gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Shear Response of Nuclear Power Plant Wall Elements using High Strength Materials (2014)

&lt;p&gt; This paper presents the results of twelve reinforced concrete shell elements subjected to shear and biaxial stresses. Elements were constructed by one-third scale of real NPP wall elements and were monotonically loaded until failure. The results were compared with predictions from the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). The concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength and reinforcement ratio of APR1400 that is current model of NPP in Korea were used for reference elements. And the high strength concrete, high yield strength steel and decreasing reinforcement ratio were used for other elements. The ultimate load was accurately predicted with a mean test to predicted ratio of 0.95 and a coefficient of variation of 6.6 %. The shear strains at peak stress were also accurately predicted with a mean test to predicted ratio of 1.01 and a coefficient of variation of&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; 13.4 %. These results show the applicability of MCFT to shear design of NPP wall.&lt;/p&gt;
A Novel RING Finger Protein, Human Enhancer of Invasion 10, Alters Mitotic Progression through Regulation of Cyclin B Levels (2003)

The process of cellular morphogenesis is highly conserved in eukaryotes and is dependent upon the function of proteins that are centrally involved in specification of the cell cycle. The human enhancer of invasion clone 10 (HEI10) protein was identified from a HeLa cell library based on its ability to promote yeast agar invasion and filamentation. Through two-hybrid screening, the mitotic cyclin B1 and an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme were isolated as HEI10-interacting proteins. Mutation of the HEI10 divergent RING finger motif (characteristic of E3 ubiquitin ligases) and Cdc2/cyclin binding and phosphorylation sites alter HEI10-dependent yeast phenotypes, including delay in G(2)/M transition. In vertebrates, the addition of HEI10 inhibits nuclear envelope breakdown and mitotic entry in Xenopus egg extracts. Mechanistically, HEI10 expression reduces cyclin B levels in cycling Xenopus eggs and reduces levels of the cyclin B ortholog Clb2p in yeast. HEI10 is itself a specific in vitro substrate of purified cyclin B/cdc2, with a TPVR motif as primary phosphorylation site. Finally, HEI10 is itself ubiquitinated in egg extracts and is also autoubiquitinated in vitro. These and other points lead to a model in which HEI10 defines a divergent class of E3 ubiquitin ligase, functioning in progression through G(2)/M.
Particle nucleation and monomer partitioning in styrene O/W microemulsion polymerization (1992)

Abstract Particle nucleation in the polymerization of styrene microemulsions was found to take place throughout the polymerization as indicated by measurements of the particle number as a function of conversion. A mechanism based on the nucleation in the microemulsion droplets was proposed to explain the experimental findings although homogeneous nucleation and coagulation during polymerization were not completely ruled out. A thermodynamic model was developed to simulate the partitioning of monomer in the different phases during polymerization. The model predicts that the oil cores of the microemulsion droplets were depleted early in the polymerization (4% conversion). Due to the high monomer/polymer swelling ratio of the polymer particles, most of the monomer resides in the polymer particles during polymerization. The termination of chain growth inside the polymer particles was attributed to the chain transfer reaction to monomer. The low n̄ (less than 0.5) of the microemulsion system was attributed to the fast exit of monomeric radicals.
Liquid Distribution and Mixing in Rotating Packed Beds (2018)

In this study, two different approaches for investigating micromixing in a rotating packed bed (RPB) with a Villermaux-Dushman protocol are presented and detailed information on the operation, design, and power consumption of the RPB is given. First, a novel nozzle liquid distribution design is investigated for micromixing. A structured approach for experimental investigations is introduced, and the influence of different liquid distribution parameters on the micromixing results is presented. It is shown that the outlet velocity from the nozzles and the liquid hold-up at the inner rim of the packing play a crucial role in the mixing process. Second, micromixing in RPBs with equal flow rates is investigated. A comparison with other continuous mixing devices is conducted based on flow rates, pressure drop, and the micromixing time parameter tm. It is demonstrated that RPBs show a large potential for fast mixing at high flow rates and low pressure drop.
Adenovirus-Mediated Transfer of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Augments Thrombolysis in Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator–Deficient and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1–Overexpressing Mice (1997)

