gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Putative Intestinal Stem Cell Marker DCAMKL-1 in Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Human (2012)

Purpose: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be critical to tumor development, progression and recurrence. Aim of this study was to identify a recently recognized putative intestinal stem marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 (DCAMKL-1) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and plasma specimens. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for DCAMKL-1 was performed in 68 archived human histopathology specimens; 23 from HCC cases, 22 from cirrhosis controls, and 23 from non-cirrhosis controls. Western blot analysis for DCAMKL-1 was performed in 39 stored plasma samples; 16 HCC, 15 cirrhosis and 8 non-cirrhosis controls. The scoring of DCAMKL-1 staining was carried out based on two parameters: 1) staining intensity and 2) percent of tissue involved. Composite scores were generated by multiplying the intensity score by tissue involvement score. Scoring for epithelial and stromal tissues was done separately. Tissue was considered positive for DCAMKL-1 if the composite multiplied score was ≥3. A case-control design was used to compare DCAMKL-1 values in HCC cases with those in each of the two control groups. Outcomes: epithelial and stromal DCAMKL-1 positivity among the three groups, mean multiplied epithelial and stromal DCAMKL-1 scores among the three groups, and percent plasma DCAMKL-1 positivity among the three groups. Results: The percent positivity of epithelial DCAMKL-1 staining in cirrhosis control specimens was significantly higher than that in non-cirrhosis controls (91% vs. 52%, p=0.02) but not significant compared to HCC cases (92% vs. 83%, p=1.0) and when compared HCC cases to non-cirrhosis controls (83% vs. 52%, p=0.09). The mean epithelial multiplied scores were not statistically significantly different between HCC cases and cirrhosis controls (7.8 vs. 6.9, p=0.71) but was statistically significant between HCC cases and non-cirrhosis controls (7.8 vs. 3.6, p=0.0024) and between cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis controls (6.9 vs. 3.6, p=0.03). The percent of stromal DCAMKL-1 positivity was significantly higher in cirrhosis controls compared to HCC cases and non-cirrhosis controls (74% vs. 29%, p=0.02 and 74% vs. 0%, p=0.0003, respectively) but failed to reach statistical significance when compared HCC cases to non-cirrhosis controls (29% vs. 0%, p=0.06). DCAMKL-1 was detected in the plasma of all HCC cases (100%), 73% of cirrhosis controls and in 14% of the non-cirrhosis controls (overall test p<0.0001). Conclusion: DCAMKL-1 was identified in both HCC and cirrhotic tissue, and was detected in plasma in most patients with HCC and cirrhosis. These data provide evidence of the role of stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis and the potential role of DCAMKL-1 as a diagnostic/prognostic marker in patients with cirrhosis and HCC.
Silica ablation process induced by focused laser plasma soft x-rays (2011)

We have investigated ablation process of silica glass induced by X-ray irradiation. X-rays around 100 eV were generated by irradiation of Ta targets with Nd:YAG laser light. The laser plasma soft X-rays have a pulse duration of 10 ns. The soft X-rays were focused on silica surfaces at up to 10<sup>8</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup>. We found that silica glass can be ablated by X-ray irradiation. Typically, the ablated surface have a roughness of 1 nm after ablation by 500 nm in depth. Further, trenches with a width of 50 nm can be clearly fabricated on silica surface. Thus, high quality, practical micromachining can be achieved by the X-ray technique. It is remarkable that more precise features can be fabricated on silica surface than the thermal diffusion length. The results implies non-thermal ablation process. We observed ions ejected from silica surfaces during the irradiation and found that ions are almost atomic species such as Si<sup>+</sup>, O<sup>+</sup>, Si<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, SiO<sup>+</sup>. The results revealed that silica surfaces are broken into atomic species by X-ray irradiation. Among X-ray ablated species, 0.5-15 % are estimated to be ionized. Even though 0.5 % atoms are ionized in silica surface, the energy density of Coulomb repulsive force is higher than the energy density of binding energy of silica glass. Therefore, we can conclude that Coulomb repulsion between X-ray generated ions are essential for X-ray ablation of silica glass.
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT BASED LEARNING IN A LARGE ENGINEERING PROGRAMME (2010)

The role of the engineer in industry has evolved, with today's engineering businesses seeking engineers with abilities and attributes in two broad areas - technical understanding and enabling skills. Institutions within the engineering community such as Engineers Ireland, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, the Royal Academy of Engineering and members of the CDIO (Conceive Design, Implement, Operate) initiative have highlighted a need for new approaches to learning and teaching of engineering within our academic institutions. This paper reports on the recent implementation of project based design courses in both of the two engineering programmes offered by Trinity College Dublin. The projects are each carried out in small groups (typically four to six) and are virtually free of podium based teaching. Initially, the students are provided with a design brief, foundation level technical input and raw materials. The projects are developed around the principles of CDIO which represents best international practice for teaching design. The implementation of this methodology requires self-directed learning, teamwork and small group learning, culminating in the actual building and testing of a prototype. Some projects finish with a public competition which tends to generate huge excitement. The new courses have been seen to foster innovation and to provide a format that channels the student's creative skills in a coherent and structured manner. The detail of the courses, the learning outcomes, and the resource overhead are presented as well as a discussion on the initial results from the programmes. .
Heterojunction photovoltaic assembled with atomic layer deposition (2023)

