gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New method of detection and classification of yield-impacting EUV mask defects (2015)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) advances printability of small size features for both memory and logic semiconductor devices. It promises to bring relief to the semiconductor manufacturing industry, removing the need for multiple masks in rendering a single design layer on wafer. However, EUV also brings new challenges, one of which is of mask defectivity. For this purpose, much of the focus in recent years has been in finding ways to adequately detect, characterize, and reduce defects on both EUV blanks and patterned masks. In this paper we will present an efficient way to classify and disposition EUV mask defects through a new algorithm developed to classify defects located on EUV photomasks. By processing scanning electronmicroscopy images (SEM) of small regions of a photomask, we extract highdimensional local features Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG). Local features represent image contents compactly for detection or classification, without requiring image segmentation. Using these HOGs, a supervised classification method is applied which allows differentiating between nondefective and defective images. In the new approach we have developed a superior method of detection and classification of defects, using mask and supporting mask printed data from several metallization masks. We will demonstrate that use of the HOG method allows realtime identification of defects on EUV masks regardless of geometry or construct. The defects identified by this classifier are further divided into subclasses for mask defect disposition: foreign material, foreign material from previous step, and topological defects. The goal of disposition is to categorize on the images into subcategories and provide recommendation of prescriptive actions to avoid impact on the wafer yield.
Structure and Reactivity of Alucone-Coated Films on Si and LixSiy Surfaces (2015)

Coating silicon particles with a suitable thin film has appeared as a possible solution to accommodate the swelling of silicon upon lithiation and its posterior cracking and pulverization during cycling of Li-ion batteries. In particular, aluminum alkoxide (alucone) films have been recently deposited over Si anodes, and the lithiation and electrochemical behavior of the system have been characterized. However, some questions remain regarding the lithium molecular migration mechanisms through the film and the electronic properties of the alucone film. Here we use density functional theory, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and Green's function theory to examine the film formation, lithiation, and reactivity in contact with an electrolyte solution. It is found that the film is composed of Al-O complexes with 3-O or 4-O coordination. During lithiation, Li atoms bind very strongly to the O atoms in the most energetically favorable sites. After the film is irreversibly saturated with Li atoms, it becomes electronically conductive. The ethylene carbonate molecules in liquid phase are found to be reduced at the surface of the Li-saturated alucone film following similar electron transfer mechanisms as found previously for lithiated silicon anodes. The theoretical results are in agreement with those from morphology and electrochemical analyses.
High performance ZnO nanowire field effect transistors with organic gate nanodielectrics: effects of metal contacts and ozone treatment (2007)

High performance ZnO nanowire field effect transistors (NW-FETs) were fabricated using a nanoscopic self-assembled organic gate insulator and characterized in terms of conventional device performance metrics. To optimize device performance and understand the effects of interface properties, devices were fabricated with both Al and Au/Ti source/drain contacts, and device electrical properties were characterized following annealing and ozone treatment. Ozone-treated single ZnO NW-FETs with Al contacts exhibited an on-current (Ion) of ∼4 µA at 0.9 Vgs and 1.0 Vds, a threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.2 V, a subthreshold slope (S) of ∼130 mV/decade, an on–off current ratio (Ion:Ioff) of ∼107, and a field effect mobility (μeff) of ∼1175 cm2 V−1 s−1. In addition, ozone-treated ZnO NW-FETs consistently retained the enhanced device performance metrics after SiO2 passivation. A 2D device simulation was performed to explain the enhanced device performance in terms of changes in interfacial trap and fixed charge densities.
Quién hay en el foso (2017)

Aquest treball tracta sobre com ha canviat la fotografia de concerts a Catalunya. Hem indagat en per que el sector es troba en tan devaluada situacio i quins canvis s'han donat per arribar a aquest punt. El treball gira al voltant de sis fotografs de concerts: Francesc Fabregas, Martin Frias, Rosario Lopez, Xavier Mercade, Ferran Sendra i Jordi Vidal.
FPGA-based wideband force sensing with Kalman-filter-based disturbance observer (2010)

