gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spiro[2.2]pentane as a Dissymmetric Scaffold for Conformationally Constrained Analogues of Glutamic Acid:  Focus on Racemic 1-Aminospiro[2.2]pentyl-1,4-dicarboxylic Acids (2002)

In search for novel conformationally constrained analogues of L-glutamic acid, a diastereodivergent synthesis of the four 1-aminospiro[2.2]pentyl-1,4-dicarboxylic acid racemic pairs is reported along with their stereochemical assignment, conformational analysis, and preliminary biological evaluation as potential glutamate (ionotropic and metabotropic) ligands.
MANER: Mask Augmented Named Entity Recognition for Extreme Low-Resource Languages (2023)

This paper investigates the problem of Named Entity Recognition (NER) for extreme lowresource languages with only a few hundred tagged data samples.A critical enabler of most of the progress in NER is the readily available, large-scale training data for languages such as English and French.However, NER for lowresource languages remains relatively underexplored, leaving much room for improvement.We propose Mask Augmented Named Entity Recognition (MANER), a simple yet effective method that leverages the distributional hypothesis of pre-trained masked language models (MLMs) to improve NER performance for lowresource languages significantly.MANER repurposes the [mask] token in MLMs, which encodes valuable semantic contextual information, for NER prediction.Specifically, we prepend a [mask] token to every word in a sentence and predict the named entity for each word from its preceding [mask] token.We demonstrate that MANER is well-suited for NER in low-resource languages; our experiments show that for 100 languages with as few as 100 training examples, it improves on the state-of-the-art by up to 48% and by 12% on average on F1 score.We also perform detailed analyses and ablation studies to understand the scenarios that are best suited to MANER.
Unraveling the anti-influenza effect of flavonoids: Experimental validation of luteolin and its congeners as potent influenza endonuclease inhibitors (2020)

The biological effects of flavonoids on mammal cells are diverse, ranging from scavenging free radicals and anti-cancer activity to anti-influenza activity. Despite appreciable effort to understand the anti-influenza activity of flavonoids, there is no clear consensus about their precise mode-of-action at a cellular level. Here, we report the development and validation of a screening assay based on AlphaScreen technology and illustrate its application for determination of the inhibitory potency of a large set of polyols against PA N-terminal domain (PA-Nter) of influenza RNA-dependent RNA polymerase featuring endonuclease activity. The most potent inhibitors we identified were luteolin with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 72 ± 2 nM and its 8-C-glucoside orientin with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 43 ± 2 nM. Submicromolar inhibitors were also evaluated by an in vitro endonuclease activity assay using single-stranded DNA, and the results were in full agreement with data from the competitive AlphaScreen assay. Using X-ray crystallography, we analyzed structures of the PA-Nter in complex with luteolin at 2.0 Å resolution and quambalarine B at 2.5 Å resolution, which clearly revealed the binding pose of these polyols coordinated to two manganese ions in the endonuclease active site. Using two distinct assays along with the structural work, we have presumably identified and characterized the molecular mode-of-action of flavonoids in influenza-infected cells.
Prognostic Value of Pretreatment Metabolic Tumor Volume and Total Lesion Glycolysis Using 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Targeted Agents (2017)

Metabolic tumor volume and TLG are independent prognostic factors for predicting PFS and OS in patients with metastatic RCC. Furthermore, MTV and TLG could provide additional prognostic information in patients with clinically high-risk metastatic RCC treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapies.
Frequent Microsatellite Instabilities and Analyses of the Related Genes in Familial Gastric Cancers (1996)

Microsatellite instability or replication error seems to be related to defective DNA mismatch repair genes, such as hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1 and hPMS2, which have been identified as causative genes of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCC). Recently, it was reported that mutations at the simple repeated sequences in the transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGF-beta RII) gene occurred in replication error-positive colorectal cancers. To determine genetic alterations in familial gastric cancers (FGC, we examined replication error using eight microsatellite DNA markers, and screened mutations in the hMSH2, hMLH1 and TGF-beta RII genes in six cases from four FGC kindreds. Moreover, hMTH1, a human homolog of the bacterial mutT gene, was also screened. Four of six (67%) cancers showed the replication error-positive phenotype, indicating that microsatellite instability is highly associated with not only HNPCC, but also FGC. No germline mutation was found in the whole coding sequences of hMSH2 and hMTH1, or in the conservative regions of hMLH1 in any patient, while one cancer DNA showed a somatic mutation at codon 682 (threonine to alanine) in hMSH2. No alteration was found at the small repeated sequences in TGF-beta RII in FGC tumor DNA. These results indicate that the carcinogenetic process of FGC may be different from that of HNPCC.
ΔEITP is Now Ratified as ITU-R BT.2124—Is the Industry Ready to Move on from ΔE2000? (2020)

