gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the pathways of extrathyroidal triiodothyronine generation between euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. (1984)

Propylthiouracil (PTU) in maximally inhibitory doses for liver and kidney iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity (5'D-I), reduces extrathyroidal T4 to T3 conversion by only 60-70% in euthyroid rats. A second pathway of T4 to T3 conversion (5'D-II) has been found in pituitary, central nervous system, and brown adipose tissue. 5'D-II is insensitive to PTU and increases in hypothyroidism, whereas 5'D-I decreases in hypothyroid rats. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics were assessed in euthyroid and thyroidectomized rats by noncompartmental analysis after injecting [125I]T4 and [131I]T3. Neither the volume of distribution nor the rate of fractional removal of plasma T4 was affected by the thyroid status, but the fractional removal rate of T3 was approximately 50% reduced in hypothyroid rats (P less than 0.001). Fractional T4 to T3 conversion was 22% in euthyroid and 26% in hypothyroid rats. In euthyroid rats, sufficient PTU to inhibit liver and kidney 5'D-I greater than 90% reduced serum [125I]T3 after [125I]T4 (results given as percent dose per milliliter X 10(-3) +/- SEM): 4 h, control 16 +/- 2 vs. PTU 4 +/- 1, P less than 0.005, and 22 h, control 6.4 +/- 0.4 vs. PTU 3.6 +/- 0.7, P less than 0.025. In thyroidectomized rats, the same dose of PTU also inhibited 5'D-I in liver and kidney, but had no effect on the generation of serum [125I]T3 from [125I]T4. Similarly, after 1 microgram T4/100 g bw was given to thyroidectomized rats, serum T3 (radioimmunoassay) increased by 0.30 +/- 0.6 ng/ml in controls and 0.31 +/- 0.09 ng/ml in PTU-treated rats. However, when the dose of T4 was increased to 2-10 micrograms/100 g bw, PTU pretreatment significantly reduced the increment in serum T3. T3 clearance was not affected by PTU in hypothyroid rats. The 5'D-II in brain, pituitary, and brown adipose tissue was reduced to less than or equal to 60% of control by 30 micrograms/100 g bw reverse T3 (rT3), an effect that lasted for at least 3 h after rT3 had been cleared. In rT3-pretreated thyroidectomized rats, the generation of [125I]T3 from tracer [125I]T4 was reduced in the serum: 6 +/- 1 vs. 12 +/- 1 X 10(-3)% dose/ml, P less than 0.01, during this 3-h period. We conclude that virtually all the T3 produced from low doses of exogenous T4 given to hypothyroid rats is generated via a PTU-insensitive pathway, presumably catalyzed by the 5'D-II. This is a consequence of the enhanced activity of this low Km enzyme together with the concomitant decrease in the hepatic and renal 5'D-I characteristic of the hypothyroid state. The results indicate that in some circumstances, 5D-II activity may contribute to the extracellular, as well as intracellular, T3 pool.
Structure and Performance of Fine-Grain Parallelism in GeneticSearch (2019)

Within the parallel genetic algorithm framework, there currently exists a growing dichotomy between coarse-grain and fine-grain parallel architectures. This chapter attempts to characterize the need for fine-grain parallelism, and to introduce and compare three models of fine-grain parallel genetic algorithms (GAs). The performance of the three models is examined on seventeen test problems and is compared to the performance of a coarse-grain parallel GA. Preliminary results indicate that the massive distribution of the fine-grain parallel GA and the modified population topology yield improvements in speed and in the number of evaluations required to find global optima.
Successful treatment of invasive stomatitis due to Exophiala dermatitidis in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (2003)

Local excision with adequate antifungal agents can be used to treat immunocompromised patients with Exophiala stomatitis, based on early diagnosis.
Improving Surface WOB Accuracy (2018)

