Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth under the terms of the Instrument of Government. In 1659, the Protectorate Parliament was dissolved by the Committee of Safety as Richard Cromwell, who had succeeded his father as Lord Protector, was unable to keep control of the Parliament and the Army. Trust protectors are a more recent concept but have at their heart a similar tension: who is the at the centre of power: the trustee or the protector. The answer is not clear as the powers and duties of trust protectors have not been worked out in legislation or by the courts in the same way as the powers and duties of trustees. The resulting uncertainty leads to disputes. Happily, these are settled by courts rather than on battlefields. We explore a few areas of uncertainty.
Unstable Middle Phalanx Base Fractures Treated With an Internal Joint Stabilizer: Preliminary Results (2023)

The current findings are comparable to the results for dynamic external fixators. An internal joint stabilizer for unstable injuries to the base of the middle phalanx provides satisfactory functional outcomes, allows early postoperative motion, and mitigates the routine complications which may arise with external fixation.
Pulse compression Eclipsing-Repair (2008)

For radars operating with medium to high pulse repetition frequency (PRF), a loss in detection performance can result when the arrival of return echoes coincides with the transmission of a pulse, during which time the receiver is turned off. This so-called ldquoeclipsing lossrdquo is due to the partial reception of the reflected waveform corresponding to a given range cell. In this paper, the MMSE-based adaptive pulse compression (APC) algorithm is modified to account for pulse eclipsing effects in order to improve the resolution accuracy of the eclipsed regions. Simulation results for the subsequent eclipsing-repair APC (APC-ER) are compared to results obtained from matched filtering and mismatched filtering, both of which are known to degrade in the presence of eclipsing, where it is found that APC-ER significantly improves the estimation of the eclipsed region.
Effects of Leakage Inductances on Magnetically Coupled Y-Source Network (2014)

Coupled inductors have been used with impedance-source networks, extended from the earlier Z-source network, to keep their shoot-through times short, while providing high-voltage gains. A commonly stated requirement for these networks is that their magnetic couplings must be strong or their leakage inductances must be small. This is often difficult to achieve in practice especially at high switching frequencies. It is therefore necessary to understand the effects that leakage inductances have on the performance of these converters. In this letter, we address these issues for the latest Y-source network, showing in particular that voltage spikes will appear across its switching devices in some, but not all, cases. Experimental results verifying the findings have been obtained and presented at the end of this letter.
A Subject-Delegated Decryption Scheme with "Tightly" Limited Authority. (2006)

In this paper, we present a new proxy cryptosystem named subject-delegated decryption scheme, in which the original decryptor delegates decryption authority to multiple proxies according to different subjects. The advantage of our scheme is that the proxy authorities are tightly limited (“Tightly” Limited Authority). This means that the proxy authority can be temporarily aborted even if the validity period of the proxy key does not expire. Consequently, our protocol is more practical than the existential protocols because the secrecy of the original decryptor can be protected efficiently from his proxy, especially when the proxy becomes corrupted. Our scheme is efficient because the encryption method in our scheme is based on a hybrid of symmetric key and public key cryptographic techniques. We give the provable security using a variant decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) assumption named the Decisional β-BDH Assumption.
Rationale and Design of NEURO-TTRansform, a Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AKCEA-TTR-LRx (ION-682884) in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin-Mediated Amyloid Polyneuropathy (2240) (2020)

This study aims to determine if AKCEA-TTR-LRx, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), is effective and safe as compared to historical placebo, for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloid polyneuropathy (hATTR-PN).
Degradation of Films of Block Copolymers: Molecular Dynamics Simulations (2020)

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the degradation of films of copolymers in a selective solvent for one of the blocks. Simulations were designed to mimic the hydrolytic degradation of glycine, valine, and phenylalanine-based poly(ester urea)s. The analysis of the simulation results shows that the rate of copolymer degradation is a result of the interplay between chain-breaking kinetics, solvent diffusion, and swelling of the solvophilic domains. The evolution of the film structure during the degradation process was monitored by calculating the scattering function S(q) of the copolymer film. In the initial stages of the polymer degradation and swelling, the scattering function has a characteristic peak corresponding to a domain spacing of solvophilic and solvophobic domains. The solvent diffusion into the films results in a monotonic shift of the peak position to smaller q. This shift is accompanied by the increase in the scattering intensity at q ≪ 1 in such a way that the peak completely disappears at the later stages of film degradation with the function S(q) having two characteristic scaling regimes: S(q) ∼ 1/q2 and S(q) ∼ 1/q4. At this stage of film degradation, the film is composed of the interconnected network of solvophobic domains. The number and weight average degree of polymerizations (DPs) of the copolymer fragments monotonically decrease with time. However, the dispersity (Đ) shows a nonmonotonic dependence. The copolymer degradation kinetics allows for universal description of the time dependence of the copolymer DP and the dispersity in terms of the fraction of the broken bonds.
Luminescent cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes having acetylide ligands (2023)