Impaired fibrinolysis, resulting from increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) or reduced tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) plasma levels, may predispose the individual to subacute thrombosis in sepsis and inflammation. The objective of these studies was to show that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer could increase systemic plasma t-PA levels and thrombolytic capacity in animal model systems. Recombinant adenovirus vectors were constructed that express either human wild type or PAI-1–resistant t-PA from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Both t-PA-deficient (t-PA−/−) and PAI-1–overexpressing transgenic mice were infected by intravenous injection of these viruses. Intravenous injection of recombinant adenovirus resulted in liver gene transfer, t-PA synthesis, and secretion into the plasma. Virus dose, human t-PA antigen, and activity concentrations in plasma and extent of lysis of a 125I-fibrin–labeled pulmonary embolism were all closely correlated. Plasma t-PA antigen and activity were increased approximately 1,000-fold above normal levels. Clot lysis was significantly increased in mice injected with a t-PA–expressing virus, but not in mice injected with saline or an irrelevant adenovirus. Comparable levels of enzyme activity and clot lysis were obtained with wild type and inhibitor-resistant t-PA viruses. Adenovirus-mediated t-PA gene transfer was found to augment clot lysis as early as 4 hours after infection, but expression levels subsided within 7 days. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a t-PA gene can effectively increase plasma fibrinolytic activity and either restore (in t-PA–deficient mice) or augment (in PAI-1–overexpressing mice) the thrombolytic capacity in simple animal models of defective fibrinolysis.
pH and Reduction Dual-Bioresponsive Polymersomes for Efficient Intracellular Protein Delivery (2011)

pH and reduction dual-bioresponsive nanosized polymersomes based on poly(ethylene glycol)-SS-poly(2-(diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (PEG-SS-PDEA) diblock copolymers were developed for efficient encapsulation and triggered intracellular release of proteins. PEG-SS-PDEA copolymers with PDEA-block molecular weights ranging from 4.7, 6.8, to 9.2 kg/mol were synthesized in a controlled manner via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 2-(diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) using PEG-SS-CPADN (CPADN = 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithionaphthalenoate; M(n) PEG = 1.9 kg/mol) as a macro-RAFT agent. These copolymers existed as unimers in water at mildly acidic pH (<7.2) conditions, but readily formed monodisperse nanosized polymersomes (54.5-66.8 nm) when adjusting solution pH to 7.4. These polymersomes were highly sensitive to intracellular pH and reductive environments, which resulted in fast dissociation and aggregation of polymersomes, respectively. Notably, both fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and cytochrome C (FITC-CC) proteins could facilely be encapsulated into polymersomes with excellent protein-loading efficiencies, likely as a result of electrostatic interactions between proteins and PDEA. The in vitro release studies showed that protein release was minimal (<20% in 8 h) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The release of proteins was significantly enhanced at pH 6.0 due to collapse of polymersomes. Notably, the fastest protein release was observed under intracellular-mimicking reductive environments (10 mM dithiothreitol, pH 7.4). MTT assays in RAW 264.7 and MCF-7 cells indicated that PEG-SS-PDEA (9.2 k) polymersomes had low cytotoxicity up to a polymer concentration of 300 μg/mL. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observations revealed that FITC-CC-loaded PEG-SS-PDEA (9.2 k) polymersomes efficiently delivered and released proteins into MCF-7 cells following 6 h of incubation. Importantly, flow cytometry assays showed that CC-loaded PEG-SS-PDEA (9.2 k) polymersomes induced markedly enhanced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells as compared to free CC and CC-loaded PEG-PDEA (8.9 k) polymersomes (reduction-insensitive control). These dual-bioresponsive polymersomes have appeared to be highly promising for intracellular delivery of protein drugs.
Optimising methods for the preservation, capture and identification of ubiquitin chains and ubiquitylated proteins by immunoblotting (2015)

