gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On signals with very high peak-to-average power ratio (2004)

This paper address the problem of classification of BPSK-modulated multicarrier signals with the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) exceeding 3/4 of the maximal possible value. By providing a simple characterization of such signals, an upper bound on their number are derived and propose a simple sufficient condition for the signals to have low PAPR. Based on this, a simple method for generation of signals with guaranteed PAPR gain of more than 2.5 dB using only two redundant tones are described.
Aliphatic polycarbonates and poly(ester carbonate)s from fatty acid derived monomers (2011)

Fatty acid derivatives were efficiently used as starting materials for the synthesis of polycarbonates and poly(ester carbonate)s. A novel AB-type self-condensable monomer, ethyl(9-hydroxy-10-methoxyoctadecyl)carbonate (EHMOC) and a dicarbonate monomer, 4-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]butyl-12-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]octadec-9-enoate (EOBEOE) were prepared from oleyl alcohol and ricinoleic acid, respectively. Of these, EHMOC was polymerized by the alcohol–carbonate exchange self-polycondensation approach, while EOBEOE was polycondensed with various biobased diols to give polycarbonates and poly(ester carbonate)s, respectively. The monomers and polymers were well characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The 13C-NMR spectroscopy revealed the formation of randomly distributed sequences in the poly(ester carbonate)s due to the carbonate interchange reaction. An unexpected formation of polyricinoleate was observed and confirmed by NMR and MALDI-TOF spectroscopy. Most of the polymers displayed good thermal stability with the temperature at 10% weight loss in the range 273–325 °C. Due to the presence of aliphatic segments, these materials exhibit very low glass transition temperature.
Distributed spectrum management and relay selection in interference-limited cooperative wireless networks (2011)

It is well known that the data transport capacity of a wireless network can be increased by leveraging the spatial and frequency diversity of the wireless transmission medium. This has motivated the recent surge of research in cooperative and dynamic-spectrum-access networks. Still, as of today, a key open research challenge is to design distributed control strategies to dynamically jointly assign (i) portions of the spectrum and (ii) cooperative relays to different traffic sessions to maximize the resulting network-wide data rate.
Comparative Evaluation of Anode Layers on the Electrical Characteristics of High Voltage 4H-SiC PiN Diodes (2008)

The impact of anode layers on the electrical characteristics of 10kV 4H-SiC PiN diodes has been evaluated in this work. Co-fabricated diodes with various epitaxial anode layer designs as well as those employing P+ implanted injecting layers are used to experimentally investigate the device conduction mechanisms. The role of the injecting layer is demonstrated via electrical characteristics and numerical simulations, showing the importance of maintaining sufficient carrier recombination lifetime in the device anode region.
Global transcriptional response of solvent‐sensitive and solvent‐tolerant Pseudomonas putida strains exposed to toluene (2016)

Pseudomonas putida strains are generally recognized as solvent tolerant, exhibiting varied sensitivity to organic solvents. Pan-genome analysis has revealed that 30% of genes belong to the core-genome of Pseudomonas. Accessory and unique genes confer high degree of adaptability and capabilities for the degradation and synthesis of a wide range of chemicals. For the use of these microbes in bioremediation and biocatalysis, it is critical to understand the mechanisms underlying these phenotypic differences. In this study, RNA-seq analysis compared the short- and long-term responses of the toluene-sensitive KT2440 strain and the highly tolerant DOT-T1E strain. The sensitive strain activates a larger number of genes in a higher magnitude than DOT-T1E. This is expected because KT2440 bears one toluene tolerant pump, while DOT-T1E encodes three of these pumps. Both strains activate membrane modifications to reduce toluene membrane permeability. The KT2440 strain activates the TCA cycle to generate energy, while avoiding energy-intensive processes such as flagellar biosynthesis. This suggests that KT2440 responds to toluene by focusing on survival mechanisms. The DOT-T1E strain activates toluene degradation pathways, using toluene as source of energy. Among the unique genes encoded by DOT-T1E is a 70 kb island composed of genes of unknown function induced in response to toluene.
External trial deep brain stimulation device for the application of desynchronizing stimulation techniques (2009)