Haptic technology has been attracting widespread attention in the fields of robotics and medicine. The bandwidth of force sensing is vital to reproduce the vivid force sensation. This paper proposes a method to enlarge the bandwidth of force sensing. In this paper, the force sensing operation is constructed by a combination of a Kalman-filter and a disturbance observer for multi-sensor. In order to achieve the high sampling rate, the control algorithm together with the force estimation function is implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The wide bandwidth of force sensing is obtained owing to the shortened sampling period by FPGA and the noise suppression by Kalman-filter. The experimental results show the viability of the proposed method.
New and Efficient Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroindolizidines. Application to the Synthesis of Pharmacologically Relevant Chiral Aminoderivatives from L-Asparagine (1990)

Abstracr -A convenient and high yielding cyclization reaction of Npynolylbutyl triflates is shownThe method is applied to :afford the potential DA agonists 3, enazniomcrically pure from L-asparagine.Ergoline (1) derivatives attract special interest because of their patent dopaminergic activity.'Previously Kornfeld and cuworkers have suggested, that the rigid pyrroleethyl:mine moiety is the portion of 1 (Scheme 11, responsible for interaction with the dopamine (DA) ieccptor binding sites, demonstrating significant DA agonist properties of the bicyclic suucture 2.2In order to lcarn, whether the pynole NkI-group is necesznry for binding of ergolines with the DA receptor sites, it was of considerable interest to develop a syntliesis for the bicyclic isomer 3, devoiding the NII feature.Since DA receptor interactions are highly s t ~r e o s ~e c i f i c , ~ the melhlxl was suppmed to provide access to both enantiomers.
The presence of nitrate dramatically changed the predominant microbial community in perchlorate degrading cultures under saline conditions (2014)

The structure of the two microbial ecosystems of interest has been established and some representative strains obtained in pure culture. The results illustrate that under favorable conditions a group of organisms can readily dominate an ecosystem and yet be effectively eliminated when their advantage is lost. Almost all known perchlorate-reducing organisms can also effectively reduce nitrate. This is certainly not the case for the Rhodobacteraceae that were found to dominate in the absence of nitrate, but effectively disappeared in its presence. This study is significant in that it reveals the existence of a novel group of organisms that play a role in the reduction of perchlorate under saline conditions. These Rhodobacteraceae especially, as well as other organisms present in these communities may be a promising source of unique salt-tolerant enzymes for perchlorate reduction.
Multi-modal on-chip nanoscopy and quantitative phase image reveals the\n morphology of liver sinusoidal enodthelial cells (2020)

Visualization of three-dimensional morphological changes in the subcellular\nstructures of a biological specimen is one of the greatest challenges in life\nscience. Despite conspicuous refinements in optical nanoscopy, determination of\nquantitative changes in subcellular structure, i.e., size and thickness,\nremains elusive. We present an integrated chip-based optical nanoscopy set-up\nthat provides a lateral optical resolution of 61 nm combined with a highly\nsensitive quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) system with a spatial phase\nsensitivity of $\\pm$20 mrad. We use the system to obtain the 3D morphology of\nliver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) combined with super-resolved spatial\ninformation. LSECs have a unique morphology with nanopores that are present in\nthe plasma membrane, called fenestration. The fenestrations are grouped in\nclusters called sieve plates, which are around 100 nm thick. Thus, imaging and\nquantification of fenestration and sieve plate thickness requires resolution\nand sensitivity of sub-100 nm along both lateral and axial directions. In the\nchip-based nanoscope, the optical waveguides are used both for hosting and\nilluminating the sample. A strong evanescent field is generated on top of the\nwaveguide surface for single molecule fluorescence excitation. The fluorescence\nsignal is captured by an upright microscope, which is converted into a\nLinnik-type interferometer to sequentially acquire both super-resolved images\nand quantitative phase information of the sample. The multi-modal microscope\nprovided an estimate of the fenestration diameter of 124$\\pm$41 nm and revealed\nthe average estimated thickness of the sieve plates in the range of\n91.2$\\pm$43.5 nm for two different cells. The combination of these techniques\noffers visualization of both the lateral size (using nanoscopy) and the\nthickness map of sieve plates, i.e. discrete clusters fenestrations in QPM\nmode.\n
Characterization of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 synthetase from RBL-1 cells (1986)