Immunoblotting is a powerful technique for the semi-quantitative analysis of ubiquitylation events, and remains the most commonly used method to study this process due to its high specificity, speed, sensitivity and relatively low cost. However, the ubiquitylation of proteins is complex and, when the analysis is performed in an inappropriate manner, it can lead to the misinterpretation of results and to erroneous conclusions being reached. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the methods currently in use to analyse ubiquitin chains and protein ubiquitylation, and describe the procedures that we have found to be most useful for optimising the quality and reliability of the data that we have generated. We also highlight commonly encountered problems and the pitfalls inherent in some of these methods. Finally, we introduce a set of recommendations to help researchers obtain high quality data, especially those new to the field of ubiquitin signalling. The specific topics addressed in this article include sample preparation, the separation, detection and identification of particular ubiquitin chains by immunoblotting, and the analysis of ubiquitin chain topology through the combined use of ubiquitin-binding proteins and ubiquitin linkage-specific deubiquitylases.
A blind frequency domain method for DS-CDMA synchronization using antenna arrays (2002)

A blind frequency domain method for estimating the propagation delays of DS-CDMA signals is presented. The algorithm is formulated using an antenna array, and uses the fact that the spatially and temporally correlated additive noise, consisting of both interfering users and thermal noise, will be asymptotically uncorrelated on the FFT frequency grid. The algorithm is computationally simple, and can be efficiently implemented using the FFT algorithm. Simulations illustrate that near-far resistance can be achieved using spatial diversity.
Common path in-line holography using enhanced joint object reference digital interferometers (2014)

Joint object reference digital interferometer (JORDI) is a recently developed system capable of recording holograms of various types [Opt. Lett. 38(22), 4719 (2013)]. Presented here is a new enhanced system design that is based on the previous JORDI. While the previous JORDI has been based purely on diffractive optical elements, displayed on spatial light modulators, the present design incorporates an additional refractive objective lens, thus enabling hologram recording with improved resolution and increased system applicability. Experimental results demonstrate successful hologram recording for various types of objects, including transmissive, reflective, three-dimensional, phase and highly scattering objects. The resolution limit of the system is analyzed and experimentally validated. Finally, the suitability of JORDI for microscopic applications is verified as a microscope objective based configuration of the system is demonstrated.
Ion binding and selectivity of the rotor ring of the Na + -transporting V-ATPase (2008)

The vacuole-type ATPases (V-ATPases) are proton pumps in various intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic V-ATPase of Enterococcus hirae, closely related to the eukaryotic enzymes, provides a unique opportunity to study ion translocation by V-ATPases because it transports Na(+) ions, which are easier to detect by x-ray crystallography and radioisotope experiments. The purified rotor ring (K-ring) of the E. hirae V-ATPase binds one Na(+) ion per K-monomer with high affinity, which is competitively inhibited by Li(+) or H(+), suggesting that the K-ring can also bind these ions. This finding is also supported by the K-ring structure at 2.8 A in the presence of Li(+). Association and dissociation rates of the Na(+) to and from the purified K-ring were extremely slow compared with the Na(+) translocation rate estimated from the enzymatic activity, strongly suggesting that interaction with the stator subunit (I-subunit) is essential for Na(+) binding to /release from the K-ring.
WALNUT: A Benchmark on Weakly Supervised Learning for Natural Language Understanding. (2021)

