gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Liquid and Gaseous Fuel on Lifted Flames at Elevated Pressure Stabilized by Outer Recirculation (2014)

Lifting a flame from the flow generating nozzle to some distance apart has a wide variety of effects on the properties of the resulting combustion phenomenon. The reason of this influence is the generation of a non-reacting flow domain where mixing takes place prior to the combustion reaction. It is obvious that the quality of premixing that can be achieved strongly depends on the time that is given to flow and the intensity of the turbulence that is mixing fuel and air. The most important parameter that is characterizing this time is the size of the premixing zone quantified by the so called lift-off height (LOH). Additionally, when employing liquid fuel the lift-off of a flame provides time to achieve better pre-evaporation of the fuel. As a consequence, better mixing of fuel and air helps to avoid high temperature regions that may be a result from an inhomogeneous equivalence ratio distribution. From safety considerations a major advantage of this method compared to the application of a premixing duct is that the risk of hardware destruction by flame flash back can be eliminated. The current work extents the knowledge on lifted flames by the investigation of flames that are generated with an airblast atomizing nozzle that was designed to resemble systems close to application. Lifting of the flame is achieved applying a combination of swirling and non-swirling inflow ducts. A wide range of operating conditions as well as gaseous and liquid fuels are used to investigate their influence on the lift-off height. The lift-off height and location of the reaction zone was determined by means of chemiluminescence of OH* and it is shown, that the impact of pressure drop and preheating temperature on the LOH is different for gaseous and liquid fuels.
IL-2−driven Regulation of NK Cell Receptors With Regard to the Distribution of CD16+ and CD16− Subpopulations and In Vivo Influence After Haploidentical NK Cell Infusion (2010)

To characterize natural killer (NK) cell subpopulations during activation, we analyzed the NK cell receptor repertoire and functionality of purified clinical scale CD56CD3 donor NK cells during stimulation with 1000 U/mL interleukin (IL)-2 for up to 14 days. In a phase I/II trial, we investigated the efficacy and feasibility of nonidentical NK cell infusion in patients with neuroblastoma after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. After IL-2 stimulation, large differences in the distribution of CD16 and CD16 subpopulations were found in 12 donors. Thereby, surface expression for all natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and NKG2D increased. In addition, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) NK cells were overgrown by KIR proportion and the homing receptor CD62L was lost during stimulation. NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 and neuroblastoma cells increased and significantly higher cytokine secretion (eg, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta) was observed after IL-2 stimulation compared with freshly isolated NK cells. However, NK cells of donors showing an initially enhanced cytotoxicity combined with NCR and CD69 expression, seemed to be exhausted and did not favor a stimulation period over 9 days. When IL-2-stimulated NK cells were given to transplant recipients, they induced a decrease of peripheral blood NK, in particular of CD56-NK cells. Our data indicate that IL-2 stimulation increases the expression of activating receptors and emphasizes mechanisms beside KIR/human leukocyte antigen. Furthermore, the results suggest that the expansion period of purified NK cells has to be individualized to optimize NK cell immunotherapy.
An interpolation technique to enable accurate three-dimensional joint kinematic analyses using asynchronous biplane fluoroscopy (2018)

Biplane 2D-3D model-based registration and radiostereometric analysis (RSA) approaches have been commonly used for measuring three-dimensional, in vivo joint kinematics. However, in clinical biplane systems, the x-ray images are acquired asynchronously, which introduces registration errors. The present study introduces an interpolation technique to reduce image registration error by generating synchronous fluoroscopy image estimates. A phantom study and cadaveric shoulder study were used to evaluate the level of improvement in image registration that could be obtained as a result of using our interpolation technique. Our phantom study results show that the interpolated bead tracking technique was in better agreement with the true bead positions than when asynchronous images were used alone. The overall RMS error of glenohumeral kinematics for interpolated biplane registration was reduced by 1.27 mm, 0.40 mm, and 0.47 mm in anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and medial-lateral translation, respectively; and 0.47°, 0.67°, and 0.19° in ab-adduction, internal-external rotation and flexion-extension, respectively, compared to asynchronous registration. The interpolated biplane registration results were consistent with previously reported studies using custom synchronous biplane fluoroscopy technology. This approach will be particularly useful for improving the kinematic accuracy of high velocity activities when using clinical biplane fluoroscopes or two independent c-arms, which are available at a number of institutions.
Magnet-Assisted Hydraulic Bougienage for Correction of Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia (2017)

This study provides a foundation for the next step of designing a system for use on actual patients.
Digital Time-Division Multiplexing Readout Circuit for Sensor Arrays (2016)

