gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Developmental expression of two-pore domain K+ channels, TASK-1 and TREK-1, in the rat cochlea (2004)

Developmental expression of two-pore domain potassium (2P K) channels, TASK-1 and TREK-1, was investigated in the rat cochlea at onset of hearing and after maturity using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. TASK-1 and TREK-1 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR at postnatal day (P) 9-12. TASK-1 like immunoreactivity (LIR) in the P13 cochlea was observed in Deiters', pillar, Claudius' and outer sulcus cells, spiral limbus fibrocytes, and neuroglia. At P13, TREK-1-LIR was more wide-spread, and included sensory and supporting cells of the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion, stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, inner and outer sulcus cells, connective and support tissues surrounding modiolus. By P105 the pattern of TASK-1- and TREK-1-LIR became limited to a subset of the above structures, suggesting developmental regulation. During postnatal development, TASK-1 may be important in the onset (around P11) and maturation (by P22) of endocochlear potential and hearing. The distribution of TASK-1 and TREK-1 suggest a role in K cycling and homeostasis. As TASK-1 and TREK-1 are inhibited by local anesthetics at doses used to treat tinnitus, 2P K channels may also be important in cochlear dysfunction.
A generic intelligent network model (2006)

The next generation of intelligent networks will provide information processing, retrieval and transfer services for the user in a transparent way, including intelligence aspects of handling imprecise and inconsistent information as well. The processing nodes of the network may use various information processing models. Moreover, the structure of the network is dynamically changing because of failures and modifications. A dynamically varying mixture of static and dynamic task allocation may be used over inhomogeneous or homogeneous resource types. Such a system cannot be handled by the classical models. In the generic model proposed four basic information processing models are defined: control, data, demand and information driven models and the network may use any combination of them. A knowledge based generic model is presented for such a system, having logical, temporal and topological structures together with operations on these structures. A universal relational scheme of parameterized sets of objects of arbitrary and possibly varying types is introduced, taking also variables and topological structures into account, to represent precise and vague knowledge. By operations applied to the scheme further knowledge can be deduced and by functional queries facts can be interrogated. As illustrative examples applications to databases, pattern recognition and logical deduction are considered. Your paper should be in the same format as this file.
Cationic Interracial Polymerization ofp-Methoxystyrene by Means of Triphenylmethylium Halide-Aerosil Initiation (1991)

Abstract Cationic polymerizations of p-methoxystyrene initiated by triphenylmethylium halides in conjunction with silica surfaces proceed via ion pair intermediates. The polymerization yields both aerosil-polymer composites and soluble polymers. The triphenylmethylium halides are active only on the surface of the solid, which is demonstrated by means of adsorption and zeta-potential measurements in 1,2-dichloroethane. The influence of the overall monomer concentration and initiator concentration on the MWD curves and composite formation is discussed in relation to the mechanism of cationic polymerization. Triphenylmethylium bromide-aerosil adsorbates yield soluble polymers with narrow MWD curves (M w/M n ≃ 1,2). This behavior approaches living conditions. The formation of composites mainly proceeds in the Stern layer of the ion pair layer which covers the aerosil particle while the generation of soluble polymers occurs in the diffuse layer. The behavior of interfacial polymerization is discussed in relation to surface chemistry and the mechanism of cationic polymerization. A general model for interfacial polymerization is proposed for triphenylmethylium halide-aerosil initiation.
Structure of a low-melting-temperature anti-cholera toxin: llama VHH domain (2013)

Variable heavy domains derived from the heavy-chain-only antibodies found in camelids (V(H)H domains) are known for their thermal stability. Here, the structure of A9, an anti-cholera toxin V(H)H domain (K(d) = 77 ± 5 nM) that has an unusually low melting temperature of 319.9 ± 1.6 K, is reported. The CDR3 residues of A9 form a β-hairpin that is directed away from the former V(H)-V(L) interfacial surface, exposing hydrophobic residues to the solvent. A DALI structural similarity search showed that this CDR3 conformation is uncommon.
The need for calcium imaging in nonhuman primates: New motor neuroscience and brain-machine interfaces (2016)