Building quality machine learning models for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks relies heavily on labeled data. Weak supervision has been shown to provide valuable supervision when large amount of labeled data is unavailable or expensive to obtain. Existing works studying weak supervision for NLU either mostly focus on a specific task or simulate weak supervision signals from ground-truth labels. To date a benchmark for NLU with real world weak supervision signals for a collection of NLU tasks is still not available. In this paper, we propose such a benchmark, named WALNUT, to advocate and facilitate research on weak supervision for NLU. WALNUT consists of NLU tasks with different types, including both document-level prediction tasks and token-level prediction tasks and for each task contains weak labels generated by multiple real-world weak sources. We conduct baseline evaluations on the benchmark to systematically test the value of weak supervision for NLU tasks, with various weak supervision methods and model architectures. We demonstrate the benefits of weak supervision for low-resource NLU tasks and expect WALNUT to stimulate further research on methodologies to best leverage weak supervision. The benchmark and code for baselines will be publicly available at this http URL.
Multi-window sparse spectral sampling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (2021)

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is a nondestructive and rapid technique for imaging of biological and clinical specimens with label-free chemical specificity. SRS spectral imaging is typically carried out either via broadband methods, or by tuning narrowband ultrafast light sources over narrow spectral ranges thus specifically targeting vibrational frequencies. We demonstrate a multi-window sparse spectral sampling SRS (S<sup>4</sup>RS) approach where a rapidly-tunable dual-output all-fiber optical parametric oscillator is tuned into specific vibrational modes across more than 1400 cm<sup>-1</sup> during imaging. This approach is capable of collecting SRS hyperspectral images either by scanning a full spectrum or by rapidly tuning into select target frequencies, hands-free and automatically, across the fingerprint, silent, and high wavenumber windows of the Raman spectrum. We further apply computational techniques for spectral decomposition and feature selection to identify a sparse subset of Raman frequencies capable of sample discrimination. Here we have applied this novel method to monitor spatiotemporal dynamic changes of active pharmaceutical ingredients in skin, which has particular relevance to topical drug product delivery.
Functional, biochemical and molecular biological evidence for a possible β3‐adrenoceptor in human near‐term myometrium (2000)

The possible existence of a beta(3)-adrenoceptor (beta(3)-AR) in human near-term myometrium was investigated by in vitro functional and biochemical studies and analysis of mRNA expression. SR 59119A and SR 59104A and CGP 12177 (two selective agonists and a partial agonist, respectively, of the beta(3)-AR), salbutamol and terbutaline (beta(2)-AR agonists) each produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the myometrial spontaneous contractions. There were no differences in pD(2) values for the relaxing potencies of terbutaline, salbutamol, CGP 12177 and SR 59119A. The rank order for their relaxing efficacies was SR 59119A>SR 59104A>terbutaline approximately salbutamol approximately CGP 12177 (E(max)=52+/-7%, 42+/-12% and approximately 30% respectively). Propranolol, a beta(1)- and beta(2)-AR antagonist, and ICI 118551, a beta(2)-AR antagonist (both at 0.1 microM), did not affect the SR 59119A-induced relaxation whereas SR 59230A, a selective beta(3)-AR antagonist (1 microM), significantly reduced the maximal relaxing effect of SR 59119A. SR 59119A and salbutamol induced a significant increase in cyclic AMP levels that was antagonized by SR 59230A but not by propranolol for SR 59119A, and by propranolol but not by SR 59230A for salbutamol. The beta(3)-AR mRNA was positively expressed in myometrium preparations in a reverse transcription polymerase chain assay. The results presented provide the first evidence for the existence of the beta(3)-AR subtype in human near-term myometrium and suggest that the effects of SR 59119A might be mediated through an increase in cyclic AMP level.
Monitoring global forest cover using data mining (2011)

Forests are a critical component of the planet's ecosystem. Unfortunately, there has been significant degradation in forest cover over recent decades as a result of logging, conversion to crop, plantation, and pasture land, or disasters (natural or man made) such as forest fires, floods, and hurricanes. As a result, significant attention is being given to the sustainable use of forests. A key to effective forest management is quantifiable knowledge about changes in forest cover. This requires identification and characterization of changes and the discovery of the relationship between these changes and natural and anthropogenic variables. In this article, we present our preliminary efforts and achievements in addressing some of these tasks along with the challenges and opportunities that need to be addressed in the future. At a higher level, our goal is to provide an overview of the exciting opportunities and challenges in developing and applying data mining approaches to provide critical information for forest and land use management.
New treatments for influenza (2012)