For many years, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E 2000$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been considered the industry standard for estimating perceptual color differences and evaluating the color accuracy of display technologies. Recently, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) released Recommendation ITU-R BT.2124, which defines a new metric, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E_{\mathrm {ITP}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , as the new standard for evaluating perceptual color differences. Given this new recommendation, it is important that we become familiar with how <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E_{\mathrm {ITP}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> performs in practice and what can be expected when using it in existing workflows. A key part in this process is having an understanding of the properties of the color space that the color difference metric is based on and how that relates to the intended application of the metric. In this paper, we explore this relationship as it pertains to the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E2000$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E_{\mathrm {ITP}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> color difference metrics, specifically in the context of evaluating color reproduction on self-luminous displays. Simulated data and measured data from calibrated displays are used to compare the performance of the metrics. Given that <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E 2000$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E_{\mathrm {ITP}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are based on significantly different derivation principles, there are notable differences that must be acknowledged between these two metrics, especially as we transition between them. It is highly likely that <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta E 2000$ </tex-math></inline-formula> has been underpredicting perceptual color differences, significantly so when used for the evaluation of high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG) displays.
Validating a Method for Turbocharging Single Cylinder Four Stroke Engines (2016)

This paper presents a method for turbocharging single cylinder four stroke internal combustion engines, an experimental setup used to test this method, and the results from this experiment. A turbocharged engine has better fuel economy, cost efficiency, and power density than an equivalently sized, naturally aspirated engine. Most multi-cylinder diesel engines are turbocharged for this reason. However, due to the timing mismatch between the exhaust stroke (when the turbocharger is powered) and the intake stroke (when the engine intakes air), turbocharging is not used in commercial single cylinder engines. Single cylinder engines are ubiquitous in developing world off-grid power applications such as tractors, generators, and water pumps due to their low cost. Turbocharging these engines could give users a lower cost and more fuel efficient engine. The proposed solution is to add an air capacitor, in the form of a large volume intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake to smooth out the flow. This research builds on a previous theoretical study where the turbocharger, capacitor, and engine system were modeled an-alytically. In order to validate the theoretical model, an experimental setup was created around a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. A typical developing world engine was chosen and was fitted with a turbocharger. A series of sensors were added to this engine to measure pressure, temperature, and power output. Our tests showed that a turbocharger and air capacitor could be successfully fitted to a single cylinder engine to increase intake air density by forty-three percent and peak power output by twenty-nine percent.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SUGARS BY ALDOLASE‐CATALYZED CONDENSATION REACTIONS (1984)

Abstract Das aus Dihydroxy‐aceton (Ia) erhaltene Phosphat (Ib) wird mit Isomerasen und Aldolasen in Fructose‐phosphate übergeführt, die anschließend weiteren Reaktionen zu Fructose sowie Glucosederivaten unterworfen werden.
Numerical treatment of the dynamics of a conserved order parameter in the presence of walls (2006)

We discuss how the diffusive dynamics of a conserved order parameter should be numerically treated when impenetrable wall surfaces are present and interact with the degrees of freedom characterized by the order parameter. We derive the discretization scheme for the dynamics, paying particular attention to the conservation of the order parameter in the strict numerical sense. The discretized chemical potential, or the functional derivative of the free energy, contains a surface contribution inversely proportional to the grid spacing Delta z, which was proposed heuristically in a recent paper of Henderson and Clarke [Macromol. Theory Simul. 14, 435 (2005)]. Although apparently that surface contribution diverges in the continuum limit Delta z --> 0, we can show, by an analytic argument and numerical calculations, that this divergence does not yield any anomalies, and that our discretization scheme is well defined in this limit. We also discuss the correspondence of our treatment to the model proposed by Puri and Binder [Phys. Rev. A 46, R4487 (1992)] extensively used for the present problem.
Growth‐factor‐independence and invasive properties of colorectal carcinoma cells (1992)

