gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Al-2.122 Sensitivity (In Lithography), Dn,P0.5 (2021)

As increasingly smaller molecular materials and material structures are devised or developed for technological applications, the demands on the processes of lithography now routinely include feature sizes that are of the order of 10 nm. In reaching such a fine level of resolution, the methods of lithography have increased markedly in sophistication and brought into play 2terminology that is unfamiliar, on the one hand, to scientists tasked with the development of new lithographic materials or, on the other, to the engineers who design and operate the complex equipment that is required in modern-day processing. Publications produced by scientists need to be understood by engineers and vice versa, and these commonly arise from collaborative research that draws heavily on the terminology of two or more of the traditional disciplines. It is developments in polymer science and material science that lead progress in areas that cross traditional boundaries, such as microlithography. This document provides the exact definitions of a selection of unfamiliar terms that researchers and practitioners from different disciplines might encounter.
A bombesin immunoreactive peptide in milk. (1984)

Immunoreactivity to the amphibian peptide bombesin was found in instant nonfat dry milk (ca. 0.7 ng/ml) and in the whey of whole or skim bovine milk (ca. 1.2 ng/ml) even after ultracentrifugation. The soluble immunoreactivity was associated with a peptide exhibiting the following characteristics: (i) parallel displacement in an immunoassay using an antiserum recognizing bombesin amino acid residues 5-8; (ii) separation from both gastrin-releasing peptide and amphibian bombesin by gel filtration--the approximate Mr was 3,200; (iii) denaturation in urea, reduction by dithiothreitol, and acetylation by iodoacetamide had no effect on its elution profile by gel-filtration chromatography and the aggregation of added bombesin to milk proteins or peptides was not observed; (iv) reversed-phase HPLC separated milk immunoreactivity from gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin; (v) digestion by trypsin yielded a smaller immunoreactive peptide fragment, whereas nearly all immunoreactivity was lost by treatment with alpha-chymotrypsin; and (vi) the level of immunoreactivity was unaffected by boiling. These data show that milk is an exogenous source of bombesin-like immunoreactivity, which may account for the increase of gastric acid and gastrointestinal hormone levels after the consumption of milk.
Abstract 4295: The combination of a novel anti-delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4) antibody with irinotecan inhibits growth of Kras-mutated colorectal tumors (2010)

Abstract Kras mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with clinical resistance to treatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted monoclonal antibodies. It has been suggested that cancer stem cells drive tumor growth and progression and are preferentially resistant to many current therapies. Delta-like 4 ligand (DLL4) is an important component of the Notch signaling pathway which is known to mediate stem cell self-renewal and vascular development. We have recently demonstrated that inhibition of human DLL4 in the tumor reduced cancer stem cell frequency, whereas inhibition of mouse DLL4 resulted in hyperproliferation of the tumor vasculature (Cell Stem Cell, 5:168-177, 2009). The goal of the present study is to extend the utility of anti-DLL4 in treatment of mutant Kras CRC. Consistent with clinical findings, mutant Kras colorectal xenograft tumors were generally insensitive to EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody cetuximab and addition of anti-DLL4 did not further enhance cetuximab-mediated anti-tumor effect. In contrast, anti-DLL4 plus irinotecan was equally efficacious against both wild type and mutant Kras colon tumors. Gene expression analysis showed that anti-DLL4 affected vascular-related genes in the stroma and Notch target genes in the tumor and stroma. Further analysis of mutant Kras tumors indicated that anti-DLL4/ irinotecan combination produced a 5-fold decrease in colon cancer stem cell frequency compared to control antibody treated group. In conclusion, our findings provide a rationale for targeting cancer stem cells and tumor vasculature through inhibition of the DLL4/Notch signaling for treatment of CRC patients with Kras mutation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4295.
Corrosion of Copper Braze Alloys in Sulfide-Containing Water (2008)