A heterojunction photovoltaic cell. The cell includes a nanoporous substrate, a transparent conducting oxide disposed on the nanoporous substrate, a nanolaminate film deposited on the nanoporous substrate surface, a sensitizer dye disposed on a wide band gap semiconducting oxide and a redox shuttle positioned within the layer structure.
Computing derivative information of sequentially coupled subsurface models (2018)

A generic framework for the computation of derivative information required for gradient-based optimization using sequentially coupled subsurface simulation models is presented. The proposed approach allows for the computation of any derivative information with no modification of the mathematical framework. It only requires the forward model Jacobians and the objective function to be appropriately defined. The flexibility of the framework is demonstrated by its application in different reservoir management studies. The performance of the gradient computation strategy is demonstrated in a synthetic water-flooding model, where the forward model is constructed based on a sequentially coupled flow-transport system. The methodology is illustrated for a synthetic model, with different types of applications of data assimilation and life-cycle optimization. Results are compared with the classical fully coupled (FIM) forward simulation. Based on the presented numerical examples, it is demonstrated how, without any modifications of the basic framework, the solution of gradient-based optimization models can be obtained for any given set of coupled equations. The sequential derivative computation methods deliver similar results compared to FIM methods, while being computationally more efficient.
Detection of cargo container loads from X-ray images (2015)

Over 100 million cargo containers that are declared empty on their manifests are transported globally each year. Human operators can confirm if each is truly empty by physical inspection or by examination of an X-ray image. However, the huge number transported means that confirmation is far from complete. Thus, empty containers offer an opportunity for criminals to smuggle contraband. We report an algorithm for automatically detecting loads in cargo containers from transmission X-ray images. Detection without generation of excessive false positives is complicated by the fabric of the container, container variation, damage, and detritus. The algorithm detects 99.3% of loads in stream-of-commerce date while raising false alarms on 0.7% of actually empty containers. On challenging data, created by image synthesis, we are able to achieve 90% detection of loads with the same size and attenuation as a 1.5 kg cube of cocaine or 1 L of water, while triggering fewer than 1-in-605 or 1-in-197 false alarms respectively, on truly empty containers. The algorithm analyses each small window of the image separately, and detects loads within the window by random forest classification of texture features together with the window coordinates.
Compensation for multimode fiber dispersion by adaptive optics (2005)

Adaptive optics is used to compensate for modal dispersion in digital transmission through multimode fiber (MMF). At the transmitter, a spatial light modulator (SLM) controls the launched field pattern. An estimate of intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by modal dispersion is formed at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter, where the SLM is adjusted to minimize ISI. Error-free transmission of 10 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero signals through standard 50 microm graded-index MMFs up to 11.1 km long is demonstrated. It is shown that a single SLM can compensate for modal dispersion across a 600 GHz bandwidth.
Extrapolation of Rock Mechanical Properties From a Cored Well to an Uncored Well Through the Use of Electrofacies (2002)

Abstract A technique for extrapolating core-measured rock mechanical properties from a cored well to an uncored well is presented. The process uses electrofacies and square wave techniques to develop rock mechanical property logs for the uncored wells. Data from the North LaBarge Shallow Unit (NLBSU) is used to develop the process. The NLBSU wells require hydraulic fracturing to generate economic production rates. The NLBSU produces from Cretaceous-age Mesaverde sandstone that is composed of thinly bedded sand and shale layers. The reservoir heterogeneity caused by these layers complicates hydraulic fracture growth characteristics. Improvements in hydraulic fracture simulation are needed to accurately predict these growth characteristics. This includes improvements in input data, such as rock mechanical properties, for the simulations. The described methodology uses electrofacies developed from core and FMI in one well and extrapolates the electrofacies to other wells via an AO10 induction log curve (depth of investigation 10 in (25 cm)). Induction logs are run in almost every well in the field and provide a universal extrapolation medium without incurring additional costs. The process uses acoustic velocity measurements for rock mechanical values, but any accepted measurement technique can be used. Only two major facies are present in the NLBSU and the presented technique only addresses the two facies. However, the methodology can be expanded to include more facies if cutoff values can be established. The process described in this paper is being used to improve hydraulic fracture modeling in the NLBSU. It can be used in other fields which need improved modeling also. Additionally, it can be used for any computer simulation program that requires rock mechanical property input including reservoir simulation and wellbore stability programs.
Combined-SLED source for UHR-OCT and SLO integrated in 14-pin butterfly module (2020)