During serial passage of the colorectal carcinoma cell line SW1116 in athymic nude mice, we selected 2 variants that metastasized to the lungs and liver. The metastatic capacity of these in vivo variant cell lines was associated with their ability to (1) grow under growth-factor-deprived conditions, (2) invade and transgress a reconstructed basement membrane with high effectiveness, and (3) produce higher activities of the substrate-degrading enzymes collagenase and plasminogen activator as compared to parental cells. To assess the relative contribution of growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness/motility to the metastatic phenotype, variants of 6 colorectal carcinomas were selected in vitro by adaptation to a growth-factor-free culture medium followed by selection of highly invasive cells in chemoinvasion assays. Four out of 6 cell lines selected for growth-factor-independence showed significantly higher levels of invasiveness through reconstructed membranes, suggesting co-segregation of growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness in vitro. Using an in vitro chemoinvasion assay, 2 poorly and 1 highly invasive cell line were further selected for invasiveness. After 6 selection passages, all cell lines were highly invasive and showed high motility rates. However, when injected s.c. into athymic nude mice to test their metastatic capacity in vivo, double-selected variant cell lines did not form spontaneous metastases. Our results indicate that growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness, although associated with the metastatic phenotype, are not sufficient for experimental metastasis formation of colorectal carcinoma cells in vivo.
Editorial: Bone targeting nanoparticle drug delivery system in bone metabolism and bone-related tumor diseases (2022)

functionalized bone targeting nanomaterials, bone-targeting molecules and mechanism, pharmacokinetics of therapeutic nanomaterials, nanomedicine toxicology for bone-related diseases, new nanotherapeutic strategy for bonerelated diseases, nanomaterial-cell interaction for bone-related diseases Editorial on the Research Topic Bone targeting nanoparticle drug delivery system in bone metabolism and bone-related tumor diseases Bone is an essential mechanical support organ for organisms and a vital metabolic and immune-related organ. The bone formation process involves mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoid, nuclear factor receptors, osteoprotegerin, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The highly specified dynamic tissue is constantly being metabolized and remodeled throughout life to maintain a healthy skeletal structure for these functions. Bone metabolism involves multiple basic bone cells that act as key regulators, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts, which either on their own or in interaction keep the balance between bone catabolism and anabolism. Changes in the number or function of any part would inevitably destroy the emotional balance of bone metabolism and cause osteoporosis, Paget's disease, metastatic bone tumors, and other diseases in severe cases. The concept of "bone targeting" developed by Pierce in 1986 aimed to increase the drug concentration of target cells or target organs and reduce the systemic adverse drug reactions by reducing drug delivery and lowering the drug concentration of non-target organs. Targeted delivery by either the systemic or local targeting of therapeutics to the bone is an attractive treatment for various bone metabolism diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and osteomyelitis, etc. Researchers have proposed many strategies for the targeted
Acoustic communications under shallow shore-fast Arctic Ice (2017)

The Arctic Ocean is ringed by shallow areas along the continental shelves which are home to shore-fast ice throughout much of the winter. These areas are being used for both traditional activities such as fishing and hunting, and increasingly, at least in some locations, resource extraction and related exploration. Environmental monitoring under shore-fast ice in multi-use regions will increasingly be accomplished using autonomous underwater vehicles and non-cabled sensors, both of which will require means for acoustic data telemetry. In this paper the results of an experiment done to test the data rate, range and reliability of acoustic communications in 5–10 m deep water under shore-fast ice near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska are described. The experiment was carried out in late winter of 2014 using Micro-Modem communications equipment operating at 10 kHz at ranges of 1.5 to 5.6 km and data rates (burst) from 80 to 5000 bps. The achievable data rates were dependent on range and water depth, plus the presence of ice keels that blocked the acoustic path in some areas. The feasibility of long baseline (LBL) navigation at these ranges is also confirmed by the results.
Characterization of InP Air/Semiconductor Gratings Formed by Mass-Transport Assisted Wafer Fusion Technique and Its Application to Distributed Feedback Laser (1998)