Abstract The corrosion behavior of copper and copper braze alloy junctions found in resistance welding transformers was studied using synthetic cooling water with and without sulfide contamination. Electrochemical methods including measurements of corrosion potential, potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization, and galvanic current, were used to determine the galvanic corrosion tendency and corrosion rates. The results showed that the presence of sulfide greatly increases the corrosion rates of both copper and copper braze alloys. The copper-phosphorus braze alloys showed higher corrosion rates than copper and, thus, form copper sulfide faster than copper, which has been observed in transformer joint analyses as the first stage in joint degradation. For copper-phosphorus braze alloys, the corrosion potentials are close to that of pure copper in sulfide-containing solutions, so there is no cathodic protection of the brazed joint from nearby copper components. The corrosion potential of the phosphorus-free alloy (Ag-Cu-Zn-Sn), in sulfide-containing solution is more noble than that of pure copper, thus providing cathodic protection for the joint. In sulfide-containing solutions with up to 5 ppm sulfide, an addition of 20 ppm azole can still retard copper and braze alloy corrosion and sulfide formation.
A tertiary interaction in the Tetrahymena intron contributes to selection of the 5' splice site. (1994)

The utilization of cryptic splice sites has been observed in a number of RNA splicing reactions. In the self-splicing group I intron of Tetrahymena thermophila, point mutations of either A57 or A95 promote cleavage at two sites other than the normal 5' splice site, suggesting that these nucleotides are involved in a common tertiary interaction. These results are unusual since A57 and A95 are neither at nor near the 5' splice site in the sequence or secondary structure. Cleavage at the alternative sites appears to occur by intron cyclization, a reaction with well-established structural and mechanistic similarities to the first step of RNA self-splicing. Alternative docking of P1 (the helix containing the 5' splice site paired to the internal guide sequence of the intron) into the catalytic core accounts for cleavage at the cryptic reaction sites. We propose that the A57/A95 interaction, along with an element implicated previously (J1/2), provide structural connectivity from the reaction site in P1 to the catalytic core of the Tetrahymena intron. It seems likely that RNA splicing in general will require such tertiary interactions to position RNA helices.
Lowest density MDS array codes on incomplete graphs (2013)

In this paper we introduce the concept of lowest density MDS array codes on incomplete graphs. Array codes are used to protect against erasures by adding redundancy. Application examples are networks of wireless sensors or smart meters, where nodes can exchange data between themselves and store parity information for protection against multiple node failures. Array codes can ensure that the data generated by the whole network can be reconstructed when only a subset of nodes are accessible. However, conventional array codes assume that all nodes can communicate with one another to exchange information; in a practical network, some nodes may not be connected between them. Such a network can be described by an incomplete graph and in this paper we discuss the conditions on the minimum node degree that allow lowest density MDS array codes to exist on such graphs. We also present an explicit design for network configurations with minimum node degree. The code is capable of correcting up to two erased nodes for any incomplete graph with an even number of nodes. It can also recover any r node failures for one nonisomorphic class of regular incomplete graphs with a number of nodes that is multiple of r.
Doping fin field-effect transistor sidewalls: Impurity dose retention in silicon due to high angle incident ion implants and the impact on device performance (2008)

The three dimensional (3D) nature of a fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) structure creates new challenges for an impurity doped region formation. For the triple gate FinFET, both top and side surfaces require high levels of dopant incorporation to minimize access resistance. In this work, we investigate the use of conventional ion implantation for the introduction of impurities in this 3D silicon structure. Specifically, we evaluate sidewall impurity dose retention at various angles of incidence. The retention of dose is determined by (i) trigonometry of the implant angle in the 3D fin system, (ii) backscattering, and (iii) material properties of the target surface. Dose retention is most sensitive to the implant angle. For a fixed implant projected range, lighter ions are more likely to be ejected from the target. Thus, heavier ions are better for dose retention. The influence of sidewall dose retention on the electrical performance of fully depleted FinFETs was investigated by means of 3D device simulation. Drive current and short channel effect control are more sensitive to dose retention on sidewalls than to dopant conformality.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Bicyclic Compounds by Intramolecular Cyclization of Cyclic β‐Keto Radicals Generated from Cyclopropanols Using Manganese(III) Tris(pyridine‐2‐carboxylate) and Its Application to Total Synthesis of 10‐Isothiocyanatoguaia‐6‐ene. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
CPU-MPU partitioning for C-RAN applications (2012)