Influenza has a long history of causing morbidity and mortality in the human population through routine seasonal spread and global pandemics. The high mutation rate of the RNA genome of the influenza virus, combined with assortment of its multiple genomic segments, promote antigenic diversity and new subtypes, allowing the virus to evade vaccines and become resistant to antiviral drugs. There is thus a continuing need for new anti-influenza therapy using novel targets and creative strategies. In this review, we summarize prospective future therapeutic regimens based on recent molecular and genomic discoveries.
Seprase, Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV and Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Expression in Dysplasia and Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Esophagus (2008)

Our results showed that seprase, DPPIV and uPA are expressed in both premalignant and malignant forms of SCC, but are lacking in normal esophageal epithelia, suggesting that they are involved in SCC neoplastic progression.
Independent origin of multiple foci of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (1998)

Our findings indicate that multiple foci of PIN arise independently within the same prostate. This observation suggests that a field effect underlies prostatic neoplasia. Multiple foci of prostate carcinoma also often arise independently, lending additional support for this hypothesis. The strong genetic similarities between PIN and prostate carcinoma strongly suggest that evolution and clonal expansion of PIN may account for the multifocal etiology of carcinomas.
Multi-Cell Massive MIMO in LoS (2018)

We consider a multi-cell Massive MIMO system in a line-of-sight (LoS) propagation environment, for which each user is served by one base station, with no cooperation among the base stations. Each base station knows the channel between its service antennas and its users, and uses these channels for precoding and decoding. Under these assumptions we derive explicit downlink and uplink effective SINR formulas for maximum-ratio (MR) processing and zero-forcing (ZF) processing. We also derive formulas for power control to meet pre-determined SINR targets. A numerical example demonstrating the usage of the derived formulas is provided.
<title>Proximity correction for e-beam lithography</title> (1995)

As the critical dimensions required for masks and e-beam direct write become ever smaller, the correction of proximity effects becomes more necessary. Furthermore, the problem is beset by the fact that only a positive energy dose can be applied with the e-beam. We discuss here approaches such as chopping and dose shifting which have been proposed to meet the positivity requirement. An alternative approach is to treat proximity correction as an optimization problem. Two such methods, local area dose correction and optimization using a regularizer proportional to the informational entropy of the solution, are compared. A notable feature of the regularized proximity correction is the ability to correct for forward scattering by the generation of a 'firewall' set back from the edge of a feature. As the forward scattering width increases, the firewall is set back further from the feature edge. The regularized optimization algorithm is computationally time consuming using conventional techniques. However, the algorithm lends itself to a microelectronics integrated circuit coprocessor implementation which could perform the optimization much faster than even the fastest work stations. Scaling the circuit to larger number of pixels is best approached with a hybrid serial/parallel digital architecture which would correct for proximity effects over 10<SUP>8</SUP> pixels about one hour. This time can be reduced by simply adding additional coprocessors.
Prediction of pKa Using Machine Learning Methods with Rooted Topological Torsion Fingerprints: Application to Aliphatic Amines (2019)

The acid-base dissociation constant, p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>, is a key parameter to define the ionization state of a compound and directly affects its biopharmaceutical profile. In this study, we developed a novel approach for p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> prediction using rooted topological torsion fingerprints in combination with five machine learning (ML) methods: random forest, partial least squares, extreme gradient boosting, lasso regression, and support vector regression. With a large and diverse set of 14 499 experimental p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> values, p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> models were developed for aliphatic amines. The models demonstrated consistently good prediction statistics and were able to generate accurate prospective predictions as validated with an external test set of 726 p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> values (RMSE 0.45, MAE 0.33, and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> 0.84 by the top model). The factors that may affect prediction accuracy and model applicability were carefully assessed. The results demonstrated that rooted topological torsion fingerprints coupled with ML methods provide a promising approach for developing accurate p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> prediction models.