Abstract Weight on bit (WOB) is the axial trust force applied to the bit during drilling. It is one of the most important controllable variables of the drilling process. Still, it is quite rare and very difficult to measure it directly, and we are often left with estimating it indirectly through measurements of the tension at the top of the string, or even at the dead line anchor. This indirect WOB measurement, commonly called surface WOB, is most often calculated as measured off-bottom hook loadminus the actual hookload. This method assumes that the reference string weight is constant and does not change during drilling. This paper challenges this assumption by discussing a variety of physical effects that can cause the reference hook load to change, during the drilling of a new stand and after a traditional WOB zeroing procedure is carried out. The paper discusses the following effects that can be used for correcting the reference hook load: 1)well bore friction, 2)added weight in air, 3)well inclination, 4)flow induced lift, 5) nozzle jet lift, 6)cuttings in suspension, and 7) back-pressure in managed pressure drilling operations.
Restriction Spectrum Imaging-Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Improve Prostate Cancer Imaging in Men on Active Surveillance (2021)

Restriction spectrum imaging-magnetic resonance imaging enhances the standard PI-RADS system by providing a noninvasive radiological biomarker to predict upgrading in active surveillance.
Contextual Bandits with Latent Confounders: An NMF Approach (2016)

Motivated by online recommendation and advertising systems, we consider a causal model for stochastic contextual bandits with a latent low-dimensional confounder. In our model, there are $L$ observed contexts and $K$ arms of the bandit. The observed context influences the reward obtained through a latent confounder variable with cardinality $m$ ($m \ll L,K$). The arm choice and the latent confounder causally determines the reward while the observed context is correlated with the confounder. Under this model, the $L \times K$ mean reward matrix $\mathbf{U}$ (for each context in $[L]$ and each arm in $[K]$) factorizes into non-negative factors $\mathbf{A}$ ($L \times m$) and $\mathbf{W}$ ($m \times K$). This insight enables us to propose an $ε$-greedy NMF-Bandit algorithm that designs a sequence of interventions (selecting specific arms), that achieves a balance between learning this low-dimensional structure and selecting the best arm to minimize regret. Our algorithm achieves a regret of $\mathcal{O}\left(L\mathrm{poly}(m, \log K) \log T \right)$ at time $T$, as compared to $\mathcal{O}(LK\log T)$ for conventional contextual bandits, assuming a constant gap between the best arm and the rest for each context. These guarantees are obtained under mild sufficiency conditions on the factors that are weaker versions of the well-known Statistical RIP condition. We further propose a class of generative models that satisfy our sufficient conditions, and derive a lower bound of $\mathcal{O}\left(Km\log T\right)$. These are the first regret guarantees for online matrix completion with bandit feedback, when the rank is greater than one. We further compare the performance of our algorithm with the state of the art, on synthetic and real world data-sets.
A time-dependent potential flow theory for the aerodynamics of vertical axis wind turbines (2005)

The Betz factor, i.e., the value 16∕27 for the power coefficient, is widely expected to give an upper limit for the performance of any wind turbine. In the present study, an analytical model of a vertical-axis wind turbine with straight vertical wings is developed. A goal of the work is to study if the one-dimensional Betz theory gives an upper limit of the performance of wind turbines when two-dimensional effects are included. The two-dimensional and time-dependent potential flow is solved by a conformal map of the wing sections to circles. The stagnation points are determined by the Kutta condition. The calculated power coefficient exceeds the Betz limit by a large factor. This is due to a completely different flow pattern compared to the one-dimensional Betz theory. In aerodynamic potential flow, the expanding flux tube of Betz is replaced by an asymptotic flow consisting of a superposition of homogeneous flow and a circulation around the wings. Moreover, the total torque on a turbine with three or more blades is found to be constant. The Betz theory does not take into account the two-dimensional flow effects and the velocity of the rotating wind turbine. By including these effects, far more optimistic theoretical results for the performance of vertical-axis wind turbines are obtained.
Novel Selective Phosphodiesterase (PDE4) Inhibitors. 4. Resolution, Absolute Configuration, and PDE4 Inhibitory Activity of cis-Tetra- and cis-Hexahydrophthalazinones (2002)