InP air/semiconductor gratings formed by the wafer fusion technique is investigated for implementation in novel structures. The grating shape after wafer fusion is changed depending on the duty cycle and/or the fused temperature. The cross-sectional view of the fused interface, observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), shows that there is no threading dislocation and the fused interface is not flat but curved, due to the mass-transport phenomenon. We also find that no voltage barrier exists at the n-n fused interface, but a voltage barrier exists at the p-p fused interface. The mass-transport has a significant influence on the electrical characteristics of the fused interface. A single longitudinal mode oscillation of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with air/semiconductor gratings embedded by wafer fusion technique is demonstrated under pulsed condition at room temperature. The lasing wavelength is about 1.28 µm. The threshold current is 180 mA and the threshold current density is estimated to be about 1.3 kA/cm 2 .
Novel approach to the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of the tetrahydrocannabinols (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel approach to the synthesis of nitrogen analogs of the tetrahydrocannabinolsMark Cushman and Neal Castagnoli Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 3, 440–448Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00943a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00943a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views316Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High Temperature Ramping Rate for GaAs (111)A Substrate Covered with a Thin GaN Buffer Layer for Thick GaN Growth at 1000°C (2003)

The effects of temperature ramping rate on GaAs (111)A substrate covered with a thin GaN buffer layer grown at 550°C are investigated in order to determine the ideal parameters for protecting the substrate from thermal decomposition during the growth of a thick GaN layer at 1000°C by metalorganic hydrogen chloride vapor-phase epitaxy (MOHVPE). Crystallization and agglomeration of the GaN buffer layer during heating is found to increase markedly as the temperature ramping rate is decreased, and thus high ramping rates are found to be applicable to the high temperature growth of GaN on GaAs substrate. When a temperature ramping rate of 20.9°C/min is used, a thick GaN layer exhibiting no voids or cracks is obtained due to the protection of the GaAs substrate.
The effect of noise correlation on fractional sampling based spectrum sensing (2013)

This paper considers a Fractional Sampling (FS) technique to enhance the Spectrum Sensing (SS) efficiency of a Cognitive Radio (CR) using a decision statistic based on asymptotic Random Matrix Theory (RMT). Firstly, the effect of noise correlation on eigenvalue based SS is studied analytically and by numerical evaluation. Secondly, new bounds for the Standard Condition Number (SCN) are proposed to enhance the SS efficiency in correlated noise scenarios. It is shown that proposed FS method can enhance SS efficiency up to certain FS rates at the expense of receiver complexity and no performance advantage is obtained if the FS rate is increased beyond this limit. As a result, a method for determining the operating point for the FS rate in terms of sensing performance and complexity is suggested.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic Xanthone Natural Products: Structure, Biological Activity and Chemical Synthesis (2013)

Abstract Review: 57 refs.
New projection optical system for beyond 150-nm patterning with KrF and ArF sources (1998)

Two types of new optical system for 150 nm lithography are studied. One is the system with KrF source and high numerical aperture (NA), the other is the system with ArF source. By aerial image simulation, the adequate NA of each projection lens is searched, and the value was 0.68 for KrF source and 0.60 for ArF source. Then the projection lens is fabricated and evaluated. The results are almost same as those of simulation.
Multidimensional Nano-Imaging of Structure, Coupling, and Disorder in Molecular Materials (2021)

A hierarchy of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions controls the properties of biomedical, photophysical, and novel energy materials. However, multiscale heterogeneities often obfuscate the relationship between microscopic structure and emergent function, and they are generally difficult to access with conventional optical and electron microscopy techniques. Here, we combine vibrational exciton nanoimaging in variable-temperature near-field optical microscopy (IR <i>s</i>-SNOM) with four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM), and vibrational exciton modeling based on density functional theory (DFT), to link local microscopic molecular interactions to macroscopic three-dimensional order. In the application to poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), large spatio-spectral heterogeneities with C-F vibrational energy shifts ranging from sub-cm<sup>-1</sup> to ≳25 cm<sup>-1</sup> serve as a molecular ruler of the degree of local crystallinity and disorder. Spatio-spectral-structural correlations reveal a previously invisible degree of highly variable local disorder in molecular coupling as the possible missing link between nanoscale morphology and associated electronic, photonic, and other functional properties of molecular materials.
Rate of composition changes of organic solid solution crystals in sweating operations. (1988)

When crystalline particles of binary solid solution mixtures of the m-chloronitrobenzene-m-fluoronitrobenzene system were placed in an atmosphere at elevated temperatures close to their equilibrium liquidus point (sweating), they gradually changed their compositions to approach the equilibrium solidus composition and also changed shape from rigid plates to porous ones. These changes continued even after 360 h, which is significantly different from the behavior observed for simple eutectic systems reported in a previous study. Quantitative analysis of the rates of composition changes were made on the basis of the diffusion mechanism of the recrystallization process during sweating.