We have devised a digital time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme for minimizing the circuit complexity required for an array of sensors. As a proof-of-concept, we have designed, fabricated, and tested a four-channel digital TDM readout circuit. The proposed scheme can be generalized for a larger number of channels. The readout circuit comprises an array of ADCs to digitize sensor outputs, a multiplexing unit, a clock controller, and a counter with parallel-to-serial output interface. For demonstration purposes, we employed low-pass phase modulation-demodulation ADCs running in a synchronous mode of operation. To facilitate an independent verification of circuit operation, we also placed an on-chip pattern generator to apply a unique pattern to each channel. The multiplexing unit is based on an array of sequentially triggered switches, each controlling the flow of data from a single ADC to a common output bus. In our scheme, the switches are realized using RS-flip-flops with nondestructive (RSN) readout cells with only one RSN cell turned on at a time. Multiplexed output data were stored in ripple counter based on T-flip-flops and read out to room temperature electronics using a serial interface. The chip was immersed in liquid helium at 4.2-K temperature and extensively evaluated at sampling frequencies up to 12.8 GHz. By means of embedded pattern generators, we proved the correct operation of each channel and of all four channels combined. We also were able to perform reconstruction of a signal applied to individual ADC. The chip was fabricated using HYPRES' 4.5-kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> process with four Nb metal layers. We briefly discuss the proposed scheme's scalability for higher current density and smaller feature size fab processes.
Biocompatibility of Doped Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings for Medical Implants (2007)

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) has been established as a very favourable coating for joint prosthetics due to its low friction, high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The addition of dopants allows for the modification of several physical properties of DLC, whose relations to biocompatibility have not yet been thoroughly investigated. We studied the properties of a-C:H layers deposited on TiAl6V4 by the plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) technique. Physical analysis performed comprises the range of attainable compositions [obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA)] and structures [by Raman Spectroscopy and energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM)] for the cases of the dopants N, Si and TiOx. The biocompatibility assessments were performed in vitro, utilizing human osteoblasts. Cellular proliferation was measured by means of DNA quantification. Osteogenic differentiation was investigated by screening alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization of cultures. The results demonstrate that highly biocompatible and wear-resistant coatings on complex formed implant surfaces can be efficiently fabricated utilizing PIII&D.
Recognizing Facial Expressions in the Orthogonal Complement of Principal Subspace (2014)

We present a novel framework for recognition of facial expressions from a given face image. The framework is based on the assumption that expression information lies in the subspace orthogonal to the subspace representing expression-neutral faces. For deriving the principal subspace of the face images showing no expression, PCA is used as a tool. Then we derive a method to find the orthogonal complement (OC) of the subspace defined by the principal components. It is shown using different tools such as dendrogram and Davies-Bouldin cluster index that the OC of the principal subspace better represents the expressions as compared to the principal subspace in PCA analysis. We have done extensive experiments to validate the recognition capability of the proposed OC space. Two well known publicly available facial expression databases are used for the experiments. We also compare the expression discrimination capability of the OC subspace with some well known features for expression representation. The proposed framework exhibits higher (9.66% on average) recognition capability as compared to the present state-of-the-art works.
Tuning the Loading and Release Properties of MicroRNA-Silencing Porous Silicon Nanoparticles by Using Chemically Diverse Peptide Nucleic Acid Payloads (2021)

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are a class of artificial oligonucleotide mimics that have garnered much attention as precision biotherapeutics for their efficient hybridization properties and their exceptional biological and chemical stability. However, the poor cellular uptake of PNA is a limiting factor to its more extensive use in biomedicine; encapsulation in nanoparticle carriers has therefore emerged as a strategy for internalization and delivery of PNA in cells. In this study, we demonstrate that PNA can be readily loaded into porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) following a simple salt-based trapping procedure thus far employed only for negatively charged synthetic oligonucleotides. We show that the ease and versatility of PNA chemistry also allows for producing PNAs with different net charge, from positive to negative, and that the use of differently charged PNAs enables optimization of loading into pSiNPs. Differently charged PNA payloads determine different release kinetics and allow modulation of the temporal profile of the delivery process. <i>In vitro</i> silencing of a set of specific microRNAs using a pSiNP-PNA delivery platform demonstrates the potential for biomedical applications.
Uniaxial transition dipole moments in semiconductor quantum rings caused by broken rotational symmetry (2019)

Semiconductor quantum rings are topological structures that support fascinating phenomena such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect and persistent current, which are of high relevance in the research of quantum information devices. The annular shape of quantum rings distinguishes them from other low-dimensional materials, and enables topologically induced properties such as geometry-dependent spin manipulation and emission. While optical transition dipole moments (TDMs) in zero to two-dimensional optical emitters have been well investigated, those in quantum rings remain obscure despite their utmost relevance to the quantum photonic applications of quantum rings. Here, we study the dimensionality and orientation of TDMs in CdSe quantum rings. In contrast to those in other two-dimensional optical emitters, we find that TDMs in CdSe quantum rings show a peculiar in-plane linear distribution. Our theoretical modeling reveals that this uniaxial TDM originates from broken rotational symmetry in the quantum ring geometries.
Microscale Surface Modifications for Heat Transfer Enhancement (2013)