5-lipoxygenase (LO) and leukotriene (LT) A4 synthetase from RBL-1 high speed (105,000 x g for 60 min) supernatants were partially purified by protein-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized in detail. The partially purified preparation contained only 5-LO and LTA4 synthetase and was isolated from 12-LO, peroxidase and LTA4 hydrolase activities. Reaction products were separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated by absorption spectrophotometry and radiochemical detection. The enzyme preparation rapidly converted (/sup 14/C)arachidonate to (/sup 14/C)5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) and (/sup 14/C)5,12-dihydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (diHETEs). The 5,12-diHETEs were primarily non-enzymatic breakdown products of LTA4 (e.g., 6-trans-LTB4 and 6-trans-12-epi-LTB4). Both the 5-LO and LTA4 synthetase activities were Ca/sup 2 + -/ and ATP-dependent. For both enzyme activities, the CA/sup 2 +/ stimulation required the presence of ATP. The fatty acid hydroperoxides, 5-,12-, and 15-HPETE, both stimulated (( 3 ..mu..M)) 5-LO and LTA4 synthetase activities. The rapid isolation and subsequent characterization of 5-LO and LTA4 synthetase provide the bases for the further understanding of the role of the LO pathway in biological processes.
HIP location privacy framework (2006)

Privacy and security are key aspects in future network architectures. The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is a new proposal which decouples identifiers from locators and may eventually replace conventional addressing and network transport. In this document we propose an architecture that provides location privacy, based on HIP. We further validate our work by implementation and support the feasibility of our protocol by experimentation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐(1‐Hydroxy(or Methoxy)‐2‐bromo(or chloro)ethyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridines and Related Halohydrin Analogues with Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activity. (1989)

Abstract The deoxyuridines (I) react with the succinimides (II) to give the compounds (III).
Handling Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidations on a Large Scale: Synthesis of 5-Bromo-2-nitropyridine (2017)

5-Bromo-2-nitropyridine was prepared from the corresponding amine via hydrogen peroxide oxidation in large scale production. This transformation initially showed low conversion, high impurity content and lack of reproducibility in lab trials. Parallel to process development, safety studies were conducted to investigate the stability of oxidant mixture, its composition and the oxidation reaction itself by reaction and adiabatic calorimetry. The resulting robust reaction conditions and appropriate safety boundaries allowed to develop a reproducible, safe protocol for the implementation of this chemistry on large scale, obtaining consistent results throughout the campaign.
Phenomenological Model of Superconducting Optoelectronic Loop Neurons (2022)

Superconducting optoelectronic loop neurons are a class of circuits potentially conducive to networks for large-scale artificial cognition. These circuits employ superconducting components including single-photon detectors, Josephson junctions, and transformers to achieve neuromorphic functions. To date, all simulations of loop neurons have used first-principles circuit analysis to model the behavior of synapses, dendrites, and neurons. These circuit models are computationally inefficient and leave opaque the relationship between loop neurons and other complex systems. Here we introduce a modeling framework that captures the behavior of the relevant synaptic, dendritic, and neuronal circuits at a phenomenological level without resorting to full circuit equations. Within this compact model, each dendrite is discovered to obey a single nonlinear leaky-integrator ordinary differential equation, while a neuron is modeled as a dendrite with a thresholding element and an additional feedback mechanism for establishing a refractory period. A synapse is modeled as a single-photon detector coupled to a dendrite, where the response of the single-photon detector follows a closed-form expression. We quantify the accuracy of the phenomenological model relative to circuit simulations and find that the approach reduces computational time by a factor of ten thousand while maintaining accuracy of one part in ten thousand. We demonstrate the use of the model with several basic examples. The net increase in computational efficiency enables future simulation of large networks, while the formulation provides a connection to a large body of work in applied mathematics, computational neuroscience, and physical systems such as spin glasses.
New Dendrimer-Based Nanoparticles Enhance Curcumin Solubility (2016)