A central goal of neuroscience is to understand how populations of neurons coordinate and cooperate in order to give rise to perception, cognition, and action. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are an attractive model with which to understand these mechanisms in humans, primarily due to the strong homology of their brains and the cognitively sophisticated behaviors they can be trained to perform. Using electrode recordings, the activity of one to a few hundred individual neurons may be measured electrically, which has enabled many scientific findings and the development of brain-machine interfaces. Despite these successes, electrophysiology samples sparsely from neural populations and provides little information about the genetic identity and spatial micro-organization of recorded neurons. These limitations have spurred the development of all-optical methods for neural circuit interrogation. Fluorescent calcium signals serve as a reporter of neuronal responses, and when combined with post-mortem optical clearing techniques such as CLARITY, provide dense recordings of neuronal populations, spatially organized and annotated with genetic and anatomical information. Here, we advocate that this methodology, which has been of tremendous utility in smaller animal models, can and should be developed for use with NHPs. We review here several of the key opportunities and challenges for calcium-based optical imaging in NHPs. We focus on motor neuroscience and brain-machine interface design as representative domains of opportunity within the larger field of NHP neuroscience.
SRLG-diverse routing of multiple circuits in a heterogeneous optical transport network (2011)

Network planners are often requested to provision multiple physically-diverse high-speed circuits over a large carrier's core (inter-city) DWDM network, which consists of multiple layers and heterogeneous vendor systems. Optimally provisioning such circuits while avoiding shared risk link group (SRLG) failures is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid two-step approach: pre-processing with Integer Linear Programming (ILP) for diverse routing and postprocessing for regenerator placement and wavelength assignment. This approach has been implemented in a prototype network planning tool. According to our experiments, most of the cases for a typical large carrier's core transport network can be solved within 1 minute, even with tens of thousands of binary decision variables, which allows interactive use by network planners.
Type B Hepatitis: The Infectivity of Blood Positive for E Antigen and DNA Polymerase after Accidental Needlestick Exposure (1976)

To determine the relation between the presence of donor DNA polymerase and e antigen, and recipient hepatitis, we tested, under code, serums from a controlled trial of hepatitis B immune globulin used to treat individuals accidentally inoculated with HBs Ag-positive blood. All recipients lacked antibody to HBs Ag. In 29 of 31 donors, both polymerase and e were in perfect agreement; both demonstrated a highly significant correlation with recipient hepatitis (P less than 0.001). DNA polymerase/e-negative blood did not cause hepatitis. Blood containing polymerase or e antigen did not cause hepatitis in six of 31 and four of 18 recipients, respectively. Hepatitis did not correlate with transaminase or duration of antigenemia in the donor. Polymerase and e appear to be indicators of the relative infectivity of HBs Ag-positive serum, particularly after small-volume exposure. They may be important determinants in assessing infectivity of chronic carriers of HBs Ag and in evaluating efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccines.
Relaxin Family Member Insulin‐Like Peptide 6 Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis and Prevents Cardiac Remodeling in Murine Heart Failure Models (2018)

Endogenous Insl6 protein inhibits cardiac systolic dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis in angiotensin II- and isoproterenol-induced cardiac stress models. The administration of recombinant INSL6 protein could have utility for the treatment of heart failure and cardiac fibrosis.
Infrared optical transitions to above barrier states in asymmetric semiconductor heterostructures (1993)

An asymmetric GaAs/GaAlAs electron wave Fabry-Perot interference filter has been designed with two above-barrier quasi-bound states for infrared optical transitions.
Reconfigurable Self‐Assembly of Mesoscale Optical Components at a Liquid–Liquid Interface (2011)

Magnetic fields template the self-assembly of 2D mesoscale optical components consisting of magnetically responsive parts at a liquid–liquid interface. These optical components are tiles of reflective diffraction gratings. Their orientations, and the resulting optical effects, are reconfigurable by a change in the magnetic field. Transferring the assembled structure onto solid substrates generates optically functional coatings or films.
Correction: D-cycloserine improves synaptic transmission in an animal mode of Rett syndrome (2018)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183026.].
Subjective Quality Evaluation of Decoded Video in the Presence of Packet Losses (2007)

This paper investigates the perceptual quality of decoded video bitstreams after packet losses. We focus on low-resolution and low-bit rate video coded by the H.264/AVC encoder, and packet loss patterns likely in 3G wireless networks. We examine the impact of several factors on the perceptual quality, including the error length (the error propagation duration after a loss), the loss severity (measured by the drop in PSNR due to a loss), and loss location (forgiveness effect). We further propose an objective quality measure based on the findings of our study.
P3O-4 SiO2/Grooved Al-Electrodes/LiTaO3 Structures Having Large Reflection Coefficient, Large Coupling Factor, and Excellent Temperature Characteristics Even with Thick Al Electrode (2006)