The present invention relates to phosphorescent (triplet-emitting) organometallic materials. The phosphorescent materials of the present invention comprise Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complexes for use as triplet light-emitting materials. The Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complexes comprise at least one cyclometallating ligand and at least one alkynyl ligand bonded to the iridium. Also provided is an organic light emitting device comprising an anode, a cathode and an emissive layer between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emissive layer comprises a Ir(III)cyclometallated alkynyl complex as a triplet emitting material.
Novel dynamics of optical manipulation of objects with sub-wavelength structure (2020)

Light is a powerful tool to manipulate matter, but existing approaches for manipulation, such as optical traps and tweezers, usually necessitate tightly focused light to realize the stabilizing optical potential. This in turn imposes fundamental limitations on the properties of the manipulated object and the type of dynamics that can be achieved. Here, we discuss how incorporation of engineered sub-wavelength elements can remove the need for a focused optical potential. By tailoring the anisotropy of light scattering along the object’s surface, the stabilizing potential can be self-created by the object, and not by the laser beam. We outline a general formalism for the motion of an object with sub-wavelength structure in a light field, and discuss several kinds of photonic platforms that can realize such “self-stabilizing” dynamics.
Knock‐in of a histone H2B‐tdTomato reporter into the Rosa26 locus allows visualization of cell nuclei in rats (2015)

Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site. Figure S1. Generation of rat embryonic stem cells with a Rosa26 locus gene knock-in. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
AlGaN/GaNHFETson SiSubstrates forWiMAX Applications (2006)

AlGaN/GaNHFETsonSisubstrates aretested underOFDM modulations andshowexcellent performance from 3.3GHzto3.8GHz.Performance onan8mm device (NPT35010) inpowersmalloutline package(PSOP2)shows1.5Woutput power,11.2dBgain, 28.6%drainefficiency and2% EVM at 3.5GHz.Largeperiphery 36mm devices weremountedin ceramic packages (NPT35050) andshowedgreater than7W output power, > 11dBgain, 27.2%drain efficiency and2% EVM at3.5GHz.Additionally datawastakenacross process from23 devices and5process lots todemonstrate repeatability. Finally thesameRF datawascollected overflange temperature from- 40°Cto+85°Cand demonstrated stable performance over temperature. Theseresults demonstrate thepotential forGaN- on-Si HEMTsforuseinWiMAX applications. IndexTerms - AlGaN/GaNHFETs,GaN highelectron mobility transistors (HEMTs), linearity, RFpowertransistors.
Skin wound healing assessment via an optimized wound array model in miniature pigs (2022)

An appropriate animal wound model is urgently needed to assess wound dressings, cell therapies, and pharmaceutical agents. Minipig was selected owing to similarities with humans in body size, weight, and physiological status. Different wound sizes (0.07-100 cm<sup>2</sup>) were created at varying distances but fail to adequately distinguish the efficacy of various interventions. We aimed to resolve potential drawbacks by developing a systematic wound healing system. No significant variations in dorsal wound closure and contraction were observed within the thoracolumbar region between boundaries of both armpits and the paravertebral region above rib tips; therefore, Lanyu pigs appear suitable for constructing a reliable dorsal wound array. Blood flow signals interfered with inter-wound distances ˂ 4 cm; a distance > 4 cm is therefore recommended. Wound sizes ≥ 4 cm × 4 cm allowed optimal differentiation of interventions. Partial- (0.23 cm) and full-thickness (0.6 cm) wounds showed complete re-epithelialization on days 13 and 18 and strongest blood flow signals at days 4 and 11, respectively. Given histological and tensile strength assessments, tissue healing resembling normal skin was observed at least after 6 months. We established some golden standards for minimum wound size and distance between adjacent wounds for effectively differentiating interventions in considering 3R principles.
SOI-Enabled MEMS Processes Lead to Novel Mechanical Optical and Atomic Physics Devices Presentation. (2008)

Abstract not provided.
Relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma circulating tumor cells and tumor volume (2018)