Curcumin, the main curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric, is a potent chemopreventive agent and useful in many different diseases. A major limitation of applicability of curcumin as a health promoting and medicinal agent is its extremely low bioavailability due to efficient first pass metabolism, poor gastrointestinal absorption, rapid elimination, and poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, nanotechnology was selected as a choice approach to enhance the bioavailability of the curcuminis. A new polyamidoamine dendrimer (G0.5) was synthesized, characterized, and tested for cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). No cytotoxicity of G0.5 was found in the range between 10<sup>-3</sup> and 3 × 10<sup>-8</sup> M. Consequently, G0.5 was used to prepare spherical nanoparticles of ca. 150 nm, which were loaded with curcumin [molar ratio G0.5/curcumin 1 : 1 (formulation 1) and 1 : 0.5 (formulation 2)]. Remarkably, the occurrence of a single population of nanoparticles having an excellent polydispersity index (< 0.20) was found in both formulations. Formulation 1 was selected to test <i>in vitro</i> drug release because it was superior in terms of encapsulation efficiency (62 %) and loading capacity (32 %). The solubility of curcumin was increased ca. 415 and 150 times with respect to the unformulated drug, respectively, for formulation 1 and formulation 2. The release of curcumin from the nanoparticles showed an interesting prolonged and sustained release profile.
Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on All Things Cellular: Operations, Applications and Challenges (2016)

All Things Cellular aims to widen the research community focusing on cellular networks while at the same time to serve as a forum fostering interactions between the research community and the wider ecosystem (industry, regulators, etc.,) of this area. In this spirit, this year we bring to you an exciting and eclectic program with a broad scope and offering a sample of research, standardization and regulatory activity in the rapidly evolving field of mobile networks as they head towards 5G.
Real-time 3D electrical impedance imaging for ventilation and perfusion of the lung in lateral decubitus position (2014)

We report a prototype Electrical Impedance Imaging System. It is able to detect the gravity-induced changes in the distributions of perfusion and ventilation in the lung between supine and lateral decubitus positions. Impedance data were collected on healthy volunteer subjects and 3D reconstructed images were produced in real-time, 20 frames per second on site, without using averaging or a contrast agent. Imaging data also can be reconstructed offline for further analysis.
In Vivo Gene Transfer of Nitric Oxide Synthase Enhances Vasomotor Function in Carotid Arteries From Normal and Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits (1998)

In vivo adenovirus-mediated endovascular delivery of nNOS markedly enhances vascular NOS activity and can favorably influence endothelial physiology in the intact and atherosclerotic vessel wall.
Wide-Band Two-Stage Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Module in Parallel Configuration (2005)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a two-stage broadband erbium-doped fiber amplifier module with a coupled structure over a gain bandwidth of 1520 to 1600 nm. As a result, 35.4 and 38.1 dB peak gains can be achieved at 1532 and 1568 nm, respectively, over the operation range. This proposed amplifier can also be used as a broadband amplified-spontaneous-emission light source.
Evaluation of a Novel MALDI Biotyper Algorithm to Distinguish Mycobacterium intracellulare From Mycobacterium chimaera (2018)

Accurate and timely mycobacterial species identification is imperative for successful diagnosis, treatment, and management of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The current most widely utilized method for NTM species identification is Sanger sequencing of one or more genomic loci, followed by BLAST sequence analysis. MALDI-TOF MS offers a less expensive and increasingly accurate alternative to sequencing, but the commercially available assays used in clinical mycobacteriology cannot differentiate between <i>Mycobacterium intracellulare</i> and <i>Mycobacterium chimaera</i>, two closely related potentially pathogenic species of NTM that are members of the <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> complex (MAC). Because this differentiation of MAC species is challenging in a diagnostic setting, Bruker has developed an improved spectral interpretation algorithm to differentiate <i>M. chimaera</i> and <i>M. intracellulare</i> based on differential spectral peak signatures. Here, we utilize a set of 185 MAC isolates that have been characterized using <i>rpoB</i> locus sequencing followed by whole genome sequencing in some cases, to test the accuracy of the Bruker subtyper software to identify <i>M. chimaera</i> (<i>n</i> = 49) and <i>M. intracellulare</i> (<i>n</i> = 55). 100% of the <i>M. intracellulare</i> and 82% of the <i>M. chimaera</i> isolates were accurately identified using the MALDI Biotyper algorithm. This subtyper module is available with the MALDI Biotyper Compass software and offers a promising mechanism for rapid and inexpensive species determination for <i>M. chimaera</i> and <i>M. intracellulare</i>.
Expression of the L-type pyruvate kinase gene and the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 transcription factor in exocrine and endocrine pancreas. (1994)