We demonstrate a novel light source for multi-modality imaging where three superluminescent diodes (SLEDs) are integrated on a free-space, temperature-stabilized, micro-optical bench in a standard 14-pin butterfly package. The light output of the three SLED chips is collimated by individual micro-optical collimation lenses and then spectrally and spatially combined in free space through dielectric edge filters before being coupled into a common HI-780 single-mode output fiber. The two SLEDs at 840 nm and 880 nm deliver a combined broadband spectrum with 120 nm bandwidth and 8.5 mW of output power for ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging with an axial resolution of ~4 microns in air. The third SLED at 750 nm is suitable for implementing eye tracking based on a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). Because of the free-space architecture, the polarization of all SLEDs is intrinsically aligned such that the UHR-OCT broadband source has a high PER of 20 dB across the entire spectrum.
Electrical properties of individual gold nanowires arrayed in a porous anodic alumina template (2007)

Abstract A procedure to fabricate a highly ordered electrodeposited nanowire array in a porous anodic alumina template with nanowires of uniform length and exposed tips for establishing low‐resistance ohmic contacts has been demonstrated. In this work, contacts to Au nanowire arrays have been investigated as a model system. The structural, topographical and electrical characteristics of the nanowire array have been studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy. Measurements showed that an electrical contact between the conducting AFM probe and the exposed Au nanowire tips was initiated only after a force of 14.4 ± 2 nN was applied. The I – V characteristics were linear up to the maximum applied current density of 1.5 × 10 12 A/m 2 , and the resistivity of the individual Au nanowires in the template was estimated to be between 1.4 and 7 times the resistivity of large grained bulk Au. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Abstract 4783: Identification of a novel TAA, SPARC, as a target for immunotherapy of various cancers (2010)

Abstract It is important to identify Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to direct the immune system to attack cancer in order to establish efficient anti-cancer-immunotherapy. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of gastric cancers by using the genome wide cDNA microarray consisting of probes for 20,340 genes, and found that SPARC (Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine) gene was overexpressed in diffuse-type gastric cancer tissues at higher levels in comparison to adjacent normal gastric tissues. The levels of expression of SPARC in pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer tissues were also higher than those of normal counterparts. On the other hand, the expression of SPARC among the normal tissue specimens was detected only in limited tissue specimens at very low levels. Therefore, we evaluated the possibility of SPARC as a target antigen for anticancer immunotherapy. This study attempted to identify HLA-A24 (A*2402)-restricted and SPARC derived CTL epitopes. To identify the SPARC-derived and HLA-A24-restricted CTL epitopes, we selected a total of 4 different candidate 9- or 10- amino acid peptides that were expected to have a higher binding affinity to HLA-A24 (A*2402) by the HLA Peptide Binding Predictions in the BIMAS software program. The H-2 Kd-binding peptide motif is comparable to that of HLA-A24 binding peptide. Thus, we examined CTL response of BALB/c mice to these SPARC-derived epitopes. We found that two SPARC derived peptides elicited high magnitude of CTL response in BALB/c mice in an H-2Kd-restricted manner. Therefore, we attempted to generate SPARC-specific CTLs from the PBMCs of healthy donors and various cancer patients positive for HLA-A24 by stimulation of PBMCs with these two peptides. SPARC peptides-reactive CTLs were successfully induced from PBMCs by in vitro stimulation with these two peptides in HLA-A24 (A*2402) positive healthy donors and cancer patients. Moreover the SPARC-reactive CTLs established from PBMCs derived from cancer patients by stimulation with these two peptides, exhibited cytotoxicity to the cancer cells expressing both HLA-A24 and endogenous or transgene-derived SPARC. On the other hand, the CTLs did not kill the cells which were negative for either HLA-A24 or SPARC. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of the SPARC-specific CTLs could inhibit the tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice bearing human cancer cells expressing both HLA-A24 (A*2402) and SPARC. These findings suggest that SPARC is a potentially useful target candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4783.
Adaptive and active materials: selected papers from the ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems (SMASIS 13) (Snowbird, UT, USA, 16–18 September 2013) (2014)