In the past decade deep brain stimulation (DBS)-the application of electrical stimulation to specific target structures via implanted depth electrodes-has become the standard treatment for medically refractory Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. These diseases are characterized by pathological synchronized neuronal activity in particular brain areas. We present an external trial DBS device capable of administering effectively desynchronizing stimulation techniques developed with methods from nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics according to a model-based approach. These techniques exploit either stochastic phase resetting principles or complex delayed-feedback mechanisms. We explain how these methods are implemented into a safe and user-friendly device.
5005 Modeling of Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flame Based on Reynolds Stress Model (2006)

Comparative study of modeling jet nonpremixed flame has been implemented to evaluate the capability of the Reynolds stress model to the conventional κ-ε two equation model. H3 flame which is opened on website of the international workshop and is composed of a hydrogen/nitrogen mixture is chosen as a target flame. As a matter of course, the Reynolds stress model has predicted anisopropic phenomenon, the κ-ε two equation model being unable, to lead to fair good agreement with experimental results. This however strongly depends on empirical constants and requires further researches for definite insight.
Provocative Gene Therapy Strategy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1992)

An approach involving retroviral–mediated gene therapy for the treatment of neoplastic disease is described. This therapeutic approach is called “virus–directed enzyme/prodrug therapy” (VDEPT). The VDEPT approach exploits the transcriptional differences between normal and neoplastic cells to achieve selective killing of neoplastic cells. We now describe development of the VDEPT approach for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Replication–defective, amphotrophic retroviruses were constructed containing a chimeric varicella–zoster virus thymidine kinase (VZV TK) gene that is transcriptionally regulated by either the hepatoma–associated α–fetoprotein or liver–associated albumin transcriptional regulatory sequences. Subsequent to retroviral infection, expression of VZV TK was limited to either α–fetoprotein or albumin–positive cells, respectively. VZV TK metabolically activated the nontoxic prodrug 6–methoxypurine arabinonucleoside (araM), ultimately leading to the formation of the cytotoxic anabolite adenine arabinonucleoside triphosphate (araATP). Cells that selectively expressed VZV TK became selectively sensitive to araM due to the VZV TK–dependent anabolism of araM to araATP. Hence, these retroviral–delivered chimeric genes generated tissue–specific expression of VZV TK, tissue–specific anabolism of araM to araATP, and tissue–specific cytotoxicity due to araM exposure. By utilizing such retroviral vectors, araM was anabolized to araATP in hepatoma cells, producing a selective cytotoxic effect.
A point-of-care biosensor for rapid detection and differentiation of COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus using subwavelength grating micro-ring resonator (2023)

In the context of continued spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of new variants, the demand for rapid, accurate, and frequent detection is increasing. Moreover, the new predominant strain, Omicron variant, manifests more similar clinical features to those of other common respiratory infections. The concurrent detection of multiple potential pathogens helps distinguish SARS-CoV-2 infection from other diseases with overlapping symptoms, which is significant for providing tailored treatment to patients and containing the outbreak. Here, we report a lab-on-a-chip biosensing platform for SARS-CoV-2 detection based on the subwavelength grating micro-ring resonator. The sensing surface is functionalized by specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which could produce redshifts of resonant peaks by antigen-antibody combination, thus achieving quantitative detection. Additionally, the sensor chip is integrated with a microfluidic chip featuring an anti-backflow Y-shaped structure that enables the concurrent detection of two analytes. In this study, we realized the detection and differentiation of COVID-19 and influenza A H1N1. Experimental results indicate that the limit of detection of our device reaches 100 fg/ml (1.31 fM) within 15 min detecting time, and cross-reactivity tests manifest the specificity of the optical diagnostic assay. Furthermore, the integrated packaging and streamlined workflow facilitate its use for clinical applications. Thus, the biosensing platform presents a promising approach for attaining highly sensitive, selective, multiplexed, and quantitative point-of-care diagnosis and distinction between COVID-19 and influenza.
ChemInform Abstract: α,N‐ALKANESULFONAMIDE DIANIONS: FORMATION AND CHEMOSELECTIVE C‐ALKYLATION (1984)