In this experimental study, two surface modification techniques were investigated for their effect on heat transfer enhancement. One of the methods employed the particle (grit) blasting to create microscale indentations, while the other used plasma spray coating to create microscale protrusions on Al 6061 (aluminum alloy 6061) samples. The test surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Because of the surface modifications, the actual surface area was increased up to 2.8× compared to the projected base area, and the arithmetic mean roughness value (Ra) was determined to vary from 0.3 μm for the reference smooth surface to 19.5 μm for the modified surfaces. Selected samples with modified surfaces along with the reference smooth surface were then evaluated for their heat transfer performance in spray cooling tests. The cooling system had vapor-atomizing nozzles and used anhydrous ammonia as the coolant in order to achieve heat fluxes up to 500 W/cm(2) representing a thermal management setting for high power systems. Experimental results showed that the microscale surface modifications enhanced heat transfer coefficients up to 76% at 500 W/cm(2) compared to the smooth surface and demonstrated the benefits of these practical surface modification techniques to enhance two-phase heat transfer process.
Stretchable/flexible silver nanowire electrodes for energy device applications (2019)

Research on sustainable and high-efficiency energy devices has recently emerged as an important global issue. These devices are now moving beyond the form of a bulk, rigid platform to a portable, flexible/stretchable format that is easily available in our daily lives. Similar to the development of an active layer for the production of next-generation energy devices, the fabrication of flexible/stretchable electrodes for the easy flow of electrons is also very important. Silver nanowire electrodes have high electronic conductivity even in a flexible/stretchable state due to their high aspect ratio and percolation network structures compared to conventional electrodes. Herein, we summarize the research in the field of flexible/stretchable electronics on energy devices fabricated using silver nanowires as the electrodes. Additionally, for a systematic presentation of the current research trends, this review classifies the surveyed research efforts into the categories of energy production, storage, and consumption.
Thermodynamics of wax formation in the fischer-tropsch synthesis products (2013)

A new method is suggested for calculating the thermodynamic equilibrium in a multicomponent multiphase system without chemical reactions. This method is based on ideas of statistical physics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics and includes numerical minimization of the Gibbs energy of the complex system. Component concentrations and the physically realizable roots of the equation of state are calculated as the steady state solutions of the set of ordinary differential equations that is implied by the procedure of seeking the probability maximum for the realization of the equilibrium distribution. The approach developed here is used to calculate the equilibrium distribution of the concentrations of vaporous, liquid, and solid substances in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products. A thermodynamic model of the formation of solid paraffins from the synthesis products is presented. The calculation of the properties of pure substances and liquid and gaseous products is based on the Lee-Kesler equation of state. The wax formation thermodynamics is considered in the regular solid solution approximation (Hildebrand-Scott model) and in the solid solution approximation taking into account the nonideality of the system (NRTL model). The calculated mass fractions of vaporous, liquid, and solid synthesis products are presented as a function of temperature for different values of the chain propagation constant.
Ligand Substituent, Anion, and Solvation Effects on Ion Pair Structure, Thermodynamic Stability, and Structural Mobility in “Constrained Geometry” Olefin Polymerization Catalysts:  an Ab Initio Quantum Chemical Investigation (2000)

Ab initio quantum chemical calculations at the MP2 level were performed on the elementary reactions and structural reorganizations involved in activation and ligand binding by the “constrained geometry” olefin polymerization catalyst series R2Si(η5-R‘4C5)(R‘ ‘N)Ti(CH3)R‘ ‘‘ (R = H, CH3; R‘ = H, CH3; R‘ ‘ = CH3, t-Bu; R‘ ‘‘ = H, CH3, CH2CH2CH3, CH(CH3)2 ) in the presence of the organo-Lewis acid cocatalyst B(C6F5)3 and various solvation media. Calculated structures of the neutral precursors and resulting ion pairs are in good agreement with the experiment. Analysis of the R2Si(R‘4C5)(R‘ ‘N)TiR‘ ‘‘+ naked cations reveals the importance of α, β, and γ C−H/C−C agostic interactions in selectively stabilizing various conformations of the TiR‘ ‘‘ group as well as the diminished charge on Ti with the introduction of electron-donating ligand substituents. The calculated ion pair formation enthalpies for the process R2Si(η5-R‘4C5)(R‘ ‘N)Ti(CH3)R‘ ‘‘ + B(C6F5)3 → R2Si(η5-R‘4C5)(R‘ ‘N)TiR‘ ‘‘·H3CB(C6F5)3 are in good agreement with experiment, the magnitudes reflecting a close interplay of ligand electronic and steric characteristics which weaken the precursor Ti−CH3 bond and stabilize the cationic product. The ion pair Ti···H3CB interaction is predominantly electrostatic in character and describable by a rather flat potential energy surface for elongation, and the energetics of heterolysis are strongly influenced by the capacity of the other Ti ligands and solvation to stabilize the separated charges.
PGNet: Progressive Feature Guide Learning Network for Three-dimensional Shape Recognition (2021)