The sixth annual meeting of the ASME Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems Conference (SMASIS) was held in the beautiful mountain encircled Snowbird Resort and Conference Center in Little Cottonwood Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah. It is the conference's objective to provide an up-to-date overview of research trends in the entire field of smart materials systems in a friendly casual forum conducive to the exchange of ideas and latest results. As each year we strive to grow and offer new experiences, this year we included special focused topic tracks on nanoscale multiferroic materials and origami engineering. The cross-disciplinary emphasis was reflected in keynote speeches by Professor Kaushik Bhattacharya (California Institute of Technology) on 'Cyclic Deformation and the Interplay between Phase Transformation and Plasticity in Shape Memory Alloys', by Professor Alison Flatau (University of Maryland at College Park) on 'Structural Magnetostrictive Alloys: The Other Smart Material', and by Dr Leslie Momoda (Director of the Sensors and Materials Laboratories, HRL Laboratories, LLC, Malibu, CA) on 'Architecturing New Functional Materials: An Industrial Perspective'.
Synthesis and aqueous phase behavior of thermoresponsive biodegradable poly(D,L-3-methylglycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-3-methylglycolide) triblock copolymers (2002)

Novel biodegradable thermosensitive triblock copolymers of poly(D,L-3-methylglycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-3-methylglycolide) (PMG-PEG-PMG) have been synthesized. Ring-opening polymerization of D,L-3-methyl-glycolide (MG) initiated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 provided triblock copolymers with alternating lactyl/glycolyl sequences of controlled molecular weight, low polydispersity index and uniform chain structure. At relatively low temperatures (≈ 10 °C) these copolymers formed clear solutions in water up to high concentrations (50 wt.-%). Depending on molecular mass ratios of PMG and PEG blocks, a sol-gel transition or an increase in viscosity without gel formation was observed upon increasing the temperature of the aqueous solutions. The temperature-induced gelation was ascertained by rheology and dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DDSC). Phase diagram of PMG-PEG-PMG 1 400-1 450-1 400 in an aqueous solution.
Voltage Feedforward Compensation Method for Reduction of Acoustic Noise Caused by the 6th-and 12th-order Radial Electromagnetic Forces of IPMSM (2021)

In recent times, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) with high efficiency have been used in various applications. However, IPMSMs generate torque ripple and acoustic noise due to a radial electromagnetic force. In particular, the acoustic noise needs to be suppressed in applications where low noise levels are required. In this paper, the suppression of the 6th‐ and 12th-order radial electromagnetic forces, which contribute significantly to acoustic noise, is discussed. The relationship among the armature current, the permanent magnet of the rotor, and the radial electromagnetic force of the IPMSM is clarified. Moreover, the compensation current required to suppress the 6th‐ and 12th-order radial electromagnetic forces is derived. In addition, a method to suppress the 6th‐ and 12th-order radial electromagnetic forces is proposed through the feedforward addition of the compensation voltage calculated from the compensation current to the voltage command of the drive system based on a sinusoidal current tracking control. By setting the gain of the sinusoidal current tracking control as low as possible, the voltage command produced by the current control system is maintained low, and a margin is provided for adding a compensation voltage to suppress the radial electromagnetic forces. The effectiveness of the proposed feedforward voltage compensation method is verified by the results of frequency analysis of the sound produced by an IPMSM. In addition, the superiority of the proposed sinusoidal current tracking control is confirmed by comparison with the frequency analysis of the sound produced by a <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$d-q$</tex> axis current controlled motor.
A Real-Time Signal Quality Monitor For GPS Augmentation Systems (2000)

The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) and the
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) are groundbased
applications of differential GPS to support aircraft
terminal navigation and precision approach. Due to the
safety-critical nature of LAAS and WAAS operations and
the resulting stringent integrity requirements on system
performance, LAAS and WAAS ground facilities must be
able to detect any hazardous signal anomalies within a
prescribed time-to-alarm (3 seconds for LAAS Category
I precision approach). One class of signal-in-space failures
that is difficult to detect without specialized monitoring
is deformations of the C/A code signals broadcast
by GPS satellites. Since code correlator spacings and RF
front-end bandwidths may vary between ground and airborne
GPS receivers, these deformations, otherwise known
as “evil waveforms,” may produce hazardous differential
ranging errors at the aircraft unless the affected satellites
are promptly detected and excluded from the broadcast set
of differential corrections.
This paper describes the construction and testing of a prototype
real-time signal quality monitor (RTSQM) described
in [1]. The first section describes the implementation of the
prototype on a personal computer with multiple serial inputs
reading data from customized GPS receivers. The discussion
covers several design issues of particular interest,
including system timing, simultaneous processing of multiple
data streams, and analysis algorithms (including delta
and ratio tests using the in-phase values of multiple correlators
assigned to each satellite). This system is designed to
be integrated into the Stanford LAAS ground system prototype,
known as the Integrity Monitor Testbed (IMT).
The second section describes testing of the real-time monitor
under both nominal and anomalous signal conditions
and present results. The overall test setup uses an arbitrary
waveform generator (AWG) and RF circuitry to drive
two customized receivers. After collecting nominal data
to establish realistic thresholds for SQM test metrics, the
threat space of a specific failure mode, the second order
step anomaly described in the LAAS Ground Facility Specification
[2], is explored in detail.