Abstract Es wird über die Herstellung und die Umsetzungen der bisher nicht beschriebenen a,N‐Alkansulfonamid‐Dianionen berichtet.
Direct nanometer scale patterning of SiO2 with electron-beam irradiation (1991)

Nanometer scale patterns have been fabricated in SiO2 by direct electron-beam exposure. Two techniques have been developed to eliminate the surface contamination and enable the subsequent development of the patterns in HF based wet etches: (1) exposing the oxide through a sacrificial layer (previously reported) and (2) O2 reactive ion etching (RIE). The latter approach eliminates the need for a sacrificial layer and improves resolution by reducing the forward scattering of the beam. To determine the resolution of this process, patterns were fabricated with both 50- and 300-kV electrons in thin SiO2 membrane samples and imaged in transmission. Transmission imaging avoids the resolution limit of secondary electron micrographs set by the lateral range of secondary electrons. At 300 keV with a line dose of 7.5 μC/cm, arrays of lines with a period down to 15 nm were achieved as opposed to the 21-nm period previously reported using a sacrificial layer and secondary electron imaging of bulk substrates. A better understanding has also been obtained of the profiles of the patterns in SiO2.
Comparison of calibration strategies for optical 3D scanners based on structured light projection using a new evaluation methodology (2017)

In this paper a new evaluation strategy for optical 3D scanners based on structured light projection is introduced. It can be used for the characterization of the expected measurement accuracy. Compared to the procedure proposed in the VDI/VDE guidelines for optical 3D measurement systems based on area scanning it requires less effort and provides more impartiality. The methodology is suitable for the evaluation of sets of calibration parameters, which mainly determine the quality of the measurement result. It was applied to several calibrations of a mobile stereo camera based optical 3D scanner. The performed calibrations followed different strategies regarding calibration bodies and arrangement of the observed scene. The results obtained by the different calibration strategies are discussed and suggestions concerning future work on this area are given.
PRESCRIPTION AND OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATION USE IN THE OLDEST OLD IN THE SOUTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES (2017)

The objective of the study was to evaluate medication usage in individuals aged 95 and above residing in South-Central Arkansas. Electronic medical records of individuals treated at a University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences were reviewed. Of the 121 individuals studied, 13.2 % (n=16) were not on any prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The remaining 105 patients consumed a mean of 4.8 ± 2.7 prescription medications and 3.3 ± 2.2 OTC pills daily. Cardiovascular prescription medications were most commonly used with 76% of the elderly taking at least 1 antihypertensive daily (ranging from 1–5 daily). Approximately 46% were on diuretics, and about 11% were prescribed an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Medications for endocrine disorders, diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism were taken by 27% of subjects. Other commonly prescribed medications included anti-depressants and opioids; being 47% and 29 % respectively. Subjects were infrequently on medications for dementia and Parkinson’s (~22%). There were limited prescriptions for insulin (2.6%), metformin (1.7%), and levothyroxine (7.8%). Aspirin was the most commonly used OTC medication at 43.8%, followed by acetaminophen. Other OTCs included laxatives (34%) and stool softeners (22%). The subjects on zero medications appeared to have a healthier hemoglobin and lipid profile compared to those who were on medications of any type (Hb =12.6 ± 1.6 g/dL and TG =106 ± 40.9 mg/dL versus Hb =11.7 ± 1.7 g/dL and TG =121 ± 82.7 mg/dL respectively). The oldest old still suffer from polypharmacy but the fact that these individuals survived beyond the ninth decade speaks to their resilience and better hematological and metabolic health.
Nanoparticle Formation and Behavior in Turbulent Spray Flames Investigated by DNS (2020)