This paper discusses methods for employing co-processors for off-loading the general purpose CPU in a cloud RAN application. A new concept, termed Modem Processing Unit (MPU) is introduced, in which the data path is offloaded from the CPU. The MPU concept provides benefits in overall throughput and power consumption, and alleviates the data transfer problem. This is achieved with a small impact on flexibility. The conventional offloading techniques, as well as the MPU approach are analyzed for the case of LTE-Advanced.
<title>Broadband fiber sources for gyros</title> (1992)

Recent research has indicated that broadband fiber sources are a viable alternative to superluminescent diodes for fiber-optic gyro applications. The key issues in using such sources are possible source configurations, the effects of feedback, source power output, and the stability of such sources in the gyro system. Both Nd:silica and Er:silica sources are discussed with an emphasis on superfluorescent fiber sources pumped by laser diodes. In both media, 100 mW of pump power can produce more than 10 mW of source power with a spectral width in excess of 10 nm. Furthermore, such sources have consistently produced mean wavelength thermal coefficients of less than 10 ppm/C.
An automatic perimeter [proceedings]. (1975)

President Roosevelt believes that untrained dogs are "worse than worthless" but has decided that bringing in John Goff's dogs would cause too much controversy. Whatever happens, Roosevelt will be pleased to be out in the open at Yellowstone Park.
Conservation and Divergence of Circadian Clock Operation in a Stress-Inducible Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Species Reveals Clock Compensation against Stress (2005)

One of the best-characterized physiological rhythms in plants is the circadian rhythm of CO(2) metabolism in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, which is the focus here. The central components of the plant circadian clock have been studied in detail only in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Full-length cDNAs have been obtained encoding orthologs of CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1)/LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1), EARLY FLOWERING4 (ELF4), ZEITLUPE (ZTL), FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX1 (FKF1), EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3), and a partial cDNA encoding GIGANTEA in the model stress-inducible CAM plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (Common Ice Plant). TOC1 and LHY/CCA1 are under reciprocal circadian control in a manner similar to their regulation in Arabidopsis. ELF4, FKF1, ZTL, GIGANTEA, and ELF3 are under circadian control in C(3) and CAM leaves. ELF4 transcripts peak in the evening and are unaffected by CAM induction. FKF1 shows an abrupt transcript peak 3 h before subjective dusk. ELF3 transcripts appear in the evening, consistent with their role in gating light input to the circadian clock. Intriguingly, ZTL transcripts do not oscillate in Arabidopsis, but do in M. crystallinum. The transcript abundance of the clock-associated genes in M. crystallinum is largely unaffected by development and salt stress, revealing compensation of the central circadian clock against development and abiotic stress in addition to the well-known temperature compensation. Importantly, the clock in M. crystallinum is very similar to that in Arabidopsis, indicating that such a clock could control CAM without requiring additional components of the central oscillator or a novel CAM oscillator.
C: An Advanced Introduction: ANSI C Edition (2004)

Introduces the C programming language, and discusses type definitions, operators, functions, statements, loops, and macros.
Width of Raman Line from Porous Silicon Independent of Total Charge Consumed During Anodization (2003)

We investigated the Raman spectra as a function of the total electric charge consumed in forming porous silicon. It was found that the Raman peak shifted to the lower wave number side as the total electric charge increased. However, the width of the Raman line was insensitive to the total electric charge. It shows the size of nanocrystallites can be widely ranged regardless of the degree of electrochemical reactions during anodization.
HIV-1 Vpu Interference with Innate Cell-mediated Immune Mechanisms (2012)

The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu is emerging as a viral factor with a range of activities devoted to counteracting host innate immunity. Here, we review recent findings concerning the role of Vpu in hampering activation of cellular immune responses mediated by CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The two key findings are that Vpu interferes with CD1d expression and antigen presentation, and also with expression of the NK cell activation ligand NK-T and B cell antigen (NTB-A). Both these activities are mechanistically distinct from CD4 and Tetherin (BST-2) down-modulation. We summarize the mechanistic insights gained into Vpu interference with CD1d and NTB-A, as well as important challenges going forward, and discuss these mechanisms in the context of the role that iNKT and NK cells play in HIV-1 immunity and immunopathogenesis.
Experimental demonstration of titanium nitride plasmonic interconnects (2014)