Recently, we reported that 4-catechol-substituted cis-(+/-)-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexa- and cis-(+/-)-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-phthalazin-1-ones show potent inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE4) activity, while the corresponding trans racemic mixtures exhibit only weak to moderate activity. To determine the absolute configuration and PDE4 inhibitory activity of the individual cis-enantiomers, several optically active phthalazinones have been synthesized. The enantiomers of the various gamma-keto acids, used as starting materials, were resolved in a classical way by the formation of diastereomeric salts, and each was converted to optically active phthalazinone in an enantioselective manner. The absolute configuration of the (+)-enantiomer of cis-hexahydrophthalazinone (+)-12 was determined by X-ray crystallography. The carbon atoms at the 4a and 8a positions were found to have the S- and R-configuration, respectively. In the present series of hexa- and tetrahydrophthalazinones, stereoselectivity for PDE4 inhibition is observed; the cis-(+)-enantiomers of the phthalazinones display high inhibitory activity, whereas their (-)-counterparts exhibit only weak to moderate activity. It is likely that all cis-(+)-phthalazinones have a (4aS,8aR)-configuration and vice versa for the cis-(-)-analogues. In the current series, the N-adamantan-2-yl analogue (+)-14 shows the most potent inhibition of PDE4 (pIC(50) = 9.3); the corresponding (-)-enantiomer is 250-fold less active. In addition, the N-substituted tetrahydrophthalazinones under study were investigated for their in vivo antiinflammatory activities by examining the suppression of arachidonic acid (AA) induced mouse ear edema formation. In this assay analogues (+)-14 and (+)-15 were found to be potent antiinflammatory agents showing about 50% inhibition at 30 micromol/kg po.
Partially Collaborative Edge Caching Based on Federated Deep Reinforcement Learning (2022)

In this paper, edge caching is investigated in fog radio access networks subject to dynamic content popularity. In order to improve the long-term cache-hit-ratio (CHR), a federated deep reinforcement learning (FDRL) framework is proposed, in which multiple fog access points (FAPs) adjust their caching strategies under the coordination of a central server (CS). Owing to the non-i.i.d data acquired over different FAPs, the traditional federated learning (FL) method may suffer from performance loss due to maintaining a global model at the CS. To address this shortcoming, a partially collaborative caching (PCC) algorithm is proposed by switching the data training between two models that are maintained at each FAP, to achieve a balance between the users' specific local characteristics and holistic global characteristics. Experiments on a real-world dataset demonstrate that significant performance gains are achieved by the proposed FDRL in terms of CHR. Furthermore, with an appropriate switching factor, the proposed PCC algorithm outperforms FL with full collaboration among FAPs.
Simultaneous measurements of room-acoustic parameters using different measuring equipment? (1998)

Often the results from different room-acoustic measurements in the same hall disagree, and the disagreement is just said to be due to different measuring equipment, or different rigging/temperature, etc. The room acoustic of the Oslo Concert Hall was measured simultaneously, using the following different measuring equipment: (1) MLS/MLSSA (Statsbygg), (2) Sweep-Tone (Tech. Univ. Denmark), and (3) Norsonic 840 with MLS+MatLab. For some of the measurements (4) Pistol and (5) Electrical Impulse were also used. The paper will compare the results from the different measuring equipment, for the most known room-acoustic parameters. For the reverberation time parameters RT and EDT, very good agreement was found between the three main measuring equipments. For Ts and C80 the agreement between these three is good/fair for the higher frequencies, but less good for the bass, especially C80. The measurements with Electric Pulse and Pistol as signals (analyzed through Norsonic+MatLab) indicate good agreement for the reverberation times, but EDT is somewhat higher for the Pistol. For Ts and C80 the Electric Impulse and especially the Pistol give less clearness (higher Ts and lower C80), compared to MLSSA, Sweep Tone, and Norsonic/MLS.
Autonomous Inflow Control Valve Multiphase Flow Performance for Light Oil (2021)