Abstract This work is a first direct numerical simulation of a configuration closely related to the SpraySyn burner (Schneider et al. in Rev Sci Instrum 90:085108, 2019). This burner has been recently developed at the University of Duisburg-Essen to investigate experimentally nanoparticle synthesis in spray flames for a variety of materials. The present simulations are performed for ethanol and titanium tetraisopropoxide as a solvent and precursor, respectively, in order to produce titanium dioxide nanoparticles. In the direct numerical simulations, the complete scenario leading to the production of well-defined nanoparticles is taken into account, including evaporation of the liquid mixture (solvent and precursor) injected as a spray, multi-step kinetics for gas-phase combustion, and finally nanoparticle synthesis. The employed models are described in this article. Additionally, the impact of the inlet velocity of the pilot flame on the nanoparticle synthesis is investigated. It has been found that increasing this speed delays spray flame ignition, decreases nanoparticle concentration, but leads to a narrower size distribution at early stage.
Resilience of S309 and AZD7442 monoclonal antibody treatments against infection by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains (2022)

Omicron variant strains encode large numbers of changes in the spike protein compared to historical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Although in vitro studies have suggested that several monoclonal antibody therapies lose neutralizing activity against Omicron variants, the effects in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the protective efficacy against three SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage strains (BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2) of two monoclonal antibody therapeutics (S309 [Vir Biotechnology] monotherapy and AZD7442 [AstraZeneca] combination), which correspond to ones used to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Despite losses in neutralization potency in cell culture, S309 or AZD7442 treatments reduced BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 lung infection in susceptible mice that express human ACE2 (K18-hACE2) in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Correlation analyses between in vitro neutralizing activity and reductions in viral burden in K18-hACE2 or human FcγR transgenic mice suggest that S309 and AZD7442 have different mechanisms of protection against Omicron variants, with S309 utilizing Fc effector function interactions and AZD7442 acting principally by direct neutralization. Our data in mice demonstrate the resilience of S309 and AZD7442 mAbs against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide insight into the relationship between loss of antibody neutralization potency and retained protection in vivo.
A high frequency power factor correction converter with soft switching (2018)

Power factor correction (PFC) converters are typically operated at low frequency to mitigate switching losses and to simplify control; this in turn requires large passive components. Soft switching techniques could permit higher frequency operation, but most soft-switched converters do not maintain high performance across the wide voltage and power ranges required for PFC applications. Here we present a PFC converter which enables high frequency operation by maintaining soft switching and by using a control scheme which requires no current sensing. These advantages are verified with a prototype which achieves power factors above 0.996 (THD <; 10%) while maintaining ZVS across voltage and power for efficiencies ~ 97 %. By using increased switching frequency (~ 10x over conventional designs), this converter can take advantage of greatly reduced passive component values for power conversion and EMI filtering.
Climate Change: New Dimensions in Disaster Risk, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience (2012)

Disaster signifies extreme impacts suffered when hazardous physical events interact with vulnerable social conditions to severely alter the normal functioning of a community or a society (high confidence). Social vulnerability and exposure are key determinants of disaster risk and help explain why non-extreme physical events and chronic hazards can also lead to extreme impacts and disasters, while some extreme events do not. Extreme impacts on human, ecological, or physical systems derive from individual extreme or non-extreme events, or a compounding of events or their impacts (for example, drought creating the conditions for wildfire, followed by heavy rain leading to landslides and soil erosion). [1.1.2.1, 1.1.2.3, 1.2.3.1, 1.3]
Semiblind multiuser MIMO channel estimation using capon and MUSIC techniques (2006)