An insulator-metal-insulator plasmonic interconnect using TiN, a CMOS-compatible material, is proposed and investigated experimentally at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 µm. The TiN waveguide was shown to obtain propagation losses less than 0.8 dB/mm with a mode size of 9.8 µm on sapphire, which agree well with theoretical predictions. A theoretical analysis of a solid-state structure using Si(3)N(4) superstrates and ultra-thin metal strips shows that propagation losses less than 0.3 dB/mm with a mode size of 9 µm are attainable. This work illustrates the potential of TiN as a realistic plasmonic material for practical solid-state, integrated nano-optic and hybrid photonic devices.
Storage Area Networks: Architectures and Protocols (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Architectures and Protocols Applications, Challenges, and Solutions Internet SCSI (ISCSI): An Emerging Technology for SAN Conclusion Glossary Cross References References
A real-space interactive holographic display based on a large-aperture HOE (2013)

We have built a HOE-based display capable of reconstructing arbitrary images, in mid-air at fixed focal depths, that can interact with the viewer in real-time. The display system comprises the HOE, a laser projection subsystem, a Kinect motion sensor and an embedded controller. The HOE functions as a fast converging lens and is A4 page sized (20&times;30cm). We have written a number of simple apps for the display that allow the user to draw in mid-air or to touch icons and buttons that trigger other actions. The reconstructed holographic images are high-resolution, relatively bright and visible under ambient indoor lighting conditions.
Effect of Proapoptotic Bcl-2 on Naringenin-induced Apoptosis in Human Leukemia U937 Cells (2013)

감귤류에 많이 함유되어 있는 naringenin은 항암화학요법제로서 중요한 가능성을 가지고 있으나 항암활성에 대한 분자생물학적 기전에 대해서는 명확히 밝혀져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 인체 혈구암세포인 U937 세포에서 naringenin이 유발하는 항암효과 및 항암기전을 조사하였다. Naringenin 처리에 의한 U937 세포의 증식억제는 apoptosis 유발과 연관성이 있었으며, 이러한 현상은 caspases 활성화와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 그러나 pan-caspase inhibitor인 z-VAD-fmk의 선처리에 의하여 U937 세포에서 naringenin이 유발하는 apoptosis가 억제되는 것으로 나타났으므로 caspases가 apoptosis 유발의 중요한 조절자라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 U937 세포에 naringenin을 처리하였을 경우 pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 및 anti-apoptotic Bax의 발현에는 아무런 변화가 나타나지는 않았지만 Bcl-2가 과발현된 U937/Bcl-2 세포에서 naringenin에 의한 apoptosis가 억제되었다. 하지만 small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor인 HA14-1 및 naringenin을 같이 처리하였을 경우에는 XIAP 발현감소, Bid 단편화 및 caspase-3 활성화를 통하여 다시 apoptosis가 유발되었다. 따라서 HA14-1 및 naringenin에 의한 apoptosis 상승효과는 death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway를 경유한다는 것을 제시하는 결과이다. Naringenin, a naturally occurring citrus flavonone, is a potentially valuable candidate for cancer chemotherapy. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for its anticancer activity are largely unknown. In the present study, we attempted to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for naringenin-induced apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells. We found that naringenin markedly inhibited the growth of U937 cells by decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, which was associated with the activation of caspases. A pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, significantly inhibited naringenin-induced U937 cell apoptosis, indicating that caspases are key regulators of apoptosis in response to naringenin in U937 cells. Although the levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and proapoptotic Bax proteins remained unchanged in naringenin-treated U937 cells, Bcl-2 overexpression attenuated naringenin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, combined treatment with naringenin and HA14-1, a small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor, effectively increased the apoptosis through enhancement of XIAP down-regulation, Bid cleavage, and caspase activation, suggesting that the synergistic effect was at least partially mediated through the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway.
Microfabricated Comprehensive Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography. (2012)