Three-dimensional (3D) shape recognition is a popular topic and has potential application value in the field of computer vision. With the recent proliferation of deep learning, various deep learning models have achieved state-of-the-art performance. Among them, multiview-based 3D shape representation has received increased attention in recent years, and related approaches have shown significant improvement in 3D shape recognition. However, these methods focus on feature learning based on the design of the network and ignore the correlation among views. In this article, we propose a novel progressive feature guide learning network (PGNet) that focuses on the correlation among multiple views and integrates multiple modalities for 3D shape recognition. In particular, we propose two information fusion schemes from visual and feature aspects. The visual fusion scheme focuses on the view level and employs the soft-attention model to define the weights of views for visual information fusion. The feature fusion scheme focuses on the feature dimension information and employs the quantified feature as the mask to further optimize the feature. These two schemes jointly construct a PGNet for 3D shape representation. The classic ModelNet40 and ShapeNetCore55 datasets are applied to demonstrate the performance of our approach. The corresponding experiment also demonstrates the superiority of our approach.
Organ Entrapment and Renal Morcellation: Permeability Studies (1993)

We collected 24 intact LapSacs* during a laparoscopy course at our institution. Following laparoscopic nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy in a pig using high speed electrical tissue morcellation, the sacks were examined for perforation. When filled with water, 4 of the 24 LapSacs (16%) were found to have small perforations. The 20 remaining sacks were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 and 2 sacks, although intact, were kept as substitutes to use if a trial with the study sacks could not be completed. Each group of 6 sacks was tested for permeability using 10 mg./ml. bovine serum albumin, 8 mg./ml. indigo carmine or 1 x 10(5)/ml. mouse bladder tumor cells. The results in the 18 tested sacks showed no dialysis of bovine serum albumin in the dialysate at 1, 3 and 18 hours, and no dialysis of indigo carmine at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hours. In 1 of 6 sacks tested with a mouse bladder tumor cell line a single cell was noted on the hemocytometer at 1 and 3 hours. The lack of an increasing concentration of cells at the 3-hour interval likely indicates that this represented contamination of the dialysate rather than ongoing leakage from a perforated sack in this case. We conclude that the LapSac, when properly used, remains impermeable throughout the morcellation process.
Assessing Crimp of Fibres in Random Networks with 3D Imaging (2023)

The analysis of fibrous structures using micro-computer tomography (µCT) is becoming more important as it provides an opportunity to characterise the mechanical properties and performance of materials. This study is the first attempt to provide computations of fibre crimp for various random fibrous networks (RFNs) based on µCT data. A parametric algorithm was developed to compute fibre crimp in fibres in a virtual domain. It was successfully tested for six different X-ray µCT models of nonwoven fabrics. Computations showed that nonwoven fabrics with crimped fibres exhibited higher crimp levels than those with non-crimped fibres, as expected. However, with the increased fabric density of the non-crimped nonwovens, fibres tended to be more crimped. Additionally, the projected fibre crimp was computed for all three major 2D planes, and the obtained results were statistically analysed. Initially, the algorithm was tested for a small-size, nonwoven model containing only four fibres. The fraction of nearly straight fibres was computed for both crimped and non-crimped fabrics. The mean value of the fibre crimp demonstrated that fibre segments between intersections were almost straight. However, it was observed that there were no perfectly straight fibres in the analysed RFNs. This study is applicable to approach employing a finite-element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model/analyse RFNs.
The Appearance of Human Skin: A Survey (2007)

Skin is the outer-most tissue of the human body. As a result, people are very aware of, and very sensitive to, the appearance of their skin. Consequently, skin appearance has been a subject of great interest in various fields of science and technology. In particular, research on skin appearance has been intensely pursued in the fields of computer graphics, computer vision, cosmetology, and medicine. In this survey, we review the most prominent results related to skin in these fields and show how these seemingly disconnected studies are related to one another. In each of the fields, the optical behaviors of specific skin components have been studied from the viewpoint of the specific objectives of the field. However, the different components of skin produce different types of optical phenomena that are determined by their physio-anatomical characteristics (sizes, shapes, and functions of the components). The final appearance of skin has contributions from complex optical interactions of many different skin components with light. In order to view these interactions in a unified manner, we describe and categorize past works based on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of the various skin components.