Channel state information (CSI) is required at the receiver side of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems for decoding space-time codes. In this paper, new semiblind techniques are developed to jointly estimate the receiver CSI of multiple multiantenna transmitters that use orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs). The proposed techniques are based on the extension of the concepts of the popular Capon and MUSIC spectral estimators to the problem of multiuser channel estimation. Our methods blindly estimate the subspace that contains the user channel matrices, and then use only a few training symbol blocks to extract the user CSI from this subspace. It is demonstrated that, in addition to improving the bandwidth efficiency, the proposed techniques offer better channel estimation accuracy as compared with the standard (nonblind) least-squares (LS) channel estimation method. Moreover, it is shown that using the proposed Capon- and MUSIC-based semiblind channel estimators along with the coherent maximum-likelihood (ML) or the minimum-variance (MV) multiuser MIMO receivers results in a substantially better performance as compared with the case when the standard LS channel estimates are used
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐3‐methylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes: endo‐Selectivity in the Ritter Reaction of 1,3,5,7α‐Tetramethylbicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐3‐ol. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Quantifying error: Extending static timing analysis with probabilistic transitions (2017)

Timing analysis is a cornerstone of the digital design process. Statistical Static Timing Analysis was introduced to reduce pessimism by modelling device delay variations. However it ignores circuit logic, which may cause some timing paths to never or only rarely be sensitized. We introduce a general timing analysis approach and tool to calculate the probability that individual timing paths are sensitized, enabling the calculation of bounding delay distributions over all input combinations. We show the connection to the well-known #SAT problem and present approaches to improve scalability, achieving average results 46 to 32% less pessimistic than Static Timing Analysis while running 14.6 to 44.0 times faster than Monte-Carlo timing simulation.
Using redox-sensitive mitochondrial cytochrome Raman bands for label-free detection of mitochondrial dysfunction (2019)

Mitochondrial activity is a widely used criterion to judge the metabolic condition of a living specimen. Numerous methods have been developed for related analyses, including the detection of O2 consumption, trans-membrane potential, and ATP production. In this study, we demonstrate that the redox state of cytochromes can serve as a sensitive mitochondrial activity indicator in glutamate-stressed neuronal cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction was detected by Raman imaging as early as 30 min after glutamate-stress induction. By comparing this result with other commonly used mitochondrial function assays, we found Raman imaging has a similar sensitivity to ATP production and trans-membrane potential assays. Other viability tests, such as MTT assay and ROS production tests, showed a slower response than our method. A thorough understanding of cytochrome dynamics with our new method will help establish Raman spectroscopy as a competitive clinical diagnosis tool for neurodegenerative diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunction.
No Surprises: Training Robust Lung Nodule Detection for Low-Dose CT Scans by Augmenting with Adversarial Attacks (2020)

Detecting malignant pulmonary nodules at an early stage can allow medical interventions which may increase the survival rate of lung cancer patients. Using computer vision techniques to detect nodules can improve the sensitivity and the speed of interpreting chest CT for lung cancer screening. Many studies have used CNNs to detect nodule candidates. Though such approaches have been shown to outperform the conventional image processing based methods regarding the detection accuracy, CNNs are also known to be limited to generalize on under-represented samples in the training set and prone to imperceptible noise perturbations. Such limitations can not be easily addressed by scaling up the dataset or the models. In this work, we propose to add adversarial synthetic nodules and adversarial attack samples to the training data to improve the generalization and the robustness of the lung nodule detection systems. To generate hard examples of nodules from a differentiable nodule synthesizer, we use projected gradient descent (PGD) to search the latent code within a bounded neighbourhood that would generate nodules to decrease the detector response. To make the network more robust to unanticipated noise perturbations, we use PGD to search for noise patterns that can trigger the network to give over-confident mistakes. By evaluating on two different benchmark datasets containing consensus annotations from three radiologists, we show that the proposed techniques can improve the detection performance on real CT data. To understand the limitations of both the conventional networks and the proposed augmented networks, we also perform stress-tests on the false positive reduction networks by feeding different types of artificially produced patches. We show that the augmented networks are more robust to both under-represented nodules as well as resistant to noise perturbations.