Abstract Early water and/or gas breakthrough is one of the main challenges in oil production which results in inefficient oil recovery. Existing mature wells must stop the production and shut down due to high gas oil ratio (GOR) and/or water cut (WC) although considerable amounts of oil still present along the reservoir. It is important to develop technologies that can increase oil production and recovery for marginal, mature, and challenging oil reservoirs. In most fields the drainage mechanism is pressure support from gas and/or water and the multiphase flow performance is particularly important. Autonomous Inflow Control Valve (AICV) can delay the onset of breakthrough by balancing the inflow along the horizontal section and control or shut off completely the unwanted fluid production when the breakthrough occurs. The AICV was tested in a world-leading full-scale multiphase flow loop located in Porsgrunn, Norway. Tests were performed with realistic reservoir conditions, i.e. reservoir pressure and temperature, crude oil, formation water and hydrocarbon gas at various gas oil ratio and water cut in addition to single phase performances. A summary of the flow loop, test conditions, the operating procedures, and test results are presented. In addition, how to represent the well with AICVs in a standard reservoir simulation model are discussed. The AICV flow performance curves for both single phase and multiphase flow are presented, discussed, and compared to conventional Inflow Control Device (ICD) performance. The test results demonstrate that the AICV flow performance is significantly better than conventional ICD. The AICV impact on a simplified model of a thin oil rim reservoir is shown and modelling limitations are discussed. The simulation results along with the experimental results demonstrated considerable benefit of deploying AICV in this thin oil rim reservoir. Furthermore, this paper describes a novel approach towards the application of testing the AICV for use within light oil completion designs and how the AICV flow performance results can be utilized in marginal, mature, and other challenging oil reservoirs.
Conformational Analysis of 1,2:3,4‐Diepoxides: Ab Initio and semiempirical molecular‐orbital calculations (1992)

Abstract Using semiempirical and ab initio procedures, the most stable conformations of meso ‐ and rac ‐bioxirane and of some substituted 1,2:3,4‐diepoxides were calculated. For threo ‐diepoxides (having the same relative configurations as rac ‐bioxirane, 3 ), two stable conformations with CCCC dihedral angles of ca . 90 and ca. 270° were found. For erythro ‐diepoxides (derivatives of meso ‐bioxirane, 4 ) the calculations suggest three preferred conformations with corresponding dihedral CCCC angles of ca. 90°, ca. 180°, and ca. 270°. The calculations are in fair agreement with the experimental data available for the unsubstituted compounds 3 and 4 .
DeepSeismic: a Deep Learning Library for Seismic Interpretation (2020)

Summary We introduce DeepSeismic, an open source Github repository (https://github.com/microsoft/seismic-deeplearning) that provides implementation of deep learning algorithms for seismic facies interpretation. The repository provides composable machine learning pipelines, that enables a data scientists and geophysicists to use state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms for seismic interpretation (e.g. UNet: Ronneberger et al. (2015) , SEResNet: Hu et al. (2018) , HRNet: Sun et al. (2019) ). We provide scripts to reproduce benchmark results from running these algorithms using various public seismic datasets (Dutch F3, and Penobscot). Finally,the repository provides documentation, and quick start Jupyter notebook and Python scripts to enable the community to get started with seismic interpretation projects quickly. We believe the results in this paper provide a strong baseline on which others can build upon. To the best of our knowledge,these provide state-of-the-art result on Dutch F3 data set. We have released the code and the models in an open-source GitHub repository with permissive MIT license
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Uptake and Survival in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (2021)

Presence of high radiographic PSMA expression on SPECT or PET/CT may portend a poor prognosis in patients with mCRPC treated with standard systemic therapies. This provides implications for therapeutic targeting of PSMA-avid disease as a means to improve outcomes.
Gene-level analysis of rare variants in 379,066 whole exome sequences identifies an association of GIGYF1 loss of function with type 2 diabetes (2021)