Abstract not provided.
S/sup 3/I: The seamless S/sup 2/I switched-current cell (2002)

A new switched-current memory cell, called S/sup 3/I, is presented. It operates with the same two-step principle of earlier S/sup 2/I but produces a virtual earth input voltage on both coarse and fine sampling phases. Simulated performance at 80 MS/s gives a precision which will allow filters with perhaps an order of magnitude higher Q-factor and converters with 2-3 bits higher resolution than has been possible hitherto with S/sup 2/I.
Studies on the antibody response of mice and humans after immunization with potential influenza virus A (H1N1) vaccines (1993)

The antibody response of mice and adult humans to immunization with subunit vaccines derived from a pair of antigenically distinct influenza A H1N1 viruses isolated in eggs was investigated. Although the haemagglutinin molecule of each virus differed by only three amino acid residues, highly specific antibody responses were elicited in mice as determined by haemagglutination inhibition and radioimmunoprecipitation assays. Results from competitive radioimmunoassays using monoclonal antibodies of known specificity and a study of the reactivity of mouse antisera with H1N1 field strains indicated that the marked differences in the antibody responses to the two vaccines was due to an amino acid substitution in the distal tip of the haemagglutinin molecule. In contrast, crossreactive antibody responses were elicited in humans presumably due to exposure to viruses related to the candidate vaccine prior to vaccination. Although immunogenic differences are apparent in this pair of antigenically distinct viruses in naive laboratory animals, these differences are not apparent following vaccination of humans that had prior exposure to related viruses.
Effects of solvent on solution prepregging of the resin system LaRC{trademark}-IAX-2 (1996)

This work assesses the feasibility of using an alternative solvent for the production of composites from polyimide resin systems via solution prepregging. Previous work on solution prepregging of polyimide systems at NASA Langley Research Center has concentrated on the use of the solvent N-methylpyrrolidinone. An alternative solvent with a similar boiling point, -{gamma}-Butyrolactone, was used to prepare the poly(amide acid) version of LaRC{trademark}-IAX-2. These solutions were subsequently used to prepare prepreg and graphite-reinforced composites. Mechanical properties are presented for the resin system LaRC{trademark}-IAX-2 (4% and 5% offset in stoichiometry and endcapped with phthalic anhydride) impregnated onto Hercules IM7 carbon fiber. Results from this work were compared to data obtained on the same resin system which had been solution prepregged with the solvent N-methylpyrrolidinone.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition decreases nitric oxide synthase activity in human platelets (1997)

Activity of both nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) plays an important role in the regulation of platelet function. NO has been shown to directly activate COX. This study was designed to determine whether products of the COX pathway in turn regulate NOS activity. Human platelets were incubated with aspirin, indomethacin, the selective thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor U-63557A, or the prostaglandin H2-thromboxane A2-receptor blocker SQ-29548 for 1 h at 37 degrees C. Multiple indexes of the activity of the L-arginine-NO pathway and changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were measured in platelets. Both aspirin and indomethacin decreased NOS activity, measured as the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitrite (+nitrate) formation, in platelets in a concentration-dependent fashion. Aspirin also decreased guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation in platelets. The NOS inhibitory effects of these aspirin and indomethacin effects were reversed by coincubation with the thromboxane A2 analog U-46619 or an excess of CaCl2. Incubation of COX inhibitors with platelets was associated with significant reductions in basal as well as thrombin-stimulated [Ca2+]i, and the reduction in [Ca2+]i was reversed by U-46619. Incubation of platelets with U-63557A and SQ-29548 resulted in inhibitory effects on NOS activity qualitatively similar to those of COX inhibitors. The effects of COX inhibitors or U-63557A were not associated with a change in NOS protein expression in platelets. These data suggest that NOS activity in human platelets is inhibited by COX inhibitors, mediated, at least in part, via suppression of thromboxane A2 and [Ca2+]i mobilization in platelets.