Microfluidic platforms have demonstrated the ability to isolate rare circulating tumor cells from a wide variety of cancers. Our group has recently shown the ability to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients using a hematopoietic cell depletion microfluidic platform. However, the relationship of CTC generation and HCC progression is still not well understood. Tumor size is often used as a clinical prognostic factor, but there has been an inconsistent relationship of tumor size and metastatic recurrence. Characterizing the relationship of primary tumor size and CTCs would provide a better understanding of HCC tumor size and metastatic potential. CTCs in a cohort of HCC patients with quantitative tumor volume analysis was performed to determine if there was a relationship of tumor size to CTC generation. A total of 24 tumor volumetric analyses were used in this study, and a cutoff of 25 cc was used to create a low and high tumor volume group (median 5.56 vs 108 cc; p < 0.0001). Using an antigen agnostic microfluidic CTC isolation platform and immunofluorescent staining for cytokeratin and glypican-3, CTCs were detected in 18 of 22 (82%) HCC patients. CTCs/mL of blood did not correlate with either tumor volume or serum AFP. Interestingly, CTCs were found to be significantly higher in small compared to large volume tumors (median 18.5 vs 5 CTCs/mL; p = 0.0454). Altogether, HCC CTCs provide additional data about the tumor independent of standard imaging and blood biomarkers, and there may be biological differences in small volume tumors that facilitate CTC entry into the blood stream. This has implications for HCC CTCs as a biomarker for predicting recurrence and as an early detection platform.
Fast Multimodulus Blind Deconvolution Algorithms (2022)

A novel class of fast Multi-Modulus algorithms (fastMMA) for Blind Source Separation (BSS) and deconvolution are presented in this work. These are obtained through a fast fixed-point optimization rule used to minimize the Multi-Modulus (MM) criterion. Here, two BSS versions are provided to separate the sources either by finding the separation matrix at once or by separating a single source each time using a fast deflation technique. Further, the latter method is extended to cover systems of convolutive nature. Interestingly, these algorithms are implicitly shown to belong to the fixed step-size gradient descent family, henceforth, an algebraic variable step-size is proposed to make these algorithms converge even much faster. Apart from being computationally and performance-wise attractive, the new algorithms are free of any user-defined parameters.
CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES ACTIVATE AUTOLYTIC WALL ENZYMES IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: Modulation by anionic polyelectrolytes in relation to the survival of bacterial constituents in tissues (1983)

CATIONIC POLYELECTROLYTES ACTIVATE AUTOLYTIC WALL ENZYMES IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS: Modulation by anionic polyelectrolytes in relation to the survival of bacterial constituents in tissues was published in The Target of Penicillin on page 341.
Insight into gate dielectric reliability and stability of SiO 2 /GaN MOS devices (2020)

Abstract Gate dielectric reliability and stability of SiO 2 /GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors were systematically investigated by means of area-dependent and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics. It was found that, although high-temperature post-deposition annealing (PDA) that causes Ga diffusion in SiO 2 gate dielectrics has only a minor impact on electrical properties of the SiO 2 /GaN interfaces, PDA at temperatures above 800 °C severely degrades dielectric reliability and stability of GaN MOS devices. Area dependences of time-zero and TDDB characteristics revealed the formation of local weak spots and generation of uniform charge trapping sites throughout the gate oxides depending on the PDA temperatures. Determinant factors for dielectric reliability of SiO 2 /GaN gate stacks and reasonable measures for improving their reliability and stability are discussed on the basis of the experimental findings.
When Technocratic Appointments Signal Credibility (2021)

How do prime ministers manage investors’ expectations during financial crises? We take a novel approach to this question by investigating ministerial appointments. When prime ministers appoint technocrats, defined as non-partisan experts, they forgo political benefits and can credibly signal their willingness to pay down their debt obligations. This reduces bond yields, but only at times when the market is sensitive to expected repayments—that is, during crises. To examine the theory, we develop an event study analysis that employs new data on the background of finance ministers in 21 Western and Eastern European democracies. We find that investors reward technocratic appointments by reducing a country’s borrowing costs. Consistent with the theory, technocratic appointments under crises predict lower bond yields. Our findings contribute to the literature on the interplay of financial markets and domestic politics.
Social Simulacra: Creating Populated Prototypes for Social Computing Systems (2022)