Sequencing of large cohorts offers an unprecedented opportunity to identify rare genetic variants and to find novel contributors to human disease. We used gene-based collapsing tests to identify genes associated with glucose, HbA1c and type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis in 379,066 exome-sequenced participants in the UK Biobank. We identified associations for variants in GCK, HNF1A and PDX1, which are known to be involved in Mendelian forms of diabetes. Notably, we uncovered novel associations for GIGYF1, a gene not previously implicated by human genetics in diabetes. GIGYF1 predicted loss of function (pLOF) variants associated with increased levels of glucose (0.77 mmol/L increase, p = 4.42 × 10<sup>-12</sup>) and HbA1c (4.33 mmol/mol, p = 1.28 × 10<sup>-14</sup>) as well as T2D diagnosis (OR = 4.15, p = 6.14 × 10<sup>-11</sup>). Multiple rare variants contributed to these associations, including singleton variants. GIGYF1 pLOF also associated with decreased cholesterol levels as well as an increased risk of hypothyroidism. The association of GIGYF1 pLOF with T2D diagnosis replicated in an independent cohort from the Geisinger Health System. In addition, a common variant association for glucose and T2D was identified at the GIGYF1 locus. Our results highlight the role of GIGYF1 in regulating insulin signaling and protecting from diabetes.
Meniscus Lithography: Evaporation-Induced Self-Organization of Pillar Arrays into Moiré Patterns (2011)

We demonstrate a self-organizing system that generates patterns by dynamic feedback: two periodic surfaces collectively structure an intervening liquid sandwiched between them, which then reconfigures the original surface features into moiré patterns as it evaporates. Like the conventional moiré phenomenon, the patterns are deterministic and tunable by mismatch angle, yet additional behaviors-chirality from achiral starting motifs and preservation of the patterns after the surfaces are separated-emerge uniquely from the feedback process. Patterning menisci based on this principle provides a simple, scalable approach for making a series of complex, long-range-ordered structures.
On the Achievable Rate of MISO Fading Channels With Instantaneous CSI Only at the Transmitter (2020)

We investigate Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) fading channels with perfect instantaneous Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter and with statistical average CSI at the receiver. We outline achievable rates for maximum ratio transmission and show that the rate loss of not having instantaneous CSI at the receiver behaves like an additional noise term whose variance is equal to one fourth of the transmit power. Similar results are obtained for equal gain transmission. The simulation results are in agreement with the theoretical bounds and indicate that requirement of instantaneous CSI at the receiver becomes obsolete up to a certain transmit power.
Development of New P-Chiral P,π-Dihydrobenzooxaphosphole Hybrid Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis (2014)

A new family of P-chiral P,π-hybrid ligands was prepared from the dihydrobenzooxaphosphole core. These new ligands were demonstrated to be both sterically and electronically tunable at the substituents on the phosphorus atom and the π-system of the ligand. Application of these new ligands to the catalytic asymmetric addition of boronic acids to imine electrophiles was shown to proceed with high levels of enantioinduction.
Supplementary Figure S5 from Relationship of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Abnormalities in Colorectal Cancer (2023)

Supplementary Figure S5 from Relationship of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Abnormalities in Colorectal Cancer
Neutron Reflectivity Characterization of the Photoacid Reaction-Diffusion Latent and Developed Images of Molecular Resists for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (2012)

Lithographic feature size requirements have approached a few radius of gyration of photoresist polymers used in thin-film patterning. Furthermore, the feature dimensions are commensurate with the photoacid diffusion length that defines the underlying latent image. Smaller imaging building blocks may enable reduced feature sizes; however, resolution limits are also dependent upon the spatial extent of the photoacid-catalyzed reaction diffusion front and subsequent dissolution mechanism. The reaction-diffusion front was characterized by neutron reflectivity for ccc stereoisomer-purified, deuterium-labeled tert-butoxycarbonyloxy calix[4]resorcinarene molecular resists. The spatial extent of the reaction front exceeds the size of the molecular resist with an effective diffusion constant of (0.13 ± 0.06) nm(2)/s for reaction times longer than 60 s, with the maximum at shorter times. Comparison to a mean-field reaction-diffusion model shows that a photoacid trapping process provides bounds to the spatial and extent of reaction via a reaction-limited mechanism whereas the ratio of the reaction rate to trapping rate constants recovers the effective diffusion peak. Under the ideal step-exposure conditions, surface roughness was observed after either positive- or negative-tone development. However, negative-tone development follows a surface-restructuring mechanism rather than etch-like dissolution in positive-tone development.