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) substrate for a duplexer such as Personal Communication Service handy phone system in US is required to have a good temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF), an optimum electromechanical coupling factor, and a large reflection coefficient. However, there have been no SAW substrates satisfying all of them. Because the duplexer is composed of resonator-type devices such as a ladder filter or a multimode resonator filter, thick Al electrodes for interdigital transducer (IDT) and grating reflectors on a substrate are used in order to achieve the large reflection coefficient. The TCF of the SAW substrate such as LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> or LiNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> for a transversal SAW filter using a thin Al electrode is negative so that a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film having a positive TCF is often deposited on the substrate to improve the TCF. But, when a thick SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film was deposited on a resonator and a longitudinally coupled multimode resonator filter composing of thick Al electrodes on 36degYmiddotX-LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> substrates to improve the TCF, their frequency characteristics remarkably deteriorated, because of large convex portions (as thick as Al electrodes) yielded on a surface of the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> film and the small coupling factor decreased due to their convex portions. The authors have considered that thick SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sub> /grooved Al-electrodes/LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> structures SAW substrate would have an excellent TCF, a large reflection coefficient, and an optimum coupling factor even if using thick Al electrodes. The results of the experiment and the calculation clarified that resonators consisting of the newly developed SAW structure had good frequency characteristics, the large reflection coefficient, the optimum coupling coefficient, and the excellent TCF (-3ppm/degC)
On the Use of Single Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuators for Improving the Performance of Airfoils (2007)

The applicability of Single Dialectic Barrier Discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators for use as active flow control devices, capable of enhancing the performance of airfoils, was assessed in this investigation. Measurements were carried out on two thick airfoils with simple flaps, a NACA0021 and an airfoil similar to those commonly used on tilt-rotor aircraft. The chord length of the airfoils was approximately 0.3 and 0.25 meters respectively and the span was approximately 0.6 meters. They were both tested in the same wind tunnel with a test section of 0.6 meters x 1.1 meters. Free-stream velocities varying from 5 m/s to 15 m/s were tested, corresponding approximately to chord Reynolds numbers ranging between 0.8x10 5 & 3x10 5 . The lift, moment and form drag were obtained from the pressure distributions over the airfoil’s surface while the total drag was calculated from a wake survey. The range of incidence angles, α, varied from –4 o < α < +20 o and flap deflections, δf, of 0 o and 15 o were tested. The location of the actuation was also altered. Two data sets are presented: one where the actuator was placed at approximately 5% of the chord and the other where it was located just upstream of the flap shoulder at a chord location corresponding to about 75%. The momentum input of the SDBD plasma actuators was measured with a hot wire and was in good agreement with previously published results. The input momentum is very weak and is not sufficient to prevent separation at Reynolds numbers greater than 100,000. The SDBD plasma actuators used in this study may only provide sufficient momentum to be effective at very low Reynolds numbers, such as those appropriate to micro-air-vehicles. Under special circumstances their passive presence on the surface may trip the boundary layer making it more resistant to separation, but in those cases a proper roughness strip or vortex generators may delay separation more effectively.
High Catalytic Activity of Chiral Amino Alcohol Ligands Anchored to Polystyrene Resins (1998)

Enantiomerically pure (2S,3S)-2,3-epoxy-3-phenylpropanol (3) has been anchored to Merrifield resins with different degrees of cross-linking and functionalization. The resulting epoxy-functionalized resins 4 have been submitted to completely regioselective (C-3 attack) and stereospecific ring-opening with secondary amines [piperidine (a), N-methylpiperazine (b), and cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidine (c)] in the presence of lithium perchlorate to afford (2R,3R)-3-(dialkylamino)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropoxy resin ethers 5a-c. The progress of these two processes has been monitored by (13)C gel-phase NMR spectroscopy. Polymer-supported amino alcohols 5a-c have been evaluated as catalytic ligands in the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde, best results being obtained with the cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidine containing ligand 5c. Analogously, (2R,3R)-3-(cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidino)-3-phenyl-1,2-propanediol (11) has been anchored to a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (Barlos resin) in dichloromethane in the presence of diisopropylethylamine, and the anchoring process has been also monitored by (13)C gel-phase NMR spectroscopy. The resulting resin 12 has subsequently been used as a chiral ligand in the catalytic addition at 0 degrees C of diethylzinc to a family of fourteen representative aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes 8a-n, to afford the corresponding (S)-1-substituted 1-propanols 10a-n with a mean enantiomeric excess of 92%.
Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19 (2022)

Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old.
Effect of cleaning procedures on the electrical properties of carbon nanotube transistors—A statistical study (2016)