Social computing prototypes probe the social behaviors that may arise in an envisioned system design. This prototyping practice is currently limited to recruiting small groups of people. Unfortunately, many challenges do not arise until a system is populated at a larger scale. Can a designer understand how a social system might behave when populated, and make adjustments to the design before the system falls prey to such challenges? We introduce social simulacra, a prototyping technique that generates a breadth of realistic social interactions that may emerge when a social computing system is populated. Social simulacra take as input the designer’s description of a community’s design—goal, rules, and member personas—and produce as output an instance of that design with simulated behavior, including posts, replies, and anti-social behaviors. We demonstrate that social simulacra shift the behaviors that they generate appropriately in response to design changes, and that they enable exploration of “what if?” scenarios where community members or moderators intervene. To power social simulacra, we contribute techniques for prompting a large language model to generate thousands of distinct community members and their social interactions with each other; these techniques are enabled by the observation that large language models’ training data already includes a wide variety of positive and negative behavior on social media platforms. In evaluations, we show that participants are often unable to distinguish social simulacra from actual community behavior and that social computing designers successfully refine their social computing designs when using social simulacra.
Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction with Elctropolymerized Metallo-Corroles (2017)

In recent years we have shown very high electrocatalytic activity with metallo-corroles, specifically with cobalt- and iron-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl) corrole [M(tpfcBr 8 )]. Both showed activity comparable with some of the stat-of-the-art molecular catalysts for ORR in acid and alkaline solutions. These very promising results encouraged us to continue developing other corrole-based catalysts in order to enhance the overall activity and shift the reaction mechanism towards the desirable direct 4-electron mechanism. In this work we have taken the bio-mimetic approach of joining catalytic centers together in order to obtain synergistic effects which could be translated to improved activity, selectivity and stability. Cobalt tris (4-aminophenyl) corrole (CoTAPC) were synthesized. The aminophenyl substituents on the corrole ring allowed us to polymerize these corroles using electrochemistry. The CoTAPC was electropolymerized at various polymerization conditions directly on glassy carbon electrodes. We have shown that we can control the growth, structure and density of this polymer by changing the conditions at which the polymerization reaction takes place. The final product was fully characterized using, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and microscopic techniques. In agreement with previous studies with amino-substituted porphyrins, the obtained polymerization mechanism is similar to that of polyaniline. Indeed, FTIR-ATR analysis shows transition of the primary amine substitutes to secondary and tertiary amine, indicating the formation of dihydrophenazine and phenazine unit linkage respectively. The electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction activity of the polyCoTAPC was studied in both acidic and alkaline conditions. In acidic solution, the number of electrons participating in the reaction (n) was improved by 0.3 electrons and the half-wave potential (E 1/2 ) shifted by 120 mV more positive when compared to the monomer (CoTAPC), while in alkaline solution the n increased by 0.43 electrons and the E 1/2 shifted by 200 mV more positive compared to CoTAPC. These shifts are attributed to the unique polymeric structure which allows both sharing of electrons and tandem electrocatalysis by at least two catalytic sites. Another outcome of these unique structures, is the catalytic site density which can possibly compensate for the inherently low turn-over frequency usually associated with non-precious metal catalysts in general.
Epitope Selection for HLA-DQ2 Presentation: Implications for Celiac Disease and Viral Defense (2019)

We have reported that the major histocompatibility molecule HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05:01/DQB1*02:01) (DQ2) is relatively resistant to HLA-DM (DM), a peptide exchange catalyst for MHC class II. In this study, we analyzed the role of DQ2/DM interaction in the generation of DQ2-restricted gliadin epitopes, relevant to celiac disease, or DQ2-restricted viral epitopes, relevant to host defense. We used paired human APC, differing in DM expression (DM<sup>null</sup> versus DM<sup>high</sup>) or differing by expression of wild-type DQ2, versus a DM-susceptible, DQ2 point mutant DQ2α+53G. The APC pairs were compared for their ability to stimulate human CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell clones. Despite higher DQ2 levels, DM<sup>high</sup> APC attenuated T cell responses compared with DM<sup>null</sup> APC after intracellular generation of four tested gliadin epitopes. DM<sup>high</sup> APC expressing the DQ2α+53G mutant further suppressed these gliadin-mediated responses. The gliadin epitopes were found to have moderate affinity for DQ2, and even lower affinity for the DQ2 mutant, consistent with DM suppression of their presentation. In contrast, DM<sup>high</sup> APC significantly promoted the presentation of DQ2-restricted epitopes derived intracellularly from inactivated HSV type 2, influenza hemagglutinin, and human papillomavirus E7 protein. When extracellular peptide epitopes were used as Ag, the DQ2 surface levels and peptide affinity were the major regulators of T cell responses. The differential effect of DM on stimulation of the two groups of T cell clones implies differences in DQ2 presentation pathways associated with nonpathogen- and pathogen-derived Ags in vivo.