The L-pyruvate kinase (L-PK) gene is slightly active in normal and tumoral endocrine pancreatic tissues while, in vivo, this gene is not transcribed in the exocrine pancreas. Nevertheless, the L-PK gene is re-expressed at a very low level in cultured 266.6 cells derived from an exocrine pancreas carcinoma. The L-PK gene is early activated in endodermal tissues, e.g. yolk sac and primitive intestine; it remains transcribed in fetal pancreas. In adult, L-PK gene expression is restricted to some endocrine cells. Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1 and HNF4 are the main tissue-restricted transcription factors involved in tissue-specific expression of the L-PK gene. HNF1 concentration is similar in liver and all pancreatic cells. HNF4 concentration is high in liver, much lower in islets of Langerhans, endocrine pancreatic tumors, and cultured insulinoma cells, and is scarcely detectable in adult exocrine pancreas. This distribution of HNF4 parallels the expression of the L-PK gene. In vivo footprinting experiments show that the HNF1 binding site is similarly occupied in both adult liver and adult pancreas, in which this gene is practically inactive. In this latter tissue, however, the HNF4 binding site is differently occupied with respect to the liver. Since the chromatin structure remains open around the L-PK promoter in pancreas, the L-PK gene can probably be re-expressed under certain circumstances, for instance in cancerous pancreatic cells.
Discovery of a novel human anti-IL-2 antibody that potentiates Regulatory T cells by a structure-based mechanism (2018)

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been shown to suppress immune pathologies by preferentially expanding regulatory T cells (Treg). However, this therapy has been limited by off-target complications due to pathogenic cell expansion. Recent efforts have been focused on developing a more selective IL-2. It is well documented that certain anti-mouse IL-2 antibodies induce conformational changes that result in selective targeting of Treg cells. We report the generation of the first fully human anti-IL-2 antibody, F5111.2 that stabilizes IL-2 in a conformation that results in the preferential STAT5 phosphorylation of Tregs in vitro and selective expansion of Tregs in vivo. When complexed with human IL-2, F5111.2 induced remission of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model, reduced disease severity in a model of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, and protected mice against xenogeneic Graft-versus-Host-Disease (GvHD). These results suggest that IL-2-F5111.2 may provide a new immunotherapy to treat autoimmune diseases and GvHD.
Observation of Nondegenerate Two-Photon Gain in GaAs (2016)

Two-photon lasers require materials with large two-photon gain (2PG) coefficients and low linear and nonlinear losses. Our previous demonstration of large enhancement of two-photon absorption in semiconductors for very different photon energies translates directly into enhancement of 2PG. We experimentally demonstrate nondegenerate 2PG in optically excited bulk GaAs via femtosecond pump-probe measurements. 2PG is isolated from other pump induced effects through the difference between measurements performed with parallel and perpendicular polarizations of pump and probe. An enhancement in the 2PG coefficient of nearly 2 orders of magnitude is reported. The results point a possible way toward two-photon semiconductor lasers.
Free‐breathing MR elastography of the lungs: An in vivo study (2021)

This study demonstrated the feasibility of free-breathing lung MRE with excellent repeatability and reproducibility. Stiffness changes with age and during the respiratory cycle. However, gender does not influence lungs stiffness.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Hydrazides. Part 2. Synthesis of Substituted 4‐Hydroxy‐1‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydropyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoline 5‐Oxides. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.