The interface between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and its environment can dramatically affect the electrical properties of CNT-based field-effect transistors (FETs). For such devices, the channel environment plays a significant role inducing doping or charge traps giving rise to hysteresis in the transistor characteristics. Thereby the fabrication process strongly determines the extent of those effects and the final device performance. In CNT-based devices obtained from dispersions, a proper individualization of the nanotubes is mandatory. This is generally realized by an ultrasonic treatment combined with surfactant molecules, which enwrap nanotubes forming micelle aggregates. To minimize impact on device performance, it is of vital importance to consider post-deposition treatments for removal of surfactant molecules and other impurities. In this context, we investigated the effect of several wet chemical cleaning and thermal post treatments on the electrical characteristics as well as physical properties of more than 600 devices fabricated only by wafer-level compatible technologies. We observed that nitric acid and water treatments improved the maximum-current of devices. Additionally, we found that the ethanol treatment successfully lowered hysteresis in the transfer characteristics. The effect of the chemical cleaning procedures was found to be more significant on CNT-metal contacts than for the FET channels. Moreover, we investigated the effect of an additional thermal cleaning step under vacuum after the chemical cleaning, which had an exceptional impact on the hysteresis behavior including hysteresis reversal. The presence of surfactant molecules on CNT was evidenced by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies. By identifying the role of surfactant molecules and assessing the enhancement of device performance as a direct consequence of several cleaning procedures, these results are important for the development of CNT-based electronics at the wafer-level.
Alzheimer mouse brain tissue measured by time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy using single‐ and multi‐photon excitation of label free native molecules (2017)

Time resolved spectroscopic measurements with single-photon and multi-photon excitation of native molecules were performed ex vivo on brain tissues from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a wild type (WT) mouse model using a streak camera. The fluorescence decay times of native NADH and FAD show a longer relaxation time in AD than in WT tissue, suggesting less non-radiative processes in AD. The longer emission time of AD may be attributed to the coupling of the key native building block molecules to the amyloid-tau and/or to the caging of the native fluorophores by the deposition of amyloid-beta or tau plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that affect the local non-radiative interactions.
Analysis of the trade-off between input current quality and efficiency of high switching frequency PWM rectifiers (2010)

Due to their basic physical properties, power MOSFETs exhibit an output capacitance C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oss</sub> that is dependent on the drain-source voltage. This (nonlinear) parasitic capacitance has to be charged at turn-off of the MOSFET by the drain-source current in rectifier applications which yields input current distortions. As a detailed analysis shows, the nonlinear behavior of this capacitance is even more pronounced for modern super junction MOSFET devices. Whereas C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oss</sub> increases with increasing chip area the on-state resistance of the MOSFET decreases accordingly. Hence, a trade-off between efficiency and input current distortions exists. A detailed analysis of this effect considering different semiconductor technologies is given in this work and a Pareto curve in the η-THD space is drawn which clearly highlights this relationship. It is further shown, that the distortions mentioned can be reduced considerably by application of a proper feed-forward control signal counteracting the nonlinear switching delay due to C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oss</sub> . The theoretical considerations are verified by experimental results taken from 10 kW laboratory prototypes with the switching frequencies of 250 kHz, and 1MHz.
A statistical mixed-initiative dialog system for 401k management (2002)

In this paper, we describe a statistical mixed-initiative dialog management system that was developed by IBM for T. Rowe Price. A live version of this system was demonstrated at the HLT 2002 conference.
Polarized FT-IR Study of Macroscopically Oriented Electrospun Nylon-6 Nanofibers (2008)

Randomly deposited or partially aligned electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers were prepared by using a rotating collector with linear velocity from 0 to 900 m/min, and their molecular orientation was characterized with polarized Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. At a linear velocity of 0 m/min, electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers are randomly deposited onto a collector owing to the bending instability of the charged jet. In this case the parallel polarized FT-IR spectrum (obtained at two mutually perpendicular directions) is the same as the perpendicular polarized spectrum, indicating that there is no molecular orientation in the electropun membrane. When the linear velocity of the collector was increased from 0 to 300 m/min, several changes in IR band intensity are observed, including the NH stretching band at 3303 cm-1 and the amide I and II vibrations (1647 and 1543 cm-1, respectively) in the two polarized FTIR spectra. Also, the intensity of the amide II vibration is observed to gradually increase in the parallel polarized FT-IR spectrum, with an increase in the linear velocity of the collector, whereas its intensity is observed to decrease in the perpendicularly polarized spectrum. This indicates that the polymer chains are preferentially oriented along the fiber axis. Also, a decrease in the average fiber diameter (from 250 to 125 nm) is observed in SEM micrographs, indicating that the fibers are stretched and aligned by the high-speed rotating collector.